Webster's Dictionary 1913 (ver. 2.1)

Table of Contents

A    B    C    D    E    F    G    H    I    J
K    L    M    N    O    P    Q    R    S    T
U    V    W    X    Y    Z   NEW

ABBREVIATIONS

Table of Contents

- A
A - Abasedly - Abdest - Abet - Abirritate - Ablepsy - Abolitionism - Abovedeck - Abrupt - Absolute - Absterge - Absurdity - Academism - Accede - Acceptor - Acclimatation - Accompt - Accourt - Accusation - Acerbity - Acetous - Acicular - Acock - Acquainted - Acrita - Acroteleutic - Actionless - Acuminate - Adaptiveness - Addle - Adenotomy - Adiaphorist - Adjourn - Ad libitum - Admit - Adoption - Adscript - Adustion - Adversary - Adward - Aërodynamics - AEstheticism - Affectional - Affixion - Affriction - Aforehand - Aftermost - Agate - Aggrace - Agiotage - Agonic - Agriculturism - Ahriman - Air brake - Ajar - Alarmable - Albumenize - Alcoholize - Alectorides - Alexipyretic - Alicant - Alineation - All - Allegretto - Alliterate - Allopathy - Allurer - Almsdeed - Alow - Alterant - Altogether - Alveoliform - Amate - Ambergris - Ambon - Ameer - Amerciament - Amiss - Amontillado - Amphibia - Amphipoda - Ampyx - Anabaptism - Anaërobic - Analogist - Anapophysis - Anatto - Ancistroid - Anele - Angelically - Anglican - Angulation - Animal - Anisopleura - Annihilator - Annularry - Anomalously - Answerable - Anteact - Antepast - Anthography - Anthropologist - Antibrachial - Antidotal - Antimasonry - Antiphlogistian - Antique - Antitypy - Any - Apehood - Aphis lion - Aplanatism - Apograph - Aporia - Apozemical - Appeasement - Appete - Applique - Appreciator - Appropinquation - April - Aquapuncture - Araby - Arbitrable - Arc - Archdiocese - Archimedean - Arcograph - Arenilitic - Argillaceous - Arian - Arithmetician - Armor - Arquebusade - Arrestive - Arsenate - Arthrodynia - Artillerist - Asbestine - Ascript - Ask - Asperne - Asquint - Assemble - Assiduity - Assizer - Assumably - Asteriated - Astrakhan - Astrophotography - Atazir - -ation - Atone - Attack - Attendance - Attitudinize - Atween - Auditorship - Augustly - Auriculars - Austral - Autochthonism - Autoplasty - Avaunce - Averruncate - Avocado - Await - Awl - Axunge - Azygous

- B
Babyism - Back - Backsight - Bad - Baggager - Bairn - Baldachin - Ballad - Balmify - Band - Banian - Banteng - Barbary - Barebacked - Bark - Barometrograph - Barrier - Basanite - Basil - Basset - Bat - Batlet - Battle - Bawl - Beached - Bean caper - Beaten - Bechance - Bedcord - Bed screw - Beem - Befriendment - Begrave - Behoove - Beleper - Bellicose - Belonging - Bemuse - Benefice - Bennet - Bequeathment - Bernouse - Beseemly - Bespatter - Bestraught - Betrap - Bewail - Bez-antler - Bibliographer - Biceps - Biddery ware - Bifurcate - Bilaciniate - Bill - Bimanous - Binocular - Biotic - Birder - Birth - Bishop's cap - Bitake - Bittock - Blackball - Blackly - Blame - Blarney - Blatter - Bleb - Blessing - Blissless - Block tin - Bloody sweat - Blower - Blue-eyed - Blunging - Boarding - Bobbinet - Bodily - Bohun upas - Bolis - Bombard - Bond - Bonmot - Bookholder - Boon - Boracite - Born - Bosomed - Bother - Boudoir - Boundary - Bovate - Bowl - Boxfish - Brachioganoid - Bractlet - Braiser - Branchlet - Brassart - Bray - Break - Breather - Brere - Bribe - Bridgetree - Bright's disease - Briony - Broaden - Broider - Brompicrin - Brooklime - Brownian - Brunonian - Bryology - Buck - Bud - Buffle - Building - Bullbeggar - Bullyrock - Bunchy - Buoyancy - Burghmote - Burner - Burster - Busky - Butterbump - Butylene - By-lane

- C
Caas - Cablelaid - Cacodylic - Cadi - Cage - Calamander wood - Calcify - Calculus - Calidity - Calligraphist - Calorimetric - Camail - Camis - Camphor - Cancellarean - Candlewaster - Cannabis - Canonry - Canthus - Canzonet - Capful - Caple - Caproate - Capulin - Carbohydrate - Carceral - Careen - Cark - Carnification - Carpathian - Carrom - Cartoon - Case-bay - Casse Paper - Castillan - Casus - Catapeltic - Catchpoll - Cater - Catholicism - Caudal - Causidical - Cavernulous - Cedilla - Cellarist - Cenozoic - Centigrade - Centurial - Cerasinous - Cerebrology - Cerotene - Cess - C. G. S. - Chagrin - Chalkcutter - Champ - Changeable - Chapeless - Charcoal - Charmel - Chase - Chatter - Cheatable - Cheerfulness - Chely - Cherubin - Cheveril - Chicken-breasted - Childed - Chimango - Chinned - Chiroplast - Chlamydate - Chlorosis - Cholecystotomy - Chooser - Chore - Chowder - Chromate - Chromule - Chrysotype - Churchgoing - Chyluria - Cierge - Cineraria - Circinate - Circumcise - Circummeridian - Circumvection - Ciselure - Cittern - Claimless - Clangorous - Claritude - Claude Lorraine glass - Clayey - Cleat - Cleric - Cliff - Clingy - Cloakedly - Close - Clotter - Club - Cluster - Coadaptation - Coal - Coat - Cobwebby - Cockateel - Cockroach - Codist - Coeternity - Cogitable - Coheiress - Coinhere - Cold-short - Collar bone - Collegian - Collocation - Colon - Colossean - Columelliform - Combinate - Cometographer - Commark - Commentate - Committee - Commorant - Compact - Compartner - Compensate - Complement - Compliment - Composure - Compromiser - Comtist - Conceive - Concertino - Concinnity - Concordantly - Concupy - Condite - Conductor - Confederative - Configuration - Conflictive - Confucianist - Conger - Congregationalist - Conjecturable - Conjure - Connotatively - Conscript - Conservant - Consilience - Consopite - Constellation - Constructiveness - Consummate - Contemplate - Conterminable - Continuation - Contractility - Contrariness - Contrive - Convalescent - Conversable - Convexness - Convolution - Coolly - Coparceny - Copperish - Copyhold - Coralwort - Core - Cornamute - Cornish - Coroniform - Corradiate - Corrie - Corrumpable - Coruscation - Cosmogonist - Coster - Cotqueanity - Couching - Counter - Counterfleury - Counter-roll - Country - Course - Cousin - Covert - Cowcatcher - Coxcombry - Crack - Crakeberry - Crank - Crastination - Cream - Creaturely - Creeper - Crepusculine - Crevice - Criminally - Crinkly - Critic - Crocodility - Crop - Crossette - Crosswise - Crowberry - Croziered - Crumbcloth - Crustacean - Cryptogamia - Cub - Cucquean - Culiciform - Cultirostres - Cumshaw - Cupper - Curdiness - Curmurring - Curt - Curvirostral - Customer - Cutty - Cycle - Cylindroid - Cypress - Cytode

- D
Dactylioglyph - Daglock - Dalliance - Damnable - Dander - Danubian - Darkly - Dastard - Daughterliness - Daylight - Deadlihood - Dear-bought - Debarrass - Debituminize - Decameron - Deceitful - Decertation - Decisory - Declined - Decorement - Decrew - Dedicatee - Deeply - Defatigation - Defensible - Definable - Deflowerer - Degenerate - Dehydrate - Dejeune - Delegate - Deliciousness - Deliracy - Delphinus - Dematerialize - Demigroat - Demogorgon - Demonstration - Denay - Denominative - Dentifrice - Deodorant - Depeculation - Deplorable - Depositary - Depressed - Deracination - Derm - Derogative - Desecate - Design - Desitive - Despicability - Despumate - Desuete - Deteriority - Dethronization - Detur - Developer - Devise - Devourer - Dextroglucose - Diaglyph - Dialogue - Diapasm - Diaster - Dicastery - Dicta - Didelphid - Dietetics - Difform - Digestive - Digression - Dilative - Diluvial - Diminutiveness - Dingy - Dioristic - Diplomate - Direct - Dirtily - Disagree - Disarmature - Disbecome - Discern - Disclamation - Discommodity - Discontinuer - Discovenant - Discruciate - Disedify - Disenfranchise - Disfavorer - Disgraduate - Disheveled - Disingenuous - Disjunctive - Dismast - Disord - Dispart - Disperseness - Dispone - Disprince - Dispute - Disreputation - Dissemble - Disship - Dissolubleness - Distantial - Distinct - Distrainable - Disturb - Ditcher - Diuturnal - Diversion - Divinator - Divulgation - Dock - Dodecahedral - Dog-faced - Dogtooth - Dolomitic - Domiciliar - Donator - Doorplane - Dorrhawk - Dote - Double-handed - Douche - Dow - Downpour - Drabbet - Draglink - Dramseller - Drawer - Dream - Drent - Driftway - Drivel - Dronte - Drover - Drum - Dry nurse - Duchess - Dueful - Dulcino - Dump - Dunnish - Durably - Dust - Dwine - Dynastidan

- E
Eagle-winged - Earn - Earthliness - East Indian - Ebrillade - Ecclesiasticus - Eclampsy - Ectasia - Edder - Edifier - Edulious - Effeminate - Effluvium - Eger - Egotize - Eightieth - Elaboration - Elate - Elect - Electro-bioscopy - Electrophone - Elegiacal - Elevation - Elix - Eloignate - Eluxate - Emarginate - Embattle - Embodiment - Embracer - Embryoniform - Emeto-cathartic - Emollescence - Emphasize - Empower - Emulatory - Enamorment - Encense - Enclave - Encrinite - Endearing - Endochondral - Endorsement - Endure - Enfire - Engendrure - Engrailed - Enjoin - Enmity - Enouncement - Enscale - Ensue - Entermewer - Enthusiastic - Entomotomist - Entreatment - Envelop - Eophytic - Ephemeral - Epichorial - Epidermose - Epilogism - Epipodiale - Epistler - Epitomizer - Equality - Equilibrium - Equitation - Erasure - Ergotized - Erpetology - Eruptional - Escapement - Escrod - Especialness - Essoiner - Estrangle - Eternity - Ethnically - Etymologicon - Eugenol - Euphorbium - Euterpe - Evangelism - Event - Evibrate - Evolutility - Exaggerating - Exantlate - Exceed - Excerptor - Excito-nutrient - Excrement - Excussion - Exemplify - Exhaust - Exigency - Exogen - Exosmotic - Expectative - Experient - Expiscate - Explore - Expression - Exscript - Extend - Externalistic - Extortioner - Extraregular - Extrusion - Exuviate - Eyesight

- F
Fabrile - Factitious - Faëry - Fair - Falconry - Falser - Famoused - Fangleness - Farce - Farmost - Fascicularly - Fat - Fatigue - Faun - Fawn - Feateous - Feces - Feel - Fell - Felting - Fendliche - Ferdness - Ferrandine - Ferry - Festination - Fetterless - Fewel - Fibroin - Fidelity - Fifth - Figurine - Filiciform - Filthiness - Fine - Finished - Firebird - Firmer-chisel - Fishing - Fistulate - Fix - Flag - Flam - Flap - Flat-headed - Flavored - Fledge - Fleshiness - Flickeringly - Flippant - Flobert - Flop - Flosculous - Flowen - Fluent - Fluorated - Flutemouth - Fly-catching - Foe - Foiningly - Folium - Fontanel - Footfall - For - Force - Forebear - Foregleam - Forelock - Foresay - Forestick - Forfeitable - Fork - Forme - Forold - Forthgoing - Forty - Fossoria - Founder - Fourth - Fozy - Fraise - Franklinic - Fray - Freemasonic - Frenzy - Frett - Friendly - Fringent - Frize - Frondlet - Frostless - Fructification - Frush - Fuddler - Fulgidity - Full-sailed - Fumid - Fundus - Funny - Furnishment - Fusee - Future

- G
Gabionnade - Gag - Gaited - Galilean - Gallic - Gallowglass - Gamashes - Gammoning - Ganoine - Garden - Garnish - Gaseous - Gastro- - Gat - Gauge - Gayal - Geckotian - Gelidness - Gemmosity - Generalship - Geniculate - Gentilism - Geognosis - Geotropic - Germination - Gestureless - Ghostology - Giblets - Giggler - Gimp - Girder - Giving - Glaire - Glassful - Glazier - Gliadin - Glitteringly - Gloom - Glossiness - Glucinum - Glutinous - Glyoxaline - Gneissoid - Gob - Godly - Goldfinch - Gondolet - Goodliness - Gordiacea - Gory - Gouge - Gowden - Gradual - Grains - Grampus - Grangerize - Graphically - Grate - Gravely - Graze - Gree - Greenshank - Gret - Grilse - Grip - Grizelin - Gros - Grouse - Grudge - Gryphaea - Guardianless - Guest - Guilloched - Gully - Gunnie - Gust - Guy - Gym'norhinal - Gypsy

- H
Haaf - Hacienda - Haemad - Haematosin - Hagberry - Hail - Hake - Half-fish - Hall - Halsening - Hamlet - Handcloth - Hand-tight - Hanuman - Hard - Hardware - Harmaline - Harpooner - Harvestry - Hatcheler - Haulse - Having - Hay - Head - Headstrong - Hearsay - Heart-spoon - Heavenliness - Hebrew - Hedging bill - Heir - Heliogravure - Hellenize - Helper - Hematocrystallin - Hemin - Hempy - Henxman - Heptine - Herbivore - Hereford - Hermaphroditism - Herr - Hesychast - Heterographic - Heterotropal - Hexangular - Hiccius doctius - Hieromartyr - Highland - Hig-taper - Hindgut - Hippophagi - Hissing - Hit - Hoax - Hocus-pocus - Hogpen - Holethnic - Holocryptic - Homage - Homespun - Homogangliate - Homoousian - Honeybird - Hoodwink - Hope - Hornbeak - Horologist - Horseknop - Hosier - Hot-blooded - Housage - Hovel - Hübner - Huguenot - Humanize - Humite - Hunchbacked - Hurds - Husband - Huzza - Hydra - Hydrobromic - Hydroguret - Hydropiper - Hydrus - Hyloism - Hyomandibular - Hypercritic - Hypertrophy - Hypochondriasm - Hypophyllous - Hypural

- I
Ibidem - Ichthyography - Iconology - Identically - Idiotcy - I. e. - Ignote - Illacrymable - Illimitable - Illumine - Imager - Imbellic - Imbrutement - Immateriality - Immerse - Immodest - Impacable - Impartance - Impeach - Impeople - Imperiousness - Impetrate - Impleasing - Impoliticly - Imposement - Imprecate - Impreventability - Improvable - Impulse - Inabstracted - Inamorate - Inarching - Incagement - Incase - Incerative - Incidental - Incle - Incognitant - Incommutability - Inconcinnous - Inconsistence - Inconvincible - Incorruption - Incrustate - Incurable - Indeciduate - Indelectable - Indesirable - Indicia - Indignation - Indispensably - Individualize - Indoor - Indulgence - Inedited - Ineptitude - Inevitability - Inexpensive - Infallibility - Infect - Infester - Infix - Inflorescence - Infract - Infula - Ingenerabillty - Ingraff - Inhabit - Inhibitory-motor - Initiator - Inkstand - Innative - Innyard - Inorganity - Inquisitorious - Inscient - Insemination - Insidious - Insociate - Inspirational - Instigation - Instrument - Insulse - Intail - Intelligentiary - Intensifier - Interaxal - Interchapter - Intercutaneous - Interfretted - Interlining - Intermediate - Intermobility - Interorbital - Interpret - Interscapular - Intertexture - Interweave - Intolerance - Intramural - Intricately - Introspection - Intwist - Invalidness - Inverse - Invigorate - Involucellate - Iodhydrin - Irenarch - Ironheads - Irreconcilable - Irreligiously - Irresolution - Irritableness - Ischiocapsular - Isocheim - Isomorph - Isotonic - Itch - Ivory-bill

- J
Jack - Jactation - Jakwood - Jansenism - Jargonelle - Jaw - Jejune - Jerkinhead - Jetter - Jill-flirt - Jocular - Joint - Joseph's flower - Jovian - Judge - Jugular - Juncite - Jurdon - Justle

- K
Kahani - Kamala - Kat - Keelfat - Kelson - Keratogenous - Ket - Kiang - Kieselguhr - Kind - Kingless - Kirk - Kittel - Knappish - Knell - Knobbed - Know - Kokoon - Kreutzer - Kydde

- L
Labially - Labyrinthibranch - Lacinia - Lacteal - Laddie - Lady's seal - Lagune - Lambale - Lamentin - Lampoon - Landgraviate - Langsyne - Lanolin - Lapidescence - Larboard - Lark - Lascivious - Latchstring - Latibulize - Latter-day saint - Launch - Lave - Lawsuit - Lea - Leaguerer - Learner - Leaviness - Leech - Legalize - Legislation - Leme - Lenity - Lepadite - Leptus - Letch - Leucaniline - Levation - Levir - Ley - Liberalizer - Licentious - Lieberkühn - Lifemate - Lighte - Lignify - Lill - Limehound - Limp - Linearensate - Linguist - Lionism - Liquefy - List - Literatus - Lithograph - Litigant - Lived - Lixivious - Loaves - Locate - Loculament - Log - Logroll - Lone - Longirostral - Loof - Loosener - Lorcha - Lose - Lounge - Lovesome - Lowly - Lucent - Luculently - Lumberer - Lunet - Lurch - Lustre - Luxation - Lye - Lyricism

- M
Macassar oil - Mackle - Macroura - Madegassy - Magazinist - Magnase black - Magniloquence - Maiden - Main-gauche - Majorcan - Malacology - Malayalam - Maletreat - Mallecho - Maltworm - Mammonite - Mand - Maneless - Manhead - Manipulator - Mansard roof - Manual - Many - Marbrinus - Margarin - Marinership - Marlin - Marriageable - Mart - Marvelousness - Masquerade - Masterly - Masula boat - Materialization - Matrimoine - Matureness - Mauveïne - Mayduke - Meadowy - Measure - Mechitarist - Mediate - Medioxumous - Meerschaum - Megastome - Melanin - Meliorate - Mellowness - Membrane - Mendable - Mense - Meracious - Mercurialize - Merit - Merrymaker - Mesially - Mesomyodous - Mess - Metachrosis - Metalloid - Metaphysical - Mete - Methane - Metric - Mew - Mice - Microlite - Microweber - Midnight - Migrant - Militiate - Millet - Mimetene - Mineral - Minim - Mino bird - Miohippus - Misadvertence - Misbehavior - Mischoose - Miscovet - Misease - Misfortuned - Misinformer - Mismanagement - Mispolicy - Misrepresent - Missive - Mister - Mistune - Mitigative - Mnemosyne - Mockable - Moderatress - Modus - Moistness - Molinist - Molybdenum - Monarchial - Moneyless - Monkeytail - Monocystic - Monogyny - Monopodial - Monothelitic - Monte - Moonblind - Moorband - Mora - Mordication - Morion - Morpheus - Mortalness - Moselle - Mothered - Mottle - Mountenaunce - Movability - Much - Mucronulate - Mug - Mull - Multidigitate - Multiplicatively - Mum - Munerary - Murexide - Murtherer - Muscularize - Muskat - Mustaiba - Mutism - Mycothrix - Myolemma - Myriophyllous - Mytacism

- N
Naevose - Namby-pamby - Napkin - Narratory - Nastiness - Nativism - Nauscopy - Nay - neatness - necklaced - Nedder - Negation - Nehiloth - Nemophilist - Neoplasia - Nepotism - Ness - Neuralgy - Neurosensiferous - Newfangledness - Nibble - Nictate - Niggle - Nihilist - Ninetieth - Nitrated - Nitrous - Nocake - Node - Nolle prosequi - Nominee - Noncombatant - Nones - Nonobservance - Nonslaveholding - Noon-flower - Northeast - Nosesmart - Note - Nototherium - Novelism - Noyful - Nucule - Numberer - Nuncius - Nutjobber - Nymphish

- O
Oathbreaking - Obeyingly - Oblati - Oblongly - Obsequent - Obstacle - Obtrectation - Occasionalism - Occurse - Octander - Octopede - Odelet - Odorant - Of - Officiate - Ogygian - Old-maidism - Oligarchal - Omagra - Omniparous - Onagga - Onirocritic - Onychia - Opacity - Operation - Ophiuran - Opinionable - Opposability - Optics - Orangeat - Orbitosphenoid - Ordeal - Oread - Organoleptic - Origenist - Ornate - Orphanotrophy - Orthodromy - Ortolan - Osculate - Ossicle - Osteocranium - Ostracize - Otological - Ouranographist - Outbreaking - Outermost - Outjet - Out-of-door - Outrider - Outspeak - Outwalk - Ovarium - Overbend - Overcolor - Overexcite - Overglad - Overinfluence - Overlip - Overmount - Overpress - Overrunner - Oversman - Overtalk - Overvalue - Ovicell - Owher - Oxanilic - Oxyacetic - Oxytoluene

- P
Pacated - Packer - Padishah - Pah - Pair - Palatine - Paleolithic - Palinodial - Pallidity - Palmitic - Palterer - Pan - Pander - Panhellenist - Pansophy - Panto- - Paparchy - Pappiform - Paracelsist - Paraglossa - Parallelogram - Para nut - Parastichy - Pardon - Parget - Parity - Paromology - Parry - Partibility - Partitive - Pasque - Passional - Pastorale - Patela - Pathognomy - Patriotism - Pattypan - Paviage - Pay - Peak - Peba - Pectolite - Pedant - Pediculati - Peel - Pegroots - Pellet - Penalize - Pendulousness - Penk - Pensionary - Pentahedron - Pentice - Peppercorn - Perbromic - Percolate - Perennially - Perforce - Perichaeth - Perilymph - Peripatus - Peristeromorphous - Perk - Permute - Perpetuable - Persevering - Perspective - Perterebration - Perversely - Pesterment - Peterel - Petrol - Pew - Phalanstere - Pharmaceutist - Phebe - Philander - Philomath - Phlegmon - Phonascetics - Phospham - Photo-engraving - Photoscope - Phrensy - Phyllocyst - Physico- - Phytochemical - Pianette - Pick - Picoline - Piecemeal - Pigeon-breasted - Pike-devant - Pilgrim - Pilocarpine - Pinax - Pinfeathered - Pinnacle - Pioneer - Pippin - Pisces - Pistole - Pithsome - Place - Plage - Plaining - Planetarium - Plantable - Plasmogen - Platform - Platting - Playmate - Plebeian - Plenilune - Plethoretic - Plexus - Plot - Plumbery - Plunge - Plutus - Pneumonitic - Pococurantism - Pœcile - Point-blank - Poky - Polemoscope - Politicaster - Pollucite - Polybasite - Polyfoil - Polyhistor - Polyonymous - Polyprotodonta - Polytungstic - Pomona - Ponent - Pool - Popper - Porifera - Port - Porteress - Portreeve - Possessival - Postentry - Posting - Postscript - Potassamide - Pothook - Poulder - Pourlieu - Powwow - Praecornu - Praiser - Pray - Preappointment - Preceptor - Precoces - Precursorship - Prediastolic - Predorsal - Prefectorial - Pregnantly - Prelatically - Premiership - Prenunciation - Preponder - Presagious - Presensation - President - Prestation - Pretender - Pretorium - Preventively - Pricksong - Prill - Primitial - Princesse - Prise - Prizable - Probity - Processionalist - Procrustean - Prodigiousness - Profanity - Profligately - Prognosticator - Proleg - Prolonge - Prompt - Pronounce - Propend - Propine - Proportionateness - Prorector - Prosencephalic - Prosper - Protectiveness - Prothallus - Protopope - Protureter - Providential - Prowl - Prunelle - Pseudaesthesia - Pseudopodial - Psychiatric - Pterophore - Pubis - Puddle - Pug - Pull - Pulpous - Puma - Punctilious - Punkin - Puppy - Purging - Purposedly - Pursue - Put - Putty - Pyla - Pyriform - Pyrolusite - Pyroxanthin

- Q
Quab - Quadri- - Quadrivalence - Quaintness - Quantify - Quartenylic - Quass - Quebrith - Quercitin - Questmonger - Quickstep - Quilter - Quinoxyl - Quip - Quiver - Quote

- R
Rabdoidal - Raciness - Raddock - Radii - Rag - Rain - Rakish - Ramequin - Ramson - Range - Rap - Rapport - Rase - Rate - Rat-tail - Ravel - Ray grass - Read - Realgar - Reapplication - Reassessment - Rebellow - Recant - Recent - Reciprocal - Reclinate - Re-collect - Reconciler - Recorporification - Recross - Recto-vesical - Red - Redemptible - Redistrict - Red-tailed - Reedbird - Reëncourage - Reëxpulsion - Reflectent - Reformalize - Refresh - Refut - Regenerateness - Registry - Regular - Reillume - Reins - Reiterative - Relapse - Relent - Relik - Remand - Remenant - Remodification - Remuneration - Renegado - Renowned - Rep - Repeal - Repetitor - Repolish - Re-presentation - Reproachful - Republish - Requirement - Rescription - Reservance - Residual - Resistless - Resound - Respondent - Restitute - Result - Retail - Rethor - Retired - Retrench - Retrospect - Revealability - Reverdure - Revest - Revivalist - Revolvement - Rhabdopleura - Rheometric - Rhinoceros - Rhodammonium - Rhumb - Ribaldry - Ricinolein - Ridgebone - Rig - Right whale - Rimer - Ringneck - Ripple - Ritualist - Road - Robinia - Rock shaft - Roguery - Romance - Ronco - Roomless - Ropish - Rosemary - Rostellate - Rotgut - Rough-footed - Round-arm - Rout - Rowen - Rubella - Rubywood - Rudity - Rugging - Rumble - Run - Rupture - Russian - Rutilate

- S
Sabbathless - Saccharin - Sack - Sacrificial - Safe - Sagination - Sain - Salagane - Salient - Sallowish - Saltarello - Salute - Samian - Sanctuary - Saneness - Sanity - Saphenous - Sappodilla - Sarcophagan - Saros - Satellitious - Saturnalian - Saurognathous - Saving - Saw-toothed - Scab - Scale - Scamblingly - Scape - Scare - Scatter - Schade - Schismless - Scholium - Sciatic - Sciot - Scleroderm - Scolecomorpha - Scorch - Scotch - Scow - Scrat - Screw-driver - Scriptorium - Scruff - Scull - Scurrile - Scutum - Sea bean - Sea crow - Sea gudgeon - Sea louse - Sea otter - Search - Seasonage - Sea wolf - Secondarily - Sectarist - Security - Seedcake - Seeress - Seigniory - Seld - Self-accused - Self-considering - Self-esteem - Self-knowing - Self-reproved - Sell - Semiannular - Semidiatessaron - Seminate - Semisavage - Sempstressy - Sennight - Sensualism - Sepal - Septaemia - Septilateral - Sequoiëne - Serially - Serpentiform - Servant - Sesquitone - Sett - Severable - Sexavalent - Sfumato - Shady - Shallon - Shampoo - Sharewort - Shawl - Sheathy - Sheepsplit - Sheltery - Shiah - Shine - Shipper - Shoad - Shoggle - Shopwoman - Shortsighted - Shovelboard - Shrewd - Shriver - Shuffle - Sib - Sickless - Sidesman - Sighting - Signer - Silenus - Silk - Silverback - Simitar - Simulator - Sinewish - Singularize - Sinuate - Siphonostomatous - Sirvente - Siththen - Size - Skein - Skewer - Skinbound - Skit - Skurry - Slake - Slat - Slavering - Sleepiness - Slewed - Slighty - Slipshod - Slopeness - Slow - Sluicy - Smacking - Smeared - Smilet - Smoke - Smudge - Snakestone - Snaw - Snide - Snod - Snowdrop - So - Soboliferous - Socotrine - Soft-hearted - Solace - Sole - Solfeggiare - Solipsism - Solvible - Somnambulism - Son-in-law - Soothness - Sorb - Sorghum - Sortition - Sough - Soup - Southeaster - Sowar - Spadix - Spangler - Spargefaction - Spary - Spatula - Specialize - Spectre - Speedy - Spendthrift - Spermidium - Sphene - Sphingid - Spicy - Spinal - Spinozism - Spiritousness - Spitalhouse - Splatter - Splenography - Spoilful - Sponson - Sporification - Spousal - Sprent - Sprit - Spunky - Sputterer - Squamaceous - Squashy - Squilgee - Stabat Mater - Stag - Stainer - Stall - Stance - Stank - Starchedness - Star-spangled - Stateful - Statua - Staysail - Stearolic - Steeple - Steingale - Stenchy - Stepping-stone - Stereostatic - Sternpost - Stewpan - Stick-tight - Still - Stimulus - Stipendiary - Stitchwort - Stoichiology - Stomatode - Stonily - Storage - Stot - Straggling - Straiten - Strany - Strawed - Strength - Strich - Stringboard - Stroke - Strophic - Struthio - Stud-horse - Stumpiness - Sturiones - Stylohyal - Sub- - Subbeadle - Subdean - Subepiglottic - Subintestinal - Subligation - Submersion - Subordinate - Subrigid - Subsist - Substractor - Subtilize - Subvariety - Successless - Suchwise - Sudra - Suffraganship - Suggillation - Sullen - Sulphonate - Sultanship - Sumpter - Sunlight - Superaltar - Superfecundation - Superintend - Superparticular - Supersphenoidal - Suppage - Supplicatory - Suppurative - Suprastapedial - Surculation - Surgery - Surprisement - Survey - Suspend - Susurringly - Swaggerer - Swap - Swashy - Sweeper - Swellish - Swimming - Swingtree - Swoop - Sycock - Sylphid - Sympathetical - Synanthesis - Syncopize - Synochal - Synthetize - Systematically

- T
Tabetic - Tac - Tadpole - Tail - Take-up - Tallower - Tamely - Tangence - Tanrec - Tapetum - Tarditation - Tarrier - Tartary - Tasteful - Tauntingly - Tawer - Teacher - Teated - Tedder - Teetotum - Teleologist - Tellership - Temperate - Temporo-auricular - Tendance - Tenesmic - Tent - Tenuous - Terebinth - Terminal - Terrace - Terrorist - Testamentation - Testy - Tetradactylous - Tetrarch - Teuton - Thalamus - Thankworthy - Theban - Theobromic - Theorem - Thereunto - Thermomultiplier - Thick - Thin - Third-penny - Thomsonite - Thoroughpaced - Thraw - Three-score - Thrittene - Through - Thuggee - Thundrous - Thymene - Ticement - Tidiness - Tigerish - Tillandsia - Timbrel - Tinchel - Tinkling - Tippled - Tisic - Titleless - Toadish - Toe - Tolerable - Tomahawk - Tone - Tonsilar - Toothpick - Topiarian - Torc - Torpent - Tortion - Tosto - Touchily - Tout - Towpath - Traceable - Trackscout - Traditionally - Train - Tramp - Transcendentality - Transflux - Translate - Transmute - Transportment - Trap - Traumatism - Treachery - Treblet - Tren - Tressful - Triangulation - Trichiniasis - Trickment - Triennial - Trigintal - Trillo - Trine - Tripang - Triplicostate - Trisplanchnic - Triumph - Trochilic - Tromp - Trothless - Truage - True-hearted - Truncheoneer - Truth-lover - Tubercle - Tubulibranchian - Tug - Tumorous - Tunhoof - Turbillion - Turion - Turnip-shell - Tuscan - Tut-work - Twelfthtide - Twin - Twisting - Tydy - Typewrite - Tyrian

- U
Ugsome - Ultima - Umbelliferous - Un- - Unanimate - Unbag - Unbereaven - Unbraid - Unce - Uncircumcised - Uncomfortable - Uncontrovertible - Uncurably - Undeify - Undercrest - Undergown - Underlie - Underproduction - Undersold - Undervalue - Undirectly - Undull - Unessential - Unfellow - Unfrequent - Ungraceful - Unhasp - Uniaxially - Unilabiate - Unisexual - Universally - Unlace - Unlook - Unmerciful - Unnun - Unpeace - Unpoised - Unproselyte - Unregeneracy - Unrivaled - Unseal - Unshed - Unsoldiered - Unstring - Untempter - Untraded - Unveracity - Unwind - Upbind - Upheaval - Uprear - Upspurner - Urachus - Urbicolous - Urinarium - Urology - Usage - Usurper - Utter

- V
Vaccination - Vagarious - Vairy - Valhalla - Valved - Vang - Vaporific - Variegate - Vascularity - Vaticine - Vedro - Veinal - Velvet - Venenation - Vent - Venturine - Verbosity - Verisimilitude - Vernacular - Versed - Verticity - Vespertilionine - Veteranize - Vibrant - Viciate - Viduage - Vileyns - Vinaceous - Vinnewed - Violin - Virgularian - Vis-a-vis - Visite - Vitiosity - Vituperative - Vizcacha - Voiceful - Volcano - Volumescope - Vomitory - Vowel - Vulnerary

- W
Wade - Wagon - Waistcoateer - Walkable - Waltron - Wankle - War - Wares - Warning - Warworn - Wastebasket - Water-bearer - Water cress - Water gruel - Water mint - Water rail - Water-tight - Wavelet - Way-going - Weal - Weary - Web - Weed - Weft - Welcomeness - Well-known - Wend - West - Whacker - Wheatbird - Whenceever - Whet - While - Whinny - Whirling - Whit - Whitethorn - Whitwall - Whorish - Widegap - Wig - Wilk - Wimple - Windlace - Wing-handed - Winterweed - Wishedly - With - Withvine - Wo - Womanish - Wont - Woodmonger - Woolliness - Workday - Worm-shell - Worthiness - Wrangle - Wreck - Wrinkle - Wrongous

- X
Xanthelasma - Xenomi - Xylo-

- Y
Yachtman - Yare - Yea - Yellowfish - Yesterday - -yl - Yote - Ythrowe

- Z
Zamia - Zebrawood - Zeus - Zinziberaceous - Zonaria - Zoön - Zouave - Zythem

- Newly added words
Adrenaline - Agrotechny - Alloy steel - Amylogen - Anoetic - Apocodeine - Asemia - Auto- - Aviator - Bandeau - Battle range - Bermuda lily - Black Spanish - Bordereau - Brioche - Busk - Candle power - Cassava wood - Chalazogamy - Chinook State - Clairaudient - Collectivity - Confectioners' sugar - Corinthian - Cover crop - Crown colony - Cymoscope - Delta - Dionysia - Doss - Dysprosium - Endemic - Evagination - Feck - Flair - Flyaway - Frazzle - Gaekwar - Genre - Goody - Guide rope - Heel - Hobble skirt - Husky - Independence Day - Intervocalic - Jerry-builder - Keel - Knickerbocker - Labret - Lester - Lofter - Malaria parasite - Match game - Metallophone - Mitrailleur - Morris-chair - Multiplane - Ne'er-do-well - Niggle - Oddment - Oroheliograph - Pacifico - Pará rubber - Pay Cerps - Percaline - Philharmonic - Phototopography - Pintsch gas - Plunk - Postgraduate - Produce race - Puttee - Radiator - Recall - Reserve city - Roman calendar - Samaj - Screamer - Servo-motor - Shunt valve - Skyman - Sneak current - Spark gap - Spotlight - Step-up - Subsistence Department - Syndical - Tailor-made - Tattersall's - Telemetrograph - Terminal - Thermotank - Tipstock - Topek - Touring car - Transition zone - Trolley car - Tupian - Ultragaseous - Van't Hoff's law - Vickers' gun - Volunteers of America - Washed sale - Wellington boot - Wide - Xanthochroism - Zapatera - Zarf - Zastrugi - Zebrinny - Zeeman effect - Zeitgeist - Zemstvo - Zeppelin - Zikkurat - Zimocca - Zincograph - Zionism - Zip - Zip - Zircon light - Zizith - Zoism - Zolaesque - Zolaism - Zöllner's lines - Zone - Zoölogize - Zulu - Zulu-Kaffir - Zuñian - Zwieback - Zwinglian - Zymolysis - Zymoscope

A (named a in the English, and most commonly ä in other languages). The first letter of the English and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alphabets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from the old Latin A, which was borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form; and this was made from the first letter of the Phœnician alphabet, the equivalent of the Hebrew Aleph, and itself from the Egyptian origin. The Aleph was a consonant letter, with a guttural breath sound that was not an element of Greek articulation; and the Greeks took it to represent their vowel Alpha with the ä sound, the Phœnician alphabet having no vowel symbols. This letter, in English, is used for several different vowel sounds. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 43-74. The regular long a, as in fate, etc., is a comparatively modern sound, and has taken the place of what, till about the early part of the 17th century, was a sound of the quality of ä (as in far). 2. (Mus.) The name of the sixth tone in the model major scale (that in C), or the first tone of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. The second string of the violin is tuned to the A in the treble staff. — A sharp (A&sharp;) is the name of a musical tone intermediate between A and B. — A flat (A&flat;) is the name of a tone intermediate between A and G. A per se (L. per se by itself), one preëminent; a nonesuch. [Obs.] “O fair Creseide, the flower and A per se
Of Troy and Greece.
Chaucer.”

A (a emph. a). 1. [Shortened form of an. AS. an one. See One.] An adjective, commonly called the indefinite article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. ´At a birth´; ´In a word´; ´At a blow´. Shak. It is placed before nouns of the singular number denoting an individual object, or a quality individualized, before collective nouns, and also before plural nouns when the adjective few or the phrase great many or good many is interposed; as a dog, a house, a man; a color; a sweetness; a hundred, a fleet, a regiment; a few persons, a great many days. It is used for an, for the sake of euphony, before words beginning with a consonant sound [for exception of certain words beginning with h, see An]; as a table, a woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy, a ewe, a oneness, such a one, etc. Formally an was used both before vowels and consonants. 2. [Originally the preposition a (an, on).] In each; to or for each; as ´twenty leagues a day´, ´a hundred pounds a year´, ´a dollar a yard´, etc.

A (a), prep. [Abbreviated form of an (AS. on). See On.] 1. In; on; at; by. [Obs.] ´A God’s name.´ ´Torn a pieces.´ ´Stand a tiptoe.´ ´A Sundays´ Shak. ´Wit that men have now a days.´ Chaucer. ´Set them a work.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). 2. In process of; in the act of; into; to; — used with verbal substantives in -ing which begin with a consonant. This is a shortened form of the preposition an (which was used before the vowel sound); as in a hunting, a building, a begging. ´Jacob, when he was a dying´ Heb. xi. 21. ´We’ll a birding together.´ ´ It was a doing.´ Shak. ´He burst out a laughing.´ Macaulay. The hyphen may be used to connect a with the verbal substantive (as a-hunting, a-building) or the words may be written separately. This form of expression is now for the most part obsolete, the a being omitted and the verbal substantive treated as a participle.

A. [From AS. of off, from. See Of.] Of. [Obs.] ´The name of John a Gaunt.´ ´What time a day is it ?´ Shak. ´It’s six a clock.´ B. Jonson.

A. A barbarous corruption of have, of he, and sometimes of it and of they. ´So would I a done´ ´A brushes his hat.´ Shak.

A. An expletive, void of sense, to fill up the meter “A merry heart goes all the day,
Your sad tires in a mile-a.
Shak.”

A-. A, as a prefix to English words, is derived from various sources. (1) It frequently signifies on or in (from an, a forms of AS. on), denoting a state, as in afoot, on foot, abed, amiss, asleep, aground, aloft, away (AS. onweg), and analogically, ablaze, atremble, etc. (2) AS. of off, from, as in adown (AS. ofdune off the dun or hill). (3) AS. a- (Goth. us-, ur-, Ger. er-), usually giving an intensive force, and sometimes the sense of away, on, back, as in arise, abide, ago. (4) Old English y- or i- (corrupted from the AS. inseparable particle ge- , cognate with OHG. ga-, gi-, Goth. ga-), which, as a prefix, made no essential addition to the meaning, as in aware. (5) French à (L. ad to), as in abase, achieve. (6) L. a, ab, abs, from, as in avert. (7) Greek insep. prefix α without, or privative, not, as in abyss, atheist; akin to E. un-. Besides these, there are other sources from which the prefix a takes its origin.

A 1 (a wun). A registry mark given by underwriters (as at Lloyd’s) to ships in first-class condition. Inferior grades are indicated by A 2 and A 3. A 1 is also applied colloquially to other things to imply superiority; prime; first-class; first-rate.

Aam (am or äm), n. [D. aam, fr. LL. ama; cf. L. hama a water bucket, Gr. ] A Dutch and German measure of liquids, varying in different cities, being at Amsterdam about 41 wine gallons, at Antwerp 36½, at Hamburg 38¼. [Written also Aum and Awm.]

Aard´-vark (ärd´värk•), n. [D., earth-pig.] (Zoöl.) An edentate mammal, of the genus Orycteropus, somewhat resembling a pig, common in some parts of Southern Africa. It burrows in the ground, and feeds entirely on ants, which it catches with its long, slimy tongue.

Aard´-wolf (ärd´woolf), n. [D, earth-wolf] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous quadruped (Proteles Lalandii), of South Africa, resembling the fox and hyena. See Proteles. { Aa•ron´ic (a•ron´ik), Aa•ron´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. Pertaining to Aaron, the first high priest of the Jews.

Aar´on’s rod (âr´unz rod•). [See Exodus vii. 9 and Numbers xvii. 8] 1. (Arch.) A rod with one serpent twined around it, thus differing from the caduceus of Mercury, which has two. 2. (Bot.) A plant with a tall flowering stem; esp. the great mullein, or hag-taper, and the golden-rod.

Ab- (ab). [Latin prep., etymologically the same as E. of, off. See Of.] A prefix in many words of Latin origin. It signifies from, away , separating, or departure, as in abduct, abstract, abscond. See A-(6).

Ab (ab), n. [Of Syriac origin.] The fifth month of the Jewish year according to the ecclesiastical reckoning, the eleventh by the civil computation, coinciding nearly with August. W. Smith.

Ab´a•ca (ab´a•ka), n. [The native name.] The Manila-hemp plant (Musa textilis); also its fiber. See Manila hemp under Manila.

A•bac´i•nate (a•bas´i•nat), v. t. [LL. abacinatus, p. p. of abacinare; ab off + bacinus a basin.] To blind by a red-hot metal plate held before the eyes. [R.]

A•bac•i•na´tion (a•bas•i•na´shun), n. The act of abacinating. [R.]

Ab•a•cis´cus (ab•a•sis´kus), n. [Gr. ’abaki•skos, dim of ’a•bax. See Abacus.] (Arch.) One of the tiles or squares of a tessellated pavement; an abaculus.

Ab´a•cist (ab´a•sist), n. [LL abacista, fr. abacus.] One who uses an abacus in casting accounts; a calculator.

A•back´ (a•bak´), adv. [Pref. a- + back; AS. on baec at, on, or toward the back. See Back.] 1. Toward the back or rear; backward. ´Therewith aback she started.´ Chaucer. 2. Behind; in the rear. Knolles. 3. (Naut.) Backward against the mast; — said of the sails when pressed by the wind. Totten. To be taken aback. (a) To be driven backward against the mast; — said of the sails, also of the ship when the sails are thus driven. (b) To be suddenly checked, baffled, or discomfited. Dickens.

Ab´ack (ab´ak), n. An abacus. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ab•ac´ti•nal (ab•ak´ti•nal), a. [L. ab + E. actinal.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the surface or end opposite to the mouth in a radiate animal; — opposed to actinal. ´The aboral or abactinal area.´ L. Agassiz.

Ab•ac´tion (ab•ak´shun), n. Stealing cattle on a large scale. [Obs.]

Ab•ac´tor (-ter), n. [L., fr. abigere to drive away; ab + agere to drive.] (Law) One who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds or droves. [Obs.]

A•bac´u•lus (ab•ak´u•lus), n.; pl. Abaculi (-li). [L., dim. of abacus.] (Arch.) A small tile of glass, marble, or other substance, of various colors, used in making ornamental patterns in mosaic pavements. Fairholt.

Ab´a•cus (ab´a•kus), n.; E. pl. Abacuses ; L. pl. Abaci (-si). [L. abacus, abax, Gr. ’a•bax] 1. A table or tray strewn with sand, anciently used for drawing, calculating, etc. [Obs.] 2. A calculating table or frame; an instrument for performing arithmetical calculations by balls sliding on wires, or counters in grooves, the lowest line representing units, the second line, tens, etc. It is still employed in China. 3. (Arch.) (a) The uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, immediately under the architrave. See Column. (b) A tablet, panel, or compartment in ornamented or mosaic work. 4. A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments, for holding cups, bottles, or the like; a kind of cupboard, buffet, or sideboard. Abacus harmonicus (Mus.), an ancient diagram showing the structure and disposition of the keys of an instrument. Crabb.

Ab´a•da (ab´a•da), n. [Pg., the female rhinoceros.] The rhinoceros. [Obs.] Purchas.

A•bad´don (a•bad´dun), n. [Heb. abaddon destruction, abyss, fr. abad to be lost, to perish.] 1. The destroyer, or angel of the bottomless pit; — the same as Apollyon and Asmodeus. 2. Hell; the bottomless pit. [Poetic] “In all her gates, Abaddon rues
Thy bold attempt.
Milton.”

A•baft´ (a•baft´), prep. [Pref. a- on + OE. baft, baften, biaften, AS. beaeftan; be by + aeftan behind. See After, Aft, By.] (Naut.) Behind; toward the stern from; as abaft the wheelhouse. Abaft the beam. See under Beam.

A•baft´, adv. (Naut.) Toward the stern; aft; as to go abaft.

A•bai´sance (a•ba´sans), n. [For obeisance; confused with F. abaisser, E. abase.] Obeisance. [Obs.] Jonson.

A•bai´ser (a•ba´ser), n. Ivory black or animal charcoal. Weale.

A•baist´ (a•bast´), p. p. Abashed; confounded; discomfited. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ab•al´ien•ate (ab•al´yen•at; 94, 106), v. t. [L. abalienatus, p. p. of abalienare; ab + alienus foreign, alien. See Alien.] 1. (Civil Law) To transfer the title of from one to another; to alienate. 2. To estrange; to withdraw. [Obs.] 3. To cause alienation of (mind). Sandys.

Ab•al•ien•a´tion (-al•yen•a´shun), n. [L. abalienatio: cf. F. abalienation.] The act of abalienating; alienation; estrangement. [Obs.]

Ab•a•lo´ne (ab•a•lo´ne), n. (Zoöl.) A univalve mollusk of the genus Haliotis. The shell is lined with mother-of-pearl, and used for ornamental purposes; the sea-ear. Several large species are found on the coast of California, clinging closely to the rocks.

A•band´ (a•band´), v. t. [Contracted from abandon.] 1. To abandon. [Obs.] 1. To abandon. [Obs.] “ Enforced the kingdom to aband.
Spenser.” 2. To banish; to expel. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

A•ban´don (a•ban´dun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abandoned (- dund); p. pr. & vb. n. Abandoning.] [OF. abandoner, F. abandonner; a (L. ad) + bandon permission, authority, LL. bandum, bannum, public proclamation, interdiction, bannire to proclaim, summon: of Germanic origin; cf. Goth. bandwjan to show by signs, to designate OHG. ban proclamation. The word meant to proclaim, put under a ban, put under control; hence, as in OE., to compel, subject, or to leave in the control of another, and hence, to give up. See Ban.] 1. To cast or drive out; to banish; to expel; to reject. [Obs.] “That he might … abandon them from him.
Udall.” “Being all this time abandoned from your bed.
Shak.” 2. To give up absolutely; to forsake entirely ; to renounce utterly; to relinquish all connection with or concern on; to desert, as a person to whom one owes allegiance or fidelity; to quit; to surrender. “Hope was overthrown, yet could not be abandoned.
I. Taylor.” 3. Reflexively: To give (one’s self) up without attempt at self-control; to yield (one’s self) unrestrainedly; — often in a bad sense. “He abandoned himself … to his favorite vice.
Macaulay.” 4. (Mar. Law) To relinquish all claim to; — used when an insured person gives up to underwriters all claim to the property covered by a policy, which may remain after loss or damage by a peril insured against. Syn. — To give up; yield; forego; cede; surrender; resign; abdicate; quit; relinquish; renounce; desert; forsake; leave; retire; withdraw from. — To Abandon, Desert, Forsake. These words agree in representing a person as giving up or leaving some object, but differ as to the mode of doing it. The distinctive sense of abandon is that of giving up a thing absolutely and finally; as to abandon one’s friends, places, opinions, good or evil habits, a hopeless enterprise, a shipwrecked vessel. Abandon is more widely applicable than forsake or desert. The Latin original of desert appears to have been originally applied to the case of deserters from military service. Hence, the verb, when used of persons in the active voice, has usually or always a bad sense, implying some breach of fidelity, honor, etc., the leaving of something which the person should rightfully stand by and support; as to desert one’s colors, to desert one’s post, to desert one’s principles or duty. When used in the passive, the sense is not necessarily bad; as the fields were deserted, a deserted village, deserted halls. Forsake implies the breaking off of previous habit, association, personal connection, or that the thing left had been familiar or frequented; as to forsake old friends, to forsake the paths of rectitude, the blood forsook his cheeks. It may be used either in a good or in a bad sense.

A•ban´don, n. [F. abandon. fr. abandonner. See Abandon, v.] Abandonment; relinquishment. [Obs.]

A•ban•don´ (a•bäN•dôN´), n. [F. See Abandon.] A complete giving up to natural impulses; freedom from artificial constraint; careless freedom or ease.

A•ban´doned (a•ban´dund), a. 1. Forsaken, deserted. ´Your abandoned streams.´ Thomson. 2. Self-abandoned, or given up to vice; extremely wicked, or sinning without restraint; irreclaimably wicked ; as an abandoned villain. Syn. — Profligate; dissolute; corrupt; vicious; depraved; reprobate; wicked; unprincipled; graceless; vile. — Abandoned, Profligate, Reprobate. These adjectives agree in expressing the idea of great personal depravity. Profligate has reference to open and shameless immoralities, either in private life or political conduct; as a profligate court, a profligate ministry. Abandoned is stronger, and has reference to the searing of conscience and hardening of heart produced by a man’s giving himself wholly up to iniquity; as a man of abandoned character. Reprobate describes the condition of one who has become insensible to reproof, and who is morally abandoned and lost beyond hope of recovery. “God gave them over to a reprobate mind.
Rom. i. 28.”

A•ban´doned•ly, adv. Unrestrainedly.

A•ban•don•ee´ (a•ban•dun•e´), n. (Law) One to whom anything is legally abandoned.

A•ban´don•er (a•ban´dun•er), n. One who abandons. Beau. & Fl.

A•ban´don•ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. abandonnement.] 1. The act of abandoning, or the state of being abandoned; total desertion; relinquishment. “The abandonment of the independence of Europe.
Burke.” 2. (Mar. Law) The relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may remain of the property insured after a loss or damage by a peril insured against. 3. (Com. Law) (a) The relinquishment of a right, claim, or privilege, as to mill site, etc. (b) The voluntary leaving of a person to whom one is bound by a special relation, as a wife, husband, or child; desertion. 4. Careless freedom or ease; abandon. [R.] Carlyle.

A•ban´dum (a•ban´dum), n. [LL. See Abandon.] (Law) Anything forfeited or confiscated.

Ab´a•net (ab´a•net), n. See Abnet.

A•ban´ga (a•ban´ga), n. [Name given by the negroes in the island of St. Thomas.] A West Indian palm; also the fruit of this palm, the seeds of which are used as a remedy for diseases of the chest. { Ab•an•na´tion (ab•an•na´shun), Ab•an•nition (ab•an•nish´un), } n. [LL. abannatio; ad + LL. bannire to banish.] (Old Law) Banishment. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•ar•tic•u•la´tion (acr/b•är•tik•u•la´shun), n. [L. ab + E. articulation : cf. F. abarticulation. See Article.] (Anat.) Articulation, usually that kind of articulation which admits of free motion in the joint; diarthrosis. Coxe.

A•base´ (a•bas´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abased (a•bast´); p. pr. & vb. n. Abasing.] [F. abaisser, LL. abassare, abbassare ; ad + bassare, fr. bassus low. See Base, a.] 1. To lower or depress; to throw or cast down; as to abase the eye. [Archaic] Bacon. “Saying so, he abased his lance.
Shelton.” 2. To cast down or reduce low or lower, as in rank, office, condition in life, or estimation of worthiness; to depress; to humble; to degrade. “Whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased.
Luke xiv. ll.” Syn. — To Abase, Debase, Degrade. These words agree in the idea of bringing down from a higher to a lower state. Abase has reference to a bringing down in condition or feelings; as to abase the proud, to abase one’s self before God. Debase has reference to the bringing down of a thing in purity, or making it base. It is, therefore, always used in a bad sense, as to debase the coin of the kingdom, to debase the mind by vicious indulgence, to debase one’s style by coarse or vulgar expressions. Degrade has reference to a bringing down from some higher grade or from some standard. Thus, a priest is degraded from the clerical office. When used in a moral sense, it denotes a bringing down in character and just estimation; as degraded by intemperance, a degrading employment, etc. ´Art is degraded when it is regarded only as a trade.´

A•based´ (a•bast´), a. 1. Lowered; humbled. 2. (Her.) [F. abaisse.] Borne lower than usual, as a fess; also having the ends of the wings turned downward towards the point of the shield.

A•bas´ed•ly (a•bas´ed•ly), adv. Abjectly; downcastly.

A•base´ment (a•bas´ment), n. [Cf. F. abaissement.] The act of abasing, humbling, or bringing low; the state of being abased or humbled; humiliation.

A•bas´er (a•bas´er), n. He who, or that which, abases.

A•bash´ (a•bash´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abashed (a•basht´); p. pr. & vb. n. Abashing.] [OE. abaissen, abaisshen, abashen, OF. esbahir, F. ebahir, to astonish, fr. L. ex + the interjection bah, expressing astonishment. In OE. somewhat confused with abase. Cf. Finish.] To destroy the self-possession of; to confuse or confound, as by exciting suddenly a consciousness of guilt, mistake, or inferiority; to put to shame; to disconcert; to discomfit. “Abashed, the devil stood,
And felt how awful goodness is.
Milton.” “He was a man whom no check could abash.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To confuse; confound; disconcert; shame. — To Abash, Confuse, Confound. Abash is a stronger word than confuse, but not so strong as confound. We are abashed when struck either with sudden shame or with a humbling sense of inferiority; as Peter was abashed by the look of his Master. So a modest youth is abashed in the presence of those who are greatly his superiors. We are confused when, from some unexpected or startling occurrence, we lose clearness of thought and self- possession. Thus, a witness is often confused by a severe cross- examination; a timid person is apt to be confused in entering a room full of strangers. We are confounded when our minds are overwhelmed, as it were, by something wholly unexpected, amazing, dreadful, etc., so that we have nothing to say. Thus, a criminal is usually confounded at the discovery of his guilt. “Satan stood
Awhile as mute, confounded what to say.
Milton.”

A•bash´ed•ly (-ed•ly), adv. In an abashed manner.

A•bash´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. ebahissement.] The state of being abashed; confusion from shame. { A•bas´si (a•bas´si), A•bas´sis (a•bas´sis), } n. [Ar. & Per. abasi, belonging to Abas (a king of Persia).] A silver coin of Persia, worth about twenty cents.

A•bat´a•ble (a•bat´a•b’l), a. Capable of being abated; as an abatable writ or nuisance.

A•bate´ (a•bat´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abated, p. pr. & vb. n. Abating.] [OF. abatre to beat down, F. abattre, LL. abatere; ab or ad + batere, battere (popular form for L. batuere to beat). Cf. Bate, Batter.] 1. To beat down; to overthrow. [Obs.] “The King of Scots … sore abated the walls.
Edw. Hall.” 2. To bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, number, or degree; to lessen; to diminish; to contract; to moderate; to cut short; as to abate a demand; to abate pride, zeal, hope. “His eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.
Deut. xxxiv. 7.” 3. To deduct; to omit; as to abate something from a price. “Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds.
Fuller.” 4. To blunt. [Obs.] “To abate the edge of envy.
Bacon.” 5. To reduce in estimation; to deprive. [Obs.] “She hath abated me of half my train.
Shak.” 6. (Law) (a) To bring entirely down or put an end to; to do away with; as to abate a nuisance, to abate a writ. (b) (Eng. Law) To diminish; to reduce. Legacies are liable to be abated entirely or in proportion, upon a deficiency of assets. To abate a tax, to remit it either wholly or in part.

A•bate´ (a•bat´), v. i. [See Abate, v. t.] 1. To decrease, or become less in strength or violence; as pain abates, a storm abates. “The fury of Glengarry … rapidly abated.
Macaulay.” 2. To be defeated, or come to naught; to fall through; to fail; as a writ abates. To abate into a freehold, To abate in lands (Law), to enter into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir takes possession. See Abatement, 4. Syn. — To subside; decrease; intermit; decline; diminish; lessen. — To Abate, Subside. These words, as here compared, imply a coming down from some previously raised or excited state. Abate expresses this in respect to degrees, and implies a diminution of force or of intensity; as the storm abates, the cold abates, the force of the wind abates; or, the wind abates, a fever abates. Subside (to settle down) has reference to a previous state of agitation or commotion; as the waves subside after a storm, the wind subsides into a calm. When the words are used figuratively, the same distinction should be observed. If we conceive of a thing as having different degrees of intensity or strength, the word to be used is abate. Thus we say, a man’s anger abates, the ardor of one’s love abates, ´Winter’s rage abates´. But if the image be that of a sinking down into quiet from preceding excitement or commotion, the word to be used is subside; as the tumult of the people subsides, the public mind subsided into a calm. The same is the case with those emotions which are tumultuous in their nature; as his passion subsides, his joy quickly subsided, his grief subsided into a pleasing melancholy. Yet if, in such cases, we were thinking of the degree of violence of the emotion, we might use abate; as his joy will abate in the progress of time; and so in other instances.

A•bate (a•bat´), n. Abatement. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A•bate´ment (-ment), n. [OF. abatement, F. abattement.] 1. The act of abating, or the state of being abated; a lessening, diminution, or reduction; removal or putting an end to; as the abatement of a nuisance is the suppression thereof. 2. The amount abated; that which is taken away by way of reduction; deduction; decrease; a rebate or discount allowed. 3. (Her.) A mark of dishonor on an escutcheon. 4. (Law) The entry of a stranger, without right, into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone. Defense in abatement, Plea in abatement, (Law), plea to the effect that from some formal defect (e.g. misnomer, want of jurisdiction) the proceedings should be abated.

A•bat´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, abates. { Ab´a•tis , Aba´t•tis } (ab´a•tis; French a•ba•te´) n. [F. abatis, abattis, mass of things beaten or cut down, fr. abattre. See Abate.] (Fort.) A means of defense formed by felled trees, the ends of whose branches are sharpened and directed outwards, or against the enemy.

Ab´a•tised (ab´a•tist), a. Provided with an abatis.

A•ba´tor (a•bat´er), n. (Law) (a) One who abates a nuisance. (b) A person who, without right, enters into a freehold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone.

A•bat•toir´ (a•bat•twär´), n.; pl. Abattoirs (- twärz´). [F., fr. abattre to beat down. See Abate.] A public slaughterhouse for cattle, sheep, etc.

Ab´a•ture (ab´a•tur; 135), n. [F. abatture, fr. abattre. See Abate.] Grass and sprigs beaten or trampled down by a stag passing through them. Crabb.

A•bat•voix´ (a•ba•vwä´), n. [F. abattre to beat down + voix voice.] The sounding- board over a pulpit or rostrum.

Ab•awed´ (ab•ad´), p. p. [Perh. p. p. of a verb fr. OF. abaubir to frighten, disconcert, fr. L. ad + balbus stammering.] Astonished; abashed. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Ab•ax´i•al (ab•aks´i•al), Ab•ax´ile (ab•aks´il),} a. [L. ab + axis axle.] (Bot.) Away from the axis or central line; eccentric. Balfour.

A•bay´ (a•ba´), n. [OF. abay barking.] Barking; baying of dogs upon their prey. See Bay. [Obs.]

Abb (ab), n. [AS. aweb, ab; pref. a- + web. See Web.] Among weavers, yarn for the warp. Hence, abb wool is wool for the abb.

Ab´ba (ab´ba), n. [Syriac abba father. See Abbot.] Father; religious superior; — in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, a title given to the bishops, and by the bishops to the patriarch.

Ab´ba•cy (ab´ba•sy), n.; pl. Abbacies (-siz). [L. abbatia, fr. abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbey.] The dignity, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot.

Ab•ba´tial (ab•ba´shal), a. [LL. abbatialis : cf. F. abbatial.] Belonging to an abbey; as abbatial rights.

Ab•bat´ic•al (ab•bat´i•kal), a. Abbatial. [Obs.]

Ab´be (ab´ba•), n. [F. abbe. See Abbot.] The French word answering to the English abbot, the head of an abbey; but commonly a title of respect given in France to every one vested with the ecclesiastical habit or dress. After the 16th century, the name was given, in social parlance, to candidates for some priory or abbey in the gift of the crown. Many of these aspirants became well known in literary and fashionable life. By further extension, the name came to be applied to unbeneficed secular ecclesiastics generally. Littre.

Ab´bess (ab´bes), n. [OF. abaesse, abeesse, F. abbesse, L. abbatissa, fem. of abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbot.] A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks. See Abbey.

Ab´bey (ab´by), n.; pl. Abbeys (-biz). [OF. abaïe, abbaïe, F. abbaye, L. abbatia, fr. abbas abbot. See Abbot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons of either sex, secluded from the world and devoted to religion and celibacy; also the monastic building or buildings. The men are called monks, and governed by an abbot; the women are called nuns, and governed by an abbess. 2. The church of a monastery. In London, the Abbey means Westminster Abbey, and in Scotland, the precincts of the Abbey of Holyrood. The name is also retained for a private residence on the site of an abbey; as Newstead Abbey, the residence of Lord Byron. Syn. — Monastery; convent; nunnery; priory; cloister. See Cloister.

Ab´bot , n. [AS. abbod, abbad, L. abbas, abbatis, Gr. ’abba^s, fr. Syriac abba father. Cf. Abba, Abbe.] 1. The superior or head of an abbey. 2. One of a class of bishops whose sees were formerly abbeys. Encyc. Brit. Abbot of the people. a title formerly given to one of the chief magistrates in Genoa. — Abbot of Misrule (or Lord of Misrule, in mediaeval times, the master of revels, as at Christmas; in Scotland called the Abbot of Unreason. Encyc. Brit.

Ab´bot•ship , n. [Abbot + - ship.] The state or office of an abbot.

Ab•bre´vi•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abbreviated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abbreviating.] [L. abbreviatus, p. p. of abbreviare; ad + breviare to shorten, fr. brevis short. See Abridge.] 1. To make briefer; to shorten; to abridge; to reduce by contraction or omission, especially of words written or spoken. “It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cutting off.
Bacon.” 2. (Math.) To reduce to lower terms, as a fraction.

Ab•bre´vi•ate , a. [L. abbreviatus, p. p.] 1. Abbreviated; abridged; shortened. [R.] ´The abbreviate form.´ Earle. 2. (Biol.) Having one part relatively shorter than another or than the ordinary type.

Ab•bre´vi•ate, n. An abridgment. [Obs.] Elyot.

Ab•bre´vi•a•ted , a. Shortened; relatively short; abbreviate.

Ab•bre•vi•a´tion , n. [LL. abbreviatio: cf. F. abbreviation.] 1. The act of shortening, or reducing. 2. The result of abbreviating; an abridgment. Tylor. 3. The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by contraction and omission; a letter or letters, standing for a word or phrase of which they are a part; as Gen. for Genesis; U.S.A. for United States of America. 4. (Mus.) One dash, or more, through the stem of a note, dividing it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or demi-semiquavers. Moore.

Ab•bre´vi•a•tor , n. [LL.: cf. F. abbreviateur.] 1. One who abbreviates or shortens. 2. One of a college of seventy-two officers of the papal court whose duty is to make a short minute of a decision on a petition, or reply of the pope to a letter, and afterwards expand the minute into official form.

Ab•bre´vi•a•to•ry , a. Serving or tending to abbreviate; shortening; abridging.

Ab•bre´vi•a•ture , n. 1. An abbreviation; an abbreviated state or form. [Obs.] 2. An abridgment; a compendium or abstract. “This is an excellent abbreviature of the whole duty of a Christian.
Jer. Taylor.”

Abb´ wool (ab´ wool). See Abb.

A B C´ (a be se´). 1. The first three letters of the alphabet, used for the whole alphabet. 2. A primer for teaching the alphabet and first elements of reading. [Obs.] 3. The simplest rudiments of any subject; as the A B C of finance. A B C book, a primer. Shak.

Ab´dal , n. [Ar. badil, pl. abdal, a substitute, a good, religious man, saint, fr. badala to change, substitute.] A religious devotee or dervish in Persia.

Ab•de´ri•an , a. [From Abdera, a town in Thrace, of which place Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher, was a native.] Given to laughter; inclined to foolish or incessant merriment.

Ab•de´rite , n. [L. Abderita, Abderites, fr. Gr. ’Abdhri•ths.] An inhabitant of Abdera, in Thrace. The Abderite, Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher.

Ab´dest , n. [Per. abdast; ab water + dast hand.] Purification by washing the hands before prayer; — a Mohammedan rite. Heyse.

Ab´di•ca•ble , a. Capable of being abdicated.

Ab´di•cant , a. [L. abdicans, p. pr. of abdicare.] Abdicating; renouncing; — followed by of. “Monks abdicant of their orders.
Whitlock.”

Ab´di•cant, n. One who abdicates. Smart.

Ab´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abdicated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abdicating.] [L. abdicatus, p. p. of abdicare; ab + dicare to proclaim, akin to dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To surrender or relinquish, as sovereign power; to withdraw definitely from filling or exercising, as a high office, station, dignity; as to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy. The word abdicate was held to mean, in the case of James II., to abandon without a formal surrender. “The cross-bearers abdicated their service.
Gibbon.” 2. To renounce; to relinquish; — said of authority, a trust, duty, right, etc. “He abdicates all right to be his own governor.
Burke.” “The understanding abdicates its functions.
Froude.” 3. To reject; to cast off. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. (Civil Law) To disclaim and expel from the family, as a father his child; to disown; to disinherit. Syn. — To give up; quit; vacate; relinquish; forsake; abandon; resign; renounce; desert. — To Abdicate, Resign. Abdicate commonly expresses the act of a monarch in voluntary and formally yielding up sovereign authority; as to abdicate the government. Resign is applied to the act of any person, high or low, who gives back an office or trust into the hands of him who conferred it. Thus, a minister resigns, a military officer resigns, a clerk resigns. The expression, ´The king resigned his crown,´ sometimes occurs in our later literature, implying that he held it from his people. — There are other senses of resign which are not here brought into view.

Ab´di•cate , v. i. To relinquish or renounce a throne, or other high office or dignity. “Though a king may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate for the monarchy.
Burke.”

Ab•di•ca´tion , n. [L. abdicatio: cf. F. abdication.] The act of abdicating; the renunciation of a high office, dignity, or trust, by its holder; commonly the voluntary renunciation of sovereign power; as abdication of the throne, government, power, authority.

Ab´di•ca•tive , a. [L. abdicativus.] Causing, or implying, abdication. [R.] Bailey.

Ab´di•ca•tor , n. One who abdicates.

Ab´di•tive , a. [L. abditivus, fr. abdere to hide.] Having the quality of hiding. [R.] Bailey.

Ab´di•to•ry , n. [L. abditorium.] A place for hiding or preserving articles of value. Cowell.

Ab•do´men , n. [L. abdomen (a word of uncertain etymol.): cf. F. abdomen.] 1. (Anat.) The belly, or that part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis. also the cavity of the belly, which is lined by the peritoneum, and contains the stomach, bowels, and other viscera. In man, often restricted to the part between the diaphragm and the commencement of the pelvis, the remainder being called the pelvic cavity. 2. (Zoöl.) The posterior section of the body, behind the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, and other Arthropoda.

Ab•dom´i•nal , a. [Cf. F. abdominal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the abdomen; ventral; as the abdominal regions, muscles, cavity. 2. (Zoöl.) Having abdominal fins; belonging to the Abdominales; as abdominal fishes. Abdominal ring (Anat.), a fancied ringlike opening on each side of the abdomen, external and superior to the pubes; — called also inguinal ring.

Ab•dom´i•nal, n.; E. pl. Abdominals, L. pl. Abdominales. A fish of the group Abdominales.

Ab•dom•i•na´les , n. pl. [NL., masc. pl.] (Zoöl.) A group including the greater part of fresh- water fishes, and many marine ones, having the ventral fins under the abdomen behind the pectorals.

Ab•dom•i•na´li•a , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl.] (Zoöl.) A group of cirripeds having abdominal appendages.

Ab•dom•i•nos´co•py , n. [L. abdomen + Gr. to examine.] (Med.) Examination of the abdomen to detect abdominal disease.

Ab•dom•i•no•tho•rac´ic , a. Relating to the abdomen and the thorax, or chest.

Ab•dom´i•nous , a. Having a protuberant belly; pot-bellied. “Gorgonius sits, abdominous and wan,
Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.
Cowper.”

Ab•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abduced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abducing.] [L. abducere to lead away; ab + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Abduct.] To draw or conduct away; to withdraw; to draw to a different part. [Obs.] “If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate.
Sir T. Browne.”

Ab•duct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abducted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abducting.] [L. abductus, p. p. of abducere. See Abduce.] 1. To take away surreptitiously by force; to carry away (a human being) wrongfully and usually by violence; to kidnap. 2. To draw away, as a limb or other part, from its ordinary position.

Ab•duc´tion , n. [L. abductio: cf. F. abduction.] 1. The act of abducing or abducting; a drawing apart; a carrying away. Roget. 2. (Physiol.) The movement which separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body. 3. (Law) The wrongful, and usually the forcible, carrying off of a human being; as the abduction of a child, the abduction of an heiress. 4. (Logic) A syllogism or form of argument in which the major is evident, but the minor is only probable.

Ab•duc´tor , n. [NL.] 1. One who abducts. 2. (Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out, or form the median line of the body; as the abductor oculi, which draws the eye outward.

A•beam´ , adv. [Pref. a- + beam.] (Naut.) On the beam, that is, on a line which forms a right angle with the ship’s keel; opposite to the center of the ship’s side.

A•bear´ , v. t. [AS. aberan; pref. a- + beran to bear.] 1. To bear; to behave. [Obs.] “So did the faery knight himself abear.
Spenser.” 2. To put up with; to endure. [Prov.] Dickens.

A•bear´ance , n. Behavior. [Obs.] Blackstone.

A•bear´ing, n. Behavior. [Obs.] Sir. T. More.

A•be•ce•da´ri•an , n. [L. abecedarius. A word from the first four letters of the alphabet.] 1. One who is learning the alphabet; hence, a tyro. 2. One engaged in teaching the alphabet. Wood. { A•be•ce•da´ri•an , A•be•ce´da•ry } a. Pertaining to, or formed by, the letters of the alphabet; alphabetic; hence, rudimentary. Abecedarian psalms, hymns, etc., compositions in which (like the 119th psalm in Hebrew) distinct portions or verses commence with successive letters of the alphabet. Hook.

A•be•ce´da•ry , n. A primer; the first principle or rudiment of anything. [R.] Fuller.

A•bed´ , adv. [Pref. a- in, on + bed.] 1. In bed, or on the bed. “Not to be abed after midnight.
Shak.” 2. To childbed (in the phrase ´brought abed,´ that is, delivered of a child). Shak.

A•beg´ge . Same as Aby. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•bele´ , n. [D. abeel (abeel- boom), OF. abel, aubel, fr. a dim. of L. albus white.] The white poplar (Populus alba). “Six abeles i’ the churchyard grow.
Mrs. Browning.” { A•bel´i•an , A´bel•ite , A•bel•o´ni•an } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in Africa (4th century), mentioned by St. Augustine, who states that they married, but lived in continence, after the manner, as they pretended, of Abel.

A´bel•mosk , n. [NL. abelmoschus, fr. Ar. abu-l-misk father of musk, i. e., producing musk. See Musk.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Hibiscus — formerly Abelmoschus — moschatus), of the East and West Indies and Northern Africa, whose musky seeds are used in perfumery and to flavor coffee; — sometimes called musk mallow.

Ab•er-de-vine´ (#), n. (Zoöl.) The European siskin (Carduelis spinus), a small green and yellow finch, related to the goldfinch.

Ab•err´ , v. i. [L. aberrare. See Aberrate.] To wander; to stray. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. { Ab•er´rance , Ab•er´ran•cy } n. State of being aberrant; a wandering from the right way; deviation from truth, rectitude, etc. Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form.

Ab•er´rant , a. [L. aberrans, -rantis, p. pr. of aberrare. See Aberr.] 1. Wandering; straying from the right way. 2. (Biol.) Deviating from the ordinary or natural type; exceptional; abnormal. “The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have been the number of connecting forms which, on my theory, have been exterminated.
Darwin.”

Ab´er•rate , v. i. [L. aberratus, p. pr. of aberrare; ab + errare to wander. See Err.] To go astray; to diverge. [R.] “Their own defective and aberrating vision.
De Quincey.”

Ab•er•ra´tion , n. [L. aberratio: cf. F. aberration. See Aberrate.] 1. The act of wandering; deviation, especially from truth or moral rectitude, from the natural state, or from a type. ´The aberration of youth.´ Hall. ´Aberrations from theory.´ Burke. 2. A partial alienation of reason. ´Occasional aberrations of intellect.´ Lingard. “Whims, which at first are the aberrations of a single brain, pass with heat into epidemic form.
I. Taylor.” 3. (Astron.) A small periodical change of position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer; called annual aberration, when the observer’s motion is that of the earth in its orbit, and daily or diurnal aberration, when of the earth on its axis; amounting when greatest, in the former case, to 20.4’’, and in the latter, to 0.3’’. Planetary aberration is that due to the motion of light and the motion of the planet relative to the earth. 4. (Opt.) The convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light emanating from one and the same point, or the deviation of such rays from a single focus; called spherical aberration, when due to the spherical form of the lens or mirror, such form giving different foci for central and marginal rays; and chromatic aberration, when due to different refrangibilities of the colored rays of the spectrum, those of each color having a distinct focus. 5. (Physiol.) The passage of blood or other fluid into parts not appropriate for it. 6. (Law) The producing of an unintended effect by the glancing of an instrument, as when a shot intended for A glances and strikes B. Syn. — Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; mania; dementia; hallucination; illusion; delusion. See Insanity.

Ab•er•ra´tion•al , a. Characterized by aberration.

Ab•e•run´cate , v. t. [L. aberuncare, for aberruncare. See Averruncate.] To weed out. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•e•run´ca•tor , n. A weeding machine.

A•bet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abetted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abetting.] [OF. abeter; a (L. ad) + beter to bait (as a bear), fr. Icel. beita to set dogs on, to feed, originally, to cause to bite, fr. Icel. bita to bite, hence to bait, to incite. See Bait, Bet.] 1. To instigate or encourage by aid or countenance; — used in a bad sense of persons and acts; as to abet an ill-doer; to abet one in his wicked courses; to abet vice; to abet an insurrection. ´The whole tribe abets the villany.´ South. “Would not the fool abet the stealth,
Who rashly thus exposed his wealth?
Gay.” 2. To support, uphold, or aid; to maintain; — in a good sense. [Obs.]. “Our duty is urged, and our confidence abetted.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. (Law) To contribute, as an assistant or instigator, to the commission of an offense. Syn. — To incite; instigate; set on; egg on; foment; advocate; countenance; encourage; second; uphold; aid; assist; support; sustain; back; connive at.

A•bet´ , n. [OF. abet, fr. abeter.] Act of abetting; aid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•bet´ment (-ment), n. The act of abetting; as an abetment of treason, crime, etc.

A•bet´tal , n. Abetment. [R.] { A•bet´ter , A•bet•tor } , n. One who abets; an instigator of an offense or an offender. The form abettor is the legal term and also in general use. Syn. — Abettor, Accessory, Accomplice. These words denote different degrees of complicity in some deed or crime. An abettor is one who incites or encourages to the act, without sharing in its performance. An accessory supposes a principal offender. One who is neither the chief actor in an offense, nor present at its performance, but accedes to or becomes involved in its guilt, either by some previous or subsequent act, as of instigating, encouraging, aiding, or concealing, etc., is an accessory. An accomplice is one who participates in the commission of an offense, whether as principal or accessory. Thus in treason, there are no abettors or accessories, but all are held to be principals or accomplices.

Ab•e•vac´u•a´tion , n. [Pref. ab- + evacuation.] (Med.) A partial evacuation. Mayne.

A•bey´ance , n. [OF. abeance expectation, longing; a (L. ad) + baer, beer, to gape, to look with open mouth, to expect, F. bayer, LL. badare to gape.] 1. (Law) Expectancy; condition of being undetermined. When there is no person in existence in whom an inheritance (or a dignity) can vest, it is said to be in abeyance, that is, in expectation; the law considering it as always potentially existing, and ready to vest whenever a proper owner appears. Blackstone. 2. Suspension; temporary suppression. “Keeping the sympathies of love and admiration in a dormant state, or state of abeyance.
De Quincey.”

A•bey´an•cy , n. Abeyance. [R.] Hawthorne.

A•bey´ant , a. Being in a state of abeyance.

Ab´hal , n. The berries of a species of cypress in the East Indies.

Ab•hom´i•na•ble , a. Abominable. [A false orthography anciently used; h was foisted into various words; hence abholish, for abolish, etc.] “This is abhominable, which he [Don Armado] would call abominable.
Shak. Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 1.”

Ab•hom•i•nal , a. [L. ab away from + homo, hominis, man.] Inhuman. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ab•hor´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abhorred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abhorring.] [L. abhorrere; ab + horrere to bristle, shiver, shudder: cf. F. abhorrer. See Horrid.] 1. To shrink back with shuddering from; to regard with horror or detestation; to feel excessive repugnance toward; to detest to extremity; to loathe. “Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good.
Rom. xii. 9.” 2. To fill with horror or disgust. [Obs.] “It doth abhor me now I speak the word.
Shak.” 3. (Canon Law) To protest against; to reject solemnly. [Obs.] “I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul
Refuse you for my judge.
Shak.” Syn. — To hate; detest; loathe; abominate. See Hate.

Ab•hor´, v. i. To shrink back with horror, disgust, or dislike; to be contrary or averse; — with from. [Obs.] ´To abhor from those vices.´ Udall. “Which is utterly abhorring from the end of all law.
Milton.”

Ab•hor´rence , n. Extreme hatred or detestation; the feeling of utter dislike.

Ab•hor´ren•cy , n. Abhorrence. [Obs.] Locke.

Ab•hor´rent , a. [L. abhorens, -rentis, p. pr. of abhorrere.] 1. Abhorring; detesting; having or showing abhorrence; loathing; hence, strongly opposed to; as abhorrent thoughts. “The persons most abhorrent from blood and treason.
Burke.” “The arts of pleasure in despotic courts
I spurn abhorrent.
Clover.” 2. Contrary or repugnant; discordant; inconsistent; — followed by to. ´Injudicious profanation, so abhorrent to our stricter principles.´ Gibbon. 3. Detestable. ´Pride, abhorrent as it is.´ I. Taylor.

Ab•hor´rent•ly, adv. With abhorrence.

Ab•hor´rer , n. One who abhors. Hume.

Ab•hor´ri•ble , a. Detestable. [R.]

Ab•hor´ring , n. 1. Detestation. Milton. 2. Object of abhorrence. Isa. lxvi. 24.

A´bib , n. [Heb. abib, lit. an ear of corn. The month was so called from barley being at that time in ear.] The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, corresponding nearly to our April. After the Babylonish captivity this month was called Nisan. Kitto.

A•bid´ance , n. The state of abiding; abode; continuance; compliance (with). “The Christians had no longer abidance in the holy hill of Palestine.
Fuller.” “A judicious abidance by rules.
Helps.”

A•bide´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abode , formerly Abid; p. pr. & vb. n. Abiding .] [AS. abidan; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + bidan to bide. See Bide.] 1. To wait; to pause; to delay. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To stay; to continue in a place; to have one’s abode; to dwell; to sojourn; — with with before a person, and commonly with at or in before a place. “Let the damsel abide with us a few days.
Gen. xxiv. 55.” 3. To remain stable or fixed in some state or condition; to continue; to remain. “Let every man abide in the same calling.
1 Cor. vii. 20.” Followed by by: To abide by. (a) To stand to; to adhere; to maintain. “The poor fellow was obstinate enough to abide by what he said at first.
Fielding.” (b) To acquiesce; to conform to; as to abide by a decision or an award.

A•bide´, v. t. 1. To wait for; to be prepared for; to await; to watch for; as I abide my time. ´I will abide the coming of my lord.´ Tennyson. [[Obs.], with a personal object. “Bonds and afflictions abide me.
Acts xx. 23.” 2. To endure; to sustain; to submit to. “[Thou] shalt abide her judgment on it.
Tennyson.” 3. To bear patiently; to tolerate; to put up with. “She could not abide Master Shallow.
Shak.” 4. [Confused with aby to pay for. See Aby.] To stand the consequences of; to answer for; to suffer for. “Dearly I abide that boast so vain.
Milton.”

A•bid´er , n. 1. One who abides, or continues. [Obs.] ´Speedy goers and strong abiders.´ Sidney. 2. One who dwells; a resident. Speed.

A•bid´ing, a. Continuing; lasting.

A•bid´ing•ly, adv. Permanently. Carlyle.

A´bi•es , n. [L., fir tree.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, properly called Fir, as the balsam fir and the silver fir. The spruces are sometimes also referred to this genus.

Ab´i•e•tene , n. [L. abies, abietis, a fir tree.] A volatile oil distilled from the resin or balsam of the nut pine (Pinus sabiniana) of California.

Ab•i•et´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the fir tree or its products; as abietic acid, called also sylvic acid. Watts. { Ab´i•e•tin , Ab´i•e•tine } , n. [See Abietene.] (Chem.) A resinous obtained from Strasburg turpentine or Canada balsam. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol (especially at the boiling point), in strong acetic acid, and in ether. Watts.

Ab•i•e•tin´ic , a. Of or pertaining to abietin; as abietinic acid.

Ab´i•e•tite , n. (Chem.) A substance resembling mannite, found in the needles of the common silver fir of Europe (Abies pectinata). Eng. Cyc.

Ab´i•gail , n. [The proper name used as an appellative.] A lady’s waiting-maid. Pepys. “Her abigail reported that Mrs. Gutheridge had a set of night curls for sleeping in.
Leslie.”

A•bil´i•ment (a•bil´i•ment), n. Habiliment. [Obs.]

A•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Abilities. [F. habilete, earlier spelling habilite (with silent h), L. habilitas aptitude, ability, fr. habilis apt. See Able.] The quality or state of being able; power to perform, whether physical, moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal; capacity; skill or competence in doing; sufficiency of strength, skill, resources, etc.; — in the plural, faculty, talent. “Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren.
Acts xi. 29.” “Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study.
Bacon.” “The public men of England, with much of a peculiar kind of ability.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Capacity; talent; cleverness; faculty; capability; efficiency; aptitude; aptness; address; dexterity; skill. Ability, Capacity. These words come into comparison when applied to the higher intellectual powers. Ability has reference to the active exercise of our faculties. It implies not only native vigor of mind, but that ease and promptitude of execution which arise from mental training. Thus, we speak of the ability with which a book is written, an argument maintained, a negotiation carried on, etc. It always something to be done, and the power of doing it. Capacity has reference to the receptive powers. In its higher exercises it supposes great quickness of apprehension and breadth of intellect, with an uncommon aptitude for acquiring and retaining knowledge. Hence it carries with it the idea of resources and undeveloped power. Thus we speak of the extraordinary capacity of such men as Lord Bacon, Blaise Pascal, and Edmund Burke. ´Capacity,´ says H. Taylor, ´is requisite to devise, and ability to execute, a great enterprise.´ The word abilities, in the plural, embraces both these qualities, and denotes high mental endowments.

A•bime´ A•byme´ (#), n. [F. abîme. See Abysm.] A abyss. [Obs.]

Ab•i•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + life + , origin, birth.] (Biol.) The supposed origination of living organisms from lifeless matter; such genesis as does not involve the action of living parents; spontaneous generation; — called also abiogeny, and opposed to biogenesis. “I shall call the … doctrine that living matter may be produced by not living matter, the hypothesis of abiogenesis.
Huxley, 1870.”

Ab•i•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to abiogenesis. Ab•i•o•ge•net´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ab•i•og´e•nist , n. (Biol.) One who believes that life can be produced independently of antecedent. Huxley.

Ab•i•og´e•nous , a. (Biol.) Produced by spontaneous generation.

Ab•i•og´e•ny , n. (Biol.) Same as Abiogenesis.

Ab•i•o•log´ic•al , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + E. biological.] Pertaining to the study of inanimate things.

Ab•ir´ri•tant , n. (Med.) A medicine that diminishes irritation.

Ab•ir´ri•tate , v. t. [Pref. ab- + irritate.] (Med.) To diminish the sensibility of; to debilitate.

Ab•ir•ri•ta´tion , n. (Med.) A pathological condition opposite to that of irritation; debility; want of strength; asthenia.

Ab•ir´ri•ta•tive , a. (Med.) Characterized by abirritation or debility.

A•bit´ , 3d sing. pres. of Abide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ab´ject , a. [L. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere to throw away; ab + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Cast down; low- lying. [Obs.] “From the safe shore their floating carcasses
And broken chariot wheels; so thick bestrown
Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood.
Milton.” 2. Sunk to a law condition; down in spirit or hope; degraded; servile; groveling; despicable; as abject posture, fortune, thoughts. ´Base and abject flatterers.´ Addison. ´An abject liar.´ Macaulay. “And banish hence these abject, lowly dreams.
Shak.” Syn. — Mean; groveling; cringing; mean-spirited; slavish; ignoble; worthless; vile; beggarly; contemptible; degraded.

Ab•ject´ , v. t. [From Abject, a.] To cast off or down; hence, to abase; to degrade; to lower; to debase. [Obs.] Donne.

Ab´ject , n. A person in the lowest and most despicable condition; a castaway. [Obs.] “Shall these abjects, these victims, these outcasts, know any thing of pleasure?
I. Taylor.”

Ab•ject´ed•ness , n. A very abject or low condition; abjectness. [R.] Boyle.

Ab•jec´tion , n. [F. abjection, L. abjectio.] 1. The act of bringing down or humbling. ´The abjection of the king and his realm.´ Joe. 2. The state of being rejected or cast out. [R.] “An adjection from the beatific regions where God, and his angels and saints, dwell forever.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. A low or downcast state; meanness of spirit; abasement; degradation. “That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind, or servility, is it credible?
Hooker.”

Ab´ject•ly , adv. Meanly; servilely.

Ab´ject•ness, n. The state of being abject; abasement; meanness; servility. Grew.

Ab•judge´ , v. t. [Pref. ab- + judge, v. Cf. Abjudicate.] To take away by judicial decision. [R.]

Ab•ju´di•cate , v. t. [L. abjudicatus, p. p. of abjudicare; ab + judicare. See Judge, and cf. Abjudge.] To reject by judicial sentence; also to abjudge. [Obs.] Ash.

Ab•ju•di•ca´tion , n. Rejection by judicial sentence. [R.] Knowles.

Ab´ju•gate , v. t. [L. abjugatus, p. p. of abjugare.] To unyoke. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•junc´tive , a. [L. abjunctus, p. p. of abjungere; ab + jungere to join.] Exceptional. [R.] “It is this power which leads on from the accidental and abjunctive to the universal.
I. Taylor.”

Ab•ju•ra´tion , n. [L. abjuratio: cf. F. abjuration.] 1. The act of abjuring or forswearing; a renunciation upon oath; as abjuration of the realm, a sworn banishment, an oath taken to leave the country and never to return. 2. A solemn recantation or renunciation; as an abjuration of heresy. Oath of abjuration, an oath asserting the right of the present royal family to the crown of England, and expressly abjuring allegiance to the descendants of the Pretender. Brande & C.

Ab•ju´ra•to•ry , a. Containing abjuration.

Ab•jure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abjured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abjuring .] [L. abjurare to deny upon oath; ab + jurare to swear, fr. jus, juris, right, law; cf. F. abjurer. See Jury.] 1. To renounce upon oath; to forswear; to disavow; as to abjure allegiance to a prince. To abjure the realm, is to swear to abandon it forever. 2. To renounce or reject with solemnity; to recant; to abandon forever; to reject; repudiate; as to abjure errors. ´Magic I here abjure.´ Shak. Syn. — See Renounce.

Ab•jure´, v. i. To renounce on oath. Bp. Burnet.

Ab•jure´ment (-ment), n. Renunciation. [R.]

Ab•jur´er , n. One who abjures.

Ab•lac´tate , v. t. [L. ablactatus, p. p. of ablactare; ab + lactare to suckle, fr. lac milk.] To wean. [R.] Bailey.

Ab•lac•ta´tion . n. 1. The weaning of a child from the breast, or of young beasts from their dam. Blount. 2. (Hort.) The process of grafting now called inarching, or grafting by approach.

Ab•la´que•ate , v. t. [L. ablaqueatus, p. p. of. ablaqueare; fr. ab + laqueus a noose.] To lay bare, as the roots of a tree. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•la•que•a´tion , n. [L. ablaqueatio.] The act or process of laying bare the roots of trees to expose them to the air and water. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Ab•las•tem´ic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + growth.] (Biol.) Non-germinal.

Ab•la´tion , n. [L. ablatio, fr. ablatus p. p. of auferre to carry away; ab + latus, p. p. of ferre carry: cf. F. ablation. See Tolerate.] 1. A carrying or taking away; removal. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Extirpation. Dunglison. 3. (Geol.) Wearing away; superficial waste. Tyndall.

Ab•la•ti´tious , a. Diminishing; as an ablatitious force. Sir J. Herschel.

Ab´la•tive , a. [F. ablatif, ablative, L. ablativus fr. ablatus. See Ablation.] 1. Taking away or removing. [Obs.] “Where the heart is forestalled with misopinion, ablative directions are found needful to unteach error, ere we can learn truth.
Bp. Hall.” 2. (Gram.) Applied to one of the cases of the noun in Latin and some other languages, — the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away.

Ab´la•tive, (Gram.) The ablative case. ablative absolute, a construction in Latin, in which a noun in the ablative case has a participle (either expressed or implied), agreeing with it in gender, number, and case, both words forming a clause by themselves and being unconnected, grammatically, with the rest of the sentence; as Tarquinio regnante, Pythagoras venit, i. e., Tarquinius reigning, Pythagoras came.

Ab´laut , n. [Ger., off-sound; ab off + laut sound.] (Philol.) The substitution of one root vowel for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification of use or meaning; vowel permutation; as get, gat, got; sing, song; hang, hung. Earle.

A•blaze´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + blaze.] 1. On fire; in a blaze, gleaming. Milman. “All ablaze with crimson and gold.
Longfellow.” 2. In a state of glowing excitement or ardent desire. “The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos.
Carlyle.”

A´ble , a. [Comp. Abler ; superl. Ablest .] [OF. habile, L. habilis that may be easily held or managed, apt, skillful, fr. habere to have, hold. Cf. Habile and see Habit.] 1. Fit; adapted; suitable. [Obs.] “A many man, to ben an abbot able.
Chaucer.” 2. Having sufficient power, strength, force, skill, means, or resources of any kind to accomplish the object; possessed of qualifications rendering competent for some end; competent; qualified; capable; as an able workman, soldier, seaman, a man able to work; a mind able to reason; a person able to be generous; able to endure pain; able to play on a piano. 3. Specially: Having intellectual qualifications, or strong mental powers; showing ability or skill; talented; clever; powerful; as the ablest man in the senate; an able speech. “No man wrote abler state papers.
Macaulay.” 4. (Law) Legally qualified; possessed of legal competence; as able to inherit or devise property. Able for, is Scotticism. ´Hardly able for such a march.´
Robertson. Syn. — Competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; capable; skillful; clever; vigorous; powerful.

A´ble, v. t. [See Able, a.] [Obs.] 1. To make able; to enable; to strengthen. Chaucer. 2. To vouch for. ´I ’ll able them.´ Shak.

-a•ble (-a•b’l). [F. -able, L. -abilis.] An adjective suffix now usually in a passive sense; able to be; fit to be; expressing capacity or worthiness in a passive sense; as movable, able to be moved; amendable, able to be amended; blamable, fit to be blamed; salable. The form -ible is used in the same sense. It is difficult to say when we are not to use -able instead of -ible. ´Yet a rule may be laid down as to when we are to use it. To all verbs, then, from the Anglo-Saxon, to all based on the uncorrupted infinitival stems of Latin verbs of the first conjugation, and to all substantives, whencesoever sprung, we annex -able only.´ Fitzed. Hall.

A•ble-bod´ied , a. Having a sound, strong body; physically competent; robust. ´Able-bodied vagrant.´ Froude. — A•ble-bod´ied•ness, n..

Ab´le•gate , v. t. [L. ablegatus, p. p. of ablegare; ab + legare to send with a commission. See Legate.] To send abroad. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab´le•gate , n. (R. C. Ch.) A representative of the pope charged with important commissions in foreign countries, one of his duties being to bring to a newly named cardinal his insignia of office.

Ab•le•ga´tion , n. [L. ablegatio.] The act of sending abroad. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

A•ble-mind´ed (#), a. Having much intellectual power. — A•ble-mind´ed•ness, n.

A´ble•ness , n. Ability of body or mind; force; vigor. [Obs. or R.]

Ab´lep•sy , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + to see.] Blindness. [R.] Urquhart.

A´bler , a., comp. of Able. — A´blest , a., superl. of Able.

Ab´let , Ab´len [F. ablet, ablette, a dim. fr. LL. abula, for albula, dim. of albus white. Cf. Abele.] (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water fish (Leuciscus alburnus); the bleak.

Ab´li•gate , v. t. [L. ab + ligatus, p. p. of ligare to tie.] To tie up so as to hinder from. [Obs.]

Ab•lig•u•ri´tion , n. [L. abligurito, fr. abligurire to spend in luxurious indulgence; ab + ligurire to be lickerish, dainty, fr. lingere to lick.] Prodigal expense for food. [Obs.] Bailey.

A´blins , adv. [See Able.] Perhaps. [Scot.]

A•bloom´ , adv. [Pref. a- + bloom.] In or into bloom; in a blooming state. Masson.

Ab•lude´ , v. t. [L. abludere; ab + ludere to play.] To be unlike; to differ. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ab´lu•ent , a. [L. abluens, p. pr. of. abluere to wash away; ab + luere (lavere, lavare). See Lave.] Washing away; carrying off impurities; detergent. — n. (Med.) A detergent.

A•blush´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + blush.] Blushing; ruddy.

Ab•lu•tion , n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere: cf. F. ablution. See Abluent.] 1. The act of washing or cleansing; specifically, the washing of the body, or some part of it, as a religious rite. 2. The water used in cleansing. ´Cast the ablutions in the main.´ Pope. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A small quantity of wine and water, which is used to wash the priest’s thumb and index finger after the communion, and which then, as perhaps containing portions of the consecrated elements, is drunk by the priest.

Ab•lu´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to ablution.

Ab•lu´vi•on , n. [LL. abluvio. See Abluent.] That which is washed off. [R.] Dwight.

A´bly , adv. In an able manner; with great ability; as ably done, planned, said.

-a•bly. A suffix composed of -able and the adverbial suffix -ly; as favorably.

Ab´ne•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abnegated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abnegating.] [L. abnegatus,p. p. of abnegare; ab + negare to deny. See Deny.] To deny and reject; to abjure. Sir E. Sandys. Farrar.

Ab•ne•ga´tion , n. [L. abnegatio: cf. F. abnegation.] a denial; a renunciation. “With abnegation of God, of his honor, and of religion, they may retain the friendship of the court.
Knox.”

Ab´ne•ga•tive , a. [L. abnegativus.] Denying; renouncing; negative. [R.] Clarke.

Ab´ne•ga•tor , n. [L.] One who abnegates, denies, or rejects anything. [R.]

Ab´net , n. [Heb.] The girdle of a Jewish priest or officer.

Ab´no•date , v. t. [L. abnodatus, p. p. of abnodare; ab + nodus knot.] To clear (tress) from knots. [R.] Blount.

Ab•no•da´tion , n. The act of cutting away the knots of trees. [R.] Crabb.

Ab•nor´mal , a. [For earlier anormal.F. anormal, LL. anormalus for anomalus, Gr. . Confused with L. abnormis. See Anomalous, Abnormous, Anormal.] Not conformed to rule or system; deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. ´That deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. ´ Froude.

Ab•nor•mal´i•ty , n.; pl. Abnormalities . 1. The state or quality of being abnormal; variation; irregularity. Darwin. 2. Something abnormal.

Ab•nor´mal•ly , adv. In an abnormal manner; irregularly. Darwin.

Ab•nor´mi•ty , n.; pl. Abnormities . [LL. abnormitas. See Abnormous.] Departure from the ordinary type; irregularity; monstrosity. ´An abnormity … like a calf born with two heads.´ Mrs. Whitney.

Ab•nor´mous , a. [L. abnormis; ab + norma rule. See Normal.] Abnormal; irregular. Hallam. “A character of a more abnormous cast than his equally suspected coadjutor.
State Trials.”

A•board´ , adv. [Pref. a- on, in + board.] 1. On board; into or within a ship or boat; hence, into or within a railway car. 2. Alongside; as close aboard. Naut.: To fall aboard of, to strike a ship’s side; to fall foul of. — To haul the tacks aboard, to set the courses. — To keep the land aboard, to hug the shore. — To lay (a ship) aboard, to place one’s own ship close alongside of (a ship) for fighting.

A•board´, prep. 1. On board of; as to go aboard a ship. 2. Across; athwart. [Obs.] “Nor iron bands aboard
The Pontic Sea by their huge navy cast.
Spenser.”

A•bod´ance , n. [See Bode.] An omen; a portending. [Obs.]

A•bode´ , pret. of Abide.

A•bode´, n. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.] 1. Act of waiting; delay. [Obs.] Shak. “And with her fled away without abode.
Spenser.” 2. Stay or continuance in a place; sojourn. “He waxeth at your abode here.
Fielding.” 3. Place of continuance, or where one dwells; abiding place; residence; a dwelling; a habitation. “Come, let me lead you to our poor abode.
Wordsworth.”

A•bode´, n. [See Bode, v. t.] An omen. [Obs.] “High-thundering Juno’s husband stirs my spirit with true abodes.
Chapman.”

A•bode´, v. t. To bode; to foreshow. [Obs.] Shak.

A•bode´, v. i. To be ominous. [Obs.] Dryden.

A•bode´ment (-ment), n. A foreboding; an omen. [Obs.] ´Abodements must not now affright us.´ Shak.

A•bod´ing , n. A foreboding. [Obs.]

A•bol´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abolished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abolishing.] [F. abolir, L. abolere, aboletum; ab + olere to grow. Cf. Finish.] 1. To do away with wholly; to annul; to make void; — said of laws, customs, institutions, governments, etc.; as to abolish slavery, to abolish folly. 2. To put an end to, or destroy, as a physical objects; to wipe out. [Archaic] “And with thy blood abolish so reproachful blot.
Spenser.” “His quick instinctive hand
Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him.
Tennyson.” Syn. — To Abolish, Repeal, Abrogate, Revoke, Annul, Nullify, Cancel. These words have in common the idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Abolish applies particularly to things of a permanent nature, such as institutions, usages, customs, etc.; as to abolish monopolies, serfdom, slavery. Repeal describes the act by which the legislature of a state sets aside a law which it had previously enacted. Abrogate was originally applied to the repeal of a law by the Roman people; and hence, when the power of making laws was usurped by the emperors, the term was applied to their act of setting aside the laws. Thus it came to express that act by which a sovereign or an executive government sets aside laws, ordinances, regulations, treaties, conventions, etc. Revoke denotes the act of recalling some previous grant which conferred, privilege, etc.; as to revoke a decree, to revoke a power of attorney, a promise, etc. Thus, also we speak of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Annul is used in a more general sense, denoting simply to make void; as to annul a contract, to annul an agreement. Nullify is an old word revived in this country, and applied to the setting of things aside either by force or by total disregard; as to nullify an act of Congress. Cancel is to strike out or annul, by a deliberate exercise of power, something which has operative force.

A•bol´ish•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. abolissable.] Capable of being abolished.

A•bol´ish•er , n. One who abolishes.

A•bol´ish•ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. abolissement.] The act of abolishing; abolition; destruction. Hooker.

Ab´o•li´tion , n. [L. abolitio, fr. abolere: cf. F. abolition. See Abolish.] The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished; an annulling; abrogation; utter destruction; as the abolition of slavery or the slave trade; the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, customs, taxes, debts, etc. The application of this word to persons is now unusual or obsolete

Ab•o•li´tion•ism , n. The principles or measures of abolitionists. Wilberforce.

Ab•o•li´tion•ist, n. A person who favors the abolition of any institution, especially negro slavery.

Ab•o•li•tion•ize , v. t. To imbue with the principles of abolitionism. [R.] Bartlett.

A•bo´ma , n. (Zoöl.) A large South American serpent (Boa aboma). { Ab•o•ma´sum , Ab•o•ma´sus } n. [NL., fr. L. ab + omasum (a Celtic word).] (Anat.) The fourth or digestive stomach of a ruminant, which leads from the third stomach omasum. See Ruminantia.

A•bom´i•na•ble , a. [F. abominable. L. abominalis. See Abominate.] 1. Worthy of, or causing, abhorrence, as a thing of evil omen; odious in the utmost degree; very hateful; detestable; loathsome; execrable. 2. Excessive; large; — used as an intensive. [Obs.] Juliana Berners … informs us that in her time [15th c.], ´abomynable syght of monkes´ was elegant English for ´a large company of friars.´ G. P. Marsh.

A•bom´i•na•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being abominable; odiousness. Bentley.

A•bom´i•na•bly , adv. In an abominable manner; very odiously; detestably.

A•bom´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abominating.] [L. abominatus, p. p. or abominari to deprecate as ominous, to abhor, to curse; ab + omen a foreboding. See Omen.] To turn from as ill-omened; to hate in the highest degree, as if with religious dread; loathe; as to abominate all impiety. Syn. — To hate; abhor; loathe; detest. See Hate.

A•bom•i•na´tion , n. [OE. abominacioun, -cion, F. abominatio. See Abominate.] 1. The feeling of extreme disgust and hatred; abhorrence; detestation; loathing; as he holds tobacco in abomination. 2. That which is abominable; anything hateful, wicked, or shamefully vile; an object or state that excites disgust and hatred; a hateful or shameful vice; pollution. “Antony, most large in his abominations.
Shak.” 3. A cause of pollution or wickedness. Syn. — Detestation; loathing; abhorrence; disgust; aversion; loathsomeness; odiousness. Sir W. Scott.

A•boon´ , prep. and adv. Above. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] “Aboon the pass of Bally-Brough.
Sir W. Scott.” “The ceiling fair that rose aboon.
J. R. Drake.”

Ab•o´ral , a. [L. ab. + E. oral.] (Zoöl.) Situated opposite to, or away from, the mouth.

A•bord´ , n. [F.] Manner of approaching or accosting; address. Chesterfield.

A•bord´ , v. t. [F. aborder, à (L. ad) + bord rim, brim, or side of a vessel. See Border, Board.] To approach; to accost. [Obs.] Digby.

Ab•o•rig´i•nal , a. [See Aborigines.] 1. First; original; indigenous; primitive; native; as the aboriginal tribes of America. ´Mantled o’er with aboriginal turf.´ Wordsworth. 2. Of or pertaining to aborigines; as a Hindoo of aboriginal blood.

Ab•o•rig´i•nal, n. 1. An original inhabitant of any land; one of the aborigines. 2. An animal or a plant native to the region. “It may well be doubted whether this frog is an aboriginal of these islands.
Darwin.”

Ab•o•rig•i•nal´i•ty , n. The quality of being aboriginal. Westm. Rev.

Ab•o•rig´i•nal•ly , adv. Primarily.

Ab•o•rig´i•nes (-rij´i•nez), n. pl. [L. Aborigines; ab + origo, especially the first inhabitants of Latium, those who originally (ab origine) inhabited Latium or Italy. See Origin.] 1. The earliest known inhabitants of a country; native races. 2. The original fauna and flora of a geographical area

A•borse´ment (a•bôrs´ment), n. Abortment; abortion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

A•bor´sive (a•bôr´siv), a. Abortive. [Obs.] Fuller.

A•bort´ (a•bôrt´), v. i. [L. abortare, fr. abortus, p. p. of aboriri; ab + oriri to rise, to be born. See Orient.] 1. To miscarry; to bring forth young prematurely. 2. (Biol.) To become checked in normal development, so as either to remain rudimentary or shrink away wholly; to become sterile.

A•bort´, n. [L. abortus, fr. aboriri.] 1. An untimely birth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. An aborted offspring. [Obs.] Holland.

A•bort´ed, a. 1. Brought forth prematurely. 2. (Biol.) Rendered abortive or sterile; undeveloped; checked in normal development at a very early stage; as spines are aborted branches. “The eyes of the cirripeds are more or less aborted in their mature state.
Owen.”

A•bor´ti•cide (a•bôr´ti•sid), n. [L. abortus + caedere to kill. See Abort.] (Med.) The act of destroying a fetus in the womb; feticide.

A•bor•ti•fa´cient (a•bôr•ti•fa´shent), a. [L. abortus (see Abort, v.) + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Producing miscarriage. — n. A drug or an agent that causes premature delivery.

A•bor´tion (a•bôr´shun), n. [L. abortio, fr. aboriri. See Abort.] 1. The act of giving premature birth; particularly, the expulsion of the human fetus prematurely, or before it is capable of sustaining life; miscarriage. It is sometimes used for the offense of procuring a premature delivery, but strictly the early delivery is the abortion, ´causing or procuring abortion´ is the full name of the offense. Abbott. 2. The immature product of an untimely birth. 3. (Biol.) Arrest of development of any organ, so that it remains an imperfect formation or is absorbed. 4. Any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which in its progress, before it is matured or perfect; a complete failure; as his attempt proved an abortion.

A•bor´tion•al , a. Pertaining to abortion; miscarrying; abortive. Carlyle.

A•bor´tion•ist, n. One who procures abortion or miscarriage.

A•bor´tive , a. [L. abortivus, fr. aboriri. See Abort, v.] 1. Produced by abortion; born prematurely; as an abortive child. [R.] 2. Made from the skin of a still-born animal; as abortive vellum. [Obs.] 3. Rendering fruitless or ineffectual. [Obs.] ´Plunged in that abortive gulf.´ Milton. 4. Coming to naught; failing in its effect; miscarrying; fruitless; unsuccessful; as an abortive attempt. ´An abortive enterprise.´ Prescott. 5. (Biol.) Imperfectly formed or developed; rudimentary; sterile; as an abortive organ, stamen, ovule, etc. 6. (Med.) (a) Causing abortion; as abortive medicines. Parr. (b) Cutting short; as abortive treatment of typhoid fever.

A•bor´tive, n. 1. That which is born or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A fruitless effort or issue. [Obs.] 3. A medicine to which is attributed the property of causing abortion. Dunglison.

A•bor´tive•ly, adv. In an abortive or untimely manner; immaturely; fruitlessly.

A•bor´tive•ness, n. The quality of being abortive.

A•bort´ment (a•bôrt´ment), n. Abortion. [Obs.]

A•bought´ , imp. & p. p. of Aby. [Obs.]

A•bound´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abounding.] [OE. abounden, F. abonder, fr. L. abundare to overflow, abound; ab + unda wave. Cf. Undulate.] 1. To be in great plenty; to be very prevalent; to be plentiful. “The wild boar which abounds in some parts of the continent of Europe.
Chambers.” “Where sin abounded grace did much more abound.
Rom. v. 20.” 2. To be copiously supplied; — followed by in or with. To abound in, to possess in such abundance as to be characterized by. — To abound with, to be filled with; to possess in great numbers. “Men abounding in natural courage.
Macaulay.” “A faithful man shall abound with blessings.
Prov. xxviii. 20.” “It abounds with cabinets of curiosities.
Addison.”

A•bout´ , prep. [OE. aboute, abouten, abuten; AS. abutan, onbutan; on + butan, which is from be by + utan outward, from ut out. See But, Out.] 1. Around; all round; on every side of. ´Look about you.´ Shak. ´Bind them about thy neck.´ Prov. iii. 3. 2. In the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place; by or on (one’s person). ´Have you much money about you?´ Bulwer. 3. Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout. “Lampoons … were handed about the coffeehouses.
Macaulay.” “Roving still about the world.
Milton.” 4. Near; not far from; — determining approximately time, size, quantity. ´To-morrow, about this time.´ Exod. ix. 18. ´About my stature.´ Shak. “He went out about the third hour.
Matt. xx. 3.” This use passes into the adverbial sense. 5. In concern with; engaged in; intent on. “I must be about my Father’s business.
Luke ii. 49.” 6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive: On the point or verge of; going; in act of. “Paul was now aboutto open his mouth.
Acts xviii. 14.” 7. Concerning; with regard to; on account of; touching. ´To treat about thy ransom.´ Milton. “She must have her way about Sarah.
Trollope.”

A•bout´, adv. 1. On all sides; around. “’Tis time to look about.
Shak.” 2. In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; as a mile about, and a third of a mile across. 3. Here and there; around; in one place and another. “Wandering about from house to house.
1 Tim. v. 13.” 4. Nearly; approximately; with close correspondence, in quality, manner, degree, etc.; as about as cold; about as high; — also of quantity, number, time. ´There fell … about three thousand men.´ Exod. xxii. 28. 5. To a reserved position; half round; in the opposite direction; on the opposite tack; as to face about; to turn one’s self about. To bring about, to cause to take place; to accomplish. — To come about, to occur; to take place. See under Come. — To go about, To set about, to undertake; to arrange; to prepare. ´Shall we set about some revels?´ Shak. — Round about, in every direction around.

A•bout´-sledge´ , n. The largest hammer used by smiths. Weale.

A•bove´ , prep. [OE. above, aboven, abuffe, AS. abufon; an (or on) on + be by + ufan upward; cf. Goth. uf under. rad.199. See Over.] 1. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface; over; — opposed to below or beneath. “Fowl that may fly above the earth.
Gen. i. 20.” 2. Figuratively, higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; beyond; higher in measure or degree than; as things above comprehension; above mean actions; conduct above reproach. ´Thy worth … is actions above my gifts.´ Marlowe. “I saw in the way a light from heaven above the brightness of the sun.
Acts xxxvi. 13.” 3. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than; as above a hundred. (Passing into the adverbial sense. See Above, adv., 4.) above all, before every other consideration; chiefly; in preference to other things. Over and above, prep. or adv., besides; in addition to.

A•bove´ , adv. 1. In a higher place; overhead; into or from heaven; as the clouds above. 2. Earlier in order; higher in the same page; hence, in a foregoing page. ´That was said above.´ Dryden. 3. Higher in rank or power; as he appealed to the court above. 4. More than; as above five hundred were present. Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word mentioned, quoted, or the like; as the above observations, the above reference, the above articles. — Above is also used substantively. ´The waters that come down from above.´ Josh. iii. 13. It is also used as the first part of a compound in the sense of before, previously; as above-cited, above- described, above-mentioned, above-named, abovesaid, abovespecified, above-written, above-given.

A•bove´board , adv. Above the board or table. Hence: in open sight; without trick, concealment, or deception. ´Fair and aboveboard.´ Burke. This expression is said by Johnson to have been borrowed from gamesters, who, when they change their cards, put their hands under the table.

A•bove´-cit•ed , a. Cited before, in the preceding part of a book or writing.

A•bove´deck , a. On deck; and hence, like aboveboard, without artifice. Smart.

A•bove´-men•tioned , A•bove´-named, a. Mentioned or named before; aforesaid.

A•bove´said , a. Mentioned or recited before.

A•box´ , adv. & a. (Naut.) Braced aback.

Ab•ra•ca•dab´ra , n. [L. Of unknown origin.] A mystical word or collocation of letters written as in the figure. Worn on an amulet it was supposed to ward off fever. At present the word is used chiefly in jest to denote something without meaning; jargon.

Ab•ra´dant , n. A material used for grinding, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc.

Ab•rade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrading.] [L. abradere, abrasum, to scrape off; ab + radere to scrape. See Rase, Raze.] To rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction; as to abrade rocks. Lyell.

A•brade´ , v. t. Same as Abraid. [Obs.]

A•bra•ham´ic , a. Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch; as the Abrachamic covenant.

A•bra•ham•it´ic , •ic•al, a. Relating to the patriarch Abraham.

A´bra•ham-man• or A´bram-man, n. [Possibly in allusion to the parable of the beggar Lazarus in Luke xvi. Murray (New Eng. Dict. ).] One of a set of vagabonds who formerly roamed through England, feigning lunacy for the sake of obtaining alms. Nares. To sham Abraham, to feign sickness. Goldsmith.

A•braid´ , v. t. & i. [OE. abraiden, to awake, draw (a sword), AS. abredgan to shake, draw; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bregdan to shake, throw. See Braid.] To awake; to arouse; to stir or start up; also to shout out. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•bran´chi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Abranchiate.

A•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ’a priv. + , pl., the gills of fishes.] (Zoöl.) A group of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration.

A•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Without gills.

Ab•rase´ , a. [L. abrasus, p. p. of abradere. See Abrade.] Rubbed smooth. [Obs.] ´An abrase table.´ B. Jonson.

Ab•ra´sion , n. [L. abrasio, fr. abradere. See Abrade.] 1. The act of abrading, wearing, or rubbing off; the wearing away by friction; as the abrasion of coins. 2. The substance rubbed off. Berkeley. 3. (Med.) A superficial excoriation, with loss of substance under the form of small shreds. Dunglison.

Ab•ra´sive , a. Producing abrasion. Ure.

A•braum´ or A•braum´ salts , n. [Ger., fr. abräumen to remove.] A red ocher used to darken mahogany and for making chloride of potassium.

A•brax´as , n. [A name adopted by the Egyptian Gnostic Basilides, containing the Greek letters α, β, ρ, α, ξ, α, σ, which, as numerals, amounted to 365. It was used to signify the supreme deity as ruler of the 365 heavens of his system.] A mystical word used as a charm and engraved on gems among the ancients; also a gem stone thus engraved.

A•bray´ , v. [A false form from the preterit abraid, abrayde.] See Abraid. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•breast´ , adv. [Pref. a- + breast.] 1. Side by side, with breasts in a line; as ´Two men could hardly walk abreast.´ Macaulay. 2. (Naut.) Side by side; also opposite; over against; on a line with the vessel’s beam; — with of. 3. Up to a certain level or line; equally advanced; as to keep abreast of [or with] the present state of science. 4. At the same time; simultaneously. [Obs.] “Abreast therewith began a convocation.
Fuller.”

A•breg´ge , v. t. See Abridge. [Obs.]

Ab•re•nounce´ , v. t. [L. abrenuntiare; ab + renuntiare. See Renounce.] To renounce. [Obs.] ´They abrenounce and cast them off.´ Latimer.

Ab•re•nun•ci•a´tion , n. [LL. abrenuntiatio. See Abrenounce.] Absolute renunciation or repudiation. [Obs.] “An abrenunciation of that truth which he so long had professed, and still believed.
Fuller.”

Ab•rep´tion , n. [L. abreptus, p. p. of abripere to snatch away; ab + rapere to snatch.] A snatching away. [Obs.]

A•breu•voir´ , n. [F., a watering place.] (Masonry) The joint or interstice between stones, to be filled with mortar. Gwilt.

A´bri•cock , n. See Apricot. [Obs.]

A•bridge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abridged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abridging.] [OE. abregen, OF. abregier, F. abreger, fr. L. abbreviare; ad + brevis short. See Brief and cf. Abbreviate.] 1. To make shorter; to shorten in duration; to lessen; to diminish; to curtail; as to abridge labor; to abridge power or rights. ´The bridegroom … abridged his visit.´ Smollett. “She retired herself to Sebaste, and abridged her train from state to necessity.
Fuller.” 2. To shorten or contract by using fewer words, yet retaining the sense; to epitomize; to condense; as to abridge a history or dictionary. 3. To deprive; to cut off; — followed by of, and formerly by from; as to abridge one of his rights.

A•bridg´er , n. One who abridges.

A•bridg´ment (-brij´ment), n. [OE. abregement. See Abridge.] 1. The act of abridging, or the state of being abridged; diminution; lessening; reduction or deprivation; as an abridgment of pleasures or of expenses. 2. An epitome or compend, as of a book; a shortened or abridged form; an abbreviation. “Ancient coins as abridgments of history.
Addison.” 3. That which abridges or cuts short; hence, an entertainment that makes the time pass quickly. [Obs.] “What abridgment have you for this evening? What mask? What music?
Shak.” Syn. — Abridgment, Compendium, Epitome, Abstract, Synopsis. An abridgment is made by omitting the less important parts of some larger work; as an abridgment of a dictionary. A compendium is a brief exhibition of a subject, or science, for common use; as a compendium of American literature. An epitome corresponds to a compendium, and gives briefly the most material points of a subject; as an epitome of history. An abstract is a brief statement of a thing in its main points. A synopsis is a bird’s-eye view of a subject, or work, in its several parts.

A•broach´ , v. t. [OE. abrochen, OF. abrochier. See Broach.] To set abroach; to let out, as liquor; to broach; to tap. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•broach´, adv. [Pref. a- + broach.] 1. Broached; in a condition for letting out or yielding liquor, as a cask which is tapped. “Hogsheads of ale were set abroach.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Hence: In a state to be diffused or propagated; afoot; astir. ´Mischiefs that I set abroach.´ Shak.

A•broad´ , adv. [Pref. a- + broad.] 1. At large; widely; broadly; over a wide space; as a tree spreads its branches abroad. “The fox roams far abroad.
Prior.” 2. Without a certain confine; outside the house; away from one’s abode; as to walk abroad. “I went to St. James’, where another was preaching in the court abroad.
Evelyn.” 3. Beyond the bounds of a country; in foreign countries; as we have broils at home and enemies abroad. ´Another prince … was living abroad.´ Macaulay. 4. Before the public at large; throughout society or the world; here and there; widely. “He went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze abroad the matter.
Mark i. 45.” To be abroad. (a) To be wide of the mark; to be at fault; as you are all abroad in your guess. (b) To be at a loss or nonplused.

Ab´ro•ga•ble , a. Capable of being abrogated.

Ab´ro•gate , a. [L. abrogatus, p. p.] Abrogated; abolished. [Obs.] Latimer.

Ab´ro•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abrogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrogating.] [L. abrogatus, p. p. of abrogare; ab + rogare to ask, require, propose. See Rogation.] 1. To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or his successor; to repeal; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of customs, etc. “Let us see whether the New Testament abrogates what we so frequently see in the Old.
South.” “Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persian, they can not alter or abrogate.
Burke.” 2. To put an end to; to do away with. Shak. Syn. — To abolish; annul; do away; set aside; revoke; repeal; cancel; annihilate. See Abolish.

Ab•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. abrogatio, fr. abrogare: cf. F. abrogation.] The act of abrogating; repeal by authority. Hume.

Ab´ro•ga•tive , a. Tending or designed to abrogate; as an abrogative law.

Ab´ro•ga•tor , n. One who repeals by authority.

A•brood´ , adv. [Pref. a- + brood.] In the act of brooding. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft.

A•brook´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + brook, v.] To brook; to endure. [Obs.] Shak.

Ab•rupt´ , a. [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere to break off; ab + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Broken off; very steep, or craggy, as rocks, precipices, banks; precipitous; steep; as abrupt places. ´Tumbling through ricks abrupt,´ Thomson. 2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden; hasty; unceremonious. ´The cause of your abrupt departure.´ Shak. 3. Having sudden transitions from one subject to another; unconnected. “The abrupt style, which hath many breaches.
B. Jonson.” 4. (Bot.) Suddenly terminating, as if cut off. Gray. Syn. — Sudden; unexpected; hasty; rough; curt; unceremonious; rugged; blunt; disconnected; broken.

Ab•rupt´ , n. [L. abruptum.] An abrupt place. [Poetic] “´Over the vast abrupt.´
Milton.”

Ab•rupt´, v. t. To tear off or asunder. [Obs.] ´Till death abrupts them.´ Sir T. Browne.

Ab•rup´tion , n. [L. abruptio, fr. abrumpere: cf. F. abruption.] A sudden breaking off; a violent separation of bodies. Woodward.

Ab•rupt´ly, adv. 1. In an abrupt manner; without giving notice, or without the usual forms; suddenly. 2. Precipitously. Abruptly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate without an odd leaflet, or other appendage, at the end. Gray.

Ab•rupt´ness, n. 1. The state of being abrupt or broken; craggedness; ruggedness; steepness. 2. Suddenness; unceremonious haste or vehemence; as abruptness of style or manner.

Ab´scess , n.; pl. Abscesses . [L. abscessus a going away, gathering of humors, abscess, fr. abscessus, p. p. of absedere to go away; ab, abs + cedere to go off, retire. See Cede.] (Med.) A collection of pus or purulent matter in any tissue or organ of the body, the result of a morbid process. Cold abscess, an abscess of slow formation, unattended with the pain and heat characteristic of ordinary abscesses, and lasting for years without exhibiting any tendency towards healing; a chronic abscess.

Ab•sces´sion , n. [L. abscessio a separation; fr. absedere. See Abscess.] A separating; removal; also an abscess. [Obs.] Gauden. Barrough.

Ab•scind´ , v. t. [L. absindere; ab + scindere to rend, cut. See Schism.] To cut off. [R.] ´Two syllables … abscinded from the rest.´ Johnson.

Ab•sci´sion , n. [L. abscisio.] See Abscission.

Ab´sciss , n.; pl. Abscisses . See Abscissa.

Ab•scis´sa , n.; E. pl. Abscissas, L. pl. Abscissae. [L., fem. of abscissus, p. p. of absindere to cut of. See Abscind.] (Geom.) One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coördinate axes. When referred to two intersecting axes, one of them called the axis of abscissas or of X, and the other the axis of ordinates, or of Y, the abscissa of the point is the distance cut off from the axis of X by a line drawn through it and parallel to the axis of Y. When a point in space is referred to three axes having a common intersection, the abscissa may be the distance measured parallel to either of them, from the point to the plane of the other two axes. Abscissas and ordinates taken together are called coördinates. — OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of the curve, OY or PX its ordinate, the intersecting lines OX and OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and the point O their origin.

Ab•scis´sion , n. [L. abscissio. See Abscind.] 1. The act or process of cutting off. ´Not to be cured without the abscission of a member.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being cut off. Sir T. Browne. 3. (Rhet.) A figure of speech employed when a speaker having begun to say a thing stops abruptly: thus, ´He is a man of so much honor and candor, and of such generosity — but I need say no more.´

Ab•scond´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Absconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Absconding.] [L. abscondere to hide; ab, abs + condere to lay up; con + dare (only in comp.) to put. Cf. Do.] 1. To hide, withdraw, or be concealed. “The marmot absconds all winter.
Ray.” 2. To depart clandestinely; to steal off and secrete one’s self; — used especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal process; as an absconding debtor. “That very homesickness which, in regular armies, drives so many recruits to abscond.
Macaulay.”

Ab•scond´, v. t. To hide; to conceal. [Obs.] Bentley.

Ab•scond´ence , n. Fugitive concealment; secret retirement; hiding. [R.] Phillips.

Ab•scond´er , n. One who absconds.

Ab´sence , n. [F., fr. L. absentia. See Absent.] 1. A state of being absent or withdrawn from a place or from companionship; — opposed to presence. “Not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence.
Phil. ii. 12.” 2. Want; destitution; withdrawal. ´In the absence of conventional law.´ Kent. 3. Inattention to things present; abstraction (of mind); as absence of mind. ´Reflecting on the little absences and distractions of mankind.´ Addison. “To conquer that abstraction which is called absence.
Landor.”

Ab´sent , a. [F., fr. absens, absentis, p. pr. of abesse to be away from; ab + esse to be. Cf. Sooth.] 1. Being away from a place; withdrawn from a place; not present. ´Expecting absent friends.´ Shak. 2. Not existing; lacking; as the part was rudimental or absent. 3. Inattentive to what is passing; absent-minded; preoccupied; as an absent air. “What is commonly called an absent man is commonly either a very weak or a very affected man.
Chesterfield.” Syn. — Absent, Abstracted. These words both imply a want of attention to surrounding objects. We speak of a man as absent when his thoughts wander unconsciously from present scenes or topics of discourse; we speak of him as abstracted when his mind (usually for a brief period) is drawn off from present things by some weighty matter for reflection. Absence of mind is usually the result of loose habits of thought; abstraction commonly arises either from engrossing interests and cares, or from unfortunate habits of association.

Ab•sent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absented; p. pr. & vb. n. Absenting.] [Cf. F. absenter.] 1. To take or withdraw (one’s self) to such a distance as to prevent intercourse; — used with the reflexive pronoun. “If after due summons any member absents himself, he is to be fined.
Addison.” 2. To withhold from being present. [Obs.] ´Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more.´ Milton.

Ab•sen•ta´ne•ous , a. [LL. absentaneus. See absent] Pertaining to absence. [Obs.]

Ab•sen•ta´tion , n. The act of absenting one’s self. Sir W. Hamilton.

Ab•sen•tee´ , n. One who absents himself from his country, office, post, or duty; especially, a landholder who lives in another country or district than that where his estate is situated; as an Irish absentee. Macaulay.

Ab•sen•tee´ism , n. The state or practice of an absentee; esp. the practice of absenting one’s self from the country or district where one’s estate is situated.

Ab•sent´er , n. One who absents one’s self.

Ab´sent•ly , adv. In an absent or abstracted manner.

Ab•sent´ment (ab•sent´ment), n. The state of being absent; withdrawal. [R.] Barrow.

Ab•sent-mind´ed, a. Absent in mind; abstracted; preoccupied. — Ab•sent-mind´ed•ness, n. — Ab•sent-mind´ed•ly, adv.

Ab´sent•ness , n. The quality of being absent-minded. H. Miller.

Ab´sey-book, n. An A-B-C book; a primer. [Obs.] Shak. { Ab´sinth• , Ab´sinthe• } , n. [F. absinthe. See Absinthium.] 1. The plant absinthium or common wormwood. 2. A strong spirituous liqueur made from wormwood and brandy or alcohol.

Ab´sin´thate , n. (Chem.) A combination of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical.

Ab•sin´thi•al , a. Of or pertaining to wormwood; absinthian.

Ab•sin´thi•an , n. Of the nature of wormwood. ´Absinthian bitterness.´ T. Randolph.

Ab´sin´thi•ate , v. t. [From L. absinthium: cf. L. absinthiatus, a.] To impregnate with wormwood.

Ab•sin´thi•a•ted , a. Impregnated with wormwood; as absinthiated wine.

Ab•sin´thic , a. (Chem.) Relating to the common wormwood or to an acid obtained from it.

Ab•sin´thin , n. (Chem.) The bitter principle of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Watts.

Ab´sin•thism , n. The condition of being poisoned by the excessive use of absinth.

Ab•sin´thi•um , n. [L., from Gr. .] (Bot.) The common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), an intensely bitter plant, used as a tonic and for making the oil of wormwood.

Ab´sis , n. See Apsis.

Ab•sist´ , v. i. [L. absistere, p. pr. absistens; ab + sistere to stand, causal of stare.] To stand apart from; top leave off; to desist. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Ab•sist´ence , n. A standing aloof. [Obs.]

Ab´so•lute , a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere: cf. F. absolu. See Absolve.] 1. Loosed from any limitation or condition; uncontrolled; unrestricted; unconditional; as absolute authority, monarchy, sovereignty, an absolute promise or command; absolute power; an absolute monarch. 2. Complete in itself; perfect; consummate; faultless; as absolute perfection; absolute beauty. “So absolute she seems,
And in herself complete.
Milton.” 3. Viewed apart from modifying influences or without comparison with other objects; actual; real; — opposed to relative and comparative; as absolute motion; absolute time or space. Absolute rights and duties are such as pertain to man in a state of nature as contradistinguished from relative rights and duties, or such as pertain to him in his social relations. 4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any other being; self-existent; self-sufficing. In this sense God is called the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also applied by the Pantheist to the universe, or the total of all existence, as only capable of relations in its parts to each other and to the whole, and as dependent for its existence and its phenomena on its mutually depending forces and their laws. 5. Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone; unconditioned; non-relative. It is in dispute among philosopher whether the term, in this sense, is not applied to a mere logical fiction or abstraction, or whether the absolute, as thus defined, can be known, as a reality, by the human intellect. “To Cusa we can indeed articulately trace, word and thing, the recent philosophy of the absolute.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 6. Positive; clear; certain; not doubtful. [R.] “I am absolute ’t was very Cloten.
Shak.” 7. Authoritative; peremptory. [R.] “The peddler stopped, and tapped her on the head,
With absolute forefinger, brown and ringed.
Mrs. Browning.” 8. (Chem.) Pure; unmixed; as absolute alcohol. 9. (Gram.) Not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government; as the case absolute. See Ablative absolute, under Ablative. Absolute curvature (Geom.), that curvature of a curve of double curvature, which is measured in the osculating plane of the curve. — Absolute equation (Astron.), the sum of the optic and eccentric equations. — Absolute space (Physics), space considered without relation to material limits or objects. — Absolute terms. (Alg.), such as are known, or which do not contain the unknown quantity. Davies & Peck. — Absolute temperature (Physics), the temperature as measured on a scale determined by certain general thermo-dynamic principles, and reckoned from the absolute zero. — Absolute zero (Physics), the be ginning, or zero point, in the scale of absolute temperature. It is equivalent to -273° centigrade or - 459.4° Fahrenheit. Syn. — Positive; peremptory; certain; unconditional; unlimited; unrestricted; unqualified; arbitrary; despotic; autocratic.

Ab´so•lute , n. (Geom.) In a plane, the two imaginary circular points at infinity; in space of three dimensions, the imaginary circle at infinity.

Ab´so•lute•ly, adv. In an absolute, independent, or unconditional manner; wholly; positively.

Ab´so•lute•ness, n. The quality of being absolute; independence of everything extraneous; unlimitedness; absolute power; independent reality; positiveness.

Ab•so•lu´tion , n. [F. absolution, L. absolutio, fr. absolvere to absolve. See Absolve.] 1. An absolving, or setting free from guilt, sin, or penalty; forgiveness of an offense. ´Government … granting absolution to the nation.´ Froude. 2. (Civil Law) An acquittal, or sentence of a judge declaring and accused person innocent. [Obs.] 3. (R. C. Ch.) The exercise of priestly jurisdiction in the sacrament of penance, by which Catholics believe the sins of the truly penitent are forgiven. In the English and other Protestant churches, this act regarded as simply declaratory, not as imparting forgiveness. 4. (Eccl.) An absolving from ecclesiastical penalties, — for example, excommunication. P. Cyc. 5. The form of words by which a penitent is absolved. Shipley. 6. Delivery, in speech. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Absolution day (R. C. Ch.), Tuesday before Easter.

Ab´so•lu•tism , n. 1. The state of being absolute; the system or doctrine of the absolute; the principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary government; despotism. “The element of absolutism and prelacy was controlling.
Palfrey.” 2. (Theol.) Doctrine of absolute decrees. Ash.

Ab´so•lu•tist , n. 1. One who is in favor of an absolute or autocratic government. 2. (Metaph.) One who believes that it is possible to realize a cognition or concept of the absolute. Sir. W. Hamilton.

Ab´so•lu•tist, a. Of or pertaining to absolutism; arbitrary; despotic; as absolutist principles.

Ab•so•lu•tis´tic , a. Pertaining to absolutism; absolutist.

Ab•sol´u•to•ry , a. [L. absolutorius, fr. absolvere to absolve.] Serving to absolve; absolving. ´An absolutory sentence.´ Ayliffe.

Ab•solv´a•ble , a. That may be absolved.

Ab•solv´a•to•ry , a. Conferring absolution; absolutory.

Ab•solve´ (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absolved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absolving.] [L. absolvere to set free, to absolve; ab + solvere to loose. See Assoil, Solve.] 1. To set free, or release, as from some obligation, debt, or responsibility, or from the consequences of guilt or such ties as it would be sin or guilt to violate; to pronounce free; as to absolve a subject from his allegiance; to absolve an offender, which amounts to an acquittal and remission of his punishment. “Halifax was absolved by a majority of fourteen.
Macaulay.” 2. To free from a penalty; to pardon; to remit (a sin); — said of the sin or guilt. “In his name I absolve your perjury.
Gibbon.” 3. To finish; to accomplish. [Obs.] “The work begun, how soon absolved.
Milton.” 4. To resolve or explain. [Obs.] ´We shall not absolve the doubt.´ Sir T. Browne. Syn. — To Absolve, Exonerate, Acquit. We speak of a man as absolved from something that binds his conscience, or involves the charge of wrongdoing; as to absolve from allegiance or from the obligation of an oath, or a promise. We speak of a person as exonerated, when he is released from some burden which had rested upon him; as to exonerate from suspicion, to exonerate from blame or odium. It implies a purely moral acquittal. We speak of a person as acquitted, when a decision has been made in his favor with reference to a specific charge, either by a jury or by disinterested persons; as he was acquitted of all participation in the crime.

Ab•solv´ent , a. [L. absolvens, p. pr. of absolvere.] Absolving. [R.] Carlyle.

Ab•solv´ent, n. An absolver. [R.] Hobbes.

Ab•solv´er , n. One who absolves. Macaulay.

Ab´so•nant , a. [L. ab + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] Discordant; contrary; — opposed to consonant. ´Absonant to nature.´ Quarles.

Ab´so•nous , a. [L. absonus; ab + sonus sound.] Discordant; inharmonious; incongruous. [Obs.] ´Absonous to our reason.´ Glanvill.

Ab•sorb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absorbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absorbing.] [L. absorbere; ab + sorbere to suck in, akin to Gr. : cf. F. absorber.] 1. To swallow up; to engulf; to overwhelm; to cause to disappear as if by swallowing up; to use up; to include. ´Dark oblivion soon absorbs them all.´ Cowper. “The large cities absorb the wealth and fashion.
W. Irving.” 2. To suck up; to drink in; to imbibe; as a sponge or as the lacteals of the body. Bacon. 3. To engross or engage wholly; to occupy fully; as absorbed in study or the pursuit of wealth. 4. To take up by cohesive, chemical, or any molecular action, as when charcoal absorbs gases. So heat, light, and electricity are absorbed or taken up in the substances into which they pass. Nichol. p. 8 Syn. — To Absorb, Engross, Swallow up, Engulf. These words agree in one general idea, that of completely taking up. They are chiefly used in a figurative sense and may be distinguished by a reference to their etymology. We speak of a person as absorbed (lit., drawn in, swallowed up) in study or some other employment of the highest interest. We speak of a person as ebgrossed (lit., seized upon in the gross, or wholly) by something which occupies his whole time and thoughts, as the acquisition of wealth, or the attainment of honor. We speak of a person (under a stronger image) as swallowed up and lost in that which completely occupies his thoughts and feelings, as in grief at the death of a friend, or in the multiplied cares of life. We speak of a person as engulfed in that which (like a gulf) takes in all his hopes and interests; as engulfed in misery, ruin, etc. “That grave question which had begun to absorb the Christian mind — the marriage of the clergy.
Milman.” “Too long hath love engrossed Britannia’s stage,
And sunk to softness all our tragic rage.
Tickell.” “Should not the sad occasion swallow up
My other cares?
Addison.” “And in destruction’s river
Engulf and swallow those.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Ab•sorb•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being absorbable. Graham (Chemistry).

Ab•sorb´a•ble, a. [Cf. F. absorbable.] Capable of being absorbed or swallowed up. Kerr.

Ab•sorb´ed•ly, adv. In a manner as if wholly engrossed or engaged.

Ab•sorb´en•cy , n. Absorptiveness.

Ab•sorb´ent , a. [L. absorbens, p. pr. of absorbere.] Absorbing; swallowing; absorptive. Absorbent ground (Paint.), a ground prepared for a picture, chiefly with distemper, or water colors, by which the oil is absorbed, and a brilliancy is imparted to the colors.

Ab•sorb´ent, n. 1. Anything which absorbs. “The ocean, itself a bad absorbent of heat.
Darwin.” 2. (Med.) Any substance which absorbs and neutralizes acid fluid in the stomach and bowels, as magnesia, chalk, etc.; also a substance e. g., iodine) which acts on the absorbent vessels so as to reduce enlarged and indurated parts. 3. pl. (Physiol.) The vessels by which the processes of absorption are carried on, as the lymphatics in animals, the extremities of the roots in plants.

Ab•sorb´er , n. One who, or that which, absorbs.

Ab•sorb´ing, a. Swallowing, engrossing; as an absorbing pursuit. — Ab•sorb´ing, adv.

Ab•sor•bi´tion , n. Absorption. [Obs.]

Ab•sorpt , a. [L. absorptus, p. p.] Absorbed. [Arcahic.] ´Absorpt in care.´ Pope.

Ab•sorp´tion , n. [L. absorptio, fr. absorbere. See Absorb.] 1. The act or process of absorbing or sucking in anything, or of being absorbed and made to disappear; as the absorption of bodies in a whirlpool, the absorption of a smaller tribe into a larger. 2. (Chem. & Physics) An imbibing or reception by molecular or chemical action; as the absorption of light, heat, electricity, etc. 3. (Physiol.) In living organisms, the process by which the materials of growth and nutrition are absorbed and conveyed to the tissues and organs. 4. Entire engrossment or occupation of the mind; as absorption in some employment.

Ab•sorp´tive , a. Having power, capacity, or tendency to absorb or imbibe. E. Darwin.

Ab•sorp´tive•ness, n. The quality of being absorptive; absorptive power.

Ab•sorp•tiv´i•ty , n. Absorptiveness.

Ab•squat´u•late , v. i. To take one’s self off; to decamp. [A jocular word. U. S.]

Abs´que hoc . [L., without this.] (Law) The technical words of denial used in traversing what has been alleged, and is repeated.

Ab•stain´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abstained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstaining.] [OE. absteynen, abstenen, OF. astenir, abstenir, F. abstenir, fr. L. abstinere, abstentum, v. t. & v. i., to keep from; ab, abs + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] To hold one’s self aloof; to forbear or refrain voluntarily, and especially from an indulgence of the passions or appetites; — with from. “Not a few abstained from voting.
Macaulay.” “Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?
Shak.” Syn. — To refrain; forbear; withhold; deny one’s self; give up; relinquish.

Ab•stain´, v. t. To hinder; to withhold. “Whether he abstain men from marrying.
Milton.”

Ab•stain´er , n. One who abstains; esp., one who abstains from the use of intoxicating liquors.

Ab•ste´mi•ous , a. [L. abstemius; ab, abs + root of temetum intoxicating drink.] 1. Abstaining from wine. [Orig. Latin sense.] “Under his special eye
Abstemious I grew up and thrived amain.
Milton.” 2. Sparing in diet; refraining from a free use of food and strong drinks; temperate; abstinent; sparing in the indulgence of the appetite or passions. “Instances of longevity are chiefly among the abstemious.
Arbuthnot.” 3. Sparingly used; used with temperance or moderation; as an abstemious diet. Gibbon. 4. Marked by, or spent in, abstinence; as an abstemious life. ´One abstemious day.´ Pope. 5. Promotive of abstemiousness. [R.] “Such is the virtue of the abstemious well.
Dryden.”

Ab•ste´mi•ous•ness, n. The quality of being abstemious, temperate, or sparing in the use of food and strong drinks. It expresses a greater degree of abstinence than temperance.

Ab•sten´tion , a. [F. See Abstain.] The act of abstaining; a holding aloof. Jer. Taylor.

Ab•sten´tious , a. Characterized by abstinence; self-restraining. Farrar.

Ab•sterge , v. t. [L. abstergere, abstersum; ab, abs + tergere to wipe. Cf. F absterger.] To make clean by wiping; to wipe away; to cleanse; hence, to purge. [R.] Quincy.

Ab•ster´gent , a. [L. abstergens, p. pr. of abstergere.] Serving to cleanse, detergent.

Ab•ster´gent, n. A substance used in cleansing; a detergent; as soap is an abstergent.

Ab•sterse´ , v. t. To absterge; to cleanse; to purge away. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab•ster´sion , n. [F. abstersion. See Absterge.] Act of wiping clean; a cleansing; a purging. “The task of ablution and abstersion being performed.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ab•ster´sive , a. [Cf. F. abstersif. See Absterge.] Cleansing; purging. Bacon.

Ab•ster´sive, n. Something cleansing. “The strong abstersive of some heroic magistrate.
Milton.”

Ab•ster´sive•ness, n. The quality of being abstersive. Fuller.

Ab´sti•nence , n. [F. abstinence, L. abstinentia, fr. abstinere. See Abstain.] 1. The act or practice of abstaining; voluntary forbearance of any action, especially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite, or from customary gratifications of animal or sensual propensities. Specifically, the practice of abstaining from intoxicating beverages, — called also total abstinence. “The abstinence from a present pleasure that offers itself is a pain, nay, oftentimes, a very great one.
Locke.” 2. The practice of self-denial by depriving one’s self of certain kinds of food or drink, especially of meat. “Penance, fasts, and abstinence,
To punish bodies for the soul’s offense.
Dryden.”

Ab´sti•nen•cy , n. Abstinence. [R.]

Ab´sti•nent , a. [F. abstinent, L. abstinens, p. pr. of abstinere. See Abstain.] Refraining from indulgence, especially from the indulgence of appetite; abstemious; continent; temperate. Beau. & Fl.

Ab´sti•nent, n. 1. One who abstains. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect who appeared in France and Spain in the 3d century.

Ab´sti•nent•ly, adv. With abstinence.

Ab•stort´ed , a. [As if fr. abstort, fr. L. ab, abs + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist.] Wrested away. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab´stract (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw. See Trace.] 1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.] “The more abstract … we are from the body.
Norris.” 2. Considered apart from any application to a particular object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only; as abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal; abstruse; difficult. 3. (Logic) (a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed apart from the other properties which constitute it; — opposed to concrete; as honesty is an abstract word. J. S. Mill. (b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction; general as opposed to particular; as ´reptile´ is an abstract or general name. Locke. “A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression ´abstract name´ to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes.
J. S. Mill.” 4. Abstracted; absent in mind. ´Abstract, as in a trance.´ Milton. An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a complex object, or from other ideas which naturally accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated apart from its color or figure. — Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a combination of similar qualities. — Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as 6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete. — Abstract or Pure mathematics. See Mathematics.

Ab•stract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstracting.] [See Abstract, a.] 1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away. “He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution abstracted from his own prejudices.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as his was wholly abstracted by other objects. “The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
Blackw. Mag.” 3. To separate, as ideas by the operation of the mind; to consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a quality or attribute. Whately. 4. To epitomize; to abridge. Franklin. 5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as to abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till. “Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness.
W. Black.” 6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts of a substance, by distillation or other chemical processes. In this sense extract is now more generally used.

Ab•stract´, v. t. To perform the process of abstraction. [R.] “I own myself able to abstract in one sense.
Berkeley.”

Ab´stract , n. [See Abstract, a.] 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing or of several things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief. “An abstract of every treatise he had read.
Watts.” “Man, the abstract
Of all perfection, which the workmanship
Of Heaven hath modeled.
Ford.” 2. A state of separation from other things; as to consider a subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated things. 3. An abstract term. “The concretes ´father´ and ´son´ have, or might have, the abstracts ´paternity´ and ´filiety.´
J. S. Mill.” 4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance mixed with sugar of milk in such proportion that one part of the abstract represents two parts of the original substance. Abstract of title (Law), an epitome of the evidences of ownership. Syn. — Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See Abridgment.

Ab•stract´ed , a. 1. Separated or disconnected; withdrawn; removed; apart. “The evil abstracted stood from his own evil.
Milton.” 2. Separated from matter; abstract; ideal. [Obs.] 3. Abstract; abstruse; difficult. [Obs.] Johnson. 4. Inattentive to surrounding objects; absent in mind. ´An abstracted scholar.´ Johnson.

Ab•stract´ed•ly, adv. In an abstracted manner; separately; with absence of mind.

Ab•stract´ed•ness, n. The state of being abstracted; abstract character.

Ab•stract´er , n. One who abstracts, or makes an abstract.

Ab•strac´tion , n. [Cf. F. abstraction. See Abstract, a.] 1. The act of abstracting, separating, or withdrawing, or the state of being withdrawn; withdrawal. “A wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain members of the community.
J. S. Mill.” 2. (Metaph.) The act process of leaving out of consideration one or more properties of a complex object so as to attend to others; analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from their size or figure, the act is called abstraction. So, also when it considers whiteness, softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any particular objects. Abstraction is necessary to classification, by which things are arranged in genera and species. We separate in idea the qualities of certain objects, which are of the same kind, from others which are different, in each, and arrange the objects having the same properties in a class, or collected body. “Abstraction is no positive act: it is simply the negative of attention.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 3. An idea or notion of an abstract, or theoretical nature; as to fight for mere abstractions. 4. A separation from worldly objects; a recluse life; as a hermit’s abstraction. 5. Absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present objects. 6. The taking surreptitiously for one’s own use part of the property of another; purloining. [Modern] 7. (Chem.) A separation of volatile parts by the act of distillation. Nicholson.

Ab•strac´tion•al , a. Pertaining to abstraction.

Ab•strac´tion•ist, n. An idealist. Emerson.

Ab•strac•ti´tious , a. Obtained from plants by distillation. [Obs.] Crabb.

Ab•strac´tive , a. [Cf. F. abstractif.] Having the power of abstracting; of an abstracting nature. ´The abstractive faculty.´ I. Taylor.

Ab•strac´tive•ly, adv. In a abstract manner; separately; in or by itself. Feltham.

Ab•strac´tive•ness, n. The quality of being abstractive; abstractive property.

Ab´stract•ly (#; 277), adv. In an abstract state or manner; separately; absolutely; by itself; as matter abstractly considered.

Ab´stract•ness, n. The quality of being abstract. ´The abstractness of the ideas.´ Locke.

Ab•stringe´ , v. t. [L ab + stringere, strictum, to press together.] To unbind. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•strude´ , v. t. [L. abstrudere. See Abstruse.] To thrust away. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ab•struse´ , a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere to thrust away, conceal; ab, abs + trudere to thrust; cf. F. abstrus. See Threat.] 1. Concealed or hidden out of the way. [Obs.] “The eternal eye whose sight discerns
Abstrusest thoughts.
Milton.” 2. Remote from apprehension; difficult to be comprehended or understood; recondite; as abstruse learning. “Profound and abstruse topics.
Milman.”

Ab•struse´ly, adv. In an abstruse manner.

Ab•struse´ness, n. The quality of being abstruse; difficulty of apprehension. Boyle.

Ab•stru´sion , n. [L. abstrusio. See Abstruse.] The act of thrusting away. [R.] Ogilvie.

Ab•stru´si•ty (ab•stru´si•ty), n. Abstruseness; that which is abstruse. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab•sume´ (ab•sum´), v. t. [L. absumere, absumptum; ab + sumere to take.] To consume gradually; to waste away. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ab•sump´tion (ab•sump´shun; 215), n. [L. absumptio. See Absume.] Act of wasting away; a consuming; extinction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab•surd´ (ab•sûrd´), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding; ab + (prob) a derivative fr. a root svar to sound; not connected with surd: cf. F. absurde. See Syringe.] Contrary to reason or propriety; obviously and flatly opposed to manifest truth; inconsistent with the plain dictates of common sense; logically contradictory; nonsensical; ridiculous; as an absurd person, an absurd opinion; an absurd dream. “This proffer is absurd and reasonless.
Shak.” “’This phrase absurd to call a villain great.
Pope. p. 9” Syn. — Foolish; irrational; ridiculous; preposterous; inconsistent; incongruous. — Absurd, Irrational, Foolish, Preposterous. Of these terms, irrational is the weakest, denoting that which is plainly inconsistent with the dictates of sound reason; as an irrational course of life. Foolish rises higher, and implies either a perversion of that faculty, or an absolute weakness or fatuity of mind; as foolish enterprises. Absurd rises still higher, denoting that which is plainly opposed to received notions of propriety and truth; as an absurd man, project, opinion, story, argument, etc. Preposterous rises still higher, and supposes an absolute inversion in the order of things; or, in plain terms, a ´putting of the cart before the horse;´ as a preposterous suggestion, preposterous conduct, a preposterous regulation or law.

Ab•surd´ (ab•sûrd´), n. An absurdity. [Obs.] Pope.

Ab•surd´i•ty (-i•ty), n.; pl. Absurdities (-tiz). [L. absurditas: cf. F. absurdite.] 1. The quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. ´The absurdity of the actual idea of an infinite number.´ Locke. 2. That which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction. “His travels were full of absurdities.
Johnson.”

Ab•surd´ly, adv. In an absurd manner.

Ab•surd´ness, n. Absurdity. [R.]

A•bu´na (a•boo´na), n. [Eth. and Ar., our father.] The Patriarch, or head of the Abyssinian Church.

A•bun´dance (a•bun´dans), n. [OE. (h)abundaunce, abundance, F. abondance, L. abundantia, fr. abundare. See Abound.] An overflowing fullness; ample sufficiency; great plenty; profusion; copious supply; superfluity; wealth: — strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes used of number. “It is lamentable to remember what abundance of noble blood hath been shed with small benefit to the Christian state.
Raleigh.” Syn. — Exuberance; plenteousness; plenty; copiousness; overflow; riches; affluence; wealth. — Abundance, Plenty, Exuberance. These words rise upon each other in expressing the idea of fullness. Plenty denotes a sufficiency to supply every want; as plenty of food, plenty of money, etc. Abundance express more, and gives the idea of superfluity or excess; as abundance of riches, an abundance of wit and humor; often, however, it only denotes plenty in a high degree. Exuberance rises still higher, and implies a bursting forth on every side, producing great superfluity or redundance; as an exuberance of mirth, an exuberance of animal spirits, etc.

A•bun´dant , a. [OE. (h)abundant, aboundant, F. abondant, fr. L. abudans, p. pr. of abundare. See Abound.] Fully sufficient; plentiful; in copious supply; — followed by in, rarely by with. ´Abundant in goodness and truth.´ Exod. xxxiv. 6. Abundant number (Math.), a number, the sum of whose aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, the aliquot parts of 12, make the number 16. This is opposed to a deficient number, as 14, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the sum of which is 10; and to a perfect number, which is equal to the sum of its aliquot parts, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2., 3. Syn. — Ample; plentiful; copious; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; rich; teeming; profuse; bountiful; liberal. See Ample.

A•bun´dant•ly, adv. In a sufficient degree; fully; amply; plentifully; in large measure.

A•burst´ , adv. [Pref. a- + burst.] In a bursting condition.

A•bus´a•ble , a. That may be abused.

A•bus´age , n. Abuse. [Obs.] Whately (1634).

A•buse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abused ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abusing.] [F. abuser; L. abusus, p. p. of abuti to abuse, misuse; ab + uti to use. See Use.] 1. To put to a wrong use; to misapply; to misuse; to put to a bad use; to use for a wrong purpose or end; to pervert; as to abuse inherited gold; to make an excessive use of; as to abuse one’s authority. “This principle (if one may so abuse the word) shoots rapidly into popularity.
Froude.” 2. To use ill; to maltreat; to act injuriously to; to punish or to tax excessively; to hurt; as to abuse prisoners, to abuse one’s powers, one’s patience. 3. To revile; to reproach coarsely; to disparage. “The … tellers of news abused the general.
Macaulay.” 4. To dishonor. ´Shall flight abuse your name?´ Shak. 5. To violate; to ravish. Spenser. 6. To deceive; to impose on. [Obs.] “Their eyes red and staring, cozened with a moist cloud, and abused by a double object.
Jer. Taylor.” Syn. — To maltreat; injure; revile; reproach; vilify; vituperate; asperse; traduce; malign.

A•buse´ , n. [F. abus, L. abusus, fr. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] 1. Improper treatment or use; application to a wrong or bad purpose; misuse; as an abuse of our natural powers; an abuse of civil rights, or of privileges or advantages; an abuse of language. “Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty, as well as by the abuses of power.
Madison.” 2. Physical ill treatment; injury. ´Rejoice … at the abuse of Falstaff.´ Shak. 3. A corrupt practice or custom; offense; crime; fault; as the abuses in the civil service. “Abuse after disappeared without a struggle..
Macaulay.” 4. Vituperative words; coarse, insulting speech; abusive language; virulent condemnation; reviling. “The two parties, after exchanging a good deal of abuse, came to blows.
Macaulay.” 5. Violation; rape; as abuse of a female child. [Obs.] “Or is it some abuse, and no such thing?
Shak.” Abuse of distress (Law), a wrongful using of an animal or chattel distrained, by the distrainer. Syn. — Invective; contumely; reproach; scurrility; insult; opprobrium. — Abuse, Invective. Abuse is generally prompted by anger, and vented in harsh and unseemly words. It is more personal and coarse than invective. Abuse generally takes place in private quarrels; invective in writing or public discussions. Invective may be conveyed in refined language and dictated by indignation against what is blameworthy. C. J. Smith.

A•buse´ful , a. Full of abuse; abusive. [R.] ´Abuseful names.´ Bp. Barlow.

A•bus´er , n. One who abuses [in the various senses of the verb].

A•bu´sion , n. [OE. abusion, abusioun, OF. abusion, fr. L. abusio misuse of words, f. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] Evil or corrupt usage; abuse; wrong; reproach; deception; cheat. Chaucer.

A•bu´sive , a. [Cf. F. abusif, fr. L. abusivus.] 1. Wrongly used; perverted; misapplied. “I am … necessitated to use the word Parliament improperly, according to the abusive acceptation thereof.
Fuller.” 2. Given to misusing; also full of abuses. [Archaic] ´The abusive prerogatives of his see.´ Hallam. 3. Practicing abuse; prone to ill treat by coarse, insulting words or by other ill usage; as an abusive author; an abusive fellow. 4. Containing abuse, or serving as the instrument of abuse; vituperative; reproachful; scurrilous. ´An abusive lampoon.´ Johnson. 5. Tending to deceive; fraudulent; cheating. [Obs.] ´An abusive treaty.´ Bacon. Syn. — Reproachful; scurrilous; opprobrious; insolent; insulting; injurious; offensive; reviling.

A•bu´sive•ly, adv. In an abusive manner; rudely; with abusive language.

A•bu´sive•ness, n. The quality of being abusive; rudeness of language, or violence to the person. “Pick out mirth, like stones out of thy ground,
Profaneness, filthiness, abusiveness.
Herbert.”

A•but´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abutting.] [OF. abouter, aboter; cf. F. aboutir, and also abuter; a (L. ad) + OF. boter, buter, to push: cf. F. bout end, and but end, purpose.] To project; to terminate or border; to be contiguous; to meet; — with on, upon, or against; as his land abuts on the road.

A•bu´ti•lon , n. [Ar. aubutilun.] (Bot.) A genus of malvaceous plants of many species, found in the torrid and temperate zones of both continents; — called also Indian mallow.

A•but´ment (a•but´ment), n. 1. State of abutting. 2. That on or against which a body abuts or presses; as (a) (Arch.) The solid part of a pier or wall, etc., which receives the thrust or lateral pressure of an arch, vault, or strut. Gwilt. (b) (Mech.) A fixed point or surface from which resistance or reaction is obtained, as the cylinder head of a steam engine, the fulcrum of a lever, etc. (c) In breech-loading firearms, the block behind the barrel which receives the pressure due to recoil.

A•but´tal , n. The butting or boundary of land, particularly at the end; a headland. Spelman.

A•but´ter , n. One who, or that which, abuts. Specifically, the owner of a contiguous estate; as the abutters on a street or a river.

A•buzz´ , a. [Pref. a- + buzz.] In a buzz; buzzing. [Colloq.] Dickens. { A•by´ , A•bye´ } , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Abought .] [AS. abycgan to pay for; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bycgan to buy. See Buy, and cf. Abide.] 1. To pay for; to suffer for; to atone for; to make amends for; to give satisfaction. [Obs.] “Lest to thy peril thou aby it dear.
Shak.” 2. To endure; to abide. [Obs.] “But nought that wanteth rest can long aby.
Spenser.”

A•bysm´ , n. [OF. abisme; F. abime, LL. abyssimus, a superl. of L. abyssus; Gr. . See Abyss.] An abyss; a gulf. ´The abysm of hell.´ Shak.

A•bys´mal , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss; bottomless; unending; profound. “Geology gives one the same abysmal extent of time that astronomy does of space.
Carlyle.”

A•bys´mal•ly, adv. To a fathomless depth; profoundly. ´Abysmally ignorant.´ G. Eliot.

A•byss´ , n. [L. abyssus a bottomless gulf, fr. Gr. bottomless; ’a priv. + depth, bottom.] 1. A bottomless or unfathomed depth, gulf, or chasm; hence, any deep, immeasurable, and, specifically, hell, or the bottomless pit. “Ye powers and spirits of this nethermost abyss.
Milton.” “The throne is darkness, in the abyss of light.
Dryden.” 2. Infinite time; a vast intellectual or moral depth. “The abysses of metaphysical theology.
Macaulay.” “In unfathomable abysses of disgrace.
Burke.” 3. (Her.) The center of an escutcheon. This word, in its leading uses, is associated with the cosmological notions of the Hebrews, having reference to a supposed illimitable mass of waters from which our earth sprung, and beneath whose profound depths the wicked were punished. Encyc. Brit.

A•byss´al , a. [Cf. Abysmal.] Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss; unfathomable. Abyssal zone (Phys. Geog.), one of the belts or zones into which Sir E. Forbes divides the bottom of the sea in describing its plants, animals, etc. It is the one furthest from the shore, embracing all beyond one hundred fathoms deep. Hence, abyssal animals, plants, etc.

Ab•ys•sin´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Abyssinia. Abyssinian gold, an alloy of 90.74 parts of copper and 8.33 parts of zink. Ure.

Ab•ys•sin´i•an, n. 1. A native of Abyssinia. 2. A member of the Abyssinian Church.

A•ca´ci•a , n. (Antiq.) A roll or bag, filled with dust, borne by Byzantine emperors, as a memento of mortality. It is represented on medals.

A•ca´cia , n.; pl. E. Acacias , L. Acaciae . [L. from Gr. ; orig. the name of a thorny tree found in Egypt; prob. fr. the root ak to be sharp. See Acute.] 1. A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs. Nearly 300 species are Australian or Polynesian, and have terete or vertically compressed leaf stalks, instead of the bipinnate leaves of the much fewer species of America, Africa, etc. Very few are found in temperate climates. 2. (Med.) The inspissated juice of several species of acacia; — called also gum acacia, and gum arabic.

Ac´a•cin , Ac´a•cine , n. Gum arabic.

Ac•a•deme´ , n. [L. academia. See Academy.] An academy. [Poetic] Shak.

Ac•a•de´mi•al , a. Academic. [R.]

Ac•a•de´mi•an , n. A member of an academy, university, or college. { Ac•a•dem´ic , Ac•a•dem´ic•al } a. [L. academicus: cf. F. academigue. See Academy.] 1. Belonging to the school or philosophy of Plato; as the Academic sect or philosophy. 2. Belonging to an academy or other higher institution of learning; scholarly; literary or classical, in distinction from scientific. ´Academic courses.´ Warburton. ´Academical study.´ Berkeley.

Ac•a•dem´ic, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of Socrates and Plato; a Platonist. Hume. 2. A member of an academy, college, or university; an academician.

Ac•a•dem•ic•al•ly, adv. In an academical manner.

Ac•a•dem´ic•als , n. pl. The articles of dress prescribed and worn at some colleges and universities.

Ac•a•de•mi´cian (#; 277), n. [F. academicien. See Academy.] 1. A member of an academy, or society for promoting science, art, or literature, as of the French Academy, or the Royal Academy of arts. 2. A collegian. [R.] Chesterfield.

Ac•a•dem´i•cism , n. 1. A tenet of the Academic philosophy. 2. A mannerism or mode peculiar to an academy.

A•cad´e•mism , n. The doctrines of the Academic philosophy. [Obs.] Baxter.

A•cad´e•mist , n. [F. academiste.] 1. An Academic philosopher. 2. An academician. [Obs.] Ray.

A•cad´e•my , n.; pl. Academies . [F. academie, L. academia. Cf. Academe.] 1. A garden or grove near Athens (so named from the hero Academus), where Plato and his followers held their philosophical conferences; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato was head. 2. An institution for the study of higher learning; a college or a university. Popularly, a school, or seminary of learning, holding a rank between a college and a common school. 3. A place of training; a school. ´Academies of fanaticism.´ Hume. 4. A society of learned men united for the advancement of the arts and sciences, and literature, or some particular art or science; as the French Academy; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; academies of literature and philology. 5. A school or place of training in which some special art is taught; as the military academy at West Point; a riding academy; the Academy of Music. Academy figure (Paint.), a drawing usually half life-size, in crayon or pencil, after a nude model.

A•ca´di•an , a. Of or pertaining to Acadie, or Nova Scotia. ´Acadian farmers.´ Longfellow. — n. A native of Acadie. Acadian epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the beginning of the American paleozoic time, and including the oldest American rocks known to be fossiliferous. See Geology. — Acadian owl (Zoöl.), a small North American owl (Nyctule Acadica); the saw-whet.

Ac´a•jou , n. [F. See Cashew.] (Bot.) (a) The cashew tree; also its fruit. See Cashew. (b) The mahogany tree; also its timber. { Ac´a•leph , Ac•a•le´phan } n.; pl. Acalephs , Acalephans . [See Acalephae.] (Zoöl.) One of the Acalephae.

Ac•a•le´phae , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , a nettle.] A group of Cœlenterata, including the Medusae or jellyfishes, and hydroids; — so called from the stinging power they possess. Sometimes called sea nettles.

Ac•ale´phoid , a. [Acaleph + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to or resembling the Acalephae or jellyfishes.

A•cal´y•cine , Ac•a•lys•i•nous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + calyx.] (Bot.) Without a calyx, or outer floral envelope.

A•canth´ , n. Same as Acanthus.

A•can´tha , n. [Gr. thorn, fr. point. See Acute.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle. 2. (Zoöl.) A spine or prickly fin. 3. (Anat.) The vertebral column; the spinous process of a vertebra. Dunglison.

Ac´an•tha´ceous , a. 1. Armed with prickles, as a plant. 2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the acanthus is the type.

A•can´thine , a. [L. acanthinus, Gr. , thorny, fr. . See Acanthus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the plant acanthus.

A•can•tho•car´pous , a. [Gr. thorn + fruit.] (Bot.) Having the fruit covered with spines.

A•can•tho•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a spine, thorn + head.] (Zoöl.) A group of intestinal worms, having the proboscis armed with recurved spines.

A•can•tho•ceph´a•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Having a spiny head, as one of the Acanthocephala.

Ac•an•thoph´o•rous , a. [Gr. , fr. spine + to bear.] Spine-bearing. Gray.

A•can•tho•po´di•ous , a. [Gr. thorn + , , foot.] (Bot.) Having spinous petioles.

Ac•an•thop´ter•i , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. thorn + wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) A group of teleostean fishes having spiny fins. See Acanthopterygii.

Ac•an•thop´ter•ous , a. [Gr. spine + wing.] 1. (Zoöl.) Spiny- winged. 2. (Zoöl.) Acanthopterygious.

Ac•an•thop•ter•yg´i•an , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the order of fishes having spinose fins, as the perch. — n. A spiny-finned fish.

Ac•an•thop•ter•yg´i•i , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. thorn + fin, dim. fr. wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes having some of the rays of the dorsal, ventral, and anal fins unarticulated and spinelike, as the perch.

Ac•an•thop•ter•yg´i•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Having fins in which the rays are hard and spinelike; spiny-finned.

A•can´thus , n.; pl. E. Acanthuses , L. Acanthi . [L., from Gr. . Cf. Acantha.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous prickly plants, found in the south of Europe, Asia Minor, and India; bear’s- breech. 2. (Arch.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus (Acanthus spinosus); — used in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders.

A cap•pel´la . [It. See Chapel.] (Mus.) (a) In church or chapel style; — said of compositions sung in the old church style, without instrumental accompaniment; as a mass a capella, i. e., a mass purely vocal. (b) A time indication, equivalent to alla breve.

A•cap´su•lar , a. [Pref. a- not + capsular.] (Bot.) Having no capsule.

A•car´di•ac , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + heart.] Without a heart; as an acardiac fetus.

A•car´i•dan , n. [See Acarus.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of arachnids, including the mites and ticks.

Ac•a•ri´na , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a mite.] (Zoöl.) The group of Arachnida which includes the mites and ticks. Many species are parasitic, and cause diseases like the itch and mange.

Ac´a•rine , a. (Med.) Of or caused by acari or mites; as acarine diseases.

Ac´a•roid , a. [NL., acarus a mite + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like or resembling a mite.

Ac•ar•pel´lous , a. [Pref. a- not + carpel.] (Bot.) Having no carpels.

A•car´pous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + fruit.] (Bot.) Not producing fruit; unfruitful.

Ac´a•rus , n.; pl. Acari . [NL., from Gr. the cheese mite, tick.] (Zoöl.) A genus including many species of small mites.

A•cat•a•lec´tic , a. [L. acatalecticus, Gr. , not defective at the end; ’a priv. + to cease.] (Pros.) Not defective; complete; as an acatalectic verse. — n. A verse which has the complete number of feet and syllables.

A•cat´a•lep•sy , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + to seize, comprehend.] Incomprehensibility of things; the doctrine held by the ancient Skeptic philosophers, that human knowledge never amounts to certainty, but only to probability.

A•cat•a•lep´tic , a. [Gr. .] Incapable of being comprehended; incomprehensible.

A•ca´ter , n. See Caterer. [Obs.]

A•cates´ , n. pl. See Cates. [Obs.]

A•cau´date , a. [Pref. a- not + caudate.] Tailless.

Ac•au•les´cent , a. [Pref. a- not + caulescent.] (Bot.) Having no stem or caulis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground. Gray.

A•cau´line , a. [Pref. a- not + cauline.] (Bot.) Same as Acaulescent. { A•cau´lose , A•cau´lous } a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + stalk or L. caulis stalk. See Cole.] (Bot.) Same as Acaulescent.

Ac•ca´di•an , a. [From the city Accad. See Gen. x. 10.] Pertaining to a race supposed to have lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest. — Ac•ca´di•an, n., Ac´cad , n. Sayce.

Ac•cede´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Acceding.] [L. accedere to approach, accede; ad + cedere to move, yield: cf. F. accedere. See Cede.] 1. To approach; to come forward; — opposed to recede. [Obs.] T. Gale. 2. To enter upon an office or dignity; to attain. “Edward IV., who had acceded to the throne in the year 1461.
T. Warton.” “If Frederick had acceded to the supreme power.
Morley.” 3. To become a party by associating one’s self with others; to give one’s adhesion. Hence, to agree or assent to a proposal or a view; as he acceded to my request. “The treaty of Hanover in 1725 … to which the Dutch afterwards acceded.
Chesterfield.” Syn. — To agree; assent; consent; comply; acquiesce; concur.

Ac•ced´ence , n. The act of acceding.

Ac•ced´er , n. One who accedes.

Ac•cel•er•an´do , a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually accelerating the movement.

Ac•cel´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accelerated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accelerating.] [L. acceleratus, p. p. of accelerare; ad + celerare to hasten; celer quick. See Celerity.] 1. To cause to move faster; to quicken the motion of; to add to the speed of; — opposed to retard. 2. To quicken the natural or ordinary progression or process of; as to accelerate the growth of a plant, the increase of wealth, etc. 3. To hasten, as the occurence of an event; as to accelerate our departure. Accelerated motion (Mech.), motion with a continually increasing velocity. — Accelerating force, the force which causes accelerated motion. Nichol. Syn. — To hasten; expedite; quicken; dispatch; forward; advance; further.

Ac•cel•er•a´tion , n. [L. acceleratio: cf. F. acceleration.] The act of accelerating, or the state of being accelerated; increase of motion or action; as a falling body moves toward the earth with an acceleration of velocity; — opposed to retardation. “A period of social improvement, or of intellectual advancement, contains within itself a principle of acceleration.
I. Taylor.” (Astr. & Physics.) Acceleration of the moon, the increase of the moon’s mean motion in its orbit, in consequence of which its period of revolution is now shorter than in ancient times. - - Acceleration and retardation of the tides. See Priming of the tides, under Priming. — Diurnal acceleration of the fixed stars, the amount by which their apparent diurnal motion exceeds that of the sun, in consequence of which they daily come to the meridian of any place about three minutes fifty-six seconds of solar time earlier than on the day preceding. — Acceleration of the planets, the increasing velocity of their motion, in proceeding from the apogee to the perigee of their orbits.

Ac•cel´er•a•tive , a. Relating to acceleration; adding to velocity; quickening. Reid.

Ac•cel´er•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, accelerates. Also as an adj.; as accelerator nerves.

Ac•cel´er•a•to•ry , a. Accelerative.

Ac•cel´er•o•graph , n. [Accelerate + -graph.] (Mil.) An apparatus for studying the combustion of powder in guns, etc.

Ac•cel•er•om´e•ter , n. [Accelerate + -meter.] An apparatus for measuring the velocity imparted by gunpowder.

Ac•cend´ , v. t. [L. accendere, accensum, to kindle; ad + candere to kindle (only in compounds); rel. to candere to be white, to gleam. See Candle.] To set on fire; to kindle. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Ac•cend•i•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity of being kindled, or of becoming inflamed; inflammability.

Ac•cend´i•ble , a. Capable of being inflamed or kindled; combustible; inflammable. Ure.

Ac•cen´sion , n. The act of kindling or the state of being kindled; ignition. Locke.

Ac•cen´sor , n. [LL., from p. p. accensus. See Accend.] (R. C. Ch.) One of the functionaries who light and trim the tapers.

Ac´cent , n. [F. accent, L. accentus; ad + cantus a singing, canere to sing. See Cant.] 1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon some particular syllable of a word or a phrase, distinguishing it from the others. Many English words have two accents, the primary and the secondary; the primary being uttered with a greater stress of voice than the secondary; as in as′pira\’b6tion, where the chief stress is on the third syllable, and a slighter stress on the first. Some words, as an′tiap′o-plec\’b6tic, in- com′pre-hen′si-bil\’b6i-ty, have two secondary accents. See Guide to Pron., t=t= 30-46. 2. A mark or character used in writing, and serving to regulate the pronunciation; esp.: (a) a mark to indicate the nature and place of the spoken accent; (b) a mark to indicate the quality of sound of the vowel marked; as the French accents. In the ancient Greek the acute accent (′) meant a raised tone or pitch, the grave (•), the level tone or simply the negation of accent, the circumflex ( ~ or ^) a tone raised and then depressed. In works on elocution, the first is often used to denote the rising inflection of the voice; the second, the falling inflection; and the third (^), the compound or waving inflection. In dictionaries, spelling books, and the like, the acute accent is used to designate the syllable which receives the chief stress of voice. 3. Modulation of the voice in speaking; manner of speaking or pronouncing; peculiar or characteristic modification of the voice; tone; as a foreign accent; a French or a German accent. ´Beguiled you in a plain accent.´ Shak. ´A perfect accent.´ Thackeray. “The tender accent of a woman’s cry.
Prior.” 4. A word; a significant tone; (pl.) expressions in general; speech. “Winds! on your wings to Heaven her accents bear,
Such words as Heaven alone is fit to hear.
Dryden.” 5. (Pros.) Stress laid on certain syllables of a verse. 6. (Mus.) (a) A regularly recurring stress upon the tone to mark the beginning, and, more feebly, the third part of the measure. (b) A special emphasis of a tone, even in the weaker part of the measure. (c) The rhythmical accent, which marks phrases and sections of a period. (d) The expressive emphasis and shading of a passage. J. S. Dwight. 7. (Math.) (a) A mark placed at the right hand of a letter, and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a similar kind expressed by the same letter, but differing in value, as y′, y″. (b) (Trigon.) A mark at the right hand of a number, indicating minutes of a degree, seconds, etc.; as 12′27″, i. e., twelve minutes twenty seven seconds. (c) (Engin.) A mark used to denote feet and inches; as 6′ 10″ is six feet ten inches.

Ac•cent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accented; p. pr. & vb. n. Accenting.] [OF. accenter, F. accentuer.] 1. To express the accent of (either by the voice or by a mark); to utter or to mark with accent. 2. To mark emphatically; to emphasize.

Ac´cent•less , a. Without accent.

Ac•cen´tor , n. [L. ad. + cantor singer, canere to sing.] 1. (Mus.) One who sings the leading part; the director or leader. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of European birds (so named from their sweet notes), including the hedge warbler. In America sometimes applied to the water thrushes.

Ac•cen´tu•a•ble , a. Capable of being accented.

Ac•cen´tu•al , a. Of or pertaining to accent; characterized or formed by accent.

Ac•cen•tu•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being accentual.

Ac•cen´tu•al•ly , adv. In an accentual manner; in accordance with accent.

Ac•cen´tu•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accentuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accentuating.] [LL. accentuatus, p. p. of accentuare, fr. L. accentus: cf. F. accentuer.] 1. To pronounce with an accent or with accents. 2. To bring out distinctly; to make prominent; to emphasize. “In Bosnia, the struggle between East and West was even more accentuated.
London Times.” 3. To mark with the written accent.

Ac•cen•tu•a´tion , n. [LL. accentuatio: cf. F. accentuation.] Act of accentuating; applications of accent. Specifically (Eccles. Mus.), pitch or modulation of the voice in reciting portions of the liturgy.

Ac•cept´ (ak•sept´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accepting.] [F. accepter, L. acceptare, freq. of accipere; ad + capere to take; akin to E. heave.] 1. To receive with a consenting mind (something offered); as to accept a gift; — often followed by of. “If you accept them, then their worth is great.
Shak.” “To accept of ransom for my son.
Milton.” “She accepted of a treat.
Addison.” 2. To receive with favor; to approve. “The Lord accept thy burnt sacrifice.
Ps. xx. 3.” “Peradventure he will accept of me.
Gen. xxxii. 20.” 3. To receive or admit and agree to; to assent to; as I accept your proposal, amendment, or excuse. 4. To take by the mind; to understand; as How are these words to be accepted? 5. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to pay; as to accept a bill of exchange. Bouvier. 6. In a deliberate body, to receive in acquittance of a duty imposed; as to accept the report of a committee. [This makes it the property of the body, and the question is then on its adoption.] To accept a bill (Law), to agree (on the part of the drawee) to pay it when due. — To accept service (Law), to agree that a writ or process shall be considered as regularly served, when it has not been. — To accept the person (Eccl.), to show favoritism. ´God accepteth no man’s person.´ Gal. ii. 6. Syn. — To receive; take; admit. See Receive.

Ac•cept´, a. Accepted. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•cept•a•bil´i•ty , n. [LL. acceptabilitas.] The quality of being acceptable; acceptableness. ´Acceptability of repentance.´ Jer. Taylor.

Ac•cept´a•ble (-sept´a•b’l; 277), a. [F. acceptable, L. acceptabilis, fr. acceptare.] Capable, worthy, or sure of being accepted or received with pleasure; pleasing to a receiver; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; as an acceptable present, one acceptable to us.

Ac•cept´a•ble•ness (ak•sept´a•b’l•nes), n. The quality of being acceptable, or suitable to be favorably received; acceptability.

Ac•cept´a•bly, adv. In an acceptable manner; in a manner to please or give satisfaction.

Ac•cept´ance , n. 1. The act of accepting; a receiving what is offered, with approbation, satisfaction, or acquiescence; esp., favorable reception; approval; as the acceptance of a gift, office, doctrine, etc. “They shall come up with acceptance on mine altar.
Isa. lx. 7.” 2. State of being accepted; acceptableness. ´Makes it assured of acceptance.´ Shak. 3. (Com.) (a) An assent and engagement by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. (b) The bill itself when accepted. 4. An agreeing to terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and the parties are bound; the reception or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the taking possession as owner. 5. (Law) An agreeing to the action of another, by some act which binds the person in law. What acts shall amount to such an acceptance is often a question of great nicety and difficulty. Mozley & W. In modern law, proposal and acceptance are the constituent elements into which all contracts are resolved. Acceptance of a bill of exchange, check, draft, or order, is an engagement to pay it according to the terms. This engagement is usually made by writing the word ´accepted´ across the face of the bill. Acceptance of goods, under the statute of frauds, is an intelligent acceptance by a party knowing the nature of the transaction. 6. Meaning; acceptation. [Obs.] Acceptance of persons, partiality, favoritism. See under Accept.

Ac•cept´an•cy , n. Acceptance. [R.] “Here’s a proof of gift,
But here’s no proof, sir, of acceptancy.
Mrs. Browning.”

Ac•cept´ant , a. Accepting; receiving.

Ac•cept´ant, n. An accepter. Chapman.

Ac•cep•ta´tion , n. 1. Acceptance; reception; favorable reception or regard; state of being acceptable. [Obs.] “This is saying worthy of all acceptation.
1 Tim. i. 15.” “Some things … are notwithstanding of so great dignity and acceptation with God.
Hooker.” 2. The meaning in which a word or expression is understood, or generally received; as term is to be used according to its usual acceptation. “My words, in common acceptation,
Could never give this provocation.
Gay.”

Ac•cept´ed•ly , adv. In a accepted manner; admittedly.

Ac•cept´er , n. 1. A person who accepts; a taker. 2. A respecter; a viewer with partiality. [Obs.] “God is no accepter of persons.
Chillingworth.” 3. (Law) An acceptor.

Ac•cep•ti•la´tion , n. [L. acceptilatio entry of a debt collected, acquittance, fr. p. p. of accipere (cf. Accept) + latio a carrying, fr. latus, p. p. of ferre to carry: cf. F. acceptilation.] (Civil Law) Gratuitous discharge; a release from debt or obligation without payment; free remission.

Ac•cep´tion , n. [L. acceptio a receiving, accepting: cf. F. acception.] Acceptation; the received meaning. [Obs.] “Here the word ´baron´ is not to be taken in that restrictive sense to which the modern acception hath confined it.
Fuller.” Acception of persons or faces (Eccl.), favoritism; partiality. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Ac•cept´ive , a. 1. Fit for acceptance. 2. Ready to accept. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ac•cept´or (#; 277), n. [L.] One who accepts; specifically (Law & Com.), one who accepts an order or a bill of exchange; a drawee after he has accepted.

Ac•cess´ (#; 277), n. [F. accès, L. accessus, fr. accedere. See Accede.] 1. A coming to, or near approach; admittance; admission; accessibility; as to gain access to a prince. “I did repel his letters, and denied
His access to me.
Shak.” 2. The means, place, or way by which a thing may be approached; passage way; as the access is by a neck of land. ´All access was thronged.´ Milton. 3. Admission to sexual intercourse. “During coverture, access of the husband shall be presumed, unless the contrary be shown.
Blackstone.” 4. Increase by something added; addition; as an access of territory. [In this sense accession is more generally used.] “I, from the influence of thy looks, receive
Access in every virtue.
Milton.” 5. An onset, attack, or fit of disease. “The first access looked like an apoplexy.
Burnet.” 6. A paroxysm; a fit of passion; an outburst; as an access of fury. [A Gallicism]

Ac•ces´sa•ri•ly , adv. In the manner of an accessary.

Ac•ces´sa•ri•ness, n. The state of being accessary.

Ac•ces´sa•ry (#; 277), a. Accompanying, as a subordinate; additional; accessory; esp., uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. See Accessory. “To both their deaths thou shalt be accessary.
Shak.” “Amongst many secondary and accessary causes that support monarchy, these are not of least reckoning.
Milton.”

Ac•ces´sa•ry (277), n.; pl. Accessaries . [Cf. Accessory and LL. accessarius.] (Law) One who, not being present, contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense. Accessary before the fact (Law), one who commands or counsels an offense, not being present at its commission. — Accessary after the fact, one who, after an offense, assists or shelters the offender, not being present at the commission of the offense. This word, as used in law, is spelt accessory by Blackstone and many others; but in this sense is spelt accessary by Bouvier, Burrill, Burns, Whishaw, Dane, and the Penny Cyclopedia; while in other senses it is spelt accessory. In recent text-books on criminal law the distinction is not preserved, the spelling being either accessary or accessory.

Ac•cess•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. accessibilitas: cf. F. accessibilite.] The quality of being accessible, or of admitting approach; receptibility. Langhorne.

Ac•cess´i•ble , a. [L. accessibilis, fr. accedere: cf. F. accessible. See Accede.] 1. Easy of access or approach; approachable; as an accessible town or mountain, an accessible person. 2. Open to the influence of; — with to. ´Minds accessible to reason.´ Macaulay. 3. Obtainable; to be got at. “The best information … at present accessible.
Macaulay.”

Ac•cess´i•bly , adv. In an accessible manner.

Ac•ces´sion , n. [L. accessio, fr. accedere: cf. F. accession. See Accede.] 1. A coming to; the act of acceding and becoming joined; as a king’s accession to a confederacy. 2. Increase by something added; that which is added; augmentation from without; as an accession of wealth or territory. “The only accession which the Roman empire received was the province of Britain.
Gibbon.” 3. (Law) (a) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided the thing is not changed into a different species). Thus, the owner of a cow becomes the owner of her calf. (b) The act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force between other powers. Kent. 4. The act of coming to or reaching a throne, an office, or dignity; as the accession of the house of Stuart; — applied especially to the epoch of a new dynasty. 5. (Med.) The invasion, approach, or commencement of a disease; a fit or paroxysm. Syn. — Increase; addition; augmentation; enlargement.

Ac•ces´sion•al , a. Pertaining to accession; additional. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ac•ces´sive , a. Additional.

Ac•ces•so´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an accessory; as accessorial agency, accessorial guilt.

Ac•ces´so•ri•ly , adv. In the manner of an accessory; auxiliary.

Ac•ces´so•ri•ness, n. The state of being accessory, or connected subordinately.

Ac•ces´so•ry (#; 277), a. [L. accessorius. See Access, and cf. Accessary.] Accompanying as a subordinate; aiding in a secondary way; additional; connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal; contributing or contributory; said of persons and things, and, when of persons, usually in a bad sense; as he was accessory to the riot; accessory sounds in music. Ash accents the antepenult; and this is not only more regular, but preferable, on account of easiness of pronunciation. Most orhoëpists place the accent on the first syllable. Syn. — Accompanying; contributory; auxiliary; subsidiary; subservient; additional; acceding.

Ac•ces´so•ry, n.; pl. Accessories . 1. That which belongs to something else deemed the principal; something additional and subordinate. ´The aspect and accessories of a den of banditti.´ Carlyle. 2. (Law) Same as Accessary, n. 3. (Fine Arts) Anything that enters into a work of art without being indispensably necessary, as mere ornamental parts. Elmes. Syn. — Abettor; accomplice; ally; coadjutor. See Abettor.

Ac•ciac•ca•tu´ra , n. [It., from acciaccare to crush.] (Mus.) A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; — used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura.

Ac´ci•dence , n. [A corruption of Eng. accidents, pl. of accident. See Accident, 2.] 1. The accidents, of inflections of words; the rudiments of grammar. Milton. 2. The rudiments of any subject. Lowell.

Ac´ci•dent , n. [F. accident, fr. L. accidens, -dentis, p. pr. of accidere to happen; ad + cadere to fall. See Cadence, Case.] 1. Literally, a befalling; an event that takes place without one’s foresight or expectation; an undesigned, sudden, and unexpected event; chance; contingency; often, an undesigned and unforeseen occurrence of an afflictive or unfortunate character; a casualty; a mishap; as to die by an accident. “Of moving accidents by flood and field.
Shak.” “Thou cam’st not to thy place by accident:
It is the very place God meant for thee.
Trench.” 2. (Gram.) A property attached to a word, but not essential to it, as gender, number, case. 3. (Her.) A point or mark which may be retained or omitted in a coat of arms. 4. (Log.) (a) A property or quality of a thing which is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper; an attribute. (b) A quality or attribute in distinction from the substance, as sweetness, softness. 5. Any accidental property, fact, or relation; an accidental or nonessential; as beauty is an accident. “This accident, as I call it, of Athens being situated some miles from the sea.
J. P. Mahaffy.” 6. Unusual appearance or effect. [Obs.] Chaucer. Accident, in Law, is equivalent to casus, or such unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is out of the range of ordinary calculation.

Ac•ci•den´tal , a. [Cf. F. accidentel, earlier accidental.] 1. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly; taking place not according to the usual course of things; casual; fortuitous; as an accidental visit. 2. Nonessential; not necessary belonging; incidental; as are accidental to a play. Accidental chords (Mus.), those which contain one or more tones foreign to their proper harmony. — Accidental colors (Opt.), colors depending on the hypersensibility of the retina of the eye for complementary colors. They are purely subjective sensations of color which often result from the contemplation of actually colored bodies. — Accidental point (Persp.), the point in which a right line, drawn from the eye, parallel to a given right line, cuts the perspective plane; so called to distinguish it from the principal point, or point of view, where a line drawn from the eye perpendicular to the perspective plane meets this plane. — Accidental lights (Paint.), secondary lights; effects of light other than ordinary daylight, such as the rays of the sun darting through a cloud, or between the leaves of trees; the effect of moonlight, candlelight, or burning bodies. Fairholt. Syn. — Casual; fortuitous; contingent; occasional; adventitious. — Accidental, Incidental, Casual, Fortuitous, Contingent. We speak of a thing as accidental when it falls out as by chance, and not in the regular course of things; as an accidental meeting, an accidental advantage, etc. We call a thing incidental when it falls, as it were, into some regular course of things, but is secondary, and forms no essential part thereof; as an incremental remark, an incidental evil, an incidental benefit. We speak of a thing as casual, when it falls out or happens, as it were, by mere chance, without being prearranged or premeditated; as a casual remark or encounter; a casual observer. An idea of the unimportant is attached to what is casual. Fortuitous is applied to what occurs without any known cause, and in opposition to what has been foreseen; as a fortuitous concourse of atoms. We call a thing contingent when it is such that, considered in itself, it may or may not happen, but is dependent for its existence on something else; as the time of my coming will be contingent on intelligence yet to be received.

Ac•ci•den´tal , n. 1. A property which is not essential; a nonessential; anything happening accidentally. “He conceived it just that accidentals … should sink with the substance of the accusation.
Fuller.” 2. pl. (Paint.) Those fortuitous effects produced by luminous rays falling on certain objects so that some parts stand forth in abnormal brightness and other parts are cast into a deep shadow. 3. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music as the signature, but before a particular note.

Ac•ci•den´tal•ism , n. Accidental character or effect. Ruskin.

Ac•ci•den•tal´i•ty , n. The quality of being accidental; accidentalness. [R.] Coleridge.

Ac•ci•den´tal•ly , adv. In an accidental manner; unexpectedly; by chance; unintentionally; casually; fortuitously; not essentially.

Ac•ci•den´tal•ness, n. The quality of being accidental; casualness.

Ac´ci•die , n. [OF. accide, accidie, LL. accidia, acedia, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + care.] Sloth; torpor. [Obs.] ´The sin of accidie.´ Chaucer.

Ac•ci•pen´ser , n. See Acipenser.

Ac•cip´i•ent , n. [L. accipiens, p. pr. of accipere. See Accept.] A receiver. [R.] Bailey

Ac•cip´i•ter , n.; pl. E. Accipiters . L. Accipitres . [L., hawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of rapacious birds; one of the Accipitres or Raptores. 2. (Surg.) A bandage applied over the nose, resembling the claw of a hawk.

Ac•cip´i•tral , n. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a falcon or hawk; hawklike. Lowell.

Ac•cip´i•tres , n. pl. [L., hawks.] (Zoöl.) The order that includes rapacious birds. They have a hooked bill, and sharp, strongly curved talons. There are three families, represented by the vultures, the falcons or hawks, and the owls.

Ac•cip´i•trine (#; 277), a. [Cf. F. accipitrin.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Accipitres; raptorial; hawklike.

Ac•cis´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Rhet.) Affected refusal; coyness.

Ac•cite´ , v. t. [L. accitus, p. p. of accire, accere, to call for; ad + ciere to move, call. See Cite.] To cite; to summon. [Obs.] “Our heralds now accited all that were
Endamaged by the Elians.
Chapman.”

Ac•claim´ , v. t. [L. acclamare; ad + clamare to cry out. See Claim, Clamor.] [R.] 1. To applaud. ´A glad acclaiming train.´ Thomson. 2. To declare by acclamations. “While the shouting crowd
Acclaims thee king of traitors.
Smollett.” 3. To shout; as to acclaim my joy.

Ac•claim´, v. i. To shout applause.

Ac•claim´, n. Acclamation. [Poetic] Milton.

Ac•claim´er , n. One who acclaims.

Ac•cla•ma´tion , n. [L. acclamatio: cf. F. acclamation.] 1. A shout of approbation, favor, or assent; eager expression of approval; loud applause. “On such a day, a holiday having been voted by acclamation, an ordinary walk would not satisfy the children.
Southey.” 2. (Antiq.) A representation, in sculpture or on medals, of people expressing joy. Acclamation medals are those on which laudatory acclamations are recorded. Elmes.

Ac•clam´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or expressing approval by, acclamation.

Ac•cli´ma•ta•ble , a. Capable of being acclimated.

Ac•cli•ma•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. acclimation. See Acclimate.] Acclimatization.

Ac•cli´mate (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimating.] [F. acclimater; à (l. ad) + climat climate. See Climate.] To habituate to a climate not native; to acclimatize. J. H. Newman.

Ac•cli´mate•ment (-ment), n. Acclimation. [R.]

Ac•cli•ma´tion , n. The process of becoming, or the state of being, acclimated, or habituated to a new climate; acclimatization.

Ac•cli´ma•ti•za•ble , a. Capable of being acclimatized.

Ac•cli´ma•ti•za´tion (ak•kli´ma•ti•za´shun), n. The act of acclimatizing; the process of inuring to a new climate, or the state of being so inured. Darwin.

Ac•cli´ma•tize (ak•kli´ma•tiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimatized (-tizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimatizing (- ti•zing).] To inure or habituate to a climate different from that which is natural; to adapt to the peculiarities of a foreign or strange climate; said of man, the inferior animals, or plants.

Ac•cli´ma•ture (#; 135), n. The act of acclimating, or the state of being acclimated. [R.] Caldwell.

Ac•clive´ , a. Acclivous. [Obs.]

Ac•cliv´i•tous , a. Acclivous. I. Taylor.

Ac•cliv´i•ty, n.; pl. Acclivities . [L. acclivitas, fr. acclivis, acclivus, ascending; ad + clivus a hill, slope, fr. root kli to lean. See Lean.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or descending; an upward slope; ascent.

Ac•cli´vous (#; 277), a. [L. acclivis and acclivus.] Sloping upward; rising as a hillside; — opposed to declivous.

Ac•cloy´ (-kloi´), v. t. [OF. encloyer, encloer, F. enclouer, to drive in a nail, fr. L. in + clavus nail.] To fill to satiety; to stuff full; to clog; to overload; to burden. See Cloy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac•coast´ (-kost´), v. t. & i. [See Accost, Coast.] To lie or sail along the coast or side of; to accost. [Obs.] “Whether high towering or accoasting low.
Spenser.”

Ac•coil´ , v. t. [OE. acoillir to receive, F. accueillir; L. ad + colligere to collect. See Coil.] 1. To gather together; to collect. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Naut.) To coil together. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Ac•co•lade´ (ak•ko•lad´ or -lad´; 277), n. [F. accolade, It. accolata, fr. accollare to embrace; L. ad + collum neck.] 1. A ceremony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting of an embrace, and a slight blow on the shoulders with the flat blade of a sword. 2. (Mus.) A brace used to join two or more staves.

Ac•com•bi•na´tion , n. [L. ad + E. combination.] A combining together. [R.]

Ac•com´mo•da•ble , a. [Cf. F. accommodable.] That may be accommodated, fitted, or made to agree. [R.] I. Watts.

Ac•com´mo•dable•ness, n. The quality or condition of being accommodable. [R.] Todd.

Ac•com´mo•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accommodated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accommodating .] [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare; ad + commodare to make fit, help; con- + modus measure, proportion. See Mode.] 1. To render fit, suitable, or correspondent; to adapt; to conform; as to accommodate ourselves to circumstances. ´They accommodate their counsels to his inclination.´ Addison. 2. To bring into agreement or harmony; to reconcile; to compose; to adjust; to settle; as to accommodate differences, a dispute, etc. 3. To furnish with something desired, needed, or convenient; to favor; to oblige; as to accommodate a friend with a loan or with lodgings. 4. To show the correspondence of; to apply or make suit by analogy; to adapt or fit, as teachings to accidental circumstances, statements to facts, etc.; as to accommodate prophecy to events. Syn. — To suit; adapt; conform; adjust; arrange.

Ac•com´mo•date, v. i. To adapt one’s self; to be conformable or adapted. [R.] Boyle.

Ac•com´mo•date , a. [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare.] Suitable; fit; adapted; as means accommodate to end. [Archaic] Tillotson.

Ac•com´mo•date•ly, adv. Suitably; fitly. [R.]

Ac•com´mo•date•ness, n. Fitness. [R.]

Ac•com´mo•da•ting , a. Affording, or disposed to afford, accommodation; obliging; as an accommodating man, spirit, arrangement.

Ac•com•mo•da´tion , n. [L. accommodatio, fr. accommodare: cf. F. accommodation.] 1. The act of fitting or adapting, or the state of being fitted or adapted; adaptation; adjustment; — followed by to. ´The organization of the body with accommodation to its functions.´ Sir M. Hale. 2. Willingness to accommodate; obligingness. 3. Whatever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or convenience; anything furnished which is desired or needful; — often in the plural; as the accommodations — that is, lodgings and food — at an inn. Sir W. Scott. 4. An adjustment of differences; state of agreement; reconciliation; settlement. ´To come to terms of accommodation.´ Macaulay. 5. The application of a writer’s language, on the ground of analogy, to something not originally referred to or intended. “Many of those quotations from the Old Testament were probably intended as nothing more than accommodations.
Paley.” 6. (Com.) (a) A loan of money. (b) An accommodation bill or note. Accommodation bill, or note (Com.), a bill of exchange which a person accepts, or a note which a person makes and delivers to another, not upon a consideration received, but for the purpose of raising money on credit. — Accommodation coach, or train, one running at moderate speed and stopping at all or nearly all stations. — Accommodation ladder (Naut.), a light ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway, useful in ascending from, or descending to, small boats.

Ac•com´mo•da•tor , n. He who, or that which, accommodates. Warburton.

Ac•com´pa•na•ble , a. Sociable. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ac•com´pa•ni•er , n. He who, or that which, accompanies. Lamb.

Ac•com´pa•ni•ment (-ment), n. [F. accompagnement.] That which accompanies; something that attends as a circumstance, or which is added to give greater completeness to the principal thing, or by way of ornament, or for the sake of symmetry. Specifically: (Mus.) A part performed by instruments, accompanying another part or parts performed by voices; the subordinate part, or parts, accompanying the voice or a principal instrument; also the harmony of a figured bass. P. Cyc.

Ac•com´pa•nist , n. The performer in music who takes the accompanying part. Busby.

Ac•com´pa•ny , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accompanied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accompanying ] [OF. aacompaignier, F. accompagner, to associate with, fr. OF. compaign, compain, companion. See Company.] 1. To go with or attend as a companion or associate; to keep company with; to go along with; — followed by with or by; as he accompanied his speech with a bow. “The Persian dames, …
In sumptuous cars, accompanied his march.
Glover.” “They are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts.
Sir P. Sidney.” “He was accompanied by two carts filled with wounded rebels.
Macaulay.” 2. To cohabit with. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. Syn. — To attend; escort; go with. — To Accompany, Attend, Escort. We accompany those with whom we go as companions. The word imports an equality of station. We attend those whom we wait upon or follow. The word conveys an idea of subordination. We escort those whom we attend with a view to guard and protect. A gentleman accompanies a friend to some public place; he attends or escorts a lady.

Ac•com´pa•ny, v. i. 1. To associate in a company; to keep company. [Obs.] Bacon. “Men say that they will drive away one another, … and not accompany together.
Holland.” 2. To cohabit (with). [Obs.] Milton. 3. (Mus.) To perform an accompanying part or parts in a composition.

Ac•com´ple•tive , a. [L. ad + complere, completum, to fill up.] Tending to accomplish. [R.]

Ac•com´plice , n. [Ac- (perh. for the article a or for L. ad) + E. complice. See Complice.] 1. A cooperator. [R.] “Success unto our valiant general,
And happiness to his accomplices!
Shak.” 2. (Law) An associate in the commission of a crime; a participator in an offense, whether a principal or an accessory. ´And thou, the cursed accomplice of his treason.´ Johnson. It is followed by with or of before a person and by in (or sometimes of) before the crime; as A was an accomplice with B in the murder of C. Dryden uses it with to before a thing. ´Suspected for accomplice to the fire.´ Dryden. Syn. — Abettor; accessory; assistant; associate; confederate; coadjutor; ally; promoter. See Abettor.

Ac•com´plice•ship , n. The state of being an accomplice. [R.] Sir H. Taylor.

Ac•com•plic´i•ty , n. The act or state of being an accomplice. [R.]

Ac•com´plish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accomplished , p. pr. & vb. n. Accomplishing.] [OE. acomplissen, OF. accomplir, F. accomplir; L. ad + complere to fill up, complete. See Complete, Finish.] 1. To complete, as time or distance. “That He would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem.
Dan. ix. 2.” “He had accomplished half a league or more.
Prescott.” 2. To bring to an issue of full success; to effect; to perform; to execute fully; to fulfill; as to accomplish a design, an object, a promise. “This that is written must yet be accomplished in me.
Luke xxii. 37.” 3. To equip or furnish thoroughly; hence, to complete in acquirements; to render accomplished; to polish. “The armorers accomplishing the knights.
Shak.” “It [the moon] is fully accomplished for all those ends to which Providence did appoint it.
Wilkins.” “These qualities … go to accomplish a perfect woman.
Cowden Clarke.” 4. To gain; to obtain. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — To do; perform; fulfill; realize; effect; effectuate; complete; consummate; execute; achieve; perfect; equip; furnish. — To Accomplish, Effect, Execute, Achieve, Perform. These words agree in the general idea of carrying out to some end proposed. To accomplish (to fill up to the measure of the intention) generally implies perseverance and skill; as to accomplish a plan proposed by one’s self, an object, a design, an undertaking. ´Thou shalt accomplish my desire.´ 1 Kings v. 9. “He … expressed his desire to see a union accomplished between England and Scotland.
Macaulay.” To effect (to work out) is much like accomplish. It usually implies some degree of difficulty contended with; as he effected or accomplished what he intended, his purpose, but little. ´What he decreed, he effected.´ Milton. “To work in close design by fraud or guile
What force effected not.
Milton.” To execute (to follow out to the end, to carry out, or into effect) implies a set mode of operation; as to execute the laws or the orders of another; to execute a work, a purpose, design, plan, project. To perform is much like to do, though less generally applied. It conveys a notion of protracted and methodical effort; as to perform a mission, a part, a task, a work. ´Thou canst best perform that office.´ Milton. “The Saints, like stars, around his seat
Perform their courses still.
Keble.” To achieve (to come to the end or arrive at one’s purpose) usually implies some enterprise or undertaking of importance, difficulty, and excellence.

Ac•com´plish•a•ble , a. Capable of being accomplished; practicable. Carlyle.

Ac•com´plished , a. 1. Completed; effected; established; as an accomplished fact. 2. Complete in acquirements as the result usually of training; — commonly in a good sense; as an accomplished scholar, an accomplished villain. “They … show themselves accomplished bees.
Holland.” “Daughter of God and man, accomplished Eve.
Milton.”

Ac•com´plish•er , n. One who accomplishes.

Ac•com´plish•ment (-ment), n. [F. accomplissement, fr. accomplir.] 1. The act of accomplishing; entire performance; completion; fulfillment; as the accomplishment of an enterprise, of a prophecy, etc. 2. That which completes, perfects, or equips thoroughly; acquirement; attainment; that which constitutes excellence of mind, or elegance of manners, acquired by education or training. ´My new accomplishment of dancing.´ Churchill. ´Accomplishments befitting a station.´ Thackeray. “Accomplishments have taken virtue’s place,
And wisdom falls before exterior grace.
Cowper.”

Ac•compt´ (#; formerly #), n. See Account. Accompt, accomptant, etc., are archaic forms.

Ac•compt´a•ble , a. See Accountable.

Ac•compt´ant , n. See Accountant.

Ac•cord´ , n. [OE. acord, accord, OF. acort, acorde, F. accord, fr. OF. acorder, F. accorder. See Accord, v. t.] 1. Agreement or concurrence of opinion, will, or action; harmony of mind; consent; assent. “A mediator of an accord and peace between them.
Bacon.” “These all continued with one accord in prayer.
Acts i. 14.” 2. Harmony of sounds; agreement in pitch and tone; concord; as the accord of tones. “Those sweet accords are even the angels’ lays.
Sir J. Davies.” 3. Agreement, harmony, or just correspondence of things; as the accord of light and shade in painting. 4. Voluntary or spontaneous motion or impulse to act; — preceded by own; as of one’s own accord. “That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap.
Lev. xxv. 5.” “Of his own accord he went unto you.
2 Cor. vii. 17.” 5. (Law) An agreement between parties in controversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, bars a suit. Blackstone. With one accord, with unanimity. “They rushed with one accord into the theater.
Acts xix. 29.”

Ac•cord´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accorded; p. pr. & vb. n. According.] [OE. acorden, accorden, OF. acorder, F. accorder, fr. LL. accordare; L. ad + cor, cordis, heart. Cf. Concord, Discord, and see Heart.] 1. To make to agree or correspond; to suit one thing to another; to adjust; — followed by to. [R.] “Her hands accorded the lute’s music to the voice.
Sidney.” 2. To bring to an agreement, as persons; to reconcile; to settle, adjust, harmonize, or compose, as things; as to accord suits or controversies. “When they were accorded from the fray.
Spenser.” “All which particulars, being confessedly knotty and difficult can never be accorded but by a competent stock of critical learning.
South.” 3. To grant as suitable or proper; to concede; to award; as to accord to one due praise. ´According his desire.´ Spenser.

Ac•cord´, v. i. 1. To agree; to correspond; to be in harmony; — followed by with, formerly also by to; as his disposition accords with his looks. “My heart accordeth with my tongue.
Shak.” “Thy actions to thy words accord.
Milton.” 2. To agree in pitch and tone.

Ac•cord´a•ble , a. [OF. acordable, F. accordable.] 1. Agreeing. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Reconcilable; in accordance.

Ac•cord´ance , n. [OF. acordance.] Agreement; harmony; conformity. ´In strict accordance with the law.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Harmony; unison; coincidence.

Ac•cord´an•cy , n. Accordance. [R.] Paley.

Ac•cord´ant , a. [OF. acordant, F. accordant.] Agreeing; consonant; harmonious; corresponding; conformable; — followed by with or to. “Strictly accordant with true morality.
Darwin.” “And now his voice accordant to the string.
Coldsmith.”

Ac•cord´ant•ly, adv. In accordance or agreement; agreeably; conformably; — followed by with or to.

Ac•cord´er , n. One who accords, assents, or concedes. [R.]

Ac•cord´ing, p. a. Agreeing; in agreement or harmony; harmonious. ´This according voice of national wisdom.´ Burke. ´Mind and soul according well.´ Tennyson. “According to him, every person was to be bought.
Macaulay.” “Our zeal should be according to knowledge.
Sprat.” According to has been called a prepositional phrase, but strictly speaking, according is a participle in the sense of agreeing, acceding, and to alone is the preposition. According as, precisely as; the same as; corresponding to the way in which. According as is an adverbial phrase, of which the propriety has been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. See According, adv. “Is all things well,
According as I gave directions?
Shak.” “The land which the Lord will give you according as he hath promised.
Ex. xii. 25.”

Ac•cord´ing , adv. Accordingly; correspondingly. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•cord´ing•ly, adv. 1. Agreeably; correspondingly; suitably; in a manner conformable. “Behold, and so proceed accordingly.
Shak.” 2. In natural sequence; consequently; so. Syn. — Consequently; therefore; wherefore; hence; so. — Accordingly, Consequently, indicate a connection between two things, the latter of which is done on account of the former. Accordingly marks the connection as one of simple accordance or congruity, leading naturally to the result which followed; as he was absent when I called, and I accordingly left my card; our preparations were all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently marks a closer connection, that of logical or causal sequence; as the papers were not ready, and consequently could not be signed.

Ac•cor´di•on , n. [See Accord.] (Mus.) A small, portable, keyed wind instrument, whose tones are generated by play of the wind upon free metallic reeds.

Ac•cor´di•on•ist, n. A player on the accordion.

Ac•cord´ment (ak•kôrd´ment), n. [OF. acordement. See Accord, v.] Agreement; reconcilement. [Obs.] Gower.

Ac•cor´po•rate , v. t. [L. accorporare; ad + corpus, corporis, body.] To unite; to attach; to incorporate. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac•cost´ (#; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accosting.] [F. accoster, LL. accostare to bring side by side; L. ad + costa rib, side. See Coast, and cf. Accoast.] 1. To join side to side; to border; hence, to sail along the coast or side of. [Obs.] ´So much [of Lapland] as accosts the sea.´ Fuller. 2. To approach; to make up to. [Archaic] Shak. 3. To speak to first; to address; to greet. ´Him, Satan thus accosts.´ Milton.

Ac•cost´, v. i. To adjoin; to lie alongside. [Obs.] ´The shores which to the sea accost.´ Spenser.

Ac•cost´, n. Address; greeting. [R.] J. Morley.

Ac•cost´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. accostable.] Approachable; affable. [R.] Hawthorne.

Ac•cost´ed, a. (Her.) Supported on both sides by other charges; also side by side.

Ac•couche´ment (#; 277), n. [F., fr. accoucher to be delivered of a child, to aid in delivery, OF. acouchier orig. to lay down, put to bed, go to bed; L. ad + collocare to lay, put, place. See Collate.] Delivery in childbed

Ac•cou•cheur´ , n. [F., fr. accoucher. See Accouchement.] A man who assists women in childbirth; a man midwife; an obstetrician.

Ac•cou•cheuse´ , n. [F.., fem. of accoucher.] A midwife. [Recent] Dunglison.

Ac•count´ , n. [OE. acount, account, accompt, OF. acont, fr. aconter. See Account, v. t., Count, n., 1.] 1. A reckoning; computation; calculation; enumeration; a record of some reckoning; as the Julian account of time. “A beggarly account of empty boxes.
Shak.” 2. A registry of pecuniary transactions; a written or printed statement of business dealings or debts and credits, and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or review; as to keep one’s account at the bank. 3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, grounds, etc., explanatory of some event; as no satisfactory account has been given of these phenomena. Hence, the word is often used simply for reason, ground, consideration, motive, etc.; as on no account, on every account, on all accounts. 4. A statement of facts or occurrences; recital of transactions; a relation or narrative; a report; a description; as an account of a battle. ´A laudable account of the city of London.´ Howell. 5. A statement and explanation or vindication of one’s conduct with reference to judgment thereon. “Give an account of thy stewardship.
Luke xvi. 2.” 6. An estimate or estimation; valuation; judgment. ´To stand high in your account.´ Shak. 7. Importance; worth; value; advantage; profit. ´Men of account.´ Pope. ´To turn to account.´ Shak. Account current, a running or continued account between two or more parties, or a statement of the particulars of such an account. — In account with, in a relation requiring an account to be kept. — On account of, for the sake of; by reason of; because of. — On one’s own account, for one’s own interest or behalf. — To make account, to have an opinion or expectation; to reckon. [Obs.] “This other part … makes account to find no slender arguments for this assertion out of those very scriptures which are commonly urged against it.
Milton.” — To make account of, to hold in estimation; to esteem; as he makes small account of beauty. — To take account of, or to take into account, to take into consideration; to notice. ´Of their doings, God takes no account.´ Milton. — A writ of account (Law), a writ which the plaintiff brings demanding that the defendant shall render his just account, or show good cause to the contrary; — called also an action of account. Cowell. Syn. — Narrative; narration; relation; recital; description; explanation; rehearsal. — Account, Narrative, Narration, Recital. These words are applied to different modes of rehearsing a series of events. Account turns attention not so much to the speaker as to the fact related, and more properly applies to the report of some single event, or a group of incidents taken as whole; as an account of a battle, of a shipwreck, etc. A narrative is a continuous story of connected incidents, such as one friend might tell to another; as a narrative of the events of a siege, a narrative of one’s life, etc. Narration is usually the same as narrative, but is sometimes used to describe the mode of relating events; as his powers of narration are uncommonly great. Recital denotes a series of events drawn out into minute particulars, usually expressing something which peculiarly interests the feelings of the speaker; as the recital of one’s wrongs, disappointments, sufferings, etc.

Ac•count´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accounting.] [OE. acounten, accompten, OF. aconter, à (L. ad) + conter to count. F. conter to tell, compter to count, L. computare. See Count, v. t.] 1. To reckon; to compute; to count. [Obs.] “The motion of … the sun whereby years are accounted.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. To place to one’s account; to put to the credit of; to assign; — with to. [R.] Clarendon. 3. To value, estimate, or hold in opinion; to judge or consider; to deem. “Accounting that God was able to raise him up.
Heb. xi. 19.” 4. To recount; to relate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac•count´, v. i. 1. To render or receive an account or relation of particulars; as an officer must account with or to the treasurer for money received. 2. To render an account; to answer in judgment; — with for; as we must account for the use of our opportunities. 3. To give a satisfactory reason; to tell the cause of; to explain; — with for; as idleness accounts for poverty. To account of, to esteem; to prize; to value. Now used only in the passive. ´I account of her beauty.´ Shak. “Newer was preaching more accounted of than in the sixteenth century.
Canon Robinson.”

Ac•count•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being accountable; liability to be called on to render an account; accountableness. ´The awful idea of accountability.´ R. Hall.

Ac•count´a•ble , a. 1. Liable to be called on to render an account; answerable; as every man is accountable to God for his conduct. 2. Capable of being accounted for; explicable. [R.] “True religion … intelligible, rational, and accountable, — not a burden but a privilege.
B. Whichcote.” Syn. — Amenable; responsible; liable; answerable.

Ac•count´a•ble ness, n. The quality or state of being accountable; accountability.

Ac•count´a•bly, adv. In an accountable manner.

Ac•count´an•cy , n. The art or employment of an accountant.

Ac•count´ant , n. [Cf. F. accomptant, OF. acontant, p. pr.] 1. One who renders account; one accountable. 2. A reckoner. 3. One who is skilled in, keeps, or adjusts, accounts; an officer in a public office, who has charge of the accounts. Accountatn general, the head or superintending accountant in certain public offices. also formerly, an officer in the English court of chancery who received the moneys paid into the court, and deposited them in the Bank of England.

Ac•count´ant, a. Accountable. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•count´ant•ship , n. [Accountant + -ship.] The office or employment of an accountant.

Ac•count´ book . A book in which accounts are kept. Swift.

Ac•cou´ple , v. t. [OF. acopler, F. accoupler. See Couple.] To join; to couple. [R.] “The Englishmen accoupled themselves with the Frenchmen.
Hall.”

Ac•cou´ple•ment (-kup´’l•ment), n. [Cf. F. accouplement.] 1. The act of coupling, or the state of being coupled; union. [R.] Caxton. 2. That which couples, as a tie or brace. [R.]

Ac•cour´age , v. t. [OF. acoragier; à (L. ad) + corage. See Courage.] To encourage. [Obs.]

Ac•court´ (-kort´), v. t. [Ac-, for L. ad. See Court.] To treat courteously; to court. [Obs.] Spenser. { Ac•cou´ter , Ac•cou´tre } (ak•koo´ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accoutered or Accoutred (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Accoutering or Accoutring.] [F. accouter, OF. accoutrer, accoustrer; à (L. ad) + perh. LL. custor, for custos guardian, sacristan (cf. Custody), or perh. akin to E. guilt.] To furnish with dress, or equipments, esp. those for military service; to equip; to attire; to array. “Both accoutered like young men.
Shak.” “For this, in rags accoutered are they seen.
Dryden.” “Accoutered with his burden and his staff.
Wordsworth.” { Ac•cou´ter•ments , Ac•cou´tre•ments } , n. pl. [F. accoutrement, earlier also accoustrement, earlier also accoustrement. See Accouter.] Dress; trappings; equipment; specifically, the devices and equipments worn by soldiers. “How gay with all the accouterments of war!
A. Philips.”

Ac•coy´ (ak•koi´), v. t. [OF. acoyer; ac-, for L. ad. See Coy.] 1. To render quiet; to soothe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To subdue; to tame; to daunt. [Obs.] “Then is your careless courage accoyed.
Spenser.”

Ac•cred´it (ak•kred´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accredited; p. pr. & vb. n. Accrediting.] [F. accrediter; à (L. ad) + credit credit. See Credit.] 1. To put or bring into credit; to invest with credit or authority; to sanction. “His censure will … accredit his praises.
Cowper.” “These reasons … which accredit and fortify mine opinion.
Shelton.” 2. To send with letters credential, as an ambassador, envoy, or diplomatic agent; to authorize, as a messenger or delegate. “Beton … was accredited to the Court of France.
Froude.” 3. To believe; to credit; to put trust in. “The version of early Roman history which was accredited in the fifth century.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” “He accredited and repeated stories of apparitions and witchcraft.
Southey.” 4. To credit; to vouch for or consider (some one) as doing something, or (something) as belonging to some one. To accredit (one) with (something), to attribute something to him; as Mr. Clay was accredited with these views; they accredit him with a wise saying.

Ac•cred•i•ta´tion , n. The act of accrediting; as letters of accreditation.

Ac•cre•men•ti´tial , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to accremention.

Ac•cre•men•ti´tion , n. [See Accresce, Increment.] (Physiol.) The process of generation by development of blastema, or fission of cells, in which the new formation is in all respect like the individual from which it proceeds.

Ac•cresce´ , v. i. [L. accrescere. See Accrue.] 1. To accrue. [R.] 2. To increase; to grow. [Obs.] Gillespie.

Ac•cres´cence , n. [LL. accrescentia.] Continuous growth; an accretion. [R.] “The silent accrescence of belief from the unwatched depositions of a general, never contradicted hearsy.
Coleridge.”

Ac•cres´cent , a. [L. accrescens, -entis, p. pr. of accrescere; ad + crescere to grow. See Crescent.] 1. Growing; increasing. Shuckford. 2. (Bot.) Growing larger after flowering. Gray.

Ac•crete´ , v. i. [From L. accretus, p. p. of accrescere to increase.] 1. To grow together. 2. To adhere; to grow (to); to be added; — with to.

Ac•crete´, v. t. To make adhere; to add. Earle.

Ac•crete´, a. 1. Characterized by accretion; made up; as accrete matter. 2. (Bot.) Grown together. Gray.

Ac•cre´tion , n. [L. accretio, fr. accrescere to increase. Cf. Crescent, Increase, Accrue.] 1. The act of increasing by natural growth; esp. the increase of organic bodies by the internal accession of parts; organic growth. Arbuthnot. 2. The act of increasing, or the matter added, by an accession of parts externally; an extraneous addition; as an accretion of earth. “A mineral … augments not by grown, but by accretion.
Owen.” “To strip off all the subordinate parts of his as a later accretion.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” 3. Concretion; coherence of separate particles; as the accretion of particles so as to form a solid mass. 4. A growing together of parts naturally separate, as of the fingers toes. Dana. 5. (Law) (a) The adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becomes possessed of a right to another; generally, gain of land by the washing up of sand or sail from the sea or a river, or by a gradual recession of the water from the usual watermark. (b) Gain to an heir or legatee, failure of a coheir to the same succession, or a co- legatee of the same thing, to take his share. Wharton. Kent.

Ac•cre´tive , a. Relating to accretion; increasing, or adding to, by growth. Glanvill.

Ac•crim´i•nate , v. t. [L. ac- (for ad to) + criminari.] To accuse of a crime. [Obs.] — Ac•crim•i•na´tion , n. [Obs.]

Ac•croach´ , v. t. [OE. acrochen, accrochen, to obtain, OF. acrochier, F. accrocher; à (L. ad) + croc hook (E. crook).] 1. To hook, or draw to one’s self as with a hook. [Obs.] 2. To usurp, as jurisdiction or royal prerogatives. “They had attempted to accroach to themselves royal power.
Stubbs.”

Ac•croach´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. accrochement.] An encroachment; usurpation. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ac•cru´al , n. Accrument. [R.]

Ac•crue´ (ak•kru´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Accrued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accruing.] [See Accrue, n., and cf. Accresce, Accrete.] 1. To increase; to augment. “And though power failed, her courage did accrue.
Spenser.” 2. To come to by way of increase; to arise or spring as a growth or result; to be added as increase, profit, or damage, especially as the produce of money lent. ´Interest accrues to principal.´ Abbott. “The great and essential advantages accruing to society from the freedom of the press.
Junius.”

Ac•crue´, n. [F. accrû, OF. acreü, p. p. of accroitre, OF. acroistre to increase; L. ad + crescere to increase. Cf. Accretion, Crew. See Crescent.] Something that accrues; advantage accruing. [Obs.]

Ac•cru´er (ak•kru´er), n. (Law) The act of accruing; accretion; as title by accruer.

Ac•cru´ment (-ment), n. The process of accruing, or that which has accrued; increase. Jer. Taylor.

Ac•cu•ba´tion , n. [L. accubatio, for accubitio, fr. accubare to recline; ad + cubare to lie down. See Accumb.] The act or posture of reclining on a couch, as practiced by the ancients at meals.

Ac•cumb´ (ak•kumb´), v. i. [L. accumbere; ad + cumbere (only in compounds) to lie down.] To recline, as at table. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ac•cum´ben•cy (ak•kum´ben•sy), n. The state of being accumbent or reclining. [R.]

Ac•cum´bent (-bent), a. 1. Leaning or reclining, as the ancients did at their meals. “The Roman … accumbent posture in eating.
Arbuthnot.” 2. (Bot.) Lying against anything, as one part of a leaf against another leaf. Gray. “Accumbent cotyledons have their edges placed against the caulicle.
Eaton.”

Ac•cum´bent, n. One who reclines at table.

Ac•cum´ber (-ber), v. t. To encumber. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac•cu´mu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accumulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accumulating.] [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare; ad + cumulare to heap. See Cumulate.] To heap up in a mass; to pile up; to collect or bring together; to amass; as to accumulate a sum of money. Syn. — To collect; pile up; store; amass; gather; aggregate; heap together; hoard.

Ac•cu´mu•late (ak•ku´mu•lat), v. i. To grow or increase in quantity or number; to increase greatly. “Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay.
Goldsmith.”

Ac•cu´mu•late (-lat), a. [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare.] Collected; accumulated. Bacon.

Ac•cu•mu•la´tion , n. [L. accumulatio; cf. F. accumulation.] 1. The act of accumulating, the state of being accumulated, or that which is accumulated; as an accumulation of earth, of sand, of evils, of wealth, of honors. 2. (Law) The concurrence of several titles to the same proof. Accumulation of energy or power, the storing of energy by means of weights lifted or masses put in motion; electricity stored. — An accumulation of degrees (Eng. Univ.), the taking of several together, or at smaller intervals than usual or than is allowed by the rules.

Ac•cu´mu•la•tive , a. Characterized by accumulation; serving to collect or amass; cumulative; additional. — Ac•cu´mu•la•tive•ly, adv. — Ac•cu´mu•la•tive•ness, n.

Ac•cu´mu•la•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, accumulates, collects, or amasses. 2. (Mech.) An apparatus by means of which energy or power can be stored, such as the cylinder or tank for storing water for hydraulic elevators, the secondary or storage battery used for accumulating the energy of electrical charges, etc. 3. A system of elastic springs for relieving the strain upon a rope, as in deep-sea dredging.

Ac´cu•ra•cy (#; 277), n. [See Accurate.] The state of being accurate; freedom from mistakes, this exemption arising from carefulness; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; precision; exactness; nicety; correctness; as the value of testimony depends on its accuracy. “The professed end [of logic] is to teach men to think, to judge, and to reason, with precision and accuracy.
Reid.” “The accuracy with which the piston fits the sides.
Lardner.”

Ac´cu•rate , a. [L. accuratus, p. p. and a., fr. accurare to take care of; ad + curare to take care, cura care. See Cure.] 1. In exact or careful conformity to truth, or to some standard of requirement, the result of care or pains; free from failure, error, or defect; exact; as an accurate calculator; an accurate measure; accurate expression, knowledge, etc. 2. Precisely fixed; executed with care; careful. [Obs.] “Those conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate influences upon these things below.
Bacon.” Syn. — Correct; exact; just; nice; particular. — Accurate, Correct, Exact, Precise. We speak of a thing as correct with reference to some rule or standard of comparison; as a correct account, a correct likeness, a man of correct deportment. We speak of a thing as accurate with reference to the care bestowed upon its execution, and the increased correctness to be expected therefrom; as an accurate statement, an accurate detail of particulars. We speak of a thing as exact with reference to that perfected state of a thing in which there is no defect and no redundance; as an exact coincidence, the exact truth, an exact likeness. We speak of a thing as precise when we think of it as strictly conformed to some rule or model, as if cut down thereto; as a precise conformity instructions; precisely right; he was very precise in giving his directions.

Ac´cu•rate•ly, adv. In an accurate manner; exactly; precisely; without error or defect.

Ac´cu•rate•ness, n. The state or quality of being accurate; accuracy; exactness; nicety; precision.

Ac•curse´ , v. t. [OE. acursien, acorsien; pref. a + cursien to curse. See Curse.] To devote to destruction; to imprecate misery or evil upon; to curse; to execrate; to anathematize. “And the city shall be accursed.
Josh. vi. 17.” “Thro’ you, my life will be accurst.
Tennyson.” { Ac•cursed´ , Ac•curst´ } p. p. & a. Doomed to destruction or misery; cursed; hence, bad enough to be under the curse; execrable; detestable; exceedingly hateful; - - as an accursed deed. Shak. — Ac•curs´ed•ly, adv. — Ac•curs´ed•ness, n.

Ac•cus´a•ble , a. [L. accusabilis: cf. F. accusable.] Liable to be accused or censured; chargeable with a crime or fault; blamable; — with of.

Ac•cus´al , n. Accusation. [R.] Byron.

Ac•cus´ant , n. [L. accusans, p. pr. of accusare: cf. F. accusant.] An accuser. Bp. Hall.

Ac•cu•sa´tion , n. [OF. acusation, F. accusation, L. accusatio, fr. accusare. See Accuse.] 1. The act of accusing or charging with a crime or with a lighter offense. “We come not by the way of accusation
To taint that honor every good tongue blesses.
Shak.” 2. That of which one is accused; the charge of an offense or crime, or the declaration containing the charge. “[They] set up over his head his accusation.
Matt. xxvii. 37.” Syn. — Impeachment; crimination; censure; charge.

Ac•cu•sa•ti´val , a. Pertaining to the accusative case.

Ac•cu´sa•tive , a. [F. accusatif, L. accusativus (in sense 2), fr. accusare. See Accuse.] 1. Producing accusations; accusatory. ´This hath been a very accusative age.´ Sir E. Dering. 2. (Gram.) Applied to the case (as the fourth case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate object on which the action or influence of a transitive verb terminates, or the immediate object of motion or tendency to, expressed by a preposition. It corresponds to the objective case in English.

Ac•cu´sa•tive, n. (Gram.) The accusative case.

Ac•cu´sa•tive•ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner. 2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar.

Ac•cu•sa•to´ri•al , a. Accusatory.

Ac•cu•sa•to´ri•al•ly, adv. By way accusation.

Ac•cu´sa•to•ry , a. [L. accusatorius, fr. accusare.] Pertaining to, or containing, an accusation; as an accusatory libel. Grote.

Ac•cuse´ , n. Accusation. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•cuse´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accused ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accusing.] [OF. acuser, F. accuser, L. accusare, to call to account, accuse; ad + causa cause, lawsuit. Cf. Cause.] 1. To charge with, or declare to have committed, a crime or offense; (Law) to charge with an offense, judicially or by a public process; — with of; as to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor. “Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me.
Acts xxiv. 13.” “We are accused of having persuaded Austria and Sardinia to lay down their arms.
Macaulay.” 2. To charge with a fault; to blame; to censure. “Their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another.
Rom. ii. 15.” 3. To betray; to show. [L.] Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — To charge; blame; censure; reproach; criminate; indict; impeach; arraign. — To Accuse, Charge, Impeach, Arraign. These words agree in bringing home to a person the imputation of wrongdoing. To accuse is a somewhat formal act, and is applied usually (though not exclusively) to crimes; as to accuse of treason. Charge is the most generic. It may refer to a crime, a dereliction of duty, a fault, etc.; more commonly it refers to moral delinquencies; as to charge with dishonesty or falsehood. To arraign is to bring (a person) before a tribunal for trial; as to arraign one before a court or at the bar public opinion. To impeach is officially to charge with misbehavior in office; as to impeach a minister of high crimes. Both impeach and arraign convey the idea of peculiar dignity or impressiveness.

Ac•cused´ , a. Charged with offense; as an accused person. Commonly used substantively; as the accused, one charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case.

Ac•cuse´ment (-kuz´ment), n. [OF. acusement. See Accuse.] Accusation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac•cus´er , n. [OE. acuser, accusour; cf. OF. acuseor, fr. L. accusator, fr. accusare.] One who accuses; one who brings a charge of crime or fault.

Ac•cus´ing•ly, adv. In an accusing manner.

Ac•cus´tom , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accustomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accustoming.] [OF. acostumer, acustumer, F. accoutumer; à (L. ad) + OF. costume, F. coutume, custom. See Custom.] To make familiar by use; to habituate, familiarize, or inure; — with to. “I shall always fear that he who accustoms himself to fraud in little things, wants only opportunity to practice it in greater.
Adventurer.” Syn. — To habituate; inure; exercise; train.

Ac•cus´tom, v. i. 1. To be wont. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To cohabit. [Obs.] “We with the best men accustom openly; you with the basest commit private adulteries.
Milton.”

Ac•cus´tom, n. Custom. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac•cus´tom•a•ble , a. Habitual; customary; wonted. ´Accustomable goodness.´ Latimer.

Ac•cus´tom•a•bly, adv. According to custom; ordinarily; customarily. Latimer.

Ac•cus´tom•ance , n. [OF. accoustumance, F. accoutumance.] Custom; habitual use. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ac•cus´tom•a•ri•ly , adv. Customarily. [Obs.]

Ac•cus´tom•a•ry , a. Usual; customary. [Archaic] Featley.

Ac•cus´tomed , a. 1. Familiar through use; usual; customary. ´An accustomed action.´ Shak. 2. Frequented by customers. [Obs.] ´A well accustomed shop.´ Smollett.

Ac•cus´tomed•ness, n. Habituation. “Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart.
Bp. Pearce.”

Ace , n.; pl. Aces . [OE. as, F. as, fr. L. as, assis, unity, copper coin, the unit of coinage. Cf. As.] 1. A unit; a single point or spot on a card or die; the card or die so marked; as the ace of diamonds. 2. Hence: A very small quantity or degree; a particle; an atom; a jot. “I ’ll not wag an ace further.
Dryden.” To bate an ace, to make the least abatement. [Obs.] — Within an ace of, very near; on the point of. W. Irving.

A•cel´da•ma , n. [Gr. , fr. Syr. okel damo the field of blood.] The potter’s field, said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed. “The system of warfare … which had already converted immense tracts into one universal aceldama.
De Quincey.”

A•cen´tric , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + a point, a center.] Not centered; without a center.

Ac´e•phal , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + head: cf. F. acephale, LL. acephalus.] (Zoöl.) One of the Acephala.

A•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , adj. neut. pl., headless. See Acephal.] (Zoöl.) That division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells, like the clams and oysters; — so called because they have no evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata, Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca.

A•ceph´a•lan , n. Same as Acephal.

A•ceph´a•lan, a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Acephala.

A•ceph´a•li , n. pl. [LL., pl. of acephalus. See Acephal.] 1. A fabulous people reported by ancient writers to have heads. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A Christian sect without a leader. (b) Bishops and certain clergymen not under regular diocesan control. 3. A class of levelers in the time of K. Henry I.

A•ceph´a•list , n. One who acknowledges no head or superior. Dr. Gauden.

A•ceph´a•lo•cyst , n. [Gr. ’ake•falos without a head + ky•stis bladder.] (Zoöl.) A larval entozoön in the form of a subglobular or oval vesicle, or hydatid, filled with fluid, sometimes found in the tissues of man and the lower animals; — so called from the absence of a head or visible organs on the vesicle. These cysts are the immature stages of certain tapeworms. Also applied to similar cysts of different origin.

A•ceph•a•lo•cys´tic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the acephalocysts.

A•ceph´a•lous , a. [See Acephal.] 1. Headless. 2. (Zoöl.) Without a distinct head; — a term applied to bivalve mollusks. 3. (Bot.) Having the style spring from the base, instead of from the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries. 4. Without a leader or chief. 5. Wanting the beginning. “A false or acephalous structure of sentence.
De Quincey.” 6. (Pros.) Deficient and the beginning, as a line of poetry. Brande.

Ac´er•ate , n. [See Aceric.] (Chem.) A combination of aceric acid with a salifiable base.

Ac´er•ate, a. Acerose; needle- shaped.

A•cerb´ , a. [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. acerbe. See Acrid.] Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, as unripe fruit; sharp and harsh.

A•cerb´ate , v. t. [L. acerbatus, p. p. of acerbare, fr. acerbus.] To sour; to imbitter; to irritate.

A•cerb´ic , a. Sour or severe.

A•cerb´i•tude , n. [L. acerbitudo, fr. acerbus.] Sourness and harshness. [Obs.] Bailey.

A•cerb´i•ty , n. [F. acerbite, L. acerbitas, fr. acerbus. See Acerb.] 1. Sourness of taste, with bitterness and astringency, like that of unripe fruit. 2. Harshness, bitterness, or severity; as acerbity of temper, of language, of pain. Barrow.

A•cer´ic , a. [L. acer maple.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the maple; as aceric acid. Ure.

Ac´er•ose , a. [(a) L. acerosus chaffy, fr. acus, gen. aceris, chaff; (b) as if fr. L. acus needle: cf. F. acereux.] (Bot.) (a) Having the nature of chaff; chaffy. (b) Needle-shaped, having a sharp, rigid point, as the leaf of the pine.

Ac´er•ous , a. Same as Acerose.

Ac´er•ous, a. [Gr. α priv. + ke•ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) (a) Destitute of tentacles, as certain mollusks. (b) Without antennae, as some insects.

A•cer´val , a. [L. acervalis, fr. acervus heap.] Pertaining to a heap. [Obs.]

A•cer´vate , v. t. [L. acervatus, p. p. of acervare to heap up, fr. acervus heap.] To heap up. [Obs.]

A•cer´vate , a. Heaped, or growing in heaps, or closely compacted clusters.

Ac•er•va´tion , n. [L. acervatio.] A heaping up; accumulation. [R.] Johnson.

A•cer´va•tive , a. Heaped up; tending to heap up.

A•cer´vose , a. Full of heaps. [R.] Bailey.

A•cer´vu•line , a. Resembling little heaps. { A•ces´cence , A•ces´cen•cy } n. [Cf. F. acescence. See Acescent.] The quality of being acescent; the process of acetous fermentation; a moderate degree of sourness. Johnson.

A•ces´cent , a. [L. acescens, -entis, p. pr. of acescere to turn sour; inchoative of acere to be sour: cf. F. acescent. See Acid.] Turning sour; readily becoming tart or acid; slightly sour. Faraday.

A•ces´cent, n. A substance liable to become sour.

Ac´e•ta•ble , n. An acetabulum; or about one eighth of a pint. [Obs.] Holland.

Ac•e•tab´u•lar , a. Cup-shaped; saucer-shaped; acetabuliform.

Ac•e•tab•u•lif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Acetabuliferous.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cephalopoda in which the arms are furnished with cup-shaped suckers, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus; the Dibranchiata. See Cephalopoda.

Ac•e•tab•u•lif´er•ous , a. [L. acetablum a little cup + -ferous.] Furnished with fleshy cups for adhering to bodies, as cuttlefish, etc.

Ac•e•tab´u•li•form , a. [L. acetabulum + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a shallow cup; saucer-shaped; as an acetabuliform calyx. Gray.

Ac•e•tab´u•lum , n. [L., a little saucer for vinegar, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A vinegar cup; socket of the hip bone; a measure of about one eighth of a pint, etc. 2. (Anat.) (a) The bony cup which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) The cavity in which the leg of an insect is inserted at its articulation with the body. (c) A sucker of the sepia or cuttlefish and related animals. (d) The large posterior sucker of the leeches. (e) One of the lobes of the placenta in ruminating animals.

Ac´e•tal , n. [Acetic + alcohol.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, inflammable liquid from the slow oxidation of alcohol under the influence of platinum black.

Ac•et•al´de•hyde , n. Acetic aldehyde. See Aldehyde.

Ac•et•am´ide , n. [Acetyl + amide.] (Chem.) A white crystalline solid, from ammonia by replacement of an equivalent of hydrogen by acetyl.

Ac•et•an´i•lide , n. [Acetyl + anilide.] (Med.) A compound of aniline with acetyl, used to allay fever or pain; — called also antifebrine.

Ac•e•ta´ri•ous , a. [L. acetaria, n. pl., salad, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] Used in salads; as acetarious plants.

Ac´e•ta•ry , n. [L. acetaria salad plants.] An acid pulp in certain fruits, as the pear. Grew.

Ac´e•tate , n. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with a base or positive radical; as acetate of lead, acetate of potash.

Ac´e•ta•ted , a. Combined with acetic acid.

A•ce´tic (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) (a) Of a pertaining to vinegar; producing vinegar; producing vinegar; as acetic fermentation. (b) Pertaining to, containing, or derived from, acetyl, as acetic ether, acetic acid. The latter is the acid to which the sour taste of vinegar is due.

A•cet•i•fi•ca´tion , n. The act of making acetous or sour; the process of converting, or of becoming converted, into vinegar.

A•cet´i•fi•er , n. An apparatus for hastening acetification. Knight.

A•cet´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acetified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acetifying .] [L. acetum vinegar + -fly.] To convert into acid or vinegar.

A•cet´i•fy, v. i. To turn acid. Encyc. Dom. Econ.

Ac•e•tim´e•ter , n. [L. acetum vinegar + -meter: cf. F. acetimètre.] An instrument for estimating the amount of acetic acid in vinegar or in any liquid containing acetic acid.

Ac•e•tim´e•try , n. The act or method of ascertaining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion of acetic acid contained in it. Ure.

Ac´e•tin , n. (Chem.) A combination of acetic acid with glycerin. Brande & C.

Ac´e•tize , v. i. To acetify. [R.]

Ac•e•tom´e•ter , n. Same as Acetimeter. Brande & C.

Ac´e•tone , n. [See Acetic.] (Chem.) A volatile liquid consisting of three parts of carbon, six of hydrogen, and one of oxygen; pyroacetic spirit, — obtained by the distillation of certain acetates, or by the destructive distillation of citric acid, starch, sugar, or gum, with quicklime. The term in also applied to a number of bodies of similar constitution, more frequently called ketones. See Ketone.

Ac•e•ton´ic , a. Of or pertaining to acetone; as acetonic bodies.

Ac´e•tose , a. Sour like vinegar; acetous.

Ac•e•tos´i•ty , n. [LL. acetositas. See Acetous.] The quality of being acetous; sourness.

A•ce´tous (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. Having a sour taste; sour; acid. ´An acetous spirit.´ Boyle. ´A liquid of an acetous kind.´ Bp. Lowth. 2. Causing, or connected with, acetification; as acetous fermentation. Acetous acid, a name formerly given to vinegar.

Ac´e•tyl , n. [L. acetum vinegar + Gr. substance. See -yl.] (Chem.) A complex, hypothetical radical, composed of two parts of carbon to three of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Its hydroxide is acetic acid.

A•cet´y•lene , n. (Chem.) A gaseous compound of carbon and hydrogen, in the proportion of two atoms of the former to two of the latter. It is a colorless gas with a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and is produced for use as an illuminating gas in a number of ways, but chiefly by the action of water on calcium carbide. Its light is very brilliant. Watts. { Ach , Ache } , n. [F. ache, L. apium parsley.] A name given to several species of plants; as smallage, wild celery, parsley. [Obs.] Holland. { A•chae´an , A•cha´ian } a. [L. Achaeus, Achaius; Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Achaia in Greece; also Grecian. — n. A native of Achaia; a Greek.

A•char´ne•ment , n. [F.] Savage fierceness; ferocity.

Ach´ate , n. An agate. [Obs.] Evelyn.

A•chate´ , n. [F. achat purchase. See Cates.] 1. Purchase; bargaining. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. pl. Provisions. Same as Cates. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ach•a•ti´na , n. [NL., from Gr. agate.] (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails, often large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa.

A•cha•tour´ , n. [See Cater.] Purveyor; acater. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ache , n. [OE. ache, AS. aece, ece, fr. acan to ache. See Ache, v. i.] Continued pain, as distinguished from sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. ´Such an ache in my bones.´ Shak. Often used in composition, as a headache, an earache, a toothache.

Ache , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aching .] [OE. aken, AS. acan, both strong verbs, AS. acan, imp. oc, p. p. acen, to ache; perh. orig. to drive, and akin to agent.] To suffer pain; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain; to be distressed. ´My old bones ache.´ Shak. “The sins that in your conscience ache.
Keble.”

A•che´an , a. & n. See Achaean, Achaian. { A•chene´ , A•che´ni•um. } n. [Gr. ’a priv. + to gape.] (Bot.) A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed, as in the buttercup; — called a naked seed by the earlier botanists. [Written also akene and achaenium.]

A•che´ni•al , a. Pertaining to an achene.

Ach´e•ron , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Myth.) A river in the Nether World or infernal regions; also the infernal regions themselves. By some of the English poets it was supposed to be a flaming lake or gulf. Shak.

Ach•e•ron´tic , a. Of or pertaining to Acheron; infernal; hence, dismal, gloomy; moribund.

A•chiev´a•ble , a. Capable of being achieved. Barrow.

A•chiev´ance , n. [Cf. OF. achevance.] Achievement. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

A•chieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achieved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Achieving .] [OE. acheven, OF. achever, achiever, F. achever, to finish; à (L. ad) + OF. chief, F. chef, end, head, fr. L. caput head. See Chief.] 1. To carry on to a final close; to bring out into a perfected state; to accomplish; to perform; — as to achieve a feat, an exploit, an enterprise. “Supposing faculties and powers to be the same, far more may be achieved in any line by the aid of a capital, invigorating motive than without it.
I. Taylor.” 2. To obtain, or gain, as the result of exertion; to succeed in gaining; to win. “Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Shak.” “Thou hast achieved our liberty.
Milton.” [[Obs]., with a material thing as the aim.] “Show all the spoils by valiant kings achieved.
Prior.” “He hath achieved a maid
That paragons description.
Shak.” 3. To finish; to kill. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — To accomplish; effect; fulfill; complete; execute; perform; realize; obtain. See Accomplish.

A•chieve´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. achèvement, E. Hatchment.] 1. The act of achieving or performing; an obtaining by exertion; successful performance; accomplishment; as the achievement of his object. 2. A great or heroic deed; something accomplished by valor, boldness, or praiseworthy exertion; a feat. “[The exploits] of the ancient saints … do far surpass the most famous achievements of pagan heroes.
Barrow.” “The highest achievements of the human intellect.
Macaulay.” 3. (Her.) An escutcheon or ensign armorial; now generally applied to the funeral shield commonly called hatchment. Cussans.

A•chiev´er , n. One who achieves; a winner.

Ach•il•le´an , a. Resembling Achilles, the hero of the Iliad; invincible.

A•chil´les’ ten´don , n. [L. Achillis tendo.] (Anat.) The strong tendon formed of the united tendons of the large muscles in the calf of the leg, an inserted into the bone of the heel; — so called from the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel when dipped in the River Styx.

A•chi´lous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + lip.] (Bot.) Without a lip.

Ach´ing , a. That aches; continuously painful. See Ache. — Ach´ing•ly, adv. “The aching heart, the aching head.
Longfellow.”

A•chi•o´te , n. [Sp. achiote, fr. Indian achiotl.] Seeds of the annotto tree; also the coloring matter, annotto.

A•chlam´y•date , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + . . a short cloak.] (Zoöl.) Not possessing a mantle; — said of certain gastropods.

Ach•la•myd´e•ous , a. (Bot.) Naked; having no floral envelope, neither calyx nor corolla.

A•cho´li•a , n. [NL., from Gr. ; ’a priv. + bile.] (Med.) Deficiency or want of bile.

Ach´o•lous , a. (Med.) Lacking bile.

Ach•ro•mat´ic , a. [Gr. colorless; ’a priv. + , , color: cf. F. achromatique.] 1. (Opt.) Free from color; transmitting light without decomposing it into its primary colors. 2. (Biol.) Uncolored; not absorbing color from a fluid; — said of tissue. Achromatic lens (Opt.), a lens composed usually of two separate lenses, a convex and concave, of substances having different refractive and dispersive powers, as crown and flint glass, with the curvatures so adjusted that the chromatic aberration produced by the one is corrected by other, and light emerges from the compound lens undecomposed. — Achromatic prism. See Prism. — Achromatic telescope, or microscope, one in which the chromatic aberration is corrected, usually by means of a compound or achromatic object glass, and which gives images free from extraneous color.

Ach•ro•mat´ic•al•ly , adv. In an achromatic manner.

Ach•ro•ma•tic´i•ty , n. Achromatism.

A•chro´ma•tin , n. (Biol.) Tissue which is not stained by fluid dyes. W. Flemming.

A•chro´ma•tism , n. [Cf. F. achromatisme.] The state or quality of being achromatic; as the achromatism of a lens; achromaticity. Nichol.

A•chro•ma•ti•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. achromatisation.] The act or process of achromatizing.

A•chro´ma•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achromatized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Achromatizing .] [Gr. ’a priv. + color.] To deprive of color; to make achromatic.

A•chro´ma•top´sy , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + color + sight.] Color blindness; inability to distinguish colors; Daltonism.

A•chron´ic , a. See Acronyc.

Ach•ro•ö•dex´trin , n. [Gr. colorless + E. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Dextrin not colorable by iodine. See Dextrin.

Ach´ro•ous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + color.] Colorless; achromatic.

A•chy´lous , a. [Gr. without juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyle.

A•chy´mous , a. [Gr. without juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyme.

A•cic´u•la , n.; pl. Aciculae . [L., a small needle, dimin. of acus needle.] (Nat. Hist.) One of the needlelike or bristlelike spines or prickles of some animals and plants; also a needlelike crystal.

A•cic´u•lar , a. Needle-shaped; slender like a needle or bristle, as some leaves or crystals; also having sharp points like needles. A•cic´u•lar•ly, adv.. { A•cic´u•late , A•cic´u•la´ted } a. (Nat. Hist.) (a) Furnished with aciculae. (b) Acicular. (c) Marked with fine irregular streaks as if scratched by a needle. Lindley.

A•cic´u•li•form , a. [L. acicula needle + -form.] Needle-shaped; acicular.

A•cic´u•lite , n. (Min.) Needle ore. Brande & C.

Ac´id , a. [L. acidus sour, fr. the root ak to be sharp: cf. F. acide. Cf. Acute.] 1. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; tart; having the taste of vinegar: as acid fruits or liquors. Also fig.: Sour- tempered. “He was stern and his face as acid as ever.
A. Trollope.” 2. Of or pertaining to an acid; as acid reaction.

Ac´id, n. 1. A sour substance. 2. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds, generally but not always distinguished by their sour taste, solubility in water, and reddening of vegetable blue or violet colors. They are also characterized by the power of destroying the distinctive properties of alkalies or bases, combining with them to form salts, at the same time losing their own peculiar properties. They all contain hydrogen, united with a more negative element or radical, either alone, or more generally with oxygen, and take their names from this negative element or radical. Those which contain no oxygen are sometimes called hydracids in distinction from the others which are called oxygen acids or oxacids. In certain cases, sulphur, selenium, or tellurium may take the place of oxygen, and the corresponding compounds are called respectively sulphur acids or sulphacids, selenium acids, or tellurium acids. When the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, a salt is formed, and hence acids are sometimes named as salts of hydrogen; as hydrogen nitrate for nitric acid, hydrogen sulphate for sulphuric acid, etc. In the old chemistry the name acid was applied to the oxides of the negative or nonmetallic elements, now sometimes called anhydrides.

A•cid´ic , a. (Min.) Containing a high percentage of silica; — opposed to basic.

Ac•id•if´er•ous , a. [L. acidus sour + -ferous.] Containing or yielding an acid.

A•cid´i•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being acidified, or converted into an acid.

Ac•id•if´ic , a. Producing acidity; converting into an acid. Dana.

A•cid•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. acidification.] The act or process of acidifying, or changing into an acid.

A•cid´i•fi•er , n. (Chem.) A simple or compound principle, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.

A•cid´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acidifying .] [L. acidus sour, acid + -fy: cf. F. acidifier.] 1. To make acid; to convert into an acid; as to acidify sugar. 2. To sour; to imbitter. “His thin existence all acidified into rage.
Carlyle.”

Ac•id•im´e•ter , n. [L. acidus acid + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for ascertaining the strength of acids. Ure.

Ac•id•im´e•try , n. [L. acidus acid + -metry.] (Chem.) The measurement of the strength of acids, especially by a chemical process based on the law of chemical combinations, or the fact that, to produce a complete reaction, a certain definite weight of reagent is required. — Ac•id•i•met´ric•al , a.

A•cid´i•ty , n. [L. acidites, fr. acidus: cf. F. acidite. See Acid.] The quality of being sour; sourness; tartness; sharpness to the taste; as the acidity of lemon juice.

Ac´id•ly , adv. Sourly; tartly.

Ac´id•ness , n. Acidity; sourness.

A•cid´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acidulating .] [Cf. F. aciduler. See Acidulous.] To make sour or acid in a moderate degree; to sour somewhat. Arbuthnot.

A•cid´u•lent , a. Having an acid quality; sour; acidulous. ´With anxious, acidulent face.´ Carlyle.

A•cid´u•lous , a. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus. See Acid.] Slightly sour; sub-acid; sourish; as an acidulous tincture. E. Burke. Acidulous mineral waters, such as contain carbonic anhydride.

Ac•i•er•age , n. [F. acierage, fr. acier steel.] The process of coating the surface of a metal plate (as a stereotype plate) with steellike iron by means of voltaic electricity; steeling.

Ac´i•form , a. [L. acus needle + -form.] Shaped like a needle.

Ac´i•na´ceous , a. [L. acinus a grape, grapestone.] (Bot.) Containing seeds or stones of grapes, or grains like them.

A•cin´a•ces , n. [L., from Gr. .] (Anc. Hist.) A short sword or saber.

Ac•i•nac´i•form (as•i•nas´i•fôrm), a. [L. acinaces a short sword + -form: cf. F. acinaciforme.] (Bot.) Scimeter-shaped; as an acinaciform leaf.

Ac•i•ne´si•a (as•i•ne´si•a), n. (Med.) Same as Akinesia.

Ac•i•ne´tae (as•i•ne´te), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’akinhtos immovable.] (Zoöl.) A group of suctorial Infusoria, which in the adult stage are stationary. See Suctoria.

Ac•i•net´i•form , a. [Acinetae + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the Acinetae.

A•cin´i•form , a. [L. acinus a grape, grapestone + -form: cf. F. acinoforme.] 1. Having the form of a cluster of grapes; clustered like grapes. 2. Full of small kernels like a grape. { Ac´i•nose• , Ac´i•nous } a. [L. acinosus, fr. acinus grapestone.] Consisting of acini, or minute granular concretions; as acinose or acinous glands. Kirwan.

Ac´i•nus , n.; pl. Acini . [L., grape, grapestone.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the small grains or drupelets which make up some kinds of fruit, as the blackberry, raspberry, etc. (b) A grapestone. 2. (Anat.) One of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland, as the pancreas; also one of the saccular recesses in the lobules of a racemose gland. Quain.

Ac•i•pen´ser , n. [L., the name of a fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons, having the body armed with bony scales, and the mouth on the under side of the head. See Sturgeon.

Ac´i•ur•gy , n. [Gr. a point + work.] Operative surgery.

Ac•know´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + know; AS. oncnawan.] 1. To recognize. [Obs.] ´You will not be acknown, sir.´ B. Jonson. 2. To acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] Chaucer. To be acknown (often with of or on), to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] “We say of a stubborn body that standeth still in the denying of his fault, This man will not acknowledge his fault, or, He will not be acknown of his fault.
Sir T. More.”

Ac•knowl´edge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acknowledged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acknowledging .] [Prob. fr. pref. a- + the verb knowledge. See Knowledge, and cf. Acknow.] 1. To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one’s belief in; as to acknowledge the being of a God. “I acknowledge my transgressions.
Ps. li. 3.” “For ends generally acknowledged to be good.
Macaulay.” 2. To own or recognize in a particular character or relationship; to admit the claims or authority of; to give recognition to. “In all thy ways acknowledge Him.
Prov. iii. 6.” “By my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee.
Shak.” 3. To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter. “They his gifts acknowledged none.
Milton.” 4. To own as genuine; to assent to, as a legal instrument, to give it validity; to avow or admit in legal form; as to acknowledgea deed. Syn. — To avow; proclaim; recognize; own; admit; allow; concede; confess. — Acknowledge, Recognize. Acknowledge is opposed to keep back, or conceal, and supposes that something had been previously known to us (though perhaps not to others) which we now feel bound to lay open or make public. Thus, a man acknowledges a secret marriage; one who has done wrong acknowledges his fault; and author acknowledges his obligation to those who have aided him; we acknowledge our ignorance. Recognize supposes that we have either forgotten or not had the evidence of a thing distinctly before our minds, but that now we know it (as it were) anew, or receive and admit in on the ground of the evidence it brings. Thus, we recognize a friend after a long absence. We recognize facts, principles, truths, etc., when their evidence is brought up fresh to the mind; as bad men usually recognize the providence of God in seasons of danger. A foreign minister, consul, or agent, of any kind, is recognized on the ground of his producing satisfactory credentials. See also Confess.

Ac•knowl´edged•ly , adv. Confessedly.

Ac•knowl´edg•er , n. One who acknowledges.

Ac•knowl´edg•ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of acknowledging; admission; avowal; owning; confession. ´An acknowledgment of fault.´ Froude. 2. The act of owning or recognized in a particular character or relationship; recognition as regards the existence, authority, truth, or genuineness. “Immediately upon the acknowledgment of the Christian faith, the eunuch was baptized by Philip.
Hooker.” 3. The owning of a benefit received; courteous recognition; expression of thanks. Shak. 4. Something given or done in return for a favor, message, etc. Smollett. 5. A declaration or avowal of one’s own act, to give it legal validity; as the acknowledgment of a deed before a proper officer. also the certificate of the officer attesting such declaration. Acknowledgment money, in some parts of England, a sum paid by copyhold tenants, on the death of their landlords, as an acknowledgment of their new lords. Cowell. Syn. — Confession; concession; recognition; admission; avowal; recognizance.

A•clin´ic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + to incline.] (Physics.) Without inclination or dipping; - - said the magnetic needle balances itself horizontally, having no dip. The aclinic line is also termed the magnetic equator. Prof. August.

Ac´me , n. [Gr. point, top.] 1. The top or highest point; the culmination. “The very acme and pitch of life for epic poetry.
Pope.” “The moment when a certain power reaches the acme of its supremacy.
I. Taylor.” 2. (Med.) The crisis or height of a disease. 3. Mature age; full bloom of life. B. Jonson.

Ac´ne , n. [NL., prob. a corruption of Gr. ] (Med.) A pustular affection of the skin, due to changes in the sebaceous glands.

Ac•no´dal , a. Pertaining to acnodes.

Ac´node , n. [L. acus needle + E. node.] (Geom.) An isolated point not upon a curve, but whose coördinates satisfy the equation of the curve so that it is considered as belonging to the curve.

A•cock´ , adv. [Pref. a- + cock.] In a cocked or turned up fashion.

A•cock´bill , adv. [Prefix a- + cock + bill: with bills cocked up.] (Naut.) (a) Hanging at the cathead, ready to let go, as an anchor. (b) Topped up; having one yardarm higher than the other.

A•cold´ , a. [Prob. p. p. of OE. acolen to grow cold or cool, AS. acolian to grow cold; pref. a- (cf. Goth. er-, orig. meaning out) + colian to cool. See Cool.] Cold. [Obs.] ´Poor Tom’s acold.´ Shak.

Ac•o•log´ic , a. Pertaining to acology.

A•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. remedy + - logy.] Materia medica; the science of remedies.

A•col´o•thist , n. See Acolythist.

Ac•o•lyc´tine , n. [From the name of the plant.] (Chem.) An organic base, in the form of a white powder, obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum. Eng. Cyc.

Ac•o•lyte , n. [LL. acolythus, acoluthus, Gr. following, attending: cf. F. acolyte.] 1. (Eccl.) One who has received the highest of the four minor orders in the Catholic church, being ordained to carry the wine and water and the lights at the Mass. 2. One who attends; an assistant. ´With such chiefs, and with James and John as acolytes.´ Motley.

Ac´o•lyth , n. Same as Acolyte.

A•col´y•thist , n. An acolyte. [Obs.] { A•cond´dy•lose• , A•con´dy•lous } a. [Gr. ’a priv. + joint.] (Nat. Hist.) Being without joints; jointless.

Ac•o•ni´tal , a. Of the nature of aconite.

Ac´o•nite , n. [L. aconitum, Gr. : cf. F. aconit.] 1. (Bot.) The herb wolfsbane, or monkshood; — applied to any plant of the genus Aconitum (tribe Hellebore), all the species of which are poisonous. 2. An extract or tincture obtained from Aconitum napellus, used as a poison and medicinally. Winter aconite, a plant (Eranthis hyemalis) allied to the aconites.

Ac•o•ni´ti•a , n. (Chem.) Same as Aconitine.

Ac•o•nit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to aconite.

A•con´i•tine , n. (Chem.) An intensely poisonous alkaloid, extracted from aconite.

Ac•o•ni´tum , n. [L. See Aconite.] The poisonous herb aconite; also an extract from it. “Strong
As aconitum or rash gunpowder.
Shak.”

A•con´ti•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a little dart.] (Zoöl.) Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnidae), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actiniae when irritated.

A•con´ti•as , n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. , dim. dart.] (Zoöl.) Anciently, a snake, called dart snake; now, one of a genus of reptiles closely allied to the lizards.

A•cop´ic , a. [Gr. priv. + striking. weariness, to strike.] (Med.) Relieving weariness; restorative.

A´corn , n. [AS. aecern, fr. aecer field, acre; akin to D. aker acorn, Ger. ecker, Icel. akarn, Dan. agern, Goth. akran fruit, akrs field; — orig. fruit of the field. See Acre.] 1. The fruit of the oak, being an oval nut growing in a woody cup or cupule. 2. (Naut.) A cone-shaped piece of wood on the point of the spindle above the vane, on the mast-head. 3. (Zoöl.) See Acorn- shell.

A´corn cup . The involucre or cup in which the acorn is fixed.

A´corned , a. 1. Furnished or loaded with acorns. 2. Fed or filled with acorns. [R.] Shak.

A´corn-shell , n. (Zoöl.) One of the sessile cirripeds; a barnacle of the genus Balanus. See Barnacle.

A•cos´mism , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + world.] A denial of the existence of the universe as distinct from God.

A•cos´mist , n. [See Acosmism.] One who denies the existence of the universe, or of a universe as distinct from God. G. H. Lewes.

A•cot•y•le´don (#; 277), n. [Gr. ’a priv. + anything cup-shaped. See Cotyledon.] (Bot.) A plant which has no cotyledons, as the dodder and all flowerless plants.

A•cot•y•led´on•ous (#; 277), a. Having no seed lobes, as the dodder; also applied to plants which have no true seeds, as ferns, mosses, etc.

A•cou´chy , n. [F. acouchi, from the native name Guiana.] (Zoöl.) A small species of agouti (Dasyprocta acouchy).

A•cou´me•ter , n. [Gr. to hear + -meter.] (Physics.) An instrument for measuring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. Itard.

A•cou´me•try , n. [Gr. to hear + -metry.] The measuring of the power or extent of hearing.

A•cous´tic (#; 277), a. [F. acoustique, Gr. relating to hearing, fr. to hear.] Pertaining to the sense of hearing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sounds; auditory. Acoustic duct, the auditory duct, or external passage of the ear. — Acoustic telegraph, a telegraph making audible signals; a telephone. — Acoustic vessels, brazen tubes or vessels, shaped like a bell, used in ancient theaters to propel the voices of the actors, so as to render them audible to a great distance.

A•cous´tic, n. A medicine or agent to assist hearing.

A•cous´tic•al , a. Of or pertaining to acoustics.

A•cous´tic•al•ly , adv. In relation to sound or to hearing. Tyndall.

Ac•ous•ti´cian , n. One versed in acoustics. Tyndall.

A•cous´tics (#; 277), n. [Names of sciences in -ics, as acoustics, mathematics, etc., are usually treated as singular. See -ics.] (Physics.) The science of sounds, teaching their nature, phenomena, and laws. “Acoustics, then, or the science of sound, is a very considerable branch of physics.
Sir J. Herschel.” The science is, by some writers, divided, into diacoustics, which explains the properties of sounds coming directly from the ear; and catacoustica, which treats of reflected sounds or echoes.

Ac•quaint´ , a. [OF. acoint. See Acquaint, v. t.] Acquainted. [Obs.]

Ac•quaint´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquainting.] [OE. aqueinten, acointen, OF. acointier, LL. adcognitare, fr. L. ad + cognitus, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con- + noscere to know. See Quaint, Know.] 1. To furnish or give experimental knowledge of; to make (one) to know; to make familiar; — followed by with. “Before a man can speak on any subject, it is necessary to be acquainted with it.
Locke.” “A man of sorrows and acquainted with grief.
Isa. liii. 3.” 2. To communicate notice to; to inform; to make cognizant; — followed by with (formerly, also by of), or by that, introducing the intelligence; as to acquaint a friend with the particulars of an act. “Acquaint her here of my son Paris’ love.
Shak.” “I must acquaint you that I have received
New dated letters from Northumberland.
Shak.” 3. To familiarize; to accustom. [Obs.] Evelyn. To be acquainted with, to be possessed of personal knowledge of; to be cognizant of; to be more or less familiar with; to be on terms of social intercourse with. Syn. — To inform; apprise; communicate; advise.

Ac•quaint´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. acointable]. Easy to be acquainted with; affable. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Ac•quaint´ance , n. [OE. aqueintance, OF. acointance, fr. acointier. See Acquaint.] 1. A state of being acquainted, or of having intimate, or more than slight or superficial, knowledge; personal knowledge gained by intercourse short of that of friendship or intimacy; as I know the man; but have no acquaintance with him. “Contract no friendship, or even acquaintance, with a guileful man.
Sir W. Jones.” 2. A person or persons with whom one is acquainted. “Montgomery was an old acquaintance of Ferguson.
Macaulay.” In this sense the collective term acquaintance was formerly both singular and plural, but it is now commonly singular, and has the regular plural acquaintances. To be of acquaintance, to be intimate. — To take acquaintance of or with, to make the acquaintance of. [Obs.] Syn. — Familiarity; intimacy; fellowship; knowledge. — Acquaintance, Familiarity, Intimacy. These words mark different degrees of closeness in social intercourse. Acquaintance arises from occasional intercourse; as our acquaintance has been a brief one. We can speak of a slight or an intimate acquaintance. Familiarity is the result of continued acquaintance. It springs from persons being frequently together, so as to wear off all restraint and reserve; as the familiarity of old companions. Intimacy is the result of close connection, and the freest interchange of thought; as the intimacy of established friendship. “Our admiration of a famous man lessens upon our nearer acquaintance with him.
Addison.” “We contract at last such a familiarity with them as makes it difficult and irksome for us to call off our minds.
Atterbury.” “It is in our power to confine our friendships and intimacies to men of virtue.
Rogers.”

Ac•quaint´ance•ship, n. A state of being acquainted; acquaintance. Southey.

Ac•quaint´ant , n. [Cf. F. acointant, p. pr.] An acquaintance. [R.] Swift.

Ac•quaint´ed, a. Personally known; familiar. See To be acquainted with, under Acquaint, v. t.

Ac•quaint´ed•ness, n. State of being acquainted; degree of acquaintance. [R.] Boyle.

Ac•quest´ (#), n. [OF. aquest, F. acquêt, fr. LL. acquestum, acquisitum, for L. acquisitum, p. p. (used substantively) of acquirere to acquire. See Acquire.] 1. Acquisition; the thing gained. [R.] Bacon. 2. (Law) Property acquired by purchase, gift, or otherwise than by inheritance. Bouvier.

Ac•qui•esce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acquiesced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiescing ] [L. acquiescere; ad + quiescere to be quiet, fr. quies rest: cf. F. acquiescer. See Quiet.] 1. To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest without opposition and discontent (usually implying previous opposition or discontent); to accept or consent by silence or by omitting to object; — followed by in, formerly also by with and to. “They were compelled to acquiesce in a government which they did not regard as just.
De Quincey.” 2. To concur upon conviction; as to acquiesce in an opinion; to assent to; usually, to concur, not heartily but so far as to forbear opposition. Syn. — To submit; comply; yield; assent; agree; consent; accede; concur; conform; accept tacitly.

Ac•qui•es´cence , n. [Cf. F. acquiescence.] 1. A silent or passive assent or submission, or a submission with apparent content; — distinguished from avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other, from opposition or open discontent; quiet satisfaction. 2. (Crim. Law) (a) Submission to an injury by the party injured. (b) Tacit concurrence in the action of another. Wharton.

Ac•qui•es´cen•cy , n. The quality of being acquiescent; acquiescence.

Ac•qui•es´cent , a. [L. acquiescens, -centis; p. pr.] Resting satisfied or submissive; disposed tacitly to submit; assentive; as an acquiescent policy.

Ac•qui•es´cent•ly, adv. In an acquiescent manner.

Ac•qui´et , v. t. [LL. acquietare; L. ad + quies rest. See Quiet and cf. Acquit.] To quiet. [Obs.] “Acquiet his mind from stirring you against your own peace.
Sir A. Sherley.”

Ac•quir´a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being acquirable; attainableness. [R.] Paley.

Ac•quir´a•ble , a. Capable of being acquired.

Ac•quire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiring .] [L. acquirere, acquisitum; ad + quarere to seek for. In OE. was a verb aqueren, fr. the same, through OF. aquerre. See Quest..] To gain, usually by one’s own exertions; to get as one’s own; as to acquire a title, riches, knowledge, skill, good or bad habits. “No virtue is acquired in an instant, but step by step.
Barrow.” “Descent is the title whereby a man, on the death of his ancestor, acquires his estate, by right of representation, as his heir at law.
Blackstone.” Syn. — To obtain; gain; attain; procure; win; earn; secure. See Obtain.

Ac•quire´ment (-ment), n. The act of acquiring, or that which is acquired; attainment. ´Rules for the acquirement of a taste.´ Addison. “His acquirements by industry were … enriched and enlarged by many excellent endowments of nature.
Hayward.” Syn. — Acquisition, Acquirement. Acquirement is used in opposition to a natural gift or talent; as eloquence, and skill in music and painting, are acquirements; genius is the gift or endowment of nature. It denotes especially personal attainments, in opposition to material or external things gained, which are more usually called acquisitions; but this distinction is not always observed.

Ac•quir´er , n. A person who acquires.

Ac•quir´y , n. Acquirement. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ac´qui•site , a. [L. acquisitus, p. p. of acquirere. See Acquire.] Acquired. [Obs.] Burton.

Ac•qui•si´tion , n. [L. acquisitio, fr. acquirere: cf. F. acquisition. See Acquire.] 1. The act or process of acquiring. “The acquisition or loss of a province.
Macaulay.” 2. The thing acquired or gained; an acquirement; a gain; as learning is an acquisition. Syn. — See Acquirement.

Ac•quis´i•tive , a. 1. Acquired. [Obs.] “He died not in his acquisitive, but in his native soil.
Wotton.” 2. Able or disposed to make acquisitions; acquiring; as an acquisitive person or disposition.

Ac•quis´i•tive•ly, adv. In the way of acquisition.

Ac•quis´i•tive•ness, n. 1. The quality of being acquisitive; propensity to acquire property; desire of possession. 2. (Phren.) The faculty to which the phrenologists attribute the desire of acquiring and possessing. Combe.

Ac•quis´i•tor , n. One who acquires.

Ac•quist´ , n. [Cf. Acquest.] Acquisition; gain. Milton.

Ac•quit´ , p. p. Acquitted; set free; rid of. [Archaic] Shak.

Ac•quit´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquitting.] [OE. aquiten, OF. aquiter, F. acquitter; (L. ad) + OF. quiter, F. quitter, to quit. See Quit, and cf. Acquiet.] 1. To discharge, as a claim or debt; to clear off; to pay off; to requite. “A responsibility that can never be absolutely acquitted.
I. Taylor.” 2. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation, duty, liability, burden, or from an accusation or charge; — now followed by of before the charge, formerly by from; as the jury acquitted the prisoner; we acquit a man of evil intentions. 4. Reflexively: (a) To clear one’s self. Shak. (b) To bear or conduct one’s self; to perform one’s part; as the soldier acquitted himself well in battle; the orator acquitted himself very poorly. Syn. — To absolve; clear; exonerate; exonerate; exculpate; release; discharge. See Absolve.

Ac•quit´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. aquitement.] Acquittal. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac•quit´tal , n. 1. The act of acquitting; discharge from debt or obligation; acquittance. 2. (Law) A setting free, or deliverance from the charge of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. Bouvier.

Ac•quit´tance , n. [OF. aquitance, fr. aquiter. See Acquit.] 1. The clearing off of debt or obligation; a release or discharge from debt or other liability. 2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full, which bars a further demand. “You can produce acquittances
For such a sum, from special officers.
Shak.”

Ac•quit´tance, v. t. To acquit. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•quit´ter , n. One who acquits or releases.

A•cra´ni•a , n. [NL., from Gr. ’a priv. + skull.] 1. (Physiol.) Partial or total absence of the skull. 2. pl. (Zoöl.) The lowest group of Vertebrata, including the amphioxus, in which no skull exists.

A•cra´ni•al , a. Wanting a skull. { A•crase´ , A•craze´ } , v. t. [Pref. a- + crase; or cf. F. ecraser to crush. See Crase, Craze.] 1. To craze. [Obs.] Grafton. 2. To impair; to destroy. [Obs.] Hacket. { A•cra´si•a , Ac´ra•sy } n. [Gr. akrasia.] Excess; intemperance. [Obs. except in Med.] Farindon.

A•cras´pe•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + border.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs, including most of the larger jellyfishes; the Discophora.

A´cre , n. [OE. aker, AS. aecer; akin to OS. accar, OHG. achar, Ger. acker, Icel. akr, Sw. åker, Dan. ager, Goth. akrs, L. ager, Gr. , Skr. ajra. rad.2, 206.] 1. Any field of arable or pasture land. [Obs.] 2. A piece of land, containing 160 square rods, or 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. This is the English statute acre. That of the United States is the same. The Scotch acre was about 1.26 of the English, and the Irish 1.62 of the English. The acre was limited to its present definite quantity by statutes of Edward I., Edward III., and Henry VIII. Broad acres, many acres, much landed estate. [Rhetorical] — God’s acre, God’s field; the churchyard. “I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls
The burial ground, God’s acre.
Longfellow.”

A´cre•a•ble , a. Of an acre; per acre; as the acreable produce.

A´cre•age , n. Acres collectively; as the acreage of a farm or a country.

A´cred , a. Possessing acres or landed property; — used in composition; as large-acred men.

Ac´rid , a. [L. acer sharp; prob. assimilated in form to acid. See Eager.] 1. Sharp and harsh, or bitter and not, to the taste; pungent; as acrid salts. 2. Causing heat and irritation; corrosive; as acrid secretions. 3. Caustic; bitter; bitterly irritating; as acrid temper, mind, writing. Acrid poison, a poison which irritates, corrodes, or burns the parts to which it is applied. { A•crid´i•ty , Ac´rid•ness } n. The quality of being acrid or pungent; irritant bitterness; acrimony; as the acridity of a plant, of a speech.

Ac´rid•ly , adv. In an acid manner.

Ac´ri•mo´ni•ous , a. [Cf. LL. acrimonious, F. acrimonieux.] 1. Acrid; corrosive; as acrimonious gall. [Archaic] Harvey. 2. Caustic; bitter-tempered’ sarcastic; as acrimonious dispute, language, temper.

Ac•ri•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. In an acrimonious manner.

Ac•ri•mo´ni•ous•ness, n. The quality of being acrimonious; asperity; acrimony.

Ac´ri•mo•ny , n.; pl. Acrimonies . [L. acrimonia, fr. acer, sharp: cf. F. acrimonie.] 1. A quality of bodies which corrodes or destroys others; also a harsh or biting sharpness; as the acrimony of the juices of certain plants. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper; irritating bitterness of disposition or manners. “John the Baptist set himself with much acrimony and indignation to baffle this senseless arrogant conceit of theirs.
South.” Syn. — Acrimony, Asperity, Harshness, Tartness. These words express different degrees of angry feeling or language. Asperity and harshness arise from angry feelings, connected with a disregard for the feelings of others. Harshness usually denotes needless severity or an undue measure of severity. Acrimony is a biting sharpness produced by an imbittered spirit. Tartness denotes slight asperity and implies some degree of intellectual readiness. Tartness of reply; harshness of accusation; acrimony of invective. “In his official letters he expressed, with great acrimony, his contempt for the king’s character.
Macaulay.” “It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
Johnson.” “A just reverence of mankind prevents the growth of harshness and brutality.
Shaftesbury.” { A•cris´i•a , Ac´ri•sy } n. [LL. acrisia, Gr. ; ’a priv. + to separate, to decide.] 1. Inability to judge. 2. (Med.) Undecided character of a disease. [Obs.]

Ac´ri•ta , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. indiscernible; ’a priv. + to distinguish.] (Zoöl.) The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed.

Ac´ri•tan , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Acrita. — n. An individual of the Acrita.

Ac´rite , a. (Zoöl.) Acritan. Owen.

A•crit´ic•al , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + critical.] (Med.) Having no crisis; giving no indications of a crisis; as acritical symptoms, an acritical abscess.

Ac•ri•to•chro´ma•cy , n. [Gr. undistinguishable; ’a priv. + to separate, distinguish + color.] Color blindness; achromatopsy.

Ac´ri•tude , n. [L. acritudo, from acer sharp.] Acridity; pungency joined with heat. [Obs.]

Ac´ri•ty , n. [L. acritas, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. âcrete.] Sharpness; keenness. [Obs.] { Ac•ro•a•mat´ic , Ac•ro•a•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to hear.] Communicated orally; oral; — applied to the esoteric teachings of Aristotle, those intended for his genuine disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, which were adapted to outsiders or the public generally. Hence: Abstruse; profound.

Ac•ro•at´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. to hear.] Same as Acroamatic.

Ac´ro•bat , n. [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft; high + to go.] One who practices rope dancing, high vaulting, or other daring gymnastic feats.

Ac•ro•bat´ic , a. [Cf. F. acrobatique.] Pertaining to an acrobat. — Ac•ro•bat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ac´ro•bat•ism , n. Feats of the acrobat; daring gymnastic feats; high vaulting.

Ac•ro•car´pous , a. [Gr. extreme, highest + fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Having a terminal fructification; having the fruit at the end of the stalk. (b) Having the fruit stalks at the end of a leafy stem, as in certain mosses.

Ac•ro•ce•phal´ic , a. [Gr. highest + . See Cephalic.] Characterized by a high skull.

Ac•ro•ceph´a•ly , n. Loftiness of skull.

Ac•ro•ce•rau´ni•an , a. [L. acroceraunius, fr. Gr. high, n. pl. heights + thunderbolt.] Of or pertaining to the high mountain range of ´thunder- smitten´ peaks (now Kimara), between Epirus and Macedonia. Shelley.

Ac•ro•dac´tyl•um , n. [NL., from Gr. topmost + finger.] (Zoöl.) The upper surface of the toes, individually.

Ac´ro•dont , n. [Gr. ’a•kros summit + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of lizards having the teeth immovably united to the top of the alveolar ridge. — a. Of or pertaining to the acrodonts.

Ac´ro•gen , n. [Gr. ’a•kros extreme, high + -gen.] (Bot.) A plant of the highest class of cryptogams, including the ferns, etc. See Cryptogamia. The Age of Acrogens (Geol.), the age of coal plants, or the carboniferous era.

Ac•rog´e•nous , a. (Bot.) Increasing by growth from the extremity; as an acrogenous plant.

A•cro´le•in , n. [L. acer sharp + olere to smell.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, highly volatile liquid, obtained by the dehydration of glycerin, or the destructive distillation of neutral fats containing glycerin. Its vapors are intensely irritating. Watts.

Ac´ro•lith , n. [L. acrolthus, Gr. ’akroli•qos with the ends made of stone; ’a•kros extreme + li•qos stone.] (Arch. & Sculp.) A statue whose extremities are of stone, the trunk being generally of wood. Elmes. { A•crol´i•than , Ac•ro•lith´ic } a. Pertaining to, or like, an acrolith.

Ac•ro•meg´a•ly , n. [NL. acromegalia, fr. Gr. ’a•kron point, peak + , , big.] (Med.) Chronic enlargement of the extremities and face.

A•cro´mi•al , a. [Cf. F. acromial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the acromion. Dunglison.

A•cro´mi•on , n. [Gr. ; ’a•kros extreme + shoulder: cf. F. acromion.] (Anat.) The outer extremity of the shoulder blade.

Ac•ro•mon•o•gram•mat´ic , a. [Gr. ’a•kros extreme + alone + a letter.] Having each verse begin with the same letter as that with which the preceding verse ends. { A•cron´yc , A•cron´ych•al } a. [Gr. ’akro•nychos at nightfall; ’a•kros + ny•x night.] (Astron.) Rising at sunset and setting at sunrise, as a star; — opposed to cosmical. The word is sometimes incorrectly written acronical, achronychal, acronichal, and acronical.

A•cron´yc•al•ly, adv. In an acronycal manner as rising at the setting of the sun, and vice versa.

Ac´ro•nyc´tous , a. [Gr. ’akro•nyktos; ’a•kros + ny•x, nykto•s, night.] (Astron.) Acronycal.

A•crook´ , adv. Crookedly. [R.] Udall.

A•crop´e•tal , a. [Gr. ’a•kros summit + L. petere to seek.] (Bot.) Developing from below towards the apex, or from the circumference towards the center; centripetal; — said of certain inflorescence.

A•croph´o•ny , n. [Gr. ’a•kros extreme + sound.] The use of a picture symbol of an object to represent phonetically the initial sound of the name of the object.

Ac•ro•po´di•um , n. [Gr. ’a•kros topmost + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The entire upper surface of the foot.

A•crop´o•lis , n. [Gr. ’akro•polis; ’a•kros extreme + po•lis city.] The upper part, or the citadel, of a Grecian city; especially, the citadel of Athens.

Ac´ro•pol´i•tan , a. Pertaining to an acropolis.

Ac´ro•spire , n. [Gr. + anything twisted.] (Bot.) The sprout at the end of a seed when it begins to germinate; the plumule in germination; — so called from its spiral form.

Ac´ro•spire, v. i. To put forth the first sprout.

Ac´ro•spore , n. [Gr. + fruit.] (Bot.) A spore borne at the extremity of the cells of fructification in fungi.

Ac´ro•spor´ous , a. Having acrospores.

A•cross´ (#; 115), prep. [Pref. a- + cross: cf. F. en croix. See Cross, n.] From side to side; athwart; crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length; quite over; as a bridge laid across a river. Dryden. To come across, to come upon or meet incidentally. Freeman. — To go across the country, to go by a direct course across a region without following the roads.

A•cross´, adv. 1. From side to side; crosswise; as with arms folded across. Shak. 2. Obliquely; athwart; amiss; awry. [Obs.] “The squint-eyed Pharisees look across at all the actions of Christ.
Bp. Hall.”

A•cros´tic , n. [Gr. ; extreme + order, line, verse.] 1. A composition, usually in verse, in which the first or the last letters of the lines, or certain other letters, taken in order, form a name, word, phrase, or motto. 2. A Hebrew poem in which the lines or stanzas begin with the letters of the alphabet in regular order (as Psalm cxix.). See Abecedarian. Double acrostic, a species of enigma, in which words are to be guessed whose initial and final letters form other words. { A•cros´tic , A•cros´tic•al } n. Pertaining to, or characterized by, acrostics.

A•cros´tic•al•ly, adv. After the manner of an acrostic.

Ac•ro•tar´si•um , n. [NL., from Gr. topmost + tarsus.] (Zoöl.) The instep or front of the tarsus.

Ac•ro•te•leu´tic (ak•ro•te•lu´tik), n. [Gr. ’a•kros extreme + teley•th end.] (Eccles.) The end of a verse or psalm, or something added thereto, to be sung by the people, by way of a response.

Ac´ro•ter (ak•ro•ter or a•kro•ter), n. [F. acrotère. See Acroterium.] (Arch.) Same as Acroterium.

Ac•ro•te´ri•al (ak•ro•te´ri•al), a. Pertaining to an acroterium; as acroterial ornaments. P. Cyc.

Ac•ro•te•ri•um (-um), n.; pl. Acroteria . [L., fr. Gr. ’akrwth•rion summit, fr. ’a•kros topmost.] (Arch.) (a) One of the small pedestals, for statues or other ornaments, placed on the apex and at the basal angles of a pediment. Acroteria are also sometimes placed upon the gables in Gothic architecture. J. H. Parker. (b) One of the pedestals, for vases or statues, forming a part roof balustrade.

A•crot´ic , a. [Gr. an extreme, fr. .] (Med.) Pertaining to or affecting the surface.

Ac´ro•tism (ak´ro•tiz’m), n. [Gr. ’a priv. + kro•tos a rattling, beating.] (Med.) Lack or defect of pulsation.

A•crot´o•mous , a. [Gr. ’akro•tomos cut off sharp; ’a•kros extreme + te•mnein to cut.] (Min.) Having a cleavage parallel with the base.

A•cryl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or containing acryl, the hypothetical radical of which acrolein is the hydride; as acrylic acid.

Act (akt), n. [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do: cf. F. acte. See Agent.] 1. That which is done or doing; the exercise of power, or the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; a performance; a deed. “That best portion of a good man’s life,
His little, nameless, unremembered acts
Of kindness and of love.
Wordsworth.” Hence, in specific uses: (a) The result of public deliberation; the decision or determination of a legislative body, council, court of justice, etc.; a decree, edit, law, judgment, resolve, award; as an act of Parliament, or of Congress. (b) A formal solemn writing, expressing that something has been done. Abbott. (c) A performance of part of a play; one of the principal divisions of a play or dramatic work in which a certain definite part of the action is completed. (d) A thesis maintained in public, in some English universities, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student. 2. A state of reality or real existence as opposed to a possibility or possible existence. [Obs.] “The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility, what they afterward grow to be.
Hooker.” 3. Process of doing; action. In act, in the very doing; on the point of (doing). ´In act to shoot.´ Dryden. “This woman was taken … in the very act.
John viii. 4.” Act of attainder. (Law) See Attainder. — Act of bankruptcy (Law), an act of a debtor which renders him liable to be adjudged a bankrupt. — Act of faith. (Ch. Hist.) See Auto-da-Fe. — Act of God (Law), an inevitable accident; such extraordinary interruption of the usual course of events as is not to be looked for in advance, and against which ordinary prudence could not guard. — Act of grace, an expression often used to designate an act declaring pardon or amnesty to numerous offenders, as at the beginning of a new reign. — Act of indemnity, a statute passed for the protection of those who have committed some illegal act subjecting them to penalties. Abbott. — Act in pais, a thing done out of court (anciently, in the country), and not a matter of record. Syn. — See Action.

Act, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acting.] [L. actus, p. p. of agere to drive, lead, do; but influenced by E. act, n.] 1. To move to action; to actuate; to animate. [Obs.] “Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul.
Pope.” 2. To perform; to execute; to do. [Archaic] “That we act our temporal affairs with a desire no greater than our necessity.
Jer. Taylor.” “Industry doth beget by producing good habits, and facility of acting things expedient for us to do.
Barrow.” “Uplifted hands that at convenient times
Could act extortion and the worst of crimes.
Cowper.” 3. To perform, as an actor; to represent dramatically on the stage. 4. To assume the office or character of; to play; to personate; as to act the hero. 5. To feign or counterfeit; to simulate. “With acted fear the villain thus pursued.
Dryden.” To act a part, to sustain the part of one of the characters in a play; hence, to simulate; to dissemble. — To act the part of, to take the character of; to fulfill the duties of.

Act, v. i. 1. To exert power; to produce an effect; as the stomach acts upon food. 2. To perform actions; to fulfill functions; to put forth energy; to move, as opposed to remaining at rest; to carry into effect a determination of the will. “He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest.
Pope.” 3. To behave or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices; to bear or deport one’s self; as we know not why he has acted so. 4. To perform on the stage; to represent a character. “To show the world how Garrick did not act.
Cowper.” To act as or for, to do the work of; to serve as. — To act on, to regulate one’s conduct according to. — To act up to, to equal in action; to fulfill in practice; as he has acted up to his engagement or his advantages.

Act´a•ble , a. Capable of being acted. Tennyson.

Ac´ti•nal , a. [Gr. , , ray.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal which contains the mouth. L. Agassiz.

Ac•ti•na´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , , ray.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Anthozoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to all the Anthozoa, expert the Alcyonaria, whether forming corals or not.

Act´ing , a. 1. Operating in any way. 2. Doing duty for another; officiating; as an acting superintendent.

Ac•tin´i•a , n.; pl. L. Actiniae , E. Actinias . [Latinized fr. Gr. , , ray.] (Zoöl.) (a) An animal of the class Anthozoa, and family Actinidae. From a resemblance to flowers in form and color, they are often called animal flowers and sea anemones. [See Polyp.]. (b) A genus in the family Actinidae.

Ac•tin´ic , a. Of or pertaining to actinism; as actinic rays.

Ac•tin´i•form , a. [Gr. , , ray + -form.] Having a radiated form, like a sea anemone.

Ac´tin•ism , n. [Gr. , ray.] The property of radiant energy (found chiefly in solar or electric light) by which chemical changes are produced, as in photography.

Ac•tin´i•um , n. [Gr. , , ray.] (Chem.) A supposed metal, said by Phipson to be contained in commercial zinc; — so called because certain of its compounds are darkened by exposure to light.

Ac•ti•no-chem´is•try , n. Chemistry in its relations to actinism. Draper.

Ac•tin´o•graph , n. [Gr. , , ray + -graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording the variations in the actinic or chemical force of rays of light. Nichol.

Ac´tin•oid , a. [Gr. , , ray + -oid.] Having the form of rays; radiated, as an actinia.

Ac•tin´o•lite , n. [Gr. , , ray + -lite.] (Min.) A bright green variety of amphibole occurring usually in fibrous or columnar masses.

Ac•tin•o•lit´ic , a. (Min.) Of the nature of, or containing, actinolite.

Ac•ti•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , ray + -logy.] The science which treats of rays of light, especially of the actinic or chemical rays.

Ac•tin´o•mere , n. [Gr. , , ray + part.] (Zoöl.) One of the radial segments composing the body of one of the Cœlenterata.

Ac•ti•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. , , ray + -meter] (a) An instrument for measuring the direct heating power of the sun’s rays. (b) An instrument for measuring the actinic effect of rays of light.

Ac•ti•no•met´ric , a. Pertaining to the measurement of the intensity of the solar rays, either (a) heating, or (b) actinic.

Ac•ti•nom´e•try , n. 1. The measurement of the force of solar radiation. Maury. 2. The measurement of the chemical or actinic energy of light. Abney.

Ac•ti•noph´o•rous , a. [Gr. , , ray + to bear.] Having straight projecting spines.

Ac•tin´o•some , n. [Gr. ray + body.] (Zoöl.) The entire body of a cœlenterate.

Ac´tin•ost , n. [Gr. , , ray + bone.] (Anat.) One of the bones at the base of a paired fin of a fish.

Ac•tin´o•stome , n. [Gr. , , a ray + mouth.] (Zoöl.) The mouth or anterior opening of a cœlenterate animal.

Ac•ti•not´ro•cha , n. pl. [NL.; Gr. , , a ray + a ring.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar larval form of Phoronis, a genus of marine worms, having a circle of ciliated tentacles.

Ac´ti•no•zo´a , n. pl. [Gr. , , ray + zw^on animal.] (Zoöl.) A group of Cœlenterata, comprising the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea anemone, or actinia, is a familiar example.

Ac•ti•no•zo´al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Actinozoa.

Ac´ti•no•zo´ön , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Actinozoa.

Ac•tin´u•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a ray.] (Zoöl.) A kind of embryo of certain hydroids (Tubularia), having a stellate form.

Ac´tion , n. [OF. action, L. actio, fr. agere to do. See Act.] 1. A process or condition of acting or moving, as opposed to rest; the doing of something; exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on another; the effect of power exerted on one body by another; agency; activity; operation; as the action of heat; a man of action. “One wise in council, one in action brave.
Pope.” 2. An act; a thing done; a deed; an enterprise. (pl.): Habitual deeds; hence, conduct; behavior; demeanor. “The Lord is a Good of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed.
1 Sam. ii. 3.” 3. The event or connected series of events, either real or imaginary, forming the subject of a play, poem, or other composition; the unfolding of the drama of events. 4. Movement; as the horse has a spirited action. 5. (Mech.) Effective motion; also mechanism; as the breech action of a gun. 6. (Physiol.) Any one of the active processes going on in an organism; the performance of a function; as the action of the heart, the muscles, or the gastric juice. 7. (Orat.) Gesticulation; the external deportment of the speaker, or the suiting of his attitude, voice, gestures, and countenance, to the subject, or to the feelings. 8. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position of the several parts of the body as expressive of the sentiment or passion depicted. 9. (Law) (a) A suit or process, by which a demand is made of a right in a court of justice; in a broad sense, a judicial proceeding for the enforcement or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense. (b) A right of action; as the law gives an action for every claim. 10. (Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock company, or in the public funds; hence, in the plural, equivalent to stocks. [A Gallicism] [Obs.] “The Euripus of funds and actions.
Burke.” 11. An engagement between troops in war, whether on land or water; a battle; a fight; as a general action, a partial action. 12. (Music) The mechanical contrivance by means of which the impulse of the player’s finger is transmitted to the strings of a pianoforte or to the valve of an organ pipe. Grove. Chose in action. (Law) See Chose. — Quantity of action (Physics), the product of the mass of a body by the space it runs through, and its velocity. Syn. — Action, Act. In many cases action and act are synonymous; but some distinction is observable. Action involves the mode or process of acting, and is usually viewed as occupying some time in doing. Act has more reference to the effect, or the operation as complete. “To poke the fire is an act, to reconcile friends who have quarreled is a praiseworthy action.”
C. J. Smith.

Ac´tion•a•ble , a. [Cf. LL. actionabilis. See Action.] That may be the subject of an action or suit at law; as to call a man a thief is actionable.

Ac´tion•a•bly, adv. In an actionable manner. { Ac´tion•a•ry , Ac´tion•ist } n. [Cf. F. actionnaire.] (Com.) A shareholder in joint-stock company. [Obs.]

Ac´tion•less, a. Void of action.

Ac´ti•vate , v. t. To make active. [Obs.]

Ac´tive , a. [F. actif, L. activus, fr. agere to act.] 1. Having the power or quality of acting; causing change; communicating action or motion; acting; — opposed to passive, that receives; as certain active principles; the powers of the mind. 2. Quick in physical movement; of an agile and vigorous body; nimble; as an active child or animal. “Active and nervous was his gait.
Wordsworth.” 3. In action; actually proceeding; working; in force; — opposed to quiescent, dormant, or extinct; as active laws; active hostilities; an active volcano. 4. Given to action; constantly engaged in action; energetic; diligent; busy; — opposed to dull, sluggish, indolent, or inert; as an active man of business; active mind; active zeal. 5. Requiring or implying action or exertion; — opposed to sedentary or to tranquil; as active employment or service; active scenes. 6. Given to action rather than contemplation; practical; operative; — opposed to speculative or theoretical; as an active rather than a speculative statesman. 7. Brisk; lively; as an active demand for corn. 8. Implying or producing rapid action; as an active disease; an active remedy. 9. (Gram.) (a) Applied to a form of the verb; — opposed to passive. See Active voice, under Voice. (b) Applied to verbs which assert that the subject acts upon or affects something else; transitive. (c) Applied to all verbs that express action as distinct from mere existence or state. Active capital, Active wealth, money, or property that may readily be converted into money. Syn. — Agile; alert; brisk; vigorous; nimble; lively; quick; sprightly; prompt; energetic.

Ac´tive•ly, adv. 1. In an active manner; nimbly; briskly; energetically; also by one’s own action; voluntarily, not passively. 2. (Gram.) In an active signification; as a word used actively.

Ac´tive•ness, n. The quality of being active; nimbleness; quickness of motion; activity.

Ac•tiv´i•ty , n.; pl. Activities . [Cf. F. activite, LL. activitas.] The state or quality of being active; nimbleness; agility; vigorous action or operation; energy; active force; as an increasing variety of human activities. ´The activity of toil.´ Palfrey. Syn. — Liveliness; briskness; quickness.

Act´less , a. Without action or spirit. [R.]

Ac´ton , n. [OF. aketon, auqueton, F. hoqueton, a quilted jacket, fr. Sp. alcoton, algodon, cotton. Cf. Cotton.] A stuffed jacket worn under the mail, or (later) a jacket plated with mail. [Spelled also hacqueton.] [Obs.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott.

Ac´tor , n. [L. actor, fr. agere to act.] 1. One who acts, or takes part in any affair; a doer. 2. A theatrical performer; a stageplayer. “After a well graced actor leaves the stage.
Shak.” 3. (Law) (a) An advocate or proctor in civil courts or causes. Jacobs. (b) One who institutes a suit; plaintiff or complainant.

Ac•tress , n. [Cf. F. actrice.] 1. A female actor or doer. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. A female stageplayer; a woman who acts a part.

Ac´tu•al (#; 135), a. [OE. actuel, F. actuel, L. actualis, fr. agere to do, act.] 1. Involving or comprising action; active. [Obs.] “Her walking and other actual performances.
Shak.” “Let your holy and pious intention be actual; that is … by a special prayer or action, … given to God.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Existing in act or reality; really acted or acting; in fact; real; — opposed to potential, possible, virtual, speculative, conceivable, theoretical, or nominal; as the actual cost of goods; the actual case under discussion. 3. In action at the time being; now exiting; present; as the actual situation of the country. Actual cautery. See under Cautery. — Actual sin (Theol.), that kind of sin which is done by ourselves in contradistinction to ´original sin.´ Syn. — Real; genuine; positive; certain. See Real.

Ac´tu•al , n. (Finance) Something actually received; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts. [Cant] “The accounts of revenues supplied … were not real receipts: not, in financial language, ´actuals,´ but only Egyptian budget estimates.
Fortnightly Review.”

Ac´tu•al•ist, n. One who deals with or considers actually existing facts and conditions, rather than fancies or theories; — opposed to idealist. J. Grote.

Ac•tu•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Actualities . The state of being actual; reality; as the actuality of God’s nature. South.

Ac•tu•al•i•za´tion , n. A making actual or really existent. [R.] Emerson.

Ac´tu•al•ize , v. t. To make actual; to realize in action. [R.] Coleridge.

Ac´tu•al•ly, adv. 1. Actively. [Obs.] ´Neither actually … nor passively.´ Fuller. 2. In act or in fact; really; in truth; positively.

Ac´tu•al•ness, n. Quality of being actual; actuality.

Ac•tu•a´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to actuaries; as the actuarial value of an annuity.

Ac´tu•a•ry , n.; pl. Actuaries . [L. actuarius copyist, clerk, fr. actus, p. p. of agere to do, act.] 1. (Law) A registrar or clerk; — used originally in courts of civil law jurisdiction, but in Europe used for a clerk or registrar generally. 2. The computing official of an insurance company; one whose profession it is to calculate for insurance companies the risks and premiums for life, fire, and other insurances.

Ac´tu•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Actuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Actuating .] [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare, fr. L. actus act.] 1. To put into action or motion; to move or incite to action; to influence actively; to move as motives do; — more commonly used of persons. “Wings, which others were contriving to actuate by the perpetual motion.
Johnson.” “Men of the greatest abilities are most fired with ambition; and, on the contrary, mean and narrow minds are the least actuated by it.
Addison.” 2. To carry out in practice; to perform. [Obs.] ´To actuate what you command.´ Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To move; impel; incite; rouse; instigate; animate.

Ac´tu•ate , a. [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare.] Put in action; actuated. [Obs.] South.

Ac•tu•a´tion , n. [Cf. LL. actuatio.] A bringing into action; movement. Bp. Pearson.

Ac´tu•a•tor , n. One who actuates, or puts into action. [R.] Melville.

Ac´tu•ose , a. [L. actuosus.] Very active. [Obs.]

Ac•tu•os´i•ty , n. Abundant activity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ac´ture , n. Action. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•tu´ri•ence , n. [A desid. of L. agere, actum, to act.] Tendency or impulse to act. [R.] “Acturience, or desire of action, in one form or another, whether as restlessness, ennui, dissatisfaction, or the imagination of something desirable.
J. Grote.”

Ac´u•ate , v. t. [L. acus needle.] To sharpen; to make pungent; to quicken. [Obs.] ´[To] acuate the blood.´ Harvey.

Ac´u•ate , a. Sharpened; sharp- pointed.

Ac•u•a´tion , n. Act of sharpening. [R.]

Ac•u•i´tion , n. [L. acutus, as if acuitus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen.] The act of sharpening. [Obs.]

A•cu´i•ty , n. [LL. acuitas: cf. F. acuite.] Sharpness or acuteness, as of a needle, wit, etc.

A•cu´le•ate , a. [L. aculeatus, fr. aculeus, dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Having a sting; covered with prickles; sharp like a prickle. 2. (Bot.) Having prickles, or sharp points; beset with prickles. 3. Severe or stinging; incisive. [R.] Bacon.

A•cu´le•a•ted , a. Having a sharp point; armed with prickles; prickly; aculeate.

A•cu´le•i•form , a. Like a prickle.

A•cu´le•o•late , a. [L. aculeolus little needle.] (Bot.) Having small prickles or sharp points. Gray.

A•cu´le•ous , a. Aculeate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A•cu´le•us , n.; pl. Aculei . [L., dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle growing on the bark, as in some brambles and roses. Lindley. 2. (Zoöl.) A sting.

A•cu´men , n. [L. acumen, fr. acuere to sharpen. Cf. Acute.] Quickness of perception or discernment; penetration of mind; the faculty of nice discrimination. Selden. Syn. — Sharpness; sagacity; keenness; shrewdness; acuteness.

A•cu´mi•nate , a. [L. acuminatus, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen, fr. acumen. See Acumen.] Tapering to a point; pointed; as acuminate leaves, teeth, etc.

A•cu´mi•nate , v. t. To render sharp or keen. [R.] ´To acuminate even despair.´ Cowper.

A•cu´mi•nate, v. i. To end in, or come to, a sharp point. ´Acuminating in a cone of prelacy.´ Milton.

A•cu•mi•na´tion , n. A sharpening; termination in a sharp point; a tapering point. Bp. Pearson.

A•cu´mi•nose , a. Terminating in a flat, narrow end. Lindley.

A•cu´mi•nous , a. Characterized by acumen; keen. Highmore.

Ac•u•pres´sure , n. [L. acus needle + premere, pressum, to press.] (Surg.) A mode of arresting hemorrhage resulting from wounds or surgical operations, by passing under the divided vessel a needle, the ends of which are left exposed externally on the cutaneous surface. Simpson.

Ac•u•punc•tu•ra´tion , n. See Acupuncture.

Ac•u•punc´ture , n. [L. acus needle + punctura a pricking, fr. pungere to prick: cf. F. acuponcture.] Pricking with a needle; a needle prick. Specifically (Med.): The insertion of needles into the living tissues for remedial purposes.

Ac•u•punc´ture , v. t. To treat with acupuncture.

A•cus´tum•aunce , n. See Accustomance. [Obs.]

A•cut´an•gu•lar , a. Acute- angled.

A•cute´ , a. [L. acutus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen, fr. a root ak to be sharp. Cf. Ague, Cute, Edge.] 1. Sharp at the end; ending in a sharp point; pointed; — opposed to blunt or obtuse; as an acute angle; an acute leaf. 2. Having nice discernment; perceiving or using minute distinctions; penetrating; clever; shrewd; — opposed to dull or stupid; as an acute observer; acute remarks, or reasoning. 3. Having nice or quick sensibility; susceptible to slight impressions; acting keenly on the senses; sharp; keen; intense; as a man of acute eyesight, hearing, or feeling; acute pain or pleasure. 4. High, or shrill, in respect to some other sound; — opposed to grave or low; as an acute tone or accent. 5. (Med.) Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and coming speedily to a crisis; — opposed to chronic; as an acute disease. Acute angle (Geom.), an angle less than a right angle. Syn. — Subtile; ingenious; sharp; keen; penetrating; sagacious; sharp-witted; shrewd; discerning; discriminating. See Subtile.

A•cute´, v. t. To give an acute sound to; as he acutes his rising inflection too much. [R.] Walker.

A•cute´-an•gled (-an´g’ld), a. Having acute angles; as an acute-angled triangle, a triangle with every one of its angles less than a right angle.

A•cute´ly, adv. In an acute manner; sharply; keenly; with nice discrimination.

A•cute´ness, n. 1. The quality of being acute or pointed; sharpness; as the acuteness of an angle. 2. The faculty of nice discernment or perception; acumen; keenness; sharpness; sensitiveness; — applied to the senses, or the understanding. By acuteness of feeling, we perceive small objects or slight impressions: by acuteness of intellect, we discern nice distinctions. “Perhaps, also he felt his professional acuteness interested in bringing it to a successful close.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. Shrillness; high pitch; — said of sounds. 4. (Med.) Violence of a disease, which brings it speedily to a crisis. Syn. — Penetration; sagacity; keenness; ingenuity; shrewdness; subtlety; sharp-wittedness.

A•cu•ti•fo´li•ate , a. [L. acutus sharp + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having sharp-pointed leaves.

A•cu•ti•lo´bate , a. [L. acutus sharp + E. lobe.] (Bot.) Having acute lobes, as some leaves.

Ad- . [A Latin preposition, signifying to. See At.] As a prefix ad- assumes the forms ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, assimilating the d with the first letter of the word to which ad- is prefixed. It remains unchanged before vowels, and before d, h, j, m, v. Examples: adduce, adhere, adjacent, admit, advent, accord, affect, aggregate, allude, annex, appear, etc. It becomes ac- before qu, as in acquiesce.

Ad•act´ , v. t. [L. adactus, p. p. of adigere.] To compel; to drive. [Obs.] Fotherby. { A•dac´tyl , A•dac´tyl•ous } a. [Gr. ’a priv. + finger.] (Zoöl.) (a) Without fingers or without toes. (b) Without claws on the feet (of crustaceous animals).

Ad´age , n. [F. adage, fr. L. adagium; ad + the root of L. aio I say.] An old saying, which has obtained credit by long use; a proverb. “Letting ´I dare not´ wait upon ´I would,´
Like the poor cat i’ the adage.
Shak.” Syn. — Axiom; maxim; aphorism; proverb; saying; saw; apothegm. See Axiom.

A•da´gi•al , a. Pertaining to an adage; proverbial. ´Adagial verse.´ Barrow.

A•da´gio , a. & adv. [It. adagio; ad (L. ad) at + agio convenience, leisure, ease. See Agio.] (Mus.) Slow; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs the movement to be very slow.

A•da´gio, n. A piece of music in adagio time; a slow movement; as an adagio of Haydn.

Ad´am , n. 1. The name given in the Bible to the first man, the progenitor of the human race. 2. (As a symbol) ´Original sin;´ human frailty. “And whipped the offending Adam out of him.
Shak.” Adam’s ale, water. [Coll.] — Adam’s apple. 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of banana (Musa paradisiaca). It attains a height of twenty feet or more. Paxton. (b) A species of lime (Citris limetta). 2. The projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck. It is particularly prominent in males, and is so called from a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit (an apple) sticking in the throat of our first parent. — Adam’s flannel (Bot.), the mullein (Verbascum thapsus). — Adam’s needle (Bot.), the popular name of a genus (Yucca) of liliaceous plants.

Ad´a•mant (ad´a•mant), n. [OE. adamaunt, adamant, diamond, magnet, OF. adamant, L. adamas, adamantis, the hardest metal, fr. Gr. ’ada•mas, -antos; ’a priv. + dama^,n to tame, subdue. In OE., from confusion with L. adamare to love, be attached to, the word meant also magnet, as in OF. and LL. See Diamond, Tame.] 1. A stone imagined by some to be of impenetrable hardness; a name given to the diamond and other substances of extreme hardness; but in modern mineralogy it has no technical signification. It is now a rhetorical or poetical name for the embodiment of impenetrable hardness. “Opposed the rocky orb
Of tenfold adamant, his ample shield.
Milton.” 2. Lodestone; magnet. [Obs.] ´A great adamant of acquaintance.´ Bacon. “As true to thee as steel to adamant.
Greene.”

Ad•a•man•te´an , a. [L. adamanteus.] Of adamant; hard as adamant. Milton.

Ad•a•man´tine , a. [L. adamantinus, Gr. .] 1. Made of adamant, or having the qualities of adamant; incapable of being broken, dissolved, or penetrated; as adamantine bonds or chains. 2. (Min.) Like the diamond in hardness or luster.

Ad•am•bu•la´cral , a. [L. ad + E. ambulacral.] (Zoöl.) Next to the ambulacra; as the adambulacral ossicles of the starfish. { A•dam´ic , A•dam´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to Adam, or resembling him. Adamic earth, a name given to common red clay, from a notion that Adam means red earth.

Ad´am•ite , n. [From Adam.] 1. A descendant of Adam; a human being. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of visionaries, who, professing to imitate the state of Adam, discarded the use of dress in their assemblies.

Ad´am’s ap´ple . See under Adam.

A•dance´ , adv. Dancing. Lowell.

A•dan´gle , adv. Dangling. Browning.

Ad•an•so´ni•a , n. [From Adanson, a French botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of great trees related to the Bombax. There are two species, A. digitata, the baobab or monkey-bread of Africa and India, and A. Gregorii, the sour gourd or cream-of-tartar tree of Australia. Both have a trunk of moderate height, but of enormous diameter, and a wide-spreading head. The fruit is oblong, and filled with pleasantly acid pulp. The wood is very soft, and the bark is used by the natives for making ropes and cloth. D. C. Eaton.

A•dapt´ , a. Fitted; suited. [Obs.] Swift.

A•dapt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adapted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adapting.] [L. adaptare; ad + aptare to fit; cf. F. adapter. See Apt, Adept.] To make suitable; to fit, or suit; to adjust; to alter so as to fit for a new use; — sometimes followed by to or for. “For nature, always in the right,
To your decays adapts my sight.
Swift.” “Appeals adapted to his [man’s] whole nature.
Angus.” “Streets ill adapted for the residence of wealthy persons.
Macaulay.” { A•dapt•a•bil´i•ty , A•dapt´a•ble•ness } n. The quality of being adaptable; suitableness. ´General adaptability for every purpose.´ Farrar.

A•dapt´a•ble , a. Capable of being adapted.

Ad•ap•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. adaptation, LL. adaptatio.] 1. The act or process of adapting, or fitting; or the state of being adapted or fitted; fitness. ´Adaptation of the means to the end.´ Erskine. 2. The result of adapting; an adapted form.

A•dapt´a•tive , a. Adaptive. Stubbs.

A•dapt´ed•ness , n. The state or quality of being adapted; suitableness; special fitness.

A•dapt´er , n. 1. One who adapts. 2. (Chem.) A connecting tube; an adopter.

A•dap´tion , n. Adaptation. Cheyne.

A•dapt´ive , a. Suited, given, or tending, to adaptation; characterized by adaptation; capable of adapting. Coleridge. — A•dapt´ive•ly, adv.

A•dapt´ive•ness, n. The quality of being adaptive; capacity to adapt.

A•dapt´ly, adv. In a suitable manner. [R.] Prior.

A•dapt´ness, n. Adaptedness. [R.]

Ad•ap•to´ri•al , a. Adaptive. [R.]

A´dar , n. [Heb. adär.] The twelfth month of the Hebrew ecclesiastical year, and the sixth of the civil. It corresponded nearly with March.

A•dar´ce , n. [L. adarce, adarca, Gr. .] A saltish concretion on reeds and grass in marshy grounds in Galatia. It is soft and porous, and was formerly used for cleansing the skin from freckles and tetters, and also in leprosy. Dana.

Ad´a•tis , n. A fine cotton cloth of India.

A•daunt´ , v. t. [OE. adaunten to overpower, OF. adonter; à (L. ad) + donter, F. dompter. See Daunt.] To daunt; to subdue; to mitigate. [Obs.] Skelton.

A•daw´ , v. t. [Cf. OE. adawe of dawe, AS. of dagum from days, i. e., from life, out of life.] To subdue; to daunt. [Obs.] “The sight whereof did greatly him adaw.
Spenser.”

A•daw´, v. t. & i. [OE. adawen to wake; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-) + dawen, dagon, to dawn. See Daw.] To awaken; to arouse. [Obs.] “A man that waketh of his sleep
He may not suddenly well taken keep
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly
Till that he be adawed verily.
Chaucer.”

A•days´ , adv. [Pref. a- (for on) + day; the final s was orig. a genitive ending, afterwards forming adverbs.] By day, or every day; in the daytime. [Obs.] Fielding.

Ad cap•tan´dum . [L., for catching.] A phrase used adjectively sometimes of meretricious attempts to catch or win popular favor.

Add , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Added; p. pr. & vb. n. Adding.] [L. addere; ad + dare to give, put. Cf. Date, Do.] 1. To give by way of increased possession (to any one); to bestow (on). “The Lord shall add to me another son.
Gen. xxx. 24.” 2. To join or unite, as one thing to another, or as several particulars, so as to increase the number, augment the quantity, enlarge the magnitude, or so as to form into one aggregate. Hence: To sum up; to put together mentally; as to add numbers; to add up a column. “Back to thy punishment,
False fugitive, and to thy speed add wings.
Milton.” “As easily as he can add together the ideas of two days or two years.
Locke.” 3. To append, as a statement; to say further. “He added that he would willingly consent to the entire abolition of the tax.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To Add, Join, Annex, Unite, Coalesce. We add by bringing things together so as to form a whole. We join by putting one thing to another in close or continuos connection. We annex by attaching some adjunct to a larger body. We unite by bringing things together so that their parts adhere or intermingle. Things coalesce by coming together or mingling so as to form one organization. To add quantities; to join houses; to annex territory; to unite kingdoms; to make parties coalesce.

Add , v. i. 1. To make an addition. To add to, to augment; to increase; as it adds to our anxiety. ´I will add to your yoke.´ 1 Kings xii. 14. 2. To perform the arithmetical operation of addition; as he adds rapidly.

Add´a•ble , a. [Add, v. + - able.] Addible.

Ad´dax , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) One of the largest African antelopes (Hippotragus, or Oryx, nasomaculatus). It is now believed to be the Strepsiceros (twisted horn) of the ancients. By some it is thought to be the pygarg of the Bible.

Ad•deem´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + deem.] To award; to adjudge. [Obs.] ´Unto him they did addeem the prise.´ Spenser.

Ad•den´dum , n.; pl. Addenda . [L., fr. addere to add.] A thing to be added; an appendix or addition. Addendum circle (Mech.), the circle which may be described around a circular spur wheel or gear wheel, touching the crests or tips of the teeth. Rankine.

Add´er , n. [See Add.] One who, or that which, adds; esp., a machine for adding numbers.

Ad´der, n. [OE. addere, naddere, eddre, AS. naedre, adder, snake; akin to OS. nadra, OHG. natra, natara, Ger. natter, Goth. nadrs, Icel. naðr, masc., naðra, fem.: cf. W. neidr, Gorn. naddyr, Ir. nathair, L. natrix, water snake. An adder is for a nadder.] 1. A serpent. [Obs.] ´The eddre seide to the woman.´ Wyclif. Gen. iii. 4.) 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small venomous serpent of the genus Vipera. The common European adder is the Vipera (or Pelias) berus. The puff adders of Africa are species of Clotho. (b) In America, the term is commonly applied to several harmless snakes, as the milk adder, puffing adder, etc. (c) Same as Sea Adder. In the sculptures the appellation is given to several venomous serpents, — sometimes to the horned viper (Cerastles).

Ad´der fly . A dragon fly.

Ad´der’s-tongue , n. (Bot.) (a) A genus of ferns (Ophioglossum), whose seeds are produced on a spike resembling a serpent’s tongue. (b) The yellow dogtooth violet. Gray.

Ad´der•wort , n. (Bot.) The common bistort or snakeweed (Polygonum bistorta).

Add•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quantity of being addible; capability of addition. Locke.

Add´i•ble , a. Capable of being added. ´Addible numbers.´ Locke.

Ad´dice , n. See Adze. [Obs.] Moxon.

Ad•dict´ , p. p. Addicted; devoted. [Obs.]

Ad•dict´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Addicting.] [L. addictus, p. p. of addicere to adjudge, devote; ad + dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To apply habitually; to devote; to habituate; — with to. ´They addict themselves to the civil law.´ Evelyn. “He is addicted to his study.
Beau. & Fl.” “That part of mankind that addict their minds to speculations.
Adventurer.” “His genius addicted him to the study of antiquity.
Fuller.” “A man gross … and addicted to low company.
Macaulay.” 2. To adapt; to make suitable; to fit. [Obs.] “The land about is exceedingly addicted to wood, but the coldness of the place hinders the growth.
Evelyn.” Syn. — Addict, Devote, Consecrate, Dedicate. Addict was formerly used in a good sense; as addicted to letters; but is now mostly employed in a bad sense or an indifferent one; as addicted to vice; addicted to sensual indulgence. ´Addicted to staying at home.´ J. S. Mill. Devote is always taken in a good sense, expressing habitual earnestness in the pursuit of some favorite object; as devoted to science. Consecrate and dedicate express devotion of a higher kind, involving religious sentiment; as consecrated to the service of the church; dedicated to God.

Ad•dict´ed•ness, n. The quality or state of being addicted; attachment.

Ad•dic´tion , n. [Cf. L. addictio an adjudging.] The state of being addicted; devotion; inclination. ´His addiction was to courses vain.´ Shak.

Ad´di•son’s dis•ease´ . [Named from Thomas Addison, M. D., of London, who first described it.] (Med.) A morbid condition causing a peculiar brownish discoloration of the skin, and thought, at one time, to be due to disease of the suprarenal capsules (two flat triangular bodies covering the upper part of the kidneys), but now known not to be dependent upon this causes exclusively. It is usually fatal.

Ad•dit´a•ment (ad•dit´a•ment), n. [L. additamentum, fr. additus, p. p. of addere to add.] An addition, or a thing added. Fuller. “My persuasion that the latter verses of the chapter were an additament of a later age.
Coleridge.”

Ad•di´tion , n. [F. addition, L. additio, fr. addere to add.] 1. The act of adding two or more things together; — opposed to subtraction or diminution. ´This endless addition or addibility of numbers.´ Locke. 2. Anything added; increase; augmentation; as a piazza is an addition to a building. 3. (Math.) That part of arithmetic which treats of adding numbers. 4. (Mus.) A dot at the right side of a note as an indication that its sound is to be lengthened one half. [R.] 5. (Law) A title annexed to a man’s name, to identify him more precisely; as John Doe, Esq.; Richard Roe, Gent.; Robert Dale, Mason; Thomas Way, of New York; a mark of distinction; a title. 6. (Her.) Something added to a coat of arms, as a mark of honor; — opposed to abatement. Vector addition (Geom.), that kind of addition of two lines, or vectors, AB and BC, by which their sum is regarded as the line, or vector, AC. Syn. — Increase; accession; augmentation; appendage; adjunct.

Ad•di´tion•al , a. Added; supplemental; in the way of an addition.

Ad•di´tion•al, n. Something added. [R.] Bacon.

Ad•di´tion•al•ly, adv. By way of addition.

Ad•di´tion•a•ry , a. Additional. [R.] Herbert.

Ad•di•ti´tious , a. [L. addititius, fr. addere.] Additive. [R.] Sir J. Herschel.

Ad´di•tive , a. [L. additivus.] (Math.) Proper to be added; positive; — opposed to subtractive.

Ad´di•to•ry , a. Tending to add; making some addition. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Ad´dle , n. [OE. adel, AS. adela, mud.] 1. Liquid filth; mire. [Obs.] 2. Lees; dregs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ad´dle, a. Having lost the power of development, and become rotten, as eggs; putrid. Hence: Unfruitful or confused, as brains; muddled. Dryden.

Ad´dle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Addled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Addling .] To make addle; to grow addle; to muddle; as he addled his brain. ´Their eggs were addled.´ Cowper.

Ad´dle, v. t. & i. [OE. adlen, adilen, to gain, acquire; prob. fr. Icel. öðlask to acquire property, akin to oðal property. Cf. Allodial.] 1. To earn by labor. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. 2. To thrive or grow; to ripen. [Prov. Eng.] “Kill ivy, else tree will addle no more.
Tusser.” { Ad´dle-brain• , Ad´dle-head• , Ad´dle- pate } n. A foolish or dull-witted fellow. [Colloq.] { Ad´dle-brained• , Ad´dle-head•ed , Ad´dle-pa•ted } a. Dull-witted; stupid. ´The addle-brained Oberstein.´ Motley. “Dull and addle-pated.
Dryden.”

Ad´dle-pa•ted•ness , n. Stupidity.

Ad´dlings , n. pl. [See Addle, to earn.] Earnings. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ad•doom´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + doom.] To adjudge. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ad•dorsed´ , a. [L. ad + dorsum, back: cf. F. adosse.] (Her.) Set or turned back to back.

Ad•dress´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addressed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Addressing.] [OE. adressen to raise erect, adorn, OF. adrecier, to straighten, address, F. adresser, fr. à (L. ad) + OF. drecier, F. dresser, to straighten, arrange. See Dress, v.] 1. To aim; to direct. [Obs.] Chaucer. “And this good knight his way with me addrest.
Spenser.” 2. To prepare or make ready. [Obs.] “His foe was soon addressed.
Spenser.” “Turnus addressed his men to single fight.
Dryden.” “The five foolish virgins addressed themselves at the noise of the bridegroom’s coming.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Reflexively: To prepare one’s self; to apply one’s skill or energies (to some object); to betake. “These men addressed themselves to the task.
Macaulay.” 4. To clothe or array; to dress. [Archaic] “Tecla … addressed herself in man’s apparel.
Jewel.” 5. To direct, as words (to any one or any thing); to make, as a speech, petition, etc. (to any one, an audience). “The young hero had addressed his players to him for his assistance.
Dryden.” 6. To direct speech to; to make a communication to, whether spoken or written; to apply to by words, as by a speech, petition, etc., to speak to; to accost. “Are not your orders to address the senate?
Addison.” “The representatives of the nation addressed the king.
Swift.” 7. To direct in writing, as a letter; to superscribe, or to direct and transmit; as he addressed a letter. 8. To make suit to as a lover; to court; to woo. 9. (Com.) To consign or intrust to the care of another, as agent or factor; as the ship was addressed to a merchant in Baltimore. To address one’s self to. (a) To prepare one’s self for; to apply one’s self to. (b) To direct one’s speech or discourse to.

Ad•dress´ , v. i. 1. To prepare one’s self. [Obs.] ´Let us address to tend on Hector’s heels.´ Shak. 2. To direct speech. [Obs.] “Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addrest.
Dryden.” The intransitive uses come from the dropping out of the reflexive pronoun.

Ad•dress, n. [Cf. F. adresse. See Address, v. t.] 1. Act of preparing one’s self. [Obs.] Jer Taylor. 2. Act of addressing one’s self to a person; verbal application. 3. A formal communication, either written or spoken; a discourse; a speech; a formal application to any one; a petition; a formal statement on some subject or special occasion; as an address of thanks, an address to the voters. 4. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the name, title, and place of residence of the person addressed. 5. Manner of speaking to another; delivery; as a man of pleasing or insinuating address. 6. Attention in the way one’s addresses to a lady. Addison. 7. Skill; skillful management; dexterity; adroitness. Syn. — Speech; discourse; harangue; oration; petition; lecture; readiness; ingenuity; tact; adroitness.

Ad•dress•ee´ , n. One to whom anything is addressed.

Ad•dres´sion , n. The act of addressing or directing one’s course. [Rare & Obs.] Chapman.

Ad•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adduced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adducing .] [L. adducere, adductum, to lead or bring to; ad + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Adduct.] To bring forward or offer, as an argument, passage, or consideration which bears on a statement or case; to cite; to allege. “Reasons … were adduced on both sides.
Macaulay.” “Enough could not be adduced to satisfy the purpose of illustration.
De Quincey.” Syn. — To present; allege; advance; cite; quote; assign; urge; name; mention.

Ad•du´cent , a. [L. addunces, p. pr. of adducere.] (Physiol.) Bringing together or towards a given point; — a word applied to those muscles of the body which pull one part towards another. Opposed to abducent.

Ad•du´cer , n. One who adduces.

Ad•du´ci•ble , a. Capable of being adduced. “Proofs innumerable, and in every imaginable manner diversified, are adducible.
I. Taylor.”

Ad•duct´ , v. t. [L. adductus, p. p. of adducere. See Adduce.] (Physiol.) To draw towards a common center or a middle line. Huxley.

Ad•duc´tion , n. [Cf. F. adduction. See Adduce.] 1. The act of adducing or bringing forward. “An adduction of facts gathered from various quarters.
I. Taylor.” 2. (Physiol.) The action by which the parts of the body are drawn towards its axis]; — opposed to abduction. Dunglison.

Ad•duc´tive , a. Adducing, or bringing towards or to something.

Ad•duc´tor , n. [L., fr. adducere.] (Anat.) A muscle which draws a limb or part of the body toward the middle line of the body, or closes extended parts of the body; — opposed to abductor; as the adductor of the eye, which turns the eye toward the nose. “In the bivalve shells, the muscles which close the values of the shell are called adductor muscles.
Verrill.”

Ad•dulce´ , v. t. [Like F. adoucir; fr. L. ad. + dulcis sweet.] To sweeten; to soothe. [Obs.] Bacon.

A•deem´ , v. t. [L. adimere. See Ademption.] (Law) To revoke, as a legacy, grant, etc., or to satisfy it by some other gift.

A•de•lan•ta•dil´lo , n. [Sp.] A Spanish red wine made of the first ripe grapes.

A•de•lan•ta´do , n. [Sp., prop. p. of adelantar to advance, to promote.] A governor of a province; a commander. Prescott.

Ad•e•las´ter , n. [Gr. not manifest + a star.] (Bot.) A provisional name for a plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined, and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus.

Ad´el•ing , n. Same as Atheling.

A•del•o•co•don´ic , a. [Gr. invisible + a bell.] (Zoöl.) Applied to sexual zooids of hydroids, that have a saclike form and do not become free; — opposed to phanerocodonic.

A•del´o•pod , n. [Gr. invisible + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) An animal having feet that are not apparent.

A•del´phi•a , n. [Gr. ’adelfo•s brother.] (Bot.) A ´brotherhood,´ or collection of stamens in a bundle; — used in composition, as in the class names, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, etc.

A•del´phous , a. [Gr. ’adelfo•s brother.] (Bot.) Having coalescent or clustered filaments; — said of stamens; as adelphous stamens. Usually in composition; as monadelphous. Gray.

A•dempt´ (a•demt´; 215), p. p. [L. ademptus, p. p. of adimere to take away.] Takes away. [Obs.] “Without any sinister suspicion of anything being added or adempt.
Latimer.”

A•demp´tion (a•demp´shun), n. [L. ademptio, fr. adimere, ademptum, to take away; ad + emere to buy, orig. to take.] (Law) The revocation or taking away of a grant donation, legacy, or the like. Bouvier.

Aden- Adeno-. [Gr. , , gland.] Combining forms of the Greek word for gland; — used in words relating to the structure, diseases, etc., of the glands. { Ad•e•nal´gi•a , Ad´e•nal•gy } n. [Gr. + pain.] (Med.) Pain in a gland.

A•den´i•form , a. [Aden- + - form.] Shaped like a gland; adenoid. Dunglison.

Ad•e•ni´tis , n. [Aden- + - itis.] (Med.) Glandular inflammation. Dunglison.

Ad•e•no•graph´ic , a. Pertaining to adenography.

Ad•e•nog´ra•phy , n. [Adeno- + -graphy.] That part of anatomy which describes the glands. { Ad´e•noid , Ad•e•noid´al } a. Glandlike; glandular.

Ad•e•no•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to adenology.

Ad•e•nol´o•gy , n. [Adeno- + - logy.] The part of physiology that treats of the glands.

Ad•e•noph´o•rous , a. [Adeno- + Gr. bearing.] (Bot.) Producing glands.

Ad•e•noph´yl•lous , a. [Adeno- + Gr. leaf.] (Bot.) Having glands on the leaves.

Ad´e•nose ( 277), a. Like a gland; full of glands; glandulous; adenous.

Ad•e•no•tom´ic , a. Pertaining to adenotomy.

Ad•e•not´o•my , n. [Adeno- + Gr. a cutting, to cut.] (Anat.) Dissection of, or incision into, a gland or glands.

Ad´e•nous , a. Same as Adenose.

Ad´eps , n. [L.] Animal fat; lard.

A•dept´ , n. [L. adeptus obtained (sc. artem), he who has obtained an art, p. p. of adipsci to arrive at, to obtain; ad + apisci to pursue. See Apt, and cf. Adapt.] One fully skilled or well versed in anything; a proficient; as adepts in philosophy.

A•dept´, a. Well skilled; completely versed; thoroughly proficient. “Beaus adept in everything profound.
Cowper.”

A•dep´tion , n. [L. adeptio. See Adept, a.] An obtaining; attainment. [Obs.] “In the wit and policy of the capitain consisteth the chief adeption of the victory.
Grafton.”

A•dept´ist, n. A skilled alchemist. [Obs.]

A•dept´ness, n. The quality of being adept; skill.

Ad´e•qua•cy , n. [See Adequate.] The state or quality of being adequate, proportionate, or sufficient; a sufficiency for a particular purpose; as the adequacy of supply to the expenditure.

Ad´e•quate , a. [L. adaequatus, p. p. of adaequare to make equal to; ad + aequare to make equal, aequus equal. See Equal.] Equal to some requirement; proportionate, or correspondent; fully sufficient; as powers adequate to a great work; an adequate definition. “Ireland had no adequate champion.
De Quincey.” Syn. — Proportionate; commensurate; sufficient; suitable; competent; capable.

Ad´e•quate , v. t. [See Adequate, a.] 1. To equalize; to make adequate. [R.] Fotherby. 2. To equal. [Obs.] “It [is] an impossibility for any creature to adequate God in his eternity.
Shelford.”

Ad´e•quate•ly , adv. In an adequate manner.

Ad´e•quate•ness, n. The quality of being adequate; suitableness; sufficiency; adequacy.

Ad•e•qua´tion , n. [L. adaequatio.] The act of equalizing; act or result of making adequate; an equivalent. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow.

A•des´my , n. [Gr. unfettered; ’a priv. + a fetter.] (Bot.) The division or defective coherence of an organ that is usually entire.

Ad•es•se•na´ri•an , n. [Formed fr. L. adesse to be present; ad + esse to be.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who held the real presence of Christ’s body in the eucharist, but not by transubstantiation.

Ad•fect´ed , a. [L. adfectus or affectus. See Affect, v.] (Alg.) See Affected, 5.

Ad•fil´i•a•ted , a. See Affiliated. [Obs.]

Ad•fil•i•a´tion , n. See Affiliation. [Obs.]

Ad•flux´ion , n. See Affluxion.

Ad•ha´mant , a. [From L. adhamare to catch; ad + hamus hook.] Clinging, as by hooks.

Ad•here´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adhered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adhering .] [L. adhaerere, adhaesum; ad + haerere to stick: cf. F. adherer. See Aghast.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as a glutinous substance does; to become joined or united; as wax to the finger; the lungs sometimes adhere to the pleura. 2. To hold, be attached, or devoted; to remain fixed, either by personal union or conformity of faith, principle, or opinion; as men adhere to a party, a cause, a leader, a church. 3. To be consistent or coherent; to be in accordance; to agree. ´Nor time nor place did then adhere.´ ´Every thing adheres together.´ Shak. Syn. — To attach; stick; cleave; cling; hold

Ad•her´ence , n. [Cf. F. adherence, LL. adhaerentia.] 1. The quality or state of adhering. 2. The state of being fixed in attachment; fidelity; steady attachment; adhesion; as adherence to a party or to opinions. Syn. — Adherence, Adhesion. These words, which were once freely interchanged, are now almost entirely separated. Adherence is no longer used to denote physical union, but is applied, to mental states or habits; as a strict adherence to one’s duty; close adherence to the argument, etc. Adhesion is now confined chiefly to the physical sense, except in the phrase ´To give in one’s adhesion to a cause or a party.´

Ad•her´en•cy , n. 1. The state or quality of being adherent; adherence. [R.] 2. That which adheres. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ad•her´ent , a. [L. adhaerens, -entis, p. pr.: cf. F. adherent.] 1. Sticking; clinging; adhering. Pope. 2. Attached as an attribute or circumstance. 3. (Bot.) Congenitally united with an organ of another kind, as calyx with ovary, or stamens with petals.

Ad•her´ent, n. 1. One who adheres; one who adheres; one who follows a leader, party, or profession; a follower, or partisan; a believer in a particular faith or church. 2. That which adheres; an appendage. [R.] Milton. Syn. — Follower; partisan; upholder; disciple; supporter; dependent; ally; backer.

Ad•her´ent•ly, adv. In an adherent manner.

Ad•her´er , n. One who adheres; an adherent.

Ad•he´sion , n. [L. adhaesio, fr. adhaerere: cf. F. adhesion.] 1. The action of sticking; the state of being attached; intimate union; as the adhesion of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, or the like. 2. Adherence; steady or firm attachment; fidelity; as adhesion to error, to a policy. “His adhesion to the Tories was bounded by his approbation of their foreign policy.
De Quincey.” 3. Agreement to adhere; concurrence; assent. “To that treaty Spain and England gave in their adhesion.
Macaulay.” 4. (Physics) The molecular attraction exerted between bodies in contact. See Cohesion. 5. (Med.) Union of surface, normally separate, by the formation of new tissue resulting from an inflammatory process. 6. (Bot.) The union of parts which are separate in other plants, or in younger states of the same plant. Syn. — Adherence; union. See Adherence.

Ad•he´sive , a. [Cf. F. adhesif.] 1. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinous substances. 2. Apt or tending to adhere; clinging. Thomson. Adhesive attraction. (Physics) See Attraction. — Adhesive inflammation (Surg.), that kind of inflammation which terminates in the reunion of divided parts without suppuration. — Adhesive plaster, a sticking; a plaster containing resin, wax, litharge, and olive oil.

Ad•he´sive•ly, adv. In an adhesive manner.

Ad•he´sive•ness, n. 1. The quality of sticking or adhering; stickiness; tenacity of union. 2. (Phren.) Propensity to form and maintain attachments to persons, and to promote social intercourse.

Ad•hib´it , v. t. [L. adhibitus, p. p. of adhibere to hold to; ad + habere to have.] 1. To admit, as a person or thing; to take in. Muirhead. 2. To use or apply; to administer. Camden. 3. To attach; to affix. Alison.

Ad•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. adhibitio.] The act of adhibiting; application; use. Whitaker.

Ad hom´i•nem . [L., to the man.] A phrase applied to an appeal or argument addressed to the principles, interests, or passions of a man.

Ad•hort´ , v. t. [L. adhortari. See Adhortation.] To exhort; to advise. [Obs.] Feltham.

Ad•hor•ta´tion , n. [L. adhortatio, fr. adhortari to advise; ad + hortari to exhort.] Advice; exhortation. [Obs.] Peacham.

Ad•hor´ta•to•ry , a. Containing counsel or warning; hortatory; advisory. [Obs.] Potter.

Ad•i•a•bat´ic , a. [Gr. not passable; ’a priv. + through + to go.] (Physics) Not giving out or receiving heat. — Ad•i•a•bat•ic•al•ly, adv. Adiabatic line or curve, a curve exhibiting the variations of pressure and volume of a fluid when it expands without either receiving or giving out heat. Rankine.

Ad•i•ac•tin´ic , a. [Pref. a- not + diactinic.] (Chem.) Not transmitting the actinic rays.

Ad•i•an´tum , n. [L., fr. Gr. , maidenhair; ’a priv. + to wet.] (Bot.) A genus of ferns, the leaves of which shed water; maidenhair. also the black maidenhair, a species of spleenwort.

Ad•i•aph´o•rism , n. Religious indifference.

Ad•i•aph´o•rist , n. [See Adiaphorous.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the German Protestants who, with Melanchthon, held some opinions and ceremonies to be indifferent or nonessential, which Luther condemned as sinful or heretical. Murdock.

Ad•i•aph•o•ris´tic , a. Pertaining to matters indifferent in faith and practice. Shipley.

Ad•i•aph´o•rite , n. Same as Adiaphorist.

Ad•i•aph´o•rous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + different; through + to bear.] 1. Indifferent or neutral. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Incapable of doing either harm or good, as some medicines. Dunglison.

Ad•i•aph´o•ry, n. [Gr. .] Indifference. [Obs.]

Ad•i•a•ther´mic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + through + heat.] Not pervious to heat.

A•dieu´ , interj. & adv. [OE. also adew, adewe, adue, F. dieu, fr. L. ad to + deus God.] Good-by; farewell; an expression of kind wishes at parting.

A•dieu´, n.; pl. Adieus . A farewell; commendation to the care of God at parting. Shak.

A•dight´ , v. t. [p. p. Adight.] [Pref. a- (intensive) + OE. dihten. See Dight.] To set in order; to array; to attire; to deck, to dress. [Obs.]

Ad in•fi•ni´tum . [L., to infinity.] Without limit; endlessly.

Ad in´ter•im [L.] Meanwhile; temporary.

Ad•i•pes´cent , a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + -escent.] Becoming fatty.

A•dip´ic , a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fatty or oily substances; — applied to certain acids obtained from fats by the action of nitric acid.

Ad•i•poc´er•ate , v. t. To convert into adipocere.

Ad•i•poc•er•a´tion , n. The act or process of changing into adipocere.

Ad´i•po•cere , n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + cera wax: cf. F. adipocere.] A soft, unctuous, or waxy substance, of a light brown color, into which the fat and muscle tissue of dead bodies sometimes are converted, by long immersion in water or by burial in moist places. It is a result of fatty degeneration.

Ad•i•po•cer´i•form , a. [Adipocere + -form.] Having the form or appearance of adipocere; as an adipoceriform tumor.

Ad•i•poc´er•ous , a. Like adipocere.

Ad´i•pose ( 277), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat, grease.] Of or pertaining to animal fat; fatty. Adipose fin (Zoöl.), a soft boneless fin. — Adipose tissue (Anat.), that form of animal tissue which forms or contains fat. { Ad´i•pose•ness , Ad•i•pos´i•ty } n. The state of being fat; fatness.

Ad´i•pous , a. Fatty; adipose. [R.]

A•dip´sous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + , thirst.] Quenching thirst, as certain fruits.

Ad´ip•sy , n. [Gr. not thirsty; ’a priv. + thirst.] (Med.) Absence of thirst.

Ad´it , n. [L. aditus, fr. adire, aitum, to go to; ad + ire to go.] 1. An entrance or passage. Specifically: The nearly horizontal opening by which a mine is entered, or by which water and ores are carried away; — called also drift and tunnel. 2. Admission; approach; access. [R.] “Yourself and yours shall have
Free adit.
Tennyson.” { Ad´ja´cence , Ad•ja´cen•cy } [Cf. LL. adjacentia.] 1. The state of being adjacent or contiguous; contiguity; as the adjacency of lands or buildings. 2. That which is adjacent. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad•ja´cent , a. [L. adjacens, -centis, p. pr. of adjacere to lie near; ad + jacere to lie: cf. F. adjacent.] Lying near, close, or contiguous; neighboring; bordering on; as a field adjacent to the highway. ´The adjacent forest.´ B. Jonson. Adjacent or contiguous angle. (Geom.) See Angle. Syn. — Adjoining; contiguous; near. — Adjacent, Adjoining, Contiguous. Things are adjacent when they lie close each other, not necessary in actual contact; as adjacent fields, adjacent villages, etc. “I find that all Europe with her adjacent isles is peopled with Christians.
Howell.” Things are adjoining when they meet at some line or point of junction; as adjoining farms, an adjoining highway. What is spoken of as contiguous should touch with some extent of one side or the whole of it; as a row of contiguous buildings; a wood contiguous to a plain.

Ad•ja´cent, n. That which is adjacent. [R.] Locke.

Ad•ja´cent•ly, adv. So as to be adjacent.

Ad•ject´ , v. t. [L. adjectus, p. p. of adjicere to throw to, to add to; ad + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To add or annex; to join. Leland.

Ad•jec´tion , n. [L. adjectio, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjection. See Adject.] The act or mode of adding; also the thing added. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ad•jec´tion•al , a. Pertaining to adjection; that is, or may be, annexed. [R.] Earle.

Ad•jec•ti´tious , [L. adjectitius.] Added; additional. Parkhurst.

Ad•jec•ti´val , a. Of or relating to the relating to the adjective; of the nature of an adjective; adjective. W. Taylor (1797)

Ad•jec•ti´val•ly, adv. as or in the manner of, an adjective; adjectively.

Ad´jec•tive (ad´jek•tiv), a. [See Adjective, n.] 1. Added to a substantive as an attribute; of the nature of an adjunct; as an adjective word or sentence. 2. Not standing by itself; dependent. Adjective color, a color which requires to be fixed by some mordant or base to give it permanency. 3. Relating to procedure. ´The whole English law, substantive and adjective.´ Macaulay.

Ad´jec•tive, n. [L. adjectivum (sc. nomen), neut. of adjectivus that is added, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjectif. See Adject.] 1. (Gram.) A word used with a noun, or substantive, to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or describe a thing, as distinct from something else. Thus, in phrase, ´a wise ruler,´ wise is the adjective, expressing a property of ruler. 2. A dependent; an accessory. Fuller.

Ad´jec•tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjectived ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjectiving .] To make an adjective of; to form or change into an adjective. [R.] “Language has as much occasion to adjective the distinct signification of the verb, and to adjective also the mood, as it has to adjective time. It has … adjectived all three.
Tooke.”

Ad´jec•tive•ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective; as a word used adjectively.

Ad•join´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjoined ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjoining.] [OE. ajoinen, OF. ajoindre, F. adjoindre, fr. L. adjungere; ad + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Adjunct.] To join or unite to; to lie contiguous to; to be in contact with; to attach; to append. “Corrections … should be, as remarks, adjoined by way of note.
Watts.”

Ad•join´ (ad•join´), v. i. 1. To lie or be next, or in contact; to be contiguous; as the houses adjoin. “When one man’s land adjoins to another’s.
Blackstone.” The construction with to, on, or with is obsolete or obsolescent. 2. To join one’s self. [Obs.] “She lightly unto him adjoined side to side.
Spenser.”

Ad•join´ant , a. Contiguous. [Obs.] Carew.

Ad•join´ing, a. Joining to; contiguous; adjacent; as an adjoining room. ´The adjoining fane.´ Dryden. “Upon the hills adjoining to the city.
Shak.” Syn. — Adjacent; contiguous; near; neighboring; abutting; bordering. See Adjacent.

Ad´joint , n. An adjunct; a helper. [Obs.]

Ad•journ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjourned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjourning .] [OE. ajornen, OF. ajoiner, ajurner, F. ajourner; OF. a (L. ad) + jor, jur, jorn, F. jour, day, fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. Cf. Journal, Journey.] To put off or defer to another day, or indefinitely; to postpone; to close or suspend for the day; — commonly said of the meeting, or the action, of convened body; as to adjourn the meeting; to adjourn a debate. “It is a common practice to adjourn the reformation of their lives to a further time.
Barrow.” “’Tis a needful fitness
That we adjourn this court till further day.
Shak.” Syn. — To delay; defer; postpone; put off; suspend. — To Adjourn, Prorogue, Dissolve. These words are used in respect to public bodies when they lay aside business and separate. Adjourn, both in Great Britain and this country, is applied to all cases in which such bodies separate for a brief period, with a view to meet again. Prorogue is applied in Great Britain to that act of the executive government, as the sovereign, which brings a session of Parliament to a close. The word is not used in this country, but a legislative body is said, in such a case, to adjourn sine die. To dissolve is to annul the corporate existence of a body. In order to exist again the body must be reconstituted.

Ad•journ´, v. i. To suspend business for a time, as from one day to another, or for a longer period, or indefinitely; usually, to suspend public business, as of legislatures and courts, or other convened bodies; as congress adjourned at four o’clock; the court adjourned without day.

Ad•journ´al , n. Adjournment; postponement. [R.] ´An adjournal of the Diet.´ Sir W. Scott.

Ad•journ´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. f. adjournement, OF. ajornement. See Adjourn.] 1. The act of adjourning; the putting off till another day or time specified, or without day. 2. The time or interval during which a public body adjourns its sittings or postpones business.

Ad•judge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudging .] [OE. ajugen, OF. ajugier, fr. L. adjudicare; ad + judicare to judge. See Judge, and cf. Adjudicate.] 1. To award judicially in the case of a controverted question; as the prize was adjudged to the victor. 2. To determine in the exercise of judicial power; to decide or award judicially; to adjudicate; as the case was adjudged in the November term. 3. To sentence; to condemn. “Without reprieve, adjudged to death
For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth.
Milton.” 4. To regard or hold; to judge; to deem. “He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship.
Knolles.” Syn. — To decree; award; determine; adjudicate; ordain; assign.

Ad•judg´er , n. One who adjudges.

Ad•judg´ment (-ment), n. The act of adjudging; judicial decision; adjudication. Sir W. Temple.

Ad•ju´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudicated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudicating ] [L. adjudicatus, p. p. of adjudicare. See Adjudge.] To adjudge; to try and determine, as a court; to settle by judicial decree.

Ad•ju´di•cate, v. i. To come to a judicial decision; as the court adjudicated upon the case.

Ad•ju•di•ca´tion , n. [L. adjudicatio: cf. F. adjudication.] 1. The act of adjudicating; the act or process of trying and determining judicially. 2. A deliberate determination by the judicial power; a judicial decision or sentence. ´An adjudication in favor of natural rights.´ Burke. 3. (Bankruptcy practice) The decision upon the question whether the debtor is a bankrupt. Abbott. 4. (Scots Law) A process by which land is attached security or in satisfaction of a debt.

Ad•ju´di•ca•tive , a. Adjudicating.

Ad•ju´di•ca•tor , n. One who adjudicates.

Ad•ju´di•ca•ture , n. Adjudication.

Ad´ju•gate , v. t. [L. adjugatus, p. p. of adjugare; ad + jugum a yoke.] To yoke to. [Obs.]

Ad´ju•ment (ad´ju•ment), n. [L. adjumentum, for adjuvamentum, fr. adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help.] Help; support; also a helper. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

Ad´junct , a. [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjungere. See Adjoin.] Conjoined; attending; consequent. “Though that my death were adjunct to my act.
Shak.” Adjunct notes (Mus.), short notes between those essential to the harmony; auxiliary notes; passing notes.

Ad´junct, n. 1. Something joined or added to another thing, but not essentially a part of it. “Learning is but an adjunct to our self.
Shak.” 2. A person joined to another in some duty or service; a colleague; an associate. Wotton. 3. (Gram.) A word or words added to quality or amplify the force of other words; as the History of the American Revolution, where the words in italics are the adjunct or adjuncts of ´History.´ 4. (Metaph.) A quality or property of the body or the mind, whether natural or acquired; as color, in the body, judgment in the mind. 5. (Mus.) A key or scale closely related to another as principal; a relative or attendant key. [R.] See Attendant keys, under Attendant, a.

Ad•junc´tion , n. [L. adjunctio, fr. adjungere: cf. F. adjonction, and see Adjunct.] The act of joining; the thing joined or added.

Ad•junc´tive , a. [L. adjunctivus, fr. adjungere. See Adjunct.] Joining; having the quality of joining; forming an adjunct.

Ad•junc´tive, n. One who, or that which, is joined.

Ad•junc´tive•ly, adv. In an adjunctive manner.

Ad•junct´ly , adv. By way of addition or adjunct; in connection with.

Ad•ju•ra´tion , n. [L. adjuratio, fr. adjurare: cf. F. adjuration. See Adjure.] 1. The act of adjuring; a solemn charging on oath, or under the penalty of a curse; an earnest appeal. “What an accusation could not effect, an adjuration shall.
Bp. Hall.” 2. The form of oath or appeal. “Persons who … made use of prayer and adjurations.
Addison.”

Ad•ju´ra•to•ry , a. [L. adjuratorius.] Containing an adjuration.

Ad•jure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjuring ]. [L. adjurare, adjurdium, to swear to; later, to adjure: cf. F. adjurer. See Jury.] To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if under oath, or under the penalty of a curse; to appeal to in the most solemn or impressive manner; to entreat earnestly. “Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man before the Lord, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho.
Josh. vi. 26.” “The high priest … said … I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ.
Matt. xxvi. 63.” “The commissioners adjured them not to let pass so favorable an opportunity of securing their liberties.
Marshall.”

Ad•jur´er , n. One who adjures.

Ad•just´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjusting.] [OF. ajuster, ajoster (whence F. ajouter to add), LL. adjuxtare to fit; fr. L. ad + juxta near; confused later with L. ad and justus just, right, whence F. ajuster to adjust. See Just, v. t. and cf. Adjute.] 1. To make exact; to fit; to make correspondent or conformable; to bring into proper relations; as to adjust a garment to the body, or things to a standard. 2. To put in order; to regulate, or reduce to system. “Adjusting the orthography.
Johnson.” 3. To settle or bring to a satisfactory state, so that parties are agreed in the result; as to adjust accounts; the differences are adjusted. 4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts of an instrument; to regulate for use; as to adjust a telescope or microscope. Syn. — To adapt; suit; arrange; regulate; accommodate; set right; rectify; settle.

Ad•just´a•ble , a. Capable of being adjusted.

Ad•just´age , n. [Cf. Ajutage.] Adjustment. [R.]

Ad•just´er , n. One who, or that which, adjusts.

Ad•just´ive , a. Tending to adjust. [R.]

Ad•just´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. ajustement. See Adjust.] 1. The act of adjusting, or condition of being adjusted; act of bringing into proper relations; regulation. “Success depends on the nicest and minutest adjustment of the parts concerned.
Paley.” 2. (Law) Settlement of claims; an equitable arrangement of conflicting claims, as in set-off, contribution, exoneration, subrogation, and marshaling. Bispham. 3. The operation of bringing all the parts of an instrument, as a microscope or telescope, into their proper relative position for use; the condition of being thus adjusted; as to get a good adjustment; to be in or out of adjustment. Syn. — Suiting; fitting; arrangement; regulation; settlement; adaptation; disposition.

Ad´ju•tage , n. Same as Ajutage.

Ad´ju•tan•cy , n. [See Adjutant.] 1. The office of an adjutant. 2. Skillful arrangement in aid; assistance. “It was no doubt, disposed with all the adjutancy of definition and division.
Burke.”

Ad´ju•tant , n. [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adjutare to help. See Aid.] 1. A helper; an assistant. 2. (Mil.) A regimental staff officer, who assists the colonel, or commanding officer of a garrison or regiment, in the details of regimental and garrison duty. Adjutant general (a) (Mil.), the principal staff officer of an army, through whom the commanding general receives communications and issues military orders. In the U. S. army he is brigadier general. (b) (Among the Jesuits), one of a select number of fathers, who resided with the general of the order, each of whom had a province or country assigned to his care. 3. (Zoöl.) A species of very large stork (Ciconia argala), a native of India; — called also the gigantic crane, and by the native name argala. It is noted for its serpent-destroying habits.

Ad´ju•ta•tor , n. (Eng. Hist.) A corruption of Agitator.

Ad•jute´ , v. t. [F. ajouter; confused with L. adjutare.] To add. [Obs.]

Ad•ju´tor , n. [L., fr. adjuvare. See Aid.] A helper or assistant. [Archaic] Drayton.

Ad•ju´to•ry , a. [L. adjutorius.] Serving to help or assist; helping. [Obs.]

Ad•ju´trix , n. [L. See Adjutor.] A female helper or assistant. [R.]

Ad´ju•vant (ad´ju•vant), a. [L. adjuvans, p. pr. of adjuvare to aid: cf. F. adjuvant. See Aid.] Helping; helpful; assisting. [R.] ´Adjuvant causes.´ Howell.

Ad´ju•vant, n. 1. An assistant. [R.] Yelverton. 2. (Med.) An ingredient, in a prescription, which aids or modifies the action of the principal ingredient.

Ad•le•ga´tion , n. [L. adlegatio, allegatio, a sending away; fr. adlegare, allegare, to send away with a commission; ad in addition + legare to send as ambassador. Cf. Allegation.] A right formerly claimed by the states of the German Empire of joining their own ministers with those of the emperor in public treaties and negotiations to the common interest of the empire. Encyc. Brit.

Ad lib´i•tum . At one’s pleasure; as one wishes.

Ad•lo•cu´tion , n. See Allocution. [Obs.]

Ad•mar´gin•ate , v. t. [Pref. ad- + margin.] To write in the margin. [R.] Coleridge.

Ad•max´il•la•ry , a. [Pref. ad- + maxillary.] (Anat.) Near to the maxilla or jawbone.

Ad•meas´ure ( 135), v. t. [Cf. OF. amesurer, LL. admensurare. See Measure.] 1. To measure. 2. (Law) To determine the proper share of, or the proper apportionment; as to admeasure dower; to admeasure common of pasture. Blackstone. 2. The measure of a thing; dimensions; size. 3. (Law) Formerly, the adjustment of proportion, or ascertainment of shares, as of dower or pasture held in common. This was by writ of admeasurement, directed to the sheriff.

Ad•meas´ur•er , n. One who admeasures.

Ad•men•su•ra´tion , n. [LL. admensuratio; L. ad + mensurare to measure. See Mensuration.] Same as Admeasurement.

Ad•min´i•cle , n. [L. adminculum support, orig., that on which the hand rests; ad + manus hand + dim. ending -culym.] 1. Help or support; an auxiliary. Grote. 2. (Law) Corroborative or explanatory proof. In Scots law, any writing tending to establish the existence or terms of a lost deed. Bell.

Ad•mi•nic´u•lar , a. Supplying help; auxiliary; corroborative; explanatory; as adminicular evidence. H. Spencer.

Ad•mi•nic´u•la•ry , a. Adminicular.

Ad•min´is•ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Administered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Administering.] [OE. aministren, OF. aministrer, F. administer, fr. L. administrare; ad + ministrare to serve. See Minister.] 1. To manage or conduct, as public affairs; to direct or superintend the execution, application, or conduct of; as to administer the government or the state. “For forms of government let fools contest:
Whate’er is best administered is best.
Pope.” 2. To dispense; to serve out; to supply; execute; as to administer relief, to administer the sacrament. “[Let zephyrs] administer their tepid, genial airs.
Philips.” “Justice was administered with an exactness and purity not before known.
Macaulay.” 3. To apply, as medicine or a remedy; to give, as a dose or something beneficial or suitable. Extended to a blow, a reproof, etc. “A noxious drug had been administered to him.
Macaulay.” 4. To tender, as an oath. “Swear … to keep the oath that we administer.
Shak.” 5. (Law) To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or whose will fails of an executor. Syn. — To manage; conduct; minister; supply; dispense; give out; distribute; furnish.

Ad•min´is•ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to bring aid or supplies; to conduce; to minister. “A fountain … administers to the pleasure as well as the plenty of the place.
Spectator.” 2. (Law) To perform the office of administrator; to act officially; as A administers upon the estate of B.

Ad•min´is•ter, n. Administrator. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad•min•is•te´ri•al , a. Pertaining to administration, or to the executive part of government.

Ad•min´is•tra•ble , a. Capable of being administered; as an administrable law.

Ad•min´is•trant , a. [F., p. pr. of administrer. See Administer.] Executive; acting; managing affairs. — n. One who administers.

Ad•min´is•trate , v. t. [L. administratus, p. p. of administrare.] To administer. [R.] Milman.

Ad•min•is•tra´tion ( 277), n. [OE. administracioun, L. administratio: cf. F. administration.] 1. The act of administering; government of public affairs; the service rendered, or duties assumed, in conducting affairs; the conducting of any office or employment; direction; management. “His financial administration was of a piece with his military administration.
Macaulay.” 2. The executive part of government; the persons collectively who are intrusted with the execution of laws and the superintendence of public affairs; the chief magistrate and his cabinet or council; or the council, or ministry, alone, as in Great Britain. “A mild and popular administration.
Macaulay.” “The administration has been opposed in parliament.
Johnson.” 3. The act of administering, or tendering something to another; dispensation; as the administration of a medicine, of an oath, of justice, or of the sacrament. 4. (Law) (a) The management and disposal, under legal authority, of the estate of an intestate, or of a testator having no competent executor. (b) The management of an estate of a deceased person by an executor, the strictly corresponding term execution not being in use. Administration with the will annexed, administration granted where the testator has appointed no executor, or where his appointment of an executor for any cause has failed, as by death, incompetency, refusal to act, etc. Syn. — Conduct; management; direction; regulation; execution; dispensation; distribution.

Ad•min´is•tra•tive , a. [L. administrativus: cf. F. administratif.] Pertaining to administration; administering; executive; as an administrative body, ability, or energy. — Ad•min´is•tra•tive•ly, adv.

Ad•min•is•tra´tor , n. [L.] 1. One who administers affairs; one who directs, manages, executes, or dispenses, whether in civil, judicial, political, or ecclesiastical affairs; a manager. 2. (Law) A man who manages or settles the estate of an intestate, or of a testator when there is no competent executor; one to whom the right of administration has been committed by competent authority.

Ad•min•is•tra´tor•ship, n. The position or office of an administrator.

Ad•min•is•tra´trix , n. [NL.] A woman who administers; esp., one who administers the estate of an intestate, or to whom letters of administration have been granted; a female administrator.

Ad•mi•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [L. admirabilitac.] Admirableness. [R.] Johnson.

Ad´mi•ra•ble , a. [L. admirabilis: cf. F. admirable.] 1. Fitted to excite wonder; wonderful; marvelous. [Obs.] “In man there is nothing admirable but his ignorance and weakness.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Having qualities to excite wonder united with approbation; deserving the highest praise; most excellent; — used of persons or things. ´An admirable machine.´ ´Admirable fortitude.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Wonderful; marvelous; surprising; excellent; delightful; praiseworthy.

Ad´mi•ra•ble•ness, n. The quality of being admirable; wonderful excellence.

Ad´mi•ra•bly, adv. In an admirable manner.

Ad´mi•ral , n. [OE. amiral, admiral, OF. amiral, ultimately fr. Ar. amir-al- bahr commander of the sea; Ar. amir is commander, al is the Ar. article, and amir-al, heard in different titles, was taken as one word. Early forms of the word show confusion with L. admirabilis admirable, fr. admirari to admire. It is said to have been introduced into Europe by the Genoese or Venetians, in the 12th or 13th century. Cf. Ameer, Emir.] 1. A naval officer of the highest rank; a naval officer of high rank, of which there are different grades. The chief gradations in rank are admiral, vice admiral, and rear admiral. The admiral is the commander in chief of a fleet or of fleets. 2. The ship which carries the admiral; also the most considerable ship of a fleet. “Like some mighty admiral, dark and terrible, bearing down upon his antagonist with all his canvas straining to the wind, and all his thunders roaring from his broadsides.
E. Everett.” 3. (Zoöl.) A handsome butterfly (Pyrameis Atalanta) of Europe and America. The larva feeds on nettles. Admiral shell (Zoöl.), the popular name of an ornamental cone shell (Conus admiralis). Lord High Admiral, a great officer of state, who (when this rare dignity is conferred) is at the head of the naval administration of Great Britain.

Ad´mi•ral•ship, n. The office or position oaf an admiral; also the naval skill of an admiral.

Ad´mi•ral•ty , n.; pl. Admiralties . [F. amiraute, for an older amiralte, office of admiral, fr. LL. admiralitas. See Admiral.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of an admiral. Prescott. 2. The department or officers having authority over naval affairs generally. 3. The court which has jurisdiction of maritime questions and offenses. In England, admiralty jurisdiction was formerly vested in the High Court of Admiralty, which was held before the Lord High Admiral, or his deputy, styled the Judge of the Admiralty; but admiralty jurisdiction is now vested in the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the High Justice. In America, there are no admiralty courts distinct from others, but admiralty jurisdiction is vested in the district courts of the United States, subject to revision by the circuit courts and the Supreme Court of the United States. Admiralty jurisprudence has cognizance of maritime contracts and torts, collisions at sea, cases of prize in war, etc., and in America, admiralty jurisdiction is extended to such matters, arising out of the navigation of any of the public waters, as the Great Lakes and rivers. 4. The system of jurisprudence of admiralty courts. 5. The building in which the lords of the admiralty, in England, transact business.

Ad•mir´ance , n. [Cf. OF. admirance.] Admiration. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ad•mi•ra´tion , n. [F., fr. L. admiratio. See Admire.] 1. Wonder; astonishment. [Obs.] “Season your admiration for a while.
Shak.” 2. Wonder mingled with approbation or delight; an emotion excited by a person or thing possessed of wonderful or high excellence; as admiration of a beautiful woman, of a landscape, of virtue. 3. Cause of admiration; something to excite wonder, or pleased surprise; a prodigy. “Now, good Lafeu, bring in the admiration.
Shak.” Note of admiration, the mark (!), called also exclamation point. Syn. — Wonder; approval; appreciation; adoration; reverence; worship.

Ad•mir´a•tive , a. Relating to or expressing admiration or wonder. [R.] Earle.

Ad•mire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Admiring .] [F. admirer, fr. L. admirari; ad + mirari to wonder, for smirari, akin to Gr. to smile, Skr. smi, and E. smile.] 1. To regard with wonder or astonishment; to view with surprise; to marvel at. [Archaic] “Examples rather to be admired than imitated.
Fuller.” 2. To regard with wonder and delight; to look upon with an elevated feeling of pleasure, as something which calls out approbation, esteem, love, or reverence; to estimate or prize highly; as to admire a person of high moral worth, to admire a landscape. “Admired as heroes and as gods obeyed.
Pope.” Admire followed by the infinitive is obsolete or colloquial; as I admire to see a man consistent in his conduct. Syn. — To esteem; approve; delight in.

Ad•mire´, v. i. To wonder; to marvel; to be affected with surprise; — sometimes with at. “To wonder at Pharaoh, and even admire at myself.
Fuller.”

Ad•mired´ , a. 1. Regarded with wonder and delight; highly prized; as an admired poem. 2. Wonderful; also admirable. [Obs.] ´Admired disorder.´ ´ Admired Miranda.´ Shak.

Ad•mir´er , n. One who admires; one who esteems or loves greatly. Cowper.

Ad•mir´ing, a. Expressing admiration; as an admiring glance. — Ad•mir´ing•ly, adv. Shak.

Ad•mis•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. admissibilite.] The quality of being admissible; admissibleness; as the admissibility of evidence.

Ad•mis´si•ble , a. [F. admissible, LL. admissibilis. See Admit.] Entitled to be admitted, or worthy of being admitted; that may be allowed or conceded; allowable; as the supposition is hardly admissible. — Ad•mis´si•ble•ness, n. — Ad•mis´si•bly, adv.

Ad•mis´sion , n. [L. admissio: cf. F. admission. See Admit.] 1. The act or practice of admitting. 2. Power or permission to enter; admittance; entrance; access; power to approach. “What numbers groan for sad admission there!
Young.” 3. The granting of an argument or position not fully proved; the act of acknowledging something serted; acknowledgment; concession. “The too easy admission of doctrines.
Macaulay.” 4. (Law) Acquiescence or concurrence in a statement made by another, and distinguishable from a confession in that an admission presupposes prior inquiry by another, but a confession may be made without such inquiry. 5. A fact, point, or statement admitted; as admission made out of court are received in evidence. 6. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Declaration of the bishop that he approves of the presentee as a fit person to serve the cure of the church to which he is presented. Shipley. Syn. — Admittance; concession; acknowledgment; concurrence; allowance. See Admittance.

Ad•mis´sive , a. Implying an admission; tending to admit. [R.] Lamb.

Ad•mis´so•ry , a. Pertaining to admission.

Ad•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Admitting.] [OE. amitten, L. admittere, admissum; ad + mittere to send: cf. F. admettre, OF. admettre, OF. ametre. See Missile.] 1. To suffer to enter; to grant entrance, whether into a place, or into the mind, or consideration; to receive; to take; as they were into his house; to admit a serious thought into the mind; to admit evidence in the trial of a cause. 2. To give a right of entrance; as a ticket admits one into a playhouse. 3. To allow (one) to enter on an office or to enjoy a privilege; to recognize as qualified for a franchise; as to admit an attorney to practice law; the prisoner was admitted to bail. 4. To concede as true; to acknowledge or assent to, as an allegation which it is impossible to deny; to own or confess; as the argument or fact is admitted; he admitted his guilt. 5. To be capable of; to permit; as the words do not admit such a construction. In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or may be omitted. “Both Houses declared that they could admit of no treaty with the king.
Hume.”

Ad•mit´ta•ble , a. Admissible. Sir T. Browne.

Ad•mit´tance , n. 1. The act of admitting. 2. Permission to enter; the power or right of entrance; also actual entrance; reception. “To gain admittance into the house.
South.” “He desires admittance to the king.
Dryden.” “To give admittance to a thought of fear.
Shak.” 3. Concession; admission; allowance; as the admittance of an argument. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 4. Admissibility. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Eng. Law) The act of giving possession of a copyhold estate. Bouvier. Syn. — Admission; access; entrance; initiation. — Admittance, Admission. These words are, to some extent, in a state of transition and change. Admittance is now chiefly confined to its primary sense of access into some locality or building. Thus we see on the doors of factories, shops, etc. ´No admittance.´ Its secondary or moral sense, as ´admittance to the church,´ is almost entirely laid aside. Admission has taken to itself the secondary or figurative senses; as admission to the rights of citizenship; admission to the church; the admissions made by one of the parties in a dispute. And even when used in its primary sense, it is not identical with admittance. Thus, we speak of admission into a country, territory, and other larger localities, etc., where admittance could not be used. So, when we speak of admission to a concert or other public assembly, the meaning is not perhaps exactly that of admittance, viz., access within the walls of the building, but rather a reception into the audience, or access to the performances. But the lines of distinction on this subject are one definitely drawn.

Ad•mit•ta´tur , n. [L., let him be admitted.] The certificate of admission given in some American colleges.

Ad•mit´ted , a. Received as true or valid; acknowledged. — Ad•mit´ted•ly adv. Confessedly.

Ad•mit´ter , n. One who admits.

Ad•mix´ , v. t. [Pref. ad- + mix: cf. L. admixtus, p. p. of admiscere. See Mix.] To mingle with something else; to mix. [R.]

Ad•mix´tion ( 106), n. [L. admixtio.] A mingling of different things; admixture. Glanvill.

Ad•mix´ture ( 135), n. [L. admiscere, admixtum, to admix; ad + miscere to mix. See Mix.] 1. The act of mixing; mixture. 2. The compound formed by mixing different substances together. 3. That which is mixed with anything.

Ad•mon´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admonished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Admonishing.] [OE. amonesten, OF. amonester, F. admonester, fr. a supposed LL. admonesstrare, fr. L. admonere to remind, warn; ad + monere to warn. See Monition.] 1. To warn or notify of a fault; to reprove gently or kindly, but seriously; to exhort. ´Admonish him as a brother.´ 2 Thess. iii. 15. 2. To counsel against wrong practices; to cation or advise; to warn against danger or an offense; — followed by of, against, or a subordinate clause. “Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns.
Col. iii. 16.” “I warned thee, I admonished thee, foretold
The danger, and the lurking enemy.
Milton.” 3. To instruct or direct; to inform; to notify. “Moses was admonished of God, when he was about to make the tabernacle.
Heb. viii. 5.”

Ad•mon´ish•er , n. One who admonishes.

Ad•mon´ish•ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. amonestement, admonestement.] Admonition. [R.] Shak.

Ad•mo•ni´tion , n. [OE. amonicioun, OF. amonition, F. admonition, fr. L. admonitio, fr. admonere. See Admonish.] Gentle or friendly reproof; counseling against a fault or error; expression of authoritative advice; friendly caution or warning. Syn. — Admonition, Reprehension, Reproof. Admonition is prospective, and relates to moral delinquencies; its object is to prevent further transgression. Reprehension and reproof are retrospective, the former being milder than the latter. A person of any age or station may be liable to reprehension in case of wrong conduct; but reproof is the act of a superior. It is authoritative fault-finding or censure addressed to children or to inferiors.

Ad•mo•ni´tion•er , n. Admonisher. [Obs.]

Ad•mon´i•tive , a. Admonitory. [R.] Barrow. — Ad•mon´i•tive•ly, adv.

Ad•mon´i•tor , n. [L.] Admonisher; monitor. “Conscience is at most times a very faithful and prudent admonitor.
Shenstone.”

Ad•mon•i•to´ri•al , a. Admonitory. [R.] ´An admonitorial tone.´ Dickens.

Ad•mon´i•to•ry , a. [LL. admonitorius.] That conveys admonition; warning or reproving; as an admonitory glance. — Ad•mon´i•to•ri•ly, , adv.

Ad•mon´i•trix , n. [L.] A female admonitor.

Ad•mor•ti•za´tion , n. [LL. admortizatio. Cf. Amortization.] (Law) The reducing or lands or tenements to mortmain. See Mortmain.

Ad•move´ , v. t. [L. admovere. See Move.] To move or conduct to or toward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad•nas´cent , a. [L. adnascens, p. pr. of adnasci to be born, grow.] Growing to or on something else. ´An adnascent plant.´ Evelyn.

Ad´nate , a. [L. adnatus, p. p. of adnasci. See Adnascent, and cf. Agnate.] 1. (Physiol.) Grown to congenitally. 2. (Bot.) Growing together; — said only of organic cohesion of unlike parts. “An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament.
Gray.” 3. (Zoöl.) Growing with one side adherent to a stem; — a term applied to the lateral zooids of corals and other compound animals.

Ad•na´tion , n. (Bot.) The adhesion or cohesion of different floral verticils or sets of organs.

Ad•nom´i•nal , a. [L. ad + nomen noun.] (Gram.) Pertaining to an adnoun; adjectival; attached to a noun. Gibbs. — Ad•nom´i•nal•ly, adv.

Ad´noun , n. [Pref. ad- + noun.] (Gram.) An adjective, or attribute. [R.] Coleridge.

Ad•nu´bi•la•ted , a. [L. adnubilatus, p. p. of adnubilare.] Clouded; obscured. [R.]

A•do´ (a•doo´), (1) v. inf., (2) n. [OE. at do, northern form for to do. Cf. Affair.] 1. To do; in doing; as there is nothing ado. ´What is here ado?´ J. Newton. 2. Doing; trouble; difficulty; troublesome business; fuss; bustle; as to make a great ado about trifles. “With much ado, he partly kept awake.
Dryden.” “Let’s follow to see the end of this ado.
Shak.”

A•do´be (a•do´ba), n. [Sp.] An unburnt brick dried in the sun; also used as an adjective, as an adobe house, in Texas or New Mexico.

Ad•o•les´cence , n. [Fr., fr. L. adolescentia.] The state of growing up from childhood to manhood or womanhood; youth, or the period of life between puberty and maturity, generally considered to be, in the male sex, from fourteen to twenty-one. Sometimes used with reference to the lower animals.

Ad•o•les´cen•cy , n. The quality of being adolescent; youthfulness.

Ad•o•les´cent (ad•o•les´sent), a. [L. adolescens, p. pr. of adolescere to grow up to; ad + the inchoative olescere to grow: cf. F. adolescent. See Adult.] Growing; advancing from childhood to maturity. “Schools, unless discipline were doubly strong,
Detain their adolescent charge too long.
Cowper.”

Ad•o•les´cent, n. A youth.

Ad•o•ne´an (-ne´an), a. [L. Adoneus.] Pertaining to Adonis; Adonic. ´Fair Adonean Venus.´ Faber.

A•don´ic , a. [F. adonique: cf. L. Adonius.] Relating to Adonis, famed for his beauty. - - n. An Adonic verse. Adonic verse, a verse consisting of a dactyl and spondee (— &ssmile; &ssmile; | — —).

A•do´nis (a•do´nis), n. [L., gr. Gr. ’A•dwnis.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A youth beloved by Venus for his beauty. He was killed in the chase by a wild boar. 2. A preëminently beautiful young man; a dandy. 3. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the family Ranunculaceae, containing the pheasant’s eye (Adonis autumnalis); — named from Adonis, whose blood was fabled to have stained the flower.

A•do´nist (a•do´nist), n. [Heb. adonai my Lords.] One who maintains that points of the Hebrew word translated ´Jehovah´ are really the vowel points of the word ´Adonai.´ See Jehovist.

Ad´o•nize (ad´o•niz), v. t. [Cf. F. adoniser, fr. Adonis.] To beautify; to dandify. “I employed three good hours at least in adjusting and adonozing myself.
Smollett.” { A•door , A•doors } At the door; of the door; as out adoors. Shak. “I took him in adoors.
Vicar’s Virgil (1630).”

A•dopt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adopted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adopting.] [L. adoptare; ad + optare to choose, desire: cf. F. adopter. See Option.] 1. To take by choice into relationship, as child, heir, friend, citizen, etc.; esp. to take voluntarily (a child of other parents) to be in the place of, or as one’s own child. 2. To take or receive as one’s own what is not so naturally; to select and take or approve; as to adopt the view or policy of another; these resolutions were adopted.

A•dopt´a•ble , a. Capable of being adopted.

A•dopt´ed , a. Taken by adoption; taken up as one’s own; as an adopted son, citizen, country, word. — A•dopt´ed•ly, adv.

A•dopt´er , n. 1. One who adopts. 2. (Chem.) A receiver, with two necks, opposite to each other, one of which admits the neck of a retort, and the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in distillations, to give more space to elastic vapors, to increase the length of the neck of a retort, or to unite two vessels whose openings have different diameters. [Written also adapter.]

A•dop´tion , n. [L. adoptio, allied to adoptare to adopt: cf. F. adoption.] 1. The act of adopting, or state of being adopted; voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be the same as one’s own child. 2. Admission to a more intimate relation; reception; as the adoption of persons into hospitals or monasteries, or of one society into another. 3. The choosing and making that to be one’s own which originally was not so; acceptance; as the adoption of opinions. Jer. Taylor.

A•dop´tion•ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect which maintained that Christ was the Son of God not by nature but by adoption.

A•dop´tious , a. Adopted. [Obs.]

A•dopt´ive , a. [L. adoptivus: cf. F. adoptif.] Pertaining to adoption; made or acquired by adoption; fitted to adopt; as an adoptive father, an child; an adoptive language. — A•dopt´ive•ly, adv.

A•dor•a•bil´i•ty , n. Adorableness.

A•dor´a•ble , a. [L. adorabilis, fr. adorare: cf. F. adorable.] 1. Deserving to be adored; worthy of divine honors. “The adorable Author of Christianity.
Cheyne.” 2. Worthy of the utmost love or respect.

A•dor´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being adorable, or worthy of adoration. Johnson.

A•dor´a•bly, adv. In an adorable manner.

Ad•o•ra´tion , n. [L. adoratio, fr. adorare: cf. F. adoration.] 1. The act of playing honor to a divine being; the worship paid to God; the act of addressing as a god. “The more immediate objects of popular adoration amongst the heathens were deified human beings.
Farmer.” 2. Homage paid to one in high esteem; profound veneration; intense regard and love; fervent devotion. 3. A method of electing a pope by the expression of homage from two thirds of the conclave. “[Pole] might have been chosen on the spot by adoration.
Froude.”

A•dore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adored ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adoring .] [OE. aouren, anouren, adoren, OF. aorer, adorer, F. adorer, fr. L. adorare; ad + orare to speak, pray, os, oris, mouth. In OE. confused with honor, the French prefix a- being confused with OE. a, an, on. See Oral.] 1. To worship with profound reverence; to pay divine honors to; to honor as deity or as divine. “Bishops and priests, … bearing the host, which he [James .] publicly adored.
Smollett.” 2. To love in the highest degree; to regard with the utmost esteem and affection; to idolize. “The great mass of the population abhorred Popery and adored Montouth.
Macaulay.”

A•dore´, v. t. To adorn. [Obs.] “Congealed little drops which do the morn adore.
Spenser.”

A•dore´ment (-ment), n. The act of adoring; adoration. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A•dor´er , n. One who adores; a worshiper; one who admires or loves greatly; an ardent admirer. ´An adorer of truth.´ Clarendon. “I profess myself her adorer, not her friend.
Shak.”

A•dor´ing•ly, adv. With adoration.

A•dorn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adorned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adorning.] [OE. aournen, anournen, adornen, OF. aorner, fr. L. aaornare; ad + ornare to furnish, embellish. See Adore, Ornate.] To deck or dress with ornaments; to embellish; to set off to advantage; to render pleasing or attractive. “As a bride adorneth herself with her jewels.
Isa. lxi. 10.” “At church, with meek and unaffected grace,
His looks adorned the venerable place.
Goldsmith.” Syn. — To deck; decorate; embellish; ornament; beautify; grace; dignify; exalt; honor. — To Adorn, Ornament, Decorate, Embellish. We decorate and ornament by putting on some adjunct which is attractive or beautiful, and which serves to heighten the general effect. Thus, a lady’s head-dress may be ornament or decorated with flowers or jewelry; a hall may be decorated or ornament with carving or gilding, with wreaths of flowers, or with hangings. Ornament is used in a wider sense than decorate. To embellish is to beautify or ornament richly, not so much by mere additions or details as by modifying the thing itself as a whole. It sometimes means gaudy and artificial decoration. We embellish a book with rich engravings; a style is embellished with rich and beautiful imagery; a shopkeeper embellishes his front window to attract attention. Adorn is sometimes identical with decorate, as when we say, a lady was adorned with jewels. In other cases, it seems to imply something more. Thus, we speak of a gallery of paintings as adorned with the works of some of the great masters, or adorned with noble statuary and columns. Here decorated and ornamented would hardly be appropriate. There is a value in these works of genius beyond mere show and ornament. Adorn may be used of what is purely moral; as a character adorned with every Christian grace. Here neither decorate, nor ornament, nor embellish is proper.

A•dorn´, n. Adornment. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•dorn´, a. Adorned; decorated. [Obs.] Milton.

Ad•or•na´tion , n. Adornment. [Obs.]

A•dorn´er , n. He who, or that which, adorns; a beautifier.

A•dorn´ing•ly, adv. By adorning; decoratively.

A•dorn´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. adornement. See Adorn.] An adorning; an ornament; a decoration.

Ad•os´cu•la´tion , n. [L. adosculari, adosculatum, to kiss. See Osculate.] (Biol.) Impregnation by external contact, without intromission.

A•down´ , adv. [OE. adun, adoun, adune. AS. of dune off the hill. See Down.] From a higher to a lower situation; downward; down, to or on the ground. [Archaic] ´Thrice did she sink adown.´ Spenser.

A•down´, prep. Down. [Archaic & Poetic] “Her hair adown her shoulders loosely lay displayed.
Prior.”

Ad•press´ , v. t. [L. adpressus, p. p. of adprimere.] See Appressed. — Ad•pressed´, , a.

A•drad´ , p. a. [P. p. of adread.] Put in dread; afraid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ad´ra•gant , n. [F., a corruption of tragacanth.] Gum tragacanth. Brande & C.

A•dread´ , v. t. & i. [AS. andraedan, ondrae; pref. a- (for and against) + draeden to dread. See Dread.] To dread. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

A•dreamed´ , p. p. Visited by a dream; — used in the phrase, To be adreamed, to dream. [Obs.]

Ad•re´nal , a. [Pref. ad- + renal.] (Anat.) Suprarenal.

A´dri•an , a. [L. Hadrianus.] Pertaining to the Adriatic Sea; as Adrian billows.

A•dri•at´ic , a. [L. Adriaticus, Hadriaticus, fr. Adria or Hadria, a town of the Veneti.] Of or pertaining to a sea so named, the northwestern part of which is known as the Gulf of Venice.

A•drift´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- (for on) + drift.] Floating at random; in a drifting condition; at the mercy of wind and waves. Also fig. “So on the sea shall be set adrift.
Dryden.” “Were from their daily labor turned adrift.
Wordsworth.”

A•drip´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- in + drip.] In a dripping state; as leaves all adrip. D. G. Mitchell.

Ad´ro•gate , v. t. [See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) To adopt (a person who is his own master).

Ad•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. adrogatio, arrogatio, fr. adrogare. See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) A kind of adoption in ancient Rome. See Arrogation.

A•droit´ , a. [F. adroit; à (L. ad) = droit straight, right, fr. L. directus, p. p. of dirigere. See Direct.] Dexterous in the use of the hands or in the exercise of the mental faculties; exhibiting skill and readiness in avoiding danger or escaping difficulty; ready in invention or execution; — applied to persons and to acts; as an adroit mechanic, an adroit reply. ´Adroit in the application of the telescope and quadrant.´ Horsley. ´He was adroit in intrigue.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Dexterous; skillful; expert; ready; clever; deft; ingenious; cunning; ready-witted.

A•droit´ly, adv. In an adroit manner.

A•droit´ness, n. The quality of being adroit; skill and readiness; dexterity. “Adroitness was as requisite as courage.
Motley.” Syn. — See Skill.

A•dry´ , a. [Pref. a- (for on) + dry.] In a dry or thirsty condition. ´A man that is adry.´ Burton.

Ad•sci•ti´tious , a. [L. adscitus, p. p. of adsciscere, asciscere, to take knowingly; ad + sciscere to seek to know, approve, scire to know.] Supplemental; additional; adventitious; ascititious. ´Adscititious evidence.´ Bowring. — Ad•sci•ti´tious•ly, adv.

Ad´script , a. [L. adscriptus, p. p. of adscribere to enroll. See Ascribe.] Held to service as attached to the soil; — said of feudal serfs.

Ad´script , n. One held to service as attached to the glebe or estate; a feudal serf. Bancroft.

Ad•scrip´tive , a. [L. adscriptivus. See Adscript.] Attached or annexed to the glebe or estate and transferable with it. Brougham.

Ad•sig•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. Additional signification. [R.] Tooke.

Ad•sig´ni•fy , v. t. [L. adsignificare to show.] To denote additionally. [R.] Tooke.

Ad•strict´ , v. t. — Ad•stric´tion, n. See Astrict, and Astriction.

Ad•stric´to•ry , a. See Astrictory.

Ad•strin´gent , a. See Astringent.

Ad•u•la´ri•a , n. [From Adula, a mountain peak in Switzerland, where fine specimens are found.] (Min.) A transparent or translucent variety of common feldspar, or orthoclase, which often shows pearly opalescent reflections; — called by lapidaries moonstone.

Ad´u•late , v. t. [L. adulatus, p. p. of adulari.] To flatter in a servile way. Byron.

Ad•u•la´tion , n. [F. adulation, fr. L. adulatio, fr. adulari, adulatum, to flatter.] Servile flattery; praise in excess, or beyond what is merited. “Think’st thou the fiery fever will go out
With titles blown from adulation?
Shak.” Syn. — Sycophancy; cringing; fawning; obsequiousness; blandishment. — Adulation, Flattery, Compliment. Men deal in compliments from a desire to please; they use flattery either from undue admiration, or a wish to gratify vanity; they practice adulation from sordid motives, and with a mingled spirit of falsehood and hypocrisy. Compliment may be a sincere expression of due respect and esteem, or it may be unmeaning; flattery is apt to become gross; adulation is always servile, and usually fulsome.

Ad´u•la•tor , n. [L., fr. adulari: cf. F. adulateur.] A servile or hypocritical flatterer. Carlyle.

Ad´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. adulatorius, fr. adulari: cf. OF. adulatoire.] Containing excessive praise or compliment; servilely praising; flattering; as an adulatory address. “A mere rant of adulatory freedom.
Burke.”

Ad´u•la•tress , n. A woman who flatters with servility.

A•dult´ , a. [L. adultus, p. p. of adolescere, akin to alere to nourish: cf. F. adulte. See Adolescent, Old.] Having arrived at maturity, or to full size and strength; matured; as an adult person or plant; an adult ape; an adult age.

A•dult´, n. A person, animal, or plant grown to full size and strength; one who has reached maturity. In the common law, the term is applied to a person who has attained full age or legal majority; in the civil law, to males after the age of fourteen, and to females after twelve.

A•dul´ter , v. i. [L. adulterare.] To commit adultery; to pollute. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

A•dul´ter•ant , n. [L. adulterans, p. pr. of adulterare.] That which is used to adulterate anything. — a. Adulterating; as adulterant agents and processes.

A•dul´ter•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adulterated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adulterating .] [L. adulteratus, p. p. of adulterare, fr. adulter adulterer, prob. fr. ad + alter other, properly one who approaches another on account of unlawful love. Cf. Advoutry.] 1. To defile by adultery. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admixture of a foreign or a baser substance; as to adulterate food, drink, drugs, coin, etc. “The present war has … adulterated our tongue with strange words.
Spectator.” Syn. — To corrupt; defile; debase; contaminate; vitiate; sophisticate.

A•dul´ter•ate, v. i. To commit adultery. [Obs.]

A•dul´ter•ate , a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. Debased by the admixture of a foreign substance; adulterated; spurious. — A•dul´ter•ate•ly, adv. — A•dul´ter•ate•ness, n.

A•dul•ter•a´tion , n. [L. adulteratio.] 1. The act of adulterating; corruption, or debasement (esp. of food or drink) by foreign mixture. “The shameless adulteration of the coin.
Prescott.” 2. An adulterated state or product.

A•dul´ter•a•tor , n. [L.] One who adulterates or corrupts. [R.] Cudworth.

A•dul´ter•er , n. [Formed fr. the verb adulter, with the E. ending -er. See Advoutrer.] 1. A man who commits adultery; a married man who has sexual intercourse with a woman not his wife. 2. (Script.) A man who violates his religious covenant. Jer. ix. 2.

A•dul´ter•ess , n. [Fem. from L. adulter. Cf. Advoutress.] 1. A woman who commits adultery. 2. (Script.) A woman who violates her religious engagements. James iv. 4.

A•dul´ter•ine , a. [L. adulterinus, fr. adulter.] Proceeding from adulterous intercourse. Hence: Spurious; without the support of law; illegal. “When any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such were called adulterine guilds.
Adam Smith.”

A•dul´ter•ine, n. An illegitimate child. [R.]

A•dul´ter•ize , v. i. To commit adultery. Milton.

A•dul´ter•ous , a. 1. Guilty of, or given to, adultery; pertaining to adultery; illicit. Dryden. 2. Characterized by adulteration; spurious. ´An adulterous mixture.´ [Obs.] Smollett.

A•dul´ter•ous•ly, adv. In an adulterous manner.

A•dul´ter•y , n.; pl. Adulteries. [L. adulterium. See Advoutry.] 1. The unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed; sexual intercourse by a married man with another than his wife, or voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman with another than her husband. It is adultery on the part of the married wrongdoer. The word has also been used to characterize the act of an unmarried participator, the other being married. In the United States the definition varies with the local statutes. Unlawful intercourse between two married persons is sometimes called double adultery; between a married and an unmarried person, single adultery. 2. Adulteration; corruption. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Script.) (a) Lewdness or unchastity of thought as well as act, as forbidden by the seventh commandment. (b) Faithlessness in religion. Jer. iii. 9. 4. (Old Law) The fine and penalty imposed for the offense of adultery. 5. (Eccl.) The intrusion of a person into a bishopric during the life of the bishop. 6. Injury; degradation; ruin. [Obs.] “You might wrest the caduceus out of my hand to the adultery and spoil of nature.
B. Jonson.”

A•dult´ness , n. The state of being adult.

Ad•um´brant , a. [L. adumbrans, p. pr. of adumbrare.] Giving a faint shadow, or slight resemblance; shadowing forth.

Ad•um´brate , v. t. [L. adumbratus, p. p. of adumbrare; ad + umbrare to shade; umbra shadow.] 1. To give a faint shadow or slight representation of; to outline; to shadow forth. “Both in the vastness and the richness of the visible universe the invisible God is adumbrated.
L. Taylor.” 2. To overshadow; to shade.

Ad•um•bra´tion , n. [L. adumbratio.] 1. The act of adumbrating, or shadowing forth. 2. A faint sketch; an outline; an imperfect portrayal or representation of a thing. “Elegant adumbrations of sacred truth.
Bp. Horsley.” 3. (Her.) The shadow or outlines of a figure.

Ad•um´bra•tive , a. Faintly representing; typical. Carlyle.

Ad•u•na´tion , n. [L. adunatio; ad + unus one.] A uniting; union. Jer. Taylor. { A•dunc´ , A•dunque´ } , a. (Zoöl.) Hooked; as a parrot has an adunc bill.

A•dun´ci•ty , n. [L. aduncitas. See Aduncous.] Curvature inwards; hookedness. “The aduncity of the beaks of hawks.
Pope.”

A•dun´cous , a. [L. aduncus; ad + uncus hooked, hook.] Curved inwards; hooked.

A•dure´ , v. t. [L. adurere; ad + urere to burn.] To burn up. [Obs.] Bacon.

A•dust´ , a. [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere: cf. F. aduste.] 1. Inflamed or scorched; fiery. ´The Libyan air adust.´ Milton. 2. Looking as if or scorched; sunburnt. “A tall, thin man, of an adust complexion.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. (Med.) Having much heat in the constitution and little serum in the blood. [Obs.] Hence: Atrabilious; sallow; gloomy.

A•dust´ed, a. Burnt; adust. [Obs.] Howell.

A•dust´i•ble , a. That may be burnt. [Obs.]

A•dus´tion ( 106), n. [L. adustio, fr. adurere, adustum: cf. F. adustion.] 1. The act of burning, or heating to dryness; the state of being thus heated or dried. [Obs.] Harvey. 2. (Surg.) Cauterization. Buchanan.

Ad va•lo´rem . [L., according to the value.] (Com.) A term used to denote a duty or charge laid upon goods, at a certain rate per cent upon their value, as stated in their invoice, — in opposition to a specific sum upon a given quantity or number; as an ad valorem duty of twenty per cent.

Ad•vance´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advanced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advancing (#).] [OE. avancen, avauncen, F. avancer, fr. a supposed LL. abantiare; ab + ante (F. avant) before. The spelling with d was a mistake, a- being supposed to be fr. L. ad. See Avaunt.] 1. To bring forward; to move towards the van or front; to make to go on. 2. To raise; to elevate. [Archaic] “They … advanced their eyelids.
Shak.” 3. To raise to a higher rank; to promote. “Ahasueres … advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes.
Esther iii. 1.” 4. To accelerate the growth or progress; to further; to forward; to help on; to aid; to heighten; as to advance the ripening of fruit; to advance one’s interests. 5. To bring to view or notice; to offer or propose; to show; as to advance an argument. “Some ne’er advance a judgment of their own.
Pope.” 6. To make earlier, as an event or date; to hasten. 7. To furnish, as money or other value, before it becomes due, or in aid of an enterprise; to supply beforehand; as a merchant advances money on a contract or on goods consigned to him. 8. To raise to a higher point; to enhance; to raise in rate; as to advance the price of goods. 9. To extol; to laud. [Obs.] “Greatly advancing his gay chivalry.
Spenser.” Syn. — To raise; elevate; exalt; aggrandize; improve; heighten; accelerate; allege; adduce; assign.

Ad•vance´, v. i. 1. To move or go forward; to proceed; as he advanced to greet me. 2. To increase or make progress in any respect; as to advance in knowledge, in stature, in years, in price. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence; to be preferred or promoted. “Advanced to a level with ancient peers.
Prescott.”

Ad•vance´, n. [Cf. F. avance, fr. avancer. See Advance, v.] 1. The act of advancing or moving forward or upward; progress. 2. Improvement or progression, physically, mentally, morally, or socially; as an advance in health, knowledge, or religion; an advance in rank or office. 3. An addition to the price; rise in price or value; as an advance on the prime cost of goods. 4. The first step towards the attainment of a result; approach made to gain favor, to form an acquaintance, to adjust a difference, etc.; an overture; a tender; an offer; — usually in the plural. “[He] made the like advances to the dissenters.
Swift.” 5. A furnishing of something before an equivalent is received (as money or goods), towards a capital or stock, or on loan; payment beforehand; the money or goods thus furnished; money or value supplied beforehand. “I shall, with pleasure, make the necessary advances.
Jay.” “The account was made up with intent to show what advances had been made.
Kent.” In advance (a) In front; before. (b) Beforehand; before an equivalent is received. (c) In the state of having advanced money on account; as A is in advance to B a thousand dollars or pounds.

Ad•vance´ , a. Before in place, or beforehand in time; — used for advanced; as an advance guard, or that before the main guard or body of an army; advance payment, or that made before it is due; advance proofs, advance sheets, pages of a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the time of publication.

Ad•vanced´ , a. 1. In the van or front. 2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or ideas; as advanced opinions, advanced thinkers. 3. Far on in life or time. “A gentleman advanced in years, with a hard experience written in his wrinkles.
Hawthorne.” Advanced guard, a detachment of troops which precedes the march of the main body.

Ad•vance´ment (ad•vans´ment), n. [OE. avancement, F. avancement. See Advance, v. t.] 1. The act of advancing, or the state of being advanced; progression; improvement; furtherance; promotion to a higher place or dignity; as the advancement of learning. “In heaven … every one (so well they love each other) rejoiceth and hath his part in each other’s advancement.
Sir T. More.” “True religion … proposes for its end the joint advancement of the virtue and happiness of the people.
Horsley.” 2. An advance of money or value; payment in advance. See Advance, 5. 3. (Law) Property given, usually by a parent to a child, in advance of a future distribution. 4. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad•van´cer , n. 1. One who advances; a promoter. 2. A second branch of a buck’s antler. Howell.

Ad•van´cive , a. Tending to advance. [R.]

Ad•van´tage ( 61, 48), n. [OE. avantage, avauntage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See Advance, and cf. Vantage.] 1. Any condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to any desired end; benefit; as the enemy had the advantage of a more elevated position. “Give me advantage of some brief discourse.
Shak.” “The advantages of a close alliance.
Macaulay.” 2. Superiority; mastery; — with of or over. “Lest Satan should get an advantage of us.
2 Cor. ii. 11.” 3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it; benefit; gain; profit; as the advantage of a good constitution. 4. Interest of money; increase; overplus (as the thirteenth in the baker’s dozen). [Obs.] “And with advantage means to pay thy love.
Shak.” Advantage ground, vantage ground. [R.] Clarendon. — To have the advantage of (any one), to have a personal knowledge of one who does not have a reciprocal knowledge. ´You have the advantage of me; I don’t remember ever to have had the honor.´ Sheridan. — To take advantage of, to profit by; (often used in a bad sense) to overreach, to outwit. Syn. — Advantage, Advantageous, Benefit, Beneficial. We speak of a thing as a benefit, or as beneficial, when it is simply productive of good; as the benefits of early discipline; the beneficial effects of adversity. We speak of a thing as an advantage, or as advantageous, when it affords us the means of getting forward, and places us on a ´vantage ground´ for further effort. Hence, there is a difference between the benefits and the advantages of early education; between a beneficial and an advantageous investment of money.

Ad•van´tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advantaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging .] [F. avantager, fr. avantage. See Advance.] To give an advantage to; to further; to promote; to benefit; to profit. “The truth is, the archbishop’s own stiffness and averseness to comply with the court designs, advantaged his adversaries against him.
Fuller.” “What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away?
Luke ix. 25.” To advantage one’s self of, to avail one’s self of. [Obs.]

Ad•van´tage•a•ble , a. Advantageous. [Obs.]

Ad•van•ta´geous , a. [F. avantageux, fr. avantage.] Being of advantage; conferring advantage; gainful; profitable; useful; beneficial; as an advantageous position; trade is advantageous to a nation. “Advabtageous comparison with any other country.
Prescott.” “You see … of what use a good reputation is, and how swift and advantageous a harbinger it is, wherever one goes.
Chesterfield.”

Ad•van•ta´geous•ly, adv. Profitably; with advantage.

Ad•van•ta´geous•ness, n. Profitableness.

Ad•vene´ , v. i. [L. advenire; ad + venire to come: cf. F. avenir, advenir. See Come.] To accede, or come (to); to be added to something or become a part of it, though not essential. [R.] “Where no act of the will advenes as a coefficient.
Coleridge.”

Ad•ven´ient , a. [L. adviens, p. pr.] Coming from outward causes; superadded. [Obs.]

Ad•vent , n. [L. adventus, fr. advenire, adventum: cf. F. avent. See Advene.] 1. (Eccl.) The period including the four Sundays before Christmas. Advent Sunday (Eccl.), the first Sunday in the season of Advent, being always the nearest Sunday to the feast of St. Andrew (Now. 30). Shipley. 2. The first or the expected second coming of Christ. 3. Coming; any important arrival; approach. “Death’s dreadful advent.
Young.” “Expecting still his advent home.
Tennyson.”

Ad´vent•ist , n. One of a religious body, embracing several branches, who look for the proximate personal coming of Christ; — called also Second Adventists. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

Ad•ven•ti´tious , a. [L. adventitius.] 1. Added extrinsically; not essentially inherent; accidental or causal; additional; supervenient; foreign. “To things of great dimensions, if we annex an adventitious idea of terror, they become without comparison greater.
Burke.” 2. (Nat. Hist.) Out of the proper or usual place; as adventitious buds or roots. 3. (Bot.) Accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a country or district; not fully naturalized; adventive; — applied to foreign plants. 4. (Med.) Acquired, as diseases; accidental. — Ad•ven•ti´tious•ly, adv. — Ad•ven•ti´tious•ness, n.

Ad•ven´tive , a. 1. Accidental. 2. (Bot.) Adventitious. Gray.

Ad•ven´tive, n. A thing or person coming from without; an immigrant. [R.] Bacon.

Ad•ven´tu•al ( 135), a. Relating to the season of advent. Sanderson.

Ad•ven´ture ( 135), n. [OE. aventure, aunter, anter, F. aventure, fr. LL. adventura, fr. L. advenire, adventum, to arrive, which in the Romance languages took the sense of ´to happen, befall.´ See Advene.] 1. That which happens without design; chance; hazard; hap; hence, chance of danger or loss. “Nay, a far less good to man it will be found, if she must, at all adventures, be fastened upon him individually.
Milton.” 2. Risk; danger; peril. [Obs.] “He was in great adventure of his life.
Berners.” 3. The encountering of risks; hazardous and striking enterprise; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to be encountered, and the issue is staked upon unforeseen events; a daring feat. “He loved excitement and adventure.
Macaulay.” 4. A remarkable occurrence; a striking event; a stirring incident; as the adventures of one’s life. Bacon. 5. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard; a venture; a shipment by a merchant on his own account. A bill of adventure (Com.), a writing setting forth that the goods shipped are at the owner’s risk. Syn. — Undertaking; enterprise; venture; event.

Ad•ven´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adventured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adventuring .] [OE. aventuren, auntren, F. aventurer, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. To risk, or hazard; jeopard; to venture. “He would not adventure himself into the theater.
Acts xix. 31.” 2. To venture upon; to run the risk of; to dare. “Yet they adventured to go back.
Bunyan.” “Discriminations might be adventured.
J. Taylor.”

Ad•ven´ture, v. i. To try the chance; to take the risk. “I would adventure for such merchandise.
Shak.”

Ad•ven´ture•ful , a. Given to adventure.

Ad•ven´tur•er , n. [Cf. F. aventurier.] 1. One who adventures; as the merchant adventurers; one who seeks his fortune in new and hazardous or perilous enterprises. 2. A social pretender on the lookout for advancement.

Ad•ven´ture•some , a. Full of risk; adventurous; venturesome. — Ad•ven´ture•some•ness, n.

Ad•ven´tur•ess , n. A female adventurer; a woman who tries to gain position by equivocal means.

Ad•ven´tur•ous , a. [OE. aventurous, aunterous, OF. aventuros, F. aventureux, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. Inclined to adventure; willing to incur hazard; prone to embark in hazardous enterprise; rashly daring; — applied to persons. “Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve.
Milton.” 2. Full of hazard; attended with risk; exposing to danger; requiring courage; rash; — applied to acts; as an adventurous undertaking, deed, song. Syn. — Rash; foolhardy; presumptuous; enterprising; daring; hazardous; venturesome. See Rash.

Ad•ven´tur•ous•ly, adv. In an adventurous manner; venturesomely; boldly; daringly.

Ad•ven´tur•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being adventurous; daring; venturesomeness.

Ad´verb , n. [L. adverbium; ad + verbum word, verb: cf. F. adverbe.] (Gram.) A word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usually placed near it; as he writes well; paper extremely white.

Ad•ver´bi•al , a. [L. adverbialis: cf. F. adverbial.] Of or pertaining to an adverb; of the nature of an adverb; as an adverbial phrase or form.

Ad•ver•bi•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being adverbial. Earle.

Ad•ver´bi•al•ize , v. t. To give the force or form of an adverb to.

Ad•ver´bi•al•ly, adv. In the manner of an adverb.

Ad•ver•sa´ri•a , n. pl. [L. adversaria (sc. scripta), neut. pl. of adversarius.] A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections; a commonplace book; also commentaries or notes. “These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul’s adversaria.
Bp. Bull.”

Ad•ver•sa´ri•ous , a. Hostile. [R.] Southey.

Ad•ver•sa•ry , n.; pl. Adversaries . [OE. adversarie, direct fr. the Latin, and adversaire, fr. OF. adversier, aversier, fr. L. adversarius (a.) turned toward, (n.) an adversary. See Adverse.] One who is turned against another or others with a design to oppose or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile party; an opponent; an antagonist; an enemy; a foe. “His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries.
Shak.” “Agree with thine adversary quickly.
Matt. v. 25.” “It may be thought that to vindicate the permanency of truth is to dispute without an adversary.
Beattie.” The Adversary, The Satan, or the Devil. Syn. — Adversary, Enemy, Opponent, Antagonist. Enemy is the only one of these words which necessarily implies a state of personal hostility. Men may be adversaries, antagonists, or opponents to each other in certain respects, and yet have no feelings of general animosity. An adversary may be simply one who is placed for a time in a hostile position, as in a lawsuit, an argument, in chess playing, or at fence. An opponent is one who is ranged against another (perhaps passively) on the opposing side; as a political opponent, an opponent in debate. An antagonist is one who struggles against another with active effort, either in a literal fight or in verbal debate.

Ad´ver•sa•ry , a. 1. Opposed; opposite; adverse; antagonistic. [Archaic] Bp. King. 2. (Law) Having an opposing party; not unopposed; as an adversary suit.

Ad•ver´sa•tive , a. [L. adversativus, fr. adversari.] Expressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis; as an adversative conjunction (but, however, yet, etc. ); an adversative force. — Ad•ver´sa•tive•ly, adv.

Ad•ver´sa•tive, n. An adversative word. Harris.

Ad´verse , a. [OE. advers, OF. avers, advers, fr. L. adversus, p. p. advertere to turn to. See Advert.] 1. Acting against, or in a contrary direction; opposed; contrary; opposite; conflicting; as adverse winds; an adverse party; a spirit adverse to distinctions of caste. 2. Opposite. ´Calpe’s adverse height.´ Byron. 3. In hostile opposition to; unfavorable; unpropitious; contrary to one’s wishes; unfortunate; calamitous; afflictive; hurtful; as adverse fates, adverse circumstances, things adverse. “Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and wisely as we endure an adverse fortune.
Southey.” Adverse possession (Law), a possession of real property avowedly contrary to some claim of title in another person. Abbott. Syn. — Averse; reluctant; unwilling. See Averse.

Ad•verse´ , v. t. [L. adversari: cf. OF. averser.] To oppose; to resist. [Obs.] Gower.

Ad´verse•ly (277), adv. In an adverse manner; inimically; unfortunately; contrariwise.

Ad´verse•ness, n. The quality or state of being adverse; opposition. { Ad•ver•si•fo´li•ate , Ad•ver•si•fo´li•ous } a. [L. adversus opposite + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having opposite leaves, as plants which have the leaves so arranged on the stem.

Ad•ver´sion , n. [L. adversio] A turning towards; attention. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ad•ver´si•ty , n.; pl. Adversities. [OE. adversite, F. adversite, fr. L. adversitas.] 1. Opposition; contrariety. [Obs.] Wyclif. “Adversity is not without comforts and hopes.
Bacon.” Syn. — Affliction; distress; misery; disaster; trouble; suffering; trial.

Ad•vert´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adverting.] [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to; ad + vertere to turn: cf. F. avertir. See Advertise.] To turn the mind or attention; to refer; to take heed or notice; — with to; as he adverted to what was said. “I may again advert to the distinction.
Owen.” Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer. { Ad•vert´ence , Ad•vert´en•cy } [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.] The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness. “To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation.
J. S. Mill.”

Ad•vert´ent , a. [L. advertens, -entis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.] Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. — Ad•vert´ent•ly, adv.

Ad•ver•tise´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising .] [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement. See Advert.] To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; — often followed by of before the subject of information; as to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic] “I will advertise thee what this people shall do.
Num. xxiv. 14.” 4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting. Syn. — To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish.

Ad•ver´tise•ment (ad•ver´tiz•ment or ad•ver•tiz´ment; 277), n. [F. avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.] 1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic] “An advertisement of danger.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.] “Therefore give me no counsel:
My griefs cry louder than advertisement.
Shak.” 3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as a newspaper containing many advertisements.

Ad•ver•tis´er , n. One who, or that which, advertises.

Ad•vice´ , n. [OE. avis, F. avis; + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel. “We may give advice, but we can not give conduct.
Franklin.” 2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.] “How shall I dote on her with more advice,
That thus without advice begin to love her?
Shak.” 3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as late advices from France; — commonly in the plural. In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; — used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as a letter of advice. McElrath. 4. (Crim. Law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act. Wharton. Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. — To take advice. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others. Syn. — Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice.

Ad•vis•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being advisable; advisableness.

Ad•vis´a•ble , a. 1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent. “Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day.
South.” 2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South. Syn. — Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting.

Ad•vis´a•ble-ness, n. The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability.

Ad•vis´a•bly, adv. With advice; wisely.

Ad•vise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advised ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advising .] [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. ´I shall no more advise thee.´ Milton. 2. To give information or notice to; to inform; — with of before the thing communicated; as we were advised of the risk. To advise one’s self, to bethink one’s self; to take counsel with one’s self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.] “Bid thy master well advise himself.
Shak.” Syn. — To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint.

Ad•vise´, v. t. 1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.] “Advise if this be worth attempting.
Milton.” 2. To take counsel; to consult; — followed by with; as to advise with friends.

Ad•vis´ed•ly , adv. 1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak. 2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. ´Advisedly undertaken.´ Suckling.

Ad•vis´ed•ness n. Deliberate consideration; prudent procedure; caution.

Ad•vise´ment (ad•viz´ment), n. [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.] 1. Counsel; advice; information. [Archaic] “And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep.
Daniel.” 2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation. “Tempering the passion with advisement slow.
Spenser.”

Ad•vis´er , n. One who advises.

Ad•vis´er•ship, n. The office of an adviser. [R.]

Ad•vi´so , n. [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.] Advice; counsel; suggestion; also a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad•vi´so•ry , a. Having power to advise; containing advice; as an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory. “The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches.
Trumbull.”

Ad´vo•ca•cy , n. [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia. See Advocate.] The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession.

Ad´vo•cate , n. [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one’s aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who pleads the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court; a counselor. In the English and American Law, advocate is the same as ´counsel,´ ´counselor,´ or ´barrister.´ In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies the same as ´counsel´ at the common law. 2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause by argument; a pleader; as an advocate of free trade, an advocate of truth. 3. Christ, considered as an intercessor. “We have an Advocate with the Father.
1 John ii. 1.” Faculty of advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edinburgh. — Lord advocate (Scot.), the public prosecutor of crimes, and principal crown lawyer. — Judge advocate. See under Judge.

Ad´vo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advocated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating .] [See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.] To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly. “To advocate the cause of thy client.
Bp. Sanderson (1624).” “This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been advocated.
Burke.” “Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause.
Mitford.”

Ad´vo•cate, v. i. To act as advocate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ad´vo•cate•ship, n. Office or duty of an advocate.

Ad•vo•ca´tion , n. [L. advocatio: cf. OF. avocation. See Advowson.] 1. The act of advocating or pleading; plea; advocacy. [Archaic] “The holy Jesus … sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation for us.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Advowson. [Obs.] “The donations or advocations of church livings.
Sanderson.” 3. (Scots Law) The process of removing a cause from an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell.

Ad´vo•ca•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to an advocate. [R.]

Ad•voke´ , v. t. [L. advocare. See Advocate.] To summon; to call. [Obs.] “Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the pope to advoke the cause to Rome.
Fuller.”

Ad•vo•lu´tion , n. [L. advolvere, advolutum, to roll to.] A rolling toward something. [R.]

Ad•vou´trer , n. [OF. avoutre, avoltre, fr. L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.] An adulterer. [Obs.]

Ad•vou´tress , n. An adulteress. [Obs.] Bacon. { Ad•vou´try , Ad•vow´try } , n. [OE. avoutrie, avouterie, advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr. L. adulterium. Cf. Adultery.] Adultery. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad•vow•ee´ , n. [OE. avowe, F. avoue, fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.] One who has an advowson. Cowell.

Ad•vow´son ( 277), n. [OE. avoweisoun, OF. avoëson, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advocation.] (Eng. Law) The right of presenting to a vacant benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the relation of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice, and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.] The benefices of the Church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. Amer. Cyc.

Ad•voy´er , n. See Avoyer. [Obs.]

Ad•ward´ , n. Award. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ad•y•na´mi•a , n. [NL. adynamia, fr. Gr. want of strength; priv + power, strength.] (Med.) Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison.

Ad•y•nam´ic , a. [Cf. F. adynamique. See Adynamy.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, debility of the vital powers; weak. 2. (Physics) Characterized by the absence of power or force. Adynamic fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility.

A•dyn´a•my , n. Adynamia. [R.] Morin.

Ad´y•tum , n. Adyta (#). [L., fr. Gr. , n., fr. , a., not to be entered; ’a priv. + to enter.] The innermost sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence: A private chamber; a sanctum. { Adz , Adze } , n. [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.] A carpenter’s or cooper’s tool, formed with a thin arching blade set at right angles to the handle. It is used for chipping or slicing away the surface of wood.

Adz, v. t. To cut with an adz. [R.] Carlyle.

AE Ae. A diphthong in the Latin language; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ai. The Anglo-Saxon short ae was generally replaced by a, the long ae by e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E.

AE•cid´i•um , n.; pl. AEcidia . [NL., dim. of Gr. injury.] (Bot.) A form of fruit in the cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of fungi, formerly considered independent plants.

AE´dile , n. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public building. Cf. Edify.] A magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintendence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc.; hence, a municipal officer.

AE´dile•ship, n. The office of an aedile. T. Arnold.

AE•ge´an , a. [L. Aegeus; Gr. .] Of or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean sea, east of Greece. See Archipelago.

AE•gi•cra´ni•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , goat + , n. pl., heads.] (Arch.) Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams’ heads or skulls.

AEg´i•lops , n. [L. aegilopis, Gr. , fr. , gen. , goat + eye.] 1. (Med.) An ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of the eye. 2. (Bot.) (a) The great wild-oat grass or other cornfield weed. Crabb. (b) A genus of plants, called also hardgrass.

AE´gis , n. [L. aegis, fr. Gr. a goat skin, a shield, goat, or fr. to rush.] A shield or protective armor; — applied in mythology to the shield of Jupiter which he gave to Minerva. Also fig.: A shield; a protection.

AE•goph´o•ny , n. Same as Egophony.

AE•gro´tat , n. [L., he is sick.] (Camb. Univ.) A medical certificate that a student is ill.

AE•ne´id , n. [L. Aeneis, Aeneidis, or -dos: cf. F. enede.] The great epic poem of Virgil, of which the hero is AEneas.

A•ë´ne•ous , a. [L. aëneus.] (Zoöl.) Colored like bronze.

AE•o´li•an , a. [L. Aeolius, Gr. .] 1. Of or pertaining to AEolia or AEolis, in Asia Minor, colonized by the Greeks, or to its inhabitants; aeolic; as the AEolian dialect. 2. Pertaining to AEolus, the mythic god of the winds; pertaining to, or produced by, the wind; aërial. “Viewless forms the aeolian organ play.
Campbell.” AEolian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a pianoforte, which prolongs the vibrations, increases the volume of sound, etc., by forcing a stream of air upon the strings. Moore. — AEolian harp, AEolian lyre, a musical instrument consisting of a box, on or in which are stretched strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes; - - usually placed at an open window. Moore. — AEolian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek and early ecclesiastical modes.

AE•ol´ic (e•ol´ik), a. [L. Aeolicus; Gr. A’ioliko•s.] AEolian, 1; as the AEolic dialect; the AEolic mode. { AE•ol´i•pile , AE•ol´i•pyle } , n. [L. aeolipilae; Aeolus god of the winds + pila a ball, or Gr. gate (i. e., doorway of AEolus); cf. F. eolipyle.] An apparatus consisting chiefly of a closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder) with one or more projecting bent tubes, through which steam is made to pass from the vessel, causing it to revolve. [Written also eolipile.] Such an apparatus was first described by Hero of Alexandria about 200 years b. c. It has often been called the first steam engine.

AE•o•lo•trop´ic , a. [Gr. changeful + a turning, to turn.] (Physics) Exhibiting differences of quality or property in different directions; not isotropic. Sir W. Thomson.

AE•o•lot´ro•py , n. (Physics) Difference of quality or property in different directions.

AE´o•lus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) The god of the winds.

AE´on , n. A period of immeasurable duration; also an emanation of the Deity. See Eon.

AE•o´ni•an , a. [Gr. .] Eternal; everlasting. ´AEonian hills.´ Tennyson.

AE•py•or´nis , n. [Gr. high + bird.] A gigantic bird found fossil in Madagascar.

A´ër•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aërated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aërating .] [Cf. F. aerer. See Air, v. t.] 1. To combine or charge with gas; usually with carbonic acid gas formerly called fixed air. “His sparkling sallies bubbled up as from aërated natural fountains.
Carlyle.” 2. To supply or impregnate with common air; as to aërate soil; to aërate water. 3. (Physiol.) To expose to the chemical action of air; to oxygenate (the blood) by respiration; to arterialize. Aërated bread, bread raised by charging dough with carbonic acid gas instead of generating the gas in the dough by fermentation.

A•ër•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. aeration.] 1. Exposure to the free action of the air; airing; as aëration of soil, of spawn, etc. 2. (Physiol.) A change produced in the blood by exposure to the air in respiration; oxygenation of the blood in respiration; arterialization. 3. The act or preparation of charging with carbonic acid gas or with oxygen.

A´ër•a•tor , n. That which supplies with air; esp. an apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water.

A•ë´ri•al , a. [L. aërius. See Air.] 1. Of or pertaining to the air, or atmosphere; inhabiting or frequenting the air; produced by or found in the air; performed in the air; as aërial regions or currents. ´Aërial spirits.´ Milton. ´Aërial voyages.´ Darwin. 2. Consisting of air; resembling, or partaking of the nature of air. Hence: Unsubstantial; unreal. 3. Rising aloft in air; high; lofty; as aërial spires. 4. Growing, forming, or existing in the air, as opposed to growing or existing in earth or water, or underground; as aërial rootlets, aërial plants. Gray. 5. Light as air; ethereal. Aërial acid, carbonic acid. [Obs.] Ure. — Aërial perspective. See Perspective.

A•ë•ri•al´i•ty , n. The state of being aërial; unsubstantiality. [R.] De Quincey.

A•ë´ri•al•ly , adv. Like, or from, the air; in an aërial manner. ´A murmur heard aërially.´ Tennyson.

Ae´rie ( 277), n. [OE. aire, eire, air, nest, also origin, descent, OF. aire, LL. area, aera, nest of a bird of prey, perh. fr. L. area an open space (for birds of prey like to build their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high rocks). Cf. Area.] The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; also a brood of such birds; eyrie. Shak. Also fig.: A human residence or resting place perched like an eagle’s nest.

A•ër•if´er•ous , a. [L. aër air + -ferous: cf. F. aerifère.] Conveying or containing air; air- bearing; as the windpipe is an aëriferous tube.

A•ër•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. aerification. See Arify.] 1. The act of combining air with another substance, or the state of being filled with air. 2. The act of becoming aërified, or of changing from a solid or liquid form into an aëriform state; the state of being aëriform.

A´ër•i•form ( 277), a. [L. aër air + -form: cf. F. aeriforme.] Having the form or nature of air, or of an elastic fluid; gaseous. Hence fig.: Unreal.

A´ër•i•fy , v. t. [L. aër air + -fly.] 1. To infuse air into; to combine air with. 2. To change into an aëriform state.

A´ër•o-. [Gr. , , air.] The combining form of the Greek word meaning air.

A´ër•o•bies , n. pl. [Aëro- + Gr. life.] (Biol.) Microörganisms which live in contact with the air and need oxygen for their growth; as the microbacteria which form on the surface of putrefactive fluids.

A•ër•o•bi•ot´ic ( 101), a. (Biol.) Related to, or of the nature of, aërobies; as aërobiotic plants, which live only when supplied with free oxygen.

A´ër•o•cyst , n. [Aëro- + cyst.] (Bot.) One of the air cells of algals.

A´ër•o•dy•nam´ic , a. Pertaining to the force of air in motion.

A•ër•o•dy•nam´ics , n. [Aëro- + dynamics: cf. F. aerodynamique.] The science which treats of the air and other gaseous bodies under the action of force, and of their mechanical effects.

A•ër•og´no•sy , n. [Aëro- + Gr. knowing, knowledge: cf. F. aerognosie.] The science which treats of the properties of the air, and of the part it plays in nature. Craig.

A•ër•og´ra•pher , n. One versed in aëography: an aërologist. { A•ër•o•graph´ic , A•ër•o•graph´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to aërography; aërological.

A•ër•og´ra•phy , n. [Aëro- + -graphy: cf. F. aerographie.] A description of the air or atmosphere; aërology.

A•ër•o•hy•dro•dy•nam´ic , a. [Aëro- + hydrodynamic.] Acting by the force of air and water; as an aërohydrodynamic wheel.

A´ër•o•lite , n. [Aëro- + -lite: cf. F. aerolithe.] (Meteor.) A stone, or metallic mass, which has fallen to the earth from distant space; a meteorite; a meteoric stone. Some writers limit the word to stony meteorites.

A´ër•o•lith , n. Same as Arolite.

A•ër•o•li•thol´o•gy , n. [Aëro- + lithology.] The science of aërolites.

A•ër•o•lit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to aërolites; meteoric; as aërolitic iron. Booth. { A•ër•o•log´ic , A•ër•o•log´ic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to aërology.

A•ër•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in aërology.

A•ër•ol´o•gy , n. [Aëro- + -logy: cf. F. aerologie.] That department of physics which treats of the atmosphere.

A´ër•o•man•cy , n. [Aëro- + -mancy: cf. F. aeromancie.] Divination from the state of the air or from atmospheric substances; also forecasting changes in the weather.

A•ër•om´e•ter , n. [Aëro- + -meter: cf. F. eromètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air and gases.

A•ër•o•met´ric , a. Of or pertaining to aërometry; as aërometric investigations.

A•ër•om´e•try , n. [Aëro- + -metry: cf. F. erometrie.] The science of measuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation; pneumatics.

A´ër•o•naut ( 277), n. [F. aeronaute, fr. Gr. air + sailor. See Nautical.] An aërial navigator; a balloonist. { A•ër•o•naut´ic , A•ër•o•naut´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. aeronauitique.] Pertaining to aëronautics, or aërial sailing.

A•ër•o•naut´ics , n. The science or art of ascending and sailing in the air, as by means of a balloon; aërial navigation; ballooning. { A•ër•o•pho´bi•a , A•ër•oph´o•by , } n. [Aëro- + Gr. fear: cf. F. aerophobie.] (Med.) Dread of a current of air.

A´ër•o•phyte , n. [Aëro- + Gr. plant, to grow: cf. F. aerophyte.] (Bot.) A plant growing entirely in the air, and receiving its nourishment from it; an air plant or epiphyte.

A´ër•o•plane , n. [Aëro- + plane.] A flying machine, or a small plane for experiments on flying, which floats in the air only when propelled through it.

A´ër•o•scope , n. [Aëro- + Gr. to look out.] (Biol.) An apparatus designed for collecting spores, germs, bacteria, etc., suspended in the air.

A•ër•os´co•py , n. [Aëro- + Gr. a looking out; to spy out.] The observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere.

AE•rose´ , a. [L. aerosus, fr. aes, aeris, brass, copper.] Of the nature of, or like, copper; brassy. [R.]

A•ër•o•sid´er•ite , n. [Aëro- + siderite.] (Meteor.) A mass of meteoric iron.

A´ër•o•sphere , n. [Aëro- + sphere: cf. F. aerosphère.] The atmosphere. [R.]

A´ër•o•stat , n. [F. aerostat, fr. Gr. air + placed. See Statics.] 1. A balloon. 2. A balloonist; an aëronaut. {A•ër•o•stat´ic , A•ër•o•stat´ic•al ,} a. [Aëro- + Gr. : cf. F. aerostatique. See Statical, Statics.] 1. Of or pertaining to aërostatics; pneumatic. 2. Aëronautic; as an aërostatic voyage.

A•ër•o•stat´ics , n. The science that treats of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained in them. Hence it includes aëronautics.

A•ër•os•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. aerostation the art of using aërostats.] 1. Aërial navigation; the art of raising and guiding balloons in the air. 2. The science of weighing air; aërostatics. [Obs.]

AE•ru´gi•nous , a. [L. aeruginosus, fr. aerugo rust of copper, fr. aes copper: cf. F. erugineux.] Of the nature or color of verdigris, or the rust of copper.

AE•ru´go , n. [L. aes brass, copper.] The rust of any metal, esp. of brass or copper; verdigris.

Ae´ry , n. An aerie.

A´ër•y , a. [See Air.] Aërial; ethereal; incorporeal; visionary. [Poetic] M. Arnold.

AEs•cu•la´pi•an , a. Pertaining to AEsculapius or to the healing art; medical; medicinal.

AEs•cu•la´pi•us , n. [L. Aesculapius, Gr. .] (Myth.) The god of medicine. Hence, a physician.

AEs´cu•lin , n. Same as Esculin.

AE•so´pi•an , E•so´pi•an , a. [L. Aesopius, from Gr. , fr. the famous Greek fabulist AEsop .] Of or pertaining to AEsop, or in his manner.

AE•sop´ic , E•sop´ic , a. [L. Aesopicus, Gr. .] Same as AEsopian.

AEs•the´si•a , n. [Gr. sensation, fr. to perceive.] (Physiol.) Perception by the senses; feeling; — the opposite of anaesthesia.

AEs•the•si•om´e•ter , Es•the•si•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. (see AEsthesia) + -meter.] An instrument to measure the degree of sensation, by determining at how short a distance two impressions upon the skin can be distinguished, and thus to determine whether the condition of tactile sensibility is normal or altered.

AEs•the´´sis , n. [Gr. .] Sensuous perception. [R.] Ruskin.

AEs•the•sod´ic , a. [Gr. sensation + a way; cf. F. esthesodique.] (Physiol.) Conveying sensory or afferent impulses; — said of nerves.

AEs´thete , n. [Gr. one who perceives.] One who makes much or overmuch of aesthetics. [Recent] {AEs•thet´ic , AEs•thet´ic•al } a. Of or Pertaining to aesthetics; versed in aesthetics; as aesthetic studies, emotions, ideas persons, etc. — AEs•thet´ic•al•ly, adv.

AEs•the•ti´can , n. One versed in aesthetics.

AEs•thet´i•cism , n. The doctrine of aesthetics; aesthetic principles; devotion to the beautiful in nature and art. Lowell.

AEs•thet´ics , Es•thet´ics ( 277), n. [Gr. perceptive, esp. by feeling, fr. to perceive, feel: cf. G. ästhetik, F. esthetique.] The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beautiful in nature and art; esp. that which treats of the expression and embodiment of beauty by art.

AEs•tho-phys•i•ol´o•gy, n. [Gr. to perceive + E. physiology.] The science of sensation in relation to nervous action. H. Spenser.

AEs´ti•val , a. [L. aestivalis, aestivus, fr. aestas summer.] Of or belonging to the summer; as aestival diseases. [Spelt also estival.]

AEs´ti•vate , v. i. [L. aestivare, aestivatum.] 1. To spend the summer. 2. (Zoöl.) To pass the summer in a state of torpor. [Spelt also estivate.]

AEs•ti•va´tion , n. 1. (Zoöl.) The state of torpidity induced by the heat and dryness of summer, as in certain snails; — opposed to hibernation. 2. (Bot.) The arrangement of the petals in a flower bud, as to folding, overlapping, etc.; prefloration. Gray. [Spelt also estivation.]

AEs´tu•a•ry ( 135), n. & a. See Estuary.

AEs´tu•ous , a. [L. aestuosus, fr. aestus fire, glow.] Glowing; agitated, as with heat.

A•ë•the•og´a•mous , a. [Gr. unusual (’a priv. + custom) + marriage.] (Bot.) Propagated in an unusual way; cryptogamous.

AE´ther , n. See Ether.

AE´thi•ops min´er•al . (Chem.) Same as Ethiops mineral. [Obs.]

AEth´o•gen , n. [Gr. fire, light + -gen.] (Chem.) A compound of nitrogen and boro, which, when heated before the blowpipe, gives a brilliant phosphorescent; boric nitride.

AE´thri•o•scope , n. [Gr. clear + to observe.] An instrument consisting in part of a differential thermometer. It is used for measuring changes of temperature produced by different conditions of the sky, as when clear or clouded.

AE•ti•o•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to aetiology; assigning a cause. — AE•ti•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

AE•ti•ol´o•gy , n. [L. aetologia, Gr. ; cause + description: cf. F. etiologie.] 1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes; esp., the investigation of the causes of any disease; the science of the origin and development of things. 2. The assignment of a cause.

A•ë•ti´tes , n. [L., fr. Gr. (sc. ) stone, fr. eagle.] See Eaglestone.

A•far´ , adv. [Pref. a- (for on or of) + far.] At, to, or from a great distance; far away; — often used with from preceding, or off following; as he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. “The steep where Fame’s proud temple shines afar.
Beattie.”

A•feard´ (a•ferd´), p. a. [OE. afered, AS. afaered, p. p. of afaeran to frighten; a- (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + faeran to frighten. See Fear.] Afraid. [Obs.] “Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises.
Shak.”

A´fer , n. [L.] The southwest wind. Milton.

Af•fa•bil´i•ty , n. [L. affabilitas: cf. F. affabilite.] The quality of being affable; readiness to converse; courteousness in receiving others and in conversation; complaisant behavior. “Affability is of a wonderful efficacy or power in procuring love.
Elyot”

Af´fa•ble , a. [F. affable, L. affabilis, fr. affari to speak to; ad + fari to speak. See Fable.] 1. Easy to be spoken to or addressed; receiving others kindly and conversing with them in a free and friendly manner; courteous; sociable. “An affable and courteous gentleman.
Shak.” “His manners polite and affable.
Macaulay.” 2. Gracious; mild; benign. “A serene and affable countenance.
Tatler.” Syn. — Courteous; civil; complaisant; accessible; mild; benign; condescending.

Af´fa•ble•ness, n. Affability.

Af´fa•bly, adv. In an affable manner; courteously.

Af´fa•brous (af•fa´brus), a. [L. affaber workmanlike; ad + faber.] Executed in a workmanlike manner; ingeniously made. [R.] Bailey.

Af•fair´ (af•fâr´), n. [OE. afere, affere, OF. afaire, F. affaire, fr. a faire to do; L.. ad + facere to do. See Fact, and cf. Ado.] 1. That which is done or is to be done; matter; concern; as a difficult affair to manage; business of any kind, commercial, professional, or public; — often in the plural. ´At the head of affairs.´ Junius. ´A talent for affairs.´ Prescott. 2. Any proceeding or action which it is wished to refer to or characterize vaguely; as an affair of honor, i. e., a duel; an affair of love, i. e., an intrigue. 3. (Mil.) An action or engagement not of sufficient magnitude to be called a battle. 4. Action; endeavor. [Obs.] “And with his best affair
Obeyed the pleasure of the Sun.
Chapman.” 5. A material object (vaguely designated). “A certain affair of fine red cloth much worn and faded.
Hawthorne.”

Af•fam´ish (af•fam´ish), v. t. & i. [F. affamer, fr. L. ad + fames hunger. See Famish.] To afflict with, or perish from, hunger. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•fam´ish•ment (-ment), n. Starvation. Bp. Hall.

Af•fat´u•ate , v. t. [L. ad + fatuus foolish.] To infatuate. [Obs.] Milton.

Af•fear´ , v. t. [OE. aferen, AS. afran. See Afeard.] To frighten. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•fect´ (af•fekt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affected; p. pr. & vb. n. Affecting.] [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to affect by active agency; ad + facere to make: cf. F. affectere, L. affectare, freq. of afficere. See Fact.] 1. To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon. “As might affect the earth with cold heat.
Milton.” “The climate affected their health and spirits.
Macaulay.” 2. To influence or move, as the feelings or passions; to touch. “A consideration of the rationale of our passions seems to me very necessary for all who would affect them upon solid and pure principles.”
Burke. 3. To love; to regard with affection. [Obs.] “As for Queen Katharine, he rather respected than affected, rather honored than loved, her.
Fuller.” 4. To show a fondness for; to like to use or practice; to choose; hence, to frequent habitually. “For he does neither affect company, nor is he fit for it, indeed.
Shak.” “Do not affect the society of your inferiors in rank, nor court that of the great.
Hazlitt.” 5. To dispose or incline. “Men whom they thought best affected to religion and their country’s liberty.
Milton.” 6. To aim at; to aspire; to covet. [Obs.] “This proud man affects imperial way.
Dryden.” 7. To tend to by affinity or disposition. “The drops of every fluid affect a round figure.
Newton.” 8. To make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume; as to affect ignorance. “Careless she is with artful care,
Affecting to seem unaffected.
Congreve.” “Thou dost affect my manners.
Shak.” 9. To assign; to appoint. [R.] “One of the domestics was affected to his special service.
Thackeray.” Syn. — To influence; operate; act on; concern; move; melt; soften; subdue; overcome; pretend; assume.

Af•fect´, n. [L. affectus.] Affection; inclination; passion; feeling; disposition. [Obs.] Shak.

Af•fec•ta´tion , n. [L. affectatio: cf. F. affectation.] 1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false display; artificial show. ´An affectation of contempt.´ Macaulay. “Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accompanies what is natural what is natural.
Locke.” 2. A striving after. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 3. Fondness; affection. [Obs.] Hooker.

Af•fec•ta´tion•ist, n. One who exhibits affectation. [R.] Fitzed. Hall.

Af•fect´ed (af•fekt´ed), p. p. & a. 1. Regarded with affection; beloved. [Obs.] “His affected Hercules.
Chapman.” 2. Inclined; disposed; attached. “How stand you affected to his wish?
Shak.” 3. Given to false show; assuming or pretending to possess what is not natural or real. “He is … too spruce, too affected, too odd.
Shak.” 4. Assumed artificially; not natural. “Affected coldness and indifference.
Addison.” 5. (Alg.) Made up of terms involving different powers of the unknown quantity; adfected; as an affected equation.

Af•fect´ed•ly, adv. 1. In an affected manner; hypocritically; with more show than reality. 2. Lovingly; with tender care. [Obs.] Shak.

Af•fect´ed•ness, n. Affectation.

Af•fect´er , n. One who affects, assumes, pretends, or strives after. ´Affecters of wit.´ Abp. Secker.

Af•fect•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being affectible. [R.]

Af•fect´i•ble , a. That may be affected. [R.] “Lay aside the absolute, and, by union with the creaturely, become affectible.
Coleridge.”

Af•fect´ing, a. 1. Moving the emotions; fitted to excite the emotions; pathetic; touching; as an affecting address; an affecting sight. “The most affecting music is generally the most simple.
Mitford.” 2. Affected; given to false show. [Obs.] “A drawling; affecting rouge.
Shak.”

Af•fect´ing•ly , adv. In an affecting manner; is a manner to excite emotions.

Af•fec´tion , n. [F. affection, L. affectio, fr. afficere. See Affect.] 1. The act of affecting or acting upon; the state of being affected. 2. An attribute; a quality or property; a condition; a bodily state; as figure, weight, etc. , are affections of bodies. ´The affections of quantity.´ Boyle. “And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less,
An old and strange affection of the house.
Tennyson.” 3. Bent of mind; a feeling or natural impulse or natural impulse acting upon and swaying the mind; any emotion; as the benevolent affections, esteem, gratitude, etc.; the malevolent affections, hatred, envy, etc.; inclination; disposition; propensity; tendency. “Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality.
Cogan.” 4. A settled good will; kind feeling; love; zealous or tender attachment; — often in the pl. Formerly followed by to, but now more generally by for or towards; as filial, social, or conjugal affections; to have an affection for or towards children. “All his affections are set on his own country.
Macaulay.” 5. Prejudice; bias. [Obs.] Bp. Aylmer. 6. (Med.) Disease; morbid symptom; malady; as a pulmonary affection. Dunglison. 7. The lively representation of any emotion. Wotton. 8. Affectation. [Obs.] ´Spruce affection.´ Shak. 9. Passion; violent emotion. [Obs.] “Most wretched man,
That to affections does the bridle lend.
Spenser.” Syn. — Attachment; passion; tenderness; fondness; kindness; love; good will. See Attachment; Disease.

Af•fec´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to the affections; as affectional impulses; an affectional nature.

Af•fec´tion•ate , a. [Cf. F. affectionne.] 1. Having affection or warm regard; loving; fond; as an affectionate brother. 2. Kindly inclined; zealous. [Obs.] Johson. “Man, in his love God, and desire to please him, can never be too affectionate.
Sprat.” 3. Proceeding from affection; indicating love; tender; as the affectionate care of a parent; affectionate countenance, message, language. 4. Strongly inclined; — with to. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — Tender; attached; loving; devoted; warm; fond; earnest; ardent.

Af•fec´tion•a•ted, a. Disposed; inclined. [Obs.] “Affectionated to the people.
Holinshed.”

Af•fec´tion•ate•ly, adv. With affection; lovingly; fondly; tenderly; kindly.

Af•fec´tion•ate•ness, n. The quality of being affectionate; fondness; affection.

Af•fec´tioned , a. 1. Disposed. [Archaic] “Be kindly affectioned one to another.
Rom. xii. 10.” 2. Affected; conceited. [Obs.] Shak.

Af•fec´tive , a. [Cf. F. affectif.] 1. Tending to affect; affecting. [Obs.] Burnet. 2. Pertaining to or exciting emotion; affectional; emotional. Rogers.

Af•fec´tive•ly, adv. In an affective manner; impressively; emotionally.

Af•fec´tu•ous ( 135), a. [L. affectuous: cf. F. affectueux. See Affect.] Full of passion or emotion; earnest. [Obs.] — Af•fec´tu•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Af•feer´ , v. t. [OF. aforer, afeurer, to tax, appraise, assess, fr. L. ad + forum market, court of justice, in LL. also meaning price.] 1. To confirm; to assure. [Obs.] ´The title is affeered.´ Shak. 2. (Old Law) To assess or reduce, as an arbitrary penalty or amercement, to a certain and reasonable sum. “Amercements … were affeered by the judges.
Blackstone.” { Af•feer´er , Af•feer´or } n. [OF. aforeur, LL. afforator.] (Old Law) One who affeers. Cowell.

Af•feer´ment , n. [Cf. OF. aforement.] (Old Law) The act of affeering. Blackstone.

Af´fer•ent , a. [L. afferens, p. pr. of afferre; ad + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) Bearing or conducting inwards to a part or organ; — opposed to efferent; as afferent vessels; afferent nerves, which convey sensations from the external organs to the brain.

Af•fet•tu•o´so , adv. [It.] (Mus.) With feeling.

Af•fi´ance , n. [OE. afiaunce trust, confidence, OF. afiance, fr. afier to trust, fr. LL. affidare to trust; ad + fidare to trust, fr. L. fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Affidavit, Affy, Confidence.] 1. Plighted faith; marriage contract or promise. 2. Trust; reliance; faith; confidence. “Such feelings promptly yielded to his habitual affiance in the divine love.
Sir J. Stephen.” “Lancelot, my Lancelot, thou in whom I have
Most joy and most affiance.
Tennyson.”

Af•fi´ance, v. t. [imp. p. p. Affianced ; p. pr. vb. n. Affiancing .] [Cf. OF. afiancier, fr. afiance.] 1. To betroth; to pledge one’s faith to for marriage, or solemnly promise (one’s self or another) in marriage. “To me, sad maid, he was affianced.
Spenser.” 2. To assure by promise. [Obs.] Pope.

Af•fi´an•cer , n. One who makes a contract of marriage between two persons.

Af•fi´ant , n. [From p. pr. of OF. afier, LL. affidare. See Affidavit.] (Law) One who makes an affidavit. [U. S.] Burrill. Syn. — Deponent. See Deponent.

Af•fi•da´vit , n. [LL. affidavit he has made oath, perfect tense of affidare. See Affiance, Affy.] (Law) A sworn statement in writing; a declaration in writing, signed and made upon oath before an authorized magistrate. Bouvier. Burrill. It is always made ex parte, and without cross-examination, and in this differs from a deposition. It is also applied to written statements made on affirmation. Syn. — Deposition. See Deposition.

Af•file´ , v. t. [OF. afiler, F. affiler, to sharpen; a (L. ad) + fil thread, edge.] To polish. [Obs.]

Af•fil´i•a•ble , a. Capable of being affiliated to or on, or connected with in origin.

Af•fil´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affiliated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Affiliating .] [LL. adfiliare, affiliare, to adopt as son; ad + filius son: cf. F. affilier.] 1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son; hence, to bring or receive into close connection; to ally. “Is the soul affiliated to God, or is it estranged and in rebellion?
I. Taylor.” 2. To fix the paternity of; — said of an illegitimate child; as to affiliate the child to (or on or upon) one man rather than another. 3. To connect in the way of descent; to trace origin to. “How do these facts tend to affiliate the faculty of hearing upon the aboriginal vegetative processes?
H. Spencer.” 4. To attach (to) or unite (with); to receive into a society as a member, and initiate into its mysteries, plans, etc.; — followed by to or with. Affiliated societies, societies connected with a central society, or with each other.

Af•fil´i•ate, v. i. To connect or associate one’s self; — followed by with; as they affiliate with no party.

Af•fil•i•a´tion , n. [F. affiliation, LL. affiliatio.] 1. Adoption; association or reception as a member in or of the same family or society. 2. (Law) The establishment or ascertaining of parentage; the assignment of a child, as a bastard, to its father; filiation. 3. Connection in the way of descent. H. Spencer.

Af•fi´nal , a. [L. affinis.] Related by marriage; from the same source.

Af•fine´ , v. t. [F. affiner to refine; (L. ad) + fin fine. See Fine.] To refine. [Obs.] Holland.

Af•fined´ , a. [OF. afine related, p. p., fr. LL. affinare to join, fr. L. affinis neighboring, related to; ad + finis boundary, limit.] Joined in affinity or by any tie. [Obs.] ´All affined and kin.´ Shak.

Af•fin´i•ta•tive , a. Of the nature of affinity. — Af•fin´i•ta•tive•ly, adv.

Af•fin´i•tive, a. Closely connected, as by affinity.

Af•fin´i•ty , n.; pl. Affinities. [OF. afinite, F. affinite, L. affinites, fr. affinis. See Affined.] 1. Relationship by marriage (as between a husband and his wife’s blood relations, or between a wife and her husband’s blood relations); — in contradistinction to consanguinity, or relationship by blood; — followed by with, to, or between. “Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh.
1 Kings iii. 1.” 2. Kinship generally; close agreement; relation; conformity; resemblance; connection; as the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages. “There is a close affinity between imposture and credulity.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” 2. Companionship; acquaintance. [Obs.] “About forty years past, I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer.
Burton.” 4. (Chem.) That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogeneous particles of bodies, and unites them to form chemical compounds; chemism; chemical or elective affinity or attraction. 5. (Nat. Hist.) A relation between species or highe groups dependent on resemblance in the whole plan of structure, and indicating community of origin. 6. (Spiritualism) A superior spiritual relationship or attraction held to exist sometimes between persons, esp. persons of the opposite sex; also the man or woman who exerts such psychical or spiritual attraction.

Af•firm´ (af•ferm´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affirmed (-fermd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Affirming.] [OE. affermen, OF. afermer, F. affirmer, affermir, fr. L. affirmare; ad + firmare to make firm, firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm; to confirm, or ratify; esp. (Law), to assert or confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, brought before an appellate court for review. 2. To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; to maintain as true; — opposed to deny. “Jesus, … whom Paul affirmed to be alive.
Acts xxv. 19.” 3. (Law) To declare, as a fact, solemnly, under judicial sanction. See Affirmation, 4. Syn. — To assert; aver; declare; asseverate; assure; pronounce; protest; avouch; confirm; establish; ratify. — To Affirm, Asseverate, Aver, Protest. We affirm when we declare a thing as a fact or a proposition. We asseverate it in a peculiarly earnest manner, or with increased positiveness as what can not be disputed. We aver it, or formally declare it to be true, when we have positive knowledge of it. We protest in a more public manner and with the energy of perfect sincerity. People asseverate in order to produce a conviction of their veracity; they aver when they are peculiarly desirous to be believed; they protest when they wish to free themselves from imputations, or to produce a conviction of their innocence.

Af•firm´, v. i. 1. To declare or assert positively. “Not that I so affirm, though so it seem
To thee, who hast thy dwelling here on earth.
Milton.” 2. (Law) To make a solemn declaration, before an authorized magistrate or tribunal, under the penalties of perjury; to testify by affirmation.

Af•firm´a•ble , a. Capable of being affirmed, asserted, or declared; — followed by of; as an attribute affirmable of every just man.

Af•firm´ance , n. [Cf. OF. afermance.] 1. Confirmation; ratification; confirmation of a voidable act. “This statute … in affirmance of the common law.
Bacon.” 2. A strong declaration; affirmation. Cowper.

Af•firm´ant (af•ferm´ant), n. [L. affirmans, -antis, p. pr. See Affirm.] 1. One who affirms or asserts. 2. (Law) One who affirms, instead of taking an oath.

Af•fir•ma´tion , n. [L. affirmatio: cf. F. affirmation.] 1. Confirmation of anything established; ratification; as the affirmation of a law. Hooker. 2. The act of affirming or asserting as true; assertion; — opposed to negation or denial. 3. That which is asserted; an assertion; a positive statement; an averment; as an affirmation, by the vender, of title to property sold, or of its quality. 4. (Law) A solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath, which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath. Bouvier.

Af•firm´a•tive , a. [L. affirmativus: cf. F. affirmatif.] 1. Confirmative; ratifying; as an act affirmative of common law. 2. That affirms; asserting that the fact is so; declaratory of what exists; answering ´yes´ to a question; — opposed to negative; as an affirmative answer; an affirmative vote. 3. Positive; dogmatic. [Obs.] J. Taylor. “Lysicles was a little by the affirmative air of Crito.
Berkeley.” 4. (logic) Expressing the agreement of the two terms of a proposition. 5. (Alg.) Positive; — a term applied to quantities which are to be added, and opposed to negative, or such as are to be subtracted.

Af•firm´a•tive, n. 1. That which affirms as opposed to that which denies; an affirmative proposition; that side of question which affirms or maintains the proposition stated; — opposed to negative; as there were forty votes in the affirmative, and ten in the negative. “Whether there are such beings or not, ’t is sufficient for my purpose that many have believed the affirmative.
Dryden.” 2. A word or phrase expressing affirmation or assent; as yes, that is so, etc.

Af•firm´a•tive•ly, adv. In an affirmative manner; on the affirmative side of a question; in the affirmative; — opposed to negatively.

Af•firm´a•to•ry , a. Giving affirmation; assertive; affirmative. Massey.

Af•firm´er , n. One who affirms.

Af•fix´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affixed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Affixing.] [LL. affixare, L. affixus, p. p. of affigere to fasten to; ad + figere to fasten: cf. OE. affichen, F. afficher, ultimately fr. L. affigere. See Fix.] 1. To subjoin, annex, or add at the close or end; to append to; to fix to any part of; as to affix a syllable to a word; to affix a seal to an instrument; to affix one’s name to a writing. 2. To fix or fasten in any way; to attach physically. “Should they [caterpillars] affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food.
Ray.” 3. To attach, unite, or connect with; as names affixed to ideas or ideas affixed to things; to affix a stigma to a person; to affix ridicule or blame to any one. 4. To fix or fasten figuratively; — with on or upon; as eyes affixed upon the ground. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To attach; subjoin; connect; annex; unite.

Af´fix , n.; pl. Affixes (#). [L. affixus, p. p. of affigere: cf. F. affixe.] That which is affixed; an appendage; esp. one or more letters or syllables added at the end of a word; a suffix; a postfix.

Af•fix´ion , n. [L. affixio, fr. affigere.] Affixture. [Obs.] T. Adams.

Af•fix´ture ( 135), n. The act of affixing, or the state of being affixed; attachment.

Af•fla´tion , n. [L. afflatus, p. p. of afflare to blow or breathe on; ad + flare to blow.] A blowing or breathing on; inspiration.

Af•fla´tus , n. [L., fr. afflare. See Afflation.] 1. A breath or blast of wind. 2. A divine impartation of knowledge; supernatural impulse; inspiration. “A poet writing against his genius will be like a prophet without his afflatus.
Spence.”

Af•flict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] [L. afflictus, p. p. of affigere to cast down, deject; ad + fligere to strike: cf. OF. aflit, afflict, p. p. Cf. Flagellate.] 1. To strike or cast down; to overthrow. [Obs.] ´Reassembling our afflicted powers.´ Milton. 2. To inflict some great injury or hurt upon, causing continued pain or mental distress; to trouble grievously; to torment. “They did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens.
Exod. i. 11.” “That which was the worst now least afflicts me.
Milton.” 3. To make low or humble. [Obs.] Spenser. “Men are apt to prefer a prosperous error before an afflicted truth.
Jer. Taylor.” Syn. — To trouble; grieve; pain; distress; harass; torment; wound; hurt.

Af•flict´, p. p. & a. [L. afflictus, p. p.] Afflicted. [Obs.] Becon.

Af•flict´ed•ness, n. The state of being afflicted; affliction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Af•flict´er , n. One who afflicts.

Af•flict´ing, a. Grievously painful; distressing; afflictive; as an afflicting event. — Af•flict´ing•ly, adv.

Af•flic´tion , n. [F. affliction, L. afflictio, fr. affligere.] 1. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, as sickness, losses, etc.; an instance of grievous distress; a pain or grief. “To repay that money will be a biting affliction.
Shak.” 2. The state of being afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief. “Some virtues are seen only in affliction.
Addison.” Syn. — Calamity; sorrow; distress; grief; pain; adversity; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; trouble; hardship. — Affliction, Sorrow, Grief, Distress. Affliction and sorrow are terms of wide and general application; grief and distress have reference to particular cases. Affliction is the stronger term. The suffering lies deeper in the soul, and usually arises from some powerful cause, such as the loss of what is most dear — friends, health, etc. We do not speak of mere sickness or pain as ´an affliction,´ though one who suffers from either is said to be afflicted; but deprivations of every kind, such as deafness, blindness, loss of limbs, etc., are called afflictions, showing that term applies particularly to prolonged sources of suffering. Sorrow and grief are much alike in meaning, but grief is the stronger term of the two, usually denoting poignant mental suffering for some definite cause, as grief for the death of a dear friend; sorrow is more reflective, and is tinged with regret, as the misconduct of a child is looked upon with sorrow. Grief is often violent and demonstrative; sorrow deep and brooding. Distress implies extreme suffering, either bodily or mental. In its higher stages, it denotes pain of a restless, agitating kind, and almost always supposes some struggle of mind or body. Affliction is allayed, grief subsides, sorrow is soothed, distress is mitigated.

Af•flic´tion•less , a. Free from affliction.

Af•flic´tive , a. [Cf. F. afflictif.] Giving pain; causing continued or repeated pain or grief; distressing. ´Jove’s afflictive hand.´ Pope. “Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain.
Prior.”

Af•flic´tive•ly, adv. In an afflictive manner.

Af´flu•ence , n. [F. affluence, L. affluentia, fr. affluens, p. pr. of affluere to flow to; ad + fluere to flow. See Flux.] 1. A flowing to or towards; a concourse; an influx. “The affluence of young nobles from hence into Spain.
Wotton.” “There is an unusual affluence of strangers this year.
Carlyle.” 2. An abundant supply, as of thought, words, feelings, etc.; profusion; also abundance of property; wealth. “And old age of elegance, affluence, and ease.
Coldsmith.” Syn. — Abundance; riches; profusion; exuberance; plenty; wealth; opulence.

Af´flu•en•cy , n. Affluence. [Obs.] Addison.

Af´flu•ent , a. [Cf. F. affluent, L. affluens, -entis, p. pr. See Affluence.] 1. Flowing to; flowing abundantly. ´Affluent blood.´ Harvey. 2. Abundant; copious; plenteous; hence, wealthy; abounding in goods or riches. “Language … affluent in expression.
H. Reed.” “Loaded and blest with all the affluent store,
Which human vows at smoking shrines implore.
Prior.”

Af´flu•ent, n. A stream or river flowing into a larger river or into a lake; a tributary stream.

Af´flu•ent•ly, adv. Abundantly; copiously.

Af•flu•ent•ness, n. Great plenty. [R.]

Af´flux , n. [L. affluxum, p. p. of affluere: cf. F. afflux. See Affluence.] A flowing towards; that which flows to; as an afflux of blood to the head.

Af•flux´ion , n. The act of flowing towards; afflux. Sir T. Browne.

Af´fo•dill , n. Asphodel. [Obs.]

Af•force´ , v. t. [OF. afforcier, LL. affortiare; ad + fortiare, fr. L. fortis strong.] To reënforce; to strengthen. Hallam.

Af•force´ment , n. [OF.] 1. A fortress; a fortification for defense. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. A reënforcement; a strengthening. Hallam.

Af•for´ci•a•ment , n. See Afforcement. [Obs.]

Af•ford´ (af•ford´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afforded; p. pr. & vb. n. Affording.] [OE. aforthen, AS. geforðian, forðian, to further, accomplish, afford, fr. forð forth, forward. The prefix ge- has no well defined sense. See Forth.] 1. To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result, fruit, or issue; as grapes afford wine; olives afford oil; the earth affords fruit; the sea affords an abundant supply of fish. 2. To give, grant, or confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural result; to provide; to furnish; as a good life affords consolation in old age. “His tuneful Muse affords the sweetest numbers.
Addison.” “The quiet lanes … afford calmer retreats.
Gilpin.” 3. To offer, provide, or supply, as in selling, granting, expending, with profit, or without loss or too great injury; as A affords his goods cheaper than B; a man can afford a sum yearly in charity. 4. To incur, stand, or bear without serious detriment, as an act which might under other circumstances be injurious; — with an auxiliary, as can, could, might, etc.; to be able or rich enough. “The merchant can afford to trade for smaller profits.
Hamilton.” “He could afford to suffer
With those whom he saw suffer.
Wordsworth.”

Af•ford´a•ble , a. That may be afforded.

Af•ford´ment , n. Anything given as a help; bestowal. [Obs.]

Af•for´est , v. t. [LL. afforestare; ad + forestare. See Forest.] To convert into a forest; as to afforest a tract of country.

Af•for•es•ta´tion , n. The act of converting into forest or woodland. Blackstone.

Af•form´a•tive , n. An affix.

Af•fran´chise , v. t. [F. affranchir; (L. ad) + franc free. See Franchise and Frank.] To make free; to enfranchise. Johnson.

Af•fran´chise•ment , n. [Cf. F. affranchissement.] The act of making free; enfranchisement. [R.]

Af•frap´ , v. t. & i. [Cf. It. affrappare, frappare, to cut, mince, F. frapper to strike. See Frap.] To strike, or strike down. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•fray´ , v. t. [p. p. Affrayed.] [OE. afraien, affraien, OF. effreer, esfreer, F. effrayer, orig. to disquiet, put out of peace, fr. L. ex + OHG. fridu peace (akin to E. free). Cf. Afraid, Fray, Frith inclosure.] [Archaic] 1. To startle from quiet; to alarm. “Smale foules a great heap
That had afrayed [affrayed] me out of my sleep.
Chaucer.” 2. To frighten; to scare; to frighten away. “That voice doth us affray.
Shak.”

Af•fray´ , n. [OE. afrai, affrai, OF. esfrei, F. effroi, fr. OF. esfreer. See Affray, v. t.] 1. The act of suddenly disturbing any one; an assault or attack. [Obs.] 2. Alarm; terror; fright. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A tumultuous assault or quarrel; a brawl; a fray. ´In the very midst of the affray.´ Motley. 4. (Law) The fighting of two or more persons, in a public place, to the terror of others. Blackstone. A fighting in private is not, in a legal sense, an affray. Syn. — Quarrel; brawl; scuffle; encounter; fight; contest; feud; tumult; disturbance.

Af•fray´er , n. One engaged in an affray.

Af•fray´ment , n. Affray. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•freight´ , v. t. [Pref. ad- + freight: cf. F. affreter. See Freight.] To hire, as a ship, for the transportation of goods or freight.

Af•freight´er , n. One who hires or charters a ship to convey goods.

Af•freight´ment , n. [Cf. F. affretement.] The act of hiring, or the contract for the use of, a vessel, or some part of it, to convey cargo.

Af•fret´ , n. [Cf. It. affrettare to hasten, fretta haste.] A furious onset or attack. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•fric´tion , n. [L. affricare to rub on. See Friction.] The act of rubbing against. [Obs.]

Af•friend´ed , p. p. Made friends; reconciled. [Obs.] ´Deadly foes … affriended.´ Spenser.

Af•fright´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affrighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affrighting.] [Orig. p. p.; OE. afright, AS. afyrhtan to terrify; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + fyrhto fright. See Fright.] To impress with sudden fear; to frighten; to alarm. “Dreams affright our souls.
Shak.” “A drear and dying sound
Affrights the flamens at their service quaint.
Milton.” Syn. — To terrify; frighten; alarm; dismay; appall; scare; startle; daunt; intimidate.

Af•fright´, p. a. Affrighted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Af•fright´, n. 1. Sudden and great fear; terror. It expresses a stronger impression than fear, or apprehension, perhaps less than terror. “He looks behind him with affright, and forward with despair.
Goldsmith.” 2. The act of frightening; also a cause of terror; an object of dread. B. Jonson.

Af•fright´ed•ly, adv. With fright. Drayton.

Af•fright´en , v. t. To frighten. [Archaic] ´Fit tales … to affrighten babes.´ Southey.

Af•fright´er , n. One who frightens. [Archaic]

Af•fright´ful , a. Terrifying; frightful. — Af•fright´ful•ly, adv. [Archaic] “Bugbears or affrightful apparitions.
Cudworth.”

Af•fright´ment , n. Affright; the state of being frightened; sudden fear or alarm. [Archaic] “Passionate words or blows … fill the child’s mind with terror and affrightment.
Locke.”

Af•front´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affronting.] [OF. afronter, F. affronter, to confront, LL. affrontare to strike against, fr. L. ad + frons forehead, front. See Front.] 1. To front; to face in position; to meet or encounter face to face. [Obs.] “All the sea-coasts do affront the Levant.
Holland.” “That he, as ’t were by accident, may here
Affront Ophelia.
Shak.” 2. To face in defiance; to confront; as to affront death; hence, to meet in hostile encounter. [Archaic] 3. To offend by some manifestation of disrespect; to insult to the face by demeanor or language; to treat with marked incivility. “How can any one imagine that the fathers would have dared to affront the wife of Aurelius?
Addison.” Syn. — To insult; abuse; outrage; wound; illtreat; slight; defy; offend; provoke; pique; nettle.

Af•front´, n. [Cf. F. affront, fr. affronter.] 1. An encounter either friendly or hostile. [Obs.] “I walked about, admired of all, and dreaded
On hostile ground, none daring my affront.
Milton.” 2. Contemptuous or rude treatment which excites or justifies resentment; marked disrespect; a purposed indignity; insult. “Offering an affront to our understanding.
Addison.” 3. An offense to one’s self-respect; shame. Arbuthnot. Syn. — Affront, Insult, Outrage. An affront is a designed mark of disrespect, usually in the presence of others. An insult is a personal attack either by words or actions, designed to humiliate or degrade. An outrage is an act of extreme and violent insult or abuse. An affront piques and mortifies; an insult irritates and provokes; an outrage wounds and injures. “Captious persons construe every innocent freedom into an affront. When people are in a state of animosity, they seek opportunities of offering each other insults. Intoxication or violent passion impels men to the commission of outrages.
Crabb.”

Af•fron•te´ , a. [F. affronte, p. p.] (Her.) Face to face, or front to front; facing.

Af•front´ed•ly , adv. Shamelessly. [Obs.] Bacon.

Af•fron•tee´, n. One who receives an affront. Lytton.

Af•front´er , n. One who affronts, or insults to the face.

Af•front´ing•ly, adv. In an affronting manner.

Af•front´ive , a. Tending to affront or offend; offensive; abusive. “How affrontive it is to despise mercy.
South.”

Af•front´ive•ness (af•frunt´iv•nes), n. The quality that gives an affront or offense. [R.] Bailey.

Af•fuse´ (af•fuz´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affused (-fuzd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Affusing .] [L. affusus, p. p. of affundere to pour to; ad + fundere. See Fuse.] To pour out or upon. [R.] “I first affused water upon the compressed beans.
Boyle.”

Af•fu´sion (af•fu´zhun), n. [Cf. F. affusion.] The act of pouring upon, or sprinkling with a liquid, as water upon a child in baptism. Specifically: (Med) The act of pouring water or other fluid on the whole or a part of the body, as a remedy in disease. Dunglison.

Af•fy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affied ; p. pr. Affying.] [OF. afier, LL. affidare. Cf. Affiance.] 1. To confide (one’s self to, or in); to trust. [Obs.] 2. To betroth or espouse; to affiance. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To bind in faith. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Af•fy´, v. i. To trust or confide. [Obs.] Shak.

Af´ghan , a. Of or pertaining to Afghanistan.

Af´ghan, n. 1. A native of Afghanistan. 2. A kind of worsted blanket or wrap.

A•field´ , adv. [Pref. a- + field.] 1. To, in, or on the field. ´We drove afield.´ Milton. “How jocund did they drive their team afield!
Gray.” 2. Out of the way; astray. “Why should he wander afield at the age of fifty- five!
Trollope.”

A•fire´ (a•fir´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + fire.] On fire.

A•flame´ (a•flam´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flame.] In flames; glowing with light or passion; ablaze. G. Eliot.

A•flat´ (a•flat´), adv. [Pref. a- + flat.] Level with the ground; flat. [Obs.] Bacon.

A•flaunt´ (a•flant´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flaunt.] In a flaunting state or position. Copley.

A•flick´er (a•flik´er), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flicker.] In a flickering state.

A•float´ (a•flot´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + float.] 1. Borne on the water; floating; on board ship. “On such a full sea are we now afloat.
Shak.” 2. Moving; passing from place to place; in general circulation; as a rumor is afloat. 3. Unfixed; moving without guide or control; adrift; as our affairs are all afloat.

A•flow´ (a•flo´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flow.] Flowing. “Their founts aflow with tears.
R. Browning.”

A•flush´ (a•flush´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flush, n.] In a flushed or blushing state.

A•flush´, adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flush, a.] On a level. “The bank is … aflush with the sea.
Swinburne.”

A•flut´ter , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flutter.] In a flutter; agitated.

A•foam´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + foam.] In a foaming state; as the sea is all afoam.

A•foot´ , adv. [Pref. a- + foot.] 1. On foot. “We ’ll walk afoot a while.
Shak.” 2. Fig.: In motion; in action; astir; in progress. “The matter being afoot.
Shak.”

A•fore´ , adv. [OE. afore, aforn, AS. onforan or aetforan; pref. a- + fore.] 1. Before. [Obs.] “If he have never drunk wine afore.
Shak.” 2. (Naut.) In the fore part of a vessel.

A•fore´, prep. 1. Before (in all its senses). [Archaic] 2. (Naut.) Before; in front of; farther forward than; as afore the windlass. Afore the mast, among the common sailors; — a phrase used to distinguish the ship’s crew from the officers.

A•fore´cit•ed , a. Named or quoted before.

A•fore´go•ing , a. Going before; foregoing.

A•fore´hand adv. Beforehand; in anticipation. [Archaic or Dial.] “She is come aforehand to anoint my body.
Mark xiv. 8.”

A•fore´hand, a. Prepared; previously provided; — opposed to behindhand. [Archaic or Dial.] “Aforehand in all matters of power.
Bacon.”

A•fore´men•tioned , a. Previously mentioned; before-mentioned. Addison.

A•fore´named , a. Named before. Peacham.

A•fore´said , a. Said before, or in a preceding part; already described or identified.

A•fore´thought , a. Premeditated; prepense; previously in mind; designed; as malice aforethought, which is required to constitute murder. Bouvier.

A•fore´thought, n. Premeditation.

A•fore´time , adv. In time past; formerly. ´He prayed … as he did aforetime.´ Dan. vi. 10.

A for•ti•o´ri . [L.] (Logic & Math.) With stronger reason.

A•foul´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + foul.] In collision; entangled. Totten. To run afoul of, to run against or come into collision with, especially so as to become entangled or to cause injury.

A•fraid´ , p. a. [OE. afrayed, affraide, p. p. of afraien to affray. See Affray, and cf. Afeard.] Impressed with fear or apprehension; in fear; apprehensive. [Afraid comes after the noun it limits.] ´Back they recoiled, afraid.´ Milton. This word expresses a less degree of fear than terrified or frightened. It is followed by of before the object of fear, or by the infinitive, or by a dependent clause; as to be afraid of death. ´I am afraid to die.´ ´I am afraid he will chastise me.´ ´Be not afraid that I your hand should take.´ Shak. I am afraid is sometimes used colloquially to soften a statement; as I am afraid I can not help you in this matter. Syn. — Fearful; timid; timorous; alarmed; anxious.

Af´reet , n. Same as Afrit.

A•fresh´ , adv. [Pref. a- + fresh.] Anew; again; once more; newly. “They crucify … the Son of God afresh.
Heb. vi. 6.”

Af´ric , a. African. — n. Africa. [Poetic]

Af´ri•can , a. [L. Africus, Africanus, fr. Afer African.] Of or pertaining to Africa. African hemp, a fiber prepared from the leaves of the Sanseviera Guineensis, a plant found in Africa and India. - - African marigold, a tropical American plant (Tagetes erecta). — African oak or African teak, a timber furnished by Oldfieldia Africana, used in ship building.

Af´ri•can, n. A native of Africa; also one ethnologically belonging to an African race.

Af•ri•can´der , n. One born in Africa, the offspring of a white father and a ´colored´ mother. also and now commonly in Southern Africa, a native born of European settlers.

Af´ri•can•ism , n. A word, phrase, idiom, or custom peculiar to Africa or Africans. ´The knotty Africanisms … of the fathers.´ Milton.

Af´ri•can•ize , v. t. To place under the domination of Africans or negroes. [Amer.] Bartlett.

Af´rit , Af´rite, Af´reet, n. [Arab. ’ifrit.] (Moham. Myth.) A powerful evil jinnee, demon, or monstrous giant.

A•front´ , adv. [Pref. a- + front.] In front; face to face. — prep. In front of. Shak.

Aft (aft), adv. & a. [AS. aeftan behind; orig. superl. of of, off. See After.] (Naut.) Near or towards the stern of a vessel; astern; abaft.

Aft´er (aft´ter), a. [AS. aefter after, behind; akin to Goth. aftaro, aftra, backwards, Icel. aptr, Sw. and Dan. efter, OHG. aftar behind, Dutch and LG. achter, Gr. ’apwte•rw further off. The ending -ter is an old comparative suffix, in E. generally -ther (as in other), and after is a compar. of of, off. rad.194. See Of; cf. Aft.] 1. Next; later in time; subsequent; succeeding; as an after period of life. Marshall. In this sense the word is sometimes needlessly combined with the following noun, by means of a hyphen, as after-ages, after- act, after-days, after-life. For the most part the words are properly kept separate when after has this meaning. 2. Hinder; nearer the rear. (Naut.) To ward the stern of the ship; — applied to any object in the rear part of a vessel; as the after cabin, after hatchway. It is often combined with its noun; as after-bowlines, after-braces, after-sails, after-yards, those on the mainmasts and mizzenmasts. After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat, or middle part.

Aft´er, prep. 1. Behind in place; as men in line one after another. ´Shut doors after you.´ Shak. 2. Below in rank; next to in order. Shak. “Codrus after Phbus sings the best.
Dryden.” 3. Later in time; subsequent; as after supper, after three days. It often precedes a clause. Formerly that was interposed between it and the clause. “After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.
Matt. xxvi. 32.” 4. Subsequent to and in consequence of; as after what you have said, I shall be careful. 5. Subsequent to and notwithstanding; as after all our advice, you took that course. 6. Moving toward from behind; following, in search of; in pursuit of. “Ye shall not go after other gods.
Deut. vi. 14.” “After whom is the king of Israel come out?
1 Sam. xxiv. 14.” 7. Denoting the aim or object; concerning; in relation to; as to look after workmen; to inquire after a friend; to thirst after righteousness. 8. In imitation of; in conformity with; after the manner of; as to make a thing after a model; a picture after Rubens; the boy takes after his father. To name or call after, to name like and reference to. “Our eldest son was named George after his uncle.
Goldsmith.” 9. According to; in accordance with; in conformity with the nature of; as he acted after his kind. “He shall not judge after the sight of his eyes.
Isa. xi. 3.” “They that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh.
Rom. viii. 5.” 10. According to the direction and influence of; in proportion to; befitting. [Archaic] “He takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and currency, and not after their intrinsic value.
Bacon.” After all, when everything has been considered; upon the whole. — After (with the same noun preceding and following), as wave after wave, day after day, several or many (waves, etc.) successively. — One after another, successively. — To be after, to be in pursuit of in order to reach or get; as he is after money.

Aft´er, adv. Subsequently in time or place; behind; afterward; as he follows after. “It was about the space of three hours after.
Acts. v. 7.” After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its usual signification. The prefix may be adverbial, prepositional, or adjectival; as in after- described, after- dinner, after-part. The hyphen is sometimes needlessly used to connect the adjective after with its noun. See Note under After, a., 1.

Aft´er•birth , n. (Med.) The placenta and membranes with which the fetus is connected, and which come away after delivery.

Aft´er•cast , n. A throw of dice after the game in ended; hence, anything done too late. Gower.

Aft´er•clap , n. An unexpected subsequent event; something disagreeable happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. Spenser.

Aft´er•crop , n. A second crop or harvest in the same year. Mortimer.

Aft´er damp .An irrespirable gas remaining after an explosion of fire damp in mines; choke damp. See Carbonic acid.

Aft´er-din•ner, n. The time just after dinner. ´An after-dinner’s sleep.´ Shak. [Obs.] — a. Following dinner; post-prandial; as an after-dinner nap.

Aft´er-eat•age, n. Aftergrass.

Aft´er•eye , v. t. To look after. [Poetic] Shak.

Aft´er•game , n. A second game; hence, a subsequent scheme or expedient. Wotton. Aftergame at Irish, an ancient game very nearly resembling backgammon. Beau. & Fl.

Aft´er-glow, n. A glow of refulgence in the western sky after sunset.

Aft´er•grass , n. The grass that grows after the first crop has been mown; aftermath.

Aft´er•growth , n. A second growth or crop, or (metaphorically) development. J. S. Mill.

Aft´er•guard , n. (Naut.) The seaman or seamen stationed on the poop or after part of the ship, to attend the after-sails. Totten.

Aft´er-im•age, n. The impression of a vivid sensation retained by the retina of the eye after the cause has been removed; also extended to impressions left of tones, smells, etc.

Aft´er•ings , n. pl. The last milk drawn in milking; strokings. [Obs.] Grose.

Aft´er•math , n. [After + math. See Math.] A second moving; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season; rowen. Holland.

Aft´er-men•tioned, a. Mentioned afterwards; as persons after-mentioned (in a writing).

Aft´er•most , a. superl. [OE. eftemest, AS. aeftemest,akin to Gothic aftumist and aftuma, the last, orig. a superlative of of, with the superlative endings -te, -me, -st.] 1. Hindmost; — opposed to foremost. 2. (Naut.) Nearest the stern; most aft.

Aft´er•noon´ , n. The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening.

Aft´er-note, n. (Mus.) One of the small notes occur on the unaccented parts of the measure, taking their time from the preceding note.

Aft´er•pains , n. pl. (Med.) The pains which succeed childbirth, as in expelling the afterbirth.

Aft´er•piece , n. 1. A piece performed after a play, usually a farce or other small entertainment. 2. (Naut.) The heel of a rudder.

Aft´er-sails, n. pl. (Naut.) The sails on the mizzenmast, or on the stays between the mainmast and mizzenmast. Totten.

Aft´er•shaft , n. (Zoöl.) The hypoptilum.

Aft´er•taste , n. A taste which remains in the mouth after eating or drinking.

Aft´er•thought , n. Reflection after an act; later or subsequent thought or expedient. { Aft´er•wards , Aft´er•ward } adv. [AS. aefteweard, a., behind. See Aft, and -ward (suffix). The final s in afterwards is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending.] At a later or succeeding time.

Aft´er•wise , a. Wise after the event; wise or knowing, when it is too late.

Aft´er-wit (#), n. Wisdom or perception that comes after it can be of use. ´After-wit comes too late when the mischief is done.´ L’Estrange.

Aft´er-wit•ted , a. Characterized by after-wit; slow-witted. Tyndale.

Aft´most , a. (Naut.) Nearest the stern.

Aft´ward , adv. (Naut.) Toward the stern.

A•ga´ A•gha´ (#), n. [Turk. adha a great lord, chief master.] In Turkey, a commander or chief officer. It is used also as a title of respect.

A•gain´ ( 277), adv. [OE. agein, agayn, AS. ongegn, ongeán, against, again; on + geán, akin to Ger. gegewn against, Icel. gegn. Cf. Gainsay.] 1. In return, back; as bring us word again. 2. Another time; once more; anew. “If a man die, shall he live again?
Job xiv. 14.” 3. Once repeated; — of quantity; as as large again, half as much again. 4. In any other place. [Archaic] Bacon. 5. On the other hand. ´The one is my sovereign … the other again is my kinsman.´ Shak. 6. Moreover; besides; further. “Again, it is of great consequence to avoid, etc.
Hersche.” Again and again, more than once; often; repeatedly. — Now and again, now and then; occasionally. — To and again, to and fro. [Obs.] De Foe. Again was formerly used in many verbal combinations, as again-witness, to witness against; again-ride, to ride against; again-come, to come against, to encounter; again- bring, to bring back, etc. { A•gain´ , A•gains´ } prep. Against; also towards (in order to meet). [Obs.] “Albeit that it is again his kind.
Chaucer.”

A•gain´buy , v. t. To redeem. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A•gain´say , v. t. To gainsay. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A•gainst´ ( 277), prep. [OE. agens, ageynes, AS. ongegn. The s is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending. See Again.] 1. Abreast; opposite to; facing; towards; as against the mouth of a river; — in this sense often preceded by over. “Jacob saw the angels of God come against him.
Tyndale.” 2. From an opposite direction so as to strike or come in contact with; in contact with; upon; as hail beats against the roof. 3. In opposition to, whether the opposition is of sentiment or of action; on the other side; counter to; in contrariety to; hence, adverse to; as against reason; against law; to run a race against time. “The gate would have been shut against her.
Fielding.” “An argument against the use of steam.
Tyndale.” 4. By of before the time that; in preparation for; so as to be ready for the time when. [Archaic or Dial.] “Urijah the priest made it, against King Ahaz came from Damascus.
2 Kings xvi. 11.” Against the sun, in a direction contrary to that in which the sun appears to move.

A•gain´stand , v. t. To withstand. [Obs.]

A•gain´ward , adv. Back again. [Obs.] { Ag•a•lac´ti•a (ag•a•lak´ti•a), Ag´a•lax•y(ag´a•lak•sy), } n. [Gr. ’agalakti•a; ’a priv. + ga•la, gala•ktos, milk.] (Med.) Failure of the due secretion of milk after childbirth.

Ag•a•lac´tous , a. Lacking milk to suckle with.

A•gal-a´gal , n. Same as Agar- agar. { Ag´al•loch , A•gal´lo•chum } n. [Gr. , of Eastern origin: cf. Skr. aguru, Heb. pl. ahalim.] A soft, resinous wood (Aquilaria Agallocha) of highly aromatic smell, burnt by the orientals as a perfume. It is called also agalwood and aloes wood. The name is also given to some other species.

Ag•al•mat´o•lite , n. [Gr. , , image, statue + -lite: cf. F. agalmatolithe.] (Min.) A soft, compact stone, of a grayish, greenish, or yellowish color, carved into images by the Chinese, and hence called figure stone, and pagodite. It is probably a variety of pinite.

Ag´a•ma , n.; pl. Agamas . [From the Caribbean name of a species of lizard.] (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards, one of the few which feed upon vegetable substances; also one of these lizards.

Ag´a•mi , n.; pl. Agamis . [F. agex>, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American bird (Psophia crepitans), allied to the cranes, and easily domesticated; — called also the gold- breasted trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant. See Trumpeter.

A•gam´ic , a. [Agamous.] (a) (Biol.) Produced without sexual union; as agamic or unfertilized eggs. (b) Not having visible organs of reproduction, as flowerless plants; agamous.

A•gam´ic•al•ly , adv. In an agamic manner.

Ag´a•mist , n. [See Agamous.] An unmarried person; also one opposed to marriage. Foxe.

Ag•a•mo•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. unmarried (’a priv. + marriage) + reproduction.] (Biol.) Reproduction without the union of parents of distinct sexes: asexual reproduction.

Ag•a•mo•ge•net´ic , n. (Biol.) Reproducing or produced without sexual union. — Ag•a•mo•ge•net´ic•al•ly , adv. “All known agamogenetic processes end in a complete return to the primitive stock.
Huxley.”

Ag´a•mous , a. [Gr. ’a•gamos unmarried; ’a priv. + ga•mos marriage.] (Biol.) Having no visible sexual organs; asexual. In Bot., cryptogamous.

A•gan•gli•o´nic , a. [Pref. a- not + ganglionic.] (Physiol.) Without ganglia.

A•gape´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gape.] Gaping, as with wonder, expectation, or eager attention. “Dazzles the crowd and sets them all agape.
Milton.”

Ag´a•pe , n.; pl. Agapae (#). [Gr. ’aga•ph love, pl. ’aga•pai.] The love feast of the primitive Christians, being a meal partaken of in connection with the communion.

A•gar-a´gar , n. [Ceylonese local name.] A fucus or seaweed much used in the East for soups and jellies; Ceylon moss (Gracilaria lichenoides).

Ag´a•ric ( 277), n. [L. agaricum, Gr. , said to be fr. Agara, a town in Sarmatia.] 1. (Bot.) A fungus of the genus Agaricus, of many species, of which the common mushroom is an example. 2. An old name for several species of Polyporus, corky fungi growing on decaying wood. The ´female agaric´ (Polyporus officinalis) was renowned as a cathartic; the ´male agaric´ (Polyporus igniarius) is used for preparing touchwood, called punk or German tinder. Agaric mineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of lime, sometimes called rock milk, formed in caverns or fissures of limestone.

A•gasp´ , adv. & a. [. a- + gasp.] In a state of gasping. Coleridge.

A•gast´ A•ghast´ , v. t. To affright; to terrify. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

A•gast´ , p. p. & a. See Aghast.

A•gas´tric , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + stomach.] (Physiol.) Having to stomach, or distinct digestive canal, as the tapeworm.

A•gate´ , adv. [Pref. a- on + gate way.] On the way; agoing; as to be agate; to set the bells agate. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Ag´ate , n. [F. agate, It. agata, L. achates, fr. Gr. .] 1. (Min.) A semipellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, presenting various tints in the same specimen. Its colors are delicately arranged in stripes or bands, or blended in clouds. The fortification agate, or Scotch pebble, the moss agate, the clouded agate, etc., are familiar varieties. 2. (Print.) A kind of type, larger than pearl and smaller than nonpareil; in England called ruby. This line is printed in the type called agate. 3. A diminutive person; so called in allusion to the small figures cut in agate for rings and seals. [Obs.] Shak. 4. A tool used by gold-wire drawers, bookbinders, etc.; — so called from the agate fixed in it for burnishing.

Ag•a•tif´er•ous , a. [Agate + -ferous.] Containing or producing agates. Craig.

Ag´a•tine , a. Pertaining to, or like, agate.

Ag´a•tize , v. t. [Usually p. p. Agatized.] To convert into agate; to make resemble agate. Dana.

Ag´a•ty , a. Of the nature of agate, or containing agate.

A•ga´ve , n. [L. Agave, prop. name, fr. Gr. , fem. of illustrious, noble.] (bot.) A genus of plants (order Amaryllidaceae) of which the chief species is the maguey or century plant (A. Americana), wrongly called Aloe. It is from ten to seventy years, according to climate, in attaining maturity, when it produces a gigantic flower stem, sometimes forty feet in height, and perishes. The fermented juice is the pulque of the Mexicans; distilled, it yields mescal. A strong thread and a tough paper are made from the leaves, and the wood has many uses.

A•gazed´ , p. p. [Only in p. p.; another spelling for aghast.] Gazing with astonishment; amazed. [Obs.] “The whole army stood agazed on him.
Shak.”

Age (aj), n. [OF. aage, eage, F. âge, fr. L. aetas through a supposed LL. aetaticum. L. aetas is contracted fr. aevitas, fr. aevum lifetime, age; akin to E. aye ever. Cf. Each.] 1. The whole duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other kind; lifetime. “Mine age is as nothing before thee.
Ps. xxxix. 5.” 2. That part of the duration of a being or a thing which is between its beginning and any given time; as what is the present age of a man, or of the earth? 3. The latter part of life; an advanced period of life; seniority; state of being old. “Nor wrong mine age with this indignity.
Shak.” 4. One of the stages of life; as the age of infancy, of youth, etc. Shak. 5. Mature age; especially, the time of life at which one attains full personal rights and capacities; as to come of age; he (or she) is of age. Abbott. In the United States, both males and females are of age when twenty-one years old. 6. The time of life at which some particular power or capacity is understood to become vested; as the age of consent; the age of discretion. Abbott. 7. A particular period of time in history, as distinguished from others; as the golden age, the age of Pericles. ´The spirit of the age.´ Prescott. “Truth, in some age or other, will find her witness.
Milton.” Archeological ages are designated as three: The Stone age (the early and the later stone age, called paleolithic and neolithic), the Bronze age, and the Iron age. During the Age of Stone man is supposed to have employed stone for weapons and implements. See Augustan, Brazen, Golden, Heroic, Middle. 8. A great period in the history of the Earth. The geologic ages are as follows: 1. The Archaean, including the time when was no life and the time of the earliest and simplest forms of life. 2. The age of Invertebrates, or the Silurian, when the life on the globe consisted distinctively of invertebrates. 3. The age of Fishes, or the Devonian, when fishes were the dominant race. 4. The age of Coal Plants, or Acrogens, or the Carboniferous age. 5. The Mesozoic or Secondary age, or age of Reptiles, when reptiles prevailed in great numbers and of vast size. 6. The Tertiary age, or age of Mammals, when the mammalia, or quadrupeds, abounded, and were the dominant race. 7. The Quaternary age, or age of Man, or the modern era. Dana. 9. A century; the period of one hundred years. “Fleury … apologizes for these five ages.
Hallam.” 10. The people who live at a particular period; hence, a generation. ´Ages yet unborn.´ Pope. “The way which the age follows.
J. H. Newman.” “Lo! where the stage, the poor, degraded stage,
Holds its warped mirror to a gaping age.
C. Sprague.” 11. A long time. [Colloq.] ´He made minutes an age.´ Tennyson. Age of a tide, the time from the origin of a tide in the South Pacific Ocean to its arrival at a given place. — Moon’s age, the time that has elapsed since the last preceding conjunction of the sun and moon. Age is used to form the first part of many compounds; as agelasting, age-adorning, age-worn, age- enfeebled, agelong. Syn. — Time; period; generation; date; era; epoch.

Age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aging .] To grow aged; to become old; to show marks of age; as he grew fat as he aged. “They live one hundred and thirty years, and never age for all that.
Holland.” “I am aging; that is, I have a whitish, or rather a light-colored, hair here and there.
Landor.”

Age, v. t. To cause to grow old; to impart the characteristics of age to; as grief ages us.

A´ged , a. 1. Old; having lived long; having lived almost to or beyond the usual time allotted to that species of being; as an aged man; an aged oak. 2. Belonging to old age. ´Aged cramps.´ Shak. 3. (a´jed or ajd) Having a certain age; at the age of; having lived; as a man aged forty years.

A´ged•ly, adv. In the manner of an aged person.

A´ged•ness, n. The quality of being aged; oldness. “Custom without truth is but agedness of error.
Milton.”

Age´less , a. Without old age limits of duration; as fountains of ageless youth.

A•gen´ , adv. & prep. See Again. [Obs.]

A´gen•cy , n.; pl. Agencies . [agentia, fr. L. agens, agentis: cf. F. agence. See Agent.] 1. The faculty of acting or of exerting power; the state of being in action; action; instrumentality. “The superintendence and agency of Providence in the natural world.
Woodward.” 2. The office of an agent, or factor; the relation between a principal and his agent; business of one intrusted with the concerns of another. 3. The place of business of am agent. Syn. — Action; operation; efficiency; management.

A´gend , n. See Agendum. [Obs.]

A•gen´dum , n.; pl. Agenda . [L., neut. of the gerundive of agere to act.] 1. Something to be done; in the pl., a memorandum book. 2. A church service; a ritual or liturgy. [In this sense, usually Agenda.]

Ag•e•nes´ic , a. [See Agensis.] (Physiol.) Characterized by sterility; infecund.

A•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + birth.] (Physiol.) Any imperfect development of the body, or any anomaly of organization.

Ag•en•ne´sis , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + an engendering.] (Physiol.) Impotence; sterility.

A´gent , a. [L. agens, agentis, p. pr. of agere to act; akin to Gr. to lead, Icel. aka to drive, Skr. aj. rad.2.] Acting; — opposed to patient, or sustaining, action. [Archaic] ´The body agent.´ Bacon.

A´gent, n. 1. One who exerts power, or has the power to act; an actor. “Heaven made us agents, free to good or ill.
Dryden.” 2. One who acts for, or in the place of, another, by authority from him; one intrusted with the business of another; a substitute; a deputy; a factor. 3. An active power or cause; that which has the power to produce an effect; as a physical, chemical, or medicinal agent; as heat is a powerful agent.

A•gen´tial , a. Of or pertaining to an agent or an agency. Fitzed. Hall.

A´gent•ship , n. Agency. Beau. & Fl.

A•ger´a•tum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a sort of plant; ’a priv. + old age.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, one species of which (A. Mexicanum) has lavender- blue flowers in dense clusters.

Ag•gen•er•a´tion , n. [L. aggenerare to beget in addition. See Generate.] The act of producing in addition. [Obs.] T. Stanley.

Ag´ger , n. [L., a mound, fr. aggerere to bear to a place, heap up; ad + gerere to bear.] An earthwork; a mound; a raised work. [Obs.] Hearne.

Ag´ger•ate , v. t. [L. aggeratus, p. p. of aggerare. See Agger.] To heap up. [Obs.] Foxe.

Ag•ger•a´tion , n. [L. aggeratio.] A heaping up; accumulation; as aggerations of sand. [R.]

Ag•ger•ose´ , a. In heaps; full of heaps.

Ag•gest´ , v. t. [L. aggestus, p. p. of aggerere. See Agger.] To heap up. [Obs.] “The violence of the waters aggested the earth.
Fuller.”

Ag•glom´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglomerated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agglomerating .] [L. agglomeratus, p. p. of agglomerare; ad + glomerare to form into a ball. See Glomerate.] To wind or collect into a ball; hence, to gather into a mass or anything like a mass. “Where he builds the agglomerated pile.
Cowper.”

Ag•glom´er•ate, v. i. To collect in a mass. { Ag•glom´er•ate , Ag•glom´er•a•ted } a. 1. Collected into a ball, heap, or mass. 2. (Bot.) Collected into a rounded head of flowers.

Ag•glom´er•ate , n. 1. A collection or mass. 2. (Geol.) A mass of angular volcanic fragments united by heat; — distinguished from conglomerate.

Ag•glom•er•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. agglomeration.] 1. The act or process of collecting in a mass; a heaping together. “An excessive agglomeration of turrets.
Warton.” 2. State of being collected in a mass; a mass; cluster.

Ag•glom´er•a•tive , a. Having a tendency to gather together, or to make collections. “Taylor is eminently discursive, accumulative, and (to use one of his own words) agglomerative.
Coleridge.”

Ag•glu´ti•nant , a. [L. agglutinans, -antis, p. pr. of agglutinare.] Uniting, as glue; causing, or tending to cause, adhesion. — n. Any viscous substance which causes bodies or parts to adhere.

Ag•glu´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglutinated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agglutinating.] [L. agglutinatus, p. p. of agglutinare to glue or cement to a thing; ad + glutinare to glue; gluten glue. See Glue.] To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance; to unite by causing an adhesion of substances.

Ag•glu´ti•nate , a. 1. United with glue or as with glue; cemented together. 2. (physiol.) Consisting of root words combined but not materially altered as to form or meaning; as agglutinate forms, languages, etc. See Agglutination, 2.

Ag•glu•ti•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. agglutination.] 1. The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance; the state of being thus united; adhesion of parts. 2. (Physiol.) Combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning. See Agglutinative, 2.

Ag•glu´ti•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. agglutinatif.] 1. Pertaining to agglutination; tending to unite, or having power to cause adhesion; adhesive. 2. (Philol.) Formed or characterized by agglutination, as a language or a compound. “In agglutinative languages the union of words may be compared to mechanical compounds, in inflective languages to chemical compounds.
R. Morris.” “Cf. man-kind, heir-loom, war-like, which are agglutinative compounds. The Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, the Tamul, etc., are agglutinative languages.
R. Morris.” “Agglutinative languages preserve the consciousness of their roots.
Max Müller.”

Ag•grace´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + grace: cf. It. aggraziare, LL. aggratiare. See Grace.] To favor; to grace. [Obs.] ´That knight so much aggraced.´ Spenser.

Ag•grace´ , n. Grace; favor. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ag´gran•di´za•ble , a. Capable of being aggrandized.

Ag•gran•di•za´tion , n. Aggrandizement. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

Ag´gran•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrandized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrandizing .] [F. agrandir; à (L. ad) + grandir to increase, L. grandire, fr. grandis great. See Grand, and cf. Finish.] 1. To make great; to enlarge; to increase; as to aggrandize our conceptions, authority, distress. 2. To make great or greater in power, rank, honor, or wealth; — applied to persons, countries, etc. “His scheme for aggrandizing his son.
Prescott.” 3. To make appear great or greater; to exalt. Lamb. Syn. — To augment; exalt; promote; advance.

Ag´gran•dize, v. i. To increase or become great. [Obs.] “Follies, continued till old age, do aggrandize.
J. Hall.”

Ag•gran´dize•ment ( 277), n. [Cf. F. agrandissement.] The act of aggrandizing, or the state of being aggrandized or exalted in power, rank, honor, or wealth; exaltation; enlargement; as the emperor seeks only the aggrandizement of his own family. Syn. — Augmentation; exaltation; enlargement; advancement; promotion; preferment.

Ag´gran•di•zer , n. One who aggrandizes, or makes great.

Ag•grate´ , v. t. [It. aggratare, fr. L. ad + gratus pleasing. See Grate, a.] To please. [Obs.] “Each one sought his lady to aggrate.
Spenser.”

Ag´gra•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggravated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggravating.] [L. aggravatus, p. p. of aggravare. See Aggrieve.] 1. To make heavy or heavier; to add to; to increase. [Obs.] ´To aggravate thy store.´ Shak. 2. To make worse, or more severe; to render less tolerable or less excusable; to make more offensive; to enhance; to intensify. ´To aggravate my woes.´ Pope. “To aggravate the horrors of the scene.
Prescott.” “The defense made by the prisoner’s counsel did rather aggravate than extenuate his crime.
Addison.” 3. To give coloring to in description; to exaggerate; as to aggravate circumstances. Paley. 4. To exasperate; to provoke; to irritate. [Colloq.] “If both were to aggravate her parents, as my brother and sister do mine.
Richardson (Clarissa).” Syn. — To heighten; intensify; increase; magnify; exaggerate; provoke; irritate; exasperate.

Ag´gra•va•ting , a. 1. Making worse or more heinous; as aggravating circumstances. 2. Exasperating; provoking; irritating. [Colloq.] “A thing at once ridiculous and aggravating.
J. Ingelow.”

Ag´gra•va•ting•ly, adv. In an aggravating manner.

Ag•gra•va´tion , n. [LL. aggravatio: cf. F. aggravation.] 1. The act of aggravating, or making worse; — used of evils, natural or moral; the act of increasing in severity or heinousness; something additional to a crime or wrong and enhancing its guilt or injurious consequences. 2. Exaggerated representation. “By a little aggravation of the features changed it into the Saracen’s head.
Addison.” 3. An extrinsic circumstance or accident which increases the guilt of a crime or the misery of a calamity. 4. Provocation; irritation. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Ag´gra•va•tive , a. Tending to aggravate. — n. That which aggravates.

Ag´gre•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggregated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggregating.] [L. aggregatus, p. p. of aggregare to lead to a flock or herd; ad + gregare to collect into a flock, grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] 1. To bring together; to collect into a mass or sum. ´The aggregated soil.´ Milton. 2. To add or unite, as a person, to an association. “It is many times hard to discern to which of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated.
Wollaston.” 3. To amount in the aggregate to; as ten loads, aggregating five hundred bushels. [Colloq.] Syn. — To heap up; accumulate; pile; collect.

Ag´gre•gate , a. [L. aggregatus, p. p.] 1. Formed by a collection of particulars into a whole mass or sum; collective. “The aggregate testimony of many hundreds.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. (Anat.) Formed into clusters or groups of lobules; as aggregate glands. 3. (Bot.) Composed of several florets within a common involucre, as in the daisy; or of several carpels formed from one flower, as in the raspberry. 4. (Min. & Geol.) Having the several component parts adherent to each other only to such a degree as to be separable by mechanical means. 5. (Zoöl.) United into a common organized mass; — said of certain compound animals. Corporation aggregate. (Law) See under Corporation.

Ag´gre•gate, n. 1. A mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; as a house is an aggregate of stone, brick, timber, etc. In an aggregate the particulars are less intimately mixed than in a compound. 2. (Physics) A mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles; — in distinction from a compound, formed by the union of heterogeneous particles. In the aggregate, collectively; together.

Ag´gre•gate•ly, adv. Collectively; in mass.

Ag•gre•ga´tion , n. [Cf. LL. aggregatio, F. agregation.] The act of aggregating, or the state of being aggregated; collection into a mass or sum; a collection of particulars; an aggregate. “Each genus is made up by aggregation of species.
Carpenter.” “A nation is not an idea only of local extent and individual momentary aggregation, but … of continuity, which extends in time as well as in numbers, and in space.
Burke.”

Ag´gre•ga•tive , a. [Cf. Fr. agregatif.] 1. Taken together; collective. 2. Gregarious; social. [R.] Carlyle.

Ag´gre•ga•tor , n. One who aggregates.

Ag•grege´ , v. t. [OF. agreger. See Aggravate.] To make heavy; to aggravate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ag•gress´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aggressed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggressing.] [L. aggressus, p. p. of aggredi to go to, approach; ad + gradi to step, go, gradus step: cf. OF. aggresser. See Grade.] To commit the first act of hostility or offense; to begin a quarrel or controversy; to make an attack; — with on.

Ag•gress´, v. t. To set upon; to attack. [R.]

Ag•gress´, n. [L. aggressus.] Aggression. [Obs.] “Their military aggresses on others.
Sir M. Hale.”

Ag•gres´sion , n. [L. aggressio, fr. aggredi: cf. F. agression.] The first attack, or act of hostility; the first act of injury, or first act leading to a war or a controversy; unprovoked attack; assault; as a war of aggression. ´Aggressions of power.´ Hallam Syn. — Attack; offense; intrusion; provocation.

Ag•gres´sive , a. [Cf. F. agressif.] Tending or disposed to aggress; characterized by aggression; making assaults; unjustly attacking; as an aggressive policy, war, person, nation. — Ag•gres´sive•ly, adv. — Ag•gres´sive•ness, n. “No aggressive movement was made.
Macaulay.”

Ag•gres´sor , n. [L.: cf. F. agresseur.] The person who first attacks or makes an aggression; he who begins hostility or a quarrel; an assailant. “The insolence of the aggressor is usually proportioned to the tameness of the sufferer.
Ames.”

Ag•griev´ance , n. [OF. agrevance, fr. agrever. See Aggrieve.] Oppression; hardship; injury; grievance. [Archaic]

Ag•grieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrieved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrieving .] [OE. agreven, OF. agrever; a (L. ad) + grever to burden, injure, L. gravare to weigh down, fr. gravis heavy. See Grieve, and cf. Aggravate.] To give pain or sorrow to; to afflict; hence, to oppress or injure in one’s rights; to bear heavily upon; — now commonly used in the passive TO be aggrieved. “Aggrieved by oppression and extortion.
Macaulay.”

Ag•grieve´, v. i. To grieve; to lament. [Obs.]

Ag•group´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrouped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrouping.] [F. agrouper; à (L. ad) + groupe group. See Group..] To bring together in a group; to group. Dryden.

Ag•group´ment , n. Arrangement in a group or in groups; grouping.

Ag´gry , Ag´gri , a. Applied to a kind of variegated glass beads of ancient manufacture; as aggry beads are found in Ashantee and Fantee in Africa.

A•ghast´ , v. t. See Agast, v. t. [Obs.]

A•ghast´ , a. & p. p. [OE. agast, agasted, p. p. of agasten to terrify, fr. AS. pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + gstan to terrify, torment: cf. Goth. usgaisjan to terrify, primitively to fix, to root to the spot with terror; akin to L. haerere to stick fast, cling. See Gaze, Hesitate.] Terrified; struck with amazement; showing signs of terror or horror. “Aghast he waked; and, starting from his bed,
Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o’erspread.
Dryden.” “The commissioners read and stood aghast.
Macaulay.”

Ag´i•ble , a. [Cf. LL. agibilis, fr. L. agere to move, do.] Possible to be done; practicable. [Obs.] ´Fit for agible things.´ Sir A. Sherley.

Ag´ile , a. [F. agile, L. agilis, fr. agere to move. See Agent.] Having the faculty of quick motion in the limbs; apt or ready to move; nimble; active; as an agile boy; an agile tongue. “Shaking it with agile hand.
Cowper.” Syn. — Active; alert; nimble; brisk; lively; quick.

Ag´ile•ly, adv. In an agile manner; nimbly.

Ag´ile•ness, n. Agility; nimbleness. [R.]

A•gil´i•ty , n. [F. agilie, L. agilitas, fr. agilis.] 1. The quality of being agile; the power of moving the limbs quickly and easily; nimbleness; activity; quickness of motion; as strength and agility of body. “They … trust to the agility of their wit.
Bacon.” “Wheeling with the agility of a hawk.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Activity; powerful agency. [Obs.] “The agility of the sun’s fiery heat.
Holland.”

Ag´i•o , n.; pl. Agios . [It. aggio exchange, discount, premium, the same word as agio ease. See Ease.] (Com.) The premium or percentage on a better sort of money when it is given in exchange for an inferior sort. The premium or discount on foreign bills of exchange is sometimes called agio.

Ag´i•o•tage , n. [F. agiotage, fr. agioter to practice stockjobbing, fr. agio.] Exchange business; also stockjobbing; the maneuvers of speculators to raise or lower the price of stocks or public funds. “Vanity and agiotage are to a Parisian the oxygen and hydrogen of life.
Landor.”

A•gist´ , v. t. [OF. agister; à (L. ad) + gister to assign a lodging, fr. giste lodging, abode, F. gîte, LL. gistum, gista, fr. L. jacitum, p. p. of jacre to lie: cf. LL. agistare, adgistare. See Gist.] (Law) To take to graze or pasture, at a certain sum; — used originally of the feeding of cattle in the king’s forests, and collecting the money for the same. Blackstone.

Ag•is•ta´tor , n. [LL.] See Agister. { A•gist´er , A•gist´or } , n. [Anglo-Norman agistour.] (Law) (a) Formerly, an officer of the king’s forest, who had the care of cattle agisted, and collected the money for the same; — hence called gisttaker, which in England is corrupted into guest- taker. (b) Now, one who agists or takes in cattle to pasture at a certain rate; a pasturer. Mozley & W.

A•gist´ment , n. [OF. agistement. See Agist.] (Law) (a) Formerly, the taking and feeding of other men’s cattle in the king’s forests. (b) The taking in by any one of other men’s cattle to graze at a certain rate. Mozley & W. (c) The price paid for such feeding. (d) A charge or rate against lands; as an agistment of sea banks, i. e., charge for banks or dikes.

Ag´i•ta•ble , a. [L. agitabilis: cf. F. agitable.] Capable of being agitated, or easily moved. [R.]

Ag´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agitated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agitating .] [L. agitatus, p. p. of agitare to put in motion, fr. agere to move: cf. F. agiter. See Act, Agent.] 1. To move with a violent, irregular action; as the wind agitates the sea; to agitate water in a vessel. ´Winds … agitate the air.´ Cowper. 2. To move or actuate. [R.] Thomson. 3. To stir up; to disturb or excite; to perturb; as he was greatly agitated. “The mind of man is agitated by various passions.
Johnson.” 4. To discuss with great earnestness; to debate; as a controversy hotly agitated. Boyle. 5. To revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects; to contrive busily; to devise; to plot; as politicians agitate desperate designs. Syn. — To move; shake; excite; rouse; disturb; distract; revolve; discuss; debate; canvass.

Ag´i•ta•ted•ly, adv. In an agitated manner.

Ag•i•ta´tion , n. [L. agitatio: cf. F. agitation.] 1. The act of agitating, or the state of being agitated; the state of being moved with violence, or with irregular action; commotion; as the sea after a storm is in agitation. 2. A stirring up or arousing; disturbance of tranquillity; disturbance of mind which shows itself by physical excitement; perturbation; as to cause any one agitation. 3. Excitement of public feeling by discussion, appeals, etc.; as the antislavery agitation; labor agitation. ´Religious agitations.´ Prescott. 4. Examination or consideration of a subject in controversy, or of a plan proposed for adoption; earnest discussion; debate. “A logical agitation of the matter.
L’Estrange.” “The project now in agitation.
Swift.” Syn. — Emotion; commotion; excitement; trepidation; tremor; perturbation. See Emotion.

Ag´i•ta•tive , a. Tending to agitate.

A•gi•ta´to , a. [It., agitated.] (Mus.) Sung or played in a restless, hurried, and spasmodic manner.

Ag´i•ta•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who agitates; one who stirs up or excites others; as political reformers and agitators. 2. (Eng. Hist.) One of a body of men appointed by the army, in Cromwell’s time, to look after their interests; - - called also adjutators. Clarendon. 3. An implement for shaking or mixing.

A•gleam´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gleam.] Gleaming; as faces agleam. Lowell. { Ag´let (ag´let), Aig´let (ag´let), } n. [F. aiguillette point, tagged point, dim. of aiguilee needle, fr. LL. acucula for acicula, dim. of L. acus needle, pin; cf. OF. agleter to hook on. See Acute, and cf. Aiguillette.] 1. A tag of a lace or of the points, braids, or cords formerly used in dress. They were sometimes formed into small images. Hence, ´aglet baby´ (Shak.), an aglet image. 2. (Haberdashery) A round white staylace. Beck.

A•gley´ , adv. Aside; askew. [Scotch] Burns.

A•glim´mer , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glimmer.] In a glimmering state. Hawthorne.

A•glit´ter , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glitter.] Glittering; in a glitter.

A•glos´sal , a. [Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Without tongue; tongueless.

A•glow´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glow.] In a glow; glowing; as cheeks aglow; the landscape all aglow.

Ag•lu•ti´tion , n. [Pref. a- not + L. glutire to swallow.] (Med.) Inability to swallow.

Ag´mi•nal , a. [L. agminalis; agmen, agminis, a train.] Pertaining to an army marching, or to a train. [R.] { Ag´mi•nate , Ag´mi•na•ted } a. [L. agmen, agminis, a train, crowd.] (Physiol.) Grouped together; as the agminated glands of Peyer in the small intestine.

Ag´nail , n. [AS. angnaegl; ange vexation, trouble + naegel nail. Cf. Hangnail.] 1. A corn on the toe or foot. [Obs.] 2. An inflammation or sore under or around the nail; also a hangnail.

Ag´nate , a. [L. agnatus, p. p. of agnasci to be born in addition to; ad + nasci (for gnasci) to be born. Cf. Adnate.] 1. Related or akin by the father’s side; also sprung from the same male ancestor. 2. Allied; akin. ´Agnate words.´ Pownall. “Assume more or less of a fictitious character, but congenial and agnate with the former.
Landor.”

Ag´nate, n. [Cf. F. agnat.] (Civil Law) A relative whose relationship can be traced exclusively through males.

Ag•nat´ic , a. [Cf. F. agnatique.] Pertaining to descent by the male line of ancestors. ´The agnatic succession.´ Blackstone.

Ag•na´tion , n. [L. agnatio: cf. F. agnation.] 1. (Civil Law) Consanguinity by a line of males only, as distinguished from cognation. Bouvier.

Ag•ni´tion (ag•nish´un), n. [L. agnitio, fr. agnoscere. See Notion.] Acknowledgment. [Obs.] Grafton.

Ag•nize´ (ag•niz´), v. t. [Formed like recognize, fr. L. agnoscere.] To recognize; to acknowledge. [Archaic] “I do agnize a natural and prompt alacrity.
Shak.”

Ag•noi•ol´o•gy (ag•noi•ol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ’a•gnoia ignorance + -logy.] (Metaph.) The doctrine concerning those things of which we are necessarily ignorant.

Ag•no´men (ag•no´men), n. [L.; ad + nomen name.] 1. An additional or fourth name given by the Romans, on account of some remarkable exploit or event; as Publius Caius Scipio Africanus. 2. An additional name, or an epithet appended to a name; as Aristides the Just.

Ag•nom´i•nate (ag•nom´i•nat), v. t. To name. [Obs.]

Ag•nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. agnominatio. See Agnomen.] 1. A surname. [R.] Minsheu. 2. Paronomasia; also alliteration; annomination.

Ag•nos´tic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + knowing, to know.] Professing ignorance; involving no dogmatic; pertaining to or involving agnosticism. — Ag•nos´tic•al•ly , adv.

Ag•nos´tic, n. One who professes ignorance, or denies that we have any knowledge, save of phenomena; one who supports agnosticism, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity, a future life, etc.

Ag•nos´ti•cism , n. That doctrine which, professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies. Specifically: (Theol.) The doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity, an unseen world, etc., can be neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished by physical and physical data, to warrant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of Herbert Spencer); — opposed alike dogmatic skepticism and to dogmatic theism.

Ag´nus , n.; pl. E. Agnuses ; L. Agni . [L., a lamb.] Agnus Dei.

Ag´nus cas´tus . [Gr. a willowlike tree, used at a religious festival; confused with holy, chaste.] (Bot.) A species of Vitex (V. agnus castus); the chaste tree. Loudon. “And wreaths of agnus castus others bore.
Dryden.”

Ag´nus De´i . [L., lamb of God.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag. (b) A cake of wax stamped with such a figure. It is made from the remains of the paschal candles and blessed by the Pope. (c) A triple prayer in the sacrifice of the Mass, beginning with the words ´Agnus Dei.´

A•go´ , a. & adv. [OE. ago, agon, p. p. of agon to go away, pass by, AS. agan to pass away; a- (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + gan to go. See Go.] Past; gone by; since; as ten years ago; gone long ago.

A•gog´ , a. & adv. [Cf. F. gogue fun, perhaps of Celtic origin.] In eager desire; eager; astir. “All agog to dash through thick and thin.
Cowper.”

A•go´ing , adv. [Pref. a- + p. pr. of go.] In motion; in the act of going; as to set a mill agoing.

Ag´on , n.; pl. Agones . [Gr. , fr. to lead.] (Gr. Antiq.) A contest for a prize at the public games.

A•gone´ , a. & adv. Ago. [Archaic> & Poet.] “Three days agone I fell sick.
1 Sam. xxx. 13.”

A´gone , n. [See Agonic.] Agonic line.

A•gon´ic , a. [Gr. without angles; ’a priv. + an angle.] Not forming an angle. Agonic line (Physics), an imaginary line on the earth’s surface passing through those places where the magnetic needle points to the true north; the line of no magnetic variation. There is one such line in the Western hemisphere, and another in the Eastern hemisphere.

Ag´o•nism , n. [Gr. , fr. to contend for a prize, fr. . See Agon.] Contention for a prize; a contest. [Obs.] Blount.

Ag´o•nist , n. [Gr. .] One who contends for the prize in public games. [R.] { Ag•o•nis´tic , Ag•o•nis´tic•al } a. [Gr. . See Agonism.] Pertaining to violent contests, bodily or mental; pertaining to athletic or polemic feats; athletic; combative; hence, strained; unnatural. “As a scholar, he [Dr. Parr] was brilliant, but he consumed his power in agonistic displays.
De Quincey.”

Ag•o•nis´tic•al•ly, adv. In an agonistic manner.

Ag•o•nis´tics , n. The science of athletic combats, or contests in public games.

Ag´o•nize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agonized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agonizing .] [F. agoniser, LL. agonizare, fr. Gr. . See Agony.] 1. To writhe with agony; to suffer violent anguish. “To smart and agonize at every pore.
Pope.” 2. To struggle; to wrestle; to strive desperately.

Ag´o•nize, v. t. To cause to suffer agony; to subject to extreme pain; to torture. “He agonized his mother by his behavior.
Thackeray.”

Ag´o•ni•zing•ly , adv. With extreme anguish or desperate struggles.

Ag´o•no•thete , n. [Gr. ; + to set. appoint.] [Antiq.] An officer who presided over the great public games in Greece.

Ag•o•no•thet´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to the office of an agonothete.

Ag´o•ny , n.; pl. Agonies . [L. agonia, Gr. , orig. a contest, fr. : cf. F. agonie. See Agon.] 1. Violent contest or striving. “The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations.
Macaulay.” 2. Pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions of the body, similar to those made in the athletic contests in Greece; and hence, extreme pain of mind or body; anguish; paroxysm of grief; specifically, the sufferings of Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. “Being in an agony he prayed more earnestly.
Luke xxii. 44.” 3. Paroxysm of joy; keen emotion. “With cries and agonies of wild delight.
Pope.” 4. The last struggle of life; death struggle. Syn. — Anguish; torment; throe; distress; pangs; suffering. — Agony, Anguish, Pang. These words agree in expressing extreme pain of body or mind. Agony denotes acute and permanent pain, usually of the whole system., and often producing contortions. Anguish denotes severe pressure, and, considered as bodily suffering, is more commonly local (as anguish of a wound), thus differing from agony. A pang is a paroxysm of excruciating pain. It is severe and transient. The agonies or pangs of remorse; the anguish of a wounded conscience. ´Oh, sharp convulsive pangs of agonizing pride!´ Dryden.

A•good(a•good´), adv. [Pref. a- + good.] In earnest; heartily. [Obs.] ´I made her weep agood.´ Shak.

Ag´o•ra (ag´o•ra), n. [Gr. ’agora•.] An assembly; hence, the place of assembly, especially the market place, in an ancient Greek city.

A•gou´a•ra , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), found in the tropical parts of America.

A•gou´ta , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small insectivorous mammal (Solenodon paradoxus), allied to the moles, found only in Hayti. { A•gou´ti , A•gou´ty } (a•goo´ti), n. [F. agouti, acouti, Sp. aguti, fr. native name.] (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genus Dasyprocta, about the size of a rabbit, peculiar to South America and the West Indies. The most common species is the Dasyprocta agouti.

A•grace´ , n. & v. See Aggrace. [Obs.]

A•graffe´ , n. [F. agrafe, formerly agraffe, OF. agrappe. See Agrappes.] 1. A hook or clasp. “The feather of an ostrich, fastened in her turban by an agraffe set with brilliants.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A hook, eyelet, or other device by which a piano wire is so held as to limit the vibration.

A•gram´ma•tist , n. [Gr. illiterate; ’a priv. + letters, fr. to write.] A illiterate person. [Obs.] Bailey.

A•graph´i•a , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + to write.] The absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by written signs. It is one form of aphasia.

A•graph´ic , a. Characterized by agraphia.

A•grappes´ , n. pl. [OF. agrappe, F. agrafe; a + grappe (see Grape) fr. OHG. krapfo hook.] Hooks and eyes for armor, etc. Fairholt.

A•gra´ri•an , a. [L. agrarius, fr. ager field.] 1. Pertaining to fields, or lands, or their tenure; esp., relating to an equal or equitable division of lands; as the agrarian laws of Rome, which distributed the conquered and other public lands among citizens. “His Grace’s landed possessions are irresistibly inviting to an agrarian experiment.
Burke.” 2. (Bot.) Wild; — said of plants growing in the fields.

A•gra´ri•an, n. 1. One in favor of an equal division of landed property. 2. An agrarian law. [R.] “An equal agrarian is perpetual law.
Harrington.”

A•gra´ri•an•ism , n. An equal or equitable division of landed property; the principles or acts of those who favor a redistribution of land.

A•gra´ri•an•ize , v. t. To distribute according to, or to imbue with, the principles of agrarianism. { A•gre´ , A•gree´ } , adv. [F. à gre. See Agree.] In good part; kindly. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

A•gree´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agreed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agreeing.] [F. agreer to accept or receive kindly, fr. à gre; à (L. ad) + gre good will, consent, liking, fr. L. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grateful.] 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action; to be in unison or concord; to be or become united or consistent; to concur; as all parties agree in the expediency of the law. “If music and sweet poetry agree.
Shak.” “Their witness agreed not together.
Mark xiv. 56.” “The more you agree together, the less hurt can your enemies do you.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. To yield assent; to accede; — followed by to; as to agree to an offer, or to opinion. 3. To make a stipulation by way of settling differences or determining a price; to exchange promises; to come to terms or to a common resolve; to promise. “Agree with thine adversary quickly.
Matt. v. 25.” “Didst not thou agree with me for a penny ?
Matt. xx. 13.” 4. To be conformable; to resemble; to coincide; to correspond; as the picture does not agree with the original; the two scales agree exactly. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects; to do well; as the same food does not agree with every constitution. 6. (Gram.) To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. The auxiliary forms of to be are often employed with the participle agreed. ´The jury were agreed.´ Macaulay. ´Can two walk together, except they be agreed ?´ Amos iii. 3. The principal intransitive uses were probably derived from the transitive verb used reflexively. ´I agree me well to your desire.´ Ld. Berners. Syn. — To assent; concur; consent; acquiesce; accede; engage; promise; stipulate; contract; bargain; correspond; harmonize; fit; tally; coincide; comport.

A•gree´ , v. t. 1. To make harmonious; to reconcile or make friends. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To admit, or come to one mind concerning; to settle; to arrange; as to agree the fact; to agree differences. [Obs.]

A•gree•a•bil´i•ty , n. [OF. agreablete.] 1. Easiness of disposition. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The quality of being, or making one’s self, agreeable; agreeableness. Thackeray.

A•gree´a•ble , a. [F. agreable.] 1. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses; pleasant; grateful; as agreeable manners or remarks; an agreeable person; fruit agreeable to the taste. “A train of agreeable reveries.
Goldsmith.” 2. Willing; ready to agree or consent. [Colloq.] “These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a great sum of money, so that he will be but content and agreeable that they may enter into the said town.
Latimer.” 3. Agreeing or suitable; conformable; correspondent; concordant; adapted; — followed by to, rarely by with. “That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing, is many times contrary to the nature of another.
L’Estrange.” 4. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance; — in this sense used adverbially for agreeably; as agreeable to the order of the day, the House took up the report. Syn. — Pleasing; pleasant; welcome; charming; acceptable; amiable. See Pleasant.

A•gree´a•ble•ness, n. 1. The quality of being agreeable or pleasing; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the mind or senses. “That author … has an agreeableness that charms us.
Pope.” 2. The quality of being agreeable or suitable; suitableness or conformity; consistency. “The agreeableness of virtuous actions to human nature.
Pearce.” 3. Resemblance; concordance; harmony; — with to or between. [Obs.] “The agreeableness between man and the other parts of the universe.
Grew.”

A•gree´a•bly, adv. 1. In an agreeably manner; in a manner to give pleasure; pleasingly. ´Agreeably entertained.´ Goldsmith. 2. In accordance; suitably; consistently; conformably; — followed by to and rarely by with. See Agreeable, 4. “The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent, agreeably to the maxim above laid down.
Paley.” 3. Alike; similarly. [Obs.] “Both clad in shepherds’ weeds agreeably.
Spenser.”

A•gree´ing•ly, adv. In an agreeing manner (to); correspondingly; agreeably. [Obs.]

A•gree´ment , n. [Cf. F. agrement.] 1. State of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character; concurrence; concord; conformity; as a good agreement subsists among the members of the council. “What agreement hath the temple of God with idols ?
2 Cor. vi. 16.” “Expansion and duration have this further agreement.
Locke.” 2. (Gram.) Concord or correspondence of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person. 3. (Law) (a) A concurrence in an engagement that something shall be done or omitted; an exchange of promises; mutual understanding, arrangement, or stipulation; a contract. (b) The language, oral or written, embodying reciprocal promises. Abbott. Brande & C. Syn. — Bargain; contract; compact; stipulation.

A•gre´er , n. One who agrees.

A•gres´tic , a. [L. agrestis, fr. ager field.] Pertaining to fields or the country, in opposition to the city; rural; rustic; unpolished; uncouth. ´Agrestic behavior.´ Gregory.

A•gres´tic•al , a. Agrestic. [Obs.]

A•gric•o•la´tion , n. [L., agricolatio.] Agriculture. [Obs.] Bailey.

A•gric´o•list , n. A cultivator of the soil; an agriculturist. Dodsley.

Ag´ri•cul•tor , n. [L., fr. ager field + cultor cultivator.] An agriculturist; a farmer. [R.]

Ag•ri•cul´tur•al , a. Of or pertaining to agriculture; connected with, or engaged in, tillage; as the agricultural class; agricultural implements, wages, etc. — Ag•ri•cul´tur•al•ly, adv. Agricultural ant (Zoöl.), a species of ant which gathers and stores seeds of grasses, for food. The remarkable species (Myrmica barbata) found in Texas clears circular areas and carefully cultivates its favorite grain, known as ant rice.

Ag•ri•cul´tur•al•ist, n. An agriculturist (which is the preferred form.)

Ag´ri•cul•ture ( 135), n. [L. agricultura; ager field + cultura cultivation: cf. F. agriculture. See Acre and Culture.] The art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of live stock; tillage; husbandry; farming.

Ag•ri•cul´tur•ism , n. Agriculture. [R.]

Ag•ri•cul´tur•ist, n. One engaged or skilled in agriculture; a husbandman. “The farmer is always a practitioner, the agriculturist may be a mere theorist.
Crabb.”

A•grief´ , adv. [Pref. a- + grief.] In grief; amiss. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ag´ri•mo•ny , n. [OE. agremoyne, OF. aigremoine, L. agrimonia for argemonia, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Rose family. (b) The name is also given to various other plants; as hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum); water agrimony (Bidens). The Agrimonia eupatoria, or common agrimony, a perennial herb with a spike of yellow flowers, was once esteemed as a medical remedy, but is now seldom used.

A•grin´ (a•grin´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + grin.] In the act of grinning. ´His visage all agrin.´ Tennyson.

Ag•ri•ol´o•gist (ag•ri•ol´o•jist), n. One versed or engaged in agriology.

Ag•ri•ol´o•gy (ag•ri•ol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ’a•grios wild, savage + -logy.] Description or comparative study of the customs of savage or uncivilized tribes.

A•grise´ , v. i. [AS. agrisan to dread; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + grisan, for grsan (only in comp.), akin to OHG. grisn, G. grausen, to shudder. See Grisly.] To shudder with terror; to tremble with fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•grise´, v. t. 1. To shudder at; to abhor; to dread; to loathe. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To terrify; to affright. [Obs.] “His manly face that did his foes agrise.
Spenser.”

A´grom , n. [Native name.] (Med.) A disease occurring in Bengal and other parts of the East Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves. { Ag•ro•nom´ic , Ag•ro•nom´ic•al } [Cf. F. agronomique.] Pertaining to agronomy, of the management of farms.

Ag•ro•nom´ics , n. The science of the distribution and management of land.

A•gron´o•mist , n. One versed in agronomy; a student of agronomy.

A•gron´o•my , n. [Gr. rural; as a noun, an overseer of the public lands; field + usage, to deal out, manage: cf. F. agronomie.] The management of land; rural economy; agriculture.

A•grope´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + grope.] In the act of groping. Mrs. Browning.

A•gros´tis , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] A genus of grasses, including species called in common language bent grass. Some of them, as redtop (Agrostis vulgaris), are valuable pasture grasses. { A•gros•to•graph´ic , A•gros•to•graph´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. agrostographique.] Pertaining to agrostography.

Ag•ros•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. + - graphy.] A description of the grasses. { A•gros•to•log´ic , A•gros•to•log´ic•al } a. Pertaining to agrostology.

Ag•ros•tol´o•gist , n. One skilled in agrostology.

Ag•ros•tol´ogy , n. [Gr. + - logy.] That part of botany which treats of the grasses.

A•ground´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + ground.] On the ground; stranded; — a nautical term applied to a ship when its bottom lodges on the ground. Totten.

A•group´ment , n. See Aggroupment.

Ag•ryp•not´ic , n. [Gr. sleepless; to chase, search for + sleep: cf. F. agrypnotique.] Anything which prevents sleep, or produces wakefulness, as strong tea or coffee.

A•guar•di•en´te , n. [Sp., contr. of agua ardiente burning water (L. aqua water + ardens burning).] 1. A inferior brandy of Spain and Portugal. 2. A strong alcoholic drink, especially pulque. [Mexico and Spanish America.]

A´gue , n. [OE. agu, ague, OF. agu, F. aigu, sharp, OF. fem. ague, LL. (febris) acuta, a sharp, acute fever, fr. L. acutus sharp. See Acute.] 1. An acute fever. [Obs.] ´Brenning agues.´ P. Plowman. 2. (Med.) An intermittent fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits. 3. The cold fit or rigor of the intermittent fever; as fever and ague. 4. A chill, or state of shaking, as with cold. Dryden. Ague cake, an enlargement of the spleen produced by ague. — Ague drop, a solution of the arsenite of potassa used for ague. — Ague fit, a fit of the ague. Shak. — Ague spell, a spell or charm against ague. Gay. — Ague tree, the sassafras — sometimes so called from the use of its root formerly, in cases of ague. [Obs.]

A´gue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agued .] To strike with an ague, or with a cold fit. Heywood.

A•guilt´ , v. t. To be guilty of; to offend; to sin against; to wrong. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•guise´ , n. Dress. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

A•guise´, v. t. [Pref a- + guise.] To dress; to attire; to adorn. [Obs.] “Above all knights ye goodly seem aguised.
Spenser.”

A´gu•ish , a. 1. Having the qualities of an ague; somewhat cold or shivering; chilly; shaky. “Her aguish love now glows and burns.
Granville.” 2. Productive of, or affected by, ague; as the aguish districts of England. T. Arnold. — A´gu•ish•ness, n.

A•gush´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gush.] In a gushing state. Hawthorne.

Ag´y•nous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + gynh• woman.] (Bot.) Without female organs; male.

Ah , interj. [OE. a: cf. OF. a, F. ah, L. ah, Gr. , Sk. a, Icel. ae, OHG. a, Lith. á, áá.] An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, complaint, entreaty, contempt, threatening, delight, triumph, etc., according to the manner of utterance.

A•ha´ , interj. [Ah, interj. + ha.] An exclamation expressing, by different intonations, triumph, mixed with derision or irony, or simple surprise.

A•ha´, n. A sunk fence. See Ha- ha. Mason.

A•head´ , adv. [Pref. a- + head.] 1. In or to the front; in advance; onward. “The island bore but a little ahead of us.
Fielding.” 2. Headlong; without restraint. [Obs.] L’Estrange. To go ahead. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on onward. (c) To push on in an enterprise. [Colloq] — To get ahead of. (a) To get in advance of. (b) To surpass; to get the better of. [Colloq.]

A•heap´ , adv. [Pref. a- + heap.] In a heap; huddled together. Hood.

A•height´ , adv. [Pref. a- + height.] Aloft; on high. [Obs.] ´Look up aheight.´ Shak.

A•hem´ , interj. An exclamation to call one’s attention; hem.

A•hey´ , interj. Hey; ho.

A•high´ , adv. On high. [Obs.] Shak.

A•hold´ , adv. [Pref. a- + hold.] Near the wind; as to lay a ship ahold. [Obs.] Shak.

A•horse´back , adv. On horseback. “Two suspicious fellows ahorseback.
Smollet.”

A•hoy´ , interj. [OE. a, interj. + hoy.] (Naut.) A term used in hailing; as ´Ship ahoy.´

Ah´ri•man , n. [Per.] The Evil Principle or Being of the ancient Persians; the Prince of Darkness as opposer to Ormuzd, the King of Light.

A´hu , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Asiatic gazelle.

A•hull´ , adv. [Pref. a- + hull.] (Naut.) With the sails furled, and the helm lashed alee; — applied to ships in a storm. See Hull, n.

A•hun´gered , a. [Pref. a- + hungered.] Pinched with hunger; very hungry. C. Bronte.

A´i , n.; pl. Ais . [Braz. aï, haï, from the animal’s cry: cf. F. aï.] (Zoöl.) The three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) of South America. See Sloth.

Ai´blins , A´blins , adv. [See Able.] Perhaps; possibly. [Scotch] Burns.

Aich’s met´al . A kind of gun metal, containing copper, zinc, and iron, but no tin.

Aid , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aided ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aiding.] [F. aider, OF. aidier, fr. L. adjutare to help, freq. of adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help. Cf. Adjutant.] To support, either by furnishing strength or means in coöperation to effect a purpose, or to prevent or to remove evil; to help; to assist. “You speedy helpers …
Appear and aid me in this enterprise.
Shak.” Syn. — To help; assist; support; sustain; succor; relieve; befriend; coöperate; promote. See Help.

Aid, n. [F. aide, OF. aïde, aïe, fr. the verb. See Aid, v. t.] 1. Help; succor; assistance; relief. “An unconstitutional mode of obtaining aid.
Hallam.” 2. The person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; a helper; an assistant. “It is not good that man should be alone; let us make unto him an aid like unto himself.
Tobit viii. 6.” 3. (Eng. Hist.) A subsidy granted to the king by Parliament; also an exchequer loan. 4. (Feudal Law) A pecuniary tribute paid by a vassal to his lord on special occasions. Blackstone. 5. An aid-de-camp, so called by abbreviation; as a general’s aid. Aid prayer (Law), a proceeding by which a defendant beseeches and claims assistance from some one who has a further or more permanent interest in the matter in suit. — To pray in aid, to beseech and claim such assistance.

Aid´ance , n. [Cf. OF. aidance.] Aid. [R.] “Aidance ’gainst the enemy.
Shak.”

Aid´ant , a. [Cf. F. aidant, p. pr. of aider to help.] Helping; helpful; supplying aid. Shak.

Aid´-de-camp , n.; pl. Aids-de-camp. . [F. aide de camp (literally) camp assistant.] (Mil.) An officer selected by a general to carry orders, also to assist or represent him in correspondence and in directing movements.

Aid´er , n. One who, or that which, aids.

Aid´ful , a. Helpful. [Archaic.] Bp. Hall.

Aid´less, a. Helpless; without aid. Milton.

Aid´-ma•jor , n. The adjutant of a regiment.

Ai´el , n. See Ayle. [Obs.]

Aig´let , n. Same as Aglet.

Ai´gre , a. [F. See Eager.] Sour. [Obs.] Shak.

Ai´gre•more , n. [F. origin unknown.] Charcoal prepared for making powder. { Ai´gret , Ai•grette } n. [F., a sort of white heron, with a tuft of feathers on its head; a tuft of feathers; dim. of the same word as heron. See Heron, and cf. Egret, Egrette.] 1. (Zoöl.) The small white European heron. See Egret. 2. A plume or tuft for the head composed of feathers, or of gems, etc. Prescott. 3. A tuft like that of the egret. (Bot.) A feathery crown of seed; egret; as the aigrette or down of the dandelion or the thistle.

Ai•guille´ , n. [F., a needle. See Aglet.] 1. A needle-shaped peak. 2. An instrument for boring holes, used in blasting.

Ai•guil•lette´ , n. [F. See Aglet.] 1. A point or tag at the end of a fringe or lace; an aglet. 2. One of the ornamental tags, cords, or loops on some military and naval uniforms.

Ai´gu•let , n. See Aglet. Spenser.

Ail (al), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ailed (ald); p. pr. & vb. n. Ailing.] [OE. eilen, ailen, AS. eglan to trouble, pain; akin to Goth. us-agljan to distress, agls troublesome, irksome, aglo, aglitha, pain, and prob. to E. awe. rad.3.] To affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental; to trouble; to be the matter with; — used to express some uneasiness or affection, whose cause is unknown; as what ails the man? I know not what ails him. “What aileth thee, Hagar?
Gen. xxi. 17.” It is never used to express a specific disease. We do not say, a fever ails him; but, something ails him.

Ail, v. i. To be affected with pain or uneasiness of any sort; to be ill or indisposed or in trouble. “When he ails ever so little … he is so peevish.
Richardson.”

Ail, n. Indisposition or morbid affection. Pope.

Ai•lan´thus , n. Same as Ailantus.

Ai•lan´tus , n. [From aylanto, i. e., tree of heaven, the name of the tree in the Moluccas.] (Bot.) A genus of beautiful trees, natives of the East Indies. The tree imperfectly diœcious, and the staminate or male plant is very offensive when blossom.

Ai•lette , n. [F. ailette, dim. of aile wing, L. ala.] A small square shield, formerly worn on the shoulders of knights, — being the prototype of the modern epaulet. Fairholt.

Ail´ment , n. Indisposition; morbid affection of the body; — not applied ordinarily to acute diseases. ´Little ailments.´ Landsdowne.

Ai•lu•roid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. cat + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of the Carnivora, which includes the cats, civets, and hyenas.

Aim , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aiming.] [OE. amen, aimen, eimen, to guess at, to estimate, to aim, OF. esmer, asmer, fr. L. aestimare to estimate; or perh. fr. OF. aesmer; (L. ad) + esmer. See Estimate.] 1. To point or direct a missile weapon, or a weapon which propels as missile, towards an object or spot with the intent of hitting it; as to aim at a fox, or at a target. 2. To direct the indention or purpose; to attempt the accomplishment of a purpose; to try to gain; to endeavor; — followed by at, or by an infinitive; as to aim at distinction; to aim to do well. “Aim’st thou at princes?
Pope.” 3. To guess or conjecture. [Obs.] Shak.

Aim, v. t. To direct or point, as a weapon, at a particular object; to direct, as a missile, an act, or a proceeding, at, to, or against an object; as to aim a musket or an arrow, the fist or a blow (at something); to aim a satire or a reflection (at some person or vice).

Aim, n. [Cf. OF. esme estimation, fr. esmer. See Aim, v. i.] 1. The pointing of a weapon, as a gun, a dart, or an arrow, in the line of direction with the object intended to be struck; the line of fire; the direction of anything, as a spear, a blow, a discourse, a remark, towards a particular point or object, with a view to strike or affect it. “Each at the head leveled his deadly aim.
Milton.” 2. The point intended to be hit, or object intended to be attained or affected. “To be the aim of every dangerous shot.
Shak.” 3. Intention; purpose; design; scheme. “How oft ambitious aims are crossed!
Pope.” 4. Conjecture; guess. [Obs.] “What you would work me to, I have some aim.
Shak.” To cry aim (Archery), to encourage. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — End; object; scope; drift; design; purpose; intention; scheme; tendency; aspiration.

Aim´er , n. One who aims, directs, or points.

Aim´less, a. Without aim or purpose; as an aimless life. — Aim´less•ly, adv. — Aim´less•ness, n.

Ai´no , n. [Said to be the native name for man.] One of a peculiar race inhabiting Yesso, the Kooril Islands etc., in the northern part of the empire of Japan, by some supposed to have been the progenitors of the Japanese. The Ainos are stout and short, with hairy bodies.

Ain’t . A contraction for are not and am not; also used for is not. [Colloq. or illiterate speech]. See An’t.

Air (âr), n. [OE. air, eir, F. air, L. aër, fr. Gr. ’ah•r, air, mist, for ’a&digamma;hr, fr. root ’a&digamma; to blow, breathe, probably akin to E. wind. In sense 10 the French has taking a meaning fr. It. aria atmosphere, air, fr. the same Latin word; and in senses 11, 12, 13 the French meaning is either fr. L. aria, or due to confusion with F. aire, in an older sense of origin, descent. Cf. Aëry, Debonair, Malaria, Wind.] 1. The fluid which we breathe, and which surrounds the earth; the atmosphere. It is invisible, inodorous, insipid, transparent, compressible, elastic, and ponderable. By the ancient philosophers, air was regarded as an element; but modern science has shown that it is essentially a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, with a small amount of carbon dioxide, the average proportions being, by volume: oxygen, 20.96 per cent.; nitrogen, 79.00 per cent.; carbon dioxide, 0.04 per cent. These proportions are subject to a very slight variability. Air also always contains some vapor of water. 2. Symbolically: Something unsubstantial, light, or volatile. ´Charm ache with air.´ Shak. “He was still all air and fire.” [Air and fire being the finer and quicker elements as opposed to earth and water.] Macaulay. 3. A particular state of the atmosphere, as respects heat, cold, moisture, etc., or as affecting the sensations; as a smoky air, a damp air, the morning air, etc. 4. Any aëriform body; a gas; as oxygen was formerly called vital air. [Obs.] 5. Air in motion; a light breeze; a gentle wind. “Let vernal airs through trembling osiers play.
Pope.” 6. Odoriferous or contaminated air. 7. That which surrounds and influences. “The keen, the wholesome air of poverty.
Wordsworth.” 8. Utterance abroad; publicity; vent. “You gave it air before me.
Dryden.” 9. Intelligence; information. [Obs.] Bacon. 10. (Mus.) (a) A musical idea, or motive, rhythmically developed in consecutive single tones, so as to form a symmetrical and balanced whole, which may be sung by a single voice to the stanzas of a hymn or song, or even to plain prose, or played upon an instrument; a melody; a tune; an aria. (b) In harmonized chorals, psalmody, part songs, etc., the part which bears the tune or melody — in modern harmony usually the upper part — is sometimes called the air. 11. The peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of a person; mien; demeanor; as the air of a youth; a heavy air; a lofty air. ´His very air.´ Shak. 12. Peculiar appearance; apparent character; semblance; manner; style. “It was communicated with the air of a secret.
Pope.” 12. pl. An artificial or affected manner; show of pride or vanity; haughtiness; as it is said of a person, he puts on airs. Thackeray. 14. (Paint.) (a) The representation or reproduction of the effect of the atmospheric medium through which every object in nature is viewed. New Am. Cyc. (b) Carriage; attitude; action; movement; as the head of that portrait has a good air. Fairholt. 15. (Man.) The artificial motion or carriage of a horse. Air is much used adjectively or as the first part of a compound term. In most cases it might be written indifferently, as a separate limiting word, or as the first element of the compound term, with or without the hyphen; as air bladder, air-bladder, or airbladder; air cell, air-cell, or aircell; air-pump, or airpump. Air balloon. See Balloon. — Air bath. (a) An apparatus for the application of air to the body. (b) An arrangement for drying substances in air of any desired temperature. — Air castle. See Castle in the air, under Castle. — Air compressor, a machine for compressing air to be used as a motive power. — Air crossing, a passage for air in a mine. — Air cushion, an air-tight cushion which can be inflated; also a device for arresting motion without shock by confined air. — Air fountain, a contrivance for producing a jet of water by the force of compressed air. — Air furnace, a furnace which depends on a natural draft and not on blast. — Air line, a straight line; a bee line. Hence Air-line, adj.; as air-line road. — Air lock (Hydr. Engin.), an intermediate chamber between the outer air and the compressed-air chamber of a pneumatic caisson. Knight. — Air port (Nav.), a scuttle or porthole in a ship to admit air. — Air spring, a spring in which the elasticity of air is utilized. — Air thermometer, a form of thermometer in which the contraction and expansion of air is made to measure changes of temperature. — Air threads, gossamer. — Air trap, a contrivance for shutting off foul air or gas from drains, sewers, etc.; a stench trap. — Air trunk, a pipe or shaft for conducting foul or heated air from a room. — Air valve, a valve to regulate the admission or egress of air; esp. a valve which opens inwardly in a steam boiler and allows air to enter. — Air way, a passage for a current of air; as the air way of an air pump; an air way in a mine. — In the air. (a) Prevalent without traceable origin or authority, as rumors. (b) Not in a fixed or stable position; unsettled. (c) (Mil.) Unsupported and liable to be turned or taken in flank; as the army had its wing in the air. — To take air, to be divulged; to be made public. — To take the air, to go abroad; to walk or ride out.

Air (âr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aired (ârd); p. pr. & vb. n. Airing.] [See Air, n., and cf. Aërate.] 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, refreshing, or purifying; to ventilate; as to air a room. “It were good wisdom … that the jail were aired.
Bacon.” “Were you but riding forth to air yourself.
Shak.” 2. To expose for the sake of public notice; to display ostentatiously; as to air one’s opinion. “Airing a snowy hand and signet gem.
Tennyson.” 3. To expose to heat, for the purpose of expelling dampness, or of warming; as to air linen; to air liquors.

Air´ bed . A sack or matters inflated with air, and used as a bed.

Air´ blad•der . 1. (Anat.) An air sac, sometimes double or variously lobed, in the visceral cavity of many fishes. It originates in the same way as the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates, and in the adult may retain a tubular connection with the pharynx or esophagus. 2. A sac or bladder full of air in an animal or plant; also an air hole in a casting.

Air´ brake . (Mach.) A railway brake operated by condensed air. Knight.

Air´-built , a. Erected in the air; having no solid foundation; chimerical; as an air-built castle.

Air´ cell . 1. (Bot.) A cavity in the cellular tissue of plants, containing air only. 2. (Anat.) A receptacle of air in various parts of the system; as a cell or minute cavity in the walls of the air tubes of the lungs; the air sac of birds; a dilatation of the air vessels in insects.

Air´ cham•ber . 1. A chamber or cavity filled with air, in an animal or plant. 2. A cavity containing air to act as a spring for equalizing the flow of a liquid in a pump or other hydraulic machine.

Air´ cock . A faucet to allow escape of air.

Air´-drawn´ , a. Drawn in air; imaginary. “This is the air-drawn dagger.
Shak.”

Air´ drill . A drill driven by the elastic pressure of condensed air; a pneumatic drill. Knight.

Air´ engine . An engine driven by heated or by compressed air. Knight.

Air´er , n. 1. One who exposes to the air. 2. A frame on which clothes are aired or dried.

Air´ gas . See under Gas.

Air´ gun (gun•). A kind of gun in which the elastic force of condensed air is used to discharge the ball. The air is powerfully compressed into a reservoir attached to the gun, by a condensing pump, and is controlled by a valve actuated by the trigger.

Air´ hole (hol•). 1. A hole to admit or discharge air; specifically, a spot in the ice not frozen over. 2. (Founding) A fault in a casting, produced by a bubble of air; a blowhole.

Air´i•ly (âr´i•ly), adv. In an airy manner; lightly; gaily; jauntily; flippantly.

Air´i•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being airy; openness or exposure to the air; as the airiness of a country seat. 2. Lightness of spirits; gayety; levity; as the airiness of young persons.

Air´ing (âr´ing), n. 1. A walk or a ride in the open air; a short excursion for health’s sake. 2. An exposure to air, or to a fire, for warming, drying, etc.; as the airing of linen, or of a room.

Air´ jack•et . A jacket having air-tight cells, or cavities which can be filled with air, to render persons buoyant in swimming.

Air´less , a. Not open to a free current of air; wanting fresh air, or communication with the open air.

Air´ lev•el . Spirit level. See Level.

Air´like , a. Resembling air.

Air´ling , n. A thoughtless, gay person. [Obs.] ´Slight airlings.´ B. Jonson.

Air•om´e•ter , n. [Air + - meter.] A hollow cylinder to contain air. It is closed above and open below, and has its open end plunged into water.

Air´ pipe . A pipe for the passage of air; esp. a ventilating pipe.

Air´ plant . (Bot.) A plant deriving its sustenance from the air alone; an aërophyte. The ´Florida moss´ (Tillandsia), many tropical orchids, and most mosses and lichens are air plants. Those which are lodged upon trees, but not parasitic on them, are epiphytes.

Air´ poise . [See Poise.] An instrument to measure the weight of air.

Air´ pump . 1. (Physics) A kind of pump for exhausting air from a vessel or closed space; also a pump to condense air or force it into a closed space. 2. (Steam Engines) A pump used to exhaust from a condenser the condensed steam, the water used for condensing, and any commingled air.

Air´ sac . (Anat.) One of the spaces in different parts of the bodies of birds, which are filled with air and connected with the air passages of the lungs; an air cell.

Air´ shaft . A passage, usually vertical, for admitting fresh air into a mine or a tunnel.

Air´-slacked , a. Slacked, or pulverized, by exposure to the air; as air-slacked lime.

Air´ stove . A stove for heating a current of air which is directed against its surface by means of pipes, and then distributed through a building.

Air´-tight , a. So tight as to be impermeable to air; as an air-tight cylinder.

Air´-tight, n. A stove the draft of which can be almost entirely shut off. [Colloq. U. S.]

Air´ ves•sel . A vessel, cell, duct, or tube containing or conducting air; as the air vessels of insects, birds, plants, etc.; the air vessel of a pump, engine, etc. For the latter, see Air chamber. The air vessels of insects are called tracheae, of plants spiral vessels. { Air´ward , Air´wards } adv. Toward the air; upward. [R.] Keats.

Air´y , a. 1. Consisting of air; as an airy substance; the airy parts of bodies. 2. Relating or belonging to air; high in air; aërial; as an airy flight. ´The airy region.´ Milton. 3. Open to a free current of air; exposed to the air; breezy; as an airy situation. 4. Resembling air; thin; unsubstantial; not material; airlike. ´An airy spirit.´ Shak. 5. Relating to the spirit or soul; delicate; graceful; as airy music. 6. Without reality; having no solid foundation; empty; trifling; visionary. ´Airy fame.´ Shak. “Empty sound, and airy notions.
Roscommon.” 7. Light of heart; vivacious; sprightly; flippant; superficial. ´Merry and airy.´ Jer. Taylor. 8. Having an affected manner; being in the habit of putting on airs; affectedly grand. [Colloq.] 9. (Paint.) Having the light and aërial tints true to nature. Elmes.

Aisle , n. [OF. ele, F. aile, wing, wing of a building, L. ala, contr. fr. axilla.] (Arch.) (a) A lateral division of a building, separated from the middle part, called the nave, by a row of columns or piers, which support the roof or an upper wall containing windows, called the clearstory wall. (b) Improperly used also for the have; — as in the phrases, a church with three aisles, the middle aisle. (c) Also (perhaps from confusion with alley), a passage into which the pews of a church open.

Aisled , a. Furnished with an aisle or aisles.

Ais´less , a. Without an aisle.

Ait , n. [AS. , , perh. dim. of ieg, ig, island. See Eyot.] An islet, or little isle, in a river or lake; an eyot. “The ait where the osiers grew.
R. Hodges (1649).” “Among green aits and meadows.
Dickens.”

Ait , n. Oat. [Scot.] Burns.

Aitch , n. The letter h or H.

Aitch´bone , n. [For nachebone. For loss of n, cf. Adder. See Natch.] The bone of the rump; also the cut of beef surrounding this bone. [Spelt also edgebone.]

Ai•ti•ol´o•gy , n. See AEtiology.

A•jar´ , adv. [OE. on char ajar, on the turn; AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, akin to G. kehren to turn, and to D. akerre. See Char.] Slightly turned or opened; as the door was standing ajar.

A•jar´ , adv. [Pref. a- + jar.] In a state of discord; out of harmony; as he is ajar with the world.

A•jog´ , adv. [Pref. a- + jog.] On the jog.

Aj´u•tage , n. [F. ajutage, for ajoutage, fr. ajouter to add, LL. adjuxtare, fr. L. ad + juxta near to, nigh. Cf. Adjutage, Adjustage, Adjust.] A tube through which water is discharged; an efflux tube; as the ajutage of a fountain.

Ake , n. & v. See Ache.

A•kene´ , n. (Bot.) Same as Achene.

Ak´e•ton , n. [Obs.] See Acton.

A•kim´bo , a. [Etymology unknown. Cf. Kimbo.] With a crook or bend; with the hand on the hip and elbow turned outward. ´With one arm akimbo.´ Irving.

A•kin´ , a. [Pref. a- (for of) + kin.] 1. Of the same kin; related by blood; — used of persons; as the two families are near akin. 2. Allied by nature; partaking of the same properties; of the same kind. ´A joy akin to rapture.´ Cowper. “The literary character of the work is akin to its moral character.
Jeffrey.” This adjective is used only after the noun.

Ak•i•ne´si•a , n. [Gr. quiescence; ’a priv. + motion.] (Med.) Paralysis of the motor nerves; loss of movement. Foster.

Ak•i•ne´sic , a. (Med.) Pertaining to akinesia.

A•knee´ , adv. On the knee. [R.] Southey.

Ak•now´ . Earlier form of Acknow. [Obs.] To be aknow, to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.]

Al , a. All. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al-. A prefix. (a) [AS. eal.] All; wholly; completely; as almighty, almost. (b) [L. ad.] To; at; on; — in OF. shortened to a-. See Ad-. (c) The Arabic definite article answering to the English the; as Alkoran, the Koran or the Book; alchemy, the chemistry.

Al. conj. Although; if. [Obs.] See All, conj.

A´la , n.; pl. Alae . [L., a wing.] (Biol.) A winglike organ, or part.

Al•a•ba´ma pe´ri•od . (Geol.) A period in the American eocene, the lowest in the tertiary age except the lignitic.

Al´a•bas´ter , n. [L. alabaster, Gr. , said to be derived fr. Alabastron, the name of a town in Egypt, near which it was common: cf. OF. alabastre, F. albâtre.] 1. (Min.) (a) A compact variety or sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture, and usually white and translucent, but sometimes yellow, red, or gray. It is carved into vases, mantel ornaments, etc. (b) A hard, compact variety of carbonate of lime, somewhat translucent, or of banded shades of color; stalagmite. The name is used in this sense by Pliny. It is sometimes distinguished as oriental alabaster. 2. A box or vessel for holding odoriferous ointments, etc.; — so called from the stone of which it was originally made. Fosbroke.

Al•a•bas´tri•an , a. Alabastrine.

Al•a•bas´trine , a. Of, pertaining to, or like, alabaster; as alabastrine limbs.

Al•a•bas´trum , n.; pl. Alabastra . [NL.] (Bot.) A flower bud. Gray.

A•lack´ , interj. [Prob. from ah! lack! OE. lak loss, failure, misfortune. See Lack.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow. [Archaic. or Poet.] Shak.

A•lack´a•day , interj. [For alack the day. Cf. Lackaday.] An exclamation expressing sorrow. Shakespeare has ´alack the day´ and ´alack the heavy day.´ Compare ´woe worth the day.´

A•lac´ri•fy , v. t. [L. alacer, alacris, lively + -fly.] To rouse to action; to inspirit.

A•lac´ri•ous , a. [L. alacer, alacris.] Brisk; joyously active; lively. “’T were well if we were a little more alacrious.
Hammond.”

A•lac´ri•ous•ly, adv. With alacrity; briskly.

A•lac´ri•ous•ness, n. Alacrity. [Obs.] Hammond.

A•lac´ri•ty , n. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer lively, eager, prob. akin to Gr. to drive, Goth. aljan zeal.] A cheerful readiness, willingness, or promptitude; joyous activity; briskness; sprightliness; as the soldiers advanced with alacrity to meet the enemy. “I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind that I was wont to have.
Shak.”

A•lad´in•ist , n. [From Aladin, for Ala Eddin, i. e., height of religion, a learned divine under Mohammed II. and Bajazet II.] One of a sect of freethinkers among the Mohammedans.

Al•a•lon´ga , or Al•i•lon´ghi , n. (Zoöl.) The tunny. See Albicore.

A•la•mi´re , n. [Compounded of a la mi re, names of notes in the musical scale.] The lowest note but one in Guido Aretino’s scale of music.

Al•a•mo•dal´i•ty , n. The quality of being à la mode; conformity to the mode or fashion; fashionableness. [R.] Southey.

Al´a•mode , adv. & a. [F. à la mode after the fashion.] According to the fashion or prevailing mode. ´Alamode beef shops.´ Macaulay.

Al´a•mode, n. A thin, black silk for hoods, scarfs, etc.; — often called simply mode. Buchanan.

Al•a•mort´ , a. [F. à la mort to the death. Cf. Amort.] To the death; mortally.

A•lan´ (a•lan´), n. [OF. alan, alant; cf. Sp. alano.] A wolfhound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•land´ , adv. [Pref. a- + land.] On land; to the land; ashore. ´Cast aland.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Al´a•nine , n. [Aldehyde + the ending -ine. The -n- is a euphonic insertion.] (Chem.) A white crystalline base, C_3H_7NO_2, derived from aldehyde ammonia.

A•lan´tin , n. [G. alant elecampane, the Inula helenium of Linnaeus.] (Chem.) See Inulin.

A´lar , a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing: cf. F. alaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having, wings. 2. (Bot.) Axillary; in the fork or axil. Gray.

A•larm´ (a•lärm´), n. [F. alarme, It. all’ arme to arms ! fr. L. arma, pl., arms. See Arms, and cf. Alarum.] 1. A summons to arms, as on the approach of an enemy. “Arming to answer in a night alarm.
Shak.” 2. Any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger; a warning sound to arouse attention; a warning of danger. “Sound an alarm in my holy mountain.
Joel ii. 1.” 3. A sudden attack; disturbance; broil. [R.] ´These home alarms.´ Shak. “Thy palace fill with insults and alarms.
Pope.” 4. Sudden surprise with fear or terror excited by apprehension of danger; in the military use, commonly, sudden apprehension of being attacked by surprise. “Alarm and resentment spread throughout the camp.
Macaulay.” 5. A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep, or rousing their attention; an alarum. Alarm bell, a bell that gives notice on danger. — Alarm clock or watch, a clock or watch which can be so set as to ring or strike loudly at a prearranged hour, to wake from sleep, or excite attention. — Alarm gauge, a contrivance attached to a steam boiler for showing when the pressure of steam is too high, or the water in the boiler too low. — Alarm post, a place to which troops are to repair in case of an alarm. Syn. — Fright; affright; terror; trepidation; apprehension; consternation; dismay; agitation; disquiet; disquietude. — Alarm, Fright, Terror, Consternation. These words express different degrees of fear at the approach of danger. Fright is fear suddenly excited, producing confusion of the senses, and hence it is unreflecting. Alarm is the hurried agitation of feeling which springs from a sense of immediate and extreme exposure. Terror is agitating and excessive fear, which usually benumbs the faculties. Consternation is overwhelming fear, and carries a notion of powerlessness and amazement. Alarm agitates the feelings; terror disorders the understanding and affects the will; fright seizes on and confuses the sense; consternation takes possession of the soul, and subdues its faculties. See Apprehension.

A•larm´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alarmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alarming.] [Alarm, n. Cf. F. alarmer.] 1. To call to arms for defense; to give notice to (any one) of approaching danger; to rouse to vigilance and action; to put on the alert. 2. To keep in excitement; to disturb. 3. To surprise with apprehension of danger; to fill with anxiety in regard to threatening evil; to excite with sudden fear. “Alarmed by rumors of military preparation.
Macaulay.”

A•larm´a•ble , a. Easily alarmed or disturbed.

A•larmed´ , a. Aroused to vigilance; excited by fear of approaching danger; agitated; disturbed; as an alarmed neighborhood; an alarmed modesty. “The white pavilions rose and fell
On the alarmed air.
Longfellow.”

A•larm´ed•ly , adv. In an alarmed manner.

A•larm´ing, a. Exciting, or calculated to excite, alarm; causing apprehension of danger; as an alarming crisis or report. — A•larm´ing•ly, adv.

A•larm´ist, n. [Cf. F. alarmiste.] One prone to sound or excite alarms, especially, needless alarms. Macaulay.

A•lar´um ( 277), n. [OE. alarom, the same word as alarm, n.] See Alarm. [Now Poetic] The variant form alarum is now commonly restricted to an alarm signal or the mechanism to sound an alarm (as in an alarm clock.)

Al´a•ry , a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing.] Of or pertaining to wings; also wing- shaped. “The alary system of insects.
Wollaston.”

A•las´ , interj. [OE. alas, allas, OF. alas, F. helas; a interj. (L. ah.) + las wretched (that I am), L. lassus weary, akin to E. late. See Late.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil; — in old writers, sometimes followed by day or white; alas the day, like alack a day, or alas the white.

A•late´ , adv. [Pref. a- + late.] Lately; of late. [Archaic] “There hath been alate such tales spread abroad.
Latimer.” { A´late , A´la•ted } a. [L. alatus, from ala wing.] Winged; having wings, or side appendages like wings. { Al´a•tern , Al•a•ter´nus } n. [L. ala wing + terni three each.] (Bot.) An ornamental evergreen shrub (Rhamnus alaternus) belonging to the buckthorns.

A•la´tion , n. [F., fr. L. alatus winged.] The state of being winged.

A•launt´ , n. See Alan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Alb , n. [OE. albe, LL. alba, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Album and Aube.] A vestment of white linen, reaching to the feet, an enveloping the person; — in the Roman Catholic church, worn by those in holy orders when officiating at mass. It was formerly worn, at least by clerics, in daily life.

Al´ba•core , n. (Zoöl.) See Albicore.

Al´ban , n. [L. albus white.] (Chem.) A white crystalline resinous substance extracted from gutta-percha by the action of alcohol or ether.

Al•ba´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Albania, a province of Turkey. — n. A native of Albania.

Al•ba´ta , n. [L. albatus, p. p. of albare to make white, fr. albus white.] A white metallic alloy; which is made into spoons, forks, teapots, etc. British plate or German silver. See German silver, under German.

Al´ba•tross , n. [Corrupt. fr. Pg. alcatraz cormorant, albatross, or Sp. alcatraz a pelican: cf. Pg. alcatruz, Sp. arcaduz, a bucket, fr. Ar. al- qadus the bucket, fr. Gr. ka•dos, a water vessel. So an Arabic term for pelican is water-carrier, as a bird carrying water in its pouch.] (Zoöl.) A web-footed bird, of the genus Diomedea, of which there are several species. They are the largest of sea birds, capable of long-continued flight, and are often seen at great distances from the land. They are found chiefly in the southern hemisphere. { Al•be´ , Al•bee´ } , conj. [See Albeit.] Although; albeit. [Obs.] “Albe Clarissa were their chiefest founderess.
Spenser.”

Al•be´do , n. [L., fr. albus white.] Whiteness. Specifically: (Astron.) The ratio which the light reflected from an unpolished surface bears to the total light falling upon that surface.

Al•be´it , conj. [OE. al be although it be, where al is our all. Cf. Although.] Even though; although; notwithstanding. Chaucer. “Albeit so masked, Madam, I love the truth.
Tennyson.”

Al´bert•ite , n. (Min.) A bituminous mineral resembling asphaltum, found in the county of A. bert, New Brunswick.

Al´ber•type , n. [From the name of the inventor, Albert, of Munich.] A picture printed from a kind of gelatine plate produced by means of a photographic negative.

Al•bes´cence , n. The act of becoming white; whitishness.

Al•bes´cent , a. [L. albescens, p. pr. of albescere to grow white, fr. albus white.] Becoming white or whitish; moderately white.

Al´bi•cant , a. [L. albicans, p. pr. of albicare, albicatum, to be white, fr. albus white.] Growing or becoming white.

Al•bi•ca´tion , n. The process of becoming white, or developing white patches, or streaks.

Al´bi•core , n. [F. albicore (cf. Sp. albacora, Pg. albacor, albacora, albecora), fr. Ar. bakr, bekr, a young camel, young cow, heifer, and the article al: cf. Pg. bacoro a little pig.] (Zoöl.) A name applied to several large fishes of the Mackerel family, esp. Orcynus alalonga. One species (Orcynus thynnus), common in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, is called in New England the horse mackerel; the tunny. [Written also albacore.]

Al•bi•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. albification: L. albus white + ficare (only in comp.), facere, to make.] The act or process of making white. [Obs.] { Al•bi•gen´ses , Al•bi•geois´ } n. pl. [From Albi and Albigeois, a town and its district in the south of France, in which the sect abounded.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of reformers opposed to the church of Rome in the 12th centuries. The Albigenses were a branch of the Catharists (the pure). They were exterminated by crusades and the Inquisition. They were distinct from the Waldenses.

Al•bi•gen´sian , a. Of or pertaining to the Albigenses.

Al•bi´ness , n. A female albino. Holmes.

Al´bi•nism , n. The state or condition of being an albino: abinoism; leucopathy.

Al•bi•nis´tic , a. Affected with albinism.

Al•bi´no ( 277), n.; pl. Albinos . [Sp. or Pg. albino, orig. whitish, fr. albo white, L. albus.] A person, whether negro, Indian, or white, in whom by some defect of organization the substance which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes is deficient or in a morbid state. An albino has a skin of a milky hue, with hair of the same color, and eyes with deep red pupil and pink or blue iris. The term is also used of the lower animals, as white mice, elephants, etc.; and of plants in a whitish condition from the absence of chlorophyll. Amer. Cyc. The term was originally applied by the Portuguese to negroes met with on the coast of Africa, who were mottled with white spots.

Al•bi´no•ism , n. The state or condition of being an albino; albinism.

Al•bi•not´ic , a. Affected with albinism.

Al´bi•on , n. [Prob. from the same root as Gael. alp a height or hill. ´It may have been bestowed on the land lying behind the white cliffs visible from the coast of Gaul. Albany, the old name of Scotland, means probably the ´hilly land.´ I. Taylor.] An ancient name of England, still retained in poetry. “In that nook-shotten isle of Albion.
Shak.”

Al´bite , n. [L. albus white.] (Min.) A mineral of the feldspar family, triclinic in crystallization, and in composition a silicate of alumina and soda. It is a common constituent of granite and of various igneous rocks. See Feldspar.

Al´bo•lith , n. [L. albus white + -lith.] A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting chiefly of magnesia and silica; — called also albolite.

Al´bo•rak ( 277), n. [Ar. al- buraq, fr. baraqa to flash, shine.] The imaginary milk-white animal on which Mohammed was said to have been carried up to heaven; a white mule.

Al•bu•gin´e•ous , a. [See Albugo.] Of the nature of, or resembling, the white of the eye, or of an egg; albuminous; — a term applied to textures, humors, etc., which are perfectly white.

Al•bu´go , n.; pl. Albugines . [L., whiteness, fr. albus white.] (Med.) Same as Leucoma.

Al´bum , n. [L., neut. of albus white: cf. F. album. Cf. Alb.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A white tablet on which anything was inscribed, as a list of names, etc. 2. A register for visitors’ names; a visitors’ book. 3. A blank book, in which to insert autographs sketches, memorial writing of friends, photographs, etc.

Al•bu´men , n. [L., fr. albus white.] 1. The white of an egg. 2. (Bot.) Nourishing matter stored up within the integuments of the seed in many plants, but not incorporated in the embryo. It is the floury part in corn, wheat, and like grains, the oily part in poppy seeds, the fleshy part in the cocoanut, etc. 3. (Chem.) Same as Albumin.

Al•bu´men•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Albumenized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Albumenizing.] To cover or saturate with albumen; to coat or treat with an albuminous solution; as to albumenize paper.

Al´bum Grae´cum . [L., Greek white.] Dung of dogs or hyenas which becomes white by exposure to air. It is used in dressing leather, and was formerly used in medicine.

Al•bu´min , n. (Chem.) A thick, viscous nitrogenous substance, which is the chief and characteristic constituent of white of eggs and of the serum of blood, and is found in other animal substances, both fluid and solid, also in many plants. It is soluble in water and is coagulated by heat and by certain chemical reagents. Acid albumin, a modification of albumin produced by the action of dilute acids. It is not coagulated by heat. — Alkali albumin, albumin as modified by the action of alkaline substances; — called also albuminate.

Al•bu´mi•nate , n. (Chem.) A substance produced by the action of an alkali upon albumin, and resembling casein in its properties; also a compound formed by the union of albumin with another substance.

Al•bu•mi•nif´er•ous , a. [L. albumen + -ferous.] Supplying albumen.

Al•bu•mi•nim´e•ter , n. [L. albumen, albuminis + -meter: cf. F. albuminimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of albumen in a liquid.

Al•bu´mi•nin , n. (Chem.) The substance of the cells which inclose the white of birds’ eggs.

Al•bu•mi•nip´a•rous , a. [L. albumen + parere to bear, bring forth.] Producing albumin.

Al•bu´mi•noid , a. [L. albumen + -oid.] (Chem.) Resembling albumin. — n. One of a class of organic principles (called also proteids) which form the main part of organized tissues. Brunton.

Al•bu•mi•noid´al , a. (Chem.) Of the nature of an albuminoid.

Al•bu´mi•nose , n. (Chem.) A diffusible substance formed from albumin by the action of natural or artificial gastric juice. See Peptone. { Al•bu´mi•nous , Al•bu´mi•nose• } a. [Cf. F. albumineux.] Pertaining to, or containing, albumen; having the properties of, or resembling, albumen or albumin. — Al•bu´mi•nous•ness, n.

Al•bu•mi•nu´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. albumen + Gr. urine.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which albumin is present in the urine.

Al´bu•mose , n. [From albumin.] (Chem.) A compound or class of compounds formed from albumin by dilute acids or by an acid solution of pepsin. Used also in combination, as antialbumose, hemialbumose.

Al´burn , n. [L. alburnus, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Auburn.] (Zoöl.) The bleak, a small European fish having scales of a peculiarly silvery color which are used in making artificial pearls.

Al•bur´nous , a. Of or pertaining to alburnum; of the alburnum; as alburnous substances.

Al•bur´num , n. [L., fr. albus white.] (Bot.) The white and softer part of wood, between the inner bark and the hard wood or duramen; sapwood.

Al´byn , n. [See Albion.] Scotland; esp. the Highlands of Scotland. T. Cambell.

Al•cade´ (ak•kad´), n. Same as Alcaid.

Al´ca•hest , n. Same as Alkahest.

Al•ca´ic , a. [L. Alcaïcus, Gr. .] Pertaining to Alcaeus, a lyric poet of Mitylene, about 6000 b. c. — n. A kind of verse, so called from Alcaeus. One variety consists of five feet, a spondee or iambic, an iambic, a long syllable, and two dactyls.

Al•caid´ , Al•cayde´ (ak•kad´; Sp. äl•kä•e´da), n. [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. al-qaid governor, fr. qada to lead, govern.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress among the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Moors. 2. The warden, or keeper of a jail.

Al•cal´de , n. [Sp. alcalde, fr. Ar. al-qadi judge, fr. qada to decide, judge. Hence, the cadi of the Turks. Cf. Cadi.] A magistrate or judge in Spain and in Spanish America, etc. Prescott. Sometimes confounded with Alcaid.

Al•ca•lim´e•ter, n. See Alkalimeter.

Al•can´na , n. [Sp. alcana, alhea, fr. Ar. al-hinna. See Henna, and cf. Alkanet.] (Bot.) An oriental shrub (Lawsonia inermis) from which henna is obtained.

Al•car•ra´za , n.; pl. Alcarrazas. [Sp., from Ar. al-kurraz earthen vessel.] A vessel of porous earthenware, used for cooling liquids by evaporation from the exterior surface.

Al•cayde´ (al•kad´), n. Same as Alcaid.

Al•ca´zar , n. [ fr. Ar. al the + qacr (in pl.) a castle.] A fortress; also a royal palace. Prescott.

Al•ce´do , n. [L., equiv. to Gr. . See Halcyon.] (Zoöl.) A genus of perching birds, including the European kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). See Halcyon. { Al•chem´ic , Al•chem´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. alchimique.] Of or relating to alchemy.

Al•chem´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy.

Al´che•mist , n. [Cf. OF. alquemiste, F. alchimiste.] One who practices alchemy. “You are alchemist; make gold.
Shak.” { Al•che•mis´tic , Al•che•mis´tic•al } a. Relating to or practicing alchemy. “Metaphysical and alchemistical legislators.
Burke.”

Al´che•mis•try , n. Alchemy. [Obs.]

Al´che•mize , v. t. To change by alchemy; to transmute. Lovelace.

Al´che•my , n. [OF. alkemie, arquemie, F. alchimie, Ar. al-kimia, fr. late Gr. , for , a mingling, infusion, juice, liquid, especially as extracted from plants, fr. to pour; for chemistry was originally the art of extracting the juices from plants for medicinal purposes. Cf. Sp. alquimia, It. alchimia. Gr. is prob. akin to L. fundere to pour, Goth. guitan, AS. geótan, to pour, and so to E. fuse. See Fuse, and cf. Chemistry.] 1. An imaginary art which aimed to transmute the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or universal remedy for diseases, etc. It led the way to modern chemistry. 2. A mixed metal composed mainly of brass, formerly used for various utensils; hence, a trumpet. [Obs.] “Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy.
Milton.” 3. Miraculous power of transmuting something common into something precious. “Kissing with golden face the meadows green,
Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy.
Shak.”

Al•chym´ic , a., Al´chy•mist , n., Al•chy•mis´tic , a., Al´chy•my , n. See Alchemic, Alchemist, Alchemistic, Alchemy.

Al´co , n. A small South American dog, domesticated by the aborigines. { Al´co•ate , Al´co•hate } n. Shortened forms of Alcoholate.

Al´co•hol (al´ko•hol), n. [Cf. F. alcool, formerly written alcohol, Sp. alcohol alcohol, antimony, galena, OSp. alcofol; all fr. Ar. al-kohl a powder of antimony or galena, to paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterwards applied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly rectified spirits, a signification unknown in Arabia. The Sp. word has both meanings. Cf. Alquifou.] 1. An impalpable powder. [Obs.] 2. The fluid essence or pure spirit obtained by distillation. [Obs.] Boyle. 3. Pure spirit of wine; pure or highly rectified spirit (called also ethyl alcohol); the spirituous or intoxicating element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely a liquid containing it in considerable quantity. It is extracted by simple distillation from various vegetable juices and infusions of a saccharine nature, which have undergone vinous fermentation. As used in the U. S. ´Pharmacopœia,´ alcohol contains 91 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 9 per cent of water; and diluted alcohol (proof spirit) contains 45.5 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 54.5 per cent of water. 4. (Organic Chem.) A class of compounds analogous to vinic alcohol in constitution. Chemically speaking, they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals; as the radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C_2H_5.OH); methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH_3.OH) or wood spirit; amyl forms amyl alcohol (C_5H_11.OH) or fusel oil, etc.

Al´co•hol•ate , n. [Cf. F. alcolaie.] (Chem.) A crystallizable compound of a salt with alcohol, in which the latter plays a part analogous to that of water of crystallization. Graham.

Al•co•hol´a•ture , n. [Cf. F. alcoolature.] (Med.) An alcoholic tincture prepared with fresh plants. New Eng. Dict.

Al•co•hol´ic , a. [Cf. F. alcolique.] Of or pertaining to alcohol, or partaking of its qualities; derived from, or caused by, alcohol; containing alcohol; as alcoholic mixtures; alcoholic gastritis; alcoholic odor.

Al•co•hol´ic, n. 1. A person given to the use of alcoholic liquors. 2. pl. Alcoholic liquors.

Al´co•hol•ism , n. [Cf. F. alcoolisme.] (Med.) A diseased condition of the system, brought about by the continued use of alcoholic liquors.

Al•co•hol•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. alcoolisation.] 1. The act of reducing a substance to a fine or impalpable powder. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. The act rectifying spirit. 3. Saturation with alcohol; putting the animal system under the influence of alcoholic liquor.

Al´co•hol•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alcoholized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alcoholizing.] [Cf. F. alcooliser.] 1. To reduce to a fine powder. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. To convert into alcohol; to rectify; also to saturate with alcohol. { Al•co•hol•om´e•ter , Al•co•hol´me•ter } n. [Alcohol + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for determining the strength of spirits, with a scale graduated so as to indicate the percentage of pure alcohol, either by weight or volume. It is usually a form of hydrometer with a special scale.

Al•co•hol•o•met´ric , Al•co•hol•o•met´ric•al , Al•co•hol•met´ric•al , a. Relating to the alcoholometer or alcoholometry. “The alcoholometrical strength of spirituous liquors.
Ure.”

Al•co•hol´om´e•try , n. The process or method of ascertaining the proportion of pure alcohol which spirituous liquors contain.

Al•co•hom´e•ter , n., Al•co•ho•met´ric a. Same as Alcoholometer Alcoholometric.

Al•co•öm´e•try , n. See Alcoholometry. The chemists say alcomètre, alcoomètrie, doubtless by the suppression of a syllable in order to avoid a disagreeable sequence of sounds. (Cf. Idolatry.) Littre.

Al´co•ran ( 277), n. [alcoran, fr. Ar. al-qoran, orig. the reading, the book, fr. qaraa to read. Cf. Koran.] The Mohammedan Scriptures; the Koran (now the usual form). [Spelt also Alkoran.]

Al•co•ran´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Koran.

Al•co•ran´ist, n. One who adheres to the letter of the Koran, rejecting all traditions.

Al´cove ( 277), n. [F. alcôve, Sp. or Pg. alcoba, from Ar. al-quobbah arch, vault, tent.] 1. (Arch.) A recessed portion of a room, or a small room opening into a larger one; especially, a recess to contain a bed; a lateral recess in a library. 2. A small ornamental building with seats, or an arched seat, in a pleasure ground; a garden bower. Cowper. 3. Any natural recess analogous to an alcove or recess in an apartment. “The youthful wanderers found a wild alcove.
Falconer.”

Al´cy•on , n. See Halcyon.

Al•cy•o•na´ce•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of soft-bodied Alcyonaria, of which Alcyonium is the type. See Illust. under Alcyonaria.

Al•cy•o•na´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Anthozoa. It includes the Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea, and Gorgonacea.

Al•cy´o•nes , n. pl. [L., pl. of Alcyon.] (Zoöl.) The kingfishers.

Al•cy•on´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Alcyonaria.

Al•cy•o´ni•um , n. [Gr. a zoöphyte, so called from being like the halcyon’s nest.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fleshy Alcyonaria, its polyps somewhat resembling flowers with eight fringed rays. The term was also formerly used for certain species of sponges.

Al´cy•o•noid , a. [Gr. + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. — n. A zoöphyte of the order Alcyonaria.

Al´day , adv. Continually. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•deb´a•ran , n. [Ar. al- debaran, fr. dabar to follow; so called because this star follows upon the Pleiades.] (Astron.) A red star of the first magnitude, situated in the eye of Taurus; the Bull’s Eye. It is the bright star in the group called the Hyades. “Now when Aldebaran was mounted high
Above the shiny Cassiopeia’s chair.
Spenser.”

Al´de•hyde , n. [Abbrev. fr. alcohol dehydrogenatum, alcohol deprived of its hydrogen.] (Chem.) A colorless, mobile, and very volatile liquid obtained from alcohol by certain processes of oxidation. The aldehydes are intermediate between the alcohols and acids, and differ from the alcohols in having two less hydrogen atoms in the molecule, as common aldehyde (called also acetic aldehyde or ethyl aldehyde), C_2H_4O; methyl aldehyde, CH_2O. Aldehyde ammonia (Chem.), a compound formed by the union of aldehyde with ammonia.

Al•de•hy´dic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to aldehyde; as aldehydic acid. Miller.

Al´der (al´der), n. [OE. aldir, aller, fr. AS. alr, aler, alor, akin to D. els, G. erle, Icel. erlir, erli, Swed. al, Dan. elle, el, L. alnus, and E. elm.] (Bot.) A tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus Alnus. The wood is used by turners, etc.; the bark by dyers and tanners. In the U. S. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees. Black alder. (a) A European shrub (Rhamnus frangula); Alder buckthorn. (b) An American species of holly (Ilex verticillata), bearing red berries. { Al´der (al´der), Al´ler (al´ler), } a. [From ealra, alra, gen. pl. of AS. eal. The d is excrescent.] Of all; — used in composition; as alderbest, best of all, alderwisest, wisest of all. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•der-lief´est (al•der•lef´est), a. [For allerliefest dearest of all. See Lief.] Most beloved. [Obs.] Shak.

Al´der•man (al´der•man), n.; pl. Aldermen . [AS. aldormon, ealdorman; ealdor an elder + man. See Elder, n.] 1. A senior or superior; a person of rank or dignity. [Obs.] The title was applied, among the Anglo-Saxons, to princes, dukes, earls, senators, and presiding magistrates; also to archbishops and bishops, implying superior wisdom or authority. Thus Ethelstan, duke of the East-Anglians, was called Alderman of all England; and there were aldermen of cities, counties, and castles, who had jurisdiction within their respective districts. 3. One of a board or body of municipal officers next in order to the mayor and having a legislative function. They may, in some cases, individually exercise some magisterial and administrative functions.

Al´der•man•cy , n. The office of an alderman.

Al´der•man´ic , a. Relating to, becoming to, or like, an alderman; characteristic of an alderman.

Al•der•man´i•ty , n. 1. Aldermen collectively; the body of aldermen. 2. The state of being an alderman. [Jocular]

Al•der•man•like , a. Like or suited to an alderman.

Al´der•man•ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alderman.

Al´der•man•ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alderman. ´An aldermanly discretion.´ Swift.

Al´der•man•ry , n. 1. The district or ward of an alderman. 2. The office or rank of an alderman. [R.] B. Jonson.

Al´der•man•ship, n. The condition, position, or office of an alderman. Fabyan.

Al´dern , a. Made of alder.

Al´der•ney , n. One of a breed of cattle raised in Alderney, one of the Channel Islands. Alderneys are of a dun or tawny color and are often called Jersey cattle. See Jersey, 3.

Al´dine ( 277), a. (Bibliog.) An epithet applied to editions (chiefly of the classics) which proceeded from the press of Aldus Manitius, and his family, of Venice, for the most part in the 16th century and known by the sign of the anchor and the dolphin. The term has also been applied to certain elegant editions of English works.

Ale (al), n. [AS. ealu, akin to Icel., Sw., and Dan. öl, Lith. alus a kind of beer, OSlav. olu beer. Cf. Ir. ol drink, drinking.] 1. An intoxicating liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation and the addition of a bitter, usually hops. The word ale, in England and the United States, usually designates a heavier kind of fermented liquor, and the word beer a lighter kind. The word beer is also in common use as the generic name for all malt liquors. 2. A festival in English country places, so called from the liquor drunk. ´At wakes and ales.´ B. Jonson.´On ember eves and holy ales.´ Shak.

A•leak´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + leak.] In a leaking condition.

A´le•a•to•ry , a. [L. aleatorius, fr. alea chance, die.] (Law) Depending on some uncertain contingency; as an aleatory contract. Bouvier.

Ale´bench , n. A bench in or before an alehouse. Bunyan.

Ale´ber•ry , n. [OE. alebery, alebrey; ale + bre broth, fr. AS. briw pottage.] A beverage, formerly made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread. “Their aleberries, caudles, possets.
Beau. & Fl.”

A•lec´i•thal , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + yelk.] (Biol.) Applied to those ova which segment uniformly, and which have little or no food yelk embedded in their protoplasm. Balfour.

Ale´con•ner , n. [/Ale + con, OE. cunnen to test, AS. cunnian to test. See Con.] Orig., an officer appointed to look to the goodness of ale and beer; also one of the officers chosen by the liverymen of London to inspect the measures used in public houses. But the office is a sinecure. [Also called aletaster.] [Eng.]

Ale´cost , n. [Ale + L. costus an aromatic plant: cf. Costmary.] (Bot.) The plant costmary, which was formerly much used for flavoring ale.

Al•ec•tor´i•des , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a cock.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds including the common fowl and the pheasants.

A•lec•to•rom´a•chy , n. [Gr. cock + fight.] Cockfighting.

A•lec´to•ro•man•cy , n. See Alectryomancy.

A•lec•try•om’a•chy , n. [Gr. cock + fight.] Cockfighting.

A•lec´try•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. cock + -mancy.] Divination by means of a cock and grains of corn placed on the letters of the alphabet, the letters being put together in the order in which the grains were eaten. Amer. Cyc.

A•lee´ , adv. [Pref. a- + lee.] (Naut.) On or toward the lee, or the side away from the wind; the opposite of aweather. The helm of a ship is alee when pressed close to the lee side. Hard alee, or Luff alee, an order to put the helm to the lee side.

Al´e•gar , n. [Ale + eager sour, F. aigre. Cf. Vinegar.] Sour ale; vinegar made of ale. Cecil.

Al´e•ger , a. [F. allègre, earlier alègre, fr. L. alacer.] Gay; cheerful; sprightly. [Obs.] Bacon.

A•legge´ , v. t. [OE. aleggen, alegen, OF. alegier, F. alleger, fr. LL. alleviare, for L. allevare to lighten; ad + levis light. Cf. Alleviate, Allay, Allege.] To allay or alleviate; to lighten. [Obs.] “That shall alegge this bitter blast.
Spenser.”

Ale´hoof (al´hoof•), n. [AS. hofe ground ivy; the first part is perh. a corruption: cf. OE. heyhowe hedgehove, ground ivy, ´in old MSS. heyhowe, heyoue, haihoue, halehoue.´ Prior.] Ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma).

Ale´house , n. A house where ale is retailed; hence, a tippling house. Macaulay.

Ale´-knight , n. A pot companion. [Obs.]

Al•e•man´nic , a. Belonging to the Alemanni, a confederacy of warlike German tribes.

Al•e•man´nic, n. The language of the Alemanni. “The Swabian dialect … is known as the Alemannic.
Amer. Cyc.”

A•lem´bic (a•lem´bik), n. [F. alambic (cf. Sp. alambique), Ar. al-anbiq, fr. Gr. ’a•mbix cup, cap of a still. The cap or head was the alembic proper. Cf. Limbec.] An apparatus formerly used in distillation, usually made of glass or metal. It has mostly given place to the retort and worm still.
Used also metaphorically.

“The alembic of a great poet’s imagination.
Brimley.”

A•lem´broth (-broth), n. [Origin uncertain.] The salt of wisdom of the alchemists, a double salt composed of the chlorides of ammonium and mercury. It was formerly used as a stimulant. Brande & C.

A•len•çon´ lace´ . See under Lace.

A•length´ (a•length´), adv. [Pref. a- + length.] At full length; lengthwise. Chaucer.

A•lep´i•dote, a. [Gr. ’a priv. + , , a scale.] (Zoöl.) Not having scales. — n. A fish without scales.

Ale´pole , n. A pole set up as the sign of an alehouse. [Obs.]

A•lert´ (a•lert´), a. [F. alerte, earlier à l’erte on the watch, fr. It. all’ erta on the watch, prop. (standing) on a height, where one can look around; erta a declivity, steep, erto steep, p. p. of ergere, erigere, to erect, raise, L. erigere. See Erect.] 1. Watchful; vigilant; active in vigilance. 2. Brisk; nimble; moving with celerity. “An alert young fellow.
Addison.” Syn. — Active; agile; lively; quick; prompt.

A•lert´, n. (Mil.) An alarm from a real or threatened attack; a sudden attack; also a bugle sound to give warning. ´We have had an alert.´ Farrow. On the alert, on the lookout or watch against attack or danger; ready to act.

A•lert´ly, adv. In an alert manner; nimbly.

A•lert´ness, n. The quality of being alert or on the alert; briskness; nimbleness; activity.

Ale´ sil•ver . A duty payable to the lord mayor of London by the sellers of ale within the city.

Ale´stake , n. A stake or pole projecting from, or set up before, an alehouse, as a sign; an alepole. At the end was commonly suspended a garland, a bunch of leaves, or a ´bush.´ [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ale´tast•er , n. See Aleconner. [Eng.]

A•le•thi•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. truth + -logy.] The science which treats of the nature of truth and evidence. Sir W. Hamilton.

A•leth´o•scope , n. [Gr. true + to view.] An instrument for viewing pictures by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natural proportions and relations.

A•leu´ro•man•cy , n. [Gr. wheaten flour + -mancy: cf. F. aleuromancie.] Divination by means of flour. Encyc. Brit.

Al•eu•rom´e•ter , n. [Gr. flour + -meter.] An instrument for determining the expansive properties, or quality, of gluten in flour. Knight.

A•leu´rone , n. [Gr. flour.] (Bot.) An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains (´protein granules´) in maturing seeds and tubers; — supposed to be a modification of protoplasm.

Al•eu•ron´ic , a. (Bot.) Having the nature of aleurone. D. C. Eaton. { A•leu´tian , A•leu´tic } a. [Said to be from the Russ. aleut a bold rock.] Of or pertaining to a chain of islands between Alaska and Kamtchatka; also designating these islands.

Al´e•vin , n. [F. alevin, OF. alever to rear, fr. L. ad + levare to raise.] Young fish; fry.

A•lew´ , n. Halloo. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ale´wife , n.; pl. Alewives . A woman who keeps an alehouse. Gay.

Ale´wife, n.; pl. Alewives. [This word is properly aloof, the Indian name of a fish. See Winthrop on the culture of maize in America, ´Phil Trans.´ No. 142, p. 1065, and Baddam’s ´Memoirs,´ vol. ii. p. 131.] (Zoöl.) A North American fish (Clupea vernalis) of the Herring family. It is called also ellwife, ellwhop, branch herring. The name is locally applied to other related species.

Al•ex•an´ders , Al•i•san´ders , n. [OE. alisaundre, OF. alissandere, fr. Alexander or Alexandria.] (Bot) A name given to two species of the genus Smyrnium, formerly cultivated and used as celery now is; — called also horse parsely.

Al•ex•an´dri•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Alexandria in Egypt; as the Alexandrian library. 2. Applied to a kind of heroic verse. See Alexandrine, n.

Al•ex•an´drine ( 277), a. Belonging to Alexandria; Alexandrian. Bancroft.

Al•ex•an´drine , n. [F. alexandrin.] A kind of verse consisting in English of twelve syllables. “The needless Alexandrine ends the song,
That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.
Pope.” { A•lex•i•phar´mac , A•lex•i•phar´ma•cal } a. & n. [See Alexipharmic.] Alexipharmic. [Obs.] { A•lex•i•phar´mic , A•lex•i•phar´mic•al } a. [Gr. keeping off poison; to keep off + drug, poison: cf. F. alexipharmaque.] (Med.) Expelling or counteracting poison; antidotal.

A•lex•i•phar´mic , n. (Med.) An antidote against poison or infection; a counterpoison.

A•lex•i•py•ret´ic , a. [Gr. + burning heat, fever, fire.] (Med.) Serving to drive off fever; antifebrile. — n. A febrifuge. { A•lex•i•ter´ic , A•lex•i•ter´ic•al } a. [Gr. fit to keep off or help, fr. one who keeps off, helper; to keep off: cf. F. alexitère.] (Med.) Resisting poison; obviating the effects of venom; alexipharmic.

A•lex•i•ter´ic, n. [Gr. a remedy, an amulet: cf. F. alexitère, LL. alexiterium.] (Med.) A preservative against contagious and infectious diseases, and the effects of poison in general. Brande & C.

Al´fa or Al´fa grass´ , n. A plant (Macrochloa tenacissima) of North Africa; also its fiber, used in paper making.

Al•fal´fa , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) The lucern (Medicago sativa); — so called in California, Texas etc.

Al´fe•nide , n. (Metal.) An alloy of nickel and silver electroplated with silver.

Al•fe´res , n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al- fars knight.] An ensign; a standard bearer. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Al´fet, n. [LL. alfetum, fr. AS. alfaet a pot to boil in; al burning + faet vat.] A caldron of boiling water into which an accused person plunged his forearm as a test of innocence or guilt.

Al•fil•a•ri´a , n. (Bot.) The pin grass (Erodium cicutarium), a weed in California.

Al•fi•o´ne , n. (Zoöl.) An edible marine fish of California (Rhacochilus toxotes).

Al•fres´co , adv. & a. [It. al fresco in or on the fresh.] In the open-air. Smollett.

Al´ga , n.; pl. Algae . [L., seaweed.] (Bot.) A kind of seaweed; pl. the class of cellular cryptogamic plants which includes the black, red, and green seaweeds, as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, also marine and fresh water confervae, etc.

Al´gal , a., (Bot.) Pertaining to, or like, algae.

Al•ga•ro´ba , n. [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar. al-kharrbah. Cf. Carob.] (Bot.) (a) The Carob, a leguminous tree of the Mediterranean region; also its edible beans or pods, called St. John’s bread. (b) The Honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), a small tree found from California to Buenos Ayres; also its sweet, pulpy pods. A valuable gum, resembling gum arabic, is collected from the tree in Texas and Mexico. { Al´ga•rot , Al´ga•roth } n. [F. algaroth, fr. the name of the inventor, Algarotti.] (Med.) A term used for the Powder of Algaroth, a white powder which is a compound of trichloride and trioxide of antimony. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic.

Al•ga•ro•vil´la , n. The agglutinated seeds and husks of the legumes of a South American tree (Inga Marthae). It is valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye. { Al´gate , Al´gates } adv. [All + gate way. The s is an adverbial ending. See Gate.] 1. Always; wholly; everywhere. [Obs.] “Ulna now he algates must forego.
Spenser.” Still used in the north of England in the sense of ´everywhere.´ 2. By any or means; at all events. [Obs.] Fairfax. 3. Notwithstanding; yet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al´ga•zel , n. [Ar. al the + ghazal.] (Zoöl.) The true gazelle.

Al´ge•bra , n. [LL. algebra, fr. Ar. al-jebr reduction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, fr. jabara to bind together, consolidate; al-jebr w’almuqabalah reduction and comparison (by equations): cf. F. algèbre, It. & Sp. algebra.] 1. (Math.) That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and properties of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. It is applicable to those relations that are true of every kind of magnitude. 2. A treatise on this science. { Al•ge•bra´ic , Al•ge•bra´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to algebra; containing an operation of algebra, or deduced from such operation; as algebraic characters; algebraical writings. Algebraic curve, a curve such that the equation which expresses the relation between the coördinates of its points involves only the ordinary operations of algebra; — opposed to a transcendental curve.

Al•ge•bra´ic•al•ly, adv. By algebraic process.

Al´ge•bra•ist , n. One versed in algebra.

Al´ge•bra•ize , v. t. To perform by algebra; to reduce to algebraic form.

Al•ge´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Algeria. — n. A native of Algeria.

Al•ge•rine´ , a. Of or pertaining to Algiers or Algeria.

Al•ge•rine´, n. A native or one of the people of Algiers or Algeria. also a pirate.

Al´gid , a. [L. algidus cold, fr. algere to be cold: cf. F. algide.] Cold; chilly. Bailey. Algid cholera (Med.), Asiatic cholera.

Al•gid´i•ty , n. Chilliness; coldness; especially (Med.), coldness and collapse.

Al´gid•ness , n. Algidity. [Obs.]

Al•gif´ic , a. [L. algificus, fr. algus cold + facere to make.] Producing cold.

Al´goid , a. [L. alga + - oid.] Of the nature of, or resembling, an alga.

Al´gol , n. [Ar. al-ghul destruction, calamity, fr. ghala to take suddenly, destroy.] (Astron.) A fixed star, in Medusa’s head, in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for its periodic variation in brightness.

Al•go•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to algology; as algological specimens.

Al•gol´o•gist , n. One learned about algae; a student of algology.

Al•gol´o•gy , n. [L. alga seaweed + -logy.] (Bot.) The study or science of algae or seaweeds. { Al•gon´quin , Al•gon´kin } n. One of a widely spread family of Indians, including many distinct tribes, which formerly occupied most of the northern and eastern part of North America. The name was originally applied to a group of Indian tribes north of the River St. Lawrence.

Al´gor , n. [L.] (Med.) Cold; chilliness. { Al´go•rism , Al´go•rithm } n. [OE. algorism, algrim, augrim, OF. algorisme, F. algorithme (cf. Sp. algoritmo, OSp. alguarismo, LL. algorismus), fr. the Ar. al- Khowarezmi of Khowarezm, the modern Khiwa, surname of Abu Ja’far Mohammed ben Musa, author of a work on arithmetic early in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin, such books bearing the name algorismus. The spelling with th is due to a supposed connection with Gr. number.] 1. The art of calculating by nine figures and zero. 2. The art of calculating with any species of notation; as the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.

Al´gous , a. [L. algosus, fr. alga seaweed.] Of or pertaining to the algae, or seaweeds; abounding with, or like, seaweed.

Al•gua•zil´ , n. [Sp. alguacil, fr. Ar. alwazir the vizier. Cf. Vizier.] An inferior officer of justice in Spain; a warrant officer; a constable. Prescott.

Al´gum , n. Same as Almug (and etymologically preferable). 2 Chron. ii. 8.

Al•ham´bra , n. [Ultimately fr. Ar. al the + hamra red; i. e., the red (sc. house).] The palace of the Moorish kings at Granada. { Al•ham•bra´ic , Al•ham•bresque´ ( 277), } a. Made or decorated after the fanciful style of the ornamentation in the Alhambra, which affords an unusually fine exhibition of Saracenic or Arabesque architecture.

Al•hen´na , n. See Henna.

A´li•as , adv. [L., fr. alius. See Else.] (Law) (a) Otherwise; otherwise called; — a term used in legal proceedings to connect the different names of any one who has gone by two or more, and whose true name is for any cause doubtful; as Smith, alias Simpson. (b) At another time.

A´li•as, n.; pl. Aliases . [L., otherwise, at another time.] (Law) (a) A second or further writ which is issued after a first writ has expired without effect. (b) Another name; an assumed name.

Al´i•bi , n. [L., elsewhere, at another place. See Alias.] (Law) The plea or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to prove that he was in another place when the alleged act was committed; as to set up an alibi; to prove an alibi.

Al•i•bil´i•ty , n. Quality of being alible.

Al´i•ble , a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nourish.] Nutritive; nourishing.

Al´i•cant , n. A kind of wine, formerly much esteemed; — said to have been made near Alicant, in Spain. J. Fletcher.

Al´i•dade , n. [LL. alidada, alhidada, fr. Ar. al-’idada a sort of rule: cf. F. alidade.] The portion of a graduated instrument, as a quadrant or astrolabe, carrying the sights or telescope, and showing the degrees cut off on the arc of the instrument Whewell.

Al´ien , a. [OF. alien, L. alienus, fr. alius another; properly, therefore, belonging to another. See Else.] 1. Not belonging to the same country, land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign; as alien subjects, enemies, property, shores. 2. Wholly different in nature; foreign; adverse; inconsistent (with); incongruous; — followed by from or sometimes by to; as principles alien from our religion. “An alien sound of melancholy.
Wordsworth.” Alien enemy (Law), one who owes allegiance to a government at war with ours. Abbott.

Al´ien, n. 1. A foreigner; one owing allegiance, or belonging, to another country; a foreign-born resident of a country in which he does not possess the privileges of a citizen. Hence, a stranger. See Alienage. 2. One excluded from certain privileges; one alienated or estranged; as aliens from God’s mercies. “Aliens from the common wealth of Israel.
Ephes. ii. 12.”

Al´ien, v. t. [F. aliener, L. alienare.] To alienate; to estrange; to transfer, as property or ownership. [R.] ´It the son alien lands.´ Sir M. Hale. “The prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of … the marriage.
Clarendon.”

Al•ien•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being alienated. ´The alienability of the domain.´ Burke.

Al´ien•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. alienable.] Capable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another; as land is alienable according to the laws of the state.

Al´ien•age , n. [Cf. OF. alienage.] 1. The state or legal condition of being an alien. The disabilities of alienage are removable by naturalization or by special license from the State of residence, and in some of the United States by declaration of intention of naturalization. Kent. Wharton. “Estates forfeitable on account of alienage.
Story.” 2. The state of being alienated or transferred to another. Brougham.

Al´ien•ate (al´yen•at), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alienare, fr. alienus. See Alien, and cf. Aliene.] Estranged; withdrawn in affection; foreign; — with from. “O alienate from God.
Milton.”

Al´ien•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alienated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alienating.] 1. To convey or transfer to another, as title, property, or right; to part voluntarily with ownership of. 2. To withdraw, as the affections; to make indifferent of averse, where love or friendship before subsisted; to estrange; to wean; — with from. “The errors which … alienated a loyal gentry and priesthood from the House of Stuart.
Macaulay.” “The recollection of his former life is a dream that only the more alienates him from the realities of the present.
I. Taylor.”

Al´ien•ate , n. A stranger; an alien. [Obs.]

Al•ien•a´tion , n. [F. alienation, L. alienatio, fr. alienare, fr. alienare. See Alienate.] 1. The act of alienating, or the state of being alienated. 2. (Law) A transfer of title, or a legal conveyance of property to another. 3. A withdrawing or estrangement, as of the affections. “The alienation of his heart from the king.
Bacon.” 4. Mental alienation; derangement of the mental faculties; insanity; as alienation of mind. Syn. — Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; aberration; mania; delirium; frenzy; dementia; monomania. See Insanity.

Al´ien•a´tor , n. One who alienates.

Al•iene , v. t. To alien or alienate; to transfer, as title or property; as to aliene an estate.

Al´ien•ee´ , n. (Law) One to whom the title of property is transferred; — opposed to alienor. “It the alienee enters and keeps possession.
Blackstone.”

Al´ien•ism , n. 1. The status or legal condition of an alien; alienage. “The law was very gentle in the construction of the disability of alienism.
Kent.” 2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind.

Al´ien•ist , n. [F. alieniste.] One who treats diseases of the mind. Ed. Rev.

Al•ien•or´ , n. [OF. alieneur.] One who alienates or transfers property to another. Blackstone. { Al•i•eth´moid , Al•i•eth•moid´al } a. [L. ala wing + E. ethomoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the ethmoid bone or cartilage.

A•life´ , adv. [Cf. lief dear.] On my life; dearly. [Obs.] ´I love that sport alife.´ Beau. & Fl.

A•lif´er•ous , a. [L. ala wing + -ferous.] Having wings, winged; aligerous. [R.]

Al´i•form , a. [L. ala wing + -form.] Wing-shaped; winglike.

A•lig´er•ous , a. [L. aliger; ala wing + gerere to carry.] Having wings; winged. [R.]

A•light´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alighted sometimes Alit ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alighting.] [OE. alihten, fr. AS. alihtan; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lihtan, to alight, orig. to render light, to remove a burden from, fr. liht, leoht, light. See Light, v. i.] 1. To spring down, get down, or descend, as from on horseback or from a carriage; to dismount. 2. To descend and settle, lodge, rest, or stop; as a flying bird alights on a tree; snow alights on a roof. 3. To come or chance (upon). [R.]

A•light´, a. [Pref. a- + light.] Lighted; lighted up; in a flame. ´The lamps were alight.´ Dickens.

A•lign´ , v. t. [F. aligner; à (L. ad) + ligne (L. linea) line. See Line, and cf. Allineate.] To adjust or form to a line; to range or form in line; to bring into line; to aline.

A•lign´, v. t. To form in line; to fall into line.

A•lign´ment , n. [F. alignement.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line; arrangement in a line or lines; the state of being so adjusted; a formation in a straight line; also the line of adjustment; esp., an imaginary line to regulate the formation of troops or of a squadron. 2. (Engin.) The ground-plan of a railway or other road, in distinction from the grades or profile.

A•like´ (a•lik), a. [AS. onlic, gelic; pref. a + like.] Having resemblance or similitude; similar; without difference. [Now used only predicatively.] “The darkness and the light are both alike to thee.
Ps. cxxxix. 12.”

A•like´, adv. [AS. gelice, onlice.] In the same manner, form, or degree; in common; equally; as we are all alike concerned in religion.

A•like´-mind•ed , a. Like- minded. [Obs.]

Al´i•ment , n. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to nourish; akin to Goth. alan to grow, Icel. ala to nourish: cf. F. aliment. See Old.] 1. That which nourishes; food; nutriment; anything which feeds or adds to a substance in natural growth. Hence: The necessaries of life generally: sustenance; means of support. “Aliments of their sloth and weakness.
Bacon.” 2. An allowance for maintenance. [Scot.]

Al´i•ment, v. t. 1. To nourish; to support. 2. To provide for the maintenance of. [Scot.]

Al•i•men´tal , a. Supplying food; having the quality of nourishing; furnishing the materials for natural growth; as alimental sap.

A•li•men´tal•ly, adv. So as to serve for nourishment or food; nourishing quality. Sir T. Browne.

Al•i•men´ta•ri•ness , n. The quality of being alimentary; nourishing quality. [R.]

Al•i•men´ta•ry , a. [L. alimentarius, fr. alimentum: cf. F. alimentaire.] Pertaining to aliment or food, or to the function of nutrition; nutritious; alimental; as alimentary substances. Alimentary canal, the entire channel, extending from the mouth to the anus, by which aliments are conveyed through the body, and the useless parts ejected.

Al•i•men•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. alimentation, LL. alimentatio.] 1. The act or process of affording nutriment; the function of the alimentary canal. 2. State or mode of being nourished. Bacon.

Al•i•men´tive•ness , n. The instinct or faculty of appetite for food. [Chiefly in Phrenol.]

Al•i•mo´ni•ous , a. Affording food; nourishing. [R.] ´Alimonious humors.´ Harvey.

Al´i•mo•ny , n. [L. alimonia, alimonium, nourishment, sustenance, fr. alere to nourish.] 1. Maintenance; means of living. 2. (Law) An allowance made to a wife out of her husband’s estate or income for her support, upon her divorce or legal separation from him, or during a suit for the same. Wharton. Burrill.

Al•i•na´sal , a. [L. ala wing + E. nasal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the nasal bone or cartilage.

A•line´ , v. t. To range or place in a line; to bring into line; to align. Evelyn.

A•lin•e•a´tion , n. See Allineation.

A•line´ment , n. Same as Alignment. [The Eng. form alinement is preferable to alignment, a bad spelling of the French]. New Eng. Dict. (Murray).

A•lin´er , n. One who adjusts things to a line or lines or brings them into line. Evelyn.

Al´i•oth , n. [Ar. alyat the tail of a fat sheep.] (Astron.) A star in the tail of the Great Bear, the one next the bowl in the Dipper.

Al´i•ped , a. [L. alipes; ala wing + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. alipède.] (Zoöl.) Wing-footed, as the bat. — n. An animal whose toes are connected by a membrane, serving for a wing, as the bat.

Al´i•quant , a. [L. aliquantus some, moderate; alius other + quantus how great: cf. F. aliquante.] (Math.) An aliquant part of a number or quantity is one which does not divide it without leaving a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquant part of 16. Opposed to aliquot.

Al´i•quot , a. [L. aliquot some, several; alius other + quot how many: cf. F. aliquote.] (Math.) An aliquot part of a number or quantity is one which will divide it without a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquot part of 15. Opposed to aliquant.

Al•i•sep´tal , a. [L. ala wing + E. septal.] (Anat.) Relating to expansions of the nasal septum.

Al´ish , a. Like ale; as an alish taste. { Al•i•sphe´noid , Al•i•sphe•noid´al } a. [L. ala wing + E. sphenoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to or forming the wing of the sphenoid; relating to a bone in the base of the skull, which in the adult is often consolidated with the sphenoid; as alisphenoid bone; alisphenoid canal.

Al•i•sphe´noid, n. (Anat.) The alisphenoid bone.

Al´i•trunk , n. [L. ala wing + truncus trunk.] (Zoöl.) The segment of the body of an insect to which the wings are attached; the thorax. Kirby.

Al•i•tur´gic•al , a. [Pref. a- + liturgical.] (Eccl.) Applied to those days when the holy sacrifice is not offered. Shipley.

A•li•un´de , adv. & a. [L.] (Law) From another source; from elsewhere; as a case proved aliunde; evidence aliunde.

A•live´ , a. [OE. on live, AS. on life in life; life being dat. of lif life. See Life, and cf. Live, a.] 1. Having life, in opposition to dead; living; being in a state in which the organs perform their functions; as an animal or a plant which is alive. 2. In a state of action; in force or operation; unextinguished; unexpired; existent; as to keep the fire alive; to keep the affections alive. 3. Exhibiting the activity and motion of many living beings; swarming; thronged. “The Boyne, for a quarter of a mile, was alive with muskets and green boughs.
Macaulay.” 4. Sprightly; lively; brisk. Richardson. 5. Having susceptibility; easily impressed; having lively feelings, as opposed to apathy; sensitive. “Tremblingly alive to nature’s laws.
Falconer.” 6. Of all living (by way of emphasis). “Northumberland was the proudest man alive.
Clarendon.” Used colloquially as an intensive; as man alive! Alive always follows the noun which it qualifies.

A•li•za´ri , n. [Perh. fr. Ar. ’açarah juice extracted from a plant, fr. ’açara to press.] (Com.) The madder of the Levant. Brande & C.

A•liz´a•rin , n. [F. alizarine, fr. alizari.] (Chem.) A coloring principle, C_14H_6O_2(OH)2, found in madder, and now produced artificially from anthracene. It produces the Turkish reds.

Al´ka•hest , n. [LL. alchahest, F. alcahest, a word that has an Arabic appearance, but was probably arbitrarily formed by Paracelsus.] The fabled ´universal solvent´ of the alchemists; a menstruum capable of dissolving all bodies. — Al•ka•hes´tic , a.

Al•kal•am´ide , n. [Alkali + amide.] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds that may be regarded as ammonia in which a part of the hydrogen has been replaced by basic, and another part by acid, atoms or radicals. { Al•ka•les•cence , Al•ka•les´cen•cy } n. A tendency to become alkaline; or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties begin to be developed, or to predominant. Ure.

Al•ka•les´cent , a. [Cf. F. alcalescent.] Tending to the properties of an alkali; slightly alkaline.

Al´ka•li ( 277), n.; pl. Alkalis or Alkalies . [F. alcali, ultimately fr. Ar. alqali ashes of the plant saltwort, fr. qalay to roast in a pan, fry.] 1. Soda ash; caustic soda, caustic potash, etc. 2. (Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, such as soda, potash, ammonia, and lithia, whose distinguishing peculiarities are solubility in alcohol and water, uniting with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming salts with acids, turning to brown several vegetable yellows, and changing reddened litmus to blue. Fixed alkalies, potash and soda. — Vegetable alkalies. Same as Alkaloids. — Volatile alkali, ammonia, so called in distinction from the fixed alkalies.

Al´ka•li•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. alcalifiable.] Capable of being alkalified, or converted into an alkali.

Al´ka•li•fy ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalifying.] [Alkali + -fly: cf. F. alcalifier.] To convert into an alkali; to give alkaline properties to.

Al´ka•li•fy, v. i. To become changed into an alkali.

Al•ka•lim´e•ter , n. [Alkali + -meter. cf. F. alcalimètre.] An instrument to ascertain the strength of alkalies, or the quantity of alkali in a mixture. { Al•ka•li•met´ric , Al•ka•li•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to alkalimetry.

Al•ka•lim´e•try , n. [Cf. F. alcalimètrie.] (Chem.) The art or process of ascertaining the strength of alkalies, or the quantity present in alkaline mixtures.

Al´ka•line ( 277), a. [Cf. F. alcalin.] Of or pertaining to an alkali or to alkalies; having the properties of an alkali. Alkaline earths, certain substances, as lime, baryta, strontia, and magnesia, possessing some of the qualities of alkalies. — Alkaline metals, potassium, sodium, caesium, lithium, rubidium. — Alkaline reaction, a reaction indicating alkalinity, as by the action on limits, turmeric, etc.

Al•ka•lin´i•ty , n. The quality which constitutes an alkali; alkaline property. Thomson.

Al•ka´li•ous , a. Alkaline. [Obs.]

Al´ka•li•zate , a. Alkaline. [Obs.] Boyle.

Al´ka•li••zate , v. t. To alkalizate. [R.] Johnson.

Al•ka•li•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. alcalisation.] The act rendering alkaline by impregnating with an alkali; a conferring of alkaline qualities.

Al´ka•lize (al´ka•liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalizing .] [Cf. F. alcaliser.] To render alkaline; to communicate the properties of an alkali to. { Al´ka•loid (al´ka•loid), Al•ka•loid´al (al•ka•loid´al), } a. [Alkali + -oid: cf. F. alcaloïde.] Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, alkali.

Al´ka•loid (al´ka•loid), n. (Chem.) An organic base, especially one of a class of substances occurring ready formed in the tissues of plants and the bodies of animals. Alkaloids all contain nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, and many of them also contain oxygen. They include many of the active principles in plants; thus, morphine and narcotine are alkaloids found in opium.

Al´ka•net , n. [Dim. of Sp. alcana, alheña, in which al is the Ar. article. See Henna, and cf. Orchanet.] 1. (Chem.) A dyeing matter extracted from the roots of Alkanna tinctoria, which gives a fine deep red color. 2. (Bot.) (a) A boraginaceous herb (Alkanna tinctoria) yielding the dye; orchanet. (b) The similar plant Anchusa officinalis; bugloss; also the American puccoon.

Al•kar´gen , n. [Alkarsin + oxygen.] (Chem.) Same as Cacodylic acid.

Al•kar´sin , n. [Alkali + arsenic + -in.] (Chem.) A spontaneously inflammable liquid, having a repulsive odor, and consisting of cacodyl and its oxidation products; — called also Cadel’s fuming liquid.

Al•ka´zar . See Alcazar.

Al•ke•ken´gi , n. [Cf. F. alkekenge, Sp. alquequenje, ultimately fr. Ar. al- kakanj a kind of resin from Herat.] (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Physalis alkekengi) and its fruit, which is a well flavored berry, the size of a cherry, loosely inclosed in a enlarged leafy calyx; — also called winter cherry, ground cherry, and strawberry tomato. D. C. Eaton.

Al•ker´mes , n. [Ar. al-qirmiz kermes. See Kermes.] (Old Pharmacy) A compound cordial, in the form of a confection, deriving its name from the kermes insect, its principal ingredient.

Al´ko•ran ( 277), n. The Mohammedan Scriptures. Same as Alcoran and Koran.

Al•ko•ran´ic , a. Same as Alcoranic.

Al•ko•ran´ist, n. Same as Alcoranist.

All , a. [OE. al, pl. alle, AS. eal, pl. ealle, Northumbrian alle, akin to D. & OHG. al, Ger. all, Icel. allr. Dan. al, Sw. all, Goth. alls; and perh. to Ir. and Gael. uile, W. oll.] 1. The whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, quality, or degree of; the whole; the whole number of; any whatever; every; as all the wheat; all the land; all the year; all the strength; all happiness; all abundance; loss of all power; beyond all doubt; you will see us all (or all of us). “Prove all things: hold fast that which is good.
1 Thess. v. 21.” 2. Any. [Obs.] ´Without all remedy.´ Shak. When the definite article ´the,´ or a possessive or a demonstrative pronoun, is joined to the noun that all qualifies, all precedes the article or the pronoun; as all the cattle; all my labor; all his wealth; all our families; all your citizens; all their property; all other joys. This word, not only in popular language, but in the Scriptures, often signifies, indefinitely, a large portion or number, or a great part. Thus, all the cattle in Egypt died, all Judea and all the region round about Jordan, all men held John as a prophet, are not to be understood in a literal sense, but as including a large part, or very great numbers. 3. Only; alone; nothing but. “I was born to speak all mirth and no matter.
Shak.” All the whole, the whole (emphatically). [Obs.] ´All the whole army.´ Shak.

All, adv. 1. Wholly; completely; altogether; entirely; quite; very; as all bedewed; my friend is all for amusement. ´And cheeks all pale.´ Byron. In the ancient phrases, all too dear, all too much, all so long, etc., this word retains its appropriate sense or becomes intensive. 2. Even; just. (Often a mere intensive adjunct.) [Obs. or Poet.] “All as his straying flock he fed.
Spenser.” “A damsel lay deploring
All on a rock reclined.
Gay.” All to, or All-to. In such phrases as ´all to rent,´ ´all to break,´ ´all-to frozen,´ etc., which are of frequent occurrence in our old authors, the all and the to have commonly been regarded as forming a compound adverb, equivalent in meaning to entirely, completely, altogether. But the sense of entireness lies wholly in the word all (as it does in ´all forlorn,´ and similar expressions), and the to properly belongs to the following word, being a kind of intensive prefix (orig. meaning asunder and answering to the LG. ter-, HG. zer-). It is frequently to be met with in old books, used without the all. Thus Wyclif says, ´The vail of the temple was to rent:´ and of Judas ´He was hanged and to-burst the middle:´ i. e., burst in two, or asunder. - - All along. See under Along. — All and some, individually and collectively, one and all. [Obs.] ´Displeased all and some.´ Fairfax. — All but. (a) Scarcely; not even. [Obs.] Shak. (b) Almost; nearly. ´The fine arts were all but proscribed.´ Macaulay. — All hollow, entirely, completely; as to beat any one all hollow. [Low] — All one, the same thing in effect; that is, wholly the same thing. — All over, over the whole extent; thoroughly; wholly; as she is her mother all over. [Colloq.] — All the better, wholly the better; that is, better by the whole difference. — All the same, nevertheless. ´There they [certain phenomena] remain rooted all the same, whether we recognize them or not.´ J. C. Shairp. ´But Rugby is a very nice place all the same.´ T. Arnold. — See also under All, n.

All , n. The whole number, quantity, or amount; the entire thing; everything included or concerned; the aggregate; the whole; totality; everything or every person; as our all is at stake. “Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all.
Shak.” “All that thou seest is mine.
Gen. xxxi. 43.” All is used with of, like a partitive; as all of a thing, all of us. After all, after considering everything to the contrary; nevertheless. — All in all, a phrase which signifies all things to a person, or everything desired; (also adverbially) wholly; altogether. “Thou shalt be all in all, and I in thee,
Forever.
Milton.” “Trust me not at all, or all in all.
Tennyson.” — All in the wind (Naut.), a phrase denoting that the sails are parallel with the course of the wind, so as to shake. — All told, all counted; in all. — And all, and the rest; and everything connected. ´Bring our crown and all.´ Shak. — At all. (a) In every respect; wholly; thoroughly. [Obs.] ´She is a shrew at al(l).´ Chaucer. (b) A phrase much used by way of enforcement or emphasis, usually in negative or interrogative sentences, and signifying in any way or respect; in the least degree or to the least extent; in the least; under any circumstances; as he has no ambition at all; has he any property at all? ´Nothing at all.´ Shak. ´If thy father at all miss me.´ 1 Sam. xx. 6. — Over all, everywhere. [Obs.] Chaucer. All is much used in composition to enlarge the meaning, or add force to a word. In some instances, it is completely incorporated into words, and its final consonant is dropped, as in almighty, already, always: but, in most instances, it is an adverb prefixed to adjectives or participles, but usually with a hyphen, as all-bountiful, all-glorious, allimportant, all- surrounding, etc. In others it is an adjective; as allpower, all-giver. Anciently many words, as alabout, alaground, etc., were compounded with all, which are now written separately.

All, conj. [Orig. all, adv., wholly: used with though or if, which being dropped before the subjunctive left all as if in the sense although.] Although; albeit. [Obs.] “All they were wondrous loth.
Spenser.”

Al•la bre´ve . [It., according to the breve.] (Old Church Music) With one breve, or four minims, to measure, and sung faster like four crotchets; in quick common time; — indicated in the time signature by .

Al´lah , n. [ contr. fr. the article al the + ilah God.] The name of the Supreme Being, in use among the Arabs and the Mohammedans generally.

All•-a-mort´ , a. See Alamort.

Al´lan•ite , n. [From T. Allan, who first distinguished it as a species.] (min.) A silicate containing a large amount of cerium. It is usually black in color, opaque, and is related to epidote in form and composition.

Al•lan•to´ic , a. [Cf. F. allantoïque.] Pertaining to, or contained in, the allantois. Allantoic acid. (Chem.) See Allantoin. { Al•lan´toid , Al•lan•toid´al } a. [Gr. shaped like a sausage; sausage + form.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the allantois.

Al•lan•toid´e•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The division of Vertebrata in which the embryo develops an allantois. It includes reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Al•lan´to•in , n. (Chem.) A crystalline, transparent, colorless substance found in the allantoic liquid of the fetal calf; — formerly called allantoic acid and amniotic acid. { Al•lan´to•is , Al•lan´toid } n.. (Anat.) A membranous appendage of the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, — in mammals serving to connect the fetus with the parent; the urinary vesicle.

Al´la•trate , v. i. [L. allatrare. See Latrate.] To bark as a dog. [Obs.] Stubbes.

Al•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allaying.] [OE. alaien, aleggen, to lay down, put down, humble, put an end to, AS. alecgan; a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lecgan to lay; but confused with old forms of allege, alloy, alegge. See Lay.] 1. To make quiet or put at rest; to pacify or appease; to quell; to calm; as to allay popular excitement; to allay the tumult of the passions. 2. To alleviate; to abate; to mitigate; as to allay the severity of affliction or the bitterness of adversity. “It would allay the burning quality of that fell poison.
Shak.” Syn. — To alleviate; check; repress; assuage; appease; abate; subdue; destroy; compose; soothe; calm; quiet. See Alleviate.

Al•lay´ , v. t. To diminish in strength; to abate; to subside. ´When the rage allays.´ Shak.

Al•lay´, n. Alleviation; abatement; check. [Obs.]

Al•lay´, n. Alloy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•lay´, v. t. To mix (metals); to mix with a baser metal; to alloy; to deteriorate. [Archaic] Fuller.

Al•lay´er , n. One who, or that which, allays.

Al•lay´ment , n. An allaying; that which allays; mitigation. [Obs.] “The like allayment could I give my grief.
Shak.”

Al´le•cret , n. [OF. alecret, halecret, hallecret.] A kind of light armor used in the sixteenth century, esp. by the Swiss. Fairholt.

Al•lect´ , v. t. [L. allectare, freq. of allicere, allectum.] To allure; to entice. [Obs.]

Al•lec•ta´tion , n. [L. allectatio.] Enticement; allurement. [Obs.] Bailey.

Al•lec´tive , a. [LL. allectivus.] Alluring. [Obs.]

Al•lec´tive, n. Allurement. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Al•ledge´ , v. t. See Allege. [Obs.] This spelling, corresponding to abridge, was once the prevailing one.

Al•le•ga´tion , n. [L. allegatio, fr. allegare, allegatum, to send a message, cite; later, to free by giving reasons; ad + legare to send, commission. Cf. Allege and Adlegation.] 1. The act of alleging or positively asserting. 2. That which is alleged, asserted, or declared; positive assertion; formal averment “I thought their allegation but reasonable.
Steele.” 3. (Law) A statement by a party of what he undertakes to prove, — usually applied to each separate averment; the charge or matter undertaken to be proved.

Al•lege´ (al•lej´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleged (-lejd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Alleging.] [OE. aleggen to bring forward as evidence, OF. esligier to buy, prop. to free from legal difficulties, fr. an assumed LL. exlitigare; L. ex + litigare to quarrel, sue (see Litigate). The word was confused with L. allegare (see Allegation), and lex law. Cf. Allay.] 1. To bring forward with positiveness; to declare; to affirm; to assert; as to allege a fact. 2. To cite or quote; as to allege the authority of a judge. [Archaic] 3. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, or excuse; as he refused to lend, alleging a resolution against lending. Syn. — To bring forward; adduce; advance; assign; produce; declare; affirm; assert; aver; predicate.

Al•lege´, v. t. [See Allay.] To alleviate; to lighten, as a burden or a trouble. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Al•lege´a•ble , a. Capable of being alleged or affirmed. “The most authentic examples allegeable in the case.
South.”

Al•lege´ance , n. Allegation. [Obs.]

Al•lege´ment , n. Allegation. [Obs.] “With many complaints and allegements.
Bp. Sanderson.”

Al•leg´er , n. One who affirms or declares.

Al•legge´ , v. t. See Alegge and Allay. [Obs.]

Al•le´giance , n. [OE. alegeaunce; pref. a- + OF. lige, liege. The meaning was influenced by L. ligare to bind, and even by lex, legis, law. See Liege, Ligeance.] 1. The tie or obligation, implied or expressed, which a subject owes to his sovereign or government; the duty of fidelity to one’s king, government, or state. 2. Devotion; loyalty; as allegiance to science. Syn. — Loyalty; fealty. — Allegiance, Loyalty. These words agree in expressing the general idea of fidelity and attachment to the ´powers that be.´ Allegiance is an obligation to a ruling power. Loyalty is a feeling or sentiment towards such power. Allegiance may exist under any form of government, and, in a republic, we generally speak of allegiance to the government, to the state, etc. In well conducted monarchies, loyalty is a warm-hearted feeling of fidelity and obedience to the sovereign. It is personal in its nature; and hence we speak of the loyalty of a wife to her husband, not of her allegiance. In cases where we personify, loyalty is more commonly the word used; as loyalty to the constitution; loyalty to the cause of virtue; loyalty to truth and religion, etc. “Hear me, recreant, on thine allegiance hear me!
Shak.” “So spake the Seraph Abdiel, faithful found, …
Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified,
His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.
Milton.”

Al•le´giant , a. Loyal. Shak. { Al•le•gor´ic , Al•le•gor´ic•al } a. [F. allegorique, L. allegorius, fr. Gr. . See Allegory.] Belonging to, or consisting of, allegory; of the nature of an allegory; describing by resemblances; figurative. ´An allegoric tale.´ Falconer. ´An allegorical application.´ Pope. “Allegorical being … that kind of language which says one thing, but means another.
Max Miller.” Al•le•gor´ic•al•ly, adv. — Al•le•gor´ic•al•ness, n.

Al´le•go•rist , n. [Cf. F. allegoriste.] One who allegorizes; a writer of allegory. Hume.

Al•le•gor´i•za´tion , n. The act of turning into allegory, or of understanding in an allegorical sense.

Al´le•go•rize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allegorized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allegorizing.] [Cf. F. allegoriser, fr. L. allegorizare.] 1. To form or turn into allegory; as to allegorize the history of a people. 2. To treat as allegorical; to understand in an allegorical sense; as when a passage in a writer may understood literally or figuratively, he who gives it a figurative sense is said to allegorize it.

Al´le•go•rize, v. t. To use allegory. Holland.

Al´le•go•ri•zer , n. One who allegorizes, or turns things into allegory; an allegorist.

Al´le•go•ry , n.; pl. Allegories . [L. allegoria, Gr. , description of one thing under the image of another; other + to speak in the assembly, harangue, place of assembly, fr. to assemble: cf. F. allegorie.] 1. A figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal subject is described by another subject resembling it in its properties and circumstances. The real subject is thus kept out of view, and we are left to collect the intentions of the writer or speaker by the resemblance of the secondary to the primary subject. 2. Anything which represents by suggestive resemblance; an emblem. 3. (Paint. & Sculpt.) A figure representation which has a meaning beyond notion directly conveyed by the object painted or sculptured. Syn. — Metaphor; fable. — Allegory, Parable. ´An allegory differs both from fable and parable, in that the properties of persons are fictitiously represented as attached to things, to which they are as it were transferred… . A figure of Peace and Victory crowning some historical personage is an allegory. ´I am the Vine, ye are the branches´ [John xv. 1-6] is a spoken allegory. In the parable there is no transference of properties. The parable of the sower [Matt. xiii. 3-23] represents all things as according to their proper nature. In the allegory quoted above the properties of the vine and the relation of the branches are transferred to the person of Christ and His apostles and disciples.´ C. J. Smith. An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. Bunyan’s ´Pilgrim’s Progress´ and Spenser’s ´Faërie Queene´ are celebrated examples of the allegory.

Al•le•gresse´ , n. [F. allegresse, fr. L. alacer sprightly.] Joy; gladsomeness.

Al•le•gret´to , a. [It., dim. of allegro.] (Mus.) Quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. — n. A movement in this time.

Al•le´gro , a. [It., merry, gay, fr. L. alacer lively. Cf. Aleger.] (Mus.) Brisk, lively. — n. An allegro movement; a quick, sprightly strain or piece. { Al•le•lu´ia , Al•le•lu´iah } , n. [L. alleluia, Gr. , fr. Heb. hallelu-yah. See Hallelujah.] An exclamation signifying Praise ye Jehovah. Hence: A song of praise to God. See Hallelujah, the commoner form. “I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluia.
Rev. xix. 1.”

Al´le•mande´ , n. [F., fr. allemand German.] 1. (Mus.) A dance in moderate twofold time, invented by the French in the reign of Louis XIV.; - - now mostly found in suites of pieces, like those of Bach and Handel. 2. A figure in dancing.

Al•le•man´nic , a. See Alemannic.

Al•len´ar•ly , adv. [All + anerly singly, fr. ane one.] Solely; only. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Al´ler , a. [For ealra, the AS. gen. pl. of eal all.] Same as Alder, of all. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•le´ri•on , n. [F. alerion, LL. alario a sort of eagle; of uncertain origin.] (Her.) Am eagle without beak or feet, with expanded wings. Burke.

Al•le´vi•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alleviating.] [LL. alleviare, fr. L. ad + levis light. See Alegge, Levity.] 1. To lighten or lessen the force or weight of. [Obs.] “Should no others join capable to alleviate the expense.
Evelyn.” “Those large bladders … conduce much to the alleviating of the body [of flying birds].
Ray.” 2. To lighten or lessen (physical or mental troubles); to mitigate, or make easier to be endured; as to alleviate sorrow, pain, care, etc. ; — opposed to aggravate. “The calamity of the want of the sense of hearing is much alleviated by giving the use of letters.
Bp. Horsley.” 3. To extenuate; to palliate. [R.] “He alleviates his fault by an excuse.
Johnson.” Syn. — To lessen; diminish; soften; mitigate; assuage; abate; relieve; nullify; allay. — To Alleviate, Mitigate, Assuage, Allay. These words have in common the idea of relief from some painful state; and being all figurative, they differ in their application, according to the image under which this idea is presented. Alleviate supposes a load which is lightened or taken off; as to alleviate one’s cares. Mitigate supposes something fierce which is made mild; as to mitigate one’s anguish. Assuage supposes something violent which is quieted; as to assuage one’s sorrow. Allay supposes something previously excited, but now brought down; as to allay one’s suffering or one’s thirst. To alleviate the distresses of life; to mitigate the fierceness of passion or the violence of grief; to assuage angry feeling; to allay wounded sensibility.

Al•le•vi•a´tion , n. [LL. alleviatio.] 1. The act of alleviating; a lightening of weight or severity; mitigation; relief. 2. That which mitigates, or makes more tolerable. “I have not wanted such alleviations of life as friendship could supply.
Johnson.”

Al•le´vi•a•tive , a. Tending to alleviate. — n. That which alleviates.

Al•le´vi•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, alleviates.

Al•le´vi•a•to•ry , a. Alleviative. Carlyle.

Al´ley , n.; pl. Alleys . [OE. aley, alley, OF. alee, F. allee, a going, passage, fr. OE. aler, F. aller, to go; of uncertain origin: cf. Prov. anar, It. andare, Sp. andar.] 1. A narrow passage; especially a walk or passage in a garden or park, bordered by rows of trees or bushes; a bordered way. “I know each lane and every alley green.
Milton.” 2. A narrow passage or way in a city, as distinct from a public street. Gay. 3. A passageway between rows of pews in a church. 4. (Persp.) Any passage having the entrance represented as wider than the exit, so as to give the appearance of length. 5. The space between two rows of compositors’ stands in a printing office.

Al´ley, n.; pl. Alleys . [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was originally made.] A choice taw or marble. Dickens.

Al´leyed , a. Furnished with alleys; forming an alley. ´An alleyed walk.´ Sir W. Scott.

Al´ley•way n. An alley.

All´ Fools’ Day . The first day of April, a day on which sportive impositions are practiced. “The first of April, some do say,
Is set apart for All Fools’ Day.
Poor Robin’s Almanack (1760).”

All•fours´ . [All + four (cards).] A game at cards, called ´High, Low, Jack, and the Game.´

All• fours´ [formerly, All• four´.] All four legs of a quadruped; or the two legs and two arms of a person. To be, go, or run, on all fours (Fig.), to be on the same footing; to correspond (with) exactly; to be alike in all the circumstances to be considered. ´This example is on all fours with the other.´ ´No simile can go on all fours.´ Macaulay.

All• hail´ . [All + hail, interj.] All health; — a phrase of salutation or welcome.

All•-hail´, v. t. To salute; to greet. [Poet.] “Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all-hailed me ´Thane of Cawdor.´
Shak.”

All•hal´lond , n. Allhallows. [Obs.] Shak. { All•hal´low , All•hal´lows } n. 1. All the saints (in heaven). [Obs.] 2. All Saints’ Day, November 1st. [Archaic]

All•hal´low eve (ev•). The evening before Allhallows. See Halloween.

All•hal´low•mas , n. The feast of All Saints.

All•hal´lown , a. Of or pertaining to the time of Allhallows. [Obs.] ´Allhallown summer.´ Shak. (i. e., late summer; ´Indian Summer´).

All•hal´low•tide , n. [AS. tid time.] The time at or near All Saints, or November 1st.

All´heal , n. A name popularly given to the officinal valerian, and to some other plants.

Al•li´a•ble , a. Able to enter into alliance.

Al•li•a´ceous , a. Of or pertaining to the genus Allium, or garlic, onions, leeks, etc.; having the smell or taste of garlic or onions.

Al•li´ance , n. [OE. aliaunce, OF. aliance, F. alliance, fr. OF. alier, F. allier. See Ally, and cf. LL. alligantia.] 1. The state of being allied; the act of allying or uniting; a union or connection of interests between families, states, parties, etc., especially between families by marriage and states by compact, treaty, or league; as matrimonial alliances; an alliance between church and state; an alliance between France and England. 2. Any union resembling that of families or states; union by relationship in qualities; affinity. “The alliance of the principles of the world with those of the gospel.
C. J. Smith.” “The alliance … between logic and metaphysics.
Mansel.” 3. The persons or parties allied. Udall. Syn. — Connection; affinity; union; confederacy; confederation; league; coalition.

Al•li´ance, v. t. To connect by alliance; to ally. [Obs.]

Al•li´ant , n. [Cf. F. alliant, p. pr.] An ally; a confederate. [Obs. & R.] Sir H. Wotton. { Al´lice , Al´lis } , n. (Zoöl.) The European shad (Clupea vulgaris); allice shad. See Alose.

Al•li´cien•cy , n. Attractive power; attractiveness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Al•li´cient , a. [L. alliciens, p. pr. of allicere to allure; ad + lacere to entice.] That attracts; attracting. — n. That attracts. [Rare or Obs.]

Al•lied´ , a. United; joined; leagued; akin; related. See Ally.

Al•li•gate , v. t. [L. alligatus, p. p. of alligare. See Ally.] To tie; to unite by some tie. “Instincts alligated to their nature.
Sir M. Hale.”

Al•li•ga´tion , n. [L. alligatio.] 1. The act of tying together or attaching by some bond, or the state of being attached. [R.] 2. (Arith.) A rule relating to the solution of questions concerning the compounding or mixing of different ingredients, or ingredients of different qualities or values. The rule is named from the method of connecting together the terms by certain ligature-like signs. Alligation is of two kinds, medial and alternate; medial teaching the method of finding the price or quality of a mixture of several simple ingredients whose prices and qualities are known; alternate, teaching the amount of each of several simple ingredients whose prices or qualities are known, which will be required to make a mixture of given price or quality.

Al´li•ga•tor , n. [Sp. el lagarto the lizard (el lagarto de Indias, the cayman or American crocodile), fr. L. lacertus, lacerta, lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large carnivorous reptile of the Crocodile family, peculiar to America. It has a shorter and broader snout than the crocodile, and the large teeth of the lower jaw shut into pits in the upper jaw, which has no marginal notches. Besides the common species of the southern United States, there are allied species in South America. 2. (Mech.) Any machine with strong jaws, one of which opens like the movable jaw of an alligator; as (a) (Metal Working) a form of squeezer for the puddle ball; (b) (Mining) a rock breaker; (c) (Printing) a kind of job press, called also alligator press. Alligator apple (Bot.), the fruit of the Anona palustris, a West Indian tree. It is said to be narcotic in its properties. Loudon. — Alligator fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish of northwestern America (Podothecus acipenserinus). — Alligator gar (Zoöl.), one of the gar pikes (Lepidosteus spatula) found in the southern rivers of the United States. The name is also applied to other species of gar pikes. — Alligator pear (Bot.), a corruption of Avocado pear. See Avocado. — Alligator snapper, Alligator tortoise, Alligator turtle (Zoöl.), a very large and voracious turtle (Macrochelys lacertina) inhabiting the rivers of the southern United States. It sometimes reaches the weight of two hundred pounds. Unlike the common snapping turtle, to which the name is sometimes erroneously applied, it has a scaly head and many small scales beneath the tail. This name is sometimes given to other turtles, as to species of Trionyx. — Alligator wood, the timber of a tree of the West Indies (Guarea Swartzii).

Al•lign´ment , n. See Alignment.

Al•lin´e•ate , v. t. [L. ad + lineatus, p. p. of lineare to draw a line.] To align. [R.] Herschel. { Al•lin•e•a´tion , A•lin•e•a´tion } n. Alignment; position in a straight line, as of two planets with the sun. Whewell. “The allineation of the two planets.
C. A. Young.”

Al•li´sion , n. [L. allisio, fr. allidere, to strike or dash against; ad + laedere to dash against.] The act of dashing against, or striking upon. “The boisterous allision of the sea.
Woodward.”

Al•lit´er•al , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by alliteration.

Al•lit´er•ate , v. t. To employ or place so as to make alliteration. Skeat.

Al•lit´er•ate, v. i. To compose alliteratively; also to constitute alliteration.

Al•lit•er•a´tion , n. [L. ad + litera letter. See Letter.] The repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals; as in the following lines: - “Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheaved
His vastness.
Milton.” “Fly o’er waste fens and windy fields.
Tennyson.” The recurrence of the same letter in accented parts of words is also called alliteration. Anglo-Saxon poetry is characterized by alliterative meter of this sort. Later poets also employed it. “In a somer seson whan soft was the sonne,
I shope me in shroudes as I a shepe were.
P. Plowman.”

Al•lit´er•a•tive ( 277), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, alliteration; as alliterative poetry. — Al•lit´er•a•tive•ly, adv. — Al•lit´er•a•tive•ness, n.

Al•lit´er•a•tor , n. One who alliterates.

Al´li•um , n. [L., garlic.] (bot.) A genus of plants, including the onion, garlic, leek, chive, etc.

All´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) The angler.

All´ness , n. Totality; completeness. [R.] “The allness of God, including his absolute spirituality, supremacy, and eternity.
R. Turnbull.”

All´night , n. Light, fuel, or food for the whole night. [Obs.] Bacon.

Al´lo•cate , v. t. [LL. allocatus, p. p. of allocare, fr. L. ad + locare to place. See Allow.] 1. To distribute or assign; to allot. Burke. 2. To localize. [R.]

Al•lo•ca´tion , n. [LL. allocatio: cf. F. allocation.] 1. The act of putting one thing to another; a placing; disposition; arrangement. Hallam. 2. An allotment or apportionment; as an allocation of shares in a company. “The allocation of the particular portions of Palestine to its successive inhabitants.
A. R. Stanley.” 3. The admission of an item in an account, or an allowance made upon an account; — a term used in the English exchequer.

Al•lo•ca´tur , n. [LL., it is allowed, fr. allocare to allow.] (Law) ´Allowed.´ The word allocatur expresses the allowance of a proceeding, writ, order, etc., by a court, judge, or judicial officer.

Al•lo•chro´ic , a. Changeable in color.

Al•loch´ro•ite , n. (Min.) See Garnet.

Al•loch´ro•ous , a. [Gr. changed in color, fr. other + color.] Changing color.

Al•lo•cu´tion , n. [L. allocuto, fr. alloqui to speak to; ad + loqui to speak: cf. F. allocution.] 1. The act or manner of speaking to, or of addressing in words. 2. An address; a hortatory or authoritative address as of a pope to his clergy. Addison.

Al´lod , n. See Allodium.

Al•lo´di•al , a. [LL. allodialis, fr. allodium: cf. F. allodial. See Allodium.] (Law) Pertaining to allodium; freehold; free of rent or service; held independent of a lord paramount; — opposed to feudal; as allodial lands; allodial system. Blackstone.

Al•lo´di•al, a. Anything held allodially. W. Coxe.

Al•lo´di•al•ism , n. The allodial system.

Al•lo´di•al•ist, n. One who holds allodial land.

Al•lo´di•al•ly, adv. By allodial tenure.

Al•lo´di•a•ry , n. One who holds an allodium.

Al•lo´di•um , n. [LL. allodium, alodium, alodis, alaudis, of Ger. origin; cf. OHG. al all, and t (AS. ead) possession, property. It means, therefore, entirely one’s property.] (Law) Freehold estate; land which is the absolute property of the owner; real estate held in absolute independence, without being subject to any rent, service, or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus opposed to feud. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Al•log´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Characterized by allogamy.

Al•log´a•my n. [Gr. other + marriage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of the pistil of a plant by pollen from another of the same species; cross-fertilization.

Al•lo•ge´ne•ous , a. [Gr. .] Different in nature or kind. [R.]

Al´lo•graph , n. [Gr. another + - graph.] A writing or signature made by some person other than any of the parties thereto; — opposed to autograph.

Al•lom´er•ism , n. [Gr. other + part.] (Chem.) Variability in chemical constitution without variation in crystalline form.

Al•lom´er•ous , a. (Chem.) Characterized by allomerism.

Al´lo•morph , n. [Gr. other + form.] (Min.) (a) Any one of two or more distinct crystalline forms of the same substance; or the substance having such forms; — as carbonate of lime occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite. (b) A variety of pseudomorph which has undergone partial or complete change or substitution of material; — thus limonite is frequently an allomorph after pyrite. G. H. Williams.

Al•lo•mor´phic , a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to allomorphism.

Al•lo•mor´phism , n. (Min.) The property which constitutes an allomorph; the change involved in becoming an allomorph.

Al•longe´ , n. [F. allonge, earlier alonge, a lengthening. See Allonge, v., and cf. Lunge.] 1. (Fencing) A thrust or pass; a lunge. 2. A slip of paper attached to a bill of exchange for receiving indorsements, when the back of the bill itself is already full; a rider. [A French usage] Abbott.

Al•longe´, v. i. [F. allonger; à (L. ad) + long (L. longus) long.] To thrust with a sword; to lunge.

Al´lo•nym , n. [F. allonyme, fr. Gr. other + name.] 1. The name of another person assumed by the author of a work. 2. A work published under the name of some one other than the author.

Al•lon´y•mous , a. Published under the name of some one other than the author.

Al•loo´ , v. t. or i. [See Halloo.] To incite dogs by a call; to halloo. [Obs.]

Al´lo•path , n. [Cf. F. allopathe.] An allopathist. Ed. Rev.

Al•lo•path´ic , a. [Cf. F. allopathique.] Of or pertaining to allopathy.

Al•lo•path´ic•al•ly , adv. In a manner conformable to allopathy; by allopathic methods.

Al•lop´a•thist , n. One who practices allopathy; one who professes allopathy.

Al•lop´a•thy , n. [Gr. other + suffering, , , to suffer: cf. G. allopathie, F. allopathie. See Pathos.] That system of medical practice which aims to combat disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the special disease treated; — a term invented by Hahnemann to designate the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. { Al•lo•phyl´ic , Al•lo•phyl´i•an } a. [Gr. of another tribe; other + class or tribe.] Pertaining to a race or a language neither Aryan nor Semitic. J. Prichard.

Al´lo•quy , n. [L. alloquim, fr. alloqui.] A speaking to another; an address. [Obs.]

Al•lot´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Allotting.] [OF. aloter, F. allotir; a (L. ad) + lot lot. See Lot.] 1. To distribute by lot. 2. To distribute, or parcel out in parts or portions; or to distribute to each individual concerned; to assign as a share or lot; to set apart as one’s share; to bestow on; to grant; to appoint; as let every man be contented with that which Providence allots him. “Ten years I will allot to the attainment of knowledge.
Johnson.”

Al´lo•the•ism , n. [Gr. other + god.] The worship of strange gods. Jer. Taylor.

Al•lot´ment , n. [Cf. OF. alotement, F. allotement.] 1. The act of allotting; assignment. 2. That which is allotted; a share, part, or portion granted or distributed; that which is assigned by lot, or by the act of God; anything set apart for a special use or to a distinct party. “The alloments of God and nature.
L’Estrange.” “A vineyard and an allotment for olives and herbs.
Broome.” 3. (law) The allowance of a specific amount of scrip or of a particular thing to a particular person. Cottage allotment, an allotment of a small portion of land to a country laborer for garden cultivation. [Eng.]

Al•lo•tri•oph´a•gy (al•lo•tri•of´a•jy), n. [Gr. ’allo•trios strange + fagei^n to eat: cf. F. allotriophagie.] (Med.) A depraved appetite; a desire for improper food. { Al•lo•trop´ic (al•lo•trop´ik), Al•lo•trop´ic•al (-ik•al), } a. [Cf. F. allotropique.] Of or pertaining to allotropism. — Al•lo•trop´ic•al•ly, adv. Allotropic state, the several conditions which occur in a case of allotropism.

Al•lot•ro•pic´i•ty , n. Allotropic property or nature. { Al•lot´ro•pism , Al•lot´ro•py } n. [Gr. other + direction, way, to turn: cf. F. allotropie.] (Chem.) The property of existing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their physical or chemical relations. Thus, carbon occurs crystallized in octahedrons and other related forms, in a state of extreme hardness, in the diamond; it occurs in hexagonal forms, and of little hardness, in black lead; and again occurs in a third form, with entire softness, in lampblack and charcoal. In some cases, one of these is peculiarly an active state, and the other a passive one. Thus, ozone is an active state of oxygen, and is distinct from ordinary oxygen, which is the element in its passive state.

Al•lot´ro•pize , v. t. To change in physical properties but not in substance. [R.]

Al•lot´ta•ble , a. Capable of being allotted.

Al•lot•tee´ , n. One to whom anything is allotted; one to whom an allotment is made.

Al•lot´ter , n. One who allots.

Al•lot´ter•y , n. Allotment. [Obs.] Shak.

Al•low´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allowing.] [OE. alouen, OF. alouer, aloer, aluer, F. allouer, fr. LL. allocare to admit as proved, to place, use; confused with OF. aloer, fr. L. allaudare to extol; ad + laudare to praise. See Local, and cf. Allocate, Laud.] 1. To praise; to approve of; hence, to sanction. [Obs. or Archaic] “Ye allow the deeds of your fathers.
Luke xi. 48.” “We commend his pains, condemn his pride, allow his life, approve his learning.
Fuller.” 2. To like; to be suited or pleased with. [Obs.] “How allow you the model of these clothes?
Massinger.” 3. To sanction; to invest; to intrust. [Obs.] “Thou shalt be … allowed with absolute power.
Shak.” 4. To grant, give, admit, accord, afford, or yield; to let one have; as to allow a servant his liberty; to allow a free passage; to allow one day for rest. “He was allowed about three hundred pounds a year.
Macaulay.” 5. To own or acknowledge; to accept as true; to concede; to accede to an opinion; as to allow a right; to allow a claim; to allow the truth of a proposition. “I allow, with Mrs. Grundy and most moralists, that Miss Newcome’s conduct … was highly reprehensible.
Thackeray.” 6. To grant (something) as a deduction or an addition; esp. to abate or deduct; as to allow a sum for leakage. 7. To grant license to; to permit; to consent to; as to allow a son to be absent. Syn. — To allot; assign; bestow; concede; admit; permit; suffer; tolerate. See Permit.

Al•low´, v. i. To admit; to concede; to make allowance or abatement. “Allowing still for the different ways of making it.
Addison.” To allow of, to permit; to admit. Shak.

Al•low´a•ble , a. [F. allouable.] 1. Praiseworthy; laudable. [Obs.] Hacket. 2. Proper to be, or capable of being, allowed; permissible; admissible; not forbidden; not unlawful or improper; as a certain degree of freedom is allowable among friends.

Al•low´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being allowable; permissibleness; lawfulness; exemption from prohibition or impropriety. South.

Al•low´a•bly, adv. In an allowable manner.

Al•low´ance , n. [OF. alouance.] 1. Approval; approbation. [Obs.] Crabbe. 2. The act of allowing, granting, conceding, or admitting; authorization; permission; sanction; tolerance. “Without the king’s will or the state’s allowance.
Shak.” 3. Acknowledgment. “The censure of the which one must in your allowance o’erweigh a whole theater of others.
Shak.” 4. License; indulgence. [Obs.] Locke. 5. That which is allowed; a share or portion allotted or granted; a sum granted as a reimbursement, a bounty, or as appropriate for any purpose; a stated quantity, as of food or drink; hence, a limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. “I can give the boy a handsome allowance.
Thackeray.” 6. Abatement; deduction; the taking into account of mitigating circumstances; as to make allowance for the inexperience of youth. “After making the largest allowance for fraud.
Macaulay.” 7. (com.) A customary deduction from the gross weight of goods, different in different countries, such as tare and tret.

Al•low´ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowancing .] [See Allowance, n.] To put upon a fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and drink); to supply in a fixed and limited quantity; as the captain was obliged to allowance his crew; our provisions were allowanced.

Al•low´ed•ly adv. By allowance; admittedly. Shenstone.

Al•low´er , n. 1. An approver or abettor. [Obs.] 2. One who allows or permits.

Al•lox´an , n. [Allantoin + oxalic, as containing the elements of allantion and oxalic acid.] (Chem.) An oxidation product of uric acid. It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or alcohol.

Al•lox´a•nate , n. (Chem.) A combination of alloxanic acid and a base or base or positive radical.

Al•lox•an´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to alloxan; — applied to an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on alloxan.

Al•lox•an´tin , n. (Chem.) A substance produced by acting upon uric with warm and very dilute nitric acid.

Al•loy´, n. [OE. alai, OF. alei, F. aloyer, to alloy, alier to ally. See Alloy, v. t.] 1. Any combination or compound of metals fused together; a mixture of metals; for example, brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. But when mercury is one of the metals, the compound is called an amalgam. 2. The quality, or comparative purity, of gold or silver; fineness. 3. A baser metal mixed with a finer. “Fine silver is silver without the mixture of any baser metal. Alloy is baser metal mixed with it.
Locke.” 4. Admixture of anything which lessens the value or detracts from; as no happiness is without alloy. ´Pure English without Latin alloy.´ F. Harrison.

Al•loy´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alloyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alloying.] [F. aloyer, OF. alier, allier, later allayer, fr. L. aligare. See Alloy, n., Ally, v. t., and cf. Allay.] 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable substance; as to alloy gold with silver or copper, or silver with copper. 2. To mix, as metals, so as to form a compound. 3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture; to allay; as to alloy pleasure with misfortunes.

Al•loy´, v. t. To form a metallic compound. “Gold and iron alloy with ease.
Ure.”

Al•loy´age , n. [F. aloyage.] The act or art of alloying metals; also the combination or alloy.

All•-pos•sessed´ , a. Controlled by an evil spirit or by evil passions; wild. [Colloq.] { All´ Saints• , All´ Saints’ } The first day of November, called, also Allhallows or Hallowmas; a feast day kept in honor of all the saints; also the season of this festival.

All´ Souls’ Day . The second day of November; a feast day of the Roman Catholic church, on which supplications are made for the souls of the faithful dead.

All´spice , n. The berry of the pimento (Eugenia pimenta), a tree of the West Indies; a spice of a mildly pungent taste, and agreeably aromatic; Jamaica pepper; pimento. It has been supposed to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves; and hence the name. The name is also given to other aromatic shrubs; as the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus); wild allspice (Lindera benzoin), called also spicebush, spicewood, and feverbush.

All•thing , adv. [For in all (= every) thing.] Altogether. [Obs.] Shak.

Al•lude´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluding.] [L. alludere to play with, to allude; ad + ludere to play.] To refer to something indirectly or by suggestion; to have reference to a subject not specifically and plainly mentioned; — followed by to; as the story alludes to a recent transaction. “These speeches … do seem to allude unto such ministerial garments as were then in use.
Hooker.” Syn. — To refer; point; indicate; hint; suggest; intimate; signify; insinuate; advert. See Refer.

Al•lude´, v. t. To compare allusively; to refer (something) as applicable. [Obs.] Wither.

Al•lu•mette , n. [F., from allumer to light.] A match for lighting candles, lamps, etc.

Al•lu´mi•nor , n. [OF. alumineor, fr. L. ad + liminare. See Luminate.] An illuminator of manuscripts and books; a limner. [Obs.] Cowell.

Al•lur´ance , n. Allurement. [R.]

Al•lure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alluded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluring.] [OF. aleurrer, alurer, fr. a (L. ad) + leurre lure. See Lure.] To attempt to draw; to tempt by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some good, real or apparent; to invite by something flattering or acceptable; to entice; to attract. “With promised joys allured them on.
Falconer.” “The golden sun in splendor likest Heaven
Allured his eye.
Milton.” Syn. — To attract; entice; tempt; decoy; seduce. — To Allure, Entice, Decoy, Seduce. These words agree in the idea of acting upon the mind by some strong controlling influence, and differ according to the image under which is presented. They are all used in a bad sense, except allure, which has sometimes (though rarely) a good one. We are allured by the prospect or offer (usually deceptive) of some future good. We are commonly enticed into evil by appeals to our passions. We are decoyed into danger by false appearances or representations. We are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rectitude. What allures draws by gentle means; what entices leads us by promises and persuasions; what decoys betrays us, as it were, into a snare or net; what seduces deceives us by artful appeals to the passions.

Al•lure´, n. Allurement. [R.] Hayward.

Al•lure´ , n. [F.; aller to go.] Gait; bearing. “The swing, the gait, the pose, the allure of these men.
Harper’s Mag.”

Al•lure´ment , n. 1. The act alluring; temptation; enticement. “Though Adam by his wife’s allurement fell.
Milton.” 2. That which allures; any real or apparent good held forth, or operating, as a motive to action; as the allurements of pleasure, or of honor.

Al•lur´er , n. One who, or that which, allures.

Al•lur´ing, a. That allures; attracting; charming; tempting. — Al•lur´ing•ly, adv. — Al•lur´ing•ness, n.

Al•lu´sion , n. [L. allusio, fr. alludere to allude: cf. F. allusion.] 1. A figurative or symbolical reference. [Obs.] 2. A reference to something supposed to be known, but not explicitly mentioned; a covert indication; indirect reference; a hint.

Al•lu´sive , a. 1. Figurative; symbolical. 2. Having reference to something not fully expressed; containing an allusion.

Al•lu´sive•ly, adv. Figuratively [Obs.]; by way of allusion; by implication, suggestion, or insinuation.

Al•lu´sive•ness, n. The quality of being allusive.

Al•lu´so•ry , a. Allusive. [R.] Warburton.

Al•lu´vi•al , a. [Cf. F. alluvial. See Alluvion.] Pertaining to, contained in, or composed of, alluvium; relating to the deposits made by flowing water; washed away from one place and deposited in another; as alluvial soil, mud, accumulations, deposits.

Al•lu´vi•on , n. [F. alluvion, L. alluvio, fr. alluere to wash against; ad + luere, equiv. to lavare, to wash. See Lave.] 1. Wash or flow of water against the shore or bank. 2. An overflowing; an inundation; a flood. Lyell. 3. Matter deposited by an inundation or the action of flowing water; alluvium. “The golden alluvions are there [in California and Australia] spread over a far wider space: they are found not only on the banks of rivers, and in their beds, but are scattered over the surface of vast plains.
R. Cobden.” 4. (Law) An accession of land gradually washed to the shore or bank by the flowing of water. See Accretion.

Al•lu´vi•ous , n. [L. alluvius. See Alluvion.] Alluvial. [R.] Johnson.

Al•lu´vi•um , n.; pl. E. Alluviums, L. Alluvia . [L., neut. of alluvius. See Alluvious.] (Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not permanently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. Lyell.

All´where , adv. Everywhere. [Archaic]

All´work , n. Domestic or other work of all kinds; as a maid of allwork, that is, a general servant.

Al•ly´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allying.] [OE. alien, OF. alier, F. alier, fr. L. alligare to bind to; ad + ligare to bind. Cf. Alligate, Alloy, Allay, Ligament.] 1. To unite, or form a connection between, as between families by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, league, or confederacy; — often followed by to or with. “O chief! in blood, and now in arms allied.
Pope.” 2. To connect or form a relation between by similitude, resemblance, friendship, or love. “These three did love each other dearly well,
And with so firm affection were allied.
Spenser.” “The virtue nearest to our vice allied.
Pope.” Ally is generally used in the passive form or reflexively.

Al•ly´ , n.; pl. Allies . [See Ally, v.] 1. A relative; a kinsman. [Obs.] Shak. 2. One united to another by treaty or league; — usually applied to sovereigns or states; a confederate. “The English soldiers and their French allies.
Macaulay.” 3. Anything associated with another as a helper; an auxiliary. “Science, instead of being the enemy of religion, becomes its ally.
Buckle.” 4. Anything akin to another by structure, etc.

Al´ly , n. See Alley, a marble or taw.

Al´lyl , n. [L. allium garlic + -yl.] (Chem.) An organic radical, C_3H_5, existing especially in oils of garlic and mustard.

Al´ly•lene , n. (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, C_3H_4, homologous with acetylene; propine.

Al´ma , Al´mah , n. Same as Alme.

Al•ma•can´tar , n. (Astron.) (a) Same as Almucantar. (b) A recently invented instrument for observing the heavenly bodies as they cross a given almacantar circle. See Almucantar. { Al•ma•di´a , Al´ma•die } n. [F. almadie (cf. Sp. & Pg. almadia), fr. Ar. alma’diyah a raft, float.] (Naut.) (a) A bark canoe used by the Africans. (b) A boat used at Calicut, in India, about eighty feet long, and six or seven broad.

Al´ma•gest , n. [F. almageste, LL. almageste, Ar. al-majisti, fr. Gr. (sc. ), the greatest composition.] The celebrated work of Ptolemy of Alexandria, which contains nearly all that is known of the astronomical observations and theories of the ancients. The name was extended to other similar works.

Al•ma´gra , n. [Sp. almagra, almagre, fr. Ar. al-maghrah red clay or earth.] A fine, deep red ocher, somewhat purplish, found in Spain. It is the sil atticum of the ancients. Under the name of Indian red it is used for polishing glass and silver. { Al´main (al´man), Al´mayne (- man), Al´man (-man), } n. [OF. Aleman, F. Allemand, fr. L. Alemanni, ancient Ger. tribes.] [Obs.] 1. A German. Also adj., German. Shak. 2. The German language. J. Foxe. 3. A kind of dance. See Allemande. Almain rivets, Almayne rivets, or Alman rivets, a sort of light armor from Germany, characterized by overlapping plates, arranged to slide on rivets, and thus afford great flexibility.

Al´ma Ma´ter . [L., fostering mother.] A college or seminary where one is educated.

Al´ma•nac ( 277), n. [LL. almanac, almanach: cf. F. almanach, Sp. almanaque, It. almanacco, all of uncertain origin.] A book or table, containing a calendar of days, and months, to which astronomical data and various statistics are often added, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, etc. Nautical almanac, an almanac, or year book, containing astronomical calculations (lunar, stellar, etc.), and other information useful to mariners.

Al´man•dine , n. [LL. almandina, alamandina, for L. alabandina a precious stone, named after Alabanda, a town in Caria, where it was first and chiefly found: cf. F. almandine.] (Min.) The common red variety of garnet. { Al´me , Al´meh } , n. [Ar. ’almah (fem.) learned, fr. ’alama to know: cf. F. almee.] An Egyptian dancing girl; an Alma. “The Almehs lift their arms in dance.
Bayard Taylor.”

Al•men•dron´ , n. [Sp., fr. almendra almond.] The lofty Brazil-nut tree.

Al´mer•y , n. See Ambry. [Obs.]

Alm´esse , n. See Alms. [Obs.] { Al•might´ful , Al•might´i•ful } a. All-powerful; almighty. [Obs.] Udall.

Al•might´i•ly, adv. With almighty power.

Al•might´i•ness, n. Omnipotence; infinite or boundless power; unlimited might. Jer. Taylor.

Al•might´y (al•mit´y), a. [AS. ealmihtig, aelmihtig; eal (OE. al) all + mihtig mighty.] 1. Unlimited in might; omnipotent; all-powerful; irresistible. “I am the Almighty God.
Gen. xvii. 1.” 2. Great; extreme; terrible. [Slang] “Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, — so that he is in an almighty fix.
De Quincey.” The Almighty, the omnipotent God. Rev. i. 8.

Alm´ner , n. An almoner. [Obs.] Spenser.

Alm´ond (ä´mund), n. [OE. almande, almaunde, alemaunde, F. amande, L. amygdala, fr. Gr. ’amygda•lh: cf. Sp. almendra. Cf. Amygdalate.] 1. The fruit of the almond tree. The different kinds, as bitter, sweet, thin-shelled, thick- shelled almonds, and Jordan almonds, are the products of different varieties of the one species, Amygdalus communis, a native of the Mediterranean region and western Asia. 2. The tree that bears the fruit; almond tree. 3. Anything shaped like an almond. Specifically: (Anat.) One of the tonsils. Almond oil, fixed oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds. — Oil of bitter almonds, a poisonous volatile oil obtained from bitter almonds by maceration and distillation; benzoic aldehyde. — Imitation oil of bitter almonds, nitrobenzene. — Almond tree (Bot.), the tree bearing the almond. — Almond willow (Bot.), a willow which has leaves that are of a light green on both sides; almond-leaved willow (Salix amygdalina). Shenstone.

Al´mond fur•nace . [Prob. a corruption of Almain furnace, i. e., German furnace. See Almain.] A kind of furnace used in refining, to separate the metal from cinders and other foreign matter. Chambers.

Al´mon•dine , n. See Almandine

Al´mon•er , n. [OE. aumener, aulmener, OF. almosnier, aumosnier, F. aumônier, fr. OF. almosne, alms, L. eleemosyna. See Alms.] One who distributes alms, esp. the doles and alms of religious houses, almshouses, etc.; also one who dispenses alms for another, as the almoner of a prince, bishop, etc.

Al´mon•er•ship, n. The office of an almoner.

Al´mon•ry , n.; pl. Almonries . [OF. aumosnerie, F. aumônerie, fr. OF. aumosnier. See Almoner.] The place where an almoner resides, or where alms are distributed.

Al´mose , n. Alms. [Obs.] Cheke.

Al´most , adv. [AS. ealmaest, aelmaest, quite the most, almost all; eal (OE. al) all + mst most.] Nearly; well nigh; all but; for the greatest part. “Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.
Acts xxvi. 28.” Almost never, scarcely ever. — Almost nothing, scarcely anything.

Alm´ry , n. See Almonry. [Obs.]

Alms , n. sing. & pl. [OE. almes, almesse, AS. aelmysse, fr. L. eleemosyna, Gr. mercy, charity, alms, fr. to pity. Cf. Almonry, Eleemosynary.] Anything given gratuitously to relieve the poor, as money, food, or clothing; a gift of charity. “A devout man … which gave much alms to the people.
Acts x. 2.” “Alms are but the vehicles of prayer.
Dryden.” Tenure by free alms. See Frankalmoign. Blackstone. This word alms is singular in its form (almesse), and is sometimes so used; as ´asked an alms.´ Acts iii. 3.´Received an alms.´ Shak. It is now, however, commonly a collective or plural noun. It is much used in composition, as almsgiver, almsgiving, alms bag, alms chest, etc.

Alms´deed , n. An act of charity. Acts ix. 36.

Alms´folk , n. Persons supported by alms; almsmen. [Archaic] Holinshed.

Alms´giv•er , n. A giver of alms.

Alms´giv•ing , n. The giving of alms.

Alms´house , n. A house appropriated for the use of the poor; a poorhouse.

Alms´man , n.; fem. Almswoman. 1. A recipient of alms. Shak. 2. A giver of alms. [R.] Halliwell.

Al•mu•can´tar , n. [F. almucantarat, almicantarat, ultimately fr. Ar. al- muqantarat, pl., fr. qantara to bend, arch.] (Astron.) A small circle of the sphere parallel to the horizon; a circle or parallel of altitude. Two stars which have the same almucantar have the same altitude. See Almacantar. [Archaic] Almucanter staff, an ancient instrument, having an arc of fifteen degrees, formerly used at sea to take observations of the sun’s amplitude at the time of its rising or setting, to find the variation of the compass.

Al´muce , n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape.

Al•mude´ , n. [Pg. almude, or Sp. almud, a measure of grain or dry fruit, fr. Ar. al-mudd a dry measure.] A measure for liquids in several countries. In Portugal the Lisbon almude is about 4.4, and the Oporto almude about 6.6, gallons U. S. measure. In Turkey the ´almud´ is about 1.4 gallons. { Al´mug , Al´gum } n. [Heb., perh. borrowed fr. Skr. valguka sandalwood.] (Script.) A tree or wood of the Bible (2 Chron. ii. 8; 1 K. x. 11). Most writers at the present day follow Celsius, who takes it to be the red sandalwood of China and the Indian Archipelago. W. Smith.

Al´nage (al´naj), n., [OF. alnage, aulnage, F. aunage, fr. OF. alne ell, of Ger. origin: cf. OHG. elina, Goth. aleina, cubit. See Ell.] (O. Eng. Law) Measurement (of cloth) by the ell; also a duty for such measurement.

Al´na•ger , n. [See Alnage.] A measure by the ell; formerly a sworn officer in England, whose duty was to inspect and measure woolen cloth, and fix upon it a seal.

Al´oe (al´no), n.; pl. Aloes (-oz). [L. aloë, Gr. ’alo•h, aloe: cf. OF. aloe, F. aloès.] 1. pl. The wood of the agalloch. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. (Bot.) A genus of succulent plants, some classed as trees, others as shrubs, but the greater number having the habit and appearance of evergreen herbaceous plants; from some of which are prepared articles for medicine and the arts. They are natives of warm countries. 3. pl. (Med.) The inspissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purgative. [Plural in form but syntactically singular.] American aloe, Century aloe, the agave. See Agave.

Al´oes wood . See Agalloch.

Al•o•et´ic , a. [Cf. F. aloetique.] Consisting chiefly of aloes; of the nature of aloes.

Al•o•et´ic, n. A medicine containing chiefly aloes.

A•loft´ ( 115), adv. [Pref. a- + loft, which properly meant air. See Loft.] 1. On high; in the air; high above the ground. ´He steers his flight aloft.´ Milton. 2. (Naut.) In the top; at the mast head, or on the higher yards or rigging; overhead; hence (Fig. and Colloq.), in or to heaven.

A•loft´, prep. Above; on top of. [Obs.] “Fresh waters run aloft the sea.
Holland.”

A•lo´gi•an , n. [LL. Alogiani, Alogii, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + word.] (Eccl.) One of an ancient sect who rejected St. John’s Gospel and the Apocalypse, which speak of Christ as the Logos. Shipley.

Al´o•gy , n. [L. alogia, Gr. , fr. ’a priv. + reason.] Unreasonableness; absurdity. [Obs.]

Al´o•in , n. (Chem.) A bitter purgative principle in aloes.

Al´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. , salt + - mancy: cf. F. alomancie, halomancie.] Divination by means of salt. [Spelt also halomancy.] Morin.

A•lone´ , a. [All + one. OE. al one all allone, AS. an one, alone. See All, One, Lone.] 1. Quite by one’s self; apart from, or exclusive of, others; single; solitary; — applied to a person or thing. “Alone on a wide, wide sea.
Coleridge.” “It is not good that the man should be alone.
Gen. ii. 18.” 2. Of or by itself; by themselves; without any thing more or any one else; without a sharer; only. “Man shall not live by bread alone.
Luke iv. 4.” “The citizens alone should be at the expense.
Franklin.” 3. Sole; only; exclusive. [R.] “God, by whose alone power and conversation we all live, and move, and have our being.
Bentley.” 4. Hence; Unique; rare; matchless. Shak. The adjective alone commonly follows its noun. To let or leave alone, to abstain from interfering with or molesting; to suffer to remain in its present state.

A•lone´, adv. Solely; simply; exclusively.

A•lone´ly, adv. Only; merely; singly. [Obs.] “This said spirit was not given alonely unto him, but unto all his heirs and posterity.
Latimer.”

A•lone´ly, a. Exclusive. [Obs.] Fabyan.

A•lone´ness, n. A state of being alone, or without company; solitariness. [R.] Bp. Montagu.

A•long´ ( 115), adv. [OE. along, anlong, AS. andlang, along; pref. and- (akin to OFris. ond-, OHG. ant-, Ger. ent-, Goth. and-, anda-, L. ante, Gr. , Skr. anti, over against) + lang long. See Long.] 1. By the length; in a line with the length; lengthwise. “Some laid along … on spokes of wheels are hung.
Dryden.” 2. In a line, or with a progressive motion; onward; forward. “We will go along by the king’s highway.
Numb. xxi. 22.” “He struck with his o’ertaking wings,
And chased us south along.
Coleridge.” 3. In company; together. “He to England shall along with you.
Shak.” All along, all through the course of; during the whole time; throughout. ´I have all along declared this to be a neutral paper.´ Addison. — To get along, to get on; to make progress, as in business. ´She ’ll get along in heaven better than you or I.´ Mrs. Stowe.

A•long´, prep. By the length of, as distinguished from across. ´Along the lowly lands.´ Dryden. “The kine … went along the highway.
1 Sam. vi. 12.”

A•long´. [AS. gelang owing to.] (Now heard only in the prep. phrase along of.) Along of, Along on, often shortened to Long of, prep. phr., owing to; on account of. [Obs. or Low. Eng.] ´On me is not along thin evil fare.´ Chaucer. ´And all this is long of you.´ Shak. ´This increase of price is all along of the foreigners.´ London Punch.

A•long´shore , adv. Along the shore or coast.

A•long´shore•man , n. See Longshoreman.

A•long´side , adv. Along or by the side; side by side with; — often with of; as bring the boat alongside; alongside of him; alongside of the tree.

A•longst´ ( 115), prep. & adv. [Formed fr. along, like amongst fr. among.] Along. [Obs.]

A•loof´ , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Alewife.

A•loof´, adv. [Pref. a- + loof, fr. D. loef luff, and so meaning, as a nautical word, to the windward. See Loof, Luff.] 1. At or from a distance, but within view, or at a small distance; apart; away. “Our palace stood aloof from streets.
Dryden.” 2. Without sympathy; unfavorably. “To make the Bible as from the hand of God, and then to look at it aloof and with caution, is the worst of all impieties.
I. Taylor.”

A•loof´ , prep. Away from; clear from. [Obs.] “Rivetus … would fain work himself aloof these rocks and quicksands.
Milton.”

A•loof´ness, n. State of being aloof. Rogers (1642). “The … aloofness of his dim forest life.
Thoreau.” { Al•o•pe´ci•a (al•o•pe´shi•a), A•lop´e•cy (a•lop´e•sy), } n. [L. alopecia, Gr. ’alwpeki•a, fr. ’alw•phx fox, because loss of the hair is common among foxes.] (Med.) Loss of the hair; baldness.

A•lop´e•cist , n. A practitioner who tries to prevent or cure baldness.

A•lose´ , v. t. [OE. aloser.] To praise. [Obs.]

A´lose , n. [F., fr. L. alosa or alausa.] (Zoöl.) The European shad (Clupea alosa); — called also allice shad or allis shad. The name is sometimes applied to the American shad (Clupea sapidissima). See Shad.

Al•ou•atte´ , n. [Of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) One of the several species of howling monkeys of South America. See Howler, 2.

A•loud´ , adv. [Pref. a- + loud.] With a loud voice, or great noise; loudly; audibly. “Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice.
Isa. lviii. 1.”

A•low´ , adv. [Pref. a- + low.] Below; in a lower part. ´Aloft, and then alow.´ Dryden.

Alp , n. [L. Alpes the Alps, said to be of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. alp a high mountain, Ir. ailp any huge mass or lump: cf. F. Alpes.] 1. A very high mountain. Specifically, in the plural, the highest chain of mountains in Europe, containing the lofty mountains of Switzerland, etc. “Nor breath of vernal air from snowy alp.
Milton.” “Hills peep o’er hills, and alps on alps arise.
Pope.” 2. Fig.: Something lofty, or massive, or very hard to be surmounted. The plural form Alps is sometimes used as a singular. ´The Alps doth spit.´ Shak.

Alp, n. A bullfinch. Rom. of R.

Al•pac´a , n. [Sp. alpaca, fr. the original Peruvian name of the animal. Cf. Paco.] 1. (Zoöl.) An animal of Peru (Lama paco), having long, fine, wooly hair, supposed by some to be a domesticated variety of the llama. 2. Wool of the alpaca. 3. A thin kind of cloth made of the wooly hair of the alpaca, often mixed with silk or with cotton.

Al´pen , a. Of or pertaining to the Alps. [R.] ´The Alpen snow.´ J. Fletcher.

Al´pen•stock , n. [G.; Alp, gen. pl. Alpen + stock stick.] A long staff, pointed with iron, used in climbing the Alps. Cheever.

Al•pes´trine , a. [L. Alpestris.] Pertaining to the Alps, or other high mountains; as Alpestrine diseases, etc.

Al´pha , n. [L. alpha, Gr. ’a•lfa, from Heb. aleph, name of the first letter in the alphabet, also meaning ox.] The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to A, and hence used to denote the beginning. “In am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.
Rev. xxii. 13.” Formerly used also denote the chief; as Plato was the alpha of the wits. In cataloguing stars, the brightest star of a constellation in designated by Alpha (α); as α Lyrae.

Al´pha•bet , n. [L. alphabetum, fr. Gr. + , the first two Greek letters; Heb. aleph and beth: cf. F. alphabet.] 1. The letters of a language arranged in the customary order; the series of letters or signs which form the elements of written language. 2. The simplest rudiments; elements. “The very alphabet of our law.
Macaulay.” Deaf and dumb alphabet. See Dactylology.

Al´pha•bet, v. t. To designate by the letters of the alphabet; to arrange alphabetically. [R.]

Al•pha•bet•a´ri•an , n. A learner of the alphabet; an abecedarian. Abp. Sancroft. { Al•pha•bet´ic , Al•pha•bet´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. alphabetique.] 1. Pertaining to, furnished with, expressed by, or in the order of, the letters of the alphabet; as alphabetic characters, writing, languages, arrangement. 2. Literal. [Obs.] ´Alphabetical servility.´ Milton.

Al•pha•bet´ic•al•ly, adv. In an alphabetic manner; in the customary order of the letters.

Al•pha•bet´ics , n. The science of representing spoken sounds by letters.

Al´pha•bet•ism , n. The expression of spoken sounds by an alphabet. Encyc. Brit.

Al´pha•bet•ize , v. t. 1. To arrange alphabetically; as to alphabetize a list of words. 2. To furnish with an alphabet.

Al-phit´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. barley meal + -mancy: cf. F. alphitomancie.] Divination by means of barley meal. Knowles.

Al•phon´sine (al•fon´sin), a. Of or relating to Alphonso X., the Wise, King of Castile (1252-1284). Alphonsine tables, astronomical tables prepared under the patronage of Alphonso the Wise. Whewell.

Al´pi•gene (al´pi•jen), a. [L. Alpes Alps + -gen.] Growing in Alpine regions.

Al´pine , a. [L. Alpinus, fr. Alpes the Alps: cf. F. Alpin.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain; as Alpine snows; Alpine plants. 2. Like the Alps; lofty. ´Gazing up an Alpine height.´ Tennyson.

Al´pin•ist , n. A climber of the Alps. { Al´pist , Al´pi•a } n. [F.: cf. Sp. & Pg. alpiste.] The seed of canary grass (Phalaris Canariensis), used for feeding cage birds.

Al´qui•fou , n. [Equiv. to arquifoux, F. alquifoux, Sp. alquifól, fr. the same Arabic word as alcohol. See Alcohol.] A lead ore found in Cornwall, England, and used by potters to give a green glaze to their wares; potter’s ore.

Al•read´y , adv. [All (OE. al) + ready.] Prior to some specified time, either past, present, or future; by this time; previously. ´Joseph was in Egypt already.´ Exod. i. 5. “I say unto you, that Elias is come already.
Matt. xvii. 12.” It has reference to past time, but may be used for a future past; as when you shall arrive, the business will be already completed, or will have been already completed.

Als , adv. 1. Also. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. As. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•sa´tian , a. Pertaining to Alsatia.

Al•sa´tian, n. An inhabitant of Alsatia or Alsace in Germany, or of Alsatia or White Friars (a resort of debtors and criminals) in London.

Al• se´gno . [It., to the mark or sign.] (Mus.) A direction for the performer to return and recommence from the sign .

Al´sike , n. [From Alsike, in Sweden.] A species of clover with pinkish or white flowers; Trifolium hybridum.

Al´so , adv. & conj. [All + so. OE. al so, AS. ealswa, alsw, aelswae; eal, al, ael, all + swa so. See All, So, As.] 1. In like manner; likewise. [Obs.] 2. In addition; besides; as well; further; too. “Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven … for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
Matt. vi. 20.” 3. Even as; as; so. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Also, Likewise, Too. These words are used by way of transition, in leaving one thought and passing to another. Also is the widest term. It denotes that what follows is all so, or entirely like that which preceded, or may be affirmed with the same truth; as ´If you were there, I was there also;´ ´If our situation has some discomforts, it has also many sources of enjoyment.´ Too is simply less formal and pointed than also; it marks the transition with a lighter touch; as ´I was there too;´ ´a courtier yet a patriot too.´ Pope. Likewise denotes literally ´in like manner,´ and hence has been thought by some to be more specific than also. ´It implies,´ says Whately, ´some connection or agreement between the words it unites. We may say, • He is a poet, and likewise a musician; ’ but we should not say, • He is a prince, and likewise a musician,’ because there is no natural connection between these qualities.´ This distinction, however, is often disregarded.

Alt , a. & n. [See Alto.] (Mus.) The higher part of the scale. See Alto. To be in alt, to be in an exalted state of mind.

Al•ta´ian , Al•ta´ic , a. [Cf. F. altaïque.] Of or pertaining to the Altai, a mountain chain in Central Asia.

Al´tar , n. [OE. alter, auter, autier, fr. L. altare, pl. altaria, altar, prob. fr. altus high: cf. OF. alter, autier, F. autel. Cf. Altitude.] 1. A raised structure (as a square or oblong erection of stone or wood) on which sacrifices are offered or incense burned to a deity. “Noah builded an altar unto the Lord.
Gen. viii. 20.” 2. In the Christian church, a construction of stone, wood, or other material for the celebration of the Holy Eucharist; the communion table. Altar is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as altar bread or altar-bread. Altar cloth or Altar-cloth, the cover for an altar in a Christian church, usually richly embroidered. — Altar cushion, a cushion laid upon the altar in a Christian church to support the service book. — Altar frontal. See Frontal. — Altar rail, the railing in front of the altar or communion table. — Altar screen, a wall or partition built behind an altar to protect it from approach in the rear. — Altar tomb, a tomb resembling an altar in shape, etc. — Family altar, place of family devotions. — To lead (as a bride) to the altar, to marry; — said of a woman.

Al´tar•age , n. [Cf. OF. auterage, autelage.] 1. The offerings made upon the altar, or to a church. 2. The profit which accrues to the priest, by reason of the altar, from the small tithes. Shipley.

Al´tar•ist , n. [Cf. LL. altarista, F. altariste.] (Old Law) (a) A chaplain. (b) A vicar of a church.

Al´tar•piece , n. The painting or piece of sculpture above and behind the altar; reredos.

Al´tar•wise , adv. In the proper position of an altar, that is, at the east of a church with its ends towards the north and south. Shipley.

Alt•az´i•muth , n. [Alltude + azimuth.] (Astron.) An instrument for taking azimuths and altitudes simultaneously.

Al´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Altered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Altering.] [F. alterer, LL. alterare, fr. L. alter other, alius other. Cf. Else, Other.] 1. To make otherwise; to change in some respect, either partially or wholly; to vary; to modify. ´To alter the king’s course.´ ´To alter the condition of a man.´ ´No power in Venice can alter a decree.´ Shak. “It gilds all objects, but it alters none.
Pope.” “My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips.
Ps. lxxxix. 34.” 2. To agitate; to affect mentally. [Obs.] Milton. 3. To geld. [Colloq.] Syn. — Change, Alter. Change is generic and the stronger term. It may express a loss of identity, or the substitution of one thing in place of another; alter commonly expresses a partial change, or a change in form or details without destroying identity.

Al´ter, v. i. To become, in some respects, different; to vary; to change; as the weather alters almost daily; rocks or minerals alter by exposure. ´The law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not.´ Dan. vi. 8.

Al•ter•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. alterabilite.] The quality of being alterable; alterableness.

Al´ter•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. alterable.] Capable of being altered. “Our condition in this world is mutable and uncertain, alterable by a thousand accidents.
Rogers.”

Al´ter•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being alterable; variableness; alterability.

Al´ter•a•bly, adv. In an alterable manner.

Al´ter•ant , a. [LL. alterans, p. pr.: cf. F. alterant.] Altering; gradually changing. Bacon.

Al´ter•ant, n. An alterative. [R.] Chambers.

Al•ter•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. alteration.] 1. The act of altering or making different. “Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in it incoveniences.
Hooker.” 2. The state of being altered; a change made in the form or nature of a thing; changed condition. “Ere long might perceive
Strange alteration in me.
Milton.” “Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those who had been slaves; by which, and succeeding alterations, that council degenerated into a most corrupt.
Swift.”

Al´ter•a•tive , a. [L. alterativus: cf. F. alteratif.] Causing ateration. Specifically: Gradually changing, or tending to change, a morbid state of the functions into one of health. Burton.

Al´ter•a•tive, n. A medicine or treatment which gradually induces a change, and restores healthy functions without sensible evacuations.

Al´ter•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Altercated; p. pr. & vb. n. Altercating.] [L. altercatus, p. p. of altercare, altercari, fr. alter another. See Alter.] To contend in words; to dispute with zeal, heat, or anger; to wrangle.

Al•ter•ca´tion ( 277), n. [F. altercation, fr. L. altercatio.] Warm contention in words; dispute carried on with heat or anger; controversy; wrangle; wordy contest. ´Stormy altercations.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Altercation, Dispute, Wrangle. The term dispute is in most cases, but not necessarily, applied to a verbal contest; as a dispute on the lawfulness of war. An altercation is an angry dispute between two parties, involving an interchange of severe language. A wrangle is a confused and noisy altercation. “Their whole life was little else than a perpetual wrangling and altercation.
Hakewill.”

Al´ter•ca•tive , a. Characterized by wrangling; scolding. [R.] Fielding.

Al•ter´i•ty , n. [F. alterite.] The state or quality of being other; a being otherwise. [R.] “For outness is but the feeling of otherness (alterity) rendered intuitive, or alterity visually represented.
Coleridge.”

Al´tern , a. [L. alternus, fr. alter another: cf. F. alterne.] Acting by turns; alternate. Milton. Altern base (Trig.), a second side made base, in distinction from a side previously regarded as base.

Al•ter´na•cy , n. Alternateness; alternation. [R.] Mitford.

Al•ter´nant , a. [L. alternans, p. pr.: cf. F. alternant. See Alternate, v. t.] (Geol.) Composed of alternate layers, as some rocks.

Al•ter´nate ( 277), a. [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternate, fr. alternus. See Altern, Alter.] 1. Being or succeeding by turns; one following the other in succession of time or place; by turns first one and then the other; hence, reciprocal. “And bid alternate passions fall and rise.
Pope.” 2. Designating the members in a series, which regularly intervene between the members of another series, as the odd or even numbers of the numerals; every other; every second; as the alternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. ; read every alternate line. 3. (Bot.) Distributed, as leaves, singly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular divergence. Gray. Alternate alligation. See Alligation. — Alternate angles (Geom.), the internal and angles made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of it. It the parallels AB, CD, are cut by the line EF, the angles AGH, GHD, as also the angles BGH and GHC, are called alternate angles. — Alternate generation. (Biol.) See under Generation.

Al•ter´nate ( 277), n. 1. That which alternates with something else; vicissitude. [R.] “Grateful alternates of substantial.
Prior.” 2. A substitute; one designated to take the place of another, if necessary, in performing some duty. 3. (Math.) A proportion derived from another proportion by interchanging the means.

Al´ter•nate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alternated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alternating.] [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternare. See Altern.] To perform by turns, or in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to interchange regularly. “The most high God, in all things appertaining unto this life, for sundry wise ends alternates the disposition of good and evil.
Grew.”

Al´ter•nate, v. i. 1. To happen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally in place or time; — followed by with; as the flood and ebb tides alternate with each other. “Rage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast.
J. Philips.” “Different species alternating with each other.
Kirwan.” 2. To vary by turns; as the land alternates between rocky hills and sandy plains.

Al•ter´nate•ly , adv. 1. In reciprocal succession; succeeding by turns; in alternate order. 2. (Math.) By alternation; when, in a proportion, the antecedent term is compared with antecedent, and consequent.

Al•ter´nate•ness, n. The quality of being alternate, or of following by turns.

Al•ter•na´tion , n. [L. alternatio: cf. F. alternation.] 1. The reciprocal succession of things in time or place; the act of following and being followed by turns; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence; as the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear. 2. (Math.) Permutation. 3. The response of the congregation speaking alternately with the minister. Mason. Alternation of generation. See under Generation.

Al•ter´na•tive , a. [Cf. F. alternatif.] 1. Offering a choice of two things. 2. Disjunctive; as an alternative conjunction. 3. Alternate; reciprocal. [Obs.] Holland.

Al•ter´na•tive, n. [Cf. F. alternative, LL. alternativa.] 1. An offer of two things, one of which may be chosen, but not both; a choice between two things, so that if one is taken, the other must be left. “There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute destruction or unreformed existence.
Burke.” 2. Either of two things or propositions offered to one’s choice. Thus when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alternatives. “Having to choose between two alternatives, safety and war, you obstinately prefer the worse.
Jowett (Thucyd.).” 3. The course of action or the thing offered in place of another. “If this demand is refused the alternative is war.
Lewis.” “With no alternative but death.
Longfellow.” 4. A choice between more than two things; one of several things offered to choose among. “My decided preference is for the fourth and last of these alternatives.
Gladstone.”

Al•ter´na•tive•ly, adv. In the manner of alternatives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things.

Al•ter´na•tive•ness, n. The quality of being alternative, or of offering a choice between two.

Al•ter´ni•ty , n. [LL. alternitas.] Succession by turns; alternation. [R.] Sir T. Browne. { Al•thae´a , Al•the´a } , n. [althaea, Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Mallow family. It includes the officinal marsh mallow, and the garden hollyhocks. (b) An ornamental shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus) of the Mallow family.

Al•the´ine , n. (Chem.) Asparagine.

Al•tho´ , conj. Although. [Reformed spelling]

Alt´horn , n. [Alt + horn.] (Mus.) An instrument of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in military music, often replacing the French horn. Grove.

Al•though´ , conj. [All + though; OE. al thagh.] Grant all this; be it that; supposing that; notwithstanding; though. “Although all shall be offended, yet will not I.
Mark xiv. 29.” Syn. — Although, Though. Although, which originally was perhaps more emphatic than though, is now interchangeable with it in the sense given above. Euphonic consideration determines the choice.

Al•til´o•quence , n. Lofty speech; pompous language. [R.] Bailey.

Al•til´o•quent , a. [L. altus (adv. alte) high + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] High-sounding; pompous in speech. [R.] Bailey.

Al•tim´e•ter , n. [LL. altimeter; altus high + metrum, Gr. , measure: cf. F. altimètre.] An instrument for taking altitudes, as a quadrant, sextant, etc. Knight.

Al•tim´e•try , n. [Cf. F. altimetrie.] The art of measuring altitudes, or heights.

Al•tin´car , n. See Tincal.

Al´ti•scope , n. [L. altus high + Gr. to view.] An arrangement of lenses and mirrors which enables a person to see an object in spite of intervening objects.

Al•tis´o•nant (al•tis´o•nant), a. [L. altus high + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] High-sounding; lofty or pompous. Skelton.

Al•tis´o•nous (-nus), a. [L. altisonus.] Altisonant.

Al•tis´si•mo , n. [It.; superl. of alto.] (Mus.) The part or notes situated above F in alt.

Al´ti•tude , n. [L. altitudo, fr. altus high. Cf. Altar, Haughty, Enhance.] 1. Space extended upward; height; the perpendicular elevation of an object above its foundation, above the ground, or above a given level, or of one object above another; as the altitude of a mountain, or of a bird above the top of a tree. 2. (Astron.) The elevation of a point, or star, or other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such point and the horizon. It is either true or apparent; true when measured from the rational or real horizon, apparent when from the sensible or apparent horizon. 3. (Geom.) The perpendicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit, or to the side parallel to the base; as the altitude of a triangle, pyramid, parallelogram, frustum, etc. 4. Height of degree; highest point or degree. “He is [proud] even to the altitude of his virtue.
Shak.” 5. Height of rank or excellence; superiority. Swift. 6. pl. Elevation of spirits; heroics; haughty airs. [Colloq.] Richardson. “The man of law began to get into his altitude.
Sir W. Scott.” Meridian altitude, an arc of the meridian intercepted between the south point on the horizon and any point on the meridian. See Meridian, 3.

Al•ti•tu´di•nal , a. Of or pertaining to height; as altitudinal measurements.

Al•ti•tu•di•na´ri•an , a. Lofty in doctrine, aims, etc. [R.] Coleridge.

Al•tiv´o•lant , a. [L. altivolans. See Volant.] Flying high. [Obs.] Blount.

Al´to , n.; pl. Altos . [It. alto high, fr. L. altus. Cf. Alt.] 1. (Mus.) Formerly the part sung by the highest male, or counter-tenor, voices; now the part sung by the lowest female, or contralto, voices, between in tenor and soprano. In instrumental music it now signifies the tenor. 2. An alto singer. Alto clef (Mus.) the counter-tenor clef, or the C clef, placed so that the two strokes include the middle line of the staff. Moore.

Al•to•geth´er (#), adv. [OE. altogedere; al all + togedere together. See Together.] 1. All together; conjointly. [Obs.] “Altogether they went at once.
Chaucer.” 2. Without exception; wholly; completely. “Every man at his best state is altogether vanity.
Ps. xxxix. 5.”

Al•tom´e•ter , n. [L. altus high + -meter.] A theodolite. Knight.

Al´to-re•lie´vo , n. Alto- rilievo.

Al´to-ri•lie•vo , n.; pl. Alto-rilievos . [It.] (Sculp.) High relief; sculptured work in which the figures project more than half their thickness; as this figure is an alto-rilievo or in alto- rilievo. When the figure stands only half out, it is called mezzo- rilievo, demi-rilievo, or medium relief; when its projection is less than one half, basso-rilievo, bas-relief, or low relief.

Al´tri•cal , a. (Zoöl.) Like the articles.

Al•tri´ces , n. pl. [L., nourishes, pl. of altrix.] (Zoöl.) Nursers, — a term applied to those birds whose young are hatched in a very immature and helpless condition, so as to require the care of their parents for some time; — opposed to praecoces.

Al´tru•ism , n. [F. altruisme (a word of Comte’s), It. altrui of or to others, fr. L. alter another.] Regard for others, both natural and moral; devotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness; — opposed to egoism or selfishness. [Recent] J. S. Mill.

Al´tru•ist, n. One imbued with altruism; — opposed to egoist.

Al•tru•is´tic , a. [Cf. F. altruiste, a. See Altruism..] Regardful of others; beneficent; unselfish; — opposed to egoistic or selfish. Bain. — Al•tru•is´tic•al•ly, adv.

Al´u•del , n. [F. & Sp. aludel, fr. Ar. aluthal.] (Chem.) One of the pear-shaped pots open at both ends, and so formed as to be fitted together, the neck of one into the bottom of another in succession; — used in the process of sublimation. Ure.

Al´u•la , n. [NL., dim. of L. ala a wing.] (Zoöl.) A false or bastard wing. See under Bastard.

Al´u•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the alula.

Al´um , n. [OE. alum, alom, OF. alum, F. alun, fr. L. alumen alum.] (Chem.) A double sulphate formed of aluminium and some other element (esp. an alkali metal) or of aluminium. It has twenty-four molecules of water of crystallization. Common alum is the double sulphate of aluminium and potassium. It is white, transparent, very astringent, and crystallizes easily in octahedrons. The term is extended so as to include other double sulphates similar to alum in formula.

Al´um , v. t. To steep in, or otherwise impregnate with, a solution of alum; to treat with alum. Ure.

A•lu´men , n. [L.] (Chem.) Alum.

A•lu´mi•na , n. [L. alumen, aluminis. See Alum.] (Chem.) One of the earths, consisting of two parts of aluminium and three of oxygen, Al_2O_3. It is the oxide of the metal aluminium, the base of aluminous salts, a constituent of a large part of the earthy siliceous minerals, as the feldspars, micas scapolites, etc., and the characterizing ingredient of common clay, in which it exists as an impure silicate with water, resulting from the decomposition of other aluminous minerals. In its natural state, it is the mineral corundum.

A•lu•mi•nate , n. (Chem.) A compound formed from the hydrate of aluminium by the substitution of a metal for the hydrogen.

A•lu´mi•na•ted . a. Combined with alumina.

Al´u•mine (al´u•min), n. [F.] Alumina. Davy.

Al•u•min´ic (al•u•min´il), a. Of or containing aluminium; as aluminic phosphate.

A•lu•mi•nif´er•ous , a. [L. alumen alum + -ferous: cf. F. aluminifère.] Containing alum.

A•lu´mi•ni•form , a. [L. alumen + -form.] Having the form of alumina.

Al•u•min´i•um (al•u•min´i•um), n. [L. alumen. See Alum.] (Chem.) The metallic base of alumina. This metal is white, but with a bluish tinge, and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation, and for its lightness, having a specific gravity of about 2.6. Atomic weight 27.08. Symbol Al. Aluminium bronze or gold, a pale gold-colored alloy of aluminium and copper, used for journal bearings, etc.

A•lu´mi•nize (a•lu•mi•niz), v. t. To treat or impregnate with alum; to alum.

A•lu´mi•nous (a•lu•mi•nus), a. [L. aluminosus, fr. alumen alum: cf. F. alumineux.] Pertaining to or containing alum, or alumina; as aluminous minerals, aluminous solution.

A•lu´mi•num (a•lu•mi•num), n. See Aluminium.

Al´um•ish , a. Somewhat like alum.

A•lum´na , n. fem.; pl. Alumnae . [L. See Alumnus.] A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college.

A•lum´nus , n.; pl. Alumni . [L., fr. alere to nourish.] A pupil; especially, a graduate of a college or other seminary of learning.

Al´um root . (Bot.) A North American herb (Heuchera Americana) of the Saxifrage family, whose root has astringent properties. { Al´um schist´ , Al´um shale´ } (Min.) A variety of shale or clay slate, containing iron pyrites, the decomposition of which leads to the formation of alum, which often effloresces on the rock.

Al´um stone . (Min.) A subsulphate of alumina and potash; alunite.

Al´u•nite , n. (Min.) Alum stone.

A•lu´no•gen , n. [F. alun alum + -gen.] (Min.) A white fibrous mineral frequently found on the walls of mines and quarries, chiefly hydrous sulphate of alumina; — also called feather alum, and hair salt.

Al´ure , n. [OF. alure, aleure, walk, gait, fr. aler (F. aller) to go.] A walk or passage; — applied to passages of various kinds. “The sides of every street were covered with fresh alures of marble.
T. Warton.”

Al´u•ta´ceous , a. [L. alutacius, fr. aluta soft leather.] 1. Leathery. 2. Of a pale brown color; leather-yellow. Brande.

Al•u•ta´tion , n. [See Alutaceous.] The tanning or dressing of leather. [Obs.] Blount.

Al´ve•a•ry , n.; pl. Alvearies . [L. alvearium, alveare, beehive, fr. alveus a hollow vessel, beehive, from alvus belly, beehive.] 1. A beehive, or something resembling a beehive. Barret. 2. (Anat.) The hollow of the external ear. Quincy.

Al´ve•a•ted , a. [L. alveatus hollowed out.] Formed or vaulted like a beehive.

Al´ve•o•lar ( 277), a. [L. alveolus a small hollow or cavity: cf. F. alveolaire.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, alveoli or little cells, sacs, or sockets. Alveolar processes, the processes of the maxillary bones, containing the sockets of the teeth.

Al´ve•o•la•ry , a. Alveolar. [R.]

Al´ve•o•late , a. [L. alveolatus, fr. alveolus.] (Bot.) Deeply pitted, like a honeycomb.

Al´ve•ole , n. Same as Alveolus.

Al•ve´o•li•form (al•ve´o•li•fôrm), a. [L. alveolus + -form.] Having the form of alveoli, or little sockets, cells, or cavities.

Al•ve´o•lus (al•ve´o•lus), n.; pl. Alveoli (-li). [L., a small hollow or cavity, dim. of alveus: cf. F. alveole. See Alveary.] 1. A cell in a honeycomb. 2. (Zoöl.) A small cavity in a coral, shell, or fossil 3. (Anat.) A small depression, sac, or vesicle, as the socket of a tooth, the air cells of the lungs, the ultimate saccules of glands, etc.

Al´ve•us , n.; pl. Alvei . [L.] The channel of a river. Weate.

Al´vine , a. [L. alvus belly: cf. F. alvin.] Of, from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines; as alvine discharges; alvine concretions.

Al´way , adv. Always. [Archaic or Poetic] “I would not live alway.
Job vii. 16.”

Al´ways , adv. [All + way. The s is an adverbial (orig. a genitive) ending.] 1. At all times; ever; perpetually; throughout all time; continually; as God is always the same. “Even in Heaven his [Mammon’s] looks and thoughts.
Milton.” 2. Constancy during a certain period, or regularly at stated intervals; invariably; uniformly; — opposed to sometimes or occasionally. “He always rides a black galloway.
Bulwer.”

A•lys´sum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , name of a plant, perh. fr. ’a priv. + raging madness.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants; madwort. The sweet alyssum (A. maritimum), cultivated for bouquets, bears small, white, sweet-scented flowers.

Am . [AS. am, eom, akin to Gothic im, Icel. em, Olr. am, Lith. esmi, L. sum., Gr. , Zend ahmi, Skr. asmi, fr. a root as to be. . See Are, and cf. Be, Was.] The first person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mode, present tense. See Be. “God said unto Moses, I am that am.
Exod. iii. 14.”

Am•a•bil´i•ty , n. [L. amabilitas.] Lovableness. Jer. Taylor. The New English Dictionary (Murray) says this word is ´usefully distinct from Amiability.´

Am•a•crat´ic , a. [Gr. together + power.] (Photog.) Amasthenic. Sir J. Herschel.

Am•a•da•vat´ , n. [Indian name. From Ahmedabad, a city from which it was imported to Europe.] (Zoöl.) The strawberry finch, a small Indian song bird (Estrelda amandava), commonly caged and kept for fighting. The female is olive brown; the male, in summer, mostly crimson; — called also red waxbill. [Written also amaduvad and avadavat.]

Am´a•dou , n. [F. amadou tinder, prop. lure, bait, fr. amadouer to allure, caress, perh. fr. Icel. mata to feed, which is akin to E. meat.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from fungus (Boletus and Polyporus) which grows on old trees; German tinder; punk. It has been employed as a styptic by surgeons, but its common use is as tinder, for which purpose it is prepared by soaking it in a strong solution of niter. Ure.

A•main´ , adv. [Pref. a- + main. See 2d Main, n.] 1. With might; with full force; vigorously; violently; exceedingly. “They on the hill, which were not yet come to blows, perceiving the fewness of their enemies, came down amain.
Milton.” “That striping giant, ill-bred and scoffing, shouts amain.
T. Parker.” 2. At full speed; in great haste; also at once. ´They fled amain.´ Holinshed.

A•main´, v. t. [F. amener. See Amenable.] (Naut.) To lower, as a sail, a yard, etc.

A•main´, v. i. (Naut.) To lower the topsail, in token of surrender; to yield.

A•mal´gam , n. [F. amalgame, prob. fr. L. malagma, Gr. , emollient, plaster, poultice, fr. to make soft, fr. soft.] 1. An alloy of mercury with another metal or metals; as an amalgam of tin, bismuth, etc. Medalists apply the term to soft alloys generally. 2. A mixture or compound of different things. 3. (Min.) A native compound of mercury and silver.

A•mal´gam, v. t. i. [Cf. F. amalgamer] To amalgamate. Boyle. B. Jonson.

A•mal´ga•ma , n. Same as Amalgam. “They divided this their amalgama into a number of incoherent republics.
Burke.”

A•mal´ga•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amalgamated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amalgamating.] 1. To compound or mix, as quicksilver, with another metal; to unite, combine, or alloy with mercury. 2. To mix, so as to make a uniform compound; to unite or combine; as to amalgamate two races; to amalgamate one race with another. “Ingratitude is indeed their four cardinal virtues compacted and amalgamated into one.
Burke.”

A•mal´ga•mate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam; to blend with another metal, as quicksilver. 2. To coalesce, as a result of growth; to combine into a uniform whole; to blend; as two organs or parts amalgamate. { A•mal´ga•mate , A•mal´ga•ma•ted } a. Coalesced; united; combined.

A•mal•ga•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. amalgamation.] 1. The act or operation of compounding mercury with another metal; — applied particularly to the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by mixing them with mercury. Ure. 2. The mixing or blending of different elements, races, societies, etc.; also the result of such combination or blending; a homogeneous union. Macaulay.

A•mal´ga•ma•tive , a. Characterized by amalgamation.

A•mal´ga•ma•tor , n. One who, or that which, amalgamates. Specifically: A machine for separating precious metals from earthy particles by bringing them in contact with a body of mercury with which they form an amalgam.

A•mal´ga•mize , v. t. To amalgamate. [R.]

A•man´dine , n. [F. amande almond. See Almond.] 1. The vegetable casein of almonds. 2. A kind of cold cream prepared from almonds, for chapped hands, etc.

A•man´i•tine , n. [Gr. a sort of fungus.] The poisonous principle of some fungi.

A•man•u•en´sis , n.; pl. Amanuenses . [L., fr. a, ab + manus hand.] A person whose employment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what another has written.

A•mar´a•cus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] A fragrant flower. Tennyson.

Am´a•rant , n. Amaranth, 1. [Obs.] Milton.

Am•a•ran•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the amaranth is the type.

Am´a•ranth , n. [L. amarantus, Gr. , unfading, amaranth; ’a priv. + to quench, cause to wither, fr. a root meaning to die, akin to E. mortal; — so called because its flowers do not soon wither: cf. F. amarante. The spelling with th seems to be due to confusion with Gr. flower.] 1. An imaginary flower supposed never to fade. [Poetic] 2. (Bot.) A genus of ornamental annual plants (Amaranthus) of many species, with green, purplish, or crimson flowers. 2. A color inclining to purple.

Am•a•ran´thine , a. 1. Of or pertaining to amaranth. ´Amaranthine bowers.´ Pope. 2. Unfading, as the poetic amaranth; undying. “They only amaranthine flower on earth
Is virtue.
Cowper.” 3. Of a purplish color. Buchanan. { Am•a•ran´thus (am•a•ran´thus), Am•a•ran´tus (am•a•ran´tus), } n. Same as Amaranth.

Am´a•rine , n. [L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A characteristic crystalline substance, obtained from oil of bitter almonds.

A•mar´i•tude , n. [L. amaritudo, fr. amarus bitter: cf. OF. amaritude.] Bitterness. [R.] { Am•a•ryl•li•da´ceous , Am•a•ryl•lid´e•ous , } a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants differing from the lily family chiefly in having the ovary below the petals. The narcissus and daffodil are members of this family.

Am•a•ryl´lis , n. [L. Amaryllis, Gr. , , the name of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.] 1. A pastoral sweetheart. “To sport with Amaryllis in the shade.
Milton.” 2. (bot.) (a) A family of plants much esteemed for their beauty, including the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, agave, and others. (b) A genus of the same family, including the Belladonna lily.

A•mass´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amassed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amassing.] [F. ambusher, LL. amassare; L. ad + massa lump, mass. See Mass.] To collect into a mass or heap; to gather a great quantity of; to accumulate; as to amass a treasure or a fortune; to amass words or phrases. “The life of Homer has been written by amassing all the traditions and hints the writers could meet with.
Pope.” Syn. — To accumulate; heap up; pile.

A•mass´, n. [OF. amasse, fr. ambusher.] A mass; a heap. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

A•mass´a•ble , a. Capable of being amassed.

A•mass´er , n. One who amasses.

A•mas•sette´ , n. [F. See Amass.] An instrument of horn used for collecting painters’ colors on the stone in the process of grinding.

A•mass´ment , n. [Cf. OF. amassement.] An amassing; a heap collected; a large quantity or number brought together; an accumulation. “An amassment of imaginary conceptions.
Glanvill.”

Am•as•then´ic , a. [Gr. together + force.] (Photog.) Uniting the chemical rays of light into one focus, as a certain kind of lens; amacratic.

A•mate´ , v. t. [OF. amater, amatir.] To dismay; to dishearten; to daunt. [Obs. or Archaic] “The Silures, to amate the new general, rumored the overthrow greater than was true.
Milton.”

A•mate´, v. t. [Pref. a- + mate.] To be a mate to; to match. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am•a•teur´ , n. [F., fr. L. amator lover, fr. amare to love.] A person attached to a particular pursuit, study, or science as to music or painting; esp. one who cultivates any study or art, from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.

Am•a•teur´ish, a. In the style of an amateur; superficial or defective like the work of an amateur. — Am•a•teur´ish•ly, adv. — Am•a•teur´ish•ness, n.

Am´a•teur•ism , n. The practice, habit, or work of an amateur.

Am´a•teur•ship, n. The quality or character of an amateur.

Am´a•tive , a. [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to love.] Full of love; amatory.

Am´a•tive•ness, n. (Phren.) The faculty supposed to influence sexual desire; propensity to love. Combe.

Am•a•to´ri•al , a. [See Amatorious.] Of or pertaining to a lover or to love making; amatory; as amatorial verses.

Am•a•to´ri•al•ly, adv. In an amatorial manner.

Am•a•to´ri•an , a. Amatory. [R.] Johnson.

Am•a•to´ri•ous , a. [L. amatorius, fr. amare to love.] Amatory. [Obs.] ´Amatorious poem.´ Milton.

Am´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, producing, or expressing, sexual love; as amatory potions.

Am•au•ro´sis , n. [Gr. , fr. dark, dim.] (Med.) A loss or decay of sight, from loss of power in the optic nerve, without any perceptible external change in the eye; — called also gutta serena, the ´drop serene´ of Milton.

Am•au•rot´ic , a. Affected with amaurosis; having the characteristics of amaurosis.

A•maze´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amazing.] [Pref. a- + maze.] 1. To bewilder; to stupefy; to bring into a maze. [Obs.] “A labyrinth to amaze his foes.
Shak.” 2. To confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise; to overwhelm with wonder; to astound; to astonish greatly. ´Amazing Europe with her wit.´ Goldsmith. “And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David?
Matt. xii. 23.” Syn. — To astonish; astound; confound; bewilder; perplex; surprise. — Amaze, Astonish. Amazement includes the notion of bewilderment of difficulty accompanied by surprise. It expresses a state in which one does not know what to do, or to say, or to think. Hence we are amazed at what we can not in the least account for. Astonishment also implies surprise. It expresses a state in which one is stunned by the vastness or greatness of something, or struck with some degree of horror, as when one is overpowered by the normity of an act, etc.

A•maze´, v. i. To be astounded. [Archaic] B. Taylor.

A•maze´, v. t. Bewilderment, arising from fear, surprise, or wonder; amazement. [Chiefly poetic] “The wild, bewildered
Of one to stone converted by amaze.
Byron.”

A•maz´ed•ly , adv. In amazement; with confusion or astonishment. Shak.

A•maz´ed•ness, n. The state of being amazed, or confounded with fear, surprise, or wonder. Bp. Hall.

A•maze´ful , a. Full of amazement. [R.]

A•maze´ment , n. 1. The condition of being amazed; bewilderment [Obs.]; overwhelming wonder, as from surprise, sudden fear, horror, or admiration. “His words impression left
Of much amazement.
Milton.” 2. Frenzy; madness. [Obs.] Webster (1661).

A•maz´ing , a. Causing amazement; very wonderful; as amazing grace. — A•maz´ing•ly, adv.

Am´a•zon , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. One of a fabulous race of female warriors in Scythia; hence, a female warrior. 2. A tall, strong, masculine woman; a virago. 3. (Zoöl.) A name numerous species of South American parrots of the genus Chrysotis Amazon ant (Zoöl.), a species of ant (Polyergus rufescens), of Europe and America. They seize by conquest the larvae and nymphs of other species and make slaves of them in their own nests.

Am•a•zo´ni•an , a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an Amazon; of masculine manners; warlike. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the river Amazon in South America, or to its valley. { Am´a•zon•ite , Am´a•zon stone• } n. [Named from the river Amazon.] (Min.) A variety of feldspar, having a verdigris-green color.

Amb- , Am•bi-. [L. prefix ambi-, amb-, akin to Gr. , Skr. abhi, AS. embe, emb, OHG. umbi, umpi, G. um, and also L. ambo both. Cf. Amphi-, Both, By.] A prefix meaning about, around; — used in words derived from the Latin.

Am•ba´ges , n. pl. [L. (usually in pl.); pref. ambi-, amb- + agere to drive: cf. F. ambage.] A circuit; a winding. Hence: Circuitous way or proceeding; quibble; circumlocution; indirect mode of speech. “After many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is.
Burton.”

Am•bag´i•nous , a. Ambagious. [R.]

Am•ba´gious , a. [L. ambagiosus.] Circumlocutory; circuitous. [R.]

Am•bag´i•to•ry , a. Ambagious. [R.]

Am´bas•sade , Em´bas•sade , n. [F. ambassade. See Embassy.] 1. The mission of an ambassador. [Obs.] Carew. 2. An embassy. [Obs.] Strype.

Am•bas´sa•dor , Em•bas´sa•dor , n. [See Embassador.] 1. A minister of the highest rank sent to a foreign court to represent there his sovereign or country. Ambassadors are either ordinary [or resident] or extraordinary, that is, sent upon some special or unusual occasion or errand. Abbott. 2. An official messenger and representative.

Am•bas•sa•do´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an ambassador. H. Walpole.

Am•bas•sa•dor•ship , n. The state, office, or functions of an ambassador.

Am•bas´sa•dress , n. A female ambassador; also the wife of an ambassador. Prescott.

Am´bas•sage , n. Same as Embassage. [Obs. or R.] Luke xiv. 32.

Am´bas•sy , n. See Embassy, the usual spelling. Helps.

Am´ber, n. [OE. aumbre, F. ambre, Sp. ámbar, and with the Ar. article, alámbar, fr. Ar. ’anbar ambergris.] 1. (Min.) A yellowish translucent resin resembling copal, found as a fossil in alluvial soils, with beds of lignite, or on the seashore in many places. It takes a fine polish, and is used for pipe mouthpieces, beads, etc., and as a basis for a fine varnish. By friction, it becomes strongly electric. 2. Amber color, or anything amber-colored; a clear light yellow; as the amber of the sky. 3. Ambergris. [Obs.] “You that smell of amber at my charge.
Beau. & Fl.” 4. The balsam, liquidambar. Black amber, and old and popular name for jet.

Am´ber, a. 1. Consisting of amber; made of amber. ´Amber bracelets.´ Shak. 2. Resembling amber, especially in color; amber- colored. ´The amber morn.´ Tennyson.

Am´ber, v. t. [p. p. & p. a. Ambered .] 1. To scent or flavor with ambergris; as ambered wine. 2. To preserve in amber; as an ambered fly.

Am´ber fish . (Zoöl.) A fish of the southern Atlantic coast (Seriola Carolinensis.)

Am´ber•grease , n. See Ambergris.

Am´ber•gris , n. [F. ambre gris, i. e., gray amber; F. gris gray, which is of German origin: cf. OS. grîs, G. greis, gray-haired. See Amber.] A substance of the consistence of wax, found floating in the Indian Ocean and other parts of the tropics, and also as a morbid secretion in the intestines of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which is believed to be in all cases its true origin. In color it is white, ash- gray, yellow, or black, and often variegated like marble. The floating masses are sometimes from sixty to two hundred and twenty-five pounds in weight. It is wholly volatilized as a white vapor at 212° Fahrenheit, and is highly valued in perfumery. Dana.

Am´ber room A room formerly in the Czar’s Summer Palace in Russia, which was richly decorated with walls and fixtures made from amber. The amber was removed by occupying German troops during the Second World War and has as of 1997, never been recovered. The room is being recreated from old photographs by Russian artisans. PJC

Am´ber seed . Seed of the Hibiscus abelmoschus, somewhat resembling millet, brought from Egypt and the West Indies, and having a flavor like that of musk; musk seed. Chambers.

Am´ber tree . A species of Anthospermum, a shrub with evergreen leaves, which, when bruised, emit a fragrant odor.

Ambes´-as , n. Ambs-ace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Am´bi•dex´ter , a. [LL., fr. L. ambo both + dexter right, dextra (sc. manus) the right hand.] Using both hands with equal ease. Smollett.

Am•bi•dex´ter, n. 1. A person who uses both hands with equal facility. 2. Hence: A double-dealer; one equally ready to act on either side in party disputes. “The rest are hypocrites, ambidexters, so many turning pictures — a lion on one side, a lamb on the other.
Burton.” 3. (Law) A juror who takes money from both parties for giving his verdict. Cowell.

Am´bi•dex•ter´i•ty , n. 1. The quality of being ambidextrous; the faculty of using both hands with equal facility. Hence: Versatility; general readiness; as ambidexterity of argumentation. Sterne. “Ignorant I was of the human frame, and of its latent powers, as regarded speed, force, and ambidexterity.
De Quincey.” 2. Double-dealing. (Law) A juror’s taking of money from the both parties for a verdict.

Am•bi•dex´tral , a. Pertaining equally to the right-hand side and the left-hand side. Earle.

Am•bi•dex´trous , a. 1. Having the faculty of using both hands with equal ease. Sir T. Browne. 2. Practicing or siding with both parties. “All false, shuffling, and ambidextrous dealings.
L’Estrange.”

Am´bi•dex´trous•ly, adv. In an ambidextrous manner; cunningly.

Am•bi•dex´trous•ness , n. The quality of being ambidextrous; ambidexterity.

Am´bi•ent , a. [L. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire to go around; amb- + ire to go.] Encompassing on all sides; circumfused; investing. ´Ambient air.´ Milton. ´Ambient clouds.´ Pope.

Am´bi•ent, n. Something that surrounds or invests; as air … being a perpetual ambient. Sir H. Wotton.

Am•big´e•nous , a. [L. ambo both + genus kind.] Of two kinds. (Bot.) Partaking of two natures, as the perianth of some endogenous plants, where the outer surface is calycine, and the inner petaloid.

Am´bi•gu , n. [F., fr. ambigu doubtful, L. ambiquus. See Ambiguous.] An entertainment at which a medley of dishes is set on at the same time.

Am•bi•gu´i•ty , n.; pl. Ambiguities . [L. ambiguitas, fr. ambiguus: cf. F. ambiguite.] The quality or state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or uncertainty, particularly as to the signification of language, arising from its admitting of more than one meaning; an equivocal word or expression. “No shadow of ambiguity can rest upon the course to be pursued.
I. Taylor.” “The words are of single signification, without any ambiguity.
South.”

Am•big´u•ous , a. [L. ambiguus, fr. ambigere to wander about, waver; amb- + agere to drive.] Doubtful or uncertain, particularly in respect to signification; capable of being understood in either of two or more possible senses; equivocal; as an ambiguous course; an ambiguous expression. “What have been thy answers? What but dark,
Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding?
Milton.” Syn. — Doubtful; dubious; uncertain; unsettled; indistinct; indeterminate; indefinite. See Equivocal.

Am•big´u•ous•ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner; with doubtful meaning.

Am•big´u•ous•ness, n. Ambiguity.

Am•bi•le´vous , a. [L. ambo both + laevus left.] Left-handed on both sides; clumsy; — opposed to ambidexter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Am•bil´o•quy , n. Doubtful or ambiguous language. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am•bip´a•rous , a. [L. ambo both + parere to bring forth.] (Bot.) Characterized by containing the rudiments of both flowers and leaves; — applied to a bud.

Am´bit , n. [L. ambitus circuit, fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient.] Circuit or compass. “His great parts did not live within a small ambit.
Milward.”

Am•bi´tion , n. [F. ambition, L. ambitio a going around, especially of candidates for office is Rome, to solicit votes (hence, desire for office or honor fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient, Issue.] 1. The act of going about to solicit or obtain an office, or any other object of desire; canvassing. [Obs.] “[I] used no ambition to commend my deeds.
Milton.” 2. An eager, and sometimes an inordinate, desire for preferment, honor, superiority, power, or the attainment of something. “Cromwell, I charge thee, fling a way ambition:
By that sin fell the angels.
Shak.” “The pitiful ambition of possessing five or six thousand more acres.
Burke.”

Am•bi´tion, v. t. [Cf. F. ambitionner.] To seek after ambitiously or eagerly; to covet. [R.] “Pausanias ambitioning the sovereignty of Greece, bargains with Xerxes for his daughter in marriage.
Trumbull.”

Am•bi´tion•ist, n. One excessively ambitious. [R.]

Am•bi´tion•less, a. Devoid of ambition. Pollok.

Am•bi´tious , a. [L. ambitiosus: cf. F. ambitieux. See Ambition.] 1. Possessing, or controlled by, ambition; greatly or inordinately desirous of power, honor, office, superiority, or distinction. “Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,
And Brutus is an honorable man.
Shak.” 2. Strongly desirous; — followed by of or the infinitive; as ambitious to be or to do something. “I was not ambitious of seeing this ceremony.
Evelyn.” “Studious of song, and yet ambitious not to sing in vain.
Cowper.” 3. Springing from, characterized by, or indicating, ambition; showy; aspiring; as an ambitious style. “A giant statue …
Pushed by a wild and artless race,
From off wide, ambitious base.
Collins.”

Am•bi´tious•ly, adv. In an ambitious manner.

Am•bi´tious•ness (am•bish´us•nes), n. The quality of being ambitious; ambition; pretentiousness.

Am´bi•tus (am´bi•tus), n. [L. See Ambit, Ambition.] 1. The exterior edge or border of a thing, as the border of a leaf, or the outline of a bivalve shell. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A canvassing for votes.

Am´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ambled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambling .] [F. ambler to amble, fr. L. ambulare to walk, in LL., to amble, perh. fr. amb-, ambi-, and a root meaning to go: cf. Gr. to go, E. base. Cf. Ambulate.] 1. To go at the easy gait called an amble; — applied to the horse or to its rider. 2. To move somewhat like an ambling horse; to go easily or without hard shocks. “The skipping king, he ambled up and down.
Shak.” “Sir, your wit ambles well; it goes easily.
Shak.”

Am´ble, n. 1. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both legs on the same side are moved at the same time, alternating with the legs on the other side. ´A fine easy amble.´ B. Jonson. 2. A movement like the amble of a horse.

Am´bler , n. A horse or a person that ambles.

Am´bling•ly, adv. With an ambling gait.

Am•blot´ic , a. [Gr. , , fr. an abortion.] Tending to cause abortion.

Am´bly•gon , n. [Gr. obtuse + angle: cf. F. amblygone.] (Geom.) An obtuse-angled figure, esp. and obtuse-angled triangle. [Obs.]

Am•blyg´o•nal , a. Obtuse- angled. [Obs.] Hutton. { Am•bly•o´pi•a , Am´bly•o•py } n. [Gr. ; blunt, dim + eye: cf. F. amblyopie.] (Med.) Weakness of sight, without and opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of the eye; the first degree of amaurosis.

Am´bly•op´ic , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amblyopy. Quain.

Am•blyp´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. blunt + , , foot.] (Paleon.) A group of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the Tertiary formation of the United States.

Am´bo , n.; pl. Ambos . [LL. ambo, Gr. , any rising, a raised stage, pulpit: cf. F. ambon.] A large pulpit or reading desk, in the early Christian churches. Gwilt.

Am´bon , n. Same as Ambo.

Am•boy´na wood . A beautiful mottled and curled wood, used in cabinetwork. It is obtained from the Pterocarpus Indicus of Amboyna, Borneo, etc.

Am´bre•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of ambreic acid with a base or positive radical.

Am•bre´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to ambrein; — said of a certain acid produced by digesting ambrein in nitric acid.

Am´bre•in , n. [Cf. F. ambreine. See Amber.] (Chem.) A fragrant substance which is the chief constituent of ambergris.

Am´brite , n. [From amber.] A fossil resin occurring in large masses in New Zealand.

Am´brose , n. A sweet-scented herb; ambrosia. See Ambrosia, 3. Turner.

Am•bro´sia ( 277), n. [L. ambrosia, Gr. , properly fem. of , fr. immortal, divine; ’a priv. + mortal (because it was supposed to confer immortality on those who partook of it). stands for , akin to Skr. mrita, L. mortuus, dead, and to E. mortal.] 1. (Myth.) (a) The fabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality upon those who partook of it. (b) An unguent of the gods. “His dewy locks distilled ambrosia.
Milton.” 2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught; something very pleasing to the taste or smell. Spenser. 3. Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant; now (Bot.), a genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc.

Am´bro´si•ac , a. [L. ambrosiacus: cf. F. ambrosiaque.] Having the qualities of ambrosia; delicious. [R.]´Ambrosiac odors.´ B. Jonson.

Am•bro´sial , a. [L. ambrosius, Gr. .] 1. Consisting of, or partaking of the nature of, ambrosia; delighting the taste or smell; delicious. ´Ambrosial food.´ ´Ambrosial fragrance.´ Milton. 2. Divinely excellent or beautiful. ´Shakes his ambrosial curls.´ Pope.

Am•bro´sial•ly, adv. After the manner of ambrosia; delightfully. ´Smelt ambrosially.´ Tennyson.

Am•bro´sian , a. Ambrosial. [R.] . Jonson.

Am•bro´sian, a. Of or pertaining to St. Ambrose; as the Ambrosian office, or ritual, a formula of worship in the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose. Ambrosian chant, the mode of signing or chanting introduced by St. Ambrose in the 4th century.

Am´bro•sin , n. [LL. Ambrosinus nummus.] An early coin struck by the dukes of Milan, and bearing the figure of St. Ambrose on horseback.

Am´bro•type (-tip), n. [Gr. ’a•mbrotos immortal + -type.] (Photog.) A picture taken on a plate of prepared glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and the shades are produced by a dark background visible through the unsilvered portions of the glass.

Am´bry , n.; pl. Ambries . [OE. aumbry, almery, OF. almarie, armarie, aumaire, F. armoire, LL. armarium chest, cupboard, orig. a repository for arms, fr. L. arama arms. The word has been confused with almonry. See Armory.] 1. In churches, a kind of closet, niche, cupboard, or locker for utensils, vestments, etc. 2. A store closet, as a pantry, cupboard, etc. 3. Almonry. [Improperly so used]

Ambs´-ace , n. [OF. ambesas; ambes both (fr. L. ambo) + as ace. See Ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw of all at dice. Hence: Bad luck; anything of no account or value.

Am•bu•la´cral , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to ambulacra; avenuelike; as the ambulacral ossicles, plates, spines, and suckers of echinoderms.

Am•bu•la´cri•form , a. [Ambulacrum + -form] (Zoöl.) Having the form of ambulacra.

Am•bu•la´crum , n.; pl. Ambulacra . [L., an alley or covered way.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radical zones of echinoderms, along which run the principal nerves, blood vessels, and water tubes. These zones usually bear rows of locomotive suckers or tentacles, which protrude from regular pores. In star fishes they occupy the grooves along the under side of the rays. (b) One of the suckers on the feet of mites.

Am´bu•lance , n. [F. ambulance, hôpital ambulant, fr. L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] (Mil.) (a) A field hospital, so organized as to follow an army in its movements, and intended to succor the wounded as soon as possible. Often used adjectively; as an ambulance wagon; ambulance stretcher; ambulance corps. (b) An ambulance wagon or cart for conveying the wounded from the field, or to a hospital.

Am´bu•lant , a. [L. ambulans, p. pr. of ambulare to walk: cf. F. ambulant.] Walking; moving from place to place. Gayton.

Am´bu•late , v. i. [L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] To walk; to move about. [R.] Southey.

Am•bu•la´tion , n. [L. ambulatio.] The act of walking. Sir T. Browne.

Am´bu•la•tive , a. Walking. [R.]

Am´bu•la•tor , n. 1. One who walks about; a walker. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A beetle of the genus Lamia. (b) A genus of birds, or one of this genus. 3. An instrument for measuring distances; — called also perambulator. Knight.

Am•bu•la•to´ri•al , a. Ambulatory; fitted for walking. Verrill.

Am´bu•la•to•ry , a. [L. ambulatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to walking; having the faculty of walking; formed or fitted for walking; as an ambulatory animal. 2. Accustomed to move from place to place; not stationary; movable; as an ambulatory court, which exercises its jurisdiction in different places. “The priesthood … before was very ambulatory, and dispersed into all families.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Pertaining to a walk. [R.] “The princess of whom his majesty had an ambulatory view in his travels.
Sir H. Wotton.” 4. (Law) Not yet fixed legally, or settled past alteration; alterable; as the dispositions of a will are ambulatory until the death of the testator.

Am´bu•la•to•ry, n.; pl. Ambulatories . [Cf. LL. ambulatorium.] (Arch.) A place to walk in, whether in the open air, as the gallery of a cloister, or within a building.

Am´bur•ry , n. Same as Anbury.

Am•bus•cade´ , n. [F. embuscade, fr. It. imboscata, or Sp. emboscada, fr. emboscar to ambush, fr. LL. imboscare. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise. Hence: A lying in wait, and concealed in any situation, for a like purpose; a snare laid for an enemy; an ambush. 2. A place in which troops lie hid, to attack an enemy unexpectedly. [R.] Dryden. 3. (Mil.) The body of troops lying in ambush.

Am•bus•cade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambuscaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambuscading .] 1. To post or conceal in ambush; to ambush. 2. To lie in wait for, or to attack from a covert or lurking place; to waylay.

Am•bus•cade´, v. i. To lie in ambush.

Am•bus•ca´do , n. Ambuscade. [Obs.] Shak.

Am•bus•ca´doed , p. p. Posted in ambush; ambuscaded. [Obs.]

Am´bush (am´boosh), n. [F. embûche, fr. the verb. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A disposition or arrangement of troops for attacking an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. Hence: Unseen peril; a device to entrap; a snare. “Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege
Or ambush from the deep.
Milton.” 2. A concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise. “Bold in close ambush, base in open field.
Dryden.” 3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for attacking by surprise; liers in wait. [Obs.] “The ambush arose quickly out of their place.
Josh. viii. 19.” To lay an ambush, to post a force in ambush.

Am´bush (am´boosh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambushed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambushing.] [OE. enbussen, enbushen, OF. embushier, embuissier, F. embûcher, embusquer, fr. LL. imboscare; in + LL. boscus, buscus, a wood; akin to G. bush, E. bush. See Ambuscade, Bush.] 1. To station in ambush with a view to surprise an enemy. “By ambushed men behind their temple laid,
We have the king of Mexico betrayed.
Dryden.” 2. To attack by ambush; to waylay.

Am´bush, v. i. To lie in wait, for the purpose of attacking by surprise; to lurk. “Nor saw the snake that ambushed for his prey.
Trumbull.”

Am´bush•er , n. One lying in ambush.

Am´bush•ment , n. [OF. embuschement. See Ambush, v. t.] An ambush. [Obs.] 2 Chron. xiii. 13.

Am•bus´tion ( 106), n. [L. ambustio.] (Med.) A burn or scald. Blount.

Am•e•be´an , a. (Zoöl.) See Ambean.

A•meer´ , A•mir´ , n. [See Emir.] 1. Emir. [Obs.] 2. One of the Mohammedan nobility of Afghanistan and Scinde.

Am´el , n. [OE. amell, OF. esmail, F. email, of German origin; cf. OHG. smelzi, G. schmelz. See Smelt, v. t.] Enamel. [Obs.] Boyle.

Am´el, v. t. [OE. amellen, OF. esmailler, F. emailler, OF. esmail, F. email.] To enamel. [Obs.] “Enlightened all with stars,
And richly ameled.
Chapman.”

Am´el•corn , n. [Ger. amelkorn: cf. MHG. amel, amer, spelt, and L. amylum starch, Gr. .] A variety of wheat from which starch is produced; — called also French rice.

A•mel´io•ra•ble , a. Capable of being ameliorated.

A•mel´io•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ameliorated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ameliorating.] [L. ad + meliorare to make better: cf. F. ameliorer. See Meliorate.] To make better; to improve; to meliorate. “In every human being there is a wish to ameliorate his own condition.
Macaulay.”

A•mel´io•rate, v. i. To grow better; to meliorate; as wine ameliorates by age.

A•mel•io•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. amelioration.] The act of ameliorating, or the state of being ameliorated; making or becoming better; improvement; melioration. ´Amelioration of human affairs.´ J. S. Mill.

A•mel´io•ra•tive , a. Tending to ameliorate; producing amelioration or improvement; as ameliorative remedies, efforts.

A•mel´io•ra•tor , n. One who ameliorates.

A•men´ ( 277), interj., adv., & n. [L. amen, Gr. ’amh•n, Heb. amen certainly, truly.] An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces a declaration, it is equivalent to truly, verily. It is used as a noun, to denote: (a) concurrence in belief, or in a statement; assent; (b) the final word or act; (c) Christ as being one who is true and faithful. “And let all the people say, Amen.
Ps. cvi. 48.” “Amen, amen, I say to thee, except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God.
John ii. 3. Rhemish Trans.” To say amen to, to approve warmly; to concur in heartily or emphatically; to ratify; as I say Amen to all.

A•men´, v. t. To say Amen to; to sanction fully.

A•me•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being amenable; amenableness. Coleridge.

A•me´na•ble , a. [F. amener to lead; (L. ad) = mener to lead, fr. L. minare to drive animals (properly by threatening cries), in LL. to lead; L. minari, to threaten, minae threats. See Menace.] 1. (Old Law) Easy to be led; governable, as a woman by her husband. [Obs.] Jacob. 2. Liable to be brought to account or punishment; answerable; responsible; accountable; as amenable to law. “Nor is man too diminutive … to be amenable to the divine government.
I. Taylor.” 3. Liable to punishment, a charge, a claim, etc. 4. Willing to yield or submit; responsive; tractable. “Sterling … always was amenable enough to counsel.
Carlyle.”

A•me´na•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being amenable; liability to answer charges; answerableness.

A•me´na•bly, adv. In an amenable manner.

Am´e•nage , v. t. [OF. amesnagier. See Manage.] To manage. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am´e•nance , n. [OF. See Amenable.] Behavior; bearing. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•mend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amended; p. pr. & vb. n. Amending.] [F. amender, L. emendare; e (ex) + mendum, menda, fault, akin to Skr. minda personal defect. Cf. Emend, Mend.] To change or modify in any way for the better; as (a) by simply removing what is erroneous, corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the like; (b) by supplying deficiencies; (c) by substituting something else in the place of what is removed; to rectify. “Mar not the thing that can not be amended.
Shak.” “An instant emergency, granting no possibility for revision, or opening for amended thought.
De Quincey.” “We shall cheer her sorrows, and amend her blood, by wedding her to a Norman.
Sir W. Scott.” To amend a bill, to make some change in the details or provisions of a bill or measure while on its passage, professedly for its improvement. Syn. — To Amend, Emend, Correct, Reform, Rectify. These words agree in the idea of bringing things into a more perfect state. We correct (literally, make straight) when we conform things to some standard or rule; as to correct proof sheets. We amend by removing blemishes, faults, or errors, and thus rendering a thing more a nearly perfect; as to amend our ways, to amend a text, the draft of a bill, etc. Emend is only another form of amend, and is applied chiefly to editions of books, etc. To reform is literally to form over again, or put into a new and better form; as to reform one’s life. To rectify is to make right; as to rectify a mistake, to rectify abuses, inadvertencies, etc.

A•mend´ (a•mend´), v. i. To grow better by rectifying something wrong in manners or morals; to improve. ´My fortune … amends.´ Sir P. Sidney.

A•mend´a•ble , a. Capable of being amended; as an amendable writ or error. — A•mend´a•ble•ness, n.

A•mend´a•to•ry , a. Supplying amendment; corrective; emendatory. Bancroft.

A•mende´ , n. [F. See Amend.] A pecuniary punishment or fine; a reparation or recantation. Amende honorable . (Old French Law) A species of infamous punishment in which the offender, being led into court with a rope about his neck, and a lighted torch in his hand, begged pardon of his God, the court, etc. In popular language, the phrase now denotes a public apology or recantation, and reparation to an injured party, for improper language or treatment.

A•mend´er , n. One who amends.

A•mend´ful , a. Much improving. [Obs.]

A•mend´ment , n. [F. amendement, LL. amendamentum.] 1. An alteration or change for the better; correction of a fault or of faults; reformation of life by quitting vices. 2. In public bodies; Any alternation made or proposed to be made in a bill or motion by adding, changing, substituting, or omitting. 3. (Law) Correction of an error in a writ or process. Syn. — Improvement; reformation; emendation.

A•mends´ , n. sing. & pl. [F. amendes, pl. of amende. Cf. Amende.] Compensation for a loss or injury; recompense; reparation. [Now const. with sing. verb.] ´An honorable amends.´ Addison. “Yet thus far fortune maketh us amends.
Shak.”

A•men´i•ty , n.; pl. Amenities . [F. amenite, L. amoenitas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] The quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition; pleasantness; civility; suavity; gentleness. “A sweetness and amenity of temper.
Buckle.” “This climate has not seduced by its amenities.
W. Howitt.”

A•men•or•rhœ´a , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + month + to flow: cf. F. amenorrhee.] (Med.) Retention or suppression of the menstrual discharge.

A•men•or•rhœ´al , a. Pertaining to amenorrhœa.

A men´sa et tho´ro . [L., from board and bed.] (Law) A kind of divorce which does not dissolve the marriage bond, but merely authorizes a separate life of the husband and wife. Abbott.

Am´ent , n. [L. amentum thong or strap.] (Bot.) A species of inflorescence; a catkin. “The globular ament of a buttonwood.
Coues.”

Am•en•ta´ceous , a. [LL. amentaceus.] (Bot.) (a) Resembling, or consisting of, an ament or aments; as the chestnut has an amentaceous inflorescence. (b) Bearing aments; having flowers arranged in aments; as amentaceous plants.

A•men´ti•a , n. [L.] (Med.) Imbecility; total want of understanding.

Am•en•tif´er•ous , a. [L. amentum + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing catkins. Balfour.

A•men´ti•form , a. [L. amentum + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a catkin.

A•men´tum , n.; pl. Amenta . Same as Ament.

Am´e•nuse , v. t. [OF. amenuisier. See Minute.] To lessen. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•merce´ (a•mers´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amerced (a•merst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Amercing.] [OF. amercier, fr. a merci at the mercy of, liable to a punishment. See Mercy.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion of the court; as the court amerced the criminal in the sum of one hundred dollars. The penalty or fine may be expressed without a preposition, or it may be introduced by in, with, or of. 2. To punish, in general; to mulct. “Millions of spirits for his fault amerced
Of Heaven.
Milton.” “Shall by him be amerced with penance due.
Spenser.”

A•merce´a•ble , a. Liable to be amerced.

A•merce´ment , n. [OF. amerciment.] The infliction of a penalty at the discretion of the court; also a mulct or penalty thus imposed. It differs from a fine,in that the latter is, or was originally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statute for an offense; but an amercement is arbitrary. Hence, the act or practice of affeering. [See Affeer.] Blackstone. This word, in old books, is written amerciament. Amercement royal, a penalty imposed on an officer for a misdemeanor in his office. Jacobs.

A•mer´cer , n. One who amerces.

A•mer´cia•ment , n. [LL. amerciamentum.] Same as Amercement. Mozley & W.

A•mer´i•can (a•mer´i•kan), a. [Named from Americus Vespucius.] 1. Of or pertaining to America; as the American continent: American Indians. 2. Of or pertaining to the United States. ´A young officer of the American navy.´ Lyell. American ivy. See Virginia creeper. — American Party (U. S. Politics), a party, about 1854, which opposed the influence of foreign-born citizens, and those supposed to owe allegiance to a foreign power. — Native american Party (U. S. Politics), a party of principles similar to those of the American party. It arose about 1843, but soon died out.

A•mer´i•can (a•mer´i•kan), n. A native of America; — originally applied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but now applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America, and especially to the citizens of the United States. “The name American must always exalt the pride of patriotism.
Washington.”

A•mer´i•can•ism , n. 1. Attachment to the United States. 2. A custom peculiar to the United States or to America; an American characteristic or idea. 3. A word or phrase peculiar to the United States.

A•mer•i•can•i•za´tion (a•mer•i•kan•i•za´shun), n. The process of Americanizing.

A•mer´i•can•ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Americanizer ; p. pr. & vb. n. Americanizing.] To render American; to assimilate to the Americans in customs, ideas etc.; to stamp with American characteristics.

Ames´-ace , n. Same as Ambs- ace.

Am´ess , n. (Eccl.) Amice, a hood or cape. See 2d Amice.

Am•e•tab´o•la , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis. [Written also Ametabolia.]

A•met•a•bo´li•an , a. [Gr. unchangeable; ’a priv. + changeable, to change.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to insects that do undergo any metamorphosis. { A•met•a•bol´ic , Am•e•tab´o•lous } a. (Zoöl.) Not undergoing any metamorphosis; as ametabolic insects.

A•meth´o•dist , n. [Pref. a- not + methodist.] One without method; a quack. [Obs.]

Am´e•thyst , [F. ametiste, amatiste, F. amethyste, L. amethystus, fr. Gr. without drunkenness; as a noun, a remedy for drunkenness, the amethyst, supposed to have this power; ’a priv. + to be drunken, strong drink, wine. See Mead.] 1. (Min.) A variety of crystallized quartz, of a purple or bluish violet color, of different shades. It is much used as a jeweler’s stone. Oriental amethyst, the violet-blue variety of transparent crystallized corundum or sapphire. 2. (Her.) A purple color in a nobleman’s escutcheon, or coat of arms.

Am•e•thys´tine , a. [L. amethystinus, Gr. .] 1. Resembling amethyst, especially in color; bluish violet. 2. Composed of, or containing, amethyst.

Am•e•tro´pi•a , n. [Gr. irregular + , , eye.] (Med.) Any abnormal condition of the refracting powers of the eye. — Am•e•trop´ic , a.

Am•har´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Amhara, a division of Abyssinia; as the Amharic language is closely allied to the Ethiopic. — n. The Amharic language (now the chief language of Abyssinia).

Am´i•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. a kind of tunny.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water ganoid fishes, exclusively confined to North America; called bowfin in Lake Champlain, dogfish in Lake Erie, and mudfish in South Carolina, etc. See Bowfin.

A•mi•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being amiable; amiableness; sweetness of disposition. “Every excellency is a degree of amiability.
Jer. Taylor.”

A´mi•a•ble , a. [F. amiable, L. amicabilis friendly, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. The meaning has been influenced by F. aimable, L. amabilis lovable, fr. amare to love. Cf. Amicable, Amorous, Amability.] 1. Lovable; lovely; pleasing. [Obs. or R.] “So amiable a prospect.
Sir T. Herbert.” 2. Friendly; kindly; sweet; gracious; as an amiable temper or mood; amiable ideas. 3. Possessing sweetness of disposition; having sweetness of temper, kind-heartedness, etc., which causes one to be liked; as an amiable woman. 4. Done out of love. [Obs.] “Lay an amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford’s wife.
Shak.”

A•mi•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being amiable; amiability.

A´mi•a•bly, adv. In an amiable manner.

Am´i•anth , n. See Amianthus. [Poetic]

Am•i•an´thi•form , a. [Amianthus + -form.] Resembling amianthus in form.

Am•i•an´thoid , a. [Amianthus + -oid: cf. F. amiantoïde.] Resembling amianthus.

Am•i•an´thus , n. [L. amiantus, Gr. (lit., unsoiled stone) a greenish stone, like asbestus; ’a priv. + to stain, to defile; so called from its incombustibility.] (Min.) Earth flax, or mountain flax; a soft silky variety of asbestus.

Am´ic , a. [L. ammonia + - ic.] (Chem.) Related to, or derived, ammonia; — used chiefly as a suffix; as amic acid; phosphamic acid. Amic acid (Chem.), one of a class of nitrogenized acids somewhat resembling amides.

Am•i•ca•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being amicable; friendliness; amicableness. Ash.

Am´i•ca•ble , a. [L. amicabilis, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendly; proceeding from, or exhibiting, friendliness; after the manner of friends; peaceable; as an amicable disposition, or arrangement. “That which was most remarkable in this contest was … the amicable manner in which it was managed.
Prideoux.” Amicable action (Law.), an action commenced and prosecuted by amicable consent of the parties, for the purpose of obtaining a decision of the court on some matter of law involved in it. Bouvier. Burrill. — Amicable numbers (Math.), two numbers, each of which is equal to the sum of all the aliquot parts of the other. Syn. — Friendly; peaceable; kind; harmonious. — Amicable, Friendly. Neither of these words denotes any great warmth of affection, since friendly has by no means the same strength as its noun friendship. It does, however, imply something of real cordiality; while amicable supposes very little more than that the parties referred to are not disposed to quarrel. Hence, we speak of amicable relations between two countries, an amicable adjustment of difficulties. ´Those who entertain friendly feelings toward each other can live amicably together.´

Am´i•ca•ble•ness , n. The quality of being amicable; amicability.

Am´i•ca•bly, adv. In an amicable manner.

Am´ice , n. [OE. amyse, prob. for amyt, OF. amit, ameit, fr. L. amictus cloak, the word being confused with amice, almuce, a hood or cape. See next word.] A square of white linen worn at first on the head, but now about the neck and shoulders, by priests of the Roman Catholic Church while saying Mass.

Am´ice, n. [OE. amuce, amisse, OF. almuce, aumuce, F. aumusse, LL. almucium, almucia, aumucia: of unknown origin; cf. G. mütze cap, prob. of the same origin. Cf. Mozetta.] (Eccl.) A hood, or cape with a hood, made of lined with gray fur, formerly worn by the clergy; — written also amess, amyss, and almuce.

A•mid´ , prep. See Amidst.

Am´ide ( 277), n. [Ammonia + - ide.] (Chem.) A compound formed by the union of amidogen with an acid element or radical. It may also be regarded as ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an acid atom or radical. Acid amide, a neutral compound formed by the substitution of the amido group for hydroxyl in an acid.

Am´i•din , n. [Cf. F. amidine, fr. amido starch, fr. L. amylum, Gr. fine meal, neut. of not ground at the mill, — hence, of the finest meal; ’a priv. + , , mill. See Meal.] (Chem.) Start modified by heat so as to become a transparent mass, like horn. It is soluble in cold water.

A•mi´do , a. [From Amide.] (Chem.) Containing, or derived from, amidogen. Amido acid, an acid in which a portion of the nonacid hydrogen has been replaced by the amido group. The amido acids are both basic and acid. — Amido group, amidogen, NH_2.

A•mid´o•gen , n. [Amide + - gen.] (Chem.) A compound radical, NH_2, not yet obtained in a separate state, which may be regarded as ammonia from the molecule of which one of its hydrogen atoms has been removed; — called also the amido group, and in composition represented by the form amido.

A•mid´ships , adv. (Naut.) In the middle of a ship, with regard to her length, and sometimes also her breadth. Totten. { A•midst´ , A•mid´ } prep. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a later addition, as in whilst, amongst, alongst. See Mid.] In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. ´This fair tree amidst the garden.´ ´Unseen amid the throng.´ ´Amidst thick clouds.´ Milton. ´Amidst acclamations.´ ´Amidst the splendor and festivity of a court.´ Macaulay. “But rather famish them amid their plenty.
Shak.” Syn. — Amidst, Among. These words differ to some extent from each other, as will be seen from their etymology. Amidst denotes in the midst or middle of, and hence surrounded by; as this work was written amidst many interruptions. Among denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct or separable objects; as ´He fell among thieves.´ ´Blessed art thou among women.´ Hence, we say, among the moderns, among the ancients, among the thickest of trees, among these considerations, among the reasons I have to offer. Amid and amidst are commonly used when the idea of separate or distinguishable objects is not prominent. Hence, we say, they kept on amidst the storm, amidst the gloom, he was sinking amidst the waves, he persevered amidst many difficulties; in none of which cases could among be used. In like manner, Milton speaks of Abdiel, — “The seraph Abdiel, faithful found;
Among the faithless faithful only he,”

because he was then considered as one of the angels. But when the poet adds, —

“From amidst them forth he passed,”

we have rather the idea of the angels as a collective body.

“Those squalid cabins and uncleared woods amidst which he was born.
Macaulay. ”

Am´ine ( 277), n. [Ammonia + - ine.] (Chem.) One of a class of strongly basic substances derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical.

Am´i•oid , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Amioidei. — n. One of the Amioidei.

Am•i•oi´de•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Amia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes of which Amia is the type. See Bowfin and Ganoidei.

A•mir´ , n. Same as Ameer.

A•miss´ , adv. [Pref. a- + miss.] Astray; faultily; improperly; wrongly; ill. “What error drives our eyes and ears amiss?
Shak.” “Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss.
James iv. 3.” To take (an act, thing) amiss, to impute a wrong motive to (an act or thing); to take offense at; to take unkindly; as you must not take these questions amiss.

A•miss´ (a•mis´), a. Wrong; faulty; out of order; improper; as it may not be amiss to ask advice. [Used only in the predicate.] Dryden. “His wisdom and virtue can not always rectify that which is amiss in himself or his circumstances.
Wollaston.”

A•miss´, n. A fault, wrong, or mistake. [Obs.] “Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss.
Shak.”

A•mis•si•bil´i•ty , [Cf. F. amissibilite. See Amit.] The quality of being amissible; possibility of being lost. [R.] “Notions of popular rights and the amissibility of sovereign power for misconduct were alternately broached by the two great religious parties of Europe.
Hallam.”

A•mis´si•ble , a. [L. amissibilis: cf. F. amissible.] Liable to be lost. [R.]

A•mis´sion , n. [L. amissio: cf. F. amission.] Deprivation; loss. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A•mit´ , v. t. [L. amittere, amissum, to lose; a (ab) + mittere to send. See Missile.] To lose. [Obs.] “A lodestone fired doth presently amit its proper virtue.
Sir T. Browne.”

Am´i•ty , n.; pl. Amities . [F. amitie, OF. amistie, amiste, fr. an assumed LL. amisitas, fr. L. amicus friendly, from amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or nations; friendly relations; good understanding; as a treaty of amity and commerce; the amity of the Whigs and Tories. “To live on terms of amity with vice.
Cowper.” Syn. — Harmony; friendliness; friendship; affection; good will; peace.

Am´ma , n. [LL. amma, prob. of interjectional or imitative origin: cf. Sp. ama, G. amme, nurse, Basque ama mother, Heb. m, Ar. immun, ummun.] An abbes or spiritual mother.

Am´me•ter , n. (Physics) A contraction of amperometer or ampèremeter.

Am´mi•ral , n. An obsolete form of admiral. ´The mast of some great ammiral.´ Milton.

Am´mite (am´mit), n. [Gr. ’ammi•ths, ’ammi•tis, sandstone, fr. ’a•mmos or ´a•mmos sand.] (Geol.) Oölite or roestone; — written also hammite. [Obs.]

Am´mo•dyte , n. [L. ammodytes, Gr. sand burrower, a kind of serpent; ’a•mmos sand + diver, to dive.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of a genus of fishes; the sand eel. (b) A kind of viper in southern Europe. [Obs.]

Am•mo´ni•a , n. [From sal ammoniac, which was first obtaining near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, by burning camel’s dung. See Ammoniac.] (Chem.) A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH_3, with a pungent smell and taste: — often called volatile alkali, and spirits of hartshorn. { Am•mo´ni•ac , Am•mo•ni´a•cal } a. Of or pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its properties; as an ammoniac salt; ammoniacal gas. Ammoniacal engine, an engine in which the vapor of ammonia is used as the motive force. — Sal ammoniac [L. sal ammoniacus], the salt usually called chloride of ammonium, and formerly muriate of ammonia.

Am•mo´ni•ac (or Gum• am•mo´ni•ac , n. [L. Ammoniacum, Gr. a resinous gum, said to distill from a tree near the temple of Jupiter Ammon cf. F. ammoniac. See Ammonite.] (Med.) The concrete juice (gum resin) of an umbelliferous plant the Dorema ammoniacum. It is brought chiefly from Persia in the form of yellowish tears which occur singly or are aggregated into masses. It has a peculiar smell and a nauseous sweet taste followed by a bitter one. It is inflammable partially soluble in water and in spirit of wine and is used in medicine as an expectorant and resolvent and for the formation of certain plasters.

Am•mo´ni•a•ted , a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with ammonia.

Am•mo´nic , a. Of or pertaining to ammonia.

Am´mon•ite , n. [L. cornu Ammonis born of Ammon; L. Ammon, Gr. an appellation of Jupiter, as represented with the horns of a ram. It was originally the name of an. Egyptian god, Amun.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod shell related to the nautilus. There are many genera and species, and all are extinct, the typical forms having existed only in the Mesozoic age, when they were exceedingly numerous. They differ from the nautili in having the margins of the septa very much lobed or plaited, and the siphuncle dorsal. Also called serpent stone, snake stone, and cornu Ammonis.

Am•mon•i•tif´er•ous , a. [Ammonite + -ferous.] Containing fossil ammonites.

Am•mon•i•toid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Ammonite + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of fossil cephalopods often very abundant in Mesozoic rocks. See Ammonite.

Am•mo´ni•um , n. [See Ammonia.] (Chem.) A compound radical, NH_4, having the chemical relations of a strongly basic element like the alkali metals.

Am•mu•ni´tion , n. [F. amunition, for munition, prob. caused by taking la munition as l’amunition. See Munition.] 1. Military stores, or provisions of all kinds for attack or defense. [Obs.] 2. Articles used in charging firearms and ordnance of all kinds; as powder, balls, shot, shells, percussion caps, rockets, etc. 3. Any stock of missiles, literal or figurative. Ammunition bread, shoes, etc., such as are contracted for by government, and supplied to the soldiers. [Eng.]

Am•mu•ni´tion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ammunitioned ; p pr. & vb. n. Ammunitioning.] To provide with ammunition.

Am•ne´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + to remember.] (Med.) Forgetfulness; also a defect of speech, from cerebral disease, in which the patient substitutes wrong words or names in the place of those he wishes to employ. Quian.

Am•ne´sic , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amnesia. ´Amnesic or coördinate defects.´ Quian.

Am•nes´tic , a. Causing loss of memory.

Am´nes•ty , n. [L. amnestia, Gr. , a forgetting, fr. forgotten, forgetful; ’a priv. + to remember: cf. F. amnistie, earlier amnestie. See Mean, v.] 1. Forgetfulness; cessation of remembrance of wrong; oblivion. 2. An act of the sovereign power granting oblivion, or a general pardon, for a past offense, as to subjects concerned in an insurrection.

Am´nes•ty, v. t. [imp. p. p. Amnestied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amnestying.] To grant amnesty to.

Am•nic´o•list , n. [L. amnicola, amnis a river + colere to dwell.] One who lives near a river. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am•nig´e•nous , a. [L. amnigena; amnis a river + root gen of gignere to beget.] Born or bred in, of, or near a river. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am´ni•on , n. [Gr. the membrane round the fetus, dim. of lamb.] (Anat.) A thin membrane surrounding the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Am´ni•os , n. Same as Amnion.

Am•ni•o´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Amnion.] (Zoöl.) That group of vertebrates which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called the amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals.

Am•ni•ot´ic , a. [Cf. F. amniotique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the amnion; characterized by an amnion; as the amniotic fluid; the amniotic sac. Amniotic acid. (Chem.) [R.] See Allantoin.

A•mœ´ba , n.; pl. L. Amœbae ; E. Amœbas . [NL., fr. Gr. change.] (Zoöl.) A rhizopod. common in fresh water, capable of undergoing many changes of form at will. See Rhizopoda.

Am•œ•bae´um , n. [L. amœbaeus, Gr. , alternate; L. amoebaeum carmen, Gr. , a responsive song, fr. change.] A poem in which persons are represented at speaking alternately; as the third and seventh eclogues of Virgil.

Am•œ•be´a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) That division of the Rhizopoda which includes the amœba and similar forms.

Am•œ•be´an , a. Alternately answering.

A•mœ´bi•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amœbea. { A•mœ´bi•form , A•mœ´boid } a. [Amœba + -form or -oid.] (Biol.) Resembling an amœba; amœba-shaped; changing in shape like an amœba. Amœboid movement, movement produced, as in the amœba, by successive processes of prolongation and retraction.

A•mœ´bous , a. Like an amœba in structure.

Am•o•li´tion , n. [L. amolitio, fr. amoliri to remove; a (ab) + moliri to put in motion.] Removal; a putting away. [Obs.] Bp. Ward (1673).

A•mo´mum , n. [L., fr. Gr. an Indian spice plant.] (Bot.) A genus of aromatic plants. It includes species which bear cardamoms, and grains of paradise.

A•mon´este , v. t. To admonish. [Obs.] { A•mong´ , A•mongst´ } prep. [OE. amongist, amonges, amonge, among, AS. onmang, ongemang, gemang, in a crowd or mixture. For the ending -st see Amidst. See Mingle.] 1. Mixed or mingled; surrounded by. “They heard,
And from his presence hid themselves among
The thickest trees.
Milton.” 2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of the number of; in the number or class of. “Blessed art thou among women.
Luke i. 28.” 3. Expressing a relation of dispersion, distribution, etc.; also a relation of reciprocal action. “What news among the merchants?
Shak.” “Human sacrifices were practiced among them.
Hume.” “Divide that gold amongst you.
Marlowe.” “Whether they quarreled among themselves, or with their neighbors.
Addison.” Syn. — Amidst; between. See Amidst, Between.

A•mon•til•la´do , n. [Sp.] A dry kind of cherry, of a light color. Simmonds.

Am´o•ret , n. [OF. amorette, F. amourette, dim. of amour.] 1. An amorous girl or woman; a wanton. [Obs.] J. Warton. 2. A love knot, love token, or love song. (pl.) Love glances or love tricks. [Obs.] 3. A petty love affair or amour. [Obs.]

Am´o•rette´ , n. An amoret. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Am´o•rist , n. [L. armor love. See Amorous.] A lover; a gallant. [R.] Milton. “It was the custom for an amorist to impress the name of his mistress in the dust, or upon the damp earth, with letters fixed upon his shoe.
Southey.”

A-morn´ings , adv. [See Amorwe. The -s is a genitival ending. See -wards.] In the morning; every morning. [Obs.] “And have such pleasant walks into the woods
A-mornings.
J. Fletcher.”

Am•o•ro´sa , n. [It. amoroso, fem. amorosa.] A wanton woman; a courtesan. Sir T. Herbert.

Am•o•ros´i•ty , n. The quality of being amorous; lovingness. [R.] Galt.

Am•o•ro´so , n. [It. amoroso, LL. amorosus.] A lover; a man enamored.

Am•o•ro´so, adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a soft, tender, amatory style.

Am´o•rous , a. [OF. amoros, F. amoreux, LL. amorosus, fr. L. amor love, fr. amare to love.] 1. Inclined to love; having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment; loving; fond; affectionate; as an amorous disposition. 2. Affected with love; in love; enamored; — usually with of; formerly with on. “Thy roses amorous of the moon.
Keats.” “High nature amorous of the good.
Tennyson.” “Sure my brother is amorous on Hero.
Shak.” 3. Of or relating to, or produced by, love. ´Amorous delight.´ Milton. ´Amorous airs.´ Waller. Syn. — Loving; fond; tender; passionate; affectionate; devoted; ardent.

Am´o•rous•ly, adv. In an amorous manner; fondly.

Am´o•rous•ness, n. The quality of being amorous, or inclined to sexual love; lovingness.

A•mor´pha , n.; pl. Amorphas . [Gr. shapeless.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous shrubs, having long clusters of purple flowers; false or bastard indigo. Longfellow.

A•mor´phism , n. [See Amorphous.] A state of being amorphous; esp. a state of being without crystallization even in the minutest particles, as in glass, opal, etc. There are stony substances which, when fused, may cool as glass or as stone; the glass state is spoken of as a state of amorphism.

A•mor´phous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + form.] 1. Having no determinate form; of irregular; shapeless. Kirwan. 2. Without crystallization in the ultimate texture of a solid substance; uncrystallized. 3. Of no particular kind or character; anomalous. “Scientific treatises … are not seldom rude and amorphous in style.
Hare.” — A•mor´phous•ly, adv. — A•mor´phous•ness, n.

A•mor•pho•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. shapeless; ’a priv. + form + animal.] (Zoöl.) Animals without a mouth or regular internal organs, as the sponges.

A•mor•pho•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amorphozoa.

A•mor´phy , n. [Gr. : cf. F. amorphie. See Amorphous.] Shapelessness. [Obs.] Swift.

A•mort´ , a. [Pref. a- + F. mort death, dead; all amort is for alamort.] As if dead; lifeless; spiritless; dejected; depressed. Shak.

A•mor´tise , v., A•mor•ti•sa´tion , n., A•mor´tis•a•ble , a., A•mor´tise•ment , n. Same as Amortize, Amortization, etc.

A•mor´tiz•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. amortissable.] Capable of being cleared off, as a debt.

A•mor•ti•za´tion , n. [LL. amortisatio, admortizatio. See Amortize, and cf. Admortization.] 1. (Law) The act or right of alienating lands to a corporation, which was considered formerly as transferring them to dead hands, or in mortmain. 2. The extinction of a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund; also the money thus paid. Simmonds.

A•mor´tize , v. t. [OE. amortisen, LL. amortisare, admortizare, F. amortir to sell in mortmain, to extinguish; L. ad + mors death. See Mortmain]. 1. To make as if dead; to destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) To alienate in mortmain, that is, to convey to a corporation. See Mortmain. 3. To clear off or extinguish, as a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund.

A•mor´tize•ment , n. [F. amortissement.] Same as Amortization.

A•mor´we , adv. [Pref. a- on + OE. morwe. See Morrow.] 1. In the morning. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. On the following morning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•mo´tion , n. [L. amotio. See Amove.] 1. Removal; ousting; especially, the removal of a corporate officer from his office. 2. Deprivation of possession.

A•mo´tus , a. [L., withdrawn (from itplace).] (Zoöl.) Elevated, — as a toe, when raised so high that the tip does not touch the ground.

A•mount´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Amounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Amounting.] [OF. amonter to increase, advance, ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to the mountain) upward, F. amont up the river. See Mount, n.] 1. To go up; to ascend. [Obs.] “So up he rose, and thence amounted straight.
Spenser.” 2. To rise or reach by an accumulation of particular sums or quantities; to come (to) in the aggregate or whole; — with to or unto. 3. To rise, reach, or extend in effect, substance, or influence; to be equivalent; to come practically (to); as the testimony amounts to very little.

A•mount´, v. t. To signify; to amount to. [Obs.]

A•mount´, n. 1. The sum total of two or more sums or quantities; the aggregate; the whole quantity; a totality; as the amount of 7 and 9 is 16; the amount of a bill; the amount of this year’s revenue. 2. The effect, substance, value, significance, or result; the sum; as the amount of the testimony is this. “The whole amount of that enormous fame.
Pope.”

A•mour´ , n. [F., fr. L. amor love.] 1. Love; affection. [Obs.] 2. Love making; a love affair; usually, an unlawful connection in love; a love intrigue; an illicit love affair. In amours with, in love with. [Obs.]

A´mour• pro´pre (a´moor• pro´pr’). [F.] Self-love; self-esteem.

A•mov•a•bil´i•ty , n. Liability to be removed or dismissed from office. [R.] T. Jefferson.

A•mov´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. amovible.] Removable.

A•move´ , v. t. [L. amovere; a- (ab) + movere to move: cf. OF. amover.] 1. To remove, as a person or thing, from a position. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Law) To dismiss from an office or station.

A•move´, v. t. & i. [OE. amovir, L. admovere to move to, to excite; ad + movere.] To move or be moved; to excite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am´pe•lite (am´pe•lit), n. [L. ampelitis, Gr. ’ampeli^tis, fr. ’a•mpelos vine.] (Min.) An earth abounding in pyrites, used by the ancients to kill insects, etc., on vines; — applied by Brongniart to a carbonaceous alum schist. { Am•père´ (äN•pâr´), Am•pere´ (am•par´), } n. [From the name of a French electrician.] (Elec.) The unit of electric current; — defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by U. S. Statute as one tenth of the unit of current of the C. G. S. system of electro-magnetic units, or the practical equivalent of the unvarying current which, when passed through a standard solution of nitrate of silver in water, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 grams per second. Called also the international ampère. { Am•père´me•ter , Am•pe•rom´e•ter , } n. [Ampère + meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the strength of an electrical current in ampères.

Am´per•sand , n. [A corruption of and, per se and, i. e., & by itself makes and.] A word used to describe the character , , or &. Halliwell.

Am•phi-. [Gr. ’amfi•.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying both, of both kinds, on both sides, about, around.

Am•phi•ar•thro´di•al , a. [Pref. amphi- + arthrodial.] Characterized by amphiarthrosis.

Am•phi•ar•thro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’amfi• + a joining, a joint.] (Anat.) A form of articulation in which the bones are connected by intervening substance admitting slight motion; symphysis.

Am´phi•as•ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’amfi• + ’asth•r a star.] (Biol.) The achromatic figure, formed in mitotic cell-division, consisting of two asters connected by a spindle-shaped bundle of rodlike fibers diverging from each aster, and called the spindle.

Am•phib´i•a , n. pl. [See Amphibium.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of vertebrates. The Amphibia are distinguished by having usually no scales, by having eggs and embryos similar to those of fishes, and by undergoing a complete metamorphosis, the young having gills. There are three living orders: (1) The tailless, as the frogs (Anura); (2) The tailed (Urodela), as the salamanders, and the siren group (Sirenoidea), which retain the gills of the young state (hence called Perennibranchiata) through the adult state, among which are the siren, proteus, etc.; (3) The Cœcilians, or serpentlike Amphibia (Ophiomorpha or Gymnophiona), with minute scales and without limbs. The extinct Labyrinthodonts also belonged to this class. The term is sometimes loosely applied to both reptiles and amphibians collectively.

Am•phib´i•al (-al), a. & n. Amphibian. [R.]

Am•phib´i•an (-an), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphibia; as amphibian reptiles.

Am•phib´i•an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amphibia.

Am•phib•i•o•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to amphibiology.

Am•phib•i•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. amphibious + -logy: cf. F. amphibiologie.] A treatise on amphibious animals; the department of natural history which treats of the Amphibia.

Am•phib•i•ot´i•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’amfi• + biwtiko•s pertaining to life.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects having aquatic larvae.

Am•phib´i•ous , a. [Gr. ’amfi•bios living a double life, i. e., both on land in water; ’amfi• + bi•os life.] 1. Having the ability to live both on land and in water, as frogs, crocodiles, beavers, and some plants. 2. Pertaining to, adapted for, or connected with, both land and water. “The amphibious character of the Greeks was already determined: they were to be lords of land and sea.
Hare.” 3. Of a mixed nature; partaking of two natures. “Not in free and common socage, but in this amphibious subordinate class of villein socage.
Blackstone.”

Am•phib´i•ous•ly, adv. Like an amphibious being.

Am•phib´i•um , n.; pl. L. Amphibia ; E. Amphibiums . [NL., fr. Gr. (sc. an animal). See Amphibious.] An amphibian.

Am•phi•blas´tic (am•fi•blas´tik), a. [Gr. ’amfi• + blastiko•s tending to sprout.] (Biol.) Segmenting unequally; — said of telolecithal ova with complete segmentation.

Am´phi•bole (am´fi•bol), n. [Gr. ’amfi•bolos doubtful, equivocal, fr. ’amfiba•llein to throw round, to doubt: cf. F. amphibole. Haüy so named the genus from the great variety of color and composition assumed by the mineral.] (Min.) A common mineral embracing many varieties varying in color and in composition. It occurs in monoclinic crystals also massive generally with fibrous or columnar structure. The color varies from white to gray, green, brown, and black. It is a silicate of magnesium and calcium, with usually aluminium and iron. Some common varieties are tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, edenite, hornblende (the last name being also used as a general term for the whole species). Amphibole is a constituent of many crystalline rocks, as syenite, diorite, most varieties of trachyte, etc. See Hornblende.

Am•phi•bol´ic (am•fi•bol´ic), a. 1. Of or pertaining to amphiboly; ambiguous; equivocal. 2. Of or resembling the mineral amphibole.

Am•phib•o•log´ic•al (am•fib•o•loj´i•kal), a. Of doubtful meaning; ambiguous. ´Amphibological expressions.´ Jer. Taylor. — Am•phib•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Am•phi•bol´o•gy (am•fi•bol´o•jy), n.; pl. Amphibologies (- jiz). [L. amphibologia, for amphibolia, fr. Gr. ’amfiboli•a, with the ending -logia as if fr. Gr. ’amfi•bolos ambiguous + lo•gos speech: cf. F. amphibologie. See Amphiboly.] A phrase, discourse, or proposition, susceptible of two interpretations; and hence, of uncertain meaning. It differs from equivocation, which arises from the twofold sense of a single term.

Am•phib´o•lous , a. [L. amphibolus, Gr. thrown about, doubtful. See Amphibole.] 1. Ambiguous; doubtful. [Obs.] “Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel — both parties declaring themselves for the king.
Howell.” 2. (Logic) Capable of two meanings. “An amphibolous sentence is one that is capable of two meanings, not from the double sense of any of the words, but from its admitting of a double construction; e. g., ´The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose.´
Whately.”

Am•phib´o•ly , n.; pl. Amphibolies . [L. amphibolia, Gr. : cf. OE. amphibolie. See Amphibolous.] Ambiguous discourse; amphibology. “If it oracle contrary to our interest or humor, we will create an amphiboly, a double meaning where there is none.
Whitlock.”

Am´phi•brach (am´fi•brak), n. [L. , Gr. short at both ends; ’amfi• + brachy•s short.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short (&ssmile; — &ssmile;); as habere. In modern prosody the accented syllable takes the place of the long and the unaccented of the short; as pro-phet\’b6ic. { Am•phi•car´pic , Am•phi•car´pous } a. [Gr. ’amfi• + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Producing fruit of two kinds, either as to form or time of ripening.

Am•phi•chro´ic , a. [Gr. ’amfi• + color.] (Chem.) Exhibiting or producing two colors, as substances which in the color test may change red litmus to blue and blue litmus to red. { Am•phi•cœ´li•an , Am•phi•cœ´lous , } a. [Gr. hollowed all round; ’amfi• + hollow.] (Zoöl.) Having both ends concave; biconcave; — said of vertebrae.

Am´phi•come , n. [Gr. with hair all round; ’amfi• + hair.] A kind of figured stone, rugged and beset with eminences, anciently used in divination. [Obs.] Encyc. Brit.

Am•phic•ty•on´ic , a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to the Amphictyons or their League or Council; as an Amphictyonic town or state; the Amphictyonic body. W. Smith.

Am•phic´ty•ons , n. pl. [L. Amphictyones, Gr. . Prob. the word was orig. dwellers around, neighbors.] (Grecian Hist.) Deputies from the confederated states of ancient Greece to a congress or council. They considered both political and religious matters.

Am•phic´ty•o•ny , n.; pl. Amphictyonies . [Gr. .] (Grecian Hist.) A league of states of ancient Greece; esp. the celebrated confederation known as the Amphictyonic Council. Its object was to maintain the common interests of Greece.

Am´phid , n. [Gr. ’a•mfw both: cf. F. amphide.] (Chem.) A salt of the class formed by the combination of an acid and a base, or by the union of two oxides, two sulphides, selenides, or tellurides, as distinguished from a haloid compound. [R.] Berzelius.

Am´phi•disc , n. [Gr. ’amfi• + di•skos a round plate.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar small siliceous spicule having a denticulated wheel at each end; — found in freshwater sponges.

Am•phi•drom´ic•al , a. [Gr. ’amfi•dromos running about or around.] Pertaining to an Attic festival at the naming of a child; — so called because the friends of the parents carried the child around the hearth and then named it.

Am•phig´a•mous , a. [Gr. + marriage.] (Bot.) Having a structure entirely cellular, and no distinct sexual organs; — a term applied by De Candolle to the lowest order of plants.

Am•phi•ge´an , a. [Gr. + , , the earth.] Extending over all the zones, from the tropics to the polar zones inclusive.

Am´phi•gen , n. [Gr. + -gen: cf. F. amphigène.] (Chem.) An element that in combination produces amphid salt; — applied by Berzelius to oxygen, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. [R.]

Am´phi•gene , n. (Min.) Leucite.

Am•phi•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. + generation.] (Biol.) Sexual generation; amphigony.

Am•phig´e•nous , a. (Bot.) Increasing in size by growth on all sides, as the lichens.

Am•phi•gon´ic , a. Pertaining to amphigony; sexual; as amphigonic propagation. [R.]

Am•phig´o•nous , a. [Gr. + a begetting.] Relating to both parents. [R.]

Am•phig´o•ny , n. Sexual propagation. [R.]

Am•phi•gor´ic , a. [See Amphigory.] Nonsensical; absurd; pertaining to an amphigory.

Am´phi•go•ry , n. [F. amphigouri, of uncertain derivation; perh. fr. Gr. + a circle.] A nonsense verse; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning, which on further attention proves to be meaningless. [Written also amphigouri.] { Am•phil´o•gism , Am•phil´o•gy } n. [Gr. + -logy.] Ambiguity of speech; equivocation. [R.]

Am•phim´a•cer , n. [L. amphimacru, Gr. ; on both sides + long.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long, as in casttas. Andrews.

Am•phi•neu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. + sinew, nerve.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mollusca remarkable for the bilateral symmetry of the organs and the arrangement of the nerves.

Am•phi•ox´us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + sharp.] (Zoöl.) A fishlike creature (Amphioxus lanceolatus), two or three inches long, found in temperature seas; — also called the lancelet. Its body is pointed at both ends. It is the lowest and most generalized of the vertebrates, having neither brain, skull, vertebrae, nor red blood. It forms the type of the group Acrania, Leptocardia, etc.

Am•phip´neust , n. [Gr. + one who breathes, to breathe.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of Amphibia, which have both lungs and gills at the same time, as the proteus and siren.

Am´phi•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amphipoda. { Am´phi•pod , Am•phip´o•dan } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda.

Am•phip´o•da , n. pl. [NL., FR. Gr. + , foot.] (Zoöl.) A numerous group of fourteen — footed Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and salt water. The body is usually compressed laterally, and the anterior pairs or legs are directed downward and forward, but the posterior legs are usually turned upward and backward. The beach flea is an example. See Tetradecapoda and Arthrostraca.

Am•phip´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda.

Am•phip´ro•style , a. [L. amphiprostylos, Gr. having a double prostyle: cf. F. amphiprostyle. See Prostyle.] (Arch.) Doubly prostyle; having columns at each end, but not at the sides. — n. An amphiprostyle temple or edifice.

Am•phi•rhi´na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. + , , nose.] (Zoöl.) A name applied to the elasmobranch fishes, because the nasal sac is double.

Am•phis•bae´na , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; on both ends + to go.] 1. A fabled serpent with a head at each end, moving either way. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless lizards, serpentlike in form, without legs, and with both ends so much alike that they appear to have a head at each, and ability to move either way. See Illustration in Appendix. The Gordius aquaticus, or hairworm, has been called an amphisbaena; but it belongs among the worms.

Am•phis•bae´noid , a. [NL., fr. L. amphisbaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the lizards of the genus Amphisbaena. { Am•phis´ci•i , Am•phis´cians } n. pl. [Gr. throwing a shadow both ways; + shadow.] The inhabitants of the tropic, whose shadows in one part of the year are cast to the north, and in the other to the south, according as the sun is south or north of their zenith.

Am•phis´to•mous , a. [Gr. + mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having a sucker at each extremity, as certain entozoa, by means of which they adhere.

Am•phi•sty´lic , a. [Gr. + pillar, support.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated with the hyoid arch and the cranium, as in the cestraciont sharks; — said of a skull. { Am•phi•the´a•ter , Am•phi•the´a•tre } , n. [L. amphitheatrum, fr. Gr. ; + theater: cf. F. amphitheâtre. See Theater.] 1. An oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats about an open space called the arena. The Romans first constructed amphitheaters for combats of gladiators and wild beasts. 2. Anything resembling an amphitheater in form; as a level surrounded by rising slopes or hills, or a rising gallery in a theater.

Am•phi•the´a•tral , a. [L. amphitheatralis: cf. F. amphitheâtral.] Amphitheatrical; resembling an amphitheater. { Am•phi•the•at´ric , Am•phi•the•at´ric•al , } a. [L. amphitheatricus.] Of, pertaining to, exhibited in, or resembling, an amphitheater.

Am•phi•the•at´ric•al•ly, adv. In the form or manner of an amphitheater.

Am•phit´ro•cha (am•fit´roka), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’amfi• + trocho•s a wheel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of annelid larva having both a dorsal and a ventral circle of special cilia. { Am•phit´ro•pal (-pal), Am•phit´ro•pous (- pus), } a. [Gr. ’amfi• + tre•pein to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted, but with the attachment near the middle of one side; half anatropous.

Am•phi•u´ma (am•fi•u´ma), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of amphibians, inhabiting the Southern United States, having a serpentlike form, but with four minute limbs and two persistent gill openings; the Congo snake.

Am•pho•pep´tone , n. [Gr. + E. peptone.] (Physiol.) A product of gastric digestion, a mixture of hemipeptone and antipeptone.

Am´pho•ra , n.; pl. Amophorae . [L., fr. Gr. , , a jar with two handles; + bearer, to bear. Cf. Ampul.] Among the ancients, a two-handled vessel, tapering at the bottom, used for holding wine, oil, etc.

Am´pho•ral , a. [L. amphoralis.] Pertaining to, or resembling, an amphora.

Am•phor´ic , a. (Med.) Produced by, or indicating, a cavity in the lungs, not filled, and giving a sound like that produced by blowing into an empty decanter; as amphoric respiration or resonance.

Am•pho•ter´ic , a. [Gr. both.] Partly one and partly the other; neither acid nor alkaline; neutral. [R.] Smart.

Am´ple , a. [F. ample, L. amplus, prob. for ambiplus full on both sides, the last syllable akin to L. plenus full. See Full, and cf. Double.] Large; great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk; spacious; roomy; widely extended. “All the people in that ample house
Did to that image bow their humble knees.
Spenser.” 2. Fully sufficient; abundant; liberal; copious; as an ample fortune; ample justice. 3. Not contracted of brief; not concise; extended; diffusive; as an ample narrative. Johnson. Syn. — Full; spacious; extensive; wide; capacious; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; copious; bountiful; rich; liberal; munificent. — Ample, Copious, Abundant, Plenteous. These words agree in representing a thing as large, but under different relations, according to the image which is used. Ample implies largeness, producing a sufficiency or fullness of supply for every want; as ample stores or resources, ample provision. Copious carries with it the idea of flow, or of collection at a single point; as a copious supply of materials. ´Copious matter of my song.´ Milton. Abundant and plenteous refer to largeness of quantity; as abundant stores; plenteous harvests.

Am•plec´tant , a. [L. amplecti to embrace.] (Bot.) Clasping a support; as amplectant tendrils. Gray.

Am´ple•ness , n. The state or quality of being ample; largeness; fullness; completeness.

Am•plex•a´tion , n. [L. amplexari to embrace.] An embrace. [Obs.] “An humble amplexation of those sacred feet.
Bp. Hall.”

Am•plex´i•caul , a. [L. amplexus, p. p. of amplecti to encircle, to embrace + caulis stem: cf. F. amplexicaule.] (Bot.) Clasping or embracing a stem, as the base of some leaves. Gray.

Am´pli•ate , v. t. [L. ampliatus, p. p. of ampliare to make wider, fr. amplus. See Ample.] To enlarge. [R.] “To maintain and ampliate the external possessions of your empire.
Udall.”

Am´pli•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer edge prominent; said of the wings of insects.

Am•pli•a´tion , n. [L. ampliatio: cf. F. ampliation.] 1. Enlargement; amplification. [R.] 2. (Civil Law) A postponement of the decision of a cause, for further consideration or re-argument.

Am´pli•a•tive , a. (Logic) Enlarging a conception by adding to that which is already known or received. “´All bodies possess power of attraction´ is an ampliative judgment; because we can think of bodies without thinking of attraction as one of their immediate primary attributes.
Abp. W. Thomson.”

Am•plif´i•cate , v. t. [L. amplificatus, p. p. of amplificare.] To amplify. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am•pli•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. amplificatio.] 1. The act of amplifying or enlarging in dimensions; enlargement; extension. 2. (Rhet.) The enlarging of a simple statement by particularity of description, the use of epithets, etc., for rhetorical effect; diffuse narrative or description, or a dilating upon all the particulars of a subject. “Exaggeration is a species of amplification.
Brande & C.” “I shall summarily, without any amplification at all, show in what manner defects have been supplied.
Sir J. Davies.” 3. The matter by which a statement is amplified; as the subject was presented without amplifications.

Am•plif´i•ca•tive , a. Amplificatory.

Am•plif´i•ca•to•ry , a. Serving to amplify or enlarge; amplificative. Morell.

Am´pli•fi•er , n. One who or that which amplifies.

Am´pli•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amplified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amplifying.] [F. amplifier, L. amplificare. See Ample, -fy.] 1. To render larger, more extended, or more intense, and the like; — used especially of telescopes, microscopes, etc. 2. (Rhet.) To enlarge by addition or discussion; to treat copiously by adding particulars, illustrations, etc.; to expand; to make much of. “Troilus and Cressida was written by a Lombard author, but much amplified by our English translator.
Dryden.”

Am´pli•fy , v. i. 1. To become larger. [Obs.] “Strait was the way at first, withouten light,
But further in did further amplify.
Fairfax.” 2. To speak largely or copiously; to be diffuse in argument or description; to dilate; to expatiate; — often with on or upon. Watts. “He must often enlarge and amplify upon the subject he handles.
South.”

Am´pli•tude , n. [L. amplitudo, fr. amplus: cf. F. amplitude. See Ample.] 1. State of being ample; extent of surface or space; largeness of dimensions; size. “The cathedral of Lincoln … is a magnificent structure, proportionable to the amplitude of the diocese.
Fuller.” 2. Largeness, in a figurative sense; breadth; abundance; fullness. (a) Of extent of capacity or intellectual powers. ´Amplitude of mind.´ Milton. ´Amplitude of comprehension.´ Macaulay. (b) Of extent of means or resources. ´Amplitude of reward.´ Bacon. 3. (Astron.) (a) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the center of the sun, or a star, at its rising or setting. At the rising, the amplitude is eastern or ortive: at the setting, it is western, occiduous, or occasive. It is also northern or southern, when north or south of the equator. (b) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the foot of the vertical circle passing through any star or object. 4. (Gun.) The horizontal line which measures the distance to which a projectile is thrown; the range. 5. (Physics) The extent of a movement measured from the starting point or position of equilibrium; — applied especially to vibratory movements. 6. (math.) An angle upon which the value of some function depends; — a term used more especially in connection with elliptic functions. Magnetic amplitude, the angular distance of a heavenly body, when on the horizon, from the magnetic east or west point as indicated by the compass. The difference between the magnetic and the true or astronomical amplitude (see 3 above) is the ´variation of the compass.´

Am´ply , adv. In an ample manner.

Am´pul , n. [AS. ampella, ampolla, L. ampulla: cf. OF. ampolle, F. ampoule.] Same as Ampulla, 2.

Am•pul´la, n.; pl. Ampullae . [L. ] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A narrow-necked vessel having two handles and bellying out like a jug. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A cruet for the wine and water at Mass. (b) The vase in which the holy oil for chrism, unction, or coronation is kept. Shipley. 3. (Biol.) Any membranous bag shaped like a leathern bottle, as the dilated end of a vessel or duct; especially the dilations of the semicircular canals of the ear.

Am•pul•la´ceous , a. [L. ampullaceus, fr. ampulla.] Like a bottle or inflated bladder; bottle-shaped; swelling. Kirby. Ampullaceous sac (Zoöl.), one of the peculiar cavities in the tissues of sponges, containing the zooidal cells. { Am´pul•lar , Am•pul•la•ry } a. Resembling an ampulla. { Am´pul•late , Am´pul•la•ted } a. Having an ampulla; flask-shaped; bellied.

Am•pul´li•form , a. [Ampulla + -form.] Flask-shaped; dilated.

Am´pu•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amputated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amputating.] [L. amputatus, p. p. of amputare: amb- + putare to prune, putus clean, akin to E. pure. See Putative.] 1. To prune or lop off, as branches or tendrils. 2. (Surg.) To cut off (a limb or projecting part of the body). Wiseman.

Am•pu•ta´tion , n. [L. amputatio: cf. F. amputation.] The act of amputating; esp. the operation of cutting off a limb or projecting part of the body.

Am´pu•ta´tor , n. One who amputates.

Am´pyx , n. [Gr. .] (Greek Antiq.) A woman’s headband (sometimes of metal), for binding the front hair.

Am•ri´ta , n. [Skr. amrita.] (Hind. Myth.) Immortality; also the nectar conferring immortality. — a. Ambrosial; immortal.

Am´sel , Am´zel , n. [Ger. See Ousel.] (Zoöl.) The European ring ousel (Turdus torquatus).

A•muck´ (a•muk´), a. & adv. [Malay amoq furious.] In a frenzied and reckless manner. To run amuck, to rush out in a state of frenzy, as the Malays sometimes do under the influence of ´bhang,´ and attack every one that comes in the way; to assail recklessly and indiscriminately. “Satire’s my weapon, but I’m too discreet
To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet.
Pope.”

Am´u•let , n. [L. amuletum: cf. F. amulette.] An ornament, gem, or scroll, or a package containing a relic, etc., worn as a charm or preservative against evils or mischief, such as diseases and witchcraft, and generally inscribed with mystic forms or characters. [Also used figuratively.]

Am•u•let´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an amulet; operating as a charm.

A•mur´cous , a. [LL. amurcosus, L. amurca the dregs of olives, Gr. ’amo•rghs, fr. ’ame•rgein to pluck.] Full off dregs; foul. [R.] Knowles.

A•mus´a•ble (a•muz´a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. amusable.] Capable of being amused.

A•muse´ (a•muz´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amused (a•muzd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Amusing.] [F. amuser to make stay, to detain, to amuse, à (L. ad) + OF. muser. See Muse, v.] 1. To occupy or engage the attention of; to lose in deep thought; to absorb; also to distract; to bewilder. [Obs.] “Camillus set upon the Gauls when they were amused in receiving their gold.
Holland.” “Being amused with grief, fear, and fright, he could not find the house.
Fuller.” 2. To entertain or occupy in a pleasant manner; to stir with pleasing or mirthful emotions; to divert. “A group of children amusing themselves with pushing stones from the top [of the cliff], and watching as they plunged into the lake.
Gilpin.” 3. To keep in expectation; to beguile; to delude. “He amused his followers with idle promises.
Johnson.” Syn. — To entertain; gratify; please; divert; beguile; deceive; occupy. — To Amuse, Divert, Entertain. We are amused by that which occupies us lightly and pleasantly. We are entertained by that which brings our minds into agreeable contact with others, as conversation, or a book. We are diverted by that which turns off our thoughts to something of livelier interest, especially of a sportive nature, as a humorous story, or a laughable incident. “Whatever amuses serves to kill time, to lull the faculties, and to banish reflection. Whatever entertains usually awakens the understanding or gratifies the fancy. Whatever diverts is lively in its nature, and sometimes tumultuous in its effects.
Crabb.”

A•muse´, v. i. To muse; to mediate. [Obs.]

A•mused´ , a. 1. Diverted. 2. Expressing amusement; as an amused look.

A•muse´ment , n. [Cf. F. amusement.] 1. Deep thought; muse. [Obs.] “Here I … fell into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in my mind, with great perplexity, the amazing change of our affairs.
Fleetwood.” 2. The state of being amused; pleasurable excitement; that which amuses; diversion. “His favorite amusements were architecture and gardening.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Diversion; entertainment; recreation; relaxation; pastime; sport.

A•mus´er (-er), n. One who amuses.

Am•u•sette´ , n. [F.] A light field cannon, or stocked gun mounted on a swivel.

A•mus´ing , a. Giving amusement; diverting; as an amusing story. — A•mus´ing•ly, adv.

A•mu´sive ( 277), a. Having power to amuse or entertain the mind; fitted to excite mirth. [R.] — A•mu´sive•ly, adv. — A•mu´sive•ness, n.

A•my´ , n. [F. ami, fr. L. amicus.] A friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•my´e•lous , a. [Gr. without marrow.] (Med.) Wanting the spinal cord.

A•myg•da•la´ceous , a. (Bot.) Akin to, or derived from, the almond.

A•myg´da•late , a. [L. amygdala, amygdalum, almond, Gr. , . See Almond.] Pertaining to, resembling, or made of, almonds.

A•myg´da•late, n. 1. (Med.) An emulsion made of almonds; milk of almonds. Bailey. Coxe. 2. (Chem.) A salt amygdalic acid.

Am•yg•dal´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to almonds; derived from amygdalin; as amygdalic acid.

A•myg•da•lif´er•ous , a. [L. amygdalum almond + -ferous.] Almond-bearing.

A•myg´da•lin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from bitter almonds as a white, crystalline substance.

A•myg´da•line , a. [L. amygdalinus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, almonds.

A•myg´da•loid , n. [Gr. almond + -oid: cf. F. amygdaloïde.] (Min.) A variety of trap or basaltic rock, containing small cavities, occupied, wholly or in part, by nodules or geodes of different minerals, esp. agates, quartz, calcite, and the zeolites. When the imbedded minerals are detached or removed by decomposition, it is porous, like lava. { A•myg´da•loid , A•myg•da•loid´al } a. 1. Almond-shaped. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, the rock amygdaloid.

Am´yl , n. [L. amylum starch + -yl. Cf. Amidin.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, C_5H_11, of the paraffine series found in amyl alcohol or fusel oil, etc.

Am•y•la´ceous , a. [L. amylum starch, Gr. . See Amidin.] Pertaining to starch; of the nature of starch; starchy.

Am´y•late , n. (Chem.) A compound of the radical amyl with oxygen and a positive atom or radical.

Am´y•lene , n. (Chem.) One of a group of metameric hydrocarbons, C_5H_10, of the ethylene series. The colorless, volatile, mobile liquid commonly called amylene is a mixture of different members of the group.

A•myl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, amyl; as amylic ether. Amylic alcohol (Chem.), one of the series of alcohols, a transparent, colorless liquid, having a peculiar odor. It is the hydroxide of amyl. — Amylic fermentation (Chem.), a process of fermentation in starch or sugar in which amylic alcohol is produced. Gregory.

Am•y•lo•bac´ter, n. [L. amylum starch + NL. bacterium. See Bacterium.] (Biol.) A microörganism (Bacillus amylobacter) which develops in vegetable tissue during putrefaction. Sternberg. { Am´y•loid , Am•y•loid´al } a. [L. amylum starch + -oid.] Resembling or containing amyl; starchlike. Amyloid degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition of various organs of the body, produced by the deposit of an albuminous substance, giving a blue color with iodine and sulphuric acid; - - called also waxy or lardaceous degeneration.

Am´y•loid (am´y•loid), n. 1. A non-nitrogenous starchy food; a starchlike substance. 2. (Med.) The substance deposited in the organs in amyloid degeneration.

Am•y•lo•ly´tic , a. [Gr. starch + solvent; to dissolve.] (Physiol.) Effecting the conversion of starch into soluble dextrin and sugar; as an amylolytic ferment. Foster.

Am•y•lose´ , n. (Chem.) One of the starch group (C_6H_10O_5)n of the carbohydrates; as starch, arabin, dextrin, cellulose, etc.

Am´y•ous (am´i•us), a. [Gr. ’a•myos.] (Med.) Wanting in muscle; without flesh.

Am´yss (am´is), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape.

An (an). [AS. an one, the same word as the numeral. See One, and cf. A.] This word is properly an adjective, but is commonly called the indefinite article. It is used before nouns of the singular number only, and signifies one, or any, but somewhat less emphatically. In such expressions as ´twice an hour,´ ´once an age,´ a shilling an ounce (see 2d A, 2), it has a distributive force, and is equivalent to each, every. An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as an enemy, an hour. It in also often used before h sounded, when the accent of the word falls on the second syllable; as an historian, an hyena, an heroic deed. Many writers use a before h in such positions. Anciently an was used before consonants as well as vowels.

An, conj. [Shortened fr. and, OE. an., and, sometimes and if, in introducing conditional clauses, like Icel. enda if, the same word as and. Prob. and was originally pleonastic before the conditional clause.] If; — a word used by old English authors. Shak. “Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe.
B. Jonson.” An if, and if; if.

An´a-. [Gr. ’ana• on; in comp., on, up, upwards.] A prefix in words from the Greek, denoting up, upward, throughout, backward, back, again, anew.

A´na (a´na), adv. [Gr. ’ana• (used distributively).] (Med.) Of each; an equal quantity; as wine and honey, ana (or, contracted, aa), ij., that is, of wine and honey, each, two ounces. “An apothecary with a … long bill of anas.
Dryden.”

-a´na . [The neut. pl. ending of Latin adjectives in - anus.] A suffix to names of persons or places, used to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Johnson, etc. Used also as a substantive; as the French anas. “It has been said that the table-talk of Selden is worth all the ana of the Continent.
Hallam.”

An•a•bap´tism , n. [L. anabaptismus, Gr. ’anabaptismo•s: cf. F. anabaptisme. See Anabaptize.] The doctrine of the Anabaptists.

An•a•bap´tist , n. [LL. anabaptista, fr. Gr. as if ’anabaptisth•s: cf. F. anabaptiste.] A name sometimes applied to a member of any sect holding that rebaptism is necessary for those baptized in infancy. In church history, the name Anabaptists usually designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed the peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., in the Reformation period. In more modern times the name has been applied to those who do not regard infant baptism as real and valid baptism. { An•a•bap•tis´tic , An•a•bap•tis´tic•al } a. Relating or attributed to the Anabaptists, or their doctrines. Milton. Bp. Bull.

An•a•bap´tist•ry , n. The doctrine, system, or practice, of Anabaptists. [R.] “Thus died this imaginary king; and Anabaptistry was suppressed in Munster.
Pagitt.”

An•a•bap•tize´ , v. t. [Gr. , fr. again + to baptize. See Baptize.] To rebaptize; to rechristen; also to rename. [R.] Whitlock.

An´a•bas , n. [Gr. , p. p. of to advance.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, remarkable for their power of living long out of water, and of making their way on land for considerable distances, and for climbing trees; the climbing fishes.

A•nab´a•sis , n. [Gr. , fr. to go up; up + to go.] 1. A journey or expedition up from the coast, like that of the younger Cyrus into Central Asia, described by Xenophon in his work called ´The Anabasis.´ “The anabasis of Napoleon.
De Quincey.” 2. (Med.) The first period, or increase, of a disease; augmentation. [Obs.]

An•a•bat´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to anabasis; as an anabatic fever. [Obs.]

An•a•bol´ic , a. [Gr. something heaped up; + a stroke.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to anabolism; an anabolic changes, or processes, more or less constructive in their nature.

A•nab´o•lism , n. (Physiol.) The constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from katabolism.

An•a•camp´tic , a. [Gr. to bend back; back + to bend.] Reflecting of reflected; as an anacamptic sound (and echo). The word was formerly applied to that part of optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is now called catoptric. See Catoptrics.

An•a•camp´tic•al•ly , adv. By reflection; as echoes are sound produced anacamptically. Hutton.

An•a•camp´tics , n. 1. The science of reflected light, now called catoptrics. 2. The science of reflected sounds. { An•a•can´thi•ni , An´a•canths } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + thorny, fr. thorn.] (Zoöl.) A group of teleostean fishes destitute of spiny fin-rays, as the cod.

An•a•can´thous , a. Spineless, as certain fishes.

An•a•car´di•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family, or order, of plants of which the cashew tree is the type, and the species of sumac are well known examples.

An•a•car´dic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the cashew nut; as anacardic acid.

An•a•car´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. similar to + heart; — the fruit of this plant being thought to resemble the heart of a bird.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cashew tree. See Cashew.

An•a•ca•thar´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to cleanse upward, i. e., by vomiting; + . See Cathartic.] (Med.) Producing vomiting or expectoration. — n. An anacathartic medicine; an expectorant or an emetic.

An•ach´a•ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. up + grace.] (Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the frog’s-bit family (Hydrocharidaceae), native to America. Transferred to England it became an obstruction to navigation. Called also waterweed and water thyme.

An•ach´o•ret , n. An•ach•o•ret´ic•al a. See Anchoret Anchoretic. [Obs.]

An•ach´o•rism , n. [Gr. + place.] An error in regard to the place of an event or a thing; a referring something to a wrong place. [R.]

An•a•chron´ic , An•a•chron´ic•al , a. Characterized by, or involving, anachronism; anachronistic.

An•ach´ro•nism , n. [Gr. , fr. to refer to a wrong time, to confound times; + time: cf. F. anachronisme.] A misplacing or error in the order of time; an error in chronology by which events are misplaced in regard to each other, esp. one by which an event is placed too early; falsification of chronological relation.

An•ach•ro•nis´tic , a. Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism. T. Warton.

An•ach´ro•nize , v. t. [Gr. .] To refer to, or put into, a wrong time. [R.] Lowell.

An•ach´ro•nous , a. Containing an anachronism; anachronistic. — An•ach´ro•nous•ly, adv.

An•a•clas´tic , a. [Gr. to bend back and break; to reflect (light); + to break.] 1. (Opt.) Produced by the refraction of light, as seen through water; as anaclastic curves. 2. Springing back, as the bottom of an anaclastic glass. Anaclastic glass, a glass or phial, shaped like an inverted funnel, and with a very thin convex bottom. By sucking out a little air, the bottom springs into a concave form with a smart crack; and by breathing or blowing gently into the orifice, the bottom, with a like noise, springs into its former convex form.

An•a•clas´tics , n. (Opt.) That part of optics which treats of the refraction of light; — commonly called dioptrics. Encyc. Brit.

An•a•cœ•no´sis , n. [Gr. , fr. , to communicate; up + to make common, common.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a speaker appeals to his hearers or opponents for their opinion on the point in debate. Walker.

An•a•co•lu´thic , a. Lacking grammatical sequence. — An•a•co•lu´thic•al•ly , adv.

An•a•co•lu´thon , n. [Gr. , , not following, wanting sequence; ’an priv. + following.] (Gram.) A want of grammatical sequence or coherence in a sentence; an instance of a change of construction in a sentence so that the latter part does not syntactically correspond with the first part.

An•a•con´da , n. [Of Ceylonese origin?] (Zoöl.) A large South American snake of the Boa family (Eunectes murinus), which lives near rivers, and preys on birds and small mammals. The name is also applied to a similar large serpent (Python tigris) of Ceylon.

A•nac•re•on´tic , a. [L. Anacreonticus.] Pertaining to, after the manner of, or in the meter of, the Greek poet Anacreon; amatory and convivial. De Quincey.

A•nac•re•on´tic, n. A poem after the manner of Anacreon; a sprightly little poem in praise of love and wine.

An•a•crot´ic , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to anachronism.

A•nac´ro•tism , n. [Gr. , up, again + a stroke.] (Physiol.) A secondary notch in the pulse curve, obtained in a sphygmographic tracing.

An•a•cru´sis , n. [Gr. , fr. to push up or back; + to strike.] (Pros.) A prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to a verse properly beginning with an accented syllable.

An´a•dem , n. [L. anadema, Gr. , fr. to wreathe; up + to bind.] A garland or fillet; a chaplet or wreath. Drayton. Tennyson.

An•a•di•plo´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; + to double, , , twofold, double.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the last word or any prominent word in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next, with an adjunct idea; as ´He retained his virtues amidst all his misfortunes — misfortunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent.´

An´a•drom , n. [Cf. F. anadrome.] (Zoöl.) A fish that leaves the sea and ascends rivers.

A•nad´ro•mous , a. [Gr. running upward; + a running, to run.] 1. (Zoöl.) Ascending rivers from the sea, at certain seasons, for breeding, as the salmon, shad, etc. 2. (Bot.) Tending upwards; — said of terns in which the lowest secondary segments are on the upper side of the branch of the central stem. D. C. Eaton.

A•nae´mi•a (a•ne´mi•a), a. [NL., fr. Gr. ’anaimi•a; ’an priv. + a’i^ma blood.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the blood is deficient in quality or in quantity.

A•naem´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anaemia.

An•a•ë•rob´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to, or like, anaërobies; anaërobiotic.

An•a´ër•o•bies , n. pl. [Gr. ’an priv. + , , air + bi•os life.] (Biol.) Microörganisms which do not require oxygen, but are killed by it. Sternberg.

An•a•ër•o•bi•ot´ic , a. (Anat.) Related to, or of the nature of, anaërobies.

An•aes•the´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’an priv. + feeling, to feel: cf. F. anesthesie. See AEsthetics.] (Med.) Entire or partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation; a state of general or local insensibility produced by disease or by the inhalation or application of an anaesthetic.

An•aes•the´sis , n. See Anaesthesia.

An•aes•thet´ic , a. (Med.) (a) Capable of rendering insensible; as anaesthetic agents. (b) Characterized by, or connected with, insensibility; as an anaesthetic effect or operation.

An•aes•thet´ic, n. (Med.) That which produces insensibility to pain, as chloroform, ether, etc.

An•aes•the•ti•za´tion , n. The process of anaesthetizing; also the condition of the nervous system induced by anaesthetics.

An•aes´the•tize , v. t. (Med.) To render insensible by an anaesthetic. Encyc. Brit.

An´a•glyph , n. [Gr. wrought in low relief, embossed work; + to engrave.] Any sculptured, chased, or embossed ornament worked in low relief, as a cameo. { An•a•glyph´ic , An•a•glyph´ic•al } a. Pertaining to the art of chasing or embossing in relief; anaglyptic; — opposed to diaglyptic or sunk work.

An•a•glyph´ic, n. Work chased or embossed relief.

An•a•glyp´tic , a. [L. anaglypticus, Gr. , . See Anaglyph.] Relating to the art of carving, enchasing, or embossing in low relief.

An•a•glyp´tics , n. The art of carving in low relief, embossing, etc.

An•a•glyp´to•graph , n. [Gr. + - graph.] An instrument by which a correct engraving of any embossed object, such as a medal or cameo, can be executed. Brande & C.

An•a•glyp•to•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anaglyptography; as anaglyptographic engraving.

An•a•glyp•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. embossed + -graphy.] The art of copying works in relief, or of engraving as to give the subject an embossed or raised appearance; — used in representing coins, bas-reliefs, etc.

An•ag•nor´i•sis , n. [Latinized fr. Gr. ; + to recognize.] The unfolding or denouement. [R.] De Quincey.

An•a•go´ge , n. [Gr. a leading up; + a leading, to lead.] 1. An elevation of mind to things celestial. 2. The spiritual meaning or application; esp. the application of the types and allegories of the Old Testament to subjects of the New. { An•a•gog´ic , An•a•gog´ic•al } a. Mystical; having a secondary spiritual meaning; as the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagogical sense, signifies the repose of the saints in heaven; an anagogical explication. — An•a•gog´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•a•gog´ics , n. pl. Mystical interpretations or studies, esp. of the Scriptures. L. Addison.

An´a•go•gy , n. Same as Anagoge.

An´a•gram , n. [F. anagramme, LL. anagramma, fr. Gr. back, again + to write. See Graphic.] Literally, the letters of a word read backwards, but in its usual wider sense, the change or one word or phrase into another by the transposition of its letters. Thus Galenus becomes angelus; William Noy (attorney-general to Charles I., and a laborious man) may be turned into I moyl in law.

An´a•gram, v. t. To anagrammatize. “Some of these anagramed his name, Benlowes, into Benevolus.
Warburton.” { An•a•gram•mat´ic , An•a•gram•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. anagramtique.] Pertaining to, containing, or making, an anagram. — An•a•gram•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•a•gram´ma•tism , n. [Gr. : cf. F. anagrammatisme.] The act or practice of making anagrams. Camden.

An•a•gram´ma•tist, n. [Cf. F. anagrammatiste.] A maker anagrams.

An•a•gram´ma•tize , v. t. [Gr. cf. F. anagrammatiser.] To transpose, as the letters of a word, so as to form an anagram. Cudworth.

An´a•graph , n. [Gr. a writing out, fr. to write out, to record; + to write.] An inventory; a record. [Obs.] Knowles. { An´a•kim , A´naks } n. pl. [Heb.] (Bibl.) A race of giants living in Palestine.

A´nal , a. [From Anus.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the anus; as the anal fin or glands.

A•nal´cime , n. [Gr. ’an priv. + ’a•lkimos strong, ’alkh• strength: cf. F. analcime.] (Min.) A white or flesh-red mineral, of the zeolite family, occurring in isometric crystals. By friction, it acquires a weak electricity; hence its name.

A•nal´cite (-sit), n. [Gr. ’analkh•s weak.] Analcime.

An•a•lec´tic (an•a•lek´tik), a. Relating to analects; made up of selections; as an analectic magazine. { An´a•lects (an´a•lekts), An•a•lec´ta (an•a•lek´ta), } n. pl. [Gr. ’ana•lekta fr. ’anale•gein to collect; ’ana• + le•gein to gather.] A collection of literary fragments.

An•a•lem´ma (-lem´ma), n. [L. analemma a sun dial on a pedestal, showing the latitude and meridian of a place, Gr. ’ana•lhmma a support, or thing supported, a sun dial, fr. ’analamba•nein to take up; ’ana• + lamba•nein to take.] 1. (Chem.) An orthographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon. 2. An instrument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon or cursor; — formerly much used in solving some common astronomical problems. 3. A scale of the sun’s declination for each day of the year, drawn across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe. { An•a•lep´sis (an•a•lep´sis), An´a•lep´sy (an´a•lep•sy), } [Gr. a taking up, or again, recovery, from . See Analemma.] (Med.) (a) Recovery of strength after sickness. (b) A species of epileptic attack, originating from gastric disorder.

An•a•lep´tic , a. [Gr. restorative: cf. F. analeptique. See Analepsis.] (Med.) Restorative; giving strength after disease. — n. A restorative.

An•al•ge´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’analghsi•a; ’an priv. + ’a•lghsis sense of pain.] (Med.) Absence of sensibility to pain. Quain.

An•al•lag•mat´ic , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + a change.] (Math.) Not changed in form by inversion. Anallagmatic curves, a class of curves of the fourth degree which have certain peculiar relations to circles; — sometimes called bicircular quartics. — Anallagmatic surfaces, a certain class of surfaces of the fourth degree.

An•al•lan•to´ic , a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an allantois.

An•al•lan•toid´e•a , n. pl. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. allantoidea.] (Zoöl.) The division of Vertebrata in which no allantois is developed. It includes amphibians, fishes, and lower forms.

A•nal´o•gal , a. Analogous. [Obs.] Donne.

An•a•log´ic , a. [See Analogous.] Of or belonging to analogy. Geo. Eliot.

An•a•log´ic•al , a. 1. Founded on, or of the nature of, analogy; expressing or implying analogy. “When a country which has sent out colonies is termed the mother country, the expression is analogical.
J. S. Mill.” 2. Having analogy; analogous. Sir M. Hale.

An•a•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In an analogical sense; in accordance with analogy; by way of similitude. “A prince is analogically styled a pilot, being to the state as a pilot is to the vessel.
Berkeley.”

An•a•log´ic•al•ness, n. Quality of being analogical.

A•nal´o•gism , n. [Gr. course of reasoning, fr. to think over, to calculate] 1. Logic an argument from the cause to the effect; an a priori argument. Johnson. 2. Investigation of things by the analogy they bear to each other. Crabb.

A•nal´o•gist , n. One who reasons from analogy, or represent, by analogy. Cheyne.

A•nal´o•gize, v. i. To employ, or reason by, analogy.

A•nal´o•gon , n. [Gr. .] Analogue.

A•nal´o•gous , a. [L. analogous, Gr. according to a due ratio, proportionate; + ratio, proportion. See Logic.] Having analogy; corresponding to something else; bearing some resemblance or proportion; — often followed by to. “Analogous tendencies in arts and manners.
De Quincey.” “Decay of public spirit, which may be considered analogous to natural death.
J. H. Newman.” nalogous pole (Pyroelect.), that pole of a crystal which becomes positively electrified when heated. Syn. — Correspondent; similar; like. — A•nal´o gous•ly, adv. — A•nal´o•gous•ness, n.

An´a•logue ( 115), n. [F. , fr. Gr. .] 1. That which is analogous to, or corresponds with, some other thing. “The vexatious tyranny of the individual despot meets its analogue in the insolent tyranny of the many.
I. Taylor.” 2. (Philol.) A word in one language corresponding with one in another; an analogous term; as the Latin ´pater´ is the analogue of the English ´father.´ 3. (Nat. Hist.) (a) An organ which is equivalent in its functions to a different organ in another species or group, or even in the same group; as the gill of a fish is the analogue of a lung in a quadruped, although the two are not of like structural relations. (b) A species in one genus or group having its characters parallel, one by one, with those of another group. (c) A species or genus in one country closely related to a species of the same genus, or a genus of the same group, in another: such species are often called representative species, and such genera, representative genera. Dana.

A•nal´o•gy , n.; pl. Analogies . [L. analogia, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. analogie. See Analogous.] 1. A resemblance of relations; an agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. Thus, learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden. Followed by between, to, or with; as there is an analogy between these objects, or one thing has an analogy to or with another. Analogy is very commonly used to denote similarity or essential resemblance; but its specific meaning is a similarity of relations, and in this consists the difference between the argument from example and that from analogy. In the former, we argue from the mere similarity of two things; in the latter, from the similarity of their relations. Karslake. 2. (Biol.) A relation or correspondence in function, between organs or parts which are decidedly different. 3. (Geom.) Proportion; equality of ratios. 4. (Gram.) Conformity of words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a language; similarity of origin, inflection, or principle of pronunciation, and the like, as opposed to anomaly. Johnson.

An´a•lyse , v., An´a•ly•ser , n., etc. Same as Analyze, Analyzer, etc.

A•nal´y•sis , n.; pl. Analyses . [Gr. , fr. to unloose, to dissolve, to resolve into its elements; up + to loose. See Loose.] 1. A resolution of anything, whether an object of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or original elements; an examination of the component parts of a subject, each separately, as the words which compose a sentence, the tones of a tune, or the simple propositions which enter into an argument. It is opposed to synthesis. 2. (Chem.) The separation of a compound substance, by chemical processes, into its constituents, with a view to ascertain either (a) what elements it contains, or (b) how much of each element is present. The former is called qualitative, and the latter quantitative analysis. 3. (Logic) The tracing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its original principles. 4. (Math.) The resolving of problems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations. 5. (a) A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a discourse, disposed in their natural order. (b) A brief, methodical illustration of the principles of a science. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with synopsis. 6. (Nat. Hist.) The process of ascertaining the name of a species, or its place in a system of classification, by means of an analytical table or key. Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Volumetric analysis. (Chem.) See under Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, etc.

An´a•lyst , n. [F. analyste. See Analysis.] One who analyzes; formerly, one skilled in algebraical geometry; now commonly, one skilled in chemical analysis. { An•a•lyt´ic , An•a•lyt´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. analytique. See Analysis.] Of or pertaining to analysis; resolving into elements or constituent parts; as an analytical experiment; analytic reasoning; — opposed to synthetic. Analytical or coördinate geometry. See under Geometry. — Analytic language, a noninflectional language or one not characterized by grammatical endings. — Analytical table (Nat. Hist.), a table in which the characteristics of the species or other groups are arranged so as to facilitate the determination of their names.

An•a•lyt´ic•al•ly, adv. In an analytical manner.

An•a•lyt´ics , n. The science of analysis.

An´a•ly•za•ble , a. That may be analyzed.

An•a•ly•za´tion , n. The act of analyzing, or separating into constituent parts; analysis.

An´a•lyze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Analyzed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Analyzing.] [Cf. F. analyser. See Analysis.] To subject to analysis; to resolve (anything complex) into its elements; to separate into the constituent parts, for the purpose of an examination of each separately; to examine in such a manner as to ascertain the elements or nature of the thing examined; as to analyze a fossil substance; to analyze a sentence or a word; to analyze an action to ascertain its morality. “No one, I presume, can analyze the sensations of pleasure or pain.
Darwin.”

An´a•ly•zer , n. 1. One who, or that which, analyzes. 2. (Opt.) The part of a polariscope which receives the light after polarization, and exhibits its properties.

An•a•mese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Anam, to southeastern Asia. — n. A native of Anam.

An•am•ne´sis , n. [Gr. , fr. to remind, recall to memory; + to put in mind.] (Rhet.) A recalling to mind; recollection.

An•am•nes´tic , a. [Gr. .] Aiding the memory; as anamnestic remedies.

An•am•ni•ot´ic , a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an amnion.

An•a•mor´phism , n. [Gr. again + form.] 1. A distorted image. 2. (Biol.) A gradual progression from one type to another, generally ascending. Huxley.

An•a•mor´pho•sis , n. [Gr. , fr. to form anew; again + to form; form.] 1. (Persp.) A distorted or monstrous projection or representation of an image on a plane or curved surface, which, when viewed from a certain point, or as reflected from a curved mirror or through a polyhedron, appears regular and in proportion; a deformation of an image. 2. (Biol.) Same as Anamorphism, 2. 3. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, or change of form, or degeneration.

An•a•mor´pho•sy , n. Same as Anamorphosis.

A•nan´ , interj. [See Anon.] An expression equivalent to What did you say? Sir? Eh? [Obs.] Shak.

A•na´nas , n. [Sp. ananas, from the native American name.] (Bot.) The pineapple (Ananassa sativa).

An•an´drous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + ’andh•r a man.] (Bot.) Destitute of stamens, as certain female flowers.

An•an´gu•lar , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. angular.] Containing no angle. [R.]

An•an´ther•ous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. anther.] (Bot.) Destitute of anthers. Gray.

An•an´thous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + ’a•nqos a flower.] (Bot.) Destitute of flowers; flowerless.

An•a•paest , An•a•paes´tic Same as Anapest, Anapestic.

An´a•pest , n. [L. anapaestus, Gr. an anapest, i.e., a dactyl reserved, or, as it were, struck back; fr. ; back + to strike.] 1. (Pros.) A metrical foot consisting of three syllables, the first two short, or unaccented, the last long, or accented (&ssmile; &ssmile; -); the reverse of the dactyl. In Latin de- i-tas, and in English in-ter-vene\’b6, are examples of anapests. 2. A verse composed of such feet.

An•a•pes´tic , a. [L. anapaesticus, Gr. .] Pertaining to an anapest; consisting of an anapests; as an anapestic meter, foot, verse. — n. Anapestic measure or verse.

An•a•pes´tic•al , a. Anapestic.

A•naph´o•ra , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to carry up or back; + to carry.] (Rhet.) A repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses.

An•aph•ro•dis´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + sexual pleasure, the goddess of love.] (Med.) Absence of sexual appetite.

An•aph•ro•dis´i•ac , a. & n. [Gr. ’an priv. + pertaining to venery.] (Med.) Same as Antaphrodisiac. Dunglison.

An•aph•ro•dit´ic , a. [Gr. without love.] (Biol.) Produced without concourse of sexes.

An•a•plas´tic , a. Of or pertaining to anaplasty.

An•a•plas•ty , n. [Gr. again + to form: cf. F. anaplastie.] (Surg.) The art of operation of restoring lost parts or the normal shape by the use of healthy tissue.

An•a•ple•rot´ic , a. [L. anapleroticus, fr. Gr. to fill up; + to fill.] (Med.) Filling up; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers. — n. A remedy which promotes such granulation.

A•nap´no•graph , n. [Gr. respiration + -graph.] A form of spirometer.

An•ap•no´ic , a. [Gr. respiration.] (Med.) Relating to respiration.

An•ap•o•deic´tic , a. [Gr. ; ’an priv. + . See Apodeictic.] Not apodeictic; undemonstrable. [R.]

An•a•poph´y•sis , n. [Gr. back + offshoot.] (Anat.) An accessory process in many lumbar vertebrae.

An•ap•tot´ic , a. [Gr. back + belonging to case.] Having lost, or tending to lose, inflections by phonetic decay; as anaptotic languages.

An•ap´ty•chus , n.; pl. Anaptichi . [NL., fr. Gr. unfolding; back + to fold.] (Paleon.) One of a pair of shelly plates found in some cephalopods, as the ammonites.

An´arch , n. [Gr. without head or chief; ’an priv. + beginning, the first place, magistracy, government.] The author of anarchy; one who excites revolt. Milton. “Imperial anarchs doubling human woes.
Byron.”

A•nar´chal , a. Lawless; anarchical. [R.] “We are in the habit of calling those bodies of men anarchal which are in a state of effervescence.
Landor.” { A•nar´chic , A•nar´chic•al } a. [Cf. F. anarchique.] Pertaining to anarchy; without rule or government; in political confusion; tending to produce anarchy; as anarchic despotism; anarchical opinions.

An´arch•ism , n. [Cf. F. anarchisme.] The doctrine or practice of anarchists.

An´arch•ist , n. [Cf. F. anarchiste.] An anarch; one who advocates anarchy of aims at the overthrow of civil government.

An´arch•ize , v. t. To reduce to anarchy.

An´arch•y , n. [Gr. : cf. F. anarchie. See Anarch.] 1. Absence of government; the state of society where there is no law or supreme power; a state of lawlessness; political confusion. “Spread anarchy and terror all around.
Cowper.” 2. Hence, confusion or disorder, in general. “There being then … an anarchy, as I may term it, in authors and their rekoning of years.
Fuller.”

An•ar•throp´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. without joints + -poda. See Anarthrous.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; — opposed to Arthropoda.

An•ar•throp´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Having no jointed legs; pertaining to Anarthropoda.

An•ar´throus , a. [Gr. ’a•narqros without joints, without the article; ’an priv. + ’a•rqron joint, the article.] 1. (Gr. Gram.) Used without the article; as an anarthrous substantive. 2. (Zoöl.) Without joints, or having the joints indistinct, as some insects.

A´nas , n. [L., duck.] (Zoöl.) A genus of water fowls, of the order Anseres, including certain species of fresh-water ducks.

An•a•sar´ca , n. [NL., from Gr. throughout + , , flesh.] (Med.) Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin.

An•a•sar´cous , a. Belonging, or affected by, anasarca, or dropsy; dropsical. Wiseman.

An•a•stal´tic (-stal´tik), a. & n. [Gr. ’anastaltiko•s fitted for checking, fr. ’ana• + ste•llein to send.] (Med.) Styptic. [Obs.] Coxe.

An´a•state , n. [Gr. up + to make to stand.] (Physiol.) One of a series of substances formed, in secreting cells, by constructive or anabolic processes, in the production of protoplasm; — opposed to katastate. Foster.

An•a•stat´ic , a. [Gr. up + to make to stand: cf. causing to stand.] Pertaining to a process or a style of printing from characters in relief on zinc plates. In this process the letterpress, engraving, or design of any kind is transferred to a zinc plate; the parts not covered with ink are eaten out, leaving a facsimile in relief to be printed from.

A•nas´to•mose , v. i. [imp. p. p. Anastomozed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anastomosing.] [Cf. F. anastomoser, fr. anastomose. See Anastomosis.] (Anat. & Bot.) To inosculate; to intercommunicate by anastomosis, as the arteries and veins. “The ribbing of the leaf, and the anastomosing network of its vessels.
I. Taylor.”

A•nas•to•mo´sis , n.; pl. Anastomoses . [NL., fr. Gr. opening, fr. to furnish with a mouth or opening, to open; + sto•ma mouth: cf. F. anastomose.] (Anat. & Bot.) The inosculation of vessels, or intercommunication between two or more vessels or nerves, as the cross communication between arteries or veins.

A•nas•to•mot´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anastomosis.

A•nas´tro•phe , n. [Gr. , fr. to turn up or back; + to turn.] (Rhet. & Gram.) An inversion of the natural order of words; as echoed the hills, for, the hills echoed.

A•nath´e•ma , n.; pl. Anathemas . [L. anathma, fr. Gr. anything devoted, esp. to evil, a curse; also L. anathma, fr. Gr. a votive offering; all fr. to set up as a votive gift, dedicate; up + to set. See Thesis.] 1. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed. “[They] denounce anathemas against unbelievers.
Priestley.” 2. An imprecation; a curse; a malediction. “Finally she fled to London followed by the anathemas of both [families].
Thackeray.” 3. Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority. “The Jewish nation were an anathema destined to destruction. St. Paul … says he could wish, to save them from it, to become an anathema, and be destroyed himself.
Locke.” Anathema Maranatha (see 1 Cor. xvi. 22), an expression commonly considered as a highly intensified form of anathema. Maran atha is now considered as a separate sentence, meaning, ´Our Lord cometh.´

A•nath•e•mat´ic , A•nath•e•mat´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an anathema. — A•nath•e•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

A•nath´e•ma•tism , n. [Gr. a cursing; cf. F. anathematisme.] Anathematization. [Obs.] “We find a law of Justinian forbidding anathematisms to be pronounced against the Jewish Hellenists.
J. Taylor.”

A•nath•e•ma•ti•za´tion , n. [LL. anathematisatio.] The act of anathematizing, or denouncing as accursed; imprecation. Barrow.

A•nath´e•ma•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anathematized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anathematizing.] [L. anathematizare, Gr. to devote, make accursed: cf. F. anathematiser.] To pronounce an anathema against; to curse. Hence: To condemn publicly as something accursed. Milton.

A•nath´e•ma•ti•zer , n. One who pronounces an anathema. Hammond.

A•nat´i•fa , n.; pl. Anatifae . [NL., contr. fr. anatifera. See Anatiferous.] (Zoöl.) An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia. The term Anatifae, in the plural, is often used for the whole group of pedunculated cirripeds.

A•nat´i•fer, , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Anatifa.

An•a•tif´er•ous , a. [L. anas, anatis, a duck + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Producing ducks; — applied to Anatifae, under the absurd notion of their turning into ducks or geese. See Barnacle.

An´a•tine , a. [L. anatinus, fr. anas, anatis, a duck.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the ducks; ducklike.

A•nat´o•cism , n. [L. anatocismus, Gr. ; again + to lend on interest.] (Law) Compound interest. [R.] Bouvier. { An•a•tom´ic , An•a•tom´ic•al } a. [L. anatomicus, Gr. : cf. F. anatomique. See Anatomy.] Of or relating to anatomy or dissection; as the anatomic art; anatomical observations. Hume.

An•a•tom´ic•al•ly, adv. In an anatomical manner; by means of dissection.

A•nat´o•mism , n. [Cf. F. anatomisme.] 1. The application of the principles of anatomy, as in art. “The stretched and vivid anatomism of their [i. e., the French] great figure painters.
The London Spectator.” 2. The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains all the phenomena of the organism or of animal life.

A•nat´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. anatomiste.] One who is skilled in the art of anatomy, or dissection.

A•nat•o•mi•za´tion , n. The act of anatomizing.

A•nat´o•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anatomized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anatomizing.] [Cf. F. anatomiser.] 1. To dissect; to cut in pieces, as an animal vegetable body, for the purpose of displaying or examining the structure and use of the several parts. 2. To discriminate minutely or carefully; to analyze. “If we anatomize all other reasonings of this nature, we shall find that they are founded on the relation of cause and effect.
Hume.”

A•nat´o•mi•zer , n. A dissector.

A•nat´o•my , n.; pl. Anatomies . [F. anatomie, L. anatomia, Gr. dissection, fr. to cut up; + to cut.] 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of any organized body, to discover their situation, structure, and economy; dissection. 2. The science which treats of the structure of organic bodies; anatomical structure or organization. “Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, according to the knowledge of them which is given us by anatomy.
Dryden.” ´Animal anatomy´ is sometimes called zomy; ´vegetable anatomy,´ phytotomy; ´human anatomy,´ anthropotomy. Comparative anatomy compares the structure of different kinds and classes of animals. 3. A treatise or book on anatomy. 4. The act of dividing anything, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts; analysis; as the anatomy of a discourse. 5. A skeleton; anything anatomized or dissected, or which has the appearance of being so. “The anatomy of a little child, representing all parts thereof, is accounted a greater rarity than the skeleton of a man in full stature.
Fuller.” “They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean-faced villain,
A mere anatomy.
Shak.”

An•a•trep´tic , a. [overturning, fr. to turn up or over; + too turn.] Overthrowing; defeating; — applied to Plato’s refutative dialogues. Enfield.

An´a•tron , n. [F. anatron, natron, Sp. anatron, natron, fr. Ar. al- natrun. See Natron, Niter.] [Obs.] 1. Native carbonate of soda; natron. 2. Glass gall or sandiver. 3. Saltpeter. Coxe. Johnson. { A•nat´ro•pal , A•nat´ro•pous } a. [Gr. up + to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted at an early period in its development, so that the chalaza is as the apparent apex; — opposed to orthotropous. Gray.

A•nat´to , n. Same as Annotto.

An´bur•y , Am´bur•y , n. [AS. ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein: cf. Prov. E. amper a tumor with inflammation. Cf. the first syllable in agnail, and berry a fruit.] 1. (Far.) A soft tumor or bloody wart on horses or oxen. 2. A disease of the roots of turnips, etc.; — called also fingers and toes.

-ance. [F. -ance, fr. L. -antia and also fr. - entia.] A suffix signifying action; also quality or state; as assistance, resistance, appearance, elegance. See -ancy. All recently adopted words of this class take either -ance or -ence, according to the Latin spelling.

An´ces•tor , n. [OE. ancestre, auncestre, also ancessour; the first forms fr. OF. ancestre, F. ancêtre, fr. the L. nom. antessor one who goes before; the last form fr. OF. ancessor, fr. L. acc. antecessorem, fr. antecedere to go before; ante before + cedere to go. See Cede, and cf. Antecessor.] 1. One from whom a person is descended, whether on the father’s or mother’s side, at any distance of time; a progenitor; a fore father. 2. (Biol.) An earlier type; a progenitor; as this fossil animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse. 3. (Law) One from whom an estate has descended; — the correlative of heir.

An•ces•to´ri•al , a. Ancestral. Grote.

An•ces•to´ri•al•ly, adv. With regard to ancestors.

An•ces´tral ( 277), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as an ancestral estate. ´Ancestral trees.´ Hemans.

An´ces•tress , n. A female ancestor.

An´ces•try , n. [Cf. OF. ancesserie. See Ancestor.] 1. Condition as to ancestors; ancestral lineage; hence, birth or honorable descent. “Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an ill one more contemptible.
Addison.” 2. A series of ancestors or progenitors; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural descent.

An´chor (an´ker), n. [OE. anker, AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, sometimes spelt anchora, fr. Gr. ’a•gkyra, akin to E. angle: cf. F. ancre. See Angle, n.] 1. A iron instrument which is attached to a ship by a cable (rope or chain), and which, being cast overboard, lays hold of the earth by a fluke or hook and thus retains the ship in a particular station. The common anchor consists of a straight bar called a shank, having at one end a transverse bar called a stock, above which is a ring for the cable, and at the other end the crown, from which branch out two or more arms with flukes, forming with the shank a suitable angle to enter the ground. Formerly the largest and strongest anchor was the sheet anchor (hence, Fig., best hope or last refuge), called also waist anchor. Now the bower and the sheet anchor are usually alike. Then came the best bower and the small bower (so called from being carried on the bows). The stream anchor is one fourth the weight of the bower anchor. Kedges or kedge anchors are light anchors used in warping. 2. Any instrument or contrivance serving a purpose like that of a ship’s anchor, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast; a contrivance to hold the end of a bridge cable, or other similar part; a contrivance used by founders to hold the core of a mold in place. 3. Fig.: That which gives stability or security; that on which we place dependence for safety. “Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul.
Heb. vi. 19.” 4. (Her.) An emblem of hope. 5. (Arch.) (a) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of a building together. (b) Carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor or arrowhead; — a part of the ornaments of certain moldings. It is seen in the echinus, or egg-and- anchor (called also egg-and-dart, egg-and-tongue) ornament. 6. (Zoöl.) One of the anchor-shaped spicules of certain sponges; also one of the calcareous spinules of certain Holothurians, as in species of Synapta. Anchor ice. See under Ice. — Anchor ring. (Math.) Same as Annulus, 2 (b). — Anchor stock (Naut.), the crossbar at the top of the shank at right angles to the arms. — The anchor comes home, when it drags over the bottom as the ship drifts. — Foul anchor, the anchor when it hooks, or is entangled with, another anchor, or with a cable or wreck, or when the slack cable entangled. — The anchor is acockbill, when it is suspended perpendicularly from the cathead, ready to be let go. — The anchor is apeak, when the cable is drawn in do tight as to bring to ship directly over it. — The anchor is atrip, or aweigh, when it is lifted out of the ground. — The anchor is awash, when it is hove up to the surface of the water. — At anchor, anchored. — To back an anchor, to increase the holding power by laying down a small anchor ahead of that by which the ship rides, with the cable fastened to the crown of the latter to prevent its coming home. — To cast anchor, to drop or let go an anchor to keep a ship at rest. — To cat the anchor, to hoist the anchor to the cathead and pass the ring- stopper. — To fish the anchor, to hoist the flukes to their resting place (called the bill-boards), and pass the shank painter. — To weigh anchor, to heave or raise the anchor so as to sail away.

An´chor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anchored ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anchoring.] [Cf. F. ancrer.] 1. To place at anchor; to secure by an anchor; as to anchor a ship. 2. To fix or fasten; to fix in a stable condition; as to anchor the cables of a suspension bridge. “Till that my nails were anchored in thine eyes.
Shak.”

An´chor, v. i. 1. To cast anchor; to come to anchor; as our ship (or the captain) anchored in the stream. 2. To stop; to fix or rest. “My invention … anchors on Isabel.
Shak.”

An´chor, n. [OE. anker, ancre, AS. ancra, fr. L. anachoreta. See Anchoret.] An anchoret. [Obs.] Shak.

An´chor•a•ble , a. Fit for anchorage.

An´chor•age , n. 1. The act of anchoring, or the condition of lying at anchor. 2. A place suitable for anchoring or where ships anchor; a hold for an anchor. 3. The set of anchors belonging to a ship. 4. Something which holds like an anchor; a hold; as the anchorages of the Brooklyn Bridge. 5. Something on which one may depend for security; ground of trust. 6. A toll for anchoring; anchorage duties. Johnson.

An´cho•rage , n. Abode of an anchoret.

An´chor•ate , a. Anchor- shaped.

An´chored , a. 1. Held by an anchor; at anchor; held safely; as an anchored bark; also shaped like an anchor; forked; as an anchored tongue. 2. (Her.) Having the extremities turned back, like the flukes of an anchor; as an anchored cross. [Sometimes spelt ancred.]

An´cho•ress , n. A female anchoret. “And there, a saintly anchoress, she dwelt.
Wordsworth.”

An´cho•ret , An´cho•rite , n. [F. anachorète, L. anachoreta, fr. Gr. , fr. to go back, retire; + to give place, retire, place; perh. akin to Skr. ha to leave. Cf. Anchor a hermit.] One who renounces the world and secludes himself, usually for religious reasons; a hermit; a recluse. [Written by some authors anachoret.] “Our Savior himself … did not choose an anchorite’s or a monastic life, but a social and affable way of conversing with mortals.
Boyle.” { An•cho•ret´ic , An•cho•ret´ic•al } a. [Cf. Gr. .] Pertaining to an anchoret or hermit; after the manner of an anchoret.

An´cho•ret•ish , a. Hermitlike.

An´cho•ret•ism , n. The practice or mode of life of an anchoret.

An´chor-hold , n. 1. The hold or grip of an anchor, or that to which it holds. 2. Hence: Firm hold: security.

An´cho•rite , n. Same as Anchoret.

An´cho•ri•tess , n. An anchoress. [R.]

An´chor•less , a. Without an anchor or stay. Hence: Drifting; unsettled.

An•cho´vy (an•cho´vy), n. [Sp. anchoa, anchova, or Pg. anchova, prob. of Iberian origin, and lit. a dried or pickled fish, fr. Bisc. antzua dry: cf. D. anchovis, F. anchois.] (Zoöl.) A small fish, about three inches in length, of the Herring family (Engraulis encrasicholus), caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and pickled for exportation. The name is also applied to several allied species.

An•cho´vy pear (an•cho´vy pâr•). (Bot.) A West Indian fruit like the mango in taste, sometimes pickled; also the tree (Grias cauliflora) bearing this fruit.

An´chu•sin , n. [L. anchusa the plant alkanet, Gr. .] (Chem.) A resinoid coloring matter obtained from alkanet root.

An´chy•lose , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Anchylosed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anchylosing.] [Cf. F. ankyloser.] To affect or be affected with anchylosis; to unite or consolidate so as to make a stiff joint; to grow together into one. [Spelt also ankylose.] Owen.

An•chy•lo´sis , An•ky•lo´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. , fr. to crook, stiffen, fr. crooked: cf. F. ankylose.] 1. (Med.) Stiffness or fixation of a joint; formation of a stiff joint. Dunglison. 2. (Anat.) The union of two or more separate bones to from a single bone; the close union of bones or other structures in various animals.

An•chy•lot´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anchylosis.

An´cient , a. [OE. auncien, F. ancien, LL. antianus, fr. L. ante before. See Ante- , pref.] 1. Old; that happened or existed in former times, usually at a great distance of time; belonging to times long past; specifically applied to the times before the fall of the Roman empire; — opposed to modern; as ancient authors, literature, history; ancient days. “Witness those ancient empires of the earth.
Milton.” “Gildas Albanius … much ancienter than his namesake surnamed the Wise.
Fuller.” 2. Old; that has been of long duration; of long standing; of great age; as an ancient forest; an ancient castle. ´Our ancient bickerings.´ Shak. “Remove not the ancient landmarks, which thy fathers have set.
Prov. xxii. 28.” “An ancient man, strangely habited, asked for quarters.
Scott.” 3. Known for a long time, or from early times; — opposed to recent or new; as the ancient continent. “A friend, perhaps, or an ancient acquaintance.
Barrow.” 4. Dignified, like an aged man; magisterial; venerable. [Archaic] “He wrought but some few hours of the day, and then would he seem very grave and ancient.
Holland.” 5. Experienced; versed. [Obs.] “Though [he] was the youngest brother, yet he was the most ancient in the business of the realm.
Berners.” 6. Former; sometime. [Obs.] “They mourned their ancient leader lost.
Pope.” Ancient demesne (Eng. Law), a tenure by which all manors belonging to the crown, in the reign of William the Conqueror, were held. The numbers, names, etc., of these were all entered in a book called Domesday Book. — Ancient lights (Law), windows and other openings which have been enjoined without molestation for more than twenty years. In England, and in some of the United States, they acquire a prescriptive right. Syn. — Old; primitive; pristine; antique; antiquated; old- fashioned; obsolete. — Ancient, Antiquated, Obsolete, Antique, Antic, Old. — Ancient is opposed to modern, and has antiquity; as an ancient family, ancient landmarks, ancient institutions, systems of thought, etc. Antiquated describes that which has gone out of use or fashion; as antiquated furniture, antiquated laws, rules, etc. Obsolete is commonly used, instead of antiquated, in reference to language, customs, etc.; as an obsolete word or phrase, an obsolete expression. Antique is applied, in present usage, either to that which has come down from the ancients; as an antique cameo, bust, etc. ; or to that which is made to imitate some ancient work of art; as an antique temple. In the days of Shakespeare, antique was often used for ancient; as ´an antique song,´ ´an antique Roman;´ and hence, from singularity often attached to what is ancient, it was used in the sense of grotesque; as ´an oak whose antique root peeps out; ´ and hence came our present word antic, denoting grotesque or ridiculous. We usually apply both ancient and old to things subject to gradual decay. We say, an old man, an ancient record; but never, the old stars, an old river or mountain. In general, however, ancient is opposed to modern, and old to new, fresh, or recent. When we speak of a thing that existed formerly, which has ceased to exist, we commonly use ancient; as ancient republics, ancient heroes; and not old republics, old heroes. But when the thing which began or existed in former times is still in existence, we use either ancient or old; as ancient statues or paintings, or old statues or paintings; ancient authors, or old authors, meaning books.

An´cient, n. 1. pl. Those who lived in former ages, as opposed to the moderns. 2. An aged man; a patriarch. Hence: A governor; a ruler; a person of influence. “The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of his people, and the princes thereof.
Isa. iii. 14.” 3. A senior; an elder; a predecessor. [Obs.] “Junius and Andronicus … in Christianity … were his ancients.
Hooker.” 4. pl. (Eng. Law) One of the senior members of the Inns of Court or of Chancery. Council of Ancients (French Hist.), one of the two assemblies composing the legislative bodies in 1795. Brande.

An´cient, n. [Corrupted from ensign.] 1. An ensign or flag. [Obs.] “More dishonorable ragged than an old-faced ancient.
Shak.” 2. The bearer of a flag; an ensign. [Obs.] “This is Othello’s ancient, as I take it.
Shak.”

An´cient•ly, adv. 1. In ancient times. 2. In an ancient manner. [R.]

An´cient•ness, n. The quality of being ancient; antiquity; existence from old times.

An´cient•ry , n. 1. Antiquity; what is ancient. “They contain not word of ancientry.
West.” 2. Old age; also old people. [R.] “Wronging the ancientry.
Shak.” 3. Ancient lineage; ancestry; dignity of birth. “A gentleman of more ancientry than estate.
Fuller.”

An´cient•y , n. [F. anciennete, fr. ancien. See Ancient.] 1. Age; antiquity. [Obs.] Martin. 2. Seniority. [Obs.]

An•ci´le , n. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The sacred shield of the Romans, said to have-fallen from heaven in the reign of Numa. It was the palladium of Rome.

An´cil•la•ry , a. [L. ancillaris, fr. ancilla a female servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid; auxiliary. “The Convocation of York seems to have been always considered as inferior, and even ancillary, to the greater province.
Hallam.”

An•cille´ , n. [OF. ancelle, L. ancilla.] A maidservant; a handmaid. [Obs.] Chaucer. { An•cip´i•tal , An•cip´i•tous } a. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two-headed, double; an- for amb- on both sides + caput head.] (Bot.) Two-edged instead of round; — said of certain flattened stems, as those of blue grass, and rarely also of leaves.

An•cis´troid , a. [Gr. ; a hook + shape.] Hook-shaped.

An´cle , n. See Ankle.

An´come (an´kum), n. [AS. ancuman, oncuman, to come.] A small ulcerous swelling, coming suddenly; also a whitlow. [Obs.] Boucher.

An´con (an´kom), n.; L. pl. Ancones . [L., fr. Gr. ’agkw•n the bent arm, elbow; any hook or bend.] (Anat.) The olecranon, or the elbow. Ancon sheep (Zoöl.), a breed of sheep with short crooked legs and long back. It originated in Massachusetts in 1791; — called also the otter breed. { An´con , An´cone } n. [See Ancon, above.] (Arch.) (a) The corner or quoin of a wall, cross-beam, or rafter. [Obs.] Gwilt. (b) A bracket supporting a cornice; a console. { An´co•nal , An•co´ne•al } a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ancon or elbow. ´The olecranon on anconeal process.´ Flower.

An•co´ne•us , n. [NL., fr. L. ancon elbow.] (Anat.) A muscle of the elbow and forearm.

An´co•noid , a. Elbowlike; anconal.

An´co•ny , n. [Origin unknown.] (Iron Work) A piece of malleable iron, wrought into the shape of a bar in the middle, but unwrought at the ends.

-an•cy. [L. -antia.] A suffix expressing more strongly than -ance the idea of quality or state; as constancy, buoyancy, infancy.

And , conj. [AS. and; akin to OS. endi, Icel. enda, OHG. anti, enti, inti, unti, G. und, D. en, OD. ende. Cf, An if, Ante-.] 1. A particle which expresses the relation of connection or addition. It is used to conjoin a word with a word, a clause with a clause, or a sentence with a sentence. (a) It is sometimes used emphatically; as ´there are women and women,´ that is, two very different sorts of women. (b) By a rhetorical figure, notions, one of which is modificatory of the other, are connected by and; as ´the tediousness and process of my travel,´ that is, the tedious process, etc.; ´thy fair and outward character,´ that is, thy outwardly fair character, Schmidt’s Shak. Lex. 2. In order to; — used instead of the infinitival to, especially after try, come, go. “At least to try and teach the erring soul.
Milton.” 3. It is sometimes, in old songs, a mere expletive. “When that I was and a little tiny boy.
Shak.” 4. If; though. See An, conj. [Obs.] Chaucer. “As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.
Bacon.” And so forth, and others; and the rest; and similar things; and other things or ingredients. The abbreviation, etc. (et cetera), or &c., is usually read and so forth.

An´da•ba•tism , n. [L. andabata a kind of Roman gladiator, who fought hoodwinked.] Doubt; uncertainty. [Obs.] Shelford.

An•da•lu´site , n. (Min.) A silicate of aluminium, occurring usually in thick rhombic prisms, nearly square, of a grayish or pale reddish tint. It was first discovered in Andalusia, Spain.

An•dan´te , a. [It. andante, p. pr. of andare to go.] (Mus.) Moving moderately slow, but distinct and flowing; quicker than larghetto, and slower than allegretto. — n. A movement or piece in andante time.

An•dan•ti´no , a. [It., dim. of andante.] (Mus.) Rather quicker than andante; between that allegretto. Some, taking andante in its original sense of ´going,´ and andantino as its diminutive, or ´less going,´ define the latter as slower than andante.

An´da•rac , n. [A corruption of sandarac.] Red orpiment. Coxe.

An•de´an, a. Pertaining to the Andes.

An´des•ine , n. (Min.) A kind of triclinic feldspar found in the Andes.

An´des•ite , n. (Min.) An eruptive rock allied to trachyte, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar, with pyroxene, hornblende, or hypersthene.

An´dine , a. Andean; as Andine flora.

And´i•ron , n. [OE. anderne, aunderne, aundyre, OF. andier, F. landier, fr. LL. andena, andela, anderia, of unknown origin. The Eng. was prob. confused with brand-iron, AS. brand- isen.] A utensil for supporting wood when burning in a fireplace, one being placed on each side; a firedog; as a pair of andirons.

An•dra•nat´o•my , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + : cf. F. andranatomie. See Anatomy, Androtomy.] The dissection of a human body, especially of a male; androtomy. Coxe.

An•drœ´ci•um , n. [NL., from Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + house.] (bot.) The stamens of a flower taken collectively.

An´dro•gyne , n. 1. An hermaphrodite. 2. (Bot.) An androgynous plant. Whewell. { An•drog´y•nous , An•drog´y•nal } a. [L. androgynus, Gr. ; ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + gynh• woman: cf. F. androgyne.] 1. Uniting both sexes in one, or having the characteristics of both; being in nature both male and female; hermaphroditic. Owen. “The truth is, a great mind must be androgynous.
Coleridge.” 2. (Bot.) Bearing both staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers in the same cluster. { An•drog´y•ny , An•drog´y•nism } n. Union of both sexes in one individual; hermaphroditism. { An´droid (an´droid), An•droi´des (an•droi´dez), } n. [Gr. ’androeidh•s of man’s form; ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + e’i^dos form.] A machine or automaton in the form of a human being.

An´droid, a. Resembling a man.

An•drom´e•da , n. [L., fr. Gr. , the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia. When bound to a rock and exposed to a sea monster, she was delivered by Perseus.] 1. (Astron.) A northern constellation, supposed to represent the mythical Andromeda. 2. (bot.) A genus of ericaceous flowering plants of northern climates, of which the original species was found growing on a rock surrounded by water.

An´dron , n. [L. andron, Gr. , fr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man.] (Gr. & Rom. Arch.) The apartment appropriated for the males. This was in the lower part of the house.

An•dro•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + leaf.] (Bot.) Produced by the conversion of the stamens into petals, as double flowers, like the garden ranunculus. Brande.

An•droph´a•gi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + to eat.] Cannibals; man-eaters; anthropophagi. [R.]

An•droph´a•gous , a. Anthropophagous.

An´dro•phore , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + to bear.] 1. (Bot.) A support or column on which stamens are raised. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) The part which in some Siphonophora bears the male gonophores.

An´dro•sphinx , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + sphinx.] (Egypt. Art.) A man sphinx; a sphinx having the head of a man and the body of a lion.

An´dro•spore , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, a man + a seed.] (Bot.) A spore of some algae, which has male functions.

An•drot´o•mous , a. (Bot.) Having the filaments of the stamens divided into two parts.

An•drot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + a cutting. Cf. Anatomy.] Dissection of the human body, as distinguished from zoötomy; anthropotomy. [R.]

•an´drous . [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, a man.] (Bot.) A terminal combining form: Having a stamen or stamens; staminate; as monandrous, with one stamen; polyandrous, with many stamens.

A•near´ , prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + near.] Near. [R.] ´It did not come anear.´ Coleridge. “The measure of misery anear us.
I. Taylor.”

A•near´, v. t. & i. To near; to approach. [Archaic]

A•neath´ , prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + neath for beneath.] Beneath. [Scot.]

An´ec•do•tage , n. Anecdotes collectively; a collection of anecdotes. “All history, therefore, being built partly, and some of it altogether, upon anecdotage, must be a tissue of lies.
De Quincey.”

An´ec•do•tal , a. Pertaining to, or abounding with, anecdotes; as anecdotal conversation.

An´ec•dote , n. [F. anecdote, fr. Gr. not published; ’an priv. + given out, to give out, to publish; out + to give. See Dose, n.] 1. pl. Unpublished narratives. Burke. 2. A particular or detached incident or fact of an interesting nature; a biographical incident or fragment; a single passage of private life. { An•ec•dot´ic , An•ec•dot´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or addicted to, anecdotes. ´Anecdotical traditions.´ Bolingbroke.

An´ec•do´tist , n. One who relates or collects anecdotes.

An´e•lace , n. Same as Anlace.

A•nele´ , v. t. [OE. anelien; an on + AS. ele oil, L. oleum. See Oil, Anoil.] 1. To anoint. Shipley. 2. To give extreme unction to. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

An•e•lec´tric , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. electric.] (Physics) Not becoming electrified by friction; — opposed to idioelectric. — n. A substance incapable of being electrified by friction. Faraday.

An•e•lec´trode , n. [Gr. up + E. electrode.] (Elec.) The positive pole of a voltaic battery.

An•e•lec•trot´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. up + E. electrotonus.] (Physiol.) The condition of decreased irritability of a nerve in the region of the positive electrode or anode on the passage of a current of electricity through it. Foster.

A•nem´o•gram , n. [Gr. wind + - gram.] A record made by an anemograph.

A•nem´o•graph (-graf), n. [Gr. wind + -graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording the direction and force of the wind. Knight.

A•nem•o•graph´ic (a•nem•o•graf´ik), a. Produced by an anemograph; of or pertaining to anemography.

An•e•mog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. wind + -graphy.] 1. A description of the winds. 2. The art of recording the direction and force of the wind, as by means of an anemograph.

An•e•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. wind + - logy.] The science of the wind.

An•e•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. wind + - meter.] An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of the wind; a wind gauge. { An•e•mo•met´ric , An•e•mo•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to anemometry.

An•e•mo•met´ro•graph , n. [Anemometer + -graph.] An anemograph. Knight.

An•e•mom´e•try , n. The act or process of ascertaining the force or velocity of the wind.

A•nem´o•ne , n. [L. anemone, Gr. , fr. wind.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Ranunculus or Crowfoot family; windflower. Some of the species are cultivated in gardens. 2. (Zoöl.) The sea anemone. See Actinia, and Sea anemone. This word is sometimes pronounced an•e•mo´ne, especially by classical scholars.

An•e•mon´ic , a. (Chem.) An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from, the anemone, or from anemonin.

A•nem´o•nin , n. (Chem.) An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from some species of anemone.

A•nem´o•ny , n. See Anemone. Sandys.

An•e•morph´i•lous , a. [Gr. ’a•nemos wind + fi•los lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of the wind; — said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by the wind; wind-Fertilized. Lubbock.

A•nem´o•scope , n. [Gr. wind + - scope: cf. F. anemoscope.] An instrument which shows the direction of the wind; a wind vane; a weathercock; — usually applied to a contrivance consisting of a vane above, connected in the building with a dial or index with pointers to show the changes of the wind. { An•en•ce•phal´ic , An•en•ceph´a•lous } a. [Gr. , priv. + the brain: cf. Encephalon.] (Zoöl.) Without a brain; brainless. Todd & B. { A•nenst´ , A•nent´ } prep. [OE. anent, anentis, anence, anens, anents, AS. onefen, onemn; an, on, on + efen even, equal; hence meaning, on an equality with, even with, beside. See Even, a.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Over against; as he lives anent the church. 2. About; concerning; in respect; as he said nothing anent this particular.

An•en´ter•ous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + intestine, within, in.] (Zoöl.) Destitute of a stomach or an intestine. Owen.

An´e•roid , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + nhro•s wet, moist + -oid: cf. F. aneroïde.] Containing no liquid; — said of a kind of barometer. Aneroid barometer, a barometer the action of which depends on the varying pressure of the atmosphere upon the elastic top of a metallic box (shaped like a watch) from which the air has been exhausted. An index shows the variation of pressure.

An´e•roid, n. An aneroid barometer.

Anes (anz), adv. Once. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

An•es•the´si•a , n., An•es•thet´ic a. Same as Anaesthesia, Anaesthetic.

An´et , n. [F. aneth, fr. L. anethum, Gr. ’a•nhqon. See Anise.] The herb dill, or dillseed.

An´e•thol , n. [L. anethum (see Anise) + -ol.] (Chem.) A substance obtained from the volatile oils of anise, fennel, etc., in the form of soft shining scales; — called also anise camphor. Watts.

A•net´ic , a. [L. aneticus, Gr. relaxing; back + to send.] (Med.) Soothing.

An´eu•rism , n. [Gr. , , a widening, an opening; up + wide.] (Med.) A soft, pulsating, hollow tumor, containing blood, arising from the preternatural dilation or rupture of the coats of an artery. [Written also aneurysm.]

An•eu•ris´mal , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to an aneurism; as an aneurismal tumor; aneurismal diathesis. [Written also aneurysmal.]

A•new´ , adv. [Pref. a- + new.] Over again; another time; in a new form; afresh; as to arm anew; to create anew. Dryden.

An•frac´tu•ose ( 135), a. [See Anfractuous.] Anfractuous; as anfractuose anthers.

An•frac•tu•os´i•ty , n.; pl. Anfractuosities (#). [Cf. F. anfractuosite.] 1. A state of being anfractuous, or full of windings and turnings; sinuosity. “The anfractuosities of his intellect and temper.
Macaulay.” 2. (Anat.) A sinuous depression or sulcus like those separating the convolutions of the brain.

An•frac´tu•ous , a. [L. anfractuosus, fr. anfractus a turning, a winding, fr. the unused anfringere to wind, bend; an-, for amb- + fractus, p. p. of frangere to break: cf. F. anfractueux.] Winding; full of windings and turnings; sinuous; tortuous; as the anfractuous spires of a born. — An•frac´tu•ous•ness, n.

An•frac´ture , n. A mazy winding.

An•ga´ri•a´tion , n. [LL. angariatio, fr. L. angaria service to a lord, villenage, fr. angarius, Gr. ’a•ggaros (a Persian word), a courier for carrying royal dispatches.] Exaction of forced service; compulsion. [Obs.] Speed.

An•gei•ol´o•gy , n., An•gei•ot´o•my, etc. Same as Angiology, Angiotomy, etc.>

An´gel , n. [AS. aengel, engel, influenced by OF. angele, angle, F. ange. Both the AS. and the OF. words are from L. angelus, Gr. ’a•ggelos messenger, a messenger of God, an angel.] 1. A messenger. [R.] “The dear good angel of the Spring,
The nightingale.
B. Jonson.” 2. A spiritual, celestial being, superior to man in power and intelligence. In the Scriptures the angels appear as God’s messengers. “O, welcome, pure-eyed Faith, white-handed Hope,
Thou hovering angel, girt with golden wings.
Milton.” 3. One of a class of ´fallen angels;´ an evil spirit; as the devil and his angels. 4. A minister or pastor of a church, as in the Seven Asiatic churches. [Archaic] “Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write.
Rev. ii. 1.” 5. Attendant spirit; genius; demon. Shak. 6. An appellation given to a person supposed to be of angelic goodness or loveliness; a darling. “When pain and anguish wring the brow,
A ministering angel thou.
Sir W. Scott.” 7. (Numis.) An ancient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of the archangel Michael. It varied in value from 6s. 8d. to 10s. Amer. Cyc. Angel is sometimes used adjectively; as angel grace; angel whiteness. Angel bed, a bed without posts. — Angel fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of shark (Squatina angelus) from six to eight feet long, found on the coasts of Europe and North America. It takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large and extend horizontally like wings when spread. (b) One of several species of compressed, bright colored fishes warm seas belonging to the family Chaetodontidae. — Angel gold, standard gold. [Obs.] Fuller. — Angel shark. See Angel fish. — Angel shot (Mil.), a kind of chain shot. — Angel water, a perfumed liquid made at first chiefly from angelica; afterwards containing rose, myrtle, and orange-flower waters, with ambergris, etc. [Obs.]

An´gel•age , n. Existence or state of angels.

An´gel•et , n. [OF. angelet.] A small gold coin formerly current in England; a half angel. Eng. Cyc.

An´gel fish. See under Angel.

An´gel•hood , n. The state of being an angel; angelic nature. Mrs. Browning. { An•gel´ic , An•gel´ic•al } a. [L. angelicus, Gr. : cf. F. angelique.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, angels; resembling, characteristic of, or partaking of the nature of, an angel; heavenly; divine. ´Angelic harps.´ Thomson.´Angelical actions.´ Hooker. “The union of womanly tenderness and angelic patience.
Macaulay.” Angelic Hymn, a very ancient hymn of the Christian Church; — so called from its beginning with the song of the heavenly host recorded in Luke ii. 14. Eadie.

An•gel´ic, a. [From Angelica.] (Chem.) Of or derived from angelica; as angelic acid; angelic ether. Angelic acid, an acid obtained from angelica and some other plants.

An•gel´i•ca , n. [NL. See Angelic.] (Bot.) 1. An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica officinalis or Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied and used in confectionery, and the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic. 2. The candied leaf stalks of angelica. Angelica tree, a thorny North American shrub (Aralia spinosa), called also Hercules’ club.

An•gel´ic•al•ly , adv. Like an angel.

An•gel´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being angelic; excellence more than human.

An•gel´i•fy , v. t. To make like an angel; to angelize. [Obs.] Farindon (1647).

An´gel•ize , v. t. To raise to the state of an angel; to render angelic. “It ought not to be our object to angelize, nor to brutalize, but to humanize man.
W. Taylor.”

An´gel•like , a. & adv. Resembling an angel.

An•gel•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. angel + service, worship.] Worship paid to angels.

An•gel•ol´o•gy , n. [L. angelus, Gr. + -logy.] A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines in regard to angels. “The same mythology commanded the general consent; the same angelology, demonology.
Milman.”

An•gel•oph´a•ny , n. [Gr. angel + to appear.] The actual appearance of an angel to man.

An´ge•lot , n. [F. angelot, LL. angelotus, angellotus, dim. of angelus. See Angel.] 1. A French gold coin of the reign of Louis XI., bearing the image of St. Michael; also a piece coined at Paris by the English under Henry VI. [Obs.] 2. An instrument of music, of the lute kind, now disused. Johnson. R. Browning. 3. A sort of small, rich cheese, made in Normandy.

An´ge•lus , n. [L.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A form of devotion in which three Ave Marias are repeated. It is said at morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of a bell. (b) The Angelus bell. Shipley.

An´ger (an´ger), n. [OE. anger, angre, affliction, anger, fr. Icel. angr affliction, sorrow; akin to Dan. anger regret, Swed. ånger regret, AS. ange oppressed, sad, L. angor a strangling, anguish, angere to strangle, Gr. ’a•gchein to strangle, Skr. amhas pain, and to E. anguish, anxious, quinsy, and perh. awe, ugly. The word seems to have orig. meant to choke, squeeze. rad.3.] 1. Trouble; vexation; also physical pain or smart of a sore, etc. [Obs.] “I made the experiment, setting the moxa where … the greatest anger and soreness still continued.
Temple.” 2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure or antagonism, excited by a real or supposed injury or insult to one’s self or others, or by the intent to do such injury. “Anger is like
A full hot horse, who being allowed his way,
Self-mettle tires him.
Shak.” Syn. — Resentment; wrath; rage; fury; passion; ire gall; choler; indignation; displeasure; vexation; grudge; spleen. — Anger, Indignation, Resentment, Wrath, Ire, Rage, Fury. Anger is a feeling of keen displeasure (usually with a desire to punish) for what we regard as wrong toward ourselves or others. It may be excessive or misplaced, but is not necessarily criminal. Indignation is a generous outburst of anger in view of things which are indigna, or unworthy to be done, involving what is mean, cruel, flagitious, etc., in character or conduct. Resentment is often a moody feeling, leading one to brood over his supposed personal wrongs with a deep and lasting anger. See Resentment. Wrath and ire (the last poetical) express the feelings of one who is bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebullition of anger; and fury is an excess of rage, amounting almost to madness. Warmth of constitution often gives rise to anger; a high sense of honor creates indignation at crime; a man of quick sensibilities is apt to cherish resentment; the wrath and ire of men are often connected with a haughty and vindictive spirit; rage and fury are distempers of the soul to be regarded only with abhorrence.

An´ger , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Angered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Angering.] [Cf. Icel. angra.] 1. To make painful; to cause to smart; to inflame. [Obs.] “He … angereth malign ulcers.
Bacon.” 2. To excite to anger; to enrage; to provoke. “Taxes and impositions … which rather angered than grieved the people.
Clarendon.”

An´ger•ly, adv. Angrily. [Obs. or Poetic] “Why, how now, Hecate! you look angerly.
Shak.”

An´ge•vine , a. [F. Angevin.] Of or pertaining to Anjou in France. — n. A native of Anjou.

An•gi•en´chy•ma , n. [Gr. receptacle + . Formed like Parenchyma.] (Bot.) Vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels, dotted, barred, and pitted ducts, and laticiferous vessels.

An•gi´na , n. [L., fr. angere to strangle, to choke. See Anger, n.] (Med.) Any inflammatory affection of the throat or faces, as the quinsy, malignant sore throat, croup, etc., especially such as tends to produce suffocation, choking, or shortness of breath. Angina pectoris , a peculiarly painful disease, so named from a sense of suffocating contraction or tightening of the lower part of the chest; — called also breast pang, spasm of the chest. { An´gi•nous , An´gi•nose• } a. (Med.) Pertaining to angina or angina pectoris.

An´gi•o- (an´ji•o-). [Gr. ’aggei^on vessel receptacle.] A prefix, or combining form, in numerous compounds, usually relating to seed or blood vessels, or to something contained in, or covered by, a vessel.

An•gi•o•car´pous (an•ji•o•kär´pus), a. [Angio- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Having fruit inclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself; as the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. Brande & C. (b) Having the seeds or spores covered, as in certain lichens. Gray.

An•gi•og´ra•phy , n. [Angio- + -graphy: cf. F. angiographie.] (Anat.) A description of blood vessels and lymphatics.

An•gi•ol´o•gy (-ol´o•jy), n. [Angio- + -logy.] (Anat.) That part of anatomy which treats of blood vessels and lymphatics.

An•gi•o´ma (-o´ma), n. [Angio- + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood vessels.

An•gi•o•mon•o•sper´mous (an•ji•o•mon•o•sper´mus), a. [Angio- + monospermous.] (Bot.) Producing one seed only in a seed pod.

An´gi•o•scope (an´ji•o•skop), n. [Angio- + -scope.] An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of animals and plants. Morin.

An´gi•o•sperm (-an´ji•o•sperm), n. [Angio- + Gr. , , seed.] (Bot.) A plant which has its seeds inclosed in a pericarp. The term is restricted to exogenous plants, and applied to one of the two grand divisions of these species, the other division including gymnosperms, or those which have naked seeds. The oak, apple, beech, etc., are angiosperms, while the pines, spruce, hemlock, and the allied varieties, are gymnosperms.

An•gi•o•sper´ma•tous (an•ji•o•sper´ma•tus), a. (Bot.) Same as Angiospermous.

An•gi•o•sper´mous , a. (Bot.) Having seeds inclosed in a pod or other pericarp.

An•gi•os´po•rous , a. [Angio- + spore.] (Bot.) Having spores contained in cells or thecae, as in the case of some fungi.

An•gi•os´to•mous , a. [Angio- + Gr. mouth.] (Zoöl.) With a narrow mouth, as the shell of certain gastropods.

An•gi•ot´o•my , n. [Angio- + Gr. a cutting.] (Anat.) Dissection of the blood vessels and lymphatics of the body. Dunglison.

An´gle (an´g’l), n. [F. angle, L. angulus angle, corner; akin to uncus hook, Gr. ’agky•los bent, crooked, angular, ’a•gkos a bend or hollow, AS. angel hook, fish-hook, G. angel, and F. anchor.] 1. The inclosed space near the point where two lines meet; a corner; a nook. “Into the utmost angle of the world.
Spenser.” “To search the tenderest angles of the heart.
Milton.” 2. (Geom.) (a) The figure made by. two lines which meet. (b) The difference of direction of two lines. In the lines meet, the point of meeting is the vertex of the angle. 3. A projecting or sharp corner; an angular fragment. “Though but an angle reached him of the stone.
Dryden.” 4. (Astrol.) A name given to four of the twelve astrological ´houses.´ [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. [AS. angel.] A fishhook; tackle for catching fish, consisting of a line, hook, and bait, with or without a rod. “Give me mine angle: we ’ll to the river there.
Shak.” “A fisher next his trembling angle bears.
Pope.” Acute angle, one less than a right angle, or less than 90°. — Adjacent or Contiguous angles, such as have one leg common to both angles. — Alternate angles. See Alternate. — Angle bar. (a) (Carp.) An upright bar at the angle where two faces of a polygonal or bay window meet. Knight. (b) (Mach.) Same as Angle iron. — Angle bead (Arch.), a bead worked on or fixed to the angle of any architectural work, esp. for protecting an angle of a wall. — Angle brace, Angle tie (Carp.), a brace across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypothenuse and securing the two side pieces together. Knight. — Angle iron (Mach.), a rolled bar or plate of iron having one or more angles, used for forming the corners, or connecting or sustaining the sides of an iron structure to which it is riveted. — Angle leaf (Arch.), a detail in the form of a leaf, more or less conventionalized, used to decorate and sometimes to strengthen an angle. — Angle meter, an instrument for measuring angles, esp. for ascertaining the dip of strata. — Angle shaft (Arch.), an enriched angle bead, often having a capital or base, or both. — Curvilineal angle, one formed by two curved lines. — External angles, angles formed by the sides of any right-lined figure, when the sides are produced or lengthened. — Facial angle. See under Facial. — Internal angles, those which are within any right- lined figure. — Mixtilineal angle, one formed by a right line with a curved line. — Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, in opposition to a right angle. — Obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, or more than 90°. — Optic angle. See under Optic. — Rectilineal or Right-lined angle, one formed by two right lines. — Right angle, one formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90° (measured by a quarter circle). — Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. — Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of a globe or sphere. — Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. — For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence, reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction, see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection, Refraction, etc.

An´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Angled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Angling .] 1. To fish with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line. 2. To use some bait or artifice; to intrigue; to scheme; as to angle for praise. “The hearts of all that he did angle for.
Shak.”

An´gle, v. t. To try to gain by some insinuating artifice; to allure. [Obs.] ´He angled the people’s hearts.´ Sir P. Sidney.

An´gled , a. Having an angle or angles; — used in compounds; as right-angled, many-angled, etc. “The thrice three-angled beechnut shell.
Bp. Hall.”

An´gle•me•ter , n. [Angle + - meter.] An instrument to measure angles, esp. one used by geologists to measure the dip of strata.

An´gler , n. 1. One who angles. 2. (Zoöl.) A fish (Lophius piscatorius), of Europe and America, having a large, broad, and depressed head, with the mouth very large. Peculiar appendages on the head are said to be used to entice fishes within reach. Called also fishing frog, frogfish, toadfish, goosefish, allmouth, monkfish, etc.

An´gles , n. pl. [L. Angli. See Anglican.] (Ethnol.) An ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain, which came to be called Engla-land (Angleland or England). The Angles probably came from the district of Angeln (now within the limits of Schleswig), and the country now Lower Hanover, etc.

An´gle•site , n. [From the Isle of Anglesea.] (Min.) A native sulphate of lead. It occurs in white or yellowish transparent, prismatic crystals.

An´gle•wise , adv. [Angle + wise, OE. wise manner.] In an angular manner; angularly.

An´gle•worm , n. (Zoöl.) A earthworm of the genus Lumbricus, frequently used by anglers for bait. See Earthworm.

An´gli•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Angles. — n. One of the Angles.

An´glic , a. Anglian.

An´gli•can , a. [Angli the Angles, a Germanic tribe in Lower Germany. Cf. English.] 1. English; of or pertaining to England or the English nation; especially, pertaining to, or connected with, the established church of England; as the Anglican church, doctrine, orders, ritual, etc. 2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held by, the high church party of the Church of England.

An´gli•can , n. 1. A member of the Church of England. “Whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists.
Burke.” 2. In a restricted sense, a member of the High Church party, or of the more advanced ritualistic section, in the Church of England.

An´gli•can•ism , n. 1. Strong partiality to the principles and rites of the Church of England. 2. The principles of the established church of England; also in a restricted sense, the doctrines held by the high-church party. 3. Attachment to England or English institutions.

An´gli•ce , adv. [NL.] In English; in the English manner; as Livorno, Anglice Leghorn.

An•glic´i•fy , v. t. [NL. Anglicus English + -fly.] To anglicize. [R.]

An´gli•cism , n. [Cf. F. anglicisme.] 1. An English idiom; a phrase or form language peculiar to the English. Dryden. 2. The quality of being English; an English characteristic, custom, or method.

An•glic´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being English.

An•gli•ci•za´tion , n. The act of anglicizing, or making English in character.

An´gli•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglicized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] To make English; to English; to anglify; render conformable to the English idiom, or to English analogies.

An´gli•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anglifying.] [L. Angli + -fly.] To convert into English; to anglicize. Franklin. Darwin.

An´gling , n. The act of one who angles; the art of fishing with rod and line. Walton.

An´glo- [NL. Anglus English. See Anglican.] A combining form meaning the same as English; or English and, or English conjoined with; as Anglo-Turkish treaty, Anglo-German, Anglo-Irish. Anglo-American, . Of or pertaining to the English and Americans, or to the descendants of Englishmen in America. — n. A descendant from English ancestors born in America, or the United States. Anglo-Danish, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Danes, or to the Danes who settled in England. Anglo-Indian, a. Of or pertaining to the English in India, or to the English and East Indian peoples or languages. — n. One of the Anglo- Indian race born or resident in the East Indies. Anglo-Norman, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Normans, or to the Normans who settled in England. — n. One of the English Normans, or the Normans who conquered England. Anglo-Saxon. See Anglo-Saxon in the Vocabulary.

An´glo-Cath´o•lic, a., Of or pertaining to a church modeled on the English Reformation; Anglican; — sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of England.

An´glo-Cath´o•lic, n. A member of the Church of England who contends for its catholic character; more specifically, a High Churchman.

An´glo•ma´ni•a , n. [Anglo’cf + mania.] A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc.

An•glo•ma´ni•ac, n. One affected with Anglomania.

An•glo•pho´bi•a , n. [Anglo- + Gr. fear.] Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. — An´glo•phobe , n.

An´glo-Sax´on , n. [L. Angli- Saxones English Saxons.] 1. A Saxon of Britain, that is, an English Saxon, or one the Saxons who settled in England, as distinguished from a continental (or ´Old´) Saxon. 2. pl. The Teutonic people (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) of England, or the English people, collectively, before the Norman Conquest. “It is quite correct to call AEthelstan ´King of the Anglo-Saxons,´ but to call this or that subject of AEthelstan ´an Anglo-Saxon´ is simply nonsense.
E. A. Freeman.” 3. The language of the English people before the Conquest (sometimes called Old English). See Saxon. 4. One of the race or people who claim descent from the Saxons, Angles, or other Teutonic tribes who settled in England; a person of English descent in its broadest sense.

An´glo-Sax´on, a. Of or pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons or their language.

An´glo-Sax´on•dom , n. The Anglo- Saxon domain (i. e., Great Britain and the United States, etc.); the Anglo- Saxon race.

An´glo-Sax´on•ism , n. 1. A characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race; especially, a word or an idiom of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. M. Arnold. 2. The quality or sentiment of being Anglo-Saxon, or English in its ethnological sense.

An•go´la , n. [A corruption of Angora.] A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat.

An•go´la pea . (Bot.) A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse; — so called from Angola in Western Africa. Called also pigeon pea and Congo pea.

An´gor (an´gor), n. [L. See Anger.] (Med.) Great anxiety accompanied by painful constriction at the upper part of the belly, often with palpitation and oppression.

An•go´ra (an•go´ra), n. A city of Asia Minor (or Anatolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc. Angora cat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic cat with very long and silky hair, generally of the brownish white color. Called also Angola cat. See Cat. — Angora goat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic goat, reared for its long silky hair, which is highly prized for manufacture.

An•gos•tu´ra bark (än•gos•too´ra bärk•). [From Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark used as a tonic, obtained from a South American of the rue family (Galipea cusparia, or officinalis). U. S. Disp.

An•gou•mois´ moth´ ( 115). [So named from Angoumois in France.] (Zoöl.) A small moth (Gelechia cerealella) which is very destructive to wheat and other grain. The larva eats out the interior of the grain, leaving only the shell.

An´gri•ly , adv. In an angry manner; under the influence of anger.

An´gri•ness, n. The quality of being angry, or of being inclined to anger. “Such an angriness of humor that we take fire at everything.
Whole Duty of Man.”

An´gry , a. [Compar. Angrier ; superl. Angriest.] [See Anger.] 1. Troublesome; vexatious; rigorous. [Obs.] “God had provided a severe and angry education to chastise the forwardness of a young spirit.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Inflamed and painful, as a sore. 3. Touched with anger; under the emotion of anger; feeling resentment; enraged; — followed generally by with before a person, and at before a thing. “Be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves.
Gen. xlv. 5.” “Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice?
Eccles. v. 6.” 4. Showing anger; proceeding from anger; acting as if moved by anger; wearing the marks of anger; as angry words or tones; an angry sky; angry waves. ´An angry countenance.´ Prov. xxv. 23. 5. Red. [R.] “Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave.
Herbert.” 6. Sharp; keen; stimulated. [R.] “I never ate with angrier appetite.
Tennyson.” Syn. — Passionate; resentful; irritated; irascible; indignant; provoked; enraged; incensed; exasperated; irate; hot; raging; furious; wrathful; wroth; choleric; inflamed; infuriated.

An´gui•form , a. [L. angius snake + -form.] Snake-shaped.

An•guil´li•form , a. [L. anguilla eel (dim. of anguis snake) + -form.] Eel- shaped. The ´Anguillaeformes´ of Cuvier are fishes related to thee eel.

An´guine , a. [L. anguinus, fr. anguis snake.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a snake or serpent. ´The anguine or snakelike reptiles.´ Owen.

An•guin´e•al , a. Anguineous.

An•guin´e•ous , a. [L. anguineus.] Snakelike.

An´guish , n. [OE. anguishe, anguise, angoise, F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia narrowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to press together. See Anger.] Extreme pain, either of body or mind; excruciating distress. “But they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage.
Ex. vi. 9.” “Anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child.
Jer. iv. 31.” Rarely used in the plural: - “Ye miserable people, you must go to God in anguishes, and make your prayer to him.”
Latimer. Syn. — Agony; pang; torture; torment. See Agony.

An´guish, v. t. [Cf. F. angoisser, fr. L. angustiare.] To distress with extreme pain or grief. [R.] Temple.

An´gu•lar , a. [L. angularis, fr. angulus angle, corner. See Angle.] 1. Relating to an angle or to angles; having an angle or angles; forming an angle or corner; sharp-cornered; pointed; as an angular figure. 2. Measured by an angle; as angular distance. 3. Fig.: Lean; lank; raw-boned; ungraceful; sharp and stiff in character; as remarkably angular in his habits and appearance; an angular female. Angular aperture, Angular distance. See Aperture, Distance. — Angular motion, the motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis, as of a planet or pendulum. It is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by a line drawn to the body. — Angular point, the point at which the sides of the angle meet; the vertex. — Angular velocity, the ratio of anuglar motion to the time employed in describing.

An´gu•lar, n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, and fishes.

An•gu•lar´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being angular; angularness.

An´gu•lar•ly , adv. In an angular manner; with of at angles or corners. B. Jonson.

An´gu•lar•ness, n. The quality of being angular. { An´gu•late , An´gu•la•ted } a. [L. angulatus, p. p. of angulare to make angular.] Having angles or corners; angled; as angulate leaves.

An´gu•late , v. t. To make angular.

An•gu•la´tion , n. A making angular; angular formation. Huxley.

An´gu•lo-den´tate, a.. [L. angulus angle + dens, dentis, tooth.] (Bot.) Angularly toothed, as certain leaves.

An´gu•lom´e•ter , n. [L. angulus angle + -meter.] An instrument for measuring external angles.

An´gu•lose , a. Angulous. [R.]

An•gu•los´i•ty , n. A state of being angulous or angular. [Obs.]

An´gu•lous , a. [L. angulosus: cf. F. anguleux.] Angular; having corners; hooked. [R.] “Held together by hooks and angulous involutions.
Glanvill.”

An•gust´ , a. [L. angustus. See Anguish.] Narrow; strait. [Obs.]

An•gus´tate , a. [L. angustatus, p. p. of angustare to make narrow.] Narrowed.

An•gus•ta´tion , n. The act of making narrow; a straitening or contacting. Wiseman. { An•gus•ti•fo´li•ate (an•gus•ti•fo´li•at), An•gus•ti•fo´li•ous (an•gus•ti•fo´li•us), } a. [L. angustus narrow (see Anguish) + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having narrow leaves. Wright.

An•gus•tu´ra bark . See Angostura bark.

An•gwan•ti´bo , n. (Zoöl.) A small lemuroid mammal (Arctocebus Calabarensis) of Africa. It has only a rudimentary tail.

An•hang´ , v. t. [AS. onhangian.] To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An•har•mon´ic , a. [F. anharmonique, fr. Gr. ’an priv. + harmonic.] (Math.) Not harmonic. The anharmonic function or ratio of four points abcd on a straight line is the quantity (ac/ad):(bc/bd), where the segments are to be regarded as plus or minus, according to the order of the letters.

An•he•la´tion , n. [L. anhelatio, fr. anhelare to pant; an (perh. akin to E. on) + halare to breathe: cf. F. anhelation.] Short and rapid breathing; a panting; asthma. Glanvill.

An•hele´ , v. i. [Cf. OF. aneler, anheler. See Anhelation.] To pant; to be breathlessly anxious or eager (for). [Obs.] “They anhele … for the fruit of our convocation.
Latimer.”

An´he•lose , a. Anhelous; panting. [R.]

An•he´lous , a. [L. anhelus.] Short of breath; panting.

An´hi•ma , n. [Brazilian name.] A South American aquatic bird; the horned screamer or kamichi (Palamedea cornuta). See Kamichi.

An•hin´ga , n. [Pg.] (Zoöl.) An aquatic bird of the southern United States (Platus anhinga); the darter, or snakebird.

An•his´tous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + ´isto•s web, tissue: cf. F. anhiste.] (Biol.) Without definite structure; as an anhistous membrane.

An•hun´gered , a. Ahungered; longing. [Archaic]

An•hy´dride , n. [See Anhydrous.] (Chem.) An oxide of a nonmetallic body or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with the elements of water; — so called because it may be formed from an acid by the abstraction of water.

An•hy´drite , n. [See Anhydrous.] (Min.) A mineral of a white or a slightly bluish color, usually massive. It is anhydrous sulphate of lime, and differs from gypsum in not containing water (whence the name).

An•hy´drous , a. [Gr. wanting water; ’an priv. + ´y•dwr water.] Destitute of water; as anhydrous salts or acids.

A´ni or A´no , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A black bird of tropical America, the West Indies and Florida (Crotophaga ani), allied to the cuckoos, and remarkable for communistic nesting.

An´i•cut , An´ni•cut , n. [Tamil anai kattu dam building.] A dam or mole made in the course of a stream for the purpose of regulating the flow of a system of irrigation. [India] Brande & C.

An•id•i•o•mat´ic•al , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. idiomatical.] Not idiomatic. [R.] Landor. { An´i•ent , An•i•en´tise } v. t. [OF. anientir, F. aneantir.] To frustrate; to bring to naught; to annihilate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•nigh´ , prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + nigh.] Nigh. [Archaic] { A•night´ , A•nights´ } adv. [OE. on niht.] In the night time; at night. [Archaic] “Does he hawk anights still?
Marston.”

An´il , n. [F. anil, Sp. anil, or Pg. anil; all fr. Ar. an-nil, for al-nil the indigo plant, fr. Skr. nila dark blue, nili indigo, indigo plant. Cf. Lilac.] (Bot.) A West Indian plant (Indigofera anil), one of the original sources of indigo; also the indigo dye.

An´ile , a. [L. anilis, fr. anus an old woman.] Old-womanish; imbecile. ´Anile ideas.´ Walpole.

An´ile•ness , n. Anility. [R.]

An•il´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, anil; indigotic; — applied to an acid formed by the action of nitric acid on indigo. [R.]

An´i•lide , n. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds which may be regarded as amides in which more or less of the hydrogen has been replaced by phenyl.

An´i•line ( 277), n. [See Anil.] (Chem.) An organic base belonging to the phenylamines. It may be regarded as ammonia in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by the radical phenyl. It is a colorless, oily liquid, originally obtained from indigo by distillation, but now largely manufactured from coal tar or nitrobenzene as a base from which many brilliant dyes are made.

An´i•line, a. Made from, or of the nature of, aniline.

A•nil´i•ty , n. [L. anilitas. See Anile.] The state of being and old woman; old-womanishness; dotage. ´Marks of anility.´ Sterne.

An•i•mad•ver´sal , n. The faculty of perceiving; a percipient. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

An•i•mad•ver´sion , n. [L. animadversio, fr. animadvertere: cf. F. animadversion. See Animadvert.] 1. The act or power of perceiving or taking notice; direct or simple perception. [Obs.] “The soul is the sole percipient which hath animadversion and sense, properly so called.
Glanvill.” 2. Monition; warning. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. Remarks by way of criticism and usually of censure; adverse criticism; reproof; blame. “He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp animadversions.
Clarendon.” 4. Judicial cognizance of an offense; chastisement; punishment. [Archaic] ´Divine animadversions.´ Wesley. Syn. — Stricture; criticism; censure; reproof; blame; comment.

An•i•mad•ver´sive , a. Having the power of perceiving; percipient. [Archaic] Glanvill. “I do not mean there is a certain number of ideas glaring and shining to the animadversive faculty.
Coleridge.”

An•i•mad•vert´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Animadverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Animadverting.] [L. animadvertere; animus mind + advertere to turn to; ad to + vertere to turn.] 1. To take notice; to observe; — commonly followed by that. Dr. H. More. 2. To consider or remark by way of criticism or censure; to express censure; — with on or upon. “I should not animadvert on him … if he had not used extreme severity in his judgment of the incomparable Shakespeare.
Dryden.” 3. To take cognizance judicially; to inflict punishment. [Archaic] Grew. Syn. — To remark; comment; criticise; censure.

An•i•mad•vert´er , n. One who animadverts; a censurer; also [Obs.], a chastiser.

An´i•mal , n. [L., fr. anima breath, soul: cf. F. animal. See Animate.] 1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and the power of voluntary motion, and also characterized by taking its food into an internal cavity or stomach for digestion; by giving carbonic acid to the air and taking oxygen in the process of respiration; and by increasing in motive power or active aggressive force with progress to maturity. 2. One of the lower animals; a brute or beast, as distinguished from man; as men and animals.

An´i•mal, a. [Cf. F. animal.] 1. Of or relating to animals; as animal functions. 2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part; as the animal passions or appetites. 3. Consisting of the flesh of animals; as animal food. Animal magnetism. See Magnetism and Mesmerism. — Animal electricity, the electricity developed in some animals, as the electric eel, torpedo, etc. — Animal flower (Zoöl.), a name given to certain marine animals resembling a flower, as any species of actinia or sea anemone, and other Anthozoa, hydroids, starfishes, etc. — Animal heat (Physiol.), the heat generated in the body of a living animal, by means of which the animal is kept at nearly a uniform temperature. — Animal spirits. See under Spirit. — Animal kingdom, the whole class of beings endowed with animal life. It embraces several subkingdoms, and under these there are Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, Species, and sometimes intermediate groupings, all in regular subordination, but variously arranged by different writers. The following are the grand divisions, or subkingdoms, and the principal classes under them, generally recognized at the present time: —
Vertebrata, including Mammalia or Mammals, Aves or Birds, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces or Fishes, Marsipobranchiata (Craniota); and Leptocardia (Acrania). Tunicata, including the Thaliacea, and Ascidioidea or Ascidians. Articulata or Annulosa, including Insecta, Myriapoda, Malacapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Merostomata, Crustacea (Arthropoda); and Annelida, Gehyrea (Anarthropoda).
Helminthes or Vermes, including Rotifera, Chaetognatha, Nematoidea, Acanthocephala, Nemertina, Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Mesozea. Molluscoidea, including Brachiopoda and Bryozoa. Mollusca, including Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda, Lamellibranchiata or Acephala. Echinodermata, including Holothurioidea, Echinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, and Crinoidea. Cœlenterata, including Anthozoa or Polyps, Ctenophora, and Hydrozoa or Acalephs. Spongiozoa or Porifera, including the sponges.
Protozoa, including Infusoria and Rhizopoda. For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary. { An•i•mal´cu•lar , An•i•mal´cu•line } a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, animalcules. ´Animalcular life.´ Tyndall.

An•i•mal´cule , n. [As if fr. a L. animalculum, dim. of animal.] 1. A small animal, as a fly, spider, etc. [Obs.] Ray. 2. (Zoöl.) An animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. See Infusoria. Many of the so-called animalcules have been shown to be plants, having locomotive powers something like those of animals. Among these are Volvox, the Desmidiacae, and the siliceous Diatomaceae. Spermatic animalcules. See Spermatozoa.

An•i•mal´cu•lism , n. [Cf. F. animalculisme.] (Biol.) The theory which seeks to explain certain physiological and pathological phenomena by means of animalcules.

An•i•mal´cu•list , n. [Cf. F. animalculiste.] 1. One versed in the knowledge of animalcules. Keith. 2. A believer in the theory of animalculism.

An•i•mal´cu•lum , n.; pl. Animalcula . [NL. See Animalcule.] An animalcule. Animalculae, as if from a Latin singular animalcula, is a barbarism.

An´i•mal•ish , a. Like an animal.

An´i•mal•ism , n. [Cf. F. animalisme.] The state, activity, or enjoyment of animals; mere animal life without intellectual or moral qualities; sensuality.

An•i•mal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. animalite.] Animal existence or nature. Locke.

An•i•mal•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. animalisation.] 1. The act of animalizing; the giving of animal life, or endowing with animal properties. 2. Conversion into animal matter by the process of assimilation. Owen.

An´i•mal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animalized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Animalizing.] [Cf. F. animaliser.] 1. To endow with the properties of an animal; to represent in animal form. Warburton. 2. To convert into animal matter by the processes of assimilation. 3. To render animal or sentient; to reduce to the state of a lower animal; to sensualize. “The unconscious irony of the Epicurean poet on the animalizing tendency of his own philosophy.
Coleridge.”

An´i•mal•ly, adv. Physically. G. Eliot.

An´i•mal•ness, n. Animality. [R.]

An•i•mas´tic , a. [L. anima breath, life.] Pertaining to mind or spirit; spiritual.

An•i•mas´tic, n. Psychology. [Obs.]

An´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animated; p. pr. & vb. n. Animating.] [L. animatus, p. p. of animare, fr. anima breath, soul; akin to animus soul, mind, Gr. wind, Skr. an to breathe, live, Goth. us-anan to expire (us- out), Icel. önd breath, anda to breathe, OHG. ando anger. Cf. Animal.] 1. To give natural life to; to make alive; to quicken; as the soul animates the body. 2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of; as to animate a lyre. Dryden. 3. To give spirit or vigor to; to stimulate or incite; to inspirit; to rouse; to enliven. “The more to animate the people, he stood on high … and cried unto them with a loud voice.
Knolles.” Syn. — To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken; gladden.

An´i•mate , a. [L. animatus, p. p.] Endowed with life; alive; living; animated; lively. “The admirable structure of animate bodies.
Bentley.”

An´i•ma•ted , a. Endowed with life; full of life or spirit; indicating animation; lively; vigorous. ´Animated sounds.´ Pope. ´Animated bust.´ Gray. ´Animated descriptions.´ Lewis.

An´i•ma•ted•ly, adv. With animation.

An´i•ma•ter , n. One who animates. De Quincey.

An´i•ma´ting, a. Causing animation; life-giving; inspiriting; rousing. ´Animating cries.´ Pope. — An´i•ma•ting•ly, adv.

An•i•ma´tion , n. [L. animatio, fr. animare.] 1. The act of animating, or giving life or spirit; the state of being animate or alive. “The animation of the same soul quickening the whole frame.
Bp. Hall.” “Perhaps an inanimate thing supplies me, while I am speaking, with whatever I possess of animation.
Landor.” 2. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit and vigor; vivacity; spiritedness; as he recited the story with great animation. Suspended animation, temporary suspension of the vital functions, as in persons nearly drowned. Syn. — Liveliness; vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; airiness; sprightliness; promptitude; enthusiasm; ardor; earnestness; energy. See Liveliness.

An´i•ma•tive , a. Having the power of giving life or spirit. Johnson.

An´i•ma•tor , n. [L. animare.] One who, or that which, animates; an animater. Sir T. Browne.

A´ni•me , a. [F., animated.] (Her.) Of a different tincture from the animal itself; — said of the eyes of a rapacious animal. Brande & C.

A´ni•me , n. [F. anime animated (from the insects that are entrapped in it); or native name.] A resin exuding from a tropical American tree (Hymenaea courbaril), and much used by varnish makers. Ure.

An´i•mism , n. [Cf. F. animisme, fr. L. anima soul. See Animate.] 1. The doctrine, taught by Stahl, that the soul is the proper principle of life and development in the body. 2. The belief that inanimate objects and the phenomena of nature are endowed with personal life or a living soul; also in an extended sense, the belief in the existence of soul or spirit apart from matter. Tylor.

An´i•mist , n. [Cf. F. animiste.] One who maintains the doctrine of animism.

An•i•mis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to animism. Huxley. Tylor. { An•i•mose´ , An´i•mous } a. [L. animosus, fr. animus soul, spirit, courage.] Full of spirit; hot; vehement; resolute. [Obs.] Ash.

An•i•mose´ness , n. Vehemence of temper. [Obs.]

An•i•mos´i•ty , n.; pl. Animosities . [F. animosite, fr. L. animositas. See Animose, Animate, v. t.] 1. Mere spiritedness or courage. [Obs.] Skelton. “Such as give some proof of animosity, audacity, and execution, those she [the crocodile] loveth.
Holland.” 2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition; active enmity; energetic dislike. Macaulay. Syn. — Enmity; hatred; opposition. — Animosity, Enmity. Enmity be dormant or concealed; animosity is active enmity, inflamed by collision and mutual injury between opposing parties. The animosities which were continually springing up among the clans in Scotland kept that kingdom in a state of turmoil and bloodshed for successive ages. The animosities which have been engendered among Christian sects have always been the reproach of the church. “Such [writings] as naturally conduce to inflame hatreds and make enmities irreconcilable.
Spectator.” “[These] factions … never suspended their animosities till they ruined that unhappy government.
Hume.”

An´i•mus , n.; pl. Animi . [L., mind.] Animating spirit; intention; temper. nimus furandi [L.] (Law), intention of stealing.

An´i•on , n. [Gr. , neut. , p. pr. of to go up; up + to go.] (Chem.) An electro- negative element, or the element which, in electro-chemical decompositions, is evolved at the anode; — opposed to cation. Faraday.

An´ise (an´is), n. [OE. anys, F. anis, L. anisum, anethum, fr. Gr. ’a•nison, ’a•nhqon.] 1. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella anisum) growing naturally in Egypt, and cultivated in Spain, Malta, etc., for its carminative and aromatic seeds. 2. The fruit or seeds of this plant.

An´i•seed , n. The seed of the anise; also a cordial prepared from it. ´Oil of aniseed.´ Brande & C.

An•i•sette´ , n. [F.] A French cordial or liqueur flavored with anise seeds. De Colange.

A•nis´ic , a. Of or derived from anise; as anisic acid; anisic alcohol. { An•i•so•dac´ty•la , An•i•so•dac´tyls } n. pl. [NL. anisodactyla, fr. Gr. ’a•nisos unequal (’an priv. + ’i•sos equal) + da•ktylos finger.] (Zoöl.) (a) A group of herbivorous mammals characterized by having the hoofs in a single series around the foot, as the elephant, rhinoceros, etc. (b) A group of perching birds which are anisodactylous.

An•i•so•dac´ty•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by unequal toes, three turned forward and one backward, as in most passerine birds.

An•i•so•mer´ic , a. [Gr. unequal + part.] (Chem.) Not isomeric; not made of the same components in the same proportions.

An•i•som´er•ous , a. [See Anisomeric.] (Bot.) Having the number of floral organs unequal, as four petals and six stamens.

An•i•so•met´ric , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. isometric.] Not isometric; having unsymmetrical parts; — said of crystals with three unequal axes. Dana.

An•i•so•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. unequal + leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal petals.

An•i•soph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. unequal + leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal leaves.

An•i•so•pleu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. unequal + side.] (Zoöl.) A primary division of gastropods, including those having spiral shells. The two sides of the body are unequally developed.

An•i•sop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. unequal + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A division of Crustacea, which, in some its characteristics, is intermediate between Amphipoda and Isopoda.

An•i•so•stem´o•nous , a. [Gr. unequal + warp, thread; to stand.] (Bot.) Having unequal stamens; having stamens different in number from the petals.

An•i•so•sthen´ic , a. [Gr. unequal + strength.] Of unequal strength. { An´i•so•trope• , An•i•so•trop´ic } a. [Gr. unequal + a turning, to turn.] (Physics) Not isotropic; having different properties in different directions; thus, crystals of the isometric system are optically isotropic, but all other crystals are anisotropic.

An•i•sot´ro•pous , a. Anisotropic.

An´ker , n. [D. anker: cf. LL. anceria, ancheria.] A liquid measure in various countries of Europe. The Dutch anker, formerly also used in England, contained about 10 of the old wine gallons, or 8½ imperial gallons.

An´ker•ite , n. [So called from Prof. Anker of Austria: cf. F. ankerite, G. ankerit.] (Min.) A mineral closely related to dolomite, but containing iron.

An´kle (an´k’l), n. [OE. ancle, anclow, AS. ancleow; akin to Icel. ökkla, ökli, Dan. and Sw. ankel, D. enklaauw, enkel, G. enkel, and perh. OHG. encha, ancha thigh, shin: cf. Skr. anga limb, anguri finger. Cf. Haunch.] The joint which connects the foot with the leg; the tarsus. Ankle bone, the bone of the ankle; the astragalus.

An´kled , a. Having ankles; — used in composition; as well-ankled. Beau. & Fl.

An´klet , n. An ornament or a fetter for the ankle; an ankle ring.

An´ky•lose , v. t. & i. Same as Anchylose.

An•ky•lo´sis , n. Same as Anchylosis.

An´lace , n. [Origin unknown.] A broad dagger formerly worn at the girdle. [Written also anelace.] { Ann , An´nat } n. [LL. annata income of a year, also of half a year, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annate annats.] (Scots Law) A half years’s stipend, over and above what is owing for the incumbency, due to a minister’s heirs after his decease.

An´na , n. [Hindi ana.] An East Indian money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or about 2 cents.

An´nal , n. See Annals.

An´nal•ist, n. [Cf. F. annaliste.] A writer of annals. “The monks … were the only annalists in those ages.
Hume.”

An•nal•is´tic , a. Pertaining to, or after the manner of, an annalist; as the dry annalistic style.´A stiff annalistic method.´ Sir G. C. Lewis.

An´nal•ize , v. t. To record in annals. Sheldon.

An´nals , n. pl. [L. annalis (sc. liber), and more frequently in the pl. annales (sc. libri), chronicles, fr. annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. A relation of events in chronological order, each event being recorded under the year in which it happened. ´Annals the revolution.´ Macaulay. ´The annals of our religion.´ Rogers. 2. Historical records; chronicles; history. “The short and simple annals of the poor.
Gray.” “It was one of the most critical periods in our annals.
Burke.” 3. sing. The record of a single event or item. ´In deathless annal.´ Young. 4. A periodic publication, containing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, etc.; as ´Annals of Science.´ Syn. — History. See History. { An´nats , An´nates } n. pl. [See Ann.] (Eccl. Law) The first year’s profits of a spiritual preferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope; first fruits. In England, they now form a fund for the augmentation of poor livings.

An•neal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annealing.] [OE. anelen to heat, burn, AS. anlan; an on + lan to burn; also OE. anelen to enamel, prob. influenced by OF. neeler, nieler, to put a black enamel on gold or silver, F. nieller, fr. LL. nigellare to blacken, fr. L. nigellus blackish, dim. of niger black. Cf. Niello, Negro.] 1. To subject to great heat, and then cool slowly, as glass, cast iron, steel, or other metal, for the purpose of rendering it less brittle; to temper; to toughen. 2. To heat, as glass, tiles, or earthenware, in order to fix the colors laid on them.

An•neal´er , n. One who, or that which, anneals.

An•neal´ing, n. 1. The process used to render glass, iron, etc., less brittle, performed by allowing them to cool very gradually from a high heat. 2. The burning of metallic colors into glass, earthenware, etc.

An•nec´tent , a. [L. annectere to tie or bind to. See Annex.] Connecting; annexing. Owen. { An•ne•lid , An•nel´i•dan } a. [F. annelide, fr. anneler to arrange in rings, OF. anel a ring, fr. L. anellus a ring, dim. of annulus a ring.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annelida. — n. One of the Annelida.

An•nel´i•da , n. pl. [NL. See Annelid.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Articulata, having the body formed of numerous rings or annular segments, and without jointed legs. The principal subdivisions are the Chaetopoda, including the Oligochaeta or earthworms and Polychaeta or marine worms; and the Hirudinea or leeches. See Chaetopoda.

An•nel´i•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of the nature of an annelid.

An•nel•la´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Annelida.

An´ne•loid , n. [F. annele ringed + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An animal resembling an annelid.

An•nex´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annexed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annexing.] [F. annexer, fr. L. annexus, p. p. of annectere to tie or bind to; ad + nectere to tie, to fasten together, akin to Skr. nah to bind.] 1. To join or attach; usually to subjoin; to affix; to append; — followed by to. ´He annexed a codicil to a will.´ Johnson. 2. To join or add, as a smaller thing to a greater. “He annexed a province to his kingdom.
Johnson.” 3. To attach or connect, as a consequence, condition, etc.; as to annex a penalty to a prohibition, or punishment to guilt. Syn. — To add; append; affix; unite; coalesce. See Add.

An•nex´, v. i. To join; to be united. Tooke.

An•nex´ , n. [F. annexe, L. annexus, neut. annexum, p. p. of annectere.] Something annexed or appended; as an additional stipulation to a writing, a subsidiary building to a main building; a wing.

An•nex•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. annexation. See Annex, v. t.] 1. The act of annexing; process of attaching, adding, or appending; the act of connecting; union; as the annexation of Texas to the United States, or of chattels to the freehold. 2. (a) (Law) The union of property with a freehold so as to become a fixture. Bouvier. (b) (Scots Law) The appropriation of lands or rents to the crown. Wharton.

An•nex•a´tion•ist, n. One who favors annexation.

An•nex´er , n. One who annexes.

An•nex´ion , n. [L. annexio a tying to, connection: cf. F. annexion.] Annexation. [R.] Shak.

An•nex´ion•ist, n. An annexationist. [R.]

An•nex´ment , n. The act of annexing, or the thing annexed; appendage. [R.] Shak.

An•ni´hi•la•ble , a. Capable of being annihilated.

An•ni´hi•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annihilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annihilating.] [L. annihilare; ad + nihilum, nihil, nothing, ne hilum (filum) not a thread, nothing at all. Cf. File, a row.] 1. To reduce to nothing or nonexistence; to destroy the existence of; to cause to cease to be. “It impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated.
Bacon.” 2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive properties of, so that the specific thing no longer exists; as to annihilate a forest by cutting down the trees. ´To annihilate the army.´ Macaulay. 3. To destroy or eradicate, as a property or attribute of a thing; to make of no effect; to destroy the force, etc., of; as to annihilate an argument, law, rights, goodness.

An•ni´hi•late (an•ni´hi•lat), a. Annihilated. [Archaic] Swift.

An•ni•hi•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. annihilation.] 1. The act of reducing to nothing, or nonexistence; or the act of destroying the form or combination of parts under which a thing exists, so that the name can no longer be applied to it; as the annihilation of a corporation. 2. The state of being annihilated. Hooker.

An•ni•hi•la´tion•ist, n. (Theol.) One who believes that eternal punishment consists in annihilation or extinction of being; a destructionist.

An•ni´hi•la•tive , a. Serving to annihilate; destructive.

An•ni´hi•la•tor , n. One who, or that which, annihilates; as a fire annihilator.

An•ni´hi•la•to•ry , a. Annihilative.

An•ni•ver´sa•ri•ly , adv. Annually. [R.] Bp. Hall.

An•ni•ver´sa•ry , a. [L. anniversarius; annus year + vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. anniversaire.] Returning with the year, at a stated time; annual; yearly; as an anniversary feast. Anniversary day (R. C. Ch.). See Anniversary, n., 2. — Anniversary week, that week in the year in which the annual meetings of religious and benevolent societies are held in Boston and New York. [Eastern U. S.]

An•ni•ver´sa•ry, n.; pl. Anniversaries . [Cf. F. anniversaire.] 1. The annual return of the day on which any notable event took place, or is wont to be celebrated; as the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The day on which Mass is said yearly for the soul of a deceased person; the commemoration of some sacred event, as the dedication of a church or the consecration of a pope. 3. The celebration which takes place on an anniversary day. Dryden.

An´ni•verse , n. [L. anni versus the turning of a year.] Anniversary. [Obs.] Dryden.

An´no•da•ted , a. [L. ad to + nodus a knot.] (Her.) Curved somewhat in the form of the letter S. Cussans.

An´no Dom´i•ni . [L., in the year of [our] Lord [Jesus Christ]; usually abbrev. a. d.] In the year of the Christian era; as a. d. 1887.

An•nom´i•nate , v. t. To name. [R.]

An•nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. annominatio. See Agnomination.] 1. Paronomasia; punning. 2. Alliteration. [Obs.] Tyrwhitt.

An´no•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annotating.] [L. annotatus; p. p. of annotare to annotate; ad + notare to mark, nota mark. See Note, n.] To explain or criticize by notes; as to annotate the works of Bacon.

An´no•tate, v. i. To make notes or comments; — with on or upon.

An•no•ta´tion , n. [L. annotatio: cf. F. annotation.] A note, added by way of comment, or explanation; — usually in the plural; as annotations on ancient authors, or on a word or a passage.

An•no•ta´tion•ist, n. An annotator. [R.]

An´no•ta•tive , a. Characterized by annotations; of the nature of annotation.

An´no•ta•tor , n. [L.] A writer of annotations; a commentator.

An•no´ta•to•ry , a. Pertaining to an annotator; containing annotations. [R.]

An´no•tine , n. [L. annotinus a year old.] (Zoöl.) A bird one year old, or that has once molted.

An•not´i•nous , a. [L. annotinus, fr. annus year.] (Bot.) A year old; in Yearly growths.

An•not´to , Ar•not´to , n. [Perh. the native name.] A red or yellowish-red dyeing material, prepared from the pulp surrounding the seeds of a tree (Bixa orellana) belonging to the tropical regions of America. It is used for coloring cheese, butter, etc. [Written also Anatto, Anatta, Annatto, Annotta, etc.]

An•nounce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Announced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Announcing .] [OF. anoncier, F. annoncer, fr. L. annuntiare; ad + nuntiare to report, relate, nuntius messenger, bearer of news. See Nuncio, and cf. Annunciate.] 1. To give public notice, or first notice of; to make known; to publish; to proclaim. “Her [Q. Elizabeth’s] arrival was announced through the country by a peal of cannon from the ramparts.
Gilpin.” 2. To pronounce; to declare by judicial sentence. “Publish laws, announce
Or life or death.
Prior.” Syn. — To proclaim; publish; make known; herald; declare; promulgate. — To Publish, Announce, Proclaim, Promulgate. We publish what we give openly to the world, either by oral communication or by means of the press; as to publish abroad the faults of our neighbors. We announce what we declare by anticipation, or make known for the first time; as to announce the speedy publication of a book; to announce the approach or arrival of a distinguished personage. We proclaim anything to which we give the widest publicity; as to proclaim the news of victory. We promulgate when we proclaim more widely what has before been known by some; as to promulgate the gospel.

An•nounce´ment , n. The act of announcing, or giving notice; that which announces; proclamation; publication.

An•noun´cer , n. One who announces.

An•noy´ (an•noi´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annoyed (an•noid´); p. pr. & vb. n. Annoying.] [OE. anoien, anuien, OF. anoier, anuier, F. ennuyer, fr. OF. anoi, anui, enui, annoyance, vexation, F. ennui. See Annoy, n.] To disturb or irritate, especially by continued or repeated acts; to tease; to ruffle in mind; to vex; as I was annoyed by his remarks. “Say, what can more our tortured souls annoy
Than to behold, admire, and lose our joy?
Prior.” 2. To molest, incommode, or harm; as to annoy an army by impeding its march, or by a cannonade. Syn. — To molest; vex; trouble; pester; embarrass; perplex; tease.

An•noy´ , n. [OE. anoi, anui, OF. anoi, anui, enui, fr. L. in odio hatred (esse alicui in odio, Cic.). See Ennui, Odium, Noisome, Noy.] A feeling of discomfort or vexation caused by what one dislikes; also whatever causes such a feeling; as to work annoy. “Worse than Tantalus’ is her annoy.
Shak.”

An•noy´ance , n. [OF. anoiance, anuiance.] 1. The act of annoying, or the state of being annoyed; molestation; vexation; annoy. “A deep clay, giving much annoyance to passengers.
Fuller.” “For the further annoyance and terror of any besieged place, they would throw into it dead bodies.
Wilkins.” 2. That which annoys. “A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair,
Any annoyance in that precious sense.
Shak.”

An•noy´er , n. One who, or that which, annoys.

An•noy´ful , a. Annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An•noy´ing, a. That annoys; molesting; vexatious. — An•noy´ing•ly, adv.

An•noy´ous , a. [OF. enuius, anoios.] Troublesome; annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An´nu•al ( 135), a. [OE. annuel, F. annuel, fr. L. annualis, fr. annus year. Cf. Annals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year; returning every year; coming or happening once in the year; yearly. “The annual overflowing of the river [Nile].
Ray.” 2. Performed or accomplished in a year; reckoned by the year; as the annual motion of the earth. “A thousand pound a year, annual support.
Shak.” 2. Lasting or continuing only one year or one growing season; requiring to be renewed every year; as an annual plant; annual tickets. Bacon.

An´nu•al, n. 1. A thing happening or returning yearly; esp. a literary work published once a year. 2. Anything, especially a plant, that lasts but one year or season; an annual plant. “Oaths … in some sense almost annuals; … and I myself can remember about forty different sets.
Swift.” 3. (R. C. Ch.) A Mass for a deceased person or for some special object, said daily for a year or on the anniversary day.

An´nu•al•ist, n. One who writes for, or who edits, an annual. [R.]

An´nu•al•ly, adv. Yearly; year by year.

An´nu•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. annuaire.] Annual. [Obs.] — n. A yearbook.

An´nu•el•er , n. A priest employed in saying annuals, or anniversary Masses. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An´nu•ent , a. [L. annuens, p. pr. of annuere; ad + nuere to nod.] Nodding; as annuent muscles (used in nodding).

An•nu´i•tant , n. [See Annuity.] One who receives, or its entitled to receive, an annuity. Lamb.

An•nu´i•ty , n.; pl. Annuities . [LL. annuitas, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annuite.] A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number of years, for life, or forever; an annual allowance.

An•nul´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annulled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annulling.] [F. annuler, LL. annullare, annulare, fr. L. ad to + nullus none, nullum, neut., nothing. See Null, a.] 1. To reduce to nothing; to obliterate. “Light, the prime work of God, to me’s extinct.
And all her various objects of delight
Annulled.
Milton.” 2. To make void or of no effect; to nullify; to abolish; to do away with; — used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, and the like, which are made void by component authority. “Do they mean to annul laws of inestimable value to our liberties?
Burke.” Syn. — To abolish; abrogate; repeal; cancel; reverse; rescind; revoke; nullify; destroy. See Abolish.

An´nu•lar , a. [L. annularis, fr. annulis ring: cf. F. annulaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having the form of, a ring; forming a ring; ringed; ring-shaped; as annular fibers. 2. Banded or marked with circles. Annular eclipse (Astron.), an eclipse of the sun in which the moon at the middle of the eclipse conceals the central part of the sun’s disk, leaving a complete ring of light around the border.

An•nu•lar´i•ty , n. Annular condition or form; as the annularity of a nebula. J. Rogers.

An´nu•lar•ry, adv. In an annular manner.

An´nu•la•ry , a. [L. annularis. See Annular.] Having the form of a ring; annular. Ray.

An•nu•la´ta , n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. L. annulatus ringed.] (Zoöl.) A class of articulate animals, nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine annelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc. See Annelida.

An´nu•late , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Annulata. { An´nu•late , An´nu•la•ted } a. [L. annulatus.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings; ringed; surrounded by rings of color. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annulata.

An•nu•la´tion , n. A circular or ringlike formation; a ring or belt. Nicholson.

An´nu•let , n. [Dim. of annulus.] 1. A little ring. Tennyson. 2. (Arch.) A small, flat fillet, encircling a column, etc., used by itself, or with other moldings. It is used, several times repeated, under the Doric capital. 3. (Her.) A little circle borne as a charge. 4. (Zoöl.) A narrow circle of some distinct color on a surface or round an organ.

An•nul´la•ble , a. That may be Annulled.

An•nul´ler , n. One who annuls. [R.]

An•nul´ment , n. [Cf. F. annulement.] The act of annulling; abolition; invalidation.

An´nu•loid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annuloida.

An•nu•loid´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. annulus ring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Articulata, including the annelids and allied groups; sometimes made to include also the helminths and echinoderms. [Written also Annuloidea.]

An´nu•lo´sa , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Articulata. It includes the Arthoropoda and Anarthropoda. By some zoölogists it is applied to the former only.

An•nu•lo´san , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Annulosa.

An´nu•lose (; 277), a. [L. annulus ring.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings or ringlike segments; ringed. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annulosa.

An´nu•lus , n.; pl. Annuli . [L.] 1. A ring; a ringlike part or space. 2. (Geom.) (a) A space contained between the circumferences of two circles, one within the other. (b) The solid formed by a circle revolving around a line which is the plane of the circle but does not cut it. 3. (Zoöl.) Ring-shaped structures or markings, found in, or upon, various animals.

An•nu´mer•ate , v. t. [L. annumeratus, p. p. of annumerare. See Numerate.] To add on; to count in. [Obs.] Wollaston.

An•nu•mer•a´tion , n. [L. annumeratio.] Addition to a former number. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

An•nun´ci•a•ble , a. That may be announced or declared; declarable. [R.]

An•nun´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annunciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annunciating.] [L. annuntiare. See Announce.] To announce.

An•nun´ci•ate , p. p. & a. Foretold; preannounced. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An•nun•ci•a´tion ( 277), n. [L. annuntiatio: cf. F. annonciation.] 1. The act of announcing; announcement; proclamation; as the annunciation of peace. 2. (Eccl.) (a) The announcement of the incarnation, made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary. (b) The festival celebrated (March 25th) by the Church of England, of Rome, etc., in memory of the angel’s announcement, on that day; Lady Day.

An•nun´ci•a•tive , a. Pertaining to annunciation; announcing. [R.] Dr. H. More.

An•nun´ci•a•tor , n. [L. annuntiator.] 1. One who announces. Specifically: An officer in the church of Constantinople, whose business it was to inform the people of the festivals to be celebrated. 2. An indicator (as in a hotel) which designates the room where attendance is wanted.

An•nun´ci•a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or containing, announcement; making known. [R.]

A•noa´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small wild ox of Celebes (Anoa depressicornis), allied to the buffalo, but having long nearly straight horns.

An´ode , n. [Gr. up + way.] (Elec.) The positive pole of an electric battery, or more strictly the electrode by which the current enters the electrolyte on its way to the other pole; — opposed to cathode.

An´o•don , n. [NL., fr. Gr. toothless; ’an priv. + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water bivalves, having no teeth at the hinge. [Written also Anodonta.]

An´o•dyne (an´o•din), a. [L. anodynus, Gr. free from pain, stilling pain; ’an priv. + pain: cf. F. anodin.] Serving to assuage pain; soothing. “The anodyne draught of oblivion.
Burke.” ´The word [in a medical sense] in chiefly applied to the different preparations of opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, and lettuce.´ Am. Cyc.

An´o•dyne, n. [L. anodynon. See Anodyne, a.] Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate or narcotic; anything that soothes disturbed feelings.

An´o•dy•nous , a. Anodyne.

A•noil´ , v. t. [OF. enoilier.] To anoint with oil. [Obs.] Holinshed.

A•noint´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Anointing.] [OF. enoint, p. p. of enoindre, fr. L. inungere; in + ungere, unguere, to smear, anoint. See Ointment, Unguent.] 1. To smear or rub over with oil or an unctuous substance; also to spread over, as oil. “And fragrant oils the stiffened limbs anoint.
Dryden.” “He anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay.
John ix. 6.” 2. To apply oil to or to pour oil upon, etc., as a sacred rite, especially for consecration. “Then shalt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it upon his [Aaron’s] head and anoint him.
Exod. xxix. 7.” “Anoint Hazael to be king over Syria.
1 Kings xix. 15.” The Lord’s Anointed, Christ or the Messiah; also a Jewish or other king by ´divine right.´ 1 Sam. xxvi. 9.

A•noint´, p. p. Anointed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•noint´er , n. One who anoints.

A•noint´ment , n. The act of anointing, or state of being anointed; also an ointment. Milton.

A•no´lis , n. [In the Antilles, anoli, anoalli, a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards which belong to the family Iguanidae. They take the place in the New World of the chameleons in the Old, and in America are often called chameleons.

A•nom´al , n. Anything anomalous. [R.] { A•nom´a•li•ped (#), A•nom´a•li•pede } a. [L. anomalus irregular + pes, pedis, foot.] Having anomalous feet.

A•nom´a•li•ped, n. (Zoöl.) One of a group of perching birds, having the middle toe more or less united to the outer and inner ones.

A•nom´a•lism , n. An anomaly; a deviation from rule. Hooker. { A•nom•a•lis´tic , A•nom•a•lis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. anomalistique.] 1. Irregular; departing from common or established rules. 2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the anomaly, or angular distance of a planet from its perihelion. Anomalistic month. See under Month. — Anomalistic revolution, the period in which a planet or satellite goes through the complete cycles of its changes of anomaly, or from any point in its elliptic orbit to the same again. — Anomalistic, or Periodical year. See under Year.

A•nom•a•lis´tic•al•ly, adv. With irregularity.

A•nom•a•lo•flo´rous , a. [L. anomalus irregular + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having anomalous flowers.

A•nom´a•lous , a. [L. anomalus, Gr. uneven, irregular; ’an priv. + even, same. See Same, and cf. Abnormal.] Deviating from a general rule, method, or analogy; abnormal; irregular; as an anomalous proceeding.

A•nom´a•lous•ly, adv. In an anomalous manner.

A•nom´a•lous•ness, n. Quality of being anomalous.

A•nom´a•ly , n.; pl. Anomalies . [L. anomalia, Gr. . See Anomalous.] 1. Deviation from the common rule; an irregularity; anything anomalous. “We are enabled to unite into a consistent whole the various anomalies and contending principles that are found in the minds and affairs of men.
Burke.” “As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater anomaly in nature than a bird that can not fly.
Darwin.” 2. (Astron.) (a) The angular distance of a planet from its perihelion, as seen from the sun. This is the true anomaly. The eccentric anomaly is a corresponding angle at the center of the elliptic orbit of the planet. The mean anomaly is what the anomaly would be if the planet’s angular motion were uniform. (b) The angle measuring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Any deviation from the essential characteristics of a specific type.

A•no´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. irregular; ’a priv. + no’mos law.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve shells, allied to the oyster, so called from their unequal valves, of which the lower is perforated for attachment.

An•o•moph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. irregular + leaf.] (Bot.) Having leaves irregularly placed. { An•o•mu´ra , An•o•mou´ra } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lawless + tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of decapod Crustacea, of which the hermit crab in an example. { An•o•mu´ral , An•o•mu´ran } a. Irregular in the character of the tail or abdomen; as the anomural crustaceans. [Written also anomoural, anomouran.]

An•o•mu´ran, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Anomura.

An´o•my , n. [Gr. . See Anomia.] Disregard or violation of law. [R.] Glanvill.

A•non´ , adv. [OE. anoon, anon, anan, lit., in one (moment), fr. AS. on in + an one. See On and One.] 1. Straightway; at once. [Obs.] “The same is he that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it.
Matt. xiii. 20.” 2. Soon; in a little while. “As it shall better appear anon.
Stow.” 3. At another time; then; again. “Sometimes he trots, … anon he rears upright.
Shak.” Anon right, at once; right off. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Ever and anon, now and then; frequently; often. “A pouncet box, which ever and anon
He gave his nose.
Shak.”

A•no´na, n. [NL. Cf. Ananas.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural order Anonaceae, including the soursop.

An•o•na´ceous, a. Pertaining to the order of plants including the soursop, custard apple, etc.

An´o•nym , n. [F. anonyme. See Anonymous.] 1. One who is anonymous; also sometimes used for ´pseudonym.´ 2. A notion which has no name, or which can not be expressed by a single English word. [R.] J. R. Seeley.

An•o•nym´i•ty, n. The quality or state of being anonymous; anonymousness; also that which anonymous. [R.] “He rigorously insisted upon the rights of anonymity.
Carlyle.”

A•non´y•mous, a. [Gr. without name; ’an priv. + , Eol. for name. See Name.] Nameless; of unknown name; also of unknown or unavowed authorship; as an anonymous benefactor; an anonymous pamphlet or letter.

A•non´y•mous•ly (a•non´i•mus•ly), adv. In an anonymous manner; without a name. Swift.

A•non´y•mous•ness, n. The state or quality of being anonymous. Coleridge.

An´o•phyte (an´o•fit), n. [Gr. ’a•nw upward (fr. ’ana• up) + fyto•n a plant, fy•ein to grow.] (Bot.) A moss or mosslike plant which cellular stems, having usually an upward growth and distinct leaves.

An´o•pla (an´o•pla), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•noplos unarmed.] (Zoöl.) One of the two orders of Nemerteans. See Nemertina.

An•op´lo•there (an•op´lo•ther), An•o•plo•the´ri•um (an•o•plo•the´ri•um), n. [From Gr. ’a•noplos unarmed (’an priv. + ’o•plon an implement, weapon) + qhri•on beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct quadrupeds of the order Ungulata whose were first found in the gypsum quarries near Paris characterized by the shortness and feebleness of their canine teeth (whence the name).

An•o•plu´ra (an•o•plu´ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + ’o•plon weapon, sting + o’yra• tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of insects which includes the lice. { A•nop´si•a (a•nop´si•a), An´op•sy (an´op•sy), } a. [Gr. ’an priv. + ’o•psis sight.] (Med.) Want or defect of sight; blindness. { An•o•rex´i•a , An´o•rex•y } n. [Gr. ; ’an priv. + desire, appetite, desire.] (Med.) Want of appetite, without a loathing of food. Coxe.

A•nor´mal , a. [F. anormal. See Abnormal, Normal.] Not according to rule; abnormal. [Obs.]

A•norn , v. t. [OF. aörner, aöurner, fr. L. adornare to adorn. The form a- ourne was corrupted into anourne.] To adorn. [Obs.] Bp. Watson.

A•nor´thic , a. [See Anorthite.] (Min.) Having unequal oblique axes; as anorthic crystals.

A•nor´thite , n. [Gr. ’an priv. + straight ( sc. right angle); not in a right angle.] A mineral of the feldspar family, commonly occurring in small glassy crystals, also a constituent of some igneous rocks. It is a lime feldspar. See Feldspar.

A•nor´tho•scope , n. [Gr. ’an priv. + straight + -scope.] (Physics) An optical toy for producing amusing figures or pictures by means of two revolving disks, on one of which distorted figures are painted.

A•nos´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + smell.] (Med.) Loss of the sense of smell.

An•oth´er , pron. & a. [An a, one + other.] 1. One more, in addition to a former number; a second or additional one, similar in likeness or in effect. “Another yet! — a seventh! I ’ll see no more.
Shak.” “Would serve to scale another Hero’s tower.
Shak.” 2. Not the same; different. “He winks, and turns his lips another way.
Shak.” 3. Any or some; any different person, indefinitely; any one else; some one else. “Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth.
Prov. xxvii. 2.” “While I am coming, another steppeth down before me.
John v. 7.” As a pronoun another may have a possessive another’s, pl. others, poss. pl. other’. It is much used in opposition to one; as one went one way, another another. It is also used with one, in a reciprocal sense; as ´love one another,´ that is, let each love the other or others. ´These two imparadised in one another’s arms.´ Milton.

An•oth´er-gaines , a. [Corrupted fr. another-gates.] Of another kind. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

An•oth´er-gates , a. [Another + gate, or gait, way. Cf. Algates.] Of another sort. [Obs.] ´Another-gates adventure.´ Hudibras.

An•oth´er-guess , a. [Corrupted fr. another-gates.] Of another sort. [Archaic] “It used to go in another-guess manner.
Arbuthnot.”

A•not´ta , n. See Annotto.

An•ou´ra ( 277), n. See Anura.

An•ou´rous , a. See Anurous.

An´sa , n.; pl. Ansae . [L., a handle.] (Astron.) A name given to either of the projecting ends of Saturn’s ring.

An´sa•ted , a. [L. ansatus, fr. ansa a handle.] Having a handle. Johnson.

An´ser•a•ted , a. (Her.) Having the extremities terminate in the heads of eagles, lions, etc.; as an anserated cross.

An´se•res , n. pl. [L., geese.] (Zoöl.) A Linnaean order of aquatic birds swimming by means of webbed feet, as the duck, or of lobed feet, as the grebe. In this order were included the geese, ducks, auks, divers, gulls, petrels, etc.

An•se•ri•for´mes , n. pl. (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the geese, ducks, and closely allied forms.

An´ser•ine , a. [L. anserinus, fr. anser a goose.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or the skin of a goose. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Anseres.

An´ser•ous , a. [L. anser a goose.] Resembling a goose; silly; simple. Sydney Smith.

An´swer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Answered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Answering.] [OE. andswerien, AS. andswerian, andswarian, to answer, fr. andswaru, n., answer. See Answer, n.] 1. To speak in defense against; to reply to in defense; as to answer a charge; to answer an accusation. 2. To speak or write in return to, as in return to a call or question, or to a speech, declaration, argument, or the like; to reply to (a question, remark, etc.); to respond to. “She answers him as if she knew his mind.
Shak.” “So spake the apostate angel, though in pain: …
And him thus answered soon his bold compeer.
Milton.” 3. To respond to satisfactorily; to meet successfully by way of explanation, argument, or justification, and the like; to refute. “No man was able to answer him a word.
Matt. xxii. 46.” “These shifts refuted, answer thine appellant.
Milton.” “The reasoning was not and could not be answered.
Macaulay.” 4. To be or act in return or response to. Hence: (a) To be or act in compliance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, obligation, demand; as he answered my claim upon him; the servant answered the bell. “This proud king … studies day and night
To answer all the debts he owes unto you.
Shak.” (b) To render account to or for. “I will … send him to answer thee.
Shak.” (c) To atone; to be punished for. “And grievously hath Caezar answered it.
Shak.” (d) To be opposite to; to face. “The windows answering each other, we could just discern the glowing horizon them.
Gilpin.” (e) To be or act an equivalent to, or as adequate or sufficient for; to serve for; to repay. [R.] “Money answereth all things.
Eccles. x. 19.” (f) To be or act in accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to; to correspond to; to suit. “Weapons must needs be dangerous things, if they answered the bulk of so prodigious a person.
Swift.”

An´swer, v. i. 1. To speak or write by way of return (originally, to a charge), or in reply; to make response. “There was no voice, nor any that answered.
1 Kings xviii. 26.” 2. To make a satisfactory response or return. Hence: To render account, or to be responsible; to be accountable; to make amends; as the man must answer to his employer for the money intrusted to his care. “Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law.
Shak.” 3. To be or act in return. Hence: (a) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, reciprocation, or satisfaction; to serve the purpose; as gypsum answers as a manure on some soils. “Do the strings answer to thy noble hand?
Dryden.” (b) To be opposite, or to act in opposition. (c) To be or act as an equivalent, or as adequate or sufficient; as a very few will answer. (d) To be or act in conformity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, relation, or proportion; to conform; to correspond; to suit; — usually with to. “That the time may have all shadow and silence in it, and the place answer to convenience.
Shak.” “If this but answer to my just belief,
I ’ll remember you.
Shak.” “As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man.
Pro. xxvii. 19.”

An´swer, n. [OE. andsware, AS. andswaru; and against + swerian to swear. , . See Anti-, and Swear, and cf. 1st un-.] 1. A reply to a change; a defense. “At my first answer no man stood with me.
2 Tim. iv. 16.” 2. Something said or written in reply to a question, a call, an argument, an address, or the like; a reply. “A soft answer turneth away wrath.
Prov. xv. 1.” “I called him, but he gave me no answer.
Cant. v. 6.” 3. Something done in return for, or in consequence of, something else; a responsive action. “Great the slaughter is
Here made by the Roman; great the answer be
Britons must take.
Shak.” 4. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation; as the answer to a problem. 5. (Law) A counter-statement of facts in a course of pleadings; a confutation of what the other party has alleged; a responsive declaration by a witness in reply to a question. In Equity, it is the usual form of defense to the complainant’s charges in his bill. Bouvier. Syn. — Reply; rejoinder; response. See Reply.

An´swer•a•ble , a. 1. Obliged to answer; liable to be called to account; liable to pay, indemnify, or make good; accountable; amenable; responsible; as an agent is answerable to his principal; to be answerable for a debt, or for damages. “Will any man argue that … he can not be justly punished, but is answerable only to God?
Swift.” 2. Capable of being answered or refuted; admitting a satisfactory answer. “The argument, though subtle, is yet answerable.
Johnson.” 3. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable. “What wit and policy of man is answerable to their discreet and orderly course?
Holland.” “This revelation … was answerable to that of the apostle to the Thessalonians.
Milton.” 4. Proportionate; commensurate; suitable; as an achievement answerable to the preparation for it. 5. Equal; equivalent; adequate. [Archaic] “Had the valor of his soldiers been answerable, he had reached that year, as was thought, the utmost bounds of Britain.
Milton.”

An´swer•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent.

An´swer•a•bly , adv. In an answerable manner; in due proportion or correspondence; suitably.

An´swer•er , n. One who answers.

An´swer•less , a. Having no answer, or impossible to be answered. Byron.

An ’t . An it, that is, and it or if it. See An, conj. [Obs.]

An’t . A contraction for are and am not; also used for is not; — now usually written ain’t. [Colloq. & illiterate speech.]

Ant-. See Anti-, prefix.

-ant. [F. -ant, fr. L. -antem or -entem, the pr. p. ending; also sometimes directly from L. -antem.] A suffix sometimes marking the agent for action; as merchant, covenant, servant, pleasant, etc. Cf. - ent.

Ant , n. [OE. ante, amete, emete, AS. aemete akin to G. ameise. Cf. Emmet.] (Zoöl.) A hymenopterous insect of the Linnaean genus Formica, which is now made a family of several genera; an emmet; a pismire. Among ants, as among bees, there are neuter or working ants, besides the males and females; the former are without wings. Ants live together in swarms, usually raising hillocks of earth, variously chambered within, where they maintain a perfect system of order, store their provisions, and nurture their young. There are many species, with diverse habits, as agricultural ants, carpenter ants, honey ants, foraging ants, amazon ants, etc. The white ants or Termites belong to the Neuroptera. Ant bird (Zoöl.), one of a very extensive group of South American birds (Formicariidae), which live on ants. The family includes many species, some of which are called ant shrikes, ant thrushes, and ant wrens. — Ant rice (Bot.), a species of grass (Aristida oligantha) cultivated by the agricultural ants of Texas for the sake of its seed.

An´ta , n.; pl. Antae . [L.] (Arch.) A species of pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination, treated architecturally as a pilaster, with capital and base. Porches, when columns stand between two antae, are called in Latin in antis.

Ant•ac´id , n. [Pref. anti- + acid.] (Med.) A remedy for acidity of the stomach, as an alkali or absorbent. — a. Counteractive of acidity.

Ant•ac´rid , a. [Pref. anti- + acrid.] Corrective of acrimony of the humors.

An•tae´an , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to Antaeus, a giant athlete slain by Hercules.

An•tag´o•nism , n. [Gr. , fr. to struggle against; against + to contend or struggle, contest: cf. F. antagonisme. See Agony.] Opposition of action; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles. We speak of antagonism between two things, to or against a thing, and sometimes with a thing.

An•tag´o•nist , n. [L. antagonista, Gr. ; against + combatant, champion, fr. : cf. F. antagoniste. See Antagonism.] 1. One who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; an opponent. “Antagonist of Heaven’s Almigthy King.
Milton.” “Our antagonists in these controversies.
Hooker.” 2. (Anat.) A muscle which acts in opposition to another; as a flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it. 3. (Med.) A medicine which opposes the action of another medicine or of a poison when absorbed into the blood or tissues. Syn. — Adversary; enemy; opponent; toe; competitor. See Adversary.

An•tag´o•nist, a. Antagonistic; opposing; counteracting; as antagonist schools of philosophy. { An•tag•o•nis´tic , An•tag•o•nis´tic•al } a. Opposing in combat, combating; contending or acting against; as antagonistic forces. — An•tag•o•nis´tic•al•ly, adv. “They were distinct, adverse, even antagonistic.
Milman.”

An•tag´o•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antagonized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Antagonozing.] [Gr. . See Antagonism.] To contend with; to oppose actively; to counteract.

An•tag´o•nize, v. i. To act in opposition.

An•tag´o•ny , n. [Gr. ; + contest: cf. F. (16th century) antagonie. See Antagonism.] Contest; opposition; antagonism. [Obs.] “Antagony that is between Christ and Belial.
Milton.”

An•tal´gic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. pain: cf. F. antalgique.] (Med.) Alleviating pain. — n. A medicine to alleviate pain; an anodyne. [R.]

Ant•al´ka•li ( 277), Ant•al´ka•line , n. [Pref. anti- + alkali.] Anything that neutralizes or that counteracts an alkaline tendency in the system. Hooper.

Ant•al´ka•line, a. Of power to counteract alkalies.

Ant•am•bu•la´cral (ant•am•bu•la´kral), a. (Zoöl.) Away from the ambulacral region.

Ant•an•a•cla´sis , n. [Gr. ; + a bending back and breaking. See Anaclastic.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure which consists in repeating the same word in a different sense; as Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft. (b) A repetition of words beginning a sentence, after a long parenthesis; as Shall that heart (which not only feels them, but which has all motions of life placed in them), shall that heart, etc.

Ant•an•a•go´ge , n. [Pref. anti- + anagoge.] (Rhet.) A figure which consists in answering the charge of an adversary, by a counter charge.

Ant•aph•ro•dis´i•ac , a. [Pref. anti- + aphrodisiac.] (Med.) Capable of blunting the venereal appetite. — n. Anything that quells the venereal appetite.

Ant•aph•ro•dit´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. Aphrodite: cf. F. antaphroditique.] (Med.) 1. Antaphrodisiac. 2. Antisyphilitic. [R.]

Ant•aph•ro•dit´ic, n. An antaphroditic medicine.

Ant•ap•o•plec´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + apoplectic.] (Med.) Good against apoplexy. — n. A medicine used against apoplexy.

Ant•ar´chism , n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. government.] Opposition to government in general. [R.]

Ant•ar´chist , n. One who opposes all government. [R.] { Ant•ar•chis´tic , Ant•ar•chis´tic•al } a. Opposed to all human government. [R.]

Ant•arc´tic , a. [OE. antartik, OF. antartique, F. antarctique, L. antarcticus, fr. Gr. ; + bear. See Arctic.] Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from the pole 23° 28&min;. Thus we say the antarctic pole, circle, ocean, region, current, etc.

An•ta´res , n. [Gr. ; similar to + Mars. It was thought to resemble Mars in color.] The principal star in Scorpio: — called also the Scorpion’s Heart.

Ant•ar•thrit´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + arthritic.] (Med.) Counteracting or alleviating gout. — n. A remedy against gout.

Ant•asth•mat´ic (? or see Asthma; 277), a. [Pref. anti- + asthmatic.] (Med.) Opposing, or fitted to relieve, asthma. — n. A remedy for asthma.

Ant´-bear , n. (Zoöl.) An edentate animal of tropical America (the Tamanoir), living on ants. It belongs to the genus Myrmecophaga.

Ant´ bird , (Zoöl.) See Ant bird, under Ant, n.

Ant´-cat•tle , n. pl. (Zoöl.) Various kinds of plant lice or aphids tended by ants for the sake of the honeydew which they secrete. See Aphips.

An´te- (an´te-). A Latin preposition and prefix; akin to Gr. ’anti•, Skr. anti, Goth. and-, anda- (only in comp.), AS. and-, ond-, (only in comp.: cf. Answer, Along), G. ant-, ent- (in comp.). The Latin ante is generally used in the sense of before, in regard to position, order, or time, and the Gr. ’anti• in that of opposite, or in the place of.

An´te, n. (Poker Playing) Each player’s stake, which is put into the pool before (ante) the game begins.

An´te, v. t. & i. To put up (an ante).

An´te•act , n. A preceding act.

An´te•al , a. [antea, ante, before. Cf. Ancient.] Being before, or in front. [R.] J. Fleming.

Ant´-eat•er , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of edentates and monotremes that feed upon ants. See Ant-bear, Pangolin, Aard-vark, and Echidna.

An•te•ce•da´ne•ous , a. [See Antecede.] Antecedent; preceding in time. ´Capable of antecedaneous proof.´ Barrow.

An•te•cede´ , v. t. & i. [L. antecedere; ante + cedere to go. See Cede.] To go before in time or place; to precede; to surpass. Sir M. Hale.

An•te•ced´ence , n. 1. The act or state of going before in time; precedence. H. Spenser. 2. (Astron.) An apparent motion of a planet toward the west; retrogradation.

An•te•ced´en•cy , n. The state or condition of being antecedent; priority. Fothherby.

An•te•ced´ent , a. [L. antecedens, -entis, p. pr. of antecedere: cf. F. antecedent.] 1. Going before in time; prior; anterior; preceding; as an event antecedent to the Deluge; an antecedent cause. 2. Presumptive; as an antecedent improbability. Syn. — Prior; previous; foregoing.

An•te•ced´ent, n. [Cf. F. antecedent.] 1. That which goes before in time; that which precedes. South. “The Homeric mythology, as well as the Homeric language, has surely its antecedents.
Max Miller.” 2. One who precedes or goes in front. [Obs.] “My antecedent, or my gentleman usher.
Massinger.” 3. pl. The earlier events of one’s life; previous principles, conduct, course, history. J. H. Newman. “If the troops … prove worthy of their antecedents, the victory is surely ours.
Gen. G. McClellan.” 4. (Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers; as in the sentence ´Solomon was the prince who built the temple,´ prince is the antecedent of who. 5. (Logic) (a) The first or conditional part of a hypothetical proposition; as If the earth is fixed, the sun must move. (b) The first of the two propositions which constitute an enthymeme or contracted syllogism; as Every man is mortal; therefore the king must die. 6. (Math.) The first of the two terms of a ratio; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. In the ratio a:b, a is the antecedent, and b the consequent.

An•te•ced´ent•ly , adv. Previously; before in time; at a time preceding; as antecedently to conversion. Barrow.

An•te•ces´sor , n. [L., fr. antecedere, antecessum. See Antecede, Ancestor.] 1. One who goes before; a predecessor. “The successor seldom prosecuting his antecessor’s devices.
Sir E. Sandys.” 2. An ancestor; a progenitor. [Obs.]

An´te•cham•ber , n. [Cf. F. antichambre.] 1. A chamber or apartment before the chief apartment and leading into it, in which persons wait for audience; an outer chamber. See Lobby. 2. A space viewed as the outer chamber or the entrance to an interior part. “The mouth, the antechamber to the digestive canal.
Todd & Bowman.”

An´te•chap•el , n. The outer part of the west end of a collegiate or other chapel. Shipley.

An•te´cians , n. pl. See Antœcians.

An•te•com•mun´ion , n. A name given to that part of the Anglican liturgy for the communion, which precedes the consecration of the elements.

An•te•cur´sor , n. [L., fr. antecurrere to run before; ante + currere to run.] A forerunner; a precursor. [Obs.]

An´te•date , n. 1. Prior date; a date antecedent to another which is the actual date. 2. Anticipation. [Obs.] Donne.

An´te•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antedated; p. pr. & vb. n. Antedating.] 1. To date before the true time; to assign to an earlier date; thus, to antedate a deed or a bond is to give it a date anterior to the true time of its execution. 2. To precede in time. 3. To anticipate; to make before the true time. “And antedate the bliss above.
Pope.” “Who rather rose the day to antedate.
Wordsworth.”

An•te•di•lu´vi•al , a. [Pref. ante- + diluvial.] Before the flood, or Deluge, in Noah’s time.

An•te•di•lu´vi•an , a. Of or relating to the period before the Deluge in Noah’s time; hence, antiquated; as an antediluvian vehicle. — n. One who lived before the Deluge.

An´te•fact , n. Something done before another act. [Obs.]

An´te•fix , n.; pl. E. Antefixes ; L. Antefixa . [L. ante + fixus fixed.] (Arch.) (a) An ornament fixed upon a frieze. (b) An ornament at the eaves, concealing the ends of the joint tiles of the roof. (c) An ornament of the cymatium of a classic cornice, sometimes pierced for the escape of water.

An•te•flex´ion , n. (Med.) A displacement forward of an organ, esp. the uterus, in such manner that its axis is bent upon itself. T. G. Thomas.

Ant´ egg . One of the small white egg-shaped pupae or cocoons of the ant, often seen in or about ant-hills, and popularly supposed to be eggs.

An´te•lope (an´te•lop), n. [OF. antelop, F. antilope, from Gr. ’anqo•lops, -lopos, Eustathius, ´Hexaëm.,´ p. 36, the origin of which is unknown.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of ruminant quadrupeds, intermediate between the deer and the goat. The horns are usually annulated, or ringed. There are many species in Africa and Asia. “The antelope and wolf both fierce and fell.
Spenser.” The common or bezoar antelope of India is Antilope bezoartica. The chamois of the Alps, the gazelle, the addax, and the eland are other species. See Gazelle. The pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra Americana) is found in the Rocky Mountains. See Pronghorn.

An•te•lu´can , a. [L. antelucanus; ante + lux light.] Held or being before light; — a word applied to assemblies of Christians, in ancient times of persecution, held before light in the morning. ´Antelucan worship.´ De Quincey.

An•te•me•rid´i•an , a. [L. antemeridianus; ante + meridianus belonging to midday or noon. See Meridian.] Being before noon; in or pertaining to the forenoon. (Abbrev. a. m.)

Ant•e•met´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + emetic.] (Med.) Tending to check vomiting. — n. A remedy to check or allay vomiting.

An•te•mo•sa´ic , a. Being before the time of Moses.

An•te•mun´dane , a. Being or occurring before the creation of the world. Young.

An•te•mu´ral , n. [L. antemurale: ante + murus wall. See Mural.] An outwork of a strong, high wall, with turrets, in front of the gateway (as of an old castle), for defending the entrance.

An•te•na´tal , a. Before birth. Shelley.

An•te•ni´cene , a. [L.] Of or in the Christian church or era, anterior to the first council of Nice, held a. d. 325; as antenicene faith.

An•ten´na , n.; pl. Antennae . [L. antenna sail-yard; NL., a feeler, horn of an insect.] (Zoöl.) A movable, articulated organ of sensation, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. There are two in the former, and usually four in the latter. They are used as organs of touch, and in some species of Crustacea the cavity of the ear is situated near the basal joint. In insects, they are popularly called horns, and also feelers. The term in also applied to similar organs on the heads of other arthropods and of annelids.

An•ten´nal , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the antennae. Owen.

An•ten•nif´er•ous , a. [Antenna + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing or having antennae.

An•ten´ni•form , a. [Antenna + -form.] Shaped like antennae.

An•ten´nule , n. [Dim. of antenna.] (Zoöl.) A small antenna; — applied to the smaller pair of antennae or feelers of Crustacea.

An•te•num´ber , n. A number that precedes another. [R.] Bacon.

An•te•nup´tial , a. Preceding marriage; as an antenuptial agreement. Kent.

An•te•or´bit•al , a. & n. (Anat.) Same as Antorbital.

An•te•pas´chal , a. Pertaining to the time before the Passover, or before Easter.

An´te•past , n. [Pref. ante- + L. pastus pasture, food. Cf. Repast.] A foretaste. “Antepasts of joy and comforts.
Jer. Taylor.”

An•te•pen´di•um , n. [LL., fr. L. ante + pendere to hang.] (Eccl.) The hangings or screen in front of the altar; an altar cloth; the frontal. Smollett. { An•te•pe´nult , An•te•pe•nult´i•ma } n. [L. antepaenultima (sc. syllaba) antepenultimate; ante before + paenultimus the last but one; paene almost + ultimus last.] (Pros.) The last syllable of a word except two, as -syl- in monosyllable.

An•te•pe•nult´i•mate , a. Of or pertaining to the last syllable but two. — n. The antepenult.

Ant•eph•i•al´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. nightmare.] (Med.) Good against nightmare. — n. A remedy nightmare. Dunglison.

Ant•ep•i•lep´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + epileptic.] (Med.) Good against epilepsy. — n. A medicine for epilepsy.

An´te•pone , v. t. [L. anteponere.] To put before; to prefer. [Obs.] Bailey.

An´te•port , n. [Cf. LL. anteporta.] An outer port, gate, or door.

An•te•por´ti•co , n. An outer porch or vestibule.

An•te•po•si´tion , n. [Cf. LL. antepositio. See Position.] (Gram.) The placing of a before another, which, by ordinary rules, ought to follow it.

An•te•pran´di•al , a. Preceding dinner.

An•te•pre•dic´a•ment , n. (Logic) A prerequisite to a clear understanding of the predicaments and categories, such as definitions of common terms. Chambers.

An•te´ri•or , a. [L. anterior, comp. of ante before.] 1. Before in time; antecedent. “Antigonus, who was anterior to Polybius.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” 2. Before, or toward the front, in place; as the anterior part of the mouth; — opposed to posterior. In comparative anatomy, anterior often signifies at or toward the head, cephalic; and in human anatomy it is often used for ventral. Syn. — Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; former; foregoing.

An•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. [LL. anterioritas.] The state of being anterior or preceding in time or in situation; priority. Pope.

An•te´ri•or•ly , adv. In an anterior manner; before.

An´te•ro- . A combining form meaning anterior, front; as, antero-posterior, front and back; antero-lateral, front side, anterior and at the side.

An´te•room , n. A room before, or forming an entrance to, another; a waiting room.

An´tes , n. pl. Antae. See Anta.

An•te•stat´ure , n. (Fort.) A small intrenchment or work of palisades, or of sacks of earth.

An´te•stom•ach , n. A cavity which leads into the stomach, as in birds. Ray.

An´te•tem•ple , n. The portico, or narthex in an ancient temple or church.

An•te•ver´sion , n. [Pref. ante- + L. vertere, versum, to turn.] (Med.) A displacement of an organ, esp. of the uterus, in such manner that its whole axis is directed further forward than usual.

An•te•vert´ , v. t. [L. antevertere; ante + vertere to turn.] 1. To prevent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Med.) To displace by anteversion.

Ant•hel´ion ( 277, 106), n.; pl. Anthelia . [Pref. anti + Gr. sun.] (Meteor.) A halo opposite the sun, consisting of a colored ring or rings around the shadow of the spectator’s own head, as projected on a cloud or on an opposite fog bank.

Ant´he•lix (ant´he•liks), n. (Anat.) Same as Antihelix.

An•thel•min´tic (an•thel•min´tik), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. ´e•lmins, - inqos, worm, esp. a tapeworm, or mawworm..] (Med.) Good against intestinal worms. — n. An anthelmintic remedy. [Written also anthelminthic.]

An´them (an´them), n. [OE. antym, antefne, AS. antefen, fr. LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. ’anti•fwna, neut. pl. of ’anti•fwnon antiphon, or anthem, n. neut., from ’anti•fwnos sounding contrary, returning a sound; ’anti• over against + fwnh• sound, voice: the anthem being sung by the choristers alternately, one half-choir answering the other: cf. OF. anthaine, anteine, antieune, F. antienne. See Antiphon.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung in alternate parts, in present usage, a selection from the Psalms, or other parts of the Scriptures or the liturgy, set to sacred music. 2. A song or hymn of praise. Milton.

An´them, v. t. To celebrate with anthems. [Poet.] “Sweet birds antheming the morn.
Keats.” An•the´mi•on [ fr. Gr. ’anqemi•s flower.] A floral ornament. See Palmette.

An´the•mis , n. [Gr. ’anqemi•s, equiv. to ’a•nqos flower; an herb like our chamomile.] (Bot.) Chamomile; a genus of composite, herbaceous plants.

An´them•wise , adv. Alternately. [Obs.] Bacon.

An´ther , n. [F. anthère, L. anthera a medicine composed of flowers, fr. Gr. flowery, fr. ’anqei^n to bloom, ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) That part of the stamen containing the pollen, or fertilizing dust, which, when mature, is emitted for the impregnation of the ovary. — An´ther•al , a.

An•ther•id´i•um , n.; pl. Antheridia . [Anther + (a Gr. diminutive ending).] (Bot.) The male reproductive apparatus in the lower plants, consisting of a cell or other cavity in which spermatozoids are produced; — called also spermary. — An•ther•id´i•al , a.

An•ther•if´er•ous , a. [Anther + -ferous.] (Bot.) (a) Producing anthers, as plants. (b) Supporting anthers, as a part of a flower. Gray.

An•ther´i•form , a. [Anther + -form.] Shaped like an anther; anther-shaped.

An•ther•og´e•nous , a. [Anther + -genous.] (Bot.) Transformed from anthers, as the petals of a double flower.

An´ther•oid , a. [Anther + - oid.] Resembling an anther. { An•ther•o•zoid , An•ther•o•zoo´id } n. [Gr. flowery + animal + -oid. See Zooid.] (Bot.) One of the mobile male reproductive bodies in the antheridia of cryptogams.

An•the´sis , n. [Gr. bloom, fr. ’anqei^n to bloom, ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) The period or state of full expansion in a flower. Gray.

Ant´-hill , n. (Zoöl.) A mound thrown up by ants or by termites in forming their nests.

An•tho´bi•an , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + bi•os life.] (Zoöl.) A beetle which feeds on flowers.

An•tho•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•nqos flower + gills, n. pl.] (Zoöl.) A division of nudibranchiate Mollusca, in which the gills form a wreath or cluster upon the posterior part of the back. See Nudibranchiata, and Doris.

An•tho•car´pous , a. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Having some portion of the floral envelopes attached to the pericarp to form the fruit, as in the checkerberry, the mulberry, and the pineapple.

An•tho•cy´a•nin , n. Same as Anthokyan.

An•tho´di•um , n. [NL., from Gr. like flowers, flowery; ’a•nqos flower + form.] (Bot.) The inflorescence of a compound flower in which many florets are gathered into a involucrate head.

An•thog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + -graphy.] A description of flowers.

An´thoid , a. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + -oid.] Resembling a flower; flowerlike.

An•tho•ky´an , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + ky•anos blue.] (Chem.) The blue coloring matter of certain flowers. Same as Cyanin.

An´tho•lite , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant, like a petrified flower.

An•tho•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to anthology; consisting of beautiful extracts from different authors, especially the poets. “He published a geographical and anthological description of all empires and kingdoms … in this terrestrial globe.
Wood.”

An•thol´o•gist , n. One who compiles an anthology.

An•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , fr. ’anqolo•gos flower gathering; ’a•nqos flower + le•gein to gather.] 1. A discourse on flowers. [R.] 2. A collection of flowers; a garland. [R.] 3. A collection of flowers of literature, that is, beautiful passages from authors; a collection of poems or epigrams; — particularly applied to a collection of ancient Greek epigrams. 4. (Gr. Ch.) A service book containing a selection of pieces for the festival services.

An•tho•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + mani•a madness.] A extravagant fondness for flowers. [R.]

An´tho•ny’s Fire . See Saint Anthony’s Fire, under Saint.

An•thoph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating flowers; — said of certain insects.

An´tho•phore , n. [Gr. bearing flowers; ’a•nqos flower + bearing, to bear.] (Bot.) The stipe when developed into an internode between calyx and corolla, as in the Pink family. Gray.

An•thoph´o•rous , a. Flower bearing; supporting the flower.

An•thoph´yl•lite , n. [NL. anthophyllum clove.] A mineral of the hornblende group, of a yellowish gray or clove brown color. — An•tho•phyl•lit´ic , a.

An´tho•rism , n. [Gr. ; + to bound, define.] (Rhet.) A description or definition contrary to that which is given by the adverse party. [R.]

An´tho•tax•y , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + order.] (Bot.) The arrangement of flowers in a cluster; the science of the relative position of flowers; inflorescence.

An•tho•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•nqos flower + animal.] (Zoöl.) The class of the Cœlenterata which includes the corals and sea anemones. The three principal groups or orders are Acyonaria, Actinaria, and Madreporaria.

An•tho•zo´an , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Anthozoa. — n. One of the Anthozoa.

An´tho•zo´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Anthozoa.

An´thra•cene , n. [Gr. coal.] (Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon, C_6H_4.C_2H_2. C_6H_4, which accompanies naphthalene in the last stages of the distillation of coal tar. Its chief use is in the artificial production of alizarin. [Written also anthracin.]

An•thrac´ic , a. Of or relating to anthrax; as anthracic blood.

An•thra•cif´er•ous , a. [Gr. coal + -ferous.] (Min.) Yielding anthracite; as anthraciferous strata.

An´thra•cite , n. [L. anthracites a kind of bloodstone; fr. Gr. like coals, fr. , , coal or charcoal. Cf. Anthrax.] A hard, compact variety of mineral coal, of high luster, differing from bituminous coal in containing little or no bitumen, in consequence of which it burns with a nearly non luminous flame. The purer specimens consist almost wholly of carbon. Also called glance coal and blind coal.

An´thra•cit´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or like, anthracite; as anthracitic formations.

An´thra•coid , a. [Anthrax + - oid.] (Biol.) Resembling anthrax in action; of the nature of anthrax; as an anthracoid microbe.

An´thra•co•man•cy , n. [Gr. , , coal + -mancy.] Divination by inspecting a burning coal.

An•thra•com´e•ter , n. [Gr. coal, carbon + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the amount of carbonic acid in a mixture.

An•thra•co•met´ric , a. Of or pertaining to an anthracometer.

An•thrac´o•nite , n. [See Anthracite.] (Min.) A coal-black marble, usually emitting a fetid smell when rubbed; — called also stinkstone and swinestone.

An•thra•qui´none , n. [Anthracene + quinone.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C_6H_4.C_2O_2. C_6H_4, subliming in shining yellow needles. It is obtained by oxidation of anthracene.

An´thrax , n. [L., fr. Gr. coal, carbuncle.] 1. (Med.) (a) A carbuncle. (b) A malignant pustule. 2. (Biol.) A microscopic, bacterial organism (Bacillus anthracis), resembling transparent rods. [See Illust. under Bacillus.] 3. An infectious disease of cattle and sheep. It is ascribed to the presence of a rod-shaped bacterium (Bacillus anthracis), the spores of which constitute the contagious matter. It may be transmitted to man by inoculation. The spleen becomes greatly enlarged and filled with bacteria. Called also splenic fever.

An•thre´nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a hornet.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles, several of which, in the larval state, are very destructive to woolen goods, fur, etc. The common ´museum pest´ is A. varius; the carpet beetle is A. scrophulariae. The larvae are commonly confounded with moths. { An•throp´ic , An•throp´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. man.] (Zoöl.) Like or related to man; human. [R.] Owen.

An•throp´i•dae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. man.] (Zoöl.) The group that includes man only.

An•thro•po•cen´tric , a. [Gr. man + center.] Assuming man as the center or ultimate end; — applied to theories of the universe or of any part of it, as the solar system. Draper.

An•thro•po•gen´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anthropogeny.

An•thro•pog´e•ny , n. [Gr. man + birth.] The science or study of human generation, or the origin and development of man.

An•throp´o•glot , n. [Gr. ; man + , , tongue.] (Zoöl.) An animal which has a tongue resembling that of man, as the parrot.

An•thro•pog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. man + -graphy.] That branch of anthropology which treats of the actual distribution of the human race in its different divisions, as distinguished by physical character, language, institutions, and customs, in contradistinction to ethnography, which treats historically of the origin and filiation of races and nations. P. Cyc.

An´thro•poid , a. [Gr. man + - oid.] Resembling man; — applied especially to certain apes, as the ourang or gorilla. — n. An anthropoid ape.

An•thro•poid´al , a. Anthropoid.

An•thro•poid´e•a , n. pl. [NL. See Anthropoid.] (Zoöl.) The suborder of primates which includes the monkeys, apes, and man.

An•thro•pol´a•try , n. [Gr. man + worship.] Man worship.

An•throp´o•lite , n. [Gr. man + - lite.] (Paleon.) A petrifaction of the human body, or of any portion of it. { An•thro•po•log´ic , An•thro•po•log´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to anthropology; belonging to the nature of man. ´Anthropologic wisdom.´ Kingsley. — An•thro•po•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•thro•pol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in anthropology.

An•thro•pol´o•gy , n. [Gr. man + -logy.] 1. The science of the structure and functions of the human body. 2. The science of man; — sometimes used in a limited sense to mean the study of man as an object of natural history, or as an animal. 3. That manner of expression by which the inspired writers attribute human parts and passions to God.

An´thro•po•man•cy , n. [Gr. man + -mancy.] Divination by the entrails of human being. { An•thro•po•met´ric , An•thro•po•met´ric•al , } a. Pertaining to anthropometry.

An•thro•pom´e•try , n. [Gr. man + -mercy.] Measurement of the height and other dimensions of human beings, especially at different ages, or in different races, occupations, etc. Dunglison.

An•thro•po•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL. See Anthropomorphism.] (Zoöl.) The manlike, or anthropoid, apes.

An•thro•po•mor´phic , a. Of or pertaining to anthropomorphism. Hadley. — An•thro•po•mor´phic•al•ly , adv.

An•thro•po•mor´phism , n. [Gr. of human form; man + form.] 1. The representation of the Deity, or of a polytheistic deity, under a human form, or with human attributes and affections. 2. The ascription of human characteristics to things not human.

An•thro•po•mor´phist , n. One who attributes the human form or other human attributes to the Deity or to anything not human.

An•thro•po•mor´phite , n. One who ascribes a human form or human attributes to the Deity or to a polytheistic deity. Taylor. Specifically, one of a sect of ancient heretics who believed that God has a human form, etc. Tillotson.

An•thro•po•mor•phit´ic , a. (Biol.) to anthropomorphism. Kitto.

An•thro•po•mor´phi•tism , n. Anthropomorphism. Wordsworth.

An•thro•po•mor´phize , v. t. & i. To attribute a human form or personality to. “You may see imaginative children every day anthropomorphizing.
Lowell.”

An•thro•po•mor•phol´o•gy , n. [Gr. + -logy. See Anthropomorphism.] The application to God of terms descriptive of human beings.

An•thro•po•mor´pho•sis , n. Transformation into the form of a human being.

An•thro•po•mor´phous , a. Having the figure of, or resemblance to, a man; as an anthropomorphous plant. ´Anthropomorphous apes.´ Darwin. { An•thro•po•path´ic , An•thro•po•path´ic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to anthropopathy. [R.] — An•thro•po•path´ic•al•ly, adv. “The daring anthropopathic imagery by which the prophets often represent God as chiding, upbraiding, threatening.
H. Rogers.” { An•thro•pop´a•thism , An•thro•pop´a•thy , } n. [Gr. ; man + suffering, affection, passion, , , to suffer.] The ascription of human feelings or passions to God, or to a polytheistic deity. “In its recoil from the gross anthropopathy of the vulgar notions, it falls into the vacuum of absolute apathy.
Hare.”

An•thro•poph´a•gi , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. eating men; man + + to eat.] Man eaters; cannibals. Shak. { An•thro•po•phag´ic , An•thro•po•phag´ic•al , } a. Relating to cannibalism or anthropophagy.

An•thro•poph•a•gin´i•an , n. One who east human flesh. [Ludicrous] Shak.

An•thro•poph´a•gite , n. A cannibal. W. Taylor.

An•thro•poph´a•gous , a. Feeding on human flesh; cannibal.

An•thro•poph´a•gy , n. [Gr. .] The eating of human flesh; cannibalism.

An•thro•poph´u•ism (an•thro•pof´u•iz’m), n. [Gr. ’anqrwpofyh•s of man’s nature; ’a•nqrwpos a man + fyh• nature.] Human nature. [R.] Gladstone.

An•thro•pos´co•py (-pos´ko•py), n. [Gr. ’a•nqrwpos man + -scopy.] The art of discovering or judging of a man’s character, passions. and inclinations from a study of his visible features. [R.]

An•thro•pos´o•phy , n. [Gr. man + wisdom, knowledge.] Knowledge of the nature of man; hence, human wisdom.

An•thro•po•tom´ic•al , a. Pertaining to anthropotomy, or the dissection of human bodies.

An•thro•pot´o•mist , n. One who is versed in anthropotomy, or human anatomy.

An•thro•pot´o•my , n. [Gr. man + a cutting.] The anatomy or dissection of the human body; androtomy. Owen.

Ant•hyp•not´ic . See Antihypnotic.

Ant•hyp•o•chon´dri•ac , a. & n. See Antihypochondriac.

Ant•hys•ter´ic , a. & n. See Antihysteric.

An´ti . [Gr. against. See Ante.] A prefix meaning against, opposite or opposed to, contrary, or in place of; — used in composition in many English words. It is often shortened to ant-; as antacid, antarctic.

An´ti•ae , n. pl. [L., forelock.] (Zoöl.) The two projecting feathered angles of the forehead of some birds; the frontal points.

An•ti•al•bu´mid , n. [Pref. anti- + -albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body formed from albumin by pancreatic and gastric digestion. It is convertible into antipeptone.

An•ti•al´bu•mose , n. (Physiol.) See Albumose.

An•ti-A•mer´i•can , a. Opposed to the Americans, their aims, or interests, or to the genius of American institutions. Marshall.

An•ti•aph•ro•dis´i•ac , a. & n. Same as Antaphrodisiac.

An•ti•ap•o•plec´tic , a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antapoplectic.

An´ti•ar , n. [Jav. antjar.] A Virulent poison prepared in Java from the gum resin of one species of the upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria).

An•ti•a•rin , n. (Chem.) A poisonous principle obtained from antiar. Watts.

An•ti•asth•mat´ic , a. & n. Same as Antasthmatic.

An•ti•at•tri´tion , n. Anything to prevent the effects of friction, esp. a compound lubricant for machinery, etc., often consisting of plumbago, with some greasy material; antifriction grease.

An•ti•bac•chi´us , n. [L., fr. Gr. + . See Bacchius.] (Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the first two long, and the last short (#).

An•ti•bil´lous , a. Counteractive of bilious complaints; tending to relieve biliousness.

An•ti•brach´i•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the antibrachium, or forearm.

An•ti•brach´i•um , n. [NL.] (Anat.) That part of the fore limb between the brachium and the carpus; the forearm.

An•ti•bro´mic , n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. a stink.] An agent that destroys offensive smells; a deodorizer.

An•ti•burgh´er , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who seceded from the Burghers (1747), deeming it improper to take the Burgess oath.

An´tic , a. [The same word as antique; cf. It. antico ancient. See Antique.] 1. Old; antique. [Obs.] ´Lords of antic fame.´ Phaer. 2. Odd; fantastic; fanciful; grotesque; ludicrous. “The antic postures of a merry- andrew.”
Addison. “The Saxons … worshiped many idols, barbarous in name, some monstrous, all antic for shape.”
Fuller.

An´tic, n. 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew; one that practices odd gesticulations; the Fool of the old play. 2. An odd imagery, device, or tracery; a fantastic figure. “Woven with antics and wild imagery.
Spenser.” 3. A grotesque trick; a piece of buffoonery; a caper. “And fraught with antics as the Indian bird
That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage.
Wordsworth.” 4. (Arch.) A grotesque representation. [Obs.] 5. An antimask. [Obs. or R.] “Performed by knights and ladies of his court
In nature of an antic.
Ford.”

An´tic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticked , Antickt.] To make appear like a buffoon. [Obs.] Shak.

An´tic, v. i. To perform antics.

An•ti•ca•tarrh•al , a. (Med.) Efficacious against catarrh. — n. An anticatarrhal remedy.

An•ti•cath´ode , n. (Phys.) The part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. Upon it the cathode rays impinge.

An•ti•cau•sod´ic , a. & n. (Med.) Same as Anticausotic.

An•ti•cau•sot´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. fever, to burn.] (Med.) Good against an inflammatory fever. — n. A remedy for such a fever.

An´ti•cham•ber, n. [Obs.] See Antechamber.

An´ti•chlor , n. [Pref. anti- + chlorine.] (Chem.) Any substance (but especially sodium hyposulphite) used in removing the excess of chlorine left in paper pulp or stuffs after bleaching.

An´ti•christ , n. [L. Antichristus, Gr. ; against + .] A denier or opponent of Christ. Specif.: A great antagonist, person or power, expected to precede Christ’s second coming.

An•ti•chris´tian ( 106), a. Opposed to the Christian religion. { An•ti•chris´tian•ism , An•ti•chris•tian´i•ty , } n. Opposition or contrariety to the Christian religion.

An•ti•chris´tian•ly , adv. In an antichristian manner.

An•ti•chron´ic•al , a. Deviating from the proper order of time. — An•ti•chron´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•tich´ro•nism , n. [Gr. ; against + time.] Deviation from the true order of time; anachronism. [R.] Selden.

An•tich´thon , n.; pl. Antichthones . [Gr. ; against + the earth.] 1. A hypothetical earth counter to ours, or on the opposite side of the sun. Grote. 2. pl. Inhabitants of opposite hemispheres. Whewell.

An•tic´i•pant , a. [L. anticipans, p. pr. of anticipare.] Anticipating; expectant; — with of. “Wakening guilt, anticipant of hell.
Southey.”

An•tic´i•pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticipated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anticipating .] [L. anticipatus, p. p. of anticipare to anticipate; ante + capere to make. See Capable.] 1. To be before in doing; to do or take before another; to preclude or prevent by prior action. “To anticipate and prevent the duke’s purpose.
R. Hall.” “He would probably have died by the hand of the executioner, if indeed the executioner had not been anticipated by the populace.
Macaulay.” 2. To take up or introduce beforehand, or before the proper or normal time; to cause to occur earlier or prematurely; as the advocate has anticipated a part of his argument. 3. To foresee (a wish, command, etc.) and do beforehand that which will be desired. 4. To foretaste or foresee; to have a previous view or impression of; as to anticipate the pleasures of a visit; to anticipate the evils of life. Syn. — To prevent; obviate; preclude; forestall; expect. — To Anticipate, Expect. These words, as here compared, agree in regarding some future event as about to take place. Expect is the stringer. It supposes some ground or reason in the mind for considering the event as likely to happen. Anticipate is, literally, to take beforehand, and here denotes simply to take into the mind as conception of the future. Hence, to say, ´I did not anticipate a refusal,´ expresses something less definite and strong than to say, ´ did not expect it.´ Still, anticipate is a convenient word to be interchanged with expect in cases where the thought will allow. “Good with bad
Expect to hear; supernal grace contending
With sinfulness of men.
Milton.” “I would not anticipate the relish of any happiness, nor feel the weight of any misery, before it actually arrives.
Spectator.” “Timid men were anticipating another civil war.
Macaulay.”

An•tic•i•pa´tion , n. [L. anticipatio: cf. F. anticipation.] 1. The act of anticipating, taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand, or before the proper time in natural order. “So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery.
Shak.” 2. Previous view or impression of what is to happen; instinctive prevision; foretaste; antepast; as the anticipation of the joys of heaven. “The happy anticipation of renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just.
Thodey.” 3. Hasty notion; intuitive preconception. “Many men give themselves up to the first anticipations of their minds.
Locke.” 4. (Mus.) The commencing of one or more tones of a chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a momentary discord. Syn. — Preoccupation; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation; antepast; pregustation; preconception; expectation; foresight; forethought.

An•tic´i•pa•tive , a. Anticipating, or containing anticipation. ´Anticipative of the feast to come.´ Cary. — An•tic´i•pa•tive•ly, adv.

An•tic´i•pa•tor , n. One who anticipates.

An•tic´i•pa•to•ry , a. Forecasting; of the nature of anticipation. Owen. “Here is an anticipatory glance of what was to be.
J. C. Shairp.”

An•ti•civ´ic , n. Opposed to citizenship.

An•ti•civ´ism , n. Opposition to the body politic of citizens. [Obs.] Carlyle.

An•ti•clas´tic , a. [Pref. anti- = Gr. to break.] Having to opposite curvatures, that is, curved longitudinally in one direction and transversely in the opposite direction, as the surface of a saddle.

An•ti•cli´max , n. (Rhet.) A sentence in which the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at the close; — the opposite of climax. It produces a ridiculous effect. Example: “Next comes Dalhousie, the great god of war,
Lieutenant-colonel to the Earl of Mar.”

An•ti•cli´nal (-kli´nal), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. kli•nein to incline.] Inclining or dipping in opposite directions. See Synclinal. Anticlinal line, Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line from which strata dip in opposite directions, as from the ridge of a roof. — Anticlinal vertebra (Anat.), one of the dorsal vertebrae, which in many animals has an upright spine toward which the spines of the neighboring vertebrae are inclined.

An•ti•cli´nal, n. (Geol.) The crest or line in which strata slope or dip in opposite directions.

An•ti•cli•no´ri•um , n.; pl. Anticlinoria . [NL., fr. Gr. against + kli•nein to incline + ’o•ros mountain.] (Geol.) The upward elevation of the crust of the earth, resulting from a geanticlinal.

An´tic•ly , adv. Oddly; grotesquely.

An´tic-mask , n. An antimask. B. Jonson.

An´tic•ness, n. The quality of being antic. Ford.

An•ti•con•sti•tu´tion•al , a. Opposed to the constitution; unconstitutional.

An•ti•con•ta´gious , a. (Med.) Opposing or destroying contagion.

An•ti•con•vul´sive , a. (Med.) Good against convulsions. J. Floyer.

An´ti•cor , n. [Pref. anti- + L. cor heart; cf. F. anticur.] (Far.) A dangerous inflammatory swelling of a horse’s breast, just opposite the heart.

An•ti´cous , a. [L. anticus in front, foremost, fr. ante before.] (Bot.) Facing toward the axis of the flower, as in the introrse anthers of the water lily.

An´ti•cy•clone (an´ti•si•klon), n. (Meteorol.) A movement of the atmosphere opposite in character, as regards direction of the wind and distribution of barometric pressure, to that of a cyclone. — An•ti•cy•clon´ic , a. — An•ti•cy•clon´ic•al•ly , adv.

An´ti•do•tal (an´ti•do•tal) a. Having the quality an antidote; fitted to counteract the effects of poison. Sir T. Browne. — An´ti•do•tal•ly, adv.

An´ti•do•ta•ry (-do•ta•ry), a. Antidotal. — n. An antidote; also a book of antidotes.

An´ti•dote (an´ti•dot), n. [L. antidotum, Gr. ’anti•doton (sc. fa•rmakon), fr. ’anti•dotos given against; ’anti• against + dido•nai to give: cf. F. antidote. See Dose, n.] 1. A remedy to counteract the effects of poison, or of anything noxious taken into the stomach; — used with against, for, or to; as an antidote against, for, or to, poison. 2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous effects, or to counteract evil which something else might produce.

An´ti•dote, v. t. 1. To counteract or prevent the effects of, by giving or taking an antidote. “Nor could Alexander himself … antidote … the poisonous draught, when it had once got into his veins.
South.” 2. To fortify or preserve by an antidote.

An•ti•dot´ic•al (an•ti•dot´i•kal), a. Serving as an antidote. — An•ti•dot´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•tid´ro•mous (an•tid´ro•mus), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. dro•mos a running.] (Bot.) Changing the direction in the spiral sequence of leaves on a stem.

An•ti•dys•en•ter´ic , a. (Med.) Good against dysentery. — n. A medicine for dysentery.

An•ti•e•met´ic , a. n. (Med.) Same as Antemetic.

An•ti•eph•i•al´tic , a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antephialtic.

An•ti•ep•i•lep´tic , a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antepileptic.

An•ti•fe´brile , a. & n. (Med.) Febrifuge.

An•ti•feb´rine , n. (Med.) Acetanilide.

An•ti-fed´er•al•ist , n. One of party opposed to a federative government; — applied particularly to the party which opposed the adoption of the constitution of the United States. Pickering.

An•ti•fric´tion , n. Something to lessen friction; antiattrition. — a. Tending to lessen friction.

An•ti•ga•las´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. , , milk.] Causing a diminution or a suppression of the secretion of milk.

An•ti-Gal´li•can , a. Opposed to what is Gallic or French.

An´ti•graph , n. [Gr. a transcribing: cf. F. antigraphe.] A copy or transcript.

An•ti•gug´gler n. [Pref. anti- + guggle or gurgle.] A crooked tube of metal, to be introduced into the neck of a bottle for drawing out the liquid without disturbing the sediment or causing a gurgling noise.

An•ti•he´lix , n. (Anat.) The curved elevation of the cartilage of the ear, within or in front of the helix. See Ear.

An•ti•hem•or•rhag´ic , a. (Med.) Tending to stop hemorrhage. — n. A remedy for hemorrhage.

An•ti•hy•dro•phob´ic , a. (Med.) Counteracting or preventing hydrophobia. — n. A remedy for hydrophobia.

An•ti•hy•drop´ic , a. (Med.) Good against dropsy. — n. A remedy for dropsy.

An•ti•hyp•not´ic , a. (Med.) Tending to prevent sleep. — n. An antihypnotic agent.

An•ti•hyp•o•chon´dri•ac , a. (Med.) Counteractive of hypochondria. — n. A remedy for hypochondria.

An•ti•hys•ter´ic , a. (Med.) Counteracting hysteria. — n. A remedy for hysteria.

An•ti•ic•ter´ic , a. (Med.) Good against jaundice. — n. A remedy for jaundice.

An•ti•le•gom´e•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. against + to speak; part. pass. .] (Eccl.) Certain books of the New Testament which were for a time not universally received, but which are now considered canonical. These are the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, the second Epistle of Peter, the second and third Epistles of John, and the Revelation. The undisputed books are called the Homologoumena.

An•ti•li•bra´tion , n. A balancing; equipoise. [R.] De Quincey.

An•ti•lith´ic , a. (Med.) Tending to prevent the formation of urinary calculi, or to destroy them when formed. — n. An antilithic medicine.

An•ti•log´a•rithm , n. (Math.) The number corresponding to a logarithm. The word has been sometimes, though rarely, used to denote the complement of a given logarithm; also the logarithmic cosine corresponding to a given logarithmic sine. — An•ti•log•a•rith´mic , a.

An•til´o•gous (an•til´o•gus), a. Of the contrary name or character; — opposed to analogous. Antilogous pole (Eccl.), that pole of a crystal which becomes negatively electrified when heated.

An•til´o•gy (an•til´o•jy), n.; pl. Antilogies (an•til´o•jiz). [Gr. ’antilogi•a, fr. ’anti•logos contradictory; ’anti• against + le•gein to speak.] A contradiction between any words or passages in an author. Sir W. Hamilton.

An•ti•loi´mic (an•ti•loi´mik), n. (Med.) A remedy against the plague. Brande & C.

An•til´o•pine , a. Of or relating to the antelope.

An•til´o•quist , n. A contradicter. [Obs.]

An•til´o•quy , n. [Pref. anti- + L. loqui to speak.] Contradiction. [Obs.]

An•ti•lys´sic , a. & n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. rage, madness.] (Med.) Antihydrophobic.

An•ti•ma•cas´sar , n. A cover for the back or arms of a chair or sofa, etc., to prevent them from being soiled by macassar or other oil from the hair.

An•ti•ma•gis´tric•al , a. [Pref. anti- + magistrical for magistratical.] Opposed to the office or authority of magistrates. [Obs.] South.

An•ti•ma•la´ri•al , a. Good against malaria.

An´ti•mask , n. A secondary mask, or grotesque interlude, between the parts of a serious mask. [Written also antimasque.] Bacon.

An•ti•ma´son , n. One opposed to Freemasonry. — An•ti•ma•son´ic , a.

An•ti•ma´son•ry , n. Opposition to Freemasonry.

An•ti•me•phit´ic , a. (Med.) Good against mephitic or deleterious gases. — n. A remedy against mephitic gases. Dunglison.

An´ti•mere , n. [. anti- + - mere.] (Biol.) One of the two halves of bilaterally symmetrical animals; one of any opposite symmetrical or homotypic parts in animals and plants.

An•ti•me•tab´o•le , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Rhet.) A figure in which the same words or ideas are repeated in transposed order.

An•ti•me•tath´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Rhet.) An antithesis in which the members are repeated in inverse order.

An•tim´e•ter , n. [Gr. like + measure.] A modification of the quadrant, for measuring small angles. [Obs.] { An•ti•mo•nar´chic , An•ti•mo•nar´chic•al , } Opposed to monarchial government. Bp. Benson. Addison.

An•ti•mon´arch•ist , n. An enemy to monarchial government.

An•ti•mo´nate , n. (Chem.) A compound of antimonic acid with a base or basic radical. [Written also antimoniate.]

An•ti•mo´ni•al , a. Of or pertaining to antimony. — n. (Med.) A preparation or medicine containing antimony. Antimonial powder, a consisting of one part oxide of antimony and two parts phosphate of calcium; — also called James’s powder.

An•ti•mo´ni•a•ted , a. Combined or prepared with antimony; as antimoniated tartar.

An•ti•mon´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; — said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has its highest equivalence; as antimonic acid.

An•ti•mo´ni•ous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; — said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has an equivalence next lower than the highest; as antimonious acid.

An´ti•mo•nite , n. 1. (Chem.) A compound of antimonious acid and a base or basic radical. 2. (Min.) Stibnite.

An•ti•mo´ni•u•ret•ed , a. (Chem.) Combined with or containing antimony; as antimoniureted hydrogen. [Written also antimoniuretted.]

An´ti•mo•ny ( 112), n. [LL. antimonium, of unknown origin.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, resembling a metal in its appearance and physical properties, but in its chemical relations belonging to the class of nonmetallic substances. Atomic weight, 120. Symbol, Sb. It is of tin-white color, brittle, laminated or crystalline, fusible, and vaporizable at a rather low temperature. It is used in some metallic alloys, as type metal and bell metal, and also for medical preparations, which are in general emetics or cathartics. By ancient writers, and some moderns, the term is applied to native gray ore of antimony, or stibnite (the stibium of the Romans, and the sti•mmi of the Greeks, a sulphide of antimony, from which most of the antimony of commerce is obtained. Cervantite, senarmontite, and valentinite are native oxides of antimony.

An•ti•na´tion•al , a. Antagonistic to one’s country or nation, or to a national government.

An•ti•ne•phrit´ic , a. (Med.) Counteracting, or deemed of use in, diseases of the kidneys. — n. An antinephritic remedy.

An•ti•no´mi•an , a. [See Antimony.] Of or pertaining to the Antinomians; opposed to the doctrine that the moral law is obligatory.

An•ti•no´mi•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who maintains that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or obligation, but that faith alone is necessary to salvation. The sect of Antinomians originated with John Agricola, in Germany, about the year 1535. Mosheim.

An•ti•no´mi•an•ism , n. The tenets or practice of Antinomians. South.

An•tin´o•mist , n. An Antinomian. [R.] Bp. Sanderson.

An•tin´o•my ( 277), n.; pl. Antinomies . [L. antinomia, Gr. ; against + law.] 1. Opposition of one law or rule to another law or rule. “Different commentators have deduced from it the very opposite doctrines. In some instances this apparent antinomy is doubtful.
De Quincey.” 2. An opposing law or rule of any kind. “As it were by his own antinomy, or counterstatute.
Milton.” 3. (Metaph.) A contradiction or incompatibility of thought or language; — in the Kantian philosophy, such a contradiction as arises from the attempt to apply to the ideas of the reason, relations or attributes which are appropriate only to the facts or the concepts of experience.

An•ti•o´chi•an , a. 1. Pertaining to Antiochus, a contemporary with Cicero, and the founder of a sect of philosophers. 2. Of or pertaining to the city of Antioch, in Syria. Antiochian epoch (Chron.), a method of computing time, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48.

An•ti•o•don•tal´gic , a. (Med.) Efficacious in curing toothache. — n. A remedy for toothache.

An•ti•or•gas´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. to swell, as with lust.] (Med.) Tending to allay venereal excitement or desire; sedative.

An•ti•pa´pal , a. Opposed to the pope or to popery. Milton.

An•ti•par´al•lel , a. Running in a contrary direction. Hammond.

An•ti•par´al•lels , n. pl. (Geom.) Straight lines or planes which make angles in some respect opposite in character to those made by parallel lines or planes.

An•ti•par•a•lyt´ic , a. (Med.) Good against paralysis. — n. A medicine for paralysis.

An•ti•par•a•lyt´ic•al , a. Antiparalytic. { An•ti•pa•thet´ic , An•ti•pa•thet´ic•al } a. Having a natural contrariety, or constitutional aversion, to a thing; characterized by antipathy; — often followed by to. Fuller.

An•ti•path´ic , a. [NL. antipathicus, Gr. of opposite feelings.] (Med.) Belonging to antipathy; opposite; contrary; allopathic.

An•tip´a•thist , n. One who has an antipathy. [R.] ´Antipathist of light.´ Coleridge.

An•tip´a•thize , v. i. To feel or show antipathy. [R.]

An•tip´a•thous , a. Having a natural contrariety; adverse; antipathetic. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

An•tip´a•thy , n.; pl. Antipathies . [L. antipathia, Gr. ; against + to suffer. Cf. F. antipathie. See Pathos.] 1. Contrariety or opposition in feeling; settled aversion or dislike; repugnance; distaste. “Inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments to others, are to be avoided.
Washington.” 2. Natural contrariety; incompatibility; repugnancy of qualities; as oil and water have antipathy. “A habit is generated of thinking that a natural antipathy exists between hope and reason.
I. Taylor.” Antipathy is opposed to sympathy. It is followed by to, against, or between; also sometimes by for. Syn. — Hatred; aversion; dislike; disgust; distaste; enmity; ill will; repugnance; contrariety; opposition. See Dislike.

An•ti•pep´tone , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A product of gastric and pancreatic digestion, differing from hemipeptone in not being decomposed by the continued action of pancreatic juice.

An•ti•pe•ri•od´ic , n. (Med.) A remedy possessing the property of preventing the return of periodic paroxysms, or exacerbations, of disease, as in intermittent fevers.

An•ti•per•i•stal´tic , a. (Med.) Opposed to, or checking motion; acting upward; — applied to an inverted action of the intestinal tube.

An•ti•pe•ris´ta•sis , n. [Gr. ; against + a standing around, fr. to stand around; around + to stand.] Opposition by which the quality opposed asquires strength; resistance or reaction roused by opposition or by the action of an opposite principle or quality.

An•ti•per•i•stat´ic , a. Pertaining to antiperistasis.

An•ti•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. anti- + petal.] (Bot.) Standing before a petal, as a stamen.

An•ti•phar´mic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. poison.] (Med.) Antidotal; alexipharmic.

An•ti•phlo•gis´tian , n. An opposer of the theory of phlogiston.

An•ti•phlo•gis´tic , a. 1. (Chem.) Opposed to the doctrine of phlogiston. 2. (Med.) Counteracting inflammation.

An•ti•phlo•gis´tic, n. (Med.) Any medicine or diet which tends to check inflammation. Coxe.

An´ti•phon , n. [LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. . See Anthem.] 1. A musical response; alternate singing or chanting. See Antiphony, and Antiphone. 2. A verse said before and after the psalms. Shipley.

An•tiph´o•nal , a. Of or pertaining to antiphony, or alternate singing; sung alternately by a divided choir or opposite choirs. Wheatly. — An•tiph´o•nal•ly, adv.

An•tiph´o•nal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems.

An•tiph´o•na•ry , n. [LL. antiphonarium. See Antiphoner.] A book containing a collection of antiphons; the book in which the antiphons of the breviary, with their musical notes, are contained.

An´ti•phone , n. (Mus.) The response which one side of the choir makes to the other in a chant; alternate chanting or signing.

An•tiph´o•ner , n. [F. antiphonaire. See Antiphon.] A book of antiphons. Chaucer.

An•ti•phon´ic , a. Antiphonal.

An•tiph´o•ny , n.; pl. Antiphonies . [See Antiphon.] 1. A musical response; also antiphonal chanting or signing. 2. An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or congregation divided into two parts. Also figuratively. “O! never more for me shall winds intone,
With all your tops, a vast antiphony.
R. Browning.”

An•tiph´ra•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to express by antithesis or negation.] (Rhet.) The use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning; as when a court of justice is called a court of vengeance. { An•ti•phras´tic , An•ti•phras´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to antiphrasis. — An•ti•phras´tic•al•ly, adv.

An•ti•phthis´ic , a. (Med.) Relieving or curing phthisis, or consumption. — n. A medicine for phthisis.

An•ti•phys´ic•al , a. [Pref. anti- + physical.] Contrary to nature; unnatural.

An•ti•phys´ic•al, a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. to inflate.] (Med.) Relieving flatulence; carminative.

An•ti•plas´tic , a. 1. Diminishing plasticity. 2. (Med.) Preventing or checking the process of healing, or granulation.

An•ti•po•dag´ric , a. (Med.) Good against gout. — n. A medicine for gout.

An•tip´o•dal , a. 1. Pertaining to the antipodes; situated on the opposite side of the globe. 2. Diametrically opposite. ´His antipodal shadow.´ Lowell.

An´ti•pode , n. One of the antipodes; anything exactly opposite. “In tale or history your beggar is ever the just antipode to your king.
Lamb.” The singular, antipode, is exceptional in formation, but has been used by good writers. Its regular English plural would be an´ti•podes, the last syllable rhyming with abodes, and this pronunciation is sometimes heard. The plural form (originally a Latin word without a singular) is in common use, and is pronounced, after the English method of Latin, an•tip´o•dez.

An•ti•po´de•an , a. Pertaining to the antipodes, or the opposite side of the world; antipodal.

An•tip´o•des , n. [L. pl., fr. Gr. with the feet opposite, pl. ; against + , , foot.] 1. Those who live on the side of the globe diametrically opposite. 2. The country of those who live on the opposite side of the globe. Latham. 3. Anything exactly opposite or contrary. “Can there be a greater contrariety unto Christ’s judgment, a more perfect antipodes to all that hath hitherto been gospel?
Hammond.”

An´ti•pole , n. The opposite pole; anything diametrically opposed. Geo. Eliot.

An´ti•pope , n. One who is elected, or claims to be, pope in opposition to the pope canonically chosen; esp. applied to those popes who resided at Avignon during the Great Schism.

An•tip•sor´ic , a. (Med.) Of use in curing the itch. — n. An antipsoric remedy.

An•tip•to´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; against + a falling, a case, to fall.] (Gram.) The putting of one case for another. { An•ti•pu•tre•fac´tive , An•ti•pu•tres´cent , } a. Counteracting, or preserving from, putrefaction; antiseptic.

An•ti•py´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. , , pus.] (Med.) Checking or preventing suppuration. — n. An antipyic medicine.

An•ti•py•re´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. against + to be feverish, fr. fire.] (Med.) The condition or state of being free from fever.

An•ti•py•ret´ic , a. (Med.) Efficacious in preventing or allaying fever. — n. A febrifuge.

An•ti•py´rine , n. (Med.) An artificial alkaloid, believed to be efficient in abating fever.

An•ti•py•rot´ic , a. (Med.) Good against burns or pyrosis. — n. Anything of use in preventing or healing burns or pyrosis.

An•ti•qua´ri•an , a. [See Antiquary]. Pertaining to antiquaries, or to antiquity; as antiquarian literature.

An•ti•qua´ri•an, n. 1. An antiquary. 2. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n.

An•ti•qua´ri•an•ism , n. Character of an antiquary; study or love of antiquities. Warburton.

An•ti•qua´ri•an•ize , v. i. To act the part of an antiquary. [Colloq.]

An´ti•qua•ry , a. [L. antiquarius, fr. antiquus ancient. See Antique.] Pertaining to antiquity. [R.] ´Instructed by the antiquary times.´ Shak.

An´ti•qua•ry, n.; pl. Antiquaries . One devoted to the study of ancient times through their relics, as inscriptions, monuments, remains of ancient habitations, statues, coins, manuscripts, etc.; one who searches for and studies the relics of antiquity.

An´ti•quate , v. t. [L. antiquatus, p. p. of antiquare, fr. antiquus ancient.] To make old, or obsolete; to make antique; to make old in such a degree as to put out of use; hence, to make void, or abrogate. “Christianity might reasonably introduce new laws, and antiquate or abrogate old one.
Sir M. Hale.”

An´ti•qua•ted , a. Grown old. Hence: Bygone; obsolete; out of use; old-fashioned; as an antiquated law. ´Antiquated words.´ Dryden. “Old Janet, for so he understood his antiquated attendant was denominated.
Sir W. Scott.” Syn. — Ancient; old; antique; obsolete. See Ancient.

An´ti•qua•ted•ness, n. Quality of being antiquated.

An´ti•quate•ness , n. Antiquatedness. [Obs.]

An•ti•qua´tion , n. [L. antiquatio, fr. antiquare.] The act of making antiquated, or the state of being antiquated. Beaumont.

An•tique´ , a. [F., fr. L. antiquus old, ancient, equiv. to anticus, from ante before. Cf. Antic.] 1. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity; as an antique statue. In this sense it usually refers to the flourishing ages of Greece and Rome. “For the antique world excess and pride did hate.
Spenser.” 2. Old, as respects the present age, or a modern period of time; of old fashion; antiquated; as an antique robe. ´Antique words.´ Spenser. 3. Made in imitation of antiquity; as the antique style of Thomson’s ´Castle of Indolence.´ 4. Odd; fantastic. [In this sense, written antic.] Syn. — Ancient; antiquated; obsolete; antic; old-fashioned; old. See Ancient.

An•tique´ , n. [F. See Antique, a. ] In general, anything very old; but in a more limited sense, a relic or object of ancient art; collectively, the antique, the remains of ancient art, as busts, statues, paintings, and vases. “Misshapen monuments and maimed antiques.
Byron.”

An•tique´ly, adv. In an antique manner.

An•tique´ness, n. The quality of being antique; an appearance of ancient origin and workmanship. “We may discover something venerable in the antiqueness of the work.
Addison.”

An´ti•quist , n. An antiquary; a collector of antiques. [R.] Pinkerton.

An•tiq•ui•ta´ri•an , n. An admirer of antiquity. [Used by Milton in a disparaging sense.] [Obs.]

An•tiq´ui•ty , n.; pl. Antiquities . [L. antiquitas, fr. antiquus: cf. F. antiquite. See Antique.] 1. The quality of being ancient; ancientness; great age; as a statue of remarkable antiquity; a family of great antiquity. 2. Old age. [Obs.] “It not your voice broken? … and every part about you blasted with antiquity?
Shak.” 3. Ancient times; former ages; times long since past; as Cicero was an eloquent orator of antiquity. 4. The ancients; the people of ancient times. “That such pillars were raised by Seth all antiquity has vowed.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 5. An old gentleman. [Obs.] “You are a shrewd antiquity, neighbor Clench.
B. Jonson.” 6. A relic or monument of ancient times; as a coin, a statue, etc.; an ancient institution. [In this sense, usually in the plural.] ´Heathen antiquities.´ Bacon.

An•ti•ra•chit´ic , a. (Med.) Good against the rickets.

An•ti•rent´er , n. One opposed to the payment of rent; esp. one of those who in 1840-47 resisted the collection of rents claimed by the patroons from the settlers on certain manorial lands in the State of New York. — An•ti•rent´ism , n.

An•ti•sab•ba•ta´ri•an , n. (Eccl.) One of a sect which opposes the observance of the Christian Sabbath.

An•ti•sac•er•do´tal , a. Hostile to priests or the priesthood. Waterland. { An•tis´cians , An•tis´ci•i } n. pl. [L. antiscii, Gr. , pl.; against + shadow.] The inhabitants of the earth, living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon are cast in opposite directions. “The inhabitants of the north and south temperate zones are always Antiscians.
Brande & C.” { An•ti•sco•let´ic , An•ti•scol´ic } a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. a worm.] (Med.) Anthelmintic.

An•ti•scor•bu´tic , a. (Med.) Counteracting scurvy. — n. A remedy for scurvy.

An•ti•scor•bu´tic•al , a. (Med.) Antiscorbutic.

An•ti•scrip´tur•al , a. Opposed to, or not in accordance with, the Holy Scriptures.

An•ti•sep´al•ous , a. [Pref. anti- + sepal.] (Bot.) Standing before a sepal, or calyx leaf. { An•ti•sep´tic , An•ti•sep´tic•al } a. Counteracting or preventing putrefaction, or a putrescent tendency in the system; antiputrefactive. Antiseptic surgery, that system of surgical practice which insists upon a systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the dressing of wounds.

An•ti•sep´tic, n. A substance which prevents or retards putrefaction, or destroys, or protects from, putrefactive organisms; as salt, carbolic acid, alcohol, cinchona.

An•ti•sep´tic•al•ly , adv. By means of antiseptics.

An•ti•slav´er•y , a. Opposed to slavery. — n. Opposition to slavery.

An•ti•so´cial , a. Tending to interrupt or destroy social intercourse; averse to society, or hostile to its existence; as antisocial principles.

An•ti•so´cial•ist, n. One opposed to the doctrines and practices of socialists or socialism.

An•ti•so´lar , a. Opposite to the sun; — said of the point in the heavens 180° distant from the sun.

An•ti•spas•mod´ic , a. (Med.) Good against spasms. — n. A medicine which prevents or allays spasms or convulsions.

An´ti•spast , n. [L. antispastus, Gr. , fr. to draw the contrary way; against + to draw.] (Pros.) A foot of four syllables, the first and fourth short, and the second and third long (#).

An•ti•spas´tic , a. [Gr. . See Antispast.] (Med.) (a) Believed to cause a revulsion of fluids or of humors from one part to another. [Obs.] (b) Counteracting spasms; antispasmodic. — n. An antispastic agent.

An•ti•splen´e•tic (; see Splenetic, 277), a. Good as a remedy against disease of the spleen. — n. An antisplenetic medicine.

An•tis´tro•phe , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to turn to the opposite side; against + to turn. See Strophe.] 1. In Greek choruses and dances, the returning of the chorus, exactly answering to a previous strophe or movement from right to left. Hence: The lines of this part of the choral song. “It was customary, on some occasions, to dance round the altars whilst they sang the sacred hymns, which consisted of three stanzas or parts; the first of which, called strophe, was sung in turning from east to west; the other, named antistrophe, in returning from west to east; then they stood before the altar, and sang the epode, which was the last part of the song.
Abp. Potter.” 2. (Rhet.) (a) The repetition of words in an inverse order; as the master of the servant and the servant of the master. (b) The retort or turning of an adversary’s plea against him.

An•ti•stroph´ic , a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to an antistrophe.

An•tis´tro•phon , n. [Gr. turned opposite ways.] (Rhet.) An argument retorted on an opponent. Milton.

An•ti•stru´mat´ic , a. (Med.) Antistrumous. — n. A medicine for scrofula.

An•ti•stru´mous , a. (Med.) Good against scrofulous disorders. Johnson. Wiseman.

An•ti•syph•i•lit´ic , a. (Med.) Efficacious against syphilis. — n. A medicine for syphilis.

An•ti•the´ism , n. The doctrine of antitheists. — An•ti•the•is´tic , a.

An•ti•the´ist, n. A disbeliever in the existence of God.

An•tith´e•sis , n.; pl. Antitheses. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to set against, to oppose; against + to set. See Thesis.] 1. (Rhet.) An opposition or contrast of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence; as ´The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself.´ ´He had covertly shot at Cromwell; he how openly aimed at the Queen.´ 2. The second of two clauses forming an antithesis. 3. Opposition; contrast.

An´ti•thet , n. [L. antitheton, fr. Gr. , , antithetic.] An antithetic or contrasted statement. Bacon. { An•ti•thet´ic , An•ti•thet´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to antithesis, or opposition of words and sentiments; containing, or of the nature of, antithesis; contrasted.

An•ti•thet´ic•al•ly, adv. By way antithesis. { An•ti•tox´in , An•ti•tox´ine } , n. [Pref. anti- + toxin.] A substance (sometimes the product of a specific micro-organism and sometimes naturally present in the blood or tissues of an animal), capable of producing immunity from certain diseases, or of counteracting the poisonous effects of pathogenic bacteria.

An´ti-trade , n. A tropical wind blowing steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind.

An•tit´ra•gus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Anat.) A prominence on the lower posterior portion of the concha of the external ear, opposite the tragus. See Ear.

An•ti•tro•chan´ter , n. (Anat.) An articular surface on the ilium of birds against which the great trochanter of the femur plays. { An•tit´ro•pal , An•tit´ro•pous } a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. turn, to turn.] (Bot.) At the extremity most remote from the hilum, as the embryo, or inverted with respect to the seed, as the radicle. Lindley.

An´ti•ty•pal , a. Antitypical. [R.]

An´ti•type (-tip), n. [Gr. of corresponding form; against + type, figure. See Type.] That of which the type is the pattern or representation; that which is represented by the type or symbol.

An•ti•typ´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to an antitype; explaining the type. — An•ti•typ´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•tit´y•pous , a. [Gr. .] Resisting blows; hard. [Obs.] Cudworth.

An•tit´y•py , n. [Gr. .] Opposition or resistance of matter to force. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

An•ti•vac•ci•na´tion , n. Opposition to vaccination. London Times.

An•ti•vac•ci•na´tion•ist, n. An antivaccinist.

An•ti•vac´ci•nist, n. One opposed to vaccination.

An•ti•va•ri´o•lous , a. Preventing the contagion of smallpox.

An•ti•ve•ne´re•al , a. Good against venereal poison; antisyphilitic.

An•ti•viv•i•sec´tion , n. Opposition to vivisection.

An•ti•viv•i•sec´tion•ist, n. One opposed to vivisection

An•ti•zym´ic , a. Preventing fermentation.

An•ti•zy•mot´ic , a. (Med.) Preventing fermentation or decomposition. — n. An agent so used.

Ant´ler , n. [OE. auntelere, OF. antoillier, andoiller, endouiller, fr. F. andouiller, fr. an assumed LL. antocularis, fr. L. ante before + oculus eye. See Ocular.] (Zoöl.) The entire horn, or any branch of the horn, of a cervine animal, as of a stag. “Huge stags with sixteen antlers.
Macaulay.” The branch next to the head is called the brow antler, and the branch next above, the bez antler, or bay antler. The main stem is the beam, and the branches are often called tynes. Antlers are deciduous bony (not horny) growths, and are covered with a periosteum while growing. See Velvet. Antler moth (Zoöl.), a destructive European moth (Cerapteryx graminis), which devastates grass lands.

Ant´lered , a. Furnished with antlers. “The antlered stag.
Cowper.”

Ant´li•a , n.; pl. Antilae . [L., a pump, Gr, hold of a ship] (Zoöl.) The spiral tubular proboscis of lepidopterous insects. See Lepidoptera.

Ant´-li•on , n. (Zoöl.) A neuropterous insect, the larva of which makes in the sand a pitfall to capture ants, etc. The common American species is Myrmeleon obsoletus, the European is M. formicarius.

An•tœ´ci (an•te´si), An•tœ´cians (-shanz), n. pl. [NL. antoeci, fr. Gr. pl. ’a•ntoiki ’anti• opposite + o’ikei^n to live.] Those who live under the same meridian but on opposite parallels of latitude, north and south of the equator.

An•to•no•ma´si•a ( 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to name instead; + to name, name.] (Rhet.) The use of some epithet or the name of some office, dignity, or the like, instead of the proper name of the person; as when his majesty is used for a king, or when, instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher; or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Solomon, or an eminent orator a Cicero.

An•to•no•mas´tic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, antonomasia. — An•to•no•mas´tic•al•ly , adv.

An•ton´o•ma•sy , n. Antonomasia.

An´to•nym , n. [Gr. a word used in substitution for another; + , , a word.] A word of opposite meaning; a counterterm; — used as a correlative of synonym. [R.] C. J. Smith.

Ant•or´bit•al , a. [Pref. anti- + orbital.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated in, the region of the front of the orbit. — n. The antorbital bone.

Ant•or•gas´tic , a. See Antiorgastic.

Ant•o´zone , n. [Pref. anti- + ozone.] (Chem.) A compound formerly supposed to be modification of oxygen, but now known to be hydrogen dioxide; — so called because apparently antagonistic to ozone, converting it into ordinary oxygen.

An´tral , a. (Anat.) Relating to an antrum.

An´tre , n. [F. antre, L. antrum, fr. Gr. .] A cavern. [Obs.] Shak.

An•trorse´ (an•trôrs´), a. [From L. ante + versun turned; apparently formed in imitation of retrorse.] (Bot.) Forward or upward in direction. Gray.

An•tro•vert´ , v. t. To bend forward. [R.] Owen.

An´trum , n.; pl. Antra . [L., fr. Gr. .] A cavern or cavity, esp. an anatomical cavity or sinus. Huxley.

An•trus´tion , n. [F., fr. LL. antrustio.] A vassal or voluntary follower of Frankish princes in their enterprises.

Ant´ thrush . (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of tropical birds, of the Old World, of the genus Pitta, somewhat resembling the thrushes, and feeding chiefly on ants. (b) See Ant bird, under Ant.

A•nu´bis , n. [L.] (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, the conductor of departed spirits, represented by a human figure with the head of a dog or fox.

A•nu´ra (a•nu´ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + o’yra• a tail.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of amphibians characterized by the absence of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Written also anoura.]

A•nu´rous , a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Also written anourous.]

An´u•ry , n. [Gr. ’an priv. + o’y^ron urine.] (Med.) Nonsecretion or defective secretion of urine; ischury.

A´nus , n. [L., prob. for asnus: cf. Gr. to sit, Skr. as.] (Anat.) The posterior opening of the alimentary canal, through which the excrements are expelled.

An´vil , n. [OE. anvelt, anfelt, anefelt, AS. anfilt, onfilt; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. anafalz, D. aanbeld.] 1. An iron block, usually with a steel face, upon which metals are hammered and shaped. 2. Anything resembling an anvil in shape or use. Specifically (Anat.), the incus. See Incus. To be on the anvil, to be in a state of discussion, formation, or preparation, as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not matured. Swift.

An´vil, v. t. To form or shape on an anvil; to hammer out; as anviled armor. Beau. & Fl.

Anx•i´e•tude , n. [L. anxietudo.] The state of being anxious; anxiety. [R.]

Anx•i´e•ty , n.; pl. Anxieties . [L. anxietas, fr. anxius: cf. F. anxiete. See Anxious.] 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some thing or event, future or uncertain, which disturbs the mind, and keeps it in a state of painful uneasiness. 2. Eager desire. J. D. Forbes 3. (Med.) A state of restlessness and agitation, often with general indisposition and a distressing sense of oppression at the epigastrium. Dunglison. Syn. — Care; solicitude; foreboding; uneasiness; perplexity; disquietude; disquiet; trouble; apprehension; restlessness. See Care.

Anx´ious (ank´shus), a. [L. anxius, fr. angere to cause pain, choke; akin to Gr. ’a•gchein to choke. See Anger.] 1. Full of anxiety or disquietude; greatly concerned or solicitous, esp. respecting something future or unknown; being in painful suspense; — applied to persons; as anxious for the issue of a battle. 2. Accompanied with, or causing, anxiety; worrying; — applied to things; as anxious labor. “The sweet of life, from which
God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares.
Milton.” 3. Earnestly desirous; as anxious to please. “He sneers alike at those who are anxious to preserve and at those who are eager for reform.
Macaulay.” Anxious is followed by for, about, concerning, etc., before the object of solicitude. Syn. — Solicitous; careful; uneasy; unquiet; restless; concerned; disturbed; watchful.

Anx´ious•ly, adv. In an anxious manner; with painful uncertainty; solicitously.

Anx´ious•ness, n. The quality of being anxious; great solicitude; anxiety.

A´ny , a. & pron. [OE. aeni&yogh;, aeni, eni, ani, oni, AS. aenig, fr. an one. It is akin to OS. enig, OHG. einic, G. einig, D. eenig. See One.] 1. One indifferently, out of an indefinite number; one indefinitely, whosoever or whatsoever it may be. Any is often used in denying or asserting without limitation; as this thing ought not be done at any time; I ask any one to answer my question. “No man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son.
Matt. xi. 27.” 2. Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number; as are there any witnesses present? are there any other houses like it? ´Who will show us any good?´ Ps. iv. 6. It is often used, either in the singular or the plural, as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood; anybody; anyone; (pl.) any persons. “If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, … and it shall be given him.
Jas. i. 5.” “That if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem.
Acts ix. 2.” At any rate, In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow.

A´ny, adv. To any extent; in any degree; at all. “You are not to go loose any longer.
Shak.” “Before you go any farther.
Steele.”

A´ny•bod•y , n. 1. Any one out of an indefinite number of persons; anyone; any person. “His Majesty could not keep any secret from anybody.
Macaulay.” 2. A person of consideration or standing. [Colloq.] “All the men belonged exclusively to the mechanical and shopkeeping classes, and there was not a single banker or anybody in the list.
Lond. Sat. Rev.”

A´ny•how , adv. In any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event. “Anyhow, it must be acknowledged to be not a simple selforiginated error.
J. H. Newman.” “Anyhow, the languages of the two nations were closely allied.
E. A. Freeman.”

A´ny•one , n. One taken at random rather than by selection; anybody. [Commonly written as two words.]

A´ny•thing , n. 1. Any object, act, state, event, or fact whatever; thing of any kind; something or other; aught; as I would not do it for anything. “Did you ever know of anything so unlucky?
A. Trollope.” “They do not know that anything is amiss with them.
W. G. Sumner.” 2. Expressing an indefinite comparison; — with as or like. [Colloq. or Lowx] “I fear your girl will grow as proud as anything.
Richardson.” Any thing, written as two words, is now commonly used in contradistinction to any person or anybody. Formerly it was also separated when used in the wider sense. ´Necessity drove them to undertake any thing and venture any thing.´ De Foe. Anything but, not at all or in any respect. ´The battle was a rare one, and the victory anything but secure.´ Hawthorne. — Anything like, in any respect; at all; as I can not give anything like a fair sketch of his trials.

A´ny•thing, adv. In any measure; anywise; at all. “Mine old good will and hearty affection towards you is not … anything at all quailed.
Robynson (More’s Utopia).”

A•ny•thing•a´ri•an , n. One who holds to no particular creed or dogma. { A´ny•way , A´ny•ways } adv. Anywise; at all. Tennyson. Southey.

A´ny•where , adv. In any place. Udall.

A´ny•whith•er , adv. To or towards any place. [Archaic] De Foe.

A´ny•wise , adv. In any wise or way; at all. ´Anywise essential.´ Burke.

A•o´ni•an (a•o´ni•an), a. [From Aonia, a part of Bœotia, in Greece.] Pertaining to Aonia, in Bœotia, or to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there. Aonian fount, the fountain of Aganippe, at the foot of Mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to the Muses.

A´o•rist (a´o•rist), n. [Gr. ’ao•ristos indefinite; ’a priv. + ´ori•zein to define, boundary, limit.] (Gram.) A tense in the Greek language, which expresses an action as completed in past time, but leaves it, in other respects, wholly indeterminate.

A•o•ris´tic , a. [Gr. ’aoristiko•s.] Indefinite; pertaining to the aorist tense.

A•or´ta , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to lift, heave.] (Anat.) The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system. In fishes and the early stages of all higher vertebrates the aorta divides near its origin into several branches (the aortic arches) which pass in pairs round the œsophagus and unite to form the systemic aorta. One or more pairs of these arches persist in amphibia and reptiles, but only one arch in birds and mammals, this being on the right side in the former, and on the left in the latter.

A•or´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the aorta.

A•or•ti´tis , n. [Aorta + - itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the aorta.

A´ou•dad , n. [The Moorish name.] (Zoöl.) An African sheeplike quadruped (the Ammotragus tragelaphus) having a long mane on the breast and fore legs. It is, perhaps, the chamois of the Old Testament.

A•pace´ , adv. [Pref. a- + pace. OE. a pas at a walk, in which a is the article. See Pace.] With a quick pace; quick; fast; speedily. “His dewy locks did drop with brine apace.
Spenser.” “A visible triumph of the gospel draws on apace.
I. Taylor.”

A•pa´ches , n. pl.; sing. Apache . (Ethnol.) A group of nomadic North American Indians including several tribes native of Arizona, New Mexico, etc.

Ap•a•go´ge , n. [Gr. a leading away, fr. to lead away; from + to lead.] (Logic) An indirect argument which proves a thing by showing the impossibility or absurdity of the contrary. { Ap•a•gog´ic , Ap•a•gog´ic•al } a. Proving indirectly, by showing the absurdity, or impossibility of the contrary. Bp. Berkeley.

A•paid´ , a. Paid; pleased. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•pair´ , v. t. & i. To impair or become impaired; to injure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap•a•la´chi•an, a. See Appalachian.

Ap´an•age, n. Same as Appanage.

A•pan´thro•py , n. [Gr. ; from + man.] An aversion to the company of men; a love of solitude.

A´par , A´pa•ra , n. [Native name apara.] (Zoöl.) See Mataco.

A•pa•re´jo , n. [Sp.] A kind of pack saddle used in the American military service and among the Spanish Americans. It is made of leather stuffed with hay, moss, or the like.

Ap•a•rith´me•sis ( 277), n. [Gr. , from to count off or over.] (Rhet.) Enumeration of parts or particulars.

A•part´ , adv. [F. à part; (L. ad) + part part. See Part.] 1. Separately, in regard to space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside. “Others apart sat on a hill retired.
Milton.” “The Lord hath set apart him that is godly for himself.
Ps. iv. 3.” 2. In a state of separation, of exclusion, or of distinction, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of thought; separately; independently; as consider the two propositions apart. 3. Aside; away. ´Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness.´ Jas. i. 21. “Let Pleasure go, put Care apart.
Keble.” 4. In two or more parts; asunder; to piece; as to take a piece of machinery apart.

A•part´ment , n. [F. appartement; cf. It. appartamento, fr. appartare to separate, set apart; all fr. L. ad + pars, partis, part. See Apart.] 1. A room in a building; a division in a house, separated from others by partitions. Fielding. 2. A set or suite of rooms. De Quincey. 3. A compartment. [Obs.] Pope.

A•part´ness , n. The quality of standing apart.

Ap•as´tron , n. [Gr. from + star.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a double star where the smaller star is farthest from its primary.

Ap•a•thet´ic , Ap•a•thet´ic•al a. [See Apathy.] Void of feeling; not susceptible of deep emotion; passionless; indifferent.

Ap•a•thet´ic•al•ly, adv. In an apathetic manner.

Ap´a•thist , n. [Cf. F. apathiste.] One who is destitute of feeling.

Ap•a•this´tic•al , a. Apathetic; une motional. [R.]

Ap´a•thy , n.; pl. Apathies . [L. apathia, Gr. ; ’a priv. + , fr. , , to suffer: cf. F. apathie. See Pathos.] Want of feeling; privation of passion, emotion, or excitement; dispassion; — applied either to the body or the mind. As applied to the mind, it is a calmness, indolence, or state of indifference, incapable of being ruffled or roused to active interest or exertion by pleasure, pain, or passion. ´The apathy of despair.´ Macaulay. “A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him … to leave events to take their own course.
Prescott.” “According to the Stoics, apathy meant the extinction of the passions by the ascendency of reason.
Fleming.” In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term to express a contempt of earthly concerns. Syn. — Insensibility; unfeelingness; indifference; unconcern; stoicism; supineness; sluggishness.

Ap´a•tite , n. [Gr. deceit, fr. to deceive; it having been often mistaken for other minerals.] (Min.) Native phosphate of lime, occurring usually in six-sided prisms, color often pale green, transparent or translucent.

A•pau•me´ , n. See Appaume.

Ape (ap), n. [AS. apa; akin to D. aap, OHG. affo, G. affe, Icel. api, Sw. apa, Dan. abe, W. epa.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadrumanous mammal, esp. of the family Simiadae, having teeth of the same number and form as in man, and possessing neither a tail nor cheek pouches. The name is applied esp. to species of the genus Hylobates, and is sometimes used as a general term for all Quadrumana. The higher forms, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and ourang, are often called anthropoid apes or man apes. The ape of the Old Testament was probably the rhesus monkey of India, and allied forms. 2. One who imitates servilely (in allusion to the manners of the ape); a mimic. Byron. 3. A dupe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aped; p. pr. & vb. n. Aping.] To mimic, as an ape imitates human actions; to imitate or follow servilely or irrationally. ´How he apes his sire.´ Addison. “The people of England will not ape the fashions they have never tried.
Burke.”

A•peak´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + peak. Cf. F. à pic vertically.] (Naut.) In a vertical line. The anchor in apeak, when the cable has been sufficiently hove in to bring the ship over it, and the ship is them said to be hove apeak. [Spelt also apeek.]

Ape´hood , n. The state of being an ape.

A•pel´lous , a. [Pref. a- not + L. pellis skin.] Destitute of skin. Brande & C.

Ap´en•nine , a. [L. Apenninus, fr. Celtic pen, or ben, peak, mountain.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Apennines, a chain of mountains extending through Italy.

A•pep´sy , n. [NL. apepsia, fr. Gr. , fr. uncooked, undigested; ’a priv. + cooked, to cook, digest.] (Med.) Defective digestion, indigestion. Coxe.

Ap´er , n. One who apes.

A•pe´re•a , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea).

A•pe´ri•ent , a. [L. aperiens, p. pr. of aperire to uncover, open; ab + parire, parere, to bring forth, produce. Cf. Cover, Overt.] (Med.) Gently opening the bowels; laxative. — n. An aperient medicine or food. Arbuthnot.

A•per´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. aperitif, fr. L. aperire.] Serving to open; aperient. Harvey.

A•pert´ , a. [OF. apert, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire. See Aperient, and cf. Pert, a.] Open; evident; undisguised. [Archaic] Fotherby.

A•pert´, adv. Openly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•per´tion , n. [L. apertio.] The act of opening; an opening; an aperture. [Archaic] Wiseman.

A•pert´ly, adv. Openly; clearly. [Archaic]

A•pert´ness, n. Openness; frankness. [Archaic]

Ap´er•ture ( 135), n. [L. apertura, fr. aperire. See Aperient.] 1. The act of opening. [Obs.] 2. An opening; an open space; a gap, cleft, or chasm; a passage perforated; a hole; as an aperture in a wall. “An aperture between the mountains.
Gilpin.” “The back aperture of the nostrils.
Owen.” 3. (Opt.) The diameter of the exposed part of the object glass of a telescope or other optical instrument; as a telescope of four-inch aperture. The aperture of microscopes is often expressed in degrees, called also the angular aperture, which signifies the angular breadth of the pencil of light which the instrument transmits from the object or point viewed; as a microscope of 100° aperture.

Ap´er•y , n.; pl. Aperies. 1. A place where apes are kept. [R.] Kingsley. 2. The practice of aping; an apish action. Coleridge.

A•pet´al•ous (a•pet´al•us), a. [Pref. a- not + petal.] (Bot.) Having no petals, or flower leaves. [See Illust. under Anther].

A•pet´al•ous•ness, n. The state of being apetalous.

A´pex , n.; pl. E. Apexes ; L. Apices . [L.] 1. The tip, top, point, or angular summit of anything; as the apex of a mountain, spire, or cone; the apex, or tip, of a leaf. 2. (Mining) The end or edge of a vein nearest the surface. [U.S.] Apex of the earth’s motion (Astron.), that point of the heavens toward which the earth is moving in its orbit.

A•phaer´e•sis ( 277), n. [L.] Same as Apheresis.

A•pha´ki•a , n. [NL.; Gr. ’a priv. + seed of a lentil.] (Med.) An anomalous state of refraction caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as after operations for cataract. The remedy is the use of powerful convex lenses. Dunglison.

A•pha´ki•al , a. (Med.) Pertaining to aphakia; as aphakial eyes.

Aph•a•nip´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. invisible (’a priv. + to appear) + a wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of wingless insects, of which the flea in the type. See Flea.

Aph•a•nip´ter•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Aphaniptera.

Aph´a•nite , n. [Gr. invisible; ’a priv. + to appear.] (Min.) A very compact, dark-colored ock, consisting of hornblende, or pyroxene, and feldspar, but neither of them in perceptible grains.

Aph•a•nit´ic , a. (Min.) Resembling aphanite; having a very fine-grained structure. { A•pha´si•a , Aph´a•sy } n. [NL. aphasia, Gr. , fr. not spoken; ’a priv. + to speak: cf. F. aphasie.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speech, or of the appropriate use of words, the vocal organs remaining intact, and the intelligence being preserved. It is dependent on injury or disease of the brain.

A•pha´sic , a. Pertaining to, or affected by, aphasia; speechless.

A•phel´ion ( 277), n.; pl. Aphelia . [Gr. + sun.] (Astron.) That point of a planet’s or comet’s orbit which is most distant from the sun, the opposite point being the perihelion.

A•phe•li•o•trop´ic , a. [Gr. + sun + belonging to a turning.] Turning away from the sun; — said of leaves, etc. Darwin.

A•phe•li•ot´ro•pism , n. The habit of bending from the sunlight; — said of certain plants.

A•phe´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + voice.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speaking, while retaining the power of writing; — a disorder of cerebral origin.

A•pher´e•sis ( 277), n. [L. aphaeresis, Gr. , fr. to take away; + to take.] 1. (Gram.) The dropping of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word; e. g., cute for acute. 2. (Surg.) An operation by which any part is separated from the rest. [Obs.] Dunglison.

Aph´e•sis , n. [Gr. a letting go; + to let go.] The loss of a short unaccented vowel at the beginning of a word; — the result of a phonetic process; as squire for esquire. New Eng. Dict.

A•phet´ic , a. [Gr. letting go, fr. to let go.] Shortened by dropping a letter or a syllable from the beginning of a word; as an aphetic word or form. — A•phet´ic•al•ly, adv. New Eng. Dict.

Aph´e•tism , n. An aphetized form of a word. New Eng. Dict.

Aph´e•tize , v. t. To shorten by aphesis. “These words … have been aphetized.
New Eng. Dict.”

A´phid , n. (Zoöl.) One of the genus Aphis; an aphidian.

Aph´i•des , n. pl. (Zoöl.) See Aphis.

A•phid´i•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Aphidae. — n. One of the aphides; an aphid.

Aph•i•div´o•rous . [Aphis + L. vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Devouring aphides; aphidophagous.

Aph•i•doph´a•gous , a. [Aphis + Gr. to eat.] (Zoöl.) Feeding upon aphides, or plant lice, as do beetles of the family Coccinellidae.

Aph•i•lan´thro•py , n. [Gr. not loving man; ’a priv. + to love + man.] Want of love to mankind; — the opposite of philanthropy. Coxe.

A´phis , n.; pl. Aphides . [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera and family Aphidae, including numerous species known as plant lice and green flies. Besides the true males and females, there is a race of wingless asexual individuals which have the power of producing living young in rapid succession, and these in turn may produce others of the same kind for several generations, before sexual individuals appear. They suck the sap of plants by means of a tubular proboscis, and owing to the wonderful rapidity of their reproduction become very destructive to vegetation. Many of the Aphidae excrete honeydew from two tubes near the end of the body.

A´phis li´on . (Zoöl.) The larva of the lacewinged flies (Chrysopa), which feeds voraciously upon aphids. The name is also applied to the larvae of the ladybugs (Coccinella).

Aph•lo•gis´tic , a. [Gr. not inflammable; ’a priv. + set on fire. See Phlogiston.] Flameless; as an aphlogistic lamp, in which a coil of wire is kept in a state of continued ignition by alcohol, without flame. { A•pho´ni•a , Aph´o•ny } n. [NL. aphonia, Gr. , fr. voiceless; ’a priv. + voice: cf. F. aphonie.] (Med.) Loss of voice or vocal utterance. { A•phon´ic , Aph´o•nous } a. Without voice; voiceless; nonvocal.

Aph´o•rism , n. [F. aphorisme, fr. Gr. definition, a short, pithy sentence, fr. to mark off by boundaries, to define; from + to separate, part. See Horizon.] A comprehensive maxim or principle expressed in a few words; a sharply defined sentence relating to abstract truth rather than to practical matters. “The first aphorism of Hippocrates is, ´Life is short, and the art is long.´
Fleming.” Syn. — Axiom; maxim; adage; proverb; apothegm; saying; saw; truism; dictum. See Axiom. { Aph•o•ris•mat´ic , Aph•o•ris´mic } a. Pertaining to aphorisms, or having the form of an aphorism.

Aph•o•ris´mer n. A dealer in aphorisms. [Used in derogation or contempt.] Milton.

Aph´o•rist, n. A writer or utterer of aphorisms. { Aph•o•ris´tic , Aph•o•ris´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] In the form of, or of the nature of, an aphorism; in the form of short, unconnected sentences; as an aphoristic style. “The method of the book is aphoristic.
De Quincey.”

Aph•o•ris´tic•al•ly, adv. In the form or manner of aphorisms; pithily.

Aph´o•rize , v. i. To make aphorisms.

Aph´rite , n. (Min.) See under Calcite. { Aph•ro•dis´i•ac , Aph•ro•di•si´a•cal } a. [Gr. pertaining to sensual love, fr. . See Aphrodite.] Exciting venereal desire; provocative to venery.

Aph•ro•dis´i•ac, n. That which (as a drug, or some kinds of food) excites to venery.

Aph•ro•dis´i•an , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to Aphrodite or Venus. ´Aphrodisian dames´ [that is, courtesans]. C. Reade.

Aph•ro•di´te , n. [Gr. .] 1. (Classic Myth.) The Greek goddess of love, corresponding to the Venus of the Romans. 2. (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid, covered with long, lustrous, golden, hairlike setae; the sea mouse. 3. (Zoöl.) A beautiful butterfly (Argunnis Aphrodite) of the United States.

Aph•ro•dit´ic , a. Venereal. [R.] Dunglison.

Aph´tha , n. [Sing. of Aphthae.] (Med.) (a) One of the whitish specks called aphthae. (b) The disease, also called thrush.

Aph´thae , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. (mostly in pl. , Hipp.) an eruption, thrush, fr. to set on fire, inflame.] (Med.) Roundish pearl-colored specks or flakes in the mouth, on the lips, etc., terminating in white sloughs. They are commonly characteristic of thrush.

Aph´thoid, a. [Aphtha + -oid.] Of the nature of aphthae; resembling thrush.

Aph´thong ( 277), n. [Gr. silent; ’a priv. + voice, sound, fr. to sound.] A letter, or a combination of letters, employed in spelling a word, but in the pronunciation having no sound. — Aph•thon´gal , a.

Aph´thous a. [Cf. F. aphtheux.] Pertaining to, or caused by, aphthae; characterized by aphtae; as aphthous ulcers; aphthous fever.

Aph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + leaf.] (Bot.) Destitute of leaves, as the broom rape, certain euphorbiaceous plants, etc.

A•pi•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Umbelliferous.

A´pi•an , a. Belonging to bees.

A•pi•a´ri•an , a. Of or relating to bees.

A´pi•a•rist , n. One who keeps an apiary.

A´pi•a•ry , n. [L. apiarium, fr. apis bee.] A place where bees are kept; a stand or shed for bees; a beehouse.

Ap´ic•al , a. [L. apex, apicis, tip or summit.] At or belonging to an apex, tip, or summit. Gray.

Ap´i•ces , n. pl. See Apex.

A•pi´cian , a. [L. Apicianus.] Belonging to Apicius, a notorious Roman epicure; hence applied to whatever is peculiarly refined or dainty and expensive in cookery. H. Rogers.

A•pic´u•lar, a. [NL. apiculus, dim. of L. apex, apicis.] Situated at, or near, the apex; apical. { A•pic´u•late , A•pic´u•la•ted } a. [See Apicular.] (Bot.) Terminated abruptly by a small, distinct point, as a leaf.

Ap´i•cul•ture ( 135), n. [L. apis bee + E. culture.] Rearing of bees for their honey and wax.

A•piece´ , adv. [Pref. a- + piece.] Each by itself; by the single one; to each; as the share of each; as these melons cost a shilling apiece. ´Fined … a thousand pounds apiece.´ Hume.

A•pie´ces , adv. In pieces or to pieces. [Obs.] ´Being torn apieces.´ Shak.

A•pik´ed , a. Trimmed. [Obs.] “Full fresh and new here gear apiked was.
Chaucer.”

A´pi•ol , n. [L. apium parsley + -ol.] (Med.) An oily liquid derived from parsley.

A•pi•ol´o•gist , n. [L. apis bee + -logist (see -logy).] A student of bees. [R.] Emerson.

A´pis , n. [L., bee.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera, including the common honeybee (Apis mellifica) and other related species. See Honeybee.

Ap´ish , a. Having the qualities of an ape; prone to imitate in a servile manner. Hence: Apelike; fantastically silly; foppish; affected; trifling. “The apish gallantry of a fantastic boy.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ap´ish•ly, adv. In an apish manner; with servile imitation; foppishly.

Ap´ish•ness, n. The quality of being apish; mimicry; foppery.

A•pit´pat, adv. [Pref. a- + pitpat.] With quick beating or palpitation; pitapat. Congreve.

Ap•la•cen´tal, a. [Pref. a- + placental.] Belonging to the Aplacentata; without placenta.

Ap•la•cen•ta´ta, n. pl. [Pref. a- not + placenta.] (Zoöl.) Mammals which have no placenta.

Ap•la•coph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + a flat cake + to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Amphineura in which the body is naked or covered with slender spines or setae, but is without shelly plates.

Ap•la•nat´ic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + disposed to wander, wandering, to wander.] (Opt.) Having two or more parts of different curvatures, so combined as to remove spherical aberration; — said of a lens. Aplanatic focus of a lens (Opt.), the point or focus from which rays diverging pass the lens without spherical aberration. In certain forms of lenses there are two such foci; and it is by taking advantage of this fact that the best aplanatic object glasses of microscopes are constructed.

A•plan´a•tism , n. Freedom from spherical aberration.

A•plas´tic , a. [Pref. a- not + plastic.] Not plastic or easily molded.

A•plomb´ , n. [F., lit. perpendicularity; to + plomb lead. See Plumb.] Assurance of manner or of action; self-possession.

A•plot´o•my , n. [Gr. simple + a cutting.] (Surg.) Simple incision. Dunglison.

A•plus´tre , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Rom. Antiq.) An ornamental appendage of wood at the ship’s stern, usually spreading like a fan and curved like a bird’s feather. Audsley.

A•plys´i•a , n. [Gr. a dirty sponge, fr. unwashed; ’a priv. + to wash.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine mollusks of the order Tectibranchiata; the sea hare. Some of the species when disturbed throw out a deep purple liquor, which colors the water to some distance. See Illust. in Appendix.

Ap•neu´mo•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + , , a lung.] (Zoöl.) An order of holothurians in which the internal respiratory organs are wanting; — called also Apoda or Apodes.

Ap•nœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + , , breath, to breathe, blow.] (Med.) Partial privation or suspension of breath; suffocation.

Ap´o . [Gr. . See Ab-.] A prefix from a Greek preposition. It usually signifies from, away from, off, or asunder, separate; as in apocope (a cutting off), apostate, apostle (one sent away), apocarpous.

A•poc´a•lypse , n. [L. apocalypsis, Gr. , fr. to uncover, to disclose; from + to cover, conceal: cf. F. apocalypse.] 1. The revelation delivered to St. John, in the isle of Patmos, near the close of the first century, forming the last book of the New Testament. 2. Anything viewed as a revelation; a disclosure. “The new apocalypse of Nature.
Carlyle.” { A•poc•a•lyp´tic , A•poc•a•lyp´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to a revelation, or, specifically, to the Revelation of St. John; containing, or of the nature of, a prophetic revelation. Apocalyptic number, the number 666, mentioned in Rev. xiii. 18. It has been variously interpreted.

A•poc•a•lyp´tic (a•pok•a•lip´tik), A•poc•a•lyp´tist, n. The writer of the Apocalypse.

A•poc•a•lyp´tic•al•ly , adv. By revelation; in an apocalyptic manner.

Ap•o•car´pous, a. [Pref. apo- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Either entirely or partially separate, as the carpels of a compound pistil; — opposed to syncarpous. Lindley.

A•poc´o•pate , v. t. [LL. apocopatus, p. p. of apocopare to cut off, fr. L. apocore. See Apocope.] (Gram.) To cut off or drop; as to apocopate a word, or the last letter, syllable, or part of a word. { A•poc´o•pate , A•poc´o•pa•ted } a. Shortened by apocope; as an apocopate form.

A•poc•o•pa´tion , n. Shortening by apocope; the state of being apocopated.

A•poc´o•pe, n. [L., fr. Gr. a cutting off, fr. to cut off; from + to cut.] 1. The cutting off, or omission, of the last letter, syllable, or part of a word. 2. (Med.) A cutting off; abscission. { Ap•o•cris´i•a•ry , Ap•o•cris•i•a´ri•us , } n. [L. apocrisiarius, apocrisarius, fr. Gr. answer, fr. to answer; from + to separate.] (Eccl.) A delegate or deputy; especially, the pope’s nuncio or legate at Constantinople.

Ap•o•crus´tic , a. [Gr. able to drive off, fr. to drive off.] (Med.) Astringent and repellent. — n. An apocrustic medicine.

A•poc´ry•pha , n. pl., but often used as sing. with pl. Apocryphas . [L. apocryphus apocryphal, Gr. hidden, spurious, fr. to hide; from + to hide.] 1. Something, as a writing, that is of doubtful authorship or authority; — formerly used also adjectively. [Obs.] Locke. 2. Specif.: Certain writings which are received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but are rejected by others. Fourteen such writings, or books, formed part of the Septuagint, but not of the Hebrew canon recognized by the Jews of Palestine. The Council of Trent included all but three of these in the canon of inspired books having equal authority. The German and English Reformers grouped them in their Bibles under the title Apocrypha, as not having dogmatic authority, but being profitable for instruction. The Apocrypha is now commonly mitted from the King James’s Bible.

A•poc´ry•phal , a. 1. Pertaining to the Apocrypha. 2. Not canonical. Hence: Of doubtful authority; equivocal; mythic; fictitious; spurious; false. “The passages … are, however, in part from apocryphal or fictitious works.
Sir G. C. Lewis.”

A•poc´ry•phal•ist, n. One who believes in, or defends, the Apocrypha. [R.]

A•poc´ry•phal•ly, adv. In an apocryphal manner; mythically; not indisputably.

A•poc´ry•phal•ness, n. The quality or state of being apocryphal; doubtfulness of credit or genuineness.

A•poc•y•na´ceous , Ap•o•cyn´e•ous , a. [Gr. dogbane; from + dog.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family of plants, of which the dogbane (Apocynum) is the type.

A•poc´y•nin , n. [From Apocynum, the generic name of dogbane.] (Chem.) A bitter principle obtained from the dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum). { Ap´od , Ap´o•dal } a. [See Apod, n.] 1. Without feet; footless. 2. (Zoöl.) Destitute of the ventral fin, as the eels. { Ap´od , Ap´ode } n.; pl. Apods or Apodes . [Gr. , , footless; ’a priv. + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) One of certain animals that have no feet or footlike organs; esp. one of certain fabulous birds which were said to have no feet. The bird of paradise formerly had the name Paradisea apoda, being supposed to have no feet, as these were wanting in the specimens first obtained from the East Indies.

Ap´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , . See Apod, n.] (Zoöl.) (a) A group of cirripeds, destitute of footlike organs. (b) An order of Amphibia without feet. See Ophiomorpha. (c) A group of worms without appendages, as the leech.

Ap´o•dan , a. (Zoöl.) Apodal. { Ap´o•deic´tic , Ap•o•dic´tic , Ap•o•deic´tic•al , Ap•o•dic´tic•al } a. [L. apodicticus, Gr. , fr. to point out, to show by argument; from + to show.] Self-evident; intuitively true; evident beyond contradiction. Brougham. Sir Wm. Hamilton.

Ap•o•deic´tic•al•ly , Ap•o•dic´tic•al•ly, adv. So as to be evident beyond contradiction.

Ap´o•deme , n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. body.] (Zoöl.) One of the processes of the shell which project inwards and unite with one another, in the thorax of many Crustacea.

Ap´o•des , n. pl. [NL., masc. pl. See Apoda.] (Zoöl.) (a) An order of fishes without ventral fins, including the eels. (b) A group of holothurians destitute of suckers. See Apneumona.

Ap•o•dic´tic , a. Same as Apodeictic.

Ap•o•dix´is , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. .] Full demonstration.

A•pod´o•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to give back; from, back again + to give.] (Gram.) The consequent clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing the result, and thus distinguished from the protasis or clause which expresses a condition. Thus, in the sentence, ´Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him,´ the former clause is the protasis, and the latter the apodosis. Some grammarians extend the terms protasis and apodosis to the introductory clause and the concluding clause, even when the sentence is not conditional.

Ap´o•dous (#), a. (Zoöl.) Apodal; apod.

A•pod•y•te´ri•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to strip one’s self.] (Anc. Arch.) The apartment at the entrance of the baths, or in the palestra, where one stripped; a dressing room.

Ap•o•ga´ic , a. [Gr. far from the earth.] Apogean.

Ap•o•gam´ic , a. Relating to apogamy.

A•pog´a•my , n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. marriage.] (Bot.) The formation of a bud in place of a fertilized ovule or oöspore. De Bary.

Ap•o•ge´al , a. (Astron.) Apogean.

Ap•o•ge´an , a. Connected with the apogee; as apogean (neap) tides, which occur when the moon has passed her apogee.

Ap´o•gee , n. [Gr. from the earth; from + , , earth: cf. F. apogee.] 1. (Astron.) That point in the orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance from the earth. Formerly, on the hypothesis that the earth is in the center of the system, this name was given to that point in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, which was supposed to be at the greatest distance from the earth. 2. Fig.: The farthest or highest point; culmination.

Ap•o•ge•o•trop´ic , a. [Pref. apo- + Gr. earth + turning.] (Bot.) Bending away from the ground; — said of leaves, etc. Darwin.

Ap´o•ge•ot´ro•pism , n. The apogeotropic tendency of some leaves, and other parts.

Ap´o•graph , n. [Gr. ; from + to write: cf. F. apographe.] A copy or transcript. Blount.

Ap•o•hy´al , a. [Pref. apo- + the Gr. letter Y.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a portion of the horn of the hyoid bone.

A•poise´ , adv. [Pref. a- + poise.] Balanced.

A•po´lar , a. [Pref. a- + polar.] (Biol.) Having no radiating processes; — applied particularly to certain nerve cells.

Ap•o•laus´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to enjoy.] Devoted to enjoyment.

A•pol•li•na´ri•an , a. [L. Apollinaris, fr. Apollo.] (Rom. Antiq.) In honor of Apollo; as the Apollinarian games.

A•pol•li•na´ri•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea in the fourth century, who denied the proper humanity of Christ.

A•pol•li•na´ris wa´ter . An effervescing alkaline mineral water used as a table beverage. It is obtained from a spring in Apollinarisburg, near Bonn.

A•pol´lo , n. [L. Apollo, - linis, Gr. .] (Classic Myth.) A deity among the Greeks and Romans. He was the god of light and day (the ´sun god´), of archery, prophecy, medicine, poetry, and music, etc., and was represented as the model of manly grace and beauty; — called also Phebus. The Apollo Belvedere, a celebrated statue of Apollo in the Belvedere gallery of the Vatican palace at Rome, esteemed of the noblest representations of the human frame.

Ap•ol•lo´ni•an , Ap•ol•lon´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Apollo.

A•pol´ly•on , n. [Gr. destroying, fr. , , to destroy utterly; from, entirely + to destroy.] The Destroyer; — a name used (Rev. ix. 11) for the angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the Hebrew Abaddon.

A•pol´o•ger , n. A teller of apologues. [Obs.] { A•pol•o•get´ic , A•pol•o•get´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to speak in defense of; from + speech, to say, to speak. See Logic.] Defending by words or arguments; said or written in defense, or by way of apology; regretfully excusing; as an apologetic essay. ´To speak in a subdued and apologetic tone.´ Macaulay.

A•pol•o•get´ic•al•ly, adv. By way of apology.

A•pol•o•get´ics , n. That branch of theology which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the evidence of their divine authority.

A•pol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. apologiste.] One who makes an apology; one who speaks or writes in defense of a faith, a cause, or an institution; especially, one who argues in defense of Christianity.

A•pol´o•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apologized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apologizing.] [Cf. F. apologiser.] 1. To make an apology or defense. Dr. H. More. 2. To make an apology or excuse; to make acknowledgment of some fault or offense, with expression of regret for it, by way of amends; — with for; as, my correspondent apologized for not answering my letter. “To apologize for his insolent language.
Froude.”

A•pol´o•gize, v. t. To defend. [Obs.] “The Christians … were apologized by Plinie.
Dr. G. Benson.”

A•pol´o•gi•zer , n. One who makes an apology; an apologist.

Ap´o•logue , n. [L. apologous, Gr. ; from + speech, to speak: cf. F. apologue.] A story or relation of fictitious events, intended to convey some moral truth; a moral fable. An apologue differs from a parable in this;: the parable is drawn from events which take place among mankind, and therefore requires probability in the narrative; the apologue is founded on supposed actions of brutes or inanimate things, and therefore is not limited by strict rules of probability. AEsop’s fables are good examples of apologues.

A•pol´o•gy , n.; pl. Apologies. [L. apologia, Gr. ; from + : cf. F. apologie. See Apologetic.] 1. Something said or written in defense or justification of what appears to others wrong, or of what may be liable to disapprobation; justification; as Tertullian’s Apology for Christianity. “It is not my intention to make an apology for my poem; some will think it needs no excuse, and others will receive none.
Dryden.” 2. An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for some improper or injurious remark or act; an admission to another of a wrong or discourtesy done him, accompanied by an expression of regret. 3. Anything provided as a substitute; a makeshift. “He goes to work devising apologies for window curtains.
Dickens.” Syn. — Excuse. An apology, in the original sense of the word, was a pleading off from some charge or imputation, by explaining and defending one’s principles or conduct. It therefore amounted to a vindication. One who offers an apology, admits himself to have been, at least apparently, in the wrong, but brings forward some palliating circumstance, or tenders a frank acknowledgment, by way of reparation. We make an apology for some breach of propriety or decorum (like rude expressions, unbecoming conduct, etc.), or some deficiency in what might be reasonably expected. We offer an excuse when we have been guilty of some breach or neglect of duty; and we do it by way of extenuating our fault, and with a view to be forgiven. When an excuse has been accepted, an apology may still, in some cases, be necessary or appropriate. ´An excuse is not grounded on the claim of innocence, but is rather an appeal for favor resting on some collateral circumstance. An apology mostly respects the conduct of individuals toward each other as equals; it is a voluntary act produced by feelings of decorum, or a desire for the good opinion of others.´ Crabb.

A•pol´o•gy , v. i. To offer an apology. [Obs.] “For which he can not well apology.
J. Webster.”

Ap•o•me•com´e•ter, n. An instrument for measuring the height of objects. Knight.

Ap•o•me•com´e•try, n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. length + -metry.] The art of measuring the distance of objects afar off. [Obs. or R.] { Ap•o•mor´phi•a , Ap•o•mor´phine } n. [Pref. apo- + morphia, morphine.] (Chem.) A crystalline alkaloid obtained from morphia. It is a powerful emetic.

Ap•o•neu•ro´sis , n.; pl. Aponeuroses . [Gr. , fr. to pass into a tendon; from + to strain the sinews, sinew, tendon, nerve.] (Anat.) Any one of the thicker and denser of the deep fasciae which cover, invest, and the terminations and attachments of, many muscles. They often differ from tendons only in being flat and thin. See Fascia.

Ap•o•neu•rot´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to an aponeurosis.

Ap•o•neu•rot´o•my , n. [Aponeurosis + Gr. a cutting.] Dissection of aponeuroses.

Ap•o•pemp´tic (-pemp´tik), a. [Gr. ’apopemptiko•s, fr. ’apope•mpein to send off or away; ’apo• from + pe•mpein to send.] Sung or addressed to one departing; valedictory; as apopemptic songs or hymns.
[1913 Webster]

A•poph´a•sis (a•pof´a•sis), n. [Gr. ’apo•fasis denial, fr. ’apofa•nai to speak out, to deny.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a speaker formally declines to take notice of a favorable point, but in such a manner as to produce the effect desired. [For example, see Mark Antony’s oration. Shak., Julius Caesar, iii. 2.]

Ap•o•phleg•mat´ic , a. [Gr. ; from + full of phlegm. See Phlegmatic.] (Med.) Designed to facilitate discharges of phlegm or mucus from mouth or nostrils. — n. An apophlegmatic medicine.

Ap•o•phleg´ma•tism, n. [Gr. , Galen.] 1. (Med.) The action of apophlegmatics. 2. An apophlegmatic. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ap•o•phleg•mat´i•zant , n. (Med.) An apophlegmatic. [Obs.]

Ap•oph•thegm , n. See Apothegm.

Ap•oph•theg•mat´ic , Ap•oph•theg•mat´ic•al , a. Same as Apothegmatic.

A•poph´y•ge , n. [Gr. ’apofygh• escape, in arch. the curve with which the shaft escapes into its base or capital, fr. ’apofey•gein to flee away; ’apo• from + fey•gein to flee: cf. F. apophyge.] (Arch.) The small hollow curvature given to the top or bottom of the shaft of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the fillet; — called also the scape. Parker.

A•poph´yl•lite , n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. leaf; so called from its foliated structure or easy cleavage.] (Min.) A mineral relating to the zeolites, usually occurring in square prisms or octahedrons with pearly luster on the cleavage surface. It is a hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium.

A•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. -ses. [NL., fr. Gr. offshoot, process of a bone, fr. to grow from; from + , , to grow.] 1. (Anat.) A marked prominence or process on any part of a bone. 2. (Bot.) An enlargement at the top of a pedicel or stem, as seen in certain mosses. Gray. { Ap•o•plec´tic (#) Ap•o•plec´tic•al } a. [L. apoplecticus, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. apoplectique. See Apoplexy.] Relating to apoplexy; affected with, inclined to, or symptomatic of, apoplexy; as an apoplectic person, medicine, habit or temperament, symptom, fit, or stroke.

Ap•o•plec´tic, n. One liable to, or affected with, apoplexy.

Ap•o•plec´ti•form , Ap•o•plec´toid , a. [Apoplectic + -form, -oid.] Resembling apoplexy.

Ap´o•plex , n. Apoplexy. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ap•o•plexed (-plekst), a. Affected with apoplexy. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap´o•plex•y (ap´o•pleks•y), n. [OE. poplexye, LL. poplexia, apoplexia, fr. Gr. ’apoplhxi•a, fr. ’apoplh•ssein to cripple by a stroke; ’apo• from + plh•ssein to strike: cf. F. apoplexie. See Plague.] (Med.) Sudden diminution or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain. The term is now usually limited to cerebral apoplexy, or loss of consciousness due to effusion of blood or other lesion within the substance of the brain; but it is sometimes extended to denote an effusion of blood into the substance of any organ; as apoplexy of the lung.

Ap•o•ret´ic•al , a. [Gr. . See Aporia.] Doubting; skeptical. [Obs.] Cudworth.

A•po´ri•a , n.; pl. Aporias . [L., doubt, Gr. , fr. without passage, at a loss; ’a priv. + passage.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the speaker professes to be at a loss what course to pursue, where to begin to end, what to say, etc.

Ap•o•ro´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Aporia.] (Zoöl.) A group of corals in which the coral is not porous; — opposed to Perforata.

Ap•o•rose´ , a. (Zoöl.) Without pores.

A•port´ , adv. [Pref. a- + port.] (Naut.) On or towards the port or left side; — said of the helm.

Ap•o•si•o•pe´sis ( 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. , from to be quite silent.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the speaker breaks off suddenly, as if unwilling or unable to state what was in his mind; as ´I declare to you that his conduct — but I can not speak of that, here.´

Ap•o•sit´ic, a. [Gr. ; from + food.] (Med.) Destroying the appetite, or suspending hunger.

A•pos´ta•sy , n.; pl. Apostasies . [OE. apostasie, F. apostasie, L. apostasia, fr. Gr. a standing off from, a defection, fr. to stand off, revolt; from + to stand. See Off and Stand.] An abandonment of what one has voluntarily professed; a total desertion of departure from one’s faith, principles, or party; esp., the renunciation of a religious faith; as Julian’s apostasy from Christianity.

A•pos´tate , n. [L. apostata, Gr. , fr. . See Apostasy.] 1. One who has forsaken the faith, principles, or party, to which he before adhered; esp., one who has forsaken his religion for another; a pervert; a renegade. 2. (R. C. Ch.) One who, after having received sacred orders, renounces his clerical profession.

A•pos´tate, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, apostasy; faithless to moral allegiance; renegade. “So spake the apostate angel.
Milton.” “A wretched and apostate state.
Steele.”

A•pos´tate, v. i. [L. apostatare.] To apostatize. [Obs.] “We are not of them which apostate from Christ.
Bp. Hall.”

Ap•o•stat´ic , a. [L. apostaticus, Gr. .] Apostatical. [R.]

Ap•o•stat´ic•al , a. Apostate. “An heretical and apostatical church.
Bp. Hall.”

A•pos´ta•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apostatized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostatizing.] [LL. apostatizare.] To renounce totally a religious belief once professed; to forsake one’s church, the faith or principles once held, or the party to which one has previously adhered. “He apostatized from his old faith in facts, took to believing in emblances.
Carlyle.”

A•pos´te•mate , v. i. [See Aposteme.] To form an abscess; to swell and fill with pus. Wiseman.

A•pos•te•ma´tion , n. [LL. apostematio: cf. F. apostemation.] (Med.) The formation of an aposteme; the process of suppuration. [Written corruptly imposthumation.] Wiseman.

Ap•os•tem´a•tous , a. Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, an aposteme.

Ap´os•teme , n. [L. apostema, Gr. the separation of corrupt matter into an ulcer, fr. to stand off: cf. F. apostème. See Apostasy.] (Med.) An abscess; a swelling filled with purulent matter. [Written corruptly imposthume.]

A• pos•te•ri•o´ri . [L. a (ab) + posterior latter.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which derives propositions from the observation of facts, or by generalizations from facts arrives at principles and definitions, or infers causes from effects. This is the reverse of a priori reasoning. 2. (Philos.) Applied to knowledge which is based upon or derived from facts through induction or experiment; inductive or empirical. { A•pos´til , A•pos´tille } n. [F. apostille. See Postil.] A marginal note on a letter or other paper; an annotation. Motley.

A•pos´tle , n. [OE. apostle, apostel, postle, AS. apostol, L. apostolus, fr. Gr. messenger, one sent forth or away, fr. to send off or away; from + to send; akin to G. stellen to set, E. stall: cf. F. apôtre, Of. apostre, apostle, apostele, apostole.] 1. Literally: One sent forth; a messenger. Specifically: One of the twelve disciples of Christ, specially chosen as his companions and witnesses, and sent forth to preach the gospel. “He called unto him his disciples, and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles.
Luke vi. 13.” The title of apostle is also applied to others, who, though not of the number of the Twelve, yet were equal with them in office and dignity; as ´Paul, called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ.´ 1 Cor. i. 1. In Heb. iii. 1, the name is given to Christ himself, as having been sent from heaven to publish the gospel. In the primitive church, other ministers were called apostles (Rom. xvi. 7). 2. The missionary who first plants the Christian faith in any part of the world; also one who initiates any great moral reform, or first advocates any important belief; one who has extraordinary success as a missionary or reformer; as Dionysius of Corinth is called the apostle of France, John Eliot the apostle to the Indians, Theobald Mathew the apostle of temperance. 3. (Civ. & Admiralty Law) A brief letter dimissory sent by a court appealed from to the superior court, stating the case, etc.; a paper sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. Wharton. Burrill. Apostles’ creed, a creed of unknown origin, which was formerly ascribed to the apostles. It certainly dates back to the beginning of the sixth century, and some assert that it can be found in the writings of Ambrose in the fourth century. — Apostle spoon (Antiq.), a spoon of silver, with the handle terminating in the figure of an apostle. One or more were offered by sponsors at baptism as a present to the godchild. B. Jonson.

A•pos´tle•ship , n. The office or dignity of an apostle.

A•pos´to•late , n. [L. apostolatus, fr. apostolus. See Apostle.] 1. The dignity, office, or mission, of an apostle; apostleship. “Judas had miscarried and lost his apostolate.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. The dignity or office of the pope, as the holder of the apostolic see. { Ap•os•tol´ic , Ap•os•tol´ic•al } a. [L. apostolicus, Gr. : cf. F. apostolique.] 1. Pertaining to an apostle, or to the apostles, their times, or their peculiar spirit; as an apostolical mission; the apostolic age. 2. According to the doctrines of the apostles; delivered or taught by the apostles; as apostolic faith or practice. 3. Of or pertaining to the pope or the papacy; papal. Apostolical brief. See under Brief. — Apostolic canons, a collection of rules and precepts relating to the duty of Christians, and particularly to the ceremonies and discipline of the church in the second and third centuries. — Apostolic church, the Christian church; — so called on account of its apostolic foundation, doctrine, and order. The churches of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem were called apostolic churches. — Apostolic constitutions, directions of a nature similar to the apostolic canons, and perhaps compiled by the same authors or author. — Apostolic fathers, early Christian writers, who were born in the first century, and thus touched on the age of the apostles. They were Polycarp, Clement, Ignatius, and Hermas; to these Barnabas has sometimes been added. — Apostolic king (or majesty, a title granted by the pope to the kings of Hungary on account of the extensive propagation of Christianity by St. Stephen, the founder of the royal line. It is now a title of the emperor of Austria in right of the throne of Hungary. — Apostolic see, a see founded and governed by an apostle; specifically, the Church of Rome; — so called because, in the Roman Catholic belief, the pope is the successor of St. Peter, the prince of the apostles, and the only apostle who has successors in the apostolic office. — Apostolical succession, the regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial authority by a succession of bishops from the apostles to any subsequent period. Hook.

Ap•os•tol´ic, n. [L. apostolicus.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of one of certain ascetic sects which at various times professed to imitate the practice of the apostles.

Ap•os•tol´ic•al•ly, adv. In an apostolic manner.

Ap•os•tol´ic•al•ness, n. Apostolicity. Dr. H. More. { Ap•os•tol´i•cism , A•pos•to•lic´i•ty } n. The state or quality of being apostolical.

A•pos´tro•phe , n. [(1) L., fr. Gr. a turning away, fr. to turn away; from + to turn. (2) F., fr. L. apostrophus apostrophe, the turning away or omitting of a letter, Gr. .] 1. (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which the orator or writer suddenly breaks off from the previous method of his discourse, and addresses, in the second person, some person or thing, absent or present; as Milton’s apostrophe to Light at the beginning of the third book of ´Paradise Lost.´ 2. (Gram.) The contraction of a word by the omission of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by the character [’] placed where the letter or letters would have been; as call’d for called. 3. The mark [’] used to denote that a word is contracted (as in ne’er for never, can’t for can not), and as a sign of the possessive, singular and plural; as a boy’s hat, boys’ hats. In the latter use it originally marked the omission of the letter e. The apostrophe is used to mark the plural of figures and letters; as two 10’s and three a’s. It is also employed to mark the close of a quotation.

Ap•os•troph´ic , a. Pertaining to an apostrophe, grammatical or rhetorical.

A•pos´tro•phize , v. t., [imp. & p. p. Apostrophized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostrophizing.] 1. To address by apostrophe. 2. To contract by omitting a letter or letters; also to mark with an apostrophe (’) or apostrophes.

A•pos´tro•phize, v. i. To use the rhetorical figure called apostrophe.

Ap´os•tume , n. See Aposteme. [Obs.]

Ap•o•tac´tite , n. [LL. pl. apotactitae, Gr. , fr. set apart; from + to arrange, ordain.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of ancient Christians, who, in supposed imitation of the first believers, renounced all their possessions.

A•pot´e•lesm , n. [See Apotelesmatic.] 1. The result or issue. [Obs.] 2. (Astrol.) The calculation and explanation of a nativity. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ap•o•tel•es•mat´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. effect of the stars on human destiny, fr. to complete; from + to end, end.] 1. Relating to the casting of horoscopes. [Archaic] Whewell. 2. Relating to an issue of fulfillment. “In this way a passage in the Old Testament may have, or rather comprise, an apotelesmatic sense, i. e., one of after or final accomplishment.
M. Stuart.”

A•poth´e•ca•ry , n.; pl. Apothecaries. [OE. apotecarie, fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. apo, fr. to put away; from + to put: cf. F. apothicaire, OF. apotecaire. See Thesis.] One who prepares and sells drugs or compounds for medicinal purposes. In England an apothecary is one of a privileged class of practitioners — a kind of sub-physician. The surgeon apothecary is the ordinary family medical attendant. One who sells drugs and makes up prescriptions is now commonly called in England a druggist or a pharmaceutical chemist. Apothecaries’ weight, the system of weights by which medical prescriptions were formerly compounded. The pound and ounce are the same as in Troy weight; they differ only in the manner of subdivision. The ounce is divided into 8 drams, 24 scruples, 480 grains. See Troy weight.

Apo••the´ci•um, n.; pl. Apothecia . [NL.] (Bot.) The ascigerous fructification of lichens, forming masses of various shapes. { Ap´o•thegm , Ap´oph•thegm } , n. [Gr. ’apo•fqegma thing uttered, apothegm, from ’apofqe•ggesqai to speak out; ’apo• from + fqe•ggesqai to speak.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying; a terse remark, conveying some important truth; a sententious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is now the prevalent spelling in the United States.] { Ap•o•theg•mat´ic , Ap•o•theg•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’apofqegmatiko•s.] Pertaining to, or in the manner of, an apothegm; sententious; pithy.

Ap•o•theg´ma•tist , n. A collector or maker of apothegms. Pope.

Ap•o•theg´ma•tize , v. i. To utter apothegms, or short and sententious sayings.

Ap´o•them , n. [Gr. + that which is placed, to place.] 1. (Math.) The perpendicular from the center to one of the sides of a regular polygon. 2. A deposit formed in a liquid extract of a vegetable substance by exposure to the air.

Ap•o•the´o•sis ( 277), n. pl. Apotheoses . [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to deify; from + to deify, a god.] 1. The act of elevating a mortal to the rank of, and placing him among, ´the gods;´ deification. 2. Glorification; exaltation. ´The apotheosis of chivalry.´ Prescott. ´The noisy apotheosis of liberty and machinery.´ F. Harrison.

Ap•o•the´o•size , v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a deity; to declare to be a god; to deify; to glorify.

A•poth´e•sis , n. [Gr. a putting back or away, fr. . See Apothecary.] (Arch.) (a) A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for books, vestments, etc. Weale. (b) A dressing room connected with a public bath.

A•pot´o•me , n. [Gr. a cutting off, fr. to cut off; from + to cut.] 1. (Math.) The difference between two quantities commensurable only in power, as between rad.2 and 1, or between the diagonal and side of a square. 2. (Mus) The remaining part of a whole tone after a smaller semitone has been deducted from it; a major semitone. [Obs.]

Ap´o•zem , n. [L. apozema, Gr. , fr. to extract by boiling; from + boil.] (Med.) A decoction or infusion. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Ap•o•zem´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a decoction. [Obs.] J. Whitaker.

Ap•pair´ , v. t. & i. [OF. empeirier, F. empire. See Impair.] To impair; to grow worse. [Obs.]

Ap•pa•la´chi•an , a. Of or pertaining to a chain of mountains in the United States, commonly called the Allegheny mountains. The name Appalachian was given to the mountains by the Spaniards under De Soto, who derived it from the neighboring Indians. Am. Cyc.

Ap•pall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appalled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appalling.] [OF. appalir to grow pale, make pale; a (L. ad) + pâlir to grow pale, to make pale, pâle pale. See Pale, a., and cf. Pall.] 1. To make pale; to blanch. [Obs.] “The answer that ye made to me, my dear, …
Hath so appalled my countenance.
Wyatt.” 2. To weaken; to enfeeble; to reduce; as an old appalled wight. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Wine, of its own nature, will not congeal and freeze, only it will lose the strength, and become appalled in extremity of cold.
Holland.” 3. To depress or discourage with fear; to impress with fear in such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its firmness; to overcome with sudden terror or horror; to dismay; as the sight appalled the stoutest heart. “The house of peers was somewhat appalled at this alarum.
Clarendon.” Syn. — To dismay; terrify; daunt; frighten; affright; scare; depress. See Dismay.

Ap•pall´, v. i. 1. To grow faint; to become weak; to become dismayed or discouraged. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To lose flavor or become stale. [Obs.]

Ap•pall´, n. Terror; dismay. [Poet.] Cowper.

Ap•pall´ing, a. Such as to appall; as an appalling accident. — Ap•pall´ing•ly, adv.

Ap•pall´ment , n. Depression occasioned by terror; dismay. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ap´pa•nage , n. [F. apanage, fr. OF. apaner to nourish, support, fr. LL. apanare to furnish with bread, to provision; L. ad + pains bread.] 1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince for the subsistence of his younger sons. 2. A dependency; a dependent territory. 3. That which belongs to one by custom or right; a natural adjunct or accompaniment. ´Wealth … the appanage of wit.´ Swift.

Ap•pan´a•gist (ap•pan´a•jist), n. [F. apanagiste.] A prince to whom an appanage has been granted.

Ap•par´ail•lyng , n. [See Apparel, n. & v.] Preparation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap´pa•ratus , n.; pl. Apparatus, also rarely Apparatuses . [L., from apparare, apparatum, to prepare; ad + prepare to make ready.] 1. Things provided as means to some end. 2. Hence: A full collection or set of implements, or utensils, for a given duty, experimental or operative; any complex instrument or appliance, mechanical or chemical, for a specific action or operation; machinery; mechanism. 3. (Physiol.) A collection of organs all of which unite in a common function; as the respiratory apparatus.

Ap•par´el , n. [OE. apparel, apareil, OF. apareil, appareil, preparation, provision, furniture, OF. apareiller to match, prepare, F. appareiller; OF. a (L. ad) + pareil like, similar, fr. LL. pariculus, dim. of L. par equal. See Pair.] 1. External clothing; vesture; garments; dress; garb; external habiliments or array. “Fresh in his new apparel, proud and young.
Denham.” “At public devotion his resigned carriage made religion appear in the natural apparel of simplicity.
Tatler.” 2. A small ornamental piece of embroidery worn on albs and some other ecclesiastical vestments. 3. (Naut.) The furniture of a ship, as masts, sails, rigging, anchors, guns, etc. Syn. — Dress; clothing; vesture; garments; raiment; garb; costume; attire; habiliments.

Ap•par´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appareled, or Apparelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appareling, or Apparelling.] [OF. apareiller.] 1. To make or get (something) ready; to prepare. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To furnish with apparatus; to equip; to fit out. “Ships … appareled to fight.
Hayward.” 3. To dress or clothe; to attire. “They which are gorgeously appareled, and live delicately, are in kings’ courts.
Luke vii. 25.” 4. To dress with external ornaments; to cover with something ornamental; to deck; to embellish; as trees appareled with flowers, or a garden with verdure. “Appareled in celestial light.
Wordsworth.”

Ap•par´ence , n. [OF. aparence.] Appearance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap•par´en•cy , n. 1. Appearance. [Obs.] 2. Apparentness; state of being apparent. Coleridge. 3. The position of being heir apparent.

Ap•par´ent , a. [F. apparent, L. apparens, -entis, p. pr. of apparere. See Appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to the eye; within sight or view. “The moon … apparent queen.
Milton.” 2. Clear or manifest to the understanding; plain; evident; obvious; known; palpable; indubitable. “It is apparent foul play.
Shak.” 3. Appearing to the eye or mind (distinguished from, but not necessarily opposed to, true or real); seeming; as the apparent motion or diameter of the sun. “To live on terms of civility, and even of apparent friendship.
Macaulay.” “What Berkeley calls visible magnitude was by astronomers called apparent magnitude.
Reid.” Apparent horizon, the circle which in a level plain bounds our view, and is formed by the apparent meeting of the earth and heavens, as distinguished from the rational horizon. — Apparent time. See Time. — Heir apparent (Law), one whose to an estate is indefeasible if he survives the ancestor; — in distinction from presumptive heir. See Presumptive. Syn. — Visible; distinct; plain; obvious; clear; certain; evident; manifest; indubitable; notorious.

Ap•par´ent, n. An heir apparent. [Obs.] “I’ll draw it [the sword] as apparent to the crown.
Shak.”

Ap•par´ent•ly, adv. 1. Visibly. [Obs.] Hobbes. 2. Plainly; clearly; manifestly; evidently. “If he should scorn me so apparently.
Shak.” 3. Seemingly; in appearance; as a man may be apparently friendly, yet malicious in heart.

Ap•par´ent•ness, n. Plainness to the eye or the mind; visibleness; obviousness. [R.] Sherwood.

Ap•pa•ri´tion , n. [F. apparition, L. apparitio, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of becoming visible; appearance; visibility. Milton. “The sudden apparition of the Spaniards.
Prescott.” “The apparition of Lawyer Clippurse occasioned much speculation in that portion of the world.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. The thing appearing; a visible object; a form. “Which apparition, it seems, was you.
Tatler.” 3. An unexpected, wonderful, or preternatural appearance; a ghost; a specter; a phantom. ´The heavenly bands … a glorious apparition.´ Milton. “I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
Shak.” 4. (Astron.) The first appearance of a star or other luminary after having been invisible or obscured; — opposed to occultation. Circle of perpetual apparition. See under Circle.

Ap•pa•ri´tion•al , a. Pertaining to an apparition or to apparitions; spectral. ´An apparitional soul.´ Tylor.

Ap•par´i•tor , n. [L., fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. Formerly, an officer who attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. “Before any of his apparitors could execute the sentence, he was himself summoned away by a sterner apparitor to the other world.
De Quincey.” 2. (Law) A messenger or officer who serves the process of an ecclesiastical court. Bouvier.

Ap•pau•me´ , n. [F. appaume; (l. ad) + paume the palm, fr. L. palma.] (Her.) A hand open and extended so as to show the palm.

Ap•pay´ , v. t. [OF. appayer, apaier, LL. appacare, appagare, fr. L. ad + pacare to pacify, pax, pacis, peace. See Pay, Appease.] To pay; to satisfy or appease. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ap•peach´ , v. t. [OE. apechen, for empechen, OF. empeechier, F. empêcher, to hinder. See Impeach.] To impeach; to accuse; to asperse; to inform against; to reproach. [Obs.] “And oft of error did himself appeach.
Spenser.”

Ap•peach´er, n. An accuser. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Ap•peach´ment , n. Accusation. [Obs.]

Ap•peal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appealing.] [OE. appelen, apelen, to appeal, accuse, OF. appeler, fr. L. appellare to approach, address, invoke, summon, call, name; akin to appellere to drive to; ad + pellere to drive. See Pulse, and cf. Peal.] 1. (Law) (a) To make application for the removal of (a cause) from an inferior to a superior judge or court for a rehearing or review on account of alleged injustice or illegality in the trial below. We say, the cause was appealed from an inferior court. (b) To charge with a crime; to accuse; to institute a private criminal prosecution against for some heinous crime; as to appeal a person of felony. 2. To summon; to challenge. [Archaic] “Man to man will I appeal the Norman to the lists.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. To invoke. [Obs.] Milton.

Ap•peal´, v. t. 1. (Law) To apply for the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior judge or court for the purpose of reëxamination of for decision. Tomlins. “I appeal unto Caesar.
Acts xxv. 11.” 2. To call upon another to decide a question controverted, to corroborate a statement, to vindicate one’s rights, etc.; as I appeal to all mankind for the truth of what is alleged. Hence: To call on one for aid; to make earnest request. “I appeal to the Scriptures in the original.
Horsley.” “They appealed to the sword.
Macaulay.”

Ap•peal´, n. [OE. appel, apel, OF. apel, F. appel, fr. appeler. See Appeal, v. t.] 1. (Law) (a) An application for the removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or court for reëxamination or review. (b) The mode of proceeding by which such removal is effected. (c) The right of appeal. (d) An accusation; a process which formerly might be instituted by one private person against another for some heinous crime demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered, rather than for the offense against the public. (e) An accusation of a felon at common law by one of his accomplices, which accomplice was then called an approver. See Approvement. Tomlins. Bouvier. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. Dryden. 3. A call upon a person or an authority for proof or decision, in one’s favor; reference to another as witness; a call for help or a favor; entreaty. “A kind of appeal to the Deity, the author of wonders.
Bacon.” 4. Resort to physical means; recourse. “Every milder method is to be tried, before a nation makes an appeal to arms.
Kent.”

Ap•peal´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being appealed against; that may be removed to a higher tribunal for decision; as the cause is appealable. 2. That may be accused or called to answer by appeal; as a criminal is appealable for manslaughter. [Obs.]

Ap•peal´ant , n. An appellant. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap•peal´er , n. One who makes an appeal.

Ap•peal´ing, a. That appeals; imploring. — Ap•peal´ing•ly, adv. — Ap•peal´ing•ness, n.

Ap•pear´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appeared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appearing.] [OE. apperen, aperen, OF. aparoir, F. apparoir, fr. L. apparre to appear + parreto come forth, to be visible; prob. from the same root as parre to produce. Cf. Apparent, Parent, Peer, v. i.] 1. To come or be in sight; to be in view; to become visible. “And God … said, Let … the dry land appear.
Gen. i. 9.” 2. To come before the public; as a great writer appeared at that time. 3. To stand in presence of some authority, tribunal, or superior person, to answer a charge, plead a cause, or the like; to present one’s self as a party or advocate before a court, or as a person to be tried. “We must all appear before the judgment seat.
Cor. v. 10.” “One ruffian escaped because no prosecutor dared to appear.
Macaulay.” 4. To become visible to the apprehension of the mind; to be known as a subject of observation or comprehension, or as a thing proved; to be obvious or manifest. “It doth not yet appear what we shall be.
1 John iii. 2.” “Of their vain contest appeared no end.
Milton.” 5. To seem; to have a certain semblance; to look. “They disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast.
Matt. vi. 16.” Syn. — To seem; look. See Seem.

Ap•pear´, n. Appearance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Ap•pear´ance , n. [F. apparence, L. apparentia, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of appearing or coming into sight; the act of becoming visible to the eye; as his sudden appearance surprised me. 2. A thing seed; a phenomenon; a phase; an apparition; as an appearance in the sky. 3. Personal presence; exhibition of the person; look; aspect; mien. “And now am come to see …
It thy appearance answer loud report.
Milton.” 4. Semblance, or apparent likeness; external show. pl. Outward signs, or circumstances, fitted to make a particular impression or to determine the judgment as to the character of a person or a thing, an act or a state; as appearances are against him. “ There was upon the tabernacle, as it were, the appearance of fire.
Num. ix. 15.” “For man looketh on the outward appearance.
1 Sam. xvi. 7.” “Judge not according to the appearance.
John. vii. 24.” 5. The act of appearing in a particular place, or in society, a company, or any proceedings; a coming before the public in a particular character; as a person makes his appearance as an historian, an artist, or an orator. “Will he now retire,
After appearance, and again prolong
Our expectation?
Milton.” 6. Probability; likelihood. [Obs.] “There is that which hath no appearance.
Bacon.” 7. (Law) The coming into court of either of the parties; the being present in court; the coming into court of a party summoned in an action, either by himself or by his attorney, expressed by a formal entry by the proper officer to that effect; the act or proceeding by which a party proceeded against places himself before the court, and submits to its jurisdiction. Burrill. Bouvier. Daniell. To put in an appearance, to be present; to appear in person. — To save appearances, to preserve a fair outward show. Syn. — Coming; arrival; presence; semblance; pretense; air; look; manner; mien; figure; aspect.

Ap•pear´er , n. One who appears. Sir T. Browne.

Ap•pear´ing•ly, adv. Apparently. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ap•peas´a•ble , a. Capable of being appeased or pacified; placable. — Ap•peas´a•ble•ness, n.

Ap•pease´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appeasing.] [OE. apesen, apaisen, OF. apaisier, apaissier, F. apaiser, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. pais peace, F. paix, fr. L. pax, pacis. See Peace.] To make quiet; to calm; to reduce to a state of peace; to still; to pacify; to dispel (anger or hatred); as to appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the passions; to appease hunger or thirst. Syn. — To pacify; quiet; conciliate; propitiate; assuage; compose; calm; allay; hush; soothe; tranquilize.

Ap•pease´ment , n. The act of appeasing, or the state of being appeased; pacification. Hayward.

Ap•peas´er , n. One who appeases; a pacifier.

Ap•pea´sive , a. Tending to appease.

Ap•pel´la•ble , a. Appealable.

Ap•pel´lan•cy , n. Capability of appeal.

Ap•pel´lant , a. [L. appellans, p. pr. of appellare; cf. F. appelant. See Appeal.] Relating to an appeal; appellate. ´An appellant jurisdiction.´ Hallam. Party appellant (Law), the party who appeals; appellant; — opposed to respondent, or appellee. Tomlins.

Ap•pel´lant, n. 1. (Law) (a) One who accuses another of felony or treason. [Obs.] (b) One who appeals, or asks for a rehearing or review of a cause by a higher tribunal. 2. A challenger. [Obs.] Milton. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who appealed to a general council against the bull Unigenitus. 4. One who appeals or entreats.

Ap•pel´late , a. [L. appelatus, p. p. of appellare.] Pertaining to, or taking cognizance of, appeals. ´Appellate jurisdiction.´ Blackstone. ´Appellate judges.´ Burke. Appelate court, a court having cognizance of appeals.

Ap•pel´late, n. A person or prosecuted for a crime. [Obs.] See Appellee.

Ap•pel•la´tion , n. [L. appellatio, fr. appellare: cf. F. appellation. See Appeal.] 1. The act of appealing; appeal. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The act of calling by a name. 3. The word by which a particular person or thing is called and known; name; title; designation. “They must institute some persons under the appellation of magistrates.
Hume.” Syn. — See Name.

Ap•pel´la•tive , a. [L. appellativus, fr. appellare: cf. F. appelatif. See Appeal.] 1. Pertaining to a common name; serving as a distinctive denomination; denominative; naming. Cudworth. 2. (Gram.) Common, as opposed to proper; denominative of a class.

Ap•pel´la•tive, n. [L. appelativum, sc. nomen.] 1. A common name, in distinction from a proper name. A common name, or appellative, stands for a whole class, genus, or species of beings, or for universal ideas. Thus, tree is the name of all plants of a particular class; plant and vegetable are names of things that grow out of the earth. A proper name, on the other hand, stands for a single thing; as Rome, Washington, Lake Erie. 2. An appellation or title; a descriptive name. “God chosen it for one of his appellatives to be the Defender of them.
Jer. Taylor.”

Ap•pel´la•tive•ly, adv. After the manner of nouns appellative; in a manner to express whole classes or species; as Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man.

Ap•pel´la•tive•ness, n. The quality of being appellative. Fuller.

Ap•pel´la•tory , a. [L. appellatorius, fr. appellare.] Containing an appeal. “An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the party appellant.
Ayliffe.”

Ap•pel•lee´, n. [F. appele, p. p. of appeler, fr. L. appellare.] (Law) (a) The defendant in an appeal; — opposed to appellant. (b) The person who is appealed against, or accused of crime; — opposed to appellor. Blackstone.

Ap•pel•lor´ (ap•pel•lôr´), n. [OF. apeleur, fr. L. appellator, fr. appellare.] (Law) (a) The person who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. Blackstone. (b) One who confesses a felony committed and accuses his accomplices. Blount. Burrill. This word is rarely or never used for the plaintiff in appeal from a lower court, who is called the appellant. Appellee is opposed both to appellant and appellor.

Ap´pen•age, n. See Appanage.

Ap•pend´ (ap•pend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appended; p. pr. & vb. n. Appending.] [L. appendere or F. appendre: cf. OE. appenden, apenden, to belong, OF. apendre, F. appendre, fr. L. appendere, v. i., to hang to, appendere, v. t., to hang to; ad + pendere, v. i., to hang, pendere, v. t., to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended; as a seal appended to a record; the inscription was appended to the column. 2. To add, as an accessory to the principal thing; to annex; as notes appended to this chapter. “A further purpose appended to the primary one.
I. Taylor.”

Ap•pend´age, n. 1. Something appended to, or accompanying, a principal or greater thing, though not necessary to it, as a portico to a house. “Modesty is the appendage of sobriety.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. (Biol.) A subordinate or subsidiary part or organ; an external organ or limb, esp. of the articulates. “Antennae and other appendages used for feeling.
Carpenter.” Syn. — Addition; adjunct; concomitant.

Ap•pend´aged, a. Furnished with, or supplemented by, an appendage.

Ap•pend´ance, n. [F.] Something appendant.

Ap•pend´ant, a. [F. appendant, p. pr. of appendre. See Append, v. t.] 1. Hanging; annexed; adjunct; concomitant; as a seal appendant to a paper. “As they have transmitted the benefit to us, it is but reasonable we should suffer the appendant calamity.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. (Law) Appended by prescription, that is, a personal usage for a considerable time; — said of a thing of inheritance belonging to another inheritance which is superior or more worthy; as an advowson, common, etc. , which may be appendant to a manor, common of fishing to a freehold, a seat in church to a house. Wharton. Coke.

Ap•pend´ant, n. 1. Anything attached to another as incidental or subordinate to it. 2. (Law) A inheritance annexed by prescription to a superior inheritance. { Ap•pend´ence , Ap•pend´en•cy } n. State of being appendant; appendance. [Obs.]

Ap•pend´i•cal , a. Of or like an appendix.

Ap•pend´i•cate , v. t. To append. [Obs.]

Ap•pend•i•ca´tion , n. An appendage. [Obs.]

Ap•pend•i•ci´tis , n. (Med.) Inflammation of the vermiform appendix.

Ap•pend´i•cle , n. [L. appendicula, dim. of. appendix.] A small appendage.

Ap•pen•dic´u•lar , a. Relating to an appendicle; appendiculate. [R.]

Ap•pen•dic•u•la´ri•a , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small free-swimming Tunicata, shaped somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances to the larvae of other Tunicata. It is the type of the order Copelata or Larvalia. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ap•pen•dic•u•la´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of annelids; the Polychaeta.

Ap•pen•dic´u•late , a. [See Appendicle.] Having small appendages; forming an appendage. Appendiculate leaf, a small appended leaf. Withering.

Ap•pen´dix , n.; pl. E. Appendixes , L. Appendices . [L. appendix, -dicis, fr. appendere. See Append.] 1. Something appended or added; an appendage, adjunct, or concomitant. “Normandy became an appendix to England.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. Any literary matter added to a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness, and thus distinguished from supplement, which is intended to supply deficiencies and correct inaccuracies. Syn. — See Supplement.

Ap•pen´sion , n. The act of appending. [Obs.]

Ap•per•ceive´ , v. t. [F. apercevoir, fr. L. ad + percipere, perceptum, to perceive. See Perceive.] To perceive; to comprehend. Chaucer.

Ap•per•cep´tion , n. [Pref. ad- + perception: cf. F. apperception.] (Metaph.) The mind’s perception of itself as the subject or actor in its own states; perception that reflects upon itself; sometimes, intensified or energetic perception. Leibnitz. Reid. “This feeling has been called by philosophers the apperception or consciousness of our own existence.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Ap•per´il , n. Peril. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap•per•tain´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appertained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appertaining.] [OE. apperteinen, apertenen, OF. apartenir, F. appartenir, fr. L. appertinere; ad + pertinere to reach to, belong. See Pertain.] To belong or pertain, whether by right, nature, appointment, or custom; to relate. “Things appertaining to this life.
Hooker.” “Give it unto him to whom it appertaineth.
Lev. vi. 5.”

Ap•per•tain´ment, n. That which appertains to a person; an appurtenance. [Obs. or R.] Shak. { Ap•per´ti•nance , Ap•per´ti•nence } n. See Appurtenance.

Ap•per´ti•nent , a. Belonging; appertaining. [Now usually written appurtenant.] Coleridge.

Ap•per´ti•nent, n. That which belongs to something else; an appurtenant. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap•pete´ , v. t. [L. appetere: cf. F. appeter. See Appetite.] To seek for; to desire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap´pe•tence , n. [Cf. F. appetence. See Appetency.] A longing; a desire; especially an ardent desire; appetite; appetency.

Ap´pe•ten•cy , n.; pl. Appetencies . [L. appetentia, fr. appetere to strive after, long for. See Appetite.] 1. Fixed and strong desire; esp. natural desire; a craving; an eager appetite. “They had a strong appetency for reading.
Merivale.” 2. Specifically: An instinctive inclination or propensity in animals to perform certain actions, as in the young to suck, in aquatic fowls to enter into water and to swim; the tendency of an organized body to seek what satisfies the wants of its organism. “These lacteals have mouths, and by animal selection or appetency the absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable to their palate.
E. Darwin.” 3. Natural tendency; affinity; attraction; — used of inanimate objects.

Ap´pe•tent , a. [L. appetens, p. pr. of appetere.] Desiring; eagerly desirous. [R.] “Appetent after glory and renown.
Sir G. Buck.”

Ap•pe•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. appetibilite.] The quality of being desirable. Bramhall.

Ap´pe•ti•ble , a. [L. appetibilis, fr. appetere: cf. F. appetible.] Desirable; capable or worthy of being the object of desire. Bramhall.

Ap´pe•tite , n. [OE. appetit, F. appetit, fr. L. appetitus, fr. appetere to strive after, long for; ad + petere to seek. See Petition, and cf. Appetence.] 1. The desire for some personal gratification, either of the body or of the mind. “The object of appetite it whatsoever sensible good may be wished for; the object of will is that good which reason does lead us to seek.
Hooker.” 2. Desire for, or relish of, food or drink; hunger. “Men must have appetite before they will eat.
Buckle.” 3. Any strong desire; an eagerness or longing. “It God had given to eagles an appetite to swim.
Jer. Taylor.” “To gratify the vulgar appetite for the marvelous.
Macaulay.” 4. Tendency; appetency. [Obs.] “In all bodies there as an appetite of union.
Bacon.” 5. The thing desired. [Obs.] “Power being the natural appetite of princes.
Swift.” In old authors, appetite is followed by to or of, but regularly it should be followed by for before the object; as an appetite for pleasure. Syn. — Craving; longing; desire; appetency; passion.

Ap•pe•ti´tion , n. [L. appetitio: cf. F. appetition.] Desire; a longing for, or seeking after, something. Holland.

Ap´pe•ti´tive , a. [Cf. F. appetitif.] Having the quality of desiring gratification; as appetitive power or faculty. Sir M. Hale.

Ap´pe•tize , v. t. To make hungry; to whet the appetite of. Sir W. Scott.

Ap´pe•ti•zer , n. Something which creates or whets an appetite.

Ap´pe•ti•zing , a. [Cf. F. appetissant.] Exciting appetite; as appetizing food. “The appearance of the wild ducks is very appetizing.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ap´pe•ti•zing, adv. So as to excite appetite.

Ap´pi•an , a. [L. Appius, Appianus.] Of or pertaining to Appius. Appian Way, the great paved highway from ancient Rome trough Capua to Brundisium, now Brindisi, constructed partly by Appius Claudius, about 312 b. c.

Ap•plaud´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Applauding.] [L. applaudere; ad + plaudere to clash, to clap the hands: cf. F. applaudir. Cf. Explode.] 1. To show approval of by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other significant sign. “I would applaud thee to the very echo,
That should applaud again.
Shak.” 2. To praise by words; to express approbation of; to commend; to approve. “By the gods, I do applaud his courage.
Shak.” Syn. — To praise; extol; commend; cry up; magnify; approve. See Praise.

Ap•plaud´, v. i. To express approbation loudly or significantly.

Ap•plaud´er , n. One who applauds.

Ap•plaus´a•ble , a. Worthy of applause; praiseworthy. [Obs.]

Ap•plause´ , n. [L. applaudere, applausum. See Applaud.] The act of applauding; approbation and praise publicly expressed by clapping the hands, stamping or tapping with the feet, acclamation, huzzas or other means; marked commendation. “The brave man seeks not popular applause.
Dryden.” Syn. — Acclaim; acclamation; plaudit; commendation; approval.

Ap•plau´sive , a. [LL. applausivus.] Expressing applause; approbative. — Ap•plau´sive•ly, adv.

Ap´ple (ap´p’l), n. [OE. appel, eppel, AS. aeppel, aepl; akin to Fries. & D. appel, OHG, aphul, aphol, G. apfel, Icel. epli, Sw. äple, Dan. aeble, Gael. ubhall, W. afal, Arm. aval, Lith. ob&uring;lys, Russ. iabloko; of unknown origin.] 1. The fleshy pome or fruit of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus malus) cultivated in numberless varieties in the temperate zones. The European crab apple is supposed to be the original kind, from which all others have sprung. 2. (bot.) Any tree genus Pyrus which has the stalk sunken into the base of the fruit; an apple tree. 3. Any fruit or other vegetable production resembling, or supposed to resemble, the apple; as apple of love, or love apple (a tomato), balsam apple, egg apple, oak apple. 4. Anything round like an apple; as an apple of gold. Apple is used either adjectively or in combination; as apple paper or apple-paper, apple-shaped, apple blossom, apple dumpling, apple pudding. Apple blight, an aphid which injures apple trees. See Blight, n. — Apple borer (Zoöl.), a coleopterous insect (Saperda candida or bivittata), the larva of which bores into the trunk of the apple tree and pear tree. — Apple brandy, brandy made from apples. — Apple butter, a sauce made of apples stewed down in cider. Bartlett. — Apple corer, an instrument for removing the cores from apples. — Apple fly (Zoöl.), any dipterous insect, the larva of which burrows in apples. Apple flies belong to the genera Drosophila and Trypeta. — Apple midge (Zoöl.) a small dipterous insect (Sciara mali), the larva of which bores in apples. — Apple of the eye, the pupil. — Apple of discord, a subject of contention and envy, so called from the mythological golden apple, inscribed ´For the fairest,´ which was thrown into an assembly of the gods by Eris, the goddess of discord. It was contended for by Juno, Minerva, and Venus, and was adjudged to the latter. — Apple of love, or Love apple, the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). — Apple of Peru, a large coarse herb (Nicandra physaloides) bearing pale blue flowers, and a bladderlike fruit inclosing a dry berry. — Apples of Sodom, a fruit described by ancient writers as externally of fair appearance but dissolving into smoke and ashes when plucked; Dead Sea apples. The name is often given to the fruit of Solanum Sodomaeum, a prickly shrub with fruit not unlike a small yellow tomato. — Apple sauce, stewed apples. [U. S.] — Apple snail or Apple shell (Zoöl.), a fresh-water, operculated, spiral shell of the genus Ampullaria. — Apple tart, a tart containing apples. — Apple tree, a tree which naturally bears apples. See Apple, 2. — Apple wine, cider. — Apple worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) which burrows in the interior of apples. See Codling moth. — Dead Sea Apple. (a) pl. Apples of Sodom. Also Fig. ´To seek the Dead Sea apples of politics.´ S. B. Griffin. (b) A kind of gallnut coming from Arabia. See Gallnut.

Ap´ple (ap´p’l), v. i. To grow like an apple; to bear apples. Holland.

Ap´ple-faced , a. Having a round, broad face, like an apple. ´Apple-faced children.´ Dickens.

Ap´ple-jack , n. Apple brandy. [U.S.]

Ap´ple-john, n.. A kind of apple which by keeping becomes much withered; — called also Johnapple. Shak.

Ap´ple pie . A pie made of apples (usually sliced or stewed) with spice and sugar. Apple-pie bed, a bed in which, as a joke, the sheets are so doubled (like the cover of an apple turnover) as to prevent any one from getting at his length between them. Halliwell Conybeare. — Apple-pie order, perfect order or arrangement. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Ap´ple-squire , n. A pimp; a kept gallant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Ap•pli´a•ble , a. [See Apply.] Applicable; also compliant. [Obs.] Howell.

Ap•pli´ance , n. 1. The act of applying; application; [Obs.] subservience. Shak. 2. The thing applied or used as a means to an end; an apparatus or device; as to use various appliances; a mechanical appliance; a machine with its appliances.

Ap•pli•ca•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being applicable or fit to be applied.

Ap´pli•ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. aplicable, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied; fit or suitable to be applied; having relevance; as this observation is applicable to the case under consideration. — Ap´pli•ca•ble•ness, n. — Ap´pli•ca•bly, adv.

Ap´pli•can•cy , n. The quality or state of being applicable. [R.]

Ap´pli•cant , n. [L. applicans, p. pr. of applicare. See Apply.] One who apples for something; one who makes request; a petitioner. “The applicant for a cup of water.
Plumtre.” “The court require the applicant to appear in person.
Z. Swift.”

Ap´pli•cate , a. [L. applicatus, p. p. of applicare. See Apply.] Applied or put to some use. “Those applicate sciences which extend the power of man over the elements.
I. Taylor.” Applicate number (Math.), one which applied to some concrete case. — Applicate ordinate, right line applied at right angles to the axis of any conic section, and bounded by the curve.

Ap´pli•cate , v. i. To apply. [Obs.] “The act of faith is applicated to the object.
Bp. Pearson.”

Ap•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. applicatio, fr. applicare: cf. F. application. See Apply.] 1. The act of applying or laying on, in a literal sense; as the application of emollients to a diseased limb. 2. The thing applied. “He invented a new application by which blood might be stanched.
Johnson.” 3. The act of applying as a means; the employment of means to accomplish an end; specific use. “If a right course … be taken with children, there will not be much need of the application of the common rewards and punishments.
Locke.” 4. The act of directing or referring something to a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or disagreement, fitness, or correspondence; as I make the remark, and leave you to make the application; the application of a theory. 5. Hence, in specific uses: (a) That part of a sermon or discourse in which the principles before laid down and illustrated are applied to practical uses; the ´moral´ of a fable. (b) The use of the principles of one science for the purpose of enlarging or perfecting another; as the application of algebra to geometry. 6. The capacity of being practically applied or used; relevancy; as a rule of general application. 7. The act of fixing the mind or closely applying one’s self; assiduous effort; close attention; as to injure the health by application to study. “Had his application been equal to his talents, his progress might have been greater.
J. Jay.” 8. The act of making request of soliciting; as an application for an office; he made application to a court of chancery. 9. A request; a document containing a request; as his application was placed on file.

Ap´pli•ca•tive (ap´pli•ka•tiv), a. [Cf. F. applicatif, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied or used; applying; applicatory; practical. Bramhall. — Ap´pli•ca•tive•ly, adv.

Ap´pli•ca•to•ri•ly , adv. By way of application.

Ap´pli•ca•to•ry, a. Having the property of applying; applicative; practical. — n. That which applies.

Ap•pli´ed•ly , adv. By application. [R.]

Ap•pli´er , n. He who, or that which, applies.

Ap•pli´ment , n. Application. [Obs.] Marston

Ap•pli•que´ ( 277), a. [F., fr. appliquer to put on.] Ornamented with a pattern (which has been cut out of another color or stuff) applied or transferred to a foundation; as applique lace; applique work.

Ap•plot´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Applotting.] [Pref. ad- + plot.] To divide into plots or parts; to apportion. Milton.

Ap•plot´ment , n. Apportionment.

Ap•ply´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Applying.] [OF. aplier, F. appliquer, fr. L. applicare to join, fix, or attach to; ad + plicare to fold, to twist together. See Applicant, Ply.] 1. To lay or place; to put or adjust (one thing to another); — with to; as to apply the hand to the breast; to apply medicaments to a diseased part of the body. “He said, and the sword his throat applied.
Dryden.” 2. To put to use; to use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a particular case; to appropriate; to devote; as to apply money to the payment of a debt. 3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, as suitable, fitting, or relative; as to apply the testimony to the case; to apply an epithet to a person. “Yet God at last
To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied.
Milton.” 4. To fix closely; to engage and employ diligently, or with attention; to attach; to incline. “Apply thine heart unto instruction.
Prov. xxiii. 12.” 5. To direct or address. [R.] “Sacred vows … applied to grisly Pluto.
Pope.” 6. To betake; to address; to refer; — used reflexively. “I applied myself to him for help.
Johnson.” 7. To busy; to keep at work; to ply. [Obs.] “She was skillful in applying his ´humors.´
Sir P. Sidney.” 8. To visit. [Obs.] “And he applied each place so fast.
Chapman.” Applied chemistry. See under Chemistry. — Applied mathematics. See under Mathematics.

Ap•ply´, v. i. 1. To suit; to agree; to have some connection, agreement, or analogy; as this argument applies well to the case. 2. To make request; to have recourse with a view to gain something; to make application. (to); to solicit; as to apply to a friend for information. 3. To ply; to move. [R.] “I heard the sound of an oar applying swiftly through the water.
T. Moore.” 4. To apply or address one’s self; to give application; to attend closely (to).

Ap•pog•gia•tu´ra , n. [It., fr. appogiarre to lean, to rest; ap- (L. ad) + poggiare to mount, ascend, poggio hill, fr. L. podium an elevated place.] (Mus.) A passing tone preceding an essential tone, and borrowing the time it occupies from that; a short auxiliary or grace note one degree above or below the principal note unless it be of the same harmony; — generally indicated by a note of smaller size, as in the illustration above. It forms no essential part of the harmony.

Ap•point´ (ap•point´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Appointing.] [OE. appointen, apointen, OF. apointier to prepare, arrange, lean, place, F. appointer to give a salary, refer a cause, fr. LL. appunctare to bring back to the point, restore, to fix the point in a controversy, or the points in an agreement; L. ad + punctum a point. See Point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness; to establish; to mark out. “When he appointed the foundations of the earth.
Prov. viii. 29.” 2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, or mutual agreement; to constitute; to ordain; to prescribe; to fix the time and place of. “Thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king shall appoint.
2 Sam. xv. 15.” “He hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness.
Acts xvii. 31.” “Say that the emperor request a parley … and appoint the meeting.
Shak.” 3. To assign, designate, or set apart by authority. “Aaron and his shall go in, and appoint them every one to his service.
Num. iv. 19.” “These were cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them.
Josh. xx. 9.” 4. To furnish in all points; to provide with everything necessary by way of equipment; to equip; to fit out. “The English, being well appointed, did so entertain them that their ships departed terribly torn.
Hayward.” 5. To point at by way, or for the purpose, of censure or commendation; to arraign. [Obs.] “Appoint not heavenly disposition.
Milton.” 6. (Law) To direct, designate, or limit; to make or direct a new disposition of, by virtue of a power contained in a conveyance; — said of an estate already conveyed. Burrill. Kent. To appoint one’s self, to resolve. [Obs.] Crowley.

Ap•point´ (ap•point´), v. i. To ordain; to determine; to arrange. “For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahithophel.
2 Sam. xvii. 14.”

Ap•point´a•ble , a. Capable of being appointed or constituted.

Ap•point•ee´ , n. [F. appointe, p. p. of appointer. See Appoint, v. t.] 1. A person appointed. “The commission authorizes them to make appointments, and pay the appointees.
Circular of Mass. Representatives (1768).” 2. (law) A person in whose favor a power of appointment is executed. Kent. Wharton.

Ap•point´er , n. One who appoints, or executes a power of appointment. Kent.

Ap•point´ive , a. Subject to appointment; as an appointive office. [R.]

Ap•point´ment , n. [Cf. F. appointement.] 1. The act of appointing; designation of a person to hold an office or discharge a trust; as he erred by the appointment of unsuitable men. 2. The state of being appointed to som service or office; an office to which one is appointed; station; position; an, the appointment of treasurer. 3. Stipulation; agreement; the act of fixing by mutual agreement. Hence:: Arrangement for a meeting; engagement; as they made an appointment to meet at six. 4. Decree; direction; established order or constitution; as to submit to the divine appointments. “According to the appointment of the priests.
Ezra vi. 9.” 5. (Law) The exercise of the power of designating (under a ´power of appointment´) a person to enjoy an estate or other specific property; also the instrument by which the designation is made. 6. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship or an army; whatever is appointed for use and management; outfit; (pl.) the accouterments of military officers or soldiers, as belts, sashes, swords. “The cavaliers emulated their chief in the richness of their appointments.
Prescott.” “I’ll prove it in my shackles, with these hands
Void of appointment, that thou liest.
Beau. & Fl.” 7. An allowance to a person, esp. to a public officer; a perquisite; — properly only in the plural. [Obs.] “An expense proportioned to his appointments and fortune is necessary.
Chesterfield.” 8. A honorary part or exercise, as an oration, etc., at a public exhibition of a college; as to have an appointment. [U.S.] Syn. — Designation; command; order; direction; establishment; equipment.

Ap•point•or´ , n. (Law) The person who selects the appointee. See Appointee, 2.

Ap•por´ter , n. [Cf. F. apporter to bring in, fr. L. apportare; ad + portare to bear.] A bringer in; an importer. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Ap•por´tion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apportioned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apportioning.] [OF. apportionner, LL. apportionare, fr. L. ad + portio. See Portion.] To divide and assign in just proportion; to divide and distribute proportionally; to portion out; to allot; as to apportion undivided rights; to apportion time among various employments.

Ap•por´tion•ate•ness , n. The quality of being apportioned or in proportion. [Obs. & R.]

Ap•por´tion•er , n. One who apportions.

Ap•por´tion•ment , n. [Cf. F. apportionnement, LL. apportionamentum.] The act of apportioning; a dividing into just proportions or shares; a division or shares; a division and assignment, to each proprietor, of his just portion of an undivided right or property. A. Hamilton.

Ap•pose´ , v. t. [F. apposer to set to; (L. ad) + poser to put, place. See Pose.] 1. To place opposite or before; to put or apply (one thing to another). “The nymph herself did then appose,
For food and beverage, to him all best meat.
Chapman.” 2. To place in juxtaposition or proximity.

Ap•pose´, v. t. [For oppose. See Oppose.] To put questions to; to examine; to try. [Obs.] See Pose. “To appose him without any accuser, and that secretly.
Tyndale.”

Ap•posed´ , a. Placed in apposition; mutually fitting, as the mandibles of a bird’s beak.

Ap•pos´er , n. An examiner; one whose business is to put questions. Formerly, in the English Court of Exchequer, an officer who audited the sheriffs’ accounts.

Ap´po•site , a. [L. appositus, p. p. of apponere to set or put to; ad + ponere to put, place.] Very applicable; well adapted; suitable or fit; relevant; pat; — followed by to; as this argument is very apposite to the case. — Ap´po•site•ly, adv. — Ap´po•site•ness, n.

Ap•po•si´tion , n. [L. appositio, fr. apponere: cf. F. apposition. See Apposite.] 1. The act of adding; application; accretion. “It grows … by the apposition of new matter.
Arbuthnot.” 2. The putting of things in juxtaposition, or side by side; also the condition of being so placed. 3. (Gram.) The state of two nouns or pronouns, put in the same case, without a connecting word between them; as I admire Cicero, the orator. Here, the second noun explains or characterizes the first. Growth by apposition (Physiol.), a mode of growth characteristic of non vascular tissues, in which nutritive matter from the blood is transformed on the surface of an organ into solid unorganized substance.

Ap•po•si´tion•al , a. Pertaining to apposition; put in apposition syntactically. Ellicott.

Ap•pos´i•tive , a. Of or relating to apposition; in apposition. — n. A noun in apposition. — Ap•pos´i•tive•ly, adv. “Appositive to the words going immediately before.
Knatchbull.”

Ap•prais´a•ble , a. Capable of being appraised.

Ap•prais´al , n. [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizal.] A valuation by an authorized person; an appraisement.

Ap•praise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appraised ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appraising.] [Pref. ad- + praise. See Praise, Price, Apprize, Appreciate.] 1. To set a value; to estimate the worth of, particularly by persons appointed for the purpose; as to appraise goods and chattels. 2. To estimate; to conjecture. “Enoch … appraised his weight.
Tennyson.” 3. To praise; to commend. [Obs.] R. Browning. “Appraised the Lycian custom.
Tennyson.” In the United States, this word is often pronounced, and sometimes written, apprize.

Ap•praise´ment , n. [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizement.] The act of setting the value; valuation by an appraiser; estimation of worth.

Ap•prais´er , n. [See Appraise, Apprizer.] One who appraises; esp., a person appointed and sworn to estimate and fix the value of goods or estates.

Ap•pre•ca´tion, n. [L. apprecari to pray to; ad + precari to pray, prex, precis, prayer.] Earnest prayer; devout wish. [Obs.] “A solemn apprecation of good success.
Bp. Hall.”

Ap´pre•ca•to•ry , a. Praying or wishing good. [Obs.]´Apprecatory benedictions.´ Bp. Hall.

Ap•pre´ci•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. appreciable.] Capable of being appreciated or estimated; large enough to be estimated; perceptible; as an appreciable quantity. — Ap•pre´ci•a•bly, adv.

Ap•pre´ci•ant , a. Appreciative. [R.]

Ap•pre´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appreciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Appreciating.] [L. appretiatus, p. p. of appretiare to value at a price, appraise; ad + pretiare to prize, pretium price. Cf. Appraise.] 1. To set a price or value on; to estimate justly; to value. “To appreciate the motives of their enemies.
Gibbon.” 3. To raise the value of; to increase the market price of; — opposed to depreciate. [U.S.] “Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the money.
Ramsay.” 4. To be sensible of; to distinguish. “To test the power of bees to appreciate color.
Lubbock.” Syn. — To Appreciate, Estimate, Esteem. Estimate is an act of judgment; esteem is an act of valuing or prizing, and when applied to individuals, denotes a sentiment of moral approbation. See Estimate. Appreciate lies between the two. As compared with estimate, it supposes a union of sensibility with judgment, producing a nice and delicate perception. As compared with esteem, it denotes a valuation of things according to their appropriate and distinctive excellence, and not simply their moral worth. Thus, with reference to the former of these (delicate perception), an able writer says. ´Women have a truer appreciation of character than men;´ and another remarks, ´It is difficult to appreciate the true force and distinctive sense of terms which we are every day using.´ So, also we speak of the difference between two things, as sometimes hardly appreciable. With reference to the latter of these (that of valuation as the result of a nice perception), we say, ´It requires a peculiar cast of character to appreciate the poetry of Wordsworth;´ ´He who has no delicacy himself, can not appreciate it in others;´ ´The thought of death is salutary, because it leads us to appreciate worldly things aright.´ Appreciate is much used in cases where something is in danger of being overlooked or undervalued; as when we speak of appreciating the difficulties of a subject, or the risk of an undertaking. So Lord Plunket, referring to an ´ominous silence´ which prevailed among the Irish peasantry, says, ´If you knew how to appreciate that silence, it is more formidable than the most clamorous opposition.´ In like manner, a person who asks some favor of another is apt to say, ´I trust you will appreciate my motives in this request.´ Here we have the key to a very frequent use of the word. It is hardly necessary to say that appreciate looks on the favorable side of things. we never speak of appreciating a man’s faults, but his merits. This idea of regarding things favorably appears more fully in the word appreciative; as when we speak of an appreciative audience, or an appreciative review, meaning one that manifests a quick perception and a ready valuation of excellence.

Ap•pre´ci•ate, v. i. To rise in value. [See note under Rise, v. i.] J. Morse.

Ap•pre´ci•a•ting•ly , adv. In an appreciating manner; with appreciation.

Ap•pre•ci•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. appreciation.] 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit, worth, weight, etc.; recognition of excellence. 2. Accurate perception; true estimation; as an appreciation of the difficulties before us; an appreciation of colors. “His foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry’s character.
J. R. Green.” 3. A rise in value; — opposed to depreciation.

Ap•pre´ci•a•tive , a. Having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception; as an appreciative audience. — Ap•pre´ci•a•tive•ly, adv.

Ap•pre´ci•a•tive•ness, n. The quality of being appreciative; quick recognition of excellence.

Ap•pre´ci•a•tor , n. One who appreciates.

Ap•pre´ci•a•to•ry , a. Showing appreciation; appreciative; as appreciatory commendation. — Ap•pre´ci•a•to•ri•ly , adv.

Ap•pre•hend´ (ap•pre•hend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprehending.] [L. apprehendere; ad + prehendere to lay hold of, seize; prae before + -hendere (used only in comp.); akin to Gr. chanda•nein to hold, contain, and E. get: cf. F. apprehender. See Prehensile, Get.] 1. To take or seize; to take hold of. [Archaic] “We have two hands to apprehend it.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Hence: To take or seize (a person) by legal process; to arrest; as to apprehend a criminal. 3. To take hold of with the understanding, that is, to conceive in the mind; to become cognizant of; to understand; to recognize; to consider. “This suspicion of Earl Reimund, though at first but a buzz, soon got a sting in the king’s head, and he violently apprehended it.
Fuller.” “The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them.
Gladstone.” 4. To know or learn with certainty. [Obs.] “G. You are too much distrustful of my truth.
E. Then you must give me leave to apprehend
The means and manner how.
Beau. & Fl.” 5. To anticipate; esp., to anticipate with anxiety, dread, or fear; to fear. “The opposition had more reason than the king to apprehend violence.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To catch; seize; arrest; detain; capture; conceive; understand; imagine; believe; fear; dread. — To Apprehend, Comprehend. These words come into comparison as describing acts of the mind. Apprehend denotes the laying hold of a thing mentally, so as to understand it clearly, at least in part. Comprehend denotes the embracing or understanding it in all its compass and extent. We may apprehended many truths which we do not comprehend. The very idea of God supposes that he may be apprehended, though not comprehended, by rational beings. ´We may apprehended much of Shakespeare’s aim and intention in the character of Hamlet or King Lear; but few will claim that they have comprehended all that is embraced in these characters.´ Trench.

Ap•pre•hend´, v. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of opinion; to understand; to suppose. 2. To be apprehensive; to fear. “It is worse to apprehend than to suffer.
Rowe.”

Ap•pre•hend´er , n. One who apprehends.

Ap•pre•hen•si•bi´i•ty , n. The quality of being apprehensible. [R.] De Quincey.

Ap•pre•hen´si•ble , a. [L. apprehensibilis. See Apprehend.] Capable of being apprehended or conceived. ´Apprehensible by faith.´ Bp. Hall. — Ap••pre•hen´si•bly, adv.

Ap•pre•hen´sion , n. [L. apprehensio: cf. F. apprehension. See Apprehend.] 1. The act of seizing or taking hold of; seizure; as the hand is an organ of apprehension. Sir T. Browne. 2. The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest; as the felon, after his apprehension, escaped. 3. The act of grasping with the intellect; the contemplation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing any judgment; intellection; perception. “Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul’s naked intellection of an object.
Glanvill.” 4. Opinion; conception; sentiment; idea. In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but insufficient to induce certainty; as in our apprehension, the facts prove the issue. “To false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension.
South.” 5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived; understanding; as a man of dull apprehension. 6. Anticipation, mostly of things unfavorable; distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil. “After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life.
Addison.” Syn. — Apprehension, Alarm. Apprehension springs from a sense of danger when somewhat remote, but approaching; alarm arises from danger when announced as near at hand. Apprehension is calmer and more permanent; alarm is more agitating and transient.

Ap•pre•hen´sive , a. [Cf. F. apprehensif. See Apprehend.] 1. Capable of apprehending, or quick to do so; apt; discerning. “It may be pardonable to imagine that a friend, a kind and apprehensive … friend, is listening to our talk.
Hawthorne.” 2. Knowing; conscious; cognizant. [R.] “A man that has spent his younger years in vanity and folly, and is, by the grace of God, apprehensive of it.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Relating to the faculty of apprehension. “Judgment … is implied in every apprehensive act.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 4. Anticipative of something unfavorable’ fearful of what may be coming; in dread of possible harm; in expectation of evil. “Not at all apprehensive of evils as a distance.
Tillotson.” “Reformers … apprehensive for their lives.
Gladstone.” 5. Sensible; feeling; perceptive. [R.] “Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings,
Mangle my apprehensive, tenderest parts.
Milton.”

Ap•pre•hen´sive•ly, adv. In an apprehensive manner; with apprehension of danger.

Ap•pre•hen´sive•ness, n. The quality or state of being apprehensive.

Ap•pren´tice , n. [OE. apprentice, prentice, OF. aprentis, nom. of aprentif, fr. apprendare to learn, L. apprendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to take hold of (by the mind), to comprehend. See Apprehend, Prentice.] 1. One who is bound by indentures or by legal agreement to serve a mechanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn the art, or trade, in which his master is bound to instruct him. 2. One not well versed in a subject; a tyro. 3. (Old law) A barrister, considered a learner of law till of sixteen years’ standing, when he might be called to the rank of serjeant. [Obs.] Blackstone.

Ap•pren´tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprenticed; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprenticing.] To bind to, or put under the care of, a master, for the purpose of instruction in a trade or business.

Ap•pren´tice•age, n. [F. apprentissage.] Apprenticeship. [Obs.]

Ap•pren´tice•hood, n. Apprenticeship. [Obs.]

Ap•pren´tice•ship, n. 1. The service or condition of an apprentice; the state in which a person is gaining instruction in a trade or art, under legal agreement. 2. The time an apprentice is serving (sometimes seven years, as from the age of fourteen to twenty-one). { Ap•pressed´ , Ap•prest´ }, a. [p. p. appress, which is not in use. See Adpress.] (Bot.) Pressed close to, or lying against, something for its whole length, as against a stem. Gray.

Ap•prise´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprising.] [F. appris, fem. apprise, p. p. apprendre to learn, to teach, to inform. Cf. Apprehend, Apprentice.] To give notice, verbal or written; to inform; — followed by of; as we will apprise the general of an intended attack; he apprised the commander of what he had done.

Ap•prise´, n. Notice; information. [Obs.] Gower.

Ap•priz´al, n. See Appraisal.

Ap•prize´, v. t. [The same as Appraise, only more accommodated to the English form of the L. pretiare.] To appraise; to value; to appreciate.

Ap•prize´ment, n. Appraisement.

Ap•priz´er, n. 1. An appraiser. 2. (Scots Law) A creditor for whom an appraisal is made. Sir W. Scott.

Ap•proach´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Approached; p. pr. & vb. n. Approaching.] [OE. approchen, aprochen, OF. approcher, LL. appropriare, fr. L. ad + propiare to draw near, prope near.] 1. To come or go near, in place or time; to draw nigh; to advance nearer. “Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city?
2 Sam. xi. 20.” “But exhorting one another; and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching.
Heb. x. 25.” 2. To draw near, in a figurative sense; to make advances; to approximate; as he approaches to the character of the ablest statesman.

Ap•proach´, v. t. 1. To bring near; to cause to draw near; to advance. [Archaic] Boyle. 2. To come near to in place, time, or character; to draw nearer to; as to approach the city; to approach my cabin; he approached the age of manhood. “He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have approached Homer.
Temple.” 3. (Mil.) To take approaches to.

Ap•proach´, n. [Cf. F. approche. See Approach, v. i.] 1. The act of drawing near; a coming or advancing near. ´The approach of summer.´ Horsley. “A nearer approach to the human type.
Owen.” 2. A access, or opportunity of drawing near. “The approach to kings and principal persons.
Bacon.” 3. pl. Movements to gain favor; advances. 4. A way, passage, or avenue by which a place or buildings can be approached; an access. Macaulay. 5. pl. (Fort.) The advanced works, trenches, or covered roads made by besiegers in their advances toward a fortress or military post. 6. (Hort.) See Approaching.

Ap•proach•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being approachable; approachableness.

Ap•proach´a•ble , a. Capable of being approached; accessible; as approachable virtue.

Ap•proach´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being approachable; accessibility.

Ap•proach´er , n. One who approaches.

Ap•proach´ing, n. (Hort.) The act of ingrafting a sprig or shoot of one tree into another, without cutting it from the parent stock; — called, also inarching and grafting by approach.

Ap•proach´less, a. Impossible to be approached.

Ap•proach´ment , n. [Cf. F. approachement.] Approach. [Archaic] Holland.

Ap´pro•bate , a. [L. approbatus, p. p. of approbare to approve.] Approved. [Obs.] Elyot.

Ap´pro•bate , v. t. To express approbation of; to approve; to sanction officially. “I approbate the one, I reprobate the other.
Sir W. Hamilton.” This word is obsolete in England, but is occasionally heard in the United States, chiefly in a technical sense for license; as a person is approbated to preach; approbated to keep a public house. Pickering (1816).

Ap•pro•ba´tion , n. [L. approbatio: cf. F. approbation. See Approve to prove.] 1. Proof; attestation. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The act of approving; an assenting to the propriety of a thing with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction; approval; sanction; commendation. “Many … joined in a loud hum of approbation.
Macaulay.” “The silent approbation of one’s own breast.
Melmoth.” “Animals … love approbation or praise.
Darwin.” 3. Probation or novitiate. [Obs.] “This day my sister should the cloister enter,
And there receive her approbation.
Shak.” Syn. — Approval; liking; sanction; consent; concurrence. — Approbation, Approval. Approbation and approval have the same general meaning, assenting to or declaring as good, sanction, commendation; but approbation is stronger and more positive. ´We may be anxious for the approbation of our friends; but we should be still more anxious for the approval of our own consciences.´ ´He who is desirous to obtain universal approbation will learn a good lesson from the fable of the old man and his ass.´ ´The work has been examined by several excellent judges, who have expressed their unqualified approval of its plan and execution.´

Ap´pro•ba•tive , a. [Cf. F. approbatif.] Approving, or implying approbation. Milner.

Ap´pro•ba•tive•ness, n. 1. The quality of being approbative. 2. (Phren.) Love of approbation.

Ap´pro•ba•tor , n. [L.] One who approves. [R.]

Ap´pro•ba•to•ry , a. Containing or expressing approbation; commendatory. Sheldon.

Ap•promt´ ( 215), v. t. [Pref. ad- + promt.] To quicken; to prompt. [Obs.] “To appromt our invention.
Bacon.”

Ap•proof´ , n. [See Approve, and Proof.] 1. Trial; proof. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Approval; commendation. Shak.

Ap•pro•pin´quate , v. i. [L. appropinquatus, p. p. of appropinquare; ad + prope near.] To approach. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.

Ap•pro•pin•qua´tion , n. [L. appropinquatio.] A drawing nigh; approach. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ap•pro•pin´qui•ty , n. [Pref. ad- + propinquity.] Nearness; propinquity. [R.] J. Gregory.

Ap•pro´pre , v. t. [OE. appropren, apropren, OF. approprier, fr. L. appropriare. See Appropriate.] To appropriate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ap•pro´pri•a•ble , a. [See Appropriate.] Capable of being appropriated, set apart, sequestered, or assigned exclusively to a particular use. Sir T. Browne.

Ap•pro´pri•a•ment , n. What is peculiarly one’s own; peculiar qualification. [Obs.] “If you can neglect
Your own appropriaments.
Ford.”

Ap•pro´pri•ate , a. [L. appropriatus, p. p. of appropriare; ad + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one’s own, proper. See Proper.] Set apart for a particular use or person. Hence: Belonging peculiarly; peculiar; suitable; fit; proper. “In its strict and appropriate meaning.
Porteus.” “Appropriate acts of divine worship.
Stillingfleet.” “It is not at all times easy to find words appropriate to express our ideas.
Locke.”

Ap•pro´pri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appropriated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appropriating .] 1. To take to one’s self in exclusion of others; to claim or use as by an exclusive right; as let no man appropriate the use of a common benefit. 2. To set apart for, or assign to, a particular person or use, in exclusion of all others; — with to or for; as a spot of ground is appropriated for a garden; to appropriate money for the increase of the navy. 3. To make suitable; to suit. [Archaic] Paley. 4. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To annex, as a benefice, to a spiritual corporation, as its property. Blackstone.

Ap•pro´pri•ate , n. A property; attribute. [Obs.]

Ap•pro´pri•ate•ly, adv. In an appropriate or proper manner; fitly; properly.

Ap•pro´pri•ate•ness, n. The state or quality of being appropriate; peculiar fitness. Froude.

Ap•pro•pri•a´tion , n. [L. appropriatio: cf. F. appropriation.] 1. The act of setting apart or assigning to a particular use or person, or of taking to one’s self, in exclusion of all others; application to a special use or purpose, as of a piece of ground for a park, or of money to carry out some object. 2. Anything, especially money, thus set apart. “The Commons watched carefully over the appropriation.
Macaulay.” 3. (Law) (a) The severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation. Blackstone. (b) The application of payment of money by a debtor to his creditor, to one of several debts which are due from the former to the latter. Chitty.

Ap•pro´pri•a•tive , a. Appropriating; making, or tending to, appropriation; as an appropriative act. — Ap•pro´pri•a•tive•ness, n.

Ap•pro´pri•a•tor , n. 1. One who appropriates. 2. (Law) A spiritual corporation possessed of an appropriated benefice; also an impropriator.

Ap•prov´a•ble , a. Worthy of being approved; meritorious. — Ap•prov´a•ble•ness, n.

Ap•prov´al , n. Approbation; sanction. “A censor … without whose approval n capital sentences are to be executed.
Temple.” Syn. — See Approbation.

Ap•prov´ance , n. Approval. [Archaic] Thomson.

Ap•prove´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approving.] [OE. aproven, appreven, to prove, OF. aprover, F. approuver, to approve, fr. L. approbare; ad + probare to esteem as good, approve, prove. See Prove, and cf. Approbate.] 1. To show to be real or true; to prove. [Obs.] “Wouldst thou approve thy constancy? Approve
First thy obedience.
Milton.” 2. To make proof of; to demonstrate; to prove or show practically. “Opportunities to approve … worth.
Emerson.” “ He had approved himself a great warrior.
Macaulay.” “’T is an old lesson; Time approves it true.
Byron.” “His account … approves him a man of thought.
Parkman.” 3. To sanction officially; to ratify; to confirm; as to approve the decision of a court-martial. 4. To regard as good; to commend; to be pleased with; to think well of; as we approve the measured of the administration. 5. To make or show to be worthy of approbation or acceptance. “The first care and concern must be to approve himself to God.
Rogers.” This word, when it signifies to be pleased with, to think favorably (of), is often followed by of. “They had not approved of the deposition of James.
Macaulay.” “They approved of the political institutions.
W. Black.”

Ap•prove´ (ap•proov´), v. t. [OF. aprouer; a (L. ad) + a form apparently derived fr. the pro, prod, in L. prodest it is useful or profitable, properly the preposition pro for. Cf. Improve.] (Eng. Law) To make profit of; to convert to one’s own profit; — said esp. of waste or common land appropriated by the lord of the manor.

Ap•prov´ed•ly , adv. So as to secure approbation; in an approved manner.

Ap•prove´ment , n. [Obs.] 1. Approbation. “I did nothing without your approvement.
Hayward.” 2. (Eng. Law) a confession of guilt by a prisoner charged with treason or felony, together with an accusation of his accomplish and a giving evidence against them in order to obtain his own pardon. The term is no longer in use; it corresponded to what is now known as turning king’s (or queen’s) evidence in England, and state’s evidence in the United States. Burrill. Bouvier.

Ap•prove´ment, n. (Old Eng. Law) Improvement of common lands, by inclosing and converting them to the uses of husbandry for the advantage of the lord of the manor. Blackstone.

Ap•prov´er , n. 1. One who approves. Formerly, one who made proof or trial. 2. An informer; an accuser. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. (Eng. Law) One who confesses a crime and accuses another. See 1st Approvement, 2.

Ap•prov´er, n. [See 2d Approve, v. t.] (Eng. Law) A bailiff or steward; an agent. [Obs.] Jacobs.

Ap•prov´ing, a. Expressing approbation; commending; as an approving smile. — Ap•prov´ing•ly, adv.

Ap•prox´i•mate , a. [L. approximatus, p. p. of approximare to approach; ad + proximare to come near. See Proximate.] 1. Approaching; proximate; nearly resembling. 2. Near correctness; nearly exact; not perfectly accurate; as approximate results or values. Approximate quantities (Math.), those which are nearly, but not, equal.

Ap•prox´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approximated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approximating.] 1. To carry or advance near; to cause to approach. “To approximate the inequality of riches to the level of nature.
Burke.” 2. To come near to; to approach. “The telescope approximates perfection.
J. Morse.”

Ap•prox´i•mate, v. i. To draw; to approach.

Ap•prox´i•mate•ly , adv. With approximation; so as to approximate; nearly.

Ap•prox•i•ma´tion . n. [Cf. F. approximation, LL. approximatio.] 1. The act of approximating; a drawing, advancing or being near; approach; also the result of approximating. “The largest capacity and the most noble dispositions are but an approximation to the proper standard and true symmetry of human nature.
I. Taylor.” 2. An approach to a correct estimate, calculation, or conception, or to a given quantity, quality, etc. 3. (Math.) (a) A continual approach or coming nearer to a result; as to solve an equation by approximation. (b) A value that is nearly but not exactly correct.

Ap•prox´i•ma•tive , a. [Cf. F. approximatif.] Approaching; approximate. — Ap•prox´i•ma•tive•ly, adv. — Ap•prox´i•ma•tive•ness, n.

Ap•prox´i•ma•tor , n. One who, or that which, approximates.

Ap•pui´ , n. [F., fr. L. ad + podium foothold, Gr. , dim. of , , foot.] A support or supporter; a stay; a prop. [Obs.] “If a vine be to climb trees that are of any great height, there would be stays and appuies set to it.
Holland.” Point d’appui . [F., a point of support.] (Mil.) (a) A given point or body, upon which troops are formed, or by which are marched in line or column. (b) An advantageous defensive support, as a castle, morass, wood, declivity, etc.

Ap´pulse ( 277), n. [L. appulsus, fr. appellere, appulsum, to drive to; ad + pellere to drive: cf. F. appulse.] 1. A driving or running towards; approach; impulse; also the act of striking against. “In all consonants there is an appulse of the organs.
Holder.” 2. (Astron.) The near approach of one heavenly body to another, or to the meridian; a coming into conjunction; as the appulse of the moon to a star, or of a star to the meridian.

Ap•pul´sion , n. A driving or striking against; an appulse.

Ap•pul´sive , a. Striking against; impinging; as the appulsive influence of the planets. P. Cyc.

Ap•pul´sive•ly, adv. By appulsion.

Ap•pur´te•nance , n. [OF. apurtenaunce, apartenance, F. appartenance, LL. appartenentia, from L. appertinere. See Appertain.] That which belongs to something else; an adjunct; an appendage; an accessory; something annexed to another thing more worthy; in common parlance and legal acceptation, something belonging to another thing as principal, and which passes as incident to it, as a right of way, or other easement to land; a right of common to pasture, an outhouse, barn, garden, or orchard, to a house or messuage. In a strict legal sense, land can never pass as an appurtenance to land. Tomlins. Bouvier. Burrill. “Globes … provided as appurtenances to astronomy.
Bacon.” “The structure of the eye, and of its appurtenances.
Reid.”

Ap•pur´te•nant , a. [F. appartenant, p. pr. of appartenir. See Appurtenance.] Annexed or pertaining to some more important thing; accessory; incident; as a right of way appurtenant to land or buildings. Blackstone. Common appurtenant. (Law) See under Common, n.

Ap•pur´te•nant, n. Something which belongs or appertains to another thing; an appurtenance. “Mysterious appurtenants and symbols of redemption.
Coleridge.”

Ap´ri•cate , v. t. & i. [L. apricatus, p. p. of apricare, fr. apricus exposed to the sun, fr. aperire to uncover, open.] To bask in the sun. Boyle.

Ap•ri•ca´tion, n. Basking in the sun. [R.]

A´pri•cot, n. [OE. apricock, abricot, F. abricot, fr. Sp. albaricoque or Pg. albricoque, fr. Ar. albirquq, al-burquq. Though the E. and F. form abricot is derived from the Arabic through the Spanish, yet the Arabic word itself was formed from the Gr. praiko•kia, pl. (Diosc. c. 100) fr. L. praecoquus, praecox, early ripe. The older E. form apricock was prob. taken direct from Pg. See Precocious, Cook.] (Bot.) A fruit allied to the plum, of an orange color, oval shape, and delicious taste; also the tree (Prunus Armeniaca of Linnaeus) which bears this fruit. By cultivation it has been introduced throughout the temperate zone.

A´pril , n. [L. Aprilis. OE. also Averil, F. Avril, fr. L. Aprilis.] 1. The fourth month of the year. 2. Fig.: With reference to April being the month in which vegetation begins to put forth, the variableness of its weather, etc. “The April’s her eyes; it is love’s spring.
Shak.” April fool, one who is sportively imposed upon by others on the first day of April.

A• pri•o´ri . [L. a (ab) + prior former.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which deduces consequences from definitions formed, or principles assumed, or which infers effects from causes previously known; deductive or deductively. The reverse of a posteriori. 3. (Philos.) Applied to knowledge and conceptions assumed, or presupposed, as prior to experience, in order to make experience rational or possible. “A priori that is form these necessities of the mind or forms of thinking which, though first revealed to us by experience must yet have preëxisted in order to make experience possible.
Coleridge.”

A•pri•o´rism , n. [Cf. F. apriorisme.] An a priori principle.

A•pri•or´i•ty , n. The quality of being innate in the mind, or prior to experience; a priori reasoning.

A•proc´ta (a•prok´ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + prwkto•s anus.] (Zoöl.) A group of Turbellaria in which there is no anal aperture.

A•proc´tous (-tus), a. (Zoöl.) Without an anal orifice.

A´pron (a´purn or a´prun; 277), n. [OE. napron, OF. naperon, F. napperon, dim. of OF. nape, F. nappe, cloth, tablecloth, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa, napkin, table napkin. See Map.] 1. An article of dress, of cloth, leather, or other stuff, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the clothes clean, to defend them from injury, or as a covering. It is commonly tied at the waist by strings. 2. Something which by its shape or use suggests an apron; as (a) The fat skin covering the belly of a goose or duck. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. (b) A piece of leather, or other material, to be spread before a person riding on an outside seat of a vehicle, to defend him from the rain, snow, or dust; a boot. ´The weather being too hot for the apron.´ Hughes. (c) (Gun.) A leaden plate that covers the vent of a cannon. (d) (Shipbuilding) A piece of carved timber, just above the foremost end of the keel. Totten. (e) A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, against which the dock gates are shut. (f) A flooring of plank before a dam to cause the water to make a gradual descent. (g) (Mech.) The piece that holds the cutting tool of a planer. (h) (Plumbing) A strip of lead which leads the drip of a wall into a gutter; a flashing. (i) (Zoöl.) The infolded abdomen of a crab.

A´proned , a. Wearing an apron. “A cobbler aproned, and a parson gowned.
Pope.”

A´pron•ful , n.; pl. Apronfuls . The quantity an apron can hold.

A´pron•less, a. Without an apron.

A´pron man . A man who wears an apron; a laboring man; a mechanic. [Obs.] Shak.

A´pron string . The string of an apron. To be tied to a wife’s or mother’s apron strings, to be unduly controlled by a wife or mother. “He was so made that he could not submit to be tied to the apron strings even of the best of wives.
Macaulay.”

Ap´ro•pos (ap´ro•po•), a. & adv. [F. à propos; à (L. ad) + propos purpose, L. proposium plan, purpose, fr. proponere to propose. See Propound.] 1. Opportunely or opportune; seasonably or seasonable. “A tale extremely apropos.
Pope.” 2. By the way; to the purpose; relevant; suitably to the place or subject; — a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the occasion, though not strictly belonging to the narration.

Apse (aps), n.; pl. Apses (- sez). [See Apsis.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, having in the plan a polygonal or semicircular termination, and, most often, projecting from the east end. In early churches the Eastern apse was occupied by seats for the bishop and clergy. Hence: (b) The bishop’s seat or throne, in ancient churches. 2. A reliquary, or case in which the relics of saints were kept. This word is also written apsis and absis.

Ap´si•dal (ap´si•dal), a. 1. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the apsides of an orbit. 2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the apse of a church; as the apsidal termination of the chancel.

Ap´si•des (ap´si•dez), n. pl. See Apsis.

Ap´sis (ap´sis), n.; pl. Apsides (ap´si•dez). See Apse. [L. apsis, absis, Gr. ´apsi•s, ´apsi^dos, a tying, fastening, the hoop of a wheel, the wheel, a bow, arch, vault, fr. ´a•ptein to fasten.] 1. (Astron.) One of the two points of an orbit, as of a planet or satellite, which are at the greatest and least distance from the central body, corresponding to the aphelion and perihelion of a planet, or to the apogee and perigee of the moon. The more distant is called the higher apsis; the other, the lower apsis; and the line joining them, the line of apsides. 2. (Math.) In a curve referred to polar coördinates, any point for which the radius vector is a maximum or minimum. 3. (Arch.) Same as Apse.

Apt , a. [F. apte, L. aptus, fr. obsolete apere to fasten, to join, to fit, akin to apisci to reach, attain: cf. Gr. to fasten, Skr. apta fit, fr. ap to reach attain.] 1. Fit or fitted; suited; suitable; appropriate. “They have always apt instruments.
Burke.” “A river … apt to be forded by a lamb.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Having an habitual tendency; habitually liable or likely; — used of things. “My vines and peaches … were apt to have a soot or smuttiness upon their leaves and fruit.
Temple.” “This tree, if unprotected, is apt to be stripped of the leaves by a leaf-cutting ant.
Lubbock.” 3. Inclined; disposed customarily; given; ready; — used of persons. “Apter to give than thou wit be to ask.
Beau. & Fl.” “That lofty pity with which prosperous folk are apt to remember their grandfathers.
F. Harrison.” 4. Ready; especially fitted or qualified (to do something); quick to learn; prompt; expert; as a pupil apt to learn; an apt scholar. ´An apt wit.´ Johnson. “Live a thousand years,
I shall not find myself so apt to die.
Shak.” “I find thee apt … Now, Hamlet, hear.
Shak.” Syn. — Fit; meet; suitable; qualified; inclined; disposed; liable; ready; quick; prompt.

Apt, v. t. [L. aptare. See Aptate.] To fit; to suit; to adapt. [Obs.] ´ To apt their places.´ B. Jonson. “That our speech be apted to edification.
Jer. Taylor.”

Apt´a•ble , a. [LL. aptabilis, fr. L. aptare.] Capable of being adapted. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Ap´tate , v. t. [L. aptatus, p. p. of aptare. See Apt.] To make fit. [Obs.] Bailey

Ap´te•ra , n. pl. [NL. aptera, fr. Gr. without wings; ’a priv. + wing, to fly.] (Zoöl.) Insects without wings, constituting the seventh Linnaen order of insects, an artificial group, which included Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms. These animals are now placed in several distinct classes and orders.

Ap´ter•al , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Apterous. 2. (Arch.) Without lateral columns; — applied to buildings which have no series of columns along their sides, but are either prostyle or amphiprostyle, and opposed to peripteral. R. Cyc.

Ap´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Aptera.

Ap•te´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Aptera.] (Zoöl.) Naked spaces between the feathered areas of birds. See Pteryliae.

Ap´ter•ous , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Destitute of wings; apteral; as apterous insects. 2. (Bot.) Destitute of winglike membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole; — opposed to alate.

Ap•ter´y•ges , n. pl. [NL. See Apteryx.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the genus Apteryx.

Ap´te•ryx , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + pte•ryx wing. Cf. Aptera.] (Zoöl.) A genus of New Zealand birds about the size of a hen, with only short rudiments of wings, armed with a claw and without a tail; the kiwi. It is allied to the gigantic extinct moas of the same country. Five species are known.

Apt´i•tude , n. [F. aptitude, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus. See Apt, and cf. Attitude.] 1. A natural or acquired disposition or capacity for a particular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect; as oil has an aptitude to burn. “He seems to have had a peculiar aptitude for the management of irregular troops.
Macaulay.” 2. A general fitness or suitableness; adaptation. “That sociable and helpful aptitude which God implanted between man and woman.
Milton.” 3. Readiness in learning; docility; aptness. “He was a boy of remarkable aptitude.
Macaulay.”

Apt•i•tu´di•nal , a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.]

Apt´ly , adv. In an apt or suitable manner; fitly; properly; pertinently; appropriately; readily.

Apt´ness, n. 1. Fitness; suitableness; appropriateness; as the aptness of things to their end. “The aptness of his quotations.
J. R. Green.” 2. Disposition of the mind; propensity; as the aptness of men to follow example. 3. Quickness of apprehension; readiness in learning; docility; as an aptness to learn is more observable in some children than in others. 4. Proneness; tendency; as the aptness of iron to rust.

Ap´tote (ap´tot), n. [L. aptotum, Gr. indeclinable; ’a priv. + fallen, declined, to fall.] (Gram.) A noun which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun.

Ap•tot´ic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, aptotes; uninflected; as aptotic languages.

Ap´ty•chus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + , , fold.] (Zoöl.) A shelly plate found in the terminal chambers of ammonite shells. Some authors consider them to be jaws; others, opercula.

A´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Apode, n.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water phyllopod crustaceans. See Phyllopod.

Ap•y•ret´ic , a. [Pref. a not + pyretic.] (Med.) Without fever; — applied to days when there is an intermission of fever. Dunglison. { Ap•y•rex´i•a , Ap•y•rex•y } n. [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + to be feverish, fr. fire: cf. F. apyrexie.] (Med.) The absence or intermission of fever.

Ap•y•rex´i•al , a. (Med.) Relating to apyrexy. ´Apyrexial period.´ Brande & C.

Ap´y•rous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + fire.] Incombustible; capable of sustaining a strong heat without alteration of form or properties.

A´qua , n. [L. See Ewer.] Water; — a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed. Aqua ammoniae, the aqueous solution of ammonia; liquid ammonia; often called aqua ammonia. — Aqua marine , or Aqua marina . Same as Aquamarine. — Aqua regia . [L., royal water] (Chem.), a very corrosive fuming yellow liquid consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold, the ´royal´ metal. — Aqua Tofana , a fluid containing arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by an Italian woman named Tofana, in the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned more than 600 persons. Francis. — Aqua vitae [L., water of life. Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy and some other ardent spirits. Shak.

A•qua for´tis . [L., strong water.] (Chem.) Nitric acid. [Archaic]

A•qua•ma•rine´ , n. (Min.) A transparent, pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Beryl.

A•qua•punc´ture , n. [L. aqua water, + punctura puncture, pungere, punctum, to, prick.] (Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for the relief of pain.

Aq•ua•relle´ , n. [F., fr. Ital acquerello, fr. acqua water, L. aqua.] A design or painting in thin transparent water colors; also the mode of painting in such colors.

Aq•ua•rel´list , n. A painter in thin transparent water colors. { A•qua´ri•al , A•qua´ri•an } a. Of or pertaining to an aquarium.

A•qua´ri•an, n. [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua: cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqua.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christian in the primitive church who used water instead of wine in the Lord’s Supper.

A•qua´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Aquariums , L. Aquaria . [L. See Aquarius, Ewer.] An artificial pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept.

A•qua´ri•us , n. [L. aquarius, adj., relating to water, and n., a water-carrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.] (Astron.) (a) The Water-bearer; the eleventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of January; — so called from the rains which prevail at that season in Italy and the East. (b) A constellation south of Pegasus.

A•quat´ic , a. [L. aquaticus: cf. F. aquatique. See Aqua.] Pertaining to water; growing in water; living in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of waters; as aquatic plants and fowls.

A•quat•ic, n. 1. An aquatic animal or plant. 2. pl. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water.

A•quat´ic•al , a. Aquatic. [R.]

Aq´ua•tile , a. [L. aquatilis: cf. F. aquatile.] Inhabiting the water. [R.] Sir T. Browne. { A´qua•tint , A•qua•tin´ta } n. [It. acquatinta dyed water; acqua (L. aqua) water + tinto, fem. tinta, dyed. See Tint.] A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also the engraving produced by this method.

Aq´ue•duct , n. [F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct (Cotgr.), fr. L. aquaeductus; aquae, gen. of aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead. See Aqua, Duke.] 1. A conductor, conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water, especially one for supplying large cities with water. The term is also applied to a structure (similar to the ancient aqueducts), for conveying a canal over a river or hollow; more properly called an aqueduct bridge. 2. (Anat.) A canal or passage; as the aqueduct of Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.

A•que´i•ty , n. Wateriness. [Obs.]

A´que•ous , a. [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aquose.] 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it; watery. “The aqueous vapor of the air.
Tyndall.” 2. Made from, or by means of, water. “An aqueous deposit.
Dana.” Aqueous extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water. — Aqueous humor (Anat.), one the humors of the eye; a limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. (See Eye.) — Aqueous rocks (Geol.), those which are deposited from water and lie in strata, as opposed to volcanic rocks, which are of igneous origin; — called also sedimentary rocks.

A•que•ous•ness, n. Wateriness.

A•quif´er•ous , a. [L. aqua water + -ferous.] Consisting or conveying water or a watery fluid; as aquiferous vessels; the aquiferous system.

A´qui•form , a. [L. aqua water + -form.] Having the form of water.

Aq´ui•la , n.; pl. Aquilae . [L., an eagle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of eagles. 2. (Astron.) A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle. Aquila alba [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of calomel. Brande & C.

Aq´ui•la•ted , a. (Her.) Adorned with eagles’ heads.

Aq´ui•line ( 277), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila eagle: cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle. ] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle. 2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of an eagle; — applied particularly to the nose “Terribly arched and aquiline his nose.
Cowper.”

Aq´ui•lon , n. [L. aquilo, - lonis: cf. F. aquilon.] The north wind. [Obs.] Shak.

A•quip´a•rous , a. [L. aqua water + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Secreting water; — applied to certain glands. Dunglison.

Aq•ui•ta´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Aquitania, now called Gascony.

A•quose´ , a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aqueous.] Watery; aqueous. [R.] Bailey.

A•quos´i•ty , n. [LL. aquositas.] The condition of being wet or watery; wateriness. Huxley. “Very little water or aquosity is found in their belly.
Holland.”

Ar , conj. Ere; before. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A´ra , n. [L.] (Astron.) The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion.

A´ra , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A name of the great blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), native of South America.

Ar´ab ( 277), n. [Prob. ultimately fr. Heb. arabah a desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament, to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar. Arab, Heb. arabi, arbi, arbim: cf. F. Arabe, L. Arabs, Gr. .] One of a swarthy race occupying Arabia, and numerous in Syria, Northern Africa, etc. Street Arab, a homeless vagabond in the streets of a city, particularly and outcast boy or girl. Tylor. “The ragged outcasts and street Arabs who are shivering in damp doorways.
Lond. Sat. Rev. ”

Ar•a•besque´ , n. [F. arabesque, fr. It. arabesco, fr. Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation either painted, inlaid, or carved in low relief. It consists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as figures of men and animals, real or imaginary, are fantastically interlaced or put together. It was employed in Roman imperial ornamentation, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moorish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque.) The arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on Greco- Roman work.

Ar•a•besque´, a. 1. Arabian. [Obs.] 2. Relating to, or exhibiting, the style of ornament called arabesque; as arabesque frescoes.

Ar•a•besqued´ , a. Ornamented in the style of arabesques.

A•ra´bi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants. Arabian bird, the phenix. Shak.

A•ra´bi•an, n. A native of Arabia; an Arab.

Ar´a•bic , a. [L. Arabicus, fr. Arabia.] Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians. Arabic numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. — Gum arabic. See under Gum.

Ar´a•bic, n. The language of the Arabians. The Arabic is a Semitic language, allied to the Hebrew. It is very widely diffused, being the language in which all Mohammedans must read the Koran, and is spoken as a vernacular tongue in Arabia, Syria, and Northern Africa.

A•rab´ic•al , a. Relating to Arabia; Arabic. — A•rab´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ar´a•bin , n. 1. (Chem.) A carbohydrate, isomeric with cane sugar, contained in gum arabic, from which it is extracted as a white, amorphous substance. 2. Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic.

Ar´a•bin•ose , n. (Chem.) A sugar of the composition C_5H_10O_5, obtained from cherry gum by boiling it with dilute sulphuric acid.

Ar´a•bism , n. [Cf. F. Arabisme.] An Arabic idiom peculiarly of language. Stuart.

Ar•a•bist , n. [Cf. F. Arabiste.] One well versed in the Arabic language or literature; also formerly, one who followed the Arabic system of surgery.

Ar´a•ble , a. [F. arable, L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow, akin to Gr. , E. ear, to plow. See Earable.] Fit for plowing or tillage; — hence, often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled.

Ar´a•ble, n. Arable land; plow land.

Ar´a•by , n. The country of Arabia. [Archaic & Poetic]

Ar•a•ca•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Aracan, a province of British Burmah. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aracan.

A•ra•ça´ri , n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird, of the genus Pleroglossius, allied to the toucans. There are several species.

A•race´ , v. t. [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. arachier, esracier, F. arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare. The prefix a- is perh. due to L. ab. See Eradicate.] To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.] Wyatt.

A•ra´ceous , a. [L. arum a genus of plants, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type.

A•rach´nid , n. An arachnidan. Huxley.

A•rach´ni•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. spider.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix. They have four pairs of legs, no antennae nor wings, a pair of mandibles, and one pair of maxillae or palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax. The respiration is either by trancheae or by pulmonary sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal orders: Araneina, or spiders; Arthrogastra, including scorpions, etc.; and Acarina, or mites and ticks.

A•rach´ni•dan , n. [Gr. spider.] (Zoöl.) One of the Arachnida.

Ar•ach•nid´i•al , a. (Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the Arachnida. (b) Pertaining to the arachnidium.

Ar•ach•nid´i•um , n. [NL. See Arachnida.] (Zoöl.) The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted.

Ar•ach•ni´tis , n. [Gr. + .] (Med.) Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane.

A•rach´noid , a. [Gr. like a cobweb; spider, spider’s web + form.] 1. Resembling a spider’s web; cobweblike. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater. 3. (Bot.) Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb; cobwebby.

A•rach´noid, n. 1. (Anat.) The arachnoid membrane. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the Arachnoidea.

Ar•ach•noid´al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid.

Ar•ach•noid´e•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Arachnida.

A•rach•no•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to arachnology.

Ar•ach•nol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology.

Ar•ach•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. spider + -logy.] The department of zoölogy which treats of spiders and other Arachnida.

A•rae•om´e•ter ( 277). See Areometer.

A•rae´o•style , a. & n. [L. araeostylos, Gr. ; at intervals + pillar, column.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation.

A•rae•o•sys´tyle , a. & n. [Gr. as intervals + . See Systyle.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation.

Ar•a•go•nese , a. Of or pertaining to Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain.

A•rag´o•nite , n. [From Aragon, in Spain.] (Min.) A mineral identical in composition with calcite or carbonate of lime, but differing from it in its crystalline form and some of its physical characters.

A•ra•gua´to , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American monkey, the ursine howler (Mycetes ursinus). See Howler, n., 2.

A•raise´´ , v. t. To raise. [Obs.] Shak.

Ar´ak , n. Same as Arrack. { Ar•a•maean , Ar•a•me´an } , a. [L. Aramaeus, Gr. , fr. Heb. Aram, i. e. Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. — n. A native of Aram.

Ar•a•ma´ic , a. [See Aramaean, a.] Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aramaean; — specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. — n. The Aramaic language.

Ar•a•ma´ism , n. An idiom of the Aramaic. { Ar•a•ne´i•da , Ar•a•ne•oid´e•a } n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Araneina.

Ar•a•ne´i•dan , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Araneina or spiders. — n. One of the Araneina; a spider.

Ar•a•ne´i•form a. [L. aranea spider + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form of a spider. Kirby.

A•ra•ne•i´na (a•ra•ne•i´na), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.] (Zoöl.) The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders. They have mandibles, modified as poison fangs, leglike palpi, simple eyes, abdomen without segments, and spinnerets for spinning a web. They breathe by pulmonary sacs and tracheae in the abdomen. See Illustration in Appendix.

A•ra´ne•ose (a•ra´ne•os•), a. [L. araneosus.] Of the aspect of a spider’s web; arachnoid.

A•ra´ne•ous (-us), a. [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spider, spider’s web.] Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as the araneous membrane of the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham.

A•ran´go (a•ran´go), n.; pl. Arangoes (-goz). [The native name.] A bead of rough carnelian. Arangoes were formerly imported from Bombay for use in the African slave trade. McCulloch.

A•ra•pai´ma , n. [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) A large fresh-water food fish of South America.

A•ra´ra , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus).

A•ra´tion , n. [L. aratio, fr. arare to plow.] Plowing; tillage. [R.] “Lands are said to be in a state of aration when they are under tillage.
Brande.”

Ar´a•to•ry , a. [LL. aratorius: cf. F. aratoire.] Contributing to tillage.

Ar•au•ca´ri•a , n. [Araucania, a territory south of Chili.] (Bot.) A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. The wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible.

Ar•au•ca´ri•an , a. Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly Araucarian. Dana. { Ar´ba•lest , Ar´ba•list } n. [OF. arbaleste, LL. arbalista, for L. arcuballista; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See Ballista.] (Antiq.) A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast.] Fosbroke. { Ar´ba•lest•er , Ar´ba•list•er } n. [OF. arblastere, OF. arbalestier. See Arbalest.] A crossbowman. [Obs.] Speed.

Ar´bi•ter , n. [L. arbiter; ar- (for ad) + the root of betere to go; hence properly, one who comes up to look on.] 1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them. In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word. 2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited. “For Jove is arbiter of both to man.
Cowper.” Syn. — Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; controller; ruler; governor.

Ar´bi•ter, v. t. To act as arbiter between. [Obs.]

Ar´bi•tra•ble , a. [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L. arbitrari. See Arbitrate, v. t.] Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable. [Archaic] Bp. Hall.

Ar´bi•trage , n. [F., fr. arbiter to give judgment, L. arbitrari.] 1. Judgment by an arbiter; authoritative determination. [Archaic] 2. (Com) A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitration of Exchange); also a traffic in stocks which bear differing values at the same time in different markets.

Ar´bi•tral , a. [L. arbitralis.] Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.]

Ar•bit´ra•ment , n. [LL. arbitramentum.] 1. Determination; decision; arbitration. “The arbitrament of time.
Everett.” “Gladly at this moment would MacIvor have put their quarrel to personal arbitrament.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. The award of arbitrators. Cowell.

Ar´bi•tra•ri•ly , adv. In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely.

Ar´bi•tra•ri•ness, n. The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny. Bp. Hall.

Ar•bi•tra´ri•ous , a. [L. arbitrarius. See Arbitrary.] Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] — Ar•bi•tra´ri•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Ar´bi•tra•ry , a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter: cf. F. arbitraire. See Arbiter.] 1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment. “It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so.
Jer. Taylor.” “Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things.
Landor.” 2. Exercised according to one’s own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power. “Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness.
Washington.” 3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as an arbitrary prince or government. Dryden. Arbitrary constant, Arbitrary function (Math.), a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. — Arbitrary quantity (Math.), one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure.

Ar´bi•trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arbitrated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating .] [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter. See Arbiter.] 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as to choose to arbitrate a disputed case. 2. To decide, or determine generally. South. “There shall your swords and lances arbitrate
The swelling difference of your settled hate.
Shak.”

Ar´bi•trate , v. i. 1. To decide; to determine. Shak. 2. To act as arbitrator or judge; as to arbitrate upon several reports; to arbitrate in disputes among neighbors; to arbitrate between parties to a suit.

Ar•bi•tra´tion , n. [F. arbitration, L. arbitratio, fr. arbitrari.] The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties. This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three called arbitrators; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called the award. Bouvier Arbitration bond, a bond which obliges one to abide by the award of an arbitration. — Arbitration of Exchange, the operation of converting the currency of one country into that of another, or determining the rate of exchange between such countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate is one determined by such arbitration through the medium of one or more intervening currencies.

Ar´bi•tra•tor , n. [L., fr. arbitrari: cf. F. arbitrateur.] 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration. 2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor. “Though Heaven be shut,
And Heaven’s high Arbitrators sit secure.
Milton.” “Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace.
Addison.” Syn. — Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge.

Ar´bi•tra•trix , n. [L., fem. of arbitrator.] A female who arbitrates or judges.

Ar´bi•tress , n. [From Arbiter.] A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. Milton.

Ar´blast , n. A crossbow. See Arbalest.

Ar´bor , n. [OE. herber, herbere, properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Herb, and cf. Herbarium.] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower. Sir P. Sidney.

Ar´bor, n. [Written also arbour.] [L., a tree, a beam.] 1. (Bot.) A tree, as distinguished from a shrub. 2. [Cf. F. arbre.] (Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle of a wheel or opinion. (b) A mandrel in lathe turning. Knight. Arbor Day, a day appointed for planting trees and shrubs. [U.S.]

Ar´bo•ra•ry , a. [L. arborarius, fr. arbor tree.] Of or pertaining to trees; arboreal.

Ar´bo•ra•tor , n. [L., fr. arbor tree.] One who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Ar´bor Di•a´nae . [L., the tree of Diana, or silver.] (Chem.) A precipitation of silver, in a beautiful arborescent form.

Ar•bo´re•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a tree, or to trees; of nature of trees. Cowley. 2. Attached to, found in or upon, or frequenting, woods or trees; as arboreal animals. “Woodpeckers are eminently arboreal.
Darwin.”

Ar´bored , a. Furnished with an arbor; lined with trees. ´An arboreal walk.´ Pollok.

Ar•bo´re•ous , a. [L. arboreous, fr. arbor tree.] 1. Having the form, constitution, or habits, of a proper tree, in distinction from a shrub. Loudon. 2. Pertaining to, or growing on, trees; as arboreous moss. Quincy.

Ar•bo•res´cence , n. The state of being arborescent; the resemblance to a tree in minerals, or crystallizations, or groups of crystals in that form; as the arborescence produced by precipitating silver.

Ar•bo•res´cent , a. [L. arborescens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, fr. arbor tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming woody in stalk; dendritic; having crystallizations disposed like the branches and twigs of a tree. ´Arborescent hollyhocks.´ Evelyn.

Ar´bo•ret , n. [OF. arboret, dim. of arbre tree, L. arbor] A small tree or shrub. [Obs.] Spenser. “Among thick-woven arborets, and flowers
Imbordered on each bank.
Milton.”

Ar•bo•re´tum , n.; pl. Arboreta . [L., a place grown with trees.] A place in which a collection of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educational purposes.

Ar•bor´ic•al , a. Relating to trees. [Obs.]

Ar•bor´i•cole , a. [L. arbor + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Tree-inhabiting; — said of certain birds.

Ar•bor•i•cul´tur•al , a. Pertaining to arboriculture. Loudon.

Ar•bor•i•cul´ture ( 135), n. [L. arbor tree + cultura. See Culture.] The cultivation of trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes.

Ar•bor•i•cul´tur•ist, n. One who cultivates trees.

Ar•bor´i•form , a. Treelike in shape.

Ar´bor•ist , n. [F. arboriste, fr. L. arbor tree.] One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees. Howell.

Ar•bor•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. arborisation, fr. L. arbor tree.] The appearance or figure of a tree or plant, as in minerals or fossils; a dendrite.

Ar´bor•ized , a. Having a treelike appearance. ´An arborized or moss agate.´ Wright.

Ar´bor•ous , a. Formed by trees. [Obs.] “From under shady, arborous roof.
Milton.”

Ar´bor vine . A species of bindweed.

Ar´bor vi´tae . [L., tree of life.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus Thuja. The American species is the T. occidentalis. 2. (Anat.) The treelike disposition of the gray and white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a vertical section.

Ar´bus•cle , n. [L. arbuscula small tree, shrub, dim. of arbor tree.] A dwarf tree, one in size between a shrub and a tree; a treelike shrub. Bradley.

Ar•bus´cu•lar , a. Of or pertaining to a dwarf tree; shrublike. Da Costa.

Ar•bus´tive , a. [L. arbustivus, fr. arbustum place where trees are planted.] Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with shrubs. Bartram. { Ar´bu•tus , Ar´bute } n. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor tree.] The strawberry tree, a genus of evergreen shrubs, of the Heath family. It has a berry externally resembling the strawberry; the arbute tree. Trailing arbutus (Bot.), a creeping or trailing plant of the Heath family (Epigaea repens), having white or usually rose-colored flowers with a delicate fragrance, growing in small axillary clusters, and appearing early in the spring; in New England known as mayflower; — called also ground laurel. Gray.

Arc , n. [F. arc, L. arcus bow, arc. See Arch, n.] 1. (Geom.) A portion of a curved line; as the arc of a circle or of an ellipse. 2. A curvature in the shape of a circular arc or an arch; as the colored arc (the rainbow); the arc of Hadley’s quadrant. 3. An arch. [Obs.] “Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs.
Milton.” 4. The apparent arc described, above or below the horizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc during the night. Electric arc, Voltaic arc. See under Voltaic.

Ar•cade´ , n. [F. arcade, Sp. arcada, LL. arcata, fr. L. arcus bow, arch.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A series of arches with the columns or piers which support them, the spandrels above, and other necessary appurtenances; sometimes open, serving as an entrance or to give light; sometimes closed at the back (as in the cut) and forming a decorative feature. (b) A long, arched building or gallery. 2. An arched or covered passageway or avenue.

Ar•cad´ed , a. Furnished with an arcade.

Ar•ca´di•a , n. [L. Arcadia, Gr. .] 1. A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness. 2. Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet. “Where the cow is, there is Arcadia.
J. Burroughs.” { Ar•ca´di•an , Ar•ca´dic } a. [L. Arcadius, Arcadicus, fr. Arcadia: cf. F. Arcadien, Arcadique.] Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideally rural; as Arcadian simplicity or scenery.

Ar•cane´ , a. [L. arcanus.] Hidden; secret. [Obs.] ´The arcane part of divine wisdom.´ Berkeley.

Ar•ca´num , n.; pl. Arcana . [L., fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. arca chest, box, fr. arcere to inclose. See Ark.] 1. A secret; a mystery; — generally used in the plural. “Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead.
Warburton.” 2. (Med.) A secret remedy; an elixir. Dunglison.

Arc••bou•tant´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) A flying buttress. Gwilt.

Arch , n. [F. arche, fr. LL. arca, for arcus. See Arc.] 1. (Geom.) Any part of a curved line. 2. (Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of separate wedge-shaped solids, with the joints between them disposed in the direction of the radii of the curve; used to support the wall or other weight above an opening. In this sense arches are segmental, round (i. e., semicircular), or pointed. (b) A flat arch is a member constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes so as to support each other without rising in a curve. Scientifically considered, the arch is a means of spanning an opening by resolving vertical pressure into horizontal or diagonal thrust. 3. Any place covered by an arch; an archway; as to pass into the arch of a bridge. 4. Any curvature in the form of an arch; as the arch of the aorta. ´Colors of the showery arch.´ Milton. Triumphal arch, a monumental structure resembling an arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to commemorate a triumph.

Arch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arching.] 1. To cover with an arch or arches. 2. To form or bend into the shape of an arch. “The horse arched his neck.
Charlesworth.”

Arch, v. i. To form into an arch; to curve.

Arch- (ärch-, except in archangel and one or two other words). [L. arch-, Gr. . See Arch-.] A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend.

Arch (ärch), a. [See Arch-, pref.] 1. Chief; eminent; greatest; principal. “The most arch act of piteous massacre.
Shak.” 2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as an arch look, word, lad. “[He] spoke his request with so arch a leer.
Tatler.”

Arch, n. [See Arch-, pref.] A chief. [Obs.] “My worthy arch and patron comes to-night.
Shak.”

-arch . [Gr. ’archo•s chief, commander, ’a•rchein to rule. See Arch, a.] A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler).

Ar•chae´an , a. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient, fr. ’archh• beginning.] Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in geological history.

Ar•chae´an, n. (Geol.) The earliest period in geological period, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It includes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life. This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson.

Ar•chae•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ancient + -graphy.] A description of, or a treatise on, antiquity or antiquities.

Ar•chae•o•lith´ic , a. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient + liqiko•s pertaining to a stone.] (Archaeol.) Of or pertaining to the earliest Stone age; — applied to a prehistoric period preceding the Paleolithic age.

Ar•chae•o•lo´gi•an , n. An archaeologist. { Ar•chae•o•log´ic , Ar•chae•o•log´ic•al } Relating to archaeology, or antiquities; as archaeological researches. — Ar••chae•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ar•chae•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in archaeology; an antiquary. Wright.

Ar•chae•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; ’archai^os ancient (fr. ’archh• beginning) + discourse, to speak.] The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc.

Ar•chae•op´te•ryx , n. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient + pte•ryx wing.] (Paleon.) A fossil bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a long tapering tail of many vertebrae with feathers along each side, and jaws armed with teeth, with other reptilian characteristics.

Ar•chae•o•stom´a•tous , a. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient + sto•ma mouth.] (Biol.) Applied to a gastrula when the blastopore does not entirely close up.

Ar•chae•o•zo´ic , a. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the earliest forms of animal life.

Ar•cha´ic , a. [Gr. ’archai:ko•s old-fashioned, fr. ’archai^os ancient.] Of or characterized by antiquity or archaism; antiquated; obsolescent.

Ar•cha´ic•al , a. Archaic. [R.] — Ar•cha´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ar´cha•ism , n. [Gr. ’archai:smo•s, fr. ’archai^os ancient, fr. ’archh• beginning: cf. F. archaïsme. See Arch, a.] 1. An ancient, antiquated, or old-fashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use. 2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness. “A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary.
De Quincey.”

Ar´cha•ist, n. 1. Am antiquary. 2. One who uses archaisms.

Ar•cha•is´tic , a. Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism.

Ar´cha•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Archaized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] [Gr. ’archai:•zein.] To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy.

Arch•an´gel , n. [L. archangelus, Gr. ’archa•ggelos: cf. OF. archangel, F. archange. See Arch-, pref., and Angel.] 1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton. 2. (Bot.) A term applied to several different species of plants (Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.).

Arch•an•gel´ic , a. [Cf. F. archangelique.] Of or pertaining to archangels; of the nature of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton.

Arch•bish´op , n. [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. ’archiepi•skopos. See Bishop.] A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.

Arch•bish´op•ric , n. [AS. arcebiscoprice. See -ric.] The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority.

Arch´ brick . A wedge-shaped brick used in the building of an arch.

Arch•but´ler , n. [Pref. arch- + butler.] A chief butler; — an officer of the German empire.

Arch•cham´ber•lain , n. [Cf. G. erzkämmerer. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chamberlain; — an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England.

Arch•chan´cel•lor , n. [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chancellor; — an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court.

Arch•chem´ic , a. Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] ´The archchemic sun.´ Milton.

Arch•dea´con , n. [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. . See Arch-, pref., and Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and by whom he is appointed, though with independent authority. Blackstone.

Arch•dea´con•ry, n. The district, office, or residence of an archdeacon. See Benefice. “Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries.
Blackstone.”

Arch•dea´con•ship, n. The office of an archdeacon.

Arch•di´o•cese , n. [Pref. arch- + diocese.] The diocese of an archbishop.

Arch•du´cal , a. Of or pertaining to an archduke or archduchy.

Arch•duch´ess , n. [Pref. arch- + duchess.] The consort of an archduke; also a princess of the imperial family of Austria. See Archduke.

Arch•duch´y, n. The territory of an archduke or archduchess. Ash.

Arch•duke´ , n. [Pref. arch- + duke.] A prince of the imperial family of Austria. Formerly this title was assumed by the rulers of Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. It is now appropriated to the descendants of the imperial family of Austria through the make line, all such male descendants being styled archduke, and all such female descendants archduchesses.

Arch•duke´dom , n. An archduchy.

Ar•che•bi•o´sis , n. [Pref. arche- = archi- + Gr. bi•wsis, bi•os, life.] The origination of living matter from non-living. See Abiogenesis. Bastian.

Arched , a. Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch; as an arched door.

Ar•che•go´ni•al , a. Relating to the archegonium.

Ar•che•go´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the first of a race.] (Bot.) The pistillidium or female organ in the higher cryptogamic plants, corresponding to the pistil in flowering plants.

Ar•cheg´o•ny , n. [See Archegonium.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation; abiogenesis.

Ar•chel´o•gy , n. [Gr. an element or first principle + -logy.] The science of, or a treatise on, first principles. Fleming.

Ar•chen•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. + the brain.] (Zoöl.) The division that includes man alone. R. Owen.

Arch•en´e•my , n. [Pref. arch- + enemy.] A principal enemy. Specifically, Satan, the grand adversary of mankind. Milton.

Arch•en•ter´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to the archenteron; as archenteric invagination.

Arch•en´ter•on, n. [Pref. arch- + Gr. intestine.] (Biol.) The primitive enteron or undifferentiated digestive sac of a gastrula or other embryo. See Illust. under Invagination.

Ar•che•ol´o•gy , n., Ar•che•o•log•ic•al , a. Same as Archaeology, etc.

Arch´er , n. [archier, F. archer, LL. arcarius, fr. L. arcus bow. See Arc, Arch, n.] A bowman, one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow.

Arch´er•ess , n. A female archer. Markham.

Arch´er fish . (Zoöl.) A small fish (Toxotes jaculator), of the East Indies; — so called from its ejecting drops of water from its mouth at its prey. The name is also applied to Chaetodon rostratus.

Arch´er•ship, n. The art or skill of an archer.

Arch´er•y , n. [OE. archerie.] 1. The use of the bow and arrows in battle, hunting, etc.; the art, practice, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrows. 2. Archers, or bowmen, collectively. “Let all our archery fall off
In wings of shot a-both sides of the van.
Webster (1607).”

Arch´es , pl. of Arch, n. Court of arches, or Arches Court (Eng. Law), the court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court in the church of St. Mary-le-Bow (de arcubus). It is now held in Westminster. Mozley & W.

Ar´che•ty•pal , a. Of or pertaining to an archetype; consisting a model (real or ideal) or pattern; original. ´One archetypal mind.´ Gudworth. Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed as an idea of God before the creation.

Ar´che•ty•pal•ly, adv. With reference to the archetype; originally. ´Parts archetypally distinct.´ Dana.

Ar´che•type (är´ke•tip), n. [L. archetypum, Gr. ’arche•typon, fr. ’arche•typos stamped first and as model; ’arche = ’archi + ty•pos stamp, figure, pattern, ty•ptein to strike: cf. F. archetype. See Arch- , pref.] 1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made or formed. “The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies which now meet.
Macaulay.” “Types and shadows of that glorious archetype that was to come into the world.
South.” 2. (Coinage) The standard weight or coin by which others are adjusted. 3. (Biol.) The plan or fundamental structure on which a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of organs are assumed to have been constructed; as the vertebrate archetype.

Ar•che•typ´ic•al , a. Relating to an archetype; archetypal.

Ar•che´us , n. [LL. archeus, Gr. ’archai^os ancient, primeval, fr. ’archh• beginning. See Archi-, pref.] The vital principle or force which (according to the Paracelsians) presides over the growth and continuation of living beings; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ar´chi- . [L., archi-, Gr. ’archi-, a prefix which is from the same root as ’a•rchein to be first, to begin; ’archh the first place, beginning; ’archo•s chief. Cf. AS. arce-, erce-, OHG. erzi-, G. erz- .] A prefix signifying chief, arch; as architect, archiepiscopal. In Biol. and Anat. it usually means primitive, original, ancestral; as archipterygium, the primitive fin or wing.

Ar•chi•an•nel´i•da , n. pl. [NL.; pref. archi- + annelida.] (Zoöl.) A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions.

Ar´chi•a•ter , n. [L. archiatrus, Gr. ; pref. + physician, to heal.] Chief physician; — a term applied, on the continent of Europe, to the first or body physician of princes and to the first physician of some cities. P. Cyc.

Ar•chi•blas´tu•la , n. [Pref. archi + blastula.] (Biol.) A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a cœloblastula.

Ar´chi•cal , a. [Gr. able to govern, fr. beginning, government. See Arch-, pref.] Chief; primary; primordial. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Ar•chi•di•ac´o•nal , a. [L. archidiaconus, Gr. , equiv. to E. archdeacon.] Of or pertaining to an archdeacon. “This offense is liable to be censured in an archidiaconal visitation.
Johnson.”

Ar•chi•e•pis´co•pa•cy , n. [Pref. archi- + episcopacy.] 1. That form of episcopacy in which the chief power is in the hands of archbishops. 2. The state or dignity of an archbishop.

Ar•chi•e•pis´co•pal , a. [Pref. archi- + episcopal.] Of or pertaining to an archbishop; as Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see.

Ar•chi•e•pis•co•pal´i•ty , n. The station or dignity of an archbishop; archiepiscopacy. Fuller.

Ar•chi•e•pis´co•pate , n. [Pref. archi- + episcopate.] The office of an archbishop; an archbishopric.

Ar•chi´e•rey , n. [Russ. archierei, fr. Gr. ; pref. (E. arch-) + priest.] The higher order of clergy in Russia, including metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton.

Ar´chil ( 277), n. [OF. orchel, orcheil, It. orcella, oricello, or OSp. orchillo. Cf. Orchil.] 1. A violet dye obtained from several species of lichen (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the Canary and Cape Verd Islands, etc. Tomlinson. 2. The plant from which the dye is obtained. [Written also orchal and orchil.]

Ar•chi•lo´chi•an , a. [L. Archilochius.] Of or pertaining to the satiric Greek poet Archilochus; as Archilochian meter. { Ar´chi•mage , Ar•chi•ma´gus } n. [NL.; pref. archi- + L. magus, Gr. , a Magian.] 1. The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire. 2. A great magician, wizard, or enchanter. Spenser.

Ar•chi•man´drite , n. [L. archimandrita, LGr. ; pref. (E. arch-) + an inclosed space, esp. for cattle, a fold, a monastery.] (Gr. Church) (a) A chief of a monastery, corresponding to abbot in the Roman Catholic church. (b) A superintendent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic church.

Ar•chi•me•de´an , a. [L. Archimedeus.] Of or pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher; constructed on the principle of Archimedes’ screw; as Archimedean drill, propeller, etc. Archimedean screw, or Archimedes’ screw, an instrument, said to have been invented by Archimedes, for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. When the screw is placed in an inclined position, and the lower end immersed in water, by causing the screw to revolve, the water is raised to the upper end. Francis.

Ar•chi•me´des , n. (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Bryzoa characteristic of the subcarboniferous rocks. Its form is that of a screw.

Arch´ing , n. 1. The arched part of a structure. 2. (Naut.) Hogging; — opposed to sagging.

Ar•chi•pe•lag´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an archipelago.

Ar•chi•pel´a•go, n.; pl. - goes or -gos . [It. arcipelago, properly, chief sea; Gr. pref + sea, perh. akin to blow, and expressing the beating of the waves. See Plague.] 1. The Grecian Archipelago, or AEgean Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor. It is studded with a vast number of small islands. 2. Hence: Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with many islands or with a group of islands.

Ar•chip•te•ryg´i•um (är•kip•te•rij´i•um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. ’archi- (E. arch- ) + ptery•gion wing, fin.] (Anat.) The primitive form of fin, like that of Ceratodus.

Ar´chi•tect (är´ki•tekt), n. [L. architectus, architecton, Gr. chief artificer, master builder; pref. ’archi- (E. archi- ) + workman, akin to art, skill, to produce: cf. F. architecte, It. architetto. See Technical.] 1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed. 2. A contriver, designer, or maker. “The architects of their own happiness.
Milton.” “A French woman is a perfect architect in dress.
Coldsmith.”

Ar•chi•tec´tive , a. Used in building; proper for building. Derham. { Ar•chi•tec•ton´ic , Ar•chi•tec•ton´ic•al , } a. [L. architectonicus, Gr. . See Architect.] 1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to architecture; evincing skill in designing or construction; constructive. ´Architectonic wisdom.´ Boyle. “These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought belonged.
J. C. Shairp.” 2. Relating to the systemizing of knowledge.

Ar•chi•tec•ton´ic, n. [Cf. F. architectonique.] 1. The science of architecture. 2. The act of arranging knowledge into a system.

Ar•chi•tec•ton´ics, n. The science of architecture.

Ar´chi•tec•tor , n. An architect. [Obs.] North.

Ar´chi•tec•tress , n. A female architect.

Ar•chi•tec´tur•al , a. Of or pertaining to the art of building; conformed to the rules of architecture. — Ar•chi•tec´tur•al•ly, adv.

Ar´chi•tec•ture ( 135), n. [L. architectura, fr. architectus: cf. F. architecture. See Architect.] 1. The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; — often called civil architecture. “Many other architectures besides Gothic.
Ruskin.” 3. Construction, in a more general sense; frame or structure; workmanship. “The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees.
Tyndall.” “The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine architecture.
Burnet.” Military architecture, the art of fortifications. — Naval architecture, the art of building ships.

Ar•chi•teu´this , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. + , , a kind of squid.] (Zoöl.) A genus of gigantic cephalopods, allied to the squids, found esp. in the North Atlantic and about New Zealand.

Ar´chi•trave , n. [F. architrave, fr. It. architrave; pref. archi- + trave beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See Column. (b) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form.

Ar´chi•traved , a. Furnished with an architrave. Cowper.

Ar´chi•val , a. Pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records. Tooke.

Ar´chive , n.; pl. Archives . [F. archives, pl., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. government house, archives, fr. the first place, government. See Archi-, pref.] 1. pl. The place in which public records or historic documents are kept. “Our words … . become records in God’s court, and are laid up in his archives as witnesses.
Gov. of Tongue.” 2. pl. Public records or documents preserved as evidence of facts; as the archives of a country or family. [Rarely used in sing.] “Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored press.
Lamb.” Syn. — Registers; records; chronicles.

Ar´chi•vist , n. [F. archiviste.] A keeper of archives or records. [R.]

Ar´chi•volt , n. [F. archivolte, fr. It. archivolto; pref. archi- + volto vault, arch. See Vault.] (Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the architrave in the case of a square opening. (b) More commonly, the molding or other ornaments with which the wall face of the voussoirs of an arch is charged. { Arch´lute , Arch´i•lute } n. [Cf. F. archiluth, It. arciliuto.] (Mus.) A large theorbo, or double-necked lute, formerly in use, having the bass strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison.

Arch´ly , adv. In an arch manner; with attractive slyness or roguishness; slyly; waggishly. “Archly the maiden smiled.
Longfellow.”

Arch•mar´shal , n. [G. erzmarschall. See Arch-, pref.] The grand marshal of the old German empire, a dignity that to the Elector of Saxony.

Arch´ness, n. The quality of being arch; cleverness; sly humor free from malice; waggishness. Goldsmith.

Ar´chon , n. [L. archon, Gr. , , ruler, chief magistrate, p. pr. of to be first, to rule.] (Antiq.) One of the chief magistrates in ancient Athens, especially, by preëminence, the first of the nine chief magistrates. — Ar•chon´tic , a.

Ar´chon•ship, n. The office of an archon. Mitford.

Ar´chon•tate , n. [Cf. F. archontat.] An archon’s term of office. Gibbon.

Ar´chonts , n. pl. [Gr. ’a•rchwn, p. pr. See Archon.] (Zoöl.) The group including man alone.

Arch•prel´ate , n. [Pref. arch- + prelate.] An archbishop or other chief prelate.

Arch•pres´by•ter , n. Same as Archpriest.

Arch•pres´by•ter•y , n. [Pref. arch- + presbytery.] The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton.

Arch•priest´ , n. A chief priest; also a kind of vicar, or a rural dean.

Arch•pri´mate , n. [Pref. arch- + primate.] The chief primate. Milton.

Arch´ stone . A wedge-shaped stone used in an arch; a voussoir.

Arch•trai´tor , n. [Pref. arch- + traitor.] A chief or transcendent traitor. I. Watts.

Arch•treas´ur•er ( 135), n. [Pref. arch- + treasurer.] A chief treasurer. Specifically, the great treasurer of the German empire.

Arch´way , n. A way or passage under an arch.

Arch•wife´ , n. [Pref. arch- + wife.] A big, masculine wife. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Arch´wise , adv. Arch- shaped.

Arch´y , a. Arched; as archy brows.

•ar´chy . [Gr. , fr. chief. See Arch-, pref.] A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in monarchy, the rule of one only. Cf. -arch.

Ar´ci•form , a. [L. arcus bow + -form.] Having the form of an arch; curved.

Arc´o•graph , n. [L. arcus (E. arc) + -graph.] An instrument for drawing a circular arc without the use of a central point; a cyclograph.

Arc•ta´tion , n. [L. arctus shut in, narrow, p. p. of arcere to shut in: cf. F. arctation.] (Med.) Constriction or contraction of some natural passage, as in constipation from inflammation.

Arc´tic , a. [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique, L. arcticus, fr. Gr. , fr. a bear, also a northern constellation so called; akin to L. ursus bear, Skr. ksha.] Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; frigid; as the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature. The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23° 28′ from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles, and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone.

Arc´tic, n. 1. The arctic circle. 2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.]

Arc•tis´ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bear.] (Zoöl.) A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix.

Arc•to•ge´al , a. [Gr. the north + , , country.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as the arctogeal fauna.

Arc•toid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bear + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc.

Arc•tu´rus , n. [L. Arcturus, Gr. bearward, equiv. to ; bear + ward, guard. See Arctic.] (Anat.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Boötes. Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major. “Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: ´the Bear with her train´].
Job xxxviii. 32.”

Arc´u•al , a. Of or pertaining to an arc. Arcual measure of an angle (Math.), that in which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle. { Arc´u•ate , Arc´u•a•ted (#), } a. [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. ´Arcuate stalks.´ Gray.

Arc´u•ate•ly , adv. In the form of a bow.

Arc•u•a´tion , n. [L. arcuatio.] 1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness. Coxe. 2. (Hort.) A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering. Chambers.

Ar´cu•ba•list , n. [See Arbalist.] A crossbow. Fosbroke.

Ar•cu•bal´ist•er , n. [L. arcuballistarius. Cf. Arbalister.] A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden.

Ar´cu•bus , n. See Arquebus. [Obs.]

-ard , -art. The termination of many English words; as coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root; as braggart, sluggard.

Ar•das´sine , n. [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.] A very fine sort of Persian silk.

Ar´den•cy , n. 1. Heat. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as the ardency of love or zeal.

Ar´dent , a. [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr. of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever. 2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as ardent eyes. Dryden. 3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper. “An ardent and impetuous race.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate.

Ar´dent•ly , adv. In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately.

Ar´dent•ness, n. Ardency. [R.]

Ar´dor , n. [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur, F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.] 1. Heat, in a literal sense; as the ardor of the sun’s rays. 2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor. 3. pl. Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.] Syn. — Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor.

Ar´du•ous ( 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb. “Those arduous paths they trod.
Pope.” 2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as an arduous employment, task, or enterprise. Syn. — Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. — Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as an arduous task, an arduous duty. ´It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others.´

Ar´du•ous•ly, adv. In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness.

Ar´du•ous•ness, n. The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution.

Ar´du•rous , a. Burning; ardent. [R.] “Lo! further on,
Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore.
Cary.”

Are . [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms, Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr. , Skr. smas; all from a root as. See Am and Is, and cf. Be.] The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root as.

Are , n. [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards.

A´re•a (a´re•a; 277), n.; pl. Areas (-az) . [L. area a broad piece of level ground. Cf. Are, n.] 1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building. “The Alban lake … looks like the area of some vast amphitheater.
Addison.” 2. The inclosed space on which a building stands. 3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building. 4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth’s surface; a region; as vast uncultivated areas. 5. (Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as the area of a square or a triangle. 6. (Biol.) A spot or small marked space; as the germinative area. 7. Extent; scope; range; as a wide area of thought. “The largest area of human history and man’s common nature.
F. Harrison.” Dry area. See under Dry. { A•read´ , A•reed´ } , v. t. [OE. areden, AS. araedan to interpret. See Read.] 1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as to aread a riddle or a dream. [Obs.] “Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case.
Spenser.” 2. To read. [Obs.] Drayton. 3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct. “But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt!
Milton.” 4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.

A´re•al , a. [Cf. L. arealis, fr. area.] Of or pertaining to an area; as areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves).

A•rear´ , v. t. & i. [AS. araeran. See Rear.] To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.]

A•rear´, adv. [See Arrear, adv.] Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand. Spenser.

A•re´ca , n. [Canarese adiki: cf. Pg. & Sp. areca.] (Bot.) A genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime.

A•reek´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + reek.] In a reeking condition. Swift.

Ar•e•fac´tion , n. [L. arefacere to dry.] The act of drying, or the state of growing dry. “The arefaction of the earth.
Sir M. Hale.”

Ar´e•fy , v. t. [L. arere to be dry + -fly.] To dry, or make dry. Bacon.

A•re´na , n.; pl. E. Arenas ; L. Arenae . [L. arena, harena, sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; — so called because it was covered with sand. 2. Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as the arenaof debate; the arena of life. 3. (Med.) ´Sand´ or ´gravel´ in the kidneys.

Ar•e•na´ceous , a. [L. arenaceus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy or consisting largely of sand; of the nature of sand; easily disintegrating into sand; friable; as arenaceous limestone.

Ar•e•na´ri•ous , a. [L. arenarius, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; as arenarious soil.

Ar•e•na´tion (ar•e•na´shun), n. [L. arenatio, fr. arena sand.] (Med.) A sand bath; application of hot sand to the body. Dunglison.

Ar•en•da´tor , n. [LL. arendator, arrendator, fr. arendare, arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; ad + renda, F. rente, E. rent. Cf. Arrentation and Rent.] In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues. A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator. Tooke.

A•reng´ , A•ren´ga , n. [Malayan.] A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm.

Ar•e•nic´o•lite , n. [L. arena sand + colere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.) An ancient wormhole in sand, preserved in the rocks. Dana.

A•ren•i•lit´ic , a. [L. arena sand + Gr. li•qos stone.] Of or pertaining to sandstone; as arenilitic mountains. Kirwan.

Ar´e•nose , a. [L. arenosus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; full of sand. Johnson.

A•ren´u•lous , a. [L. arenula fine sand, dim. of arena.] Full of fine sand; like sand. [Obs.]

A•re´o•la , n.; pl. Areolae . [L. areola, dim. of area: cf. F. areole. See Area.] 1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect’s wing. 2. (Anat. & Med.) The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule.

A•re´o•lar , a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled with interstices or areolae. reolar tissue (Anat.), a form of fibrous connective tissue in which the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous spaces, or areolae, between them. { A•re´o•late , A•re´o•la•ted } a. [L. areola: cf. F. areole.] Divided into small spaces or areolations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or the receptacle of compound flowers.

A•re•o•la´tion , n. 1. Division into areolae. Dana. 2. Any small space, bounded by some part different in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nervures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of leaves; an areola.

A´re•ole , n. Same as Areola.

A•re´o•let , n. [Dim. of L. areola.] (Zoöl.) A small inclosed area; esp. one of the small spaces on the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins.

A•re•om´e•ter ( 277), n. [Gr. ’araio•s thin, rare + -meter: cf. F. areomètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids; a form hydrometer. { A•re•o•met´ric , A•re•o•met´ric•al } a. Pertaining to, or measured by, an areometer.

A•re•om´e•try , n. [Gr. ’araio•s thin, rare + -metry.] The art or process of measuring the specific gravity of fluids.

Ar•e•op´a•gist , n. See Areopagite.

Ar•e•op´a•gite , n. [L. Areopagites, Gr. .] A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34.

Ar•e•op•a•git´ic , a. [L. Areopagiticus, Gr. .] Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford.

Ar•e•op´a•gus, n. [L., fr. Gr. , and , hill of Ares (Mars’ Hill).] The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars’ Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal

A•re´o•style , a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Araeostyle.

A•re•o•sys´tyle , a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Araeosystyle.

A•rere´ , v. t. & i. See Arear. [Obs.] Ellis.

A•rest´ , n. A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•ret´ , v. t. [OE. aretten, OF. areter; a (L. ad) + OF. reter, L. reputare. See Repute.] To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar•e•ta´ics , n. [Gr. virtue.] The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; — contrasted with eudemonics. J. Grote.

Ar•e•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; virtue + discourse, to speak: cf. F. aretologie.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it.

A•rew´. adv. [See Arow, Row.] In a row. [Obs.] ´All her teeth arew.´ Spenser.

Ar´gal , n. Crude tartar. See Argol.

Ar´gal, adv. A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo, therefore. Shak. { Ar´gal , Ar´ga•li } n. [Mongolian.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild sheep (Ovis ammon, or O. argali), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia. The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad. The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn.

Ar´ga•la , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The adjutant bird.

Ar´gand lamp . [Named from the inventor, Aime Argand of Geneva.] A lamp with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which allow a current of air both inside and outside of the flame. Argand burner, a burner for an Argand lamp, or a gas burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied.

Ar´gas , n. A genus of venomous ticks which attack men and animals. The famous Persian Argas also called Miana bug, is A. Persicus; that of Central America, called talaje by the natives, is A. Talaje.

Ar•ge´an , a. Pertaining to the ship Argo. See Argo.

Ar´gent , n. [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. ’a•rgyros silver, ’argo•s, ’argh•s, white, bright, Skr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue.] 1. Silver, or money. [Archaic] 2. (Fig. & Poet.) Whiteness; anything that is white. “The polished argent of her breast.
Tennyson.” 3. (Her.) The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness; — represented in engraving by a plain white surface. Weale.

Ar´gent, a. Made of silver; of a silvery color; white; shining. “Yonder argent fields above.
Pope.”

Ar•gen´tal , a. Of or pertaining to silver; resembling, containing, or combined with, silver.

Ar´gen•tan, n. An alloy of nickel with copper and zinc; German silver.

Ar´gen•tate, a. [L. argentatus silvered.] (Bot.) Silvery white. Gray.

Ar•gen•ta´tion, n. [L. argentare to silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.] A coating or overlaying with silver. [R.] Johnson.

Ar•gen´tic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, silver; — said of certain compounds of silver in which this metal has its lowest proportion; as argentic chloride.

Ar•gen•tif´er•ous , a. [L. argentum silver + -ferous: cf. F. argentifère.] Producing or containing silver; as argentiferous lead ore or veins.

Ar´gen•tine ( in the 2d sense, commonly ?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver; made of, or sounding like, silver; silvery. “Celestial Dian, goddess argentine.
Shak.” 2. Of or pertaining to the Argentine Republic in South America.

Ar´gen•tine, n. [Cf. F. argentin, fr. L. argentum silver.] 1. (Min.) A siliceous variety of calcite, or carbonate of lime, having a silvery-white, pearly luster, and a waving or curved lamellar structure. 2. White metal coated with silver. Simmonds. 3. (Zoöl.) A fish of Europe (Maurolicus Pennantii) with silvery scales. The name is also applied to various fishes of the genus Argentina. 4. A citizen of the Argentine Republic.

Ar´gen•tite , n. [L. argentum silver.] (Min.) Sulphide of silver; — also called vitreous silver, or silver glance. It has a metallic luster, a lead-gray color, and is sectile like lead.

Ar•gen´tous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, silver; — said of certain silver compounds in which silver has a higher proportion than in argentic compounds; as argentous chloride.

Ar´gent•ry , n. [F. argenterie, fr. argent silver, L. argentum.] Silver plate or vessels. [Obs.] “Bowls of frosted argentry.
Howell.”

Ar´gil , n. [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr. or argil, white. See Argent.] (Min.) Clay, or potter’s earth; sometimes pure clay, or alumina. See Clay.

Ar•gil•la´ceous , a. [L. argillaceus, fr. argilla.] Of the nature of clay; consisting of, or containing, argil or clay; clayey. Argillaceous sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing much clay. — Argillaceous iron ore, the clay ironstone. — Argillaceous schist or state. See Argillite.

Ar•gil•lif´er•ous , a. [L. argilla white clay + -ferous.] Producing clay; — applied to such earths as abound with argil. Kirwan.

Ar´gil•lite , n. [Gr. clay + - lite.] (Min.) Argillaceous schist or slate; clay slate. Its colors is bluish or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. — Ar•gil•lit´ic, a.

Ar•gil•lo-are•e•na´ceous , a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil.

Ar•gil•lo-cal•ca´re•ous , a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth.

Ar•gil•lo-fer•ru´gi•nous , a. Containing clay and iron.

Ar•gil´lous , a. [L. argillosus, fr. argilla. See Argil.] Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne.

Ar´give , a. [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi.] Of or performance to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece. — n. A native of Argos. Often used as a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek.

Ar´go , n. [L. Argo, Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. (Astron.) A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astronomy it is replaced by its three divisions, Carina, Puppis, and Vela.

Ar•go´an , a. Pertaining to the ship Argo.

Ar´goile , n. Potter’s clay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar´gol , n. [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.] Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure.

Ar•gol´ic , a. [L. Argolicus, Gr. .] Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus.

Ar´gon , n. [Gr. inactive.] (Chem.) A substance regarded as an element, contained in the atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inertness. Rayleigh and Ramsay.

Ar´go•naut , n. [L. Argonauta, Gr. ; + sailor, ship. See Argo.] 1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. (Zoöl.) A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta.

Ar•go•nau´ta , n. (Zoöl.) A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor. The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See Hectocotylus.

Ar´go•naut´ic , a. [L. Argonauticus.] Of or pertaining to the Argonauts.

Ar´go•sy , n.; pl. Argosies . [Earlier ragusy, fr. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.] A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size. “Where your argosies with portly sail …
Do overpeer the petty traffickers.
Shak.”

Ar•got´ , n. [F. Of unknown origin.] A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to thieves, tramps, and vagabonds; flash.

Ar´gu•a•ble , a. Capable of being argued; admitting of debate.

Ar´gue , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear; from the same root as E. argent.] 1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason. “I argue not
Against Heaven’s hand or will.
Milton.” 2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; - - followed by with; as you may argue with your friend without convincing him.

Ar´gue, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued. 2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning. “So many laws argue so many sins.
Milton.” 3. To persuade by reasons; as to argue a man into a different opinion. 4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.] “Thoughts and expressions … which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality.
Dryden.” Syn. — to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. — To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one’s cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments. “Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth.
Crabb.” “Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud,
Bold without caution, without honors proud.
Falconer.” “Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate.
Dryden.”

Ar´gu•er , n. One who argues; a reasoner; a disputant.

Ar´gu•fy , v. t. & i. [Argue + -fy.] 1. To argue pertinaciously. [Colloq.] Halliwell. 2. To signify. [Colloq.]

Ar´gu•lus , n. [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura.

Ar´gu•ment , n. [F. argument, L. argumentum, fr. arguere to argue.] 1. Proof; evidence. [Obs.] “There is.. no more palpable and convincing argument of the existence of a Deity.
Ray.” “Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts for a man to commence atheist, and to cast off all belief of providence, all awe and reverence for religion?
South.” 2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it. 3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation. “The argument is about things, but names.
Locke.” 4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem. “You and love are still my argument.
Shak.” “The abstract or argument of the piece.
Jeffrey.” “[Shields] with boastful argument portrayed.
Milton.” 5. Matter for question; business in hand. [Obs.] “Sheathed their swords for lack of argument.
Shak.” 6. (Astron.) The quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as the altitude is the argument of the refraction. 7. (Math.) The independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends. Brande & C.

Ar´gu•ment (ar´gu•ment), v. i. [L. argumentari.] To make an argument; to argue. [Obs.] Gower.

Ar•gu•men´ta•ble (-men´ta•b’l), a. [L. argumentabilis.] Admitting of argument. [R.] Chalmers.

Ar•gu•men´tal , a. [L. argumentalis.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative.

Ar•gu•men•ta´tion , n. [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf. F. argumentation.] 1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. “Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is, … every man that hath with perceiveth.
Tyndale.” 2. Debate; discussion. Syn. — Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning.

Ar•gu•men´ta•tive , a. 1. Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as an argumentative discourse. 2. Adductive as proof; indicative; as the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator. [Obs.] 3. Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as an argumentative writer. —Ar•gu•men´ta•tive•ly, adv. — Ar•gu•men´ta•tive•ness, n.

Ar´gu•men•tize , v. i. To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood.

Ar´gus , n. [L. Argus, Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who has placed by Juno to guard Io. His eyes were transplanted to the peacock’s tail. 2. One very vigilant; a guardian always watchful. 3. (Zoöl.) A genus of East Indian pheasants. The common species (A. giganteus) is remarkable for the great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo.

Ar´gus-eyed , a. Extremely observant; watchful; sharp-sighted.

Ar´gus shell . (Zoöl.) A species of shell (Cypraea argus), beautifully variegated with spots resembling those in a peacock’s tail.

Ar•gu•ta´tion , n. [L. argutatio. See Argue.] Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.]

Ar•gute´ , a. [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere. See Argue.] 1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd. “The active preacher … the argue schoolman.
Milman.”

Ar•gute´ly, adv. In a subtle; shrewdly.

Ar•gute´ness, n. Acuteness. Dryden.

A•rhi´zal , A•rhi´zous , A•rhyth´mic , A•rhyth´mous a. See Arrhizal Arrhizous, Arrhythmic Arrhythmous.

A´ri•a , n. [It., fr. L. aër. See Air.] (Mus.) An air or song; a melody; a tune. The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas oratorios, cantatas anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes.

Ar´ian , a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Aryan.

A´ri•an , a. [L. Arianus.] Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings. — n. One who adheres to or believes the doctrines of Arius. Mosheim.

A´ri•an•ism , n. The doctrines of the Arians.

A´ri•an•ize , v. i. To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an Arian.

A´ri•an•ize, v. t. To convert to Arianism.

Ar´i•cine , n. [From Arica, in Chile.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark.

Ar´id , a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry: cf. F. aride.] Exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; dry; barren. ´An arid waste.´ Thomson.

A•rid´i•ty , n.; pl. Aridities . [L. ariditas, fr. aridus.] 1. The state or quality of being arid or without moisture; dryness. 2. Fig.: Want of interest of feeling; insensibility; dryness of style or feeling; spiritual drought. Norris.

Ar´id•ness , n. Aridity; dryness.

A´ri•el n. or A´ri•el ga•zelle´ [Ar. aryil ayyil stag.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of the gazelle (Antilope or Gazella dorcas) found in Arabia and adjacent countries. (b) A squirrel-like Australian marsupial a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Brazilian toucan Ramphastos ariel).

A´ri•es, n. [L.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Ram; the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. (b) A constellation west of Taurus, drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a ram. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A battering-ram.

Ar´i•e•tate , v. i. [L. arietatus, p. p. of arietare, fr. aries ram.] To butt, as a ram. [Obs.]

Ar•i•e•ta´tion , n. [L. arietatio.] 1. The act of butting like a ram; act of using a battering-ram. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Act of striking or conflicting. [R.] Glanvill. { A•ri•et´ta , Ar•i•ette´ } n. [It. arietta, dim. of aria; F. ariette.] (Mus.) A short aria, or air. ´A military ariette.´ Sir W. Scott.

A•right´ , adv. [Pref. a- + right.] Rightly; correctly; in a right way or form; without mistake or crime; as to worship God aright.

Ar´il , A•ril´lus , n. [From LL. arilli dry grapes, perh. fr. L. aridus dry: cf. F,. arille.] (Bot.) A exterior covering, forming a false coat or appendage to a seed, as the loose, transparent bag inclosing the seed of the white water lily. The mace of the nutmeg is also an aril. Gray.

Ar´il•late . Ar´l•la•ted , Ar´iled a. [Cf. NL. arillatus F. arille.] Having an aril.

A´ri•man , n. See Ahriman.

Ar•i•o•la´tion , n. [L. ariolatio, hariolatio, fr. hariolari to prophesy, fr. hariolus soothsayer.] A soothsaying; a foretelling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ar´i•ose , a. [It. arioso, fr. aria.] Characterized by melody, as distinguished from harmony. “Mendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel; vocal melody is not his forte; the interest of his airs is harmonic.
Foreign Quart. Rev.”

A•ri•o´so , adv. & a. [It.] (Mus.) In the smooth and melodious style of an air; ariose.

A•rise´ (a•riz´), v. i. [imp. Arose (-roz´); p. pr. & vb. n. Arising; p. p. Arisen (- riz´’n).]. [AS. arisan; a (equiv. to Goth. us-, ur-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + risan to rise; cf. Goth. urreisan to arise. See Rise.] 1. To come up from a lower to a higher position; to come above the horizon; to come up from one’s bed or place of repose; to mount; to ascend; to rise; as to arise from a kneeling posture; a cloud arose; the sun ariseth; he arose early in the morning. 2. To spring up; to come into action, being, or notice; to become operative, sensible, or visible; to begin to act a part; to present itself; as the waves of the sea arose; a persecution arose; the wrath of the king shall arise. “There arose up a new king … which knew not Joseph.
Ex. i. 8.” “The doubts that in his heart arose.
Milton.” 3. To proceed; to issue; to spring. “Whence haply mention may arise
Of something not unseasonable to ask.
Milton.”

A•rise´, n. Rising. [Obs.] Drayton.

A•rist´ , 3d sing. pres. of Arise, for ariseth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•ris´ta , n. [L.] (Bot.) An awn. Gray.

Ar´is•tarch , n. [From Aristarchus, a Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200 b. c.] A severe critic. Knowles.

Ar•is•tar´chi•an , a. Severely critical.

Ar´is•tar•chy , n. Severely criticism.

Ar´is•tar•chy , n. Severe criticism. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

A•ris´tate , a. [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See Arista.] 1. (Bot.) Having a pointed, beardlike process, as the glumes of wheat; awned. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip.

Ar•is•toc´ra•cy , n.; pl. Aristocracies . [Gr. ; best + to be strong, to rule, strength; is perh. from the same root as E. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F. aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to Gr. .] 1. Government by the best citizens. 2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. [Obs.] “In the Senate
Right not our quest in this, I will protest them
To all the world, no aristocracy.
B. Jonson.” 3. A form a government, in which the supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privileged order; an oligarchy. “The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses, trough the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its duration seems approach.
Swift.” 4. The nobles or chief persons in a state; a privileged class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who are regarded as superior to the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect.

A•ris´to•crat ( 277), n. [F. aristocrate. See Aristocracy.] 1. One of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble. 2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits; a proud or haughty person. “A born aristocrat, bred radical.
Mrs. Browning.” 3. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of government, or believes the aristocracy should govern. “His whole family are accused of being aristocrats.
Romilly.” { Ar•is•to•crat´ic , Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. aristocratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as an aristocratic constitution. 2. Partaking of aristocracy; befitting aristocracy; characteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy; as an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners. - - Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al•ness, n.

Ar´is•to•crat•ism , n. 1. The principles of aristocrats. Romilly. 2. Aristocrats, collectively. [R.]

Ar•is•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. dinner + -logy.] The science of dining. Quart. Rev.

Ar•is•to•phan´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet.

Ar•is•to•te´li•an ( 277), a. Of or pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384-322 b. c.). — n. A follower of Aristotle; a Peripatetic. See Peripatetic.

Ar•is•to•te´li•an•ism . The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy.

Ar•is•to•tel´ic , a. Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. ´Aristotelic usage.´ Sir W. Hamilton.

Ar´is•to•tle’s lan´tern . (Zoöl.) The five united jaws and accessory ossicles of certain sea urchins.

A•ris´tu•late ( 135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.) Having a short beard or awn. Gray.

Ar´ith•man•cy , n. [Gr. number + -mancy.] Divination by means of numbers.

A•rith´me•tic , n. [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. (sc. ), fr. arithmetical, fr. to number, fr. number, prob. fr. same root as E. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.] 1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures. 2. A book containing the principles of this science. Arithmetic of sines, trigonometry. — Political arithmetic, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. — Universal arithmetic, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra.

Ar•ith•met´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm. — Arithmetical mean. See Mean. — Arithmetical progression. See Progression. — Arithmetical proportion. See Proportion.

Ar•ith•met´ic•al•ly, adv. Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic.

A•rith•me•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. arithmeticien.] One skilled in arithmetic.

A•rith´mo•man´cy , n. Arithmancy.

Ar•ith•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. number + -meter: cf. F. arithmomètre.] A calculating machine.

Ark , n. [OE. ark, arke, arche, AS. arc, earc, earce, fr. L. arca, fr. arcere to inclose, keep off; akin to Gr. to keep off.] 1. A chest, or coffer. [Obs.] “Bearing that precious relic in an ark.
Spenser.” 2. (Jewish Hist.) The oblong chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two tables of stone containing the ten commandments. Called also the Ark of the Covenant. 3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi. Hence: Any place of refuge. 4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivers to transport produce to market.

Ark´ite , a. Belonging to the ark. [R.] Faber.

Ark´ shell . (Zoöl.) A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies.

Arles , n. pl. [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles. Cf. Earles penny.] An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain. [Scot.] Arles penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey.

Arm , n. [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. joining, joint, shoulder, fr. the root to join, to fit together; cf. Slav. rame. . See Art, Article.] 1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also the corresponding limb of a monkey. 2. Anything resembling an arm; as (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc. 3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as the secular arm; the arm of the law. “To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?
Isa. lii. 1.” Arm’s end, the end of the arm; a good distance off. Dryden. — Arm’s length, the length of the arm. — Arm’s reach, reach of the arm; the distance the arm can reach. — To go (or walk arm in arm, to go with the arm or hand of one linked in the arm of another. ´When arm in armwe went along.´ Tennyson. — To keep at arm’s length, to keep at a distance (literally or figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. — To work at arm’s length, to work disadvantageously.

Arm, n. [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; — commonly in the pl.

Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Armed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arming.] [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.] 1. To take by the arm; to take up in one’s arms. [Obs.] “And make him with our pikes and partisans
A grave: come, arm him.
Shak.” “Arm your prize;
I know you will not lose him.
Two N. Kins.” 2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.] “His shoulders broad and strong,
Armed long and round.
Beau. & Fl.” 3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as to arm soldiers; to arm the country. “Abram … armed his trained servants.
Gen. xiv. 14.” 4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling. 5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense. “Arm yourselves … with the same mind.
1 Pet. iv. 1.” To arm a magnet, to fit it with an armature.

Arm, v. i. To provide one’s self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. ´ ’Tis time to arm.´ Shak.

Ar•ma´da (är•ma´da or är•mä´da), n. [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare. See Arm, v. t. Army.] A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558.

Ar•ma•dil´lo (är•ma•dil´lo), n.; pl. Armadillos (-loz). [Sp. armadillo, dim. of armado armed, p. p. of armar to arm. So called from being armed with a bony shell.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any edentate animal if the family Dasypidae, peculiar to America. The body and head are incased in an armor composed of small bony plates. The armadillos burrow in the earth, seldom going abroad except at night. When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are several species, one of which (the peba) is found as far north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouay. (b) A genus of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into a ball.

Ar•ma´do (är•ma´do), n. Armada. [Obs.]

Ar´ma•ment , n. [L. armamenta, pl., utensils, esp. the tackle of a ship, fr. armare to arm: cf. LL. armamentum, F. armement.] 1. A body of forces equipped for war; — used of a land or naval force. ´The whole united armament of Greece.´ Glover. 2. (Mil. & Nav.) All the cannon and small arms collectively, with their equipments, belonging to a ship or a fortification. 3. Any equipment for resistance.

Ar•ma•men´ta•ry , n. [L. armamentarium, fr. armamentum: cf. F. armamentaire.] An armory; a magazine or arsenal. [R.]

Ar´ma•ture , n. [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm: cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. t., Armor.] 1. Armor; whatever is worn or used for the protection and defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some animals and plants. 2. (Magnetism) A piece of soft iron used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the magnetic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force. 3. (Arch.) Iron bars or framing employed for the consolidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns, holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss.

Arm´chair , n. A chair with arms to support the elbows or forearms. Tennyson.

Armed , a. 1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security or protection. ´And armed host.´ Dryden. 2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength, force, or efficiency. “A distemper eminently armed from heaven.
De Foe.” 3. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons, etc; - - said of beasts and birds of prey. Armed at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor, sometimes described as armed cap-à- pie. Cussans. — Armed en flute. (Naut.) See under Flute. — Armed magnet, a magnet provided with an armature. — Armed neutrality. See under Neutrality.

Ar•me´ni•an , a. [Cf. F. Armenien, L. Armenias, fr. Armenia.] Of or pertaining to Armenia. Armenian bole, a soft clayey earth of a bright red color found in Armenia, Tuscany, etc. — Armenian stone. (a) The commercial name of lapis lazuli. (b) Emery.

Ar•me´ni•an, n. 1. A native or one of the people of Armenia; also the language of the Armenians. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of the Armenian Church, an organization similar in some doctrines and practices to the Greek Church, in others to the Roman Catholic.

Arm´et , n. [F., dim. of arme arm, or corrupted for healmet helmet.] A kind of helmet worn in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

Arm´ful , n.; pl. Armfulus . As much as the arm can hold.

Arm´gaunt , a. With gaunt or slender legs. ´An armgaunt steed.´ Shak. This word is peculiar to Shakespeare. Its meaning has not yet been satisfactorily explained.

Arm´-gret , a. Great as a man’s arm. [Obs.] “A wreath of gold, arm-gret.
Chaucer.”

Arm´hole , n. [Arm + hole.] 1. The cavity under the shoulder; the armpit. Bacon. 2. A hole for the arm in a garment.

Ar•mif´er•ous , a. [L. armifer; arma arms + ferre to bear.] Bearing arms or weapons. [R.]

Ar´mi•ger , n. [L. armiger armor bearer; arma arms + gerere to bear.] Formerly, an armor bearer, as of a knight, an esquire who bore his shield and rendered other services. In later use, one next in degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings. The term is now superseded by esquire. Jacob.

Ar•mig´er•ous , a. Bearing arms. [R.] “They belonged to the armigerous part of the population, and were entitled to write themselves Esquire.
De Quincey.”

Ar´mil , n. [L. armilla a bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. OF. armille.] 1. A bracelet. [Obs.] 2. An ancient astronomical instrument. When composed of one ring placed in the plane of the equator for determining the time of the equinoxes, it is called an equinoctial armil; when of two or more rings, one in the plane of the meridian, for observing the solstices, it is called a solstitial armil. Whewell.

Ar•mil´la , n.; pl. E. Armillas , L. Armillae . [L., a bracelet.] 1. An armil. 2. (Zoöl.) A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.

Ar´mil•la•ry , a. [LL. armillarius, fr. L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. F. armillaire. See Arm, n.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a bracelet or ring; consisting of rings or circles. Armillary sphere, an ancient astronomical machine composed of an assemblage of rings, all circles of the same sphere, designed to represent the positions of the important circles of the celestial sphere. Nichol.

Arm´ing , n. 1. The act of furnishing with, or taking, arms. “The arming was now universal.
Macaulay.” 2. (Naut.) A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the lower end of a sounding lead, to bring up the sand, shells, etc., of the sea bottom. Totten. 3. pl. (Naut.) Red dress cloths formerly hung fore and aft outside of a ship’s upper works on holidays. Arming press (Bookbinding), a press for stamping titles and designs on the covers of books.

Ar•min´i•an ( 277), a. Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n.

Ar•min´i•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609). The Arminian doctrines are: 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may relapse from a state of grace.

Ar•min´i•an•ism , n. The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians.

Ar•mip´o•tence , n. [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.] Power in arms. [R.] Johnson.

Ar•mip´o•tent , a. [L. armipotents; arma arms + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Powerful in arms; mighty in battle. “The temple stood of Mars armipotent.
Dryden.” { Ar•mis´o•nant , Ar•mis´o•nous } a. [L. armisonus; arma arms + sonare (p. pr. sonans) to sound.] Rustling in arms; resounding with arms. [Obs.]

Ar´mis•tice , n. [F. armistice, fr. (an assumed word) L. armistitium; arma arms + stare, statum (combining form, -stitum), to stand still.] A cessation of arms for a short time, by convention; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; a truce.

Arm´less , a. 1. Without any arm or branch. 2. Destitute of arms or weapons.

Arm´let , n. [Arm + -let.] 1. A small arm; as an armlet of the sea. Johnson. 2. An arm ring; a bracelet for the upper arm. 3. Armor for the arm.

Ar•mo´ni•ac , a. Ammoniac. [Obs.]

Ar´mor , n. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.] 1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one’s person in battle. In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide. 2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery. Coat armor, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc. — Submarine, a water- tight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine.

Ar´mor-bear•er , n. One who carries the armor or arms of another; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54.

Ar´mored , a. Clad with armor.

Ar´mor•er , n. [OE. armurer, armerer, fr. F. armurter, fr. armure armor.] 1. One who makes or repairs armor or arms. 2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak. 3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans or repairs them, etc.

Ar•mo´ri•al , a. [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.] Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family. “Figures with armorial signs of race and birth.
Wordsworth.” Armorial bearings. See Arms, 4. { Ar•mor´ic , Ar•mor´i•can } a. [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic ar on, at + mor sea.] Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. — n. The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times.

Ar•mor´i•can, n. A native of Armorica.

Ar´mor•ist , n. [F. armoriste.] One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans.

Ar´mor-plat•ed , a. Covered with defensive plates of metal, as a ship of war; steel-clad. “This day will be launched … the first armor- plated steam frigate in the possession of Great Britain.
Times (Dec. 29, 1860).”

Ar´mo•ry , n.; pl. Armories . [OF. armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.] 1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping. 2. Armor; defensive and offensive arms. “Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears.
Milton.” 3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.] 4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spenser. 5. That branch of heraldry which treats of coat armor. “The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin.
Cussans.” { Ar•mo•zeen´ , Ar•mo•zine´ } , n. [armosin, armoisin.] A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical. Simmonds.

Arm´pit , n. [Arm + pit.] The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla.

Arm´rack , n. A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms.

Arms , n. pl. [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n.] 1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense. “He lays down his arms, but not his wiles.
Milton.” “Three horses and three goodly suits of arms.
Tennyson.” 2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. ´Arms and the man I sing.´ Dryden. 3. (Law) Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell. Blackstone. 4. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son. 5. (Falconry) The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Halliwell. Bred to arms, educated to the profession of a soldier. — In arms, armed for war; in a state of hostility. — Small arms, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, etc. — A stand of arms, a complete set for one soldier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt; frequently, the musket and bayonet alone. — To arms! a summons to war or battle. — Under arms, armed and equipped and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade. Arm’s end, Arm’s length, Arm’s reach. See under Arm.

Ar´mure , n. [F. See Armor.] 1. Armor. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface.

Ar´my , n. [F. armee, fr. L. armata, fem. of armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.] 1. A collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers. 2. A body of persons organized for the advancement of a cause; as the Blue Ribbon Army. 3. A great number; a vast multitude; a host. “An army of good words.
Shak.” Standing army, a permanent army of professional soldiers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers.

Ar´my worm . (Zoöl.) (a) A lepidopterous insect, which in the larval state often travels in great multitudes from field to field, destroying grass, grain, and other crops. The common army worm of the northern United States is Leucania unipuncta. The name is often applied to other related species, as the cotton worm. (b) The larva of a small two-winged fly (Sciara), which marches in large companies, in regular order. See Cotton worm, under Cotton.

Ar´na , Ar´nee , n. (Zoöl.) The wild buffalo of India (Bos, or Bubalus, arni), larger than the domestic buffalo and having enormous horns.

Ar•nat´to , n. See Annotto.

Ar´ni•ca , n. [Prob. a corruption of ptarmica.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; also the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. The tincture of arnica is applied externally as a remedy for bruises, sprains, etc.

Ar´ni•cin , n. [See Arnica.] (Chem.) An active principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin.

Ar´ni•cine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the arnica plant. { Ar´not , Ar´nut } n. [Cf. D. aardnoot, E. earthut.] The earthnut. [Obs.]

Ar•not´to , n. Same as Annotto.

A´roid , A•roid´e•ous , a. [Arum + -oid.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Arum family of plants.

A•roint´ (a•roint´), interj. [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to make room for others; AS. ryman to make room or way, fr. rum room. The final t is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf. Room space.] Stand off, or begone. [Obs.] “Aroint thee, witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries.
Shak.”

A•roint´, v. t. To drive or scare off by some exclamation. [R.] ´Whiskered cats arointed flee.´ Mrs. Browning.

A•ro´ma , n. [L. aroma, Gr. : cf. OE. aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.] 1. The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as the aroma of coffee. 2. Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as the subtile aroma of genius. { Ar•o•mat´ic , Ar•o•mat´ic•al } a. [L. aromaticus, Gr. : cf. F. aromatique. See Aroma.] Pertaining to, or containing, aroma; fragrant; spicy; strong-scented; odoriferous; as aromatic balsam. Aromatic compound (Chem.), one of a large class of organic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, wintergreen, and turpentine, the balsams, camphors, etc., many of which have an aromatic odor. They include many of the most important of the carbon compounds and may all be derived from the benzene group, C_6H_6. The term is extended also to many of their derivatives. — Aromatic vinegar. See under Vinegar.

Ar•o•mat´ic (ar•o•mat´ik), n. A plant, drug, or medicine, characterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon, spices.

Ar•o•mat•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. aromatisation.] The act of impregnating or secting with aroma.

A•ro´ma•tize ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aromatized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aromatizing.] [L. aromatizare, Gr. : cf. F. aromatiser.] To impregnate with aroma; to render aromatic; to give a spicy scent or taste to; to perfume. Bacon.

A•ro´ma•ti•zer , n. One who, or that which, aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn.

A•ro´ma•tous , a. Aromatic. [Obs.] Caxton.

Ar´oph , n. [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.] A barbarous word used by the old chemists to designate various medical remedies. [Obs.]

A•rose´ . The past or preterit tense of Arise.

A•round´ , adv. [Pref. a- + round.] 1. In a circle; circularly; on every side; round. 2. In a circuit; here and there within the surrounding space; all about; as to travel around from town to town. 3. Near; in the neighborhood; as this man was standing around when the fight took place. [Colloq. U. S.] See Round, the shorter form, adv. & prep., which, in some of the meanings, is more commonly used.

A•round´, prep. 1. On all sides of; encircling; encompassing; so as to make the circuit of; about. “A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows.
Dryden.” 2. From one part to another of; at random through; about; on another side of; as to travel around the country; a house standing around the corner. [Colloq. U. S.]

A•rous´al , n. The act of arousing, or the state of being aroused. “Whatever has associated itself with the arousal and activity of our better nature.
Hare.”

A•rouse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aroused ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arousing.] [Pref. a- + rouse.] To excite to action from a state of rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion; to rouse; to excite; as to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties. “Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse
His brother, mighty sovereign on the host.
Cowper.” “No suspicion was aroused.
Merivale.”

A•row´ , adv. [Pref. a- + row.] In a row, line, or rank; successively; in order. Shak. “And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow.
Dryden.”

A•roynt´ , interj. See Aroint.

Ar•peg´gio , n. [It., fr. arpeggiare to play on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] (Mus.) The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, as in playing the harp, and not simultaneously; a strain thus played. { Ar´pent , Ar´pen } n. [F. arpent, fr. L. arepennis, arapennis. According to Columella, a Gallic word for a measure equiv. to half a Roman jugerum.] Formerly, a measure of land in France, varying in different parts of the country. The arpent of Paris was 4,088 sq. yards, or nearly five sixths of an English acre. The woodland arpent was about 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch, English.

Ar•pen•ta´tor , n. [See Arpent.] The Anglicized form of the French arpenteur, a land surveyor. [R.]

Ar´pine , n. An arpent. [Obs.] Webster (1623).

Ar´qua•ted , a. Shaped like a bow; arcuate; curved. [R.] { Ar´que•bus , Ar´que•buse } ( 277), n. [F. arquebuse, OF. harquebuse, fr. D. haak-bus; cf. G. hakenbüchse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.] A sort of hand gun or firearm a contrivance answering to a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.]

Ar•que•bus•ade´ , n. [F. arquebusade shot of an arquebus; eau d’arquebusade a vulnerary for gunshot wounds.] 1. The shot of an arquebus. Ash. 2. A distilled water from a variety of aromatic plants, as rosemary, millefoil, etc.; — originally used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Parr.

Ar•que•bus•ier , n. [F. arquebusier.] A soldier armed with an arquebus. “Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination, appear to have been called arquebusiers.
E. Lodge.”

Ar´qui•foux , n. Same as Alquifou.

Ar´rach , n. See Orach.

Ar´rack ( 277), n. [Ar. araq sweat, juice, spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.] A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fermented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc.

Ar•rag´o•nite , n. See Aragonite.

Ar•raign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] [OE. arainen, arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner, fr. LL. arrationare to address to call before court; L. ad + ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See Reason.] 1. (Law) To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Blackstone. 2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. “They will not arraign you for want of knowledge.
Dryden.” “It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body should now be arraigned by the world.
I. Taylor.” Syn. — To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; criminate; indict; denounce. See Accuse.

Ar•raign´, n. Arraignment; as the clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. Macaulay.

Ar•raign´ , v. t. [From OF. aramier, fr. LL. adhramire.] (Old Eng. Law) To appeal to; to demand; as to arraign an assize of novel disseizin.

Ar•raign´er , n. One who arraigns. Coleridge.

Ar•raign´ment , n. [Cf. OF. arraynement, aresnement.] 1. (Law) The act of arraigning, or the state of being arraigned; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an indictment or complaint. 2. A calling to an account to faults; accusation. “In the sixth satire, which seems only an Arraignment of the whole sex, there is a latent admonition.
Dryden.”

Ar•rai´ment , Ar•ray´ment , n. [From Array, v. t.] Clothes; raiment. [Obs.]

Ar•range´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging .] [OE. arayngen, OF. arengier, F. arranger, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.] 1. To put in proper order; to dispose (persons, or parts) in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as troops arranged for battle. “So [they] came to the market place, and there he arranged his men in the streets.
Berners.” “[They] were beginning to arrange their hampers.
Boswell.” “A mechanism previously arranged.
Paley.” 2. To adjust or settle; to prepare; to determine; as to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking. Syn. — Adjust; adapt; range; dispose; classify.

Ar•range´ment , n. [Cf. F. arrangement.] 1. The act of arranging or putting in an orderly condition; the state of being arranged or put in order; disposition in suitable form. 2. The manner or result of arranging; system of parts disposed in due order; regular and systematic classification; as arrangement of one’s dress; the Linnaean arrangement of plants. 3. Preparatory proceeding or measure; preparation; as we have made arrangement for receiving company. 4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement; as the parties have made an arrangement between themselves concerning their disputes; a satisfactory arrangement. 5. (Mus.) (a) The adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not originally written. (b) A piece so adapted; a transcription; as a pianoforte arrangement of Beethoven’s symphonies; an orchestral arrangement of a song, an opera, or the like.

Ar•ran´ger , n. One who arranges. Burke.

Ar´rant , a. [OE. erraunt, errant, errand, equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See Errant.] Notoriously or preëminently bad; thorough or downright, in a bad sense; shameless; unmitigated; as an arrant rogue or coward. “I discover an arrant laziness in my soul.
Fuller.” 2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.] “An arrant honest woman.
Burton.”

Ar´rant•ly, adv. Notoriously, in an ill sense; infamously; impudently; shamefully. L’Estrange.

Ar´ras , n. [From Arras the capital of Artois, in the French Netherlands.] Tapestry; a rich figured fabric; especially, a screen or hangings of heavy cloth with interwoven figures. “Stateliest couches, with rich arras spread.
Cowper.” “Behind the arras I’ll convey myself.
Shak.”

Ar´ras, v. t. To furnish with an arras. Chapman.

Ar•ras•ene´ , n. [From Arras.] A material of wool or silk used for working the figures in embroidery.

Ar•ras´tre , n. [Sp.] A rude apparatus for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold.

Ar´ras•wise• , Ar´ras•ways, adv. [Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.] Placed in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides, the corner being in front; — said of a rectangular form. Encyc. Brit. Cussans.

Ar•raught´ . [The past tense of an old v. areach or arreach. Cf. Reach, obs. pret. raught.] Obtained; seized. Spenser.

Ar•ray´ , n. [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei, arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. ad) + OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.; cf. Goth. raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten, Icel. reiði rigging, harness; akin to E. ready. Cf. Ready, Greith, Curry.] 1. Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as drawn up in battle array. “Wedged together in the closest array.
Gibbon.” 2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order; an orderly collection; hence, a body of soldiers. “A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers.
Prescott.” 3. An imposing series of things. “Their long array of sapphire and of gold.
Byron.” 4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person; rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden. 5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause. (b) The panel itself. (c) The whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court. To challenge the array (Law), to except to the whole panel. Cowell. Tomlins. Blount. — Commission of array (Eng. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war. Blackstone.

Ar•ray´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraying.] [OE. araien, arraien, fr. OE. arraier, arreier, arreer, arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n.] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle; to marshal. “By torch and trumpet fast arrayed,
Each horseman drew his battle blade.
Campbell.” “These doubts will be arrayed before their minds.
Farrar.” 2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; to cloth to envelop; — applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind. “Pharaoh … arrayed him in vestures of fine linen.
Gen. xli..” “In gelid caves with horrid gloom arrayed.
Trumbull.” 3. (Law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. To array a panel, to set forth in order the men that are impaneled. Cowell. Tomlins. Syn. — To draw up; arrange; dispose; set in order.

Ar•ray´er, n. One who arrays. In some early English statutes, applied to an officer who had care of the soldiers’ armor, and who saw them duly accoutered.

Ar•rear´ , adv. [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere, F. arrière, fr. L. ad + retro backward. See Rear.] To or in the rear; behind; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar•rear´, n. That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due; esp. a remainder, or balance which remains due when some part has been paid; arrearage; — commonly used in the plural, as arrears of rent, wages, or taxes. Locke. “For much I dread due payment by the Greeks
Of yesterday’s arrear.
Cowper.” “I have a large arrear of letters to write.
J. D. Forbes.” In arrear or In arrears, behind; backward; behindhand; in debt.

Ar•rear´age , n. [F. arrerage, fr. arrière, OF. arere. See Arrear.] That which remains unpaid and overdue, after payment of a part; arrears. “The old arrearages … being defrayed.
Howell.” { Ar•rect´ , Ar•rect´ed } a. [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere to raise, erect; ad + regere to lead straight, to direct.] 1. Lifted up; raised; erect. 2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.] “God speaks not the idle and unconcerned hearer, but to the vigilant and arrect.
Smalridge.”

Ar•rect´, v. t. 1. To direct. [Obs.] “My supplication to you I arrect.
Skelton.” 2. [See Aret.] To impute. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Ar•rect´a•ry , n. [L. arrectarius, fr. arrigere o set up.] An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ar•re•not´o•kous , a. [Gr. bearing males; a male + a bringing forth.] (Zoöl.) Producing males from unfertilized eggs, as certain wasps and bees.

Ar•ren•ta´tion . [Cf. F. arrenter to give or take as rent. See Arendator.] (O. Eng. Law) A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land in a forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent.

Ar•rep´tion , n. [L. arripere, arreptum, to seize, snatch; ad + rapere to snatch. See Rapacious.] The act of taking away. [Obs.] ´This arreption was sudden.´ Bp. Hall.

Ar•rep•ti´tious , a. [L. arreptitius.] Snatched away; seized or possessed, as a demoniac; raving; mad; crack-brained. [Obs.] “Odd, arreptitious, frantic extravagances.
Howell.”

Ar•rest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.] [OE. aresten, OF. arester, F. arrêter, fr. LL. arrestare; L. ad + restare to remain, stop; re + stare to stand. See Rest remainder.] 1. To stop; to check or hinder the motion or action of; as to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses. “Nor could her virtues the relentless hand
Of Death arrest.
Philips.” 2. (Law) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law; as to arrest one for debt, or for a crime. After this word Shakespeare uses of (´I arrest thee of high treason´) or on; the modern usage is for. 3. To seize on and fix; to hold; to catch; as to arrest the eyes or attention. Buckminster. 4. To rest or fasten; to fix; to concentrate. [Obs.] “We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies.
Jer. Taylor.” Syn. — To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; apprehend; seize; lay hold of.

Ar•rest´, v. i. To tarry; to rest. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar•rest´, n. [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arrêt, fr. arester. See Arrest, v. t., Arrt.] 1. The act of stopping, or restraining from further motion, etc.; stoppage; hindrance; restraint; as an arrest of development. “As the arrest of the air showeth.
Bacon.” 2. (Law) The taking or apprehending of a person by authority of law; legal restraint; custody. also a decree, mandate, or warrant. “William … ordered him to be put under arrest.
Macaulay.” “[Our brother Norway] sends out arrests
On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys.
Shak.” An arrest may be made by seizing or touching the body; but it is sufficient in the party be within the power of the officer and submit to the arrest. In Admiralty law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to the seizure of property. 3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral. “The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep, etc., … were sad arrests to his troubled spirit.
Jer. Taylor.” 4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse; — also named rat-tails. White. Arrest of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment.

Ar•res•ta´tion , n. [F. arrestation, LL. arrestatio.] Arrest. [R.] “The arrestation of the English resident in France was decreed by the National Convention.
H. M. Williams.”

Ar•res•tee´ , n. [See Arrest, v.] (Scots Law) The person in whose hands is the property attached by arrestment.

Ar•rest´er , n. 1. One who arrests. 2. (Scots Law) The person at whose suit an arrestment is made. [Also written arrestor.]

Ar•rest´ing (ar•rest´ing), a. Striking; attracting attention; impressive. “This most solemn and arresting occurrence.
J. H. Newman.”

Ar•rest´ive (-iv), a. Tending to arrest. McCosh.

Ar•rest´ment, n. [OF. arrestement.] 1. (Scots Law) The arrest of a person, or the seizure of his effects; esp., a process by which money or movables in the possession of a third party are attached. 2. A stoppage or check. Darwin.

Ar•rêt , n. [F. See Arrest, n.] (F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or high tribunal; also a decree of a sovereign. (b) An arrest; a legal seizure.

Ar•ret´ , v. t. Same as Aret. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar•rha•phos´tic , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + to sew together.] Seamless. [R.] { Ar•rhi´zal , Ar•rhi´zous } a. [Gr. not rooted; ’a priv. + a root.] (Bot.) Destitute of a true root, as a parasitical plant. { Ar•rhyth´mic , Ar•rhyth´mous } a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + rhythm.] (Med.) Being without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse.

Ar´rhyt•my , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + rhythm.] Want of rhythm. [R.]

Ar•ride´ , v. t. [L. arridere; ad + ridere to laugh.] To please; to gratify. [Archaic] B. Jonson. “Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most arride and solace me are thy repositories of moldering learning.
Lamb.”

Ar•riere´ , n. [F. arrière. See Arrear.] ´That which is behind´; the rear; — chiefly used as an adjective in the sense of behind, rear, subordinate. Arriere fee, Arriere fief, a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. — Arriere vassal, the vassal of a vassal.

Ar•riere´-ban , n. [F., fr. OE. arban, heriban, fr. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling together of an army; OHG. heri an army + ban a public call or order. The French have misunderstood their old word, and have changed it into arrière-ban, though arrière has no connection with its proper meaning. See Ban, Abandon.] A proclamation, as of the French kings, calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of these feudatories, to take the field for war; also the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms, as in ancient France.

Ar´ris , n. [OF. areste, F. arête, fr. L. arista the top or beard of an ear of grain, the bone of a fish.] (Arch.) The sharp edge or salient angle formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved; - - applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric column. P. Cyc. Arris fillet, a triangular piece of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against a chimney or wall, to throw off the rain. Gwilt. — Arris gutter, a gutter of a V form fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt.

Ar´rish , n. [See Eddish.] The stubble of wheat or grass; a stubble field; eddish. [Eng.] [Written also arish, ersh, etc.] “The moment we entered the stubble or arrish.
Blackw. Mag.”

Ar´ris•wise , adv. Diagonally laid, as tiles; ridgewise.

Ar•riv´al , n. [From Arrive.] 1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land. “Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes,
Expect his swift arrival.
Dryden.” 2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected. 3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as news brought by the last arrival. “Another arrival still more important was speedily announced.
Macaulay.” 4. An approach. [Obs.] “The house has a corner arrival.
H. Walpole.”

Ar•riv´ance , n. Arrival. [Obs.] Shak.

Ar•rive´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.] 1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; — followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. ´Arrived in Padua.´ Shak. “[AEneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived … and landed in the country of Laurentum.
Holland.” “There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich.
Macaulay.” 2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment. To arrive at, or attain to. “When he arrived at manhood.
Rogers.” “We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts.
McCosh.” “If at great things thou wouldst arrive.
Milton.” 3. To come; said of time; as the time arrived. 4. To happen or occur. [Archaic] “Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives.
Waller.”

Ar•rive´, v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [Obs.] “And made the sea-trod ship arrive them.
Chapman.” 2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic] “Ere he arrive the happy isle.
Milton.” “Ere we could arrive the point proposed.
Shak.” “Arrive at last the blessed goal.
Tennyson.”

Ar•rive´, n. Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer. “How should I joy of thy arrive to hear!
Drayton.”

Ar•riv´er , n. One who arrives.

Ar•ro´ba , n. [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, ar-rubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir. 2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons.

Ar´ro•gance , n. [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans. See Arrogant.] The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self-assumption; presumption. “I hate not you for her proud arrogance.
Shak.” Syn. — Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness.

Ar´ro•gan•cy , n. Arrogance. Shak.

Ar´ro•gant , a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one’s self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; — applied to persons. “Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate.
Shak.” 2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance; — applied to things; as arrogant pretensions or behavior. Syn. — Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial.

Ar´ro•gant•ly, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self-importance.

Ar´ro•gant•ness, n. Arrogance. [R.]

Ar´ro•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating .] [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one’s self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To assume, or claim as one’s own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as the pope arrogated dominion over kings. “He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine.
Macaulay.”

Ar•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare. Cf. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall. 2. (Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age.

Ar´ro•ga•tive , a. Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Ar•ron•disse•ment´ , n. [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.] A subdivision of a department. [France] The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes.

Ar•rose´ , v. t. [F. arroser.] To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.] “The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you.
Two N. Kins.”

Ar•ro´sion , n. [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ar´row , n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ör, örvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow. Broad arrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead.

Ar´row grass , n. (Bot.) An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads.

Ar´row•head , n. 1. The head of an arrow. 2. (Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria, esp. S. sagittifolia, — named from the shape of the leaves.

Ar´row•head•ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow; cuneiform. Arrowheaded characters, characters the elements of which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nailheads, or wedges; — hence called also nail-headed, wedge-formed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon. See Cuneiform.

Ar´row•root , n. 1. (Bot.) A west Indian plant of the genus Maranta, esp. M. arundinacea, now cultivated in many hot countries. It said that the Indians used the roots to neutralize the venom in wounds made by poisoned arrows. 2. A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of Maranta arundinacea, and used as food, esp. for children an invalids; also a similar starch obtained from other plants, as various species of Maranta and Curcuma.

Ar´row•wood , n. A shrub (Viburnum dentatum) growing in damp woods and thickets; — so called from the long, straight, slender shoots.

Ar´row•worm, n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar transparent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface of the sea. See Sagitta.

Ar´row•y , a. 1. Consisting of arrows. “How quick they wheeled, and flying, behind them shot
Sharp sleet of arrowy showers.
Milton.” 2. Formed or moving like, or in any respect resembling, an arrow; swift; darting; piercing. ´His arrowy tongue.´ Cowper. “By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone.
Byron.” “With arrowy vitalities, vivacities, and ingenuities.
Carlyle.”

Ar•roy´o , n.; pl. Arroyos . [Sp., fr. LL. arrogium; cf. Gr. river, stream, fr. to flow.] 1. A water course; a rivulet. 2. The dry bed of a small stream. [Western U. S.]

Ar´schin , n. See Arshine.

Arse, n. [AS. ears; aers; akin to OHG. ars. G. arsch, D. aars, Sw. ars, Dan. arts, Gr. (cf. tail).] The buttocks, or hind part of an animal; the posteriors; the fundament; the bottom.

Ar´se•nal, n. [Sp. & F. arsenal arsenal, dockyard, or It. arzanale, arsenale (cf. It. & darsena dock); all fr. Ar. darina’a house of industry or fabrication; dar house + ina art, industry.] A public establishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether for land or naval service.

Ar´se•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of arsenic acid.

Ar•se´ni•ate, n. See Arsenate. [R.]

Ar´se•nic (är´se•nik; 277), n. [L. arsenicum, Gr. ’arseniko•n, ’arreniko•n, yellow orpiment, perh. fr. ’arseniko•s or better Attic ’arreniko•s masculine, ’a•rrhn male, on account of its strength, or fr. Per. zernikh: cf. F. arsenic.] 1. (Chem.) One of the elements, a solid substance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals. It is of a steel- gray color and brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sublimes at 356° Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found native, but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron, antimony, or sulphur. Orpiment and realgar are two of its sulphur compounds, the first of which is the true arsenicum of the ancients. The element and its compounds are active poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to 5.9. Atomic weight 75. Symbol As. 2. (Com.) Arsenious oxide or arsenious anhydride; — called also arsenious acid, white arsenic, and ratsbane.

Ar•sen´ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic; — said of those compounds of arsenic in which this element has its highest equivalence; as arsenic acid.

Ar•sen´ic•al, a. Of or pertaining to, or containing, arsenic; as arsenical vapor; arsenical wall papers. Arsenical silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic.

Ar•sen´i•cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arsenicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arsenicating.] To combine with arsenic; to treat or impregnate with arsenic.

Ar•sen´i•cism, n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic.

Ar´sen•ide , n. (Chem.) A compound of arsenic with a metal, or positive element or radical; — formerly called arseniuret.

Ar•sen•if´er•ous , a. [Arsenic + -ferous.] Containing or producing arsenic.

Ar•se´ni•ous , a. [Cf. F. arsenieux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, arsenic; as arsenious powder or glass. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic, when having an equivalence next lower than the highest; as arsenious acid.

Ar´sen•ite , n. [Cf. F. arsenite.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base.

Ar•se•ni´u•ret , n. (Chem.) See Arsenide.

Ar•se•ni´u•ret•ed, a. (Chem.) Combined with arsenic; — said some elementary substances or radicals; as arseniureted hydrogen. [Also spelt arseniuretted.]

Ar•sen•o•pyr´ite , n. [Arsenic + pyrite.] (Min.) A mineral of a tin-white color and metallic luster, containing arsenic, sulphur, and iron; — also called arsenical pyrites and mispickel.

Arse´smart , n. Smartweed; water pepper. Dr. Prior.

Ar´shine (är´shen), n. [Russ. arshin, of Turkish-Tartar origin; Turk. arshin, arshun, ell, yard.] A Russian measure of length = 2 ft. 4.246 inches.

Ar´sine (är´sin or -sen), n. [From Arsenic.] (Chem.) A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsH_3, a colorless and exceedingly poisonous gas having an odor like garlic; arseniureted hydrogen.

Ar´sis (är´sis), n. [L. arsis, Gr. ’a•rsis a raising or lifting, an elevation of the voice, fr. a’i•rein to raise or lift up. Its ordinary use is the result of am early misapprehension; originally and properly it denotes the lifting of the hand in beating time, and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.] 1. (Pros.) (a) That part of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distinguished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (b) That elevation of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the rhythmic accent. It is uncertain whether the arsis originally consisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer duration of sound, or in all combined. 2. (Mus.) The elevation of the hand, or that part of the bar at which it is raised, in beating time; the weak or unaccented part of the bar; — opposed to thesis. Moore.

Ars•met´rike (ärz•met´rik), n. [An erroneous form of arithmetic, as if from L. ars metrica the measuring art.] Arithmetic. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar´son (är´s’n; 277), n. [OF. arson, arsun, fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] (Law) The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony; the malicious and voluntary firing of a building or ship. Wharton. The definition of this crime is varied by statues in different countries and states. The English law of arson has been considerably modified in the United States; in some of the States it has been materially enlarged, while in others, various degrees of arson have been established, with corresponding punishment. Burrill.

Art (ärt). The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending -t, as in thou shalt, wilt, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style.

Art (ärt), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes. “Blest with each grace of nature and of art.
Pope.” 2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; — often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation. “Science is systematized knowledge … Art is knowledge made efficient by skill.
J. F. Genung.” 3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. also an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill. “The fishermen can’t employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea.
Addison.” 4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as he prefers art to literature. 5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as master of arts. “In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts.
Pope.” “Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation.
Goldsmith.” 6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic] “So vast is art, so narrow human wit.
Pope.” 7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; as a man has the art of managing his business to advantage. 8. Skillful plan; device. “They employed every art to soothe … the discontented warriors.
Macaulay.” 9. Cunning; artifice; craft. “Madam, I swear I use no art at all.
Shak.” “Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength.
Crabb.” 10. The black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak. Art and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity. The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are more concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination and taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, — grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts. “In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity.
Irving.” Syn. — Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science.

Ar•te´mi•a (är•te´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’A•rtemis, a Greek goddess.] (Zoöl.) A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.

Ar•te•mi´si•a (ärte´mizh´i•a or ärte´mish´i•a), n. [L. Artemisia, Gr. ’Artemisi•a.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region.

Ar•te´ri•ac , a. [L. arteriacus, Gr. . See Artery.] Of or pertaining to the windpipe.

Ar•te´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. arteriel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as arterial action; the arterial system. 2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad. Arterial blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs.

Ar•te•ri•al•i•za´tion , n. (Physiol.) The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; — called also aëration and hematosis.

Ar•te´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial.

Ar•te•ri•og´ra•phy, n. [Gr. + - graphy.] A systematic description of the arteries.

Ar•te´ri•ole , n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. arteriole.] A small artery.

Ar•te•ri•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. + - logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries.

Ar•te•ri•ot´o•my , n. [L. arteriotomia, Gr. ; + a cutting.] 1. (Med.) The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. 2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the arteries.

Ar•te•ri´tis , n. [Artery + -etis.] Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison.

Ar´ter•y , n.; pl. Arteries . [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr. .] 1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] ´Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach.´ Holland. 2. (Anat.) One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries. In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins. 3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as arteries of trade or commerce.

Ar•te´sian , a. [F. artesien, fr. Artois in France, where many such wells have been made since the middle of the last century.] Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. Artesian wells, wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usually of small diameter and often of great depth.

Art´ful , a. [From Art.] 1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] ´Artful strains.´ ´Artful terms.´ Milton. 2. Artificial; imitative. Addison. 3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful. “He [was] too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order.
Dryden.” 4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as an artful boy. [The usual sense.] “Artful in speech, in action, and in mind.
Pope.” “The artful revenge of various animals.
Darwin.” Syn. — Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning.

Art´ful•ly, adv. In an artful manner; with art or cunning; skillfully; dexterously; craftily.

Art´ful•ness, n. The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft.

Ar´then , a. Same as Earthen. [Obs.] ´An arthen pot.´ Holland. { Ar•thrit´ic , Ar•thrit´ic•al } a. [L. arthriticus, Gr. ’arqritiko•s. See Arthritis.] 1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper.

Ar•thri´tis (är•thri´tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. ’arqri^tis (as if fem. of ’arqri•tis belonging to the joints, sc. no•sos disease) gout, fr. ’a•rqron a joint.] (Med.) Any inflammation of the joints, particularly the gout.

Ar´thro•derm , n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + ’derm.] (Zoöl.) The external covering of an Arthropod.

Ar•thro´di•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. well articulated; ’a•rqron a joint + shape.] (Anat.) A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket. { Ar•thro´di•al , Ar•throd´ic } a. Of or pertaining to arthrodia.

Ar•thro•dyn´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + ’ody•nh pain.] (Med.) An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease.

Ar•thro•dyn´ic, a. Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic.

Ar•thro•gas´tra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + stomach.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi.

Ar•throg´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -graphy.] The description of joints.

Ar•throl´o•gy, n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints.

Ar´thro•mere , n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca. Packard.

Ar•thro•pleu´ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + the side.] (Zoöl.) The side or limb-bearing portion of an arthromere.

Ar´thro•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Arthropoda.

Ar•throp´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea. — Ar•throp´o•dal , a.

Ar•thro•pom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + lid.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda.

Ar•thro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. ’a•rqron joint.] (Anat.) Articulation.

Ar•thros´tra•ca, n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + a shell.] (Zoöl.) One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda.

Ar•thro•zo´ic , a. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + animal, fr. an animal.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Articulata; articulate.

Ar´ti•ad , a. [Gr. even, fr. exactly.] (Chem.) Even; not odd; — said of elementary substances and of radicals the valence of which is divisible by two without a remainder.

Ar´ti•choke , n. [It. articiocco, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. al-harshaf, al-kharshuf.] (Bot.) 1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food. 2. See Jerusalem artichoke.

Ar´ti•cle , n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr. , fr. a root ar to join, fit. See Art, n.] 1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as articles of agreement. 2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia. 3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.] “A very great revolution that happened in this article of good breeding.
Addison.” “This last article will hardly be believed.
De Foe.” 4. A distinct part. ´Upon each article of human duty.´ Paley. ´Each article of time.´ Habington. “The articles which compose the blood.
E. Darwin.” 5. A particular one of various things; as an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article. “They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food.
Landor.” 6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic] “This fatal news coming to Hick’s Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell’s trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice.
Evelyn.” 7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article. 8. (Zoöl.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage. Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. — Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. — Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. — In the article of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. — Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. — The Thirty-nine Articles, statements (thirty-nine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England.

Ar´ti•cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Articled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Articling .] [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n., Articulate.] 1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars. “If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. “He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty.
Stat. 33 Geo. III.” 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as to article an apprentice to a mechanic.

Ar´ti•cle, v. i. To agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant. [R.] “Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased.
Selden.”

Ar´ti•cled , a. Bound by articles; apprenticed; as an articled clerk.

Ar•tic´u•lar , a. [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See Article, n.] Of or pertaining to the joints; as an articular disease; an articular process. { Ar•tic´u•lar , Ar•tic´u•la•ry } n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

Ar•tic´u•lar•ly (är•tik´u•ler•ly), adv. In an articular or an articulate manner.

Ar•tic•u•la´ta (är•tik•u•la´ta), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers. It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of a series of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Malacopoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms. 2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge. 3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea.

Ar•tic´u•late , a. [L. articulatus. See Articulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as articulate animals or plants. 3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as articulate speech, sounds, words. “Total changes of party and articulate opinion.
Carlyle.”

Ar•tic´u•late, n. (Zoöl.) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata.

Ar•tic´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating ]. 1. To utter articulate sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly. 2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To join or be connected by articulation.

Ar•tic´u•late, v. t. 1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints. 2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.] 3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as to articulate letters or language. ´To articulate a word.´ Ray. 4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to. “Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church.
Bibliotheca Sacra.” “To … articulate the dumb, deep want of the people.
Carlyle.”

Ar•tic´u•la•ted , a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as an articulated skeleton. 2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced.

Ar•tic´u•late•ly , adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint. 2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley. “I had articulately set down in writing our points.
Fuller.” 3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds.

Ar•tic´u•late•ness, n. Quality of being articulate.

Ar•tic•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton. Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc. 2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley. 3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.] “That definiteness and articulation of imagery.
Coleridge.” 5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as a distinct articulation. 6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant.

Ar•tic´u•la•tive , a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush.

Ar•tic´u•la•tor , n. One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering.

Ar•tic´u•lus n.; pl. Articuli . [L. See Article.] (Zoöl.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage.

Ar´ti•fice , n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.] 2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work. “The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist.
Cudworth.” 3. Artful or skillful contrivance. “His [Congreve’s] plots were constructed without much artifice.
Craik.” 4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. [Now the usual meaning.] “Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry.
Macaulay.”

Ar•tif´i•cer , n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.] 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith. 2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. ´Artificer of fraud.´ Milton. “The great Artificer of all that moves.
Cowper.” 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory. Syn. — Artisan; artist. See Artisan.

Ar•ti•fi´cial , a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers. “Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life.
Shak.” 2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. ´Artificial tears.´ Shak. 3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as artificial grasses. Gibbon. Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. — Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as ´the artificial system´ in botany, which is the same as the Linnaean system. — Artificial horizon. See under Horizon. Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. — Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. — Artificial numbers, logarithms. — Artificial person (Law). See under Person. — Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural sines, tangents, etc. Hutton.

Ar•ti•fi•ci•al´i•ty , n. The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial.

Ar•ti•fi´cial•ize , v. t. To render artificial.

Ar•ti•fi´cial•ly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature. 2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.] “The spider’s web, finely and artificially wrought.
Tillotson.” 3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.] “Sharp dissembled so artificially.
Bp. Burnet.”

Ar•ti•fi´cial•ness, n. The quality of being artificial.

Ar•ti•fi´cious , a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson.

Art´i•lize , v. t. To make resemble. [Obs.] “If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature.
Bolingbroke.”

Ar•til´ler•ist , n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman.

Ar•til´ler•y , n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.] 1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.] “And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad.
1 Sam. xx. 40.” 2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of artillery. 3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of artillery are confided. 4. The science of artillery or gunnery. Campbell. Artillery park, or Park of artillery. (a) A collective body of siege or field artillery, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the artillery is encamped or collected. — Artillery train, or Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching.

Ar•til´ler•y•man , n. A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing.

Ar•ti•o•dac´ty•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. even + finger or toe.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; — opposed to Perissodactyla.

Ar•ti•o•dac´tyle , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Artiodactyla.

Ar•ti•o•dac´ty•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Even-toed.

Ar´ti•san ( 277), n. [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.] 1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.] 2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic. “This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can … compensate his additional toil and fatigue.
Hume.” Syn. — Artificer; artist. — Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist.

Art´ist , n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.] 1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.] “How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
Instruct the articles and reward their.
Waller.” 2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes. 3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope. 4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.] Syn. — Artisan. See Artisan.

Ar•tiste´ , n. [F. See Artist.] One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook. This term should not be confounded with the English word artist. { Ar•tis´tic , Ar•tis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. — Ar•tis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Art´ist•ry , n. 1. Works of art collectively. 2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey. 3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy.

Art´less , a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful. “Artless of stars and of the moving sand.
Dryden.” 2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.] “Artless and massy pillars.
T. Warton.” 3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as an artless mind; an artless tale. “They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them.
Porteus.” “O, how unlike the complex works of man,
Heaven’s easy, artless, unencumbered plan!
Cowper.” Syn. — Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid.

Art´less•ly, adv. In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope.

Art´less•ness, n. The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity.

Art´ly, adv. With art or skill. [Obs.] { Ar•to•car´pe•ous , Ar•to•car´pous } a. [Gr. bread + fruit.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus.

Ar´to•type , n. [Art + type.] A kind of autotype.

Ar•to•ty´rite , n. [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. bread + cheese.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord’s Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.]

Ar´tow . A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Arts´man , n. A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon.

Art• un´ion . An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists.

A´rum, n. [L. arum, aros, Gr. .] A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example. “Our common arums — the lords and ladies of village children.
Lubbock.” The American ´Jack in the pulpit´ is now separated from the genus Arum.

Ar•un•del´ian , a. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624.

Ar•un•dif´er•ous, a. [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.] Producing reeds or canes.

A•run•di•na´ceous , a. [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane.

Ar•un•din´e•ous , a. [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds; reedy.

A•rus´pex , n.; pl. Aruspices . [L. aruspex or haruspex.] One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods.

A•rus´pice , n. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.]

A•rus´pi•cy , n. [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.] Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice.

Ar´val , n. [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arföl; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. öl ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose.

Ar´vi•cole , n. [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species.

Ar´yan (är´yan or ar´i•an), n. [Skr. arya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.] 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo Koosh and Paropamisan Mountains, and to have been the stock from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races; one of that ethnological division of mankind called also Indo-European or Indo-Germanic. 2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.]

Ar´yan (är´yan or ar´i•an), a. Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; Indo-European; Indo-Germanic; as the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages.

Ar´yan•ize, v. t. To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston.

A•ryt´e•noid , a. [Gr. shaped like a ladle; a ladle + form.] (Anat.) Ladle-shaped; — applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords.

As (az), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal swa, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. “His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren.
Macaulay.” As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. ´Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do.´ Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest. 2. In the idea, character, or condition of, — limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. “The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king.
Dewey.” 3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as he trembled as he spoke. “As I return I will fetch off these justices.
Shak.” 4. Because; since; it being the case that. “As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms … they were not indifferently prepared.
Sir W. Scott.” [See Synonym under Because.] 5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning). “We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited.
Macaulay.” 6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such. [Obs.] “I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee.
Rowe.” So as, so that. [Obs.] “The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination.
Bacon. ” 7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic] “He lies, as he his bliss did know.
Waller.” 8. For instance; by way of example; thus; — used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations. 9. Than. [Obs. & R.] “The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors.
Fuller.” 10. Expressing a wish. [Obs.] ´As have,´ i. e., may he have. Chaucer. As . . as. See So . . as, under So. — As far as, to the extent or degree. ´As far as can be ascertained.´ Macaulay. — As far forth as, as far as. [Obs.] Chaucer. — As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to. — As good as, not less than; not falling short of. — As good as one’s word, faithful to a promise. — As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition or manner, that it would be if. — As it were (as if it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner. — As now, just now. [Obs.] Chaucer. — As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs.] Chaucer. — As well, also; too; besides. Addison. — As well as, equally with, no less than. ´I have understanding as well as you.´ Job xii. 3. — As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now.

As , n. [See Ace.] An ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ambes-as, double aces.

As , n.; pl. Asses . [L. as. See Ace.] 1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces. 2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce.

As´a , n. [NL. asa, of oriental origin; cf. Per. aza mastic, Ar. asa healing, isa remedy.] An ancient name of a gum. { As•a•fet´i•da , As•a•fœt´i•da } , n. [Asa + L. foetidus fetid.] The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asafœtida) of Persia and the East Indies. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Written also assafœtida.]

As´a•phus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. indistinct, uncertain.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Lower Silurian formation. See Illust. in Append.

As•a•ra•bac´ca , n. [L. asarum + bacca a berry. See Asarone.] (Bot.) An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europaeum), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs.

As´a•rone , n. [L. asarum hazelwort, wild spikenard, Gr. ’a•saron] (Chem.) A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europaeum; — called also camphor of asarum.

As•bes´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling asbestus; inconsumable; asbestine.

As•bes´ti•form , a. [L. asbestus + -form.] Having the form or structure of asbestus.

As•bes´tine , a. Of or pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature; incombustible; asbestic.

As•bes´tous , a. Asbestic. { As•bes´tus , As•bes´tos ( 277), } n. [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus) a kind of mineral unaffected by fire, Gr. (prop. an adj.) inextinguishable; ’a priv. + to extinguish.] (Min.) A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a white, gray, or green-gray color. The name is also given to a similar variety of serpentine. The finer varieties have been wrought into gloves and cloth which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen’s clothes. Asbestus in also employed in the manufacture of iron safes, for fireproof roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called amianthus. Dana.

As´bo•lin , n. [Gr. soot.] (Chem.) A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained from wood soot.

As´ca•rid , n.; pl. Ascarides or Ascarids. [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestine, and allied species found in domestic animals; also commonly applied to the pinworm (Oxyuris), often troublesome to children and aged persons.

As•cend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascending.] [L. ascendere; ad + scandere to climb, mount. See Scan.] 1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rise; — opposed to descend. “Higher yet that star ascends.
Bowring.” “I ascend unto my father and your father.
John xx. 17.” Formerly used with up. “The smoke of it ascended up to heaven.
Addison.” 2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient times, from one note to another more acute, etc.; as our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity; to ascend to our first progenitor. Syn. — To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower.

As•cend´, v. t. To go or move upward upon or along; to climb; to mount; to go up the top of; as to ascend a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne.

As•cend´a•ble , a. Capable of being ascended. { As•cend´an•cy , As•cend´ance } n. Same as Ascendency.

As•cend´ant , n. [F. ascendant, L. ascendens; p. pr. of ascendere.] 1. Ascent; height; elevation. [R.] “Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant.
Temple.” 2. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the moment of one’s birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a person’s life and fortune. Hence the phrases To be in the ascendant, to have commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ascendant, one who has possession of such power or influence; as to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke. 3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascendency; as one man has the ascendant over another. “Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent.
Robertson.” 4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; a relative in the ascending line; a progenitor; — opposed to descendant. Ayliffe. { As•cend´ant , As•cend´ent } a. 1. Rising toward the zenith; above the horizon. “The constellation … about that time ascendant.
Browne.” 2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin. 3. Superior; surpassing; ruling. “An ascendant spirit over him.
South.” “The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth.
J. S. Mill.” “Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defending himself against accusations, … no man could possibly hold an ascendent position.
Grote.”

As•cend´en•cy , n. Governing or controlling influence; domination; power. “An undisputed ascendency.
Macaulay.” “Custom has an ascendency over the understanding.
Watts.” Syn. — Control; authority; influence; sway; dominion; prevalence; domination.

As•cend´i•ble , a. [L. ascendibilis.] Capable of being ascended; climbable.

As•cend´ing, a. Rising; moving upward; as an ascending kite. — As•cend´ing•ly, adv. Ascending latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a planet. Ferguson. — Ascending line (Geneol.), the line of relationship traced backward or through one’s ancestors. One’s father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, etc., are in the line direct ascending. — Ascending node having, that node of the moon or a planet wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Herschel. — Ascending series. (Math.) (a) A series arranged according to the ascending powers of a quantity. (b) A series in which each term is greater than the preceding. — Ascending signs, signs east of the meridian.

As•cen´sion, n. [F. ascension, L. ascensio, fr. ascendere. See Ascend.] 1. The act of ascending; a rising; ascent. 2. Specifically: The visible ascent of our Savior on the fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) also Ascension Day. 3. An ascending or arising, as in distillation; also that which arises, as from distillation. “Vaporous ascensions from the stomach.
Sir T. Browne.” Ascension Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide, the day on which commemorated our Savior’s ascension into heaven after his resurrection; — called also Holy Thursday. — Right ascension (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star; — expressed either in degrees or in time. — Oblique ascension (Astron.), an arc of the equator, intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. It is little used in modern astronomy.

As•cen´sion•al , a. Relating to ascension; connected with ascent; ascensive; tending upward; as the ascensional power of a balloon. Ascensional difference (Astron.), the difference between oblique and right ascension; — used chiefly as expressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o’clock, or six hours from its meridian passage.

As•cen´sive , a. [See Ascend.] 1. Rising; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen. 2. (Gram.) Augmentative; intensive. Ellicott.

As•cent´ . [Formed like descent, as if from a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See Ascend, Descent.] 1. The act of rising; motion upward; rise; a mounting upward; as he made a tedious ascent; the ascent of vapors from the earth. “To him with swift ascent he up returned.
Milton.” 2. The way or means by which one ascends. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison. 4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade; as a road has an ascent of five degrees.

As•cer•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascertained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascertaining.] [OF. acertener; a (L. ad) + certain. See Certain.] 1. To render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. [Obs.] “When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained.
Jer. Taylor.” “Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him of its effects.
Robertson.” 2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free from obscurity, doubt, or change; to make sure of; to fix; to determine. [Archaic] “The divine law … ascertaineth the truth.
Hooker.” “The very deferring [of his execution] shall increase and ascertain the condemnation.
Jer. Taylor.” “The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority … persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers.
Smollett.” “The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation.
Gibbon.” 3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment; to get to know; as to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal. “He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a descent on England was practicable.
Macaulay.”

As•cer•tain´a•ble , a. That may be ascertained. — As•cer•tain´a•ble•ness, n. — As•cer•tain´a•bly, adv.

As•cer•tain´er , n. One who ascertains.

As•cer•tain´ment , n. The act of ascertaining; a reducing to certainty; a finding out by investigation; discovery. “The positive ascertainment of its limits.
Burke.”

As•ces´san•cy , n. As•ces´sant a. See Acescency Acescent. [Obs.]

As•cet´ic a. [Gr. , fr. to exercise, to practice gymnastics.] Extremely rigid in self-denial and devotions; austere; severe. “The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipline.
Sir W. Scott.”

As•cet´ic, n. In the early church, one who devoted himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized by devotion, extreme self-denial, and self-mortification; a hermit; a recluse; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and self-denial in religious things. “I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their quarters in deserts.
Norris.” Ascetic theology, the science which treats of the practice of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of perfection. Am. Cyc.

As•cet´i•cism , n. The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics.

As´cham , n. [From Roger Ascham, who was a great lover of archery.] A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain bows and other implements of archery.

As´ci, n. pl. See Ascus.

As´cian, n. One of the Ascii.

As•cid´i•an , n. [Gr. bladder, pouch.] (Zoöl.) One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more general sense, one of the Tunicata. Also as an adj.

As•cid•i•a´ri•um , n. [NL. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.) The structure which unites together the ascidiozooids in a compound ascidian.

As•cid´i•form, a. [Gr. a pouch + - form.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like an ascidian.

As•cid•i•oid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. ascidium + -oid. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.) A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a two-necked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix.

As•cid•i•o•zo´oid (as•sid•i•o•zo´oid), n. [Ascidium + zooid.] (Zoöl.) One of the individual members of a compound ascidian. See Ascidioidea.

As•cid´i•um (as•sid´i•um), n.; pl. Ascidia (-a). [NL., fr. ascus. See Ascus.] 1. (Bot.) A pitcher-shaped, or flask-shaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the leaves of the pitcher plant, or the little bladderlike traps of the bladderwort (Utricularia). 2. pl. (Zoöl.) A genus of simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the known species. It is sometimes used as a name for the Ascidioidea, or for all the Tunicata.

As•cig´er•ous , a. [Ascus + - gerous.] (Bot.) Having asci. Loudon. { As´ci•i , As´cians } n. pl. [L. ascii, pl. of ascius, Gr. without shadow; ’a priv. + shadow.] Persons who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon; — applied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun.

As•ci´tes , n. [L., fr. Gr. (sc. disease), fr. bladder, belly.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen; dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison. { As•cit´ic , As•cit´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or affected by, ascites; dropsical.

As•ci•ti´tious , a. [See Adscititious.] Supplemental; not inherent or original; adscititious; additional; assumed. “Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name.
Pope.”

As•cle´pi•ad , n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus.

As•cle•pi•a•da´ceous, a. [See Asclepias.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the Milkweed family.

As•cle´pi•as, n. [L., fr. Gr. , named from Asclepios or Aesculapius.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some other species having medicinal properties. Asclepias butterfly (Zoöl.), a large, handsome, red and black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemispheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias.

As•co•coc´cus , n.; pl. Ascococci . [NL., fr. Gr. ’asko•s bladder, bag + kernel.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus, found in putrid meat infusions, occurring in peculiar masses, each of which is inclosed in a hyaline capsule and contains a large number of spherical micrococci.

As´co•spore , n. [Ascus + spore.] (Bot.) One of the spores contained in the asci of lichens and fungi. [See Illust. of Ascus.]

As•crib´a•ble , a. Capable of being ascribed; attributable.

As•cribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] [L. ascribere, adscribere, to ascribe; ad + scribere to write: cf. OF. ascrire. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause; as his death was ascribed to a poison; to ascribe an effect to the right cause; to ascribe such a book to such an author. “The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole poem.
Addison.” 2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance; to consider or allege to belong. Syn. — To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute denotes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being; as to attribute power to God. 2. To refer something to its cause or source; as to attribute a backward spring to icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both these senses, but involves a different image. To impute usually denotes to ascribe something doubtful or wrong, and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad sense; as to impute unworthy motives. The theological sense of impute is not here taken into view. “More than good-will to me attribute naught.
Spenser.” “Ascribes his gettings to his parts and merit.
Pope.” “And fairly quit him of the imputed blame.
Spenser.”

As´cript , a. See Adscript. [Obs.]

As•crip´tion , n. [L. ascriptio, fr. ascribere. See Ascribe.] The act of ascribing, imputing, or affirming to belong; also that which is ascribed.

As•crip•ti´tious , a. [L. ascriptitius, fr. ascribere.] 1. Ascribed. 2. Added; additional. [Obs.] “An ascriptitious and supernumerary God.
Farindon.”

As´cus , n.; pl. Asci . [NL., fr. Gr. a bladder.] (Bot.) A small membranous bladder or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi.

A-sea, adv. [Pref. a- + sea.] On the sea; at sea; toward the sea.

A•sep´tic , a. [Pref. a- not + septic.] Not liable to putrefaction; nonputrescent. — n. An aseptic substance.

A•sex´u•al ( 135), a. [Pref. a- not + sexual.] (Biol.) Having no distinct sex; without sexual action; as asexual reproduction. See Fission and Gemmation.

A•sex´u•al•ly , adv. In an asexual manner; without sexual agency.

Ash (ash), n. [OE. asch, esh, AS. aesc; akin to OHG. asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees of the Olive family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana). Prickly ash (Zanthoxylum Americanum) and Poison ash (Rhus venenata) are shrubs of different families, somewhat resembling the true ashes in their foliage. — Mountain ash. See Roman tree, and under Mountain. 2. The tough, elastic wood of the ash tree. Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound term; as ash bud, ash wood, ash tree, etc.

Ash, n., sing. of Ashes. Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ash-grey, ash-colored, pearlash, potash. Bone ash, burnt powered; bone earth. — Volcanic ash. See under Ashes.

Ash, v. t. To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell.

A•shame , v. t. [Pref. a- + shame: cf. AS. ascamian to shame (where a- is the same as Goth. us-, G. er-, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to shame.] To shame. [R.] Barrow.

A•shamed´ , a. [Orig. a p. p. of ashame, v. t.] Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety. ´I am ashamed to beg.´ Wyclif. “All that forsake thee shall be ashamed.
Jer. xvii. 13.” “I began to be ashamed of sitting idle.
Johnson.” “Enough to make us ashamed of our species.
Macaulay.” “An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of those present.
Darwin.” Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated.

A•sham´ed•ly , adv. Bashfully. [R.]

Ash•an•tee´ , n.; pl. Ashantees . A native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa.

Ash•an•tee´, a. Of or pertaining to Ashantee.

Ash´-col•ored , a. Of the color of ashes; a whitish gray or brownish gray.

Ash´en , a. [See Ash, the tree.] Of or pertaining to the ash tree. ´Ashen poles.´ Dryden.

Ash´en, a. Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a color between brown and gray, or white and gray. “The ashen hue of age.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ash´en , n., obs. pl. for Ashes. Chaucer.

Ash´er•y , n. 1. A depository for ashes. 2. A place where potash is made.

Ash´es , n. pl. [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce, aesce, axe; akin to OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel. & Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth. azgo.] 1. The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 2. Specifically: The remains of the human body when burnt, or when ´returned to dust´ by natural decay. “Their martyred blood and ashes sow.
Milton.” “The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds.
Macaulay.” 3. The color of ashes; deathlike paleness. “The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame.
Byron.” In dust and ashes, In sackcloth and ashes, with humble expression of grief or repentance; — from the method of mourning in Eastern lands. — Volcanic ashes, or Volcanic ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes.

Ash´-fire, n. A low fire used in chemical operations.

Ash´-fur•nace , Ash´-ov•en , n. A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making.

A•shine´ , a. Shining; radiant. { Ash´lar , Ash´ler } , n. [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF. aiseler, fr. aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L. axis, assis, plank, axle. See Axle.] 1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared stone; also masonry made of squared or hewn stone. “Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the quarry. When hammer-dressed it is known as common ashlar.
Knight.” (b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick. Knight. { Ash´lar•ing , Ash´ler•ing } n. 1. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar. 2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely as a case to the body of the wall. Brande & C. 3. (Carp.) The short upright pieces between the floor beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2.

A•shore´ , adv. [Pref. a- + shore.] On shore or on land; on the land adjacent to water; to the shore; to the land; aground (when applied to a ship); — sometimes opposed to aboard or afloat. “Here shall I die ashore.
Shak.” “I must fetch his necessaries ashore.
Shak.”

Ash´to•reth , n.; pl. Ashtaroth . The principal female divinity of the Phœnicians, as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith.

Ash• Wednes´day (ash• wenz´da). The first day of Lent; — so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents.

Ash´weed , n. (Bot.) [A corruption of ache-weed; F. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves to those of ache (celery).] Goutweed.

Ash´y , a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, ashes; filled, or strewed with, ashes. 2. Ash-colored; whitish gray; deadly pale. Shak. Ashy pale, pale as ashes. Shak.

A´sian , a. [L. Asianus, Gr. , fr. , L. Asia.] Of or pertaining to Asia; Asiatic. ´Asian princes.´ Jer. Taylor. — n. An Asiatic.

A´si•arch , n. [L. Asiarcha, Gr. ; + ruler.] One of the chiefs or pontiffs of the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintendence of the public games and religious rites. Milner.

A•si•at´ic , a. [L. Asiaticus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants. — n. A native, or one of the people, of Asia.

A•si•at´i•cism , n. Something peculiar to Asia or the Asiatics.

A•side´ , adv. [Pref. a- + side.] 1. On, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest; out of the way; apart. “Thou shalt set aside that which is full.
2 Kings iv. 4.” “But soft! but soft! aside: here comes the king.
Shak.” “The flames were blown aside.
Dryden.” 2. Out of one’s thoughts; off; away; as to put aside gloomy thoughts. ´Lay aside every weight.´ Heb. xii. 1. 3. So as to be heard by others; privately. “Then lords and ladies spake aside.
Sir W. Scott.” To set aside (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a superior tribunal; to declare of no authority; as to set aside a verdict or a judgment.

A•side´, n. Something spoken aside; as a remark made by a stageplayer which the other players are not supposed to hear.

A•si´lus , n. [L., a gadfly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large and voracious two-winged flies, including the bee killer and robber fly. { As•i•ne´go , As•si•ne´go } , n. [Sp. asnico, dim. of asno an ass.] A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

As´i•nine , a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass. See Ass.] Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of, the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. ´Asinine nature.´ B. Jonson. ´Asinine feast.´ Milton.

As•i•nin´i•ty , n. The quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with obstinacy.

A•si´phon•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a siphon or breathing tube; — said of many bivalve shells. — n. An asiphonate mollusk. { As•i•pho´ne•a , A•si•pho•na´ta , As•i•phon´i•da } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + a tube.] (Zoöl.) A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks.

A•si´ti•a , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + food.] (Med.) Want of appetite; loathing of food.

Ask , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Asking.] [OE. asken, ashen, axien, AS. ascian, acsian; akin to OS. escon, OHG. eiscon, Sw. aska, Dan. aeske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. jëskóti, OSlav. iskati to seek, Skr. ish to desire. rad.5.] 1. To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; — often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed. “Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God.
Judg. xviii. 5.” “If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you.
John xv. 7.” 2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as what price do you ask? “Ask me never so much dowry.
Gen. xxxiv. 12.” “To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more.
Luke xii. 48.” “An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a design to maturity.
Addison.” 3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to or about; to question. “He is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself.
John ix. 21.” “He asked the way to Chester.
Shak.” 4. To invite; as to ask one to an entertainment. 5. To publish in church for marriage; — said of both the banns and the persons. Fuller. Syn. — To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; entreat; beseech; implore; crave; require; demand; claim; exhibit; inquire; interrogate. See Beg.

Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition; — usually followed by for; as to ask for bread. “Ask, and it shall be given you.
Matt. vii. 7.” 2. To make inquiry, or seek by request; — sometimes followed by after. “Wherefore … dost ask after my name?
Gen. xxxii. 29.”

Ask , n. [See 2d Asker.] (Zoöl.) A water newt. [Scot. & North of Eng.] { A•skance´ , A•skant´ } adv. [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, sideways, schuiven to shove, schuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.] Sideways; obliquely; with a side glance; with disdain, envy, or suspicion. “They dart away; they wheel askance.
Beattie.” “My palfrey eyed them askance.
Landor.” “Both … were viewed askance by authority.
Gladstone.”

A•skance´, v. t. To turn aside. [Poet.] “O, how are they wrapped in with infamies
That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes!
Shak.”

Ask´er, n. One who asks; a petitioner; an inquirer. Shak.

Ask´er, n. [A corruption of AS. aexe lizard, newt.] (Zoöl.) An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.]

A•skew´, adv. & a. [Pref. a- + skew.] Awry; askance; asquint; oblique or obliquely; — sometimes indicating scorn, or contempt, or entry. Spenser.

Ask´ing, n. 1. The act of inquiring or requesting; a petition; solicitation. Longfellow. 2. The publishing of banns.

A•slake´ (a•slak´), v. t. & i. [AS. aslacian, slacian, to slacken. Cf. Slake.] To mitigate; to moderate; to appease; to abate; to diminish. [Archaic] Chaucer.

A•slant´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + slant.] Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely. “[The shaft] drove through his neck aslant.
Dryden.”

A•slant´, prep. In a slanting direction over; athwart. “There is a willow grows aslant a brook.
Shak.”

A•sleep´, a. & adv. [Pref. a- + sleep.] 1. In a state of sleep; in sleep; dormant. “Fast asleep the giant lay supine.
Dryden.” “By whispering winds soon lulled asleep.
Milton.” 2. In the sleep of the grave; dead. “Concerning them which are asleep … sorrow not, even as others which have no hope.
1 Thess. iv. 13.” 3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall. “Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call it, asleep.
Bacon.”

A•slope´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + slope.] Slopingly; aslant; declining from an upright direction; sloping. ´Set them not upright, but aslope.´ Bacon.

A•slug´ , adv. [Pref. a- + slug to move slowly.] Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby.

A•smear´ , a. [Pref. a- + smear.] Smeared over. Dickens.

As•mo•ne´an , a. Of or pertaining to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Maccabees belonged; Maccabean; as the Asmonean dynasty. [Written also Asmonaean.]

As•mo•ne´an, n. One of the Asmonean family. The Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168 to 35 b. c.

A•soak´ , a. [Pref. a- + soak.] Soaking.

A•so´ma•tous , a. [L. asomatus, Gr. ; ’a priv. + body.] Without a material body; incorporeal. Todd.

As´o•nant , a. [Pref. a- not + sonant.] Not sounding or sounded. [R.] C. C. Felton.

Asp , n. (Bot.) Same as Aspen. ´Trembling poplar or asp.´ Martyn.

Asp (asp), n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. ’aspi•s: cf. OF. aspe, F. aspic.] (Zoöl.) A small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries, whose bite is often fatal. It is the Naja haje. The name is also applied to other poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of southern Europe. See Haje.
As•pal´a•thus , n. [L. aspalathus, Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub yielding a fragrant oil. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. (b) A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosae. The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope.

As•par´a•gine , n. [Cf. F. asparagine.] (Chem.) A white, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance, C_4H_8N_2O_3+H_2O, found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus. It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous matter throughout the plant; — called also altheine.

As•pa•rag´i•nous , a. Pertaining or allied to, or resembling, asparagus; having shoots which are eaten like asparagus; as asparaginous vegetables.

As•par´a•gus , n. [L., fr. Gr. , ; cf. to swell with sap or juice, and Zend paregha prong, sprout, Pers. asparag, Lith. spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek borrowed from the Persian. Cf. Sparrowgrass.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceae, and having erect much branched stems, and very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically: The Asparagus officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens. 2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which form a valuable and well-known article of food. This word was formerly pronounced sparrowgrass; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively to uneducated people. Asparagus beetle (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Crioceris asparagi) injurious to asparagus.

As•par´tic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived, asparagine; as aspartic acid.

As´pect , n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad + spicere, specere, to look, akin to E. spy.] 1. The act of looking; vision; gaze; glance. [R.] ´The basilisk killeth by aspect.´ Bacon. “His aspect was bent on the ground.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Look, or particular appearance of the face; countenance; mien; air. ´Serious in aspect.´ Dryden. “[Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head.
Pope.” 3. Appearance to the eye or the mind; look; view. ´The aspect of affairs.´ Macaulay. “The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish.
T. Burnet.” 4. Position or situation with regard to seeing; that position which enables one to look in a particular direction; position in relation to the points of the compass; as a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces the south. 5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.] “This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended.
Evelyn.” 6. (Astrol.) The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye; the joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon the earth. Milton. The aspects which two planets can assume are five; sextile, , when the planets are 60° apart; quartile, or quadrate, , when their distance is 90° or the quarter of a circle; trine, , when the distance is 120°; opposition, , when the distance is 180°, or half a circle; and conjunction, , when they are in the same degree. Astrology taught that the aspects of the planets exerted an influence on human affairs, in some situations for good and in others for evil. 7. (Astrol.) The influence of the stars for good or evil; as an ill aspect. Shak. “The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects.
Bacon.” Aspect of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane.

As•pect´ , v. t. [L. aspectare, v. intens. of aspicere. See Aspect, n.] To behold; to look at. [Obs.]

As•pect´a•ble , a. [L. aspectabilis.] Capable of being; visible. ´The aspectable world.´ Ray. ´Aspectable stars.´ Mrs. Browning.

As•pect´ant , a. (Her.) Facing each other.

As•pect´ed, a. Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

As•pec´tion , n. [L. aspectio, fr. aspicere to look at.] The act of viewing; a look. [Obs.] { Asp´en (as´pen), Asp (asp), } n. [AS. aesp, aeps; akin to OHG. aspa, Icel. ösp, Dan. aesp, Sw. asp, D. esp, G. espe, äspe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa, Lith. apuszis.] (Bot.) One of several species of poplar bearing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air.

Asp´en (as´pen), a. Of or pertaining to the aspen, or resembling it; made of aspen wood. “Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze.
Gay.”

As´per (as´per), a. [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. âpre, fr. L. asper rough.] Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter; stern; fierce. [Archaic] ´An asper sound.´ Bacon.

As´per (as´per), n. [L. spiritus asper rough breathing.] (Greek Gram.) The rough breathing; a mark (&asper;) placed over an initial vowel sound or over ρ to show that it is aspirated, that is, pronounced with h before it; thus ´ws, pronounced hos, ´rh•twr, pronounced hra´tor.

As´per, n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. ’a•spron, ’a•spros, white (prob. from the whiteness of new silver coins).] A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin), of little value; the 120th part of a piaster.

As´per•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Asperating.] [L. asperatus, p. p. of asperare, fr. asper rough.] To make rough or uneven. “The asperated part of its surface.
Boyle.”

As•per•a´tion , n. The act of asperating; a making or becoming rough. Bailey.

As•per´ges , n. [L., Thou shalt sprinkle.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprinkling with holy water. (b) The brush or instrument used in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. { As´per•gill , As•per•gil´lum } n. [LL. aspergillum, fr. L. aspergere. See Asperse, v. t.] 1. The brush used in the Roman Catholic church for sprinkling holy water on the people. [Also written aspergillus.] 2. (Zoöl.) See Wateringpot shell.

As•per•gil´li•form , a. [Aspergillum + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling the aspergillum in form; as an aspergilliform stigma. Gray. { As•per•i•fo´li•ate , As•per•i•fo´li•ous , } a. [L. asper rough + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having rough leaves. By some applied to the natural order now called Boraginaceae or borageworts.

As•per´i•ty , n.; pl. Asperities . [L. asperitas, fr. asper rough: cf. F. asperite.] 1. Roughness of surface; unevenness; — opposed to smoothness. ´The asperities of dry bodies.´ Boyle. 2. Roughness or harshness of sound; that quality which grates upon the ear; raucity. 3. Roughness to the taste; sourness; tartness. 4. Moral roughness; roughness of manner; severity; crabbedness; harshness; — opposed to mildness. ´Asperity of character.´ Landor. “It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
Johnson.” 5. Sharpness; disagreeableness; difficulty. “The acclivities and asperities of duty.
Barrow.” Syn. — Acrimony; moroseness; crabbedness; harshness; sourness; tartness. See Acrimony.

A•sper´ma•tous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + , , seed.] (Bot.) Aspermous.

A•sper´mous, a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds; aspermatous.

A•sperne´ , v. t. [L. aspernari; a (ab) + spernari.] To spurn; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

As´per•ous , a. [See Asper, a.] Rough; uneven. Boyle.

As•perse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] [L. aspersus, p. p. of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle; ad + spargere to strew. See Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle, as water or dust, upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with a liquid or with dust. Heywood. 2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate; as to asperse a poet or his writings; to asperse a man’s character. “With blackest crimes aspersed.
Cowper.” Syn. — To slander; defame; detract from; calumniate; vilify. — To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate. These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loathsome. To defame is to detract from a man’s honor and reputation by charges calculated to load him with infamy. Slander (etymologically the same as scandal) and calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of circulating reports to a man’s injury from unworthy or malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by malignant insinuations; they defame by advancing charges to blacken or sully their fair fame; they slander or calumniate by spreading injurious reports which are false, or by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes.

As•persed´ , a. 1. (Her.) Having an indefinite number of small charges scattered or strewed over the surface. Cussans. 2. Bespattered; slandered; calumniated. Motley.

As•pers´er , n. One who asperses; especially, one who vilifies another.

As•per´sion , n. [L. aspersio, fr. aspergere: cf. F. aspersion.] 1. A sprinkling, as with water or dust, in a literal sense. “Behold an immersion, not and aspersion.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. The spreading of calumniations reports or charges which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny. “Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers.
Grote.” “Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue.
Dryden.”

As•pers´ive , a. Tending to asperse; defamatory; slanderous. — As•pers´ive•ly, adv.

As•per•soir´ , n. [F.] An aspergill.

As•per•so´ri•um , n.; pl. Aspersoria . [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The stoup, basin, or other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches. 2. A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. { As´phalt , As•phal´tum } n. [Gr. , of eastern origin: cf. F. asphalte.] 1. Mineral pitch, Jews’ pitch, or compact native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color and high luster on a surface of fracture; it melts and burns when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore called Asphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See Bitumen. 2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, used for forming pavements, and as a water-proof cement for bridges, roofs, etc.; asphaltic cement. Artificial asphalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc. Asphalt stone, Asphalt rock, a limestone found impregnated with asphalt.

As´phalt, v. t. To cover with asphalt; as to asphalt a roof; asphalted streets.

As•phalte´ , n. [F. See Asphalt.] Asphaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2.

As•phal´tic , a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, asphalt; bituminous. ´Asphaltic pool.´ ´Asphaltic slime.´ Milton.

As•phal´tite , a. Asphaltic.

As•phal´tite , a. Asphaltic. Bryant.

As•phal´tus, n. See Asphalt.

As´pho•del , n. [L. asphodelus, Gr. . See Daffodil.] (Bot.) A general name for a plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy perennial plants, several species of which are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. The name is also popularly given to species of other genera. The asphodel of the early English and French poets was the daffodil. The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be the Narcissus poeticus. Dr. Prior. “Pansies, and violets, and asphodel.
Milton.”

As•phyc´tic , a. Pertaining to asphyxia. { As•phyx´i•a , As•phyx´y } n. [NL. asphyxia, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + to throb, beat.] (Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation; the condition which results from interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases.

As•phyx´i•al , a. Of or relating to asphyxia; as asphyxial phenomena.

As•phyx´i•ate , v. t. To bring to a state of asphyxia; to suffocate. [Used commonly in the past pple.]

As•phyx´i•a•ted , As•phyx´ied , p. p. In a state of asphyxia; suffocated.

As•phyx•i•a´tion , n. The act of causing asphyxia; a state of asphyxia.

As´pic , n. [F. See Asp.] 1. The venomous asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson. 2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.]

As´pic, n. [F., a corrupt. of spic (OF. espi, F. epi), L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.] A European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which produces a volatile oil. See Spike.

As´pic, n. [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.] A savory meat jelly containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray.

As•pi•do•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , shield + gills.] (Zoöl.) A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets.

As•pir´ant ( 277), a. [Cf. F. aspirant, p. pr. of aspirer. See Aspire.] Aspiring.

As•pir´ant, n. [Cf. F. aspirant.] One who aspires; one who eagerly seeks some high position or object of attainment. “In consequence of the resignations … the way to greatness was left clear to a new set of aspirants.
Macaulay.”

As´pi•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating .] [L. aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward or upon, to add the breathing h; ad + spirare to breathe, blow. Cf. Aspire.] To pronounce with a breathing, an aspirate, or an h sound; as we aspirate the words horse and house; to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant.

As´pi•rate , n. 1. A sound consisting of, or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the breathing h or a character representing such a sound; an aspirated sound. 2. A mark of aspiration (&asper;) used in Greek; the asper, or rough breathing. Bentley. 3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone; a surd, or nonvocal consonant; as f, th in thin, etc. { As´pi•rate (as´pi•rat), As´pi•ra´ted (-ra´ted), } a. [L. aspiratus, p. p.] Pronounced with the h sound or with audible breath. “But yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h.
Holder.”

As•pi•ra´tion , n. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspirare: cf. F. aspiration.] 1. The act of aspirating; the pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of breath; an aspirated sound. “If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing.
Wilkins.” 2. The act of breathing; a breath; an inspiration. 3. The act of aspiring of a ardently desiring; strong wish; high desire. ´Aspirations after virtue.´ Johnson. “Vague aspiration after military renown.
Prescott.”

As´pi•ra•tor , n. 1. (Chem.) An apparatus for passing air or gases through or over certain liquids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means of suction. 2. (Med.) An instrument for the evacuation of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood.

As•pir´a•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air

As•pire´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aspired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.] [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with eagerness; to seek to attain something high or great; to pant; to long; — followed by to or after, and rarely by at; as to aspire to a crown; to aspire after immorality. “Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell;
Aspiring to be angels, men rebel.
Pope.” 2. To rise; to ascend; to tower; to soar. “My own breath still foments the fire,
Which flames as high as fancy can aspire.
Waller.”

As•pire´, v. t. To aspire to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to. [Obs.] “That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds.
Shak.”

As•pire´, n. Aspiration. [Obs.] Chapman.

As•pire´ment , n. Aspiration. [Obs.]

As•pir´er , n. One who aspires.

As•pir´ing, a. That aspires; as an Aspiring mind. — As•pir´ing•ly, adv. — As•pir´ing•ness, n.

Asp´ish , a. Pertaining to, or like, an asp.

As•por•ta´tion , n. [L. asportatio, fr. asportare to carry away; abs = ab + portare to bear, carry.] (Law) The felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited. It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone.

A•sprawl´ , adv. & a. Sprawling.

A•squat´ , adv. & a. Squatting.

A•squint´ , adv. [Cf. Askant, Squint.] With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as to look asquint.

Ass , n. [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni, W. asen, asyn, L. asinus, dim. aselus, Gr. ; also to AS. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth. asilus, Dan. aesel, Lith. asilas, Bohem. osel, Pol. osiel. The word is prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. athn she ass. Cf. Ease.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. asinus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly harsh bray and long ears. The tame or domestic ass is patient, slow, and sure-footed, and has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of wild asses which are swift-footed. 2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt. Shak. Asses’ Bridge. [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid, ´The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another.´ [Sportive] ´A schoolboy, stammering out his Asses’ Bridge.´ F. Harrison. — To make an ass of one’s self, to do or say something very foolish or absurd.

As•sa•fœt´i•da , n. Same as Asafetida.

As´sa•gai , As´se•gai , n. [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.] A spear used by tribes in South Africa as a missile and for stabbing, a kind of light javelin.

As•sa´i . [It., fr. L. ad + satis enough. See Assets.] (Mus.) A direction equivalent to very; as adagio assai, very slow.

As•sail´ (as•sal´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assailed (-sald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] [OE. assailen, asailen, OF. asaillir, assailler, F. assaillir; a (L. ad) + saillir to burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap, spring; cf. L. assilire to leap or spring upon. See Sally.] 1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile manner; to assault; to molest; as to assail a man with blows; to assail a city with artillery. “No rude noise mine ears assailing.
Cowper.” “No storm can now assail
The charm he wears within.
Keble.” 2. To encounter or meet purposely with the view of mastering, as an obstacle, difficulty, or the like. “The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail.
Pope.” 3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce changes in the feelings, character, conduct, existing usages, institutions; to attack by words, hostile influence, etc.; as to assail one with appeals, arguments, abuse, ridicule, and the like. “The papal authority … assailed.
Hallam.” “They assailed him with keen invective; they assailed him with still keener irony.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall upon. See Attack.

As•sail´a•ble , a. Capable of being assailed.

As•sail´ant , a. [F. assaillant, p. pr. of assaillir.] Assailing; attacking. Milton.

As•sail´ant, n. [F. assaillant.] One who, or that which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an assailer. “An assailant of the church.
Macaulay.”

As•sail´er , n. One who assails.

As•sail´ment , n. The act or power of assailing; attack; assault. [R.] “His most frequent assailment was the headache.
Johnson.”

As´sa•mar , n. [L. assare to roast + amarus, bitter.] (Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance, soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till they turn brown.

As•sam•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Assam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Assam.

As•sa•pan´ , As•sa•pan´ic , n. [Prob. Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The American flying squirrel (Pteromys volucella).

As•sart´ (as•särt´), n. [OF. essart the grubbing up of trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes, shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsaritare; L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] 1. (Old Law) The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the thickets or coverts of a forest. Spelman. Cowell. 2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and fitted for cultivation; a clearing. Ash. Assart land, forest land cleared of woods and brush.

As•sart´, v. t. To grub up, as trees; to commit an assart upon; as to assart land or trees. Ashmole.

As•sas´sin , n. [F. (cf. It. assassino), fr. Ar. •hashishin one who has drunk of the hashish. Under its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of the Shaikh al-Jabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were said to commit the murders required by their chief.] One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret assault; one who treacherously murders any one unprepared for defense.

As•sas´sin, v. t. To assassinate. [Obs.] Stillingfleet.

As•sas´sin•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assassinated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assassinating .] [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] 1. To kill by surprise or secret assault; to murder by treacherous violence. “Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated.
Dryden.” 2. To assail with murderous intent; hence, by extended meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. [Archaic] “Your rhymes assassinate our fame.
Dryden.” “Such usage as your honorable lords
Afford me, assassinated and betrayed.
Milton.” Syn. — To kill; murder; slay. See Kill.

As•sas´sin•ate , n. [F. assassinat.] 1. An assassination, murder, or murderous assault. [Obs.] “If I had made an assassinate upon your father.
B. Jonson.” 2. An assassin. [Obs.] Dryden.

As•sas•si•na´tion , n. The act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence.

As•sas´si•na•tor , n. An assassin.

As•sas´sin•ous , a. Murderous. Milton.

As•sas´tion , n. [F., fr. LL. assatio, fr. L. assare to roast.] Roasting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

As•sault´ , n. [OE. asaut, assaut, OF. assaut, asalt, F. assaut, LL. assaltus; L. ad + saltus a leaping, a springing, salire to leap. See Assail.] 1. A violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, etc.; an onslaught; the rush or charge of an attacking force; onset; as to make assault upon a man, a house, or a town. “The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault.
Prescott.” “Unshaken bears the assault
Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest.
Wordsworth.” 2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like; as to make an assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the constitution of a government. Clarendon. 3. (Law) An apparently violent attempt, or willful offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another; an attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person, as by lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton. “Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the battery.
Mozley & W.” Syn. — Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm.

As•sault´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaulting.] [From Assault, n.: cf. OF. assaulter, LL. assaltare.] 1. To make an assault upon, as by a sudden rush of armed men; to attack with unlawful or insulting physical violence or menaces. “Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound.
Milton.” 2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects; to attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures; to assail; as to assault a reputation or an administration. “Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn, …
Assault his ears.
Dryden.” In the latter sense, assail is more common. Syn. — To attack; assail; invade; encounter; storm; charge. See Attack.

As•sault´a•ble , a. Capable of being assaulted.

As•sault´er , n. One who assaults, or violently attacks; an assailant. E. Hall.

As•say´ , n. [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essa. See Essay, n.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Obs.] Chaucer. “I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy in the assay than it now seems at distance.
Milton.” 2. Examination and determination; test; as an assay of bread or wine. [Obs.] “This can not be, by no assay of reason.
Shak.” 3. Trial by danger or by affliction; adventure; risk; hardship; state of being tried. [Obs.] “Through many hard assays which did betide.
Spenser.” 4. Tested purity or value. [Obs.] “With gold and pearl of rich assay.
Spenser.” 5. (Metallurgy) The act or process of ascertaining the proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy; especially, the determination of the proportion of gold or silver in bullion or coin. 6. The alloy or metal to be assayed. Ure. Assay and essay are radically the same word; but modern usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experiments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily efforts. See Essay. Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as assay balance, assay furnace. Assay master, an officer who assays or tests gold or silver coin or bullion. — Assay ton, a weight of 29,166&frac23; grams.

As•say´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaying.] [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr. essai. See Assay, n., Essay, v.] 1. To try; to attempt; to apply. [Obs. or Archaic] “To-night let us assay our plot.
Shak.” “Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed.
Milton.” 2. To affect. [Obs.] “When the heart is ill assayed.
Spenser.” 3. To try tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.] 4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition.

As•say´, v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Archaic. In this sense essay is now commonly used.] “She thrice assayed to speak.
Dryden.”

As•say´a•ble , a. That may be assayed.

As•say´er, n. One who assays. Specifically: One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, especially of gold or silver.

As•say´ing, n. The act or process of testing, esp. of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine the proportion of pure metal.

Asse , n. (Zoöl.) A small foxlike animal (Vulpes cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur.

As•se•cu•ra´tion , n. [LL. assecuratio, fr. assecurare.] Assurance; certainty. [Obs.]

As•se•cure´ , v. t. [LL. assecurare.] To make sure or safe; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker.

As•se•cu´tion , n. [F. assecution, fr. L. assequi to obtain; ad + sequi to follow.] An obtaining or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

As´se•gai , n. Same as Assagai.

As•sem´blage, n. [Cf. F. assemblage. See Assemble.] 1. The act of assembling, or the state of being assembled; association. “In sweet assemblage every blooming grace.
Fenton.” 2. A collection of individuals, or of individuals, or of particular things; as a political assemblage; an assemblage of ideas. Syn. — Company; group; collection; concourse; gathering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly. An assembly consists only of persons; an assemblage may be composed of things as well as persons, as an assemblage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of persons an assembly; since the latter term denotes a body who have met, and are acting, in concert for some common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake, or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly, but might be turned into one by collecting into a body with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of common interest.

As•sem´blance, n. [Cf. OF. assemblance.] 1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.] “Care I for the … stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man? Give me the spirit.
Shak.” 2. An assembling; assemblage. [Obs.] “To weete [know] the cause of their assemblance.
Spenser.”

As•sem´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assembled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling .] [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like, Gr. at the same time, and E. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.] To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together; to convene; to congregate. “Thither he assembled all his train.
Milton.” “All the men of Israel assembled themselves.
1 Kings viii. 2.”

As•sem´ble, v. i. To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden. “The Parliament assembled in November.
W. Massey.”

As•sem´ble, v. i. To liken; to compare. [Obs.] “Bribes may be assembled to pitch.
Latimer.”

As•sem´bler , n. One who assembles a number of individuals; also one of a number assembled.

As•sem´bly , n.; pl. Assemblies . [F. assemblee, fr. assembler. See Assemble.] 1. A company of persons collected together in one place, and usually for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment. 2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell. 3. (Mil.) A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as a signal to troops to assemble. In some of the United States, the legislature, or the popular branch of it, is called the Assembly, or the General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery; as the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, or of Scotland. Assembly room, a room in which persons assemble, especially for dancing. — Unlawful assembly (Law), a meeting of three or more persons on a common plan, in such a way as to cause a reasonable apprehension that they will disturb the peace tumultuously. — Westminster Assembly, a convocation, consisting chiefly of divines, which, by act of Parliament, assembled July 1, 1643, and remained in session some years. It framed the ´Confession of Faith,´ the ´Larger Catechism,´ and the ´Shorter Catechism,´ which are still received as authority by Presbyterians, and are substantially accepted by Congregationalists. Syn. — See Assemblage.

As•sem´bly•man (as•sem´bly•man), n.; pl. Assemblymen (- men). A member of an assembly, especially of the lower branch of a state legislature.

As•sent´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assented; p. pr. & vb. n. Assenting.] [F. assentir, L. assentire, assentiri; ad + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] To admit a thing as true; to express one’s agreement, acquiescence, concurrence, or concession. “Who informed the governor … And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so.
Acts xxiv. 9.” “The princess assented to all that was suggested.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To yield; agree; acquiesce; concede; concur.

As•sent´ , n. [OE. assent, fr. assentir. See Assent, v.] The act of assenting; the act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to anything; concurrence with approval; consent; agreement; acquiescence. “Faith is the assent to any proposition, on the credit of the proposer.
Locke.” “The assent, if not the approbation, of the prince.
Prescott.” “Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and admiration.
Macaulay.” Royal assent, in England, the assent of the sovereign to a bill which has passed both houses of Parliament, after which it becomes law. Syn. — Concurrence; acquiescence; approval; accord. — Assent, Consent. Assent is an act of the understanding, consent of the will or feelings. We assent to the views of others when our minds come to the same conclusion with theirs as to what is true, right, or admissible. We consent when there is such a concurrence of our will with their desires and wishes that we decide to comply with their requests. The king of England gives his assent, not his consent, to acts of Parliament, because, in theory at least, he is not governed by personal feelings or choice, but by a deliberate, judgment as to the common good. We also use assent in cases where a proposal is made which involves but little interest or feeling. A lady may assent to a gentleman’s opening the window; but if he offers himself in marriage, he must wait for her consent.

As•sen•ta´tion , n. [L. assentatio. See Assent, v.] Insincere, flattering, or obsequious assent; hypocritical or pretended concurrence. “Abject flattery and indiscriminate assentation degrade as much as indiscriminate contradiction and noisy debate disgust.
Ld. Chesterfield.”

As•sen•ta´tor, n. [L., fr. assentari to assent constantly.] An obsequious; a flatterer. [R.]

As•sent´a•to•ry , a. Flattering; obsequious. [Obs.] — As•sent´a•to•ri•ly, adv. [Obs.]

As•sent´er , n. One who assents.

As•sen´tient, a. Assenting.

As•sent´ing , a. Giving or implying assent. — As•sent´ing•ly, adv.

As•sent´ive , a. Giving assent; of the nature of assent; complying. — As•sent´ive•ness, n.

As•sent´ment, n. Assent; agreement. [Obs.]

As•sert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Asserting.] [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to join or fasten to one’s self, claim, maintain; ad + serere to join or bind together. See Series.] 1. To affirm; to declare with assurance, or plainly and strongly; to state positively; to aver; to asseverate. “Nothing is more shameful … than to assert anything to be done without a cause.
Ray.” 2. To maintain; to defend. [Obs. or Archaic] “That … I may assert Eternal Providence,
And justify the ways of God to men.
Milton.” “I will assert it from the scandal.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. To maintain or defend, as a cause or a claim, by words or measures; to vindicate a claim or title to; as to assert our rights and liberties. To assert one’s self, to claim or vindicate one’s rights or position; to demand recognition. Syn. — To affirm; aver; asseverate; maintain; protest; pronounce; declare; vindicate. — To Assert, Affirm, Maintain, Vindicate. To assert is to fasten to one’s self, and hence to claim. It is, therefore, adversative in its nature. We assert our rights and privileges, or the cause of tree institutions, as against opposition or denial. To affirm is to declare as true. We assert boldly; we affirm positively. To maintain is to uphold, and insist upon with earnestness, whatever we have once asserted; as to maintain one’s cause, to maintain an argument, to maintain the ground we have taken. To vindicate is to use language and measures of the strongest kind, in defense of ourselves and those for whom we act. We maintain our assertions by adducing proofs, facts, or arguments; we are ready to vindicate our rights or interests by the utmost exertion of our powers.

As•sert´er , n. One who asserts; one who avers pr maintains; an assertor. “The inflexible asserter of the rights of the church.
Milman.”

As•ser´tion , n. [L. assertio, fr. asserere.] 1. The act of asserting, or that which is asserted; positive declaration or averment; affirmation; statement asserted; position advanced. “There is a difference between assertion and demonstration.
Macaulay.” 2. Maintenance; vindication; as the assertion of one’s rights or prerogatives.

As•sert´ive , a. Positive; affirming confidently; affirmative; peremptory. “In a confident and assertive form.
Glanvill.” As•sert´ive•ly, adv. — As•sert´ive•ness, n.

As•sert´or , n. [L., fr. asserere.] One who asserts or avers; one who maintains or vindicates a claim or a right; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator; a defender; an asserter. “The assertors of liberty said not a word.
Macaulay.” “Faithful assertor of thy country’s cause.
Prior.”

As•ser•to´ri•al , a. Asserting that a thing is; — opposed to problematical and apodeictical.

As•sert´o•ry , a. [L. assertorius, fr. asserere.] Affirming; maintaining. “Arguments … assertory, not probatory.
Jer. Taylor.” “An assertory, not a promissory, declaration.
Bentham.” “A proposition is assertory, when it enounces what is known as actual.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

As•sess´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assessed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assessing.] [OF. assesser to regulate, settle, LL. assessare to value for taxation, fr. L. assidere, supine as if assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges in a court, in LL. to assess, tax. Cf. Assize, v., Cess.] 1. To value; to make a valuation or official estimate of for the purpose of taxation. 2. To apportion a sum to be paid by (a person, a community, or an estate), in the nature of a tax, fine, etc.; to impose a tax upon (a person, an estate, or an income) according to a rate or apportionment. 3. To determine and impose a tax or fine upon (a person, community, estate, or income); to tax; as the club assessed each member twenty-five cents. 4. To fix or determine the rate or amount of. “This sum is assessed and raised upon individuals by commissioners in the act.
Blackstone.”

As•sess´a•ble , a. Liable to be assessed or taxed; as assessable property.

As•sess•ee´ , n. One who is assessed.

As•ses´sion , n. [L. assessio, fr. assidre to sit by or near; ad + sedre to sit. See Sit.] A sitting beside or near.

As•sess´ment , n. [LL. assessamentum.] 1. The act of assessing; the act of determining an amount to be paid; as an assessment of damages, or of taxes; an assessment of the members of a club. 2. A valuation of property or profits of business, for the purpose of taxation; such valuation and an adjudging of the proper sum to be levied on the property; as an assessment of property or an assessment on property. An assessment is a valuation made by authorized persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum certain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the property of those who are to pay the tax, for the purpose of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay. Blackstone. Burrill. 3. The specific sum levied or assessed. 4. An apportionment of a subscription for stock into successive installments; also one of these installments (in England termed a ´call´). [U. S.]

As•sess´or, n. [L., one who sits beside, the assistant of a judge, fr. assidre. See Assession. LL., one who arranges of determines the taxes, fr. assidre. See Assess, v., and cf. Cessor.] 1. One appointed or elected to assist a judge or magistrate with his special knowledge of the subject to be decided; as legal assessors, nautical assessors. Mozley & W. 2. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as an assistant and adviser; an associate in office. “Whence to his Son,
The assessor of his throne, he thus began.
Milton.” “With his ignorance, his inclinations, and his fancy, as his assessors in judgment.
I. Taylor.” 3. One appointed to assess persons or property for the purpose of taxation. Bouvier.

As•ses•so´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. assessorial, fr. L. assessor.] Of or pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of assessors. Coxe.

As•sess´or•ship , n. The office or function of an assessor.

As´set , n. Any article or separable part of one’s assets.

As´sets , n. pl. [OF. asez enough, F. assez, fr. L. ad + satis, akin to Gr. enough, Goth. saps full. Cf. Assai, Satisfy.] 1. (Law) (a) Property of a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his debts and legacies; - - called assets because sufficient to render the executor or administrator liable to the creditors and legatees, so far as such goods or estate may extend. Story. Blackstone. (b) Effects of an insolvent debtor or bankrupt, applicable to the payment of debts. 2. The entire property of all sorts, belonging to a person, a corporation, or an estate; as the assets of a merchant or a trading association; — opposed to liabilities. In balancing accounts the assets are put on the Cr. side and the debts on the Dr. side.

As•sev´er , v. t. [Cf. OF. asseverer, fr. L. asseverare.] See Asseverate. [Archaic]

As•sev´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asseverated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Asseverating .] [L. asseveratus, p. p. of asseverare to assert seriously or earnestly; ad + severus. See Severe.] To affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity. Syn. — To affirm; aver; protest; declare. See Affirm.

As•sev•er•a´tion , n. [L. asseveratio.] The act of asseverating, or that which is asseverated; positive affirmation or assertion; solemn declaration. “Another abuse of the tongue I might add, — vehement asseverations upon slight and trivial occasions.
Ray.”

As•sev´er•a•tive, a. Characterized by asseveration; asserting positively.

As•sev´er•a•to•ry, a. Asseverative.

As•sib´i•late, v. t. [L. assibilatus, p. p. of assibilare to hiss out; ad + sibilare to hiss.] To make sibilant; to change to a sibilant. J. Peile.

As•sib•i•la´tion, n. Change of a non- sibilant letter to a sibilant, as of -tion to -shun, duke to ditch.

As•si•de´an, n. [Heb. khasad to be pious.] One of a body of devoted Jews who opposed the Hellenistic Jews, and supported the Asmoneans.

As´si•dent , a. [L. assidens, p. pr. of assidre to sit by: cf. F. assident. See Assession.] (Med.) Usually attending a disease, but not always; as assident signs, or symptoms.

As•sid´u•ate , a. [L. assiduatus, p. p. of assiduare to use assiduously.] Unremitting; assiduous. [Obs.] ´Assiduate labor.´ Fabyan.

As•si•du´i•ty , n.; pl. Assiduities . [L. assiduitas: cf. F. assiduite. See Assiduous.] 1. Constant or close application or attention, particularly to some business or enterprise; diligence. “I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself for a nomenclator.
Addison.” 2. Studied and persevering attention to a person; - - usually in the plural.

As•sid´u•ous , a. [L. assiduus, fr. assidre to sit near or close; ad + sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. Constant in application or attention; devoted; attentive; unremitting. “She grows more assiduous in her attendance.
Addison.” 2. Performed with constant diligence or attention; unremitting; persistent; as assiduous labor. “To weary him with my assiduous cries.
Milton.” Syn. — Diligent; attentive; sedulous; unwearied; unintermitted; persevering; laborious; indefatigable. As•sid´u•ous•ly, adv. — As•sid´u•ous•ness, n.

As•siege´ , v. t. [OE. asegen, OF. asegier, F. assieger, fr. LL. assediare, assidiare, to besiege. See Siege.] To besiege. [Obs.] ´Assieged castles.´ Spenser.

As•siege´, n. A siege. [Obs.] Chaucer.

As•si•en´tist, n. [Cf. F. assientiste, Sp. asentista.] A shareholder of the Assiento company; one of the parties to the Assiento contract. Bancroft.

As•si•en´to , n. [Sp. asiento seat, contract or agreement, fr. asentar to place on a chair, to adjust, to make an agreement; a (L. ad) + sentar, a participial verb; as if there were a L. sedentare to cause to sit, fr. sedens, sedentis, p. pr. of sedre to sit.] A contract or convention between Spain and other powers for furnishing negro slaves for the Spanish dominions in America, esp. the contract made with Great Britain in 1713.

As•sign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assigned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assigning.] [OE. assignen, asignen, F. assigner, fr. L. assignare; ad + signare to mark, mark out, designate, signum mark, sign. See Sign.] 1. To appoint; to allot; to apportion; to make over. “In the order I assign to them.
Loudon.” “The man who could feel thus was worthy of a better station than that in which his lot had been assigned.
Southey.” “He assigned to his men their several posts.
Prescott.” 2. To fix, specify, select, or designate; to point out authoritatively or exactly; as to assign a limit; to assign counsel for a prisoner; to assign a day for trial. “All as the dwarf the way to her assigned.
Spenser.” “It is not easy to assign a period more eventful.
De Quincey.” 3. (Law) To transfer, or make over to another, esp. to transfer to, and vest in, certain persons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. To assign dower, to set out by metes and bounds the widow’s share or portion in an estate. Kent.

As•sign´, n. [From Assign, v.] A thing pertaining or belonging to something else; an appurtenance. [Obs.] “Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdles, hangers, and so.
Shak.”

As•sign´, n. [See Assignee.] (Law) A person to whom property or an interest is transferred; as a deed to a man and his heirs and assigns.

As•sign•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being assignable.

As•sign´a•ble , a. Capable of being assigned, allotted, specified, or designated; as an assignable note or bill; an assignable reason; an assignable quantity.

As•si•gnat´ ( 277), n. [F. assignat, fr. L. assignatus, p. p. of assignare.] One of the notes, bills, or bonds, issued as currency by the revolutionary government of France (1790-1796), and based on the security of the lands of the church and of nobles which had been appropriated by the state.

As•sig•na´tion , n. [L. assignatio, fr. assignare: cf. F. assignation.] 1. The act of assigning or allotting; apportionment. “This order being taken in the senate, as touching the appointment and assignation of those provinces.
Holland.” 2. An appointment of time and place for meeting or interview; — used chiefly of love interviews, and now commonly in a bad sense. “While nymphs take treats, or assignations give.
Pope.” 3. A making over by transfer of title; assignment. House of assignation, a house in which appointments for sexual intercourse are fulfilled.

As•sign•ee´, n. [F. assigne, p. p. of assigner. See Assign, v., and cf. Assign an assignee.] (Law) (a) A person to whom an assignment is made; a person appointed or deputed by another to do some act, perform some business, or enjoy some right, privilege, or property; as an assignee of a bankrupt. See Assignment (c). An assignee may be by special appointment or deed, or be created by jaw; as an executor. Cowell. Blount. (b) pl. In England, the persons appointed, under a commission of bankruptcy, to manage the estate of a bankrupt for the benefit of his creditors.

As•sign´er (as•sin´er), n. One who assigns, appoints, allots, or apportions.

As•sign´ment , n. [LL. assignamentum: cf. OF. assenement.] 1. An allotting or an appointment to a particular person or use; or for a particular time, as of a cause or causes in court. 2. (Law) (a) A transfer of title or interest by writing, as of lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange; a transfer of the whole of some particular estate or interest in lands. (b) The writing by which an interest is transferred. (c) The transfer of the property of a bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it is vested for the benefit of creditors. Assignment of dower, the setting out by metes and bounds of the widow’s thirds or portion in the deceased husband’s estate, and allotting it to her. Assignment is also used in law as convertible with specification; assignment of error in proceedings for review being specification of error; and assignment of perjury or fraud in indictment being specifications of perjury or fraud.

As•sign•or´ , n. [L. assignator. Cf. Assigner.] (Law) An assigner; a person who assigns or transfers an interest; as the assignor of a debt or other chose in action.

As•sim•i•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being assimilable. [R.] Coleridge.

As•sim´i•la•ble , a. That may be assimilated; that may be likened, or appropriated and incorporated.

As•sim´i•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assimilated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assimilating .] [L. assimilatus, p. p. of assimilare; ad + similare to make like, similis like. See Similar, Assemble, Assimilate.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to conformity; to cause a resemblance between. Sir M. Hale. “To assimilate our law to the law of Scotland.
John Bright.” “Fast falls a fleecy; the downy flakes
Assimilate all objects.
Cowper.” 2. To liken; to compae. [R.] 3. To appropriate and transform or incorporate into the substance of the assimilating body; to absorb or appropriate, as nourishment; as food is assimilated and converted into organic tissue. “Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate their nourishment.
Sir I. Newton.” “His mind had no power to assimilate the lessons.
Merivale.”

As•sim´i•late, v. i. 1. To become similar or like something else. [R.] 2. To change and appropriate nourishment so as to make it a part of the substance of the assimilating body. “Aliment easily assimilated or turned into blood.
Arbuthnot.” 3. To be converted into the substance of the assimilating body; to become incorporated; as some kinds of food assimilate more readily than others. “I am a foreign material, and cannot assimilate with the church of England.
J. H. Newman.”

As•sim•i•la´tion , n. [L. assimilatio: cf. F. assimilation.] 1. The act or process of assimilating or bringing to a resemblance, likeness, or identity; also the state of being so assimilated; as the assimilation of one sound to another. “To aspire to an assimilation with God.
Dr. H. More.” “The assimilation of gases and vapors.
Sir J. Herschel.” 2. (Physiol.) The conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals. “Not conversing the body, not repairing it by assimilation, but preserving it by ventilation.
Sir T. Browne.” The term assimilation has been limited by some to the final process by which the nutritive matter of the blood is converted into the substance of the tissues and organs.

As•sim´i•la•tive , a. [Cf. LL. assimilativus, F. assimilatif.] Tending to, or characterized by, assimilation; that assimilates or causes assimilation; as an assimilative process or substance.

As•sim´i•la•to•ry , a. Tending to assimilate, or produce assimilation; as assimilatory organs.

As•sim´u•late , v. t. [L. assimulatus, p. p. of assimulare, equiv. to assimilare. See Assimilate, v. t.] 1. To feign; to counterfeit; to simulate; to resemble. [Obs.] Blount. 2. To assimilate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

As•sim•u•la´tion , n. [L. assimulatio, equiv. to assimilatio.] Assimilation. [Obs.] Bacon.

As•si•ne´go , n. See Asinego.

Ass´ish , a. Resembling an ass; asinine; stupid or obstinate. “Such … appear to be of the assich kind …
Udall.”

As•sist´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assisting.] [L. assistere; ad + sistere to cause to stand, to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. assister. See Stand.] To give support to in some undertaking or effort, or in time of distress; to help; to aid; to succor. “Assist me, knight. I am undone!
Shak.” Syn. — To help; aid; second; back; support; relieve; succor; befriend; sustain; favor. See Help.

As•sist´, v. i. 1. To lend aid; to help. “With God not parted from him, as was feared,
But favoring and assisting to the end.
Milton.” 2. To be present as a spectator; as to assist at a public meeting. [A Gallicism] Gibbon. Prescott.

As•sist´ance , n. [Cf. F. assistance.] 1. The act of assisting; help; aid; furtherance; succor; support. “Without the assistance of a mortal hand.
Shak.” 2. An assistant or helper; a body of helpers. [Obs.] “Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth, the lord mayor of London, and his assistance, … John Cavendish.
Fuller.” 3. Persons present. [Obs. or a Gallicism]

As•sist´ant , a. [Cf. F. assistant, p. pr. of assister.] 1. Helping; lending aid or support; auxiliary. “Genius and learning … are mutually and greatly assistant to each other.
Beattie.” 2. (Mil.) Of the second grade in the staff of the army; as an assistant surgeon. [U.S.] In the English army it designates the third grade in any particular branch of the staff. Farrow.

As•sist´ant , n. 1. One who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary; a means of help. “Four assistants who his labor share.
Pope.” “Rhymes merely as assistants to memory.
Mrs. Chapone.” 2. An attendant; one who is present. Dryden.

As•sist´ant•ly, adv. In a manner to give aid. [R.]

As•sist´er, n. An assistant; a helper.

As•sist´ful , a. Helpful.

As•sist´ive , a. Lending aid, helping.

As•sist´less, a. Without aid or help. [R.] Pope.

As•sist´or , n. (Law) A assister.

As•sith´ment , n. See Assythment. [Obs.]

As•size´ , n. [OE. assise, asise, OF. assise, F. assises, assembly of judges, the decree pronounced by them, tax, impost, fr. assis, assise, p. p. of asseoir, fr. L. assidre to sit by; ad + sedere to sit. See Sit, Size, and cf. Excise, Assess.] 1. An assembly of knights and other substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain place and at a certain time, for public business. [Obs.] 2. (Law) (a) A special kind of jury or inquest. (b) A kind of writ or real action. (c) A verdict or finding of a jury upon such writ. (d) A statute or ordinance in general. Specifically: (1) A statute regulating the weight, measure, and proportions of ingredients and the price of articles sold in the market; as the assize of bread and other provisions; (2) A statute fixing the standard of weights and measures. (e) Anything fixed or reduced to a certainty in point of time, number, quantity, quality, weight, measure, etc.; as rent of assize. Glanvill. Spelman. Cowell. Blackstone. Tomlins. Burrill. [This term is not now used in England in the sense of a writ or real action, and seldom of a jury of any kind, but in Scotch practice it is still technically applied to the jury in criminal cases. Stephen. Burrill. Erskine.] (f) A court, the sitting or session of a court, for the trial of processes, whether civil or criminal, by a judge and jury. Blackstone. Wharton. Encyc. Brit. (g) The periodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in every county of England for the purpose of administering justice in the trial and determination of civil and criminal cases; — usually in the plural. Brande. Wharton. Craig. Burrill. (h) The time or place of holding the court of assize; — generally in the plural, assizes. 3. Measure; dimension; size. [In this sense now corrupted into size.] “An hundred cubits high by just assize.
Spenser.” [Formerly written, as in French, assise.]

As•size´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assizing.] [From Assize, n.: cf. LL. assisare to decree in assize. Cf. Asses, v.] 1. To assess; to value; to rate. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or regulation of authority. [Obs.]

As•siz´er , n. An officer who has the care or inspection of weights and measures, etc.

As•siz´or , n. (Scots Law) A juror.

As•so´ber , v. t. [Pref. ad- + sober. Cf. Ensober.] To make or keep sober. [Obs.] Gower.

As•so•cia•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being associable, or capable of association; associableness. ´The associability of feelings.´ H. Spencer.

As•so´cia•ble , a. [See Associate.] 1. Capable of being associated or joined. “We know feelings to be associable only by the proved ability of one to revive another.
H. Spencer.” 2. Sociable; companionable. [Obs.] 3. (Med.) Liable to be affected by sympathy with other parts; — said of organs, nerves, muscles, etc. “The stomach, the most associable of all the organs of the animal body.
Med. Rep.”

As•so´cia•ble•ness, n. Associability.

As•so´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Associated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Associating .] [L. associatus, p. p. of associare; ad + sociare to join or unite, socius companion. See Social.] 1. To join with one, as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate; as to associate others with us in business, or in an enterprise. 2. To join or connect; to combine in acting; as particles of gold associated with other substances. 3. To connect or place together in thought. “He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with some names which will last as long as our language.
Macaulay.” 4. To accompany; to keep company with. [Obs.] “Friends should associate friends in grief and woe.
Shak.”

As•so´ci•ate, v. i. 1. To unite in company; to keep company, implying intimacy; as congenial minds are disposed to associate. 2. To unite in action, or to be affected by the action of a different part of the body. E. Darwin.

As•so´ci•ate , a. [L. associatus, p. p.] 1. Closely connected or joined with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or office; sharing responsibility or authority; as an associate judge. “While I descend … to my associate powers.
Milton.” 2. Admitted to some, but not to all, rights and privileges; as an associate member. 3. (Physiol.) Connected by habit or sympathy; as associate motions, such as occur sympathetically, in consequence of preceding motions. E. Darwin.

As•so´ci•ate, n. 1. A companion; one frequently in company with another, implying intimacy or equality; a mate; a fellow. 2. A partner in interest, as in business; or a confederate in a league. 3. One connected with an association or institution without the full rights or privileges of a regular member; as an associate of the Royal Academy. 4. Anything closely or usually connected with another; an concomitant. “The one [idea] no sooner comes into the understanding, than its associate appears with it.
Locke.” Syn. — Companion; mate; fellow; friend; ally; partner; coadjutor; comrade; accomplice.

As•so´ci•a•ted , a. Joined as a companion; brought into association; accompanying; combined. Associated movements (Physiol.), consensual movements which accompany voluntary efforts without our consciousness. Dunglison.

As•so´ci•ate•ship , n. The state of an associate, as in Academy or an office.

As•so•ci•a´tion ( 277), n. [Cf. F. association, LL. associatio, fr. L. associare.] 1. The act of associating, or state of being associated; union; connection, whether of persons of things. ´Some … bond of association.´ Hooker. “Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God.
Boyle.” 2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally linked or associated with a thing. “Words … must owe their powers association.
Johnson.” “Why should … the holiest words, with all their venerable associations, be profaned?
Coleridge.” 3. Union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose; as the American Association for the Advancement of Science; a benevolent association. Specifically, as among the Congregationalists, a society, consisting of a number of ministers, generally the pastors of neighboring churches, united for promoting the interests of religion and the harmony of the churches. Association of ideas (Physiol.), the combination or connection of states of mind or their objects with one another, as the result of which one is said to be revived or represented by means of the other. The relations according to which they are thus connected or revived are called the law of association. Prominent among them are reckoned the relations of time and place, and of cause and effect. Porter.

As•so•ci•a´tion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to association, or to an association. 2. Pertaining to the theory held by the associationists.

As•so•ci•a´tion•ism , n. (Philos.) The doctrine or theory held by associationists.

As•so•ci•a´tion•ist, n. (Philos.) One who explains the higher functions and relations of the soul by the association of ideas; e. g., Hartley, J. C. Mill.

As•so´ci•a•tive , a. Having the quality of associating; tending or leading to association; as the associative faculty. Hugh Miller.

As•so´ci•a•tor , n. An associate; a confederate or partner in any scheme. “How Pennsylvania’s air agrees with Quakers,
And Carolina’s with associators.
Dryden.”

As•soil´ , v. t. [OF. assoiler, absoiler, assoldre, F. absoudre, L. absolvere. See Absolve.] 1. To set free; to release. [Archaic] “Till from her hands the spright assoiled is.
Spenser.” 2. To solve; to clear up. [Obs.] “Any child might soon be able to assoil this riddle.
Bp. Jewel.” 3. To set free from guilt; to absolve. [Archaic] “Acquitted and assoiled from the guilt.
Dr. H. More.” “Many persons think themselves fairly assoiled, because they are … not of scandalous lives.
Jer. Taylor.” 4. To expiate; to atone for. [Archaic] Spenser. “Let each act assoil a fault.
E. Arnold.” 5. To remove; to put off. [Obs.] “She soundly slept, and careful thoughts did quite assoil.
Spenser.”

As•soil´, v. t. [Pref. ad- + soil.] To soil; to stain. [Obs. or Poet.] Beau. & Fl. “Ne’er assoil my cobwebbed shield.
Wordsworth.”

As•soil´ment , n. Act of assoiling, or state of being assoiled; absolution; acquittal.

As•soil´ment, n. A soiling; defilement.

As•soil´zie , As•soil´yie, v. t. [Old form assoil&yogh;e. See Assoil.] (Scots Law) To absolve; to acquit by sentence of court. “God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed.
Sir W. Scott.”

As´so•nance , n. [Cf. F. assonance. See Assonant.] 1. Resemblance of sound. ´The disagreeable assonance of •sheath’ and •sheathed.’´ Steevens. 2. (Pros.) A peculiar species of rhyme, in which the last acce•ted vow•l and tnose whioh follow it in one word correspond in sound with the vowels of another word, while the consonants of the two words are unlike in sound; as calamo and platano, baby and chary. “The assonance is peculiar to the Spaniard.
Hallam.” 3. Incomplete correspondence. “Assonance between facts seemingly remote.
Lowell.”

As´so•nant , a. [L. assonans, p. pr. of assonare to sound to, to correspond to in sound; ad + sonare to sound, sonus sound: cf. F. assonant. See Sound.] 1. Having a resemblance of sounds. 2. (Pros.) Pertaining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance; not consonant.

As•so•nan´tal , a. Assonant.

As´so•nate , v. i. [L. assonare, assonatum, to respond to.] To correspond in sound.

As•sort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assorting.] [F. assortir; (L. ad) + sortir to cast or draw lots, to obtain by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, sortis, lot. See Sort.] 1. To separate and distribute into classes, as things of a like kind, nature, or quality, or which are suited to a like purpose; to classify; as to assort goods. [Rarely applied to persons.] “They appear … no ways assorted to those with whom they must associate.
Burke.” 2. To furnish with, or make up of, various sorts or a variety of goods; as to assort a cargo.

As•sort´, v. i. To agree; to be in accordance; to be adapted; to suit; to fall into a class or place. Mitford.

As•sort´ed (as•sôrt´ed), a. Selected; culled.

As•sort´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. assortiment.] 1. Act of assorting, or distributing into sorts, kinds, or classes. 2. A collection or quantity of things distributed into kinds or sorts; a number of things assorted. 3. A collection containing a variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes; as an assortment of goods.

As•sot´ , v. t. [OF. asoter, F. assoter; (L. ad) + sot stupid. See Sot.] To besot; to befool; to beguile; to infatuate. [Obs.] “Some ecstasy assotted had his sense.
Spenser.”

As•sot´, a. Dazed; foolish; infatuated. [Obs.] “Willie, I ween thou be assot.
Spenser.”

As•suage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assuaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuaging .] [OE. asuagen, aswagen, OF. asoagier, asuagier, fr. assouagier, fr. L. ad + suavis sweet. See Sweet.] To soften, in a figurative sense; to allay, mitigate, ease, or lessen, as heat, pain, or grief; to appease or pacify, as passion or tumult; to satisfy, as appetite or desire. “Refreshing winds the summer’s heat assuage.
Addison.” “To assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man
Burke.” “The fount at which the panting mind assuages
Her thirst of knowledge.
Byron.” Syn. — To alleviate; mitigate; appease; soothe; calm; tranquilize; relieve. See Alleviate.

As•suage´, v. i. To abate or subside. [Archaic] ´The waters assuaged.´ Gen. vii. 1. “The plague being come to a crisis, its fury began to assuage.
De Foe.”

As•suage´ment , n. [OF. assouagement, asuagement.] Mitigation; abatement.

As•sua´ger , n. One who, or that which, assuages.

As•sua´sive , a. [From assuage, as if this were fr. a supposed L. assuadere to persuade to; or from E. pref. ad + -suasive as in persuasive.] Mitigating; tranquilizing; soothing. [R.] “Music her soft assuasive voice applies.
Pope.”

As•sub´ju•gate , v. t. [Pref. ad- + subjugate.] To bring into subjection. [Obs.] Shak.

As•sue•fac´tion , n. [L. assuefacere to accustom to; assuetus (p. p. of assuescere to accustom to) + facere to make; cf. OF. assuefaction.] The act of accustoming, or the state of being accustomed; habituation. [Obs.] “Custom and studies efform the soul like wax, and by assuefaction introduce a nature.
Jer. Taylor.”

As´sue•tude , n. [L. assuetudo, fr. assuetus accustomed.] Accustomedness; habit; habitual use. “Assuetude of things hurtful doth make them lose their force to hurt.
Bacon.”

As•sum´a•ble , a. That may be assumed.

As•sum´a•bly, adv. By way of assumption.

As•sume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assumed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.] [L. assumere; ad + sumere to take; sub + emere to take, buy: cf. F. assumer. See Redeem.] 1. To take to or upon one’s self; to take formally and demonstratively; sometimes, to appropriate or take unjustly. “Trembling they stand while Jove assumes the throne.
Pope.” “The god assumed his native form again.
Pope.” 2. To take for granted, or without proof; to suppose as a fact; to suppose or take arbitrarily or tentatively. “The consequences of assumed principles.
Whewell.” 3. To pretend to possess; to take in appearance. “Ambition assuming the mask of religion.
Porteus.” “Assume a virtue, if you have it not.
Shak.” 4. To receive or adopt. “The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and lower rank, assumed into that honorable company.
Sir W. Scott.” Syn. — To arrogate; usurp; appropriate.

As•sume´, v. i. 1. To be arrogant or pretentious; to claim more than is due. Bp. Burnet. 2. (Law) To undertake, as by a promise. Burrill.

As•sumed´ , a. 1. Supposed. 2. Pretended; hypocritical; make-believe; as an assumed character.

As•sum´ed•ly , adv. By assumption.

As•sum´ent , n. [L. assumentum, fr. ad + suere to sew.] A patch; an addition; a piece put on. [Obs.] John Lewis (1731).

As•sum´er , n. One who assumes, arrogates, pretends, or supposes. W. D. Whitney.

As•sum´ing, a. Pretentious; taking much upon one’s self; presumptuous. Burke.

As•sump´sit ( 215), n. [L., he undertook, pret. of L. assumere. See Assume.] (Law) (a) A promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. This promise may be oral or in writing not under seal. It may be express or implied. (b) An action to recover damages for a breach or nonperformance of a contract or promise, express or implied, oral or in writing not under seal. Common or indebitatus assumpsit is brought for the most part on an implied promise. Special assumpsit is founded on an express promise or undertaking. Wharton.

As•sumpt´ ( 215), v. t. [L. assumptus, p. p. of assumere. See Assume.] To take up; to elevate; to assume. [Obs.] Sheldon.

As•sumpt´, n. [L. assumptum, p. p. neut. of assumere.] That which is assumed; an assumption. [Obs.] “The sun of all your assumpts is this.
Chillingworth.”

As•sump´tion ( 215), n. [OE. assumpcioun a taking up into heaven, L. assumptio a taking, fr. assumere: cf. F. assomption. See Assume.] 1. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon one’s self; the act of taking up or adopting. “The assumption of authority.
Whewell.” 2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition; unwarrantable claim. “This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that the soul sleeps from the period of death to the resurrection of the body.
Thodey.” “That calm assumption of the virtues.
W. Black.” 3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition assumed; a supposition. “Hold! says the Stoic; your assumption’s wrong.
Dryden.” 4. (Logic) The minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism. 5. The taking of a person up into heaven. Hence: (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches) A festival in honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven.

As•sump´tive , a. [L. assumptivus, fr. assumptus, fr. assumere.] Assumed, or capable of being assumed; characterized by assumption; making unwarranted claims. — As•sump´tive•ly, adv. Assumptive arms (Her.), originally, arms which a person had a right to assume, in consequence of an exploit; now, those assumed without sanction of the Heralds’ College. Percy Smith.

As•sur´ance , n. [OE. assuraunce, F. assurance, fr. assurer. See Assure.] 1. The act of assuring; a declaration tending to inspire full confidence; that which is designed to give confidence. “Whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.
Acts xvii. 31.” “Assurances of support came pouring in daily.
Macaulay.” 2. The state of being assured; firm persuasion; full confidence or trust; freedom from doubt; certainty. “Let us draw with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience.
Heb. x. 22.” 3. Firmness of mind; undoubting, steadiness; intrepidity; courage; confidence; self-reliance. “Brave men meet danger with assurance.
Knolles.” “Conversation with the world will give them knowledge and assurance.
Locke.” 4. Excess of boldness; impudence; audacity; as his assurance is intolerable. 5. Betrothal; affiance. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 6. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. Recently, assurance has been used, in England, in relation to life contingencies, and insurance in relation to other contingencies. It is called temporary assurance, in the time within which the contingent event must happen is limited. See Insurance. 7. (Law) Any written or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a conveyance; a deed. In England, the legal evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common assurances of the kingdom. Blackstone.

As•sure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuring.] [OF. aseürer, F. assurer, LL. assecurare; L. ad + securus secure, sure, certain. See Secure, Sure, and cf. Insure.] 1. To make sure or certain; to render confident by a promise, declaration, or other evidence. “His promise that thy seed shall bruise our foe …
Assures me that the bitterness of death
Is past, and we shall live.
Milton.” 2. To declare to, solemnly; to assert to (any one) with the design of inspiring belief or confidence. “I dare assure thee that no enemy
Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus.
Shak.” 3. To confirm; to make certain or secure. “And it shall be assured to him.
Lev. xxvii. 19.” “And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him.
1 John iii. 19.” 4. To affiance; to betroth. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Law) To insure; to covenant to indemnify for loss, or to pay a specified sum at death. See Insure. Syn. — To declare; aver; avouch; vouch; assert; asseverate; protest; persuade; convince.

As•sured´ , a. Made sure; safe; insured; certain; indubitable; not doubting; bold to excess.

As•sured´, n. One whose life or property is insured.

As•sur´ed•ly , adv. Certainly; indubitably. ´The siege assuredly I’ll raise.´ Shak.

As•sur´ed•ness, n. The state of being assured; certainty; full confidence.

As•sur´er , n. 1. One who assures. Specifically: One who insures against loss; an insurer or underwriter. 2. One who takes out a life assurance policy.

As•sur´gen•cy , n. Act of rising. “The … assurgency of the spirit through the body.
Coleridge.”

As•sur´gent , a. [L. assurgens, p. pr. of assurgere; ad + surgere to rise.] Ascending; (Bot.) rising obliquely; curving upward. Gray.

As•sur´ing , a. That assures; tending to assure; giving confidence. — As•sur´ing•ly, adv.

As•swage´, v. See Assuage.

As•syr´i•an , a. [L. Assyrius.] Of or pertaining to Assyria, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Assyria; the language of Assyria.

As•syr•i•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to Assyriology; as Assyriological studies.

As•syr•i•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in Assyriology; a student of Assyrian archaeology.

As•syr•i•ol´o•gy , n. [Assyria + -logy.] The science or study of the antiquities, language, etc., of ancient Assyria.

As•syth´ment , n. [From OF. aset, asez, orig. meaning enough. See Assets.] Indemnification for injury; satisfaction. [Chiefly in Scots law]

As´ta•cus , n. [L. astacus a crab, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of crustaceans, containing the crawfish of fresh-water lobster of Europe, and allied species of western North America. See Crawfish.

A•star´board , adv. (Naut.) Over to the starboard side; — said of the tiller.

A•start´ , v. t. & i. Same as Astert. [Obs.]

As•tar´te , n. [Gr. a Phœnician goddess.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve mollusks, common on the coasts of America and Europe.

A•state´ , n. Estate; state. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•stat´ic , a. [Pref. a- not + static.] (Magnetism) Having little or no tendency to take a fixed or definite position or direction: thus, a suspended magnetic needle, when rendered astatic, loses its polarity, or tendency to point in a given direction. Astatic pair (Magnetism), a pair of magnetic needles so mounted as to be nearly or quite astatic, as in some galvanometers.

A•stat´ic•al•ly , adv. In an astatic manner.

A•stat´i•cism , n. The state of being astatic.

A•stay´ , adv. (Naut.) An anchor is said to be astay, when, in heaving it, an acute angle is formed between the cable and the surface of the water.

As´te•ism , n. [Gr. refined and witty talk, fr. of the town, polite, witty, fr. city: cf. F. asteisme.] (Rhet.) Genteel irony; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another.

As´tel (as´tel), n. [OE. astelle piece of wood, OF. astele splinter, shaving, F. attelle, astelle: cf. L. astula, dim. of assis board.] (Mining) An arch, or ceiling, of boards, placed over the men’s heads in a mine.

As´ter (as´ter), n. [L. aster aster, star, Gr. ’asth•r star. See Star.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbs with compound white or bluish flowers; starwort; Michaelmas daisy. 2. (Floriculture) A plant of the genus Callistephus. Many varieties (called China asters, German asters, etc.) are cultivated for their handsome compound flowers.

As•te´ri•as , n. [NL., fr. Gr. starred, fr. ’asth•r star.] (Zoöl.) A genus of echinoderms. Formerly the group of this name included nearly all starfishes and ophiurans. Now it is restricted to a genus including the commonest shore starfishes.

As•te´ri•a•ted , a. [See Asterias.] Radiated, with diverging rays; as asteriated sapphire.

As•ter•id´i•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Asterioidea. — n. A starfish; one of the Asterioidea. { As•te•ri•oid´e•a , As•ter•id´e•a } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’asteri•as + -oid. See Asterias.] (Zoöl.) A class of Echinodermata including the true starfishes. The rays vary in number and always have ambulacral grooves below. The body is star-shaped or pentagonal.

As•te´ri•on , n. [Gr. ’aste•rion starry.] (Anat.) The point on the side of the skull where the lambdoid, parieto-mastoid and occipito-mastoid sutures.

As•ter•is´cus , n. [L., an asterisk. See Asterisk.] (Anat.) The smaller of the two otoliths found in the inner ear of many fishes.

As´ter•isk , n. [L. asteriscus, Gr. , dim. of ’asth•r star. See Aster.] The figure of a star, thus, , used in printing and writing as a reference to a passage or note in the margin, to supply the omission of letters or words, or to mark a word or phrase as having a special character.

As•ter•ism , n. [Gr. , fr. ’asth•r star; cf. F. asterisme.] 1. (Astron.) (a) A constellation. [Obs.] (b) A small cluster of stars. 2. (Printing) (a) An asterisk, or mark of reference. [R.] (b) Three asterisks placed in this manner, &asterism;, to direct attention to a particular passage. 3. (Crystallog.) An optical property of some crystals which exhibit a star-shaped by reflected light, as star sapphire, or by transmitted light, as some mica.

A•stern´ , adv. [Pref. a- + stern.] (Naut.) 1. In or at the hinder part of a ship; toward the hinder part, or stern; backward; as to go astern. 2. Behind a ship; in the rear. ´A gale of wind right astern.´ De Foe. ´Left this strait astern.´ Drake. To bake astern, to go stern foremost. — To be astern of the reckoning, to be behind the position given by the reckoning. — To drop astern, to fall or be left behind. — To go astern, to go backward, as from the action of currents or winds.

A•ster´nal , a. [Pref. a- not + sternal.] (Anat.) Not sternal; — said of ribs which do not join the sternum.

As´ter•oid , n. [Gr. starlike, starry; ’asth•r star + form: cf. F. asteroïde. See Aster.] A starlike body; esp. one of the numerous small planets whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter; — called also planetoids and minor planets.

As•ter•oid´al , a. Of or pertaining to an asteroid, or to the asteroids.

As•te•rol´e•pis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’asth•r star + scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of fishes, some of which were eighteen or twenty feet long, found in a fossil state in the Old Red Sandstone. Hugh Miller.

As•ter•oph´yl•lite (as•ter•of´il•lit), n. [Gr. ’asth•r star + fy•llon leaf.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant from the coal formations of Europe and America, now regarded as the branchlets and foliage of calamites.

A•stert , v. t. [Pref. a- + start; OE. asterten, asturten.] To start up; to befall; to escape; to shun. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•stert´, v. i. To escape. [Obs.] Chaucer. { As•the•ni´a , As´the•ny } n. [NL. asthenia, Gr. ’asqe•nia; ’a priv. + sqe•nos strength.] (Med.) Want or loss of strength; debility; diminution of the vital forces.

As•then´ic , a. [Gr. ’asqeniko•s; ’a priv. + sqe•nos strength.] (Med.) Characterized by, or pertaining to, debility; weak; debilitating.

As•the•no´pi•a , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + sqe•nos strength + ’w•ps eye.] Weakness of sight. Quain. — As•the•nop´ic , a.

Asth´ma ( 277), n. [Gr. short-drawn breath, fr. to blow, for : cf. Skr. va, Goth. waian, to blow, E. wind.] (Med.) A disease, characterized by difficulty of breathing (due to a spasmodic contraction of the bronchi), recurring at intervals, accompanied with a wheezing sound, a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expectoration. { Asth•mat´ic , Asth•mat´ic•al } a. [L. asthmaticus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to asthma; as an asthmatic cough; liable to, or suffering from, asthma; as an asthmatic patient. — Asth•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Asth•mat´ic, n. A person affected with asthma.

As•tig•mat´ic , a. (Med. & Opt.) Affected with, or pertaining to, astigmatism; as astigmatic eyes; also remedying astigmatism; as astigmatic lenses.

A•stig´ma•tism , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + , , a prick of a pointed instrument, a spot, fr. to prick: cf. F. astigmatisme.] (Med. & Opt.) A defect of the eye or of a lens, in consequence of which the rays derived from one point are not brought to a single focal point, thus causing imperfect images or indistinctness of vision. The term is applied especially to the defect causing images of lines having a certain direction to be indistinct, or imperfectly seen, while those of lines transverse to the former are distinct, or clearly seen.

As•tip´u•late , v. i. [L. astipulari; ad + stipulari to stipulate.] To assent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

As•tip•u•la´tion , n. [L. astipulatio.] Stipulation; agreement. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

A•stir´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + stir.] Stirring; in a state of activity or motion; out of bed. { A•stom´a•tous , As´to•mous } a. [Gr. ’a priv. + , , mouth.] Not possessing a mouth. { As•ton´ , As•tone´ } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astoned, Astond, or Astound.] [See Astonish.] To stun; to astonish; to stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

As•ton´ied , p. p. Stunned; astonished. See Astony. [Archaic] “And I astonied fell and could not pray.
Mrs. Browning.”

As•ton´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonishing.] [OE. astonien, astunian, astonen, OF. estoner, F. etonner, fr. L. ex out + tonare to thunder, but perhaps influenced by E. stun. See Thunder, Astound, Astony.] 1. To stun; to render senseless, as by a blow. [Obs.] “Enough, captain; you have astonished him. [Fluellen had struck Pistol].
Shak.” “The very cramp-fish [i. e., torpedo] … being herself not benumbed, is able to astonish others.
Holland.” 2. To strike with sudden fear, terror, or wonder; to amaze; to surprise greatly, as with something unaccountable; to confound with some sudden emotion or passion. “Musidorus … had his wits astonished with sorrow.
Sidney.” “I, Daniel … was astonished at the vision.
Dan. viii. 27.” Syn. — To amaze; astound; overwhelm; surprise. — Astonished, Surprised. We are surprised at what is unexpected. We are astonished at what is above or beyond our comprehension. We are taken by surprise. We are struck with astonishment. C. J. Smith. See Amaze.

As•ton´ish•ed•ly , adv. In an astonished manner. [R.] Bp. Hall.

As•ton´ish•ing, a. Very wonderful; of a nature to excite astonishment; as an astonishing event. Syn. — Amazing; surprising; wonderful; marvelous. As•ton´ish•ing•ly, adv. — As•ton´ish•ing•ness, n.

As•ton´ish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. estonnement, F. etonnement.] 1. The condition of one who is stunned. Hence: Numbness; loss of sensation; stupor; loss of sense. [Obs.] “A coldness and astonishment in his loins, as folk say.
Holland.” 2. Dismay; consternation. [Archaic] Spenser. 3. The overpowering emotion excited when something unaccountable, wonderful, or dreadful is presented to the mind; an intense degree of surprise; amazement. “Lest the place
And my quaint habits breed astonishment.
Milton.” 4. The object causing such an emotion. “Thou shalt become an astonishment.
Deut. xxviii. 37.” Syn. — Amazement; wonder; surprise.

As•ton´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonying. See Astone.] To stun; to bewilder; to astonish; to dismay. [Archaic] “The captain of the Helots … strake Palladius upon the side of his head, that he reeled astonied.
Sir P. Sidney.” “This sodeyn cas this man astonied so,
That reed he wex, abayst, and al quaking.
Chaucer.”

A•stoop´ , adv. [Pref. a- + stoop.] In a stooping or inclined position. Gay.

As•tound´ , a. [OE. astouned, astound, astoned, p. p. of astone. See Astone.] Stunned; astounded; astonished. [Archaic] Spenser. “Thus Ellen, dizzy and astound.
As sudden ruin yawned around.
Sir W. Scott.”

As•tound´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astounded, [Obs.] Astound; p. pr. & vb. n. Astounding.] [See Astound, a.] 1. To stun; to stupefy. “No puissant stroke his senses once astound.
Fairfax.” 2. To astonish; to strike with amazement; to confound with wonder, surprise, or fear. “These thoughts may startle well, but not astound
The virtuous mind.
Milton.”

As•tound´ing, a. Of a nature to astound; astonishing; amazing; as an astounding force, statement, or fact. — As•tound´ing•ly, adv.

As•tound´ment , n. Amazement. Coleridge.

As•tra•chan´ , a. & n. See Astrakhan.

A•strad´dle , adv. [Pref. a- + straddle.] In a straddling position; astride; bestriding; as to sit astraddle a horse.

As•trae´an , a. [Gr. starry.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the genus Astraea or the family Astraeidae. — n. A coral of the family Astraeidae; a star coral.

As´tra•gal , n. [L. astragalus, Gr. the ankle bone, a molding in the capital of the Ionic column.] 1. (Arch.) A convex molding of rounded surface, generally from half to three quarters of a circle. 2. (Gun.) A round molding encircling a cannon near the mouth.

As•trag´a•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the astragalus.

As•trag´a•loid , a. [Astragalus + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the astragalus in form.

As•trag´a•lo•man•cy , n. [Gr. ankle bone, die + -mancy.] Divination by means of small bones or dice.

As•trag´a•lus , n. [L. See Astragal.] 1. (Anat.) The ankle bone, or hock bone; the bone of the tarsus which articulates with the tibia at the ankle. 2. (Bot.) A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the tribe Galegeae, containing numerous species, two of which are called, in English, milk vetch and licorice vetch. Gum tragacanth is obtained from different oriental species, particularly the A. gummifer and A. verus. 3. (Arch.) See Astragal, 1.

As•tra•khan´ , a. Of or pertaining to Astrakhan in Russia or its products; made of an Astrakhan skin. - - n. The skin of stillborn or young lambs of that region, the curled wool of which resembles fur.

As´tral , a. [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr. : cf. F. astral. See Star.] Pertaining to, coming from, or resembling, the stars; starry; starlike. “Shines only with an astral luster.
I. Taylor.” “Some astral forms I must invoke by prayer.
Dryden.” Astral lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no shadow is cast upon the table by the flattened ring-shaped reservoir in which the oil is contained. — Astral spirits, spirits formerly supposed to live in the heavenly bodies or the aërial regions, and represented in the Middle Ages as fallen angels, spirits of the dead, or spirits originating in fire.

A•strand´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + strand.] Stranded. Sir W. Scott.

A•stray´ , adv. & a. [See Estray, Stray.] Out of the right, either in a literal or in a figurative sense; wandering; as to lead one astray. “Ye were as sheep going astray.
1 Pet. ii. 25.”

As•trict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Astricting.] [L. astrictus, p. p. of astringere. See Astringe.] 1. To bind up; to confine; to constrict; to contract. “The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted.
Arbuthnot.” 2. To bind; to constrain; to restrict; to limit. [R.] “The mind is astricted to certain necessary modes or forms of thought.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 3. (Scots Law) To restrict the tenure of; as to astrict lands. See Astriction, 4. Burrill.

As•trict´, a. Concise; contracted. [Obs.] Weever.

As•tric´tion , n. [L. astrictio.] 1. The act of binding; restriction; also obligation. Milton. 2. (Med.) (a) A contraction of parts by applications; the action of an astringent substance on the animal economy. Dunglison. (b) Constipation. Arbuthnot. 3. Astringency. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Scots Law) An obligation to have the grain growing on certain lands ground at a certain mill, the owner paying a toll. Bell. The lands were said to be astricted to the mill.

As•tric´tive , a. Binding; astringent. — n. An astringent. — As•tric´tive•ly, adv.

As•tric´to•ry , a. Astrictive. [R.]

A•stride´ , adv. [Pref. a- + stride.] With one leg on each side, as a man when on horseback; with the legs stretched wide apart; astraddle. “Placed astride upon the bars of the palisade.
Sir W. Scott.” “Glasses with horn bows sat astride on his nose.
Longfellow.”

As•trif´er•ous (acr/s•trif´er•us), a. [L. astrifer; astrum star + ferre to bear.] Bearing stars. [R.] Blount.

As•tringe´ (as•trinj´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astringed (-trinjd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Astringing (-jing).] [L. astringere; ad + stringere to draw tight. Cf. Astrict, and see Strain, v. t.] 1. To bind fast; to constrict; to contract; to cause parts to draw together; to compress. “Which contraction … astringeth the moisture of the brain and thereby sendeth tears into the eyes.
Bacon.” 2. To bind by moral or legal obligation. Wolsey.

As•trin´gen•cy (as•trin´jen•sy), n. The quality of being astringent; the power of contracting the parts of the body; that quality in medicines or other substances which causes contraction of the organic textures; as the astringency of tannin.

As•trin´gent (-jent), a. [L. astringens, p. pr. of astringere: cf. F. astringent. See Astringe.] 1. Drawing together the tissues; binding; contracting; — opposed to laxative; as astringent medicines; a butter and astringent taste; astringent fruit. 2. Stern; austere; as an astringent type of virtue.

As•trin´gent, n. A medicine or other substance that produces contraction in the soft organic textures, and checks discharges of blood, mucus, etc. “External astringents are called styptics.
Dunglison.”

As•trin´gent•ly, adv. In an astringent manner.

As•trin´ger , n. [OE. ostreger, OF. ostrucier, F. autoursier, fr. OF. austour, ostor, hawk, F. autour; cf. L. acceptor, for accipiter, hawk.] A falconer who keeps a goshawk. [Obs.] Shak. Cowell. [Written also austringer.]

As´tro- . The combining form of the Greek word ’a•stron, meaning star. { As´tro•fel , As´tro•fell } , n. A bitter herb, probably the same as aster, or starwort. Spenser.

As•trog´e•ny , n. [Astro- + Gr. birth.] The creation or evolution of the stars or the heavens. H. Spencer.

As•trog´no•sy , n. [Astro- + Gr. knowledge.] The science or knowledge of the stars, esp. the fixed stars. Bouvier.

As•trog´o•ny , n. Same as Astrogeny. — As••tro•gon´ic , a.

As•trog´ra•phy , n. [Astro’cf + -graphy.] The art of describing or delineating the stars; a description or mapping of the heavens.

As´tro•ite , n. [L. astroites: cf. F. astroite.] A radiated stone or fossil; star-stone. [Obs.] [Written also astrite and astrion.]

As´tro•labe (as´tro•lab), n. [OE. astrolabie, astrilabe, OF. astrelabe, F. astrolabe, LL. astrolabium, fr. Gr. ’astrola•bon; ’a•stron star + , , to take.] 1. (Astron.) An instrument for observing or showing the positions of the stars. It is now disused. Among the ancients, it was essentially the armillary sphere. A graduated circle with sights, for taking altitudes at sea, was called an astrolabe in the 18th century. It is now superseded by the quadrant and sextant. 2. A stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of a great circle, as the equator, or a meridian; a planisphere. Whewell.

As•trol´a•ter , n. A worshiper of the stars. Morley.

As•trol´a•try , n. [Astro- + Gr. service, worship: cf. F. astrolâtrie.] The worship of the stars.

As•tro•li•thol´o•gy , n. [Astro- + lithology.] The science of aërolites.

As•trol´o•ger , n. [See Astrology.] 1. One who studies the stars; an astronomer. [Obs.] 2. One who practices astrology; one who professes to foretell events by the aspects and situation of the stars.

As•tro•lo´gi•an , n. [OF. astrologien.] An astrologer. [Obs.] { As•tro•log´ic , As•tro•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’astrologiko•s.] Of or pertaining to astrology; professing or practicing astrology. ´Astrologic learning.´ Hudibras. ´Astrological prognostication.´ Cudworth. — As•tro•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

As•trol´o•gize , v. t. & i. To apply astrology to; to study or practice astrology.

As•trol´o•gy (as•trol´o•jy), n. [F. astrologie, L. astrologia, fr. Gr. ’astrologi•a, fr. ’astrolo•gos astronomer, astrologer; ’asth•r star + lo•gos discourse, le•gein to speak. See Star.] In its etymological signification, the science of the stars; among the ancients, synonymous with astronomy; subsequently, the art of judging of the influences of the stars upon human affairs, and of foretelling events by their position and aspects. Astrology was much in vogue during the Middle Ages, and became the parent of modern astronomy, as alchemy did of chemistry. It was divided into two kinds: judicial astrology, which assumed to foretell the fate and acts of nations and individuals, and natural astrology, which undertook to predict events of inanimate nature, such as changes of the weather, etc.

As•tro•man´tic , a. [Gr. astrology.] Of or pertaining to divination by means of the stars; astrologic. [R.] Dr. H. More.

As•tro•me•te•or•ol´o•gy , n. [Astro- + meteorology.] The investigation of the relation between the sun, moon, and stars, and the weather. — As••tro•me•te•or•o•log´ic•al , a. — As•tro•me•te•or•ol´o•gist , n.

As•trom´e•ter , n. [Astro- + meter.] An instrument for comparing the relative amount of the light of stars.

As•trom´e•try , n. [Astro- + metry.] The art of making measurements among the stars, or of determining their relative magnitudes.

As•tron´o•mer , n. [See Astronomy.] 1. An astrologer. [Obs.] Shak. 2. One who is versed in astronomy; one who has a knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the principles by which their motions are regulated, with their various phenomena. “An undevout astronomer is mad.
Young.”

As•tro•no´mi•an , n. [OE. & OF. astronomien. See Astronomy.] An astrologer. [Obs.]

As•tro•nom´ic , a. Astronomical.

As•tro•nom´ic•al (-i•kal), a. [L. astronomicus, Gr. ’astronomiko•s: cf. F. astronomique.] Of or pertaining to astronomy; in accordance with the methods or principles of astronomy. — As•tro•nom´ic•al•ly, adv. Astronomical clock. See under Clock. - - Astronomical day. See under Day. — Astronomical fractions, Astronomical numbers. See under Sexagesimal.

As•tron´o•mize, v. i. [Gr. .] To study or to talk astronomy. [R.] “They astronomized in caves.
Sir T. Browne.”

As•tron´o•my , n. [OE. astronomie, F. astronomie, L. astronomia, fr. Gr. , fr. astronomer; ’asth•r star + to distribute, regulate. See Star, and Nomad.] 1. Astrology. [Obs.] “Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck;
And yet methinks I have astronomy.
Shak.” 2. The science which treats of the celestial bodies, of their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, constitution, physical condition, and of the causes of their various phenomena. 3. A treatise on, or text-book of, the science. Physical astronomy. See under Physical.

As´tro•phel , n. See Astrofel. [Obs.]

As•tro•pho•tog´ra•phy , n. [Astro- + photography.] The application of photography to the delineation of the sun, moon, and stars.

As•tro•phys´ic•al , a. Pertaining to the physics of astronomical science.

As•troph´y•ton , n. [Astro- + Gr. fyton a plant.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ophiurans having the arms much branched.

As´tro•scope , n. [Astro- + scope.] An old astronomical instrument, formed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations were delineated.

As•tros´co•py , n. Observation of the stars. [Obs.]

As•tro•the•ol´o•gy , n. [Astro- + theology.] Theology founded on observation or knowledge of the celestial bodies. Derham.

A•struc´tive , a. [L. astructus, p. p. of astruere to build up; ad + struere to build.] Building up; constructive; — opposed to destructive. [Obs.]

A•strut´ , a. & adv. 1. Sticking out, or puffed out; swelling; in a swelling manner. [Archaic] “Inflated and astrut with self-conceit.
Cowper.” 2. In a strutting manner; with a strutting gait.

As•tu´cious , a. [F. astucieux. See Astute.] Subtle; cunning; astute. [R.] Sir W. Scott. — As•tu´cious•ly, adv. [R.]

As•tu´ci•ty , n. [See Astucious.] Craftiness; astuteness. [R.] Carlyle.

A•stun´ , v. t. [See Astony, Stun.] To stun. [Obs.] ´Breathless and astunned.´ Somerville.

As•tu´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Asturias in Spain. — n. A native of Asturias.

As•tute´ , a. [L. astutus, fr. astus craft, cunning; perh. cognate with E. acute.] Critically discerning; sagacious; shrewd; subtle; crafty. Syn. — Keen; eagle-eyed; penetrating; skilled; discriminating; cunning; sagacious; subtle; wily; crafty. As•tute´ly, adv. — As•tute´ness, n.

A•sty´lar , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + pillar.] (arch.) Without columns or pilasters. Weale.

A•styl´len , n. (Mining) A small dam to prevent free passage of water in an adit or level.

A•sun´der , adv. [Pref. a- + sunder.] Apart; separate from each other; into parts; in two; separately; into or in different pieces or places. “I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder.
Zech. xi. 10.” “As wide asunder as pole and pole.
Froude.”

A•su´ra , n. (Hind. Myth.) An enemy of the gods, esp. one of a race of demons and giants.

As´wail , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The sloth bear (Melursus labiatus) of India.

A•sweve´ , v. t. [AS. aswebban; a + swebban. See Sweven.] To stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•swing´ , adv. In a state of swinging.

A•swoon´ , adv. In a swoon. Chaucer.

A•swooned´ , adv. In a swoon.

A•sy´lum , n.; pl. E. Asylums , L. Asyla . [L. asylum, Gr. , fr. exempt from spoliation, inviolable; ’a priv. + right of seizure.] 1. A sanctuary or place of refuge and protection, where criminals and debtors found shelter, and from which they could not be forcibly taken without sacrilege. “So sacred was the church to some, that it had the right of an asylum or sanctuary.
Ayliffe.” The name was anciently given to temples, altars, statues of the gods, and the like. In later times Christian churches were regarded as asylums in the same sense. 2. Any place of retreat and security. “Earth has no other asylum for them than its own cold bosom.
Southey.” 3. An institution for the protection or relief of some class of destitute, unfortunate, or afflicted persons; as an asylum for the aged, for the blind, or for the insane; a lunatic asylum; an orphan asylum.

A•sym´me•tral , a. Incommensurable; also unsymmetrical. [Obs.] D. H. More. { As•ym•met´ric , As•ym•met´ri•cal } a. [See Asymmetrous.] 1. Incommensurable. [Obs.] 2. Not symmetrical; wanting proportion; esp., not bilaterally symmetrical. Huxley.

A•sym´me•trous , a. [Gr. .] Asymmetrical. [Obs.] Barrow.

A•sym´me•try , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + symmetry.] 1. Want of symmetry, or proportion between the parts of a thing, esp. want of bilateral symmetry. 2. (Math.) Incommensurability. [Obs.] Barrow.

As´ymp•tote ( 215), n. [Gr. not falling together; ’a priv. + to fall together; with + to fall. Cf. Symptom.] (Math.) A line which approaches nearer to some curve than assignable distance, but, though infinitely extended, would never meet it. Asymptotes may be straight lines or curves. A rectilinear asymptote may be conceived as a tangent to the curve at an infinite distance.

A•syn´ar•tete , a. [Gr. not united, disconnected; ’a priv. + with + to fasten to.] Disconnected; not fitted or adjusted. — A•syn´ar•tet´ic , a. Asynartete verse (Pros.), a verse of two members, having different rhythms; as when the first consists of iambuses and the second of trochees.

As•yn•det´ic , a. [See Asyndeton.] Characterized by the use of asyndeton; not connected by conjunctions. — As•yn•det´ic•al•ly, adv.

A•syn´de•ton , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. unconnected; ’a priv. + bound together, fr. ; with + to bind.] (Rhet.) A figure which omits the connective; as I came, I saw, I conquered. It stands opposed to polysyndeton.

A•sys´to•le , n. [Pref. a- not + systole.] (Physiol.) A weakening or cessation of the contractile power of the heart.

A•sys´to•lism , n. The state or symptoms characteristic of asystole.

At , prep. [AS. aet; akin to OHG. az, Goth., OS., & Icel. at, Sw. åt, Dan. & L. ad.] Primarily, this word expresses the relations of presence, nearness in place or time, or direction toward; as at the ninth hour; at the house; to aim at a mark. It is less definite than in or on; at the house may be in or near the house. From this original import are derived all the various uses of at. It expresses: - 1. A relation of proximity to, or of presence in or on, something; as at the door; at your shop; at home; at school; at hand; at sea and on land. 2. The relation of some state or condition; as at war; at peace; at ease; at your service; at fault; at liberty; at risk; at disadvantage. 3. The relation of some employment or action; occupied with; as at engraving; at husbandry; at play; at work; at meat (eating); except at puns. 4. The relation of a point or position in a series, or of degree, rate, or value; as with the thermometer at 80°; goods sold at a cheap price; a country estimated at 10,000 square miles; life is short at the longest. 5. The relations of time, age, or order; as at ten o’clock; at twenty-one; at once; at first. 6. The relations of source, occasion, reason, consequence, or effect; as at the sight; at this news; merry at anything; at this declaration; at his command; to demand, require, receive, deserve, endure at your hands. 7. Relation of direction toward an object or end; as look at it; to point at one; to aim at a mark; to throw, strike, shoot, wink, mock, laugh at any one. At all, At home, At large, At last, At length, At once, etc. See under All, Home, Large, Last (phrase and syn.), Length, Once, etc. — At it, busily or actively engaged. — At least. See Least and However. — At one. See At one, in the Vocabulary. Syn. — In, At. When reference to the interior of any place is made prominent in is used. It is used before the names of countries and cities (esp. large cities); as we live in America, in New York, in the South. At is commonly employed before names of houses, institutions, villages, and small places; as Milton was educated at Christ’s College; money taken in at the Customhouse; I saw him at the jeweler’s; we live at Beachville. At may be used before the name of a city when it is regarded as a mere point of locality. ´An English king was crowned at Paris.´ Macaulay. ´Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, June, 28, 1712.´ J. Morley. In regard to time, we say at the hour, on the day, in the year; as at 9 o’clock, on the morning of July 5th, in the year 1775.

At´a•bal , n. [Sp. atabal, fr. Ar. at-tabl the drum, tabala to beat the drum. Cf. Tymbal.] A kettledrum; a kind of tabor, used by the Moors. Croly.

A•tac´a•mite , n. [From the desert of Atacama, where found.] (Min.) An oxychloride of copper, usually in emerald-green prismatic crystals.

At•aft´er , prep. After. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At´a•ghan , n. See Yataghan.

A•take´ , v. t. To overtake. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At´a•man , n. [Russ. ataman’: cf. Pol. hetman, G. hauptmann headman, chieftain. Cf. Hetman.] A hetman, or chief of the Cossacks. { At•a•rax´i•a , At´a•rax•y } n. [NL. ataraxia, Gr. ’ataraxi•a; ’a priv. + tarakto•s disturbed, tara•ssein to disturb.] Perfect peace of mind, or calmness. { A•taunt´ , A•taunt´o } adv. [F. autant as much (as possible).] (Naut.) Fully rigged, as a vessel; with all sails set; set on end or set right.

A•tav´ic , a. [Cf. F. atavique.] Pertaining to a remote ancestor, or to atavism.

At´a•vism , n. [L. atavus an ancestor, fr. avus a grandfather.] (a) The recurrence, or a tendency to a recurrence, of the original type of a species in the progeny of its varieties; resemblance to remote rather than to near ancestors; reversion to the original form. (b) (Biol.) The recurrence of any peculiarity or disease of an ancestor in a subsequent generation, after an intermission for a generation or two. “Now and then there occur cases of what physiologists call atavism, or reversion to an ancestral type of character.
J. Fiske” { A•tax´i•a , At´ax•y } n. [NL. ataxia, Gr. , fr. out of order; ’a priv. + ordered, arranged, to put in order: cf. F. ataxie.] 1. Disorder; irregularity. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Med.) (a) Irregularity in disease, or in the functions. (b) The state of disorder that characterizes nervous fevers and the nervous condition. Locomotor ataxia. See Locomotor.

A•tax´ic , a. [Cf. F. ataxique. See Ataxia.] (Med.) Characterized by ataxy, that is, (a) by great irregularity of functions or symptoms, or (b) by a want of coordinating power in movements. Ataxic fever, malignant typhus fever. Pinel.

At•a•zir´ , n. [OF., fr. Ar. al- tasir influence.] (Astron.) The influence of a star upon other stars or upon men. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ate ( 277), the preterit of Eat.

A´te , n. [Gr. .] (Greek. Myth.) The goddess of mischievous folly; also in later poets, the goddess of vengeance.

-ate . [From the L. suffix -atus, the past participle ending of verbs of the 1st conj.] 1. As an ending of participles or participial adjectives it is equivalent to - ed; as situate or situated; animate or animated. 2. As the ending of a verb, it means to make, to cause, to act, etc.; as to propitiate (to make propitious); to animate (to give life to). 3. As a noun suffix, it marks the agent; as curate, delegate. It also sometimes marks the office or dignity; as tribunate. 4. In chemistry it is used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end -ic (excepting binary or halogen acids); as sulphate from sulphuric acid, nitrate from nitric acid, etc. It is also used in the case of certain basic salts.

A•tech´nic , a. [Pref. a- not + technic.] Without technical or artistic knowledge. “Difficult to convey to the atechnic reader.
Etching & Engr.”

At´e•les , n. [Gr. incomplete; ’a priv. + completion.] (Zoöl.) A genus of American monkeys with prehensile tails, and having the thumb wanting or rudimentary. See Spider monkey, and Coaita.

A•te•lier´ n. [F.] A workshop; a studio.

A•tel´lan , a. [L. Atellanus, fr. Atella, an ancient town of the Osci, in Campania.] Of or pertaining to Atella, in ancient Italy; as Atellan plays; farcical; ribald. — n. A farcical drama performed at Atella.

A•thal´a•mous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + nuptial bed.] (Bot.) Not furnished with shields or beds for the spores, as the thallus of certain lichens.

Ath´a•maunt , n. Adamant. [Obs.] “Written in the table of athamaunt.
Chaucer.”

Ath•a•na´sian ( 277), a. Of or pertaining to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria in the 4th century. Athanasian creed, a formulary, confession, or exposition of faith, formerly supposed to have been drawn up by Athanasius; but this opinion is now rejected, and the composition is ascribed by some to Hilary, bishop of Arles (5th century). It is a summary of what was called the orthodox faith.

Ath´a•nor , n. [F., fr. Ar. at- tannur, fr. Heb. tannur an oven or furnace.] A digesting furnace, formerly used by alchemists. It was so constructed as to maintain uniform and durable heat. Chambers.

Ath•e•ca´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + chest, box.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea in which the zooids are naked, or not inclosed in a capsule. See Tubularian.

A´the•ism , n. [Cf. F. atheisme. See Atheist.] 1. The disbelief or denial of the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. “Atheism is a ferocious system, that leaves nothing above us to excite awe, nor around us to awaken tenderness.
R. Hall.” “Atheism and pantheism are often wrongly confounded.
Shipley.” 2. Godlessness.

A´the•ist, n. [Gr. without god; ’a priv. + god: cf. F. atheiste.] 1. One who disbelieves or denies the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. 2. A godless person. [Obs.] Syn. — Infidel; unbeliever. See Infidel. { A•the•is´tic , A•the•is´tic•al } a. 1. Pertaining to, implying, or containing, atheism; — applied to things; as atheistic doctrines, opinions, or books. “Atheistical explications of natural effects.
Barrow.” 2. Disbelieving the existence of a God; impious; godless; — applied to persons; as an atheistic writer. — A•the•is´tic•al•ly, adv. — A•the•is´tic•al•ness, n.

A´the•ize , v. t. To render atheistic or godless. [R.] “They endeavored to atheize one another.
Berkeley.”

A´the•ize, v. i. To discourse, argue, or act as an atheist. [R.] — A´the•i•zer , n. Cudworth.

Ath´el•ing (ath´el•ing), n. [AS. aeðeling noble, fr. aeðele noble, akin to G. adel nobility, edel noble. The word aeðel, E. ethel, is in many AS. proper names, as Ethelwolf, noble wolf; Ethelbald, noble bold; Ethelbert, noble bright.] An Anglo-Saxon prince or nobleman; esp., the heir apparent or a prince of the royal family. [Written also Adeling and AEtheling.]

Ath•e•ne´um , Ath•e•nae´um , n.; pl. E. Atheneums , L. Athenaea . [L. Athenaeum, Gr. ’Aqhn•aion a temple of Minerva at Athens, fr. ’Aqhna^, contr. fr. ’Aqhna•a, ’Aqhnai•a, in Homer ’Aqh•nh, ’Aqhnai•n, Athene (called Minerva by the Romans), the tutelary goddess of Athens.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A temple of Athene, at Athens, in which scholars and poets were accustomed to read their works and instruct students. 2. A school founded at Rome by Hadrian. 3. A literary or scientific association or club. 4. A building or an apartment where a library, periodicals, and newspapers are kept for use.

A•the´ni•an , a. [Cf. F. Athenien.] Of or pertaining to Athens, the metropolis of Greece. — n. A native or citizen of Athens.

A•the•o•log´ic•al , a. Opposed to theology; atheistic. Bp. Montagu.

A•the•ol´o•gy , n. [Pref. a- not + theology.] Antagonism to theology. Swift.

A´the•ous , a. [Gr. without God. See Atheist.] 1. Atheistic; impious. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Without God, neither accepting nor denying him. “I should say science was atheous, and therefore could not be atheistic.
Bp. of Carlisle.”

Ath´er•ine , n. [NL. atherina, fr. Gr. a kind of smelt.] (Zoöl.) A small marine fish of the family Atherinidae, having a silvery stripe along the sides. The European species (Atherina presbyter) is used as food. The American species (Menidia notata) is called silversides and sand smelt. See Silversides.

A•ther´man•cy (a•ther´man•sy), n. [See Athermanous.] Inability to transmit radiant heat; impermeability to heat. Tyndall.

A•ther´ma•nous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + qermai•nein to heat, qe•rma heat: cf. F. athermane.] (Chem.) Not transmitting heat; — opposed to diathermanous.

A•ther´mous , a. (Chem.) Athermanous.

Ath´er•oid , a. [Gr. , , a beard, or an ear, of grain + -oid.] Shaped like an ear of grain.

Ath•e•ro´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. , , fr. grats, meal.] (Med.) (a) An encysted tumor containing curdy matter. (b) A disease characterized by thickening and fatty degeneration of the inner coat of the arteries.

Ath•e•rom´a•tous , a. (Med.) Of, pertaining to, or having the nature of, atheroma. Wiseman.

Ath•e•to´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. not fixed; ’a priv. + to set.] (Med.) A variety of chorea, marked by peculiar tremors of the fingers and toes.

A•think´ , v. t. To repent; to displease; to disgust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•thirst´ , a. [OE. ofthurst, AS. ofpyrsted, p. p. of ofpyrstan; pref. of-, intensive + pyrstan to thirst. See Thirst.] 1. Wanting drink; thirsty. 2. Having a keen appetite or desire; eager; longing. ´Athirst for battle.´ Cowper.

Ath´lete , n. [L. athleta, Gr. prizefighter, fr. to contend for a prize, , Hom. , contest, prize; fr. the same root as E. wed: cf. F. athlète.] 1. (Antiq.) One who contended for a prize in the public games of ancient Greece or Rome. 2. Any one trained to contend in exercises requiring great physical agility and strength; one who has great activity and strength; a champion. 3. One fitted for, or skilled in, intellectual contests; as athletes of debate.

Ath•let´ic , a. [L. athleticus, Gr. . See Athlete.] 1. Of or pertaining to athletes or to the exercises practiced by them; as athletic games or sports. 2. Befitting an athlete; strong; muscular; robust; vigorous; as athletic Celts. ´Athletic soundness.´ South. — Ath•let´ic•al•ly , adv.

Ath•let´i•cism , n. The practice of engaging in athletic games; athletism.

Ath•let´ics , n. The art of training by athletic exercises; the games and sports of athletes.

Ath´le•tism , n. The state or practice of an athlete; the characteristics of an athlete.

A•thwart´ , prep. [Pref. a- + thwart.] 1. Across; from side to side of. “Athwart the thicket lone.
Tennyson.” 2. (Naut.) Across the direction or course of; as a fleet standing athwart our course. Athwart hawse, across the stem of another vessel, whether in contact or at a small distance. — Athwart ships, across the ship from side to side, or in that direction; — opposed to fore and aft.

A•thwart´, adv. 1. Across, especially in an oblique direction; sidewise; obliquely. “Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him straight.
Spenser.” 2. Across the course; so as to thwart; perversely. “All athwart there came
A post from Wales loaden with heavy news.
Shak.”

A•tilt´ , adv. [Pref. a- + tilt.] 1. In the manner of a tilter; in the position, or with the action, of one making a thrust. ´To run atilt at men.´ Hudibras. 2. In the position of a cask tilted, or with one end raised. [In this sense sometimes used as an adjective.] “Abroach, atilt, and run
Even to the lees of honor.
Beau. & Fl.”

At´i•my , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + honor.] (Gr. Antiq.) Public disgrace or stigma; infamy; loss of civil rights. Mitford.

-a´tion . [L. -ationem. See -tion.] A suffix forming nouns of action, and often equivalent to the verbal substantive in -ing. It sometimes has the further meanings of state, and that which results from the action. Many of these nouns have verbs in -ate; as alliterate -ation, narrate -ation; many are derived through the French; as alteration, visitation; and many are formed on verbs ending in the Greek formative -ize (Fr. -ise); as civilization, demoralization.

A-tip´toe , adv. On tiptoe; eagerly expecting. “We all feel a-tiptoe with hope and confidence.
F. Harrison.”

At•lan´ta , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of small glassy heteropod mollusks found swimming at the surface in mid ocean. See Heteropod.

At•lan´tal , a. (Anat.) (a) Relating to the atlas. (b) Anterior; cephalic. Barclay.

At•lan•te´an , a. [L. Atlantus.] 1. Of or pertaining to the isle Atlantis, which the ancients allege was sunk, and overwhelmed by the ocean. 2. Pertaining to, or resembling, Atlas; strong. “With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear
The weight of mightiest monarchies.
Milton.”

At•lan´tes , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. , pl. of . See Atlas.] (Arch.) Figures or half figures of men, used as columns to support an entablature; — called also telamones. See Caryatides. Oxf. Gloss.

At•lan´tic , a. [L. Atlanticus, fr. Atlas. See Atlas and Atlantes.] 1. Of or pertaining to Mt. Atlas in Libya, and hence applied to the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the east and America on the west; as the Atlantic Ocean (called also the Atlantic); the Atlantic basin; the Atlantic telegraph. 2. Of or pertaining to the isle of Atlantis. 3. Descended from Atlas. “The seven Atlantic sisters.
Milton.”

At•lan´ti•des , n. pl. [L. See Atlantes.] The Pleiades or seven stars, fabled to have been the daughters of Atlas.

At´las , n.; pl. Atlases . [L. Atlas, -antis, Gr. , , one of the older family of gods, who bears up the pillars of heaven; also Mt. Atlas, in W. Africa, regarded as the pillar of heaven. It is from the root of to bear. See Tolerate.] 1. One who sustains a great burden. 2. (Anat.) The first vertebra of the neck, articulating immediately with the skull, thus sustaining the globe of the head, whence the name. 3. A collection of maps in a volume; — supposed to be so called from a picture of Atlas supporting the world, prefixed to some collections. This name is said to have been first used by Mercator, the celebrated geographer, in the 16th century. 4. A volume of plates illustrating any subject. 5. A work in which subjects are exhibited in a tabular from or arrangement; as an historical atlas. 6. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of maps; — called also atlas folio. 7. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n. Atlas powder, a nitroglycerin blasting compound of pasty consistency and great explosive power.

At´las, n. [Ar., smooth.] A rich kind of satin manufactured in India. Brande & C.

At•mi•dom´e•ter , n. [Gr. , , smoke, vapor + -meter; cf. F. atmidomètre.] An instrument for measuring the evaporation from water, ice, or snow. Brande & C.

At´mo , n. [Contr. fr. atmosphere.] (Physics) The standard atmospheric pressure used in certain physical measurements calculations; conventionally, that pressure under which the barometer stands at 760 millimeters, at a temperature of 0° Centigrade, at the level of the sea, and in the latitude of Paris. Sir W. Thomson. { At•mo•log´ic , At•mo•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to atmology. ´Atmological laws of heat.´ Whewell.

At•mol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in atmology.

At•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. vapor + - logy.] (Physics) That branch of science which treats of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapor. Whewell.

At•mol´y•sis , n. [Gr. vapor + a loosing, to loose.] (Chem.) The act or process of separating mingled gases of unequal diffusibility by transmission through porous substances.

At•mol•y•za´tion, n. (Chem.) Separation by atmolysis.

At´mo•lyze , v. t. (Chem.) To subject to atmolysis; to separate by atmolysis.

At´mo•ly•zer , n. (Chem.) An apparatus for effecting atmolysis.

At•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. smoke, vapor + -meter: cf. F. atmomètre.] An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from a moist surface; an evaporometer. Huxley.

At´mos•phere , n. [Gr. vapor (akin to Skr. atman breath, soul, G. athem breath) + sphere: cf. F. atmosphère. See Sphere.] 1. (Physics) (a) The whole mass of aëriform fluid surrounding the earth; — applied also to the gaseous envelope of any celestial orb, or other body; as the atmosphere of Mars. (b) Any gaseous envelope or medium. “An atmosphere of cold oxygen.
Miller.” 2. A supposed medium around various bodies; as electrical atmosphere, a medium formerly supposed to surround electrical bodies. Franklin. 3. The pressure or weight of the air at the sea level, on a unit of surface, or about 14.7 Ibs. to the sq. inch. “Hydrogen was liquefied under a pressure of 650 atmospheres.
Lubbock.” 4. Any surrounding or pervading influence or condition. “The chillest of social atmospheres.
Hawthorne.” 5. The portion of air in any locality, or affected by a special physical or sanitary condition; as the atmosphere of the room; a moist or noxious atmosphere. { At•mos•pher´ic , At•mos•pher´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. atmospherique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the atmosphere; of the nature of, or resembling, the atmosphere; as atmospheric air; the atmospheric envelope of the earth. 2. Existing in the atmosphere. “The lower atmospheric current.
Darwin.” 3. Caused, or operated on, by the atmosphere; as an atmospheric effect; an atmospheric engine. 4. Dependent on the atmosphere. [R.] “In am so atmospherical a creature.
Pope.” Atmospheric engine, a steam engine whose piston descends by the pressure of the atmosphere, when the steam which raised it is condensed within the cylinder. Tomlinson. — Atmospheric line (Steam Engin.), the equilibrium line of an indicator card. Steam is expanded ´down to the atmosphere´ when its pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. (See Indicator card.) — Atmospheric pressure, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, not merely downwards, but in every direction. In amounts to about 14.7 Ibs. on each square inch. — Atmospheric railway, one in which pneumatic power, obtained from compressed air or the creation of a vacuum, is the propelling force. — Atmospheric tides. See under Tide.

At•mos•pher´ic•al•ly , adv. In relation to the atmosphere.

At•mos•phe•rol´o•gy , n. [Atmosphere + -logy.] The science or a treatise on the atmosphere.

At´o•kous , a. [Gr. barren; ’a priv. + offspring.] (Zoöl.) Producing only asexual individuals, as the eggs of certain annelids.

A•toll´ , n. [The native name in the Indian Ocean.] A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a central lagoon or depression; a lagoon island.

At´om , n. [L. atomus, Gr. , uncut, indivisible; ’a priv. + , verbal adj. of to cut: cf. F. atome. See Tome.] 1. (Physics) (a) An ultimate indivisible particle of matter. (b) An ultimate particle of matter not necessarily indivisible; a molecule. (c) A constituent particle of matter, or a molecule supposed to be made up of subordinate particles. These three definitions correspond to different views of the nature of the ultimate particles of matter. In the case of the last two, the particles are more correctly called molecules. Dana. 2. (Chem.) The smallest particle of matter that can enter into combination; one of the elementary constituents of a molecule. 3. Anything extremely small; a particle; a whit. “There was not an atom of water.
Sir J. Ross.”

At´om, v. t. To reduce to atoms. [Obs.] Feltham. { A•tom´ic , A•tom´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. atomique.] 1. Of or pertaining to atoms. 2. Extremely minute; tiny. Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which, assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion, accounted thus for the origin and formation of all things. This philosophy was first broached by Leucippus, was developed by Democritus, and afterward improved by Epicurus, and hence is sometimes denominated the Epicurean philosophy. — Atomic theory, or the Doctrine of definite proportions (Chem.), teaches that chemical combinations take place between the supposed ultimate particles or atoms of bodies, in some simple ratio, as of one to one, two to three, or some other, always expressible in whole numbers. — Atomic weight (Chem.), the weight of the atom of an element as compared with the weight of the atom of hydrogen, taken as a standard.

A•tom´ic•al•ly, adv. In an atomic manner; in accordance with the atomic philosophy.

At•o•mi´cian , n. An atomist. [R.]

A•tom´i•cism , n. Atomism. [Obs.]

At•o•mic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. atomicite.] (Chem.) Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; valence; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an elementary molecule. See Valence.

At´om•ism , n. [Cf. F. atomisme.] The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.

At´om•ist, n. [Cf. F. atomiste.] One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory. Locke.

At•om•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to atoms; relating to atomism. [R.] “It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to confound synthesis with synartesis.
Coleridge.”

At•om•i•za´tion, n. 1. The act of reducing to atoms, or very minute particles; or the state of being so reduced. 2. (Med.) The reduction of fluids into fine spray.

At´om•ize, v. t. To reduce to atoms, or to fine spray. “The liquids in the form of spray are said to be pulverized, nebulized, or atomized.
Dunglison.”

At´om•i•zer (at´um•i•zer), n. One who, or that which, atomizes; esp., an instrument for reducing a liquid to spray for disinfecting, cooling, or perfuming.

At•om•ol´o•gy (at•um•ol´o•jy), n. [Atom + -logy.] The doctrine of atoms. Cudworth.

At´om•y (at´um•y), n. An atom; a mite; a pigmy.

At´o•my , n. [For anatomy, taken as an atomy.] A skeleton. [Ludicrous] Shak.

A•ton´a•ble , a. Admitting an atonement; capable of being atoned for; expiable.

At one´ . [OE. at on, atone, atoon, attone.] 1. In concord or friendship; in agreement (with each other); as to be, bring, make, or set, at one, i. e., to be or bring in or to a state of agreement or reconciliation. “If gentil men, or othere of hir contree
Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem atoon.
Chaucer.” 2. Of the same opinion; agreed; as on these points we are at one. 3. Together. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•tone´ (a•ton´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Atoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Atoning.] [From at one, , i. e., to be, or cause to be, at one. See At one.] 1. To agree; to be in accordance; to accord. [Obs.] “He and Aufidius can no more atone
Than violentest contrariety.
Shak.” 2. To stand as an equivalent; to make reparation, compensation, or amends, for an offense or a crime. “The murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood.
Pope.” “The ministry not atoning for their former conduct by any wise or popular measure.
Junius.”

A•tone´, v. t. 1. To set at one; to reduce to concord; to reconcile, as parties at variance; to appease. [Obs.] “I would do much
To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio.
Shak.” 2. To unite in making. [Obs. & R.] “The four elements … have atoned
A noble league.
Ford.” 3. To make satisfaction for; to expiate. “Or each atone his guilty love with life.
Pope.”

A•tone´ment , n. 1. (Literally, a setting at one.) Reconciliation; restoration of friendly relations; agreement; concord. [Archaic] “By whom we have now received the atonement.
Rom. v. 11.” “He desires to make atonement
Betwixt the Duke of Gloucester and your brothers.
Shak.” 2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury, or by doing of suffering that which will be received in satisfaction for an offense or injury; expiation; amends; — with for. Specifically, in theology: The expiation of sin made by the obedience, personal suffering, and death of Christ. “When a man has been guilty of any vice, the best atonement be can make for it is, to warn others.
Spectator.” “The Phocians behaved with, so much gallantry, that they were thought to have made a sufficient atonement for their former offense.
Potter.”

A•ton´er , n. One who makes atonement.

At•ones , adv. [See At one.] [Obs.] “Down he fell atones as a stone.
Chaucer.”

A•ton´ic , a. [Cf. F. atonique. See Atony.] 1. (Med.) Characterized by atony, or want of vital energy; as an atonic disease. 2. (Gram.) Unaccented; as an atonic syllable. 3. Destitute of tone vocality; surd. Rush.

A•ton´ic, n. 1. (Gram.) A word that has no accent. 2. An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality, or produced by the breath alone; a nonvocal or surd consonant; a breathing. Rush. 3. (Med.) A remedy capable of allaying organic excitement or irritation. Dunglison.

At´o•ny , n. [Gr. slackness; ’a priv. + tone, strength, to stretch: cf. F. atonie.] (Med.) Want of tone; weakness of the system, or of any organ, especially of such as are contractile.

A•top´ , adv. On or at the top. Milton. { At•ra•bi•la´ri•an , At•ra•bi•la´ri•ous } a. [LL. atrabilarius, fr. L. atra bilis black bile: cf. F. atrabilaire, fr. atrabile.] Affected with melancholy; atrabilious. Arbuthnot.

At•ra•bi•la´ri•an, n. A person much given to melancholy; a hypochondriac. I. Disraeli.

At•ra•bil´iar , a. Melancholy; atrabilious.

At•ra•bil´ia•ry , a. 1. Of or pertaining to atra bilis or black bile, a fluid formerly supposed to be produced by the kidneys. 2. Melancholic or hypohondriac; atrabilious; — from the supposed predominance of black bile, to the influence of which the ancients attributed hypochondria, melancholy, and mania. Atrabiliary arteries, capsules, and veins (Anat.), those pertaining to the kidney; — called also renal arteries, capsules, and veins.

At•ra•bil´ious , a. Melancholic or hypochondriac; atrabiliary. Dunglision. “A hard-faced, atrabilious, earnest-eyed race.
Lowell.” “He was constitutionally atrabilious and scornful.
Froude.”

At•ra•men•ta´ceous , a. [L. atramentum ink, fr. ater black.] Black, like ink; inky; atramental. [Obs.] Derham. { At•ra•men´tal , At•ra•men´tous } a. Of or pertaining to ink; inky; black, like ink; as atramental galls; atramentous spots.

At•ra•men•ta´ri•ous , a. [Cf. F. atramentaire. See Atramentaceous.] Like ink; suitable for making ink. Sulphate of iron (copperas green vitriol) is called atramentarious, as being used in making ink.

At•rede , v. t. [OE. at (AS. aet) out + rede.] To surpass in council. [Obs.] “Men may the olde atrenne, but hat atrede.
Chaucer.”

At•renne´ , v. t. [OE. at + renne to run.] To outrun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•tre´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. not perforated.] (Med.) Absence or closure of a natural passage or channel of the body; imperforation.

A´tri•al, a. Of or pertaining to an atrium.

A•trip´ , adv. [Pref. a- + trip.] (Naut.) (a) Just hove clear of the ground; — said of the anchor. (b) Sheeted home, hoisted taut up and ready for trimming; — said of sails. (c) Hoisted up and ready to be swayed across; — said of yards.

A´tri•um , n.; pl. Atria . [L., the fore court of a Roman house.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A square hall lighted from above, into which rooms open at one or more levels. (b) An open court with a porch or gallery around three or more sides; especially at the entrance of a basilica or other church. The name was extended in the Middle Ages to the open churchyard or cemetery. 2. (Anat.) The main part of either auricle of the heart as distinct from the auricular appendix. also the whole articular portion of the heart. 3. (Zoöl.) A cavity in ascidians into which the intestine and generative ducts open, and which also receives the water from the gills. See Ascidioidea.

At•ro•cha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + a circle.] (Zoöl.) A kind of chaetopod larva in which no circles of cilia are developed.

A•tro´cious , a. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel, fierce: cf. F. atroce.] 1. Extremely heinous; full of enormous wickedness; as atrocious quilt or deeds. 2. Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity. “Revelations … so atrocious that nothing in history approaches them.
De Quincey.” 3. Very grievous or violent; terrible; as atrocious distempers. [Obs.] Cheyne. Syn. — Atrocious, Flagitious, Flagrant. Flagitious points to an act as grossly wicked and vile; as a flagitious proposal. Flagrant marks the vivid impression made upon the mind by something strikingly wrong or erroneous; as a flagrant misrepresentation; a flagrant violation of duty. Atrocious represents the act as springing from a violent and savage spirit. If Lord Chatham, instead of saying ´the atrocious crime of being a young man,´ had used either of the other two words, his irony would have lost all its point, in his celebrated reply to Sir Robert Walpole, as reported by Dr. Johnson. — A•tro´cious•ly, adv. — A•tro´cious•ness, n.

A•troc´i•ty , n.; pl. Atrocities . [F. atrocite, L. atrocitas, fr. atrox, atrocis, cruel.] 1. Enormous wickedness; extreme heinousness or cruelty. 2. An atrocious or extremely cruel deed. “The atrocities which attend a victory.
Macaulay.”

A•troph´ic, a. Relating to atrophy.

At´ro•phied , p. a. Affected with atrophy, as a tissue or organ; arrested in development at a very early stage; rudimentary.

At´ro•phy , n. [L. atrophia, Gr. ; ’a priv. + to nourish: cf. F. atrophie.] A wasting away from want of nourishment; diminution in bulk or slow emaciation of the body or of any part. Milton.

At´ro•phy, v. t. [p. p. Atrophied .] To cause to waste away or become abortive; to starve or weaken.

At´ro•phy, v. i. To waste away; to dwindle.

A•tro´pi•a , n. Same as Atropine.

At´ro•pine , n. [Gr. inflexible; hence , one of the three Parcae; ’a priv. + to turn.] (Chem.) A poisonous, white, crystallizable alkaloid, extracted from the Atropa belladonna, or deadly nightshade, and the Datura Stramonium, or thorn apple. It is remarkable for its power in dilating the pupil of the eye. Called also daturine.

At´ro•pism , n. (Med.) A condition of the system produced by long use of belladonna.

At´ro•pous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + to turn.] (Bot.) Not inverted; orthotropous.

A´trous , a. [L. ater.] Coal-black; very black.

A•try´pa , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + a hole.] (Paleon.) A extinct genus of Branchiopoda, very common in Silurian limestones.

At´ta•bal , n. See Atabal.

At•tac´ca . [It., fr. attaccare to tie, bind. See Attach.] (Mus.) Attack at once; — a direction at the end of a movement to show that the next is to follow immediately, without any pause.

At•tach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attaching.] [OF. atachier, F. attacher, to tie or fasten: cf. Celt. tac, tach, nail, E. tack a small nail, tack to fasten. Cf. Attack, and see Tack.] 1. To bind, fasten, tie, or connect; to make fast or join; as to attach one thing to another by a string, by glue, or the like. “The shoulder blade is … attached only to the muscles.
Paley.” “A huge stone to which the cable was attached.
Macaulay.” 2. To connect; to place so as to belong; to assign by authority; to appoint; as an officer is attached to a certain regiment, company, or ship. 3. To win the heart of; to connect by ties of love or self-interest; to attract; to fasten or bind by moral influence; — with to; as attached to a friend; attaching others to us by wealth or flattery. “Incapable of attaching a sensible man.
Miss Austen.” “God … by various ties attaches man to man.
Cowper.” 4. To connect, in a figurative sense; to ascribe or attribute; to affix; — with to; as to attach great importance to a particular circumstance. “Top this treasure a curse is attached.
Bayard Taylor.” 5. To take, seize, or lay hold of. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To take by legal authority: (a) To arrest by writ, and bring before a court, as to answer for a debt, or a contempt; — applied to a taking of the person by a civil process; being now rarely used for the arrest of a criminal. (b) To seize or take (goods or real estate) by virtue of a writ or precept to hold the same to satisfy a judgment which may be rendered in the suit. See Attachment, 4. “The earl marshal attached Gloucester for high treason.
Miss Yonge.” Attached column (Arch.), a column engaged in a wall, so that only a part of its circumference projects from it. Syn. — To affix; bind; tie; fasten; connect; conjoin; subjoin; annex; append; win; gain over; conciliate.

At•tach´ , v. i. 1. To adhere; to be attached. “The great interest which attaches to the mere knowledge of these facts cannot be doubted.
Brougham.” 2. To come into legal operation in connection with anything; to vest; as dower will attach. Cooley.

At•tach´, n. An attachment. [Obs.] Pope.

At•tach´a•ble , a. Capable of being attached; esp., liable to be taken by writ or precept.

At•ta•che´ , n. [F., p. p. of attacher. See Attach, v. t.] One attached to another person or thing, as a part of a suite or staff. Specifically: One attached to an embassy.

At•tach´ment , n. [F. attachment.] 1. The act attaching, or state of being attached; close adherence or affection; fidelity; regard; an passion of affection that binds a person; as an attachment to a friend, or to a party. 2. That by which one thing is attached to another; connection; as to cut the attachments of a muscle. “The human mind … has exhausted its forces in the endeavor to rend the supernatural from its attachment to this history.
I. Taylor.” 3. Something attached; some adjunct attached to an instrument, machine, or other object; as a sewing machine attachment (i. e., a device attached to a sewing machine to enable it to do special work, as tucking, etc.). 4. (Giv. Law) (a) A seizure or taking into custody by virtue of a legal process. (b) The writ or percept commanding such seizure or taking. The term is applied to a seizure or taking either of persons or property. In the serving of process in a civil suit, it is most generally applied to the taking of property, whether at common law, as a species of distress, to compel defendant’s appearance, or under local statutes, to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover in the action. The terms attachment and arrest are both applied to the taking or apprehension of a defendant to compel an appearance in a civil action. Attachments are issued at common law and in chancery, against persons for contempt of court. In England, attachment is employed in some cases where capias is with us, as against a witness who fails to appear on summons. In some of the New England States a writ of attachment is a species of mesne process upon which the property of a defendant may be seized at the commencement of a suit and before summons to him, and may be held to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover. In other States this writ can issue only against absconding debtors and those who conceal themselves. See Foreign, Garnishment, Trustee process. Bouvier. Burrill. Blackstone. Syn. — Attachment, Affection. The leading idea of affection is that of warmth and tenderness; the leading idea of attachment is that of being bound to some object by strong and lasting ties. There is more of sentiment (and sometimes of romance) in affection, and more of principle in preserving attachment. We speak of the ardor of the one, and the fidelity of the other. There is another distinction in the use and application of these words. The term attachment is applied to a wider range of objects than affection. A man may have a strong attachment to his country, to his profession, to his principles, and even to favorite places; in respect to none of these could we use the word affection.

At•tack´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attacked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attacking.] [F. attaquer, orig. another form of attacher to attack: cf. It. attacare to fasten, attack. See Attach, Tack a small nail.] 1. To fall upon with force; to assail, as with force and arms; to assault. ´Attack their lines.´ Dryden. 2. To assail with unfriendly speech or writing; to begin a controversy with; to attempt to overthrow or bring into disrepute, by criticism or satire; to censure; as to attack a man, or his opinions, in a pamphlet. 3. To set to work upon, as upon a task or problem, or some object of labor or investigation. 4. To begin to affect; to begin to act upon, injuriously or destructively; to begin to decompose or waste. “On the fourth of March he was attacked by fever.
Macaulay.” “Hydrofluoric acid … attacks the glass.
B. Stewart.” Syn. — To Attack, Assail, Assault, Invade. These words all denote a violent onset; attack being the generic term, and the others specific forms of attack. To attack is to commence the onset; to assail is to make a sudden and violent attack, or to make repeated attacks; to assault (literally, to leap upon) is to attack physically by a had-to-hand approach or by unlawful and insulting violence; to invade is to enter by force on what belongs to another. Thus, a person may attack by offering violence of any kind; he may assail by means of missile weapons; he may assault by direct personal violence; a king may invade by marching an army into a country. Figuratively, we may say, men attack with argument or satire; they assail with abuse or reproaches; they may be assaulted by severe temptations; the rights of the people may be invaded by the encroachments of the crown.

At•tack´, v. i. To make an onset or attack.

At•tack´, n. [Cf. F. attaque.] 1. The act of attacking, or falling on with force or violence; an onset; an assault; — opposed to defense. 2. An assault upon one’s feelings or reputation with unfriendly or bitter words. 3. A setting to work upon some task, etc. 4. An access of disease; a fit of sickness. 5. The beginning of corrosive, decomposing, or destructive action, by a chemical agent.

At•tack´a•ble , a. Capable of being attacked.

At•tack´er , n. One who attacks. { At´ta•gas , At´ta•gen } n. [L. attagen a kind of bird, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.) A species of sand grouse (Syrrghaptes Pallasii) found in Asia and rarely in southern Europe.

At´ta•ghan (at´ta•gan), n. See Yataghan.

At•tain´ (at•tan´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attained (-tand´); p. pr. & vb. n. Attaining.] [Of. atteinen, atteignen, atainen, OF. ateindre, ataindre, F. atteindre, fr. L. attingere; ad + tangere to touch, reach. See Tangent, and cf. Attinge, Attaint.] 1. To achieve or accomplish, that is, to reach by efforts; to gain; to compass; as to attain rest. “Is he wise who hopes to attain the end without the means?
Abp. Tillotson.” 2. To gain or obtain possession of; to acquire. [Obs. with a material object.] Chaucer. 3. To get at the knowledge of; to ascertain. [Obs.] “Not well attaining his meaning.
Fuller.” 4. To reach or come to, by progression or motion; to arrive at. ´Canaan he now attains.´ Milton. 5. To overtake. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. To reach in excellence or degree; to equal. Syn. — To Attain, Obtain, Procure. Attain always implies an effort toward an object. Hence it is not synonymous with obtain and procure, which do not necessarily imply such effort or motion. We procure or obtain a thing by purchase or loan, and we obtain by inheritance, but we do not attain it by such means.

At•tain´, v. i. 1. To come or arrive, by motion, growth, bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place, object, state, etc.; to reach. “If by any means they might attain to Phenice.
Acts xxvii. 12.” “Nor nearer might the dogs attain.
Sir W. Scott.” “To see your trees attain to the dignity of timber.
Cowper.” “Few boroughs had as yet attained to power such as this.
J. R. Green.” 2. To come or arrive, by an effort of mind. “Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I can not attain unto it.
Ps. cxxxix. 6.”

At•tain´, n. Attainment. [Obs.]

At•tain•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being attainable; attainableness.

At•tain´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being attained or reached by efforts of the mind or body; capable of being compassed or accomplished by efforts directed to the object. “The highest pitch of perfection attainable in this life.
Addison.” 2. Obtainable. [Obs.] “General Howe would not permit the purchase of those articles [clothes and blankets] in Philadelphia, and they were not attainable in the country.
Marshall.”

At•tain´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being attainable; attainability.

At•tain´der , n. [OF. ataindre, ateindre, to accuse, convict. Attainder is often erroneously referred to F. teindre tie stain. See Attaint, Attain.] 1. The act of attainting, or the state of being attainted; the extinction of the civil rights and capacities of a person, consequent upon sentence of death or outlawry; as an act of attainder. Abbott. Formerly attainder was the inseparable consequence of a judicial or legislative sentence for treason or felony, and involved the forfeiture of all the real and personal property of the condemned person, and such ´corruption of blood´ that he could neither receive nor transmit by inheritance, nor could he sue or testify in any court, or claim any legal protection or rights. In England attainders are now abolished, and in the United States the Constitution provides that no bill of attainder shall be passed; and no attainder of treason (in consequence of a judicial sentence) shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 2. A stain or staining; state of being in dishonor or condemnation. [Obs.] “He lived from all attainder of suspect.
Shak.” Bill of attainder, a bill brought into, or passed by, a legislative body, condemning a person to death or outlawry, and attainder, without judicial sentence.

At•tain´ment , n. 1. The act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts. “The attainment of every desired object.
Sir W. Jones.” 2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion; acquirement; acquisition; (pl.), mental acquirements; knowledge; as literary and scientific attainments.

At•taint´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attainting.] [OE. atteynten to convict, fr. atteynt, OF. ateint, p. p. of ateindre, ataindre. The meanings 3, 4, 5, and 6 were influenced by a supposed connection with taint. See Attain, Attainder.] 1. To attain; to get act; to hit. [Obs.] 2. (Old Law) To find guilty; to convict; — said esp. of a jury on trial for giving a false verdict. [Obs.] “Upon sufficient proof attainted of some open act by men of his own condition.
Blackstone.” 3. (Law) To subject (a person) to the legal condition formerly resulting from a sentence of death or outlawry, pronounced in respect of treason or felony; to affect by attainder. “No person shall be attainted of high treason where corruption of blood is incurred, but by the oath of two witnesses.
Stat. 7 & 8 Wm. III.” 4. To accuse; to charge with a crime or a dishonorable act. [Archaic] 5. To affect or infect, as with physical or mental disease or with moral contagion; to taint or corrupt. “My tender youth was never yet attaint
With any passion of inflaming love.
Shak.” 6. To stain; to obscure; to sully; to disgrace; to cloud with infamy. “For so exceeding shone his glistring ray,
That Phbus’ golden face it did attaint.
Spenser.” “Lest she with blame her honor should attaint.
Spenser.”

At•taint´, p. p. Attainted; corrupted. [Obs.] Shak.

At•taint´, n. [OF. attainte. See Attaint, v.] 1. A touch or hit. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Far.) A blow or wound on the leg of a horse, made by overreaching. White. 3. (Law) A writ which lies after judgment, to inquire whether a jury has given a false verdict in any court of record; also the convicting of the jury so tried. Bouvier. 4. A stain or taint; disgrace. See Taint. Shak. 5. An infecting influence. [R.] Shak.

At•taint´ment , n. Attainder; attainture; conviction.

At•tain´ture , n. Attainder; disgrace.

At´tal , n. Same as Attle.

At•tame´ , v. t. [OF. atamer, from Latin. See Attaminate.] 1. To pierce; to attack. [Obs.] 2. To broach; to begin. “And right anon his tale he hath attamed.
Chaucer.”

At•tam´i•nate , v. t. [L. attaminare; ad + root of tangere. See Contaminate.] To corrupt; to defile; to contaminate. [Obs.] Blount.

At´tar , n. [Per. ’atar perfume, essence, Ar. ’itr, fr. ’atara to smell sweet. Cf. Otto.] A fragrant essential oil; esp., a volatile and highly fragrant essential oil obtained from the petals of roses. [Also written otto and ottar.]

At•task´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + task.] To take to task; to blame. Shak.

At•taste , v. t. [Pref. a- + taste.] To taste or cause to taste. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At´te . At the. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At•tem´per , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempering.] [OF. atemprer, fr. L. attemperare; ad + temperare to soften, temper. See Temper, and cf. Attemperate.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mixture; to temper; to regulate, as temperature. “If sweet with bitter … were not attempered still.
Trench.” 2. To soften, mollify, or moderate; to soothe; to temper; as to attemper rigid justice with clemency. 3. To mix in just proportion; to regulate; as a mind well attempered with kindness and justice. 4. To accommodate; to make suitable; to adapt. “Arts … attempered to the lyre.
Pope.” This word is now not much used, the verb temper taking its place.

At•tem´per•a•ment , n. [OF. attemprement.] A tempering, or mixing in due proportion.

At•tem´per•ance , n. [Cf. OF. atemprance.] Temperance; attemperament. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At•tem´per•ate , a. [L. attemperatus, p. p. of attemperare. See Attemper.] Tempered; proportioned; properly adapted. “Hope must be … attemperate to the promise.
Hammond.”

At•tem´per•ate , v. t. To attemper. [Archaic]

At•tem•per•a´tion , n. The act of attempering or regulating. [Archaic] Bacon.

At•tem´per•ly, adv. Temperately. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At•tem´per•ment , n. Attemperament.

At•tempt´ ( 215), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempting.] [OF. atenter, also spelt atempter, F. attenter, fr. L. attentare to attempt; ad + tentare, temptare, to touch, try, v. intens. of tendere to stretch. See Tempt, and cf. Attend.] 1. To make trial or experiment of; to try; to endeavor to do or perform (some action); to assay; as to attempt to sing; to attempt a bold flight. “Something attempted, something done,
Has earned a night’s repose.
Longfellow.” 2. To try to move, by entreaty, by afflictions, or by temptations; to tempt. [Obs. or Archaic] “It made the laughter of an afternoon
That Vivien should attempt the blameless king.
Thackeray.” 3. To try to win, subdue, or overcome; as one who attempts the virtue of a woman. “Dear sir, of force I must attempt you further:
Take some remembrance of us, as a tribute.
Shak.” 4. To attack; to make an effort or attack upon; to try to take by force; as to attempt the enemy’s camp. “Without attempting his adversary’s life.
Motley.” Syn. — See Try.

At•tempt´, v. i. To make an attempt; — with upon. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

At•tempt´, n. A essay, trial, or endeavor; an undertaking; an attack, or an effort to gain a point; esp. an unsuccessful, as contrasted with a successful, effort. “By his blindness maimed for high attempts.
Milton.” Attempt to commit a crime (Law), such an intentional preparatory act as will apparently result, if not extrinsically hindered, in a crime which it was designed to effect. Wharton. Syn. — Attempt, Endeavor, Effort, Exertion, Trial. These words agree in the idea of calling forth our powers into action. Trial is the generic term; it denotes a putting forth of one’s powers with a view to determine what they can accomplish; as to make trial of one’s strength. An attempt is always directed to some definite and specific object; as ´The attempt, and not the deed, confounds us.´ Shak. An endeavor is a continued attempt; as ´His high endeavor and his glad success.´ Cowper. Effort is a specific putting forth of strength in order to carry out an attempt. Exertion is the putting forth or active exercise of any faculty or power. ´It admits of all degrees of effort and even natural action without effort.´ C. J. Smith. See Try.

At•tempt´a•ble , a. Capable of being attempted, tried, or attacked. Shak.

At•tempt´er ( 215), n. 1. One who attempts; one who essays anything. 2. An assailant; also a temper. [Obs.]

At•tempt´ive , a. Disposed to attempt; adventurous. [Obs.] Daniel.

At•tend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attended; p. pr. & vb. n. Attending.] [OE. atenden, OF. atendre, F. attendre, to expect, to wait, fr. L. attendre to stretch, (sc. animum), to apply the mind to; ad + tendere to stretch. See Tend.] 1. To direct the attention to; to fix the mind upon; to give heed to; to regard. [Obs.] “The diligent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth not attend the unskillful words of the passenger.
Sir P. Sidney.” 2. To care for; to look after; to take charge of; to watch over. 3. To go or stay with, as a companion, nurse, or servant; to visit professionally, as a physician; to accompany or follow in order to do service; to escort; to wait on; to serve. “The fifth had charge sick persons to attend.
Spenser.” “Attends the emperor in his royal court.
Shak.” “With a sore heart and a gloomy brow, he prepared to attend William thither.
Macaulay.” 4. To be present with; to accompany; to be united or consequent to; as a measure attended with ill effects. “What cares must then attend the toiling swain.
Dryden.” 5. To be present at; as to attend church, school, a concert, a business meeting. 6. To wait for; to await; to remain, abide, or be in store for. [Obs.] “The state that attends all men after this.
Locke.” “Three days I promised to attend my doom.
Dryden.” Syn. — To Attend, Mind, Regard, Heed, Notice. Attend is generic, the rest are specific terms. To mind is to attend so that it may not be forgotten; to regard is to look on a thing as of importance; to heed is to attend to a thing from a principle of caution; to notice is to think on that which strikes the senses. Crabb. See Accompany.

At•tend´ , v. i. 1. To apply the mind, or pay attention, with a view to perceive, understand, or comply; to pay regard; to heed; to listen; — usually followed by to. “Attend to the voice of my supplications.
Ps. lxxxvi. 6.” “Man can not at the same time attend to two objects.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. To accompany or be present or near at hand, in pursuance of duty; to be ready for service; to wait or be in waiting; — often followed by on or upon. “He was required to attend upon the committee.
Clarendon.” 3. (with to) To take charge of; to look after; as to attend to a matter of business. 4. To wait; to stay; to delay. [Obs.] “For this perfection she must yet attend,
Till to her Maker she espoused be.
Sir J. Davies.” Syn. — To Attend, Listen, Hearken. We attend with a view to hear and learn; we listen with fixed attention, in order to hear correctly, or to consider what has been said; we hearken when we listen with a willing mind, and in reference to obeying.

At•tend´ance , n. [OE. attendance, OF. atendance, fr. atendre, F. attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Attention; regard; careful application. [Obs.] “Till I come, give attendance to reading.
1 Tim. iv. 13.” 2. The act of attending; state of being in waiting; service; ministry; the fact of being present; presence. “Constant attendance at church three times a day.
Fielding.” 3. Waiting for; expectation. [Obs.] “Languishing attendance and expectation of death.
Hooker.” 4. The persons attending; a retinue; attendants. “If your stray attendance by yet lodged.
Milton.”

At•tend´an•cy , n. The quality of attending or accompanying; attendance; an attendant. [Obs.]

At•tend´ant , a. [F. attendant, p. pr. of attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Being present, or in the train; accompanying; in waiting. “From the attendant flotilla rang notes triumph.
Sir W. Scott.” “Cherub and Seraph … attendant on their Lord.
Milton.” 2. Accompanying, connected with, or immediately following, as consequential; consequent; as intemperance with all its attendant evils. “The natural melancholy attendant upon his situation added to the gloom of the owner of the mansion.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. (Law) Depending on, or owing duty or service to; as the widow attendant to the heir. Cowell. Attendant keys (Mus.), the keys or scales most nearly related to, or having most in common with, the principal key; those, namely, of its fifth above, or dominant, its fifth below (fourth above), or subdominant, and its relative minor or major.

At•tend´ant, n. 1. One who attends or accompanies in any character whatever, as a friend, companion, servant, agent, or suitor. ´A train of attendants.´ Hallam. 2. One who is present and takes part in the proceedings; as an attendant at a meeting. 3. That which accompanies; a concomitant. “[A] sense of fame, the attendant of noble spirits.
Pope.” 4. (Law) One who owes duty or service to, or depends on, another. Cowell.

At•tend´e•ment , n. Intent. [Obs.] Spenser.

At•tend´er , n. One who, or that which, attends.

At•tend´ment , n. [Cf. OF. atendement.] An attendant circumstance. [Obs.] “The uncomfortable attendments of hell.
Sir T. Browne.”

At•tent´ , a. [L. attentus, p. p. of attendere. See Attend, v. t.] Attentive; heedful. [Archaic] “Let thine ears be attent unto the prayer.
2 Chron. vi. 40.”

At•tent´, n. Attention; heed. [Obs.] Spenser. { At•ten´tate , At•ten´tat } n. [L. attentatum, pl. attentata, fr. attentare to attempt: cf. F. attentat criminal attempt. See Attempt.] 1. An attempt; an assault. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Law) (a) A proceeding in a court of judicature, after an inhibition is decreed. (b) Any step wrongly innovated or attempted in a suit by an inferior judge.

At•ten´tion , n. [L. attentio: cf. F. attention.] 1. The act or state of attending or heeding; the application of the mind to any object of sense, representation, or thought; notice; exclusive or special consideration; earnest consideration, thought, or regard; obedient or affectionate heed; the supposed power or faculty of attending. “They say the tongues of dying men
Enforce attention like deep harmony.
Shak.” Attention is consciousness and something more. It is consciousness voluntarily applied, under its law of limitations, to some determinate object; it is consciousness concentrated. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. An act of civility or courtesy; care for the comfort and pleasure of others; as attentions paid to a stranger. To pay attention to, To pay one’s attentions to, to be courteous or attentive to; to wait upon as a lover; to court. Syn. — Care; heed; study; consideration; application; advertence; respect; regard.

At•ten´tive (at•ten´tiv), a. [Cf. F. attentif.] 1. Heedful; intent; observant; regarding with care or attention. Attentive is applied to the senses of hearing and seeing, as an attentive ear or eye; to the application of the mind, as in contemplation; or to the application of the mind, in every possible sense, as when a person is attentive to the words, and to the manner and matter, of a speaker at the same time. 2. Heedful of the comfort of others; courteous. Syn. — Heedful; intent; observant; mindful; regardful; circumspect; watchful. — At•ten´tive•ly, adv. — At•ten´tive•ness, n.

At•tent´ly, adv. Attentively. [Obs.] Barrow.

At•ten´u•ant , a. [L. attenuans, p. pr. of attenuare: cf. F. attenuant. See Attenuate.] Making thin, as fluids; diluting; rendering less dense and viscid; diluent. — n. (Med.) A medicine that thins or dilutes the fluids; a diluent.

At•ten´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attenuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attenuating .] [L. attenuatus, p. p. of attenuare; ad + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin. See Thin.] 1. To make thin or slender, as by mechanical or chemical action upon inanimate objects, or by the effects of starvation, disease, etc., upon living bodies. 2. To make thin or less consistent; to render less viscid or dense; to rarefy. Specifically: To subtilize, as the humors of the body, or to break them into finer parts. 3. To lessen the amount, force, or value of; to make less complex; to weaken. “To undersell our rivals … has led the manufacturer to … attenuate his processes, in the allotment of tasks, to an extreme point.
I. Taylor.” “We may reject and reject till we attenuate history into sapless meagerness.
Sir F. Palgrave.”

At•ten´u•ate, v. i. To become thin, slender, or fine; to grow less; to lessen. “The attention attenuates as its sphere contracts.
Coleridge.” { At•ten´u•ate , At•ten´u•a•ted } a. [L. attenuatus, p. p.] 1. Made thin or slender. 2. Made thin or less viscid; rarefied. Bacon.

At•ten•u•a´tion , n. [L. attenuatio: cf. F. attenuation.] 1. The act or process of making slender, or the state of being slender; emaciation. 2. The act of attenuating; the act of making thin or less dense, or of rarefying, as fluids or gases. 3. The process of weakening in intensity; diminution of virulence; as the attenuation of virus.

At´ter , n. [AS. aetter.] Poison; venom; corrupt matter from a sore. [Obs.] Holland.

At´ter•cop , n. [AS. attercoppa a spider; aetter poison + coppa head, cup.] 1. A spider. [Obs.] 2. A peevish, ill-natured person. [North of Eng.]

At•ter•rate , v. t. [It. atterrare (cf. LL. atterrare to cast to earth); L. ad + terra earth, land.] To fill up with alluvial earth. [Obs.] Ray.

At•ter•ra´tion , n. The act of filling up with earth, or of forming land with alluvial earth. [Obs.]

At´test´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attested; p. pr. & vb. n. Attesting.] [L. attestari; ad + testari to bear witness: cf. F. attester.] 1. To bear witness to; to certify; to affirm to be true or genuine; as to attest the truth of a writing, a copy of record. “Facts … attested by particular pagan authors.
Addison.” 2. To give proof of; to manifest; as the ruins of Palmyra attest its ancient magnificence. 3. To call to witness; to invoke. [Archaic] “The sacred streams which Heaven’s imperial state
Attests in oaths, and fears to violate.
Dryden.”

At•test´, n. Witness; testimony; attestation. [R.] “The attest of eyes and ears.
Shak.”

At•tes•ta´tion , n. [L. attestatio: cf. F. attestation.] The act of attesting; testimony; witness; a solemn or official declaration, verbal or written, in support of a fact; evidence. The truth appears from the attestation of witnesses, or of the proper officer. The subscription of a name to a writing as a witness, is an attestation.

At•test´a•tive , a. Of the nature of attestation. { At•test´er , At•test´or } n. One who attests.

At•test´ive , a. Attesting; furnishing evidence.

At´tic , a. [L. Atticus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to Athens, its principal city; marked by such qualities as were characteristic of the Athenians; classical; refined. Attic base (Arch.), a peculiar form of molded base for a column or pilaster, described by Vitruvius, applied under the Roman Empire to the Ionic and Corinthian and ´Roman Doric´ orders, and imitated by the architects of the Renaissance. — Attic faith, inviolable faith. — Attic purity, special purity of language. — Attic salt, Attic wit, a poignant, delicate wit, peculiar to the Athenians. — Attic story. See Attic, n. — Attic style, a style pure and elegant.

At´tic, n. [In sense (a) from F. attique, orig. meaning Attic. See Attic, a.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A low story above the main order or orders of a facade, in the classical styles; — a term introduced in the 17th century. Hence: (b) A room or rooms behind that part of the exterior; all the rooms immediately below the roof. 2. An Athenian; an Athenian author.

At´tic•al , a. Attic. [Obs.] Hammond.

At´ti•cism , n. [Gr. .] 1. A favoring of, or attachment to, the Athenians. 2. The style and idiom of the Greek language, used by the Athenians; a concise and elegant expression.

At´ti•cize , v. t. [Gr. .] To conform or make conformable to the language, customs, etc., of Attica.

At´ti•cize, v. i. 1. To side with the Athenians. 2. To use the Attic idiom or style; to conform to the customs or modes of thought of the Athenians.

At•tig´u•ous , a. [L. attiguus, fr. attingere to touch. See Attain.] Touching; bordering; contiguous. [Obs.] — At•tig´u•ous•ness, n. [Obs.]

At•tinge´ , v. t. [L. attingere to touch. See Attain.] To touch lightly. [Obs.] Coles.

At•tire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attiring.] [OE. atiren to array, dispose, arrange, OF. atirier; à (L. ad) + F. tire rank, order, row; of Ger. origin: cf. As. tier row, OHG. ziari, G. zier, ornament, zieren to adorn. Cf. Tire a headdress.] To dress; to array; to adorn; esp., to clothe with elegant or splendid garments. “Finely attired in a robe of white.
Shak.” “With the linen miter shall he be attired.
Lev. xvi. 4.”

At•tire´, n. 1. Dress; clothes; headdress; anything which dresses or adorns; esp., ornamental clothing. “Earth in her rich attire.
Milton.” “I ’ll put myself in poor and mean attire.
Shak.” “Can a maid forget her ornament, or a bride her attire?
Jer. ii. 32.” 2. The antlers, or antlers and scalp, of a stag or buck. 3. (Bot.) The internal parts of a flower, included within the calyx and the corolla. [Obs.] Johnson.

At•tired´ , p. p. (Her.) Provided with antlers, as a stag.

At•tire´ment , n. Attire; adornment.

At•tir´er , n. One who attires.

At´ti•tude , n. [It. attitudine, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus suited, fitted: cf. F. attitude. Cf. Aptitude.] 1. (Paint. & Sculp.) The posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue. 2. The posture or position of a person or an animal, or the manner in which the parts of his body are disposed; position assumed or studied to serve a purpose; as a threatening attitude; an attitude of entreaty. 3. Fig.: Position as indicating action, feeling, or mood; as in times of trouble let a nation preserve a firm attitude; one’s mental attitude in respect to religion. “The attitude of the country was rapidly changing.
J. R. Green.” To strike an attitude, to take an attitude for mere effect. Syn. — Attitude, Posture. Both of these words describe the visible disposition of the limbs. Posture relates to their position merely; attitude refers to their fitness for some specific object. The object of an attitude is to set forth exhibit some internal feeling; as attitude of wonder, of admiration, of grief, etc. It is, therefore, essentially and designedly expressive. Its object is the same with that of gesture; viz., to hold forth and represent. Posture has no such design. If we speak of posture in prayer, or the posture of devotion, it is only the natural disposition of the limbs, without any intention to show forth or exhibit. “’T is business of a painter in his choice of attitudes (positurae) to foresee the effect and harmony of the lights and shadows.
Dryden.” “Never to keep the body in the same posture half an hour at a time.
Bacon.”

At•ti•tu´di•nal , a. Relating to attitude.

At•ti•tu•di•na´ri•an , n. One who attitudinizes; a posture maker.

At•ti•tu•di•na´ri•an•ism , n. A practicing of attitudes; posture making.

At•ti•tu´di•nize , v. i. To assume affected attitudes; to strike an attitude; to pose. “Maria, who is the most picturesque figure, was put to attitudinize at the harp.
Hannah More.”

At•ti•tu´di•ni•zer , n. One who practices attitudes.

At´tle , n. [Cf. Addle mire.] (Mining) Rubbish or refuse consisting of broken rock containing little or no ore. Weale.

At•tol´lent , a. [L. attollens, p. pr. of attollere; ad + tollere to lift.] Lifting up; raising; as an attollent muscle. Derham.

At•tonce´ , adv. [At + once.] At once; together. [Obs.] Spenser.

At•tone´ , adv. See At one. [Obs.]

At•torn´ , v. i. [OF. atorner, aturner, atourner, to direct, prepare, dispose, attorn (cf. OE. atornen to return, adorn); à (L. ad) + torner to turn; cf. LL. attornare to commit business to another, to attorn; ad + tornare to turn, L. tornare to turn in a lathe, to round off. See Turn, v. t.] 1. (Feudal Law) To turn, or transfer homage and service, from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals, or tenants, upon the alienation of the estate. Blackstone. 2. (Modern Law) To agree to become tenant to one to whom reversion has been granted.

At•tor´ney , n.; pl. Attorneys . [OE. aturneye, OF. atorne, p. p. of atorner: cf. LL. atturnatus, attornatus, fr. attornare. See Attorn.] 1. A substitute; a proxy; an agent. [Obs.] “And will have no attorney but myself.
Shak.” 2. (Law) (a) One who is legally appointed by another to transact any business for him; an attorney in fact. (b) A legal agent qualified to act for suitors and defendants in legal proceedings; an attorney at law. An attorney is either public or private. A private attorney, or an attorney in fact, is a person appointed by another, by a letter or power of attorney, to transact any business for him out of court; but in a more extended sense, this class includes any agent employed in any business, or to do any act in pais, for another. A public attorney, or attorney at law, is a practitioner in a court of law, legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in such court, on the retainer of clients. Bouvier. - - The attorney at law answers to the procurator of the civilians, to the solicitor in chancery, and to the proctor in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts, and all of these are comprehended under the more general term lawyer. In Great Britain and in some states of the United States, attorneys are distinguished from counselors in that the business of the former is to carry on the practical and formal parts of the suit. In many states of the United States however, no such distinction exists. In England, since 1873, attorneys at law are by statute called solicitors. A power, letter, or warrant, of attorney, a written authority from one person empowering another to transact business for him.

At•tor´ney , v. t. To perform by proxy; to employ as a proxy. [Obs.] Shak.

At•tor´ney-gen´er•al , n.; (pl. Attorney-generals or Attorneys-general). (Law) The chief law officer of the state, empowered to act in all litigation in which the law- executing power is a party, and to advise this supreme executive whenever required. Wharton.

At•tor´ney•ism , n. The practice or peculiar cleverness of attorneys.

At•tor´ney•ship, n. The office or profession of an attorney; agency for another. Shak.

At•torn´ment , n. [OF. attornement, LL. attornamentum. See Attorn.] (Law) The act of a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he consents, upon the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and transfers to him his homage and service; the agreement of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser of the estate as his landlord. Burrill. Blackstone.

At•tract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attracting.] [L. attractus, p. p. of attrahere; ad + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t.] 1. To draw to, or cause to tend to; esp. to cause to approach, adhere, or combine; or to cause to resist divulsion, separation, or decomposition. “All bodies and all parts of bodies mutually attract themselves and one another.
Derham.” 2. To draw by influence of a moral or emotional kind; to engage or fix, as the mind, attention, etc.; to invite or allure; as to attract admirers. “Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze.
Milton.” Syn. — To draw; allure; invite; entice; influence.

At•tract´, n. Attraction. [Obs.] Hudibras.

At•tract•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or fact of being attractable. Sir W. Jones.

At•tract´a•ble , a. Capable of being attracted; subject to attraction. — At•tract´a•ble•ness, n.

At•tract´er , n. One who, or that which, attracts.

At•tract´ile , a. Having power to attract.

At•tract´ing, a. That attracts. - - At•tract´ing•ly, adv.

At•trac´tion , n. [L. attractio: cf. F. attraction.] 1. (Physics) An invisible power in a body by which it draws anything to itself; the power in nature acting mutually between bodies or ultimate particles, tending to draw them together, or to produce their cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting separation. Attraction is exerted at both sensible and insensible distances, and is variously denominated according to its qualities or phenomena. Under attraction at sensible distances, there are, — (1.) Attraction of gravitation, which acts at all distances throughout the universe, with a force proportional directly to the product of the masses of the bodies and inversely to the square of their distances apart. (2.) Magnetic, diamagnetic, and electrical attraction, each of which is limited in its sensible range and is polar in its action, a property dependent on the quality or condition of matter, and not on its quantity. Under attraction at insensible distances, there are, — (1.) Adhesive attraction, attraction between surfaces of sensible extent, or by the medium of an intervening substance. (2.) Cohesive attraction, attraction between ultimate particles, whether like or unlike, and causing simply an aggregation or a union of those particles, as in the absorption of gases by charcoal, or of oxygen by spongy platinum, or the process of solidification or crystallization. The power in adhesive attraction is strictly the same as that of cohesion. (3.) Capillary attraction, attraction causing a liquid to rise, in capillary tubes or interstices, above its level outside, as in very small glass tubes, or a sponge, or any porous substance, when one end is inserted in the liquid. It is a special case of cohesive attraction. (4.) Chemical attraction, or affinity, that peculiar force which causes elementary atoms, or groups of atoms, to unite to form molecules. 2. The act or property of attracting; the effect of the power or operation of attraction. Newton. 3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting, or engaging; an attractive quality; as the attraction of beauty or eloquence. 4. That which attracts; an attractive object or feature. Syn. — Allurement; enticement; charm.

At•tract´ive , a. [Cf. F. attractif.] 1. Having the power or quality of attracting or drawing; as the attractive force of bodies. Sir I. Newton. 2. Attracting or drawing by moral influence or pleasurable emotion; alluring; inviting; pleasing. ´Attractive graces.´ Milton. ´Attractive eyes.´ Thackeray. “Flowers of a livid yellow, or fleshy color, are most attractive to flies.
Lubbock.” — At•tract´ive•ly, adv. — At•tract´ive•ness, n.

At•tract´ive, n. That which attracts or draws; an attraction; an allurement. “Speaks nothing but attractives and invitation.
South.”

At•trac•tiv´i•ty (at•trak•tiv´i•ty), n. The quality or degree of attractive power.

At•tract´or (at•trakt´er), n. One who, or that which, attracts. Sir T. Browne

At´tra•hent , a. [L. attrahens, p. pr. of attrahere. See Attract, v. t.] Attracting; drawing; attractive.

At´tra•hent, n. 1. That which attracts, as a magnet. “The motion of the steel to its attrahent”. Glanvill. 2. (Med.) A substance which, by irritating the surface, excites action in the part to which it is applied, as a blister, an epispastic, a sinapism.

At•trap´ , v. t. [F. attraper to catch; à (L. ad) + trappe trap. See Trap (for taking game).] To entrap; to insnare. [Obs.] Grafton.

At•trap´, v. t. [Pref. ad + trap to adorn.] To adorn with trapping; to array. [Obs.] “Shall your horse be attrapped … more richly?
Holland.”

At•trec•ta´tion , n. [L. attrectatio; ad + tractare to handle.] Frequent handling or touching. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

At•trib´u•ta•ble , a. Capable of being attributed; ascribable; imputable. “Errors … attributable to carelessness.
J. D. Hooker.”

At•trib´ute (at´tri•but), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Attributing.] [L. attributus, p. p. of attribuere; ad + tribuere to bestow. See Tribute.] To ascribe; to consider (something) as due or appropriate (to); to refer, as an effect to a cause; to impute; to assign; to consider as belonging (to). “We attribute nothing to God that hath any repugnancy or contradiction in it.
Abp. Tillotson.” “The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true and exact performer.
Shak.” Syn. — See Ascribe.

At´tri•bute , n. [L. attributum.] 1. That which is attributed; a quality which is considered as belonging to, or inherent in, a person or thing; an essential or necessary property or characteristic. “But mercy is above this sceptered away; …
It is an attribute to God himself.
Shak.” 2. Reputation. [Poetic] Shak. 3. (Paint. & Sculp.) A conventional symbol of office, character, or identity, added to any particular figure; as a club is the attribute of Hercules. 4. (Gram.) Quality, etc., denoted by an attributive; an attributive adjunct or adjective.

At•tri•bu´tion , n. [L. attributio: cf. F. attribution.] 1. The act of attributing or ascribing, as a quality, character, or function, to a thing or person, an effect to a cause. 2. That which is ascribed or attributed.

At•trib´u•tive , a. [Cf. F. attributif.] Attributing; pertaining to, expressing, or assigning an attribute; of the nature of an attribute.

At•trib´u•tive, n., (Gram.) A word that denotes an attribute; esp. a modifying word joined to a noun; an adjective or adjective phrase.

At•trib´u•tive•ly, adv. In an attributive manner.

At•trite´ , a. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub. See Trite.] 1. Rubbed; worn by friction. Milton. 2. (Theol.) Repentant from fear of punishment; having attrition of grief for sin; — opposed to contrite.

At•tri´tion , n. [L. attritio: cf. F. attrition.] 1. The act of rubbing together; friction; the act of wearing by friction, or by rubbing substances together; abrasion. “Effected by attrition of the inward stomach.
Arbuthnot.” 2. The state of being worn. Johnson. 3. (Theol.) Grief for sin arising only from fear of punishment or feelings of shame. See Contrition. Wallis.

At´try , a. [See Atter.] Poisonous; malignant; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At•tune´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attuned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attuning.] [Pref. ad- + tune.] 1. To tune or put in tune; to make melodious; to adjust, as one sound or musical instrument to another; as to attune the voice to a harp. 2. To arrange fitly; to make accordant. “Wake to energy each social aim,
Attuned spontaneous to the will of Jove.
Beattie.”

A•twain´ , adv. [OE. atwaine, atwinne; pref. a- + twain.] In twain; asunder. [Obs. or Poetic] ´Cuts atwain the knots.´ Tennyson.

A•tween´ , adv. or prep. [See Atwain, and cf. Between.] Between. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson.

A•twirl´ , a. & adv. [Pref. a- + twist.] Twisted; distorted; awry. [R.] Halliwell.

A•twite´ , v. t. [OE. attwyten, AS. aetwitan. See Twit.] To speak reproachfully of; to twit; to upbraid. [Obs.]

A•twixt´ , adv. Betwixt. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•two´ , adv. [Pref. a- + two.] In two; in twain; asunder. [Obs.] Chaucer. { A•typ´ic , A•typ´ic•al } a. [Pref. a- not + typic, typical.] That has no type; devoid of typical character; irregular; unlike the type.

Au•bade´ , n. [F., fr. aube the dawn, fr. L. albus white.] An open air concert in the morning, as distinguished from an evening serenade; also a pianoforte composition suggestive of morning. Grove. “The crowing cock …
Sang his aubade with lusty voice and clear.
Longfellow.”

Au•baine´ , n. [F., fr. aubain an alien, fr. L. alibi elsewhere.] Succession to the goods of a stranger not naturalized. Littre. Droit d’aubaine , the right, formerly possessed by the king of France, to all the personal property of which an alien died possessed. It was abolished in 1819. Bouvier.

Aube , n. [See Ale.] An alb. [Obs.] Fuller.

Au•berge´ , n. [F.] An inn. Beau. & Fl.

Au´bin , n. [F.] A broken gait of a horse, between an amble and a gallop; — commonly called a Canterbury gallop.

Au´burn , a. [OE. auburne blonde, OF. alborne, auborne, fr. LL. alburnus whitish, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Alburn.] 1. Flaxen- colored. [Obs.] Florio. 2. Reddish brown. “His auburn locks on either shoulder flowed.
Dryden.”

Au•che´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. the neck.] (Zoöl.) The part of the neck nearest the back.

Auc´ta•ry , n. [L. auctarium.] That which is superadded; augmentation. [Obs.] Baxter.

Auc´tion , n. [L. auctio an increasing, a public sale, where the price was called out, and the article to be sold was adjudged to the last increaser of the price, or the highest bidder, fr. L. augere, auctum, to increase. See Augment.] 1. A public sale of property to the highest bidder, esp. by a person licensed and authorized for the purpose; a vendue. 2. The things sold by auction or put up to auction. “Ask you why Phryne the whole auction buys ?
Pope.” In the United States, the more prevalent expression has been ´sales at auction,´ that is, by an increase of bids (Lat. auctione). This latter form is preferable. Dutch auction, the public offer of property at a price beyond its value, then gradually lowering the price, till some one accepts it as purchaser. P. Cyc.

Auc´tion, v. t. To sell by auction.

Auc´tion•a•ry , a. [L. auctionarius.] Of or pertaining to an auction or an auctioneer. [R.] “ With auctionary hammer in thy hand.
Dryden.”

Auc•tion•eer´ , n. A person who sells by auction; a person whose business it is to dispose of goods or lands by public sale to the highest or best bidder.

Auc•tion•eer´, v. t. To sell by auction; to auction. “Estates … advertised and auctioneered away.
Cowper.”

Au•cu•pa´tion , n. [L. aucupatio, fr. auceps, contr. for aviceps; avis bird + capere to take.] Birdcatching; fowling. [Obs.] Blount.

Au•da´cious , a. [F. audacieux, as if fr. LL. audaciosus (not found), fr. L. audacia audacity, fr. audax, -acis, bold, fr. audere to dare.] 1. Daring; spirited; adventurous. “As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides
Audacious.
Milton.” 2. Contemning the restraints of law, religion, or decorum; bold in wickedness; presumptuous; impudent; insolent. ´ Audacious traitor.´ Shak. ´ Such audacious neighborhood.´ Milton. 3. Committed with, or proceedings from, daring effrontery or contempt of law, morality, or decorum. ´Audacious cruelty.´ ´Audacious prate.´ Shak.

Au•da´cious•ly, adv. In an audacious manner; with excess of boldness; impudently.

Au•da´cious•ness, n. The quality of being audacious; impudence; audacity.

Au•dac´i•ty , n. 1. Daring spirit, resolution, or confidence; venturesomeness. “The freedom and audacity necessary in the commerce of men.
Tatler.” 2. Reckless daring; presumptuous impudence; — implying a contempt of law or moral restraints. “With the most arrogant audacity.
Joye.”

Au•di•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being audible; power of being heard; audible capacity.

Au´di•ble , a. [LL. audibilis, fr. L. audire, auditum, to hear: cf. Gr. ear, L. auris, and E. ear.] Capable of being heard; loud enough to be heard; actually heard; as an audible voice or whisper.

Au´di•ble, n. That which may be heard. [Obs.] “Visibles are swiftlier carried to the sense than audibles.
Bacon.”

Au´di•ble•ness, n. The quality of being audible.

Au´di•bly, adv. So as to be heard.

Au´di•ence , n. [F. audience, L. audientia, fr. audire to hear. See Audible, a.] 1. The act of hearing; attention to sounds. “Thou, therefore, give due audience, and attend.
Milton.” 2. Admittance to a hearing; a formal interview, esp. with a sovereign or the head of a government, for conference or the transaction of business. “According to the fair play of the world,
Let me have audience: I am sent to speak.
Shak.” 3. An auditory; an assembly of hearers. Also applied by authors to their readers. “Fit audience find, though few.
Milton.” “He drew his audience upward to the sky.
Dryden.” Court of audience, or Audience court (Eng.), a court long since disused, belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury; also one belonging to the Archbishop of York. Mozley & W. — In general (or open audience, publicly. — To give audience, to listen; to admit to an interview.

Au´di•ent , a. [L. audiens, p. pr. of audire. See Audible, a.] Listening; paying attention; as audient souls. Mrs. Browning.

Au´di•ent, n. A hearer; especially a catechumen in the early church. [Obs.] Shelton.

Au•di•om´e•ter , n. [L. audire to hear + -meter.] (Acous.) An instrument by which the power of hearing can be gauged and recorded on a scale.

Au´di•phone , n. [L. audire to hear + Gr. sound.] An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve and enables the deaf to hear more or less distinctly; a dentiphone.

Au´dit , n. [L. auditus a hearing, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. An audience; a hearing. [Obs.] “He appeals to a high audit.
Milton.” 2. An examination in general; a judicial examination. Specifically: An examination of an account or of accounts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper officers, or persons appointed for that purpose, who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine witnesses, and state the result. 3. The result of such an examination, or an account as adjusted by auditors; final account. “Yet I can make my audit up.
Shak.” 4. A general receptacle or receiver. [Obs.] “It [a little brook] paid to its common audit no more than the revenues of a little cloud.
Jer. Taylor.” Audit ale, a kind of ale, brewed at the English universities, orig. for the day of audit. — Audit house, Audit room, an appendage to a cathedral, for the transaction of its business.

Au´dit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Audited; p. pr. & vb. n. Auditing.] To examine and adjust, as an account or accounts; as to audit the accounts of a treasure, or of parties who have a suit depending in court.

Au´dit, v. i. To settle or adjust an account. “Let Hocus audit; he knows how the money was disbursed.
Arbuthnot.”

Au•di´ta que•re´la . [L., the complaint having been heard.] (Law) A writ which lies for a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment. Wharton.

Au•di´tion , n. [L. auditio.] The act of hearing or listening; hearing. “Audition may be active or passive; hence the difference between listening and simple hearing.
Dunglison.”

Au´di•tive , a. [Cf. F. auditif.] Of or pertaining to hearing; auditory. [R.] Cotgrave.

Au´di•tor , n. [L. auditor, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. A hearer or listener. Macaulay. 2. A person appointed and authorized to audit or examine an account or accounts, compare the charges with the vouchers, examine the parties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance. 3. One who hears judicially, as in an audience court. In the United States government, and in the State governments, there are auditors of the treasury and of the public accounts. The name is also applied to persons employed to check the accounts of courts, corporations, companies, societies, and partnerships.

Au•di•to´ri•al , a. Auditory. [R.]

Au•di•to´ri•um , n. [L. See Auditory, n.] The part of a church, theater, or other public building, assigned to the audience. In ancient churches the auditorium was the nave, where hearers stood to be instructed; in monasteries it was an apartment for the reception of strangers.

Au´di•tor•ship , n. The office or function of auditor.

Au´di•to•ry , a. [L. auditorius.] Of or pertaining to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing; as the auditory nerve. See Ear. Auditory canal (Anat.), the tube from the auditory meatus or opening of the ear to the tympanic membrane.

Au´di•to•ry, n. [L. auditorium.] 1. An assembly of hearers; an audience. 2. An auditorium. Udall.

Au´di•tress , n. A female hearer. Milton.

Au•dit´u•al , a. Auditory. [R.] Coleridge.

Auf (af), n. [OE. auph, aulf, fr. Icel. alfr elf. See Elf.] [Also spelt oaf, ouphe.] A changeling or elf child, — that is, one left by fairies; a deformed or foolish child; a simpleton; an oaf. [Obs.] Drayton.

Au• fait´ (o• fa´). [F. Lit., to the deed, act, or point. Fait is fr. L. factum. See Fact.] Expert; skillful; well instructed.

Au•ge´an , a. 1. (Class. Myth.) Of or pertaining to Augeus, king of Elis, whose stable contained 3000 oxen, and had not been cleaned for 30 years. Hercules cleansed it in a single day. 2. Hence: Exceedingly filthy or corrupt. Augean stable (Fig.), an accumulation of corruption or filth almost beyond the power of man to remedy.

Au´ger , n. [OE. augoure, nauger, AS. nafegar, fr. nafu, nafa, nave of a wheel + gar spear, and therefore meaning properly and originally a nave-bore. See Nave (of a wheel) and 2d Gore, n.] 1. A carpenter’s tool for boring holes larger than those bored by a gimlet. It has a handle placed crosswise by which it is turned with both hands. A pod auger is one with a straight channel or groove, like the half of a bean pod. A screw auger has a twisted blade, by the spiral groove of which the chips are discharge. 2. An instrument for boring or perforating soils or rocks, for determining the quality of soils, or the nature of the rocks or strata upon which they lie, and for obtaining water. Auger bit, a bit with a cutting edge or blade like that of an anger.

Au•get´ , n. [F., dim. of auge trough, fr. L. alveus hollow, fr. alvus belly.] (Mining) A priming tube connecting the charge chamber with the gallery, or place where the slow match is applied. Knight. { Aught , Aucht } , n. [AS. ht, fr. agan to own, p. p. ahte.] Property; possession. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Aught , n. [OE. aught, ought, awiht, AS. awiht, a ever + wiht. rad.136. See Aye ever, and Whit, Wight.] Anything; any part. [Also written ought.] “There failed not aught of any good thing which the Lord has spoken.
Josh. xxi. 45” “But go, my son, and see if aught be wanting.
Addison.”

Aught (at), adv. At all; in any degree. Chaucer.

Au´gite (a´jit), n. [L. augites, Gr. a’ygi•ths, fr. a’ygh• brightness: cf. F. augite.] A variety of pyroxene, usually of a black or dark green color, occurring in igneous rocks, such as basalt; — also used instead of the general term pyroxene.

Au•git´ic (a•jit´ik), a. Pertaining to, or like, augite; containing augite as a principal constituent; as augitic rocks.

Aug•ment´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Augmented; p. pr. & vb. n. Augmenting.] [L. augmentare, fr. augmentum an increase, fr. augere to increase; perh. akin to Gr. , , E. wax, v., and eke, v.: cf. F. augmenter.] 1. To enlarge or increase in size, amount, or degree; to swell; to make bigger; as to augment an army by reëforcements; rain augments a stream; impatience augments an evil. “But their spite still serves
His glory to augment.
Milton.” 2. (Gram.) To add an augment to.

Aug•ment´, v. i. To increase; to grow larger, stronger, or more intense; as a stream augments by rain.

Aug´ment , n. [L. augmentum: cf. F. augment.] 1. Enlargement by addition; increase. 2. (Gram.) A vowel prefixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel, to mark past time, as in Greek and Sanskrit verbs. In Greek, the syllabic augment is a prefixed , forming an intial syllable; the temporal augment is an increase of the quantity (time) of an initial vowel, as by changing to .

Aug•ment´a•ble , a. Capable of augmentation. Walsh.

Aug•men•ta´tion , n. [LL. augmentatio: cf. F. augmentation.] 1. The act or process of augmenting, or making larger, by addition, expansion, or dilation; increase. 2. The state of being augmented; enlargement. 3. The thing added by way of enlargement. 4. (Her.) A additional charge to a coat of arms, given as a mark of honor. Cussans. 5. (Med.) The stage of a disease in which the symptoms go on increasing. Dunglison. 6. (Mus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a repetition of the subject in tones of twice the original length. Augmentation court (Eng. Hist.), a court erected by Stat. 27 Hen. VIII., to augment the revenues of the crown by the suppression of monasteries. It was long ago dissolved. Encyc. Brit. Syn. — Increase; enlargement; growth; extension; accession; addition.

Aug•ment´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. augmentatif.] Having the quality or power of augmenting; expressing augmentation. — Aug•ment´a•tive•ly, adv.

Aug•ment´a•tive, n. (Gram.) A word which expresses with augmented force the idea or the properties of the term from which it is derived; as dullard, one very dull. Opposed to diminutive. Gibbs.

Aug•ment´er , n. One who, or that which, augments or increases anything.

Au´grim , n. See Algorism. [Obs.] Chaucer. Augrim stones, pebbles formerly used in numeration. — Noumbres of Augrim, Arabic numerals. Chaucer.

Au´gur , n. [L. Of uncertain origin: the first part of the word is perh. fr. L. avis bird, and the last syllable, gur, equiv. to the Skr. gar to call, akin to L. garrulus garrulous.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An official diviner who foretold events by the singing, chattering, flight, and feeding of birds, or by signs or omens derived from celestial phenomena, certain appearances of quadrupeds, or unusual occurrences. 2. One who foretells events by omens; a soothsayer; a diviner; a prophet. “Augur of ill, whose tongue was never found
Without a priestly curse or boding sound.
Dryden.”

Au´gur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Augured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Auguring.] 1. To conjecture from signs or omens; to prognosticate; to foreshow. “My auguring mind assures the same success.
Dryden.” 2. To anticipate, to foretell, or to indicate a favorable or an unfavorable issue; as to augur well or ill.

Au´gur, v. t. To predict or foretell, as from signs or omens; to betoken; to presage; to infer. “It seems to augur genius.
Sir W. Scott.” “I augur everything from the approbation the proposal has met with.
J. F. W. Herschel.” Syn. — To predict; forebode; betoken; portend; presage; prognosticate; prophesy; forewarn.

Au´gu•ral , a. [L. auguralis.] Of or pertaining to augurs or to augury; betokening; ominous; significant; as an augural staff; augural books. ´Portents augural.´ Cowper.

Au´gu•rate , v. t. & i. [L. auguratus, p. p. of augurari to augur.] To make or take auguries; to augur; to predict. [Obs.] C. Middleton.

Au´gu•rate , n. The office of an augur. Merivale.

Au•gu•ra´tion , n. [L. auguratio.] The practice of augury.

Au´gur•er , n. An augur. [Obs.] Shak.

Au•gu´ri•al , a. [L. augurialis.] Relating to augurs or to augury. Sir T. Browne.

Au´gu•rist , n. An augur. [R.]

Au´gur•ize , v. t. To augur. [Obs.] Blount.

Au´gu•rous , a. Full of augury; foreboding. [Obs.] ´Augurous hearts.´ Chapman.

Au´gur•ship , n. The office, or period of office, of an augur. Bacon.

Au´gu•ry , n.; pl. Auguries . [L. aucurium.] 1. The art or practice of foretelling events by observing the actions of birds, etc.; divination. 2. An omen; prediction; prognostication; indication of the future; presage. “From their flight strange auguries she drew.
Drayton.” “He resigned himself … with a docility that gave little augury of his future greatness.
Prescott.” 3. A rite, ceremony, or observation of an augur.

Au•gust´ , a. [L. augustus; cf. augere to increase; in the language of religion, to honor by offerings: cf. F. auguste. See Augment.] Of a quality inspiring mingled admiration and reverence; having an aspect of solemn dignity or grandeur; sublime; majestic; having exalted birth, character, state, or authority. ´Forms august.´ Pope. ´August in visage.´ Dryden. ´To shed that august blood.´ Macaulay. “So beautiful and so august a spectacle.
Burke.” “To mingle with a body so august.
Byron.” Syn. — Grand; magnificent; majestic; solemn; awful; noble; stately; dignified; imposing.

Au´gust , n. [L. Augustus. See note below, and August, a.] The eighth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. The old Roman name was Sextilis, the sixth month from March, the month in which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, began the year. The name was changed to August in honor of Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of Rome, on account of his victories, and his entering on his first consulate in that month.

Au•gus´tan , a. [L. Augustanus, fr. Augustus. See August, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Augustus Caesar or to his times. 2. Of or pertaining to the town of Augsburg. Augustan age of any national literature, the period of its highest state of purity and refinement; — so called because the reign of Augustus Caesar was the golden age of Roman literature. Thus the reign of Louis XIV. (b. 1638) has been called the Augustan age of French literature, and that of Queen Anne (b. 1664) the Augustan age of English literature. — Augustan confession (Eccl. Hist.), or confession of Augsburg, drawn up at Augusta Vindelicorum, or Augsburg, by Luther and Melanchthon, in 1530, contains the principles of the Protestants, and their reasons for separating from the Roman Catholic church. { Au•gus´tine , Au•gus•tin´i•an } n. (Eccl.) A member of one of the religious orders called after St. Augustine; an Austin friar.

Au•gus•tin´i•an, a. Of or pertaining to St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa (b. 354 — d. 430), or to his doctrines. Augustinian canons, an order of monks once popular in England and Ireland; — called also regular canons of St. Austin, and black canons. — Augustinian hermits or Austin friars, an order of friars established in 1265 by Pope Alexander IV. It was introduced into the United States from Ireland in 1790. — Augustinian nuns, an order of nuns following the rule of St. Augustine. — Augustinian rule, a rule for religious communities based upon the 109th letter of St. Augustine, and adopted by the Augustinian orders.

Au•gus•tin´i•an, n. One of a class of divines, who, following St. Augustine, maintain that grace by its nature is effectual absolutely and creatively, not relatively and conditionally. { Au•gus•tin´i•an•ism , Au•gus´tin•ism }, n. The doctrines held by Augustine or by the Augustinians.

Au•gust´ly, adv. In an august manner.

Au•gust´ness, n. The quality of being august; dignity of mien; grandeur; magnificence.

Auk , n. [Prov. E. alk; akin to Dan. alke, Icel. & Sw. alka.] (Zoöl.) A name given to various species of arctic sea birds of the family Alcidae. The great auk, now extinct, is Alca (or Plautus) impennis. The razor-billed auk is A. torda. See Puffin, Guillemot, and Murre.

Auk´ward , a. See Awkward. [Obs.]

Au•la´ri•an , a. [L. aula hall. Cf. LL. aularis of a court.] Relating to a hall.

Au•la´ri•an, n. At Oxford, England, a member of a hall, distinguished from a collegian. Chalmers.

Auld , a. [See Old.] Old; as Auld Reekie (old smoky), i. e., Edinburgh. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Auld• lang syne´ . A Scottish phrase used in recalling recollections of times long since past. ´The days of auld lang syne.´

Au•let´ic , a. [L. auleticus, Gr. , fr. flute.] Of or pertaining to a pipe (flute) or piper. [R.] Ash.

Au´lic, a. [L. aulicus, Gr. , fr. hall, court, royal court.] Pertaining to a royal court. “Ecclesiastical wealth and aulic dignities.
Landor.” Aulic council (Hist.), a supreme court of the old German empire; properly the supreme court of the emperor. It ceased at the death of each emperor, and was renewed by his successor. It became extinct when the German empire was dissolved, in 1806. The term is now applied to a council of the war department of the Austrian empire, and the members of different provincial chanceries of that empire are called aulic councilors. P. Cyc.

Au´lic, n. The ceremony observed in conferring the degree of doctor of divinity in some European universities. It begins by a harangue of the chancellor addressed to the young doctor, who then receives the cap, and presides at the disputation (also called the aulic).

Auln , n. An ell. [Obs.] See Aune. { Aul´nage , Aul´na•ger } n. See Alnage and Alnager.

Aum , n. Same as Aam.

Au•mail´ , v. t. [OE. for amel, enamel.] To figure or variegate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Aum´bry , n. Same as Ambry.

Au´me•ry , n. A form of Ambry, a closet; but confused with Almonry, as if a place for alms.

Aun´cel , n. A rude balance for weighing, and a kind of weight, formerly used in England. Halliwell.

Aun´cet•ry , n. Ancestry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Aune , n. [F. See Alnage.] A French cloth measure, of different parts of the country (at Paris, 0.95 of an English ell); — now superseded by the meter.

Aunt (änt), n. [OF. ante, F. tante, L. amita father’s sister. Cf. Amma.] 1. The sister of one’s father or mother; — correlative to nephew or niece. Also applied to an uncle’s wife. Aunt is sometimes applied as a title or term of endearment to a kind elderly woman not thus related. 2. An old woman; and old gossip. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A bawd, or a prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. Aunt Sally, a puppet head placed on a pole and having a pipe in its mouth; also a game, which consists in trying to hit the pipe by throwing short bludgeons at it.

Aun´ter , n. Adventure; hap. [Obs.] In aunters, perchance. { Aun´ter , Aun´tre } , v. t. [See Adventure.] To venture; to dare. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Aunt´ie , Aunt´y } , n. A familiar name for an aunt. In the southern United States a familiar term applied to aged negro women.

Aun´trous , a. Adventurous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Au´ra , n.; pl. Aurae . [L. aura air, akin to Gr. .] 1. Any subtile, invisible emanation, effluvium, or exhalation from a substance, as the aroma of flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, etc. 2. (Med.) The peculiar sensation, as of a light vapor, or cold air, rising from the trunk or limbs towards the head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy or hysterics. Electric aura, a supposed electric fluid, emanating from an electrified body, and forming a mass surrounding it, called the electric atmosphere. See Atmosphere, 2.

Au´ral , a. [L. aura air.] Of or pertaining to the air, or to an aura.

Au´ral, a. [L. auris ear.] Of or pertaining to the ear; as aural medicine and surgery.

Au•ran•ti•a´ceous , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Aurantiaceae, an order of plants (formerly considered natural), of which the orange is the type.

Au´rate , n. [L. auratus, p. p. of aurare to gild, fr. aurum gold: cf. F. aurate.] (Chem.) A combination of auric acid with a base; as aurate or potassium.

Au´ra•ted , a. [See Aurate.] 1. Resembling or containing gold; gold-colored; gilded. 2. (Chem.) Combined with auric acid.

Au´ra•ted , a. Having ears. See Aurited.

Au´re•ate , a. [L. aureatus, fr. aureus golden, fr. aurum gold.] Golden; gilded. Skelton.

Au•re´li•a ( 106), n. [NL., fr. L. aurum gold: cf. F. aurelie. Cf. Chrysalis.] (Zoöl.) (a) The chrysalis, or pupa of an insect, esp. when reflecting a brilliant golden color, as that of some of the butterflies. (b) A genus of jellyfishes. See Discophora.

Au•re´li•an , a. Of or pertaining to the aurelia.

Au•re´li•an, n. An amateur collector and breeder of insects, esp. of butterflies and moths; a lepidopterist. { Au•re´o•la , Au´re•ole } n. [F. aureole, fr. L. aureola, (fem adj.) of gold (sc. corona crown), dim. of aureus. See Aureate, Oriole.] 1. (R. C. Theol.) A celestial crown or accidental glory added to the bliss of heaven, as a reward to those (as virgins, martyrs, preachers, etc.) who have overcome the world, the flesh, and the devil. 2. The circle of rays, or halo of light, with which painters surround the figure and represent the glory of Christ, saints, and others held in special reverence. Limited to the head, it is strictly termed a nimbus; when it envelops the whole body, an aureola. Fairholt. 3. A halo, actual or figurative. “The glorious aureole of light seen around the sun during total eclipses.
Proctor.” “The aureole of young womanhood.
O. W. Holmes.” 4. (Anat.) See Areola, 2.

Au´ric , a. [L. aurum gold.] 1. Of or pertaining to gold. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; — said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its higher valence; as auric oxide; auric chloride.

Au•ri•chal´ce•ous , a. [L. aurichalcum, for orichalcum brass.] (Zoöl.) Brass-colored.

Au•ri•chal´cite , n. [See Aurichalceous.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of copper and zinc, found in pale green or blue crystalline aggregations. It yields a kind of brass on reduction.

Au´ri•cle , n. [L. auricula, dim. of auris ear. See Ear.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The external ear, or that part of the ear which is prominent from the head. (b) The chamber, or one of the two chambers, of the heart, by which the blood is received and transmitted to the ventricle or ventricles; — so called from its resemblance to the auricle or external ear of some quadrupeds. See Heart. 2. (Zoöl.) An angular or ear-shaped lobe. 3. An instrument applied to the ears to give aid in hearing; a kind of ear trumpet. Mansfield.

Au´ri•cled , a. Having ear-shaped appendages or lobes; auriculate; as auricled leaves.

Au•ric´u•la , n.; pl. L. Auriculae , E. Auriculas . [L. auricula. See Auricle.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of Primula, or primrose, called also from the shape of its leaves, bear’s-ear. (b) (b) A species of Hirneola (H. auricula), a membranaceous fungus, called also auricula Judae, or Jew’s-ear. P. Cyc. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of air-breathing mollusks mostly found near the sea, where the water is brackish (b) One of the five arched processes of the shell around the jaws of a sea urchin.

Au•ric´u•lar (a•rik´u•ler), a. [LL. auricularis: cf. F. auriculaire. See Auricle.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ear, or to the sense of hearing; as auricular nerves. 2. Told in the ear, i. e., told privately; as auricular confession to the priest. “This next chapter is a penitent confession of the king, and the strangest … that ever was auricular.
Milton.” 3. Recognized by the ear; known by the sense of hearing; as auricular evidence. ´Auricular assurance.´ Shak. 4. Received by the ear; known by report. ´Auricular traditions.´ Bacon. 5. (Anat.) Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. Auricular finger, the little finger; so called because it can be readily introduced into the ear passage.

Au•ric•u•la´ri•a , n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. LL. auricularis.] (Zoöl.) A kind of holothurian larva, with soft, blunt appendages. See Illustration in Appendix.

Au•ric´u•lar•ly, adv. In an auricular manner.

Au•ric´u•lars , n. pl. (Zoöl.) A circle of feathers surrounding the opening of the ear of birds. { Au•ric´u•late , Au•ric´u•la•ted } a. [See Auricle.] (Biol.) Having ears or appendages like ears; eared. Esp.: (a) (Bot.) Having lobes or appendages like the ear; shaped like the ear; auricled. (b) (Zoöl.) Having an angular projection on one or both sides, as in certain bivalve shells, the foot of some gastropods, etc. Auriculate leaf, one having small appended leaves or lobes on each side of its petiole or base.

Au•rif´er•ous , a. [L. aurifer; aurum gold + ferre to bear: cf. F. aurifère.] Gold-bearing; containing or producing gold. “Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays.
Thomson.” Auriferous pyrites, iron pyrites (iron disulphide), containing some gold disseminated through it.

Au´ri•flamme , n. See Oriflamme.

Au´ri•form , a. [L. auris ear + -form.] Having the form of the human ear; ear-shaped.

Au•ri´ga , n. [L., charioteer.] (Anat.) The Charioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gemini. It contains the bright star Capella.

Au•ri´gal , a. [L. aurigalis.] Of or pertaining to a chariot. [R.]

Au•ri•ga´tion , n. [L. aurigatio, fr. aurigare to be a charioteer, fr. auriga.] The act of driving a chariot or a carriage. [R.] De Quincey.

Au•rig´ra•phy , n. [L. aurum gold + -graphy.] The art of writing with or in gold.

Au´rin (a´rin), n. [L. aurum gold.] (Chem.) A red coloring matter derived from phenol; — called also in commerce, yellow corallin.

Au•ri•phryg´i•ate (a•ri•fri´ji•at), a. [LL. auriphrigiatus; L. aurum gold + LL. phrygiare to adorn with Phrygian needlework, or with embroidery; perhaps corrupted from some other word. Cf. Orfrays.] Embroidered or decorated with gold. [R.] Southey.

Au•ri•pig´ment (a•ri•pig´ment), n. See Orpiment. [Obs.]

Au´ri•scalp (a´ri•skalp), n. [L. auris ear + scalpere to scrape.] An earpick.

Au´ri•scope (-skop), n. [L. auris + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for examining the condition of the ear.

Au•ris´co•py (a•ris´ko•py), n. Examination of the ear by the aid of the auriscope.

Au´rist (a´rist), n. [L. auris ear.] One skilled in treating and curing disorders of the ear.

Au´ri•ted , a. [L. auritus, fr. auris ear.] (Zoöl.) Having lobes like the ear; auriculate.

Au•riv´o•rous , a. [L. aurum gold + vorare to devour.] Gold-devouring. [R.] H. Walpole.

Au•ro•ceph´a•lous , a. [Aurum + cephalous.] (Zoöl.) Having a gold-colored head.

Au•ro•chlo´ride , n. [Aurum + chloride.] (Chem.) The trichloride of gold combination with the chloride of another metal, forming a double chloride; — called also chloraurate.

Au´rochs (a´roks), n. [G. auerochs, OHG. urohso; ur (cf. AS. ur) + ohso ox, G. ochs. Cf. Owre, Ox.] (Zoöl.) The European bison (Bison bonasus, or Europaeus), once widely distributed, but now nearly extinct, except where protected in the Lithuanian forests, and perhaps in the Caucasus. It is distinct from the Urus of Caesar, with which it has often been confused.

Au•ro•cy´a•nide , n. [Aurum + cyanide.] (Chem.) A double cyanide of gold and some other metal or radical; — called also cyanaurate.

Au•ro´ra , n.; pl. E. Auroras , L. (rarely used) Aurorae . [L. aurora, for ausosa, akin to Gr. , , dawn, Skr. ushas, and E. east.] 1. The rising light of the morning; the dawn of day; the redness of the sky just before the sun rises. 2. The rise, dawn, or beginning. Hawthorne. 3. (Class. Myth.) The Roman personification of the dawn of day; the goddess of the morning. The poets represented her a rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. 4. (Bot.) A species of crowfoot. Johnson. 5. The aurora borealis or aurora australis (northern or southern lights). Aurora borealis , i. e., northern daybreak; popularly called northern lights. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, visible only at night, and supposed to be of electrical origin. This species of light usually appears in streams, ascending toward the zenith from a dusky line or bank, a few degrees above the northern horizon; when reaching south beyond the zenith, it forms what is called the corona, about a spot in the heavens toward which the dipping needle points. Occasionally the aurora appears as an arch of light across the heavens from east to west. Sometimes it assumes a wavy appearance, and the streams of light are then called merry dancers. They assume a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or blood color. The Aurora australis is a corresponding phenomenon in the southern hemisphere, the streams of light ascending in the same manner from near the southern horizon.

Au•ro´ral , a. Belonging to, or resembling, the aurora (the dawn or the northern lights); rosy. “Her cheeks suffused with an auroral blush.
Longfellow.”

Au´rous , a. 1. Containing gold. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; — said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its lower valence; as aurous oxide.

Au´rum , n. [L.] Gold. Aurum fulminans . See Fulminate. — Aurum mosaicum . See Mosaic.

Aus•cult´ , v. i. & t. To auscultate.

Aus´cul•tate , v. i. & t. To practice auscultation; to examine by auscultation.

Aus•cul•ta´tion , n. [L. ausculcatio, fr. auscultare to listen, fr. a dim. of auris, orig. ausis, ear. See Auricle, and cf. Scout, n.] 1. The act of listening or hearkening to. Hickes. 2. (Med.) An examination by listening either directly with the ear (immediate auscultation) applied to parts of the body, as the abdomen; or with the stethoscope (mediate auscultation), in order to distinguish sounds recognized as a sign of health or of disease.

Aus´cul•ta•tor , n. One who practices auscultation.

Aus•cul´ta•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to auscultation. Dunglison.

Au•so´ni•an , a. [L. Ausonia, poetic name for Italy.] Italian. Milton.

Aus´pi•cate , a. [L. auspicatus, p. p. of auspicari to take auspices, fr. auspex a bird seer, an augur, a contr. of avispex; avis bird + specere, spicere, to view. See Aviary, Spy.] Auspicious. [Obs.] Holland.

Aus´pi•cate , v. t. 1. To foreshow; to foretoken. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To give a favorable turn to in commencing; to inaugurate; — a sense derived from the Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspection of birds, before undertaking any important business. “They auspicate all their proceedings.
Burke.”

Aus´pice , n.; pl. Auspices . [L. auspicium, fr. auspex: cf. F. auspice. See Auspicate, a.] 1. A divining or taking of omens by observing birds; an omen as to an undertaking, drawn from birds; an augury; an omen or sign in general; an indication as to the future. 2. Protection; patronage and care; guidance. “Which by his auspice they will nobler make.
Dryden.” In this sense the word is generally plural, auspices; as under the auspices of the king.

Aus•pi´cial , a. Of or pertaining to auspices; auspicious. [R.]

Aus•pi´cious , a. [See Auspice.] 1. Having omens or tokens of a favorable issue; giving promise of success, prosperity, or happiness; predicting good; as an auspicious beginning. “Auspicious union of order and freedom.
Macaulay.” 2. Prosperous; fortunate; as auspicious years. ´Auspicious chief.´ Dryden. 3. Favoring; favorable; propitious; — applied to persons or things. ´Thy auspicious mistress.´ Shak. ´Auspicious gales.´ Pope. Syn. — See Propitious. — Aus•pi´cious•ly, adv. — Aus•pi´cious•ness, n.

Aus´ter , n. [L. auster a dry, hot, south wind; the south.] The south wind. Pope.

Aus•tere´ , [F. austère, L. austerus, fr. Gr. , fr. to parch, dry. Cf. Sear.] 1. Sour and astringent; rough to the state; having acerbity; as an austere crab apple; austere wine. 2. Severe in modes of judging, or living, or acting; rigid; rigorous; stern; as an austere man, look, life. “From whom the austere Etrurian virtue rose.
Dryden.” 3. Unadorned; unembellished; severely simple. Syn. — Harsh; sour; rough; rigid; stern; severe; rigorous; strict.

Aus•tere´ly, adv. Severely; rigidly; sternly. “A doctrine austerely logical.
Macaulay.”

Aus•tere´ness, n. 1. Harshness or astringent sourness to the taste; acerbity. Johnson. 2. Severity; strictness; austerity. Shak.

Aus•ter´i•ty , n.; pl. Austerities . [F. austerite, L. austerias, fr. austerus. See Austere.] 1. Sourness and harshness to the taste. [Obs.] Horsley. 2. Severity of manners or life; extreme rigor or strictness; harsh discipline. “The austerity of John the Baptist.
Milton.” 3. Plainness; freedom from adornment; severe simplicity. “Partly owing to the studied austerity of her dress, and partly to the lack of demonstration in her manners.
Hawthorne.”

Aus´tin , a. Augustinian; as Austin friars.

Aus´tral , a. [L. australis, fr. auster: cf. F. austral.] Southern; lying or being in the south; as austral land; austral ocean. Austral signs (Astron.), the last six signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator.

Aus•tral•a´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Australasia; as Australasian regions. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Australasia.

Aus•tra´li•an , a. [From L. Terra Australis southern land.] Of or pertaining to Australia. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Australia.

Aus´tral•ize , v. i. [See Austral.] To tend toward the south pole, as a magnet. [Obs.] “They [magnets] do septentrionate at one extreme, and australize at another.
Sir T. Browne.”

Aus´tri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Austria, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Austria.

Aus´trine , n. [L. austrinus, from auster south.] Southern; southerly; austral. [Obs.] Bailey.

Aus´tro-Hun•ga´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the monarchy composed of Austria and Hungary.

Aus´tro•man•cy , n. [L. auster south wind + -mancy.] Soothsaying, or prediction of events, from observation of the winds.

Au´tar•chy , n. [Gr. independence; a’yto•s self + ’arkei^n to be sufficient.] Self- sufficiency. [Obs.] Milton.

Au•then´tic , a. [OE. autentik, OF. autentique, F. authentique, L. authenticus coming from the real author, of original or firsthand authority, from Gr. , fr. suicide, a perpetrator or real author of any act, an absolute master; a’yto•s self + a form ´enths (not found), akin to L. sons and perh. orig. from the p. pr. of e’i^nai to be, root as, and meaning the one it really is. See Am, Sin, n., and cf. Effendi.] 1. Having a genuine original or authority, in opposition to that which is false, fictitious, counterfeit, or apocryphal; being what it purports to be; genuine; not of doubtful origin; real; as an authentic paper or register. “To be avenged
On him who had stole Jove’s authentic fire.
Milton.” 2. Authoritative. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Of approved authority; true; trustworthy; credible; as an authentic writer; an authentic portrait; authentic information. 4. (Law) Vested with all due formalities, and legally attested. 5. (Mus.) Having as immediate relation to the tonic, in distinction from plagal, which has a correspondent relation to the dominant in the octave below the tonic. Syn. — Authentic, Genuine. These words, as here compared, have reference to historical documents. We call a document genuine when it can be traced back ultimately to the author or authors from whom it professes to emanate. Hence, the word has the meaning, ´not changed from the original, uncorrupted, unadulterated:´ as a genuine text. We call a document authentic when, on the ground of its being thus traced back, it may be relied on as true and authoritative (from the primary sense of ´having an author, vouched for´); hence its extended signification, in general literature, of trustworthy, as resting on unquestionable authority or evidence; as an authentic history; an authentic report of facts. “A genuine book is that which was written by the person whose name it bears, as the author of it. An authentic book is that which relates matters of fact as they really happened. A book may be genuine without being, authentic, and a book may be authentic without being genuine.
Bp. Watson.” It may be said, however, that some writers use authentic (as an authentic document) in the sense of ´produced by its professed author, not counterfeit.´

Au•then´tic, n. An original (book or document). [Obs.] ´Authentics and transcripts.´ Fuller.

Au•then´tic•al , a. Authentic. [Archaic]

Au•then´tic•al•ly, adv. In an authentic manner; with the requisite or genuine authority.

Au•then•tic•al•ness, n. The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Barrow.

Au•then´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authenticated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Authenticating .] [Cf. LL. authenticare.] 1. To render authentic; to give authority to, by the proof, attestation, or formalities required by law, or sufficient to entitle to credit. “The king serves only as a notary to authenticate the choice of judges.
Burke.” 2. To prove authentic; to determine as real and true; as to authenticate a portrait. Walpole.

Au•then•tic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. authenticite.] 1. The quality of being authentic or of established authority for truth and correctness. 2. Genuineness; the quality of being genuine or not corrupted from the original. In later writers, especially those on the evidences of Christianity, authenticity is often restricted in its use to the first of the above meanings, and distinguished from qenuineness.

Au•then´tic•ly , adv. Authentically.

Au•then´tic•ness, n. The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Hammond.

Au•then´tics , n. (Ciwil Law) A collection of the Novels or New Constitutions of Justinian, by an anonymous author; — so called on account of its authenticity. Bouvier.

Au´thor (a´ther), n. [OE. authour, autour, OF. autor, F. auteur, fr. L. auctor, sometimes, but erroneously, written autor or author, fr. augere to increase, to produce. See Auction, n.] 1. The beginner, former, or first mover of anything; hence, the efficient cause of a thing; a creator; an originator. “Eternal King; thee, Author of all being.
Milton.” 2. One who composes or writes a book; a composer, as distinguished from an editor, translator, or compiler. “The chief glory of every people arises from its authors.
Johnson.” 3. The editor of a periodical. [Obs.] 4. An informant. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Au´thor (a´ther), v. t. 1. To occasion; to originate. [Obs.] “Such an overthrow … I have authored.
Chapman.” 2. To tell; to say; to declare. [Obs.] “More of him I dare not author.
Massinger.”

Au´thor•ess, n. A female author. Glover. The word is not very much used, author being commonly applied to a female writer as well as to a male.

Au•tho´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an author. ´The authorial we.’´ Hare.

Au´thor•ism (a´ther•iz’m), n. Authorship. [R.]

Au•thor´i•ta•tive , a. 1. Having, or proceeding from, due authority; entitled to obedience, credit, or acceptance; determinate; commanding. “The sacred functions of authoritative teaching.
Barrow.” 2. Having an air of authority; positive; dictatorial; peremptory; as an authoritative tone. “The mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the other.
Swift.” — Au•thor´i•ta•tive•ly, adv. — Au•thor´i•ta•tive•ness, n.

Au•thor´i•ty , n.; pl. Authorities . [OE. autorite, auctorite, F. autorite, fr. L. auctoritas, fr. auctor. See Author, n.] 1. Legal or rightful power; a right to command or to act; power exercised buy a person in virtue of his office or trust; dominion; jurisdiction; authorization; as the authority of a prince over subjects, and of parents over children; the authority of a court. “Thus can the demigod, Authority,
Make us pay down for our offense.
Shak.” “By what authority doest thou these things ?
Matt. xxi. 23.” 2. Government; the persons or the body exercising power or command; as the local authorities of the States; the military authorities. [Chiefly in the plural.] 3. The power derived from opinion, respect, or esteem; influence of character, office, or station, or mental or moral superiority, and the like; claim to be believed or obeyed; as an historian of no authority; a magistrate of great authority. 4. That which, or one who, is claimed or appealed to in support of opinions, actions, measures, etc. Hence: (a) Testimony; witness. ´And on that high authority had believed.´ Milton. (b) A precedent; a decision of a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent. (c) A book containing such a statement or opinion, or the author of the book. (d) Justification; warrant. “Wilt thou be glass wherein it shall discern
Authority for sin, warrant for blame.
Shak.”

Au´thor•i•za•ble , a. [LL. authorisabilis.] Capable of being authorized. Hammond.

Au•thor•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. autorisation.] The act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant. “The authorization of laws.
Motley.” “A special authorization from the chief.
Merivale.”

Au´thor•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authorized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Authorizing.] [OE. autorize, F. autoriser, fr. LL. auctorizare, authorisare. See Author.] 1. To clothe with authority, warrant, or legal power; to give a right to act; to empower; as to authorize commissioners to settle a boundary. 2. To make legal; to give legal sanction to; to legalize; as to authorize a marriage. 3. To establish by authority, as by usage or public opinion; to sanction; as idioms authorized by usage. 4. To sanction or confirm by the authority of some one; to warrant; as to authorize a report. “A woman’s story at a winter’s fire,
Authorized by her grandam.
Shak.” 5. To justify; to furnish a ground for. Locke. To authorize one’s self, to rely for authority. [Obs.] “Authorizing himself, for the most part, upon other histories.
Sir P. Sidney. ”

Au´thor•ized , a. 1. Possessed of or endowed with authority; as an authorized agent. 2. Sanctioned by authority. The Authorized Version of the Bible is the English translation of the Bible published in 1611 under sanction of King James I. It was ´appointed to be read in churches,´ and has been the accepted English Bible. The Revised Version was published in a complete form in 1855.

Au´thor•i•zer , n. One who authorizes.

Au´thor•less, a. Without an author; without authority; anonymous.

Au´thor•ly, a. Authorial. [R.] Cowper.

Au´thor•ship, n. 1. The quality or state of being an author; function or dignity of an author. 2. Source; origin; origination; as the authorship of a book or review, or of an act, or state of affairs.

Au´tho•type , n. A type or block containing a facsimile of an autograph. Knight.

Au´to- . [Gr. self.] A combining form, with the meaning of self, one’s self, one’s own, itself, its own.

Au•to•bi•og´ra•pher , n. [Auto- + biographer.] One who writers his own life or biography. { Au•to•bi•o•graph´ic , Au•to•bi•o•graph´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to, or containing, autobiography; as an autobiographical sketch. ´Such traits of the autobiographic sort.´ Carlyle. — Au•to•bi•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Au•to•bi•og´ra•phist , n. One who writes his own life; an autobiographer. [R.]

Au•to•bi•og´ra•phy , n.; pl. Autobiographies . [Auto- + biography.] A biography written by the subject of it; memoirs of one’s life written by one’s self. { Au•to•car´pous , Au•to•car´pi•an } a. [Auto- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Consisting of the ripened pericarp with no other parts adnate to it, as a peach, a poppy capsule, or a grape.

Au•to•ceph´a•lous , a. [Gr. independent; self + head.] (Eccl. Hist.) Having its own head; independent of episcopal or patriarchal jurisdiction, as certain Greek churches.

Au•to•chron´o•graph , n. [Auto- + chronograph.] An instrument for the instantaneous self- recording or printing of time. Knight.

Au•toch´thon , n.; pl. E. Authochthons , L. Autochthones . [L., fr. Gr. , pl. , from the land itself; a’yto•s self + earth, land.] 1. One who is supposed to rise or spring from the ground or the soil he inhabits; one of the original inhabitants or aborigines; a native; — commonly in the plural. This title was assumed by the ancient Greeks, particularly the Athenians. 2. That which is original to a particular country, or which had there its origin. { Au•toch´tho•nal , Au•thoch•thon´ic , Au•toch´tho•nous } a. Aboriginal; indigenous; native.

Au•toch´tho•nism , n. The state of being autochthonal.

Au•toch´tho•ny, n. An aboriginal or autochthonous condition.

Au´to•clave , n. [F., fr. Gr. a’yto•s self + L. clavis key.] A kind of French stewpan with a steam-tight lid. Knight.

Au•toc´ra•cy , n.; pl. Autocracies. [Gr. : cf. F. autocratie. See Autocrat.] 1. Independent or self-derived power; absolute or controlling authority; supremacy. “The divine will moves, not by the external impulse or inclination of objects, but determines itself by an absolute autocracy.
South.” 2. Supreme, uncontrolled, unlimited authority, or right of governing in a single person, as of an autocrat. 3. Political independence or absolute sovereignty (of a state); autonomy. Barlow. 4. (Med.) The action of the vital principle, or of the instinctive powers, toward the preservation of the individual; also the vital principle. [In this sense, written also autocrasy.] Dunglison.

Au´to•crat , n. [Gr. ; self + strength, strong: cf. F. autocrate. See Hard, a.] 1. An absolute sovereign; a monarch who holds and exercises the powers of government by claim of absolute right, not subject to restriction; as Autocrat of all the Russias (a title of the Czar). 2. One who rules with undisputed sway in any company or relation; a despot. “The autocrat of the breakfast table.
Holmes.” { Au•to•crat´ic , Au•to•crat´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to autocracy or to an autocrat; absolute; holding independent and arbitrary powers of government. — Au•to•crat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Au•toc´ra•tor , n. [Gr. .] An autocrat. [Archaic]

Au•to•cra•tor´ic•al , a. Pertaining to an autocrator; absolute. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Au•toc´ra•trix , n. [NL.] A female sovereign who is independent and absolute; — a title given to the empresses of Russia.

Au´to•crat•ship , n. The office or dignity of an autocrat.

Au´to-da-fe´ , n.; pl. Autos-da-fe . [Pg., act of the faith; auto act, fr. L. actus + da of the + fe faith, fr. L. fides.] 1. A judgment of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal condemning or acquitting persons accused of religious offenses. 2. An execution of such sentence, by the civil power, esp. the burning of a heretic. It was usually held on Sunday, and was made a great public solemnity by impressive forms and ceremonies. 3. A session of the court of Inquisition.

Au´to-de-fe´ , n.; pl. Autos-de-fe. [Sp., act of faith.] Same as Auto- da-fe.

Au´to•di•dact , n. [Gr. self- taught.] One who is self-taught; an automath.

Au•to•dy•nam´ic , a. [Auto- + dynamic.] Supplying its own power; — applied to an instrument of the nature of a water-ram.

Au•to•fec•un•da´tion , n. [Auto- + fecundation.] (Biol.) Self-impregnation. Darwin.

Au•tog´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Characterized by autogamy; self-fertilized.

Au•tog´a•my , n. [Auto- + Gr. marriage.] (Bot.) Self-fertilization, the fertilizing pollen being derived from the same blossom as the pistil acted upon.

Au•to•ge´ne•al , a. Self-produced; autogenous.

Au•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Auto- + genesis.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation.

Au•to•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to autogenesis; self-generated.

Au•tog´e•nous , a. [Gr. ; self + root of to be born.] 1. (Biol.) Self- generated; produced independently. 2. (Anat.) Developed from an independent center of ossification. Owen. Autogenous soldering, the junction by fusion of the joining edges of metals without the intervention of solder.

Au•tog´e•nous•ly , adv. In an autogenous manner; spontaneously.

Au´to•graph , n. [F. autographe, fr. Gr. autographic; self + to write.] That which is written with one’s own hand; an original manuscript; a person’s own signature or handwriting.

Au´to•graph , a. In one’s own handwriting; as an autograph letter; an autograph will.

Au•tog´ra•phal , a. Autographic. [Obs.] { Au•to•graph´ic , Au•to•graph´ic•al } a. 1. Pertaining to an autograph, or one’s own handwriting; of the nature of an autograph. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, the process of autography; as autographic ink, paper, or press.

Au•tog´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. autographie.] 1. The science of autographs; a person’s own handwriting; an autograph. 2. A process in lithography by which a writing or drawing is transferred from paper to stone. Ure.

Au•tol´a•try , n. [Auto- + Gr. worship.] Self-worship. Farrar.

Au´to•math , n. [Gr. ; self + , , to learn.] One who is self-taught. [R.] Young. { Au•to•mat´ic , Au•to•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. automatique. See Automaton.] 1. Having an inherent power of action or motion. “Nothing can be said to be automatic.
Sir H. Davy.” 2. Pertaining to, or produced by, an automaton; of the nature of an automaton; self-acting or self-regulating under fixed conditions; — esp. applied to machinery or devices in which certain things formerly or usually done by hand are done by the machine or device itself; as the automatic feed of a lathe; automatic gas lighting; an automatic engine or switch; an automatic mouse. 3. Not voluntary; not depending on the will; mechanical; as automatic movements or functions. “Unconscious or automatic reasoning.
H. Spenser.” Automatic arts, such economic arts or manufacture as are carried on by self-acting machinery. Ure.

Au•to•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In an automatic manner.

Au•tom´a•tism , n. The state or quality of being automatic; the power of self-moving; automatic, mechanical, or involuntary action. (Metaph.) A theory as to the activity of matter.

Au•tom´a•ton , n.; pl. L. Automata , E. Automatons . [L. fr. Gr. , neut. of self-moving; self + a root ma, man, to strive, think, cf. to strive. See Mean, v. i.] 1. Any thing or being regarded as having the power of spontaneous motion or action. Huxley. “So great and admirable an automaton as the world.
Boyle.” “These living automata, human bodies.
Boyle.” 2. A self-moving machine, or one which has its motive power within itself; — applied chiefly to machines which appear to imitate spontaneously the motions of living beings, such as men, birds, etc.

Au•tom´a•tous , a. [L. automatus, Gr. . See Automaton.] Automatic. [Obs.] ´Automatous organs.´ Sir T. Browne.

Au•to•mor´phic , a. [Auto- + Gr. for, shape.] Patterned after one’s self. “The conception which any one frames of another’s mind is more or less after the pattern of his own mind, — is automorphic.
H. Spenser.”

Au•to•mor´phism , n. Automorphic characterization. H. Spenser.

Au•to•nom´a•sy , n. [Auto- + Gr. a name, fr. a name; or for E. antonomasia.] (Rhet.) The use of a word of common or general signification for the name of a particular thing; as ´He has gone to town,´ for, ´He has gone to London.´

Au•to•nom´ic , a. Having the power of self-government; autonomous. Hickok.

Au´ton´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. automiste. See Autonomy.] One who advocates autonomy.

Au•ton´o•mous , a. [Gr. ; self + to assign, hold, sway.] 1. Independent in government; having the right or power of self-government. 2. (Biol.) Having independent existence or laws.

Au•ton´o•my , n. [Gr. : cf. F. autonomie. See Autonomous.] 1. The power or right of self-government; self-government, or political independence, of a city or a state. 2. (Metaph.) The sovereignty of reason in the sphere of morals; or man’s power, as possessed of reason, to give law to himself. In this, according to Kant, consist the true nature and only possible proof of liberty. Fleming.

Au•toph´a•gi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. self + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Birds which are able to run about and obtain their own food as soon as hatched.

Au•toph´o•by , n. [Auto- + Gr. fear.] Fear of one’s self; fear of being egotistical. [R.] Hare.

Au•toph´o•ny , n. [Auto- + Gr. a sound.] (Med.) An auscultatory process, which consists in noting the tone of the observer’s own voice, while he speaks, holding his head close to the patient’s chest. Dunglison.

Au•to•plas´tic , a. Of or pertaining to autoplasty.

Au´to•plas•ty , n. [Auto- + - plasty.] (Surg.) The process of artificially repairing lesions by taking a piece of healthy tissue, as from a neighboring part, to supply the deficiency caused by disease or wounds. { Au•top´sic , Au•top´sic•al } a. Pertaining to autopsy; autoptical. [Obs.]

Au•top´so•rin , n. [Auto- + Gr. the itch.] (Med.) That which is given under the doctrine of administering a patient’s own virus.

Au´top•sy , n. [Gr. , fr. seen by one’s self; self + seen: cf. F. autopsie. See Optic, a.] 1. Personal observation or examination; seeing with one’s own eyes; ocular view. “By autopsy and experiment.
Cudworth.” 2. (Med.) Dissection of a dead body, for the purpose of ascertaining the cause, seat, or nature of a disease; a post- mortem examination. { Au•top´tic (a•top´tik), Au•top´tic•al (-tik•al), } a. [Gr. a’ytoptiko•s: cf. F. autoptique.] Seen with one’s own eyes; belonging to, or connected with, personal observation; as autoptic testimony or experience.

Au•top´tic•al•ly (a•top´ti•kal•ly), adv. By means of ocular view, or one’s own observation. Sir T. Browne. { Au•to•sche•di•as´tic (a•to•ske•di•as´tik), Au•to•sche•di•as´tic•al (-as´ti•kal), } a. [Auto- + Gr. schedia•zein to do hastily. See Schediasm.] Extemporary; offhand. [R.] Dean Martin.

Au•to•styl´ic , a. [Auto- + Gr. sty^los pillar.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated directly to the cranium, as in the skulls of the Amphibia.

Au´to•the•ism , n. [Auto- + theism.] 1. The doctrine of God’s self- existence. [R.] 2. Deification of one’s self; self-worship. [R.]

Au´to•the•ist, n. One given to self- worship. [R.]

Au´to•type , n. [Auto- + - type: cf. F. autotype.] 1. A facsimile. 2. A photographic picture produced in sensitized pigmented gelatin by exposure to light under a negative; and subsequent washing out of the soluble parts; a kind of picture in ink from a gelatin plate.

Au•to•ty•pog´ra•phy , n. [Auto- + typography.] A process resembling ´nature printing,´ by which drawings executed on gelatin are impressed into a soft metal plate, from which the printing is done as from copperplate.

Au•tot´y•py , n. The art or process of making autotypes.

Au´tumn , n. [L. auctumnus, autumnus, perh. fr. a root av to satisfy one’s self: cf. F. automne. See Avarice.] 1. The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter, often called ´the fall.´ Astronomically, it begins in the northern temperate zone at the autumnal equinox, about September 23, and ends at the winter solstice, about December 23; but in popular language, autumn, in America, comprises September, October, and November. In England, according to Johnson, autumn popularly comprises August, September, and October. In the southern hemisphere, the autumn corresponds to our spring. 2. The harvest or fruits of autumn. Milton. 3. The time of maturity or decline; latter portion; third stage. “Dr. Preston was now entering into the autumn of the duke’s favor.
Fuller.” “Life’s autumn past, I stand on winter’s verge.
Wordsworth.”

Au•tum´nal , a. [L. auctumnalis, autumnalis: cf. F. automnal.] 1. Of, belonging to, or peculiar to, autumn; as an autumnal tint; produced or gathered in autumn; as autumnal fruits; flowering in autumn; as an autumnal plant. “Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks
In Vallombrosa.
Milton.” 2. Past the middle of life; in the third stage. “An autumnal matron.
Hawthorne.” Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun crosses the equator, as it proceeds southward, or when it passes the autumnal point. — Autumnal point, the point of the equator intersected by the ecliptic, as the sun proceeds southward; the first point of Libra. — Autumnal signs, the signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the sun passes between the autumnal equinox and winter solstice.

Aux•a•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. to cause to increase + -meter.] An instrument to measure the growth of plants. Goodale.

Aux•e´sis , n. [NL., Gr. increase, fr. , , to increase.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a grave and magnificent word is put for the proper word; amplification; hyperbole.

Aux•et´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to, or containing, auxesis; amplifying.

Aux•il´iar ( 106), a. [L. auxiliaris: cf. F. auxiliaire. See Auxiliary.] Auxiliary. [Archaic] “The auxiliar troops and Trojan hosts appear.
Pope.”

Aux•il´iar, n. An auxiliary. [Archaic] Milton.

Aux•il´iar•ly, adv. By way of help. Harris.

Aux•il´ia•ry ( 106), a. [L. auxiliarius, fr. auxilium help, aid, fr. augere to increase.] Conferring aid or help; helping; aiding; assisting; subsidiary; as auxiliary troops. Auxiliary scales (Mus.), the scales of relative or attendant keys. See under Attendant, a. — Auxiliary verbs (Gram.). See Auxiliary, n., 3.

Aux•il´ia•ry, n.; pl. Auxiliaries . 1. A helper; an assistant; a confederate in some action or enterprise. 2. (Mil.) pl. Foreign troops in the service of a nation at war; (rarely in sing.), a member of the allied or subsidiary force. 3. (Gram.) A verb which helps to form the voices, modes, and tenses of other verbs; — called, also an auxiliary verb; as have, be, may, can, do, must, shall, and will, in English; être and avoir, in French; avere and essere, in Italian; estar and haber, in Spanish. 4. (Math.) A quantity introduced for the purpose of simplifying or facilitating some operation, as in equations or trigonometrical formulae. Math. Dict.

Aux•il´ia•to•ry , a. Auxiliary; helping. [Obs.]

A´va , n. Same as Kava. Johnston.

Av•a•da•vat´ , n. Same as Amadavat.

A•vail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Availed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Availing.] [OE. availen, fr. F. (L. ad) + valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be worth. See Valiant.] 1. To turn to the advantage of; to be of service to; to profit; to benefit; to help; as artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of judgment. “O, what avails me now that honor high !
Milton.” 2. To promote; to assist. [Obs.] Pope. To avail one’s self of, to make use of; take advantage of. “Then shall they seek to avail themselves of names.
Milton.” “I have availed myself of the very first opportunity.
Dickens.”

A•vail´, v. i. To be of use or advantage; to answer the purpose; to have strength, force, or efficacy sufficient to accomplish the object; as the plea in bar must avail, that is, be sufficient to defeat the suit; this scheme will not avail; medicines will not avail to check the disease. ´What signs avail ?´ Milton. “Words avail very little with me, young man.
Sir W. Scott.”

A•vail´ , n. 1. Profit; advantage toward success; benefit; value; as labor, without economy, is of little avail. “The avail of a deathbed repentance.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. pl. Proceeds; as the avails of a sale by auction. “The avails of their own industry.
Stoddard.” Syn. — Use; benefit; utility; profit; service.

A•vail´, v. t. & i. See Avale, v. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•vail•a•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Availabilities . 1. The quality of being available; availableness. The word is sometimes used derogatively in the sense of ´mere availableness,´ or capability of success without regard to worthiness. “He was … nominated for his availability.
Lowell.” 2. That which is available.

A•vail´a•ble , a. 1. Having sufficient power, force, or efficacy, for the object; effectual; valid; as an available plea. [Obs.] “Laws human are available by consent.
Hooker.” 2. Such as one may avail one’s self of; capable of being used for the accomplishment of a purpose; usable; profitable; advantageous; convertible into a resource; as an available measure; an available candidate. “Struggling to redeem, as he did, the available months and days out of so many that were unavailable.
Carlyle.” “Having no available funds with which to pay the calls on new shares.
H. Spenser.”

A•vail´a•ble•ness, n. 1. Competent power; validity; efficacy; as the availableness of a title. [Obs.] 2. Quality of being available; capability of being used for the purpose intended. Sir M. Hale.

A•vail´a•bly, adv. In an available manner; profitably; advantageously; efficaciously.

A•vail´ment , n. Profit; advantage. [Obs.]

Av´a•lanche ( 277), n. [F. avalanche, fr. avaler to descend, to let down, from aval down, downward; (L. ad) + val, L. vallis, valley. See Valley.] 1. A large mass or body of snow and ice sliding swiftly down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice. 2. A fall of earth, rocks, etc., similar to that of an avalanche of snow or ice. 3. A sudden, great, or irresistible descent or influx of anything.

A•vale´ , v. t. & i. [F. avaler to descend, to let down. See Avalanche.] 1. To cause to descend; to lower; to let fall; to doff. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bring low; to abase. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. (v. i.) To descend; to fall; to dismount. [Obs.] “And from their sweaty courses did avale.
Spenser.”

A•vant´ , n. [For avant-guard. Cf. Avaunt, Van.] The front of an army. [Obs.] See Van.

A•vant´-cou•ri•er , n. [F., fr. avant before + courrier. See Avaunt, and Courier.] A person dispatched before another person or company, to give notice of his or their approach.

A•vant´-guard ( rad.277), n. [F. avant before + E. guard, F. avant-garde. See Avaunt.] The van or advanced body of an army. See Vanguard.

Av´a•rice (av´a•ris), n. [F. avaritia, fr. avarus avaricious, prob. fr. avere to covet, fr. a root av to satiate one’s self: cf. Gr. ’a•menai, ’a^sai, to satiate, Skr. av to satiate one’s self, rejoice, protect.] 1. An excessive or inordinate desire of gain; greediness after wealth; covetousness; cupidity. “To desire money for its own sake, and in order to hoard it up, is avarice.
Beattie.” 2. An inordinate desire for some supposed good. “All are taught an avarice of praise.
Goldsmith.”

Av•a•ri´cious , a. [Cf. F. avaricieux.] Actuated by avarice; greedy of gain; immoderately desirous of accumulating property. Syn. — Greedy; stingy; rapacious; griping; sordid; close. — Avaricious, Covetous, Parsimonious, Penurious, Miserly, Niggardly. The avaricious eagerly grasp after it at the expense of others, though not of necessity with a design to save, since a man may be covetous and yet a spendthrift. The penurious, parsimonious, and miserly save money by disgraceful self- denial, and the niggardly by meanness in their dealing with others. We speak of persons as covetous in getting, avaricious in retaining, parsimonious in expending, penurious or miserly in modes of living, niggardly in dispensing. — Av•a•ri´cious•ly, adv. — Av•a•ri´cious•ness, n.

Av´a•rous , a. [L. avarus.] Avaricious. [Obs.]

A•vast´ , interj. [Corrupted from D. houd vast hold fast. See Hold, v. t., and Fast, a.] (Naut.) Cease; stop; stay. ´Avast heaving.´ Totten.

Av•a•tar´ , n. [Skr. avatâra descent; ava from + root tr to cross, pass over.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.) The descent of a deity to earth, and his incarnation as a man or an animal; — chiefly associated with the incarnations of Vishnu. 2. Incarnation; manifestation as an object of worship or admiration.

A•vaunce´ , v. t. & i. [See Advance.] To advance; to profit. Chaucer.

A•vaunt´ , interj. [F. avant forward, fr. L. ab + ante before. Cf. Avant, Advance.] Begone; depart; — a word of contempt or abhorrence, equivalent to the phrase ´Get thee gone.´

A•vaunt´, v. t. & i. 1. To advance; to move forward; to elevate. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To depart; to move away. [Obs.] Coverdale.

A•vaunt´, v. t. & i. [OF. avanter; à (L. ad) + vanter. See Vaunt.] To vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vaunt´, n. A vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vaunt´our , n. [OF. avanteur.] A boaster. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A´ve , n. [L., hail.] 1. An ave Maria. “He repeated Aves and Credos.
Macaulay.” 2. A reverential salutation. “Their loud applause and aves vehement.
Shak.”

A•vel , v. t. [L. avellere.] To pull away. [Obs.] “Yet are not these parts avelled.
Sir T. Browne.”

A•vel´lane , a. [Cf. It. avellana a filbert, fr. L. Avella or Abella a city of Campania.] (Her.) In the form of four unhusked filberts; as an avellane cross. { A´ve Ma•ri´a , A´ve Ma´ry . } [From the first words of the Roman Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary; L. ave hail, Maria Mary.] 1. A salutation and prayer to the Virgin Mary, as mother of God; — used in the Roman Catholic church. “To number Ave Maries on his beads.
Shak.” 2. A particular time (as in Italy, at the ringing of the bells about half an hour after sunset, and also at early dawn), when the people repeat the Ave Maria. “Ave Maria ! blessed be the hour !
Byron.”

A•ve´na , n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses, including the common oat (Avena sativa); the oat grasses.

Av•e•na´ceous , a. [L. avenaceus, fr. avena oats.] Belonging to, or resembling, oats or the oat grasses.

Av´e•nage , n. [F. avenage, fr. L. avena oats.] (Old Law) A quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent. Jacob.

Av´e•ner , n. [OF. avenier, fr. aveine, avaine, avoine, oats, F. avoine, L. avena.] (Feud. Law) An officer of the king’s stables whose duty it was to provide oats for the horses. [Obs.]

A•venge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avenged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Avenging .] [OF. avengier; L. ad + vindicare to lay claim to, to avenge, revenge. See Vengeance.] 1. To take vengeance for; to exact satisfaction for by punishing the injuring party; to vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on a wrongdoer. “He will avenge the blood of his servants.
Deut. xxxii. 43.” “Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones
Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold.
Milton.” “He had avenged himself on them by havoc such as England had never before seen.
Macaulay.” 2. To treat revengefully; to wreak vengeance on. [Obs.] “Thy judgment in avenging thine enemies.
Bp. Hall.” Syn. — To Avenge, Revenge. To avenge is to inflict punishment upon evil doers in behalf of ourselves, or others for whom we act; as to avenge one’s wrongs; to avenge the injuries of the suffering and innocent. It is to inflict pain for the sake of vindication, or retributive justice. To revenge is to inflict pain or injury for the indulgence of resentful and malicious feelings. The former may at times be a duty; the latter is one of the worst exhibitions of human character. “I avenge myself upon another, or I avenge another, or I avenge a wrong. I revenge only myself, and that upon another.
C. J. Smith.”

A•venge´, v. i. To take vengeance. Levit. xix. 18.

A•venge´, n. Vengeance; revenge. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•venge´ance , n. Vengeance. [Obs.]

A•venge´ful , a. Vengeful. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•venge´ment , n. The inflicting of retributive punishment; satisfaction taken. [R.] Milton.

A•ven´ger , n. 1. One who avenges or vindicates; as an avenger of blood. 2. One who takes vengeance. [Obs.] Milton.

A•ven´ger•ess, n. A female avenger. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•ve´ni•ous , a. [Pref. a- + L. vena a vein.] (Bot.) Being without veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain plants.

Av´e•nor , n. See Avener. [Obs.]

Av´ens , n. [OF. avence.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Geum, esp. Geum urbanum, or herb bennet.

Av´en•tail , n. [OF. esventail. Cf. Ventail.] The movable front to a helmet; the ventail.

Av´en•tine , a. Pertaining to Mons Aventinus, one of the seven hills on which Rome stood. Bryant.

Av´en•tine, n. A post of security or defense. [Poetic] “Into the castle’s tower,
The only Aventine that now is left him.
Beau. & Fl.”

A•ven´tre , v. t. To thrust forward (at a venture), as a spear. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•ven´ture ( 135), n. [See Adventure, n.] 1. Accident; chance; adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Old Law) A mischance causing a person’s death without felony, as by drowning, or falling into the fire.

A•ven´tu•rine , n. [F. aventurine: cf. It. avventurino.] 1. A kind of glass, containing gold-colored spangles. It was produced in the first place by the accidental (par aventure) dropping of some brass filings into a pot of melted glass. 2. (Min.) A variety of translucent quartz, spangled throughout with scales of yellow mica. Aventurine feldspar, a variety of oligoclase with internal firelike reflections due to the presence of minute crystals, probably of hematite; sunstone.

Av´e•nue , n. [F. avenue, fr. avenir to come to, L. advenire. See Advene.] 1. A way or opening for entrance into a place; a passage by which a place may by reached; a way of approach or of exit. ´The avenues leading to the city by land.´ Macaulay. “On every side were expanding new avenues of inquiry.
Milman.” 2. The principal walk or approach to a house which is withdrawn from the road, especially, such approach bordered on each side by trees; any broad passageway thus bordered. “An avenue of tall elms and branching chestnuts.
W. Black.” 3. A broad street; as the Fifth Avenue in New York.

A´ver (a´ver), n. [OF. aver domestic animal, whence LL. averia, pl. cattle. See Habit, and cf. Average.] A work horse, or working ox. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

A•ver´ (a•ver´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averred (a•verd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Averring.] [F. averer, LL. adverare, averare; L. ad + versus true. See Verity.] 1. To assert, or prove, the truth of. [Obs.] 2. (Law) To avouch or verify; to offer to verify; to prove or justify. See Averment. 3. To affirm with confidence; to declare in a positive manner, as in confidence of asserting the truth. “It is sufficient that the very fact hath its foundation in truth, as I do seriously aver is the case.
Fielding.” “Then all averred I had killed the bird.
Coleridge.” Syn. — To assert; affirm; asseverate. See Affirm.

Av´er•age , n. [OF. average, LL. averagium, prob. fr. OF. aver, F. avoir, property, horses, cattle, etc.; prop. infin., to have, from L. habere to have. Cf. F. average small cattle, and avarie (perh. of different origin) damage to ship or cargo, port dues. The first meaning was perh. the service of carting a feudal lord’s wheat, then charge for carriage, the contribution towards loss of things carried, in proportion to the amount of each person’s property. Cf. Aver, n., Avercorn, Averpenny.] 1. (OLd Eng. Law) That service which a tenant owed his lord, to be done by the work beasts of the tenant, as the carriage of wheat, turf, etc. 2. [Cf. F. avarie damage to ship or cargo.] (Com.) (a) A tariff or duty on goods, etc. [Obs.] (b) Any charge in addition to the regular charge for freight of goods shipped. (c) A contribution to a loss or charge which has been imposed upon one of several for the general benefit; damage done by sea perils. (d) The equitable and proportionate distribution of loss or expense among all interested. General average, a contribution made, by all parties concerned in a sea adventure, toward a loss occasioned by the voluntary sacrifice of the property of some of the parties in interest for the benefit of all. It is called general average, because it falls upon the gross amount of ship, cargo, and freight at risk and saved by the sacrifice. Kent. — Particular average signifies the damage or partial loss happening to the ship, or cargo, or freight, in consequence of some fortuitous or unavoidable accident; and it is borne by the individual owners of the articles damaged, or by their insurers. — Petty averages are sundry small charges, which occur regularly, and are necessarily defrayed by the master in the usual course of a voyage; such as port charges, common pilotage, and the like, which formerly were, and in some cases still are, borne partly by the ship and partly by the cargo. In the clause commonly found in bills of lading, ´primage and average accustomed,´ average means a kind of composition established by usage for such charges, which were formerly assessed by way of average. Arnould. Abbott. Phillips. 3. A mean proportion, medial sum or quantity, made out of unequal sums or quantities; an arithmetical mean. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9, and C 16, the sum is 30, and the average 10. 4. Any medial estimate or general statement derived from a comparison of diverse specific cases; a medium or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, etc. ´The average of sensations.´ Paley. 5. pl. In the English corn trade, the medial price of the several kinds of grain in the principal corn markets. On an average, taking the mean of unequal numbers or quantities.

Av´er•age , a. 1. Pertaining to an average or mean; medial; containing a mean proportion; of a mean size, quality, ability, etc.; ordinary; usual; as an average rate of profit; an average amount of rain; the average Englishman; beings of the average stamp. 2. According to the laws of averages; as the loss must be made good by average contribution.

Av´er•age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Averaging.] 1. To find the mean of, when sums or quantities are unequal; to reduce to a mean. 2. To divide among a number, according to a given proportion; as to average a loss. 3. To do, accomplish, get, etc., on an average.

Av´er•age, v. i. To form, or exist in, a mean or medial sum or quantity; to amount to, or to be, on an average; as the losses of the owners will average twenty five dollars each; these spars average ten feet in length.

A´ver•corn , n. [Aver, n. + corn.] (Old Eng. Law) A reserved rent in corn, formerly paid to religious houses by their tenants or farmers. Kennet.

A•ver´ment , n. [Cf. OF. averement, LL. averamentum. See Aver, v. t.] 1. The act of averring, or that which is averred; affirmation; positive assertion. “Signally has this averment received illustration in the course of recent events.
I. Taylor.” 2. Verification; establishment by evidence. Bacon. 3. (Law) A positive statement of facts; an allegation; an offer to justify or prove what is alleged. In any stage of pleadings, when either party advances new matter, he avers it to be true, by using this form of words: ´and this he is ready to verify.´ This was formerly called an averment. It modern pleading, it is termed a verification. Blackstone. { A•ver´nal , A•ver´ni•an } a. Of or pertaining to Avernus, a lake of Campania, in Italy, famous for its poisonous vapors, which ancient writers fancied were so malignant as to kill birds flying over it. It was represented by the poets to be connected with the infernal regions.

Av´er•pen•ny , n. [Aver, n. + penny.] (Old Eng. Law) Money paid by a tenant in lieu of the service of average.

A•ver´ro•ism , n. The tenets of the Averroists.

A•ver´ro•ist, n. One of a sect of peripatetic philosophers, who appeared in Italy before the restoration of learning; so denominated from Averroes, or Averrhoes, a celebrated Arabian philosopher. He held the doctrine of monopsychism.

Av•er•run´cate , v. t. [L. averruncare to avert; a, ab, off + verruncare to turn; formerly derived from ab and eruncare to root out. Cf. Aberuncate.] 1. To avert; to ward off. [Obs.] Hudibras. 2. To root up. [Obs.] Johnson.

Av•er•run•ca´tion , n. [Cf. OF. averroncation.] 1. The act of averting. [Obs.] 2. Eradication. [R.] De Quincey.

Av•er•run•ca´tor , n. [Cf. Aberuncator.] An instrument for pruning trees, consisting of two blades, or a blade and a hook, fixed on the end of a long rod.

Av•er•sa´tion , n. [L. aversatio, fr. aversari to turn away, v. intens. of avertere. See Avert.] A turning from with dislike; aversion. [Obs.or Archaic] “Some men have a natural aversation to some vices or virtues, and a natural affection to others.
Jer. Taylor.”

A•verse´ , a. [L. aversus, p. p. of avertere. See Avert.] 1. Turned away or backward. [Obs.] “The tracks averse a lying notice gave,
And led the searcher backward from the cave.
Dryden.” 2. Having a repugnance or opposition of mind; disliking; disinclined; unwilling; reluctant. “Averse alike to flatter, or offend.
Pope.” “Men who were averse to the life of camps.
Macaulay.” “Pass by securely as men averse from war.
Micah ii. 8.” The prevailing usage now is to employ to after averse and its derivatives rather than from, as was formerly the usage. In this the word is in agreement with its kindred terms, hatred, dislike, dissimilar, contrary, repugnant, etc., expressing a relation or an affection of the mind to an object. Syn. — Averse, Reluctant, Adverse. Averse expresses an habitual, though not of necessity a very strong, dislike; as averse to active pursuits; averse to study. Reluctant, a term of the of the will, implies an internal struggle as to making some sacrifice of interest or feeling; as reluctant to yield; reluctant to make the necessary arrangements; a reluctant will or consent. Adverse denotes active opposition or hostility; as adverse interests; adverse feelings, plans, or movements; the adverse party.

A•verse´, v. t. & i. To turn away. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

A•verse´ly, adv. 1. Backward; in a backward direction; as emitted aversely. 2. With repugnance or aversion; unwillingly.

A•verse´ness, n. The quality of being averse; opposition of mind; unwillingness.

A•ver´sion , n. [L. aversio: cf. F. aversion. See Avert.] 1. A turning away. [Obs.] “Adhesion to vice and aversion from goodness.
Bp. Atterbury.” 2. Opposition or repugnance of mind; fixed dislike; antipathy; disinclination; reluctance. “Mutual aversion of races.
Prescott.” “His rapacity had made him an object of general aversion.
Macaulay.” It is now generally followed by to before the object. [See Averse.] Sometimes towards and for are found; from is obsolete. “A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection.
Addison.” “His aversion towards the house of York.
Bacon.” “It is not difficult for a man to see that a person has conceived an aversion for him.
Spectator.” “The Khasias … have an aversion to milk.
J. D. Hooker.” 3. The object of dislike or repugnance. “Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire.
Pope.” Syn. — Antipathy; dislike; repugnance; disgust. See Dislike.

A•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averted; p. pr. & vb. n. Averting.] [L. avertere; a, ab + vertere to turn: cf. OF. avertir. See Verse, n.] To turn aside, or away; as to avert the eyes from an object; to ward off, or prevent, the occurrence or effects of; as how can the danger be averted? ´To avert his ire.´ Milton. “When atheists and profane persons do hear of so many discordant and contrary opinions in religion, it doth avert them from the church.
Bacon.” “Till ardent prayer averts the public woe.
Prior.”

A•vert´, v. i. To turn away. [Archaic] “Cold and averting from our neighbor’s good.
Thomson.”

A•vert´ed, a. Turned away, esp. as an expression of feeling; also offended; unpropitious. “Who scornful pass it with averted eye.
Keble.”

A•vert´er , n. One who, or that which, averts.

A•vert´i•ble , a. Capable of being averted; preventable.

A•ver´ti•ment , n. Advertisement. [Obs.]

A´ves , n. pl. [L., pl. of avis bird.] (Zoöl.) The class of Vertebrata that includes the birds. Aves, or birds, have a complete double circulation, oviparous, reproduction, front limbs peculiarly modified as wings; and they bear feathers. All existing birds have a horny beak, without teeth; but some Mesozoic fossil birds (Odontornithes) had conical teeth inserted in both jaws. The principal groups are: Carinatae, including all existing flying birds; Ratitae, including the ostrich and allies, the apteryx, and the extinct moas; Odontornithes, or fossil birds with teeth. The ordinary birds are classified largely by the structure of the beak and feet, which are in direct relation to their habits. See Beak, Bird, Odontonithes.

A•ves´ta , n. The Zoroastrian scriptures. See Zend-Avesta.

A´vi•an , a. Of or instrument to birds.

A´vi•a•ry , n.; pl. Aviaries . [L. aviarium, fr. aviarius pertaining to birds, fr. avis bird, akin to Gr, , Skr. vi.] A house, inclosure, large cage, or other place, for keeping birds confined; a bird house. “Lincolnshire may be termed the aviary of England.
Fuller.”

A•vi•a´tion , n. The art or science of flying.

A´vi•a•tor , n. (a) An experimenter in aviation. (b) A flying machine.

A•vic´u•la , n. [L., small bird.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine bivalves, having a pearly interior, allied to the pearl oyster; — so called from a supposed resemblance of the typical species to a bird.

A•vic´u•lar , a. [L. avicula a small bird, dim. of avis bird.] Of or pertaining to a bird or to birds.

A•vic•u•la´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Avicular.] (Zoöl.) See prehensile processes on the cells of some Bryozoa, often having the shape of a bird’s bill.

A´vi•cul•ture ( 135), n. [L. avis bird + cultura culture.] (Zoöl.) Rearing and care of birds.

Av´id , a. [L. avidus, fr. avre to long: cf. F. avide. See Avarice.] Longing eagerly for; eager; greedy. ´Avid of gold, yet greedier of renown.´ Southey.

A•vid´i•ous , a. Avid.

A•vid´i•ous•ly, adv. Eagerly; greedily.

A•vid´i•ty , n. [L. aviditas, fr. avidus: cf. F. avidite. See Avid.] Greediness; strong appetite; eagerness; intenseness of desire; as to eat with avidity. “His books were received and read with avidity.
Milward.”

A•vie´ , adv. [Pref. a- + vie.] Emulously. [Obs.]

A•vi•fau´na , n. [NL., fr. L. avis bird + E. fauna.] (Zoöl.) The birds, or all the kinds of birds, inhabiting a region.

Av•i•ga´to , n. See Avocado.

A•vignon´ ber´ry . (Bot.) The fruit of the Rhamnus infectorius, eand of other species of the same genus; — so called from the city of Avignon, in France. It is used by dyers and painters for coloring yellow. Called also French berry.

A•vile´ , v. t. [OF. aviler, F. avilir; a (L. ad) + vil vile. See Vile.] To abase or debase; to vilify; to depreciate. [Obs.] “Want makes us know the price of what we avile.
B. Jonson.”

A•vis´ , n. [F. avis. See Advice.] Advice; opinion; deliberation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vise´ , v. t. [F. aviser. See Advise, v. t.] 1. To look at; to view; to think of. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To advise; to counsel. [Obs.] Shak. To avise one’s self, to consider with one’s self, to reflect, to deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Now therefore, if thou wilt enriched be,
Avise thee well, and change thy willful mood.
Spenser.”

A•vise´, v. i. To consider; to reflect. [Obs.]

A•vise´ful , a. Watchful; circumspect. [Obs.] “With sharp, aviseful eye.
Spenser.”

A•vise´ly, adv. Advisedly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vise´ment , n. Advisement; observation; deliberation. [Obs.]

A•vi´sion , n. Vision. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vi´so , n. [Sp.] 1. Information; advice. 2. An advice boat, or dispatch boat.

Av•o•ca´do , n. [Corrupted from the Mexican ahuacatl: cf. Sp. aguacate, F. aguacate, avocat, G. avogadobaum.] The pulpy fruit of Persea gratissima, a tree of tropical America. It is about the size and shape of a large pear; — called also avocado pear, alligator pear, midshipman’s butter.

Av•o•cat , n. [F.] An advocate.

Av´o•cate , v. t. [L. avocatus, p. p. of avocare; a, ab + vocare to call. Cf. Avoke, and see Vocal, a.] To call off or away; to withdraw; to transfer to another tribunal. [Obs. or Archaic] “One who avocateth his mind from other occupations.
Barrow.” “He, at last, … avocated the cause to Rome.
Robertson.”

Av•o•ca´tion , n. [L. avocatio.] 1. A calling away; a diversion. [Obs. or Archaic] “Impulses to duty, and powerful avocations from sin.
South.” 2. That which calls one away from one’s regular employment or vocation. “Heaven is his vocation, and therefore he counts earthly employments avocations.
Fuller.” “By the secular cares and avocations which accompany marriage the clergy have been furnished with skill in common life.
Atterbury.” In this sense the word is applied to the smaller affairs of life, or occasional calls which summon a person to leave his ordinary or principal business. Avocation (in the singular) for vocation is usually avoided by good writers. 3. pl. Pursuits; duties; affairs which occupy one’s time; usual employment; vocation. “There are professions, among the men, no more favorable to these studies than the common avocations of women.
Richardson.” “In a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his standard, and returned to their ordinary avocations.
Macaulay.” “An irregularity and instability of purpose, which makes them choose the wandering avocations of a shepherd, rather than the more fixed pursuits of agriculture.
Buckle.”

A•vo´ca•tive (a•vo´ka•tiv), a. Calling off. [Obs.]

A•vo´ca•tive, n. That which calls aside; a dissuasive. { Av´o•cet , Av´o•set } (av´o•set), n. [F. avocette: cf. It. avosetta, Sp. avoceta.] (Zoöl.) A grallatorial bird, of the genus Recurvirostra; the scooper. The bill is long and bend upward toward the tip. The American species is R. Americana. [Written also avocette.]

A•void´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avoided; p. pr. & vb. n. Avoiding.] [OF. esvuidier, es (L. ex) + vuidier, voidier, to empty. See Void, a.] 1. To empty. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To emit or throw out; to void; as to avoid excretions. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. To quit or evacuate; to withdraw from. [Obs.] “Six of us only stayed, and the rest avoided
the room.
Bacon.” 4. To make void; to annul or vacate; to refute. “How can these grants of the king’s be avoided?
Spenser.” 5. To keep away from; to keep clear of; to endeavor no to meet; to shun; to abstain from; as to avoid the company of gamesters. “What need a man forestall his date of grief.
And run to meet what he would most avoid ?
Milton.” “He carefully avoided every act which could goad them into open hostility.
Macaulay.” 6. To get rid of. [Obs.] Shak. 7. (Pleading) To defeat or evade; to invalidate. Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant’s plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new matter. Blackstone. Syn. — To escape; elude; evade; eschew. — To Avoid, Shun. Avoid in its commonest sense means, to keep clear of, an extension of the meaning, to withdraw one’s self from. It denotes care taken not to come near or in contact; as to avoid certain persons or places. Shun is a stronger term, implying more prominently the idea of intention. The words may, however, in many cases be interchanged. “No man can pray from his heart to be kept from temptation, if the take no care of himself to avoid it.
Mason.” “So Chanticleer, who never saw a fox,
Yet shunned him as a sailor shuns the rocks.
Dryden.”

A•void´, v. i. 1. To retire; to withdraw. [Obs.] “David avoided out of his presence.
1 Sam. xviii. 11.” 2. (Law) To become void or vacant. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

A•void´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being vacated; liable to be annulled or made invalid; voidable. “The charters were not avoidable for the king’s nonage.
Hale.” 2. Capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped.

A•void´ance , n. 1. The act of annulling; annulment. 2. The act of becoming vacant, or the state of being vacant; — specifically used for the state of a benefice becoming void by the death, deprivation, or resignation of the incumbent. “Wolsey, … on every avoidance of St. Peter’s chair, was sitting down therein, when suddenly some one or other clapped in before him.
Fuller.” 3. A dismissing or a quitting; removal; withdrawal. 4. The act of avoiding or shunning; keeping clear of. ´The avoidance of pain.´ Beattie. 5. The courts by which anything is carried off. “Avoidances and drainings of water.
Bacon.”

A•void´er , n. 1. The person who carries anything away, or the vessel in which things are carried away. Johnson. 2. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes.

A•void´less, a. Unavoidable; inevitable.

Av•oir•du•pois´ (av•er•du•poiz´), n. & a. [OE. aver de peis, goods of weight, where peis is fr. OF. peis weight, F. poids, L. pensum. See Aver, n., and Poise, n.] 1. Goods sold by weight. [Obs.] 2. Avoirdupois weight. 3. Weight; heaviness; as a woman of much avoirdupois. [Colloq.] Avoirdupois weight, a system of weights by which coarser commodities are weighed, such as hay, grain, butter, sugar, tea. The standard Avoirdupois pound of the United States is equivalent to the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches, and the water weighed in the air with brass weights. In this system of weights 16 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pound, 25 pounds 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 hundred weight, and 20 hundred weight 1 ton. The above pound contains 7,000 grains, or 453.54 grams, so that 1 pound avoirdupois is equivalent to 1 31-144 pounds troy. (See Troy weight.) Formerly, a hundred weight was reckoned at 112 pounds, the ton being 2,240 pounds (sometimes called a long ton).

A•voke´ , v. t. [Cf. Avocate.] To call from or back again. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Av´o•late , v. i. [L. avolare; a (ab) + volare to fly.] To fly away; to escape; to exhale. [Obs.]

Av•o•la´tion , n. [LL. avolatio.] The act of flying; flight; evaporation. [Obs.]

Av´o•set , n. Same as Avocet.

A•vouch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avouched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Avouching.] [OF. avochier, LL. advocare to recognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, fr. L. advocare to call to; ad + vocare to call. Cf. Avow to declare, Advocate, and see Vouch, v. t.] 1. To appeal to; to cite or claim as authority. [Obs.] “They avouch many successions of authorities.
Coke.” 2. To maintain a just or true; to vouch for. “We might be disposed to question its authenticity, it if were not avouched by the full evidence.
Milman.” 3. To declare or assert positively and as matter of fact; to affirm openly. “If this which he avouches does appear.
Shak.” “Such antiquities could have been avouched for the Irish.
Spenser.” 4. To acknowledge deliberately; to admit; to confess; to sanction. “Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God.
Deut. xxvi. 17.”

A•vouch´ , n. Evidence; declaration. [Obs.] “The sensible and true avouch
Of mine own eyes.
Shak.”

A•vouch´a•ble , a. Capable of being avouched.

A•vouch´er , n. One who avouches.

A•vouch´ment , n. The act of avouching; positive declaration. [Obs.] Milton.

A•vou´trer , n. See Advoutrer. [Obs.]

A•vou´trie , n. [OF.] Adultery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Avowing.] [F. avouver, fr. L. advocare to call to (whence the meanings, to call upon as superior; recognize as lord, own, confess); ad + vocare to call. See Advocate, Avouch.] 1. To declare openly, as something believed to be right; to own or acknowledge frankly; as a man avows his principles or his crimes. “Which I to be the of Israel’s God
Avow, and challenge Dagon to the test.
Milton.” 2. (Law) To acknowledge and justify, as an act done. See Avowry. Blackstone. Syn. — To acknowledge; own; confess. See Confess.

A•vow´, n. [Cf. F. aveu.] Avowal. [Obs.] Dryden.

A•vow´, v. t. & i. [OF. avouer, fr. LL. votare to vow, fr. L. votun. See Vote, n.] To bind, or to devote, by a vow. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A•vow´, n. A vow or determination. [Archaic]

A•vow´a•ble , a. Capable of being avowed, or openly acknowledged, with confidence. Donne.

A•vow´al , n. An open declaration; frank acknowledgment; as an avowal of such principles. Hume.

A•vow´ance , n. 1. Act of avowing; avowal. 2. Upholding; defense; vindication. [Obs.] “Can my avowance of king-murdering be collected from anything here written by me?
Fuller.”

A•vow´ant , n. (Law) The defendant in replevin, who avows the distress of the goods, and justifies the taking. Cowell.

A•vowed´ , a. Openly acknowledged or declared; admitted. — A•vow´ed•ly , adv.

A•vow•ee´ , n. [F. avoue. Cf. Advowee, Advocate, n.] The person who has a right to present to a benefice; the patron; an advowee. See Advowson.

A•vow´er , n. One who avows or asserts.

A•vow´ry , n. [OE. avouerie protection, authority, OF. avouerie. See Avow to declare.] 1. An advocate; a patron; a patron saint. [Obs.] “Let God alone be our avowry.
Latimer.” 2. The act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. Blackstone. When an action of replevin is brought, the distrainer either makes avowry, that is, avours taking the distress in his own right, or the right of his wife, and states the reason if it, as for arrears of rent, damage done, or the like; or makes cognizance, that is, acknowledges the taking, but justifies in an another’s right, as his bailiff or servant.

A•vow´try, v. t. Adultery. See Advoutry.

A•voy´er , n. [F.] A chief magistrate of a free imperial city or canton of Switzerland. [Obs.]

A•vulse´ , v. t. [L. avulsus, p. p. of avellere to tear off; a (ab) + vellere to pluck.] To pluck or pull off. Shenstone.

A•vul´sion , n. [L. avulsio.] 1. A tearing asunder; a forcible separation. “The avulsion of two polished superficies.
Locke.” 2. A fragment torn off. J. Barlow. 3. (Law) The sudden removal of lands or soil from the estate of one man to that of another by an inundation or a current, or by a sudden change in the course of a river by which a part of the estate of one man is cut off and joined to the estate of another. The property in the part thus separated, or cut off, continues in the original owner. Wharton. Burrill.

A•vun´cu•lar , a. [L. avunculus uncle.] Of or pertaining to an uncle. “In these rare instances, the law of pedigree, whether direct or avuncular, gives way.
I. Taylor.”

A•wait´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awaited; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaiting.] [OF. awaitier, agaitier; (L. ad) + waitier, gaitier to watch, F. guetter. See Wait.] 1. To watch for; to look out for. [Obs.] 2. To wait on, serve, or attend. [Obs.] 3. To wait for; to stay for; to expect. See Expect. “Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat,
Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night.
Milton.” 4. To be in store for; to be ready or in waiting for; as a glorious reward awaits the good. “O Eve, some farther change awaits us night.
Milton.”

A•wait´, v. i. 1. To watch. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To wait (on or upon). [Obs.] 3. To wait; to stay in waiting. Darwin.

A•wait´, n. A waiting for; ambush; watch; watching; heed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•wake´ , v. t. [imp. Awoke , Awaked ; p. p. Awaked; (Obs.) Awaken, Awoken; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaking. The form Awoke is sometimes used as a p. p.] [AS. awaecnan, v. i. (imp. awoc), and awacian, v. i. (imp. awacode). See Awaken, Wake.] 1. To rouse from sleep; to wake; to awaken. “Where morning’s earliest ray … awake her.
Tennyson.” “And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us; we perish.
Matt. viii. 25.” 2. To rouse from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupidity., or inaction; to put into action; to give new life to; to stir up; as to awake the dead; to awake the dormant faculties. “I was soon awaked from this disagreeable reverie.
Goldsmith.” “It way awake my bounty further.
Shak.” “No sunny gleam awakes the trees.
Keble.”

A•wake´ , v. i. To cease to sleep; to come out of a state of natural sleep; and, figuratively, out of a state resembling sleep, as inaction or death. “The national spirit again awoke.
Freeman.” “Awake to righteousness, and sin not.
1 Cor. xv. 34.”

A•wake´, a. [From awaken, old p. p. of awake.] Not sleeping or lethargic; roused from sleep; in a state of vigilance or action. “Before whom awake I stood.
Milton.” “She still beheld,
Now wide awake, the vision of her sleep.
Keats.” “He was awake to the danger.
Froude.”

A•wak´en , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Awakened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Awakening.] [OE. awakenen, awaknen, AS. awaecnan, awaecnian, v. i.; pref. on- + waecnan to wake. Cf. Awake, v. t.] To rouse from sleep or torpor; to awake; to wake. “[He] is dispatched
Already to awaken whom thou nam’st.
Cowper.” “Their consciences are thoroughly awakened.
Tillotson.” Syn. — To arouse; excite; stir up; call forth.

A•wak´en•er , n. One who, or that which, awakens.

A•wak´en•ing, a. Rousing from sleep, in a natural or a figurative sense; rousing into activity; exciting; as the awakening city; an awakening discourse; the awakening dawn. — A•wak´en•ing•ly, adv.

A•wak´en•ing, n. The act of awaking, or ceasing to sleep. Specifically: A revival of religion, or more general attention to religious matters than usual.

A•wak´en•ment , n. An awakening. [R.]

A•want´ing , a. [Pref. a- + wanting.] Missing; wanting. [Prov. Scot. & Eng.] Sir W. Hamilton.

A•ward´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Awarding.] [OF. eswarder to look at, consider, decide, judge; es (L. ex) + warder, garder, to observe, take heed, keep, fr. OHG. warten to watch, guard. See Ward.] To give by sentence or judicial determination; to assign or apportion, after careful regard to the nature of the case; to adjudge; as the arbitrators awarded damages to the complainant. “To review
The wrongful sentence, and award a new.
Dryden.”

A•ward´, v. i. To determine; to make an award.

A•ward´, n. [Cf. OF. award, awart, esgart. See Award, v. t.] 1. A judgment, sentence, or final decision. Specifically: The decision of arbitrators in a case submitted.´Impatient for the award.´ Cowper. “An award had been given against.
Gilpin.” 2. The paper containing the decision of arbitrators; that which is warded. Bouvier.

A•ward´er , n. One who awards, or assigns by sentence or judicial determination; a judge.

A•ware´ , a. [OE. iwar, AS. gewaer, fr. waer wary. The pref. ge- orig. meant together, completely. . See Wary.] 1. Watchful; vigilant or on one’s guard against danger or difficulty. 2. Apprised; informed; cognizant; conscious; as he was aware of the enemy’s designs. “Aware of nothing arduous in a task
They never undertook.
Cowper.”

A•warn´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + warn, AS. gewarnian. See Warn, v. t.] To warn. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•wash´ , a. [Pref. a- + wash.] Washed by the waves or tide; — said of a rock or strip of shore, or (Naut.) of an anchor, etc., when flush with the surface of the water, so that the waves break over it.

A•way´ , adv. [AS. aweg, anweg, onweg; on on + weg way.] 1. From a place; hence. “The sound is going away.
Shak.” “Have me away, for I am sore wounded.
2 Chron. xxxv. 23.” 2. Absent; gone; at a distance; as the master is away from home. 3. Aside; off; in another direction. “The axis of rotation is inclined away from the sun.
Lockyer.” 4. From a state or condition of being; out of existence. “Be near me when I fade away.
Tennyson.” 5. By ellipsis of the verb, equivalent to an imperative: Go or come away; begone; take away. “And the Lord said … Away, get thee down.
Exod. xix. 24.” 6. On; in continuance; without intermission or delay; as sing away. [Colloq.] It is much used in phrases signifying moving or going from; as go away, run away, etc.; all signifying departure, or separation to a distance. Sometimes without the verb; as whither away so fast ? ´Love hath wings, and will away.´ Waller. It serves to modify the sense of certain verbs by adding that of removal, loss, parting with, etc.; as to throw away; to trifle away; to squander away, etc. Sometimes it has merely an intensive force; as to blaze away. Away with, bear, abide. [Obs. or Archaic] ´The calling of assemblies, I can not away with.´ (Isa. i. 13), i. e., ´I can not bear or endure [it].´ — Away with one, signifies, take him away. ´Away with him, crucify him.´ John xix. 15. — To make away with. (a) To kill or destroy. (b) To carry off.

A•way´-go´ing (a•wa´go´ing), a. (Law) Sown during the last years of a tenancy, but not ripe until after its expiration; — said of crops. Wharton.

A•way´ward (a•wa´werd), adv. Turned away; away. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Awe (a), n. [OE. a&yogh;e, aghe, fr. Icel. agi; akin to AS. ege, oga, Goth. agis, Dan. ave chastisement, fear, Gr. ’a•chos pain, distress, from the same root as E. ail. rad.3. Cf. Ugly.] 1. Dread; great fear mingled with respect. [Obs. or Obsolescent] “His frown was full of terror, and his voice
Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe.
Cowper.” 2. The emotion inspired by something dreadful and sublime; an undefined sense of the dreadful and the sublime; reverential fear, or solemn wonder; profound reverence. “There is an awe in mortals’ joy,
A deep mysterious fear.
Keble.” “To tame the pride of that power which held the Continent in awe.
Macaulay.” “The solitude of the desert, or the loftiness of the mountain, may fill the mind with awe — the sense of our own littleness in some greater presence or power.
C. J. Smith.” To stand in awe of, to fear greatly; to reverence profoundly. Syn. — See Reverence.

Awe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Awing.] To strike with fear and reverence; to inspire with awe; to control by inspiring dread. “That same eye whose bend doth awe the world.
Shak.” “His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and melted the bystanders.
Macaulay.”

A•wea´ried , p. p. Wearied. [Poetic]

A•wea´ry , a. [Pref. a- + weary.] Weary. [Poetic] ´I begin to be aweary of thee.´ Shak.

A•weath´er , adv. [Pref. a- + weather.] (Naut.) On the weather side, or toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows; — opposed to alee; as helm aweather! Totten.

A•weigh´ , adv. [Pref. a- + weigh.] (Naut.) Just drawn out of the ground, and hanging perpendicularly; atrip; — said of the anchor. Totten.

Awe´less , a. See Awless.

Awe´some , a. 1. Causing awe; appalling; awful; as an awesome sight. Wright. 2. Expressive of awe or terror. “An awesome glance up at the auld castle.
Sir W. Scott.”

Awe´some•ness, n. The quality of being awesome.

Awe´-strick•en , a. Awe- struck.

Awe´-struck , a. Struck with awe. Milton.

Aw´ful , a. 1. Oppressing with fear or horror; appalling; terrible; as an awful scene. ´The hour of Nature’s awful throes.´ Hemans. 2. Inspiring awe; filling with profound reverence, or with fear and admiration; fitted to inspire reverential fear; profoundly impressive. “Heaven’s awful Monarch.
Milton.” 3. Struck or filled with awe; terror- stricken. [Obs.] “A weak and awful reverence for antiquity.
I. Watts.” 4. Worshipful; reverential; law-abiding. [Obs.] “Thrust from the company of awful men.
Shak.” 5. Frightful; exceedingly bad; great; — applied intensively; as an awful bonnet; an awful boaster. [Slang] Syn. — See Frightful.

Aw´ful•ly, adv. 1. In an awful manner; in a manner to fill with terror or awe; fearfully; reverently. 2. Very; excessively. [Slang]

Aw´ful•ness, n. 1. The quality of striking with awe, or with reverence; dreadfulness; solemnity; as the awfulness of this sacred place. “The awfulness of grandeur.
Johnson.” 2. The state of being struck with awe; a spirit of solemnity; profound reverence. [Obs.] “Producing in us reverence and awfulness.
Jer. Taylor.”

A•whape´ , v. t. [Cf. whap blow.] To confound; to terrify; to amaze. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•while´ , adv. [Adj. a + while time, interval.] For a while; for some time; for a short time.

A•wing´ , adv. [Pref. a- + wing.] On the wing; flying; fluttering. Wallace.

Awk (ak), a. [OE. auk, awk (properly) turned away; (hence) contrary, wrong, from Icel. öfigr, öfugr, afigr, turning the wrong way, fr. af off, away; cf. OHG. abuh, Skr. apac turned away, fr. apa off, away + a root ak, a&uor;k, to bend, from which come also E. angle, anchor.] 1. Odd; out of order; perverse. [Obs.] 2. Wrong, or not commonly used; clumsy; sinister; as the awk end of a rod (the but end). [Obs.] Golding. 3. Clumsy in performance or manners; unhandy; not dexterous; awkward. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Awk, adv. Perversely; in the wrong way. L’Estrange.

Awk´ly, adv. 1. In an unlucky (left-handed) or perverse manner. [Obs.] Holland. 2. Awkwardly. [Obs.] Fuller.

Awk´ward (ak´weerd), a. [Awk + -ward.] 1. Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments; not dexterous; without skill; clumsy; wanting ease, grace, or effectiveness in movement; ungraceful; as he was awkward at a trick; an awkward boy. “And dropped an awkward courtesy.
Dryden.” 2. Not easily managed or effected; embarrassing. “A long and awkward process.
Macaulay.” “An awkward affair is one that has gone wrong, and is difficult to adjust.
C. J. Smith.” 3. Perverse; adverse; untoward. [Obs.] ´Awkward casualties.´ ´Awkward wind.´ Shak. “O blind guides, which being of an awkward religion, do strain out a gnat, and swallow up a cancel.
Udall.” Syn. — Ungainly; unhandy; clownish; lubberly; gawky; maladroit; bungling; inelegant; ungraceful; unbecoming. — Awkward, Clumsy, Uncouth. Awkward has a special reference to outward deportment. A man is clumsy in his whole person, he is awkward in his gait and the movement of his limbs. Clumsiness is seen at the first view. Awkwardness is discovered only when a person begins to move. Hence the expressions, a clumsy appearance, and an awkward manner. When we speak figuratively of an awkward excuse, we think of a want of ease and grace in making it; when we speak of a clumsy excuse, we think of the whole thing as coarse and stupid. We apply the term uncouth most frequently to that which results from the want of instruction or training; as uncouth manners; uncouth language. — Awk´ward•ly (ak´weerd•ly), adv. — Awk´ward•ness, n.

Awl (al), n. [OE. aul, awel, al, AS. ael, awel; akin to Icel. alr, OHG. ala, G. ahle, Lith. yla, Skr. ara.] A pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood; used by shoemakers, saddlers, cabinetmakers, etc. The blade is differently shaped and pointed for different uses, as in the brad awl, saddler’s awl, shoemaker’s awl, etc.

Aw´less (a´les), a. 1. Wanting reverence; void of respectful fear. ´Awless insolence.´ Dryden. 2. Inspiring no awe. [Obs.] ´The awless throne.´ Shak. [Written also aweless]

Aw´less•ness, n. The quality of being awless.

Awl´-shaped (al´shapt•), a. 1. Shaped like an awl. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Subulate. See Subulate. Gray.

Awl´wort (al´wûrt•), n. [Awl + wort.] (Bot.) A plant (Subularia aquatica), with awl-shaped leaves.

Awm (am), n. See Aam.

Awn (an), n. [OE. awn, agune, from Icel. ögn, pl. agnir; akin to Sw. agn, Dan. avne, Goth. ahana, OHG. agana, G. agen, ahne, chaff, Gr. ’a•chnh, AS. egla; prob. from same root as E. acute. See 3d Ear.] 1. (Bot.) The bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc., or any similar bristlelike appendage; arista. Gray.

Awned (and), a. (Bot.) Furnished with an awn, or long bristle-shaped tip; bearded. Gray.

Awn´ing , n. [Origin uncertain: cf. F. auvent awing, or Pers. awan, awang, anything suspended, or LG. havening a place sheltered from wind and weather, E. haven.] 1. A rooflike cover, usually of canvas extended over or before any place as a shelter from the sun, rain, or wind. 2. (Naut.) That part of the poop deck which is continued forward beyond the bulkhead of the cabin.

Awn´inged , a. Furnished with an awning.

Awn´less, a. Without awns or beard.

Awn´y , a. Having awns; bearded.

A•work´ , adv. [Pref. a- + work.] At work; in action. ´Set awork.´ Shak.

A•work´ing, adv. [Pref. a- + working.] At work; in action. [Archaic or Colloq.] Spenser. { A•wreak´ , A•wreke´ } , v. t. & i. To avenge. [Obs.] See Wreak.

A•wrong´ , adv. [Pref. a- + wrong.] Wrongly. Ford.

A•wry´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + wry.] 1. Turned or twisted toward one side; not in a straight or true direction, or position; out of the right course; distorted; obliquely; asquint; with oblique vision; as to glance awry. ´Your crown’s awry.´ Shak. “Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry.
Into the devious air.
Milton.” 2. Aside from the line of truth, or right reason; unreasonable or unreasonably; perverse or perversely. “Or by her charms
Draws him awry, enslaved.
Milton.” “Nothing more awry from the law of God and nature than that a woman should give laws to men.
Milton.”

Aw´some , a. Same as Awesome. { Ax , Axe } , n. [OE. ax, axe, AS. eax, aex, acas; akin to D. akse, OS. accus, OHG. acchus, G. axt, Icel. öx, öxi, Sw. yxe, Dan. ökse, Goth. aqizi, Gr. , L. ascia; not akin to E. acute.] A tool or instrument of steel, or of iron with a steel edge or blade, for felling trees, chopping and splitting wood, hewing timber, etc. It is wielded by a wooden helve or handle, so fixed in a socket or eye as to be in the same plane with the blade. The broadax, or carpenter’s ax, is an ax for hewing timber, made heavier than the chopping ax, and with a broader and thinner blade and a shorter handle. The ancient battle-ax had sometimes a double edge. The word is used adjectively or in combination; as axhead or ax head; ax helve; ax handle; ax shaft; ax-shaped; axlike. This word was originally spelt with e, axe; and so also was nearly every corresponding word of one syllable: as flaxe, taxe, waxe, sixe, mixe, pixe, oxe, fluxe, etc. This superfluous e is not dropped; so that, in more than a hundred words ending in x, no one thinks of retaining the e except in axe. Analogy requires its exclusion here. ´The spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late become prevalent.´ New English Dict. (Murray).

Ax , v. t. & i. [OE. axien and asken. See Ask.] To ask; to inquire or inquire of. This word is from Saxon, and is as old as the English language. Formerly it was in good use, but now is regarded as a vulgarism. It is still dialectic in England, and is sometimes heard among the uneducated in the United States. ´And Pilate axide him, Art thou king of Jewis?´ ´Or if he axea fish.´ Wyclif. ’bdThe king axed after your Grace’s welfare.´ Pegge.

Ax´al , a. [See Axial.] [R.] { Axe , Axe´man , etc.} See Ax, Axman.

Ax´i•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to an axis; of the nature of, or resembling, an axis; around an axis. “To take on an axial, and not an equatorial, direction.
Nichol.” 2. (Anat.) Belonging to the axis of the body; as the axial skeleton; or to the axis of any appendage or organ; as the axial bones. Axial line (Magnetism), the line taken by the magnetic force in passing from one pole of a horseshoe magnet to the other. Faraday.

Ax´i•al•ly , adv. In relation to, or in a line with, an axis; in the axial (magnetic) line.

Ax´il , n. [L. axilla. Cf. Axle.] (Bot.) The angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs. Gray.

Ax´ile , a. Situated in the axis of anything; as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. Gray.

Ax•il´la , n.; pl. Axillae . [L.] (Anat.) The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder. 2. (Bot.) An axil.

Ax´il•lar , a. Axillary. { Ax´il•la•ries , Ax´il•lars } n. pl. (Zoöl.) Feathers connecting the under surface of the wing and the body, and concealed by the closed wing.

Ax´il•la•ry , a. [See Axil.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the axilla or armpit; as axillary gland, artery, nerve. 2. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising from, an axil; of or pertaining to an axil. ´Axillary buds.´ Gray.

Ax´i•nite , n. [Named in allusion to the form of the crystals, fr. Gr. an ax.] (Min.) A borosilicate of alumina, iron, and lime, commonly found in glassy, brown crystals with acute edges.

Ax•in´o•man•cy , n. [L. axinomantia, Gr. ax + -mancy.] A species of divination, by means of an ax or hatchet.

Ax´i•om , n. [L. axioma, Gr. that which is thought worthy, that which is assumed, a basis of demonstration, a principle, fr. to think worthy, fr. worthy, weighing as much as; cf. to lead, drive, also to weigh so much: cf F. axiome. See Agent, a.] 1. (Logic & Math.) A self-evident and necessary truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evident as first sight that no reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer; a proposition which it is necessary to take for granted; as ´The whole is greater than a part;´ ´A thing can not, at the same time, be and not be.´ 2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received; as the axioms of political economy. Syn. — Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism, Adage. An axiom is a self-evident truth which is taken for granted as the basis of reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life. An aphorism is a short sentence pithily expressing some valuable and general truth or sentiment. An adage is a saying of long-established authority and of universal application. { Ax•i•o•mat´ic , Ax•i•o•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to an axiom; having the nature of an axiom; self-evident; characterized by axioms. ´Axiomatical truth.´ Johnson. “The stores of axiomatic wisdom.
I. Taylor.”

Ax•i•o•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. By the use of axioms; in the form of an axiom.

Ax´is , n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The spotted deer (Cervus axis or Axis maculata) of India, where it is called hog deer and parrah (Moorish name).

Ax´is , n.; pl. Axes . [L. axis axis, axle. See Axle.] A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line passing through a body or system around which the parts are symmetrically arranged. 2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone, that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing through the center. 3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the central line of any body. Gray. 4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or vertebra dentata. (b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas so as to form the odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head to turn upon. 5. (Crystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, assumed in describing the position of the planes by which a crystal is bounded. 6. (Fine Arts) The primary or secondary central line of any design. Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. — Synclinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward in opposite directions, so as to form a valley. — Axis cylinder (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central substance of a nerve fiber; — called also axis band, axial fiber, and cylinder axis. — Axis in peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. — Axis of a curve (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve; called a principal axis, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical portions, as in the parabola, which has one such axis, the ellipse, which has two, or the circle, which has an infinite number. The two axes of the ellipse are the major axis and the minor axis, and the two axes of the hyperbola are the transverse axis and the conjugate axis. — Axis of a lens, the straight line passing through its center and perpendicular to its surfaces. — Axis of a telescope or microscope, the straight line with which coincide the axes of the several lenses which compose it. — Axes of coördinates in a plane, two straight lines intersecting each other, to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position: they are either rectangular or oblique. — Axes of coördinates in space, the three straight lines in which the coördinate planes intersect each other. — Axis of a balance, that line about which it turns. — Axis of oscillation, of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of vibration. — Axis of polarization, the central line around which the prismatic rings or curves are arranged. Brewster. — Axis of revolution (Descriptive Geom.), a straight line about which some line or plane is revolved, so that the several points of the line or plane shall describe circles with their centers in the fixed line, and their planes perpendicular to it, the line describing a surface of revolution, and the plane a solid of revolution. — Axis of symmetry (Geom.), any line in a plane figure which divides the figure into two such parts that one part, when folded over along the axis, shall coincide with the other part. — Axis of the equator, ecliptic, horizon (or other circle considered with reference to the sphere on which it lies), the diameter of the sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Hutton. — Axis of the Ionic capital (Arch.), a line passing perpendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. - - Neutral axis (Mech.), the line of demarcation between the horizontal elastic forces of tension and compression, exerted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder. - - Optic axis of a crystal, the direction in which a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. All crystals, not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial or biaxial. — Optic axis, Visual axis (Opt.), the straight line passing through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to the surface of the eye. — Radical axis of two circles (Geom.), the straight line perpendicular to the line joining their centers and such that the tangents from any point of it to the two circles shall be equal to each other. — Spiral axis (Arch.), the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. - - Axis of abscissas and Axis of ordinates. See Abscissa.

Ax´le (aks´’l), n. [OE. axel, exel, shoulder, AS. eaxl; akin to AS. eax axle, Sw. & Dan. axel shoulder, axle, G. achse axle, achsel shoulder, L. axis axle, Gr. ’a•xwn, Skr. aksha, L. axilla shoulder joint: cf. F. essieu, axle, OF. aissel, fr. dim. of L. axis. rad.205. Cf. 2d Axis.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel. 2. A transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage; an axletree. 3. An axis; as the sun’s axle. “Had from her axle torn
The steadfast earth.
Milton.” Railway axles are called leading and trailing from their position in the front or in the rear of a car or truck respectively.

Ax´le box . 1. A bushing in the hub of a wheel, through which the axle passes. 2. The journal box of a rotating axle, especially a railway axle. In railway construction, the axle guard, or pedestal, with the superincumbent weight, rests on the top of the box (usually with a spring intervening), and holds it in place by flanges. The box rests upon the journal bearing and key, which intervene between the inner top of the box and the axle.

Ax´led , a. Having an axle; — used in composition. “Merlin’s agate-axled car.
T. Warton.”

Ax´le guard . The part of the framing of a railway car or truck, by which an axle box is held laterally, and in which it may move vertically; — also called a jaw in the United States, and a housing in England.

Ax´le•tree , n. [Cf. Icel. öxultr.] 1. A bar or beam of wood or iron, connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the ends of which the wheels revolve. 2. A spindle or axle of a wheel. [Obs.]

Ax´man , n.; pl. Axmen . One who wields an ax.

Ax´min•ster , n. An Axminster carpet, an imitation Turkey carpet, noted for its thick and soft pile; — so called from Axminster, Eng.

Ax´o•lotl , n. [The native name.] (Zoöl.) An amphibian of the salamander tribe found in the elevated lakes of Mexico; the siredon. When it breeds in captivity the young develop into true salamanders of the genus Amblystoma. This also occurs naturally under favorable conditions, in its native localities; although it commonly lives and breeds in a larval state, with persistent external gills. See Siredon.

Ax´stone , n. (Min.) A variety of jade. It is used by some savages, particularly the natives of the South Sea Islands, for making axes or hatchets.

Ax´tree , n. Axle or axletree. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ax´unge , n. [F. axonge, L. axungia; axis wheel + ungere to grease.] Fat; grease; esp. the fat of pigs or geese; usually (Pharm.), lard prepared for medical use.

Ay , interj. Ah! alas! ´Ay me! I fondly dream •Had ye been there.’´ Milton.

Ay , adv. Same as Aye.

A´yah , n. [Pg. aia, akin to Sp. aya a governess, ayo a tutor.] A native nurse for children; also a lady’s maid. [India] { Aye , Ay } , adv. [Perh. a modification of yea, or from the interjection of admiration or astonishment, OE. ei, ey, why, hey, ay, well, ah, ha. Cf. MHG. & G. ei, Dan. ej. Or perh. akin to aye ever.] Yes; yea; — a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a question. It is much used in viva voce voting in legislative bodies, etc. This word is written I in the early editions of Shakespeare and other old writers.

Aye , n. An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as ´To call for the ayes and noes;´ ´The ayes have it.´ { Aye , Ay } , adv. [Icel. ei, ey; akin to AS. a, awa, always, Goth. aiws an age, Icel. aefi, OHG, wa, L. aevum, Gr. an age, , , ever, always, G. je, Skr. va course. , . Cf. Age, v., Either, a., Or, conj.] Always; ever; continually; for an indefinite time. “For his mercies aye endure.
Milton.” For aye, always; forever; eternally.

Aye´-aye , n. [From the native name, prob. from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A singular nocturnal quadruped, allied to the lemurs, found in Madagascar (Cheiromys Madagascariensis), remarkable for its long fingers, sharp nails, and rodent-like incisor teeth.

Aye´green , n. [Aye ever + green.] (Bot.) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum). Halliwell. { A•yen´ , A•yein´ , A•yeins´ }, adv. & prep. [OE. , . See Again.] Again; back against. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•yen´ward , adv. Backward. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ayle , n. [OE. ayel, aiel, OF. aiol, aiel, F. aïeul, a dim. of L. avus grandfather.] A grandfather. [Obs.] Writ of Ayle, an ancient English writ which lay against a stranger who had dispossessed the demandant of land of which his grandfather died seized.

Ay´me , n. [Cf. F. ahi interj.] The utterance of the ejaculation ´Ay me !´ [Obs.] See Ay, interj. ´Aymees and hearty heigh-hoes.´ J. Fletcher.

A•yond´ , prep. & adv. Beyond. [North of Eng.]

A•yont´ , prep. & adv. Beyond. [Scot.] { A´y•rie , A´y•ry } , n. See Aerie. Drayton.

Ayr´shire , n. (Agric.) One of a superior breed of cattle from Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshires are notable for the quantity and quality of their milk.

A•yun•ta•mi•en´to , n. [Sp., fr. OSp. ayuntar to join.] In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in cities and towns, corresponding to mayor and aldermen.

A•za´le•a ( 97), n.; pl. Azaleas . [NL., fr. Gr. dry, — so called because supposed to grow best in dry ground.] (Bot.) A genus of showy flowering shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America; false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from Rhododendron.

Az´a•role , n. [F. azerole, the name of the fruit, fr. Ar. az-zo’rr: cf. It. azzeruolo, Sp. acerolo.] (Bot.) The Neapolitan medlar (Crataegus azarolus), a shrub of southern Europe; also its fruit.

A•zed´a•rach , n. [F. azedarac, Sp. acederaque, Pers. azaddirakht noble tree.] 1. (Bot.) A handsome Asiatic tree (Melia azedarach), common in the southern United States; — called also Pride of India, Pride of China, and Bead tree. 2. (Med.) The bark of the roots of the azedarach, used as a cathartic and emetic.

Az´i•muth , n. [OE. azimut, F. azimut, fr. Ar. as-sumt, pl. of as-samt a way, or perh., a point of the horizon and a circle extending to it from the zenith, as being the Arabic article: cf. It. azzimutto, Pg. azimuth, and Ar. samt-al-ra’s the vertex of the heaven. Cf. Zenith.] (Astron. & Geodesy) (a) The quadrant of an azimuth circle. (b) An arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object; as the azimuth of a star; the azimuth or bearing of a line surveying. In trigonometrical surveying, it is customary to reckon the azimuth of a line from the south point of the horizon around by the west from 0° to 360°. Azimuth circle, or Vertical circle, one of the great circles of the sphere intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. Hutton. — Azimuth compass, a compass resembling the mariner’s compass, but having the card divided into degrees instead of rhumbs, and having vertical sights; used for taking the magnetic azimuth of a heavenly body, in order to find, by comparison with the true azimuth, the variation of the needle. — Azimuth dial, a dial whose stile or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. Hutton. — Magnetic azimuth, an arc of the horizon, intercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object and the magnetic meridian. This is found by observing the object with an azimuth compass.

Az´i•muth•al , a. Of or pertaining to the azimuth; in a horizontal circle. Azimuthal error of a transit instrument, its deviation in azimuth from the plane of the meridian.

Az´o- . [See Azote.] (Chem.) A combining form of azote; (a) Applied loosely to compounds having nitrogen variously combined, as in cyanides, nitrates, etc. (b) Now especially applied to compounds containing a two atom nitrogen group uniting two hydrocarbon radicals, as in azobenzene, azobenzoic, etc. These compounds furnish many artificial dyes. See Diazo-.

Az•o•ben´zene , n. [Azo- + benzene.] (Chem.) A substance (C_6H_5.N_2.C_6H_5) derived from nitrobenzene, forming orange red crystals which are easily fusible.

A•zo´ic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + life, from to live.] Destitute of any vestige of organic life, or at least of animal life; anterior to the existence of animal life; formed when there was no animal life on the globe; as the azoic. rocks. Azoic age (Geol.), the age preceding the existence of animal life, or anterior to the paleozoic tome. Azoic is also used as a noun, age being understood. See Archaean, and Eozoic.

Az•o•le´ic , a. [Azo- + oleic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid produced by treating oleic with nitric acid. [R.]

A•zon´ic , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + zone, region.] Confined to no zone or region; not local.

A•zo´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Azores. — n. A native of the Azores.

Az´ote ( 277), n. [F. azote, fr. Gr. ’a priv. + life; — so named by Lavoisier because it is incapable of supporting life.] Same as Nitrogen. [R.]

Az´oth , n. [LL. azoch, azoth, fr. Ar. az-zauq mercury.] (Alchemy) (a) The first principle of metals, i. e., mercury, which was formerly supposed to exist in all metals, and to be extractable from them. (b) The universal remedy of Paracelsus.

A•zot´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; nitric; as azotic gas; azotic acid. [R.] Carpenter.

Az´o•tite , n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of azotous, or nitrous, acid with a base; a nitrite. [R.]

Az´o•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Azotized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Azotizing .] To impregnate with azote, or nitrogen; to nitrogenize.

Az•o•tom´e•ter , n. [Azote + - meter.] (Chem.) An apparatus for measuring or determining the proportion of nitrogen; a nitrometer.

A•zo´tous , a. Nitrous; as azotous acid. [R.]

Az´tec , a. Of or relating to one of the early races in Mexico that inhabited the great plateau of that country at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519. — n. One of the Aztec race or people.

Az´ure ( 277), a. [F. & OSp. azur, Sp. azul, through Ar. from Per. lajaward, or lajuward, lapis lazuli, a blue color, lajawardi, lajuwardi, azure, cerulean, the initial l having been dropped, perhaps by the influence of the Ar. azr-aq azure, blue. Cf. G. lasur, lasurstein, azure color, azure stone, and NL. lapis lazuli.] Sky-blue; resembling the clear blue color of the unclouded sky; cerulean; also cloudless. Azure stone (Min.), the lapis lazuli; also the lazulite.

Az´ure, n. 1. The lapis lazuli. [Obs.] 2. The clear blue color of the sky; also a pigment or dye of this color. ´In robes of azure.´ Wordsworth. 3. The blue vault above; the unclouded sky. “Not like those steps
On heaven’s azure.
Milton.” 4. (Her.) A blue color, represented in engraving by horizontal parallel lines.

Az´ure, v. t. To color blue.

Az´ured , a. Of an azure color; sky-blue. ´The azured harebell.´ Shak.

A•zu´re•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of a fine blue color; azure.

Az´u•rine , a. [Cf. Azurn.] Azure.

Az´u•rine, n. (Zoöl.) The blue roach of Europe (Leuciscus caeruleus); — so called from its color.

Az´u•rite , n. (Min.) Blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite.

Az´urn , a. [Cf. OF. azurin, asurin, LL. azurinus. See Azure, a.] Azure. [Obs.] “Thick set with agate, and the azurn sheen
Of turkis blue, and emerald green.
Milton.”

Az´y•gous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + yoke.] Odd; having no fellow; not one of a pair; single; as the azygous muscle of the uvula. { Az´ym , Az´yme } , n. [F. azyme unleavened, L. azymus, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + leaven.] Unleavened bread.

A•zym´ic , a. Azymous.

Az´y•mite , n. [Cf. F. azymite.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who administered the Eucharist with unleavened bread; — a name of reproach given by those of the Greek church to the Latins.

Az´y•mous , a. [See Azym.] Unleavened; unfermented. ´Azymous bread.´ Dunglison. B.

B (be) is the second letter of the English alphabet. (See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 196, 220.) It is etymologically related to p, v, f, w, and m, letters representing sounds having a close organic affinity to its own sound; as in Eng. bursar and purser; Eng. bear and Lat. ferre; Eng. silver and Ger. silber; Lat. cubitum and It. gomito; Eng. seven, Anglo-Saxon seofon, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Gr.´epta•, Sanskrit saptan. The form of letter B is Roman, from the Greek B (Beta), of Semitic origin. The small b was formed by gradual change from the capital B. In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in the model major scale (the scale of C major), or of the second tone in its relative minor scale (that of A minor). B&flat; stands for B flat, the tone a half step , or semitone, lower than B. In German, B stands for our B&flat;, while our B natural is called H (pronounced hä).

Ba (bä), v. t. [Cf. OF. baer to open the mouth, F. bayer.] To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Baa (bä), v. i. [Cf. G. bäen; an imitative word.] To cry baa, or bleat as a sheep. “He treble baas for help, but none can get.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Baa (bä), n.; pl. Baas (bäz). [Cf. G. bä.] The cry or bleating of a sheep; a bleat.

Baa´ing, n. The bleating of a sheep. Marryat.

Ba´al (ba´al), n.; Heb. pl. Baalim (-im). [Heb. ba’al lord.] 1. (Myth.) The supreme male divinity of the Phoenician and Canaanitish nations. The name of this god occurs in the Old Testament and elsewhere with qualifying epithets subjoined, answering to the different ideas of his character; ; as Baal-berith (the Covenant Baal), Baal-zebub (Baal of the fly). 2. pl. The whole class of divinities to whom the name Baal was applied. Judges x. 6.

Ba´al•ism (-iz’m), n. Worship of Baal; idolatry. { Ba´al•ist , Ba´al•ite } n. A worshiper of Baal; a devotee of any false religion; an idolater.

Ba´ba , n. [F.] A kind of plum cake.

Bab´bitt , v. t. To line with Babbitt metal.

Bab´bitt met•al . [From the inventor, Isaac Babbitt of Massachusetts.] A soft white alloy of variable composition (as a nine parts of tin to one of copper, or of fifty parts of tin to five of antimony and one of copper) used in bearings to diminish friction.

Bab´ble (bab´b’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Babbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Babbling.] [Cf.LG. babbeln, D. babbelen, G. bappeln, bappern, F. babiller, It. babbolare; prob. orig., to keep saying ba, imitative of a child learning to talk.] 1. To utter words indistinctly or unintelligibly; to utter inarticulate sounds; as a child babbles. 2. To talk incoherently; to utter unmeaning words. 3. To talk much; to chatter; to prate. 4. To make a continuous murmuring noise, as shallow water running over stones. “In every babbling brook he finds a friend.
Wordsworth.” Hounds are said to babble, or to be babbling, when they are too noisy after having found a good scent. Syn. — To prate; prattle; chatter; gossip.

Bab´ble, v. t. 1. To utter in an indistinct or incoherent way; to repeat, as words, in a childish way without understanding. “These [words] he used to babble in all companies.
Arbuthnot.” 2. To disclose by too free talk, as a secret.

Bab´ble, n. 1. Idle talk; senseless prattle; gabble; twaddle. ´This is mere moral babble.´ Milton. 2. Inarticulate speech; constant or confused murmur. “The babble of our young children.
Darwin.” “The babble of the stream.
Tennyson.”

Bab´ble•ment , n. Babble. Hawthorne.

Bab´bler , n. 1. An idle talker; an irrational prater; a teller of secrets. “Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust.
L’Estrange.” 2. A hound too noisy on finding a good scent. 3. (Zoöl.) A name given to any one of a family (Timalinae) of thrushlike birds, having a chattering note.

Bab´ble•ry , n. Babble. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Babe (bab), n. [Cf. Ir. bab, baban, W. baban, maban.] 1. An infant; a young child of either sex; a baby. 2. A doll for children. Spenser.

Babe´hood , n. Babyhood. [R.] Udall.

Ba´bel , n. [Heb. Babel, the name of the capital of Babylonia; in Genesis associated with the idea of ´confusion.´] 1. The city and tower in the land of Shinar, where the confusion of languages took place. “Therefore is the name of it called Babel.
Gen. xi. 9.” 2. Hence: A place or scene of noise and confusion; a confused mixture of sounds, as of voices or languages. “That babel of strange heathen languages.
Hammond.” “The grinding babel of the street”. R. L. Stevenson.

Bab´er•y , n. [Perh. orig. for baboonery. Cf. Baboon, and also Babe.] Finery of a kind to please a child. [Obs.] ´Painted babery.´ Sir P. Sidney. { Ba´bi•an , Ba´bi•on } , n. [See Baboon.] A baboon. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bab´il•lard , n. [F., a babbler.] (Zoöl.) The lesser whitethroat of Europe; — called also babbling warbler.

Bab´ing•ton•ite , n. [From Dr. Babbington.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in triclinic crystals approaching pyroxene in angle, and of a greenish black color. It is a silicate of iron, manganese, and lime. { Bab•i•rous´sa , Bab•i•rus´sa} , n. [F. babiroussa, fr. Malay babi hog + rusa deer.] (Zoöl.) A large hoglike quadruped (Sus, or Porcus, babirussa) of the East Indies, sometimes domesticated; the Indian hog. Its upper canine teeth or tusks are large and recurved.

Bab´ish , a. Like a babe; a childish; babyish. [R.] ´Babish imbecility.´ Drayton. - - Bab´ish•ly, adv. — Bab´ish•ness, n. [R.]

Bab´ism , n. [From Bab (Pers. bab a gate), the title assumed by the founder, Mirza Ali Mohammed.] The doctrine of a modern religious sect, which originated in Persia in 1843, being a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish, and Parsee elements.

Bab´ist, n. A believer in Babism.

Bab´lah , n. [Cf. Per. babul a species of mimosa yielding gum arabic.] The rind of the fruit of several East Indian species of acacia; neb-neb. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and is used for dyeing drab. { Ba´boo , Ba´bu } (bä´boo), n. [Hind. babu.] A Hindoo gentleman; a native clerk who writes English; also a Hindoo title answering to Mr. or Esquire. Whitworth.

Bab•oon´ , n. [OE. babewin, baboin, fr. F. babouin, or LL. babewynus. Of unknown origin; cf. D. baviaan, G. pavian, baboon, F. babine lip of ape, dogs, etc., dial. G. bäppe mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Old World Quadrumana, of the genera Cynocephalus and Papio; the dog-faced ape. Baboons have dog- like muzzles and large canine teeth, cheek pouches, a short tail, and naked callosities on the buttocks. They are mostly African. See Mandrill, and Chacma, and Drill an ape.

Bab•oon´ery , n. Baboonish behavior. Marryat.

Bab•oon´ish, a. Like a baboon.

Ba´by (ba´by), n.; pl. Babies (-biz). [Dim. of babe.] An infant or young child of either sex; a babe. 2. A small image of an infant; a doll. Babies in the eyes, the minute reflection which one sees of one’s self in the eyes of another. “She clung about his neck, gave him ten kisses,
Toyed with his locks, looked babies in his eyes.
Heywood.”

Ba´by, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an infant; young or little; as baby swans. ´Baby figure´ Shak.

Ba´by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Babied (-bid); p. pr. & vb. n. Babying.] To treat like a young child; to keep dependent; to humor; to fondle. Young.

Ba´by farm . A place where the nourishment and care of babies are offered for hire.

Ba´by farm•er . One who keeps a baby farm.

Ba´by farm•ing. The business of keeping a baby farm.

Ba´by•hood , n. The state or period of infancy.

Ba´by•house , n. A place for children’s dolls and dolls’ furniture. Swift.

Ba´by•ish, a. Like a baby; childish; puerile; simple. — Ba´by•ish•ly, adv. — Ba´by•ish•ness, n.

Ba´by•ism , n. 1. The state of being a baby. 2. A babyish manner of acting or speaking.

Ba´by jump•er . A hoop suspended by an elastic strap, in which a young child may be held secure while amusing itself by jumping on the floor.

Bab•y•lo´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to the real or to the mystical Babylon, or to the ancient kingdom of Babylonia; Chaldean.

Bab•y•lo´ni•an, n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia (which included Chaldea); a Chaldean. 2. An astrologer; — so called because the Chaldeans were remarkable for the study of astrology. { Bab•y•lon´ic , Bab•y•lon´ic•al } a. 1. Pertaining to Babylon, or made there; as Babylonic garments, carpets, or hangings. 2. Tumultuous; disorderly. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

Bab´y•lo•nish , a. 1. Of or pertaining to, or made in, Babylon or Babylonia. ´A Babylonish garment.´ Josh. vii. 21. 2. Pertaining to the Babylon of Revelation xiv. 8. 3. Pertaining to Rome and papal power. [Obs.] “The … injurious nickname of Babylonish. Gage.” 4. Confused; Babel-like. { Bab•y•rous´sa , Bab•y•rus´sa } , n. (Zoöl.) See Babiroussa.

Ba´by•ship , n. The quality of being a baby; the personality of an infant.

Bac , n. [F. See Back a vat.] 1. A broad, flat-bottomed ferryboat, usually worked by a rope. 2. A vat or cistern. See 1st Back.

Bac´ca•lau´re•ate , n. [NL. baccalaureatus, fr. LL. baccalaureus a bachelor of arts, fr. baccalarius, but as if fr. L. bacca lauri bayberry, from the practice of the bachelor’s wearing a garland of bayberries. See Bachelor.] 1. The degree of bachelor of arts (B.A. or A.B.), the first or lowest academical degree conferred by universities and colleges. 2. A baccalaureate sermon. [U.S.]

Bac•ca•lau´re•ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts. Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a sermon delivered as a farewell discourse to a graduating class. { Bac•ca•ra´ , Bac•ca•rat´ } , n. [F.] A French game of cards, played by a banker and punters. { Bac•ca´re , Bac•ka´re } , interj. Stand back! give place! — a cant word of the Elizabethan writers, probably in ridicule of some person who pretended to a knowledge of Latin which he did not possess. “Baccare! you are marvelous forward.
Shak.”

Bac´cate , a. [L. baccatus, fr. L. bacca berry.] (Bot.) Pulpy throughout, like a berry; — said of fruits. Gray.

Bac´ca•ted , a. 1. Having many berries. 2. Set or adorned with pearls. [Obs.]

Bac´cha•nal (bak´ka•nal), a. [L. Bacchanalis. See Bacchanalia.] 1. Relating to Bacchus or his festival. 2. Engaged in drunken revels; drunken and riotous or noisy.

Bac´cha•nal , n. 1. A devotee of Bacchus; one who indulges in drunken revels; one who is noisy and riotous when intoxicated; a carouser. ´Tipsy bacchanals.´ Shak. 2. pl. The festival of Bacchus; the bacchanalia. 3. Drunken revelry; an orgy. 4. A song or a dance in honor of Bacchus.

Bac•cha•na´li•a (-na´li•a), n. pl. [L. Bacchanal a place devoted to Bacchus; in the pl. Bacchanalia a feast of Bacchus, fr. Bacchus the god of wine, Gr. Ba•kchos.] 1. (Myth.) A feast or an orgy in honor of Bacchus. 2. Hence: A drunken feast; drunken revels; an orgy.

Bac•cha•na´li•an (-na´li•an; 106), a. Of or pertaining to the festival of Bacchus; relating to or given to reveling and drunkenness. “Even bacchanalian madness has its charms.
Cowper.”

Bac•cha•na´li•an, n. A bacchanal; a drunken reveler.

Bac•cha•na´li•an•ism , n. The practice of bacchanalians; bacchanals; drunken revelry.

Bac´chant , n.; pl. E. Bacchants, L. Bacchantes. [L. bacchans, -antis, p. pr. of bacchari to celebrate the festival of Bacchus.] 1. A priest of Bacchus. 2. A bacchanal; a reveler. Croly.

Bac´chant, a. Bacchanalian; fond of drunken revelry; wine-loving; reveling; carousing. Byron.

Bac´chante , n.; L. pl. Bacchantes. 1. A priestess of Bacchus. 2. A female bacchanal.

Bac•chan´tic , a. Bacchanalian. { Bac´chic , Bac´chic•al }, a. [L. Bacchicus, Gr. Bakchiko•s.] Of or relating to Bacchus; hence, jovial, or riotous, with intoxication.

Bac•chi´us , n.; pl. Bacchii . [L. Bacchius pes, Gr. ´o Bakchei^os (sc. poy•s foot).] (Pros.) A metrical foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones; according to some, two long and a short.

Bac´chus , n. [L., fr. Gr. Ba•kchos.] (Myth.) The god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele.

Bac•cif´er•ous , a. [L. baccifer; bacca berry + ferre to bear.] Producing berries. ´ Bacciferous trees.´ Ray.

Bac´ci•form , a. [L. bacca berry + -form.] Having the form of a berry.

Bac•civ´o•rous , a. [L. bacca berry + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Eating, or subsisting on, berries; as baccivorous birds.

Bace , n., a., & v. See Base. [Obs.] Spenser. {Bach´a•rach , Back´a•rack } , n. A kind of wine made at Bacharach on the Rhine.

Bach´e•lor (bach´e•ler), n. [OF. bacheler young man, F. bachelier (cf. Pr. bacalar, Sp. bachiller, Pg. bacharel, It. baccalare), LL. baccalarius the tenant of a kind of farm called baccalaria, a soldier not old or rich enough to lead his retainers into battle with a banner, a person of an inferior academical degree aspiring to a doctorate. In the latter sense, it was afterward changed to baccalaureus. See Baccalaureate, n.] 1. A man of any age who has not been married. “As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a hound.
W. Irving.” 2. An unmarried woman. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. A person who has taken the first or lowest degree in the liberal arts, or in some branch of science, at a college or university; as a bachelor of arts. 4. A knight who had no standard of his own, but fought under the standard of another in the field; often, a young knight. 5. In the companies of London tradesmen, one not yet admitted to wear the livery; a junior member. [Obs.] 6. (Zoöl.) A kind of bass, an edible fresh-water fish (Pomoxys annularis) of the southern United States.

Bach´e•lor•dom (bach´e•ler•dum), n. The state of bachelorhood; the whole body of bachelors.

Bach´e•lor•hood (-hood), n. The state or condition of being a bachelor; bachelorship.

Bach´e•lor•ism (-iz’m), n. Bachelorhood; also a manner or peculiarity belonging to bachelors. W. Irving.

Bach´e•lor’s but´ton , (Bot.) A plant with flowers shaped like buttons; especially, several species of Ranunculus, and the cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) and globe amaranth (Gomphrena). Bachelor’s buttons, a name given to several flowers ´from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons, anciently worne in this kingdom,´ according to Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 472 (1633); but by other writers ascribed to ´a habit of country fellows to carry them in their pockets to divine their success with their sweethearts.´ Dr. Prior.

Bach´e•lor•ship, n. The state of being a bachelor.

Bach´el•ry , n. [OF. bachelerie.] The body of young aspirants for knighthood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ba•cil´lar , a. [L. bacillum little staff.] (Biol.) Shaped like a rod or staff.

Bac´il•la•ri•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr.L. bacillum, dim. of baculum stick.] (Biol.) See Diatom.

Bac´il•la•ry , a. Of or pertaining to little rods; rod-shaped.

Ba•cil´li•form , a. [L. bacillum little staff + -form.] Rod-shaped.

Ba•cil´lus , n.; pl. Bacilli . [NL., for L. bacillum. See Bacillarle.] (Biol.) A variety of bacterium; a microscopic, rod-shaped vegetable organism.

Back (bak), n. [F. bac: cf. Arm. bag, bak a bark, D. bak tray, bowl.] 1. A large shallow vat; a cistern, tub, or trough, used by brewers, distillers, dyers, picklers, gluemakers, and others, for mixing or cooling wort, holding water, hot glue, etc. Hop back, Jack back, the cistern which receives the infusion of malt and hops from the copper. — Wash back, a vat in which distillers ferment the wort to form wash. — Water back, a cistern to hold a supply of water; esp. a small cistern at the back of a stove, or a group of pipes set in the fire box of a stove or furnace, through which water circulates and is heated. 2. A ferryboat. See Bac, 1.

Back (bak), n. [AS. baec, bac; akin to Icel., Sw., & LG. bak, Dan. bag; cf. OHG. bahho ham, Skr. bhaj to turn, OSlav. begu flight. Cf. Bacon.] 1. In human beings, the hinder part of the body, extending from the neck to the end of the spine; in other animals, that part of the body which corresponds most nearly to such part of a human being; as the back of a horse, fish, or lobster. 2. An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge. “[The mountains] their broad bare backs upheave
Into the clouds.
Milton.” 3. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part; as the back of the hand, the back of the foot, the back of a hand rail. “Methought Love pitying me, when he saw this,
Gave me your hands, the backs and palms to kiss.
Donne.” 4. The part opposed to the front; the hinder or rear part of a thing; as the back of a book; the back of an army; the back of a chimney. 5. The part opposite to, or most remote from, that which fronts the speaker or actor; or the part out of sight, or not generally seen; as the back of an island, of a hill, or of a village. 6. The part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its edge; as the back of a knife, or of a saw. 7. A support or resource in reserve. “This project
Should have a back or second, that might hold,
If this should blast in proof.
Shak.” 8. (Naut.) The keel and keelson of a ship. 9. (Mining) The upper part of a lode, or the roof of a horizontal underground passage. 10. A garment for the back; hence, clothing. [Obs.] “A bak to walken inne by daylight.
Chaucer.” Behind one’s back, when one is absent; without one’s knowledge; as to ridicule a person behind his back. — Full back, Half back, Quarter back (Football), players stationed behind those in the front line. — To be or lie on one’s back, to be helpless. — To put, or get, one’s back up, to assume an attitude of obstinate resistance (from the action of a cat when attacked). [Colloq.] — To see the back of, to get rid of. — To turn the back, to go away; to flee. — To turn the back on one, to forsake or neglect him.

Back, a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear; distant; remote; as the back door; back settlements. 2. Being in arrear; overdue; as back rent. 3. Moving or operating backward; as back action. Back charges, charges brought forward after an account has been made up. — Back filling (Arch.), the mass of materials used in filling up the space between two walls, or between the inner and outer faces of a wall, or upon the haunches of an arch or vault. — Back pressure. (Steam Engine) See under Pressure. — Back rest, a guide attached to the slide rest of a lathe, and placed in contact with the work, to steady it in turning. — Back slang, a kind of slang in which every word is written or pronounced backwards; as nam for man. — Back stairs, stairs in the back part of a house; private stairs. Also used adjectively. See Back stairs, Backstairs, and Backstair, in the Vocabulary. — Back step (Mil.), the retrograde movement of a man or body of men, without changing front. — Back stream, a current running against the main current of a stream; an eddy. — To take the back track, to retrace one’s steps; to retreat. [Colloq.]

Back , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Backed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Backing.] 1. To get upon the back of; to mount. “I will back him [a horse] straight.
Shak.” 2. To place or seat upon the back. [R.] “Great Jupiter, upon his eagle backed,
Appeared to me.
Shak.” 3. To drive or force backward; to cause to retreat or recede; as to back oxen. 4. To make a back for; to furnish with a back; as to back books. 5. To adjoin behind; to be at the back of. “A garden … with a vineyard backed.
Shak.” “The chalk cliffs which back the beach.
Huxley.” 6. To write upon the back of; as to back a letter; to indorse; as to back a note or legal document. 7. To support; to maintain; to second or strengthen by aid or influence; as to back a friend. ´The Parliament would be backed by the people.´ Macaulay. “Have still found it necessary to back and fortify their laws with rewards and punishments.
South.” “The mate backed the captain manfully.
Blackw. Mag.” 8. To bet on the success of; — as to back a race horse. To back an anchor (Naut.), to lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one. — To back the field, in horse racing, to bet against a particular horse or horses, that some one of all the other horses, collectively designated ´the field´, will win. — To back the oars, to row backward with the oars. — To back a rope, to put on a preventer. — To back the sails, to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern. — To back up, to support; to sustain; as to back up one’s friends. — To back a warrant (Law), is for a justice of the peace, in the county where the warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender. — To back water (Naut.), to reverse the action of the oars, paddles, or propeller, so as to force the boat or ship backward.

Back, v. i. 1. To move or go backward; as the horse refuses to back. 2. (Naut.) To change from one quarter to another by a course opposite to that of the sun; — used of the wind. 3. (Sporting) To stand still behind another dog which has pointed; — said of a dog. [Eng.] To back and fill, to manage the sails of a ship so that the wind strikes them alternately in front and behind, in order to keep the ship in the middle of a river or channel while the current or tide carries the vessel against the wind. Hence: (Fig.) To take opposite positions alternately; to assert and deny. [Colloq.] — To back out, To back down, to retreat or withdraw from a promise, engagement, or contest; to recede. [Colloq.] “Cleon at first … was willing to go; but, finding that he [Nicias] was in earnest, he tried to back out.
Jowett (Thucyd. )”

Back, adv. [Shortened from aback.] 1. In, to, or toward, the rear; as to stand back; to step back. 2. To the place from which one came; to the place or person from which something is taken or derived; as to go back for something left behind; to go back to one’s native place; to put a book back after reading it. 3. To a former state, condition, or station; as to go back to private life; to go back to barbarism. 4. (Of time) In times past; ago. ´Sixty or seventy years back.´ Gladstone. 5. Away from contact; by reverse movement. “The angel of the Lord … came, and rolled back the stone from the door.
Matt. xxviii. 2.” 6. In concealment or reserve; in one’s own possession; as to keep back the truth; to keep back part of the money due to another. 7. In a state of restraint or hindrance. “The Lord hath kept thee back from honor.
Numb. xxiv. 11.” 8. In return, repayment, or requital. “What have I to give you back?
Shak.” 9. In withdrawal from a statement, promise, or undertaking; as he took back the offensive words. 10. In arrear; as to be back in one’s rent. [Colloq.] Back and forth, backwards and forwards; to and fro. — To go back on, to turn back from; to abandon; to betray; as to go back on a friend; to go back on one’s professions. [Colloq.]

Back´a•rack (bak´a•rak), n. See Bacharach.

Bac•ka´re , interj. Same as Baccare.

Back´band (-band), n. [2d back, n. + band.] (Saddlery) The band which passes over the back of a horse and holds up the shafts of a carriage.

Back´bite, v. t. [2d back, n. + bite.] To wound by clandestine detraction; to censure meanly or spitefully (an absent person); to slander or speak evil of (one absent). Spenser.

Back´bite, v. i. To censure or revile the absent. “They are arrant knaves, and will backbite.
Shak.”

Back´bit•er , n. One who backbites; a secret calumniator or detractor.

Back´bit•ing , n. Secret slander; detraction. “Backbiting, and bearing of false witness.
Piers Plowman.”

Back´board , n. [2d back, n. + board.] 1. A board which supports the back when one is sitting; specifically, the board athwart the after part of a boat. 2. A board serving as the back part of anything, as of a wagon. 3. A thin stuff used for the backs of framed pictures, mirrors, etc. 4. A board attached to the rim of a water wheel to prevent the water from running off the floats or paddles into the interior of the wheel. W. Nicholson. 5. A board worn across the back to give erectness to the figure. Thackeray.

Back´bond (-bond•), n. [Back, adv. + bond.] (Scots Law) An instrument which, in conjunction with another making an absolute disposition, constitutes a trust.

Back´bone´ (-bon•), n. [2d back, n. + bone.] 1. The column of bones in the back which sustains and gives firmness to the frame; the spine; the vertebral or spinal column. 2. Anything like, or serving the purpose of, a backbone. “The lofty mountains on the north side compose the granitic axis, or backbone of the country.
Darwin.” “We have now come to the backbone of our subject.
Earle.” 3. Firmness; moral principle; steadfastness. “Shelley’s thought never had any backbone.
Shairp.” To the backbone, through and through; thoroughly; entirely. ´Staunch to the backbone.´ Lord Lytton.

Back´boned´ , a. Vertebrate.

Back´cast (-kast•), n. [Back, adv. + cast.] Anything which brings misfortune upon one, or causes failure in an effort or enterprise; a reverse. [Scot.]

Back´ door´ . A door in the back part of a building; hence, an indirect way. Atterbury.

Back´door´, a. Acting from behind and in concealment; backstairs; as backdoor intrigues.

Back´down , n. A receding or giving up; a complete surrender. [Colloq.]

Backed (bakt), a. Having a back; fitted with a back; as a backed electrotype or stereotype plate. Used in composition; as broad-backed; hump-backed.

Back´er (bak´er), n. One who, or that which, backs; especially one who backs a person or thing in a contest.

Back´fall (-fal•), n. [2d back, n. + fall.] A fall or throw on the back in wrestling.

Back´friend , n. [Back, n. or adv. + friend.] A secret enemy. [Obs.] South.

Back´gam•mon , n. [Origin unknown; perhaps fr. Dan. bakke tray + E. game; or very likely the first part is from E. back, adv., and the game is so called because the men are often set back.] A game of chance and skill, played by two persons on a ´board´ marked off into twenty-four spaces called ´points´. Each player has fifteen pieces, or ´men´, the movements of which from point to point are determined by throwing dice. Formerly called tables. Backgammon board , a board for playing backgammon, often made in the form of two rectangular trays hinged together, each tray containing two ´tables´.

Back´gam•mon, v. t. In the game of backgammon, to beat by ending the game before the loser is clear of his first ´table´.

Back´ground , n. [Back, a. + ground.] 1. Ground in the rear or behind, or in the distance, as opposed to the foreground, or the ground in front. 2. (Paint.) The space which is behind and subordinate to a portrait or group of figures. The distance in a picture is usually divided into foreground, middle distance, and background. Fairholt. 3. Anything behind, serving as a foil; as the statue had a background of red hangings. 4. A place in obscurity or retirement, or out of sight. “I fancy there was a background of grinding and waiting before Miss Torry could produce this highly finished … performance.
Mrs. Alexander.” “A husband somewhere in the background.
Thackeray.” To place in the background, to make of little consequence.

Back´hand , n. [Back, adv. + hand.] A kind of handwriting in which the downward slope of the letters is from left to right.

Back´hand, a. 1. Sloping from left to right; — said of handwriting. 2. Backhanded; indirect; oblique. [R.]

Back´hand•ed, a. 1. With the hand turned backward; as a backhanded blow. 2. Indirect; awkward; insincere; sarcastic; as a backhanded compliment. 3. Turned back, or inclining to the left; as backhanded letters.

Back´hand•ed•ness, n. State of being backhanded; the using of backhanded or indirect methods.

Back´hand•er , n. A backhanded blow.

Back´house , n. [Back, a. + house.] A building behind the main building. Specifically: A privy; a necessary.

Back´ing, n. 1. The act of moving backward, or of putting or moving anything backward. 2. That which is behind, and forms the back of, anything, usually giving strength or stability. 3. Support or aid given to a person or cause. 4. (Bookbinding) The preparation of the back of a book with glue, etc., before putting on the cover.

Back´joint , n. [Back, a. or adv. + joint.] (Arch.) A rebate or chase in masonry left to receive a permanent slab or other filling.

Back´lash (-lash•), n. [Back, adv. + lash.] (Mech.) The distance through which one part of connected machinery, as a wheel, piston, or screw, can be moved without moving the connected parts, resulting from looseness in fitting or from wear; also the jarring or reflex motion caused in badly fitting machinery by irregularities in velocity or a reverse of motion.

Back´less, a. Without a back.

Back´log (-log•; 115), n. [Back, a. + log.] A large stick of wood, forming the back of a fire on the hearth. [U.S.] “There was first a backlog, from fifteen to four and twenty inches in diameter and five feet long, imbedded in the ashes.
S. G. Goodrich.” { Back´piece• , Back´plate• } n. [Back, n. or a. + piece, plate.] A piece, or plate, which forms the back of anything, or which covers the back; armor for the back. { Back´rack (bak´rak), Back´rag (bak´rag), } n. See Bacharach.

Backs (baks), n. pl. Among leather dealers, the thickest and stoutest tanned hides.

Back´saw (bak´sa•), n. [2d back, n. + saw.] A saw (as a tenon saw) whose blade is stiffened by an added metallic back.

Back´set (-set•), n. [Back, adv. + set.] 1. A check; a relapse; a discouragement; a setback. 2. Whatever is thrown back in its course, as water. “Slackwater, or the backset caused by the overflow.
Harper’s Mag.”

Back´set, v. t. To plow again, in the fall; — said of prairie land broken up in the spring. [Western U.S.]

Back´set´tler (-set´ler), n. [Back, a. + settler.] One living in the back or outlying districts of a community. “The English backsettlers of Leinster and Munster.
Macaulay.” { Back´sheesh• , Back´shish• } , n. [Pers. bakhshish, fr. bakhshidan to give.] In Egypt and the Turkish empire, a gratuity; a ´tip´.

Back´side (-sid•), n. [Back, a. + side.] The hinder part, posteriors, or rump of a person or animal. Backside (one word) was formerly used of the rear part or side of any thing or place, but in such senses is now two words.

Back´sight (-sit•), n. [Back, adv. + sight.] (Surv.) The reading of the leveling staff in its unchanged position when the leveling instrument has been taken to a new position; a sight directed backwards to a station previously occupied. Cf. Foresight, n., 3.

Back´slide´ (-slid´; 277), v. i. [imp. Backslid ; p. p. Backslidden , Backslid; p. pr. & vb. n. Backsliding.] [Back, adv. + slide.] To slide back; to fall away; esp. to abandon gradually the faith and practice of a religion that has been professed.

Back´slid´er , n. One who backslides.

Back´slid´ing, a. Slipping back; falling back into sin or error; sinning. “Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord.
Jer. iii. 14.”

Back´slid´ing, n. The act of one who backslides; abandonment of faith or duty. “Our backslidings are many.
Jer. xiv. 7.”

Back´staff , n. An instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies, but now superseded by the quadrant and sextant; — so called because the observer turned his back to the body observed.

Back´ stairs (-stârz•) n.. Stairs in the back part of a house, as distinguished from the front stairs; hence, a private or indirect way. { Back´stairs• , Back´stair• }, a. Private; indirect; secret; intriguing; — as if finding access by the back stairs. “A backstairs influence.
Burke.” “Female caprice and backstair influence.
Trevelyan.”

Back´stay (-sta•), n. [Back, a. or n. + stay.] 1. (Naut.) A rope or stay extending from the masthead to the side of a ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. [Often used in the plural.] 2. A rope or strap used to prevent excessive forward motion.

Back´ster , n. [See Baxter.] A baker. [Obs.]

Back´stitch , n. [Back, adv. + stitch.] A stitch made by setting the needle back of the end of the last stitch, and bringing it out in front of the end.

Back´stitch, v. t. To sew with backstitches; as to backstitch a seam.

Back´stress , n. A female baker. [Obs.]

Back´sword , n. [2d back, n. + sword.] 1. A sword with one sharp edge. 2. In England, a stick with a basket handle, used in rustic amusements; also the game in which the stick is used. Also called singlestick. Halliwell. { Back´ward , Back´wards } adv. [Back, adv. + -ward.] 1. With the back in advance or foremost; as to ride backward. 2. Toward the back; toward the rear; as to throw the arms backward. 3. On the back, or with the back downward. “Thou wilt fall backward.
Shak.” 4. Toward, or in, past time or events; ago. “Some reigns backward.
Locke.” 5. By way of reflection; reflexively. Sir J. Davies. 6. From a better to a worse state, as from honor to shame, from religion to sin. “The work went backward.
Dryden.” 7. In a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction; contrarily; as to read backwards. “We might have … beat them backward home.
Shak.”

Back´ward, a. 1. Directed to the back or rear; as backward glances. 2. Unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; loath. “For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves.
Pope.” 3. Not well advanced in learning; not quick of apprehension; dull; inapt; as a backward child. ´The backward learner.´ South. 4. Late or behindhand; as a backward season. 5. Not advanced in civilization; undeveloped; as the country or region is in a backward state. 6. Already past or gone; bygone. [R.] “And flies unconscious o’er each backward year.
Byron.”

Back´ward, n. The state behind or past. [Obs.] “In the dark backward and abysm of time.
Shak.”

Back´ward, v. t. To keep back; to hinder. [Obs.]

Back•war•da´tion , n. [Backward, v. t. + -ation.] (Stock Exchange) The seller’s postponement of delivery of stock or shares, with the consent of the buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter; — also the premium so paid. See Contango. Biddle.

Back´ward•ly , adv. 1. Reluctantly; slowly; aversely. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. Perversely; ill. [Obs.] “And does he think so backwardly of me?
Shak.”

Back´ward•ness, n. The state of being backward.

Back´wash , v. t. To clean the oil from (wool) after combing. Ash.

Back´wa•ter , n. [Back, a. or adv. + -water.] 1. Water turned back in its course by an obstruction, an opposing current, or the flow of the tide, as in a sewer or river channel, or across a river bar. 2. An accumulation of water overflowing the low lands, caused by an obstruction. 3. Water thrown back by the turning of a waterwheel, or by the paddle wheels of a steamer.

Back´woods´ , n. pl. [Back, a. + woods.] The forests or partly cleared grounds on the frontiers.

Back´woods´man , n.; pl. Backwoodsmen . A man living in the forest in or beyond the new settlements, especially on the western frontiers of the older portions of the United States. Fisher Ames.

Back´worm , n. [2d back, n. + worm.] A disease of hawks. See Filanders. Wright.

Ba´con , n. [OF. bacon, fr. OHG. bacho, bahho, flitch of bacon, ham; akin to E. back. Cf. Back the back side.] The back and sides of a pig salted and smoked; formerly, the flesh of a pig salted or fresh. Bacon beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Dermestes lardarius) which, especially in the larval state, feeds upon bacon, woolens, furs, etc. See Dermestes. — To save one’s bacon, to save one’s self or property from harm or loss. [Colloq.]

Ba•co´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy. Baconian method, the inductive method. See Induction.

Bac•te´ri•a , n. pl. See Bacterium.

Bac•te´ri•al , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacteria.

Bac•te´ri•ci•dal , a. Destructive of bacteria.

Bac•te´ri•cide (bak•te´ri•sid), n. [Bacterium + L. caedere to kill] (Biol.) Same as Germicide.

Bac•te´ri•o•log•ic•al (bak•te•ri•o•loj´i•kal), a. Of or pertaining to bacteriology; as bacteriological studies.

Bac•te´ri•ol•o•gist, n. One skilled in bacteriology.

Bac•te´ri•ol•o•gy , n. [Bacterium + -logy.] (Biol.) The science relating to bacteria.

Bac•te•ri•o•scop´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to bacterioscopy; as a bacterioscopic examination.

Bac•te•ri•os´co•pist , n. (Biol.) One skilled in bacterioscopic examinations.

Bac•te•ri•os´co•py (-os´ko•py), n. [Bacterium + -scopy.] (Biol.) The application of a knowledge of bacteria for their detection and identification, as in the examination of polluted water.

Bac•te´ri•um , n.; pl. Bacteria . [NL., fr. Gr. bakth•rion, bak•tron, a staff: cf. F. bacterie.] (Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to the class Algae, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike filament, and found in putrefying organic infusions. Bacteria are destitute of chlorophyll, and are the smallest of microscopic organisms. They are very widely diffused in nature, and multiply with marvelous rapidity, both by fission and by spores. Certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. See Bacillus. { Bac´te•roid , Bac•te•roid´al } a. [Bacterium + -oid.] (Biol.) Resembling bacteria; as bacteroid particles.

Bac´tri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Bactria in Asia. — n. A native of Bactria. Bactrian camel, the two-humped camel.

Bac´ule , n. [F.] (Fort.) See Bascule.

Bac´u•line , a. [L. baculum staff.] Of or pertaining to the rod or punishment with the rod.

Bac´u•lite , n. [L. baculum stick, staff; cf. F. baculite.] (Paleon.) A cephalopod of the extinct genus Baculites, found fossil in the Cretaceous rocks. It is like an uncoiled ammonite.

Bac•u•lom´e•try , n. [L. baculum staff + -metry.] Measurement of distance or altitude by a staff or staffs.

Bad (bad), imp. of Bid. Bade. [Obs.] Dryden.

Bad (bad), a. [Compar. Worse (wûs); superl. Worst (wûst).] [Probably fr. AS. baeddel hermaphrodite; cf. baedling effeminate fellow.] Wanting good qualities, whether physical or moral; injurious, hurtful, inconvenient, offensive, painful, unfavorable, or defective, either physically or morally; evil; vicious; wicked; — the opposite of good; as a bad man; bad conduct; bad habits; bad soil; bad air; bad health; a bad crop; bad news. Sometimes used substantively. “The strong antipathy of good to bad.
Pope.” Syn. — Pernicious; deleterious; noxious; baneful; injurious; hurtful; evil; vile; wretched; corrupt; wicked; vicious; imperfect.

Bad´der , compar. of Bad, a. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bad´der•locks , n. [Perh. for Balderlocks, fr. Balder the Scandinavian deity.] (Bot.) A large black seaweed (Alaria esculenta) sometimes eaten in Europe; — also called murlins, honeyware, and henware.

Bad´dish, a. Somewhat bad; inferior. Jeffrey.

Bade (bad). A form of the past tense of Bid.

Badge , n. [LL. bagea, bagia, sign, prob. of German origin; cf. AS. beág, beáh, bracelet, collar, crown, OS. bog- in comp., AS. bugan to bow, bend, G. biegen. See Bow to bend.] 1. A distinctive mark, token, sign, or cognizance, worn on the person; as the badge of a society; the badge of a policeman. ´Tax gatherers, recognized by their official badges.´ Prescott. 2. Something characteristic; a mark; a token. “Sweet mercy is nobility’s true badge.
Shak.” 3. (Naut.) A carved ornament on the stern of a vessel, containing a window or the representation of one.

Badge , v. t. To mark or distinguish with a badge.

Badge´less, a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall.

Badg´er , n. [Of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an old verb badge to lay up provisions to sell again.] An itinerant licensed dealer in commodities used for food; a hawker; a huckster; — formerly applied especially to one who bought grain in one place and sold it in another. [Now dialectic, Eng.]

Badg´er, n. [OE. bageard, prob. fr. badge + -ard, in reference to the white mark on its forehead. See Badge, n.] 1. A carnivorous quadruped of the genus Meles or of an allied genus. It is a burrowing animal, with short, thick legs, and long claws on the fore feet. One species (M. vulgaris), called also brock, inhabits the north of Europe and Asia; another species (Taxidea Americana or Labradorica) inhabits the northern parts of North America. See Teledu. 2. A brush made of badgers’ hair, used by artists. Badger dog. (Zoöl.) See Dachshund.

Badg´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Badgered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Badgering.] [For sense 1, see 2d Badger; for 2, see 1st Badger.] 1. To tease or annoy, as a badger when baited; to worry or irritate persistently. 2. To beat down; to cheapen; to barter; to bargain.

Badg´er•er , n. 1. One who badgers. 2. A kind of dog used in badger baiting.

Badg´er•ing, n. 1. The act of one who badgers. 2. The practice of buying wheat and other kinds of food in one place and selling them in another for a profit. [Prov. Eng.]

Badg´er-legged , a. Having legs of unequal length, as the badger was thought to have. Shak.

Bad•i•a´ga (bad•ia´ga or bad•yä´ga), n. [Russ. badiaga.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water sponge (Spongilla), common in the north of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises.

Ba´di•an , n. [F. badiane, fr. Per. badian anise.] (Bot.) An evergreen Chinese shrub of the Magnolia family (Illicium anisatum), and its aromatic seeds; Chinese anise; star anise.

Ba•di´geon (ba•dij´un), n. [F.] A cement or paste (as of plaster and freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, or finish a surface.

Ba•di•nage´ , n. [F., fr. badiner to joke, OF. to trifle, be silly, fr. badin silly.] Playful raillery; banter. ´He … indulged himself only in an elegant badinage.´ Warburton.

Bad´ lands´ . Barren regions, especially in the western United States, where horizontal strata (Tertiary deposits) have been often eroded into fantastic forms, and much intersected by cañons, and where lack of wood, water, and forage increases the difficulty of traversing the country, whence the name, first given by the Canadian French, Mauvaises Terres (bad lands).

Bad´ly, adv. In a bad manner; poorly; not well; unskillfully; imperfectly; unfortunately; grievously; so as to cause harm; disagreeably; seriously. Badly is often used colloquially for very much or very greatly, with words signifying to want or need.

Bad´min•ton , n. [From the name of the seat of the Duke of Beaufort in England.] 1. A game, similar to lawn tennis, played with shuttlecocks. 2. A preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened.

Bad´ness, n. The state of being bad.

Bae´no•mere , n. [Gr. bai•nein to walk + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the somites (arthromeres) that make up the thorax of Arthropods. Packard.

Bae´no•pod , n. [Gr. bai•nein to walk + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the thoracic legs of Arthropods.

Bae´no•some , n. [Gr. bai•nein to walk + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The thorax of Arthropods. Packard.

Baff (baf), n. A blow; a stroke. [Scot.] H. Miller.

Baf´fle (baf´f’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baffled (-f’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Baffling (-fling).] [Cf. Lowland Scotch bauchle to treat contemptuously, bauch tasteless, abashed, jaded, Icel. bagr uneasy, poor, or bagr, n., struggle, baegja to push, treat harshly, OF. beffler, beffer, to mock, deceive, dial. G. bäppe mouth, beffen to bark, chide.] 1. To cause to undergo a disgraceful punishment, as a recreant knight. [Obs.] “He by the heels him hung upon a tree,
And baffled so, that all which passed by
The picture of his punishment might see.
Spenser.” 2. To check by shifts and turns; to elude; to foil. “The art that baffles time’s tyrannic claim.
Cowper.” 3. To check by perplexing; to disconcert, frustrate, or defeat; to thwart. ´A baffled purpose.´ De Quincey. “A suitable scripture ready to repel and baffle them all.
South.” “Calculations so difficult as to have baffled, until within a … recent period, the most enlightened nations.
Prescott.” “The mere intricacy of a question should not baffle us.
Locke.” Baffling wind (Naut.), one that frequently shifts from one point to another. Syn. — To balk; thwart; foil; frustrate; defeat.

Baf´fle, v. i. 1. To practice deceit. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. To struggle against in vain; as a ship baffles with the winds. [R.]

Baf´fle, n. A defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns; discomfiture. [R.] ´A baffle to philosophy.´ South.

Baf´fle•ment (baf´f’l•ment), n. The process or act of baffling, or of being baffled; frustration; check.

Baf´fler (baf´fler), n. One who, or that which, baffles.

Baf´fling (baf´fling), a. Frustrating; discomfiting; disconcerting; as baffling currents, winds, tasks. — Baff´ling•ly, adv. — Baff´ling•ness, n.

Baft (baft). n. Same as Bafta.

Baf´ta (baf´ta), n. [Cf. Per. baft woven, wrought.] A coarse stuff, usually of cotton, originally made in India. also an imitation of this fabric made for export.

Bag (bag), n. [OE. bagge; cf. Icel. baggi, and also OF. bague, bundle, LL. baga.] 1. A sack or pouch, used for holding anything; as a bag of meal or of money. 2. A sac, or dependent gland, in animal bodies, containing some fluid or other substance; as the bag of poison in the mouth of some serpents; the bag of a cow. 3. A sort of silken purse formerly tied about men’s hair behind, by way of ornament. [Obs.] 4. The quantity of game bagged. 5. (Com.) A certain quantity of a commodity, such as it is customary to carry to market in a sack; as a bag of pepper or hops; a bag of coffee. Bag and baggage, all that belongs to one. — To give one the bag, to disappoint him. [Obs.] Bunyan.

Bag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bagged (bagd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bagging] 1. To put into a bag; as to bag hops. 2. To seize, capture, or entrap; as to bag an army; to bag game. 3. To furnish or load with a bag or with a well filled bag. “A bee bagged with his honeyed venom.
Dryden.”

Bag, v. i. 1. To swell or hang down like a full bag; as the skin bags from containing morbid matter. 2. To swell with arrogance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To become pregnant. [Obs.] Warner. (Alb. Eng.).

Ba•gasse´ , n. [F.] Sugar cane, as it comes crushed from the mill. It is then dried and used as fuel. Also extended to the refuse of beetroot sugar.

Bag•a•telle´ (bag•a•tel´), n. [F., fr. It. bagatella; cf. Prov. It. bagata trifle, OF. bague, Pr. bagua, bundle. See Bag, n.] 1. A trifle; a thing of no importance. “Rich trifles, serious bagatelles.
Prior.” 2. A game played on an oblong board, having, at one end, cups or arches into or through which balls are to be driven by a rod held in the hand of the player.

Bag´gage (bag´gaj), n. [F. bagage, from OF. bague bundle. In senses 6 and 7 cf. F. bagasse a prostitute. See Bag, n.] 1. The clothes, tents, utensils, and provisions of an army. ´The term itself is made to apply chiefly to articles of clothing and to small personal effects.´ Farrow. 2. The trunks, valises, satchels, etc., which a traveler carries with him on a journey; luggage. “The baronet’s baggage on the roof of the coach.
Thackeray.” “We saw our baggage following below.
Johnson.” The English usually call this luggage. 3. Purulent matter. [Obs.] Barrough. 4. Trashy talk. [Obs.] Ascham. 5. A man of bad character. [Obs.] Holland. 6. A woman of loose morals; a prostitute. “A disreputable, daring, laughing, painted French baggage.
Thackeray.” 7. A romping, saucy girl. [Playful] Goldsmith.

Bag´gage mas•ter . One who has charge of the baggage at a railway station or upon a line of public travel. [U.S.]

Bag´ga•ger , n. One who takes care of baggage; a camp follower. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Bag´ga•la , n. [Ar. ´fem. of baghl a mule.´ Balfour.] (Naut.) A two-masted Arab or Indian trading vessel, used in the Indian Ocean.

Bag´gi•ly , adv. In a loose, baggy way.

Bag´ging, n. 1. Cloth or other material for bags. 2. The act of putting anything into, or as into, a bag. 3. The act of swelling; swelling.

Bag´ging, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Reaping peas beans, wheat, etc., with a chopping stroke. [Eng.]

Bag´gy , a. Resembling a bag; loose or puffed out, or pendent, like a bag; flabby; as baggy trousers; baggy cheeks.

Bag´man , n.; pl. Bagmen . A commercial traveler; one employed to solicit orders for manufacturers and tradesmen. Thackeray.

Bag´ net (net•). A bag-shaped net for catching fish.

Bagn´io , n. [It. bagno, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bain.] 1. A house for bathing, sweating, etc.; — also in Turkey, a prison for slaves. [Obs.] 2. A brothel; a stew; a house of prostitution.

Bag´pipe , n. A musical wind instrument, now used chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland. It consists of a leather bag, which receives the air by a tube that is stopped by a valve; and three sounding pipes, into which the air is pressed by the performer. Two of these pipes produce fixed tones, namely, the bass, or key tone, and its fifth, and form together what is called the drone; the third, or chanter, gives the melody.

Bag´pipe, v. t. To make to look like a bagpipe. To bagpipe the mizzen (Naut.), to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the mizzen rigging. Totten.

Bag´pip•er , n. One who plays on a bagpipe; a piper. Shak.

Bag´reef , n. [Bag + reef.] (Naut.) The lower reef of fore and aft sails; also the upper reef of topsails. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Bague , n. [F., a ring] (Arch.) The annular molding or group of moldings dividing a long shaft or clustered column into two or more parts. { Ba•guet´ , Ba•guette´ } , n. [F. baguette, prop. a rod It. bacchetta, fr. L. baculum, baculu stick, staff.] 1. (Arch.) A small molding, like the astragal, but smaller; a bead. 2. (Zoöl) One of the minute bodies seen in the divided nucleoli of some Infusoria after conjugation.

Bag´wig´ , n. A wig, in use in the 18th century, with the hair at the back of the head in a bag.

Bag´worm , n. (Zoöl.) One of several lepidopterous insects which construct, in the larval state, a baglike case which they carry about for protection. One species (Platœceticus Gloveri) feeds on the orange tree. See Basket worm.

Bah , interj. An exclamation expressive of extreme contempt. “Twenty-five years ago the vile ejaculation, Bah! was utterly unknown to the English public.
De Quincey.”

Ba•har´ , n. [Ar. bahar, from bahara to charge with a load.] A weight used in certain parts of the East Indies, varying considerably in different localities, the range being from 223 to 625 pounds.

Baigne (ban), v. t. [F. baigner to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] To soak or drench. [Obs.] Carew.

Bail (bal), n. [F. baille a bucket, pail; cf. LL. bacula, dim. of bacca a sort of vessel. Cf. Bac.] A bucket or scoop used in bailing water out of a boat. [Obs.] “The bail of a canoe … made of a human skull.
Capt. Cook.”

Bail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bailed (bald); p. pr. & vb. n. Bailing.] 1. To lade; to dip and throw; — usually with out; as to bail water out of a boat. “Buckets … to bail out the water.
Capt. J. Smith.” 2. To dip or lade water from; — often with out to express completeness; as to bail a boat. “By the help of a small bucket and our hats we bailed her out.
R. H. Dana, Jr.”

Bail, v. t. [OF. bailler to give, to deliver, fr. L. bajulare to bear a burden, keep in custody, fr. bajulus he who bears burdens.] 1. To deliver; to release. [Obs.] “Ne none there was to rescue her, ne none to bail.
Spenser.” 2. (Law) (a) To set free, or deliver from arrest, or out of custody, on the undertaking of some other person or persons that he or they will be responsible for the appearance, at a certain day and place, of the person bailed. The word is applied to the magistrate or the surety. The magistrate bails (but admits to bail is commoner) a man when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment upon bond given with sureties. The surety bails a person when he procures his release from arrest by giving bond for his appearance. Blackstone. (b) To deliver, as goods in trust, for some special object or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee, or person intrusted; as to bail cloth to a tailor to be made into a garment; to bail goods to a carrier. Blackstone. Kent.

Bail, n. [OF. bail guardian, administrator, fr. L. bajulus. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Custody; keeping. [Obs.] “Silly Faunus now within their bail.
Spenser.” 2. (Law) (a) The person or persons who procure the release of a prisoner from the custody of the officer, or from imprisonment, by becoming surety for his appearance in court. “The bail must be real, substantial bondsmen.
Blackstone.” “A. and B. were bail to the arrest in a suit at law.
Kent.” (b) The security given for the appearance of a prisoner in order to obtain his release from custody of the officer; as the man is out on bail; to go bail for any one. “Excessive bail ought not to be required.
Blackstone.”

Bail, n. [OE. beyl; cf. Dan. böile a bending, ring, hoop, Sw. bögel, bygel, and Icel. beyla hump, swelling, akin to E. bow to bend.] 1. The arched handle of a kettle, pail, or similar vessel, usually movable. Forby. 2. A half hoop for supporting the cover of a carrier’s wagon, awning of a boat, etc.

Bail, n. [OF. bail, baille. See Bailey.] 1. (Usually pl.) A line of palisades serving as an exterior defense. [Written also bayle.] [Obs.] 2. The outer wall of a feudal castle. Hence: The space inclosed by it; the outer court. Holinshed. 3. A certain limit within a forest. [Eng.] 4. A division for the stalls of an open stable. 5. (Cricket) The top or cross piece (or either of the two cross pieces) of the wicket.

Bail´a•ble , a. 1. Having the right or privilege of being admitted to bail, upon bond with sureties; — used of persons. ´He’s bailable, I’m sure.´ Ford. 2. Admitting of bail; as a bailable offense. 3. That can be delivered in trust; as bailable goods.

Bail´ bond (bond•). (Law) (a) A bond or obligation given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner’s appearance in court, at the return of the writ. (b) Special bail in court to abide the judgment. Bouvier.

Bail•ee´ (bal•e´), n. [OF. baille, p. p. of bailler. See Bail to deliver.] (Law) The person to whom goods are committed in trust, and who has a temporary possession and a qualified property in them, for the purposes of the trust. Blackstone. In penal statutes the word includes those who receive goods for another in good faith. Wharton.

Bail´er , n. (Law) See Bailor.

Bail´er, n. 1. One who bails or lades. 2. A utensil, as a bucket or cup, used in bailing; a machine for bailing water out of a pit.

Bai´ley , n. [The same word as bail line of palisades; cf. LL. ballium bailey, OF. bail, baille, a palisade, baillier to inclose, shut.] 1. The outer wall of a feudal castle. [Obs.] 2. The space immediately within the outer wall of a castle or fortress. [Obs.] 3. A prison or court of justice; — used in certain proper names; as the Old Bailey in London; the New Bailey in Manchester. [Eng.] Oxf. Gloss.

Bail´ie , n. [See Bailiff.] An officer in Scotland, whose office formerly corresponded to that of sheriff, but now corresponds to that of an English alderman.

Bail´iff , n. [OF. baillif, F. bailli, custodian, magistrate, fr. L. bajulus porter. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Originally, a person put in charge of something; especially, a chief officer, magistrate, or keeper, as of a county, town, hundred, or castle; one to whom powers of custody or care are intrusted. Abbott. “Lausanne is under the canton of Berne, governed by a bailiff sent every three years from the senate.
Addison.” 2. (Eng. Law) A sheriff’s deputy, appointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon juries, etc. In American law the term bailiff is seldom used except sometimes to signify a sheriff’s officer or constable, or a party liable to account to another for the rent and profits of real estate. Burrill. 3. An overseer or under steward of an estate, who directs husbandry operations, collects rents, etc. [Eng.]

Bail´iff•wick , n. See Bailiwick. [Obs.]

Bail´i•wick , n. [Bailie, bailiff + wick a village.] (Law) The precincts within which a bailiff has jurisdiction; the limits of a bailiff’s authority.

Bail´lie , n. 1. Bailiff. [Obs.] 2. Same as Bailie. [Scot.]

Bail´ment , n. 1. (Law) The action of bailing a person accused. “Bailment … is the saving or delivery of a man out of prison before he hath satisfied the law.
Dalton.” 2. (Law) A delivery of goods or money by one person to another in trust, for some special purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed. Blackstone. In a general sense it is sometimes used as comprehending all duties in respect to property. Story.

Bail•or´ , n. (Law) One who delivers goods or money to another in trust.

Bail´piece , n. (Law) A piece of parchment, or paper, containing a recognizance or bail bond.

Bain (ban; as F., baN), n. [F. bain, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bagnio.] A bath; a bagnio. [Obs.] Holland.

Bain•-ma•rie´ , n. [F.] A vessel for holding hot water in which another vessel may be heated without scorching its contents; — used for warming or preparing food or pharmaceutical preparations.

Bai´ram , n. [Turk. baïram.] The name of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one is held at the close of the fast called Ramadan, and the other seventy days after the fast.

Bairn (bârn), n. [Scot. bairn, AS. bearn, fr. beran to bear; akin to Icel., OS., & Goth. barn. See Bear to support.] A child. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] “Has he not well provided for the bairn?
Beau. & Fl.”

Baise´mains , n. pl. [F., fr. baiser to kiss + mains hands.] Respects; compliments. [Obs.]

Bait (bat), n. [Icel. beita food, beit pasture, akin to AS. bat food, Sw. bete. See Bait, v. t.] 1. Any substance, esp. food, used in catching fish, or other animals, by alluring them to a hook, snare, inclosure, or net. 2. Anything which allures; a lure; enticement; temptation. Fairfax. 3. A portion of food or drink, as a refreshment taken on a journey; also a stop for rest and refreshment. 4. A light or hasty luncheon. Bait bug (Zoöl.), a crustacean of the genus Hippa found burrowing in sandy beaches. See Anomura.

Bait, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baited; p. pr. & vb. n. Baiting.] [OE. baiten, beiten, to feed, harass, fr. Icel. beita, orig., to cause to bite, fr. bita. rad.87. See Bite.] 1. To provoke and harass; esp., to harass or torment for sport; as to bait a bear with dogs; to bait a bull. 2. To give a portion of food and drink to, upon the road; as to bait horses. Holland. 3. To furnish or cover with bait, as a trap or hook. “A crooked pin … baited with a vile earthworm.
W. Irving.”

Bait, v. i. To stop to take a portion of food and drink for refreshment of one’s self or one’s beasts, on a journey. “Evil news rides post, while good news baits.
Milton.” “My lord’s coach conveyed me to Bury, and thence baiting at Newmarket.
Evelyn.”

Bait, v. i. [F. battre de l’aile (or des ailes), to flap or flutter. See Batter, v. t.] To flap the wings; to flutter as if to fly; or to hover, as a hawk when she stoops to her prey. ´Kites that bait and beat.´ Shak.

Bait´er , n. One who baits; a tormentor.

Baize (baz), n. [For bayes, pl. fr. OF. baie; cf. F. bai bay-colored. See Bay a color.] A coarse woolen stuff with a long nap; — usually dyed in plain colors. “A new black baize waistcoat lined with silk.
Pepys.”

Ba•joc´co , n. [It., fr. bajo brown, bay, from its color.] A small copper coin formerly current in the Roman States, worth about a cent and a half.

Bake (bak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baked (bakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Baking.] [AS. bacan; akin to D. bakken, OHG. bacchan, G. backen, Icel. & Sw. baka, Dan. bage, Gr. fw•gein to roast.] 1. To prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated stone or metal; as to bake bread, meat, apples. Baking is the term usually applied to that method of cooking which exhausts the moisture in food more than roasting or broiling; but the distinction of meaning between roasting and baking is not always observed. 2. To dry or harden (anything) by subjecting to heat, as to bake bricks; the sun bakes the ground. 3. To harden by cold. “The earth … is baked with frost.
Shak.” “They bake their sides upon the cold, hard stone.
Spenser.”

Bake, v. i. 1. To do the work of baking something; as she brews, washes, and bakes. Shak. 2. To be baked; to become dry and hard in heat; as the bread bakes; the ground bakes in the hot sun.

Bake, n. The process, or result, of baking.

Bake´house (-hous•), n. [AS. baechus. See Bake, v. t., and House.] A house for baking; a bakery. { Bake´meat• (bak´met•), Baked´-meat• (bakt´-), } n. A pie; baked food. [Obs.] Gen. xl. 17. Shak.

Bak´en , p. p. of Bake. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bak´er , n. [AS. baecere. See Bake, v. t.] 1. One whose business it is to bake bread, biscuit, etc. 2. A portable oven in which baking is done. [U.S.] A baker’s dozen, thirteen. — Baker foot, a distorted foot. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Baker’s itch, a rash on the back of the hand, caused by the irritating properties of yeast. — Baker’s salt, the subcarbonate of ammonia, sometimes used instead of soda, in making bread.

Bak´er-legged , a. Having legs that bend inward at the knees.

Bak´er•y , n. 1. The trade of a baker. [R.] 2. A place for baking bread; a bakehouse.

Bak´ing, n. 1. The act or process of cooking in an oven, or of drying and hardening by heat or cold. 2. The quantity baked at once; a batch; as a baking of bread. Baking powder, a substitute for yeast, usually consisting of an acid, a carbonate, and a little farinaceous matter.

Bak´ing•ly, adv. In a hot or baking manner.

Bak´is•tre , n. [See Baxter.] A baker. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Bak´sheesh• , Bak´shish• } , n. Same as Backsheesh.

Ba´laam , n. A paragraph describing something wonderful, used to fill out a newspaper column; — an allusion to the miracle of Balaam’s ass speaking. Numb. xxii. 30. [Cant] Balaam basket or box (Print.), the receptacle for rejected articles. Blackw. Mag.

Bal´a•chong , n. [Malay balachan.] A condiment formed of small fishes or shrimps, pounded up with salt and spices, and then dried. It is much esteemed in China.

Bal•ae•noi´de•a , n. [NL., from L. balaena whale + -oid.] (Zoöl) A division of the Cetacea, including the right whale and all other whales having the mouth fringed with baleen. See Baleen.

Bal´ance (bal´ans), n. [OE. balaunce, F. balance, fr. L. bilanx, bilancis, having two scales; bis twice (akin to E. two) + lanx plate, scale.] 1. An apparatus for weighing. In its simplest form, a balance consists of a beam or lever supported exactly in the middle, having two scales or basins of equal weight suspended from its extremities. Another form is that of the Roman balance, our steelyard, consisting of a lever or beam, suspended near one of its extremities, on the longer arm of which a counterpoise slides. The name is also given to other forms of apparatus for weighing bodies, as to the combinations of levers making up platform scales; and even to devices for weighing by the elasticity of a spring. 2. Act of weighing mentally; comparison; estimate. “A fair balance of the advantages on either side.
Atterbury.” 3. Equipoise between the weights in opposite scales. 4. The state of being in equipoise; equilibrium; even adjustment; steadiness. “And hung a bottle on each side
To make his balance true.
Cowper.” “The order and balance of the country were destroyed.
Buckle.” “English workmen completely lose their balance.
J. S. Mill.” 5. An equality between the sums total of the two sides of an account; as to bring one’s accounts to a balance; — also the excess on either side; as the balance of an account. ´A balance at the banker’s.´ Thackeray. “I still think the balance of probabilities leans towards the account given in the text.
J. Peile.” 6. (Horol.) A balance wheel, as of a watch, or clock. See Balance wheel (in the Vocabulary). 7. (Astron.) (a) The constellation Libra. (b) The seventh sign in the Zodiac, called Libra, which the sun enters at the equinox in September. 8. A movement in dancing. See Balance, v. t., 8. Balance electrometer, a kind of balance, with a poised beam, which indicates, by weights suspended from one arm, the mutual attraction of oppositely electrified surfaces. Knight. — Balance fish. (Zoöl) See Hammerhead. — Balance knife, a carving or table knife the handle of which overbalances the blade, and so keeps it from contact with the table. — Balance of power (Politics), such an adjustment of power among sovereign states that no one state is in a position to interfere with the independence of the others; international equilibrium; also the ability (of a state or a third party within a state) to control the relations between sovereign states or between dominant parties in a state. — Balance sheet (Bookkeeping), a paper showing the balances of the open accounts of a business, the debit and credit balances footing up equally, if the system of accounts be complete and the balances correctly taken. — Balance thermometer, a thermometer mounted as a balance so that the movement of the mercurial column changes the inclination of the tube. With the aid of electrical or mechanical devices adapted to it, it is used for the automatic regulation of the temperature of rooms warmed artificially, and as a fire alarm. — Balance of torsion. See Torsion Balance. — Balance of trade (Pol. Econ.), an equilibrium between the money values of the exports and imports of a country; or more commonly, the amount required on one side or the other to make such an equilibrium. — Balance valve, a valve whose surfaces are so arranged that the fluid pressure tending to seat, and that tending to unseat, the valve, are nearly in equilibrium; esp., a puppet valve which is made to operate easily by the admission of steam to both sides. See Puppet valve. — Hydrostatic balance. See under Hydrostatic. — To lay in balance, to put up as a pledge or security. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To strike a balance, to find out the difference between the debit and credit sides of an account.

Bal´ance , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balanced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Balancing .] [From Balance, n.: cf. F. balancer.] 1. To bring to an equipoise, as the scales of a balance by adjusting the weights; to weigh in a balance. 2. To support on a narrow base, so as to keep from falling; as to balance a plate on the end of a cane; to balance one’s self on a tight rope. 3. To equal in number, weight, force, or proportion; to counterpoise, counterbalance, counteract, or neutralize. “One expression … must check and balance another.
Kent.” 4. To compare in relative force, importance, value, etc.; to estimate. “Balance the good and evil of things.
L’Estrange.” 5. To settle and adjust, as an account; to make two accounts equal by paying the difference between them. “I am very well satisfied that it is not in my power to balance accounts with my Maker.
Addison.” 6. To make the sums of the debits and credits of an account equal; — said of an item; as this payment, or credit, balances the account. 7. To arrange accounts in such a way that the sum total of the debits is equal to the sum total of the credits; as to balance a set of books. 8. (Dancing) To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally; as to balance partners. 9. (Naut.) To contract, as a sail, into a narrower compass; as to balance the boom mainsail. Balanced valve. See Balance valve, under Balance, n. Syn. — To poise; weigh; adjust; counteract; neutralize; equalize.

Bal´ance, v. i. 1. To have equal weight on each side; to be in equipoise; as the scales balance. 2. To fluctuate between motives which appear of equal force; to waver; to hesitate. “He would not balance or err in the determination of his choice.
Locke.” 3. (Dancing) To move toward a person or couple, and then back.

Bal´ance•a•ble , a. Such as can be balanced.

Bal´ance•ment , n. The act or result of balancing or adjusting; equipoise; even adjustment of forces. [R.] Darwin.

Bal´an•cer , n. 1. One who balances, or uses a balance. 2. (Zoöl.) In Diptera, the rudimentary posterior wing.

Bal´ance•reef , n. (Naut.) The last reef in a fore-and-aft sail, taken to steady the ship.

Bal´ance wheel . 1. (Horology) (a) A wheel which regulates the beats or pulses of a watch or chronometer, answering to the pendulum of a clock; — often called simply a balance. (b) A ratchet-shaped scape wheel, which in some watches is acted upon by the axis of the balance wheel proper (in those watches called a balance). 2. (Mach.) A wheel which imparts regularity to the movements of any engine or machine; a fly wheel.

Bal•a•nif´er•ous , a. [L. balanus acorn + -ferous.] Bearing or producing acorns.

Bal´a•nite , n. [L. balanus acorn: cf. F. balanite.] (Paleon.) A fossil balanoid shell.

Bal•a•no•glos´sus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ba•lanos acorn + glw^ssa tongue.] (Zoöl) A peculiar marine worm. See Enteropneusta, and Tornaria.

Bal´a•noid , a. [Gr. balanos acorn + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an acorn; — applied to a group of barnacles having shells shaped like acorns. See Acornshell, and Barnacle.

Bal´as ru•by . [OE. bales, balais, F. balais, LL. balascus, fr. Ar. balakhsh, so called from Badakhshan, Balashan, or Balaxiam, a place in the neighborhood of Samarcand, where this ruby is found.] (Min.) A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose red, or inclining to orange. See Spinel.

Ba•laus´tine , n. [L. balaustium, Gr. balay•stion.] (Bot.) The pomegranate tree (Punica granatum). The bark of the root, the rind of the fruit, and the flowers are used medicinally. { Bal•bu´ti•ate , Bal•bu´ci•nate } v. i. [L. balbutire, fr. balbus stammering: cf. F. balbutier.] To stammer. [Obs.]

Bal•bu´ti•es , n. (Med.) The defect of stammering; also a kind of incomplete pronunciation.

Bal´con , n. A balcony. [Obs.] Pepys.

Bal´co•nied , a. Having balconies.

Bal´co•ny (bal´ko•ny; 277), n.; pl. Balconies (-niz). [It. balcone; cf. It. balco, palco, scaffold, fr. OHG. balcho, palcho, beam, G. balken. See Balk beam.] 1. (Arch.) A platform projecting from the wall of a building, usually resting on brackets or consoles, and inclosed by a parapet; as a balcony in front of a window. also a projecting gallery in places of amusement; as the balcony in a theater. 2. A projecting gallery once common at the stern of large ships. ´The accent has shifted from the second to the first syllable within these twenty years.´ Smart (1836).

Bald (bald), a. [OE. balled, ballid, perh. the p. p. of ball to reduce to the roundness or smoothness of a ball, by removing hair. rad.85. But cf. W. bali whiteness in a horse’s forehead.] 1. Destitute of the natural or common covering on the head or top, as of hair, feathers, foliage, trees, etc.; as a bald head; a bald oak. “On the bald top of an eminence.
Wordsworth.” 2. Destitute of ornament; unadorned; bare; literal. “In the preface to his own bald translation.
Dryden.” 3. Undisguised. ´ Bald egotism.´ Lowell. 4. Destitute of dignity or value; paltry; mean. [Obs.] 5. (Bot.) Destitute of a beard or awn; as bald wheat. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) Destitute of the natural covering. (b) Marked with a white spot on the head; bald-faced. Bald buzzard (Zoöl.), the fishhawk or osprey. — Bald coot (Zoöl.), a name of the European coot (Fulica atra), alluding to the bare patch on the front of the head.

Bal´da•chin , n. [LL. baldachinus, baldechinus, a canopy of rich silk carried over the host; fr. Bagdad, It. Baldacco, a city in Turkish Asia from whence these rich silks came: cf. It. baldacchino. Cf. Baudekin.] 1. A rich brocade; baudekin. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) A structure in form of a canopy, sometimes supported by columns, and sometimes suspended from the roof or projecting from the wall; generally placed over an altar; as the baldachin in St. Peter’s. 3. A portable canopy borne over shrines, etc., in procession. [Written also baldachino, baldaquin, etc.]

Bald´ ea´gle . (Zoöl.) The white-headed eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) of America. The young, until several years old, lack the white feathers on the head. The bald eagle is represented in the coat of arms, and on the coins, of the United States.

Bal´der , n. [Icel. Baldr, akin to E. bold.] (Scan. Myth.) The most beautiful and beloved of the gods; the god of peace; the son of Odin and Freya. [Written also Baldur.]

Bal´der•dash , n. [Of uncertain origin: cf. Dan. balder noise, clatter, and E. dash; hence, perhaps, unmeaning noise, then hodgepodge, mixture; or W. baldorduss a prattling, baldordd, baldorddi, to prattle.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially of liquors. “Indeed beer, by a mixture of wine, hath lost both name and nature, and is called balderdash.
Taylor (Drink and Welcome).” 2. Senseless jargon; ribaldry; nonsense; trash.

Bal´der•dash , v. t. To mix or adulterate, as liquors. “The wine merchants of Nice brew and balderdash, and even
mix it with pigeon’s dung and quicklime.
Smollett.”

Bald´-faced , a. Having a white face or a white mark on the face, as a stag.

Bald´head , n. 1. A person whose head is bald. 2 Kings ii. 23. 2. (Zoöl.) A white-headed variety of pigeon.

Bald´head•ed, a. Having a bald head.

Bald´ly, adv. Nakedly; without reserve; inelegantly.

Bald´ness, n. The state or condition of being bald; as baldness of the head; baldness of style. “This gives to their syntax a peculiar character of simplicity and baldness.
W. D. Whitney.”

Bald´pate , n. 1. A baldheaded person. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) The American widgeon (Anas Americana). { Bald´pate• , Bald´pat•ed } a. Destitute of hair on the head; baldheaded. Shak.

Bald´rib , n. A piece of pork cut lower down than the sparerib, and destitute of fat. [Eng.] Southey.

Bal´dric , n. [OE. baudric, bawdrik, through OF. (cf. F. baudrier and LL. baldringus, baldrellus), from OHG. balderich, cf. balz, palz, akin to E. belt. See Belt, n.] A broad belt, sometimes richly ornamented, worn over one shoulder, across the breast, and under the opposite arm; less properly, any belt. [Also spelt bawdrick.] “A radiant baldric o’er his shoulder tied
Sustained the sword that glittered at his side.
Pope.”

Bald´win , n. (Bot.) A kind of reddish, moderately acid, winter apple. [U.S.]

Bale , n. [OE. bale, OF. bale, F. balle, LL. bala, fr. OHG. balla, palla, pallo, G. ball, balle, ballen, ball, round pack; cf. D. baal. Cf. Ball a round body.] A bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded for storage or transportation; also a bundle of straw, hay, etc., put up compactly for transportation. Bale of dice, a pair of dice. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Baling.] To make up in a bale. Goldsmith.

Bale, v. t. See Bail, v. t., to lade.

Bale (bal), n. [AS. bealo, bealu, balu; akin to OS. balu, OHG. balo, Icel. böl, Goth. balweins.] 1. Misery; calamity; misfortune; sorrow. “Let now your bliss be turned into bale.
Spenser.” 2. Evil; an evil, pernicious influence; something causing great injury. [Now chiefly poetic]

Bal•e•ar´ic (bal•e•ar´ik), a. [L. Balearicus, fr. Gr. baliarei^s the Balearic Islands.] Of or pertaining to the isles of Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, etc., in the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Valencia. Balearic crane. (Zoöl.) See Crane.

Ba•leen´ (ba•len´), n. [F. baleine whale and whalebone, L. balaena a whale; cf. Gr. fa•laina.] (Zoöl. & Com.) Plates or blades of ´whalebone,´ from two to twelve feet long, and sometimes a foot wide, which in certain whales (Balaenoidea) are attached side by side along the upper jaw, and form a fringelike sieve by which the food is retained in the mouth.

Bale´fire (bal´fir), n. [AS. baelfyr the fire of the funeral pile; bael fire, flame (akin to Icel. bal, OSlav. belu, white, Gr. falo•s bright, white, Skr. bhala brightness) + fyr, E. fire.] A signal fire; an alarm fire. “Sweet Teviot! on thy silver tide
The glaring balefires blaze no more.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bale´ful (bal´ful), a. [AS. bealoful. See Bale misery.] 1. Full of deadly or pernicious influence; destructive. ´Baleful enemies.´ Shak. “Four infernal rivers that disgorge
Into the burning lake their baleful streams.
Milton.” 2. Full of grief or sorrow; woeful; sad. [Archaic]

Bale´ful•ly, adv. In a baleful manner; perniciously.

Bale´ful•ness, n. The quality or state of being baleful.

Bal´i•sa•ur (bal´i•sä•oor), n. [Hind.] (Zoöl.) A badgerlike animal of India (Arctonyx collaris).

Bal´is•ter (bal´is•ter or ba•lis´ter), n. [OF. balestre. See Ballista.] A crossbow. [Obs.] Blount.

Bal´is•toid , a. (Zoöl.) Like a fish of the genus Balistes; of the family Balistidae. See Filefish.

Bal•is•tra´ri•a , n. [LL.] (Anc. Fort.) A narrow opening, often cruciform, through which arrows might be discharged. Parker.

Ba•lize´ , n. [F. balise; cf. Sp. balisa.] A pole or a frame raised as a sea beacon or a landmark.

Balk (bak), n. [AS. balca beam, ridge; akin to Icel. balkr partition, bjalki beam, OS. balko, G. balken; cf. Gael. balc ridge of earth between two furrows. Cf. Balcony, Balk, v. t., 3d Bulk.] 1. A ridge of land left unplowed between furrows, or at the end of a field; a piece missed by the plow slipping aside. “Bad plowmen made balks of such ground.
Fuller.” 2. A great beam, rafter, or timber; esp., the tie- beam of a house. The loft above was called ´the balks.´ “Tubs hanging in the balks.
Chaucer.” 3. (Mil.) One of the beams connecting the successive supports of a trestle bridge or bateau bridge. 4. A hindrance or disappointment; a check. “A balk to the confidence of the bold undertaker.
South.” 5. A sudden and obstinate stop; a failure. 6. (Baseball) A deceptive gesture of the pitcher, as if to deliver the ball. Balk line (Billiards), a line across a billiard table near one end, marking a limit within which the cue balls are placed in beginning a game; also a line around the table, parallel to the sides, used in playing a particular game, called the balk line game.

Balk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balked (bakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Balking.] [From Balk a beam; orig. to put a balk or beam in one’s way, in order to stop or hinder. Cf., for sense 2, AS. on balcan legan to lay in heaps.] 1. To leave or make balks in. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To leave heaped up; to heap up in piles. [Obs.] “Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,
Balk’d in their own blood did Sir Walter see.
Shak.” 3. To omit, miss, or overlook by chance. [Obs.] 4. To miss intentionally; to avoid; to shun; to refuse; to let go by; to shirk. [Obs. or Obsolescent] “By reason of the contagion then in London, we balked the inns.
Evelyn.” “Sick he is, and keeps his bed, and balks his meat.
Bp. Hall.” “Nor doth he any creature balk,
But lays on all he meeteth.
Drayton.” 5. To disappoint; to frustrate; to foil; to baffle; to thwart; as to balk expectation. “They shall not balk my entrance.
Byron.”

Balk, v. i. 1. To engage in contradiction; to be in opposition. [Obs.] “In strifeful terms with him to balk.
Spenser.” 2. To stop abruptly and stand still obstinately; to jib; to stop short; to swerve; as the horse balks. This has been regarded as an Americanism, but it occurs in Spenser’s ´Faërie Queene,´ Book IV., 10, xxv. “Ne ever ought but of their true loves talkt,
Ne ever for rebuke or blame of any balkt.”

Balk, v. i. [Prob. from D. balken to bray, bawl.] To indicate to fishermen, by shouts or signals from shore, the direction taken by the shoals of herring.

Balk´er , n. [See 2d Balk.] One who, or that which, balks.

Balk´er , n. [See last Balk.] A person who stands on a rock or eminence to espy the shoals of herring, etc., and to give notice to the men in boats which way they pass; a conder; a huer.

Balk´ing•ly, adv. In a manner to balk or frustrate.

Balk´ish, a. Uneven; ridgy. [R.] Holinshed.

Balk´y (bak´y), a. Apt to balk; as a balky horse.

Ball (bal), n. [OE. bal, balle; akin to OHG. balla, palla, G. ball, Icel. böllr, ball; cf. F. balle. Cf. 1st Bale, n., Pallmall.] 1. Any round or roundish body or mass; a sphere or globe; as a ball of twine; a ball of snow. 2. A spherical body of any substance or size used to play with, as by throwing, knocking, kicking, etc. 3. A general name for games in which a ball is thrown, kicked, or knocked. See Baseball, and Football. 4. Any solid spherical, cylindrical, or conical projectile of lead or iron, to be discharged from a firearm; as a cannon ball; a rifle ball; — often used collectively; as powder and ball. Spherical balls for the smaller firearms are commonly called bullets. 5. (Pyrotechnics & Mil.) A flaming, roundish body shot into the air; a case filled with combustibles intended to burst and give light or set fire, or to produce smoke or stench; as a fire ball; a stink ball. 6. (Print.) A leather-covered cushion, fastened to a handle called a ballstock; — formerly used by printers for inking the form, but now superseded by the roller. 7. A roundish protuberant portion of some part of the body; as the ball of the thumb; the ball of the foot. 8. (Far.) A large pill, a form in which medicine is commonly given to horses; a bolus. White. 9. The globe or earth. Pope. “Move round the dark terrestrial ball.
Addison.” Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within a socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction within certain limits. — Ball bearings, a mechanical device for lessening the friction of axle bearings by means of small loose metal balls. — Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a ball, as distinguished from a blank cartridge, containing only powder. — Ball cock, a faucet or valve which is opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating in water at the end of a lever. — Ball gudgeon, a pivot of a spherical form, which permits lateral deflection of the arbor or shaft, while retaining the pivot in its socket. Knight. — Ball lever, the lever used in a ball cock. — Ball of the eye, the eye itself, as distinguished from its lids and socket; — formerly, the pupil of the eye. — Ball valve (Mach.), a contrivance by which a ball, placed in a circular cup with a hole in its bottom, operates as a valve. — Ball vein (Mining), a sort of iron ore, found in loose masses of a globular form, containing sparkling particles. — Three balls, or Three golden balls, a pawnbroker’s sign or shop. Syn. — See Globe.

Ball, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balled (bald); p. pr. & vb. n. Balling.] To gather balls which cling to the feet, as of damp snow or clay; to gather into balls; as the horse balls; the snow balls.

Ball, v. t. 1. (Metal.) To heat in a furnace and form into balls for rolling. 2. To form or wind into a ball; as to ball cotton.

Ball, n. [F. bal, fr. OF. baler to dance, fr. LL. ballare. Of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. ba•llein to toss or throw, or pa•llein, pa•llesqai, to leap, bound, balli•zein to dance, jump about; or cf. 1st Ball, n.] A social assembly for the purpose of dancing.

Bal´lad , n. [OE. balade, OF. balade, F. ballade, fr. Pr. ballada a dancing song, fr. ballare to dance; cf. It. ballata. See 2d Ball, n., and Ballet.] A popular kind of narrative poem, adapted for recitation or singing; as the ballad of Chevy Chase; esp., a sentimental or romantic poem in short stanzas.

Bal´lad, v. i. To make or sing ballads. [Obs.]

Bal´lad, v. t. To make mention of in ballads. [Obs.]

Bal•lade´ , n. [See Ballad, n.] A form of French versification, sometimes imitated in English, in which three or four rhymes recur through three stanzas of eight or ten lines each, the stanzas concluding with a refrain, and the whole poem with an envoy.

Bal´lad•er , n. A writer of ballads.

Bal´lad mon•ger . [See Monger.] A seller or maker of ballads; a poetaster. Shak.

Bal´lad•ry , n. [From Ballad, n.] Ballad poems; the subject or style of ballads. ´Base balladry is so beloved.´ Drayton. { Bal´la•hoo , Bal´la•hou } (bal´la•hoo), n. A fast-sailing schooner, used in the Bermudas and West Indies.

Bal´la•rag (-rag), v. t. [Corrupted fr. bullirag.] To bully; to threaten. [Low] T. Warton.

Bal´last (bal´last), n. [D. ballast; akin to Dan. baglast, ballast, OSw. barlast, Sw. ballast. The first part is perh. the same word as E. bare, adj.; the second is last a burden, and hence the meaning a bare, or mere, load. See Bare, a., and Last load.] 1. (Naut.) Any heavy substance, as stone, iron, etc., put into the hold to sink a vessel in the water to such a depth as to prevent capsizing. 2. Any heavy matter put into the car of a balloon to give it steadiness. 3. Gravel, broken stone, etc., laid in the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid. 4. The larger solids, as broken stone or gravel, used in making concrete. 5. Fig.: That which gives, or helps to maintain, uprightness, steadiness, and security. “It [piety] is the right ballast of prosperity.
Barrow.” Ballast engine, a steam engine used in excavating and for digging and raising stones and gravel for ballast. — Ship in ballast, a ship carrying only ballast.

Bal´last, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ballasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ballasting.] 1. To steady, as a vessel, by putting heavy substances in the hold. 2. To fill in, as the bed of a railroad, with gravel, stone, etc., in order to make it firm and solid. 3. To keep steady; to steady, morally. “’T is charity must ballast the heart.
Hammond.”

Bal´last•age , n. (Law) A toll paid for the privilege of taking up ballast in a port or harbor.

Bal´last•ing, n. That which is used for steadying anything; ballast.

Bal´la•try , n. See Balladry. [Obs.] Milton.

Bal´let (bal´la• or bal´let; 277), n. [F., a dim. of bal dance. See 2d Ball, n.] 1. An artistic dance performed as a theatrical entertainment, or an interlude, by a number of persons, usually women. Sometimes, a scene accompanied by pantomime and dancing. 2. The company of persons who perform the ballet. 3. (Mus.) A light part song, or madrigal, with a fa la burden or chorus, — most common with the Elizabethan madrigal composers. 4. (Her.) A bearing in coats of arms, representing one or more balls, which are denominated bezants, plates, etc., according to color.

Ball´-flow•er , n. (Arch.) An ornament resembling a ball placed in a circular flower, the petals of which form a cup round it, — usually inserted in a hollow molding.

Bal•lis´ta , n.; pl. Ballistae . [L. ballista, balista, fr. Gr. ballein to throw.] An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles.

Bal´lis•ter (bal´lis•ter or bal•lis´ter), n. [L. ballista. Cf. Balister.] A crossbow. [Obs.]

Bal•lis´tic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ballista, or to the art of hurling stones or missile weapons by means of an engine. 2. Pertaining to projection, or to a projectile. Ballistic pendulum, an instrument consisting of a mass of wood or other material suspended as a pendulum, for measuring the force and velocity of projectiles by means of the arc through which their impact impels it.

Bal•lis´tics , n. [Cf. F. balistique. See Ballista.] The science or art of hurling missile weapons by the use of an engine. Whewell.

Bal´li•um , n. [LL.] See Bailey.

Bal•loon´ , n. [F. ballon, aug. of balle ball: cf. It. ballone. See 1st Ball, n., and cf. Pallone.] 1. A bag made of silk or other light material, and filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere; especially, one with a car attached for aërial navigation. 2. (Arch.) A ball or globe on the top of a pillar, church, etc., as at St. Paul’s, in London. [R.] 3. (Chem.) A round vessel, usually with a short neck, to hold or receive whatever is distilled; a glass vessel of a spherical form. 4. (Pyrotechnics) A bomb or shell. [Obs.] 5. A game played with a large inflated ball. [Obs.] 6. (Engraving) The outline inclosing words represented as coming from the mouth of a pictured figure. Air balloon, a balloon for aërial navigation. — Balloon frame (Carp.), a house frame constructed altogether of small timber. — Balloon net, a variety of woven lace in which the weft threads are twisted in a peculiar manner around the warp.

Bal•loon´, v. t. To take up in, or as if in, a balloon.

Bal•loon´, v. i. 1. To go up or voyage in a balloon. 2. To expand, or puff out, like a balloon.

Bal•looned´ , a. Swelled out like a balloon.

Bal•loon´er , n. One who goes up in a balloon; an aëronaut.

Bal•loon´ fish . (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Diodon or the genus Tetraodon, having the power of distending its body by taking air or water into its dilatable esophagus. See Globefish, and Bur fish.

Bal•loon´ing, n. 1. The art or practice of managing balloons or voyaging in them. 2. (Stock Exchange) The process of temporarily raising the value of a stock, as by fictitious sales. [U.S.]

Bal•loon´ing spi´der . (Zoöl.) A spider which has the habit of rising into the air. Many kinds (esp. species of Lycosa) do this while young by ejecting threads of silk until the force of the wind upon them carries the spider aloft.

Bal•loon´ist, n. An aëronaut.

Bal•loon´ry , n. The art or practice of ascending in a balloon; aëronautics.

Bal´lot (bal´lut), n. [F. ballotte, fr. It. ballotta. See Ball round body.] 1. Originally, a ball used for secret voting. Hence: Any printed or written ticket used in voting. 2. The act of voting by balls or written or printed ballots or tickets; the system of voting secretly by balls or by tickets. “The insufficiency of the ballot.
Dickens.” 3. The whole number of votes cast at an election, or in a given territory or electoral district. Ballot box, a box for receiving ballots.

Bal´lot (bal´lut), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Balloting.] [F. ballotter to toss, to ballot, or It. ballottare. See Ballot, n.] To vote or decide by ballot; as to ballot for a candidate.

Bal´lot, v. t. To vote for or in opposition to. “None of the competitors arriving to a sufficient number of balls, they fell to ballot some others.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Bal´lo•tade (bal´lo•täd• or - tad•), n. [F. ballottade, fr. ballotter to toss. See Ballot, v. i.] (Man.) A leap of a horse, as between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so that when his four feet are in the air, he shows only the shoes of his hind feet, without jerking out.

Bal•lo•ta´tion , n. Voting by ballot. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Bal´lot•er , n. One who votes by ballot.

Bal´lo•tin , n. [F.] An officer who has charge of a ballot box. [Obs.] Harrington.

Bal´low , n. A cudgel. [Obs.] Shak.

Ball´proof , a. Incapable of being penetrated by balls from firearms.

Ball´room , n. A room for balls or dancing.

Balm (bäm), n. [OE. baume, OF. bausme, basme, F. baume, L. balsamum balsam, from Gr. ba•lsamon; perhaps of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. basam. Cf. Balsam.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Melissa. 2. The resinous and aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs. Dryden. 3. Any fragrant ointment. Shak. 4. Anything that heals or that mitigates pain. ´Balm for each ill.´ Mrs. Hemans. Balm cricket (Zoöl.), the European cicada. Tennyson. — Balm of Gilead (Bot.), a small evergreen African and Asiatic tree of the terebinthine family (Balsamodendron Gileadense). Its leaves yield, when bruised, a strong aromatic scent; and from this tree is obtained the balm of Gilead of the shops, or balsam of Mecca. This has a yellowish or greenish color, a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, and a fragrant smell. It is valued as an unguent and cosmetic by the Turks. The fragrant herb Dracocephalum Canariense is familiarly called balm of Gilead, and so are the American trees, Populus balsamifera, variety candicans (balsam poplar), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir).

Balm, v. t. To anoint with balm, or with anything medicinal. Hence: To soothe; to mitigate. [Archaic] Shak.

Balm´i•fy , v. t. [Balm + - fy.] To render balmy. [Obs.] Cheyne.

Balm´i•ly, adv. In a balmy manner. Coleridge.

Bal•mor´al , n. [From Balmoral Castle, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.] 1. A long woolen petticoat, worn immediately under the dress. 2. A kind of stout walking shoe, laced in front. “A man who uses his balmorals to tread on your toes.
George Eliot.”

Balm´y , a. 1. Having the qualities of balm; odoriferous; aromatic; assuaging; soothing; refreshing; mild. ´The balmy breeze.´ Tickell. “Tired nature’s sweet restorer, balmy sleep!
Young.” 2. Producing balm. ´The balmy tree.´ Pope. Syn. — Fragrant; sweet-scented; odorous; spicy.

Bal´ne•al , a. [L. balneum bath.] Of or pertaining to a bath. Howell.

Bal´ne•a•ry , n. [L. balnearium, fr. balneum bath.] A bathing room. Sir T. Browne.

Bal•ne•a´tion , n. [LL. balneare to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] The act of bathing. [R.]

Bal´ne•a•to•ry , a. [L. balneatorius.] Belonging to a bath. [Obs.]

Bal•ne•og´ra•phy , n. [L. balneum bath + -graphy.] A description of baths.

Bal•ne•ol´o•gy , n. [L. balneum bath + -logy.] A treatise on baths; the science of bathing.

Bal•ne•o•ther´a•py , n. [L. balneum bath + Gr. qerapey•ein to heal.] The treatment of disease by baths.

Bal´o•tade (bal´lo•täd• or - tad•), n. See Ballotade.

Bal´sa , n. [Sp. or Pg. balsa.] (Naut.) A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America.

Bal´sam (bal´sam), n. [L. balsamum the balsam tree or its resin, Gr. ba•lsamon. See Balm, n.] 1. A resin containing more or less of an essential or volatile oil. The balsams are aromatic resinous substances, flowing spontaneously or by incision from certain plants. A great variety of substances pass under this name, but the term is now usually restricted to resins which, in addition to a volatile oil, contain benzoic and cinnamic acid. Among the true balsams are the balm of Gilead, and the balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu. There are also many pharmaceutical preparations and resinous substances, possessed of a balsamic smell, to which the name balsam has been given. 2. (Bot.) (a) A species of tree (Abies balsamea). (b) An annual garden plant (Impatiens balsamina) with beautiful flowers; balsamine. 3. Anything that heals, soothes, or restores. “Was not the people’s blessing a balsam to thy blood?
Tennyson.” Balsam apple (Bot.), an East Indian plant (Momordica balsamina), of the gourd family, with red or orange- yellow cucumber-shaped fruit of the size of a walnut, used as a vulnerary, and in liniments and poultices. — Balsam fir (Bot.), the American coniferous tree, Abies balsamea, from which the useful Canada balsam is derived. — Balsam of copaiba. See Copaiba. — Balsam of Mecca, balm of Gilead. — Balsam of Peru, a reddish brown, syrupy balsam, obtained from a Central American tree (Myroxylon Pereirae and used as a stomachic and expectorant, and in the treatment of ulcers, etc. It was long supposed to be a product of Peru. — Balsam of Tolu, a reddish or yellowish brown semisolid or solid balsam, obtained from a South American tree (Myroxylon toluiferum). It is highly fragrant, and is used as a stomachic and expectorant. — Balsam tree, any tree from which balsam is obtained, esp. the Abies balsamea. — Canada balsam, Balsam of fir, Canada turpentine, a yellowish, viscid liquid, which, by time and exposure, becomes a transparent solid mass. It is obtained from the balm of Gilead (or balsam) fir (Abies balsamea) by breaking the vesicles upon the trunk and branches. See Balm.

Bal´sam , v. t. To treat or anoint with balsam; to relieve, as with balsam; to render balsamic.

Bal•sam•a´tion (bal•sam•a´shun or bal•-), n. 1. The act of imparting balsamic properties. 2. The art or process of embalming. { Bal•sam´ic (bal•sam´ik or bal-; 277), Bal•sam´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. balsamique.] Having the qualities of balsam; containing, or resembling, balsam; soft; mitigative; soothing; restorative.

Bal•sam•if´er•ous (bal•sam•if´er•us or bal•-), a. [Balsam + -ferous.] Producing balsam.

Bal´sam•ine , n. [Cf. F. balsamine, fr. Gr. balsami•nh balsam plant.] (Bot.) The Impatiens balsamina, or garden balsam.

Bal´sam•ous , a. Having the quality of balsam; containing balsam. ´A balsamous substance.´ Sterne.

Bal´ter , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Bloodboltered.] To stick together. [Obs.] Holland.

Bal´tic , a. [NL. mare Balticum, fr. L. balteus belt, from certain straits or channels surrounding its isles, called belts. See Belt.] Of or pertaining to the sea which separates Norway and Sweden from Jutland, Denmark, and Germany; situated on the Baltic Sea. { Bal´ti•more bird• . Bal´ti•more o´ri•ole . } (Zoöl.) A common American bird (Icterus galbula), named after Lord Baltimore, because its colors (black and orange red) are like those of his coat of arms; — called also golden robin.

Bal´us•ter , n. [F. balustre, It. balaustro, fr. L. balaustium the flower of the wild pomegranate, fr. Gr. balay•stion; — so named from the similarity of form.] (Arch.) A small column or pilaster, used as a support to the rail of an open parapet, to guard the side of a staircase, or the front of a gallery. See Balustrade. [Corrupted into banister.]

Bal´us•tered (-terd), a. Having balusters. Dryden.

Bal´us•trade (-trad•), n. [F. balustrade, It. balaustrata fr. balaustro. See Baluster.] (Arch.) A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building.

Bam (bam), n. [Prob. a contr. of bamboozle.] An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. Garrick. “To relieve the tedium, he kept plying them with all manner of bams.
Prof. Wilson.”

Bam, v. t. To cheat; to wheedle. [Slang] Foote.

Bam•bi´no (bäm•be´no), n. [It., a little boy, fr. bambo silly; cf. Gr. bambali•zein, bambai•nein, to chatter.] A child or baby; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes.

Bam•boc•ci•ade´ , n. [It. bambocciata, fr. Bamboccio a nickname of Peter Van Laer, a Dutch genre painter; properly, a child, simpleton, puppet, fr. bambo silly.] (Paint.) A representation of a grotesque scene from common or rustic life.

Bam•boo´ (bam•boo´), n. [Malay bambu, mambu.] (Bot.) A plant of the family of grasses, and genus Bambusa, growing in tropical countries. The most useful species is Bambusa arundinacea, which has a woody, hollow, round, straight, jointed stem, and grows to the height of forty feet and upward. The flowers grow in large panicles, from the joints of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close to their receptacles. Old stalks grow to five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable as to be used for building, and for all sorts of furniture, for water pipes, and for poles to support palanquins. The smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, flutes, etc.

Bam•boo´, v. t. To flog with the bamboo.

Bam•boo´zle (-z’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bamboozled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bamboozling .] [Said to be of Gipsy origin.] To deceive by trickery; to cajole by confusing the senses; to hoax; to mystify; to humbug. [Colloq.] Addison. “What oriental tomfoolery is bamboozling you?
J. H. Newman.”

Bam•boo´zler (bam•boo´zler), n. A swindler; one who deceives by trickery. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot.

Ban (ban), n. A kind of fine muslin, made in the East Indies from the fiber of the banana leaf stalks.

Ban (ban), n. [AS. bann command, edict; akin to D. ban, Icel. bann, Dan. band, OHG. ban, G. bann, a public proclamation, as of interdiction or excommunication, Gr. fa•nai to say, L. fari to speak, Skr. bhan to speak; cf. F. ban, LL. bannum, of G. origin. rad.86. Cf. Abandon, Fame.] 1. A public proclamation or edict; a public order or notice, mandatory or prohibitory; a summons by public proclamation. 2. (Feudal & Mil.) A calling together of the king’s (esp. the French king’s) vassals for military service; also the body of vassals thus assembled or summoned. In present usage, in France and Prussia, the most effective part of the population liable to military duty and not in the standing army. 3. pl. Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in church. See Banns (the common spelling in this sense). 4. An interdiction, prohibition, or proscription. ´Under ban to touch.´ Milton. 5. A curse or anathema. ´Hecate’s ban.´ Shak. 6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delinquent for offending against a ban; as a mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes. Ban of the empire (German Hist.), an imperial interdict by which political rights and privileges, as those of a prince, city, or district, were taken away.

Ban, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banned (band); p. pr. & vb. n. Banning.] [OE. bannen, bannien, to summon, curse, AS. bannan to summon; akin to Dan. bande, forbande, to curse, Sw. banna to revile, bannas to curse. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] 1. To curse; to invoke evil upon. Sir W. Scott. 2. To forbid; to interdict. Byron.

Ban, v. i. To curse; to swear. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ban, n. [Serv. ban; cf. Russ. & Pol. pan a master, lord, Per. ban.] An ancient title of the warden of the eastern marches of Hungary; now, a title of the viceroy of Croatia and Slavonia.

Ban´al , a. [F., fr. ban an ordinance.] Commonplace; trivial; hackneyed; trite.

Ba•nal´i•ty , n.; pl. Banalities . [F. banalite. See Banal.] Something commonplace, hackneyed, or trivial; the commonplace, in speech. “The highest things were thus brought down to the banalities of discourse.
J. Morley.”

Ba•na´na (ba•nä´na; 277), n. [Sp. banana, name of the fruit.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous plant of almost treelike size (Musa sapientum); also its edible fruit. See Musa. The banana has a soft, herbaceous stalk, with leaves of great length and breadth. The flowers grow in bunches, covered with a sheath of a green or purple color; the fruit is five or six inches long, and over an inch in diameter; the pulp is soft, and of a luscious taste, and is eaten either raw or cooked. This plant is a native of tropical countries, and furnishes an important article of food. Banana bird (Zoöl.), a small American bird (Icterus leucopteryx), which feeds on the banana. — Banana quit (Zoöl.), a small bird of tropical America, of the genus Certhiola, allied to the creepers.

Ban´at , n. [Cf. F. & G. banat. See Ban a warden.] The territory governed by a ban. { Banc , Ban´cus , Bank } n. [OF. banc, LL. bancus. See Bank, n.] A bench; a high seat, or seat of distinction or judgment; a tribunal or court. In banc, In banco (the ablative of bancus), In bank, in full court, or with full judicial authority; as sittings in banc (distinguished from sittings at nisi prius).

Ban´co , n. [It. See Bank.] A bank, especially that of Venice. This term is used in some parts of Europe to indicate bank money, as distinguished from the current money, when this last has become depreciated.

Band (band), n. [OE. band, bond, Icel. band; akin to G., Sw., & D. band, OHG. bant, Goth. bandi, Skr. bandha a binding, bandh to bind, for bhanda, bhandh, also to E. bend, bind. In sense 7, at least, it is fr. F. bande, from OHG. bant. rad.90. See Bind, v. t., and cf. Bend, Bond, 1st Bandy.] 1. A fillet, strap, or any narrow ligament with which a thing is encircled, or fastened, or by which a number of things are tied, bound together, or confined; a fetter. “Every one’s bands were loosed.
Acts xvi. 26.” 2. (Arch.) (a) A continuous tablet, stripe, or series of ornaments, as of carved foliage, of color, or of brickwork, etc. (b) In Gothic architecture, the molding, or suite of moldings, which encircles the pillars and small shafts. 3. That which serves as the means of union or connection between persons; a tie. ´To join in Hymen’s bands.´ Shak. 4. A linen collar or ruff worn in the 16th and 17th centuries. 5. pl. Two strips of linen hanging from the neck in front as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress. 6. A narrow strip of cloth or other material on any article of dress, to bind, strengthen, ornament, or complete it. ´Band and gusset and seam.´ Hood. 7. A company of persons united in any common design, especially a body of armed men. “Troops of horsemen with his bands of foot.
Shak.” 8. A number of musicians who play together upon portable musical instruments, especially those making a loud sound, as certain wind instruments (trumpets, clarinets, etc.), and drums, or cymbals. 9. (Bot.) A space between elevated lines or ribs, as of the fruits of umbelliferous plants. 10. (Zoöl.) A stripe, streak, or other mark transverse to the axis of the body. 11. (Mech.) A belt or strap. 12. A bond. [Obs.] ´Thy oath and band.´ Shak. 13. Pledge; security. [Obs.] Spenser. Band saw, a saw in the form of an endless steel belt, with teeth on one edge, running over wheels.

Band (band), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banded; p. pr. & vb. n. Banding.] 1. To bind or tie with a band. 2. To mark with a band. 3. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. ´Banded against his throne.´ Milton. Banded architrave, pier, shaft, etc. (Arch.), an architrave, pier, etc., of which the regular profile is interrupted by blocks or projections crossing it at right angles.

Band, v. i. To confederate for some common purpose; to unite; to conspire together. “Certain of the Jews banded together.
Acts xxiii. 12.”

Band, v. t. To bandy; to drive away. [Obs.]

Band, imp. of Bind. [Obs.] Spenser.

Band´age (band´aj), n. [F. bandage, fr. bande. See Band.] 1. A fillet or strip of woven material, used in dressing and binding up wounds, etc. 2. Something resembling a bandage; that which is bound over or round something to cover, strengthen, or compress it; a ligature. “Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage over her eyes.
Addison.”

Band´age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandaged (-ajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bandaging (band´a•jing).] To bind, dress, or cover, with a bandage; as to bandage the eyes.

Ban•da´la , n. A fabric made in Manilla from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis). { Ban•dan´na , Ban•dan´a } , n. [Hind. bandhnu a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places so as to prevent the parts tied from receiving the dye. Cf. Band, n.] 1. A species of silk or cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of red or blue, with white or yellow figures of a circular, lozenge, or other simple form. 2. A style of calico printing, in which white or bright spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uniform red or dark color, by discharging portions of the color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is under pressure. Ure.

Band´box (band´boks•), n. A light box of pasteboard or thin wood, usually cylindrical, for holding ruffs (the bands of the 17th century), collars, caps, bonnets, etc.

Ban´deau (ban´do), n.; pl. Bandeaux (ban´doz). [F.] A narrow band or fillet; a part of a head-dress. “Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of leather.
Sir W. Scott.” { Band´e•let , Band´let } , n. [F. bandelette, dim. of bande. See Band, n., and cf. Bendlet.] (Arch.) A small band or fillet; any little band or flat molding, compassing a column, like a ring. Gwilt.

Band´er , n. One banded with others. [R.] { Band´e•role , Band´rol } , n. [F. banderole, dim. of bandière, bannière, banner; cf. It. banderuola a little banner. See Banner.] A little banner, flag, or streamer. [Written also bannerol.] “From the extremity of which fluttered a small banderole or streamer bearing a cross.
Sir W. Scott.”

Band´ fish . (Zoöl.) A small red fish of the genus Cepola; the ribbon fish.

Ban´di•coot , n. [A corruption of the native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A species of very large rat (Mus giganteus), found in India and Ceylon. It does much injury to rice fields and gardens. (b) A ratlike marsupial animal (genus Perameles) of several species, found in Australia and Tasmania.

Band´ing plane . A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work.

Ban´dit (ban´dit), n.; pl. Bandits (ban´dits), or Banditti (ban•dit´ti). [It. bandito outlaw, p. p. of bandire to proclaim, to banish, to proscribe, LL. bandire, bannire. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] An outlaw; a brigand. “No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer.
Milton.” The plural banditti was formerly used as a collective noun. “Deerstealers are ever a desperate banditti.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ban´dle , n. [Ir. bannlamh cubit, fr. bann a measure + lamh hand, arm.] An Irish measure of two feet in length.

Band´let , n. Same as Bandelet.

Band´mas•ter , n. The conductor of a musical band.

Ban´dog (ban´dog•; 115), n. [Band + dog, i.e., bound dog.] A mastiff or other large and fierce dog, usually kept chained or tied up. “The keeper entered leading his bandog, a large bloodhound, tied in a leam, or band, from which he takes his name.
Sir W. Scott.” { Ban•do•leer´ , Ban•do•lier´ } , n. [F. bandoulière (cf. It. bandoliera, Sp. bandolera), fr. F. bande band, Sp. & It. banda. See Band, n.] 1. A broad leather belt formerly worn by soldiers over the right shoulder and across the breast under the left arm. Originally it was used for supporting the musket and twelve cases for charges, but later only as a cartridge belt. 2. One of the leather or wooden cases in which the charges of powder were carried. [Obs.]

Ban´do•line , n. [Perh. allied to band.] A glutinous pomatum for the hair.

Ban´don , n. [OF. bandon. See Abandon.] Disposal; control; license. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Ban´dore ( or ), n. [Sp. bandurria, fr. L. pandura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three strings, fr. Gr. pandoy^ra. Cf. Pandore, Banjo, Mandolin.] A musical stringed instrument, similar in form to a guitar; a pandore.

Band´rol , n. Same as Banderole.

Ban´dy (ban´dy), n. [Telugu bandi.] A carriage or cart used in India, esp. one drawn by bullocks.

Ban´dy, n.; pl. Bandies (-diz). [Cf. F. bande, p. p. of bander to bind, to bend (a bow), to bandy, fr. bande. See Band, n.] 1. A club bent at the lower part for striking a ball at play; a hockey stick. Johnson. 2. The game played with such a club; hockey; shinney; bandy ball.

Ban´dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandied (-did); p. pr. & vb. n. Bandying.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in playing at bandy. “Like tennis balls bandied and struck upon us … by rackets from without.
Cudworth.” 2. To give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. ´To bandy hasty words.´ Shak. 3. To toss about, as from man to man; to agitate. “Let not obvious and known truth be bandied about in a disputation.
I. Watts.”

Ban´dy, v. i. To contend, as at some game in which each strives to drive the ball his own way. “Fit to bandy with thy lawless sons.
Shak.”

Ban´dy, a. Bent; crooked; curved laterally, esp. with the convex side outward; as a bandy leg.

Ban´dy-legged , a. Having crooked legs.

Bane (ban), n. [OE. bane destruction, AS. bana murderer; akin to Icel. bani death, murderer, OHG. bana murder, bano murderer, Goth. banja stroke, wound, Gr. foney•s murderer, fo•nos murder, OIr. bath death, benim I strike. rad.31.] 1. That which destroys life, esp. poison of a deadly quality. [Obs. except in combination, as in ratsbane, henbane, etc.] 2. Destruction; death. [Obs.] “The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their bane.
Milton.” 3. Any cause of ruin, or lasting injury; harm; woe. “Money, thou bane of bliss, and source of woe.
Herbert.” 4. A disease in sheep, commonly termed the rot. Syn. — Poison; ruin; destruction; injury; pest.

Bane, v. t. To be the bane of; to ruin. [Obs.] Fuller.

Bane´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A genus (Actaea) of plants, of the order Ranunculaceae, native in the north temperate zone. The red or white berries are poisonous.

Bane´ful , a. Having poisonous qualities; deadly; destructive; injurious; noxious; pernicious. ´Baneful hemlock.´ Garth. ´Baneful wrath.´ Chapman. — Bane´ful•ly, adv. — Bane´ful•ness, n.

Bane´wort , n. (Bot.) Deadly nightshade.

Bang , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banged; p. pr. & vb. n. Banging.] [Icel. banga to hammer; akin to Dan. banke to beat, Sw. bångas to be impetuous, G. bengel club, clapper of a bell.] 1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel; to treat with violence; to handle roughly. “The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks.
Shak.” 2. To beat or thump, or to cause (something) to hit or strike against another object, in such a way as to make a loud noise; as to bang a drum or a piano; to bang a door (against the doorpost or casing) in shutting it.

Bang, v. i. To make a loud noise, as if with a blow or succession of blows; as the window blind banged and waked me; he was banging on the piano.

Bang, n. 1. A blow as with a club; a heavy blow. “Many a stiff thwack, many a bang.
Hudibras.” 2. The sound produced by a sudden concussion.

Bang, v. t. To cut squarely across, as the tail of a horse, or the forelock of human beings; to cut (the hair). “His hair banged even with his eyebrows.
The Century Mag.”

Bang, n. The short, front hair combed down over the forehead, esp. when cut squarely across; a false front of hair similarly worn. “His hair cut in front like a young lady’s bang.
W. D. Howells.” { Bang , Bangue } , n. See Bhang.

Bang´ing, a. Huge; great in size. [Colloq.] Forby.

Ban´gle (ban´g’l), v. t. [From 1st Bang.] To waste by little and little; to fritter away. [Obs.]

Ban´gle, n. [Hind. bangri bracelet, bangle.] An ornamental circlet, of glass, gold, silver, or other material, worn by women in India and Africa, and in some other countries, upon the wrist or ankle; a ring bracelet. Bangle ear, a loose hanging ear of a horse, like that of a spaniel.

Ban´ian (ban´yan or ban•yan´; 277), n. [Skr. banij merchant. The tree was so named by the English, because used as a market place by the merchants.] 1. A Hindoo trader, merchant, cashier, or money changer. [Written also banyan.] 2. A man’s loose gown, like that worn by the Banians. 3. (Bot.) The Indian fig. See Banyan. Banian days (Naut.), days in which the sailors have no flesh meat served out to them. This use seems to be borrowed from the Banians or Banya race, who eat no flesh.

Ban´ish (ban´ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banished (-isht); p. pr. & vb. n. Banishing.] [OF. banir, F. bannir, LL. bannire, fr. OHG. bannan to summon, fr. ban ban. See Ban an edict, and Finish, v. t.] 1. To condemn to exile, or compel to leave one’s country, by authority of the ruling power. ´We banish you our territories.´ Shak. 2. To drive out, as from a home or familiar place; — used with from and out of. “How the ancient Celtic tongue came to be banished from the Low Countries in Scotland.
Blair.” 3. To drive away; to compel to depart; to dispel. ´Banish all offense.´ Shak. Syn. — To Banish, Exile, Expel. The idea of a coercive removal from a place is common to these terms. A man is banished when he is forced by the government of a country (be he a foreigner or a native) to leave its borders. A man is exiled when he is driven into banishment from his native country and home. Thus to exile is to banish, but to banish is not always to exile. To expel is to eject or banish summarily or authoritatively, and usually under circumstances of disgrace; as to expel from a college; expelled from decent society.

Ban´ish•er , n. One who banishes.

Ban´ish•ment , n. [Cf. F. bannissement.] The act of banishing, or the state of being banished. “He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies.
Johnson.” “Round the wide world in banishment we roam.
Dryden.” Syn. — Expatriation; ostracism; expulsion; proscription; exile; outlawry.

Ban´is•ter , n. [A corruption of baluster.] A baluster; (pl.) the balustrade of a staircase. “He struggled to ascend the pulpit stairs, holding hard on the banisters. Sir W. Scott.”

Ban´jo , n. [Formerly also banjore and banjer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pronunciation.] A stringed musical instrument having a head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tambourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers and hands.

Bank (bank), n. [OE. banke; akin to E. bench, and prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. bakki. See Bench.] 1. A mound, pile, or ridge of earth, raised above the surrounding level; hence, anything shaped like a mound or ridge of earth; as a bank of clouds; a bank of snow. “They cast up a bank against the city.
2 Sam. xx. 15.” 2. A steep acclivity, as the slope of a hill, or the side of a ravine. 3. The margin of a watercourse; the rising ground bordering a lake, river, or sea, or forming the edge of a cutting, or other hollow. “Tiber trembled underneath her banks.
Shak.” 4. An elevation, or rising ground, under the sea; a shoal, shelf, or shallow; as the banks of Newfoundland. 5. (Mining) (a) The face of the coal at which miners are working. (b) A deposit of ore or coal, worked by excavations above water level. (c) The ground at the top of a shaft; as ores are brought to bank. Bank beaver (Zoöl.), the otter. [Local, U.S.] — Bank swallow, a small American and European swallow (Clivicola riparia) that nests in a hole which it excavates in a bank.

Bank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banked(bankt); p. pr. & vb. n. Banking.] 1. To raise a mound or dike about; to inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank; to embank. ´Banked well with earth.´ Holland. 2. To heap or pile up; as to bank sand. 3. To pass by the banks of. [Obs.] Shak. To bank a fire, To bank up a fire, to cover the coals or embers with ashes or cinders, thus keeping the fire low but alive.

Bank, n. [Prob. fr. F. banc. Of German origin, and akin to E. bench. See Bench.] 1. A bench, as for rowers in a galley; also a tier of oars. “Placed on their banks, the lusty Trojan sweep
Neptune’s smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep.
Waller.” 2. (Law) (a) The bench or seat upon which the judges sit. (b) The regular term of a court of law, or the full court sitting to hear arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at Nisi Prius, or a court held for jury trials. See Banc. Burrill. 3. (Printing) A sort of table used by printers. 4. (Music) A bench, or row of keys belonging to a keyboard, as in an organ. Knight.

Bank, n. [F. banque, It. banca, orig. bench, table, counter, of German origin, and akin to E. bench; cf. G. bank bench, OHG. banch. See Bench, and cf. Banco, Beach.] 1. An establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue, of money, and for facilitating the transmission of funds by drafts or bills of exchange; an institution incorporated for performing one or more of such functions, or the stockholders (or their representatives, the directors), acting in their corporate capacity. 2. The building or office used for banking purposes. 3. A fund from deposits or contributions, to be used in transacting business; a joint stock or capital. [Obs.] “Let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be master of his own money.
Bacon.” 4. (Gaming) The sum of money or the checks which the dealer or banker has as a fund, from which to draw his stakes and pay his losses. 5. In certain games, as dominos, a fund of pieces from which the players are allowed to draw. Bank credit, a credit by which a person who has given the required security to a bank has liberty to draw to a certain extent agreed upon. — Bank of deposit, a bank which receives money for safe keeping. — Bank of issue, a bank which issues its own notes payable to bearer.

Bank, v. t. To deposit in a bank. Johnson.

Bank, v. i. 1. To keep a bank; to carry on the business of a banker. 2. To deposit money in a bank; to have an account with a banker.

Bank´a•ble (bank´a•b’l), a. Receivable at a bank.

Bank´ bill . 1. In America (and formerly in England), a promissory note of a bank payable to the bearer on demand, and used as currency; a bank note. 2. In England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, and usually at some future specified time. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, no part of the currency.

Bank´ book . A book kept by a depositor, in which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits of the depositor’s account with the bank.

Bank´er , n. [See the nouns Bank and the verbs derived from them.] 1. One who conducts the business of banking; one who, individually, or as a member of a company, keeps an establishment for the deposit or loan of money, or for traffic in money, bills of exchange, etc. 2. A money changer. [Obs.] 3. The dealer, or one who keeps the bank in a gambling house. 4. A vessel employed in the cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland. Grabb. J. Q. Adams. 5. A ditcher; a drain digger. [Prov. Eng.] 6. The stone bench on which masons cut or square their work. Weale.

Bank´er•ess , n. A female banker. Thackeray.

Bank´ing, n. The business of a bank or of a banker. Banking house, an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done.

Bank´ note . 1. A promissory note issued by a bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand. In the United States popularly called a bank bill. 2. Formerly, a promissory note made by a banker, or banking company, payable to a specified person at a fixed date; a bank bill. See Bank bill, 2. [Obs.] 3. A promissory note payable at a bank.

Bank´rupt , n. [F. banqueroute, fr. It. bancarotta bankruptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. banch, G. bank, bench) + rotta broken, fr. L. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench ( i.e., money table) broken. See 1st Bank, and Rupture, n.] 1. (Old Eng. Low) A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors. Blackstone. 2. A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts; an insolvent trader; popularly, any person who is unable to pay his debts; an insolvent person. MCulloch. 3. (Law) A person who, in accordance with the terms of a law relating to bankruptcy, has been judicially declared to be unable to meet his liabilities. In England, until the year 1861 none but a ´trader´ could be made a bankrupt; a non-trader failing to meet his liabilities being an ´insolvent´. But this distinction was abolished by the Bankruptcy Act of 1861. The laws of 1841 and 1867 of the United States relating to bankruptcy applied this designation bankrupt to others besides those engaged in trade.

Bank´rupt, a. 1. Being a bankrupt or in a condition of bankruptcy; unable to pay, or legally discharged from paying, one’s debts; as a bankrupt merchant. 2. Depleted of money; not having the means of meeting pecuniary liabilities; as a bankrupt treasury. 3. Relating to bankrupts and bankruptcy. 4. Destitute of, or wholly wanting (something once possessed, or something one should possess). ´Bankrupt in gratitude.´ Sheridan. Bankrupt law, a law by which the property of a person who is unable or unwilling to pay his debts may be taken and distributed to his creditors, and by which a person who has made a full surrender of his property, and is free from fraud, may be discharged from the legal obligation of his debts. See Insolvent, a.

Bank´rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bankrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bankrupting.] To make bankrupt; to bring financial ruin upon; to impoverish.

Bank´rupt•cy , n.; pl. Bankruptcies. 1. The state of being actually or legally bankrupt. 2. The act or process of becoming a bankrupt. 3. Complete loss; — followed by of.

Bank´side , n. The slope of a bank, especially of the bank of a steam.

Bank´-sid•ed , a. (Naut.) Having sides inclining inwards, as a ship; — opposed to wall- sided.

Bank´ swal´low . See under 1st Bank, n.

Ban´li•eue , n. [F., fr. LL. bannum leucae, banleuca; bannum jurisdiction + leuca league.] The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Brande & C.

Ban´ner , n. [OE. banere, OF. baniere, F. bannière, bandière, fr. LL. baniera, banderia, fr. bandum banner, fr. OHG. bant band, strip of cloth; cf. bindan to bind, Goth. bandwa, bandwo, a sign. See Band, n.] 1. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike by a crosspiece, and used by a chief as his standard in battle. “Hang out our banners on the outward walls.
Shak.” 2. A large piece of silk or other cloth, with a device or motto, extended on a crosspiece, and borne in a procession, or suspended in some conspicuous place. 3. Any flag or standard; as the star-spangled banner. Banner fish (Zoöl.), a large fish of the genus Histiophorus, of the Swordfish family, having a broad bannerlike dorsal fin; the sailfish. One species (H. Americanus) inhabits the North Atlantic.

Ban´nered , a. Furnished with, or bearing, banners. ´A bannered host.´ Milton.

Ban´ner•et , n. [OE. baneret, OF. baneret, F. banneret; properly a dim. of OF. baniere. See Banner.] 1. Originally, a knight who led his vassals into the field under his own banner; — commonly used as a title of rank. 2. A title of rank, conferred for heroic deeds, and hence, an order of knighthood; also the person bearing such title or rank. The usual mode of conferring the rank on the field of battle was by cutting or tearing off the point of the pennon or pointed flag on the spear of the candidate, thereby making it a banner. 3. A civil officer in some Swiss cantons. 4. A small banner. Shak.

Ban´ner•ol , n. A banderole; esp. a banner displayed at a funeral procession and set over the tomb. See Banderole.

Ban•ni´tion , n. [LL. bannitio. See Banish.] The act of expulsion. [Obs.] Abp. Laud.

Ban´nock , n. [Gael. bonnach.] A kind of cake or bread, in shape flat and roundish, commonly made of oatmeal or barley meal and baked on an iron plate, or griddle; — used in Scotland and the northern counties of England. Jamieson. Bannock fluke, the turbot. [Scot.]

Banns , n. pl. [See Ban.] Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law, in order that any person may object, if he knows of just cause why the marriage should not take place.

Ban´quet (ban´kwet), n. [F., a feast, prop. a dim. of banc bench; cf. It. banchetto, dim. of banco a bench, counter. See Bank a bench, and cf. Banquette.] 1. A feast; a sumptuous entertainment of eating and drinking; often, a complimentary or ceremonious feast, followed by speeches. 2. A dessert; a course of sweetmeats; a sweetmeat or sweetmeats. [Obs.] “We’ll dine in the great room, but let the music
And banquet be prepared here.
Massinger.”

Ban´quet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banqueted; p. pr. & vb. n. Banqueting.] To treat with a banquet or sumptuous entertainment of food; to feast. “Just in time to banquet
The illustrious company assembled there.
Coleridge.”

Ban´quet, v. i. 1. To regale one’s self with good eating and drinking; to feast. “Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets,
I would not taste thy treasonous offer.
Milton.” 2. To partake of a dessert after a feast. [Obs.] “Where they did both sup and banquet.
Cavendish.”

Ban´quet•er (ban´kwet•er), n. One who banquets; one who feasts or makes feasts.

Ban•quette´ (ban•ket´), n. [F. See Banquet, n.] 1. (Fort.) A raised way or foot bank, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy. 2. (Arch.) A narrow window seat; a raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser. { Ban´shee , Ban´shie } , n. [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] A supernatural being supposed by the Irish and Scotch peasantry to warn a family of the speedy death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice under the windows of the house.

Ban´stic•kle , n. [OE. ban, bon, bone + stickle prickle, sting. See Bone, n., Stickleback.] (Zoöl.) A small fish, the three-spined stickleback.

Ban´tam , n. A variety of small barnyard fowl, with feathered legs, probably brought from Bantam, a district of Java.

Ban´tam work. Carved and painted work in imitation of Japan ware.

Ban´teng , n. (Zoöl.) The wild ox of Java (Bibos Banteng).

Ban´ter , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Bantered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bantering.] [Prob. corrupted fr. F. badiner to joke, or perh. fr. E. bandy to beat to and fro. See Badinage, and cf. Barter fr. OF. barater.] 1. To address playful good-natured ridicule to, — the person addressed, or something pertaining to him, being the subject of the jesting; to rally; as he bantered me about my credulity. “Hag-ridden by my own fancy all night, and then bantered on
my haggard looks the next day.
W. Irving.” 2. To jest about; to ridicule in speaking of, as some trait, habit, characteristic, and the like. [Archaic] “If they banter your regularity, order, and love of study, banter in return their neglect of them.
Chatham.” 3. To delude or trick, — esp. by way of jest. [Obs.] “We diverted ourselves with bantering several poor scholars
with hopes of being at least his lordship’s chaplain.
De Foe.” 4. To challenge or defy to a match. [Colloq. Southern and Western U.S.]

Ban´ter, n. The act of bantering; joking or jesting; humorous or good-humored raillery; pleasantry. “Part banter, part affection.
Tennyson.”

Ban´ter•er , n. One who banters or rallies.

Ban´ting•ism , n. A method of reducing corpulence by avoiding food containing much farinaceous, saccharine, or oily matter; — so called from William Banting of London.

Bant´ling , n. [Prob. for bandling, from band, and meaning a child wrapped in swaddling bands; or cf. G. bäntling a bastard, fr. bank bench. Cf. Bastard, n.] A young or small child; an infant. [Slightly contemptuous or depreciatory.] “In what out of the way corners genius produces her bantlings.
W. Irving.”

Banx´ring , n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivorous mammal of the genus Tupaia.

Ban´yan , n. [See Banian.] (Bot.) A tree of the same genus as the common fig, and called the Indian fig (Ficus Indica), whose branches send shoots to the ground, which take root and become additional trunks, until it may be the tree covers some acres of ground and is able to shelter thousands of men.

Ba´o•bab , n. [The native name.] (Bot.) A gigantic African tree (Adansonia digitata), also naturalized in India. See Adansonia.

Baph´o•met , n. [A corruption of Mahomet or Mohammed, the Arabian prophet: cf. Pr. Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, OPg. Mafameda.] An idol or symbolical figure which the Templars were accused of using in their mysterious rites.

Bap´tism , n. [OE. baptim, baptem, OE. baptesme, batisme, F. baptême, L. baptisma, fr. Gr. , fr. to baptize, fr. to dip in water, akin to deep, Skr. gah to dip, bathe, v. i.] The act of baptizing; the application of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. This is performed by immersion, sprinkling, or pouring.

Bap•tis´mal , a. [Cf. F. baptismal.] Pertaining to baptism; as baptismal vows. Baptismal name, the Christian name, which is given at baptism.

Bap•tis´mal•ly, adv. In a baptismal manner.

Bap´tist , n. [L. baptista, G. ] 1. One who administers baptism; — specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. Milton. 2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny the validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and maintain that baptism should be administered to believers alone, and should be by immersion. See Anabaptist. In doctrine the Baptists of this country [the United States] are Calvinistic, but with much freedom and moderation. Amer. Cyc. Freewill Baptists, a sect of Baptists who are Arminian in doctrine, and practice open communion. — Seventh- day Baptists, a sect of Baptists who keep the seventh day of the week, or Saturday, as the Sabbath. See Sabbatarian. The Dunkers and Campbellites are also Baptists. { Bap´tis•ter•y , Bap´tis•try } , n.; pl. Baptisteries , -tries . [L. baptisterium, Gr. : cf. F. baptistère.] (Arch.) (a) In early times, a separate building, usually polygonal, used for baptismal services. Small churches were often changed into baptisteries when larger churches were built near. (b) A part of a church containing a font and used for baptismal services.

Bap•tis´tic , a. [Gr. ] Of or for baptism; baptismal.

Bap•tis´tic•al , a. Baptistic. [R.]

Bap•tiz´a•ble , a. Capable of being baptized; fit to be baptized. Baxter.

Bap•ti•za´tion , n. Baptism. [Obs.] “Their baptizations were null.
Jer. Taylor.”

Bap•tize´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baptized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Baptizing.] [F. baptiser, L. baptizare, fr.Gr. . See Baptism.] 1. To administer the sacrament of baptism to. 2. To christen ( because a name is given to infants at their baptism); to give a name to; to name. “I’ll be new baptized;
Henceforth I never will be Romeo.
Shak.” 3. To sanctify; to consecrate.

Bap•tize´ment , n. The act of baptizing. [R.]

Bap•tiz´er , n. One who baptizes.

Bar (bär), n. [OE. barre, F. barre, fr. LL. barra, W. bar the branch of a tree, bar, baren branch, Gael. & Ir. barra bar. rad.91.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness, used as a lever and for various other purposes, but especially for a hindrance, obstruction, or fastening; as the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door. “Thou shalt make bars of shittim wood.
Ex. xxvi. 26.” 2. An indefinite quantity of some substance, so shaped as to be long in proportion to its breadth and thickness; as a bar of gold or of lead; a bar of soap. 3. Anything which obstructs, hinders, or prevents; an obstruction; a barrier. “Must I new bars to my own joy create?
Dryden.” 4. A bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, esp. at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing navigation. 5. Any railing that divides a room, or office, or hall of assembly, in order to reserve a space for those having special privileges; as the bar of the House of Commons. 6. (Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. Hence, the phrase at the bar of the court signifies in open court. (b) The place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraignment, trial, or sentence. (c) The whole body of lawyers licensed in a court or district; the legal profession. (d) A special plea constituting a sufficient answer to plaintiff’s action. 7. Any tribunal; as the bar of public opinion; the bar of God. 8. A barrier or counter, over which liquors and food are passed to customers; hence, the portion of the room behind the counter where liquors for sale are kept. 9. (Her.) An ordinary, like a fess but narrower, occupying only one fifth part of the field. 10. A broad shaft, or band, or stripe; as a bar of light; a bar of color. 11. (Mus.) A vertical line across the staff. Bars divide the staff into spaces which represent measures, and are themselves called measures. A double bar marks the end of a strain or main division of a movement, or of a whole piece of music; in psalmody, it marks the end of a line of poetry. The term bar is very often loosely used for measure, i.e., for such length of music, or of silence, as is included between one bar and the next; as a passage of eight bars; two bars’ rest. 12. (Far.) pl. (a) The space between the tusks and grinders in the upper jaw of a horse, in which the bit is placed. (b) The part of the crust of a horse’s hoof which is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side, and extends into the center of the sole. 13. (Mining) (a) A drilling or tamping rod. (b) A vein or dike crossing a lode. 14. (Arch.) (a) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified town. (b) A slender strip of wood which divides and supports the glass of a window; a sash bar. Bar shoe (Far.), a kind of horseshoe having a bar across the usual opening at the heel, to protect a tender frog from injury. — Bar shot, a double headed shot, consisting of a bar, with a ball or half ball at each end; — formerly used for destroying the masts or rigging in naval combat. — Bar sinister (Her.), a term popularly but erroneously used for baton, a mark of illegitimacy. See Baton. — Bar tracery (Arch.), ornamental stonework resembling bars of iron twisted into the forms required. — Blank bar (Law). See Blank. — Case at bar (Law), a case presently before the court; a case under argument. — In bar of, as a sufficient reason against; to prevent. — Matter in bar, or Defence in bar, any matter which is a final defense in an action. — Plea in bar, a plea which goes to bar or defeat the plaintiff’s action absolutely and entirely. — Trial at bar (Eng. Law), a trial before all the judges of one the superior courts of Westminster, or before a quorum representing the full court.

Bar (bär), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barred (bärd); p. pr. & vb. n. Barring.] [ F. barrer. See Bar, n.] 1. To fasten with a bar; as to bar a door or gate. 2. To restrict or confine, as if by a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; as to bar the entrance of evil; distance bars our intercourse; the statute bars my right; the right is barred by time; a release bars the plaintiff’s recovery; — sometimes with up. “He barely looked the idea in the face, and hastened to bar it in its dungeon.
Hawthorne.” 3. To except; to exclude by exception. “Nay, but I bar to-night: you shall not gauge me
By what we do to-night.
Shak.” 4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines. “For the sake of distinguishing the feet more clearly, I have barred them singly.
Burney.”

Barb , n. [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard. See Beard, n.] 1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or grows in the place of it. “The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his mouth.
Walton.” 2. A muffler, worn by nuns and mourners. [Obs.] 3. pl. Paps, or little projections, of the mucous membrane, which mark the opening of the submaxillary glands under the tongue in horses and cattle. The name is mostly applied when the barbs are inflamed and swollen. [Written also barbel and barble.] 4. The point that stands backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc., to prevent it from being easily extracted. Hence: Anything which stands out with a sharp point obliquely or crosswise to something else. ´Having two barbs or points.´ Ascham. 5. A bit for a horse. [Obs.] Spenser. 6. (Zoöl.) One of the side branches of a feather, which collectively constitute the vane. See Feather. 7. (Zoöl.) A southern name for the kingfishes of the eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States; — also improperly called whiting. 8. (Bot.) A hair or bristle ending in a double hook.

Barb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbing.] 1. To shave or dress the beard of. [Obs.] 2. To clip; to mow. [Obs.] Marston. 3. To furnish with barbs, or with that which will hold or hurt like barbs, as an arrow, fishhook, spear, etc. “But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire.
Milton.”

Barb, n. [F. barbe, fr. Barbarie.] 1. The Barbary horse, a superior breed introduced from Barbary into Spain by the Moors. 2. (Zoöl.) A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon, originally brought from Barbary.

Barb, n. [Corrupted fr. bard.] Armor for a horse. Same as 2d Bard, n., 1.

Bar´ba•can , n. See Barbican.

Bar´ba•can•age , n. See Barbicanage.

Bar•ba´di•an , a. Of or pertaining to Barbados. — n. A native of Barbados. { Bar•ba´dos Bar•ba´does } , n. A West Indian island, giving its name to a disease, to a cherry, etc. Barbados cherry (Bot.), a genus of trees of the West Indies (Malpighia) with an agreeably acid fruit resembling a cherry. — Barbados leg (Med.), a species of elephantiasis incident to hot climates. — Barbados nuts, the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant growing in South America and elsewhere. The seeds and their acrid oil are used in medicine as a purgative. See Physic nut.

Bar´ba•ra , n. [Coined by logicians.] (Logic) The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives. Whately.

Bar•ba•resque´ , a. Barbaric in form or style; as barbaresque architecture. De Quincey.

Bar•ba´ri•an , n. [See Barbarous.] 1. A foreigner. [Historical] “Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me.
1 Cor. xiv. 11.” 2. A man in a rude, savage, or uncivilized state. 3. A person destitute of culture. M. Arnold. 4. A cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity. ´Thou fell barbarian.´ Philips.

Bar•ba´ri•an, a. Of, or pertaining to, or resembling, barbarians; rude; uncivilized; barbarous; as barbarian governments or nations.

Bar•bar´ic (bär•bar´ik), a. [L. barbaricus foreign, barbaric, Gr. barbariko•s.] 1. Of, or from, barbarian nations; foreign; — often with reference to barbarous nations of the east. ´Barbaric pearl and gold.´ Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, an uncivilized person or people; barbarous; barbarian; destitute of refinement. ´Wild, barbaric music.´ Sir W. Scott.

Bar´ba•rism (bär´ba•riz’m), n. [L. barbarismus, Gr. barbarismo•s; cf. F. barbarisme.] 1. An uncivilized state or condition; rudeness of manners; ignorance of arts, learning, and literature; barbarousness. Prescott. 2. A barbarous, cruel, or brutal action; an outrage. “A heinous barbarism … against the honor of marriage.
Milton.” 3. An offense against purity of style or language; any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a particular language. See Solecism. “The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term in any of their writers with the odious name of barbarism.
G. Campbell.”

Bar•bar´i•ty , n.; pl. Barbarities . [From Barbarous.] 1. The state or manner of a barbarian; lack of civilization. 2. Cruelty; ferociousness; inhumanity. “Treating Christians with a barbarity which would have shocked the very Moslem.” Macaulay. 3. A barbarous or cruel act. 4. Barbarism; impurity of speech. [Obs.] Swift.

Bar´ba•rize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Barbarized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbarizing .] 1. To become barbarous. “The Roman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of Trajan.” De Quincey. 2. To adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech. “The ill habit … of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms.” Milton.

Bar´ba•rize , v. t. [Cf. F. barbariser, LL. barbarizare.] To make barbarous. “The hideous changes which have barbarized France.
Burke.”

Bar´ba•rous , a. [L. barbarus, Gr. ba•rbaros, strange, foreign; later, slavish, rude, ignorant; akin to L. balbus stammering, Skr. barbara stammering, outlandish. Cf. Brave, a.] 1. Being in the state of a barbarian; uncivilized; rude; peopled with barbarians; as a barbarous people; a barbarous country. 2. Foreign; adapted to a barbaric taste. [Obs.] “Barbarous gold.
Dryden.” 3. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman; merciless. “By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him.
Clarendon.” 4. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language. “A barbarous expression
G. Campbell.” Syn. — Uncivilized; unlettered; uncultivated; untutored; ignorant; merciless; brutal. See Ferocious.

Bar´ba•rous•ly, adv. In a barbarous manner.

Bar´ba•rous•ness, n. The quality or state of being barbarous; barbarity; barbarism.

Bar´ba•ry , n. [Fr. Ar. Barbar the people of Barbary.] The countries on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic. Hence: A Barbary horse; a barb. [Obs.] also a kind of pigeon. Barbary ape (Zoöl.), an ape (Macacus innuus) of north Africa and Gibraltar Rock, being the only monkey inhabiting Europe. It is very commonly trained by showmen.

Bar´ba•stel , n. [F. barbastelle.] (Zoöl.) A European bat (Barbastellus communis), with hairy lips.

Bar´bate , a. [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard. See Barb beard.] (Bot.) Bearded; beset with long and weak hairs. Gray.

Bar´ba•ted , a. Having barbed points. “A dart uncommonly barbated.
T. Warton.”

Bar´be•cue (bä´be•ku), n. [In the language of Indians of Guiana, a frame on which all kinds of flesh and fish are roasted or smoke-dried.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast. 2. A social entertainment, where many people assemble, usually in the open air, at which one or more large animals are roasted or broiled whole. 3. A floor, on which coffee beans are sun- dried.

Bar´be•cue , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbecued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbecuing.] 1. To dry or cure by exposure on a frame or gridiron. “They use little or no salt, but barbecue their game and fish in the smoke.
Stedman.” 2. To roast or broil whole, as an ox or hog. “Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued.
Pope.”

Barbed (bärbd or bärb´ed), a. [See 4th Barb.] Accoutered with defensive armor; — said of a horse. See Barded (which is the proper form.) Sir W. Raleigh.

Barbed, a. Furnished with a barb or barbs; as a barbed arrow; barbed wire. Barbed wire, a wire, or a strand of twisted wires, armed with barbs or sharp points. It is used for fences.

Bar´bel (bär´bel), n. [OF. barbel, F. barbeau, dim. of L. barbus barbel, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] 1. (Zoöl.) A slender tactile organ on the lips of certain fishes. 2. (Zoöl.) A large fresh-water fish (Barbus vulgaris) found in many European rivers. Its upper jaw is furnished with four barbels. 3. pl. Barbs or paps under the tongues of horses and cattle. See 1st Barb, 3.

Bar´bel•late (-lat), a. [See 1st Barb.] (Bot.) Having short, stiff hairs, often barbed at the point. Gray.

Bar•bel´lu•late (bär•bel´lu•lat), a. (Bot.) Barbellate with diminutive hairs or barbs.

Bar´ber (bär´ber), n. [OE. barbour, OF. barbeor, F. barbier, as if fr. an assumed L. barbator, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard, and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons. Barber’s itch. See under Itch. Formerly the barber practiced some offices of surgery, such as letting blood and pulling teeth. Hence such terms as barber surgeon (old form barber chirurgeon), barber surgery, etc.

Bar´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbering.] To shave and dress the beard or hair of. Shak.

Bar´ber fish. (Zoöl.) See Surgeon fish.

Bar´ber•mon•ger , n. A fop. [Obs.]

Bar´ber•ry , n. [OE. barbarin, barbere, OF. berbere.] (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Berberis, common along roadsides and in neglected fields. B. vulgaris is the species best known; its oblong red berries are made into a preserve or sauce, and have been deemed efficacious in fluxes and fevers. The bark dyes a fine yellow, esp. the bark of the root. [Also spelt berberry.]

Bar´bet , n. [F. barbet, fr. barbe beard, long hair of certain animals. See Barb beard.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of small dog, having long curly hair. (b) A bird of the family Bucconidae, allied to the Cuckoos, having a large, conical beak swollen at the base, and bearded with five bunches of stiff bristles; the puff bird. It inhabits tropical America and Africa. (c) A larva that feeds on aphides.

Bar•bette´ , n. [F. Cf. Barbet.] (Fort.) A mound of earth or a platform in a fortification, on which guns are mounted to fire over the parapet. En barbette, In barbette, said of guns when they are elevated so as to fire over the top of a parapet, and not through embrasures. — Barbette gun, or Barbette battery, a single gun, or a number of guns, mounted in barbette, or partially protected by a parapet or turret. — Barbette carriage, a gun carriage which elevates guns sufficiently to be in barbette. [See Illust. of Casemate.] { Bar´bi•can , Bar´ba•can } , n. [OE. barbican, barbecan, F. barbacane, LL. barbacana, barbicana, of uncertain origin: cf. Ar. barbakh aqueduct, sewer. F. barbacane also means, an opening to let out water, loophole.] 1. (Fort.) A tower or advanced work defending the entrance to a castle or city, as at a gate or bridge. It was often large and strong, having a ditch and drawbridge of its own. 2. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through which missiles were discharged upon an enemy. { Bar´bi•can•age , Bar´ba•can•age } , n. [LL. barbicanagium. See Barbican.] Money paid for the support of a barbican. [Obs.] Bouvier.

Bar´bi•cel , n. [NL. barbicella, dim. of L. barba. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.) One of the small hooklike processes on the barbules of feathers.

Bar´biers , n. (Med.) A variety of paralysis, peculiar to India and the Malabar coast; — considered by many to be the same as beriberi in a chronic form.

Bar•big´er•ous , a. [L. barba a beard + -gerous.] Having a beard; bearded; hairy.

Bar´bi•ton , n. [L., fr. Gr. ba•rbiton.] (Mus.) An ancient Greek instrument resembling a lyre.

Bar•bi•tu´ric ac´id . (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, CH_2(CO.NH)2.CO, derived from alloxantin, also from malonic acid and urea, and regarded as a substituted urea.

Bar´ble (bär´b’l), n. See Barbel.

Bar´bo•tine , n. [F.] A paste of clay used in decorating coarse pottery in relief.

Bar´bre (bär´ber), a. Barbarian. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar´bule , n. [L. barbula, fr. barba beard.] 1. A very minute barb or beard. Booth. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather, by which adjacent barbs interlock. See Feather.

Bar´ca•rolle , n. [F. barcarolle, fr. It. barcaruola, fr. barca bark, barge.] (Mus.) (a) A popular song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. (b) A piece of music composed in imitation of such a song.

Bar´con (-kon), n. [It. barcone, fr. barca a bark.] A vessel for freight; — used in the Mediterranean.

Bard (bärd), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. bardd, Arm. barz, Ir. & Gael. bard, and F. barde.] 1. A professional poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts, whose occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes and brave men. 2. Hence: A poet; as the bard of Avon. { Bard , Barde } (bärd), n. [F. barde, of doubtful origin.] 1. A piece of defensive (or, sometimes, ornamental) armor for a horse’s neck, breast, and flanks; a barb. [Often in the pl.] 2. pl. Defensive armor formerly worn by a man at arms. 3. (Cookery) A thin slice of fat bacon used to cover any meat or game.

Bard, v. t. (Cookery) To cover (meat or game) with a thin slice of fat bacon.

Bard´ed, p. a. [See Bard horse armor.] 1. Accoutered with defensive armor; — said of a horse. 2. (Her.) Wearing rich caparisons. “Fifteen hundred men … barded and richly trapped.
Stow.”

Bard´ic, a. Of or pertaining to bards, or their poetry. ´The bardic lays of ancient Greece.´ G. P. Marsh.

Bard´ish, a. Pertaining to, or written by, a bard or bards. ´Bardish impostures.´ Selden.

Bard´ism (-iz’m), n. The system of bards; the learning and maxims of bards.

Bard´ling (-ling), n. An inferior bard. J. Cunningham.

Bard´ship, n. The state of being a bard.

Bare (bâr), a. [OE. bar, bare, AS. baer; akin to D. & G. baar, OHG. par, Icel. berr, Sw. & Dan. bar, OSlav. bosu barefoot, Lith. basas; cf. Skr. bhas to shine. rad.85.] 1. Without clothes or covering; stripped of the usual covering; naked; as his body is bare; the trees are bare. 2. With head uncovered; bareheaded. “When once thy foot enters the church, be bare.
Herbert.” 3. Without anything to cover up or conceal one’s thoughts or actions; open to view; exposed. “Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear!” Milton. 4. Plain; simple; unadorned; without polish; bald; meager. ´Uttering bare truth.´ Shak. 5. Destitute; indigent; empty; unfurnished or scantily furnished; — used with of (rarely with in) before the thing wanting or taken away; as a room bare of furniture. ´A bare treasury.´ Dryden. 6. Threadbare; much worn. “It appears by their bare liveries that they live by your bare words.
Shak.” 7. Mere; alone; unaccompanied by anything else; as a bare majority. ´The bare necessaries of life.´ Addison. “Nor are men prevailed upon by bare words.
South.” Under bare poles (Naut.), having no sail set.

Bare, n. 1. Surface; body; substance. [R.] “You have touched the very bare of naked truth.
Marston.” 2. (Arch.) That part of a roofing slate, shingle, tile, or metal plate, which is exposed to the weather.

Bare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bared(bârd); p. pr. & vb. n. Baring.] [AS. barian. See Bare, a.] To strip off the covering of; to make bare; as to bare the breast.

Bare. Bore; the old preterit of Bear, v.

Bare´back (bâr´bak•), adv. On the bare back of a horse, without using a saddle; as to ride bareback.

Bare´backed (-bakd•), a. Having the back uncovered; as a barebacked horse.

Bare´bone (bâr´bon•), n. A very lean person; one whose bones show through the skin. Shak.

Bare´faced (bâr´fast•), a. 1. With the face uncovered; not masked. ´You will play barefaced.´ Shak. 2. Without concealment; undisguised. Hence: Shameless; audacious. ´Barefaced treason.´ J. Baillie.

Bare´faced•ly, adv. Openly; shamelessly. Locke.

Bare´faced•ness, n. The quality of being barefaced; shamelessness; assurance; audaciousness.

Bare´foot (bâr´foot), a. & adv. With the feet bare; without shoes or stockings.

Bare´foot•ed, a. Having the feet bare.

Ba•rege´ , n. [F. barege, so called from Bareges, a town in the Pyrenees.] A gauzelike fabric for ladies’ dresses, veils, etc. of worsted, silk and worsted, or cotton and worsted.

Bare´hand•ed , n. Having bare hands. { Bare´head•ed , Bare´head }, a. & adv. Having the head uncovered; as a bareheaded girl.

Bare´legged , a. Having the legs bare.

Bare´ly, adv. 1. Without covering; nakedly. 2. Without concealment or disguise. 3. Merely; only. “R. For now his son is duke.
W. Barely in title, not in revenue.
Shak.” 4. But just; without any excess; with nothing to spare ( of quantity, time, etc.); hence, scarcely; hardly; as there was barely enough for all; he barely escaped.

Bare´necked , a. Having the neck bare.

Bare´ness, n. The state of being bare.

Bare´sark , n. [Literally, bare sark or shirt.] A Berserker, or Norse warrior who fought without armor, or shirt of mail. Hence, adverbially: Without shirt of mail or armor.

Bar´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Calico bass.

Bar´ful , a. Full of obstructions. [Obs.] Shak.

Bar´gain , n. [OE. bargayn, bargany, OF. bargaigne, bargagne, prob. from a supposed LL. barcaneum, fr. barca a boat which carries merchandise to the shore; hence, to traffic to and fro, to carry on commerce in general. See Bark a vessel. ] 1. An agreement between parties concerning the sale of property; or a contract by which one party binds himself to transfer the right to some property for a consideration, and the other party binds himself to receive the property and pay the consideration. “A contract is a bargain that is legally binding.
Wharton.” 2. An agreement or stipulation; mutual pledge. “And whon your honors mean to solemnize
The bargain of your faith.
Shak.” 3. A purchase; also ( when not qualified), a gainful transaction; an advantageous purchase; as to buy a thing at a bargain. 4. The thing stipulated or purchased; also anything bought cheap. “She was too fond of her most filthy bargain.
Shak.” Bargain and sale (Law), a species of conveyance, by which the bargainor contracts to convey the lands to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and seized to the use of the bargainee. The statute then completes the purchase; i. e., the bargain vests the use, and the statute vests the possession. Blackstone. — Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated; besides. — To sell bargains, to make saucy (usually indelicate) repartees. [Obs.] Swift. — To strike a bargain, to reach or ratify an agreement. ´A bargain was struck.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement.

Bar´gain, v. i. [OE. barganien, OF. bargaigner, F. barguigner, to hesitate, fr. LL. barcaniare. See Bargain, n.] To make a bargain; to make a contract for the exchange of property or services; — followed by with and for; as to bargain with a farmer for a cow. “So worthless peasants bargain for their wives.
Shak.”

Bar´gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bargained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bargaining.] To transfer for a consideration; to barter; to trade; as to bargain one horse for another. To bargain away, to dispose of in a bargain; — usually with a sense of loss or disadvantage; as to bargain away one’s birthright. ´The heir … had somehow bargained away the estate.´ G. Eliot.

Bar•gain•ee´ , n. [OF. bargaigne, p. p. See Bargain, v. i.] (Law) The party to a contract who receives, or agrees to receive, the property sold. Blackstone.

Bar´gain•er , n. One who makes a bargain; — sometimes in the sense of bargainor.

Bar•gain•or´ , n. (Law) One who makes a bargain, or contracts with another; esp., one who sells, or contracts to sell, property to another. Blackstone.

Barge , n. [OF. barge, F. berge, fr. LL. barca, for barica (not found), prob. fr. L. baris an Egyptian rowboat, fr. Gr. , prob. fr. Egyptian: cf. Coptic bari a boat. Cf. Bark a vessel.] 1. A pleasure boat; a vessel or boat of state, elegantly furnished and decorated. 2. A large, roomy boat for the conveyance of passengers or goods; as a ship’s barge; a charcoal barge. 3. A large boat used by flag officers. 4. A double-decked passenger or freight vessel, towed by a steamboat. [U.S.] 5. A large omnibus used for excursions. [Local, U.S.]

Barge´board , n. [Perh. corrup. of vergeboard; or cf. LL. bargus a kind of gallows.] A vergeboard.

Barge´course , n. [See Bargeboard.] (Arch.) A part of the tiling which projects beyond the principal rafters, in buildings where there is a gable. Gwilt.

Bar•gee´ , n. A bargeman. [Eng.]

Barge´man , n. The man who manages a barge, or one of the crew of a barge.

Barge´mast•ter , n. The proprietor or manager of a barge, or one of the crew of a barge.

Bar´ger , n. The manager of a barge. [Obs.]

Bar´ghest , n. [Perh. G. berg mountain + geist demon, or bär a bear + geist.] A goblin, in the shape of a large dog, portending misfortune. [Also written barguest.]

Ba´ri•a , n. [Cf. Barium.] (Chem.) Baryta.

Bar´ic (bar´ik), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to barium; as baric oxide.

Bar´ic, a. [Gr. ba•ros weight.] (Physics) Of or pertaining to weight, esp. to the weight or pressure of the atmosphere as measured by the barometer.

Ba•ril´la (ba•ril´la), n. [Sp. barrilla.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several species of Salsola from which soda is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating the ashes. 2. (Com.) (a) The alkali produced from the plant, being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap, glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes. (b) Impure soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or kelp. Ure. Copper barilla (Min.), native copper in granular form mixed with sand, an ore brought from Bolivia; — called also Barilla de cobre.

Bar´il•let , n. [F., dim. of baril barrel.] A little cask, or something resembling one. Smart.

Bar´ i•ron . See under Iron.

Ba´rite , n. (Min.) Native sulphate of barium, a mineral occurring in transparent, colorless, white to yellow crystals (generally tabular), also in granular form, and in compact massive forms resembling marble. It has a high specific gravity, and hence is often called heavy spar. It is a common mineral in metallic veins.

Bar´i•tone , a. & n. See Barytone.

Ba´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bary•s heavy.] (Chem.) One of the elements, belonging to the alkaline earth group; a metal having a silver-white color, and melting at a very high temperature. It is difficult to obtain the pure metal, from the facility with which it becomes oxidized in the air. Atomic weight, 137. Symbol, Ba. Its oxide called baryta. [Rarely written barytum.] Some of the compounds of this element are remarkable for their high specific gravity, as the sulphate, called heavy spar, and the like. The oxide was called barote, by Guyton de Morveau, which name was changed by Lavoisier to baryta, whence the name of the metal.

Bark (bärk), n. [Akin to Dan. & Sw. bark, Icel. börkr, LG. & HG. borke.] 1. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree; the rind. 2. Specifically, Peruvian bark. Bark bed. See Bark stove (below). — Bark pit, a pit filled with bark and water, in which hides are steeped in tanning. — Bark stove (Hort.), a glazed structure for keeping tropical plants, having a bed of tanner’s bark (called a bark bed) or other fermentable matter which produces a moist heat.

Bark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barked (bärkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Barking.] 1. To strip the bark from; to peel. 2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from; as to bark one’s heel. 3. To girdle. See Girdle, v. t., 3. 4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark; as to bark the roof of a hut.

Bark, v. i. [OE. berken, AS. beorcan; akin to Icel. berkja, and prob. to E. break.] 1. To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs; — said of some animals, but especially of dogs. 2. To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries. “They bark, and say the Scripture maketh heretics.
Tyndale.” “Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
Fuller.”

Bark, n. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog; a similar sound made by some other animals. { Bark , Barque } , n. [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. barca, fr. LL. barca for barica. See Barge.] 1. Formerly, any small sailing vessel, as a pinnace, fishing smack, etc.; also a rowing boat; a barge. Now applied poetically to a sailing vessel or boat of any kind. Byron. 2. (Naut.) A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner- rigged.

Bark´an•tine , n. Same as Barkentine.

Bark´ bee•tle . (Zoöl.) A small beetle of many species (family Scolytidae), which in the larval state bores under or in the bark of trees, often doing great damage.

Bark´bound , a. Prevented from growing, by having the bark too firm or close.

Bar´keep•er , n. One who keeps or tends a bar for the sale of liquors.

Bark´en , a. Made of bark. [Poetic] Whittier.

Bark´en•tine , n. [See Bark, n., a vessel.] (Naut.) A threemasted vessel, having the foremast square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. [Spelled also barquentine, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append.

Bark´er , n. 1. An animal that barks; hence, any one who clamors unreasonably. 2. One who stands at the doors of shops to urg passers by to make purchases. [Cant, Eng.] 3. A pistol. [Slang] Dickens. 4. (Zoöl.) The spotted redshank.

Bark´er, n. One who strips trees of their bark.

Bark´er’s mill . [From Dr. Barker, the inventor.] A machine, invented in the 17th century, worked by a form of reaction wheel. The water flows into a vertical tube and gushes from apertures in hollow horizontal arms, causing the machine to revolve on its axis.

Bark´er•y (-er•y), n. A tanhouse.

Bark´ing i•rons . 1. Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees. Gardner. 2. A pair of pistols. [Slang]

Bark´less, a. Destitute of bark.

Bark´ louse . (Zoöl.) An insect of the family Coccidae, which infests the bark of trees and vines. The wingless females assume the shape of scales. The bark louse of the vine is Pulvinaria innumerabilis; that of the pear is Lecanium pyri. See Orange scale.

Bark´y , a. Covered with, or containing, bark. ´The barky fingers of the elm.´ Shak.

Bar´ley , n. [OE. barli, barlich, AS. baerlic; bere barley + lic (which is prob. the same as E. like, adj., or perh. a form of AS. leac leek). AS. bere is akin to Icel, barr barley, Goth. barizeins made of barley, L. far spelt; cf. W. barlys barley, bara bread. 92. Cf. Farina, 6th Bear.] (Bot.) A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, genus Hordeum, used for food, and for making malt, from which are prepared beer, ale, and whisky. Barley bird (Zoöl.), the siskin. — Barley sugar, sugar boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of barley) and candied. — Barley water, a decoction of barley, used in medicine, as a nutritive and demulcent. { Bar´ley•brake• Bar´ley•break• } (bär´ly•brak•), n. An ancient rural game, commonly played round stacks of barley, or other grain, in which some of the party attempt to catch others who run from a goal.

Bar´ley-bree (-bre•), n. [Lit. barley broth. See Brew.] Liquor made from barley; strong ale. [Humorous] [Scot.] Burns.

Bar´ley•corn , n. [See Corn.] 1. A grain or ´corn´ of barley. 2. Formerly , a measure of length, equal to the average length of a grain of barley; the third part of an inch. John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky.

Barm (bärm), n. [OE. berme, AS. beorma; akin to Sw. bärma, G. bärme, and prob. L. fermentum. rad.93.] Foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fermenting, and used as leaven in making bread and in brewing; yeast. Shak.

Barm, n. [OE. bearm, berm, barm, AS. bearm; akin to E. bear to support.] The lap or bosom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar´maid , n. A girl or woman who attends the customers of a bar, as in a tavern or beershop. “A bouncing barmaid.
W. Irving.”

Bar´mas•ter , n. [Berg + master: cf. G. Bergmeister.] Formerly, a local judge among miners; now, an officer of the barmote. [Eng.]

Barm´cloth (bärm´kloth), n. Apron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar´me•ci•dal , a. [See Barmecide.] Unreal; illusory. ´A sort of Barmecidal feast.´ Hood.

Bar´me•cide , n. [A prince of the Barmecide family, who, as related in the ´Arabian Nights’ Tales´, pretended to set before the hungry Shacabac food, on which the latter pretended to feast.] One who proffers some illusory advantage or benefit. Also used as an adj.: Barmecidal. ´A Barmecide feast.´ Dickens.

Bar´mote (bär´mot•), n. [Berg + mote meeting.] A court held in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between miners. Blount.

Barm´y (bärm´y), a. Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. ´Barmy beer.´ Dryden.

Barn (bärn), n. [OE. bern, AS. berern, bern; bere barley + ern, aern, a close place. rad.92. See Barley.] A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay, and other productions of a farm. In the United States a part of the barn is often used for stables. Barn owl (Zoöl.), an owl of Europe and America (Aluco flammeus, or Strix flammea), which frequents barns and other buildings. — Barn swallow (Zoöl.), the common American swallow (Hirundo horreorum), which attaches its nest of mud to the beams and rafters of barns.

Barn, v. t. To lay up in a barn. [Obs.] Shak. “Men … often barn up the chaff, and burn up the grain.
Fuller.”

Barn, n. A child. [Obs.] See Bairn.

Bar´na•bite , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a religious order, named from St. Barnabas.

Bar´na•cle , n. [Prob. from E. barnacle a kind of goose, which was popularly supposed to grow from this shellfish; but perh. from LL. bernacula for pernacula, dim. of perna ham, sea mussel; cf. Gr. pe•rna ham. Cf. F. bernacle, barnacle, E. barnacle a goose; and Ir. bairneach, barneach, limpet.] (Zoöl.) Any cirriped crustacean adhering to rocks, floating timber, ships, etc., esp. (a) the sessile species (genus Balanus and allies), and (b) the stalked or goose barnacles (genus Lepas and allies). See Cirripedia, and Goose barnacle. Barnacle eater (Zoöl.), the orange filefish. — Barnacle scale (Zoöl.), a bark louse (Ceroplastes cirripediformis) of the orange and quince trees in Florida. The female scale curiously resembles a sessile barnacle in form.

Bar´na•cle, n. [See Bernicle.] A bernicle goose.

Bar´na•cle, n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac, and Prov. F. (Berri) berniques, spectacles.] 1. pl. (Far.) An instrument for pinching a horse’s nose, and thus restraining him. [Formerly used in the sing.] “The barnacles … give pain almost equal to that of the switch.” Youatt. 2. pl. Spectacles; — so called from their resemblance to the barnacles used by farriers. [Cant, Eng.] Dickens.

Barn´yard , n. A yard belonging to a barn.

Ba•roc´co , a. [It.] (Arch.) See Baroque.

Bar´o•graph , n. [Gr. ba•ros weight + -graph.] (Meteor.) An instrument for recording automatically the variations of atmospheric pressure.

Ba•ro´ko (ba•ro´ko), n. [A mnemonic word.] (Logic) A form or mode of syllogism of which the first proposition is a universal affirmative, and the other two are particular negatives.

Ba•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. baros weight + -logy.] The science of weight or gravity.

Bar•o•ma•crom´e•ter , n. [Gr. baros weight + makro•s long + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument for ascertaining the weight and length of a newborn infant.

Ba•rom´e•ter , n. [Gr. baros weight + -meter: cf. F. baromètre.] An instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for judging of the probable changes of weather, or for ascertaining the height of any ascent. The barometer was invented by Torricelli at Florence about 1643. It is made in its simplest form by filling a graduated glass tube about 34 inches long with mercury and inverting it in a cup containing mercury. The column of mercury in the tube descends until balanced by the weight of the atmosphere, and its rise or fall under varying conditions is a measure of the change in the atmospheric pressure. At the sea level its ordinary height is about 30 inches (760 millimeters). See Sympiesometer. Nichol. Aneroid barometer. See Aneroid barometer, under Aneroid. — Marine barometer, a barometer with tube contracted at bottom to prevent rapid oscillations of the mercury, and suspended in gimbals from an arm or support on shipboard. — Mountain barometer, a portable mercurial barometer with tripod support, and long scale, for measuring heights. — Siphon barometer, a barometer having a tube bent like a hook with the longer leg closed at the top. The height of the mercury in the longer leg shows the pressure of the atmosphere. — Wheel barometer, a barometer with recurved tube, and a float, from which a cord passes over a pulley and moves an index. { Bar•o•met´ric (bar•o•met´rik), Bar•o•met´ric•al (-met´ri•kal), } a. Pertaining to the barometer; made or indicated by a barometer; as barometric changes; barometrical observations.

Bar•o•met´ric•al•ly, adv. By means of a barometer, or according to barometric observations.

Bar•o•met´ro•graph (-ro•graf), n. [Gr. baros weight + me•tron measure + -graph.] A form of barometer so constructed as to inscribe of itself upon paper a record of the variations of atmospheric pressure.

Ba•rom´e•try , n. The art or process of making barometrical measurements.

Bar´o•metz , n. [Cf. Russ. baranets’ clubmoss.] (Bot.) The woolly-skinned rhizoma or rootstock of a fern (Dicksonia barometz), which, when specially prepared and inverted, somewhat resembles a lamb; — called also Scythian lamb.

Bar´on , n. [OE. baron, barun, OF. baron, accus. of ber, F. baron, prob. fr. OHG. baro (not found) bearer, akin to E. bear to support; cf. O. Frisian bere, LL. baro, It. barone, Sp. varon. From the meaning bearer (of burdens) seem to have come the senses strong man, man (in distinction from woman), which is the oldest meaning in French, and lastly, nobleman. Cf. L. baro, simpleton. See Bear to support.] 1. A title or degree of nobility; originally, the possessor of a fief, who had feudal tenants under him; in modern times, in France and Germany, a nobleman next in rank below a count; in England, a nobleman of the lowest grade in the House of Lords, being next below a viscount. ´The tenants in chief from the Crown, who held lands of the annual value of four hundred pounds, were styled Barons; and it is to them, and not to the members of the lowest grade of the nobility (to whom the title at the present time belongs), that reference is made when we read of the Barons of the early days of England’s history… . Barons are addressed as •My Lord,’ and are styled •Right Honorable.’ All their sons and daughters are •Honorable.’´ Cussans. 2. (Old Law) A husband; as baron and feme, husband and wife. [R.] Cowell. Baron of beef, two sirloins not cut asunder at the backbone. — Barons of the Cinque Ports, formerly members of the House of Commons, elected by the seven Cinque Ports, two for each port. — Barons of the exchequer, the judges of the Court of Exchequer, one of the three ancient courts of England, now abolished.

Bar´on•age , n. [OE. barnage, baronage, OF. barnage, F. baronnage; cf. LL. baronagium.] 1. The whole body of barons or peers. “The baronage of the kingdom.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. The dignity or rank of a baron. 3. The land which gives title to a baron. [Obs.]

Bar´on•ess , n. A baron’s wife; also a lady who holds the baronial title in her own right; as the Baroness Burdett-Coutts.

Bar´on•et , n. [Baron + - et.] A dignity or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, having precedency of all orders of knights except those of the Garter. It is the lowest degree of honor that is hereditary. The baronets are commoners. The order was founded by James I. in 1611, and is given by patent. The word, however, in the sense of a lesser baron, was in use long before. ´Baronets have the title of ’Sir’ prefixed to their Christian names; their surnames being followed by their dignity, usually abbreviated Bart. Their wives are addressed as ’Lady’ or ’Madam’. Their sons are possessed of no title beyond ’Esquire.’´ Cussans.

Bar´on•et•age , n. 1. State or rank of a baronet. 2. The collective body of baronets.

Bar´on•et•cy , n. The rank or patent of a baronet.

Ba•ro´ni•al , a. Pertaining to a baron or a barony. ´Baronial tenure.´ Hallam.

Bar´o•ny , n.; pl. Baronies . [OF. baronie, F. baronnie, LL. baronia. See Baron.] 1. The fee or domain of a baron; the lordship, dignity, or rank of a baron. 2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have been originally the district of a native chief. There are 252 of these baronies. In Scotland, an extensive freehold. It may be held by a commoner. Brande & C.

Ba•roque´ , a. [F.; cf. It. barocco.] (Arch.) In bad taste; grotesque; odd.

Bar´o•scope (bar´o•skop), n. [Gr. baros weight + -scope: cf. F. baroscope.] Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of the atmosphere; also less appropriately, any instrument that indicates or foreshadows changes of the weather, as a deep vial of liquid holding in suspension some substance which rises and falls with atmospheric changes. { Bar•o•scop´ic , Bar•o•scop´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or determined by, the baroscope.

Ba•rouche´ , n. [G. barutsche, It. baroccio, biroccio, LL. barrotium, fr. L. birotus two-wheeled; bi- =bis twice + rota wheel.] A four-wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the outside for the driver, and two double seats on the inside arranged so that the sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat.

Ba•rou•chet´ , n. A kind of light barouche.

Bar´post , n. A post sunk in the ground to receive the bars closing a passage into a field.

Barque , n. Same as 3d Bark, n.

Bar´ra•can , n. [F. baracan, bouracan (cf. Pr. barracan, It. baracane, Sp. barragan, Pg. barregana, LL. barracanus), fr. Ar. barrakan a kind of black gown, perh. fr. Per. barak a garment made of camel’s hair.] A thick, strong stuff, somewhat like camlet; — still used for outer garments in the Levant.

Bar´rack , n. [F. baraque, fr. It. baracca (cf. Sp. barraca), from LL. barra bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Mil.) A building for soldiers, especially when in garrison. Commonly in the pl., originally meaning temporary huts, but now usually applied to a permanent structure or set of buildings. “He lodged in a miserable hut or barrack, composed of dry branches and thatched with straw.
Gibbon.” 2. A movable roof sliding on four posts, to cover hay, straw, etc. [Local, U.S.]

Bar´rack, v. t. To supply with barracks; to establish in barracks; as to barrack troops.

Bar´rack, v. i. To live or lodge in barracks.

Bar´ra•clade , n. [D. baar, OD. baer, naked, bare + kleed garment, i.e., cloth undressed or without nap.] A home-made woolen blanket without nap. [Local, New York] Bartlett.

Bar´ra•coon , n. [Sp. or Pg. barraca. See Barrack.] A slave warehouse, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered temporarily. Du Chaillu. { Bar•ra•cu´da , Bar•ra•cou´ta } n. 1. (Zoöl.) A voracious, pikelike, marine fish, of the genus Sphyraena, sometimes used as food. That of Europe and our Atlantic coast is Sphyraena spet (or S. vulgaris); a southern species is S. picuda; the Californian is S. argentea. 2. (Zoöl.) A large edible fresh-water fish of Australia and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun).

Bar´rage , n. [F., fr. barrer to bar, from barre bar.] (Engin.) An artificial bar or obstruction placed in a river or watercourse to increase the depth of water; as the barrages of the Nile.

Bar•ran´ca , n. [Sp.] A ravine caused by heavy rains or a watercourse. [Texas & N. Mex.]

Bar´ras , n. [F.] A resin, called also galipot.

Bar´ra•tor , n. [OE. baratour, OF. barateor deceiver, fr. OF. barater, bareter, to deceive, cheat, barter. See Barter, v. i.] One guilty of barratry.

Bar´ra•trous , a. (Law) Tainted with, or constituting, barratry. — Bar´ra•trous•ly, adv. Kent.

Bar´ra•try , n. [Cf. F. baraterie, LL. barataria. See Barrator, and cf. Bartery.] 1. (Law) The practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits and quarrels. [Also spelt barretry.] Coke. Blackstone. 2. (Mar. Law) A fraudulent breach of duty or willful act of known illegality on the part of a master of a ship, in his character of master, or of the mariners, to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo, and without his consent. It includes every breach of trust committed with dishonest purpose, as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, etc., or by embezzling the cargo. Kent. Park. 3. (Scots Law) The crime of a judge who is influenced by bribery in pronouncing judgment. Wharton.

Barred´ owl´ . (Zoöl.) A large American owl (Syrnium nebulosum); — so called from the transverse bars of a dark brown color on the breast.

Bar´rel (bar´rel), n. [OE. barel, F. baril, prob. fr. barre bar. Cf. Barricade.] 1. A round vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads. 2. The quantity which constitutes a full barrel. This varies for different articles and also in different places for the same article, being regulated by custom or by law. A barrel of wine is 31½ gallons; a barrel of flour is 196 pounds. 3. A solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case; as the barrel of a windlass; the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled. 4. A metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged. Knight. 5. A jar. [Obs.] 1 Kings xvii. 12. 6. (Zoöl.) The hollow basal part of a feather. Barrel bulk (Com.), a measure equal to five cubic feet, used in estimating capacity, as of a vessel for freight. - - Barrel drain (Arch.), a drain in the form of a cylindrical tube. — Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part of a boiler, containing the flues. — Barrel of the ear (Anat.), the tympanum, or tympanic cavity. — Barrel organ, an instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder. — Barrel vault. See under Vault.

Bar´rel (bar´rel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barreled (-reld), or Barrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Barreling, or Barrelling.] To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels. { Bar´reled , Bar´relled } , a. Having a barrel; — used in composition; as a double-barreled gun.

Bar´ren (bar´ren), a. [OE. barein, OF. brehaing, fem. brehaigne, baraigne, F. brehaigne; of uncertain origin; cf. Arm. brekhañ, markhañ, sterile; LL. brana a sterile mare, principally in Aquitanian and Spanish documents; Bisc. barau, baru, fasting.] 1. Incapable of producing offspring; producing no young; sterile; — said of women and female animals. “She was barren of children.” Bp. Hall. 2. Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation; sterile. ´Barren mountain tracts.´ Macaulay. 3. Unproductive; fruitless; unprofitable; empty. “Brilliant but barren reveries.
Prescott.” “Some schemes will appear barren of hints and matter.
Swift.” 4. Mentally dull; stupid. Shak. Barren flower, a flower which has only stamens without a pistil, or which has neither stamens nor pistils. — Barren Grounds (Geog.), a vast tract in British America northward of the forest regions. — Barren Ground bear (Zoöl.), a peculiar bear, inhabiting the Barren Grounds, now believed to be a variety of the brown bear of Europe. — Barren Ground caribou (Zoöl.), a small reindeer (Rangifer Grœnlandicus) peculiar to the Barren Grounds and Greenland.

Bar´ren, n. 1. A tract of barren land. 2. pl. Elevated lands or plains on which grow small trees, but not timber; as pine barrens; oak barrens. They are not necessarily sterile, and are often fertile. [Amer.] J. Pickering.

Bar´ren•ly, adv. Unfruitfully; unproductively.

Bar´ren•ness, n. The condition of being barren; sterility; unproductiveness. “A total barrenness of invention.
Dryden.”

Bar´ren•wort , n. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the Barberry family (Epimedium alpinum), having leaves that are bitter and said to be sudorific.

Bar´ret , n. [F. barrette, LL. barretum a cap. See Berretta, and cf. Biretta.] A kind of cap formerly worn by soldiers; — called also barret cap. also the flat cap worn by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics.

Bar•ri•cade´ , n. [F. barricade, fr. Sp. barricada, orig. a barring up with casks; fr. barrica cask, perh. fr. LL. barra bar. See Bar, n., and cf. Barrel, n.] 1. (Mil.) A fortification, made in haste, of trees, earth, palisades, wagons, or anything that will obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy. It is usually an obstruction formed in streets to block an enemy’s access. 2. Any bar, obstruction, or means of defense. “Such a barricade as would greatly annoy, or absolutely stop, the currents of the atmosphere.
Derham.”

Bar•ri•cade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barricaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Barricading.] [Cf. F. barricader. See Barricade, n.] To fortify or close with a barricade or with barricades; to stop up, as a passage; to obstruct; as the workmen barricaded the streets of Paris. “The further end whereof [a bridge] was barricaded with barrels.
Hakluyt.”

Bar•ri•cad´er , n. One who constructs barricades.

Bar•ri•ca´do , n. & v. t. See Barricade. Shak.

Bar´ri•er , n. [OE. barrere, barere, F. barrière, fr. barre bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Fort.) A carpentry obstruction, stockade, or other obstacle made in a passage in order to stop an enemy. 2. A fortress or fortified town, on the frontier of a country, commanding an avenue of approach. 3. pl. A fence or railing to mark the limits of a place, or to keep back a crowd. “No sooner were the barriers opened, than he paced into the lists.
Sir W. Scott.” 4. Any obstruction; anything which hinders approach or attack. ´Constitutional barriers.´ Hopkinson. 5. Any limit or boundary; a line of separation. “’Twixt that [instinct] and reason, what a nice barrier!
Pope.” Barrier gate, a heavy gate to close the opening through a barrier. — Barrier reef, a form of coral reef which runs in the general direction of the shore, and incloses a lagoon channel more or less extensive. — To fight at barriers, to fight with a barrier between, as a martial exercise. [Obs.]

Bar•ri•gu´do , n. [Native name, fr. Sp. barrigudo big-bellied.] (Zoöl.) A large, dark- colored, South American monkey, of the genus Lagothrix, having a long prehensile tail.

Bar•ring•out´ , n. The act of closing the doors of a schoolroom against a schoolmaster; — a boyish mode of rebellion in schools. Swift.

Bar´ris•ter , n. [From Bar, n.] Counselor at law; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar, and undertake the public trial of causes, as distinguished from an attorney or solicitor. See Attorney. [Eng.]

Bar´room , n. A room containing a bar or counter at which liquors are sold.

Bar´row (bar´ro), n. [OE. barow, fr. AS. beran to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Bier.] 1. A support having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which heavy or bulky things can be transported by hand. See Handbarrow, and Wheelbarrow. 2. (Salt Works) A wicker case, in which salt is put to drain.

Bar´row (bar´ro), n. [OE. barow, bargh, AS. bearg, bearh; akin to Icel. börgr, OHG. barh, barug, G. barch. rad.95.] A hog, esp. a male hog castrated. Holland.

Bar´row, n. [OE. bergh, AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound; akin to G. berg mountain, Goth. bairgahei hill, hilly country, and perh. to Skr. brhant high, OIr. brigh mountain. Cf. Berg, Berry a mound, and Borough an incorporated town.] 1. A large mound of earth or stones over the remains of the dead; a tumulus. 2. (Mining) A heap of rubbish, attle, etc.

Bar´row•ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Henry Barrowe, one of the founders of Independency or Congregationalism in England. Barrowe was executed for nonconformity in 1593.

Bar´ru•let , n. [Dim. of bar, n.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth its width.

Bar´ru•ly , a. (Her.) Traversed by barrulets or small bars; — said of the field.

Bar´ry , a. (Her.) Divided into bars; — said of the field.

Barse (bärs), n. [AS. bears, baers, akin to D. baars, G. bars, barsch. Cf. 1st Bass, n.] The common perch. See 1st Bass. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bar´tend•er , n. A barkeeper.

Bar´ter (bär´ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bartered (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bartering.] [OE. bartren, OF. barater, bareter, to cheat, exchange, perh. fr. Gr. pra•ttein to do, deal (well or ill), use practices or tricks, or perh. fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. brath treachery, W. brad. Cf. Barrator.] To traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a sale and purchase, in which money is paid for the commodities transferred; to truck.

Bar´ter, v. t. To trade or exchange in the way of barter; to exchange (frequently for an unworthy consideration); to traffic; to truck; — sometimes followed by away; as to barter away goods or honor.

Bar´ter, n. 1. The act or practice of trafficking by exchange of commodities; an exchange of goods. “The spirit of huckstering and barter.
Burke.” 2. The thing given in exchange. Syn. — Exchange; dealing; traffic; trade; truck.

Bar´ter•er , n. One who barters.

Bar´ter•y , n. Barter. [Obs.] Camden.

Barth , n. [Etymol. unknown.] A place of shelter for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bar•thol´o•mew tide . Time of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24th. Shak.

Bar´ti•zan , n. [Cf. Brettice.] (Arch.) A small, overhanging structure for lookout or defense, usually projecting at an angle of a building or near an entrance gateway.

Bart´lett , n. (Bot.) A Bartlett pear, a favorite kind of pear, which originated in England about 1770, and was called Williams’ Bonchretien. It was brought to America, and distributed by Mr. Enoch Bartlett, of Dorchester, Massachusetts.

Bar´ton (bär´tun), n. [AS. beretun courtyard, grange; bere barley + tun an inclosure.] 1. The demesne lands of a manor; also the manor itself. [Eng.] Burton. 2. A farmyard. [Eng.] Southey.

Bar´tram , n. (Bot.) See Bertram. Johnson.

Bar´way , n. A passage into a field or yard, closed by bars made to take out of the posts.

Bar´wise , adv. (Her.) Horizontally.

Bar´wood (-wood•), n. A red wood of a leguminous tree (Baphia nitida), from Angola and the Gabon in Africa. It is used as a dyewood, and also for ramrods, violin bows and turner’s work.

Bar•y•cen´tric , a. [Gr. bary•s heavy + ke•ntron center.] Of or pertaining to the center of gravity. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus.

Ba•ryph´o•ny , n. [Gr. bary•s heavy + fwnh• a sound, voice.] (Med.) Difficulty of speech.

Ba•ry´ta , n. [Gr. bary•s heavy. Cf. Baria.] (Chem.) An oxide of barium (or barytum); a heavy earth with a specific gravity above 4.

Ba•ry´tes , n. [Gr. bary•s heavy: cf. Gr. bary•ths heaviness, F. baryte.] (Min.) Barium sulphate, generally called heavy spar or barite. See Barite.

Ba•ryt´ic , a. Of or pertaining to baryta.

Ba•ry´to-cal´cite , n. [Baryta + calcite.] (Min.) A mineral of a white or gray color, occurring massive or crystallized. It is a compound of the carbonates of barium and calcium. { Bar´y•tone , Bar´i•tone } , a. [Gr. bary•tonos; bary•s heavy + to•nos tone.] 1. (Mus.) Grave and deep, as a kind of male voice. 2. (Greek Gram.) Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. { Bar´y•tone , Bar´i•tone }, n. [F. baryton: cf. It. baritono.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A male voice, the compass of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor, but which does not descend as low as the one, nor rise as high as the other. (b) A person having a voice of such range. (c) The viola di gamba, now entirely disused. 2. (Greek Gram.) A word which has no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.

Ba•ry´tum , n. [NL.] (Chem.) The metal barium. See Barium. [R.]

Ba´sal , a. Relating to, or forming, the base. Basal cleavage. See under Cleavage. — Basal plane (Crystallog.), one parallel to the lateral or horizontal axis.

Ba´sal-nerved , a. (Bot.) Having the nerves radiating from the base; — said of leaves.

Ba•salt´ , n. [L. basaltes (an African word), a dark and hard species of marble found in Ethiopia: cf. F. basalte.] 1. (Geol.) A rock of igneous origin, consisting of augite and triclinic feldspar, with grains of magnetic or titanic iron, and also bottle-green particles of olivine frequently disseminated. It is usually of a greenish black color, or of some dull brown shade, or black. It constitutes immense beds in some regions, and also occurs in veins or dikes cutting through other rocks. It has often a prismatic structure as at the Giant’s Causeway, in Ireland, where the columns are as regular as if the work of art. It is a very tough and heavy rock, and is one of the best materials for macadamizing roads. 2. An imitation, in pottery, of natural basalt; a kind of black porcelain.

Ba•salt´ic , a. [Cf. F. basaltique.] Pertaining to basalt; formed of, or containing, basalt; as basaltic lava.

Ba•salt´i•form , a. [Basalt + -form.] In the form of basalt; columnar.

Ba•salt´oid , a. [Basalt + - oid.] Formed like basalt; basaltiform.

Bas´an , n. Same as Basil, a sheepskin.

Bas´a•nite , n. [L. basanites lapis, Gr. ba•sanos the touchstone: cf. F. basanite.] (Min.) Lydian stone, or black jasper, a variety of siliceous or flinty slate, of a grayish or bluish black color. It is employed to test the purity of gold, the amount of alloy being indicated by the color left on the stone when rubbed by the metal.

Bas•bleu´ , n. [F., fr. bas stocking + bleu blue.] A bluestocking; a literary woman. [Somewhat derisive]

Bas´ci•net , n. [OE. bacinet, basnet, OF. bassinet, bacinet, F. bassinet, dim. of OF. bacin, F. bassin, a helmet in the form of a basin.] A light helmet, at first open, but later made with a visor. [Written also basinet, bassinet, basnet.]

Bas´cule (bas´kul), n. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics, an apparatus on the principle of the seesaw, in which one end rises as the other falls. Bascule bridge, a counterpoise or balanced drawbridge, which is opened by sinking the counterpoise and thus lifting the footway into the air.

Base (bas), a. [OE. bass, F. bas, low, fr. LL. bassus thick, fat, short, humble; cf. L. Bassus, a proper name, and W. bas shallow. Cf. Bass a part in music.] 1. Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as base shrubs. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Low in place or position. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Of humble birth; or low degree; lowly; mean. [Archaic] ´A peasant and base swain.´ Bacon. 4. Illegitimate by birth; bastard. [Archaic] “Why bastard? wherefore base?
Shak.” 5. Of little comparative value, as metal inferior to gold and silver, the precious metals. 6. Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as base coin; base bullion. 7. Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as a base fellow; base motives; base occupations. ´A cruel act of a base and a cowardish mind.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). ´Base ingratitude.´ Milton. 8. Not classical or correct. ´Base Latin.´ Fuller. 9. Deep or grave in sound; as the base tone of a violin. [In this sense, commonly written bass.] 10. (Law) Not held by honorable service; as a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant. Base fee, formerly, an estate held at the will of the lord; now, a qualified fee. See note under Fee, n., 4. — Base metal. See under Metal. Syn. — Dishonorable; worthless; ignoble; low-minded; infamous; sordid; degraded. — Base, Vile, Mean. These words, as expressing moral qualities, are here arranged in the order of their strength, the strongest being placed first. Base marks a high degree of moral turpitude; vile and mean denote, in different degrees, the want of what is valuable or worthy of esteem. What is base excites our abhorrence; what is vile provokes our disgust or indignation; what is mean awakens contempt. Base is opposed to high-minded; vile, to noble; mean, to liberal or generous. Ingratitude is base; sycophancy is vile; undue compliances are mean.

Base, n. [F. base, L. basis, fr. Gr. ba•sis a stepping, step, a base, pedestal, fr. bai•nein to go, step, akin to E. come. Cf. Basis, and see Come.] 1. The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as the base of a statue. ´The base of mighty mountains.´ Prescott. 2. Fig.: The fundamental or essential part of a thing; the essential principle; a groundwork. 3. (Arch.) (a) The lower part of a wall, pier, or column, when treated as a separate feature, usually in projection, or especially ornamented. (b) The lower part of a complete architectural design, as of a monument; also the lower part of any elaborate piece of furniture or decoration. 4. (Bot.) That extremity of a leaf, fruit, etc., at which it is attached to its support. 5. (Chem.) The positive, or non-acid component of a salt; a substance which, combined with an acid, neutralizes the latter and forms a salt; — applied also to the hydroxides of the positive elements or radicals, and to certain organic bodies resembling them in their property of forming salts with acids. 6. (Pharmacy) The chief ingredient in a compound. 7. (Dyeing) A substance used as a mordant. Ure. 8. (Fort.) The exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which connects the salient angles of two adjacent bastions. 9. (Geom.) The line or surface constituting that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand. 10. (Math.) The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as the base of a system of logarithms. 11. [See Base low.] A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base. [Now commonly written bass.] “The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar.
Dryden.” 12. (Mil.) A place or tract of country, protected by fortifications, or by natural advantages, from which the operations of an army proceed, forward movements are made, supplies are furnished, etc. 13. (Mil.) The smallest kind of cannon. [Obs.] 14. (Zoöl.) That part of an organ by which it is attached to another more central organ. 15. (Crystallog.) The basal plane of a crystal. 16. (Geol.) The ground mass of a rock, especially if not distinctly crystalline. 17. (Her.) The lower part of the field. See Escutcheon. 18. The housing of a horse. [Obs.] 19. pl. A kind of skirt (often of velvet or brocade, but sometimes of mailed armor) which hung from the middle to about the knees, or lower. [Obs.] 20. The lower part of a robe or petticoat. [Obs.] 21. An apron. [Obs.] ´Bakers in their linen bases.´ Marston. 22. The point or line from which a start is made; a starting place or a goal in various games. “To their appointed base they went.
Dryden.” 23. (Surv.) A line in a survey which, being accurately determined in length and position, serves as the origin from which to compute the distances and positions of any points or objects connected with it by a system of triangles. Lyman. 24. A rustic play; — called also prisoner’s base, prison base, or bars. ´To run the country base.´ Shak. 25. (Baseball) Any one of the four bounds which mark the circuit of the infield. Altern base. See under Altern. — Attic base. (Arch.) See under Attic. — Base course. (Arch.) (a) The first or lower course of a foundation wall, made of large stones or a mass of concrete; — called also foundation course. (b) The architectural member forming the transition between the basement and the wall above. — Base hit (Baseball), a hit, by which the batsman, without any error on the part of his opponents, is able to reach the first base without being put out. — Base line. (a) A main line taken as a base, as in surveying or in military operations. (b) A line traced round a cannon at the rear of the vent. — Base plate, the foundation plate of heavy machinery, as of the steam engine; the bed plate. — Base ring (Ordnance), a projecting band of metal around the breech, connected with the body of the gun by a concave molding. H. L. Scott.

Base (bas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Based (basd); p. pr. & vb. n. Basing.] [From Base, n.] To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; — used with on or upon. Bacon.

Base, v. t. [See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] 1. To abase; to let, or cast, down; to lower. [Obs.] “If any … based his pike.
Sir T. North.” 2. To reduce the value of; to debase. [Obs.] “Metals which we can not base.
Bacon.”

Base´ball´ , n. 1. A game of ball, so called from the bases or bounds (four in number) which designate the circuit which each player must endeavor to make after striking the ball. 2. The ball used in this game.

Base´board , n. (Arch.) A board, or other woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touching the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering; — also called washboard (in England), mopboard, and scrubboard.

Base´born , a. 1. Born out of wedlock. Gay. 2. Born of low parentage. 3. Vile; mean. ´Thy baseborn heart.´ Shak.

Base´-burn•er , n. A furnace or stove in which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to the fire as the lower stratum is consumed.

Base´-court , n. [F. basse-cour. See Base, a., and Court, n.] 1. The secondary, inferior, or rear courtyard of a large house; the outer court of a castle. 2. (Law) An inferior court of law, not of record.

Based , p. p. & a. 1. Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as broad-based. 2. [See Base, n., 18-21.] Wearing, or protected by, bases. [Obs.] ´Based in lawny velvet.´ E. Hall.

Ba´se•dow’s dis•ease´ . [Named for Dr. Basedow, a German physician.] (Med.) A disease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, prominence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the heart; — called also exophthalmic goiter. Flint.

Bas´e•lard , n. [OF. baselarde, LL. basillardus.] A short sword or dagger, worn in the fifteenth century. [Written also baslard.] Fairholt.

Base´less, a. Without a base; having no foundation or support. ´The baseless fabric of this vision.´ Shak.

Base´ly, adv. 1. In a base manner; with despicable meanness; dishonorably; shamefully. 2. Illegitimately; in bastardy. [Archaic] Knolles.

Base´ment , n. [F. soubassement. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Base, a., Bastion.] (Arch.) The outer wall of the ground story of a building, or of a part of that story, when treated as a distinct substructure. (See Base, n., 3 (a).) Hence: The rooms of a ground floor, collectively. Basement membrane (Anat.), a delicate membrane composed of a single layer of flat cells, forming the substratum upon which, in many organs, the epithelioid cells are disposed.

Base´ness , n. The quality or condition of being base; degradation; vileness. “I once did hold it a baseness to write fair.
Shak.”

Bas´e•net , n. See Bascinet. [Obs.]

Base´ vi•ol . See Bass viol.

Bash , v. t. & i. [OE. baschen, baissen. See Abash.] To abash; to disconcert or be disconcerted or put out of countenance. [Obs.] “His countenance was bold and bashed not.
Spenser.”

Ba•shaw´ , n. [See Pasha.] 1. A Turkish title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha. 2. Fig.: A magnate or grandee. 3. (Zoöl.) A very large siluroid fish (Leptops olivaris) of the Mississippi valley; — also called goujon, mud cat, and yellow cat.

Bash´ful (bash´ful), a. [See Bash.] 1. Abashed; daunted; dismayed. [Obs.] 2. Very modest, or modest to excess; constitutionally disposed to shrink from public notice; indicating extreme or excessive modesty; shy; as a bashful person, action, expression. Syn. — Diffident; retiring; reserved; shamefaced; sheepish.

Bash´ful•ly, adv. In a bashful manner.

Bash´ful•ness, n. The quality of being bashful. Syn. — Bashfulness, Modesty, Diffidence, Shyness. Modesty arises from a low estimate of ourselves; bashfulness is an abashment or agitation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; diffidence is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust; shyness usually arises from an excessive self-consciousness, and a painful impression that every one is looking at us. Modesty of deportment is becoming in all; bashfulness often gives rise to mistakes and blundering; diffidence in society frequently makes a man a burden to himself; shyness usually produces a reserve or distance which is often mistaken for haughtiness.

Bash´i-ba•zouk´ (bash´i•ba•zook´), n. [Turkish, light-headed, a foolish fellow.] A soldier belonging to the irregular troops of the Turkish army.

Bash´less, a. Shameless; unblushing. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bas´hyle , n. (Chem.) See Basyle.

Ba´si- . A combining form, especially in anatomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or position at or near a base; forming a base; as, basibranchials, the most ventral of the cartilages or bones of the branchial arches; basicranial, situated at the base of the cranium; basifacial, basitemporal, etc.

Ba´sic , a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Relating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. (b) Having the base in excess, or the amount of the base atomically greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in proportion that of the related neutral salt. (c) Apparently alkaline, as certain normal salts which exhibit alkaline reactions with test paper. 2. (Min.) Said of crystalline rocks which contain a relatively low percentage of silica, as basalt. Basic salt (Chem.), a salt formed from a base or hydroxide by the partial replacement of its hydrogen by a negative or acid element or radical.

Ba•sic´er•ite (ba•sis´er•ot), n. [Basi- + Gr. ke•ras horn, antenna.] (Zoöl.) The second joint of the antennae of crustaceans.

Ba•sic´i•ty, n. (Chem.) (a) The quality or state of being a base. (b) The power of an acid to unite with one or more atoms or equivalents of a base, as indicated by the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms contained in the acid.

Ba•sid´i•o•spore , n. [Basidium + spore.] (Bot.) A spore borne by a basidium. — Ba•sid•i•o•spor´ous , a.

Ba•sid´i•um , n. [NL., dim. of Gr. ba•sis base.] (Bot.) A special oblong or pyriform cell, with slender branches, which bears the spores in that division of fungi called Basidiomycetes, of which the common mushroom is an example.

Ba´si•fi•er , n. (Chem.) That which converts into a salifiable base.

Ba•sif´u•gal , a. [Base, n. + L. fugere to flee.] (Bot.) Tending or proceeding away from the base; as a basifugal growth.

Ba´si•fy , v. t. [Base + - fy.] (Chem.) To convert into a salifiable base.

Ba•si•gyn´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. basis base + gynh woman.] (Bot.) The pedicel on which the ovary of certain flowers, as the passion flower, is seated; a carpophore or thecaphore.

Ba•si•hy´al , a. [Basi- + Gr. υ (the letter ´upsilon´); from the shape.] (Anat.) Noting two small bones, forming the body of the inverted hyoid arch.

Ba•si•hy´oid , n. [Basi- + hyoid.] (Anat.) The central tongue bone.

Bas´il (baz´il), n. [Cf. F. basile and E. Bezel.] The slope or angle to which the cutting edge of a tool, as a plane, is ground. Grier.

Bas´il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Basiling.] To grind or form the edge of to an angle. Moxon.

Bas´il, n. [F. basilic, fr. L. basilicus royal, Gr. basiliko•s fr. basiley•s king.] (Bot.) The name given to several aromatic herbs of the Mint family, but chiefly to the common or sweet basil (Ocymum basilicum), and the bush basil, or lesser basil (O. minimum), the leaves of which are used in cookery. The name is also given to several kinds of mountain mint (Pycnanthemum). Basil thyme, a name given to the fragrant herbs Calamintha Acinos and C. Nepeta. — Wild basil, a plant (Calamintha clinopodium) of the Mint family.

Bas´il (baz´il), n. [Corrupt. from E. basan, F. basane, LL. basanium, bazana, fr. Ar. bithana, prop., lining.] The skin of a sheep tanned with bark. { Bas´i•lar , Bas´i•la•ry } a. [F. basilaire, fr. L. basis. See Base, n.] 1. Relating to, or situated at, the base. 2. Lower; inferior; applied to impulses or springs of action. [R.] ´Basilar instincts.´ H. W. Beecher.

Ba•sil´ic , n. [F. basilique.] Basilica. { Ba•sil´ic , Ba•sil´ic•al } a. [See Basilica.] 1. Royal; kingly; also basilican. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to certain parts, anciently supposed to have a specially important function in the animal economy, as the middle vein of the right arm.

Ba•sil´i•ca , n.; pl. Basilicas ; sometimes Basilicae (-se). [L. basilica, Gr. basilikh• (sc. o’iki•a or stoa• fr. basiliko•s royal, fr. basiley•s king.] 1. Originally, the palace of a king; but afterward, an apartment provided in the houses of persons of importance, where assemblies were held for dispensing justice; and hence, any large hall used for this purpose. 2. (Arch.) (a) A building used by the Romans as a place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached. (b) A church building of the earlier centuries of Christianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica of the Romans. The name is still applied to some churches by way of honorary distinction.

Ba•sil´i•ca, n. A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century. P. Cyc.

Ba•sil´i•can , a. Of, relating to, or resembling, a basilica; basilical. “There can be no doubt that the first churches in Constantinople were in the basilican form.
Milman.”

Ba•sil´i•cok , n. [OF. basilicoc.] The basilisk. [Obs.] Chaucer

Ba•sil´i•con , n. [L. basilicon, Gr. basiliko•n neut. of basiliko•s cf. F. basilicon. See Basilica.] (Med.) An ointment composed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive oil, lard, or other fatty substance.

Bas´i•lisk , n. [L. basiliscus, Gr. basiliskos little king, kind of serpent, dim. of basileys king; — so named from some prominences on the head resembling a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, or dragon. The ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, was fatal. See Cockatrice. “Make me not sighted like the basilisk.
Shak.” 2. (Zoöl.) A lizard of the genus Basiliscus, belonging to the family Iguanidae. This genus is remarkable for a membranous bag rising above the occiput, which can be filled with air at pleasure; also for an elevated crest along the back, that can be raised or depressed at will. 3. (Mil.) A large piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance to the serpent of that name, or from its size. [Obs.]

Ba´sin , n. [OF. bacin, F. bassin, LL. bacchinus, fr. bacca a water vessel, fr. L. bacca berry, in allusion to the round shape; or perh. fr. Celtic. Cf. Bac.] 1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for washing, and for various other uses. 2. The quantity contained in a basin. 3. A hollow vessel, of various forms and materials, used in the arts or manufactures, as that used by glass grinders for forming concave glasses, by hatters for molding a hat into shape, etc. 4. A hollow place containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a little bay. Pope 5. (Physical Geog.) (a) A circular or oval valley, or depression of the surface of the ground, the lowest part of which is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a river. (b) The entire tract of country drained by a river, or sloping towards a sea or lake. 6. (Geol.) An isolated or circumscribed formation, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all sides, toward a center; — especially applied to the coal formations, called coal basins or coal fields.

Ba´sined , a. Inclosed in a basin. ´Basined rivers.´ Young.

Bas´i•net , n. Same as Bascinet.

Ba•si•oc•cip´i•tal , a. [Basi- + occipital.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bone in the base of the cranium, frequently forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but usually distinct in the young. — n. The basioccipital bone.

Ba´si•on , n. [Gr. ba•sis a base.] (Anat.) The middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen of the skull.

Ba•sip´o•dite , n. [Basi- + poy•s, podo•s foot.] (Anat.) The basal joint of the legs of Crustacea.

Ba•sip•te•ryg´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ba•sis a base + ptery•gion a fin.] (Anat.) A bar of cartilage at the base of the embryonic fins of some fishes. It develops into the metapterygium. — Ba•sip•ter•yg´i•al , a.

Ba•sip•ter´y•goid , a. & n. [Basi- + pterygoid.] (Anat.) Applied to a protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone.

Ba´sis (ba´sis), n.; pl. Bases (-sez). [L. basis, Gr. ba•sis. See Base, n.] 1. The foundation of anything; that on which a thing rests. Dryden. 2. The pedestal of a column, pillar, or statue. [Obs.] “If no basis bear my rising name.
Pope.” 3. The groundwork; the first or fundamental principle; that which supports. “The basis of public credit is good faith.
A. Hamilton.” 4. The principal component part of a thing.

Ba•sis´o•lute (ba•sis´o•lut), a. [Basi- + solute, a.] (Bot.) Prolonged at the base, as certain leaves. { Ba•si•sphe´noid , Ba•si•sphe•noid´al } a. [Basi- + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to that part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult.

Ba•si•sphe´noid, n. (Anat.) The basisphenoid bone.

Bask (bask), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basked (baskt); p. pr. & vb. n. Basking.] [OScand. baðask to bathe one’s self, or perh. bakask to bake one’s self, sk being reflexive. See Bath, n., Bake, v. t.] To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat. “Basks in the glare, and stems the tepid wave.
Goldsmith.”

Bask, v. t. To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat. “Basks at the fire his hairy strength.
Milton.”

Bas´ket , n. [Of unknown origin. The modern Celtic words seem to be from the English.] 1. A vessel made of osiers or other twigs, cane, rushes, splints, or other flexible material, interwoven. ´Rude baskets … woven of the flexile willow.´ Dyer. 2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket contains; as a basket of peaches. 3. (Arch.) The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital. [Improperly so used.] Gwilt. 4. The two back seats facing one another on the outside of a stagecoach. [Eng.] Goldsmith. Basket fish (Zoöl.), an ophiuran of the genus Astrophyton, having the arms much branched. See Astrophyton. — Basket hilt, a hilt with a covering wrought like basketwork to protect the hand. Hudibras. Hence, Basket-hilted, a. — Basket work, work consisting of plaited osiers or twigs. — Basket worm (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of the genus Thyridopteryx and allied genera, esp. T. ephemeraeformis. The larva makes and carries about a bag or basket-like case of silk and twigs, which it afterwards hangs up to shelter the pupa and wingless adult females.

Bas´ket, v. t. To put into a basket. [R.]

Bas´ket•ful , n.; pl. Basketfuls . As much as a basket will contain.

Bas´ket•ry , n. The art of making baskets; also baskets, taken collectively.

Bask´ing shark . (Zoöl.) One of the largest species of sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), so called from its habit of basking in the sun; the liver shark, or bone shark. It inhabits the northern seas of Europe and America, and grows to a length of more than forty feet. It is a harmless species.

Bas´net , n. Same as Bascinet.

Ba•som•ma•toph´o•ra (ba•som•ma•tof´o•ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ba•sis base + ’o•mma eye + fe•rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails.

Ba´son (ba´s’n), n. A basin. [Obs. or Special form]

Basque (bask), a. [F.] Pertaining to Biscay, its people, or their language.

Basque (bask), n. [F.] 1. One of a race, of unknown origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay in Spain and France. 2. The language spoken by the Basque people. 3. A part of a lady’s dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt; — probably so called because this fashion of dress came from the Basques.

Basqu´ish , a. [F. Basque Biscayan: cf. G. Baskisch.] Pertaining to the country, people, or language of Biscay; Basque [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Bas•-re•lief´ , n. [F. bas- relief; bas low + relief raised work, relever to raise: cf. It. bassorilievo.] Low relief; sculpture, the figures of which project less than half of their true proportions; — called also bass-relief and basso-rilievo. See Alto- rilievo.

Bass (bas), n.; pl. Bass, and sometimes Basses (- ez). [A corruption of barse.] (Zoöl.) 1. An edible, spiny-finned fish, esp. of the genera Roccus, Labrax, and related genera. There are many species. The common European bass is Labrax lupus. American species are: the striped bass (Roccus lineatus); white or silver bass of the lakes (R. chrysops); brass or yellow bass (R. interruptus). 2. The two American fresh-water species of black bass (genus Micropterus). See Black bass. 3. Species of Serranus, the sea bass and rock bass. See Sea bass. 4. The southern, red, or channel bass (Sciaena ocellata). See Redfish. The name is also applied to many other fishes. See Calico bass, under Calico.

Bass, n. [A corruption of bast.] 1. (Bot.) The linden or lime tree, sometimes wrongly called whitewood; also its bark, which is used for making mats. See Bast. 2. (Pron. ) A hassock or thick mat.

Bass , n. [F. basse, fr. bas low. See Base, a.] 1. A bass, or deep, sound or tone. 2. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part in a musical composition. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, bass. [Written also base.] Thorough bass. See Thorough bass.

Bass, a. Deep or grave in tone. Bass clef (Mus.), the character placed at the beginning of the staff containing the bass part of a musical composition. [See Illust. under Clef.] — Bass voice, a deep-sounding voice; a voice fitted for singing bass.

Bass, v. t. To sound in a deep tone. [R.] Shak. { Bas´sa , Bas•saw´ } , n. See Bashaw.

Bass• drum´ . (Mus.) The largest of the different kinds of drums, having two heads, and emitting a deep, grave sound. See Bass, a.

Bas´set (bas´set or bas•set´), n. [F. bassette, fr. It. bassetta. Cf. Basso.] A game at cards, resembling the modern faro, said to have been invented at Venice. “Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget
Your piquet parties, and your dear basset.
Rowe.”

Bas´set (bas´set), a. [Cf. OF. basset somewhat low, dim. of bas low.] (Geol.) Inclined upward; as the basset edge of strata. Lyell.

Bas´set, n. (Geol.) The edge of a geological stratum at the surface of the ground; the outcrop.

Bas´set, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basseting.] (Geol.) To incline upward so as to appear at the surface; to crop out; as a vein of coal bassets.

Bas´set horn (hôrn•). [See Basset, a.] (Mus.) An instrument blown with a reed, and resembling a clarinet, but of much greater compass, embracing nearly four octaves.

Bas´set hound . [F. basset.] (Zoöl.) A small kind of hound with a long body and short legs, used as an earth dog.

Bas´set•ing, n. The upward direction of a vein in a mine; the emergence of a stratum at the surface.

Bas•set´to , n. [It., adj., somewhat low; n., counter tenor. See Basso.] (Mus.) A tenor or small bass viol.

Bass´ horn´ . (Mus.) A modification of the bassoon, much deeper in tone.

Bas´si•net , n. [Cf. F. bassinet, dim. of bassin. See Basin, and cf. Bascinet.] 1. A wicker basket, with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle. 2. See Bascinet. Lord Lytton.

Bas´so , n. [It., fr. LL. bassus. See Base, a.] (Mus.) (a) The bass or lowest part; as to sing basso. (b) One who sings the lowest part. (c) The double bass, or contrabasso. Basso continuo . [It., bass continued.] (Mus.) A bass part written out continuously, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures attached to the bass; continued bass.

Bas´sock , n. A hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.

Bas•soon´ , n. [F. basson, fr. basse bass; or perh. fr. bas son low sound. See Bass a part in music. ] (Mus.) A wind instrument of the double reed kind, furnished with holes, which are stopped by the fingers, and by keys, as in flutes. It forms the natural bass to the oboe, clarinet, etc. Its compass comprehends three octaves. For convenience of carriage it is divided into two parts; whence it is also called a fagot.

Bas•soon´ist, n. A performer on the bassoon. Busby. { Bas´so-ri•lie´vo , Bas´so-re•lie´vo } , n. [It. basso-rilievo.] Same as Bas- relief.

Bas´so•rin , n. [Cf. F. bassorine.] (Chem.) A constituent part of a species of gum from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth and some gum resins. It is one of the amyloses. Ure.

Bass´-re•lief , n. Same as Bas- relief.

Bass´ vi•ol . (Mus.) A stringed instrument of the viol family, used for playing bass. See 3d Bass, n., and Violoncello.

Bass´wood , n. (Bot.) The bass (Tilia) or its wood; especially, T. Americana. See Bass, the lime tree. “All the bowls were made of basswood,
White and polished very smoothly.
Longfellow.”

Bast , n. [AS. baest; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan., D., & G. bast, of unknown origin. Cf. Bass the tree.] 1. The inner fibrous bark of various plants; esp. of the lime tree; hence, matting, cordage, etc., made therefrom. 2. A thick mat or hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.

Bas´ta , interj. [It.] Enough; stop. Shak.

Bas´tard , n. [OF. bastard, bastart, F. btard, prob. fr. OF. bast, F. bt, a packsaddle used as a bed by the muleteers (fr. LL. bastum) + -ard. OF. fils de bast son of the packsaddle; as the muleteers were accustomed to use their saddles for beds in the inns. See Cervantes, ´Don Quixote,´ chap. 16; and cf.G. bankert, fr. bank bench.] 1. A ´natural´ child; a child begotten and born out of wedlock; an illegitimate child; one born of an illicit union. By the civil and canon laws, and by the laws of many of the United States, a bastard becomes a legitimate child by the intermarriage of the parents at any subsequent time. But by those of England, and of some states of the United States, a child, to be legitimate, must at least be born after the lawful marriage. Kent. Blackstone. 2. (Sugar Refining) (a) An inferior quality of soft brown sugar, obtained from the sirups that have already had several boilings. (b) A large size of mold, in which sugar is drained. 3. A sweet Spanish wine like muscadel in flavor. “Brown bastard is your only drink.
Shak.” 4. A writing paper of a particular size. See Paper.

Bas´tard , a. 1. Begotten and born out of lawful matrimony; illegitimate. See Bastard, n., note. 2. Lacking in genuineness; spurious; false; adulterate; — applied to things which resemble those which are genuine, but are really not so. “That bastard self-love which is so vicious in itself, and productive of so many vices.
Barrow.” 3. Of an unusual make or proportion; as a bastard musket; a bastard culverin. [Obs.] 4. (Print.) Abbreviated, as the half title in a page preceding the full title page of a book. Bastard ashlar (Arch.), stones for ashlar work, roughly squared at the quarry. — Bastard file, a file intermediate between the coarsest and the second cut. — Bastard type (Print.), type having the face of a larger or a smaller size than the body; e. g., a nonpareil face on a brevier body. — Bastard wing (Zoöl.), three to five quill feathers on a small joint corresponding to the thumb in some mammalia; the alula.

Bas´tard, v. t. To bastardize. [Obs.] Bacon.

Bas´tard•ism , n. The state of being a bastard; bastardy.

Bas´tard•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastardized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bastardizing.] 1. To make or prove to be a bastard; to stigmatize as a bastard; to declare or decide legally to be illegitimate. “The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock.
Blackstone.” 2. To beget out of wedlock. [R.] Shak.

Bas´tard•ly, a. Bastardlike; baseborn; spurious; corrupt. [Obs.] — adv. In the manner of a bastard; spuriously. [Obs.] Shak. Donne.

Bas´tar•dy , n. 1. The state of being a bastard; illegitimacy. 2. The procreation of a bastard child. Wharton.

Baste (bast), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basting.] [Cf. Icel. beysta to strike, powder; Sw. basa to beat with a rod: perh. akin to E. beat.] 1. To beat with a stick; to cudgel. “One man was basted by the keeper for carrying some people over on his back through the waters.
Pepys.” 2. (Cookery) To sprinkle flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. 3. To mark with tar, as sheep. [Prov. Eng.]

Baste, v. t. [OE. basten, OF. bastir, F. btir, prob. fr. OHG. bestan to sew, MHG. besten to bind, fr. OHG. bast bast. See Bast.] To sew loosely, or with long stitches; — usually, that the work may be held in position until sewed more firmly. Shak. { Bas•tile´ Bas•tille´ } (bas•tel´ or bas´tel; 277), n. [F. bastille fortress, OF. bastir to build, F. bâtir.] 1. (Feud. Fort.) A tower or an elevated work, used for the defense, or in the siege, of a fortified place. “The high bastiles … which overtopped the walls.
Holland.” 2. ´The Bastille´, formerly a castle or fortress in Paris, used as a prison, especially for political offenders; hence, a rhetorical name for a prison.

Bas•ti•nade´ , n. See Bastinado, n.

Bas•ti•nade´, v. t. To bastinado. [Archaic]

Bas•ti•na´do , n.; pl. Bastinadoes . [Sp. bastonada (cf. F. bastonnade), fr. baston (cf. F. bâton) a stick or staff. See Baston.] 1. A blow with a stick or cudgel. 2. A sound beating with a stick or cudgel. Specifically: A form of punishment among the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an offender on the soles of his feet.

Bas•ti•na´do, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastinadoed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bastinadoing.] To beat with a stick or cudgel, especially on the soles of the feet.

Bas´tion (bas´chun; 106), n. [F. bastion (cf. It. bastione), fr. LL. bastire to build (cf. F. bâtir, It. bastire), perh. from the idea of support for a weight, and akin to Gr. basta•zein to lift, carry, and to E. baston, baton.] (Fort.) A work projecting outward from the main inclosure of a fortification, consisting of two faces and two flanks, and so constructed that it is able to defend by a flanking fire the adjacent curtain, or wall which extends from one bastion to another. Two adjacent bastions are connected by the curtain, which joins the flank of one with the adjacent flank of the other. The distance between the flanks of a bastion is called the gorge. A lunette is a detached bastion. See Ravelin.

Bas´tioned , a. Furnished with a bastion; having bastions.

Bas´to (bas´to), n. [Sp.] The ace of clubs in quadrille and omber. Pope.

Bas´ton (bas´tun), n. [OF. baston, F. bâton, LL. basto. See Bastion, and cf. Baton, and 3d Batten.] 1. A staff or cudgel. [Obs.] ´To fight with blunt bastons.´ Holland. 2. (Her.) See Baton. 3. An officer bearing a painted staff, who formerly was in attendance upon the king’s court to take into custody persons committed by the court. Mozley & W.

Bas´yle (bas´il or bas´il), n. [Gr. ba•sis base + ´y•lh wood. See -yl.] (Chem.) A positive or nonacid constituent of a compound, either elementary, or, if compound, performing the functions of an element.

Bas´y•lous , a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, a basyle; electro-positive; basic; — opposed to chlorous. Graham.

Bat (bat), n. [OE. batte, botte, AS. batt; perhaps fr. the Celtic; cf. Ir. bat, bata, stick, staff; but cf. also F. batte a beater (thing), wooden sword, battre to beat.] 1. A large stick; a club; specifically, a piece of wood with one end thicker or broader than the other, used in playing baseball, cricket, etc. 2. (Mining) Shale or bituminous shale. Kirwan. 3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts or comfortables; batting. 4. A part of a brick with one whole end. Bat bolt (Machinery), a bolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to make it hold the more firmly. Knight.

Bat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Batted (bat´ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Batting.] To strike or hit with a bat or a pole; to cudgel; to beat. Holland.

Bat, v. i. To use a bat, as in a game of baseball.

Bat, n. [Corrupt. from OE. back, backe, balke; cf. Dan. aften-bakke (aften evening), Sw. natt-backa (natt night), Icel. leðr- blaka (leðr leather), Icel. blaka to flutter.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cheiroptera, an order of flying mammals, in which the wings are formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. The common bats are small and insectivorous. See Cheiroptera and Vampire. “Silent bats in drowsy clusters cling.” Goldsmith. Bat tick (Zoöl.), a wingless, dipterous insect of the genus Nycteribia, parasitic on bats.

Bat´a•ble , a. [Abbrev. from debatable.] Disputable. [Obs.] The border land between England and Scotland, being formerly a subject of contention, was called batable or debatable ground.

Bat´ailled , a. Embattled. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ba•tar•deau´ , n. [F.] 1. A cofferdam. Brande & C. 2. (Mil.) A wall built across the ditch of a fortification, with a sluice gate to regulate the height of water in the ditch on both sides of the wall. { Ba•ta´tas , Ba•ta´ta } n. An aboriginal American name for the sweet potato (Ipomaea batatas).

Ba•ta´vi•an , a. Of or pertaining to (a) the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe; or to (b) Batavia or Holland; as a Batavian legion. Batavian Republic, the name given to Holland by the French after its conquest in 1795.

Ba•ta´vi•an, n. A native or inhabitant of Batavia or Holland. [R.] Bancroft.

Batch , n. [OE. bache, bacche, fr. AS. bacan to bake; cf. G. gebäck and D. baksel. See Bake, v. t.] 1. The quantity of bread baked at one time. 2. A quantity of anything produced at one operation; a group or collection of persons or things of the same kind; as a batch of letters; the next batch of business. ´A new batch of Lords.´ Lady M. W. Montagu.

Bate , n. [Prob. abbrev. from debate.] Strife; contention. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bating.] [From abate.] 1. To lessen by retrenching, deducting, or reducing; to abate; to beat down; to lower. “He must either bate the laborer’s wages, or not employ or not pay him.
Locke.” 2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. “To whom he bates nothing of what he stood upon with the parliament.
South.” 3. To leave out; to except. [Obs.] “Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood,
He lies that says it.
Beau. & Fl.” 4. To remove. [Obs.] “About autumn bate the earth from about the roots of olives, and lay them bare.
Holland.” 5. To deprive of. [Obs.] “When baseness is exalted, do not bate
The place its honor for the person’s sake.
Herbert.”

Bate, v. i. 1. To remit or retrench a part; — with of. “Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine.
Dryden.” 2. To waste away. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate , v. t. To attack; to bait. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bate, imp. of Bite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bate, v. i. [F. battre des ailes to flutter. Cf. Bait to flutter.] To flutter as a hawk; to bait. [Obs.] Bacon.

Bate, n. (Jewish Antiq.) See 2d Bath.

Bate, n. [Cf. Sw. beta maceration, soaking, G. beize, and E. bite.] An alkaline solution consisting of the dung of certain animals; — employed in the preparation of hides; grainer. Knight.

Bate, v. t. To steep in bate, as hides, in the manufacture of leather.

Ba•teau´ , n.; pl. Bateaux . [F. bateau, LL. batellus, fr. battus, batus, boat, which agrees with AS. bat boat: cf. W. bad boat. See Boat, n.] A boat; esp. a flat-bottomed, clumsy boat used on the Canadian lakes and rivers. [Written also but less properly, batteau.] Bateau bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux.

Bat´ed , a. Reduced; lowered; restrained; as to speak with bated breath. Macaulay.

Bate´ful , a. Exciting contention; contentious. [Obs.] ´It did bateful question frame.´ Sidney.

Bate´less, a. Not to be abated. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate´ment , n. [For Abatement. See 2d Bate.] Abatement; diminution. Moxon. Batement light (Arch.), a window or one division of a window having vertical sides, but with the sill not horizontal, as where it follows the rake of a staircase.

Bat´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A name given to several species of fishes: (a) The Malthe vespertilio of the Atlantic coast. (b) The flying gurnard of the Atlantic (Cephalacanthus spinarella). (c) The California batfish or sting ray (Myliobatis Californicus.)

Bat´fowl•er , n. One who practices or finds sport in batfowling.

Bat´fowl•ing , n. [From Bat a stick.] A mode of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or other light, and beating the bush or perch where they roost. The birds, flying to the light, are caught with nets or otherwise.

Bat´ful (bat´ful), a. [Icel. bati amelioration, batna to grow better; akin to AS. bet better. Goth. ga-batnan to profit. rad.255. Cf. Batten, v. i., Better.] Rich; fertile. [Obs.] ´Batful valleys.´ Drayton.

Bath (bath; 61), n.; pl. Baths (bathz). [AS. baeð; akin to OS. & Icel. bað, Sw., Dan., D., & G. bad, and perh. to G. bähen to foment.] 1. The act of exposing the body, or part of the body, for purposes of cleanliness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, or the like; as a cold or a hot bath; a medicated bath; a steam bath; a hip bath. 2. Water or other liquid for bathing. 3. A receptacle or place where persons may immerse or wash their bodies in water. 4. A building containing an apartment or a series of apartments arranged for bathing. “Among the ancients, the public baths were of amazing extent and magnificence.
Gwilt.” 5. (Chem.) A medium, as heated sand, ashes, steam, hot air, through which heat is applied to a body. 6. (Photog.) A solution in which plates or prints are immersed; also the receptacle holding the solution. Bath is used adjectively or in combination, in an obvious sense of or for baths or bathing; as bathroom, bath tub, bath keeper. Douche bath. See Douche. — Order of the Bath, a high order of British knighthood, composed of three classes, viz., knights grand cross, knights commanders, and knights companions, abbreviated thus: G. C. B., K. C. B., K. B. — Russian bath, a kind of vapor bath which consists in a prolonged exposure of the body to the influence of the steam of water, followed by washings and shampooings. — Turkish bath, a kind of bath in which a profuse perspiration is produced by hot air, after which the body is washed and shampooed. — Bath house, a house used for the purpose of bathing; — also a small house, near a bathing place, where a bather undresses and dresses.

Bath , n. [Heb.] A Hebrew measure containing the tenth of a homer, or five gallons and three pints, as a measure for liquids; and two pecks and five quarts, as a dry measure.

Bath (; 61), n. A city in the west of England, resorted to for its hot springs, which has given its name to various objects. Bath brick, a preparation of calcareous earth, in the form of a brick, used for cleaning knives, polished metal, etc. — Bath chair, a kind of chair on wheels, as used by invalids at Bath. ´People walked out, or drove out, or were pushed out in their Bath chairs.´ Dickens. — Bath metal, an alloy consisting of four and a half ounces of zinc and one pound of copper. — Bath note, a folded writing paper, 8 1/2 by 14 inches. — Bath stone, a species of limestone (oölite) found near Bath, used for building.

Bathe (bath), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bathed (bathd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bathing.] [OE. baðien, AS. baðian, fr. baeð bath. See 1st Bath, and cf. Bay to bathe.] 1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath; to subject to a bath. “Chancing to bathe himself in the River Cydnus.
South.” 2. To lave; to wet. ´The lake which bathed the foot of the Alban mountain.´ T. Arnold. 3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid. “And let us bathe our hands in Caesar’s blood.
Shak.” 4. To apply water or some liquid medicament to; as to bathe the eye with warm water or with sea water; to bathe one’s forehead with camphor. 5. To surround, or envelop, as water surrounds a person immersed. ´The rosy shadows bathe me. ´ Tennyson. ´The bright sunshine bathing all the world.´ Longfellow.

Bathe , v. i. 1. To bathe one’s self; to take a bath or baths. ´They bathe in summer.´ Waller. 2. To immerse or cover one’s self, as in a bath. ´To bathe in fiery floods.´ Shak. ´Bathe in the dimples of her cheek.´ Lloyd. 3. To bask in the sun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bathe, n. The immersion of the body in water; as to take one’s usual bathe. Edin. Rev.

Bath´er (bath´er), n. One who bathes.

Ba•thet´ic , a. Having the character of bathos. [R.]

Bath´ing , n. Act of taking a bath or baths. Bathing machine, a small room on wheels, to be driven into the water, for the convenience of bathers, who undress and dress therein.

Bath´mism , n. See Vital force.

Ba•thom´e•ter , n. [Gr. ba•qos depth + -meter.] An instrument for measuring depths, esp. one for taking soundings without a sounding line.

Bat´horse , n. [F. bât packsaddle (cheval de bât packhorse) + E. horse. See Bastard.] A horse which carries an officer’s baggage during a campaign.

Ba´thos (ba´thos), n. [Gr. ba•qos depth, fr. baqy•s deep.] (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the low, in writing or speech; anticlimax.

Ba•thyb´i•us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. baqy•s deep + bi•os life] (Zoöl.) A name given by Prof. Huxley to a gelatinous substance found in mud dredged from the Atlantic and preserved in alcohol. He supposed that it was free living protoplasm, covering a large part of the ocean bed. It is now known that the substance is of chemical, not of organic, origin. { Bath•y•met´ric , Bath•y•met´ric•al } a. Pertaining to bathymetry; relating to the measurement of depths, especially of depths in the sea.

Ba•thym´e•try , n. [Gr. ba•qos depth + -metry.] The art or science of sounding, or measuring depths in the sea.

Bat´ing , prep. [Strictly p. pr. of Bate to abate.] With the exception of; excepting. “We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with them, bating some faint ideas of hunger and thirst.
Locke.”

Ba•tiste´ , n. [F. batiste, from the name of the alleged first maker, Baptiste of Cambrai. Littre.] Originally, cambric or lawn of fine linen; now applied also to cloth of similar texture made of cotton.

Bat´let , n. [Bat stick + - let.] A short bat for beating clothes in washing them; — called also batler, batling staff, batting staff. Shak.

Bat´man (bat´man), n. [Turk. batman.] A weight used in the East, varying according to the locality; in Turkey, the greater batman is about 157 pounds, the lesser only a fourth of this; at Aleppo and Smyrna, the batman is 17 pounds. Simmonds.

Bat´man (ba´man or bat´man), n.; pl. Batmen (-men). [F. bât packsaddle + E. man. Cf. Bathorse.] A man who has charge of a bathorse and his load. Macaulay.

Ba•toi´de•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ba•tos a kind of ray + -oid.] (Zoöl.) The division of fishes which includes the rays and skates.

Bat´on (bat´un, F. bä•tôN´; 277), n. [F. bâton. See Baston.] 1. A staff or truncheon, used for various purposes; as the baton of a field marshal; the baton of a conductor in musical performances. “He held the baton of command.
Prescott.” 2. (Her.) An ordinary with its ends cut off, borne sinister as a mark of bastardy, and containing one fourth in breadth of the bend sinister; — called also bastard bar. See Bend sinister.

Ba•toon´ , n. See Baton, and Baston.

Bat´ print•ing . (Ceramics) A mode of printing on glazed ware.

Ba•tra´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. batra•cheios belonging to a frog, fr. ba•trachos frog.] (Zoöl.) The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia.

Ba•tra´chi•an , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Batrachia. — n. One of the Batrachia.

Bat´ra•choid , a. [Batrachia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Froglike. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the Batrachidae, a family of marine fishes, including the toadfish. Some have poisonous dorsal spines.

Bat•ra•cho•my•om´a•chy , n. [Gr. batrachomyomachi•a; ba•trachos frog + my^s mouse + ma•chh battle.] The battle between the frogs and mice; — a Greek parody on the Iliad, of uncertain authorship.

Bat•ra•choph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ba•trachos frog + fagei^n to eat.] Feeding on frogs. Quart. Rev.

Bats´man , n.; pl. Batsmen . The one who wields the bat in cricket, baseball, etc. {Bat’s´-wing´ or Bat´wing }, a. Shaped like a bat’s wing; as a bat’s-wing burner.

Bat´ta (bat´ta), n. [Prob. through Pg. for Canarese bhatta rice in the husk.] Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India. Whitworth.

Bat´ta (bat/´ta), n. [Hind. batta.] Rate of exchange; also the discount on uncurrent coins. [India]

Bat´ta•ble , a. [See Batful.] Capable of cultivation; fertile; productive; fattening. [Obs.] Burton.

Bat´tail•ant , a. [F. bataillant, p. pr. See Battle, v. i. ] [Obs.] Prepared for battle; combatant; warlike. Spenser. — n. A combatant. Shelton.

Bat´tail•ous , a. [OF. bataillos, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] Arrayed for battle; fit or eager for battle; warlike. [Obs.] ´In battailous aspect.´ Milton.

Bat•tal´ia (bat•tal´ya; 106), n. [LL. battalia battle, a body of troops. See Battle, n.] 1. Order of battle; disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments, battalions, etc.), or of a naval force, for action. “A drawing up the armies in battalia.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. An army in battle array; also the main battalia or body. [Obs.] Shak.

Bat•tal´ion (-tal´yun; 106), n. [F. bataillon, fr. It. battaglione. See Battalia.] 1. A body of troops; esp. a body of troops or an army in battle array. ´The whole battalion views.´ Milton. 2. (Mil.) A regiment, or two or more companies of a regiment, esp. when assembled for drill or battle.

Bat•tal´ion , v. t. To form into battalions. [R.]

Bat´tel , n. [Obs. form. of Battle.] (Old Eng. Law) A single combat; as trial by battel. See Wager of battel, under Wager.

Bat´tel, n. [Of uncertain etymology.] Provisions ordered from the buttery; also the charges for them; — only in the pl., except when used adjectively. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.]

Bat´tel, v. i. To be supplied with provisions from the buttery. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.]

Bat´tel, v. t. [Cf. Batful, Batten, v. i.] To make fertile. [Obs.] ´To battel barren land.´ Ray.

Bat´tel, a. Fertile; fruitful; productive. [Obs.] “A battel soil for grain, for pasture good.
Fairfax.” { Bat´tel•er , Bat´tler } , n. [See 2d Battel, n.] A student at Oxford who is supplied with provisions from the buttery; formerly, one who paid for nothing but what he called for, answering nearly to a sizar at Cambridge. Wright.

Bat´ten (bat´t’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battened (-t’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Battening.] [See Batful.] 1. To make fat by plenteous feeding; to fatten. ´Battening our flocks.´ Milton. 2. To fertilize or enrich, as land.

Bat´ten, v. i. To grow fat; to grow fat in ease and luxury; to glut one’s self. Dryden. “The pampered monarch lay battening in ease.
Garth.” “Skeptics, with a taste for carrion, who batten on the hideous facts in history, — persecutions, inquisitions.
Emerson.”

Bat´ten, n . [F. bâton stick, staff. See Baton.] A strip of sawed stuff, or a scantling; as (a) pl. (Com. & Arch.) Sawed timbers about 7 by 2 1/2 inches and not less than 6 feet long. Brande & C. (b) (Naut.) A strip of wood used in fastening the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck, also around masts to prevent chafing. (c) A long, thin strip used to strengthen a part, to cover a crack, etc. Batten door (Arch.), a door made of boards of the whole length of the door, secured by battens nailed crosswise.

Bat´ten, v. t. To furnish or fasten with battens. To batten down, to fasten down with battens, as the tarpaulin over the hatches of a ship during a storm.

Bat´ten, n. [F. battant. See Batter, v. t.] The movable bar of a loom, which strikes home or closes the threads of a woof.

Bat´ten•ing , n. (Arch.) Furring done with small pieces nailed directly upon the wall.

Bat´ter (bat´ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battered (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Battering.] [OE. bateren, OF. batre, F. battre, fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to strike, beat; of unknown origin. Cf. Abate, Bate to abate.] 1. To beat with successive blows; to beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish; as to batter a wall or rampart. 2. To wear or impair as if by beating or by hard usage. ´Each battered jade.´ Pope. 3. (Metallurgy) To flatten (metal) by hammering, so as to compress it inwardly and spread it outwardly.

Bat´ter, n. [OE. batere, batire; cf. OF. bateure, bature, a beating. See Batter, v. t.] 1. A semi- liquid mixture of several ingredients, as flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten together and used in cookery. King. 2. Paste of clay or loam. Holland. 3. (Printing) A bruise on the face of a plate or of type in the form.

Bat´ter, n. A backward slope in the face of a wall or of a bank; receding slope. Batter rule, an instrument consisting of a rule or frame, and a plumb line, by which the batter or slope of a wall is regulated in building.

Bat´ter, v. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward.

Bat´ter, n. One who wields a bat; a batsman.

Bat´ter•er (-ter•er), n. One who, or that which, batters.

Bat´ter•ing-ram , n. 1. (Mil.) An engine used in ancient times to beat down the walls of besieged places. It was a large beam, with a head of iron, which was sometimes made to resemble the head of a ram. It was suspended by ropes to a beam supported by posts, and so balanced as to swing backward and forward, and was impelled by men against the wall. Grose. 2. A blacksmith’s hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally.

Bat´ter•ing train . (Mil.) A train of artillery for siege operations.

Bat´ter•y , n.; pl. Batteries . [F. batterie, fr. battre. See Batter, v. t.] 1. The act of battering or beating. 2. (Law) The unlawful beating of another. It includes every willful, angry and violent, or negligent touching of another’s person or clothes, or anything attached to his person or held by him. 3. (Mil.) (a) Any place where cannon or mortars are mounted, for attack or defense. (b) Two or more pieces of artillery in the field. (c) A company or division of artillery, including the gunners, guns, horses, and all equipments. In the United States, a battery of flying artillery consists usually of six guns. Barbette battery. See Barbette. — Battery d’enfilade, or Enfilading battery, one that sweeps the whole length of a line of troops or part of a work. — Battery en echarpe, one that plays obliquely. — Battery gun, a gun capable of firing a number of shots simultaneously or successively without stopping to load. — Battery wagon, a wagon employed to transport the tools and materials for repair of the carriages, etc., of the battery. — In battery, projecting, as a gun, into an embrasure or over a parapet in readiness for firing. — Masked battery, a battery artificially concealed until required to open upon the enemy. — Out of battery, or From battery, withdrawn, as a gun, to a position for loading. 4. (Elec.) (a) A number of coated jars (Leyden jars) so connected that they may be charged and discharged simultaneously. (b) An apparatus for generating voltaic electricity. In the trough battery, copper and zinc plates, connected in pairs, divide the trough into cells, which are filled with an acid or oxidizing liquid; the effect is exhibited when wires connected with the two end-plates are brought together. In Daniell’s battery, the metals are zinc and copper, the former in dilute sulphuric acid, or a solution of sulphate of zinc, the latter in a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. A modification of this is the common gravity battery, so called from the automatic action of the two fluids, which are separated by their specific gravities. In Grove’s battery, platinum is the metal used with zinc; two fluids are used, one of them in a porous cell surrounded by the other. In Bunsen’s or the carbon battery, the carbon of gas coke is substituted for the platinum of Grove’s. In Leclanche’s battery, the elements are zinc in a solution of ammonium chloride, and gas carbon surrounded with manganese dioxide in a porous cell. A secondary battery is a battery which usually has the two plates of the same kind, generally of lead, in dilute sulphuric acid, and which, when traversed by an electric current, becomes charged, and is then capable of giving a current of itself for a time, owing to chemical changes produced by the charging current. A storage battery is a kind of secondary battery used for accumulating and storing the energy of electrical charges or currents, usually by means of chemical work done by them; an accumulator. 5. A number of similar machines or devices in position; an apparatus consisting of a set of similar parts; as a battery of boilers, of retorts, condensers, etc. 6. (Metallurgy) A series of stamps operated by one motive power, for crushing ores containing the precious metals. Knight. 7. The box in which the stamps for crushing ore play up and down. 8. (Baseball) The pitcher and catcher together.

Bat´ting , n. 1. The act of one who bats; the management of a bat in playing games of ball. Mason. 2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for use in making quilts, etc.; as cotton batting.

Bat´tle , a. Fertile. See Battel, a. [Obs.]

Bat´tle, n. [OE. bataille, bataile, F. bataille battle, OF., battle, battalion, fr. L. battalia, battualia, the fighting and fencing exercises of soldiers and gladiators, fr. batuere to strike, beat. Cf. Battalia, 1st Battel, and see Batter, v. t. ] 1. A general action, fight, or encounter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged; an engagement; a combat. 2. A struggle; a contest; as the battle of life. “The whole intellectual battle that had at its center the best poem of the best poet of that day.
H. Morley.” 3. A division of an army; a battalion. [Obs.] “The king divided his army into three battles.
Bacon.” “The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called the battle, and on it alone depended the fate of every action.
Robertson.” 4. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear; battalia. [Obs.] Hayward. Battle is used adjectively or as the first part of a self- explaining compound; as battle brand, a ´brand´ or sword used in battle; battle cry; battlefield; battle ground; battle array; battle song. Battle piece, a painting, or a musical composition, representing a battle. — Battle royal. (a) A fight between several gamecocks, where the one that stands longest is the victor. Grose. (b) A contest with fists or cudgels in which more than two are engaged; a mêlee. Thackeray. — Drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. — To give battle, to attack an enemy. — To join battle, to meet the attack; to engage in battle. — Pitched battle, one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. — Wager of battle. See under Wager, n. Syn. — Conflict; encounter; contest; action. Battle, Combat, Fight, Engagement. These words agree in denoting a close encounter between contending parties. Fight is a word of less dignity than the others. Except in poetry, it is more naturally applied to the encounter of a few individuals, and more commonly an accidental one; as a street fight. A combat is a close encounter, whether between few or many, and is usually premeditated. A battle is commonly more general and prolonged. An engagement supposes large numbers on each side, engaged or intermingled in the conflict.

Bat´tle (bat´t’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Battled (-tl’d); p. pr. & vb. n. Battling.] [F. batailler, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] To join in battle; to contend in fight; as to battle over theories. “To meet in arms, and battle in the plain.
Prior.”

Bat´tle, v. t. To assail in battle; to fight. { Bat´tle-ax Bat´tle-axe• } (-aks•), n. (Mil.) A kind of broadax formerly used as an offensive weapon.

Bat´tled , p. p. Embattled. [Poetic] Tennyson.

Bat´tle•door , n. [OE. batyldour. A corrupted form of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. batallador a great combatant, he who has fought many battles, Pg. batalhador, Pr. batalhador, warrior, soldier, fr. L. battalia; or cf. Pr. batedor batlet, fr. batre to beat, fr. L. batuere. See Battle, n.] 1. An instrument, with a handle and a flat part covered with parchment or crossed with catgut, used to strike a shuttlecock in play; also the play of battledoor and shuttlecock. 2. [OE. battleder.] A child’s hornbook. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Bat´tle•ment (-ment), n. [OE. batelment; cf. OF. bataillement combat, fr. batailler, also OF. bastillier, bateillier, to fortify. Cf. Battle, n., Bastile, Bastion.] (Arch.) (a) One of the solid upright parts of a parapet in ancient fortifications. (b) pl. The whole parapet, consisting of alternate solids and open spaces. At first purely a military feature, afterwards copied on a smaller scale with decorative features, as for churches.

Bat´tle•ment•ed (-ment•ed), a. Having battlements. “A battlemented portal.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bat•tol´o•gist , n. One who battologizes.

Bat•tol´o•gize (bat•tol´lo•jiz), v. t. To keep repeating needlessly; to iterate. Sir T. Herbert.

Bat•tol´o•gy (-jy), n. [F. battologie, fr. Gr. battologi•a; ba•ttos; a stammerer + lo•gos; speech.] A needless repetition of words in speaking or writing. Milton.

Bat´ton , n. See Batten, and Baton.

Bat´tue , n. [F. battue, fr. battre to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Battuta.] (Hunting) (a) The act of beating the woods, bushes, etc., for game. (b) The game itself. (c) The wanton slaughter of game. Howitt.

Bat•ture´ , n. [F., fr. battre to beat.] An elevated river bed or sea bed.

Bat•tu´ta , n. [It. battuta, fr. battere to beat.] (Mus.) The measuring of time by beating.

Bat´ty (bat´ty), a. Belonging to, or resembling, a bat. ´Batty wings.´ Shak.

Bat´ule (bat´ul or ba•tool´), n. A springboard in a circus or gymnasium; — called also batule board.

Batz (bäts), n.; pl. Batzen . [Ger. batz, batze, batzen, a coin bearing the image of a bear, Ger. bätz, betz, bear.] A small copper coin, with a mixture of silver, formerly current in some parts of Germany and Switzerland. It was worth about four cents.

Bau•bee´ , n. Same as Bawbee.

Bau´ble (ba´b’l), n. [Cf. OF. baubel a child’s plaything, F. babiole, It. babbola, LL. baubellum gem, jewel, L. babulus, a baburrus, foolish.] 1. A trifling piece of finery; a gewgaw; that which is gay and showy without real value; a cheap, showy plaything. “The ineffective bauble of an Indian pagod.
Sheridan.” 2. The fool’s club. [Obs.] ´A fool’s bauble was a short stick with a head ornamented with an ass’s ears fantastically carved upon it.´ Nares.

Bau´bling , a. See Bawbling. [Obs.]

Bau´de•kin , n. [OE. bawdekin rich silk stuff, OF. baudequin. See Baldachin.] The richest kind of stuff used in garments in the Middle Ages, the web being gold, and the woof silk, with embroidery: — made originally at Bagdad. [Spelt also baudkin, baudkyn, bawdekin, and baldakin.] Nares.

Bau´drick , n. A belt. See Baldric. { Bauk , Baulk } , n. & v. See Balk.

Baun´scheidt•ism , n. [From the introducer, a German named Baunscheidt.] (Med.) A form of acupuncture, followed by the rubbing of the part with a stimulating fluid. { Baux´ite , Beaux´ite } , n. [F., fr. Baux or Beaux, near Arles.] (Min.) A ferruginous hydrate of alumina. It is largely used in the preparation of aluminium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces which are exposed to intense heat.

Ba•va´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Bavaria. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria. Bavarian cream. See under Cream.

Bav´a•roy , n. [F. Bavarois Bavarian.] A kind of cloak or surtout. [Obs.] Johnson. “Let the looped bavaroy the fop embrace.
Gay.”

Ba´vi•an (ba´vi•an), n. [See Baboon.] A baboon.

Bav´in (bav´in), n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. baban tuft, tassel.] 1. A fagot of brushwood, or other light combustible matter, for kindling fires; refuse of brushwood. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.] 2. Impure limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Baw•bee´ , n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. halfpenny.] A halfpenny. [Spelt also baubee.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Baw´ble , n. A trinket. See Bauble.

Baw´bling, a. Insignificant; contemptible. [Obs.]

Baw´cock , n. [From F. beau fine + E. cock (the bird); or more prob. fr. OF. baud bold, gay + E. cock. Cf. Bawd.] A fine fellow; — a term of endearment. [Obs.] ´How now, my bawcock ?´ Shak.

Bawd , n. [OE. baude, OF. balt, baut, baude, bold, merry, perh. fr. OHG. bald bold; or fr. Celtic, cf. W. baw dirt. Cf. Bold, Bawdry.] A person who keeps a house of prostitution, or procures women for a lewd purpose; a procurer or procuress; a lewd person; — usually applied to a woman.

Bawd, v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes.

Bawd´i•ly , adv. Obscenely; lewdly.

Bawd´i•ness, n. Obscenity; lewdness.

Bawd´rick , n. A belt. See Baldric.

Bawd´ry , n. [OE. baudery, OF. bauderie, balderie, boldness, joy. See Bawd.] 1. The practice of procuring women for the gratification of lust. 2. Illicit intercourse; fornication. Shak. 3. Obscenity; filthy, unchaste language. ´The pert style of the pit bawdry.´ Steele.

Bawd´y, a. 1. Dirty; foul; — said of clothes. [Obs.] “It [a garment] is al bawdy and to-tore also.
Chaucer.” 2. Obscene; filthy; unchaste. ´A bawdy story.´ Burke.

Baw´dy•house , n. A house of prostitution; a house of ill fame; a brothel.

Baw´horse , n. Same as Bathorse.

Bawl (bal), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bawled (bald); p. pr. & vb. n. Bawling.] [Icel. baula to low, bellow, as a cow; akin to Sw. böla; cf. AS bellan, G. bellen to bark, E. bellow, bull.] 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound; to cry with vehemence, as in calling or exultation; to shout; to vociferate. 2. To cry loudly, as a child from pain or vexation.

Bawl, v. t. To proclaim with a loud voice, or by outcry, as a hawker or town-crier does. Swift.

Bawl, n. A loud, prolonged cry; an outcry.

Bawl´er , n. One who bawls.

Bawn (ban), n. [Ir. & Gael. babhun inclosure, bulwark.] 1. An inclosure with mud or stone walls, for keeping cattle; a fortified inclosure. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A large house. [Obs.] Swift.

Baw´rel , n. [Cf. It. barletta a tree falcon, or hobby.] A kind of hawk. [Obs.] Halliwell. { Baw´sin , Baw´son } n. [OE. bawson, baucyne, badger (named from its color), OF. bauzan, bauçant, bauchant, spotted with white, pied; cf. It. balzano, F. balzan, a white-footed horse, It. balza border, trimming, fr. L. balteus belt, border, edge. Cf. Belt.] 1. A badger. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A large, unwieldy person. [Obs.] Nares.

Bax´ter , n. [OE. bakestre, bakistre, AS. baecestre, prop. fem. of baecere baker. See Baker.] A baker; originally, a female baker. [Old Eng. & Scotch]

Bay , a. [F. bai, fr. L. badius brown, chestnut-colored; — used only of horses.] Reddish brown; of the color of a chestnut; — applied to the color of horses. Bay cat (Zoöl.), a wild cat of Africa and the East Indies (Felis aurata). — Bay lynx (Zoöl.), the common American lynx (Felis, or Lynx, rufa).

Bay, n. [F. baie, fr. LL. baia. Of uncertain origin: cf. Ir. & Gael. badh or bagh bay, harbor, creek; Bisc. baia, baiya, harbor, and F. bayer to gape, open the mouth.] 1. (Geog.) An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of the same general character. The name is not used with much precision, and is often applied to large tracts of water, around which the land forms a curve; as Hudson’s Bay. The name is not restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but is used for any recess or inlet between capes or headlands; as the Bay of Biscay. 2. A small body of water set off from the main body; as a compartment containing water for a wheel; the portion of a canal just outside of the gates of a lock, etc. 3. A recess or indentation shaped like a bay. 4. A principal compartment of the walls, roof, or other part of a building, or of the whole building, as marked off by the buttresses, vaulting, mullions of a window, etc.; one of the main divisions of any structure, as the part of a bridge between two piers. 5. A compartment in a barn, for depositing hay, or grain in the stalks. 6. A kind of mahogany obtained from Campeachy Bay. Sick bay, in vessels of war, that part of a deck appropriated to the use of the sick. Totten.

Bay, n. [F. baie a berry, the fruit of the laurel and other trees, fr. L. baca, bacca, a small round fruit, a berry, akin to Lith. bapka laurel berry.] 1. A berry, particularly of the laurel. [Obs.] 2. The laurel tree (Laurus nobilis). Hence, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of branches of the laurel. “The patriot’s honors and the poet’s bays.
Trumbull.” 3. A tract covered with bay trees. [Local, U. S.] Bay leaf, the leaf of the bay tree (Laurus nobilis). It has a fragrant odor and an aromatic taste.

Bay, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bayed (bad); p. pr. & vb. n. Baying.] [OE. bayen, abayen, OF. abaier, F. aboyer, to bark; of uncertain origin.] To bark, as a dog with a deep voice does, at his game. “The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed.
Dryden.”

Bay , v. t. To bark at; hence, to follow with barking; to bring or drive to bay; as to bay the bear. Shak.

Bay , n. [See Bay, v. i.] 1. Deep-toned, prolonged barking. ´The bay of curs.´ Cowper. 2. [OE. bay, abay, OF. abai, F. aboi barking, pl. abois, prop. the extremity to which the stag is reduced when surrounded by the dogs, barking (aboyant); aux abois at bay.] A state of being obliged to face an antagonist or a difficulty, when escape has become impossible. “Embolden’d by despair, he stood at bay.
Dryden.” “The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by incessant efforts.
I. Taylor”

Bay, v. t. [Cf. OE. baewen to bathe, and G. bähen to foment.] To bathe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bay, n. A bank or dam to keep back water.

Bay, v. t. To dam, as water; — with up or back.

Ba´ya , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus). { Ba•yad´ , Ba•yatte´ } , n. [Ar. bayad.] (Zoöl.) A large, edible, siluroid fish of the Nile, of two species (Bagrina bayad and B. docmac).

Ba•ya•dere´ , n. [F., from Pg. bailadeira a female dancer, bailar to dance.] A female dancer in the East Indies. [Written also bajadere.]

Bay´-ant•ler , n. [See Bez- Antler.] (Zoöl.) The second tine of a stag’s horn. See under Antler.

Bay´ard , n. 1. [OF. bayard, baiart, bay horse; bai bay + -ard. See Bay, a., and -ard.] Properly, a bay horse, but often any horse. Commonly in the phrase blind bayard, an old blind horse. “Blind bayard moves the mill.
Philips.” 2. [Cf. F. bayeur, fr. bayer to gape.] A stupid, clownish fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bay´ard•ly, a. Blind; stupid. [Obs.] ´A formal and bayardly round of duties.´ Goodman.

Bay´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the bay tree or Laurus nobilis. (b) A tree of the West Indies related to the myrtle (Pimenta acris). (c) The fruit of Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle); the shrub itself; — called also candleberry tree. Bayberry tallow, a fragrant green wax obtained from the bayberry or wax myrtle; — called also myrtle wax.

Bay´bolt , n. A bolt with a barbed shank.

Bayed , a. Having a bay or bays. ´The large bayed barn.´ Drayton.

Bay´ ice . See under Ice.

Bay´ leaf . See under 3d Bay.

Bay´o•net , n. [F. bayonnette, baïonnette; — so called, it is said, because the first bayonets were made at Bayonne.] 1. (Mil.) A pointed instrument of the dagger kind fitted on the muzzle of a musket or rifle, so as to give the soldier increased means of offense and defense. Originally, the bayonet was made with a handle, which required to be fitted into the bore of the musket after the soldier had fired. 2. (Mach.) A pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it, and which thus serves to engage or disengage parts of the machinery. Bayonet clutch. See Clutch. — Bayonet joint, a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed on the barrel of a musket. Knight.

Bay´o•net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bayoneted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bayoneting.] 1. To stab with a bayonet. 2. To compel or drive by the bayonet. “To bayonet us into submission.
Burke.”

Bay´ou , n.; pl. Bayous . [North Am. Indian bayuk, in F. spelling bayouc, bayouque.] An inlet from the Gulf of Mexico, from a lake, or from a large river, sometimes sluggish, sometimes without perceptible movement except from tide and wind. [Southern U. S.] “A dark slender thread of a bayou moves loiteringly northeastward into a swamp of huge cypresses.
G. W. Cable.”

Bay´ rum´ . A fragrant liquid, used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The original bay rum, from the West Indies, is prepared, it is believed, by distillation from the leaves of the bayberry (Myrcia acris). The bay rum of the Pharmacopœia (spirit of myrcia) is prepared from oil of myrcia (bayberry), oil of orange peel, oil of pimento, alcohol, and water. { Bays , Bayze } , n. See Baize. [Obs.]

Bay´ salt . Salt which has been obtained from sea water, by evaporation in shallow pits or basins, by the heat of the sun; the large crystalline salt of commerce. Bacon. Ure.

Bay´ tree. A species of laurel. (Laurus nobilis).

Bay´ win´dow . (Arch.) A window forming a bay or recess in a room, and projecting outward from the wall, either in a rectangular, polygonal, or semicircular form; — often corruptly called a bow window.

Bay´ yarn . Woolen yarn. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. { Ba•zaar´ Ba•zar´ } (ba•zär´), n. [Per. bazar market.] 1. In the East, an exchange, marketplace, or assemblage of shops where goods are exposed for sale. 2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, as at a fair. 3. A fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc., commonly for a charitable object. Macaulay.

Bdel´lium , n. [L., fr. Gr. bde•llion; cf. Heb. b’dolakh bdellium (in sense 1).] 1. An unidentified substance mentioned in the Bible (Gen. ii. 12, and Num. xi. 7), variously taken to be a gum, a precious stone, or pearls, or perhaps a kind of amber found in Arabia. 2. A gum resin of reddish brown color, brought from India, Persia, and Africa. Indian bdellium or false myrrh is an exudation from Balsamodendron Roxburghii. Other kinds are known as African, Sicilian, etc.

Bdel•loi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bde•lla leech + -oid.] (Zoöl.) The order of Annulata which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea.

Bdel•lom´e•ter , n. [Gr. bde•lla leech + -meter.] (Med.) A cupping glass to which are attached a scarificator and an exhausting syringe. Dunglison.

Bdel•lo•mor´pha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bde•lla leech + morfh• form.] (Zoöl.) An order of Nemertina, including the large leechlike worms (Malacobdella) often parasitic in clams.

Be , v. i. [imp. Was ; p. p. Been ; p. pr. & vb. n. Being.] [OE. been, beon, AS. beón to be, beóm I am; akin to OHG. bim, pim, G. bin, I am, Gael. & Ir. bu was W. bod to be, Lith. bu-ti, O. Slav. by-ti, to be, L. fu-i I have been, fu-turus about to be, fo-re to be about to be, and perh. to fieri to become, Gr. fynai to be born, to be, Skr. bhu to be. This verb is defective, and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, was, which have no radical connection with be. The various forms, am, are, is, was, were, etc., are considered grammatically as parts of the verb ´to be´, which, with its conjugational forms, is often called the substantive verb. rad.97. Cf. Future, Physic.] 1. To exist actually, or in the world of fact; to have existence. “To be contents his natural desire.
Pope.” “To be, or not to be: that is the question.
Shak.” 2. To exist in a certain manner or relation, — whether as a reality or as a product of thought; to exist as the subject of a certain predicate, that is, as having a certain attribute, or as belonging to a certain sort, or as identical with what is specified, — a word or words for the predicate being annexed; as to be happy; to be here; to be large, or strong; to be an animal; to be a hero; to be a nonentity; three and two are five; annihilation is the cessation of existence; that is the man. 3. To take place; to happen; as the meeting was on Thursday. 4. To signify; to represent or symbolize; to answer to. “The field is the world.
Matt. xiii. 38.” “The seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches.
Rev. i. 20.” The verb to be (including the forms is, was, etc.) is used in forming the passive voice of other verbs; as John has been struck by James. It is also used with the past participle of many intransitive verbs to express a state of the subject. But have is now more commonly used as the auxiliary, though expressing a different sense; as ´Ye have come too late — but ye are come. ´ ´The minstrel boy to the war is gone.´ The present and imperfect tenses form, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, which expresses necessity, duty, or purpose; as government is to be supported; we are to pay our just debts; the deed is to be signed to- morrow. Have or had been, followed by to, implies movement. ´I have been to Paris.´ Sydney Smith. ´Have you been to Franchard ?´ R. L. Stevenson. Been, or ben, was anciently the plural of the indicative present. ´Ye ben light of the world.´ Wyclif, Matt. v. 14. Afterwards be was used, as in our Bible: ´They that be with us are more than they that be with them.´ 2 Kings vi. 16. Ben was also the old infinitive: ´To ben of such power.´ R. of Gloucester. Be is used as a form of the present subjunctive: ´But if it be a question of words and names.´ Acts xviii. 15. But the indicative forms, is and are, with if, are more commonly used. Be it so, a phrase of supposition, equivalent to suppose it to be so; or of permission, signifying let it be so. Shak. — If so be, in case. — To be from, to have come from; as from what place are you? I am from Chicago. — To let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. ´Let be, therefore, my vengeance to dissuade.´ Spenser. Syn. — To be, Exist. The verb to be, except in a few rare cases, like that of Shakespeare’s ´To be, or not to be´, is used simply as a copula, to connect a subject with its predicate; as man is mortal; the soul is immortal. The verb to exist is never properly used as a mere copula, but points to things that stand forth, or have a substantive being; as when the soul is freed from all corporeal alliance, then it truly exists. It is not, therefore, properly synonymous with to be when used as a copula, though occasionally made so by some writers for the sake of variety; as in the phrase ´there exists [is] no reason for laying new taxes.´ We may, indeed, say, ´a friendship has long existed between them,´ instead of saying, ´there has long been a friendship between them;´ but in this case, exist is not a mere copula. It is used in its appropriate sense to mark the friendship as having been long in existence.

Be-. [AS. be, and in accented form bi, akin to OS. be and bi, OHG. bi, pi, and pi, MHG. be and bi, G. be and bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. ’amfi• about (cf. AS. beseón to look about). rad.203. Cf. By, Amb- .] A prefix, originally the same word as by; joined with verbs, it serves: (a) To intensify the meaning; as bespatter, bestir. (b) To render an intransitive verb transitive; as befall (to fall upon); bespeak (to speak for). (c) To make the action of a verb particular or definite; as beget (to get as offspring); beset (to set around). It is joined with certain substantives, and a few adjectives, to form verbs; as bedew, befriend, benight, besot; belate (to make late); belittle (to make little). It also occurs in certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions, often with something of the force of the preposition by, or about; as belief (believe), behalf, bequest (bequeath); because, before, beneath, beside, between.
In some words the original force of be is obscured or lost; as in become, begin, behave, behoove, belong.

Beach (bech), n.; pl. Beaches (-ez). [Cf. Sw. backe hill, Dan. bakke, Icel. bakki hill, bank. Cf. Bank.] 1. Pebbles, collectively; shingle. 2. The shore of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed by the waves; especially, a sandy or pebbly shore; the strand. Beach flea (Zoöl.), the common name of many species of amphipod Crustacea, of the family Orchestidae, living on the sea beaches, and leaping like fleas. — Beach grass (Bot.), a coarse grass (Ammophila arundinacea), growing on the sandy shores of lakes and seas which, by its interlaced running rootstocks, binds the sand together, and resists the encroachment of the waves. — Beach wagon, a light open wagon with two or more seats. — Raised beach, an accumulation of water-worn stones, gravel, sand, and other shore deposits, above the present level of wave action, whether actually raised by elevation of the coast, as in Norway, or left by the receding waters, as in many lake and river regions.

Beach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beached (becht); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaching.] To run or drive (as a vessel or a boat) upon a beach; to strand; as to beach a ship.

Beach´ comb•er . A long, curling wave rolling in from the ocean. See Comber. [Amer.]

Beached , p. p. & a. 1. Bordered by a beach. “The beached verge of the salt flood.
Shak.” 2. Driven on a beach; stranded; drawn up on a beach; as the ship is beached.

Beach´y , a. Having a beach or beaches; formed by a beach or beaches; shingly. “The beachy girdle of the ocean.
Shak.”

Bea´con (b&mac;´k’n), n. [OE. bekene, AS. beácen, becen; akin to OS. bokan, Fries. baken, beken, sign, signal, D. baak, OHG. bouhhan, G. bake; of unknown origin. Cf. Beckon.] 1. A signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy, or to give any notice, commonly of warning. “No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar.
Gay.” 2. A signal or conspicuous mark erected on an eminence near the shore, or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners. 3. A high hill near the shore. [Prov. Eng.] 4. That which gives notice of danger. “Modest doubt is called
The beacon of the wise.
Shak.” Beacon fire, a signal fire.

Bea´con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaconed (-k’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaconing.] 1. To give light to, as a beacon; to light up; to illumine. “That beacons the darkness of heaven.
Campbell.” 2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons.

Bea´con•age , n. Money paid for the maintenance of a beacon; also beacons, collectively.

Bea´con•less, a. Having no beacon.

Bead , n. [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. bed, gebed, prayer; akin to D. bede, G. bitte, AS. biddan, to ask, bid, G. bitten to ask, and perh. to Gr. pei•qein to persuade, L. fidere to trust. Beads are used by the Roman Catholics to count their prayers, one bead being dropped down a string every time a prayer is said. Cf. Sp. cuenta bead, fr. contar to count. See Bid, in to bid beads, and Bide.] 1. A prayer. [Obs.] 2. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament; or used in a rosary for counting prayers, as by Roman Catholics and Mohammedans, whence the phrases to tell beads, to be at one’s beads, to bid beads, etc., meaning, to be at prayer. 3. Any small globular body; as (a) A bubble in spirits. (b) A drop of sweat or other liquid. ´Cold beads of midnight dew.´ Wordsworth. (c) A small knob of metal on a firearm, used for taking aim (whence the expression to draw a bead, for, to take aim). (d) (Arch.) A small molding of rounded surface, the section being usually an arc of a circle. It may be continuous, or broken into short embossments. (e) (Chem.) A glassy drop of molten flux, as borax or microcosmic salt, used as a solvent and color test for several mineral earths and oxides, as of iron, manganese, etc., before the blowpipe; as the borax bead; the iron bead, etc. Bead and butt (Carp.), framing in which the panels are flush, having beads stuck or run upon the two edges. Knight. — Bead mold, a species of fungus or mold, the stems of which consist of single cells loosely jointed together so as to resemble a string of beads. [Written also bead mould.] — Bead tool, a cutting tool, having an edge curved so as to make beads or beading. — Bead tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Melia, the best known species of which (M. azedarach), has blue flowers which are very fragrant, and berries which are poisonous.

Bead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beading.] To ornament with beads or beading.

Bead, v. i. To form beadlike bubbles. { Bead´house• , Bede´house• } , n. [OE. bede prayer + E. house. See Bead, n.] An almshouse for poor people who pray daily for their benefactors.

Bead´ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Molding in imitation of beads. 2. The beads or bead-forming quality of certain liquors; as the beading of a brand of whisky.

Bea´dle , n. [OE. bedel, bidel, budel, OF. bedel, F. bedeau, fr. OHG. butil, putil, G. büttel, fr. OHG. biotan, G. bieten, to bid, confused with AS. bydel, the same word as OHG. butil. See. Bid, v.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court; a servitor; one who cites or bids persons to appear and answer; — called also an apparitor or summoner. 2. An officer in a university, who precedes public processions of officers and students. [Eng.] In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Oxford) and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved. 3. An inferior parish officer in England having a variety of duties, as the preservation of order in church service, the chastisement of petty offenders, etc.

Bea´dle•ry , n. Office or jurisdiction of a beadle.

Bea´dle•ship, n. The state of being, or the personality of, a beadle. A. Wood.

Bead´ proof . 1. Among distillers, a certain degree of strength in alcoholic liquor, as formerly ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules of different specific gravities thrown into it; now ascertained by more accurate meters. 2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown by beads or small bubbles remaining on its surface, or at the side of the glass, when shaken.

Bead´roll , n. (R. C. Ch.) A catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls a certain number of prayers are to be said or counted off on the beads of a chaplet; hence, a catalogue in general. “On Fame’s eternal beadroll worthy to be filed.
Spenser.” “It is quite startling, on going over the beadroll of English worthies, to find how few are directly represented in the male line.
Quart. Rev.” { Beads´man , Bedes´man } , n.; pl. -men . A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and required to pray for the soul of its founder; an almsman. “Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto Almighty God.
Fuller.”

Bead´snake , n. (Zoöl.) A small poisonous snake of North America (Elaps fulvius), banded with yellow, red, and black. { Beads´wom•an , Bedes´wom•an } , n.; pl. -women . Fem. of Beadsman.

Bead´work , n. Ornamental work in beads.

Bead´y , a. 1. Resembling beads; small, round, and glistening. ´Beady eyes.´ Thackeray. 2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads. 3. Characterized by beads; as beady liquor.

Bea´gle , n. [OE. begele; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle is from English.] 1. A small hound, or hunting dog, twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and other small game. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. Fig.: A spy or detective; a constable.

Beak (bek), n. [OE. bek, F. bec, fr. Celtic; cf. Gael. & Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W. bach.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering the jaws. The form varies much according to the food and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classification of birds. (b) A similar bill in other animals, as the turtles. (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera. (d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve. (e) The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal. 2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a beak, as a promontory of land. Carew. 3. (Antiq.) A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead. 4. (Naut.) That part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee. 5. (Arch.) A continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet; that part of a drip from which the water is thrown off. 6. (Bot.) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant. 7. (Far.) A toe clip. See Clip, n. (Far.). 8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng.]

Beaked (bekt), a. 1. Having a beak or a beaklike point; beak-shaped. ´Each beaked promontory.´ Milton. 2. (Biol.) Furnished with a process or a mouth like a beak; rostrate. Beaked whale (Zoöl.), a cetacean of the genus Hyperoodon; the bottlehead whale.

Beak´er (bek´er), n. [OE. biker; akin to Icel. bikarr, Sw. bägare, Dan. baeger, G. becher, It. bicchiere; — all fr. LL. bicarium, prob. fr. Gr. bi^kos wine jar, or perh. L. bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.] 1. A large drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or standard. 2. An open-mouthed, thin glass vessel, having a projecting lip for pouring; — used for holding solutions requiring heat. Knight.

Beak´head , n. 1. (Arch.) An ornament used in rich Norman doorways, resembling a head with a beak. Parker. 2. (Naut.) (a) A small platform at the fore part of the upper deck of a vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew. (b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3.

Beak´i•ron , n. [From Bickern.] A bickern; a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the interior surfaces of sheet metal ware; the horn of an anvil.

Beal (bel), n. [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.) A small inflammatory tumor; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.]

Beal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bealed ; p. pr & vb. n. Bealing.] To gather matter; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. [Prov. Eng.]

Be´-all , n. The whole; all that is to be. [Poetic] Shak.

Beam (bem), n. [AS. beám beam, post, tree, ray of light; akin to OFries. bam tree, OS. bom, D. boom, OHG. boum, poum, G. baum, Icel. baðmr, Goth. bagms and Gr. fy^ma a growth, fy^nai to become, to be. Cf. L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash of lightning. rad.97. See Be; cf. Boom a spar.] 1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use. 2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship. “The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching across from side to side to support the decks.
Totten.” 3. The width of a vessel; as one vessel is said to have more beam than another. 4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended. “The doubtful beam long nods from side to side.
Pope.” 5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer, which bears the antlers, or branches. 6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic] Dryden. 7. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; one being called the fore beam, the other the back beam. 8. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it. 10. (Steam Engine) A heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft; — called also working beam or walking beam. 11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body; as a beam of light, or of heat. “How far that little candle throws his beams!
Shak.” 12. Fig.: A ray; a gleam; as a beam of comfort. “Mercy with her genial beam.
Keble.” 13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk; — called also beam feather. Abaft the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass toward which her stern is directed. — Beam center (Mach.), the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an engine vibrates. — Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points; — used for drawing or describing large circles. — Beam engine, a steam engine having a working beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the wheel shaft. — Before the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon included between a line that crosses the ship at right angles and that point of the compass toward which the ship steers. — On the beam, in a line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel. — On the weather beam, on the side of a ship which faces the wind. — To be on her beam ends, to incline, as a vessel, so much on one side that her beams approach a vertical position.

Beam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beaming.] To send forth; to emit; — followed ordinarily by forth; as to beam forth light.

Beam, v. i. To emit beams of light. “He beamed, the daystar of the rising age.
Trumbull.”

Beam´bird , n. (Zoöl.) A small European flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola), so called because it often nests on a beam in a building.

Beamed , a. Furnished with beams, as the head of a stag. “Tost his beamed frontlet to the sky.
Sir W. Scott.”

Beam´ful , a. Beamy; radiant.

Beam´i•ly , adv. In a beaming manner.

Beam´i•ness, n. The state of being beamy.

Beam´ing, a. Emitting beams; radiant.

Beam´ing•ly, adv. In a beaming manner; radiantly.

Beam´less, a. 1. Not having a beam. 2. Not emitting light.

Beam´let , n. A small beam of light.

Beam´ tree . [AS. beám a tree. See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree (Pyrus aria) related to the apple.

Beam´y , a. 1. Emitting beams of light; radiant; shining. ´Beamy gold.´ Tickell. 2. Resembling a beam in size and weight; massy. “His double-biting ax, and beamy spear.
Dryden.” 3. Having horns, or antlers. “Beamy stags in toils engage.
Dryden.”

Bean (ben), n. [OE. bene, AS. beán; akin to D. boon, G. bohne, OHG. pona, Icel. baun, Dan. bönne, Sw. böna, and perh. to Russ. bob, L. faba.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to the seed of certain leguminous herbs, chiefly of the genera Faba, Phaseolus, and Dolichos; also to the herbs. The origin and classification of many kinds are still doubtful. Among true beans are: the black-eyed bean and China bean, included in Dolichos Sinensis; black Egyptian bean or hyacinth bean, D. Lablab; the common haricot beans, kidney beans, string beans, and pole beans, all included in Phaseolus vulgaris; the lower bush bean, Ph. vulgaris, variety nanus; Lima bean, Ph. lunatus; Spanish bean and scarlet runner, Ph. multiflorus; Windsor bean, the common bean of England, Faba vulgaris. As an article of food beans are classed with vegetables. 2. The popular name of other vegetable seeds or fruits, more or less resembling true beans. Bean aphis (Zoöl.), a plant louse (Aphis fabae) which infests the bean plant. — Bean fly (Zoöl.), a fly found on bean flowers. — Bean goose (Zoöl.), a species of goose (Anser segetum). — Bean weevil (Zoöl.), a small weevil that in the larval state destroys beans. The American species is Bruchus fabae. — Florida bean (Bot.), the seed of Mucuna urens, a West Indian plant. The seeds are washed up on the Florida shore, and are often polished and made into ornaments. — Ignatius bean, or St. Ignatius’s bean (Bot.), a species of Strychnos. — Navy bean, the common dried white bean of commerce; probably so called because an important article of food in the navy. — Pea bean, a very small and highly esteemed variety of the edible white bean; — so called from its size. — Sacred bean. See under Sacred. — Screw bean. See under Screw. — Sea bean. (a) Same as Florida bean. (b) A red bean of unknown species used for ornament. — Tonquin bean, or Tonka bean, the fragrant seed of Dipteryx odorata, a leguminous tree. — Vanilla bean. See under Vanilla.

Bean´ ca•per. (Bot.) A deciduous plant of warm climates, generally with fleshy leaves and flowers of a yellow or whitish yellow color, of the genus Zygophyllum.

Bean´ tre´foil. (Bot.) A leguminous shrub of southern Europe, with trifoliate leaves (Anagyris fœtida).

Bear (bâr), v. t. [imp. Bore (bor) (formerly Bare (bâr)); p. p. Born (bôrn), Borne (bor); p. pr. & vb. n. Bearing.] [OE. beren, AS. beran, beoran, to bear, carry, produce; akin to D. baren to bring forth, G. gebären, Goth. baíran to bear or carry, Icel. bera, Sw. bära, Dan. baere, OHG. beran, peran, L. ferre to bear, carry, produce, Gr. fe•rein, OSlav. brati to take, carry, OIr. berim I bear, Skr. bhr to bear. rad.92. Cf. Fertile.] 1. To support or sustain; to hold up. 2. To support and remove or carry; to convey. “I ’ll bear your logs the while.
Shak.” 3. To conduct; to bring; — said of persons. [Obs.] “Bear them to my house.
Shak.” 4. To possess and use, as power; to exercise. “Every man should bear rule in his own house.
Esther i. 22.” 5. To sustain; to have on (written or inscribed, or as a mark), as the tablet bears this inscription. 6. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or distinction; to wear; as to bear a sword, badge, or name. 7. To possess mentally; to carry or hold in the mind; to entertain; to harbor Dryden. “The ancient grudge I bear him.
Shak.” 8. To endure; to tolerate; to undergo; to suffer. “Should such a man, too fond to rule alone,
Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne.
Pope.” “I cannot bear
The murmur of this lake to hear.
Shelley.” “My punishment is greater than I can bear.
Gen. iv. 13.” 9. To gain or win. [Obs.] “Some think to bear it by speaking a great word.
Bacon.” “She was … found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge.
Latimer.” 10. To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame, expense, responsibility, etc. “He shall bear their iniquities.
Is. liii. 11.” “Somewhat that will bear your charges.
Dryden.” 11. To render or give; to bring forward. ´Your testimony bear´ Dryden. 12. To carry on, or maintain; to have. ´The credit of bearing a part in the conversation.´ Locke. 13. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change. “In all criminal cases the most favorable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear.
Swift.” 14. To manage, wield, or direct. ´Thus must thou thy body bear.´ Shak. Hence: To behave; to conduct. “Hath he borne himself penitently in prison?
Shak.” 15. To afford; to be to; to supply with. “His faithful dog shall bear him company.
Pope.” 16. To bring forth or produce; to yield; as to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest. “Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore.
Dryden.” In the passive form of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle. To bear down. (a) To force into a lower place; to carry down; to depress or sink. ´His nose, … large as were the others, bore them down into insignificance.´ Marryat. (b) To overthrow or crush by force; as to bear down an enemy. — To bear a hand. (a) To help; to give assistance. (b) (Naut.) To make haste; to be quick. — To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually by promises never to be realized; to amuse by false pretenses; to delude. [Obs.] ´How you were borne in hand, how crossed.´ Shak. — To bear in mind, to remember. — To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from approach. (b) (Naut.) To remove to a distance; to keep clear from rubbing against anything; as to bear off a blow; to bear off a boat. (c) To gain; to carry off, as a prize. — To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge. [Obs.] ´Caesar doth bear me hard.´ Shak. — To bear out. (a) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last. ´Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing.´ South. (b) To corroborate; to confirm. — To bear up, to support; to keep from falling or sinking. ´Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings.´ Addison. Syn. — To uphold; sustain; maintain; support; undergo; suffer; endure; tolerate; carry; convey; transport; waft.

Bear , v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness. “This age to blossom, and the next to bear.
Dryden.” 2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden. “But man is born to bear.
Pope.” 3. To endure with patience; to be patient. “I can not, can not bear.
Dryden.” 4. To press; — with on or upon, or against. “These men bear hard on the suspected party.
Addison.” 5. To take effect; to have influence or force; as to bring matters to bear. 6. To relate or refer; — with on or upon; as how does this bear on the question? 7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect. “Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform.
Hawthorne.” 8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as the land bears N. by E. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure; as a lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] — To bear away (Naut.), to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. — To bear back, to retreat. ´Bearing back from the blows of their sable antagonist.´ Sir W. Scott. — To bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward side; as the fleet bore down upon the enemy. — To bear in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward; as a ship bears in with the land. — To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from land. — To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as to bear up under afflictions. (b) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward) and so put the ship before the wind; to bear away. Hamersly. - - To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as to affect; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit (the object); as to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship; the artillery bore upon the center. — To bear up to, to tend or move toward; as to bear up to one another. — To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish.

Bear (ber), n. A bier. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bear (bâr), n. [OE. bere, AS. bera; akin to D. beer, OHG. bero, pero, G. bär, Icel. & Sw. björn, and possibly to L. fera wild beast, Gr. fh•r beast, Skr. bhalla bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carnivora, but they live largely on fruit and insects. The European brown bear (U. arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), the American black bear, and its variety the cinnamon bear (U. Americanus), the Syrian bear (Ursus Syriacus), and the sloth bear, are among the notable species. 2. (Zoöl.) An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear. 3. (Astron.) One of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. 4. Metaphorically: A brutal, coarse, or morose person. 5. (Stock Exchange) A person who sells stocks or securities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the market. The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise, stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear’s habit of pulling down, and the bull’s of tossing up. 6. (Mach.) A portable punching machine. 7. (Naut.) A block covered with coarse matting; — used to scour the deck. Australian bear. (Zoöl.) See Koala. — Bear baiting, the sport of baiting bears with dogs. — Bear caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. — Bear garden. (a) A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting. (b) Any place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. M. Arnold. — Bear leader, one who leads about a performing bear for money; hence, a facetious term for one who takes charge of a young man on his travels.

Bear, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in; as to bear a railroad stock; to bear the market. { Bear , Bere } , n. [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.) Barley; the six-rowed barley or the four-rowed barley, commonly the former (Hordeum hexastichon or H. vulgare). [Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.]

Bear´a•ble , a. Capable of being borne or endured; tolerable. — Bear´a•bly, adv.

Bear´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A trailing plant of the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), having leaves which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of which bears are said to be fond.

Bear´bind , n. (Bot.) The bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).

Beard (berd), n. [OE. berd, AS. beard; akin to Fries. berd, D. baard, G. bart, Lith. barzda, OSlav. brada, Pol. broda, Russ. boroda, L. barba, W. barf. Cf. 1st Barb.] 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face, chiefly of male adults. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The long hairs about the face in animals, as in the goat. (b) The cluster of small feathers at the base of the beak in some birds (c) The appendages to the jaw in some Cetacea, and to the mouth or jaws of some fishes. (d) The byssus of certain shellfish, as the muscle. (e) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster. (f) In insects, the hairs of the labial palpi of moths and butterflies. 3. (Bot.) Long or stiff hairs on a plant; the awn; as the beard of grain. 4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow or other instrument, projecting backward to prevent the head from being easily drawn out. 5. That part of the under side of a horse’s lower jaw which is above the chin, and bears the curb of a bridle. 6. (Print.) That part of a type which is between the shoulder of the shank and the face. 7. An imposition; a trick. [Obs.] Chaucer. Beard grass (Bot.), a coarse, perennial grass of different species of the genus Andropogon. — To one’s beard, to one’s face; in open defiance.

Beard (berd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bearded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bearding.] 1. To take by the beard; to seize, pluck, or pull the beard of (a man), in anger or contempt. 2. To oppose to the face; to set at defiance. “No admiral, bearded by these corrupt and dissolute minions of the palace, dared to do more than mutter something about a court martial.
Macaulay.” 3. To deprive of the gills; — used only of oysters and similar shellfish.

Beard´ed, a. Having a beard. ´Bearded fellow.´ Shak. ´Bearded grain.´ Dryden. Bearded vulture, Bearded eagle. (Zoöl.) See Lammergeir. — Bearded tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Matamata.

Beard´ie (berd´y), n. [From Beard, n.] (Zoöl.) The bearded loach (Nemachilus barbatus) of Europe. [Scot.]

Beard´less, a. 1. Without a beard. Hence: Not having arrived at puberty or manhood; youthful. 2. Destitute of an awn; as beardless wheat.

Beard´less•ness, n. The state or quality of being destitute of beard.

Bear´er (bâr´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, sustains, or carries. ´Bearers of burdens.´ 2 Chron. ii. 18. ´The bearer of unhappy news.´ Dryden. 2. Specifically: One who assists in carrying a body to the grave; a pallbearer. Milton. 3. A palanquin carrier; also a house servant. [India] 4. A tree or plant yielding fruit; as a good bearer. 5. (Com.) One who holds a check, note, draft, or other order for the payment of money; as pay to bearer. 6. (Print.) A strip of reglet or other furniture to bear off the impression from a blank page; also a type or type-high piece of metal interspersed in blank parts to support the plate when it is shaved.

Bear´herd , n. A man who tends a bear.

Bear´hound , n. A hound for baiting or hunting bears. Carlyle.

Bear´ing (bâr´ing), n. 1. The manner in which one bears or conducts one’s self; mien; behavior; carriage. “I know him by his bearing.
Shak.” 2. Patient endurance; suffering without complaint. 3. The situation of one object, with respect to another, such situation being supposed to have a connection with the object, or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it; hence, relation; connection. “But of this frame, the bearings and the ties,
The strong connections, nice dependencies.
Pope.” 4. Purport; meaning; intended significance; aspect. 5. The act, power, or time of producing or giving birth; as a tree in full bearing; a tree past bearing. “[His mother] in travail of his bearing.
R. of Gloucester.” 6. (Arch.) (a) That part of any member of a building which rests upon its supports; as a lintel or beam may have four inches of bearing upon the wall. (b) The portion of a support on which anything rests. (c) Improperly, the unsupported span; as the beam has twenty feet of bearing between its supports. 7. (Mach.) (a) The part of an axle or shaft in contact with its support, collar, or boxing; the journal. (b) The part of the support on which a journal rests and rotates. 8. (Her.) Any single emblem or charge in an escutcheon or coat of arms — commonly in the pl. “A carriage covered with armorial bearings.
Thackeray.” 9. (Naut.) (a) The situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship’s position, as on the bow, on the lee quarter, etc.; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; as the bearing of the cape was W. N. W. (b) pl. The widest part of a vessel below the plank-sheer. (c) pl. The line of flotation of a vessel when properly trimmed with cargo or ballast. Ball bearings. See under Ball. — To bring one to his bearings, to bring one to his senses. — To lose one’s bearings, to become bewildered. — To take bearings, to ascertain by the compass the position of an object; to ascertain the relation of one object or place to another; to ascertain one’s position by reference to landmarks or to the compass; hence (Fig.), to ascertain the condition of things when one is in trouble or perplexity. Syn. — Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; manner; carriage; demeanor; port; conduct; direction; relation; tendency; influence.

Bear´ing cloth (kloth•; 115). A cloth with which a child is covered when carried to be baptized. Shak.

Bear´ing rein . A short rein looped over the check hook or the hames to keep the horse’s head up; — called in the United States a checkrein.

Bear´ish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear; resembling a bear in temper or manners. Harris.

Bear´ish•ness, n. Behavior like that of a bear.

Bearn , n. See Bairn. [Obs.]

Bear’s´-breech , n. (Bot.) (a) See Acanthus, n., 1. (b) The English cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium) Dr. Prior.

Bear’s-ear (bârz´er•), n. (Bot.) A kind of primrose (Primula auricula), so called from the shape of the leaf.

Bear’s´-foot (-foot•), n. (Bot.) A species of hellebore (Helleborus fœtidus), with digitate leaves. It has an offensive smell and acrid taste, and is a powerful emetic, cathartic, and anthelmintic.

Bear´skin , n. 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats. 3. A cap made of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers.

Bear’s´-paw , n. (Zoöl.) A large bivalve shell of the East Indies (Hippopus maculatus), often used as an ornament.

Bear´ward , n. [Bear + ward a keeper.] A keeper of bears. See Bearherd. [R.] Shak.

Beast (best), n. [OE. best, beste, OF. beste, F. bête, fr. L. bestia.] 1. Any living creature; an animal; — including man, insects, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Any four-footed animal, that may be used for labor, food, or sport; as a beast of burden. “A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast.
Prov. xii. 10.” 3. As opposed to man: Any irrational animal. 4. Fig.: A coarse, brutal, filthy, or degraded fellow. 5. A game at cards similar to loo. [Obs.] Wright. 6. A penalty at beast, omber, etc. Hence: To be beasted, to be beaten at beast, omber, etc. Beast royal, the lion. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Beast, Brute. When we use these words in a figurative sense, as applicable to human beings, we think of beasts as mere animals governed by animal appetite; and of brutes as being destitute of reason or moral feeling, and governed by unrestrained passion. Hence we speak of beastly appetites; beastly indulgences, etc.; and of brutal manners; brutal inhumanity; brutal ferocity. So, also we say of a drunkard, that he first made himself a beast, and then treated his family like a brute.

Beast´hood , n. State or nature of a beast.

Beast´ings , n. pl. See Biestings.

Beast´li•head , n. [Beastly + -head state.] Beastliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Beast´like´ , a. Like a beast.

Beast´li•ness, n. The state or quality of being beastly.

Beast´ly (best´ly), a. 1. Pertaining to, or having the form, nature, or habits of, a beast. “Beastly divinities and droves of gods.
Prior.” 2. Characterizing the nature of a beast; contrary to the nature and dignity of man; brutal; filthy. “The beastly vice of drinking to excess.
Swift.” 3. Abominable; as beastly weather. [Colloq. Eng.] Syn. — Bestial; brutish; irrational; sensual; degrading.

Beat (bet), v. t. [imp. Beat; p. p. Beat, Beaten ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beating.] [OE. beaten, beten, AS. beátan; akin to Icel. bauta, OHG. bzan. Cf. 1st Butt, Button.] 1. To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; as to beat one’s breast; to beat iron so as to shape it; to beat grain, in order to force out the seeds; to beat eggs and sugar; to beat a drum. “Thou shalt beat some of it [spices] very small.
Ex. xxx. 36.” “They did beat the gold into thin plates.
Ex. xxxix. 3.” 2. To punish by blows; to thrash. 3. To scour or range over in hunting, accompanied with the noise made by striking bushes, etc., for the purpose of rousing game. “To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey.
Prior.” 4. To dash against, or strike, as with water or wind. “A frozen continent … beat with perpetual storms.
Milton.” 5. To tread, as a path. “Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way.
Blackmore.” 6. To overcome in a battle, contest, strife, race, game, etc.; to vanquish or conquer; to surpass. “He beat them in a bloody battle.
Prescott.” “For loveliness, it would be hard to beat that.
M. Arnold.” 7. To cheat; to chouse; to swindle; to defraud; — often with out. [Colloq.] 8. To exercise severely; to perplex; to trouble. “Why should any one … beat his head about the Latin grammar who does not intend to be a critic?
Locke.” 9. (Mil.) To give the signal for, by beat of drum; to sound by beat of drum; as to beat an alarm, a charge, a parley, a retreat; to beat the general, the reveille, the tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc. To beat down, to haggle with (any one) to secure a lower price; to force down. [Colloq.] — To beat into, to teach or instill, by repetition. — To beat off, to repel or drive back. — To beat out, to extend by hammering. — To beat out of a thing, to cause to relinquish it, or give it up. ´Nor can anything beat their posterity out of it to this day.´ South. — To beat the dust. (Man.) (a) To take in too little ground with the fore legs, as a horse. (b) To perform curvets too precipitately or too low. — To beat the hoof, to walk; to go on foot. — To beat the wing, to flutter; to move with fluttering agitation. — To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. — To beat up, to attack suddenly; to alarm or disturb; as to beat up an enemy’s quarters. Syn. — To strike; pound; bang; buffet; maul; drub; thump; baste; thwack; thrash; pommel; cudgel; belabor; conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome.

Beat, v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly; to inflict repeated blows; to knock vigorously or loudly. “The men of the city … beat at the door.
Judges. xix. 22.” 2. To move with pulsation or throbbing. “A thousand hearts beat happily.
Byron.” 3. To come or act with violence; to dash or fall with force; to strike anything, as rain, wind, and waves do. “Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below.
Dryden.” “They [winds] beat at the crazy casement.
Longfellow.” “The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die.
Jonah iv. 8.” “Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers.
Bacon.” 4. To be in agitation or doubt. [Poetic] “To still my beating mind.
Shak.” 5. (Naut.) To make progress against the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse. 6. To make a sound when struck; as the drums beat. 7. (Mil.) To make a succession of strokes on a drum; as the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters. 8. (Acoustics & Mus.) To sound with more or less rapid alternations of greater and less intensity, so as to produce a pulsating effect; — said of instruments, tones, or vibrations, not perfectly in unison. A beating wind (Naut.), a wind which necessitates tacking in order to make progress. — To beat about, to try to find; to search by various means or ways. Addison. — To beat about the bush, to approach a subject circuitously. — To beat up and down (Hunting), to run first one way and then another; — said of a stag. — To beat up for recruits, to go diligently about in order to get helpers or participators in an enterprise.

Beat , n. 1. A stroke; a blow. “He, with a careless beat,
Struck out the mute creation at a heat.
Dryden.” 2. A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse. 3. (Mus.) (a) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit. (b) A transient grace note, struck immediately before the one it is intended to ornament. 4. (Acoustics & Mus.) A sudden swelling or reënforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8. 5. A round or course which is frequently gone over; as a watchman’s beat. 6. A place of habitual or frequent resort. 7. A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; — often emphasized by dead; as a dead beat. [Low] Beat of drum (Mil.), a succession of strokes varied, in different ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an attack, or retreat, etc. — Beat of a watch, or clock, the stroke or sound made by the action of the escapement. A clock is in beat or out of beat, according as the stroke is at equal or unequal intervals.

Beat, a. Weary; tired; fatigued; exhausted. [Colloq.] “Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed.
Dickens.”

Beat´en (bet´’n; 95), a. 1. Made smooth by beating or treading; worn by use. ´A broad and beaten way.´ Milton. ´Beaten gold.´ Shak. 2. Vanquished; conquered; baffled. 3. Exhausted; tired out. 4. Become common or trite; as a beaten phrase. [Obs.] 5. Tried; practiced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Beat´er (bet´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, beats. 2. A person who beats up game for the hunters. Black.

Beath (beth), v. t. [AS. beðian to foment.] To bathe; also to dry or heat, as unseasoned wood. [Obs.] Spenser. { Be•a•tif´ic , Be•a•tif´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. beatifique, L. beatificus. See Beatify.] Having the power to impart or complete blissful enjoyment; blissful. ´The beatific vision.´ South. — Be•a•tif´ic•al•ly, adv.

Be•a•tif´i•cate , v. t. To beatify. [Obs.] Fuller.

Be•at•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. beatification.] The act of beatifying, or the state of being beatified; esp., in the R. C. Church, the act or process of ascertaining and declaring that a deceased person is one of ´the blessed,´ or has attained the second degree of sanctity, — usually a stage in the process of canonization. ´The beatification of his spirit.´ Jer. Taylor.

Be•at´i•fy (be•at´i•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beatified (-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Beatifying.] [L. beatificare; beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) + facere to make: cf. F. beatifier. See Bounty.] 1. To pronounce or regard as happy, or supremely blessed, or as conferring happiness. “The common conceits and phrases that beatify wealth.
Barrow.” 2. To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. ´Beatified spirits.´ Dryden. 3. (R. C. Ch.) To ascertain and declare, by a public process and decree, that a deceased person is one of ´the blessed,´ and is to be reverenced as such, though not canonized.

Beat´ing , n. 1. The act of striking or giving blows; punishment or chastisement by blows. 2. Pulsation; throbbing; as the beating of the heart. 3. (Acoustics & Mus.) Pulsative sounds. See Beat, n. 4. (Naut.) The process of sailing against the wind by tacks in zigzag direction.

Be•at´i•tude , n. [L. beatitudo: cf. F. beatitude. See Beatify.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss. 2. Any one of the nine declarations (called the Beatitudes), made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12), with regard to the blessedness of those who are distinguished by certain specified virtues. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Beatification. Milman. Syn. — Blessedness; felicity; happiness.

Beau (bo), n.; pl. F. Beaux (E. pron. boz), E. Beaus (boz). [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, fr. L. bellus pretty, fine, for bonulus, dim. of bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Belle, Beauty.] 1. A man who takes great care to dress in the latest fashion; a dandy. 2. A man who escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady; an escort; a lover.

Beau´catch•er , n. A small flat curl worn on the temple by women. [Humorous]

Beau´fet , n. [See Buffet.] A niche, cupboard, or sideboard for plate, china, glass, etc.; a buffet. “A beaufet … filled with gold and silver vessels.
Prescott.”

Beau´fin , n. See Biffin. Wright.

Beau´ i•de´al (bo´ i•de´al; 277). [F. beau beautiful + ideal ideal.] A conception or image of consummate beauty, moral or physical, formed in the mind, free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes seen in actual existence; an ideal or faultless standard or model.

Beau´ish , a. Like a beau; characteristic of a beau; foppish; fine. ´A beauish young spark.´ Byrom.

Beau• monde´ . [F. beau fine + monde world.] The fashionable world; people of fashion and gayety. Prior.

Beau´pere , n. [F. beau pere; beau fair + pere father.] 1. A father. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

Beau•se•ant´ , n. [F. beauceant.] The black and white standard of the Knights Templars.

Beau´ship , n. The state of being a beau; the personality of a beau. [Jocular] Dryden.

Beau´te•ous , a. Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome. [Mostly poetic] — Beau´te•ous•ly, adv. — Beau´te•ous•ness, n.

Beau´tied , p. a. Beautiful; embellished. [Poetic] Shak.

Beau´ti•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, beautifies or makes beautiful.

Beau´ti•ful (bu´ti•ful), a. Having the qualities which constitute beauty; pleasing to the sight or the mind. “A circle is more beautiful than a square; a square is more beautiful than a parallelogram.
Lord Kames.” Syn. — Handsome; elegant; lovely; fair; charming; graceful; pretty; delightful. See Fine. — Beau´ti•ful•ly, adv. — Beau´ti•ful•ness, n.

Beau´ti•fy (bu´ti•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beautified (- fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Beautifying.] [Beauty + -fy.] To make or render beautiful; to add beauty to; to adorn; to deck; to grace; to embellish. “The arts that beautify and polish life.
Burke.” Syn. — To adorn; grace; ornament; deck; decorate.

Beau´ti•fy, v. i. To become beautiful; to advance in beauty. Addison.

Beau´ti•less, a. Destitute of beauty. Hammond.

Beau´ty (bu´ty), n.; pl. Beauties . [OE. beaute, beute, OF. beaute, biaute, Pr. beltat, F. beaute, fr. an assumed LL. bellitas, from L. bellus pretty. See Beau.] 1. An assemblage of graces or properties pleasing to the eye, the ear, the intellect, the aesthetic faculty, or the moral sense. “Beauty consists of a certain composition of color and figure, causing delight in the beholder.
Locke.” “The production of beauty by a multiplicity of symmetrical parts uniting in a consistent whole.
Wordsworth.” “The old definition of beauty, in the Roman school, was ´multitude in unity;´ and there is no doubt that such is the principle of beauty.
Coleridge.” 2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence; anything beautiful; as the beauties of nature. 3. A beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. “All the admired beauties of Verona.
Shak.” 4. Prevailing style or taste; rage; fashion. [Obs.] “She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty.
Jer. Taylor.” Beauty spot, a patch or spot placed on the face with intent to heighten beauty by contrast.

Beaux , n., pl. of Beau.

Beaux´ite , n. (Min.) See Bauxite.

Bea´ver , n. [OE. bever, AS. beofer, befer; akin to D. bever, OHG. bibar, G. biber, Sw. bäfver, Dan. baever, Lith. bebru, Russ. bobr’, Gael. beabhar, Corn. befer, L. fiber, and Skr. babhrus large ichneumon; also as an adj., brown, the animal being probably named from its color. rad.253. See Brown.] 1. (Zoöl.) An amphibious rodent, of the genus Castor. It has palmated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail. It is remarkable for its ingenuity in constructing its lodges or ´houses,\’ and dams across streams. It is valued for its fur, and for the material called castor, obtained from two small bags in the groin of the animal. The European species is Castor fiber, and the American is generally considered a variety of this, although sometimes called Castor Canadensis. 2. The fur of the beaver. 3. A hat, formerly made of the fur of the beaver, but now usually of silk. “A brown beaver slouched over his eyes.
Prescott.” 4. Beaver cloth, a heavy felted woolen cloth, used chiefly for making overcoats. Beaver rat (Zoöl.), an aquatic ratlike quadruped of Tasmania (Hydromys chrysogaster). — Beaver skin, the furry skin of the beaver. — Bank beaver. See under 1st Bank.

Bea´ver, n. [OE. baviere, bauier, beavoir, bever; fr. F. bavière, fr. bave slaver, drivel, foam, OF., prattle, drivel, perh. orig. an imitative word. Bavière, according to Cotgrave, is the bib put before a (slavering) child.] That piece of armor which protected the lower part of the face, whether forming a part of the helmet or fixed to the breastplate. It was so constructed (with joints or otherwise) that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink.

Bea´vered , a. Covered with, or wearing, a beaver or hat. ´His beavered brow.´ Pope.

Bea´ver•teen , n. A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled cotton, shorn after dyeing. Simmonds. { Be•bee´rine, or Be•bi´rine } (be•be´rin or -ren), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid got from the bark of the bebeeru, or green heart of Guiana (Nectandra Rodiœi). It is a tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifuge, and is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine. [Written also bibirine.]

Be•bleed´ , v. t. To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Be•blood´ , Be•blood´y } , v. t. To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Sheldon.

Be•blot´ , v. t. To blot; to stain. Chaucer.

Be•blub´ber , v. t. To make swollen and disfigured or sullied by weeping; as her eyes or cheeks were beblubbered.

Be•calm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Becalmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Becalming.] 1. To render calm or quiet; to calm; to still; to appease. “Soft whispering airs … becalm the mind.
Philips.” 2. To keep from motion, or stop the progress of, by the stilling of the wind; as the fleet was becalmed.

Be•came´ , imp. of Become.

Bec´ard , n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird of the flycatcher family. (Tityra inquisetor).

Be•cause´ , conj. [OE. bycause; by + cause.] 1. By or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that. Milton. 2. In order that; that. [Obs.] “And the multitude rebuked them because they should hold their peace.
Matt. xx. 31.” Because of, by reason of, on account of. [Prep. phrase.] “Because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience.
Eph. v. 6.” Syn. — Because, For, Since, As, Inasmuch As. These particles are used, in certain connections, to assign the reason of a thing, or that ´on account of´ which it is or takes place. Because (by cause) is the strongest and most emphatic; as I hid myself because I was afraid. For is not quite so strong; as in Shakespeare, ´I hate him, for he is a Christian.´ Since is less formal and more incidental than because; as I will do it since you request me. It more commonly begins a sentence; as Since your decision is made, I will say no more. As is still more incidental than since, and points to some existing fact by way of assigning a reason. Thus we say, as I knew him to be out of town, I did not call. Inasmuch as seems to carry with it a kind of qualification which does not belong to the rest. Thus, if we say, I am ready to accept your proposal, inasmuch as I believe it is the best you can offer, we mean, it is only with this understanding that we can accept it.

Bec•ca•bun´ga , n. [NL. (cf. It. beccabunga, G. bachbunge), fr. G. bach brook + bunge, OHG. bungo, bulb. See Beck a brook.] See Brooklime.

Bec•ca•fi´co , n.; pl. Beccaficos . [It., fr. beccare to peck + fico fig.] (Zoöl.) A small bird. (Silvia hortensis), which is highly prized by the Italians for the delicacy of its flesh in the autumn, when it has fed on figs, grapes, etc.

Bech´a•mel , n. [F. bechamel, named from its inventor, Louis de Bechamel.] (Cookery) A rich, white sauce, prepared with butter and cream.

Be•chance´ , adv. [Pref. be- for by + chance.] By chance; by accident. [Obs.] Grafton.

Be•chance´, v. t. & i. To befall; to chance; to happen to. “God knows what hath bechanced them.
Shak.”

Be•charm´ , v. t. To charm; to captivate.

Bêche• de mer´ . [F., lit., a sea spade.] (Zoöl.) The trepang.

Be´chic , a. [L. bechicus, adj., for a cough, Gr. , fr. cough: cf. F. bechique.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or relieving, a cough. Thomas. — n. A medicine for relieving coughs. Quincy.

Beck , n. See Beak. [Obs.] Spenser.

Beck, n. [OE. bek, AS. becc; akin to Icel. bekkr brook, OHG. pah, G. bach.] A small brook. “The brooks, the becks, the rills.
Drayton.”

Beck, n. A vat. See Back.

Beck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Becked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Becking.] [Contr. of beckon.] To nod, or make a sign with the head or hand. [Archaic] Drayton.

Beck, v. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of the head or hand; to intimate a command to. [Archaic] “When gold and silver becks me to come on.
Shak.”

Beck, n. A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command. “They have troops of soldiers at their beck.
Shak.”

Beck´er , n. (Zoöl.) A European fish (Pagellus centrodontus); the sea bream or braise.

Beck´et , n. [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.] 1. (Naut.) A small grommet, or a ring or loop of rope or metal for holding things in position, as spars, ropes, etc.; also a bracket, a pocket, or a handle made of rope. 2. A spade for digging turf. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Beck´on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beckoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beckoning.] To make a significant sign to; hence, to summon, as by a motion of the hand. “His distant friends, he beckons near.
Dryden.” “It beckons you to go away with it.
Shak.”

Beck´on, n. A sign made without words; a beck. ´At the first beckon.´ Bolingbroke.

Be•clap , v. t. [OE. biclappen.] To catch; to grasp; to insnare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•clip´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclipped .] [AS. beclyppan; pref. be + clyppan to embrace.] To embrace; to surround. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Be•cloud´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beclouding.] To cause obscurity or dimness to; to dim; to cloud. “If thou becloud the sunshine of thine eye.
Quarles.”

Be•come´ , v. i. [imp. Became ; p. p. Become; p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] [OE. bicumen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen; akin to D. bekomen, OHG.a piquëman, Goth. biquiman to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See Be-, and Come.] 1. To pass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character. “The Lord God … breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
Gen. ii. 7.” “That error now which is become my crime.
Milton.” 2. To come; to get. [Obs.] “But, madam, where is Warwick then become!
Shak.” To become of, to be the present state or place of; to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition of. “What is then become of so huge a multitude?
Sir W. Raleigh.”

Be•come´, v. t. To suit or be suitable to; to be congruous with; to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper for; to cause to appear well; — said of persons and things. “It becomes me so to speak of so excellent a poet.
Dryden.” “I have known persons so anxious to have their dress become them, as to convert it, at length, into their proper self, and thus actually to become the dress.
Coleridge.”

Be•com´ed , a. Proper; decorous. [Obs.] “And gave him what becomed love I might.
Shak.”

Be•com´ing, a. Appropriate or fit; congruous; suitable; graceful; befitting. “A low and becoming tone.
Thackeray.” Formerly sometimes followed by of. “Such discourses as are becoming of them.
Dryden.” Syn. — Seemly; comely; decorous; decent; proper.

Be•com´ing, n. That which is becoming or appropriate. [Obs.]

Be•com´ing•ly, adv. In a becoming manner.

Be•com´ing•ness, n. The quality of being becoming, appropriate, or fit; congruity; fitness. “The becomingness of human nature.
Grew.”

Be•crip´ple , v. t. To make a cripple of; to cripple; to lame. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Be•cu´na , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the Mediterranean (Sphyraena spet). See Barracuda.

Be•curl´ , v. t. To curl; to adorn with curls.

Bed , n. [AS. bed, bedd; akin to OS. bed, D. bed, bedde, Icel. ber, Dan. bed, Sw. bädd, Goth. badi, OHG. betti, G. bett, bette, bed, beet a plat of ground; all of uncertain origin.] 1. An article of furniture to sleep or take rest in or on; a couch. Specifically: A sack or mattress, filled with some soft material, in distinction from the bedstead on which it is placed (as a feather bed), or this with the bedclothes added. In a general sense, any thing or place used for sleeping or reclining on or in, as a quantity of hay, straw, leaves, or twigs. “And made for him [a horse] a leafy bed.
Byron.” “I wash, wring, brew, bake, … make the beds.
Shak.” “In bed he slept not for my urging it.
Shak.” 2. (Used as the symbol of matrimony) Marriage. “George, the eldest son of his second bed.
Clarendon.” 3. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. ´Beds of hyacinth and roses.´ Milton. 4. A mass or heap of anything arranged like a bed; as a bed of ashes or coals. 5. The bottom of a watercourse, or of any body of water; as the bed of a river. “So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed.
Milton.” 6. (Geol.) A layer or seam, or a horizontal stratum between layers; as a bed of coal, iron, etc. 7. (Gun.) See Gun carriage, and Mortar bed. 8. (Masonry) (a) The horizontal surface of a building stone; as the upper and lower beds. (b) A course of stone or brick in a wall. (c) The place or material in which a block or brick is laid. (d) The lower surface of a brick, slate, or tile. Knight. 9. (Mech.) The foundation or the more solid and fixed part or framing of a machine; or a part on which something is laid or supported; as the bed of an engine. 10. The superficial earthwork, or ballast, of a railroad. 11. (Printing) The flat part of the press, on which the form is laid. Bed is much used adjectively or in combination; as bed key or bedkey; bed wrench or bedwrench; bedchamber; bedmaker, etc. Bed of justice (French Hist.), the throne (F. lit bed) occupied by the king when sitting in one of his parliaments (judicial courts); hence, a session of a refractory parliament, at which the king was present for the purpose of causing his decrees to be registered. — To be brought to bed, to be delivered of a child; — often followed by of; as to be brought to bed of a son. — To make a bed, to prepare a bed; to arrange or put in order a bed and its bedding. — From bed and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by partial divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bonds of matrimony. If such a divorce (now commonly called a judicial separation) be granted at the instance of the wife, she may have alimony.

Bed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedding.] 1. To place in a bed. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To make partaker of one’s bed; to cohabit with. “I’ll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her.
Shak.” 3. To furnish with a bed or bedding. 4. To plant or arrange in beds; to set, or cover, as in a bed of soft earth; as to bed the roots of a plant in mold. 5. To lay or put in any hollow place, or place of rest and security, surrounded or inclosed; to embed; to furnish with or place upon a bed or foundation; as to bed a stone; it was bedded on a rock. “Among all chains or clusters of mountains where large bodies of still water are bedded.
Wordsworth.” 6. (Masonry) To dress or prepare the surface of stone) so as to serve as a bed. 7. To lay flat; to lay in order; to place in a horizontal or recumbent position. ´Bedded hair.´ Shak.

Bed , v. i. To go to bed; to cohabit. “If he be married, and bed with his wife.
Wiseman.”

Be•dab•ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedabbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedabbling .] To dabble; to sprinkle or wet. Shak.

Be•daff´ , v. t. To make a daff or fool of. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bed´a•gat , n. The sacred books of the Buddhists in Burmah. Malcom.

Be•dag´gle , v. t. To daggle.

Be•dash´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedashed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedashing.] To wet by dashing or throwing water or other liquid upon; to bespatter. ´Trees bedashed with rain.´ Shak.

Be•daub´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedaubed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedaubing.] To daub over; to besmear or soil with anything thick and dirty. “Bedaub foul designs with a fair varnish.
Barrow.”

Be•daz´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedazzled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedazzling .] To dazzle or make dim by a strong light. ´Bedazzled with the sun.´ Shak.

Bed´bug , n. (Zoöl.) A wingless, bloodsucking, hemipterous insect (Cimex Lectularius), sometimes infesting houses and especially beds. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bed´chair , n. A chair with adjustable back, for the sick, to support them while sitting up in bed.

Bed´cham•ber , n. A chamber for a bed; an apartment form sleeping in. Shak. Lords of the bedchamber, eight officers of the royal household, all of noble families, who wait in turn a week each. [Eng.] — Ladies of the bedchamber, eight ladies, all titled, holding a similar official position in the royal household, during the reign of a queen. [Eng.]

Bed´clothes , n. pl. Blankets, sheets, coverlets, etc., for a bed. Shak.

Bed´cord , n. A cord or rope interwoven in a bedstead so as to support the bed.

Bed´ded , a. Provided with a bed; as double-bedded room; placed or arranged in a bed or beds.

Bed´ding , n. [AS. bedding, beding. See Bed.] 1. A bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast; bedclothes; litter. 2. (Geol.) The state or position of beds and layers.

Bede , v. t. [See Bid, v. t.] To pray; also to offer; to proffer. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. Chaucer.

Bede, n. (Mining) A kind of pickax.

Be•deck´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedecked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedecking.] To deck, ornament, or adorn; to grace. “Bedecked with boughs, flowers, and garlands.
Pennant.” { Bed´e•guar , Bed´e•gar } , n. [F., fr. Per. bad-award, or bad-awardag, prop., a kind of white thorn or thistle.] A gall produced on rosebushes, esp. on the sweetbrier or eglantine, by a puncture from the ovipositor of a gallfly (Rhodites rosae). It was once supposed to have medicinal properties.

Bede´house , n. Same as Beadhouse. { Be´del , Be´dell } , n. Same as Beadle.

Be´del•ry , n. Beadleship. [Obs.] Blount.

Bed´en , n. (Zoöl.) The Abyssinian or Arabian ibex (Capra Nubiana). It is probably the wild goat of the Bible.

Bedes´man , n. Same as Beadsman. [Obs.]

Be•dev´il , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedevilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedeviling or Bedevilling.] 1. To throw into utter disorder and confusion, as if by the agency of evil spirits; to bring under diabolical influence; to torment. “Bedeviled and used worse than St. Bartholomew.
Sterne.” 2. To spoil; to corrupt. Wright.

Be•dev´il•ment , n. The state of being bedeviled; bewildering confusion; vexatious trouble. [Colloq.]

Be•dew´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedewing.] To moisten with dew, or as with dew. ´Falling tears his face bedew.´ Dryden.

Be•dew´er , n. One who, or that which, bedews.

Be•dew´y , a. Moist with dew; dewy. [Obs.] “Night with her bedewy wings.
A. Brewer.”

Bed´fel•low , n. One who lies with another in the same bed; a person who shares one’s couch. { Bed´fere• , Bed´phere• } , n. [Bed + AS. fera a companion.] A bedfellow. [Obs.] Chapman.

Bed´gown , n. A nightgown.

Be•dight´ , v. t. [p. p. Bedight, Bedighted.] To bedeck; to array or equip; to adorn. [Archaic] Milton.

Be•dim´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedimmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedimming.] To make dim; to obscure or darken. Shak.

Be•diz´en , v. t. To dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. “Remnants of tapestried hangings, … and shreds of pictures with which he had bedizened his tatters.
Sir W. Scott.”

Be•diz´en•ment , n. That which bedizens; the act of dressing, or the state of being dressed, tawdrily.

Bed´key , n. An instrument for tightening the parts of a bedstead.

Bed´lam , n. [See Bethlehem.] 1. A place appropriated to the confinement and care of the insane; a madhouse. Abp. Tillotson. 2. An insane person; a lunatic; a madman. [Obs.] “Let’s get the bedlam to lead him.
Shak.” 3. Any place where uproar and confusion prevail.

Bed´lam, a. Belonging to, or fit for, a madhouse. ´The bedlam, brainsick duchess.´ Shak.

Bed´lam•ite , n. An inhabitant of a madhouse; a madman. ´Raving bedlamites.´ Beattie.

Bed´mak•er , n. One who makes beds. { Bed´-mold•ing Bed´-mould•ing} (bed´mold•ing), n. (Arch.) The molding of a cornice immediately below the corona. Oxf. Gloss.

Be•dote´ (be•dot´), v. t. To cause to dote; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bed´ou•in , n. [F. bedouin, OF. beduin, fr. Ar. bedawi rural, living in the desert, fr. badw desert, fr. bada to live in the desert, to lead a nomadic life.] One of the nomadic Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa, esp. in the deserts. — Bed´ou•in•ism , n.

Bed´ou•in, a. Pertaining to the Bedouins; nomad.

Bed´pan , n. 1. A pan for warming beds. Nares. 2. A shallow chamber vessel, so constructed that it can be used by a sick person in bed.

Bed´phere , n. See Bedfere. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Bed´piece• , Bed´plate• } n. (Mach.) The foundation framing or piece, by which the other parts are supported and held in place; the bed; — called also baseplate and soleplate.

Bed´post , n. 1. One of the four standards that support a bedstead or the canopy over a bedstead. 2. Anciently, a post or pin on each side of the bed to keep the clothes from falling off. See Bedstaff. Brewer.

Bed´quilt , n. A quilt for a bed; a coverlet.

Be•drab´ble , v. t. To befoul with rain and mud; to drabble.

Be•drag´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedraggled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedraggling .] To draggle; to soil, as garments which, in walking, are suffered to drag in dust, mud, etc. Swift.

Be•drench´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedrenched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedrenching.] To drench; to saturate with moisture; to soak. Shak.

Be•drib´ble , v. t. To dribble upon. { Bed´rid• , Bed´rid•den } a. [OE. bedrede, AS. bedreda, bedrida; from bed, bedd, a bed or couch + ridda a rider; cf. OHG. pettiriso, G. bettrise. See Bed, n., and Ride, v. i. ] Confined to the bed by sickness or infirmity. ´Her decrepit, sick, and bedrid father.´ Shak. ´The estate of a bedridden old gentleman.´ Macaulay. { Bed´right• , Bed´rite• } , n. [Bed + right, rite.] The duty or privilege of the marriage bed. Shak.

Be•driz´zle , v. t. To drizzle upon.

Bed´ rock´ . (Mining) The solid rock underlying superficial formations. Also Fig.

Bed´room , n. 1. A room or apartment intended or used for a bed; a lodging room. 2. Room in a bed. [In this sense preferably bed room.] “Then by your side no bed room me deny.
Shak.”

Be•drop´ , v. t. To sprinkle, as with drops. “The yellow carp, in scales bedropped with gold.
Pope.”

Be•drug´ , v. t. To drug abundantly or excessively.

Bed´ screw . 1. (Naut.) A form of jack screw for lifting large bodies, and assisting in launching. 2. A long screw formerly used to fasten a bedpost to one of the adjacent side pieces.

Bed´side , n. The side of a bed.

Bed´site , n. A recess in a room for a bed. “Of the three bedrooms, two have fireplaces, and all are of fair size, with windows and bedsite well placed.
Quart. Rev.”

Bed´sore , n. (Med.) A sore on the back or hips caused by lying for a long time in bed.

Bed´spread , n. A bedquilt; a counterpane; a coverlet. [U. S.]

Bed´staff , n.; pl. Bedstaves . ´A wooden pin stuck anciently on the sides of the bedstead, to hold the clothes from slipping on either side.´ Johnson. “Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff.
B. Jonson.” “Say there is no virtue in cudgels and bedstaves.
Brome.”

Bed´stead , n. [Bed + stead a frame.] A framework for supporting a bed.

Bed´ steps . Steps for mounting a bed of unusual height.

Bed´stock , n. The front or the back part of the frame of a bedstead. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

Bed´straw , n. 1. Straw put into a bed. Bacon. 2. (Bot.) A genus of slender herbs, usually with square stems, whorled leaves, and small white flowers. Our Lady’s bedstraw, which has yellow flowers, is Galium verum. — White bedstraw is G. mollugo.

Bed´swerv•er , n. One who swerves from and is unfaithful to the marriage vow. [Poetic] Shak.

Bed´tick , n. A tick or bag made of cloth, used for inclosing the materials of a bed.

Bed´time , n. The time to go to bed. Shak.

Be•duck´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beducked .] To duck; to put the head under water; to immerse. ´Deep himself beducked.´ Spenser.

Bed´uin , n. See Bedouin.

Be•dung´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedunged .] To cover with dung, as for manuring; to bedaub or defile, literally or figuratively. Bp. Hall.

Be•dust´ , v. t. To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. Sherwood.

Bed´ward , adv. Towards bed.

Be•dwarf´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedwarfed .] To make a dwarf of; to stunt or hinder the growth of; to dwarf. Donne.

Be•dye´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedyeing.] To dye or stain. “Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyed.
Spenser.”

Bee , p. p. of Be; — used for been. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bee (be), n. [AS. beó; akin to D. bij and bije, Icel. b, Sw. & Dan. bi, OHG. pini, G. biene, and perh. Ir. beach, Lith. bitis, Skr. bha. rad.97.] 1. (Zoöl.) An insect of the order Hymenoptera, and family Apidae (the honeybees), or family Andrenidae (the solitary bees.) See Honeybee. There are many genera and species. The common honeybee (Apis mellifica) lives in swarms, each of which has its own queen, its males or drones, and its very numerous workers, which are barren females. Besides the A. mellifica there are other species and varieties of honeybees, as the A. ligustica of Spain and Italy; the A. Indica of India; the A. fasciata of Egypt. The bumblebee is a species of Bombus. The tropical honeybees belong mostly to Melipoma and Trigona. 2. A neighborly gathering of people who engage in united labor for the benefit of an individual or family; as a quilting bee; a husking bee; a raising bee. [U. S.] “The cellar … was dug by a bee in a single day.
S. G. Goodrich.” 3. pl. [Prob. fr. AS. beáh ring, fr. bgan to bend. See 1st Bow.] (Naut.) Pieces of hard wood bolted to the sides of the bowsprit, to reeve the fore-topmast stays through; — called also bee blocks. Bee beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Trichodes apiarius) parasitic in beehives. — Bee bird (Zoöl.), a bird that eats the honeybee, as the European flycatcher, and the American kingbird. — Bee flower (Bot.), an orchidaceous plant of the genus Ophrys (O. apifera), whose flowers have some resemblance to bees, flies, and other insects. — Bee fly (Zoöl.), a two winged fly of the family Bombyliidae. Some species, in the larval state, are parasitic upon bees. — Bee garden, a garden or inclosure to set beehives in ; an apiary. Mortimer. — Bee glue, a soft, unctuous matter, with which bees cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells; — called also propolis. — Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. — Bee killer (Zoöl.), a large two-winged fly of the family Asilidae (esp. Trupanea apivora) which feeds upon the honeybee. See Robber fly. — Bee louse (Zoöl.), a minute, wingless, dipterous insect (Braula caeca) parasitic on hive bees. — Bee martin (Zoöl.), the kingbird (Tyrannus Carolinensis) which occasionally feeds on bees. — Bee moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Galleria cereana) whose larvae feed on honeycomb, occasioning great damage in beehives. — Bee wolf (Zoöl.), the larva of the bee beetle. See Illust. of Bee beetle. — To have a bee in the head or in the bonnet. (a) To be choleric. [Obs.] (b) To be restless or uneasy. B. Jonson. (c) To be full of fancies; to be a little crazy. ´She’s whiles crack-brained, and has a bee in her head.´ Sir W. Scott.

Bee´bread , n. A brown, bitter substance found in some of the cells of honeycomb. It is made chiefly from the pollen of flowers, which is collected by bees as food for their young.

Beech , n.; pl. Beeches . [OE. beche, AS. bce; akin to D. beuk, OHG. buocha, G. buche, Icel. beyki, Dan. bög, Sw. bok, Russ. buk, L. fagus, Gr. oak, to eat, Skr. bhaksh; the tree being named originally from the esculent fruit. See Book, and cf. 7th Buck, Buckwheat.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Fagus. It grows to a large size, having a smooth bark and thick foliage, and bears an edible triangular nut, of which swine are fond. The Fagus sylvatica is the European species, and the F. ferruginea that of America. Beech drops (Bot.), a parasitic plant which grows on the roots of beeches (Epiphegus Americana). — Beech marten (Zoöl.), the stone marten of Europe (Mustela foina). — Beech mast, the nuts of the beech, esp. as they lie under the trees, in autumn. — Beech oil, oil expressed from the mast or nuts of the beech tree. — Cooper beech, a variety of the European beech with copper-colored, shining leaves.

Beech´en , a. [AS. bcen.] Consisting, or made, of the wood or bark of the beech; belonging to the beech. ´Plain beechen vessels.´ Dryden.

Beech´nut , n. The nut of the beech tree.

Beech´ tree . The beech.

Beech´y , a. Of or relating to beeches.

Bee´-eat•er , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A bird of the genus Merops, that feeds on bees. The European species (M. apiaster) is remarkable for its brilliant colors. (b) An African bird of the genus Rhinopomastes.

Beef (bef), n. [OE. boef, befe, beef, OF. boef, buef, F. bœef, fr. L. bos, bovis, ox; akin to Gr. boy^s, Skr. go cow, and E. cow. See 2d Cow.] 1. An animal of the genus Bos, especially the common species, B. taurus, including the bull, cow, and ox, in their full grown state; esp., an ox or cow fattened for food. [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves (bevz).] “A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine.
Milton.” 2. The flesh of an ox, or cow, or of any adult bovine animal, when slaughtered for food. [In this sense, the word has no plural.] ´Great meals of beef.´ Shak. 3. Applied colloquially to human flesh.

Beef , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, beef. Beef tea, essence of beef, or strong beef broth.

Beef´eat•er , n. [Beef + eater; prob. one who eats another’s beef, as his servant. Cf. AS. hlafta servant, properly a loaf eater.] 1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, fleshy person. 2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England. 3. (Zoöl.) An African bird of the genus Buphaga, which feeds on the larvae of botflies hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. Two species are known.

Beef´steak , n. A steak of beef; a slice of beef broiled or suitable for broiling.

Beef´-wit•ted , n. Stupid; dull. Shak.

Beef´wood , n. An Australian tree (Casuarina), and its red wood, used for cabinetwork; also the trees Stenocarpus salignus of New South Wales, and Banksia compar of Queensland.

Beef´y, a. Having much beef; of the nature of beef; resembling beef; fleshy.

Bee´hive , n. A hive for a swarm of bees. Also used figuratively. A common and typical form of beehive was a domeshaped inverted basket, whence certain ancient Irish and Scotch architectural remains are called beehive houses.

Bee´house , n. A house for bees; an apiary.

Bee´ lark•spur . (Bot.) See Larkspur.

Beeld , n. Same as Beild. Fairfax.

Bee´ line . The shortest line from one place to another, like that of a bee to its hive when loaded with honey; an air line. ´A bee line for the brig.´ Kane.

Be•el´ze•bub , n. The title of a heathen deity to whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the evil spirits; hence, the Devil or a devil. See Baal.

Beem (bem), n. [AS. beme, byme.] A trumpet. [Obs.]

Bee´mas•ter , n. One who keeps bees.

Been . [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been, beon, to be. See Be.] The past participle of Be. In old authors it is also the pr. tense plural of Be. See 1st Bee. “Assembled been a senate grave and stout.
Fairfax.”

Beer , n. [OE. beor, ber, AS. beór; akin to Fries. biar, Icel. bjrr, OHG. bior, D. & G. bier, and possibly E. brew. rad.93, See Brew.] 1. A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, but commonly from barley malt, with hops or some other substance to impart a bitter flavor. Beer has different names, as small beer, ale, porter, brown stout, lager beer, according to its strength, or other qualities. See Ale. 2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras etc. Small beer, weak beer; (fig.) insignificant matters. ´To suckle fools, and chronicle small beer.´ Shak.

Beer´e•gar , n. [Beer + eager.] Sour beer. [Obs.]

Beer´house , n. A house where malt liquors are sold; an alehouse.

Beer´i•ness , n. Beery condition.

Beer´y , a. Of or resembling beer; affected by beer; maudlin.

Beest´ings , n. Same as Biestings.

Bees´wax , n. The wax secreted by bees, and of which their cells are constructed.

Bees´wing , n. The second crust formed in port and some other wines after long keeping. It consists of pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to resemble the wing of a bee.

Beet (bet), n. [AS. bete, from L. beta.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial plant of the genus Beta, which produces an edible root the first year and seed the second year. 2. The root of plants of the genus Beta, different species and varieties of which are used for the table, for feeding stock, or in making sugar. There are many varieties of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). The Old ´white beet´, cultivated for its edible leafstalks, is a distinct species (Beta Cicla). { Beete , Bete } (bet), v. t. [AS. betan to mend. See Better.] 1. To mend; to repair. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To renew or enkindle (a fire). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bee´tle (be´t’l), n. [OE. betel, AS. bitl, btl, mallet, hammer, fr. beátan to beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A heavy mallet, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, etc. 2. A machine in which fabrics are subjected to a hammering process while passing over rollers, as in cotton mills; — called also beetling machine. Knight.

Bee´tle (be´t’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beetled (-t’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Beetling.] 1. To beat with a heavy mallet. 2. To finish by subjecting to a hammering process in a beetle or beetling machine; as to beetle cotton goods.

Bee´tle, n. [OE. bityl, bittle, AS. bitel, fr. bitan to bite. See Bite, v. t.] Any insect of the order Coleoptera, having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when they are folded up. See Coleoptera. Beetle mite (Zoöl.), one of many species of mites, of the family Oribatidae, parasitic on beetles. — Black beetle, the common large black cockroach (Blatta orientalis).

Bee´tle, v. i. [See Beetlebrowed.] To extend over and beyond the base or support; to overhang; to jut. “To the dreadful summit of the cliff
That beetles o’er his base into the sea.
Shak.” “Each beetling rampart, and each tower sublime.
Wordsworth.”

Bee´tle brow . An overhanging brow.

Bee´tle-browed , a. [OE. bitelbrowed; cf. OE. bitel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., a beetle. See Beetle an insect.] Having prominent, overhanging brows; hence, lowering or sullen. The earlier meaning was ´Having bushy or overhanging eyebrows.´

Bee´tle•head , n. [Beetle a mallet + head.] 1. A stupid fellow; a blockhead. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Zoöl.) The black-bellied plover, or bullhead (Squatarola helvetica). See Plover.

Bee´tle-head•ed , a. Dull; stupid. Shak.

Bee´tle•stock , n. The handle of a beetle.

Beet´ rad•ish . Same as Beetrave.

Beet´rave , n. [F. betterave; bette beet + rave radish.] The common beet (Beta vulgaris).

Beeve , n. [Formed from beeves, pl. of beef.] A beef; a beef creature. “They would knock down the first beeve they met with.
W. Irving.”

Beeves (bevz), n. plural of Beef, the animal.

Be•fall´ , v. t. [imp. Befell ; p. p. Befallen ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befalling.] [AS. befeallan; pref. be- + feallan to fall.] To happen to. “I beseech your grace that I may know
The worst that may befall me.
Shak.”

Be•fall´, v. i. To come to pass; to happen. “I have revealed … the discord which befell.
Milton.”

Be•fit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Befitting.] To be suitable to; to suit; to become. “That name best befits thee.
Milton.”

Be•fit´ting, a. Suitable; proper; becoming; fitting.

Be•fit´ting•ly, adv. In a befitting manner; suitably.

Be•flat´ter , v. t. To flatter excessively.

Be•flow´er , v. t. To besprinkle or scatter over with, or as with, flowers. Hobbes.

Be•fog´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befogged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befogging .] 1. To involve in a fog; — mostly as a participle or part. adj. 2. Hence: To confuse; to mystify.

Be•fool´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befooled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befooling.] [OE. befolen; pref. be- + fol fool.] 1. To fool; to delude or lead into error; to infatuate; to deceive. “This story … contrived to befool credulous men.
Fuller.” 2. To cause to behave like a fool; to make foolish. ´Some befooling drug.´ G. Eliot.

Be•fore´ , prep. [OE. beforen, biforen, before, AS. beforan; pref. be- + foran, fore, before. See Be-, and Fore.] 1. In front of; preceding in space; ahead of; as to stand before the fire; before the house. “His angel, who shall go
Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire.
Milton.” 2. Preceding in time; earlier than; previously to; anterior to the time when; — sometimes with the additional idea of purpose; in order that. “Before Abraham was I am.
John viii. 58.” “Before this treatise can become of use, two points are necessary.
Swift.” Formerly before, in this sense, was followed by that. ´Before that Philip called thee … I saw thee.´ John i. 48. 3. An advance of; farther onward, in place or time. “The golden age … is before us.
Carlyle.” 4. Prior or preceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth; rather than. “He that cometh after me is preferred before me.
John i. 15.” “The eldest son is before the younger in succession.
Johnson.” 5. In presence or sight of; face to face with; facing. “Abraham bowed down himself before the people.
Gen. xxiii. 12.” “Wherewith shall I come before the Lord?
Micah vi. 6.” 6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of. “If a suit be begun before an archdeacon.
Ayliffe.” 7. Open for; free of access to; in the power of. “The world was all before them where to choose.
Milton.” Before the mast (Naut.), as a common sailor, — because the sailors live in the forecastle, forward of the foremast. — Before the wind (Naut.), in the direction of the wind and by its impulse; having the wind aft.

Be•fore´, adv. 1. On the fore part; in front, or in the direction of the front; — opposed to in the rear. “The battle was before and behind.
2 Chron. xiii. 14.” 2. In advance. ´I come before to tell you.´ Shak. 3. In time past; previously; already. “You tell me, mother, what I knew before.
Dryden.” 4. Earlier; sooner than; until then. “When the butt is out, we will drink water; not a drop before.
Shak.” Before is often used in self-explaining compounds; as before-cited, before-mentioned; beforesaid.

Be•fore´hand , adv. [Before + hand.] 1. In a state of anticipation ore preoccupation; in advance; — often followed by with. “Agricola … resolves to be beforehand with the danger.
Milton.” “The last cited author has been beforehand with me.
Addison.” 2. By way of preparation, or preliminary; previously; aforetime. “They may be taught beforehand the skill of speaking.
Hooker.”

Be•fore´hand, a. In comfortable circumstances as regards property; forehanded. “Rich and much beforehand.
Bacon.”

Be•fore´time , adv. Formerly; aforetime. “[They] dwelt in their tents, as beforetime.
2 Kings xiii. 5.”

Be•for´tune , v. t. To befall. [Poetic] “I wish all good befortune you.
Shak.”

Be•foul´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befouled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befouling.] [Cf. AS. beflan; pref. be- + flan to foul. See Foul, a.] 1. To make foul; to soil. 2. To entangle or run against so as to impede motion.

Be•friend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befriended; p. pr. & vb. n. Befriending.] To act as a friend to; to favor; to aid, benefit, or countenance. “By the darkness befriended.
Longfellow.”

Be•friend´ment , n. Act of befriending. [R.]

Be•frill´ , v. t. To furnish or deck with a frill.

Be•fringe´ , v. t. To furnish with a fringe; to form a fringe upon; to adorn as with fringe. Fuller.

Be•fud´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befuddled ] To becloud and confuse, as with liquor.

Beg , n. [Turk. beg, pronounced bay. Cf. Bey, Begum.] A title of honor in Turkey and in some other parts of the East; a bey.

Beg , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begging.] [OE. beggen, perh. fr. AS. bedecian (akin to Goth. bedagwa beggar), biddan to ask. (Cf. Bid, v. t.); or cf. beghard, beguin.] 1. To ask earnestly for; to entreat or supplicate for; to beseech. “I do beg your good will in this case.
Shak.” “[Joseph] begged the body of Jesus.
Matt. xxvii. 58.” Sometimes implying deferential and respectful, rather than earnest, asking; as I beg your pardon; I beg leave to disagree with you. 2. To ask for as a charity, esp. to ask for habitually or from house to house. “Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread.
Ps. xxxvii. 25.” 3. To make petition to; to entreat; as to beg a person to grant a favor. 4. To take for granted; to assume without proof. 5. (Old Law) To ask to be appointed guardian for, or to ask to have a guardian appointed for. “Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards.
Harrington.” Hence: To beg (one) for a fool, to take him for a fool. I beg to, is an elliptical expression for I beg leave to; as I beg to inform you. — To beg the question, to assume that which was to be proved in a discussion, instead of adducing the proof or sustaining the point by argument. — To go a-begging, a figurative phrase to express the absence of demand for something which elsewhere brings a price; as grapes are so plentiful there that they go a- begging. Syn. — To Beg, Ask, Request. To ask (not in the sense of inquiring) is the generic term which embraces all these words. To request is only a polite mode of asking. To beg, in its original sense, was to ask with earnestness, and implied submission, or at least deference. At present, however, in polite life, beg has dropped its original meaning, and has taken the place of both ask and request, on the ground of its expressing more of deference and respect. Thus, we beg a person’s acceptance of a present; we beg him to favor us with his company; a tradesman begs to announce the arrival of new goods, etc. Crabb remarks that, according to present usage, ´we can never talk of asking a person’s acceptance of a thing, or of asking him to do us a favor.´ This can be more truly said of usage in England than in America.

Beg, v. i. To ask alms or charity, especially to ask habitually by the wayside or from house to house; to live by asking alms. “I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed.
Luke xvi. 3.”

Be´ga , n. See Bigha.

Be•gem´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begemmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begemming.] To adorn with gems, or as with gems. “Begemmed with dewdrops.
Sir W. Scott.” “Those lonely realms bright garden isles begem.
Shelley.”

Be•get´ , v. t. [imp. Begot , (Archaic) Begat ; p. p. Begot, Begotten ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begetting.] [OE. bigiten, bigeten, to get, beget, AS. begitan to get; pref. be- + gitan. See Get, v. t. ] 1. To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate; — commonly said of the father. “Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget.
Milton.” 2. To get (with child.) [Obs.] Shak. 3. To produce as an effect; to cause to exist. “Love is begot by fancy.
Granville.”

Be•get´ter , n. One who begets; a father.

Beg´ga•ble , a. Capable of being begged.

Beg´gar , n. [OE. beggere, fr. beg.] 1. One who begs; one who asks or entreats earnestly, or with humility; a petitioner. 2. One who makes it his business to ask alms. 3. One who is dependent upon others for support; — a contemptuous or sarcastic use. 4. One who assumes in argument what he does not prove. Abp. Tillotson.

Beg´gar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beggared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beggaring.] 1. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish; as he had beggared himself. Milton. 2. To cause to seem very poor and inadequate. “It beggared all description.
Shak.”

Beg´gar•hood , n. The condition of being a beggar; also the class of beggars.

Beg´gar•ism , n. Beggary. [R.]

Beg´gar•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being beggarly; meanness.

Beg´gar•ly , a. 1. In the condition of, or like, a beggar; suitable for a beggar; extremely indigent; poverty-stricken; mean; poor; contemptible. ´A bankrupt, beggarly fellow.´ South. ´A beggarly fellowship.´ Swift. ´Beggarly elements.´ Gal. iv. 9. 2. Produced or occasioned by beggary. [Obs.] “Beggarly sins, that is, those sins which idleness and beggary usually betray men to; such as lying, flattery, stealing, and dissimulation.
Jer. Taylor.”

Beg´gar•ly, adv. In an indigent, mean, or despicable manner; in the manner of a beggar.

Beg´gar’s lice . (Bot.) The prickly fruit or seed of certain plants (as some species of Echinospermum and Cynoglossum) which cling to the clothing of those who brush by them.

Beg´gar’s ticks . The bur marigold (Bidens) and its achenes, which are armed with barbed awns, and adhere to clothing and fleeces with unpleasant tenacity.

Beg´gar•y , n. [OE. beggerie. See Beggar, n.] 1. The act of begging; the state of being a beggar; mendicancy; extreme poverty. 2. Beggarly appearance. [R.] “The freedom and the beggary of the old studio.
Thackeray.” Syn. — Indigence; want; penury; mendicancy.

Beg´gar•y, a. Beggarly. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Beg´ge•stere , n. [Beg + - ster.] A beggar. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Be•ghard´ Be•guard´ } , n. [F. begard, beguard; cf. G. beghard, LL. Beghardus, Begihardus, Begardus. Prob. from the root of beguine + -ard or -hard. See Beguine.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an association of religious laymen living in imitation of the Beguines. They arose in the thirteenth century, were afterward subjected to much persecution, and were suppressed by Innocent X. in 1650. Called also Beguins.

Be•gild´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begilded or Begilt .] To gild. B. Jonson.

Be•gin´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Began , Begun ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beginning .] [AS. beginnan (akin to OS. biginnan, D. & G. beginnen, OHG. biginnan, Goth., du-ginnan, Sw. begynna, Dan. begynde); pref. be- + an assumed ginnan. rad.31. See Gin to begin.] 1. To have or commence an independent or first existence; to take rise; to commence. “Vast chain of being! which from God began.
Pope.” 2. To do the first act or the first part of an action; to enter upon or commence something new, as a new form or state of being, or course of action; to take the first step; to start. ´Tears began to flow.´ Dryden. “When I begin, I will also make an end.
1 Sam. iii. 12.”

Be•gin´, v. t. 1. To enter on; to commence. “Ye nymphs of Solyma ! begin the song.
Pope.” 2. To trace or lay the foundation of; to make or place a beginning of. “The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of God.
Locke.” Syn. — To commence; originate; set about; start.

Be•gin´, n. Beginning. [Poetic & Obs.] Spenser.

Be•gin´ner , n. One who begins or originates anything. Specifically: A young or inexperienced practitioner or student; a tyro. “A sermon of a new beginner.
Swift.”

Be•gin´ning , n. 1. The act of doing that which begins anything; commencement of an action, state, or space of time; entrance into being or upon a course; the first act, effort, or state of a succession of acts or states. “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
Gen. i. 1.” 2. That which begins or originates something; the first cause; origin; source. “ I am … the beginning and the ending.
Rev. i. 8.” 3. That which is begun; a rudiment or element. “Mighty things from small beginnings grow.
Dryden.” 4. Enterprise. ´To hinder our beginnings.´ Shak. Syn. — Inception; prelude; opening; threshold; origin; outset; foundation.

Be•gird´ , v. t. [imp. Begirt , Begirded; p. p. Begirt; p. pr. & vb. n. Begirding.] [AS. begyrdan (akin to Goth. bigairdan); pref. be- + gyrdan to gird.] 1. To bind with a band or girdle; to gird. 2. To surround as with a band; to encompass.

Be•gir´dle , v. t. To surround as with a girdle.

Be•girt´ , v. t. To encompass; to begird. Milton.

Beg´ler•beg , n. [Turk. beglerbeg, fr. beg, pl. begler. See Beg, n.] The governor of a province of the Ottoman empire, next in dignity to the grand vizier.

Be•gnaw´ , v. t. [p. p. Begnawed , (R.) Begnawn .] [AS. begnagan; pref. be- + gnagan to gnaw.] To gnaw; to eat away; to corrode. “The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul.
Shak.”

Be•god´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begodded.] To exalt to the dignity of a god; to deify. [Obs.] ´Begodded saints.´ South.

Be•gone´ , interj. [Be, v. i. + gone, p. p.] Go away; depart; get you gone.

Be•gone´, p. p. [OE. begon, AS. bigan; pref. be- + gan to go.] Surrounded; furnished; beset; environed (as in woe- begone). [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.

Be•go´ni•a (be•go´ni•a), n. [From Michel Begon, a promoter of botany.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly of tropical America, many species of which are grown as ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one-sided, and often exhibit brilliant colors.

Be•gore´ (be•gor´), v. t. To besmear with gore.

Be•got´ (be•got´), imp. & p. p. of Beget.

Be•got´ten , p. p. of Beget.

Be•grave´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + grave; akin to G. begraben, Goth. bigraban to dig a ditch around.] To bury; also to engrave. [Obs.] Gower.

Be•grease´ , v. t. To soil or daub with grease or other oily matter.

Be•grime´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begriming.] To soil with grime or dirt deeply impressed or rubbed in. “Books falling to pieces and begrimed with dust.
Macaulay.”

Be•grim´er , n. One who, or that which, begrimes.

Be•grudge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrudged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begrudging.] To grudge; to envy the possession of.

Be•guile´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beguiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beguiling.] 1. To delude by guile, artifice, or craft; to deceive or impose on, as by a false statement; to lure. “The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
Gen. iii. 13.” 2. To elude, or evade by craft; to foil. [Obs.] “When misery could beguile the tyrant’s rage.
Shak.” 3. To cause the time of to pass without notice; to relieve the tedium or weariness of; to while away; to divert. “Ballads … to beguile his incessant wayfaring.
W. Irving.” Syn. — To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; mislead; amuse; divert; entertain.

Be•guile´ment , n. The act of beguiling, or the state of being beguiled.

Be•guil´er , n. One who, or that which, beguiles.

Be•guil´ing, a. Alluring by guile; deluding; misleading; diverting. — Be•guil´ing•ly, adv.

Be•guin´ , n. [F.] See Beghard.

Be•gui•nage´ , n. [F.] A collection of small houses surrounded by a wall and occupied by a community of Beguines.

Be•guine´ , n. [F. beguine; LL. beguina, beghina; fr. Lambert le Bègue (the Stammerer) the founder of the order. (Du Cange.)] A woman belonging to one of the religious and charitable associations or communities in the Netherlands, and elsewhere, whose members live in beguinages and are not bound by perpetual vows.

Be´gum , n. [Per., fr. Turk., perh. properly queen mother, fr. Turk. beg (see Beg, n.) + Ar. umm mother.] In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. Malcom.

Be•gun´ , p. p. of Begin.

Be•half´ , n. [OE. on-behalve in the name of, bihalven by the side of, fr. AS. healf half, also side, part: akin to G. halb half, halber on account of. See Be-, and Half, n.] Advantage; favor; stead; benefit; interest; profit; support; defense; vindication. “In behalf of his mistress’s beauty.
Sir P. Sidney.” “Against whom he had contracted some prejudice in behalf of his nation.
Clarendon.” In behalf of, in the interest of. — On behalf of, on account of; on the part of.

Be•hap´pen , v. t. To happen to. [Obs.]

Be•have´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Behaving.] [AS. behabban to surround, restrain, detain (akin to G. gehaben (obs.) to have, sich gehaben to behave or carry one’s self); pref. be- + habban to have. See Have, v. t. ] 1. To manage or govern in point of behavior; to discipline; to handle; to restrain. [Obs.] “He did behave his anger ere ’t was spent.
Shak.” 2. To carry; to conduct; to comport; to manage; to bear; — used reflexively. “Those that behaved themselves manfully.
2 Macc. ii. 21.”

Be•have´, v. i. To act; to conduct; to bear or carry one’s self; as to behave well or ill. This verb is often used colloquially without an adverb of manner; as if he does not behave, he will be punished. It is also often applied to inanimate objects; as the ship behaved splendidly.

Be•hav´ior , n. Manner of behaving, whether good or bad; mode of conducting one’s self; conduct; deportment; carriage; — used also of inanimate objects; as the behavior of a ship in a storm; the behavior of the magnetic needle. “A gentleman that is very singular in his behavior.
Steele.” To be upon one’s good behavior, To be put upon one’s good behavior, to be in a state of trial, in which something important depends on propriety of conduct. — During good behavior, while (or so long as) one conducts one’s self with integrity and fidelity or with propriety. Syn. — Bearing; demeanor; manner. — Behavior, Conduct. Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear ourselves in the presence of others or toward them; conduct is the mode of our carrying ourselves forward in the concerns of life. Behavior respects our manner of acting in particular cases; conduct refers to the general tenor of our actions. We may say of soldiers, that their conduct had been praiseworthy during the whole campaign, and their behavior admirable in every instance when they met the enemy.

Be•head´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beheading.] [OE. bihefden, AS. beheáfdian; pref. be- + heáfod head. See Head.] To sever the head from; to take off the head of.

Be•head´al , n. Beheading. [Modern]

Be•held´ , imp. & p. p. of Behold.

Be´he•moth , n. [Heb. behemoth, fr. Egyptian P-ehe-maut hippopotamus.] An animal, probably the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15- 24. { Be´hen , Behn } , n. [Per. & Ar. bahman, behmen, an herb, whose leaves resemble ears of corn, saffron.] (Bot.) (a) The Centaurea behen, or saw-leaved centaury. (b) The Cucubalus behen, or bladder campion, now called Silene inflata. (c) The Statice limonium, or sea lavender.

Be•hest´ , n. [OE. biheste promise, command, AS. behaes promise; pref. be- + haes command. See Hest, Hight.] 1. That which is willed or ordered; a command; a mandate; an injunction. “To do his master’s high behest.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] “The time is come that I should send it her, if I keep the behest that I have made.
Paston.”

Be•hest´, v. t. To vow. [Obs.] Paston.

Be•hete´ , v. t. See Behight. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•hight´ , v. t. [imp. Behight; p. p. Behight, Behoten.] [OE. bihaten, AS. behatan to vow, promise; pref. be- + hatan to call, command. See Hight, v.] [Obs. in all its senses.] 1. To promise; to vow. “Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve.
Surrey.” 2. To give in trust; to commit; to intrust. “The keys are to thy hand behight.
Spenser.” 3. To adjudge; to assign by authority. “The second was to Triamond behight.
Spenser.” 4. To mean, or intend. “More than heart behighteth.
Mir. for Mag.” 5. To consider or esteem to be; to declare to be. “All the lookers-on him dead behight.
Spenser.” 6. To call; to name; to address. “Whom … he knew and thus behight.
Spenser.” 7. To command; to order. “He behight those gates to be unbarred.
Spenser.”

Be•hight´, n. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] Surrey.

Be•hind´ , prep. [AS. behindan; pref. be- + hindan. See Hind, a.] 1. On the side opposite the front or nearest part; on the back side of; at the back of; on the other side of; as behind a door; behind a hill. “A tall Brabanter, behind whom I stood.
Bp. Hall.” 2. Left after the departure of, whether this be by removing to a distance or by death. “A small part of what he left behind him.
Pope.” 3. Left a distance by, in progress of improvement Hence: Inferior to in dignity, rank, knowledge, or excellence, or in any achievement. “I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles.
2 Cor. xi. 5.”

Be•hind´, adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. ´I shall not lag behind.´ Milton. 2. Toward the back part or rear; backward; as to look behind. 3. Not yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to view; out of sight; remaining. “We can not be sure that there is no evidence behind.
Locke.” 4. Backward in time or order of succession; past. “Forgetting those things which are behind.
Phil. ii. 13.” 5. After the departure of another; as to stay behind. “Leave not a rack behind.
Shak.”

Be•hind´, n. The backside; the rump. [Low]

Be•hind´hand , adv. & a. [Behind + hand.] 1. In arrears financially; in a state where expenditures have exceeded the receipt of funds. 2. In a state of backwardness, in respect to what is seasonable or appropriate, or as to what should have been accomplished; not equally forward with some other person or thing; dilatory; backward; late; tardy; as behindhand in studies or in work. “In this also [dress] the country are very much behindhand.
Addison.”

Be•hith´er , prep. On this side of. [Obs.] “Two miles behither Clifden.
Evelyn.”

Be•hold´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheld (p. p. formerly Beholden , now used only as a p. a.); p. pr. & vb. n. Beholding.] [OE. bihalden, biholden, AS. behealdan to hold, have in sight; pref. be- + healdan to hold, keep; akin to G. behalten to hold, keep. See Hold.] To have in sight; to see clearly; to look at; to regard with the eyes. “When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.
Num. xxi. 9.” “Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.
John. i. 29.” Syn. — To scan; gaze; regard; descry; view; discern.

Be•hold´, v. i. To direct the eyes to, or fix them upon, an object; to look; to see. “And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne, … a lamb as it had been slain.
Rev. v. 6.”

Be•hold´en , p. a. [Old p. p. of behold, used in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted. “But being so beholden to the Prince.
Tennyson.”

Be•hold´er , n. One who beholds; a spectator.

Be•hold´ing, a. Obliged; beholden. [Obs.] “I was much bound and beholding to the right reverend father.
Robynson (More’s Utopia).” “So much hath Oxford been beholding to her nephews, or sister’s children.
Fuller.”

Be•hold´ing, n. The act of seeing; sight; also that which is beheld. Shak.

Be•hold´ing•ness, n., The state of being obliged or beholden. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Be•hoof´ , n. [OE. to bihove for the use of, AS. behf advantage, a word implied in behflic necessary; akin to Sw. behof, Dan. behov, G. behuf, and E. heave, the root meaning to seize, hence the meanings ´to hold, make use of.´ See Heave, v. t.] Advantage; profit; benefit; interest; use. “No mean recompense it brings
To your behoof.
Milton.”

Be•hoov´a•ble , a. Supplying need; profitable; advantageous. [Obs.] Udall.

Be•hoove´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behooved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Behooving.] [OE. bihoven, behoven, AS. behfian to have need of, fr. behf. See Behoof.] To be necessary for; to be fit for; to be meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience; — mostly used impersonally. “And thus it behooved Christ to suffer.
Luke xxiv. 46.” [Also written behove.]

Be•hoove´ , v. i. To be necessary, fit, or suitable; to befit; to belong as due. Chaucer.

Be•hoove´, n. Advantage; behoof. [Obs.] “It shall not be to his behoove.
Gower.”

Be•hoove´ful , a. Advantageous; useful; profitable. [Archaic] — Be•hoove´ful•ly, adv. — Be•hoove´ful•ness, n. [Archaic]

Be•hove´ , v., and derivatives. See Behoove, &c.

Be•hove´ly, a. & adv. Useful, or usefully. [Obs.]

Be•howl´ , v. t. To howl at. [Obs.] “The wolf behowls the moon.
Shak.”

Beige , n. [F.] Debeige.

Beild , n. [Prob. from the same root as build, v. t.] A place of shelter; protection; refuge. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] [Also written bield and beeld.] “The random beild o’ clod or stane.
Burns.”

Be´ing , p. pr. from Be. Existing. Being was formerly used where we now use having. ´Being to go to a ball in a few days.´ Miss Edgeworth. In modern usage, is, are, was or were being, with a past participle following (as built, made, etc.) indicates the process toward the completed result expressed by the participle. The form is or was building, in this passive signification, is idiomatic, and, if free from ambiguity, is commonly preferable to the modern is or was being built. The last form of speech is, however, sufficiently authorized by approved writers. The older expression was is, or was, a-building or in building. “A man who is being strangled.
Lamb.” “While the article on Burns was being written.
Froude.” “Fresh experience is always being gained.
Jowett (Thucyd. )”

Be´ing, n. 1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence; state or sphere of existence. “In Him we live, and move, and have our being.
Acts xvii. 28.” 2. That which exists in any form, whether it be material or spiritual, actual or ideal; living existence, as distinguished from a thing without life; as a human being; spiritual beings. “What a sweet being is an honest mind !
Beau. & Fl.” “A Being of infinite benevolence and power.
Wordsworth.” 3. Lifetime; mortal existence. [Obs.] “Claudius, thou
Wast follower of his fortunes in his being.
Webster (1654).” 4. An abode; a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. “It was a relief to dismiss them [Sir Roger’s servants] into little beings within my manor.
Steele.”

Be´ing, adv. Since; inasmuch as. [Obs. or Colloq.] “And being you have
Declined his means, you have increased his malice.
Beau. & Fl.”

Be•jade´ , v. t. To jade or tire. [Obs.] Milton.

Be•jape´ , v. t. To jape; to laugh at; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•jaun´dice , v. t. To infect with jaundice.

Be•jew´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bejeweled or Bejewelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bejeweling or Bejewelling.] To ornament with a jewel or with jewels; to spangle. ´Bejeweled hands.´ Thackeray.

Be•jum´ble , v. t. To jumble together.

Be´kah , n. [Heb.] Half a shekel.

Be•knave´ , v. t. To call knave. [Obs.] Pope.

Be•know´ , v. t. To confess; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bel (bel), n. The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. Baruch vi. 41.

Be•la´bor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belabored ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaboring.] 1. To ply diligently; to work carefully upon. ´If the earth is belabored with culture, it yieldeth corn.´ Barrow. 2. To beat soundly; to cudgel. “Ajax belabors there a harmless ox.
Dryden.”

Bel•-ac•coyle´ , n. [F. bel beautiful + accueil reception.] A kind or favorable reception or salutation. [Obs.]

Be•lace´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaced .] 1. To fasten, as with a lace or cord. [Obs.] 2. To cover or adorn with lace. [Obs.] Beaumont. 3. To beat with a strap. See Lace. [Obs.] Wright.

Be•lam´ , v. t. [See Lam.] To beat or bang. [Prov. & Low, Eng.] Todd.

Bel´a•mour , n. [F. bel amour fair love.] 1. A lover. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A flower, but of what kind is unknown. [Obs.] “Her snowy brows, like budded belamours.
Spenser.”

Bel´a•my , n. [F. bel ami fair friend.] Good friend; dear friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•late´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belated; p. pr. & vb. n. Belating.] To retard or make too late. Davenant.

Be•lat´ed, a. Delayed beyond the usual time; too late; overtaken by night; benighted. ´Some belated peasant.´ Milton. — Be•lat´ed•ness, n. Milton.

Be•laud´ , v. t. To laud or praise greatly.

Be•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaid, Belayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaying.] [For senses 1 & 2, D. beleggen to cover, belay; akin to E. pref. be-, and lay to place: for sense 3, OE. beleggen, AS. belecgan. See pref. Be-, and Lay to place.] 1. To lay on or cover; to adorn. [Obs.] “Jacket … belayed with silver lace.
Spenser.” 2. (Naut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. Totten. 3. To lie in wait for with a view to assault. Hence: to block up or obstruct. [Obs.] Dryden. Belay thee! Stop.

Be•lay´ing pin (be•la´ing pin•). (Naut.) A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound when they are fastened or belayed.

Belch (belch; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belched (belcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Belching.] [OE. belken, AS. bealcan, akin to E. bellow. See Bellow, v. i.] 1. To eject or throw up from the stomach with violence; to eruct. “I belched a hurricane of wind.
Swift.” 2. To eject violently from within; to cast forth; to emit; to give vent to; to vent. “Within the gates that now
Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame.
Milton.”

Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach through the mouth; to eructate. 2. To issue with spasmodic force or noise. Dryden.

Belch, n. 1. The act of belching; also that which is belched; an eructation. 2. Malt liquor; — vulgarly so called as causing eructation. [Obs.] Dennis.

Belch´er , n. One who, or that which, belches. { Bel´dam Bel´dame } , n. [Pref. bel-, denoting relationship + dame mother: cf. F. belledame fair lady, It. belladonna. See Belle, and Dame.] 1. Grandmother; — corresponding to belsire. “To show the beldam daughters of her daughter.
Shak.” 2. An old woman in general; especially, an ugly old woman; a hag. “Around the beldam all erect they hang.
Akenside.”

Be•lea´guer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beleaguered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beleaguering.] [D. belegeren (akin to G. belagern, Sw. belägra, Dan. beleire); pref. be- = E. be- + leger bed, camp, army, akin to E. lair. See Lair.] To surround with an army so as to preclude escape; to besiege; to blockade. “The wail of famine in beleaguered towns.
Longfellow.” Syn. — To block up; environ; invest; encompass.

Be•lea´guer•er , n. One who beleaguers.

Be•leave´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Beleft .] To leave or to be left. [Obs.] May.

Be•lec´ture , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belectured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belecturing.] To vex with lectures; to lecture frequently.

Be•lee´ , v. t. To place under the lee, or unfavorably to the wind. Shak.

Be•lem´nite , n. [Gr. dart, fr. dart, fr. to throw: cf. F. belemnite.] (Paleon.) A conical calcareous fossil, tapering to a point at the lower extremity, with a conical cavity at the other end, where it is ordinarily broken; but when perfect it contains a small chambered cone, called the phragmocone, prolonged, on one side, into a delicate concave blade; the thunderstone. It is the internal shell of a cephalopod related to the sepia, and belonging to an extinct family. The belemnites are found in rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. — Bel•em•nit´ic, a.

Be•lep´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belepered .] To infect with leprosy. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Bel´-es•prit´ , n.; pl. Beaux -esprits . [F., fine wit.] A fine genius, or man of wit. ´A man of letters and a bel esprit.´ W. Irving.

Bel´fry , n. [OE. berfray movable tower used in sieges, OF. berfreit, berfroit, F. beffroi, fr. MHG. bervrit, bercvrit, G. bergfriede, fr. MHG. bergen to protect (G. bergen to conceal) + vride peace, protection, G. friede peace; in compounds often taken in the sense of security, or place of security; orig. therefore a place affording security. G. friede is akin to E. free. See Burg, and Free.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) A movable tower erected by besiegers for purposes of attack and defense. 2. A bell tower, usually attached to a church or other building, but sometimes separate; a campanile. 3. A room in a tower in which a bell is or may be hung; or a cupola or turret for the same purpose. 4. (Naut.) The framing on which a bell is suspended.

Bel•gard´ , n. [It. bel guardo.] A sweet or loving look. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bel´gi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Belgium. — n. A native or inhabitant of Belgium.

Bel´gic , a. [L. Belgicus, fr. Belgae the Belgians.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Belgae, a German tribe who anciently possessed the country between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean. “How unlike their Belgic sires of old.
Goldsmith.” 2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands or to Belgium.

Bel•gra´vi•an , a. Belonging to Belgravia (a fashionable quarter of London, around Pimlico), or to fashionable life; aristocratic.

Be´li•al , n. [Heb. beli ya’al; beli without + ya’al profit.] An evil spirit; a wicked and unprincipled person; the personification of evil. “What concord hath Christ with Belia ?
2 Cor. vi. 15.” A son (or man) of Belial, a worthless, wicked, or thoroughly depraved person. 1 Sam. ii. 12.

Be•li´bel , v. t. [See Libel, v. t. ] To libel or traduce; to calumniate. Fuller.

Be•lie´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belying .] [OE. bilien, bilien, AS. beleógan; pref. be- + leógan to lie. See Lie, n.] 1. To show to be false; to convict of, or charge with, falsehood. “Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues.
Dryden.” 2. To give a false representation or account of. “Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts.
Shak.” 3. To tell lie about; to calumniate; to slander. “Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou dost belie him.
Shak.” 4. To mimic; to counterfeit. [Obs.] Dryden. 5. To fill with lies. [Obs.] ´The breath of slander doth belie all corners of the world.´ Shak.

Be•lief´ , n. [OE. bileafe, bileve; cf. AS. geleáfa. See Believe.] 1. Assent to a proposition or affirmation, or the acceptance of a fact, opinion, or assertion as real or true, without immediate personal knowledge; reliance upon word or testimony; partial or full assurance without positive knowledge or absolute certainty; persuasion; conviction; confidence; as belief of a witness; the belief of our senses. “Belief admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicion to the fullest assurance.
Reid.” 2. (Theol.) A persuasion of the truths of religion; faith. “No man can attain [to] belief by the bare contemplation of heaven and earth.
Hooker.” 3. The thing believed; the object of belief. “Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of fools, but the talk sometimes of wise men.
Bacon.” 4. A tenet, or the body of tenets, held by the advocates of any class of views; doctrine; creed. “In the heat of persecution to which Christian belief was subject upon its first promulgation.
Hooker.” Ultimate belief, a first principle incapable of proof; an intuitive truth; an intuition. Sir W. Hamilton. Syn. — Credence; trust; reliance; assurance; opinion.

Be•lief´ful , a. Having belief or faith.

Be•liev´a•ble , a. Capable of being believed; credible. — Be•liev´a•ble•ness, n. — Be•liev•a•bil´i•ty , n.

Be•lieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Believed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Believing.] [OE. bileven (with pref. be- for AS. ge-), fr. AS. gelfan, gelfan; akin to D. gelooven, OHG. gilouban, G. glauben, OS. gilbian, Goth. galaubjan, and Goth. liubs dear. See Lief, a., Leave, n.] To exercise belief in; to credit upon the authority or testimony of another; to be persuaded of the truth of, upon evidence furnished by reasons, arguments, and deductions of the mind, or by circumstances other than personal knowledge; to regard or accept as true; to place confidence in; to think; to consider; as to believe a person, a statement, or a doctrine. “Our conqueror (whom I now
Of force believe almighty).
Milton.” “King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets ?
Acts xxvi. 27.” “Often followed by a dependent clause.
I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God.
Acts viii. 37.” Syn. — See Expect.

Be•lieve´, v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, esp. of the truths of religion; to have a persuasion approaching to certainty; to exercise belief or faith. “Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.
Mark ix. 24.” “With the heart man believeth unto righteousness.
Rom. x. 10.” 2. To think; to suppose. “I will not believe so meanly of you.
Fielding.” To believe in. (a) To believe that the subject of the thought (if a person or thing) exists, or (if an event) that it has occurred, or will occur; — as to believe in the resurrection of the dead. ´She does not believe in Jupiter.´ J. H. Newman. (b) To believe that the character, abilities, and purposes of a person are worthy of entire confidence; — especially that his promises are wholly trustworthy. ´Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me.´ John xiv. 1. (c) To believe that the qualities or effects of an action or state are beneficial: as to believe in sea bathing, or in abstinence from alcoholic beverages. — To believe on, to accept implicitly as an object of religious trust or obedience; to have faith in.

Be•liev´er , n. 1. One who believes; one who is persuaded of the truth or reality of some doctrine, person, or thing. 2. (Theol.) One who gives credit to the truth of the Scriptures, as a revelation from God; a Christian; — in a more restricted sense, one who receives Christ as his Savior, and accepts the way of salvation unfolded in the gospel. “Thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers.
Book of Com. Prayer.” 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who was admitted to all the rights of divine worship and instructed in all the mysteries of the Christian religion, in distinction from a catechumen, or one yet under instruction.

Be•liev´ing, a. That believes; having belief. — Be•liev´ing•ly, adv.

Be•light´ , v. t. To illuminate. [Obs.] Cowley.

Be•like´ , adv. [Pref. be- (for by) + like.] It is likely or probably; perhaps. [Obs. or Archaic] — Be•like´ly, adv. “Belike, boy, then you are in love.
Shak.”

Be•lime´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belimed .] To besmear or insnare with birdlime.

Be•lit´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belittled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belittling.] To make little or less in a moral sense; to speak of in a depreciatory or contemptuous way. T. Jefferson.

Be•live´ , adv. [Cf. Live, a.] Forthwith; speedily; quickly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Belk , v. t. [See Belch.] To vomit. [Obs.]

Bell , n. [AS. belle, fr. bellan to bellow. See Bellow.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel, usually shaped somewhat like a cup with a flaring mouth, containing a clapper or tongue, and giving forth a ringing sound on being struck. Bells have been made of various metals, but the best have always been, as now, of an alloy of copper and tin. The Liberty Bell, the famous bell of the Philadelphia State House, which rang when the Continental Congress declared the Independence of the United States, in 1776. It had been cast in 1753, and upon it were the words ´Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof.´ 2. A hollow perforated sphere of metal containing a loose ball which causes it to sound when moved. 3. Anything in the form of a bell, as the cup or corol of a flower. ´In a cowslip’s bell I lie.´ Shak. 4. (Arch.) That part of the capital of a column included between the abacus and neck molding; also used for the naked core of nearly cylindrical shape, assumed to exist within the leafage of a capital. 5. pl. (Naut.) The strikes of the bell which mark the time; or the time so designated. On shipboard, time is marked by a bell, which is struck eight times at 4, 8, and 12 o’clock. Half an hour after it has struck ´eight bells´ it is struck once, and at every succeeding half hour the number of strokes is increased by one, till at the end of the four hours, which constitute a watch, it is struck eight times. To bear away the bell, to win the prize at a race where the prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. Fuller. — To bear the bell, to be the first or leader; — in allusion to the bellwether or a flock, or the leading animal of a team or drove, when wearing a bell. — To curse by bell, book, and candle, a solemn form of excommunication used in the Roman Catholic church, the bell being tolled, the book of offices for the purpose being used, and three candles being extinguished with certain ceremonies. Nares. — To lose the bell, to be worsted in a contest. ´In single fight he lost the bell.´ Fairfax. — To shake the bells, to move, give notice, or alarm. Shak. Bell is much used adjectively or in combinations; as bell clapper; bell foundry; bell hanger; bell- mouthed; bell tower, etc., which, for the most part, are self- explaining. Bell arch (Arch.), an arch of unusual form, following the curve of an ogee. — Bell cage, or Bell carriage (Arch.), a timber frame constructed to carry one or more large bells. — Bell cot (Arch.), a small or subsidiary construction, frequently corbeled out from the walls of a structure, and used to contain and support one or more bells. — Bell deck (Arch.), the floor of a belfry made to serve as a roof to the rooms below. — Bell founder, one whose occupation it is to found or cast bells. — Bell foundry, or Bell foundery, a place where bells are founded or cast. — Bell gable (Arch.), a small gable-shaped construction, pierced with one or more openings, and used to contain bells. — Bell glass. See Bell jar. — Bell hanger, a man who hangs or puts up bells. — Bell pull, a cord, handle, or knob, connecting with a bell or bell wire, and which will ring the bell when pulled. Aytoun. — Bell punch, a kind of conductor’s punch which rings a bell when used. — Bell ringer, one who rings a bell or bells, esp. one whose business it is to ring a church bell or chime, or a set of musical bells for public entertainment. — Bell roof (Arch.), a roof shaped according to the general lines of a bell. — Bell rope, a rope by which a church or other bell is rung. — Bell tent, a circular conical-topped tent. — Bell trap, a kind of bell shaped stench trap.

Bell , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belling.] To put a bell upon; as to bell the cat. 2. To make bell-mouthed; as to bell a tube.

Bell, v. i. To develop bells or corollas; to take the form of a bell; to blossom; as hops bell.

Bell, v. t. [AS. bellan. See Bellow.] To utter by bellowing. [Obs.]

Bell, v. i. To call or bellow, as the deer in rutting time; to make a bellowing sound; to roar. “As loud as belleth wind in hell.
Chaucer.” “The wild buck bells from ferny brake.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bel•la•don´na , n. [It., literally fine lady; bella beautiful + donna lady.] (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents. Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains. Called also deadly nightshade. (b) A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily.

Bell´ an•i•mal´cule . (Zoöl.) An infusorian of the family Vorticellidae, common in fresh-water ponds.

Bell´ bear•er . (Zoöl.) A Brazilian leaf hopper (Bocydium tintinnabuliferum), remarkable for the four bell- shaped appendages of its thorax.

Bell´bird , n. [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American bird of the genus Casmarhincos, and family Cotingidae, of several species; the campanero. (b) The Myzantha melanophrys of Australia.

Bell´ crank . A lever whose two arms form a right angle, or nearly a right angle, having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle. It is used in bell pulls and in changing the direction of bell wires at angles of rooms, etc., and also in machinery.

Belle (bel), n. [F. belle, fem. of bel, beau, beautiful, fine. See Beau.] A young lady of superior beauty and attractions; a handsome lady, or one who attracts notice in society; a fair lady.

Belled (beld), a. Hung with a bell or bells.

Belle-let´trist , n. One versed in belles-lettres.

Bel•ler´o•phon , n. (Paleon.) A genus of fossil univalve shells, believed to belong to the Heteropoda, peculiar to the Paleozoic age.

Belles-let´tres , n. pl. [F.] Polite or elegant literature; the humanities; — used somewhat vaguely for literary works in which imagination and taste are predominant. { Bel•le•tris´tic , Bel•le•tris´tic•al } a. Occupied with, or pertaining to, belles- lettres. ´An unlearned, belletristic trifler.´ M. Arnold.

Bell´-faced , a. Having the striking surface convex; — said of hammers.

Bell´flow•er , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Campanula; — so named from its bell-shaped flowers.

Bell´flow•er, n. [F. bellefleur, lit., beautiful flower.] A kind of apple. The yellow bellflower is a large, yellow winter apple. [Written also bellefleur.]

Bel´li•bone , n. [F. belle et bonne, beautiful and good.] A woman excelling both in beauty and goodness; a fair maid. [Obs.] Spenser. { Bel´lic , Bel´li•cal } a. [L. bellicus. See Bellicose.] Of or pertaining to war; warlike; martial. [Obs.] ´Bellic Caesar.´ Feltham.

Bel´li•cose , a. [L. bellicosus, fr. bellicus of war, fr. bellum war. See Duel.] Inclined to war or contention; warlike; pugnacious. “Arnold was in fact, in a bellicose vein.
W. Irving.”

Bel´li•cose•ly, adv. In a bellicose manner.

Bel´li•cous , a. Bellicose. [Obs.]

Bel´lied , a. Having (such) a belly; puffed out; — used in composition; as pot-bellied; shad- bellied. { Bel•lig´er•ence , Bel•lig´er•en•cy } n. The quality of being belligerent; act or state of making war; warfare.

Bel•lig´er•ent , a. [L. bellum war + gerens, -entis, waging, p. pr. of gerere to wage: cf. F. belligerant. See Bellicose, Jest.] 1. Waging war; carrying on war. ´Belligerent powers.´ E. Everett. 2. Pertaining, or tending, to war; of or relating to belligerents; as a belligerent tone; belligerent rights.

Bel•lig´er•ent, n. A nation or state recognized as carrying on war; a person engaged in warfare.

Bel•lig´er•ent•ly, adv. In a belligerent manner; hostilely.

Bell´ing , n. [From Bell to bellow.] A bellowing, as of a deer in rutting time. Johnson.

Bel•lip´o•tent , a. [L. bellipotens; bellum war + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Mighty in war; armipotent. [R.] Blount.

Bell´ jar . (Phys.) A glass vessel, varying in size, open at the bottom and closed at the top like a bell, and having a knob or handle at the top for lifting it. It is used for a great variety of purposes; as with the air pump, and for holding gases, also for keeping the dust from articles exposed to view.

Bell´man , n. A man who rings a bell, especially to give notice of anything in the streets. Formerly, also a night watchman who called the hours. Milton.

Bell´ met•al . A hard alloy or bronze, consisting usually of about three parts of copper to one of tin; — used for making bells. Bell metal ore, a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron; the mineral stannite.

Bell´-mouthed , a. Expanding at the mouth; as a bell-mouthed gun. Byron.

Bel´lon , n. Lead colic.

Bel•lo´na , n. [L., from bellum war.] (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of war.

Bel´low , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bellowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellowing.] [OE. belwen, belowen, AS. bylgean, fr. bellan; akin to G. bellen, and perh. to L. flere to weep, OSlav. bleja to bleat, Lith. balsas voice. Cf. Bell, n. & v., Bawl, Bull.] 1. To make a hollow, loud noise, as an enraged bull. 2. To bowl; to vociferate; to clamor. Dryden. 3. To roar; as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when violent; to make a loud, hollow, continued sound. “The bellowing voice of boiling seas.
Dryden.”

Bel´low, v. t. To emit with a loud voice; to shout; — used with out. ´Would bellow out a laugh.´ Dryden.

Bel´low, n. A loud resounding outcry or noise, as of an enraged bull; a roar.

Bel´low•er , n. One who, or that which, bellows.

Bel´lows , n. sing. & pl. [OE. bely, below, belly, bellows, AS. baelg, baelig, bag, bellows, belly. Bellows is prop. a pl. and the orig. sense is bag. See Belly.] An instrument, utensil, or machine, which, by alternate expansion and contraction, or by rise and fall of the top, draws in air through a valve and expels it through a tube for various purposes, as blowing fires, ventilating mines, or filling the pipes of an organ with wind. Bellows camera, in photography, a form of camera, which can be drawn out like an accordion or bellows. — Hydrostatic bellows. See Hydrostatic. — A pair of bellows, the ordinary household instrument for blowing fires, consisting of two nearly heart-shaped boards with handles, connected by leather, and having a valve and tube.

Bel´lows fish . (Zoöl.) A European fish (Centriscus scolopax), distinguished by a long tubular snout, like the pipe of a bellows; — called also trumpet fish, and snipe fish.

Bell´ pep•per . (Bot.) A species of Capsicum, or Guinea pepper (C. annuum). It is the red pepper of the gardens.

Bell´-shaped (-shapt•), a. Having the shape of a wide-mouthed bell; campanulate.

Bel´lu•ine , a. [L. belluinus, fr. bellua beast.] Pertaining to, or like, a beast; brutal. [R.] “Animal and belluine life.
Atterbury.”

Bell´weth•er , n. 1. A wether, or sheep, which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck. 2. Hence: A leader. [Contemptuous] Swift.

Bell´wort´ , n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Uvularia) with yellowish bell-shaped flowers.

Bel´ly (bel´ly), n.; pl. Bellies (-liz). [OE. bali, bely, AS. belg, baelg, baelig, bag, bellows, belly; akin to Icel. belgr bag, bellows, Sw. bälg, Dan. baelg, D. & G. balg, cf. W. bol the paunch or belly, dim. boly, Ir. bolg. Cf. Bellows, Follicle, Fool, Bilge.] 1. That part of the human body which extends downward from the breast to the thighs, and contains the bowels, or intestines; the abdomen. Formerly all the splanchnic or visceral cavities were called bellies; — the lower belly being the abdomen; the middle belly, the thorax; and the upper belly, the head. Dunglison. 2. The under part of the body of animals, corresponding to the human belly. “Underneath the belly of their steeds.
Shak.” 3. The womb. [Obs.] “Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee.
Jer. i. 5.” 4. The part of anything which resembles the human belly in protuberance or in cavity; the innermost part; as the belly of a flask, muscle, sail, ship. “Out of the belly of hell cried I.
Jonah ii. 2.” 5. (Arch.) The hollow part of a curved or bent timber, the convex part of which is the back. Belly doublet, a doublet of the 16th century, hanging down so as to cover the belly. Shak. — Belly fretting, the chafing of a horse’s belly with a girth. Johnson. — Belly timber, food. [Ludicrous] Prior. — Belly worm, a worm that breeds or lives in the belly (stomach or intestines). Johnson.

Bel´ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bellied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellying.] To cause to swell out; to fill. [R.] “Your breath of full consent bellied his sails.
Shak.”

Bel´ly, v. i. To swell and become protuberant, like the belly; to bulge. “The bellying canvas strutted with the gale.
Dryden.”

Bel´ly•ache , n. Pain in the bowels; colic.

Bel´ly•band , n. 1. A band that passes under the belly of a horse and holds the saddle or harness in place; a girth. 2. A band of flannel or other cloth about the belly. 3. (Naut.) A band of canvas to strengthen a sail.

Bel´ly•bound , a. Costive; constipated.

Bel´ly•cheat , n. An apron or covering for the front of the person. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Bel´ly•cheer , n. [Perh. from F. belle chère.] Good cheer; viands. [Obs.] ´Bellycheer and banquets.´ Rowlands. ´Loaves and bellycheer.´ Milton.

Bel´ly•cheer, v. i. To revel; to feast. [Obs.] “A pack of clergymen [assembled] by themselves to bellycheer in their presumptuous Sion.
Milton.”

Bel´ly•ful , n. As much as satisfies the appetite. Hence: A great abundance; more than enough. Lloyd. “King James told his son that he would have his bellyful of parliamentary impeachments.
Johnson.”

Bel´ly-god , n. One whose great pleasure it is to gratify his appetite; a glutton; an epicure.

Bel´ly-pinched , a. Pinched with hunger; starved. ´The belly-pinched wolf.´ Shak.

Be•lock´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belocked .] [Pref. be- + lock: cf. AS. belcan.] To lock, or fasten as with a lock. [Obs.] Shak.

Bel´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ; arrow + a diviner: cf. F. belomancie.] A kind of divination anciently practiced by means of marked arrows drawn at random from a bag or quiver, the marks on the arrows drawn being supposed to foreshow the future. Encyc. Brit.

Be•long´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Belonged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belonging.] [OE. belongen (akin to D. belangen to concern, G. belangen to attain to, to concern); pref. be- + longen to desire. See Long, v. i.] [Usually construed with to.] 1. To be the property of; as Jamaica belongs to Great Britain. 2. To be a part of, or connected with; to be appendant or related; to owe allegiance or service. “A desert place belonging to … Bethsaids.
Luke ix. 10.” “The mighty men which belonged to David.
1 Kings i. 8.” 3. To be the concern or proper business or function of; to appertain to. ´Do not interpretations belong to God ?´ Gen. xl. 8. 4. To be suitable for; to be due to. “Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age.
Heb. v. 14.” “No blame belongs to thee.
Shak.” 5. To be native to, or an inhabitant of; esp. to have a legal residence, settlement, or inhabitancy, whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be entitled to maintenance by the parish or town. “Bastards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers belong.
Blackstone.”

Be•long´ , v. t. To be deserved by. [Obs.] “More evils belong us than happen to us.
B. Jonson.”

Be•long´ing, n. [Commonly in the pl.] 1. That which belongs to one; that which pertains to one; hence, goods or effects. ´Thyself and thy belongings.´ Shak. 2. That which is connected with a principal or greater thing; an appendage; an appurtenance. 3. Family; relations; household. [Colloq.] “Few persons of her ladyship’s belongings stopped, before they did her bidding, to ask her reasons.
Thackeray.”

Bel´o•nite , n. [Gr. a needle.] (Min.) Minute acicular or dendritic crystalline forms sometimes observed in glassy volcanic rocks. { Bel•oo´che Bel•oo´chee } , a. Of or pertaining to Beloochistan, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Beloochistan.

Be•lord´ , v. t. 1. To act the lord over. 2. To address by the title of ´lord´.

Be•love´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beloved .] [OE. bilufien. See pref. Be- , and Love, v. t.] To love. [Obs.] Wodroephe.

Be•loved´ , p. p. & a. Greatly loved; dear to the heart. “Antony, so well beloved of Caesar.
Shak.” “This is my beloved Son.
Matt. iii. 17.”

Be•lov´ed , n. One greatly loved. “My beloved is mine, and I am his.
Cant. ii. 16.”

Be•low´ , prep. [Pref. be- by + low.] 1. Under, or lower in place; beneath not so high; as below the moon; below the knee. Shak. 2. Inferior to in rank, excellence, dignity, value, amount, price, etc.; lower in quality. ´One degree below kings.´ Addison. 3. Unworthy of; unbefitting; beneath. “They beheld, with a just loathing and disdain, … how below all history the persons and their actions were.
Milton.” “Who thinks no fact below his regard.
Hallam.” Syn. — Underneath; under; beneath.

Be•low´, adv. 1. In a lower place, with respect to any object; in a lower room; beneath. “Lord Marmion waits below.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. “The fairest child of Jove below.
Prior.” 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. “What business brought him to the realms below.
Dryden.” 4. In court or tribunal of inferior jurisdiction; as at the trial below. Wheaton. 5. In some part or page following.

Be•lowt´ , v. t. To treat as a lout; to talk abusively to. [Obs.] Camden.

Bel´sire , n. [Pref. bel- + sire. Cf. Beldam.] A grandfather, or ancestor. ´His great belsire Brute.´ [Obs.] Drayton.

Bel´swag•ger , n. [Contr. from bellyswagger.] A lewd man; also a bully. [Obs.] Dryden.

Belt (belt), n. [AS. belt; akin to Icel. belti, Sw. bälte, Dan. baelte, OHG. balz, L. balteus, Ir. & Gael. balt border, belt.] 1. That which engirdles a person or thing; a band or girdle; as a lady’s belt; a sword belt. “The shining belt with gold inlaid.
Dryden.” 2. That which restrains or confines as a girdle. “He cannot buckle his distempered cause
Within the belt of rule.
Shak.” 3. Anything that resembles a belt, or that encircles or crosses like a belt; a strip or stripe; as a belt of trees; a belt of sand. 4. (Arch.) Same as Band, n., 2. A very broad band is more properly termed a belt. 5. (Astron.) One of certain girdles or zones on the surface of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, supposed to be of the nature of clouds. 6. (Geog.) A narrow passage or strait; as the Great Belt and the Lesser Belt, leading to the Baltic Sea. 7. (Her.) A token or badge of knightly rank. 8. (Mech.) A band of leather, or other flexible substance, passing around two wheels, and communicating motion from one to the other. [See Illust. of Pulley.] 9. (Nat. Hist.) A band or stripe, as of color, round any organ; or any circular ridge or series of ridges. Belt lacing, thongs used for lacing together the ends of machine belting.

Belt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belted; p. pr. & vb. n. Belting.] To encircle with, or as with, a belt; to encompass; to surround. “A coarse black robe belted round the waist.
C. Reade.” “They belt him round with hearts undaunted.
Wordsworth.” 2. To shear, as the buttocks and tails of sheep. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bel´tane , n. [Gael. bealltainn, bealltuinn.] 1. The first day of May (Old Style). “The quarter-days anciently in Scotland were Hallowmas Candlemas Beltane, and Lammas.
New English Dict.” 2. A festival of the heathen Celts on the first day of May, in the observance of which great bonfires were kindled. It still exists in a modified form in some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

Belt´ed , a. 1. Encircled by, or secured with, a belt; as a belted plaid; girt with a belt, as an honorary distinction; as a belted knight; a belted earl. 2. Marked with a band or circle; as a belted stalk. 3. Worn in, or suspended from, the belt. “Three men with belted brands.
Sir W. Scott.” Belted cattle, cattle originally from Dutch stock, having a broad band of white round the middle, while the rest of the body is black; — called also blanketed cattle. { Bel´tein , Bel´tin } , n. See Beltane.

Belt´ing , n. The material of which belts for machinery are made; also belts, taken collectively.

Be•lu´ga (be•lu´ga), n. [Russ. bieluga a sort of large sturgeon, prop. white fish, fr. bieluii white.] (Zoöl.) A cetacean allied to the dolphins. The northern beluga (Delphinapterus catodon) is the white whale and white fish of the whalers. It grows to be from twelve to eighteen feet long.

Be•lute´ (be•lut´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Beluting.] [Pref. be- + L. lutum mud.] To bespatter, as with mud. [R.] Sterne.

Bel•ve•dere´ , n. [It., fr. bello, bel, beautiful + vedere to see.] (Arch.) A small building, or a part of a building, more or less open, constructed in a place commanding a fine prospect.

Bel´ze•buth , n. [From Beelzebub.] (Zoöl.) A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Brazil.

Be´ma , n. [Gr. step, platform.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A platform from which speakers addressed an assembly. Mitford. 2. (Arch.) (a) That part of an early Christian church which was reserved for the higher clergy; the inner or eastern part of the chancel. (b) Erroneously: A pulpit.

Be•mad´ , v. t. To make mad. [Obs.] Fuller.

Be•man´gle , v. t. To mangle; to tear asunder. [R.] Beaumont.

Be•mask´ , v. t. To mask; to conceal.

Be•mas´ter , v. t. To master thoroughly.

Be•maul´ , v. t. To maul or beat severely; to bruise. ´In order to bemaul Yorick.´ Sterne.

Be•maze , v. t. [OE. bimasen; pref. be- + masen to maze.] To bewilder. “Intellects bemazed in endless doubt.
Cowper.”

Be•mean´ , v. t. To make mean; to lower. C. Reade.

Be•meet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemet ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemeeting.] To meet. [Obs.] “Our very loving sister, well bemet.
Shak.”

Be•mete´ , v. t. To mete. [Obs.] Shak.

Be•min´gle , v. t. To mingle; to mix.

Be•mire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemiring.] To drag through, encumber with, or fix in, the mire; to soil by passing through mud or dirt. “Bemired and benighted in the dog.
Burke.”

Be•mist´ , v. t. To envelop in mist. [Obs.]

Be•moan´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemoaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemoaning.] [OE. bimenen, AS. bemnan; pref. be- + mnan to moan. See Moan.] To express deep grief for by moaning; to express sorrow for; to lament; to bewail; to pity or sympathize with. “Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans.
Dryden.” Syn. — See Deplore.

Be•moan´er , n. One who bemoans.

Be•mock´ , v. t. To mock; to ridicule. “Bemock the modest moon.
Shak.”

Be•moil´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + moil, fr. F. mouiller to wet; but cf. also OE. bimolen to soil, fr. AS. mal spot: cf. E. mole.] To soil or encumber with mire and dirt. [Obs.] Shak.

Be´mol (be´mol), n. [F. bemol, fr. be &flat; + mol soft.] (Mus.) The sign &flat;; the same as B flat. [Obs.]

Be•mon´ster , v. t. To make monstrous or like a monster. [Obs.] Shak.

Be•mourn´ , v. t. To mourn over. Wyclif.

Be•mud´dle , v. t. To muddle; to stupefy or bewilder; to confuse.

Be•muf´fle , v. t. To cover as with a muffler; to wrap up. “Bemuffled with the externals of religion.
Sterne.”

Be•muse´ , v. t. To muddle, daze, or partially stupefy, as with liquor. “A parson much bemused in beer.
Pope.” { Ben , Ben´ nut• } . [Ar. ban, name of the tree.] (Bot.) The seed of one or more species of moringa; as oil of ben. See Moringa.

Ben, adv. & prep. [AS. binnan; pref. be- by + innan within, in in.] Within; in; in or into the interior; toward the inner apartment. [Scot.]

Ben, n. [See Ben, adv.] The inner or principal room in a hut or house of two rooms; — opposed to but, the outer apartment. [Scot.]

Ben. An old form of the pl. indic. pr. of Be. [Obs.]

Be•name´ , v. t. [p. p. Benamed, Benempt.] To promise; to name. [Obs.]

Bench , n.; pl. Benches . [OE. bench, benk, AS. benc; akin to Sw. bänk, Dan baenk, Icel. bekkr, OS., D., & G. bank. Cf. Bank, Beach.] 1. A long seat, differing from a stool in its greater length. “Mossy benches supplied the place of chairs.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A long table at which mechanics and other work; as a carpenter’s bench. 3. The seat where judges sit in court. “To pluck down justice from your awful bench.
Shak.” 4. The persons who sit as judges; the court; as the opinion of the full bench. See King’s Bench. 5. A collection or group of dogs exhibited to the public; — so named because the animals are usually placed on benches or raised platforms. 6. A conformation like a bench; a long stretch of flat ground, or a kind of natural terrace, near a lake or river. Bench mark (Leveling), one of a number of marks along a line of survey, affixed to permanent objects, to show where leveling staffs were placed. — Bench of bishops, the whole body of English prelates assembled in council. — Bench plane, any plane used by carpenters and joiners for working a flat surface, as jack planes, long planes. — Bench show, an exhibition of dogs. — Bench table (Arch.), a projecting course at the base of a building, or round a pillar, sufficient to form a seat.

Bench , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Benching.] 1. To furnish with benches. “’T was benched with turf.
Dryden.” “Stately theaters benched crescentwise.
Tennyson.” 2. To place on a bench or seat of honor. “Whom I … have benched and reared to worship.
Shak.”

Bench, v. i. To sit on a seat of justice. [R.] Shak.

Bench´er , n. 1. (Eng. Law) One of the senior and governing members of an Inn of Court. 2. An alderman of a corporation. [Eng.] Ashmole. 3. A member of a court or council. [Obs.] Shak. 4. One who frequents the benches of a tavern; an idler. [Obs.]

Bench´ war•rant . (Law) A process issued by a presiding judge or by a court against a person guilty of some contempt, or indicted for some crime; — so called in distinction from a justice’s warrant.

Bend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bended or Bent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bending.] [AS. bendan to bend, fr. bend a band, bond, fr. bindan to bind. See Bind, v. t., and cf. 3d & 4th Bend.] 1. To strain or move out of a straight line; to crook by straining; to make crooked; to curve; to make ready for use by drawing into a curve; as to bend a bow; to bend the knee. 2. To turn toward some certain point; to direct; to incline. ´Bend thine ear to supplication.´ Milton. “Towards Coventry bend we our course.
Shak.” “Bending her eyes … upon her parent.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. To apply closely or with interest; to direct. “To bend his mind to any public business.
Temple.” “But when to mischief mortals bend their will.
Pope.” 4. To cause to yield; to render submissive; to subdue. ´Except she bend her humor.´ Shak. 5. (Naut.) To fasten, as one rope to another, or as a sail to its yard or stay; or as a cable to the ring of an anchor. Totten. To bend the brow, to knit the brow, as in deep thought or in anger; to scowl; to frown. Camden. Syn. — To lean; stoop; deflect; bow; yield.

Bend, v. i. 1. To be moved or strained out of a straight line; to crook or be curving; to bow. “The green earth’s end
Where the bowed welkin slow doth bend.
Milton.” 2. To jut over; to overhang. “There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
Looks fearfully in the confined deep.
Shak.” 3. To be inclined; to be directed. “To whom our vows and wished bend.
Milton.” 4. To bow in prayer, or in token of submission. “While each to his great Father bends.
Coleridge.”

Bend, n. [See Bend, v. t., and cf. Bent, n.] 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or from the proper direction or normal position; a curve; a crook; as a slight bend of the body; a bend in a road. 2. Turn; purpose; inclination; ends. [Obs.] “Farewell, poor swain; thou art not for my bend.
Fletcher.” 3. (Naut.) A knot by which one rope is fastened to another or to an anchor, spar, or post. Totten. 4. (Leather Trade) The best quality of sole leather; a butt. See Butt. 5. (Mining) Hard, indurated clay; bind. 6. pl. (Med.) same as caisson disease. Usually referred to as the bends. Bends of a ship, the thickest and strongest planks in her sides, more generally called wales. They have the beams, knees, and foothooks bolted to them. also the frames or ribs that form the ship’s body from the keel to the top of the sides; as the midship bend.

Bend, n. [AS. bend. See Band, and cf. the preceding noun.] 1. A band. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. [OF. bende, bande, F. bande. See Band.] (Her.) One of the honorable ordinaries, containing a third or a fifth part of the field. It crosses the field diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. Bend sinister (Her.), an honorable ordinary drawn from the sinister chief to the dexter base.

Bend´a•ble , a. Capable of being bent.

Bend´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, bends. 2. An instrument used for bending. 3. A drunken spree. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett. 4. A sixpence. [Slang, Eng.]

Bend´ing, n. The marking of the clothes with stripes or horizontal bands. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bend´let , n. [Bend + - let: cf. E. bandlet.] (Her.) A narrow bend, esp. one half the width of the bend.

Bend´wise , adv. (Her.) Diagonally.

Ben´dy , a. [From Bend a band.] (Her.) Divided into an even number of bends; — said of a shield or its charge. Cussans.

Ben´e , n. (Bot.) See Benne.

Be´ne , n. [AS. ben.] A prayer; boon. [Archaic] “What is good for a bootless bene ?
Wordsworth.” { Bene , Ben } , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A hoglike mammal of New Guinea (Porcula papuensis).

Be•neaped´ , a. (Naut.) See Neaped.

Be•neath´ , prep. [OE. benethe, bineoðen, AS. beneoðan, benyðan; pref. be- + neoðan, nyðan, downward, beneath, akin to E. nether. See Nether.] 1. Lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; hence, at the foot of. ´Beneath the mount.´ Ex. xxxii. 19. “Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies.
Pope.” 2. Under, in relation to something that is superior, or that oppresses or burdens. “Our country sinks beneath the yoke.
Shak.” 3. Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; as brutes are beneath man; man is beneath angels in the scale of beings. Hence: Unworthy of; unbecoming. “He will do nothing that is beneath his high station.
Atterbury.”

Be•neath´ , adv. 1. In a lower place; underneath. “The earth you take from beneath will be barren.
Mortimer.” 2. Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region or position; as in earth beneath.

Ben•e•dic´i•te , n. [L., (imperative pl.,) bless ye, praise ye.] A canticle (the Latin version of which begins with this word) which may be used in the order for morning prayer in the Church of England. It is taken from an apocryphal addition to the third chapter of Daniel.

Ben•e•dic´i•te, interj. [See Benedicite, n.] An exclamation corresponding to Bless you !. { Ben´e•dict , Ben´e•dick } n. [From Benedick, one of the characters in Shakespeare’s play of ´Much Ado about Nothing.´] A married man, or a man newly married.

Ben´e•dict, a. [L. benedictus, p. p. of benedicere to bless. See Benison, and cf. Bennet.] Having mild and salubrious qualities. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ben•e•dic´tine , a. Pertaining to the monks of St. Benedict, or St. Benet.

Ben•e•dic´tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a famous order of monks, established by St. Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century. This order was introduced into the United States in 1846. The Benedictines wear black clothing, and are sometimes called Black Monks. The name Black Frrs which belongs to the Dominicans, is also sometimes applied to the Benedictines.

Ben•e•dic´tion , n. [L. benedictio: cf. F. benediction. See Benison.] 1. The act of blessing. 2. A blessing; an expression of blessing, prayer, or kind wishes in favor of any person or thing; a solemn or affectionate invocation of happiness. “So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus
Followed with benediction.
Milton.” “Homeward serenely she walked with God’s benediction upon her.
Longfellow.” Specifically: The short prayer which closes public worship; as to give the benediction. 3. (Eccl.) The form of instituting an abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop. Ayliffe. 4. (R. C. Ch.) A solemn rite by which bells, banners, candles, etc., are blessed with holy water, and formally dedicated to God.

Ben•e•dic´tion•al , n. A book of benedictions.

Ben•e•dic´tion•a•ry , n. A collected series of benedictions. “The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold.
G. Gurton’s Needle.”

Ben•e•dic´tive , a. Tending to bless. Gauden.

Ben•e•dic´to•ry , a. Expressing wishes for good; as a benedictory prayer. Thackeray.

Ben•e•dic´tus , n. [L., blessed. See Benedict, a.] The song of Zacharias at the birth of John the Baptist (Luke i. 68); — so named from the first word of the Latin version.

Ben´e•dight , a. Blessed. [R.] Longfellow.

Ben•e•fac´tion , n. [L. benefactio, fr. benefacere to do good to one; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.] 1. The act of conferring a benefit. Johnson. 2. A benefit conferred; esp. a charitable donation. Syn. — Gift; present; gratuity; boon; alms.

Ben•e•fac´tor , n. [L.] One who confers a benefit or benefits. Bacon.

Ben•e•fac´tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit. “His benefactress blushes at the deed.
Cowper.”

Be•nef´ic , a. [L. beneficus. See Benefice.] Favorable; beneficent. Milton.

Ben´e•fice , n. [F. benefice, L. beneficium, a kindness , in LL. a grant of an estate, fr. L. beneficus beneficent; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.] 1. A favor or benefit. [Obs.] Baxter. 2. (Feudal Law) An estate in lands; a fief. Such an estate was granted at first for life only, and held on the mere good pleasure of the donor; but afterward, becoming hereditary, it received the appellation of fief, and the term benefice became appropriated to church livings. 3. An ecclesiastical living and church preferment, as in the Church of England; a church endowed with a revenue for the maintenance of divine service. See Advowson. All church preferments are called benefices, except bishoprics, which are called dignities. But, ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebendaryships; benefice to parsonages, vicarages, and donatives.

Ben´e•fice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beneficed.] To endow with a benefice. [Commonly in the past participle.]

Ben´e•ficed , a. Possessed of a benefice or church preferment. ´Beneficed clergymen.´ Burke.

Ben´e•fice•less , a. Having no benefice. ´Beneficeless precisians.´ Sheldon.

Be•nef´i•cence , n. [L. beneficentia, fr. beneficus: cf. F. beneficence. See Benefice.] The practice of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity; bounty springing from purity and goodness. “And whose beneficence no charge exhausts.
Cowper.” Syn. — See Benevolence.

Be•nef•i•cent , a. Doing or producing good; performing acts of kindness and charity; characterized by beneficence. “The beneficent fruits of Christianity.
Prescott.” Syn. — See Benevolent.

Be•nef•i•cen´tial , a. Relating to beneficence.

Be•nef´i•cent•ly (be•nef´i•sent•ly), adv. In a beneficent manner; with beneficence.

Ben•e•fi´cial , a. [Cf. F. beneficial, LL. beneficialis.] 1. Conferring benefits; useful; profitable; helpful; advantageous; serviceable; contributing to a valuable end; — followed by to. “The war which would have been most beneficial to us.
Swift.” 2. (Law) Receiving, or entitled to have or receive, advantage, use, or benefit; as the beneficial owner of an estate. Kent. 3. King. [Obs.] ´A beneficial foe.´ B. Jonson. Syn. — See Advantage.

Ben•e•fi´cial•ly, adv. In a beneficial or advantageous manner; profitably; helpfully.

Ben•e•fi´cial•ness, n. The quality of being beneficial; profitableness.

Ben•e•fi´ci•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. beneficiaire, LL. beneficiarius.] 1. Holding some office or valuable possession, in subordination to another; holding under a feudal or other superior; having a dependent and secondary possession. “A feudatory or beneficiary king of England.
Bacon.” 2. Bestowed as a gratuity; as beneficiary gifts.

Ben•e•fi´ci•a•ry, n.; pl. Beneficiaries . 1. A feudatory or vassal; hence, one who holds a benefice and uses its proceeds. Ayliffe. 2. One who receives anything as a gift; one who receives a benefit or advantage; esp. one who receives help or income from an educational fund or a trust estate. “The rich men will be offering sacrifice to their Deity whose beneficiaries they are.
Jer. Taylor.”

Ben•e•fi´ci•ate , v. t. [Sp. beneficiar to benefit, to work mines.] (Mining) To reduce (ores). — Ben•e•fi•ci•a´tion , n.

Ben•e•fi´cient , a. Beneficent. [Obs.]

Ben´e•fit , n. [OE. benefet, benfeet, bienfet, F. bienfait, fr. L. benefactum; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + factum, p. p. of facere to do. See Bounty, and Fact.] 1. An act of kindness; a favor conferred. “Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.
Ps. ciii. 2.” 2. Whatever promotes prosperity and personal happiness, or adds value to property; advantage; profit. “Men have no right to what is not for their benefit.
Burke.” 3. A theatrical performance, a concert, or the like, the proceeds of which do not go to the lessee of the theater or to the company, but to some individual actor, or to some charitable use. 4. Beneficence; liberality. [Obs.] Webster (1623). 5. pl. Natural advantages; endowments; accomplishments. [R.] ´The benefits of your own country.´ Shak. Benefit of clergy. (Law) See under Clergy. Syn. — Profit; service; use; avail. See Advantage.

Ben´e•fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benefited; p. pr. & vb. n. Benefitting.] To be beneficial to; to do good to; to advantage; to advance in health or prosperity; to be useful to; to profit. “I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them.
Jer. xviii. 10.”

Ben´e•fit, v. i. To gain advantage; to make improvement; to profit; as he will benefit by the change.

Ben´e•fit•er , n. One who confers a benefit; — also one who receives a benefit.

Be•neme´ , v. t. [AS. benman. Cf. Benim.] To deprive (of), or take away (from). [Obs.]

Be•nempt´ , p. p. of Bename. 1. Promised; vowed. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Named; styled. [Archaic] Sir W. Scott.

Be•ne plac´i•to (be•ne plas´i•to; It. ba•na plä´che•to). [It. beneplacito pleasure, fr. L. bene well + placitus pleasing.] 1. At or during pleasure. “For our English judges there never was … any bene placito as their tenure.
F. Harrison.” 2. (Mus.) At pleasure; ad libitum.

Be•net´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benetted.] To catch in a net; to insnare. Shak.

Be•nev´o•lence , n. [OF. benevolence, L. benevolentia. See Benevolent.] 1. The disposition to do good; good will; charitableness; love of mankind, accompanied with a desire to promote their happiness. “The wakeful benevolence of the gospel.
Chalmers.” 2. An act of kindness; good done; charity given. 3. A species of compulsory contribution or tax, which has sometimes been illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England, and falsely represented as a gratuity. Syn. — Benevolence, Beneficence, Munificence. Benevolence marks a disposition made up of a choice and desire for the happiness of others. Beneficence marks the working of this disposition in dispensing good on a somewhat broad scale. Munificence shows the same disposition, but acting on a still broader scale, in conferring gifts and favors. These are not necessarily confined to objects of immediate utility. One may show his munificence in presents of pictures or jewelry, but this would not be beneficence. Benevolence of heart; beneficence of life; munificence in the encouragement of letters.

Be•nev´o•lent , a. [L. benevolens, -entis; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + volens, p. pr. of volo I will, I wish. See Bounty, and Voluntary.] Having a disposition to do good; possessing or manifesting love to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; disposed to give to good objects; kind; charitable. — Be•nev´o•lent•ly, adv. Syn. — Benevolent, Beneficent. Etymologically considered, benevolent implies wishing well to others, and beneficent, doing well. But by degrees the word benevolent has been widened to include not only feelings, but actions; thus, we speak of benevolent operations, benevolent labors for the public good, benevolent societies. In like manner, beneficent is now often applied to feelings; thus, we speak of the beneficent intentions of a donor. This extension of the terms enables us to mark nicer shades of meaning. Thus, the phrase ´benevolent labors´ turns attention to the source of these labors, viz., benevolent feeling; while beneficent would simply mark them as productive of good. So, ´beneficent intentions´ point to the feelings of the donor as bent upon some specific good act; while ´benevolent intentions´ would only denote a general wish and design to do good.

Be•nev´o•lous , a. [L. benevolus.] Kind; benevolent. [Obs.] T. Puller.

Ben•gal´ , n. 1. A province in India, giving its name to various stuffs, animals, etc. 2. A thin stuff, made of silk and hair, originally brought from Bengal. 3. Striped gingham, originally brought from Bengal; Bengal stripes. Bengal light, a firework containing niter, sulphur, and antimony, and producing a sustained and vivid colored light, used in making signals and in pyrotechnics; — called also blue light. — Bengal stripes, a kind of cotton cloth woven with colored stripes. See Bengal, 3. — Bengal tiger. (Zoöl.). See Tiger. { Ben•gal´ee , Ben•gal´i } , n. The language spoken in Bengal.

Ben•gal•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Bengal. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bengal.

Ben•go´la , n. A Bengal light.

Be•night´ (be•nit´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Benighting.] 1. To involve in darkness; to shroud with the shades of night; to obscure. [Archaic] “The clouds benight the sky.
Garth.” 2. To overtake with night or darkness, especially before the end of a day’s journey or task. “Some virgin, sure, … benighted in these woods.
Milton.” 3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance; to debar from intellectual light. “Shall we to men benighted
The lamp of life deny ?
Heber.”

Be•night´ment , n. The condition of being benighted.

Be•nign´ , a. [OE. benigne, bening, OF. benigne, F. benin, fem. benigne, fr. L. benignus, contr. from benigenus; bonus good + root of genus kind. See Bounty, and Genus.] 1. Of a kind or gentle disposition; gracious; generous; favorable; benignant. “Creator bounteous and benign.
Milton.” 2. Exhibiting or manifesting kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; mild; kindly; salutary; wholesome. “Kind influences and benign aspects.
South.” 3. Of a mild type or character; as a benign disease. Syn. — Kind; propitious; bland; genial; salubrious; favorable salutary; gracious; liberal.

Be•nig´nan•cy , n. Benignant quality; kindliness.

Be•nig´nant , a. [LL. benignans, p. pr. of benignare, from L. benignus. See Benign.] Kind; gracious; favorable. — Be•nig´nant•ly, adv.

Be•nig´ni•ty , n. [OE. benignite, F. benignite, OF. benignete, fr. L. benignitas. See Benign.] 1. The quality of being benign; goodness; kindness; graciousness. ´Benignity of aspect.´ Sir W. Scott. 2. Mildness; gentleness. “The benignity or inclemency of the season.
Spectator.” 3. Salubrity; wholesome quality. Wiseman.

Be•nign´ly , adv. In a benign manner.

Be•nim´ , v. t. [AS. beniman. See Benumb, and cf. Nim.] To take away. [Obs.] “Ire … benimeth the man fro God.
Chaucer.”

Ben´i•son , n. [OE. beneysun, benesoun, OF. beneïun, beneïson, fr. L. benedictio, fr. benedicere to bless; bene (adv. of bonus good) + dicere to say. See Bounty, and Diction, and cf. Benediction.] Blessing; beatitude; benediction. Shak. “More precious than the benison of friends.
Talfourd.”

Be•ni´tier , n. [F., fr. benir to bless.] (R. C. Ch.) A holy-water stoup. Shipley.

Ben´ja•min , n. [Corrupted from benzoin.] See Benzoin.

Ben´ja•min, n. A kind of upper coat for men. [Colloq. Eng.]

Ben´ja•mite , n. A descendant of Benjamin; one of the tribe of Benjamin. Judg. iii. 15.

Ben´ne , n. [Malay bijen.] (Bot.) The name of two plants (Sesamum orientale and S. indicum), originally Asiatic; — also called oil plant. From their seeds an oil is expressed, called benne oil, used mostly for making soap. In the southern United States the seeds are used in candy.

Ben´net , n. [F. benoîte, fr. L. benedicta, fem. of benedictus, p. p., blessed. See Benedict, a.] (Bot.) The common yellow-flowered avens of Europe (Geum urbanum); herb bennet. The name is sometimes given to other plants, as the hemlock, valerian, etc.

Ben´shee , n. See Banshee.

Bent , imp. & p. p. of Bend.

Bent, a. & p. p. 1. Changed by pressure so as to be no longer straight; crooked; as a bent pin; a bent lever. 2. Strongly inclined toward something, so as to be resolved, determined, set, etc.; — said of the mind, character, disposition, desires, etc., and used with on; as to be bent on going to college; he is bent on mischief.

Bent, n. [See Bend, n. & v.] 1. The state of being curved, crooked, or inclined from a straight line; flexure; curvity; as the bent of a bow. [Obs.] Wilkins. 2. A declivity or slope, as of a hill. [R.] Dryden. 3. A leaning or bias; proclivity; tendency of mind; inclination; disposition; purpose; aim. Shak. “With a native bent did good pursue.
Dryden.” 4. Particular direction or tendency; flexion; course. “Bents and turns of the matter.
Locke.” 5. (Carp.) A transverse frame of a framed structure. 6. Tension; force of acting; energy; impetus. [Archaic] “The full bent and stress of the soul.
Norris.” Syn. — Predilection; turn. Bent, Bias, Inclination, Prepossession. These words agree in describing a permanent influence upon the mind which tends to decide its actions. Bent denotes a fixed tendency of the mind in a given direction. It is the widest of these terms, and applies to the will, the intellect, and the affections, taken conjointly; as the whole bent of his character was toward evil practices. Bias is literally a weight fixed on one side of a ball used in bowling, and causing it to swerve from a straight course. Used figuratively, bias applies particularly to the judgment, and denotes something which acts with a permanent force on the character through that faculty; as the bias of early education, early habits, etc. Inclination is an excited state of desire or appetency; as a strong inclination to the study of the law. Prepossession is a mingled state of feeling and opinion in respect to some person or subject, which has laid hold of and occupied the mind previous to inquiry. The word is commonly used in a good sense, an unfavorable impression of this kind being denominated a prejudice. ´Strong minds will be strongly bent, and usually labor under a strong bias; but there is no mind so weak and powerless as not to have its inclinations, and none so guarded as to be without its prepossessions.´ Crabb.

Bent , n. [AS. beonet; akin to OHG. pinuz, G. binse, rush, bent grass; of unknown origin.] 1. A reedlike grass; a stalk of stiff, coarse grass. “His spear a bent, both stiff and strong.
Drayton.” 2. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Agrostis, esp. Agrostis vulgaris, or redtop. The name is also used of many other grasses, esp. in America. 3. Any neglected field or broken ground; a common; a moor. [Obs.] Wright. “Bowmen bickered upon the bent.
Chevy Chase.”

Bent´ grass . (Bot.) Same as Bent, a kind of grass.

Ben´thal , a. [Gr. the depth of the sea.] Relating to the deepest zone or region of the ocean.

Ben•tham´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Bentham or Benthamism.

Ben´tham•ism , n. That phase of the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham; the doctrine that the morality of actions is estimated and determined by their utility; also the theory that the sensibility to pleasure and the recoil from pain are the only motives which influence human desires and actions, and that these are the sufficient explanation of ethical and jural conceptions.

Ben´tham•ite , n. One who believes in Benthamism.

Bent´ing time´ . The season when pigeons are said to feed on bents, before peas are ripe. “Bare benting times … may come.
Dryden.”

Bent´y , a. 1. A bounding in bents, or the stalks of coarse, stiff, withered grass; as benty fields. 2. Resembling bent. Holland.

Be•numb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benumbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Benumbing.] [OE. binomen, p. p. of binimen to take away, AS. beniman; pref. be + niman to take. See Numb, a., and cf. Benim.] To make torpid; to deprive of sensation or sensibility; to stupefy; as a hand or foot benumbed by cold. “The creeping death benumbed her senses first.
Dryden.”

Be•numbed´ , a. Made torpid; numbed; stupefied; deadened; as a benumbed body and mind. — Be•numbed´ness, n.

Be•numb´ment , n. Act of benumbing, or state of being benumbed; torpor. Kirby.

Ben´zal , n. [Benzoic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C_6H_5.CH, of the aromatic series, related to benzyl and benzoyl; — used adjectively or in combination.

Ben•zam´ide , n. [Benzoin + amide.] (Chem.) A transparent crystalline substance, C_6H_5.CO.NH_2, obtained by the action of ammonia upon chloride of benzoyl, as also by several other reactions with benzoyl compounds.

Ben´zene , n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) A volatile, very inflammable liquid, C_6H_6, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation. The name is sometimes applied also to the impure commercial product or benzole, and also but rarely, to a similar mixed product of petroleum. Benzene nucleus, Benzene ring (Chem.), a closed chain or ring, consisting of six carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom attached, regarded as the type from which the aromatic compounds are derived. This ring formula is provisionally accepted as representing the probable constitution of the benzene molecule, C_6H_6, and as the type on which its derivatives are formed.

Ben´zile , n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) A yellowish crystalline substance, C_6H_5.CO.CO.C_6H_5, formed from benzoin by the action of oxidizing agents, and consisting of a doubled benzoyl radical.

Ben´zine , n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) 1. A liquid consisting mainly of the lighter and more volatile hydrocarbons of petroleum or kerosene oil, used as a solvent and for cleansing soiled fabrics; — called also petroleum spirit, petroleum benzine. Varieties or similar products are gasoline, naphtha, rhigolene, ligroin, etc. 2. Same as Benzene. [R.] The hydrocarbons of benzine proper are essentially of the marsh gas series, while benzene proper is the typical hydrocarbon of the aromatic series.

Ben´zo•ate , n. [Cf. F. benzoate.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of benzoic acid with any salifiable base.

Ben•zo´ic (ben•zo´ik), a. [Cf. F. benzoïque.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, benzoin. Benzoic acid, or flowers of benzoin, a peculiar vegetable acid, C_6H_5.CO_2H, obtained from benzoin, and some other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is also found in the urine of infants and herbivorous animals. It crystallizes in the form of white, satiny flakes; its odor is aromatic; its taste is pungent, and somewhat acidulous. — Benzoic aldehyde, oil of bitter almonds; the aldehyde, C_6H_5.CHO, intermediate in composition between benzoic or benzyl alcohol, and benzoic acid. It is a thin colorless liquid.

Ben•zoin´ (ben•zoin´), n. [Cf. F. benjoin, Sp. benjui, Pg. beijoin; all fr. Ar. luban-jawi incense form Sumatra (named Java in Arabic), the first syllable being lost. Cf. Benjamin.] [Called also benjamin.] 1. A resinous substance, dry and brittle, obtained from the Styrax benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc., having a fragrant odor, and slightly aromatic taste. It is used in the preparation of benzoic acid, in medicine, and as a perfume. 2. A white crystalline substance, C_14H_12O_2, obtained from benzoic aldehyde and some other sources. 3. (Bot.) The spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Flowers of benzoin, benzoic acid. See under Benzoic.

Ben•zoin´a•ted , a. (Med.) Containing or impregnated with benzoin; as benzoinated lard. { Ben´zole Ben´zol } , n. [Benzoin + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An impure benzene, used in the arts as a solvent, and for various other purposes. See Benzene. It has great solvent powers, and is used by manufacturers of India rubber and gutta percha; also for cleaning soiled kid gloves, and for other purposes.

Ben´zo•line , n. (Chem.) (a) Same as Benzole. (b) Same as Amarine. [R.] Watts.

Ben´zoyl , n. [Benzoic + Gr. wood. See -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C_6H_5.CO; the base of benzoic acid, of the oil of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of compounds. [Formerly written also benzule.]

Ben´zyl , n. [Benzoic + - yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C_6H_5.CH_2, related to toluene and benzoic acid; — commonly used adjectively.

Be•paint´ , v. t. To paint; to cover or color with, or as with, paint. “Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek.
Shak.”

Be•pelt´ , v. t. To pelt roundly.

Be•pinch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepinched .] To pinch, or mark with pinches. Chapman.

Be•plas´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beplastered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beplastering.] To plaster over; to cover or smear thickly; to bedaub. “Beplastered with rouge.
Goldsmith.”

Be•plumed´ , a. Decked with feathers.

Be•pom´mel , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepommeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bepommeling.] To pommel; to beat, as with a stick; figuratively, to assail or criticise in conversation, or in writing. Thackeray.

Be•pow´der , v. t. To sprinkle or cover with powder; to powder.

Be•praise´ , v. t. To praise greatly or extravagantly. Goldsmith.

Be•prose´ , v. t. To reduce to prose. [R.] ´To beprose all rhyme.´ Mallet.

Be•puffed´ , a. Puffed; praised. Carlyle.

Be•pur´ple , v. t. To tinge or dye with a purple color.

Be•queath´ (be•kweth´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bequeathed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bequeathing.] [OE. biquethen, AS. becweðan to say, affirm, bequeath; pref. be- + cweðan to say, speak. See Quoth.] 1. To give or leave by will; to give by testament; — said especially of personal property. “My heritage, which my dead father did bequeath to me.
Shak.” 2. To hand down; to transmit. “To bequeath posterity somewhat to remember it.
Glanvill.” 3. To give; to offer; to commit. [Obs.] “To whom, with all submission, on my knee
I do bequeath my faithful services
And true subjection everlastingly.
Shak.” Syn. — To Bequeath, Devise. Both these words denote the giving or disposing of property by will. Devise, in legal usage, is property used to denote a gift by will of real property, and he to whom it is given is called the devisee. Bequeath is properly applied to a gift by will or legacy; i. e., of personal property; the gift is called a legacy, and he who receives it is called a legatee. In popular usage the word bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise; and it is sometimes so construed by courts.

Be•queath´a•ble , a. Capable of being bequeathed.

Be•queath´al , n. The act of bequeathing; bequeathment; bequest. Fuller.

Be•queath´ment , n. The act of bequeathing, or the state of being bequeathed; a bequest.

Be•quest´ , n. [OE. biquest, corrupted fr. bequide; pref. be- + AS. cwide a saying, becweðan to bequeath. The ending -est is probably due to confusion with quest. See Bequeath, Quest.] 1. The act of bequeathing or leaving by will; as a bequest of property by A. to B. 2. That which is left by will, esp. personal property; a legacy; also a gift.

Be•quest´, v. t. To bequeath, or leave as a legacy. [Obs.] ´All I have to bequest.´ Gascoigne.

Be•queth´en , old p. p. of Bequeath. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•quote´ , v. t. To quote constantly or with great frequency.

Be•rain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beraining.] To rain upon; to wet with rain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•rate´ (be•rat´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berated; p. pr. & vb. n. Berating.] To rate or chide vehemently; to scold. Holland. Motley.

Be•rat´tle (be•rat´t’l), v. t. To make rattle; to scold vociferously; to cry down. [Obs.] Shak.

Be•ray´ (be•ra´), v. t. [Pref. be + ray to defile] To make foul; to soil; to defile. [Obs.] Milton.

Berbe (berb), n. [Cf. Berber, Barb a Barbary horse.] (Zoöl.) An African genet (Genetta pardina). See Genet.

Ber´ber (ber´ber), n. [See Barbary.] A member of a race somewhat resembling the Arabs, but often classed as Hamitic, who were formerly the inhabitants of the whole of North Africa from the Mediterranean southward into the Sahara, and who still occupy a large part of that region; — called also Kabyles. also the language spoken by this people.

Ber´ber•ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the barberry, gold thread, and other plants.

Ber´ber•ry , n. See Barberry.

Ber´dash , n. A kind of neckcloth. [Obs.] “A treatise against the cravat and berdash.
Steele.”

Bere (ber), v. t. [Cf. OIcel. berja to strike.] To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bere, n. See Bear, barley. [Scot.]

Be•reave´ (be•rev´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bereaved (be•revd´), Bereft (be•reft´); p. pr. & vb. n. Bereaving.] [OE. bireven, AS. bereáfian. See Be-, and Reave.] 1. To make destitute; to deprive; to strip; — with of before the person or thing taken away. “Madam, you have bereft me of all words.
Shak.” “Bereft of him who taught me how to sing.
Tickell.” 2. To take away from. [Obs.] “All your interest in those territories
Is utterly bereft you; all is lost.
Shak.” 3. To take away. [Obs.] “Shall move you to bereave my life.
Marlowe.” The imp. and past pple. form bereaved is not used in reference to immaterial objects. We say bereaved or bereft by death of a relative, bereft of hope and strength. Syn. — To dispossess; to divest.

Be•reave´ment , n. The state of being bereaved; deprivation; esp., the loss of a relative by death.

Be•reav´er , n. One who bereaves.

Be•reft´ (be•reft´), imp. & p. p. of Bereave.

Be•ret´ta , n. Same as Berretta.

Berg , n. [rad.95. See Barrow hill, and cf. Iceberg.] A large mass or hill, as of ice. “Glittering bergs of ice.
Tennyson.”

Ber´ga•mot (ber´ga•mot), n. [F. bergamote, fr. It. bergamotta; prob. a corruption of Turk. beg armudi a lord’s pear.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the Orange family (Citrus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted, much prized as a perfume. also the fruit. (b) A variety of mint (Mentha aquatica, var. glabrata). 2. The essence or perfume made from the fruit. 3. A variety of pear. Johnson. 4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot. “The better hand … gives the nose its bergamot.
Cowper.” 5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured from flock of cotton or hemp, mixed with ox’s or goat’s hair; — said to have been invented at Bergamo, Italy. Encyc. Brit. Wild bergamot (Bot.), an American herb of the Mint family (Monarda fistulosa).

Ber´gan•der , n. [Berg, for burrow + gander a male goose? Cf. G. bergente, Dan. gravgaas.] (Zoöl.) A European duck (Anas tadorna). See Sheldrake.

Ber´ger•et , n. [OF. bergerete, F. berger a shepherd.] A pastoral song. [Obs.]

Bergh , n. [AS. beorg.] A hill. [Obs.]

Berg´mas•ter , n. See Barmaster.

Berg´meal , n. [G. berg mountain + mehl meal.] (Min.) An earthy substance, resembling fine flour. It is composed of the shells of infusoria, and in Lapland and Sweden is sometimes eaten, mixed with flour or ground birch bark, in times of scarcity. This name is also given to a white powdery variety of calcite.

Berg´mote , n. See Barmote.

Ber´go•mask , n. A rustic dance, so called in ridicule of the people of Bergamo, in Italy, once noted for their clownishness.

Ber´gylt , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The Norway haddock. See Rosefish.

Be•rhyme´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berhymed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Berhyming.] To mention in rhyme or verse; to rhyme about. [Sometimes use depreciatively.] Shak.

Be•ri•be´ri , n. [Singhalese beri weakness.] An acute disease occurring in India, characterized by multiple inflammatory changes in the nerves, producing great muscular debility, a painful rigidity of the limbs, and cachexy.

Be•rime´ , v. t. To berhyme. [The earlier and etymologically preferable spelling.]

Berke•le´ian , a. Of or relating to Bishop Berkeley or his system of idealism; as Berkeleian philosophy. — Berke´ley•ism, n.

Ber´lin , n. [The capital of Prussia] 1. A four-wheeled carriage, having a sheltered seat behind the body and separate from it, invented in the 17th century, at Berlin. 2. Fine worsted for fancy-work; zephyr worsted; — called also Berlin wool. Berlin black, a black varnish, drying with almost a dead surface; — used for coating the better kinds of ironware. Ure. — Berlin blue, Prussian blue. Ure. — Berlin green, a complex cyanide of iron, used as a green dye, and similar to Prussian blue. — Berlin iron, a very fusible variety of cast iron, from which figures and other delicate articles are manufactured. These are often stained or lacquered in imitation of bronze. — Berlin shop, a shop for the sale of worsted embroidery and the materials for such work. — Berlin work, worsted embroidery. { Berm Berme } , n. [F. berme, of German origin; cf. G. brame, bräme, border, akin to E. brim.] 1. (Fort.) A narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch. 2. (Engineering) A ledge at the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to strengthen the bank.

Ber•mu´da grass . (Bot.) A kind of grass (Cynodon Dactylon) esteemed for pasture in the Southern United States. It is a native of Southern Europe, but is now wide-spread in warm countries; — called also scutch grass, and in Bermuda, devil grass.

Ber´na•cle , n. See Barnacle.

Ber´na fly . (Zoöl.) A Brazilian dipterous insect of the genus Trypeta, which lays its eggs in the nostrils or in wounds of man and beast, where the larvae do great injury.

Ber´nar•dine , a. Of or pertaining to St. Bernard of Clairvaux, or to the Cistercian monks. — n. A Cistercian monk.

Ber•nese´ , a. Pertaining to the city or canton of Bern, in Switzerland, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bern.

Ber´ni•cle , n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac; prob. fr. LL. bernacula for hibernicula, bernicula, fr. Hibernia; the birds coming from Hibernia or Ireland. Cf. 1st Barnacle.] A bernicle goose. [Written also barnacle.] Bernicle goose (Zoöl.), a goose (Branta leucopsis), of Arctic Europe and America. It was formerly believed that it hatched from the cirripeds of the sea (Lepas), which were, therefore, called barnacles, goose barnacles, or Anatifers. The name is also applied to other related species. See Anatifa and Cirripedia.

Ber•nouse´ , n. Same as Burnoose.

Be•rob´ , v. t. To rob; to plunder. [Obs.]

Ber´o•e , n. [L. Beroe, one of the Oceanidae Gr. : cf. F. beroe.] (Zoöl.) A small, oval, transparent jellyfish, belonging to the Ctenophora.

Ber•ret´ta , n. [It., fr. LL. birrettum, berretum, a cap, dim. of L. birrus, birrum, a cloak to keep off rain, cf. Gr. tawny, red: cf. Sp. birreta, Pg. barrete, and E. Barret.] A square cap worn by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal’s berretta is scarlet; that worn by other clerics is black, except that a bishop’s is lined with green. [Also spelt beretta, biretta, etc.]

Ber´ried , a. Furnished with berries; consisting of a berry; baccate; as a berried shrub.

Ber´ry , n.; pl. Berries. [OE. berie, AS. berie, berige; akin to D. bes, G. beere, OS. and OHG. beri, Icel. ber, Sw. bär, Goth. basi, and perh. Skr. bhas to eat.] 1. Any small fleshy fruit, as the strawberry, mulberry, huckleberry, etc. 2. (Bot.) A small fruit that is pulpy or succulent throughout, having seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp, as the currant, grape, blueberry. 3. The coffee bean. 4. One of the ova or eggs of a fish. Travis. In berry, containing ova or spawn.

Ber´ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Berried ; p. pr. & vb. n. Berrying.] To bear or produce berries.

Ber´ry, n. [AS. beorh. See Barrow a hill.] A mound; a hillock. W. Browne.

Ber´ry•ing, n. A seeking for or gathering of berries, esp. of such as grow wild. { Ber´serk , Ber´serk•er } n. [Icel. berserkr.] 1. (Scand. Myth.) One of a class of legendary heroes, who fought frenzied by intoxicating liquors, and naked, regardless of wounds. Longfellow. 2. One who fights as if frenzied, like a Berserker.

Bers´tle , n. See Bristle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Berth , n. [From the root of bear to produce, like birth nativity. See Birth.] [Also written birth.] 1. (Naut.) (a) Convenient sea room. (b) A room in which a number of the officers or ship’s company mess and reside. (c) The place where a ship lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf. 2. An allotted place; an appointment; situation or employment. ´He has a good berth.´ Totten. 3. A place in a ship to sleep in; a long box or shelf on the side of a cabin or stateroom, or of a railway car, for sleeping in. Berth deck, the deck next below the lower gun deck. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — To give (the land or any object) a wide berth, to keep at a distance from it.

Berth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berthed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Berthing.] 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to lie at; to place in a berth; as she was berthed stem to stern with the Adelaide. 2. To allot or furnish berths to, on shipboard; as to berth a ship’s company. Totten.

Ber´tha , n. [F. berthe, fr. Berthe, a woman’s name.] A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies.

Berth´age , n. A place for mooring vessels in a dock or harbor.

Ber´thi•er•ite , n. [From Berthier, a French naturalist.] (Min.) A double sulphide of antimony and iron, of a dark steel-gray color.

Berth´ing , n. (Naut.) The planking outside of a vessel, above the sheer strake. Smyth.

Ber´tram , n. [Corrupted fr. L. pyrethrum, Gr. a hot spicy plant, fr. fire.] (Bot.) Pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus pyrethrum).

Ber´y•coid (ber´i•koid), a. [NL. beryx, the name of the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Berycidae, a family of marine fishes.

Ber´yl (ber´il), n. [F. beryl, OF. beril, L. beryllus, Gr. bh•ryllos, prob. fr. Skr. vaidurya. Cf. Brilliant.] (Min.) A mineral of great hardness, and, when transparent, of much beauty. It occurs in hexagonal prisms, commonly of a green or bluish green color, but also yellow, pink, and white. It is a silicate of aluminium and glucinum (beryllium). The aquamarine is a transparent, sea-green variety used as a gem. The emerald is another variety highly prized in jewelry, and distinguished by its deep color, which is probably due to the presence of a little oxide of chromium.

Ber´yl•line , a. Like a beryl; of a light or bluish green color.

Be•ryl´li•um , n. [NL.] (Chem.) A metallic element found in the beryl. See Glucinum.

Ber´yl•loid , n. [Beryl + - oid.] (Crystallog.) A solid consisting of a double twelve- sided pyramid; — so called because the planes of this form occur on crystals of beryl. { Be•saiel´ , Be•saile´ , Be•sayle´ }, n. [OF. beseel, F. bisaïeul, fr. L. bis twice + LL. avolus, dim. of L. avus grandfather.] 1. A great-grandfather. [Obs.] 2. (Law) A kind of writ which formerly lay where a great-grandfather died seized of lands in fee simple, and on the day of his death a stranger abated or entered and kept the heir out. This is now abolished. Blackstone.

Be•saint´ , v. t. To make a saint of.

Be•sant´ , n. See Bezant.

Bes-ant´ler , n. Same as Bez- antler.

Be•scat´ter , v. t. 1. To scatter over. 2. To cover sparsely by scattering (something); to strew. ´With flowers bescattered.´ Spenser.

Be•scorn´ , v. t. To treat with scorn. ´Then was he bescorned.´ Chaucer.

Be•scratch´ , v. t. To tear with the nails; to cover with scratches.

Be•scrawl´ , v. t. To cover with scrawls; to scribble over. Milton.

Be•screen´ , v. t. To cover with a screen, or as with a screen; to shelter; to conceal. Shak.

Be•scrib´ble , v. t. To scribble over. ´Bescribbled with impertinences.´ Milton. { Be•scum´ber , Be•scum´mer } v. t. [Pref. be- + scumber, scummer.] To discharge ordure or dung upon. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Be•see´ , v. t. & i. [AS. beseón; pref. be- + eón to see.] To see; to look; to mind. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Be•seech´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeching.] [OE. bisechen, biseken (akin to G. besuchen to visit); pref. be- + sechen, seken, to seek. See Seek.] 1. To ask or entreat with urgency; to supplicate; to implore. “I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts.
Shak.” “But Eve … besought his peace.
Milton.” Syn. — To beg; to crave. — To Beseech, Entreat, Solicit, Implore, Supplicate. These words agree in marking that sense of want which leads men to beg some favor. To solicit is to make a request, with some degree of earnestness and repetition, of one whom we address as a superior. To entreat implies greater urgency, usually enforced by adducing reasons or arguments. To beseech is still stronger, and belongs rather to the language of poetry and imagination. To implore denotes increased fervor of entreaty, as addressed either to equals or superiors. To supplicate expresses the extreme of entreaty, and usually implies a state of deep humiliation. Thus, a captive supplicates a conqueror to spare his life. Men solicit by virtue of their interest with another; they entreat in the use of reasoning and strong representations; they beseech with importunate earnestness; they implore from a sense of overwhelming distress; they supplicate with a feeling of the most absolute inferiority and dependence.

Be•seech´, n. Solicitation; supplication. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.

Be•seech´er , n. One who beseeches.

Be•seech´ing, a. Entreating urgently; imploring; as a beseeching look. — Be•seech´ing•ly, adv. — Be•seech´ing•ness, n.

Be•seech´ment , n. The act of beseeching or entreating earnestly. [R.] Goodwin.

Be•seek´ , v. t. To beseech. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•seem´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beseemed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeming.] [Pref. be- + seem.] Literally: To appear or seem (well, ill, best, etc.) for (one) to do or to have. Hence: To be fit, suitable, or proper for, or worthy of; to become; to befit. “A duty well beseeming the preachers.
Clarendon.” “What form of speech or behavior beseemeth us, in our prayers to God ?
Hocker.”

Be•seem´, v. i. To seem; to appear; to be fitting. [Obs.] ´As beseemed best.´ Spenser.

Be•seem´ing, n. 1. Appearance; look; garb. [Obs.] “I … did company these three in poor beseeming.
Shak.” 2. Comeliness. Baret.

Be•seem´ing, a. Becoming; suitable. [Archaic] — Be•seem´ing•ly, adv. — Be•seem´ing•ness, n.

Be•seem´ly, a. Fit; suitable; becoming. [Archaic] “In beseemly order sitten there.
Shenstone.”

Be•seen´ , a. [Properly the p. p. of besee.] 1. Seen; appearing. [Obs. or Archaic] 2. Decked or adorned; clad. [Archaic] Chaucer. 3. Accomplished; versed. [Archaic] Spenser.

Be•set´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beset; p. pr. & vb. n. Besetting.] [AS. besettan (akin to OHG. bisazjan, G. besetzen, D. bezetten); pref. be- + settan to set. See Set.] 1. To set or stud (anything) with ornaments or prominent objects. “A robe of azure beset with drops of gold.
Spectator.” “The garden is so beset with all manner of sweet shrubs that it perfumes the air.
Evelyn.” 2. To hem in; to waylay; to surround; to besiege; to blockade. ´Beset with foes.´ Milton. “Let thy troops beset our gates.
Addison.” 3. To set upon on all sides; to perplex; to harass; — said of dangers, obstacles, etc. ´Adam, sore beset, replied.´ Milton. ´Beset with ills.´ Addison. ´Incommodities which beset old age.´ Burke. 4. To occupy; to employ; to use up. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — To surround; inclose; environ; hem in; besiege; encircle; encompass; embarrass; urge; press.

Be•set´ment , n. The act of besetting, or the state of being beset; also that which besets one, as a sin. ´Fearing a besetment.´ Kane.

Be•set´ter , n. One who, or that which, besets.

Be•set´ting, a. Habitually attacking, harassing, or pressing upon or about; as a besetting sin.

Be•shine´ (be•shin´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beshone; p. pr. & vb. n. Beshining.] To shine upon; to illumine.

Be•show´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large food fish (Anoplopoma fimbria) of the north Pacific coast; — called also candlefish.

Be•shrew´ , v. t. To curse; to execrate. “Beshrew me, but I love her heartily.
Shak.” Often a very mild form of imprecation; sometimes so far from implying a curse, as to be uttered coaxingly, nay even with some tenderness. Schmidt.

Be•shroud´ , v. t. To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to screen.

Be•shut´ , v. t. To shut up or out. [Obs.]

Be•side´ , prep. [OE. biside, bisiden, bisides, prep. and adv., beside, besides; pref. be- by + side. Cf. Besides, and see Side, n.] 1. At the side of; on one side of. ´Beside him hung his bow.´ Milton. 2. Aside from; out of the regular course or order of; in a state of deviation from; out of. “[You] have done enough
To put him quite beside his patience.
Shak.” 3. Over and above; distinct from; in addition to. [In this use besides is now commoner.] “Wise and learned men beside those whose names are in the Christian records.
Addison.” To be beside one’s self, to be out of one’s wits or senses. “Paul, thou art beside thyself.” Acts xxvi. 24. Syn. — Beside, Besides. These words, whether used as prepositions or adverbs, have been considered strictly synonymous, from an early period of our literature, and have been freely interchanged by our best writers. There is, however, a tendency, in present usage, to make the following distinction between them: 1. That beside be used only and always as a preposition, with the original meaning ´by the side of; ´ as to sit beside a fountain; or with the closely allied meaning ´aside from´, ´apart from´, or ´out of´; as this is beside our present purpose; to be beside one’s self with joy. The adverbial sense to be wholly transferred to the cognate word. 2. That besides, as a preposition, take the remaining sense ´in addition to´, as besides all this; besides the considerations here offered. ´There was a famine in the land besides the first famine.´ Gen. xxvi. 1. And that it also take the adverbial sense of ´moreover´, ´beyond´, etc., which had been divided between the words; as besides, there are other considerations which belong to this case. The following passages may serve to illustrate this use of the words: — “Lovely Thais sits beside thee.”
Dryden. “Only be patient till we have appeased
The multitude, beside themselves with fear.”
Shak. “It is beside my present business to enlarge on this speculation.”
Locke. “Besides this, there are persons in certain situations who are expected to be charitable.”
Bp. Porteus. “And, besides, the Moor
May unfold me to him; there stand I in much peril.”
Shak. “That man that does not know those things which are of necessity for him to know is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides.”
Tillotson. See Moreover. { Be•sides´ , Be•side´ } adv. [OE. Same as beside, prep.; the ending - s is an adverbial one, prop. a genitive sign.] 1. On one side. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. 2. More than that; over and above; not included in the number, or in what has been mentioned; moreover; in addition. “The men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides ?
Gen. xix. 12.” “To all beside, as much an empty shade,
An Eugene living, as a Caesar dead.
Pope.” These sentences may be considered as elliptical.

Be•sides , prep. Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to; other than; else than. See Beside, prep., 3, and Syn. under Beside. “Besides your cheer, you shall have sport.
Shak.”

Be•siege´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besieged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besieging.] [OE. bisegen; pref. be- + segen to siege. See Siege.] To beset or surround with armed forces, for the purpose of compelling to surrender; to lay siege to; to beleaguer; to beset. “Till Paris was besieged, famished, and lost.
Shak.” Syn. — To environ; hem in; invest; encompass.

Be•siege´ment , n. The act of besieging, or the state of being besieged. Golding.

Be•sie´ger , n. One who besieges; - - opposed to the besieged.

Be•sie´ging , a. That besieges; laying siege to. — Be•sie´ging•ly, adv.

Be•sit´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + sit.] To suit; to fit; to become. [Obs.]

Be•slab´ber , v. t. To beslobber.

Be•slave´ , v. t. To enslave. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Be•slav´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beslavered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beslavering.] To defile with slaver; to beslobber.

Be•slime´ , v. t. To daub with slime; to soil. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Be•slob´ber , v. t. To slobber on; to smear with spittle running from the mouth. Also Fig.: as to beslobber with praise.

Be•slub´ber , v. t. To beslobber.

Be•smear´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmeared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmearing.] To smear with any viscous, glutinous matter; to bedaub; to soil. “Besmeared with precious balm.
Spenser.”

Be•smear´er , n. One that besmears.

Be•smirch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmirched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmirching.] To smirch or soil; to discolor; to obscure. Hence: To dishonor; to sully. Shak.

Be•smoke´ , v. t. 1. To foul with smoke. 2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson.

Be•smut´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmutting.] [Pref. be- + smut: cf. AS. besmitan, and also OE. besmotren.] To blacken with smut; to foul with soot.

Be•snow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besnowed .] [OE. bisnewen, AS. besniwan; pref. be- + sniwan to snow.] 1. To scatter like snow; to cover thick, as with snow flakes. [R.] Gower. 2. To cover with snow; to whiten with snow, or as with snow.

Be•snuff´ , v. t. To befoul with snuff. Young.

Be•sogne´ , n. [F. bisogne.] A worthless fellow; a bezonian. [Obs.]

Be´som , n. [OE. besme, besum, AS. besma; akin to D. bezem, OHG pesamo, G. besen; of uncertain origin.] A brush of twigs for sweeping; a broom; anything which sweeps away or destroys. [Archaic or Fig.] “I will sweep it with the besom of destruction.
Isa. xiv. 23.” “The housemaid with her besom.
W. Irving.”

Be´som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besomed .] To sweep, as with a besom. [Archaic or Poetic] Cowper. “Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the plain.
Barlow.”

Be´som•er , n. One who uses a besom. [Archaic]

Be•sort´ , v. t. To assort or be congruous with; to fit, or become. [Obs.] “Such men as may besort your age.
Shak.”

Be•sort´, n. Befitting associates or attendants. [Obs.] “With such accommodation and besort
As levels with her breeding.
Shak.”

Be•sot´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besotting.] To make sottish; to make dull or stupid; to stupefy; to infatuate. “Fools besotted with their crimes.
Hudibras.”

Be•sot´ted, a. Made sottish, senseless, or infatuated; characterized by drunken stupidity, or by infatuation; stupefied. ´Besotted devotion.´ Sir W. Scott. — Be•sot´ted•ly, adv. — Be•sot´ted•ness, n. Milton.

Be•sot´ting•ly, adv. In a besotting manner.

Be•sought´ , p. p. of Beseech.

Be•span´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespangled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespangling .] To adorn with spangles; to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant or glittering. “The grass … is all bespangled with dewdrops.
Cowper.”

Be•spat´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespattered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespattering.] 1. To soil by spattering; to sprinkle, esp. with dirty water, mud, or anything which will leave foul spots or stains. 2. To asperse with calumny or reproach. “Whom never faction could bespatter.
Swift.”

Be•spawl´ , v. t. To daub, soil, or make foul with spawl or spittle. [Obs.] Milton.

Be•speak´ , v. t. [imp. Bespoke , Bespake (Archaic); p. p. Bespoke, Bespoken ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeaking.] [OE. bispeken, AS. besprecan, to speak to, accuse; pref. be- + sprecan to speak. See Speak.] 1. To speak or arrange for beforehand; to order or engage against a future time; as to bespeak goods, a right, or a favor. “Concluding, naturally, that to gratify his avarice was to bespeak his favor.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To show beforehand; to foretell; to indicate. “[They] bespoke dangers … in order to scare the allies.
Swift.” 3. To betoken; to show; to indicate by external marks or appearances. “When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little the figure of a man that it bespoke him rather a monster.
Locke.” 4. To speak to; to address. [Poetic] “He thus the queen bespoke.
Dryden.”

Be•speak´, v. i. To speak. [Obs.] Milton.

Be•speak´, n. A bespeaking. Among actors, a benefit (when a particular play is bespoken.) ´The night of her bespeak.´ Dickens.

Be•speak´er , n. One who bespeaks.

Be•spec´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespeckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeckling.] To mark with speckles or spots. Milton.

Be•spew´ , v. t. To soil or daub with spew; to vomit on.

Be•spice´ , v. t. To season with spice, or with some spicy drug. Shak.

Be•spirt´ , v. t. Same as Bespurt.

Be•spit (be•spit´), v. t. [imp. Bespit; p. p. Bespit, Bespitten (-t’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Bespitting.] To daub or soil with spittle. Johnson.

Be•spoke´ (be•spok´), imp. & p. p. of Bespeak.

Be•spot´ (be•spot´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespotting.] To mark with spots, or as with spots.

Be•spread´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespread; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespreading.] To spread or cover over. “The carpet which bespread
His rich pavilion’s floor.
Glover.”

Be•sprent´ , p. p. [OE. bespreynt, p. p. of besprengen, bisprengen, to besprinkle, AS. besprengan, akin to D. & G. besprengen; pref. be- + sprengan to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.] Sprinkled over; strewed. “His face besprent with liquid crystal shines.
Shenstone.” “The floor with tassels of fir was besprent.
Longfellow.”

Be•sprin´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besprinkled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besprinkling .] To sprinkle over; to scatter over. “The bed besprinkles, and bedews the ground.
Dryden.”

Be•sprin´kler , n. One who, or that which, besprinkles.

Be•sprin´kling , n. The act of sprinkling anything; a sprinkling over.

Be•spurt´ , v. t. To spurt on or over; to asperse. [Obs.] Milton.

Bes´se•mer steel . Steel made directly from cast iron, by burning out a portion of the carbon and other impurities that the latter contains, through the agency of a blast of air which is forced through the molten metal; — so called from Sir Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, the inventor of the process.

Best (best), a.; superl. of Good. [AS. besta, best, contr. from betest, betst, betsta; akin to Goth. batists, OHG. pezzisto, G. best, beste, D. best, Icel. beztr, Dan. best, Sw. bäst. This word has no connection in origin with good. See Better.] 1. Having good qualities in the highest degree; most good, kind, desirable, suitable, etc.; most excellent; as the best man; the best road; the best cloth; the best abilities. “When he is best, he is a little worse than a man.
Shak.” “Heaven’s last, best gift, my ever new delight.
Milton.” 2. Most advanced; most correct or complete; as the best scholar; the best view of a subject. 3. Most; largest; as the best part of a week. Best man, the only or principal groomsman at a wedding ceremony.

Best, n. Utmost; highest endeavor or state; most nearly perfect thing, or being, or action; as to do one’s best; to the best of our ability. At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the case; under the most favorable circumstances; as life is at best very short. — For best, finally. [Obs.] ´Those constitutions … are now established for best, and not to be mended.´ Milton. — To get the best of, to gain an advantage over, whether fairly or unfairly. — To make the best of. (a) To improve to the utmost; to use or dispose of to the greatest advantage. ´Let there be freedom to carry their commodities where they can make the best of them.´ Bacon. (b) To reduce to the least possible inconvenience; as to make the best of ill fortune or a bad bargain.

Best, adv.; superl. of Well. 1. In the highest degree; beyond all others. ´Thou serpent! That name best befits thee.´ Milton. “He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and small.
Coleridge.” 2. To the most advantage; with the most success, case, profit, benefit, or propriety. “Had we best retire? I see a storm.
Milton.” “Had I not best go to her?
Thackeray.” 3. Most intimately; most thoroughly or correctly; as what is expedient is best known to himself.

Best, v. t. To get the better of. [Colloq.]

Be•stad´ , imp. & p. p. of Bestead. Beset; put in peril. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•stain´ , v. t. To stain.

Be•star´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestarred .] To sprinkle with, or as with, stars; to decorate with, or as with, stars; to bestud. ´Bestarred with anemones.´ W. Black.

Be•stead´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestead or Bested, also (Obs.) Bestad. In sense 3 imp. also Besteaded.] [Pref. be- + stead a place.] 1. To put in a certain situation or condition; to circumstance; to place. [Only in p. p.] “They shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry: … and curse their king and their God.
Is. viii. 21.” “Many far worse bestead than ourselves.
Barrow.” 2. To put in peril; to beset. [Only in p. p.] Chaucer. 3. To serve; to assist; to profit; to avail. Milton.

Bes´tial , a. [F. bestial, L. bestialis, fr. bestia beast. See Beast.] 1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. “ Among the bestial herds to range.
Milton.” 2. Having the qualities of a beast; brutal; below the dignity of reason or humanity; irrational; carnal; beastly; sensual. Shak. Syn. — Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal; vile; low; depraved; sensual; filthy.

Bes´tial, n. A domestic animal; also collectively, cattle; as other kinds of bestial. [Scot.]

Bes•tial´i•ty , n. [F. bestialite.] 1. The state or quality of being bestial. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast.

Bes´tial•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestialized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestializing.] To make bestial, or like a beast; to degrade; to brutalize. “The process of bestializing humanity.
Hare.”

Bes´tial•ly, adv. In a bestial manner.

Be•stick´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestuck ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besticking.] To stick over, as with sharp points pressed in; to mark by infixing points or spots here and there; to pierce. “Truth shall retire
Bestuck with slanderous darts.
Milton.”

Be•still´ , v. t. To make still.

Be•stir´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestirred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestirring.] To put into brisk or vigorous action; to move with life and vigor; — usually with the reciprocal pronoun. “You have so bestirred your valor.
Shak.” “Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake.
Milton.”

Be•storm´ , v. i. & t. To storm. Young.

Be•stow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestowing.] [OE. bestowen; pref. be- + stow a place. See Stow.] 1. To lay up in store; to deposit for safe keeping; to stow; to place; to put. ´He bestowed it in a pouch.´ Sir W. Scott. “See that the women are bestowed in safety.
Byron.” 2. To use; to apply; to devote, as time or strength in some occupation. 3. To expend, as money. [Obs.] 4. To give or confer; to impart; — with on or upon. “Empire is on us bestowed.
Cowper.” “Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor.
1 Cor. xiii. 3.” 5. To give in marriage. “I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman.
Tatler.” 6. To demean; to conduct; to behave; — followed by a reflexive pronoun. [Obs.] “How might we see Falstaff bestow himself to-night in his true colors, and not ourselves be seen ?
Shak.” Syn. — To give; grant; present; confer; accord.

Be•stow´al , n. The act of bestowing; disposal.

Be•stow´er , n. One that bestows.

Be•stow´ment , n. 1. The act of giving or bestowing; a conferring or bestowal. “If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this view.
Chauncy.” 2. That which is given or bestowed. “They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to God’s own bestowments.
I. Taylor.”

Be•strad´dle , v. t. To bestride.

Be•straught´ , a. [Pref. be- + straught; prob. here used for distraught.] Out of one’s senses; distracted; mad. [Obs.] Shak.

Be•streak´ , v. t. To streak.

Be•strew´ , v. t. [imp. Bestrewed ; p. p. Bestrewed, Bestrown ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestrewing.] To strew or scatter over; to besprinkle. [Spelt also bestrow.] Milton.

Be•stride´ , v. t. [imp. Bestrode , (Obs. or R.) Bestrid ; p. p. Bestridden , Bestrid, Bestrode; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestriding.] [AS. bestridan; pref. be- + stridan to stride.] 1. To stand or sit with anything between the legs, or with the legs astride; to stand over “That horse that thou so often hast bestrid.
Shak.” “Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus.
Shak.” 2. To step over; to stride over or across; as to bestride a threshold.

Be•strode´ , imp. & p. p. of Bestride.

Be•strown´ , p. p. of Bestrew.

Be•stuck´ , imp. & p. p. Bestick.

Be•stud´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestudding.] To set or adorn, as with studs or bosses; to set thickly; to stud; as to bestud with stars. Milton.

Be•swike´, v. t. [AS. beswican; be- + swican to deceive, entice; akin to OS. swikan, OHG. swihhan, Icel. svikja.] To lure; to cheat. [Obs.] Gower.

Bet , n. [Prob. from OE. abet abetting, OF. abet, fr. abeter to excite, incite. See Abet.] That which is laid, staked, or pledged, as between two parties, upon the event of a contest or any contingent issue; the act of giving such a pledge; a wager. ´Having made his bets.´ Goldsmith.

Bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bet, Betted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betting.] To stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; to wager. “John a Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money on his head.
Shak.” “I’ll bet you two to one I’ll make him do it.
O. W. Holmes.”

Bet, imp. & p. p. of Beat. [Obs.]

Bet, a. & adv. An early form of Better. [Obs.] To go bet, to go fast; to hurry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be´ta•ine , n. [From beta, generic name of the beet.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, C_5H_11NO_2, produced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beet-root molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted as a white crystalline substance; — called also lycine and oxyneurine. It has a sweetish taste.

Be•take´ , v. t. [imp. Betook ; p. p. Betaken ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betaking.] [Pref. be- + take.] 1. To take or seize. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To have recourse to; to apply; to resort; to go; — with a reflexive pronoun. “They betook themselves to treaty and submission.
Burke.” “The rest, in imitation, to like arms
Betook them.
Milton.” “Whither shall I betake me, where subsist?
Milton.” 3. To commend or intrust to; to commit to. [Obs.]

Be•taught´ , a. [p. p. of OE. bitechen, AS. betcan, to assign, deliver. See Teach.] Delivered; committed in trust. [Obs.]

Bete , v. t. To better; to mend. See Beete. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•tee´la , n. [Pg. beatilha.] An East India muslin, formerly used for cravats, veils, etc. [Obs.]

Be•teem´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + an old verb teem to be fitting; cf. D. betamen to beseem, G. ziemen, Goth. gatiman, and E. tame. See Tame, a.] 1. To give ; to bestow; to grant; to accord; to consent. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton. 2. To allow; to permit; to suffer. [Obs.] “So loving to my mother,
That he might not beteem the winds of heaven
Visit her face too roughly.
Shak.”

Be´tel (be´t’l), n. [Pg., fr. Tamil vettilei, prop. meaning, a mere leaf.] (Bot.) A species of pepper (Piper betle), the leaves of which are chewed, with the areca or betel nut and a little shell lime, by the inhabitants of the East Indies. It is a woody climber with ovate many- nerved leaves.

Bet´el•guese (bet´el•jez), n. [F. Betelgeuse, of Arabic origin.] (Astron.) A bright star of the first magnitude, near one shoulder of Orion. [Written also Betelgeux and Betelgeuse.]

Be´tel nut . The nutlike seed of the areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) and shell lime.

Bête´ noire´ . [Fr., lit. black beast.] Something especially hated or dreaded; a bugbear.

Beth•ab´a•ra wood . (Bot.) A highly elastic wood, used for fishing rods, etc. The tree is unknown, but it is thought to be East Indian.

Beth´el , n. [Heb. bth-el house of God.] 1. A place of worship; a hallowed spot. S. F. Adams. 2. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.] 3. A house of worship for seamen.

Be•think´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethinking.] [AS. beþencan; pref. be- + þencan to think. See Think.] To call to mind; to recall or bring to recollection, reflection, or consideration; to think; to consider; — generally followed by a reflexive pronoun, often with of or that before the subject of thought. “I have bethought me of another fault.
Shak.” “The rest … may … bethink themselves, and recover.
Milton.” “We bethink a means to break it off.
Shak.” Syn. — To recollect; remember; reflect.

Be•think´, v. i. To think; to recollect; to consider. ´Bethink ere thou dismiss us.´ Byron.

Beth´le•hem , n. [Heb. beth- lekhem house of food; beth house + lekhem food, lakham to eat. Formerly the name of a hospital for the insane, in London, which had been the priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem. Cf. Bedlam.] 1. A hospital for lunatics; — corrupted into bedlam. 2. (Arch.) In the Ethiopic church, a small building attached to a church edifice, in which the bread for the eucharist is made. Audsley. { Beth´le•hem•ite , Beth´lem•ite } n. 1. An inhabitant of Bethlehem in Judea. 2. An insane person; a madman; a bedlamite. 3. One of an extinct English order of monks.

Be•thought´ , imp. & p. p. of Bethink.

Be•thrall´ , v. t. To reduce to thralldom; to inthrall. [Obs.] Spenser.

Be•thumb´ , v. t. To handle; to wear or soil by handling; as books. Poe.

Be•thump´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethumped , or Bethumpt; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethumping.] To beat or thump soundly. Shak.

Be•tide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betided , Obs. Betid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betiding.] [OE. bitiden; pref. bi-, be- + tiden, fr. AS. tidan, to happen, fr. tid time. See Tide.] To happen to; to befall; to come to ; as woe betide the wanderer. “What will betide the few ?
Milton.”

Be•tide´, v. i. To come to pass; to happen; to occur. “A salve for any sore that may betide.
Shak.” Shakespeare has used it with of. ´What would betide of me ?´ { Be•time´ , Be•times´ } adv. [Pref. be- (for by) + time; that is, by the proper time. The -s is an adverbial ending.] 1. In good season or time; before it is late; seasonably; early. “To measure life learn thou betimes.
Milton.” “To rise betimes is often harder than to do all the day’s work.
Barrow.” 2. In a short time; soon; speedily; forth with. “He tires betimes that spurs too fast betimes.
Shak.”

Be•ti´tle , v. t. To furnish with a title or titles; to entitle. [Obs.] Carlyle.

Be•to´ken , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betokened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betokening.] 1. To signify by some visible object; to show by signs or tokens. “A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow …
Betokening peace from God, and covenant new.
Milton.” 2. To foreshow by present signs; to indicate something future by that which is seen or known; as a dark cloud often betokens a storm. Syn. — To presage; portend; indicate; mark; note.

Be•ton´ , n. [F. beton, fr. L. bitumen bitumen.] (Masonry) The French name for concrete; hence, concrete made after the French fashion.

Be•tongue´ , v. t. To attack with the tongue; to abuse; to insult.

Bet´o•ny , n.; pl. Betonies . [OE. betony, betany, F. betoine, fr. L. betonica, vettonica.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Betonica (Linn.). The purple or wood betony (B. officinalis, Linn.) is common in Europe, being formerly used in medicine, and (according to Loudon) in dyeing wool a yellow color.

Be•took´ , imp. of Betake.

Be•torn´ , a. Torn in pieces; tattered.

Be•toss , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betossed .] To put in violent motion; to agitate; to disturb; to toss. ´My betossed soul.´ Shak.

Be•trap´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrapped .] 1. To draw into, or catch in, a trap; to insnare; to circumvent. Gower. 2. To put trappings on; to clothe; to deck. “After them followed two other chariots covered with red satin, and the horses betrapped with the same.
Stow.”

Be•tray´ (be•tra´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrayed (-trad´); p. pr. & vb. n. Betraying.] [OE. betraien, bitraien; pref. be- + OF. traïr to betray, F. trahir, fr. L. tradere. See Traitor.] 1. To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; to give up treacherously or faithlessly; as an officer betrayed the city. “Jesus said unto them, The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men.
Matt. xvii. 22.” 2. To prove faithless or treacherous to, as to a trust or one who trusts; to be false to; to deceive; as to betray a person or a cause. “But when I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me.
Johnson.” 3. To violate the confidence of, by disclosing a secret, or that which one is bound in honor not to make known. “Willing to serve or betray any government for hire.
Macaulay.” 4. To disclose or discover, as something which prudence would conceal; to reveal unintentionally. “Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray your ignorance.
T. Watts.” 5. To mislead; to expose to inconvenience not foreseen to lead into error or sin. “Genius … often betrays itself into great errors.
T. Watts.” 6. To lead astray, as a maiden; to seduce (as under promise of marriage) and then abandon. 7. To show or to indicate; — said of what is not obvious at first, or would otherwise be concealed. “All the names in the country betray great antiquity.
Bryant.”

Be•tray´al n. The act or the result of betraying.

Be•tray´er , n. One who, or that which, betrays.

Be•tray´ment , n. Betrayal. [R.] Udall.

Be•trim´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrimmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrimming.] To set in order; to adorn; to deck, to embellish; to trim. Shak.

Be•troth´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrothed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrothing.] [Pref. be- + troth, i. e., truth. See Truth.] 1. To contract to any one for a marriage; to engage or promise in order to marriage; to affiance; — used esp. of a woman. “He, in the first flower of my freshest age,
Betrothed me unto the only heir.
Spenser.” “Ay, and we are betrothed.
Shak.” 2. To promise to take (as a future spouse); to plight one’s troth to. “What man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her?
Deut. xx. 7.” 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to consecration. Ayliffe.

Be•troth´al , n. The act of betrothing, or the fact of being betrothed; a mutual promise, engagement, or contract for a future marriage between the persons betrothed; betrothment; affiance. ´The feast of betrothal.´ Longfellow.

Be•troth´ment , n. The act of betrothing, or the state of being betrothed; betrothal.

Be•trust´ , v. t. To trust or intrust. [Obs.]

Be•trust´ment , n. The act of intrusting, or the thing intrusted. [Obs.] Chipman.

Bet´so , n. [It. bezzo.] A small brass Venetian coin. [Obs.]

Bet´ter , a.; compar. of Good. [OE. betere, bettre, and as adv. bet, AS. betera, adj., and bet, adv.; akin to Icel. betri, adj., betr, adv., Goth. batiza, adj., OHG. bezziro, adj., baz, adv., G. besser, adj. and adv., bass, adv., E. boot, and prob. to Skr. bhadra excellent. See Boot advantage, and cf. Best, Batful.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than another; as a better man; a better physician; a better house; a better air. “Could make the worse appear
The better reason.
Milton.” 2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect. “To obey is better than sacrifice.
1 Sam. xv. 22.” “It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in princes.
Ps. cxviii. 9.” 3. Greater in amount; larger; more. 4. Improved in health; less affected with disease; as the patient is better. 5. More advanced; more perfect; as upon better acquaintance; a better knowledge of the subject. All the better. See under All, adv. — Better half, an expression used to designate one’s wife. “My dear, my better half (said he),
I find I must now leave thee.
Sir P. Sidney.” — To be better off, to be in a better condition. — Had better. (See under Had). The phrase had better, followed by an infinitive without to, is idiomatic. The earliest form of construction was ´were better´ with a dative; as ´Him were better go beside.´ (Gower.) i. e., It would be better for him, etc. At length the nominative (I, he, they, etc.) supplanted the dative and had took the place of were. Thus we have the construction now used. “By all that’s holy, he had better starve
Than but once think this place becomes thee not.
Shak. ”

Bet´ter, n. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory; — usually with of; as to get the better of an enemy. 2. One who has a claim to precedence; a superior, as in merit, social standing, etc.; — usually in the plural. “Their betters would hardly be found.
Hooker.” For the better, in the way of improvement; so as to produce improvement. ´If I have altered him anywhere for the better.´ Dryden.

Bet´ter, adv.; compar. of Well. 1. In a superior or more excellent manner; with more skill and wisdom, courage, virtue, advantage, or success; as Henry writes better than John; veterans fight better than recruits. “I could have better spared a better man.
Shak.” 2. More correctly or thoroughly. “The better to understand the extent of our knowledge.
Locke.” 3. In a higher or greater degree; more; as to love one better than another. “Never was monarch better feared, and loved.
Shak.” 4. More, in reference to value, distance, time, etc.; as ten miles and better. [Colloq.] To think better of (any one), to have a more favorable opinion of any one. — To think better of (an opinion, resolution, etc.), to reconsider and alter one’s decision.

Bet´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bettered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bettering.] [AS. beterian, betrian, fr. betera better. See Better, a.] 1. To improve or ameliorate; to increase the good qualities of. “Love betters what is best.
Wordsworth.” “He thought to better his circumstances.
Thackeray.” 2. To improve the condition of, morally, physically, financially, socially, or otherwise. “The constant effort of every man to better himself.
Macaulay.” 3. To surpass in excellence; to exceed; to excel. “The works of nature do always aim at that which can not be bettered.
Hooker.” 4. To give advantage to; to support; to advance the interest of. [Obs.] “Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
May serve to better us and worse our foes.
Milton.” Syn. — To improve; meliorate; ameliorate; mend; amend; correct; emend; reform; advance; promote.

Bet´ter, v. i. To become better; to improve. Carlyle.

Bet´ter, n. One who bets or lays a wager.

Bet´ter•ment , n. 1. A making better; amendment; improvement. W. Montagu. 2. (Law) An improvement of an estate which renders it better than mere repairing would do; — generally used in the plural. [U. S.] Bouvier.

Bet´ter•most , a. Best. [R.] ´The bettermost classes.´ Brougham.

Bet´ter•ness, n. 1. The quality of being better or superior; superiority. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. The difference by which fine gold or silver exceeds in fineness the standard.

Bet´tong , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small, leaping Australian marsupial of the genus Bettongia; the jerboa kangaroo.

Bet´tor , n. One who bets; a better. Addison.

Bet´ty , n. 1. [Supposed to be a cant word, from Betty, for Elizabeth, as such an instrument is also called Bess (i. e., Elizabeth) in the Canting Dictionary of 1725, and Jenny (i. e., Jane).] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. [Written also bettee.] “The powerful betty, or the artful picklock.
Arbuthnot.” 2. [Betty, nickname for Elizabeth.] A name of contempt given to a man who interferes with the duties of women in a household, or who occupies himself with womanish matters. 3. A pear-shaped bottle covered round with straw, in which olive oil is sometimes brought from Italy; — called by chemists a Florence flask. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Bet´u•lin , n. [L. betula birch tree.] (Chem.) A substance of a resinous nature, obtained from the outer bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), or from the tar prepared therefrom; — called also birch camphor. Watts.

Be•tum´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betumbled .] To throw into disorder; to tumble. [R.] “From her betumbled couch she starteth.
Shak.”

Be•tu´tor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betutored .] To tutor; to instruct. Coleridge.

Be•tween´ , prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betweónan, betweónum; prefix be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See Twain, and cf. Atween, Betwixt.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as New York is between Boston and Philadelphia. 2. Used in expressing motion from one body or place to another; from one to another of two. “If things should go so between them.
Bacon.” 3. Belonging in common to two; shared by both. “Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them.
Locke.” 4. Belonging to, or participated in by, two, and involving reciprocal action or affecting their mutual relation; as opposition between science and religion. “An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority and liberty.
Hume.” 5. With relation to two, as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the agent or subject; as to judge between or to choose between courses; to distinguish between you and me; to mediate between nations. 6. In intermediate relation to, in respect to time, quantity, or degree; as between nine and ten o’clock. Between decks, the space, or in the space, between the decks of a vessel. — Between ourselves, Between you and me, Between themselves, in confidence; with the understanding that the matter is not to be communicated to others. Syn. — Between, Among. Between etymologically indicates only two; as a quarrel between two men or two nations; to be between two fires, etc. It is however extended to more than two in expressing a certain relation. “I … hope that between public business, improving studies, and domestic pleasures, neither melancholy nor caprice will find any place for entrance.
Johnson.” Among implies a mass or collection of things or persons, and always supposes more than two; as the prize money was equally divided among the ship’s crew.

Be•tween´, n. Intermediate time or space; interval. [Poetic & R.] Shak.

Be•twixt´ , prep. [OE. betwix, bitwix, rarely bitwixt, AS. betweox, betweohs, betweoh, betwih; pref. be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two. See Between.] 1. In the space which separates; between. “From betwixt two aged oaks.
Milton.” 2. From one to another of; mutually affecting. “There was some speech of marriage
Betwixt myself and her.
Shak.” Betwixt and between, in a midway position; so-so; neither one thing nor the other. [Colloq.]

Beur•re´ , n. [F., fr. beurre butter.] (Bot.) A beurre (or buttery) pear, one with the meat soft and melting; — used with a distinguishing word; as Beurre d’Anjou; Beurre Clairgeau.

Bev´el , n. [C. F. biveau, earlier buveau, Sp. baivel; of unknown origin. Cf. Bevile.] 1. Any angle other than a right angle; the angle which one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles; the slant or inclination of such surface; as to give a bevel to the edge of a table or a stone slab; the bevel of a piece of timber. 2. An instrument consisting of two rules or arms, jointed together at one end, and opening to any angle, for adjusting the surfaces of work to the same or a given inclination; — called also a bevel square. Gwilt.

Bev´el, a. 1. Having the slant of a bevel; slanting. 2. Hence: Morally distorted; not upright. [Poetic] “I may be straight, though they themselves be bevel.
Shak.” A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 90°. — Bevel wheel, a cogwheel whose working face is oblique to the axis. Knight.

Bev´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beveled or Bevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beveling or Bevelling.] To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of.

Bev´el, v. i. To deviate or incline from an angle of 90°, as a surface; to slant. “Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevel.
Swift.” { Bev´eled , Bev´elled } , a. 1. Formed to a bevel angle; sloping; as the beveled edge of a table. 2. (Min.) Replaced by two planes inclining equally upon the adjacent planes, as an edge; having its edges replaced by sloping planes, as a cube or other solid.

Bev´el gear . (Mech.) A kind of gear in which the two wheels working together lie in different planes, and have their teeth cut at right angles to the surfaces of two cones whose apices coincide with the point where the axes of the wheels would meet.

Bev´el•ment , n. (Min.) The replacement of an edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the including faces or adjacent planes.

Be´ver , n. [OE. bever a drink, drinking time, OF. beivre, boivre, to drink, fr. L. bibere.] A light repast between meals; a lunch. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Be´ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bevered .] To take a light repast between meals. [Obs.]

Bev´er•age , n. [OF. bevrage, F. breuvage, fr. beivre to drink, fr. L. bibere. Cf. Bib, v. t., Poison, Potable.] 1. Liquid for drinking; drink; — usually applied to drink artificially prepared and of an agreeable flavor; as an intoxicating beverage. “He knew no beverage but the flowing stream.
Thomson.” 2. Specifically, a name applied to various kinds of drink. 3. A treat, or drink money. [Slang]

Bev´ile , n. [See Bevel.] (Her.) A chief broken or opening like a carpenter’s bevel. Encyc. Brit. { Bev´iled , Bev´illed } , a. (Her.) Notched with an angle like that inclosed by a carpenter’s bevel; — said of a partition line of a shield.

Bev´y , n.; pl. Bevies . [Perhaps orig. a drinking company, fr. OF. bevee (cf. It. beva) a drink, beverage; then, perh., a company in general, esp. of ladies; and last applied by sportsmen to larks, quails, etc. See Beverage.] 1. A company; an assembly or collection of persons, especially of ladies. “What a bevy of beaten slaves have we here !
Beau. & Fl.” 2. A flock of birds, especially quails or larks; also a herd of roes.

Be•wail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewailing.] To express deep sorrow for, as by wailing; to lament; to wail over. “Hath widowed and unchilded many a one,
Which to this hour bewail the injury.
Shak.” Syn. — To bemoan; grieve. — See Deplore.

Be•wail´, v. i. To express grief; to lament. Shak.

Be•wail´a•ble , a. Such as may, or ought to, be bewailed; lamentable.

Be•wail´er , n. One who bewails or laments.

Be•wail´ing, a. Wailing over; lamenting. — Be•wail´ing•ly, adv.

Be•wail´ment , n. The act of bewailing.

Be•wake´ , v. t. & i. To keep watch over; to keep awake. [Obs.] Gower.

Be•ware´ , v. i. [Be, imperative of verb to be + ware. See Ware, Wary.] 1. To be on one’s guard; to be cautious; to take care; — commonly followed by of or lest before the thing that is to be avoided. “Beware of all, but most beware of man !
Pope.” “Beware the awful avalanche.
Longfellow.” 2. To have a special regard; to heed. [Obs.] “Behold, I send an Angel before thee… . Beware of him, and obey his voice.
Ex. xxiii. 20, 21.” This word is a compound from be and the Old English ware, now wary, which is an adjective. ´Be ye war of false prophetis.´ Wyclif, Matt. vii. 15. It is used commonly in the imperative and infinitive modes, and with such auxiliaries (shall, should, must, etc.) as go with the infinitive.

Be•ware´ (be•wâr´), v. t. To avoid; to take care of; to have a care for. [Obs.] ´Priest, beware your beard.´ Shak. “To wish them beware the son.
Milton.”

Be•wash´ , v. t. To drench or souse with water. ´Let the maids bewash the men.´ Herrick.

Be•weep´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewept ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beweeping.] [AS. bewpan; pref. be- + weep.] To weep over; to deplore; to bedew with tears. ´His timeless death beweeping.´ Drayton.

Be•weep´, v. i. To weep. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•wet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewet, Bewetted.] To wet or moisten. Gay.

Be•whore´ , v. t. 1. To corrupt with regard to chastity; to make a whore of. J. Fletcher. 2. To pronounce or characterize as a whore. Shak.

Be•wig´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewigged .] To cover (the head) with a wig. Hawthorne.

Be•wil´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewildered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewildering.] [Pref. be- + wilder.] To lead into perplexity or confusion, as for want of a plain path; to perplex with mazes; or in general, to perplex or confuse greatly. “Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search.
Addison.” Syn. — To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; confound; mystify; embarrass; lead astray.

Be•wil´dered , a. Greatly perplexed; as a bewildered mind.

Be•wil´dered•ness , n. The state of being bewildered; bewilderment. [R.]

Be•wil´der•ing , a. Causing bewilderment or great perplexity; as bewildering difficulties. — Be•wil´der•ing•ly, adv.

Be•wil´der•ment , n. 1. The state of being bewildered. 2. A bewildering tangle or confusion. “He … soon lost all traces of it amid bewilderment of tree trunks and underbrush.
Hawthorne.”

Be•win´ter , v. t. To make wintry. [Obs.]

Bew´it , n. [Cf. OF. buie bond, chain, fr. L. boja neck collar, fetter. Cf. Buoy.] A double slip of leather by which bells are fastened to a hawk’s legs.

Be•witch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewitched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewitching.] 1. To gain an ascendency over by charms or incantations; to affect (esp. to injure) by witchcraft or sorcery. “See how I am bewitched; behold, mine arm
Is like a blasted sapling withered up.
Shak.” 2. To charm; to fascinate; to please to such a degree as to take away the power of resistance; to enchant. “The charms of poetry our souls bewitch.
Dryden.” Syn. — To enchant; captivate; charm; entrance.

Be•witch´ed•ness , n. The state of being bewitched. Gauden.

Be•witch´er , n. One who bewitches.

Be•witch´er•y , n. The power of bewitching or fascinating; bewitchment; charm; fascination. “There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words.
South.”

Be•witch´ing, a. Having power to bewitch or fascinate; enchanting; captivating; charming. — Be•witch´ing•ly, adv. — Be•witch´ing•ness, n.

Be•witch´ment , n. 1. The act of bewitching, or the state of being bewitched. Tylor. 2. The power of bewitching or charming. Shak.

Be•won´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewondered .] 1. To fill with wonder. [Obs.] 2. To wonder at; to admire. [Obs.]

Be•wrap´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrapped .] To wrap up; to cover. Fairfax.

Be•wray´ (be•ra´), v. t. To soil. See Beray.

Be•wray´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrayed (-rad´); p. pr. & vb. n. Bewraying.] [OE. bewraien, biwreyen; pref. be- + AS. wregan to accuse, betray; akin to OS. wrogian, OHG. ruogen, G. rügen, Icel. raegja, Goth. wrohjan to accuse.] To expose; to reveal; to disclose; to betray. [Obs. or Archaic] “The murder being once done, he is in less fear, and in more hope that the deed shall not be bewrayed or known.
Robynson (More’s Utopia. )” “Thy speech bewrayeth thee.
Matt. xxvi. 73.”

Be•wray´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, bewrays; a revealer. [Obs. or Archaic] Addison.

Be•wray´ment (-ment), n. Betrayal. [R.]

Be•wreck´ , v. t. To wreck. [Obs.]

Be•wreke´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + wreak.] To wreak; to avenge. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Be•wrought´ , a. [Pref. be- + wrought, p. p. of work, v. t. ] Embroidered. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bey (ba), n. [See Beg a bey.] A governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions; also in some places, a prince or nobleman; a beg; as the bey of Tunis.

Bey´lic , n. [Turk.] The territory ruled by a bey.

Be•yond´ , prep. [OE. biyonde, bi&yogh;eonde, AS. begeondan, prep. and adv.; pref. be- + geond yond, yonder. See Yon, Yonder.] 1. On the further side of; in the same direction as and further on or away than. “Beyond that flaming hill.
G. Fletcher.” 2. At a place or time not yet reached; before. “A thing beyond us, even before our death.
Pope.” 3. Past, out of the reach or sphere of; further than; greater than; as the patient was beyond medical aid; beyond one’s strength. 4. In a degree or amount exceeding or surpassing; proceeding to a greater degree than; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind. ´Beyond expectation.´ Barrow. “Beyond any of the great men of my country.
Sir P. Sidney.” Beyond sea. (Law) See under Sea. — To go beyond, to exceed in ingenuity, in research, or in anything else; hence, in a bed sense, to deceive or circumvent. “That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter.
1 Thess. iv. 6.”

Be•yond´ , adv. Further away; at a distance; yonder. “Lo, where beyond he lyeth languishing.
Spenser.”

Be•zant´ , n. [See Byzant.] 1. A gold coin of Byzantium or Constantinople, varying in weight and value, usually (those current in England) between a sovereign and a half sovereign. There were also white or silver bezants. [Written also besant, byzant, etc.] 2. (Her.) A circle in or, i. e., gold, representing the gold coin called bezant. Burke. 3. A decoration of a flat surface, as of a band or belt, representing circular disks lapping one upon another.

Bez•-ant´ler , n. [L. bis twice (OF. bes) + E. antler.] The second branch of a stag’s horn.

Bez´el (bez´el), n. [From an old form of F. biseau sloping edge, prob. fr. L. bis double. See Bi-.] The rim which encompasses and fastens a jewel or other object, as the crystal of a watch, in the cavity in which it is set.

Be•zique´ (ba•zek´), n. [F. besigue.] A game at cards in which various combinations of cards in the hand, when declared, score points.

Be´zoar , n. [F. bezoard, fr. Ar. bazahr, badizahr, fr. Per. pad- zahr bezoar; pad protecting + zahr poison; cf. Pg. & Sp. bezoar.] A calculous concretion found in the intestines of certain ruminant animals (as the wild goat, the gazelle, and the Peruvian llama) formerly regarded as an unfailing antidote for poison, and a certain remedy for eruptive, pestilential, or putrid diseases. Hence: Any antidote or panacea. Two kinds were particularly esteemed, the Bezoar orientale of India, and the Bezoar occidentale of Peru. Bezoar antelope. See Antelope. — Bezoar goat (Zoöl.), the wild goat (Capra aegagrus). — Bezoar mineral, an old preparation of oxide of antimony. Ure.

Bez•o•ar´dic , a. [Cf. F. bezoardique, bezoartique.] Pertaining to, or compounded with, bezoar. — n. A medicine containing bezoar. { Bez•o•ar´tic , Bez•o•ar´tic•al } a. [See Bezoardic.] Having the qualities of an antidote, or of bezoar; healing. [Obs.]

Be•zo´ni•an , n. [Cf. F. besoin need, want, It bisogno.] A low fellow or scoundrel; a beggar. “Great men oft die by vile bezonians.
Shak.”

Bez´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bezzled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bezzling .] [OF. besillier, besiler, to maltreat, pillage; or shortened fr. embezzle. Cf. Embezzle.] To plunder; to waste in riot. [Obs.]

Bez´zle, v. i. To drink to excess; to revel. [Obs.]

Bhang , n. [Per. bang; cf. Skr. bhanga hemp.] An astringent and narcotic drug made from the dried leaves and seed capsules of wild hemp (Cannabis Indica), and chewed or smoked in the East as a means of intoxication. See Hasheesh.

Bhun´der , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An Indian monkey (Macacus Rhesus), protected by the Hindoos as sacred. See Rhesus.

Bi- . [L. bis twice, which in composition drops the -s, akin to E. two. See Bis-, Two, and cf. Di-, Dis-.] 1. In most branches of science bi- in composition denotes two, twice, or doubly; as bidentate, two- toothed; biternate, doubly ternate, etc. 2. (Chem.) In the composition of chemical names bi- denotes two atoms, parts, or equivalents of that constituent to the name of which it is prefixed, to one of the other component, or that such constituent is present in double the ordinary proportion; as bichromate, bisulphide. Be- and di- are often used interchangeably.

Bi•ac´id , a. [Pref. bi- + acid.] (Chem.) Having two hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by negative atoms or radicals to form salts; — said of bases. See Diacid.

Bi•a•cu´mi•nate , a. [Pref. bi- + acuminate.] (Bot.) Having points in two directions.

Bi•an´gu•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + angular.] Having two angles or corners. { Bi•an´gu•late , Bi•an´gu•la•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + angulate, angulated.] Biangular.

Bi•an´gu•lous , a. [Pref. bi- + angulous.] Biangular. [R.]

Bi•an•ther•if´er•ous , a. [Pref. bi- + antherigerous.] (Bot.) Having two anthers.

Bi•ar•tic´u•late , a. [Pref. bi- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Having, or consisting of, tow joints.

Bi´as (bi´as), n.; pl. Biases (-ez). [F. biasis, perh. fr. LL. bifax two-faced; L. bis + facies face. See Bi-, and cf. Face.] 1. A weight on the side of the ball used in the game of bowls, or a tendency imparted to the ball, which turns it from a straight line. “Being ignorant that there is a concealed bias within the spheroid, which will … swerve away.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A leaning of the mind; propensity or prepossession toward an object or view, not leaving the mind indifferent; bent; inclination. “Strong love is a bias upon the thoughts.
South.” “Morality influences men’s lives, and gives a bias to all their actions.
Locke.” 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of a garment (as the waist of a dress) to diminish its circumference. 4. A slant; a diagonal; as to cut cloth on the bias. Syn. — Prepossession; prejudice; partiality; inclination. See Bent.

Bi´as, a. 1. Inclined to one side; swelled on one side. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Cut slanting or diagonally, as cloth.

Bi´as, adv. In a slanting manner; crosswise; obliquely; diagonally; as to cut cloth bias.

Bi´as, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Biased (bi´ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Biasing.] To incline to one side; to give a particular direction to; to influence; to prejudice; to prepossess. “Me it had not biased in the one direction, nor should it have biased any just critic in the counter direction.
De Quincey.”

Bi•au•ric´u•late , a. [Pref. bi- + auriculate.] 1. (Anat.) Having two auricles, as the heart of mammals, birds, and reptiles. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having two earlike projections at its base, as a leaf. { Bi•ax´al , Bi•ax´i•al } a. [Pref. bi- + axal, axial.] (Opt.) Having two axes; as biaxial polarization. Brewster. — Bi•ax´i•al•ly, adv.

Bib , n. [From Bib, v., because the bib receives the drink that the child slavers from the mouth.] 1. A small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast, to protect the clothes. 2. (Zoöl.) An arctic fish (Gadus luscus), allied to the cod; — called also pout and whiting pout. 3. A bibcock. { Bib , Bibbe } , v. t. [L. bibere. See Beverage, and cf. Imbibe.] To drink; to tipple. [Obs.] “This miller hath … bibbed ale.
Chaucer.”

Bib, v. i. To drink; to sip; to tipple. “He was constantly bibbing.
Locke.”

Bi•ba´cious , a. [L. bibax, bibacis, fr. bibere. See Bib.] Addicted to drinking.

Bi•bac´i•ty , n. The practice or habit of drinking too much; tippling. Blount.

Bi•ba´sic , a. [Pref. bi- + basic.] (Chem.) Having to hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by positive or basic atoms or radicals to form salts; — said of acids. See Dibasic.

Bibb (bib), n. A bibcock. See Bib, n., 3.

Bib´ber , n. One given to drinking alcoholic beverages too freely; a tippler; — chiefly used in composition; as winebibber.

Bib´ble-bab´ble , n. [A reduplication of babble.] Idle talk; babble. Shak.

Bibbs (bibz), n. pl. (Naut.) Pieces of timber bolted to certain parts of a mast to support the trestletrees.

Bib´cock (bib´kok), n. A cock or faucet having a bent down nozzle. Knight.

Bi•bi´rine , n. (Chem.) See Bebeerine.

Bib´i•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to drinking or tippling.

Bi´ble (bi´b’l), n. [F. bible, L. biblia, pl., fr. Gr. bibli•a, pl. of bibli•on, dim. of bi•blos, by•blos, book, prop. Egyptian papyrus.] 1. A book. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The Book by way of eminence, — that is, the book which is made up of the writings accepted by Christians as of divine origin and authority, whether such writings be in the original language, or translated; the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; — sometimes in a restricted sense, the Old Testament; as King James’s Bible; Douay Bible; Luther’s Bible. also the book which is made up of writings similarly accepted by the Jews; as a rabbinical Bible. 3. A book containing the sacred writings belonging to any religion; as the Koran is often called the Mohammedan Bible. Bible Society, an association for securing the multiplication and wide distribution of the Bible. — Douay Bible. See Douay Bible. — Geneva Bible. See under Geneva.

Bib´ler (bib´ler), n. [See Bib, v. t.] A great drinker; a tippler. [Written also bibbler and bibbeler.]

Bib´li•cal (bib´li•kal), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the Bible; as biblical learning; biblical authority.

Bib•li•cal´i•ty (-kal´i•ty), n. The quality of being biblical; a biblical subject. [R.]

Bib´li•cal•ly , adv. According to the Bible.

Bib´li•cism , n. [Cf. F. biblicisme.] Learning or literature relating to the Bible. [R.]

Bib´li•cist , n. One skilled in the knowledge of the Bible; a demonstrator of religious truth by the Scriptures.

Bib´li•o•graph , n. Bibliographer.

Bib•li•og´ra•pher , n. [Gr. , fr. book + to write : cf. F. bibliographe.] One who writes, or is versed in, bibliography. { Bib•li•o•graph´ic , Bib•li•o•graph´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. bibliographique.] Pertaining to bibliography, or the history of books. — Bib•li•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Bib•li•og´ra•phy n.; pl. Bibliographies . [Gr. : cf. F. bibliographie.] A history or description of books and manuscripts, with notices of the different editions, the times when they were printed, etc. { Bib•li•ol´a•ter , Bib•li•ol´a•trist } n. [See. Bibliolatry.] A worshiper of books; especially, a worshiper of the Bible; a believer in its verbal inspiration. De Quincey.

Bib•li•ol´a•try (-try), n. [Gr. bibli•on book + latrei•a service, worship, latrey•ein to serve.] Book worship, esp. of the Bible; — applied by Roman Catholic divines to the exaltation of the authority of the Bible over that of the pope or the church, and by Protestants to an excessive regard to the letter of the Scriptures. Coleridge. F. W. Newman.

Bib•li•o•log´ic•al , a. Relating to bibliology.

Bib•li•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. book + -logy.] 1. An account of books; book lore; bibliography. 2. The literature or doctrine of the Bible.

Bib´li•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. book + -mancy: cf. F. bibliomancie.] A kind of divination, performed by selecting passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing from them indications concerning future events.

Bib•li•o•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. book + madness: cf. F. bibliomanie.] A mania for acquiring books.

Bib•li•o•ma´ni•ac , n. One who has a mania for books. — a. Relating to a bibliomaniac.

Bib•li•o•ma•ni´ac•al , a. Pertaining to a passion for books; relating to a bibliomaniac.

Bib•li•o•peg´ic (-pej´ik), a. [Gr. bibli•on book + phgny•naito make fast.] Relating to the binding of books. [R.]

Bib•li•op´e•gist (bib•li•op´e•jist), n. A bookbinder.

Bib•li•op•e•gis´tic (-op•e•jis´tik), a. Pertaining to the art of binding books. [R.] Dibdin.

Bib•li•op´e•gy , n. [See Bibliopegic.] The art of binding books. [R.]

Bib´li•o•phile , n. [Gr. book + to love: cf. F. bibliophile.] A lover of books.

Bib•li•oph´i•lism , n. Love of books.

Bib•li•oph´i•list , n. A lover of books.

Bib•li•o•pho´bi•a , n. [Gr. book + to fear.] A dread of books. [R.]

Bib´li•o•pole , n. [L. bibliopola, Gr. ; book + to sell: cf. F. bibliopole.] One who sells books. { Bib•li•o•pol´ic , Bib•li•op´o•lar } , a. [See Bibliopole.] Of or pertaining to the sale of books. ´Bibliopolic difficulties.´ Carlyle.

Bib•li•op´o•lism , n. The trade or business of selling books.

Bib•li•op´o•list , n. Same as Bibliopole.

Bib•li•op•o•lis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to bibliopolism. Dibdin. { Bib´li•o•taph , Bib•li•ot´a•phist } n. [Gr. book + a burial.] One who hides away books, as in a tomb. [R.] Crabb.

Bib´li•o•thec , n. A librarian.

Bib•li•o•the´ca , n. [L. See Bibliotheke.] A library.

Bib•li•o•the´cal , a. [L. bibliothecalis. See Bibliotheke.] Belonging to a library. Byrom.

Bib•li•oth´e•ca•ry , n. [L. bibliothecarius: cf. F. bibliothecaire.] A librarian. [Obs.] Evelin.

Bib´li•o•theke , n. [L. bibliotheca, Gr. ; book + a case, box, fr. to place: cf. F. bibliothèque.] A library. [Obs.] Bale.

Bib´list , n. [Cf. F. bibliste. See Bible.] 1. One who makes the Bible the sole rule of faith. 2. A biblical scholar; a biblicist. I. Taylor.

Bi•brac´te•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Furnished with, or having, two bracts.

Bib´u•lous , a. [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to drink. See Bib, v. t. ] 1. Readily imbibing fluids or moisture; spongy; as bibulous blotting paper. 2. Inclined to drink; addicted to tippling.

Bib´u•lous•ly, adv. In a bibulous manner; with profuse imbibition or absorption. De Quincey.

Bi•cal´ca•rate , a. [Pref. bi- + calcarate.] Having two spurs, as the wing or leg of a bird. { Bi•cal´lose , Bi•cal´lous } a. [Pref. bi- + callose, callous.] (Bot.) Having two callosities or hard spots. Gray.

Bi•cam´er•al , a. [Pref. bi- + camera.] Consisting of, or including, two chambers, or legislative branches. Bentham.

Bi•cap´su•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + capsular: cf. F. bicapsulaire.] (Bot.) Having two capsules; as a bicapsular pericarp.

Bi•car´bon•ate , n. [Pref. bi- + carbonate.] (Chem.) A carbonate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal carbonates; an acid carbonate; — sometimes called supercarbonate. {Bi•car´bu•ret•ed -ret•ted } , a. [Pref. bi- + carbureted.] (Chem.) Containing two atoms or equivalents of carbon in the molecule. [Obs. or R.]

Bi•car´i•nate , a. [Pref. bi- + carinate.] (Biol.) Having two keel-like projections, as the upper palea of grasses.

Bi•cau´dal , a. [Pref. bi- + caudal.] Having, or terminating in, two tails.

Bi•cau´date , a. [Pref. bi- + caudate.] Two-tailed; bicaudal.

Bic´ched , a. [Of unknown origin.] Pecked; pitted; notched. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bicched bones, pecked, or notched, bones; dice. { Bice , Bise } , n. [F. bis, akin to It. bigio light gray, tawny.] (Paint.) A pale blue pigment, prepared from the native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt; — called also blue bice. Green bice is prepared from the blue, by adding yellow orpiment, or by grinding down the green carbonate of copper. Cooley. Brande & C.

Bi•cen´te•na•ry , a. [Pref. bi- + centenary.] Of or pertaining to two hundred, esp. to two hundred years; as a bicentenary celebration. — n. The two hundredth anniversary, or its celebration.

Bi•cen•ten´ni•al, a. [Pref. bi- + centennial.] 1. Consisting of two hundred years. 2. Occurring every two hundred years.

Bi•cen•ten´ni•al, n. The two hundredth year or anniversary, or its celebration.

Bi•ceph´a•lous , a. [Pref. bi- + cephalous: cf. F. bicephale.] Having two heads.

Bi´ceps , n. [L., two-headed; bis twice + caput head. See Capital.] (Anat.) A muscle having two heads or origins; — applied particularly to a flexor in the arm, and to another in the thigh.

Bi•chir´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A remarkable ganoid fish (Polypterus bichir) found in the Nile and other African rivers. See Brachioganoidei.

Bi•chlo´ride , n. [Pref. bi- + chloride.] (Chem.) A compound consisting of two atoms of chlorine with one or more atoms of another element; — called also dichloride. Bichloride of mercury, mercuric chloride; — sometimes called corrosive sublimate.

Bi´cho , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) See Jigger.

Bi•chro´mate , n. [Pref. bi- + chromate.] (Chem.) A salt containing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other ingredients; as potassium bichromate; — called also dichromate.

Bi•chro´ma•tize , v. t. To combine or treat with a bichromate, esp. with bichromate of potassium; as bichromatized gelatine.

Bi•cip´i•tal , a. [L. biceps, bicipitis: cf. F. bicipital. See Biceps.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Having two heads or origins, as a muscle. (b) Pertaining to a biceps muscle; as bicipital furrows, the depressions on either side of the biceps of the arm. 2. (Bot.) Dividing into two parts at one extremity; having two heads or two supports; as a bicipital tree.

Bi•cip´i•tous , a. Having two heads; bicipital. ´Bicipitous serpents.´ Sir T. Browne.

Bick´er, n. [See Beaker.] A small wooden vessel made of staves and hoops, like a tub. [Prov. Eng.]

Bick´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bickered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bickering.] [OE. bikeren, perh. fr. Celtic; cf. W. bicra to fight, bicker, bicre conflict, skirmish; perh. akin to E. beak.] 1. To skirmish; to exchange blows; to fight. [Obs.] “Two eagles had a conflict, and bickered together.
Holland.” 2. To contend in petulant altercation; to wrangle. “Petty things about which men cark and bicker.
Barrow.” 3. To move quickly and unsteadily, or with a pattering noise; to quiver; to be tremulous, like flame. “They [streamlets] bickered through the sunny shade.
Thomson.”

Bick´er, n. 1. A skirmish; an encounter. [Obs.] 2. A fight with stones between two parties of boys. [Scot.] Jamieson. 3. A wrangle; also a noise,, as in angry contention.

Bick´er•er , n. One who bickers.

Bick´er•ing, n. 1. A skirmishing. ´Frays and bickerings.´ Milton. 2. Altercation; wrangling.

Bick´er•ment , n. Contention. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bick´ern , n. [F. bigorne. See Bicorn.] An anvil ending in a beak or point (orig. in two beaks); also the beak or horn itself.

Bi•col´li•gate , a. [L. bis twice + colligatus, p. p. See Colligate, v. t. ] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior toes connected by a basal web. { Bi´col•or , Bi´col•ored } a. [L. bicolor; bis twice + color color.] Of two colors.

Bi•con´cave , a. [Pref. bi- + concave.] Concave on both sides; as biconcave vertebrae.

Bi•con´ju•gate , a. [Pref. bi- + conjugate, a.] (Bot.) Twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice. Gray.

Bi•con´vex , a. [Pref. bi- + convex.] Convex on both sides; as a biconvex lens. { Bi´corn , Bi´corned , Bi•cor´nous , } a. [L. bicornis; bis twice + cornu horn: cf. F. bicorne. Cf. Bickern.] Having two horns; two-horned; crescentlike.

Bi•cor´po•ral , a. [Pref. bi- + corporal.] Having two bodies.

Bi•cor´po•rate , a. [Pref. bi- + corporate.] (Her.) Double-bodied, as a lion having one head and two bodies.

Bi•cos´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + costate.] (Bot.) Having two principal ribs running longitudinally, as a leaf.

Bi•cre´nate , a. [Pref. bi- + crenate.] (Bot.) Twice crenated, as in the case of leaves whose crenatures are themselves crenate.

Bi•cres•cen´tic , a. [Pref. bi- + crescent.] Having the form of a double crescent.

Bi•cru´ral , a. [Pref. bi- + crural.] Having two legs. Hooker. { Bi•cus´pid , Bi•cus´pid•ate } a. [See pref. Bi-, and Cuspidate.] Having two points or prominences; ending in two points; — said of teeth, leaves, fruit, etc.

Bi•cus´pid, n. (Anat.) One of the two double-pointed teeth which intervene between the canines (cuspids) and the molars, on each side of each jaw. See Tooth, n.

Bi•cy´a•nide , n. See Dicyanide.

Bi´cy•cle , n. [Pref. bi- + cycle.] A light vehicle having two wheels one behind the other. It has a saddle seat and is propelled by the rider’s feet acting on cranks or levers.

Bi´cy•cler , n. One who rides a bicycle.

Bi•cyc´lic , a. Relating to bicycles.

Bi´cy•cling , n. The use of a bicycle; the act or practice of riding a bicycle.

Bi´cy•clism , n. The art of riding a bicycle.

Bi´cy•clist , n. A bicycler.

Bi•cyc´u•lar , a. Relating to bicycling.

Bid (bid), v. t. [imp. Bade (bad), Bid, (Obs.) Bad; p. p. Bidden , Bid; p. pr. & vb. n. Bidding.] [OE. bidden, prop to ask, beg, AS. biddan; akin to OS. biddian, Icel. biðja, OHG. bittan, G. bitten, to pray, ask, request, and E. bead, also perh. to Gr. teiqein to persuade, L. fidere to trust, E. faith, and bide. But this word was early confused with OE. beden, beoden, AS. beódan, to offer, command; akin to Icel. bjoða, Goth. biudan (in comp.), OHG. biotan to command, bid, G. bieten, D. bieden, to offer, also to Gr. pynqa•nesqai to learn by inquiry, Skr. budh to be awake, to heed, present OSlav. budeti to be awake, E. bode, v. The word now has the form of OE. bidden to ask, but the meaning of OE. beden to command, except in ´to bid beads.´ rad.30.] 1. To make an offer of; to propose. Specifically : To offer to pay ( a certain price, as for a thing put up at auction), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be done under a contract). 2. To offer in words; to declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance, etc.; as to bid one welcome; to bid good morning, farewell, etc. “Neither bid him God speed.
2. John 10.” “He bids defiance to the gaping crowd.
Granrille.” 3. To proclaim; to declare publicly; to make known. [Mostly obs.] ´Our banns thrice bid !´ Gay. 4. To order; to direct; to enjoin; to command. “That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow.
Pope” “Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee.
Matt. xiv. 28” “I was bid to pick up shells.
D. Jerrold.” 5. To invite; to call in; to request to come. “As many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage.
Matt. xxii. 9” To bid beads, to pray with beads, as the Roman Catholics; to distinguish each bead by a prayer. [Obs.] — To bid defiance to , to defy openly; to brave. — To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise; to seem likely. Syn. — To offer; proffer; tender; propose; order; command; direct; charge; enjoin.

Bid , imp. & p. p. of Bid.

Bid, n. An offer of a price, especially at auctions; a statement of a sum which one will give for something to be received, or will take for something to be done or furnished; that which is offered.

Bid, v. i. [See Bid, v. t.] 1. To pray. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To make a bid; to state what one will pay or take.

Bid´ale , n. [Bid + ale.] An invitation of friends to drink ale at some poor man’s house, and there to contribute in charity for his relief. [Prov. Eng.]

Bid´da•ble , a. Obedient; docile. [Scot.]

Bid´den , p. p. of Bid.

Bid´der , n. [AS. biddere. ] One who bids or offers a price. Burke.

Bid´der•y ware . [From Beder or Bidar a town in India.] A kind of metallic ware made in India. The material is a composition of zinc, tin, and lead, in which ornaments of gold and silver are inlaid or damascened. [Spelt also bidry, bidree, bedery, beder.]

Bid´ding, n. 1. Command; order; a proclamation or notifying. ´Do thou thy master’s bidding.´ Shak. 2. The act or process of making bids; an offer; a proposal of a price, as at an auction.

Bid´ding prayer . 1. (R. C. Ch.) The prayer for the souls of benefactors, said before the sermon. 2. (Angl. Ch.) The prayer before the sermon, with petitions for various specified classes of persons.

Bid´dy , n. [Etymology uncertain.] A name used in calling a hen or chicken. Shak.

Bid´dy, n. [A familiar form of Bridget.] An Irish serving woman or girl. [Colloq.]

Bide , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bided; p. pr. & vb. n. Biding.] [OE. biden, AS. bidan; akin to OHG. bitan, Goth. beidan, Icel. bi; perh. orig., to wait with trust, and akin to bid. See Bid, v. t., and cf. Abide.] 1. To dwell; to inhabit; to abide; to stay. “All knees to thee shall bow of them that bide
In heaven or earth, or under earth, in hell.
Milton.” 2. To remain; to continue or be permanent in a place or state; to continue to be. Shak.

Bide, v. t. 1. To encounter; to remain firm under (a hardship); to endure; to suffer; to undergo. “Poor naked wretches, wheresoe’er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm.
Shak.” 2. To wait for; as I bide my time. See Abide.

Bi´dent , n. [L. bidens, - entis, having two prongs; bis twice + dens a tooth.] An instrument or weapon with two prongs.

Bi•den´tal , a. Having two teeth. Swift.

Bi•den´tate , a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having two teeth or two toothlike processes; two- toothed.

Bi•det´ , n. [F. bidet, perh. fr. Celtic; cr. Gael. bideach very little, diminutive, bidein a diminutive animal, W. bidan a weakly or sorry wretch.] 1. A small horse formerly allowed to each trooper or dragoon for carrying his baggage. B. Jonson. 2. A kind of bath tub for sitting baths; a sitz bath.

Bi•dig´i•tate , a. [Pref. bi- + digitate.] Having two fingers or fingerlike projections.

Bid´ing , n. Residence; habitation. Rowe.

Bield , n. A shelter. Same as Beild. [Scot.]

Bield, v. t. To shelter. [Scot.]

Bi•en´ni•al , a. [L. biennalis and biennis, fr. biennium a space of two years; bis twice + annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. Happening, or taking place, once in two years; as a biennial election. 2. (Bot.) Continuing for two years, and then perishing, as plants which form roots and leaves the first year, and produce fruit the second.

Bi•en´ni•al, n. 1. Something which takes place or appears once in two years; esp. a biennial examination. 2. (Bot.) A plant which exists or lasts for two years.

Bi•en´ni•al•ly, adv. Once in two years.

Bier , n. [OE. baee, beere, AS. br, bre; akin to D. baar, OHG. bara, G. bahre, Icel barar, D baare, L. feretrum, Gr. , from the same bear to produce. See 1st Bear, and cf. Barrow.] 1. A handbarrow or portable frame on which a corpse is placed or borne to the grave. 2. (Weaving) A count of forty threads in the warp or chain of woolen cloth. Knight.

Bier´balk (ber´bak•), n. [See Bier, and Balk, n.] A church road (e. g., a path across fields) for funerals. [Obs.] Homilies. { Biest´ings , Beest´ings } , n. pl. [OE. bestynge, AS. bysting, fr. byst, beost; akin to D. biest, OHG. biost, G. biest; of unknown origin.] The first milk given by a cow after calving. B. Jonson. “The thick and curdy milk … commonly called biestings.
Newton. (1574).”

Bi•fa´cial , a. [Pref. bi- + facial.] Having the opposite surfaces alike.

Bi•fa´ri•ous , a. [L. bifarius; bis twice + fari to speak. Cf. Gr. twofold; twice + to say.] 1. Twofold; arranged in two rows. 2. (Bot.) Pointing two ways, as leaves that grow only on opposite sides of a branch; in two vertical rows.

Bi•fa´ri•ous•ly, adv. In a bifarious manner.

Bif´er•ous , a. [L. bifer; bis twice + ferre to bear.] Bearing fruit twice a year.

Bif´fin , n. [Cf. Beaufin.] 1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. [Sometimes called beaufin; but properly beefin (it is said), from its resemblance to raw beef.] Wright. 2. A baked apple pressed down into a flat, round cake; a dried apple. Dickens.

Bi´fid , a. [L. bifidus; bis twice + root of findere to cleave or split: cf. F. bifide.] Cleft to the middle or slightly beyond the middle; opening with a cleft; divided by a linear sinus, with straight margins.

Bif´i•date , a. [L. bifidatus.] See Bifid.

Bi•fi´lar , a. [Pref. bi- + filar.] Two-threaded; involving the use of two threads; as bifilar suspension; a bifilar balance. Bifilar micrometer (often called a bifilar, an instrument form measuring minute distances or angles by means of two very minute threads (usually spider lines), one of which, at least, is movable; — more commonly called a filar micrometer.

Bi•fla•bel´late , a. [Pref. bi- + flabellate.] (Zoöl.) Flabellate on both sides.

Bi•fla•gel´late , a. [Pref. bi- + flagellate.] Having two long, narrow, whiplike appendages. { Bi•flo´rate , Bi•flo´rous } a. [L. bis twice + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Bearing two flowers; two-flowered.

Bi´fold , a. [Pref. bi- + fold.] Twofold; double; of two kinds, degrees, etc. Shak.

Bi•fo´li•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + foliate.] (Bot.) Having two leaves; two- leaved.

Bi•fo´li•o•late , a. [Pref. bi- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves.

Bif´o•rate , a. [L. bis twice + foratus, p. p. of forare to bore or pierce.] (Bot.) Having two perforations.

Bif´o•rine , n. [L. biforis, biforus, having two doors; bis twice + foris door.] (Bot.) An oval sac or cell, found in the leaves of certain plants of the order Araceae. It has an opening at each end through which raphides, generated inside, are discharged.

Bi´forked , a. Bifurcate.

Bi´form , a. [L. biformis; bis twice + forma shape: cf. F. biforme.] Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. Croxall.

Bi´formed , a. [Pref. bi- + form.] Having two forms. Johnson.

Bi•form´i•ty , n. A double form.

Bi•forn´ , prep. & adv. Before. [Obs.]

Bif´o•rous , a. [L. biforis having two doors; bis twice, two + foris door.] See Biforate.

Bi•front´ed , a. [Pref. bi- + front.] Having two fronts. ´Bifronted Janus.´ Massinger. { Bi•fur´cate , Bi•fur´ca•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + furcate.] Two-pronged; forked.

Bi•fur´cate , v. i. To divide into two branches.

Bi•fur•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. bifurcation.] A forking, or division into two branches.

Bi•fur´cous , a. [L. bifurcus; bis twice + furca fork.] See Bifurcate, a. [R.] Coles.

Big , a. [Compar. Bigger; superl. Biggest.] [Perh. from Celtic; cf. W. beichiog, beichiawg, pregnant, with child, fr. baich burden, Arm. beac’h; or cf. OE. bygly, Icel. biggiligr, (properly) habitable; (then) magnigicent, excellent, fr. OE. biggen, Icel. byggja, to dwell, build, akin to E. be.] 1. Having largeness of size; of much bulk or magnitude; of great size; large. ´He’s too big to go in there.´ Shak. 2. Great with young; pregnant; swelling; ready to give birth or produce; — often figuratively. “[Day] big with the fate of Cato and of Rome.
Addison.” 3. Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation, distention, etc., whether in a good or a bad sense; as a big heart; a big voice; big looks; to look big. As applied to looks, it indicates haughtiness or pride. “God hath not in heaven a bigger argument.
Jer. Taylor.” Big is often used in self-explaining compounds; as big-boned; big-sounding; big-named; big- voiced. To talk big, to talk loudly, arrogantly, or pretentiously. “I talked big to them at first.
De Foe.” Syn. — Bulky; large; great; massive; gross. { Big , Bigg }, n. [OE. bif, bigge; akin to Icel. bygg, Dan. byg, Sw. bjugg.] (Bot.) Barley, especially the hardy four-rowed kind. “´Bear interchanges in local use, now with barley, now with bigg.´
New English Dict.” { Big , Bigg }, v. t. [OE. biggen, fr. Icel. byggja to inhabit, to build, ba (neut.) to dwell (active) to make ready. See Boor, and Bound.] To build. [Scot. & North of Eng. Dial.] Sir W. Scott.

Bi´ga , n. [L.] (Antiq.) A two-horse chariot.

Big´am , n. [L. bigamus twice married: cf. F. bigame. See Bigamy.] A bigamist. [Obs.]

Big´a•mist , n. [Cf. Digamist.] One who is guilty of bigamy. Ayliffe.

Big´a•mous , a. Guilty of bigamy; involving bigamy; as a bigamous marriage.

Big´a•my , n. [OE. bigamie, fr. L. bigamus twice married; bis twice + Gr. marriage; prob. akin to Skt. jamis related, and L. gemini twins, the root meaning to bind, join: cf. F. bigamie. Cf. Digamy.] (Law) The offense of marrying one person when already legally married to another. Wharton. It is not strictly correct to call this offense bigamy: it more properly denominated polygamy, i. e., having a plurality of wives or husbands at once, and in several statutes in the United States the offense is classed under the head of polygamy. In the canon law bigamy was the marrying of two virgins successively, or one after the death of the other, or once marrying a widow. This disqualified a man for orders, and for holding ecclesiastical offices. Shakespeare uses the word in the latter sense. Blackstone. Bouvier. “Base declension and loathed bigamy.
Shak. ” { Big•ar•reau´ , Big•a•roon´ } n. [F. bigarreau, fr. bigarre variegated.] (Bot.) The large white-heart cherry.

Big´-bel•lied , a. Having a great belly; as a big-bellied man or flagon; advanced in pregnancy.

Bi•gem´i•nate , a. [Pref. bi- + geminate.] (Bot.) Having a forked petiole, and a pair of leaflets at the end of each division; biconjugate; twice paired; — said of a decompound leaf.

Bi•gen´tial , a. [Pref. bi- + L. gens, gentis, tribe.] (Zoöl.) Including two tribes or races of men.

Big´eye , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Priacanthus, remarkable for the large size of the eye.

Bigg , n. & v. See Big, n. & v.

Big´gen , v. t. & i. To make or become big; to enlarge. [Obs. or Dial.] Steele.

Big´ger , a., compar. of Big.

Big´gest , a., superl. of Big.

Big´gin , n. [F. beguin, prob. from the cap worn by the Beguines. Cf. Beguine, Biggon.] A child’s cap; a hood, or something worn on the head. “An old woman’s biggin for a nightcap.
Massinger.”

Big´gin, n. A coffeepot with a strainer or perforated metallic vessel for holding the ground coffee, through which boiling water is poured; — so called from Mr. Biggin, the inventor. { Big´gin , Big´ging } n. [OE. bigging. See Big, Bigg, v. t.] A building. [Obs.] { Big´gon , Big´gon•net } n. [F. beguin and OF. beguinet, dim of beguin. See Biggin a cap.] A cap or hood with pieces covering the ears.

Big´ha , n. A measure of land in India, varying from a third of an acre to an acre.

Big´horn , n. (Zoöl.) The Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis or Caprovis montana).

Bight (bit), n. [OE. bi&yogh;t a bending; cf. Sw. & Dan. bugt bend, bay; fr. AS. byht, fr. bugan. rad.88. Cf. Bout, Bought a bend, and see Bow, v.] 1. A corner, bend, or angle; a hollow; as the bight of a horse’s knee; the bight of an elbow. 2. (Geog.) A bend in a coast forming an open bay; as the Bight of Benin. 3. (Naut.) The double part of a rope when folded, in distinction from the ends; that is, a round, bend, or coil not including the ends; a loop.

Bi•glan´du•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + glandular.] Having two glands, as a plant.

Big´ly , adv. [From Big, a.] In a tumid, swelling, blustering manner; haughtily; violently. “He brawleth bigly.
Robynson (More’s Utopia. )”

Big´ness, n. The state or quality of being big; largeness; size; bulk.

Big•no´ni•a , n. [Named from the Abbe Bignon.] (Bot.) A large genus of American, mostly tropical, climbing shrubs, having compound leaves and showy somewhat tubular flowers. B. capreolata is the cross vine of the Southern United States. The trumpet creeper was formerly considered to be of this genus.

Big•no•ni•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the trumpet flower is an example.

Big´ot , n. [F. bigot a bigot or hypocrite, a name once given to the Normans in France. Of unknown origin; possibly akin to Sp. bigote a whisker; hombre de bigote a man of spirit and vigor; cf. It. s-bigottire to terrify, to appall. Wedgwood and others maintain that bigot is from the same source as Beguine, Beghard.] 1. A hypocrite; esp., a superstitious hypocrite. [Obs.] 2. A person who regards his own faith and views in matters of religion as unquestionably right, and any belief or opinion opposed to or differing from them as unreasonable or wicked. In an extended sense, a person who is intolerant of opinions which conflict with his own, as in politics or morals; one obstinately and blindly devoted to his own church, party, belief, or opinion. “To doubt, where bigots had been content to wonder and believe.
Macaulay.”

Big´ot, a. Bigoted. [Obs.] “In a country more bigot than ours.
Dryden.”

Big´ot•ed, a. Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion practice, or ritual; unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and illiberal toward the opinions of others. ´Bigoted to strife.´ Byron. Syn. — Prejudiced; intolerant; narrow-minded.

Big´ot•ed•ly, adv. In the manner of a bigot.

Big´ot•ry , n. [Cf. F. bigoterie.] 1. The state of mind of a bigot; obstinate and unreasoning attachment of one’s own belief and opinions, with narrow-minded intolerance of beliefs opposed to them. 2. The practice or tenets of a bigot.

Big´wig , n. [Big, a. + wig.] A person of consequence; as the bigwigs of society. [Jocose] “In our youth we have heard him spoken of by the bigwigs with extreme condescension.
Dickens.”

Big´-wigged , a. characterized by pomposity of manner. [Eng.]

Bi•hy•drog´u•ret , n. [Pref. bi- + hydroguret.] (Chem.) A compound of two atoms of hydrogen with some other substance. [Obs.]

Bi•jou´ , n.; pl. Bijoux . [F.; of uncertain origin.] A trinket; a jewel; — a word applied to anything small and of elegant workmanship.

Bi•jou´try , n. [F. bijouterie. See Bijou.] Small articles of virtu, as jewelry, trinkets, etc.

Bij´u•gate , a. [L. bis twice + jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Bot.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets.

Bij´u•gous , a. [L. bijugus yoked two together; bis twice + jugum yoke, pair.] (Bot.) Bijugate.

Bike , n. [Ethymol. unknown.] A nest of wild bees, wasps, or ants; a swarm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Bikh , n. [Hind., fr. Skr. visha poison.] (Bot.) The East Indian name of a virulent poison extracted from Aconitum ferox or other species of aconite: also the plant itself.

Bi•la´bi•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + labiate.] (Bot.) Having two lips, as the corols of certain flowers.

Bi•la•cin´i•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + laciniate.] Doubly fringed.

Bi•la´lo , n. A two-masted passenger boat or small vessel, used in the bay of Manila. { Bi•lam´el•late , Bi•lam´el•la•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + lamellate.] (Bot.) Formed of two plates, as the stigma of the Mimulus; also having two elevated ridges, as in the lip of certain flowers. { Bi•lam´i•nar , Bi•lam´i•nate } a. [Pref. bi- + laminar, laminate.] Formed of, or having, two laminae, or thin plates.

Bi´land , n. A byland. [Obs.] Holland.

Bil´an•der , n. [D. bijlander; bij by + land land, country.] (Naut.) A small two-masted merchant vessel, fitted only for coasting, or for use in canals, as in Holland. “Why choose we, then, like bilanders to creep
Along the coast, and land in view to keep?
Dryden.”

Bi•lat´er•al , a. [Pref. bi- + lateral: cf. F. bilateral.] 1. Having two sides; arranged upon two sides; affecting two sides or two parties. 2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the two sides of a central area or organ, or of a central axis; as bilateral symmetry in animals, where there is a similarity of parts on the right and left sides of the body.

Bi•lat•er•al´i•ty , n. State of being bilateral.

Bil´ber•ry , n.; pl. Bilberries . [Cf. Dan. böllebaer bilberry, where bölle is perh. akin to E. ball.] 1. (Bot.) The European whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus); also its edible bluish black fruit. “There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.
Shak.” 2. (Bot.) Any similar plant or its fruit; esp., in America, the species Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. caespitosum and V. uliginosum.

Bil´bo , n.; pl. Bilboes . 1. A rapier; a sword; so named from Bilbao, in Spain. Shak. 2. pl. A long bar or bolt of iron with sliding shackles, and a lock at the end, to confine the feet of prisoners or offenders, esp. on board of ships. “Methought I lay
Worse than the mutines in the bilboes.
Shak.”

Bil´bo•quet , n. [F.] The toy called cup and ball.

Bil´cock , n. (Zoöl.) The European water rail.

Bild´stein , n. [G., fr. bild image, likeness + stein stone.] Same as Agalmatolite.

Bile , n. [L. bilis: cf. F. bile.] 1. (Physiol.) A yellow, or greenish, viscid fluid, usually alkaline in reaction, secreted by the liver. It passes into the intestines, where it aids in the digestive process. Its characteristic constituents are the bile salts, and coloring matters. 2. Bitterness of feeling; choler; anger; ill humor; as to stir one’s bile. Prescott. The ancients considered the bile to be the ´humor´ which caused irascibility.

Bile, n. [OE. byle, bule, bele, AS. ble, bl; skin to D. buil, G. beule, and Goth. ufbauljan to puff up. Cf. Boil a tumor, Bulge.] A boil. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bi•lec´tion , n. (Arch.) That portion of a group of moldings which projects beyond the general surface of a panel; a bolection.

Bile´stone , n. [Bile + stone.] A gallstone, or biliary calculus. See Biliary. E. Darwin.

Bilge , n. [A different orthography of bulge, of same origin as belly. Cf. Belly, Bulge.] 1. The protuberant part of a cask, which is usually in the middle. 2. (Naut.) That part of a ship’s hull or bottom which is broadest and most nearly flat, and on which she would rest if aground. 3. Bilge water. Bilge free (Naut.), stowed in such a way that the bilge is clear of everything; — said of a cask. — Bilge pump, a pump to draw the bilge water from the gold of a ship. — Bilge water (Naut.), water which collects in the bilge or bottom of a ship or other vessel. It is often allowed to remain till it becomes very offensive. — Bilge ways, the timbers which support the cradle of a ship upon the ways, and which slide upon the launching ways in launching the vessel.

Bilge (bilj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bilged (biljd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bilging.] 1. (Naut.) To suffer a fracture in the bilge; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. 2. To bulge.

Bilge, v. t. 1. (Naut.) To fracture the bilge of, or stave in the bottom of (a ship or other vessel). 2. To cause to bulge.

Bil´gy , a. Having the smell of bilge water.

Bil´ia•ry (bil´ya•ry; 106), a. [L. bilis bile: cf. F. biliaire.] (Physiol.) Relating or belonging to bile; conveying bile; as biliary acids; biliary ducts. Biliary calculus (Med.), a gallstone, or a concretion formed in the gall bladder or its duct.

Bil•i•a´tion , n. (Physiol.) The production and excretion of bile.

Bi•lif´er•ous , a. Generating bile.

Bil•i•fus´cin , n. [L. bilis bile + fuscus dark.] (Physiol.) A brownish green pigment found in human gallstones and in old bile. It is a derivative of bilirubin. { Bi•lim´bi , Bi•lim´bing } n. [Malay.] The berries of two East Indian species of Averrhoa, of the Oxalideae or Sorrel family. They are very acid, and highly esteemed when preserved or pickled. The juice is used as a remedy for skin diseases. [Written also blimbi and blimbing.]

Bil´i•ment , n. A woman’s ornament; habiliment. [Obs.]

Bi´lin , n. [Cf. F. biline, from L. bilis bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) A name applied to the amorphous or crystalline mass obtained from bile by the action of alcohol and ether. It is composed of a mixture of the sodium salts of the bile acids.

Bi•lin´e•ar , a. (Math.) Of, pertaining to, or included by, two lines; as bilinear coördinates.

Bi•lin´gual , a. [L. bilinguis; bis twice + lingua tongue, language.] Containing, or consisting of, two languages; expressed in two languages; as a bilingual inscription; a bilingual dictionary. — Bi•lin´gual•ly, adv.

Bi•lin´gual•ism , n. Quality of being bilingual. “The bilingualism of King’s English.
Earle.”

Bi•lin´guar , a. See Bilingual.

Bi•lin´guist , n. One versed in two languages.

Bi•lin´guous , a. [L. bilinguis.] Having two tongues, or speaking two languages. [Obs.]

Bil´ious (bil´yus), a. [L. biliosus, fr. bilis bile.] 1. Of or pertaining to the bile. 2. Disordered in respect to the bile; troubled with an excess of bile; as a bilious patient; dependent on, or characterized by, an excess of bile; as bilious symptoms. 3. Choleric; passionate; ill tempered. ´A bilious old nabob.´ Macaulay. Bilious temperament. See Temperament.

Bil´ious•ness, n. The state of being bilious.

Bil•i•pra´sin , n. [L. bilis bile + prasinus green.] (Physiol.) A dark green pigment found in small quantity in human gallstones.

Bil•i•ru´bin , n. [L. bilis biel + ruber red.] (Physiol.) A reddish yellow pigment present in human bile, and in that from carnivorous and herbivorous animals; the normal biliary pigment.

Bi•lit´er•al , a. [L. bis twice + littera letter.] Consisting of two letters; as a biliteral root of a Sanskrit verb. Sir W. Jones. — n. A word, syllable, or root, consisting of two letters.

Bi•lit´er•al•ism , n. The property or state of being biliteral.

Bil•i•ver´din , n. [L. bilis bile + viridis green. Cf. Verdure.] (Physiol.) A green pigment present in the bile, formed from bilirubin by oxidation.

Bilk , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bilked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bilking.] [Origin unknown. Cf. Balk.] To frustrate or disappoint; to deceive or defraud, by nonfulfillment of engagement; to leave in the lurch; to give the slip to; as to bilk a creditor. Thackeray.

Bilk, n. 1. A thwarting an adversary in cribbage by spoiling his score; a balk. 2. A cheat; a trick; a hoax. Hudibras. 3. Nonsense; vain words. B. Jonson. 4. A person who tricks a creditor; an untrustworthy, tricky person. Marryat.

Bill , n. [OE. bile, bille, AS. bile beak of a bird, proboscis; cf. Ir. & Gael. bil, bile, mouth, lip, bird’s bill. Cf. Bill a weapon.] A beak, as of a bird, or sometimes of a turtle or other animal. Milton.

Bill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Billing.] 1. To strike; to peck. [Obs.] 2. To join bills, as doves; to caress in fondness. ´As pigeons bill.´ Shak. To bill and coo, to interchange caresses; — said of doves; also of demonstrative lovers. Thackeray.

Bill, n. The bell, or boom, of the bittern “The bittern’s hollow bill was heard.
Wordsworth.”

Bill, n. [OE. bil, AS. bill, bil; akin to OS. bil sword, OHG. bill pickax, G. bille. Cf. Bill bea.] 1. A cutting instrument, with hook-shaped point, and fitted with a handle; — used in pruning, etc.; a billhook. When short, called a hand bill, when long, a hedge bill. 2. A weapon of infantry, in the 14th and 15th centuries. A common form of bill consisted of a broad, heavy, double-edged, hook-shaped blade, having a short pike at the back and another at the top, and attached to the end of a long staff. “France had no infantry that dared to face the English bows end bills.
Macaulay.” 3. One who wields a bill; a billman. Strype. 4. A pickax, or mattock. [Obs.] 5. (Naut.) The extremity of the arm of an anchor; the point of or beyond the fluke.

Bill , v. t. To work upon ( as to dig, hoe, hack, or chop anything) with a bill.

Bill, n. [OE. bill, bille, fr. LL. billa (or OF. bille), for L. bulla anything rounded, LL., seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll; cf. F. bille a ball, prob. fr. Ger.; cf. MHG. bickel, D. bikkel, dice. Cf. Bull papal edict, Billet a paper.] 1. (Law) A declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law. 2. A writing binding the signer or signers to pay a certain sum at a future day or on demand, with or without interest, as may be stated in the document. [Eng.] In the United States, it is usually called a note, a note of hand, or a promissory note. 3. A form or draft of a law, presented to a legislature for enactment; a proposed or projected law. 4. A paper, written or printed, and posted up or given away, to advertise something, as a lecture, a play, or the sale of goods; a placard; a poster; a handbill. “She put up the bill in her parlor window.
Dickens.” 5. An account of goods sold, services rendered, or work done, with the price or charge; a statement of a creditor’s claim, in gross or by items; as a grocer’s bill. 6. Any paper, containing a statement of particulars; as a bill of charges or expenditures; a weekly bill of mortality; a bill of fare, etc. Bill of adventure. See under Adventure. — Bill of costs, a statement of the items which form the total amount of the costs of a party to a suit or action. — Bill of credit. (a) Within the constitution of the United States, a paper issued by a State, on the mere faith and credit of the State, and designed to circulate as money. No State shall ´emit bills of credit.´ U. S. Const. Peters. Wharton. Bouvier (b) Among merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a merchant, desiring him to give credit to the bearer for goods or money. — Bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, a writing given by the husband to the wife, by which the marriage relation was dissolved. Jer. iii. 8. — Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered at the customhouse, whether imported or intended for exportation. — Bill of exceptions. See under Exception. — Bill of exchange (Com.), a written order or request from one person or house to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person designated a certain sum of money therein generally is, and, to be negotiable, must be, made payable to order or to bearer. So also the order generally expresses a specified time of payment, and that it is drawn for value. The person who draws the bill is called the drawer, the person on whom it is drawn is, before acceptance, called the drawee, — after acceptance, the acceptor; the person to whom the money is directed to be paid is called the payee. The person making the order may himself be the payee. The bill itself is frequently called a draft. See Exchange. Chitty. — Bill of fare, a written or printed enumeration of the dishes served at a public table, or of the dishes (with prices annexed) which may be ordered at a restaurant, etc. — Bill of health, a certificate from the proper authorities as to the state of health of a ship’s company at the time of her leaving port. — Bill of indictment, a written accusation lawfully presented to a grand jury. If the jury consider the evidence sufficient to support the accusation, they indorse it ´A true bill,´ otherwise they write upon it ´Not a true bill,´ or ´Not found,´ or ´Ignoramus´, or ´Ignored.´ — Bill of lading, a written account of goods shipped by any person, signed by the agent of the owner of the vessel, or by its master, acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and promising to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea excepted. It is usual for the master to sign two, three, or four copies of the bill; one of which he keeps in possession, one is kept by the shipper, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods. — Bill of mortality, an official statement of the number of deaths in a place or district within a given time; also a district required to be covered by such statement; as a place within the bills of mortality of London. — Bill of pains and penalties, a special act of a legislature which inflicts a punishment less than death upon persons supposed to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. Bouvier. Wharton. — Bill of parcels, an account given by the seller to the buyer of the several articles purchased, with the price of each. — Bill of particulars (Law), a detailed statement of the items of a plaintiff’s demand in an action, or of the defendant’s set-off. - - Bill of rights, a summary of rights and privileges claimed by a people. Such was the declaration presented by the Lords and Commons of England to the Prince and Princess of Orange in 1688, and enacted in Parliament after they became king and queen. In America, a bill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most of the constitutions of the several States. — Bill of sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of goods and chattels. — Bill of sight, a form of entry at the customhouse, by which goods, respecting which the importer is not possessed of full information, may be provisionally landed for examination. — Bill of store, a license granted at the customhouse to merchants, to carry such stores and provisions as are necessary for a voyage, custom free. Wharton. — Bills payable (pl.), the outstanding unpaid notes or acceptances made and issued by an individual or firm. — Bills receivable (pl.), the unpaid promissory notes or acceptances held by an individual or firm. McElrath. — A true bill, a bill of indictment sanctioned by a grand jury.

Bill, v. t. 1. To advertise by a bill or public notice. 2. To charge or enter in a bill; as to bill goods.

Bil´lage , n. ∧ v. t. & i. Same as Bilge.

Bil´lard , n. (Zoöl.) An English fish, allied to the cod; the coalfish. [Written also billet and billit.] {Bill•bee´tle , or Bill´bug• } , n. (Zoöl.) A weevil or curculio of various species, as the corn weevil. See Curculio.

Bill´board , n. 1. (Naut.) A piece of thick plank, armed with iron plates, and fixed on the bow or fore channels of a vessel, for the bill or fluke of the anchor to rest on. Totten. 2. A flat surface, as of a panel or of a fence, on which bills are posted; a bulletin board.

Bill´ book . (Com.) A book in which a person keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, etc., thus showing all that he issues and receives.

Bill´ bro•ker . One who negotiates the discount of bills.

Billed , a. Furnished with, or having, a bill, as a bird; — used in composition; as broad- billed.

Bil´let , n. [F. billet, dim. of an OF. bille bill. See Bill a writing.] 1. A small paper; a note; a short letter. ´I got your melancholy billet.´ Sterne. 2. A ticket from a public officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge; as a billet of residence.

Bil´let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Billeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Billeting.] [From Billet a ticket.] (Mil.) To direct, by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence: To quarter, or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses. “Billeted in so antiquated a mansion.
W. Irving.”

Bil´let, n. [F. billette, bille, log; of unknown origin; a different word from bille ball. Cf. Billiards, Billot.] 1. A small stick of wood, as for firewood. “They shall beat out my brains with billets.
Shak.” 2. (Metal.) A short bar of metal, as of gold or iron. 3. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman work, resembling a billet of wood either square or round. 4. (Saddlery) (a) A strap which enters a buckle. (b) A loop which receives the end of a buckled strap. Knight. 5. (Her.) A bearing in the form of an oblong rectangle.

Bil•let-doux´ (bil•la•doo´), n.; pl. Billets-doux (bil•la•dooz´). [F. billet note + doux sweet, L. dulcis.] A love letter or note. “A lover chanting out a billet-doux.
Spectator.”

Bil´let•head (bil´l&ect;t•hed), n. (Naut.) A round piece of timber at the bow or stern of a whaleboat, around which the harpoon line is run out when the whale darts off.

Bill´fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) A name applied to several distinct fishes: (a) The garfish (Tylosurus, or Belone, longirostris) and allied species. (b) The saury, a slender fish of the Atlantic coast (Scomberesox saurus). (c) The Tetrapturus albidus, a large oceanic species related to the swordfish; the spearfish. (d) The American fresh-water garpike (Lepidosteus osseus).

Bill´head (-hed•), n. A printed form, used by merchants in making out bills or rendering accounts.

Bill´ hold•er (bil´ hol•der). 1. A person who holds a bill or acceptance. 2. A device by means of which bills, etc., are held.

Bill´hook , n. [Bill + hook.] A thick, heavy knife with a hooked point, used in pruning hedges, etc. When it has a short handle, it is sometimes called a hand bill; when the handle is long, a hedge bill or scimiter.

Bil´liard , a. Of or pertaining to the game of billiards. ´Smooth as is a billiard ball.´ B. Jonson.

Bil´liards , n. [F. billiard billiards, OF. billart staff, cue form playing, fr. bille log. See Billet a stick.] A game played with ivory balls o a cloth-covered, rectangular table, bounded by elastic cushions. The player seeks to impel his ball with his cue so that it shall either strike (carom upon) two other balls, or drive another ball into one of the pockets with which the table sometimes is furnished.

Bill´ing , a. & n. Caressing; kissing.

Bil´lings•gate , n. 1. A market near the Billings gate in London, celebrated for fish and foul language. 2. Coarsely abusive, foul, or profane language; vituperation; ribaldry.

Bil´lion , n. [F. billion, arbitrarily formed fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of million a million. See Million.] According to the French and American method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000; according to the English method, a million millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration.

Bill´man , n.; pl. Billmen . One who uses, or is armed with, a bill or hooked ax. ´A billman of the guard.´ Savile.

Bil•lon´ , n. [F. Cf. Billet a stick.] An alloy of gold and silver with a large proportion of copper or other base metal, used in coinage.

Bil´lot , n. [F. billot, dim. of bille. See Billet a stick.] Bullion in the bar or mass.

Bil´low , n. [Cf. Icel. bylgja billow, Dan. bölge, Sw. bölja; akin to MHG. bulge billow, bag, and to E. bulge. See Bulge.] 1. A great wave or surge of the sea or other water, caused usually by violent wind. “Whom the winds waft where’er the billows roll.
Cowper.” 2. A great wave or flood of anything. Milton.

Bil´low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Billowing.] To surge; to rise and roll in waves or surges; to undulate. ´The billowing snow.´ Prior.

Bil´low•y , a. Of or pertaining to billows; swelling or swollen into large waves; full of billows or surges; resembling billows. “And whitening down the many-tinctured stream,
Descends the billowy foam.
Thomson.” { Bill´post•er , Bill´stick´er } n. One whose occupation is to post handbills or posters in public places.

Bil´ly , n. 1. A club; esp., a policeman’s club. 2. (Wool Manuf.) A slubbing or roving machine.

Bil´ly•boy , n. A flat-bottomed river barge or coasting vessel. [Eng.]

Bil´ly goat . A male goat. [Colloq.]

Bi•lo´bate (bi•lo´bat or bi´lo•bat), a. [Pref. bi- + lobate.] Divided into two lobes or segments.

Bi´lobed (bi´lobd), a. [Pref. bi- + lobe.] Bilobate.

Bi•lo•ca´tion , n. [Pref. bi- + location.] Double location; the state or power of being in two places at the same instant; — a miraculous power attributed to some of the saints. Tylor.

Bi•loc´u•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + locular: cf. F. biloculaire.] Divided into two cells or compartments; as a bilocular pericarp. Gray.

Bil´sted , n. (Bot.) See Sweet gum.

Bil´tong , n. [S. African.] Lean meat cut into strips and sun-dried. H. R. Haggard.

Bi•mac´u•late , a. [Pref. bi- + maculate, a.] Having, or marked with, two spots.

Bim´a•na , n. pl. [NL. See Bimanous.] (Zoöl.) Animals having two hands; — a term applied by Cuvier to man as a special order of Mammalia.

Bim´a•nous , a. [L. bis twice + manus hand.] (Zoöl.) Having two hands; two- handed.

Bi•mar´gin•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + marginate.] Having a double margin, as certain shells.

Bi•mas´tism , n. [Pref. bi- + Gr. breast.] (Anat.) The condition of having two mammae or teats.

Bi•me´di•al , a. [Pref. bi- + medial.] (Geom.) Applied to a line which is the sum of two lines commensurable only in power (as the side and diagonal of a square).

Bi•mem´bral , a. [L. bis twice + membrum member.] (Gram.) Having two members; as a bimembral sentence. J. W. Gibbs.

Bi•men´sal , a. [Pref. bi- + mensal.] See Bimonthly, a. [Obs. or R.]

Bi•mes´tri•al , a. [L. bimestris; bis twice + mensis month.] Continuing two months. [R.]

Bi•me•tal´lic , a. [Pref. bi- + metallic: cf. F. bimetallique.] Of or relating to, or using, a double metallic standard (as gold and silver) for a system of coins or currency.

Bi•met´al•lism , n. [F. bimetalisme.] The legalized use of two metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed relative value; — in opposition to monometallism. The words bimetallisme and monometallisme are due to M. Cernuschi [1869]. Littre.

Bi•met´al•list , n. An advocate of bimetallism.

Bi•month´ly , a. [Pref. bi- + monthly.] Occurring, done, or coming, once in two months; as bimonthly visits; bimonthly publications. — n. A bimonthly publication.

Bi•month´ly, adv. Once in two months.

Bi•mus´cu•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + muscular.] (Zoöl.) Having two adductor muscles, as a bivalve mollusk.

Bin , n. [OE. binne, AS. binn manager, crib; perh. akin to D. ben, benne, basket, and to L. benna a kind of carriage ( a Gallic word), W. benn, men, wain, cart.] A box, frame, crib, or inclosed place, used as a receptacle for any commodity; as a corn bin; a wine bin; a coal bin.

Bin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Binned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Binning.] To put into a bin; as to bin wine.

Bin. An old form of Be and Been. [Obs.]

Bin-. A euphonic form of the prefix Bi-.

Bi´nal , a. [See Binary.] Twofold; double. [R.] ´Binal revenge, all this.´ Ford.

Bin•ar•se´ni•ate , n. [Pref. bin- + arseniate.] (Chem.) A salt having two equivalents of arsenic acid to one of the base. Graham.

Bi´na•ry , a. [L. binarius, fr. bini two by two, two at a time, fr. root of bis twice; akin to E. two: cf. F. binaire.] Compounded or consisting of two things or parts; characterized by two (things). Binary arithmetic, that in which numbers are expressed according to the binary scale, or in which two figures only, 0 and 1, are used, in lieu of ten; the cipher multiplying everything by two, as in common arithmetic by ten. Thus, 1 is one; 10 is two; 11 is three; 100 is four, etc. Davies & Peck. — Binary compound (Chem.), a compound of two elements, or of an element and a compound performing the function of an element, or of two compounds performing the function of elements. — Binary logarithms, a system of logarithms devised by Euler for facilitating musical calculations, in which 1 is the logarithm of 2, instead of 10, as in the common logarithms, and the modulus 1.442695 instead of .43429448. — Binary measure (Mus.), measure divisible by two or four; common time. — Binary nomenclature (Nat. Hist.), nomenclature in which the names designate both genus and species. — Binary scale (Arith.), a uniform scale of notation whose ratio is two. — Binary star (Astron.), a double star whose members have a revolution round their common center of gravity. — Binary theory (Chem.), the theory that all chemical compounds consist of two constituents of opposite and unlike qualities.

Bi´na•ry, n. That which is constituted of two figures, things, or parts; two; duality. Fotherby.

Bi´nate , a. [L. bini two and two.] (Bot.) Double; growing in pairs or couples. Gray.

Bin•au´ral , a. [Pref. bin- + aural.] Of or pertaining to, or used by, both ears.

Bind , v. t. [imp. Bound ; p. p. Bound, formerly Bounden ; p. pr. & vb. n. Binding.] [AS. bindan, perfect tense band, bundon, p. p. bunden; akin to D. & G. binden, Dan. binde, Sw. & Icel. binda, Goth. bindan, Skr. bandh (for bhandh) to bind, cf. Gr. (for ) cable, and L. offendix. rad.90.] 1. To tie, or confine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, etc.; to fetter; to make fast; as to bind grain in bundles; to bind a prisoner. 2. To confine, restrain, or hold by physical force or influence of any kind; as attraction binds the planets to the sun; frost binds the earth, or the streams. “He bindeth the floods from overflowing.
Job xxviii. 11.” “Whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years.
Luke xiii. 16.” 3. To cover, as with a bandage; to bandage or dress; — sometimes with up; as to bind up a wound. 4. To make fast ( a thing) about or upon something, as by tying; to encircle with something; as to bind a belt about one; to bind a compress upon a part. 5. To prevent or restrain from customary or natural action; as certain drugs bind the bowels. 6. To protect or strengthen by a band or binding, as the edge of a carpet or garment. 7. To sew or fasten together, and inclose in a cover; as to bind a book. 8. Fig.: To oblige, restrain, or hold, by authority, law, duty, promise, vow, affection, or other moral tie; as to bind the conscience; to bind by kindness; bound by affection; commerce binds nations to each other. “Who made our laws to bind us, not himself.
Milton.” 9. (Law) (a) To bring (any one) under definite legal obligations; esp. under the obligation of a bond or covenant. Abbott. (b) To place under legal obligation to serve; to indenture; as to bind an apprentice; — sometimes with out; as bound out to service. To bind over, to put under bonds to do something, as to appear at court, to keep the peace, etc. — To bind to, to contract; as to bind one’s self to a wife. — To bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with; to absorb in. Syn. — To fetter; tie; fasten; restrain; restrict; oblige.

Bind , v. i. 1. To tie; to confine by any ligature. “They that reap must sheaf and bind.
Shak.” 2. To contract; to grow hard or stiff; to cohere or stick together in a mass; as clay binds by heat. Mortimer. 3. To be restrained from motion, or from customary or natural action, as by friction. 4. To exert a binding or restraining influence. Locke.

Bind, n. 1. That which binds or ties. 2. Any twining or climbing plant or stem, esp. a hop vine; a bine. 3. (Metal.) Indurated clay, when much mixed with the oxide of iron. Kirwan. 4. (Mus.) A ligature or tie for grouping notes.

Bind´er , n. 1. One who binds; as a binder of sheaves; one whose trade is to bind; as a binder of books. 2. Anything that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, or band; a bandage; — esp. the principal piece of timber intended to bind together any building.

Bind´er•y , n. A place where books, or other articles, are bound; a bookbinder’s establishment.

Bind´heim•ite , n. [From Bindheim, a German who analyzed it.] (Min.) An amorphous antimonate of lead, produced from the alteration of other ores, as from jamesonite.

Bind´ing , a. That binds; obligatory. Binding beam (Arch.), the main timber in double flooring. — Binding joist (Arch.), the secondary timber in double-framed flooring. Syn. — Obligatory; restraining; restrictive; stringent; astringent; costive; styptic.

Bind´ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, binds. 2. Anything that binds; a bandage; the cover of a book, or the cover with the sewing, etc.; something that secures the edge of cloth from raveling. 3. pl. (Naut.) The transoms, knees, beams, keelson, and other chief timbers used for connecting and strengthening the parts of a vessel.

Bind´ing•ly, adv. So as to bind.

Bind´ing•ness, n. The condition or property of being binding; obligatory quality. Coleridge.

Bind´weed , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Convolvulus; as greater bindweed (C. Sepium); lesser bindweed (C. arvensis); the white, the blue, the Syrian, bindweed. The black bryony, or Tamus, is called black bindweed, and the Smilax aspera, rough bindweed. “The fragile bindweed bells and bryony rings.
Tennyson.”

Bine , n. [Bind, cf. Woodbine.] The winding or twining stem of a hop vine or other climbing plant.

Bi•nerv´ate , a. [L. bis twice + nervus sinew, nerve.] 1. (Bot.) Two- nerved; — applied to leaves which have two longitudinal ribs or nerves. 2. (Zoöl.) Having only two nerves, as the wings of some insects.

Bing , n. [Cf. Icel. bingr, Sw. binge, G. beige, beuge. Cf. Prov. E. bink bench, and bench coal the uppermost stratum of coal.] A heap or pile; as a bing of wood. ´Potato bings.´ Burns. ´A bing of corn.´ Surrey. [Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Scot.]

Bin•i´o•dide , n. Same as Diiodide.

Bink , n. A bench. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

Bin´na•cle , n. [For bittacle, corrupted (perh. by influence of bin) fr. Pg. bitacola binnacle, fr. L. habitaculum dwelling place, fr. habitare to dwell. See Habit, and cf. Bittacle.] (Naut.) A case or box placed near the helmsman, containing the compass of a ship, and a light to show it at night. Totten.

Bin´ny , n. (Zoöl.) A large species of barbel (Barbus bynni), found in the Nile, and much esteemed for food.

Bin´o•cle , n. [F. binocle; L. bini two at a time + oculus eye.] (Opt.) A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes joining, so as to enable a person to view an object with both eyes at once; a double-barreled field glass or an opera glass.

Bin•oc´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. binoculaire. See Binocle.] 1. Having two eyes. ´Most animals are binocular.´ Derham. 2. Pertaining to both eyes; employing both eyes at once; as binocular vision. 3. Adapted to the use of both eyes; as a binocular microscope or telescope. Brewster.

Bin•oc´u•lar , n. A binocular glass, whether opera glass, telescope, or microscope.

Bin•oc´u•lar•ly, adv. In a binocular manner.

Bin•oc´u•late , a. Having two eyes.

Bi•no´mi•al , n. [L. bis twice + nomen name: cf. F. binome, LL. binomius (or fr. bi- + Gr. distribution ?). Cf. Monomial.] (Alg.) An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus (+) or minus (-); as a + b, or 7 - 3.

Bi•no´mi•al, a. 1. Consisting of two terms; pertaining to binomials; as a binomial root. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Having two names; — used of the system by which every animal and plant receives two names, the one indicating the genus, the other the species, to which it belongs. Binomial theorem (Alg.), the theorem which expresses the law of formation of any power of a binomial.

Bi•nom´i•nal , a. [See Binomial.] Of or pertaining to two names; binomial.

Bi•nom´i•nous , a. Binominal. [Obs.]

Bi•not´o•nous , a. [L. bini two at a time + tonus, fr. Gr. , tone.] Consisting of two notes; as a binotonous cry.

Bi´nous , a. Same as Binate.

Bin•ox´a•late , n. [Pref. bin- + oxalate.] (Chem.) A salt having two equivalents of oxalic acid to one of the base; an acid oxalate.

Bin•ox´ide , n. [Pref. bin- + oxide.] (Chem.) Same as Dioxide.

Bin´tu•rong , n. (Zoöl.) A small Asiatic civet of the genus Arctilis. { Bi•nu´cle•ar , Bi•nu´cle•ate } a. [Pref. bi- + nuclear, nucleate.] (Biol.) Having two nuclei; as binucleate cells.

Bi•nu´cle•o•late , a. [Pref. bi- + nucleolus.] (Biol.) Having two nucleoli.

Bi´o•blast , n. [Gr. life + -blast.] (Biol.) Same as Bioplast.

Bi•oc´el•late , a. [L. bis twice + ocellatus. See Ocellated.] (Zoöl.) Having two ocelli (eyelike spots); — said of a wing, etc.

Bi•o•chem´is•try , n. [Gr. life + E. chemistry.] (Biol.) The chemistry of living organisms; the chemistry of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

Bi•o•dy•nam´ics , n. [Gr. life + E. dynamics.] (Biol.) The doctrine of vital forces or energy.

Bi´o•gen , n. [Gr. life + -gen.] (Biol.) Bioplasm. { Bi•o•gen´e•sis , Bi•og´e•ny } n. [Gr. life + , , birth.] (Biol.) (a) A doctrine that the genesis or production of living organisms can take place only through the agency of living germs or parents; — opposed to abiogenesis. (b) Life development generally.

Bi•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to biogenesis.

Bi•og´e•nist , n. A believer in the theory of biogenesis.

Bi•og•no´sis , n. [Gr. life + investigation.] (Biol.) The investigation of life.

Bi•og´ra•pher , n. One who writes an account or history of the life of a particular person; a writer of lives, as Plutarch. { Bi´o•graph´ic , Bi•o•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to biography; containing biography. — Bi•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Bi•og´ra•phize , v. t. To write a history of the life of. Southey.

Bi•og´ra•phy , n.; pl. Biographies . [Gr. ; life + to write: cf. F. biographie. See Graphic.] 1. The written history of a person’s life. 2. Biographical writings in general. { Bi•o•log´ic , Bi•o•log´ic•al } a. Of or relating to biology. — Bi•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Bi•ol´o•gist , n. A student of biology; one versed in the science of biology.

Bi•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. life + -logy: cf. F. biologie.] The science of life; that branch of knowledge which treats of living matter as distinct from matter which is not living; the study of living tissue. It has to do with the origin, structure, development, function, and distribution of animals and plants.

Bi•ol´y•sis , n. [Gr. life + a dissolving.] (Biol.) The destruction of life.

Bi•o•lyt´ic , a. [Gr. life + to destroy.] Relating to the destruction of life.

Bi•o•mag•net´ic , a. Relating to biomagnetism.

Bi•o•mag´net•ism , n. [Gr. life + E. magnetism.] Animal magnetism.

Bi•om´e•try , n. [Gr. life + -metry.] Measurement of life; calculation of the probable duration of human life.

Bi´on , n. [Gr. living, p. pr. of to live.] (Biol.) The physiological individual, characterized by definiteness and independence of function, in distinction from the morphological individual or morphon.

Bi•on´o•my , n. [Gr. life + law.] Physiology. [R.] Dunglison. { Bi´o•phor , Bi´o•phore• } , n. [Gr. life + bearing, fr. to bear.] (Biol.) One of the smaller vital units of a cell, the bearer of vitality and heredity. See Pangen, in Supplement.

Bi´o•plasm (bi´o•plaz’m), n. [Gr. bi•os life + pla•sma form, mold, fr. pla•ssein to mold.] (Biol.) A name suggested by Dr. Beale for the germinal matter supposed to be essential to the functions of all living beings; the material through which every form of life manifests itself; unaltered protoplasm.

Bi•o•plas´mic (bi•o•plaz´mik), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, bioplasm.

Bi´o•plast (-plast), n. [Gr. bi•os life + pla•ssein to form.] (Biol.) A tiny mass of bioplasm, in itself a living unit and having formative power, as a living white blood corpuscle; bioblast.

Bi•o•plas´tic (bi•o•plas´tik), a. (Biol.) Bioplasmic.

Bi•or´gan , n. [Gr. life + E. organ.] (Biol.) A physiological organ; a living organ; an organ endowed with function; — distinguished from idorgan.

Bi•o•stat´ics , n. [Gr. life + . See Statics.] (Biol.) The physical phenomena of organized bodies, in opposition to their organic or vital phenomena.

Bi•o•sta•tis´tics , n. [Gr. life + E. statistics.] (Biol.) Vital statistics.

Bi´o•tax•y , n. [Gr. life + arrangement.] (Biol.) The classification of living organisms according to their structural character; taxonomy.

Bi•ot´ic , a. [Gr. pert. to life.] (Biol.) Relating to life; as the biotic principle.

Bi´o•tite , n. [From Biot, a French naturalist.] (Min.) Mica containing iron and magnesia, generally of a black or dark green color; — a common constituent of crystalline rocks. See Mica.

Bi•pal´mate , a. [Pref. bi- + palmate.] (Bot.) Palmately branched, with the branches again palmated.

Bi•pa•ri´e•tal , a. [Pref. bi- + parietal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium, from one parietal fossa to the other.

Bip´a•rous , a. [L. bis twice + parere to bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth.

Bi•part´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. bipartible. See Bipartite.] Capable of being divided into two parts.

Bi•par´tient , a. [L. bis twice + partiens, p. pr. of partire to divide.] Dividing into two parts. — n. A number that divides another into two equal parts without a remainder.

Bi•par´tile , a. Divisible into two parts.

Bip´ar•tite , a. [L. bipartitus, p. p. of bipartire; bis twice + partire. See Partite.] 1. Being in two parts; having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract or writing, one for each party; shared by two; as a bipartite treaty. 2. Divided into two parts almost to the base, as a leaf; consisting of two parts or subdivisions. Gray.

Bi•par•ti´tion , n. The act of dividing into two parts, or of making two correspondent parts, or the state of being so divided. { Bi•pec´ti•nate , Bi•pec´ti•na•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + pectinate.] (Biol.) Having two margins toothed like a comb.

Bi´ped , n. [L. bipes; bis twice + pes, pedis, oot: cf. F. bipède.] A two-footed animal, as man.

Bi´ped, a. Having two feet; two- footed. “By which the man, when heavenly life was ceased,
Became a helpless, naked, biped beast.
Byrom.”

Bip´e•dal , a. [L. bipedalis: cf. F. bipedal. See Biped, n.] 1. Having two feet; biped. 2. Pertaining to a biped.

Bi•pel´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + peltate.] Having a shell or covering like a double shield. { Bi•pen´nate , Bi•pen´na•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + pennate: cf. L. bipennis. Cf. Bipinnate.] Having two wings. ´Bipennated insects.´ Derham.

Bi•pen´nis , n. [L.] An ax with an edge or blade on each side of the handle.

Bi•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. bi- + petalous.] (Bot.) Having two petals.

Bi•pin•na´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. bis twice + pinna feather.] (Zoöl.) The larva of certain starfishes as developed in the free-swimming stage. { Bi•pin´nate , Bi•pin´na•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + pinnate; cf. F. bipinne. Cf. Bipennate.] Twice pinnate.

Bi•pin•nat´i•fid , a. [Pref. bi- + pinnatifid.] (Bot.) Doubly pinnatifid. A bipinnatifid leaf is a pinnatifid leaf having its segments or divisions also pinnatifid. The primary divisions are pinnae and the secondary pinnules.

Bip´li•cate , a. [Pref. bi- + plicate.] Twice folded together. Henslow.

Bi•plic´i•ty , n. The state of being twice folded; reduplication. [R.] Bailey.

Bi•po´lar , a. [Pref. bi- + polar. Cf. Dipolar.] Doubly polar; having two poles; as a bipolar cell or corpuscle.

Bi•po•lar´i•ty , n. Bipolar quality. { Bi´pont , Bi•pont´ine } , a. (Bibliog.) Relating to books printed at Deuxponts, or Bipontium (Zweibrücken), in Bavaria.

Bi•punc´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + punctate.] Having two punctures, or spots.

Bi•punc´tu•al , a. Having two points.

Bi•pu´pil•late , a. [Pref. bi- + pupil (of the eye).] (Zoöl.) Having an eyelike spot on the wing, with two dots within it of a different color, as in some butterflies.

Bi•py•ram´i•dal , a. [Pref. bi- + pyramidal.] Consisting of two pyramids placed base to base; having a pyramid at each of the extremities of a prism, as in quartz crystals.

Bi•quad´rate , n. [Pref. bi- + quadrate.] (Math.) The fourth power, or the square of the square. Thus 4x4=16, the square of 4, and 16x16=256, the biquadrate of 4.

Bi•quad•rat´ic , a. [Pref. bi- + quadratic: cf. F. biquadratique.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to the biquadrate, or fourth power. Biquadratic equation (Alg.), an equation of the fourth degree, or an equation in some term of which the unknown quantity is raised to the fourth power. — Biquadratic root of a number, the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the square root of 81 is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3, which is the biquadratic root of 81. Hutton.

Bi•quad•rat´ic, n. (Math.) (a) A biquadrate. (b) A biquadratic equation.

Bi•quin´tile , n. [Pref. bi- + quintile: cf. F. biquintile.] (Astron.) An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other by twice the fifth part of a great circle — that is, twice 72 degrees. { Bi•ra´di•ate , Bi•ra´di•a•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + radiate.] Having two rays; as a biradiate fin.

Bi•ra´mous , a. [Pref. bi- + ramous.] (Biol.) Having, or consisting of, two branches.

Birch (berch), n.; pl. Birches (-ez). [OE. birche, birk, AS. birce, beorc; akin to Icel. björk, Sw. björk, Dan. birk, D. berk, OHG. piricha, MHG. birche, birke, G. birke, Russ. bereza, Pol. brzoza, Serv. breza, Skr. bhurja. rad.254. Cf. 1st Birk.] 1. A tree of several species, constituting the genus Betula; as the white or common birch (B. alba) (also called silver birch and lady birch); the dwarf birch (B. glandulosa); the paper or canoe birch (B. papyracea); the yellow birch (B. lutea); the black or cherry birch (B. lenta). 2. The wood or timber of the birch. 3. A birch twig or birch twigs, used for flogging. The twigs of the common European birch (B. alba), being tough and slender, were formerly much used for rods in schools. They were also made into brooms. “The threatening twigs of birch.
Shak.” 4. A birch-bark canoe. Birch of Jamaica, a species (Bursera gummifera) of turpentine tree. — Birch partridge. (Zoöl.) See Ruffed grouse. — Birch wine, wine made of the spring sap of the birch. — Oil of birch. (a) An oil obtained from the bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), and used in the preparation of genuine (and sometimes of the imitation) Russia leather, to which it gives its peculiar odor. (b) An oil prepared from the black birch (B. lenta), said to be identical with the oil of wintergreen, for which it is largely sold.

Birch, a. Of or pertaining to the birch; birchen.

Birch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Birched (bercht); p. pr. & vb. n. Birching.] To whip with a birch rod or twig; to flog.

Birch´en (berch´’n), a. Of or relating to birch. “He passed where Newark’s stately tower
Looks out from Yarrow’s birchen bower.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bird (berd), n. [OE. brid, bred, bird, young bird, bird, AS. bridd young bird. rad.92.] 1. Orig., a chicken; the young of a fowl; a young eaglet; a nestling; and hence, a feathered flying animal (see 2). “That ungentle gull, the cuckoo’s bird.
Shak.” “The brydds [birds] of the aier have nestes.
Tyndale (Matt. viii. 20).” 2. (Zoöl.) A warm-blooded, feathered vertebrate provided with wings. See Aves. 3. Specifically, among sportsmen, a game bird. 4. Fig.: A girl; a maiden. “And by my word! the bonny bird
In danger shall not tarry.
Campbell.” Arabian bird, the phenix. — Bird of Jove, the eagle. — Bird of Juno, the peacock. — Bird louse (Zoöl.), a wingless insect of the group Mallophaga, of which the genera and species are very numerous and mostly parasitic upon birds. — Bird mite (Zoöl.), a small mite (genera Dermanyssus, Dermaleichus and allies) parasitic upon birds. The species are numerous. — Bird of passage, a migratory bird. — Bird spider (Zoöl.), a very large South American spider (Mygale avicularia). It is said sometimes to capture and kill small birds. — Bird tick (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect parasitic upon birds (genus Ornithomyia, and allies), usually winged.

Bird , v. i. 1. To catch or shoot birds. 2. Hence: To seek for game or plunder; to thieve. [R.] B. Jonson.

Bird´bolt , n. A short blunt arrow for killing birds without piercing them. Hence: Anything which smites without penetrating. Shak. { Bird´ cage´, or Bird´cage• } , n. A cage for confining birds.

Bird´call , n. 1. A sound made in imitation of the note or cry of a bird for the purpose of decoying the bird or its mate. 2. An instrument of any kind, as a whistle, used in making the sound of a birdcall.

Bird´catch•er , n. One whose employment it is to catch birds; a fowler.

Bird´catch•ing, n. The art, act, or occupation or catching birds or wild fowls.

Bird´ cher•ry . (Bot.) A shrub (Prunus Padus ) found in Northern and Central Europe. It bears small black cherries.

Bird´er , n. A birdcatcher.

Bird´-eyed , a. Quick-sighted; catching a glance as one goes.

Bird´ fan•ci•er . 1. One who takes pleasure in rearing or collecting rare or curious birds. 2. One who has for sale the various kinds of birds which are kept in cages.

Bird´ie , n. A pretty or dear little bird; — a pet name. Tennyson.

Bird´i•kin , n. A young bird. Thackeray.

Bird´ing, n. Birdcatching or fowling. Shak. Birding piece, a fowling piece. Shak.

Bird´let, n. A little bird; a nestling.

Bird´like , a. Resembling a bird.

Bird´lime , n. [Bird + lime viscous substance.] An extremely adhesive viscid substance, usually made of the middle bark of the holly, by boiling, fermenting, and cleansing it. When a twig is smeared with this substance it will hold small birds which may light upon it. Hence: Anything which insnares. “Not birdlime or Idean pitch produce
A more tenacious mass of clammy juice.
Dryden.” Birdlime is also made from mistletoe, elder, etc.

Bird´lime, v. t. To smear with birdlime; to catch with birdlime; to insnare. “When the heart is thus birdlimed, then it cleaves to everything it meets with.
Coodwin.”

Bird´ling, n. A little bird; a nestling.

Bird´man , n. A fowler or birdcatcher.

Bird´ of par´a•dise . (Zoöl.) The name of several very beautiful birds of the genus Paradisea and allied genera, inhabiting New Guinea and the adjacent islands. The males have brilliant colors, elegant plumes, and often remarkable tail feathers. The Great emerald (Paradisea apoda) and the Lesser emerald (P. minor) furnish many of the plumes used as ornaments by ladies; the Red is P. rubra or sanguinea; the Golden is Parotia aurea or sexsetacea; the King is Cincinnurus regius. The name is also applied to the longer-billed birds of another related group (Epimachinae) from the same region. The Twelve-wired (Seleucides alba) is one of these. See Paradise bird, and Note under Apod.

Bird´ pep•per . A species of capsicum (Capsicum baccatum), whose small, conical, coral-red fruit is among the most piquant of all red peppers.

Bird’s´-beak , n. (Arch.) A molding whose section is thought to resemble a beak.

Bird´seed , n. Canary seed, hemp, millet or other small seeds used for feeding caged birds.

Bird’s´-eye , a. 1. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; embraced at a glance; hence, general; not minute, or entering into details; as a bird’s-eye view. 2. Marked with spots resembling bird’s eyes; as bird’s-eye diaper; bird’s-eye maple.

Bird’s´-eye, n. (Bot.) A plant with a small bright flower, as the Adonis or pheasant’s eye, the mealy primrose (Primula farinosa), and species of Veronica, Geranium, etc.

Bird’s´-eye• ma´ple . See under Maple.

Bird’s´-foot , n. (Bot.) A papilionaceous plant, the Ornithopus, having a curved, cylindrical pod tipped with a short, clawlike point. Bird’s-foot trefoil. (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants (Lotus) with clawlike pods. L. corniculatas, with yellow flowers, is very common in Great Britain. (b) the related plant, Trigonella ornithopodioides, is also European.

Bird’s-mouth , n. (Arch.) An interior angle or notch cut across a piece of timber, for the reception of the edge of another, as that in a rafter to be laid on a plate; — commonly called crow’s-foot in the United States. { Bird’s´ nest•, or Bird’s-nest } , n. 1. The nest in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young. 2. (Cookery) The nest of a small swallow (Collocalia nidifica and several allied species), of China and the neighboring countries, which is mixed with soups. The nests are found in caverns and fissures of cliffs on rocky coasts, and are composed in part of algae. They are of the size of a goose egg, and in substance resemble isinglass. See Illust. under Edible. 3. (Bot.) An orchideous plant with matted roots, of the genus Neottia (N. nidus-avis.) Bird’s-nest pudding, a pudding containing apples whose cores have been replaced by sugar. — Yellow bird’s nest, a plant, the Monotropa hypopitys.

Bird’s-nest•ing (berdz´nest•ing), n. Hunting for, or taking, birds’ nests or their contents.

Bird’s´-tongue , n. (Bot.) The knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare).

Bird´-wit•ted , a. Flighty; passing rapidly from one subject to another; not having the faculty of attention. Bacon.

Bi•rec•tan´gu•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + rectangular.] Containing or having two right angles; as a birectangular spherical triangle.

Bi´reme , n. [L. biremis; bis twice + remus oar: cf. F. birème.] An ancient galley or vessel with two banks or tiers of oars.

Bi•ret´ta , n. Same as Berretta.

Bir´gan•der , n. See Bergander.

Birk , n. [See Birch, n.] A birch tree. [Prov. Eng.] ´The silver birk.´ Tennyson.

Birk, n. (Zoöl.) A small European minnow (Leuciscus phoxinus).

Birk´en , v. t. [From 1st Birk.] To whip with a birch or rod. [Obs.]

Birk´en, a. Birchen; as birken groves. Burns.

Bir´kie , n. A lively or mettlesome fellow. [Jocular, Scot.] Burns.

Birl , v. t. & i. To revolve or cause to revolve; to spin. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Birl , v. t. & i. [AS. byrlian. rad.92.] To pour (beer or wine); to ply with drink; to drink; to carouse. [Obs. or Dial.] Skelton.

Bir´law , n. [See By-law.] (Law) A law made by husbandmen respecting rural affairs; a rustic or local law or by-law. [Written also byrlaw, birlie, birley.] { Bi•ros•trate , Bi•ros´tra•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + rostrate.] Having a double beak, or two processes resembling beaks. “The capsule is bilocular and birostrated.
Ed. Encyc.”

Birr , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Birred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Birring.] [Cf. OE. bur, bir, wind, storm wind, fr. Icel. byrr wind. Perh. imitative.] To make, or move with, a whirring noise, as of wheels in motion.

Birr, n. 1. A whirring sound, as of a spinning wheel. 2. A rush or impetus; force.

Bir´rus , n. [LL., fr. L. birrus a kind of cloak. See Berretta.] A coarse kind of thick woolen cloth, worn by the poor in the Middle Ages; also a woolen cap or hood worn over the shoulders or over the head.

Birse , n. A bristle or bristles. [Scot.]

Birt (bert), n. [OE. byrte; cf. F. bertonneau. Cf. Bret, Burt.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the turbot kind; the brill. [Written also burt, bret, or brut.] [Prov. Eng.]

Birth (berth), n. [OE. burth, birth, AS. beor&edt;, gebyrd, fr. beran to bear, bring forth; akin to D. geboorte, OHG. burt, giburt, G. geburt, Icel. burðr, Skr. bhrti bearing, supporting; cf. Ir. & Gael. beirthe born, brought forth. rad.92. See 1st Bear, and cf. Berth.] 1. The act or fact of coming into life, or of being born; — generally applied to human beings; as the birth of a son. 2. Lineage; extraction; descent; sometimes, high birth; noble extraction. “Elected without reference to birth, but solely for qualifications.
Prescott.” 3. The condition to which a person is born; natural state or position; inherited disposition or tendency. “A foe by birth to Troy’s unhappy name.
Dryden.” 4. The act of bringing forth; as she had two children at a birth. ´At her next birth.´ Milton. 5. That which is born; that which is produced, whether animal or vegetable. “Poets are far rarer births than kings.
B. Jonson.” “Others hatch their eggs and tend the birth till it is able to shift for itself.
Addison.” 6. Origin; beginning; as the birth of an empire. New birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a religious life. Syn. — Parentage; extraction; lineage; race; family.

Birth, n. See Berth. [Obs.] De Foe.

Birth´day (berth´da•), n. 1. The day in which any person is born; day of origin or commencement. “Those barbarous ages past, succeeded next
The birthday of invention.
Cowper.” 2. The day of the month in which a person was born, in whatever succeeding year it may recur; the anniversary of one’s birth. “This is my birthday; as this very day
Was Cassius born.
Shak.”

Birth´day, a. Of or pertaining to the day of birth, or its anniversary; as birthday gifts or festivities.

Birth´dom , n. [Birth + - dom.] The land of one’s birth; one’s inheritance. [R.] Shak.

Birth´ing, n. (Naut.) Anything added to raise the sides of a ship. Bailey.

Birth´less, a. Of mean extraction. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Birth´mark , n. Some peculiar mark or blemish on the body at birth. “Most part of this noble lineage carried upon their body for a natural birthmark, … a snake.
Sir T. North.”

Birth´night , n. The night in which a person is born; the anniversary of that night in succeeding years. “The angelic song in Bethlehem field,
On thy birthnight, that sung thee Savior born.
Milton.”

Birth´place , n. The town, city, or country, where a person is born; place of origin or birth, in its more general sense. ´The birthplace of valor.´ Burns.

Birth´right , n. Any right, privilege, or possession to which a person is entitled by birth, such as an estate descendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution; esp. the rights or inheritance of the first born. “Lest there be any … profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright.
Heb. xii. 16.”

Birth´root , n. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant (Trillium erectum), and its astringent rootstock, which is said to have medicinal properties.

Birth´wort , n. A genus of herbs and shrubs (Aristolochia), reputed to have medicinal properties.

Bis , adv. [L. bis twice, for duis, fr. root of duo two. See Two, and cf. Bi- .] Twice; — a word showing that something is, or is to be, repeated; as a passage of music, or an item in accounts.

Bis-, pref. A form of Bi-, sometimes used before s, c, or a vowel.

Bi´sa an´te•lope . (Zoöl.) See Oryx.

Bi•sac´cate , a. [Pref. bi- + saccate.] (Bot.) Having two little bags, sacs, or pouches.

Bis•cay´an , a. Of or pertaining to Biscay in Spain. — n. A native or inhabitant of Biscay.

Bis´co•tin , n. [F. biscotin. See Biscuit.] A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and eggs; a sweet biscuit.

Bis´cuit , n. [F. biscuit (cf. It. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, Pg. biscouto), fr. L. bis twice + coctus, p. p. of coquere to cook, bake. See Cook, and cf. Bisque a kind of porcelain.] 1. A kind of unraised bread, of many varieties, plain, sweet, or fancy, formed into flat cakes, and bakes hard; as ship biscuit. “According to military practice, the bread or biscuit of the Romans was twice prepared in the oven.
Gibbon.” 2. A small loaf or cake of bread, raised and shortened, or made light with soda or baking powder. Usually a number are baked in the same pan, forming a sheet or card. 3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has undergone the first baking, before it is subjected to the glazing. 4. (Sculp.) A species of white, unglazed porcelain, in which vases, figures, and groups are formed in miniature. Meat biscuit, an alimentary preparation consisting of matters extracted from meat by boiling, or of meat ground fine and combined with flour, so as to form biscuits.

Bi•scu´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + scutate.] (Bot.) Resembling two bucklers placed side by side.

Bise , n. [F.] A cold north wind which prevails on the northern coasts of the Mediterranean and in Switzerland, etc.; — nearly the same as the mistral.

Bise , n. (Paint.) See Bice.

Bi•sect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Bisecting.] [L. bis twice + secare, sectum, to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts. 2. (Geom.) To divide into two equal parts.

Bi•sec´tion , n. [Cf. F. bissection.] Division into two parts, esp. two equal parts.

Bi•sec´tor , n. One who, or that which, bisects; esp. (Geom.) a straight line which bisects an angle.

Bi•sec´trix , n. The line bisecting the angle between the optic axes of a biaxial crystal.

Bi•seg´ment , n. [Pref. bi- + segment.] One of tow equal parts of a line, or other magnitude.

Bi•sep´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + septate.] With two partitions or septa. Gray. { Bi•se´ri•al , Bi•se´ri•ate } a. [Pref. bi- + serial, seriate.] In two rows or series.

Bi•ser´rate , a. [Pref. bi- + serrate.] 1. (Bot.) Doubly serrate, or having the serratures serrate, as in some leaves. 2. (Zoöl.) Serrate on both sides, as some antennae. { Bi•se´tose , Bi•se´tous } a. [Pref. bi- + setose, setous.] Having two bristles.

Bi•sex´ous , a. [L. bis twice + sexus sex: cf. F. bissexe.] Bisexual. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Bi•sex´u•al , a. [Pref. bi- + sexual.] (Biol.) Of both sexes; hermaphrodite; as a flower with stamens and pistil, or an animal having ovaries and testes.

Bi•sex´u•ous , a. Bisexual.

Bi•seye´ , p. p. of Besee. [Obs.] Chaucer. Evil biseye, ill looking. [Obs.]

Bish , n. Same as Bikh.

Bish´op , n. [OE. bischop, biscop, bisceop, AS. bisceop, biscop, L. episcopus overseer, superintendent, bishop, fr. Gr. , over + inspector, fr. root of , , to look to, perh. akin to L. specere to look at. See Spy, and cf. Episcopal.] 1. A spiritual overseer, superintendent, or director. “Ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.
1 Pet. ii. 25.” “It is a fact now generally recognized by theologians of all shades of opinion, that in the language of the New Testament the same officer in the church is called indifferently ´bishop´ ( ) and ´elder´ or ´presbyter.´
J. B. Lightfoot.” 2. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Anglican or Protestant Episcopal churches, one ordained to the highest order of the ministry, superior to the priesthood, and generally claiming to be a successor of the Apostles. The bishop is usually the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, bishopric, or see. Bishop in partibus [infidelium] (R. C. Ch.), a bishop of a see which does not actually exist; one who has the office of bishop, without especial jurisdiction. Shipley. — Titular bishop (R. C. Ch.), a term officially substituted in 1882 for bishop in partibus. — Bench of Bishops. See under Bench. 3. In the Methodist Episcopal and some other churches, one of the highest church officers or superintendents. 4. A piece used in the game of chess, bearing a representation of a bishop’s miter; — formerly called archer. 5. A beverage, being a mixture of wine, oranges or lemons, and sugar. Swift. 6. An old name for a woman’s bustle. [U. S.] “If, by her bishop, or her ´grace´ alone,
A genuine lady, or a church, is known.
Saxe.”

Bish´op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] To admit into the church by confirmation; to confirm; hence, to receive formally to favor.

Bish´op , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] [From the name of the scoundrel who first practiced it. Youatt.] (Far.) To make seem younger, by operating on the teeth; as to bishop an old horse or his teeth. The plan adopted is to cut off all the nippers with a saw to the proper length, and then with a cutting instrument the operator scoops out an oval cavity in the corner nippers, which is afterwards burnt with a hot iron until it is black. J. H. Walsh.

Bish´op•dom , n. Jurisdiction of a bishop; episcopate. ´Divine right of bishopdom.´ Milton.

Bish´op•like , a. Resembling a bishop; belonging to a bishop. Fulke.

Bish´op•ly, a. Bishoplike; episcopal. [Obs.]

Bish´op•ly, adv. In the manner of a bishop. [Obs.]

Bish´op•ric , n. [AS. bisceoprice; bisceop bishop + rice dominion. See -ric.] 1. A diocese; the district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends. 2. The office of a spiritual overseer, as of an apostle, bishop, or presbyter. Acts i. 20.

Bish´op’s cap . (Bot.) A plant of the genus Mitella; miterwort. Longfellow.

Bish´op sleeve . A wide sleeve, once worn by women.

Bish´op’s length . A canvas for a portrait measuring 58 by 94 inches. The half bishop measures 45 by 56.

Bish´op-stool , n. A bishop’s seat or see.

Bish´op’s-weed , n. (Bot.) (a) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Ammi. (b) Goutweed (AEgopodium podagraria).

Bish´op’s-wort , n. (Bot.) Wood betony (Stachys betonica); also the plant called fennel flower (Nigella Damascena), or devil-in-a-bush.

Bis´ie , v. t. To busy; to employ. [Obs.]

Bi•sil´i•cate , n. (Min. Chem.) A salt of metasilicic acid; — so called because the ratio of the oxygen of the silica to the oxygen of the base is as two to one. The bisilicates include many of the most common and important minerals.

Bisk , n. [F. bisque.] Soup or broth made by boiling several sorts of flesh together. King.

Bisk, n. [F. bisque.] (Tennis) See Bisque. { Bi•smare´ , Bi•smer´ } , n. [AS. bismer.] Shame; abuse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bis´mer , n. 1. A rule steelyard. [Scot.] 2. (Zoöl.) The fifteen-spined (Gasterosteus spinachia).

Bis•mil´lah , interj. [Arabic, in the name of God!] An adjuration or exclamation common among the Mohammedans. [Written also Bizmillah.]

Bis´mite , n. (Min.) Bismuth trioxide, or bismuth ocher.

Bis´muth , n. [Ger. bismuth, wismuth: cf. F. bismuth.] (Chem.) One of the elements; a metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather brittle; masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across. It melts at 507° Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constituent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. Symbol Bi. Chemically, bismuth (with arsenic and antimony is intermediate between the metals and nonmetals; it is used in thermo-electric piles, and as an alloy with lead and tin in the fusible alloy or metal. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic substance known. Bismuth glance, bismuth sulphide; bismuthinite. — Bismuth ocher, a native bismuth oxide; bismite.

Bis´muth•al , a. Containing bismuth.

Bis´muth•ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to bismuth; containing bismuth, when this element has its higher valence; as bismuthic oxide.

Bis•muth•if´er•ous , a. [Bismuth + -ferous.] Containing bismuth. { Bis´muth•ine , Bis´muth•in•ite } n. Native bismuth sulphide; — sometimes called bismuthite.

Bis´muth•ous , a. Of, or containing, bismuth, when this element has its lower valence.

Bis´muth•yl , n. (Min.) Hydrous carbonate of bismuth, an earthy mineral of a dull white or yellowish color. [Written also bismuthite.]

Bi´son (bi´son; 277), n. [L. bison, Gr. bi•swn, a wild ox; akin to OHG. wisunt, wisant, G. wisent, AS. wesend, Icel. visundr: cf. F. bison.] (Zoöl.) (a) The aurochs or European bison. (b) The American bison buffalo (Bison Americanus), a large, gregarious bovine quadruped with shaggy mane and short black horns, which formerly roamed in herds over most of the temperate portion of North America, but is now restricted to very limited districts in the region of the Rocky Mountains, and is rapidly decreasing in numbers.

Bi•spi´nose (bi•spi´nos), a. [Pref. bi- + spinose.] (Zoöl.) Having two spines.

Bisque , n. [A corruption of biscuit.] Unglazed white porcelain.

Bisque, n. [F.] A point taken by the receiver of odds in the game of tennis; also an extra innings allowed to a weaker player in croquet.

Bisque, n. [F.] A white soup made of crayfish.

Bis•sex´tile , n. [L. bissextilis annus, fr. bissextus (bis + sextus sixth, fr. sex six) the sixth of the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the intercalation of a day.] Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day is added to the month of February on account of the excess of the tropical year (365 d. 5 h. 48 m. 46 s.) above 365 days. But one day added every four years is equivalent to six hours each year, which is 11 m. 14 s. more than the excess of the real year. Hence, it is necessary to suppress the bissextile day at the end of every century which is not divisible by 400, while it is retained at the end of those which are divisible by 400.

Bis•sex´tile, a. Pertaining to leap year.

Bis´son , a. [OE. bisen, bisne, AS. bisen, prob. for bisne; bi by + sne clear, akin to seón to see; clear when near, hence short-sighted. See See.] Purblind; blinding. [Obs.] ´Bisson rheum.´ Shak. { Bis´ter , Bis´tre } , n. [F. bistre a color made of soot; of unknown origin. Cf., however, LG. biester frowning, dark, ugly.] (Paint.) A dark brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood.

Bi•stip´uled , a. [Pref. bi- + stipule.] (Bot.) Having two stipules.

Bis´tort , n. [L. bis + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist: cf. F. bistorte.] (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the genus Polygonum, section Bistorta; snakeweed; adderwort. Its root is used in medicine as an astringent.

Bis´tou•ry , n.; pl. Bistouries . [F. bistouri.] A surgical instrument consisting of a slender knife, either straight or curved, generally used by introducing it beneath the part to be divided, and cutting towards the surface.

Bis´tre , n. See Bister.

Bi•sul´cate , a. [Pref. bi- + sulcate.] 1. Having two grooves or furrows. 2. (Zoöl.) Cloven; said of a foot or hoof.

Bi•sul´cous , a. [L. bisulcus; bis twice + sulcus furrow.] Bisulcate. Sir T. Browne.

Bi•sul´phate , n. [Pref. bi- + sulphate.] (Chem.) A sulphate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal sulphates; an acid sulphate.

Bi•sul´phide , n. [Pref. bi- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide having two atoms of sulphur in the molecule; a disulphide, as in iron pyrites, FeS2; — less frequently called bisulphuret.

Bi•sul´phite , n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphurous acid in which the base replaces but half the hydrogen of the acid; an acid sulphite.

Bi•sul´phu•ret , n. [Pref. bi- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) See Bisulphide.

Bit , n. [OE. bitt, bite, AS. bite, bite, fr. bitan to bite. See Bite, n. & v., and cf. Bit a morsel.] 1. The part of a bridle, usually of iron, which is inserted in the mouth of a horse, and having appendages to which the reins are fastened. Shak. “The foamy bridle with the bit of gold.
Chaucer.” 2. Fig.: Anything which curbs or restrains.

Bit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bitting.] To put a bridle upon; to put the bit in the mouth of.

Bit, imp. & p. p. of Bite.

Bit, n. [OE. bite, AS. bita, fr. bitan to bite; akin to D. beet, G. bissen bit, morsel, Icel. biti. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit part of a bridle.] 1. A part of anything, such as may be bitten off or taken into the mouth; a morsel; a bite. Hence: A small piece of anything; a little; a mite. 2. Somewhat; something, but not very great. “My young companion was a bit of a poet.
T. Hook.” This word is used, also like jot and whit, to express the smallest degree; as he is not a bit wiser. 3. A tool for boring, of various forms and sizes, usually turned by means of a brace or bitstock. See Bitstock. 4. The part of a key which enters the lock and acts upon the bolt and tumblers. Knight. 5. The cutting iron of a plane. Knight. 6. In the Southern and Southwestern States, a small silver coin (as the real) formerly current; commonly, one worth about 12 1/2 cents; also the sum of 12 1/2 cents. Bit my bit, piecemeal. Pope.

Bit, 3d sing. pr. of Bid, for biddeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bi•take´ , v. t. [See Betake, Betaught.] To commend; to commit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bi•tan´gent , a. [Pref. bi- + tangent.] (Geom.) Possessing the property of touching at two points. — n. A line that touches a curve in two points.

Bi•tar´trate , n. (Chem.) A salt of tartaric acid in which the base replaces but half the acid hydrogen; an acid tartrate, as cream of tartar.

Bitch , n. [OE. biche, bicche, AS. bicce; cf. Icel. bikkja, G. betze, peize.] 1. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 2. An opprobrious name for a woman, especially a lewd woman. Pope.

Bite , v. t. [imp. Bit ; p. p. Bitten , Bit; p. pr. & vb. n. Biting.] [OE. biten, AS. bitan; akin to D. bijten, OS. bitan, OHG. bizan, G. beissen, Goth. beitan, Icel. bita, Sw. bita, Dan. bide, L. findere to cleave, Skr. bhid to cleave. rad.87. Cf. Fissure.] 1. To seize with the teeth, so that they enter or nip the thing seized; to lacerate, crush, or wound with the teeth; as to bite an apple; to bite a crust; the dog bit a man. “Such smiling rogues as these,
Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain.
Shak.” 2. To puncture, abrade, or sting with an organ (of some insects) used in taking food. 3. To cause sharp pain, or smarting, to; to hurt or injure, in a literal or a figurative sense; as pepper bites the mouth. ´Frosts do bite the meads.´ Shak. 4. To cheat; to trick; to take in. [Colloq.] Pope. 5. To take hold of; to hold fast; to adhere to; as the anchor bites the ground. “The last screw of the rack having been turned so often that its purchase crumbled, … it turned and turned with nothing to bite.
Dickens.” To bite the dust, To bite the ground, to fall in the agonies of death; as he made his enemy bite the dust. — To bite in (Etching), to corrode or eat into metallic plates by means of an acid. — To bite the thumb at (any one), formerly a mark of contempt, designed to provoke a quarrel; to defy. ´Do you bite your thumb at us?´ Shak. — To bite the tongue, to keep silence. Shak.

Bite , v. i. 1. To seize something forcibly with the teeth; to wound with the teeth; to have the habit of so doing; as does the dog bite? 2. To cause a smarting sensation; to have a property which causes such a sensation; to be pungent; as it bites like pepper or mustard. 3. To cause sharp pain; to produce anguish; to hurt or injure; to have the property of so doing. “At the last it [wine] biteth like serpent, and stingeth like an adder.
Prov. xxiii. 32.” 4. To take a bait into the mouth, as a fish does; hence, to take a tempting offer. 5. To take or keep a firm hold; as the anchor bites.

Bite, n. [OE. bite, bit, bitt, AS. bite bite, fr. bitan to bite, akin to Icel. bit, OS. biti, G. biss. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit.] 1. The act of seizing with the teeth or mouth; the act of wounding or separating with the teeth or mouth; a seizure with the teeth or mouth, as of a bait; as to give anything a hard bite. “I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite.
Walton.” 2. The act of puncturing or abrading with an organ for taking food, as is done by some insects. 3. The wound made by biting; as the pain of a dog’s or snake’s bite; the bite of a mosquito. 4. A morsel; as much as is taken at once by biting. 5. The hold which the short end of a lever has upon the thing to be lifted, or the hold which one part of a machine has upon another. 6. A cheat; a trick; a fraud. [Colloq.] “The baser methods of getting money by fraud and bite, by deceiving and overreaching.
Humorist.” 7. A sharper; one who cheats. [Slang] Johnson. 8. (Print.) A blank on the edge or corner of a page, owing to a portion of the frisket, or something else, intervening between the type and paper.

Bit´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, bites; that which bites often, or is inclined to bite, as a dog or fish. ´Great barkers are no biters.´ Camden. 2. One who cheats; a sharper. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Bi•ter´nate , a. [Pref. bi- + ternate.] (Bot.) Doubly ternate, as when a petiole has three ternate leaflets. — Bi•ter´nate•ly, adv. Gray.

Bi´the•ism , n. [Pref. bi- + theism.] Belief in the existence of two gods; dualism.

Bit´ing , a. That bites; sharp; cutting; sarcastic; caustic. ´A biting affliction.´ ´A biting jest.´ Shak.

Bit´ing in´ . (Etching.) The process of corroding or eating into metallic plates, by means of an acid. See Etch. G. Francis.

Bit´ing•ly, adv. In a biting manner.

Bit´less , a. Not having a bit or bridle.

Bit´stock , n. A stock or handle for holding and rotating a bit; a brace.

Bitt , n. (Naut.) See Bitts.

Bitt , v. t. [See Bitts.] (Naut.) To put round the bitts; as to bitt the cable, in order to fasten it or to slacken it gradually, which is called veering away. Totten.

Bit´ta•cle , n. A binnacle. [Obs.]

Bit´ten , p. p. of Bite.

Bit´ten , a. (Bot.) Terminating abruptly, as if bitten off; premorse.

Bit´ter , n. [See Bitts.] (Naut.) AA turn of the cable which is round the bitts. Bitter end, that part of a cable which is abaft the bitts, and so within board, when the ship rides at anchor.

Bit´ter , a. [AS. biter; akin to Goth. baitrs, Icel. bitr, Dan., Sw., D., & G. bitter, OS. bittar, fr. root of E. bite. See Bite, v. t.] 1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like that of wormwood or an infusion of hops; as a bitter medicine; bitter as aloes. 2. Causing pain or smart; piercing; painful; sharp; severe; as a bitter cold day. 3. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind; calamitous; poignant. “It is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the Lord thy God.
Jer. ii. 19.” 4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty; harsh; stern; virulent; as bitter reproach. “Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them.
Col. iii. 19.” 5. Mournful; sad; distressing; painful; pitiable. “The Egyptians … made their lives bitter with hard bondage.
Ex. i. 14.” Bitter apple, Bitter cucumber, Bitter gourd. (Bot.) See Colocynth. — Bitter cress (Bot.), a plant of the genus Cardamine, esp. C. amara. — Bitter earth (Min.), tale earth; calcined magnesia. — Bitter principles (Chem.), a class of substances, extracted from vegetable products, having strong bitter taste but with no sharply defined chemical characteristics. — Bitter salt, Epsom salts; magnesium sulphate. — Bitter vetch (Bot.), a name given to two European leguminous herbs, Vicia Orobus and Ervum Ervilia. — To the bitter end, to the last extremity, however calamitous. Syn. — Acrid; sharp; harsh; pungent; stinging; cutting; severe; acrimonious.

Bit´ter , n. Any substance that is bitter. See Bitters.

Bit´ter, v. t. To make bitter. Wolcott.

Bit´ter•bump , n. (Zoöl.) the butterbump or bittern.

Bit´ter•ful , a. Full of bitterness. [Obs.]

Bit´ter•ing, n. A bitter compound used in adulterating beer; bittern.

Bit´ter•ish, a. Somewhat bitter. Goldsmith.

Bit´ter•ling , n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A roachlike European fish (Rhodima amarus).

Bit´ter•ly, adv. In a bitter manner.

Bit´tern , n. [OE. bitoure, betore, bitter, fr. F. butor; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Botaurus, allied to the herons, of various species. The common European bittern is Botaurus stellaris. It makes, during the brooding season, a noise called by Dryden bumping, and by Goldsmith booming. The American bittern is B. lentiginosus, and is also called stake-driver and meadow hen. See Stake- driver. The name is applied to other related birds, as the least bittern (Ardetta exilis), and the sun bittern.

Bit´tern, n. [From Bitter, a.] 1. The brine which remains in salt works after the salt is concreted, having a bitter taste from the chloride of magnesium which it contains. 2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus Indicus, etc., used by fraudulent brewers in adulterating beer. Cooley.

Bit´ter•ness , n. [AS. biternys; biter better + -nys = -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being bitter, sharp, or acrid, in either a literal or figurative sense; implacableness; resentfulness; severity; keenness of reproach or sarcasm; deep distress, grief, or vexation of mind. “The lip that curls with bitterness.
Percival.” “I will complain in the bitterness of my soul.
Job vii. 11.” 2. A state of extreme impiety or enmity to God. “Thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity.
Acts viii. 23.” 3. Dangerous error, or schism, tending to draw persons to apostasy. “Looking diligently, … lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you.
Heb. xii. 15.”

Bit´ter•nut´, n. (Bot.) The swamp hickory (Carya amara). Its thin-shelled nuts are bitter.

Bit´ter•root , n. (Bot.) A plant (Lewisia rediviva) allied to the purslane, but with fleshy, farinaceous roots, growing in the mountains of Idaho, Montana, etc. It gives the name to the Bitter Root mountains and river. The Indians call both the plant and the river Spaet’lum.

Bit´ters , n. pl. A liquor, generally spirituous in which a bitter herb, leaf, or root is steeped.

Bit´ter spar´ . A common name of dolomite; — so called because it contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. See Dolomite.

Bit´ter•sweet , a. Sweet and then bitter or bitter and then sweet; esp. sweet with a bitter after taste; hence (Fig.), pleasant but painful.

Bit´ter•sweet, n. 1. Anything which is bittersweet. 2. A kind of apple so called. Gower. 3. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub, with oval coral-red berries (Solanum dulcamara); woody nightshade. The whole plant is poisonous, and has a taste at first sweetish and then bitter. The branches are the officinal dulcamara. (b) An American woody climber (Celastrus scandens), whose yellow capsules open late in autumn, and disclose the red aril which covers the seeds; — also called Roxbury waxwork.

Bit´ter•weed , n. (Bot.) A species of Ambrosia (A. artemisiaefolia); Roman worm wood. Gray.

Bit´ter•wood , n. A West Indian tree (Picraena excelsa) from the wood of which the bitter drug Jamaica quassia is obtained.

Bit´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) The yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea), which has a very bitter taste.

Bit´tock , n. [See Bit a morsel.] A small bit of anything, of indefinite size or quantity; a short distance. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. { Bit´tor , Bit´tour } , n. [See Bittern] (Zoöl.) The bittern. Dryden.

Bitts , n. pl. [Cf. F. bitte, Icel. biti, a beam. 87.] (Naut.) A frame of two strong timbers fixed perpendicularly in the fore part of a ship, on which to fasten the cables as the ship rides at anchor, or in warping. Other bitts are used for belaying (belaying bitts), for sustaining the windlass (carrick bitts, winch bitts, or windlass bitts), to hold the pawls of the windlass (pawl bitts) etc.

Bi•tume´ , n. [F. See Bitumen.] Bitumen. [Poetic] May.

Bi•tumed´ , a. Smeared with bitumen. [R.] ´The hatches caulked and bitumed.´ Shak.

Bi•tu´men , n. [L. bitumen: cf. F. bitume. Cf. Beton.] 1. Mineral pitch; a black, tarry substance, burning with a bright flame; Jew’s pitch. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc. See Asphalt. 2. By extension, any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petroleums, and even the light, volatile naphthas.

Bi•tu´mi•nate (bi•tu´mi•nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminating.] [L. bituminatus, p. p. of bituminare to bituminate. See Bitumen.] To treat or impregnate with bitumen; to cement with bitumen. ´Bituminated walls of Babylon.´ Feltham.

Bi•tu•mi•nif´er•ous , a. [Bitumen + -ferous.] Producing bitumen. Kirwan.

Bi•tu•mi•ni•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. bituminisation.] The process of bituminizing. Mantell.

Bi•tu´mi•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminizing.] [Cf. F. bituminiser.] To prepare, treat, impregnate, or coat with bitumen.

Bi•tu´mi•nous , a. [L. bituminosus: cf. F. bitumineux.] Having the qualities of bitumen; compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen. “Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed.
Milton.” Bituminous coal, a kind of coal which yields, when heated, a considerable amount of volatile bituminous matter. It burns with a yellow smoky flame. — Bituminous limestone, a mineral of a brown or black color, emitting an unpleasant smell when rubbed. That of Dalmatia is so charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap. — Bituminous shale, an argillaceous shale impregnated with bitumen, often accompanying coal.

Bi´u•ret , n. [Pref. bi- + urea.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, C_2O_2N_3H_5, formed by heating urea. It is intermediate between urea and cyanuric acid.

Biv´a•len•cy , n. (Chem.) The quality of being bivalent.

Biv´a•lent , a. [L. bis twice + valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Equivalent in combining or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen; dyad.

Bi´valve , n. [F. bivalve; bi- (L. bis) + valve valve.] 1. (Zoöl.) A mollusk having a shell consisting of two lateral plates or valves joined together by an elastic ligament at the hinge, which is usually strengthened by prominences called teeth. The shell is closed by the contraction of two transverse muscles attached to the inner surface, as in the clam, — or by one, as in the oyster. See Mollusca. 2. (Bot.) A pericarp in which the seed case opens or splits into two parts or valves.

Bi´valve , a. [Pref. bi- + valve.] (Zoöl. & Bot.) Having two shells or valves which open and shut, as the oyster and certain seed vessels.

Bi´valved , a. Having two valves, as the oyster and some seed pods; bivalve.

Bi•val´vous , a. Bivalvular.

Bi•val´vu•lar , a. Having two valves.

Bi•vault´ed , a. [Pref. bi- + vault.] Having two vaults or arches.

Bi•vec´tor , n. [Pref. bi- + vector.] (Math.) A term made up of the two parts + 1 -1, where and 1 are vectors.

Bi•ven´tral , a. [Pref. bi- + ventral.] (Anat.) Having two bellies or protuberances; as a biventral, or digastric, muscle, or the biventral lobe of the cerebellum.

Biv´i•al , a. Of or relating to the bivium.

Biv´i•ous , a. [L. bivius; bis twice + via way.] Having, or leading, two ways. “Bivious theorems and Janus-faced doctrines.
Sir T. Browne.”

Biv´i•um , n. [L., a place with two ways. See Bivious.] (Zoöl.) One side of an echinoderm, including a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra.

Biv´ouac , n. [F. bivouac, bivac, prab. fr. G. beiwache, or beiwacht; bei by, near + wachen to watch, wache watch, guard. See By, and Watch.] (Mil.) (a) The watch of a whole army by night, when in danger of surprise or attack. (b) An encampment for the night without tents or covering.

Biv´ouac, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bivouacked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bivouacking.] (Mil.) (a) To watch at night or be on guard, as a whole army. (b) To encamp for the night without tents or covering.

Bi´week•ly , a. [Pref. bi- + weekly.] Occurring or appearing once every two weeks; fortnightly. — n. A publication issued every two weeks. — Bi´week´ly, adv.

Bi•wreye´ , v. t. To bewray; to reveal. [Obs.]

Biz´an•tine . See Byzantine.

Bi•zarre´ , a. [F. bizarre odd, fr. Sp. bizarro gallant, brave, liberal, prob. of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra beard, whence the meaning manly, brave.] Odd in manner or appearance; fantastic; whimsical; extravagant; grotesque. C. Kingsley.

Bi•zet´ , n. [Cf. Bezel.] The upper faceted portion of a brilliant-cut diamond, which projects from the setting and occupies the zone between the girdle and the table. See Brilliant, n.

Blab , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blabbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blabbing.] [Cf. OE. blaberen, or Dan. blabbre, G. plappern, Gael. blabaran a stammerer; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. also Blubber, v.] To utter or tell unnecessarily, or in a thoughtless manner; to publish (secrets or trifles) without reserve or discretion. Udall. “And yonder a vile physician blabbing
The case of his patient.
Tennyson.”

Blab, v. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion; to tattle; to tell tales. “She must burst or blab.
Dryden.”

Blab, n. [OE. blabbe.] One who blabs; a babbler; a telltale. ´Avoided as a blab.´ Milton. “For who will open himself to a blab or a babbler.
Bacon.”

Blab´ber , n. A tattler; a telltale.

Black , a. [OE. blak, AS. blaec; akin to Icel. blakkr dark, swarthy, Sw. bläck ink, Dan. blaek, OHG. blach, LG. & D. blaken to burn with a black smoke. Not akin to AS. blac, E. bleak pallid. 98.] 1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it; of the color of soot or coal; of the darkest or a very dark color, the opposite of white; characterized by such a color; as black cloth; black hair or eyes. “O night, with hue so black!
Shak.” 2. In a less literal sense: Enveloped or shrouded in darkness; very dark or gloomy; as a black night; the heavens black with clouds. “I spy a black, suspicious, threatening cloud.
Shak.” 3. Fig.: Dismal, gloomy, or forbidding, like darkness; destitute of moral light or goodness; atrociously wicked; cruel; mournful; calamitous; horrible. ´This day’s black fate.´ ´Black villainy.´ ´Arise, black vengeance.´ ´Black day.´ ´Black despair.´ Shak. 4. Expressing menace, or discontent; threatening; sullen; foreboding; as to regard one with black looks. Black is often used in self-explaining compound words; as black-eyed, black-faced, black-haired, black- visaged. Black act, the English statute 9 George I, which makes it a felony to appear armed in any park or warren, etc., or to hunt or steal deer, etc., with the face blackened or disguised. Subsequent acts inflicting heavy penalties for malicious injuries to cattle and machinery have been called black acts. — Black angel (Zoöl.), a fish of the West Indies and Florida (Holacanthus tricolor), with the head and tail yellow, and the middle of the body black. — Black antimony (Chem.), the black sulphide of antimony, Sb_2S_3, used in pyrotechnics, etc. — Black bear (Zoöl.), the common American bear (Ursus Americanus). — Black beast. See Bête noire. — Black beetle (Zoöl.), the common large cockroach (Blatta orientalis). — Black and blue, the dark color of a bruise in the flesh, which is accompanied with a mixture of blue. ´To pinch the slatterns black and blue.´ Hudibras. — Black bonnet (Zoöl.), the black-headed bunting (Embriza Schœniclus) of Europe. — Black canker, a disease in turnips and other crops, produced by a species of caterpillar. — Black cat (Zoöl.), the fisher, a quadruped of North America allied to the sable, but larger. See Fisher. — Black cattle, any bovine cattle reared for slaughter, in distinction from dairy cattle. [Eng.] — Black cherry. See under Cherry. — Black cockatoo (Zoöl.), the palm cockatoo. See Cockatoo. — Black copper. Same as Melaconite. — Black currant. (Bot.) See Currant. — Black diamond. (Min.) See Carbonado. — Black draught (Med.), a cathartic medicine, composed of senna and magnesia. — Black drop (Med.), vinegar of opium; a narcotic preparation consisting essentially of a solution of opium in vinegar. — Black earth, mold; earth of a dark color. Woodward. — Black flag, the flag of a pirate, often bearing in white a skull and crossbones; a signal of defiance. — Black flea (Zoöl.), a flea beetle (Haltica nemorum) injurious to turnips. — Black flux, a mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating tartar with half its weight of niter. Brande & C. — Black fly. (Zoöl.) (a) In the United States, a small, venomous, two-winged fly of the genus Simulium of several species, exceedingly abundant and troublesome in the northern forests. The larvae are aquatic. (b) A black plant louse, as the bean aphis (A. fabae). — Black Forest [a translation of G. Schwarzwald], a forest in Baden and Würtemburg, in Germany; a part of the ancient Hercynian forest. — Black game, or Black grouse. (Zoöl.) See Blackcock, Grouse, and Heath grouse. — Black grass (Bot.), a grasslike rush of the species Juncus Gerardi, growing on salt marshes, and making good hay. — Black gum (Bot.), an American tree, the tupelo or pepperidge. See Tupelo. — Black Hamburg (grape) (Bot.), a sweet and juicy variety of dark purple or ´black´ grape. — Black horse (Zoöl.), a fish of the Mississippi valley (Cycleptus elongatus), of the sucker family; the Missouri sucker. — Black lemur (Zoöl.), the Lemurniger of Madagascar; the acoumbo of the natives. — Black list, a list of persons who are for some reason thought deserving of censure or punishment; — esp. a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, made for the protection of tradesmen or employers. See Blacklist, v. t. — Black manganese (Chem.), the black oxide of manganese, MnO_2. — Black Maria, the close wagon in which prisoners are carried to or from jail. — Black martin (Zoöl.), the chimney swift. See Swift. — Black moss (Bot.), the common so-called long moss of the southern United States. See Tillandsia. — Black oak. See under Oak. — Black ocher. See Wad. — Black pigment, a very fine, light carbonaceous substance, or lampblack, prepared chiefly for the manufacture of printers’ ink. It is obtained by burning common coal tar. — Black plate, sheet iron before it is tinned. Knight. — Black quarter, malignant anthrax with engorgement of a shoulder or quarter, etc., as of an ox. — Black rat (Zoöl.), one of the species of rats (Mus rattus), commonly infesting houses. — Black rent. See Blackmail, n., 3. — Black rust, a disease of wheat, in which a black, moist matter is deposited in the fissures of the grain. — Black sheep, one in a family or company who is unlike the rest, and makes trouble. — Black silver. (Min.) See under Silver. — Black and tan, black mixed or spotted with tan color or reddish brown; — used in describing certain breeds of dogs. — Black tea. See under Tea. — Black tin (Mining), tin ore (cassiterite), when dressed, stamped and washed, ready for smelting. It is in the form of a black powder, like fine sand. Knight. — Black walnut. See under Walnut. — Black warrior (Zoöl.), an American hawk (Buteo Harlani). Syn. — Dark; murky; pitchy; inky; somber; dusky; gloomy; swart; Cimmerian; ebon; atrocious.

Black , adv. Sullenly; threateningly; maliciously; so as to produce blackness.

Black, n. 1. That which is destitute of light or whiteness; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; as a cloth has a good black. “Black is the badge of hell,
The hue of dungeons, and the suit of night.
Shak.” 2. A black pigment or dye. 3. A negro; a person whose skin is of a black color, or shaded with black; esp. a member or descendant of certain African races. 4. A black garment or dress; as she wears black; pl. (Obs.) Mourning garments of a black color; funereal drapery. “Friends weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like show death terrible.
Bacon.” “That was the full time they used to wear blacks for the death of their fathers.
Sir T. North.” 5. The part of a thing which is distinguished from the rest by being black. “The black or sight of the eye.
Sir K. Digby.” 6. A stain; a spot; a smooch. “Defiling her white lawn of chastity with ugly blacks of lust.
Rowley.” Black and white, writing or print; as I must have that statement in black and white. — Blue black, a pigment of a blue black color. — Ivory black, a fine kind of animal charcoal prepared by calcining ivory or bones. When ground it is the chief ingredient of the ink used in copperplate printing. — Berlin black. See under Berlin.

Black, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blacking.] [See Black, a., and cf. Blacken.] 1. To make black; to blacken; to soil; to sully. “They have their teeth blacked, both men and women, for they say a dog hath his teeth white, therefore they will black theirs.
Hakluyt.” “Sins which black thy soul.
J. Fletcher.” 2. To make black and shining, as boots or a stove, by applying blacking and then polishing with a brush.

Black´a•moor , n. [Black + Moor.] A negro or negress. Shak.

Black´ art . The art practiced by conjurers and witches; necromancy; conjuration; magic. This name was given in the Middle Ages to necromancy, under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger black, instead of nekro•s, a dead person, and mantei•a, divination. Wright.

Black´-a-vised , a. Dark-visaged; swart.

Black´ball , n. 1. A composition for blacking shoes, boots, etc.; also one for taking impressions of engraved work. 2. A ball of black color, esp. one used as a negative in voting; — in this sense usually two words.

Black´ball, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackballed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackballing.] 1. To vote against, by putting a black ball into a ballot box; to reject or exclude, as by voting against with black balls; to ostracize. “He was blackballed at two clubs in succession.
Thackeray.” 2. To blacken (leather, shoes, etc.) with blacking.

Black´band , n. (Min.) An earthy carbonate of iron containing considerable carbonaceous matter; — valuable as an iron ore.

Black´ bass . (Zoöl.) 1. An edible, fresh-water fish of the United States, of the genus Micropterus. the small-mouthed kind is M. dolomiei; the large-mouthed is M. salmoides. 2. The sea bass. See Blackfish, 3.

Black´ber•ry (blak´ber•ry), n. [OE. blakberye, AS. blaecberie; blaec black + berie berry.] The fruit of several species of bramble (Rubus); also the plant itself. Rubus fruticosus is the blackberry of England; R. villosus and R. Canadensis are the high blackberry and low blackberry of the United States. There are also other kinds.

Black´bird (blak´berd), n. (Zoöl.) In England, a species of thrush (Turdus merula), a singing bird with a fin note; the merle. In America the name is given to several birds, as the Quiscalus versicolor, or crow blackbird; the Agelaeus phœniceus, or red-winged blackbird; the cowbird; the rusty grackle, etc. See Redwing.

Black´board (-bord•), n. A broad board painted black, or any black surface on which writing, drawing, or the working of mathematical problems can be done with chalk or crayons. It is much used in schools.

Black´ book (book•). 1. One of several books of a political character, published at different times and for different purposes; — so called either from the color of the binding, or from the character of the contents. 2. A book compiled in the twelfth century, containing a description of the court of exchequer of England, an official statement of the revenues of the crown, etc. 3. A book containing details of the enormities practiced in the English monasteries and religious houses, compiled by order of their visitors under Henry VIII., to hasten their dissolution. 4. A book of admiralty law, of the highest authority, compiled in the reign of Edw. III. Bouvier. Wharton. 5. A book kept for the purpose of registering the names of persons liable to censure or punishment, as in the English universities, or the English armies. 6. Any book which treats of necromancy.

Black´-browed (blak´broud•), a. Having black eyebrows. Hence: Gloomy; dismal; threatening; forbidding. Shak. Dryden.

Black•bur´ni•an war´bler . [Named from Mrs. Blackburn, an English lady.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful warbler of the United States (Dendroica Blackburniae). The male is strongly marked with orange, yellow, and black on the head and neck, and has an orange-yellow breast.

Black´cap (-kap•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European song bird (Sylvia atricapilla), with a black crown; the mock nightingale. (b) An American titmouse (Parus atricapillus); the chickadee. 2. (Cookery) An apple roasted till black, to be served in a dish of boiled custard. 3. The black raspberry.

Black´coat , n. A clergyman; — familiarly so called, as a soldier is sometimes called a redcoat or a bluecoat.

Black´cock , n. (Zoöl.) The male of the European black grouse (Tetrao tetrix, Linn.); - - so called by sportsmen. The female is called gray hen. See Heath grouse.

Black´ death . A pestilence which ravaged Europe and Asia in the fourteenth century.

Black´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackening.] [See Black, a., and cf. Black, v. t. ] 1. To make or render black. “While the long funerals blacken all the way.
Pope.” 2. To make dark; to darken; to cloud. ´Blackened the whole heavens.´ South. 3. To defame; to sully, as reputation; to make infamous; as vice blackens the character. Syn. — To denigrate; defame; vilify; slander; calumniate; traduce; malign; asperse.

Black´en, v. i. To grow black or dark.

Black´en•er , n. One who blackens.

Black´-eyed , a. Having black eyes. Dryden.

Black´-faced , a. Having a black, dark, or gloomy face or aspect.

Black´feet , n. pl. (Ethn.) A tribe of North American Indians formerly inhabiting the country from the upper Missouri River to the Saskatchewan, but now much reduced in numbers.

Black´fin , n. (Zoöl.) See Bluefin.

Black´fish , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A small kind of whale, of the genus Globicephalus, of several species. The most common is G. melas. Also sometimes applied to other whales of larger size. 2. (Zoöl.) The tautog of New England (Tautoga). 3. (Zoöl.) The black sea bass (Centropristis atrarius) of the Atlantic coast. It is excellent food fish; — locally called also black Harry. 4. (Zoöl.) A fish of southern Europe (Centrolophus pompilus) of the Mackerel family. 5. (Zoöl.) The female salmon in the spawning season. The name is locally applied to other fishes.

Black´foot , a. Of or pertaining to the Blackfeet; as a Blackfoot Indian. — n. A Blackfoot Indian.

Black´ fri•ar . (Eccl.) A friar of the Dominican order; — called also predicant and preaching friar; in France, Jacobin. also sometimes, a Benedictine.

Black´guard , n. [Black + guard.] 1. The scullions and lower menials of a court, or of a nobleman’s household, who, in a removal from one residence to another, had charge of the kitchen utensils, and being smutted by them, were jocularly called the ´black guard´; also the servants and hangers-on of an army. [Obs.] “A lousy slave, that … rode with the black guard in the duke’s carriage, ’mongst spits and dripping pans.
Webster (1612).” 2. The criminals and vagrants or vagabonds of a town or community, collectively. [Obs.] 3. A person of stained or low character, esp. one who uses scurrilous language, or treats others with foul abuse; a scoundrel; a rough. “A man whose manners and sentiments are decidedly below those of his class deserves to be called a blackguard.
Macaulay.” 4. A vagrant; a bootblack; a gamin. [Obs.]

Black´guard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackguarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackguarding.] To revile or abuse in scurrilous language. Southey.

Black´guard, a. Scurrilous; abusive; low; worthless; vicious; as blackguard language.

Black´guard•ism , n. The conduct or language of a blackguard; ruffianism.

Black´guard•ly, adv. & a. In the manner of or resembling a blackguard; abusive; scurrilous; ruffianly.

Black´head , n. (Zoöl.) The scaup duck.

Black´heart , n. A heart-shaped cherry with a very dark-colored skin.

Black´-heart•ed, a. Having a wicked, malignant disposition; morally bad.

Black´ hole . A dungeon or dark cell in a prison; a military lock-up or guardroom; — now commonly with allusion to the cell (the Black Hole) in a fort at Calcutta, into which 146 English prisoners were thrust by the nabob Suraja Dowla on the night of June 20, 17656, and in which 123 of the prisoners died before morning from lack of air. “A discipline of unlimited autocracy, upheld by rods, and ferules, and the black hole.
H. Spencer.”

Black´ing, n. 1. Any preparation for making things black; esp. one for giving a black luster to boots and shoes, or to stoves. 2. The act or process of making black.

Black´ish, a. Somewhat black.

Black´-jack, n. 1. (Min.) A name given by English miners to sphalerite, or zinc blende; — called also false galena. See Blende. 2. Caramel or burnt sugar, used to color wines, spirits, ground coffee, etc. 3. A large leather vessel for beer, etc. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) The Quercus nigra, or barren oak. 5. The ensign of a pirate.

Black• lead´ . Plumbago; graphite. It leaves a blackish mark somewhat like lead. See Graphite.

Black•lead´, v. t. To coat or to polish with black lead.

Black´leg , n. 1. A notorious gambler. [Colloq.] 2. A disease among calves and sheep, characterized by a settling of gelatinous matter in the legs, and sometimes in the neck. [Eng.]

Black´ let•ter . The old English or Gothic letter, in which the Early English manuscripts were written, and the first English books were printed. It was conspicuous for its blackness. See Type.

Black´-let•ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black letter; as a black-letter manuscript or book. 2. Given to the study of books in black letter; that is, of old books; out of date. “Kemble, a black-letter man!
J. Boaden.” 3. Of or pertaining to the days in the calendar not marked with red letters as saints’ days. Hence: Unlucky; inauspicious.

Black´list , v. t. To put in a black list as deserving of suspicion, censure, or punishment; esp. to put in a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, — as tradesmen and employers do for mutual protection; as to blacklist a workman who has been discharged. See Black list, under Black, a. “If you blacklist us, we will boycott you.
John Swinton.”

Black´ly, adv. In a black manner; darkly, in color; gloomily; threateningly; atrociously. ´Deeds so blackly grim and horrid.´ Feltham.

Black´mail , n. [Black + mail a piece of money.] 1. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or other thing, anciently paid, in the north of England and south of Scotland, to certain men who were allied to robbers, or moss troopers, to be by them protected from pillage. Sir W. Scott. 2. Payment of money exacted by means of intimidation; also extortion of money from a person by threats of public accusation, exposure, or censure. 3. (Eng. Law) Black rent, or rent paid in corn, flesh, or the lowest coin, a opposed to ´white rent´, which paid in silver. To levy blackmail, to extort money by threats, as of injury to one’s reputation.

Black´mail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackmailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackmailing.] To extort money from by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation, distress of mind, etc.; as to blackmail a merchant by threatening to expose an alleged fraud. [U. S.]

Black´mail•er , n. One who extorts, or endeavors to extort, money, by black mailing.

Black´mail•ing, n. The act or practice of extorting money by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation.

Black´ Mon•day . 1. Easter Monday, so called from the severity of that day in 1360, which was so unusual that many of Edward III.’s soldiers, then before Paris, died from the cold. Stow. “Then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a bleeding on Black Monday last.
Shak.” 2. The first Monday after the holidays; — so called by English schoolboys. Halliwell.

Black´ monk . A Benedictine monk.

Black´moor , n. See Blackamoor.

Black´-mouthed , a. Using foul or scurrilous language; slanderous.

Black´ness, n. The quality or state of being black; black color; atrociousness or enormity in wickedness. “They’re darker now than blackness.
Donne.”

Black´poll , n. [Black + poll head.] (Zoöl.) A warbler of the United States (Dendroica striata).

Black´ pud´ding . A kind of sausage made of blood, suet, etc., thickened with meal. “And fat black puddings, — proper food,
For warriors that delight in blood.
Hudibras.”

Black´ Rod . (a) the usher to the Chapter of the Garter, so called from the black rod which he carries. He is of the king’s chamber, and also usher to the House of Lords. [Eng.] (b) An usher in the legislature of British colonies. Cowell. “Committed to the custody of the Black Rod.
Macaulay.”

Black´root, n. (Bot.) See Colicroot.

Blacks , n. pl. 1. The name of a kind of in used in copperplate printing, prepared from the charred husks of the grape, and residue of the wine press. 2. Soot flying in the air. [Eng.] 3. Black garments, etc. See Black, n., 4.

Black´salt•er , n. One who makes crude potash, or black salts.

Black´ salts . Crude potash. De Colange.

Black´smith , n. [Black (in allusion to the color of the metal) + smith. Cf. Whitesmith.] 1. A smith who works in iron with a forge, and makes iron utensils, horseshoes, etc. “ The blacksmith may forge what he pleases.
Howell.” 2. (Zoöl.) A fish of the Pacific coast (Chromis, or Heliastes, punctipinnis), of a blackish color. { Black´ snake• (snak) or Black´snake }, n. (Zoöl.) A snake of a black color, of which two species are common in the United States, the Bascanium constrictor, or racer, sometimes six feet long, and the Scotophis Alleghaniensis, seven or eight feet long. The name is also applied to various other black serpents, as Natrix atra of Jamaica.

Black´strap (-strap), n. 1. A mixture of spirituous liquor (usually rum) and molasses. “No blackstrap to-night; switchel, or ginger pop.
Judd.” 2. Bad port wine; any common wine of the Mediterranean; — so called by sailors.

Black´tail , n. [Black + tail.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish; the ruff or pope. 2. (Zoöl.) The black-tailed deer (Cervus or Cariacus Columbianus) of California and Oregon; also the mule deer of the Rocky Mountains. See Mule deer.

Black´thorn , n. (Bot.) (a) A spreading thorny shrub or small tree (Prunus spinosa), with blackish bark, and bearing little black plums, which are called sloes; the sloe. (b) A species of Crataegus or hawthorn (C. tomentosa). Both are used for hedges.

Black´ vom´it . (Med.) A copious vomiting of dark-colored matter; or the substance so discharged; — one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow fever. { Black´ wash• or Black´wash }, n. 1. (Med.) A lotion made by mixing calomel and lime water. 2. A wash that blackens, as opposed to whitewash; hence, figuratively, calumny. “To remove as far as he can the modern layers of black wash, and let the man himself, fair or foul, be seen.
C. Kingsley.”

Black´wood , n. A name given to several dark-colored timbers. The East Indian black wood is from the tree Dalbergia latifolia. Balfour.

Black´work , n. Work wrought by blacksmiths; — so called in distinction from that wrought by whitesmiths. Knight.

Blad´der , n. [OE. bladder, bleddre, AS. bldre, blddre; akin to Icel. blara, SW. bläddra, Dan. blaere, D. blaar, OHG. blatara the bladder in the body of animals, G. blatter blister, bustule; all fr. the same root as AS. blawan, E. blow, to puff. See Blow to puff.] 1. (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some fluid; as the urinary bladder; the gall bladder; — applied especially to the urinary bladder, either within the animal, or when taken out and inflated with air. 2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled with air, or a thin, watery fluid. 3. (Bot.) A distended, membranaceous pericarp. 4. Anything inflated, empty, or unsound. ´To swim with bladders of philosophy.´ Rochester. Bladder nut, or Bladder tree (Bot.), a genus of plants (Staphylea) with bladderlike seed pods. — Bladder pod (Bot.), a genus of low herbs (Vesicaria) with inflated seed pods. — Bladdor senna (Bot.), a genus of shrubs (Colutea), with membranaceous, inflated pods. — Bladder worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any species of tapeworm (Taenia), found in the flesh or other parts of animals. See Measle, Cysticercus. — Bladder wrack (Bot.), the common black rock weed of the seacoast (Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus) — called also bladder tangle. See Wrack.

Blad´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bladdered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bladdering.] 1. To swell out like a bladder with air; to inflate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. 2. To put up in bladders; as bladdered lard.

Blad´der•wort , n. (Bot.) A genus (Utricularia) of aquatic or marshy plants, which usually bear numerous vesicles in the divisions of the leaves. These serve as traps for minute animals. See Ascidium.

Blad´der•y , a. Having bladders; also resembling a bladder.

Blade (blad), n. [OE. blade, blad, AS. blaed leaf; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. blad, Icel. blað, OHG. blat, G. blatt, and perh. to L. folium, Gr. fy•llon. The root is prob. the same as that of AS. blowan, E. blow, to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Foil leaf of metal.] 1. Properly, the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants. The term is sometimes applied to the spire of grasses. “The crimson dulse … with its waving blade.
Percival.” “First the blade, then ear, after that the full corn in the ear.
Mark iv. 28.” 2. The cutting part of an instrument; as the blade of a knife or a sword. 3. The broad part of an oar; also one of the projecting arms of a screw propeller. 4. The scapula or shoulder blade. 5. pl. (Arch.) The principal rafters of a roof. Weale. 6. pl. (Com.) The four large shell plates on the sides, and the five large ones of the middle, of the carapace of the sea turtle, which yield the best tortoise shell. De Colange. 7. A sharp-witted, dashing, wild, or reckless, fellow; — a word of somewhat indefinite meaning. “He saw a turnkey in a trice
Fetter a troublesome blade.
Coleridge.”

Blade (blad), v. t. To furnish with a blade.

Blade, v. i. To put forth or have a blade. “As sweet a plant, as fair a flower, is faded
As ever in the Muses’ garden bladed.
P. Fletcher.”

Blade´bone (-bon•), n. The scapula. See Blade, 4.

Blad´ed (blad´ed), a. 1. Having a blade or blades; as a two-bladed knife. “Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass.
Shak.” 2. Divested of blades; as bladed corn. 3. (Min.) Composed of long and narrow plates, shaped like the blade of a knife.

Blade´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A long, thin, marine fish of Europe (Trichiurus lepturus); the ribbon fish.

Blade´smith , n. A sword cutler. [Obs.]

Blad´y , a. Consisting of blades. [R.] ´Blady grass.´ Drayton.

Blae , a. [See Blue.] Dark blue or bluish gray; lead-colored. [Scot.]

Blae´ber•ry , n. [Blae + berry; akin to Icel blaber, Sw. blbär, D. blaabaer. Cf. Blueberry.] The bilberry. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

Blague (blag), n. [F.] Mendacious boasting; falsehood; humbug.

Blain (blan), n. [OE. blein, bleyn, AS. blegen; akin to Dan. blegn, D. blein; perh. fr. the same root as E. bladder. See Bladder.] 1. An inflammatory swelling or sore; a bulla, pustule, or blister. “Blotches and blains must all his flesh emboss.
Milton.” 2. (Far.) A bladder growing on the root of the tongue of a horse, against the windpipe, and stopping the breath.

Blam´a•ble (blam´a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. blâmable.] Deserving of censure; faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable; blameworthy. — Blam´a•ble•ness, n. — Blam´a•bly , adv.

Blame (blam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blamed (blamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaming.] [OE. blamen, F. blâmer, OF. blasmer, fr. L. blasphemare to blaspheme, LL. also to blame, fr. Gr. blasfhmei^n to speak ill, to slander, to blaspheme, fr. bla•sfhmos evil speaking, perh, for blapsi•fhmos; bla•psis injury (fr. bla•ptein to injure) + fh•mh a saying, fr. fa•nai to say. Cf. Blaspheme, and see Fame.] 1. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to find fault with; to reproach. “We have none to blame but ourselves.
Tillotson.” 2. To bring reproach upon; to blemish. [Obs.] “ She … blamed her noble blood.
Spenser.” To blame, to be blamed, or deserving blame; in fault; as the conductor was to blame for the accident. “You were to blame, I must be plain with you.
Shak.”

Blame, n. [OE. blame, fr. F. blâme, OF. blasme, fr. blâmer, OF. blasmer, to blame. See Blame, v.] 1. An expression of disapprobation fir something deemed to be wrong; imputation of fault; censure. “Let me bear the blame forever.
Gen. xiiii. 9.” 2. That which is deserving of censure or disapprobation; culpability; fault; crime; sin. “Holy and without blame before him in love.
Eph. i. 4.” 3. Hurt; injury. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — Censure; reprehension; condemnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime; wrongdoing.

Blame´ful , a. 1. Faulty; meriting blame. Shak. 2. Attributing blame or fault; implying or conveying censure; faultfinding; censorious. Chaucer. — Blame´ful•ly, adv. — Blame´ful•ness, n.

Blame´less, a. Free from blame; without fault; innocent; guiltless; — sometimes followed by of. “A bishop then must be blameless.
1 Tim. iii. 2.” “Blameless still of arts that polish to deprave.
Mallet.” “We will be blameless of this thine oath.
Josh. ii. 17.” Syn. — Irreproachable; sinless; unblemished; inculpable. — Blameless, Spotless, Faultless, Stainless. We speak of a thing as blameless when it is free from blame, or the just imputation of fault; as a blameless life or character. The others are stronger. We speak of a thing as faultless, stainless, or spotless, only when we mean that it is absolutely without fault or blemish; as a spotless or stainless reputation; a faultless course of conduct. The last three words apply only to the general character, while blameless may be used in reverence to particular points; as in this transaction he was wholly blameless. We also apply faultless to personal appearance; as a faultless figure; which can not be done in respect to any of the other words.

Blame´less•ly, adv. In a blameless manner.

Blame´less•ness, n. The quality or state of being blameless; innocence.

Blam´er , n. One who blames. Wyclif.

Blame´wor•thy , a. Deserving blame; culpable; reprehensible. — Blame´wor•thi•ness, n.

Blan´card , n. [F., fr. blanc white.] A kind of linen cloth made in Normandy, the thread of which is partly blanches before it is woven.

Blanch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanching.] [OE. blanchen, blaunchen, F. blanchir, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.] 1. To take the color out of, and make white; to bleach; as to blanch linen; age has blanched his hair. 2. (Gardening) To bleach by excluding the light, as the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up or tying them together. 3. (Confectionery & Cookery) (a) To make white by removing the skin of, as by scalding; as to blanch almonds. (b) To whiten, as the surface of meat, by plunging into boiling water and afterwards into cold, so as to harden the surface and retain the juices. 4. To give a white luster to (silver, before stamping, in the process of coining.). 5. To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin. 6. Fig.: To whiten; to give a favorable appearance to; to whitewash; to palliate. “Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things.
Tillotson.” Syn. — To Blanch, Whiten. To whiten is the generic term, denoting, to render white; as to whiten the walls of a room. Usually (though not of necessity) this is supposed to be done by placing some white coloring matter in or upon the surface of the object in question. To blanch is to whiten by the removal of coloring matter; as to blanch linen. So the cheek is blanched by fear, i. e., by the withdrawal of the blood, which leaves it white.

Blanch , v. i. To grow or become white; as his cheek blanched with fear; the rose blanches in the sun. “[Bones] blanching on the grass.
Tennyson.”

Blanch, v. t. [See Blench.] 1. To avoid, as from fear; to evade; to leave unnoticed. [Obs.] “Ifs and ands to qualify the words of treason, whereby every man might express his malice and blanch his danger.
Bacon.” “I suppose you will not blanch Paris in your way.
Reliq. Wot.” 2. To cause to turn aside or back; as to blanch a deer.

Blanch, v. i. To use evasion. [Obs.] “Books will speak plain, when counselors blanch.
Bacon.”

Blanch, n. (Mining) Ore, not in masses, but mixed with other minerals.

Blanch´er , n. One who, or that which, blanches or whitens; esp., one who anneals and cleanses money; also a chemical preparation for this purpose.

Blanch´er, n. One who, or that which, frightens away or turns aside. [Obs.] “And Gynecia, a blancher, which kept the dearest deer from her.
Sir P. Sidney.” “And so even now hath he divers blanchers belonging to the market, to let and stop the light of the gospel.
Latimer.”

Blanch´ hold•ing . (Scots Law) A mode of tenure by the payment of a small duty in white rent (silver) or otherwise.

Blanch•im´e•ter , n. [1st blanch + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of chloride of lime and potash; a chlorometer. Ure.

Blanc•mange´ , n. [F. blancmanger, lit. white food; blanc white + manger to eat.] (Cookery) A preparation for desserts, etc., made from isinglass, sea moss, cornstarch, or other gelatinous or starchy substance, with mild, usually sweetened and flavored, and shaped in a mold.

Blanc•man´ger , n. [F. See Blancmange.] A sort of fricassee with white sauce, variously made of capon, fish, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bland , a. [L. blandus, of unknown origin.] 1. Mild; soft; gentle; smooth and soothing in manner; suave; as a bland temper; bland persuasion; a bland sycophant. ´Exhilarating vapor bland.´ Milton. 2. Having soft and soothing qualities; not drastic or irritating; not stimulating; as a bland oil; a bland diet.

Blan•da´tion , n. [Cf. L. blanditia, blandities, fr. blandus. See Bland.] Flattery. [Obs.]

Blan•dil´o•quence , n. [L. blandiloquentia; blandus mild + loqui to speak.] Mild, flattering speech. { Blan•dil´o•quous , Blan•di•lo´qui•ous } a. Fair-spoken; flattering.

Blan´dise , v. i. [Same word as Blandish.] To blandish any one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blan´dish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blandished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blandishing.] [OE. blaundisen, F. blandir, fr. L. blandiri, fr. blandus mild, flattering.] 1. To flatter with kind words or affectionate actions; to caress; to cajole. 2. To make agreeable and enticing. “Mustering all her wiles,
With blandished parleys.
Milton.”

Blan´dish•er , n. One who uses blandishments.

Blan´dish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. blandissement.] The act of blandishing; a word or act expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart; soft words and artful caresses; cajolery; allurement. “Cowering low with blandishment.
Milton.” “Attacked by royal smiles, by female blandishments.
Macaulay.”

Bland´ly , adv. In a bland manner; mildly; suavely.

Bland´ness, n. The state or quality of being bland.

Blank , a. [OE. blank, blonc, blaunc, blaunche, fr. F. blanc, fem. blanche, fr. OHG. blanch shining, bright, white, G. blank; akin to E. blink, cf. also AS. blanc white. 98. See Blink, and cf. 1st Blanch.] 1. Of a white or pale color; without color. “To the blank moon
Her office they prescribed.
Milton.” 2. Free from writing, printing, or marks; having an empty space to be filled in with some special writing; — said of checks, official documents, etc.; as blank paper; a blank check; a blank ballot. 3. Utterly confounded or discomfited. “Adam … astonied stood, and blank.
Milton.” 4. Empty; void; without result; fruitless; as a blank space; a blank day. 5. Lacking characteristics which give variety; as a blank desert; a blank wall; destitute of interests, affections, hopes, etc.; as to live a blank existence; destitute of sensations; as blank unconsciousness. 6. Lacking animation and intelligence, or their associated characteristics, as expression of face, look, etc.; expressionless; vacant. ´Blank and horror-stricken faces.´ C. Kingsley. “The blank … glance of a half returned consciousness.
G. Eliot.” 7. Absolute; downright; unmixed; as blank terror. Blank bar (Law), a plea put in to oblige the plaintiff in an action of trespass to assign the certain place where the trespass was committed; — called also common bar. — Blank cartridge, a cartridge containing no ball. — Blank deed. See Deed. — Blank door, or Blank window (Arch.), a depression in a wall of the size of a door or window, either for symmetrical effect, or for the more convenient insertion of a door or window at a future time, should it be needed. — Blank indorsement (Law), an indorsement which omits the name of the person in whose favor it is made; it is usually made by simply writing the name of the indorser on the back of the bill. — Blank line (Print.), a vacant space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page; a line of quadrats. — Blank tire (Mech.), a tire without a flange. — Blank tooling. See Blind tooling, under Blind. — Blank verse. See under Verse. — Blank wall, a wall in which there is no opening; a dead wall.

Blank , n. 1. Any void space; a void space on paper, or in any written instrument; an interval void of consciousness, action, result, etc; a void. “I can not write a paper full, I used to do; and yet I will not forgive a blank of half an inch from you.
Swift.” “From this time there ensues a long blank in the history of French legislation.
Hallam.” “I was ill. I can’t tell how long — it was a blank.
G. Eliot.” 2. A lot by which nothing is gained; a ticket in a lottery on which no prize is indicated. “In Fortune’s lottery lies
A heap of blanks, like this, for one small prize.
Dryden.” 3. A paper unwritten; a paper without marks or characters a blank ballot; — especially, a paper on which are to be inserted designated items of information, for which spaces are left vacant; a bland form. “The freemen signified their approbation by an inscribed vote, and their dissent by a blank.
Palfrey.” 4. A paper containing the substance of a legal instrument, as a deed, release, writ, or execution, with spaces left to be filled with names, date, descriptions, etc. 5. The point aimed at in a target, marked with a white spot; hence, the object to which anything is directed. “Let me still remain
The true blank of thine eye.
Shak.” 6. Aim; shot; range. [Obs.] “I have stood … within the blank of his displeasure
For my free speech.
Shak.” 7. A kind of base silver money, first coined in England by Henry V., and worth about 8 pence; also a French coin of the seventeenth century, worth about 4 pence. Nares. 8. (Mech.) A piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a further operation, as a coin, screw, nuts. 9. (Dominoes) A piece or division of a piece, without spots; as the ´double blank´; the ´six blank.´ In blank, with an essential portion to be supplied by another; as to make out a check in blank.

Blank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanking.] [Cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To make void; to annul. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To blanch; to make blank; to damp the spirits of; to dispirit or confuse. [Obs.] “Each opposite that blanks the face of joy.
Shak.”

Blan´ket , n. [F. blanchet, OF. also blanket, a woolen waistcoat or shirt, the blanket of a printing press; prop. white woolen stuff, dim. of blanc white; blanquette a kind of white pear, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.] 1. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool, and having a nap, used in bed clothing; also a similar fabric used as a robe; or any fabric used as a cover for a horse. 2. (Print.) A piece of rubber, felt, or woolen cloth, used in the tympan to make it soft and elastic. 3. A streak or layer of blubber in whales. The use of blankets formerly as curtains in theaters explains the following figure of Shakespeare. Nares. “Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark
To cry, ´Hold, hold!´
Shak.” Blanket sheet, a newspaper of folio size. — A wet blanket, anything which damps, chills, dispirits, or discourges.

Blan´ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanketing.] 1. To cover with a blanket. “I’ll … blanket my loins.
Shak.” 2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. “We’ll have our men blanket ’em i’ the hall.
B. Jonson.” 3. To take the wind out of the sails of (another vessel) by sailing to windward of her. Blanket cattle. See Belted cattle, under Belted.

Blan´ket•ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets. 2. The act or punishment of tossing in a blanket. “That affair of the blanketing happened to thee for the fault thou wast guilty of.
Smollett.”

Blank´ly , adv. 1. In a blank manner; without expression; vacuously; as to stare blankly. G. Eliot. 2. Directly; flatly; point blank. De Quincey.

Blank´ness, n. The state of being blank.

Blan•quette´ , n. [F. blanquette, from blanc white.] (Cookery) A white fricassee.

Blan•quil´lo , n. [Sp. blanquillo whitish.] (Zoöl.) A large fish of Florida and the W. Indies (Caulolatilus chrysops). It is red, marked with yellow.

Blare , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaring.] [OE. blaren, bloren, to cry, woop; cf. G. plärren to bleat, D. blaren to bleat, cry, weep. Prob. an imitative word, but cf. also E. blast. Cf. Blore.] To sound loudly and somewhat harshly. ´The trumpet blared.´ Tennyson.

Blare, v. t. To cause to sound like the blare of a trumpet; to proclaim loudly. “To blare its own interpretation.
Tennyson.”

Blare, n. The harsh noise of a trumpet; a loud and somewhat harsh noise, like the blast of a trumpet; a roar or bellowing. “With blare of bugle, clamor of men.
Tennyson.” “His ears are stunned with the thunder’s blare.
J. R. Drake.”

Blar´ney (blär´ny), n. [Blarney, a village and castle near Cork.] Smooth, wheedling talk; flattery. [Colloq.] Blarney stone, a stone in Blarney castle, Ireland, said to make those who kiss it proficient in the use of blarney.

Blar´ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blarneyed (-nid); p. pr. & vb. n. Blarneying.] To influence by blarney; to wheedle with smooth talk; to make or accomplish by blarney. ´Blarneyed the landlord.´ Irving. “Had blarneyed his way from Long Island.
S. G. Goodrich.”

Bla•se´ (bla•za´), a. [F., p. p. of blaser.] Having the sensibilities deadened by excess or frequency of enjoyment; sated or surfeited with pleasure; used up.

Blas•pheme´ (blas•fem´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasphemed (-femd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaspheming.] [OE. blasfemen, L. blasphemare, fr. Gr. blasfhmei^n: cf. F. blasphemer. See Blame, v.] 1. To speak of, or address, with impious irreverence; to revile impiously (anything sacred); as to blaspheme the Holy Spirit. “So Dagon shall be magnified, and God,
Besides whom is no god, compared with idols,
Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn.
Milton.” “How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge thyself on all those who thus continually blaspheme thy great and all-glorious name?
Dr. W. Beveridge.” 2. Figuratively, of persons and things not religiously sacred, but held in high honor: To calumniate; to revile; to abuse. “You do blaspheme the good in mocking me.
Shak.” “Those who from our labors heap their board,
Blaspheme their feeder and forget their lord.
Pope.”

Blas•pheme´, v. i. To utter blasphemy. “He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness.
Mark iii. 29.”

Blas•phem´er , n. One who blasphemes. “And each blasphemer quite escape the rod,
Because the insult’s not on man, but God ?
Pope.”

Blas´phe•mous , a. [L. blasphemus, Gr. .] Speaking or writing blasphemy; uttering or exhibiting anything impiously irreverent; profane; as a blasphemous person; containing blasphemy; as a blasphemous book; a blasphemous caricature. ´Blasphemous publications.´ Porteus. “Nor from the Holy One of Heaven
Refrained his tongue blasphemous.
Milton.” Formerly this word was accented on the second syllable, as in the above example.

Blas´phe•mous•ly, adv. In a blasphemous manner.

Blas´phe•my , n. [L. blasphemia, Gr. : cf. OF. blasphemie.] 1. An indignity offered to God in words, writing, or signs; impiously irreverent words or signs addressed to, or used in reference to, God; speaking evil of God; also the act of claiming the attributes or prerogatives of deity. When used generally in statutes or at common law, blasphemy is the use of irreverent words or signs in reference to the Supreme Being in such a way as to produce scandal or provoke violence. 2. Figuratively, of things held in high honor: Calumny; abuse; vilification. “Punished for his blasphemy against learning.
Bacon.”

-blast . [Gr. sprout, shoot.] A suffix or terminal formative, used principally in biological terms, and signifying growth, formation; as bioblast, epiblast, mesoblast, etc.

Blast (blast), n. [AS. blaest a puff of wind, a blowing; akin to Icel. blastr, OHG. blast, and fr. a verb akin to Icel. blasa to blow, OHG. blâsan, Goth. blesan (in comp.); all prob. from the same root as E. blow. See Blow to eject air.] 1. A violent gust of wind. “And see where surly Winter passes off,
Far to the north, and calls his ruffian blasts;
His blasts obey, and quit the howling hill.
Thomson.” 2. A forcible stream of air from an orifice, as from a bellows, the mouth, etc. Hence: The continuous blowing to which one charge of ore or metal is subjected in a furnace; as to melt so many tons of iron at a blast. The terms hot blast and cold blast are employed to designate whether the current is heated or not heated before entering the furnace. A blast furnace is said to be in blast while it is in operation, and out of blast when not in use. 3. The exhaust steam from and engine, driving a column of air out of a boiler chimney, and thus creating an intense draught through the fire; also any draught produced by the blast. 4. The sound made by blowing a wind instrument; strictly, the sound produces at one breath. “One blast upon his bugle horn
Were worth a thousand men.
Sir W. Scott.” “The blast of triumph o’er thy grave.
Bryant.” 5. A sudden, pernicious effect, as if by a noxious wind, especially on animals and plants; a blight. “By the blast of God they perish.
Job iv. 9.” “Virtue preserved from fell destruction’s blast.
Shak.” 6. The act of rending, or attempting to rend, heavy masses of rock, earth, etc., by the explosion of gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; also the charge used for this purpose. ´Large blasts are often used.´ Tomlinson. 7. A flatulent disease of sheep. Blast furnace, a furnace, usually a shaft furnace for smelting ores, into which air is forced by pressure. — Blast hole, a hole in the bottom of a pump stock through which water enters. — Blast nozzle, a fixed or variable orifice in the delivery end of a blast pipe; — called also blast orifice. — In full blast, in complete operation; in a state of great activity. See Blast, n., 2. [Colloq.]

Blast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blasting.] 1. To injure, as by a noxious wind; to cause to wither; to stop or check the growth of, and prevent from fruit-bearing, by some pernicious influence; to blight; to shrivel. “Seven thin ears, and blasted with the east wind.
Gen. xii. 6.” 2. Hence, to affect with some sudden violence, plague, calamity, or blighting influence, which destroys or causes to fail; to visit with a curse; to curse; to ruin; as to blast pride, hopes, or character. “I’ll cross it, though it blast me.
Shak.” “Blasted with excess of light.
T. Gray.” 3. To confound by a loud blast or din. “Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city’s ear.
Shak.” 4. To rend open by any explosive agent, as gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; to shatter; as to blast rocks.

Blast, v. i. 1. To be blighted or withered; as the bud blasted in the blossom. 2. To blow; to blow on a trumpet. [Obs.] “Toke his blake trumpe faste
And gan to puffen and to blaste.
Chaucer.”

Blast´ed , a. 1. Blighted; withered. “Upon this blasted heath.” Shak. 2. Confounded; accursed; detestable. “Some of her own blasted gypsies.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. Rent open by an explosive. “The blasted quarry thunders, heard remote.
Wordsworth.”

Blas•te´ma , n.; pl. Blastemata . [Gr. bud, sprout.] (Biol.) The structureless, protoplasmic tissue of the embryo; the primitive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows.

Blas•te´mal , a. (Biol.) Relating to the blastema; rudimentary.

Blas•te•mat´ic , a. (Biol.) Connected with, or proceeding from, the blastema; blastemal.

Blast´er , n. One who, or that which, blasts or destroys.

Blas´tide , n. [Gr. sprout, fr. to grow.] (Biol.) A small, clear space in the segments of the ovum, the precursor of the nucleus.

Blast´ing , n. 1. A blast; destruction by a blast, or by some pernicious cause. “I have smitten you with blasting and mildew.
Amos iv. 9.” 2. The act or process of one who, or that which, blasts; the business of one who blasts.

Blast´ment , n. A sudden stroke or injury produced by some destructive cause. [Obs.] Shak.

Blas•to•car´pous , a. [Gr. sprout, germ + fruit.] (Bot.) Germinating inside the pericarp, as the mangrove. Brande & C.

Blas´to•cœle , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + koi^los hollow.] (Biol.) The cavity of the blastosphere, or segmentation cavity.

Blas´to•cyst , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. cyst.] (Biol.) The germinal vesicle.

Blas´to•derm , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. derm.] (Biol.) The germinal membrane in an ovum, from which the embryo is developed. { Blas•to•der•mat´ic , Blas•to•der´mic } a. Of or pertaining to the blastoderm.

Blas•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Multiplication or increase by gemmation or budding.

Blas´toid , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Blastoidea.

Blas•toid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. blasto•s sprout + -oid.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Crinoidea found fossil in paleozoic rocks; pentremites. They are so named on account of their budlike form.

Blas´to•mere , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + -mere.] (Biol.) One of the segments first formed by the division of the ovum. Balfour. { Blas•toph´o•ral , Blas•to•phor´ic } a. Relating to the blastophore.

Blas´to•phore , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + to bear.] (Biol.) That portion of the spermatospore which is not converted into spermatoblasts, but carries them.

Blas´to•pore , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. pore.] (Biol.) The pore or opening leading into the cavity of invagination, or archenteron. [See Illust. of Invagination.] Balfour.

Blas´to•sphere , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. sphere.] (Biol.) The hollow globe or sphere formed by the arrangement of the blastomeres on the periphery of an impregnated ovum. [See Illust. of Invagination.]

Blas´to•style , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout, bud + a pillar.] (Zoöl.) In certain hydroids, an imperfect zooid, whose special function is to produce medusoid buds. See Hydroidea, and Athecata.

Blast´ pipe . The exhaust pipe of a steam engine, or any pipe delivering steam or air, when so constructed as to cause a blast.

Blas´tu•la , n. [NL., dim. of Gr. blasto•s a sprout.] (Biol.) That stage in the development of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula become more defined and form the blastoderm.

Blas´tule , n. (Biol.) Same as Blastula.

Blast´y , a. 1. Affected by blasts; gusty. 2. Causing blast or injury. [Obs.] Boyle.

Blat , v. i. To cry, as a calf or sheep; to bleat; to make a senseless noise; to talk inconsiderately. [Low]

Blat, v. t. To utter inconsiderately. [Low] “If I have anything on my mind, I have to blat it right out.
W. D. Howells.”

Bla´tan•cy , n. Blatant quality.

Bla´tant , a. [Cf. Bleat.] Bellowing, as a calf; bawling; brawling; clamoring; disagreeably clamorous; sounding loudly and harshly. ´Harsh and blatant tone.´ R. H. Dana. “A monster, which the blatant beast men call.
Spenser.” “Glory, that blatant word, which haunts some military minds like the bray of the trumpet.
W. Irving.”

Bla´tant•ly, adv. In a blatant manner.

Blath´er•skite , n. A blustering, talkative fellow. [Local slang, U. S.] Barllett.

Blat´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blattered .] [L. blaterare to babble: cf. F. blaterer to bleat.] To prate; to babble; to rail; to make a senseless noise; to patter. [Archaic] ´The rain blattered.´ Jeffrey. “They procured … preachers to blatter against me, … so that they had place and time to belie me shamefully.
Latimer.”

Blat•ter•a´tion , n. [L. blateratio a babbling.] Blattering.

Blat´ter•er , n. One who blatters; a babbler; a noisy, blustering boaster.

Blat´ter•ing, n. Senseless babble or boasting.

Blat•ter•oon´ , n. [L. blatero, -onis.] A senseless babbler or boaster. [Obs.] ´I hate such blatteroons.´ Howell.

Blau´bok , n. [D. blauwbok.] (Zoöl.) The blue buck. See Blue buck, under Blue.

Blay , n. [AS. blge, fr. blc, bleak, white; akin to Icel. bleikja, OHG. bleicha, G. bleihe. See Bleak, n. & a.] (Zoöl.) A fish. See Bleak, n.

Blaze (blaz), n. [OE. blase, AS. blaese, blase; akin to OHG. blass whitish, G. blass pale, MHG. blas torch, Icel. blys torch; perh. fr. the same root as E. blast. Cf. Blast, Blush, Blink.] 1. A stream of gas or vapor emitting light and heat in the process of combustion; a bright flame. ´To heaven the blaze uprolled.´ Croly. 2. Intense, direct light accompanied with heat; as to seek shelter from the blaze of the sun. “O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon!
Milton.” 3. A bursting out, or active display of any quality; an outburst; a brilliant display. ´Fierce blaze of riot.´ ´His blaze of wrath.´ Shak. “For what is glory but the blaze of fame?
Milton.” 4. [Cf. D. bles; akin to E. blaze light.] A white spot on the forehead of a horse. 5. A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark, usually as a surveyor’s mark. “Three blazes in a perpendicular line on the same tree indicating a legislative road, the single blaze a settlement or neighborhood road.
Carlton.” In a blaze, on fire; burning with a flame; filled with, giving, or reflecting light; excited or exasperated. — Like blazes, furiously; rapidly. [Low] ´The horses did along like blazes tear.´ Poem in Essex dialect. In low language in the U. S., blazes is frequently used of something extreme or excessive, especially of something very bad; as blue as blazes. Neal. Syn. — Blaze, Flame. A blaze and a flame are both produced by burning gas. In blaze the idea of light rapidly evolved is prominent, with or without heat; as the blaze of the sun or of a meteor. Flame includes a stronger notion of heat; as he perished in the flames.

Blaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blazing.] 1. To shine with flame; to glow with flame; as the fire blazes. 2. To send forth or reflect glowing or brilliant light; to show a blaze. “And far and wide the icy summit blazed.
Wordsworth.” 3. To be resplendent. Macaulay. To blaze away, to discharge a firearm, or to continue firing; — said esp. of a number of persons, as a line of soldiers. Also used (fig.) of speech or action. [Colloq.]

Blaze, v. t. 1. To mark (a tree) by chipping off a piece of the bark. “I found my way by the blazed trees.
Hoffman.” 2. To designate by blazing; to mark out, as by blazed trees; as to blaze a line or path. “Champollion died in 1832, having done little more than blaze out the road to be traveled by others.
Nott.”

Blaze, v. t. [OE. blasen to blow; perh. confused with blast and blaze a flame, OE. blase. Cf. Blaze, v. i., and see Blast.] 1. To make public far and wide; to make known; to render conspicuous. “On charitable lists he blazed his name.
Pollok.” “To blaze those virtues which the good would hide.
Pope.” 2. (Her.) To blazon. [Obs.] Peacham.

Blaz´er , n. One who spreads reports or blazes matters abroad. ´Blazers of crime.´ Spenser.

Blaz´ing, a. Burning with a blaze; as a blazing fire; blazing torches. Sir W. Scott. Blazing star. (a) A comet. [Obs.] (b) A brilliant center of attraction. (c) (Bot.) A name given to several plants; as to Chamaelirium luteum of the Lily family; Liatris squarrosa; and Aletris farinosa, called also colicroot and star grass.

Bla´zon , n. [OE. blason, blasoun, shield, fr. F. blason coat of arms, OF. shield, from the root of AS. blaese blaze, i. e., luster, splendor, MHG. blas torch See Blaze, n.] 1. A shield. [Obs.] 2. An heraldic shield; a coat of arms, or a bearing on a coat of arms; armorial bearings. “Their blazon o’er his towers displayed.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. The art or act of describing or depicting heraldic bearings in the proper language or manner. Peacham. 4. Ostentatious display, either by words or other means; publication; show; description; record. “Obtrude the blazon of their exploits upon the company.
Collier.” “Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, actions, and spirit,
Do give thee fivefold blazon.
Shak.”

Bla´zon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blazoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blazoning .] [From blazon, n.; confused with 4th blaze: cf. F. blasonner.] 1. To depict in colors; to display; to exhibit conspicuously; to publish or make public far and wide. “Thyself thou blazon’st.
Shak.” “There pride sits blazoned on th’ unmeaning brow.
Trumbull.” “To blazon his own worthless name.
Cowper.” 2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn. “She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form.
Garth.” 3. (Her.) To describe in proper terms (the figures of heraldic devices); also to delineate (armorial bearings); to emblazon. “The coat of , arms, which I am not herald enough to blazon into English.
Addison.”

Bla´zon, v. i. To shine; to be conspicuous. [R.]

Bla´zon•er , n. One who gives publicity, proclaims, or blazons; esp., one who blazons coats of arms; a herald. Burke.

Bla´zon•ment (bla´z’n•ment), n. The act of blazoning; blazoning; emblazonment.

Bla´zon•ry, n. 1. Same as Blazon, 3. “The principles of blazonry.
Peacham.” 2. A coat of arms; an armorial bearing or bearings. “The blazonry of Argyle.
Lord Dufferin.” 3. Artistic representation or display.

Blea , n. The part of a tree which lies immediately under the bark; the alburnum or sapwood.

Blea´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) See Blaeberry.

Bleach , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleaching.] [OE. blakien, blechen, v. t. & v. i., AS. blacian, blcan, to grow pale; akin to Icel. bleikja, Sw. bleka, Dan. blege, D. bleeken, G. bleichen, AS. blac pale. See Bleak, a.] To make white, or whiter; to remove the color, or stains, from; to blanch; to whiten. “The destruction of the coloring matters attached to the bodies to be bleached is effected either by the action of the air and light, of chlorine, or of sulphurous acid.
Ure.” “Immortal liberty, whose look sublime
Hath bleached the tyrant’s cheek in every varying clime.
Smollett.”

Bleach, v. i. To grow white or lose color; to whiten.

Bleached , a. Whitened; make white. “Let their bleached bones, and blood’s unbleaching stain,
Long mark the battlefield with hideous awe.
Byron.”

Bleach´er , n. One who whitens, or whose occupation is to whiten, by bleaching.

Bleach´er•y , n.; pl. Bleacheries . A place or an establishment where bleaching is done.

Bleach´ing, n. The act or process of whitening, by removing color or stains; esp. the process of whitening fabrics by chemical agents. Ure. Bleaching powder, a powder for bleaching, consisting of chloride of lime, or some other chemical or chemicals.

Bleak , a. [OE. blac, bleyke, bleche, AS. blac, blc, pale, wan; akin to Icel. bleikr, Sw. blek, Dan. bleg, OS. blk, D. bleek, OHG. pleih, G. bleich; all from the root of AS. blican to shine; akin to OHG. blichen to shine; cf. L. flagrare to burn, Gr. to burn, shine, Skr. bhraj to shine, and E. flame. 98. Cf. Bleach, Blink, Flame.] 1. Without color; pale; pallid. [Obs.] “When she came out she looked as pale and as bleak as one that were laid out dead.
Foxe.” 2. Desolate and exposed; swept by cold winds. “Wastes too bleak to rear
The common growth of earth, the foodful ear.
Wordsworth.” “At daybreak, on the bleak sea beach.
Longfellow.” 3. Cold and cutting; cheerless; as a bleak blast. — Bleak´ish, a. — Bleak´ly, adv. — Bleak´ness, n.

Bleak, n. [From Bleak, a., cf. Blay.] (Zoöl.) A small European river fish (Leuciscus alburnus), of the family Cyprinidae; the blay. [Written also blick.] The silvery pigment lining the scales of the bleak is used in the manufacture of artificial pearls. Baird.

Bleak´y , a. Bleak. [Obs.] Dryden.

Blear , a. [See Blear, v.] 1. Dim or sore with water or rheum; — said of the eyes. “His blear eyes ran in gutters to his chin.
Dryden.” 2. Causing or caused by dimness of sight; dim. “Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion.
Milton.”

Blear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blearing.] [OE. bleren; cf. Dan. plire to blink, Sw. plira to twinkle, wink, LG. plieren; perh. from the same root as E. blink. See Blink, and cf. Blur.] To make somewhat sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim, or blur, as the sight. Figuratively: To obscure (mental or moral perception); to blind; to hoodwink. “That tickling rheums
Should ever tease the lungs and blear the sight.
Cowper.” To blear the eye of, to deceive; to impose upon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bleared , a. Dimmed, as by a watery humor; affected with rheum. — Blear´ed•ness , n. “Dardanian wives,
With bleared visages, come forth to view
The issue of the exploit.
Shak.”

Blear´eye , n. (Med.) A disease of the eyelids, consisting in chronic inflammation of the margins, with a gummy secretion of sebaceous matter. Dunglison.

Blear´-eyed , a. 1. Having sore eyes; having the eyes dim with rheum; dim- sighted. “The blear-eyed Crispin.
Drant.” 2. Lacking in perception or penetration; short- sighted; as a blear-eyed bigot.

Blear´eyed•ness, n. The state of being blear-eyed.

Blear´y , a. Somewhat blear.

Bleat , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bleated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleating.] [OE. bleten, AS. bltan; akin to D. blaten, bleeten, OHG. blazan, plazan; prob. of imitative origin.] To make the noise of, or one like that of, a sheep; to cry like a sheep or calf. “Then suddenly was heard along the main,
To low the ox, to bleat the woolly train.
Pope” “The ewe that will not hear her lamb when it baas will never answer a calf when he bleats.
Shak.”

Bleat, n. A plaintive cry of, or like that of, a sheep. “The bleat of fleecy sheep.
Chapman’s Homer.”

Bleat´er , n. One who bleats; a sheep. “In cold, stiff soils the bleaters oft complain
Of gouty ails.
Dyer.”

Bleat´ing, a. Crying as a sheep does. “Then came the shepherd back with his bleating flocks from the seaside.
Longfellow.”

Bleat´ing, n. The cry of, or as of, a sheep. Chapman.

Bleb , n. [Prov. E. bleb, bleib, blob, bubble, blister. This word belongs to the root of blub, blubber, blabber, and perh. blow to puff.] A large vesicle or bulla, usually containing a serous fluid; a blister; a bubble, as in water, glass, etc. “Arsenic abounds with air blebs.
Kirwan.”

Bleb´by , a. Containing blebs, or characterized by blebs; as blebby glass. { Bleck , Blek } , v. t. To blacken; also to defile. [Obs. or Dial.] Wyclif.

Bled , imp. & p. p. of Bleed.

Blee , n. [AS. bleó, bleóh.] Complexion; color; hue; likeness; form. [Archaic] “For him which is so bright of blee.
Lament. of Mary Magd.” “That boy has a strong blee of his father.
Forby.”

Bleed , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleeding.] [OE. bleden, AS. bldan, fr. bld blood; akin to Sw. blöda, Dan. blöde, D. bloeden, G. bluten. See Blood.] 1. To emit blood; to lose blood; to run with blood, by whatever means; as the arm bleeds; the wound bled freely; to bleed at the nose. 2. To withdraw blood from the body; to let blood; as Dr. A. bleeds in fevers. 3. To lose or shed one’s blood, as in case of a violent death or severe wounds; to die by violence. ´Caesar must bleed.´ Shak. “The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day.
Pope.” 4. To issue forth, or drop, as blood from an incision. “For me the balm shall bleed.
Pope.” 5. To lose sap, gum, or juice; as a tree or a vine bleeds when tapped or wounded. 6. To pay or lose money; to have money drawn or extorted; as to bleed freely for a cause. [Colloq.] To make the heart bleed, to cause extreme pain, as from sympathy or pity.

Bleed, v. t. 1. To let blood from; to take or draw blood from, as by opening a vein. 2. To lose, as blood; to emit or let drop, as sap. “A decaying pine of stately size, bleeding amber.
H. Miller.” 3. To draw money from (one); to induce to pay; as they bled him freely for this fund. [Colloq.]

Bleed´er , n. (Med.) (a) One who, or that which, draws blood. (b) One in whom slight wounds give rise to profuse or uncontrollable bleeding.

Bleed´ing, a. Emitting, or appearing to emit, blood or sap, etc.; also expressing anguish or compassion.

Bleed´ing, n. A running or issuing of blood, as from the nose or a wound; a hemorrhage; the operation of letting blood, as in surgery; a drawing or running of sap from a tree or plant.

Blem´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blemished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blemishing.] [OE. blemissen, blemishen, OF. blemir, blesmir, to strike, injure, soil, F. blêmir to grow pale, fr. OF. bleme, blesme, pale, wan, F. blême, prob. fr. Icel blaman the livid color of a wound, fr. blar blue; akin to E. blue. OF. blemir properly signifies to beat one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty. See Blue.] 1. To mark with deformity; to injure or impair, as anything which is well formed, or excellent; to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind. “Sin is a soil which blemisheth the beauty of thy soul.
Brathwait.” 2. To tarnish, as reputation or character; to defame. “There had nothing passed between us that might blemish reputation.
Oldys.”

Blem´ish, n.; pl. Blemishes . Any mark of deformity or injury, whether physical or moral; anything that diminishes beauty, or renders imperfect that which is otherwise well formed; that which impairs reputation. “He shall take two he lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish.
Lev. xiv. 10.” “The reliefs of an envious man are those little blemishes and imperfections that discover themselves in an illustrious character.
Spectator.” Syn. — Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; stain; defect; fault; taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; disgrace.

Blem´ish•less, a. Without blemish; spotless. “A life in all so blemishless.
Feltham.”

Blem´ish•ment , n. The state of being blemished; blemish; disgrace; damage; impairment. “For dread of blame and honor’s blemishment.
Spenser.”

Blench , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blenched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blenching.] [OE. blenchen to blench, elude, deceive, AS. blencan to deceive; akin to Icel. blekkja to impose upon. Prop. a causative of blink to make to wink, to deceive. See Blink, and cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To shrink; to start back; to draw back, from lack of courage or resolution; to flinch; to quail. “Blench not at thy chosen lot.
Bryant.” “This painful, heroic task he undertook, and never blenched from its fulfillment.
Jeffrey.” 2. To fly off; to turn aside. [Obs.] “Though sometimes you do blench from this to that.
Shak.”

Blench, v. t. 1. To baffle; to disconcert; to turn away; — also to obstruct; to hinder. [Obs.] “Ye should have somewhat blenched him therewith, yet he might and would of likelihood have gone further.
Sir T. More.” 2. To draw back from; to deny from fear. [Obs.] “He now blenched what before he affirmed.
Evelyn.”

Blench, n. A looking aside or askance. [Obs.] “These blenches gave my heart another youth.
Shak.”

Blench, v. i. & t. [See 1st Blanch.] To grow or make pale. Barbour.

Blench´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, scares another; specifically, a person stationed to prevent the escape of the deer, at a hunt. See Blancher. [Obs.] 2. One who blenches, flinches, or shrinks back.

Blench´ hold•ing. (Law) See Blanch holding.

Blend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blended or Blent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blending.] [OE. blenden, blanden, AS. blandan to blend, mix; akin to Goth. blandan to mix, Icel. blanda, Sw. blanda, Dan. blande, OHG. blantan to mis; to unknown origin.] 1. To mix or mingle together; esp. to mingle, combine, or associate so that the separate things mixed, or the line of demarcation, can not be distinguished. Hence: To confuse; to confound. “Blending the grand, the beautiful, the gay.
Percival.” 2. To pollute by mixture or association; to spoil or corrupt; to blot; to stain. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To commingle; combine; fuse; merge; amalgamate; harmonize.

Blend , v. i. To mingle; to mix; to unite intimately; to pass or shade insensibly into each other, as colors. “There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that blends with our conviviality.
Irving.”

Blend, n. A thorough mixture of one thing with another, as color, tint, etc., into another, so that it cannot be known where one ends or the other begins.

Blend, v. t. [AS. blendan, from blind blind. See Blind, a.] To make blind, literally or figuratively; to dazzle; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blende , n. [G., fr. blenden to blind, dazzle, deceive, fr. blind blind. So called either in allusion to its dazzling luster; or (Dana) because, though often resembling galena, it yields no lead. Cf. Sphalerite.] (Min.) (a) A mineral, called also sphalerite, and by miners mock lead, false galena, and black-jack. It is a zinc sulphide, but often contains some iron. Its color is usually yellow, brown, or black, and its luster resinous. (b) A general term for some minerals, chiefly metallic sulphides which have a somewhat brilliant but nonmetallic luster.

Blend´er , n. One who, or that which, blends; an instrument, as a brush, used in blending.

Blend´ing, n. 1. The act of mingling. 2. (Paint.) The method of laying on different tints so that they may mingle together while wet, and shade into each other insensibly. Weale.

Blend´ous , a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, blende.

Blend´wa•ter , n. A distemper incident to cattle, in which their livers are affected. Crabb.

Blen´heim span´iel . [So called from Blenheim House, the seat of the duke of Marlborough, in England.] A small variety of spaniel, kept as a pet.

Blenk, v. i. To blink; to shine; to look. [Obs.] { Blen´ni•oid , Blen´ni•id } a. [Blenny + -oid] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the blennies.

Blen•nog´e•nous , a. [Gr. mucus + -genous.] Generating mucus.

Blen•nor•rhe´a , n. [Gr. mucus + to flow.] (Med.) (a) An inordinate secretion and discharge of mucus. (b) Gonorrhea. Dunglison.

Blen´ny , n.; pl. Blennies . [L. blennius, blendius, blendea, Gr. , fr. slime, mucus.] (Zoöl.) A marine fish of the genus Blennius or family Blenniidae; — so called from its coating of mucus. The species are numerous.

Blent , imp. & p. p. of Blend to mingle. Mingled; mixed; blended; also polluted; stained. “Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial blent.
Byron.”

Blent, imp. & p. p. of Blend to blind. Blinded. Also (Chaucer), 3d sing. pres. Blindeth. [Obs.]

Bles´bok , n. [D., fr. bles a white spot on the forehead + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African antelope (Alcelaphus albifrons), having a large white spot on the forehead.

Bless , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blessed or Blest; p. pr. & vb. n. Blessing.] [OE. blessien, bletsen, AS. bletsian, bledsian, bloedsian, fr. bld blood; prob. originally to consecrate by sprinkling with blood. See Blood.] 1. To make or pronounce holy; to consecrate “And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it.
Gen. ii. 3.” 2. To make happy, blithesome, or joyous; to confer prosperity or happiness upon; to grant divine favor to. “The quality of mercy is … twice blest;
It blesseth him that gives and him that takes.
Shak.” “It hath pleased thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may continue forever before thee.
1 Chron. xvii. 27 (R. V. )” 3. To express a wish or prayer for the happiness of; to invoke a blessing upon; — applied to persons. “Bless them which persecute you.
Rom. xii. 14.” 4. To invoke or confer beneficial attributes or qualities upon; to invoke or confer a blessing on, — as on food. “Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them.
Luke ix. 16.” 5. To make the sign of the cross upon; to cross (one’s self). [Archaic] Holinshed. 6. To guard; to keep; to protect. [Obs.] 7. To praise, or glorify; to extol for excellences. “Bless the Lord, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name.
Ps. ciii. 1.” 8. To esteem or account happy; to felicitate. “The nations shall bless themselves in him.
Jer. iv. 3.” 9. To wave; to brandish. [Obs.] “And burning blades about their heads do bless.
Spenser.” “Round his armed head his trenchant blade he blest.
Fairfax.” This is an old sense of the word, supposed by Johnson, Nares, and others, to have been derived from the old rite of blessing a field by directing the hands to all parts of it. ´In drawing [their bow] some fetch such a compass as though they would turn about and bless all the field.´ Ascham. Bless me! Bless us! an exclamation of surprise. Milton. — To bless from, to secure, defend, or preserve from. ´Bless me from marrying a usurer.´ Shak. “To bless the doors from nightly harm.
Milton.” — To bless with, To be blessed with, to favor or endow with; to be favored or endowed with; as God blesses us with health; we are blessed with happiness.

Bless´ed (bles´ed), a. 1. Hallowed; consecrated; worthy of blessing or adoration; heavenly; holy. “O, run; prevent them with thy humble ode,
And lay it lowly at his blessed feet.
Milton.” 2. Enjoying happiness or bliss; favored with blessings; happy; highly favored. “All generations shall call me blessed.
Luke i. 48.” “Towards England’s blessed shore.
Shak.” 3. Imparting happiness or bliss; fraught with happiness; blissful; joyful. ´Then was a blessed time.´ ´So blessed a disposition.´ Shak. 4. Enjoying, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness, or heavenly felicity; as the blessed in heaven. “Reverenced like a blessed saint.
Shak.” “Cast out from God and blessed vision.
Milton.” 5. (R. C. Ch.) Beatified. 6. Used euphemistically, ironically, or intensively. “Not a blessed man came to set her [a boat] free.
R. D. Blackmore.”

Bless´ed•ly, adv. Happily; fortunately; joyfully. “We shall blessedly meet again never to depart.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Bless´ed•ness, n. The state of being blessed; happiness; felicity; bliss; heavenly joys; the favor of God. “The assurance of a future blessedness.
Tillotson.” Single blessedness, the unmarried state. ´Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness.´ Shak. Syn. — Delight; beatitude; ecstasy. See Happiness.

Bless´ed this´tle . See under Thistle.

Bless´er , n. One who blesses; one who bestows or invokes a blessing.

Bless´ing, n. [AS. bletsung. See Bless, v. t.] 1. The act of one who blesses. 2. A declaration of divine favor, or an invocation imploring divine favor on some or something; a benediction; a wish of happiness pronounces. “This is the blessing, where with Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel.
Deut. xxxiii. 1.” 3. A means of happiness; that which promotes prosperity and welfare; a beneficent gift. “Nature’s full blessings would be well dispensed.
Milton.” 4. (Bib.) A gift. [A Hebraism] Gen. xxxiii. 11. 5. Grateful praise or worship.

Blest, a. Blessed. ´This patriarch blest.´ Milton. “White these blest sounds my ravished ear assail.
Trumbull.”

Blet , n. [F. blet, blette, a., soft from over ripeness.] A form of decay in fruit which is overripe.

Ble´ton•ism , n. The supposed faculty of perceiving subterraneous springs and currents by sensation; — so called from one Bleton, of France.

Blet´ting , n. A form of decay seen in fleshy, overripe fruit. Lindley.

Blew , imp. of Blow.

Bleyme , n. [F. bleime.] (Far.) An inflammation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and the bone. [Obs.]

Bleyn´te , imp. of Blench. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blick´ey , n. [D. blik tin.] A tin dinner pail. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Blight (blit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blighting.] [Perh. contr. from AS. blicettan to glitter, fr. the same root as E. bleak. The meaning ´to blight´ comes in that case from to glitter, hence, to be white or pale, grow pale, make pale, bleach. Cf. Bleach, Bleak.] 1. To affect with blight; to blast; to prevent the growth and fertility of. “[This vapor] blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruit, and is sometimes injurious even to man.
Woodward.” 2. Hence: To destroy the happiness of; to ruin; to mar essentially; to frustrate; as to blight one’s prospects. “Seared in heart and lone and blighted.
Byron.”

Blight, v. i. To be affected by blight; to blast; as this vine never blights.

Blight, n. 1. Mildew; decay; anything nipping or blasting; — applied as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, causing the whole or a part to wither, whether occasioned by insects, fungi, or atmospheric influences. 2. The act of blighting, or the state of being blighted; a withering or mildewing, or a stoppage of growth in the whole or a part of a plant, etc. 3. That which frustrates one’s plans or withers one’s hopes; that which impairs or destroys. “A blight seemed to have fallen over our fortunes.
Disraeli.” 4. (Zoöl.) A downy species of aphis, or plant louse, destructive to fruit trees, infesting both the roots and branches; — also applied to several other injurious insects. 5. pl. A rashlike eruption on the human skin. [U. S.]

Blight´ing, a. Causing blight.

Blight´ing•ly, adv. So as to cause blight. { Blim´bi , Blim´bing } , n. See Bilimbi, etc.

Blin , v. t. & i. [OE. blinnen, AS. blinnan; pref. be- + linnan to cease.] To stop; to cease; to desist. [Obs.] Spenser.

Blin, n. [AS. blinn.] Cessation; end. [Obs.]

Blind , a. [AS.; akin to D., G., OS., Sw., & Dan. blind, Icel. blindr, Goth. blinds; of uncertain origin.] 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by natural defect or by deprivation; without sight. “He that is strucken blind can not forget
The precious treasure of his eyesight lost.
Shak.” 2. Not having the faculty of discernment; destitute of intellectual light; unable or unwilling to understand or judge; as authors are blind to their own defects. “But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more,
That they may stumble on, and deeper fall.
Milton.” 3. Undiscerning; undiscriminating; inconsiderate. “This plan is recommended neither to blind approbation nor to blind reprobation.
Jay.” 4. Having such a state or condition as a thing would have to a person who is blind; not well marked or easily discernible; hidden; unseen; concealed; as a blind path; a blind ditch. 5. Involved; intricate; not easily followed or traced. “The blind mazes of this tangled wood.
Milton.” 6. Having no openings for light or passage; as a blind wall; open only at one end; as a blind alley; a blind gut. 7. Unintelligible, or not easily intelligible; as a blind passage in a book; illegible; as blind writing. 8. (Hort.) Abortive; failing to produce flowers or fruit; as blind buds; blind flowers. Blind alley, an alley closed at one end; a cul- de-sac. — Blind axle, an axle which turns but does not communicate motion. Knight. — Blind beetle, one of the insects apt to fly against people, esp. at night. — Blind cat (Zoöl.), a species of catfish (Gronias nigrolabris), nearly destitute of eyes, living in caverns in Pennsylvania. — Blind coal, coal that burns without flame; anthracite coal. Simmonds. - - Blind door, Blind window, an imitation of a door or window, without an opening for passage or light. See Blank door or window, under Blank, a. — Blind level (Mining), a level or drainage gallery which has a vertical shaft at each end, and acts as an inverted siphon. Knight. — Blind nettle (Bot.), dead nettle. See Dead nettle, under Dead. — Blind shell (Gunnery), a shell containing no charge, or one that does not explode. — Blind side, the side which is most easily assailed; a weak or unguarded side; the side on which one is least able or disposed to see danger. Swift. — Blind snake (Zoöl.), a small, harmless, burrowing snake, of the family Typhlopidae, with rudimentary eyes. — Blind spot (Anat.), the point in the retina of the eye where the optic nerve enters, and which is insensible to light. — Blind tooling, in bookbinding and leather work, the indented impression of heated tools, without gilding; — called also blank tooling, and blind blocking. — Blind wall, a wall without an opening; a blank wall.

Blind , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinding.] 1. To make blind; to deprive of sight or discernment. ´To blind the truth and me.´ Tennyson. “A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that blinds those whom he should lead is … a much greater.
South.” 2. To deprive partially of vision; to make vision difficult for and painful to; to dazzle. “Her beauty all the rest did blind.
P. Fletcher.” 3. To darken; to obscure to the eye or understanding; to conceal; to deceive. “Such darkness blinds the sky.
Dryden.” “The state of the controversy between us he endeavored, with all his art, to blind and confound.
Stillingfleet.” 4. To cover with a thin coating of sand and fine gravel; as a road newly paved, in order that the joints between the stones may be filled.

Blind , n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; a screen; a cover; esp. a hinged screen or shutter for a window; a blinder for a horse. 2. Something to mislead the eye or the understanding, or to conceal some covert deed or design; a subterfuge. 3. [Cf. F. blindes, p., fr. G. blende, fr. blenden to blind, fr. blind blind.] (Mil.) A blindage. See Blindage. 4. A halting place. [Obs.] Dryden. { Blind , Blinde } , n. See Blende.

Blind´age , n. [Cf. F. blindage.] (Mil.) A cover or protection for an advanced trench or approach, formed of fascines and earth supported by a framework.

Blind´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds. 2. (Saddlery) One of the leather screens on a bridle, to hinder a horse from seeing objects at the side; a blinker.

Blind´fish , n. A small fish (Amblyopsis spelaeus) destitute of eyes, found in the waters of the Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. Related fishes from other caves take the same name.

Blind´fold , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blindfolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blindfolding.] [OE. blindfolden, blindfelden, blindfellen; AS. blind blind + prob. fellan, fyllan, to fell, strike down.] To cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; to hinder from seeing. “And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face.
Luke xxii. 64.”

Blind´fold, a. Having the eyes covered; blinded; having the mental eye darkened. Hence: Heedless; reckless; as blindfold zeal; blindfold fury. “Fate’s blindfold reign the atheist loudly owns.
Dryden.”

Blind´ing, a. Making blind or as if blind; depriving of sight or of understanding; obscuring; as blinding tears; blinding snow.

Blind´ing, n. A thin coating of sand and fine gravel over a newly paved road. See Blind, v. t., 4.

Blind´ly, adv. Without sight, discernment, or understanding; without thought, investigation, knowledge, or purpose of one’s own. “By his imperious mistress blindly led.
Dryden.”

Blind´man’s buff´ . [See Buff a buffet.] A play in which one person is blindfolded, and tries to catch some one of the company and tell who it is. “Surely he fancies I play at blindman’s buff with him, for he thinks I never have my eyes open.
Stillingfleet.”

Blind•man’s hol´i•day . The time between daylight and candle light. [Humorous]

Blind´ness , n. State or condition of being blind, literally or figuratively. Darwin. Color blindness, inability to distinguish certain color. See Daltonism.

Blind´sto•ry , n. (Arch.) The triforium as opposed to the clearstory.

Blind´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A small, burrowing, snakelike, limbless lizard (Anguis fragilis), with minute eyes, popularly believed to be blind; the slowworm; — formerly a name for the adder. “Newts and blindworms do no wrong.
Shak.”

Blink , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blinked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinking.] [OE. blenken; akin to dan. blinke, Sw. blinka, G. blinken to shine, glance, wink, twinkle, D. blinken to shine; and prob. to D. blikken to glance, twinkle, G. blicken to look, glance, AS. blican to shine, E. bleak. rad.98. See Bleak; cf. 1st Blench.] 1. To wink; to twinkle with, or as with, the eye. “One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame.
Pope” 2. To see with the eyes half shut, or indistinctly and with frequent winking, as a person with weak eyes. “Show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne.
Shak.” 3. To shine, esp. with intermittent light; to twinkle; to flicker; to glimmer, as a lamp. “The dew was falling fast, the stars began to blink.
Wordsworth.” “The sun blinked fair on pool and stream .
Sir W. Scott.” 4. To turn slightly sour, as beer, mild, etc.

Blink, v. t. 1. To shut out of sight; to avoid, or purposely evade; to shirk; as to blink the question. 2. To trick; to deceive. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Blink, n. [OE. blink. See Blink, v. i. ] 1. A glimpse or glance. “This is the first blink that ever I had of him.
Bp. Hall.” 2. Gleam; glimmer; sparkle. Sir W. Scott. “Not a blink of light was there.
Wordsworth.” 3. (Naut.) The dazzling whiteness about the horizon caused by the reflection of light from fields of ice at sea; ice blink. 4. pl. [Cf. Blencher.] (Sporting) Boughs cast where deer are to pass, to turn or check them. [Prov. Eng.]

Blink´ard , n. [Blind + - ard.] 1. One who blinks with, or as with, weak eyes. “Among the blind the one-eyed blinkard reigns.
Marvell.” 2. That which twinkles or glances, as a dim star, which appears and disappears. Hakewill.

Blink´ beer Beer kept unbroached until it is sharp. Crabb.

Blink´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, blinks. 2. A blinder for horses; a flap of leather on a horse’s bridle to prevent him from seeing objects as his side hence, whatever obstructs sight or discernment. “Nor bigots who but one way see,
through blinkers of authority.
M. Green.” 3. pl. A kind of goggles, used to protect the eyes form glare, etc.

Blink´-eyed , a. Habitually winking. Marlowe.

Blirt , n. (Naut.) A gust of wind and rain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Bliss (blis), n.; pl. Blisses (blis´ez). [OE. blis, blisse, AS. blis, bliðs, fr. bliðe blithe. See Blithe.] Orig., blithesomeness; gladness; now, the highest degree of happiness; blessedness; exalted felicity; heavenly joy. “An then at last our bliss
Full and perfect is.
Milton.” Syn. — Blessedness; felicity; beatitude; happiness; joy; enjoyment. See Happiness.

Bliss´ful , a. Full of, characterized by, or causing, joy and felicity; happy in the highest degree. ´Blissful solitude.´ Milton. — Bliss´ful•ly, adv. — Bliss´ful•ness, n.

Bliss´less, a. Destitute of bliss. Sir P. Sidney.

Blis´som , v. i. [For blithesome: but cf. also Icel. blsma of a goat at heat.] To be lustful; to be lascivious. [Obs.]

Blis´som, a. Lascivious; also in heat; — said of ewes.

Blis´ter , n. [OE.; akin to OD. bluyster, fr. the same root as blast, bladder, blow. See Blow to eject wind.] 1. A vesicle of the skin, containing watery matter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn or other injury, or by a vesicatory; a collection of serous fluid causing a bladderlike elevation of the cuticle. “And painful blisters swelled my tender hands.
Grainger.” 2. Any elevation made by the separation of the film or skin, as on plants; or by the swelling of the substance at the surface, as on steel. 3. A vesicatory; a plaster of Spanish flies, or other matter, applied to raise a blister. Dunglison. Blister beetle, a beetle used to raise blisters, esp. the Lytta (or Cantharis) vesicatoria, called Cantharis or Spanish fly by druggists. See Cantharis. — Blister fly, a blister beetle. — Blister plaster, a plaster designed to raise a blister; — usually made of Spanish flies. — Blister steel, crude steel formed from wrought iron by cementation; - - so called because of its blistered surface. Called also blistered steel. — Blood blister. See under Blood.

Blis´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blistered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blistering.] To be affected with a blister or blisters; to have a blister form on. “Let my tongue blister.
Shak.”

Blis´ter, v. t. 1. To raise a blister or blisters upon. “My hands were blistered.
Franklin.” 2. To give pain to, or to injure, as if by a blister. “This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongue.
Shak.”

Blis´ter•y , a. Full of blisters. Hooker.

Blite (blit), n. [L. blitum, Gr. bli•ton.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Blitum>) with a fleshy calyx. Blitum capitatum is the strawberry blite.

Blithe (blith), a. [AS. bliðe blithe, kind; akin to Goth. bleiþs kind, Icel. bliðr mild, gentle, Dan. & Sw. blid gentle, D. blijd blithe, OHG. blidi kind, blithe.] Gay; merry; sprightly; joyous; glad; cheerful; as a blithe spirit. “The blithe sounds of festal music.
Prescott.” “A daughter fair,
So buxom, blithe, and debonair.
Milton.”

Blithe´ful (blith´ful), a. Gay; full of gayety; joyous.

Blithe´ly, adv. In a blithe manner.

Blithe´ness, n. The state of being blithe. Chaucer.

Blithe´some (-sum), a. Cheery; gay; merry. “The blithesome sounds of wassail gay.
Sir W. Scott.” — Blithe´some•ly, adv. — Blithe´some•ness, n.

Blive (bliv), adv. [A contraction of Belive.] Quickly; forthwith. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bliz´zard (bliz´zerd), n. [Cf. Blaze to flash. Formerly, in local use, a rattling volley; cf. ´to blaze away´ to fire away.] A gale of piercingly cold wind, usually accompanied with fine and blinding snow; a furious blast. [U. S.]

Bloat (blot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloating.] [Cf. Icel. blotna to become soft, blautr soft, wet, Sw. blöt soft, blöta to soak; akin to G. bloss bare, and AS. bleát wretched; or perh. fr. root of Eng. 5th blow. Cf. Blote.] 1. To make turgid, as with water or air; to cause a swelling of the surface of, from effusion of serum in the cellular tissue, producing a morbid enlargement, often accompanied with softness. 2. To inflate; to puff up; to make vain. Dryden.

Bloat, v. i. To grow turgid as by effusion of liquid in the cellular tissue; to puff out; to swell. Arbuthnot.

Bloat, a. Bloated. [R.] Shak.

Bloat, n. A term of contempt for a worthless, dissipated fellow. [Slang]

Bloat, v. t. To dry (herrings) in smoke. See Blote.

Bloat´ed (blot´ed), p. a. Distended beyond the natural or usual size, as by the presence of water, serum, etc.; turgid; swollen; as a bloated face. also puffed up with pride; pompous.

Bloat´ed•ness, n. The state of being bloated.

Bloat´er (-er), n. [See Bloat, Blote.] The common herring, esp. when of large size, smoked, and half dried; — called also bloat herring.

Blob (blob), n. [See Bleb.] 1. Something blunt and round; a small drop or lump of something viscid or thick; a drop; a bubble; a blister. Wright. 2. (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water fish (Uranidea Richardsoni); the miller’s thumb.

Blob´ber (blob´ber), n. [See Blubber, Blub.] A bubble; blubber. [Low] T. Carew. Blobber lip, a thick, protruding lip. “His blobber lips and beetle brows commend.
Dryden.”

Blob´ber-lipped (-lipt•), a. Having thick lips. ´A blobber-lipped shell.´ Grew.

Blo•cage´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) The roughest and cheapest sort of rubblework, in masonry.

Block , n. [OE. blok; cf. F. bloc (fr. OHG.), D. & Dan. blok, Sw. & G. block, OHG. bloch. There is also an OHG. bloch, biloh; bi by + the same root as that of E. lock. Cf. Block, v. t., Blockade, and see Lock.] 1. A piece of wood more or less bulky; a solid mass of wood, stone, etc., usually with one or more plane, or approximately plane, faces; as a block on which a butcher chops his meat; a block by which to mount a horse; children’s playing blocks, etc. “Now all our neighbors’ chimneys smoke,
And Christmas blocks are burning.
Wither.” “All her labor was but as a block
Left in the quarry.
Tennyson.” 2. The solid piece of wood on which condemned persons lay their necks when they are beheaded. “Noble heads which have been brought to the block.
E. Everett.” 3. The wooden mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped. Hence: The pattern or shape of a hat. “He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever changes with the next block.
Shak.” 4. A large or long building divided into separate houses or shops, or a number of houses or shops built in contact with each other so as to form one building; a row of houses or shops. 5. A square, or portion of a city inclosed by streets, whether occupied by buildings or not. “The new city was laid out in rectangular blocks, each block containing thirty building lots. Such an average block, comprising 282 houses and covering nine acres of ground, exists in Oxford Street.
Lond. Quart. Rev.” 6. A grooved pulley or sheave incased in a frame or shell which is provided with a hook, eye, or strap, by which it may be attached to an object. It is used to change the direction of motion, as in raising a heavy object that can not be conveniently reached, and also when two or more such sheaves are compounded, to change the rate of motion, or to exert increased force; — used especially in the rigging of ships, and in tackles. 7. (Falconry) The perch on which a bird of prey is kept. 8. Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction; a stop; a hindrance; an obstacle; as a block in the way. 9. A piece of box or other wood for engravers’ work. 10. (Print.) A piece of hard wood (as mahogany or cherry) on which a stereotype or electrotype plate is mounted to make it type high. 11. A blockhead; a stupid fellow; a dolt. [Obs.] “What a block art thou !
Shak.” 12. A section of a railroad where the block system is used. See Block system, below. A block of shares (Stock Exchange), a large number of shares in a stock company, sold in a lump. Bartlett. — Block printing. (a) A mode of printing (common in China and Japan) from engraved boards by means of a sheet of paper laid on the linked surface and rubbed with a brush. S. W. Williams. (b) A method of printing cotton cloth and paper hangings with colors, by pressing them upon an engraved surface coated with coloring matter. — Block system on railways, a system by which the track is divided into sections of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric signals that no train enters a section or block before the preceding train has left it.

Block , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blocked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blocking.] [Cf. F. bloquer, fr. bloc block. See Block, n.] 1. To obstruct so as to prevent passage or progress; to prevent passage from, through, or into, by obstructing the way; — used both of persons and things; — often followed by up; as to block up a road or harbor. “With moles … would block the port.
Rowe.” “A city … besieged and blocked about.
Milton.” 2. To secure or support by means of blocks; to secure, as two boards at their angles of intersection, by pieces of wood glued to each. 3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block; as to block a hat. To block out, to begin to reduce to shape; to mark out roughly; to lay out; as to block out a plan.

Block•ade´ , n. [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t. ] 1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies; as the blockade of the ports of an enemy. Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing power must be able to apply its force to every point of practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port where its force can not be brought to bear. Kent. 2. An obstruction to passage. To raise a blockade. See under Raise.

Block•ade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blockading.] 1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See note under Blockade, n. ´Blockaded the place by sea.´ Gilpin. 2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress. “Till storm and driving ice blockade him there.
Wordsworth.” 3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from. “Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door.
Pope.”

Block•ad´er , n. 1. One who blockades. 2. (Naut.) A vessel employed in blockading.

Block´age , n. The act of blocking up; the state of being blocked up.

Block´ book . A book printed from engraved wooden blocks instead of movable types.

Block´head , n. [Block + head.] A stupid fellow; a dolt; a person deficient in understanding. “The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
With loads of learned lumber in his head.
Pope.”

Block´head•ed, a. Stupid; dull.

Block´head•ism , n. That which characterizes a blockhead; stupidity. Carlyle.

Block´house , n. [Block + house: cf. G. blockhaus.] 1. (Mil.) An edifice or structure of heavy timbers or logs for military defense, having its sides loopholed for musketry, and often an upper story projecting over the lower, or so placed upon it as to have its sides make an angle wit the sides of the lower story, thus enabling the defenders to fire downward, and in all directions; — formerly much used in America and Germany. 2. A house of squared logs. [West. & South. U. S.]

Block´ing, n. 1. The act of obstructing, supporting, shaping, or stamping with a block or blocks. 2. Blocks used to support (a building, etc.) temporarily.

Block´ing course . (Arch.) The finishing course of a wall showing above a cornice.

Block´ish, a. Like a block; deficient in understanding; stupid; dull. ´Blockish Ajax.´ Shak. — Block´ish•ly, adv. — Block´ish•ness, n.

Block´like , a. Like a block; stupid.

Block´ tin . See under Tin.

Bloe´dite , n. [From the chemist Blöde.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium.

Blom´a•ry , n. See Bloomery. { Blonc´ket , Blon´ket } , a. [OF. blanquet whitish, dim. of blanc white. Cf. Blanket.] Gray; bluish gray. [Obs.] “Our bloncket liveries been all too sad.
Spenser.” { Blond , Blonde } , a. [F., fair, light, of uncertain origin; cf. AS. blonden-feax gray-haired, old, prop. blended-haired, as a mixture of white and brown or black. See Blend, v. t. ] Of a fair color; light- colored; as blond hair; a blond complexion.

Blonde , n. [F.] 1. A person of very fair complexion, with light hair and light blue eyes. [Written also blond.] 2. [So called from its color.] A kind of silk lace originally of the color of raw silk, now sometimes dyed; — called also blond lace.

Blond´ met•al . A variety of clay ironstone, in Staffordshire, England, used for making tools.

Blond´ness, n. The state of being blond. G. Eliot.

Blood (blud), n. [OE. blod, blood, AS. blod; akin to D. bloed, OHG. bluot, G. blut, Goth. bloþ, Icel. bloð, Sw. & Dan. blod; prob. fr. the same root as E. blow to bloom. See Blow to bloom.] 1. The fluid which circulates in the principal vascular system of animals, carrying nourishment to all parts of the body, and bringing away waste products to be excreted. See under Arterial. The blood consists of a liquid, the plasma, containing minute particles, the blood corpuscles. In the invertebrate animals it is usually nearly colorless, and contains only one kind of corpuscles; but in all vertebrates, except Amphioxus, it contains some colorless corpuscles, with many more which are red and give the blood its uniformly red color. See Corpuscle, Plasma. 2. Relationship by descent from a common ancestor; consanguinity; kinship. “To share the blood of Saxon royalty.
Sir W. Scott.” “A friend of our own blood.
Waller.” Half blood (Law), relationship through only one parent. — Whole blood, relationship through both father and mother. In American Law, blood includes both half blood, and whole blood. Bouvier. Peters. 3. Descent; lineage; especially, honorable birth; the highest royal lineage. “Give us a prince of blood, a son of Priam.
Shak.” “I am a gentleman of blood and breeding.
Shak.” 4. (Stock Breeding) Descent from parents of recognized breed; excellence or purity of breed. In stock breeding half blood is descent showing one half only of pure breed. Blue blood, full blood, or warm blood, is the same as blood. 5. The fleshy nature of man. “Nor gives it satisfaction to our blood.
Shak.” 6. The shedding of blood; the taking of life, murder; manslaughter; destruction. “So wills the fierce, avenging sprite,
Till blood for blood atones.
Hood.” 7. A bloodthirsty or murderous disposition. [R.] “He was a thing of blood, whose every motion
Was timed with dying cries.
Shak.” 8. Temper of mind; disposition; state of the passions; — as if the blood were the seat of emotions. “When you perceive his blood inclined to mirth.
Shak.” Often, in this sense, accompanied with bad, cold, warm, or other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an act in cold blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden passion; to do it in bad blood, is to do it in anger. Warm blood denotes a temper inflamed or irritated. To warm or heat the blood is to excite the passions. Qualified by up, excited feeling or passion is signified; as my blood was up. 9. A man of fire or spirit; a fiery spark; a gay, showy man; a rake. “Seest thou not … how giddily ’a turns about all the hot bloods between fourteen and five and thirty?
Shak.” “It was the morning costume of a dandy or blood.
Thackeray.” 10. The juice of anything, especially if red. “He washed … his clothes in the blood of grapes.
Gen. xiix. 11.” Blood is often used as an adjective, and as the first part of self-explaining compound words; as blood-bespotted, blood- bought, blood-curdling, blood-dyed, blood-red, blood-spilling, blood-stained, blood-warm, blood- won. Blood baptism (Eccl. Hist.), the martyrdom of those who had not been baptized. They were considered as baptized in blood, and this was regarded as a full substitute for literal baptism. — Blood blister, a blister or bleb containing blood or bloody serum, usually caused by an injury. — Blood brother, brother by blood or birth. — Blood clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve mollusk of the genus Arca and allied genera, esp. Argina pexata of the American coast. So named from the color of its flesh. — Blood corpuscle. See Corpuscle. — Blood crystal (Physiol.), one of the crystals formed by the separation in a crystalline form of the haemoglobin of the red blood corpuscles; haematocrystallin. All blood does not yield blood crystals. — Blood heat, heat equal to the temperature of human blood, or about 98½ ° Fahr. — Blood horse, a horse whose blood or lineage is derived from the purest and most highly prized origin or stock. — Blood money. See in the Vocabulary. — Blood orange, an orange with dark red pulp. — Blood poisoning (Med.), a morbid state of the blood caused by the introduction of poisonous or infective matters from without, or the absorption or retention of such as are produced in the body itself; toxaemia. — Blood pudding, a pudding made of blood and other materials. — Blood relation, one connected by blood or descent. — Blood spavin. See under Spavin. — Blood vessel. See in the Vocabulary. — Blue blood, the blood of noble or aristocratic families, which, according to a Spanish prover , has in it a tinge of blue; — hence, a member of an old and aristocratic family. — Flesh and blood. (a) A blood relation, esp. a child. (b) Human nature. — In blood (Hunting), in a state of perfect health and vigor. Shak. — To let blood. See under Let. — Prince of the blood, the son of a sovereign, or the issue of a royal family. The sons, brothers, and uncles of the sovereign are styled princes of the blood royal; and the daughters, sisters, and aunts are princesses of the blood royal.

Blood , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooding.] 1. To bleed. [Obs.] Cowper. 2. To stain, smear or wet, with blood. [Archaic] “Reach out their spears afar,
And blood their points.
Dryden.” 3. To give (hounds or soldiers) a first taste or sight of blood, as in hunting or war. “It was most important too that his troops should be blooded.
Macaulay.” 4. To heat the blood of; to exasperate. [Obs.] “The auxiliary forces of the French and English were much blooded one against another.
Bacon.”

Blood´bird (blud´berd•), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian honeysucker (Myzomela sanguineolata); — so called from the bright red color of the male bird.

Blood´-bol•tered , a. [Blood + Prov. E. bolter to mat in tufts. Cf. Balter.] Having the hair matted with clotted blood. [Obs. & R.] “The blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me.
Shak.”

Blood´ed, a. Having pure blood, or a large admixture or pure blood; of approved breed; of the best stock. Used also in composition in phrases indicating a particular condition or quality of blood; as cold-blooded; warm- blooded.

Blood´flow•er , n. [From the color of the flower.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous plants, natives of Southern Africa, named Haemanthus, of the Amaryllis family. The juice of H. toxicarius is used by the Hottentots to poison their arrows.

Blood´guilt•y , a. Guilty of murder or bloodshed. ´A bloodguilty life.´ Fairfax. — Blood´guilt•i•ness , n. — Blood´guilt•less, a.

Blood´hound , n. A breed of large and powerful dogs, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears, and remarkable for acuteness of smell. It is employed to recover game or prey which has escaped wounded from a hunter, and for tracking criminals. Formerly it was used for pursuing runaway slaves. Other varieties of dog are often used for the same purpose and go by the same name. The Cuban bloodhound is said to be a variety of the mastiff.

Blood´i•ly , adv. In a bloody manner; cruelly; with a disposition to shed blood.

Blood´i•ness, n. 1. The state of being bloody. 2. Disposition to shed blood; bloodthirstiness. “All that bloodiness and savage cruelty which was in our nature.
Holland.”

Blood´less, a. [AS. bldleás.] 1. Destitute of blood, or apparently so; as bloodless cheeks; lifeless; dead. “The bloodless carcass of my Hector sold.
Dryden.” 2. Not attended with shedding of blood, or slaughter; as a bloodless victory. Froude. 3. Without spirit or activity. “Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood !
Shak.” — Blood´less•ly, adv. — Blood´less•ness, n.

Blood´let , v. t. [AS. bldltan; bld blood + latan to let.] bleed; to let blood. Arbuthnot.

Blood´let•ter , n. One who, or that which, lets blood; a phlebotomist.

Blood´let•ting, n. (Med.) The act or process of letting blood or bleeding, as by opening a vein or artery, or by cupping or leeches; — esp. applied to venesection.

Blood´ mon•ey . 1. Money paid to the next of kin of a person who has been killed by another. 2. Money obtained as the price, or at the cost, of another’s life; — said of a reward for supporting a capital charge, of money obtained for betraying a fugitive or for committing murder, or of money obtained from the sale of that which will destroy the purchaser.

Blood´root , n. (Bot.) A plant (Sanguinaria Canadensis), with a red root and red sap, and bearing a pretty, white flower in early spring; — called also puccoon, redroot, bloodwort, tetterwort, turmeric, and Indian paint. It has acrid emetic properties, and the rootstock is used as a stimulant expectorant. See Sanguinaria. In England the name is given to the tormentil, once used as a remedy for dysentery.

Blood´shed , n. [Blood + shed] The shedding or spilling of blood; slaughter; the act of shedding human blood, or taking life, as in war, riot, or murder.

Blood´shed•der , n. One who sheds blood; a manslayer; a murderer.

Blood´shed•ding , n. Bloodshed. Shak.

Blood´shot , a. [Blood + shot, p. p. of shoot to variegate.] Red and inflamed; suffused with blood, or having the vessels turgid with blood, as when the conjunctiva is inflamed or irritated. “His eyes were bloodshot, … and his hair disheveled.
Dickens.”

Blood´-shot•ten , a. Bloodshot. [Obs.]

Blood´stick´ , n. (Far.) A piece of hard wood loaded at one end with lead, and used to strike the fleam into the vein. Youatt.

Blood´stone , n. (Min.) (a) A green siliceous stone sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood; hence the name; — called also heliotrope. (b) Hematite, an ore of iron yielding a blood red powder or ´streak.´

Blood´stroke , n. [Cf. F. coup de sang.] Loss of sensation and motion from hemorrhage or congestion in the brain. Dunglison.

Blood´suck•er , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal that sucks blood; esp., the leech (Hirudo medicinalis), and related species. 2. One who sheds blood; a cruel, bloodthirsty man; one guilty of bloodshed; a murderer. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A hard and exacting master, landlord, or money lender; an extortioner.

Blood´thirst•y , a. Eager to shed blood; cruel; sanguinary; murderous. — Blood´thirst•i•ness , n.

Blood´ulf , n. (Zoöl.) The European bullfinch.

Blood´ ves•sel . (Anat.) Any vessel or canal in which blood circulates in an animal, as an artery or vein. { Blood´wite• , Blood´wit• } n. [AS. blwite; bld blood, + wite wite, fine.] (Anc. Law) A fine or amercement paid as a composition for the shedding of blood; also a riot wherein blood was spilled.

Blood´wood , n. (Bot.) A tree having the wood or the sap of the color of blood. Norfolk Island bloodwood is a euphorbiaceous tree (Baloghia lucida), from which the sap is collected for use as a plant. Various other trees have the name, chiefly on account of the color of the wood, as Gordonia Haematoxylon of Jamaica, and several species of Australian Eucalyptus; also the true logwood ( Haematoxylon campechianum).

Blood´wort , n. (Bot.) A plant, Rumex sanguineus, or bloody-veined dock. The name is applied also to bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis), and to an extensive order of plants (Haemodoraceae), the roots of many species of which contain a red coloring matter useful in dyeing.

Blood´y , a. [AS. blodig.] 1. Containing or resembling blood; of the nature of blood; as bloody excretions; bloody sweat. 2. Smeared or stained with blood; as bloody hands; a bloody handkerchief. 3. Given, or tending, to the shedding of blood; having a cruel, savage disposition; murderous; cruel. “Some bloody passion shakes your very frame.
Shak.” 4. Attended with, or involving, bloodshed; sanguinary; esp., marked by great slaughter or cruelty; as a bloody battle. 5. Infamous; contemptible; — variously used for mere emphasis or as a low epithet. [Vulgar] Thackeray.

Blood´y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloodied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloodying.] To stain with blood. Overbury.

Blood´y•bones , n. A terrible bugbear.

Blood´y flux . The dysentery, a disease in which the flux or discharge from the bowels has a mixture of blood. Arbuthnot.

Blood´y hand . 1. A hand stained with the blood of a deer, which, in the old forest laws of England, was sufficient evidence of a man’s trespass in the forest against venison. Jacob. 2. (Her.) A red hand, as in the arms of Ulster, which is now the distinguishing mark of a baronet of the United Kingdom.

Blood´y-mind´ed , a. Having a cruel, ferocious disposition; bloodthirsty. Dryden.

Blood´y sweat . A sweat accompanied by a discharge of blood; a disease, called sweating sickness, formerly prevalent in England and other countries.

Bloom , n. [OE. blome, fr. Icel. blm, blmi; akin to Sw. blom, Goth. blma, OS. blmo, D. bloem, OHG. bluomo, bluoma, G. blume; fr. the same root as AS. blwan to blow, blossom. See Blow to bloom, and cf. Blossom.] 1. A blossom; the flower of a plant; an expanded bud; flowers, collectively. “The rich blooms of the tropics.
Prescott.” 2. The opening of flowers in general; the state of blossoming or of having the flowers open; as the cherry trees are in bloom. ´Sight of vernal bloom.´ Milton. 3. A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor; an opening to higher perfection, analogous to that of buds into blossoms; as the bloom of youth. “Every successive mother has transmitted a fainter bloom, a more delicate and briefer beauty.
Hawthorne.” 4. The delicate, powdery coating upon certain growing or newly-gathered fruits or leaves, as on grapes, plums, etc. Hence: Anything giving an appearance of attractive freshness; a flush; a glow. “A new, fresh, brilliant world, with all the bloom upon it.
Thackeray.” 5. The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture. 6. A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which appears on well-tanned leather. Knight. 7. (Min.) A popular term for a bright-hued variety of some minerals; as the rose-red cobalt bloom.

Bloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bloomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooming.] 1. To produce or yield blossoms; to blossom; to flower or be in flower. “A flower which once
In Paradise, fast by the tree of life,
Began to bloom.
Milton.” 2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor; to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers; to give promise, as by or with flowers. “A better country blooms to view,” “Beneath a brighter sky.
Logan.”

Bloom, v. t. 1. To cause to blossom; to make flourish. [R.] “Charitable affection bloomed them.
Hooker.” 2. To bestow a bloom upon; to make blooming or radiant. [R.] Milton. “While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day.
Keats.”

Bloom, n. [AS. blma a mass or lump, isenes blma a lump or wedge of iron.] (Metal.) (a) A mass of wrought iron from the Catalan forge or from the puddling furnace, deprived of its dross, and shaped usually in the form of an oblong block by shingling. (b) A large bar of steel formed directly from an ingot by hammering or rolling, being a preliminary shape for further working.

Bloom´a•ry , n. See Bloomery.

Bloom´er , n. [From Mrs. Bloomer, an American, who sought to introduce this style of dress.] 1. A costume for women, consisting of a short dress, with loose trousers gathered round ankles, and (commonly) a broad-brimmed hat. 2. A woman who wears a Bloomer costume.

Bloom´er•y , n. (Manuf.) A furnace and forge in which wrought iron in the form of blooms is made directly from the ore, or (more rarely) from cast iron.

Bloom´ing, n. (Metal.) The process of making blooms from the ore or from cast iron.

Bloom´ing, a. 1. Opening in blossoms; flowering. 2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor; indicating the freshness and beauties of youth or health.

Bloom´ing•ly, adv. In a blooming manner.

Bloom´ing•ness, n. A blooming condition.

Bloom´less, a. Without bloom or flowers. Shelley.

Bloom´y , a. 1. Full of bloom; flowery; flourishing with the vigor of youth; as a bloomy spray. “But all the bloomy flush of life is fled.
Goldsmith.” 2. Covered with bloom, as fruit. Dryden.

Blooth , n. Bloom; a blossoming. [Prov. Eng.] “All that blooth means heavy autumn work for him and his hands.
T. Hardy.”

Blore , n. [Perh. a variant of blare, v. i.; or cf. Gael. & Ir. blor a loud noise.] The act of blowing; a roaring wind; a blast. [Obs.] “A most tempestuous blore.
Chapman.”

Blos´my , a. Blossomy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blos´som (blos´sum), n. [OE. blosme, blostme, AS. blosma, blostma, blossom; akin to D. bloesem, L. fios, and E. flower; from the root of E. blow to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Bloom a blossom.] 1. The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction, with their appendages; florescence; bloom; the flowers of a plant, collectively; as the blossoms and fruit of a tree; an apple tree in blossom. The term has been applied by some botanists, and is also applied in common usage, to the corolla. It is more commonly used than flower or bloom, when we have reference to the fruit which is to succeed. Thus we use flowers when we speak of plants cultivated for ornament, and bloom in a more general sense, as of flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers. “Blossoms flaunting in the eye of day.
Longfellow.” 2. A blooming period or stage of development; something lovely that gives rich promise. “In the blossom of my youth.
Massinger.” 3. The color of a horse that has white hairs intermixed with sorrel and bay hairs; — otherwise called peach color. In blossom, having the blossoms open; in bloom.

Blos´som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blossomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blossoming.] [AS. blstmian. See Blossom, n.] 1. To put forth blossoms or flowers; to bloom; to blow; to flower. “The moving whisper of huge trees that branched
And blossomed.
Tennyson.” 2. To flourish and prosper. “Israel shall blossom and bud, and full the face of the world with fruit.
Isa. xxvii. 6.”

Blos´som•less, a. Without blossoms.

Blos´som•y , a. Full of blossoms; flowery.

Blot , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blotting.] [Cf. Dan. plette. See 3d Blot.] 1. To spot, stain, or bespatter, as with ink. “The brief was writ and blotted all with gore.
Gascoigne.” 2. To impair; to damage; to mar; to soil. “It blots thy beauty, as frosts do bite the meads.
Shak.” 3. To stain with infamy; to disgrace. “Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood.
Rowe.” 4. To obliterate, as writing with ink; to cancel; to efface; — generally with out; as to blot out a word or a sentence. Often figuratively; as to blot out offenses. “One act like this blots out a thousand crimes.
Dryden.” 5. To obscure; to eclipse; to shadow. “He sung how earth blots the moon’s gilded wane.
Cowley.” 6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper. Syn. — To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; cancel; tarnish; disgrace; blur; sully; smear; smutch.

Blot, v. i. To take a blot; as this paper blots easily.

Blot, n. [Cf. Icel. blettr, Dan. plet.] 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper; a blur. ´Inky blots and rotten parchment bonds.´ Shak. 2. An obliteration of something written or printed; an erasure. Dryden. 3. A spot on reputation; a stain; a disgrace; a reproach; a blemish. “This deadly blot in thy digressing son.
Shak.”

Blot, n. [Cf. Dan. blot bare, naked, Sw. blott, d. bloot, G. bloss, and perh. E. bloat.] 1. (Backgammon) (a) An exposure of a single man to be taken up. (b) A single man left on a point, exposed to be taken up. “He is too great a master of his art to make a blot which may be so easily hit.
Dryden.” 2. A weak point; a failing; an exposed point or mark.

Blotch , n. [Cf. OE. blacche in blacchepot blacking pot, akin to black, as bleach is akin to bleak. See Black, a., or cf. Blot a spot.] 1. A blot or spot, as of color or of ink; especially a large or irregular spot. Also Fig.; as a moral blotch. “Spots and blotches … some red, others yellow.
Harvey.” 2. (Med.) A large pustule, or a coarse eruption. “Foul scurf and blotches him defile.
Thomson.”

Blotched , a. Marked or covered with blotches. “To give their blotched and blistered bodies ease.
Drayton.”

Blotch´y , a. Having blotches.

Blote , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloting.] [Cf. Sw. blöt-fisk soaked fish, fr. blöta to soak. See 1st Bloat.] To cure, as herrings, by salting and smoking them; to bloat. [Obs.]

Blot´less , a. Without blot.

Blot´ter (blot´ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, blots; esp. a device for absorbing superfluous ink. 2. (Com.) A wastebook, in which entries of transactions are made as they take place.

Blot•tesque´ (blot•tesk´), a. (Painting) Characterized by blots or heavy touches; coarsely depicted; wanting in delineation. Ruskin.

Blot´ting pa•per (pa•per). A kind of thick, bibulous, unsized paper, used to absorb superfluous ink from freshly written manuscript, and thus prevent blots.

Blouse (blouz; F. blooz), n. [F. blouse. Of unknown origin.] A light, loose over-garment, like a smock frock, worn especially by workingmen in France; also a loose coat of any material, as the undress uniform coat of the United States army.

Blow (blo), v. i. [imp. Blew (blu); p. p. Blown (blon); p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [OE. blowen, AS. blowan to blossom; akin to OS. blojan, D. bloeijen, OHG. pluojan, MHG. blüejen, G. blühen, L. florere to flourish, OIr. blath blossom. Cf. Blow to puff, Flourish.] To flower; to blossom; to bloom. “How blows the citron grove.
Milton.”

Blow, v. t. To cause to blossom; to put forth (blossoms or flowers). “The odorous banks, that blow
Flowers of more mingled hue.
Milton.”

Blow, n. (Bot.) A blossom; a flower; also a state of blossoming; a mass of blossoms. ´Such a blow of tulips.´ Tatler.

Blow, n. [OE. blaw, blowe; cf. OHG. bliuwan, pliuwan, to beat, G. bläuen, Goth. bliggwan.] 1. A forcible stroke with the hand, fist, or some instrument, as a rod, a club, an ax, or a sword. “Well struck ! there was blow for blow.
Shak.” 2. A sudden or forcible act or effort; an assault. “A vigorous blow might win [Hanno’s camp].
T. Arnold.” 3. The infliction of evil; a sudden calamity; something which produces mental, physical, or financial suffering or loss (esp. when sudden); a buffet. “A most poor man, made tame to fortune’s blows.
Shak.” At a blow, suddenly; at one effort; by a single vigorous act. ´They lose a province at a blow.´ Dryden. — To come to blows, to engage in combat; to fight; - - said of individuals, armies, and nations. Syn. — Stroke; knock; shock; misfortune.

Blow, v. i. [imp. Blew (blu); p. p. Blown (blon); p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [OE. blawen, blowen, AS. blawan to blow, as wind; akin to OHG. plajan, G. blähen, to blow up, swell, L. flare to blow, Gr. ’ekflai•nein to spout out, and to E. bladder, blast, inflate, etc., and perh. blow to bloom.] 1. To produce a current of air; to move, as air, esp. to move rapidly or with power; as the wind blows. “Hark how it rains and blows !
Walton.” 2. To send forth a forcible current of air, as from the mouth or from a pair of bellows. 3. To breathe hard or quick; to pant; to puff. “Here is Mistress Page at the door, sweating and blowing.
Shak.” 4. To sound on being blown into, as a trumpet. “There let the pealing organ blow.
Milton.” 5. To spout water, etc., from the blowholes, as a whale. 6. To be carried or moved by the wind; as the dust blows in from the street. “The grass blows from their graves to thy own.
M. Arnold.” 7. To talk loudly; to boast; to storm. [Colloq.] “You blow behind my back, but dare not say anything to my face.
Bartlett.” To blow hot and cold (a saying derived from a fable of AEsop’s), to favor a thing at one time and treat it coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and to oppose. — To blow off, to let steam escape through a passage provided for the purpose; as the engine or steamer is blowing off. — To blow out. (a) To be driven out by the expansive force of a gas or vapor; as a steam cock or valve sometimes blows out. (b) To talk violently or abusively. [Low] — To blow over, to pass away without effect; to cease, or be dissipated; as the storm and the clouds have blown over. — To blow up, to be torn to pieces and thrown into the air as by an explosion of powder or gas or the expansive force of steam; to burst; to explode; as a powder mill or steam boiler blows up. ´The enemy’s magazines blew up.´ Tatler.

Blow, v. t. 1. To force a current of air upon with the mouth, or by other means; as to blow the fire. 2. To drive by a current air; to impel; as the tempest blew the ship ashore. “Off at sea northeast winds blow
Sabean odors from the spicy shore.
Milton.” 3. To cause air to pass through by the action of the mouth, or otherwise; to cause to sound, as a wind instrument; as to blow a trumpet; to blow an organ. “Hath she no husband
That will take pains to blow a horn before her?
Shak.” “Boy, blow the pipe until the bubble rise,
Then cast it off to float upon the skies.
Parnell.” 4. To clear of contents by forcing air through; as to blow an egg; to blow one’s nose. 5. To burst, shatter, or destroy by an explosion; - - usually with up, down, open, or similar adverb; as to blow up a building. 6. To spread by report; to publish; to disclose. “Through the court his courtesy was blown.
Dryden.” “His language does his knowledge blow.
Whiting.” 7. To form by inflation; to swell by injecting air; as to blow bubbles; to blow glass. 8. To inflate, as with pride; to puff up. “Look how imagination blows him.
Shak.” 9. To put out of breath; to cause to blow from fatigue; as to blow a horse. Sir W. Scott. 10. To deposit eggs or larvae upon, or in (meat, etc.). “To suffer
The flesh fly blow my mouth.
Shak.” To blow great guns, to blow furiously and with roaring blasts; — said of the wind at sea or along the coast. — To blow off, to empty (a boiler) of water through the blow-off pipe, while under steam pressure; also to eject (steam, water, sediment, etc.) from a boiler. — To blow one’s own trumpet, to vaunt one’s own exploits, or sound one’s own praises. — To blow out, to extinguish by a current of air, as a candle. — To blow up. (a) To fill with air; to swell; as to blow up a bladder or bubble. (b) To inflate, as with pride, self-conceit, etc.; to puff up; as to blow one up with flattery. ´Blown up with high conceits engendering pride.´ Milton. (c) To excite; as to blow up a contention. (d) To burst, to raise into the air, or to scatter, by an explosion; as to blow up a fort. (e) To scold violently; as to blow up a person for some offense. [Colloq.] “I have blown him up well — nobody can say I wink at what he does.
G. Eliot.” — To blow upon. (a) To blast; to taint; to bring into discredit; to render stale, unsavory, or worthless. (b) To inform against. [Colloq.] “How far the very custom of hearing anything spouted withers and blows upon a fine passage, may be seen in those speeches from [Shakespeare’s] Henry V. which are current in the mouths of schoolboys.
C. Lamb.” “A lady’s maid whose character had been blown upon.
Macaulay. ”

Blow , n. 1. A blowing, esp., a violent blowing of the wind; a gale; as a heavy blow came on, and the ship put back to port. 2. The act of forcing air from the mouth, or through or from some instrument; as to give a hard blow on a whistle or horn; to give the fire a blow with the bellows. 3. The spouting of a whale. 4. (Metal.) A single heat or operation of the Bessemer converter. Raymond. 5. An egg, or a larva, deposited by a fly on or in flesh, or the act of depositing it. Chapman.

Blow´ball , n. The downy seed head of a dandelion, which children delight to blow away. B. Jonson. { Blow´en , Blow´ess } n. A prostitute; a courtesan; a strumpet. [Low] Smart.

Blow´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, blows. 2. (Mech.) A device for producing a current of air; as: (a) A metal plate temporarily placed before the upper part of a grate or open fire. (b) A machine for producing an artificial blast or current of air by pressure, as for increasing the draft of a furnace, ventilating a building or shaft, cleansing gram, etc. 3. A blowing out or excessive discharge of gas from a hole or fissure in a mine. 4. The whale; — so called by seamen, from the circumstance of its spouting up a column of water. 5. (Zoöl.) A small fish of the Atlantic coast (Tetrodon turgidus); the puffer. 6. A braggart, or loud talker. [Slang] Bartlett.

Blow´fly , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of fly of the genus Musca that deposits its eggs or young larvae (called flyblows and maggots) upon meat or other animal products.

Blow´gun , n. A tube, as of cane or reed, sometimes twelve feet long, through which an arrow or other projectile may be impelled by the force of the breath. It is a weapon much used by certain Indians of America and the West Indies; — called also blowpipe, and blowtube. See Sumpitan.

Blow´hole , n. 1. A cavern in a cliff, at the water level, opening to the air at its farther extremity, so that the waters rush in with each surge and rise in a lofty jet from the extremity. 2. A nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of a whale or other cetacean. There are two spiracles or blowholes in the common whales, but only one in sperm whales, porpoises, etc. 3. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, etc., come to breathe. 4. (Founding) An air hole in a casting.

Blown , p. p. & a. 1. Swollen; inflated; distended; puffed up, as cattle when gorged with green food which develops gas. 2. Stale; worthless. 3. Out of breath; tired; exhausted. ´Their horses much blown.´ Sir W. Scott. 4. Covered with the eggs and larvae of flies; fly blown.

Blown, p. p. & a. Opened; in blossom or having blossomed, as a flower. Shak.

Blow´-off , n. 1. A blowing off steam, water, etc.; — also adj. as a blow-off cock or pipe. 2. An outburst of temper or excitement. [Colloq.]

Blow´-out , n. The cleaning of the flues of a boiler from scale, etc., by a blast of steam.

Blow´pipe , n. 1. A tube for directing a jet of air into a fire or into the flame of a lamp or candle, so as to concentrate the heat on some object. It is called a mouth blowpipe when used with the mouth; but for both chemical and industrial purposes, it is often worked by a bellows or other contrivance. The common mouth blowpipe is a tapering tube with a very small orifice at the end to be inserted in the flame. The oxyhydrogen blowpipe, invented by Dr. Hare in 1801, is an instrument in which oxygen and hydrogen, taken from separate reservoirs, in the proportions of two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen, are burned in a jet, under pressure. It gives a heat that will consume the diamond, fuse platinum, and dissipate in vapor, or in gaseous forms, most known substances. 2. A blowgun; a blowtube. Blowpipe analysis (Chem.), analysis by means of the blowpipe. — Blowpipe reaction (Chem.), the characteristic behavior of a substance subjected to a test by means of the blowpipe.

Blow´point , n. A child’s game. [Obs.]

Blowse, n. See Blowze.

Blowth , n. [From Blow to blossom: cf. Growth.] A blossoming; a bloom. [Obs. or Archaic] ´In the blowth and bud.´ Sir W. Raleigh.

Blow´tube , n. 1. A blowgun. Tylor. 2. A similar instrument, commonly of tin, used by boys for discharging paper wads and other light missiles. 3. (Glassmaking) A long wrought iron tube, on the end of which the workman gathers a quantity of ´metal´ (melted glass), and through which he blows to expand or shape it; — called also blowing tube, and blowpipe.

Blow´ valve . (Mach.) See Snifting valve.

Blow´y , a. Windy; as blowy weather; a blowy upland.

Blowze , n. [Prob. from the same root as blush.] A ruddy, fat-faced woman; a wench. [Obs.] Shak.

Blowzed , a. Having high color from exposure to the weather; ruddy-faced; blowzy; disordered. “Huge women blowzed with health and wind.
Tennyson.”

Blowz´y , a. Coarse and ruddy- faced; fat and ruddy; high colored; frowzy.

Blub , v. t. & i. [Cf. Bleb, Blob.] To swell; to puff out, as with weeping. [Obs.]

Blub´ber , n. [See Blobber, Blob, Bleb.] 1. A bubble. “At his mouth a blubber stood of foam.
Henryson.” 2. The fat of whales and other large sea animals from which oil is obtained. It lies immediately under the skin and over the muscular flesh. 3. (Zoöl.) A large sea nettle or medusa.

Blub´ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blubbered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blubbering.] To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face; to cry in a childish manner. “She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair.
Swift.”

Blub´ber, v. t. 1. To swell or disfigure (the face) with weeping; to wet with tears. “Dear Cloe, how blubbered is that pretty face!
Prior.” 2. To give vent to (tears) or utter (broken words or cries); — with forth or out.

Blub´bered , p. p. & a. Swollen; turgid; as a blubbered lip. Spenser.

Blub´ber•ing, n. The act of weeping noisily. “He spake well save that his blubbering interrupted him.
Winthrop.”

Blub´ber•y , a. 1. Swollen; protuberant. 2. Like blubber; gelatinous and quivering; as a blubbery mass.

Blu´cher (blu´ker), n. A kind of half boot, named from the Prussian general Blücher. Thackeray.

Bludg´eon , n. [Cf. Ir. blocan a little block, Gael. plocan a mallet, W. plocyn, dim. of ploc block; or perh. connected with E. blow a stroke. Cf. Block, Blow a stroke.] A short stick, with one end loaded, or thicker and heavier that the other, used as an offensive weapon.

Blue (blu), a. [Compar. Bluer (-er); superl. Bluest.] [OE. bla, blo, blew, blue, livid, black, fr. Icel.blar livid; akin to Dan. blaa blue, Sw. blå, D. blauw, OHG. blao, G. blau; but influenced in form by F. bleu, from OHG. blao.] 1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue resembling it, whether lighter or darker; as the deep, blue sea; as blue as a sapphire; blue violets. ´The blue firmament.´ Milton. 2. Pale, without redness or glare, — said of a flame; hence, of the color of burning brimstone, betokening the presence of ghosts or devils; as the candle burns blue; the air was blue with oaths. 3. Low in spirits; melancholy; as to feel blue. 4. Suited to produce low spirits; gloomy in prospect; as thongs looked blue. [Colloq.] 5. Severe or over strict in morals; gloom; as blue and sour religionists; suiting one who is over strict in morals; inculcating an impracticable, severe, or gloomy mortality; as blue laws. 6. Literary; — applied to women; — an abbreviation of bluestocking. [Colloq.] “The ladies were very blue and well informed.
Thackeray.” Blue asbestus. See Crocidolite. — Blue black, of, or having, a very dark blue color, almost black. — Blue blood. See under Blood. — Blue buck (Zoöl.), a small South African antelope (Cephalophus pygmaeus); also applied to a larger species (AEgoceras leucophaeus); the blaubok. — Blue cod (Zoöl.), the buffalo cod. — Blue crab (Zoöl.), the common edible crab of the Atlantic coast of the United States (Callinectes hastatus). — Blue curls (Bot.), a common plant (Trichostema dichotomum), resembling pennyroyal, and hence called also bastard pennyroyal. — Blue devils, apparitions supposed to be seen by persons suffering with delirium tremens; hence, very low spirits. ´Can Gumbo shut the hall door upon blue devils, or lay them all in a red sea of claret?´ Thackeray. — Blue gage. See under Gage, a plum. — Blue gum, an Australian myrtaceous tree (Eucalyptus globulus), of the loftiest proportions, now cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions for its timber, and as a protection against malaria. The essential oil is beginning to be used in medicine. The timber is very useful. See Eucalyptus. — Blue jack, Blue stone, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. — Blue jacket, a man-of war’s man; a sailor wearing a naval uniform. — Blue jaundice. See under Jaundice. — Blue laws, a name first used in the eighteenth century to describe certain supposititious laws of extreme rigor reported to have been enacted in New Haven; hence, any puritanical laws. [U. S.] — Blue light, a composition which burns with a brilliant blue flame; — used in pyrotechnics and as a night signal at sea, and in military operations. — Blue mantle (Her.), one of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms; — so called from the color of his official robes. — Blue mass, a preparation of mercury from which is formed the blue pill. McElrath. — Blue mold, or mould, the blue fungus (Aspergillus glaucus) which grows on cheese. Brande & C. — Blue Monday, a Monday following a Sunday of dissipation, or itself given to dissipation (as the Monday before Lent). — Blue ointment (Med.), mercurial ointment. — Blue Peter (British Marine), a blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing, to recall boats, etc. It is a corruption of blue repeater, one of the British signal flags. — Blue pill. (Med.) (a) A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc. (b) Blue mass. — Blue ribbon. (a) The ribbon worn by members of the order of the Garter; — hence, a member of that order. (b) Anything the attainment of which is an object of great ambition; a distinction; a prize. ´These [scholarships] were the blue ribbon of the college.´ Farrar. (c) The distinctive badge of certain temperance or total abstinence organizations, as of the Blue ribbon Army. — Blue ruin, utter ruin; also gin. [Eng. Slang] Carlyle. — Blue spar (Min.), azure spar; lazulite. See Lazulite. — Blue thrush (Zoöl.), a European and Asiatic thrush (Petrocossyphus cyaneas). — Blue verditer. See Verditer. — Blue vitriol (Chem.), sulphate of copper, a violet blue crystallized salt, used in electric batteries, calico printing, etc. — Blue water, the open ocean. — To look blue, to look disheartened or dejected. — True blue, genuine and thorough; not modified, nor mixed; not spurious; specifically, of uncompromising Presbyterianism, blue being the color adopted by the Covenanters. “For his religion …
’T was Presbyterian, true blue.
Hudibras.”

Blue (blu), n. 1. One of the seven colors into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism; the color of the clear sky, or a color resembling that, whether lighter or darker; a pigment having such color. Sometimes, poetically, the sky. 2. A pedantic woman; a bluestocking. [Colloq.] 3. pl. [Short for blue devils.] Low spirits; a fit of despondency; melancholy. [Colloq.] Berlin blue, Prussian blue. — Mineral blue. See under Mineral. — Prussian blue. See under Prussian.

Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bluing.] To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to make blue by heating, as metals, etc.

Blue´back , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A trout (Salmo oquassa) inhabiting some of the lakes of Maine. (b) A salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of the Columbia River and northward. (c) An American river herring (Clupea aestivalis), closely allied to the alewife.

Blue´beard , n. The hero of a mediaeval French nursery legend, who, leaving home, enjoined his young wife not to open a certain room in his castle. She entered it, and found the murdered bodies of his former wives. — Also used adjectively of a subject which it is forbidden to investigate. “The Bluebeard chamber of his mind, into which no eye but his own must look.
Carlyle.”

Blue´bell , n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Campanula, especially the Campanula rotundifolia, which bears blue bell-shaped flowers; the harebell. (b) A plant of the genus Scilla (Scilla nutans).

Blue´berry , n. [Cf. Blaeberry.] (Bot.) The berry of several species of Vaccinium, an ericaceous genus, differing from the American huckleberries in containing numerous minute seeds instead of ten nutlets. The commonest species are V. Pennsylvanicum and V. vacillans. V. corymbosum is the tall blueberry.

Blue´bill , n. (Zoöl.) A duck of the genus Fuligula. Two American species (F. marila and F. affinis) are common. See Scaup duck.

Blue´bird , n. (Zoöl.) A small song bird (Sialia sialis), very common in the United States, and, in the north, one of the earliest to arrive in spring. The male is blue, with the breast reddish. It is related to the European robin. Pairy bluebird (Zoöl.), a brilliant Indian or East Indian bird of the genus Irena, of several species. { Blue´ bon•net Blue´-bon•net } , n. 1. A broad, flat Scottish cap of blue woolen, or one wearing such cap; a Scotchman. 2. (Bot.) A plant. Same as Bluebottle. 3. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus); the bluecap.

Blue´ book . 1. A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue paper covers. [Eng.] 2. The United States official ´Biennial Register.´

Blue´bot•tle , n. 1. (Bot.) A plant (Centaurea cyanus) which grows in grain fields. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shaped flowers. 2. (Zoöl.) A large and troublesome species of blowfly (Musca vomitoria). Its body is steel blue.

Blue´breast , n. (Zoöl.) A small European bird; the blue-throated warbler.

Blue´cap , n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bluepoll. (b) The blue bonnet or blue titmouse. 2. A Scot; a Scotchman; — so named from wearing a blue bonnet. [Poetic] Shak.

Blue´coat , n. One dressed in blue, as a soldier, a sailor, a beadle, etc.

Blue´-eye , n. (Zoöl.) The blue-cheeked honeysucker of Australia.

Blue´-eyed , a. Having blue eyes.

Blue-eyed grass (Bot.) a grasslike plant (Sisyrinchium anceps), with small flowers of a delicate blue color.

Blue´fin , n. (Zoöl.) A species of whitefish (Coregonus nigripinnis) found in Lake Michigan.

Blue´fish , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A large voracious fish (Pomatomus saitatrix), of the family Carangidae, valued as a food fish, and widely distributed on the American coast. On the New Jersey and Rhode Island coast it is called the horse mackerel, in Virginia saltwater tailor, or skipjack. 2. A West Indian fish (Platyglossus radiatus), of the family Labridae. The name is applied locally to other species of fishes; as the cunner, sea bass, squeteague, etc.

Blue´gown , n. One of a class of paupers or pensioners, or licensed beggars, in Scotland, to whim annually on the king’s birthday were distributed certain alms, including a blue gown; a beadsman.

Blue´ grass . (Bot.) A species of grass (Poa compressa) with bluish green stems, valuable in thin gravelly soils; wire grass. Kentucky blue grass, a species of grass (Poa pratensis) which has running rootstocks and spreads rapidly. It is valuable as a pasture grass, as it endures both winter and drought better than other kinds, and is very nutritious.

Blue´ jay . (Zoöl.) The common jay of the United States (Cyanocitta, or Cyanura, cristata). The predominant color is bright blue.

Blue´-john , n. A name given to fluor spar in Derbyshire, where it is used for ornamental purposes.

Blue´ly, adv. With a blue color. Swift.

Blue´ness, n. The quality of being blue; a blue color. Boyle.

Blue´nose , n. A nickname for a Nova Scotian.

Blue´poll , n. [Blue + poll head.] (Zoöl.) A kind of salmon (Salmo Cambricus) found in Wales.

Blue´print. See under Print.

Blue´stock•ing , n. 1. A literary lady; a female pedant. [Colloq.] As explained in Boswell’s ´Life of Dr. Johnson´, this term is derived from the name given to certain meetings held by ladies, in Johnson’s time, for conversation with distinguished literary men. An eminent attendant of these assemblies was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings. He was so much distinguished for his conversational powers that his absence at any time was felt to be a great loss, so that the remark became common, ´We can do nothing without the blue stockings.´ Hence these meetings were sportively called bluestocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them, bluestockings. 2. (Zoöl.) The American avocet (Recurvirostra Americana).

Blue´stock•ing•ism , n. The character or manner of a bluestocking; female pedantry. [Colloq.]

Blue´stone , n. 1. Blue vitriol. Dunglison. 2. A grayish blue building stone, as that commonly used in the eastern United States.

Blue´throat , n. (Zoöl.) A singing bird of northern Europe and Asia (Cyanecula Suecica), related to the nightingales; — called also blue-throated robin and blue-throated warbler.

Blu´ets , n. [F. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu blue. See Blue, a.] (Bot.) A name given to several different species of plants having blue flowers, as the Houstonia cœrulea, the Centaurea cyanus or bluebottle, and the Vaccinium angustifolium.

Blue´-veined , a. Having blue veins or blue streaks.

Blue´wing , n. (Zoöl.) The blue-winged teal. See Teal.

Blue´y , a. Bluish. Southey.

Bluff , a. [Cf. OD. blaf flat, broad, blaffaert one with a broad face, also a boaster; or G. verblüffen to confuse, LG. bluffen to frighten; to unknown origin.] 1. Having a broad, flattened front; as the bluff bows of a ship. ´Bluff visages.´ Irving. 2. Rising steeply with a flat or rounded front. ´A bluff or bold shore.´ Falconer. “Its banks, if not really steep, had a bluff and precipitous aspect.
Judd.” 3. Surly; churlish; gruff; rough. 4. Abrupt; roughly frank; unceremonious; blunt; brusque; as a bluff answer; a bluff manner of talking; a bluff sea captain. ´Bluff King Hal.´ Sir W. Scott. “There is indeed a bluff pertinacity which is a proper defense in a moment of surprise.
I. Taylor.”

Bluff, n. 1. A high, steep bank, as by a river or the sea, or beside a ravine or plain; a cliff with a broad face. “Beach, bluff, and wave, adieu.
Whittier.” 2. An act of bluffing; an expression of self- confidence for the purpose of intimidation; braggadocio; as that is only bluff, or a bluff. 3. A game at cards; poker. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Bluff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bluffed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bluffing.] 1. (Poker) To deter (an opponent) from taking the risk of betting on his hand of cards, as the bluffer does by betting heavily on his own hand although it may be of less value. [U. S.] 2. To frighten or deter from accomplishing a purpose by making a show of confidence in one’s strength or resources; as he bluffed me off. [Colloq.]

Bluff, v. i. To act as in the game of bluff.

Bluff´-bowed , a. (Naut.) Built with the stem nearly straight up and down.

Bluff´er, n. One who bluffs.

Bluff´-head•ed , a. (Naut.) Built with the stem nearly straight up and down.

Bluff´ness, n. The quality or state of being bluff.

Bluff´y , a. 1. Having bluffs, or bold, steep banks. 2. Inclined to bo bluff; brusque.

Blu´ing , n. 1. The act of rendering blue; as the bluing of steel. Tomlinson. 2. Something to give a bluish tint, as indigo, or preparations used by washerwomen.

Blu´ish , a. Somewhat blue; as bluish veins. ´Bluish mists.´ Dryden. — Blu´ish•ly, adv. — Blu´ish•ness, n.

Blun´der , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blundered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blundering.] [OE. blunderen, blondren, to stir, confuse, blunder; perh. allied to blend to mix, to confound by mixture.] 1. To make a gross error or mistake; as to blunder in writing or preparing a medical prescription. Swift. 2. To move in an awkward, clumsy manner; to flounder and stumble. “I was never distinguished for address, and have often even blundered in making my bow.
Goldsmith.” “Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place,
And blunders on, and staggers every pace.
Dryden.” To blunder on. (a) To continue blundering. (b) To find or reach as if by an accident involving more or less stupidity, — applied to something desirable; as to blunder on a useful discovery.

Blun´der, v. t. 1. To cause to blunder. [Obs.] ´To blunder an adversary.´ Ditton. 2. To do or treat in a blundering manner; to confuse. “He blunders and confounds all these together.
Stillingfleet.”

Blun´der, n. 1. Confusion; disturbance. [Obs.] 2. A gross error or mistake, resulting from carelessness, stupidity, or culpable ignorance. Syn. — Blunder, Error, Mistake, Bull. An error is a departure or deviation from that which is right or correct; as an error of the press; an error of judgment. A mistake is the interchange or taking of one thing for another, through haste, inadvertence, etc.; as a careless mistake. A blunder is a mistake or error of a gross kind. It supposes a person to flounder on in his course, from carelessness, ignorance, or stupidity. A bull is a verbal blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas.

Blun´der•buss , n. [Either fr. blunder + D. bus tube, box, akin to G. büchse box, gun, E. box; or corrupted fr. D. donderbus (literally) thunder box, gun, musket.] 1. A short gun or firearm, with a large bore, capable of holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution without exact aim. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow.

Blun´der•er , n. One who is apt to blunder.

Blun´der•head , n. [Blunder + head.] A stupid, blundering fellow.

Blun´der•ing, a. Characterized by blunders.

Blun´der•ing•ly, adv. In a blundering manner.

Blunge , v. t. To amalgamate and blend; to beat up or mix in water, as clay.

Blun´ger , n. [Corrupted from plunger.] A wooden blade with a cross handle, used for miing the clay in potteries; a plunger. Tomlinson.

Blun´ging , n. The process of mixing clay in potteries with a blunger. Tomlinson.

Blunt , a. [Cf. Prov. G. bludde a dull or blunt knife, Dan. blunde to sleep, Sw. & Icel. blunda; or perh. akin to E. blind.] 1. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument; dull; not sharp. “The murderous knife was dull and blunt.
Shak.” 2. Dull in understanding; slow of discernment; stupid; — opposed to acute. “His wits are not so blunt.
Shak.” 3. Abrupt in address; plain; unceremonious; wanting the forms of civility; rough in manners or speech. ´Hiding his bitter jests in blunt behavior.´ ´A plain, blunt man.´ Shak. 4. Hard to impress or penetrate. [R.] “I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions.
Pope.” Blunt is much used in composition, as blunt-edged, blunt-sighted, blunt-spoken. Syn. — Obtuse; dull; pointless; curt; short; coarse; rude; brusque; impolite; uncivil.

Blunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blunting.] 1. To dull the edge or point of, by making it thicker; to make blunt. Shak. 2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of the mind; to impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility, of; as to blunt the feelings.

Blunt, n. 1. A fencer’s foil. [Obs.] 2. A short needle with a strong point. See Needle. 3. Money. [Cant] Beaconsfield.

Blunt´ish, a. Somewhat blunt. — Blunt´ish•ness, n.

Blunt´ly, adv. In a blunt manner; coarsely; plainly; abruptly; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civility. “Sometimes after bluntly giving his opinions, he would quietly lay himself asleep until the end of their deliberations.
Jeffrey.”

Blunt´ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point; dullness; obtuseness; want of sharpness. “The multitude of elements and bluntness of angles.
Holland.” 2. Abruptness of address; rude plainness. ´Bluntness of speech.´ Boyle.

Blunt´-wit•ted , n. Dull; stupid. “Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanor!
Shak.”

Blur (blûr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurred (blûrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Blurring.] [Prob. of same origin as blear. See Blear.] 1. To render obscure by making the form or outline of confused and uncertain, as by soiling; to smear; to make indistinct and confused; as to blur manuscript by handling it while damp; to blur the impression of a woodcut by an excess of ink. “But time hath nothing blurred those lines of favor
Which then he wore.
Shak.” 2. To cause imperfection of vision in; to dim; to darken. “Her eyes are blurred with the lightning’s glare.
J. R. Drake.” 3. To sully; to stain; to blemish, as reputation. “Sarcasms may eclipse thine own,
But can not blur my lost renown.
Hudibras.” Syn. — To spot; blot; disfigure; stain; sully.

Blur (blûr), n. 1. That which obscures without effacing; a stain; a blot, as upon paper or other substance. “As for those who cleanse blurs with blotted fingers, they make it worse.
Fuller.” 2. A dim, confused appearance; indistinctness of vision; as to see things with a blur; it was all blur. 3. A moral stain or blot. “Lest she … will with her railing set a great blur on mine honesty and good name.
Udall.”

Blur´ry (blûr´ry), a. Full of blurs; blurred.

Blurt (blûrt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blurting.] [Cf. Blare.] To utter suddenly and unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately; to ejaculate; — commonly with out. “Others … can not hold, but blurt out, those words which afterward they are forced to eat.
Hakewill.” To blurt at, to speak contemptuously of. [Obs.] Shak.

Blush (blush) v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blushed (blusht); p. pr. & vb. n. Blushing.] [OE. bluschen to shine, look, turn red, AS. blyscan to glow; akin to blysa a torch, ablysian to blush, D. blozen, Dan. blusse to blaze, blush.] 1. To become suffused with red in the cheeks, as from a sense of shame, modesty, or confusion; to become red from such cause, as the cheeks or face. “To the nuptial bower
I led her blushing like the morn.
Milton.” “In the presence of the shameless and unblushing, the young offender is ashamed to blush.
Buckminster.” “He would stroke
The head of modest and ingenuous worth,
That blushed at its own praise.
Cowper.” 2. To grow red; to have a red or rosy color. “The sun of heaven, methought, was loth to set,
But stayed, and made the western welkin blush.
Shak.” 3. To have a warm and delicate color, as some roses and other flowers. “Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.
T. Gray.”

Blush, v. t. 1. To suffuse with a blush; to redden; to make roseate. [Obs.] “To blush and beautify the cheek again.
Shak.” 2. To express or make known by blushing. “I’ll blush you thanks.
Shak.”

Blush, n. 1. A suffusion of the cheeks or face with red, as from a sense of shame, confusion, or modesty. “The rosy blush of love.
Trumbull.” 2. A red or reddish color; a rosy tint. “Light’s last blushes tinged the distant hills.
Lyttleton.” At first blush, or At the first blush, at the first appearance or view. ´At the first blush, we thought they had been ships come from France.´ Hakluyt. This phrase is used now more of ideas opinions, etc., than of material things. ´All purely identical propositions, obviously, and at first blush, appear,´ etc. Locke. — To put to the blush, to cause to blush with shame; to put to shame.

Blush´er (blush´er), n. One that blushes.

Blush´et (-et), n. A modest girl. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Blush´ful (-ful), a. Full of blushes. “While from his ardent look the turning Spring
Averts her blushful face.
Thomson.”

Blush´ing, a. Showing blushes; rosy red; having a warm and delicate color like some roses and other flowers; blooming; ruddy; roseate. “The dappled pink and blushing rose.
Prior.”

Blush´ing, n. The act of turning red; the appearance of a reddish color or flush upon the cheeks.

Blush´ing•ly, adv. In a blushing manner; with a blush or blushes; as to answer or confess blushingly.

Blush´less, a. Free from blushes; incapable of blushing; shameless; impudent. “Vice now, secure, her blushless front shall raise.
Dodsley.”

Blush´y , a. Like a blush; having the color of a blush; rosy. [R.] ´A blushy color.´ Harvey.

Blus´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blustered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blustering.] [Allied to blast.] 1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind; to be windy and boisterous, as the weather. “And ever-threatening storms
Of Chaos blustering round.
Milton.” 2. To talk with noisy violence; to swagger, as a turbulent or boasting person; to act in a noisy, tumultuous way; to play the bully; to storm; to rage. “Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants.
Burke.”

Blus´ter, v. t. To utter, or do, with noisy violence; to force by blustering; to bully. “He bloweth and blustereth out … his abominable blasphemy.
Sir T. More.” “As if therewith he meant to bluster all princes into a perfect obedience to his commands.
Fuller.”

Blus´ter, n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm; violent winds; boisterousness. “To the winds they set
Their corners, when with bluster to confound
Sea, air, and shore.
Milton.” 2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk; noisy and boastful language. L’Estrange. Syn. — Noise; boisterousness; tumult; turbulence; confusion; boasting; swaggering; bullying.

Blus´ter•er , n. One who, or that which, blusters; a noisy swaggerer.

Blus´ter•ing, a. 1. Exhibiting noisy violence, as the wind; stormy; tumultuous. “A tempest and a blustering day.
Shak.” 2. Uttering noisy threats; noisy and swaggering; boisterous. ´A blustering fellow.´ L’Estrange.

Blus´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a blustering manner.

Blus´ter•ous , a. Inclined to bluster; given to blustering; blustering. Motley.

Blus´trous , a. Blusterous. Shak.

Bo , interj. [Cf. W. bw, an interj. of threatening or frightening; n., terror, fear, dread.] An exclamation used to startle or frighten. [Spelt also boh and boo.]

Bo´a (bo´a), n.; pl. Boas. [L. boa a kind of water serpent. Perh. fr. bos an ox.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of large American serpents, including the boa constrictor, the emperor boa of Mexico (B. imperator), and the chevalier boa of Peru (B. eques). The name is also applied to related genera; as the dog-headed boa (Xiphosoma caninum). 2. A long, round fur tippet; — so called from its resemblance in shape to the boa constrictor.

Bo´a con•strict´or . [NL. See Boa, and Constrictor.] (Zoöl.) A large and powerful serpent of tropical America, sometimes twenty or thirty feet long. See Illustration in Appendix. It has a succession of spots, alternately black and yellow, extending along the back. It kills its prey by constriction. The name is also loosely applied to other large serpents which crush their prey, particularly to those of the genus Python, found in Asia and Africa.

Bo•a•ner´ges . [Gr. , fr. Heb. bne hargem sons of thunder. — an appellation given by Christ to two of his disciples (James and John). See Mark iii. 17.] Any declamatory and vociferous preacher or orator.

Boar (bor), n. [OE. bar, bor, bore, AS. bar; akin to OHG. per, MHG. ber, G. bär, boar (but not bär bear), and perh. Russ. borov’ boar.] (Zoöl.) The uncastrated male of swine; specifically, the wild hog.

Board (bord), n. [OE. bord, AS. bord board, shipboard; akin to bred plank, Icel. borð board, side of a ship, Goth. fotu-baurd footstool, D. bord board, G. brett, bort. See def. 8. rad.92.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth as compared with the thickness, — used for building, etc. When sawed thick, as over one and a half or two inches, it is usually called a plank. 2. A table to put food upon. The term board answers to the modern table, but it was often movable, and placed on trestles. Halliwell. “Fruit of all kinds …
She gathers, tribute large, and on the board
Heaps with unsparing hand.
Milton.” 3. Hence: What is served on a table as food; stated meals; provision; entertainment; — usually as furnished for pay; as to work for one’s board; the price of board. 4. A table at which a council or court is held. Hence: A council, convened for business, or any authorized assembly or meeting, public or private; a number of persons appointed or elected to sit in council for the management or direction of some public or private business or trust; as the Board of Admiralty; a board of trade; a board of directors, trustees, commissioners, etc. “Both better acquainted with affairs than any other who sat then at that board.
Clarendon.” “We may judge from their letters to the board.
Porteus.” 5. A square or oblong piece of thin wood or other material used for some special purpose, as a molding board; a board or surface painted or arranged for a game; as a chessboard; a backgammon board. 6. Paper made thick and stiff like a board, for book covers, etc.; pasteboard; as to bind a book in boards. 7. pl. The stage in a theater; as to go upon the boards, to enter upon the theatrical profession. 8. [In this use originally perh. a different word meaning border, margin; cf. D. boord, G. bord, shipboard, and G. borte trimming; also F. bord (fr. G.) the side of a ship. Cf. Border.] The border or side of anything. (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship. ´Now board to board the rival vessels row.´ Dryden. See On board, below. (b) The stretch which a ship makes in one tack. Board is much used adjectively or as the last part of a compound; as fir board, clapboard, floor board, shipboard, sideboard, ironing board, chessboard, cardboard, pasteboard, seaboard; board measure. The American Board, a shortened form of ´The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions´ (the foreign missionary society of the American Congregational churches). — Bed and board. See under Bed. — Board and board (Naut.), side by side. — Board of control, six privy councilors formerly appointed to superintend the affairs of the British East Indies. Stormonth. — Board rule, a figured scale for finding without calculation the number of square feet in a board. Haldeman. — Board of trade, in England, a committee of the privy council appointed to superintend matters relating to trade. In the United States, a body of men appointed for the advancement and protection of their business interests; a chamber of commerce. — Board wages. (a) Food and lodging supplied as compensation for services; as to work hard, and get only board wages. (b) Money wages which are barely sufficient to buy food and lodging. (c) A separate or special allowance of wages for the procurement of food, or food and lodging. Dryden. — By the board, over the board, or side. ´The mast went by the board.´ Totten. Hence (Fig.), To go by the board, to suffer complete destruction or overthrow. — To enter on the boards, to have one’s name inscribed on a board or tablet in a college as a student. [Cambridge, England.] ´Having been entered on the boards of Trinity college.´ Hallam. — To make a good board (Naut.), to sail in a straight line when close-hauled; to lose little to leeward. — To make short boards, to tack frequently. — On board. (a) On shipboard; in a ship or a boat; on board of; as I came on board early; to be on board ship. (b) In or into a railway car or train. [Colloq. U. S.] — Returning board, a board empowered to canvass and make an official statement of the votes cast at an election. [U.S.]

Board, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boarding.] 1. To cover with boards or boarding; as to board a house. ´The boarded hovel.´ Cowper. 2. [Cf. Board to accost, and see Board, n.] To go on board of, or enter, as a ship, whether in a hostile or a friendly way. “You board an enemy to capture her, and a stranger to receive news or make a communication.
Totten.” 3. To enter, as a railway car. [Colloq. U. S.] 4. To furnish with regular meals, or with meals and lodgings, for compensation; to supply with daily meals. 5. To place at board, for compensation; as to board one’s horse at a livery stable.

Board , v. i. To obtain meals, or meals and lodgings, statedly for compensation; as he boards at the hotel. “We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board in the same house.
Spectator.”

Board, v. t. [F. aborder. See Abord, v. t.] To approach; to accost; to address; hence, to woo. [Obs.] “I will board her, though she chide as loud
As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack.
Shak.”

Board´a•ble , a. That can be boarded, as a ship.

Board´er , n. 1. One who has food statedly at another’s table, or meals and lodgings in his house, for pay, or compensation of any kind. 2. (Naut.) One who boards a ship; one selected to board an enemy’s ship. Totten.

Board´ing, n. 1. (Naut.) The act of entering a ship, whether with a hostile or a friendly purpose. “Both slain at one time, as they attempted the boarding of a frigate.
Sir F. Drake.” 2. The act of covering with boards; also boards, collectively; or a covering made of boards. 3. The act of supplying, or the state of being supplied, with regular or specified meals, or with meals and lodgings, for pay. Boarding house, a house in which boarders are kept. — Boarding nettings (Naut.), a strong network of cords or ropes erected at the side of a ship to prevent an enemy from boarding it. — Boarding pike (Naut.), a pike used by sailors in boarding a vessel, or in repelling an attempt to board it. Totten. — Boarding school, a school in which pupils receive board and lodging as well as instruction.

Boar´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A Mediterranean fish (Capros aper), of the family Caproidae; — so called from the resemblance of the extended lips to a hog’s snout. (b) An Australian percoid fish (Histiopterus recurvirostris), valued as a food fish.

Boar´ish, a. Swinish; brutal; cruel. “In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs.
Shak.”

Boast , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boasting.] [OE. bosten, boosten, v., bost, boost, n., noise, boasting; cf. G. bausen, bauschen, to swell, pusten, Dan. puste, Sw. pusta, to blow, Sw. pösa to swell; or W. bostio to boast, bost boast, Gael. bosd. But these last may be from English.] 1. To vaunt one’s self; to brag; to say or tell things which are intended to give others a high opinion of one’s self or of things belonging to one’s self; as to boast of one’s exploits courage, descent, wealth. “By grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: . . not of works, lest any man should boast.
Eph. ii. 8, 9.” 2. To speak in exulting language of another; to glory; to exult. “In God we boast all the day long.
Ps. xliv. 8” Syn. — To brag; bluster; vapor; crow; talk big.

Boast, v. t. 1. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a view to self-commendation; to extol. “Lest bad men should boast
Their specious deeds.
Milton.” 2. To display vaingloriously. 3. To possess or have; as to boast a name. To boast one’s self, to speak with unbecoming confidence in, and approval of, one’s self; — followed by of and the thing to which the boasting relates. [Archaic] “Boast not thyself of to-morrow.
Prov. xxvii. 1”

Boast, v. t. [Of uncertain etymology.] 1. (Masonry) To dress, as a stone, with a broad chisel. Weale. 2. (Sculp.) To shape roughly as a preparation for the finer work to follow; to cut to the general form required.

Boast, n. 1. Act of boasting; vaunting or bragging. “Reason and morals? and where live they most,
In Christian comfort, or in Stoic boast!
Byron.” 2. The cause of boasting; occasion of pride or exultation, — sometimes of laudable pride or exultation. “The boast of historians.
Macaulay.”

Boast´ance , n. Boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Boast´er , n. One who boasts; a braggart.

Boast´er, n. A stone mason’s broad-faced chisel.

Boast´ful , a. Given to, or full of, boasting; inclined to boast; vaunting; vainglorious; self- praising. — Boast´ful•ly, adv. — Boast´ful•ness, n.

Boast´ing, n. The act of glorying or vaunting; vainglorious speaking; ostentatious display. “When boasting ends, then dignity begins.
Young.”

Boast´ing•ly, adv. Boastfully; with boasting. ´He boastingly tells you.´ Burke.

Boast´ive , a. Presumptuous. [R.]

Boast´less, a. Without boasting or ostentation.

Boat , n. [OE. boot, bat, AS. bat; akin to Icel. batr, Sw. båt, Dan. baad, D. & G. boot. Cf. Bateau.] 1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by cars or paddles, but often by a sail. Different kinds of boats have different names; as canoe, yawl, wherry, pinnace, punt, etc. 2. Hence, any vessel; usually with some epithet descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion; as pilot boat, packet boat, passage boat, advice boat, etc. The term is sometimes applied to steam vessels, even of the largest class; as the Cunard boats. 3. A vehicle, utensil, or dish, somewhat resembling a boat in shape; as a stone boat; a gravy boat. Boat is much used either adjectively or in combination; as boat builder or boatbuilder; boat building or boatbuilding; boat hook or boathook; boathouse; boat keeper or boatkeeper; boat load; boat race; boat racing; boat rowing; boat song; boatlike; boat-shaped. Advice boat. See under Advice. — Boat hook (Naut.), an iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat, raft, log, etc. Totten. — Boat rope, a rope for fastening a boat; — usually called a painter. — In the same boat, in the same situation or predicament. [Colloq.] F. W. Newman.

Boat (bot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boated; p. pr. & vb. n. Boating.] 1. To transport in a boat; as to boat goods. 2. To place in a boat; as to boat oars. To boat the oars. See under Oar.

Boat, v. i. To go or row in a boat. “I boated over, ran my craft aground.
Tennyson.”

Boat´a•ble , a. 1. Such as can be transported in a boat. 2. Navigable for boats, or small river craft. “The boatable waters of the Alleghany.
J. Morse.”

Boat´age , n. Conveyance by boat; also a charge for such conveyance.

Boat´bill , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A wading bird (Cancroma cochlearia) of the tropical parts of South America. Its bill is somewhat like a boat with the keel uppermost. 2. A perching bird of India, of the genus Eurylaimus.

Boat´ bug . (Zoöl.) An aquatic hemipterous insect of the genus Notonecta; — so called from swimming on its back, which gives it the appearance of a little boat. Called also boat fly, boat insect, boatman, and water boatman.

Boat´ful , n.; pl. Boatfuls. The quantity or amount that fills a boat.

Boat´house , n. A house for sheltering boats. “Half the latticed boathouse hides.
Wordsworth.”

Boat´ing, n. 1. The act or practice of rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement; carriage in boats. 2. In Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by laying them on the back in a covered boat, where they are left to perish.

Bo•a´tion , n. [L. boatus, fr. boare to roar.] A crying out; a roaring; a bellowing; reverberation. [Obs.] “The guns were heard … about a hundred Italian miles, in long boations.
Derham.”

Boat´man , n.; pl. Boatmen . 1. A man who manages a boat; a rower of a boat. “As late the boatman hies him home.
Percival.” 2. (Zoöl.) A boat bug. See Boat bug.

Boat´man•ship, n. The art of managing a boat.

Boat´-shaped , a. (Bot.) See Cymbiform.

Boat´ shell . (Zoöl.) (a) A marine gastropod of the genus Crepidula. The species are numerous. It is so named from its form and interior deck. (b) A marine univalve shell of the genus Cymba.

Boats´man , n. A boatman. [Archaic]

Boat´swain , n. [Boat + swain.] 1. (Naut.) An officer who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, cordage, etc., of a ship, and who also summons the crew, and performs other duties. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The jager gull. (b) The tropic bird. Boatswain’s mate, an assistant of the boatswain. Totten.

Boat´-tail , n. (Zoöl.) A large grackle or blackbird (Quiscalus major), found in the Southern United States.

Boat´wom•an , n.; pl. Boatwomen . A woman who manages a boat.

Bob , n. [An onomatopoetic word, expressing quick, jerky motion; OE. bob bunch, bobben to strike, mock, deceive. Cf. Prov. Eng. bob, n., a ball, an engine beam, bunch, blast, trick, taunt, scoff; as a v., to dance, to courtesy, to disappoint, OF. bober to mock.] 1. Anything that hangs so as to play loosely, or with a short abrupt motion, as at the end of a string; a pendant; as the bob at the end of a kite’s tail. “In jewels dressed and at each ear a bob.
Dryden.” 2. A knot of worms, or of rags, on a string, used in angling, as for eels; formerly, a worm suitable for bait. “Or yellow bobs, turned up before the plow,
Are chiefest baits, with cork and lead enow.
Lauson.” 3. A small piece of cork or light wood attached to a fishing line to show when a fish is biting; a float. 4. The ball or heavy part of a pendulum; also the ball or weight at the end of a plumb line. 5. A small wheel, made of leather, with rounded edges, used in polishing spoons, etc. 6. A short, jerking motion; act of bobbing; as a bob of the head. 7. (Steam Engine) A working beam. 8. A knot or short curl of hair; also a bob wig. “A plain brown bob he wore.
Shenstone.” 9. A peculiar mode of ringing changes on bells. 10. The refrain of a song. “To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song.
L’Estrange.” 11. A blow; a shake or jog; a rap, as with the fist. 12. A jeer or flout; a sharp jest or taunt; a trick. “He that a fool doth very wisely hit,
Doth very foolishly, although he smart,
Not to seem senseless of the bob.
Shak.” 13. A shilling. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bobbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bobbing.] [OE. bobben. See Bob, n.] 1. To cause to move in a short, jerking manner; to move (a thing) with a bob. ´He bobbed his head.´ W. Irving. 2. To strike with a quick, light blow; to tap. “If any man happened by long sitting to sleep … he was suddenly bobbed on the face by the servants.
Elyot.” 3. To cheat; to gain by fraud or cheating; to filch. “Gold and jewels that I bobbed from him.
Shak.” 4. To mock or delude; to cheat. “To play her pranks, and bob the fool,
The shrewish wife began.
Turbervile.” 5. To cut short; as to bob the hair, or a horse’s tail.

Bob, v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion; to play to and fro, or up and down; to play loosely against anything. ´Bobbing and courtesying.´ Thackeray. 2. To angle with a bob. See Bob, n., 2 & 3. “He ne’er had learned the art to bob
For anything but eels.
Saxe.” To bob at an apple, cherry, etc. to attempt to bite or seize with the mouth an apple, cherry, or other round fruit, while it is swinging from a string or floating in a tug of water.

Bo´bac , n. (Zoöl.) The Poland marmot (Arctomys bobac).

Bo•bance´ , n. [OF. bobance, F. bombance, boasting, pageantry, fr. L. bombus a humming, buzzing.] A boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bob´ber , n. One who, or that which, bobs.

Bob´ber•y , n. [Prob. an Anglo-Indian form of Hindi bap re O thou father! (a very disrespectful address).] A squabble; a tumult; a noisy disturbance; as to raise a bobbery. [Low] Halliwell.

Bob´bin , n. [F. bobine; of uncertain origin; cf. L. bombus a humming, from the noise it makes, or Ir. & Gael. baban tassel, or E. bob.] 1. A small pin, or cylinder, formerly of bone, now most commonly of wood, used in the making of pillow lace. Each thread is wound on a separate bobbin which hangs down holding the thread at a slight tension. 2. A spool or reel of various material and construction, with a head at one or both ends, and sometimes with a hole bored through its length by which it may be placed on a spindle or pivot. It is used to hold yarn or thread, as in spinning or warping machines, looms, sewing machines, etc. 3. The little rounded piece of wood, at the end of a latch string, which is pulled to raise the latch. 4. (Haberdashery) A fine cord or narrow braid. 5. (Elec.) A cylindrical or spool-shaped coil or insulated wire, usually containing a core of soft iron which becomes magnetic when the wire is traversed by an electrical current. Bobbin and fly frame, a roving machine. — Bobbin lace, lace made on a pillow with bobbins; pillow lace.

Bob•bi•net´ , n. [Bobbin + net.] A kind of cotton lace which is wrought by machines, and not by hand. [Sometimes written bobbin net.] “The English machine-made net is now confined to point net, warp net, and bobbin net, so called from the peculiar construction of the machines by which they are produced.
Tomlinsom.”

Bob´bin•work , n. Work woven with bobbins.

Bob´bish , a. Hearty; in good spirits. [Low, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob´by , n. A nickname for a policeman; — from Sir Robert Peel, who remodeled the police force. See Peeler. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob´-cher•ry , n. A play among children, in which a cherry, hung so as to bob against the mouth, is to be caught with the teeth.

Bob´fly , n. (Fishing) The fly at the end of the leader; an end fly.

Bob´o•link , n. (Zoöl.) An American singing bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). The male is black and white; the female is brown; — called also ricebird, reedbird, and Boblincoln. “The happiest bird of our spring is the bobolink.
W. Irving.” { Bob´sled• , Bob´sleigh• } , n. A short sled, mostly used as one of a pair connected by a reach or coupling; also the compound sled so formed. [U. S.] “The long wagon body set on bobsleds.
W. D. Howells.”

Bob´stay , n. [Bob + stay.] (Naut.) A rope or chain to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to the stem or cutwater; — usually in the pl.

Bob´tail , n. [Bob + tail.] An animal (as a horse or dog) with a short tail. Rag, tag, and bobtail, the rabble.

Bob´tail, a. Bobtailed. ´Bobtail cur.´ Marryat.

Bob´tailed , a. Having the tail cut short, or naturally short; curtailed; as a bobtailed horse or dog; a bobtailed coat.

Bob´white , n. (Zoöl.) The common quail of North America (Colinus, or Ortyx, Virginianus); — so called from its note.

Bob´ wig . A short wig with bobs or short curls; — called also bobtail wig. Spectator.

Bo´cal , n. [F.] A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck.

Bo•car´do , n. [A mnemonic word.] 1. (Logic) A form of syllogism of which the first and third propositions are particular negatives, and the middle term a universal affirmative. “Baroko and Bocardo have been stumbling blocks to the logicians.
Bowen.” 2. A prison; — originally the name of the old north gate in Oxford, which was used as a prison. [Eng.] Latimer.

Boc´a•sine , n. [F. bocassin, boucassin.] A sort of fine buckram.

Boc´ca , n. [It., mouth.] The round hole in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the fused glass is taken out. Craig.

Boce (bos), n. [L. box, bocis, Gr. bo•ax, bw^x.] (Zoöl.) A European fish (Box vulgaris), having a compressed body and bright colors; — called also box, and bogue.

Bock´ beer . [G. bockbier; bock a buck + bier beer; — said to be so named from its tendency to cause the drinker to caper like a goat.] A strong beer, originally made in Bavaria. [Also written buck beer.]

Bock´e•let , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of long-winged hawk; — called also bockerel, and bockeret. [Obs.]

Bock´ey , n. [D. bokaal.] A bowl or vessel made from a gourd. [Local, New York] Bartlett.

Bock´ing, n. A coarse woolen fabric, used for floor cloths, to cover carpets, etc.; — so called from the town of Bocking, in England, where it was first made.

Bock´land , n. See Bookland.

Bod´dice , n. See Bodick.

Bode , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boding.] [OE. bodien, AS. bodian to announce, tell from bod command; akin to Icel. boa to announce, Sw. båda to announce, portend. rad.89. See Bid.] To indicate by signs, as future events; to be the omen of; to portend to presage; to foreshow. “A raven that bodes nothing but mischief.
Goldsmith.” “Good onset bodes good end.
Spenser.”

Bode, v. i. To foreshow something; to augur. “Whatever now
The omen proved, it boded well to you.
Dryden.” Syn. — To forebode; foreshadow; augur; betoken.

Bode, n. 1. An omen; a foreshadowing. [Obs.] “The owl eke, that of death the bode bringeth.
Chaucer.” 2. A bid; an offer. [Obs. or Dial.] Sir W. Scott

Bode, n. [AS. boda; akin to OFries. boda, AS. bodo, OHG. boto. See Bode, v. t.] A messenger; a herald. Robertson.

Bode, n. [See Abide.] A stop; a halting; delay. [Obs.]

Bode, imp. & p. p. from Bide. Abode. “There that night they bode.
Tennyson.”

Bode, p. p. of Bid. Bid or bidden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bode´ful , a. Portentous; ominous. Carlyle.

Bode´ment , n. An omen; a prognostic. [Obs.] “This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl
Makes all these bodements.
Shak.”

Bodge , n. A botch; a patch. [Dial.] Whitlock.

Bodge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodged .] To botch; to mend clumsily; to patch. [Obs. or Dial.]

Bodge, v. i. See Budge.

Bo´di•an , n. (Zoöl.) A large food fish (Diagramma lineatum), native of the East Indies.

Bod´ice , n. [This is properly the plural of body, Oe. bodise a pair of bodies, equiv. to a bodice. Cf. Corset, and see Body.] 1. A kind of under waist stiffened with whalebone, etc., worn esp. by women; a corset; stays. 2. A close-fitting outer waist or vest forming the upper part of a woman’s dress, or a portion of it. “Her bodice half way she unlaced.
Prior.”

Bod´iced , a. Wearing a bodice. Thackeray.

Bod´ied , a. Having a body; — usually in composition; as able-bodied. “A doe … not altogether so fat, but very good flesh and good bodied.
Hakluyt.”

Bod´i•less , a. 1. Having no body. 2. Without material form; incorporeal. “Phantoms bodiless and vain.
Swift.”

Bod´i•li•ness , n. Corporeality. Minsheu.

Bod´i•ly , a. 1. Having a body or material form; physical; corporeal; consisting of matter. “You are a mere spirit, and have no knowledge of the bodily part of us.
Tatler.” 2. Of or pertaining to the body, in distinction from the mind. ´Bodily defects.´ L’Estrange. 3. Real; actual; put in execution. [Obs.] “Be brought to bodily act.
Shak.” Bodily fear, apprehension of physical injury. Syn. — See Corporal.

Bod´i•ly, adv. 1. Corporeally; in bodily form; united with a body or matter; in the body. “For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily.
Col. ii. 9” 2. In respect to, or so as to affect, the entire body or mass; entirely; all at once; completely; as to carry away bodily. ´Leapt bodily below.´ Lowell.

Bod´ing (bod´ing), a. Foreshowing; presaging; ominous. — Bod´ing•ly, adv.

Bod´ing, n. A prognostic; an omen; a foreboding.

Bod´kin (bod´kin), n. [OE. boydekyn dagger; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bidog hanger, short sword, Ir. bideog, Gael. biodag.] 1. A dagger. [Obs.] “When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin.
Shak.” 2. (Needlework) An implement of steel, bone, ivory, etc., with a sharp point, for making holes by piercing; a tiletto; an eyeleteer. 3. (Print.) A sharp tool, like an awl, used for picking ut letters from a column or page in making corrections. 4. A kind of needle with a large eye and a blunt point, for drawing tape, ribbon, etc., through a loop or a hem; a tape needle. “Wedged whole ages in a bodkin’s eye.
Pope.” 5. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair. To sit, ride, or travel bodkin, to sit closely wedged between two persons. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Bod´kin, n. See Baudekin. [Obs.] Shirley.

Bo´dle , n. A small Scotch coin worth about one sixth of an English penny. Sir W. Scott.

Bod´lei•an, a. Of or pertaining to Sir Thomas Bodley, or to the celebrated library at Oxford, founded by him in the sixteenth century.

Bo•dock´ , n. [Corrupt. fr. bois d’arc.] The Osage orange. [Southwestern U.S.]

Bod´rage , n. [Prob. of Celtic origin: cf. Bordrage.] A raid. [Obs.]

Bod´y , n.; pl. Bodies . [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. rad.257. Cf. Bodice.] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the physical person. “Absent in body, but present in spirit.
1 Cor. v. 3” “For of the soul the body form doth take.
For soul is form, and doth the body make.
Spenser.” 2. The trunk, or main part, of a person or animal, as distinguished from the limbs and head; the main, central, or principal part, as of a tree, army, country, etc. “Who set the body and the limbs
Of this great sport together?
Shak.” “The van of the king’s army was led by the general; … in the body was the king and the prince.
Clarendon.” “Rivers that run up into the body of Italy.
Addison.” 3. The real, as opposed to the symbolical; the substance, as opposed to the shadow. “Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ.
Col. ii. 17.” 4. A person; a human being; — frequently in composition; as anybody, nobody. “A dry, shrewd kind of a body.
W. Irving.” 5. A number of individuals spoken of collectively, usually as united by some common tie, or as organized for some purpose; a collective whole or totality; a corporation; as a legislative body; a clerical body. “A numerous body led unresistingly to the slaughter.
Prescott.” 6. A number of things or particulars embodied in a system; a general collection; as a great body of facts; a body of laws or of divinity. 7. Any mass or portion of matter; any substance distinct from others; as a metallic body; a moving body; an aëriform body. ´A body of cold air.´ Huxley. “By collision of two bodies, grind
The air attrite to fire.
Milton.” 8. Amount; quantity; extent. 9. That part of a garment covering the body, as distinguished from the parts covering the limbs. 10. The bed or box of a vehicle, on or in which the load is placed; as a wagon body; a cart body. 11. (Print.) The shank of a type, or the depth of the shank (by which the size is indicated); as a nonpareil face on an agate body. 12. (Geom.) A figure that has length, breadth, and thickness; any solid figure. 13. Consistency; thickness; substance; strength; as this color has body; wine of a good body. Colors bear a body when they are capable of being ground so fine, and of being mixed so entirely with oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color. After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat. — Body cavity (Anat.), the space between the walls of the body and the inclosed viscera; the caelum; — in mammals, divided by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal cavities. — Body of a church, the nave. — Body cloth; pl. Body cloths, a cloth or blanket for covering horses. — Body clothes. (pl.) 1. Clothing for the body; esp. underclothing. 2. Body cloths for horses. [Obs.] Addison. — Body coat, a gentleman’s dress coat. — Body color (Paint.), a pigment that has consistency, thickness, or body, in distinction from a tint or wash. — Body of a law (Law), the main and operative part. — Body louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Pediculus vestimenti), which sometimes infests the human body and clothes. See Grayback. — Body plan (Shipbuilding), an end elevation, showing the conbour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length. — Body politic, the collective body of a nation or state as politically organized, or as exercising political functions; also a corporation. Wharton. “As to the persons who compose the body politic or associate themselves, they take collectively the name of ´people´, or ´nation´.
Bouvier.” — Body servant, a valet. — The bodies seven (Alchemy), the metals corresponding to the planets. [Obs.] “Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe (=call), Mars yren (=iron), Mercurie quicksilver we clepe, Saturnus lead, and Jupiter is tin, and Venus coper.
Chaucer.” — Body snatcher, one who secretly removes without right or authority a dead body from a grave, vault, etc.; a resurrectionist. — Body snatching (Law), the unauthorized removal of a dead body from the grave; usually for the purpose of dissection.

Bod´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bodying.] To furnish with, or as with, a body; to produce in definite shape; to embody. To body forth, to give from or shape to mentally. “Imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown.
Shak. ”

Bod´y•guard , n. 1. A guard to protect or defend the person; a lifeguard. 2. Retinue; attendance; following. Bp. Porteus.

Bœ•o´tian , a. [L. Boeotia, Gr. , noted for its moist, thick atmosphere, and the dullness and stupidity of its inhabitants.] Of or pertaining to Bœotia; hence, stupid; dull; obtuse. — n. A native of Bœotia; also one who is dull and ignorant.

Boer , n. [D., a farmer. See Boor.] A colonist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch descent.

Bo´es , 3d sing. pr. of Behove. Behoves or behooves. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bog , n. [Ir. & Gael. bog soft, tender, moist: cf. Ir. bogach bog, moor, marsh, Gael. bogan quagmire.] 1. A quagmire filled with decayed moss and other vegetable matter; wet spongy ground where a heavy body is apt to sink; a marsh; a morass. “Appalled with thoughts of bog, or caverned pit,
Of treacherous earth, subsiding where they tread.
R. Jago.” 2. A little elevated spot or clump of earth, roots, and grass, in a marsh or swamp. [Local, U. S.] Bog bean. See Buck bean. — Bog bumper (bump, to make a loud noise), Bog blitter, Bog bluiter, Bog jumper, the bittern. [Prov.] — Bog butter, a hydrocarbon of butterlike consistence found in the peat bogs of Ireland. — Bog earth (Min.), a soil composed for the most part of silex and partially decomposed vegetable fiber. P. Cyc. — Bog moss. (Bot.) Same as Sphagnum. — Bog myrtle (Bot.), the sweet gale. — Bog ore. (Min.) (a) An ore of iron found in boggy or swampy land; a variety of brown iron ore, or limonite. (b) Bog manganese, the hydrated peroxide of manganese. — Bog rush (Bot.), any rush growing in bogs; saw grass. — Bog spavin. See under Spavin.

Bog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bogged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bogging.] To sink, as into a bog; to submerge in a bog; to cause to sink and stick, as in mud and mire. “At another time, he was bogged up to the middle in the slough of Lochend.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bog´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), which grows in boggy places.

Bo´gey , n. A goblin; a bugbear. See Bogy.

Bog´gard , n. A bogey. [Local, Eng.]

Bog´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boggled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boggling .] [ See Bogle, n.] 1. To stop or hesitate as if suddenly frightened, or in doubt, or impeded by unforeseen difficulties; to take alarm; to exhibit hesitancy and indecision. “We start and boggle at every unusual appearance.
Glanvill.” “Boggling at nothing which serveth their purpose.
Barrow.” 2. To do anything awkwardly or unskillfully. 3. To play fast and loose; to dissemble. Howell. Syn. — To doubt; hesitate; shrink; stickle; demur.

Bog´gle, v. t. To embarrass with difficulties; to make a bungle or botch of. [Local, U. S.]

Bog´gler , n. One who boggles.

Bog´glish , a. Doubtful; skittish. [Obs.]

Bog´gy , a. Consisting of, or containing, a bog or bogs; of the nature of a bog; swampy; as boggy land.

Bo´gie , n. [A dialectic word. N. of Eng. & Scot.] A four-wheeled truck, having a certain amount of play around a vertical axis, used to support in part a locomotive on a railway track.

Bo´gle , n. [Scot. and North Eng. bogle, bogill, bugill, specter; as a verb, to terrify, fr. W. bwgwl threatening, fear, bwg, bwgan, specter, hobgoblin. Cf. Bug.] A goblin; a specter; a frightful phantom; a bogy; a bugbear. [Written also boggle.]

Bog´suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) The American woodcock; — so called from its feeding among the bogs.

Bog´trot•ter , n. One who lives in a boggy country; — applied in derision to the lowest class of Irish. Halliwell.

Bog´trot•ting , a. Living among bogs.

Bogue , v. i. (Naut.) To fall off from the wind; to edge away to leeward; — said only of inferior craft.

Bogue , n. (Zoöl.) The boce; — called also bogue bream. See Boce.

Bo´gus , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Spurious; fictitious; sham; — a cant term originally applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting anything counterfeit. [Colloq. U. S.]

Bo´gus, n. A liquor made of rum and molasses. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Bog´wood , n. The wood of trees, esp. of oaks, dug up from peat bogs. It is of a shining black or ebony color, and is largely used for making ornaments.

Bo´gy , n.; pl. Bogies . [See Bogle.] A specter; a hobgoblin; a bugbear. ´Death’s heads and bogies.´ J. H. Newman. [Written also bogey.] “There are plenty of such foolish attempts at playing bogy in the history of savages.
C. Kingsley.”

Bo•hea´ , n. [From Wu-i, pronounced by the Chinese bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is grown.] Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea. See under Tea. The name was formerly applied to superior kinds of black tea, or to black tea in general.

Bo•he´mi•a , n. 1. A country of central Europe. 2. Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See Bohemian, n., 3. “She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia.
Compton Reade.”

Bo•he´mi•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian, n., 2. 2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or ´Bohemian´ (see Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and easy. [Modern] “Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five and thirty.
Blackw. Mag.” “Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and customs nowadays.
W. Black.” Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zoöl.), a small bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the waxwing. — Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality, made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.

Bo•he´mi•an , n. 1. A native of Bohemia. 2. The language of the Czechs (the ancient inhabitants of Bohemia), the richest and most developed of the dialects of the Slavic family. 3. A restless vagabond; — originally, an idle stroller or gypsy (as in France) thought to have come from Bohemia; in later times often applied to an adventurer in art or literature, of irregular, unconventional habits, questionable tastes, or free morals. [Modern] In this sense from the French bohemien, a gypsy; also a person of irregular habits. “She was of a wild, roving nature, inherited from father and mother, who were both Bohemians by taste and circumstances.
Thackeray.”

Bo•he´mi•an•ism , n. The characteristic conduct or methods of a Bohemian. [Modern]

Bo´hun u´pas . See Upas.

Bo•iar´ , n. See Boyar.

Boil (boil), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boiled (boild); p. pr. & vb. n. Boiling.] [OE. boilen, OF. boilir, builir, F. bouillir, fr. L. bullire to be in a bubbling motion, from bulla bubble; akin to Gr. , Lith. bumbuls. Cf. Bull an edict, Budge, v., and Ebullition.] 1. To be agitated, or tumultuously moved, as a liquid by the generation and rising of bubbles of steam (or vapor), or of currents produced by heating it to the boiling point; to be in a state of ebullition; as the water boils. 2. To be agitated like boiling water, by any other cause than heat; to bubble; to effervesce; as the boiling waves. “He maketh the deep to boil like a pot.
Job xii. 31.” 3. To pass from a liquid to an aëriform state or vapor when heated; as the water boils away. 4. To be moved or excited with passion; to be hot or fervid; as his blood boils with anger. “Then boiled my breast with flame and burning wrath.
Surrey.” 5. To be in boiling water, as in cooking; as the potatoes are boiling. To boil away, to vaporize; to evaporate or be evaporated by the action of heat. — To boil over, to run over the top of a vessel, as liquid when thrown into violent agitation by heat or other cause of effervescence; to be excited with ardor or passion so as to lose self-control.

Boil, v. t. 1. To heat to the boiling point, or so as to cause ebullition; as to boil water. 2. To form, or separate, by boiling or evaporation; as to boil sugar or salt. 3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid so as to produce some specific effect, as cooking, cleansing, etc.; as to boil meat; to boil clothes. “The stomach cook is for the hall,
And boileth meate for them all.
Gower.” 4. To steep or soak in warm water. [Obs.] “To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense can not inform; but if you boil them in water, the new seeds will sprout sooner.
Bacon.” To boil down, to reduce in bulk by boiling; as to boil down sap or sirup.

Boil, n. Act or state of boiling. [Colloq.]

Boil, n. [Influenced by boil, v. See Beal, Bile.] A hard, painful, inflamed tumor, which, on suppuration, discharges pus, mixed with blood, and discloses a small fibrous mass of dead tissue, called the core. A blind boil, one that suppurates imperfectly, or fails to come to a head. — Delhi boil (Med.), a peculiar affection of the skin, probably parasitic in origin, prevailing in India (as among the British troops) and especially at Delhi.

Boil´a•ry , n. See Boilery.

Boiled , a. Dressed or cooked by boiling; subjected to the action of a boiling liquid; as boiled meat; a boiled dinner; boiled clothes.

Boil´er , n. 1. One who boils. 2. A vessel in which any thing is boiled. The word boiler is a generic term covering a great variety of kettles, saucepans, clothes boilers, evaporators, coppers, retorts, etc. 3. (Mech.) A strong metallic vessel, usually of wrought iron plates riveted together, or a composite structure variously formed, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or for heating, cooking, or other purposes. The earliest steam boilers were usually spheres or sections of spheres, heated wholly from the outside. Watt used the wagon boiler (shaped like the top of a covered wagon) which is still used with low pressures. Most of the boilers in present use may be classified as plain cylinder boilers, flue boilers, sectional and tubular boilers. Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part containing the flues. — Boiler plate, Boiler iron, plate or rolled iron of about a quarter to a half inch in thickness, used for making boilers and tanks, for covering ships, etc. — Cylinder boiler, one which consists of a single iron cylinder. — Flue boilers are usually single shells containing a small number of large flues, through which the heat either passes from the fire or returns to the chimney, and sometimes containing a fire box inclosed by water. — Locomotive boiler, a boiler which contains an inclosed fire box and a large number of small flues leading to the chimney. — Multiflue boiler. Same as Tubular boiler, below. — Sectional boiler, a boiler composed of a number of sections, which are usually of small capacity and similar to, and connected with, each other. By multiplication of the sections a boiler of any desired capacity can be built up. — Tubular boiler, a boiler containing tubes which form flues, and are surrounded by the water contained in the boiler. See Illust. of Steam boiler, under Steam. — Tubulous boiler. See under Tubulous. See Tube, n., 6, and 1st Flue.

Boil´er•y (boil´er•y), n. [Cf. F. bouillerie.] A place and apparatus for boiling, as for evaporating brine in salt making.

Boil´ing, a. Heated to the point of bubbling; heaving with bubbles; in tumultuous agitation, as boiling liquid; surging; seething; swelling with heat, ardor, or passion. Boiling point, the temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the phenomena of ebullition. This is different for different liquids, and for the same liquid under different pressures. For water, at the level of the sea, barometer 30 in., it is 212 ° Fahrenheit; for alcohol, 172.96°; for ether, 94.8°; for mercury, about 675°. The boiling point of water is lowered one degree Fahrenheit for about 550 feet of ascent above the level of the sea. — Boiling spring, a spring which gives out very hot water, or water and steam, often ejecting it with much force; a geyser. — To be at the boiling point, to be very angry. — To keep the pot boiling, to keep going on actively, as in certain games. [Colloq.]

Boil´ing, n. 1. The act of ebullition or of tumultuous agitation. 2. Exposure to the action of a hot liquid.

Boil´ing•ly, adv. With boiling or ebullition. “And lakes of bitumen rise boiling higher.
Byron.”

Bois´ d’arc´ . [F., bow wood. So called because used for bows by the Western Indians.] (Bot.) The Osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca). “The bois d’arc seems to be the characteristic growth of the black prairies.
U. S. Census (1880).”

Bois´ dur•ci´ . [F., hardened wood.] A hard, highly polishable composition, made of fine sawdust from hard wood (as rosewood) mixed with blood, and pressed.

Boist , n. [OF. boiste, F. boîte, from the same root as E. box.] A box. [Obs.]

Bois´ter•ous , a. [OE. boistous; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwyst wild, savage, wildness, ferocity, bwystus ferocious.] 1. Rough or rude; unbending; unyielding; strong; powerful. [Obs.] ´Boisterous sword.´ ´Boisterous hand.´ Shak. 2. Exhibiting tumultuous violence and fury; acting with noisy turbulence; violent; rough; stormy. “The waters swell before a boisterous storm.
Shak.” “The brute and boisterous force of violent men.
Milton.” 3. Noisy; rough; turbulent; as boisterous mirth; boisterous behavior. “I like not that loud, boisterous man.
Addison.” 4. Vehement; excessive. [R.] “The heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them.
Woodward.” Syn. — Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; turbulent; furious; tumultuous; noisy; impetuous; vehement.

Bois´ter•ous•ly, adv. In a boisterous manner.

Bois´ter•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being boisterous; turbulence; disorder; tumultuousness.

Bois´tous , a. Rough or rude; coarse; strong; violent; boisterous; noisy. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Bois´tous•ly, adv. — Bois´tous•ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bo•ja´nus or´gan . [From Bojanus, the discoverer.] (Zoöl.) A glandular organ of bivalve mollusca, serving in part as a kidney.

Bo´ka•dam , n. (Zoöl.) See Cerberus.

Boke, v. t. & i. To poke; to thrust. [Obs. or Dial.]

Bo´lar , a. [See Bole clay.] Of or pertaining to bole or clay; partaking of the nature and qualities of bole; clayey.

Bo´las , n. sing. & pl. [Sp.] A kind of missile weapon consisting of one, two, or more balls of stone, iron, or other material, attached to the ends of a leather cord; — used by the Gauchos of South America, and others, for hurling at and entangling an animal.

Bold (bold), a. [OE. bald, bold, AS. bald, beald; akin to Icel. ballr, OHG. bald, MHG. balt, D. boud, Goth. balþei boldness, It. baldo. In Ger. there remains only bald, adv. soon. Cf. Bawd, n.] 1. Forward to meet danger; venturesome; daring; not timorous or shrinking from risk; brave; courageous. “Throngs of knights and barons bold.
Milton.” 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and contempt of danger; planned with courage; daring; vigorous. ´The bold design leased highly.´ Milton. 3. In a bad sense, too forward; taking undue liberties; over assuming or confident; lacking proper modesty or restraint; rude; impudent. “Thou art too wild, too rude and bold of voice.
Shak.” 4. Somewhat overstepping usual bounds, or conventional rules, as in art, literature, etc.; taking liberties in composition or expression; as the figures of an author are bold. ´Bold tales.´ Waller. “The cathedral church is a very bold work.
Addison.” 5. Standing prominently out to view; markedly conspicuous; striking the eye; in high relief. “Shadows in painting … make the figure bolder.
Dryden.” 6. Steep; abrupt; prominent. “Where the bold cape its warning forehead rears.
Trumbull.” Bold eagle, (Zoöl.) an Australian eagle (Aquila audax), which destroys lambs and even the kangaroo. — To make bold, to take liberties or the liberty; to venture. Syn. — Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; valiant; manful; audacious; stouthearted; high-spirited; adventurous; confident; strenuous; forward; impudent.

Bold , v. t. To make bold or daring. [Obs.] Shak.

Bold, v. i. To be or become bold. [Obs.]

Bold´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boldened . ] To make bold; to encourage; to embolden. “Ready speakers, being boldened with their present abilities to say more, … use less help of diligence and study.
Ascham.”

Bold´-faced , a. 1. Somewhat impudent; lacking modesty; as a bold-faced woman. “I have seen enough to confute all the bold-faced atheists of this age.
Bramhall.” 2. (Print.) Having a conspicuous or heavy face. This line is bold-faced nonpareil.

Bold´ly, adv. [AS. bealdlice.] In a bold manner.

Bold´ness, n. The state or quality of being bold. Syn. — Courage; bravery; intrepidity; dauntlessness; hardihood; assurance. { Bol´do , Bol´du } n. (Bot.) A fragrant evergreen shrub of Chili (Peumus Boldus). The bark is used in tanning, the wood for making charcoal, the leaves in medicine, and the drupes are eaten.

Bole , n. [OE. bole, fr. Icel. bolr; akin to Sw. bål, Dan. bul, trunk, stem of a tree, G. bohle a thick plank or board; cf. LG. boll round. Cf. Bulge.] The trunk or stem of a tree, or that which is like it. “Enormous elm-tree boles did stoop and lean.
Tennyson.”

Bole, n. [Etym. doubtful.] An aperture, with a wooden shutter, in the wall of a house, for giving, occasionally, air or light; also a small closet. [Scot.] “Open the bole wi’speed, that I may see if this be the right Lord Geraldin.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bole, n. A measure. See Boll, n., 2. Mortimer.

Bole, n. [Gr. a clod or lump of earth: cf. F. bol, and also L. bolus morsel. Cf. Bolus.] 1. Any one of several varieties of friable earthy clay, usually colored more or less strongly red by oxide of iron, and used to color and adulterate various substances. It was formerly used in medicine. It is composed essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, or more rarely of magnesia. See Clay, and Terra alba. 2. A bolus; a dose. Coleridge. Armenian bole. See under Armenian. — Bole Armoniac, or Armoniak, Armenian bole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bo•lec´tion , n. (Arch.) A projecting molding round a panel. Same as Bilection. Gwilt.

Bo•le´ro , n. [Sp.] (Mus.) A Spanish dance, or the lively music which accompanies it.

bolete n. any fungus of the family Boletaceae.
[WordNet 1.5]

Bo•let´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the Boletus. Boletic acid, an acid obtained from the Boletus fomentarius, variety pseudo-igniarius. Same as Fumaric acid.

Bo•le´tus , n. [L. boletus, Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of fungi having the under side of the pileus or cap composed of a multitude of fine separate tubes. A few are edible, and others very poisonous. { Bo´ley , Bo´lye } , n. Same as Booly.

Bo´lide , n. [F. See Bolis.] A kind of bright meteor; a bolis.

Bo´lis, n. [L., fr. Gr. missile, arrow, fr. to throw.] A meteor or brilliant shooting star, followed by a train of light or sparks; esp. one which explodes.

Bo•liv´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Bolivia. — n. A native of Bolivia.

Boll , n. [OE. bolle boll, bowl, AS. bolla. See Bowl a vessel.] 1. The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax or cotton; a pericarp of a globular form. 2. A Scotch measure, formerly in use: for wheat and beans it contained four Winchester bushels; for oats, barley, and potatoes, six bushels. A boll of meal is 140 lbs. avoirdupois. also a measure for salt of two bushels. [Sometimes spelled bole.]

Boll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bolled .] To form a boll or seed vessel; to go to seed. “The barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.
Ex. ix. 31.”

Bol´land•ists , n. pl. The Jesuit editors of the ´Acta Sanctorum´, or Lives of the Saints; — named from John Bolland, who began the work.

Bol´lard , n. [Cf. Bole the stem of a tree, and Pollard.] An upright wooden or iron post in a boat or on a dock, used in veering or fastening ropes. Bollard timber (Naut.), a timber, also called a knighthead, rising just within the stem in a ship, on either side of the bowsprit, to secure its end.

Boll´en , a. See Boln, a.

Boll´ing , n. [Cf. Bole stem of a tree, and Poll, v. t.] A tree from which the branches have been cut; a pollard.

Boll´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a moth (Heliothis armigera) which devours the bolls or unripe pods of the cotton plant, often doing great damage to the crops.

Boln , v. i. [OE. bolnen, bollen; cf. Dan. bulne. Cf. Bulge.] To swell; to puff. Holland. { Boln , Boll´en } a. Swollen; puffed out. “Thin, and boln out like a sail.
B. Jonson.”

Bo•lo´gna , n. 1. A city of Italy which has given its name to various objects. 2. A Bologna sausage. Bologna sausage [It. salsiccia di Bologna], a large sausage made of bacon or ham, veal, and pork, chopped fine and inclosed in a skin. — Bologna stone (Min.), radiated barite, or barium sulphate, found in roundish masses composed of radiating fibers, first discovered near Bologna. It is phosphorescent when calcined. — Bologna vial, a vial of unannealed glass which will fly into pieces when its surface is scratched by a hard body, as by dropping into it a fragment of flint; whereas a bullet may be dropped into it without injury.

Bo•lo•gnese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Bologna. — n. A native of Bologna. Bolognese school (Paint.), a school of painting founded by the Carracci, otherwise called the Lombard or Eclectic school, the object of which was to unite the excellences of the preceding schools.

Bo•lo´gnian , a. & n. Bolognese. Bolognian stone. See Bologna stone, under Bologna.

Bo•lom´e•ter , n. [Gr. a stroke, ray + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring minute quantities of radiant heat, especially in different parts of the spectrum; — called also actinic balance, thermic balance. S. P. Langley.

Bol´ster , n. [AS. bolster; akin to Icel. blstr, Sw. & Dan. bolster, OHG. bolstar, polstar, G. polster; from the same root as E. bole stem, bowl hollow vessel. Cf. Bulge, Poltroon.] 1. A long pillow or cushion, used to support the head of a person lying on a bed; — generally laid under the pillows. “And here I’ll fling the pillow, there the bolster,
This way the coverlet, another way the sheets.
Shak.” 2. A pad, quilt, or anything used to hinder pressure, support any part of the body, or make a bandage sit easy upon a wounded part; a compress. “This arm shall be a bolster for thy head.
Gay.” 3. Anything arranged to act as a support, as in various forms of mechanism, etc. 4. (Saddlery) A cushioned or a piece part of a saddle. 5. (Naut.) (a) A cushioned or a piece of soft wood covered with tarred canvas placed on the trestletrees and against the mast, for the collars of the shrouds to rest on, to prevent chafing. (b) Anything used to prevent chafing. 6. A plate of iron or a mass of wood under the end of a bridge girder, to keep the girder from resting directly on the abutment. 7. A transverse bar above the axle of a wagon, on which the bed or body rests. 8. The crossbeam forming the bearing piece of the body of a railway car; the central and principal cross beam of a car truck. 9. (Mech.) the perforated plate in a punching machine on which anything rests when being punched. 10. (Cutlery) (a) That part of a knife blade which abuts upon the end of the handle. (b) The metallic end of a pocketknife handle. G. Francis. 11. (Arch.) The rolls forming the ends or sides of the Ionic capital. G. Francis. 12. (Mil.) A block of wood on the carriage of a siege gun, upon which the breech of the gun rests when arranged for transportation. [See Illust. of Gun carriage.] Bolster work (Arch.), members which are bellied or curved outward like cushions, as in friezes of certain classical styles.

Bol´ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolstered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolstering.] 1. To support with a bolster or pillow. S. Sharp. 2. To support, hold up, or maintain with difficulty or unusual effort; — often with up. “To bolster baseness.
Drayton.” “Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride.
Compton Reade.”

Bol´stered , a. 1. Supported; upheld. 2. Swelled out.

Bol´ster•er , n. A supporter.

Bolt , n. [AS. bolt; akin to Icel. bolti, Dan. bolt, D. bout, OHG. bolz, G. bolz, bolzen; of uncertain origin.] 1. A shaft or missile intended to be shot from a crossbow or catapult, esp. a short, stout, blunt-headed arrow; a quarrel; an arrow, or that which resembles an arrow; a dart. “Look that the crossbowmen lack not bolts.
Sir W. Scott.” “A fool’s bolt is soon shot.
Shak.” 2. Lightning; a thunderbolt. 3. A strong pin, of iron or other material, used to fasten or hold something in place, often having a head at one end and screw thread cut upon the other end. 4. A sliding catch, or fastening, as for a door or gate; the portion of a lock which is shot or withdrawn by the action of the key. 5. An iron to fasten the legs of a prisoner; a shackle; a fetter. [Obs.] “Away with him to prison!
lay bolts enough upon him.
Shak.” 6. A compact package or roll of cloth, as of canvas or silk, often containing about forty yards. 7. A bundle, as of oziers. Bolt auger, an auger of large size; an auger to make holes for the bolts used by shipwrights. — Bolt and nut, a metallic pin with a head formed upon one end, and a movable piece (the nut) screwed upon a thread cut upon the other end. See B, C, and D, in illust. above. See Tap bolt, Screw bolt, and Stud bolt.

Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] 1. To shoot; to discharge or drive forth. 2. To utter precipitately; to blurt or throw out. “I hate when Vice can bolt her arguments.
Milton.” 3. To swallow without chewing; as to bolt food. 4. (U. S. Politics) To refuse to support, as a nomination made by a party to which one has belonged or by a caucus in which one has taken part. 5. (Sporting) To cause to start or spring forth; to dislodge, as conies, rabbits, etc. 6. To fasten or secure with, or as with, a bolt or bolts, as a door, a timber, fetters; to shackle; to restrain. “Let tenfold iron bolt my door.
Langhorn.” “Which shackles accidents and bolts up change.
Shak.”

Bolt (bolt; 110), v. i. 1. To start forth like a bolt or arrow; to spring abruptly; to come or go suddenly; to dart; as to bolt out of the room. “This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt, …
And oft out of a bush doth bolt.
Drayton.” 2. To strike or fall suddenly like a bolt. “His cloudless thunder bolted on their heads.
Milton.” 3. To spring suddenly aside, or out of the regular path; as the horse bolted. 4. (U.S. Politics) To refuse to support a nomination made by a party or a caucus with which one has been connected; to break away from a party.

Bolt, adv. In the manner of a bolt; suddenly; straight; unbendingly. “[He] came bolt up against the heavy dragoon.
Thackeray.” Bolt upright. (a) Perfectly upright; perpendicular; straight up; unbendingly erect. Addison. (b) On the back at full length. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bolt, n. [From Bolt, v. i.] 1. A sudden spring or start; a sudden spring aside; as the horse made a bolt. 2. A sudden flight, as to escape creditors. “This gentleman was so hopelessly involved that he contemplated a bolt to America — or anywhere.
Compton Reade.” 3. (U. S. Politics) A refusal to support a nomination made by the party with which one has been connected; a breaking away from one’s party.

Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] [OE. bolten, boulten, OF. buleter, F. bluter, fr. Ll. buletare, buratare, cf. F. bure coarse woolen stuff; fr. L. burrus red. See Borrel, and cf. Bultel.] 1. To sift or separate the coarser from the finer particles of, as bran from flour, by means of a bolter; to separate, assort, refine, or purify by other means. “He now had bolted all the flour.
Spenser.” “Ill schooled in bolted language.
Shak.” 2. To separate, as if by sifting or bolting; — with out. “Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things.
L’Estrange.” 3. (Law) To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law. Jacob. To bolt to the bran, to examine thoroughly, so as to separate or discover everything important. Chaucer. “This bolts the matter fairly to the bran.
Harte.” “The report of the committee was examined and sifted and bolted to the bran.
Burke.”

Bolt, n. A sieve, esp. a long fine sieve used in milling for bolting flour and meal; a bolter. B. Jonson.

Bol´tel , n. See Boultel.

Bolt´er , n. One who bolts; esp.: (a) A horse which starts suddenly aside. (b) A man who breaks away from his party.

Bolt´er, n. 1. One who sifts flour or meal. 2. An instrument or machine for separating bran from flour, or the coarser part of meal from the finer; a sieve.

Bolt´er, n. A kind of fishing line. See Boulter.

Bolt´head , n. 1. (Chem.) A long, straight-necked, glass vessel for chemical distillations; — called also a matrass or receiver. 2. The head of a bolt.

Bolt´ing, n. A darting away; a starting off or aside.

Bolt´ing, n. 1. A sifting, as of flour or meal. 2. (Law) A private arguing of cases for practice by students, as in the Inns of Court. [Obs.] Bolting cloth, wire, hair, silk, or other sieve cloth of different degrees of fineness; — used by millers for sifting flour. McElrath. — Bolting hutch, a bin or tub for the bolted flour or meal; (fig.) a receptacle.

Bol´ton•ite , n. (Min.) A granular mineral of a grayish or yellowish color, found in Bolton, Massachusetts. It is a silicate of magnesium, belonging to the chrysolite family.

Bolt´rope , n. (Naut.) A rope stitched to the edges of a sail to strengthen the sail.

Bolt´sprit , n. [A corruption of bowsprit.] (Naut.) See Bowsprit.

Bol´ty , n. (Zoöl.) An edible fish of the Nile (genus Chromis). [Written also bulti.]

Bo´lus , n.; pl. Boluses . [L. bolus bit, morsel; cf. G. lump of earth. See Bole, n., clay.] A rounded mass of anything, esp. a large pill.

Bom , n. (Zoöl.) A large American serpent, so called from the sound it makes.

Bomb , n. [F. bombe bombshell, fr. L. bombus a humming or buzzing noise, Gr. .] 1. A great noise; a hollow sound. [Obs.] “A pillar of iron … which if you had struck, would make … a great bomb in the chamber beneath.
Bacon.” 2. (Mil.) A shell; esp. a spherical shell, like those fired from mortars. See Shell. 3. A bomb ketch. Bomb chest (Mil.), a chest filled with bombs, or only with gunpowder, placed under ground, to cause destruction by its explosion. — Bomb ketch, Bomb vessel (Naut.), a small ketch or vessel, very strongly built, on which mortars are mounted to be used in naval bombardments; — called also mortar vessel. — Bomb lance, a lance or harpoon with an explosive head, used in whale fishing. — Volcanic bomb, a mass of lava of a spherical or pear shape. ´I noticed volcanic bombs.´ Darwin.

Bomb, v. t. To bombard. [Obs.] Prior.

Bomb, v. i. [Cf. Boom.] To sound; to boom; to make a humming or buzzing sound. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bom´bace , n. [OF.] Cotton; padding. [Obs.]

Bom´bard , n. [F. bombarde, LL. bombarda, fr. L. bombus + -ard. Cf. Bumper, and see Bomb.] 1. (Gun.) A piece of heavy ordnance formerly used for throwing stones and other ponderous missiles. It was the earliest kind of cannon. “They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, wherewith they threw huge stones into the air, which, falling down into the city, might break down the houses.
Knolles.” 2. A bombardment. [Poetic & R.] J. Barlow. 3. A large drinking vessel or can, or a leather bottle, for carrying liquor or beer. [Obs.] “Yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor.
Shak.” 4. pl. Padded breeches. [Obs.] Bombard phrase, inflated language; bombast. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bom´bard , n. [OE. bombarde, fr. F. bombarde.] (Mus.) See Bombardo. [Obs.]

Bom•bard´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bombarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bombarding.] To attack with bombards or with artillery; especially, to throw shells, hot shot, etc., at or into. “Next, she means to bombard Naples.
Burke.” “His fleet bombarded and burnt down Dieppe.
Wood.”

Bom•bar•dier´ , n. [F. bombardier.] (Mil.) (a) One who used or managed a bombard; an artilleryman; a gunner. [Archaic] (b) A noncommissioned officer in the British artillery. Bombardier beetle (Zoöl.), a kind of beetle (Brachinus crepitans), so called because, when disturbed, it makes an explosive discharge of a pungent and acrid vapor from its anal glands. The name is applied to other related species, as the B. displosor, which can produce ten or twelve explosions successively. The common American species is B. fumans.

Bom´bard•man , n. One who carried liquor or beer in a can or bombard. [Obs.] “They … made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady.
B. Jonson.”

Bom•bard´ment , n. [F. bombardement.] An attack upon a fortress or fortified town, with shells, hot shot, rockets, etc.; the act of throwing bombs and shot into a town or fortified place. { Bom•bar´do , Bom•bar´don } n. [It. bombardo.] (Mus.) Originally, a deep-toned instrument of the oboe or bassoon family; thence, a bass reed stop on the organ. The name bombardon is now given to a brass instrument, the lowest of the saxhorns, in tone resembling the ophicleide. Grove.

Bom•ba•sine´ , n. Same as Bombazine.

Bom´bast (bom´bast or bum´bast; 277), n. [OF. bombace cotton, LL. bombax cotton, bombasium a doublet of cotton; hence, padding, wadding, fustian. See Bombazine.] 1. Originally, cotton, or cotton wool. [Obs.] “A candle with a wick of bombast.
Lupton.” 2. Cotton, or any soft, fibrous material, used as stuffing for garments; stuffing; padding. [Obs.] “How now, my sweet creature of bombast!
Shak.” “Doublets, stuffed with four, five, or six pounds of bombast at least.
Stubbes.” 3. Fig.: High-sounding words; an inflated style; language above the dignity of the occasion; fustian. “Yet noisy bombast carefully avoid.
Dryden.”

Bom´bast, a. High-sounding; inflated; big without meaning; magniloquent; bombastic. “[He] evades them with a bombast circumstance,
Horribly stuffed with epithets of war.
Shak.” “Nor a tall metaphor in bombast way.
Cowley.”

Bom•bast´ (bom•bast´ or bum•bast´), v. t. To swell or fill out; to pad; to inflate. [Obs.] “Not bombasted with words vain ticklish ears to feed.
Drayton.” { Bom•bas´tic (bom•bas´tik or bum•bas´tik), Bom•bas´tic•al } , a. Characterized by bombast; high-sounding; inflated. — Bom•bas´tic•al•ly, adv. “A theatrical, bombastic, windy phraseology.
Burke.” Syn. — Turgid; tumid; pompous; grandiloquent.

Bom´bast•ry , n. Swelling words without much meaning; bombastic language; fustian. “Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, soar highest of all.
Swift.”

Bom´bax , n. [LL., cotton. See Bombast, n.] (Bot.) A genus of trees, called also the silkcotton tree; also a tree of the genus Bombax. { Bom•ba•zet , Bom•ba•zette´ } , n. [Cf. Bombazine.] A sort of thin woolen cloth. It is of various colors, and may be plain or twilled.

Bom•ba•zine´ , n. [F. bombasin, LL. bombacinium, bambacinium, L. bombycinus silken, bombycinum a silk or cotton texture, fr. bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. . Cf. Bombast, Bombycinous.] A twilled fabric for dresses, of which the warp is silk, and the weft worsted. Black bombazine has been much used for mourning garments. [Sometimes spelt bombasin, and bombasine.] Tomlinson.

Bom´bic , a. [L. bombyx silk, silkworm: cf. F. bombique.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the silkworm; as bombic acid.

Bom´bi•late , v. i. [LL. bombilare, for L. bombitare. See Bomb, n.] To hum; to buzz. [R.]

Bom•bi•la´tion , n. A humming sound; a booming. “To … silence the bombilation of guns.
Sir T. Browne.”

Bom´bi•nate , v. i. To hum; to boom.

Bom•bi•na´tion , n. A humming or buzzing.

Bom´bo•lo , n.; pl. Bomboloes . [Cf. It bombola a pitcher.] A thin spheroidal glass retort or flask, used in the sublimation of camphor. [Written also bumbelo, and bumbolo.]

Bomb´proof , a. Secure against the explosive force of bombs. — n. A structure which heavy shot and shell will not penetrate.

Bomb´shell , n. A bomb. See Bomb, n.

Bom•by´cid , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Bombyx, or the family Bombycidae.

Bom•byc´i•nous , a. [L. bombycinus. See Bombazine.] 1. Silken; made of silk. [Obs.] Coles. 2. Being of the color of the silkworm; transparent with a yellow tint. E. Darwin.

Bom•byl´i•ous , a. [L. bombylius a bumblebee, Gr. .] Buzzing, like a bumblebee; as the bombylious noise of the horse fly. [Obs.] Derham.

Bom´byx (bom´biks), n. [L., silkworm. See Bombazine.] (Zoöl.) A genus of moths, which includes the silkworm moth. See Silkworm.

Bon , a. [F., fr. L. bonus.] Good; valid as security for something.

Bon-ac•cord´ , n. Good will; good fellowship; agreement. [Scot.]

Bo´na fi´de . [L.] In or with good faith; without fraud or deceit; real or really; actual or actually; genuine or genuinely; as you must proceed bona fide; a bona fide purchaser or transaction.

Bo•nair´ , a. [OE., also bonere, OF. bonnaire, Cotgr., abbrev. of debonnaire. See Debonair.] Gentle; courteous; complaisant; yielding. [Obs.]

Bo•nan´za , n. [Sp., prop. calm., fair weather, prosperity, fr. L. bonus good.] In mining, a rich mine or vein of silver or gold; hence, anything which is a mine of wealth or yields a large income. [Colloq. U. S.]

Bo•na•part´e•an , a. Of or pertaining to Napoleon Bonaparte or his family.

Bo´na•part•ism , n. The policy of Bonaparte or of the Bonapartes.

Bo´na•part•ist, n. One attached to the policy or family of Bonaparte, or of the Bonapartes.

Bo´na per•i•tu´ra . [L.] (Law) Perishable goods. Bouvier.

Bo´na ro´ba . [It., prop. ´good stuff.´] A showy wanton; a courtesan. Shak { Bo•na´sus , Bo•nas´sus } , n. [L. bonasus, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.) The aurochs or European bison. See Aurochs.

Bon´bon , n. [F. bonbon, fr. bon bon very good, a superlative by reduplication, fr. bon good.] Sugar confectionery; a sugarplum; hence, any dainty.

Bonce , n. [Etymol. unknown.] A boy’s game played with large marbles.

Bon•chre•tien´ , n. [F., good Christian.] A name given to several kinds of pears. See Bartlett.

Bon´ci•late , n. [Empirical trade name.] A substance composed of ground bone, mineral matters, etc., hardened by pressure, and used for making billiard balls, boxes, etc.

Bond , n. [The same word as band. Cf. Band, Bend.] 1. That which binds, ties, fastens, or confines, or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord, chain, etc.; a band; a ligament; a shackle or a manacle. “Gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder,
I gained my freedom.
Shak.” 2. pl. The state of being bound; imprisonment; captivity, restraint. ´This man doeth nothing worthy of death or of bonds.´ Acts xxvi. 3. A binding force or influence; a cause of union; a uniting tie; as the bonds of fellowship. “A people with whom I have no tie but the common bond of mankind.
Burke.” 4. Moral or political duty or obligation. “I love your majesty
According to my bond, nor more nor less.
Shak.” 5. (Law) A writing under seal, by which a person binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. This is a single bond. But usually a condition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain act, appear at a certain place, conform to certain rules, faithfully perform certain duties, or pay a certain sum of money, on or before a time specified, the obligation shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full force. If the condition is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the whole sum. Bouvier. Wharton. 6. An instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal bond) made by a government or a corporation for purpose of borrowing money; as a government, city, or railway bond. 7. The state of goods placed in a bonded warehouse till the duties are paid; as merchandise in bond. 8. (Arch.) The union or tie of the several stones or bricks forming a wall. The bricks may be arranged for this purpose in several different ways, as in English or block bond (Fig. 1), where one course consists of bricks with their ends toward the face of the wall, called headers, and the next course of bricks with their lengths parallel to the face of the wall, called stretchers; Flemish bond (Fig.2), where each course consists of headers and stretchers alternately, so laid as always to break joints; Cross bond, which differs from the English by the change of the second stretcher line so that its joints come in the middle of the first, and the same position of stretchers comes back every fifth line; Combined cross and English bond, where the inner part of the wall is laid in the one method, the outer in the other. 9. (Chem.) A unit of chemical attraction; as oxygen has two bonds of affinity. It is often represented in graphic formulae by a short line or dash. See Diagram of Benzene nucleus, and Valence. Arbitration bond. See under Arbitration. — Bond crediter (Law), a creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. Blackstone. — Bond debt (Law), a debt contracted under the obligation of a bond. Burrows. — Bond (or lap of a slate, the distance between the top of one slate and the bottom or drip of the second slate above, i. e., the space which is covered with three thicknesses; also the distance between the nail of the under slate and the lower edge of the upper slate. — Bond timber, timber worked into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally. Syn. — Chains; fetters; captivity; imprisonment.

Bond (bond), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bonded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bonding.] 1. To place under the conditions of a bond; to mortgage; to secure the payment of the duties on (goods or merchandise) by giving a bond. 2. (Arch.) To dispose in building, as the materials of a wall, so as to secure solidity.

Bond, n. [OE. bond, bonde, peasant, serf, AS. bonda, bunda, husband, bouseholder, from Icel. bondi husbandman, for buandi, fr. bua to dwell. See Boor, Husband.] A vassal or serf; a slave. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bond, a. In a state of servitude or slavery; captive. “By one Spirit are we all baptized .. whether we be Jews or Bentiles, whether we be bond or free.
1 Cor. xii. 13.”

Bond´age , n. [LL. bondagium. See Bond, a.] 1. The state of being bound; condition of being under restraint; restraint of personal liberty by compulsion; involuntary servitude; slavery; captivity. “The King, when he designed you for my guard,
Resolved he would not make my bondage hard.
Dryden.” 2. Obligation; tie of duty. “He must resolve by no means to be … brought under the bondage of onserving oaths.
South.” 3. (Old Eng. Law) Villenage; tenure of land on condition of doing the meanest services for the owner. Syn. — Thralldom; bond service; imprisonment.

Bond´a•ger , n. A field worker, esp. a woman who works in the field. [Scot.]

Bon´dar , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small quadruped of Bengal (Paradoxurus bondar), allied to the genet; — called also musk cat.

Bond´ed , a. Placed under, or covered by, a bond, as for the payment of duties, or for conformity to certain regulations. Bonded goods, goods placed in a bonded warehouse; goods, for the duties on which bonds are given at the customhouse. — Bonded warehouse, a warehouse in which goods on which the duties are unpaid are stored under bond and in the joint custody of the importer, or his agent, and the customs officers.

Bond´er , n. 1. One who places goods under bond or in a bonded warehouse. 2. (Masonry) A bonding stone or brick; a bondstone.

Bond´er, n. [Norwegian bonde.] A freeholder on a small scale. [Norway] Emerson.

Bond´hold•er , n. A person who holds the bonds of a public or private corporation for the payment of money at a certain time.

Bond´maid , n. [Bond, a. or n. + maid.] A female slave, or one bound to service without wages, as distinguished from a hired servant.

Bond´man , n.; pl. Bondmen . [Bond, a. or n. + man.] 1. A man slave, or one bound to service without wages. ´To enfranchise bondmen.´ Macaulay. 2. (Old Eng. Law) A villain, or tenant in villenage.

Bond´ serv•ant . A slave; one who is bound to service without wages. “If thy brother … be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond servant: but as an hired servant.
Lev. xxv. 39, 40.”

Bond´ serv•ice . The condition of a bond servant; service without wages; slavery. “Their children … upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond service.
1 Kings ix. 21.”

Bond´slave , n. A person in a state of slavery; one whose person and liberty are subjected to the authority of a master.

Bonds´man , n.; pl. Bondsmen. [Bond, a. or n. + man.] 1. A slave; a villain; a serf; a bondman. “Carnal, greedy people, without such a precept, would have no mercy upon their poor bondsmen.
Derham.” 2. (Law) A surety; one who is bound, or who gives security, for another.

Bond´stone , n. [Bond, n. + stone.] (Masonry) A stone running through a wall from one face to another, to bind it together; a binding stone.

Bonds´wom•an , n. See Bondwoman.

Bon´duc , n. [F. bonduc, fr. Ar. bunduq hazel nut, filbert nut.] (Bot.) See Nicker tree.

Bond´wom•an , n.; pl. Bondwomen . [Bond, a. or n. + woman.] A woman who is a slave, or in bondage. “He who was of the bondwoman.
Gal. iv. 23.”

Bone , n. [OE. bon, ban, AS. ban; akin to Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf. Icel. beinn straight.] 1. (Anat.) The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and gelatine; as blood and bone. Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many minute cavities containing living matter and connected by minute canals, some of which connect with larger canals through which blood vessels ramify. 2. One of the pieces or parts of an animal skeleton; as a rib or a thigh bone; a bone of the arm or leg; also any fragment of bony substance. (pl.) The frame or skeleton of the body. 3. Anything made of bone, as a bobbin for weaving bone lace. 4. pl. Two or four pieces of bone held between the fingers and struck together to make a kind of music. 5. pl. Dice. 6. Whalebone; hence, a piece of whalebone or of steel for a corset. 7. Fig.: The framework of anything. A bone of contention, a subject of contention or dispute. — A bone to pick, something to investigate, or to busy one’s self about; a dispute to be settled (with some one). — Bone ash, the residue from calcined bones; — used for making cupels, and for cleaning jewelry. - - Bone black (Chem.), the black, carbonaceous substance into which bones are converted by calcination in close vessels; - - called also animal charcoal. It is used as a decolorizing material in filtering sirups, extracts, etc., and as a black pigment. See Ivory black, under Black. — Bone cave, a cave in which are found bones of extinct or recent animals, mingled sometimes with the works and bones of man. Am. Cyc. — Bone dust, ground or pulverized bones, used as a fertilizer. — Bone earth (Chem.), the earthy residuum after the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of calcium. — Bone lace, a lace made of linen thread, so called because woven with bobbins of bone. — Bone oil, an oil obtained by, heating bones (as in the manufacture of bone black), and remarkable for containing the nitrogenous bases, pyridine and quinoline, and their derivatives; — also called Dippel’s oil. — Bone setter. Same as Bonesetter. See in the Vocabulary. — Bone shark (Zoöl.), the basking shark. — Bone spavin. See under Spavin. — Bone turquoise, fossil bone or tooth of a delicate blue color, sometimes used as an imitation of true turquoise. — Bone whale (Zoöl.), a right whale. - - To be upon the bones of, to attack. [Obs.] — To make no bones, to make no scruple; not to hesitate. [Low] — To pick a bone with, to quarrel with, as dogs quarrel over a bone; to settle a disagreement. [Colloq.]

Bone , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boning.] 1. To withdraw bones from the flesh of, as in cookery. ´To bone a turkey.´ Soyer. 2. To put whalebone into; as to bone stays. Ash. 3. To fertilize with bone. 4. To steal; to take possession of. [Slang]

Bone, v. t. [F. bornoyer to look at with one eye, to sight, fr. borgne one-eyed.] To sight along an object or set of objects, to see if it or they be level or in line, as in carpentry, masonry, and surveying. Knight. “Joiners, etc., bone their work with two straight edges. W.
M. Buchanan.”

Bone´ache , n. Pain in the bones. Shak.

Bone´black , n. See Bone black, under Bone, n.

Boned , a. 1. Having (such) bones; — used in composition; as big-boned; strong-boned. “No big-boned men framed of the Cyclops’ size.
Shak.” 2. Deprived of bones; as boned turkey or codfish. 3. Manured with bone; as boned land.

Bone´dog , n. (Zoöl.) The spiny dogfish.

Bone´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Ladyfish.

Bone´less, a. Without bones. ´Boneless gums.´ Shak.

Bone´set , n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant, the thoroughwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum). Its properties are diaphoretic and tonic.

Bone´set•ter , n. One who sets broken or dislocated bones; — commonly applied to one, not a regular surgeon, who makes an occupation of setting bones. — Bone´set•ting, n.

Bone´shaw , n. (Med.) Sciatica. [Obs.]

Bo•net´ta , n. See Bonito. Sir T. Herbert.

Bon´fire , n. [OE. bonefire, banefire, orig. a fire of bones; bone + fire; but cf. also Prov. E. bun a dry stalk.] A large fire built in the open air, as an expression of public joy and exultation, or for amusement. “Full soon by bonfire and by bell,
We learnt our liege was passing well.
Gay.”

Bon´grace , n. [F. bon good + grâce grace, charm.] A projecting bonnet or shade to protect the complexion; also a wide-brimmed hat. [Obs.]

Bon•ho•mie´ , Bon•hom•mie´ , n. [F.] good nature; pleasant and easy manner.

Bon´i•bell , n. See Bonnibel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bon´i•face , n. [From the sleek, jolly landlord in Farquhar’s comedy of ´The Beaux’ Stratagem.´] An innkeeper.

Bon´i•form , a. [L. bonus good + -form.] Sensitive or responsive to moral excellence. Dr. H. More.

Bon´i•fy , v. t. [L. bonus good + -fy: cf. F. bonifier.] To convert into, or make, good. “To bonify evils, or tincture them with good.
Cudworth.”

Bon´i•ness , n. The condition or quality of being bony.

Bon´ing, n. [Senses 1 and 2 fr. 1st Bone, sense 3 fr. 3d Bone.] 1. The clearing of bones from fish or meat. 2. The manuring of land with bones. 3. A method of leveling a line or surface by sighting along the tops of two or more straight edges, or a range of properly spaced poles. See 3d Bone, v. t.

Bon´i•ta•ry , a. Beneficial, as opposed to statutory or civil; as bonitary dominion of land.

Bo•ni´to , n.; pl. Bonitoes . [Sp. & Pg. bonito, fr. Ar. bainit and bainith.] [Often incorrectly written bonita.] (Zoöl.) 1. A large tropical fish (Orcynus pelamys) allied to the tunny. It is about three feet long, blue above, with four brown stripes on the sides. It is sometimes found on the American coast. 2. The skipjack (Sarda Mediterranea) of the Atlantic, an important and abundant food fish on the coast of the United States, and (S. Chilensis) of the Pacific, and other related species. They are large and active fishes, of a blue color with black oblique stripes. 3. The medregal (Seriola fasciata), an edible fish of the southern of the United States and the West Indies. 4. The cobia or crab eater (Elacate canada), an edible fish of the Middle and Southern United States.

Bon´mot , n.; pl. Bonsmots . [ F. bon good + mot word.] A witty repartee; a jest.

Bonne (bon), n. (F., prop. good woman.) A female servant charged with the care of a young child.

Bonne´ bouche´ ; pl. Bonnes bouches . [F. bon, fem. bonne, good + bouche mouth.] A delicious morsel or mouthful; a tidbit.

Bon´net (bon´net), n. [OE. bonet, OF. bonet, bonete. F. bonnet fr. LL. bonneta, bonetum; orig. the name of a stuff, and of unknown origin.] 1. A headdress for men and boys; a cap. [Obs.] Milton. Shak. 2. A soft, elastic, very durable cap, made of thick, seamless woolen stuff, and worn by men in Scotland. “And pis and bonnets waving high.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. A covering for the head, worn by women, usually protecting more or less the back and sides of the head, but no part of the forehead. The shape of the bonnet varies greatly at different times; formerly the front part projected, and spread outward, like the mouth of a funnel. 4. Anything resembling a bonnet in shape or use; as (a) (Fort.) A small defense work at a salient angle; or a part of a parapet elevated to screen the other part from enfilade fire. (b) A metallic canopy, or projection, over an opening, as a fireplace, or a cowl or hood to increase the draught of a chimney, etc. (c) A frame of wire netting over a locomotive chimney, to prevent escape of sparks. (d) A roofing over the cage of a mine, to protect its occupants from objects falling down the shaft. (e) In pumps, a metal covering for the openings in the valve chambers. 5. (Naut.) An additional piece of canvas laced to the foot of a jib or foresail in moderate winds. Hakluyt. 6. The second stomach of a ruminating animal. 7. An accomplice of a gambler, auctioneer, etc., who entices others to bet or to bid; a decoy. [Cant] Bonnet head (Zoöl.), a shark (Sphyrna tiburio) of the southern United States and West Indies. — Bonnet limpet (Zoöl.), a name given, from their shape, to various species of shells (family Calyptraeidae). — Bonnet monkey (Zoöl.), an East Indian monkey (Macacus sinicus), with a tuft of hair on its head; the munga. — Bonnet piece, a gold coin of the time of James V. of Scotland, the king’s head on which wears a bonnet. Sir W. Scott. — To have a bee in the bonnet. See under Bee. — Black bonnet. See under Black. — Blue bonnet. See in the Vocabulary.

Bon´net, v. i. To take off the bonnet or cap as a mark of respect; to uncover. [Obs.] Shak.

Bon´net•ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. ´Bonneted and shawled.´ Howitt. 2. (Fort.) Protected by a bonnet. See Bonnet, 4 (a).

Bon´net•less, a. Without a bonnet.

Bon´ni•bel , n. [F. bonne et belle, good and beautiful. Cf. Bellibone.] A handsome girl. [Obs.]

Bon´nie , a. [Scot.] See Bonny, a.

Bon´ni•lass , n. [Bonny + lass.] A ´bonny lass´; a beautiful girl. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bon´ni•ly, adv. Gayly; handsomely.

Bon´ni•ness, n. The quality of being bonny; gayety; handsomeness. [R.]

Bon´ny , a. [Spelled bonnie by the Scotch.] [OE. boni, prob. fr. F. bon, fem. bonne, good, fr. L. bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Bonus, Boon.] 1. Handsome; beautiful; pretty; attractively lively and graceful. “Till bonny Susan sped across the plain.
Gay.” “Far from the bonnie banks of Ayr.
Burns.” 2. Gay; merry; frolicsome; cheerful; blithe. “Be you blithe and bonny.
Shak.” “Report speaks you a bonny monk, that would hear the matichime ere he quitted his bowl.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bon´ny, n. (Mining) A round and compact bed of ore, or a distinct bed, not communicating with a vein.

Bon´ny•clab•ber , n. [Ir. bainne, baine, milk + clabar mud, mire.] Coagulated sour milk; loppered milk; curdled milk; — sometimes called simply clabber. B. Jonson.

Bon´ Si•lène´ . [F.] (Bot.) A very fragrant tea rose with petals of various shades of pink.

Bon´spiel , n. [Scot.; of uncertain origin.] A curing match between clubs. [Scot.]

Bon´te•bok , n. [D. bont a sort of skin or fur, prop. variegated + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) The pied antelope of South Africa (Alcelaphus pygarga). Its face and rump are white. Called also nunni.

Bon´ ton´ . [F., good tone, manner.] The height of the fashion; fashionable society.

Bo´nus , n.; pl. Bonuses . [L. bonus good. Cf. Bonny.] 1. (Law) A premium given for a loan, or for a charter or other privilege granted to a company; as the bank paid a bonus for its charter. Bouvier. 2. An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint stock company, out of accumulated profits. 3. Money paid in addition to a stated compensation.

Bon´ vi•vant´ ; pl. Bons vivants . [F. bon good + vivant, p. pr. of vivre to live.] A good fellow; a jovial companion; a free liver.

Bon´y , a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones; full of bones; pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or prominent bones. Bony fish (Zoöl.), the menhaden. — Bony pike (Zoöl.), the gar pike (Lepidosteus).

Bon´ze (bon´ze; 277), n. [Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan. bozu a Buddhist priest: cf. F. bonze.] A Buddhist or Fohist priest, monk, or nun. The name was given by the Portuguese to the priests of Japan, and has since been applied to the priests of China, Cochin China, and the neighboring countries.

Boo´by (boo´by), n.; pl. Boobies (-biz). [Sp. bobo dunce, idiot; cf. L. balbus stammering, E. barbarous.] 1. A dunce; a stupid fellow. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A swimming bird (Sula fiber or S. sula) related to the common gannet, and found in the West Indies, nesting on the bare rocks. It is so called on account of its apparent stupidity. The name is also sometimes applied to other species of gannets; as S. piscator, the red-footed booby. (b) A species of penguin of the antarctic seas. Booby hatch (Naut.), a kind of wooden hood over a hatch, readily removable. — Booby hut, a carriage body put upon sleigh runners. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. — Booby hutch, a clumsy covered carriage or seat, used in the eastern part of England. Forby. — Booby trap, a schoolboy’s practical joke, as a shower bath when a door is opened.

Boo´by (boo´by), a. Having the characteristics of a booby; stupid.

Boo´by•ish, a. Stupid; dull.

Boodh , n. Same as Buddha. Malcom.

Boodh´ism , n. Same as Buddhism.

Boodh´ist, n. Same as Buddhist.

Boo´dle , n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. The whole collection or lot; caboodle. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett. 2. Money given in payment for votes or political influence; bribe money; swag. [Polit. slang, U. S.]

Boo•hoe´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boohooed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boohooing.] [An imitative word.] To bawl; to cry loudly. [Low] Bartlett.

Boo´hoo , n. (Zoöl.) The sailfish; — called also woohoo.

Book (book), n. [OE. book, bok, AS. boc; akin to Goth. boka a letter, in pl. book, writing, Icel. bok, Sw. bok, Dan. bog, OS. bok, D. boek, OHG. puoh, G. buch; and fr. AS. boc, bece, beech; because the ancient Saxons and Germans in general wrote runes on pieces of beechen board. Cf. Beech.] 1. A collection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, bound together; commonly, many folded and bound sheets containing continuous printing or writing. When blank, it is called a blank book. When printed, the term often distinguishes a bound volume, or a volume of some size, from a pamphlet. It has been held that, under the copyright law, a book is not necessarily a volume made of many sheets bound together; it may be printed on a single sheet, as music or a diagram of patterns. Abbott. 2. A composition, written or printed; a treatise. “A good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life.
Milton.” 3. A part or subdivision of a treatise or literary work; as the tenth book of ´Paradise Lost.´ 4. A volume or collection of sheets in which accounts are kept; a register of debts and credits, receipts and expenditures, etc. 5. Six tricks taken by one side, in the game of whist; in certain other games, two or more corresponding cards, forming a set. Book is used adjectively or as a part of many compounds; as book buyer, bookrack, book club, book lore, book sale, book trade, memorandum book, cashbook. Book account, an account or register of debt or credit in a book. — Book debt, a debt for items charged to the debtor by the creditor in his book of accounts. — Book learning, learning acquired from books, as distinguished from practical knowledge. ´Neither does it so much require book learning and scholarship, as good natural sense, to distinguish true and false.´ Burnet. — Book louse (Zoöl.), one of several species of minute, wingless insects injurious to books and papers. They belong to the Pseudoneuroptera. — Book moth (Zoöl.), the name of several species of moths, the larvae of which eat books. — Book oath, an oath made on The Book, or Bible. — The Book of Books, the Bible. — Book post, a system under which books, bulky manuscripts, etc., may be transmitted by mail. — Book scorpion (Zoöl.), one of the false scorpions (Chelifer cancroides) found among books and papers. It can run sidewise and backward, and feeds on small insects. — Book stall, a stand or stall, often in the open air, for retailing books. — Canonical books. See Canonical. — In one’s books, in one’s favor. ´I was so much in his books, that at his decease he left me his lamp.´ Addison. — To bring to book. (a) To compel to give an account. (b) To compare with an admitted authority. ´To bring it manifestly to book is impossible.´ M. Arnold. — To curse by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell. — To make a book (Horse Racing), to lay bets (recorded in a pocket book) against the success of every horse, so that the bookmaker wins on all the unsuccessful horses and loses only on the winning horse or horses. — To speak by the book, to speak with minute exactness. — Without book. (a) By memory. (b) Without authority.

Book, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Booking.] 1. To enter, write, or register in a book or list. “Let it be booked with the rest of this day’s deeds.
Shak.” 2. To enter the name of (any one) in a book for the purpose of securing a passage, conveyance, or seat; as to be booked for Southampton; to book a seat in a theater. 3. To mark out for; to destine or assign for; as he is booked for the valedictory. [Colloq.] “Here I am booked for three days more in Paris.
Charles Reade.”

Book´bind•er , n. One whose occupation is to bind books.

Book´bind•er•y , n. A bookbinder’s shop; a place or establishment for binding books.

Book´bind•ing, n. The art, process, or business of binding books.

Book´case , n. A case with shelves for holding books, esp. one with glazed doors.

Book´craft , n. Authorship; literary skill.

Booked , a. 1. Registered. 2. On the way; destined. [Colloq.]

Book´er , n. One who enters accounts or names, etc., in a book; a bookkeeper.

Book´ful , n. As much as will fill a book; a book full. Shak. — a. Filled with book learning. [R.] ´The bookful blockhead.´ Pope.

Book´hold•er , n. 1. A prompter at a theater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. A support for a book, holding it open, while one reads or copies from it.

Book´ing clerk . A clerk who registers passengers, baggage, etc., for conveyance, as by railway or steamship, or who sells passage tickets at a booking office.

Book´ing of•fice . 1. An office where passengers, baggage, etc., are registered for conveyance, as by railway or steamship. 2. An office where passage tickets are sold. [Eng.]

Book´ish, a. 1. Given to reading; fond of study; better acquainted with books than with men; learned from books. ´A bookish man.´ Addison. ´Bookish skill.´ Bp. Hall. 2. Characterized by a method of expression generally found in books; formal; labored; pedantic; as a bookish way of talking; bookish sentences. — Book´ish•ly, adv. — Book´ish•ness, n.

Book´keep•er , n. One who keeps accounts; one who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in an office.

Book´keep•ing, n. The art of recording pecuniary or business transactions in a regular and systematic manner, so as to show their relation to each other, and the state of the business in which they occur; the art of keeping accounts. The books commonly used are a daybook, cashbook, journal, and ledger. See Daybook, Cashbook, Journal, and Ledger. Bookkeeping by single entry, the method of keeping books by carrying the record of each transaction to the debit or credit of a single account. — Bookkeeping by double entry, a mode of bookkeeping in which two entries of every transaction are carried to the ledger, one to the Dr., or left hand, side of one account, and the other to the Cr., or right hand, side of a corresponding account, in order tha the one entry may check the other; — sometimes called, from the place of its origin, the Italian method. { Book´land• , Bock´land• } , n. [AS. bcland; bc book + land land.] (O. Eng. Law) Charter land held by deed under certain rents and free services, which differed in nothing from free socage lands. This species of tenure has given rise to the modern freeholds.

Book´-learned , a. Versed in books; having knowledge derived from books. [Often in a disparaging sense.] “Whate’er these book-learned blockheads say,
Solon’s the veriest fool in all the play.
Dryden.”

Book´less, a. Without books; unlearned. Shenstone.

Book´let , n. A little book. T. Arnold.

Book´mak•er , n. 1. One who writes and publishes books; especially, one who gathers his materials from other books; a compiler. 2. (Horse Racing) A betting man who ´makes a book.´ See To make a book, under Book, n.

Book´man , n.; pl. Bookmen . A studious man; a scholar. Shak.

Book´mark , n. Something placed in a book to guide in finding a particular page or passage; also a label in a book to designate the owner; a bookplate.

Book´mate , n. [Book + mate.] A schoolfellow; an associate in study.

Book´mon•ger , n. A dealer in books.

Book´ mus•lin . 1. A kind of muslin used for the covers of books. 2. A kind of thin white muslin for ladies’ dresses.

Book´plate , n. A label, placed upon or in a book, showing its ownership or its position in a library.

Book´sell•er , n. One who sells books.

Book´sell•ing , n. The employment of selling books.

Book´shelf , n.; pl. Bookshelves . A shelf to hold books.

Book´shop , n. A bookseller’s shop. [Eng.]

Book´stall , n. A stall or stand where books are sold.

Book´stand , n. 1. A place or stand for the sale of books in the streets; a bookstall. 2. A stand to hold books for reading or reference.

Book´store , n. A store where books are kept for sale; — called in England a bookseller’s shop.

Book´work , n. 1. Work done upon a book or books (as in a printing office), in distinction from newspaper or job work. 2. Study; application to books.

Book´worm , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any larva of a beetle or moth, which is injurious to books. Many species are known. 2. A student closely attached to books or addicted to study; a reader without appreciation. “I wanted but a black gown and a salary to be as mere a bookworm as any there.
Pope.”

Book´y , a. Bookish.

Boo´ly , n.; pl. Boolies . [Ir. buachail cowherd; bo cow + giolla boy.] A company of Irish herdsmen, or a single herdsman, wandering from place to place with flocks and herds, and living on their milk, like the Tartars; also a place in the mountain pastures inclosed for the shelter of cattle or their keepers. [Obs.] [Written also boley, bolye, bouillie.] Spenser.

Boom (boom), n. [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar. See Beam.] 1. (Naut.) A long pole or spar, run out for the purpose of extending the bottom of a particular sail; as the jib boom, the studding-sail boom, etc. 2. (Mech.) A long spar or beam, projecting from the mast of a derrick, from the outer end of which the body to be lifted is suspended. 3. A pole with a conspicuous top, set up to mark the channel in a river or harbor. [Obs.] 4. (Mil. & Naval) A strong chain cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river or the mouth of a harbor, to obstruct navigation or passage. 5. (Lumbering) A line of connected floating timbers stretched across a river, or inclosing an area of water, to keep saw logs, etc., from floating away. Boom iron, one of the iron rings on the yards through which the studding-sail booms traverse. — The booms, that space on the upper deck of a ship between the foremast and mainmast, where the boats, spare spars, etc., are stowed. Totten.

Boom (boom), v. t. (Naut.) To extend, or push, with a boom or pole; as to boom out a sail; to boom off a boat.

Boom (boom), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boomed , p. pr. & vb. n. Booming.] [Of imitative origin; cf. OE. bommen to hum, D. bommen to drum, sound as an empty barrel, also W. bwmp a hollow sound; aderyn y bwmp, the bird of the hollow sound, i. e., the bittern. Cf. Bum, Bump, v. i., Bomb, v. i.] 1. To cry with a hollow note; to make a hollow sound, as the bittern, and some insects. “At eve the beetle boometh
Athwart the thicket lone.
Tennyson.” 2. To make a hollow sound, as of waves or cannon. “Alarm guns booming through the night air.
W. Irving.” 3. To rush with violence and noise, as a ship under a press of sail, before a free wind. “She comes booming down before it.
Totten.” 4. To have a rapid growth in market value or in popular favor; to go on rushingly.

Boom, n. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon; also the hollow cry of the bittern; a booming. 2. A strong and extensive advance, with more or less noisy excitement; — applied colloquially or humorously to market prices, the demand for stocks or commodities and to political chances of aspirants to office; as a boom in the stock market; a boom in coffee. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boom, v. t. To cause to advance rapidly in price; as to boom railroad or mining shares; to create a ´boom´ for; as to boom Mr. C. for senator. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boom´das , n. [D. boom tree + das badger.] (Zoöl.) A small African hyracoid mammal (Dendrohyrax arboreus) resembling the daman.

Boom´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, booms. 2. (Zoöl.) A North American rodent, so named because it is said to make a booming noise. See Sewellel. 3. (Zoöl.) A large male kangaroo. 4. One who works up a ´boom´. [Slang, U. S.]

Boom´er•ang , n. A very singular missile weapon used by the natives of Australia and in some parts of India. It is usually a curved stick of hard wood, from twenty to thirty inches in length, from two to three inches wide, and half or three quarters of an inch thick. When thrown from the hand with a quick rotary motion, it describes very remarkable curves, according to the shape of the instrument and the manner of throwing it, often moving nearly horizontally a long distance, then curving upward to a considerable height, and finally taking a retrograde direction, so as to fall near the place from which it was thrown, or even far in the rear of it.

Boom´ing, a. 1. Rushing with violence; swelling with a hollow sound; making a hollow sound or note; roaring; resounding. “O’er the sea-beat ships the booming waters roar.
Falcone.” 2. Advancing or increasing amid noisy excitement; as booming prices; booming popularity. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boom´ing, n. The act of producing a hollow or roaring sound; a violent rushing with heavy roar; as the booming of the sea; a deep, hollow sound; as the booming of bitterns. Howitt.

Boom´kin , n. (Naut.) Same as Bumkin.

Boo´mo•rah , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small West African chevrotain (Hyaemoschus aquaticus), resembling the musk deer.

Boom´slang•e , n. [D. boom tree + slang snake.] (Zoöl.) A large South African tree snake (Bucephalus Capensis). Although considered venomous by natives, it has no poison fangs.

Boon (boon), n. [OE. bone, boin, a petition, fr. Icel. bon; akin to Sw. & Dan. bän, AS. ben, and perh. to E. ban; but influenced by F. bon good, fr. L. bonus. rad.86. See 2d Ban, Bounty.] 1. A prayer or petition. [Obs.] “For which to God he made so many an idle boon.
Spenser.” 2. That which is asked or granted as a benefit or favor; a gift; a benefaction; a grant; a present. “Every good gift and every perfect boon is from above.
James i. 17 (Rev. Ver. ).”

Boon, a. [F. bon. See Boon, n.] 1. Good; prosperous; as boon voyage. [Obs.] 2. Kind; bountiful; benign. “Which … Nature boon
Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.
Milton.” 3. Gay; merry; jovial; convivial. “A boon companion, loving his bottle.
Arbuthnot.”

Boon, n. [Scot. boon, bune, been, Gael. & Ir. bunach coarse tow, fr. bun root, stubble.] The woody portion flax, which is separated from the fiber as refuse matter by retting, braking, and scutching.

Boor , n. [D. boer farmer, boor; akin to AS. gebr countryman, G. bauer; fr. the root of AS. ban to inhabit, and akin to E. bower, be. Cf. Neighbor, Boer, and Big to build.] 1. A husbandman; a peasant; a rustic; esp. a clownish or unrefined countryman. 2. A Dutch, German, or Russian peasant; esp. a Dutch colonist in South Africa, Guiana, etc.: a boer. 3. A rude ill-bred person; one who is clownish in manners.

Boor´ish, a. Like a boor; clownish; uncultured; unmannerly. — Boor´ish•ly, adv. — Boor´ish•ness, n. “Which is in truth a gross and boorish opinion.
Milton.”

Boort , n. See Bort.

Boose , n. [AS. bos, bosig; akin to Icel. bass, Sw. bås, Dan. baas, stall, G. banse, Goth. bansts barn, Skr. bhasas stall. rad.252.] A stall or a crib for an ox, cow, or other animal. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Boose , v. i. To drink excessively. See Booze.

Boos´er , n. A toper; a guzzler. See Boozer.

Boost (boost), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boosting.] [Cf. Boast, v. i.] To lift or push from behind (one who is endeavoring to climb); to push up; hence, to assist in overcoming obstacles, or in making advancement. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boost (boost), n. A push from behind, as to one who is endeavoring to climb; help. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boot (boot), n. [OE. bot, bote, advantage, amends, cure, AS. bot; akin to Icel. bot, Sw. bot, Dan. bod, Goth. bota, D. boete, G. busse; prop., a making good or better, from the root of E. better, adj. rad.255.] 1. Remedy; relief; amends; reparation; hence, one who brings relief. “He gaf the sike man his boote.
Chaucer.” “Thou art boot for many a bruise
And healest many a wound.
Sir W. Scott.” “Next her Son, our soul’s best boot.
Wordsworth.” 2. That which is given to make an exchange equal, or to make up for the deficiency of value in one of the things exchanged. “I’ll give you boot, I’ll give you three for one.
Shak.” 3. Profit; gain; advantage; use. [Obs.] “Then talk no more of flight, it is no boot.
Shak.” To boot, in addition; over and above; besides; as a compensation for the difference of value between things bartered. “Helen, to change, would give an eye to boot.
Shak.” “A man’s heaviness is refreshed long before he comes to drunkenness, for when he arrives thither he hath but changed his heaviness, and taken a crime to boot.
Jer. Taylor.”

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.] 1. To profit; to advantage; to avail; — generally followed by it; as what boots it? “What booteth it to others that we wish them well, and do nothing for them?
Hooker.” “What subdued
To change like this a mind so far imbued
With scorn of man, it little boots to know.
Byron.” “What boots to us your victories?
Southey.” 2. To enrich; to benefit; to give in addition. [Obs.] “And I will boot thee with what gift beside
Thy modesty can beg.
Shak.”

Boot, n. [OE. bote, OF. bote, F. botte, LL. botta; of uncertain origin.] 1. A covering for the foot and lower part of the leg, ordinarily made of leather. 2. An instrument of torture for the leg, formerly used to extort confessions, particularly in Scotland. “So he was put to the torture, which in Scotland they call the boots; for they put a pair of iron boots close on the leg, and drive wedges between them and the leg.
Bp. Burnet.” 3. A place at the side of a coach, where attendants rode; also a low outside place before and behind the body of the coach. [Obs.] 4. A place for baggage at either end of an old- fashioned stagecoach. 5. An apron or cover (of leather or rubber cloth) for the driving seat of a vehicle, to protect from rain and mud. 6. (Plumbing) The metal casing and flange fitted about a pipe where it passes through a roof. Boot catcher, the person at an inn whose business it was to pull off boots and clean them. [Obs.] Swift. — Boot closer, one who, or that which, sews the uppers of boots. — Boot crimp, a frame or device used by bootmakers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. — Boot hook, a hook with a handle, used for pulling on boots. — Boots and saddles (Cavalry Tactics), the trumpet call which is the first signal for mounted drill. — Sly boots. See Slyboots, in the Vocabulary.

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.] 1. To put boots on, esp. for riding. “Coated and booted for it.
B. Jonson.” 2. To punish by kicking with a booted foot. [U. S.]

Boot, v. i. To boot one’s self; to put on one’s boots.

Boot, n. Booty; spoil. [Obs. or R.] Shak.

Boot´black , n. One who blacks boots.

Boot´ed , a. 1. Wearing boots, especially boots with long tops, as for riding; as a booted squire. 2. (Zoöl.) Having an undivided, horny, bootlike covering; — said of the tarsus of some birds.

Boot•ee´ , n. A half boot or short boot.

Bo•ö´tes (bo•o´tez), n. [L. Bootes, Gr. bow•ths herdsman, fr. boy^s, gen. boo•s, ox, cow.] (Astron.) A northern constellation, containing the bright star Arcturus.

Booth (booth), n. [OE. bothe; cf. Icel. buð, Dan. & Sw. bod, MHG. buode, G. bude, baude; from the same root as AS. buan to dwell, E. boor, bower, be; cf. Bohem. bauda, Pol. buda, Russ. budka, Lith. buda, W. bwth, pl. bythod, Gael. buth, Ir. both.] 1. A house or shed built of boards, boughs, or other slight materials, for temporary occupation. Camden. 2. A covered stall or temporary structure in a fair or market, or at a polling place.

Boot´hale , v. t. & i. [Boot, for booty + hale.] To forage for booty; to plunder. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Boot´hose , n. 1. Stocking hose, or spatterdashes, in lieu of boots. Shak. 2. Hose made to be worn with boots, as by travelers on horseback. Sir W. Scott.

Booth´y , n. See Bothy.

Boot´i•kin , n. [Boot + - kin.] 1. A little boot, legging, or gaiter. 2. A covering for the foot or hand, worn as a cure for the gout. H. Walpole.

Boot´ing, n. Advantage; gain; gain by plunder; booty. [Obs.] Sir. J. Harrington.

Boot´ing, n. 1. A kind of torture. See Boot, n., 2. 2. A kicking, as with a booted foot. [U. S.]

Boot´jack , n. A device for pulling off boots.

Boot´less , a. [From Boot profit.] Unavailing; unprofitable; useless; without advantage or success. Chaucer. “I’ll follow him no more with bootless prayers.
Shak.” — Boot´less•ly, adv. — Boot´less•ness, n.

Boot´lick , n. A toady. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.

Boot´mak•er , n. One who makes boots. — Boot´mak•ing, n.

Boots , n. A servant at a hotel or elsewhere, who cleans and blacks the boots and shoes.

Boot´top•ping , n. 1. (Naut.) The act or process of daubing a vessel’s bottom near the surface of the water with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, and resin, as a temporary protection against worms, after the slime, shells, etc., have been scraped off. 2. (Naut.) Sheathing a vessel with planking over felt.

Boot´tree , n. [Boot + tree wood, timber.] An instrument to stretch and widen the leg of a boot, consisting of two pieces, together shaped like a leg, between which, when put into the boot, a wedge is driven. “The pretty boots trimly stretched on boottrees.
Thackeray.”

Boo´ty , n. [Cf. Icel. bti exchange, barter, Sw. byte barter, booty, Dan. bytte; akin to D. buit booty, G. beute, and fr. Icel. byta, Sw. byta, Dan. bytte, to distribute, exchange. The Scandinavian word was influenced in English by boot profit.] That which is seized by violence or obtained by robbery, especially collective spoil taken in war; plunder; pillage. Milton. To play booty, to play dishonestly, with an intent to lose; to allow one’s adversary to win at cards at first, in order to induce him to continue playing and victimize him afterwards. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Booze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boozed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boozing.] [D. buizen; akin to G. bausen, and perh. fr. D. buis tube, channel, bus box, jar.] To drink greedily or immoderately, esp. alcoholic liquor; to tipple. [Written also bouse, and boose.] Landor. “This is better than boozing in public houses.
H. R. Haweis.”

Booze, n. A carouse; a drinking. Sir W. Scott.

Booz´er , n. One who boozes; a toper; a guzzler of alcoholic liquors; a bouser.

Booz´y , a. A little intoxicated; fuddled; stupid with liquor; bousy. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley.

Bo•peep´ , n. [Bo + peep.] The act of looking out suddenly, as from behind a screen, so as to startle some one (as by children in play), or of looking out and drawing suddenly back, as if frightened. “I for sorrow sung,
That such a king should play bopeep,
And go the fools among.
Shak.”

Bor´a•ble , a. Capable of being bored. [R.]

Bo•rach´te , n. [Sp. borracha a leather bottle for wine, borracho drunk, fr. borra a lamb.] A large leather bottle for liquors, etc., made of the skin of a goat or other animal. Hence: A drunkard. [Obs.] “You’re an absolute borachio.
Congreve.”

Bo•rac´ic , a. [Cf. F. boracique. See Borax.] Pertaining to, or produced from, borax; containing boron; boric; as boracic acid.

Bo´ra•cite , n. (Min.) A mineral of a white or gray color occurring massive and in isometric crystals; in composition it is a magnesium borate with magnesium chloride.

Bo´ra•cous , a. (Chem.) Relating to, or obtained from, borax; containing borax.

Bor´age , n. [OE. borage (cf. F. bourrache, It. borraggine, borrace, LL. borago, borrago, LGr. ), fr. LL. borra, F. bourre, hair of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] (Bot.) A mucilaginous plant of the genus Borago (B. officinalis), which is used, esp. in France, as a demulcent and diaphoretic.

Bor´age•wort , n. Plant of the Borage family.

Bo•rag•i•na´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants (Boraginaceae) which includes the borage, heliotrope, beggar’s lice, and many pestiferous plants.

Bor•a•gin´e•ous , a. (Bot.) Relating to the Borage tribe; boraginaceous.

Bor´a•mez , n. See Barometz.

Bo´rate , n. [From Boric.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical.

Bo´rax , n. [OE. boras, fr. F. borax, earlier spelt borras; cf. LL. borax, Sp. borraj; all fr. Ar. brag, fr. Pers. brah.] A white or gray crystalline salt, with a slight alkaline taste, used as a flux, in soldering metals, making enamels, fixing colors on porcelain, and as a soap. It occurs native in certain mineral springs, and is made from the boric acid of hot springs in Tuscany. It was originally obtained from a lake in Thibet, and was sent to Europe under the name of tincal. Borax is a pyroborate or tetraborate of sodium, Na2B4O7.10H2O. Borax bead. (Chem.) See Bead, n., 3.

Bor´bo•rygm , n. [F. borborygme, fr. Gr. , fr. to rumble in the bowels.] (Med.) A rumbling or gurgling noise produced by wind in the bowels. Dunglison.

Bord , n. [See Board, n.] 1. A board; a table. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Mining) The face of coal parallel to the natural fissures.

Bord , n. See Bourd. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bord´age , n. [LL. bordagium.] The base or servile tenure by which a bordar held his cottage.

Bord´ar , n. [LL. bordarius, fr. borda a cottage; of uncertain origin.] A villein who rendered menial service for his cottage; a cottier. “The cottar, the bordar, and the laborer were bound to aid in the work of the home farm.
J. R. Green.”

Bor•deaux´ , a. Pertaining to Bordeaux in the south of France. — n. A claret wine from Bordeaux. { Bor´del , Bor•del´lo } n. [F. bordel, orig. a little hut, OF. borde hut, cabin, of German origin, and akin to E. board, n. See Board, n.] A brothel; a bawdyhouse; a house devoted to prostitution. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bor•de•lais´ , a. [F.] Of or pertaining to Bordeaux, in France, or to the district around Bordeaux.

Bor´del•ler , n. A keeper or a frequenter of a brothel. [Obs.] Gower.

Bor´der , n. [OE. bordure, F. bordure, fr. border to border, fr. bord a border; of German origin; cf. MHG. borte border, trimming, G. borte trimming, ribbon; akin to E. board in sense 8. See Board, n., and cf. Bordure.] 1. The outer part or edge of anything, as of a garment, a garden, etc.; margin; verge; brink. “Upon the borders of these solitudes.
Bentham.” “In the borders of death.
Barrow.” 2. A boundary; a frontier of a state or of the settled part of a country; a frontier district. 3. A strip or stripe arranged along or near the edge of something, as an ornament or finish. 4. A narrow flower bed. Border land, land on the frontiers of two adjoining countries; debatable land; — often used figuratively; as the border land of science. — The Border, The Borders, specifically, the frontier districts of Scotland and England which lie adjacent. — Over the border, across the boundary line or frontier. Syn. — Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary; confine.

Bor´der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bordered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bordering.] 1. To touch at the edge or boundary; to be contiguous or adjacent; — with on or upon as Connecticut borders on Massachusetts. 2. To approach; to come near to; to verge. “Wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded as folly.
Abp. Tillotson.”

Bor´der, v. t. 1. To make a border for; to furnish with a border, as for ornament; as to border a garment or a garden. 2. To be, or to have, contiguous to; to touch, or be touched, as by a border; to be, or to have, near the limits or boundary; as the region borders a forest, or is bordered on the north by a forest. “The country is bordered by a broad tract called the ´hot region.´
Prescott.” “Shebah and Raamah … border the sea called the Persian gulf.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 3. To confine within bounds; to limit. [Obs.] “That nature, which contemns its origin,
Can not be bordered certain in itself.
Shak.”

Bor´der•er , n. One who dwells on a border, or at the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tract of land; one who dwells near to a place or region. “Borderers of the Caspian.
Dyer.”

Bord´land , n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + land.] (O. Eng. Law) Either land held by a bordar, or the land which a lord kept for the maintenance of his board, or table. Spelman.

Bord´lode , n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + lode leading.] (O. Eng. Law) The service formerly required of a tenant, to carry timber from the woods to the lord’s house. Bailey. Mozley & W.

Bord´man , n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + man.] A bordar; a tenant in bordage. { Bord´rag , Bord´ra•ging } n. [Perh. from OE. bord, for border + raging. Cf. Bodrage.] An incursion upon the borders of a country; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bord´ serv•ice . [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + service.] (O. Eng. Law) Service due from a bordar; bordage.

Bor´dure , n. [F. bordure. See Border, n.] (Her.) A border one fifth the width of the shield, surrounding the field. It is usually plain, but may be charged.

Bore , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bored ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boring.] [OE. borien, AS. borian; akin to Icel. bora, Dan. bore, D. boren, OHG. porn, G. bohren, L. forare, Gr. to plow, Zend bar. rad.91.] 1. To perforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning an auger, gimlet, drill, or other instrument; to make a round hole in or through; to pierce; as to bore a plank. “I’ll believe as soon this whole earth may be bored.
Shak.” 2. To form or enlarge by means of a boring instrument or apparatus; as to bore a steam cylinder or a gun barrel; to bore a hole. “Short but very powerful jaws, by means whereof the insect can bore, as with a centerbit, a cylindrical passage through the most solid wood.
T. W. Harris.” 3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort, as in boring; as to bore one’s way through a crowd; to force a narrow and difficult passage through. ´What bustling crowds I bored.´ Gay. 4. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness; to tire; to trouble; to vex; to annoy; to pester. “He bores me with some trick.
Shak.” “Used to come and bore me at rare intervals.
Carlyle.” 5. To befool; to trick. [Obs.] “I am abused, betrayed; I am laughed at, scorned,
Baffled and bored, it seems.
Beau. & Fl.”

Bore, v. i. 1. To make a hole or perforation with, or as with, a boring instrument; to cut a circular hole by the rotary motion of a tool; as to bore for water or oil (i. e., to sink a well by boring for water or oil); to bore with a gimlet; to bore into a tree (as insects). 2. To be pierced or penetrated by an instrument that cuts as it turns; as this timber does not bore well, or is hard to bore. 3. To push forward in a certain direction with laborious effort. “They take their flight … boring to the west.
Dryden.” 4. (Man.) To shoot out the nose or toss it in the air; — said of a horse. Crabb.

Bore (bor), n. 1. A hole made by boring; a perforation. 2. The internal cylindrical cavity of a gun, cannon, pistol, or other firearm, or of a pipe or tube. “The bores of wind instruments.
Bacon.” “Love’s counselor should fill the bores of hearing.
Shak.” 3. The size of a hole; the interior diameter of a tube or gun barrel; the caliber. 4. A tool for making a hole by boring, as an auger. 5. Caliber; importance. [Obs.] “Yet are they much too light for the bore of the matter.
Shak.” 6. A person or thing that wearies by prolixity or dullness; a tiresome person or affair; any person or thing which causes ennui. “It is as great a bore as to hear a poet read his own verses.
Hawthorne.”

Bore, n. [Icel. bara wave: cf. G. empor upwards, OHG. bor height, burren to lift, perh. allied to AS. beran, E. 1st bear. rad.92.] (Physical Geog.) (a) A tidal flood which regularly or occasionally rushes into certain rivers of peculiar configuration or location, in one or more waves which present a very abrupt front of considerable height, dangerous to shipping, as at the mouth of the Amazon, in South America, the Hoogly and Indus, in India, and the Tsien- tang, in China. (b) Less properly, a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt, such as occurs at the Bay of Fundy and in the British Channel.

Bore, imp. of 1st & 2d Bear.

Bo´re•al , a. [L. borealis: cf. F. boreal. See Boreas.] Northern; pertaining to the north, or to the north wind; as a boreal bird; a boreal blast. “So from their own clear north in radiant streams,
Bright over Europe bursts the boreal morn.
Thomson.”

Bo´re•as , n. [L. boreas, Gr. .] The north wind; — usually a personification.

Bore´cole , n. [Cf. D. boerenkool (lit.) husbandman’s cabbage.] A brassicaceous plant of many varieties, cultivated for its leaves, which are not formed into a compact head like the cabbage, but are loose, and are generally curled or wrinkled; kale.

Bore´dom , n. 1. The state of being bored, or pestered; a state of ennui. Dickens. 2. The realm of bores; bores, collectively.

Bo•ree´ , n. Same as Bourree. [Obs.] Swift.

Bor´el , n. See Borrel.

Bor´e•le , n. (Zoöl.) The smaller two-horned rhinoceros of South Africa (Atelodus bicornis).

Bor´er , n. 1. One that bores; an instrument for boring. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine, bivalve mollusk, of the genus Teredo and allies, which burrows in wood. See Teredo. (b) Any bivalve mollusk (Saxicava, Lithodomus, etc.) which bores into limestone and similar substances. (c) One of the larvae of many species of insects, which penetrate trees, as the apple, peach, pine, etc. See Apple borer, under Apple. (d) The hagfish (Myxine).

Bo´ric , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, boron. Boric acid, a white crystalline substance B(OH)3, easily obtained from its salts, and occurring in solution in the hot lagoons of Tuscany.

Bo´ride , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of boron with a more positive or basic element or radical; — formerly called boruret.

Bor´ing , n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, bores; as the boring of cannon; the boring of piles and ship timbers by certain marine mollusks. “One of the most important applications of boring is in the formation of artesian wells.
Tomlinson.” 2. A hole made by boring. 3. pl. The chips or fragments made by boring. Boring bar, a revolving or stationary bar, carrying one or more cutting tools for dressing round holes. — Boring tool (Metal Working), a cutting tool placed in a cutter head to dress round holes. Knight.

Born (bôrn), p. p. & a. [See Bear, v. t.] 1. Brought forth, as an animal; brought into life; introduced by birth. “No one could be born into slavery in Mexico.
Prescott.” 2. Having from birth a certain character; by or from birth; by nature; innate; as a born liar. ´A born matchmaker.´ W. D. Howells. Born again (Theol.), regenerated; renewed; having received spiritual life. ´Except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God.´ John iii. 3. — Born days, days since one was born; lifetime. [Colloq.]

Borne (born), p. p. of Bear. Carried; conveyed; supported; defrayed. See Bear, v. t.

Bor´ne•ol , n. [Borneo + - ol.] (Chem.) A rare variety of camphor, C_10H_17.OH, resembling ordinary camphor, from which it can be produced by reduction. It is said to occur in the camphor tree of Borneo and Sumatra (Dryobalanops camphora), but the natural borneol is rarely found in European or American commerce, being in great request by the Chinese. Called also Borneo camphor, Malay camphor, and camphol.

Bor´nite , n. [Named after Von Born, a mineralogist.] (Min.) A valuable ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur; — also called purple copper ore (or erubescite), in allusion to the colors shown upon the slightly tarnished surface.

Bo•ro•flu´or•ide , n. [Boron + fluoride.] (Chem.) A double fluoride of boron and hydrogen, or some other positive element, or radical; — called also fluoboride, and formerly fluoborate.

Bo´ro•glyc´er•ide , n. [Boron + glyceride.] (Chem.) A compound of boric acid and glycerin, used as an antiseptic.

Bo´ron (bo´ron), n. [See Borax.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element occurring abundantly in borax. It is reduced with difficulty to the free state, when it can be obtained in several different forms; viz., as a substance of a deep olive color, in a semimetallic form, and in colorless quadratic crystals similar to the diamond in hardness and other properties. It occurs in nature also in boracite, datolite, tourmaline, and some other minerals. Atomic weight 10.9. Symbol B.

Bo´ro•sil´i•cate , n. [Boron + silicate.] (Chem.) A double salt of boric and silicic acids, as in the natural minerals tourmaline, datolite, etc.

Bor´ough , n. [OE. burgh, burw, boru, port, town, burrow, AS. burh, burg; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan. borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, purc, MHG. burc, G. burg, Goth. baúrgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan to hide, save, defend, G. bergen; or perh. from that of AS. beorg hill, mountain. rad.95. See Bury, v. t., and cf. Burrow, Burg, Bury, n., Burgess, Iceberg, Borrow, Harbor, Hauberk.] 1. In England, an incorporated town that is not a city; also a town that sends members to parliament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Burrill. Erskine. 2. The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough; as the borough voted to lay a tax. Close borough, or Pocket borough, a borough having the right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomination is in the hands of a single person. — Rotten borough, a name given to any borough which, at the time of the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, contained but few voters, yet retained the privilege of sending a member to Parliament.

Bor´ough, n. [See Borrow.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other. (b) The pledge or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins.

Bor´ough-Eng´lish , n. (Eng. Law) A custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest brother. Blackstone.

Bor´ough•head , n. See Headborough. [Obs.]

Bor´ough•hold´er , n. A headborough; a borsholder.

Bor´ough•mas´ter , n. [Cf. Burgomaster.] The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough.

Bor´ough•mon´ger , n. One who buys or sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs. { Bor´ough•mon´ger•ing , Bor´ough•mon´ger•y } , n. The practices of a boroughmonger.

Bor•rach´o , n. See Borachio. [Obs.]

Bor´rage , n., Bor•rag•i•na´ceous , a., etc. See Borage, n., etc.

Bor´rel , n. [OF. burel a kind of coarse woolen cloth, fr. F. bure drugget. See Bureau. Rustic and common people dressed in this cloth, which was prob. so called from its color.] 1. Coarse woolen cloth; hence, coarse clothing; a garment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A kind of light stuff, of silk and wool.

Bor´rel, a. [Prob. from Borrel, n.] Ignorant, unlearned; belonging to the laity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bor´row , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Borrowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Borrowing.] [OE. borwen, AS. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge; akin to D. borg, G. borg; prob. fr. root of AS. beorgan to protect. 95. See 1st Borough.] 1. To receive from another as a loan, with the implied or expressed intention of returning the identical article or its equivalent in kind; — the opposite of lend. 2. (Arith.) To take (one or more) from the next higher denomination in order to add it to the next lower; — a term of subtraction when the figure of the subtrahend is larger than the corresponding one of the minuend. 3. To copy or imitate; to adopt; as to borrow the style, manner, or opinions of another. “Rites borrowed from the ancients.
Macaulay.” “It is not hard for any man, who hath a Bible in his hands, to borrow good words and holy sayings in abundance; but to make them his own is a work of grace only from above.
Milton.” 4. To feign or counterfeit. ´Borrowed hair.´ Spenser. “The borrowed majesty of England.
Shak.” 5. To receive; to take; to derive. “Any drop thou borrowedst from thy mother.
Shak.” To borrow trouble, to be needlessly troubled; to be overapprehensive.

Bor´row, n. 1. Something deposited as security; a pledge; a surety; a hostage. [Obs.] “Ye may retain as borrows my two priests.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. The act of borrowing. [Obs.] “Of your royal presence I’ll adventure
The borrow of a week.
Shak.”

Bor´row•er , n. One who borrows. “Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
Shak.”

Bors´hold•er , n. [OE. borsolder; prob. fr. AS. borg, gen. borges, pledge + ealdor elder. See Borrow, and Elder, a.] (Eng. Law) The head or chief of a tithing, or borough (see 2d Borough); the headborough; a parish constable. Spelman.

Bort , n. Imperfectly crystallized or coarse diamonds, or fragments made in cutting good diamonds which are reduced to powder and used in lapidary work.

Bo´ru•ret , n. (Chem.) A boride. [Obs.]

Bor´we , n. Pledge; borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bos , n. [L., ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminant quadrupeds, including the wild and domestic cattle, distinguished by a stout body, hollow horns, and a large fold of skin hanging from the neck.

Bo´sa , n. [Ar. bza, Pers. bzah: cf. F. bosan.] A drink, used in the East. See Boza.

Bos´cage , n. [OF. boscage grove, F. bocage, fr. LL. boscus, buscus, thicket, wood. See 1st Bush.] 1. A growth of trees or shrubs; underwood; a thicket; thick foliage; a wooded landscape. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Food or sustenance for cattle, obtained from bushes and trees; also a tax on wood.

Bosh , n. [Cf. G. posse joke, trifle; It. bozzo a rough stone, bozzetto a rough sketch, s-bozzo a rough draught, sketch.] Figure; outline; show. [Obs.]

Bosh, n. [Turk.] Empty talk; contemptible nonsense; trash; humbug. [Colloq.]

Bosh, n.; pl. Boshes . [Cf. G. böschung a slope.] 1. One of the sloping sides of the lower part of a blast furnace; also one of the hollow iron or brick sides of the bed of a puddling or boiling furnace. 2. pl. The lower part of a blast furnace, which slopes inward, or the widest space at the top of this part. 3. In forging and smelting, a trough in which tools and ingots are cooled.

Bosh´bok , n. [D. bosch wood + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A kind of antelope. See Bush buck.

Bosh´vark , n. [D. bosch wood + varken pig.] (Zoöl.) The bush hog. See under Bush, a thicket.

Bos´jes•man , n.; pl. Bosjesmans. [D. boschjesman.] See Bushman.

Bosk , n. [See Bosket.] A thicket; a small wood. ´Through bosk and dell.´ Sir W. Scott.

Bos´kage , n. Same as Boscage. “Thridding the somber boskage of the wood.
Tennyson.” { Bos´ket , Bos´quet } , n. [F. bosquet a little wood, dim. fr. LL. boscus. See Boscage, and cf. Bouquet.] (Gardening) A grove; a thicket; shrubbery; an inclosure formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposed.

Bosk´i•ness , n. Boscage; also the state or quality of being bosky.

Bosk´y , a. [Cf. Bushy.] 1. Woody or bushy; covered with boscage or thickets. Milton. 2. Caused by boscage. “Darkened over by long bosky shadows.
H. James.”

Bos´om (booz´um), n. [AS. bsm; akin to D. bozem, Fries. bsm, OHG. puosum, G. busen, and prob. E. bough.] 1. The breast of a human being; the part, between the arms, to which anything is pressed when embraced by them. “You must prepare your bosom for his knife.
Shak.” 2. The breast, considered as the seat of the passions, affections, and operations of the mind; consciousness; secret thoughts. “Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know
Wherefore they do it.
Shak.” “If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom.
Job xxxi. 33.” 3. Embrace; loving or affectionate inclosure; fold. “Within the bosom of that church.
Hooker.” 4. Any thing or place resembling the breast; a supporting surface; an inner recess; the interior; as the bosom of the earth. ´The bosom of the ocean.´ Addison. 5. The part of the dress worn upon the breast; an article, or a portion of an article, of dress to be worn upon the breast; as the bosom of a shirt; a linen bosom. “He put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow.
Ex. iv. 6.” 6. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Shak. 7. A depression round the eye of a millstone. Knight.

Bos´om, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the bosom. 2. Intimate; confidential; familiar; trusted; cherished; beloved; as a bosom friend.

Bos´om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bosomed (-umd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bosoming.] 1. To inclose or carry in the bosom; to keep with care; to take to heart; to cherish. “Bosom up my counsel,
You’ll find it wholesome.
Shak.” 2. To conceal; to hide from view; to embosom. “To happy convents bosomed deep in vines.
Pope.”

Bos´omed (booz´umd), a. Having, or resembling, bosom; kept in the bosom; hidden.

Bos´om•y (-y), a. Characterized by recesses or sheltered hollows.

Bo´son (bo´s’n), n. See Boatswain. [Obs.] Dryden.

Bos•po´ri•an , a. [L. Bosporus, G. Bo•sporos, lit., ox-ford, the ox’s or heifer’s ford, on account of Io’s passage here as a heifer; fr. boy^s ox, heifer + po•ros ford.] Of or pertaining to the Thracian or the Cimmerian Bosporus. “The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them tribute and exterminated the Taurians.
Tooke.”

Bos´po•rus (bos´po•rus), n. [L.] A strait or narrow sea between two seas or a lake and a seas; as the Bosporus (formerly the Thracian Bosporus) or Strait of Constantinople, between the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora; the Cimmerian Bosporus, between the Black Sea and Sea of Azof. [Written also Bosphorus.]

Bos´quet , n. See Bosket.

Boss (bos; 115), n.; pl. Bosses (-ez). [OE. boce, bose, boche, OF. boce, boche, bosse, F. bosse, of G. origin; cf. OHG. bozo tuft, bunch, OHG. bozan, MHG. bôzen, to beat. See Beat, and cf. Botch a swelling.] 1. Any protuberant part; a round, swelling part or body; a knoblike process; as a boss of wood. 2. A protuberant ornament on any work, either of different material from that of the work or of the same, as upon a buckler or bridle; a stud; a knob; the central projection of a shield. See Umbilicus. 3. (Arch.) A projecting ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat, and in other situations. 4. [Cf. D. bus box, Dan. bösse.] A wooden vessel for the mortar used in tiling or masonry, hung by a hook from the laths, or from the rounds of a ladder. Gwilt. 5. (Mech.) (a) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to another. (b) A swage or die used for shaping metals. 6. A head or reservoir of water. [Obs.]

Boss (bos), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bossed (bost); p. pr. & vb. n. Bossing.] [OE. bocen, fr. OF. bocier. See the preceding word.] To ornament with bosses; to stud.

Boss, n. [D. baas master.] A master workman or superintendent; a director or manager; a political dictator. [Slang, U. S.]

Boss´age , n. [F. bossage, fr. bosse. See Boss a stud.] 1. (Arch.) A stone in a building, left rough and projecting, to be afterward carved into shape. Gwilt. 2. (Arch.) Rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond the level of the building, by reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Gwilt.

Bossed , a. Embossed; also bossy.

Bos´set , n. [Cf. Boss a stud.] (Zoöl.) A rudimental antler of a young male of the red deer.

Boss´ism , n. The rule or practices of bosses, esp. political bosses. [Slang, U. S.]

Boss´y , a. Ornamented with bosses; studded.

Bos´sy, n. [Dim. fr. Prov. E. boss in boss-calf, buss-calf, for boose-calf, prop., a calf kept in the stall. See 1st Boose.] A cow or calf; — familiarly so called. [U. S.]

Bos´ton , n. A game at cards, played by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each; — said to be so called from Boston, Massachusetts, and to have been invented by officers of the French army in America during the Revolutionary war.

Bos•well´i•an , a. Relating to, or characteristic of, Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson.

Bos´well•ism , n. The style of Boswell.

Bot , n. (Zoöl.) See Bots. { Bo•tan´ic , Bo•tan´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. botanique. See Botany.] Of or pertaining to botany; relating to the study of plants; as a botanical system, arrangement, textbook, expedition. — Botan´ic•al•ly, adv. Botanic garden, a garden devoted to the culture of plants collected for the purpose of illustrating the science of botany. — Botanic physician, a physician whose medicines consist chiefly of herbs and roots.

Bot´a•nist , n. [Cf. F. botaniste.] One skilled in botany; one versed in the knowledge of plants.

Bot´a•nize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Botanized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Botanizing .] [Cf. F. botaniser.] To seek after plants for botanical investigation; to study plants.

Bot´a•nize, v. t. To explore for botanical purposes.

Bot´a•ni•zer , n. One who botanizes.

Bot•a•nol´o•ger , n. A botanist. [Obs.]

Bot•a•nol´o•gy , n. [Botany + -logy: cf. F. botanologie.] The science of botany. [Obs.] Bailey.

Bot´a•no•man•cy , n. [Botany + -mancy: cf. F. botanomantie.] An ancient species of divination by means of plants, esp. sage and fig leaves.

Bot´a•ny , n.; pl. Botanies . [F. botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. botanic, fr. herb, plant, fr. to feed, graze.] 1. The science which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, their classification, and the terms which are employed in their description and denomination. See Plant. 2. A book which treats of the science of botany. Botany is divided into various departments; as Structural Botany, which investigates the structure and organic composition of plants; Physiological Botany, the study of their functions and life; and Systematic Botany, which has to do with their classification, description, nomenclature, etc.

Bot´a•ny Bay´ . A harbor on the east coast of Australia, and an English convict settlement there; — so called from the number of new plants found on its shore at its discovery by Cook in 1770. Hence, any place to which desperadoes resort. Botany Bay kino (Med.), an astringent, reddish substance consisting of the inspissated juice of several Australian species of Eucalyptus. — Botany Bay resin (Med.), a resin of reddish yellow color, resembling gamboge, the product of different Australian species of Xanthorrhaea, esp. the grass tree (X. hastilis).

Bo•tar´go , n. [It. bottarga, bottarica; or Sp. botarga; a kind of large sausages, a sort of wide breeches: cf. F. boutargue.] A sort of cake or sausage, made of the salted roes of the mullet, much used on the coast of the Mediterranean as an incentive to drink.

Botch , n.; pl. Botches . [Same as Boss a stud. For senses 2 & 3 cf. D. botsen to beat, akin to E. beat.] 1. A swelling on the skin; a large ulcerous affection; a boil; an eruptive disease. [Obs. or Dial.] “Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss.
Milton.” 2. A patch put on, or a part of a garment patched or mended in a clumsy manner. 3. Work done in a bungling manner; a clumsy performance; a piece of work, or a place in work, marred in the doing, or not properly finished; a bungle. “To leave no rubs nor botches in the work.
Shak.”

Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Botched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Botching.] [See Botch, n.] 1. To mark with, or as with, botches. “Young Hylas botched with stains.
Garth.” 2. To repair; to mend; esp. to patch in a clumsy or imperfect manner, as a garment; — sometimes with up. “Sick bodies … to be kept and botched up for a time.
Robynson (More’s Utopia).” 3. To put together unsuitably or unskillfully; to express or perform in a bungling manner; to spoil or mar, as by unskillful work. “For treason botched in rhyme will be thy bane.
Dryden.”

Botch´ed•ly , adv. In a clumsy manner.

Botch´er , n. 1. One who mends or patches, esp. a tailor or cobbler. Shak. 2. A clumsy or careless workman; a bungler. 3. (Zoöl.) A young salmon; a grilse.

Botch´er•ly, a. Bungling; awkward. [R.]

Botch´er•y , n. A botching, or that which is done by botching; clumsy or careless workmanship.

Botch´y , a. Marked with botches; full of botches; poorly done. ´This botchy business.´ Bp. Watson.

Bote , n. [Old form of boot; — used in composition. See 1st Boot.] (Law) (a) Compensation; amends; satisfaction; expiation; as man bote, a compensation or a man slain. (b) Payment of any kind. Bouvier. (c) A privilege or allowance of necessaries. This word is still used in composition as equivalent to the French estovers, supplies, necessaries; as housebote, a sufficiency of wood to repair a house, or for fuel, sometimes called firebote; so plowbote, cartbote, wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry; haybote or hedgebote, wood for hedges, fences, etc. These were privileges enjoyed by tenants under the feudal system. Burrill. Bouvier. Blackstone.

Bote´less, a. Unavailing; in vain. See Bootless.

Bot´fly , n. (Zoöl.) A dipterous insect of the family (Estridae, of many different species, some of which are particularly troublesome to domestic animals, as the horse, ox, and sheep, on which they deposit their eggs. A common species is one of the botflies of the horse (Gastrophilus equi), the larvae of which (bots) are taken into the stomach of the animal, where they live several months and pass through their larval states. In tropical America one species sometimes lives under the human skin, and another in the stomach. See Gadfly.

Both , a. or pron. [OE. bothe, bae, fr. Icel. bair; akin to Dan. baade, Sw. båda, Goth. bajs, OHG. beid, bd, G. & D. beide, also AS. begen, ba, b, Goth. bai, and Gr. , L. ambo, Lith. abà , OSlav. oba, Skr. ubha. rad.310. Cf. Amb-.] The one and the other; the two; the pair, without exception of either. It is generally used adjectively with nouns; as both horses ran away; but with pronouns, and often with nous, it is used substantively, and followed by of. It frequently stands as a pronoun. “She alone is heir to both of us.
Shak.” “Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant.
Gen. xxi. 27.” “He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both.
Bolingbroke.” It is often used in apposition with nouns or pronouns. “Thy weal and woe are both of them extremes.
Shak.” “This said, they both betook them several ways.
Milton.” Both now always precedes any other attributive words; as both their armies; both our eyes. Both of is used before pronouns in the objective case; as both of us, them, whom, etc.; but before substantives its used is colloquial, both (without of) being the preferred form; as both the brothers.

Both, conj. As well; not only; equally. Both precedes the first of two coördinate words or phrases, and is followed by and before the other, both … and … ; as well the one as the other; not only this, but also that; equally the former and the latter. It is also sometimes followed by more than two coördinate words, connected by and expressed or understood. “To judge both quick and dead.
Milton.” “A masterpiece both for argument and style.
Goldsmith.” “To whom bothe heven and erthe and see is sene.
Chaucer.” “Both mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound.
Goldsmith.” “He prayeth well who loveth well
Both man and bird and beast.
Coleridge.”

Both´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bothered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bothering.] [Cf. Ir. buaidhirt trouble, buaidhrim I vex.] To annoy; to trouble; to worry; to perplex. See Pother. The imperative is sometimes used as an exclamation mildly imprecatory.

Both´er, v. i. To feel care or anxiety; to make or take trouble; to be troublesome. “Without bothering about it.
H. James.”

Both´er, n. One who, or that which, bothers; state of perplexity or annoyance; embarrassment; worry; disturbance; petty trouble; as to be in a bother.

Both•er•a´tion , n. The act of bothering, or state of being bothered; cause of trouble; perplexity; annoyance; vexation. [Colloq.]

Both´er•er , n. One who bothers.

Both´er•some , a. Vexatious; causing bother; causing trouble or perplexity; troublesome.

Both´-hands , n. A factotum. [R.] “He is his master’s both-hands, I assure you.
B. Jonson.”

Both´ie , n. Same as Bothy. [Scot.] { Both´ni•an , Both´nic } a. Of or pertaining to Bothnia, a country of northern Europe, or to a gulf of the same name which forms the northern part of the Baltic sea.

Both•ren´chy•ma , n. [Gr. pit + something poured in. Formed like parenchyma.] (Bot.) Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels forming the pores seen in many kinds of wood. { Both´y Booth´y } n.; pl. -ies [Scottish. Cf. Booth.] A wooden hut or humble cot, esp. a rude hut or barrack for unmarried farm servants; a shepherd’s or hunter’s hut; a booth. [Scot.]

Bo•to•cu´dos , n. pl. [Pg. botoque stopple. So called because they wear a wooden plug in the pierced lower lip.] A Brazilian tribe of Indians, noted for their use of poisons; — also called Aymbores.

Bo´ tree . (Bot.) The peepul tree; esp., the very ancient tree standing at Anurajahpoora in Ceylon, grown from a slip of the tree under which Gautama is said to have received the heavenly light and so to have become Buddha. “The sacred bo tree of the Buddhists (Ficus religiosa), which is planted close to every temple, and attracts almost as much veneration as the status of the god himself… . It differs from the banyan (Ficus Indica) by sending down no roots from its branches.
Tennent.”

Bot´ry•o•gen , n. [Gr. cluster of grapes + -gen.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of iron of a deep red color. It often occurs in botryoidal form. { Bot´ry•oid , Bot•ry•oid´al } a. [Gr. cluster of grapes + -oid.] Having the form of a bunch of grapes; like a cluster of grapes, as a mineral presenting an aggregation of small spherical or spheroidal prominences.

Bot´ry•o•lite , n. [Gr. cluster of grapes + -lite.] (Min.) A variety of datolite, usually having a botryoidal structure.

Bot´ry•ose , a. (Bot.) (a) Having the form of a cluster of grapes. (b) Of the racemose or acropetal type of inflorescence. Gray.

Bots , n. pl. [Cf. Gael. botus belly worm, boiteag maggot.] (Zoöl.) The larvae of several species of botfly, especially those larvae which infest the stomach, throat, or intestines of the horse, and are supposed to be the cause of various ailments. [Written also botts.] See Illust. of Botfly.

Bot•tine´ , n. [F. See Boot (for the foot.).] 1. A small boot; a lady’s boot. 2. An appliance resembling a small boot furnished with straps, buckles, etc., used to correct or prevent distortions in the lower extremities of children. Dunglison.

Bot´tle , n. [OE. bote, botelle, OF. botel, bouteille, F. bouteille, fr. LL. buticula, dim. of butis, buttis, butta, flask. Cf. Butt a cask.] 1. A hollow vessel, usually of glass or earthenware (but formerly of leather), with a narrow neck or mouth, for holding liquids. 2. The contents of a bottle; as much as a bottle contains; as to drink a bottle of wine. 3. Fig.: Intoxicating liquor; as to drown one’s reason in the bottle. Bottle is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound. Bottle ale, bottled ale. [Obs.] Shak. — Bottle brush, a cylindrical brush for cleansing the interior of bottles. — Bottle fish (Zoöl.), a kind of deep-sea eel (Saccopharynx ampullaceus), remarkable for its baglike gullet, which enables it to swallow fishes two or three times its won size. — Bottle flower. (Bot.) Same as Bluebottle. — Bottle glass, a coarse, green glass, used in the manufacture of bottles. Ure. — Bottle gourd (Bot.), the common gourd or calabash (Lagenaria Vulgaris), whose shell is used for bottles, dippers, etc. — Bottle grass (Bot.), a nutritious fodder grass (Setaria glauca and S. viridis); — called also foxtail, and green foxtail. — Bottle tit (Zoöl.), the European long-tailed titmouse; - - so called from the shape of its nest. — Bottle tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Sterculia rupestris), with a bottle-shaped, or greatly swollen, trunk. — Feeding bottle, Nursing bottle, a bottle with a rubber nipple (generally with an intervening tube), used in feeding infants.

Bot´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottled p. pr. & vb. n. Bottling .] To put into bottles; to inclose in, or as in, a bottle or bottles; to keep or restrain as in a bottle; as to bottle wine or porter; to bottle up one’s wrath.

Bot´tle, n. [OE. botel, OF. botel, dim. of F. botte; cf. OHG. bozo bunch. See Boss stud.] A bundle, esp. of hay. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Shak.

Bot´tled , a. 1. Put into bottles; inclosed in bottles; pent up in, or as in, a bottle. 2. Having the shape of a bottle; protuberant. Shak.

Bot´tle green A dark shade of green, like that of bottle glass. — Bot´tle-green•, a.

Bot´tle•head , n. (Zoöl.) A cetacean allied to the grampus; — called also bottle-nosed whale. There are several species so named, as the pilot whales, of the genus Globicephalus, and one or more species of Hyperoödon (H. bidens, etc.), found on the European coast. See Blackfish, 1.

Bot´tle•hold•er , n. 1. One who attends a pugilist in a prize fight; — so called from the bottle of water of which he has charge. 2. One who assists or supports another in a contest; an abettor; a backer. [Colloq.] “Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottleholder of oppressed states.
The London Times.”

Bot´tle-nose , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A cetacean of the Dolphin family, of several species, as Delphinus Tursio and Lagenorhyncus leucopleurus, of Europe. 2. The puffin.

Bot´tle-nosed (-nozd), a. Having the nose bottle-shaped, or large at the end. Dickens.

Bot´tler (bot´tler/), n. One who bottles wine, beer, soda water, etc.

Bot´tle•screw n. A corkscrew. Swift.

Bot´tling (bot´tling) n. The act or the process of putting anything into bottles (as beer, mineral water, etc.) and corking the bottles.

Bot´tom (bot´tum), n. [OE. botum, botme, AS. botm; akin to OS. bodom, D. bodem, OHG. podam, G. boden, Icel. botn, Sw. botten, Dan. bund (for budn), L. fundus (for fudnus), Gr. pyqmh•n (for fyqmh•n), Skr. budhna (for bhudhna), and Ir. bonn sole of the foot, W. bon stem, base. rad.257. Cf. 4th Found, Fund, n.] 1. The lowest part of anything; the foot; as the bottom of a tree or well; the bottom of a hill, a lane, or a page. “Or dive into the bottom of the deep.
Shak.” 2. The part of anything which is beneath the contents and supports them, as the part of a chair on which a person sits, the circular base or lower head of a cask or tub, or the plank floor of a ship’s hold; the under surface. “Barrels with the bottom knocked out.
Macaulay.” “No two chairs were alike; such high backs and low backs and leather bottoms and worsted bottoms.
W. Irving.” 3. That upon which anything rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense; foundation; groundwork. 4. The bed of a body of water, as of a river, lake, sea. 5. The fundament; the buttocks. 6. An abyss. [Obs.] Dryden. 7. Low land formed by alluvial deposits along a river; low-lying ground; a dale; a valley. ´The bottoms and the high grounds.´ Stoddard. 8. (Naut.) The part of a ship which is ordinarily under water; hence, the vessel itself; a ship. “My ventures are not in one bottom trusted.
Shak.” “Not to sell the teas but to return them to London in the
same bottoms in which they were shipped.
Bancroft.” Full bottom, a hull of such shape as permits carrying a large amount of merchandise. 9. Power of endurance; as a horse of a good bottom. 10. Dregs or grounds; lees; sediment. Johnson. At bottom, At the bottom, at the foundation or basis; in reality. ´He was at the bottom a good man.´ J. F. Cooper. — To be at the bottom of, to be the cause or originator of; to be the source of. [Usually in an opprobrious sense.] J. H. Newman. “He was at the bottom of many excellent counsels.
Addison.” — To go to the bottom, to sink; esp. to be wrecked. — To touch bottom, to reach the lowest point; to find something on which to rest.

Bot´tom, a. Of or pertaining to the bottom; fundamental; lowest; under; as bottom rock; the bottom board of a wagon box; bottom prices. Bottom glade, a low glade or open place; a valley; a dale. Milton. — Bottom grass, grass growing on bottom lands. — Bottom land. See 1st Bottom, n., 7.

Bot´tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bottoming.] 1. To found or build upon; to fix upon as a support; — followed by on or upon. “Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle.
Atterbury.” “Those false and deceiving grounds upon which many bottom their eternal state].
South.” 2. To furnish with a bottom; as to bottom a chair. 3. To reach or get to the bottom of. Smiles.

Bot´tom, v. i. 1. To rest, as upon an ultimate support; to be based or grounded; — usually with on or upon. “Find on what foundation any proposition bottoms.
Locke.” 2. To reach or impinge against the bottom, so as to impede free action, as when the point of a cog strikes the bottom of a space between two other cogs, or a piston the end of a cylinder.

Bot´tom, n. [OE. botme, perh. corrupt. for button. See Button.] A ball or skein of thread; a cocoon. [Obs.] “Silkworms finish their bottoms in … fifteen days.
Mortimer.”

Bot´tom, v. t. To wind round something, as in making a ball of thread. [Obs.] “As you unwind her love from him,
Lest it should ravel and be good to none,
You must provide to bottom it on me.
Shak.”

Bot´tomed , a. Having at the bottom, or as a bottom; resting upon a bottom; grounded; — mostly, in composition; as sharp-bottomed; well-bottomed.

Bot´tom•less, a. Without a bottom; hence, fathomless; baseless; as a bottomless abyss. ´Bottomless speculations.´ Burke.

Bot´tom•ry , n. [From 1st Bottom in sense 8: cf.D. bodemerij. Cf. Bummery.] (Mar.Law) A contract in the nature of a mortgage, by which the owner of a ship, or the master as his agent, hypothecates and binds the ship (and sometimes the accruing freight) as security for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use of the ship, if she terminates her voyage successfully. If the ship is lost by perils of the sea, the lender loses the money; but if the ship arrives safe, he is to receive the money lent, with the interest or premium stipulated, although it may, and usually does, exceed the legal rate of interest. See Hypothecation. { Bot´ton•y , Bot´to•ne } a. [F. boutonne, fr. boutonner to bud, button.] (Her.) Having a bud or button, or a kind of trefoil, at the end; furnished with knobs or buttons. Cross bottony (Her.), a cross having each arm terminating in three rounded lobes, forming a sort of trefoil.

Botts , n. pl. (Zoöl.) See Bots.

Bot´u•li•form , a. [L. botulus sausage + -form.] (Bot.) Having the shape of a sausage. Henslow.

Bouche , n. [F.] Same as Bush, a lining.

Bouche, v. t. Same as Bush, to line. { Bouche , Bouch } , n. [F. bouche mouth, victuals.] 1. A mouth. [Obs.] 2. An allowance of meat and drink for the tables of inferior officers or servants in a nobleman’s palace or at court. [Obs.]

Bou•chees´ , n. pl. [F., morsels, mouthfuls, fr. bouche mouth.] (Cookery) Small patties.

Boud , n. A weevil; a worm that breeds in malt, biscuit, etc. [Obs.] Tusser.

Bou•doir´ , n. [F., fr. bouder to pout, be sulky.] A small room, esp. if pleasant, or elegantly furnished, to which a lady may retire to be alone, or to receive intimate friends; a lady’s (or sometimes a gentleman’s) private room. Cowper.

Bouffe , n. [F., buffoon.] Comic opera. See Opera Bouffe.

Bou•gain•vil•lae•a , n. [Named from Bougainville, the French navigator.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the order Nyctoginaceae, from tropical South America, having the flowers surrounded by large bracts.

Bouge , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bouged ] [Variant of bulge. Cf. Bowge.] 1. To swell out. [Obs.] 2. To bilge. [Obs.] ´Their ship bouged.´ Hakluyt.

Bouge, v. t. To stave in; to bilge. [Obs.] Holland.

Bouge, n. [F. bouche mouth, victuals.] Bouche (see Bouche, 2); food and drink; provisions. [Obs.] “ [They] made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady or two, that fainted … with fasting.
B. Jonson.”

Bou´get , n. [Cf. F. bougette sack, bag. Cf. Budget.] (Her.) A charge representing a leather vessel for carrying water; — also called water bouget.

Bough , n. [OE. bogh, AS. bog, boh, bough, shoulder; akin to Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship, Sw. bog, Dan. bov, OHG. buog, G. bug, and to Gr. ( for ) forearm, Skr. bahu (for bhaghu) arm. rad.88, 251. Cf. Bow of a ship.] 1. An arm or branch of a tree, esp. a large arm or main branch. 2. A gallows. [Archaic] Spenser.

Bought , n. [Cf. Dan. bugt bend, turning, Icel. buga. Cf. Bight, Bout, and see Bow to bend.] 1. A flexure; a bend; a twist; a turn; a coil, as in a rope; as the boughts of a serpent. [Obs.] Spenser. “The boughts of the fore legs.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. The part of a sling that contains the stone. [Obs.]

Bought , imp. & p. p. of Buy.

Bought, p. a. Purchased; bribed.

Bought´en , a. Purchased; not obtained or produced at home. Coleridge.

Bought´y , a. Bending. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Bou•gie´ , n. [F. bougie wax candle, bougie, fr. Bougie, Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles were first imported into Europe.] 1. (Surg.) A long, flexible instrument, that is introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., to remove obstructions, or for the other purposes. It was originally made of waxed linen rolled into cylindrical form. 2. (Pharm.) A long slender rod consisting of gelatin or some other substance that melts at the temperature of the body. It is impregnated with medicine, and designed for introduction into urethra, etc.

Bou•illi´ , n. [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] (Cookery) Boiled or stewed meat; beef boiled with vegetables in water from which its gravy is to be made; beef from which bouillon or soup has been made.

Bou•illon´ , n. [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] 1. A nutritious liquid food made by boiling beef, or other meat, in water; a clear soup or broth. 2. (Far.) An excrescence on a horse’s frush or frog.

Bouk (book), n. [AS. buc belly; akin to G. bauch, Icel. bukr body.] 1. The body. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Bulk; volume. [Scot.]

Boul (bool), n. A curved handle. Sir W. Scott.

Bou•lan´ger•ite , n. [From Boulanger, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, usually in plumose masses, also compact. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead.

Boul´der (bol´der), n. Same as Bowlder.

Boul´der•y , a. Characterized by bowlders. { Boule , Boule´work• } , n. Same as Buhl, Buhlwork.

Bou´le•vard , n. [F. boulevard, boulevart, fr. G. bollwerk. See Bulwark.] 1. Originally, a bulwark or rampart of fortification or fortified town. 2. A public walk or street occupying the site of demolished fortifications. Hence: A broad avenue in or around a city.

Boule•verse•ment´ , n. [F., fr. bouleverser to overthrow.] Complete overthrow; disorder; a turning upside down.

Boult (bolt), n. Corrupted form Bolt. { Boul´tel , Boul´tin } , n. (Arch.) (a) A molding, the convexity of which is one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the abacus in the Tuscan and Roman Doric capital; a torus; an ovolo. (b) One of the shafts of a clustered column. [Written also bowtel, boltel, boultell, etc.]

Boul´ter , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A long, stout fishing line to which many hooks are attached.

Boun , a. [See Bound ready.] Ready; prepared; destined; tending. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Boun, v. t. To make or get ready. Sir W. Scott.

Bounce , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bounced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bouncing .] [OE. bunsen; cf. D. bonzen to strike, bounce, bons blow, LG. bunsen to knock; all prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To strike or thump, so as to rebound, or to make a sudden noise; a knock loudly. “Another bounces as hard as he can knock.
Swift.” “Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart.
Dryden.” 2. To leap or spring suddenly or unceremoniously; to bound; as she bounced into the room. “Out bounced the mastiff.
Swift.” “Bounced off his arm+chair.
Thackeray.” 3. To boast; to talk big; to bluster. [Obs.]

Bounce, v. t. 1. To drive against anything suddenly and violently; to bump; to thump. Swift. 2. To cause to bound or rebound; sometimes, to toss. 3. To eject violently, as from a room; to discharge unceremoniously, as from employment. [Collog. U. S.] 4. To bully; to scold. [Collog.] J. Fletcher.

Bounce , n. 1. A sudden leap or bound; a rebound. 2. A heavy, sudden, and often noisy, blow or thump. “The bounce burst open the door.
Dryden.” 3. An explosion, or the noise of one. [Obs.] 4. Bluster; brag; untruthful boasting; audacious exaggeration; an impudent lie; a bouncer. Johnson. De Quincey. 5. (Zoöl.) A dogfish of Europe (Scyllium catulus).

Bounce, adv. With a sudden leap; suddenly. “This impudent puppy comes bounce in upon me.
Bickerstaff.”

Boun´cer , n. 1. One who bounces; a large, heavy person who makes much noise in moving. 2. A boaster; a bully. [Collog.] Johnson. 3. A bold lie; also a liar. [Collog.] Marryat. 4. Something big; a good stout example of the kind. “The stone must be a bouncer.
De Quincey.”

Boun´cing , a. 1. Stout; plump and healthy; lusty; buxom. “Many tall and bouncing young ladies.
Thackeray.” 2. Excessive; big. ´A bouncing reckoning.´ B. & Fl. Bouncing Bet (Bot.), the common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). Harper’s Mag.

Boun´cing•ly, adv. With a bounce.

Bound , n. [OE. bounde, bunne, OF. bonne, bonde, bodne, F. borne, fr. LL. bodina, bodena, bonna; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bonn boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of trees, by which a boundary or limit could be marked. Cf. Bourne.] The external or limiting line, either real or imaginary, of any object or space; that which limits or restrains, or within which something is limited or restrained; limit; confine; extent; boundary. “He hath compassed the waters with bounds.
Job xxvi. 10.” “On earth’s remotest bounds.
Campbell.” “And mete the bounds of hate and love.
Tennyson.” To keep within bounds, not to exceed or pass beyond assigned limits; to act with propriety or discretion. Syn. — See Boundary.

Bound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bounding.] 1. To limit; to terminate; to fix the furthest point of extension of; — said of natural or of moral objects; to lie along, or form, a boundary of; to inclose; to circumscribe; to restrain; to confine. “Where full measure only bounds excess.
Milton.” “Phlegethon …
Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds.
Dryden.” 2. To name the boundaries of; as to bound France.

Bound, v. i. [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir, bundir, to leap, resound, fr. L. bombitare to buzz, hum, fr. bombus a humming, buzzing. See Bomb.] 1. To move with a sudden spring or leap, or with a succession of springs or leaps; as the beast bounded from his den; the herd bounded across the plain. “Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds.
Pope.” “And the waves bound beneath me as a steed
That knows his rider.
Byron.” 2. To rebound, as an elastic ball.

Bound, v. t. 1. To make to bound or leap; as to bound a horse. [R.] Shak. 2. To cause to rebound; to throw so that it will rebound; as to bound a ball on the floor. [Collog.]

Bound, n. 1. A leap; an elastic spring; a jump. “A bound of graceful hardihood.
Wordsworth.” 2. Rebound; as the bound of a ball. Johnson. 3. (Dancing) Spring from one foot to the other.

Bound, imp. & p. p. of Bind.

Bound, p. p. & a. 1. Restrained by a hand, rope, chain, fetters, or the like. 2. Inclosed in a binding or cover; as a bound volume. 3. Under legal or moral restraint or obligation. 4. Constrained or compelled; destined; certain; — followed by the infinitive; as he is bound to succeed; he is bound to fail. 5. Resolved; as I am bound to do it. [Collog. U. S.] 6. Constipated; costive. Used also in composition; as icebound, windbound, hidebound, etc. Bound bailiff (Eng. Law), a sheriff’s officer who serves writs, makes arrests, etc. The sheriff being answerable for the bailiff’s misdemeanors, the bailiff is usually under bond for the faithful discharge of his trust. — Bound up in, entirely devoted to; inseparable from.

Bound, a. [Past p. of OE. bounen to prepare, fr. boun ready, prepared, fr. Icel. buinn, p. p. of bua to dwell, prepare; akin to E. boor and bower. See Bond, a., and cf. Busk, v.] Ready or intending to go; on the way toward; going; — with to or for, or with an adverb of motion; as a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. ´The mariner bound homeward.´ Cowper.

Bound´a•ry , n.; pl. Boundaries [From Bound a limit; cf. LL. bonnarium piece of land with fixed limits.] That which indicates or fixes a limit or extent, or marks a bound, as of a territory; a bounding or separating line; a real or imaginary limit. “But still his native country lies
Beyond the boundaries of the skies.
N. Cotton.” “ That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of Louth and Meath.
Macaulay.” “Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our thoughts.
Locke.” Syn. — Limit; bound; border; term; termination; barrier; verge; confines; precinct. Bound, Boundary. Boundary, in its original and strictest sense, is a visible object or mark indicating a limit. Bound is the limit itself. But in ordinary usage the two words are made interchangeable.

Bound´en , p. p & a. [Old. p. p. of bind.] 1. Bound; fastened by bonds. [Obs.] 2. Under obligation; bound by some favor rendered; obliged; beholden. “This holy word, that teacheth us truly our bounden duty toward our Lord God in every point.
Ridley.” 3. Made obligatory; imposed as a duty; binding. “I am much bounden to your majesty.
Shak.”

Bound´er (bound´er), n. One who, or that which, limits; a boundary. Sir T. Herbert.

Bound´ing, a. Moving with a bound or bounds. “The bounding pulse, the languid limb.
Montgomery.”

Bound´less, a. Without bounds or confines; illimitable; vast; unlimited. ´The boundless sky.´ Bryant. ´The boundless ocean.´ Dryden. ´Boundless rapacity.´ ´Boundless prospect of gain.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Unlimited; unconfined; immeasurable; illimitable; infinite. — Bound´less•ly, adv. — Bound´less•ness, n.

Boun´te•ous , a. [OE. bountevous, fr. bounte bounty.] Liberal in charity; disposed to give freely; generously liberal; munificent; beneficent; free in bestowing gifts; as bounteous production. “But O, thou bounteous Giver of all good.
Cowper.” — Boun´te•ous•ly, adv. — Boun´te•ous•ness, n.

Boun´ti•ful , a. 1. Free in giving; liberal in bestowing gifts and favors. “God, the bountiful Author of our being.
Locke.” 2. Plentiful; abundant; as a bountiful supply of food. Syn. — Liberal; munificent; generous; bounteous. — Boun´ti•ful•ly, adv. — Boun´ti•ful•ness, n. { Boun´ti•head , Boun´ty•hood } n. Goodness; generosity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Boun´ty, n.; pl. Bounties . [OE. bounte goodness, kindness, F. bonte, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good, for older duonus; cf. Skr. duvas honor, respect.] 1. Goodness, kindness; virtue; worth. [Obs.] “Nature set in her at once beauty with bounty.
Gower.” 2. Liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; gracious or liberal giving; generosity; munificence. “My bounty is as boundless as the sea.
Shak.” 3. That which is given generously or liberally. ´Thy morning bounties.´ Cowper. 4. A premium offered or given to induce men to enlist into the public service; or to encourage any branch of industry, as husbandry or manufactures. Bounty jumper, one who, during the latter part of the Civil War, enlisted in the United States service, and deserted as soon as possible after receiving the bounty. [Collog.] — Queen Anne’s bounty (Eng. Hist.), a provision made in Queen Anne’s reign for augmenting poor clerical livings. Syn. — Munificence; generosity; beneficence.

Bou•quet´ , n. [F. bouquet bunch, bunch of flowers, trees, feathers, for bousquet, bosquet, thicket, a little wood, dim. of LL. boscus. See Bush thicket, and cf. Bosket, Busket.] 1. A nosegay; a bunch of flowers. 2. A perfume; an aroma; as the bouquet of wine.

Bou•que•tin´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The ibex.

Bour , n. [See Bower a chamber.] A chamber or a cottage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bour´bon , n. [From the castle and seigniory of Bourbon in central France.] 1. A member of a family which has occupied several European thrones, and whose descendants still claim the throne of France. 2. A politician who is behind the age; a ruler or politician who neither forgets nor learns anything; an obstinate conservative.

Bour´bon•ism , n. The principles of those adhering to the house of Bourbon; obstinate conservatism.

Bour´bon•ist, n. One who adheres to the house of Bourbon; a legitimist.

Bour´bon whis´ky. See under Whisky.

Bourd , n. [F. bourde fib, lie, OF. borde, bourde, jest, joke.] A jest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bourd , v. i. To jest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bourd´er , n. A jester. [Obs.]

Bour´don , n. [F., fr. L. burdo mule, esp. one used for carrying litters. Cf. Sp. muleta a young she mule; also crutch, prop.] A pilgrim’s staff.

Bour´don , n. [F. See Burden a refrain.] (Mus.) (a) A drone bass, as in a bagpipe, or a hurdy-gurdy. See Burden (of a song.) (b) A kind of organ stop.

Bour•geois´ , n. [From a French type founder named Bourgeois, or fr. F. bourgeois of the middle class; hence applied to an intermediate size of type between brevier and long primer: cf. G. bourgeois, borgis. Cf. Burgess.] (Print.) A size of type between long primer and brevier. See Type. This line is printed in bourgeois type.

Bour•geois´ , n. [F., fr. bourg town; of German origin. See Burgess.] A man of middle rank in society; one of the shopkeeping class. [France.] a. Characteristic of the middle class, as in France.

Bour•geoi•sie´, n. [F.] The French middle class, particularly such as are concerned in, or dependent on, trade.

Bour´geon , v. i. [OE. burjoun a bud, burjounen to bud, F. bourgeon a bud, bourgeonner to bud; cf. OHG. burjan to raise.] To sprout; to put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch. “Gayly to bourgeon and broadly to grow.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bou´ri , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A mullet (Mugil capito) found in the rivers of Southern Europe and in Africa. { Bourn , Bourne } , n. [OE. burne, borne, AS. burna; akin to OS. brunno spring, G. born, brunnen, OHG. prunno, Goth. brunna, Icel. brunnr, and perh. to Gr. . The root is prob. that of burn, v., because the source of a stream seems to issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth. Cf. Torrent, and see Burn, v.] A stream or rivulet; a burn. “My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn.
Spenser.” { Bourn , Bourne } , n. [F. borne. See Bound a limit.] A bound; a boundary; a limit. Hence: Point aimed at; goal. “Where the land slopes to its watery bourn.
Cowper.” “The undiscovered country, from whose bourn
No traveler returns.
Shak.” “Sole bourn, sole wish, sole object of my song.
Wordsworth.” “To make the doctrine … their intellectual bourne.
Tyndall.”

Bourn´less, a. Without a bourn or limit.

Bour´non•ite , n. [Named after Count Bournon, a mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of a steel- gray to black color and metallic luster, occurring crystallized, often in twin crystals shaped like cogwheels (wheel ore), also massive. It is a sulphide of antimony, lead, and copper.

Bour•nous´ , n. See Burnoose.

Bour•ree , n. [F.] (Mus.) An old French dance tune in common time.

Bourse , n. [F. bourse purse, exchange, LL. bursa, fr. Gr. skin, hide, of which a purse was usually made. Cf. Purse, Burse.] An exchange, or place where merchants, bankers, etc., meet for business at certain hours; esp., the Stock Exchange of Paris.

Bouse , v. i. To drink immoderately; to carouse; to booze. See Booze.

Bouse, n. Drink, esp. alcoholic drink; also a carouse; a booze. ´A good bouse of liquor.´ Carlyle.

Bous´er , n. A toper; a boozer.

Bou•stro•phe´don , n. [Gr. turning like oxen in plowing; to turn.] An ancient mode of writing, in alternate directions, one line from left to right, and the next from right to left (as fields are plowed), as in early Greek and Hittite.

Bou•stroph•e•don´ic , a. Relating to the boustrophedon made of writing.

Bou•stroph´ic , a. [Gr. boystro•fos ox-guiding.] Boustrophedonic.

Bousy (boo´zy), a. Drunken; sotted; boozy. “In his cups the bousy poet songs.
Dryden.”

Bout (bout), n. [A different spelling and application of bought bend.] 1. As much of an action as is performed at one time; a going and returning, as of workmen in reaping, mowing, etc.; a turn; a round. “In notes with many a winding bout
Of linked sweetness long drawn out.
Milton.” “The prince … has taken me in his train, so that I am in no danger of starving for this bout.
Goldsmith.” 2. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial; a set-to at anything; as a fencing bout; a drinking bout. “The gentleman will, for his honor’s sake, have one bout with you; he can not by the duello avoid it.
Shak.”

Bou•tade´ , n. [F., fr. bouter to thrust. See Butt.] An outbreak; a caprice; a whim. [Obs.]

Boute´feu , n. [F.; bouter to thrust, put + feu fire.] An incendiary; an inciter of quarrels. [Obs.] “Animated by … John à Chamber, a very boutefeu, … they entered into open rebellion.
Bacon.”

Bou•ton•nière´ , n. [F., buttonhole.] A bouquet worn in a buttonhole.

Bouts•-ri•mes´ , n. pl. [F. bout end + rime rhymed.] Words that rhyme, proposed as the ends of verses, to be filled out by the ingenuity of the person to whom they are offered.

Bo´vate , n. [LL. bovata, fr. bos, bovis, ox.] (O.Eng.Law.) An oxgang, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year; an ancient measure of land, of indefinite quantity, but usually estimated at fifteen acres.

Bo´vey coal . (Min.) A kind of mineral coal, or brown lignite, burning with a weak flame, and generally a disagreeable odor; — found at Bovey Tracey, Devonshire, England. It is of geological age of the oölite, and not of the true coal era.

Bo´vid , a. [L. bos, bovis, ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals of which the genus Bos is the type.

Bo´vi•form , a. [L. bos, bovis, ox + -form.] Resembling an ox in form; ox- shaped. [R.]

Bo´vine , a. [LL. bovinus, fr.L. bos, bovis, ox, cow: cf. F. bovine. See Cow.] 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Bos; relating to, or resembling, the ox or cow; oxlike; as the bovine genus; a bovine antelope. 2. Having qualities characteristic of oxen or cows; sluggish and patient; dull; as a bovine temperament. “The bovine gaze of gaping rustics.
W. Black.”

Bow (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] [OE. bowen, bogen, bugen, AS. bugan (generally v. i.); akin to D. buigen, OHG. biogan, G. biegen, beugen, Icel. boginn bent, beygja to bend, Sw. böja, Dan. böie, bugne, Coth. biugan; also to L. fugere to flee, Gr. , and Skr. bhuj to bend. rad.88. Cf. Fugitive.] 1. To cause to deviate from straightness; to bend; to inflect; to make crooked or curved. “We bow things the contrary way, to make them come to their natural straightness.
Milton.” “The whole nation bowed their necks to the worst kind of tyranny.
Prescott.” 2. To exercise powerful or controlling influence over; to bend, figuratively; to turn; to incline. “Adversities do more bow men’s minds to religion.
Bacon.” “Not to bow and bias their opinions.
Fuller.” 3. To bend or incline, as the head or body, in token of respect, gratitude, assent, homage, or condescension. “They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground before him.
2 Kings ii. 15.” 4. To cause to bend down; to prostrate; to depress,; to crush; to subdue. “Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave.
Shak.” 5. To express by bowing; as to bow one’s thanks.

Bow (bou), v. i. 1. To bend; to curve. [Obs.] 2. To stop. [Archaic] “They stoop, they bow down together.
Is. xlvi. 2” 3. To bend the head, knee, or body, in token of reverence or submission; — often with down. “O come, let us worship and bow down: let us kneel before the Lord our maker.
Ps. xcv. 6.” 4. To incline the head in token of salutation, civility, or assent; to make bow. “Admired, adored by all circling crowd,
For wheresoe’er she turned her face, they bowed.
Dryden.”

Bow (bou), n. An inclination of the head, or a bending of the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission; an obeisance; as a bow of deep humility.

Bow (bo), n. [OE. bowe, boge, AS. boga, fr. AS. bugan to bend; akin to D. boog, G. bogen, Icel. bogi. See Bow, v. t.] 1. Anything bent, or in the form of a curve, as the rainbow. “I do set my bow in the cloud.
Gen. ix. 13.” 2. A weapon made of a strip of wood, or other elastic material, with a cord connecting the two ends, by means of which an arrow is propelled. 3. An ornamental knot, with projecting loops, formed by doubling a ribbon or string. 4. The U-shaped piece which embraces the neck of an ox and fastens it to the yoke. 5. (Mus.) An appliance consisting of an elastic rod, with a number of horse hairs stretched from end to end of it, used in playing on a stringed instrument. 6. An arcograph. 7. (Mech. & Manuf.) Any instrument consisting of an elastic rod, with ends connected by a string, employed for giving reciprocating motion to a drill, or for preparing and arranging the hair, fur, etc., used by hatters. 8. (Naut.) A rude sort of quadrant formerly used for taking the sun’s altitude at sea. 9. (Saddlery) sing. or pl. Two pieces of wood which form the arched forward part of a saddletree. Bow bearer (O. Eng. Law), an under officer of the forest who looked after trespassers. — Bow drill, a drill worked by a bow and string. — Bow instrument (Mus.), any stringed instrument from which the tones are produced by the bow. — Bow window (Arch.) See Bay window. — To draw a long bow, to lie; to exaggerate. [Colloq.]

Bow (bo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] To play (music) with a bow. — v. i. To manage the bow.

Bow (bo), n. [Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship. See Bough.] 1. (Naut.) The bending or rounded part of a ship forward; the stream or prow. 2. (Naut.) One who rows in the forward part of a boat; the bow oar. Bow chaser (Naut.), a gun in the bow for firing while chasing another vessel. Totten. - Bow piece, a piece of ordnance carried at the bow of a ship. — On the bow (Naut.), on that part of the horizon within 45° on either side of the line ahead. Totten.

Bow´a•ble , a. Capable of being bowed or bent; flexible; easily influenced; yielding. [Obs.]

Bow´bell , n. One born within hearing distance of Bow-bells; a cockney. Halliwell.

Bow´-bells , n. pl. The bells of Bow Church in London; cockneydom. “People born within the sound of Bow-bells are usually called cockneys.
Murray’s Handbook of London.”

Bow´bent , a. Bent, like a bow. Milton.

Bow´-com•pass , n.; pl. Bow-compasses . 1. An arcograph. 2. A small pair of compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil, or a pen, for drawing circles. Its legs are often connected by a bow-shaped spring, instead of by a joint. 3. A pair of compasses, with a bow or arched plate riveted to one of the legs, and passing through the other.

Bow´el , n. [OE. bouel, bouele, OF. boel, boele, F. boyau, fr. L. botellus a small sausage, in LL. also intestine, dim. of L. botulus sausage.] 1. One of the intestines of an animal; an entrail, especially of man; a gut; — generally used in the plural. “He burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.
Acts i. 18.” 2. pl. Hence, figuratively: The interior part of anything; as the bowels of the earth. “His soldiers … cried out amain,
And rushed into the bowels of the battle.
Shak.” 3. pl. The seat of pity or kindness. Hence: Tenderness; compassion. ´Thou thing of no bowels.´ Shak. “Bloody Bonner, that corpulent tyrant, full (as one said) of guts, and empty of bowels.
Fuller.” 4. pl. Offspring. [Obs.] Shak.

Bow´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boweled or Bowelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boweling or Bowelling.] To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate; to disembowel.

Bow´eled , a. [Written also bowelled.] Having bowels; hollow. ´The boweled cavern.´ Thomson.

Bow´el•less, a. Without pity. Sir T. Browne.

Bow´en•ite , n. [From G.T. Bowen, who analyzed it in 1822.] (Min.) A hard, compact variety of serpentine found in Rhode Island. It is of a light green color and resembles jade.

Bo´wer , n. [From Bow, v. & n.] 1. One who bows or bends. 2. (Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a ship. 3. A muscle that bends a limb, esp. the arm. [Obs.] “His rawbone arms, whose mighty brawned bowers
Were wont to rive steel plates and helmets hew.”
Spenser. Best bower, Small bower. See the Note under Anchor.

Bow´er (bou´er), n. [G. bauer a peasant. So called from the figure sometimes used for the knave in cards. See Boor.] One of the two highest cards in the pack commonly used in the game of euchre. Right bower, the knave of the trump suit, the highest card (except the ´Joker´) in the game. — Left bower, the knave of the other suit of the same color as the trump, being the next to the right bower in value. — Best bower or Joker, in some forms of euchre and some other games, an extra card sometimes added to the pack, which takes precedence of all others as the highest card.

Bow´er, n. [OE. bour, bur, room, dwelling, AS. bur, fr. the root of AS. buan to dwell; akin to Icel. bur chamber, storehouse, Sw. bur cage, Dan. buur, OHG. pur room, G. bauer cage, bauer a peasant. rad.97] Cf.Boor, Byre.] 1. Anciently, a chamber; a lodging room; esp., a lady’s private apartment. “Give me my lute in bed now as I lie,
And lock the doors of mine unlucky bower.
Gascoigne.” 2. A rustic cottage or abode; poetically, an attractive abode or retreat. Shenstone. B. Johnson. 3. A shelter or covered place in a garden, made with boughs of trees or vines, etc., twined together; an arbor; a shady recess.

Bow´er, v. t. To embower; to inclose. Shak.

Bow´er, v. i. To lodge. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bow´er, n. [From Bough, cf. Brancher.] (Falconry) A young hawk, when it begins to leave the nest. [Obs.]

Bow´er bird . (Zoöl.) An Australian bird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus or holosericeus), allied to the starling, which constructs singular bowers or playhouses of twigs and decorates them with bright-colored objects; the satin bird. The name is also applied to other related birds of the same region, having similar habits; as the spotted bower bird (Chalmydodera maculata), and the regent bird (Sericulus melinus).

Bow´er•y , a. Shading, like a bower; full of bowers. “A bowery maze that shades the purple streams.
Trumbull.”

Bow´er•y, n.; pl. Boweries . [D. bouwerij.] A farm or plantation with its buildings. [U.S.Hist.] “The emigrants [in New York] were scattered on boweries or plantations; and seeing the evils of this mode of living widely apart, they were advised, in 1643 and 1646, by the Dutch authorities, to gather into ´villages, towns, and hamlets, as the English were in the habit of doing.´
Bancroft.”

Bow´er•y, a. Characteristic of the street called the Bowery, in New York city; swaggering; flashy.

Bow´ess , n. (Falconry) Same as Bower. [Obs.]

Bow´fin , n. (Zoöl.) A voracious ganoid fish (Amia calva) found in the fresh waters of the United States; the mudfish; — called also Johnny Grindle, and dogfish.

Bowge , v. i. To swell out. See Bouge. [Obs.]

Bowge, v. t. To cause to leak. [Obs.] See Bouge.

Bow´grace , n. (Naut.) A frame or fender of rope or junk, laid out at the sides or bows of a vessel to secure it from injury by floating ice.

Bow´ hand . 1. (Archery) The hand that holds the bow, i. e., the left hand. “Surely he shoots wide on the bow hand.
Spenser.” 2. (Mus.) The hand that draws the bow, i. e., the right hand.

Bow´head , n. (Zoöl.) The great Arctic or Greenland whale. (Balaena mysticetus). See Baleen, and Whale.

Bow´ie knife . A knife with a strong blade from ten to fifteen inches long, and double-edged near the point; — used as a hunting knife, and formerly as a weapon in the southwestern part of the United States. It was named from its inventor, Colonel James Bowie. also by extension, any large sheath knife.

Bow´ing , n. (Mus.) 1. The act or art of managing the bow in playing on stringed instruments. “Bowing constitutes a principal part of the art of the violinist, the violist, etc.
J. W. Moore.” 2. In hatmaking, the act or process of separating and distributing the fur or hair by means of a bow, to prepare it for felting.

Bow´ing•ly , adv. In a bending manner.

Bow´knot , n. A knot in which a portion of the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, so as to be readily untied.

Bowl (bol), n. [OE. bolle, AS. bolla; akin to Icel. bolli, Dan. bolle, G. bolle, and perh. to E. boil a tumor. Cf. Boll.] 1. A concave vessel of various forms (often approximately hemispherical), to hold liquids, etc. “Brought them food in bowls of basswood.
Longfellow.” 2. Specifically, a drinking vessel for wine or other spirituous liquors; hence, convivial drinking. 3. The contents of a full bowl; what a bowl will hold. 4. The hollow part of a thing; as the bowl of a spoon.

Bowl (bol), n. [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud. Cf. Bull an edict, Bill a writing.] 1. A ball of wood or other material used for rolling on a level surface in play; a ball of hard wood having one side heavier than the other, so as to give it a bias when rolled. 2. pl. An ancient game, popular in Great Britain, played with biased balls on a level plat of greensward. “Like an uninstructed bowler, … who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. pl. The game of tenpins or bowling. [U.S.]

Bowl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowling.] 1. To roll, as a bowl or cricket ball. “Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel,
And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven.
Shak.” 2. To roll or carry smoothly on, or as on, wheels; as we were bowled rapidly along the road. 3. To pelt or strike with anything rolled. “Alas I had rather be set quick i’ the earth,
And bowled to death with turnips
Shak.” To bowl (a player) out, in cricket, to put out a striker by knocking down a bail or a stump in bowling.

Bowl, v. i. 1. To play with bowls. 2. To roll a ball on a plane, as at cricket, bowls, etc. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball; as the carriage bowled along. { Bowl´der , Boul´der } n. [Cf. Sw. bullra to roar, rattle, Dan. buldre, dial. Sw. bullersteen larger kind of pebbles; perh. akin to E. bellow.] 1. A large stone, worn smooth or rounded by the action of water; a large pebble. 2. (Geol.) A mass of any rock, whether rounded or not, that has been transported by natural agencies from its native bed. See Drift. Bowlder clay, the unstratified clay deposit of the Glacial or Drift epoch, often containing large numbers of bowlders. — Bowlder wall, a wall constructed of large stones or bowlders.

Bowl´der•y , a. Characterized by bowlders.

Bow´leg , n. A crooked leg. Jer. Taylor.

Bow´-legged , a. Having crooked legs, esp. with the knees bent outward. Johnson.

Bowl´er , n. One who plays at bowls, or who rolls the ball in cricket or any other game.

Bow´less, a. Destitute of a bow.

Bow´line , n. [Cf. D. boelijn, Icel. böglïna, Dan. bovline; properly the line attached to the shoulder or side of the sail. See Bow (of a ship), and Line.] (Naut.) A rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perpendicular edge of the square sails, by subordinate ropes, called bridles, and used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is closehauled. Bowline bridles, the ropes by which the bowline is fastened to the leech of the sail. — Bowline knot. See Illust. under Knot. — On a bowline, close-hauled or sailing close to the wind; — said of a ship.

Bowl´ing , n. The act of playing at or rolling bowls, or of rolling the ball at cricket; the game of bowls or of tenpins. Bowling alley, a covered place for playing at bowls or tenpins. — Bowling green, a level piece of greensward or smooth ground for bowling, as the small park in lower Broadway, New York, where the Dutch of New Amsterdam played this game.

Bowls (bolz), n. pl. See Bowl, a ball, a game.

Bow´man , n.; pl. Bowmen . A man who uses a bow; an archer. “The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and bowmen.
Jer. iv. 29.” Bowman’s root. (Bot.) See Indian physic, under Indian.

Bow´man , n. (Naut.) The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat; the bow oar.

Bowne , v. t. [See Boun.] To make ready; to prepare; to dress. [Obs.] “We will all bowne ourselves for the banquet.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bow´ net . 1. A trap for lobsters, being a wickerwork cylinder with a funnel-shaped entrance at one end. 2. A net for catching birds. J. H. Walsh.

Bow´ oar . 1. The oar used by the bowman. 2. One who rows at the bow of a boat.

Bow´-pen , n. Bow-compasses carrying a drawing pen. See Bow-compass.

Bow´-pen•cil , n. Bow-compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil.

Bow´-saw , n. A saw with a thin or narrow blade set in a strong frame.

Bowse , v. i. [See Booze, and Bouse.] 1. To carouse; to bouse; to booze. De Quincey. 2. (Naut.) To pull or haul; as to bowse upon a tack; to bowse away, i. e., to pull all together.

Bowse, n. A carouse; a drinking bout; a booze.

Bow´shot , n. The distance traversed by an arrow shot from a bow.

Bow´sprit , n. [Bow + sprit; akin to D. boegspriet; boeg bow of a ship + spriet, E. sprit, also Sw. bogspröt, G. bugspriet.] (Naut.) A large boom or spar, which projects over the stem of a ship or other vessel, to carry sail forward.

Bows´sen , v. t. To drench; to soak; especially, to immerse (in water believed to have curative properties). [Obs.] “There were many bowssening places, for curing of mad men.
… If there appeared small amendment he was bowssened again and again.
Carew.”

Bow´string , n. 1. The string of a bow. 2. A string used by the Turks for strangling offenders. Bowstring bridge, a bridge formed of an arch of timber or iron, often braced, the thrust of which is resisted by a tie forming a chord of the arch. — Bowstring girder, an arched beam strengthened by a tie connecting its two ends. — Bowstring hemp (Bot.), the tenacious fiber of the Sanseviera Zeylanica, growing in India and Africa, from which bowstrings are made. Balfour.

Bow´string , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowstringed or Bowstrung ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowstringing.] To strangle with a bowstring.

Bow´stringed , p.a. 1. Furnished with bowstring. 2. Put to death with a bowstring; strangled.

Bow´tel , n. See Boultel.

Bow´wow , n. An onomatopoetic name for a dog or its bark. — a. Onomatopoetic; as the bowwow theory of language; a bowwow word. [Jocose.]

Bow´yer , n. [From Bow, like lawyer from law.] 1. An archer; one who uses bow. 2. One who makes or sells bows.

Box (boks), n. [As. box, L. buxus, fr. Gr. . See Box a case.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub, flourishing in different parts of the world. The common box (Buxus sempervirens) has two varieties, one of which, the dwarf box (B. suffruticosa), is much used for borders in gardens. The wood of the tree varieties, being very hard and smooth, is extensively used in the arts, as by turners, engravers, mathematical instrument makers, etc. Box elder, the ash-leaved maple (Negundo aceroides), of North America. — Box holly, the butcher’s broom (Russus aculeatus). — Box thorn, a shrub (Lycium barbarum). — Box tree, the tree variety of the common box.

Box, n.; pl. Boxes [As. box a small case or vessel with a cover; akin to OHG. buhsa box, G. büchse; fr. L. buxus boxwood, anything made of boxwood. See Pyx, and cf. Box a tree, Bushel.] 1. A receptacle or case of any firm material and of various shapes. 2. The quantity that a box contain. 3. A space with a few seats partitioned off in a theater, or other place of public amusement. “Laughed at by the pit, box, galleries, nay, stage.
Dorset.” “The boxes and the pit are sovereign judges.
Dryden.” 4. A chest or any receptacle for the deposit of money; as a poor box; a contribution box. “Yet since his neighbors give, the churl unlocks,
Damning the poor, his tripple-bolted box.
J. Warton.” 5. A small country house. ´A shooting box.´ Wilson. “Tight boxes neatly sashed.
Cowper.” 6. A boxlike shed for shelter; as a sentry box. 7. (Mach) (a) An axle box, journal box, journal bearing, or bushing. (b) A chamber or section of tube in which a valve works; the bucket of a lifting pump. 8. The driver’s seat on a carriage or coach. 9. A present in a box; a present; esp. a Christmas box or gift. ´A Christmas box.´ Dickens. 10. (Baseball) The square in which the pitcher stands. 11. (Zoöl.) A Mediterranean food fish; the bogue. Box is much used adjectively or in composition; as box lid, box maker, box circle, etc.; also with modifying substantives; as money box, letter box, bandbox, hatbox or hat box, snuff box or snuffbox. Box beam (Arch.), a beam made of metal plates so as to have the form of a long box. — Box car (Railroads), a freight car covered with a roof and inclosed on the sides to protect its contents. — Box chronometer, a ship’s chronometer, mounted in gimbals, to preserve its proper position. — Box coat, a thick overcoat for driving; sometimes with a heavy cape to carry off the rain. — Box coupling, a metal collar uniting the ends of shafts or other parts in machinery. — Box crab (Zoöl.), a crab of the genus Calappa, which, when at rest with the legs retracted, resembles a box. — Box drain (Arch.), a drain constructed with upright sides, and with flat top and bottom. — Box girder (Arch.), a box beam. — Box groove (Metal Working), a closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll fitting between collars on another. R. W. Raymond. — Box metal, an alloy of copper and tin, or of zinc, lead, and antimony, for the bearings of journals, etc. — Box plait, a plait that doubles both to the right and the left. — Box turtle or Box tortoise (Zoöl.), a land tortoise or turtle of the genera Cistudo and Emys; — so named because it can withdraw entirely within its shell, which can be closed by hinged joints in the lower shell. also humorously, an exceedingly reticent person. Emerson. — In a box, in a perplexity or an embarrassing position; in difficulty. (Colloq.) — In the wrong box, out of one’s place; out of one’s element; awkwardly situated. (Colloq.) Ridley (1554)

Box, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boxing.] 1. To inclose in a box. 2. To furnish with boxes, as a wheel. 3. (Arch.) To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to bring to a required form. To box a tree, to make an incision or hole in a tree for the purpose of procuring the sap. — To box off, to divide into tight compartments. — To box up. (a) To put into a box in order to save; as he had boxed up twelve score pounds. (b) To confine; as to be boxed up in narrow quarters.

Box, n. [Cf.Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow. Cf. Pash.] A blow on the head or ear with the hand. “A good-humored box on the ear.
W. Irving.”

Box, v. i. To fight with the fist; to combat with, or as with, the hand or fist; to spar.

Box, v. t. To strike with the hand or fist, especially to strike on the ear, or on the side of the head.

Box, v. t. [Cf.Sp. boxar, now spelt bojar.] To boxhaul. To box off (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel either way by bracing the headyards aback. — To box the compass (Naut.), to name the thirty-two points of the compass in their order.

Box´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The wintergreen. (Gaultheria procumbens). [Local, U.S.]

Box´en (boks´’n), a. Made of boxwood; pertaining to, or resembling, the box (Buxus). [R.] “The faded hue of sapless boxen leaves.
Dryden.”

Box´er (boks´er), n. One who packs boxes.

Box´er, n. One who boxes; a pugilist.

Box´fish , n. (Zoöl.) The trunkfish.

Box´haul , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxhauled .] (Naut.) To put (a vessel) on the other tack by veering her short round on her heel; — so called from the circumstance of bracing the head yards abox (i. e., sharp aback, on the wind). Totten.

Box´haul•ing, n. (Naut.) A method of going from one tack to another. See Boxhaul.

Box´ing, n. 1. The act of inclosing (anything) in a box, as for storage or transportation. 2. Material used in making boxes or casings. 3. Any boxlike inclosure or recess; a casing. 4. (Arch.) The external case of thin material used to bring any member to a required form.

Box´ing, n. The act of fighting with the fist; a combat with the fist; sparring. Blackstone. Boxing glove, a large padded mitten or glove used in sparring for exercise or amusement.

Box´-i•ron , n. A hollow smoothing iron containing a heater within.

Box´keep•er , n. An attendant at a theater who has charge of the boxes.

Box´thorn , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lycium, esp. Lycium barbarum.

Box´wood , n. The wood of the box (Buxus).

Boy , n. [Cf. D. boef, Fries. boi, boy; akin to G. bube, Icel. bofi rouge.] A male child, from birth to the age of puberty; a lad; hence, a son. “My only boy fell by the side of great Dundee.
Sir W. Scott.” Boy is often used as a term of comradeship, as in college, or in the army or navy. In the plural used colloquially of members of an associaton, fraternity, or party. Boy bishop, a boy (usually a chorister) elected bishop, in old Christian sports, and invested with robes and other insignia. He practiced a kind of mimicry of the ceremonies in which the bishop usually officiated. — The Old Boy, the Devil. [Slang] — Yellow boys, guineas. [Slang, Eng.] — Boy’s love, a popular English name of Southernwood (Artemisia abrotonum); — called also lad’s love. — Boy’s play, childish amusements; anything trifling.

Boy, v. t. To act as a boy; — in allusion to the former practice of boys acting women’s parts on the stage. “I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness.
Shak.” { Bo•yar´ , Bo•yard´ } n. [Russ. boiárin’.] A member of a Russian aristocratic order abolished by Peter the Great. also one of a privileged class in Roumania. English writers sometimes call Russian landed proprietors boyars.

Boy´au , n.; pl. Boyaux or Boyaus . [F. boyau gut, a long and narrow place, and (of trenches) a branch. See Bowel.] (Fort.) A winding or zigzag trench forming a path or communication from one siegework to another, to a magazine, etc.

Boy´cott , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boycotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boycotting.] [From Captain Boycott, a land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] To combine against (a landlord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to withhold social or business relations from him, and to deter others from holding such relations; to subject to a boycott.

Boy´cott, n. The process, fact, or pressure of boycotting; a combining to withhold or prevent dealing or social intercourse with a tradesman, employer, etc.; social and business interdiction for the purpose of coercion.

Boy´cott•er , n. A participant in boycotting.

Boy´cott•ism , n. Methods of boycotters.

Boy´de•kin , n. A dagger; a bodkin. [Obs.]

Boy´er , n. [D. boeijer; — so called because these vessels were employed for laying the boeijen, or buoys: cf. F. boyer. See Buoy.] (Naut.) A Flemish sloop with a castle at each end. Sir W. Raleigh.

Boy´hood , n. [Boy + - hood.] The state of being a boy; the time during which one is a boy. Hood.

Boy´ish, a. Resembling a boy in a manners or opinions; belonging to a boy; childish; trifling; puerile. “A boyish, odd conceit.
Baillie.”

Boy´ish•ly, adv. In a boyish manner; like a boy.

Boy´ish•ness, n. The manners or behavior of a boy.

Boy´ism , n. 1. Boyhood. [Obs.] T. Warton. 2. The nature of a boy; childishness. Dryden.

Boyle’s´ law . See under Law.

Bo´za , n. [See Bosa.] An acidulated fermented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from millet seed and various astringent substances; also an intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel meal, and water. [Written also bosa, bozah, bouza.]

Bra•bant´ine , a. Pertaining to Brabant, an ancient province of the Netherlands.

Brab´ble , v. i. [D. brabbelen to talk confusedly. 95. Cf. Blab, Babble.] To clamor; to contest noisily. [R.]

Brab´ble, n. A broil; a noisy contest; a wrangle. “This petty brabble will undo us all.
Shak.”

Brab´ble•ment , n. A brabble. [R.] Holland.

Brab´bler , n. A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy fellow; a wrangler. [R] Shak.

Brac´cate , a. [L. bracatus wearing breeches, fr. bracae breeches.] (Zoöl.) Furnished with feathers which conceal the feet.

Brace , n. [OF. brace, brasse, the two arms, embrace, fathom, F. brasse fathom, fr. L. bracchia the arms (stretched out), pl. of bracchium arm; cf. Gr. .] 1. That which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly; a bandage or a prop. 2. A cord, ligament, or rod, for producing or maintaining tension, as a cord on the side of a drum. “The little bones of the ear drum do in straining and relaxing it as the braces of the war drum do in that.
Derham.” 3. The state of being braced or tight; tension. “The laxness of the tympanum, when it has lost its brace or tension.
Holder.” 4. (Arch. & Engin.) A piece of material used to transmit, or change the direction of, weight or pressure; any one of the pieces, in a frame or truss, which divide the structure into triangular parts. It may act as a tie, or as a strut, and serves to prevent distortion of the structure, and transverse strains in its members. A boiler brace is a diagonal stay, connecting the head with the shell. 5. (Print.) A vertical curved line connecting two or more words or lines, which are to be taken together; thus, boll, bowl; or, in music, used to connect staves. 6. (Naut.) A rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which the yard is moved horizontally; also a rudder gudgeon. 7. (Mech.) A curved instrument or handle of iron or wood, for holding and turning bits, etc.; a bitstock. 8. A pair; a couple; as a brace of ducks; now rarely applied to persons, except familiarly or with some contempt. ´A brace of greyhounds.´ Shak. “He is said to have shot … fifty brace of pheasants.
Addison.” “A brace of brethren, both bishops, both eminent for learning and religion, now appeared in the church.
Fuller.” “But you, my brace of lords.
Shak.” 9. pl. Straps or bands to sustain trousers; suspenders. “I embroidered for you a beautiful pair of braces.
Thackeray.” 10. Harness; warlike preparation. [Obs.] “For that it stands not in such warlike brace.
Shak.” 11. Armor for the arm; vantbrace. 12. (Mining) The mouth of a shaft. [Cornwall] Angle brace. See under Angle.

Brace , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracing.] 1. To furnish with braces; to support; to prop; as to brace a beam in a building. 2. To draw tight; to tighten; to put in a state of tension; to strain; to strengthen; as to brace the nerves. “And welcome war to brace her drums.
Campbell.” 3. To bind or tie closely; to fasten tightly. “The women of China, by bracing and binding them from their infancy, have very little feet.
Locke.” “Some who spurs had first braced on.
Sir W. Scott.” 4. To place in a position for resisting pressure; to hold firmly; as he braced himself against the crowd. “A sturdy lance in his right hand he braced.
Fairfax.” 5. (Naut.) To move around by means of braces; as to brace the yards. To brace about (Naut.), to turn (a yard) round for the contrary tack. — To brace a yard (Naut.), to move it horizontally by means of a brace. — To brace in (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by hauling in the weather brace. — To brace one’s self, to call up one’s energies. ´He braced himself for an effort which he was little able to make.´ J. D. Forbes. — To brace to (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by checking or easing off the lee brace, and hauling in the weather one, to assist in tacking. — To brace up (Naut.), to bring (a yard) nearer the direction of the keel by hauling in the lee brace. — To brace up sharp (Naut.), to turn (a yard) as far forward as the rigging will permit.

Brace, v. i. To get tone or vigor; to rouse one’s energies; — with up. [Colloq.]

Brace´let , n. [F. bracelet, dim. of OF. bracel armlet, prop. little arm, dim. of bras arm, fr. L. bracchium. See Brace, n.] 1. An ornamental band or ring, for the wrist or the arm; in modern times, an ornament encircling the wrist, worn by women or girls. 2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. Johnson.

Bra´cer , n. 1. That which braces, binds, or makes firm; a band or bandage. 2. A covering to protect the arm of the bowman from the vibration of the string; also a brassart. Chaucer. 3. A medicine, as an astringent or a tonic, which gives tension or tone to any part of the body. Johnson.

Brach (brak), n. [OE. brache a kind of scenting hound or setting dog, OF. brache, F. braque, fr. OHG. braccho, G. bracke; possibly akin to E. fragrant, fr. L. fragrare to smell.] A bitch of the hound kind. Shak.

Brach•el´y•tra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. short + a covering.] (Zoöl.) A group of beetles having short elytra, as the rove beetles.

Brach´i•a , n. pl. See Brachium.

Brach´i•al or , a. [L. brachialis (bracch-), from bracchium (bracch-) arm: cf. F. brachial.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining or belonging to the arm; as the brachial artery; the brachial nerve. 2. Of the nature of an arm; resembling an arm.

Brach•i•a´ta , n. pl. [See Brachiate.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Crinoidea, including those furnished with long jointed arms. See Crinoidea.

Brach´i•ate , a. [L. brachiatus (bracch-) with boughs or branches like arms, from brackium (bracch-) arm.] (Bot.) Having branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the next, as in the maple and lilac.

Brach•i•og´a•noid , n. One of the Brachioganoidei.

Brach•i•o•ga•noid´e•i , n. pl. [NL., from L. brachium (bracch-) arm + NL. ganoidei.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes of which the bichir of Africa is a living example. See Crossopterygii.

Brach•i•o•la´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. brachiolum (bracch-), dim. of brachium (bracch-) arm.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar early larval stage of certain starfishes, having a bilateral structure, and swimming by means of bands of vibrating cilia.

Brach´i•o•pod , n. [Cf.F. brachiopode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Brachiopoda, or its shell.

Brach•i•op´o•da , n. [NL., from Gr. arm + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class of Molluscoidea having a symmetrical bivalve shell, often attached by a fleshy peduncle. Within the shell is a pair of ´arms,´ often long and spirally coiled, bearing rows of ciliated tentacles by which a current of water is made to flow into the mantle cavity, bringing the microscopic food to the mouth between the bases of the arms. The shell is both opened and closed by special muscles. They form two orders; Lyopoma, in which the shell is thin, and without a distinct hinge, as in Lingula; and Arthropoma, in which the firm calcareous shell has a regular hinge, as in Rhynchonella. See Arthropomata.

Brach´i•um , n.; pl. Bracchia . [L. brachium or bracchium, arm.] (Anat.) The upper arm; the segment of the fore limb between the shoulder and the elbow.

Brach´man , n. [L. Brachmanae, pl., Gr. .] See Brahman. [Obs.]

Brach•y•cat•a•lec´tic , n. [Gr. ; brachy•s short + to leave off; cf. incomplete.] (Gr. & Last. Pros.) A verse wanting two syllables at its termination. { Brach•y•ce•phal´ic , Brach•y•ceph´a•lous }, a. [Gr. brachy•s short + head.] (Anat.) Having the skull short in proportion to its breadth; shortheaded; — in distinction from dolichocephalic. { Brach•y•ceph´a•ly , Brach•y•ceph´a•lism }, n. [Cf. F. Brachycephalie] . (Anat.) The state or condition of being brachycephalic; shortness of head.

Bra•chyc´er•al , a. [Gr. brachy•s short + horn.] (Zoöl.) Having short antennae, as certain insects.

Brach•y•di•ag´o•nal , a. [Gr. brachy•s short + E. diagonal.] Pertaining to the shorter diagonal, as of a rhombic prism. Brachydiagonal axis, the shorter lateral axis of an orthorhombic crystal.

Brach•y•di•ag´o•nal, n. The shorter of the diagonals in a rhombic prism.

Brach•y•dome , n. [Gr. brachy•s short + E. dome.] (Crystallog.) A dome parallel to the shorter lateral axis. See Dome.

Bra•chyg´ra•pher , n. A writer in short hand; a stenographer. “He asked the brachygrapher whether he wrote the notes of the sermon.
Gayton.”

Bra•chyg´ra•phy , n. [Gr. brachy•s short + -graphy: cf. F. brachygraphie.] Stenography. B. Jonson.

Bra•chyl´o•gy , n. [Gr. : brachy•s short + discourse: cf. F. brachylogie.] (Rhet.) Conciseness of expression; brevity.

Brach•y•pin´a•coid , n. [Gr. brachy•s short + E. pinacoid.] (Crytallog.) A plane of an orthorhombic crystal which is parallel both to the vertical axis and to the shorter lateral (brachydiagonal) axis.

Bra•chyp´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. short-winged; brachy•s short + feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of Coleoptera having short wings; the rove beetles.

Bra•chyp´te•res , n.pl. [NL. See Brachyptera. ] (Zoöl.) A group of birds, including auks, divers, and penguins.

Bra•chyp´ter•ous , a. [Gr. : cf. F. brachyptère.] (Zoöl.) Having short wings.

Bra•chys´to•chrone , n. [Incorrect for brachistochrone, fr. Gr. bra•chistos shortest (superl. of brachy•s short) + time : cf. F. brachistochrone. ] (Math.) A curve, in which a body, starting from a given point, and descending solely by the force of gravity, will reach another given point in a shorter time than it could by any other path. This curve of quickest descent, as it is sometimes called, is, in a vacuum, the same as the cycloid.

Brach´y•ty•pous , a. [Gr. short + stamp, form.] (Min.) Of a short form.

Brach•y•u´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. brachy•s short + tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of decapod Crustacea, including the common crabs, characterized by a small and short abdomen, which is bent up beneath the large cephalo-thorax. [Also spelt Brachyoura.] See Crab, and Illustration in Appendix. { Brach•y•u´ral , Brach•y•u´rous }, a. [Cf. F. brachyure.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Brachyura.

Brach•y•u´ran , n. One of the Brachyura.

Bra´cing , a. Imparting strength or tone; strengthening; invigorating; as a bracing north wind.

Bra´cing , n. 1. The act of strengthening, supporting, or propping, with a brace or braces; the state of being braced. 2. (Engin.) Any system of braces; braces, collectively; as the bracing of a truss.

Brack (brak), n. [Cf.D. braak, Dan. braek, a breaking, Sw. & Icel. brak a crackling, creaking. Cf. Breach.] An opening caused by the parting of any solid body; a crack or breach; a flaw. “Stain or brack in her sweet reputation.
J. Fletcher.”

Brack, n. [D. brak, adj., salt; cf. LG. wrak refuse, G. brack.] Salt or brackish water. [Obs.] Drayton.

Brack´en , n. [OE. braken, AS. bracce. See 2d Brake, n.] A brake or fern. Sir W. Scott.

Brack´et , n. [Cf.OF. braguette codpiece, F. brayette, Sp. bragueta, also a projecting mold in architecture; dim. fr.L. bracae breeches; cf. also OF. bracon beam, prop, support; of unknown origin. Cf. Breeches.] 1. (Arch.) An architectural member, plain or ornamental, projecting from a wall or pier, to support weight falling outside of the same; also a decorative feature seeming to discharge such an office. This is the more general word. See Brace, Cantalever, Console, Corbel, Strut. 2. (Engin. & Mech.) A piece or combination of pieces, usually triangular in general shape, projecting from, or fastened to, a wall, or other surface, to support heavy bodies or to strengthen angles. 3. (Naut.) A shot, crooked timber, resembling a knee, used as a support. 4. (Mil.) The cheek or side of an ordnance carriage. 5. (Print.) One of two characters [], used to inclose a reference, explanation, or note, or a part to be excluded from a sentence, to indicate an interpolation, to rectify a mistake, or to supply an omission, and for certain other purposes; — called also crotchet. 6. A gas fixture or lamp holder projecting from the face of a wall, column, or the like. Bracket light, a gas fixture or a lamp attached to a wall, column, etc.

Brack´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bracketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracketing] To place within brackets; to connect by brackets; to furnish with brackets.

Brack´et•ing, n. (Arch.) A series or group of brackets; brackets, collectively.

Brack´ish , a. [See Brack salt water.] Saltish, or salt in a moderate degree, as water in saline soil. “Springs in deserts found seem sweet, all brackish though they be.
Byron.”

Brack´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being brackish, or somewhat salt.

Brack´y , a. Brackish. Drayton.

Bract , n. [See Bractea.] (Bot.) (a) A leaf, usually smaller than the true leaves of a plant, from the axil of which a flower stalk arises. (b) Any modified leaf, or scale, on a flower stalk or at the base of a flower. Bracts are often inconspicuous, but sometimes large and showy, or highly colored, as in many cactaceous plants. The spathes of aroid plants are conspicuous forms of bracts.

Brac´te•a , n. [L., a thin plate of metal or wood, gold foil.] (Bot.) A bract.

Brac´te•al , a. [Cf.F. bracteal.] Having the nature or appearance of a bract.

Brac´te•ate , a. [Cf.L. bracteatus covered with gold plate.] (Bot.) Having a bract or bracts.

Bract´ed , a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracts.

Brac´te•o•late , a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracteoles or bractlets.

Brac´te•ole , n. [L. bracteola, dim. of bractea. See Bractea.] (Bot.) Same as Bractlet.

Bract´less, a. (Bot.) Destitute of bracts.

Bract´let , n. [Bract + - let] (Bot.) A bract on the stalk of a single flower, which is itself on a main stalk that support several flowers. Gray.

Brad , n. [Cf.OE. brod, Dan. braad prick, sting, brodde ice spur, frost nail, Sw. brodd frost nail, Icel. broddr any pointed piece of iron or stell; akin to AS. brord point, spire of grass, and perh. to E. bristle. See Bristle, n.] A thin nail, usually small, with a slight projection at the top on one side instead of a head; also a small wire nail, with a flat circular head; sometimes, a small, tapering, square-bodied finishing nail, with a countersunk head.

Brad´ awl . A straight awl with chisel edge, used to make holes for brads, etc. Weale.

Bra•doon´ , n. Same as Bridoon.

Brae , n. [See Bray a hill.] A hillside; a slope; a bank; a hill. [Scot.] Burns.

Brag , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bragged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bragging.] [OE. braggen to resound, blow, boast (cf. F. braguer to lead a merry life, flaunt, boast, OF. brague merriment), from Icel. braka to creak, brak noise, fr. the same root as E. break; properly then, to make a noise, boast. 95.] To talk about one’s self, or things pertaining to one’s self, in a manner intended to excite admiration, envy, or wonder; to talk boastfully; to boast; — often followed by of; as to brag of one’s exploits, courage, or money, or of the great things one intends to do. “Conceit, more rich in matter than in words,
Brags of his substance, not of ornament.
Shak.” Syn. — To swagger; boast; vapor; bluster; vaunt; flourish; talk big.

Brag, v. t. To boast of. [Obs.] Shak.

Brag, n. 1. A boast or boasting; bragging; ostentatious pretense or self glorification. “Caesar … made not here his brag
Of ´came,´ and ´saw,´ and ´overcame.´
Shak.” 2. The thing which is boasted of. “Beauty is Nature’s brag.
Milton.” 3. A game at cards similar to bluff. Chesterfield.

Brag , a. [See Brag, v. i.] Brisk; full of spirits; boasting; pretentious; conceited. [Archaic] “A brag young fellow.
B. Jonson.”

Brag, adv. Proudly; boastfully. [Obs.] Fuller.

Brag•ga•do´cio , n. [From Braggadocchio, a boastful character in Spenser’s ´Faërie Queene.´] 1. A braggart; a boaster; a swaggerer. Dryden. 2. Empty boasting; mere brag; pretension.

Brag´gard•ism , n. [See Braggart.] Boastfulness; act of bragging. Shak.

Brag´gart , n. [OF. bragard flaunting, vain, bragging. See Brag, v. i.] A boaster. “O, I could play the woman with mine eyes,
And braggart with my tongue.
Shak.”

Brag´gart, a. Boastful. — Brag´gart•ly, adv.

Brag´ger , n. One who brags; a boaster.

Brag´get , n. [OE. braket, bragot, fr. W. bragawd, bragod, fr. brag malt.] A liquor made of ale and honey fermented, with spices, etc. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Brag´ging•ly , adv. Boastingly.

Brag´less, a. Without bragging. [R.] Shak.

Brag´ly, adv. In a manner to be bragged of; finely; proudly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Brah´ma , n. [See Brahman.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.) The One First Cause; also one of the triad of Hindoo gods. The triad consists of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer. According to the Hindoo religious books, Brahma (with the final a short), or Brahm, is the Divine Essence, the One First Cause, the All in All, while the personal gods, Brahmá (with the final a long), Vishnu, and Siva, are emanations or manifestations of Brahma the Divine Essence. 2. (Zoöl.) A valuable variety of large, domestic fowl, peculiar in having the comb divided lengthwise into three parts, and the legs well feathered. There are two breeds, the dark or penciled, and the light; — called also Brahmapootra. { Brah´man , Brah´min } n.; pl. Brahmans, Brahmins. [Skr. Brahmana (cf. Brahman worship, holiness; the God Brahma, also Brahman): cf. F. Brahmane, Brachmane, Bramine, L. Brachmanae, -manes, - mani, pl., Gr. , pl.] A person of the highest or sacerdotal caste among the Hindoos. Brahman bull (Zoöl.), the male of a variety of the zebu, or Indian ox, considered sacred by the Hindoos.

Brah´man•ess , n. A Brahmani.

Brah´man•i , n. [Fem. of Brahman.] Any Brahman woman. [Written also Brahmanee.] { Brah•man´ic , -ic•al , Brah•min´ic , •ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the Brahmans or to their doctrines and worship. { Brah´man•ism , Brah´min•ism } n. The religion or system of doctrines of the Brahmans; the religion of Brahma. { Brah´man•ist , Brah´min•ist } n. An adherent of the religion of the Brahmans.

Brah´mo•ism , n. The religious system of Brahmo-somaj. Balfour.

Brah•mo-so•maj´ , n. [Bengalese, a worshiping assembly.] A modern reforming theistic sect among the Hindoos. [Written also Brama-samaj.]

Braid (brad), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Braided; p. pr. & vb. n. Braiding.] [OE. braiden, breiden, to pull, reach, braid, AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to weave; akin. to Icel. bregða, D. breiden to knit, OS. bregdan to weave, OHG. brettan to brandish. Cf. Broid.] 1. To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as three or more strands or threads; to form into a braid; to plait. “Braid your locks with rosy twine.
Milton.” 2. To mingle, or to bring to a uniformly soft consistence, by beating, rubbing, or straining, as in some culinary operations. 3. To reproach. [Obs.] See Upbraid. Shak.

Braid , n. 1. A plait, band, or narrow fabric formed by intertwining or weaving together different strands. “A braid of hair composed of two different colors twined together.
Scott.” 2. A narrow fabric, as of wool, silk, or linen, used for binding, trimming, or ornamenting dresses, etc.

Braid, n. [Cf.Icel. brega to move quickly.] 1. A quick motion; a start. [Obs.] Sackville. 2. A fancy; freak; caprice. [Obs.] R. Hyrde.

Braid v. i. To start; to awake. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Braid, a. [AS. braed, bred, deceit; akin to Icel. bragð trick, AS. bredan, bregdan, to braid, knit, (hence) to knit a net, to draw into a net, i. e., to deceive. See Braid, v. t.] Deceitful. [Obs.] “Since Frenchmen are so braid,
Marry that will, I live and die a maid.
Shak.”

Braid´ing, n. 1. The act of making or using braids. 2. Braids, collectively; trimming. “A gentleman enveloped in mustachios, whiskers, fur collars, and braiding.
Thackeray.”

Brail , n. [OE. brayle furling rope, OF. braiol a band placed around the breeches, fr.F. braies, pl., breeches, fr.L. braca, bracae, breeches, a Gallic word; cf. Arm. bragez. Cf. Breeches.] 1. (Falconry) A thong of soft leather to bind up a hawk’s wing. 2. pl. (Naut.) Ropes passing through pulleys, and used to haul in or up the leeches, bottoms, or corners of sails, preparatory to furling. 3. A stock at each end of a seine to keep it stretched.

Brail, v. t. (Naut.) To haul up by the brails; — used with up; as to brail up a sail.

Brain , n. [OE. brain, brein, AS. bragen, braegen; akin to LG. brägen, bregen, D. brein, and perh. to Gr. , the upper part of head, if =. rad.95.] 1. (Anat.) The whitish mass of soft matter (the center of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the cartilaginous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. It is simply the anterior termination of the spinal cord, and is developed from three embryonic vesicles, whose cavities are connected with the central canal of the cord; the cavities of the vesicles become the central cavities, or ventricles, and the walls thicken unequally and become the three segments, the fore-, mid-, and hind-brain. In the brain of man the cerebral lobes, or largest part of the forebrain, are enormously developed so as to overhang the cerebellum, the great lobe of the hindbrain, and completely cover the lobes of the midbrain. The surface of the cerebrum is divided into irregular ridges, or convolutions, separated by grooves (the so-called fissures and sulci), and the two hemispheres are connected at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure by a great transverse band of nervous matter, the corpus callosum, while the two halves of the cerebellum are connected on the under side of the brain by the bridge, or pons Varolii. 2. (Zoöl.) The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates. 3. The organ or seat of intellect; hence, the understanding. ´ My brain is too dull.´ Sir W. Scott. In this sense, often used in the plural. 4. The affections; fancy; imagination. [R.] Shak. To have on the brain, to have constantly in one’s thoughts, as a sort of monomania. [Low] Brain box or case, the bony on cartilaginous case inclosing the brain. — Brain coral, Brain stone coral (Zoöl), a massive reef-building coral having the surface covered by ridges separated by furrows so as to resemble somewhat the surface of the brain, esp. such corals of the genera Maeandrina and Diploria. — Brain fag (Med.), brain weariness. See Cerebropathy. — Brain fever (Med.), fever in which the brain is specially affected; any acute cerebral affection attended by fever. — Brain sand, calcareous matter found in the pineal gland.

Brain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Braining.] 1. To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat. “There thou mayst brain him.
Shak.” “It was the swift celerity of the death …
That brained my purpose.
Shak.” 2. To conceive; to understand. [Obs.] “T is still a dream, or else such stuff as madmen
Tongue, and brain not.
Shak.”

Brained , p.a. Supplied with brains. “If th’ other two be brained like us.
Shak.”

Brain´ish, a. Hot-headed; furious. [R.] Shak.

Brain´less, a. Without understanding; silly; thoughtless; witless. — Brain´less•ness, n.

Brain´pan , n. [Brain + pan.] The bones which inclose the brain; the skull; the cranium.

Brain´sick , a. Disordered in the understanding; giddy; thoughtless. — Brain´sick•ness, n.

Brain´sick•ly, adv. In a brainsick manner.

Brain´y , a. Having an active or vigorous mind. [Colloq.] { Braise , Braize } , n. [So called from its iridescent colors.] (Zoöl.) A European marine fish (Pagrus vulgaris) allied to the American scup; the becker. The name is sometimes applied to the related species. [Also written brazier.] { Braise , Braize }, n. [F.] 1. Charcoal powder; breeze. 2. (Cookery) Braised meat.

Braise, v. t. [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] (Cookery) To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan. “A braising kettle has a deep cover which holds coals; consequently the cooking is done from above, as well as below.
Mrs. Henderson.”

Brais´er , n. A kettle or pan for braising.

Brait , n. [Cf.W. braith variegated, Ir. breath, breagh, fine, comely.] A rough diamond.

Braize (braz), n. See Braise.

Brake (brak), imp. of Break. [Arhaic] Tennyson.

Brake, n. [OE. brake fern; cf. AS. bracce fern, LG. brake willow bush, Da. bregne fern, G. brach fallow; prob. orig. the growth on rough, broken ground, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., cf. Bracken, and 2d Brake, n.] 1. (Bot.) A fern of the genus Pteris, esp. the P. aquilina, common in almost all countries. It has solitary stems dividing into three principal branches. Less properly: Any fern. 2. A thicket; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles, with undergrowth and ferns, or with canes. “Rounds rising hillocks, brakes obscure and rough,
To shelter thee from tempest and from rain.
Shak.” “He stayed not for brake, and he stopped not for stone.
Sir W. Scott.” Cane brake, a thicket of canes. See Canebrake.

Brake (brak), n. [OE. brake; cf. LG. brake an instrument for breaking flax, G. breche, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., and cf. Breach.] 1. An instrument or machine to break or bruise the woody part of flax or hemp so that it may be separated from the fiber. 2. An extended handle by means of which a number of men can unite in working a pump, as in a fire engine. 3. A baker’s kneading though. Johnson. 4. A sharp bit or snaffle. “Pampered jades … which need nor break nor bit.
Gascoigne.” 5. A frame for confining a refractory horse while the smith is shoeing him; also an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, etc. “A horse … which Philip had bought … and because of his fierceness kept him within a brake of iron bars.
J. Brende.” 6. That part of a carriage, as of a movable battery, or engine, which enables it to turn. 7. (Mil.) An ancient engine of war analogous to the crossbow and ballista. 8. (Agric.) A large, heavy harrow for breaking clods after plowing; a drag. 9. A piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by friction, as of a carriage or railway car, by the pressure of rubbers against the wheels, or of clogs or ratchets against the track or roadway, or of a pivoted lever against a wheel or drum in a machine. 10. (Engin.) An apparatus for testing the power of a steam engine, or other motor, by weighing the amount of friction that the motor will overcome; a friction brake. 11. A cart or carriage without a body, used in breaking in horses. 12. An ancient instrument of torture. Holinshed. Air brake. See Air brake, in the Vocabulary. — Brake beam or Brake bar, the beam that connects the brake blocks of opposite wheels. — Brake block. (a) The part of a brake holding the brake shoe. (b) A brake shoe. — Brake shoe or Brake rubber, the part of a brake against which the wheel rubs. — Brake wheel, a wheel on the platform or top of a car by which brakes are operated. — Continuous brake . See under Continuous.

Brake´man (brak´man), n.; pl. Brakemen (-men). 1. (Railroads) A man in charge of a brake or brakes. 2. (Mining) The man in charge of the winding (or hoisting) engine for a mine.

Brak´y (brak´y), a. Full of brakes; abounding with brambles, shrubs, or ferns; rough; thorny. “In the woods and braky glens.
W. Browne.”

Bra´ma , n. See Brahma.

Bra´mah press . A hydrostatic press of immense power, invented by Joseph Bramah of London. See under Hydrostatic.

Bram´ble (bram´b’l), n. [OE. brembil, AS. bremel, brembel, braembel (akin to OHG. bramal), fr. the same root as E. broom, As. brom. See Broom.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rubus, including the raspberry and blackberry. Hence: Any rough, prickly shrub. “The thorny brambles, and embracing bushes.
Shak.” 2. (Zoöl.) The brambling or bramble finch.

Bram´ble bush (bush•). (Bot.) The bramble, or a collection of brambles growing together. “He jumped into a bramble bush
And scratched out both his eyes.
Mother Goose.”

Bram´bled , a. Overgrown with brambles. “Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor.
T. Warton.”

Bram´ble net . A net to catch birds.

Bram´bling , n. [OE. bramline. See Bramble, n.] (Zoöl.) The European mountain finch (Fringilla montifringilla); — called also bramble finch and bramble.

Bram´bly , a. Pertaining to, resembling, or full of, brambles. ´In brambly wildernesses.´ Tennyson.

Brame , n. [Cf. Breme.] Sharp passion; vexation. [Obs.] “Heart-burning brame.
Spenser.” { Bra´min , Bra•min´ic , etc.} See Brahman, Brachmanic, etc.

Bran , n. [OE. bren, bran, OF. bren, F. bran, from Celtic; cf. Armor. brenn, Ir. bran, bran, chaff.] 1. The broken coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other cereal grain, separated from the flour or meal by sifting or bolting; the coarse, chaffy part of ground grain. 2. (Zoöl.) The European carrion crow.

Bran´card , n. [F.] A litter on which a person may be carried. [Obs.] Coigrave.

Branch , n.; pl. Branches . [OE. braunche, F. branche, fr. LL. branca claw of a bird or beast of prey; cf. Armor. brank branch, bough.] 1. (Bot.) A shoot or secondary stem growing from the main stem, or from a principal limb or bough of a tree or other plant. 2. Any division extending like a branch; any arm or part connected with the main body of thing; ramification; as the branch of an antler; the branch of a chandelier; a branch of a river; a branch of a railway. “Most of the branches , or streams, were dried up.
W. Irving.” 3. Any member or part of a body or system; a distinct article; a section or subdivision; a department. ´Branches of knowledge.´ Prescott. “It is a branch and parcel of mine oath.
Shak.” 4. (Geom.) One of the portions of a curve that extends outwards to an indefinitely great distance; as the branches of an hyperbola. 5. A line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock; any descendant in such a line; as the English branch of a family. “His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock.
Carew.” 6. (Naut.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot, authorizing him to pilot vessels in certain waters. Branches of a bridle, two pieces of bent iron, which bear the bit, the cross chains, and the curb. — Branch herring. See Alewife. — Root and branch , totally, wholly. Syn. — Bough; limb; shoot; offshoot; twig; sprig.

Branch , a. Diverging from, or tributary to, a main stock, line, way, theme, etc.; as a branch vein; a branch road or line; a branch topic; a branch store.

Branch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Branched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Branching.] 1. To shoot or spread in branches; to separate into branches; to ramify. 2. To divide into separate parts or subdivision. To branch off, to form a branch or a separate part; to diverge. — To branch out, to speak diffusively; to extend one’s discourse to other topics than the main one; also to enlarge the scope of one’s business, etc. “To branch out into a long disputation.
Spectator.”

Branch, v. t. 1. To divide as into branches; to make subordinate division in. 2. To adorn with needlework representing branches, flowers, or twigs. “The train whereof loose far behind her strayed,
Branched with gold and pearl, most richly wrought.
Spenser.”

Branch´er , n. 1. That which shoots forth branches; one who shows growth in various directions. 2. (Falconry) A young hawk when it begins to leave the nest and take to the branches.

Branch´er•y , n. A system of branches.

Bran´chi•a , n.; pl. Branchiae . [L., fr. Gr. , pl. of .] (Anat.) A gill; a respiratory organ for breathing the air contained in water, such as many aquatic and semiaquatic animals have.

Bran´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to branchiae or gills. Branchial arches, the bony or cartilaginous arches which support the gills on each side of the throat of fishes and amphibians. See Illustration in Appendix. — Branchial clefts, the openings between the branchial arches through which water passes.

Bran´chi•ate , a. (Anat.) Furnished with branchiae; as branchiate segments.

Bran•chif´er•ous , a. (Anat.) Having gills; branchiate; as branchiferous gastropods.

Branch´i•ness , n. Fullness of branches.

Branch´ing, a. Furnished with branches; shooting our branches; extending in a branch or branches. “Shaded with branching palm.
Milton.”

Branch´ing, n. The act or state of separation into branches; division into branches; a division or branch. “The sciences, with their numerous branchings.
L. Watts.”

Bran•chi•o•gas•trop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. gill + E. gastropoda.] (Zoöl.) Those Gastropoda that breathe by branchiae, including the Prosobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata.

Bran•chi•om´er•ism , n. [Gr. gill + -mere.] (Anat.) The state of being made up of branchiate segments. R. Wiedersheim.

Bran´chi•o•pod , n. One of the Branchiopoda.

Bran´chi•o•poda , n. pl. [Gr. gill + -poda: cf. F. branchiopode.] (Zoöl.) An order of Entomostraca; — so named from the feet of branchiopods having been supposed to perform the function of gills. It includes the fresh-water genera Branchipus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyllopoda, Cladocera. It is sometimes used in a broader sense.

Bran•chi•os´te•gal , a. [Gr. gill + to cover: cf. F. branchiostège.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the membrane covering the gills of fishes. — n. (Anat.) A branchiostegal ray. See Illustration of Branchial arches in Appendix. This term was formerly applied to a group of fishes having boneless branchiae. But the arrangement was artificial, and has been rejected.

Bran•chi•os´tege , (Anat.) The branchiostegal membrane. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bran•chi•os´te•gous , a. (Anat.) Branchiostegal.

Bran•chi•os´to•ma , n. [NL., fr., Gr. gill + mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lancelet. See Amphioxus.

Bran´chi•u´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr., Gr. gill + tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of Entomostraca, with suctorial mouths, including species parasitic on fishes, as the carp lice (Argulus).

Branch´less , a. Destitute of branches or shoots; without any valuable product; barren; naked.

Branch´let , n. [Branch + - let.] A little branch; a twig.

Branch´ pi•lot . A pilot who has a branch or commission, as from Trinity House, England, for special navigation.

Branch´y , a. Full of branches; having wide-spreading branches; consisting of branches. “Beneath thy branchy bowers of thickest gloom.
J. Scott.”

Brand , n. [OE. brand, brond, AS. brand brond brand, sword, from byrnan, beornan, to burn; akin to D., Dan., Sw., & G. brand brand, Icel. brandr a brand, blade of a sword. rad.32. See Burn, v. t., and cf. Brandish.] 1. A burning piece of wood; or a stick or piece of wood partly burnt, whether burning or after the fire is extinct. “Snatching a live brand from a wigwam, Mason threw it on a matted roof.
Palfrey.” 2. A sword, so called from its glittering or flashing brightness. [Poetic] Tennyson. “Paradise, so late their happy seat,
Waved over by that flaming brand.
Milton.” 3. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as upon a cask, to designate the quality, manufacturer, etc., of the contents, or upon an animal, to designate ownership; — also a mark for a similar purpose made in any other way, as with a stencil. Hence, figurately: Quality; kind; grade; as a good brand of flour. 4. A mark put upon criminals with a hot iron. Hence: Any mark of infamy or vice; a stigma. “The brand of private vice.
Channing.” 5. An instrument to brand with; a branding iron. 6. (Bot.) Any minute fungus which produces a burnt appearance in plants. The brands are of many species and several genera of the order Pucciniaei.

Brand , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Branded; p. pr. & vb. n. Branding.]. 1. To burn a distinctive mark into or upon with a hot iron, to indicate quality, ownership, etc., or to mark as infamous (as a convict). 2. To put an actual distinctive mark upon in any other way, as with a stencil, to show quality of contents, name of manufacture, etc. 3. Fig.: To fix a mark of infamy, or a stigma, upon. “The Inquisition branded its victims with infamy.
Prescott.” “There were the enormities, branded and condemned by the first and most natural verdict of common humanity.
South.” 4. To mark or impress indelibly, as with a hot iron. “As if it were branded on my mind.
Geo. Eliot.”

Brand´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, brands; a branding iron. 2. A gridiron. [Scot.]

Brand´ goose . [Prob. fr. 1st brand + goose: cf. Sw. brandgås. Cf. Brant.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) usually called in America brant. See Brant.

Bran´died , a. Mingled with brandy; made stronger by the addition of brandy; flavored or treated with brandy; as brandied peaches.

Brand´ing i••ron . An iron to brand with.

Brand´ i•ron. 1. A branding iron. 2. A trivet to set a pot on. Huloet. 3. The horizontal bar of an andiron.

Bran´dish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brandished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brandishing.] [OE. braundisen, F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, fr. OHG. brant brand. See Brand, n.] 1. To move or wave, as a weapon; to raise and move in various directions; to shake or flourish. “The quivering lance which he brandished bright.
Drake.” 2. To play with; to flourish; as to brandish syllogisms.

Bran´dish, n. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, etc. ´Brandishes of the fan.´ Tailer.

Bran´dish•er , n. One who brandishes.

Bran´dle , v. t. & i. [F. brandiller.] To shake; to totter. [Obs.] { Brand´ling , Brand´lin }, n. (Zoöl.) Same as Branlin, fish and worm.

Brand´-new´ , a. [See Brand, and cf. Brannew.] Quite new; bright as if fresh from the forge.

Brand´ spore . (Bot.) One of several spores growing in a series or chain, and produced by one of the fungi called brand.

Bran´dy , n.; pl. Brandies . [From older brandywine, brandwine, fr. D. brandewijn, fr. p. p. of branden to burn, distill + wijn wine, akin to G. branntwein. See Brand.] A strong alcoholic liquor distilled from wine. The name is also given to spirit distilled from other liquors, and in the United States to that distilled from cider and peaches. In northern Europe, it is also applied to a spirit obtained from grain. Brandy fruit, fruit preserved in brandy and sugar.

Bran´dy•wine , n. Brandy. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Bran´gle , n. [Prov. E. brangled confused, entangled, Scot. brangle to shake, menace; probably a variant of wrangle, confused with brawl. rad.95.> ] A wrangle; a squabble; a noisy contest or dispute. [R.] “A brangle between him and his neighbor.
Swift.”

Bran´gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brangled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brangling .] To wrangle; to dispute contentiously; to squabble. [R.]

Bran´gle•ment , n. Wrangle; brangle. [Obs.]

Bran´gler , n. A quarrelsome person.

Bran´gling , n. A quarrel. [R.] Whitlock.

Brank , n. [Prov. of Celtic origin; cf. L. brance, brace, the Gallic name of a particularly white kind of corn.] Buckwheat. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell. { Brank , Branks } n. [Cf. Gael. brangus, brangas, a sort of pillory, Ir. brancas halter, or D. pranger fetter.] 1. A sort of bridle with wooden side pieces. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Jamieson. 2. A scolding bridle, an instrument formerly used for correcting scolding women. It was an iron frame surrounding the head and having a triangular piece entering the mouth of the scold.

Brank, v. i. 1. To hold up and toss the head; — applied to horses as spurning the bit. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. To prance; to caper. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Brank´ur•sine , n. [F. branc- ursine, branch-ursine, fr. LL. branca claw + L. ursinus belonging to a bear (fr. ursus bear), i. e., bear’s claw, because its leaves resemble the claws of a bear. Cf. Branch.] (Bot.) Bear’s-breech, or Acanthus.

Bran´lin , n. [Scot. branlie fr. brand.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon or parr, in the stage in which it has transverse black bands, as if burned by a gridiron.

Bran´lin, n. [See Brand.] A small red worm or larva, used as bait for small fresh-water fish; — so called from its red color.

Bran´-new´ , a. See Brand- new.

Bran´ny , a. Having the appearance of bran; consisting of or containing bran. Wiseman.

Bran´sle , n. [See Brawl a dance.] A brawl or dance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Brant (brant), n. [Cf.Brand goose, Brent, Brenicle.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) — called also brent and brand goose. The name is also applied to other related species.

Brant, a. [See Brent.] Steep. [Prov. Eng.]

Bran´tail (bran´tal•), n. (Zoöl.) The European redstart; — so called from the red color of its tail.

Brant´-fox , n. [For brand-fox; cf. G. brandfuchs, Sw. bradräf. So called from its yellowish brown and somewhat black color. See Brand.] (Zoöl.) A kind of fox found in Sweden (Vulpes alopex), smaller than the common fox (V. vulgaris), but probably a variety of it.

Bran´u•lar , a. Relating to the brain; cerebral. I. Taylor.

Bra´sen , a. Same as Brazen.

Brash , a. [Cf. Gael. bras or G. barsch harsh, sharp, tart, impetuous, D. barsch, Sw. & Dan. barsk.] Hasty in temper; impetuous. Grose.

Brash, a. [Cf. Amer. bresk, brusk, fragile, brittle.] Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Colloq., U. S.] Bartlett.

Brash, n. [See Brash brittle.] 1. A rash or eruption; a sudden or transient fit of sickness. 2. Refuse boughs of trees; also the clippings of hedges. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 3. (Geol.) Broken and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial deposits. Lyell. 4. Broken fragments of ice. Kane. Water brash (Med.), an affection characterized by a spasmodic pain or hot sensation in the stomach with a rising of watery liquid into the mouth; pyrosis. — Weaning brash (Med.), a severe form of diarrhea which sometimes attacks children just weaned. { Bra´sier , Bra´zier } , n. [OE. brasiere, F. braise live coals. See Brass.] An artificer who works in brass. Franklin. { Bra´sier , Bra´zier }, n. [F. brasier, braisíer, fr. braise live coals. See Brass.] A pan for holding burning coals.

Brass , n.; pl. Brasses . [OE. bras, bres, AS. braes; akin to Icel. bras cement, solder, brasa to harden by fire, and to E. braze, brazen. Cf. 1st & 2d Braze.] 1. An alloy (usually yellow) of copper and zinc, in variable proportion, but often containing two parts of copper to one part of zinc. It sometimes contains tin, and rarely other metals. 2. (Mach.) A journal bearing, so called because frequently made of brass. A brass is often lined with a softer metal, when the latter is generally called a white metal lining. See Axle box, Journal Box, and Bearing. 3. Coin made of copper, brass, or bronze. [Obs.] “Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, nor scrip for your journey.
Matt. x. 9.” 4. Impudence; a brazen face. [Colloq.] 5. pl. Utensils, ornaments, or other articles of brass. “The very scullion who cleans the brasses.
Hopkinson.” 6. A brass plate engraved with a figure or device. Specifically, one used as a memorial to the dead, and generally having the portrait, coat of arms, etc. 7. pl. (Mining) Lumps of pyrites or sulphuret of iron, the color of which is near to that of brass. The word brass as used in Sculpture language is a translation for copper or some kind of bronze. Brass is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds; as brass button, brass kettle, brass founder, brass foundry or brassfoundry. Brass band (Mus.), a band of musicians who play upon wind instruments made of brass, as trumpets, cornets, etc. - - Brass foil, Brass leaf, brass made into very thin sheets; — called also Dutch gold.

Bras´sage , n. [F.] A sum formerly levied to pay the expense of coinage; — now called seigniorage.

Bras´sart , n. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm. See Brace, n.] Armor for the arm; — generally used for the whole arm from the shoulder to the wrist, and consisting, in the 15th and 16th centuries, of many parts.

Brasse , n. [Perh. a transposition of barse; but cf. LG. brasse the bream, G. brassen Cf. Bream.] (Zoöl.) A spotted European fish of the genus Lucioperca, resembling a perch.

Bras´sets , n. See Brassart.

Bras´si•ca , n. [L., cabbage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants embracing several species and varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape or coleseed (B. napus), etc.

Bras•si•ca´ceous , a. [L. brassica cabbage.] (Bot.) Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family.

Brass´i•ness , n. The state, condition, or quality of being brassy. [Colloq.]

Brass´-vis´aged , a. Impudent; bold.

Brass´y , a. 1. Of or pertaining to brass; having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass. 2. Impudent; impudently bold. [Colloq.]

Brast , v. t. & i. [See Burst.] To burst. [Obs.] “And both his yën braste out of his face.
Chaucer.” “Dreadfull furies which their chains have brast.
Spenser.”

Brat (brat), n. [OE. bratt coarse garnment, AS. bratt cloak, fr. the Celtic; cf. W. brat clout, rag, Gael. brat cloak, apron, rag, Ir. brat cloak; properly then, a child’s bib or clout; hence, a child.] 1. A coarse garment or cloak; also coarse clothing, in general. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright. 3. A child; an offspring; — formerly used in a good sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. ´This brat is none of mine.´ Shak. ´A beggar’s brat.´ Swift. “O Israel! O household of the Lord!
O Abraham’s brats! O brood of blessed seed!
Gascoigne.” 4. The young of an animal. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Brat , n. (Mining) A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime.

Brat´sche , n. [G., fr. It. viola da braccio viola held on the arm.] The tenor viola, or viola.

Brat´tice , n. [See Brettice.] (Mining) (a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery used for ventilation. (b) Planking to support a roof or wall.

Brat´tish•ing , n. 1. See Brattice, n. 2. (Arch.) Carved openwork, as of a shrine, battlement, or parapet.

Braun´ite , n. (Min.) A native oxide of manganese, of dark brownish black color. It was named from a Mr. Braun of Gotha.

Bra•vade´ (bra•vad´), n. Bravado. [Obs.] Fanshawe.

Bra•va´do (bra•va´do), n., pl. Bravadoes (-doz). [Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag: cf. F. bravade. See Brave.] Boastful and threatening behavior; a boastful menace. “In spite of our host’s bravado.
Irving.”

Brave (brav), a. [Compar. Braver; superl. Bravest.] [F. brave, It. or Sp. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, savage, prob. from. L. barbarus. See Barbarous, and cf. Bravo.] 1. Bold; courageous; daring; intrepid; — opposed to cowardly; as a brave man; a brave act. 2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence; — especially such as in conspicuous. [Obs. or Archaic as applied to material things.] “Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth.
Bacon.” “It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall.
Pepys.” 3. Making a fine show or display. [Archaic] “Wear my dagger with the braver grace.
Shak.” “For I have gold, and therefore will be brave.
In silks I’ll rattle it of every color.
Robert Greene.” “Frog and lizard in holiday coats
And turtle brave in his golden spots.
Emerson.” Syn. — Courageous; gallant; daring; valiant; valorous; bold; heroic; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; magnanimous; high-spirited; stout- hearted. See Gallant.

Brave , n. 1. A brave person; one who is daring. “The star-spangled banner, O,long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
F. S. Key.” 2. Specifically, an Indian warrior. 3. A man daring beyond discretion; a bully. “Hot braves like thee may fight.
Dryden.” 4. A challenge; a defiance; bravado. [Obs.] “Demetrius, thou dost overween in all;
And so in this, to bear me down with braves.
Shak.”

Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braved (bravd); p. pr. & vb. n. Braving.] 1. To encounter with courage and fortitude; to set at defiance; to defy; to dare. “These I can brave, but those I can not bear.
Dryden.” 2. To adorn; to make fine or showy. [Obs.] “Thou [a tailor whom Grunio was browbeating] hast braved meny men; brave not me; I’ll neither be faced or braved.
Shak.”

Brave´ly adv. 1. In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly. 2. Finely; gaudily; gayly; showily. “And [she] decked herself bravely to allure the eyes of all men that should see her.
Judith. x. 4.” 3. Well; thrivingly; prosperously. [Colloq.]

Brave´ness, n. The quality of state or being brave.

Brav´er•y , n. [Cf. F. braverie.] 1. The quality of being brave; fearless; intrepidity. “Remember, sir, my liege, …
The natural bravery of your isle.
Shak.” 2. The act of braving; defiance; bravado. [Obs.] “Reform, then, without bravery or scandal of former times and persons.
Bacon.” 3. Splendor; magnificence; showy appearance; ostentation; fine dress. “With scarfs and fans and double change of bravery.
Shak.” “Like a stately ship …
With all her bravery on, and tackle trim.
Milton.” 4. A showy person; a fine gentleman; a beau. [Obs.] “A man that is the bravery of his age.
Beau. & Fl.” Syn. — Courage; heroism; interpidity; gallantry; valor; fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; manfulness. See Courage, and Heroism.

Brav´ing , n. A bravado; a boast. “With so proud a strain
Of threats and bravings.
Chapman.”

Brav´ing•ly , adv. In a defiant manner.

Bra´vo , n.; pl. Bravoes . [I. See Brave, a.] A daring villain; a bandit; one who sets law at defiance; a professional assassin or murderer. “Safe from detection, seize the unwary prey.
And stab, like bravoes, all who come this way.
Churchill.”

Bra´vo , interj. [It. See Brave.] Well done! excellent! an exclamation expressive of applause.

Bra•vu´ra , n. [It., (properly) bravery, spirit, from bravo. See Brave.] (Mus.) A florid, brilliant style of music, written for effect, to show the range and flexibility of a singer’s voice, or the technical force and skill of a performer; virtuoso music. Aria di bravura [It.], a florid air demanding brilliant execution.

Brawl , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brawled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brawling.] [OE. braulen to quarrel, boast, brallen to cry, make a noise; cf. LG. brallen to brag, MHG. prulen, G. prahlen, F. brailler to cry, shout, Pr. brailar, braillar, W. bragal to vociferate, brag, Armor. bragal to romp, to strut, W. broliaw to brag, brawl boast. 95.] 1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously. “Let a man that is a man consider that he is a fool that brawleth openly with his wife.
Golden Boke.” 2. To complain loudly; to scold. 3. To make a loud confused noise, as the water of a rapid stream running over stones. “Where the brook brawls along the painful road.
Wordsworth.” Syn. — To wrangle; squabble; contend.

Brawl , n. A noisy quarrel; loud, angry contention; a wrangle; a tumult; as a drunken brawl. “His sports were hindered by the brawls.
Shak.” Syn. — Noise; quarrel; uproar; row; tumult.

Brawl´er , n. One that brawls; wrangler. Common brawler (Law), one who disturbs a neighborhood by brawling (and is therefore indictable at common law as a nuisance). Wharton.

Brawl´ing, a. 1. Quarreling; quarrelsome; noisy. “She is an irksome brawling scold.
Shak.” 2. Making a loud confused noise. See Brawl, v. i., 3. “A brawling stream.
J. S. Shairp.”

Brawl´ing•ly, adv. In a brawling manner.

Brawn , n. [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle, fr. HG. brto flesh, G. braten roast meat; akin to Icel. br flesh, food of beasts, AS. brde roast meat, brdan to roast, G. braten, and possibly to E. breed.] 1. A muscle; flesh. [Obs.] “Formed well of brawns and of bones.
Chaucer.” 2. Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or leg, muscular strength; a protuberant muscular part of the body; sometimes, the arm. “Brawn without brains is thine.
Dryden.” “It was ordained that murderers should be brent on the brawn of the left hand.
E. Hall.” “And in my vantbrace put this withered brawn.
Shak.” 3. The flesh of a boar; also the salted and prepared flesh of a boar. “The best age for the boar is from two to five years, at which time it is best to geld him, or sell him for brawn.
Mortimer.” 4. A boar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Brawned , a. Brawny; strong; muscular. [Obs.] Spenser.

Brawn´er , n. A boor killed for the table.

Brawn´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being brawny.

Brawn´y , a. Having large, strong muscles; muscular; fleshy; strong. ´Brawny limbs.´ W. Irving. Syn. — Muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky; sinewy; athletic; stalwart; powerful; robust.

Brax´y , n. [Cf. AS. breac rheum, broc sickness, Ir. bracha corruption. Jamieson.] 1. A disease of sheep. The term is variously applied in different localities. [Scot.] 2. A diseased sheep, or its mutton.

Bray , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Braying.] [OE. brayen, OF. breier, F. broyer to pound, grind, fr. OHG. brehhan to break. See Break.] To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine. “Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar, … yet will not his foolishness depart from him.
Prov. xxvii. 22.”

Bray, v. i. [OE brayen, F. braire to bray, OF. braire to cry, fr. LL. bragire to whinny; perh. fr. the Celtic and akin to E. break; or perh. of imitative origin.] 1. To utter a loud, harsh cry, as an ass. “Laugh, and they
Return it louder than an ass can bray.
Dryden.” 2. To make a harsh, grating, or discordant noise. “Heard ye the din of battle bray?
Gray.”

Bray, v. t. To make or utter with a loud, discordant, or harsh and grating sound. “Arms on armor clashing, brayed
Horrible discord.
MIlton.” “And varying notes the war pipes brayed.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bray, n. The harsh cry of an ass; also any harsh, grating, or discordant sound. “The bray and roar of multitudinous London.
Jerrold.”

Bray, n. [OE. braye, brey, brew, eyebrow, brow of a hill, hill, bank, Scot. bra, brae, bray, fr. AS. brw eyebrow, influenced by the allied Icel. br eyebrow, bank, also akin to AS. br yebrow. See Brow.] A bank; the slope of a hill; a hill. See Brae, which is now the usual spelling. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Fairfax.

Bray´er , n. An implement for braying and spreading ink in hand printing.

Bray´er, n. One that brays like an ass. Pope.

Bray´ing, a. Making a harsh noise; blaring. ´Braying trumpets.´ Shak.

Braze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brazing.] [F. braser to solder, fr. Icel. brasa to harden by fire. Cf. Brass.] 1. To solder with hard solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc; as to braze the seams of a copper pipe. 2. To harden. ´Now I am brazes to it.´ Shak.

Braze , v. t. [AS. braesian, fr. braes brass. See Brass.] To cover or ornament with brass. Chapman.

Bra´zen , a. [OE. brasen, AS. braesen. See Brass.] 1. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass. 2. Sounding harsh and loud, like resounding brass. 3. Impudent; immodest; shameless; having a front like brass; as a brazen countenance. Brazen age. (a) (Myth.) The age of war and lawlessness which succeeded the silver age. (b) (Archaeol.) See under Bronze. — Brazen sea (Jewish Antiq.), a large laver of brass, placed in Solomon’s temple for the use of the priests.

Bra´zen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brazened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brazening.] To carry through impudently or shamelessly; as to brazen the matter through. “Sabina brazened it out before Mrs. Wygram, but inwardly she was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect.
W. Black.”

Bra´zen-browed , a. Shamelessly impudent. Sir T. Browne.

Bra´zen•face , n. An impudent or shameless person. ´Well said, brazenface; hold it out.´ Shak.

Bra´zen•faced , a. Impudent; shameless.

Bra´zen•ly , adv. In a bold, impudent manner.

Bra´zen•ness (bra´z’n•nes), n. The quality or state of being brazen. Johnson.

Bra´zier (bra´zher), n. Same as Brasier.

Braz•i•let´to , n. [Cf. Pg. & Sp. brasilete, It. brasiletto.] See Brazil wood.

Bra•zil´ian , a. Of or pertaining to Brazil. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Brazil. Brazilian pebble. See Pebble, n., 2.

Braz´i•lin , n. [Cf. F. bresiline. See Brazil.] (Chem.) A substance contained in both Brazil wood and Sapan wood, from which it is extracted as a yellow crystalline substance which is white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies. [Written also brezilin.]

Bra•zil´ nut . (Bot.) An oily, three-sided nut, the seed of the Bertholletia excelsa; the cream nut. From eighteen to twenty-four of the seed or ´nuts´ grow in a hard and nearly globular shell.

Bra•zil´ wood . [OE. brasil, LL. brasile (cf. Pg. & Sp. brasil, Pr. bresil, Pr. bresil); perh. from Sp. or Pg. brasa a live coal (cf. Braze, Brasier); or Ar. vars plant for dyeing red or yellow. This name was given to the wood from its color; and it is said that King Emanuel, of Portugal, gave the name Brazil to the country in South America on account of its producing this wood.] 1. The wood of the oriental Caesalpinia Sapan; — so called before the discovery of America. 2. A very heavy wood of a reddish color, imported from Brazil and other tropical countries, for cabinet-work, and for dyeing. The best is the heartwood of Caesalpinia echinata, a leguminous tree; but other trees also yield it. An inferior sort comes from Jamaica, the timber of C. Braziliensis and C. crista. This is often distinguished as Braziletto , but the better kind is also frequently so named.

Breach , n. [OE. breke, breche, AS. brice, gebrice, gebrece (in comp.), fr. brecan to break; akin to Dan. braek, MHG. breche, gap, breach. See Break, and cf. Brake (the instrument), Brack a break] . 1. The act of breaking, in a figurative sense. 2. Specifically: A breaking or infraction of a law, or of any obligation or tie; violation; non-fulfillment; as a breach of contract; a breach of promise. 3. A gap or opening made made by breaking or battering, as in a wall or fortification; the space between the parts of a solid body rent by violence; a break; a rupture. “Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more;
Or close the wall up with our English dead.
Shak.” 4. A breaking of waters, as over a vessel; the waters themselves; surge; surf. “The Lord hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me, as the breach of waters.
2 Sam. v. 20” A clear breach implies that the waves roll over the vessel without breaking. — A clean breach implies that everything on deck is swept away. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 5. A breaking up of amicable relations; rupture. “There’s fallen between him and my lord
An unkind breach.
Shak.” 6. A bruise; a wound. “Breach for breach, eye for eye.
Lev. xxiv. 20” 7. (Med.) A hernia; a rupture. 8. A breaking out upon; an assault. “ The Lord had made a breach upon Uzza.
1. Chron. xiii. 11” Breach of falth, a breaking, or a failure to keep, an expressed or implied promise; a betrayal of confidence or trust. — Breach of peace, disorderly conduct, disturbing the public peace. — Breach of privilege, an act or default in violation of the privilege or either house of Parliament, of Congress, or of a State legislature, as for instance, by false swearing before a committee. Mozley. Abbott. - Breach of promise, violation of one’s plighted word, esp. of a promise to marry. — Breach of trust, violation of one’s duty or faith in a matter entrusted to one. Syn. — Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; aperture; gap; break; disruption; fracture; rupture; infraction; infringement; violation; quarrel; dispute; contention; difference; misunderstanding.

Breach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaching.] To make a breach or opening in; as to breach the walls of a city.

Breach, v. i. To break the water, as by leaping out; — said of a whale.

Breach´y , a. Apt to break fences or to break out of pasture; unruly; as breachy cattle.

Bread (bred), v. t. [AS. braedan to make broad, to spread. See Broad, a.] To spread. [Obs.] Ray.

Bread (bred), n. [AS. breád; akin to OFries. brad, OS. brod, D. brood, G. brod, brot, Icel. brauð, Sw. & Dan. bröd. The root is probably that of E. brew. rad.93. See Brew.] 1. An article of food made from flour or meal by moistening, kneading, and baking. Raised bread is made with yeast, salt, and sometimes a little butter or lard, and is mixed with warm milk or water to form the dough, which, after kneading, is given time to rise before baking. — Cream of tartar bread is raised by the action of an alkaline carbonate or bicarbonate (as saleratus or ammonium bicarbonate) and cream of tartar (acid tartrate of potassium) or some acid. — Unleavened bread is usually mixed with water and salt only. Aërated bread. See under Aërated. Bread and butter (fig.), means of living. — Brown bread, Indian bread, Graham bread, Rye and Indian bread. See Brown bread, under Brown. — Bread tree. See Breadfruit. 2. Food; sustenance; support of life, in general. “Give us this day our daily bread.
Matt. vi. 11”

Bread, v. t. (Cookery) To cover with bread crumbs, preparatory to cooking; as breaded cutlets.

Bread´bas•ket , n. The stomach. [Humorous] S. Foote.

Bread´corn . Corn of grain of which bread is made, as wheat, rye, etc.

Bread´ed, a. Braided [Obs.] Spenser.

Bread´en , a. Made of bread. [R.]

Bread´fruit , n. (Bot.) 1. The fruit of a tree (Artocarpus incisa) found in the islands of the Pacific, esp. the South Sea islands. It is of a roundish form, from four to six or seven inches in diameter, and, when baked, somewhat resembles bread, and is eaten as food, whence the name. 2. (Bot.) The tree itself, which is one of considerable size, with large, lobed leaves. Cloth is made from the bark, and the timber is used for many purposes. Called also breadfruit tree and bread tree.

Bread´less, a. Without bread; destitute of food. “Plump peers and breadless bards alike are dull.
P. Whitehead.”

Bread•root´ , n. (Bot.) The root of a leguminous plant (Psoralea esculenta), found near the Rocky Mountains. It is usually oval in form, and abounds in farinaceous matter, affording sweet and palatable food. It is the Pomme blanche of Canadian voyageurs.

Bread´stuff , n. Grain, flour, or meal of which bread is made.

Breadth (bredth), n. [OE. brede, breede, whence later bredette, AS. braedu, fr. brad broad. See Broad, a.] 1. Distance from side to side of any surface or thing; measure across, or at right angles to the length; width. 2. (Fine Arts) The quality of having the colors and shadows broad and massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to avoid to great multiplicity of details, producing an impression of largeness and simple grandeur; — called also breadth of effect. “Breadth of coloring is a prominent character in the painting of all great masters.
Weale.”

Breadth´less, a. Without breadth.

Breadth´ways (-waz), ads. Breadthwise. Whewell.

Breadth´wise (-wiz), ads. In the direction of the breadth.

Bread´win•ner (bred´win•ner), n. The member of a family whose labor supplies the food of the family; one who works for his living. H. Spencer.

Break (brak), v. t. [imp. broke (brok), (Obs. Brake); p. p. Broken (bro´k’n), (Obs. Broke); p. pr. & vb. n. Breaking.] [OE. breken, AS. brecan; akin to OS. brekan, D. breken, OHG. brehhan, G. brechen, Icel. braka to creak, Sw. braka, bräkka to crack, Dan. braekke to break, Goth. brikan to break, L. frangere. Cf. Bray to pound, Breach, Fragile.] 1. To strain apart; to sever by fracture; to divide with violence; as to break a rope or chain; to break a seal; to break an axle; to break rocks or coal; to break a lock. Shak. 2. To lay open as by breaking; to divide; as to break a package of goods. 3. To lay open, as a purpose; to disclose, divulge, or communicate. “Katharine, break thy mind to me.
Shak.” 4. To infringe or violate, as an obligation, law, or promise. “ Out, out, hyena! these are thy wonted arts …
To break all faith, all vows, deceive, betray.
Milton” 5. To interrupt; to destroy the continuity of; to dissolve or terminate; as to break silence; to break one’s sleep; to break one’s journey. “Go, release them, Ariel;
My charms I’ll break, their senses I’ll restore.”
Shak. 6. To destroy the completeness of; to remove a part from; as to break a set. 7. To destroy the arrangement of; to throw into disorder; to pierce; as the cavalry were not able to break the British squares. 8. To shatter to pieces; to reduce to fragments. “The victim broke in pieces the musical instruments with which he had solaced the hours of captivity.
Prescott.” 9. To exchange for other money or currency of smaller denomination; as to break a five dollar bill. 10. To destroy the strength, firmness, or consistency of; as to break flax. 11. To weaken or impair, as health, spirit, or mind. “An old man, broken with the storms of state.
Shak.” 12. To diminish the force of; to lessen the shock of, as a fall or blow. “I’ll rather leap down first, and break your fall.
Dryden.” 13. To impart, as news or information; to broach; - - with to, and often with a modified word implying some reserve; as to break the news gently to the widow; to break a purpose cautiously to a friend. 14. To tame; to reduce to subjection; to make tractable; to discipline; as to break a horse to the harness or saddle. ´To break a colt.´ Spenser. “Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute?
Shak.” 15. To destroy the financial credit of; to make bankrupt; to ruin. “With arts like these rich Matho, when he speaks,
Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks.
Dryden.” 16. To destroy the official character and standing of; to cashier; to dismiss. “I see a great officer broken.
Swift.” With prepositions or adverbs: — To break down. (a) To crush; to overwhelm; as to break down one’s strength; to break down opposition. (b) To remove, or open a way through, by breaking; as to break down a door or wall. — To break in. (a) To force in; as to break in a door. (b) To train; to discipline; as a horse well broken in. — To break of, to rid of; to cause to abandon; as to break one of a habit. — To break off. (a) To separate by breaking; as to break off a twig. (b) To stop suddenly; to abandon. ´Break off thy sins by righteousness.´ Dan. iv. 27. — To break open, to open by breaking. ´Open the door, or I will break it open.´ Shak. — To break out, to take or force out by breaking; as to break out a pane of glass. — To break out a cargo, to unstow a cargo, so as to unload it easily. — To break through. (a) To make an opening through, as as by violence or the force of gravity; to pass violently through; as to break through the enemy’s lines; to break through the ice. (b) To disregard; as to break through the ceremony. — To break up. (a) To separate into parts; to plow (new or fallow ground). ´Break up this capon.´ Shak. ´Break up your fallow ground.´ Jer. iv. 3. (b) To dissolve; to put an end to. ´Break up the court.´ Shak. — To break (one) all up, to unsettle or disconcert completely; to upset. [Colloq.] With an immediate object: — To break the back. (a) To dislocate the backbone; hence, to disable totally. (b) To get through the worst part of; as to break the back of a difficult undertaking. — To break bulk, to destroy the entirety of a load by removing a portion of it; to begin to unload; also to transfer in detail, as from boats to cars. — To break cover, to burst forth from a protecting concealment, as game when hunted. — To break a deer or stag, to cut it up and apportion the parts among those entitled to a share. — To break fast, to partake of food after abstinence. See Breakfast. — To break ground. (a) To open the earth as for planting; to commence excavation, as for building, siege operations, and the like; as to break ground for a foundation, a canal, or a railroad. (b) Fig.: To begin to execute any plan. (c) (Naut.) To release the anchor from the bottom. — To break the heart, to crush or overwhelm (one) with grief. — To break a house (Law), to remove or set aside with violence and a felonious intent any part of a house or of the fastenings provided to secure it. — To break the ice, to get through first difficulties; to overcome obstacles and make a beginning; to introduce a subject. — To break jail, to escape from confinement in jail, usually by forcible means. — To break a jest, to utter a jest. ´Patroclus … the livelong day breaks scurril jests.´ Shak. — To break joints, to lay or arrange bricks, shingles, etc., so that the joints in one course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. — To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. — To break the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck. — To break no squares, to create no trouble. [Obs.] — To break a path, road, etc., to open a way through obstacles by force or labor. — To break upon a wheel, to execute or torture, as a criminal by stretching him upon a wheel, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar; — a mode of punishment formerly employed in some countries. — To break wind, to give vent to wind from the anus. Syn. — To dispart; rend; tear; shatter; batter; violate; infringe; demolish; destroy; burst; dislocate.

Break (brak), v. i. 1. To come apart or divide into two or more pieces, usually with suddenness and violence; to part; to burst asunder. 2. To open spontaneously, or by pressure from within, as a bubble, a tumor, a seed vessel, a bag. “Else the bottle break, and the wine runneth out.
Math. ix. 17.” 3. To burst forth; to make its way; to come to view; to appear; to dawn. “The day begins to break, and night is fled.
Shak.” “And from the turf a fountain broke,
and gurgled at our feet.
Wordsworth.” 4. To burst forth violently, as a storm. “ The clouds are still above; and, while I speak,
A second deluge o’er our head may break.
Dryden.” 5. To open up; to be scattered; to be dissipated; as the clouds are breaking. “At length the darkness begins to break.
Macaulay.” 6. To become weakened in constitution or faculties; to lose health or strength. “See how the dean begins to break;
Poor gentleman! he droops apace.
Swift.” 7. To be crushed, or overwhelmed with sorrow or grief; as my heart is breaking. 8. To fall in business; to become bankrupt. “He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break, and come to poverty.
Bacn.” 9. To make an abrupt or sudden change; to change the gait; as to break into a run or gallop. 10. To fail in musical quality; as a singer’s voice breaks when it is strained beyond its compass and a tone or note is not completed, but degenerates into an unmusical sound instead. also to change in tone, as a boy’s voice at puberty. 11. To fall out; to terminate friendship. “To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be mean and narrow-spirited.
Collier.” With prepositions or adverbs: - To break away, to disengage one’s self abruptly; to come or go away against resistance. “Fear me not, man; I will not break away.
Shak.” To break down. (a) To come down by breaking; as the coach broke down. (b) To fail in any undertaking. “He had broken down almost at the outset.
Thackeray.” — To break forth, to issue; to come out suddenly, as sound, light, etc. ´Then shall thy light break forth as the morning.´ Isa. lviii. 8; often with into in expressing or giving vent to one’s feelings. ´Break forth into singing, ye mountains.´ Isa. xliv. 23. To break from, to go away from abruptly. “This radiant from the circling crowd he broke.
Dryden.” — To break into, to enter by breaking; as to break into a house. — To break in upon, to enter or approach violently or unexpectedly. ´This, this is he; softly awhile; let us not break in upon him.´ Milton. — To break loose. (a) To extricate one’s self forcibly. ´Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell?´ Milton. (b) To cast off restraint, as of morals or propriety. — To break off. (a) To become separated by rupture, or with suddenness and violence. (b) To desist or cease suddenly. ´Nay, forward, old man; do not break off so.´ Shak. — To break off from, to desist from; to abandon, as a habit. — To break out. (a) To burst forth; to escape from restraint; to appear suddenly, as a fire or an epidemic. ´For in the wilderness shall waters break out, and stream in the desert.´ Isa. xxxv. 6 (b) To show itself in cutaneous eruptions; — said of a disease. (c) To have a rash or eruption on the akin; — said of a patient. — To break over, to overflow; to go beyond limits. — To break up. (a) To become separated into parts or fragments; as the ice break up in the rivers; the wreck will break up in the next storm. (b) To disperse. ´The company breaks up.´ I. Watts. — To break upon, to discover itself suddenly to; to dawn upon. — To break with. (a) To fall out; to sever one’s relations with; to part friendship. ´It can not be the Volsces dare break with us.´ Shak. ´If she did not intend to marry Clive, she should have broken with him altogether.´ Thackeray. (b) To come to an explanation; to enter into conference; to speak. [Obs.] ´I will break with her and with her father.´ Shak.

Break (
[1913 Webster]), n. [See Break, v. t., and cf. Brake (the instrument), Breach, Brack a crack.] 1. An opening made by fracture or disruption. 2. An interruption of continuity; change of direction; as a break in a wall; a break in the deck of a ship. Specifically: (a) (Arch.) A projection or recess from the face of a building. (b) (Elec.) An opening or displacement in the circuit, interrupting the electrical current. 3. An interruption; a pause; as a break in friendship; a break in the conversation. 4. An interruption in continuity in writing or printing, as where there is an omission, an unfilled line, etc. “All modern trash is
Set forth with numerous breaks and dashes.
Swift.” 5. The first appearing, as of light in the morning; the dawn; as the break of day; the break of dawn. 6. A large four-wheeled carriage, having a straight body and calash top, with the driver’s seat in front and the footman’s behind. 7. A device for checking motion, or for measuring friction. See Brake, n. 9 & 10. 8. (Teleg.) See Commutator.

Break´a•ble , a. Capable of being broken.

Break´age , n. 1. The act of breaking; a break; a breaking; also articles broken. 2. An allowance or compensation for things broken accidentally, as in transportation or use.

Break´bone• fe•ver . (Med.) See Dengue.

Break´-cir•cuit , n. (Elec.) A key or other device for breaking an electrical circuit.

Break´down , n. 1. The act or result of breaking down, as of a carriage; downfall. 2. (a) A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in competitively by a number of persons or pairs in succession, as among the colored people of the Southern United States, and so called, perhaps, because the exercise is continued until most of those who take part in it break down. (b) Any rude, noisy dance performed by shuffling the feet, usually by one person at a time. [U.S.] “Don’t clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are going to have a breakdown to wind up with.
New Eng. Tales.”

Break´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks. “I’ll be no breaker of the law.
Shak.” 2. Specifically: A machine for breaking rocks, or for breaking coal at the mines; also the building in which such a machine is placed. 3. (Naut.) A small water cask. Totten. 4. A wave breaking into foam against the shore, or against a sand bank, or a rock or reef near the surface. “The breakers were right beneath her bows.
Longfellow.”

Break´fast , n. [Break + fast.] 1. The first meal in the day, or that which is eaten at the first meal. “A sorry breakfast for my lord protector.
Shak.” 2. A meal after fasting, or food in general. “The wolves will get a breakfast by my death.
Dryden.”

Break´fast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breakfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breakfasting.] To break one’s fast in the morning; too eat the first meal in the day. “First, sir, I read, and then I breakfast.
Prior.”

Break´fast, v. t. To furnish with breakfast. Milton.

Break´man , n. See Brakeman.

Break´neck , n. 1. A fall that breaks the neck. 2. A steep place endangering the neck.

Break´neck , a. Producing danger of a broken neck; as breakneck speed.

Break´-up , n. Disruption; a separation and dispersion of the parts or members; as a break-up of an assembly or dinner party; a break-up of the government.

Break´wa•ter , n. Any structure or contrivance, as a mole, or a wall at the mouth of a harbor, to break the force of waves, and afford protection from their violence.

Bream , n. [OE. breme, brem, F. brême, OF. bresme, of German origin; cf. OHG. brahsema, brahsina, OLG. bressemo, G. brassen. Cf. Brasse.] 1. (Zoöl) A European fresh-water cyprinoid fish of the genus Abramis, little valued as food. Several species are known. 2. (Zoöl) An American fresh-water fish, of various species of Pomotis and allied genera, which are also called sunfishes and pondfishes. See Pondfish. 3. (Zoöl) A marine sparoid fish of the genus Pagellus, and allied genera. See Sea Bream.

Bream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaming.] [Cf. Broom, and G. ein schiff brennen.] (Naut.) To clean, as a ship’s bottom of adherent shells, seaweed, etc., by the application of fire and scraping.

Breast (brest), n. [OE. brest, breost, As. breóst; akin to Icel. brjost, Sw. bröst, Dan. bryst, Goth. brusts, OS. briost, D. borst, G. brust.] 1. The fore part of the body, between the neck and the belly; the chest; as the breast of a man or of a horse. 2. Either one of the protuberant glands, situated on the front of the chest or thorax in the female of man and of some other mammalia, in which milk is secreted for the nourishment of the young; a mamma; a teat. “My brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother.
Cant. viii. 1.” 3. Anything resembling the human breast, or bosom; the front or forward part of anything; as a chimney breast; a plow breast; the breast of a hill. “Mountains on whose barren breast
The laboring clouds do often rest.
Milton.” 4. (Mining) (a) The face of a coal working. (b) The front of a furnace. 5. The seat of consciousness; the repository of thought and self-consciousness, or of secrets; the seat of the affections and passions; the heart. “He has a loyal breast.
Shak.” 6. The power of singing; a musical voice; — so called, probably, from the connection of the voice with the lungs, which lie within the breast. [Obs.] “By my troth, the fool has an excellent breast.
Shak.” Breast drill, a portable drilling machine, provided with a breastplate, for forcing the drill against the work. - - Breast pang. See Angina pectoris, under Angina. — To make a clean breast, to disclose the secrets which weigh upon one; to make full confession.

Breast, v. t. [imp. & p. p.Breasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breasting.] To meet, with the breast; to struggle with or oppose manfully; as to breast the storm or waves. “The court breasted the popular current by sustaining the demurrer.
Wirt.” To breast up a hedge, to cut the face of it on one side so as to lay bare the principal upright stems of the plants.

Breast´band (-band•), n. A band for the breast. Specifically: (Naut.) A band of canvas or a rope, fastened at both ends to the rigging, to support the man who heaves the lead in sounding.

Breast´beam (brest´bem•), n. (Mach.) The front transverse beam of a locomotive.

Breast´bone (brest´bon•), n. The bone of the breast; the sternum.

Breast´-deep (brest´dep•), a. Deep as from the breast to the feet; as high as the breast. “Set him breast-deep in earth, and famish him.
Shak.”

Breast´ed, a. Having a breast; — used in composition with qualifying words, in either a literal or a metaphorical sense; as a single-breasted coat. “The close minister is buttoned up, and the brave officer open-breasted, on these occasions.
Spectator.”

Breast´fast , n. (Naut.) A large rope to fasten the midship part of a ship to a wharf, or to another vessel.

Breast´height , n. The interior slope of a fortification, against which the garrison lean in firing.

Breast´-high , a. High as the breast.

Breast´hook , n. (Naut.) A thick piece of timber in the form of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship to strengthen the fore part and unite the bows on each side. Totten.

Breast´ing, n. (Mach.) The curved channel in which a breast wheel turns. It is closely adapted to the curve of the wheel through about a quarter of its circumference, and prevents the escape of the water until it has spent its force upon the wheel. See Breast wheel.

Breast´knot (brest´not), n. A knot of ribbons worn on the breast. Addison.

Breast´pin (brest´pin•), n. A pin worn on the breast for a fastening, or for ornament; a brooch.

Breast´plate , n. 1. A plate of metal covering the breast as defensive armor. “Before his old rusty breastplate could be scoured, and his cracked headpiece mended.
Swift.” 2. A piece against which the workman presses his breast in operating a breast drill, or other similar tool. 3. A strap that runs across a horse’s breast. Ash. 4. (Jewish Antiq.) A part of the vestment of the high priest, worn upon the front of the ephod. It was a double piece of richly embroidered stuff, a span square, set with twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. See Ephod. { Breast´plow• , Breast´plough• } , n. A kind of plow, driven by the breast of the workman; — used to cut or pare turf.

Breast´rail (-ral•), n. The upper rail of any parapet of ordinary height, as of a balcony; the railing of a quarter-deck, etc.

Breast´rope (brest´rop•), n. See Breastband.

Breast´sum•mer , n. (Arch.) A summer or girder extending across a building flush with, and supporting, the upper part of a front or external wall; a long lintel; a girder; — used principally above shop windows. [Written also brestsummer and bressummer.]

Breast´wheel (brest´ hwel•), n. A water wheel, on which the stream of water strikes neither so high as in the overshot wheel, nor so low as in the undershot, but generally at about half the height of the wheel, being kept in contact with it by the breasting. The water acts on the float boards partly by impulse, partly by its weight.

Breast´work (brest´wûrk•), n. 1. (Fort.) A defensive work of moderate height, hastily thrown up, of earth or other material. 2. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter-deck and forecastle.

Breath (breth), n. [OE. breth, breeth, AS. braeð odor, scent, breath; cf. OHG. bradam steam, vapor, breath, G. brodem, and possibly E. Brawn, and Breed.] 1. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration; air which, in the process of respiration, has parted with oxygen and has received carbonic acid, aqueous vapor, warmth, etc. “Melted as breath into the wind.
Shak.” 2. The act of breathing naturally or freely; the power or capacity to breathe freely; as I am out of breath. 3. The power of respiration, and hence, life. Hood. “Thou takest away their breath, they die.
Ps. civ. 29.” 4. Time to breathe; respite; pause. “Give me some breath, some little pause.
Shak.” 5. A single respiration, or the time of making it; a single act; an instant. “He smiles and he frowns in a breath.
Dryden.” 6. Fig.: That which gives or strengthens life. “The earthquake voice of victory,
To thee the breath of life.
Byron.” 7. A single word; the slightest effort; a trifle. “A breath can make them, as a breath has made.
Goldsmith.” 8. A very slight breeze; air in gentle motion. “Calm and unruffled as a summer’s sea,
when not a breath of wind flies o’er its surface.
Addison.” 9. Fragrance; exhalation; odor; perfume. Tennison. “The breath of flowers.
Bacon.” 10. Gentle exercise, causing a quicker respiration. “An after dinner’s breath.
Shak.” Out of breath, breathless, exhausted; breathing with difficulty. — Under one’s breath, in low tones.

Breath´a•ble (breth´a•b’l), a. Such as can be breathed.

Breath´a•ble•ness, n. State of being breathable.

Breathe (breth), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Breathed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breathing.] [From Breath.] 1. To respire; to inhale and exhale air; hence;, to live. ´I am in health, I breathe.´ Shak. “Breathes there a man with soul so dead?
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To take breath; to rest from action. “Well! breathe awhile, and then to it again!
Shak.” 3. To pass like breath; noiselessly or gently; to exhale; to emanate; to blow gently. “The air breathes upon us here most sweetly.
Shak.” “There breathes a living fragrance from the shore.
Byron.”

Breathe, v. t. 1. To inhale and exhale in the process of respiration; to respire. “To view the light of heaven, and breathe the vital air.
Dryden.” 2. To inject by breathing; to infuse; — with into. “Able to breathe life into a stone.
Shak.” “And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.
Gen. ii. 7.” 3. To emit or utter by the breath; to utter softly; to whisper; as to breathe a vow. “He softly breathed thy name.
Dryden.” “Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse,
A mother’s curse, on her revolting son.
Shak.” 4. To exhale; to emit, as breath; as the flowers breathe odors or perfumes. 5. To express; to manifest; to give forth. “Others articles breathe the same severe spirit.
Milner.” 6. To act upon by the breath; to cause to sound by breathing. ´They breathe the flute.´ Prior. 7. To promote free respiration in; to exercise. “And every man should beat thee. I think thou wast created for men to breathe themselves upon thee.
Shak.” 8. To suffer to take breath, or recover the natural breathing; to rest; as to breathe a horse. “A moment breathed his panting steed.
Sir W. Scott.” 9. To put out of breath; to exhaust. “Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret room, a little breathed by the journey up.
Dickens.” 10. (Phonetics) To utter without vocality, as the nonvocal consonants. “The same sound may be pronounces either breathed, voiced, or whispered.
H. Sweet.” “Breathed elements, being already voiceless, remain unchanged [in whispering].
H. Sweet.” To breathe again, to take breath; to feel a sense of relief, as from danger, responsibility, or press of business. — To breathe one’s last, to die; to expire. — To breathe a vein, to open a vein; to let blood. Dryden.

Breath´er , n. 1. One who breathes. Hence: (a) One who lives.(b) One who utters. (c) One who animates or inspires. 2. That which puts one out of breath, as violent exercise. [Colloq.]

Breath´ful , a. Full of breath; full of odor; fragrant. [Obs.]

Breath´ing , n. 1. Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air. “Subject to a difficulty of breathing.
Melmoth.” 2. Air in gentle motion. 3. Any gentle influence or operation; inspiration; as the breathings of the Spirit. 4. Aspiration; secret prayer. ´Earnest desires and breathings after that blessed state.´ Tillotson. 5. Exercising; promotion of respiration. “Here is a lady that wants breathing too;
And I have heard, you knights of Tyre
Are excellent in making ladies trip.
Shak.” 6. Utterance; communication or publicity by words. “I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose.
Shak.” 7. Breathing place; vent. Dryden. 8. Stop; pause; delay. “You shake the head at so long a breathing.
Shak.” 9. also in a wider sense, the sound caused by the friction of the outgoing breath in the throat, mouth, etc., when the glottis is wide open; aspiration; the sound expressed by the letter h. 10. (Gr. Gram.) A mark to indicate aspiration or its absence. See Rough breathing, Smooth breathing, below. Breathing place. (a) A pause. ´That caesura, or breathing place, in the midst of the verse.´ Sir P. Sidney. (b) A vent. — Breathing time, pause; relaxation. Bp. Hall. — Breathing while, time sufficient for drawing breath; a short time. Shak. — Rough breathing (spiritus asper) (&spasp;). See 2d Asper, n. — Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), a mark (’) indicating the absence of the sound of h, as in ’ie•nai (ienai).

Breath´less (breth´les), a. 1. Spent with labor or violent action; out of breath. 2. Not breathing; holding the breath, on account of fear, expectation, or intense interest; attended with a holding of the breath; as breathless attention. “But breathless, as we grow when feeling most.
Byron.” 3. Dead; as a breathless body.

Breath´less•ly, adv. In a breathless manner.

Breath´less•ness, n. The state of being breathless or out of breath.

Brec´cia , n. [It., breach, pebble, fragments of stone, fr. F. brèche; of German origin. See Breach.] (Geol.) A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colors. Bone breccia, a breccia containing bones, usually fragmentary. — Coin breccia, a breccia containing coins.

Brec´ci•a•ted , a. Consisting of angular fragments cemented together; resembling breccia in appearance. “The brecciated appearance of many specimens [of meteorites].
H. A. Newton.”

Bred , imp. & p. p. of Breed. Bred out, degenerated. ´The strain of man’s bred out into baboon and monkey.´ Shak. — Bred to arms. See under Arms. — Well bred. (a) Of a good family; having a good pedigree. ´A gentleman well bred and of good name.´ Shak. [Obs., except as applied to domestic animals.] (b) Well brought up, as shown in having good manners; cultivated; refined; polite. { Brede, or Breede } , n. Breadth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brede , n. [See Braid woven cord.] A braid. [R.] “Half lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede.
Tennyson.”

Breech , n. [See Breeches.] 1. The lower part of the body behind; the buttocks. 2. Breeches. [Obs.] Shak. 3. The hinder part of anything; esp., the part of a cannon, or other firearm, behind the chamber. 4. (Naut.) The external angle of knee timber, the inside of which is called the throat.

Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breeched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeching .] 1. To put into, or clothe with, breeches. “A great man … anxious to know whether the blacksmith’s youngest boy was breeched.
Macaulay.” 2. To cover as with breeches. [Poetic] “Their daggers unmannerly breeched with gore.
Shak.” 3. To fit or furnish with a breech; as to breech a gun. 4. To whip on the breech. [Obs.] “Had not a courteous serving man conveyed me away, whilst he went to fetch whips, I think, in my conscience, he would have breeched me.
Old Play.” 5. To fasten with breeching.

Breech´block , n. The movable piece which closes the breech of a breech-loading firearm, and resists the backward force of the discharge. It is withdrawn for the insertion of a cartridge, and closed again before the gun is fired.

Breech´cloth , n. A cloth worn around the breech.

Breech´es , n. pl. [OE. brech, brek, AS. brek, pl. of broc breech, breeches; akin to Icel. brok breeches, ODan. brog, D. broek, G. bruch; cf. L. bracae, braccae, which is of Celtic origin. Cf. Brail.] 1. A garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs; smallclothes. “His jacket was red, and his breeches were blue.
Coleridge.” 2. Trousers; pantaloons. [Colloq.] Breeches buoy, in the life-saving service, a pair of canvas breeches depending from an annular or beltlike life buoy which is usually of cork. This contrivance, inclosing the person to be rescued, is hung by short ropes from a block which runs upon the hawser stretched from the ship to the shore, and is drawn to land by hauling lines. — Breeches pipe, a forked pipe forming two branches united at one end. — Knee breeches, breeches coming to the knee, and buckled or fastened there; smallclothes. — To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the husband; — said of a wife. [Colloq.]

Breech´ing , n. 1. A whipping on the breech, or the act of whipping on the breech. “I view the prince with Aristarchus’ eyes,
Whose looks were as a breeching to a boy.
Marlowe.” 2. That part of a harness which passes round the breech of a horse, enabling him to hold back a vehicle. 3. (Naut.) A strong rope rove through the cascabel of a cannon and secured to ringbolts in the ship’s side, to limit the recoil of the gun when it is discharged. 4. The sheet iron casing at the end of boilers to convey the smoke from the flues to the smokestack.

Breech´load•er , n. A firearm which receives its load at the breech. “For cavalry, the revolver and breechloader will supersede the saber.
Rep. Sec. War (1860).”

Breech´-load•ing, a. Receiving the charge at the breech instead of at the muzzle. { Breech´ pin• , Breech´ screw• } . A strong iron or steel plug screwed into the breech of a musket or other firearm, to close the bottom of the bore.

Breech´ sight . A device attached to the breech of a firearm, to guide the eye, in conjunction with the front sight, in taking aim.

Breed , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeding.] [OE. breden, AS. bredan to nourish, cherish, keep warm, from brod brood; akin to D. broeden to brood, OHG. bruoten, G. brüten. See Brood.] 1. To produce as offspring; to bring forth; to bear; to procreate; to generate; to beget; to hatch. “Yet every mother breeds not sons alike.
Shak.” “If the sun breed maggots in a dead dog.
Shak.” 2. To take care of in infancy, and through the age of youth; to bring up; to nurse and foster. “To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed.
Dryden.” “Born and bred on the verge of the wilderness.
Everett.” 3. To educate; to instruct; to form by education; to train; — sometimes followed by up. “But no care was taken to breed him a Protestant.
Bp. Burnet.” “His farm may not remove his children too far from him, or the trade he breeds them up in.
Locke.” 4. To engender; to cause; to occasion; to originate; to produce; as to breed a storm; to breed disease. “Lest the place
And my quaint habits breed astonishment.
Milton.” 5. To give birth to; to be the native place of; as a pond breeds fish; a northern country breeds stout men. 6. To raise, as any kind of stock. 7. To produce or obtain by any natural process. [Obs.] “Children would breed their teeth with less danger.
Locke.” Syn. — To engender; generate; beget; produce; hatch; originate; bring up; nourish; train; instruct.

Breed, v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young; to reproduce or multiply itself; to be pregnant. “That they breed abundantly in the earth.
Gen. viii. 17.” “The mother had never bred before.
Carpenter.” “Ant. Is your gold and silver ewes and rams?
Shy. I can not tell. I make it breed as fast.
Shak.” 2. To be formed in the parent or dam; to be generated, or to grow, as young before birth. 3. To have birth; to be produced or multiplied. “Heavens rain grace
On that which breeds between them.
Shak.” 4. To raise a breed; to get progeny. “The kind of animal which you wish to breed from.
Gardner.” To breed in and in, to breed from animals of the same stock that are closely related.

Breed, n. 1. A race or variety of men or other animals (or of plants), perpetuating its special or distinctive characteristics by inheritance. “Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England’s breed.
Shak.” “Greyhounds of the best breed.
Carpenter.” 2. Class; sort; kind; — of men, things, or qualities. “Are these the breed of wits so wondered at?
Shak.” “This courtesy is not of the right breed.
Shak.” 3. A number produced at once; a brood. [Obs.] Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species or variety to wild animals and to plants; and race to men.

Breed´bate , n. One who breeds or originates quarrels. [Obs.] ´No telltale nor no breedbate.´ Shak.

Breed´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, breeds, produces, brings up, etc. “She was a great breeder.
Dr. A. Carlyle.” “Italy and Rome have been the best breeders of worthy men.
Ascham.” 2. A cause. ´The breeder of my sorrow.´ Shak.

Breed´ing , n. 1. The act or process of generating or bearing. 2. The raising or improving of any kind of domestic animals; as farmers should pay attention to breeding. 3. Nurture; education; formation of manners. “She had her breeding at my father’s charge.
Shak.” 4. Deportment or behavior in the external offices and decorums of social life; manners; knowledge of, or training in, the ceremonies, or polite observances of society. “Delicacy of breeding, or that polite deference and respect which civility obliges us either to express or counterfeit towards the persons with whom we converse.
Hume.” 5. Descent; pedigree; extraction. [Obs.] “Honest gentlemen, I know not your breeding.
Shak.” Close breeding, In and in breeding, breeding from a male and female from the same parentage. — Cross breeding, breeding from a male and female of different lineage. — Good breeding, politeness; genteel deportment. Syn. — Education; instruction; nurture; training; manners. See Education.

Breeze , Breeze´ fly , n. [OE. brese, AS. briósa; perh. akin to OHG. brimissa, G. breme, bremse, D. brems, which are akin to G. brummen to growl, buzz, grumble, L. fremere to murmur; cf. G. brausen, Sw. brusa, Dan. bruse, to roar, rush.] (Zoöl.) A fly of various species, of the family Tabanidae, noted for buzzing about animals, and tormenting them by sucking their blood; — called also horsefly, and gadfly. They are among the largest of two-winged or dipterous insects. The name is also given to different species of botflies. [Written also breese and brize.]

Breeze, n. [F. brise; akin to It. brezza breeze, Sp. briza, brisa, a breeze from northeast, Pg. briza northeast wind; of uncertain origin; cf. F. bise, Pr. bisa, OHG. bisa, north wind, Arm. biz northeast wind.] 1. A light, gentle wind; a fresh, soft-blowing wind. “Into a gradual calm the breezes sink.
Wordsworth.” 2. An excited or ruffed state of feeling; a flurry of excitement; a disturbance; a quarrel; as the discovery produced a breeze. [Colloq.] Land breeze, a wind blowing from the land, generally at night. — Sea breeze, a breeze or wind blowing, generally in the daytime, from the sea.

Breeze , n. [F. braise cinders, live coals. See Brasier.] 1. Refuse left in the process of making coke or burning charcoal. 2. (Brickmaking) Refuse coal, coal ashes, and cinders, used in the burning of bricks.

Breeze, v. i. To blow gently. [R.] J. Barlow. To breeze up (Naut.), to blow with increasing freshness.

Breeze´less, a. Motionless; destitute of breezes. “A stagnant, breezeless air becalms my soul.
Shenstone.”

Breez´i•ness , n. State of being breezy.

Breez´y , a. 1. Characterized by, or having, breezes; airy. ´A breezy day in May.´ Coleridge. “’Mid lawns and shades by breezy rivulets fanned.
Wordsworth.” 2. Fresh; brisk; full of life. [Colloq.]

Breg´ma , n. [Gr. the front part of the head: cf. F. bregma.] (Anat.) The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull.

Breg•mat´ic , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the bregma.

Bre´hon , n. [Ir. breitheamh judge.] An ancient Irish or Scotch judge. Brehon laws, the ancient Irish laws, — unwritten, like the common law of England. They were abolished by statute of Edward III.

Breme (brem), a. [OE. breme, brime, fierce, impetuous, glorious, AS. breme, bryme, famous. Cf. Brim, a.] 1. Fierce; sharp; severe; cruel. [Obs.] Spenser. “From the septentrion cold, in the breme freezing air.
Drayton.” 2. Famous; renowned; well known. Wright. [Written also brim and brimme.] { Bren , Bren´ne } v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Brent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brenning.] [See Burn.] To burn. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Consuming fire brent his shearing house or stall.
W. Browne.”

Bren, n. Bran. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bren´nage , n. [OF. brenage; cf. LL. brennagium, brenagium. See Bran.] (Old Eng. Law) A tribute which tenants paid to their lord, in lieu of bran, which they were obliged to furnish for his hounds.

Bren´ning•ly, adv. Burningly; ardently. [Obs.] { Brent , Brant } , a. [AS. brant; akin to Dan. brat, Icel. brattr, steep.] 1. Steep; high. [Obs.] “Grapes grow on the brant rocks so wonderfully that ye will marvel how any man dare climb up to them.
Ascham.” 2. Smooth; unwrinkled. [Scot.] “Your bonnie brow was brent.
Burns.”

Brent, imp. & p. p. of Bren. Burnt. [Obs.]

Brent, n. [Cf. Brant.] A brant. See Brant.

Breq´uet chain . A watch-guard.

Brere , n. A brier. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Brest , 3d sing.pr. for Bursteth. [Obs.] { Brest , Breast } , n. (Arch.) A torus. [Obs.]

Bres´te , v. t. & i. [imp. Brast; p. p. Brusten, Borsten, Bursten.] To burst. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brest´sum•mer , n. See Breastsummer.

Bret , n. (Zoöl.) See Birt.

Bret´ful , a. [OE. also brerdful, fr. brerd top, brim, AS. brerd.] Brimful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Breth´ren , n.; pl. of Brother. This form of the plural is used, for the most part, in solemn address, and in speaking of religious sects or fraternities, or their members.

Bret´on , a. [F. breton.] Of or relating to Brittany, or Bretagne, in France. — n. A native or inhabitant of Brittany, or Bretagne, in France; also the ancient language of Brittany; Armorican.

Brett , n. Same as Britzska.

Bret´tice , n.; pl. Brettices . [OE. bretasce, bretage, parapet, OF. bretesche wooden tower, F. bretèche, LL. breteschia, bertresca, prob. fr. OHG. bret, G. brett board; akin to E. board. See Board, n., and cf. Bartizan.] The wooden boarding used in supporting the roofs and walls of coal mines. See Brattice.

Bret´wal•da , n. [AS. Bretwalda, brten walda, a powerful ruler.] (Eng. Hist.) The official title applied to that one of the Anglo-Saxon chieftains who was chosen by the other chiefs to lead them in their warfare against the British tribes. Brande & C.

Bret´zel , n. [G.] See Pretzel.

Breve (brev), n. [It. & (in sense 2) LL. breve, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. (Mus.) A note or character of time, equivalent to two semibreves or four minims. When dotted, it is equal to three semibreves. It was formerly of a square figure (as thus: ), but is now made oval, with a line perpendicular to the staff on each of its sides; — formerly much used for choir service. Moore. 2. (Law) Any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any court. 3. (Print.) A curved mark is used commonly to indicate the short quantity of a vowel. 4. (Zoöl.) The great ant thrush of Sumatra (Pitta gigas), which has a very short tail.

Bre•vet´ (bre•vet´; 277), n. [F. brevet, LL. brevetum, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. A warrant from the government, granting a privilege, title, or dignity. [French usage]. 2. (Mil.) A commission giving an officer higher rank than that for which he receives pay; an honorary promotion of an officer. In the United States army, rank by brevet is conferred, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for ´gallant actions or meritorious services.´ A brevet rank gives no right of command in the particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs, and can be exercised only by special assignment of the President, or on court martial, and detachments composed of different corps, with pay of the brevet rank when on such duty.

Bre•vet´ (bre•vet´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brevetted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brevetting.] (Mil.) To confer rank upon by brevet.

Bre•vet´, a. (Mil.) Taking or conferring rank by brevet; as a brevet colonel; a brevet commission.

Bre•vet´cy (bre•vet´sy), n.; pl. Brevetcies (- siz). (Mil.) The rank or condition of a brevet officer.

Bre´vi•a•ry , n.; pl. Breviaries . [F. breviarie, L. breviarium summary, abridgment, neut. noun fr. breviarius abridged, fr. brevis short. See Brief, and cf. Brevier.] 1. An abridgment; a compend; an epitome; a brief account or summary. “A book entitled the abridgment or breviary of those roots that are to be cut up or gathered.
Holland.” 2. A book containing the daily public or canonical prayers of the Roman Catholic or of the Greek Church for the seven canonical hours, namely, matins and lauds, the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours, vespers, and compline; — distinguished from the missal.

Bre´vi•ate , n. [L. breviatus, p. p. of breviare to shorten, brevis short.] 1. A short compend; a summary; a brief statement. “I omit in this breviate to rehearse.
Hakluyt.” “The same little breviates of infidelity have … been published and dispersed with great activity.
Bp. Porteus.” 2. A lawyer’s brief. [R.] Hudibras.

Bre´vi•ate , v. t. To abbreviate. [Obs.]

Bre´vi•a•ture , n. An abbreviature; an abbreviation. [Obs.] Johnson.

Bre•vier´ (bre•ver´), n. [Prob. from being originally used in printing a breviary. See Breviary.] (Print.) A size of type between bourgeois and minion. This line is printed in brevier type.

Bre•vil´o•quence , n. [L. breviloquentia.] A brief and pertinent mode of speaking. [R.]

Brev´i•ped , a. [L. brevis short + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. brevipède.] (Zoöl.) Having short legs. — n. A breviped bird.

Brev´i•pen , n. [L. brevis short + penna wing: cf. F. brevipenne.] (Zoöl.) A brevipennate bird.

Brev•i•pen´nate , a. [L. brevis short + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.) Short-winged; — applied to birds which can not fly, owing to their short wings, as the ostrich, cassowary, and emu. { Brev•i•ros´tral , Brev•i•ros´trate } a. [L. brevis short + E. rostral, rostrate.] (Zoöl.) Short-billed; having a short beak.

Brev´i•ty , n.; pl. Brevities . [L. brevitas, fr. brevis short: cf. F. brièvite. See Brief.] 1. Shortness of duration; briefness of time; as the brevity of human life. 2. Contraction into few words; conciseness. “Brevity is the soul of wit.
Shak.” “This argument is stated by St. John with his usual elegant brevity and simplicity.
Bp. Porteus.” Syn. — Shortness; conciseness; succinctness; terseness.

Brew , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brewing.] [OE. brewen, AS. breówan; akin to D. brouwen, OHG. priuwan, MHG. briuwen, brwen, G. brauen, Icel. brugga, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and perh. to L. defrutum must boiled down, Gr. (for ?) a kind of beer. The original meaning seems to have been to prepare by heat. rad.93. Cf. Broth, Bread.] 1. To boil or seethe; to cook. [Obs.] 2. To prepare, as beer or other liquor, from malt and hops, or from other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation. ´She brews good ale.´ Shak. 3. To prepare by steeping and mingling; to concoct. “Go, brew me a pottle of sack finely.
Shak.” 4. To foment or prepare, as by brewing; to contrive; to plot; to concoct; to hatch; as to brew mischief. “Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver!
Milton.”

Brew , v. i. 1. To attend to the business, or go through the processes, of brewing or making beer. “I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour.
Shak.” 2. To be in a state of preparation; to be mixing, forming, or gathering; as a storm brews in the west. “There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest.
Shak.”

Brew , n. The mixture formed by brewing; that which is brewed. Bacon.

Brew´age , n. Malt liquor; drink brewed. ´Some well-spiced brewage.´ Milton. “A rich brewage, made of the best Spanish wine.
Macaulay.”

Brew´er , n. One who brews; one whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors.

Brew´er•y , n. A brewhouse; the building and apparatus where brewing is carried on.

Brew´house , n. A house or building appropriated to brewing; a brewery.

Brew´ing , n. 1. The act or process of preparing liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale. 2. The quantity brewed at once. “A brewing of new beer, set by old beer.
Bacon.” 3. A mixing together. “I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such a brewing and sophistication of them they make.
Holland.” 4. (Naut.) A gathering or forming of a storm or squall, indicated by thick, dark clouds.

Brew´is , n. [OE. brewis, brouwys, browesse, brewet, OF. brouet, - s being the OF. ending of the nom. sing. and acc. pl.; dim. of OHG. brod. rad.93. See Broth, and cf. Brose.] 1. Broth or pottage. [Obs.] “Let them of their Bonner’s ´beef´ and ´broth´ make what brewis they please for their credulous guests.
Bp. Hall.” 2. Bread soaked in broth, drippings of roast meat, milk, or water and butter.

Brews´ter•ite , n. [Named after Sir David Brewster.] A rare zeolitic mineral occurring in white monoclinic crystals with pearly luster. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia, baryta, and strontia.

Brez´i•lin , n. See Brazilin.

Bri´ar , n. Same as Brier.

Bri•a´re•an , a. [L. Briareius, fr. Briareus a mythological hundred-handed giant, Gr. , fr. strong.] Pertaining to, or resembling, Briareus, a giant fabled to have a hundred hands; hence, hundred-handed or many-handed.

Brib´a•ble , a. Capable of being bribed. “A more bribable class of electors.
S. Edwards.”

Bribe , n. [F. bribe a lump of bread, scraps, leavings of meals (that are generally given to a beggar), LL. briba scrap of bread; cf. OF. briber, brifer, to eat gluttonously, to beg, and OHG. bilibi food.] 1. A gift begged; a present. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A price, reward, gift, or favor bestowed or promised with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct of a judge, witness, voter, or other person in a position of trust. “Undue reward for anything against justice is a bribe.
Hobart.” 3. That which seduces; seduction; allurement. “Not the bribes of sordid wealth can seduce to leave these everblooming sweets.
Akenside.”

Bribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bribed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bribing.] 1. To rob or steal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To give or promise a reward or consideration to (a judge, juror, legislator, voter, or other person in a position of trust) with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct; to induce or influence by a bribe; to give a bribe to. “Neither is he worthy who bribes a man to vote against his conscience.
F. W. Robertson.” 3. To gain by a bribe; of induce as by a bribe.

Bribe, v. i. 1. To commit robbery or theft. [Obs.] 2. To give a bribe to a person; to pervert the judgment or corrupt the action of a person in a position of trust, by some gift or promise. “An attempt to bribe, though unsuccessful, has been holden to be criminal, and the offender may be indicted.
Bouvier.” “The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe.
Goldsmith.”

Bribe´less, a. Incapable of being bribed; free from bribes. “From thence to heaven’s bribeless hall.
Sir W. Raleigh.”

Brib´er , n. 1. A thief. [Obs.] Lydgate. 2. One who bribes, or pays for corrupt practices. 3. That which bribes; a bribe. “His service … were a sufficient briber for his life.
Shak.”

Brib´er•y , n.; pl. Briberies . [OE. brybery rascality, OF. briberie. See Bribe, n.] 1. Robbery; extortion. [Obs.] 2. The act or practice of giving or taking bribes; the act of influencing the official or political action of another by corrupt inducements. Bribery oath, an oath taken by a person that he has not been bribed as to voting. [Eng.]

Bric´-a brac , n. [F.] Miscellaneous curiosities and works of decorative art, considered collectively. A piece of bric-a-brac, any curious or antique article of virtu, as a piece of antiquated furniture or metal work, or an odd knickknack.

Brick , n. [OE. brik, F. brique; of Ger. origin; cf. AS. brice a breaking, fragment, Prov. E. brique piece, brique de pain, equiv. to AS. hlafes brice, fr. the root of E. break. See Break.] 1. A block or clay tempered with water, sand, etc., molded into a regular form, usually rectangular, and sun-dried, or burnt in a kiln, or in a heap or stack called a clamp. “The Assyrians appear to have made much less use of bricks baked in the furnace than the Babylonians.
Layard.” 2. Bricks, collectively, as designating that kind of material; as a load of brick; a thousand of brick. “Some of Palladio’s finest examples are of brick.
Weale.” 3. Any oblong rectangular mass; as a brick of maple sugar; a penny brick (of bread). 4. A good fellow; a merry person; as you ’re a brick. [Slang] ´He ’s a dear little brick.´ Thackeray. To have a brick in one’s hat, to be drunk. [Slang] Brick is used adjectively or in combination; as brick wall; brick clay; brick color; brick red. Brick clay, clay suitable for, or used in making, bricks. — Brick dust, dust of pounded or broken bricks. — Brick earth, clay or earth suitable for, or used in making, bricks. — Brick loaf, a loaf of bread somewhat resembling a brick in shape. — Brick nogging (Arch.), rough brickwork used to fill in the spaces between the uprights of a wooden partition; brick filling. — Brick tea, tea leaves and young shoots, or refuse tea, steamed or mixed with fat, etc., and pressed into the form of bricks. It is used in Northern and Central Asia. S. W. Williams. — Brick trimmer (Arch.), a brick arch under a hearth, usually within the thickness of a wooden floor, to guard against accidents by fire. — Brick trowel. See Trowel. — Brick works, a place where bricks are made. — Bath brick. See under Bath, a city. — Pressed brick, bricks which, before burning, have been subjected to pressure, to free them from the imperfections of shape and texture which are common in molded bricks.

Brick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bricked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] 1. To lay or pave with bricks; to surround, line, or construct with bricks. 2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on, as by smearing plaster with red ocher, making the joints with an edge tool, and pointing them. To brick up, to fill up, inclose, or line, with brick.

Brick´bat , n. A piece or fragment of a brick. See Bat, 4. Bacon.

Brick´kiln , n. A kiln, or furnace, in which bricks are baked or burnt; or a pile of green bricks, laid loose, with arches underneath to receive the wood or fuel for burning them.

Brick´lay•er , n. [Brick + lay.] One whose occupation is to build with bricks. Bricklayer’s itch. See under Itch.

Brick´lay•ing, n. The art of building with bricks, or of uniting them by cement or mortar into various forms; the act or occupation of laying bricks.

Bric´kle , a. [OE. brekil, brokel, bruchel, fr. AS. brecan, E. break. Cf. Brittle.] Brittle; easily broken. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser. “As stubborn steel excels the brickle glass.
Turbervile.”

Bric´kle•ness, n. Brittleness. [Obs.]

Brick´mak•er , n. One whose occupation is to make bricks. — Brick´mak•ing, n.

Brick´work , n. 1. Anything made of bricks. “Niches in brickwork form the most difficult part of the bricklayer’s art.
Tomlinson.” 2. The act of building with or laying bricks.

Brick´y , a. Full of bricks; formed of bricks; resembling bricks or brick dust. [R.] Spenser.

Brick´yard , n. A place where bricks are made, especially an inclosed place.

Bri•cole´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) A kind of traces with hooks and rings, with which men drag and maneuver guns where horses can not be used.

Brid , n. A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brid´al , a. [From Bride. Cf. Bridal, n.] Of or pertaining to a bride, or to wedding; nuptial; as bridal ornaments; a bridal outfit; a bridal chamber.

Brid´al, n. [OE. bridale, brudale, AS. brydealo brideale, bridal feast. See Bride, and Ale, 2.] A nuptial festival or ceremony; a marriage. “Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright,
The bridal of the earth and sky.
Herbert.”

Brid´al•ty , n. Celebration of the nuptial feast. [Obs.] ´In honor of this bridalty.´ B. Jonson.

Bride (brid), n. [OE. bride, brid, brude, brud, burd, AS. bryd; akin to OFries. breid, OSax. brud, D. bruid, OHG. prut, brut, G. braut, Icel. bruðr, Sw. & Dan. brud, Goth. bruþs; cf. Armor. pried spouse, W. priawd a married person.] 1. A woman newly married, or about to be married. “Has by his own experience tried
How much the wife is dearer than the bride.
Lyttleton.” “I will show thee the bride, the Lamb’s wife.
Rev. xxi. 9.” 2. Fig.: An object ardently loved. Bride of the sea, the city of Venice.

Bride, v. t. To make a bride of. [Obs.]

Bride´-ale , n. [See Bridal.] A rustic wedding feast; a bridal. See Ale. “The man that ’s bid to bride-ale, if he ha’ cake,
And drink enough, he need not fear his stake.
B. Jonson.”

Bride´bed , n. The marriage bed. [Poetic]

Bride´cake , n. Rich or highly ornamented cake, to be distributed to the guests at a wedding, or sent to friends after the wedding.

Bride´cham•ber , n. The nuptial apartment. Matt. ix. 15.

Bride´groom (-groom•), n. [OE. bridegome, brudgume, AS. brydguma (akin to OS. brudigumo, D. bruidegom, bruigom, OHG. prutigomo, MHG. briutegome, G. bräutigam); AS. bryd bride + guma man, akin to Goth. guma, Icel. gumi, OHG. gomo, L. homo; the insertion of r being caused by confusion with groom. See Bride, and cf. Groom, Homage.] A man newly married, or just about to be married.

Bride´knot , n. A knot of ribbons worn by a guest at a wedding; a wedding favor. [Obs.]

Bride´maid , n., Bride´man , n. See Bridesmaid, Bridesman.

Brides´maid , n. A female friend who attends on a bride at her wedding.

Brides´man , n.; pl. Bridesmen . A male friend who attends upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage; the ´best man.´ Sir W. Scott.

Bride´stake , n. A stake or post set in the ground, for guests at a wedding to dance round. “Divide the broad bridecake
Round about the bridestake.
B. Jonson.”

Bride´well , n. A house of correction for the confinement of disorderly persons; — so called from a hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride’s (or Bridget’s) well, in London, which was subsequently a penal workhouse.

Bridge , n. [OE. brig, brigge, brug, brugge, AS. brycg, bricg; akin to Fries. bregge, D. brug, OHG. brucca, G. brücke, Icel. bryggja pier, bridge, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and prob. Icel. bru bridge, Sw. & Dan. bro bridge, pavement, and possibly to E. brow.] 1. A structure, usually of wood, stone, brick, or iron, erected over a river or other water course, or over a chasm, railroad, etc., to make a passageway from one bank to the other. 2. Anything supported at the ends, which serves to keep some other thing from resting upon the object spanned, as in engraving, watchmaking, etc., or which forms a platform or staging over which something passes or is conveyed. 3. (Mus.) The small arch or bar at right angles to the strings of a violin, guitar, etc., serving of raise them and transmit their vibrations to the body of the instrument. 4. (Elec.) A device to measure the resistance of a wire or other conductor forming part of an electric circuit. 5. A low wall or vertical partition in the fire chamber of a furnace, for deflecting flame, etc.; — usually called a bridge wall. Aqueduct bridge. See Aqueduct. — Asses’ bridge, Bascule bridge, Bateau bridge. See under Ass, Bascule, Bateau. — Bridge of a steamer (Naut.), a narrow platform across the deck, above the rail, for the convenience of the officer in charge of the ship; in paddlewheel vessels it connects the paddle boxes. — Bridge of the nose, the upper, bony part of the nose. — Cantalever bridge. See under Cantalever. — Draw bridge. See Drawbridge. — Flying bridge, a temporary bridge suspended or floating, as for the passage of armies; also a floating structure connected by a cable with an anchor or pier up stream, and made to pass from bank to bank by the action of the current or other means. — Girder bridge or Truss bridge, a bridge formed by girders, or by trusses resting upon abutments or piers. — Lattice bridge, a bridge formed by lattice girders. — Pontoon bridge, Ponton bridge. See under Pontoon. — Skew bridge, a bridge built obliquely from bank to bank, as sometimes required in railway engineering. — Suspension bridge. See under Suspension. — Trestle bridge, a bridge formed of a series of short, simple girders resting on trestles. — Tubular bridge, a bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or rectangular tube, with cellular walls made of iron plates riveted together, as the Britannia bridge over the Menai Strait, and the Victoria bridge at Montreal. — Wheatstone’s bridge (Elec.), a device for the measurement of resistances, so called because the balance between the resistances to be measured is indicated by the absence of a current in a certain wire forming a bridge or connection between two points of the apparatus; — invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone.

Bridge (brij), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridged (brijd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bridging.] 1. To build a bridge or bridges on or over; as to bridge a river. “Their simple engineering bridged with felled trees the streams which could not be forded.
Palfrey.” 2. To open or make a passage, as by a bridge. “Xerxes … over Hellespont
Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined.
Milton.” 3. To find a way of getting over, as a difficulty; — generally with over.

Bridge´board , n. 1. (Arch.) A notched board to which the treads and risers of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. 2. A board or plank used as a bridge.

Bridge´head , n. A fortification commanding the extremity of a bridge nearest the enemy, to insure the preservation and usefulness of the bridge, and prevent the enemy from crossing; a tête-de-pont.

Bridge´less, a. Having no bridge; not bridged.

Bridge´pot , n. (Mining) The adjustable socket, or step, of a millstone spindle. Knight.

Bridge´tree , n. [Bridge + tree a beam.] (Mining) The beam which supports the spindle socket of the runner in a grinding mill. Knight.

Bridge´-ward , n. 1. A bridge keeper; a warden or a guard for a bridge. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. 2. The principal ward of a key. Knight.

Bridg´ing , n. (Arch.) The system of bracing used between floor or other timbers to distribute the weight. Bridging joist. Same as Binding joist.

Bridg´y , a. Full of bridges. [R.] Sherwood.

Bri´dle , n. [OE. bridel, AS. bridel; akin to OHG. britil, brittil, D. breidel, and possibly to E. braid. Cf. Bridoon.] 1. The head gear with which a horse is governed and restrained, consisting of a headstall, a bit, and reins, with other appendages. 2. A restraint; a curb; a check. I. Watts. 3. (Gun.) The piece in the interior of a gun lock, which holds in place the tumbler, sear, etc. 4. (Naut.) (a) A span of rope, line, or chain made fast as both ends, so that another rope, line, or chain may be attached to its middle. (b) A mooring hawser. Bowline bridle. See under Bowline. — Branches of a bridle. See under Branch. - - Bridle cable (Naut.), a cable which is bent to a bridle. See 4, above. — Bridle hand, the hand which holds the bridle in riding; the left hand. — Bridle path, Bridle way, a path or way for saddle horses and pack horses, as distinguished from a road for vehicles. — Bridle port (Naut.), a porthole or opening in the bow through which hawsers, mooring or bridle cables, etc., are passed. — Bridle rein, a rein attached to the bit. — Bridle road. (a) Same as Bridle path. Lowell. (b) A road in a pleasure park reserved for horseback exercise. — Bridle track, a bridle path. - - Scolding bridle. See Branks, 2. Syn. — A check; restrain.

Bri´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bridling .] 1. To put a bridle upon; to equip with a bridle; as to bridle a horse. “He bridled her mouth with a silkweed twist.
Drake.” 2. To restrain, guide, or govern, with, or as with, a bridle; to check, curb, or control; as to bridle the passions; to bridle a muse. Addison. “Savoy and Nice, the keys of Italy, and the citadel in her hands to bridle Switzerland, are in that consolidation.
Burke.” Syn. — To check; restrain; curb; govern; control; repress; master; subdue.

Bri´dle, v. i. To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment; to assume a lofty manner; — usually with up. ´His bridling neck.´ Wordsworth. “By her bridling up I perceived she expected to be treated hereafter not as Jenny Distaff, but Mrs. Tranquillus.
Tatler.”

Bri´dle i•ron . (Arch.) A strong flat bar of iron, so bent as to support, as in a stirrup, one end of a floor timber, etc., where no sufficient bearing can be had; — called also stirrup and hanger.

Bri´dler , n. One who bridles; one who restrains and governs, as with a bridle. Milton.

Bri•doon´ , n. [F. bridon, from bride; of German origin. See Bridle, n.] (Mil.) The snaffle and rein of a military bridle, which acts independently of the bit, at the pleasure of the rider. It is used in connection with a curb bit, which has its own rein. Campbell.

Brief , a. [OE. bref, F. brief, bref, fr. L. brevis; akin to Gr. short, and perh. to Skr. barh to tear. Cf. Breve.] 1. Short in duration. “How brief the life of man.
Shak.” 2. Concise; terse; succinct. “The brief style is that which expresseth much in little.
B. Jonson.” 3. Rife; common; prevalent. [Prov. Eng.] In brief. See under Brief, n. Syn. — Short; concise; succinct; summary; compendious; condensed; terse; curt; transitory; short-lived.

Brief, adv. 1. Briefly. [Obs. or Poetic] “Adam, faltering long, thus answered brief.
Milton.” 2. Soon; quickly. [Obs.] Shak.

Brief (bref), n. [See Brief, a., and cf. Breve.] 1. A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words. “Bear this sealed brief,
With winged hastle, to the lord marshal.
Shak.” “And she told me
In a sweet, verbal brief.
Shak.” 2. An epitome. “Each woman is a brief of womankind.
Overbury.” 3. (Law) An abridgment or concise statement of a client’s case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument. “It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a brief.
Sir J. Stephen.” In England, the brief is prepared by the attorney; in the United States, counsel generally make up their own briefs. 4. (Law) A writ; a breve. See Breve, n., 2. 5. (Scots Law) A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence. 6. A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose. [Eng.] Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope written on fine parchment in modern characters, subscribed by the secretary of briefs, dated ´a die Nativitatis,´ i. e., ´from the day of the Nativity,´ and sealed with the ring of the fisherman. It differs from a bull, in its parchment, written character, date, and seal. See Bull. — Brief of title, an abstract or abridgment of all the deeds and other papers constituting the chain of title to any real estate. — In brief, in a few words; in short; briefly. ´Open the matter in brief.´ Shak.

Brief, v. t. To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as to brief pleadings.

Brief´less , a. Having no brief; without clients; as a briefless barrister.

Brief´ly , adv. Concisely; in few words.

Brief´man , n. 1. One who makes a brief. 2. A copier of a manuscript.

Brief´ness , n. The quality of being brief; brevity; conciseness in discourse or writing. { Bri´er , Bri´ar } , n. [OE. brere, brer, AS. brer, braer; cf. Ir. briar prickle, thorn, brier, pin, Gael. preas bush, brier, W. prys, prysg.] 1. A plant with a slender woody stem bearing stout prickles; especially, species of Rosa, Rubus, and Smilax. 2. Fig.: Anything sharp or unpleasant to the feelings. “The thorns and briers of reproof.
Cowper.” Brier root, the root of the southern Smilax laurifolia and S. Walteri; — used for tobacco pipes. — Cat brier, Green brier, several species of Smilax (S. rotundifolia, etc.) — Sweet brier (Rosa rubiginosa). See Sweetbrier. - - Yellow brier, the Rosa Eglantina.

Bri´ered , a. Set with briers. Chatterton.

Bri´er•y , a. Full of briers; thorny.

Bri´er•y, n. A place where briers grow. Huloet.

Brig (brig), n. A bridge. [Scot.] Burns.

Brig, n. [Shortened from Brigantine.] (Naut.) A two-masted, square-rigged vessel. Hermaphrodite brig, a two-masted vessel square- rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bri•gade´ , n. [F. brigade, fr. It. brigata troop, crew, brigade, originally, a contending troop, fr. briga trouble, quarrel. See Brigand.] 1. (Mil.) A body of troops, whether cavalry, artillery, infantry, or mixed, consisting of two or more regiments, under the command of a brigadier general. Two or more brigades constitute a division, commanded by a major general; two or more divisions constitute an army corps, or corps d’armee. [U.S.] 2. Any body of persons organized for acting or marching together under authority; as a fire brigade. Brigade inspector, an officer whose duty is to inspect troops in companies before they are mustered into service. — Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to a brigade to assist the brigadier in his duties.

Bri•gade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brigaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brigading.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or into brigades.

Brig•a•dier´ gen´er•al . [F. brigadier, fr. brigade.] (Mil.) An officer in rank next above a colonel, and below a major general. He commands a brigade, and is sometimes called, by a shortening of his title, simple a brigadier.

Brig´and (brig´and), n. [F. brigand, OF. brigant light-armed soldier, fr. LL. brigans light-armed soldier (cf. It. brigante.) fr. brigare to strive, contend, fr. briga quarrel; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. break; cf. Goth. brikan to break, brakja strife. Cf. Brigue.] 1. A light-armed, irregular foot soldier. [Obs.] 2. A lawless fellow who lives by plunder; one of a band of robbers; especially, one of a gang living in mountain retreats; a highwayman; a freebooter. “Giving them not a little the air of brigands or banditti.
Jeffery.”

Brig´and•age (-aj), n. [F. brigandage.] Life and practice of brigands; highway robbery; plunder.

Brig´an•dine , n. [F. brigandine (cf. It. brigantina), fr. OF. brigant. See Brigand.] A coast of armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates, sometimes overlapping each other, generally of metal, and sewed to linen or other material. It was worn in the Middle Ages. [Written also brigantine.] Jer. xlvi. 4. “Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet,
And brigandine of brass.
Milton.”

Brig´and•ish , a. Like a brigand or freebooter; robberlike.

Brig´and•ism , n. Brigandage.

Brig´an•tine , n. [F. brigantin, fr. It. brigantino, originally, a practical vessel. See Brigand, and cf. Brig] 1. A practical vessel. [Obs.] 2. A two-masted, square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig in that she does not carry a square mainsail. 3. See Brigandine.

Brig´ge , n. A bridge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bright , v. i. See Brite, v. i.

Bright , a. [OE. briht, AS. beorht, briht; akin to OS. berht, OHG. beraht, Icel. bjartr, Goth. baírhts. rad.94.] 1. Radiating or reflecting light; shedding or having much light; shining; luminous; not dark. “The sun was bright o’erhead.
Longfellow.” “The earth was dark, but the heavens were bright.
Drake.” “The public places were as bright as at noonday.
Macaulay.” 2. Transmitting light; clear; transparent. “From the brightest wines
He ’d turn abhorrent.
Thomson.” 3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or attractive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye; resplendent with charms; as bright beauty. “Bright as an angel new-dropped from the sky.
Parnell.” 4. Having a clear, quick intellect; intelligent. 5. Sparkling with wit; lively; vivacious; shedding cheerfulness and joy around; cheerful; cheery. “Be bright and jovial among your guests.
Shak.” 6. Illustrious; glorious. “In the brightest annals of a female reign.
Cotton.” 7. Manifest to the mind, as light is to the eyes; clear; evident; plain. “That he may with more ease, with brighter evidence, and with surer success, draw the bearner on.
I. Watts.” 8. Of brilliant color; of lively hue or appearance. “Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew.
Pope.” Bright is used in composition in the sense of brilliant, clear, sunny, etc.; as bright-eyed, bright-haired, bright-hued. Syn. — Shining; splending; luminous; lustrous; brilliant; resplendent; effulgent; refulgent; radiant; sparkling; glittering; lucid; beamy; clear; transparent; illustrious; witty; clear; vivacious; sunny.

Bright, n. Splendor; brightness. [Poetic] “Dark with excessive bright thy skirts appear.
Milton.”

Bright, adv. Brightly. Chaucer. “I say it is the moon that shines so bright.
Shak.”

Bright´en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brightened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brightening.] [From Bright, a.] 1. To make bright or brighter; to make to shine; to increase the luster of; to give a brighter hue to. 2. To make illustrious, or more distinguished; to add luster or splendor to. “The present queen would brighten her character, if she would exert her authority to instill virtues into her people.
Swift.” 3. To improve or relieve by dispelling gloom or removing that which obscures and darkens; to shed light upon; to make cheerful; as to brighten one’s prospects. “An ecstasy, which mothers only feel,
Plays round my heart and brightens all my sorrow.
Philips.” 4. To make acute or witty; to enliven. Johnson.

Bright´en, v. i. [AS. beorhtan.] To grow bright, or more bright; to become less dark or gloomy; to clear up; to become bright or cheerful. “And night shall brighten into day.
N. Cotton.” “And, all his prospects brightening to the last,
His heaven commences ere world be past.
Goldsmith.”

Bright´-har•nessed , a. Having glittering armor. [Poetic] Milton.

Bright´ly, adv. 1. Brilliantly; splendidly; with luster; as brightly shining armor. 2. With lively intelligence; intelligently. “Looking brightly into the mother’s face.
Hawthorne.”

Bright´ness, n. [AS. beorhines. See Bright.] 1. The quality or state of being bright; splendor; luster; brilliancy; clearness. “A sudden brightness in his face appear.
Crabbe.” 2. Acuteness (of the faculties); sharpness 9wit. “The brightness of his parts … distinguished him.
Prior.” Syn. — Splendor; luster; radiance; resplendence; brilliancy; effulgence; glory; clearness.

Bright’s´ dis•ease´ . [From Dr. Bright of London, who first described it.] (Med.) An affection of the kidneys, usually inflammatory in character, and distinguished by the occurrence of albumin and renal casts in the urine. Several varieties of Bright’s disease are now recognized, differing in the part of the kidney involved, and in the intensity and course of the morbid process.

Bright´some , a. Bright; clear; luminous; brilliant. [R.] Marlowe.

Bri•gose´ , a. [LL. brigosus, It. brigoso. See Brigue, n.] Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Puller.

Brigue , n. [F. brigue, fr. LL. briga quarrel. See Brigand.] A cabal, intrigue, faction, contention, strife, or quarrel. [Obs.] Chesterfield.

Brigue, v. i. [F. briguer. See Brigue, n.] To contend for; to canvass; to solicit. [Obs.] Bp. Hurd.

Brike , n. [AS. brice.] A breach; ruin; downfall; peril. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brill (bril), n. [Cf. Corn. brilli mackerel, fr. brith streaked, speckled.] (Zoöl.) A fish allied to the turbot (Rhombus levis), much esteemed in England for food; — called also bret, pearl, prill. See Bret.

Bril•lan´te , adv. [It. See Brilliant, a.] (Mus.) In a gay, showy, and sparkling style.

Bril´liance (bril´yan•s), n. Brilliancy. Tennyson.

Bril´lian•cy (bril´yan•sy), n. [See Brilliant.] The quality of being brilliant; splendor; glitter; great brightness, whether in a literal or figurative sense. “With many readers brilliancy of style passes for affluence of thought.
Longfellow.”

Bril´liant (bril´yant), a. [F. brillant, p. pr. of briller to shine or sparkle (cf. Pr. & Sp. brillar, It. brillare), fr. L. beryllus a precious stone of sea-green color, Prov. It. brill. See Beryl.] 1. Sparkling with luster; glittering; very bright; as a brilliant star. 2. Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration; splendid; shining; as brilliant talents. “Washington was more solicitous to avoid fatal mistakes than to perform brilliant exploits.
Fisher Ames.” Syn. — See Shining.

Bril´liant, n. [F. brillant. See Brilliant, a.] 1. A diamond or other gem of the finest cut, formed into faces and facets, so as to reflect and refract the light, by which it is rendered more brilliant. It has at the middle, or top, a principal face, called the table, which is surrounded by a number of sloping facets forming a bizet; below, it has a small face or collet, parallel to the table, connected with the girdle by a pavilion of elongated facets. It is thus distinguished from the rose diamond, which is entirely covered with facets on the surface, and is flat below. “This snuffbox — on the hinge see brilliants shine.
Pope.” 2. (Print.) The smallest size of type used in England printing. This line is printed in the type called Brilliant. 3. A kind of cotton goods, figured on the weaving.

Bril´liant•ly, adv. In a brilliant manner.

Bril´liant•ness, n. Brilliancy; splendor; glitter.

Brills , n. pl. [CF. G. brille spectacles, D. bril, fr. L. berillus. See Brilliant.] The hair on the eyelids of a horse. Bailey.

Brim , n. [OE. brim, brimme, AS. brymme edge, border; akin to Icel. barmr, Sw. bräm, Dan. braemme, G. brame, bräme. Possibly the same word as AS. brim surge, sea, and properly meaning, the line of surf at the border of the sea, and akin to L. fremere to roar, murmur. Cf. Breeze a fly.] 1. The rim, border, or upper edge of a cup, dish, or any hollow vessel used for holding anything. “Saw I that insect on this goblet’s brim
I would remove it with an anxious pity.
Coleridge.” 2. The edge or margin, as of a fountain, or of the water contained in it; the brink; border. “The feet of the priests that bare the ark were dipped in the brim of the water.
Josh. iii. 15.” 3. The rim of a hat. Wordsworth.

Brim, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brimmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brimming.] To be full to the brim. ´The brimming stream.´ Milton. To brim over (literally or figuratively), to be so full that some of the contents flows over the brim; as a cup brimming over with wine; a man brimming over with fun.

Brim, v. t. To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top. “Arrange the board and brim the glass.
Tennyson.”

Brim, a. Fierce; sharp; cold. See Breme. [Obs.]

Brim´ful , a. Full to the brim; completely full; ready to overflow. ´Her brimful eyes.´ Dryden.

Brim´less, a. Having no brim; as brimless caps.

Brimmed , a. 1. Having a brim; — usually in composition. ´Broad-brimmed hat.´ Spectator. 2. Full to, or level with, the brim. Milton.

Brim´mer , n. A brimful bowl; a bumper.

Brim´ming, a. Full to the brim; overflowing.

Brim´stone , n. [OE. brimston, bremston, bernston, brenston; cf. Icel. brennistein. See Burn, v. t., and Stone.] Sulphur; See Sulphur.

Brim´stone, a. Made of, or pertaining to, brimstone; as brimstone matches. “From his brimstone bed at break of day
A-walking the devil has gone.
Coleridge.”

Brim´sto•ny , a. Containing or resembling brimstone; sulphurous. B. Jonson.

Brin , n. [F.] One of the radiating sticks of a fan. The outermost are larger and longer, and are called panaches. Knight.

Brin´ded , a. [Cf. Icel. bröndottr brindled, fr. brandr brand; and OE. bernen, brinnen, to burn. See Brand, Burn.] Of a gray or tawny color with streaks of darker hue; streaked; brindled. ´Three brinded cows,´ Dryden. ´The brinded cat.´ Shak.

Brin´dle , n. [See Brindled.] 1. The state of being brindled. 2. A brindled color; also that which is brindled.

Brin´dle, a. Brindled.

Brin´dled , a. [A dim. form of brinded.] Having dark streaks or spots on a gray or tawny ground; brinded. ´With a brindled lion played.´ Churchill.

Brine , n. [AS. bryne a burning, salt liquor, brine, fr. brinnan, brynnan, to burn. See Burn.] 1. Water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt; pickle; hence, any strong saline solution; also the saline residue or strong mother liquor resulting from the evaporation of natural or artificial waters. 2. The ocean; the water of an ocean, sea, or salt lake. “Not long beneath the whelming brine … he lay.
Cowper.” 3. Tears; — so called from their saltness. “What a deal of brine
Hath washed thy sallow cheecks for
Rosaline!
Shak.” Brine fly (Zoöl.), a fly of the genus Ephydra, the larvae of which live in artificial brines and in salt lakes. — Brine gauge, an instrument for measuring the saltness of a liquid. — Brine pan, a pit or pan of salt water, where salt is formed by cristallization. — Brine pit, a salt spring or well, from which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for making salt. — Brine pump (Marine Engin.), a pump for changing the water in the boilers, so as to clear them of the brine which collects at the bottom. — Brine shrimp, Brine worm (Zoöl.), a phyllopod crustacean of the genus Artemia, inhabiting the strong brines of salt works and natural salt lakes. See Artemia. — Brine spring, a spring of salt water. — Leach brine (Saltmaking), brine which drops from granulated salt in drying, and is preserved to be boiled again.

Brine , v. t. 1. To steep or saturate in brine. 2. To sprinkle with salt or brine; as to brine hay.

Bring , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bringing.] [OE. bringen, AS. bringan; akin to OS. brengian, D. brengen, Fries. brenga, OHG. bringan, G. bringen, Goth. briggan.] 1. To convey to the place where the speaker is or is to be; to bear from a more distant to a nearer place; to fetch. “And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread.
1 Kings xvii. 11.” “To France shall we convey you safe,
And bring you back.
Shak.” 2. To cause the accession or obtaining of; to procure; to make to come; to produce; to draw to. “There is nothing will bring you more honor … than to do what right in justice you may.
Bacon.” 3. To convey; to move; to carry or conduct. “In distillation, the water … brings over with it some part of the oil of vitriol.
Sir I. Newton.” 4. To persuade; to induce; to draw; to lead; to guide. “It seems so preposterous a thing … that they do not easily bring themselves to it.
Locke.” “The nature of the things … would not suffer him to think otherwise, how, or whensoever, he is brought to reflect on them.
Locke.” 5. To produce in exchange; to sell for; to fetch; as what does coal bring per ton? To bring about, to bring to pass; to effect; to accomplish. — To bring back. (a) To recall. (b) To restore, as something borrowed, to its owner. — To bring by the lee (Naut.), to incline so rapidly to leeward of the course, when a ship sails large, as to bring the lee side suddenly to the windward, any by laying the sails aback, expose her to danger of upsetting. — To bring down. (a) To cause to come down. (b) To humble or abase; as to bring down high looks. — To bring down the house, to cause tremendous applause. [Colloq.] — To bring forth. (a) To produce, as young fruit. (b) To bring to light; to make manifest. — To bring forward (a) To exhibit; to introduce; to produce to view. (b) To hasten; to promote; to forward. (c) To propose; to adduce; as to bring forward arguments. — To bring home. (a) To bring to one’s house. (b) To prove conclusively; as to bring home a charge of treason. (c) To cause one to feel or appreciate by personal experience. (d) (Naut.) To lift of its place, as an anchor. — To bring in. (a) To fetch from without; to import. (b) To introduce, as a bill in a deliberative assembly. (c) To return or repot to, or lay before, a court or other body; to render; as to bring in a verdict or a report. (d) To take to an appointed place of deposit or collection; as to bring in provisions or money for a specified object. (e) To produce, as income. (f) To induce to join. — To bring off, to bear or convey away; to clear from condemnation; to cause to escape. — To bring on. (a) To cause to begin. (b) To originate or cause to exist; as to bring on a disease. — To bring one on one’s way, to accompany, guide, or attend one. — To bring out, to expose; to detect; to bring to light from concealment. — To bring over. (a) To fetch or bear across. (b) To convert by persuasion or other means; to cause to change sides or an opinion. — To bring to. (a) To resuscitate; to bring back to consciousness or life, as a fainting person. (b) (Naut.) To check the course of, as of a ship, by dropping the anchor, or by counterbracing the sails so as to keep her nearly stationary (she is then said to lie to). (c) To cause (a vessel) to lie to, as by firing across her course. (d) To apply a rope to the capstan. — To bring to light, to disclose; to discover; to make clear; to reveal. — To bring a sail to (Naut.), to bend it to the yard. — To bring to pass, to accomplish to effect. ´Trust also in Him; and He shall bring it to pass.´ Ps. xxxvii. 5. — To bring under, to subdue; to restrain; to reduce to obedience. — To bring up. (a) To carry upward; to nurse; to rear; to educate. (b) To cause to stop suddenly. (c) [v. i. by dropping the reflexive pronoun] To stop suddenly; to come to a standstill. [Colloq.] — To bring up (any one) with a round turn, to cause (any one) to stop abruptly. [Colloq.] — To be brought to bed. See under Bed. Syn. — To fetch; bear; carry; convey; transport; import; procure; produce; cause; adduce; induce.

Bring´er , n. One who brings. “Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news
Hath but a losing office.
Shak.” Bringer in, one who, or that which, introduces.

Brin´i•ness , n. The state or quality of being briny; saltness; brinishness.

Brin´ish , a. Like brine; somewhat salt; saltish. ´Brinish tears.´ Shak.

Brin´ish•ness, n. State or quality of being brinish.

Brin´ja•ree , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A rough-haired East Indian variety of the greyhound.

Brink , n. [Dan. brink edge, verge; akin to Sw. brink declivity, hill, Icel. brekka; cf. LG. brink a grassy hill, W. bryn hill, bryncyn hillock.] The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice; a bank or edge, as of a river or pit; a verge; a border; as the brink of a chasm. Also Fig. ´The brink of vice.´ Bp. Porteus. ´The brink of ruin.´ Burke. “The plashy brink of weedy lake.
Bryant.”

Brin´y , a. [From Brine.] Of or pertaining to brine, or to the sea; partaking of the nature of brine; salt; as a briny taste; the briny flood.

Bri´o•ny , n. See Bryony. Tennyson.

Brisk , a. [Cf. W. brysg, fr. brys haste, Gael. briosg quick, lively, Ir. broisg a start, leap, jerk.] 1. Full of liveliness and activity; characterized by quickness of motion or action; lively; spirited; quick. “Cheerily, boys; be brick awhile.
Shak.” “Brick toil alternating with ready ease.
Wordworth.” 2. Full of spirit of life; effervescng, as liquors; sparkling; as brick cider. Syn. — Active; lively; agile; alert; nimble; quick; sprightly; vivacious; gay; spirited; animated.

Brisk , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bricked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] To make or become lively; to enliven; to animate; to take, or cause to take, an erect or bold attitude; — usually with up.

Bris´ket , n. [OE. bruskette, OF. bruschet, F. brechet, brichet; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brysced the breast of a slain animal, brisket, Corn. vrys breast, Armor. brusk, bruched, the front of the chest, Gael. brisgein the cartilaginous part of a bone.] That part of the breast of an animal which extends from the fore legs back beneath the ribs; also applied to the fore part of a horse, from the shoulders to the bottom of the chest. [See Illust. of Beef.]

Brisk´ly , adv. In a brisk manner; nimbly.

Brisk´ness, n. Liveliness; vigor in action; quickness; gayety; vivacity; effervescence.

Bris´tle (bris´s’l), n. [OE. bristel, brustel, AS. bristl, byrst; akin to D. borstel, OHG. burst, G. borste, Icel. burst, Sw. borst, and to Skr. bhrshti edge, point, and prob, L. fastigium extremity, Gr. ’a•flaston stern of a ship, and E. brush, burr, perh. to brad. rad.96.] 1. A short, stiff, coarse hair, as on the back of swine. 2. (Bot.) A stiff, sharp, roundish hair. Gray.

Bris´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bristled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bristling .] 1. To erect the bristles of; to cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog; — sometimes with up. “Now for the bare-picked bone of majesty
Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest.
Shak.” “Boy, bristle thy courage up.
Shak.” 2. To fix a bristle to; as to bristle a thread.

Bris´tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. “His hair did bristle upon his head.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To appear as if covered with bristles; to have standing, thick and erect, like bristles. “The hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets.
Thackeray.” “Ports bristling with thousands of masts.
Macaulay.” 3. To show defiance or indignation. To bristle up, to show anger or defiance.

Bris´tle-point•ed , a. (Bot.) Terminating in a very fine, sharp point, as some leaves.

Bris´tle-shaped , a. Resembling a bristle in form; as a bristle-shaped leaf.

Bris´tle•tail , n. (Zoöl.) An insect of the genera Lepisma, Campodea, etc., belonging to the Thysanura.

Bris´tli•ness , n. The quality or state of having bristles.

Bris´tly , a. Thick set with bristles, or with hairs resembling bristles; rough. “The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat bristly.
Bacon.”

Bris´tol , n. A seaport city in the west of England. Bristol board, a kind of fine pasteboard, made with a smooth but usually unglazed surface. — Bristol brick, a brick of siliceous matter used for polishing cultery; — originally manufactured at Bristol. — Bristol stone, rock crystal, or brilliant crystals of quartz, found in the mountain limestone near Bristol, and used in making ornaments, vases, etc. When polished, it is called Bristol diamond.

Bri•sure´ , n. [F.] 1. (Fort.) Any part of a rampart or parapet which deviates from the general direction. 2. (Her.) A mark of cadency or difference. { Brit , Britt } , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the common herring; also a small species of herring; the sprat. (b) The minute marine animals (chiefly Entomostraca) upon which the right whales feed.

Bri•tan´ni•a , n. [From L. Britannia Great Britain.] A white-metal alloy of tin, antimony, bismuth, copper, etc. It somewhat resembles silver, and is used for table ware. Called also Britannia metal.

Bri•tan´nic , a. [L. Britannicus, fr. Britannia Great Britain.] Of or pertaining to Great Britain; British; as her Britannic Majesty. { Brite , Bright } , v. t. To be or become overripe, as wheat, barley, or hops. [Prov. Eng.]

Brit´i•cism , n. A word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Great Britain; any manner of using a word or words that is peculiar to Great Britain.

Brit´ish (brit´ish), a. [AS. Brittisc, Bryttisc.] Of or pertaining to Great Britain or to its inhabitants; — sometimes restricted to the original inhabitants. British gum, a brownish substance, very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. It corresponds, in its properties, to dextrin, and is used, in solution, as a substitute for gum in stiffering goods. — British lion, the national emblem of Great Britain. — British seas, the four seas which surround Great Britain.

Brit´ish, n. pl. People of Great Britain.

Brit´ish•er, n. An Englishman; a subject or inhabitant of Great Britain, esp. one in the British military or naval service. [Now used jocosely]

Brit´on , a. [AS. bryten Britain.] British. [Obs.] Spenser. — n. A native of Great Britain.

Brit´tle , a. [OE. britel, brutel, AS. bryttian to dispense, fr. breótan to break; akin to Icel. brytja, Sw. bryta, Dan. bryde. Cf. Brickle.] Easily broken; apt to break; fragile; not tough or tenacious. “Farewell, thou pretty, brittle piece
Of fine-cut crystal.
Cotton.” Brittle silver ore, the mineral stephanite.

Brit´tle•ly, adv. In a brittle manner. Sherwood.

Brit´tle•ness, n. Aptness to break; fragility.

Brit´tle star (brit´t’l stär•), (Zoöl.) Any species of ophiuran starfishes. See Ophiuroidea.

Britz´ska (brits´ka), n. [Russ. britshka; cf. Pol. bryczka, dim. of bryka freight wagon.] A long carriage, with a calash top, so constructed as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey.

Brize (briz), n. The breeze fly. See Breeze. Shak.

Broach , n. [OE. broche, F. broche, fr. LL. brocca; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. proc thrust, stab, Gael. brog awl. Cf. Brooch.] 1. A spit. [Obs.] “He turned a broach that had worn a crown.
Bacon.” 2. An awl; a bodkin; also a wooden rod or pin, sharpened at each end, used by thatchers. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. 3. (Mech.) (a) A tool of steel, generally tapering, and of a polygonal form, with from four to eight cutting edges, for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal; sometimes made smooth or without edges, as for burnishing pivot holes in watches; a reamer. The broach for gun barrels is commonly square and without taper. (b) A straight tool with file teeth, made of steel, to be pressed through irregular holes in metal that cannot be dressed by revolving tools; a drift. 4. (Masonry) A broad chisel for stonecutting. 5. (Arch.) A spire rising from a tower. [Local, Eng.] 6. A clasp for fastening a garment. See Brooch. 7. A spitlike start, on the head of a young stag. 8. The stick from which candle wicks are suspended for dipping. Knight. 9. The pin in a lock which enters the barrel of the key.

Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Broaching.] [F. brocher, fr. broche. See Broach, n.] 1. To spit; to pierce as with a spit. “I’ll broach the tadpole on my rapier’s point.
Shak.” 2. To tap; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor. Hence: To let out; to shed, as blood. “Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,
He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.
Shak.” 3. To open for the first time, as stores. “You shall want neither weapons, victuals, nor aid; I will open the old armories, I will broach my store, and will bring forth my stores.
Knolles.” 4. To make public; to utter; to publish first; to put forth; to introduce as a topic of conversation. “Those very opinions themselves had broached.
Swift.” 5. To cause to begin or break out. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Masonry) To shape roughly, as a block of stone, by chiseling with a coarse tool. [Scot. & North of Eng.] 7. To enlarge or dress (a hole), by using a broach. To broach to (Naut.), to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback, and expose the vessel to the danger of oversetting.

Broach´er , n. 1. A spit; a broach. “On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they turned.
Dryden.” 2. One who broaches, opens, or utters; a first publisher or promoter. “Some such broacher of heresy.
Atterbury.”

Broad , a. [Compar. Broader ; superl. Broadest.] [OE. brod, brad, AS. brad; akin to OS. bred, D. breed, G. breit, Icel. breir, Sw. & Dan. bred, Goth. braids. Cf. Breadth.] 1. Wide; extend in breadth, or from side to side; — opposed to narrow; as a broad street, a broad table; an inch broad. 2. Extending far and wide; extensive; vast; as the broad expanse of ocean. 3. Extended, in the sense of diffused; open; clear; full. ´Broad and open day.´ Bp. Porteus. 4. Fig.: Having a large measure of any thing or quality; not limited; not restrained; — applied to any subject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly, the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive. “A broad mixture of falsehood.
Locke.” Hence: - 5. Comprehensive; liberal; enlarged. “The words in the Constitution are broad enough to include the case.
D. Daggett.” “In a broad, statesmanlike, and masterly way.
E. Everett.” 6. Plain; evident; as a broad hint. 7. Free; unrestrained; unconfined. “As broad and general as the casing air.
Shak.” 8. (Fine Arts) Characterized by breadth. See Breadth. 9. Cross; coarse; indelicate; as a broad compliment; a broad joke; broad humor. 10. Strongly marked; as a broad Scotch accent. Broad is often used in compounds to signify wide, large, etc.; as broad-chested, broad-shouldered, broad-spreading, broad-winged. Broad acres. See under Acre. — Broad arrow, originally a pheon. See Pheon, and Broad arrow under Arrow. — As broad as long, having the length equal to the breadth; hence, the same one way as another; coming to the same result by different ways or processes. “It is as broad as long, whether they rise to others, or bring others down to them.
L’Estrange.” Broad pennant. See under Pennant. Syn. — Wide; large; ample; expanded; spacious; roomy; extensive; vast; comprehensive; liberal.

Broad, n. 1. The broad part of anything; as the broad of an oar. 2. The spread of a river into a sheet of water; a flooded fen. [Local, Eng.] Southey. 3. A lathe tool for turning down the insides and bottoms of cylinders. Knight. { Broad´ax• , Broad´axe• } , n. 1. An ancient military weapon; a battle-ax. 2. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing timber.

Broad´bill , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A wild duck (Aythya, or Fuligula, marila), which appears in large numbers on the eastern coast of the United States, in autumn; — called also bluebill, blackhead, raft duck, and scaup duck. See Scaup duck. 2. (Zoöl.) The shoveler. See Shoveler.

Broad´brim , n. 1. A hat with a very broad brim, like those worn by men of the society of Friends. 2. A member of the society of Friends; a Quaker. [Sportive]

Broad´-brimmed , a. Having a broad brim. “A broad-brimmed flat silver plate.
Tatler.”

Broad´cast , n. (Agric.) A casting or throwing seed in all directions, as from the hand in sowing.

Broad´cast, a. 1. Cast or dispersed in all directions, as seed from the hand in sowing; widely diffused. 2. Scattering in all directions (as a method of sowing); — opposed to planting in hills, or rows.

Broad´cast, adv. So as to scatter or be scattered in all directions; so as to spread widely, as seed from the hand in sowing, or news from the press.

Broad´ Church . (Eccl.) A portion of the Church of England, consisting of persons who claim to hold a position, in respect to doctrine and fellowship, intermediate between the High Church party and the Low Church, or evangelical, party. The term has been applied to other bodies of men holding liberal or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellowship. “Side by side with these various shades of High and Low Church, another party of a different character has always existed in the Church of England. It is called by different names: Moderate, Catholic, or Broad Church, by its friends; Latitudinarian or Indifferent, by its enemies. Its distinctive character is the desire of comprehension. Its watch words are charity and toleration.
Conybeare.”

Broad´cloth , n. A fine smooth- faced woolen cloth for men’s garments, usually of double width (i.e., a yard and a half); — so called in distinction from woolens three quarters of a yard wide.

Broad´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broadened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Broadening .] [From Broad, a.] To grow broad; to become broader or wider. “The broadening sun appears.
Wordsworth.”

Broad´en, v. t. To make broad or broader; to render more broad or comprehensive.

Broad´ gauge . (Railroad) A wider distance between the rails than the ´standard´ gauge of four feet eight inches and a half. See Gauge.

Broad´-horned , a. Having horns spreading widely.

Broad´ish, a. Rather broad; moderately broad.

Broad´leaf , n. (Bot.) A tree (Terminalia latifolia) of Jamaica, the wood of which is used for boards, scantling, shingles, etc; — sometimes called the almond tree, from the shape of its fruit. { Broad´-leaved• , Broad´-leafed• } , a. Having broad, or relatively broad, leaves. Keats.

Broad´ly, adv. In a broad manner.

Broad´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Eurylaimidae, a family of East Indian passerine birds.

Broad´ness, n. [AS. bradnes.] The condition or quality of being broad; breadth; coarseness; grossness.

Broad´piece , n. An old English gold coin, broader than a guinea, as a Carolus or Jacobus.

Broad´ seal . The great seal of England; the public seal of a country or state.

Broad´seal, v. t. To stamp with the broad seal; to make sure; to guarantee or warrant. [Obs.] “Thy presence broadseals our delights for pure.
B. Jonson.”

Broad´side , n. 1. (Naut.) The side of a ship above the water line, from the bow to the quarter. 2. A discharge of or from all the guns on one side of a ship, at the same time. 3. A volley of abuse or denunciation. [Colloq.] 4. (Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only; — called also broadsheet.

Broad´spread , a. Widespread.

Broad´spread•ing, a. Spreading widely.

Broad´sword , n. A sword with a broad blade and a cutting edge; a claymore. “I heard the broadsword’s deadly clang.
Sir W. Scott.”

Broad´wise , adv. Breadthwise. [Archaic]

Brob , n. [Cf. Gael. brog, E. brog, n.] (Carp.) A peculiar brad-shaped spike, to be driven alongside the end of an abutting timber to prevent its slipping.

Brob•ding•nag´i•an , a. [From Brobdingnag, a country of giants in ´Gulliver’s Travels.´] Colossal; of extraordinary height; gigantic. — n. A giant. [Spelt often Brobdignagian.]

Bro•cade´ , n. [Sp. brocado (cf. It. broccato, F. brocart), fr. LL. brocare •prick, to figure (textile fabrics), to emboss (linen), to stitch. See Broach.] Silk stuff, woven with gold and silver threads, or ornamented with raised flowers, foliage, etc.; — also applied to other stuffs thus wrought and enriched. “A gala suit of faded brocade.
W. Irving.”

Bro•cad´ed , a. 1. Woven or worked, as brocade, with gold and silver, or with raised flowers, etc. “Brocaded flowers o’er the gay mantua shine.
Gay.” 2. Dressed in brocade.

Bro´cage , n. See Brokkerage.

Broc´ard , n. [Perh. fr. Brocardica, Brocardicorum opus, a collection of ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, called, by the Italians and French, Brocard.] An elementary principle or maximum; a short, proverbial rule, in law, ethics, or metaphysics. “The legal brocard, ´Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus,´ is a rule not more applicable to other witness than to consciousness.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Bro´ca•tel , n. [F. brocatelle, fr. It. brocatello: cf. Sp. brocatel. See Brocade.] 1. A kind of coarse brocade, or figured fabric, used chiefly for tapestry, linings for carriages, etc. 2. A marble, clouded and veined with white, gray, yellow, and red, in which the yellow usually prevails. It is also called Siena marble, from its locality.

Bro•ca•tel´lo , n. Same as Brocatel.

Broc´co•li , n. [It. broccoli, pl. of broccolo sprout, cabbage sprout, dim. of brocco splinter. See Broach, n.] (Bot.) A plant of the Cabbage species (Brassica oleracea) of many varieties, resembling the cauliflower. The ´curd,´ or flowering head, is the part used for food.

Broch´an•tite , n. [From Brochant de Villiers, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A basic sulphate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals.

Bro•che´ , a. [F.] Woven with a figure; as broche goods.

Broche , n. [F.] See Broach, n.

Bro•chure´ , n. [F., fr. brocher to stitch. See Broach, v. t.] A printed and stitched book containing only a few leaves; a pamphlet.

Brock , n. [AS. broc, fr. W. broch; akin to Ir. & Gael. broc, Corn. & Armor. broch; cf. Ir. & Gael. breac speckled.] (Zoöl.) A badger. “Or with pretense of chasing thence the brock.
B. Jonson.”

Brock, n. [See Brocket.] (Zoöl.) A brocket. Bailey.

Brock´et (brok´et), n. [OE. broket, F. broquart fallow deer a year old, fr. the same root as E. broach, meaning point (hence tine of a horn).] 1. (Zoöl.) A male red deer two years old; — sometimes called brock. 2. (Zoöl.) A small South American deer, of several species (Coassus superciliaris, C. rufus, and C. auritus).

Brock´ish, a. Beastly; brutal. [Obs.] Bale.

Brode´kin (brod´kin), n. [F. brodequin, OE. brossequin, fr. OD. broseken, brosekin, dim. of broos buskin, prob. fr. LL. byrsa leather, Gr. by•rsa skin, hide. Cf. Buskin.] A buskin or half-boot. [Written also brodequin.] [Obs.]

Brog (brog), n. [Gael. Cf. Brob.] A pointed instrument, as a joiner’s awl, a brad awl, a needle, or a small sharp stick.

Brog, v. t. To prod with a pointed instrument, as a lance; also to broggle. [Scot. & Prov.] Sir W. Scott.

Bro´gan , n. A stout, coarse shoe; a brogue.

Brog´gle , v. i. [Dim. of Prov. E. brog to broggle. Cf. Brog, n.] To sniggle, or fish with a brog. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Brogue , n. [Ir. & Gael. brog shoe, hoof.] 1. A stout, coarse shoe; a brogan. In the Highlands of Scotland, the ancient brogue was made of horsehide or deerskin, untanned or tenned with the hair on, gathered round the ankle with a thong. The name was afterward given to any shoe worn as a part of the Highland costume. Clouted brogues, patched brogues; also brogues studded with nails. See under Clout, v. t. 2. A dialectic pronunciation; esp. the Irish manner of pronouncing English. “Or take, Hibernis, thy still ranker brogue.
Lloyd.”

Brogues , n. pl. [Cf. Breeches.] Breeches. [Obs.] Shenstone.

Broid , v. t. To braid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Broid´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broidered .] [OE. broiden, brouden, F. broder, confused with E. braid; F. broder is either the same word as border to border (see Border), or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brathu to sting, stab, Ir. & Gael. brod goad, prickle, OE. brod a goad; and also Icel. broddr a spike, a sting, AS. brord a point.] To embroider. [Archaic] “They shall make a broidered coat.
Ex. xxviii. 4.”

Broid´er•er , n. One who embroiders. [Archaic]

Broid´er•y , n. Embroidery. [Archaic] “The golden broidery tender Milkah wove.
Tickell.”

Broil , n. [F. brouiller to disorder, from LL. brogilus, broilus, brolium, thicket, wood, park; of uncertain origin; cf. W. brog a swelling out, OHG. proil marsh, G. brühl, MHG. brogen to rise. The meaning tumult, confusion, comes apparently from tangled undergrowth, thicket, and this possibly from the meaning to grow, rise, sprout.] A tumult; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl; contention; discord, either between individuals or in the state. “I will own that there is a haughtiness and fierceness in human nature which will which will cause innumerable broils, place men in what situation you please.
Burke.” Syn. — Contention; fray; affray; tumult; altercation; dissension; discord; contest; conflict; brawl; uproar.

Broil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Broiling.] [OE. broilen, OF. bruillir, fr. bruir to broil, burn; of Ger. origin; cf. MHG. brüejen, G. brühen, to scald, akin to E. brood.] 1. To cook by direct exposure to heat over a fire, esp. upon a gridiron over coals. 2. To subject to great (commonly direct) heat.

Broil, v. i. To be subjected to the action of heat, as meat over the fire; to be greatly heated, or to be made uncomfortable with heat. “The planets and comets had been broiling in the sun.
Cheyne.”

Broil´er , n. One who excites broils; one who engages in or promotes noisy quarrels. “What doth he but turn broiler, … make new libels against the church?
Hammond.”

Broil´er, n. 1. One who broils, or cooks by broiling. 2. A gridiron or other utensil used in broiling. 3. A chicken or other bird fit for broiling. [Colloq.]

Broil´ing, a. Excessively hot; as a broiling sun. — n. The act of causing anything to broil.

Bro´kage , n. See Brokerage.

Broke , v. i. [See Broker, and cf. Brook.] 1. To transact business for another. [R.] Brome. 2. To act as procurer in love matters; to pimp. [Obs.] “We do want a certain necessary woman to broke between them, Cupid said.
Fanshawe.” “And brokes with all that can in such a suit
Corrupt the tender honor of a maid.
Shak.”

Broke (brok), imp. & p. p. of Break.

Bro´ken (bro´k’n), a. [From Break, v. t.] 1. Separated into parts or pieces by violence; divided into fragments; as a broken chain or rope; a broken dish. 2. Disconnected; not continuous; also rough; uneven; as a broken surface. 3. Fractured; cracked; disunited; sundered; strained; apart; as a broken reed; broken friendship. 4. Made infirm or weak, by disease, age, or hardships. “The one being who remembered him as he been before his mind was broken.
G. Eliot.” “The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay,
Sat by his fire, and talked the night away.
Goldsmith.” 5. Subdued; humbled; contrite. “The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit.
Ps. li. 17.” 6. Subjugated; trained for use, as a horse. 7. Crushed and ruined as by something that destroys hope; blighted. ´Her broken love and life.´ G. Eliot. 8. Not carried into effect; not adhered to; violated; as a broken promise, vow, or contract; a broken law. 9. Ruined financially; incapable of redeeming promises made, or of paying debts incurred; as a broken bank; a broken tradesman. 10. Imperfectly spoken, as by a foreigner; as broken English; imperfectly spoken on account of emotion; as to say a few broken words at parting. “Amidst the broken words and loud weeping of those grave senators.
Macaulay.” Broken ground. (a) (Mil.) Rough or uneven ground; as the troops were retarded in their advance by broken ground. (b) Ground recently opened with the plow. — Broken line (Geom.), the straight lines which join a number of given points taken in some specified order. — Broken meat, fragments of meat or other food. — Broken number, a fraction. — Broken weather, unsettled weather.

Bro´ken-backed , a. 1. Having a broken back; as a broken-backed chair. 2. (Naut.) Hogged; so weakened in the frame as to droop at each end; — said of a ship. Totten.

Bro´ken-bel•lied , a. Having a ruptured belly. [R.]

Bro´ken-heart•ed , a. Having the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or despair. “She left her husband almost broken-hearted.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Disconsolable; heart-broken; inconsolable; comfortless; woe-begone; forlorn.

Bro´ken•ly, adv. In a broken, interrupted manner; in a broken state; in broken language. “The pagans worship God … as it were brokenly and by piecemeal.
Cudworth.”

Bro´ken•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being broken; unevenness. Macaulay. 2. Contrition; as brokenness of heart.

Bro´ken wind . (Far.) The heaves.

Bro´ken-wind•ed, a. (Far.) Having short breath or disordered respiration, as a horse.

Bro´ker (bro´ker), n. [OE. brocour, from a word akin to broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, possess, digest, fr. AS. brucan to use, enjoy; cf. Fries. broker, F. brocanteur. See Brook, v. t.] 1. One who transacts business for another; an agent. 2. (Law) An agent employed to effect bargains and contracts, as a middleman or negotiator, between other persons, for a compensation commonly called brokerage. He takes no possession, as broker, of the subject matter of the negotiation. He generally contracts in the names of those who employ him, and not in his own. Story. 3. A dealer in money, notes, bills of exchange, etc. 4. A dealer in secondhand goods. [Eng.] 5. A pimp or procurer. [Obs.] Shak. Bill broker, one who buys and sells notes and bills of exchange. — Curbstone broker or Street broker, an operator in stocks (not a member of the Stock Exchange) who executes orders by running from office to office, or by transactions on the street. [U.S.] — Exchange broker, one who buys and sells uncurrent money, and deals in exchanges relating to money. — Insurance broker, one who is agent in procuring insurance on vessels, or against fire. — Pawn broker. See Pawnbroker. — Real estate broker, one who buys and sells lands, and negotiates loans, etc., upon mortgage. - - Ship broker, one who acts as agent in buying and selling ships, procuring freight, etc. — Stock broker. See Stockbroker.

Bro´ker•age , n. 1. The business or employment of a broker. Burke. 2. The fee, reward, or commission, given or changed for transacting business as a broker.

Bro´ker•ly, a. Mean; servile. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bro´ker•y , n. The business of a broker. [Obs.] “And with extorting, cozening, forfeiting,
And tricks belonging unto brokery.
Marlowe.”

Bro´king , a. Of or pertaining to a broker or brokers, or to brokerage. [Obs.] “Redeem from broking pawn the blemished crown.
Shak.”

Bro´ma (bro´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. brw^ma food, bibrw•skein to eat.] 1. (Med.) Aliment; food. Dunglison. 2. A light form of prepared cocoa (or cacao), or the drink made from it.

Bro´mal (bro´mal), n. [Bromine + aldehyde.] (Chem.) An oily, colorless fluid, CBr_3.COH, related to bromoform, as chloral is to chloroform, and obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol.

Bro´mate , n. (Chem.) A salt of bromic acid.

Bro´mate , v. t. (Med.) To combine or impregnate with bromine; as bromated camphor.

Bro•ma•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in the science of foods.

Bro•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , food + -logy.] The science of aliments. Dunglison.

Brome , n. [F.] (Chem.) See Bromine.

Brome´ grass . [L. bromos a kind of oats, Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus (Bromus) of grasses, one species of which is the chess or cheat.

Bro•me•li•a´ceous , a. [Named after Olaf Bromel, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a family of endogenous and mostly epiphytic or saxicolous plants of which the genera Tillandsia and Billbergia are examples. The pineapple, though terrestrial, is also of this family.

Bro´mic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, bromine; — said of those compounds of bromine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as bromic acid.

Bro´mide , n. (Chem.) A compound of bromine with a positive radical.

Bro´mi•nate , v. t. See Bromate, v. t.

Bro´mine , n. [Gr. bad smell, stink. Cf. Brome.] (Chem.) One of the elements, related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. Atomic weight 79.8. Symbol Br. It is a deep reddish brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor, emitting a brownish vapor at the ordinary temperature. In combination it is found in minute quantities in sea water, and in many saline springs. It occurs also in the mineral bromyrite.

Bro´mism , n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by the excessive use of bromine or one of its compounds. It is characterized by mental dullness and muscular weakness.

Bro´mize , v. t. (Photog.) To prepare or treat with bromine; as to bromize a silvered plate.

Brom´life , n. [From Bromley Hill, near Alston, Cumberland, England.] (Min.) A carbonate of baryta and lime, intermediate between witherite and strontianite; — called also alstonite.

Bro´mo•form , n. [Bromine + formyl.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, CHBr_3, having an agreeable odor and sweetish taste. It is produced by the simultaneous action of bromine and caustic potash upon wood spirit, alcohol, or acetone, as also by certain other reactions. In composition it is the same as chloroform, with the substitution of bromine for chlorine. It is somewhat similar to chloroform in its effects. Watts.

Brom•pi´crin , n. [G. brompikrin; brom bromine + pikrinsäure picric acid.] (Chem.) A pungent colorless explosive liquid, CNO_2Br_3, analogous to and resembling chlorpicrin. [Spelt also brompikrin.]

Brom´u•ret , n. See Bromide. [Obs.]

Brom´y•rite , n. [Bromine + Gr. silver.] (Min.) Silver bromide, a rare mineral; — called also bromargyrite.

Bron´chi , n. pl. (Anat.) See Bronchus.

Bron´chi•a , n. pl. [L. , pl. Cf. Bronchus.] (Anat.) The bronchial tubes which arise from the branching of the trachea, esp. the subdivision of the bronchi. Dunglison.

Bron´chi•al , a. [Cf. F. bronchial. See Bronchia.] (Anat.) Belonging to the bronchi and their ramifications in the lungs. Bronchial arteries, branches of the descending aorta, accompanying the bronchia in all their ramifications. — Bronchial cells, the air cells terminating the bronchia. — Bronchial glands, glands whose functions are unknown, seated along the bronchia. — Bronchial membrane, the mucous membrane lining the bronchia. — Bronchial tube, the bronchi, or the bronchia.

Bron´chic , a. (Anat.) Bronchial.

Bron´chi•ole , n. (Anat.) A minute bronchial tube.

Bron•chit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to bronchitis; as bronchitic inflammation.

Bron•chi´tis , n. [Bronchus + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the bronchial tubes or any part of them.

Bron´cho , n. [Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A native or a Mexican horse of small size. [Western U.S.]

Bron´cho•cele , n. [Gr. ; windpipe + tumor.] (Med.) See Goiter.

Bron•choph´o•ny , n. [Gr. windpipe + sound.] A modification of the voice sounds, by which they are intensified and heightened in pitch; — observed in auscultation of the chest in certain cases of intro-thoracic disease.

Bron•cho-pneu•mo´ni•a , n. [Bronchus + pneumonia.] (Med.) Inflammation of the bronchi and lungs; catarrhal pneumonia.

Bron´cho•tome , n. [Gr. windpipe + to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for cutting into the bronchial tubes.

Bron•chot´o•my , n. (Surg.) An incision into the windpipe or larynx, including the operations of tracheotomy and laryngotomy.

Bron´chus , n.; pl. Bronchi . [NL., fr. Gr. windpipe. Cf. Bronchia.] (Anat.) One of the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe; esp. one of the two primary divisions.

Bron´co , n. Same as Broncho.

Brond , n. [See Brand.] A sword. [Obs.] { Bron´to•lite , Bron´to•lith } n. [Gr. + -lite, -lith.] An aërolite. [R.]

Bron•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. thunder + -logy.] A treatise upon thunder.

Bron•to•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thunder + lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of American jurassic dinosaurs. A length of sixty feet is believed to have been attained by these reptiles.

Bron•to•the´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thunder + beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct mammals from the miocene strata of western North America. They were allied to the rhinoceros, but the skull bears a pair of powerful horn cores in front of the orbits, and the fore feet were four-toed. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bron•to•zo´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thunder + animal.] (Paleon.) An extinct animal of large size, known from its three-toed footprints in Mesozoic sandstone. The tracks made by these reptiles are found eighteen inches in length, and were formerly referred to gigantic birds; but the discovery of large bipedal three-toed dinosaurs has suggested that they were made by those reptiles.

Bronze , n. [F. bronze, fr. It. bronzo brown, fr. OHG. brn, G. braun. See Brown, a.] 1. An alloy of copper and tin, to which small proportions of other metals, especially zinc, are sometimes added. It is hard and sonorous, and is used for statues, bells, cannon, etc., the proportions of the ingredients being varied to suit the particular purposes. The varieties containing the higher proportions of tin are brittle, as in bell metal and speculum metal. 2. A statue, bust, etc., cast in bronze. “A print, a bronze, a flower, a root.
Prior.” 3. A yellowish or reddish brown, the color of bronze; also a pigment or powder for imitating bronze. 4. Boldness; impudence; ´brass.´ “Imbrowned with native bronze, lo! Henley stands.
Pope.” Aluminium bronze. See under Aluminium. — Bronze age, an age of the world which followed the stone age, and was characterized by the use of implements and ornaments of copper or bronze. — Bronze powder, a metallic powder, used with size or in combination with painting, to give the appearance of bronze, gold, or other metal, to any surface. — Phosphor bronze ∧ Silicious or Silicium bronze are made by adding phosphorus and silicon respectively to ordinary bronze, and are characterized by great tenacity.

Bronze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bronzed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bronzing.] [Cf. F. bronzer. See Bronze, n.] 1. To give an appearance of bronze to, by a coating of bronze powder, or by other means; to make of the color of bronze; as to bronze plaster casts; to bronze coins or medals. “The tall bronzed black-eyed stranger.
W. Black.” 2. To make hard or unfeeling; to brazen. “The lawer who bronzes his bosom instead of his forehead.
Sir W. Scott.” Bronzed skin disease. (Pathol.) See Addison’s disease.

Bronze´wing , n. (Zoöl.) An Australian pigeon of the genus Phaps, of several species; — so called from its bronze plumage.

Bronz´ine , n. A metal so prepared as to have the appearance of bronze. — a. Made of bronzine; resembling bronze; bronzelike.

Bronz´ing, n. 1. The act or art of communicating to articles in metal, wood, clay, plaster, etc., the appearance of bronze by means of bronze powders, or imitative painting, or by chemical processes. Tomlinson. 2. A material for bronzing.

Bronz´ist, n. One who makes, imitates, collects, or deals in, bronzes.

Bronz´ite , n. [Cf. F. bronzite.] (Min.) A variety of enstatite, often having a bronzelike luster. It is a silicate of magnesia and iron, of the pyroxene family.

Bronz´y , a. Like bronze.

Brooch (broch; 277), n. [See Broach, n.] 1. An ornament, in various forms, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it to a garment; now worn at the breast by women; a breastpin. Formerly worn by men on the hat. “Honor ’s a good brooch to wear in a man’s hat.
B. Jonson.” 2. (Paint.) A painting all of one color, as a sepia painting, or an India painting.

Brooch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooched (brocht).] To adorn as with a brooch. [R.]

Brood (brood), n. [OE. brod, AS. brod; akin to D. broed, OHG. bruot, G. brut, and also to G. brühe broth, MHG. brüeje, and perh. to E. brawn, breath. Cf. Breed, v. t.] 1. The young birds hatched at one time; a hatch; as a brood of chickens. “As a hen doth gather her brood under her wings.
Luke xiii. 34.” “A hen followed by a brood of ducks.
Spectator.” 2. The young from the same dam, whether produced at the same time or not; young children of the same mother, especially if nearly of the same age; offspring; progeny; as a woman with a brood of children. “The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood.
Wordsworth.” 3. That which is bred or produced; breed; species. “Flocks of the airy brood,
(Cranes, geese or long-necked swans).
Chapman.” 4. (Mining) Heavy waste in tin and copper ores. To sit on brood, to ponder. [Poetic] Shak.

Brood, a. 1. Sitting or inclined to sit on eggs. 2. Kept for breeding from; as a brood mare; brood stock; having young; as a brood sow.

Brood (broch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooding.] 1. To sit on and cover eggs, as a fowl, for the purpose of warming them and hatching the young; or to sit over and cover young, as a hen her chickens, in order to warm and protect them; hence, to sit quietly, as if brooding. “Birds of calm sir brooding on the charmed wave.
Milton.” 2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject; to think long and anxiously; to be in a state of gloomy, serious thought; — usually followed by over or on; as to brood over misfortunes. “Brooding on unprofitable gold.
Dryden.” “Brooding over all these matters, the mother felt like one who has evoked a spirit.
Hawthorne.” “When with downcast eyes we muse and brood.
Tennyson.”

Brood (brood), v. t. 1. To sit over, cover, and cherish; as a hen broods her chickens. 2. To cherish with care. [R.] 3. To think anxiously or moodily upon. “You’ll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne.
Dryden.”

Brood´y , a. Inclined to brood. Ray.

Brook , n. [OE. brok, broke, brook, AS. broc; akin to D. broek, LG. brok, marshy ground, OHG. pruoh, G. bruch marsh; prob. fr. the root of E. break, so as that it signifies water breaking through the earth, a spring or brook, as well as a marsh. See Break, v. t.] A natural stream of water smaller than a river or creek. “The Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water.
Deut. viii. 7.” “Empires itself, as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters.
Shak.”

Brook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooking.] [OE. broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, digest, AS. brcan; akin to D. gebruiken to use, OHG. prhhan, G. brauchen, gebrauchen, Icel. brka, Goth. brkjan, and L. frui, to enjoy. Cf. Fruit, Broker.] 1. To use; to enjoy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bear; to endure; to put up with; to tolerate; as young men can not brook restraint. Spenser. “Shall we, who could not brook one lord,
Crouch to the wicked ten?
Macaulay.” 3. To deserve; to earn. [Obs.] Sir J. Hawkins.

Brook´ite , n. [Named from the English mineralogist, H. J. Brooke.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of titanic oxide, and hence identical with rutile and octahedrite in composition, but crystallizing in the orthorhombic system.

Brook´let , n. A small brook.

Brook´lime , n. (Bot.) A plant (Veronica Beccabunga), with flowers, usually blue, in axillary racemes. The American species is V. Americana. [Formerly written broklempe or broklympe.]

Brook´ mint . (Bot.) See Water mint.

Brook´side , n. The bank of a brook.

Brook´weed , n. (Bot.) A small white-flowered herb (Samolus Valerandi) found usually in wet places; water pimpernel.

Broom , n. [OE. brom, brome, AS. brom; akin to LG. bram, D. brem, OHG. bramo broom, thornbush, G. brombeere blackberry. Cf. Bramble, n.] 1. (Bot.) A plant having twigs suitable for making brooms to sweep with when bound together; esp., the Cytisus scoparius of Western Europe, which is a low shrub with long, straight, green, angular branches, minute leaves, and large yellow flowers. “No gypsy cowered o’er fires of furze and broom.
Wordsworth.” 2. An implement for sweeping floors, etc., commonly made of the panicles or tops of broom corn, bound together or attached to a long wooden handle; — so called because originally made of the twigs of the broom. Butcher’s broom, a plant (Ruscus aculeatus) of the Smilax family, used by butchers for brooms to sweep their blocks; — called also knee holly. See Cladophyll. — Dyer’s broom, a species of mignonette (Reseda luteola), used for dyeing yellow; dyer’s weed; dyer’s rocket. — Spanish broom. See under Spanish.

Broom, v. t. (Naut.) See Bream.

Broom´ corn . (Bot.) A variety of Sorghum vulgare, having a joined stem, like maize, rising to the height of eight or ten feet, and bearing its seeds on a panicle with long branches, of which brooms are made.

Broom´ rape . (Bot.) A genus (Orobanche) of parasitic plants of Europe and Asia. They are destitute of chlorophyll, have scales instead of leaves, and spiked flowers, and grow attached to the roots of other plants, as furze, clover, flax, wild carrot, etc. The name is sometimes applied to other plants related to this genus, as Aphyllon uniflorumand A. Ludovicianum.

Broom´staff , n. A broomstick. [Obs.] Shak.

Broom´stick , n. A stick used as a handle of a broom.

Broom´y , a. Of or pertaining to broom; overgrowing with broom; resembling broom or a broom. “If land grow mossy or broomy.
Mortimer.”

Brose , n. [CF. Gael. brothas. Cf. Brewis, Broth.] Pottage made by pouring some boiling liquid on meal (esp. oatmeal), and stirring it. It is called beef brose, water brose, etc., according to the name of the liquid (beef broth, hot water, etc.) used. [Scot.]

Brot´el , a. Brittle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brot´el•ness, n. Brittleness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Broth , n. [AS. bro; akin to OHG. brod, brot; cf. Ir. broth, Gael. brot. rad.93. Cf. Brewis, Brew.] Liquid in which flesh (and sometimes other substances, as barley or rice) has been boiled; thin or simple soup. “I am sure by your unprejudiced discourses that you love broth better than soup.
Addison.”

Broth´el , n. [OE. brothel, brodel, brethel, a prostitute, a worthless fellow, fr. AS. beróan to ruin, destroy; cf. AS. breótan to break, and E. brittle. The term brothel house was confused with bordel brothel. CF. Bordel.] A house of lewdness or ill fame; a house frequented by prostitutes; a bawdyhouse.

Broth´el•er , n. One who frequents brothels.

Broth´el•ry , n. Lewdness; obscenity; a brothel. B. Jonson.

Broth´er (bruth´er), n.; pl. Brothers (bruth´erz) or Brethren (breth´ren). See Brethren. [OE. brother, AS. broðor; akin to OS. brothar, D. broeder, OHG. pruodar, G. bruder, Icel. broðir, Sw. & Dan. broder, Goth. broþar, Ir. brathair, W. brawd, pl. brodyr, Lith. brolis, Lett. brahlis, Russ. brat’, Pol. & Serv. brat, OSlav. bratru, L. frater, Skr. bhratr, Zend bratar brother, Gr. fra•thr, fra•twr, a clansman. The common plural is Brothers; in the solemn style, Brethren, OE. pl. brether, bretheren, AS. dat. sing. breðer, nom. pl. broðor, broðru. rad.258. Cf. Friar, Fraternal.] 1. A male person who has the same father and mother with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case he is more definitely called a half brother, or brother of the half blood. “Two of us in the churchyard lie,
My sister and my brother.
Wordsworth.” 2. One related or closely united to another by some common tie or interest, as of rank, profession, membership in a society, toil, suffering, etc.; — used among judges, clergymen, monks, physicians, lawyers, professors of religion, etc. ´A brother of your order.´ Shak. “We few, we happy few, we band of brothers,
For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother.
Shak.” 3. One who, or that which, resembles another in distinctive qualities or traits of character. “He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.
Prov. xviii. 9.” “That April morn
Of this the very brother.
Wordsworth.” In Scripture, the term brother is applied to a kinsman by blood more remote than a son of the same parents, as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob and Laban. In a more general sense, brother or brethren is used for fellow-man or fellow-men. “For of whom such massacre
Make they but of their brethren, men of men?
Milton.” Brother Jonathan, a humorous designation for the people of the United States collectively. The phrase is said to have originated from Washington’s referring to the patriotic Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, as ´Brother Jonathan.´ — Blood brother. See under Blood.

Broth´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brothered .] To make a brother of; to call or treat as a brother; to admit to a brotherhood. Sir W. Scott.

Broth´er ger´man . (Law) A brother by both the father’s and mother’s side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, one by the mother only. Bouvier.

Broth´er•hood , n. [Brother + -hood.] 1. The state of being brothers or a brother. 2. An association for any purpose, as a society of monks; a fraternity. 3. The whole body of persons engaged in the same business, — especially those of the same profession; as the legal or medical brotherhood. 4. Persons, and, poetically, things, of a like kind. “A brotherhood of venerable trees.
Wordsworth.” Syn. — Fraternity; association; fellowship; sodality.

Broth´er-in-law , n.; pl. Brothers-in-law . The brother of one’s husband or wife; also the husband of one’s sister; sometimes, the husband of one’s wife’s sister.

Broth´er•li•ness , n. The state or quality of being brotherly.

Broth´er•ly , a. Of or pertaining to brothers; such as is natural for brothers; becoming to brothers; kind; affectionate; as brotherly love. Syn. — Fraternal; kind; affectionate; tender.

Broth´er•ly, adv. Like a brother; affectionately; kindly. ´I speak but brotherly of him.´ Shak.

Broud´ed , p.a. Braided; broidered. [Obs.] “Alle his clothes brouded up and down.
Chaucer.”

Brough´am , n. A light, close carriage, with seats inside for two or four, and the fore wheels so arranged as to turn short.

Brow , n. [OE. browe, bruwe, AS. br; akin to AS. brw, breáw, eyelid, OFries. bre, D. braauw, Icel. bra, brn, OHG. prawa, G. braue, OSlav. brv, Russ. brove, Ir. brai, Ir. & Gael. abhra, Armor. abrant, Gr. , Skr. bhr. Cf. Bray a bank, Bridge.] 1. The prominent ridge over the eye, with the hair that covers it, forming an arch above the orbit. “And his arched brow, pulled o’er his eyes,
With solemn proof proclaims him wise.
Churchill.” 2. The hair that covers the brow (ridge over the eyes); the eyebrow. “’T is not your inky brows, your brack silk hair.
Shak.” 3. The forehead; as a feverish brow. “Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow.
Shak.” 4. The general air of the countenance. “To whom thus Satan with contemptuous brow.
Milton.” “He told them with a masterly brow.
Milton.” 5. The edge or projecting upper part of a steep place; as the brow of a precipice; the brow of a hill. To bend the brow, To knit the brows, to frown; to scowl.

Brow, v. t. To bound to limit; to be at, or form, the edge of. [R.] “Tending my flocks hard by i’ the hilly crofts
That brow this bottom glade.
Milton.”

Brow´beat , v. t. [imp. Browbeat; p. p. Browbeaten ; p. pr. & vb. n. Browbeating.] To depress or bear down with haughty, stern looks, or with arrogant speech and dogmatic assertions; to abash or disconcert by impudent or abusive words or looks; to bully; as to browbeat witnesses. “My grandfather was not a man to be browbeaten.
W. Irving.”

Brow´beat•ing, n. The act of bearing down, abashing, or disconcerting, with stern looks, supercilious manners, or confident assertions. “The imperious browbeatings and scorn of great men.
L’Estrange.”

Brow´bound (-bound•), a. Crowned; having the head encircled as with a diadem. Shak.

Browd´yng (broud´ing/), n. Embroidery. [Obs.] “Of goldsmithrye, of browdyng, and of steel.
Chaucer.”

Browed , a. Having (such) a brow; - - used in composition; as dark-browed, stern- browed.

Brow´less , a. Without shame. L. Addison.

Brown , a. [Compar. Browner ; superl. Brownest.] [OE. brun, broun, AS. brn; akin to D. bruin, OHG. brn, Icel. brnn, Sw. brun, Dan. bruun, G. braun, Lith. brunas, Skr. babhru. rad.93, 253. Cf. Bruin, Beaver, Burnish, Brunette.] Of a dark color, of various shades between black and red or yellow. “Cheeks brown as the oak leaves.
Longfellow.” Brown Bess, the old regulation flintlock smoothbore musket, with bronzed barrel, formerly used in the British army. — Brown bread (a) Dark colored bread; esp. a kind made of unbolted wheat flour, sometimes called in the United States Graham bread. ´He would mouth with a beggar though she smelt brown bread and garlic.´ Shak. (b) Dark colored bread made of rye meal and Indian meal, or of wheat and rye or Indian; rye and Indian bread. [U.S.] — Brown coal, wood coal. See Lignite. — Brown hematite or Brown iron ore (Min.), the hydrous iron oxide, limonite, which has a brown streak. See Limonite. — Brown holland. See under Holland. — Brown paper, dark colored paper, esp. coarse wrapping paper, made of unbleached materials. — Brown spar (Min.), a ferruginous variety of dolomite, in part identical with ankerite. — Brown stone. See Brownstone. — Brown stout, a strong kind of porter or malt liquor. — Brown study, a state of mental abstraction or serious reverie. W. Irving.

Brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow, resulting from the mixture of red and black, or of red, black, and yellow; a tawny, dusky hue.

Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Browning.] 1. To make brown or dusky. “A trembling twilight o’er welkin moves,
Browns the dim void and darkens deep the groves.
Barlow.” 2. To make brown by scorching slightly; as to brown meat or flour. 3. To give a bright brown color to, as to gun barrels, by forming a thin coat of oxide on their surface. Ure.

Brown, v. i. To become brown.

Brown´back , n. (Zoöl.) The dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. See Dowitcher.

Brown´ bill . [Brown + bill cutting tool.] A bill or halberd of the 16th and 17th centuries. See 4th Bill. “Many time, but for a sallet, my brainpan had been cleft with a brown bill.
Shak.” The black, or as it is sometimes called, the brown bill, was a kind of halberd, the cutting part hooked like a woodman’s bill, from the back of which projected a spike, and another from the head. Grose.

Brown´i•an , a. Pertaining to Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the commonness of the motion described below. Brownian movement, the peculiar, rapid, vibratory movement exhibited by the microscopic particles of substances when suspended in water or other fluids.

Brown´ie , n. [So called from its supposed tawny or swarthy color.] An imaginary good- natured spirit, who was supposed often to perform important services around the house by night, such as thrashing, churning, sweeping. [Scot.]

Brown´ing, n. 1. The act or operation of giving a brown color, as to gun barrels, etc. 2. (Masonry) A smooth coat of brown mortar, usually the second coat, and the preparation for the finishing coat of plaster.

Brown´ish, a. Somewhat brown.

Brown´ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The views or teachings of Robert Brown of the Brownists. Milton.

Brown´ism, n. (Med.) The doctrines of the Brunonian system of medicine. See Brunonian.

Brown´ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert Brown, of England, in the 16th century, who taught that every church is complete and independent in itself when organized, and consists of members meeting in one place, having full power to elect and depose its officers.

Brown´ist, n. (Med.) One who advocates the Brunonian system of medicine.

Brown´ness, n. The quality or state of being brown. “Now like I brown (O lovely brown thy hair);
Only in brownness beauty dwelleth there.
Drayton.”

Brown´stone , n. A dark variety of sandstone, much used for building purposes.

Brown´ thrush´ . (Zoöl.) A common American singing bird (Harporhynchus rufus), allied to the mocking bird; — also called brown thrasher.

Brown´wort , n. (Bot.) A species of figwort or Scrophularia (S. vernalis), and other species of the same genus, mostly perennials with inconspicuous coarse flowers.

Brown´y , a. Brown or, somewhat brown. ´Browny locks.´ Shak.

Brow´post , n. (Carp.) A beam that goes across a building.

Browse (brouz), n. [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot, F. brout browse, browsewood, prob. fr. OHG. burst, G. borste, bristle; cf. also Armor. brousta to browse. See Bristle, n., Brush, n.] The tender branches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals; green food. Spenser. “Sheep, goats, and oxen, and the nobler steed,
On browse, and corn, and flowery meadows feed.
Dryden.”

Browse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browsed (brouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Browsing.] [For broust, OF. brouster, bruster, F. brouter. See Browse, n., and cf. Brut.] 1. To eat or nibble off, as the tender branches of trees, shrubs, etc.; — said of cattle, sheep, deer, and some other animals. “Yes, like the stag, when snow the plasture sheets,
The barks of trees thou browsedst.
Shak.” 2. To feed on, as pasture; to pasture on; to graze. “Fields … browsed by deep-uddered kine.
Tennyson.”

Browse (brouz), v. i. 1. To feed on the tender branches or shoots of shrubs or trees, as do cattle, sheep, and deer. 2. To pasture; to feed; to nibble. Shak.

Brows´er (brouz´er), n. An animal that browses.

Browse´wood , n. Shrubs and bushes upon which animals browse.

Brows´ing, n. Browse; also a place abounding with shrubs where animals may browse. “Browsings for the deer.
Howell.”

Brow´spot , n. (Zoöl.) A rounded organ between the eyes of the frog; the interocular gland.

Bru•ang´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Malayan sun bear.

Bru´cine , n. [Cf. F. brucine, fr. James Bruce, a Scottish traveler.] (Chem.) A powerful vegetable alkaloid, found, associated with strychnine, in the seeds of different species of Strychnos, especially in the Nux vomica. It is less powerful than strychnine. Called also brucia and brucina.

Bru´cite , n. [Named after Dr. A. Bruce of New York.] (Min.) (a) A white, pearly mineral, occurring thin and foliated, like talc, and also fibrous; a native magnesium hydrate. (b) The mineral chondrodite. [R.]

Bruck´eled , a. Wet and dirty; begrimed. [Obs. or Dial.] Herrick.

Bruh , n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The rhesus monkey. See Rhesus.

Bru´in , n. [D. bruin brown. In the epic poem of ´Reynard the Fox´ the bear is so called from his color. See Brown, a.] A bear; — so called in popular tales and fables.

Bruise (bruz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruised (bruzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bruising.] [OE. brusen, brisen, brosen, bresen, AS. brysan or fr. OF. bruiser, bruisier, bruser, to break, shiver, perh. from OHG. brochison. Cf. Break, v. t.] 1. To injure, as by a blow or collision, without laceration; to contuse; as to bruise one’s finger with a hammer; to bruise the bark of a tree with a stone; to bruise an apple by letting it fall. 2. To break; as in a mortar; to bray, as minerals, roots, etc.; to crush. “Nor bruise her flowerets with the armed hoofs.
Shak.” Syn. — To pulverize; bray; triturate; pound; contuse.

Bruise, v. i. To fight with the fists; to box. “Bruising was considered a fine, manly, old English custom.
Thackeray.”

Bruise, n. An injury to the flesh of animals, or to plants, fruit, etc., with a blunt or heavy instrument, or by collision with some other body; a contusion; as a bruise on the head; bruises on fruit. “From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness in it; but wounds, and bruises.
Isa. i. 6.”

Bruis´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises. 2. A boxer; a pugilist. R. Browning. “Like a new bruiser on Broughtonic sand,
Amid the lists our hero takes his stand.
T. Warton.” 3. A concave tool used in grinding lenses or the speculums of telescopes. Knight.

Bruise´wort , n. A plant supposed to heal bruises, as the true daisy, the soapwort, and the comfrey.

Bruit , n. [OE. bruit, brut, noise, bruit, F. bruit, fr. LL. brugitus; cf. L. rugire to roar; perh. influenced by the source of E. bray to make a harsh noise, Armor. brud bruit.] 1. Report; rumor; fame. “The bruit thereof will bring you many friends.
Shak.” 2. [French pron. .] (Med.) An abnormal sound of several kinds, heard on auscultation.

Bruit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruited; p. pr. & vb. n. Bruiting.] To report; to noise abroad. “I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited.
Shak.”

Bru•maire´ , n. [F., fr. L. bruma winter.] The second month of the calendar adopted by the first French republic. It began thirty days after the autumnal equinox. See Vendemiaire.

Bru´mal , a. [L. brumalis, fr. bruma winter: cf. F. brumal.] Of or pertaining to winter. ´The brumal solstice.´ Sir T. Browne.

Brume , n. [F. brume winter season, mist, L. bruma winter.] Mist; fog; vapors. ´The drifting brume.´ Longfellow.

Brum´ma•gem , a. [Birmingham (formerly Bromwycham), Eng., ´the great mart and manufactory of gilt toys, cheap jewelry,´ etc.] Counterfeit; gaudy but worthless; sham. [Slang] ´These Brummagem gentry.´ Lady D. Hardy.

Bru´mous , a. Foggy; misty.

Brun , n. [See Broun a brook.] Same as Brun, a brook. [Scot.]

Bru•nette´ , n. [F. brunet, brunette, brownish, dim. of brun, brune, brown, fr. OHG. brn. See Brown, a.] A girl or woman with a somewhat brown or dark complexion. — a. Having a dark tint.

Brun´ion , n. [F. brugnon (cf. It. brugna, prugna), fr. L. prunum. See Prune, n.] A nectarine.

Bru•no´ni•an , a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Brown; — a term applied to a system of medicine promulgated in the 18th century by John Brown, of Scotland, the fundamental doctrine of which was that life is a state of excitation produced by the normal action of external agents upon the body, and that disease consists in excess or deficiency of excitation.

Bruns´wick black . See Japan black.

Bruns´wick green . [G. Braunschweiger grün, first made at Brunswick, in Germany.] An oxychloride of copper, used as a green pigment; also a carbonate of copper similarly employed.

Brunt (brunt), n. [OE. brunt, bront, fr. Icel. bruna to rush; cf. Icel. brenna to burn. Cf. Burn, v. t.] 1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset; the strength or greatest fury of any contention; as the brunt of a battle. 2. The force of a blow; shock; collision. ´And heavy brunt of cannon ball.´ Hudibras. “It is instantly and irrecoverably scattered by our first brunt with some real affair of common life.
I. Taylor.”

Brush , n. [OE. brusche, OF. broche, broce, brosse, brushwood, F. brosse brush, LL. brustia, bruscia, fr. OHG. brusta, brust, bristle, G. borste bristle, bürste brush. See Bristle, n., and cf. Browse.] 1. An instrument composed of bristles, or other like material, set in a suitable back or handle, as of wood, bone, or ivory, and used for various purposes, as in removing dust from clothes, laying on colors, etc. Brushes have different shapes and names according to their use; as clothes brush, paint brush, tooth brush, etc. 2. The bushy tail of a fox. 3. (Zoöl.) A tuft of hair on the mandibles. 4. Branches of trees lopped off; brushwood. 5. A thicket of shrubs or small trees; the shrubs and small trees in a wood; underbrush. 6. (Elec.) A bundle of flexible wires or thin plates of metal, used to conduct an electrical current to or from the commutator of a dynamo, electric motor, or similar apparatus. 7. The act of brushing; as to give one’s clothes a brush; a rubbing or grazing with a quick motion; a light touch; as we got a brush from the wheel as it passed. “[As leaves] have with one winter’s brush
Fell from their boughts.
Shak.” 8. A skirmish; a slight encounter; a shock or collision; as to have a brush with an enemy. “Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong,
And tempt not yet the brushes of the war.
Shak.” 9. A short contest, or trial, of speed. “Let us enjoy a brush across the country.
Cornhill Mag.” Electrical brush, a form of the electric discharge characterized by a brushlike appearance of luminous rays diverging from an electrified body.

Brush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brushed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brushing.] [OE. bruschen; cf. F. brosser. See Brush, n.] 1. To apply a brush to, according to its particular use; to rub, smooth, clean, paint, etc., with a brush. ´A’ brushes his hat o’ mornings.´ Shak. 2. To touch in passing, or to pass lightly over, as with a brush. “Some spread their sailes, some with strong oars sweep
The waters smooth, and brush the buxom wave.
Fairfax.” “Brushed with the kiss of rustling wings.
Milton.” 3. To remove or gather by brushing, or by an act like that of brushing, or by passing lightly over, as wind; — commonly with off. “As wicked dew as e’er my mother brushed
With raven’s feather from unwholesome fen.
Shak.” “And from the boughts brush off the evil dew.
Milton.” To brush aside, to remove from one’s way, as with a brush. — To brush away, to remove, as with a brush or brushing motion. — To brush up, to paint, or make clean or bright with a brush; to cleanse or improve; to renew. “You have commissioned me to paint your shop, and I have done my best to brush you up like your neighbors.
Pope.”

Brush, v. i. To move nimbly in haste; to move so lightly as scarcely to be perceived; as to brush by. “Snatching his hat, he brushed off like the wind.
Goldsmith.”

Brush´er , n. One who, or that which, brushes.

Brush´i•ness , n. The quality of resembling a brush; brushlike condition; shagginess. Dr. H. More.

Brush´ing, a. 1. Constructed or used to brush with; as a brushing machine. 2. Brisk; light; as a brushing gallop.

Brush´ite , n. [From George J. Brush, an American mineralogist.] (Min.) A white or gray crystalline mineral consisting of the acid phosphate of calcium.

Brush´ tur•key . (Zoöl.) A large, edible, gregarious bird of Australia (Talegalla Lathami) of the family Megapodidae. Also applied to several allied species of New Guinea. The brush turkeys live in the ´brush,´ and construct a common nest by collecting a large heap of decaying vegetable matter, which generates heat sufficient to hatch the numerous eggs (sometimes half a bushel) deposited in it by the females of the flock.

Brush´ wheel . 1. A wheel without teeth, used to turn a similar one by the friction of bristles or something brushlike or soft attached to the circumference. 2. A circular revolving brush used by turners, lapidaries, silversmiths, etc., for polishing.

Brush´wood , n. 1. Brush; a thicket or coppice of small trees and shrubs. 2. Small branches of trees cut off.

Brush´y, a. Resembling a brush; shaggy; rough.

Brusk , a. Same as Brusque.

Brusque , a. [F. brusque, from It. brusco brusque, tart, sour, perh. fr. L. (vitis) labrusca wild (vine); or cf. OHG. bruttisc grim, fr. brutti terror.] Rough and prompt in manner; blunt; abrupt; bluff; as a brusque man; a brusque style.

Brusque´ness, n. Quality of being brusque; roughness joined with promptness; bluntness. Brit. Quar.

Brus´sels , n. A city of Belgium, giving its name to a kind of carpet, a kind of lace, etc. Brussels carpet, a kind of carpet made of worsted yarn fixed in a foundation web of strong linen thread. The worsted, which alone shows on the upper surface in drawn up in loops to form the pattern. — Brussels ground, a name given to the handmade ground of real Brussels lace. It is very costly because of the extreme fineness of the threads. — Brussels lace, an expensive kind of lace of several varieties, originally made in Brussels; as Brussels point, Brussels ground, Brussels wire ground. — Brussels net, an imitation of Brussels ground, made by machinery. — Brussels point. See Point lace. — Brussels sprouts (Bot.), a plant of the Cabbage family, which produces, in the axils of the upright stem, numerous small green heads, or ´sprouts,´ each a cabbage in miniature, of one or two inches in diameter; the thousand-headed cabbage. — Brussels wire ground, a ground for lace, made of silk, with meshes partly straight and partly arched.

Brus´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brustled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brustling .] [OE. brustlien and brastlien, AS. brastlian, fr. berstan to burst, akin to G. prasseln to crackle. See Burst, v. i.] 1. To crackle; to rustle, as a silk garment. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To make a show of fierceness or defiance; to bristle. [Obs.] To brustle up, to bristle up. [Obs.] Otway.

Brus´tle, n. A bristle. [Obs. or Prov.] Chaucer.

Brut , v. i. [F. brouter, OF. brouster. See Browse, n.] To browse. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Brut, n. (Zoöl.) See Birt.

Bru´ta , n. [NL., neuter pl., fr. L. brutus heavy, stupid.] (Zoöl.) See Edentata.

Bru´tal , a. [Cf. F. brutal. See Brute, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to a brute; as brutal nature. ´Above the rest of brutal kind.´ Milton. 2. Like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; brutish; unfeeling; merciless; gross; as brutal manners. ´Brutal intemperance.´ Macaulay.

Bru´tal•ism , n. Brutish quality; brutality.

Bru•tal´i•ty , n.; pl. Brutalities . [Cf. F. brutalite.] 1. The quality of being brutal; inhumanity; savageness; pitilessness. 2. An inhuman act. “The … brutalities exercised in war.
Brougham.”

Bru•tal•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of making brutal; state of being brutalized.

Bru´tal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutalized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutalizing.] [Cf. F. brutaliser.] To make brutal; beasty; unfeeling; or inhuman.

Bru´tal•ize, v. i. To become brutal, inhuman, barbarous, or coarse and beasty. [R.] “He mixed … with his countrymen, brutalized with them in their habits and manners.
Addison.”

Bru´tal•ly, adv. In a brutal manner; cruelly.

Brute (brut), a. [F. brut, nasc., brute, fem., raw, rough, rude, brutish, L. brutus stupid, irrational: cf. It. & Sp. bruto.] 1. Not having sensation; senseless; inanimate; unconscious; without intelligence or volition; as the brute earth; the brute powers of nature. 2. Not possessing reason, irrational; unthinking; as a brute beast; the brute creation. “A creature … not prone
And brute as other creatures, but endued
With sanctity of reason.
Milton.” 3. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a brute beast. Hence: Brutal; cruel; fierce; ferocious; savage; pitiless; as brute violence. Macaulay. “The influence of capital and mere brute labor.
Playfair.” 4. Having the physical powers predominating over the mental; coarse; unpolished; unintelligent. “A great brute farmer from Liddesdale.
Sir W. Scott.” 5. Rough; uncivilized; unfeeling. [R.]

Brute, n. 1. An animal destitute of human reason; any animal not human; esp. a quadruped; a beast. “Brutes may be considered as either aëral, terrestrial, aquatic, or amphibious.
Locke.” 2. A brutal person; a savage in heart or manners; as unfeeling or coarse person. “An ill-natured brute of a husband.
Franklin.” Syn. — See Beast.

Brute, v. t. [For bruit.] To report; to bruit. [Obs.]

Brute´ly, adv. In a rude or violent manner.

Brute´ness, n. 1. Brutality. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Insensibility. ´The bruteness of nature.´ Emerson.

Bru´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutifying.] [Brute + -fy: cf. F. brutifier.] To make like a brute; to make senseless, stupid, or unfeeling; to brutalize. “Any man not quite brutified and void of sense.
Barrow.”

Bru´tish (bru´tish), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a brute or brutes; of a cruel, gross, and stupid nature; coarse; unfeeling; unintelligent. “O, let all provocation
Take every brutish shape it can devise.
Leigh Hunt.” “Man may … render himself brutish, but it is in vain that he would seek to take the rank and density of the brute.
I. Taylor.” Syn. — Insensible; stupid; unfeeling; savage; cruel; brutal; barbarous; inhuman; ferocious; gross; carnal; sensual; bestial. — Bru´tish•ly, adv. — Bru´tish•ness, n.

Bru´tism (bru´tiz’m), n. The nature or characteristic qualities or actions of a brute; extreme stupidity, or beastly vulgarity.

Brut´ting , n. Browsing. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Bry•o•log´i•cal , a. Relating to bryology; as bryological studies.

Bry•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in bryology.

Bry•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. moss + - logy.] That part of botany which relates to mosses.

Bry´o•nin , n. (Chem.) A bitter principle obtained from the root of the bryony (Bryonia alba and B. dioica). It is a white, or slightly colored, substance, and is emetic and cathartic.

Bry´o•ny (bri´o•ny), n. [L. bryonia, Gr. brywni•a, fr. bry•ein to swell, esp. of plants.] (Bot.) The common name of several cucurbitaceous plants of the genus Bryonia. The root of B. alba (rough or white bryony) and of B. dioica is a strong, irritating cathartic. Black bryony, a plant (Tamus communis) so named from its dark glossy leaves and black root; black bindweed.

Bry•oph´y•ta , n. pl. See Cryptogamia.

Bry•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. moss + animal.] (Zoöl.) A class of Molluscoidea, including minute animals which by budding form compound colonies; — called also Polyzoa. They are often coralike in form and appearance, each small cell containing an individual zooid. Other species grow in delicate, flexible, branched forms, resembling moss, whence the name. Some are found in fresh water, but most are marine. The three principal divisions are Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, and Pterobranchia. See Cyclostoma, Chilostoma, and Phylactolema.

Bry•o•zo´an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Bryozoa. — n. One of the Bryozoa.

Bry•o•zo´um , n. [NL. See Bryozoa.] (Zoöl.) An individual zooid of a bryozoan coralline, of which there may be two or more kinds in a single colony. The zoœcia usually have a wreath of tentacles around the mouth, and a well developed stomach and intestinal canal; but these parts are lacking in the other zooids (Avicularia, Oœcia, etc.).

Bu•an•su´ah , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The wild dog of northern India (Cuon primaevus), supposed by some to be an ancestral species of the domestic dog.

Bu´at , n. [Scot., of uncertain origin.] A lantern; also the moon. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Bub , n. Strong malt liquor. [Cant] Prior.

Bub, n. [Cf. 2d Bubby.] A young brother; a little boy; — a familiar term of address of a small boy.

Bub, v. t. [Abbrev. from Bubble.] To throw out in bubbles; to bubble. [Obs.] Sackville.

Bu´ba•le , n. [Cf. F. bubale. See Buffalo, n.] (Zoöl.) A large antelope (Alcelaphus bubalis) of Egypt and the Desert of Sahara, supposed by some to be the fallow deer of the Bible.

Bu´ba•line , a. (Zoöl.) Resembling a buffalo. Bubaline antelope (Zoöl.), the bubale.

Bub´ble , n. [Cf. D. bobbel, Dan. boble, Sw. bubbla. Cf. Blob, n.] 1. A thin film of liquid inflated with air or gas; as a soap bubble; bubbles on the surface of a river. “Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow,
Like bubbles in a late disturbed stream.
Shak.” 2. A small quantity of air or gas within a liquid body; as bubbles rising in champagne or aërated waters. 3. A globule of air, or globular vacuum, in a transparent solid; as bubbles in window glass, or in a lens. 4. A small, hollow, floating bead or globe, formerly used for testing the strength of spirits. 5. The globule of air in the spirit tube of a level. 6. Anything that wants firmness or solidity; that which is more specious than real; a false show; a cheat or fraud; a delusive scheme; an empty project; a dishonest speculation; as the South Sea bubble. “Then a soldier …
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon’s mouth.
Shak.” 7. A person deceived by an empty project; a gull. [Obs.] ´Ganny’s a cheat, and I’m a bubble.´ Prior.

Bub´ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bubbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bubbling .] [Cf. D. bobbelen, Dan. boble. See Bubble, n.] 1. To rise in bubbles, as liquids when boiling or agitated; to contain bubbles. “The milk that bubbled in the pail.
Tennyson.” 2. To run with a gurgling noise, as if forming bubbles; as a bubbling stream. Pope. 3. To sing with a gurgling or warbling sound. “At mine ear
Bubbled the nightingale and heeded not.
Tennyson.”

Bub´bler, v. t. To cheat; to deceive. “She has bubbled him out of his youth.
Addison.” “The great Locke, who was seldom outwitted by false sounds, was nevertheless bubbled here.
Sterne.”

Bub´bler , n. 1. One who cheats. “All the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, etc.
Pope.” 2. (Zoöl.) A fish of the Ohio river; — so called from the noise it makes.

Bub´ble shell . (Zoöl.) A marine univalve shell of the genus Bulla and allied genera, belonging to the Tectibranchiata.

Bub´bling Jock (Zoöl.) The male wild turkey, the gobbler; — so called in allusion to its notes.

Bub´bly , a. Abounding in bubbles; bubbling. Nash.

Bub´by (bub´by), n. [Cf. Prov. G. bübbi, or It. poppa, Pr. popa, OF. poupe, a woman’s breast.] A woman’s breast. [Low]

Bub´by, n. [A corruption of brother.] Bub; — a term of familiar or affectionate address to a small boy.

Bu´bo (bu´bo), n.; pl. Buboes (-boz). [LL. bubo the groin, a swelling in the groin, Gr. boubw•n.] (Med.) An inflammation, with enlargement, of a lymphatic gland, esp. in the groin, as in syphilis.

Bu•bon´ic (bu•bon´ik), a. Of or pertaining to a bubo or buboes; characterized by buboes.

Bu•bon´o•cele (bu•bon´o•sel), n. [Gr. boubw•n groin + tumor: cf. F. bubonocèle.] (Med.) An inguinal hernia; esp. that incomplete variety in which the hernial pouch descends only as far as the groin, forming a swelling there like a bubo.

Bu´bu•kle , n. A red pimple. [R.] Shak.

Buc´cal , a. [L. bucca cheek: cf. F. buccal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mouth or cheeks.

Buc•ca•neer´ , n. [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner to smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild beasts for their skins, boucan a smoking place for meat or fish, gridiron for smoking: a word of American origin.] A robber upon the sea; a pirate; — a term applied especially to the piratical adventurers who made depredations on the Spaniards in America in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Written also bucanier.] Primarily, one who dries and smokes flesh or fish after the manner of the Indians. The name was first given to the French settlers in Hayti or Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine.

Buc•ca•neer´, v. i. To act the part of a buccaneer; to live as a piratical adventurer or sea robber.

Buc•ca•neer´ish, a. Like a buccaneer; piratical.

Buc´ci•nal , a. [L. bucina a crooked horn or trumpet.] Shaped or sounding like a trumpet; trumpetlike.

Buc•ci•na´tor , n. [L., a trumpeter, fr. bucinare to sound the trumpet.] (Anat.) A muscle of the cheek; — so called from its use in blowing wind instruments.

Buc´ci•noid , a. [Buccinum + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the genus Buccinum, or pertaining to the Buccinidae, a family of marine univalve shells. See Whelk, and Prosobranchiata.

Buc´ci•num , n. [L., a trumpet, a trumpet shell.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large univalve mollusks abundant in the arctic seas. It includes the common whelk (B. undatum).

Bu•cen´taur , n. [Gr. boy^s ox + ke•ntayros centaur.] 1. A fabulous monster, half ox, half man. 2. [It. bucentoro.] The state barge of Venice, used by the doge in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic.

Bu´ce•ros , n. [Gr. boy•kerws horned like an ox; boy^s ox + ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large perching birds; the hornbills.

Buch´ol•zite , n. [So called from Bucholz, a German chemist.] (Min.) Same as Fibrolite.

Bu´chu , n. (Bot.) A South African shrub (Barosma) with small leaves that are dotted with oil glands; also the leaves themselves, which are used in medicine for diseases of the urinary organs, etc. Several species furnish the leaves.

Buck (buk), n. [Akin to LG. büke, Dan. byg, Sw. byk, G. bauche: cf. It. bucato, Prov. Sp. bugada, F. buee.] 1. Lye or suds in which cloth is soaked in the operation of bleaching, or in which clothes are washed. 2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. [Obs.] Shak.

Buck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bucked (bukt); p. pr. & vb. n. Bucking.] [OE. bouken; akin to LG. büken, Dan. byge, Sw. byka, G. bauchen, beuchen; cf. OF. buer. Cf. the preceding noun.] 1. To soak, steep, or boil, in lye or suds; — a process in bleaching. 2. To wash (clothes) in lye or suds, or, in later usage, by beating them on stones in running water. 3. (Mining) To break up or pulverize, as ores.

Buck, n. [OE. buk, bucke, AS. bucca, bua, he-goat; akin to D. bok, OHG. pocch, G. bock, Ir. boc, W. bwch, Corn. byk; cf. Zend buza, Skr. bukka. rad.256. Cf. Butcher, n.] 1. The male of deer, especially fallow deer and antelopes, or of goats, sheep, hares, and rabbits. A male fallow deer is called a fawn in his first year; a pricket in his second; a sorel in his third; a sore in his fourth; a buck of the first head in his fifth; and a great buck in his sixth. The female of the fallow deer is termed a doe. The male of the red deer is termed a stag or hart and not a buck, and the female is called a hind. Brande & C. 2. A gay, dashing young fellow; a fop; a dandy. “The leading bucks of the day.
Thackeray.” 3. A male Indian or negro. [Colloq. U.S.] The word buck is much used in composition for the names of antelopes; as bush buck, spring buck. Blue buck. See under Blue. — Water buck, a South African variety of antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). See Illust. of Antelope.

Buck (buk), v. i. 1. To copulate, as bucks and does. 2. To spring with quick plunging leaps, descending with the fore legs rigid and the head held as low down as possible; — said of a vicious horse or mule.

Buck, v. t. 1. (Mil.) To subject to a mode of punishment which consists in tying the wrists together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across the arms and in the angle formed by the knees. 2. To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2. “The brute that he was riding had nearly bucked him out of the saddle.
W. E. Norris.”

Buck, n. A frame on which firewood is sawed; a sawhorse; a sawbuck. Buck saw, a saw set in a frame and used for sawing wood on a sawhorse.

Buck, n. [See Beech, n.] The beech tree. [Scot.] Buck mast, the mast or fruit of the beech tree. Johnson.

Buck´-bas•ket , n. [See 1st Buck.] A basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Shak.

Buck´ bean (ben•). (Bot.) A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) which grows in moist and boggy places, having racemes of white or reddish flowers and intensely bitter leaves, sometimes used in medicine; marsh trefoil; — called also bog bean.

Buck´board , n. A four-wheeled vehicle, having a long elastic board or frame resting on the bolsters or axletrees, and a seat or seats placed transversely upon it; — called also buck wagon.

Buck´er , n. (Mining) 1. One who bucks ore. 2. A broad-headed hammer used in bucking ore.

Buck´er, n. A horse or mule that bucks.

Buck´et , n. [OE. boket; cf. AS. buc pitcher, or Corn. buket tub.] 1. A vessel for drawing up water from a well, or for catching, holding, or carrying water, sap, or other liquids. “The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,
The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well.
Wordsworth.” 2. A vessel (as a tub or scoop) for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain, etc. 3. (Mach.) One of the receptacles on the rim of a water wheel into which the water rushes, causing the wheel to revolve; also a float of a paddle wheel. 4. The valved piston of a lifting pump. Fire bucket, a bucket for carrying water to put out fires. — To kick the bucket, to die. [Low]

Buck´et shop . An office or a place where facilities are given for betting small sums on current prices of stocks, petroleum, etc. [Slang, U.S.]

Buck´et•y , n. [A corruption of buckwheat.] Paste used by weavers to dress their webs. Buchanan.

Buck´eye (buk´i•), n. 1. (Bot.) A name given to several American trees and shrubs of the same genus (AEsculus) as the horse chestnut. The Ohio buckeye, or Fetid buckeye, is AEsculus glabra. — Red buckeye is AE. Pavia. — Small buckeye is AE. paviflora. — Sweet buckeye, or Yellow buckeye, is AE. flava. 2. A cant name for a native in Ohio. [U.S.] Buckeye State, Ohio; — so called because buckeye trees abound there.

Buck´-eyed , a. Having bad or speckled eyes. ´A buck-eyed horse.´ James White.

Buck´hound , n. A hound for hunting deer. Master of the buckhounds, an officer in the royal household. [Eng.]

Buck´ie , n. (Zoöl.) A large spiral marine shell, esp. the common whelk. See Buccinum. [Scot.] Deil’s buckie, a perverse, refractory youngster. [Slang]

Buck´ing, n. 1. The act or process of soaking or boiling cloth in an alkaline liquid in the operation of bleaching; also the liquid used. Tomlinson. 2. A washing. 3. The process of breaking up or pulverizing ores. Bucking iron (Mining), a broad-faced hammer, used in bucking or breaking up ores. — Bucking kier (Manuf.), a large circular boiler, or kier, used in bleaching. — Bucking stool, a washing block.

Buck´ish, a. Dandified; foppish.

Buc´kle , n. [OE. bocle buckle, boss of a shield, OF. bocle, F. boucle, boss of a shield, ring, fr. L. buccula a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca cheek; this boss or knob resembling a cheek.] 1. A device, usually of metal, consisting of a frame with one more movable tongues or catches, used for fastening things together, as parts of dress or harness, by means of a strap passing through the frame and pierced by the tongue. 2. A distortion bulge, bend, or kink, as in a saw blade or a plate of sheet metal. Knight. 3. A curl of hair, esp. a kind of crisp curl formerly worn; also the state of being curled. “Earlocks in tight buckles on each side of a lantern face.
W. Irving.” “Lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year.
Addison.” 4. A contorted expression, as of the face. [R.] “’Gainst nature armed by gravity,
His features too in buckle see.
Churchill.”

Buc´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buckling.] [OE. boclen, F. boucler. See Buckle, n.] 1. To fasten or confine with a buckle or buckles; as to buckle a harness. 2. To bend; to cause to kink, or to become distorted. 3. To prepare for action; to apply with vigor and earnestness; — generally used reflexively. “Cartwright buckled himself to the employment.
Fuller.” 4. To join in marriage. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Buc´kle (buk´k’l), v. i. 1. To bend permanently; to become distorted; to bow; to curl; to kink. “Buckled with the heat of the fire like parchment.
Pepys.” 2. To bend out of a true vertical plane, as a wall. 3. To yield; to give way; to cease opposing. [Obs.] “The Dutch, as high as they seem, do begin to buckle.
Pepys.” 4. To enter upon some labor or contest; to join in close fight; to struggle; to contend. “The bishop was as able and ready to buckle with the Lord Protector as he was with him.
Latimer.” “In single combat thou shalt buckle with me.
Shak.” To buckle to, to bend to; to engage with zeal. “To make our sturdy humor buckle thereto.
Barrow.” “Before buckling to my winter’s work.
J. D. Forbes.”

Buc´kler , n. [OE. bocler, OF. bocler, F. bouclier, a shield with a boss, from OF. bocle, boucle, boss. See Buckle, n.] 1. A kind of shield, of various shapes and sizes, worn on one of the arms (usually the left) for protecting the front of the body. In the sword and buckler play of the Middle Ages in England, the buckler was a small shield, used, not to cover the body, but to stop or parry blows. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the large, bony, external plates found on many ganoid fishes. (b) The anterior segment of the shell of trilobites. 3. (Naut.) A block of wood or plate of iron made to fit a hawse hole, or the circular opening in a half-port, to prevent water from entering when the vessel pitches. Blind buckler (Naut.), a solid buckler. — Buckler mustard (Bot.), a genus of plants (Biscutella) with small bright yellow flowers. The seed vessel on bursting resembles two bucklers or shields. — Buckler thorn, a plant with seed vessels shaped like a buckler. See Christ’s thorn. — Riding buckler (Naut.), a buckler with a hole for the passage of a cable.

Buc´kler, v. t. To shield; to defend. [Obs.] “Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right,
Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree?
Shak.”

Buc´kler-head•ed , a. Having a head like a buckler.

Buc´kling , a. Wavy; curling, as hair. Latham.

Buck´ra , n. [In the language of the Calabar coast, buckra means ´demon, a powerful and superior being.´ J. L. Wilson.] A white man; — a term used by negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc.

Buck´ra, a. White; white man’s; strong; good; as buckra yam, a white yam.

Buck´ram , n. [OE. bokeram, bougeren, OF. boqueran, F. bougran, MHG. buckeram, LL. buchiranus, boquerannus, fr. MHG. boc, G. bock, goat (as being made of goat’s hair), or fr. F. bouracan, by transposing the letter r. See Buck, Barracan.] 1. A coarse cloth of linen or hemp, stiffened with size or glue, used in garments to keep them in the form intended, and for wrappers to cover merchandise. Buckram was formerly a very different material from that now known by the name. It was used for wearing apparel, etc. Beck (Draper’s Dict. ). 2. (Bot.) A plant. See Ramson. Dr. Prior.

Buck´ram, a. 1. Made of buckram; as a buckram suit. 2. Stiff; precise. ´Buckram dames.´ Brooke.

Buck´ram, v. t. To strengthen with buckram; to make stiff. Cowper.

Buck’s´-horn , n. (Bot.) A plant with leaves branched somewhat like a buck’s horn (Plantago Coronopus); also Lobelia coronopifolia.

Buck´shot , n. A coarse leaden shot, larger than swan shot, used in hunting deer and large game.

Buck´skin , n. 1. The skin of a buck. 2. A soft strong leather, usually yellowish or grayish in color, made of deerskin. 3. A person clothed in buckskin, particularly an American soldier of the Revolutionary war. “Cornwallis fought as lang’s he dought,
An’ did the buckskins claw, man.
Burns.” 4. pl. Breeches made of buckskin. “I have alluded to his buckskin.
Thackeray.”

Buck´stall , n. A toil or net to take deer.

Buck´thorn , n. (Bot.) A genus (Rhamnus) of shrubs or trees. The shorter branches of some species terminate in long spines or thorns. See Rhamnus. Sea buckthorn, a plant of the genus Hippophaë.

Buck´tooth , n. Any tooth that juts out. “When he laughed, two white buckteeth protruded.
Thackeray.”

Buck´wheat , n. [Buck a beech tree + wheat; akin to D. boekweit, G. buchweizen.] 1. (Bot.) A plant (Fagopyrum esculentum) of the Polygonum family, the seed of which is used for food. 2. The triangular seed used, when ground, for griddle cakes, etc.

Bu•col´ic , a. [L. bucolicus, Gr. , fr. cowherd, herdsman; ox + (perh.) race horse; cf. Skr. kal to drive: cf. F. bucolique. See Cow the animal.] Of or pertaining to the life and occupation of a shepherd; pastoral; rustic.

Bu•col´ic, n. [L. Bucolicôn poëma.] A pastoral poem, representing rural affairs, and the life, manners, and occupation of shepherds; as the Bucolics of Theocritus and Virgil. Dryden.

Bu•col´ic•al , a. Bucolic.

Bu•cra´ni•um , n.; pl. L. Bucrania . [L., fr. Gr. ox head.] A sculptured ornament, representing an ox skull adorned with wreaths, etc.

Bud , n. [OE. budde; cf. D. bot, G. butze, butz, the core of a fruit, bud, LG. butte in hagebutte, hainbutte, a hip of the dog-rose, or OF. boton, F. bouton, bud, button, OF. boter to bud, push; all akin to E. beat. See Button.] 1. (Bot.) A small protuberance on the stem or branches of a plant, containing the rudiments of future leaves, flowers, or stems; an undeveloped branch or flower. 2. (Biol.) A small protuberance on certain low forms of animals and vegetables which develops into a new organism, either free or attached. See Hydra. Bud moth (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of several species, which destroys the buds of fruit trees; esp. Tmetocera ocellana and Eccopsis malana on the apple tree.

Bud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budded; p. pr. & vb. n. Budding.] 1. To put forth or produce buds, as a plant; to grow, as a bud does, into a flower or shoot. 2. To begin to grow, or to issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn. 3. To be like a bud in respect to youth and freshness, or growth and promise; as a budding virgin. Shak. Syn. — To sprout; germinate; blossom.

Bud, v. t. To graft, as a plant with another or into another, by inserting a bud from the one into an opening in the bark of the other, in order to raise, upon the budded stock, fruit different from that which it would naturally bear. “The apricot and the nectarine may be, and usually are, budded upon the peach; the plum and the peach are budded on each other.
Farm. Dict.”

Bud´dha , n. [Skr. buddha wise, sage, fr. budh to know.] The title of an incarnation of self- abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism.

Bud´dhism , n. The religion based upon the doctrine originally taught by the Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, surnamed Buddha, ´the awakened or enlightened,´ in the sixth century b. c., and adopted as a religion by the greater part of the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. Buddha’s teaching is believed to have been atheistic; yet it was characterized by elevated humanity and morality. It presents release from existence (a beatific enfranchisement, Nirvâna) as the greatest good. Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through all phases and forms of life. Their number was estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000.

Bud´dhist , n. One who accepts the teachings of Buddhism.

Bud´dhist, a. Of or pertaining to Buddha, Buddhism, or the Buddhists.

Bud•dhis´tic , a. Same as Buddhist, a.

Bud´ding , n. 1. The act or process of producing buds. 2. (Biol.) A process of asexual reproduction, in which a new organism or cell is formed by a protrusion of a portion of the animal or vegetable organism, the bud thus formed sometimes remaining attached to the parent stalk or cell, at other times becoming free; gemmation. See Hydroidea. 3. The act or process of ingrafting one kind of plant upon another stock by inserting a bud under the bark.

Bud´dle , n. [Prov. E., to cleanse ore, also a vessel for this purpose; cf. G. butteln to shake.] (Mining) An apparatus, especially an inclined trough or vat, in which stamped ore is concentrated by subjecting it to the action of running water so as to wash out the lighter and less valuable portions.

Bud´dle, v. i. (Mining) To wash ore in a buddle.

Bude´ burn•er . [See Bude light.] A burner consisting of two or more concentric Argand burners (the inner rising above the outer) and a central tube by which oxygen gas or common air is supplied.

Bude´ light . [From Bude, in Cornwall, the residence of Sir G.Gurney, the inventor.] A light in which high illuminating power is obtained by introducing a jet of oxygen gas or of common air into the center of a flame fed with coal gas or with oil.

Budge , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Budging.] [F. bouger to stir, move (akin to Pr. bojar, bolegar, to stir, move, It. bulicare to boil, bubble), fr. L. bullire. See Boil, v. i.] To move off; to stir; to walk away. “I’ll not budge an inch, boy.
Shak.” “The mouse ne’er shunned the cat as they did budge
From rascals worse than they.
Shak.”

Budge, a. [See Budge, v.] Brisk; stirring; jocund. [Obs.] South.

Budge, n. [OE. bouge bag, OF. boge, bouge, fr. L. bulga a leathern bag or knapsack; a Gallic word; cf. OIr. bolc, Gael. bolg. Cf. Budge, n.] A kind of fur prepared from lambskin dressed with the wool on; — used formerly as an edging and ornament, esp. of scholastic habits.

Budge, a. 1. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic. ´Budge gowns.´ Milton. 2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics. “Those budge doctors of the stoic fur.
Milton.” Budge bachelor, one of a company of men clothed in long gowns lined with budge, who formerly accompanied the lord mayor of London in his inaugural procession. — Budge barrel (Mil.), a small copper-hooped barrel with only one head, the other end being closed by a piece of leather, which is drawn together with strings like a purse. It is used for carrying powder from the magazine to the battery, in siege or seacoast service.

Budge´ness , n. Sternness; severity. [Obs.] “A Sara for goodness, a great Bellona for budgeness.
Stanyhurst.”

Budg´er , n. One who budges. Shak.

budg´e•row , n. [Hindi bajra.] A large and commodious, but generally cumbrous and sluggish boat, used for journeys on the Ganges.

Budg´et , n. [OE. bogett, bouget, F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See Budge, n., and cf. Bouget.] 1. A bag or sack with its contents; hence, a stock or store; an accumulation; as a budget of inventions. 2. The annual financial statement which the British chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House of Commons. It comprehends a general view of the finances of the country, with the proposed plan of taxation for the ensuing year. The term is sometimes applied to a similar statement in other countries. To open the budget, to lay before a legislative body the financial estimates and plans of the executive government.

Budg´y, a. [From Budge, n.] Consisting of fur. [Obs.]

Bud´let , n. [Bud + -let.] A little bud springing from a parent bud. “We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its offspring.
E. Darwin.”

Buff (buf), n. [OE. buff, buffe, buff, buffalo, F. buffle buffalo. See Buffalo.] 1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, like chamois; also the skins of oxen, elks, and other animals, dressed in like manner. ´A suit of buff.´ Shak. 2. The color of buff; a light yellow, shading toward pink, gray, or brown. “A visage rough,
Deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff.
Dryden.” 3. A military coat, made of buff leather. Shak. 4. (Med.) The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. See Buffy coat, under Buffy, a. 5. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, and used in polishing cutlery, spoons, etc. 6. The bare skin; as to strip to the buff. [Colloq.] “To be in buff is equivalent to being naked.
Wright.”

Buff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. Goldsmith. 2. Of the color of buff. Buff coat, a close, military outer garment, with short sleeves, and laced tightly over the chest, made of buffalo skin, or other thick and elastic material, worn by soldiers in the 17th century as a defensive covering. — Buff jerkin, originally, a leather waistcoat; afterward, one of cloth of a buff color. [Obs.] Nares. — Buff stick (Mech.), a strip of wood covered with buff leather, used in polishing.

Buff, v. t. To polish with a buff. See Buff, n., 5.

Buff, v. t. [OF. bufer to cuff, buffet. See Buffet a blow.] To strike. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Buff, n. [See Buffet.] A buffet; a blow; — obsolete except in the phrase ´Blindman’s buff.´ “Nathless so sore a buff to him it lent
That made him reel.
Spenser.”

Buff, a. [Of uncertain etymol.] Firm; sturdy. “And for the good old cause stood buff,
’Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff.
Hudibras.”

Buf´fa , n. fem. (Mus.) [It. See Buffoon.] The comic actress in an opera. — a. Comic, farcical. Aria buffa, a droll or comic air. — Opera buffa, a comic opera. See Opera bouffe.

Buf´fa•lo , n.; pl. Buffaloes . [Sp. bufalo (cf. It. bufalo, F. buffle), fr. L. bubalus, bufalus, a kind of African stag or gazelle; also the buffalo or wild ox, fr. Gr. buffalo, prob. fr. ox. See Cow the animal, and cf. Buff the color, and Bubale.] 1. (Zoöl.) A species of the genus Bos or Bubalus (B. bubalus), originally from India, but now found in most of the warmer countries of the eastern continent. It is larger and less docile than the common ox, and is fond of marshy places and rivers. 2. (Zoöl.) A very large and savage species of the same genus (B. Caffer) found in South Africa; — called also Cape buffalo. 3. (Zoöl.) Any species of wild ox. 4. (Zoöl.) The bison of North America. 5. A buffalo robe. See Buffalo robe, below. 6. (Zoöl.) The buffalo fish. See Buffalo fish, below. Buffalo berry (Bot.), a shrub of the Upper Missouri (Sherherdia argentea) with acid edible red berries. — Buffalo bird (Zoöl.), an African bird of the genus Buphaga, of two species. These birds perch upon buffaloes and cattle, in search of parasites. — Buffalo bug, the carpet beetle. See under Carpet. — Buffalo chips, dry dung of the buffalo, or bison, used for fuel. [U.S.] — Buffalo clover (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium reflexum and T.soloniferum) found in the ancient grazing grounds of the American bison. — Buffalo cod (Zoöl.), a large, edible, marine fish (Ophiodon elongatus) of the northern Pacific coast; — called also blue cod, and cultus cod. — Buffalo fish (Zoöl.), one of several large fresh-water fishes of the family Catostomidae, of the Mississippi valley. The red-mouthed or brown (Ictiobus bubalus), the big-mouthed or black (Bubalichthys urus), and the small-mouthed (B. altus), are among the more important species used as food. — Buffalo fly, or Buffalo gnat (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Simulium, allied to the black fly of the North. It is often extremely abundant in the lower part of the Mississippi valley and does great injury to domestic animals, often killing large numbers of cattle and horses. In Europe the Columbatz fly is a species with similar habits. — Buffalo grass (Bot.), a species of short, sweet grass (Buchloë dactyloides), from two to four inches high, covering the prairies on which the buffaloes, or bisons, feed. [U.S.] — Buffalo nut (Bot.), the oily and drupelike fruit of an American shrub (Pyrularia oleifera); also the shrub itself; oilnut. — Buffalo robe, the skin of the bison of North America, prepared with the hair on; — much used as a lap robe in sleighs.

Buf´fel duck (buf´fel duk•). [See Buffalo.] (Zoöl.) A small duck (Charitonetta albeola); the spirit duck, or butterball. The head of the male is covered with numerous elongated feathers, and thus appears large. Called also bufflehead.

Buff´er (buf´er), n. [Prop a striker. See Buffet a blow.] 1. (Mech.) (a) An elastic apparatus or fender, for deadening the jar caused by the collision of bodies; as a buffer at the end of a railroad car. (b) A pad or cushion forming the end of a fender, which receives the blow; — sometimes called buffing apparatus. 2. One who polishes with a buff. 3. A wheel for buffing; a buff. 4. A good-humored, slow-witted fellow; — usually said of an elderly man. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Buff´er•head , n. The head of a buffer, which recieves the concussion, in railroad carriages.

Buf•fet´ (boof•fa´), n. [F. buffet, LL. bufetum; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. the same source as E. buffet a blow, the root meaning to puff, hence (cf. puffed up) the idea of ostentation or display.] 1. A cupboard or set of shelves, either movable or fixed at one side of a room, for the display of plate, china, etc., a sideboard. “Not when a gilt buffet’s reflected pride
Turns you from sound philosophy aside.
Pope.” 2. A counter for refreshments; a restaurant at a railroad station, or place of public gathering.

Buf´fet (buf´fet), n. [OE. buffet, boffet, OF. buffet a slap in the face, a pair of bellows, fr. buffe blow, cf. F. bouffer to blow, puff; prob. akin to E. puff. For the meaning slap, blow, cf. F. soufflet a slap, souffler to blow. See Puff, v. i., and cf. Buffet sidebroad, Buffoon] 1. A blow with the hand; a slap on the face; a cuff. “When on his cheek a buffet fell.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A blow from any source, or that which affects like a blow, as the violence of winds or waves; a stroke; an adverse action; an affliction; a trial; adversity. “Those planks of tough and hardy oak that used for yeas to brave the buffets of the Bay of Biscay.
Burke.” “Fortune’s buffets and rewards.
Shak.” 3. A small stool; a stool for a buffet or counter. “Go fetch us a light buffet.
Townely Myst.”

Buf´fet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buffeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Buffeting.] [OE. buffeten, OF. buffeter. See the preceding noun.] 1. To strike with the hand or fist; to box; to beat; to cuff; to slap. “They spit in his face and buffeted him.
Matt. xxvi. 67.” 2. To affect as with blows; to strike repeatedly; to strive with or contend against; as to buffet the billows. “The sudden hurricane in thunder roars,
Buffets the bark, and whirls it from the shores.
Broome.” “You are lucky fellows who can live in a dreamland of your own, instead of being buffeted about the world.
W. Black.” 3. [Cf. Buffer.] To deaden the sound of (bells) by muffling the clapper.

Buf´fet, v. i. 1. To exercise or play at boxing; to strike; to smite; to strive; to contend. “If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her favors, I could lay on like a butcher.
Shak.” 2. To make one’s way by blows or struggling. “Strove to buffet to land in vain.
Tennyson.”

Buf´fet•er , n. One who buffets; a boxer. Jonson.

Buf´fet•ing, n. 1. A striking with the hand. 2. A succession of blows; continued violence, as of winds or waves; afflictions; adversity. “He seems to have been a plant of slow growth, but … fitted to endure the buffeting on the rudest storm.
Wirt.”

Buf´fin , n. [So called from resembling buff eather.] A sort of coarse stuff; as buffin gowns. [Obs.]

Buff´ing ap•pa•ra´tus . See Buffer, 1.

Buf´fle , n. [OE., from F. buffle. See Buffalo.] The buffalo. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Buf´fle, v. i. To puzzle; to be at a loss. [Obs.] Swift.

Buf´fle•head , n. [Buffle + head.] 1. One who has a large head; a heavy, stupid fellow. [Obs.] “What makes you stare so, bufflehead?
Plautus (trans. 1694).” 2. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck. See Buffel duck.

Buf´fle-head•ed, a. Having a large head, like a buffalo; dull; stupid; blundering. [Obs.] “So fell this buffle-headed giant.
Gayton.”

Buf´fo , n.masc. [It. See Buffoon.] (Mus.) The comic actor in an opera.

Buf•foon´ , n. [F. bouffon (cf. It. buffone, buffo, buffa, puff of wind, vanity, nonsense, trick), fr. bouffer to puff out, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the amusement of the spectators. See Buffet a blow.] A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures, etc.; a droll; a mimic; a harlequin; a clown; a merry-andrew.

Buf•foon´ , a. Characteristic of, or like, a buffoon. ´Buffoon stories.´ Macaulay. “To divert the audience with buffoon postures and antic dances.
Melmoth.”

Buf•foon´, v. i. To act the part of a buffoon. [R.]

Buf•foon´, v. t. To treat with buffoonery. Glanvill.

Buf•foon´er•y , n.; pl. Buffooneries . [F. bouffonnerie.] The arts and practices of a buffoon, as low jests, ridiculous pranks, vulgar tricks and postures. “Nor that it will ever constitute a wit to conclude a tart piece of buffoonery with a ´What makes you blush?´
Spectator.”

Buf•foon´ish, a. Like a buffoon; consisting in low jests or gestures. Blair.

Buf•foon´ism , n. The practices of a buffoon; buffoonery.

Buf•foon´ly, a. Low; vulgar. [R.] “Apish tricks and buffoonly discourse.
Goodman.”

Buff´y , a. (Med.) Resembling, or characterized by, buff. Buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red corpuscles have so settled out that the coagulum appears nearly colorless. This is common in diseased conditions where the corpuscles run together more rapidly and in denser masses than usual. Huxley.

Bu´fo , n. [L. bufo a toad.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Amphibia including various species of toads.

Bu´fon•ite , n. [L. bufo toad: cf. F. bufonite.] (Paleon.) An old name for a fossil consisting of the petrified teeth and palatal bones of fishes belonging to the family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose remains occur in the oölite and chalk formations; toadstone; — so named from a notion that it was originally formed in the head of a toad.

Bug , n. [OE. bugge, fr. W. bwg, bwgan, hobgoblin, scarecrow, bugbear. Cf. Bogey, Boggle.] 1. A bugbear; anything which terrifies. [Obs.] “Sir, spare your threats:
The bug which you would fright me with I seek.
Shak.” 2. (Zoöl.) A general name applied to various insects belonging to the Hemiptera; as the squash bug; the chinch bug, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) An insect of the genus Cimex, especially the bedbug (C. lectularius). See Bedbug. 4. (Zoöl.) One of various species of Coleoptera; as the ladybug; potato bug, etc.; loosely, any beetle. 5. (Zoöl.) One of certain kinds of Crustacea; as the sow bug; pill bug; bait bug; salve bug, etc. According to present popular usage in England, and among housekeepers in America, bug, when not joined with some qualifying word, is used specifically for bedbug. As a general term it is used very loosely in America, and was formerly used still more loosely in England. ´God’s rare workmanship in the ant, the poorest bug that creeps.´ Rogers (Naaman). ´This bug with gilded wings.´ Pope. Bait bug. See under Bait. — Bug word, swaggering or threatening language. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. { Bug•a•boo´ , Bug´bear• } , n. [See Bug.] Something frightful, as a specter; anything imaginary that causes needless fright; something used to excite needless fear; also something really dangerous, used to frighten children, etc. ´Bugaboos to fright ye.´ Lloyd. “But, to the world no bugbear is so great
As want of figure and a small estate.
Pope.” “The bugaboo of the liberals is the church pray.
S. B. Griffin.” “The great bugaboo of the birds is the owl.
J. Burroughs.” Syn. — Hobgoblin; goblin; specter; ogre; scarecrow.

Bug´bane , n. (Bot.) A perennial white-flowered herb of the order Ranunculaceae and genus Cimiciguga; bugwort. There are several species.

Bug´bear , n. Same as Bugaboo. — a. Causing needless fright. Locke.

Bug´bear, v. t. To alarm with idle phantoms.

Bug´fish , n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden. [U.S.]

Bug´ger , n. [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus, a Bulgarian, and also a heretic; because the inhabitants of Bulgaria were infected with heresy. Those guilty of the crime of buggery were called heretics, because in the eyes of their adversaries there was nothing more heinous than heresy, and it was therefore thought that the origin of such a vice could only be owing to heretics.] 1. One guilty of buggery or unnatural vice; a sodomite. 2. A wretch; — sometimes used humorously or in playful disparagement. [Low]

Bug´ger•y , n. [OF. bougrerie, bogrerie, heresy. See Bugger.] Unnatural sexual intercourse; sodomy.

Bug´gi•ness , n. [From Buggy, a.] The state of being infested with bugs.

Bug´gy , a. [From Bug.] Infested or abounding with bugs.

Bug´gy, n.; pl. Buggies. 1. A light one horse two- wheeled vehicle. [Eng.] “Villebeck prevailed upon Flora to drive with him to the race in a buggy.
Beaconsfield.” 2. A light, four-wheeled vehicle, usually with one seat, and with or without a calash top. [U.S.] Buggy cultivator, a cultivator with a seat for the driver. — Buggy plow, a plow, or set of plows, having a seat for the driver; — called also sulky plow.

Bu´gle , n. [OE. bugle buffalo, buffalo’s horn, OF. bugle, fr. L. buculus a young bullock, steer, dim. of bos ox. See Cow the animal.] A sort of wild ox; a buffalo. E. Phillips.

Bu´gle, n. [See Bugle a wild ox.] 1. A horn used by hunters. 2. (Mus.) A copper instrument of the horn quality of tone, shorter and more conical that the trumpet, sometimes keyed; formerly much used in military bands, very rarely in the orchestra; now superseded by the cornet; — called also the Kent bugle.

Bu´gle, n. [LL. bugulus a woman’s ornament: cf. G. bügel a bent piece of metal or wood, fr. the same root as G. biegen to bend, E. bow to bend.] An elongated glass bead, of various colors, though commonly black.

Bu´gle, a. [From Bugle a bead.] Jet black. ´Bugle eyeballs.´ Shak.

Bu´gle, n. [F. bugle; cf. It. bugola, L. bugillo.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ajuga of the Mint family, a native of the Old World. Yellow bugle, the Ajuga chamaepitys.

Bu´gled , a. Ornamented with bugles.

Bu´gle horn . 1. A bugle. “One blast upon his bugle horn
Were worth a thousand men.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A drinking vessel made of horn. [Obs.] “And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine.
Chaucer.”

Bu´gler , n. One who plays on a bugle.

Bu´gle•weed , n. (Bot.) A plant of the Mint family and genus Lycopus; esp. L. Virginicus, which has mild narcotic and astringent properties, and is sometimes used as a remedy for hemorrhage.

Bu´gloss , n.; pl. Buglosses . [F. buglosse, L. buglossa, buglossus, fr. Gr. oxtongue ox + tongue.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Anchusa, and especially the A. officinalis, sometimes called alkanet; oxtongue. Small wild bugloss, the Asperugo procumbens and the Lycopsis arvensis. — Viper’s bugloss, a species of Echium.

Bug´wort , n. (Bot.) Bugbane. { Buhl , Buhl´work } , n. [From A. Ch. Boule, a French carver in wood.] Decorative woodwork in which tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc., are inlaid, forming scrolls, cartouches, etc. [Written also boule, boulework.]

Buhl´buhl , n. (Zoöl.) See Bulbul.

Buhr´stone , n. [OE. bur a whetstone for scythes.] (Min.) A cellular, flinty rock, used for mill stones. [Written also burrstone.]

Build , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Built ; p. pr. & vb. n. Building. The regular imp. & p. p. Builded is antiquated.] [OE. bulden, bilden, AS. byldan to build, fr. bold house; cf. Icel. bol farm, abode, Dan. bol small farm, OSw. bol, böle, house, dwelling, fr. root of Icel. ba to dwell; akin to E. be, bower, boor. rad.97.] 1. To erect or construct, as an edifice or fabric of any kind; to form by uniting materials into a regular structure; to fabricate; to make; to raise. “Nor aught availed him now
To have built in heaven high towers.
Milton.” 2. To raise or place on a foundation; to form, establish, or produce by using appropriate means. “Who builds his hopes in air of your good looks.
Shak.” 3. To increase and strengthen; to increase the power and stability of; to settle, or establish, and preserve; — frequently with up; as to build up one’s constitution. “I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up.
Acts xx. 32.” Syn. — To erect; construct; raise; found; frame.

Build , v. i. 1. To exercise the art, or practice the business, of building. 2. To rest or depend, as on a foundation; to ground one’s self or one’s hopes or opinions upon something deemed reliable; to rely; as to build on the opinions or advice of others.

Build, n. Form or mode of construction; general figure; make; as the build of a ship.

Build´er , n. One who builds; one whose occupation is to build, as a carpenter, a shipwright, or a mason. “In the practice of civil architecture, the builder comes between the architect who designs the work and the artisans who execute it.
Eng. Cyc.”

Build´ing, n. 1. The act of constructing, erecting, or establishing. “Hence it is that the building of our Sion rises no faster.
Bp. Hall.” 2. The art of constructing edifices, or the practice of civil architecture. “The execution of works of architecture necessarily includes building; but building is frequently employed when the result is not architectural.
Hosking.” 3. That which is built; a fabric or edifice constructed, as a house, a church, etc. “Thy sumptuous buildings and thy wife’s attire
Have cost a mass of public treasury.
Shak.”

Built , n. Shape; build; form of structure; as the built of a ship. [Obs.] Dryden.

Built, a. Formed; shaped; constructed; made; — often used in composition and preceded by the word denoting the form; as frigate-built, clipper-built, etc. “Like the generality of Genoese countrywomen, strongly built.
Landor.”

Buke´ mus´lin . See Book muslin.

Buk´shish , n. See Backsheesh.

Bu´lau , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivorous mammal (Gymnura Rafflesii), somewhat like a rat in appearance, but allied to the hedgehog.

Bulb (bulb), n. [L. bulbus, Gr. bolbo•s: cf. F. bulbe.] 1. (Bot.) A spheroidal body growing from a plant either above or below the ground (usually below), which is strictly a bud, consisting of a cluster of partially developed leaves, and producing, as it grows, a stem above, and roots below, as in the onion, tulip, etc. It differs from a corm in not being solid. 2. (Anat.) A name given to some parts that resemble in shape certain bulbous roots; as the bulb of the aorta. Bulb of the eye, the eyeball. — Bulb of a hair, the ´root,´ or part whence the hair originates. — Bulb of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata, often called simply bulb. — Bulb of a tooth, the vascular and nervous papilla contained in the cavity of the tooth. 3. An expansion or protuberance on a stem or tube, as the bulb of a thermometer, which may be of any form, as spherical, cylindrical, curved, etc. Tomlinson.

Bulb, v. i. To take the shape of a bulb; to swell.

Bul•ba´ceous , a. [L. bulbaceus. See Bulb, n.] Bulbous. Jonson.

Bulb´ar , a. Of or pertaining to bulb; especially, in medicine, pertaining to the bulb of the spinal cord, or medulla oblongata; as bulbar paralysis.

Bulbed , a. Having a bulb; round- headed.

Bulb´el , n. [Dim., fr. bulb, n.] (Bot.) A separable bulb formed on some flowering plants.

Bul•bif´er•ous , a. [Bulb,n.+ -ferous: cf. F. bulbifère.] (Bot.) Producing bulbs.

Bulb´let , n. [Bulb,n.+ -let.] (Bot.) A small bulb, either produced on a larger bulb, or on some aërial part of a plant, as in the axils of leaves in the tiger lily, or replacing the flowers in some kinds of onion.

Bul•bose´ , a. Bulbous.

Bul´bo-tu•ber , n. [Bulb,n.+ tuber.] (Bot.) A corm.

Bulb´ous , a. [L. bulbosus: cf. F. bulbeux. See Bulb, n.] Having or containing bulbs, or a bulb; growing from bulbs; bulblike in shape or structure.

Bul´bul , n. [Per.] (Zoöl.) The Persian nightingale (Pycnonotus jocosus). The name is also applied to several other Asiatic singing birds, of the family Timaliidae. The green bulbuls belong to the Chloropsis and allied genera. [Written also buhlbuhl.]

Bul´bule , n. [L. bulbulus, dim. of bulbus. See Bulb, n.] A small bulb; a bulblet.

Bul´chin , n. [Dim. of bull.] A little bull.

Bulge , n. [OE. bulge a swelling; cf. AS. belgan to swell, OSw. bulgja, Icel. bolginn swollen, OHG. belgan to swell, G. bulge leathern sack, Skr. bh to be large, strong; the root meaning to swell. Cf. Bilge, Belly, Billow, Bouge, n.] 1. The bilge or protuberant part of a cask. 2. A swelling, protuberant part; a bending outward, esp. when caused by pressure; as a bulge in a wall. 3. (Naut.) The bilge of a vessel. See Bilge, 2. Bulge ways. (Naut.) See Bilge ways.

Bulge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulging.] 1. To swell or jut out; to bend outward, as a wall when it yields to pressure; to be protuberant; as the wall bulges. 2. To bilge, as a ship; to founder. “And scattered navies bulge on distant shores.
Broome.”

Bul´gy , a. Bulged; bulging; bending, or tending to bend, outward. [Colloq.] { Bu•lim´i•a , Bu´li•my } n. [NL. bulimia, fr. Gr. boylimi•a, lit., ox-hunger; boy^s ox + limo•s hunger: cf. F. boulimie.] (Med.) A disease in which there is a perpetual and insatiable appetite for food; a diseased and voracious appetite.

Bu•li´mus (bu•li´mus), n. [L. bulimus hunger. See Bulimy.] (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails having an elongated spiral shell, often of large size. The species are numerous and abundant in tropical America.

Bulk (bulk), n. [OE. bulke, bolke, heap; cf. Dan. bulk lump, clod, OSw. bolk crowd, mass, Icel. blkast to be bulky. Cf. Boll, n., Bile a boil, Bulge, n.] 1. Magnitude of material substance; dimensions; mass; size; as an ox or ship of great bulk. “Against these forces there were prepared near one hundred ships; not so great of bulk indeed, but of a more nimble motion, and more serviceable.
Bacon.” 2. The main mass or body; the largest or principal portion; the majority; as the bulk of a debt. “The bulk of the people must labor, Burke told them, ´to obtain what by labor can be obtained.´
J. Morley.” 3. (Naut.) The cargo of a vessel when stowed. 4. The body. [Obs.] Shak. “My liver leaped within my bulk.
Turbervile.” Barrel bulk. See under Barrel. — To break bulk (Naut.), to begin to unload or more the cargo. — In bulk, in a mass; loose; not inclosed in separate packages or divided into separate parts; in such shape that any desired quantity may be taken or sold. — Laden in bulk, Stowed in bulk, having the cargo loose in the hold or not inclosed in boxes, bales, or casks. — Sale by bulk, a sale of goods as they are, without weight or measure. Syn. — Size; magnitude; dimension; volume; bigness; largeness; massiveness.

Bulk , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulking.] To appear or seem to be, as to bulk or extent; to swell. “The fame of Warburton possibly bulked larger for the moment.
Leslie Stephen.”

Bulk, n. [Icel. balkr a beam, partition. Cf. Balk, n. & v.] A projecting part of a building. [Obs.] “Here, stand behind this bulk.
Shak.”

Bulk´er , n. (Naut.) A person employed to ascertain the bulk or size of goods, in order to fix the amount of freight or dues payable on them.

Bulk´head , n. [See Bulk part of a building.] 1. (Naut.) A partition in a vessel, to separate apartments on the same deck. 2. A structure of wood or stone, to resist the pressure of earth or water; a partition wall or structure, as in a mine; the limiting wall along a water front. Bulked line, a line beyond which a wharf must not project; — usually, the harbor line.

Bulk´i•ness , n. Greatness in bulk; size.

Bulk´y , a. Of great bulk or dimensions; of great size; large; thick; massive; as bulky volumes. “A bulky digest of the revenue laws.
Hawthorne.”

Bull , n. [OE. bule, bul, bole; akin to D. bul, G. bulle, Icel. boli, Lith. bullus, Lett. bollis, Russ. vol’; prob. fr. the root of AS. bellan, E. bellow.] 1. (Zoöl.) The male of any species of cattle (Bovidae); hence, the male of any large quadruped, as the elephant; also the male of the whale. The wild bull of the Old Testament is thought to be the oryx, a large species of antelope. 2. One who, or that which, resembles a bull in character or action. Ps. xxii. 12. 3. (Astron.) (a) Taurus, the second of the twelve signs of the zodiac. (b) A constellation of the zodiac between Aries and Gemini. It contains the Pleiades. “At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,
And the bright Bull receives him.
Thomson.” 4. (Stock Exchange) One who operates in expectation of a rise in the price of stocks, or in order to effect such a rise. See 4th Bear, n., 5. Bull baiting, the practice of baiting bulls, or rendering them furious, as by setting dogs to attack them. — John Bull, a humorous name for the English, collectively; also an Englishman. ´Good-looking young John Bull.´ W. D.Howells. — To take the bull by the horns, to grapple with a difficulty instead of avoiding it.

Bull, a. Of or pertaining to a bull; resembling a bull; male; large; fierce. Bull bat (Zoöl.), the night hawk; — so called from the loud noise it makes while feeding on the wing, in the evening. — Bull calf. (a) A stupid fellow. — Bull mackerel (Zoöl.), the chub mackerel. — Bull pump (Mining), a direct single-acting pumping engine, in which the steam cylinder is placed above the pump. — Bull snake (Zoöl.), the pine snake of the United States. — Bull stag, a castrated bull. See Stag. — Bull wheel, a wheel, or drum, on which a rope is wound for lifting heavy articles, as logs, the tools in well boring, etc.

Bull, v. i. To be in heat; to manifest sexual desire as cows do. [Colloq.]

Bull, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to raise the market price of; as to bull railroad bonds; to bull stocks; to bull Lake Shore; to endeavor to raise prices in; as to bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4.

Bull, n. [OE. bulle, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud, knob, LL., a seal or stamp: cf. F. bulle. Cf. Bull a writing, Bowl a ball, Boil, v. i.] 1. A seal. See Bulla. 2. A letter, edict, or respect, of the pope, written in Gothic characters on rough parchment, sealed with a bulla, and dated ´a die Incarnationis,´ i. e., ´from the day of the Incarnation.´ See Apostolical brief, under Brief. “A fresh bull of Leo’s had declared how inflexible the court of Rome was in the point of abuses.
Atterbury.” 3. A grotesque blunder in language; an apparent congruity, but real incongruity, of ideas contained in a form of expression; so called, perhaps, from the apparent incongruity between the dictatorial nature of the pope’s bulls and his professions of humility. “And whereas the papist boasts himself to be a Roman Catholic, it is a mere contradiction, one of the pope’s bulls, as if he should say universal particular; a Catholic schimatic.
Milton.” The Golden Bull, an edict or imperial constitution made by the emperor Charles IV. (1356), containing what became the fundamental law of the German empire; — so called from its golden seal. Syn. — See Blunder.

Bul´la , n.; pl. Bullae . [L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.] 1. (Med.) A bleb; a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle, containing a transparent watery fluid. 2. (Anat.) The ovoid prominence below the opening of the ear in the skulls of many animals; as the tympanic or auditory bulla. 3. A leaden seal for a document; esp. the round leaden seal attached to the papal bulls, which has on one side a representation of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other the name of the pope who uses it. 4. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine shells. See Bubble shell.

Bul´lace , n. [OE. bolas, bolace, OF. beloce; of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bolos, polos, Gael. bulaistear.] (Bot.) (a) A small European plum (Prunus communis, var. insitita). See Plum. (b) The bully tree.

Bul•lan´tic , a. [See Bull an edict.] Pertaining to, or used in, papal bulls. Fry. Bullantic letters, Gothic letters used in papal bulls.

Bul´la•ry , n. [LL. bullarium: cf. F. bullairie. See Bull an edict.] A collection of papal bulls.

Bul´la•ry, n.; pl. Bullaries (-riz). [Cf. Boilary.] A place for boiling or preparing salt; a boilery. Crabb. “And certain salt fats or bullaries.
Bills in Chancery.”

Bul´late (bul´lat/), a. [L. bullatus, fr. bulla bubble.] (Biol.) Appearing as if blistered; inflated; puckered. Bullate leaf (Bot.), a leaf, the membranous part of which rises between the veins puckered elevations convex on one side and concave on the other.

Bull´beg•gar , n. Something used or suggested to produce terror, as in children or persons of weak mind; a bugbear. “And being an ill-looked fellow, he has a pension from the church wardens for being bullbeggar to all the forward children in the parish.
Mountfort (1691).”

Bull´ bri•er . (Bot.) A species of Smilax (S. Pseudo-China) growing from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico, which has very large tuberous and farinaceous rootstocks, formerly used by the Indians for a sort of bread, and by the negroes as an ingredient in making beer; — called also bamboo brier and China brier.

Bull´comb•er , n. (Zoöl.) A scaraboid beetle; esp. the Typhaeus vulgaris of Europe.

Bull´dog , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A variety of dog, of remarkable ferocity, courage, and tenacity of grip; — so named, probably, from being formerly employed in baiting bulls. 2. (Metal.) A refractory material used as a furnace lining, obtained by calcining the cinder or slag from the puddling furnace of a rolling mill.

Bull´dog, a. Characteristic of, or like, a bulldog; stubborn; as bulldog courage; bulldog tenacity. Bulldog bat (Zo’94l.), a bat of the genus Nyctinomus; — so called from the shape of its face.

Bull´doze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulldozed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulldozing.] To intimidate; to restrain or coerce by intimidation or violence; — used originally of the intimidation of negro voters, in Louisiana. [Slang, U.S.]

Bull´do•zer , n. One who bulldozes. [Slang]

Bulled , a. [Cf. Boln.] Swollen. [Obs.]

Bul´len-bul´len , n. [Native Australian name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) The lyre bird.

Bul´len-nail , n. [Bull large, having a large head + nail.] A nail with a round head and short shank, tinned and lacquered.

Bul´let , n. [F. boulet, dim. of boule ball. See Bull an edict, and cf. Boulet.] 1. A small ball. 2. A missile, usually of lead, and round or elongated in form, to be discharged from a rifle, musket, pistol, or other small firearm. 3. A cannon ball. [Obs.] “A ship before Greenwich … shot off her ordnance, one piece being charged with a bullet of stone.
Stow.” 4. The fetlock of a horse. [See Illust. under Horse.]

Bul´let-proof , a. Capable of resisting the force of a bullet. Bullet tree. See Bully tree. — Bullet wood, the wood of the bullet tree.

Bul´le•tin , n. [F. bulletin, fr. It. bullettino, dim. of bulletta, dim. of bulla, bolla, an edict of the pope, from L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.] 1. A brief statement of facts respecting some passing event, as military operations or the health of some distinguished personage, issued by authority for the information of the public. 2. Any public notice or announcement, especially of news recently received. 3. A periodical publication, especially one containing the proceeding of a society. Bulletin board, a board on which announcements are put, particularly at newsrooms, newspaper offices, etc.

Bull´faced , a. Having a large face.

Bull´feast , n. See Bullfight. [Obs.] { Bull´fight• , Bull´fight•ing }, n. A barbarous sport, of great antiquity, in which men torment, and fight with, a bull or bulls in an arena, for public amusement, — still popular in Spain. — Bull´fight•er , n.

Bull´finch , n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Pyrrhula and other related genera, especially the P. vulgaris or rubicilla, a bird of Europe allied to the grosbeak, having the breast, cheeks, and neck, red. As a cage bird it is highly valued for its remarkable power of learning to whistle correctly various musical airs. Crimson-fronted bullfinch. (Zoöl.) See Burion. — Pine bullfinch, the pine finch. { Bull´fist , Bull´fice } , n. [Cf. G. bofist, AS. wulfes fist puffball, E. fizz, foist.] (Bot.) A kind of fungus. See Puffball. { Bull´ fly• Bull´fly• } , n. (Zoöl.) Any large fly troublesome to cattle, as the gadflies and breeze flies.

Bull´frog , n. (Zoöl.) A very large species of frog (Rana Catesbiana), found in North America; — so named from its loud bellowing in spring.

Bull´head , n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water fish of many species, of the genus Uranidea, esp. U. gobio of Europe, and U. Richardsoni of the United States; — called also miller’s thumb. (b) In America, several species of Amiurus; — called also catfish, horned pout, and bullpout. (c) A marine fish of the genus Cottus; the sculpin. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover (Squatarola helvetica); — called also beetlehead. (b) The golden plover. 3. A stupid fellow; a lubber. [Colloq.] Jonson. 4. (Zoöl.) A small black water insect. E. Phillips. Bullhead whiting (Zoöl.), the kingfish of Florida (Menticirrus alburnus).

Bull´head•ed (bul´hed•ed), a. Having a head like that of a bull. Fig.: Headstrong; obstinate; dogged.

Bul´lion (bul´yun), n. [Cf. OE. bullyon a hook used for fastening the dress, a button, stud, an embossed ornament of various kinds, e. g., on the cover of a book, on bridles or poitrels, for purses, for breeches and doublets, LL. bullio the swelling of boiling water, a mass of gold or silver, fr. L. bulla boss, stud, bubble (see Bull an edict), or perh. corrupted fr. F. billon base coin, LL. billio bullion. Cf. Billon, Billet a stick.] 1. Uncoined gold or silver in the mass. Properly, the precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bars, ingots or in any form uncoined, as in plate. The word is often often used to denote gold and silver, both coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass, including especially foreign, or uncurrent, coin. 2. Base or uncurrent coin. [Obs.] “And those which eld’s strict doom did disallow,
And damm for bullion, go for current now.
Sylvester.” 3. Showy metallic ornament, as of gold, silver, or copper, on bridles, saddles, etc. [Obs.] “The clasps and bullions were worth a thousand pound.
Skelton.” 4. Heavy twisted fringe, made of fine gold or silver wire and used for epaulets; also any heavy twisted fringe whose cords are prominent.

Bul´lion•ist, n. An advocate for a metallic currency, or a paper currency always convertible into gold.

Bul´li•rag , v. t. [Cf. bully,n.& v., and rag to scold, rail. Cf. Ballarag.] To intimidate by bullying; to rally contemptuously; to badger. [Low]

Bull´ish , a. Partaking of the nature of a bull, or a blunder. “Let me inform you, a toothless satire is as improper as a toothed sleek stone, and as bullish.
Milton.”

Bull´ist, n. [F. bulliste. See Bull an edict.] A writer or drawer up of papal bulls. [R.] Harmar.

Bul•li´tion , n. [L. bullire, bullitum, to boil. See Boil, v. i.] The action of boiling; boiling. [Obs.] See Ebullition. Bacon.

Bull´-necked , a. Having a short and thick neck like that of a bull. Sir W. Scott.

Bul´lock , n. [AS. bulluc a young bull. See Bull.] 1. A young bull, or any male of the ox kind. “Take thy father’s young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old.
Judges vi. 25.” 2. An ox, steer, or stag.

Bul´lock, v. t. To bully. [Obs.] “She shan’t think to bullock and domineer over me.
Foote.”

Bul´lock’s-eye , n. See Bull’s- eye, 3.

Bul´lon , n. (Zoöl.) A West Indian fish (Scarus Croicensis).

Bull´pout , n. (Zoöl.) See Bullhead, 1 (b).

Bull’s´-eye , n. 1. (Naut.) A small circular or oval wooden block without sheaves, having a groove around it and a hole through it, used for connecting rigging. 2. A small round cloud, with a ruddy center, supposed by sailors to portend a storm. 3. A small thick disk of glass inserted in a deck, roof, floor, ship’s side, etc., to let in light. 4. A circular or oval opening for air or light. 5. A lantern, with a thick glass lens on one side for concentrating the light on any object; also the lens itself. Dickens. 6. (Astron.) Aldebaran, a bright star in the eye of Taurus or the Bull. 7. (Archery & Gun.) The center of a target. 8. A thick knob or protuberance left on glass by the end of the pipe through which it was blown. 9. A small and thick old-fashioned watch. [Colloq.]

Bull’s´-nose , n. (Arch.) An external angle when obtuse or rounded.

Bull´ ter´ri•er . (Zoöl.) A breed of dogs obtained by crossing the bulldog and the terrier.

Bull´ trout . (Zoöl.) (a) In England, a large salmon trout of several species, as Salmo trutta and S. Cambricus, which ascend rivers; — called also sea trout. (b) Salvelinus malma of California and Oregon; — called also Dolly Varden trout and red- spotted trout. (c) The huso or salmon of the Danube.

Bull´weed , n. [Bole a stem + weed.] (Bot.) Knapweed. Prior.

Bull´wort , n. (Bot.) See Bishop’s-weed.

Bul´ly , n.; pl. Bullies . [Cf. LG. bullerjaan, bullerbäk, bullerbrook, a blusterer, D. bulderaar a bluster, bulderen to bluster; prob. of imitative origin; or cf. MHG. buole lover, G. buhle.] 1. A noisy, blustering fellow, more insolent than courageous; one who is threatening and quarrelsome; an insolent, tyrannical fellow. “Bullies seldom execute the threats they deal in.
Palmerston.” 2. A brisk, dashing fellow. [Slang Obs.] Shak.

Bul´ly , a. 1. Jovial and blustering; dashing. [Slang] ´Bless thee, bully doctor.´ Shak. 2. Fine; excellent; as a bully horse. [Slang, U.S.]

Bul´ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bullied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bullying.] To intimidate with threats and by an overbearing, swaggering demeanor; to act the part of a bully toward. “For the last fortnight there have been prodigious shoals of volunteers gone over to bully the French, upon hearing the peace was just signing.
Tatler.” Syn. — To bluster; swagger; hector; domineer.

Bul´ly, v. i. To act as a bully.

Bul´ly•rag , v. t. Same as Bullirag.

Bul´ly•rock , n. A bully. [Slang Obs.] Shak.

Bul´ly tree . (Bot.) The name of several West Indian trees of the order Sapotaceae, as Dipholis nigra and species of Sapota and Mimusops. Most of them yield a substance closely resembling gutta-percha.

Bul´rush , n. [OE. bulrysche, bolroysche; of uncertain origin, perh. fr. bole stem + rush.] (Bot.) A kind of large rush, growing in wet land or in water. The name bulrush is applied in England especially to the cat-tail (Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia) and to the lake club-rush (Scirpus lacustris); in America, to the Juncus effusus, and also to species of Scirpus or club-rush.

Bulse , n. A purse or bag in which to carry or measure diamonds, etc. [India] Macaulay.

Bul´tel , n. [LL. bultellus. See Bolt to sift.] A bolter or bolting cloth; also bran. [Obs.]

Bul´ti , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Bolty.

Bul´tow , n. A trawl; a boulter; the mode of fishing with a boulter or spiller.

Bul´wark , n. [Akin to D. bolwerk, G. bollwerk, Sw. bolwerk, Dan. bolvärk, bulvärk, rampart; akin to G. bohle plank, and werk work, defense. See Bole stem, and Work, n., and cf. Boulevard.] 1. (Fort.) A rampart; a fortification; a bastion or outwork. 2. That which secures against an enemy, or defends from attack; any means of defense or protection. “The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest defense, … the floating bulwark of our island.
Blackstone.” 3. pl. (Naut.) The sides of a ship above the upper deck. Syn. — See Rampart.

Bul´wark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulwarked ; p. pr. & vb.n. Bulwarking.] To fortify with, or as with, a rampart or wall; to secure by fortification; to protect. “Of some proud city, bulwarked round and armed
With rising towers.
Glover.”

Bum , n. [Contr. fr. bottom in this sense.] The buttock. [Low] Shak.

Bum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bummed ; p. pr. & vb.n. Bumming .] [See Boom, v. i., to roar.] To make murmuring or humming sound. Jamieson.

Bum, n. A humming noise. Halliwell.

Bum´bail´iff , n. [A corruption of bound bailiff.] [Low, Eng.] See Bound bailiff, under Bound, a.

Bum´bard . See Bombard. [Obs.]

Bum´barge , n. See Bumboat. Carlyle.

Bum´bast . See Bombast. [Obs.]

Bum´be•lo , n.; pl. Bumbeloes . [It. bombola.] A glass used in subliming camphor. [Spelled also bombolo and bumbolo.]

Bum´ble , n. [See Bump to boom.] (Zoöl.) The bittern. [Local, Eng.]

Bum´ble, v. i. To make a hollow or humming noise, like that of a bumblebee; to cry as a bittern. “As a bittern bumbleth in the mire.
Chaucer.”

Bum´ble•bee , n. [OE. bumblen to make a humming noise (dim. of bum, v. i.) + bee. Cf. Humblebee.] (Zoöl.) A large bee of the genus Bombus, sometimes called humblebee; — so named from its sound. There are many species. All gather honey, and store it in the empty cocoons after the young have come out.

Bum´boat , n. [From bum the buttocks, on account of its clumsy form; or fr. D. bun a box for holding fish in a boat.] (Naut.) A clumsy boat, used for conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale, to vessels lying in port or off shore.

Bum´kin , n. [Boom a beam + - kin. See Bumpkin.] (Naut.) A projecting beam or boom; as: (a) One projecting from each bow of a vessel, to haul the fore tack to, called a tack bumpkin. (b) One from each quarter, for the main-brace blocks, and called brace bumpkin. (c) A small outrigger over the stern of a boat, to extend the mizzen. [Written also boomkin.]

Bum´ma•lo , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small marine Asiatic fish (Saurus ophidon) used in India as a relish; — called also Bombay duck.

Bum´mer , n. An idle, worthless fellow, who is without any visible means of support; a dissipated sponger. [Slang, U.S.]

Bum´me•ry , n. See Bottomery. [Obs.] “There was a scivener of Wapping brought to hearing for relief against a bummery bond.
R. North.”

Bump , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bumped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bumping.] [Cf. W. pwmp round mass, pwmpiaw to thump, bang, and E. bum, v. i., boom to roar.] To strike, as with or against anything large or solid; to thump; as to bump the head against a wall.

Bump, v. i. To come in violent contact with something; to thump. ´Bumping and jumping.´ Southey.

Bump , n. [From Bump to strike, to thump.] 1. A thump; a heavy blow. 2. A swelling or prominence, resulting from a bump or blow; a protuberance. “It had upon its brow
A bump as big as a young cockerel’s stone.
Shak.” 3. (Phren.) One of the protuberances on the cranium which are associated with distinct faculties or affections of the mind; as the bump of ´veneration;´ the bump of ´acquisitiveness.´ [Colloq.] 4. The act of striking the stern of the boat in advance with the prow of the boat following. [Eng.]

Bump, v. i. [See Boom to roar.] To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern; to boom. “As a bittern bumps within a reed.
Dryden.”

Bump, n. The noise made by the bittern.

Bum´per , n. [A corruption of bumbard, bombard, a large drinking vessel.] 1. A cup or glass filled to the brim, or till the liquor runs over, particularly in drinking a health or toast. “He frothed his bumpers to the brim.
Tennyson.” 2. A covered house at a theater, etc., in honor of some favorite performer. [Cant]

Bump´er , n. 1. That which bumps or causes a bump. 2. Anything which resists or deadens a bump or shock; a buffer.

Bump´kin , n. [The same word as bumkin, which Cotgrave defines thus: ´Bumkin, Fr. chicambault, the luffe-block, a long and thick piece of wood, whereunto the fore-sayle and sprit-sayle are fastened, when a ship goes by the winde.´ Hence, a clumsy man may easily have been compared to such a block of wood; cf. OD. boomken a little tree. See Boom a pole.] An awkward, heavy country fellow; a clown; a country lout. ´Bashful country bumpkins.´ W. Irving.

Bump´tious , a. Self-conceited; forward; pushing. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Bump´tious•ness, n. Conceitedness. [Colloq.] { Bun , Bunn } , n. [Scot. bun, bunn, OE. bunne, bonne; fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. bunna, Gael. bonnach, or OF. bugne tumor, Prov. F. bugne a kind of pancake; akin to OHG. bungo bulb, MHG. bunge, Prov. E. bung heap, cluster, bunny a small swelling.] A slightly sweetened raised cake or bisquit with a glazing of sugar and milk on the top crust.

Bunch , n. [Akin to OSw. & Dan. bunke heap, Icel. bunki heap, pile, bunga tumor, protuberance; cf. W. pwng cluster. Cf. Bunk.] 1. A protuberance; a hunch; a knob or lump; a hump. “They will carry … their treasures upon the bunches of camels.
Isa. xxx. 6.” 2. A collection, cluster, or tuft, properly of things of the same kind, growing or fastened together; as a bunch of grapes; a bunch of keys. 3. (Mining) A small isolated mass of ore, as distinguished from a continuous vein. Page.

Bunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bunched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunching.] To swell out into a bunch or protuberance; to be protuberant or round. “Bunching out into a large round knob at one end.
Woodward.”

Bunch, v. t. To form into a bunch or bunches.

Bunch´-backed , a. Having a bunch on the back; crooked. ´Bunch-backed toad.´ Shak.

Bunch´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The dwarf cornel (Cornus Canadensis), which bears a dense cluster of bright red, edible berries.

Bunch´ grass . (Bot.) A grass growing in bunches and affording pasture. In California, Atropis tenuifolia, Festuca scabrella, and several kinds of Stipa are favorite bunch grasses. In Utah, Eriocoma cuspidata is a good bunch grass.

Bunch´i•ness , n. The quality or condition of being bunchy; knobbiness.

Bunch´y , a. 1. Swelling out in bunches. “An unshapen, bunchy spear, with bark unpiled.
Phaer.” 2. Growing in bunches, or resembling a bunch; having tufts; as the bird’s bunchy tail. 3. (Mining) Yielding irregularly; sometimes rich, sometimes poor; as a bunchy mine. Page. { Bun´combe , Bun´kum } , n. [Buncombe a county of North Carolina.] Speech-making for the gratification of constituents, or to gain public applause; flattering talk for a selfish purpose; anything said for mere show. [Cant or Slang, U.S.] “All that flourish about right of search was bunkum — all that brag about hanging your Canada sheriff was bunkum … slavery speeches are all bunkum.
Haliburton.” To speak for Buncombe, to speak for mere show, or popularly. ´The phrase originated near the close of the debate on the famous •Missouri Question,’ in the 16th Congress. It was then used by Felix Walker — a naïve old mountaineer, who resided at Waynesville, in Haywood, the most western country of North Carolina, near the border of the adjacent county of Buncombe, which formed part of his district. The old man rose to speak, while the house was impatiently calling for the •Question,’ and several members gathered round him, begging him to desist. He preserved, however, for a while, declaring that the people of his district expected it, and that he was bound to •make a speech for Buncombe.’´ W. Darlington.

Bund , n. [G.] League; confederacy; esp. the confederation of German states.

Bund , n. [Hindi band.] An embankment against inundation. [India] S. Wells Williams.

Bun´der , n. [Pers. bandar a landing place, pier.] A boat or raft used in the East Indies in the landing of passengers and goods.

Bun´des•rath (boon´des•rät•), n. [G., from bund (akin to E. bond) confederacy + rath council, prob. akin to E. read.] The federal council of the German Empire. In the Bundesrath and the Reichstag are vested the legislative functions. The federal council of Switzerland is also so called. The Bundesrath of the German empire is presided over by a chancellor, and is composed of sixty-two members, who represent the different states of the empire, being appointed for each session by their respective governments. “By this united congress, the highest tribunal of Switzerland, — the Bundesrath — is chosen, and the head of this is a president.
J. P. Peters (Trans. Müller’s Pol. Hist.).”

Bun´dle (bun´d’l), n. [OE. bundel, AS. byndel; akin to D. bondel, bundel, G. bündel, dim. of bund bundle, fr. the root of E. bind. See Bind.] A number of things bound together, as by a cord or envelope, into a mass or package convenient for handling or conveyance; a loose package; a roll; as a bundle of straw or of paper; a bundle of old clothes. “The fable of the rods, which, when united in a bundle, no strength could bend.
Goldsmith.” Bundle pillar (Arch.), a column or pier, with others of small dimensions attached to it. Weale.

Bun´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bundled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bundling .] 1. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. 2. To send off abruptly or without ceremony. “They unmercifully bundled me and my gallant second into our own hackney coach.
T. Hook.” To bundle off, to send off in a hurry, or without ceremony. — To bundle one’s self up, to wrap one’s self up warmly or cumbrously.

Bun´dle, v. i. 1. To prepare for departure; to set off in a hurry or without ceremony. 2. To sleep on the same bed without undressing; — applied to the custom of a man and woman, especially lovers, thus sleeping. Bartlett. “Van Corlear stopped occasionally in the villages to eat pumpkin pies, dance at country frolics, and bundle with the Yankee lasses.
W. Irving.”

Bung , n. [Cf. W. bwng orfice, bunghole, Ir. buinne tap, spout, OGael. buine.] 1. The large stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a cask. 2. The orifice in the bilge of a cask through which it is filled; bunghole. 3. A sharper or pickpocket. [Obs. & Low] “You filthy bung, away.
Shak.”

Bung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bunged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunging .] To stop, as the orifice in the bilge of a cask, with a bung; to close; — with up. To bung up, to use up, as by bruising or over exertion; to exhaust or incapacitate for action. [Low] “He had bunged up his mouth that he should not have spoken these three years.
Shelton (Trans. Don Quixote).”

Bun´ga•low , n. [Bengalee bangla] A thatched or tiled house or cottage, of a single story, usually surrounded by a veranda. [India]

Bun´ga•rum , n. [Bungar, the native name.] (Zoöl.) A venomous snake of India, of the genus Bungarus, allied to the cobras but without a hood.

Bung´hole , n. See Bung, n., 2. Shak.

Bun´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bungled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bungling .] [Prob. a diminutive from, akin to bang; cf. Prov. G. bungen to beat, bang, OSw. bunga. See Bang.] To act or work in a clumsy, awkward manner.

Bun´gle, v. t. To make or mend clumsily; to manage awkwardly; to botch; — sometimes with up. “I always had an idea that it would be bungled.
Byron.”

Bun´gle , n. A clumsy or awkward performance; a botch; a gross blunder. “Those errors and bungles which are committed.
Cudworth.”

Bun´gler , n. A clumsy, awkward workman; one who bungles. “If to be a dunce or a bungler in any profession be shameful, how much more ignominious and infamous to a scholar to be such!
Barrow.”

Bun´gling , a. Unskillful; awkward; clumsy; as a bungling workman. Swift. “They make but bungling work.
Dryden.”

Bun´gling•ly, adv. Clumsily; awkwardly.

Bun´go , n. (Naut.) A kind of canoe used in Central and South America; also a kind of boat used in the Southern United States. Bartlett.

Bun´ion , n. (Med.) Same as Bunyon.

Bunk , n. [Cf. OSw. bunke heap, also boaring, flooring. Cf. Bunch.] 1. A wooden case or box, which serves for a seat in the daytime and for a bed at night. [U.S.] 2. One of a series of berths or bed places in tiers. 3. A piece of wood placed on a lumberman’s sled to sustain the end of heavy timbers. [Local, U.S.]

Bunk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bunked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunking.] To go to bed in a bunk; — sometimes with in. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett.

Bun´ker , n. [Scot. bunker, bunkart, a bench, or low chest, serving for a seat. Cf. Bunk, Bank, Bench.] 1. A sort of chest or box, as in a window, the lid of which serves for a seat. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. A large bin or similar receptacle; as a coal bunker.

Bun´ko , n. [Sf. Sp. banco bank, banca a sort of game at cards. Cf. Bank (in the commercial sense).] A kind of swindling game or scheme, by means of cards or by a sham lottery. [Written also bunco.] Bunko steerer, a person employed as a decoy in bunko. [Slang, U.S.]

Bun´kum , n. See Buncombe.

Bunn , n. See Bun.

Bun´nian , n. See Bunyon.

Bun´ny , n. (Mining) A great collection of ore without any vein coming into it or going out from it.

Bun´ny, n. A pet name for a rabbit or a squirrel. { Bu•no•don´ta , Bu´no•donts } n. pl. [NL. bunodonta, fr. Gr. hill, heap + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) A division of the herbivorous mammals including the hogs and hippopotami; — so called because the teeth are tuberculated. { Bun´sen’s bat´ter•y , Bun´sen’s burn•er } . See under Battery, and Burner.

Bunt , n. (Bot.) A fungus (Ustilago fœtida) which affects the ear of cereals, filling the grains with a fetid dust; — also called pepperbrand.

Bunt, n. [Cf. Sw. bunt bundle, Dan. bundt, G. bund, E. bundle.] (Naut.) The middle part, cavity, or belly of a sail; the part of a furled sail which is at the center of the yard. Totten.

Bunt, v. i. (Naut.) To swell out; as the sail bunts.

Bunt, v. t. & i. To strike or push with the horns or head; to butt; as the ram bunted the boy.

Bun´ter , n. A woman who picks up rags in the streets; hence, a low, vulgar woman. [Cant] “Her … daughters, like bunters in stuff gowns.
Goldsmith.”

Bun´ting , n. [Scot. buntlin, corn-buntlin, OE. bunting, buntyle; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Emberiza, or of an allied genus, related to the finches and sparrows (family Fringillidae). Among European species are the common or corn bunting (Emberiza miliaria); the ortolan (E. hortulana); the cirl (E. cirlus); and the black-headed (Granitivora melanocephala). American species are the bay-winged or grass (Poöcaetes or Poœcetes gramineus); the black- throated (Spiza Americana); the towhee bunting or chewink (Pipilo); the snow bunting (Plectrophanax nivalis); the rice bunting or bobolink, and others. See Ortolan, Chewick, Snow bunting, Lark bunting. { Bun´ting , Bun´tine } , n. [Prov. E. bunting sifting flour, OE. bonten to sift, hence prob. the material used for that purpose.] A thin woolen stuff, used chiefly for flags, colors, and ships’ signals.

Bunt´line , n. [2d bunt + line.] (Naut.) One of the ropes toggled to the footrope of a sail, used to haul up to the yard the body of the sail when taking it in. Totten. { Bun´yon , Bun´ion } , n. [Cf. Prov. E. bunny a small swelling, fr. OF. bugne, It. bugna, bugnone. See Bun.] (Med.) An enlargement and inflammation of a small membranous sac (one of the bursae muscosae), usually occurring on the first joint of the great toe.

Buoy , n. [D. boei buoy, fetter, fr. OF. boie, buie, chain, fetter, F. bouee a buoy, from L. boia. ´Boiae genus vinculorum tam ferreae quam ligneae.´ Festus. So called because chained to its place.] (Naut.) A float; esp. a floating object moored to the bottom, to mark a channel or to point out the position of something beneath the water, as an anchor, shoal, rock, etc. Anchor buoy, a buoy attached to, or marking the position of, an anchor. — Bell buoy, a large buoy on which a bell is mounted, to be rung by the motion of the waves. — Breeches buoy. See under Breeches. — Cable buoy, an empty cask employed to buoy up the cable in rocky anchorage. — Can buoy, a hollow buoy made of sheet or boiler iron, usually conical or pear-shaped. — Life buoy, a float intended to support persons who have fallen into the water, until a boat can be dispatched to save them. — Nut or Nun buoy, a buoy large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each end. — To stream the buoy, to let the anchor buoy fall by the ship’s side into the water, before letting go the anchor. — Whistling buoy, a buoy fitted with a whistle that is blown by the action of the waves.

Buoy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buoyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buoying.] 1. To keep from sinking in a fluid, as in water or air; to keep afloat; — with up. 2. To support or sustain; to preserve from sinking into ruin or despondency. “Those old prejudices, which buoy up the ponderous mass of his nobility, wealth, and title.
Burke.” 3. To fix buoys to; to mark by a buoy or by buoys; as to buoy an anchor; to buoy or buoy off a channel. “Not one rock near the surface was discovered which was not buoyed by this floating weed.
Darwin.”

Buoy, v. i. To float; to rise like a buoy. ´Rising merit will buoy up at last.´ Pope.

Buoy´age , n. Buoys, taken collectively; a series of buoys, as for the guidance of vessels into or out of port; the providing of buoys.

Buoy´ance , n. Buoyancy. [R.]

Buoy´an•cy , n.; pl. Buoyancies . 1. The property of floating on the surface of a liquid, or in a fluid, as in the atmosphere; specific lightness, which is inversely as the weight compared with that of an equal volume of water. 2. (Physics) The upward pressure exerted upon a floating body by a fluid, which is equal to the weight of the body; hence, also the weight of a floating body, as measured by the volume of fluid displaced. “Such are buoyancies or displacements of the different classes of her majesty’s ships.
Eng. Cyc.” 3. Cheerfulness; vivacity; liveliness; sprightliness; — the opposite of heaviness; as buoyancy of spirits.

Buoy´ant , a. [From Buoy, v. t. & i.] 1. Having the quality of rising or floating in a fluid; tending to rise or float; as iron is buoyant in mercury. ´Buoyant on the flood.´ Pope. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid; sustaining another body by being specifically heavier. “The water under me was buoyant.
Dryden.” 3. Light-hearted; vivacious; cheerful; as a buoyant disposition; buoyant spirits. — Buoy´ant•ly, adv.

Bu•pres´ti•dan , n. [L. buprestis, Gr. , a poisonous beetle, which, being eaten by cattle in the grass, caused them to swell up and and die; ox, cow + to blow up, swell out.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles, of the genus Buprestis and allied genera, usually with brilliant metallic colors. The larvae are usually borers in timber, or beneath bark, and are often very destructive to trees. { Bur , Burr } , n. [OE. burre burdock; cf. Dan. borre, OSw. borra, burdock, thistle; perh. akin to E. bristle (burr- for burz-), or perh. to F. bourre hair, wool, stuff; also according to Cotgrave, ´the downe, or hairie coat, wherewith divers herbes, fruits, and flowers, are covered,´ fr. L. burrae trifles, LL. reburrus rough.] 1. (Bot.) Any rough or prickly envelope of the seeds of plants, whether a pericarp, a persistent calyx, or an involucre, as of the chestnut and burdock. also any weed which bears burs. “Amongst rude burs and thistles.
Milton.” “Bur and brake and brier.
Tennyson.” 2. The thin ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal. See Burr, n., 2. 3. A ring of iron on a lance or spear. See Burr, n., 4. 4. The lobe of the ear. See Burr, n., 5. 5. The sweetbread. 6. A clinker; a partially vitrified brick. 7. (Mech.) (a) A small circular saw. (b) A triangular chisel. (c) A drill with a serrated head larger than the shank; — used by dentists. 8. [Cf. Gael. borr, borra, a knob, bunch.] (Zoöl.) The round knob of an antler next to a deer’s head. [Commonly written burr.] Bur oak (Bot.), a useful and ornamental species of oak (Quercus macrocarpa) with ovoid acorns inclosed in deep cups imbricated with pointed scales. It grows in the Middle and Western United States, and its wood is tough, close-grained, and durable. — Bur reed (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sparganium, having long ribbonlike leaves.

Bur´bolt , n. A birdbolt. [Obs.] Ford.

Bur´bot , n. [F. barbote, fr. barbe beard. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.) A fresh- water fish of the genus Lota, having on the nose two very small barbels, and a larger one on the chin. [Written also burbolt.] The fish is also called an eelpout or ling, and is allied to the codfish. The Lota vulgaris is a common European species. An American species (L. maculosa) is found in New England, the Great Lakes, and farther north.

Bur•de•lais´ , n. [F. bourdelais, prob. fr. bordelais. See Bordelais.] A sort of grape. Jonson.

Bur´den (bû´d’n), n. [Written also burthen.] [OE. burden, burthen, birthen, birden, AS. byrðen; akin to Icel. byrði, Dan. byrde, Sw. börda, G. bürde, OHG. burdi, Goth. baúrþei, fr. the root of E. bear, AS. beran, Goth. bairan. rad.92. See 1st Bear.] 1. That which is borne or carried; a load. “Plants with goodly burden bowing.
Shak.” 2. That which is borne with labor or difficulty; that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive. “Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone,
To all my friends a burden grown.
Swift.” 3. The capacity of a vessel, or the weight of cargo that she will carry; as a ship of a hundred tons burden. 4. (Mining) The tops or heads of stream-work which lie over the stream of tin. 5. (Metal.) The proportion of ore and flux to fuel, in the charge of a blast furnace. Raymond. 6. A fixed quantity of certain commodities; as a burden of gad steel, 120 pounds. 7. A birth. [Obs. & R.] Shak. Beast of burden, an animal employed in carrying burdens. — Burden of proof [L. onus probandi] (Law), the duty of proving a particular position in a court of law, a failure in the performance of which duty calls for judgment against the party on whom the duty is imposed. Syn. — Burden, Load. A burden is, in the literal sense, a weight to be borne; a load is something laid upon us to be carried. Hence, when used figuratively, there is usually a difference between the two words. Our burdens may be of such a nature that we feel bound to bear them cheerfully or without complaint. They may arise from the nature of our situation; they may be allotments of Providence; they may be the consequences of our errors. What is upon us, as a load, we commonly carry with greater reluctance or sense of oppression. Men often find the charge of their own families to be a burden; but if to this be added a load of care for others, the pressure is usually serve and irksome.

Bur´den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burdened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burdening .] 1. To encumber with weight (literal or figurative); to lay a heavy load upon; to load. “I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened.
2 Cor. viii. 13.” 2. To oppress with anything grievous or trying; to overload; as to burden a nation with taxes. “My burdened heart would break.
Shak.” 3. To impose, as a load or burden; to lay or place as a burden (something heavy or objectionable). [R.] “It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell.
Coleridge.” Syn. — To load; encumber; overload; oppress.

Bur´den (bûr´d’n), n. [OE. burdoun the bass in music, F. bourdon; cf. LL. burdo drone, a long organ pipe, a staff, a mule. Prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Bourdon.] 1. The verse repeated in a song, or the return of the theme at the end of each stanza; the chorus; refrain. Hence: That which is often repeated or which is dwelt upon; the main topic; as the burden of a prayer. “I would sing my song without a burden.
Shak.” 2. The drone of a bagpipe. Ruddiman.

Bur´den, n. [See Burdon.] A club. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bur´den•er , n. One who loads; an oppressor.

Bur´den•ous , a. Burdensome. [Obs.] ´Burdenous taxations.´ Shak.

Bur´den•some , a. Grievous to be borne; causing uneasiness or fatigue; oppressive. “The debt immense of endless gratitude
So burdensome.
Milton.” Syn. — Heavy; weighty; cumbersome; onerous; grievous; oppressive; troublesome. — Bur´den•some•ly, adv. — Bur´den•some•ness, n.

Bur´dock , n. [Bur + dock the plant.] (Bot.) A genus of coarse biennial herbs (Lappa), bearing small burs which adhere tenaciously to clothes, or to the fur or wool of animals. The common burdock is the Lappa officinalis.

Bur´don , n. [See Bourdon.] A pilgrim’s staff. [Written also burden.] Rom. of R.

Bu´reau , n.; pl. E. Bureaus , F. Bureaux . [F. bureau a writing table, desk, office, OF., drugget, with which a writing table was often covered, equiv. to F. bure, and fr. OF. buire dark brown, the stuff being named from its color, fr. L. burrus red, fr. Gr. flame-colored, prob. fr. fire. See Fire, n., and cf. Borel, n.] 1. Originally, a desk or writing table with drawers for papers. Swift. 2. The place where such a bureau is used; an office where business requiring writing is transacted. 3. Hence: A department of public business requiring a force of clerks; the body of officials in a department who labor under the direction of a chief. On the continent of Europe, the highest departments, in most countries, have the name of bureaux; as the Bureau of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. In England and America, the term is confined to inferior and subordinate departments; as the ´Pension Bureau,´ a subdepartment of the Department of the Interior. [Obs.] In Spanish, bureo denotes a court of justice for the trial of persons belonging to the king’s household. 4. A chest of drawers for clothes, especially when made as an ornamental piece of furniture. [U.S.] Bureau system. See Bureaucracy. — Bureau Veritas, an institution, in the interest of maritime underwriters, for the survey and rating of vessels all over the world. It was founded in Belgium in 1828, removed to Paris in 1830, and reëstablished in Brussels in 1870.

Bu•reau´cra•cy , n. [Bureau + Gr. to be strong, to govern, strength: cf. F. bureaucratie.] 1. A system of carrying on the business of government by means of departments or bureaus, each under the control of a chief, in contradiction to a system in which the officers of government have an associated authority and responsibility; also government conducted on this system. 2. Government officials, collectively.

Bu•reau´crat , n. An official of a bureau; esp. an official confirmed in a narrow and arbitrary routine. C. Kingsley. { Bu•reau•crat´ic , Bu•reau•crat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. bureaucratique.] Of, relating to, or resembling, a bureaucracy.

Bu•reau´cra•tist , n. An advocate for , or supporter of, bureaucracy.

Bur´el , n. & a. Same as Borrel.

Bu•rette´ , n. [F., can, cruet, dim. of buire flagon.] (Chem.) An apparatus for delivering measured quantities of liquid or for measuring the quantity of liquid or gas received or discharged. It consists essentially of a graduated glass tube, usually furnished with a small aperture and stopcock.

Bur´ fish . (Zoöl.) A spinose, plectognath fish of the Allantic coast of the United States (esp. Chilo mycterus geometricus) having the power of distending its body with water or air, so as to resemble a chestnut bur; — called also ball fish, balloon fish, and swellfish.

Burg , n. [AS. burh, burg, cf. LL. burgus. See 1st Borough.] 1. A fortified town. [Obs.] 2. A borough. [Eng.] See 1st Borough.

Burg´age , n. [From Burg: cf. F. bourgage, LL. burgagium.] (Eng. Law) A tenure by which houses or lands are held of the king or other lord of a borough or city; at a certain yearly rent, or by services relating to trade or handicraft. Burrill.

Bur´gall , n. (Zoöl.) A small marine fish; — also called cunner.

Bur´ga•mot , n. See Bergamot.

Bur´ga•net , n. See Burgonet.

Bur´gee , n. 1. A kind of small coat. 2. (Naut.) A swallow-tailed flag; a distinguishing pennant, used by cutters, yachts, and merchant vessels.

Bur•geois´ (bûr•jois´), n. (Print.) See 1st Bourgeois.

Bur•geois´ (boor•zhwä´), n. A burgess; a citizen. See 2d Bourgeois. [R.] Addison.

Bur´geon , v. i. To bud. See Bourgeon.

Bur´gess , n. [OE. burgeis, OF. burgeis, fr. burcfortified town, town, F. bourg village, fr. LL. burgus fort, city; from the German; cf. MHG. burc, G. burg. See 1st Borough, and cf. 2d Bourgeois.] 1. An inhabitant of a borough or walled town, or one who possesses a tenement therein; a citizen or freeman of a borough. Blackstone. ´A burgess of a borough corresponds with a citizen of a city.´ Burrill. 2. One who represents a borough in Parliament. 3. A magistrate of a borough. 4. An inhabitant of a Scotch burgh qualified to vote for municipal officers. Before the Revolution, the representatives in the popular branch of the legislature of Virginia were called burgesses; they are now called delegates. Burgess oath. See Burgher, 2.

Bur´gess-ship , n. The state of privilege of a burgess. South.

Burg´grave , n. [G. burggraf; burg fortress + graf count: cf. D. burggraaf, F. burgrave. See Margrave.] (Germany) Originally, one appointed to the command of a burg (fortress or castle); but the title afterward became hereditary, with a domain attached.

Burgh , n. [OE. See Burg.] A borough or incorporated town, especially, one in Scotland. See Borough.

Burgh´al , a. Belonging to a burgh.

Burgh´bote , n. [Burgh + bote.] (Old Law) A contribution toward the building or repairing of castles or walls for the defense of a city or town.

Burgh´brech , n. [Burgh + F. brèche, equiv. to E. breach.] (AS. Law) The offense of violating the pledge given by every inhabitant of a tithing to keep the peace; breach of the peace. Burrill.

Burgh´er , n. [From burgh; akin to D. burger, G. bürger, Dan. borger, Sw. borgare. See Burgh.] 1. A freeman of a burgh or borough, entitled to enjoy the privileges of the place; any inhabitant of a borough. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of that party, among the Scotch seceders, which asserted the lawfulness of the burgess oath (in which burgesses profess ´the true religion professed within the realm´), the opposite party being called antiburghers. These parties arose among the Presbyterians of Scotland, in 1747, and in 1820 reunited under the name of the ´United Associate Synod of the Secession Church.´

Burgh´er•mas•ter , n. See Burgomaster.

Burgh´er•ship , n. The state or privileges of a burgher.

Burgh´mas•ter , n. 1. A burgomaster. 2. (Mining) An officer who directs and lays out the meres or boundaries for the workmen; — called also bailiff, and barmaster. [Eng.]

Burgh´mote , n. (AS. Law) [Burgh + mote meeting.] A court or meeting of a burgh or borough; a borough court held three times yearly.

Bur´glar , n. [OE. burg town, F. bourg, fr. LL. burgus (of German origin) + OF. lere thief, fr. L. latro. See Borough, and Larceny.] (Law) One guilty of the crime of burglary. Burglar alarm, a device for giving alarm if a door or window is opened from without.

Bur´glar•er , n. A burglar. [Obs.]

Bur•gla´ri•ous , a. Pertaining to burglary; constituting the crime of burglary. “To come down a chimney is held a burglarious entry.
Blackstone.”

Bur•gla´ri•ous•ly, adv. With an intent to commit burglary; in the manner of a burglar. Blackstone.

Bur´gla•ry , n.; pl. Burglaries . [Fr. Burglar; cf. LL. burglaria.] (Law) Breaking and entering the dwelling house of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felonious purpose be accomplished or not. Wharton. Burrill. By statute law in some of the United States, burglary includes the breaking with felonious intent into a house by day as well as by night, and into other buildings than dwelling houses. Various degrees of the crime are established.

Bur´go•mas•ter , n. [D. burgemeester; burg borough + meester master; akin to G. burgemeister, bürgermeister. See 1st Borough, and Master.] 1. A chief magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany, corresponding to mayor in England and the United States; a burghmaster. 2. (Zoöl.) An aquatic bird, the glaucous gull (Larus glaucus), common in arctic regions.

Bur´go•net , n. [F. bouruignotte, because the Burgundians, F. Bouruignons, first used it.] A kind of helmet. [Written also burganet.] Shak.

Bur´goo , n. [Prov. E. burgood yeast, perh. fr. W. burym yeast + cawl cabbage, gruel.] A kind of oatmeal pudding, or thick gruel, used by seamen. [Written also burgout.]

Bur´grass , n. (Bot.) Grass of the genus Cenchrus, growing in sand, and having burs for fruit.

Bur´grave , n. [F.] See Burggrave.

Bur´gun•dy , n. 1. An old province of France (in the eastern central part). 2. A richly flavored wine, mostly red, made in Burgundy, France. Burgundy pitch, a resinous substance prepared from the exudation of the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) by melting in hot water and straining through cloth. The genuine Burgundy pitch, supposed to have been first prepared in Burgundy, is rare, but there are many imitations. It has a yellowish brown color, is translucent and hard, but viscous. It is used in medicinal plasters.

Burh , n. See Burg. [Obs.] { Bur´hel , Burr´hel } , n. (Zoöl.) The wild Himalayan, or blue, sheep (Ovis burrhel).

Bur´i•al , n. [OE. buriel, buriels, grave, tomb, AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to bury, and akin to OS. burgisli sepulcher.] 1. A grave; a tomb; a place of sepulture. [Obs.] “The erthe schook, and stoones weren cloven, and biriels weren opened.
Wycliff [Matt. xxvii. 51, 52].” 2. The act of burying; depositing a dead body in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or in the water, usually with attendant ceremonies; sepulture; interment. ´To give a public burial.´ Shak. “Now to glorious burial slowly borne.
Tennyson.” Burial case, a form of coffin, usually of iron, made to close air-tight, for the preservation of a dead body. — Burial ground, a piece of ground selected and set apart for a place of burials, and consecrated to such use by religious ceremonies. — Burial place, any place where burials are made. — Burial service. (a) The religious service performed at the interment of the dead; a funeral service. (b) That portion of a liturgy which is read at an interment; as the English burial service. Syn. — Sepulture; interment; inhumation.

Bur´i•er , n. One who, or that which, buries. “Till the buriers have buried it.
Ezek. xxxix. 15.” “And darkness be the burier of the dead.
Shak.”

Bu´rin , n. [F. burin, cf. It. burino, bulino; prob. from OHG. bora borer, boron to bore, G. bohren. See 1st Bore.] 1. The cutting tool of an engraver on metal, used in line engraving. It is made of tempered steel, one end being ground off obliquely so as to produce a sharp point, and the other end inserted in a handle; a graver; also the similarly shaped tool used by workers in marble. 2. The manner or style of execution of an engraver; as a soft burin; a brilliant burin.

Bu´rin•ist, n. One who works with the burin. For. Quart. Rev.

Bu´ri•on , n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted house sparrow of California (Carpodacus frontalis); — called also crimson-fronted bullfinch. [Written also burrion.]

Burke , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burking.] [From one Burke of Edinburgh, who committed the crime in 1829.] 1. To murder by suffocation, or so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose of obtaining a body to be sold for dissection. 2. To dispose of quietly or indirectly; to suppress; to smother; to shelve; as to burke a parliamentary question. “The court could not burke an inquiry, supported by such a mass of a affidavits.
C. Reade.”

Burk´ism , n. The practice of killing persons for the purpose of selling their bodies for dissection.

Burl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burling.] [OE. burle stuffing, or a knot in cloth; cf. F. bourlet, bourrelet, OF. bourel, a wreath or a roll of cloth, linen, or leather, stuffed with flocks, etc., dim. of bourre. rad.92. See Bur.] To dress or finish up (cloth); to pick knots, burs, loose threads, etc., from, as in finishing cloth. Burling iron, a peculiar kind of nippers or tweezers used in burling woolen cloth.

Burl, n. 1. A knot or lump in thread or cloth. 2. An overgrown knot, or an excrescence, on a tree; also veneer made from such excrescences.

Bur´lap , n. A coarse fabric, made of jute or hemp, used for bagging; also a finer variety of similar material, used for curtains, etc. [Written also burlaps.]

Burl´er , n. One who burls or dresses cloth.

Bur•lesque´ , a. [F. burlesque, fr. It. burlesco, fr. burla jest, mockery, perh. for burrula, dim. of L. burrae trifles. See Bur.] Tending to excite laughter or contempt by extravagant images, or by a contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it, as when a trifling subject is treated with mock gravity; jocular; ironical. “It is a dispute among the critics, whether burlesque poetry runs best in heroic verse, like that of the Dispensary, or in doggerel, like that of Hudibras.
Addison.”

Bur•lesque´ , n. 1. Ludicrous representation; exaggerated parody; grotesque satire. “Burlesque is therefore of two kinds; the first represents mean persons in the accouterments of heroes, the other describes great persons acting and speaking like the basest among the people.
Addison.” 2. An ironical or satirical composition intended to excite laughter, or to ridicule anything. “The dull burlesque appeared with impudence,
And pleased by novelty in spite of sense.
Dryden.” 3. A ludicrous imitation; a caricature; a travesty; a gross perversion. “Who is it that admires, and from the heart is attached to, national representative assemblies, but must turn with horror and disgust from such a profane burlesque and abominable perversion of that sacred institute?
Burke.” Syn. — Mockery; farce; travesty; mimicry.

Bur•lesque´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burlesqued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burlesquing .] To ridicule, or to make ludicrous by grotesque representation in action or in language. “They burlesqued the prophet Jeremiah’s words, and turned the expression he used into ridicule.
Stillingfleet.”

Bur•lesque´, v. i. To employ burlesque.

Bur•les´quer , n. One who burlesques.

Bur•let´ta (bûr•let´ta), n. [It., dim. of burla mockery. See Burlesque, a.] (Mus.) A comic operetta; a music farce. Byron.

Bur´li•ness (bûr´li•nes), n. Quality of being burly.

Bur´ly (bûr´ly), a. [OE. burlich strong, excellent; perh. orig. fit for a lady’s bower, hence handsome, manly, stout. Cf. Bower.] 1. Having a large, strong, or gross body; stout; lusty; — now used chiefly of human beings, but formerly of animals, in the sense of stately or beautiful, and of inanimate things that were huge and bulky. ´Burly sacks.´ Drayton. “In his latter days, with overliberal diet, [he was] somewhat corpulent and burly.
Sir T. More.” “Burly and big, and studious of his ease.
Cowper.” 2. Coarse and rough; boisterous. “It was the orator’s own burly way of nonsense.
Cowley.”

Bur´man , n.; pl. Burmans . [´The softened modern M’yan-ma, M’yan-ma [native name] is the source of the European corruption Burma.´ Balfour.], (Ethnol.) A member of the Burman family, one of the four great families Burmah; also sometimes, any inhabitant of Burmah; a Burmese. — a. Of or pertaining to the Burmans or to Burmah.

Bur´ mar´i•gold . See Beggar’s ticks.

Bur•mese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Burmah, or its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or the natives of Burmah. Also (sing.), the language of the Burmans.

Burn , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burned or Burnt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burning.] [OE. bernen, brennen, v. t., early confused with beornen, birnen, v. i., AS. baernan, bernan, v. t., birnan, v. i.; akin to OS. brinnan, OFries. barna, berna, OHG. brinnan, brennan, G. brennen, OD. bernen, D. branden, Dan. braende, Sw. bränna, brinna, Icel. brenna, Goth. brinnan, brannjan (in comp.), and possibly to E. fervent.] 1. To consume with fire; to reduce to ashes by the action of heat or fire; — frequently intensified by up: as to burn up wood. ´We’ll burn his body in the holy place.´ Shak. 2. To injure by fire or heat; to change destructively some property or properties of, by undue exposure to fire or heat; to scorch; to scald; to blister; to singe; to char; to sear; as to burn steel in forging; to burn one’s face in the sun; the sun burns the grass. 3. To perfect or improve by fire or heat; to submit to the action of fire or heat for some economic purpose; to destroy or change some property or properties of, by exposure to fire or heat in due degree for obtaining a desired residuum, product, or effect; to bake; as to burn clay in making bricks or pottery; to burn wood so as to produce charcoal; to burn limestone for the lime. 4. To make or produce, as an effect or result, by the application of fire or heat; as to burn a hole; to burn charcoal; to burn letters into a block. 5. To consume, injure, or change the condition of, as if by action of fire or heat; to affect as fire or heat does; as to burn the mouth with pepper. “This tyrant fever burns me up.
Shak.” “This dry sorrow burns up all my tears.” Dryden. “When the cold north wind bloweth, … it devoureth the mountains, and burneth the wilderness, and consumeth the grass as fire.
Ecclus. xliii. 20, 21.” 6. (Surg.) To apply a cautery to; to cauterize. 7. (Chem.) To cause to combine with oxygen or other active agent, with evolution of heat; to consume; to oxidize; as a man burns a certain amount of carbon at each respiration; to burn iron in oxygen. To burn, To burn together, as two surfaces of metal (Engin.), to fuse and unite them by pouring over them a quantity of the same metal in a liquid state. — To burn a bowl (Game of Bowls), to displace it accidentally, the bowl so displaced being said to be burned. — To burn daylight, to light candles before it is dark; to waste time; to perform superfluous actions. Shak. — To burn one’s fingers, to get one’s self into unexpected trouble, as by interfering the concerns of others, speculation, etc. — To burn out, to destroy or obliterate by burning. ´Must you with hot irons burn out mine eyes?´ Shak. — To be burned out, to suffer loss by fire, as the burning of one’s house, store, or shop, with the contents. — To burn up, To burn down, to burn entirely.

Burn, v. i. 1. To be of fire; to flame. ´The mount burned with fire.´ Deut. ix. 15. 2. To suffer from, or be scorched by, an excess of heat. “Your meat doth burn, quoth I.
Shak.” 3. To have a condition, quality, appearance, sensation, or emotion, as if on fire or excessively heated; to act or rage with destructive violence; to be in a state of lively emotion or strong desire; as the face burns; to burn with fever. “Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way?
Luke xxiv. 32.” “The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne,
Burned on the water.
Shak.” “Burning with high hope.
Byron.” “The groan still deepens, and the combat burns.
Pope.” “The parching air
Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire.
Milton.” 4. (Chem.) To combine energetically, with evolution of heat; as copper burns in chlorine. 5. In certain games, to approach near to a concealed object which is sought. [Colloq.] To burn out, to burn till the fuel is exhausted. — To burn up, To burn down, to be entirely consumed.

Burn, n. 1. A hurt, injury, or effect caused by fire or excessive or intense heat. 2. The operation or result of burning or baking, as in brickmaking; as they have a good burn. 3. A disease in vegetables. See Brand, n., 6.

Burn, n. [See 1st Bourn.] A small stream. [Scot.]

Burn´a•ble , a. Combustible. Cotgrave.

Burned , p. p. & a. See Burnt.

Burned , p. p. Burnished. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Burn´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, burns or sets fire to anything. 2. The part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced. Bunsen’s burner (Chem.), a kind of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen of Heidelberg, consisting of a straight tube, four or five inches in length, having small holes for the entrance of air at the bottom. Illuminating gas being also admitted at the bottom, a mixture of gas and air is formed which burns at the top with a feebly luminous but intensely hot flame. — Argand burner, Rose burner, etc. See under Argand, Rose, etc.

Bur´net , n. [OE. burnet burnet; also brownish (the plant perh. being named from its color), fr. F. brunet, dim. of brun brown; cf. OF. brunete a sort of flower. See Brunette.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Poterium); especially, P.Sanguisorba, the common, or garden, burnet. Burnet moth (Zoöl.), in England, a handsome moth (Zygaena filipendula), with crimson spots on the wings. — Burnet saxifrage. (Bot.) See Saxifrage. — Canadian burnet, a marsh plant (Poterium Canadensis). — Great burnet, Wild burnet, Poterium (or Sanguisorba) oficinalis.

Bur´nett•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnettized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnettizing.] (Manuf.) To subject (wood, fabrics, etc.) to a process of saturation in a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent decay; — a process invented by Sir William Burnett.

Burn´ie , n. [See 4th Burn.] A small brook. [Scot.] Burns.

Bur´nie•bee , n. The ladybird. [Prov. Eng.]

Burn´ing, a. 1. That burns; being on fire; excessively hot; fiery. 2. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful; as burning zeal. “Like a young hound upon a burning scent.
Dryden.” Burning bush (Bot.), an ornamental shrub (Euonymus atropurpureus), bearing a crimson berry.

Burn´ing, n. The act of consuming by fire or heat, or of subjecting to the effect of fire or heat; the state of being on fire or excessively heated. Burning fluid, any volatile illuminating oil, as the lighter petroleums (naphtha, benzine), or oil of turpentine (camphine), but esp. a mixture of the latter with alcohol. — Burning glass, a convex lens of considerable size, used for producing an intense heat by converging the sun’s rays to a focus. — Burning house (Metal.), the furnace in which tin ores are calcined, to sublime the sulphur and arsenic from the pyrites. Weale. — Burning mirror, a concave mirror, or a combination of plane mirrors, used for the same purpose as a burning glass. Syn. — Combustion; fire; conflagration; flame; blaze.

Bur´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnishing.] [OE. burnischen, burnissen, burnen, OF. burnir, brunir, to make brown, polish, F. brunir, fr. F. brun brown, fr. OHG. brn; cf. MHG. briunen to make brown, polish. See Brown, a.] To cause to shine; to make smooth and bright; to polish; specifically, to polish by rubbing with something hard and smooth; as to burnish brass or paper. “The frame of burnished steel, that east a glare
From far, and seemed to thaw the freezing air.
Dryden.” “Now the village windows blaze,
Burnished by the setting sun.
Cunningham.” Burnishing machine, a machine for smoothing and polishing by compression, as in making paper collars.

Bur´nish, v. i. To shine forth; to brighten; to become smooth and glossy, as from swelling or filling out; hence, to grow large. “A slender poet must have time to grow,
And spread and burnish as his brothers do.
Dryden.” “My thoughts began to burnish, sprout, and swell.
Herbert.”

Bur´nish, n. The effect of burnishing; gloss; brightness; luster. Crashaw.

Bur´nish•er , n. 1. One who burnishes. 2. A tool with a hard, smooth, rounded end or surface, as of steel, ivory, or agate, used in smoothing or polishing by rubbing. It has a variety of forms adapted to special uses. { Bur´noose , Bur´nous } , n. [Ar. burnus a kind of high-crowned cap: cf. F. bournous, burnous, Sp. al-bornoz, a sort of upper garment, with a hood attached.] 1. A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs. 2. A combination cloak and hood worn by women. [Variously written bournous, bernouse, bornous, etc.]

Burn´stic•kle , n. (Zoöl.) A stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

Burnt , p. p. & a. Consumed with, or as with, fire; scorched or dried, as with fire or heat; baked or hardened in the fire or the sun. Burnt ear, a black, powdery fungus which destroys grain. See Smut. — Burnt offering, something offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice. The offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a calf, a goat, or a sheep; or some vegetable substance, as bread, or ears of wheat or barley. Called also burnt sacrifice. [2 Sam. xxiv. 22.]

Burr , n. [See Bur.] (Bot.) 1. A prickly seed vessel. See Bur, 1. 2. The thin edge or ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, as in turning, engraving, pressing, etc.; also the rough neck left on a bullet in casting. “The graver, in plowing furrows in the surface of the copper, raises corresponding ridges or burrs.
Tomlinson.” 3. A thin flat piece of metal, formed from a sheet by punching; a small washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down. 4. A broad iron ring on a tilting lance just below the gripe, to prevent the hand from slipping. 5. The lobe or lap of the ear. 6. [Probably of imitative origin.] A guttural pronounciation of the letter r, produced by trilling the extremity of the soft palate against the back part of the tongue; rotacism; — often called the Newcastle, Northumberland, or Tweedside, burr. 7. The knot at the bottom of an antler. See Bur, n., 8.

Burr , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burring.] To speak with burr; to make a hoarse or guttural murmur. Mrs. Browning.

Bur´rel , n. [Cf. OF. burel reddish (cf. Borel, n.), or F. beurre butter pear, fr. beurre butter. Cf. Butter.] A sort of pear, called also the red butter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp.

Bur´rel, n. Same as Borrel.

Bur´rel fly . [From its reddish color. See 1st Burrel.] (Zoöl.) The botfly or gadfly of cattle (Hypoderma bovis). See Gadfly.

Bur´rel shot . [Either from annoying the enemy like a burrel fly, or, less probably, fr. F. bourreler to sting, torture.] (Gun.) A mixture of shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, etc., fired from a cannon at short range, in an emergency. [R.]

Burr´ing ma•chine´ . A machine for cleansing wool of burs, seeds, and other substances.

Burr´ mill´stone . See Buhrstone.

Bur´ro , n. [Sp., an ass.] (Zoöl.) A donkey. [Southern U.S.]

Bur´rock , n. [Perh. from AS. burg, burh, hill + -ock.] A small weir or dam in a river to direct the stream to gaps where fish traps are placed. Knight.

Bur´row , n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. An incorporated town. See 1st Borough. 2. A shelter; esp. a hole in the ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and habitation. 3. (Mining) A heap or heaps of rubbish or refuse. 4. A mound. See 3d Barrow, and Camp, n., 5.

Bur´row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burrowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge in, as in the earth; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or rabbits. 2. To lodge, or take refuge, in any deep or concealed place; to hide. “Sir, this vermin of court reporters, when they are forced into day upon one point, are sure to burrow in another.
Burke.” Burrowing owl (Zoöl.), a small owl of the western part of North America (Speotyto cunicularia), which lives in holes, often in company with the prairie dog.

Bur´row•er , n. One who, or that which, burrows; an animal that makes a hole under ground and lives in it.

Burr´stone, n. See Buhrstone.

Burr´y , a. Abounding in burs, or containing burs; resembling burs; as burry wool.

Bur´sa , n.; pl. Bursae . [L. See Burse.] (Anat.) Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.

Bur´sal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a bursa or to bursae.

Bur´sar , n. [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa purse. See Burse, and cf. Purser.] 1. A treasurer, or cash keeper; a purser; as the bursar of a college, or of a monastery. 2. A student to whom a stipend or bursary is paid for his complete or partial support.

Bur´sar•ship, n. The office of a bursar.

Bur´sa•ry , n.; pl. - ries . [LL. bursaria. See Bursar.] 1. The treasury of a college or monastery. 2. A scholarship or charitable foundation in a university, as in Scotland; a sum given to enable a student to pursue his studies. ´No woman of rank or fortune but would have a bursary in her gift.´ Southey.

Bursch , n.; pl. Burschen . [G., ultimately fr. LL. bursa. See Burse.] A youth; especially, a student in a german university.

Burse , n. [LL. bursa, or F. bourse. See Bourse, and cf. Bursch, Purse.] 1. A purse; also a vesicle; a pod; a hull. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A fund or foundation for the maintenance of needy scholars in their studies; also the sum given to the beneficiaries. [Scot.] 3. (Eccl.) An ornamental case of hold the corporal when not in use. Shipley. 4. An exchange, for merchants and bankers, in the cities of continental Europe. Same as Bourse. 5. A kind of bazaar. [Obs.] “She says she went to the burse for patterns.
Old Play.”

Bur•sic´u•late , a. [See Burse.] (Bot.) Bursiform.

Bur´si•form , a. [LL. bursa purse + -form.] Shaped like a purse.

Bur•si´tis , n. [NL., fr. E. bursa + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a bursa.

Burst , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burst; p. pr. & vb. n. Bursting. The past participle bursten is obsolete.] [OE. bersten, bresten, AS. berstan (pers. sing. berste, imp. sing. baerst, imp. pl. burston, p. p. borsten); akin to D. bersten, G. bersten, OHG. brestan, OS. brestan, Icel. bresta, Sw. brista, Dan. briste. Cf. Brast, Break.] 1. To fly apart or in pieces; of break open; to yield to force or pressure, especially to a sudden and violent exertion of force, or to pressure from within; to explode; as the boiler had burst; the buds will burst in spring. “From the egg that soon
Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed
Their callow young.
Milton.” Often used figuratively, as of the heart, in reference to a surcharge of passion, grief, desire, etc. “No, no, my heart will burst, an if I speak:
And I will speak, that so my heart may burst.
Shak.” 2. To exert force or pressure by which something is made suddenly to give way; to break through obstacles or limitations; hence, to appear suddenly and unexpectedly or unaccountably, or to depart in such manner; — usually with some qualifying adverb or preposition, as forth, out, away, into, upon, through, etc. “Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth.
Milton.” “And now you burst (ah cruel!) from my arms.
Pope.” “A resolved villain
Whose bowels suddenly burst out.
Shak.” “We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
Coleridge.” “To burst upon him like an earthquake.
Goldsmith.”

Burst (bûrst), v. t. 1. To break or rend by violence, as by an overcharge or by strain or pressure, esp. from within; to force open suddenly; as to burst a cannon; to burst a blood vessel; to burst open the doors. “My breast I’ll burst with straining of my courage.
Shak.” 2. To break. [Obs.] “You will not pay for the glasses you have burst?
Shak.” “He burst his lance against the sand below.
Fairfax (Tasso).” 3. To produce as an effect of bursting; as to burst a hole through the wall. Bursting charge. See under Charge.

Burst, n. 1. A sudden breaking forth; a violent rending; an explosion; as a burst of thunder; a burst of applause; a burst of passion; a burst of inspiration. “Bursts of fox-hunting melody.
W. Irving.” 2. Any brief, violent exertion or effort; a spurt; as a burst of speed. 3. A sudden opening, as of landscape; a stretch; an expanse. [R.] ´A fine burst of country.´ Jane Austen. 4. A rupture or hernia; a breach.

Burst´en , p. p. of Burst, v. i. [Obs.]

Burst´er (bûrst´er), n. One that bursts.

Burst´wort , n. (Bot.) A plant (Herniaria glabra) supposed to be valuable for the cure of hernia or rupture.

Burt , n. (Zoöl.) See Birt. [Prov. Eng.]

Bur´then , n. & v. t. See Burden. [Archaic]

Bur´ton , n. [Cf. OE. & Prov. E. bort to press or indent anything.] (Naut.) A peculiar tackle, formed of two or more blocks, or pulleys, the weight being suspended to a hook block in the bight of the running part.

Bur´y (ber´ry), n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. A borough; a manor; as the Bury of St. Edmond’s; — used as a termination of names of places; as Canterbury, Shrewsbury. 2. A manor house; a castle. [Prov. Eng.] “To this very day, the chief house of a manor, or the lord’s seat, is called bury, in some parts of England.
Miege.”

Bur´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buried ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burying .] [OE. burien, birien, berien, AS. byrgan; akin to beorgan to protect, OHG. bergan, G. bergen, Icel. bjarga, Sw. berga, Dan. bierge, Goth. baírgan. rad.95. Cf. Burrow.] 1. To cover out of sight, either by heaping something over, or by placing within something, as earth, etc.; to conceal by covering; to hide; as to bury coals in ashes; to bury the face in the hands. “And all their confidence
Under the weight of mountains buried deep.
Milton.” 2. Specifically: To cover out of sight, as the body of a deceased person, in a grave, a tomb, or the ocean; to deposit (a corpse) in its resting place, with funeral ceremonies; to inter; to inhume. “Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father.
Matt. viii. 21.” “I’ll bury thee in a triumphant grave.
Shak.” 3. To hide in oblivion; to put away finally; to abandon; as to bury strife. “Give me a bowl of wine
In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius.
Shak.” Burying beetle (Zoöl.), the general name of many species of beetles, of the tribe Necrophaga; the sexton beetle; — so called from their habit of burying small dead animals by digging away the earth beneath them. The larvae feed upon decaying flesh, and are useful scavengers. — To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war, and make peace; — a phrase used in allusion to the custom observed by the North American Indians, of burying a tomahawk when they conclude a peace. Syn. — To intomb; inter; inhume; inurn; hide; cover; conceal; overwhelm; repress. { Bur´y•ing ground• , Bur´y•ing place }. The ground or place for burying the dead; burial place.

Bus , n. [Abbreviated from omnibus.] An omnibus. [Colloq.]

Bus´by (buz´by), n.; pl. Busbies (biz). (Mil.) A military headdress or cap, used in the British army. It is of fur, with a bag, of the same color as the facings of the regiment, hanging from the top over the right shoulder.

Bus´con , n. [Sp., a searcher, fr. buscar to search.] One who searches for ores; a prospector. [U.S.]

Bush , n. [OE. bosch, busch, buysch, bosk, busk; akin to D. bosch, OHG. busc, G. busch, Icel. buskr, buski, Dan. busk, Sw. buske, and also to LL. boscus, buscus, Pr. bosc, It. bosco, Sp. & Pg. bosque, F. bois, OF. bos. Whether the LL. or G. form is the original is uncertain; if the LL., it is perh. from the same source as E. box a case. Cf. Ambush, Boscage, Bouquet, Box a case.] 1. A thicket, or place abounding in trees or shrubs; a wild forest. This was the original sense of the word, as in the Dutch bosch, a wood, and was so used by Chaucer. In this sense it is extensively used in the British colonies, especially at the Cape of Good Hope, and also in Australia and Canada; as to live or settle in the bush. 2. A shrub; esp., a shrub with branches rising from or near the root; a thick shrub or a cluster of shrubs. “To bind a bush of thorns among sweet-smelling flowers.
Gascoigne.” 3. A shrub cut off, or a shrublike branch of a tree; as bushes to support pea vines. 4. A shrub or branch, properly, a branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus), hung out at vintners’ doors, or as a tavern sign; hence, a tavern sign, and symbolically, the tavern itself. “If it be true that good wine needs no bush, ’t is true that a good play needs no epilogue.
Shak.” 5. (Hunting) The tail, or brush, of a fox. To beat about the bush, to approach anything in a round-about manner, instead of coming directly to it; — a metaphor taken from hunting. — Bush bean (Bot.), a variety of bean which is low and requires no support (Phaseolus vulgaris, variety nanus). See Bean, 1. — Bush buck, or Bush goat (Zoöl.), a beautiful South African antelope (Tragelaphus sylvaticus); — so called because found mainly in wooden localities. The name is also applied to other species. — Bush cat (Zoöl.), the serval. See Serval. — Bush chat (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Pratincola, of the Thrush family. — Bush dog. (Zoöl.) See Potto. — Bush hammer. See Bushhammer in the Vocabulary. — Bush harrow (Agric.) See under Harrow. — Bush hog (Zoöl.), a South African wild hog (Potamochœrus Africanus); — called also bush pig, and water hog. — Bush master (Zoöl.), a venomous snake (Lachesis mutus) of Guinea; — called also surucucu. — Bush pea (Bot.), a variety of pea that needs to be bushed. — Bush shrike (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Thamnophilus, and allied genera; — called also batarg. Many species inhabit tropical America. — Bush tit (Zoöl.), a small bird of the genus Psaltriparus, allied to the titmouse. P. minimus inhabits California.

Bush , v. i. To branch thickly in the manner of a bush. ´The bushing alders.´ Pope.

Bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bushed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bushing.] 1. To set bushes for; to support with bushes; as to bush peas. 2. To use a bush harrow on (land), for covering seeds sown; to harrow with a bush; as to bush a piece of land; to bush seeds into the ground.

Bush, n. [D. bus a box, akin to E. box; or F. boucher to plug.] 1. (Mech.) A lining for a hole to make it smaller; a thimble or ring of metal or wood inserted in a plate or other part of machinery to receive the wear of a pivot or arbor. Knight. In the larger machines, such a piece is called a box, particularly in the United States. 2. (Gun.) A piece of copper, screwed into a gun, through which the venthole is bored. Farrow.

Bush, v. t. To furnish with a bush, or lining; as to bush a pivot hole.

Bush´boy , n. See Bushman.

Bush´el , n. [OE. buschel, boischel, OF. boissel, bussel, boistel, F. boisseau, LL. bustellus; dim. of bustia, buxida (OF. boiste), fr. pyxida, acc. of L. pyxis box, Gr. . Cf. Box.] 1. A dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, or thirty-two quarts. The Winchester bushel, formerly used in England, contained 2150.42 cubic inches, being the volume of a cylinder 18½ inches in internal diameter and eight inches in depth. The standard bushel measures, prepared by the United States Government and distributed to the States, hold each 77.6274 pounds of distilled water, at 39.8° Fahr. and 30 inches atmospheric pressure, being the equivalent of the Winchester bushel. The imperial bushel now in use in England is larger than the Winchester bushel, containing 2218.2 cubic inches, or 80 pounds of water at 62° Fahr. 2. A vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring; a bushel measure. “Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed, and not to be set on a candlestick?
Mark iv. 21.” 3. A quantity that fills a bushel measure; as a heap containing ten bushels of apples. In the United States a large number of articles, bought and sold by the bushel, are measured by weighing, the number of pounds that make a bushel being determined by State law or by local custom. For some articles, as apples, potatoes, etc., heaped measure is required in measuring a bushel. 4. A large indefinite quantity. [Colloq.] “The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the number of the pieces.
Dryden.” 5. The iron lining in the nave of a wheel. [Eng.] In the United States it is called a box. See 4th Bush.

Bush´el•age , n. A duty payable on commodities by the bushel. [Eng.]

Bush´el•man , n. A tailor’s assistant for repairing garments; — called also busheler. [Local, U.S.]

Bush´et , n. [See Bosket.] A small bush.

Bush´fight•er , n. One accustomed to bushfighting. Parkman.

Bush´fight•ing , n. Fighting in the bush, or from behind bushes, trees, or thickets.

Bush´ham•mer , n. A hammer with a head formed of a bundle of square bars, with pyramidal points, arranged in rows, or a solid head with a face cut into a number of rows of such points; — used for dressing stone.

Bush´ham•mer, v. t. To dress with bushhammer; as to bushhammer a block of granite.

Bush´i•ness , n. The condition or quality of being bushy.

Bush´ing, n. [See 4th Bush.] 1. The operation of fitting bushes, or linings, into holes or places where wear is to be received, or friction diminished, as pivot holes, etc. 2. (Mech.) A bush or lining; — sometimes called a thimble. See 4th Bush.

Bush´less , a. Free from bushes; bare. “O’er the long backs of the bushless downs.
Tennyson.”

Bush´man , n.; pl. Bushmen . [Cf. D. boschman, boschjesman. See 1st Bush.] 1. A woodsman; a settler in the bush. 2. (Ethnol.) One of a race of South African nomads, living principally in the deserts, and not classified as allied in race or language to any other people.

Bush´ment , n. [OE. busshement ambush, fr. bush.] 1. A thicket; a cluster of bushes. [Obs.] Raleigh. 2. An ambuscade. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Bush´ran•ger , n. One who roams, or hides, among the bushes; especially, in Australia, an escaped criminal living in the bush.

Bush´whack•er , n. 1. One accustomed to beat about, or travel through, bushes. [U.S.] “They were gallant bushwhackers, and hunters of raccoons by moonlight.
W. Irving.” 2. A guerrilla; a marauding assassin; one who pretends to be a peaceful citizen, but secretly harasses a hostile force or its sympathizers. [U.S.] Farrow.

Bush´whack•ing, n. 1. Traveling, or working a way, through bushes; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a boat along the bushy margin of a stream. [U.S.] T. Flint. 2. The crimes or warfare of bushwhackers. [U.S.]

Bush´y , a. [From 1st Bush.] 1. Thick and spreading, like a bush. ´Bushy eyebrows.´ Irving. 2. Full of bushes; overgrowing with shrubs. “Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood.
Milton.”

Bus´i•ly , adv. In a busy manner.

Busi´ness , n.; pl. Businesses . [From Busy.] 1. That which busies one, or that which engages the time, attention, or labor of any one, as his principal concern or interest, whether for a longer or shorter time; constant employment; regular occupation; as the business of life; business before pleasure. “Wist ye not that I must be about my Father’s business?
Luke ii. 49.” 2. Any particular occupation or employment engaged in for livelihood or gain, as agriculture, trade, art, or a profession. ´The business of instruction.´ Prescott. 3. Financial dealings; buying and selling; traffic in general; mercantile transactions. “It seldom happens that men of a studious turn acquire any degree of reputation for their knowledge of business.
Bp. Popteus.” 4. That which one has to do or should do; special service, duty, or mission. “The daughter of the King of France,
On serious business, craving quick despatch,
Importunes personal conference.
Shak.” “What business has the tortoise among the clouds?
L’Estrange.” 5. Affair; concern; matter; — used in an indefinite sense, and modified by the connected words. “It was a gentle business, and becoming
The action of good women.
Shak.” “Bestow
Your needful counsel to our business.
Shak.” 6. (Drama) The position, distribution, and order of persons and properties on the stage of a theater, as determined by the stage manager in rehearsal. 7. Care; anxiety; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer. To do one’s business, to ruin one. [Colloq.] Wycherley. — To make (a thing) one’s business, to occupy one’s self with a thing as a special charge or duty. [Colloq.] — To mean business, to be earnest. [Colloq.] Syn. — Affairs; concern; transaction; matter; engagement; employment; calling; occupation; trade; profession; vocation; office; duty.

Busi´ness•like , a. In the manner of one transacting business wisely and by right methods.

Busk (busk), n. [F. busc, perh. fr. the hypothetical older form of E. bois wood, because the first busks were made of wood. See Bush, and cf. OF. busche, F. bûche, a piece or log of wood, fr. the same root.] A thin, elastic strip of metal, whalebone, wood, or other material, worn in the front of a corset. “Her long slit sleeves, stiff busk, puff verdingall,
Is all that makes her thus angelical.
Marston.”

Busk, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Busked (buskt).] [OE. busken, fr. Icel. buask to make one’s self ready, rexlexive of bua to prepare, dwell. Cf. 8th Bound.] 1. To prepare; to make ready; to array; to dress. [Scot. & Old Eng.] “Busk you, busk you, my bonny, bonny bride.
Hamilton.” 2. To go; to direct one’s course. [Obs.] “Ye might have busked you to Huntly banks.
Skelton.”

Busked , a. Wearing a busk. Pollok.

Bus´ket , n. [See Bosket, Bouquet.] 1. A small bush; also a sprig or bouquet. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A part of a garden devoted to shrubs. [R.]

Bus´kin , n. [Prob. from OF. brossequin, or D. broosken. See Brodekin.] 1. A strong, protecting covering for the foot, coming some distance up the leg. “The hunted red deer’s undressed hide
Their hairy buskins well supplied.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A similar covering for the foot and leg, made with very thick soles, to give an appearance of elevation to the stature; - - worn by tragic actors in ancient Greece and Rome. Used as a symbol of tragedy, or the tragic drama, as distinguished from comedy. “Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here,
No greater Jonson dares in socks appear.
Dryden.”

Bus´kined , a. 1. Wearing buskins. “Her buskined virgins traced the dewy lawn.
Pope.” 2. Trodden by buskins; pertaining to tragedy. ´The buskined stage.´ Milton.

Bus´ky , a. See Bosky, and 1st Bush, n. Shak.

Buss , n. [OE. basse, fr. L. basium; cf. G. bus (Luther), Prov. G. busserl, dim. of bus kiss, bussen to kiss, Sw. puss kiss, pussa to kiss, W. & Gael. bus lip, mouth.] A kiss; a rude or playful kiss; a smack. Shak.

Buss (bus), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bussed (bust); p. pr. & vb. n. Bussing.] To kiss; esp. to kiss with a smack, or rudely. ´Nor bussed the milking maid.´ Tennyson. “Kissing and bussing differ both in this,
We buss our wantons, but our wives we kiss.
Herrick.”

Buss, n. [Cf. OF. busse, Pr. bus, LL. bussa, busa, G. büse, D. buis.] (Naut.) A small strong vessel with two masts and two cabins; — used in the herring fishery. “The Dutch whalers and herring busses.
Macaulay.”

Bust (bust), n. [F. buste, fr. It. busto; cf. LL. busta, bustula, box, of the same origin as E. box a case; cf., for the change of meaning, E. chest. See Bushel.] 1. A piece of sculpture representing the upper part of the human figure, including the head, shoulders, and breast. “Ambition sighed: she found it vain to trust
The faithless column, and the crumbling bust.
Pope.” 2. The portion of the human figure included between the head and waist, whether in statuary or in the person; the chest or thorax; the upper part of the trunk of the body.

Bus´tard (bus´terd), n. [OF. & Prov. F. bistarde, F. outarde, from L. avis tarda, lit., slow bird. Plin. 10, 22; ´proximae iis sunt, quas Hispania aves tardas appellat, Graecia ’wti•das.´] (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Otis. The great or bearded bustard (Otis tarda) is the largest game bird in Europe. It inhabits the temperate regions of Europe and Asia, and was formerly common in Great Britain. The little bustard (O. tetrax) inhabits eastern Europe and Morocco. Many other species are known in Asia and Africa.

Bus´ter (bus´ter), n. Something huge; a roistering blade; also a spree. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Bus´tle (bus´s’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bustled (-s’ld); p. pr. & vb.n. Bustling (-sling).] [Cf. OE. buskle, perh. fr. AS. bysig busy, bysg-ian to busy + the verbal termination -le; or Icel. bustla to splash, bustle.] To move noisily; to be rudely active; to move in a way to cause agitation or disturbance; as to bustle through a crowd. “And leave the world for me to bustle in.
Shak.”

Bus´tle, n. Great stir; agitation; tumult from stirring or excitement. “A strange bustle and disturbance in the world.
South.”

Bus´tle, n. A kind of pad or cushion worn on the back below the waist, by women, to give fullness to the skirts; — called also bishop, and tournure.

Bus´tler (bus´sler), n. An active, stirring person.

Bus´tling (bus´sling), a. Agitated; noisy; tumultuous; characterized by confused activity; as a bustling crowd. ´A bustling wharf.´ Hawthorne.

Bus´to , n.; pl. Bustoes . [It.] A bust; a statue. “With some antick bustoes in the niches.
Ashmole.”

Bus´y (biz´zy), a. [OE. busi, bisi, AS. bysig; akin to D. bezig, LG. besig; cf. Skr. bhush to be active, busy.] 1. Engaged in some business; hard at work (either habitually or only for the time being); occupied with serious affairs; not idle nor at leisure; as a busy merchant. “Sir, my mistress sends you word
That she is busy, and she can not come.
Shak.” 2. Constantly at work; diligent; active. “Busy hammers closing rivets up.
Shak.” “Religious motives … are so busy in the heart.
Addison.” 3. Crowded with business or activities; — said of places and times; as a busy street. “To-morrow is a busy day.
Shak.” 4. Officious; meddling; foolish active. “On meddling monkey, or on busy ape.
Shak.” 5. Careful; anxious. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Diligent; industrious; assiduous; active; occupied; engaged.

Bus´y (biz´zy), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Busied (biz´zid); p. pr. & vb. n. Busying.] [AS. bysgian.] To make or keep busy; to employ; to engage or keep engaged; to occupy; as to busy one’s self with books. “Be it thy course to busy giddy minds
With foreign quarrels.
Shak.”

Bus´y•bod•y (-bod•y), n.; pl. Busybodies (-bod•iz). One who officiously concerns himself with the affairs of others; a meddling person. “And not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not.
1 Tim. v. 13.”

But (but), prep., adv. & conj. [OE. bute, buten, AS. butan, without, on the outside, except, besides; pref. be- + utan outward, without, fr. ut out. Primarily, butan, as well as ut, is an adverb. rad.198. See By, Out; cf. About.] 1. Except with; unless with; without. [Obs.] “So insolent that he could not go but either spurning equals or trampling on his inferiors.
Fuller.” “Touch not the cat but a glove.
Motto of the Mackintoshes.” 2. Except; besides; save. “Who can it be, ye gods! but perjured Lycon?
E. Smith.” In this sense, but is often used with other particles; as but for, without, had it not been for. ´Uncreated but for love divine.´ Young. 3. Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that; unless; — elliptical, for but that. “And but my noble Moor is true of mind … it were enough to put him to ill thinking.
Shak.” 4. Otherwise than that; that not; — commonly, after a negative, with that. “It cannot be but nature hath some director, of infinite power, to guide her in all her ways.
Hooker.” “There is no question but the king of Spain will reform most of the abuses.
Addison.” 5. Only; solely; merely. “Observe but how their own principles combat one another.
Milton.” “If they kill us, we shall but die.
2 Kings vii. 4.” “A formidable man but to his friends.
Dryden.” 6. On the contrary; on the other hand; only; yet; still; however; nevertheless; more; further; — as connective of sentences or clauses of a sentence, in a sense more or less exceptive or adversative; as the House of Representatives passed the bill, but the Senate dissented; our wants are many, but quite of another kind. “Now abideth faith hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.
1 Cor. xiii. 13.” “When pride cometh, then cometh shame; but with the lowly is wisdom.
Prov. xi. 2.” All but. See under All. — But and if, but if; an attempt on the part of King James’s translators of the Bible to express the conjunctive and adversative force of the Greek . “But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; … the lord of that servant will come in a day when he looketh not for him.
Luke xii. 45, 46.” But if, unless. [Obs.] Chaucer. “But this I read, that but if remedy
Thou her afford, full shortly I her dead shall see.
Spenser.” Syn. — But, However, Still. These conjunctions mark opposition in passing from one thought or topic to another. But marks the opposition with a medium degree of strength; as this is not winter, but it is almost as cold; he requested my assistance, but I shall not aid him at present. However is weaker, and throws the opposition (as it were) into the background; as this is not winter; it is, however, almost as cold; he required my assistance; at present, however, I shall not afford him aid. The plan, however, is still under consideration, and may yet be adopted. Still is stronger than but, and marks the opposition more emphatically; as your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me. See Except, However. ´The chief error with but is to use it where and is enough; an error springing from the tendency to use strong words without sufficient occasion.´ Bain.

But , n. [Cf. But, prep., adv. & conj.] The outer apartment or kitchen of a two-roomed house; — opposed to ben, the inner room. [Scot.]

But, n. [See 1st But.] 1. A limit; a boundary. 2. The end; esp. the larger or thicker end, or the blunt, in distinction from the sharp, end. See 1st Butt. But end, the larger or thicker end; as the but end of a log; the but end of a musket. See Butt, n.

But, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] See Butt, v., and Abut, v.

Bu´tane , n. [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] (Chem.) An inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon, C4H10, of the marsh gas or paraffin, series.

Butch´er , n. [OE. bochere, bochier, OF. bochier, F. boucher, orig., slaughterer of buck goats, fr. OF. boc, F. bouc, a buck goat; of German or Celtic origin. See Buck the animal.] 1. One who slaughters animals, or dresses their flesh for market; one whose occupation it is to kill animals for food. 2. A slaughterer; one who kills in large numbers, or with unusual cruelty; one who causes needless loss of life, as in battle. ´Butcher of an innocent child.´ Shak. Butcher bird (Zoöl.), a species of shrike of the genus Lanius. The Lanius excubitor is the common butcher bird of Europe. In England, the bearded tit is sometimes called the lesser butcher bird. The American species are L.borealis, or northern butcher bird, and L. Ludovicianus or loggerhead shrike. The name butcher bird is derived from its habit of suspending its prey impaled upon thorns, after killing it. Butcher’s meat, such flesh of animals slaughtered for food as is sold for that purpose by butchers, as beef, mutton, lamb, and pork.

Butch´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Butchered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Butchering.] 1. To kill or slaughter (animals) for food, or for market; as to butcher hogs. 2. To murder, or kill, especially in an unusually bloody or barbarous manner. Macaulay. “[Ithocles] was murdered, rather butchered.
Ford.”

Butch´er•ing, n. 1. The business of a butcher. 2. The act of slaughtering; the act of killing cruelly and needlessly. “That dreadful butchering of one another.
Addison.”

Butch´er•li•ness , n. Butchery quality.

Butch´er•ly, a. Like a butcher; without compunction; savage; bloody; inhuman; fell. ´The victim of a butcherly murder.´ D. Webster. “What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly,
This deadly quarrel daily doth beget!
Shak.”

Butch´er’s broom . (Bot.) A genus of plants (Ruscus); esp. R. aculeatus, which has large red berries and leaflike branches. See Cladophyll.

Butch´er•y , n. [OE. bocherie shambles, fr. F. boucherie. See Butcher, n.] 1. The business of a butcher. [Obs.] 2. Murder or manslaughter, esp. when committed with unusual barbarity; great or cruel slaughter. Shak. “The perpetration of human butchery.
Prescott.” 3. A slaughterhouse; the shambles; a place where blood is shed. [Obs.] “Like as an ox is hanged in the butchery.
Fabyan.” Syn. — Murder; slaughter; carnage. See Massacre.

But´ler , n. [OE. boteler, F. bouteillier a bottle-bearer, a cupbearer, fr. LL. buticularius, fr. buticula bottle. See Bottle a hollow vessel.] An officer in a king’s or a nobleman’s household, whose principal business it is to take charge of the liquors, plate, etc.; the head servant in a large house. “The butler and the baker of the king of Egypt.
Gen. xl. 5.” “Your wine locked up, your butler strolled abroad.
Pope.”

But´ler•age , n. (O. Eng. Law) A duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into England by merchant strangers; — so called because paid to the king’s butler for the king. Blackstone.

But´ler•ship, n. The office of a butler.

But´ment , n. [Abbreviation of Abutment.] 1. (Arch.) A buttress of an arch; the supporter, or that part which joins it to the upright pier. 2. (Masonry) The mass of stone or solid work at the end of a bridge, by which the extreme arches are sustained, or by which the end of a bridge without arches is supported. Butment cheek (Carp.), the part of a mortised timber surrounding the mortise, and against which the shoulders of the tenon bear. Knight. { Butt , But } , n. [F. but butt, aim (cf. butte knoll), or bout, OF. bot, end, extremity, fr. boter, buter, to push, butt, strike, F. bouter; of German origin; cf. OHG. bozan, akin to E. beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A limit; a bound; a goal; the extreme bound; the end. “Here is my journey’s end, here my butt
And very sea mark of my utmost sail.
Shak.” As applied to land, the word is nearly synonymous with mete, and signifies properly the end line or boundary; the abuttal. 2. The thicker end of anything. See But. 3. A mark to be shot at; a target. Sir W. Scott. “The groom his fellow groom at butts defies,
And bends his bow, and levels with his eyes.
Dryden.” 4. A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed; as the butt of the company. “I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very smart.
Addison.” 5. A push, thrust, or sudden blow, given by the head of an animal; as the butt of a ram. 6. A thrust in fencing. “To prove who gave the fairer butt,
John shows the chalk on Robert’s coat.
Prior.” 7. A piece of land left unplowed at the end of a field. “The hay was growing upon headlands and butts in cornfields.
Burrill.” 8. (Mech.) (a) A joint where the ends of two objects come squarely together without scarfing or chamfering; — also called butt joint. (b) The end of a connecting rod or other like piece, to which the boxing is attached by the strap, cotter, and gib. (c) The portion of a half-coupling fastened to the end of a hose. 9. (Shipbuilding) The joint where two planks in a strake meet. 10. (Carp.) A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc.; — so named because fastened on the edge of the door, which butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge. 11. (Leather Trade) The thickest and stoutest part of tanned oxhides, used for soles of boots, harness, trunks. 12. The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice. Butt chain (Saddlery), a short chain attached to the end of a tug. — Butt end. The thicker end of anything. See But end, under 2d But. “Amen; and make me die a good old man!
That’s the butt end of a mother’s blessing.
Shak.” A butt’s length, the ordinary distance from the place of shooting to the butt, or mark. — Butts and bounds (Conveyancing), abuttals and boundaries. In lands of the ordinary rectangular shape, butts are the lines at the ends (F. bouts), and bounds are those on the sides, or sidings, as they were formerly termed. Burrill. — Bead and butt. See under Bead. — Butt and butt, joining end to end without overlapping, as planks. — Butt weld (Mech.), a butt joint, made by welding together the flat ends, or edges, of a piece of iron or steel, or of separate pieces, without having them overlap. See Weld. — Full butt, headfirst with full force. [Colloq.] ´The corporal … ran full butt at the lieutenant.´ Marryat.

Butt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] [OE. butten, OF. boter to push, F. bouter. See Butt an end, and cf. Boutade.] 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity; to terminate; to be bounded; to abut. [Written also but.] “And Barnsdale there doth butt on Don’s well-watered ground.
Drayton.” 2. To thrust the head forward; to strike by thrusting the head forward, as an ox or a ram. [See Butt, n.] “A snow-white steer before thine altar led,
Butts with his threatening brows.
Dryden.”

Butt, v. t. To strike by thrusting the head against; to strike with the head. “Two harmless lambs are butting one the other.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Butt, n. [F. botte, boute, LL. butta. Cf. Bottle a hollow vessel.] A large cask or vessel for wine or beer. It contains two hogsheads. A wine butt contains 126 wine gallons (= 105 imperial gallons, nearly); a beer butt 108 ale gallons (= about 110 imperial gallons).

Butt, n. (Zoöl.) The common English flounder.

Butte , n. [F. See Butt a bound.] A detached low mountain, or high rising abruptly from the general level of the surrounding plain; — applied to peculiar elevations in the Rocky Mountain region. “The creek … passes by two remarkable buttes of red conglomerate.
Ruxton.”

But´ter (but´ter), n. [OE. botere, butter, AS. butere, fr. L. butyrum, Gr. boy•tyron; either fr. boy•s ox, cow + tyro•s cheese; or, perhaps, of Scythian origin. Cf. Cow.] 1. An oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning. 2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consistence, or other qualities, especially, in old chemistry, the chlorides, as butter of antimony, sesquichloride of antimony; also certain concrete fat oils remaining nearly solid at ordinary temperatures, as butter of cacao, vegetable butter, shea butter. Butter and eggs (Bot.), a name given to several plants having flowers of two shades of yellow, as Narcissus incomparabilis, and in the United States to the toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). — Butter boat, a small vessel for holding melted butter at table. — Butter flower, the buttercup, a yellow flower. — Butter print, a piece of carved wood used to mark pats of butter; — called also butter stamp. Locke. — Butter tooth, either of the two middle incisors of the upper jaw. — Butter tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Bassia, the seeds of which yield a substance closely resembling butter. The butter tree of India is the B. butyracea; that of Africa is the Shea tree (B. Parkii). See Shea tree. — Butter trier, a tool used in sampling butter. — Butter wife, a woman who makes or sells butter; — called also butter woman. [Obs. or Archaic]

But´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buttering.] 1. To cover or spread with butter. “I know what’s what. I know on which side
My bread is buttered.
Ford.” 2. To increase, as stakes, at every throw or every game. [Cant] Johnson.

Butt´er , n. One who, or that which, butts.

But´ter•ball , n. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck.

But´ter•bird , n. (Zoöl.) The rice bunting or bobolink; — so called in the island of Jamaica.

But´ter•bump , n. [OE. buttur the bittern + 5th bump.] (Zoöl.) The European bittern. Johnson.

But´ter•bur , n. (Bot.) A broad-leaved plant (Petasites vulgaris) of the Composite family, said to have been used in England for wrapping up pats of butter.

But´ter•cup , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ranunculus, or crowfoot, particularly R. bulbosus, with bright yellow flowers; — called also butterflower, golden cup, and kingcup. It is the cuckoobud of Shakespeare.

But´ter-fin•gered , a. Apt to let things fall, or to let them slip away; slippery; careless.

But´ter•fish , n. (Zoöl.) A name given to several different fishes, in allusion to their slippery coating of mucus, as the Stromateus triacanthus of the Atlantic coast, the Epinephelus punctatus of the southern coast, the rock eel, and the kelpfish of New Zealand.

But´ter•fly , n.; pl. Butterflies . [Perh. from the color of a yellow species. AS. buter-flege, buttor-fleóge; cf. G. butterfliege, D. botervlieg. See Butter, and Fly.] (Zoöl.) A general name for the numerous species of diurnal Lepidoptera. [See Illust. under Aphrodite.] Asclepias butterfly. See under Asclepias. — Butterfly fish (Zoöl.), the ocellated blenny (Blennius ocellaris) of Europe. See Blenny. The term is also applied to the flying gurnard. — Butterfly shell (Zoöl.), a shell of the genus Voluta. — Butterfly valve (Mech.), a kind of double clack valve, consisting of two semicircular clappers or wings hinged to a cross rib in the pump bucket. When open it somewhat resembles a butterfly in shape.

But´ter•ine , n. A substance prepared from animal fat with some other ingredients intermixed, as an imitation of butter. “The manufacturers ship large quantities of oleomargarine to England, Holland, and other countries, to be manufactured into butter, which is sold as butterine or suine.
Johnson’s Cyc.”

But´ter•is , n. [The same word as buttress, noun, in a different application, F. bouter to push.] (Far.) A steel cutting instrument, with a long bent shank set in a handle which rests against the shoulder of the operator. It is operated by a thrust movement, and used in paring the hoofs of horses.

But´ter•man , n.; pl. Buttermen . A man who makes or sells butter.

But´ter•milk , n. The milk that remains after the butter is separated from the cream.

But´ter•nut , n. 1. (Bot.) An American tree (Juglans cinerea) of the Walnut family, and its edible fruit; — so called from the oil contained in the latter. Sometimes called oil nut and white walnut. 2. (Bot.) The nut of the Caryocar butyrosum and C. nuciferum, of S. America; — called also Souari nut.

But´ter-scotch , n. A kind of candy, mainly composed of sugar and butter. [Colloq.] Dickens.

But´ter•weed , n. (Bot.) An annual composite plant of the Mississippi valley (Senecio lobatus).

But´ter•weight , n. Over weight. Swift. Formerly it was a custom to give 18 ounces of butter for a pound.

But´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of low herbs (Pinguicula) having simple leaves which secrete from their glandular upper surface a viscid fluid, to which insects adhere, after which the margin infolds and the insects are digested by the plant. The species are found mostly in the North Temperate zone.

But´ter•y , a. Having the qualities, consistence, or appearance, of butter.

But´ter•y, n.; pl. Butteries . [OE. botery, botry; cf. LL. botaria wine vessel; also OE. botelerie, fr. F. bouteillerie, fr. boutellie bottle. Not derived from butter. See Bottle a hollow vessel, Butt a cask.] 1. An apartment in a house where butter, milk and other provisions are kept. “All that need a cool and fresh temper, as cellars, pantries, and butteries, to the north.
Sir H. Wotton.” 2. A room in some English colleges where liquors, fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the students. “And the major Oxford kept the buttery bar.
E. Hall.” 3. A cellar in which butts of wine are kept. Weale. Buttery hatch, a half door between the buttery or kitchen and the hall, in old mansions, over which provisions were passed. Wright.

Butt´ hinge . See 1st Butt, 10.

But´-thorn , n. (Zoöl.) The common European starfish (Asterias rubens).

But´ting , n. An abuttal; a boundary. “Without buttings or boundings on any side.
Bp. Beveridge.”

But´ting joint. A joint between two pieces of timber or wood, at the end of one or both, and either at right angles or oblique to the grain, as the joints which the struts and braces form with the truss posts; — sometimes called abutting joint.

Butt´ joint . A joint in which the edges or ends of the pieces united come squarely together instead of overlapping. See 1st Butt, 8.

But´tock , n. [From Butt an end.] 1. The part at the back of the hip, which, in man, forms one of the rounded protuberances on which he sits; the rump. 2. (Naut.) The convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. Mar. Dict.

But´ton , n. [OE. boton, botoun, F. bouton button, bud, prop. something pushing out, fr. bouter to push. See Butt an end.] 1. A knob; a small ball; a small, roundish mass. 2. A catch, of various forms and materials, used to fasten together the different parts of dress, by being attached to one part, and passing through a slit, called a buttonhole, in the other; — used also for ornament. 3. A bud; a germ of a plant. Shak. 4. A piece of wood or metal, usually flat and elongated, turning on a nail or screw, to fasten something, as a door. 5. A globule of metal remaining on an assay cupel or in a crucible, after fusion. Button hook, a hook for catching a button and drawing it through a buttonhole, as in buttoning boots and gloves. — Button shell (Zoöl.), a small, univalve marine shell of the genus Rotella. — Button snakeroot. (Bot.) (a) The American composite genus Liatris, having rounded buttonlike heads of flowers. (b) An American umbelliferous plant with rigid, narrow leaves, and flowers in dense heads. — Button tree (Bot.), a genus of trees (Conocarpus), furnishing durable timber, mostly natives of the West Indies. — To hold by the button, to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; to buttonhole.

But´ton, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buttoning .] [OE. botonen, OF. botoner, F. boutonner. See Button, n.] 1. To fasten with a button or buttons; to inclose or make secure with buttons; — often followed by up. “He was a tall, fat, long-bodied man, buttoned up to the throat in a tight green coat.
Dickens.” 2. To dress or clothe. [Obs.] Shak.

But´ton, v. i. To be fastened by a button or buttons; as the coat will not button.

But´ton•ball , n. (Bot.) See Buttonwood.

But´ton•bush , n. (Bot.) A shrub (Cephalanthus occidentalis) growing by the waterside; — so called from its globular head of flowers. See Capitulum.

But´ton•hole , n. The hole or loop in which a button is caught.

But´ton•hole, v. t. To hold at the button or buttonhole; to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; as he buttonholed me a quarter of an hour.

But´ton•mold , n. A disk of bone, wood, or other material, which is made into a button by covering it with cloth. [Written also buttonmould.] Fossil buttonmolds, joints of encrinites. See Encrinite.

But´tons , n. A boy servant, or page, — in allusion to the buttons on his livery. [Colloq.] Dickens.

But´ton•weed , n. (Bot.) The name of several plants of the genera Spermacoce and Diodia, of the Madder family.

But´ton•wood , n. (Bot.) The Platanus occidentalis, or American plane tree, a large tree, producing rough balls, from which it is named; — called also buttonball tree, and, in some parts of the United States, sycamore. The California buttonwood is P. racemosa.

But´ton•y , a. Ornamented with a large number of buttons. ´The buttony boy.´ Thackeray. ´My coat so blue and buttony.´ W. S. Gilbert.

But´tress , n. [OE. butrasse, boterace, fr. F. bouter to push; cf. OF. bouteret (nom. sing. and acc. pl. bouterez) buttress. See Butt an end, and cf. Butteris.] 1. (Arch.) A projecting mass of masonry, used for resisting the thrust of an arch, or for ornament and symmetry. When an external projection is used merely to stiffen a wall, it is a pier. 2. Anything which supports or strengthens. ´The ground pillar and buttress of the good old cause of nonconformity.´ South. Flying buttress. See Flying buttress.

But´tress , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttressed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buttressing.] To support with a buttress; to prop; to brace firmly. “To set it upright again, and to prop and buttress it up for duration.
Burke.”

Butt´ shaft An arrow without a barb, for shooting at butts; an arrow. [Also but shaft.] Shak.

Butt´ weld . See Butt weld, under Butt.

Butt´weld, v. t. To unite by a butt weld.

But´ty , n. (Mining) One who mines by contract, at so much per ton of coal or ore.

Bu´tyl , n. [L. butyrum butter + -yl. See Butter.] (Chem.) A compound radical, regarded as butane, less one atom of hydrogen.

Bu´ty•lene , n. [From Butyl.] (Chem.) Any one of three metameric hydrocarbons, C_4H_8, of the ethylene series. They are gaseous or easily liquefiable.

Bu•ty•ra´ceous , a. [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] Having the qualities of butter; resembling butter.

Bu´ty•rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of butyric acid.

Bu•tyr´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, butter. Butyric acid, C_3H_7.CO_2H, an acid found in butter; an oily, limpid fluid, having the smell of rancid butter, and an acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste, like that of ether. There are two metameric butyric acids, called in distinction the normal- and iso- butyric acid. The normal butyric acid is the one common in rancid butter.

Bu´ty•rin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A butyrate of glycerin; a fat contained in small quantity in milk, which helps to give to butter its peculiar flavor.

Bu•ty•rom´e•ter , n. [L. butyrum butter + -meter.] An instrument for determining the amount of fatty matter or butter contained in a sample of milk.

Bu´ty•rone , n. [Butyric + - one.] (Chem.) A liquid ketone obtained by heating calcium butyrate.

Bu´ty•rous , a. Butyraceous.

Bux´e•ous , a. [L. buxeus, fr. buxus the box tree.] Belonging to the box tree.

Bux´ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the Buxus sempervirens, or common box tree. It is identical with bebeerine; — called also buxina.

Bux´om , a. [OE. buxum, boxom, buhsum, pliable, obedient, AS. bocsum, buhsum (akin to D. buigzaam blexible, G. biegsam); bugan to bow, bend + -sum, E. - some. See Bow to bend, and -some.] 1. Yielding; pliable or compliant; ready to obey; obedient; tractable; docile; meek; humble. [Obs.] “So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be,
And buxom to his bands, is joy to see.
Spenser.” “I submit myself unto this holy church of Christ, to be ever buxom and obedient to the ordinance of it.
Foxe.” 2. Having the characteristics of health, vigor, and comeliness, combined with a gay, lively manner; stout and rosy; jolly; frolicsome. “A daughter fair,
So buxom, blithe, and debonair.
Milton.” “A parcel of buxom bonny dames, that were laughing, singing, dancing, and as merry as the day was long.
Tatler.” — Bux´om•ly, adv. — Bux´om•ness, n.

Buy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buying .] [OE. buggen, buggen, bien, AS. bycgan, akin to OS. buggean, Goth. bugjan.] 1. To acquire the ownership of (property) by giving an accepted price or consideration therefor, or by agreeing to do so; to acquire by the payment of a price or value; to purchase; — opposed to sell. “Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou wilt sell thy necessaries.
B. Franklin.” 2. To acquire or procure by something given or done in exchange, literally or figuratively; to get, at a cost or sacrifice; to buy pleasure with pain. “Buy the truth and sell it not; also wisdom, and instruction, and understanding.
Prov. xxiii. 23.” To buy again. See Againbuy. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To buy off. (a) To influence to compliance; to cause to bend or yield by some consideration; as to buy off conscience. (b) To detach by a consideration given; as to buy off one from a party. — To buy out (a) To buy off, or detach from. Shak. (b) To purchase the share or shares of in a stock, fund, or partnership, by which the seller is separated from the company, and the purchaser takes his place; as A buys out B. (c) To purchase the entire stock in trade and the good will of a business. — To buy in, to purchase stock in any fund or partnership. — To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise, in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. — To buy the refusal (of anything), to give a consideration for the right of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time.

Buy, v. i. To negotiate or treat about a purchase. “I will buy with you, sell with you.
Shak.”

Buy´er , n. One who buys; a purchaser.

Buz , v. & n. See Buzz. [Obs.]

Buzz , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Buzzed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buzzing.] [An onomatopœia.] To make a low, continuous, humming or sibilant sound, like that made by bees with their wings. Hence: To utter a murmuring sound; to speak with a low, humming voice. “Like a wasp is buzzed, and stung him.
Longfellow.” “However these disturbers of our peace
Buzz in the people’s ears.
Shak.”

Buzz, v. t. 1. To sound forth by buzzing. Shak. 2. To whisper; to communicate, as tales, in an under tone; to spread, as report, by whispers, or secretly. “I will buzz abroad such prophecies
That Edward shall be fearful of his life.
Shak.” 3. To talk to incessantly or confidentially in a low humming voice. [Colloq.] 4. (Phonetics) To sound with a ´buzz´. H. Sweet.

Buzz, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees; a confused murmur, as of general conversation in low tones, or of a general expression of surprise or approbation. ´The constant buzz of a fly.´ Macaulay. “I found the whole room in a buzz of politics.
Addison.” “There is a buzz all around regarding the sermon.
Thackeray.” 2. A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously. “There’s a certain buzz
Of a stolen marriage.
Massinger.” 3. (Phonetics) The audible friction of voice consonants. H. Sweet.

Buz´zard (buz´zerd), n. [O.E. busard, bosard, F. busard, fr. buse, L. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bird of prey of the Hawk family, belonging to the genus Buteo and related genera. The Buteo vulgaris is the common buzzard of Europe. The American species (of which the most common are B. borealis, B. Pennsylvanicus, and B. lineatus) are usually called hen hawks. — The rough-legged buzzard, or bee hawk, of Europe (Pernis apivorus) feeds on bees and their larvae, with other insects, and reptiles. — The moor buzzard of Europe is Circus aeruginosus. See Turkey buzzard, and Carrion buzzard. Bald buzzard, the fishhawk or osprey. See Fishhawk. 2. A blockhead; a dunce. “It is common, to a proverb, to call one who can not be taught, or who continues obstinately ignorant, a buzzard.
Goldsmith.”

Buz´zard, a. Senseless; stupid. [R. & Obs.] Milton.

Buz´zard•et (-et•), n. (Zoöl.) A hawk resembling the buzzard, but with legs relatively longer.

Buzz´er (buz´er), n. One who, or that which, buzzes; a whisperer; a talebearer. “And wants not buzzers to infect his ear
With pestilent speeches of his father’s death.
Shak.”

Buzz´ing•ly , adv. In a buzzing manner; with a buzzing sound.

Buzz´saw A circular saw; — so called from the buzzing it makes when running at full speed.

By (bi), prep. [OE. bi, AS. bi, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS. & OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. bi, G. bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. ’amfi•. E. prefix be- is orig. the same word. rad.203. See pref. Be-.] 1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from; close to; along with; as come and sit by me.
[1913 Webster] “By foundation or by shady rivulet
He sought them both.
Milton.” 2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5. “Long labors both by sea and land he bore.
Dryden.” “By land, by water, they renew the charge.
Pope.” 3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side of; past; as to go by a church. 4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as a cabin twenty feet by forty. 5. Against. [Obs.] Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4]. 6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as a city is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take by force. To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a) It points out the author and producer; as ´Waverley´, a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by Canova; a sonata by Beethoven. (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to as sanction; as I affirm to you by all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a Christian; no, by Heaven. (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of; after; — in such phrases as it appears by his account; ten o’clock by my watch; to live by rule; a model to build by. (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion of; in the measure or quantity of; as to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, meat by the pound; to board by the year. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished, it indicates the measure of increase or diminution; as larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen by a third. (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the course of; within the period of; as by day, by night. (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; — used in expressions of time; as by this time the sun had risen; he will be here by two o’clock. In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to, or towards, the next cardinal point; as north by east, i.e., a point towards the east from the north; northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than northeast is. With is used instead of by before the instrument with which anything is done; as to beat one with a stick; the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But there are many words which may be regarded as means or processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as to a reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire; he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of his sufferings. see With. By all means, most assuredly; without fail; certainly. — By and by. (a) Close together (of place). [Obs.] ´Two yonge knightes liggyng [lying] by and by.´ Chaucer. (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] ´When … persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended.´ Matt. xiii. 21. (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long. In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to ´soon, and soon,´ that is instantly; hence, — less emphatically, — pretty soon, presently. — By one’s self, with only one’s self near; alone; solitary.- By the bye. See under Bye. — By the head (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern; — said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the stern. — By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side. — By the run, to let go by the run, to let go altogether, instead of slacking off. — By the way, by the bye; — used to introduce an incidental or secondary remark or subject. -Day by day, One by one, Piece by piece, etc., each day, each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or separately; each severally. — To come by, to get possession of; to obtain. — To do by, to treat, to behave toward. — To set by, to value, to esteem. — To stand by, to aid, to support. The common phrase good-by is equivalent to farewell, and would be better written good-bye, as it is a corruption of God be with you (b’w’ye).

By , adv. 1. Near; in the neighborhood; present; as there was no person by at the time. 2. Passing near; going past; past; beyond; as the procession has gone by; a bird flew by. 3. Aside; as to lay by; to put by.

By , a. Out of the common path; aside; — used in composition, giving the meaning of something aside, secondary, or incidental, or collateral matter, a thing private or avoiding notice; as by-line, by-place, by-play, by- street. It was formerly more freely used in composition than it is now; as by-business, by-concernment, by-design, by- interest, etc.

By´ard , n. A piece of leather crossing the breast, used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines.

By´-bid•der , n. One who bids at an auction in behalf of the auctioneer or owner, for the purpose of running up the price of articles. [U.S.]

By´-blow , n. 1. A side or incidental blow; an accidental blow. “With their by-blows they did split the very stones in pieces.
Bunyan.” 2. An illegitimate child; a bastard. “The Aga speedily … brought her [his disgraced slave] to court, together with her pretty by-blow, the present Padre Ottomano.
Evelyn.”

By´-cor•ner , n. A private corner. “Britain being a by-corner, out of the road of the world.
Fuller.”

By´-de•pend•ence , n. An appendage; that which depends on something else, or is distinct from the main dependence; an accessory. Shak.

By´-drink•ing, n. A drinking between meals. [Obs.]

Bye (bi), n. 1. A thing not directly aimed at; something which is a secondary object of regard; an object by the way, etc.; as in on or upon the bye, i. e., in passing; indirectly; by implication. [Obs. except in the phrase by the bye.] “The Synod of Dort condemneth upon the bye even the discipline of the Church of England.
Fuller.” 2. (Cricket) A run made upon a missed ball; as to steal a bye. T. Hughes. By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to the matter in hand. [Written also by the by.]

Bye (bi) n. [AS. by; cf. Icel. bygð dwelling, byggja, bua, to dwell rad.97.] 1. A dwelling. Gibson. 2. In certain games, a station or place of an individual player. Emerson.

By´-e•lec´tion , n. An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.

By´-end , n. Private end or interest; secret purpose; selfish advantage. [Written also bye- end.] “´Profit or some other by-end.´
L’Estrange.”

By´gone (bi´gon•; 115), a. Past; gone by. ´Bygone fooleries.´ Shak.

By´gone , n. Something gone by or past; a past event. ´Let old bygones be´ Tennyson. Let bygones be bygones, let the past be forgotten.

By´-in•ter•est , n. Self-interest; private advantage. Atterbury.

By´land , n. A peninsula. [Obs.]

By´land•er , n. See Bilander. [Obs.]

By´-lane (bi´-lan•), n. A private lane, or one opening out of the usual road.

By´-law (bi´-la•), n. [Cf. Sw. bylag, D. bylov, Icel. byarlög, fr. Sw. & Dan. by town, Icel. baer, byr (fr. bûa to dwell) + the word for law; hence, a law for one town, a special law. Cf. Birlaw and see Law.] 1. A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government. “There was likewise a law to restrain the by-laws, or ordinances of corporations.
Bacon.” “The law or institution; to which are added two by- laws, as a comment upon the general law.
Addison.” 2. A law that is less important than a general law or constitutional provision, and subsidiary to it; a rule relating to a matter of detail; as civic societies often adopt a constitution and by- laws for the government of their members. In this sense the word has probably been influenced by by, meaning secondary or aside.

By´-name , n. A nickname. Camden.

By´name, v. t. To give a nickname to. Camden.

By´-pass , n. (Mech.) A by- passage, for a pipe, or other channel, to divert circulation from the usual course.

By´-pas•sage , n. A passage different from the usual one; a byway.

By´-past , a. Past; gone by. ´By-past perils.´ Shak.

By´path , n.; pl. Bypaths . A private path; an obscure way; indirect means. “God known, my son,
By what bypaths, and indirect crooked ways,
I met this crown.
Shak.”

By´-place , n. A retired or private place.

By´play , n. Action carried on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds.

By´-prod•uct , n. A secondary or additional product; something produced, as in the course of a manufacture, in addition to the principal product.

Byre , n. [Cf, Icel. bür pantry, Sw. bur cage, Dan. buur, E. bower.] A cow house. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

By´-re•spect (bi´re•spekt•), n. Private end or view; by-interest. [Obs.] Dryden.

By´road , n. A private or obscure road. ´Through slippery byroads´ Swift.

By´ron•ic , a. Pertaining to, or in the style of, Lord Byron. “With despair and Byronic misanthropy.
Thackeray”

By´-room , n. A private room or apartment. ´Stand in some by-room´ Shak.

By•smot´ter•ed (bi•smot´ter•ed), p.a. [See Besmut.] Bespotted with mud or dirt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

By´-speech, n. An incidental or casual speech, not directly relating to the point. ´To quote by- speeches.´ Hooker.

By´-spell, n. [AS. bigspell.] A proverb. [Obs.]

Byss , n. See Byssus, n., 1.

Bys•sa´ceous , a. [From Byssus.] (Bot.) Byssuslike; consisting of fine fibers or threads, as some very delicate filamentous algae.

Bys•sif´er•ous , a. [Byssus + -ferous.] Bearing a byssus or tuft.

Bys´sin , n. See Byssus, n., 1.

Bys´sine , a. [L. byssinus made of byssus, Gr. by•ssinos See Byssus.] Made of silk; having a silky or flaxlike appearance. Coles.

Bys´soid , a. [Byssus + - oid.] Byssaceous.

Bys´so•lite , n. [Gr. See flax + - lite.] (Min.) An olive-green fibrous variety of hornblende.

Bys´sus , n.; pl. E. Byssuses ; L. Byssi. [L. byssus fine flax, fine linen or cotton, Gr. by•ssos .] 1. A cloth of exceedingly fine texture, used by the ancients. It is disputed whether it was of cotton, linen, or silk. [Written also byss and byssin.] 2. (Zoöl.) A tuft of long, tough filaments which are formed in a groove of the foot, and issue from between the valves of certain bivalve mollusks, as the Pinna and Mytilus, by which they attach themselves to rocks, etc. 3. (Bot.) An obsolete name for certain fungi composed of slender threads. 4. Asbestus.

By´stand•er , n. [By + stander, equiv. to stander-by; cf. AS. big-standan to stand by or near.] One who stands near; a spectator; one who has no concern with the business transacting. “He addressed the bystanders and scattered pamphlets among them.
Palfrey.” Syn. — Looker on; spectator; beholder; observer.

By´-street , n. A separate, private, or obscure street; an out of the way or cross street. “He seeks by-streets, and saves the expensive coach.
Gay.”

By´-stroke , n. An accidental or a slyly given stroke.

By´-turn•ing , n. An obscure road; a way turning from the main road. Sir P. Sidney.

By´-view, n. A private or selfish view; self-interested aim or purpose. “No by-views of his own shall mislead him.
Atterbury.”

By´-walk, n. A secluded or private walk. “He moves afterward in by-walks.
Dryden.”

By´-wash , n. The outlet from a dam or reservoir; also a cut to divert the flow of water.

By´way , n. A secluded, private, or obscure way; a path or road aside from the main one. ´ Take no byways.´ Herbert.

By´-wipe , n. A secret or side stroke, as of raillery or sarcasm. Milton.

By´word , n. [AS. bïword; bï, E. by + word.] 1. A common saying; a proverb; a saying that has a general currency. “I knew a wise man that had it for a byword.
Bacon.” 2. The object of a contemptuous saying. “Thou makest us a byword among the heathen.
Ps. xliv. 14”

By´work , n. Work aside from regular work; subordinate or secondary business. { Byz´ant , Byz´an•tine (-an´tin) n. } [OE. besant, besaunt, F. besant, fr. LL. Byzantius, Byzantinus, fr. Byzantium.] (Numis.) A gold coin, so called from being coined at Byzantium. See Bezant.

By•zan´tian (bi•zan´shan), a. & n. See Byzantine.

By•zan´tine (bi•zan´tin), a. Of or pertaining to Byzantium. — n. A native or inhabitant of Byzantium, now Constantinople; sometimes, applied to an inhabitant of the modern city of Constantinople. [ Written also Bizantine.] Byzantine church, the Eastern or Greek church, as distinguished from the Western or Roman or Latin church. See under Greek. — Byzantine empire, the Eastern Roman or Greek empire from a. d. 364 or a. d. 395 to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, a. d. 1453. — Byzantine historians, historians and writers (Zonaras Procopius, etc.) who lived in the Byzantine empire. P. Cyc. — Byzantine style (Arch.), a style of architecture developed in the Byzantine empire. Its leading forms are the round arch, the dome, the pillar, the circle, and the cross. The capitals of the pillars are of endless variety, and full of invention. The mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, and the church of St. Mark, Venice, are prominent examples of Byzantine architecture.

C. (se) 1. C is the third letter of the English alphabet. It is from the Latin letter C, which in old Latin represented the sounds of k, and g (in go); its original value being the latter. In Anglo-Saxon words, or Old English before the Norman Conquest, it always has the sound of k. The Latin C was the same letter as the Greek &GAMMA;, γ, and came from the Greek alphabet. The Greeks got it from the Phœnicians. The English name of C is from the Latin name ce, and was derived, probably, through the French. Etymologically C is related to g, h, k, q, s (and other sibilant sounds). Examples of these relations are in L. acutus, E. acute, ague; E. acrid, eager, vinegar; L. cornu, E. horn; E. cat, kitten; E. coy, quiet; L. circare, OF. cerchier, E. search. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 221-228. 2. (Mus.) (a) The keynote of the normal or ´natural´ scale, which has neither flats nor sharps in its signature; also the third note of the relative minor scale of the same. (b) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in which each measure is a semibreve (four fourths or crotchets); for alla breve time it is written . (c) The ´C clef,´ a modification of the letter C, placed on any line of the staff, shows that line to be middle C. 3. As a numeral, C stands for Latin centum or 100, CC for 200, etc. C spring, a spring in the form of the letter C.

Ca•a´ba (ka•a´ba), n. [Ar. ka’bah, lit., a square building, fr. ka’b cube.] The small and nearly cubical stone building, toward which all Mohammedans must pray. [Written also kaaba.] The Caaba is situated in Mecca, a city of Arabia, and contains a famous black stone said to have been brought from heaven. Before the time of Mohammed, the Caaba was an idolatrous temple, but it has since been the chief sanctuary and object of pilgrimage of the Mohammedan world.

Caas (käs), n. sing. & pl. Case. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cab (kab), n. [Abbrev. fr. cabriolet.] 1. A kind of close carriage with two or four wheels, usually a public vehicle. ´A cab came clattering up.´ Thackeray. A cab may have two seats at right angles to the driver’s seat, and a door behind; or one seat parallel to the driver’s, with the entrance from the side or front. Hansom cab. See Hansom. 2. The covered part of a locomotive, in which the engineer has his station. Knight.

Cab (kab), n. [Heb. qab, fr. qabab to hollow.] A Hebrew dry measure, containing a little over two (2.37) pints. W. H. Ward. 2 Kings vi. 25.

Ca•bal´ (ka•bal´), n. [F. cabale cabal, cabala, LL. cabala cabala, fr. Heb. qabbaleh reception, tradition, mysterious doctrine, fr. qabal to take or receive, in Piël qibbel to adopt (a doctrine).] 1. Tradition; occult doctrine. See Cabala [Obs.] Hakewill. 2. A secret. [Obs.] ´The measuring of the temple, a cabal found out but lately.´ B. Jonson. 3. A number of persons united in some close design, usually to promote their private views and interests in church or state by intrigue; a secret association composed of a few designing persons; a junto. It so happend, by a whimsical coincidence, that in 1671 the cabinet consisted of five persons, the initial letters of whose names made up the word cabal; Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Macaulay. 4. The secret artifices or machinations of a few persons united in a close design; intrigue. “By cursed cabals of women.
Dryden.” Syn. — Junto; intrigue; plot; combination; conspiracy. — Cabal, Combination, Faction. An association for some purpose considered to be bad is the idea common to these terms. A combination is an organized union of individuals for mutual support, in urging their demands or resisting the claims of others, and may be good or bad according to circumstances; as a combiniation of workmen or of employers to effect or to prevent a change in prices. A cabal is a secret association of a few individuals who seek by cunning practices to obtain office and power. A faction is a larger body than a cabal, employed for selfish purposes in agitating the community and working up an excitement with a view to change the existing order of things. ´Selfishness, insubordination, and laxity of morals give rise to combinations, which belong particularly to the lower orders of society. Restless, jealous, ambitious, and little minds are ever forming cabals. Factions belong especially to free governments, and are raised by busy and turbulent spirits for selfish purposes´. Crabb.

Ca•bal´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caballed (-bald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Caballing]. [Cf. F. cabaler.] To unite in a small party to promote private views and interests by intrigue; to intrigue; to plot. “Caballing still against it with the great.
Dryden.”

Cab´a•la (kab´a•la), n. [LL. See Cabal, n.] 1. A kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediaeval Christians, which treats of the nature of god and the mystery of human existence. It assumes that every letter, word, number, and accent of Scripture contains a hidden sense; and it teaches the methods of interpretation for ascertaining these occult meanings. The cabalists pretend even to foretell events by this means. 2. Secret science in general; mystic art; mystery.

Cab´a•lism (kab´a•liz’m), n. [Cf. F. cabalisme.] 1. The secret science of the cabalists. 2. A superstitious devotion to the mysteries of the religion which one professes. [R] Emerson.

Cab´a•list (-list), n. [Cf. F. cabaliste.] One versed in the cabala, or the mysteries of Jewish traditions. ´Studious cabalists.´ Swift. { Cab•a•lis´tic (kab•a•lis´tik), Cab•a•lis´tic•al (-ti•kal) } a. Of or pertaining to the cabala; containing or conveying an occult meaning; mystic. “The Heptarchus is a cabalistic exposition of the first chapter of Genesis”. Hallam.

Cab•a•lis´tic•al•ly, adv. In a cabalistic manner.

Cab´a•lize , v. i. [Cf. F. cabaliser.] To use cabalistic language. [R] Dr. H. More.

Ca•bal´ler (ka•bal´ler), n. One who cabals. “A close caballer and tongue-valiant lord.
Dryden.”

Cab´al•line (kab´al•lin), a. [L. caballinus, fr. caballus a nag. Cf. Cavalier.] Of or pertaining to a horse. — n. Caballine aloes. Caballine aloes, an inferior and impure kind of aloes formerly used in veterinary practice; — called also horse aloes. — Caballine spring, the fountain of Hippocrene, on Mount Helicon; — fabled to have been formed by a stroke from the foot of the winged horse Pegasus.

Cab´a•ret (kab´a•ret; 277), n. [F.] A tavern; a house where liquors are retailed. [Obs. as an English word.]

Ca•bas´ (ka•bä´), n. [F.] A flat basket or frail for figs, etc.; hence, a lady’s flat workbasket, reticule, or hand bag; — often written caba. C. Bronte.

Ca•bas´sou (ka•bas´soo), n. (Zoöl.) A species of armadillo of the genus Xenurus (X. unicinctus and X. hispidus); the tatouay. [Written also kabassou.]

Cab´bage (kab´baj), n. [OE. cabage, fr. F. cabus headed (of cabbages), chou cabus headed cabbage, cabbage head; cf. It. capuccio a little head, cappuccio cowl, hood, cabbage, fr. capo head, L. caput, or fr. It. cappa cape. See Chief, Cape.] (Bot.) 1. An esculent vegetable of many varieties, derived from the wild Brassica oleracea of Europe. The common cabbage has a compact head of leaves. The cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are sometimes classed as cabbages. 2. The terminal bud of certain palm trees, used, like, cabbage, for food. See Cabbage tree, below. 3. The cabbage palmetto. See below. Cabbage aphis (Zoöl.), a green plant-louse (Aphis brassicae) which lives upon the leaves of the cabbage. — Cabbage beetle (Zoöl.), a small, striped flea- beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) which lives, in the larval state, on the roots, and when adult, on the leaves, of cabbage and other cruciferous plants. — Cabbage butterfly (Zoöl.), a white butterfly (Pieris rapae of both Europe and America, and the allied P. oleracea, a native American species) which, in the larval state, devours the leaves of the cabbage and the turnip. See Cabbage worm, below. — Cabbage fly (Zoöl.), a small two-winged fly (Anthomyia brassicae), which feeds, in the larval or maggot state, on the roots of the cabbage, often doing much damage to the crop. — Cabbage head, the compact head formed by the leaves of a cabbage; — contemptuously or humorously, and colloquially, a very stupid and silly person; a numskull. — Cabbage palmetto, a species of palm tree (Sabal Palmetto) found along the coast from North Carolina to Florida. — Cabbage rose (Bot.), a species of rose (Rosa centifolia) having large and heavy blossoms. — Cabbage tree, Cabbage palm, a name given to palms having a terminal bud called a cabbage, as the Sabal Palmetto of the United States, and the Euterpe oleracea and Oreodoxa oleracea of the West Indies. — Cabbage worm (Zoöl.), the larva of several species of moths and butterflies, which attacks cabbages. The most common is usually the larva of a white butterfly. See Cabbage butterfly, above. The cabbage cutworms, which eat off the stalks of young plants during the night, are the larvae of several species of moths, of the genus Agrotis. See Cutworm. — Sea cabbage.(Bot.) (a) Sea kale (b). The original Plant (Brassica oleracea), from which the cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, etc., have been derived by cultivation. — Thousand-headed cabbage. See Brussels sprouts.

Cab´bage, v. i. To form a head like that the cabbage; as to make lettuce cabbage. Johnson.

Cab´bage, v. i. [imp. & p. p Cabbaged (-bajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabbaging (-ba•jing).] [F. cabasser, fr. OF. cabas theft; cf. F. cabas basket, and OF. cabuser to cheat.] To purloin or embezzle, as the pieces of cloth remaining after cutting out a garment; to pilfer. “Your tailor … cabbages whole yards of cloth.
Arbuthnot.”

Cab´bage, n. Cloth or clippings cabbaged or purloined by one who cuts out garments.

Cab´bler (kab´bler), n. One who works at cabbling.

Cab´bling (-bling), n. (Metal.) The process of breaking up the flat masses into which wrought iron is first hammered, in order that the pieces may be reheated and wrought into bar iron. { Ca•be´ça (ka•ba´sa), Ca•besse´ (ka•bes´), } n. [Pg. cabeça, F. cabesse.] The finest kind of silk received from India.

Ca´ber (ka´ber), n. [Gael] A pole or beam used in Scottish games for tossing as a trial of strength.

Cab•e•zon´ (kab•a•zon´ or kä•ba•thon´), n. [Sp., properly, big head. Cf. Cavesson.] (Zoöl.) A California fish (Hemilepidotus spinosus), allied to the sculpin.

Cab´i•ai (kab´i•i), n. [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) The capybara. See Capybara.

Cab´in (kab´in), n. [OF. caban, fr. W. caban booth, cabin, dim. of cab cot, tent; or fr. F. cabane, cabine, LL. cabanna, perh. from the Celtic.] 1. A cottage or small house; a hut. Swift. “A hunting cabin in the west.
E. Everett.” 2. A small room; an inclosed place. “So long in secret cabin there he held
Her captive.
Spenser.” 3. A room in ship for officers or passengers. Cabin boy, a boy whose duty is to wait on the officers and passengers in the cabin of a ship.

Cab´in v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabined (-ind); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabining.] To live in, or as in, a cabin; to lodge. “I’ll make you … cabin in a cave.
Shak.”

Cab´in, v. t. To confine in, or as in, a cabin. “I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in
To saucy doubts and fears.
Shak.”

Cab´i•net (kab´i•net), n. [F., dim. of cabine or cabane. See Cabin, n.] 1. A hut; a cottage; a small house. [Obs.] “Hearken a while from thy green cabinet,
The rural song of careful Colinet.
Spenser.” 2. A small room, or retired apartment; a closet. 3. A private room in which consultations are held. “Philip passed some hours every day in his father’s cabinet.
Prescott.” 4. The advisory council of the chief executive officer of a nation; a cabinet council. In England, the cabinet or cabinet council consists of those privy councilors who actually transact the immediate business of the government. Mozley & W. — In the United States, the cabinet is composed of the heads of the executive departments of the government, namely, the Secretary of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, of the Interior, and of Agiculture, the Postmaster-general, and the Attorney-general. 5. (a) A set of drawers or a cupboard intended to contain articles of value. Hence: (b) A decorative piece of furniture, whether open like an etagère or closed with doors. See etagère. 6. Any building or room set apart for the safe keeping and exhibition of works of art, etc.; also the collection itself. Cabinet council. (a) Same as Cabinet, n., 4 (of which body it was formerly the full title). (b) A meeting of the cabinet. — Cabinet councilor, a member of a cabinet council. — Cabinet photograph, a photograph of a size smaller than an imperial, though larger than a carte de visite. — Cabinet picture, a small and generally highly finished picture, suitable for a small room and for close inspection.

Cab´i•net, a. Suitable for a cabinet; small. “He [Varnhagen von Ense] is a walking cabinet edition of Goethe.
For. Quar. Rev.”

Cab´i•net, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabineted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cabineting.] To inclose [R.] Hewyt.

Cab´i•net•mak•er (-mak•er), n. One whose occupation is to make cabinets or other choice articles of household furniture, as tables, bedsteads, bureaus, etc.

Cab´i•net•mak•ing, n. The art or occupation of making the finer articles of household furniture.

Cab´i•net•work (-wûrk•), n. The art or occupation of working upon wooden furniture requiring nice workmanship; also such furniture.

Cab•i•re´an (kab•i•re´an), n. One of the Cabiri.

Ca•bi´ri (ka•bi´ri), n. pl. [ NL., fr. Gr. Ka•beiroi.] (Myth.) Certain deities originally worshiped with mystical rites by the Pelasgians in Lemnos and Samothrace and afterwards throughout Greece; — also called sons of Hephaestus (or Vulcan), as being masters of the art of working metals. [Written also Cabeiri.] Liddell & Scott.

Ca•bir´i•an (ka•bir´i•an), a. Same as Cabiric.

Ca•bir´ic (ka•bir´ik), a. [Cf. F. Cabirique] Of or pertaining to the Cabiri, or to their mystical worship. [Written also Cabiritic.]

Ca´ble (ka´b’l), n. [F. câble, LL. capulum, caplum, a rope, fr. L. capere to take; cf. D., Dan., & G. kabel, from the French. See Capable.] 1. A large, strong rope or chain, of considerable length, used to retain a vessel at anchor, and for other purposes. It is made of hemp, of steel wire, or of iron links. 2. A rope of steel wire, or copper wire, usually covered with some protecting or insulating substance; as the cable of a suspension bridge; a telegraphic cable. 3. (Arch) A molding, shaft of a column, or any other member of convex, rounded section, made to resemble the spiral twist of a rope; — called also cable molding. Bower cable, the cable belonging to the bower anchor. — Cable road, a railway on which the cars are moved by a continuously running endless rope operated by a stationary motor. — Cable’s length, the length of a ship’s cable. Cables in the merchant service vary in length from 100 to 140 fathoms or more; but as a maritime measure, a cable’s length is either 120 fathoms (720 feet), or about 100 fathoms (600 feet, an approximation to one tenth of a nautical mile). — Cable tier. (a) That part of a vessel where the cables are stowed. (b) A coil of a cable. — Sheet cable, the cable belonging to the sheet anchor. — Stream cable, a hawser or rope, smaller than the bower cables, to moor a ship in a place sheltered from wind and heavy seas. — Submarine cable. See Telegraph. — To pay out the cable, To veer out the cable, to slacken it, that it may run out of the ship; to let more cable run out of the hawse hole. — To serve the cable, to bind it round with ropes, canvas etc., to prevent its being, worn or galled in the hawse, et. — To slip the cable, to let go the end on board and let it all run out and go overboard, as when there is not time to weigh anchor. Hence, in sailor’s use, to die.

Ca´ble (ka´b’l), v. t. 1. To fasten with a cable. 2. (Arch.) To ornament with cabling. See Cabling.

Ca´ble, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cabled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabling (-blong).] To telegraph by a submarine cable [Recent]

Ca´bled (-b’ld), a. 1. Fastened with, or attached to, a cable or rope. ´The cabled stone.´ Dyer. 2. (Arch.) Adorned with cabling.

Ca´ble•gram (ka´b’l•gram•), n. [Cable, n. + Gr. gra•mma a writing, a letter.] A message sent by a submarine telegraphic cable. [A recent hybrid, sometimes found in the newspapers.]

Ca´ble•laid (-lad•), a. 1. (Naut.) Composed of three three- stranded ropes, or hawsers, twisted together to form a cable. 2. Twisted after the manner of a cable; as a cable-laid gold chain. Simmonds.

Ca´blet , n. [Dim. of cable; cf. F. câblot.] A little cable less than ten inches in circumference.

Ca´bling , n. (Arch.) The decoration of a fluted shaft of a column or of a pilaster with reeds, or rounded moldings, which seem to be laid in the hollows of the fluting. These are limited in length to about one third of the height of the shaft.

Cab´man , n.; pl. Cabmen . The driver of a cab.

Ca•bob´ , n. [Hindi kabab] 1. A small piece of mutton or other meat roasted on a skewer; — so called in Turkey and Persia. 2. A leg of mutton roasted, stuffed with white herrings and sweet herbs. Wright.

Ca•bob´, v. t. To roast, as a cabob. Sir. T. Herbert.

Ca•boched´ , a. [F. caboche head. Cf. 1st Cabbage.] (Her.) Showing the full face, but nothing of the neck; — said of the head of a beast in armorial bearing. [Written also caboshed.]

Ca•boo´dle (ka•boo´d’l), n. The whole collection; the entire quantity or number; — usually in the phrase the whole caboodle. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Ca•boose´ (ka•boos´), n. [Cf. D. kabuis, kombuis, Dan. kabys, Sw. kabysa, G. kabuse a little room or hut. The First part of the word seems to be allied to W. cab cabin, booth. Cf. Cabin.] [Written also camboose.] 1. (Naut.) A house on deck, where the cooking is done; — commonly called the galley. 2. (Railroad) A car used on freight or construction trains for brakemen, workmen, etc.; a tool car. [U. S.]

Cab´o•tage , n. [F. cabotage, fr. caboter to sail along the coast; cf. Sp. cabo cape.] (Naut.) Navigation along the coast; the details of coast pilotage.

Ca•bree´ (ka•br&aslc;´), n. [French Canadian.] (Zoöl.) The pronghorn antelope. [Also written cabrit, cabret.]

Ca•brer´ite , n. (Min.) An apple-green mineral, a hydrous arseniate of nickel, cobalt, and magnesia; — so named from the Sierra Cabrera, Spain.

Ca•bril´la , n. [Sp., prawn.] (Zoöl) A name applied to various species of edible fishes of the genus Serranus, and related genera, inhabiting the Meditarranean, the coast of California, etc. In California, some of them are also called rock bass and kelp salmon.

Cab´ri•ole , n. [F. See Cabriolet, and cf. Capriole.] (Man.) A curvet; a leap. See Capriole. “The cabrioles which his charger exhibited.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cab•ri•o•let´ , n.[F., dim. of cabriole a leap, caper, from It. capriola, fr. dim. of L. caper he-goat, capra she-goat. This carriage is so called from its skipping lightness. Cf. Cab, Caper a leap.] A one-horse carriage with two seats and a calash top.

Ca•brit´ , n. Same as Cabree.

Cab´urn , n. [Cf. Cable, n.] (Naut.) A small line made of spun yarn, to bind or worm cables, seize tackles, etc. {Ca•cae´mi•a (ka•se´mi•a), Ca•chae´mi•a (ka•ke´mi•a),} n. [NL., fr. Gr. kako•s bad+ a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood.

Ca•ca´ine , n. (Chem.) The essential principle of cacao; — now called theobromine.

Ca•ca•jão´ , n. [Pg.] (Zoöl) A South American short-tailed monkey (Pithecia melanocephala or Brachyurus melanocephala). [Written also cacajo.]

Ca•ca´o , n. [Sp., fr. Mex. kakahuatl. Cf. Cocoa, Chocolate] (Bot.) A small evergreen tree (Theobroma Cacao) of South America and the West Indies. Its fruit contains an edible pulp, inclosing seeds about the size of an almond, from which cocoa, chocolate, and broma are prepared.

Cach´a•lot , n. [F. cachalot.] (Zoöl.) The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). It has in the top of its head a large cavity, containing an oily fluid, which, after death, concretes into a whitish crystalline substance called spermaceti. See Sperm whale.

Cache , n. [F., a hiding place, fr. cacher to conceal, to hide.] A hole in the ground, or hiding place, for concealing and preserving provisions which it is inconvenient to carry. Kane. { Ca•chec´tic , Ca•chec´tic•al } a. [L. cachecticus, Gr. : cf. F. cachectique.] Having, or pertaining to, cachexia; as cachectic remedies; cachectical blood. Arbuthnot.

Cache•pot´ (kash•po´), n. [F., fr. cacher to hide + pot a pot.] An ornamental casing for a flowerpot, of porcelain, metal, paper, etc.

Cach´et , n. [F. fr. cacher to hide.] A seal, as of a letter. Lettre de cachet [F.], a sealed letter, especially a letter or missive emanating from the sovereign; — much used in France before the Revolution as an arbitrary order of imprisonment. { Ca•chex´i•a , Ca•chex´y }, n. [L. cachexia, Gr. kachexi•a; kako•s bad + ´e•xis condition.] A condition of ill health and impairment of nutrition due to impoverishment of the blood, esp. when caused by a specific morbid process (as cancer or tubercle).

Cach•in•na´tion (kak•in•na´shun), n. [L. cachinnatio, fr. cachinnare to laugh aloud, cf. Gr. kacha•zein.] Loud or immoderate laughter; — often a symptom of hysterical or maniacal affections. “Hideous grimaces … attended this unusual cachinnation.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ca•chin´na•to•ry , a. Consisting of, or accompanied by, immoderate laughter. “Cachinnatory buzzes of approval.
Carlyle.”

Ca•chi´ri , n. A fermented liquor made in Cayenne from the grated root of the manioc, and resembling perry. Dunglison.

Cach´o•long , n. [F. cacholong, said to be from Cach, the name of a river in Bucharia + cholon, a Calmuck word for stone; or fr. a Calmuck word meaning ´beautiful stone´] (Min.) An opaque or milk-white chalcedony, a variety of quartz; also a similar variety of opal.

Ca•chou´ , n. [F. See Cashoo.] A silvered aromatic pill, used to correct the odor of the breath.

Ca•chu´cha , n. [Sp.] An Andalusian dance in three-four time, resembling the bolero. [Sometimes in English spelled cachuca .] “The orchestra plays the cachucha.
Longfellow.”

Ca•chun´de , n. [Sp.] (Med.) A pastil or troche, composed of various aromatic and other ingredients, highly celebrated in India as an antidote, and as a stomachic and antispasmodic.

Ca•cique´ , n. [Sp.] See Cazique.

Cack (kak), v. i. [OE. cakken, fr. L. cacare; akin to Gr. kakka^n, and to OIr. cacc dung; cf. AS. cac.] To ease the body by stool; to go to stool. Pope.

Cack´er•el , n. [OF. caquerel cagarel (Cotgr.), from the root of E. cack.] (Zoöl.) The mendole; a small worthless Mediterranean fish considered poisonous by the ancients. See Mendole.

Cac´kle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cackled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cackling ] [OE. cakelen; cf. LG. kakeln, D. kakelen, G. gackeln, gackern; all of imitative origin. Cf. Gagle, Cake to cackle.] 1. To make a sharp, broken noise or cry, as a hen or goose does. “When every goose is cackling.
Shak.” 2. To laugh with a broken noise, like the cackling of a hen or a goose; to giggle. Arbuthnot. 3. To talk in a silly manner; to prattle. Johnson.

Cac´kle , n. 1. The sharp broken noise made by a goose or by a hen that has laid an egg. “By her cackle saved the state.
Dryden.” 2. Idle talk; silly prattle. “There is a buzz and cackle all around regarding the sermon.
Thackeray.”

Cac´kler , n. 1. A fowl that cackles. 2. One who prattles, or tells tales; a tattler.

Cac´kling, n. The broken noise of a goose or a hen. { Cac•o•chym´i•a , Cac´o•chym•y } n. [NL. cacochymia, fr. Gr. ; kako•s bad + juice: cf. F. cacochymie.] (Med.) A vitiated state of the humors, or fluids, of the body, especially of the blood. Dunglison. { Cac•o•chym´ic , Cac•o•chym´ic•al } a. Having the fluids of the body vitiated, especially the blood. Wiseman.

Cac•o•de´mon , n. [Gr. ; kako•s bad + demon: cf. F. cacodemon.] 1. An evil spirit; a devil or demon. Shak. 2. (Med.) The nightmare. Dunaglison.

Cac•o•dox´ic•al , a. Heretical.

Cac´o•dox•y , n. [Gr. perverted opinion; kako•s bad + opinion.] Erroneous doctrine; heresy; heterodoxy. [R.] “Heterodoxy, or what Luther calls cacodoxy.
R. Turnbull.”

Cac´o•dyl , n. [Gr. ill-smelling (kako•s bad + to smell) + -yl.] (Chem.) Alkarsin; a colorless, poisonous, arsenical liquid, As_2(CH_3)4, spontaneously inflammable and possessing an intensely disagreeable odor. It is the type of a series of compounds analogous to the nitrogen compounds called hydrazines. [Written also cacodyle, and kakodyl.]

Cac•o•dyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, cacodyl. Cacodylic acid, a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, (CH_3)2AsO.OH, obtained by the oxidation of cacodyl, and having the properties of an exceedingly stable acid; — also called alkargen.

Cac•o•ë´thes , n. [L., fr. Gr. of ill habits, an ill habit; kako•s bad + habit] 1. A bad custom or habit; an insatiable desire; as cacoëthes scribendi, ´The itch for writing´. Addison. 2. (Med.) A bad quality or disposition in a disease; an incurable ulcer.

Cac•o•gas´tric , a. [Gr. kako•s bad + stomach.] Troubled with bad digestion. [R.] Carlyle.

Cac•o•graph•ic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, cacography; badly written or spelled.

Ca•cog•ra•phy , n. [Gr. kako•s bad + -graphy; cf. F. cacographie.] Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. Walpole.

Ca•co•let´ , n. [F.] A chair, litter, or other contrivance fitted to the back or pack saddle of a mule for carrying travelers in mountainous districts, or for the transportation of the sick and wounded of an army.

Ca•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. kako•s bad + -logy: cf. F. cacologie.] Bad speaking; bad choice or use of words. Buchanan. { Ca•co•mix´le , Ca•co•mix´tle , Ca´co•mix•l }, n. [Mexican name.] A North American carnivore (Bassaris astuta), about the size of a cat, related to the raccoons. It inhabits Mexico, Texas and California.

Ca•coon´ , n. One of the seeds or large beans of a tropical vine (Entada scandens) used for making purses, scent bottles, etc. { Cac•o•phon´ic , Cac•o•phon´ic•al , Ca•coph´o•nous , Cac•o•pho´ni•ous }, a. Harsh-sounding.

Ca•coph´o•ny , n.; pl. Cacophonies (#). [Gr. ; kako•s bad + sound: cf. F. Cacophonie.] 1. (Rhet.) An uncouth or disagreable sound of words, owing to the concurrence of harsh letters or syllables. ´Cacophonies of all kinds.´ Pope. 2. (Mus.) A combination of discordant sounds. 3. (Med.) An unhealthy state of the voice.

Cac´o•tech•ny , n. [Gr. ; kako•s bad + art.] A corruption or corrupt state of art. [R.] { Ca•cox´ene , Ca•cox´e•nite }, n. [Gr. kako•s bad + guest.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of iron occurring in yellow radiated tufts. The phosphorus seriously injures it as an iron ore.

Cac•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or like, the family of plants of which the prickly pear is a common example.

Cac´tus , n. ; pl. E. Cactuses (#), Cacti (- ti). [L., a kind of cactus, Gr. .] (Bot.) Any plant of the order Cactacae, as the prickly pear and the night-blooming cereus. See Cereus. They usually have leafless stems and branches, often beset with clustered thorns, and are mostly natives of the warmer parts of America. Cactus wren (Zoöl.), an American wren of the genus Campylorhynchus, of several species.

Ca•cu´mi•nal , a. [L. cacumen, cacuminis, the top, point.] (Philol.) Pertaining to the top of the palate; cerebral; — applied to certain consonants; as cacuminal (or cerebral) letters.

Ca•cu´mi•nate , v. i. [L. cacuminatus, p. p. of cacuminare to point, fr. cacumen point.] To make sharp or pointed. [Obs.]

Cad , n. [Abbrev. fr. cadet.] 1. A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; an idle hanger-on about innyards. [Eng.] Dickens. 2. A lowbred, presuming person; a mean, vulgar fellow. [Cant] Thackeray.

Ca•das´tral , a. [F.] Of or pertaining to landed property. Cadastral survey, or Cadastral map, a survey, map, or plan on a large scale (Usually &frac1x2500; of the linear measure of the ground, or twenty-five inches to the mile or about an inch to the acre) so as to represent the relative positions and dimensions of objects and estates exactly; — distinguished from a topographical map, which exaggerates the dimensions of houses and the breadth of roads and streams, for the sake of distinctness. Brande & C. { Ca•das´tre , Ca•das´ter } , n. [f. cadastre.] (Law.) An official statement of the quantity and value of real estate for the purpose of apportioning the taxes payable on such property.

Ca•da´ver , n. [L., fr cadere to fall.] A dead human body; a corpse.

Ca•dav´er•ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a corpse, or the changes produced by death; cadaverous; as cadaveric rigidity. Dunglison. Cadaveric alkaloid, an alkaloid generated by the processes of decomposition in dead animal bodies, and thought by some to be the cause of the poisonous effects produced by the bodies. See Ptomaine.

Ca•dav´er•ous , a. [L. cadaverosus.] 1. Having the appearance or color of a dead human body; pale; ghastly; as a cadaverous look. 2. Of or pertaining to, or having the qualities of, a dead body. ´The scent cadaverous.´ — Ca•dav´er•ous•ly, adv. — Ca•dav´er•ous•ness, n.

Cad´bait , n. [Prov. E. codbait, cadbote fly.] (Zoöl.) See Caddice. { Cad´dice , Cad´dis } , n. [Prov. E. caddy, cadew; cf. G. köder bait.] (Zoöl.) The larva of a caddice fly. These larvae generally live in cylindrical cases, open at each end, and covered externally with pieces of broken shells, gravel, bits of wood, etc. They are a favorite bait with anglers. Called also caddice worm, or caddis worm. Caddice fly (Zoöl.), a species of trichopterous insect, whose larva is the caddice.

Cad´dis, n. [OE. caddas, Scot. caddis lint, caddes a kind of woolen cloth, cf. Gael. cada, cadadh, a kind of cloth, cotton, fustian, W. cadas, F. cadis.] A kind of worsted lace or ribbon. ´Caddises, cambrics, lawns.´ Shak.

Cad´dish , a. Like a cad; lowbred and presuming.

Cad´dow , n. [OE. cadawe, prob. fr. ca chough + daw jackdaw; cf. Gael. cadhag, cathag. Cf. Chough, Daw, n.] (Zoöl.) A jackdaw. [Prov. Eng.]

Cad´dy , n.; pl. Caddies (#). [Earlier spelt catty, fr. Malay kati a weight of 1&frac13; pounds. Cf. Catty.] A small box, can, or chest to keep tea in.

Cade , a. [Cf. OE. cad, kod, lamb, also Cosset, Coddle.] Bred by hand; domesticated; petted. “He brought his cade lamb with him.
Sheldon.”

Cade, v. t. To bring up or nourish by hand, or with tenderness; to coddle; to tame. [Obs.] Johnson.

Cade, n. [L. cadus jar, Gr. .] A barrel or cask, as of fish. ´A cade of herrings.´ Shak. “A cade of herrings is 500, of sprats 1,000.
Jacob, Law Dict.”

Cade, n. [F. & Pr.; LL. cada.] A species of juniper (Juniperus Oxycedrus) of Mediterranean countries. Oil of cade, a thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by destructive distillation of the inner wood of the cade. It is used as a local application in skin diseases.

Ca´dence , n. [OE. cadence, cadens, LL. cadentia a falling, fr. L. cadere to fall; cf. F. cadence, It. cadenza. See Chance.] 1. The act or state of declining or sinking. [Obs.] “Now was the sun in western cadence low.
Milton.” 2. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking, especially at the end of a sentence. 3. A rhythmical modulation of the voice or of any sound; as music of bells in cadence sweet. “Blustering winds, which all night long
Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull
Seafaring men o’erwatched.
Milton.” “The accents … were in passion’s tenderest cadence.
Sir W. Scott.” 4. Rhythmical flow of language, in prose or verse. “Golden cadence of poesy.
Shak.” “If in any composition much attention was paid to the flow of the rhythm, it was said (at least in the 14th and 15th centuries) to be ´prosed in faire cadence.´
Dr. Guest.” 5. (Her.) See Cadency. 6. (Man.) Harmony and proportion in motions, as of a well-managed horse. 7. (Mil.) A uniform time and place in marching. 8. (Mus.) (a) The close or fall of a strain; the point of rest, commonly reached by the immediate succession of the tonic to the dominant chord. (b) A cadenza, or closing embellishment; a pause before the end of a strain, which the performer may fill with a flight of fancy. Imperfect cadence. (Mus.) See under Imperfect.

Ca´dence, v. t. To regulate by musical measure. “These parting numbers, cadenced by my grief.
Philips.”

Ca´den•cy , n. Descent of related families; distinction between the members of a family according to their ages. Marks of cadency (Her.), bearings indicating the position of the bearer as older or younger son, or as a descendant of an older or younger son. See Difference (Her.).

Ca•dene´ , n. [Cf. F. cadène.] A species of inferior carpet imported from the Levant. McElrath.

Ca´dent , a. [L. cadens, -entis, p. pr. of cadere to fall.] Falling. [R.] ´Cadent tears.´ Shak.

Ca•den´za , n. [It.] (Mus.) A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the course of a piece, commonly just before the final cadence.

Ca´der , n. See Cadre.

Ca•det´ , n. [F. cadet a younger or the youngest son or brother, dim. fr. L. caput head; i. e., a smaller head of the family, after the first or eldest. See Chief, and cf. Cad.] 1. The younger of two brothers; a younger brother or son; the youngest son. “The cadet of an ancient and noble family.
Wood.” 2. (Mil.) (a) A gentleman who carries arms in a regiment, as a volunteer, with a view of acquiring military skill and obtaining a commission. (b) A young man in training for military or naval service; esp. a pupil in a military or naval school, as at West Point, Annapolis, or Woolwich. All the undergraduates at Annapolis are Naval cadets. The distinction between Cadet midshipmen and Cadet engineers was abolished by Act of Congress in 1882.

Ca•det´ship , n. The position, rank, or commission of a cadet; as to get a cadetship. { Ca•dew´ , Cade´worm• } n. A caddice. See Caddice.

Cadge , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cadged p. pr. & vb. n. Cadging.] [Cf. Scot. cache, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, OE. cachen to drive, catch, caggen to bind, or perh. E. cage. Cf. Cadger.] 1. To carry, as a burden. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. 2. To hawk or peddle, as fish, poultry, etc. [Prov.] 3. To intrude or live on another meanly; to beg. [Prov. or Slang, Eng.] Wright.

Cadge, n. [Cf. 2d Cadger.] (Hawking) A circular frame on which cadgers carry hawks for sale.

Cadg´er , n. [From Cadge, v. t., cf. Codger.] 1. A packman or itinerant huckster. 2. One who gets his living by trickery or begging. [Prov. or Slang] ´The gentleman cadger.´ Dickens.

Cadg´er, n. [OF. cagier one who catches hawks. Cf. Cage.] (Hawking) One who carries hawks on a cadge.

Cadg´y , a. Cheerful or mirthful, as after good eating or drinking; also wanton. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Ca´di , n. [Turk. See Alcalde.] An inferior magistrate or judge among the Mohammedans, usually the judge of a town or village. { Cad´ie , Cad´die } n. A Scotch errand boy, porter, or messenger. [Written also cady.] “Every Scotchman, from the peer to the cadie.
Macaulay.”

Ca•di•les´ker , n. [Ar. qad.i judge + al’sker the army, Per. leshker.] A chief judge in the Turkish empire, so named originally because his jurisdiction extended to the cases of soldiers, who are now tried only by their own officers.

Ca•dil´lac , n. [Prob. from Cadillac, a French town.] A large pear, shaped like a flattened top, used chiefly for cooking. Johnson.

Cad´is , n. [F.] A kind of coarse serge.

Cad•me´an (kad•m>emac/´an), a. [L. Cadmeus, Gr. Kadmei^os, from Ka•dmos (L. Cadmus), which name perhaps means lit. a man from the East; cf. Heb. qedem east.] Of or pertaining to Cadmus, a fabulous prince of Thebes, who was said to have introduced into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the alphabet — α, β, γ, δ, ε, ι, κ, λ, μ, ν, ο, π, ρ, σ, τ, υ. These are called Cadmean letters. Cadmean victory, a victory that damages the victors as much as the vanquished; probably referring to the battle in which the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus slew each other.

Cad´mi•a , n. [L. cadmia calamine, Gr. . Cf. Calamine.] (Min.) An oxide of zinc which collects on the sides of furnaces where zinc is sublimed. Formerly applied to the mineral calamine.

Cad´mi•an , a. [R.] See Cadmean.

Cad´mic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cadmium; as cadmic sulphide.

Cad´mi•um , n. [NL. See Cadmia.] (Chem.) A comparatively rare element related to zinc, and occurring in some zinc ores. It is a white metal, both ductile and malleable. Symbol Cd. Atomic weight 111.8. It was discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, who named it from its association with zinc or zinc ore. Cadmium yellow, a compound of cadmium and sulphur, of an intense yellow color, used as a pigment.

Cad´rans , n. [Cf. F. cadran. Cf. Quadrant.] An instrument with a graduated disk by means of which the angles of gems are measured in the process of cutting and polishing.

Ca´dre , n. [F. cadre, It. quadro square, from L. quadrum, fr. quatuor four.] (Mil.) The framework or skeleton upon which a regiment is to be formed; the officers of a regiment forming the staff. [Written also cader.]

Ca•du´ca•ry , a. [See Caducous.] (Law) Relating to escheat, forfeiture, or confiscation.

Ca•du´ce•an , a. Of or belonging to Mercury’s caduceus, or wand.

Ca•du´ce•us , n. [L. caduceum, caduceus; akin to Gr. a herald’s wand, fr. herald.] (Myth.) The official staff or wand of Hermes or Mercury, the messenger of the gods. It was originally said to be a herald’s staff of olive wood, but was afterwards fabled to have two serpents coiled about it, and two wings at the top.

Ca•du•ci•bran´chi•ate , a. [L. caducus falling (fr. cadere to fall) + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) With temporary gills: — applied to those Amphibia in which the gills do not remain in adult life.

Ca•du´ci•ty , n. [LL. caducitas: cf. F. caducite. See Caducous.] Tendency to fall; the feebleness of old age; senility. [R.] “[A] jumble of youth and caducity.
Chesterfield.”

Ca•du´cous , [L. caducus falling, inclined to fall, fr. cadere to fall. See Cadence.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Dropping off or disappearing early, as the calyx of a poppy, or the gills of a tadpole.

Ca•duke´ , a. [Cf. F. caduc. See Caducous.] Perishable; frail; transitory. [Obs.] Hickes. “The caduke pleasures of his world.
Bp. Fisher.”

Cad´y , n. See Cadie.

Cae´ca , n. pl. See Caecum.

Cae´cal , a. (Anat.) 1. Of or pertaining to the caecum, or blind gut. 2. Having the form of a caecum, or bag with one opening; baglike; as the caecal extremity of a duct.

Cae´ci•as , n. [L. caecias, Gr. .] A wind from the northeast. Milton.

Cae•cil´i•an ( 106), n. [L. caecus blind. So named from the supposed blindness of the species, the eyes being very minute.] (Zoöl.) A limbless amphibian belonging to the order Caeciliae or Ophimorpha. See Ophiomorpha. [Written also cœcilian.]

Cae´cum , n.; pl. Caecums, L. Caeca (#). [L. caecus blind, invisible, concealed.] (Anat.) (a) A cavity open at one end, as the blind end of a canal or duct. (b) The blind part of the large intestine beyond the entrance of the small intestine; — called also the blind gut. The caecum is comparatively small in man, and ends in a slender portion, the vermiform appendix; but in herbivorous mammals it is often as large as the rest of the large intestine. In fishes there are often numerous intestinal caeca.

Cae•no•zo´ic , a. (Geol.) See Cenozoic.

Ca´en stone´ , A cream-colored limestone for building, found near Caen, France.

Cae´sar , n. [L.] A Roman emperor, as being the successor of Augustus Caesar. Hence, a kaiser, or emperor of Germany, or any emperor or powerful ruler. See Kaiser, Kesar. “Malborough anticipated the day when he would be servilely flattered and courted by Caesar on one side and by Louis the Great on the other.
Macaulay.” { Cae•sa´re•an , Cae•sa´ri•an , } a. [L. Caesareus, Caesarianus.] Of or pertaining to Caesar or the Caesars; imperial. Caesarean section (Surg.), the operation of taking a child from the womb by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and uterus; — so called because Julius Caesar is reported to have been brought into the world by such an operation.

Cae´sar•ism , n. [Cf. F. Cesarisme.] A system of government in which unrestricted power is exercised by a single person, to whom, as Caesar or emperor, it has been committed by the popular will; imperialism; also advocacy or support of such a system of government. This word came into prominence in the time of Napoleon III., as an expression of the claims and political views of that emperor, and of the politicians of his court.

Cae´si•ous , a. [L. caesius bluish gray.] (Nat. Hist.) Of the color of lavender; pale blue with a slight mixture of gray. Lindley.

Cae´si•um , n. [NL., from L. caesius bluish gray.] (Chem.) A rare alkaline metal found in mineral water; — so called from the two characteristic blue lines in its spectrum. It was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis, and is the most strongly basic and electro-positive substance known. Symbol Cs. Atomic weight 132.6.

Caes´pi•tose , a. Same as Cespitose.

Cae•su´ra , n.; pl. E. Caesuras , L. Caesurae [L. caesura a cutting off, a division, stop, fr. caedere, caesum, to cut off. See Concise.] A metrical break in a verse, occurring in the middle of a foot and commonly near the middle of the verse; a sense pause in the middle of a foot. also a long syllable on which the caesural accent rests, or which is used as a foot. In the following line the caesura is between study and of. “The prop | er stud | y of | mankind | is man.”

Cae•su´ral , a. Of or pertaining to a caesura. Caesural pause, a pause made at a caesura.

Ca•fe´ , n. [F. See Coffee.] A coffeehouse; a restaurant; also a room in a hotel or restaurant where coffee and liquors are served. { Caf´e•net , Caf´e•neh } n. [Turk. qahveh khaneh coffeehouse.] A humble inn or house of rest for travelers, where coffee is sold. [Turkey]

Caf•fe´ic , a. [See Coffee.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, coffee. Caffeic acid, an acid obtained from coffee tannin, as a yellow crystalline substance, C_9H_8O_4.

Caf•fe´ine , n. [Cf. F. cafeine. See Coffee.] (Chem.) A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, obtained from coffee. It is identical with the alkaloid theine from tea leaves, and with guaranine from guarana.

Caf•fe•tan´nic , a. [Caffeic + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the tannin of coffee. Caffetannic acid, a variety of tannin obtained from coffee berries, regarded as a glucoside.

Caf´fi•la , n. [Ar.] See Cafila.

Caf´fre , n. See Kaffir. { Ca´fi•la , Ca´fi•leh } n. [Ar.] A caravan of travelers; a military supply train or government caravan; a string of pack horses.

Caf´tan , n. [Turk. qaftan: cf. F. cafetan.] A garment worn throughout the Levant, consisting of a long gown with sleeves reaching below the hands. It is generally fastened by a belt or sash.

Caf´tan , v. t. To clothe with a caftan. [R.] “The turbaned and caftaned damsel.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cag , n. See Keg. [Obs.]

Cage , n. [F. cage, fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavus hollow. Cf. Cave, n., Cajole, Gabion.] 1. A box or inclosure, wholly or partly of openwork, in wood or metal, used for confining birds or other animals. “In his cage, like parrot fine and gay.
Cowper.” 2. A place of confinement for malefactors Shak. “Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage.
Lovelace.” 3. (Carp.) An outer framework of timber, inclosing something within it; as the cage of a staircase. Gwilt. 4. (Mach.) (a) A skeleton frame to limit the motion of a loose piece, as a ball valve. (b) A wirework strainer, used in connection with pumps and pipes. 5. The box, bucket, or inclosed platform of a lift or elevator; a cagelike structure moving in a shaft. 6. (Mining) The drum on which the rope is wound in a hoisting whim. 7. (Baseball) The catcher’s wire mask.

Cage (kaj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caged (kajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Caging.] To confine in, or as in, a cage; to shut up or confine. ´Caged and starved to death.´ Cowper.

Caged (kajd), a. Confined in, or as in, a cage; like a cage or prison. ´The caged cloister.´ Shak.

Cage´ling (kaj´ling), n. [Cage + -ling] A bird confined in a cage; esp. a young bird. [Poetic] Tennyson.

Ca´git (ka´jit), n. (Zoöl) A kind of parrot, of a beautiful green color, found in the Philippine Islands.

Cag´mag (kag´mag), n. A tough old goose; hence, coarse, bad food of any kind. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ca•got´ (ka•go´), n. [F.] One of a race inhabiting the valleys of the Pyrenees, who until 1793 were political and social outcasts (Christian Pariahs). They are supposed to be a remnant of the Visigoths.

Ca•hier´ (ka•ya´ or ka•her), n. [F., fr. OF. cayer, fr. LL. quaternum. See Quire of paper. The sheets of manuscript were folded into parts.] 1. A number of sheets of paper put loosely together; esp. one of the successive portions of a work printed in numbers. 2. A memorial of a body; a report of legislative proceedings, etc.

Ca•hin´cic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cahinca, the native name of a species of Brazilian Chiococca, perhaps C. racemosa; as cahincic acid.

Ca•hoot´ , n. [Perhaps fr. f. cohorte a company or band.] Partnership; as to go in cahoot with a person. [Slang, southwestern U. S.] Bartlett.

Cai•ma•cam´ , n. [Turk.] The governor of a sanjak or district in Turkey.

Cai´man , n. (Zoöl.) See Cayman.

Cai•no•zo´ic , a. (Geol.) See Cenozic.

Ca•ïque´ , n. [F., fr. Turk. qaiq boat.] (Naut.) A light skiff or rowboat used on the Bosporus; also a Levantine vessel of larger size.

Ça´ i•ra´ [F. ça ira, ça ira, les aristocrates à la lanterne, it shall go on, it shall go on, [hang]the arictocrats to the lantern (lamp-post).] The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution.

Caird , n. [Ir. ceard a tinker.] A traveling tinker; also a tramp or sturdy beggar. [Prov. Eng.]

Cairn , n. [Gael. carn, gen. cairn, a heap: cf. Ir. & W. carn.] 1. A rounded or conical heap of stones erected by early inhabitants of the British Isles, apparently as a sepulchral monument. “Now here let us place the gray stone of her cairn.
Campbell.” 2. A pile of stones heaped up as a landmark, or to arrest attention, as in surveying, or in leaving traces of an exploring party, etc. C. Kingsley. Kane.

Cairn•gorm´stone [Gael. carn a cairn + gorm azure.] (Min.) A yellow or smoky brown variety of rock crystal, or crystallized quartz, found esp, in the mountain of Cairngorm, in Scotland.

Cais´son , n. [F., fr. caisse, case, chest. See 1st Case.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A chest to hold ammunition. (b) A four-wheeled carriage for conveying ammunition, consisting of two parts, a body and a limber. In light field batteries there is one caisson to each piece, having two ammunition boxes on the body, and one on the limber. Farrow. (c) A chest filled with explosive materials, to be laid in the way of an enemy and exploded on his approach. 2. (a) A water-tight box, of timber or iron within which work is carried on in building foundations or structures below the water level. (b) A hollow floating box, usually of iron, which serves to close the entrances of docks and basins. (c) A structure, usually with an air chamber, placed beneath a vessel to lift or float it. 3. (Arch.) A sunk panel of ceilings or soffits. Pneumatic caisson (Engin.), a caisson, closed at the top but open at the bottom, and resting upon the ground under water. The pressure of air forced into the caisson keeps the water out. Men and materials are admitted to the interior through an air lock. See Lock.

Cai´tiff , a. [OE. caitif, cheitif, captive, miserable, OF. caitif, chaitif, captive, mean, wretched, F. chetif, fr. L. captivus captive, fr. capere to take, akin to E. heave. See Heave, and cf. Captive.] 1. Captive; wretched; unfortunate. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Base; wicked and mean; cowardly; despicable. “Arnold had sped his caitiff flight.
W. Irving.”

Cai´tiff, n. A captive; a prisoner. [Obs.] “Avarice doth tyrannize over her caitiff and slave.
Holland.” 2. A wretched or unfortunate man. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A mean, despicable person; one whose character meanness and wickedness meet. The deep-felt conviction of men that slavery breaks down the moral character … speaks out with … distinctness in the change of meaning which caitiff has undergone signifying as it now does, one of a base, abject disposition, while there was a time when it had nothing of this in it. Trench.

Caj´e•put , n. See Cajuput.

Ca•jole´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cajoled p. pr. & vb. n. Cajoling.] [F. cajoler, orig., to chatter like a bird in a cage, to sing; hence, to amuse with idle talk, to flatter, from the source of OF. goale, jaiole, F. geôle, dim. of cage a cage. See Cage, Jail.] To deceive with flattery or fair words; to wheedle. “I am not about to cajole or flatter you into a reception of my views.
F. W. Robertson.” Syn. — To flatter; wheedle; delude; coax; entrap.

Ca•jole´ment , n. The act of cajoling; the state of being cajoled; cajolery. Coleridge.

Ca•jol´er , n. A flatterer; a wheedler.

Ca•jol´er•y , n.; pl. Cajoleries . A wheedling to delude; words used in cajoling; flattery. ´Infamous cajoleries.´ Evelyn.

Caj´u•put , n. [Of Malayan origin; kayu tree + putih white.] (Med.) A highly stimulating volatile inflammable oil, distilled from the leaves of an East Indian tree (Melaleuca cajuputi, etc.) It is greenish in color and has a camphoraceous odor and pungent taste.

Caj´u•put•ene , n. (Chem.) A colorless or greenish oil extracted from cajuput.

Cake (kak), n. [OE. cake, kaak; akin to Dan. kage, Sw. & Icel. kaka, D. koek, G. kuchen, OHG. chuocho.] 1. A small mass of dough baked; especially, a thin loaf from unleavened dough; as an oatmeal cake; johnnycake. 2. A sweetened composition of flour and other ingredients, leavened or unleavened, baked in a loaf or mass of any size or shape. 3. A thin wafer-shaped mass of fried batter; a griddlecake or pancake; as buckwheat cakes. 4. A mass of matter concreted, congealed, or molded into a solid mass of any form, esp. into a form rather flat than high; as a cake of soap; an ague cake. “Cakes of rusting ice come rolling down the flood.
Dryden.” Cake urchin (Zoöl), any species of flat sea urchins belonging to the Clypeastroidea. — Oil cake the refuse of flax seed, cotton seed, or other vegetable substance from which oil has been expressed, compacted into a solid mass, and used as food for cattle, for manure, or for other purposes. — To have one’s cake dough, to fail or be disappointed in what one has undertaken or expected. Shak.

Cake, v. i. To form into a cake, or mass.

Cake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caked p. pr. & vb. n. Caking.] To concrete or consolidate into a hard mass, as dough in an oven; to coagulate. “Clotted blood that caked within.
Addison.”

Cake, v. i. To cackle as a goose. [Prov. Eng.]

Cak´ing coal See Coal.

Cal , n. (Cornish Mines) Wolfram, an ore of tungsten. Simmonds.

Cal´a•bar , n. A district on the west coast of Africa. Calabar bean, The of a climbing legumious plant (Physostigma venenosum), a native of tropical Africa. It is highly poisonous. It is used to produce contraction of the pupil of the eye; also in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases; — called also ordeal bean, being used by the negroes in trials for witchcraft.

Cal´a•bar•ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid resembling physostigmine and occurring with it in the calabar bean.

Cal´a•bash (kal´a•bash), n. [Sp. calabaza, or Pg. calabaça, cabaça (cf. F. Calebasse), lit., a dry gourd, fr. Ar. qar’, fem., a kind of gourd + aibas dry.] 1. The common gourd (plant or fruit). 2. The fruit of the calabash tree. 3. A water dipper, bottle, bascket, or other utensil, made from the dry shell of a calabash or gourd. Calabash tree. (Bot.), a tree of tropical America (Crescentia cujete), producing a large gourdlike fruit, containing a purgative pulp. Its hard shell, after the removal of the pulp, is used for cups, bottles, etc. The African calabash tree is the baobab.

Cal•a•boose´ , n. [A corruption of Sp. calabozo dungeon.] A prison; a jail. [Local, U. S.]

Ca•lade´ , n. [F.] A slope or declivity in a manege ground down which a horse is made to gallop, to give suppleness to his haunches.

Ca•la´di•um , n. [NL.] A genus of aroideous plants, of which some species are cultivated for their immense leaves (which are often curiously blotched with white and red), and others (in Polynesia) for food.

Cal´a•ite (kal•a•it), n. [L. callaïs, Gr. ka•lai:s, ka•llai:s; cf. F. calaïte.] A mineral. See Turquoise.

Cal•a•man´co (kal•a•man´ko), n. [LL. calamancus, calamacus; cf. camelaucum; a head covering made of camel’s hair, NGr. kamelay•kion, and F. calmande a woolen stuff.] A glossy woolen stuff, plain, striped, or checked. ´A gay calamanco waistcoat.´ Tatler.

Cal´a•man•der wood (kal´a•man•der wood•). A valuable furniture wood from India and Ceylon, of a hazel-brown color, with black stripes, very hard in texture. It is a species of ebony, and is obtained from the Diospyros quaesita. Called also Coromandel wood. { Cal´a•mar (kal´a•mär), Cal´a•ma•ry, (-ma•ryr)} n. [LL. calamarium inkstand, fr. L. calamus a reed pen: cf. F. calmar, calemar, pen case, calamar.] (Zoöl.) A cephalopod, belonging to the genus Loligo and related genera. There are many species. They have a sack of inklike fluid which they discharge from the siphon tube, when pursued or alarmed, in order to confuse their enemies. Their shell is a thin horny plate, within the flesh of the back, shaped very much like a quill pen. In America they are called squids. See Squid.

Cal´am•bac (kal´am•bak), n. [F. calambac, calambour, from Malay Kalambaq a king of fragrant wood.] (Bot.) A fragrant wood; agalloch.

Cal´am•bour (kal´am•boor), n. [See Calambac.] A species of agalloch, or aloes wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a light, friable texture, and less fragrant than calambac; — used by cabinetmakers.

Cal•a•mif´er•ous , a. [L. calamus reed + ferous.] Producing reeds; reedy.

Cal´a•mine (kal´a•min or - min), n. [F. calamine, LL. calamina, fr. L. Cadmia. See Cadmia.] (min.) A mineral, the hydrous silicate of zinc. The name was formerly applied to both the carbonate and silicate of zinc each of which is valuabic as an ore; but it is now usually restricted to the latter, the former being called smithsonite.

Cal´a•mint (-mint), n. [OE. calamint, calemente (cf. F. calament) fr. L. calamintha, Gr. kalami•nqh, kala•minqos. See 1st Mint.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants (Calamintha) of the Mint family, esp. the C. Nepeta and C. Acinos, which are called also basil thyme.

Cal´a•mist (-mist), n. [L. calamus a reed.] One who plays upon a reed or pipe. [Obs.] Blount.

Cal•a•mis´trate (-mis´trat), v. i. [L. calamistratus, curled with the curling iron, fr. calamistrum curling iron, fr. calamus a reed.] To curl or friz, as the hair. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Cal•a•mis•tra´tion (kal•a•mis•tra´shun), n. The act or process of curling the hair. [Obs.] Burton.

Cal•a•mis´trum , n. [L., a curling iron.] (Zoöl.) A comblike structure on the metatarsus of the hind legs of certain spiders (Ciniflonidae), used to curl certain fibers in the construction of their webs.

Cal´a•mite , n. [L. calamus a reed: cf. F. calamite.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant of the coal formation, having the general form of plants of the modern Equiseta (the Horsetail or Scouring Rush family) but sometimes attaining the height of trees, and having the stem more or less woody within. See Acrogen, and Asterophyllite.

Ca•lam´i•tous , a. [L. Calamitosus; cf. F. calamiteux.] 1. Suffering calamity; wretched; miserable. [Obs.] “Ten thousands of calamitous persons.
South.” 2. Producing, or attended with distress and misery; making wretched; wretched; unhappy. ´This sad and calamitous condition.´ South. ´A calamitous prison´ Milton. Syn. — Miserable; deplorable; distressful; afflictive; wretched; grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe; sad; unfortunate. — Ca•lam´i•tous•ly, adv. — Ca•lam´i•tous•ness, n.

Ca•lam´i•ty n.; pl. Calamities (#). [L. calamitas, akin to in-columis unharmed: cf. F. calamite] 1. Any great misfortune or cause of misery; — generally applied to events or disasters which produce extensive evil, either to communities or individuals. The word calamity was first derived from calamus when the corn could not get out of the stalk. Bacon. “Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul.
W. Irving.” 2. A state or time of distress or misfortune; misery. “The deliberations of calamity are rarely wise.
Burke.” “Where’er I came I brought calamity.
Tennyson.” Syn. — Disaster; distress; affliction; adversity; misfortune; unhappiness; infelicity; mishap; mischance; misery; evil; extremity; exigency; downfall. — Calamity, Disaster, Misfortune, Mishap, Mischance. Of these words, calamity is the strongest. It supposes a somewhat continuous state, produced not usually by the direct agency of man, but by natural causes, such as fire, flood, tempest, disease, etc, Disaster denotes literally ill-starred, and is some unforeseen and distressing event which comes suddenly upon us, as if from hostile planet. Misfortune is often due to no specific cause; it is simply the bad fortune of an individual; a link in the chain of events; an evil independent of his own conduct, and not to be charged as a fault. Mischance and mishap are misfortunes of a trivial nature, occurring usually to individuals. ´A calamity is either public or private, but more frequently the former; a disaster is rather particular than private; it affects things rather than persons; journey, expedition, and military movements are often attended with disasters; misfortunes are usually personal; they immediately affect the interests of the individual.´ Crabb.

Cal´a•mus , n.; pl. Calami (#). [L., a reed. See Halm.] 1. (Bot.) The indian cane, a plant of the Palm family. It furnishes the common rattan. See Rattan, and Dragon’s blood. 2. (Bot.) A species of Acorus (A. calamus), commonly called calamus, or sweet flag. The root has a pungent, aromatic taste, and is used in medicine as a stomachic; the leaves have an aromatic odor, and were formerly used instead of rushes to strew on floors. 3. (Zoöl.) The horny basal portion of a feather; the barrel or quill.

Ca•lan´do , a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually diminishing in rapidity and loudness.

Ca•lash´ , n. [F. calèche; of Slavonic origin; cf. Bohem. kolesa, Russ. koliaska calash, koleso, kolo, wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top or hood that can be raised or lowered, seats for inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a movable front, so that it can be used as either an open or a close carriage. “The baroness in a calash capable of holding herself, her two children, and her servants.
W. Irving.” 2. In Canada, a two-wheeled, one-seated vehicle, with a calash top, and the driver’s seat elevated in front. 3. A hood or top of a carriage which can be thrown back at pleasure. 4. A hood, formerly worn by ladies, which could be drawn forward or thrown back like the top of a carriage.

Ca•la•ve´rite , n. (Min.) A bronze-yellow massive mineral with metallic luster; a telluride of gold; — first found in Calaveras County California.

Cal•ca´ne•al , a. (Anal.) Pertaining to the calcaneum; as calcaneal arteries.

Cal•ca´ne•um n.; pl. E. -neums, L. -nea. [L. the heel, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] (Anal.) One of the bones of the tarsus which in man, forms the great bone of the heel; — called also fibulare.

Cal´car , n. [L. calcaria lime kiln, fr. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] (Glass manuf.) A kind of oven, or reverberatory furnace, used for the calcination of sand and potash, and converting them into frit. Ure.

Cal´car, n.; L. pl. Calcaria (#). [L., a spur, as worn on the heel, also the spur of a cock, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] 1. (Bot.) A hollow tube or spur at the base of a petal or corolla. 2. (Zoöl.) A slender bony process from the ankle joint of bats, which helps to support the posterior part of the web, in flight. 3. (Anat.) (a) A spur, or spurlike prominence. (b) A curved ridge in the floor of the leteral ventricle of the brain; the calcar avis, hippocampus minor, or ergot. { Cal´ca•rate , Cal´ca•ra•ted } a. [LL. calcaratus, fr. L. calcar. See 2d Calcar.] 1. (Bot.) Having a spur, as the flower of the toadflax and larkspur; spurred. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Armed with a spur.

Cal•ca´re•o-ar•gil•la´ceous , a. consisting of, or containing, calcareous and argillaceous earths.

Cal•ca´re•o-bi•tu´mi•nous , a. Consisting of, or containing, lime and bitumen. Lyell.

Cal•ca´re•o-si•li´ceous , a.Consisting of, or containing calcareous and siliceous earths.

Cal•ca´re•ous , a. [L. calcarius pertaining to lime. See Calx.] Partaking of the nature of calcite or calcium carbonate; consisting of, or containing, calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. Calcareous spar. See as Calcite.

Cal•ca´re•ous•ness, n. Quality of being calcareous.

Cal•ca•rif´er•ous , a. [L. calcarius of lime + ferous.] Lime-yielding; calciferous

Cal´ca•rine , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the calcar of the brain.

Cal•ca•vel´la , n. A sweet wine from Portugal; — so called from the district of Carcavelhos. [Written also Calcavellos or Carcavelhos.]

Cal´ce•a•ted , a. [L. calceatus, p. p. of pelceare to ahoe, fr. catceus shoe, fr. calx, calcic, heel.] Fitted with, or wearing, shoes. Johnson.

Calced , a. [See Calceated.] Wearing shoes; calceated; — in distintion from discalced or barefooted; as the calced Carmelites.

Cal´ce•don , n. [See Chalcedony.] A foul vein, like chalcedony, in some precious stones. { Cal•ce•don´ic , Cal•ce•do´ni•an } a. See Chalcedonic.

Cal´ce•i•form (kal´se•i•fôrm•), a. [L. calceus shoe + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a slipper, as one petal of the lady’s-slipper; calceolate.

cal•ce•o•la´ri•a (kal•se•o•la´ri•a), n. [NL., fr. L. calceolarius shoemaker, fr. calceolus, a dim. of calceus shoe.] (Bot.) A genus of showy herbaceous or shrubby plants, brought from South America; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, often spotted or striped, the shape of which suggests its name.

Cal´ce•o•late , a. [See Calceolaria.] Slipper-ahaped. See Calceiform.

Cal´ces , n. pl. See Calx.

Cal´cic , a. [L. calx, calcis, lime: cf. F. calcique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, calcium or lime.

Cal•cif´er•ous , a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -ferous.] Bearing, producing, or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime. Calciferous epoch (Geol.), an epoch in the American lower Silurian system, immediately succeeding the Cambrian period. The name alludes to the peculiar mixture of calcareous and siliceous characteristics in many of the beds. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cal•cif´ic , a. Calciferous. Specifically: (Zoöl.) of or pertaining to the portion of the oviduct which forms the eggshell in birds and reptiles. Huxley.

Cal•ci•fi•ca´tion (kal•si•fi•ka´shun), n. (Physiol.) The process of change into a stony or calcareous substance by the deposition of lime salt; — normally, as in the formation of bone and of teeth; abnormally, as in calcareous degeneration of tissue.

Cal´ci•fied (kal´si•fid), a. Consisting of, or containing, calcareous matter or lime salts; calcareous.

Cal´ci•form (kal´si•fôrm), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + - form.] In the form of chalk or lime.

Cal´ci•fy (kal´si•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calcified (- fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Calcifying.] [L. calx, calcis, lime + -fy.] To make stony or calcareous by the deposit or secretion of salts of lime.

Cal´ci•fy, v. i. To become changed into a stony or calcareous condition, in which lime is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth.

Cal•cig´e•nous , a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -genouse.] (Chem.) Tending to form, or to become, a calx or earthlike substance on being oxidized or burnt; as magnesium, calcium. etc.

Cal•cig´er•ous , a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -gerouse.] Holding lime or other earthy salts; as the calcigerous cells of the teeth.

Cal´ci•mine , n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] A white or colored wash for the ceiling or other plastering of a room, consisting of a mixture of clear glue, Paris white or zinc white, and water. [Also spelt kalsomine.]

Cal´ci•mine, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calcimined p. pr. & vb. n. Calcimining.] To wash or cover with calcimine; as to calcimine walls.

Cal´ci•mi•ner , n. One who calcimines.

Cal•cin´a•ble , a. That may be calcined; as a calcinable fossil.

Cal´ci•nate , v. i. To calcine. [R.]

Cal•ci•na´tion (kal•si•na´shun), n. [F. calcination.] 1. (Chem.) The act or process of disintegrating a substance, or rendering it friable by the action of heat, esp. by the expulsion of some volatile matter, as when carbonic and acid is expelled from carbonate of calcium in the burning of limestone in order to make lime. 2. The act or process of reducing a metal to an oxide or metallic calx; oxidation.

Cal•cin´a•to•ry , n. A vessel used in calcination.

Cal•cine´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calciden p. pr. & vb. n. Calcining.] [F. calciner, fr. L. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] 1. To reduce to a powder, or to a friable state, by the action of heat; to expel volatile matter from by means of heat, as carbonic acid from limestone, and thus (usually) to produce disintegration; as to, calcine bones. 2. To oxidize, as a metal by the action of heat; to reduce to a metallic calx.

Cal•cine´, v. i. To be converted into a powder or friable substance, or into a calx, by the action of heat. ´Calcining without fusion´ Newton.

Cal•cin´er , n. One who, or that which, calcines.

Cal•ci•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. calx, calcis, lime + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine sponges, containing calcareous spicules. See Porifera.

Cal´cite (kal´sit), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] (Min.) Calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. It is rhombohedral in its crystallization, and thus distinguished from aragonite. It includes common limestone, chalk, and marble. Called also calc-spar and calcareous spar. Argentine is a pearly lamellar variety; aphrite is foliated or chalklike; dogtooth spar, a form in acute rhombohedral or scalenohedral crystals; calc- sinter and calc-tufa are lose or porous varieties formed in caverns or wet grounds from calcareous deposits; agaric mineral is a soft, white friable variety of similar origin; stalaclite and stalagmite are varieties formed from the drillings in caverns. Iceland spar is a transparent variety, exhibiting the strong double refraction of the species, and hence is called doubly refracting spar.

Cal´ci•trant , a. [L. calcitrans, p. pr. of calcitrare to kick, fr. calx, calcis , heel.] Kicking. Hence: Stubborn; refractory.

Cal´ci•trate , v. i. & i. [L. calcitratus, p. p. of calcitrare. See Calcitrant.] To kick.

Cal•ci•tra´tion (-tra´shun), n. Act of kicking.

Cal´ci•um (kal´si•um), n. [NL., from L. calx, calcis, lime; cf F. calcium. See Calx.] (Chem.) An elementary substance; a metal which combined with oxygen forms lime. It is of a pale yellow color, tenacious, and malleable. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements. Atomic weight 40. Symbol Ca. Calcium is widely and abundantly disseminated, as in its compounds calcium carbonate or limestone, calcium sulphate or gypsum, calcium fluoride or fluor spar, calcium phosphate or apatite. Calcium light, an intense light produced by the incandescence of a stick or ball of lime in the flame of a combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases, or of oxygen and coal gas; — called also Drummond light.

Cal•civ´o•rous , a. [L. calx lime + vorare to devour.] Eroding, or eating into, limestone.

Cal•cog´ra•pher , n. One who practices calcography. { Cal•co•graph´ic , Cal•co•graph´ic•al } a. Relating to, or in the style of, calcography.

Cal•cog´ra•phy , n. [L. calx, calcis, lime, chalk + -graphy.] The art of drawing with chalk.

Calc´-sin•ter , n. [G. kalk (L. calx, calcis) lime + E. sinter.] See under Calcite.

Calc´-spar , n. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime E. spar.] Same as Calcite.

Calc´-tu•fa , n. [G. kalk (l. calx) lime + E. tufa.] See under Calcite.

Cal´cu•la•ble , a. [Cf. F. calculable.] That may be calculated or ascertained by calculation.

Cal´cu•la•ry , a. [L. calculus a pebble, a calculus; cf calcularius pertaining to calculation.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to calculi.

Cal´cu•la•ry, n. A congeries of little stony knots found in the pulp of the pear and other fruits.

Cal´cu•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calculater p. pr. & vb. n. Calculating ] [L, calculatus, p. p. of calculate, fr. calculus a pebble, a stone used in reckoning; hence, a reckoning, fr. calx, calcis, a stone used in gaming, limestone. See Calx.] 1. To ascertain or determine by mathematical processes, usually by the ordinary rules of arithmetic; to reckon up; to estimate; to compute. “A calencar exacity calculated than any othe.
North.” 2. To ascertain or predict by mathematical or astrological computations the time, circumstances, or other conditions of; to forecast or compute the character or consequences of; as to calculate or cast one’s nativity. “A cunning man did calculate my birth.
Shak.” 3. To adjust for purpose; to adapt by forethought or calculation; to fit or prepare by the adaptation of means to an end; as to calculate a system of laws for the government and protection of a free people. “[Religion] is … calculated for our benefit.
Abp. Tillotson.” 4. To plan; to expect; to think. [Local, U. S.] Syn. — To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate. — To Calculate, Compute. Reckon, Count. These words indicate the means by which we arrive at a given result in regard to quantity. We calculate with a view to obtain a certain point of knowledge; as to calculate an eclipse. We compute by combining given numbers, in order to learn the grand result. We reckon and count in carrying out the details of a computation. These words are also used in a secondary and figurative sense. ´Calculate is rather a conjection from what is, as to what may be; computation is a rational estimate of what has been, from what is; reckoning is a conclusive conviction, a pleasing assurance that a thing will happen; counting indicates an expectation. We calculate on a gain; we compute any loss sustained, or the amount of any mischief done; we reckon on a promised pleasure; we count the hours and minutes until the time of enjoyment arrives´ Crabb.

Cal´cu•late , v. i. To make a calculation; to forecast consequences; to estimate; to compute. “The strong passions, whether good or bad, never calculate.
F. W. Robertson.”

Cal´cu•la•ted , p. p. & a. 1. Worked out by calculation; as calculated tables for computing interest; ascertained or conjectured as a result of calculation; as the calculated place of a planet; the calculated velocity of a cannon ball. 2. Adapted by calculation, contrivance. or forethought to accomplish a purpose; as to use arts calculated to deceive the people. 3. Likely to produce a certain effect, whether intended or not; fitted; adapted; suited. “The only danger that attends multiplicity of publication is, that some of them may be calculated to injure rather than benefit society.
Goldsmith.” “The minister, on the other hand, had never gone through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the scope of generally received laws”. Hawthorne.

Cal´cu•la•ting , a. 1. Of or pertaining to mathematical calculations; performing or able to perform mathematical calculations. 2. Given to contrivance or forethought; forecasting; scheming; as a cool calculating disposition. Calculating machine, a machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made.

Cal´cu•la•ting, n. The act or process of making mathematical computations or of estimating results.

Cal•cu•la´tion (-la´shun), n. [OE. calculation, fr. L. calculatio; cf. OF. calcucation.] 1. The act or process, or the result, of calculating; computation; reckoning, estimate. ´The calculation of eclipses.´ Nichol. “The mountain is not so his calculation makes it.
Boyle.” 2. An expectation based on circumstances. “The lazy gossips of the port,
Abhorrent of a calculation crost,
Began to chafe as at a personal wrong.
Tennyson.”

Cal´cu•la•tive , a. Of or pertaining to calculation; involving calculation. “Long habits of calculative dealings.
Burke.”

Cal´cu•la•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. calculateur.] One who computes or reckons: one who estimates or considers the force and effect of causes, with a view to form a correct estimate of the effects. “Ambition is no exact calculator.
Burke.”

Cal´cu•la•to•ry , a. [L. calculatorius.] Belonging to calculation. Sherwood.

Cal´cule , n. [F. calcul, fr. L. calculus. See Calculus.] Reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Howell.

Cal´cule, v. i. To calculate [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cal´cu•li , n. pl. See Calculus.

Cal´cu•lous , a. [L. calculosus.] 1. Of the nature of a calculus; like stone; gritty; as a calculous concretion. Sir T. Browne. 2. Caused, or characterized, by the presence of a calculus or calculi; a, a calculous disorder; affected with gravel or stone; as a calculous person.

Cal´cu•lus , n.; pl. Calculi (#). [L, calculus. See Calculate, and Calcule.] 1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc. 2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation. Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which coëfficients or weights are ascribed. — Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions. — Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions. — Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events, or the application of numbers to chance. — Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change. — Differential calculus, a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The problems are primarily of this form: to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it. — Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of exponents. — Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra. — Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the differential, the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes themselves, or, in other words, from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself.

Cal´dron (kal´drun), n. [OE. caldron, caudron, caudroun, OF. caudron, chauderon, F. chaudron, an aug. of F. chaudière, LL. caldaria, fr. L. caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus, calidus, warm, fr. calere to be warm; cf. Skr. çra to boil. Cf. Chaldron, Calaric, Caudle.] A large kettle or boiler of copper, brass, or iron. [Written also cauldron.] ´Caldrons of boiling oil.´ Prescott.

Ca•lèche´ (ka•lash´), n. [F. calèche.] See Calash.

Cal•e•do´ni•a , n. The ancient Latin name of Scotland; — still used in poetry.

Cal•e•do´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Caledonia or Scotland; Scottish; Scotch. — n. A native or inhabitant of Caledonia or Scotland.

Ca•led´o•nite , n. (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of copper and lead, found in some parts of Caledonia or Scotland.

Cal•e•fa´cient , a. [L. calefaciens p. pr. of calefacere to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make.] Making warm; heating. [R.]

Cal•e•fa´cient, n. A substance that excites warmth in the parts to which it is applied, as mustard.

Cal•e•fac´tion , n. [L. calefactio: cf. F. calefaction.] 1. The act of warming or heating; the production of heat in a body by the action of fire, or by communication of heat from other bodies. 2. The state of being heated.

Cal•e•fac´tive , a. See Calefactory. [R.]

Cal•e•fac´tor , n. A heater; one who, or that which, makes hot, as a stove, etc.

Cal•e•fac´to•ry , a. [L. calefactorius.] Making hot; producing or communicating heat.

Cal•e•fac´to•ry, n. 1. (Eccl.) An apartment in a monastery, warmed and used as a sitting room. 2. A hollow sphere of metal, filled with hot water, or a chafing dish, placed on the altar in cold weather for the priest to warm his hands with.

Cal´e•fy , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calefied p. pr. & vb. n. Calefying.] [L. calere to be warm + -fy] To make warm or hot.

Cal´e•fy, v. i. To grow hot or warm. Sir T. Browne.

Cal´em•bour , n. [F.] A pun.

Cal´en•dar , n. [OE. kalender, calender, fr. L. kalendarium an interest or account book (cf. F. calendrier, OF. calendier) fr. L. calendue, kalendae, calends. See Calends.] 1. An orderly arrangement of the division of time, adapted to the purposes of civil life, as years, months, weeks, and days; also a register of the year with its divisions; an almanac. 2. (Eccl.) A tabular statement of the dates of feasts, offices, saints’ days, etc., esp. of those which are liable to change yearly according to the varying date of Easter. 3. An orderly list or enumeration of persons, things, or events; a schedule; as a calendar of state papers; a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assembly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court; a calendar of a college or an academy. Shepherds of people had need know the calendars of tempests of state. Bacon. Calendar clock, one that shows the days of the week and month. — Calendar month. See under Month. — French Republican calendar. See under Vendemiaire. — Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Perpetual calendar. See under Gregorian, Julian, and Perpetual.

Cal´en•dar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calendared p. pr. & vb. n. Calendaring.] To enter or write in a calendar; to register. Waterhouse.

Cal•en•da´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to the calendar or a calendar.

Cal´en•da•ry , a. Calendarial. [Obs.]

Cal´en•der , n. [F. calandre, LL. calendra, corrupted fr. L. cylindrus a cylinder, Gr. . See Cylinider.] 1. A machine, used for the purpose of giving cloth, paper, etc., a smooth, even, and glossy or glazed surface, by cold or hot pressure, or for watering them and giving them a wavy appearance. It consists of two or more cylinders revolving nearly in contact, with the necessary apparatus for moving and regulating. 2. One who pursues the business of calendering. “My good friend the calender.
Cawper.”

Cal´en•der , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calendered p. pr. & vb. n. Calendering.] [Cf. F. calandrer. See Calender, n.] To press between rollers for the purpose of making smooth and glossy, or wavy, as woolen and silk stuffs, linens, paper, etc. Ure.

Cal´en•der, n. [Per. qalender.] One of a sect or order of fantastically dressed or painted dervishes.

Cal•en•dog´ra•pher , n. [Calendar + -graph + er.] One who makes calendars. [R.]

Cal´en•drer , n. A person who calenders cloth; a calender. { Ca•len´dric , Ca•len´dric•al } a., Of or pertaining to a calendar.

Cal´ends , n. pl. [OE. kalendes month, calends, AS. calend month, fr. L. calendae; akin to calare to call, proclaim, Gr. . CF. Claim.] The first day of each month in the ancient Roman calendar. [Written also kalends.] The Greek calends, a time that will never come, as the Greeks had no calends.

Ca•len´du•la , n. [NL., fr. L. calendae calends.] (Bot.) A genus of composite herbaceous plants. One species, Calendula officinalis, is the common marigold, and was supposed to blossom on the calends of every month, whence the name.

Ca•len´du•lin , n. (Chem.) A gummy or mucilaginous tasteless substance obtained from the marigold or calendula, and analogous to bassorin.

Cal´en•ture , n. [F. calenture, fr. Sp. calenture heat, fever, fr. calentar to heat, fr. p. pr. of L. calere to be warm.] (Med.) A name formerly given to various fevers occuring in tropics; esp. to a form of furious delirium accompanied by fever, among sailors, which sometimes led the affected person to imagine the sea to be a green field, and to throw himself into it.

Cal´en•ture, v. i. To see as in the delirium of one affected with calenture. [Poetic] “Hath fed on pageants floating through the air
Or calentures in depths of limpid flood.
Wordsworth.”

Ca•les´cence , n. [L. calescens, p. pr. of calescere, incho. of calere to be warm.] Growing warmth; increasing heat.

Calf , n.; pl. Calves (#). [OE. calf, kelf, AS. cealf; akin to D. kalf, G. kalb, Icel. kalfr, Sw. kalf, Dan. kalv, Goth. kalbo; cf. Skr. garbha fetus, young, Gr. , Skr grabh to seize, conceive, Ir. colpa, colpach, a calf. rad.222.] 1. The young of the cow, or of the Bovine family of quadrupeds. also the young of some other mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and whale. 2. Leather made of the skin of the calf; especially, a fine, light-colored leather used in bookbinding; as to bind books in calf. 3. An awkward or silly boy or young man; any silly person; a dolt. [Colloq.] “Some silly, doting, brainless calf.
Drayton.” 4. A small island near a larger; as the Calf of Man. 5. A small mass of ice set free from the submerged part of a glacier or berg, and rising to the surface. Kane. 6. [Cf. Icel. kalfi.] The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee. Calf’s-foot jelly, jelly made from the feet of calves. The gelatinous matter of the feet is extracted by boiling, and is flavored with sugar, essences, etc.

Calf´skin , n. The hide or skin of a calf; or leather made of the skin.

Ca´li , n. (Hindoo Myth.) The tenth avatar or incarnation of the god Vishnu. [Written also Kali.] { Cal´i•ber , Cal´ibre } , n. [F. calibre, perh. fr. L. qualibra of what pound, of what weight; hence, of what size, applied first to a ball or bullet; cf. also Ar. qalib model, mold. Cf. Calipers, Calivere.] 1. (Gunnery) The diameter of the bore, as a cannon or other firearm, or of any tube; or the weight or size of the projectile which a firearm will carry; as an 8 inch gun, a 12-pounder, a 44 caliber. “The caliber of empty tubes.
Reid.” “A battery composed of three guns of small caliber.
Prescott.” The caliber of firearms is expressed in various ways. Cannon are often designated by the weight of a solid spherical shot that will fit the bore; as a 12-pounder; pieces of ordnance that project shell or hollow shot are designated by the diameter of their bore; as a 12 inch mortar or a 14 inch shell gun; small arms are designated by hundredths of an inch expressed decimally; as a rifle of .44 inch caliber. 2. The diameter of round or cylindrical body, as of a bullet or column. 3. Fig.: Capacity or compass of mind. Burke. Caliber compasses. See Calipers. — Caliber rule, a gunner’s calipers, an instrument having two scales arranged to determine a ball’s weight from its diameter, and conversely. — A ship’s caliber, the weight of her armament.

Cal´i•brate , v. i. To ascertain the caliber of, as of a thermometer tube; also more generally, to determine or rectify the graduation of, as of the various standards or graduated instruments.

Cal•ibra´•tion , n. The process of estimating the caliber a tube, as of a thermometer tube, in order to graduate it to a scale of degrees; also more generally, the determination of the true value of the spaces in any graduated instrument.

Cal´ice , n. [See Calice.] See Chalice.

Cal´i•cle , n. [L. caliculus a small cup, dim. of calicis, a cup. Cf Calycle.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the small cuplike cavities, often with elevated borders, covering the surface of most corals. Each is formed by a polyp. (b) One of the cuplike structures inclosing the zooids of certain hydroids. See Campanularian. [Written also calycle. See Calycle.]

Cal´i•co , n.; pl. Calicoes (#). [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.] 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as super calicoes, shirting calicoes, unbleached calicoes, etc. [Eng.] “The importation of printed or stained colicoes appears to have been coeval with the establishment of the East India Company”. Beck (Draper’s Dict. ). 2. Cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern. In the United States the term calico is applied only to the printed fabric. Calico bass (Zoöl.), an edible, fresh-water fish (Pomoxys sparaides) of the rivers and lake of the Western United States (esp. of the Misissippi valley.), allied to the sunfishes, and so called from its variegated colors; — called also calicoback, grass bass, strawberry bass, barfish, and bitterhead. — Calico printing, the art or process of impressing the figured patterns on calico.

Cal´i•co , a. Made of, or having the appearance of, calico; — often applied to an animal, as a horse or cat, on whose body are large patches of a color strikingly different from its main color. [Colloq. U. S.]

Cal´i•co•back , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The calico bass. (b) An hemipterous insect (Murgantia histrionica) which injures the cabbage and other garden plants; — called also calico bug and harlequin cabbage bug. { Ca•lic´u•lar , a. Ca•lic´u•late } a. Relating to, or resembling, a cup; also improperly used for calycular, calyculate.

Cal´id , a. [L. calidus, fr. calere to be hot.] Hot; burning; ardent. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ca•lid´i•ty , n. Heat. [Obs.]

Cal´i•duct , n. [See Caloriduct.] A pipe or duct used to convey hot air or steam. “Subterranean caliducts have been introduced.
Evelyn.” { Ca´lif , n., Cal´i•fate } n., etc. Same as Caliph, Caliphate, etc.

Cal•i•for´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to California. — n. A native or inhabitant of California.

Cal•i•ga´tion (-ga´shun), n. [L. caligatio, fr. caligare to emit vapor, to be dark, from caligo mist, darkness.] Dimness; cloudiness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ca•lig•i•nos´ity , n. [L. caliginosus dark. See Caligation.] Darkness. [R.] G. Eliot.

Ca•lig´i•nous , a. [L. caliginosus; cf. F. caligineux.] Affected with darkness or dimness; dark; obscure. [R.] Blount. “The caliginous regions of the air.
Hallywell.” — Ca•lig´i•nous•ly, adv. — Ca•lig´i•nous•ness, n.

Ca•li´go , n. [L., darkness.] (Med.) Dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent upon a speck on the cornea; also the speck itself.

Cal•i•graph´ic , a. See Calligraphic.

Ca•lig´ra•phy , n. See Caligraphy.

Ca´lin , n. [F., fr. Malay kelany tin, or fr. Kala’a, a town in India, fr. which it came.] An alloy of lead and tin, of which the Chinese make tea canisters.

Cal•i•pash´ , n. [F. carapace, Sp. carapacho. Cf Calarash, Carapace.] A part of a turtle which is next to the upper shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a dull greenish tinge, much esteemed as a delicacy in preparations of turtle.

Cal´i•pee , n. [See Calipash] A part of a turtle which is attached to the lower shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a light yellowish color, much esteemed as a delicacy. Thackeray.

Cal´i•pers , n. pl. [Corrupted from caliber.] An instrument, usually resembling a pair of dividers or compasses with curved legs, for measuring the diameter or thickness of bodies, as of work shaped in a lathe or planer, timber, masts, shot, etc.; or the bore of firearms, tubes, etc.; — called also caliper compasses, or caliber compasses. Caliper square, a draughtsman’s or mechanic’s square, having a graduated bar and adjustable jaw or jaws. Knight. — Vernier calipers. See Vernier.

Ca´liph (ka´lif), n. [OE. caliphe, califfe, F. calife (cf. Sp. califa), fr. Ar. khalifan successor, fr. khalafa to succed.] Successor or vicar; — a title of the successors of Mohammed both as temporal and spiritual rulers, now used by the sultans of Turkey. [Written also calif.]

Cal´i•phate , n. [Cf. F. califat.] The office, dignity, or government of a caliph or of the caliphs.

Ca•lip´pic , a. Of or pertaining to Calippus, an Athenian astronomer. Calippic period, a period of seventy-six years, proposed by Calippus, as an improvement on the Metonic cycle, since the 6940 days of the Metonic cycle exceeded 19 years by about a quarter of a day, and exceeded 235 lunations by something more.

Cal•i•sa´ya bark A valuable kind of Peruvian bark obtained from the Cinchona Calisaya, and other closely related species.

Cal•is•the´ne•um, n. [NL.] A gymnasium; esp. one for light physical exercise by women and children.

Cal•is•then´ic , a. [Gr. kalo•s beautiful + sqe•nos strength.] Of or pertaining to calisthenics.

Cal•is•then´ics , n. The science, art, or practice of healthful exercise of the body and limbs, to promote strength and gracefulness; light gymnastics.

Cal´i•ver , n. [Corrupted fr. caliber.] An early form of hand gun, a variety of the arquebus; originally a gun having a regular size of bore. [Obs.] Shak.

Ca´lix (ka´liks), n. [L.] A cup. See Calyx.

Calk (kak), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calked p. pr. & vb. n. Calking.] [Either corrupted fr. F. calfater (cf. Pg. calafetar, Sp. calafetear), fr. Ar. qalafa to fill up crevices with the fibers of palm tree or moss; or fr. OE. cauken to tred, through the French fr. L. calcare, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calk to copy, Inculcate.] 1. To drive tarred oakum into the seams between the planks of (a ship, boat, etc.), to prevent leaking. The calking is completed by smearing the seams with melted pitch. 2. To make an indentation in the edge of a metal plate, as along a seam in a steam boiler or an iron ship, to force the edge of the upper plate hard against the lower and so fill the crevice.

Calk (kalk), v. t. [E. calquer to trace, It. caicare to trace, to trample, fr. L. calcare to trample, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calcarate.] To copy, as a drawing, by rubbing the back of it with red or black chalk, and then passing a blunt style or needle over the lines, so as to leave a tracing on the paper or other thing against which it is laid or held. [Written also calque]

Calk (kak), n. [Cf. AS. calc shoe, hoof, L. calx, calcis, heel, calcar, spur.] 1. A sharp-pointed piece of iron or steel projecting downward on the shoe of a horse or an ox, to prevent the animal from slipping; — called also calker, calkin. 2. An instrument with sharp points, worn on the sole of a shoe or boot, to prevent slipping.

Calk (kak), v. i. 1. To furnish with calks, to prevent slipping on ice; as to calk the shoes of a horse or an ox. 2. To wound with a calk; as when a horse injures a leg or a foot with a calk on one of the other feet.

Calk´er , n. 1. One who calks. 2. A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1.

Calk´in , n. A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1.

Calk´ing , n. The act or process of making seems tight, as in ships, or of furnishing with calks, as a shoe, or copying, as a drawing. Calking iron, a tool like a chisel, used in calking ships, tightening seams in ironwork, etc. “Their left hand does the calking iron guide.
Dryden.”

Call (kal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Called (kald); p. pr. & vb. n. Calling] [OE. callen, AS. ceallian; akin to Icel. & Sw. kalla, Dan. kalde, D. kallen to talk, prate, OHG. kallon to call; cf. Gr. ghry•ein to speak, sing, Skr. gar to praise. Cf. Garrulous.] 1. To command or request to come or be present; to summon; as to call a servant. “Call hither Clifford; bid him come amain
Shak.” 2. To summon to the discharge of a particular duty; to designate for an office, or employment, especially of a religious character; — often used of a divine summons; as to be called to the ministry; sometimes, to invite; as to call a minister to be the pastor of a church. “Paul … called to be an apostle
Rom. i. 1.” “The Holy Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them.
Acts xiii. 2.” 3. To invite or command to meet; to convoke; — often with together; as the President called Congress together; to appoint and summon; as to call a meeting of the Board of Aldermen. “Now call we our high court of Parliament.
Shak.” 4. To give name to; to name; to address, or speak of, by a specifed name. “If you would but call me Rosalind.
Shak.” “And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.
Gen. i. 5.” 5. To regard or characterize as of a certain kind; to denominate; to designate. “What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common.
Acts x. 15.” 6. To state, or estimate, approximately or loosely; to characterize without strict regard to fact; as they call the distance ten miles; he called it a full day’s work. “[The] army is called seven hundred thousand men.
Brougham.” 7. To show or disclose the class, character, or nationality of. [Obs.] “This speech calls him Spaniard.
Beau. & Fl.” 8. To utter in a loud or distinct voice; — often with off; as to call, or call off, the items of an account; to call the roll of a military company. “No parish clerk who calls the psalm so clear.
Gay.” 9. To invoke; to appeal to. “I call God for a witness.
2 Cor. i. 23 [Rev. Ver. ]” 10. To rouse from sleep; to awaken. “If thou canst awake by four o’ the clock.
I prithee call me. Sleep hath seized me wholly.
Shak.” To call a bond, to give notice that the amount of the bond will be paid. — To call a party (Law), to cry aloud his name in open court, and command him to come in and perform some duty requiring his presence at the time on pain of what may befall him. — To call back, to revoke or retract; to recall; to summon back. — To call down, to pray for, as blessing or curses. — To call forth, to bring or summon to action; as to call forth all the faculties of the mind. — To call in, (a) To collect; as to call in debts or money; ar to withdraw from cirulation; as to call in uncurrent coin. (b) To summon to one’s side; to invite to come together; as to call in neighbors. — To call (any one) names, to apply contemptuous names (to any one). — To call off, to summon away; to divert; as to call off the attention; to call off workmen from their employment. — To call out. (a) To summon to fight; to challenge. (b) To summon into service; as to call out the militia. — To call over, to recite separate particulars in order, as a roll of names. — To call to account, to demand explanation of. — To call to mind, to recollect; to revive in memory. — To call to order, to request to come to order; as: (a) A public meeting, when opening it for business. (b) A person, when he is transgressing the rules of debate. — To call to the bar, to admit to practice in courts of law. — To call up. (a) To bring into view or recollection; as to call up the image of deceased friend. (b) To bring into action or discussion; to demand the consideration of; as to call up a bill before a legislative body. Syn. — To name; denominate; invite; bid; summon; convoke; assemble; collect; exhort; warn; proclaim; invoke; appeal to; designate. — To Call, Convoke, Summon. Call is the generic term; as to call a public meeting. To convoke is to require the assembling of some organized body of men by an act of authority; as the king convoked Parliament. To summon is to require attendance by an act more or less stringent anthority; as to summon a witness.

Call, v. i. 1. To speak in loud voice; to cry out; to address by name; — sometimes with to. “You must call to the nurse.
Shak.” “The angel of God called to Hagar.
Gen. xxi. 17.” 2. To make a demand, requirement, or request. “They called for rooms, and he showed them one.
Bunyan.” 3. To make a brief visit; also to stop at some place designated, as for orders. “He ordered her to call at the house once a week.
Temple.” To call for (a) To demand; to require; as a crime calls for punishment; a survey, grant, or deed calls for the metes and bounds, or the quantity of land, etc., which it describes. (b) To give an order for; to request. ´Whenever the coach stopped, the sailor called for more ale.´ Marryat. — To call on, To call upon, (a) To make a short visit to; as call on a friend. (b) To appeal to; to invite; to request earnestly; as to call upon a person to make a speech. (c) To solicit payment, or make a demand, of a debt. (d) To invoke or play to; to worship; as to call upon God. — To call out To call or utter loudly; to brawl.

Call , n. 1. The act of calling; — usually with the voice, but often otherwise, as by signs, the sound of some instrument, or by writing; a summons; an entreaty; an invitation; as a call for help; the bugle’s call. ´Call of the trumpet.´ Shak. “I rose as at thy call, but found thee not.
Milton.” 2. A signal, as on a drum, bugle, trumpet, or pipe, to summon soldiers or sailors to duty. 3. (Eccl.) An invitation to take charge of or serve a church as its pastor. 4. A requirement or appeal arising from the circumstances of the case; a moral requirement or appeal. “Dependence is a perpetual call upon humanity.
Addison.” “Running into danger without any call of duty.
Macaulay.” 5. A divine vocation or summons. “St. Paul himself believed he did well, and that he had a call to it, when he persecuted the Christians.
Locke.” 6. Vocation; employment. [In this sense, calling is generally used.] 7. A short visit; as to make a call on a neighbor; also the daily coming of a tradesman to solicit orders. “The baker’s punctual call.
Cowper.” 8. (Hunting) A note blown on the horn to encourage the hounds. 9. (Naut.) A whistle or pipe, used by the boatswain and his mate, to summon the sailors to duty. 10. (Fowling) The cry of a bird; also a noise or cry in imitation of a bird; or a pipe to call birds by imitating their note or cry. 11. (Amer. Land Law) A reference to, or statement of, an object, course, distance, or other matter of description in a survey or grant requiring or calling for a corresponding object, etc., on the land. 12. The privilege to demand the delivery of stock, grain, or any commodity, at a fixed, price, at or within a certain time agreed on. [Brokers’ Cant] 13. See Assessment, 4. At call, or On call, liable to be demanded at any moment without previous notice; as money on deposit. — Call bird, a bird taught to allure others into a snare. — Call boy (a) A boy who calls the actors in a theater; a boy who transmits the orders of the captain of a vessel to the engineer, helmsman, etc. (b) A waiting boy who answers a cal, or cames at the ringing of a bell; a bell boy. — Call note, the note naturally used by the male bird to call the female. It is artificially applied by birdcatchers as a decoy. Latham. — Call of the house (Legislative Bodies), a calling over the names of members, to discover who is absent, or for other purposes; a calling of names with a view to obtaining the ayes and noes from the persons named. — Call to the bar, admission to practice in the courts.

Cal´la (kal´la), n. [Linnaeus derived Calla fr. Gr. a cock’s wattles but cf. L. calla, calsa, name of an unknown plant, and Gr. kalo•s beautiful.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, of the order Araceae. The common Calla of cultivation is Richardia Africana, belonging to another genus of the same order. Its large spathe is pure white, surrounding a fleshy spike, which is covered with minute apetalous flowers.

Cal´lat , n. Same as Callet. [Obs.] “A callat of boundless tongue.
Shak.”

Calle , n. [See Caul.] A kind of head covering; a caul. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Call´er , n. One who calls.

Cal´ler , a. [Scot.] 1. Cool; refreshing; fresh; as a caller day; the caller air. Jamieson. 2. Fresh; in good condition; as caller berrings.

Cal´let , n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. caile a country woman, strumpet.] A trull or prostitute; a scold or gossip. [Obs.] [Written also callat.]

Cal´let v. i. To rail or scold. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Cal´lid , a. [L. callidus, fr. callere to be thick-skinned, to be hardened, to be practiced, fr. callum, callus, callous skin, callosity, callousness.] Characterized by cunning or shrewdness; crafty. [R.]

Cal•lid´i•ty , n. [L. calliditas.] Acuteness of discernment; cunningness; shrewdness. [R.] “Her eagly-eyed callidity.
C. Smart.”

Cal•lig´ra•pher , n. One skilled in calligraphy; a good penman. { Cal•li•graph´ic , Cal•li•graph´ic•al , } a., [Gr. ; pref. - (fr. beautiful) + to write; cf. F. calligraphique.] Of or pertaining to calligraphy. “Excellence in the calligraphic act.
T. Warton.”

Cal•lig´ra•phist , n. A calligrapher

Cal•lig´ra•phy, n. [Gr. : cf. F. calligraphie.] Fair or elegant penmanship.

Call´ing , n. 1. The act of one who calls; a crying aloud, esp. in order to summon, or to attact the attention of, some one. 2. A summoning or convocation, as of Parliament. “The frequent calling and meeting of Parlaiment.
Macaulay.” 3. A divine summons or invitation; also the state of being divinely called. “Who hath … called us with an holy calling.
2 Tim. i. 9.” “Give diligence to make yior calling … sure.
2 Pet. i. 10.” 4. A naming, or inviting; a reading over or reciting in order, or a call of names with a view to obtaining an answer, as in legislative bodies. 5. One’s usual occupation, or employment; vocation; business; trade. “The humble calling of ter female parent.
Thackeray.” 6. The persons, collectively, engaged in any particular professions or employment. “To impose celibacy on wholy callings.
Hammond.” 7. Title; appellation; name. [Obs.] “I am more proud to be Sir Rowland’s son
His youngest son, and would not change that calling.
Shak.” Syn. — Occupation; employment; business; trade; profession; office; engagement; vocation.

Cal•li´o•pe (kal•li´o•pe), n. [L. Calliope, Gr. Kallio•ph, lit, the beautiful-voiced; pref. kalli- (from kalo•s beautiful) + ’o•ps, ’opo•s, voice.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Muse that presides over eloquence and heroic poetry; mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine Muses. 2. (Astron.) One of the asteroids. See Solar. 3. A musical instrument consisting of a series of steam whistles, toned to the notes of the scale, and played by keys arranged like those of an organ. It is sometimes attached to steamboat boilers. 4. (Zoöl.) A beautiful species of humming bird (Stellula Calliope) of California and adjacent regions.

Cal•li•op´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. kalli- (fr. kalo•s beautiful) + ’o•psis appearance.] (Bot.) A popular name given to a few species of the genus Coreopsis, especially to C. tinctoria of Arkansas.

Cal•li•pash´ , n. See Calipash.

Cal•li•pee´ , n. See Calipee.

Cal•li•pers , n. pl. See Calipers.

Cal•li•sec´tion , n. [L. callere to be insensible + E. section.] Painless vivisection; — opposed to sentisection. B. G. Wilder. { Cal•lis•then´ic, a., Cal•lis•then´ics , n. } See Calisthenic, Calisthenics.

Cal´li•thump , n. A somewhat riotous parade, accompanied with the blowing of tin horns, and other discordant noises; also a burlesque serenade; a charivari. [U. S.]

Cal•li•thump´i•an , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a callithump. [U. S.]

Cal•lo´san , a. (Anat.) Of the callosum.

Cal´lose , a. [See Callous.] (Bot.) Furnished with protuberant or hardened spots.

Cal•los´i•ty , n.; pl. Callosities (#). [L. callasitas; cf. F. caloste.] A hard or thickened spot or protuberance; a hardening and thickening of the skin or bark of a part, eps. as a result of continued pressure or friction.

Cal•lo´sum , n. [NL., fr. callosus callous, hard.] (Anat.) The great band commissural fibers which unites the two cerebral hemispheres. See corpus callosum, under Carpus.

Cal´lot , n. A plant coif or skullcap. Same as Calotte. B. Jonson.

Cal´lous , a. [L. callosus callous hard, fr. callum, callus, callous skin: cf. F. calleux.] 1. Hardened; indurated. ´A callous hand.´ Goldsmith. ´A callous ulcer.´ Dunglison. 2. Hardened in mind; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. ´The callous diplomatist.´ Macaulay. “It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridicule.
T. Arnold.” Syn. — Obdurate; hard; hardened; indurated; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. See Obdurate. — Cal´lous•ly, adv. — Cal´lous•ness, n. “A callousness and numbness of soul.
Bentley.”

Cal´low , a. [OE. calewe, calu, bald, AS. calu; akin to D. kaal, OHG. chalo, G. Kuhl; cf. L. calvus.] 1. Destitute of feathers; naked; unfledged. “An in the leafy summit, spied a nest,
Which, o’er the callow young, a sparrow pressed.
Dryden.” 2. Immature; boyish; ´green´; as a callow youth. “I perceive by this, thou art but a callow maid.
Old Play [1675].”

Cal•low´ , n. (Zoöl.) [Named from its note.] A kind of duck. See Old squaw.

Cal´lus (kal´lus), n. [L. See Callous.] 1. (Med.) (a) Same as Callosity. (b The material of repair in fractures of bone; a substance exuded at the site of fracture, which is at first soft or cartilaginous in consistence, but is ultimately converted into true bone and unites the fragments into a single piece. 2. (Hort.) The new formation over the end of a cutting, before it puts out rootlets.

Calm (käm), n. [OE. calme, F. calme, fr. It. or Sp. calma (cf. Pg. calma heat), prob. fr. LL. cauma heat, fr. Gr. kay^ma burning heat, fr. kai•ein to burn; either because during a great heat there is generally also a calm, or because the hot time of the day obliges us seek for shade and quiet; cf. Caustic] Freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance; a cessation or absence of that which causes motion or disturbance, as of winds or waves; tranquility; stillness; quiet; serenity. “The wind ceased, and there was a great calm.
Mark. iv. 39.” “A calm before a storm is commonly a peace of a man’s own making.
South.”

Calm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calmed p. pr. & vb. n. Calming.] [Cf. F. calmer. See Calm, n.] 1. To make calm; to render still or quiet, as elements; as to calm the winds. “To calm the tempest raised by Eolus.
Dryden.” 2. To deliver from agitation or excitement; to still or soothe, as the mind or passions. “Passions which seem somewhat calmed.
Atterbury.” Syn. — To still; quiet; appease; allay; pacify; tranquilize; soothe; compose; assuage; check; restrain.

Calm (käm), a. [Compar. Calmer (-er); super. Calmest (-est)] 1. Not stormy; without motion, as of winds or waves; still; quiet; serene; undisturbed. ´Calm was the day.´ Spenser. “Now all is calm, and fresh, and still.
Bryant.” 2. Undisturbed by passion or emotion; not agitated or excited; tranquil; quiet in act or speech. ´Calm and sinless peace.´ Milton. ´With calm attention.´ Pope. “Such calm old age as conscience pure
And self-commanding hearts ensure.
Keble.” Syn. — Still; quiet; undisturbed; tranquil; peaceful; serene; composed; unruffled; sedate; collected; placid.

Calm´er , n. One who, or that which, makes calm.

Calm´ly , adv. In a calm manner. “The gentle stream which calmly flows.
Denham.”

Calm´ness, n. The state of quality of being calm; quietness; tranquillity; self- repose. “The gentle calmness of the flood.
Denham.” “Hes calmness was the repose of conscious power.
E. Everett.” Syn. — Quietness; quietude; stillness; tranquillity; serenity; repose; composure; sedateness; placidity.

Cal´mucks , n. pl.; sing. Calmuck. A branch of the Mongolian race inhabiting parts of the Russian and Chinese empires; also (sing.), the language of the Calmucks. [Written also Kalmucks.]

Calm´y , a. [Fr. Calm, n.] Tranquil; peaceful; calm. [Poet.] ´A still and calmy day´ Spenser.

Cal´o•mel (kal´o•mel), n. [Gr. kalo•s beautiful + me•las black. So called from its being white, though made from a black mixture of mercury and corrosive sublimate. Cf. F. calomelas.] (Chem.) Mild chloride of mercury, Hg_2Cl_2, a heavy, white or yellowish white substance, insoluble and tasteless, much used in medicine as a mercurial and purgative; mercurous chloride. It occurs native as the mineral horn quicksilver.

Cal•o•res´cence , n. [L. calor heat.] (Physics) The conversion of obscure radiant heat into light; the transmutation of rays of heat into others of higher refrangibility. Tyndall.

Ca•lor´ic , n. [L. calor heat; cf. F. calorique.] (Physics) The principle of heat, or the agent to which the phenomena of heat and combustion were formerly ascribed; — not now used in scientific nomenclature, but sometimes used as a general term for heat. “Caloric expands all bodies.
Henry.”

Ca•lor´ic, a. Of or pertaining to caloric. Caloric engine, a kind of engine operated by heated air.

Cal•o•ric´ity , n. (Physiol.) A faculty in animals of developing and preserving the heat necessary to life, that is, the animal heat.

Ca•lor´i•duct , n. [L. calor heat (fr. calere to warm) + E. duct.] A tube or duct for conducting heat; a caliduct.

Cal´o•rie , n. [F., fr. L. calor heat.] (Physics) The unit of heat according to the French standard; the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) of water one degree centigrade, or from 0° to 1°. Compare the English standard unit, Foot pound.

Ca•lor•i•fa´cient , a. (Physiol.) See Calorificient.

Ca•lor´i•fere , n. [F. calorifère, fr. L. calor heat + ferre to bear.] An apparatus for conveying and distributing heat, especially by means of hot water circulating in tubes.

Ca•lor•i•fi´ant , a. (Physiol.) See Calorificient.

Cal•o•rif´ic , a. [L. calorificus; calor heat + facere to make; cf. F. calorifique.] Possessing the quality of producing heat; heating. Calorific rays, the invisible, heating rays which emanate from the sun, and from burning and heated bodies.

Ca•lor•i•fi•ca´tion (ka•lor•i•fi•ka´shun), n. [Cf. F. calorification.] Production of heat, esp. animal heat.

Ca•lor•i•fi´cient , a. (Physiol.) Having, or relating to the power of producing heat; — applied to foods which, being rich in carbon, as the fats, are supposed to give rise to heat in the animal body by oxidation.

Cal•o•rim´e•ter , n. [L. calor heat + -meter; cf. F. calorimètre.] 1. (Physiol.) An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat contained in bodies or developed by some mechanical or chemical process, as friction, chemical combination, combustion, etc. 2. (Engineering) An apparatus for measuring the proportion of unevaporated water contained in steam.

Ca•lor•i•met´ric , a. Of or pertaining to the process of using the calorimeter. “Satisfactory calorimetric results.
Nichol.”

Cal•o•rim´e•try , n. (Physics) Measurement of the quantities of heat in bodies.

Ca•lor•i•mo´tor , n. [L. calor heat + E. motor.] (Physics) A voltaic battery, having a large surface of plate, and producing powerful heating effects. { Ca•lotte´ , Cal´lot }, n. [F. calotte, dim. of cale a sort of flat cap. Cf. Caul.] A close cap without visor or brim. Especially: (a) Such a cap, worn by English serjeants at law. (b) Such a cap, worn by the French cavalry under their helmets. (c) Such a cap, worn by the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. To assume the calotte, to become a priest.

Cal´o•type , n. [Gr. kalo•s beautiful + ty•pos type.] (Photog.) A method of taking photographic pictures, on paper sensitized with iodide of silver; — also called Talbotype, from the inventor, Mr. Fox. Talbot.

Ca•loy´er , n. [F., fr. NGr. a monk; kalo•s beautiful, good + , equiv. to Gr. an old man.] A monk of the Greek Church; a cenobite, anchoret, or recluse of the rule of St. Basil, especially, one on or near Mt. Athos.

Calque, v. t. See 2d Calk, v. t. { Cal´trop , Cal´trap } n. [OE. calketrappe, calletrappe, caltor (in both senses), fr. AS. collraeppe, calcetreppe, sort of thistle; cf. F. chaussetrape star thistle, trap, It. calcatreppo, calcatreppolo, star thistle. Perh. from L. calx heel + the same word as E. trap. See 1st Trap.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants (Tribulus) of the order Zygophylleae, having a hard several- celled fruit, armed with stout spines, and resembling the military instrument of the same name. The species grow in warm countries, and are often very annoying to cattle. 2. (Mil.) An instrument with four iron points, so disposed that, any three of them being on the ground, the other projects upward. They are scattered on the ground where an enemy’s cavalry are to pass, to impede their progress by endangering the horses’ feet.

Ca•lum´ba , n. [from kalumb, its native name in Mozambique.] (Med.) The root of a plant (Jateorrhiza Calumba, and probably Cocculus palmatus), indigenous in Mozambique. It has an unpleasantly bitter taste, and is used as a tonic and antiseptic. [Written also colombo, columbo, and calombo.] American calumba, the Frasera Carolinensis, also called American gentian. Its root has been used in medicine as bitter tonic in place of calumba.

Ca•lum´bin , n. (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted as a white crystalline substance from the calumba root. [Written also colombin, and columbin]

Cal´u•met , n. [F. calumet, fr. L. calamus reed. See Halm, and cf. Shawm.] A kind of pipe, used by the North American Indians for smoking tobacco. The bowl is usually made of soft red stone, and the tube is a long reed often ornamented with feathers. “Smoked the calumet, the Peace pipe,
As a signal to the nations.
Lowgfellow.” The calumet is used as a symbol of peace. To accept the calumet is to agree to terms of peace, and to refuse it is to reject them. The calumet of peace is used to seal or ratify contracts and alliances, and as an evidence to strangers that they are welcome.

Ca•lum´ni•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calumniated; p. pr. & vb. n. calumniating.] [L. calumniatus, p. p. of calumniari. See Calumny, and cf. Challenge, v. t.] To accuse falsely and maliciously of a crime or offense, or of something disreputable; to slander; to libel. “Hatred unto the truth did always falsely report and calumniate all godly men’s doings.
Strype.” Syn. — To asperse; slander; defame; vilify; traduce; belie; bespatter; blacken; libel. See Asperse.

Ca•lum´ni•ate, v. i. To propagate evil reports with a design to injure the reputation of another; to make purposely false charges of some offense or crime.

Ca•lum•ni•a´tion (ka•lum•ni•a´shun), n. False accusation of crime or offense, or a malicious and false representation of the words or actions of another, with a view to injure his good name. “The calumniation of her principal counselors.
Bacon.”

Ca•lum•ni•a´tor , n. [L.] One who calumniates. Syn. — Slanderer; defamer; libeler; traducer.

Ca•lum´ni•a•to•ry , a. Containing calumny; slanderous. Montagu.

Ca•lum´ni•ous , a. [L. calumniosus.] Containing or implying calumny; false, malicious, and injurious to reputation; slanderous; as calumnious reports. “Virtue itself ’scapes not calumnious strokes.
Shak.” . Slanderous; defamatory; scurrilous; opprobrious; derogatory; libelous; abusive. — Ca•lum´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Ca•lum´ni•ous•ness, n.

Cal´um•ny , n.; pl. Calumnies (#). [L. calumnia, fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive; cf. F. calomnie. Cf. Challenge, n.] False accusation of a crime or offense, maliciously made or reported, to the injury of another; malicious misrepresentation; slander; detraction. ´Infamous calumnies.´ Motley. “Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny.
Shak.”

Cal•va´ri•a (kal•va´ri•a), n. [L. See Calvary.] (Anat.) The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion.

Cal´va•ry (kal´va•ry), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, fr. calva the scalp without hair. fr. calvus bald; cf. F. calvaire.] 1. The place where Christ was crucified, on a small hill outside of Jerusalem. Luke xxiii. 33. The Latin calvaria is a translation of the Greek krani•on of the Evangelists, which is an interpretation of the Hebrew Golgotha. Dr. W. Smith. 2. A representation of the crucifixion, consisting of three crosses with the figures of Christ and the thieves, often as large as life, and sometimes surrounded by figures of other personages who were present at the crucifixion. 3. (Her.) A cross, set upon three steps; — more properly called cross calvary.

Calve (käv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calved 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Calving.] [AS. cealfian. See Calf.] 1. To bring forth a calf. ´Their cow calveth.´ Job xxi. 10. 2. To bring forth young; to produce offspring. “Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve?
Job xxxix. 1.” “The grassy clods now calved.
Molton.”

Cal´ver (kal´ver), v. i. 1. To cut in slices and pickle, as salmon. [Obs.] “For a change, leave calvered salmon and eat sprats.
Massinger.” 2. To crimp; as calvered salmon. Nares.

Cal´ver, v. i. To bear, or be susceptible of, being calvered; as grayling’s flesh will calver. Catton.

Calves´•snout , n. (Bot.) Snapdragon.

Cal´vin•ism , n. [Cf. F. Calvinisme.] The theological tenets or doctrines of John Calvin (a French theologian and reformer of the 16th century) and his followers, or of the so-called calvinistic churches. The distinguishing doctrines of this system, usually termed the five points of Calvinism, are original sin or total depravity, election or predestination, particular redemption, effectual calling, and the perseverance of the saints. It has been subject to many variations and modifications in different churches and at various times.

Cal´vin•ist , n. [Cf. F. Calviniste.] A follower of Calvin; a believer in Calvinism. { Cal•vin•is´tic , Cal•vin•is´tic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to Calvin, or Calvinism; following Calvin; accepting or Teaching Calvinism. ´Calvinistic training.´ Lowell.

Cal´vin•ize , v. t. To convert to Calvinism.

Calv´ish , a. Like a calf; stupid. Sheldon.

Calx , n.; pl. E. Calxes (#), L. Calces (#). [L. Calx, calcis. limestone; cf. Gr. gravel. , , pebble, Skr. gravel, Ir. carraic rock Gael. carraig, W. careg, stone. Cf. Chalk.] 1. (Chem.) (a) Quicklime. [Obs.] (b) The substance which remains when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination or combustion by heat, and which is, or may be, reduced to a fine powder. Metallic calxes are now called oxides. 2. Broken and refuse glass, returned to the post. { Ca•lyc•i•flo´ral , cal•lyc•i•flo´rous , } a. [L. calyx, -ycis, calyx + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the petals and stamens adnate to the calyx; — applied to a subclass of dicotyledonous plants in the system of the French botanist Candolle.

Ca•lyc´i•form , a. [L. calyx, calycis, calyx + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form or appearance of a calyx. { Ca•lyc´i•nal , Cal´y•cine } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a calyx; having the nature of a calyx.

Cal´y•cle , n. [L. calyculus small flower bud, calyx, dim. of calyx. See Calyx, and cf. Calicle.] (Bot.) A row of small bracts, at the base of the calyx, on the outside.

Cal´y•cled , a. (Bot.) Calyculate.

Cal•y•co•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , cup or calyx a flower + animal.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida.

Ca•lyc´u•lar , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the bracts of a calycle. { Ca•lyc´u•late , Ca•lyc´u•la•ted }, a. (Bot.) Having a set of bracts resembling a calyx.

Ca•lym´e•ne , n. [Gr. concealed, p. p. of to conceal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of trilobites characteristic of the Silurian age.

Cal´yon , n. Flint or pebble stone, used in building walls, etc. Haliwell.

Ca•lyp´so (ka•lip´so), n. [The Latinized Greek name of a beautiful nymph.] (Bot.) A small and beautiful species of orchid, having a flower variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. It grows in cold and wet localities in the northern part of the United States. The Calypso borealis is the only orchid which reaches 68° N.

Ca•lyp´tra (ka•lip´tra), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kaly•ptra a covering for the head, fr. kaly•ptein to cover.] (Bot.) A little hood or veil, resembling an extinguisher in form and position, covering each of the small flasklike capsules which contain the spores of mosses; also any similar covering body.

Ca•lyp´tri•form , a. [Calyptra + -form.] Having the form a calyptra, or extinguisher.

Ca´lyx (ka´liks; 277), n.; pl. E. Calyxes (#), L. Calyces (kal´i•sez). [L. calyx, -ycis, fr. Gr. ka•lyx husk, shell, calyx, from the root of kaly•ptein to cover, conceal. Cf. Chalice Helmet.] 1. (Bot.) The covering of a flower. See Flower. The calyx is usually green and foliaceous, but becomes delicate and petaloid in such flowers as the anemone and the four-o’clock. Each leaf of the calyx is called a sepal. 2. (Anat.) A cuplike division of the pelvis of the kidney, which surrounds one or more of the renal papillae.

Cal•zoons´ (kal•zoonz´), n. pl. [F. caleçons (cf. It. calzoni breeches), fr. L. calceus shoe.] Drawers. [Obs.]

Cam (kam), n. [Dan. kam comb, ridge; or cf. W., Gael., and Ir., cam bent. See 1st Comb.] 1. (Med.) (a) A turning or sliding piece which, by the shape of its periphery or face, or a groove in its surface, imparts variable or intermittent motion to, or receives such motion from, a rod, lever, or block brought into sliding or rolling contact with it. (b) A curved wedge, movable about an axis, used for forcing or clamping two pieces together. (c) A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece so shaped as to give alternate or variable motion to another piece against which it acts. Cams are much used in machinery involving complicated, and irregular movements, as in the sewing machine, pin machine, etc. 2. A ridge or mound of earth. [Prow. Eng.] Wright. Cam wheel (Mach.), a wheel with one or more projections (cams) or depressions upon its periphery or upon its face; one which is set or shaped eccentrically, so that its revolutions impart a varied, reciprocating, or intermittent motion.

Cam , a. [See Kam.] Crooked. [Obs.]

Ca•ma´ieu , n. [F.; of unknown origin. Cf. Cameo.] 1. A cameo. [Obs.] Crabb. 2. (Fine Arts) Painting in shades of one color; monochrome. Mollett.

Ca•mail´ , n. [F. camail (cf. It. camaglio), fr. L. caput head + source of E. mail.] 1. (Ancient Armor) A neck guard of chain mall, hanging from the bascinet or other headpiece. 2. A hood of other material than mail; esp. (Eccl.), a hood worn in church services, — the amice, or the like.

Cam•a•ra•sau´rus , n. [NL. fr. Gr. a vaulted chamber + lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of gigantic American Jurassic dinosaurs, having large cavities in the bodies of the dorsal vertebrae.

Ca•ma•ril´la , n. [Sp., a small room.] 1. The private audience chamber of a king. 2. A company of secret and irresponsible advisers, as of a king; a cabal or clique.

Cam´ass , n. [American Indian name.] (Bot.) A blue-flowered liliaceous plant (Camassia esculenta) of northwestern America, the bulbs of which are collected for food by the Indians. [Written also camas, cammas, and quamash.] The Eastern cammass is Camassia Fraseri.

Cam´ber , n. [Of. cambre bent, curved; akin to F. cambrer to vault, to bend, fr. L. camerare to arch over, fr. camera vault, arch. See Chamber, and cf. Camerate.] 1. (Shipbuilding) An upward convexity of a deck or other surface; as she has a high camber (said of a vessel having an unusual convexity of deck). 2. (Arch.) An upward concavity in the under side of a beam, girder, or lintel; also a slight upward concavity in a straight arch. See Hogback. Camber arch (Arch.), an arch whose intrados, though apparently straight, has a slightly concave curve upward. — Camber beam (Arch.), a beam whose under side has a concave curve upward.

Cam´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cambered p. pr. & vb. n. Cambering.] To cut bend to an upward curve; to construct, as a deck, with an upward curve.

Cam´ber, v. i. To curve upward.

Cam´ber•keeled , a. (Naut.) Having the keel arched upwards, but not actually hogged; — said of a ship.

Cam´bi•al , a. [LL. cambialis, fr. cambiars. See Change.] Belonging to exchanges in commerce; of exchange. [R.]

Cam´bist , n. [F. cambiste, It. cambista, fr. L. cambire to exchange. See Change.] A banker; a money changer or broker; one who deals in bills of exchange, or who is skilled in the science of exchange.

Cam´bist•ry , n. The science of exchange, weight, measures, etc.

Cam´bi•um , n. [LL. cambium exchange, fr. L. cambire to exchange. It was supposed that cambium was sap changing into wood.] 1. (Bot.) A series of formative cells lying outside of the wood proper and inside of the inner bark. The growth of new wood takes place in the cambium, which is very soft. 2. (Med.) A fancied nutritive juice, formerly supposed to originate in the blood, to repair losses of the system, and to promote its increase. Dunglison.

Cam´blet , n. See Camlet.

Cam•boge´ , n. See Gamboge.

Cam•boose´ , n. (Naut.) See Caboose.

Cam´bra•sine , n. A kind of linen cloth made in Egypt, and so named from its resemblance to cambric.

Cam´brel , n. See Gambrel, n., 2. Wright.

Cam´bri•a , n. The ancient Latin name of Wales. It is used by modern poets.

Cam´bri•an , a. 1. (Geog.) Of or pertaining to Cambria or Wales. 2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest subdivision of the rocks of the Silurian or Molluscan age; — sometimes described as inferior to the Silurian. It is named from its development in Cambria or Wales. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cam´bri•an, n. 1. A native of Cambria or Wales. 2. (Geol.) The Cambrian formation.

Cam´bric , n. [OE. camerike, fr. Cambrai (Flemish Kamerik), a city of France (formerly of Flanders), where it was first made.] 1. A fine, thin, and white fabric made of flax or linen. “He hath ribbons of all the colors i’ the rainbow; … inkles, caddises, cambrics, lawns.
Shak.” 2. A fabric made, in imitation of linen cambric, of fine, hardspun cotton, often with figures of various colors; — also called cotton cambric, and cambric muslin.

Cam´bro-Brit´on , n. A Welshman.

Came , imp. of Come.

Came , n. [Cf. Scot. came, caim, comb, and OE. camet silver.] A slender rod of cast lead, with or without grooves, used, in casements and stained-glass windows, to hold together the panes or pieces of glass.

Cam´el (kam´el), n. [Oe. camel, chamel, OF. camel, chamel, F. chameau L. camelus, fr. Gr. ka•mhlos; of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. gamal, Ar. jamal. Cf. As. camel, fr. L. camelus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large ruminant used in Asia and Africa for carrying burdens and for riding. The camel is remarkable for its ability to go a long time without drinking. Its hoofs are small, and situated at the extremities of the toes, and the weight of the animal rests on the callous. The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) has one bunch on the back, while the Bactrian camel (C. Bactrianus) has two. The llama, alpaca, and vicuña, of South America, belong to a related genus (Auchenia). 2. (Naut.) A water-tight structure (as a large box or boxes) used to assist a vessel in passing over a shoal or bar or in navigating shallow water. By admitting water, the camel or camels may be sunk and attached beneath or at the sides of a vessel, and when the water is pumped out the vessel is lifted. Camel bird (Zoöl.), the ostrich. — Camel locust (Zoöl.), the mantis. — Camel’s thorn (Bot.), a low, leguminous shrub (Alhagi maurorum) of the Arabian desert, from which exudes a sweetish gum, which is one of the substances called manna.

Cam´el-backed , a. Having a back like a camel; humpbacked. Fuller.

Ca•me´le•on , n. See Chaceleon. [Obs.]

Ca•mel´li•a , n. [NL.; — named after Kamel, a Jesuit who is said to have brought it from the East.] (Bot.) An Asiatic genus of small shrubs, often with shining leaves and showy flowers. Camellia Japonica is much cultivated for ornament, and C. Sassanqua and C. oleifera are grown in China for the oil which is pressed from their seeds. The tea plant is now referred to this genus under the name of Camellia Thea.

Ca•mel´o•pard (ka•mel´o•pärd or kam´el•o•pärd; 277), n. [LL. camelopardus, L. camelopardalus, camelopardalis, fr. Gr. kamhlopa•rdalis; ka•mhlos a camel + pa•rdalis pard, leopard: cf. F. camelopard. The camelopard has a neck and head like a camel, and is spotted like a pard. See Camel, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) An African ruminant; the giraffe. See Giraffe.

Came´lot , n. See Camelet. [Obs.]

Cam´els•hair , a. Of camel’s hair. Camel’s-hair pencil, a small brush used by painters in water colors, made of camel’s hair or similar materials. — Camel’s-hair shawl. A name often given to a cashmere shawl. See Cashmere shawl under Cashmere.

Cam´e•o , n.; pl. Cameos (#). [It cammeo; akin to F. camee, camaïeu, Sp. camafeo, LL. camaeus, camahutus; of unknown origin.] A carving in relief, esp. one on a small scale used as a jewel for personal adornment, or like. Most cameos are carved in a material which has layers of different colors, such stones as the onyx and sardonyx, and various kinds of shells, being used. Cameo conch (Zoöl.), a large, marine, univalve shell, esp. Cassis cameo, C. rua, and allied species, used for cutting cameos. See Quern conch.

Cam´e•ra , n.; pl. E. Cameras (#), L. Camerae (#). [L. vault, arch, LL., chamber. See Chamber.] A chamber, or instrument having a chamber. Specifically: The camera obscura when used in photography. See Camera, and Camera obscura. Bellows camera. See under Bellows. — In camera (Law), in a judge’s chamber, that is, privately; as a judge hears testimony which is not fit for the open court in camera. — Panoramic, or Pantascopic, camera, a photographic camera in which the lens and sensitized plate revolve so as to expose adjacent parts of the plate successively to the light, which reaches it through a narrow vertical slit; — used in photographing broad landscapes. Abney.

Came´rade , n. See Comrade. [Obs.]

Cam•e•ra•lis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to finance and public revenue.

Cam•e•ra•lis´tics , n. [Cf. F. cameralistique, G. kameralistik, fr. L. camera vault, LL., chamber, treasury.] The science of finance or public revenue.

Cam´e•ra lu´ci•da [L. camera chamber + L. lucidus, lucida, lucid, light.] (Opt.) An instrument which by means of a prism of a peculiar form, or an arrangement of mirrors, causes an apparent image of an external object or objects to appear as if projected upon a plane surface, as of paper or canvas so that the outlines may conveniently traced. It is generally used with the microscope.

Cam´e•ra ob•scu´ra [LL. camera chamber + L. obscurus, obscura, dark.] (Opt.) 1. An apparatus in which the images of external objects, formed by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within a darkened chamber, or box, so that the outlines may be traced. 2. (Photog.) An apparatus in which the image of an external object or objects is, by means of lenses, thrown upon a sensitized plate or surface placed at the back of an extensible darkened box or chamber variously modified; — commonly called simply the camera.

Cam´er•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Camerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Camerzting.] [L. cameratus, p. p. of camerare. See Camber.] 1. To build in the form of a vault; to arch over. 2. To divide into chambers.

Cam•er•a´tion , n. [L. cameratio.] A vaulting or arching over. [R.]

Ca•mer•lin´go , n. [It.] The papal chamberlain; the cardinal who presides over the pope’s household. He has at times possessed great power. [Written also camerlengo and camarlengo.]

Cam•e•ro´ni•an , n. A follower of the Rev. Richard Cameron, a Scotch Covenanter of the time of Charles II. Cameron and others refused to accept the ´indulgence´ offered the Presbyterian clergy, insisted on the Solemn league and Covenant, and in 1680 declared Charles II. deposed for tyranny, breach of faith, etc. Cameron was killed at the battle of Airdmoss, but his followers became a denomination (afterwards called Reformed Presbyterians) who refused to recognize laws or institutions which they believed contrary to the kingdom of Christ, but who now avail themselves of political rights.

Cam´is (kam´is), n. [See Chemise.] A light, loose dress or robe. [Also written camus.] [Obs.] “All in a camis light of purple silk.
Spenser.” { Cam•i•sade´ , Cam•i•sa´do } n. [F. camisade a night attack; cf. It. camiciata. See Camis.] [Obs.] (Mil.) (a) A shirt worn by soldiers over their uniform, in order to be able to recognize one another in a night attack. (b) An attack by surprise by soldiers wearing the camisado. “Give them a camisado in night season.
Holinshed.”

Cam´i•sard , n. [F.] One of the French Protestant insurgents who rebelled against Louis XIV, after the revocation of the edict of Nates; — so called from the peasant’s smock (camise) which they wore.

Cam´i•sa•ted , a. Dressed with a shirt over the other garments.

Cam´i•sole , n. [F. See chemise.] 1. A short dressing jacket for women. 2. A kind of straitjacket.

Cam´let , n. [F. camelot (akin to Sp. camelote, chamelote, It. cambellbito, ciambellotto, LL. camelotum, camelinum, fr. Ar. khamlat camlet, fr. kaml pile, plush. The word was early confused with camel, camel’s hair also being used in making it. Cf. Calamanco] A woven fabric originally made of camel’s hair, now chiefly of goat’s hair and silk, or of wool and cotton. [Sometimes written camelot and camblet.] They have been made plain and twilled, of single warp and weft, of double warp, and sometimes with double weft also with thicker yarn. Beck (Draper’s Dict. )

Cam´let•ed, a. Wavy or undulating like camlet; veined. Sir T. Herbert.

Cam´mas , n. (Bot.) See Camass.

Cam´mock , n. [AS. cammoc.] (Bot.) A plant having long hard, crooked roots, the Ononis spinosa; — called also rest- harrow. The Scandix Pecten-Veneris is also called cammock. { Cam´o•mile , Cham´o•mile } , n.[LL. camonilla, corrupted fr. Gr. , lit. earth apple, being so called from the smell of its flower. See Humble, and Melon.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Anthemis) of the Composite family. The common camomile, A. nobilis, is used as a popular remedy. Its flowers have a strong and fragrant and a bitter, aromatic taste. They are tonic, febrifugal, and in large doses emetic, and the volatile oil is carminative.

Ca•mon´flet , n. [F.] (Mil.) A small mine, sometimes formed in the wall or side of an enemy’s gallery, to blow in the earth and cut off the retreat of the miners. Farrow. { Ca´mous , Ca´moys } a. [F. camus (equiv. to camard) flat-nosed, fr. Celtic Cam croked + suff. -us; akin to L. camur, camurus, croked.] Flat; depressed; crooked; — said only of the nose. [Obs.]

Ca´moused, , a. [From Camouse] Depressed; flattened. [Obs.] “Though my nose be cammoused.
B. Jonson”

Ca´mous•ly, adv. Awry. [Obs.] Skelton.

Camp (kamp), n. [F. camp, It. campo, fr. L. campus plant, field; akin to Gr. kh^pos garden. Cf. Campaign, Champ, n.] 1. The ground or spot on which tents, huts, etc., are erected for shelter, as for an army or for lumbermen, etc. Shak. 2. A collection of tents, huts, etc., for shelter, commonly arranged in an orderly manner. “Forming a camp in the neighborhood of Boston.
W. Irving.” 3. A single hut or shelter; as a hunter’s camp. 4. The company or body of persons encamped, as of soldiers, of surveyors, of lumbermen, etc. “The camp broke up with the confusion of a flight.
Macaulay.” 5. (Agric.) A mound of earth in which potatoes and other vegetables are stored for protection against frost; — called also burrow and pie. [Prov. Eng.] 6. [Cf. OE. & AS. camp contest, battle. See champion.] An ancient game of football, played in some parts of England. Halliwell. Camp bedstead, a light bedstead that can be folded up onto a small space for easy transportation. — camp ceiling (Arch.), a kind ceiling often used in attics or garrets, in which the side walls are inclined inward at the top, following the slope of the rafters, to meet the plane surface of the upper ceiling. — Camp chair, a light chair that can be folded up compactly for easy transportation; the seat and back are often made of strips or pieces of carpet. — Camp fever, typhus fever. — Camp follower, a civilian accompanying an army, as a sutler, servant, etc. — Camp meeting, a religious gathering for open-air preaching, held in some retired spot, chiefly by Methodists. It usually last for several days, during which those present lodge in tents, temporary houses, or cottages. — Camp stool, the same as camp chair, except that the stool has no back. — Flying camp (Mil.), a camp or body of troops formed for rapid motion from one place to another. Farrow. — To pitch (a) camp, to set up the tents or huts of a camp. — To strike camp, to take down the tents or huts of a camp.

Camp (kamp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Camped (kamt; 215); p. pr. & vb n. Camping.] To afford rest or lodging for, as an army or travelers. “Had our great palace the capacity
To camp this host, we all would sup together.
Shak.”

Camp, v. i. 1. To pitch or prepare a camp; to encamp; to lodge in a camp; - - often with out. “They camped out at night, under the stars.
W. Irving.” 2. [See Camp, n., 6] To play the game called camp. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

Cam•pa´gna (cam•pä´nya), n. [It. See Campaigg.] An open level tract of country; especially ´Campagna di Roma.´ The extensive undulating plain which surrounds Rome. Its length is commonly stated to be about ninety miles, and its breadth from twenty-seven to forty miles. The ground is almost entirely volcanic, and vapors which arise from the district produce malaria.

Cam•pa•gnol´ , n. [F. , fr. campagne field.] (Zoöl.) A mouse (Arvicala agrestis), called also meadow mouse, which often does great damage in fields and gardens, by feeding on roots and seeds.

Cam•paign´ , n. [F. campagne, It. campagna, fr. L. Campania the level country about Naples, fr. campus field. See Camp, and cf. Champaign, Champagne.] 1. An open field; a large, open plain without considerable hills. SeeChampaign. Grath. 2. (Mil.) A connected series of military operations forming a distinct stage in a war; the time during which an army keeps the field. Wilhelm. 3. Political operations preceding an election; a canvass. [Cant, U. S.] 4. (Metal.) The period during which a blast furnace is continuously in operation.

Cam•paign´ , v. i. To serve in a campaign.

Cam•paign´er , n. One who has served in an army in several campaigns; an old soldier; a veteran.

Cam•pa´na , n. [LL. campana bell. Cf. Campanle.] 1. (Eccl.) A church bell. 2. (Bot.) The pasque flower. Drayton. 3. (Doric Arch.) Same as Gutta.

Cam•paned´ , a. (Her.) Furnished with, or bearing, campanes, or bells.

Cam•pa•ne´ro , n. [Sp., a bellman.] (Zoöl.) The bellbird of South America. See Bellbird.

Cam•panes´ , n. pl. [See Campana.] (Her.) Bells. [R.]

Cam•pa´ni•a , n. [See Campaig.] Open country. Sir W. Temple.

Cam•pan´i•form , a. [LL. campana bell + -form: cf. F. companiforme.] Bell-shaped.

Cam•pa•ni´le , n. [It. campanile bell tower, steeple, fr. It. & LL. campana bell.] (Arch.) A bell tower, esp. one built separate from a church. “Many of the campaniles of Italy are lofty and magnificent structures.
Swift.”

Cam•pa•nil´i•form , a. [See Campaniform.] Bell-shaped; campanulate; campaniform.

Cam•pa•nol´o•gist , n. One skilled in campanology; a bell ringer.

Cam•pa•nol´o•gy , n. [LL. campana bell + -logy.] The art of ringing bells, or a treatise on the art.

Cam•pan´u•la (kam•pan´u•la), n. [LL. campanula a little bell; dim. of campana bell.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants bearing bell-shaped flowers, often of great beauty; — also called bellflower.

Cam•pan•u•la´ceous (kam•pan•u•la´shus), a. (Bot.) Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants (Campanulaceae) of which Campanula is the type, and which includes the Canterbury bell, the harebell, and the Venus’s looking-glass.

Cam•pan•u•la´ri•an , n. [L. campanula a bell.] (Zoöl.) A hydroid of the family Campanularidae, characterized by having the polyps or zooids inclosed in bell-shaped calicles or hydrothecae.

Cam•pan´u•late , a. (Bot.) Bell-shaped.

Camp´bell•ite , n. [From Alexander Campbell, of Virginia.] (Eccl.) A member of the denomination called Christians or Disciples of Christ. They themselves repudiate the term Campbellite as a nickname. See Christian, 3.

Cam•peach´y Wood [From the bay of Campeachy, in Mexico.] Logwood.

Camp´er , n. One who lodges temporarily in a hut or camp. { Cam•pes´tral , Cam•pes´tri•an } a. [L. campester, fr. campus field.] Relating to an open field; growing in a field, or open ground.

Camp´fight , n. [Cf. Camp, n., 6.] (O. Eng. Law.) A duel; the decision of a case by a duel.

Cam´phene (kam´fen or kam•fen´), n. (Chem.) One of a series of substances C_10H_16, resembling camphor, regarded as modified terpenes.

Cam•phine´ (kam•fen´ or kam´fin), n. [From Camphor.] Rectified oil of turpentine, used for burning in lamps, and as a common solvent in varnishes. The name is also applied to a mixture of this substance with three times its volume of alcohol and sometimes a little ether, used as an illuminant.

Cam´phire (kam´fir), n. An old spelling of Camphor.

Cam´pho•gen , n. [Camphor + -gen: — formerly so called as derived from camphor: cf. F. camphogène.] (Chem.) See Cymene.

Cam´phol , n. [Camphor + -ol.] (Chem.) See Borneol.

Cam´phor (kam´fer), n. [OE. camfere, F. camphre (cf. It. canfora, Sp. camfora, alcanfor, LL. canfora, camphora, NGr. kafoyra•), fr. Ar. kafur, prob. fr. Skr. karpura.] 1. A tough, white, aromatic resin, or gum, obtained from different species of the Laurus family, esp. from Cinnamomum camphora (the Laurus camphora of Linnaeus.). Camphor, C_10H_16O, is volatile and fragrant, and is used in medicine as a diaphoretic, a stimulant, or sedative. 2. A gum resembling ordinary camphor, obtained from a tree (Dryobalanops camphora) growing in Sumatra and Borneo; — called also Malay camphor, camphor of Borneo, or borneol. See Borneol. The name camphor is also applied to a number of bodies of similar appearance and properties, as cedar camphor, obtained from the red or pencil cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), and peppermint camphor, or menthol, obtained from the oil of peppermint. Camphor oil (Chem.), name variously given to certain oil-like products, obtained especially from the camphor tree. — Camphor tree, a large evergreen tree (Cinnamomum Camphora) with lax, smooth branches and shining triple-nerved lanceolate leaves, probably native in China, but now cultivated in most warm countries. Camphor is collected by a process of steaming the chips of the wood and subliming the product.

Cam´phor , v. t. To impregnate or wash with camphor; to camphorate. [R.] Tatler.

Cam•pho•ra´ceous , a. Of the nature of camphor; containing camphor. Dunglison.

Cam´phor•ate , v. t. To impregnate or treat with camphor.

Cam´phor•ate , n. [Cf. F. camphorate.] (Chem.) A salt of camphoric acid. { Cam´phor•ate , Cam´por•a•ted , }Combined or impregnated with camphor. Camphorated oil, an oleaginous preparation containing camphor, much used as an embrocation.

Cam•phor´ic , a. [Cf. F. camphorique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, camphor. Camphoric acid, a white crystallizable substance, C_10H_16O_4, obtained from the oxidation of camphor. Other acids of camphor are campholic acid, C_10H_18O_2, and camphoronic acid, C_9H_12O_5, white crystallizable substances.

Cam•phret´ic , a. [rom Camphor.] Pertaining to, or derived from camphor. [R.]

Camp´ing , n. 1. Lodging in a camp. 2. [See Camp, n., 6] A game of football. [Prov. Eng.]

Cam´pi•on , n. [Prob. fr. L. campus field.] (Bot.) A plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus bacciferus), bearing berries regarded as poisonous. Bladder campion, a plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus Behen or Silene inflata), having a much inflated calyx. See Behen. — Rose campion, a garden plant (Lychnis coronaria) with handsome crimson flowers.

Cam´pus , n. [L., a field.] The principal grounds of a college or school, between the buildings or within the main inclosure; as the college campus.

Cam•py•lo•sper´mous , a. [Gr. curved + seed.] (Bot.) Having seeds grooved lengthwise on the inner face, as in sweet cicely.

Cam•py•lot´ro•pous , a. [Gr. curved + a turning.] (Bot.) Having the ovules and seeds so curved, or bent down upon themselves, that the ends of the embryo are brought close together.

Cam´us , n. See Camis. [Obs.]

Cam´wood , n. See Barwood.

Can , an obs. form of began, imp. & p. p. of Begin, sometimes used in old poetry. [See Gan.] “With gentle words he can faile gree.
Spenser.”

Can, n. [OE. & AS. canne; akin to D. Kan, G. Kanne, OHG. channa, Sw. Kanna, Dan. kande.] 1. A drinking cup; a vessel for holding liquids. [Shak. ] “Fill the cup and fill can,
Have a rouse before the morn.
Tennyson.” 2. A vessel or case of tinned iron or of sheet metal, of various forms, but usually cylindrical; as a can of tomatoes; an oil can; a milk can. A can may be a cylinder open at the top, as for receiving the sliver from a carding machine, or with a removable cover or stopper, as for holding tea, spices, milk, oysters, etc., or with handle and spout, as for holding oil, or hermetically sealed, in canning meats, fruits, etc. The name is also sometimes given to the small glass or earthenware jar used in canning.

Can , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canned p. pr. &vb. n. Canning.] To preserve by putting in sealed cans [U. S.] ´Canned meats´ W. D. Howells. Canned goods, a general name for fruit, vegetables, meat, or fish, preserved in hermetically sealed cans.

Can , v. t. & i. [The transitive use is obsolete.] [imp. Could (#).] [OE. cunnen, cannen (1st sing. pres. I can), to know, know how, be able, AS. cunnan, 1st sing. pres. ic cann or can, pl. cunnon, 1st sing. imp. cuðe (for cunðe); p. p. cuð (for cunð); akin to OS. Kunnan, D. Kunnen, OHG. chunnan, G. können, Icel. kunna, Goth. Kunnan, and E. ken to know. The present tense I can (AS. ic cann) was originally a preterit, meaning I have known or Learned, and hence I know, know how. rad.45. See Ken, Know; cf. Con, Cunning, Uncouth.] 1. To know; to understand. [Obs.] “I can rimes of Rodin Hood.
Piers Plowman.” “I can no Latin, quod she.
Piers Plowman.” “Let the priest in surplice white,
That defunctive music can.
Shak.” 2. To be able to do; to have power or influence. [Obs.] “The will of Him who all things can.
Milton.” “For what, alas can these my single arms?
Shak.” “Maecaenas and Agrippa, who can most with Caesar.
Beau. & Fl.” 3. To be able; — followed by an infinitive without to; as I can go, but do not wish to. Syn. — Can but, Can not but. It is an error to use the former of these phrases where the sens requires the latter. If we say, ´I can but perish if I go,´ ´But´ means only, and denotes that this is all or the worst that can happen. When the apostle Peter said. ´We can not but speak of the things which we have seen and heard.´ he referred to a moral constraint or necessety which rested upon him and his associates; and the meaning was We cannot help speaking, We cannot refrain from speaking. This idea of a moral necessity or constraint is of frequent occurrence, and is also expressed in the phrase, ´I can not help it.´ Thus we say. ´I can not but hope,´ ´I can not but believe,´ ´I can not but think,´ ´I can not but remark,´ etc., in cases in which it would be an error to use the phrase can but. “Yet he could not but acknowledge to himself that there was something calculated to impress awe, … in the sudden appearances and vanishings … of the masque
De Quincey.” “Tom felt that this was a rebuff for him, and could not but understand it as a left-handed hit at his employer.
Dickens.”

Ca´naan•ite , n. 1. A descendant of Canaan, the son of Ham, and grandson of Noah. 2. A Native or inhabitant of the land of Canaan, esp. a member of any of the tribes who inhabited Canaan at the time of the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt.

Ca´naan•ite, n. [From an Aramaic word signifying ´zeal.´] A zealot. ´Simon the Canaanite.´ Matt. x. 4. This was the ´Simon called Zelotes´ (Luke vi. 15), i.e., Simon the zealot. Kitto.

Ca´naan•i•tish , a. Of or pertaining to Canaan or the Canaanites.

Ca•ña´da , n. [Sp.] A small cañon; a narrow valley or glen; also but less frequently, an open valley. [Local, Western U. S.]

Can´a•da , n. A British province in North America, giving its name to various plants and animals. Canada balsam. See under Balsam. — Canada goose. (Zoöl.) See Wild goose. — Canada jay. See Whisky Jack. — Canada lynx. (Zoöl.) See Lynx. — Canada porcupine (Zoöl.) See Porcupine, and Urson. — Canada rice (Bot.) See under Rick. — Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird.

Ca•na´di•an , a. Of or pertaining to Canada. — n. A native or inhabitant of Canada. Canadian period (Geol.), A subdivision of the American Lower Silurian system embracing the calciferous, Quebec, and Chazy epochs. This period immediately follows the primordial or Cambrian period, and is by many geologists regarded as the beginning of the Silurian age, See the Diagram, under Geology.

Ca•naille´ , n. [F. canaille (cf. It. canaglia), prop. and orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. Canis dog.] 1. The lowest class of people; the rabble; the vulgar. 2. Shorts or inferior flour. [Canadian]

Can´a•kin , n. [Dim. of can.] A little can or cup. ´And let me the canakin clink.´ Shak.

Ca•nal´ , n. [F. canal, from L. canalis canal, channel; prob. from a root signifying ´to cut´; cf. D. kanaal, fr. the French. Cf. Channel, Kennel gutter.] 1. An artificial channel filled with water and designed for navigation, or for irrigating land, etc. 2. (Anat.) A tube or duct; as the alimentary canal; the semicircular canals of the ear. Canal boat, a boat for use on a canal; esp. one of peculiar shape, carrying freight, and drawn by horses walking on the towpath beside the canal. — Canal lock. See Lock.

Can´al coal See Cannel coal. { Can•a•lic´u•late , Can•a•lic´u•la•ted , } a. [L. canaliculatus channeled, fr. canaliculus, dim. of canalis. See Canal.] Having a channel or groove, as in the leafstalks of most palms.

Can•a•lic´u•lus , n.; pl. Canaliculi (#). [L.] (Anat.) A minute canal.

Ca•nal•i•za´tion , n. Construction of, or furnishing with, a canal or canals. [R.]

Ca•nard´ , n. [F., properly, a duck.] An extravagant or absurd report or story; a fabricated sensational report or statement; esp. one set afloat in the newspapers to hoax the public.

Can•a•rese´ , a. Pertaining to Canara, a district of British India.

Ca•na´ry , a. [F. Canarie, L. Canaria insula one of the Canary islands, said to be so called from its large dogs, fr. canis dog.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands; as canary wine; canary birds. 2. Of a pale yellowish color; as Canary stone. Canary grass, a grass of the genus Phalaris (P. Canariensis), producing the seed used as food for canary birds. — Canary stone (Min.), a yellow species of carnelian, named from its resemblance in color to the plumage of the canary bird. — Canary wood, the beautiful wood of the trees Persea Indica and P. Canariensis, natives of Madeira and the Canary Islands. — Canary vine. See Canary bird flower, under Canary bird.

Ca•na´ry, n.; pl. Canaries (#). 1. Wine made in the Canary Islands; sack. ´A cup of canary.´ Shak. 2. A canary bird. 3. A pale yellow color, like that of a canary bird. 4. A quick and lively dance. [Obs.] “Make you dance canary
With sprightly fire and motion.
Shak.”

Ca•na´ry , v. i. To perform the canary dance; to move nimbly; to caper. [Obs.] “But to jig of a tune at the tongue’s end, canary to it with your feet.
Shak.”

Ca•na´ry bird (Zoöl.) A small singing bird of the Finch family (Serinus Canarius), a native of the Canary Islands. It was brought to Europe in the 16th century, and made a household pet. It generally has a yellowish body with the wings and tail greenish, but in its wild state it is more frequently of gray or brown color. It is sometimes called canary finch. Canary bird flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Tropaeolum peregrinum) with canary- colored flowers of peculiar form; — called also canary vine.

Ca•nas´ter , n. [Sp. canasta, canastro, basket, fr. L. canistrum. See Canister.] A kind of tobacco for smoking, made of the dried leaves, coarsely broken; — so called from the rush baskets in which it is packed in South America. McElrath.

Can´ buoy See under Buoy, n.

Can´can , n. [F.] A rollicking French dance, accompanied by indecorous or extravagant postures and gestures.

Can´cel , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canceled or Cancelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Canceling or Cancelling.] [L. cancellare to make like a lattice, to strike or cross out (cf. Fr. canceller, OF. canceler) fr. cancelli lattice, crossbars, dim. of cancer lattice; cf. Gr. latticed gate. Cf. Chancel.] 1. To inclose or surround, as with a railing, or with latticework. [Obs.] “A little obscure place canceled in with iron work is the pillar or stump at which … our Savior was scourged.
Evelyn.” 2. To shut out, as with a railing or with latticework; to exclude. [Obs.] ´Canceled from heaven.´ Milton. 3. To cross and deface, as the lines of a writing, or as a word or figure; to mark out by a cross line; to blot out or obliterate. “A deed may be avoided by delivering it up to be cancelled; that is, to have lines drawn over it in the form of latticework or cancelli; though the phrase is now used figuratively for any manner of obliterating or defacing it.
Blackstone.” 4. To annul or destroy; to revoke or recall. “The indentures were canceled.
Thackeray.” “He was unwilling to cancel the interest created through former secret services, by being refractory on this occasion.
Sir W. Scott.” 5. (Print.) To suppress or omit; to strike out, as matter in type. Canceled figures (Print), figures cast with a line across the face., as for use in arithmetics. Syn. — To blot out; obliterate; deface; erase; efface; expunge; annul; abolish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; destroy; do away; set aside. See Abolish.

Can´cel, n. [See Cancel, v. i., and cf. Chancel.] 1. An inclosure; a boundary; a limit. [Obs.] “A prison is but a retirement, and opportunity of serious thoughts, to a person whose spirit … desires no enlargement beyond the cancels of the body.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. (Print) (a) The suppression or striking out of matter in type, or of a printed page or pages. (b) The part thus suppressed.

Can•cel•ier´ , v. i. [F. chanceler, OF. canseler, to waver, orig. to cross the legs so as not to fall; from the same word as E. cancel.] (Falconry) To turn in flight; — said of a hawk. [Obs.] Nares. “He makes his stoop; but wanting breath, is forced
To cancelier.
Massinger.” { Can•cel•ier´ , Can´cel•eer }, n. (Falconry) The turn of a hawk upon the wing to recover herself, when she misses her aim in the stoop. [Obs.] “The fierce and eager hawks, down thrilling from the skies,
Make sundry canceliers ere they the fowl can reach.
Drayton.”

Can•cel•la´re•an , a. Cancellarean. [R.]

Can´cel•late , a. [L. cancellatus, p. p. of cancellare, See Cancel, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma, as the leaves of certain plants; latticelike. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface coveres with raised lines, crossing at right angles.

Can´cel•la•ted , a. 1. Crossbarred; marked with cross lines. Grew. 2. (Anat.) Open or spongy, as some porous bones.

Can•cel•la´tion , n. [L. cancellatio: cf. F. cancellation.] 1. The act, process, or result of canceling; as the cansellation of certain words in a contract, or of the contract itself. 2. (Math.) The operation of striking out common factors, in both the dividend and divisor.

Can•cel´li , n. pl. [L., a lattice. See Cancel, v. t.] 1. An interwoven or latticed wall or inclosure; latticework, rails, or crossbars, as around the bar of a court of justice, between the chancel and the nave of a church, or in a window. 2. (Anat.) The interlacing osseous plates constituting the elastic porous tissue of certain parts of the bones, esp. in their articular extremities.

Can´cel•lous , a. [Cf. L. cancellosus covered with bars.] (Anat.) Having a spongy or porous structure; made up of cancelli; cancellated; as the cancellous texture of parts of many bones.

Can´cer , n. [L. cancer, cancri, crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac; akin to Gr. karki•nos, Skr. karkata crab, and prob. Skr. karkara hard, the crab being named from its hard shell. Cf. Canner, Chancre.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of decapod Crustacea, including some of the most common shore crabs of Europe and North America, as the rock crab, Jonah crab, etc. See Crab. 2. (Astron.) (a) The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac. The first point is the northern limit of the sun’s course in summer; hence, the sign of the summer solstice. See Tropic. (b) A northern constellation between Gemini and Leo. 3. (Med.) Formerly, any malignant growth, esp. one attended with great pain and ulceration, with cachexia and progressive emaciation. It was so called, perhaps, from the great veins which surround it, compared by the ancients to the claws of a crab. The term is now restricted to such a growth made up of aggregations of epithelial cells, either without support or embedded in the meshes of a trabecular framework. Four kinds of cancers are recognized: (1) Epithelial cancer, or Epithelioma, in which there is no trabecular framework. See Epithelioma. (2) Scirrhous cancer, or Hard cancer, in which the framework predominates, and the tumor is of hard consistence and slow growth. (3) Encephaloid, Medullary, or Soft cancer, in which the cellular element predominates, and the tumor is soft, grows rapidy, and often ulcerates. (4) Colloid cancer, in which the cancerous structure becomes gelatinous. The last three varieties are also called carcinoma. Cancer cells, cells once believed to be peculiar to cancers, but now know to be epithelial cells differing in no respect from those found elsewhere in the body, and distinguished only by peculiarity of location and grouping. — Cancer root (Bot.), the name of several low plants, mostly parasitic on roots, as the beech drops, the squawroot, etc. — Tropic of Cancer. See Tropic.

Can´cer•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cancerated.] [LL. canceratus eaten by a cancer. See Cancer.] To grow into a cancer; to become cancerous. Boyle.

Can•cer•a´tion , n. The act or state of becoming cancerous or growing into a cancer.

Can´cer•ite , n. [Cf. F. cancereux.] Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. ´Cancerous vices.´ G. Eliot.

Can´cer•ous , a. [Cf. F. cancereux] Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. ´cancerous vices´ G. Eliot.
[1913 Webster] — Can´cer•ous•ly, adv. — Can´cer•ous•ness, n.

Can´cri•form , a. [Cancer + -form; cf. F. cancriforme.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a crab; crab- shaped. 2. Like a cancer; cancerous.

Can´crine , a. [From Cancer.] Having the qualities of a crab; crablike.

Can´cri•nite , n. [Named after Count Cancrin, a minister of finance in Russia.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in hexagonal crystals, also massive, generally of a yellow color, containing silica, alumina, lime, soda, and carbon dioxide.

Can´croid , a. [Cancer + oid.] 1. (Zoöl.) Resembling a crab; pertaining to the Cancroidea, one of the families of crabs, including the genus Cancer. 2. Like a cancer; as a cancroid tumor.

Cand , n. Fluor spar. See Kand.

Can•de•la´brum n.; pl. L. Candelabra (#), E. Candelabrums (#). [L., fr. candela candle. See candle.] 1. (Antiq.) (a) A lamp stand of any sort. (b) A highly ornamented stand of marble or other ponderous material, usually having three feet, — frequently a votive offering to a temple. 2. A large candlestick, having several branches.

Can•dent , a. [L. candens, p. pr. of candëre to glitter. See Candid.] Heated to whiteness; glowing with heat. ´A candent vessel.´ Boyle.

Can´de•ros , n. An East Indian resin, of a pellucid white color, from which small ornaments and toys are sometimes made.

Can•des´cence , n. See Incandescence.

Can´di•cant , a. [L. candicans, p. pr. of candicare to be whitish.] Growing white. [Obs.]

Can•did (kan´did), a. [F. candide (cf. It. candido), L. candidus white, fr. candere to be of a glowing white; akin to accendere, incendere, to set on fire, Skr. chand to shine. Cf. Candle, Incense.] 1. White. [Obs.] “The box receives all black; but poured from thence,
The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence.
Dryden.” 2. Free from undue bias; disposed to think and judge according to truth and justice, or without partiality or prejudice; fair; just; impartial; as a candid opinion. ´Candid and dispassionate men.´ W. Irving. 3. Open; frank; ingenuous; outspoken. Syn. — Fair; open; ingenuous; impartial; just; frank; artless; unbiased; equitable. — Candid, Fair, Open, Frank, Ingenuous. A man is fair when he puts things on a just or equitable footing; he is candid when be looks impartially on both sides of a subject, doing justice especially to the motives and conduct of an opponent; he is open and frank when he declares his sentiments without reserve; he is ingenuous when he does this from a noble regard for truth. Fair dealing; candid investigation; an open temper; a frank disposition; an ingenuous answer or declaration.

Can´di•da•cy , n. The position of a candidate; state of being a candidate; candidateship.

Can´di•date , n. [L. Candidatus, n. (because candidates for office in Rome were clothed in a white toga.) fr. candidatus clothed in white, fr. candiduslittering, white: cf. F. candidat.] One who offers himself, or is put forward by others, as a suitable person or an aspirant or contestant for an office, privilege, or honor; as a candidate for the office of governor; a candidate for holy orders; a candidate for scholastic honors.

Can´di•date•ship, n. Candidacy.

Can´di•da•ting , n. The taking of the position of a candidate; specifically, the preaching of a clergyman with a view to settlement. [Cant, U. S.]

Can´di•da•ture , n. Candidacy.

Can´did•ly , adv. In a candid manner.

Can´did•ness, n. The quality of being candid.

Can´died , a. [From 1st Candy.] 1. Preserved in or with sugar; incrusted with a candylike substance; as candied fruits. 2. (a) Converted wholly or partially into sugar or candy; as candied sirup. (b) Conted or more or less with sugar; as candidied raisins. (c) Figuratively; Honeyed; sweet; flattering. “Let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp.
Shak.” 3. Covered or incrusted with that which resembles sugar or candy. “Will the cold brook,
Candiedwith ice, caudle thy morning tast?
Shak.”

Can´di•fy , v. t. or v. i. [L. candificare; candëre to be white + - facere to make.] To make or become white, or candied. [R.]

Can´di•ot , a. [Cf. F. candiote.] Of or pertaining to Candia; Cretary.

Can´dite , n. (Min.) A variety of spinel, of a dark color, found at Candy, in Ceylon.

Can´dle , n. [OE. candel, candel, as candel, fr. L. candela a (white) light made of wax or tallow, fr. candëre to be white. See Candid, and cf. Chandler, Cannel, Kindle.] 1. A slender, cylindrical body of tallow, containing a wick composed of loosely twisted linen of cotton threads, and used to furnish light. “How far that little candle throws his beams!
So shines a good deed in a naughty world.
Shak.” Candles are usually made by repeatedly dipping the wicks in the melted tallow, etc. (´dipped candles´), or by casting or running in a mold. 2. That which gives light; a luminary. “By these blessed candles of the night.
Shak.” Candle nut, the fruit of a euphorbiaceous shrub (Aleurites triloba), a native of some of the Pacific islands; — socalled because, when dry, it will burn with a bright flame, and is used by the natives as a candle. The oil has many uses. — Candle power (Photom.), illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. — Electric candle, A modification of the electric arc lamp, in which the carbon rods, instead of being placed end to end, are arranged side by side, and at a distance suitable for the formation of the arc at the tip; — called also from the name of the inventor, Jablockoff candle. — Excommunication by inch of candle, a form of excommunication in which the offender is allowed time to repent only while a candle burns. — Not worth the candle, not worth the cost or trouble. — Rush candle, a candle made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in grease. — Sale by inch of candle, an auction in which persons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of candle burns out. — Standard candle (Photom.), a special form of candle employed as a standard in photometric measurements; usually, a candle of spermaceti so constructed as to burn at the rate of 120 grains, or 7.8 grams, per hour. — To curse by bell, book and candle. See under Bell.

Can´dle•ber•ry tree (Bot.) A shrub (the Myrica cerifera, or wax-bearing myrtle), common in North America, the little nuts of which are covered with a greenish white wax, which was formerly, used for hardening candles; — also called bayberry tree, bayberry, or candleberry.

Can´dle•bomb (#), n. 1. A small glass bubble, filled with water, which, if placed in the flame of a candle, bursts by expansion of steam. 2. A pasteboard shell used in signaling. It is filled with a composition which makes a brilliant light when it explodes. Farrow.

Can´dle coal (#). See Cannel coal.

Can´dle•fish (#), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish (Thaleichthys Pacificus), allied to the smelt, found on the north Pacific coast; — called also eulachon. It is so oily that, when dried, it may be used as a candle, by drawing a wick through it. (b) The beshow.

Can´dle•hold•er (#), n. One who, or that which, holds a candle; also one who assists another, but is otherwise not of importance. Shak.

Can´dle•light, n. The light of a candle. “Never went by candlelight to bed.
Dryden.”

Can´dle•mas (#), n. [AS. candelmaesse, candel candle + maesse mass.] The second day of February, on which is celebrated the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary; — so called because the candles for the altar or other sacred uses are blessed on that day.

Can´dle•stick , n. [AS. candel-sticca; candel candle + sticca stick.] An instrument or utensil for supporting a candle.

Can´dle•wast•er , n. One who consumes candles by being up late for study or dissipation. “A bookworm, a candlewaster.
B. Jonson.”

Can´dock n. [Prob. fr. can + dock (the plant). Cf. G. kannenkraut horsetail, lit. ´canweed.´] (Bot.) A plant or weed that grows in rivers; a species of Equisetum; also the yellow frog lily (Nuphar luteum).

Can´dor , n. [Written also candour.] [L. candor, fr. candëre; cf. F. candeur. See candid.] 1. Whiteness; brightness; (as applied to moral conditions) usullied purity; innocence. [Obs.] “Nor yor unquestioned integrity
Shall e’er be sullied with one taint or spot
That may take from your innocence and candor.
Massinger.” 2. A disposition to treat subjects with fairness; freedom from prejudice or disguise; frankness; sincerity. “Attribute superior sagacity and candor to those who held that side of the question.
Whewell.”

Can´droy , n. A machine for spreading out cotton cloths to prepare them for printing.

Can´dy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Candied p. pr & vb. n. Candying.] [F. candir (cf. It. candire, Sp. azúcar cande or candi), fr. Ar. & Pers. qand, fr. Skr. Khan.d.da piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, fr. khan.d., khad. to break.] 1. To conserve or boil in sugar; as to candy fruits; to candy ginger. 2. To make sugar crystals of or in; to form into a mass resembling candy; as to candy sirup. 3. To incrust with sugar or with candy, or with that which resembles sugar or candy. “Those frosts that winter brings
Which candy every green.
Drayson.”

Can´dy , v. i. 1. To have sugar crystals form in or on; as fruits preserved in sugar candy after a time. 2. To be formed into candy; to solidify in a candylike form or mass.

Can´dy n. [F. candi. See Candy, v. t.] A more or less solid article of confectionery made by boiling sugar or molasses to the desired consistency, and than crystallizing, molding, or working in the required shape. It is often flavored or colored, and sometimes contains fruit, nuts, etc.

Candy, n. [Mahratta khan.d.i, Tamil kan.d.i.] A weight, at Madras 500 pounds, at Bombay 560 pounds.

Can´dy•tuft , n. (Bot.) An annual plant of the genus Iberis, cultivated in gardens. The name was originally given to the I. umbellata, first, discovered in the island of Candia.

Cane (kan), n. [OE. cane, canne, OF. cane, F. canne, L. canna, fr. Gr. ka•nna, ka•nnh; prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. qaneh reed. Cf. Canister, canon, 1st Cannon.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A name given to several peculiar palms, species of Calamus and Daemanorops, having very long, smooth flexible stems, commonly called rattans. (b) Any plant with long, hard, elastic stems, as reeds and bamboos of many kinds; also the sugar cane. (c) Stems of other plants are sometimes called canes; as the canes of a raspberry. “Like light canes, that first rise big and brave.
B. Jonson.” In the Southern United States great cane is the Arundinaria macrosperma, and small cane is. A. tecta. 2. A walking stick; a staff; — so called because originally made of one of the species of cane. “Stir the fire with your master’s cane.
Swift.” 3. A lance or dart made of cane. [R.] “Judgelike thou sitt’st, to praise or to arraign
The flying skirmish of the darted cane.
Dryden.” 4. A local European measure of length. See Canna. Cane borer (Zoö.), A beetle (Oberea bimaculata) which, in the larval state, bores into pith and destroy the canes or stalks of the raspberry, blackberry, etc. — Cane mill, a mill for grinding sugar canes, for the manufacture of sugar. — Cane trash, the crushed stalks and other refuse of sugar cane, used for fuel, etc.

Cane (kan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caned (kand); p. pr. & vb. n. Caning.] 1. To beat with a cane. Macaulay. 2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan; as to cane chairs.

Cane´brake (-brak•), n. A thicket of canes. Ellicott.

Caned (kand), a. [Cf. L. canus white.] Filled with white flakes; mothery; — said vinegar when containing mother. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ca•nel´la (ka•nel´la), n. [LL. (OE. canel, canelle, cinnamon, fr. F. cannelle), Dim. of L. canna a reed. Canella is so called from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark. See Cane.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of the order Canellaceae, growing in the West Indies. The principal species is Canella alba, and its bark is a spice and drug exported under the names of wild cinnamon and whitewood bark.

Ca•nes´cent , a. [L. canescens, p. pr. of canescere, v. inchoative of canere to be white.] Growing white, or assuming a color approaching to white.

Can´ hook A device consisting of a short rope with flat hooks at each end, for hoisting casks or barrels by the ends of the staves.

Ca•nic´u•la , n. [L. canicula, lit., a little dog, a dim. of canis dog; cf. F. canicule.] (Astron.) The Dog Star; Sirius.

Ca•nic´u•lar , a. [L. canicularis; cf. F. caniculaire.] Pertaining to, or measured, by the rising of the Dog Star. Canicular days, the dog days, See Dog days. — Canicular year, the Egyptian year, computed from one heliacal rising of the Dog Star to another.

Can´i•cule , n. Canicula. Addison.

Ca•ni´nal , a. See Canine, a.

Ca•nine´ , a. [L. caninus, fr. canis dog: cf. F. canin. See Hound.] 1. Of or pertaining to the family Canidae, or dogs and wolves; having the nature or qualities of a dog; like that or those of a dog. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pointed tooth on each side the incisors. Canine appetite, a morbidly voracious appetite; bulimia. — Canine letter, the letter r. See R. — Canine madness, hydrophobia. — Canine tooth, a tooth situated between the incisor and bicuspid teeth, so called because well developed in dogs; usually, the third tooth from the front on each side of each jaw; an eyetooth, or the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw.

Ca•nine´, n. (Anat.) A canine tooth.

Ca´nis (ka´nis), n.; pl. Canes (- nez). [L., a dog.] (Zoöl.) A genus of carnivorous mammals, of the family Canidae, including the dogs and wolves. Canis major [L., larger dog], a constellation to the southeast of Orion, containing Sirius or the Dog Star. — Canis minor [L., smaller dog], a constellation to the east of Orion, containing Procyon, a star of the first magnitude.

Can´is•ter (kan´is•ter), n. [L. canistrum a basket woven from reeds Gr. , fr. ka•nh, ka•nna reed; cf. F. canistre. See Cane, and Canaster.] 1. A small basket of rushes, reeds, or willow twigs, etc. 2. A small box or case for holding tea, coffee, etc. 3. (Mil.) A kind of case shot for cannon, in which a number of lead or iron balls in layers are inclosed in a case fitting the gun; — called also canister shot.

Can´ker (kan´ker), n. [OE. canker, cancre, AS. cancer (akin to D. kanker, OHG chanchar.), fr. L. cancer a cancer; or if a native word, cf. Gr. excrescence on tree, gangrene. Cf. also OF. cancre, F. chancere, fr. L. cancer. See cancer, and cf. Chancre.] 1. A corroding or sloughing ulcer; esp. a spreading gangrenous ulcer or collection of ulcers in or about the mouth; — called also water canker, canker of the mouth, and noma. 2. Anything which corrodes, corrupts, or destroy. “The cankers of envy and faction.
Temple.” 3. (Hort.) A disease incident to trees, causing the bark to rot and fall off. 4. (Far.) An obstinate and often incurable disease of a horse’s foot, characterized by separation of the horny portion and the development of fungoid growths; — usually resulting from neglected thrush. 5. A kind of wild, worthless rose; the dog-rose. “To put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose.
And plant this thorm, this canker, Bolingbroke.
Shak.” Black canker. See under Black.

Can´ker (kan´ker), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cankered (- kerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cankering.] 1. To affect as a canker; to eat away; to corrode; to consume. “No lapse of moons can canker Love.
Tennyson.” 2. To infect or pollute; to corrupt. Addison. “A tithe purloined cankers the whole estate.
Herbert.”

Can´ker, v. i. 1. To waste away, grow rusty, or be oxidized, as a mineral. [Obs.] “Silvering will sully and canker more than gliding.
Bacom.” 2. To be or become diseased, or as if diseased, with canker; to grow corrupt; to become venomous. “Deceit and cankered malice.
Dryden.” “As with age his body uglier grows,
So his mind cankers.
Shak.”

Can´ker-bit , a. Eaten out by canker, or as by canker. [Obs.]

Can´ker bloom The bloom or blossom of the wild rose or dog-rose.

Can´ker blos•som That which blasts a blossom as a canker does. [Obs.] “O me! you juggler! you canker blossom!
You thief of Love!
Shak.”

Can´kered , a. 1. Affected with canker; as a cankered mouth. 2. Affected mentally or morally as with canker; sore, envenomed; malignant; fretful; ill-natured. ´A cankered grandam’s will.´ Shak.

Can´kered•ly, adv. Fretfully; spitefully.

Can´ker fly A fly that preys on fruit.

Can´ker•ous , a. Affecting like a canker. ´Canrerous shackles.´ Thomson. “Misdeem it not a cankerous change.
Wordsworth.”

Can´ker rash (Med.) A form of scarlet fever characterized by ulcerated or putrid sore throat.

Can´ker•worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of two species of geometrid moths which are very injurious to fruit and shade trees by eating, and often entirely destroying, the foliage. Other similar larvae are also called cankerworms. The autumnal species (Anisopteryx pometaria) becomes adult late in autumn (after frosts) and in winter. The spring species (A. vernata) remains in the ground through the winter, and matures in early spring. Both have winged males and wingless females. The larvae are similar in appearance and habits, and belong to the family of measuring worms or spanworms. These larvae hatch from the eggs when the leaves begin to expand in spring.

Can´ker•y , a. 1. Like a canker; full of canker. 2. Surly; sore; malignant.

Can´na , n. [It.] A measure of length in Italy, varying from six to seven feet. See Cane, 4.

Can´na , n. [L., a reed. See Cane.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical plants, with large leaves and often with showy flowers. The Indian shot (C. Indica) is found in gardens of the northern United States.

Can´na•bene , n. [From Cannabis.] (Chem.) A colorless oil obtained from hemp by distillation, and possessing its intoxicating properties.

Can´na•bin , n. (Chem.) A poisonous resin extracted from hemp (Cannabis sativa, variety Indica). The narcotic effects of hasheesh are due to this resin.

Can´na•bine , a. [L. cannabinus.] Pertaining to hemp; hempen. [R.]

Can´na•bis , n. [L., hemp. See Canvas.] (Bot.) A genus of a single species belonging to the order Uricaceae; hemp. Cannabis Indica , the Indian hemp, a powerful narcotic, now considered a variety of the common hemp.

Can´nel coal [Corrupt. fr. candle coal.] A kind of mineral coal of a black color, sufficiently hard and solid to be cut and polished. It burns readily, with a clear, yellow flame, and on this account has been used as a substitute for candles.

Can´ner•y , n. A place where the business of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. [U. S.]

Can´ni•bal , n. [Cf. F. cannibale. Columbus, in a letter to the Spanish monarchs written in Oct., 1498, mentions that the people of Hayti lived in great fear of the Caribales (equivalent to E. Caribbees.), the inhabitants of the smaller Antilles; which form of the name was afterward changed into NL. Canibales, in order to express more forcibly their character by a word intelligible through a Latin root ´propter rabiem caninam anthropophagorum gentis.´ The Caribbees call themselves, in their own language. Calinago, Carinago, Calliponam, and, abbreviated, Calina, signifying a brave, from which Columbus formed his Caribales.] A human being that eats human flesh; hence, any that devours its own kind. Darwin.

Can´ni•bal , a. Relating to cannibals or cannibalism. ´Cannibal terror.´ Burke.

Can´ni•bal•ism , n. [Cf. F. cannibalisme.] The act or practice of eating human flesh by mankind. Hence; Murderous cruelty; barbarity. Berke.

Can´ni•bal•ly, adv. In the manner of cannibal. ´An he had been cannibally given.´ Shak.

Can´ni•kin , n. [Can + -kin.] A small can or drinking vessel.

Can´ni•ly, adv. In a canny manner. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

Can´ni•ness, n. Caution; crafty management. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

Can´non , n.; pl. Cannons (#), collectively Cannon. [F. cannon, fr. L. canna reed, pipe, tube. See Cane.] 1. A great gun; a piece of ordnance or artillery; a firearm for discharging heavy shot with great force. Cannons are made of various materials, as iron, brass, bronze, and steel, and of various sizes and shapes with respect to the special service for which they are intended, as intended, as siege, seacoast, naval, field, or mountain, guns. They always aproach more or less nearly to a cylindrical from, being usually thicker toward the breech than at the muzzle. Formerly they were cast hollow, afterwards they were cast, solid, and bored out. The cannon now most in use for the armament of war vessels and for seacoast defense consists of a forged steel tube reinforced with massive steel rings shrunk upon it. Howitzers and mortars are sometimes called cannon. See Gun. 2. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece carried by a revolving shaft, on which it may, however, revolve independently. 3. (Printing.) A kind of type. See Canon. Cannon ball, strictly, a round solid missile of stone or iron made to be fired from a cannon, but now often applied to a missile of any shape, whether solid or hollow, made for cannon. Elongated and cylindrical missiles are sometimes called bolts; hollow ones charged with explosives are properly called shells. — Cannon bullet, a cannon ball. [Obs.] — Cannon cracker, a fire cracker of large size. — Cannon lock, a device for firing a cannon by a percussion primer. — Cannon metal. See Gun Metal. — Cannon pinion, the pinion on the minute hand arbor of a watch or clock, which drives the hand but permits it to be moved in setting. — Cannon proof, impenetrable by cannon balls. — Cannon shot. (a) A cannon ball. (b) The range of a cannon.

Can´non, n. & v. (Billiards) See Carom. [Eng.]

Can•non•ade´ , n. [F. Canonnade; cf. It. cannanata.] 1. The act of discharging cannon and throwing ball, shell, etc., for the purpose of destroying an army, or battering a town, ship, or fort; — usually, an attack of some continuance. “A furious cannonade was kept up from the whole circle of batteries on the devoted towm.
Prescott.” 2. Fig.; A loud noise like a cannonade; a booming. “Blue Walden rolls its cannonade.
Ewerson.”

Can•non•ade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cannonade; p. pr. & vb. n. Cannonading.] To attack with heavy artillery; to batter with cannon shot.

Can•non•ade´, v. i. To discharge cannon; as the army cannonaded all day.

Can´non bone (Anat.) See Canon Bone.

Can´noned , a. Furnished with cannon. [Poetic] ´Gilbralter’s cannoned steep.´ M. Arnold. { Can•non•eer´ , Can•non•ier´ } , n. [F. canonnier.] A man who manages, or fires, cannon.

Can•non•er´ing, n. The use of cannon. Burke.

Can´non•ry , n. Cannon, collectively; artillery. “The ringing of bells and roaring of cannonry proclaimed his course through the country.
W. Irving.”

Can´not [Can to be able + -not.] Am, is, or are, not able; — written either as one word or two.

Can´nu•la , n. [L. cannula a small tube of dim. of canna a reed, tube.] (Surg.) A small tube of metal, wood, or India rubber, used for various purposes, esp. for injecting or withdrawing fluids. It is usually associated with a trocar. [Written also canula.]

Can´nu•lar , a. Having the form of a tube; tubular. [Written also canular.]

Can´nu•la•ted , a. Hollow; affording a passage through its interior length for wire, thread, etc.; as a cannulated (suture) needle. [Written also canulated.] { Can´ny , Can´nei } , a. [Cf. Icel. kenn skilled, learned, or E. canny. Cf. Kenn.] [North of Eng. & Scot.] 1. Artful; cunning; shrewd; wary. 2. Skillful; knowing; capable. Sir W. Scott. 3. Cautious; prudent; safe.. Ramsay. 4. Having pleasing or useful qualities; gentle. Burns. 5. Reputed to have magical powers. Sir W. Scott. No canny, not safe, not fortunate; unpropitious. [Scot.]

Ca•noe´ , n.; pl. Canoes (#). [Sp. canoa, fr. Caribbean canáoa.] 1. A boat used by rude nations, formed of trunk of a tree, excavated, by cutting of burning, into a suitable shape. It is propelled by a paddle or paddles, or sometimes by sail, and has no rudder. “Others devised the boat of one tree, called the canoe.
Raleigh.” 2. A boat made of bark or skins, used by savages. “A birch canoe, with paddles, rising, falling, on the water.
Longfellow.” 3. A light pleasure boat, especially designed for use by one who goes alone upon long excursions, including portage. It it propelled by a paddle, or by a small sail attached to a temporary mast.

Ca•noe´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canoed p. pr. & vb. n. Canoeing .] To manage a canoe, or voyage in a canoe.

Ca•noe´ing n. The act or art of using a canoe.

Ca•noe´ist , n. A canoeman.

Ca•noe´man, n.; pl. Canoemen (#). One who uses a canoe; one who travels in a canoe. “Cabins and clearing greeted the eye of the passing canoeman.
Parkman.”

Can´on (#), n. [OE. canon, canoun, AS. canon rule (cf. F. canon, LL. canon, and, for sense 7, F. chanoine, LL. canonicus), fr. L. canon a measuring line, rule, model, fr. Gr. rule, rod, fr. , , red. See Cane, and cf. Canonical.] 1. A law or rule. “Or that the Everlasting had not fixed
His canon ’gainst self-slaughter.
Shak.” 2. (Eccl.) A law, or rule of doctrine or discipline, enacted by a council and confirmed by the pope or the sovereign; a decision, regulation, code, or constitution made by ecclesiastical authority. “Various canons which were made in councils held in the second centry.
Hock.” 3. The collection of books received as genuine Holy Scriptures, called the sacred canon, or general rule of moral and religious duty, given by inspiration; the Bible; also any one of the canonical Scriptures. See Canonical books, under Canonical, a. 4. In monasteries, a book containing the rules of a religious order. 5. A catalogue of saints acknowledged and canonized in the Roman Catholic Church. 6. A member of a cathedral chapter; a person who possesses a prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church. 7. (Mus.) A musical composition in which the voices begin one after another, at regular intervals, successively taking up the same subject. It either winds up with a coda (tailpiece), or, as each voice finishes, commences anew, thus forming a perpetual fugue or round. It is the strictest form of imitation. See Imitation. 8. (Print.) The largest size of type having a specific name; — so called from having been used for printing the canons of the church. 9. The part of a bell by which it is suspended; — called also ear and shank. [See Illust. of Bell.] Knight. 10. (Billiards) See Carom. Apostolical canons. See under Apostolical. — Augustinian canons, Black canons. See under Augustinian. — Canon capitular, Canon residentiary, a resident member of a cathedral chapter (during a part or the whole of the year). — Canon law. See under Law. — Canon of the Mass (R. C. Ch.), that part of the mass, following the Sanctus, which never changes. — Honorary canon, a canon who neither lived in a monastery, nor kept the canonical hours. — Minor canon (Ch. of Eng.), one who has been admitted to a chapter, but has not yet received a prebend. — Regular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who lived in a conventual community and follower the rule of St. Austin; a Black canon. — Secular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who did not live in a monastery, but kept the hours.

Ca•ñon´ , n. [Sp., a tube or hollow, fr. caña reed, fr. L. canna. See Cane.] A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, between high and steep banks, worn by water courses. [Mexico & Western U. S.]

Can´on bit [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule.] That part of a bit which is put in a horse’s mouth.

Can´on bone [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule. See canon.] (Anat.) The shank bone, or great bone above the fetlock, in the fore and hind legs of the horse and allied animals, corresponding to the middle metacarpal or metatarsal bone of most mammals. See Horse.

Can´on•ess , n. [Cf. LL. canonissa.] A woman who holds a canonry in a conventual chapter. Regular canoness, one bound by the poverty, and observing a strict rule of life. — Secular canoness, one allowed to hold private property, and bound only by vows of chastity and obedience so long as she chose to remain in the chapter. { Ca•non´ic , Can•non´ic•al } a. [L. cannonicus, LL. canonicalis, fr. L. canon: cf. F. canonique. See canon.] Of or pertaining to a canon; established by, or according to a , canon or canons. ´The oath of canonical obedience.´ Hallam. Canonical books, or Canonical Scriptures, those books which are declared by the canons of the church to be of divine inspiration; — called collectively the canon. The Roman Catholic Church holds as canonical several books which Protestants reject as apocryphal. — Canonical epistles, an appellation given to the epistles called also general or catholic. See Catholic epistles, under Canholic. — Canonical form (Math.), the simples or most symmetrical form to which all functions of the same class can be reduced without lose of generality. — Canonical hours, certain stated times of the day, fixed by ecclesiastical laws, and appropriated to the offices of prayer and devotion; also certain portions of the Breviary, to be used at stated hours of the day. In England, this name is also given to the hours from 8 a. m. to 3 p. m. (formerly 8 a. m. to 12 m.) before and after which marriage can not be legally performed in any parish church. — Canonical letters, letters of several kinds, formerly given by a bishop to traveling clergymen or laymen, to show that they were entitled to receive the communion, and to distinguish them from heretics. — Canonical life, the method or rule of living prescribed by the ancient clergy who lived in community; a course of living prescribed for the clergy, less rigid than the monastic, and more restrained that the secular. — Canonical obedience, submission to the canons of a church, especially the submission of the inferior clergy to their bishops, and of other religious orders to their superiors. - - Canonical punishments, such as the church may inflict, as excommunication, degradation, penance, etc. — Canonical sins (Anc. Church.), those for which capital punishment or public penance decreed by the canon was inflicted, as idolatry, murder, adultery, heresy.

Ca•non´ic•al•ly , adv. In a canonical manner; according to the canons.

Ca•non´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being canonical; canonicity. Bp. Burnet.

Ca•non´ic•als , n. pl. The dress prescribed by canon to be worn by a clergyman when officiating. Sometimes, any distinctive professional dress. Full canonicals, the complete costume of an officiating clergyman or ecclesiastic. i

Ca•non´i•cate , n. [LL. canonucatus canonical: cf. F. canonicat.] The office of a canon; a canonry.

Can•on•ic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. canonicite.] The state or quality of being canonical; agreement with the canon.

Can´on•ist, n. [Cf. F. canoniste.] A professor of canon law; one skilled in the knowledge and practice of ecclesiastical law. South.

Can•on•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to a canonist. ´This canonistic exposition.´ Milton.

Can•on•i•za´tion , n. [F. canonisation.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The final process or decree (following beatifacation) by which the name of a deceased person is placed in the catalogue (canon) of saints and commended to perpetual veneration and invocation. “Canonization of saints was not known to the Christian church titl toward the middle of the tenth century.
Hoock.” 2. The state of being canonized or sainted.

Can´on•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canonized p. pr. & vb. n. Canonizing.] [F. canoniser or LL. canonizare, fr. L. canon.. See Canon.] 1. (Eccl.) To declare (a deceased person) a saint; to put in the catalogue of saints; as Thomas a Becket was canonized. 2. To glorify; to exalt to the highest honor. “Fame in time to come canonize us.
Shak.” 2. To rate as inspired; to include in the canon.[R.]

Can´on•ry , n. pl. Canonries . A benefice or prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church; a right to a place in chapter and to a portion of its revenues; the dignity or emoluments of a canon.

Can´on•ship , a. Of or pertaining to Canopus in Egypt; as the Canopic vases, used in embalming.

Ca•no´pus , n. [L. Canopus, fr. Gr. , town of Egypt.] (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude in the southern constellation Argo.

Can´o•py (kan´o•py), n.; pl. Canopies (- piz). [OE. canapie, F. canape sofa, OF. conopee, conopeu, conopieu, canopy, vail, pavilion (cf. It. canopè canopy, sofa), LL. conopeum a bed with mosquito curtains, fr. Gr. kwnwpei^on, fr. kw•nwps gnat, kw•nos cone + ’w•ps face. See Cone, and Optic.] 1. A covering fixed over a bed, dais, or the like, or carried on poles over an exalted personage or a sacred object, etc. chiefly as a mark of honor. ´Golden canopies and beds of state.´ Dryden. 2. (Arch.) (a) An ornamental projection, over a door, window, niche, etc. (b) also a rooflike covering, supported on pillars over an altar, a statue, a fountain, etc.

Can´o•py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canopes p. pr. & vb. n. Canopying.] To cover with, or as with, a canopy. ´A bank with ivy canopied.´ Milton.

Ca•no´rous , a. [L. canorus, from nor melody, fr. canere to sing.] Melodious; musical. ´Birds that are most canorous.´ Sir T. Browne. “A long, lound, and canorous peal of laughter.
De Quincey.”

Ca•no´rous•ness, n. The quality of being musical. “He chooses his language for its rich canorousness.
Lowell.”

Can´stick , n. Candlestick. [Obs.] Shak.

Cant , n. [OF., edge, angle, prof. from L. canthus the iron ring round a carriage wheel, a wheel, Gr. the corner of the eye, the felly of a wheel; cf. W. cant the stake or tire of a wheel. Cf. Canthus, Canton, Cantle.] 1. A corner; angle; niche. [Obs.] “The first and principal person in the temple was Irene, or Peace; she was placed aloft in a cant.
B. Jonson.” 2. An outer or external angle. 3. An inclination from a horizontal or vertical line; a slope or bevel; a titl. Totten. 4. A sudden thrust, push, kick, or other impulse, producing a bias or change of direction; also the bias or turn so give; as to give a ball a cant. 5. (Coopering) A segment forming a side piece in the head of a cask. Knight. 6. (Mech.) A segment of he rim of a wooden cogwheel. Knight. 7. (Naut.) A piece of wood laid upon the deck of a vessel to support the bulkheads. Cant frames, Cant timbers (Naut.), timber at the two ends of a ship, rising obliquely from the keel.

Cant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canted; p. pr. & vb. n. Canting.] 1. To incline; to set at an angle; to tilt over; to tip upon the edge; as to cant a cask; to cant a ship. 2. To give a sudden turn or new direction to; as to cant round a stick of timber; to cant a football. 3. To cut off an angle from, as from a square piece of timber, or from the head of a bolt.

Cant, n. [Prob. from OF. cant, F. chant, singing, in allusion to the singing or whining tine of voice used by beggars, fr. L. cantus. See Chant.] 1. An affected, singsong mode of speaking. 2. The idioms and peculiarities of speech in any sect, class, or occupation. Goldsmith. “The cant of any profession.
Dryden.” 3. The use of religious phraseology without understanding or sincerity; empty, solemn speech, implying what is not felt; hypocrisy. “They shall hear no cant from me.
F. W. Robertson” 4. Vulgar jargon; slang; the secret language spoker by gipsies, thieves, tramps, or beggars.

Cant , a. Of the nature of cant; affected; vulgar. “To introduce and multiply cant words in the most ruinous corruption in any language.
Swift.”

Cant, v. i. 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected, singsong tone. 2. To make whining pretensions to goodness; to talk with an affectation of religion, philanthropy, etc.; to practice hypocrisy; as a canting fanatic. “The rankest rogue that ever canted.
Beau. & Fl.” 3. To use pretentious language, barbarous jargon, or technical terms; to talk with an affectation of learning. “The doctor here,
When he discourseth of dissection,
Of vena cava and of vena porta,
The meseraeum and the mesentericum,
What does he else but cant.
B. Jonson” “That uncouth affected garb of speech, or canting language, if I may so call it.
Bp. Sanderson.”

Cant, n. [Prob. from OF. cant, equiv. to L. quantum; cf. F. encan, fr. L. in quantum, i.e. ´for how much?´] A call for bidders at a public sale; an auction. ´To sell their leases by cant.´ Swift.

Cant, v. t. to sell by auction, or bid a price at a sale by auction. [Archaic] Swift.

Can’t A colloquial contraction for can not.

Can´tab , n. [Abbreviated from Cantabrigian.] A Cantabrigian. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Can•ta´bi•le , a. [It., cantare to sing.] (Mus.) In a melodious, flowing style; in a singing style, as opposed to bravura, recitativo, or parlando.

Can•ta´bi•le, n. (Mus.) A piece or passage, whether vocal or instrumental, peculiarly adapted to singing; — sometimes called cantilena.

Can•ta´bri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Cantabria on the Bay of Biscay in Spain.

Can•ta•brig´i•an , n. A native or resident of Cambridge; esp. a student or graduate of the university of Cambridge, England.

Can´ta•lev•er , n. [Cant an external angle + lever a supporter of the roof timber of a house.] [Written also cantaliver and cantilever.] 1. (Arch.) A bracket to support a balcony, a cornice, or the like. 2. (Engin.) A projecting beam, truss, or bridge unsupported at the outer end; one which overhangs. Cantalever bridge, a bridge in which the principle of the cantalever is applied. It is usually a trussed bridge, composed of two portions reaching out from opposite banks, and supported near the middle of their own length on piers which they overhang, thus forming cantalevers which meet over the space to be spanned or sustain a third portion, to complete the connection.

Can´ta•loupe , n. [F. cantaloup, It. cantalupo, so called from the caste of Cantalupo, in the Marca d’Ancona, in Italy, where they were first grown in Europe, from seed said to have been imported from Armenia.] A muskmelon of several varieties, having when mature, a yellowish skin, and flesh of a reddish orange color. [Written also cantaleup.]

Can•tan´ker•ous , a. Perverse; contentious; ugly; malicious. [Colloq.] — Can•tan´ker•ous•ly, adv. — Can•tan´ker•ous•ness, n. “The cantankerous old maiden aunt.
Thackeray.” { Can´tar , Can•tar´ro } n. [It. cantaro (in sense 1), Sp. cantaro (in sense 2).] 1. A weight used in southern Europe and East for heavy articles. It varies in different localities; thus, at Rome it is nearly 75 pounds, in Sardinia nearly 94 pounds, in Cairo it is 95 pounds, in Syria about 503 pounds. 2. A liquid measure in Spain, ranging from two and a half to four gallons. Simmonds.

Can•ta´ta , n. [It., fr. cantare to sing, fr. L. cantare intens of canere to sing.] (Mus.) A poem set to music; a musical composition comprising choruses, solos, interludes, etc., arranged in a somewhat dramatic manner; originally, a composition for a single noise, consisting of both recitative and melody.

Can•ta´tion , n. [L. cantatio.] A singing. [Obs.] Blount.

Cant´a•to•ry , a. Containing cant or affectation; whining; singing. [R.]

Can•ta•tri´ce (kan•ta•tre´cha), n. [It.] (Mus.) A female professional singer.

Cant´ed , a. [From 2d Cant.] 1. Having angles; as a six canted bolt head; a canted window. Canted column (Arch.), a column polygonal in plan. 2. Inclined at an angle to something else; tipped; sloping.

Can•teen´ (kan•ten´), n. [F. cantine bottle case, canteen (cf. Sp. & It. cantina cellar, bottle case), either contr. fr. It. canovettina, dim. of canova cellar, or, more likely, fr. OF. cant. corner, It. & Sp. canto. See 1st Cant.] (Mil.) 1. A vessel used by soldiers for carrying water, liquor, or other drink. [Written also cantine.] In the English service the canteen is made of wood and holds three pints; in the United States it is usually a tin flask. 2. The sutler’s shop in a garrison; also a chest containing culinary and other vessels for officers.

Can´tel , n. See Cantle.

Can´ter , n. [An abbreviation of Caner bury. See Canterbury gallop, under Canterbury.] 1. A moderate and easy gallop adapted to pleasure riding. The canter is a thoroughly artificial pace, at first extremely tiring to the horse, and generally only to be produced in him by the restraint of a powerful bit, which compels him to throw a great part of his weight on his haunches … There is so great a variety in the mode adopted by different horses for performing the canter, that no single description will suffice, nor indeed is it easy … to define any one of them. J. H. Walsh. 2. A rapid or easy passing over. “A rapid canter in the Times over all the topics.
Sir J. Stephen.”

Can´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantered p. pr. & vb. n. Cantering.] To move in a canter.

Can´ter, v. t. To cause, as a horse, to go at a canter; to ride (a horse) at a canter.

Cant´er, n. 1. One who cants or whines; a beggar. 2. One who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness; one who uses canting language. “The day when he was a canter and a rebel.
Macaulay.”

Can´ter•bur•y , n. 1. A city in England, giving its name various articles. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury (primate of all England), and contains the shrine of Thomas à Becket, to which pilgrimages were formerly made. 2. A stand with divisions in it for holding music, loose papers, etc. Canterbury ball (Bot.), a species of Campanula of several varieties, cultivated for its handsome bell-shaped flowers. — Canterbury gallop, a gentle gallop such as was used by pilgrims riding to Canterbury; a canter. — Canterbury tale, one of the tales which Chaucer puts into the mouths of certain pilgrims to Canterbury. Hence, any tale told by travelers to pass away the time.

Can•thar´•i•dal , a. Of or pertaining to cantharides or made of cantharides; as cantharidal plaster.

Can•thar´i•des , n. pl. See Cantharis.

Can•thar´i•din , n. (Chem.) The active principle of the cantharis, or Spanish fly, a volatile, acrid, bitter solid, crystallizing in four-sided prisms.

Can´tha•ris , n.; pl. Cantharides (#). [L., a kind of beetle, esp. the Spanish fly, Gr. kanqari•s.] (Zoöl.) A beetle (Lytta, or Cantharis, vesicatoria), havin1g an elongated cylindrical body of a brilliant green color, and a nauseous odor; the blister fly or blister beetle, of the apothecary; — also called Spanish fly. Many other species of Lytta, used for the same purpose, take the same name. See Blister beetle, under Blister. The plural form in usually applied to the dried insects used in medicine.

Cant´ hook A wooden lever with a movable iron hook. hear the end; — used for canting or turning over heavy logs, etc. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Can´tho•plas•ty , n. [Gr., corner of the eye + to from.] (Surg.) The operation of forming a new canthus, when one has been destroyed by injury or disease.

Can´thus , n.; pl. Canthi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Anat.) The corner where the upper and under eyelids meet on each side of the eye.

Can´ti•cle , n.; pl. Canticles (#). [L. canticulum a little song, dim. of canticum song, fr. cantus a singing, fr. coner to sing. See Chant.] 1. A song; esp. a little song or hymn. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. pl. The Song of Songs or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament. 3. A canto or division of a poem [Obs.] Spenser. 4. A psalm, hymn, or passage from the Bible, arranged for chanting in church service.

Can´ti•coy , n. [Of American Indian origin.] A social gathering; usually, one for dancing.

Can´tile , v. i. Same as Cantle, v. t.

Can•ti•le´na , n. [It. & L.] (Mus.) See Cantabile.

Can´ti•lev•er , n. Same as Cantalever.

Can´til•late , v. i. [L. cantillatus, p. p. of cantillare to sing low, dim. of cantare. See Cantata.] To chant; to recite with musical tones. M. Stuart.

Can•til•la´tion , n. A chanting; recitation or reading with musical modulations.

Can•tine´ , n. See Canteen.

Cant´ing , a. Speaking in a whining tone of voice; using technical or religious terms affectedly; affectedly pious; as a canting rogue; a canting tone. — Cant´ing•ly, adv. — Cant´ing•ness, n. Canting arms, Canting heraldry (Her.), bearings in the nature of a rebus alluding to the name of the bearer. Thus, the Castletons bear three castles, and Pope Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspeare) bore a broken spear.

Cant´ing, n. The use of cant; hypocrisy.

Can•ti•niere´ , n. [F., fr. cantine a sutler’s shop, canteen.] (Mil) A woman who carries a canteen for soldiers; a vivandière.

Can´tion , n. [L. cantio, from canere to sing.] A song or verses. [Obs.] Spenser.

Can´tle , n. [OF. cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece, F. chanteau a piece cut from a larger piece, dim. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.] 1. A corner or edge of anything; a piece; a fragment; a part. ´In one cantle of his law.´ Milton. “Cuts me from the best of all my land
A huge half moon, a monstrous cantle out.
Shak.” 2. The upwardly projecting rear part of saddle, opposite to the pommel. [Written also cante.]

Can´tle, v. t. To cut in pieces; to cut out from. [Obs.] [Written also cantile.]

Cant´let , n. [Dim. of cantle.] A piece; a fragment; a corner. Dryden.

Can´to , n.; pl. Cantos (#). [It. canto, fr. L. cantus singing, song. See Chant.] 1. One of the chief divisions of a long poem; a book. 2. (Mus.) The highest vocal part; the air or melody in choral music; anciently the tenor, now the soprano. Canto fermo [It.] (Mus.), the plain ecclesiastical chant in cathedral service; the plain song.

Can´ton , n. A song or canto [Obs.] “Write loyal cantons of contemned love.
Shak.”

Can´ton, n. [F. canton, augm. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.] 1. A small portion; a division; a compartment. “That little canton of land called the ´English pale´
Davies.” “There is another piece of Holbein’s, … in which, in six several cantons, the several parts of our Savior’s passion are represented.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. A small community or clan. 3. A small territorial district; esp. one of the twenty-two independent states which form the Swiss federal republic; in France, a subdivision of an arrondissement. See Arrondissement. 4. (Her.) A division of a shield occupying one third part of the chief, usually on the dexter side, formed by a perpendicular line from the top of the shield, meeting a horizontal line from the side. “The king gave us the arms of England to be borne in a canton in our arms.
Evelyn.”

Can´ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cantoning.] [Cf. F. cantonner.] 1. To divide into small parts or districts; to mark off or separate, as a distinct portion or division. “They canton out themselves a little Goshen in the intellectual world.
Locke.” 2. (Mil.) To allot separate quarters to, as to different parts or divisions of an army or body of troops.

Can´ton•al , a. Of or pertaining to a canton or cantons; of the nature of a canton.

Can´ton crape´ (krap´). A soft, white or colored silk fabric, of a gauzy texture and wavy appearance, used for ladies’ scarfs, shawls, bonnet trimmings, etc.; — called also Oriental crape. De Colange.

Can´toned , a. 1. (Her.) Having a charge in each of the four corners; — said of a cross on a shield, and also of the shield itself. 2. (Arch.) Having the angles marked by, or decorated with, projecting moldings or small columns; as a cantoned pier or pilaster.

Can´ton flan´nel See Cotton flannel.

Can´ton•ize , v. i. To divide into cantons or small districts.

Can´ton•ment , n. [Cf. F. cantonnement.] A town or village, or part of a town or village, assigned to a body of troops for quarters; temporary shelter or place of rest for an army; quarters. When troops are sheltered in huts or quartered in the houses of the people during any suspension of hostilities, they are said to be in cantonment, or to be cantoned. In India, permanent military stations, or military towns, are termed cantonments.

Can•toon´ , n. A cotton stuff showing a fine cord on one side and a satiny surface on the other.

Can´tor , n. [L., a singer, fr. caner to sing.] A singer; esp. the leader of a church choir; a precentor. “The cantor of the church intones the Te Deum.
Milman.”

Can´tor•al , a. Of or belonging to a cantor. Cantoral staff, the official staff or baton of a cantor or precentor, with which time is marked for the singers.

Can•to´ris , a. [L., lit., of the cantor, gen. of cantor.] Of or pertaining to a cantor; as the cantoris side of a choir; a cantoris stall. Shipley. { Can´trap , Can´trip } n. [Cf. Icel. gandar, ODan. & OSw. gan, witchcraft, and E. trap a snare, tramp.] A charm; an incantation; a shell; a trick; adroit mischief. [Written also cantraip.] [Scot.] { Can´tred , Can´tref } n. [W. cantref; cant hundred + tref dwelling place, village.] A district comprising a hundred villages, as in Wales. [Written also kantry.]

Can´ty , a. Cheerful; sprightly; lively; merry. ´The canty dame.´ Wordsworth [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] “Contented with little, and canty with mair.
Burns.”

Ca•nuck´ , n. 1. A Canadian. [Slang] 2. A small or medium-sized hardy horse, common in Canada. [Colloq.] { Can´u•la , n., Can´u•lar , a., Can´u•la•ted } a. See Cannula, Cannular, and Cannulated.

Can´vas , n. [OE. canvas, canevas, F. canevas, LL. canabacius hempen cloth, canvas L. cannabis hemp, fr. G. . See Hemp.] 1. A strong cloth made of hemp, flax, or cotton; — used for tents, sails, etc. “By glimmering lanes and walls of canvas led.
Tennyson.” 2. (a) A coarse cloth so woven as to form regular meshes for working with the needle, as in tapestry, or worsted work. (b) A piece of strong cloth of which the surface has been prepared to receive painting, commonly painting in oil. “History … does not bring out clearly upon the canvas the details which were familiar.
J. H. Newman.” 3. Something for which canvas is used: (a) A sail, or a collection of sails. (b) A tent, or a collection of tents. (c) A painting, or a picture on canvas. “To suit his canvas to the roughness of the see.
Goldsmith.” “Light, rich as that which glows on the canvas of Claude.
Macaulay.” 4. A rough draft or model of a song, air, or other literary or musical composition; esp. one to show a poet the measure of the verses he is to make. Grabb.

Can´vas, a. Made of, pertaining to, or resembling, canvas or coarse cloth; as a canvas tent.

Can´vas•back , n. (Zoöl.) A Species of duck (Aythya vallisneria), esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. It visits the United States in autumn; particularly Chesapeake Bay and adjoining waters; — so named from the markings of the plumage on its back.

Can´vass , v. t. [imp. & p. p. canvassed p. pr. & vb. n. Canvassing.] [OF. Canabasser to examine curiously, to search or sift out; properly, to sift through canvas. See Canvas, n.] 1. To sift; to strain; to examine thoroughly; to scrutinize; as to canvass the votes cast at an election; to canvass a district with reference to its probable vote. “I have made careful search on all hands, and canvassed the matter with all possible diligence.
Woodward.” 2. To examine by discussion; to debate. “An opinion that we are likely soon to canvass.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 3. To go through, with personal solicitation or public addresses; as to canvass a district for votes; to canvass a city for subscriptions.

Can´vass, v. i. To search thoroughly; to engage in solicitation by traversing a district; as to canvass for subscriptions or for votes; to canvass for a book, a publisher, or in behalf of a charity; — commonly followed by for.

Can´vass, n. 1. Close inspection; careful review for verification; as a canvass of votes. Bacon. 2. Examination in the way of discussion or debate. 3. Search; exploration; solicitation; systematic effort to obtain votes, subscribers, etc. “No previous canvass was made for me.
Burke.”

Can´vass•er , n. One who canvasses.

Can´y , a. [From Cane.] Of or pertaining to cane or canes; abounding with canes. Milton.

Can´yon , n. The English form of the Spanish word Cañon.

Can•zo´ne , n. [It., a song, fr. L. cantio, fr. canere to sing. Cf. Chanson, Chant.] (Mus.) (a) A song or air for one or more voices, of Provençal origin, resembling, though not strictly, the madrigal. (b) An instrumental piece in the madrigal style.

Can•zo•net´ , n. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone.] (Mus.) A short song, in one or more parts.

Caout´chin , n. (Chem.) An inflammable, volatile, oily, liquid hydrocarbon, obtained by the destructive distillation of caoutchouc.

Caout´chouc , n. [F. caoutchouc, from the South American name.] A tenacious, elastic, gummy substance obtained from the milky sap of several plants of tropical South America (esp. the euphorbiaceous tree Siphonia elastica or Hevea caoutchouc), Asia, and Africa. Being impermeable to liquids and gases, and not readly affected by exposure to air, acids, and alkalies, it is used, especially when vulcanized, for many purposes in the arts and in manufactures. Also called India rubber (because it was first brought from India, and was formerly used chiefly for erasing pencil marks) and gum elastic. See Vulcanization. Mineral caoutchouc. See under Mineral.

Caout´chou•cin , n. See Caoutchin.

Cap (kap), n. [OE. cappe, AS. caeppe, cap, cape, hood, fr. LL, cappa, capa; perhaps of Iberian origin, as Isidorus of Seville mentions it first: ´Capa, quia quasi totum capiat hominem; it. capitis ornamentum.´ See 3d Cape, and cf. 1st Cope.] 1. A covering for the head; esp. (a) One usually with a visor but without a brim, for men and boys; (b) One of lace, muslin, etc., for women, or infants; (c) One used as the mark or ensign of some rank, office, or dignity, as that of a cardinal. 2. The top, or uppermost part; the chief. “Thou art the cap of all the fools alive.
Shak.” 3. A respectful uncovering of the head. “He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks.
Fuller.” 4. (Zoöl.) The whole top of the head of a bird from the base of the bill to the nape of the neck. 5. Anything resembling a cap in form, position, or use; as: (a) (Arch.) The uppermost of any assemblage of parts; as the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate. (b) Something covering the top or end of a thing for protection or ornament. (c) (Naut.) A collar of iron or wood used in joining spars, as the mast and the topmast, the bowsprit and the jib boom; also a covering of tarred canvas at the end of a rope. (d) A percussion cap. See under Percussion. (e) (Mech.) The removable cover of a journal box. (f) (Geom.) A portion of a spherical or other convex surface. 6. A large size of writing paper; as flat cap; foolscap; legal cap. Cap of a cannon, a piece of lead laid over the vent to keep the priming dry; — now called an apron. — Cap in hand, obsequiously; submissively. — Cap of liberty. See Liberty cap, under Liberty. — Cap of maintenance, a cap of state carried before the kings of England at the coronation. It is also carried before the mayors of some cities. — Cap money, money collected in a cap for the huntsman at the death of the fox. — Cap paper. (a) A kind of writing paper including flat cap, foolscap, and legal cap. (b) A coarse wrapping paper used for making caps to hold commodities. — Cap rock (Mining), The layer of rock next overlying ore, generally of barren vein material. — Flat cap, cap See Foolscap. — Forage cap, the cloth undress head covering of an officer of soldier. — Legal cap, a kind of folio writing paper, made for the use of lawyers, in long narrow sheets which have the fold at the top or ´narrow edge.´ — To set one’s cap, to make a fool of one. (Obs.) Chaucer. — To set one’s cap for, to try to win the favor of a man with a view to marriage. [Colloq.]

Cap , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Capping.] 1. To cover with a cap, or as with a cap; to provide with a cap or cover; to cover the top or end of; to place a cap upon the proper part of; as to cap a post; to cap a gun. “The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth cartilaginous substance.
Derham.” 2. To deprive of cap. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To complete; to crown; to bring to the highest point or consummation; as to cap the climax of absurdity. 4. To salute by removing the cap. [Slang. Eng.] “Tom … capped the proctor with the profoundest of bows.
Thackeray.” 5. To match; to mate in contest; to furnish a complement to; as to cap text; to cap proverbs. Shak. “Now I have him under girdle I’ll cap verses with him to the end of the chapter.
Dryden.” In capping verses, when one quotes a verse another must cap it by quoting one beginning with the last letter of the first letter, or with the first letter of the last word, or ending with a rhyming word, or by applying any other arbitrary rule may be agreed upon.

Cap, v. i. To uncover the head respectfully. Shak.

Ca•pa•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Capabilities (#). 1. The quality of being capable; capacity; capableness; esp. intellectual power or ability. “A capability to take a thousand views of a subject.
H. Taylor.” 2. Capacity of being used or improved.

Ca´pa•ble , a. [F. capable, LL. capabilis capacious, capable, fr. L. caper to take, contain. See Heave.] 1. Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility; having capacity; of sufficient size or strength; as a room capable of holding a large number; a castle capable of resisting a long assault. “Concious of joy and capable of pain.
Prior.” 2. Possessing adequate power; qualified; able; fully competent; as a capable instructor; a capable judge; a mind capable of nice investigations. “More capable to discourse of battles than to give them.
Motley.” 3. Possessing legal power or capacity; as a man capable of making a contract, or a will. 4. Capacious; large; comprehensive. [Obs.] Shak. Capable is usually followed by of, sometimes by an infinitive. Syn. — Able; competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; skillful.

Ca´pa•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being capable; capability; adequateness; competency.

Ca•pac´i•fy (ka•pas´i•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacified (-fid).] [L. capax, -acis, capacious + -fy.] To quality. [R.] “The benefice he is capacified and designed for.
Barrow.”

Ca•pa´cious (ka•pa´shus), a. [L. capax, -acis, fr. capere to take. See Heave.] 1. Having capacity; able to contain much; large; roomy; spacious; extended; broad; as a capacious vessel, room, bay, or harbor. “In the capacious recesses of his mind.
Bancroft.” 2. Able or qualified to make large views of things, as in obtaining knowledge or forming designs; comprehensive; liberal. ´A capacious mind.´ Watts.

Ca•pa´cious•ly, adv. In a capacious manner or degree; comprehensively.

Ca•pa´cious•ness, n. The quality of being capacious, as of a vessel, a reservoir a bay, the mind, etc.

Ca•pac´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capacitating.] To render capable; to enable; to qualify. “By this instruction we may be capaciated to observe those errors.
Dryden.”

Ca•pac´i•ty , n.; pl. Capacities (-tiz). [L. capacitus, fr. capax, capacis; fr. F. capacite. See Capacious.] 1. The power of receiving or containing; extent of room or space; passive power; — used in reference to physical things. “Had our great palace the capacity
To camp this host, we all would sup together.
Shak.” “The capacity of the exhausted cylinder.
Boyle.” 2. The power of receiving and holding ideas knowledge, etc.; the comprehensiveness of the mind; the receptive faculty; capability of understanding or feeling. “Capacity is now properly limited to these [the mere passive operations of the mind]; its primary signification, which is literally room for, as well as its employment, favors this; although it can not be denied that there are examples of its usage in an active sense.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 3. Ability; power pertaining to, or resulting from, the possession of strength, wealth, or talent; possibility of being or of doing. “The capacity of blessing the people.
Alex. Hamilton.” “A cause with such capacities endued.
Blackmore.” 4. Outward condition or circumstances; occupation; profession; character; position; as to work in the capacity of a mason or a carpenter. 5. (Law) Legal or moral qualification, as of age, residence, character, etc., necessary for certain purposes, as for holding office, for marrying, for making contracts, wills, etc.; legal power or right; competency. Capacity for heat, the power of absorbing heat. Substances differ in the amount of heat requisite to raise them a given number of thermometric degrees, and this difference is the measure of, or depends upon, what is called their capacity for heat. See Specific heat, under Heat. Syn. — Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency; cleverness. See Ability.

Cap••a•pe´ , adv. See Cap-a-pie. Shak.

Cap••a•pie´ , adv. [OF. cap-a-pie, from head to foot, now de pied en cap from foot to head; L. pes foot + caput head.] From head to foot; at all points. ´He was armed cap-a-pie.´ Prescott.

Ca•par´i•son , n. [F. caparaçon, fr. Sp. caparazon a cover for a saddle, coach, etc.; capa cloak, cover (fr. LL. capa, cf. LL. caparo also fr. capa) + the term. azon. See Cap.] 1. An ornamental covering or housing for a horse; the harness or trappings of a horse, taken collectively, esp. when decorative. “Their horses clothed with rich caparison.
Drylen.” 2. Gay or rich clothing. “My heart groans beneath the gay caparison.
Smollett.”

Ca•par´i•son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caparisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Caparisoning.] [Cf. F caparaçonner.] 1. To cover with housings, as a horse; to harness or fit out with decorative trappings, as a horse. “The steeds, caparisoned with purple, stand.
Dryden.” 2. To adorn with rich dress; to dress. “I am caparisoned like a man.
Shak.”

Ca•par´ro , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American monkey (Lagothrix Humboldtii), with prehensile tail.

Cap´case , n. A small traveling case or bandbox; formerly, a chest. “A capcase for your linen and your plate.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cape (kap), n. [F. cap, fr. It. capo head, cape, fr. L. caput heat, end, point. See Chief.] A piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into the sea or a lake; a promontory; a headland. Cape buffalo (Zoöl.) a large and powerful buffalo of South Africa (Bubalus Caffer). It is said to be the most dangerous wild beast of Africa. See Buffalo, 2. — Cape jasmine, Cape jessamine. See Jasmine. — Cape pigeon (Zoöl.), a petrel (Daptium Capense) common off the Cape of Good Hope. It is about the size of a pigeon. — Cape wine, wine made in South Africa [Eng.] — The Cape, the Cape of Good Hope, in the general sense of the southern extremity of Africa. Also used of Cape Horn, and, in New England, of Cape Cod.

Cape, v. i. (Naut.) To head or point; to keep a course; as the ship capes southwest by south.

Cape, n. [OE. Cape, fr. F. cape; cf. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. 1st Cope, Chape.] A sleeveless garment or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders, but not reaching below the hips. See Cloak.

Cape, v. i. [See Gape.] To gape. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Ca´pel (ka´pel), Ca´ple (- p’l) }, n. [Icel. kapall; cf. L. caballus.] A horse; a nag. [Obs.] Chaucer. Holland.

Ca´pel (ka´pel), n. (Mining) A composite stone (quartz, schorl, and hornblende) in the walls of tin and copper lodes.

Cap´e•lan , n. (Zoöl.) See Capelin.

Cape´lin , n. [Cf. F. capelan, caplan.] (Zoöl.) A small marine fish (Mallotus villosus) of the family Salmonidae, very abundant on the coasts of Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland, and Alaska. It is used as a bait for the cod. [Written also capelan and caplin.] This fish, which is like a smelt, is called by the Spaniards anchova, and by the Portuguese capelina. Fisheries of U. S. (1884).

Ca´pe•line , n. [F., fr. LL. capella. See Chapel.] (Med.) A hood- shaped bandage for the head, the shoulder, or the stump of an amputated limb.

Ca•pel´la , n. [L., a little goat, dim. of caper a goat.] (Asrton.) A brilliant star in the constellation Auriga.

Cap´el•lane , n. [See Chaplain.] The curate of a chapel; a chaplain. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ca•pel´le , n. [G.] (Mus.) The private orchestra or band of a prince or of a church.

Cap´el•let , n. [F. capelet.] (Far.) A swelling, like a wen, on the point of the elbow (or the heel of the hock) of a horse, caused probably by bruises in lying down.

Ca•pell´meis•ter , n. [G., fr. capelle chapel, private band of a prince + meister a master.] The musical director in a royal or ducal chapel; a choir-master. [Written also kapellmeister.]

Ca´per , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capered p. pr. & vb. n. capering.] [From older capreoll to caper, cf. F. se cabrer to prance; all ultimately fr. L. caper, capra, goat. See Capriole.] To leap or jump about in a sprightly manner; to cut capers; to skip; to spring; to prance; to dance. “He capers, he dances, he has eyes of youth.
Shak.”

Ca´per, n. A frolicsome leap or spring; a skip; a jump, as in mirth or dancing; a prank. To cut a caper, to frolic; to make a sportive spring; to play a prank. Shak.

Ca´per, n. [D. kaper.] A vessel formerly used by the Dutch, privateer. Wright.

Ca´per, n. [F. câpre, fr. L. capparis, Gr. ; cf. Ar. & Per. al-kabar.] 1. The pungent grayish green flower bud of the European and Oriental caper (Capparis spinosa), much used for pickles. 2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Capparis; — called also caper bush, caper tree. The Capparis spinosa is a low prickly shrub of the Mediterranean coasts, with trailing branches and brilliant flowers; — cultivated in the south of Europe for its buds. The C. sodada is an almost leafless spiny shrub of central Africa (Soudan), Arabia, and southern India, with edible berries. Bean caper. See Bran caper, in the Vocabulary. — Caper sauce, a kind of sauce or catchup made of capers.

Ca´per•ber•ry , n. 1. The small olive-shaped berry of the European and Oriental caper, said to be used in pickles and as a condiment. 2. The currantlike fruit of the African and Arabian caper (Capparis sodado). { Ca´per bush• , Ca´per tree• }See Capper, a plant, 2. { Ca´per•cail•zie , or Ca´per•cal•ly , } n. [Gael, capulcoile.] (Zoöl.) A species of grouse (Tetrao uragallus) of large size and fine flavor, found in northern Europe and formerly in Scotland; — called also cock of the woods. [Written also capercaillie, capercaili.]

Ca´per•claw , v. t. To treat with cruel playfulness, as a cat treats a mouse; to abuse. [Obs.] Birch.

Ca´per•er , n. One who capers, leaps, and skips about, or dances. “The nimble caperer on the cord.
Dryden.”

Cap´ful , n.; pl. Capfuls . As much as will fill a cap. A capful of wind (Naut.), a light puff of wind.

Ca´pi•as , n. [L. thou mayst take.] (Low) A writ or process commanding the officer to take the body of the person named in it, that is, to arrest him; — also called writ of capias. One principal kind of capias is a writ by which actions at law are frequently commenced; another is a writ of execution issued after judgment to satisfy damages recovered; a capias in criminal law is the process to take a person charged on an indictment, when he is not in custody. Burrill. Wharton.

Ca•pi•ba´ra , n. (Zoöl.) See Capybara.

Cap•il•la´ceous , a. [L. capillaceus hairy, fr. capillus hair.] Having long filaments; resembling a hair; slender. See Capillary.

Cap•il•laire´ , n. [F. capillaire maiden-hair; sirop de capillaire capillaire; fr. L. herba capillaris the maidenhair.] 1. A sirup prepared from the maiden-hair, formerly supposed to have medicinal properties. 2. Any simple sirup flavored with orange flowers.

Ca•pil´la•ment , n. [L. capillamentum, fr. capillus hair: cf. F. capillament.] 1. (Bot.) A filament. [R.] 2. (Anat.) Any villous or hairy covering; a fine fiber or filament, as of the nerves.

Cap´il•la•ri•ness , n. The quality of being capillary.

Cap•il•lar´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. capillarite.] 1. The quality or condition of being capillary. 2. (Physics) The peculiar action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in contact with a solid (as in a capillary tube), is elevated or depressed; capillary attraction. Capillarity depends upon the relative attaction of the modecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid, and is especially observable in capillary tubes, where it determines the ascent or descent of the liquid above or below the level of the liquid which the tube is dipped; — hence the name.

Cap´il•la•ry (kap´il•la•ry or ka•pil´la•ry; 277), a. [L. capillaris, fr. capillus hair. Cf. Capillaire.] 1. Resembling a hair; fine; minute; very slender; having minute tubes or interspaces; having very small bore; as the capillary vessels of animals and plants. 2. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels; as capillary action. Capillary attraction, Capillary repulsion, the apparent attraction or repulsion between a solid and liquid caused by capillarity. See Capillarity, and Attraction. — Capillarity tubes. See the Note under Capillarity.

Cap´il•la•ry, n.; pl. Capillaries . 1. A tube or vessel, extremely fine or minute. 2. (Anat.) A minute, thin-walled vessel; particularly one of the smallest blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, but used also for the smallest lymphatic and biliary vessels.

Cap•il•la´tion , n. [L. capillatio the hair.] A capillary blood vessel. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ca•pil´la•ture , n. [L. capillatura.] A bush of hair; frizzing of the hair. Clarke.

Ca•pil´li•form , a. [L. capillus hair + -form.] In the shape or form of, a hair, or of hairs.

Cap´il•lose , a. [L. capillosus.] Having much hair; hairy. [R.]

Ca•pis´trate , a. [L. capistratus, p. p. of capistrare halter.] (Zoöl.) Hooded; cowled.

Cap´i•tal , a. [F. capital, L. capitalis capital (in senses 1 & 2), fr. caput head. See Chief, and cf. Capital, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the head. [Obs.] “Needs must the Serpent now his capital bruise
Expect with mortal pain.
Milton.” 2. Having reference to, or involving, the forfeiture of the head or life; affecting life; punishable with death; as capital trials; capital punishment. “Many crimes that are capital among us.
Swift.” “To put to death a capital offender.
Milton.” 3. First in importance; chief; principal. “A capital article in religion
Atterbury.” “Whatever is capital and essential in Christianity.
I. Taylor.” 4. Chief, in a political sense, as being the seat of the general government of a state or nation; as Washington and Paris are capital cities. 5. Of first rate quality; excellent; as a capital speech or song. [Colloq.] Capital letter [F, lettre capitale] (Print.), a leading or heading letter, used at the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain words, distinguished, for the most part, both by different form and larger size, from the small (lower-case) letters, which form the greater part of common print or writing. — Small capital letters have the form of capital letters and height of the body of the lower-case letters. — Capital stock, money, property, or stock invested in any business, or the enterprise of any corporation or institution. Abbott. Syn. — Chief; leading; controlling; prominent.

Cap´i•tal , n. [Cf. L. capitellum and Capitulum, a small head, the head, top, or capital of a column, dim. of caput head; F. chapiteau, OF. capitel. See Chief, and cf. Cattle, Chattel, Chapiter, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) The head or uppermost member of a column, pilaster, etc. It consists generally of three parts, abacus, bell (or vase), and necking. See these terms, and Column. 2. [Cf. F. capilate, fem., sc. ville.] (Geog.) The seat of government; the chief city or town in a country; a metropolis. ´A busy and splendid capital´ Macauly. 3. [Cf. F. capital.] Money, property, or stock employed in trade, manufactures, etc.; the sum invested or lent, as distinguished from the income or interest. See Capital stock, under Capital, a. 4. (Polit. Econ.) That portion of the produce of industry, which may be directly employed either to support human beings or to assist in production. M’Culloch. When wealth is used to assist production it is called capital. The capital of a civilized community includes fixed capital (i.e. buildings, machines, and roads used in the course of production and exchange) amd circulating capital (i.e., food, fuel, money, etc., spent in the course of production and exchange). T. Raleigh. 5. Anything which can be used to increase one’s power or influence. “He tried to make capital out of his rival’s discomfiture.
London Times.” 6. (Fort.) An imaginary line dividing a bastion, ravelin, or other work, into two equal parts. 7. A chapter, or section, of a book. [Obs.] “Holy St. Bernard hath said in the 59th capital.
Sir W. Scott.” 8. (Print.) See Capital letter, under Capital, a. Active capital. See under Active, — Small capital (Print.), a small capital letter. See under Capital, a. — To live on one’s capital, to consume one’s capital without producing or accumulating anything to replace it.

Cap´i•tal•ist, n. [Cf. F. capitaliste.] One who has capital; one who has money for investment, or money invested; esp. a person of large property, which is employed in business. “The expenditure of the capitalist.
Burke.”

Cap´i•tal•i•za•tion , n. The act or process of capitalizing.

Cap´i•tal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capitalized p. pr. & vb. n. Capitalizing.] 1. To convert into capital, or to use as capital. 2. To compute, appraise, or assess the capital value of (a patent right, an annuity, etc.) 3. To print in capital letters, or with an initial capital.

Cap•i•tal•ly, adv. 1. In a way involving the forfeiture of the head or life; as to punish capitally. 2. In a capital manner; excellently. [Colloq.]

Cap´i•tal•ness, n. The quality of being capital; preeminence. [R.] { Ca•pi•tan• Pa•sha• Pa•cha• }. [See capitan.] The chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.

Cap´i•tate , a. [L. capitatus fr. caput head.] 1. Headlike in form; also having the distal end enlarged and rounded, as the stigmas of certain flowers. 2. (Bot.) Having the flowers gathered into a head.

Cap•i•ta´tim , a. [NL.] Of so much per head; as a capitatim tax; a capitatim grant.

Cap•i•ta´tion , n. [L. capitatio a poll tax, fr. caput head; cf. F. capitation.] 1. A numbering of heads or individuals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. A tax upon each head or person, without reference to property; a poll tax.

Cap´i•te , n. [L., abl. of caput head.] See under Tenant.

Cap•i•tel´late , a. [L. capitellum, dim. of caput head.] (Bot.) Having a very small knoblike termination, or collected into minute capitula.

Cap•i•ti•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., from L. caput, capitis, head + -branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of annelids in which the gills arise from or near the head. See Tubicola.

Cap´i•tol , [L. capitolium, fr. caput head: cf. F. capitole. See Chief.] 1. The temple of Jupiter, at Rome, on the Mona Capitolinus, where the Senate met. “Comes Caesar to the Capitol to- morrow?
Shak.” 2. The edifice at Washington occupied by the Congress of the United States; also the building in which the legislature of State holds its sessions; a statehouse. { Cap•i•to´li•an , Cap´i•to•line } a. [L. capitolinus: cf. F. capitolin.] Of or pertaining to the Capitol in Rome. ´Capitolian Jove.´ Macaulay. Capitoline games (Antiq.), annual games instituted at Rome by Camillus, in honor of Jupter Capitolinus, on account of the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls; when reinstituted by Domitian, arter a period of neglect, they were held every fifth year.

Ca•pit´u•la , n. pl. See Capitulum.

Ca•pit´u•lar , n. [LL. capitulare, capitularium, fr. L. capitulum a small head, a chapter, dim. of capit head, chapter.] 1. An act passed in a chapter. 2. A member of a chapter. “The chapter itself, and all its members or capitulars.
Ayliffe.” 3. The head or prominent part.

Ca•pit´u•lar , a. 1. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to a chapter; capitulary. “From the pope to the member of the capitular body.
Milman.” 2. (Bot.) Growing in, or pertaining to, a capitulum. 3. (Anat.) Pertaining to a capitulum; as the capitular process of a vertebra, the process which articulates with the capitulum of a rib.

Ca•pit´u•lar•ly , adv. In the manner or form of an ecclesiastical chapter. Sterne.

Ca•pit´u•la•ry , n.; pl. Capitularies (#). [See Capitular.] 1. A capitular. 2. The body of laws or statutes of a chapter, or of an ecclesiastical council. 3. A collection of laws or statutes, civil and ecclesiastical, esp. of the Frankish kings, in chapters or sections. “Several of Charlemagne’s capitularies.
Hallam.”

Ca•pit´u•la•ry , a. Relating to the chapter of a cathedral; capitular. ´Capitulary acts.´ Warton.

Ca•pit´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capitulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitulating.] [LL. capitulatus, p. p. of capitulare to capitulate: cf. F. capituler. See Capitular, n.] 1. To settle or draw up the heads or terms of an agreement, as in chapters or articles; to agree. [Obs.] “There capitulates with the king … to take to wife his daughter Mary.
Heylin.” “There is no reason why the reducing of any agreement to certain heads or capitula should not be called to capitulate.
Trench.” 2. To surrender on terms agreed upon (usually, drawn up under several heads); as an army or a garrison capitulates. “The Irish, after holding out a week, capitulated.
Macaulay.”

Ca•pit´u•late, v. t. To surrender or transfer, as an army or a fortress, on certain conditions. [R.]

Ca•pit•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. capitulation, LL. capitulatio.] 1. A reducing to heads or articles; a formal agreement. “With special capitulation that neither the Scots nor the French shall refortify.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. The act of capitulating or surrendering to an emeny upon stipulated terms. 3. The instrument containing the terms of an agreement or surrender.

Ca•pit´u•la•tor , n. [LL.] One who capitulates.

Cap´i•tule , n. [L. capitulum small head, chapter.] A summary. [Obs.]

Ca•pit´u•lum , n.; pl. Capitula . [L., a small head.] 1. A thick head of flowers on a very short axis, as a clover top, or a dandelion; a composite flower. A capitulum may be either globular or flat. Gray. 2. (Anat.) A knoblike protuberance of any part, esp. at the end of a bone or cartilage. [See Illust. of Artiodactyla.]

Ca•pi´vi , n. [Cf. Copaiba.] A balsam of the Spanish West Indies. See Copaiba.

Ca´ple , n. See Capel.

Cap´lin , n. See Capelin. { Cap´lin , Cap´ling } n. The cap or coupling of a flail, through which the thongs pass which connect the handle and swingel. Wright.

Cap´no•man•cy , n. [Gr. smoke + mancy: cf. F. capnomancie.] Divination by means of the ascent or motion of smoke.

Cap´no•mor , n. [Gr. smoke + , equiv. to part.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless oil with a peculiar odor, obtained from beech tar. Watts.

Ca•poc´ , n. [Malay kapoq.] A sort of cotton so short and fine that it can not be spun, used in the East Indies to line palanquins, to make mattresses, etc.

Ca•poch´ , n.; pl. Capoches (#). [Cf. Sp. capucho, It. cappucio, F. Capuce, capuchon, LL. caputium, fr. capa cloak. See Cap.] A hood; especially, the hood attached to the gown of a monk.

Ca•poch´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capoched ] To cover with, or as with, a hood; hence, to hoodwink or blind. Hudibras.

Ca´pon (ka´p’n or ka´pun; 277), n. [OE. capon, chapoun, AS. capun (cf. F. chapon), L. capo, fr. Gr. ka•pwn akin to ko•ptein to cut, OSlav. skopiti to castrate. Cf. Comma.] A castrated cock, esp. when fattened; a male chicken gelded to improve his flesh for the table. Shak. “The merry thought of a capon.
W. Irving.”

Ca´pon, v. t. To castrate; to make a capon of.

Ca´pon•et , n. A young capon. [R.] Chapman.

Cap•o•niere´ , n. [F. caponnière, fr. Sp. caponera, orig., a cage for fattening capons, hence, a place of refuge; cf. It. capponiera. See Capon.] (Fort.) A work made across or in the ditch, to protect it from the enemy, or to serve as a covered passageway.

Ca´pon•ize , v. t. To castrate, as a fowl.

Ca•pot´ , n. [F.] A winning of all the tricks at the game of piquet. It counts for forty points. Hoyle.

Ca•pot´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capotted.] To win all the tricks from, in playing at piquet.

Ca•pote´ , n. [Sp. capote (cf. F. capote.), fr. LL. capa cape, cloak. See Cap.] A long cloak or overcoat, especially one with a hood.

Ca•pouch´ , n. & v. t. Same as Capoch.

Cap´pa•dine , n. A floss or waste obtained from the cocoon after the silk has been reeled off, used for shag.

Cap´pa•per , See cap, n., also Paper, n.

Cap´peak , n. The front piece of a cap; — now more commonly called visor.

Cap•pel´la , n. See A cappella.

Cap´per , n. 1. One whose business is to make or sell caps. 2. A by-bidder; a decoy for gamblers. [Slang, U. S.] 3. An instrument for applying a percussion cap to a gun or cartridge.

Cap´ping plane (Join.) A plane used for working the upper surface of staircase rails.

Ca´pra , n. [L., a she goat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminants, including the common goat.

Cap´rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of capric acid.

Cap´re•o•late , a. [L. capreolus wild goat, tendril, fr. caper goat: cf. F. capreole.] (Bot.) Having a tendril or tendrils.

Cap´re•o•line , a. [L. capreolus wild goat, fr. caper goat.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the roebuck.

Cap´ric , a. [L. caper goat.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to capric acid or its derivatives. Capric acid, C_9H_19.CO_2H, Caprylic acid, C_7H_15.CO_2H, and Caproic acid, C_5H_11.CO_2H, are fatty acids occurring in small quantities in butter, cocoanut oil, etc., united with glycerin; they are colorless oils, or white crystalline solids, of an unpleasant odor like that of goats or sweat.

Ca•pric´cio (ka•pret´cho), n. [It. See Caprice.] 1. (Mus.) A piece in a free form, with frequent digressions from the theme; a fantasia; — often called caprice. 2. A caprice; a freak; a fancy. Shak.

Ca•pric•cio´so (ka•pret•cho´so), a. [It.] (Mus) In a free, fantastic style.

Ca•price´ (ka•pres´), n. [F. caprice, It. capriccio, caprice (perh. orig. a fantastical goat leap), fr. L. caper, capra, goat. Cf Capriole, Cab, Caper, v. i.] 1. An abrupt change in feeling, opinion, or action, proceeding from some whim or fancy; a freak; a notion. ´Caprices of appetite.´ W. Irving. 2. (Mus.) See Capriccio. Syn. — Freak; whim; crotchet; fancy; vagary; humor; whimsey; fickleness.

Ca•pri´cious (ka•prish´us), a. [Cf. F. capricieux, It. capriccioso.] Governed or characterized by caprice; apt to change suddenly; freakish; whimsical; changeable. ´Capricious poet.´ Shak. ´Capricious humor.´ Hugh Miller. “A capricious partiality to the Romish practices.
Hallam.” Syn. — Freakish; whimsical; fanciful; fickle; crotchety; fitful; wayward; changeable; unsteady; uncertain; inconstant; arbitrary. — Ca•pri´cious•ly, adv. — Ca•pri´cious•ness, n.

Cap´ri•corn , n. [L. capricornus; caper goat + cornu horn: cf. F. capricorne.] 1. (Astron.) The tenth sign of zodiac, into which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about December 21. See Tropic. “The sun was entered into Capricorn.
Dryden.” 2. (Astron.) A southern constellation, represented on ancient monuments by the figure of a goat, or a figure with its fore part like a fish. Capricorn beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Carambucidae; one of the long-horned beetles. The larvae usually bore into the wood or bark of trees and shrubs and are often destructive. See Girdler, Pruner.

Cap´rid , a. [L. caper, capra, goat.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tribe of ruminants of which the goat, or genus Capra, is the type.

Cap•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. caprificatio, fr. caprificare to ripen figs by caprification, fr. caprificus the wild fig; caper goat + ficus fig.] The practice of hanging, upon the cultivated fig tree, branches of the wild fig infested with minute hymenopterous insects. It is supposed that the little insects insure fertilization by carrying the pollen from the male flowers near the opening of the fig down to the female flowers, and also accelerate ripening the fruit by puncturing it. The practice has existed since ancient times, but its benefit has been disputed.

Cap´ri•fole , n. [L. caper goat + folium leaf.] The woodbine or honeysuckle. Spenser.

Cap´ri•fo•li•a•ceous , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Honeysuckle family of plants (Caprifoliacae.

Cap´ri•form , a. [L. caper goat + -form.] Having the form of a goat.

Ca•prig´e•nous , a. [L. caprigenus; caper goat + gegnere to produce.] Of the goat kind.

Cap´rine , a. [L. caprinus.] Of or pertaining to a goat; as caprine gambols.

Cap´ri•ole , n. [F. capriole, cabriole, It. capriola, fr. L. caper goat. Cf. Caper, v. i. Cabriole, Caprice, Cheveril.] 1. (Man.) A leap that a horse makes with all fours, upwards only, without advancing, but with a kick or jerk of the hind legs when at the height of the leap. 2. A leap or caper, as in dancing. ´With lofty turns and caprioles.´ Sir J. Davies.

Cap´ri•ole, v. i. To perform a capriole. Carlyle.

Cap´ri•ped , a. [L. capripers; caper goat + pes pedis, foot.] Having feet like those of a goat.

Cap´ro•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of caproic acid.

Ca•pro´ic , a. (Chem.) See under Capric.

Cap´ry•late , n. (Chem.) A salt of caprylic acid.

Ca•pryl´ic , a. (Chem.) See under Capric.

Cap•sa´i•cin , n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance extracted from the Capsicum annuum, and giving off vapors of intense acridity.

Cap´sheaf , n. The top sheaf of a stack of grain: (fig.) the crowning or finishing part of a thing.

Cap´si•cin , n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A red liquid or soft resin extracted from various species of capsicum.

Cap´si•cine , n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A volatile alkaloid extracted from Capsicum annuum or from capsicin.

Cap´si•cum (kap´si•kum), n. [NL., fr. L. capsa box, chest.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of many species, producing capsules or dry berries of various forms, which have an exceedingly pungent, biting taste, and when ground form the red or Cayenne pepper of commerce.
[1913 Webster] The most important species are Capsicum baccatum or bird pepper, C. fastigiatum or chili pepper, C. frutescens or spur pepper, and C. annuum or Guinea pepper, which includes the bell pepper and other common garden varieties. The fruit is much used, both in its green and ripe state, in pickles and in cookery. See Cayenne pepper.
[1913 Webster]

Cap•size´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Capsized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Capsizing.] [Cf. Sp. cabecear to nod, pitch, capuzar, chapuzar, to sink (a vessel) by the head; both fr. L. caput head.] To upset or overturn, as a vessel or other body. “But what if carrying sail capsize the boat?
Byron.”

Cap´size , n. An upset or overturn.

Cap´•square , n. (Gun.) A metal covering plate which passes over the trunnions of a cannon, and holds it in place.

Cap´stan , n. [F. cabestan, fr. Sp. cabestrante, cabrestante, fr. cabestrar to bind with a halter, fr. cabestrohalter, fr. L. capistrum halter, fr. capere to hold (see Capacious); or perh. the Spanish is fr. L. caper goat + stans, p. pr. of stare to stand; cf. F. chèvre she-goat, also a machine for raising heavy weights.] A vertical cleated drum or cylinder, revolving on an upright spindle, and surmounted by a drumhead with sockets for bars or levers. It is much used, especially on shipboard, for moving or raising heavy weights or exerting great power by traction upon a rope or cable, passing around the drum. It is operated either by steam power or by a number of men walking around the capstan, each pushing on the end of a lever fixed in its socket. [Sometimes spelt Capstern, but improperly.] Capstan bar, one of the long bars or levers by which the capstan is worked; a handspike.. — To pawl the capstan, to drop the pawls so that they will catch in the notches of the pawl ring, and prevent the capstan from turning back. — To rig the capstan, to prepare the for use, by putting the bars in the sockets. — To surge the capstan, to slack the tension of the rope or cable wound around it.

Cap´stone , n. (Paleon.) A fossil echinus of the genus Cannulus; — so called from its supposed resemblance to a cap. { Cap´su•lar , Cap´su•la•ry } a. [Cf. F. capsulaire.] Of or pertaining to a capsule; having the nature of a capsule; hollow and fibrous. Capsular ligament (Anat.), a ligamentous bag or capsule surrounding many movable joints in the skeleton. { Cap´su•late , Cap´su•la•ted } a. Inclosed in a capsule, or as in a chest or box.

Cap´sule , n. [L. capsula a little box or chest, fr. capsa chest, case, fr. capere to take, contain: cf. F. capsule.] 1. (Bot.) a dry fruit or pod which is made up of several parts or carpels, and opens to discharge the seeds, as the capsule of the poppy, the flax, the lily, etc. 2. (Chem.) (a) A small saucer of clay for roasting or melting samples of ores, etc.; a scorifier. (b) a small, shallow, evaporating dish, usually of porcelain. 3. (Med.) A small cylindrical or spherical gelatinous envelope in which nauseous or acrid doses are inclosed to be swallowed. 4. (Anat.) A membranous sac containing fluid, or investing an organ or joint; as the capsule of the lens of the eye. also a capsulelike organ. 5. A metallic seal or cover for closing a bottle. 6. A small cup or shell, as of metal, for a percussion cap, cartridge, etc. Atrabiliary capsule. See under Atrabiliary. — Glisson’s capsule, a membranous envelope, entering the liver along with the portal vessels and insheathing the latter in their course through the organ. — Suprarenal capsule, an organ of unknown function, above or in front of each kidney.

Cap´tain (kap´tin), n. [OE. capitain, captain, OF. capitain, F. capitaine (cf. Sp. capitan, It. capitano), LL. capitaneus, capitanus, fr. L. caput the head. See under Chief, and cf. Chieftain.] 1. A head, or chief officer; as: (a) The military officer who commands a company, troop, or battery, or who has the rank entitling him to do so though he may be employed on other service. (b) An officer in the United States navy, next above a commander and below a commodore, and ranking with a colonel in the army. (c) By courtesy, an officer actually commanding a vessel, although not having the rank of captain. (d) The master or commanding officer of a merchant vessel. (e) One in charge of a portion of a ship’s company; as a captain of a top, captain of a gun, etc. (f) The foreman of a body of workmen. (g) A person having authority over others acting in concert; as the captain of a boat’s crew; the captain of a football team. “A trainband captain eke was he.
Cowper.” “The Rhodian captain, relying on … the lightness of his vessel, passed, in open day, through all the guards.
Arbuthnot.” 2. A military leader; a warrior. “Foremost captain of his time.
Tennyson.” Captain general. (a) The commander in chief of an army or armies, or of the militia. (b) The Spanish governor of Cuba and its dependent islands. — Captain lieutenant, a lieutenant with the rank and duties of captain but with a lieutenant’s pay, — as in the first company of an English regiment.

Cap´tain , v. t. To act as captain of; to lead. [R.] “Men who captained or accompanied the exodus from existing forms.
Lowell.”

Cap´tain, a. Chief; superior. [R.] “captain jewes in the carcanet.
Shak.”

Cap´tain•cy , n.; pl. Captaincies . The rank, post, or commission of a captain. Washington. Captaincy general, the office, power, territory, or jurisdiction of a captain general; as the captaincy general of La Habana (Cuba and its islands).

Cap´tain•ry , n. [Cf. F. capitainerie.] Power, or command, over a certain district; chieftainship. [Obs.]

Cap´tain•ship, n. 1. The condition, rank, post, or authority of a captain or chief commander. ´To take the captainship.´ Shak. 2. Military skill; as to show good captainship.

Cap•ta•tion , n. [L. captatio, fr. captare to catch, intens. of caper to take: cf. F. captation.] A courting of favor or applause, by flattery or address; a captivating quality; an attraction. [Obs.] “Without any of those dresses, or popular captations, which some men use in their speeches.
Eikon Basilike.”

Cap´tion , n. [L. captio, fr. caper to take. In senses 3 and 4, perhaps confounded in meaning with L. caput a head. See Capacious.] 1. A caviling; a sophism. [Obs.] “This doctrine is for caption and contradiction.
Bacon.” 2. The act of taking or arresting a person by judicial process. [R.] Bouvier. 3. (Law) That part of a legal instrument, as a commission, indictment, etc., which shows where, when, and by what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. Bouvier. Wharton. 4. The heading of a chapter, section, or page. [U. S.]

Cap´tious , a. [F. captieux, L. captiosus. See Caption.] 1. Apt to catch at faults; disposed to find fault or to cavil; eager to object; difficult to please. “A captious and suspicious age.
Stillingfleet.” “I am sensible I have not disposed my materials to abide the test of a captious controversy.
Bwike.” 2. Fitted to harass, perplex, or insnare; insidious; troublesome. “Captious restraints on navigation.
Bancroft.” Syn. — Caviling, carping, fault-finding; censorious; hypercritical; peevish, fretful; perverse; troublesome. — Captious, caviling, Carping. A captious person is one who has a fault-finding habit or manner, or is disposed to catch at faults, errors, etc., with quarrelsome intent; a caviling person is disposed to raise objections on frivolous grounds; carping implies that one is given to ill-natured, persistent, or unreasonable fault- finding, or picking up of the words or actions of others. “Caviling is the carping of argument, carping the caviling of ill temper.
C. J. Smith.”

Cap´tious•ly, adv. In a captious manner.

Cap´tious•ness, n. Captious disposition or manner.

Cap´ti•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captivated; p. pr. & vb. n. Captivating.] [L. captivatus, p. p. of captivare to capture, fr. captivus captive. See Captive.] 1. To take prisoner; to capture; to subdue. [Obs.] “Their woes whom fortune captivates.
Shak.” 2. To acquire ascendancy over by reason of some art or attraction; to fascinate; to charm; as Cleopatra captivated Antony; the orator captivated all hearts. “Small landscapes of captivating loveliness.
W. Irving.” Syn. — To enslave; subdue; overpower; charm; enchant; bewitch; facinate; capture; lead captive.

Cap´ti•vate , p. a. [L. captivatus.] Taken prisoner; made captive; insnared; charmed. “Women have been captivate ere now.
Shak.”

Cap´ti•va•ting , a. Having power to captivate or charm; fascinating; as captivating smiles. — Cap´ti•va•ting•ly, adv.

Cap´ti•va•tion , n. [L. capticatio.] The act of captivating. [R.] “The captivation of our understanding.
Bp. Hall.”

Cap´tive , n. [L. captivus, fr. capere to take: cf. F. captif. See Caitiff.] 1. A prisoner taken by force or stratagem, esp., by an enemy, in war; one kept in bondage or in the power of another. “Then, when I am thy captive, talk of chains.
Milton.” 2. One charmed or subdued by beaty, excellence, or affection; one who is captivated.

Cap´tive, a. 1. Made prisoner, especially in war; held in bondage or in confinement. “A poor, miserable, captive thrall.
Milton.” 2. Subdued by love; charmed; captivated. “Even in so short a space, my wonan’s heart
Grossly grew captive to his honey words.
Shak.” 3. Of or pertaining to bondage or confinement; serving to confine; as captive chains; captive hours.

Cap´tive , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captived p. pr. & vb. n. Captiving.] To take prisoner; to capture. “Their inhabitans slaughtered and captived.
Burke.”

Cap•tiv´i•ty , n. [L. captivitas: cf. F. captivite.] 1. The state of being a captive or a prisoner. “More celebrated in his captivity that in his greatest triumphs.
Dryden.” 2. A state of being under control; subjection of the will or affections; bondage. “Sink in the soft captivity together.
Addison.” Syn. — Imprisonment; confinement; bondage; subjection; servitude; slavery; thralldom; serfdom.

Cap´tor , n. [L., a cather (of animals), fr. caper to take.] One who captures any person or thing, as a prisoner or a prize.

Cap´ture , n. [L. capture, fr. caper to take: cf. F. capture. See Caitiff, and cf. aptive.] 1. The act of seizing by force, or getting possession of by superior power or by stratagem; as the capture of an enemy, a vessel, or a criminal. “Even with regard to captures made at sea.
Bluckstone.” 2. The securing of an object of strife or desire, as by the power of some attraction. 3. The thing taken by force, surprise, or stratagem; a prize; prey. Syn. — Seizure; apprehension; arrest; detention.

Cap´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captured p. pr. & vb. n. Capturing.] To seize or take possession of by force, surprise, or stratagem; to overcome and hold; to secure by effort. “Her heart is like some fortress that has been captured.
W. Ivring.”

Ca•puc´cio , n. [It. cappucio. See Capoch.] A capoch or hood. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ca•puched´ , a. [See Capoch.] Cover with, or as with, a hood. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cap•u•chin´ , n. [F. capucin a monk who wears a cowl, fr. It. cappuccio hood. See Capoch.] 1. (Eccl.) A Franciscan monk of the austere branch established in 1526 by Matteo di Baschi, distinguished by wearing the long pointed cowl or capoch of St. Francis. “A bare-footed and long-bearded capuchin.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A garment for women, consisting of a cloak and hood, resembling, or supposed to resemble, that of capuchin monks. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A long-tailed South American monkey (Cabus capucinus), having the forehead naked and wrinkled, with the hair on the crown reflexed and resembling a monk’s cowl, the rest being of a grayish white; — called also capucine monkey, weeper, sajou, sapajou, and sai. (b) Other species of Cabus, as C. fatuellus (the brown or horned capucine.), C. albifrons (the cararara), and C. apella. (c) A variety of the domestic pigeon having a hoodlike tuft of feathers on the head and sides of the neck. Capuchin nun, one of an austere order of Franciscan nuns which came under Capuchin rule in 1538. The order had recently been founded by Maria Longa.

Cap´u•cine , n. See Capuchin, 3.

Cap´u•let , n. (Far.) Same as Capellet.

Cap´u•lin (-lin), n. [Sp. capuli.] The Mexican cherry (Prunus Capollin).

Ca´put (ka´put), n.; pl. Capita (kap´i•ta). [L., the head.] 1. (Anat.) The head; also a knoblike protuberance or capitulum. 2. The top or superior part of a thing. 3. (Eng.) The council or ruling body of the University of Cambridge prior to the constitution of 1856. “Your caputs and heads of colleges.
Lamb.” Caput mortuum . [L., dead head.] (Old Chem.) The residuum after distillation or sublimation; hence, worthless residue.

Ca•py•ba´ra , n. [Sp. capibara, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American rodent (Hydrochaerus capybara) Living on the margins of lakes and rivers. It is the largest extant rodent, being about three feet long, and half that in height. It somewhat resembles the Guinea pig, to which it is related; — called also cabiai and water hog.

Car , n. [OF. car, char, F. cahr, fr. L. carrus, Wagon: a Celtic word; cf. W. car, Armor. karr, Ir. & Gael. carr. cf. Chariot.] 1. A small vehicle moved on wheels; usually, one having but two wheels and drawn by one horse; a cart. 2. A vehicle adapted to the rails of a railroad. [U. S.] In England a railroad passenger car is called a railway carriage; a freight car a goods wagon; a platform car a goods truck; a baggage car a van. But styles of car introduced into England from America are called cars; as tram car. Pullman car. See Train. 3. A chariot of war or of triumph; a vehicle of splendor, dignity, or solemnity. [Poetic]. “The gilded car of day.
Milton.” “The towering car, the sable steeds.
Tennyson.” 4. (Astron.) The stars also called Charles’s Wain, the Great Bear, or the Dipper. “The Pleiads, Hyads, and the Northern Car.
Dryden.” 5. The cage of a lift or elevator. 6. The basket, box, or cage suspended from a balloon to contain passengers, ballast, etc. 7. A floating perforated box for living fish. [U. S.] Car coupling, or Car coupler, a shackle or other device for connecting the cars in a railway train. [U. S.] — Dummy car (Railroad), a car containing its own steam power or locomotive. — Freight car (Railrood), a car for the transportation of merchandise or other goods. [U. S.] — Hand car (Railroad), a small car propelled by hand, used by railroad laborers, etc. [U. S.] — Horse car, or Street car, an omnibus car, draw by horses or other power upon rails laid in the streets. [U. S.] — Palace car, Drawing-room car, Sleeping car, Parlor car, etc. (Railroad), cars especially designed and furnished for the comfort of travelers.

Car´a•bid , a. (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Carabus or family Carabidae. — n. One of the Carabidae, a family of active insectivorous beetles.

Car´a•bine , n. (Mil.) A carbine.

Car•a•bi•neer´ , n. A carbineer.

Car´a•boid , a. [Carabus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to the genus Carabus.

Car´a•bus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a horned beetle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ground beetles, including numerous species. They devour many injurious insects.

Car´ac , n. See Carack.

Car´a•cal , n. [F. caracal, fr. Turk garahgootag; garah black + goofag ear.] (Zoöl.) A lynx (Felis, or Lynx, caracal.) It is a native of Africa and Asia. Its ears are black externally, and tipped with long black hairs.

Ca•ra•ca´ra (kä•rakä´ra), n. (Zoöl.) A south American bird of several species and genera, resembling both the eagles and the vultures. The caracaras act as scavengers, and are also called carrion buzzards. The black caracara is Ibycter ater; the chimango is Milvago chimango; the Brazilian is Polyborus Braziliensis.

Car´ack , n. [F. caraque (cf. Sp. & Pg. carraca, It. caracca.), LL. carraca, fr. L. carrus wagon; or perh. fr. Ar. qorqur (pl. qaraqir) a carack.] (Naut.) A kind of large ship formerly used by the Spaniards and Portuguese in the East India trade; a galleon. [Spelt also carrack.] “The bigger whale like some huge carrack lay.
Waller.”

Car´a•cole , n. [F. caracole, caracol, fr. Sp. caracol snail, winding staircase, a wheeling about.] 1. (Man.) A half turn which a horseman makes, either to the right or the left. 2. (Arch.) A staircase in a spiral form. En caracole [F.], spiral; — said of a staircase.

Car´a•cole , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caracoled ] [Cf. F. caracoler.] (Man.) To move in a caracole, or in caracoles; to wheel. “Prince John caracoled within the lists.
Sir W. Scott.”

Car´a•col•y , n. An alloy of gold, silver, and copper, of which an inferior quality of jewelry is made. { Car´a•core , Car´a•co•ra }, n. [Malay kurakura.] A light vessel or proa used by the people of Borneo, etc., and by the Dutch in the East Indies.

Ca•rafe´ , n. [F.] A glass water bottle for the table or toilet; — called also croft. { Car´a•geen• Car´a•gheen• } , n. See Carrageen.

Ca•ram•bo´la , n. (Bot.) An East Indian tree (Averrhoa Carambola), and its acid, juicy fruit; called also Coromandel gooseberry.

Car´a•mel , n. [F. caramel (cf. Sp. caramelo), LL. canna mellis, cannamella, canamella, calamellus mellitus, sugar cane, from or confused with L. canna reed + mel, mellis, honey. See Cane.] 1. (Chem.) Burnt sugar; a brown or black porous substance obtained by heating sugar. It is soluble in water, and is used for coloring spirits, gravies, etc. 2. A kind of confectionery, usually a small cube or square of tenacious paste, or candy, of varying composition and flavor.

Ca•ran´goid , a. [Caranx + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Carangidae, a family of fishes allied to the mackerels, and including the caranx, American bluefish, and the pilot fish.

Ca´ranx (ka´ranks), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, common on the Atlantic coast, including the yellow or golden mackerel.

Car´a•pace (kar´a•pas), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The thick shell or shield which covers the back of the tortoise, or turtle, the crab, and other crustaceous animals.

Ca•ra•pa´to (kä•ra•pä´to), n. [Pg. carrapato.] (Zoöl.) A south American tick of the genus Amblyomma. There are several species, very troublesome to man and beast.

Car´a•pax , n. (Zoöl.) See Carapace.

Car´at (kar´at), n. [F. carat (cf. It. carato, OPg. quirate, Pg. & Sp. quilate), Ar. qirat bean or pea shell, a weight of four grains, a carat, fr. Gr. kera•tion a little horn, the fruit of the carob tree, a weight, a carat. See Horn.] 1. The weight by which precious stones and pearls are weighed. The carat equals three and one fifth grains Troy, and is divided into four grains, sometimes called carat grains. Diamonds and other precious stones are estimated by carats and fractions of carats, and pearls, usually, by carat grains. Tiffany. 2. A twenty-fourth part; — a term used in estimating the proportionate fineness of gold. A mass of metal is said to be so many carats fine, according to the number of twenty-fourths of pure gold which it contains; as 22 carats fine (goldsmith’s standard) = 22 parts of gold, 1 of copper, and 1 of silver.

Car´a•van (kar´a•van or kar•a•van´; 277), n. [F. caravane (cf. Sp. caravana), fr. Per. karwan a caravan (in sense 1). Cf. Van a wagon.] 1. A company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants, organized and equipped for a long journey, or marching or traveling together, esp. through deserts and countries infested by robbers or hostile tribes, as in Asia or Africa. 2. A large, covered wagon, or a train of such wagons, for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition; an itinerant show, as of wild beasts. 3. A covered vehicle for carrying passengers or for moving furniture, etc.; — sometimes shorted into van.

Car•a•van•eer´ , n. [Cf. F. caravanier.] The leader or driver of the camels in caravan.

Car•a•van´sa•ry , n.; pl. Caravansaries (#). [F. caravanserai, fr. Per. karwansaraï; karwan caravan + -saraï palace, large house, inn.] A kind of inn, in the East, where caravans rest at night, being a large, rude, unfurnished building, surrounding a court. [Written also caravanserai and caravansera.]

Car´a•vel (kar´a•vel), n. [F. caravelle (cf. It. caravella, Sp. carabela), fr. Sp. caraba a kind of vessel, fr. L. carabus a kind of light boat, fr. Gr. ka•rabos a kind of light ship, NGr. kara•bi ship, vessel.] [written also carvel and caravelle.] (Naut.) A name given to several kinds of vessels. (a) The caravel of the 16th century was a small vessel with broad bows, high, narrow poop, four masts, and lateen sails. Columbus commanded three caravels on his great voyage. (b) A Portuguese vessel of 100 or 150 tons burden. (c) A small fishing boat used on the French coast. (d) A Turkish man-of- war.

Car´a•way (kar´a•wa), n. [F. carvi (cf. Sp. carvi and al-caravea, al-carahueya, Pg. al-caravia) fr. Ar. karawia, karwia fr. Gr. ka•ron; cf. L. careum.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial plant of the Parsley family (Carum Carui). The seeds have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. They are used in cookery and confectionery, and also in medicine as a carminative. 2. A cake or sweetmeat containing caraway seeds. “Caraways, or biscuits, or some other [comfits].
Cogan.”

Car•bam´ic (kär•bam´ik), a. [Carbon + amido.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid so called. Carbamic acid (Chem.), an amido acid, NH_2.CO_2H, not existing in the free state, but occurring as a salt of ammonium in commercial ammonium carbonate; — called also amido formic acid.

Car•bam´ide (kär•bam´id or -id), n. [Carbonyl + amide.] (Chem.) The technical name for urea.

Car•bam´ine (kär•bam´in or -ed), n. (Chem.) An isocyanide of a hydrocarbon radical. The carbamines are liquids, usually colorless, and of unendurable odor.

Car´ba•nil , n. [Carbonyl + aniline.] (Chem.) A mobile liquid, CO.N.C_6H_5, of pungent odor. It is the phenyl salt of isocyanic acid.

Car´ba•zol , n. [Carbon + azo + -ol.] (Chem.) A white crystallized substance, C_12H_8NH, derived from aniline and other amines.

Car•baz´o•tate , n. (Chem.) A salt of carbazotic or picric acid; a picrate.

Car•ba•zot´ic , a. [Carbon + azole.] Containing, or derived from, carbon and nitrogen. Carbazotic acid (Chem.), picric acid. See under Picric.

Car´bide , n. [Carbon + -ide.] (Chem.) A binary compound of carbon with some other element or radical, in which the carbon plays the part of a negative; — formerly termed carburet.

Car´bi•mide , n. [Carbon + imide] (Chem.) The technical name for isocyanic acid. See under Isocyanic.

Car´bine , n. [F. carbine, OF. calabrin carabineer (cf. Ot. calabrina a policeman), fr. OF & Pr. calabre, OF. cable, chable, an engine of war used in besieging, fr. LL. chadabula, cabulus, a kind of projectile machine, fr. Gr. a throwing down, fr. to throw; down + to throw. Cf. Parable.] (Mil.) A short, light musket or rifle, esp. one used by mounted soldiers or cavalry.

Car•bi•neer´ , n. [F. carabinier.] (Mil.) A soldier armed with a carbine.

Car´bi•nol , n. [Carbin (Kolbe’s name for the radical) + -ol.] (Chem.) Methyl alcohol, CH_3OH; — also by extension, any one in the homologous series of paraffine alcohols of which methyl alcohol is the type.

Car•bo•hy´drate , n. [Carbon + hydrate.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a group of compounds including the sugars, starches, and gums, which contain six (or some multiple of six) carbon atoms, united with a variable number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, but with the two latter always in proportion as to form water; as dextrose, C_6H_12O_6.

Car•bo•hy´dride , n. [Carbon + hydrogen.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon.

Car•bol´ic (kär•bol´ik), a. [L. carbo coal + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from coal tar and other sources; as carbolic acid (called also phenic acid, and phenol). See Phenol.

Car´bo•lize (kär´bo•liz), v. t. (Med.) To apply carbolic acid to; to wash or treat with carbolic acid.

Car´bon (kär´bon), n. [F. carbone, fr. L. carbo coal; cf. Skr. çra to cook.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite. Carbon compounds, Compounds of carbon (Chem.), those compounds consisting largely of carbon, commonly produced by animals and plants, and hence called organic compounds, though their synthesis may be effected in many cases in the laboratory. “The formation of the compounds of carbon is not dependent upon the life process.
I. Remsen” — Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide. (Chem.) See under Carbonic. — Carbon light (Elec.), an extremely brilliant electric light produced by passing a galvanic current through two carbon points kept constantly with their apexes neary in contact. — Carbon point (Elec.), a small cylinder or bit of gas carbon moved forward by clockwork so that, as it is burned away by the electric current, it shall constantly maintain its proper relation to the opposing point. — Carbon tissue, paper coated with gelatine and pigment, used in the autotype process of photography. Abney. — Gas carbon, a compact variety of carbon obtained as an incrustation on the interior of gas retorts, and used for the manufacture of the carbon rods of pencils for the voltaic, arc, and for the plates of voltaic batteries, etc.

Car´bo•na•ceous , a. Pertaining to, containing, or composed of, carbon. { Car´bo•nade , Car•bo•na´do } n. [Cf. F. carbonnade, It. carbonata, Sp. carbonada, from L. carbo coal.] (Cookery) Flesh, fowl, etc., cut across, seasoned, and broiled on coals; a chop. [Obs.] { Car•bo•na´do , Car´bo•nade } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonadoed p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonadoing.] 1. To cut (meat) across for frying or broiling; to cut or slice and broil. [Obs.] “A short-legged hen daintily carbonadoed.
Bean. & Fl.” 2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. [Obs.] “I’ll so carbonado your shanks.
Shak.”

Car•bo•na´do , n.; pl. Carbonadoes (#). [Pg., carbonated.] (Min.) A black variety of diamond, found in Brazil, and used for diamond drills. It occurs in irregular or rounded fragments, rarely distinctly crystallized, with a texture varying from compact to porous.

Car•bo•na´rism , n. The principles, practices, or organization of the Carbonari.

Car•bo•na´ro , n.; pl. Carbonari (#). [It., a coal man.] A member of a secret political association in Italy, organized in the early part of the nineteenth centry for the purpose of changing the government into a republic. The origin of the Carbonari is uncertain, but the society is said to have first met, in 1808, among the charcoal burners of the mountains, whose phraseology they adopted.

Car•bon•a•ta´tion , n. [From Carbonate.] (Sugar Making) The saturation of defecated beet juice with carbonic acid gas. Knight.

Car´bon•ate , n. [Cf. F. carbonate.] (Chem.) A salt or carbonic acid, as in limestone, some forms of lead ore, etc.

Car´bon•a•ted , a. Combined or impregnated with carbonic acid.

Car´bone , v. t. [See Carbonado.] To broil. [Obs.] ´We had a calf’s head carboned´. Pepys.

Car•bon´ic , a. [Cf. F. carbonique. See Carbon.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as carbonic oxide. Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid H_2CO_3, not existing separately, which, combined with positive or basic atoms or radicals, forms carbonates. In common language the term is very generally applied to a compound of carbon and oxygen, CO_2, more correctly called carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, heavy, irrespirable gas extinguishing flame, and when breathed destroys life. It can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. It is produced in the fermentation of liquors, and by the combustion and decomposition of organic substances, or other substances containing carbon. It is formed in the explosion of fire damp in mines, and is hence called after damp; it is also know as choke damp, and mephitic air. Water will absorb its own volume of it, and more than this under pressure, and in this state becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs. Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. Plants imbibe it for their nutrition and growth, the carbon being retained and the oxygen given out. — Carbonic oxide (Chem.), a colorless gas CO, of a light odor, called more correctly carbon monoxide. It is almost the only definitely known compound in which carbon seems to be divalent. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon, and is an abundant constituent of water gas. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes combustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide.

Car´bon•ide (kär´bon•id or -id), n. A carbide. [R.]

Car•bon•if´er•ous (kär•bon•if´er•us), a. [Carbon + -ferous.] Producing or containing carbon or coal. Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegetation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian. See Age of acrogens, under Acrogen. — Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or period. See the Diagram under Geology.

Car•bon•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. carbonisation.] The act or process of carbonizing.

Car´bon•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonized p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing.] [Cf. F. carboniser.] 1. To convert (an animal or vegetable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char. 2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation.

Car•bon•om´e•ter , n. [Carbon + -meter.] An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its action on limewater or by other means.

Car´bon•yl , n. [Carbon + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical (CO)\’b_7\’b_7, occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc. Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas COCl_2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; — called also carbon oxychloride.

Car•bo•sty´ril , n. [Carbon + styrene.] A white crystalline substance, C_9H_6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.

Car•box´ide , n. [Carbon + oxide.] (Chem.) A compound of carbon and oxygen, as carbonyl, with some element or radical; as potassium carboxide. Potassium carboxide, a grayish explosive crystalline compound, C_6O_6K, obtained by passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium.

Car•box´yl , n. [Carbon + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) The complex radical, CO.OH, regarded as the essential and characteristic constituent which all oxygen acids of carbon (as formic, acetic, benzoic acids, etc.) have in common; — called also oxatyl.

Car´boy , n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael carb basket; or Pers qurabah a sort of bottle.] A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass, inclosed in basket work or in a box, for protection; — used commonly for carrying corrosive liquids; as sulphuric acid, etc.

Car´bun•cle , n. [L. carbunculus a little coal, a bright kind of precious stone, a kind of tumor, dim. of carbo coal: cf. F. carboncle. See Carbon.] 1. (Min.) A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the Greeks anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet. 2. (Med.) A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax. 3. (Her.) A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle.

Car´bun•cled , a. 1. Set with carbuncles. “He has deserves it [armor], were it carbuncled
Like holy Phabus’ car.
Shak.” 2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles; marked with red sores; pimpled and blotched. ´A carbuncled face.´ Brome.

Car•bun´cu•lar , a. Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed.

Car•bun•cu•la´tion , n. [L. carbunculatio.] The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or cold. Harris.

Car´bu•ret , n. [From Carbon.] (Chem.) A carbide. See Carbide [Archaic]

Car´bu•ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbureted or Carburetted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Carbureting or Carburetting.] To combine or to impregnate with carbon, as by passing through or over a liquid hydrocarbon; to carbonize or carburize. “By carbureting the gas you may use poorer coal.
Knight.”

Car´bu•ret•ant , n. Any volatile liquid used in charging illuminating gases.

Car´bu•ret•ed , a. 1. (Chem.) Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet or carbide. 2. Saturated or impregnated with some volatile carbon compound; as water gas is carbureted to increase its illuminating power. [Written also carburetted.] Carbureted hydrogen gas, any one of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of with make up illuminating gas. — Light carbureted hydrogen, marsh gas CH_4; fire damp.

Car´bu•ret•or , n. (Chem.) An apparatus in which coal gas hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illuminating power. [Written also carburettor.]

Car´bu•ri•za•tion , n. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of carburizing.

Car´bu•rize (kär´bu•riz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carburized p. pr. & vb. n. Carburizing.] (Chem.) To combine with carbon or a carbon compound; — said esp. of a process for conferring a higher degree of illuminating power on combustible gases by mingling them with a vapor of volatile hydrocarbons.

Car´ca•jou (kär´ka•joo), n. [Probably a Canadian French corruption of an Indian name of the wolverene.] (Zoöl.) The wolverene; — also applied, but erroneously, to the Canada lynx, and sometimes to the American badger. See Wolverene.

Car´ca•net (kär´ka•net), n. [Dim. fr. F. carcan the iron collar or chain of a criminal, a chain of precious stones, LL. carcannum, fr. Armor. kerchen bosom, neck, kelchen collar, fr. kelch circle; or Icel. kverk troat, OHG. querca throat.] A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. [Also written carkanet and carcant.] Shak.

Car´case (kär´kas), n. See Carcass.

Car´cass (kär´kas), n.; pl. Carcasses (#). [Written also carcase.] [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, fr. L. caro flesh + capsa chest, box, case. Cf. Carnal, Case a sheath.] 1. A dead body, whether of man or beast; a corpse; now commonly the dead body of a beast. “He turned to see the carcass of the lion.
Judges xiv. 8.” “This kept thousands in the town whose carcasses went into the great pits by cartloads.
De Foe.” 2. The living body; — now commonly used in contempt or ridicule. ´To pamper his own carcass.´ South. “Lovely her face; was ne’er so fair a creature.
For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature.
Oldham.” 3. The abandoned and decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship; the skeleton, or the uncovered or unfinished frame, of a thing. “A rotten carcass of a boat.
Shak.” 4. (Mil.) A hollow case or shell, filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar or howitzer, to set fire to buldings, ships, etc. “A discharge of carcasses and bombshells.
W. Iving.”

Car•ca•vel´hos , n. A sweet wine. See Calcavella.

Car´ce•lage , n. [LL. carcelladium, carceragium, fr. L. carcer prison.] Prison fees. [Obs.]

Car´cel lamp [Named after Carcel, the inventor.] A French mechanical lamp, for lighthouses, in which a superabundance of oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork.

Car´cer•al , a. [L. carceralis, fr. carcer prison.] Belonging to a prison. [R.] Foxe.

Car•ci•no•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to carcinology.

Car•ci•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a crab + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The department of zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.); — called also malacostracology and crustaceology.

Car•ci•no´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. crab, cancer. See -oma.] (Med.) A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer. Dunglison.

Car•ci•nom´a•tous , a. Of or pertaining to carcinoma.

Car•ci•no´sys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. cancer.] The affection of the system with cancer.

Card , n. [F. carte, fr. L. charta paper, Gr. a leaf of paper. Cf. Chart.] 1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank or prepared for various uses; as a playing card; a visiting card; a card of invitation; pl. a game played with cards. “Our first cards were to Carabas House.
Thackeray.” 2. A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as to put a card in the newspapers. also a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as this will be a good card for the last day of the fair. 3. A paper on which the points of the compass are marked; the dial or face of the mariner’s compass. “All the quartere that they know
I’ the shipman’s card.
Shak.” 4. (Weaving) A perforated pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads, making part of the Jacquard apparatus of a loom. See Jacquard. 5. An indicator card. See under Indicator. Business card, a card on which is printed an advertisement or business address. — Card basket (a) A basket to hold visiting cards left by callers. (b) A basket made of cardboard. — Card catalogue. See Catalogue. — Card rack, a rack or frame for holding and displaying business or visiting card. — Card table, a table for use inplaying cards, esp. one having a leaf which folds over. — On the cards, likely to happen; foretold and expected but not yet brought to pass; — a phrase of fortune tellers that has come into common use; also according to the programme. — Playing card, cards used in playing games; specifically, the cards cards used playing which and other games of chance, and having each pack divided onto four kinds or suits called hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. The full or whist pack contains fifty-two cards. — To have the cards in one’s own hands, to have the winning cards; to have the means of success in an undertaking. — To play one’s cards well, to make no errors; to act shrewdly. — To play snow one’s cards, to expose one’s plants to rivals or foes. — To speak by the card, to speak from information and definitely, not by guess as in telling a ship’s bearing by the compass card. — Visiting card, a small card bearing the name, and sometimes the address, of the person presenting it.

Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carded; p. pr. & vb. n. Carding.] To play at cards; to game. Johnson.

Card, n. [F. carde teasel, the head of a thistle, card, from L. carduus, cardus, thistle, fr. carere to card.] 1. An instrument for disentangling and arranging the fibers of cotton, wool, flax, etc.; or for cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals; — usually consisting of bent wire teeth set closely in rows in a thick piece of leather fastened to a back. 2. A roll or sliver of fiber (as of wool) delivered from a carding machine. Card clothing, strips of wire-toothed card used for covering the cylinders of carding machines.

Card , v. t. 1. To comb with a card; to cleanse or disentangle by carding; as to card wool; to card a horse. “These card the short comb the longer flakes.
Dyer.” 2. To clean or clear, as if by using a card. [Obs.] “This book [must] be carded and purged.
T. Shelton.” 3. To mix or mingle, as with an inferior or weaker article. [Obs.] “You card your beer, if you guests being to be drunk. — half small, half strong.
Greene.” In the manufacture of wool, cotton, etc., the process of carding disentangles and collects together all the fibers, of whatever length, and thus differs from combing, in which the longer fibers only are collected, while the short straple is combed away. See Combing.

Car´da•mine , n. [L. cardamina, Gr. : cf. F. cardamine.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants, containing the lady’s-smock, cuckooflower, bitter cress, meadow cress, etc.

Car´da•mom (kär´da•mum), n. [L. cardamomun, Gr. karda•mwmon] 1. The aromatic fruit, or capsule with its seeds, of several plants of the Ginger family growing in the East Indies and elsewhere, and much used as a condiment, and in medicine. 2. (Bot.) A plant which produces cardamoms, esp. Elettaria Cardamomum and several species of Amomum.

Card´board (kärd´bord•), n. A stiff compact pasteboard of various qualities, for making cards, etc., often having a polished surface.

Card´case (kärd´kas•), n. A case for visiting cards.

Car´de•cu (kär´de•ku), n. [Corrupt, from F. quart d’ecu.] A quarter of a crown. [Obs.] “The bunch of them were not worth a cardecu.
Sir W. Scott.”

Card´er , n. One who, or that which cards wool flax, etc. Shak.

Car´di•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. heart, or upper orifice of the stomach.] (Anat.) (a) The heart. (b) The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it.

Car´di•ac , a. [L. cardiacus, Gr. , fr. heart: cf. F. cardiaque.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, resembling, or hear the heart; as the cardiac arteries; the cardiac, or left, end of the stomach. 2. (Med.) Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach; cordial; stimulant. Cardiac passion (Med.) cardialgia; heartburn. [Archaic] — Cardiac wheel. (Mach.) See Heart wheel.

Car´di•ac n. (Med.) A medicine which excites action in the stomach; a cardial.

Car•di´a•cal , a. Cardiac.

Car´di•a•cle , n. A pain about the heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car´di•a•graph , n. See Cardiograph. { Car•di•al´gl•a , Car´di•al•gy } n. [NL. cardialgia, fr. Gr. ; heart + pain: cf. F. cardialgie.] (Med.) A burning or gnawing pain, or feeling of distress, referred to the region of the heart, accompanied with cardiac palpitation; heartburn. It is usually a symptom of indigestion.

Car´di•gan jack•et (#). [From the Earl of Cardigan, who was famous in the Crimean campaign of 1854- 55.] A warm jacket of knit worsted with or without sleeves.

Car´di•nal , a. [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo the hinge of a door, that on which a thing turns or depends: cf. F. cardinal.] Of fundamental importance; preëminent; superior; chief; principal. “The cardinal intersections of the zodiac.
Sir T. Browne.” “Impudence is now a cardinal virtue.
Drayton.” “But cardinal sins, and hollow hearts, I fear ye.
Shak.” Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc., which are called ordinal numbers. — Cardinal points (a) (Geol.) The four principal points of the compass, or intersections of the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical circle, north, south east, and west. (b) (Astrol.) The rising and setting of the sun, the zenith and nadir. — Cardinal signs (Astron.) Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. — Cardinal teeth (Zoöl.), the central teeth of bivalve shell. See Bivalve. — Cardinal veins (Anat.), the veins in vertebrate embryos, which run each side of the vertebral column and returm the blood to the heart. They remain through life in some fishes. — Cardinal virtues, preëminent virtues; among the ancients, prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. — Cardinal winds, winds which blow from the cardinal points due north, south, east, or west.

Car´di•nal, n. [F. carinal, It. cardinale, LL. cardinalis (ecclesiae Romanae). See Cardinal, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) One of the ecclesiastical princes who constitute the pope’s council, or the sacred college. “The clerics of the supreme Chair are called Cardinals, as undoubtedly adhering more nearly to the hinge by which all things are moved.
Pope Leo IX.” The cardinals are appointed by the pope. Since the time of Sixtus V., their number can never exceed seventy (six of episcopal rank, fifty priests, fourteen deacons), and the number of cardinal priests and deacons is seldom full. When the papel chair is vacant a pope is elected by the college of cardinals from among themselves. The cardinals take precedence of all dignitaries except the pope. The principal parts of a cardinal’s costume are a red cassock, a rochet, a short purple mantle, and a red hat with a small crown and broad brim, with cords and tessels of a special pattern hanging from it. 2. A woman’s short cloak with a hood. “Where’s your cardinal! Make haste.
Lloyd.” 3. Mulled red wine. Hotten. Cardinal bird, or Cardinal grosbeak (Zoöl.), an American song bird (Cardinalis cardinalis, or C. Virginianus), of the family Fringillidae, or finches having a bright red plumage, and a high, pointed crest on its head. The males have loud and musical notes resembling those of a fife. Other related species are also called cardinal birds. — Cardinal flower (Bot.), an herbaceous plant (Lobelia cardinalis) bearing brilliant red flowers of much beauty. — Cardinal red, a color like that of a cardinal’s cassock, hat, etc.; a bright red, darker than scarlet, and between scarlet and crimson.

Car´di•nal•ate , n. [Cf. F. cardinalat, LL. cardinalatus.] The office, rank, or dignity of a cardinal.

Car´di•nal•ize , v. t. To exalt to the office of a cardinal. Sheldon.

Car´di•nal•ship, n. The condition, dignity, of office of a cardinal

Card´ing , a. 1. The act or process of preparing staple for spinning, etc., by carding it. See the Note under Card, v. t. 2. A roll of wool or other fiber as it comes from the carding machine. Carding engine, Carding machine, a machine for carding cotton, wool, or other fiber, by subjecting it to the action of cylinders, or drum covered with wire-toothed cards, revoling nearly in contact with each other, at different rates of speed, or in opposite directions. The staple issues in soft sheets, or in slender rolls called sivers.

Car´di•o•graph , n. [Gr. kardi•a heart + -graph.] (Med.) An instrument which, when placed in contact with the chest, will register graphically the comparative duration and intensity of the heart’s movements.

Car•di•o•graph´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to, or produced by, a cardiograph.

Car´di•oid , n. [Gr. kardio-eidh•s heart-shaped; kardi•a heart + e’i^dos shape.] (Math.) An algebraic curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart.

Car•di•o•in•hib´i•to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Checking or arresting the heart’s action.

Car•di•ol´•gy , n. [Gr. kardi•a heart + -ology.] The science which treats of the heart and its functions.

Car•di•om´e•try , n. [Gr. heart + -metry.] (Med.) Measurement of the heart, as by percussion or auscultation.

Car•di•o•sphyg´mo•graph , n. A combination of cardiograph and sphygmograph.

Car•di´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kardi•a heart + -itis: cf. F. cardite.] (Med) Inflammation of the fleshy or muscular substance of the heart. See Endocarditis and Pericarditis. Dunglison.

Car´do (kär´do), n.; pl. Cardines (#).) [L., a hinge.] (Zoöl.) (a) The basal joint of the maxilla in insects. (b) The hinge of a bivalve shell.

Car´dol (kär´dol), n. [NL. Anacardium generic name of the cashew + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A yellow oily liquid, extracted from the shell of the cashew nut.

Car•doon´ (kär•doon´), n. [F. cardon. The same word as F. cardon thistle, fr. L. carduus, cardus, LL. cardo. See 3d Card.] (Bot.) A large herbaceous plant (Cynara Cardunculus) related to the artichoke; — used in cookery and as a salad.

Care (kâr), n. [AS. caru, cearu; akin to OS. kara sorrow, Goth. kara, OHG chara, lament, and perh. to Gr. gh^rys voice. Not akin to cure. Cf. Chary.] 1. A burdensome sense of responsibility; trouble caused by onerous duties; anxiety; concern; solicitude. “Care keeps his watch in every old man’s eye,
And where care lodges, sleep will never lie.
Shak.” 2. Charge, oversight, or management, implying responsibility for safety and prosperity. “The care of all the churches.
2 Cor. xi. 28.” “Him thy care must be to find.
Milton.” “Perplexed with a thousand cares.
Shak.” 3. Attention or heed; caution; regard; heedfulness; watchfulness; as take care; have a care. “I thank thee for thy care and honest pains.
Shak.” 4. The object of watchful attention or anxiety. “Right sorrowfully mourning her bereaved cares.
Spenser.” Syn. — Anxiety; solicitude; concern; caution; regard; management; direction; oversight. — Care, Anxiety, Solicitude, Concern. These words express mental pain in different degress. Care belongs primarily to the intellect, and becomes painful from overburdened thought. Anxiety denotes a state of distressing uneasiness fron the dread of evil. Solicitude expresses the same feeling in a diminished degree. Concern is opposed to indifference, and implies exercise of anxious thought more or less intense. We are careful about the means, solicitous and anxious about the end; we are solicitous to obtain a good, anxious to avoid an evil.

Care, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cared p. pr. & vb. n. Caring.] [AS. cearian. See Care, n.] To be anxious or solicitous; to be concerned; to have regard or interest; — sometimes followed by an objective of measure. “I would not care a pin, if the other three were in.
Shak.” “Master, carest thou not that we perish?
Mark. iv. 38.” To care for. (a) To have under watchful attention; to take care of. (b) To have regard or affection for; to like or love. “He cared not for the affection of the house.
Tennyson.”

Ca•reen´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Careened p. pr. & vb. n. Careening.] [OF. cariner, F. carener, fr. OF. carène, the bottom of a ship, keel, fr. L. carina.] (Naut.) To cause (a vessel) to lean over so that she floats on one side, leaving the other side out of water and accessible for repairs below the water line; to case to be off the keel.

Ca•reen´ , v. i. To incline to one side, or lie over, as a ship when sailing on a wind; to be off the keel.

Ca•reen´age , n. [Cf. F. carenage.] (Naut.) (a) Expense of careening ships. (b) A place for careening.

Ca•reer´ , n. [F. carrière race course, high road, street, fr. L. carrus wagon. See Car.] 1. A race course: the ground run over. “To go back again the same career.
Sir P. Sidney.” 2. A running; full speed; a rapid course. “When a horse is running in his full career.
Wilkins.” 3. General course of action or conduct in life, or in a particular part or calling in life, or in some special undertaking; usually applied to course or conduct which is of a public character; as Washington’s career as a soldier. “An impartial view of his whole career.
Macaulay.” 4. (Falconry) The flight of a hawk.

Ca•reer´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Careered 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Careering] To move or run rapidly. “Careering gayly over the curling waves.
W. Irving.”

Care´ful (kâr´ful), a. [AS. cearful.] 1. Full of care; anxious; solicitous. [Archaic] “Be careful [Rev. Ver. ´anxious´] for nothing.
Phil. iv. 6.” “The careful plowman doubting stands.
Milton.” 2. Filling with care or solicitude; exposing to concern, anxiety, or trouble; painful. “The careful cold beginneth for to creep.
Spenser.” “By Him that raised me to this careful height.
Shak.” 3. Taking care; giving good heed; watchful; cautious; provident; not indifferent, heedless, or reckless; — often followed by of, for, or the infinitive; as careful of money; careful to do right. “Thou hast been careful for us with all this care.
2. Kings iv, 13.” “What could a careful father more have done?
Dryden.” Syn. — Anxious; solicitous; provident; thoughtful; cautious; circumspect; heedful; watchful; vigilant.

Care´ful•ly, adv. In a careful manner.

Care´ful•ness, n. Quality or state of being careful.

Care´less , a. [AS. cearleás.] 1. Free from care or anxiety. hence, cheerful; light-hearted. Spenser. “Sleep she as sound as careless infancy.
Shak.” 2. Having no care; not taking ordinary or proper care; negligent; unconcerned; heedless; inattentive; unmindful; regardless. “My brother was too careless of his charge.
Shak.” “He grew careless of himself.
Steele.” 3. Without thought or purpose; without due care; without attention to rule or system; unstudied; inconsiderate; spontaneous; rash; as a careless throw; a careless expression. “He framed the careless rhyme.
Beattie.” 4. Not receiving care; uncared for. [R.] “Their many wounds and careless harms.
Spenser.” Syn. — Negligent; heedless; thoughtless; unthinking; inattentive; incautious; remiss; supine; forgetful; regardless; inconsiderate; listless.

Care´less•ly, adv. In a careless manner.

Care´less•ness, n. The quality or state of being careless; heedlessness; negligence; inattention.

Ca•rene´ , n. [LL. carena, corrupted fr. quarentena. See Quarantine.] (Ecol.) A fast of forty days on bread and water. [Obs.]

Ca•ress´ (ka•res´), n. [F. caresse, It. carezza, LL. caritia dearness, fr. L. carus dear. See Charity.] An act of endearment; any act or expression of affection; an embracing, or touching, with tenderness. “Wooed her with his soft caresses.
Langfellow.” “He exerted himself to win by indulgence and caresses the hearts of all who were under his command.
Macaulay.”

Ca•ress´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caressed (-rest´); p. pr. & vb. n. Caressing.] [F. caresser, fr. It. carezzare, fr. carezza caress. See Caress., n.] To treat with tokens of fondness, affection, or kindness; to touch or speak to in a loving or endearing manner; to fondle. “The lady caresses the rough bloodhound.
Sir W. Scott.” Syn. — To fondle; embrace; pet; coddle; court; flatter. — Caress, Fondle. ´We caress by words or actions; we fondle by actions only.´ Crabb.

Ca•ress´ing•ly, adv. In caressing manner.

Ca´ret (ka´ret or kar´et), n. [L. caret there is wanting, fr. carere to want.] A mark [^] used by writers and proof readers to indicate that something is interlined above, or inserted in the margin, which belongs in the place marked by the caret.

Ca•ret´ , n. [F., a species of tortoise.] (Zoöl.) The hawkbill turtle. See Hawkbill.

Care´-tuned , a. Weary; mournful. Shak.

Care´worn , a. Worn or burdened with care; as careworn look or face.

Ca´rex , n. [L., sedge.] (Bot.) A numerous and widely distributed genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the order Cypreaceae; the sedges.

Carf (kärf), pret. of Carve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car´ga•son , n. [F. cargaison, Sp. cargazon, LL. cargare to load. See rgo.] A cargo. [Obs.]

Car´go , n.; pl. Cargoes (#). [Sp. cargo, carga, burden, load, from cargar to load, from cargar to load, charge, See Charge.] The lading or freight of a ship or other vessel; the goods, merchandise, or whatever is conveyed in a vessel or boat; load; freight. “Cargoes of food or clothing.
E. Everett.” The term cargo, in law, is usually applied to goods only, and not to live animals or persons. Burill.

Car´goose , n. [Perh. fr. Gael. & Ir. cir, cior (pronounced kir, kior), crest, comb + E. goose. Cf. Crebe.] (Zoöl.) A species of grebe (Podiceps crisratus); the crested grebe.

Ça•ri•a´ma (sä•re•a´ma), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, long-legged South American bird (Dicholophus cristatus) which preys upon snakes, etc. See Seriema.

Car´ib , n.; pl. Caries. [See Cannibal.] (Ethol.) A native of the Caribbee islands or the coasts of the Caribbean sea; esp., one of a tribe of Indians inhabiting a region of South America, north of the Amazon, and formerly most of the West India islands. { Car•ib•be´an , Car•ib•bee } a. Of or pertaining to the Caribs, to their islands (the eastern and southern West Indies), or to the sea (called the Caribbean sea) lying between those islands and Central America.

Car´ib•bee, n. A Carib.

Ca•ri´be , n. [Sp. a cannibal.] (Zoöl). A south American fresh water fish of the genus Serrasalmo of many species, remarkable for its voracity. When numerous they attack man or beast, often with fatal results.

Car´i•bou (kar´i•boo), n. [Canadian French.] (Zoöl.) The American reindeer, especially the common or woodland species (Rangifer Caribou). Barren Ground caribou. See under Barren. — Woodland caribou, the common reindeer (Rangifer Caribou) of the northern forests of America.

Car´i•ca•ture , n. [It. caricatura, fr. caricare to charge, overload, exaggerate. See Charge, v. t.] 1. An exaggeration, or distortion by exaggeration, of parts or characteristics, as in a picture. 2. A picture or other figure or description in which the peculiarities of a person or thing are so exaggerated as to appear ridiculous; a burlesque; a parody. [Formerly written caricatura.] “The truest likeness of the prince of French literature will be the one that has most of the look of a caricature.
I. Taylor.” “A grotesque caricature of virtue.
Macaulay.”

Car´i•ca•ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caricatured p. pr. & vb. n. Caricaturing.] To make or draw a caricature of; to represent with ridiculous exaggeration; to burlesque. “He could draw an ill face, or caricature a good one, with a masterly hand.
Lord Lyttelton.”

Car´i•ca•tu•rist , n. One who caricatures.

Car´i•cous , a. [L. carica a kind of dry fig.] Of the shape of a fig; as a caricous tumor. Graig.

Ca´ri•es , n.[L., decay.] (Med.) Ulceration of bone; a process in which bone disintegrates and is carried away piecemeal, as distinguished from necrosis, in which it dies in masses.

Car´il•lon , n. [F. carillon a chime of bells, originally consisting of four bells, as if fr.. (assumed) L. quadrilio, fr. quatuer four.] 1. (Mus.) A chime of bells diatonically tuned, played by clockwork or by finger keys. 2. A tune adapted to be played by musical bells.

Ca•ri´na , n. [L., keel.] 1. (Bot.) A keel. (a) That part of a papilionaceous flower, consisting of two petals, commonly united, which incloses the organs of fructification. (b) A longitudinal ridge or projection like the keel of a boat. 2. (Zoöl.) The keel of the breastbone of birds.

Car•i•na´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. carina keel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of oceanic heteropod Mollusca, having a thin, glassy, bonnet-shaped shell, which covers only the nucleus and gills.

Car•i•na´tae , n. pl. [NL., Fem. pl. fr. L. carinatus. See Carinate.] A grand division of birds, including all existing flying birds; — So called from the carina or keel on the breastbone. { Car´i•nate , Car´i•na•ted } a. [L. carinatus, fr. carina keel.] Shaped like the keel or prow of a ship; having a carina or keel; as a carinate calyx or leaf; a carinate sternum (of a bird).

Car´i•ole , n. [F. carriole, dim. fr. L. carrus. See Car, and Carryall.] (a) A small, light, open one-horse carriage. (b) A covered cart. (c) A kind of calash. See Carryall.

Car•i•op´sis , n. See Caryopsis.

Ca•ri•os´i•ty , n. (Med.) Caries.

Ca´ri•ous , a. [L. cariosus, fr. caries dacay.] Affected with caries; decaying; as a carious tooth.

Cark (kärk), n. [OE. cark, fr. a dialectic form of F. charge; cf. W. carc anxiety, care, Arm karg charge, burden. See Charge, and cf. Cargo.] A noxious or corroding care; solicitude; worry. [Archaic.] “His heavy head, devoid of careful cark.
Spenser.” “Fling cark and care aside.
Motherwell.” “Freedom from the cares of money and the cark of fashion.
R. D. Blackmore.”

Cark (kärk), v. i. To be careful, anxious, solicitous, or troubled in mind; to worry or grieve. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Cark, v. t. To vex; to worry; to make by anxious care or worry. [R.] “Nor can a man, independently … of God’s blessing, care and cark himself one penny richer.
South.”

Car´ka•net , n. A carcanet. Southey.

Cark´ing , a. Distressing; worrying; perplexing; corroding; as carking cares.

Carl , n. [Icel, karl a male, a man; akin to AS. ceorl, OHG. charal, G. kerl fellow. See Churl.] [Written also carle.] 1. A rude, rustic man; a churl. “The miller was a stout carl.
Chaucer.” 2. Large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; — called also carl hemp. 3. pl. A kind of food. See citation, below. “Caring or carl are gray steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat. They are eaten on the second Sunday before Easter, formerly called Carl Sunday.
Robinson’s Whitby Glossary (1875).”

Car´lin , n. [Dim., fr. carl male.] An old woman. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] { Car´line , Car´o•line }, n. [F. carin; cf. It. carlino; — so called from Carlo (Charles) VI. of Naples.] A silver coin once current in some parts of Italy, worth about seven cents. Simmonds. { Car´line , Car´ling } n. [Cf. F. carlingur, Sp. Pg., & It. carlinga.] (Naut.) A short timber running lengthwise of a ship, from one transverse desk beam to another; also one of the cross timbers that strengthen a hath; — usually in pl.

Car´line this•tle [F. carline, It., Sp., & Pg., carlina. Said to be so called from the Emperor Charlemagne, whose army is reputed to have used it as a remedy for pestilence.] (Bot.) A prickly plant of the genus Carlina (C. vulgaris), found in Europe and Asia.

Car´lings , n. pl. Same as Carl, 3. Carling Sunday, a Sunday in Lent when carls are eaten. In some parts of England, Passion Sunday. See Carl, 4.

Car´list (kär´list), n. A partisan of Charles X. of France, or of Don Carlos of Spain.

Car´lock , n. [F. carlock, fr. Russ. Karlúk’.] A sort of Russian isinglass, made from the air bladder of the sturgeon, and used in clarifying wine.

Car´lot , n. [From Carl.] A churl; a boor; a peasant or countryman. [Obs.] Shak.

Car•lo•vin´gi•an , a. [F. Carlovingen.] Pertaining to, founded by, of descended from, Charlemagne; as the Carlovingian race of kings.

Car•ma•gnole´ , n. [F.] 1. A popular or Red Rebublican song and dance, of the time of the first French Revolution. “They danced and yelled the carmagnole.
Compton Reade.” 2. A bombastic report from the French armies.

Car´man , n.; pl. Carmen A man whose employment is to drive, or to convey goods in, a car or car. { Car´mel•ite , Car´mel•in } a. Of or pertaining to the order of Carmelites.

Car´mel•ite , n. 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A friar of a mendicant order (the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel) established on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the twelfth century; a White Friar. 2. A nun of the Order of Our lady of Mount Carmel.

Car´mi•na•ted , a. Of, relating to, or mixed with, carmine; as carminated lake. Tomlinson.

Car•min´ative , a. [NL. carminativus (1622), fr. carminare to card, hence to cleanse, fr. carmen a card for freeing wool or flax from the coarser parts, and from extraneous matter: cf. F. carminatif.] Expelling wind from the body; warming; antispasmodic. ´Carminative hot seeds.´ Dunglison.

Car•min´a•tive, n. A substance, esp. an aromatic, which tends to expel wind from the alimentary canal, or to relieve colic, griping, or flatulence.

Car´mine , n. [F. carmin (cf. Sp. carmin, It. carminio), contr. from LL. carmesinus purple color. See Crimson.] 1. A rich red or crimson color with a shade of purple. 2. A beautiful pigment, or a lake, of this color, prepared from cochineal, and used in miniature painting. 3. (Chem.) The essential coloring principle of cochineal, extracted as a purple-red amorphous mass. It is a glucoside and possesses acid properties; — hence called also carminic acid. Carmine red (Chem.), a coloring matter obtained from carmine as a purple-red substance, and probably allied to the phthaleïns.

Car•min´ic , a. Of or pertaining to, or derived from, carmine. Carminic acid. Same as Carmine, 3.

Car´mot , n. (Alchemy) The matter of which the philosopher’s stone was believed to be composed.

Car´nage , n. [F. carnage, LL. carnaticum tribute of animals, flesh of animals, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. Flesh of slain animals or men. “A miltitude of dogs came to feast on the carnage.
Macaulay.” 2. Great destruction of life, as in battle; bloodshed; slaughter; massacre; murder; havoc. “The more fearful carnage of the Bloody Circuit.
Macaulay.”

Car´nal , a. [L. carnalis, fr. caro, carnis, flesh; akin to Gr. , Skr. kravya; cf. F. charnel, Of. also carnel. Cf. Charnel.] 1. Of or pertaining to the body or its appetites; animal; fleshly; sensual; given to sensual indulgence; lustful; human or worldly as opposed to spiritual. “For ye are yet carnal.
1 Cor. iii. 3.” “Not sunk in carnal pleasure.
Milton” “Carnal desires after miracles.
Trench.” 2. Flesh-devouring; cruel; ravenous; bloody. [Obs.] “This carnal cur
Preys on the issue of his mother’s body.
Shak.” Carnal knowledge, sexual intercourse; — used especially of an unlawful act on the part of the man.

Car´nal•ism , n. The state of being carnal; carnality; sensualism. [R.]

Car´nal•ist , n. A sensualist. Burton.

Car•nal´i•ty , n. [L. carnalitas.] The state of being carnal; fleshly lust, or the indulgence of lust; grossness of mind. “Because of the carnality of their hearts.
Tillotson.”

Car´nal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carnalized p. pr. & vb. n. Carnalizing.] To make carnal; to debase to carnality. “A sensual and carnalized spirit.
John Scott.”

Car´nal•lite , n. [G. carnallit, fr. Von Carnall, a Prussian.] (Min.) A hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium, sometimes found associated with deposits of rock salt.

Car´nal•ly , adv. According to the flesh, to the world, or to human nature; in a manner to gratify animal appetites and lusts; sensually. “For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace.
Rom. viii. 6.”

Car´nal-mind•ed , a. Worldly-minded.

Car´nal-mind´ed•ness, n. Grossness of mind.

Car´na•ry , n. [L. carnarium, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] A vault or crypt in connection with a church, used as a repository for human bones disintered from their original burial places; a charnel house.

Car•nas´si•al , a. [Cf. F. carnassier carnivorous, and L. caro, carnis, flesh.] (Anat.) Adapted to eating flesh. — n. A carnassial tooth; especially, the last premolar in many carnivores.

Car´nate , a. [L. carnatus fleshy.] Invested with, or embodied in, flesh.

Car•na´tion , n. [F. carnation the flesh tints in a painting, It carnagione, fr. L. carnatio fleshiness, fr. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. The natural color of flesh; rosy pink. “Her complexion of the delicate carnation.
Ld. Lytton.” 2. pl. (Paint.) Those parts of a picture in which the human body or any part of it is represented in full color; the flesh tints. “The flesh tints in painting are termed carnations.
Fairholt.” 3. (Bot.) A species of Dianthus (D. Caryophyllus) or pink, having very beautiful flowers of various colors, esp. white and usually a rich, spicy scent.

Car•na´tioned , a. Having a flesh color.

Car•nau´ba , n. (Bot.) The Brazilian wax palm. See Wax palm.

Car•nel´ian , n. [For carnelian; influenced by L. carneus fleshy, of flesh, because of its flesh red color. See Cornellan.] (Min.) A variety of chalcedony, of a clear, deep red, flesh red, or reddish white color. It is moderately hard, capable of a good polish, and often used for seals.

Car´ne•ous , a. [L. carneus, from caro, carnis, flesh.] Consisting of, or like, flesh; carnous; fleshy. ´Carneous fibers.´ Ray.

Car´ney , n. [Cf. L. carneus flesh.] (Far.) A disease of horses, in which the mouth is so furred that the afflicted animal can not eat.

Car´ni•fex , n. [L., fr. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make.] (Antiq.) The public executioner at Rome, who executed persons of the lowest rank; hence, an executioner or hangman.

Car•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. carnification.] The act or process of turning to flesh, or to a substance resembling flesh.

Car´ni•fy , v. i. [LL. carnificare, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make: cf. F. carnifier.] To form flesh; to become like flesh. Sir M. Hale.

Car´nin , n. [L. caro, canis , flesh.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, found in extract of meat, and related to xanthin.

Car´ni•val , n. [It. carnevale, prob. for older carnelevale, prop., the putting away of meat; fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh + levare to take away, lift up, fr. levis light.] 1. A festival celebrated with merriment and revelry in Roman Gatholic countries during the week before Lent, esp. at Rome and Naples, during a few days (three to ten) before Lent, ending with Shrove Tuesday. “The carnival at Venice is everywhere talked of.
Addison.” 2. Any merrymaking, feasting, or masquerading, especially when overstepping the bounds of decorum; a time of riotous excess. Tennyson. “He saw the lean dogs beneath the wall
Hold o’er the dead their carnival
Byron.”

Car•niv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from L. carnivorus. See Carnivorous.] (Zoöl.) An order of Mammallia including the lion, tiger, wolf bear, seal, etc. They are adapted by their structure to feed upon flesh, though some of them, as the bears, also eat vegetable food. The teeth are large and sharp, suitable for cutting flesh, and the jaws powerful.

Car•niv•o•rac´i•ty , n. Greediness of appetite for flesh. [Sportive.] Pope.

Car•ni•vore , n. [Cf. F. carnivore.] (Zoöl.) One of the Carnivora.

Car•niv´o•rous , a. [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, flesh + varare to devour.] Eating or feeding on flesh. The term is applied: (a) to animals which naturally seek flesh for food, as the tiger, dog, etc.; (b) to plants which are supposed to absorb animal food; (c) to substances which destroy animal tissue, as caustics. { Car•nose , Car´•nous } , a. [L. carnosus, fr. caro, carnis, flesh: cf. OF. carneux, F. charneux.] 1. Of or pertaining to flesh; fleshy. “A distinct carnose muscle.
Ray.” 2. (Bot.) Of a fleshy consistence; — applied to succulent leaves, stems, etc.

Car•nos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. carnosite.] 1. (Med.) A fleshy excrescence; esp. a small excrescence or fungous growth. Wiseman. 2. Fleshy substance or quality; fleshy covering. “[Consciences] overgrown with so hard a carnosity.
Spelman.” “The olives, indeed be very small there, and bigger than capers; yet commended they are for their carnosity.
Holland.”

Car´ob , n. [Cf. F. caroube fruit of the carob tree, Sp. garrobo, al-garrobo, carob tree, fr. Ar. kharrub, Per. Kharnub. Cf. Clgaroba.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen leguminous tree (Ceratania Siliqua) found in the countries bordering the Mediterranean; the St. John’s bread; — called also carob tree. 2. One of the long, sweet, succulent, pods of the carob tree, which are used as food for animals and sometimes eaten by man; — called also St. John’s bread, carob bean, and algaroba bean.

Ca•roche´ , n. [OF. carrache, F. carrose from It. carrocio, carrozza, fr. carro, L. carus. See Car.] A kind of pleasure carriage; a coach. [Obs.] “To mount two-wheeled caroches.
Butler.”

Ca•roched´ , a. Placed in a caroche. [Obs.] “Beggary rides caroched.
Massenger.”

Car´oigne , n. [See Carrion.] Dead body; carrion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car´ol , n. [OF. carole a kind of dance wherein many dance together, fr. caroler to dance; perh. from Celtic; cf. Armor. koroll, n., korolla, korolli, v., Ir. car music, turn, circular motion, also L. choraula a flute player, charus a dance, chorus, choir.] 1. A round dance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A song of joy, exultation, or mirth; a lay. “The costly feast, the carol, and the dance.
Dryden” “It was the carol of a bird.
Byron.” 3. A song of praise of devotion; as a Christmas or Easter carol. “Heard a carol, mournful, holy.
Tennyson.” “In the darkness sing your carol of high praise.
Keble.” 4. Joyful music, as of a song. “I heard the bells on Christmans Day
Their old, familiar carol play.
Longfellow.”

Car´ol , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caroled , or Carolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caroling, or Carolling.] 1. To praise or celebrate in song. “The Shepherds at their festivals
Carol her goodness.
Milton.” 2. To sing, especially with joyful notes. “Hovering swans … carol sounds harmonious.
Prior.”

Car´ol, v. i. To sing; esp. to sing joyfully; to warble. “And carol of love’s high praise.
Spenser.” “The gray linnets carol from the hill.
Beattie.” { Car´ol , Car´rol }, n. [OF. carole a sort of circular space, or carol.] (Arch.) A small closet or inclosure built against a window on the inner side, to sit in for study. The word was used as late as the 16th century. “A bay window may thus be called a carol.
Parker.”

Car´o•lin , n. [L. Carolus Charles.] A former gold coin of Germany worth nearly five dollars; also a gold coin of Sweden worth nearly five dollars.

Car•o•li´na pink (Bot.) See Pinkboot.

Car´o•line , n. A coin. See Carline.

Car´ol•ing , n. A song of joy or devotion; a singing, as of carols. Coleridge. “Such heavenly notes and carolings.
Spenser.”

Car•o•lin´i•an , n. A native or inhabitant of north or South Carolina.

Car•o•lit´ic , a. (Arch.) Adorned with sculptured leaves and branches.

Car´o•lus , n.; pl. E. Caroluses (#), L. Caroli (#). [L., Charles.] An English gold coin of the value of twenty or twenty-three shillings. It was first struck in the reign of Charles I. “Told down the crowns and Caroluses.
Macawlay.”

Car´om , n. [Prob. corrupted fr. F. carumboler to carom, carambolage a carom, carambole the red ball in billiards.] (Billiards) A shot in which the ball struck with the cue comes in contact with two or more balls on the table; a hitting of two or more balls with the player’s ball. In England it is called cannon.

Car´om, v. i. (Billiards) To make a carom.

Car´o•mel , n. See Caramel.

Car•o•teel´ , n. (Com.) A tierce or cask for dried fruits, etc., usually about 700 lbs. Simmonds.

Ca•rot´ic , a. [Gr. stupefying. See Carotid.] 1. Of or pertaining to stupor; as a carotic state. 2. (Anat.) Carotid; as the carotic arteries.

Ca•rot´id , n. [Gr. , pl., from heavy sleep: cf. F. carotide. The early Greeks believed that these arteries in some way caused drowsiness.] (Anat.) One of the two main arteries of the neck, by which blood is conveyed from the aorta to the head. [See Illust. of Aorta.] { Ca•rot´id , Ca•rot´id•al } a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or near, the carotids or one of them; as the carotid gland.

Ca•ro´tin , n. (Chem.) A red crystallizable tasteless substance, extracted from the carrot.

Ca•rous´al , n. [See Carouse, but also cf. F. carrousel tilt.] A jovial feast or festival; a drunken revel; a carouse. “The swains were preparing for a carousal.
Sterne.” Syn. — Banquet; revel; orgie; carouse. See Feast.

Ca•rouse´ (ka•rouz´), n. [F. carrousse, earlier carous, fr. G. garaus finishing stroke, the entire emptying of the cup in drinking a health; gar entirely + aus out. See Yare, and Out.] 1. A large draught of liquor. [Obs.] ´A full carouse of sack.´ Sir J. Davies. “Drink carouses to the next day’s fate.
Shak.” 2. A drinking match; a carousal. “The early feast and late carouse.
Pope.”

Ca•rouse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caroused p. pr. & vb. n. Carousing.] To drink deeply or freely in compliment; to take part in a carousal; to engage in drunken revels. “He had been aboard, carousing to his mates.
Shak.”

Ca•rouse´ v. t. To drink up; to drain; to drink freely or jovially. [Archaic] “Guests carouse the sparkling tears of the rich grape.
Denham.” “Egypt’s wanton queen,
Carousing gems, herself dissolved in love.
Young.”

Ca•rous´er , n. One who carouses; a reveler.

Ca•rous´ing, a. That carouses; relating to a carouse.

Ca•rous´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of a carouser.

Carp (kärp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carped (kärpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Carping.] [OE. carpen to say, speak; from Scand. (cf. Icel. karpa to boast), but influenced later by L. carpere to pluck, calumniate.] 1. To talk; to speak; to prattle. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To find fault; to cavil; to censure words or actions without reason or ill-naturedly; — usually followed by at. “Carping and caviling at faults of manner.
Blackw. Mag.” “And at my actions carp or catch.
Herbert.”

Carp, v. t. 1. To say; to tell. [Obs.] 2. To find fault with; to censure. [Obs.] Dryden.

Carp, n.; pl. Carp, formerly Carps. [Cf. Icel. karfi, Dan. karpe, Sw. karp, OHG. charpho, G. karpfen, F. carpe, LL. carpa.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water herbivorous fish (Cyprinus carpio.). Several other species of Cyprinus, Catla, and Carassius are called carp. See Cruclan carp. The carp was originally from Asia, whence it was early introduced into Europe, where it is extensively reared in artificial ponds. Within a few years it has been introduced into America, and widely distributed by the government. Domestication has produced several varieties, as the leather carp, which is nearly or quite destitute of scales, and the mirror carp, which has only a few large scales. Intermediate varieties occur. Carp louse (Zoöl.), a small crustacean, of the genus Argulus, parasitic on carp and allied fishes. See Branchiura. — Carp mullet (Zoöl.), a fish (Moxostoma carpio) of the Ohio River and Great Lakes, allied to the suckers. — Carp sucker (Zoöl.), a name given to several species of fresh-water fishes of the genus Carpiodes in the United States; - - called also quillback.

Car´pal , a. [From Carpus.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. — n. One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; a carpale. Carpal angle (Zoöl.), the angle at the last joint of the folded wing of a bird.

Car•pa´le , n.; pl. Carpalia (#). [NL., fr. E. carpus.] (Anat.) One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; esp. one of the series articulating with the metacarpals.

Car•pa´thi•an , a. Of or pertaining to a range of mountains in Austro-Hungary, called the Carpathians, which partially inclose Hungary on the north, east, and south. { Car´pel (kär´pel), Car•pel´lum (-pel´lum), } n. [NL. carpellum, fr. Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) A simple pistil or single-celled ovary or seed vessel, or one of the parts of a compound pistil, ovary, or seed vessel. See Illust of Carpaphore.

Car´pel•la•ry , a. (Bot.) Belonging to, forming, or containing carpels.

Car´pen•ter , n. [OF. carpentier, F. charpentier, LL. carpentarius, fr. L. carpentum wagon, carriage.] An artificer who works in timber; a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc. Syn. — Carpenter, Joiner. The carpenter frames and puts together roofs, partitions, floors, and other structural parts of a building. The joiner supplies stairs, doors shutters, mantelpieces, cupboards, and other parts necessary to finishing the building. In America the two trades are commonly united. Carpenter ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gnaws galleries in the wood of trees and constructs its nests therein. They usually select dead or somewhat decayed wood. The common large American species is Formica Pennsylvanica. — Carpenter bee (Zoöl.), a large hymenopterous insect of the genus Xylocopa; — so called because it constructs its nest by gnawing long galleries in sound timber. The common American species is Xylocopa Virginica.

Car´pen•ter•ing, n. The occupation or work of a carpenter; the act of working in timber; carpentry.

Car´pen•try , n. [F. charpenterie, OF. also carpenterie. See Carpenter.] 1. The art of cutting, framing, and joining timber, as in the construction of buildings. 2. An assemblage of pieces of timber connected by being framed together, as the pieces of a roof, floor, etc.; work done by a carpenter.

Carp´er , n. One who carps; a caviler. Shak.

Car´pet (kär´pet), n. [OF. carpite rug, soft of cloth, F. carpette coarse packing cloth, rug (cf. It. carpita rug, blanket), LL. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, fr. L. carpere to pluck, to card (wool); cf. Gr. karpo•s fruit, E. Harvest.] 1. A heavy woven or felted fabric, usually of wool, but also of cotton, hemp, straw, etc.; esp. a floor covering made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the floor, as distinguished from a rug or mat; originally, also a wrought cover for tables. “Tables and beds covered with copes instead of carpets and coverlets.
T. Fuller.” 2. A smooth soft covering resembling or suggesting a carpet. ´The grassy carpet of this plain.´ Shak. Carpet beetle or Carpet bug (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Anthrenus scrophulariae), which, in the larval state, does great damage to carpets and other woolen goods; — also called buffalo bug. — Carpet knight. (a) A knight who enjoys ease and security, or luxury, and has not known the hardships of the field; a hero of the drawing room; an effeminate person. Shak. (b) One made a knight, for some other than military distinction or service. — Carpet moth (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect which feeds on carpets and other woolen goods. There are several kinds. Some are the larvae of species of Tinea (as T. tapetzella); others of beetles, esp. Anthrenus. — Carpet snake (Zoöl.), an Australian snake. See Diamond snake, under Diamond. — Carpet sweeper, an apparatus or device for sweeping carpets. — To be on the carpet, to be under consideration; to be the subject of deliberation; to be in sight; — an expression derived from the use of carpets as table cover. — Brussels carpet. See under Brussels.

Car´pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carpeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carpeting.] To cover with, or as with, a carpet; to spread with carpets; to furnish with a carpet or carpets. “Carpeted temples in fashionable squares.
E. Everett.”

Car´pet•bag , n. A portable bag for travelers; — so called because originally made of carpet.

Car´pet•bag•ger , n. An adventurer; — a term of contempt for a Northern man seeking private gain or political advancement in the southern part of the United States after the Civil War (1865). [U. S.]

Car´pet•ing, n. 1. The act of covering with carpets. 2. Cloth or materials for carpets; carpets, in general. “The floor was covered with rich carpeting.
Prescott.”

Car´pet•less, a. Without a carpet.

Car´pet•mon•ger , n. 1. One who deals in carpets; a buyer and seller of carpets. 2. One fond of pleasure; a gallant. Shak.

Car´pet•way , n. (Agric.) A border of greensward left round the margin of a plowed field. Ray.

Car•phol´o•gy (kär•fol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ka•rfos any small dry body + -logy: cf. F. carphologie.] (Med.) See Floccillation.

Carp´ing (kärp´ing), a. Fault-finding; censorious caviling. See Captious. — Carp´ing•ly, adv.

Car•pin•te´ro (kär•pen•ta´ro), n. [Sp., a carpenter, a woodpecker.] A california woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), noted for its habit of inserting acorns in holes which it drills in trees. The acorns become infested by insect larvae, which, when grown, are extracted for food by the bird.

Car•po•gen´ic (kär•po•jen´ik), a. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + - gen.] (Bot.) Productive of fruit, or causing fruit to be developed.

Car´po•lite (kär´po•lit), n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + - lite, cf. F. carpolithe.] A general term for a fossil fruit, nut, or seed.

Car•po•log´i•cal , a. Of or pertaining to carpology.

Car•pol´o•gist , n. One who describes fruits; one versed in carpology.

Car•pol´o•gy , n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + -logy.] That branch of botany which relates to the structure of seeds and fruit.

Car•poph´a•gous , a. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + to eat.] Living on fruits; fruit-consuming.

Car´po•phore , n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + to bear.] (Bot.) A slender prolongation of the receptacle as an axis between the carpels, as in Geranium and many umbelliferous plants.

Car´po•phyll , n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + leaf.] (Bot.) A leaf converted into a fruit or a constituent portion of a fruit; a carpel. [See Illust. of Gymnospermous.]

Car´po•phyte (kär´po•lit), n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + fyto•n plant.] (Bot.) A flowerless plant which forms a true fruit as the result of fertilization, as the red seaweeds, the Ascomycetes, etc. The division of algae and fungi into four classes called Carpophytes, Oöphytes, Protophytes, and Zygophytes (or Carposporeae, Oösporeae, Protophyta, and Zygosporeae) was proposed by Sachs about 1875.

Car´po•spore , n. [Gr. karpo•s + -spore.] (Bot.) A kind of spore formed in the conceptacles of red algae. — Car•po•spor´ic , a.

Car´pus (kär´pus), n.; pl. Carpi (- pi). [NL., fr. Gr. karpo•s wrist.] (Anat.) The wrist; the bones or cartilages between the forearm, or antibrachium, and the hand or forefoot; in man, consisting of eight short bones disposed in two rows.

Car´rack , n. See Carack. { Car´ra•geen• , Car´ri•geen• }, n. A small, purplish, branching, cartilaginous seaweed (Chondrus crispus), which, when bleached, is the Irish moss of commerce. [Also written carragheen, carageen.]

Car•ran´cha , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Brazilian kite (Polyborus Brasiliensis); — so called in imitation of its notes.

Car´ra•way , n. See Caraway.

Car´rel , n. See Quarrel, an arrow.

Car´rel, n. (Arch.) Same as 4th Carol.

Car´ri•a•ble , a. Capable of being carried.

Car´riage , n. [OF. cariage luggage, carriage, chariage carriage, cart, baggage, F. charriage, cartage, wagoning, fr. OF. carier, charier, F. charrier, to cart. See Carry.] 1. That which is carried; burden; baggage. [Obs.] “David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the carriage.
1. Sam. xvii. 22.” “And after those days we took up our carriages and went up to Jerusalem.
Acts. xxi. 15.” 2. The act of carrying, transporting, or conveying. “Nine days employed in carriage.
Chapman.” 3. The price or expense of carrying. 4. That which carries of conveys, as: (a) A wheeled vehicle for persons, esp. one designed for elegance and comfort. (b) A wheeled vehicle carrying a fixed burden, as a gun carriage. (c) A part of a machine which moves and carries of supports some other moving object or part. (d) A frame or cage in which something is carried or supported; as a bell carriage. 5. The manner of carrying one’s self; behavior; bearing; deportment; personal manners. “His gallant carriage all the rest did grace.
Stirling.” 6. The act or manner of conducting measures or projects; management. “The passage and whole carriage of this action.
Shak.” Carriage horse, a horse kept for drawing a carriage. — Carriage porch (Arch.), a canopy or roofed pavilion covering the driveway at the entrance to any building. It is intended as a shelter for those who alight from vehicles at the door; — sometimes erroneously called in the United States porte- cochère.

Car´riage•a•ble , a. Passable by carriages; that can be conveyed in carriages. [R.] Ruskin.

Car´ri•boo , n. See Caribou.

Car´rick , n. (Naut.) A carack. See Carack. Carrick bend (Naut.), a kind of knot, used for bending together hawsers or other ropes. — Carrick bitts (Naut.), the bitts which support the windlass. Totten.

Car´ri•er , n. [From Carry.] 1. One who, or that which, carries or conveys; a messenger. “The air which is but … a carrier of the sounds.
Bacon.” 2. One who is employed, or makes it his business, to carry goods for others for hire; a porter; a teamster. “The roads are crowded with carriers, laden with rich manufactures.
Swift.” 3. (Mach.) That which drives or carries; as: (a) A piece which communicates to an object in a lathe the motion of the face plate; a lathe dog. (b) A spool holder or bobbin holder in a braiding machine. (c) A movable piece in magazine guns which transfers the cartridge to a position from which it can be thrust into the barrel. Carrier pigeon (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic pigeon used to convey letters from a distant point to to its home. — Carrier shell (Zoöl.), a univalve shell of the genus Phorus; — so called because it fastens bits of stones and broken shells to its own shell, to such an extent as almost to conceal it. — Common carrier (Law.) See under Common, a.

Car´ri•on , n. [OE. caroyne, OF. caroigne, F. charogne, LL. caronia, fr. L. caro flesh Cf. Crone, Crony.] 1. The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an animal; flesh so corrupted as to be unfit for food. “They did eat the dead carrions.
Spenser.” 2. A contemptible or worthless person; — a term of reproach. [Obs.] ´Old feeble carrions.´ Shak.

Car´ri•on, a. Of or pertaining to dead and putrefying carcasses; feeding on carrion. “A prey for carrion kites.
Shak.” Carrion beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle that feeds habitually on dead animals; — also called sexton beetle and burying beetle. There are many kinds, belonging mostly to the family Silphidae. — Carrion buzzard (Zoöl.), a South American bird of several species and genera (as Ibycter, Milvago, and Polyborus), which act as scavengers. See Caracara. — Carrion crow, the common European crow (Corvus corone) which feeds on carrion, insects, fruits, and seeds.

Car´rol , n. (Arch.) See 4th Carol.

Car´rom , n. (Billiards) See Carom.

Car•ron•ade , n. [From Carron, in Scotland where it was first made.] (Med.) A kind of short cannon, formerly in use, designed to throw a large projectile with small velocity, used for the purpose of breaking or smashing in, rather than piercing, the object aimed at, as the side of a ship. It has no trunnions, but is supported on its carriage by a bolt passing through a loop on its under side.

Car´ron oil A lotion of linseed oil and lime water, used as an application to burns and scalds; — first used at the Carron iron works in Scotland.

Car´rot , n. [F. carotte, fr. L. carota; cf. Gr. ] 1. (Bot.) An umbelliferous biennial plant (Daucus Carota), of many varieties. 2. The esculent root of cultivated varieties of the plant, usually spindle-shaped, and of a reddish yellow color.

Car´rot•y, a. Like a carrot in color or in taste; — an epithet given to reddish yellow hair, etc.

Car´row , n. [Ir & Gael. carach cunning.] A strolling gamester. [Ireland] Spenser.

Car´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carried p. pr. & vb. n. Carrying.] [OF. carier, charier, F. carrier, to cart, from OF. car, char, F. car, car. See Car.] 1. To convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; to bear; — often with away or off. “When he dieth he small carry nothing away.
Ps. xiix. 17.” “Devout men carried Stephen to his burial.
Acts viii, 2.” “Another carried the intelligence to Russell.
Macaulay.” “The sound will be carried, at the least, twenty miles.
Bacon.” 2. To have or hold as a burden, while moving from place to place; to have upon or about one’s person; to bear; as to carry a wound; to carry an unborn child. “If the ideas … were carried along with us in our minds.
Locke.” 3. To move; to convey by force; to impel; to conduct; to lead or guide. “Go, carry Sir John Falstaff to the Fleet.
Shak.” “He carried away all his cattle.
Gen. xxxi. 18.” “Passion and revenge will carry them too far.
Locke.” 4. To transfer from one place (as a country, book, or column) to another; as to carry the war from Greece into Asia; to carry an account to the ledger; to carry a number in adding figures. 5. To convey by extension or continuance; to extend; as to carry the chimney through the roof; to carry a road ten miles farther. 6. To bear or uphold successfully through conflict, as a leader or principle; hence, to succeed in, as in a contest; to bring to a successful issue; to win; as to carry an election. ´The greater part carries it.´ Shak. “The carrying of our main point.
Addison.” 7. To get possession of by force; to capture. “The town would have been carried in the end.
Bacon.” 8. To contain; to comprise; to bear the aspect of ; to show or exhibit; to imply. “He thought it carried something of argument in it.
Watts.” “It carries too great an imputation of ignorance.
Lacke.” 9. To bear (one’s self); to behave, to conduct or demean; — with the reflexive pronouns. “He carried himself so insolently in the house, and out of the house, to all persons, that he became odious.
Clarendon.” 10. To bear the charges or burden of holding or having, as stocks, merchandise, etc., from one time to another; as a merchant is carrying a large stock; a farm carries a mortgage; a broker carries stock for a customer; to carry a life insurance. Carry arms (Mil. Drill), a command of the Manual of Arms directing the soldier to hold his piece in the right hand, the barrel resting against the hollow of the shoulder in a nearly perpendicular position. In this position the soldier is said to stand, and the musket to be held, at carry. — To carry all before one, to overcome all obstacles; to have uninterrupted success. — To carry arms (a) To bear weapons. (b) To serve as a soldier. — To carry away. (a) (Naut.) to break off; to lose; as to carry away a fore-topmast. (b) To take possession of the mind; to charm; to delude; as to be carried by music, or by temptation. — To carry coals, to bear indignities tamely, a phrase used by early dramatists, perhaps from the mean nature of the occupation. Halliwell. — To carry coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where they already abound; to lose one’s labor. - - To carry off (a) To remove to a distance. (b) To bear away as from the power or grasp of others. (c) To remove from life; as the plague carried off thousands. — To carry on (a) To carry farther; to advance, or help forward; to continue; as to carry on a design. (b) To manage, conduct, or prosecute; as to carry on husbandry or trade. — To carry out. (a) To bear from within. (b) To put into execution; to bring to a successful issue. (c) To sustain to the end; to continue to the end. — To carry through. (a) To convey through the midst of. (b) To support to the end; to sustain, or keep from falling, or being subdued. ´Grace will carry us … through all difficulties.´ Hammond. (c) To complete; to bring to a successful issue; to succeed. — To carry up, to convey or extend in an upward course or direction; to build. — To carry weight. (a) To be handicapped; to have an extra burden, as when one rides or runs. ´He carries weight, he rides a race´ Cowper. (b) To have influence.

Car´ry, v. i. 1. To act as a bearer; to convey anything; as to fetch and carry. 2. To have propulsive power; to propel; as a gun or mortar carries well. 3. To hold the head; — said of a horse; as to carry well i. e., to hold the head high, with arching neck. 4. (Hunting) To have earth or frost stick to the feet when running, as a hare. Johnson. To carry on, to behave in a wild, rude, or romping manner. [Colloq.]

Car´ry , n.; pl. Carries (#). A tract of land, over which boats or goods are carried between two bodies of navigable water; a carrying place; a portage. [U.S.]

Car´ry•all , n. [Corrupted fr. cariole.] A light covered carriage, having four wheels and seats for four or more persons, usually drawn by one horse.

Car´ry•ing, n. The act or business of transporting from one place to another. Carrying place, a carry; a portage. — Carrying trade, the business of transporting goods, etc., from one place or country to another by water or land; freighting. “We are rivals with them in … the carrying trade.
Jay.”

Car´ryk , n. A carack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car´ry•tale , n. A talebearer. [R.] Shak.

Carse , n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. cars bog, fen. carsen reed, Armor. kars, korsen, bog plant, reed.] Low, fertile land; a river valley. [Scot.] Jomieson.

Cart , n. [AS. craet; cf. W. cart, Ir. & Gael. cairt, or Icel. kartr. Cf. Car.] 1. A common name for various kinds of vehicles, as a Scythian dwelling on wheels, or a chariot. ´Phœbus’ cart.´ Shak. 2. A two-wheeled vehicle for the ordinary purposes of husbandry, or for transporting bulky and heavy articles. “Packing all his goods in one poor cart.
Dryden.” 3. A light business wagon used by bakers, grocerymen, butchers, etc. 4. An open two-wheeled pleasure carriage. Cart horse, a horse which draws a cart; a horse bred or used for drawing heavy loads. — Cart load, or Cartload, as much as will fill or load a cart. In excavating and carting sand, gravel, earth, etc., one third of a cubic yard of the material before it is loosened is estimated to be a cart load. — Cart rope, a stout rope for fastening a load on a cart; any strong rope. — To put (or get or set) the cart before the horse, to invert the order of related facts or ideas as by putting an effect for a cause.

Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carting.] 1. To carry or convey in a cart. 2. To expose in a cart by way of punishment. “She chuckled when a bawd was carted.
Prior.”

Cart, v. i. To carry burdens in a cart; to follow the business of a carter.

Cart´age , n. 1. The act of carrying in a cart. 2. The price paid for carting.

Cart´bote , n. [Cart + bote.] (Old Eng. Law.) Wood to which a tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry.

Carte , n. [F. See 1st Card.] 1. Bill of fare. 2. Short for Carte de visite. { Carte. Quarte } n. [F. quarte, prop., a fourth. Cf. Quart.] (Fencing) A position in thrusting or parrying, with the inside of the hand turned upward and the point of the weapon toward the adversary’s right breast.

Carte• blanche´ [F., fr. OF. carte paper + -blanc, blanche, white. See 1st Card.] A blank paper, with a person’s signature, etc., at the bottom, given to another person, with permission to superscribe what conditions he pleases. Hence: Unconditional terms; unlimited authority.

Carte´ de vi•site , pl. Cartes de visite . [F.] 1. A visiting card. 2. A photographic picture of the size formerly in use for a visiting card.

Car•tel´ , n. [F., fr. LL. cartellus a little paper, dim. fr. L. charta. See 1st Card.] 1. (Mil.) An agreement between belligerents for the exchange of prisoners. Wilhelm. 2. A letter of defiance or challenge; a challenge to single combat. [Obs.] “He is cowed at the very idea of a cartel.,
Sir W. Scott.” Cartel, or Cartel ship, a ship employed in the exchange of prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an enemy; a ship beating a flag of truce and privileged from capture.

Car´tel , v. t. To defy or challenge. [Obs.] “You shall cartel him.
B. Jonson.”

Cart´er , n. 1. A charioteer. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A man who drives a cart; a teamster. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Phalangium; — also called harvestman. (b) A British fish; the whiff.

Car•te´sian , a. [From Renatus Cartesius, Latinized from of Rene Descartes: cf. F. cartesien.] Of or pertaining to the French philosopher Rene Descartes, or his philosophy. “The Cartesion argument for reality of matter.
Sir W. Hamilton.” Cartesian coördinates (Geom), distance of a point from lines or planes; — used in a system of representing geometric quantities, invented by Descartes. — Cartesian devil, a small hollow glass figure, used in connection with a jar of water having an elastic top, to illustrate the effect of the compression or expansion of air in changing the specific gravity of bodies. — Cartesion oval (Geom.), a curve such that, for any point of the curve mr + m′r′ = c, where r and r′ are the distances of the point from the two foci and m, m′ and c are constant; — used by Descartes.

Car•te´sian, n. An adherent of Descartes.

Car•te´sian•ism, n. The philosophy of Descartes.

Car•tha•gin´i•an, a. Of a pertaining to ancient Carthage, a city of northern Africa. — n. A native or inhabitant of Carthage.

Car´tha•min , n. (Chem.) A red coloring matter obtained from the safflower, or Carthamus tinctorius.

Car•thu´sian , n. [LL. Cartusianus, Cartusiensis, from the town of Chartreuse, in France.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of an exceeding austere religious order, founded at Chartreuse in France by St. Bruno, in the year 1086.

Car•thu´sian, a. Pertaining to the Carthusian.

Car´ti•lage , n. [L. cartilago; cf. F. cartilage.] (Anat.) A translucent, elastic tissue; gristle. Cartilage contains no vessels, and consists of a homogeneous, intercellular matrix, in which there are numerous minute cavities, or capsules, containing protoplasmic cells, the cartilage corpuscul. See Illust under Duplication. Articular cartilage, cartilage that lines the joints. — Cartilage bone (Anat.), any bone formed by the ossification of cartilage. — Costal cartilage, cartilage joining a rib with he sternum. See Illust. of Thorax.

Car•ti•la•gin´e•ous , a. [L. cartilageneus.] See Cartilaginous. Ray.

Car•ti•la•gin•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. cartilago, -laginis, cartilage + facere to make.] The act or process of forming cartilage. Wright.

Car•ti•lag´i•nous , a. [L. cartilaginosus: cf. F. cartilagineux.] 1. Of or pertaining to cartilage; gristly; firm and tough like cartilage. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the skeleton in the state of cartilage, the bones containing little or no calcareous matter; said of certain fishes, as the sturgeon and the sharks.

Cart´man , n.; pl. Cartmen . One who drives or uses a cart; a teamster; a carter.

Car•tog´ra•pher , n. One who makes charts or maps. { Car•to•graph´ic , Car•to•graph´ic•al }, a. Of or pertaining to cartography.

Car•to•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. By cartography.

Car•tog´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. cartographie. See Card, and -graphy.] The art or business of forming charts or maps.

Car´to•man•cy , n. [Cf. F. cartomancie. See Card, and -mancy.] The art of telling fortunes with cards.

Car´ton (kär´ton), n. [F. See Cartoon.] Pasteboard for paper boxes; also a pasteboard box. Carton pierre , a species of papier-mache, imitating stone or bronze sculpture. Knight.

Car•toon´ , n. [F. carton (cf. It. cartone pasteboard, cartoon); fr. L. charta. See 1st card.] 1. A design or study drawn of the full size, to serve as a model for transferring or copying; — used in the making of mosaics, tapestries, fresco pantings and the like; as the cartoons of Raphael. 2. A large pictorial sketch, as in a journal or magazine; esp. a pictorial caricature; as the cartoons of ´Puck.´

Car•toon´ist, n. One skilled in drawing cartoons.

Car•touch´ , n.; pl. Cartouches (#). [F. cartouche, It. cartuccia, cartoccio, cornet, cartouch, fr. L. charta paper. See 1st Card, and cf. Cartridge.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A roll or case of paper, etc., holding a charge for a firearm; a cartridge. (b) A cartridge box. (c) A wooden case filled with balls, to be shot from a cannon. (d) A gunner’s bag for ammunition. (e) A military pass for a soldier on furlough. 2. (Arch.) (a) A cantalever, console, corbel, or modillion, which has the form of a scroll of paper. (b) A tablet for ornament, or for receiving an inscription, formed like a sheet of paper with the edges rolled up; hence, any tablet of ornamental form. 3. (Egyptian Antiq.) An oval figure on monuments, and in papyri, containing the name of a sovereign.

Car´tridge (kär´trij), n. [Formerly cartrage, corrupted fr. F. cartouche. See Cartouch.] (Mil.) A complete charge for a firearm, contained in, or held together by, a case, capsule, or shell of metal, pasteboard, or other material. Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a projectile. — Blank cartridge, a cartridge without a projectile. — Center-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate occupies an axial position usually in the center of the base of the capsule, instead of being contained in its rim. In the Prussian needle gun the fulminate is applied to the middle of the base of the bullet. — Rim-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate is contained in a rim surrounding its base. — Cartridge bag, a bag of woolen cloth, to hold a charge for a cannon. — Cartridge belt, a belt having pockets for cartridges. — Cartridge box, a case, usually of leather, attached to a belt or strap, for holding cartridges. — Cartridge paper. (a) A thick stout paper for inclosing cartridges. (b) A rough tinted paper used for covering walls, and also for making drawings upon.

Car´tu•la•ry , n.; pl. Cartularies. [LL. cartularium, chartularium, fr. L. charta paper: cf. F. cartulaire. See 1st Card.] 1. A register, or record, as of a monastery or church. 2. An ecclesiastical officer who had charge of records or other public papers.

Cart´way , n. A way or road for carts.

Cart´wright , n. [Cart + wright.] An artificer who makes carts; a cart maker.

Car´u•cage , n. [LL. carrucagium (OF. charuage.), fr. LL. carruca plow, fr. L. carruca coach.] 1. (Old Eng. Law.) A tax on every plow or plowland. 2. The act of plowing. [R.]

Car´u•cate , n. [LL. carucata, carrucata. See Carucage.] A plowland; as much land as one team can plow in a year and a day; — by some said to be about 100 acres. Burrill. { Car´un•cle , Ca•run´cu•la } n. [L. caruncula a little piece of flesh, dim. of caro flesh.] 1. (Anat.) A small fleshy prominence or excrescence; especially the small, reddish body, the caruncula lacrymalis, in the inner angle of the eye. 2. (Bot.) An excrescence or appendage surrounding or near the hilum of a seed. 3. (Zoöl.) A naked, flesh appendage, on the head of a bird, as the wattles of a turkey, etc. { Ca•run´cu•lar , Ca•run´cu•lous } a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a caruncle; furnished with caruncles. { Ca•run´cu•late , Ca•run´cu•la•ted , } a. Having a caruncle or caruncles; caruncular.

Ca´rus (ka´rus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka•ros.] (Med.) Coma with complete insensibility; deep lethargy.

Car´va•crol (kär´va•krol), n. (Chem.) A thick oily liquid, C_10H_13.OH, of a strong taste and disagreeable odor, obtained from oil of caraway (Carum carui).

Carve (kärv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carved (kärvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Carving.] [AS. ceorfan to cut, carve; akin to D. kerven, G. kerben, Dan. karve, Sw. karfva, and to Gr. gra•fein to write, orig. to scratch, and E. - graphy. Cf. Graphic.] 1. To cut. [Obs.] “Or they will carven the shepherd’s throat.
Spenser.” 2. To cut, as wood, stone, or other material, in an artistic or decorative manner; to sculpture; to engrave. “Carved with figures strange and sweet.
Coleridge.” 3. To make or shape by cutting, sculpturing, or engraving; to form; as to carve a name on a tree. “An angel carved in stone.
Tennyson.” “We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone.
C. Wolfe.” 4. To cut into small pieces or slices, as meat at table; to divide for distribution or apportionment; to apportion. ´To carve a capon.´ Shak. 5. To cut: to hew; to mark as if by cutting. “My good blade carved the casques of men.
Tennyson.” “A million wrinkles carved his skin.
Tennyson.” 6. To take or make, as by cutting; to provide. “Who could easily have carved themselves their own food.
South.” 7. To lay out; to contrive; to design; to plan. “Lie ten nights awake carving the fashion of a new doublet.
Shak.” To carve out, to make or get by cutting, or as if by cutting; to cut out. ´[Macbeth] with his brandished steel … carved out his passage.´ Shak. “Fortunes were carved out of the property of the crown.
Macaulay.”

Carve, v. i. 1. To exercise the trade of a sculptor or carver; to engrave or cut figures. 2. To cut up meat; as to carve for all the guests.

Carve, n. A carucate. [Obs.] Burrill.

Car´vel , n. [Contr. fr. caravel.] 1. Same as Caravel. 2. A species of jellyfish; sea blubber. Sir T. Herbert.

Car´vel•built , a. (Shipbuilding) Having the planks meet flush at the seams, instead of lapping as in a clinker-built vessel.

Car´ven , a. Wrought by carving; ornamented by carvings; carved. [Poetic] “A carven bowl well wrought of beechen tree.
Bp. Hall.” “The carven cedarn doors.
Tennyson.” “A screen of carven ivory.
Mrs. Browning.”

Car´vene , n. [F. carvi caraway.] An oily substance, C_10H_16, extracted from oil caraway.

Carv´er , n. 1. One who carves; one who shapes or fashions by carving, or as by carving; esp. one who carves decorative forms, architectural adornments, etc. ´The carver’s chisel.´ Dodsley. “The carver of his fortunes.
Sharp (Richardson’s Dict. )” 2. One who carves or divides meat at table. 3. A large knife for carving.

Carv´ing, n. 1. The act or art of one who carves. 2. A piece of decorative work cut in stone, wood, or other material. ´Carving in wood.´ Sir W. Temple. 3. The whole body of decorative sculpture of any kind or epoch, or in any material; as the Italian carving of the 15th century.

Car´vist , n. [A corruption of carry fist.] (Falconary) A hawk which is of proper age and training to be carried on the hand; a hawk in its first year. Booth.

Car´vol , n. (Chem.) One of a species of aromatic oils, resembling carvacrol.

Car´ wheel , A flanged wheel of a railway car or truck. { Car•y•at´ic , Car•y•at´id } a. Of or pertaining to a caryatid.

Car•y•at´id , n.; pl. Caryatids (#). [See Caryatides.] (Arch.) A draped female figure supporting an entablature, in the place of a column or pilaster.

Car•y•at´i•des , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. priestesses in the temple of Diana (the Greek Artemis) at Caryae (Gr. ), a village in Laconia; as an architectural term, caryatids.] (Arch) Caryatids. Corresponding male figures were called Atlantes, Telamones, and Persians.

Car•y•o•phyl•la´ceous , a. [Gr. clove tree; nut + leaf.] (Bot.) (a) Having corollas of five petals with long claws inclosed in a tubular, calyx, as the pink. (b) Belonging to the family of which the pink and the carnation are the types.

Car•y•oph´yl•lin , n. (Chem.) A tasteless and odorless crystalline substance, extracted from cloves, polymeric with common camphor.

Car•y•oph´yl•lous , a. Caryophyllaceous.

Car•y•op´sis , n.; pl. Caryopses (#). [NL., fr. gr. hut, kernel + sight, form.] (Bot.) A one-celled, dry, indehiscent fruit, with a thin membranous pericarp, adhering closely to the seed, so that fruit and seed are incorporated in one body, forming a single grain, as of wheat, barley, etc.

Ca´sal , a. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to case; as a casal ending.

Cas´ca•bel , n. [Sp. cascabel a little bell, also (fr. the shape), a knob at the breech end of a cannon.] The projection in rear of the breech of a cannon, usually a knob or breeching loop connected with the gun by a neck. In old writers it included all in rear of the base ring. [See Illust. of Cannon.]

Cas•cade´ (kas•kad´), n. [F. cascade, fr. It. cascata, fr. cascare to fall.] A fall of water over a precipice, as in a river or brook; a waterfall less than a cataract. “The silver brook … pours the white cascade.
Longfellow.” “Now murm’ring soft, now roaring in cascade.
Cowper.”

Cas•cade´, v. i. 1. To fall in a cascade. Lowell. 2. To vomit. [Slang] Smollett.

Cas•cal´ho , n. [Pg., a chip of stone, gravel.] A deposit of pebbles, gravel, and ferruginous sand, in which the Brazilian diamond is usually found.

Cas´ca•ra sa•gra´da [Sp.] Holy bark; the bark of the California buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshianus), used as a mild cathartic or laxative.

Cas•ca•ril´la , n.[Sp., small thin bark, Peruvian bark, dim. of cáscara bark.] (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous West Indian shrub (Croton Eleutheria); also its aromatic bark. Cascarilla bark (or Cascarilla (Med.), the bark of Croton Eleutheria. It has an aromatic odor and a warm, spicy, bitter taste, and when burnt emits a musky odor. It is used as a gentle tonic, and sometimes, for the sake of its fragrance, mixed with smoking tobacco, when it is said to occasion vertigo and intoxication.

Cas•ca•ril´lin , n. (Chem.) A white, crystallizable, bitter substance extracted from oil of cascarilla.

Case (kas), n. [OF. casse, F. caisse (cf. It. cassa), fr. L. capsa chest, box, case, fr. capere to take, hold. See Capacious, and cf. 4th Chase, Cash, Enchase, 3d Sash.] 1. A box, sheath, or covering; as a case for holding goods; a case for spectacles; the case of a watch; the case (capsule) of a cartridge; a case (cover) for a book. 2. A box and its contents; the quantity contained in a box; as a case of goods; a case of instruments. 3. (Print.) A shallow tray divided into compartments or ´boxes´ for holding type. Cases for type are usually arranged in sets of two, called respectively the upper and the lower case. The upper case contains capitals, small capitals, accented and marked letters, fractions, and marks of reference: the lower case contains the small letters, figures, marks of punctuation, quadrats, and spaces. 4. An inclosing frame; a casing; as a door case; a window case. 5. (Mining) A small fissure which admits water to the workings. Knight.

Case, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cased p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] 1. To cover or protect with, or as with, a case; to inclose. “The man who, cased in steel, had passed whole days and nights in the saddle.
Prescott.” 2. To strip the skin from; as to case a box. [Obs.]

Case, n. [F. cas, fr. L. casus, fr. cadere to fall, to happen. Cf. Chance.] 1. Chance; accident; hap; opportunity. [Obs.] “By aventure, or sort, or cas.
Chaucer.” 2. That which befalls, comes, or happens; an event; an instance; a circumstance, or all the circumstances; condition; state of things; affair; as a strange case; a case of injustice; the case of the Indian tribes. “In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge.
Deut. xxiv. 13.” “If the case of the man be so with his wife.
Matt. xix. 10.” “And when a lady’s in the case
You know all other things give place.
Gay.” “You think this madness but a common case.
Pope.” “I am in case to justle a constable,
Shak.” 3. (Med. & Surg.) A patient under treatment; an instance of sickness or injury; as ten cases of fever; also the history of a disease or injury. “A proper remedy in hypochondriacal cases.
Arbuthnot.” 4. (Law) The matters of fact or conditions involved in a suit, as distinguished from the questions of law; a suit or action at law; a cause. “Let us consider the reason of the case, for nothing is law that is not reason.
Sir John Powell.” “Not one case in the reports of our courts.
Steele.” 5. (Gram.) One of the forms, or the inflections or changes of form, of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicate its relation to other words, and in the aggregate constitute its declension; the relation which a noun or pronoun sustains to some other word. “Case is properly a falling off from the nominative or first state of word; the name for which, however, is now, by extension of its signification, applied also to the nominative.
J. W. Gibbs.” Cases other than the nominative are oblique cases. Case endings are terminations by which certain cases are distinguished. In old English, as in Latin, nouns had several cases distinguished by case endings, but in modern English only that of the possessive case is retained. Action on the case (Law), according to the old classification (now obsolete), was an action for redress of wrongs or injuries to person or property not specially provided against by law, in which the whole cause of complaint was set out in the writ; — called also trespass on the case, or simply case. — All a case, a matter of indifference. [Obs.] ´It is all a case to me.´ L’Estrange. — Case at bar. See under Bar, n. — Case divinity, casuistry. — Case lawyer, one versed in the reports of cases rather than in the science of the law. — Case stated or agreed on (Law), a statement in writing of facts agreed on and submitted to the court for a decision of the legal points arising on them. — A hard case, an abandoned or incorrigible person. [Colloq.] — In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow. — In case, or In case that, if; supposing that; in the event or contingency; if it should happen that. ´In case we are surprised, keep by me.´ W. Irving. — In good case, in good condition, health, or state of body. — To put a case, to suppose a hypothetical or illustrative case. Syn. — Situation, condition, state; circumstances; plight; predicament; occurrence; contingency; accident; event; conjuncture; cause; action; suit.

Case, v. i. To propose hypothetical cases. [Obs.] ´Casing upon the matter.´ L’Estrange.

Ca•se•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. caseation. See Casein.] (Med.) A degeneration of animal tissue into a cheesy or curdy mass.

Case´-bay , n. (Arch.) (a) The space between two principals or girders. (b) One of the joists framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring.

Case´hard•en , v. t. 1. To subject to a process which converts the surface of iron into steel. 2. To render insensible to good influences.

Case´hard•ened , a. 1. Having the surface hardened, as iron tools. 2. Hardened against, or insusceptible to, good influences; rendered callous by persistence in wrongdoing or resistance of good influences; — said of persons.

Case´hard•en•ing, n. The act or process of converting the surface of iron into steel. Ure. Casehardening is now commonly effected by cementation with charcoal or other carbonizing material, the depth and degree of hardening (carbonization) depending on the time during which the iron is exposed to the heat. See Cementation.

Ca´se•ic , a. [Cf. F. caseique, fr. L. caseus cheese.] Of or pertaining to cheese; as caseic acid.

Ca´se•in , n. [Cf. F. caseine, fr. L. caseur cheese. Cf. Cheese.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance present in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom. In the animal kingdom it is chiefly found in milk, and constitutes the main part of the curd separated by rennet; in the vegetable kingdom it is found more or less abundantly in the seeds of leguminous plants. Its reactions resemble those of alkali albumin. [Written also caseine.] Case´ knife 1. A knife carried in a sheath or case. Addison. 2. A large table knife; — so called from being formerly kept in a case.

Case´mate , n. [F. casemate, fr. It. casamatta, prob. from casa house + matto, f. matta, mad, weak, feeble, dim. from the same source as E. -mate in checkmate.] 1. (Fort.) A bombproof chamber, usually of masonry, in which cannon may be placed, to be fired through embrasures; or one capable of being used as a magazine, or for quartering troops. 2. (Arch.) A hollow molding, chiefly in cornices.

Case´ma•ted , a. Furnished with, protected by, or built like, a casemate. Campbell.

Case´ment , n. [Shortened fr. encasement. See Incase 1st Case, and cf. Incasement.] (Arch.) A window sash opening on hinges affixed to the upright side of the frame into which it is fitted. (Poetically) A window. “A casement of the great chamber window.
Shak.”

Case´ment•ed, a. Having a casement or casements.

Ca´se•ous , a. [L. caseus. Cf. Casein.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, cheese; having the qualities of cheese; cheesy. Caseous degeneration, a morbid process, in scrofulous or consumptive persons, in which the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy substance which is neither absorbed nor organized.

Ca´sern , n. [F. caserne.] A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart; barracks. Bescherelle.

Case´ shot (Mil.) A collection of small projectiles, inclosed in a case or canister. In the United States a case shot is a thin spherical or oblong cast-iron shell containing musket balls and a bursting charge, with a time fuse; — called in Europe shrapnel. In Europe the term case shot is applied to what in the United States is called canister. Wilhelm.

Ca´se•um , n. [L. caseus cheese.] Same as Casein.

Case´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub that makes for itself a case. See Caddice.

Cash , n. [F. caisse case, box, cash box, cash. See Case a box.] A place where money is kept, or where it is deposited and paid out; a money box. [Obs.] “This bank is properly a general cash, where every man lodges his money.
Sir W. Temple.” “£20,000 are known to be in her cash.
Sir R. Winwood.” 2. (Com.) (a) Ready money; especially, coin or specie; but also applied to bank notes, drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money. (b) Immediate or prompt payment in current funds; as to sell goods for cash; to make a reduction in price for cash. Cash account (Bookkeeping), an account of money received, disbursed, and on hand. — Cash boy, in large retail stores, a messenger who carries the money received by the salesman from customers to a cashier, and returns the proper change. [Colloq.] — Cash credit, an account with a bank by which a person or house, having given security for repayment, draws at pleasure upon the bank to the extent of an amount agreed upon; — called also bank credit and cash account. — Cash sales, sales made for ready, money, in distinction from those on which credit is given; stocks sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction. Syn. — Money; coin; specie; currency; capital.

Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashed p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] To pay, or to receive, cash for; to exchange for money; as cash a note or an order.

Cash, v. t. [See Cashier.] To disband. [Obs.] Garges.

Cash, n.sing & pl. A Chinese coin. The cash (Chinese tsien) is the only current coin made by the chinese government. It is a thin circular disk of a very base alloy of copper, with a square hole in the center. 1,000 to 1,400 cash are equivalent to a dollar.

Cash´book (kash´book), n. (Bookkeeping) A book in which is kept a register of money received or paid out.

Ca•shew´ (ka•shoo´), n. [F. acajou, for cajou, prob. from Malay kayu tree; cf. Pg. acaju, cf. Acajou.] (Bot.) A tree (Anacardium occidentale) of the same family which the sumac. It is native in tropical America, but is now naturalized in all tropical countries. Its fruit, a kidney-shaped nut, grows at the extremity of an edible, pear- shaped hypocarp, about three inches long. Cashew nut, the large, kidney-shaped fruit of the cashew, which is edible after the caustic oil has been expelled from the shell by roasting the nut.

Cash•ier´ (kash•er´), n. [F. caissier, fr. caisse. See Cash.] One who has charge of money; a cash keeper; the officer who has charge of the payments and receipts (moneys, checks, notes), of a bank or a mercantile company.

Cash•ier´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cahiered p. pr. &vb. n. Cashiering.] [Earlier cash, fr. F. casser to break, annul, cashier, fr. L. cassare, equiv. to cassum reddere, to annul; cf. G. cassiren. Cf. Quash to annul, Cass.] 1. To dismiss or discard; to discharge; to dismiss with ignominy from military service or from an office or place of trust. “They have cashiered several of their followers.
Addison.” “He had insolence to cashier the captain of the lord lieutenant’s own body guard.
Macaulay.” 2. To put away or reject; to disregard. [R.] “Connections formed for interest, and endeared” “By selfish views, [are] censured and cashiered.
Cowper.” “They absolutely cashier the literal express sense of the words.
Sowth.”

Cash•ier´er , n. One who rejects, discards, or dismisses; as a cashierer of monarchs. [R.] Burke.

Cash´mere , n. 1. A rich stuff for shawls, scarfs, etc., originally made in Cashmere from the soft wool found beneath the hair of the goats of Cashmere, Thibet, and the Himalayas. Some cashmere, of fine quality, is richly embroidered for sale to Europeans. 2. A dress fabric made of fine wool, or of fine wool and cotton, in imitation of the original cashmere. Cashmere shawl, a rich and costly shawl made of cashmere; — often called camel’s-hair shawl.

Cash•me•rette´ , n. A kind of dress goods, made with a soft and glossy surface like cashmere.

Ca•shoo´ , n. [F. cachou, NL. catechu, Cochin-Chin. cay cau from the tree called mimosa, or areca catechu. Cf. Catechu.] See Catechu.

Cas´ing , n. 1. The act or process of inclosing in, or covering with, a case or thin substance, as plaster, boards, etc. 2. An outside covering, for protection or ornament, or to precent the radiation of heat. 3. An inclosing frame; esp. the framework around a door or a window. See Case, n., 4.

Ca´sings , n. pl. Dried dung of cattle used as fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Waterland.

Ca•si´no , n.; pl. E. Casinos (#), It. Casini (#). [It. casino, dim. of casa house, fr. L. casa cottage. Cf. Cassing.] 1. A small country house. 2. A building or room used for meetings, or public amusements, for dancing, gaming, etc. 3. A game at cards. See Cassino.

Cask , n. [Sp. casco potsherd, skull, helmet, prob. fr. cascar to break, fr. L. Quassure to break. Cf. Casque, Cass.] 1. Same as Casque. [Obs.] 2. A barrel-shaped vessel made of staves headings, and hoops, usually fitted together so as to hold liquids. It may be larger or smaller than a barrel. 3. The quantity contained in a cask. 4. A casket; a small box for jewels. [Obs.] Shak.

Cask, v. t. To put into a cask.

Cas´ket , n. [Cf. F. casquet, dim. of casque belmet, fr. Sp. casco.] 1. A small chest or box, esp. of rich material or ornamental character, as for jewels, etc. “The little casket bring me hither.
Shak.” 2. A kind of burial case. [U. S.] 3. Anything containing or intended to contain something highly esteemed; as: (a) The body. (Shak.) (b) The tomb. (Milton). (c) A book of selections. [poetic] “They found him dead … an empty casket.
Shak.”

Cas´ket, n. (Naut.) A gasket. See Gasket.

Cas´ket, v. t. To put into, or preserve in, a casket. [Poetic] ´I have casketed my treasure.´ Shak.

Casque , n. [F. casque, fr. Sp. casco See Cask.] A piece of defensive or ornamental armor (with or without a vizor) for the head and neck; a helmet. “His casque overshadowed with brilliant plumes.
Prescott.”

Cass (kas), v. t. [F. casser, LL. cassare, fr. L. cassus empty, hollow, and perhaps influenced by L. quassare to shake, shatter, v. intens. of quatere to shake. Cf. Cashier, v. t., Quash, Cask.] To render useless or void; to quash; to annul; to reject; to send away. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Cas´sa•da (kas´sa•da; 277), n. See Cassava.

Cas´sa•reep (-rep), n. A condiment made from the sap of the bitter cassava (Manihot utilissima) deprived of its poisonous qualities, concentrated by boiling, and flavored with aromatics. See Pepper pot.

Cas´sate , v. t. [LL. cassare. See Cass.] To render void or useless; to vacate or annul. [Obs.]

Cas•sa´tion , n. [F. cassation. See Cass.] The act of annulling. “A general cassation of their constitutions.
Motley.” Court of cassation, the highest court of appeal in France, which has power to quash (Casser) or reverse the decisions of the inferior courts.

Cas´sa•va (kas´sa•va), n. [F. cassave, Sp. cazabe, fr. kasabi, in the language of Haiti.] 1. (Bot.) A shrubby euphorbiaceous plant of the genus Manihot, with fleshy rootstocks yielding an edible starch; — called also manioc. There are two species, bitter and sweet, from which the cassava of commerce is prepared in the West Indies, tropical America, and Africa. The bitter (Manihot utilissima) is the more important; this has a poisonous sap, but by grating, pressing, and baking the root the poisonous qualities are removed. The sweet (M. Aipi) is used as a table vegetable. 2. A nutritious starch obtained from the rootstocks of the cassava plant, used as food and in making tapioca.

Cas´se Pa´per [F. papier casse. See Cass.] Broken paper; the outside quires of a ream.

Cas´se•role (#) n. [F. a saucepan, dim. from casse a basin.] 1. (Chem.) A small round dish with a handle, usually of porcelain. 2. (Cookery) A mold (in the shape of a hollow vessel or incasement) of boiled rice, mashed potato or paste, baked, and afterwards filled with vegetables or meat.

Cas´sia (kash´a), n. [L. cassia and casia, Gr. kassi•a and kasi•a; of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. qetsiah, fr. qatsa’ to cut off, to peel off.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees) of many species, most of which have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine. 2. The bark of several species of Cinnamomum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached. The medicinal ´cassia´ (Cassia pulp) is the laxative pulp of the pods of a leguminous tree (Cassia fistula or Pudding-pipe tree), native in the East Indies but naturalized in various tropical countries. Cassia bark, the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, etc. The coarser kinds are called Cassia lignea, and are often used to adulterate true cinnamon. — Cassia buds, the dried flower buds of several species of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia, atc..). — Cassia oil, oil extracted from cassia bark and cassia buds; — called also oil of cinnamon.

Cas´si•can , n. [NL. cassicus helmeted, fr. L. cassis a belmet.] (Zoöl.) An American bird of the genus Cassicus, allied to the starlings and orioles, remarkable for its skillfully constructed and suspended nest; the crested oriole. The name is also sometimes given to the piping crow, an Australian bird.

Cas•sid´e•ous , a. [L. Cassis helmet.] (Bot.) Helmet-shaped; — applied to a corolla having a broad, helmet-shaped upper petal, as in aconite.

Cas´si•do•ny , n. [Cf. LL. cassidonium, F. cassidoine. See Chalcedony.] (Bot.) (a) The French lavender (Lavandula Stœchas). (b) The goldilocks (Chrysocoma Linosyris) and perhaps other plants related to the genus Gnaphalium or cudweed.

Cas´si•mere , n. [Cf. F. casimir, prob. of the same origin as E. cashmere. Cf. Kerseymere.] A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men’s garments. [Written also kerseymere.]

Cas•si•nette´ , n. [Cf. Sp. casinete, G. cassinet.] A cloth with a cotton warp, and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk.

Cas•sin´i•an o´vals (Math.) See under Oval.

Cas•si´no , n. [It. casino a small house, a gaming house. See casino.] A game at cards, played by two or more persons, usually for twenty-one points. Great cassino, the ten of diamonds. — Little cassino, the two of spades.

Cas´si•o•ber•ry , n. [NL. cassine, from the language of the Florida Indians.] The fruit of the Viburnum obovatum, a shrub which grows from Virginia to Florida.

Cas•si•o•pe´ia , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Cepheus and Perseus; — so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabulous king of Ethiopia. Cassiopeia’s Chair, a group of six stars, in Cassiopeia, somewhat resembling a chair.

Cas•sit´er•ite , n. [Gr. tin.] (Min.) Native tin dioxide; tin stone; a mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of reddish brown color, and brilliant adamantine luster; also massive, sometimes in compact forms with concentric fibrous structure resembling wood (wood tin), also in rolled fragments or pebbly (Stream tin). It is the chief source of metallic tin. See Black tin, under Black.

Cas´sius , n. [From the name of the discoverer, A. Cassius, a German physician of the 17th centry.] A brownish purple pigment, obtained by the action of some compounds of tin upon certain salts of gold. It is used in painting and staining porcelain and glass to give a beautiful purple color. Commonly called Purple of Cassius.

Cas´sock , n. [F. casaque, fr. It. casacca, perh. fr. L. casa cottage, in It., house; or of Slavic origin.] 1. A long outer garment formerly worn by men and women, as well as by soldiers as part of their uniform. 2. (Eccl.) A garment resembling a long frock coat worn by the clergy of certain churches when officiating, and by others as the usually outer garment.

Cas´socked , a. Clothed with a cassock.

Cas•so•lette´ , n. [F.] a box, or vase, with a perforated cover to emit perfumes.

Cas•son•ade´ , n. [F., fr. casson, for caisson a large chest. This sugar comes from Brazil in large chests.] Raw sugar; sugar not refined. Mc Elrath.

Cas´so•wa•ry , n.; pl. Cassowaries (#). [Malay kasuari.] (Zoöl.) A large bird, of the genus Casuarius, found in the east Indies. It is smaller and stouter than the ostrich. Its head is armed with a kind of helmet of horny substance, consisting of plates overlapping each other, and it has a group of long sharp spines on each wing which are used as defensive organs. It is a shy bird, and runs with great rapidity. Other species inhabit New Guinea, Australia, etc. { Cas•su•mu´nar , Cas•su•mu´ni•ar } n. [Hind.] (Med.) A pungent, bitter, aromatic, gingerlike root, obtained from the East Indies.

Cast (kast), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cast; p. pr. & vb. n. Casting.] [Cf. Dan. kaste, Icel. & Sw. kasta; perh. akin to L. gerere to bear, carry. E. jest.] 1. To send or drive by force; to throw; to fling; to hurl; to impel. “Uzziah prepared … slings to cast stones.
2 Chron. xxvi. 14.” “Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me.
Acts. xii. 8.” “We must be cast upon a certain island.
Acts. xxvii. 26.” 2. To direct or turn, as the eyes. “How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me!
Shak.” 3. To drop; to deposit; as to cast a ballot. 4. To throw down, as in wrestling. Shak. 5. To throw up, as a mound, or rampart. “Thine enemies shall cast a trench [bank] about thee.
Luke xix. 48.” 6. To throw off; to eject; to shed; to lose. “His filth within being cast.
Shak.” “Neither shall your vine cast her fruit.
Mal. iii. 11” “The creatures that cast the skin are the snake, the viper, etc.
Bacon.” 7. To bring forth prematurely; to slink. “Thy she-goats have not cast their young.
Gen. xxi. 38.” 8. To throw out or emit; to exhale. [Obs.] “This … casts a sulphureous smell.
Woodward.” 9. To cause to fall; to shed; to reflect; to throw; as to cast a ray upon a screen; to cast light upon a subject. 10. To impose; to bestow; to rest. “The government I cast upon my brother.
Shak.” “Cast thy burden upon the Lord.
Ps. iv. 22.” 11. To dismiss; to discard; to cashier. [Obs.] “The state can not with safety cast him.” 12. To compute; to reckon; to calculate; as to cast a horoscope. ´Let it be cast and paid.´ Shak. “You cast the event of war, my noble lord.
Shak.” 13. To contrive; to plan. [Archaic] “The cloister … had, I doubt not, been cast for [an orange-house].
Sir W. Temple.” 14. To defeat in a lawsuit; to decide against; to convict; as to be cast in damages. “She was cast to be hanged.
Jeffrey.” “Were the case referred to any competent judge, they would inevitably be cast.
Dr. H. More.” 15. To turn (the balance or scale); to overbalance; hence, to make preponderate; to decide; as a casting voice. “How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious!
South.” 16. To form into a particular shape, by pouring liquid metal or other material into a mold; to fashion; to found; as to cast bells, stoves, bullets. 17. (Print.) To stereotype or electrotype. 18. To fix, distribute, or allot, as the parts of a play among actors; also to assign (an actor) for a part. “Our parts in the other world will be new cast.
Addison.” To cast anchor (Naut.) See under Anchor. — To cast a horoscope, to calculate it. — To cast a horse, sheep, or other animal, to throw with the feet upwards, in such a manner as to prevent its rising again. — To cast a shoe, to throw off or lose a shoe, said of a horse or ox. — To cast aside, to throw or push aside; to neglect; to reject as useless or inconvenient. — To cast away. (a) To throw away; to lavish; to waste. ´Cast away a life´ Addison. (b) To reject; to let perish. ´Cast away his people.´ Rom. xi. 1. ´Cast one away.´ Shak. (c) To wreck. ´Cast away and sunk.´ Shak. — To cast by, to reject; to dismiss or discard; to throw away. — To cast down, to throw down; to destroy; to deject or depress, as the mind. ´Why art thou cast down. O my soul?´ Ps. xiii. 5. — To cast forth, to throw out, or eject, as from an inclosed place; to emit; to send out. — To cast in one’s lot with, to share the fortunes of. — To cast in one’s teeth, to upbraid or abuse one for; to twin. — To cast lots. See under Lot. — To cast off. (a) To discard or reject; to drive away; to put off; to free one’s self from. (b) (Hunting) To leave behind, as dogs; also to set loose, or free, as dogs. Crabb. (c) (Naut.) To untie, throw off, or let go, as a rope. — To cast off copy, (Print.), to estimate how much printed matter a given amount of copy will make, or how large the page must be in order that the copy may make a given number of pages. — To cast one’s self on or upon to yield or submit one’s self unreservedly to, as to the mercy of another. — To cast out, to throw out; to eject, as from a house; to cast forth; to expel; to utter. — To cast the lead (Naut.), to sound by dropping the lead to the bottom. — To cast the water (Med.), to examine the urine for signs of disease. [Obs.]. — To cast up. (a) To throw up; to raise. (b) To compute; to reckon, as the cost. (c) To vomit. (d) To twit with; to throw in one’s teeth.

Cast , v. i. 1. To throw, as a line in angling, esp, with a fly hook. 2. (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel around from the wind in getting under weigh. “Weigh anchor, cast to starboard.
Totten.” 3. To consider; to turn or revolve in the mind; to plan; as to cast about for reasons. “She … cast in her mind what manner of salution this should be.
Luke. i. 29.” 4. To calculate; to compute. [R.] “Who would cast and balance at a desk.
Tennyson.” 5. To receive form or shape in a mold. “It will not run thin, so as to cast and mold.
Woodward.” 6. To warp; to become twisted out of shape. “Stuff is said to cast or warp when … it alters its flatness or straightness.
Moxon.” 7. To vomit. “These verses … make me ready to cast.
B. Jonson.”

Cast, 3d pres. of Cast, for Casteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cast, n. [Cf. Icel., Dan., & Sw. kast.] 1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw. 2. The thing thrown. “A cast of dreadful dust.
Dryden.” 3. The distance to which a thing is or can be thrown. ´About a stone’s cast.´ Luke xxii. 41. 4. A throw of dice; hence, a chance or venture. “An even cast whether the army should march this way or that way.
Sowth.” “I have set my life upon a cast,
And I will stand the hazard of the die.
Shak.” 5. That which is throw out or off, shed, or ejected; as the skin of an insect, the refuse from a hawk’s stomach, the excrement of a earthworm. 6. The act of casting in a mold. “And why such daily cast of brazen cannon.
Shak.” 7. An impression or mold, taken from a thing or person; amold; a pattern. 8. That which is formed in a mild; esp. a reproduction or copy, as of a work of art, in bronze or plaster, etc.; a casting. 9. Form; appearence; mien; air; style; as a peculiar cast of countenance. ´A neat cast of verse.´ Pope. “An heroic poem, but in another cast and figure.
Prior.” “And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought.
Shak.” 10. A tendency to any color; a tinge; a shade. “Gray with a cast of green.
Woodward.” 11. A chance, opportunity, privilege, or advantage; specifically, an opportunity of riding; a lift. [Scotch] “We bargained with the driver to give us a cast to the next stage.
Smollett.” “If we had the cast o’ a cart to bring it.
Sir W. Scott.” 12. The assignment of parts in a play to the actors. 13. (Falconary) A flight or a couple or set of hawks let go at one time from the hand. Grabb. “As when a cast of falcons make their flight.
Spenser.” 14. A stoke, touch, or trick. [Obs.] “This was a cast of Wood’s politics; for his information was wholly false.
Swift.” 15. A motion or turn, as of the eye; direction; look; glance; squint. “The cast of the eye is a gesture of aversion.
Bacon.” “And let you see with one cast of an eye.
Addison.” “This freakish, elvish cast came into the child’s eye.
Hawthorne.” 16. A tube or funnel for conveying metal into a mold. 17. Four; that is, as many as are thrown into a vessel at once in counting herrings, etc; a warp. 18. Contrivance; plot, design. [Obs.] Chaucer. A cast of the eye, a slight squint or strabismus. — Renal cast (Med.), microscopic bodies found in the urine of persons affected with disease of the kidneys; — so called because they are formed of matter deposited in, and preserving the outline of, the renal tubes. — The last cast, the last throw of the dice or last effort, on which every thing is ventured; the last chance.

Cas•ta´li•an , a. [L. Castalius] Of or pertaining to Castalia, a mythical fountain of inspiration on Mt. Parnassus sacred to the Muses. Milton.

Cas•ta´ne•a , n. [L., a chestnut, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of nut-bearing trees or shrubs including the chestnut and chinquapin.

Cas´ta•net , n. See Castanets.

Cas´ta•nets, n. pl. [F. castagnettes, Sp. castañetas, fr. L. castanea (Sp. castaña) a chestnut. So named from the resemblance to two chestnuts, or because chestnuts were first used for castanets. See Chestnut.] Two small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, shaped like spoons, fastened to the thumb, and beaten together with the middle finger; — used by the Spaniards and Moors as an accompaniment to their dance and guitars. The singular, castanet, is used of one of the pair, or, sometimes, of the pair forming the instrument. “The dancer, holding a castanet in each hand, rattles then to the motion of his feet.
Moore (Encyc. of Music).”

Cast´a•way , n. 1. One who, or that which, is cast away or shipwrecked. 2. One who is ruined; one who has made moral shipwreck; a reprobate. “Lest … when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway.
1 Cor. ix. 27.”

Cast´a•way, a. Of no value; rejected; useless.

Caste , n. [Pg. casta race, lineage, fr. L. castus pure, chaste: cf. F. caste, of same origin.] 1. One of the hereditary classes into which the Hindoos are divided according to the laws of Brahmanism. The members of the same caste are theoretically of equal rank, and same profession or occupation, and may not eat or intermarry with those not of their own caste. The original are four, viz., the Brahmans, or sacerdotal order; the Kshatriyas, or soldiers and rulers; the Vaisyas, or husbandmen and merchants; and the Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. Men of no caste are Pariahs, outcasts. Numerous mixed classes, or castes, have sprung up in the progress of time. 2. A separate and fixed order or class of persons in society who chiefly hold intercourse among themselves. “The tinkers then formed an hereditary caste.
Macaulay.” To lose caste, to be degraded from the caste to which one has belonged; to lose social position or consideration.

Cas´tel•lan , n. [OF. castelain, F. châtelain, L. castellanus pertaining to a castle, an occupant of a caste, LL., a governor of a castle, fr. L. castellum castle, citadel, dim. of castrum fortified place. See Castle, and cf. Chatelaine.] A governor or warden of a castle.

Cas´tel•la•ny , n.; pl. Castellanies (#). [LL. castellania.] The lordship of a castle; the extent of land and jurisdiction appertaining to a castle.

Cas´tel•la•ted , a. [LL. castellatus, fr. castellare. See Castle.] 1. Inclosed within a building; as a fountain or cistern castellated. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Furnished with turrets and battlements, like a castle; built in the style of a castle.

Cas•tel•la´tion , n. [LL. castellation, fr. castellare, fr. L. castellum. See Castle.] The act of making into a castle.

Cast´er , n. 1. One who casts; as caster of stones, etc. ; a caster of cannon; a caster of accounts. 2. A vial, cruet, or other small vessel, used to contain condiments at the table; as a set of casters. 3. A stand to hold a set of cruets. 4. A small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is supported and moved.

Cas´ti•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castigating.] [L. castigatus, p. p. of castigare to correct, punish; castus pure, chaste + agere to move, drive. See Caste, and cf. Chasten.] 1. To punish by stripes; to chastise by blows; to chasten; also to chastise verbally; to reprove; to criticise severely. 2. To emend; to correct. [Obs.]

Cas•ti•ga´tion , n. [L. catigatio.] 1. Corrective punishment; chastisement; reproof; pungent criticism. “The keenest castigation of her slanderers.
W. Irving.” 2. Emendation; correction. [Obs.]

Cas•ti•ga´tor , n. [L.] One who castigates or corrects.

Cas•ti•ga•to•ry , a. [L. castigatorius.] Punitive in order to amendment; corrective.

Cas´ti•ga•to•ry, n. An instrument formerly used to punish and correct arrant scolds; — called also a ducking stool, or trebucket. Blacktone.

Cas´tile soap [From Castile, or Castilia, a province in Spain, from which it originally came.] A kind of fine, hard, white or mottled soap, made with olive oil and soda; also a soap made in imitation of the above-described soap.

Cas•til´ian , n. [Sp. castellano, from Castila, NL. Castilia, Castella. Castile, which received its name from the castles erected on the frontiers as a barrier against the Moors.] 1. An inhabitant or native of Castile, in Spain. 2. The Spanish language as spoken in Castile.

Cas•til´lan, a. Of or pertaining to Castile, in Spain.

Cast´ing , n. 1. The act of one who casts or throws, as in fishing. 2. The act or process of making casts or impressions, or of shaping metal or plaster in a mold; the act or the process of pouring molten metal into a mold. 3. That which is cast in a mold; esp. the mass of metal so cast; as a casting in iron; bronze casting. 4. The warping of a board. Brande & C. 5. The act of casting off, or that which is cast off, as skin, feathers, excrement, etc. Casting of draperies, the proper distribution of the folds of garments, in painting and sculpture. — Casting line (Fishing), the leader; also sometimes applied to the long reel line. — Casting net, a net which is cast and drawn, in distinction from a net that is set and left. — Casting voice, Casting vote, the decisive vote of a presiding officer, when the votes of the assembly or house are equally divided. ´When there was an equal vote, the governor had the casting voice.´ B. Trumbull. — Casting weight, a weight that turns a balance when exactly poised.

Cast´ i•ron Highly carbonized iron, the direct product of the blast furnace; — used for making castings, and for conversion into wrought iron and steel. It can not be welded or forged, is brittle, and sometimes very hard. Besides carbon, it contains sulphur, phosphorus, silica, etc.

Cast´-i•ron, a. Made of cast iron. Hence, Fig.: like cast iron; hardy; unyielding.

Cas´tle , n. [AS. castel, fr. L. castellum, dim. of castrum a fortified place, castle.] 1. A fortified residence, especially that of a prince or nobleman; a fortress. “The house of every one is to him castle and fortress, as well for his defense againts injury and violence, as for his repose.
Coke.” “Our castle’s strength
Will laugh a siege to scorn.
Shak.” Originally the mediaeval castle was a single strong tower or keep, with a palisaded inclosure around it and inferior buidings, such as stables and the like, and surrounded by a moat; then such a keep or donjon, with courtyards or baileys and accessory buildings of greater elaboration a great hall and a chapel, all surrounded by defensive walls and a moat, with a drawbridge, etc. Afterwards the name was retained by large dwellings that had formerly been fortresses, or by those which replaced ancient fortresses. A Donjon or Keep, an irregular building containing the dwelling of the lord and his family; B C Large round towers ferming part of the donjon and of the exterior; D Square tower, separating the two inner courts and forming part of the donjon; E Chapel, whose apse forms a half-round tower, F, on the exterior walls; G H Round towers on the exterior walls; K Postern gate, reached from outside by a removable fight of steps or inclined plane for hoisting in stores, and leading to a court, L (see small digagram) whose pavement is on a level with the sill of the postern, but below the level of the larger court, with which it communicates by a separately fortified gateway; M Turret, containing spiral stairway to all the stories of the great tower, B, and serving also as a station for signal fire, banner, etc.; N Turret with stairway for tower, C; O Echauguettes; P P P Battlemants consisting of merlons and crenels alternately, the merlons being pierced by loopholes; Q Q Machicolations (those at Q defend the postern K); R Outwork defending the approach, which is a road ascending the hill and passing under all four faces of the castle; S S Wall of the outer bailey. The road of approach enters the bailey at T and passes thence into the castle by the main entrance gateway (which is in the wall between, and defended by the towers, C H) and over two drawbridges and through fortified passages to the inner court. 2. Any strong, imposing, and stately mansion. 3. A small tower, as on a ship, or an elephant’s back. 4. A piece, made to represent a castle, used in the game of chess; a rook. Castle in the air, a visionary project; a baseless scheme; an air castle; — sometimes called a castle in Spain (F. Château en Espagne). Syn. — Fortress; fortification; citadel; stronghold. See Fortress.

Cas´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Castled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Castling ] (Chess) To move the castle to the square next to king, and then the king around the castle to the square next beyond it, for the purpose of covering the king.

Cas´tle•build•er , n. Fig.: one who builds castles in the air or forms visionary schemes. — Cas´tle•build•ing, n.

Cas´tled , a. Having a castle or castles; supporting a castle; as a castled height or crag. 2. Fortified; turreted; as castled walls.

Cas´tle-guard , n. 1. The guard or defense of a castle. 2. (O. Eng. Law) A tax or imposition an a dwelling within a certain distance of a castle, for the purpose of maintaining watch and ward in it; castle- ward. 3. A feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to perform service within the realm, without limitation of time.

Cas´tle•ry , n. [Cf. OF. castelerie. See Castle.] The government of a castle. Blount.

Cas´tlet , n. A small castle. Leland.

Cas´tle•ward , n. Same as Castleguard.

Cast´ling , n. That which is cast or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. Sir T. Browne.

Cas´tling , n. (Chess) A compound move of the king and castle. See Castle, v. i.

Cast´-off , a. Cast or laid aside; as cast-off clothes.

Cas´tor , n. [L. castor the beaver, Gr. ; of uncertain origin.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents, including the beaver. See Beaver. 2. Castoreum. See Castoreum. 3. A hat, esp. one made of beaver fur; a beaver. “I have always been known for the jaunty manner in which I wear my castor.
Sir W. Scott.” 4. A heavy quality of broadcloth for overcoats.

Cast´or , n. See Caster, a small wheel.

Cas´tor , n. [L.] (Astron.) the northernmost of the two bright stars in the constellation Gemini, the other being Pollux. { Cas´tor , Cas´tor•ite } n. [The minerals castor and pollux were so named because found together on the island of Elba. See Castor and Pollux.] (Min.) A variety of the mineral called petalite, from Elba.

Cas´tor and Pol´lux [Castor and Pollux were twin sons of Jupiter and Leda.] (Naut.) See Saint Elmo’s fire, under Saint.

Cas´tor bean (Bot.) The bean or seed of the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi.)

Cas•to´re•um , n. [L. See Castor.] A peculiar bitter orange-brown substance, with strong, penetrating odor, found in two sacs between the anus and external genitals of the beaver; castor; — used in medicine as an antispasmodic, and by perfumers.

Cas´to•rin (kas´to•rin), n. [From 1st Castor.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained from castoreum.

Cas´tor oil (kas´ter oil•). A mild cathartic oil, expressed or extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi. When fresh the oil is inodorous and insipid. Castor-oil plant. Same as Palma Christi.

Cas•tra•me•ta´tion , n. [F. castrametation, fr. L. castra camp + metari to measure off, fr. meta limit.] (Mil.) The art or act of encamping; the making or laying out of a camp.

Cas´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castrating.] [L. castrarus, p; p. of castrare to castrate, asin to Skr. çastra knife.] 1. To deprive of the testicles; to emasculate; to geld; to alter. 2. To cut or take out; esp. to remove anything erroneous, or objectionable from, as the obscene parts of a writing; to expurgate. “My … correspondent … has sent me the following letter, which I have castrated in some places.
Spectator.”

Cas•tra´tion , n. [L. castratio; cf. F. castration.] The act of castrating.

Cas•tra´to , n. [L., properly p. p. of castrare. See Castrate.] A male person castrated for the purpose of improving his voice for singing; an artificial, or male, soprano. Swift.

Cas´trel , n. [Cf. F. crecerelle, cristel, OF. crecel, cercele. Cf. Kestrel.] (Zoöl.) See Kestrel.

Cas•tren´sial , a. [L. castrensis, fr. castra camp.] Belonging to a camp. Sir T. Browne.

Cas•tren´sian , a. Castrensial. [R.]

Cast´ steel See Cast steel, under Steel.

Cas´u•al , a. [OE. casuel, F. casuel, fr. L. casualis, fr. casus fall, accident, fr. cadere to fall. See Case.] 1. Happening or coming to pass without design, and without being foreseen or expected; accidental; fortuitous; coming by chance. “Casual breaks, in the general system.
W. Irving.” 2. Coming without regularity; occasional; incidental; as casual expenses. “A constant habit, rather than a casual gesture.
Hawthorne.” Syn. — Accidental; fortutious; incidental; occasional; contingent; unforeseen. See Accidental.

Cas´u•al, n. One who receives relief for a night in a parish to which he does not belong; a vagrant.

Cas´u•al•ism , n. The doctrine that all things exist or are controlled by chance.

Cas´u•al•ist, n. One who believes in casualism.

Cas´u•al•ly, adv. Without design; accidentally; fortuitously; by chance; occasionally.

Cas´u•al•ness, n. The quality of being casual.

Cas´u•al•ty , n.; pl. Casualties (#). [F. casualite, LL. casualitas.] 1. That which comes without design or without being foreseen; contingency. “Losses that befall them by mere casualty.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 2. Any injury of the body from accident; hence, death, or other misfortune, occasioned by an accident; as an unhappy casualty. 3. pl. (Mil. & Naval) Numerical loss caused by death, wounds, discharge, or desertion. Casualty ward, A ward in a hospital devoted to the treatment of injuries received by accident. Syn. — Accident; contingency; fortuity; misfortune.

Cas•u•a•ri´na , n. [NL., supposed to be named from the resemblance of the twigs to the feathers of the cassowary, of the genus Casuarius.] (Bot.) A genus of leafless trees or shrubs, with drooping branchlets of a rushlike appearance, mostly natives of Australia. Some of them are large, producing hard and heavy timber of excellent quality, called beefwood from its color.

Cas´u•ist , n. [L. casus fall, case; cf. F. casuiste. See Casual.] One who is skilled in, or given to, casuistry. “The judment of any casuist or learned divine concerning the state of a man’s soul, is not sufficient to give him confidence.
South.”

Cas´u•ist, v. i. To play the casuist. Milton. { Cas•u•is´tic , Cas•u•is´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to casuists or casuistry.

Cas´u•ist•ry , a. 1. The science or doctrine of dealing with cases of conscience, of resolving questions of right or wrong in conduct, or determining the lawfulness or unlawfulness of what a man may do by rules and principles drawn from the Scriptures, from the laws of society or the church, or from equity and natural reason; the application of general moral rules to particular cases. “The consideration of these nice and puzzling question in the science of ethics has given rise, in modern times, to a particular department of it, distinguished by the title of casuistry.
Stewart.” “Casuistry in the science of cases (i.e., oblique deflections from the general rule).
De Quincey.” 2. Sophistical, equivocal, or false reasoning or teaching in regard to duties, obligations, and morals.

Ca´sus , n. [L.] An event; an occurrence; an occasion; a combination of circumstances; a case; an act of God. See the Note under Accident. Casus belli, an event or combination of events which is a cause war, or may be alleged as a justification of war. — Casus fortuitus, an accident against which due prudence could not have provided. See Act of God, under Act. — Casus omissus, a case not provided for by the statute.

Cat (kat), n. [AS. cat; akin to D. & Dan. kat, Sw. katt, Icel. köttr, G. katze, kater, Ir. cat, W. cath, Armor. kaz, LL. catus, Bisc. catua, NGr. ga•ta, ga•tos, Russ. & Pol. kot, Turk. kedi, Ar. qitt; of unknown origin. Cf. Kitten.] 1. (Zoöl.) An animal of various species of the genera Felis and Lynx. The domestic cat is Felis domestica. The European wild cat (Felis catus) is much larger than the domestic cat. In the United States the name wild cat is commonly applied to the bay lynx (Lynx rufus) See Wild cat, and Tiger cat. The domestic cat includes many varieties named from their place of origin or from some peculiarity; as the Angora cat; the Maltese cat; the Manx cat. The word cat is also used to designate other animals, from some fancied resemblance; as civet cat, fisher cat, catbird, catfish shark, sea cat. 2. (Naut.) (a) A strong vessel with a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist. It is employed in the coal and timber trade. (b) A strong tackle used to draw an anchor up to the cathead of a ship. Totten. 3. A double tripod (for holding a plate, etc.), having six feet, of which three rest on the ground, in whatever position it is placed. 4. An old game; (a) The game of tipcat and the implement with which it is played. See Tipcat. (c) A game of ball, called, according to the number of batters, one old cat, two old cat, etc. 5. A cat o’ nine tails. See below. Angora cat, blind cat, See under Angora, Blind. — Black cat the fisher. See under Black. — Cat and dog, like a cat and dog; quarrelsome; inharmonious. ´I am sure we have lived a cat and dog life of it.´ Coleridge. — Cat block (Naut.), a heavy iron-strapped block with a large hook, part of the tackle used in drawing an anchor up to the cathead. — Cat hook (Naut.), a strong hook attached to a cat block. - - Cat nap, a very short sleep. [Colloq.] — Cat o’ nine tails, an instrument of punishment consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle; — formerly used to flog offenders on the bare back. — Cat’s cradle, game played, esp. by children, with a string looped on the fingers so, as to resemble small cradle. The string is transferred from the fingers of one to those of another, at each transfer with a change of form. See Cratch, Cratch cradle. — To let the cat out of the bag, to tell a secret, carelessly or willfully. [Colloq.] — Bush cat, the serval. See Serval.

Cat , v. t. [imp. & p. p. tted; p. pr. & vb. n. Catting.] (Naut.) To bring to the cathead; as to cat an anchor. See Anchor. Totten.

Cat´a [Gr. kata•.] The Latin and English form of a Greek preposition, used as a prefix to signify down, downward, under, against, contrary or opposed to, wholly, completely; as in cataclysm, catarrh. It sometimes drops the final vowel, as in catoptric; and is sometimes changed to cath, as in cathartic, catholic.

Cat•a•bap´tist , n. [Pref. cata + aptist. See Baptist.] (Eccl.) One who opposes baptism, especially of infants. [Obs.] Featley.

Cat•a•ba´sion , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kataba•sion.] A vault under altar of a Greek church.

Cat•a•bi•ot´ic , a. See under Force.

Cat•a•caus´tic , a. [Pref. cata + caustic.] (Physics) Relating to, or having the properties of, a caustic curve formed by reflection. See Caustic, a. Nichol.

Cat•a•caus´tic, n. (Physics) A caustic curve formed by reflection of light. Nichol.

Cat•a•chre´sis , n. [L. fr. Gr. misuse, fr. to misuse; kata• against + to use.] (Rhet.) A figure by which one word is wrongly put for another, or by which a word is wrested from its true signification; as ´To take arms against a sea of troubles´. Shak. ´Her voice was but the shadow of a sound.´ Young. { Cat•a•chres´tic , Cat•a•chres´tic•al , } a. Belonging to, or in the manner of, a catachresis; wrested from its natural sense or form; forced; far-fetched. — Cat•a•chres´tic•al•ly, adv. “[A] catachrestical and improper way of speaking.
Jer. Taylor.”

Cat´a•clysm , n. [L. cataclysmos, Gr. kataklysmo•s, from to dash over, inundate; kata• downward, against + to wash or dash over: cf. F. cataclysme.] 1. An extensive overflow or sweeping flood of water; a deluge. 2. (Geol.) Any violent catastrophe, involving sudden and extensive changes of the earth’s surface. { Cat•a•clys´mal , Cat•a•clys´mic } a. Of or pertaining to a cataclysm.

Cat•a•clys´mist , n. One who believes that the most important geological phenomena have been produced by cataclysms.

Cat´a•comb , n. [It. catacomba, fr. L. catacumba perh. from Gr. kata• downward, down + ky•mbh cavity.] A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place of large extent used for the burial of the dead; — commonly in the plural. The terms is supposed to have been applied originally to the tombs under the church of St. Sebastian in Rome. The most celebrated catacombs are those near Rome, on the Appian Way, supposed to have been the place or refuge and interment of the early Christians; those of Egypt, extending for a wide distance in the vicinity of Cairo; and those of Paris, in abandoned stone quarries, excavated under a large portion of the city.

Cat•a•cous´tic , n. [Pref. cata + acoustics: cf. F. caraconstique.] (Physics) That part of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds or echoes See Acoustics. Hutton. { Cat•a•di•op´tric , Cat•a•di•op´tric•al , } a. [Pref. cata + dioptric: cf. F. catadioptrique.] (Physics) Pertaining to, produced by, or involving, both the reflection and refraction of light; as a catadioptric light. Hutton.

Cat•a•di•op´trics , n. The science which treats of catadioptric phenomena, or of the used of catadioptric instruments.

Cat´a•drome , n. [Gr. kata•dromos race course; kata• down + dro•mos course.] 1. A race course. 2. (Mach.) A machine for raising or lowering heavy weights.

Ca•tad´ro•mous , a. [Gr. kata• down + dro•mos a running.] 1. (Bot.) Having the lowest inferior segment of a pinna nearer the rachis than the lowest superior one; — said of a mode of branching in ferns, and opposed to anadromous. 2. (Zoöl.) Living in fresh water, and going to the sea to spawn; — opposed to anadromous, and said of the eel.

Cat•a•fal´co , n. [It.] See Catafalque.

Cat´a•falque , n. [F., fr. It. catafalco, scaffold, funeral canopy; of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. catafalso, cadahalso, cadalso, Pr. casafalc, OF. chafaut. Cf. Scaffold.] A temporary structure sometimes used in the funeral solemnities of eminent persons, for the public exhibition of the remains, or their conveyance to the place of burial.

Cat••ag•mat´ic , a. [Gr. fracture, fr. to break in places; kata• down + ’agny•nai to break: cf. F. catagmatique.] (Med.) Having the quality of consolidating broken bones.

Ca•ta´ian , n. A native of Cathay or China; a foreigner; — formerly a term of reproach. Shak.

Cat´a•lan , a. Of or pertaining to Catalonia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Catalonia; also the language of Catalonia. Catalan furnace, Catalan forge (Metal.), a kind of furnace for producing wrought iron directly from the ore. It was formerly much used, esp. in Catalonia, and is still used in some parts of the United States and elsewhere.

Cat•a•lec´tic , a. [L. catalecticus, Gr. incomplete, fr. to leave off; kata• down, wholly + lh•gein to stop.] 1. (Pros.) Wanting a syllable at the end, or terminating in an imperfect foot; as a catalectic verse. 2. (Photog. & Chem.) Incomplete; partial; not affecting the whole of a substance. Abney. { Cat´a•lep•sy , Cat•a•lep´sis } n. [NL. catalepsis, fr. Gr. a seizure, fr. to seize upon; kata• down + to take, seize.] (Med.) A sudden suspension of sensation and volition, the body and limbs preserving the position that may be given them, while the action of the heart and lungs continues.

Cat•a•lep´tic , a. [Gr. katalhptiko•s.] Pertaining to, or resembling, catalepsy; affected with catalepsy; as a cataleptic fit.

Cat•al•lac´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Catallactics.] (Zoöl.) A division of Protozoa, of which Magosphaera is the type. They exist both in a myxopod state, with branched pseudopodia, and in the form of ciliated bodies united in free, spherical colonies.

Cat•al•lac´tics n. [Gr. to exchange; kata• wholly + to change.] The science of exchanges, a branch of political economy.

Cat´a•log , n. & v. Catalogue.

Cat´a•lo•gize , v. t. To insert in a catalogue; to register; to catalogue. [R.] Coles.

Cat´a•logue , n. [F., fr. catalogus, fr. Gr. a counting up, list, fr. to count up; kata• down, completely + to say.] A list or enumeration of names, or articles arranged methodically, often in alphabetical order; as a catalogue of the students of a college, or of books, or of the stars. Card catalogue, a catalogue, as of books, having each item entered on a separate card, and the cards arranged in cases by subjects, or authors, or alphabetically. — Catalogue raisonne [F.], a catalogue of books, etc., classed according to their subjects. Syn. — List; roll; index; schedule; enumeration; inventory. See List.

Cat´a•logue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catalogued p. pr. & vb. n. Cataloguing ] To make a list or catalogue; to insert in a catalogue.

Cat´a•log•uer , n. A maker of catalogues; esp. one skilled in the making of catalogues.

Ca•tal´pa , n. [From the language of the Indians of Carolina, where Catesby discovered this tree in the year 1726.] (Bot.) A genus of American and East Indian trees, of which the best know species are the Catalpa bignonioides, a large, ornamental North American tree, with spotted white flowers and long cylindrical pods, and the C. speciosa, of the Mississipi valley; — called also Indian bean.

Ca•tal´y•sis , n.; pl. Catalyse. (#) [ML., fr. Gr. dissolution, fr. to destroy, dissolve; kata• down, wholly + to loose.] 1. Dissolution; degeneration; decay. [R.] “Sad catalysis and declension of piety.
Evelyn.” 2. (Chem.) (a) A process by which reaction occurs in the presence of certain agents which were formerly believed to exert an influence by mere contact. It is now believed that such reactions are attended with the formation of an intermediate compound or compounds, so that by alternate composition and decomposition the agent is apparenty left unchanged; as the catalysis of making ether from alcohol by means of sulphuric acid; or catalysis in the action of soluble ferments (as diastase, or ptyalin) on starch. (b) The catalytic force.

Cat•a•ly´tic , a. Relating to, or causing, catalysis. ´The catalytic power is ill understood.´ Ure. Catalytic force, that form of chemical energy formerly supposed to determine catalysis.

Cat•a•lyt´ic, n. (Chem.) An agent employed in catalysis, as platinum black, aluminium chloride, etc.

Cat•a•ma•ran´, n. [The native East Indian name.] 1. A kind of raft or float, consisting of two or more logs or pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by paddles or sail; — used as a surf boat and for other purposes on the coasts of the East and West Indies and South America. Modified forms are much used in the lumber regions of North America, and at life-saving stations. 2. Any vessel with twin hulls, whether propelled by sails or by steam; esp., one of a class of double- hulled pleasure boats remarkable for speed. 3. A kind of fire raft or torpedo bat. “The incendiary rafts prepared by Sir Sidney Smith for destroying the French flotilla at Boulogne, 1804, were called catamarans.
Knight.” 4. A quarrelsome woman; a scold. [Colloq.]

Cat•a•me´nia (kat•a•me´ni•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ta• katamh•nia.] (Med.) The monthly courses of women; menstrual discharges; menses.

Cat•a•me´ni•al (-al), a. [Gr. katamh•nios monthly; kata• down, back, again + mh•n month.] Pertaining to the catamenia, or menstrual discharges.

Cat´a•mite (kat´a•mit), n. [L. Catamitus, an old form of Ganymedes Ganymede, Gr. Ganymh•dhs.] A boy kept for unnatural purposes.

Cat´a•mount (-mount), n. [Cat + mount; cf. Sp. gato montes mountain cat.] (Zoöl.) The cougar. Applied also in some parts of the United States, to the lynx.

Cat´a•nad•ro•mous , a. [Gr. kata• down + ’ana• up + dro•mos running, course.] (Zoöl.) Ascending and descending fresh streams from and to the sea, as the salmon; anadromous. [R.]

Cat´a•pasm , n. [Gr. , fr. to besprinkle; kata• down, wholly + to strew, or sprinkle.] (Med.) A compound medicinal powder, used by the ancients to sprinkle on ulcers, to absorb perspiration, etc. Dunglison.

Cat•a•pel´tic , a. Of or pertaining to a catapult.

Cat•a•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. cata + petalous.] (Bot.) Having the petals held together by stamens, which grow to their bases, as in the mallow.

Cat•a•phon´ic , a. Of or relating to cataphonics; catacoustic.

Cat•a•phon´ics , n. [Pref. cata + phonic: cf. F. cataphonique.] (Physics) That branch of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds; catacoustics.

Cat´a•phract (k&act;t´&ador;•frakt), n. [L. cataphractes, Gr. , fr. covered, fr. to cover; kata• down, wholly + fra•ssein to inclose.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) Defensive armor used for the whole body and often for the horse, also esp. the linked mail or scale armor of some eastern nations. 2. A horseman covered with a cataphract. “Archers and slingers, cataphracts, and spears.
Milton.” 3. (Zoöl.) The armor or plate covering some fishes.

Cat´a•phract•ed , a. (Zoöl.) Covered with a cataphract, or armor of plates, scales, etc.; or with that which corresponds to this, as horny or bony plates, hard, callous skin, etc.

Cat•a•phrac´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cataphract.

Cat•a•phys´ic•al, a. [Pref. cata + physical.] Unnatural; contrary to nature. [R.] “Some artists … have given to Sir Walter Scott a pile of forehead which is unpleassing and cataphysical.
De Quincey.”

Cat´a•plasm , n. [L. cataplasma, Gr. , fr. to spread over; kata• down, wholly + to form, mold.] (Med.) A soft and moist substance applied externally to some part of the body; a poultice. Dunglison.

Cat´a•puce , n. [F.] (Bot.) Spurge. [Obs.]

Cat´a•pult , n. [L. catapulta, Gr. , prob. from kata• down + to shake, hurl.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) An engine somewhat resembling a massive crossbow, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for throwing stones, arrows, spears, etc. 2. A forked stick with elastic band for throwing small stones, etc.

Cat´a•ract , n. [L. cataracta, catarracles, a waterfall, Gr. , , fr. to break down; in the passive, to fall or rush down (of tumors) to burst; kata• down + to break.] 1. A great fall of water over a precipice; a large waterfall. 2. (Surg.) An opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule, which prevents the passage of the rays of light and impairs or destroys the sight. 3. (Mach.) A kind of hydraulic brake for regulating the action of pumping engines and other machines; — sometimes called dashpot.

Cat•a•rac´tous , a. Of the nature of a cataract in the eye; affected with cataract.

Ca•tarrh´ , n. [L. catarrhus, Gr. , , a running down, rheum, fr. ; kata• down + to flow. See Stream.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of any mucous membrane, in which there are congestion, swelling, and an altertion in the quantity and quality of mucus secreted; as catarrh of the stomach; catarrh of the bladder. In America, the term catarrh is applied especially to a chronic inflammation of, and hypersecretion fron, the membranes of the nose or air passages; in England, to an acute influenza, resulting a cold, and attended with cough, thirst, lassitude, and watery eyes; also to the cold itself.

Ca•tarrh´al , a. Pertaining to, produced by, or attending, catarrh; of the nature of catarrh.

Cat´ar•rhine , n. [Gr. kata•rris with hanging or curved nose; kata• down + ´ri•s, ´rino•s nose.] (Zoöl.) One of the Catarrhina, a division of Quadrumana, including the Old World monkeys and apes which have the nostrils close together and turned downward. See Monkey.

Ca•tarrh´ous , a. Catarrhal. [R.]

Cat•a•stal´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to check; kata• down, wholy + to set.] (Med.) Checking evacuations through astringent or styptic qualities.

Ca•tas´ta•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to set; kata• down + to place.] 1. (Rhet.) That part of a speech, usually the exordium, in which the orator sets forth the subject matter to be discussed. 2. (Med.) The state, or condition of anything; constitution; habit of body.

Ca•tas´ter•ism , n. [Gr. , fr. to place among the stars.] A placing among the stars; a catalogue of stars. “The catasterisms of Eratosthenes.
Whewell.”

Ca•tas´tro•phe , n. [L. catastropha, Gr. , fr. to turn up and down, to overturn; kata• down + to turn.] 1. An event producing a subversion of the order or system of things; a final event, usually of a calamitous or disastrous nature; hence, sudden calamity; great misfortune. “The strange catastrophe of affairs now at London.
Bp. Burnet.” “The most horrible and portentous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw.
Woodward.” 2. The final event in a romance or a dramatic piece; a denouement, as a death in a tragedy, or a marriage in a comedy. 3. (Geol.) A violent and widely extended change in the surface of the earth, as an elevation or subsidence of some part of it, effected by internal causes. Whewell.

Cat•a•stroph´ic , a. Of a pertaining to a catastrophe. B. Powell.

Ca•tas´tro•phism , n. (Geol.) The doctrine that the geological changes in the earth’s crust have been caused by the sudden action of violent physical causes; — opposed to the doctrine of uniformism.

Ca•tas´tro•phist , n. (Geol.) One who holds the theory or catastrophism.

Ca•taw´ba , n. 1. A well known light red variety of American grape. 2. A light-colored, sprightly American wine from the Catawba grape.

Ca•taw´bas , n. pl.; sing. Catawba. (Ethnol.) An Appalachian tribe of Indians which originally inhabited the regions near the Catawba river and the head waters of the Santee.

Cat´bird , n. (Zoöl.) An American bird (Galeoscoptes Carolinensis), allied to the mocking bird, and like it capable of imitating the notes of other birds, but less perfectly. Its note resembles at times the mewing of a cat.

Cat´boat , n. (Naut.) A small sailboat, with a single mast placed as far forward as possible, carring a sail extended by a gaff and long boom. See Illustration in Appendix.

Cat´call , n. A sound like the cry of a cat, such as is made in playhouses to express dissatisfaction with a play; also a small shrill instrument for making such a noise. “Upon the rising of the curtain. I was very much surprised with the great consort of catcalls which was exhibited.
Addison.”

Catch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caught or Catched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Catching. Catched is rarely used.] [OE. cacchen, OF. cachier, dialectic form of chacier to hunt, F. chasser, fr. (assumend) LL. captiare, for L. capture, V. intens. of capere to take, catch. See Capacious, and cf. Chase, Case a box.] 1. To lay hold on; to seize, especially with the hand; to grasp (anything) in motion, with the effect of holding; as to catch a ball. 2. To seize after pursuing; to arrest; as to catch a thief. ´They pursued … and caught him.´ Judg. i. 6. 3. To take captive, as in a snare or net, or on a hook; as to catch a bird or fish. 4. Hence: To insnare; to entangle. ´To catch him in his words´. Mark xii. 13. 5. To seize with the senses or the mind; to apprehend; as to catch a melody. ´Fiery thoughts … whereof I catch the issue.´ Tennyson. 6. To communicate to; to fasten upon; as the fire caught the adjoining building. 7. To engage and attach; to please; to charm. “The soothing arts that catch the fair.
Dryden.” 8. To get possession of; to attain. “Torment myself to catch the English throne.
Shak.” 9. To take or receive; esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, infection, or exposure; as to catch the spirit of an occasion; to catch the measles or smallpox; to catch cold; the house caught fire. 10. To come upon unexpectedly or by surprise; to find; as to catch one in the act of stealing. 11. To reach in time; to come up with; as to catch a train. To catch fire, to become inflamed or ignited. — to catch it to get a scolding or beating; to suffer punishment. [Colloq.] — To catch one’s eye, to interrupt captiously while speaking. [Colloq.] ´You catch me up so very short.´ Dickens. — To catch up, to snatch; to take up suddenly.

Catch , v. i. 1. To attain possession. [Obs.] “Have is have, however men do catch.
Shak.” 2. To be held or impeded by entanglement or a light obstruction; as a kite catches in a tree; a door catches so as not to open. 3. To take hold; as the bolt does not catch. 4. To spread by, or as by, infecting; to communicate. “Does the sedition catch from man to man?
Addison.” To catch at, to attempt to seize; to be eager to get or use. ´[To] catch at all opportunities of subverting the state.´ Addison. — To catch up with, to come up with; to overtake.

Catch, n. 1. Act of seizing; a grasp. Sir P. Sidney. 2. That by which anything is caught or temporarily fastened; as the catch of a gate. 3. The posture of seizing; a state of preparation to lay hold of, or of watching he opportunity to seize; as to lie on the catch. [Archaic] Addison. “The common and the canon law … lie at catch, and wait advantages one againt another.
T. Fuller.” 4. That which is caught or taken; profit; gain; especially, the whole quantity caught or taken at one time; as a good catch of fish. “Hector shall have a great catch if he knock out either of your brains.
Shak.” 5. Something desirable to be caught, esp. a husband or wife in matrimony. [Colloq.] Marryat. 6. pl. Passing opportunities seized; snatches. “It has been writ by catches with many intervals.
Locke.” 7. A slight remembrance; a trace. “We retain a catch of those pretty stories.
Glanvill.” 8. (Mus.) A humorous canon or round, so contrived that the singers catch up each other’s words.

Catch´a•ble , a. Capable of being caught. [R.]

Catch´-ba•sin , n. A cistern or vault at the point where a street gutter discharges into a sewer, to catch bulky matters which would not pass readily through the sewer. Knight.

Catch´drain , n. A ditch or drain along the side of a hill to catch the surface water; also a ditch at the side of a canal to catch the surplus water.

Catch´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, catches. 2. (Baseball) The player who stands behind the batsman to catch the ball.

Catch´fly , n. (Bot.) A plant with the joints of the stem, and sometimes other parts, covered with a viscid secretion to which small insects adhere. The species of Silene are examples of the catchfly.

Catch´ing a. 1. Infectious; contagious. 2. Captivating; alluring.

Catch´ing, n. The act of seizing or taking hold of. Catching bargain (Law), a bargain made with an heir expectant for the purchase of his expectancy at an inadequate price. Bouvier.

Catch´-mead•ow , n. A meadow irrigated by water from a spring or rivulet on the side of hill.

Catch´ment , n. A surface of ground on which water may be caught and collected into a reservoir.

Catch´pen•ny , a. Made or contrived for getting small sums of money from the ignorant or unwary; as a catchpenny book; a catchpenny show. — n. Some worthless catchpenny thing.

Catch´poll , n. [OF. chacepol, chacipol.] A bailiff’s assistant. { Catch´up , Cat´sup }, n. [Probably of East Indian origin, because it was originally a kind of East Indian pickles.] A table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Written also ketchup.]

Catch´wa•ter , n. A ditch or drain for catching water. See Catchdrain.

Catch´weed , n. (Bot.) See Cleavers.

Catch´weight , adv. (Horseracing) Without any additional weight; without being handicapped; as to ride catchweight.

Catch´word , n. 1. Among theatrical performers, the last word of the preceding speaker, which reminds one that he is to speak next; cue. 2. (Print.) The first word of any page of a book after the first, inserted at the right hand bottom corner of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. It is seldom used in modern printing. 3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect; as the catchword of a political party, etc.

Catch´work , n. A work or artificial water-course for throwing water on lands that lie on the slopes of hills; a catchdrain.

Cate , n. Food. [Obs.] See Cates. { Cat•e•chet´ic , Cat•e•chet´ic•al } a. [Gr. . See Catechise.] Relating to or consisting in, asking questions and receiving answers, according to the ancient manner of teaching. “Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing.
Addison.”

Cat•e•chet´ic•al•ly, adv. In a catechetical manner; by question and answer.

Cat•e•chet´ics , n. The science or practice of instructing by questions and answers.

Cat´e•chin , n. (Chem.) One of the tannic acids, extracted from catechu as a white, crystalline substance; — called also catechuic acid, and catechuin.

Cat•e•chi•sa´tion , n. [LL. catechizatio.] The act of catechising.

Cat´e•chise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catechised p. pr. & vb. n. Catechising.] [L. catechizare, Gr. , equiv. to to resound, sound a thing into one’s ears, impress it upon one by word of mouth; + to sound, a sound.] 1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and offering explanations and corrections, — esp. in regard to points of religious faith. 2. To question or interrogate; to examine or try by questions; — sometimes with a view to reproof, by eliciting from a person answers which condemn his own conduct. Swift.

Cat´e•chi•ser (kat´e•ki•zer), n. One who catechises.

Cat´e•chism (-kiz’m), n. [L. catechismus, fr. Gr. See Catechise.] 1. A form of instruction by means of questions and answers. 2. A book containing a summary of principles, especially of religious doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers. “The Jews, even till this day, have their catechisms.
Hooker.” The Larger Catechism, The Shorter Catechism. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

Cat•e•chis´mal , a. Of or pertaining to a catechism, having the form of questions and answers; catechetical.

Cat´e•chist (kat´e•kist), n. [L. catechista, fr. Gr.] One who instructs by question and answer, especially in religions matters. { Cat•e•chis´tic (-kis´tik), Cat•e•chis´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to a catechist or to a catechism. Dr. H. More.

Cat´e•chize, v. t. See Catechise.

Cat´e•chu , n. [See Cashoo.] (Chem.) A dry, brown, astringent extract, obtained by decoction and evaporation from the Acacia catechu, and several other plants growing in India. It contains a large portion of tannin or tannic acid, and is used in medicine and in the arts. It is also known by the names terra japonica, cutch, gambier, etc. Ure. Dunglison.

Cat•e•chu´ic , a. Of or pertaining to catechu or its derivatives. See catechin.

Cat´e•chu•men , n. [L. catechunenus, Gr. instructed, from . See Catechise.] (Eccl.) One who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines of Christianity; a neophyte; in the primitive church, one officially recognized as a Christian, and admitted to instruction preliminary to admission to full membership in the church.

Cat•e•chu´men•ate , n. The state or condition of a catechumen or the time during which one is a catechumen.

Cat•e•chu•men´i•cal , a. Of or pertaining to catechumens; as catechumenical instructions.

Cat•e•chu´men•ist, n. A catechumen. Bp. Morton.

Cat•e•gor•e•mat´ic , a. [Gr. predicate. See Category.] (Logic.) Capable of being employed by itself as a term; — said of a word.

Cat•e•gor´ic•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a category. 2. Not hypothetical or relative; admitting no conditions or exceptions; declarative; absolute; positive; express; as a categorical proposition, or answer. “The scriptures by a multitude of categorical and intelligible decisions … distinguish between the things seen and temporal and those that are unseen and eternal.
I. Taylor.”

Cat•e•gor´ic•al•ly, adv. Absolutely; directly; expressly; positively; as to affirm categorically.

Cat•e•gor´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being categorical, positive, or absolute. A. Marvell.

Cat´e•go•rist , n. One who inserts in a category or list; one who classifies. Emerson.

Cat´e•go•rize , v. t. To insert in a category or list; to class; to catalogue.

Cat´e•go•ry , n.; pl. Categories (#). [L. categoria, Gr. , fr. to accuse, affirm, predicate; down, against + to harrangue, assert, fr. assembly.] 1. (Logic.) One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system; an ultimate or undecomposable conception; a predicament. “The categories or predicaments — the former a Greek word, the latter its literal translation in the Latin language — were intended by Aristotle and his followers as an enumeration of all things capable of being named; an enumeration by the summa genera i.e., the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed.
J. S. Mill.” 2. Class; also state, condition, or predicament; as we are both in the same category. “There is in modern literature a whole class of writers standing within the same category.
De Quincey.”

Cat´el , n. [See Chattel.] Property; — often used by Chaucer in contrast with rent, or income. “´For loss of catel may recovered be,
But loss of tyme shendeth us,´ quod he.
Chaucer.”

Cat•e•lec´trode , n. [Pref. cata + elecrode.] (Physics) The negative electrode or pole of a voltaic battery. Faraday.

Cat•e•lec•tro•ton´ic , a. (Physics) Relating to, or characterized by, catelectrotonus.

Cat•e•lec•trot´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. down + (see Electro-) + tone.] (Physics) The condition of increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode or negative electrode, on the passage of a current of electricity through it.

Ca•te´na , n.; pl. Catene (#). [L., a chain.] A chain or series of things connected with each other. “I have … in no case sought to construct those catenae of games, which it seems now the fashion of commentators to link together.
C. J. Ellicott.” { Cat´e•na•ry , Cat•e•na´ri•an } a. [L. catenarius, fr. catena a chain. See Chain.] Relating to a chain; like a chain; as a catenary curve.

Cat´e•na•ry, n.; pl. Catenaries . (Geol.) The curve formed by a rope or chain of uniform density and perfect flexibility, hanging freely between two points of suspension, not in the same vertical line.

Cat´e•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Catenating.] [L. catenatus, p. p. of catenare, fr. catena chain. See Chain.] To connect, in a series of links or ties; to chain. E. Darwin.

Cat•e•na´tion , n. [L. catenatio.] Connection of links or union of parts, as in a chain; a regular or connected series. See Concatenation. Sir T. Browne.

Ca•ten´u•late , a. [L. catenuia, dim. of catena chain.] 1. Consisting of little links or chains. 2. (Zoöl.) Chainlike; — said both or color marks and of indentations when arranged like the links of a chain, as on shells, etc.

Ca´ter , n. [OE. catour purchaser, caterer, OF. acator, fr. acater, F. acheter, to buy, provide, fr. LL. accaptare; L. ad + captare to strive, to seize, intens, of capere to take, seize. Cf. Acater, Capacious.] A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ca´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Catered p. pr. & vb. n. Catering.] [From Cater, n.] 1. To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions. “[He] providently caters for the sparrow.
Shak.” 2. By extension: To supply what is needed or desired, at theatrical or musical entertainments; — followed by for or to.

Ca´ter, n. [F. quatre four.] The four of cards or dice.

Ca´ter, v. t. To cut diagonally. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Cat´e•ran , n. [Gael. ceatharnach. Cf. Kern Irish foot soldier.] A Highland robber: a kind of irregular soldier. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Ca´ter-cor•nered , a. [Cf. Cater to cut diagonally.] Diagonal. [Colloq.]

Ca´ter-cous•in , n. A remote relation. See Quater-cousin. Shak.

Ca´ter•er , n. One who caters. “The little fowls in the air have God for Their provider and caterer.
Shelton.”

Ca´ter•ess, n. A woman who caters. Milton.

Cat´er•pil•lar , n. [OE. catyrpel, corrupted fr. OF. chatepelouse, or cate pelue, fr. chate, F. chatte, she-cat, fem. of chat, L. catus + L. pilosus hairy, or F. pelu hairy, fr. L. pilus hair. See Cat, and Pile hair.] 1. (Zoöl.) The larval state of a butterfly or any lepidopterous insect; sometimes, but less commonly, the larval state of other insects, as the sawflies, which are also called false caterpillars. The true caterpillars have three pairs of true legs, and several pairs of abdominal fleshy legs (prolegs) armed with hooks. Some are hairy, others naked. They usually feed on leaves, fruit, and succulent vegetables, being often very destructive, Many of them are popularly called worms, as the cutworm, cankerworm, army worm, cotton worm, silkworm. 2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Scorpiurus, with pods resembling caterpillars. Caterpillar catcher, or Caterpillar eater (Zoöl.), a bird belonging to the family of Shrikes, which feeds on caterpillars. The name is also given to several other birds. — Caterpillar hunter (Zoöl.), any species of beetles of the genus Callosoma and other allied genera of the family Carabidae which feed habitually upon caterpillars.

Cat´er•waul , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caterwauled p. pr. & vb. n. Caterwauling.] [Cat + waul, wawl, to cry as a cat.] To cry as cats in rutting time; to make a harsh, offensive noise. Coleridge.

Cat´er•waul, n. A caterwauling.

Cat´er•waul•ing, n. The cry of cats; a harsh, disagreeable noise or cry like the cry of cats. Shak.

Ca´ter•y , n. [See Cater, n.] The place where provisions are deposited. [Obs.]

Cates , n. pl. [Cf. Acates, and see Cater, n.] Provisions; food; viands; especially, luxurious food; delicacies; dainties. Shak. “Cates for which Apicius could not pay.
Shurchill.” “Choicest cates and the fiagon’s best spilth.
R. Browning.”

Cat´-eyed , a. Having eyes like a cat; hence, able to see in the dark.

Cat´fall , n. (Naut.) A rope used in hoisting the anchor to the cathead. Totten.

Cat´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A name given in the United States to various species of siluroid fishes; as the yellow cat (Amiurus natalis); the bind cat (Gronias nigrilabrus); the mud cat (Pilodictic oilwaris), the stone cat (Noturus flavus); the sea cat (Arius felis), etc. This name is also sometimes applied to the wolf fish. See Bullhrad.

Cat´gut , n. [Cat + gut.] 1. A cord of great toughness made from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep, used for strings of musical instruments, etc. 2. A sort of linen or canvas with wide interstices.

Cath´a•rine wheel See catherine wheel.

Cath´a•rist , n. [LL. catharista, fr. Gr. clean, pure.] One aiming at or pretending to a greater purity of like than others about him; — applied to persons of various sects. See Albigenses.

Cat´-harp•in , n. See Cat-harping.

Cat´-harp•ing n. (Naut.) One of the short ropes or iron cramps used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so a to give freer sweep to the yards.

Ca•thar´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Cathartic.] (Med.) A natural or artificial purgation of any passage, as of the mouth, bowels, etc. { Ca•thar´tic , Ca•thar´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to cleanse, fr. pure; akin to F. chaste.] 1. (Med.) Cleansing the bowels; promoting evacuations by stool; purgative. 2. Of or pertaining to the purgative principle of senna, as cathartic acid.

Ca•thar´tic, n. [Gr. .] (Med.) A medicine that promotes alvine discharges; a purge; a purgative of moderate activity. The cathartics are more energetic and certain in action that the laxatives, which simply increase the tendency to alvine evacuation; and less powerful and irritaint that the drastic purges, which cause profuse, repeated, and watery evacuations. — Ca•thar´tic•al•ly, adv. — Ca•thar´tic•al•ness, n.

ca•thar´tin , n. (Chem.) The bitter, purgative principle of senna. It is a glucoside with the properties of a weak acid; — called also cathartic acid, and cathartina.

Ca•thay´ , n. China; — an old name for the Celestial Empire, said have been introduced by Marco Polo and to be a corruption of the Tartar name for North China (Khitai, the country of the Khitans.) “Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.
Tennyson.”

Cat´head , n. (Naut.) A projecting piece of timber or iron near the bow of vessel, to which the anchor is hoisted and secured.

Cath´e•dra , n. [L., fr. Gr. seat. See Chair.] The official chair or throne of a bishop, or of any person in high authority. Ex cathedra [L., from the chair], in the exercise of one’s office; with authority. “The Vatican Council declares that the Pope, is infallible ´when he speaks ex cathedra.´
Addis & Arnold’s Cath. Dict.”

Ca•the´dral , n. [LL. cathedralis (sc. ecclesia): cf. F. cathedrale. See Cathedra.] The principal church in a diocese, so called because in it the bishop has his official chair (Cathedra) or throne.

Ca•the´dral, a. [LL. cathedralis: cf. F. cathedral.] 1. Pertaining to the head church of a diocese; as a cathedral church; cathedral service. 2. Emanating from the chair of office, as of a pope or bishop; official; authoritative. “Now, what solemnity can be more required for the pope to make a cathedral determination of an article!
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Resembling the aisles of a cathedral; as cathedral walks. Pope.

Cath•e•dral´ic , a. Cathedral. [R.]

Cath•e•dra´ted , a. [From Cathedra.] Relating to the chair or office of a teacher. [Obs.]

Cath•e•ret´ic , n. [Gr. , fr. to bring down or raze; down + to take.] (Med.) A mild kind caustic used to reduce warts and other excrescences. Dunglison.

Cath´er•ine wheel [So called from St. Catherine of Alexandria, who is represented with a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.] 1. (Geoth.Arth.) Same as Rose window and Wheel window. Called also Catherine-wheel window. 2. (Pyrotechny) A revolving piece of fireworks resembling in form the window of the same name. [Written also Catharine wheel.]

Cath´e•ter , n. [L., fr. Gr. a thing let down or put in, catheter, fr. to send down, to let down; + to send.] (Med.) The name of various instruments for passing along mucous canals, esp. applied to a tubular instrument to be introduced into the bladder through the urethra to draw off the urine. Eustachian catheter. See under Eustachian. — Prostatic catheter, one adapted for passing an enlarged prostate. { Cath´e•ter•ism , Cath•e•ter•i•za´tion , } n. (Med.) The operation of introducing a catheter.

Cath´e•ter•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catheterized p. pr. & vb. n. Catheterizing.] (Med.) To operate on with a catheter. Dunglison.

Cath•e•tom´e•ter , n. [From Gr. vertical height + -meter.] An instrument for the accurate measurement of small differences of height; esp. of the differences in the height of the upper surfaces of two columns of mercury or other fluid, or of the same column at different times. It consists of a telescopic leveling apparatus (d), which slides up or down a perpendicular metallic standard very finely graduated (bb). The telescope is raised or depressed in order to sight the objects or surfaces, and the differences in vertical height are thus shown on the graduated standard. [Written also kathetometer.]

Cath´e•tus , n.; pl. catheti (#). [L., fr. Gr. a perpendicular line, fr. let down, fr. . See Catheter.] (Geom.) One line or radius falling perpendicularly on another; as the catheti of a right-angled triangle, that is, the two sides that include the right angle. Barlow.

Cath´ode , n. [Gr. descent; down + way.] (Physics) The part of a voltaic battery by which the electric current leaves substances through which it passes, or the surface at which the electric current passes out of the electrolyte; the negative pole; — opposed to anode. Faraday. Cathode ray (Phys.), a kind of ray generated at the cathode in a vacuum tube, by the electrical discharge.

Ca•thod´ic (ka•thod´ik), a. (Physiol.) A term applied to the centrifugal, or efferent, course of the nervous influence. Marshall Hall.

Cat´-hole (kat´hol•), n. (Naut.) One of two small holes astern, above the gunroom ports, through which hawsers may be passed.

Cath´o•lic (kath´o•ik), a. [L. catholicus, Gr. kaqoliko•s, universal, general; kata• down, wholly + ´o•los whole, probably akin to E. solid: cf. F. catholique.] 1. Universal or general; as the catholic faith. “Men of other countries [came] to bear their part in so great and catholic a war.
Southey.” This epithet, which is applicable to the whole Christian church, or its faith, is claimed by Roman Catholics to belong especially to their church, and in popular usage is so limited. 2. Not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted; liberal; as catholic tastes. 3. Of or pertaining to, or affecting the Roman Catholics; as the Catholic emancipation act. Catholic epistles, the epistles of the apostles which are addressed to all the faithful, and not to a particular church; being those of James, Peter, Jude, and John.

Cath´o•lic, n. 1. A person who accepts the creeds which are received in common by all parts of the orthodox Christian church. 2. An adherent of the Roman Catholic church; a Roman Catholic. Old Catholic, the name assumed in 1870 by members of the Roman Catholic church, who denied the ecumenical character of the Vatican Council, and rejected its decrees, esp. that concerning the infallibility of the pope, as contrary to the ancient Catholic faith.

Ca•thol´i•cal , a. Catholic. [Obs.]

Ca•thol´i•cism , n. [Cf. F. catholicisme.] 1. The state or quality of being catholic or universal; catholicity. Jer. Taylor. 2. Liberality of sentiment; breadth of view. 3. The faith of the whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto. 4. The doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto.

Cath•o•lic´i•ty , n. 1. The state or quality of being catholic; universality. 2. Liberality of sentiments; catholicism. 3. Adherence or conformity to the system of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox Christian church; the doctrine so held; orthodoxy. 4. Adherence to the doctrines of the church of Rome, or the doctrines themselves.

Ca•thol´i•cize , v. t. & i. To make or to become catholic or Roman Catholic.

Cath´o•lic•ly , adv. In a catholic manner; generally; universally. Sir L. Cary.

Cath´o•lic•ness, n. The quality of being catholic; universality; catholicity.

Ca•thol´i•con , n. [Gr. , neut. , universal. See Catholic.] (Med.) A remedy for all diseases; a panacea.

Ca•thol´i•cos , n. [NL. See Catholic.] (Eccl.) The spiritual head of the Armenian church, who resides at Etchmiadzin, Russia, and has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over, and consecrates the holy oil for, the Armenians of Russia, Turkey, and Persia, including the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Sis. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the civil head of the Armenians in Turkey.

Cat•i•li•na´ri•an , a. [L. Catilinarius.] Pertaining to Catiline, the Roman conspirator; resembling Catiline’s conspiracy.

Cat´i•on , n. [Gr. downward + going, p. pr. of to go.] (Chem.) An electro-positive substance, which in electro-decomposition is evolved at the cathode; — opposed to anion. Faraday.

Cat´kin , n. [Cat + - kin.] (Bot.) An ament; a species of inflorescence, consisting of a slender axis with many unisexual apetalous flowers along its sides, as in the willow and poplar, and (as to the staminate flowers) in the chestnut, oak, hickory, etc. — so called from its resemblance to a cat’s tail. See Illust. of Ament.

Cat´like , a. Like a cat; stealthily; noiselessly.

Cat´ling , n. [Cat + - ing.] 1. A little cat; a kitten. ´Cat nor catling.´ Drummond. 2. Catgut; a catgut string. [R.] Shak. 3. (Surg.) A double-edged, sharp- pointed dismembering knife. [Spelt also catlin.] Crobb.

Cat´lin•ite , n. [From George Catlin, an American traveler.] A red clay from the Upper Missouri region, used by the Indians for their pipes. { Cat´nip• , Cat´mint• } n. (Bot.) A well-know plant of the genus Nepeta (N. Cataria), somewhat like mint, having a string scent, and sometimes used in medicine. It is so called because cats have a peculiar fondness for it.

Cat•o-ca•thar´tic , n. [Gr. down + serving to purge. See Cathartic.] (Med.) A remedy that purges by alvine discharges.

Ca•to´ni•an , a. [L. Catonionus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the stern old Roman, Cato the Censor; severe; inflexible.

Cat´ o’ nine´ tails. See under Cat. { Ca•top´ter , Ca•top´tron } n. [Gr. mirror, fr. visible.] A reflecting optical glass or instrument; a mirror. [Obs.] { Ca•top´tric , Ca•top´tric•al } a. [Gr. . See Catopter.] Of or pertaining to catoptrics; produced by reflection. Catoptric light, a light in which the rays are concentrated by reflectors into a beam visible at a distance.

Ca•top´trics , n. [Cf. F. catoptrique. See Catropric.] (Physics) That part of optics which explains the properties and phenomena of reflected light, and particularly that which is reflected from mirrors or polished bodies; — formerly called anacamptics.

Ca•top´tro•man•cy , n. [Gr. mirror + -mancy. See Catopter.] (Antiq.) A species of divination, which was performed by letting down a mirror into water, for a sick person to look at his face in it. If his countenance appeared distorted and ghastly, it was an ill omen; if fresh and healthy, it was favorable.

Ca•top´tron (ka•top´tron), n. [Obs.] See Catopter.

Cat•pipe´ (kat´pip•), n. See Catcall.

Cat´-rigged , a. Rigged like a catboat.

Cat´-salt , n. A sort of salt, finely granulated, formed out of the bittern or leach brine.

Cat’s´-eye (kats´i•), n. (Min.) A variety of quartz or chalcedony, exhibiting opalescent reflections from within, like the eye of a cat. The name is given to other gems affording like effects, esp. the chrysoberyl.

Cat’s•-foot , n. (Bot.) A plant (Nepeta Glechoma) of the same genus with catnip; ground ivy.

Cat´-sil•ver , n. Mica. [Archaic]

Cats´kill pe•ri•od (Geol.) The closing subdivision of the Devonian age in America. The rocks of this period are well developed in the Catskill mountains, and extend south and west under the Carboniferous formation. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cat´so , n.; pl. Catsos (#). [It. cazzo.] A base fellow; a rogue; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cat’s´-paw , n. 1. (Naut.) (a) A light transitory air which ruffles the surface of the water during a calm, or the ripples made by such a puff of air. (b) A particular hitch or turn in the bight of a rope, into which a tackle may be hooked. 2. A dupe; a tool; one who, or that which, is used by another as an instrument to a accomplish his purposes. In this sense the term refers to the fable of the monkey using the cat’s paw to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire.

Cat’s´-tail , n. See Timothy, Cat-tail, Cirrus.

Cat´stick , n. A stick or club employed in the game of ball called cat or tipcat. Massinger.

Cat´stitch , v. t. (Needlework) To fold and sew down the edge of with a coarse zigzag stitch.

Cat´sup , n. Same as Catchup, and Ketchup.

Cat´-tail , n. (Bot.) A tall rush or flag (Typha latifolia) growing in marshes, with long, flat leaves, and having its flowers in a close cylindrical spike at the top of the stem. The leaves are frequently used for seating chairs, making mats, etc. See Catkin. The lesser cat-tail is Typha angustifolia.

Cat´tish (kat´tish), a. Catlike; feline Drummond.

Cat´tle (kat´t’l), n. pl. [OE. calet, chatel, goods, property, OF. catel, chatel, LL. captale, capitale, goods, property, esp. cattle, fr. L. capitals relating to the head, chief; because in early ages beasts constituted the chief part of a man’s property. See Capital, and cf. Chattel.] Quadrupeds of the Bovine family; sometimes, also including all domestic quadrupeds, as sheep, goats, horses, mules, asses, and swine. Belted cattle, Black cattle. See under Belted, Black. — Cattle guard, a trench under a railroad track and alongside a crossing (as of a public highway). It is intended to prevent cattle from getting upon the track. — cattle louse (Zoöl.), any species of louse infecting cattle. There are several species. The Haematatopinus eurysternus and H. vituli are common species which suck blood; Trichodectes scalaris eats the hair. — Cattle plague, the rinderpest; called also Russian cattle plague. — Cattle range, or Cattle run, an open space through which cattle may run or range. [U. S.] Bartlett. — Cattle show, an exhibition of domestic animals with prizes for the encouragement of stock breeding; — usually accompanied with the exhibition of other agricultural and domestic products and of implements.

Cat´ty , n. [Malay kati. See Caddy.] An East Indian Weight of 1&frac13; pounds.

Cau•ca´sian , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Caucasus, a mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas. 2. Of or pertaining to the white races of mankind, of whom the people about Mount Caucasus were formerly taken as the type.

Cau•ca´sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Caucasus, esp. a Circassian or Georgian. 2. A member of any of the white races of mankind.

Cau´cus , n. [Etymology uncertain. Mr. J. H. Trumbull finds the origin of caucus in the N. A. Indian word cawcawwassough or caú cau-as’u one who urges or pushes on, a promoter. See citation for an early use of the word caucus.] A meeting, especially a preliminary meeting, of persons belonging to a party, to nominate candidates for public office, or to select delegates to a nominating convention, or to confer regarding measures of party policy; a political primary meeting. “This day learned that the caucus club meets, at certain times, in the garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston regiment.
John Adams’s Diary [Feb. , 1763].”

Cau´cus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caucused p. pr. & vb. n. Caucusing.] To hold, or meet in, a caucus or caucuses.

Cau´dad , adv. [L. cauda tail + ad to.] (Zoöl.) Backwards; toward the tail or posterior part.

Cau´da gal•li, . [L., tail of a cock.] (Paleon.) A plume-shaped fossil, supposed to be a seaweed, characteristic of the lower Devonian rocks; as the cauda galli grit. Cauda galli epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the begining of the Devonian age in eastern America, so named from the characteristic gritty sandstone marked with impressions of cauda galli. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cau´dal , a. [L. Cauda tail. Cf. Coward.] Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a tail; having a tail-like appendage. “The male widow-bird, remarkable for his caudal plumes.
Darwin.” Caudal fin (Zoöl.), the terminal fin (or ´tail´) of a fish.

Cau•da´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. cauda tail.] (Zoöl.) See Urodela. { Cau´date , Cau´da•ted } a. [L. cauda tail.] Having a tail; having a termination like a tail.

Cau´dex , n.; pl. L. Caudices (#), E. Caudexes (#). [L.] (Bot.) The stem of a tree., esp. a stem without a branch, as of a palm or a tree fern; also the perennial rootstock of an herbaceous plant. { Cau´di•cle , Cau•dic´u•la } n. [Dim. of L. cauda tail, appendage.] (Bot.) A slender, elastic process, to which the masses of pollen in orchidaceous plants are attached.

Cau´dle , n. [OF. caudel, F. chaudeau, dim. of LL calidum a sweet drink, fr. L. caidus warm. See Caldron.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, being a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices.

Cau´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caudled p. pr. & vb. n. Caudling ] 1. To make into caudle. 2. Too serve as a caudle to; to refresh. [R.] Shak.

Cauf , n. [Perh. akin to Celtic caff, cav, cau, L. cavus hollow, or to L. caphinus, Gr. basket.] A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water. Philips.

Cau´fle, n. A gang of slaves. Same as Coffle.

Caught (kat), imp. & p. p. of Catch. { Cauk (kak), n., Cauk´er (-er), } n. See Cawk, Calker.

Caul (kal), n. [OE. calle, kelle, prob. fr. F. cale; cf. Ir. calla a veil.] 1. A covering of network for the head, worn by women; also a net. Spenser. 2. (Anat.) The fold of membrane loaded with fat, which covers more or less of the intestines in mammals; the great omentum. See Omentum. “The caul serves for the warming of the lower belly.
Ray.” 3. A part of the amnion, one of the membranes enveloping the fetus, which sometimes is round the head of a child at its birth. “It is deemed lucky to be with a caul or membrane over the face. This caul is esteemed an infallible preservative against drowning … According to Chysostom, the midwives frequently sold it for magic uses.
Grose.” “I was born with a caul, which was advertised for sale, in the newspapers, at the low price of fifteen guineas.
Dickens.”

Cau•les´cent , a. [L. caulis stalk, stem: cf. F. caulescent.] (Bot.) Having a leafy stem.

Cau´li•cle , n. (Bot.) A short caulis or stem, esp. the rudimentary stem seen in the embryo of seed; — otherwise called a radicle.

Cau•lic´u•lus (ka•lik´u•lus), n.; pl. Cauliculi (- li). [L. cauliculus little stalk, dim. of caulis.] (Arch.) In the Corinthian capital, one of the eight stalks rising out of the lower leafage and terminating in leaves which seem to support the volutes. See Illust. of Corinthian order, under Corinthian.

Cau´li•flow•er , n. [F. choufleur, modified by E. Cole. L. caulis, and by E. flower; F. chou cabbage is fr. L. caulis stalk, cabbage, and fleur flower is fr. L. flos flower. See Cole, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) An annual variety of Brassica oleracea, or cabbage, of which the cluster of young flower stalks and buds is eaten as a vegetable. 2. The edible head or ´curd´ of a cauliflower plant.

Cau´li•form , a. [L. caulis + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a caulis.

Cau´line , a. (Bot.) Growing immediately on a caulis; of or pertaining to a caulis.

Cau´lis , n.; L. pl. Caules (#). [L., a stem.] (Bot.) An herbaceous or woody stem which bears leaves, and may bear flowers.

Caulk , v. t. & n. See Calk.

Cau•lo•car´pous , a. [Gr. stem + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Having stems which bear flowers and fruit year after year, as most trees and shrubs.

Cau´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. a burning heat.] (Med.) Great heat, as of the body in fever.

Cau´po•nize , v. i. [L. cauponari, fr. caupo huckster, innkeeper.] To sell wine or victuals. [Obs.] Warburfon.

Caus´a•ble , a. Capable of being caused.

Caus´al , a. [L. causalis. See Cause.] Relating to a cause or causes; inplying or containing a cause or causes; expressing a cause; causative. “Causal propositions are where two propositions are joined by causal words.
Watts.”

Caus´al, n. A causal word or form of speech. “Anglo-Saxon drencan to drench, causal of Anglo-Saxon drincan to drink.
Skeat.”

Cau•sal´i•ty , n.; pl. Causalities . 1. The agency of a cause; the action or power of a cause, in producing its effect. “The causality of the divine mind.
Whewell.” 2. (Phren.) The faculty of tracing effects to their causes. G. Combe.

Caus´al•ly , adv. According to the order or series of causes; by tracing effects to causes.

Caus´al•ly , n. (Mining.) The lighter, earthy parts of ore, carried off washing.

Cau•sa´tion , n. The act of causing; also the act or agency by which an effect is produced. “The kind of causation by which vision is produced.
Whewell.” Law of universal causation, the theoretical or asserted law that every event or phenomenon results from, or is the sequel of, some previous event or phenomenon, which being present, the other is certain to take place.

Cau•sa´tion•ist, n. One who believes in the law of universal causation.

Caus´a•tive , a. [L. causativus pertaining to a lawsuit (causa), but in the English sense from E. cause.] 1. Effective, as a cause or agent; causing. “Causative in nature of a number of effects.
Bacon.” 2. Expressing a cause or reason; causal; as the ablative is a causative case.

Caus´a•tive (ka´za•tiv), n. A word which expresses or suggests a cause.

Caus´a•tive•ly, adv. In a causative manner.

Cau•sa´tor (ka•za´tor), n. [See Cause.] One who causes. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Cause (kaz), n. [F. cause, fr. L. causa. Cf. Cause, v., Kickshaw.] 1. That which produces or effects a result; that from which anything proceeds, and without which it would not exist. “Cause is substance exerting its power into act, to make one thing begin to be.
Locke.” 2. That which is the occasion of an action or state; ground; reason; motive; as cause for rejoicing. 3. Sake; interest; advantage. [Obs.] “I did it not for his cause.
2 Cor. vii. 12.” 4. (Law) A suit or action in court; any legal process by which a party endeavors to obtain his claim, or what he regards as his right; case; ground of action. 5. Any subject of discussion or debate; matter; question; affair in general. “What counsel give you in this weighty cause!
Shak.” 6. The side of a question, which is espoused, advocated, and upheld by a person or party; a principle which is advocated; that which a person or party seeks to attain. “God befriend us, as our cause is just.
Shak.” “The part they take against me is from zeal to the cause.
Burke.” Efficient cause, the agent or force that produces a change or result. — Final cause, the end, design, or object, for which anything is done. — Formal cause, the elements of a conception which make the conception or the thing conceived to be what it is; or the idea viewed as a formative principle and coöperating with the matter. — Material cause, that of which anything is made. — Proximate cause. See under Proximate. — To make common cause with, to join with in purposes and aims. Macaulay. Syn. — Origin; source; mainspring; motive; reason; incitement; inducement; purpose; object; suit; action.

Cause, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caused p. pr. & v. n. Causing.] [F. causer, fr. cause, fr. L. causa. See Cause, n., and cf. Acouse.] To effect as an agent; to produce; to be the occasion of; to bring about; to bring into existence; to make; — usually followed by an infinitive, sometimes by that with a finite verb. “I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days.
Gen. vii. 4.” “Cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans.
Col. iv. 16.” Syn. — To create; produce; beget; effect; occasion; originate; induce; bring about.

Cause, v. i. To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cause, conj. Abbreviation of Because. B. Jonson.

Cause´ful , n. Having a cause. [Obs.]

Cause´less, a. 1. Self- originating; uncreated. 2. Without just or sufficient reason; groundless. “My fears are causeless and ungrounded.
Denham.”

Cause´less, adv. Without cause or reason.

Cause´less•ness, n. The state of being causeless.

Caus´er , n. One who or that which causes.

Cau•seuse´ (ko•zez´), n. [F., fr. causer to talk.] A kind of sofa for two persons. A tête-à- tête. { Cause´way (kaz´wa), Cau´sey ((ka´zy), } n. [OE. cauci, cauchie, OF. cauchie, F. chaussee, from LL. (via) calciata, fr calciare to make a road, either fr. L. calx lime, hence, to pave with limestone (cf. E. chalk), or from L. calceus shoe, from calx heel, hence, to shoe, pave, or wear by treading.] A way or road raised above the natural level of the ground, serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground. “But that broad causeway will direct your way.
Dryden.” “The other way Satan went down
The causey to Hell-gate.
Milton.” { Cause´wayed , Cau´seyed } a. Having a raised way (causeway or causey); paved. Sir W. Scott. C. Bronte.

Cau•sid´i•cal , a. [L. causidicakis; causa a cause in law + dicare to say.] Pertaining to an advocate, or to the maintenance and defense of suits. { Caus´tic , Caus´tic•al } a. [L. caustucs, Ge. , fr. to burn. Cf. Calm, Ink.] 1. Capable of destroying the texture of anything or eating away its substance by chemical action; burning; corrosive; searing. 2. Severe; satirical; sharp; as a caustic remark. Caustic curve (Optics), a curve to which the ray of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents, the reflecting or refracting curve and the luminous point being in one plane. — Caustic lime. See under Lime. — Caustic potash, Caustic soda (Chem.), the solid hydroxides potash, KOH, and soda, NaOH, or solutions of the same. — Caustic silver, nitrate of silver, lunar caustic. — Caustic surface (Optics), a surface to which rays reflected or refracted by another surface are tangents. Caustic curves and surfaces are called catacaustic when formed by reflection, and diacaustic when formed by refraction. Syn. — Stinging; cutting; pungent; searching.

Cau´stic, n. [L. causticum (sc. medicamentum). See Caustic, a.] 1. Any substance or means which, applied to animal or other organic tissue, burns, corrodes, or destroys it by chemical action; an escharotic. 2. (Optics) A caustic curve or caustic surface.

Caus´tic•al•ly, adv. In a caustic manner.

Caus•tic´i•ly , n. 1. The quality of being caustic; corrosiveness; as the causticity of potash. 2. Severity of language; sarcasm; as the causticity of a reply or remark.

Caus´tic•ness , n. The quality of being caustic; causticity.

Cau´tel , n. [F. cautèle, L. cautela, fr. cavere to be on one’s guard, to take care.] 1. Caution; prudence; wariness. [Obs.] Fulke. 2. Craft; deceit; falseness. [Obs.] Shak.

Cau´te•lous , a. [F. cauteleux, LL. cautelosus. See Cautel.] 1. Caution; prudent; wary. [Obs.] ´Cautelous, though young.´ Drayton. 2. Crafty; deceitful; false. [Obs.] Shak. — Cau´te•lous•ly, adv. — Cau´te•lous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Cau´ter , n. [F. cautère, L. cauterium, fr. Gr. a branding iron, fr. to burn. Cf. Caustic, Cautery.] A hot iron for searing or cauterizing. Minsheu.

Cau´ter•ant , n. A cauterizing substance.

Cau´ter•ism , n. The use or application of a caustic; cautery. Ferrand.

Cau•ter•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. cautèrisation.] (Med.) The act of searing some morbid part by the application of a cautery or caustic; also the effect of such application.

Cau´ter•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cauterized p. pr. & vb. n. Cauterizing.] [L. cauterizare, Gr. , fr. a branding iron: cf. F. cauterised.. See cauter.] 1. To burn or sear with a cautery or caustic. Dunglison. 2. To sear, as the conscience. Jer. Taylor.

Cau´ter•y , n.; pl. Cauteries (#). [L. cauterium, Gr. . See Cauter.] 1. (Med.) A burning or searing, as of morbid flesh, with a hot iron, or by application of a caustic that will burn, corrode, or destroy animal tissue. 2. The iron of other agent in cauterizing. Actual cautery, a substance or agent (as a hot iron) which cauterizes or sears by actual heat; or the burning so effected. — Potential cautery, a substance which cauterizes by chemical action; as lunar caustic; also the cauterizing produced by such substance.

Cau´tion , n. [F. caution a security, L. cautio, fr. cavere (For scavere) to be on one’s guard, to take care (orig.) to be on the watch, see; akin to E. show.] 1. A careful attention to the probable effects of an act, in order that failure or harm may be avoided; prudence in regard to danger; provident care; wariness. 2. Security; guaranty; bail. [R.] “The Parliament would yet give his majesty sufficient caution that the war should be prosecuted.
Clarendon.” 3. Precept or warning against evil of any kind; exhortation to wariness; advice; injunction. “In way of caution I must tell you.
Shak.” Caution money, money deposited by way of security or guaranty, as by a student at an English university. Syn. — Care; forethought; forecast; heed; prudence; watchfulness; vigilance; circumspection; anxiety; providence; counsel; advice; warning; admonition.

Cau´tion v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cautioned p. pr. & vb. n. Cautioning.] To give notice of danger to; to warn; to exhort [one] to take heed. “You cautioned me against their charms.
Swift.”

Cau´tion•a•ry , a. 1. Conveying a caution, or warning to avoid danger; as cautionary signals. 2. Given as a pledge or as security. “He hated Barnevelt, for his getting the cautionary towns out of his hands.
Bp. Burnet.” 3. Wary; cautious. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cau´tion•er , n. 1. One who cautions or advises. 2. (Scots Law) A surety or sponsor.

Cau´tion•ry , n. (Scots Law) Suretyship.

Cau´tious , a. [Cf. L. cautus, fr. caver. See Caution.] Attentive to examine probable effects and consequences of acts with a view to avoid danger or misfortune; prudent; circumspect; wary; watchful; as a cautious general. “Cautious feeling for another’s pain.
Byron.” “Be swift to hear; but cautious of your tongue.
Watts.” Syn. — Wary; watchful; vigilant; prudent; circumspect; discreet; heedful; thoughtful; scrupulous; anxious; careful. — Cautious, Wary, Circumspect. A man is cautious who realizes the constant possibility of danger; one may be wary, and yet bold and active; a man who is circumspect habitually examines things on every side in order to weigh and deliberate. It is necessary to be cautious at all times; to be wary in cases of extraordinary danger; to be circumspect in matters of peculiar delicacy and difficulty.

Cau´tious•ly, adv. In a cautious manner.

Cau´tious•ness, n. The quality of being cautious.

Cav´al•cade , n. [F. cavalcade, fr. It. cavalcata, fr. cavalcare to go on horseback, fr. LL. caballicare, fr. L. caballus an inferior horse, Gr. . Cf. Cavalier, Cavalry.] A procession of persons on horseback; a formal, pompous march of horsemen by way of parade. “He brought back war-worn cavalcade to the city.
Prescott.” { Cav•a•le´ro , Cav•a•lie´ro (kav•a•le´ro), } n. [Sp. caballero. See Cavalier.] A cavalier; a gallant; a libertine. Shak.

Cav•a•lier´ (kav•a•ler´), n. [F. cavalier, It. cavaliere, LL. caballarius, fr. L. caballus. See Cavalcade, and cf. Chevalier, Caballine.] 1. A military man serving on horseback; a knight. 2. A gay, sprightly, military man; hence, a gallant. 3. One of the court party in the time of king Charles I. as contrasted with a Roundhead or an adherent of Parliament. Clarendon. 4. (Fort.) A work of more than ordinary height, rising from the level ground of a bastion, etc., and overlooking surrounding parts.

Cav•a•lier´, a. Gay; easy; offhand; frank. “The plodding, persevering scupulous accuracy of the one, and the easy, cavalier, verbal fluency of the other, form a complete contrast.
Hazlitt.” 2. High-spirited. [Obs.] ´The people are naturally not valiant, and not much cavalier.´ Suckling. 3. Supercilious; haughty; disdainful; curt; brusque. 4. Of or pertaining to the party of King Charles I. ´An old Cavalier family.´ Beaconsfield.

Cav•a•lier´ish , a. Somewhat like a cavalier.

Cav•a•lier´ism , n. The practice or principles of cavaliers. Sir. W. Scott.

Cav•a•lier´ly, adv. In a supercilious, disdainful, or haughty manner; arrogantly. Junius.

Cav•a•lier´ness, n. A disdainful manner.

Ca•val´ly , n. [Cf. Pg. cavalla a kind of fish; Sp. caballa; prob. fr. Pg. cavallo horse, Sp. caballa.] (Zoöl.) A carangoid fish of the Atlantic coast (Caranx hippos): — called also horse crevalle. [See Illust. under Carangoid.]

Cav´al•ry , n. [F. cavalerie, fr. It. cavalleria. See Cavalier, and cf. chivalry.] (Mil.) That part of military force which serves on horseback. Heavy cavalry and light cavalry are so distinguished by the character of their armament, and by the size of the men and horses.

Cav´al•ry•man , n.; pl. Cavalrymen . One of a body of cavalry.

Ca•va•ti´na , n. [It.] (Mus.) Originally, a melody of simpler form than the aria; a song without a second part and a da capo; - - a term now variously and vaguely used.

Cave (kav), n. [F. cave, L. cavus hollow, whence cavea cavity. Cf. Cage.] 1. A hollow place in the earth, either natural or artificial; a subterraneous cavity; a cavern; a den. 2. Any hollow place, or part; a cavity. [Obs.] ´The cave of the ear.´ Bacon. Cave bear (Zoöl.), a very large fossil bear (Ursus spelaeus) similar to the grizzly bear, but large; common in European caves. — Cave dweller, a savage of prehistoric times whose dwelling place was a cave. Tylor. — Cave hyena (Zoöl.), a fossil hyena found abundanty in British caves, now usually regarded as a large variety of the living African spotted hyena. — Cave lion (Zoöl.), a fossil lion found in the caves of Europe, believed to be a large variety of the African lion. — Bone cave. See under Bone.

Cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caved p. pr. & vb. n. Caving.] [Cf. F. caver. See Cave, n.] To make hollow; to scoop out. [Obs.] “The mouldred earth cav’d the banke.
Spenser.”

Cave, v. i. 1. To dwell in a cave. [Obs.] Shak. 2. [See To cave in, below.] To fall in or down; as the sand bank caved. Hence (Slang), to retreat from a position; to give way; to yield in a disputed matter. To cave in. [Flem. inkalven.] (a) To fall in and leave a hollow, as earth on the side of a well or pit. (b) To submit; to yield. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

Ca´ve•at , n. [L. caved let him beware, pres. subj. of cavere to be on one’s guard to, beware.] 1. (Law) A notice given by an interested party to some officer not to do a certain act until the party is heard in opposition; as a caveat entered in a probate court to stop the proving of a will or the taking out of letters of administration, etc. Bouvier. 2. (U. S. Patent Laws) A description of some invention, designed to be patented, lodged in the patent office before the patent right is applied for, and operating as a bar to the issue of letters patent to any other person, respecting the same invention. A caveat is operative for one year only, but may be renewed. 3. Intimation of caution; warning; protest. “We think it right to enter our caveat against a conclusion.
Jeffrey.” Caveat emptor [L.] (Law), let the purchaser beware, i. e., let him examine the article he is buying, and act on his own judgment.

Ca´ve•a•ting , n. (Fencing) Shifting the sword from one side of an adversary’s sword to the other.

Ca´ve•a•tor , n. One who enters a caveat.

Cav´en•dish , n. Leaf tobacco softened, sweetened, and pressed into plugs or cakes. Cut cavendish, the plugs cut into long shreds for smoking.

Cav´ern , n. [L. caverna, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. caverne.] A large, deep, hollow place in the earth; a large cave.

Cav´erned , a. 1. Containing caverns. “The wolves yelled on the caverned hill.
Byron.” 2. Living in a cavern. ´Caverned hermit.´ Pope.

Cav´ern•ous , a. [L. cavernosus: cf. F. caverneux.] 1. Full of caverns; resembling a cavern or large cavity; hollow. 2. Filled with small cavities or cells. 3. Having a sound caused by a cavity. Cavernous body, a body of erectile tissue with large interspaces which may be distended with blood, as in the penis or clitoris. — Cavernous respiration, a peculiar respiratory sound andible on auscultation, when the bronchial tubes communicate with morbid cavities in the lungs.

Ca•ver´nu•lous , a.[L. cavernula, dim. of caverna cavern.] Full of little cavities; as cavernulous metal. Black. { Cav´es•son , Cav´e•zon } n. [F. caveçon, augm. fr. LL. capitium a head covering hood, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Caberzon.] (Man.) A kind of noseband used in breaking and training horses. [Written also caveson, causson.] White.

Ca•vet´to (ka•vet´to), n. [It. cavetto, fr. cavo hollow, L. cavus.] (Arch.) A concave molding; — used chiefly in classical architecture. See Illust. of Column. { Ca•viare´ , Cav´i•ar } n. [F. caviar, fr. It. caviale, fr. Turk. Haviar.] The roes of the sturgeon, prepared and salted; — used as a relish, esp. in Russia. Caviare was considered a delicacy, by some, in Shakespeare’s time, but was not relished by most. Hence Hamlet says of a certain play. ´’T was caviare to the general,´ i. e., above the taste of the common people.

Cav´i•corn (kav´i•kôrn), a. [L. cavus hollow + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow horns.

Cav•i•cor´ni•a (kav•i•kôr´ni•a), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of ruminants whose horns are hollow, and planted on a bony process of the front, as the ox.

Cav´il (kav´il), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caviled or Cavilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Caviling or Cavilling.] [L. cavillari to practice jesting, to censure, fr. cavilla bantering jests, sophistry: cf. OF. caviller.] To raise captious and frivolous objections; to find fault without good reason. “You do not well in obstinacy
To cavil in the course of this contract.
Shak.”

Cav´il, v. t. To cavil at. [Obs.] Milton.

Cav´il, n. A captious or frivolous objection. “All the cavils of prejudice and unbelief.
Shak.” { Cav´il•er or Cav´il•ler (- er), } n. One who cavils. “Cavilers at the style of the Scriptures.
Boyle.”

Cav´il•ing, a. Disposed to cavil; finding fault without good reason. See Captious. “His depreciatory and caviling criticism.
Lewis.”

Cav´il•ing•ly, adv. In a caviling manner.

Cav•il•la´tion (-la´shun), n.[F. cavillation, L. cavillatio.] Frivolous or sophistical objection. [Obs.] Hooker. { Cav´il•ous Cav´il•lous } a. [L. cavillosus.] Characterized by caviling, or disposed to cavil; quibbing. [R.] — Cav´il•ous•ly, adv. [R.] — Cav´il•ous•ness, n. [R.]

Cav´in , n. [F. See Cave.] (Mil.) A hollow way, adapted to cover troops, and facilitate their aproach to a place. Farrow.

Cav´i•ta•ry , a. (Zoöl.) Containing a body cavity; as the cavitary or nematoid worms.

Cav´i•ty , n.; pl. Cavities (#). [L. cavus hollow: cf. F. cavite.] 1. Hollowness. [Obs.] “The cavity or hollowness of the place.
Goodwin.” 2. A hollow place; a hollow; as the abdominal cavity. “An instrument with a small cavity, like a small spoon”. Arbuthnot. “Abnormal spaces or excavations are frequently formed in the lungs, which are designated cavities or vomicae.
Quain.” Body cavity, the cœlum. See under Body.

Ca´vo-re•lie´vo , n. Cavo- rilievo.

Ca´vo-ri•lie´vo , n. [It.] (Sculp.) Hollow relief; sculpture in relief within a sinking made for the purpose, so no part of it projects beyond the plain surface around.

Ca•vort´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cavorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cavorting.] To prance ostentatiously; — said of a horse or his rider. [Local slang, U. S.]

Ca´vy , n.; pl. Cavies . [NL. cavia, fr. Brazilian cabiai: cf. F. cabiai.] (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genera Cavia and Dolichotis, as the guinea pig (Cavia cobaya). Cavies are natives of South America. Water cavy (Zoöl.), The capybara.

Caw (ka), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cawed (kad); p. pr. & vb. n. Cawing.] [Imitative. rad.22 Cf. Chough.] To cry like a crow, rook, or raven. “Rising and cawing at the gun’s report.
Shak.”

Caw, n. The cry made by the crow, rook, or raven.

Cawk (kak), n. [Prov. E. cauk limestone. A doublet of chalk.] (Min.) An opaque, compact variety of barite, or heavy spar. [Also written cauk.]

Cawk´er , n. See Calker.

Cawk´y, a. Of or pertaining to cawk; like cawk.

Cax´on , n. A kind of wig. [Obs.] Lamb.

Cax´ton , n. (Bibliog.) Any book printed by William Caxton, the first English printer. Hansard.

Cay , n. See Key, a ledge.

Cay•enne , n. [From Cayenne, a town and island in French Guiana, South America.] Cayenne pepper. Cayenne pepper. (a) (Bot.) A species of Capsicum (C. frutescens) with small and intensely pungent fruit. (b) A very pungent spice made by drying and grinding the fruits or seeds of several species of the genus Capsicum, esp. C. annuum and C. Frutescens; — called also red pepper. It is used chiefly as a condiment.

Cay´man (ka´man), n. [From the language of Guiana: cf. Sp. caiman.] (Zoöl.) The south America alligator. See Alligator. [Sometimes written caiman.]

Ca•yu´gas , n. pl.; sing. Cayuga. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting western New-York, forming part of the confederacy called the Five Nations.

Cay•use´ , n. An Indian pony. [Northw. U. S.] { Ca•zique´ , Ca•zic´ } , n. [Sp. Cacique, fr. the language of Hayti.] A chief or petty king among some tribes of Indians in America.

Cease (ses), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ceased p. pr. & vb. n. Ceasing.] [OE. cessen, cesen, F. cesser, fr. L. cessare, v. intemsive fr. cedere to withdraw. See Cede , and cf. Cessation.] 1. To come to an end; to stop; to leave off or give over; to desist; as the noise ceased. ´To cease from strife.´ Prov. xx. 3. 2. To be wanting; to fail; to pass away. “The poor shall never cease out of the land.
Deut. xv. 11.” Syn. — To intermit; desist; stop; abstain; quit; discontinue; refrain; leave off; pause; end.

Cease, v. t. To put a stop to; to bring to an end. “But he, her fears to cease
Sent down the meek-eyed peace.
Milton.” “Cease, then, this impious rage.
Milton”

Cease, n. Extinction. [Obs.] Shak.

Cease´less, a. Without pause or end; incessant.

Cease´less, adv. Without intermission or end.

Cec•i•do•my´i•a , n. [Nl., fr. Gr. khki•s, , a gall nut + myi^a a fly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small dipterous files, including several very injurious species, as the Hessian fly. See Hessian fly.

Ce´ci•ty , n. [L. caecitas, fr. caecus blind: cf. F. cecite.] Blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ce•cu´tien•cy , n. [L. caecutire to be blind, fr. caecus blind.] Partial blindness, or a tendency to blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ce´dar (se´der), n. [AS. ceder, fr. L. cedrus, Gr. ke•dros.] (Bot.) The name of several evergreen trees. The wood is remarkable for its durability and fragrant odor. The cedar of Lebanon is the Cedrus Libani; the white cedar (Cupressus thyoides) is now called Chamœcyparis sphaeroidea; American red cedar is the Juniperus Virginiana; Spanish cedar, the West Indian Cedrela odorata. Many other trees with odoriferous wood are locally called cedar. Cedar bird (Zoöl.), a species of chatterer (Ampelis cedrorum), so named from its frequenting cedar trees; — called also cherry bird, Canada robin, and American waxwing.

Ce´dar, a. Of or pertaining to cedar.

Ce´dared , a. Covered, or furnished with, cedars.

Ce´darn , a. Of or pertaining to the cedar or its wood. [R.]

Cede , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceding.] [L. cedere to withdraw, yield; akin to cadere to fall, and to E. chance; cf. F. ceder.] To yield or surrender; to give up; to resign; as to cede a fortress, a province, or country, to another nation, by treaty. “The people must cede to the government some of their natural rights.
Jay.”

Ce•dil´la , n. [Sp. cedilla, cf. F. cedille; dim. of zeta, the Gr. name of the letter z, because this letter was formerly written after the c, to give it the sound of s.] A mark placed under the letter c [thus, ç], to show that it is to be sounded like s, as in façade.

Ce´drat (se´drat), n. [Cf. F. cedrat. See Cedar.] (Bot.) Properly the citron, a variety of Citrus medica, with large fruits, not acid, and having a high perfume.

Ce´drene (se´dren), n. (Chem.) A rich aromatic oil, C_15H_24, extracted from oil of red cedar, and regarded as a polymeric terpene; also any one of a class of similar substances, as the essential oils of cloves, cubebs, juniper, etc., of which cedrene proper is the type. [Written also cedren.]

Ce´drine (se´drin; 277), a. [L. cedrinus, Gr. . See Cedar.] Of or pertaining to cedar or the cedar tree.

Ce´dri•ret (se´dri•ret), n. Same as Cœrulignone.

Ce´dry , a. Of the nature of cedar. [R.]

Ced´ule , n. [F. cedule, fr. L. shedula. See Shedule.] A scroll; a writing; a schedule. [Obs.]

Ced´u•ous , a. [L. caeduus, fr. caedere to cut down.] Fit to be felled. [Obs.] Eyelyn.

Ceil (sel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceiled (seld); p. pr. & vb. n. Ceiling.] [From an older noun, fr. F. ciel heaven, canopy, fr. L. caelum heaven, vault, arch, covering; cf. Gr. koi^los hollow.] 1. To overlay or cover the inner side of the roof of; to furnish with a ceiling; as to ceil a room. “The greater house he ceiled with fir tree.
2 Chron. iii. 5” 2. To line or finish a surface, as of a wall, with plaster, stucco, thin boards, or the like.

Ceil´ing, n. [See Cell, v. t.] 1. (Arch.) (a) The inside lining of a room overhead; the under side of the floor above; the upper surface opposite to the floor. (b) The lining or finishing of any wall or other surface, with plaster, thin boards, etc.; also the work when done. 2. (Naut.) The inner planking of a vessel. Camp ceiling. See under Camp. — Ceiling boards, Thin narrow boards used to ceil with.

Ceint , n. [See Cincture.] A girdle. [Obs.]

Cel´a•don , n. [F.] A pale sea-green color; also porcelain or fine pottery of this tint.

Cel´an•dine (sel´an•din), n. [OE. celidoine, OF. celidoine, F. chelidoine, fr. L. chelidonia (sc. herba), fr. chelidonius pertaining to the swallow, Gr. chelido•nios, fr. chelidw•n the swallow, akin to L. hirundo a swallow.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous plant (Chelidonium majus) of the poppy family, with yellow flowers. It is used as a medicine in jaundice, etc., and its acrid saffron-colored juice is used to cure warts and the itch; — called also greater celandine and swallowwort. Lasser celandine, the pilewort (Ranunculus Ficaria).

Cel´a•ture , n. [L. caelatura, fr. caelare to engrave in relief.] 1. The act or art of engraving or embossing. 2. That which is engraved. [Obs.] Hakewill.

Cel´e•brant , n. [L. celebrans, p. pr. of celebrare. See Celebrate.] One who performs a public religious rite; — applied particularly to an officiating priest in the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from his assistants.

Cel´e•brate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celebrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Celebrating.] [L. celebratus, p. p. of celebrare to frequent, to celebrate, fr. celeber famous.] 1. To extol or honor in a solemn manner; as to celebrate the name of the Most High. 2. To honor by solemn rites, by ceremonies of joy and respect, or by refraining from ordinary business; to observe duly; to keep; as to celebrate a birthday. “From even unto even shall ye celebrate your Sabbath.
Lev. xxiii. 32.” 3. To perform or participate in, as a sacrament or solemn rite; to solemnize; to perform with appropriate rites; as to celebrate a marriage. Syn. — To commemorate; distinguish; honor. — To Celebrate, Commemorate. We commemorate events which we desire to keep in remembrance, when we recall them by some special observace; as to commemorate the death of our Savior. We celebrate by demonstrations of joy or solemnity or by appropriate ceremonies; as to celebrate the birthday of our Independence. “We are called upon to commemorate a revolution as surprising in its manner as happy in its consequences.
Atterbury.” “Earth, water, air, and fire, with feeling glee,
Exult to celebrate thy festival.
Thomson.”

Cel´e•bra•ted , a. Having celebrity; distinguished; renowned. “Celebrated for the politeness of his manners.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Distinguished; famous; noted; famed; renowned; illustrious. See Distinguished.

Cel•e•bra´tion , n. [L. celebratio.] The act, process, or time of celebrating. “His memory deserving a particular celebration.
Clarendok.” “Celebration of Mass is equivalent to offering Mass
Cath. Dict.” “To hasten the celebration of their marriage.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Cel´e•bra•tor , n. [L.] One who celebrates; a praiser. Boyle.

Ce•le´bri•ous , a. Famous. [Obs.] Speed.

Ce•leb´ri•ty , n.; pl. Celebrities (#). [L. celebritas: cf. F. celebrite.] 1. Celebration; solemnization. [Obs.] “The celebrity of the marriage.
Bacon.” 2. The state or condition of being celebrated; fame; renown; as the celebrity of Washington. “An event of great celebrity in the history of astronomy.
Whewell.” 3. A person of distinction or renown; — usually in the plural; as he is one of the celebrities of the place.

Ce•le´ri•ac , n. (Bot.) Turnip-rooted celery, a from of celery with a large globular root, which is used for food.

Ce•ler´i•ty , n. [L. celeritas, from celer swiftm speedy: sf. F. celerite.] Rapidity of motion; quickness; swiftness. “Time, with all its celerity, moves slowly to him whose whole employment is to watch its flight.
Johnson.”

Cel´er•y , n. [F. celeri, cf. Prov. It. seleno, seler; fr. Gr. parsley, in Lgr. & NGr. celery. Cf. Parsley.] (Bot.) A plant of the Parsley family (Apium graveolens), of which the blanched leafstalks are used as a salad.

Ce•les´tial , a. [OF. celestial, celestied, fr. L. caelestic, fr. caelum heaved. See Cell.] 1. Belonging to the aërial regions, or visible heavens. ´The twelve celestial signs.´ Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the spiritual heaven; heavenly; divine. ´Celestial spirits.´ ´Celestial light,´ Milton. Celestial city, heaven; the heavenly Jerusalem. Bunyan. — Celestial empire, China; — so called from the Chinese words, tien chan, Heavenly Dynasty, as being the kingdom ruled over by the dynasty appointed by heaven. S. W. Williams.

Ce•les´tial, n. 1. An inhabitant of heaven. Pope. 2. A native of China.

Ce•les´tial•ize , v. t. To make celestial. [R.]

Ce•les´tial•ly, adv. In a celestial manner.

Ce•les´ti•fy , v. t. [L. caelestis heavenly + -fly.] To make like heaven. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. { Cel´es•tine , Cel´es•tite }, n. [LL. caelestinus bine.] (Min.) Native strontium sulphate, a mineral so named from its occasional delicate blue color. It occurs crystallized, also in compact massive and fibrous forms. { Cel´es•tine , Cel•es•tin´i•an } n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of the austere branch of the Franciscan Order founded by Celestine V. in the 13th centry.

Ce´li•ac , a. (Anat.) See Cœllac.

Ce•lib´a•cy , n. [See Celibate, n.] The state of being unmarried; single life, esp. that of a bachelor, or of one bound by vows not to marry. ´The celibacy of the clergy.´ Hallom.

Cel´i•bate , n. [L. aelibatus, fr. caelebs unmarried, single.] 1. Celibate state; celibacy. [Obs.] “He … preferreth holy celibate before the estate of marriage.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. One who is unmarried, esp. a bachelor, or one bound by vows not to marry.

Cel´i•bate, a. Unmarried; single; as a celibate state.

Ce•lib´a•tist , n. One who lives unmarried. [R.]

Cel•i•dog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. , stain, spot + -graphy: cf. F. celidographie.] A description of apparent spots on the disk of the sun, or on planets.

Cell , n. [OF. celle, fr. L. cella; akin to celare to hide, and E. hell, helm, conceal. Cf. Hall.] 1. A very small and close apartment, as in a prison or in a monastery or convent; the hut of a hermit. “The heroic confessor in his cell.
Macaulay.” 2. A small religious house attached to a monastery or convent. ´Cells or dependent priories.´ Milman. 3. Any small cavity, or hollow place. 4. (Arch.) (a) The space between the ribs of a vaulted roof. (b) Same as Cella. 5. (Elec.) A jar of vessel, or a division of a compound vessel, for holding the exciting fluid of a battery. 6. (Biol.) One of the minute elementary structures, of which the greater part of the various tissues and organs of animals and plants are composed. All cells have their origin in the primary cell from which the organism was developed. In the lowest animal and vegetable forms, one single cell constitutes the complete individual, such being called unicelluter orgamisms. A typical cell is composed of a semifluid mass of protoplasm, more or less granular, generally containing in its center a nucleus which in turn frequently contains one or more nucleoli, the whole being surrounded by a thin membrane, the cell wall. In some cells, as in those of blood, in the amœba, and in embryonic cells (both vegetable and animal), there is no restricting cell wall, while in some of the unicelluliar organisms the nucleus is wholly wanting. See Illust. of Bipolar. Air cell. See Air cell. — Cell development (called also cell genesis, cell formation, and cytogenesis), the multiplication, of cells by a process of reproduction under the following common forms; segmentation or fission, gemmation or budding, karyokinesis, and endogenous multiplication. See Segmentation, Gemmation, etc. — Cell theory. (Biol.) See Cellular theory, under Cellular.

Cell (sel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celled (seld).] To place or inclose in a cell. ´Celled under ground.´ [R.] Warner.

Cel´la , n. [L.] (Arch.) The part inclosed within the walls of an ancient temple, as distinguished from the open porticoes.

Cel´lar , n. [OE. celer, OF. celier, F. celier, fr. L. cellarium a receptacle for food, pantry, fr. cella storeroom. See Cell.] A room or rooms under a building, and usually below the surface of the ground, where provisions and other stores are kept.

Cel´lar•age , n. 1. The space or storerooms of a cellar; a cellar. Sir W. Scott. “You hear this fellow in the cellarage.
Shak.” 2. Chare for storage in a cellar.

Cel´lar•er , n. [LL. cellararius, equiv. to L. cellarius steward: cf. F. cellerier. See Cellar.] (Eccl.) A steward or butler of a monastery or chapter; one who has charge of procuring and keeping the provisions.

Cel•lar•et´ , n. [Dim of cellar.] A receptacle, as in a dining room, for a few bottles of wine or liquor, made in the form of a chest or coffer, or a deep drawer in a sideboard, and usually lined with metal.

Cel´lar•ist , n. Same as Cellarer.

Celled , a. Containing a cell or cells.

Cel´le•pore , n. [L. cella cell + porus, Gr. , passage.] (Zoöl.) A genus of delicate branching corals, made up of minute cells, belonging to the Bryozoa.

Cel•lif´er•ous , a. [Cell + -ferous.] Bearing or producing cells.

Cel´lo (chel´lo), n.; pl. E. Cellos (chel´loz), It. Celli (chel´le). A contraction for Violoncello.

Cel´lu•lar (sel´u•ler; 135), a. [L. cellula a little cell: cf. F. cellulaire. See Cellule.] Consisting of, or containing, cells; of or pertaining to a cell or cells. Cellular plants, Cellular cryptogams (Bot.), those flowerless plants which have no ducts or fiber in their tissue, as mosses, fungi, lichens, and algae. — Cellular theory, or Cell theory (Biol.), a theory, according to which the essential element of every tissue, either vegetable or animal, is a cell; the whole series of cells having been formed from the development of the germ cell and by differentiation converted into tissues and organs which, both in plants and animals, are to be considered as a mass of minute cells communicating with each other. — Cellular tissue. (a) (Anat.) See conjunctive tissue under Conjunctive. (b) (Bot.) Tissue composed entirely of parenchyma, and having no woody fiber or ducts.

Cel´lu•la•ted , a. Cellular. Caldwell.

Cel´lule (sel´ul), n. [L. cellula a small apartment, dim. of cella: cf. F. cellule. See Cell.] A small cell.

Cel•lu•lif´er•ous , a. [L. cellula + -ferous.] Bearing or producing little cells.

Cel•lu•li´tis , n. [NL., fr. L. cellula + -itis.] An inflammantion of the cellular or areolar tissue, esp. of that lying immediately beneath the skin.

Cel´lu•loid (sel´u•loid), n. [Cellulose + -oid.] A substance composed essentially of gun cotton and camphor, and when pure resembling ivory in texture and color, but variously colored to imitate coral, tortoise shell, amber, malachite, etc. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry and many small articles, as combs, brushes, collars, and cuffs; — originally called xylonite.

Cel´lu•lose (sel´u•los•), a. Consisting of, or containing, cells.

Cel´lu•lose, n. (Chem.) The substance which constitutes the essential part of the solid framework of plants, of ordinary wood, linen, paper, etc. It is also found to a slight extent in certain animals, as the tunicates. It is a carbohydrate, (C_6H_10O_5)n, isomeric with starch, and is convertible into starches and sugars by the action of heat and acids. When pure, it is a white amorphous mass. See Starch, Granulose, Lignin. “Unsized, well bleached linen paper is merely pure cellulose.
Goodale.” Starch cellulose, the delicate framework which remains when the soluble part (granulose) of starch is removed by saliva or pepsin. Goodale.

Ce•lot´o•my , n. [Gr. ; hernia + to cut.] (Med.) The act or operation of cutting, to relieve the structure in strangulated hernia. [Frequently written kelotomy.]

Cel´si•ture , n. [L. celstudo, from celsus high: cf. celsitude.] Height; altitude. [Obs.]

Cel´si•us , n. The Celsius thermometer or scale, so called from Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, who invented it. It is the same as the centigrade thermometer or scale.

Celt (selt), n. [L. Celtae, Gr. Keltoi•, Ke•ltai, pl.: cf. W. Celtiad one that dwells in a covert, an inhabitant of the wood, a Celt, fr. celt covert, shelter, celu to hide.] One of an ancient race of people, who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe, and whose descendants at the present day occupy Ireland, Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, and the northern shores of France. [Written also Kelt. The letter C was pronounced hard in Celtic languages.]

Celt, n. [LL. celts a chisel.] (Archaeol.) A weapon or implement of stone or metal, found in the tumuli, or barrows, of the early Celtic nations.

Celt•i•be´ri•an , a. [L. Celtiber, Celtibericus.] Of or pertaining to the ancient Celtiberia (a district in Spain lying between the Ebro and the Tagus) or its inhabitants the Celtiberi (Celts of the river Iberus). — n. An inhabitant of Celtiberia.

Celt´ic (selt´ik), a. [L. Celticus, Gr. Keltiko•s. See Celt.] Of or pertaining to the Celts; as Celtic people, tribes, literature, tongue. [Written also Keltic.]

Celt´ic, n. The language of the Celts. The remains of the old Celtic language are found in the Gaelic, the Erse or Irish the Manx, and the Welsh and its cognate dialects Cornish and Bas Breton.

Celt´i•cism (sel´ti•siz’m), n. A custom of the Celts, or an idiom of their language. Warton.

Celt´i•cize , v. t. To render Celtic; to assimilate to the Celts.

Cem´ba•lo , n. [It. See Cymbal.] An old name for the harpsichord.

Ce•ment´ (se•ment´ or sem´ent), n. [OF. cement, ciment, F. ciment, fr. L. caementum a rough, unhewn stone, pieces or chips of marble, from which mortar was made, contr. fr. caedimentum, fr. caedere to cut, prob. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v. t.] 1. Any substance used for making bodies adhere to each other, as mortar, glue, etc. 2. A kind of calcined limestone, or a calcined mixture of clay and lime, for making mortar which will harden under water. 3. The powder used in cementation. See Cementation, n., 2. 4. Bond of union; that which unites firmly, as persons in friendship, or men in society. ´The cement of our love.´ 5. (Anat.) The layer of bone investing the root and neck of a tooth; — called also cementum. Hydraulic cement. See under Hydraulic.

Ce•ment´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cemented; p. pr. & vb. n. Cementing.] [Cf. F. cimenter. See Cement, n.] 1. To unite or cause to adhere by means of a cement. Bp. Burnet. 2. To unite firmly or closely. Shak. 3. To overlay or coat with cement; as to cement a cellar bottom.

Ce•ment´, v. i. To become cemented or firmly united; to cohere. S. Sharp.

Ce•ment´al , a. Of or pertaining to cement, as of a tooth; as cemental tubes. R. Owen.

Cem•en•ta´tion , n. 1. The act or process of cementing. 2. (Chem.) A process which consists in surrounding a solid body with the powder of other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not sufficient to cause fusion, the physical properties of the body being changed by chemical combination with powder; thus iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal, and green glass becomes porcelain by cementation with sand.

Ce•ment´a•to•ry , a. Having the quality of cementing or uniting firmly.

Ce•ment´er , n. A person or thing that cements.

Cem•en•ti´tious , a. [L. caementitius pertaining to quarry stones. See Cement, n. ] Of the nature of cement. [R.] Forsyth.

Cem•e•te´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a cemetery. ´Cemeterial cells.´ [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Cem´e•ter•y , n.; pl. Cemeteries . [L. cemeterium, Gr. a sleeping chamber, burial place, fr. to put to sleep.] A place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; a graveyard; a churchyard; a necropolis.

Ce•nan´thy , n. [Gr. empty + a flower.] (Bot.) The absence or suppression of the essential organs (stamens and pistil) in a flower.

Ce•na´tion , n. [L. cenatio.] Meal-taking; dining or supping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cen´a•to•ry , a. [L. cenatorius, fr. cenare to dine, sup, fr. cena, coena, dinner, supper.] Of or pertaining to dinner or supper. [R.] “The Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a cenatory garment.
Sir T. Browne.”

Cen´o•bite , n. [L. coenobita, fr. Gr. koino•bios; koino•s common + bi•os life: cf. F. cenobite.] One of a religious order, dwelling in a convent, or a community, in opposition to an anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. Gibbon. { Cen•o•bit´ic , Cen•o•bit´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. cenobitique.] Of or pertaining to a cenobite.

Cen´o•bi•tism , n. The state of being a cenobite; the belief or practice of a cenobite. Milman.

Ce•nog´a•my (se•nog´a•my), n. [Gr. koino•s common + ga•mos marriage.] The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members, as in certain societies practicing communism.

Cen´o•taph (sen´o•taf), n. [Gr. kenota•fion; keno•s empty + ta•fos burial, tomb: cf. F. cenotaphe.] An empty tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person who is buried elsewhere. Dryden. “A cenotaph in Westminster Abbey.
Macaulay.”

Cen´o•taph•y , n. A cenotaph. [R.] “Lord Cobham honored him with a cenotaphy.
Macaulay.”

Ce•no•zo´ic , a. [Gr. recent + life.] (Geol.) Belonging to the most recent division of geological time, including the tertiary, or Age of mammals, and the Quaternary, or Age of man. [Written also caenozoic, cainozoic, kainozoic.] See Geology. This word is used by many authors as synonymous with Tertiary, the Quaternary Age not being included.

Cense , n. [OF. cense, F. cens, L. census. See Census.] 1. A census; — also a public rate or tax. [Obs.] Howell. Bacon. 2. Condition; rank. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Censed p. pr. & vb. n. Censing.] [Abbrev. from incense.] To perfume with odors from burning gums and spices. “The Salii sing and cense his altars round.
Dryden.”

Cense, v. i. To burn or scatter incense.

Cen´ser , n. [For incenser, fr. OF. encensier, F. encensoir, fr. LL. incensarium, incensorium, fr. L. incensum incense. See Incense, and cf. Incensory.] A vessel for perfumes; esp. one in which incense is burned. The ecclesiastical censer is usually cup-shaped, has a cover pierced with holes, and is hung by chains. The censer bearer swings it to quicken the combustion. “Her thoughts are like the fume of frankincense
Which from a golden censer forth doth rise.
Spenser.”

Cen´sor , n. [L. censor, fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. (Antiq.) One of two magistrates of Rome who took a register of the number and property of citizens, and who also exercised the office of inspector of morals and conduct. 2. One who is empowered to examine manuscripts before they are committed to the press, and to forbid their publication if they contain anything obnoxious; — an official in some European countries. 3. One given to fault-finding; a censurer. “Nor can the most circumspect attention, or steady rectitude, escape blame from censors who have no inclination to approve.
Rambler.” 4. A critic; a reviewer. “Received with caution by the censors of the press.
W. Irving.”

Cen•so´ri•al , a. 1. Belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals. Junius. 2. Full of censure; censorious. “The censorial declamation of Juvenal.
T. Warton.”

Cen•so´ri•an , a. Censorial. [R.] Bacon.

Cen•so´ri•ous , a. [L. censorius pertaining to the censor. See Censor.] 1. Addicted to censure; apt to blame or condemn; severe in making remarks on others, or on their writings or manners. “A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be consorious of his neighbors.
Watts.” 2. Implying or expressing censure; as censorious remarks. Syn. — Fault-finding; carping; caviling; captious; severe; condemnatory; hypercritical. — Cen•so´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Cen•so´ri•ous•ness, n.

Cen´sor•ship , n. The office or power of a censor; as to stand for a censorship. Holland. “The press was not indeed at that moment under a general censorship.
Macaulay.”

Cen´su•al , a. [L. censualis, fr. census.] Relating to, or containing, a census. “He caused the whole realm to be described in a censual roll.
Sir R. Baker.”

Cen´sur•a•ble , a. Deserving of censure; blamable; culpable; reprehensible; as a censurable person, or censurable conduct. — Cen´sur•a•bleness, n. — Cen´sur•a•bly, adv.

Cen´sure , n. [L. censura fr. censere: cf. F. censure. Cf. Censor.] 1. Judgment either favorable or unfavorable; opinion. [Obs.] “Take each man’s censure, but reserve thy judgment.
Shak.” 2. The act of blaming or finding fault with and condemning as wrong; reprehension; blame. “Both the censure and the praise were merited.
Macaulay.” 3. Judicial or ecclesiastical sentence or reprimand; condemnatory judgment. “Excommunication or other censure of the church.
Bp. Burnet.” Syn. — Blame; reproof; condemnation; reprobation; disapproval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadversion; reprimand; reflection; dispraise; abuse.

Cen´sure, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Censured p. pr. & vb. n. Censuring.] [Cf. F. ensurer.] 1. To form or express a judgment in regard to; to estimate; to judge. [Obs.] ´Should I say more, you might well censure me a flatterer.´ Beau. & Fl. 2. To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame; to express disapprobation of. “I may be censured that nature thus gives way to loyalty.
Shak.” 3. To condemn or reprimand by a judicial or ecclesiastical sentence. Shak. Syn. — To blame; reprove; rebuke; condemn; reprehend; reprimand.

Cen´sure, v. i. To judge. [Obs.] Shak.

Cen´sur•er , n. One who censures. Sha.

Cen´sus , n. [L. census, fr. censere. See Censor.] 1. (Bot. Antiq.) A numbering of the people, and valuation of their estate, for the purpose of imposing taxes, etc.; — usually made once in five years. 2. An official registration of the number of the people, the value of their estates, and other general statistics of a country. A general census of the United States was first taken in 1790, and one has been taken at the end of every ten years since.

Cent , n. [F. cent hundred, L. centum. See Hundred.] 1. A hundred; as ten per cent, the proportion of ten parts in a hundred. 2. A United States coin, the hundredth part of a dollar, formerly made of copper, now of copper, tin, and zinc. 3. An old game at cards, supposed to be like piquet; — so called because 100 points won the game. Nares.

Cent´age , n. Rate by the hundred; percentage.

Cen´tal , n. [L. centum a hundred.] A weight of one hundred pounds avoirdupois; — called in many parts of the United States a Hundredweight.

Cen´tal, n. Relating to a hundred. Cental system, the method of buying and selling by the cental, or hundredweight.

Cen´tare , n. [F. centiare; centi- (L. centum) + -are.] A measure of area, the hundredth part of an are; one square meter, or about 1&frac15; square yards.

Cen´taur (sen´tar), n. [L. centaurus, Gr. Ke•ntayros.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A fabulous being, represented as half man and half horse. 2. (Astron.) A constellation in the southern heavens between Hydra and the Southern Cross.

Cen•tau•re´a , n. [NL. See Centaury.] (Bot.) A large genus of composite plants, related to the thistles and including the cornflower or bluebottle (Centaurea Cyanus) and the star thistle (C. Calcitrapa).

Cen´tau•ry (sen´ta•ry), n. [L. centaureum and centauria, Gr. kentay•rion, kentay•reion, and kentayri•h, fr. the Centaur Chiron.] (Bot.) A gentianaceous plant not fully identified. The name is usually given to the Erytheraea Centaurium and the Chlora perfoliata of Europe, but is also extended to the whole genus Sabbatia, and even to the unrelated Centaurea.

Cen•te•na´ri•an , a. Of or relating to a hundred years. — n. A person a hundred years old.

Cen´te•na•ry , a. [L. centenarius, fr. centum a hundred.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a hundred. 2. Occurring once in every hundred years; centennial. ´Centenary solemnities.´ Fuller.

Cen´te•na•ry, n.; pl. Centenaries . 1. The aggregate of a hundred single things; specifically, a century. ´Every centenary of years.´ Hakewill. 2. A commemoration or celebration of an event which occurred a hundred years before.

Cen•ten´ni•al , a. [L. centum a hundred + annus year.] 1. Relating to, or associated with, the commemoration of an event that happened a hundred years before; as a centennial ode. 2. Happening once in a hundred years; as centennial jubilee; a centennial celebration. 3. Lasting or aged a hundred years. “That opened through long lines
Of sacred ilex and centennial pines.
Longfellow.”

Cen•ten´ni•al, n. The celebration of the hundredth anniversary of any event; a centenary. [U. S.]

Cen•ten´ni•al•ly, adv. Once in a hundred years.

Cen´ter , n. [F. centre, fr. L. centrum, fr. round which a circle is described, fr. to prick, goad.] 1. A point equally distant from the extremities of a line, figure, or body, or from all parts of the circumference of a circle; the middle point or place. 2. The middle or central portion of anything. 3. A principal or important point of concentration; the nucleus around which things are gathered or to which they tend; an object of attention, action, or force; as a center of attaction. 4. The earth. [Obs.] Shak. 5. Those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who support the existing government. They sit in the middle of the legislative chamber, opposite the presiding officer, between the conservatives or monarchists, who sit on the right of the speaker, and the radicals or advanced republicans who occupy the seats on his left, See Right, and Left. 6. (Arch.) A temporary structure upon which the materials of a vault or arch are supported in position until the work becomes self-supporting. 7. (Mech.) (a) One of the two conical steel pins, in a lathe, etc., upon which the work is held, and about which it revolves. (b) A conical recess, or indentation, in the end of a shaft or other work, to receive the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a lathe. In a lathe the live center is in the spindle of the head stock; the dead center is on the tail stock. Planer centers are stocks carrying centers, when the object to be planed must be turned on its axis. Center of an army, the body or troops occupying the place in the line between the wings. — Center of a curve or surface (Geom.) (a) A point such that every line drawn through the point and terminated by the curve or surface is bisected at the point. (b) The fixed point of reference in polar coördinates. See Coördinates. — Center of curvature of a curve (Geom.), the center of that circle which has at any given point of the curve closer contact with the curve than has any other circle whatever. See Circle. — Center of a fleet, the division or column between the van and rear, or between the weather division and the lee. — Center of gravity (Mech.), that point of a body about which all its parts can be balanced, or which being supported, the whole body will remain at rest, though acted upon by gravity. — Center of gyration (Mech.), that point in a rotating body at which the whole mass might be concentrated (theoretically) without altering the resistance of the intertia of the body to angular acceleration or retardation. — Center of inertia (Mech.), the center of gravity of a body or system of bodies. — Center of motion, the point which remains at rest, while all the other parts of a body move round it. — Center of oscillation, the point at which, if the whole matter of a suspended body were collected, the time of oscillation would be the same as it is in the actual form and state of the body. — Center of percussion, that point in a body moving about a fixed axis at which it may strike an obstacle without communicating a shock to the axis. — Center of pressure (Hydros.), that point in a surface pressed by a fluid, at which, if a force equal to the whole pressure and in the same line be applied in a contrary direction, it will balance or counteract the whole pressure of the fluid. { Cen´ter , Cen´tre } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Centered or Centred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Centering or Centring.] 1. To be placed in a center; to be central. 2. To be collected to a point; to be concentrated; to rest on, or gather about, as a center. “Where there is no visible truth wherein to center, error is as wide as men’s fancies.
Dr. H. More.” “Our hopes must center in ourselves alone.
Dryden.” { Cen´ter , Cen´tre } , v. t. 1. To place or fix in the center or on a central point. Milton. 2. To collect to a point; to concentrate. “Thy joys are centered all in me alone.
Prior.” 3. (Mech.) To form a recess or indentation for the reception of a center. { Cen´ter•bit• , Cen´tre•bit• } n. An instrument turning on a center, for boring holes. See Bit, n., 3. { Cen´ter•board• , Cen´tre•board } , n. (Naut.) A movable or sliding keel formed of a broad board or slab of wood or metal which may be raised into a water-tight case amidships, when in shallow water, or may be lowered to increase the area of lateral resistance and prevent leeway when the vessel is beating to windward. It is used in vessels of all sizes along the coast of the United States

Cen´ter•fire• car´tridge. See under Cartridge.

Cen´ter•ing, n. (Arch.) Same as Center, n., 6. [Written also centring.] { Cen´ter•piece• , Cen´tre•piece• } , n. An ornament to be placed in the center, as of a table, ceiling, atc.; a central article or figure.

Cen•tes´i•mal , a. [L. centesimus the hundredth, fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centesimal.] Hundredth. — n. A hundredth part. “The neglect of a few centesimals.
Arbuthnot.”

Cen•tes•i•ma´tion , n. [L. centesimore to take out or select every hundredth, fr. centesimus hundredth.] (Mil.) The infliction of the death penalty upon one person in every hundred, as in cases of mutiny.

Cen•tes´i•mo (sen´tes´i•mo), n.; pl. -mi (- me). [It. & Sp.] A copper coin of Italy and Spain equivalent to a centime.

Cen´tesm (sen´tez’m), n. [L. centesima.] Hundredth.

Cen´ti•are , n. [F. See Centare.] See centare.

Cen•ti•cip´i•tous , a. [L. centiceps, -cipitis; centum a hunder + caput head.] Hundred-headed.

Cen•tif´i•dous , a. [L. centifidus; centum + findere to split.] Divided into a hundred parts.

Cen•ti•fo´li•ous , a. [L. centifolius; centum + folium leaf.] Having a hundred leaves.

Cen´ti•grade , a. [L. centum a hundred + gradus degree: cf. F. centigrade.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the centigrade thermometer; as 10° centigrade (or 10° C.). Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero or 0 at the point indicating the freezing state of water, and the distance between that and the point indicating the boiling state of water divided into one hundred degrees. It is called also the Celsius thermometer, from Anders Celsius, the originator of this scale. { Cen´ti•gram , Cen´ti•gramme } n. [F. centigramme; centi- (L. centum) + gramme. See Gram.] The hundredth part of a gram; a weight equal to .15432 of a grain. See Gram. { Cen´ti•li•ter , Cen´ti•li•tre } , n. [F. centilitre; centi (L. centum) + litre. See Liter.] The hundredth part of a liter; a measure of volume or capacity equal to a little more than six tenths (0.6102) of a cubic inch, or one third (0.338) of a fluid ounce.

Cen•til´o•quy , n. [L. centum hundred + logui to speak.] A work divided into a hundred parts. [R.] Burton.

Cen•time´ , n. [F., fr. L. centesimus. See Centesimal.] (F. Coinage) The hundredth part of a franc; a small French copper coin and money of account. { Cen´ti•me•ter , Cen´ti•me•tre } , n. [F. centimètre; centi- (L. centum) + mètre. See Meter.] The hundredth part of a meter; a measure of length equal to rather more than thirty-nine hundredths (0.3937) of an inch. See Meter.

Cen´ti•nel , n. Sentinel. [Obs.] Sackville.

Cen•tin´o•dy , n. [L. centum a hundred + nodus knot: cf. F. centinode.] (Bot.) A weed with a stem of many joints (Illecebrum verticillatum); also the Polygonum aviculare or knotgrass.

Cen´ti•ped , n. [L. centipeda; centum a hundred + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. centipède.] (Zoöl.) A species of the Myriapoda; esp. the large, flattened, venomous kinds of the order Chilopoda, found in tropical climates. they are many-jointed, and have a great number of feet. [Written also centipede .]

Cen´ti•stere , n. [F. centistère; centi- (l. centum) + stère.] The hundredth part of a stere, equal to .353 cubic feet.

Cent´ner , n. [Cf. G. centner a hundred-weight, fr. L. centenarius of a hundred, fr. centum a hundred.] 1. (Metal. & Assaying) A weight divisible first into a hundred parts, and then into smaller parts. The metallurgists use a weight divided into a hundred equal parts, each one pound; the whole they call a centner: the pound is divided into thirty-two parts, or half ounces; the half ounce into two quarters; and each of these into two drams. But the assayers use different weights. With them a centner is one dram, to which the other parts are proportioned. 2. The commercial hundredweight in several of the continental countries, varying in different places from 100 to about 112 pounds.

Cen´to , n.; pl. Centos (#). [L. cento a garment of several pieces sewed together, patchwork, a poem made up of various verses of another poem.] A literary or a musical composition formed by selections from different authors disposed in a new order.

Cen´to•nism , n. The composition of a cento; the act or practice of composing a cento or centos.

Cen´tral , a. [L. centralis, fr. centrum: cf. F. central. See Center.] Relating to the center; situated in or near the center or middle; containing the center; of or pertaining to the parts near the center; equidistant or equally accessible from certain points. Central force (Math.), a force acting upon a body towards or away from a fixed or movable center. — Center sun (Astron.), a name given to a hypothetical body about which Mädler supposed the solar system together with all the stars in the Milky Way, to be revolving. A point near Alcyone in the Pleiades was supposed to possess characteristics of the position of such a body. { Cen´tral , Cen•tra´le } n. [NL. centrale, fr. L. centralis.] (Anat.) The central, or one of the central, bones of the carpus or or tarsus. In the tarsus of man it is represented by the navicular.

Cen´tral•ism , n. 1. The state or condition of being central; the combination of several parts into one whole; centralization. 2. The system by which power is centralized, as in a government.

Cen•tral´i•ty , n.; pl. Centralities . The state of being central; tendency towards a center. “Meantime there is a great centrality, a centripetence equal to the centrifugence.
R. W. Emerson.”

Cen•tral•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. centralisation.] The act or process of centralizing, or the state of being centralized; the act or process of combining or reducing several parts into a whole; as the centralization of power in the general government; the centralization of commerce in a city.

Cen´tral•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centralized p. pr. & vb. n. Centralizing.] [Cf. F. centraliser.] To draw or bring to a center point; to gather into or about a center; to bring into one system, or under one control. “[To] centralize the power of government.
Bancroft.”

Cen´tral•ly, adv. In a central manner or situation.

Cen´tre , n. & v. See Center. { Cen´tric , Cen´tric•al } a. Placed in the center or middle; central. “At York or some other centrical place.
Sir W. Scott.” — Cen´tric•al•ly, adv. — Cen´tric•al•ness, n.

Cen•tric´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being centric; centricalness.

Cen•trif´u•gal , a. [L. centrum center + fugere to flee.] 1. Tending, or causing, to recede from the center. 2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the summit, and later at the base, as a flower cluster. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the sides of the fruit, as some embryos. Centrifugal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is from a center. When a body moves in a circle with uniform velocity, a force must act on the body to keep it in the circle without change of velocity. The direction of this force is towards the center of the circle. If this force is applied by means of a string to the body, the string will be in a state of tension. To a person holding the other end of the string, this tension will appear to be directed toward the body as if the body had a tendency to move away from the center of the circle which it is describing. Hence this latter force is often called centrifugal force. The force which really acts on the body being directed towards the center of the circle is called centripetal force, and in some popular treatises the centripetal and centrifugal forces are described as opposing and balancing each other. But they are merely the different aspects of the same stress. Clerk Maxwell. Centrifugal impression (Physiol.), an impression (motor) sent from a nerve center outwards to a muscle or muscles by which motion is produced. — Centrifugal machine, A machine for expelling water or other fluids from moist substances, or for separating liquids of different densities by centrifugal action; a whirling table. — Centrifugal pump, a machine in which water or other fluid is lifted and discharged through a pipe by the energy imparted by a wheel or blades revolving in a fixed case. Some of the largest and most powerful pumps are of this kind.

Cen•trif´u•gal, n. A centrifugal machine.

Cen•trif´u•gence , n. The property or quality of being centrifugal. R. W. Emerson.

Cen´tring , n. See Centring.

Cen•trip´e•tal , a. [L. centrum center + petere to move toward.] 1. Tending, or causing, to approach the center. 2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the base of the inflorescence, and proceeding in order towards the summit. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the axis of the fruit, as some embryos. 3. Progressing by changes from the exterior of a thing toward its center; as the centripetal calcification of a bone. R. Owen. Centripetal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is towards a center, as in case of a planet revolving round the sun, the center of the system, See Centrifugal force, under Centrifugal. — Centripetal impression (Physiol.), an impression (sensory) transmitted by an afferent nerve from the exterior of the body inwards, to the central organ.

Cen•trip´e•tence , n. Centripetency.

Cen•trip´e•ten•cy , n. Tendency toward the center.

Cen•tris´coid , a. [NL. Centriscus (r. Gr. a kind of fish) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Allied to, or resembling, the genus Centriscus, of which the bellows fish is an example.

Cen•tro•bar´ic , a. [Gr. a treatise of Archimedes on finding the center of gravity, fr. gravitating toward the center; center + weight.] Relating to the center of gravity, or to the process of finding it. Centrobaric method (Math.), a process invented for the purpose of measuring the area or the volume generated by the rotation of a line or surface about a fixed axis, depending upon the principle that every figure formed by the revolution of a line or surface about such an axis has for measure the product of the line or surface by the length of the path of its center of gravity; — sometimes called theorem of Pappus, also incorrectly, Guldinus’s properties. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus.

Cen´trode , n. (Kinematics) In two figures having relative motion, one of the two curves which are the loci of the instantaneous center.

Cen´troid , n. [L. centrum + -oid.] The center of mass, inertia, or gravity of a body or system of bodies.

Cen•tro•lec´i•thal , a. [Gr. center + yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Having the food yolk placed at the center of the ovum, segmentation being either regular or unequal. Balfour.

Cen•tro•lin´e•ad , n. An instrument for drawing lines through a point, or lines converging to a center.

Cen•tro•lin´e•al , a. [L. centrum + linea line.] Converging to a center; — applied to lines drawn so as to meet in a point or center.

Cen´tro•some , n. [Gr. center + - the body.] (Biol.) A peculiar rounded body lying near the nucleus of a cell. It is regarded as the dynamic element by means of which the machinery of cell division is organized.

Cen•tro•stal´tic , a. [Gr. center + checking.] (Physiol.) A term applied to the action of nerve force in the spinal center. Marshall Hall.

Cen´trum , n.; pl. E. Centrums (#), L. Centra (#). [L., center.] (Anat.) The body, or axis, of a vertebra. See Vertebra.

Cen´try , n. See Sentry. [Obs.] Gray.

Cen•tum´vir , n.; pl. Centumviri (#). [L., fr. centum hundred + Vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) One of a court of about one hundred judges chosen to try civil suits. Under the empire the court was increased to 180, and met usually in four sections.

Cen•tum´vi•ral , a. [L. centumvitalis.] Of or pertaining to the centumviri, or to a centumvir.

Cen•tum´vi•rate , n. [Cf. F. centumvirat.] The office of a centumvir, or of the centumviri.

Cen´tu•ple , a. [L. centuplex; centum + plicare to fold; cf. F. centuple.] Hundredfold.

Cen´tu•ple, v. t. To increase a hundredfold.

Cen•tu´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centuplicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Centuplicating.] [L. centuplicare. See Centuple, a.] To make a hundredfold; to repeat a hundred times. [R.] Howell.

Cen•tu´ri•al , a. [L. See Century.] Of or pertaining to a century; as a centurial sermon. [R.]

Cen•tu´ri•ate , a. [L. centuriatus, p. p. of centuriare to divide (men) into centuries.] Pertaining to, or divided into, centuries or hundreds. [R.] Holland.

Cen•tu´ri•ate , v. t. [See century.] To divide into hundreds. [Obs.] { Cen•tu´ri•a•tor , Cen´tu•rist } n. [Cf. F. centuriateur.] An historian who distinguishes time by centuries, esp. one of those who wrote the ´Magdeburg Centuries.´ See under Century. [R.]

Cen•tu´ri•on , n. [L. centurio, fr. centuria; cf. F. centurion. See Century.] (Rom. Hist.) A military officer who commanded a minor division of the Roman army; a captain of a century. “A centurion of the hand called the Italian band.
Acts x. 1.”

Cen´tu•ry , n.; pl. Centuries (#). [L. centuria (in senses 1 & 3), fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centurie. See Cent.] 1. A hundred; as a century of sonnets; an aggregate of a hundred things. [Archaic.] “And on it said a century of prayers.
Shak.” 2. A period of a hundred years; as this event took place over two centuries ago. Century, in the reckoning of time, although often used in a general way of any series of hundred consecutive years (as a century of temperance work), usually signifies a division of the Christian era, consisting of a period of one hundred years ending with the hundredth year from which it is named; as the first century (a. d. 1-100 inclusive); the seventh century (a.d. 601- 700); the eighteenth century (a.d. 1701- 1800). With words or phrases connecting it with some other system of chronology it is used of similar division of those eras; as the first century of Rome (A.U.C. 1-100). 3. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A division of the Roman people formed according to their property, for the purpose of voting for civil officers. (b) One of sixty companies into which a legion of the army was divided. It was Commanded by a centurion. Century plant (Bot.), the Agave Americana, formerly supposed to flower but once in a century; — hence the name. See Agave. — The Magdeburg Centuries, an ecclesiastical history of the first thirteen centuries, arranged in thirteen volumes, compiled in the 16th century by Protestant scholars at Magdeburg.

Ce•pev´o•rous , a. [L. cepa an onion + varare to devour.] Feeding upon onions. [R.] Sterling.

Ceph´a•lad , adv. [Gr. kefalh• head + L. ad toward.] (Zoöl.) Forwards; towards the head or anterior extremity of the body; opposed to caudad. { Ceph•a•lal´gi•a , Ceph´a•lal•gy , } n. [L. cephalalgia, Gr. ; + pain: cf. F. cephalalgie.] (Med.) Pain in the head; headache.

Ceph•a•lal´gic , a. [L. cephalalgicus, Gr. .] (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, headache. — n. A remedy for the headache.

Ceph•a•lan´thi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + flower.] (Bot.) Same as Anthodium.

Ceph•a•las´pis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + a shield.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil ganoid fishes found in the old red sandstone or Devonian formation. The head is large, and protected by a broad shield-shaped helmet prolonged behind into two lateral points.

Ceph•a•la´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Mollusca, including all except the bivalves; — so called because the head is distinctly developed. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ceph´a•late , a. (Zoöl.) Having a head.

Ce•phal´ic , a. [L. cephalicus, Gr. , fr. kefalh• head: cf. F. cephalique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the head. See the Note under Anterior. Cephalic index (Anat.), the ratio of the breadth of the cranium to the length, which is taken as the standard, and equal to 100; the breadth index. — Cephalic vein, a large vein running from the back of the head alond the arm; — so named because the ancients used to open it for disorders of the head. Dunglison.

Ce•pha´lic, n. A medicine for headache, or other disorder in the head.

Ceph•a•li´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + -itis.] (Med.) Same as Phrenitis.

Ceph•a•li•za´tion , n. Domination of the head in animal life as expressed in the physical structure; localization of important organs or parts in or near the head, in animal development. Dana.

Ceph´a•lo- [Gr. kefalh• head.] A combining form denoting the head, of the head, connected with the head; as cephalosome, cephalopod.

Ceph•a•lo•cer´cal , a. [Cephalo- + Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) Relating to the long axis of the body.

Ceph´a•loid , a. [Cephalo- + -oid.] Shaped like the head. Craing.

Ceph•a•lol´o•gy , n. [Cephalo- + -logy.] The science which treats of the head.

Ceph´a•lo•mere , n. [Cephalo- + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the somites (arthromeres) which make up the head of arthropods. Packard.

Ceph•a•lom´e•ter , n. [Cephalo- + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument measuring the dimensions of the head of a fetus during delivery.

Ceph´a•lon , n. (Zoöl.) The head.

Ceph•a•loph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + to bear.] (Zoöl.) The cephalata. { Ceph´a•lo•pod , Ceph´a•lo•pode }, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cephalopoda.

Ceph•a•lop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., gr. Gr. kefalh• head + -poda: cf. F. cephalopode.] (Zoöl.) The highest class of Mollusca. They have, around the front of the head, a group of elongated muscular arms, which are usually furnished with prehensile suckers or hooks. The head is highly developed, with large, well organized eyes and ears, and usually with a cartilaginous brain case. The higher forms, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopi, swim rapidly by ejecting a jet of water from the tubular siphon beneath the head. They have a pair of powerful horny jaws shaped like a parrot’s beak, and a bag of inklike fluid which they can eject from the siphon, thus clouding the water in order to escape from their enemies. They are divided into two orders, the Dibranchiata, having two gills and eight or ten sucker-bearing arms, and the Tetrabranchiata, with four gills and numerous arms without suckers. The latter are all extinct except the Nautilus. See Octopus, Squid, Nautilus. { Ceph•a•lo•pod´ic , Ceph•a•lop´o•dous , } a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or resembling, the cephalopods.

Ceph•a•lop´te•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + wing.] (Zoöl.) One of the generic names of the gigantic ray (Manta birostris), known as devilfish and sea devil. It is common on the coasts of South Carolina, Florida, and farther south. Some of them grow to enormous size, becoming twenty feet of more across the body, and weighing more than a ton.

Ceph´a•lo•some , n. [Cephalo- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The anterior region or head of insects and other arthropods. Packard.

Ceph´a•lo•style , n. [Cephalo- + Gr. a pillar.] (Anat.) The anterior end of the notochord and its bony sheath in the base of cartilaginous crania.

Ceph•a•lo•tho´rax , n. [Cephalo- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) The anterior portion of any one of the Arachnida and higher Crustacea, consisting of the united head and thorax.

Ceph´a•lo•tome , n. [Cephalo- + Gr. to cut.] (Med.) An instrument for cutting into the fetal head, to facilitate delivery.

Ceph•a•lot´o•my , n. 1. Dissection or opening of the head. 2. (Med.) Craniotomy; — usually applied to bisection of the fetal head with a saw.

Ceph´a•lo•tribe , n. [Cephalo- + Gr. to rub, grind.] An obstetrical instrument for performing cephalotripsy.

Ceph´a•lo•trip•sy , n. [See Cephalotribe.] (Med.) The act or operation of crushing the head of a fetus in the womb in order to effect delivery.

Ceph•a•lot´ro•cha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + wheel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of annelid larva with a circle of cilia around the head.

Ceph´a•lous , a. [Gr. kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) Having a head; — applied chiefly to the Cephalata, a division of mollusks.

Ce´pheus , n. (Astron.) A northern constellation near the pole. Its head, which is in the Milky Way, is marked by a triangle formed by three stars of the fourth magnitude. See Cassiopeia.

Ce•ra´ceous , a. [L. cera wax.] Having the texture and color of new wax; like wax; waxy.

Ce•ra´go , n. [L. cera wax.] Beebread.

Ce•ram´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. earthenware. Cf. Keramic.] Of or pertaining to pottery; relating to the art of making earthenware; as ceramic products; ceramic ornaments for ceilings.

Ce•ram´ics , n. [See Ceramic.] 1. The art of making things of baked clay; as pottery, tiles, etc. 2. pl. Work formed of clay in whole or in part, and baked; as vases, urns, etc. Knight.

Ce•rar´gy•rite (se•rär´jy•rit), n. [Gr. ke•ras horn + ’a•rgyros silver.] (Min.) Native silver chloride, a mineral of a white to pale yellow or gray color, darkening on exposure to the light. It may be cut by a knife, like lead or horn (hence called horn silver).

Cer´a•sin , n. (Chem.) A white amorphous substance, the insoluble part of cherry gum; — called also meta-arabinic acid. 2. (Chem.) A gummy mucilaginous substance; — called also bassorin, tragacanthin, etc.

Ce•ras´i•nous , a. 1. Pertaining to, or containing, cerasin. 2. Of a cherry color.

Ce•ras´tes , n. [L., a horned serpent, fr. Gr. kera•sths horned, fr. ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A genus of poisonous African serpents, with a horny scale over each eye; the horned viper.

Ce´rate , n. [L. ceratum, ceratm, fr. cera wax.] (Med.) An unctuous preparation for external application, of a consistence intermediate between that of an ointment and a plaster, so that it can be spread upon cloth without the use of heat, but does not melt when applied to the skin. Cerate consists essentially of wax (for which resin or spermaceti is sometimes substituted) mixed with oil, lard, and various medicinal ingredients. The cerate (formerly called simple cerate) of the United States Pharmacopoeia is a mixture of three parts of white wax and seven parts of lard.

Ce´ra•ted , p. a. [L. ceratus, p. p. of cerare to wax, fr. cera wax.] Covered with wax.

Cer´a•tine , a. [Gr. the fallacy called ´the horns.´ fr. ke•ras a horn.] (Logic.) Sophistical.

Cer•a•to•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, ke•ratos, horn + bra•gchia, n. pl., gills.] (Zoöl.) A group of nudibranchiate Mollusca having on the back papilliform or branched organs serving as gills.

Cer•a•to•bran´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the bone, or cartilage, below the epibranchial in a branchial arch. — n. A ceratobranchial bone, or cartilage.

Ce•rat´o•dus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, ke•ratos horn + tooth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ganoid fishes, of the order Dipnoi, first known as Mesozoic fossil fishes; but recently two living species have been discovered in Australian rivers. They have lungs so well developed that they can leave the water and breathe in air. In Australia they are called salmon and baramunda. See Dipnoi, and Archipterygium.

Cer•a•to•hy´al , a. [Gr. ke•ras horn + the letter &UPSILON;.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the bone, or cartilage, below the epihyal in the hyoid arch. — n. A ceratohyal bone, or cartilage, which, in man, forms one of the small horns of the hyoid.

Cer•a•to•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras a horn + lizard.] (Paleon.) A carnivorous American Jurassic dinosaur allied to the European Megalosaurus. The animal was nearly twenty feet in length, and the skull bears a bony horn core on the united nasal bones. See Illustration in Appendix.

Cer•a•to•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, ke•ratos horn + sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges in which the skeleton consists of horny fibers. It includes all the commercial sponges.

Ce•rau´nics , n. [Gr. thunder and lightning.] That branch of physics which treats of heat and electricity. R. Park.

Ce•rau´no•scope , n. [Gr. thunder and lightning + -scope.] An instrument or apparatus employed in the ancient mysteries to imitate thunder and lightning. T. Moore.

Cer•be´re•an , a. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, Cerberus. [Written also Cerberian.] “With wide Cerberean mouth.
Milton.”

Cer´be•rus , n. [L. Cerberus (in sense 1), gr. .] 1. (Class. Myth.) A monster, in the shape of a three-headed dog, guarding the entrance into the infernal regions, Hence: Any vigilant custodian or guardian, esp. if surly. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of East Indian serpents, allied to the pythons; the bokadam.

Cer´cal , a. [Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tail.

Cer•ca´ri•a , n.; pl. Cercarle [NL., fr. Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) The larval form of a trematode worm having the shape of a tadpole, with its body terminated by a tail-like appendage.

Cer•ca´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, the Cercariae. — n. One of the Cercariae.

Cer´co•pod , n. [Gr. tail + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the jointed antenniform appendages of the posterior somites of certain insects. Packard.

Cer´cus , n.; pl. Cerci . [NL., fr. Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) See Cercopod.

Cere , n. [L. cera wax: cf. F. cire.] (Zoöl.) The soft naked sheath at the base of the beak of birds of prey, parrots, and some other birds. See Beak.

Cere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cered p. pr. & vb. n. Cering.] [L. cerare, fr. cera wax: cf. F. cirer.] To wax; to cover or close with wax. Wiseman.

Ce´re•al , a. [L. Cerealis pert. to Ceres, and hence, to agriculture. See Ceres.] Of or pertaining to the grasses which are cultivated for their edible seeds (as wheat, maize, rice, etc.), or to their seeds or grain.

Ce´re•al n. Any grass cultivated for its edible grain, or the grain itself; — usually in the plural.

Ce•re•a´li•a , n. pl. [L. See Cereal.] 1. (Antiq.) Public festivals in honor of Ceres. 2. The cereals. Crabb.

Ce´re•a•lin , n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance closely resembling diastase, obtained from bran, and possessing the power of converting starch into dextrin, sugar, and lactic acid. Watts.

Cer´e•bel, n. The cerebellum. Derham. { Cer•e•bel´lar , Cer•e•bel´lous } a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cerebellum.

Cer•e•bel´lum , n.; pl. E. Cerebellums , L. Cerebella . [L., dim. of cerebrum brain.] (Anat.) The large lobe of the hind brain in front of and above the medulla; the little brain. It controls combined muscular action. See Brain.

Cer´e•bral , a. [L. cerebrum brain; akin to Gr. ka•ra head: cf. F. cerebral. See Cheer.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cerebrum. Cerebral apoplexy. See under Apoplexy.

Cer´e•bral, n. [A false translation of the Skr. murdhanya, lit., head-sounds.] One of a class of lingual consonants in the East Indian languages. See Lingual, n. Prof. W. D. Whitney calls these letters linguals, and this is their usual designation in the United States.

Cer´e•bral•ism , n. (Philos.) The doctrine or theory that psychical phenomena are functions or products of the brain only.

Cer´e•bral•ist, n. One who accepts cerebralism.

Cer´e•brate , v. i. (Physiol.) To exhibit mental activity; to have the brain in action.

Cer•e•bra´tion , n. Action of the brain, whether conscious or unconscious.

Cer´e•bric , a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the brain. Cerebric acid (Physiol. Chem.), a name formerly sometimes given to cerebrin.

Cer•e•bric´i•ty , n. Brain power. [R.]

Ce•reb´ri•form , a. [Cerebrum + -form.] Like the brain in form or substance.

Cer•e•brif´u•gal , a. [Cerebrum + L. fugere to flee.] (Physiol.) Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the brain to the spinal cord, and so transfer cerebral impulses (centrifugal impressions) outwards.

Cer´e•brin , n. [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nonphosphorized, nitrogenous substance, obtained from brain and nerve tissue by extraction with boiling alcohol. It is uncertain whether it exists as such in nerve tissue, or is a product of the decomposition of some more complex substance.

Cer•e•brip´e•tal , a. [Cerebrum + L. petere to seek.] (Physiol.) Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the spinal cord to the brain and so transfer sensations (centripetal impressions) from the exterior inwards.

Cer•e•bri´tis , n. [NL., fr. E. cerebrum + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cerebrum.

Cer´e•broid , a. [Cerebrum + -oid.] Resembling, or analogous to, the cerebrum or brain.

Cer•e•brol´o•gy , n. [Cerebrum + -logy.] The science which treats of the cerebrum or brain.

Cer•e•brop´a•thy , n. [Cerebrum + Gr. suffering.] (Med.) A hypochondriacal condition verging upon insanity, occurring in those whose brains have been unduly taxed; — called also brain fag.

Cer•e•bros´co•py , n. [Cerebrum + -scopy.] (Med.) Examination of the brain for the diagnosis of disease; esp., the act or process of diagnosticating the condition of the brain by examination of the interior of the eye (as with an ophthalmoscope). Buck.

Cer•e•brose´ , n. [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A sugarlike body obtained by the decomposition of the nitrogenous non-phosphorized principles of the brain.

Cer•e•bro-spi´nal , a. [Cerebrum + spinal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Cerebro-spinal fluid (Physiol.), a serous fluid secreted by the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. — Cerebro-spinal meningitis, Cerebro-spinal fever (Med.), a dangerous epidemic, and endemic, febrile disease, characterized by inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, giving rise to severe headaches, tenderness of the back of the neck, paralysis of the ocular muscles, etc. It is sometimes marked by a cutaneous eruption, when it is often called spotted fever. It is not contagious.

Cer´e•brum , n.; pl. E. Cerebrums (#), L. Cerebra (#). [L., the brain.] (Anat.) The anterior, and in man the larger, division of the brain; the seat of the reasoning faculties and the will. See Brain.

Cere´cloth , n. [L. cera wax + E. cloth.] A cloth smeared with melted wax, or with some gummy or glutinous matter. “Linen, besmeared with gums, in manner of cerecloth.
Bacon.”

Cere´ment , n. [L. cera wax: cf. F. cirement.] (a) A cerecloth used for the special purpose of enveloping a dead body when embalmed. (b) Any shroud or wrapping for the dead.

Cer•e•mo´ni•al , a. [L. caerimonialis: cf. F. cerimonial. See Ceremony.] 1. Relating to ceremony, or external rite; ritual; according to the forms of established rites. “Ceremonial observances and outward show.
Hallam.” 2. Observant of forms; ceremonious. [In this sense ceremonious is now preferred.] Donne. “He moves in the dull ceremonial track.
Druden.”

Cer•e•mo´ni•al, n. 1. A system of rules and ceremonies, enjoined by law, or established by custom, in religious worship, social intercourse, or the courts of princes; outward form. “The gorgeous ceremonial of the Burgundian court.
Prescott.” 2. The order for rites and forms in the Roman Catholic church, or the book containing the rules prescribed to be observed on solemn occasions.

Cer•e•mo´ni•al•ism , n. Adherence to external rites; fondness for ceremony.

Cer•e•mo´ni•al•ly, adv. According to rites and ceremonies; as a person ceremonially unclean.

Cer•e•mo´ni•al•ness, n. Quality of being ceremonial.

Cer•e•mo´ni•ous , a. [Cf. F. ceremonieux, L. Caerimoniosus.] 1. Consisting of outward forms and rites; ceremonial. [In this sense ceremonial is now preferred.] “The ceremonious part of His worship.
South.” 2. According to prescribed or customary rules and forms; devoted to forms and ceremonies; formally respectful; punctilious. ´Ceremonious phrases.´ Addison. “Too ceremonious and traditional.
Shak.” Syn. — Formal; precise; exact. See Formal.

Cer•e•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. In a ceremonious way.

Cer•e•mo´ni•ous•ness, n. The quality, or practice, of being ceremonious.

Cer´e•mo•ny , n.; pl. Ceremonies (#). [F. ceremonie, L. caerimonia; perh. akin to E. create and from a root signifying to do or make.] 1. Ar act or series of acts, often of a symbolical character, prescribed by law, custom, or authority, in the conduct of important matters, as in the performance of religious duties, the transaction of affairs of state, and the celebration of notable events; as the ceremony of crowning a sovereign; the ceremonies observed in consecrating a church; marriage and baptismal ceremonies. “According to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof shall ye keep it [the Passover].
Numb. ix. 3” “Bring her up the high altar, that she may
The sacred ceremonies there partake.
Spenser.” “[The heralds] with awful ceremony
And trumpet’s sound, throughout the host proclaim
A solemn council.
Milton.” 2. Behavior regulated by strict etiquette; a formal method of performing acts of civility; forms of civility prescribed by custom or authority. “Ceremony was but devised at first
To set a gloss on … hollow welcomes …
But where there is true friendship there needs none.
Shak.” “Al ceremonies are in themselves very silly things; but yet a man of the world should know them.
Chesterfield.” 3. A ceremonial symbols; an emblem, as a crown, scepter, garland, etc. [Obs.] “Disrobe the images,
If you find them decked with ceremonies.
… Let no images
Be hung with Caesar’s trophies.
Shak.” 4. A sign or prodigy; a portent. [Obs.] “Caesar, I never stood on ceremonies,
Yet, now they fright me.
Shak.” Master of ceremonies, an officer who determines the forms to be observed, or superintends their observance, on a public occasion. — Not to stand on ceremony, not to be ceremonious; to be familiar, outspoken, or bold.

Ce´re•ous , a. [L. cereus, fr. cera was.] Waxen; like wax. [Obs.] Gayton.

Ce´res , n. [L., Ceres, also corn, grain, akin to E. create.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The daughter of Saturn and Ops or Rhea, the goddess of corn and tillage. 2. (Actron.) The first discovered asteroid.

Cer´e•sin , n. [L. cera wax.] (Chem.) A white wax, made by bleaching and purifying ozocerite, and used as a substitute for beeswax.

Ce´re•us , n. [L., a wax candle, fr. cera wax. So named from the resemblance of one species to the columnar shape of a wax candle.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Cactus family. They are natives of America, from California to Chili. Although several species flower in the night, the name Night-blooming cereus is specially applied to the Cereus grandiflorus, which is cultivated for its beautiful, shortlived flowers. The Cereus giganteus, whose columnar trunk is sometimes sixty feet in height, is a striking feature of the scenery of New Mexico, Texas etc.

Cer´i•al , a. Same as Cerrial. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ce•rif´er•ous , a. [L. ra wax + -ferous.] Producing wax.

Ce´rin , n. [L. cera wax + -in: cf. L. cerinus wax-colored.] 1. (Chem.) A waxy substance extracted by alcohol or ether from cork; sometimes applied also to the portion of beeswax which is soluble in alcohol. Watts. 2. (Min.) A variety of the mineral allanite.

Ce•rin´thi•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient religious sect, so called from Cerinthus, a Jew, who attempted to unite the doctrines of Christ with the opinions of the Jews and Gnostics. Hook.

Cer´iph , n. (Type Founding) One of the fine lines of a letter, esp. one of the fine cross strokes at the top and bottom of letters. [Spelt also seriph.] Savage.

Ce•rise´ , a. [F., a cherry. See Cherry.] Cherry-colored; a light bright red; — applied to textile fabrics, especially silk.

Ce´rite , n. [Gr. ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A gastropod shell belonging to the family Cerithiïdae; — so called from its hornlike form.

Ce´rite, n. [From Cherium.] (Min.) A mineral of a brownish of cherry-red color, commonly massive. It is a hydrous silicate of cerium and allied metals.

Ce´ri•um , n. [Named by Berzelius in 1803 from the asteroid Ceres, then just discovered (1801).] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, occurring in the minerals cerite, allanite, monazite, etc. Symbol Ce. Atomic weight 141.5. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. It tarnishes readily in the air.

Cer´nu•ous , a. [L. cernuus with the face turned toward the earth.] (Bot.) Inclining or nodding downward; pendulous; drooping; — said of a bud, flower, fruit, or the capsule of a moss.

Ce´ro , n. [Corrupt. fr. Sp. sierra saw, sawfish, cero.] (Zoöl.) A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, — the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis).

Ce´ro•graph , n. [Gr. khro•s wax + -graph.] A writing on wax. Knight. { Ce•ro•graph´ic , Ce•ro•graph´ic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to cerography.

Ce•rog´ra•phist , n. One who practices cerography.

Ce•rog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. khro•s wax + -graphy.] 1. The art of making characters or designs in, or with, wax. 2. A method of making stereotype plates from inscribed sheets of wax.

Cer´o•lite , n. [Gr. khro•s wax + -lite.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesium, allied to serpentine, occurring in waxlike masses of a yellow or greenish color.

Ce•ro´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. ointment for wrestlers, the place for wrestling, fr. khroy^n to wax over, fr. khro•s wax.] 1. The unguent (a composition of oil and wax) with which wrestlers were anointed among the ancient Romans. 2. (Anc. Arch.) That part of the baths and gymnasia in which bathers and wrestlers anointed themselves. 3. (Zoöl.) The cere of birds.

Cer´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. khro•s wax + -mancy.] Divination by dropping melted wax in water.

Ce•roon´ , n. [See Seroon.] A bale or package. covered with hide, or with wood bound with hide; as a ceroon of indigo, cochineal, etc.

Ce•ro•plas´tic , a. [Gr. for modeling in wax; khro•s wax + to form, mold.] (Fine arts) (a) Relating to the art of modeling in wax. (b) Modeled in wax; as a ceroplastic figure. { Ce•ro•plas´tics , Ce•ro•plas´ty } n. [Gr. (sc. art): cf. F. ceroplastique.] The art of modeling in wax.

Cer´o•sin , n. [L. cera wax.] (Chem.) A waxy substance obtained from the bark of the sugar cane, and crystallizing in delicate white laminae.

Ce´rote , n. [Obs.] See Cerate.

Cer´o•tene , n. [L. cerotum a pomade. See Cerate.] (Chem.) A white waxy solid obtained from Chinese wax, and by the distillation of cerotin.

Ce•rot´ic , a. [See Cerotene.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, beeswax or Chinese wax; as cerotic acid or alcohol.

Cer´o•tin , n. [See Cerotene.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C_27H_55.OH, obtained from Chinese wax, and regarded as an alcohol of the marsh gas series; — called also cerotic alcohol, ceryl alcohol.

Cer´ri•al , a. [L. cerreus, fr. cerrus a kind of oak.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the cerris. “Chaplets green of cerrial oak.
Dryden.”

Cer´ris , n. [L. cerrus.] (Bot.) A species of oak (Quercus cerris) native in the Orient and southern Europe; — called also bitter oak and Turkey oak.

Cer´tain , a. [F. certain, fr. (assumed) LL. certanus, fr. L. certus determined, fixed, certain, orig. p. p. of cernere to perceive, decide, determine; akin to Gr. to decide, separate, and to E. concern, critic, crime, riddle a sieve, rinse, v.] 1. Assured in mind; having no doubts; free from suspicions concerning. “To make her certain of the sad event.
Dryden.” “I myself am certain of you.
Wyclif.” 2. Determined; resolved; — used with an infinitive. “However, I with thee have fixed my lot,
Certain to undergo like doom.
Milton.” 3. Not to be doubted or denied; established as a fact. “The dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.
Dan. ii. 45.” 4. Actually existing; sure to happen; inevitable. “Virtue that directs our ways
Through certain dangers to uncertain praise.
Dryden.” “Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all.
Shak.” 5. Unfailing; infallible. “I have often wished that I knew as certain a remedy for any other distemper.
Mead.” 6. Fixed or stated; regular; determinate. “The people go out and gather a certain rate every day.
Ex. xvi. 4.” 7. Not specifically named; indeterminate; indefinite; one or some; — sometimes used independenty as a noun, and meaning certain persons. “It came to pass when he was in a certain city.
Luke. v. 12.” “About everything he wrote there was a certain natural grace und decorum.
Macaulay.” For certain, assuredly. — Of a certain, certainly. Syn. — Bound; sure; true; undeniable; unquestionable; undoubted; plain; indubitable; indisputable; incontrovertible; unhesitating; undoubting; fixed; stated.

Cer´tain, n. 1. Certainty. [Obs.] Gower. 2. A certain number or quantity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cer´tain, adv. Certainly. [Obs.] Milton.

Cer´tain•ly, adv. Without doubt or question; unquestionably.

Cer´tain•ness, n. Certainty.

Cer´tain•ty , n.; pl. Certainties (#). [OF. certainete.] 1. The quality, state, or condition, of being certain. “The certainty of punishment is the truest security against crimes.
Fisher Ames.” 2. A fact or truth unquestionable established. “Certainties are uninteresting and sating.
Landor.” 3. (Law) Clearness; freedom from ambiguity; lucidity. Of a certainty, certainly.

Cer´tes , adv. [F. certes, for à certes, fr. L. certus. See Certain.] Certainly; in truth; verily. [Archaic] “Certes it great pity was to see
Him his nobility so foul deface.
Spenser.”

Cer•tif´i•cate , n. [F. certificat, fr. LL. certificatus made certain, p. p. of certificare. See tify.] 1. A written testimony to the truth of any fact; as certificate of good behavior. 2. A written declaration legally authenticated. Trial by certificate, a trial which the testimony of the person certifying is the only proper criterion of the point in dispute; as when the issue is whether a person was absent in the army, this is tried by the certificate of the proper officer in writing, under his seal. Blackstone.

Cer•tif´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certificated; p. pr. & vb. n. Certificating.] [See Certify.] 1. To verify or vouch for by certificate. 2. To furnish with a certificate; as to certificate the captain of a vessel; a certificated teacher.

Cer•ti•fi•ca´tion , n.[L. certificatio: cf. F. certification.] The act of certifying.

Cer´ti•fi•er , n. One who certifies or assures.

Cer´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certified p. pr. & vb. n. Certifying.] [F. certifier, LL. certificare; L. certus certain + facere to make. See Certain, and cf. Certificate, v. t.] 1. To give cetain information to; to assure; to make certain. “We certify the king, that … thou shalt have no portion on this side the river.
Ezra iv. 16.” 2. To give certain information of; to make certain, as a fact; to verify. Hammond. “The industry of science at once certifies and greatly extends our knowledge of the vastness of the creation.
I. Taylor.” 3. To testify to in writing; to make a declaration concerning, in writing, under hand, or hand and seal. “The judges shall certify their opinion to the chancellor, and upon such certificate the decree is usually founded.
Blackstone.” Certified check, A bank check, the validity of which is certified by the bank on which it is drawn.

Cer•ti•o•ra´ri , n. [So named from the emphatic word certiorari in the Latin form of the writ, which read certiorar volumus we wish to be certified.] (Law) A writ issuing out of chancery, or a superior court, to call up the records of a inferior court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that errors and irregularities may be corrected. It is obtained upon complaint of a party that he has not received justice, or can not have an impartial trial in the inferior court. A certiorari is the correct process to remove the proceedings of a court in which cases are tried in a manner different from the course of the common law, as of county commissioners. It is also used as an auxiliary process in order to obtain a full return to some other process. Bouvier.

Cer´ti•tude , n. [LL. certitudo, fr. L. certus: cf. F. certitude. See Certain.] Freedom from doubt; assurance; certainty. J. H. Newman.

Cer´ule , a. [L. caerulus, eguiv. to caeruleus.] Blue; cerulean. [Obs.] Dyer.

Ce•ru´le•an , a. [L. caeruleus.] Sky-colored; blue; azure. Cowper. “Blue, blue, as if that sky let fall” “A flower from its cerulean wall.
Bryant.”

Ce•ru´le•ous , a. Cerulean. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Cer•u•lif´ic , a. [L. caerulus dark blue + facere to make.] Producing a blue or sky color. [R.]

Ce•ru´men , n. [NL., fr. L. cera wax.] (Physiol.) The yellow, waxlike secretion from the glands of the external ear; the earwax.

Ce•ru´mi•nous , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or secreting, cerumen; as the ceruminous glands.

Ce´ruse , n. [F. ceruse, L. cerussa.] 1. White lead, used as a pigment. See White lead, under White. 2. A cosmetic containing white lead. “To distinguish ceruse from natural bloom.
Macaulay.” 3. (Min.) The native carbonate of lead.

Ce´rused , a. Washed with a preparation of white lead; as cerused face. Beau. & Fl. { Ce´ru•site , Ce´rus•site } n. (Min.) Native lead carbonate; a mineral occurring in colorless, white, or yellowish transparent crystals, with an adamantine, also massive and compact.

Cer´van•tite , n. [Named from Cervantes a town in Spain.] (Min.) See under Antimony.

Cer´ve•lat , n. [F.] (Mus.) An ancient wind instrument, resembling the bassoon in tone.

Cer´vi•cal, a. [L. cervix, -icis, neck: cf. F. cervical.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the neck; as the cervical vertebrae.

Cer´vi•cide , n. [L. cervus deer + caedere to kill.] The act of killing deer; deer-slaying. [R.]

Cer´vine , a. [L. cervinus, fr. cervus deer: cf. F. cervin.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the deer, or to the family Cervidae.

Cer´vix , n.; pl. E. Cervixes (#), L. Cervices (#). [L.] (Anat.) The neck; also the necklike portion of any part, as of the womb. See Illust. of Bird.

Cer´vus , n. [L., a deer.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminants, including the red deer and other allied species. Formerly all species of deer were included in the genus Cervus.

Ce´ryl , n. [L. cera wax + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, C_27H_55 supposed to exist in several compounds obtained from Chinese wax, beeswax, etc. { Ce•sa´re•an , Ce•sa´ri•an } a. Same as Caesarean, Caesarian.

Ce´sar•ism , n. See Caesarism.

Ces´pi•tine , n. [L. caespes, caespitis, a turf.] An oil obtained by distillation of peat, and containing various members of the pyridine series.

Ces´pi•ti•tious , a. [L. caespiticius, fr. caespes turf.] Same as Cespitious. [R.] Gough.

Ces´pi•tose , a. [L. caespes turf.] (Bot.) Having the form a piece of turf, i. e., many stems from one rootstock or from many entangled rootstocks or roots. [Written also caespitose.]

Ces´pi•tous , a. [See Cespitose.] Pertaining to, consisting, of resembling, turf; turfy. “A cespitous or turfy plant has many stems from the same root, usually forming a close, thick carpet of matting.
Martyn.”

Cess , n. [For sess, conts. from Assess.] 1. A rate or tax. [Obs. or Prof. Eng. & Scot.] Spenser. 2. Bound; measure. [Obs.] “The poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all cess.
Shak.”

Cess, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cessed p. pr. & vb. n. Cessing.] To rate; to tax; to assess. Spenser.

Cess, v. i. [F. cesser. See Cease.] To cease; to neglect. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ces´sant a. [L. cessans, p. pr. of cessare. See Cease.] Inactive; dormant [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Ces•sa´tion (ses•sa´shun), n. [F. cessation, L. cessatio, fr. cessare. See Cease.] A ceasing or discontinuance, as of action, whether temporary or final; a stop; as a cessation of the war. “The temporary cessation of the papal iniquities.
Motley.” “The day was yearly observed for a festival by cessation from labor.
Sir J. Hayward.” Cessation of arms (Mil.), an armistice, or truce, agreed to by the commanders of armies, to give time for a capitulation, or for other purposes. Syn. — Stop; rest; stay; pause; discontinuance; intermission; interval; respite; interruption; recess; remission.

Ces•sa´vit , n. [L., he has ceased.] [O. Eng. Law] A writ given by statute to recover lands when the tenant has for two years failed to perform the conditions of his tenure.

Ces´ser , n. [From Cess, v. i.] (Law) a neglect of a tenant to perform services, or make payment, for two years.

Ces´si•ble , a. [Cf. F. cessible. See Cession.] Giving way; yielding. [Obs.] — Ces•si•bil´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

Ces´sion , n. [L. cessio, fr. cedere to give way: cf. F. Cession. See Cede.] 1. A yielding to physical force. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Concession; compliance. [Obs.] 3. A yielding, or surrender, as of property or rights, to another person; the act of ceding. “A cession of the island of New Orleans.
Bancroft.” 4. (Eccl. Law) The giving up or vacating a benefice by accepting another without a proper dispensation. 5. (Civil Law) The voluntary surrender of a person’s effects to his creditors to avoid imprisonment.

Ces´sion•a•ry , a. [LL. cessionarius, from cessionare to cede, fr. L. cessio: cf. F. cessionnaire. See Cession.] Having surrendered the effects; as a cessionary bankrupt. Martin.

Cess´ment , n. [From Cess, v. t.] An assessment or tax. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ces´sor , n. [From Cess, v. i. Cf. Cesser.] (Law) One who neglects, for two years, to perform the service by which he holds lands, so that he incurs the danger of the writ of cessavit. See Cessavit. Cowell.

Ces´sor, n. [From Cess, v. t.] An assessor. [Obs.]

Cess´pipe (ses´pip•), n. A pipe for carrying off waste water, etc., from a sink or cesspool. Knight.

Cess´pool (-pool•), n. [See Sesspol.] A cistern in the course, or the termination, of a drain, to collect sedimentary or superfluous matter; a privy vault; any receptacle of filth. [Written also sesspool.]

Cest (sest), n. [L. cestus: cf. OF. ceste.] A woman’s girdle; a cestus. [R.] Collins.

Ces´tode (ses´tod), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. — n. One of the Cestoidea.

Ces´toid (ses´toid), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. — n. One of the Cestoidea.

Ces•toid´e•a (ses•toid´e•a), n. pl. [NL., gr. Gr. kesto•s girdle + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A class of parasitic worms (Platelminthes) of which the tapeworms are the most common examples. The body is flattened, and usually but not always long, and composed of numerous joints or segments, each of which may contain a complete set of male and female reproductive organs. They have neither mouth nor intestine. See Tapeworm. [Written also Cestoda.]

Ces•told´e•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cestoidea.

Ces•tra´ci•ont , n. [Gr. a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A shark of the genus Cestracion, and of related genera. The posterior teeth form a pavement of bony plates for crushing shellfish. Most of the species are extinct. The Port Jackson shark and a similar one found in California are living examples.

Ces•tra´ci•ont, a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the genus Cestracion.

Ces´tus , n. [L. cestus girdle, Gr. , lit., stitched, embroidered.] 1. (Antiq.) A girdle; particularly that of Aphrodite (or Venus) which gave the wearer the power of exciting love. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of Ctenophora. The typical species (Cestus Veneris) is remarkable for its brilliant iridescent colors, and its long, girdlelike form.

Ces´tus, n. [L. caestus, and cestus.] (Antiq.) A covering for the hands of boxers, made of leather bands, and often loaded with lead or iron. { Ces´tuy Ces´tui } pron. [Norm. F.] (Law) He; the one. Cestuy que trust [norm. F.], a person who has the equitable and beneficial interest in property, the legal interest in which is vested in a trustee. Wharton. — Cestuy que use [Norm. F.], a person for whose use land, etc., is granted to another.

Ce•su´ra , n. See Caesura.

Ce•su´ral , a. See Caesural.

Ce•ta´ce•a , n. pl. [NL., from L. cetus whale, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) An order of marine mammals, including the whales. Like ordinary mammals they breathe by means of lungs, and bring forth living young which they suckle for some time. The anterior limbs are changed to paddles; the tail flukes are horizontal. There are two living suborders: (a) The Mysticete or whalebone whales, having no true teeth after birth, but with a series of plates of whalebone [see Baleen.] hanging down from the upper jaw on each side, thus making a strainer, through which they receive the small animals upon which they feed. (b) The Denticete, including the dolphins and sperm whale, which have teeth. Another suborder (Zeuglodontia) is extinct. The Sirenia were formerly included in the Cetacea, but are now made a separate order.

Ce•ta´cean , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cetacea.

Ce•ta´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cetacea.

Ce´te , n. [L., pl.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cetacea, or collectively, the Cetacea.

Ce´tene , n. [See Cete.] (Chem.) An oily hydrocarbon, C_16H_32, of the ethylene series, obtained from spermaceti.

Cet´e•rach , n. [F. ceterac, fr. Ar. shetrak.] (Bot.) A species of fern with fronds (Asplenium Ceterach).

Cet´e•wale , n. [OF. citoal, F. zedoaire. See Zedoary.] Same as Zedoary. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ce´tic , a. Of or pertaining to a whale.

Ce´tin , n. [L. cetus whale.] (Chem.) A white, waxy substance, forming the essential part of spermaceti.

Ce•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to cetology.

Ce•tol´o•gist , a. One versed in cetology.

Ce•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. whale + -logy: cf. F. cetologie.] The description or natural history of cetaceous animals.

Ce•trar´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetaria Islandica). Cetraric acid. See Cetrarin.

Cet´ra•rin , n. [From Cetraria Islandica, the scientific name of Iceland moss.] (Chem.) A white substance extracted from the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetraria Islandica). It consists of several ingredients, among which is cetraric acid, a white, crystalline, bitter substance.

Ce´tyl , n. [Gr. whale + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, C_16H_33, not yet isolated, but supposed to exist in a series of compounds homologous with the ethyl compounds, and derived from spermaceti.

Ce•tyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, spermaceti. Cetylic alcohol (Chem.), a white, waxy, crystalline solid, obtained from spermaceti, and regarded as homologous with ordinary, or ethyl, alcohol; ethal; — called also cetyl alcohol.

Cey´lan•ite , n. [F., fr. Ceylan Ceylon.] (Min.) A dingy blue, or grayish black, variety of spinel. It is also called pleonaste. [Written also ceylonite.]

Cey•lon•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Ceylon. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Ceylon.

C. G. S. An abbreviation for Centimeter, Gram, Second. — applied to a system of units much employed in physical science, based upon the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of weight or mass, and the second as the unit of time.

Chab (chab), n. (Zoöl.) The red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes Carolinus). { Chab´a•site (kab´a•sit), Cab´a•zite (kab´a•zit), } n. [Gr. chabazi•os one of twenty species of stones mentioned in the poem Peri• li•qwn, ascribed to Orpheus.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in glassy rhombohedral crystals, varying in color from white to yellow or red. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also chabasie.

Cha•blis´ (sha•ble´), n. [F.] A white wine made near Chablis, a town in France. { Cha•bouk´ , Cha•buk´ } n. [Hind. chabuk horsewhip.] A long whip, such as is used in the East in the infliction of punishment. Balfour.

Chace , n. See 3d Chase, n., 3.

Chace, v. t. To pursue. See Chase v. t.

Cha•cha•la´ca , n. [Native name, prob. given in imitation of its cry.] (Zoöl.) The Texan guan (Ortalis vetula). [written also chiacalaca.]

Chack (chak), v. i. To toss up the head frequently, as a horse to avoid the restraint of the bridle.

Chac´ma , n. [Native name.] A large species of African baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius); — called also ursine baboon. [See Illust. of Baboon.]

Cha•conne´ , n. [F., fr. Sp. chacona.] (Mus.) An old Spanish dance in moderate three-four measure, like the Passacaglia, which is slower. Both are used by classical composers as themes for variations.

Chad (shad), n. See Shad. [Obs.]

Chae•te´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hair.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fossil corals, common in the lower Silurian limestones.

Chae•tif´er•ous , a. [Gr. hair + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing setae.

Chae´to•dont , n. [Gr. hair + , , tooth.] (Zoöl.) A marine fish of the family Chaetodontidae. The chaetodonts have broad, compressed bodies, and usually bright colors.

Chaeto•dont, a. Of or pertaining to the Chaetodonts or the family Chaetodontidae.

Chae´tog•nath , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chaetognatha.

Chae•tog´na•tha , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. hair + jaw.] (Zoöl) An order of free-swimming marine worms, of which the genus Sagitta is the type. They have groups of curved spines on each side of the head.

Chae´to•pod , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Chaetopoda. — n. One of the Chaetopoda.

Chae•top´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. hair + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A very extensive order of Annelida, characterized by the presence of lateral setae, or spines, on most or all of the segments. They are divided into two principal groups: Oligochaeta, including the earthworms and allied forms, and Polychaeta, including most of the marine species.

Chae´to•tax•y , n. [Gr. hair + arrangement.] (Zoöl.) The arrangement of bristles on an insect.

Chafe (chaf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chafed (chaft); p pr. & vb. n. Chafing.] [OE. chaufen to warm, OF. chaufer, F. chauffer, fr. L. calefacere, calfacere, to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make. See Caldron.] 1. To excite heat in by friction; to rub in order to stimulate and make warm. “To rub her temples, and to chafe her skin.
Spenser.” 2. To excite passion or anger in; to fret; to irritate. “Her intercession chafed him.
Shak.” 3. To fret and wear by rubbing; as to chafe a cable. “Two slips of parchment which she sewed round it to prevent its being chafed.
Sir W. Scott.” Syn. — To rub; fret; gall; vex; excite; inflame.

Chafe, v. i. To rub; to come together so as to wear by rubbing; to wear by friction. “Made its great boughs chafe together.
Longfellow.” “The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores.
Shak.” 2. To be worn by rubbing; as a cable chafes. 3. To have a feeling of vexation; to be vexed; to fret; to be irritated. Spenser. “He will chafe at the doctor’s marrying my daughter.
Shak.”

Chafe, n. 1. Heat excited by friction. 2. Injury or wear caused by friction. 3. Vexation; irritation of mind; rage. “The cardinal in a chafe sent for him to Whitehall.
Camden.”

Chaf´er , n. 1. One who chafes. 2. A vessel for heating water; — hence, a dish or pan. “A chafer of water to cool the ends of the irons.
Baker.”

Chaf´er, n. [AS. ceafor; akin to D. kever, G këfer.] (Zoöl.) A kind of beetle; the cockchafer. The name is also applied to other species; as the rose chafer.

Chaf´er•y , n. [See Chafe, v. t.] (Iron Works) An open furnace or forge, in which blooms are heated before being wrought into bars. { Chafe´wax• , or Chaff´wax• } n. (Eng. Law) Formerly a chancery officer who fitted wax for sealing writs and other documents.

Chafe´weed , n. (Bot.) The cudweed (Gnaphalium), used to prevent or cure chafing.

Chaff , n. [AC. ceaf; akin to D. kaf, G. kaff.] 1. The glumes or husks of grains and grasses separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing, etc. “So take the corn and leave the chaff behind.
Dryden.” “Old birds are not caught with caff.
Old Proverb.” 2. Anything of a comparatively light and worthless character; the refuse part of anything. “The chaff and ruin of the times.
Shak.” 3. Straw or hay cut up fine for the food of cattle. “By adding chaff to his corn, the horse must take more time to eat it. In this way chaff is very useful.
Ywatt.” 4. Light jesting talk; banter; raillery. 5. (Bot.) The scales or bracts on the receptacle, which subtend each flower in the heads of many Compositae, as the sunflower. Gray. Chaff cutter, a machine for cutting, up straw, etc., into ´chaff´ for the use of cattle.

Chaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffed p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffing.] To use light, idle language by way of fun or ridicule; to banter.

Chaff, v. t. To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by addressing in ironical or bantering language; to quiz. “Morgan saw that his master was chaffing him.
Thackeray.” “A dozen honest fellows … chaffed each other about their sweethearts.
C. Kingsley.”

Chaff´er, n. One who chaffs.

Chaf´fer , n. [OE. chaffare, cheapfare; AS. ceáp a bargain, price + faru a journey; hence, originally, a going to barain, to market. See Cheap, and Fare.] Bargaining; merchandise. [Obs.] Holished.

Chaf´fer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffered p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffering.] [OE. chaffaren, fr. chaffare, chapfare, cheapfare, a bargaining. See Chaffer, n.] 1. To treat or dispute about a purchase; to bargain; to haggle or higgle; to negotiate. “To chaffer for preferments with his gold.
Dryden.” 2. To talk much and idly; to chatter. Trench.

Chaf´fer, v. t. 1. To buy or sell; to trade in. “He chaffered chairs in which churchmen were set.
Spenser.” 2. To exchange; to bandy, as words. Spenser.

Chaf´fer•er , n. One who chaffers; a bargainer.

Chaf´fern , n. [See Chafe, v. t.] A vessel for heating water. [Obs.] Johnson.

Chaf´fer•y, n. Traffic; bargaining. [Obs.] Spenser.

Chaf´finch , n. [Cf. Chiff- chaff.] (Zoöl.) A bird of Europe (Fringilla cœlebs), having a variety of very sweet songs, and highly valued as a cage bird; — called also copper finch.

Chaff´ing , n. The use of light, frivolous language by way of fun or ridicule; raillery; banter.

Chaff´less, a. Without chaff.

Chaff´y , a. 1. Abounding in, or resembling, chaff. “Chaffy grain beneath the thresher’s flail.
Coleridge.” 2. Light or worthless as chaff. “Slight and chaffy opinion.
Glanvill.” 3. (Bot.) (a) Resembling chaff; composed of light dry scales. (b) Bearing or covered with dry scales, as the under surface of certain ferns, or the disk of some composite flowers.

Chaf´ing , n. [See Chafe, v. t.] The act of rubbing, or wearing by friction; making by rubbing. Chafing dish, a dish or vessel for cooking on the table, or for keeping food warm, either by coals, by a lamp, or by hot water; a portable grate for coals. — Chafing gear (Naut.), any material used to protect sails, rigging, or the like, at points where they are exposed to friction.

Cha•green´ , n. See Shagreen.

Cha•grin´ , n. [F., fr. chagrin shagreen, a particular kind of rough and grained leather; also a rough fishskin used for graters and files; hence (Fig.), a gnawing, corroding grief. See Shagreen.] Vexation; mortification. “I must own that I felt rather vexation and chagrin than hope and satisfaction.
Richard Porson.” “Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin.
Pope.” Syn. — Vexation; mortification; peevishness; fretfulness; disgust; disquiet. Chagrin, Vexation, Mortification. These words agree in the general sense of pain produced by untoward circumstances. Vexation is a feeling of disquietude or irritating uneasiness from numerous causes, such as losses, disappointments, etc. Mortification is a stronger word, and denotes that keen sense of pain which results from wounded pride or humiliating occurrences. Chagrin is literally the cutting pain produced by the friction of Shagreen leather; in its figurative sense, it varies in meaning, denoting in its lower degrees simply a state of vexation, and its higher degrees the keenest sense of mortification. ´Vexation arises chiefly from our wishes and views being crossed: mortification, from our self-importance being hurt; chagrin, from a mixture of the two.´ Crabb.

Cha•grin´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chagrined p. pr. & vb. n. Chargrining.] [Cf. F. chagriner See Chagrin, n.] To excite ill-humor in; to vex; to mortify; as he was not a little chagrined.

Cha•grin´, v. i. To be vexed or annoyed. Fielding.

Cha•grin´, a. Chagrined. Dryden.

Chain , n. [F. chaîne, fr. L. catena. Cf. Catenate.] 1. A series of links or rings, usually of metal, connected, or fitted into one another, used for various purposes, as of support, of restraint, of ornament, of the exertion and transmission of mechanical power, etc. “[They] put a chain of gold about his neck.
Dan. v. 29.” 2. That which confines, fetters, or secures, as a chain; a bond; as the chains of habit. “Driven down
To chains of darkness and the undying worm.
Milton.” 3. A series of things linked together; or a series of things connected and following each other in succession; as a chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas. 4. (Surv.) An instrument which consists of links and is used in measuring land. One commonly in use is Gunter’s chain, which consists of one hundred links, each link being seven inches and ninety-two one hundredths in length; making up the total length of rods, or sixty-six, feet; hence, a measure of that length; hence, also a unit for land measure equal to four rods square, or one tenth of an acre. 5. pl. (Naut.) Iron links bolted to the side of a vessel to bold the dead-eyes connected with the shrouds; also the channels. 6. (Weaving) The warp threads of a web. Knight. Chain belt (Mach.), a belt made of a chain; — used for transmitting power. — Chain boat, a boat fitted up for recovering lost cables, anchors, etc. — Chain bolt (a) (Naut.) The bolt at the lower end of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel’s side. (b) A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it out of position. — Chain bond. See Chain timber. — Chain bridge, a bridge supported by chain cables; a suspension bridge. — Chain cable, a cable made of iron links. — Chain coral (Zoöl.), a fossil coral of the genus Halysites, common in the middle and upper Silurian rocks. The tubular corallites are united side by side in groups, looking in an end view like links of a chain. When perfect, the calicles show twelve septa. — Chain coupling. (a) A shackle for uniting lengths of chain, or connecting a chain with an object. (b) (Railroad) Supplementary coupling together of cars with a chain. — Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. — Chain hook (Naut.), a hook, used for dragging cables about the deck. — Chain mail, flexible, defensive armor of hammered metal links wrought into the form of a garment. — Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a chain, used in the Normal style. - - Chain pier, a pier suspended by chain. — Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers. — Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel’s side, to which the standing rigging is fastened. — Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of its wheel, or projections from it, made to fit the links of a chain. — Chain pumps. See in the Vocabulary. — Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered. — Chain shot (Mil.), two cannon balls united by a shot chain, formerly used in naval warfare on account of their destructive effect on a ship’s rigging. — Chain stitch. See in the Vocabulary. — Chain timber. (Arch.) See Bond timber, under Bond. — Chain wales. (Naut.) Same as Channels. — Chain wheel. See in the Vocabulary. — Closed chain, Open chain (Chem.), terms applied to the chemical structure of compounds whose rational formulae are written respectively in the form of a closed ring (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), or in an open extended form. — Endless chain, a chain whose ends have been united by a link.

Chain, v. t. [imp. p. p. Chained (chand); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaining.] 1. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as to chain a bulldog. “Chained behind the hostile car.
Prior.” 2. To keep in slavery; to enslave. “And which more blest? who chained his country, say
Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day?
Pope.” 3. To unite closely and strongly. “And in this vow do chain my soul to thine.
Shak.” 4. (Surveying) To measure with the chain. 5. To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.

Chain´less , a. Having no chain; not restrained or fettered. ´The chainless mind.´ Byron.

Chain´let , n. A small chain. Sir W. Scott.

Chain´ pump A pump consisting of an endless chain, running over a drum or wheel by which it is moved, and dipping below the water to be raised. The chain has at intervals disks or lifts which fit the tube through which the ascending part passes and carry the water to the point of discharge.

Chain´ stitch 1. An ornamental stitch like the links of a chain; — used in crocheting, sewing, and embroidery. 2. (Machine Sewing) A stitch in which the looping of the thread or threads forms a chain on the under side of the work; the loop stitch, as distinguished from the lock stitch. See Stitch.

Chain´ wheel 1. A chain pulley, or sprocket wheel. 2. An inversion of the chain pump, by which it becomes a motor driven by water.

Chain´work , n. Work looped or linked after the manner of a chain; chain stitch work.

Chair , n. [OE. chaiere, chaere, OF. chaiere, chaere, F. chaire pulpit, fr. L. cathedra chair, armchair, a teacher’s or professor’s chair, Gr. down + seat, to sit, akin to E. sit. See Sit, and cf. Cathedral, chaise.] 1. A movable single seat with a back. 2. An official seat, as of a chief magistrate or a judge, but esp. that of a professor; hence, the office itself. “The chair of a philosophical school.
Whewell.” “A chair of philology.
M. Arnold.” 3. The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as to address the chair. 4. A vehicle for one person; either a sedan borne upon poles, or two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse; a gig. Shak. “Think what an equipage thou hast in air,
And view with scorn two pages and a chair.
Pope.” 5. An iron block used on railways to support the rails and secure them to the sleepers. Chair days, days of repose and age. — To put into the chair, to elect as president, or as chairman of a meeting. Macaulay. — To take the chair, to assume the position of president, or of chairman of a meeting.

Chair, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. Chaired p. pr. & vb. n. Chairing.] 1. To place in a chair. 2. To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.]

Chair´man , n.; pl. Chairmen . 1. The presiding officer of a committee, or of a public or private meeting, or of any organized body. 2. One whose business it is to cary a chair or sedan. “Breaks watchmen’s heads and chairmen’s glasses.
Prior.”

Chair´man•ship, n. The office of a chairman of a meeting or organized body.

Chaise (shaz), n. [F. chaise seat, or chair, chaise or carriage, for chaire, from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.] 1. A two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, or thorough-braces. It is usually drawn by one horse. 2. Loosely, a carriage in general. Cowper.

Cha´ja , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, or Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; — called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi.

Cha•la´za , n.; pl. E. Chalazas, L. Chalazae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. hail, pimple.] 1. (Bot.) The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus. 2. (Biol.) A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird’s egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

Cha•la´zal , a. Of or pertaining to the chalaza.

Cha•laze´ , n. Same as Chalaza.

Chal•a•zif´er•ous , a. [Chalaza + -ferous.] Having or bearing chalazas.

Cha•la´zi•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. dim. of hail, pimple.] (Med.) A small circumscribed tumor of the eyelid caused by retention of secretion, and by inflammation of the Melbomian glands.

Chal•can´thite , n. [L. chalcanthum a solution of blue vitriol, Gr. .] (Min.) Native blue vitriol. See Blue vitriol, under Blue.

Chal´ce•don´ic , a. Of or pertaining to chalcedony.

Chal•ced´o•ny (kal•sed´o•ny or kal´se•do•ny; 277), n.; pl. Chalcedonies (-niz). [ L. chalcedonius, fr. Gr. CHalkhdw•n Chalcedon, a town in Asia Minor, opposite to Byzantium: cf. calcedoine, OE. calcidoine, casidoyne. Cf. Cassidony.] (Min.) A cryptocrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. [Written also calcedony.] When chalcedony is variegated with with spots or figures, or arranged in differently colored layers, it is called agate; and if by reason of the thickness, color, and arrangement of the layers it is suitable for being carved into cameos, it is called onyx. Chrysoprase is green chalcedony; carnelian, a flesh red, and sard, a brownish red variety.

Chal•chi•huitl´ (chal•che•wetl´), n. (Min.) The Mexican name for turquoise. See Turquoise.

Chal´cid fly [From Gr. chalko•s copper; in allusion to its metallic colors.] (Zoöl.) One of a numerous family of hymenopterous insects (Chalcididae. Many are gallflies, others are parasitic on insects.

Chal•cid´i•an , n. [L. chalcis a lizard, Gr. chalki•s.] (Zoöl.) One of a tropical family of snakelike lizards (Chalcidae), having four small or rudimentary legs.

Chal´co•cite , n. [Gr. chalko•s brass.] (Min.) Native copper sulphide, called also copper glance, and vitreous copper; a mineral of a black color and metallic luster. [Formerly written chalcosine.] { Chal•cog´ra•pher , Chal•cog´ra•phist } n. An engraver on copper or brass; hence, an engraver of copper plates for printing upon paper.

Chal•cog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. chalko•s copper, brass + -graphy.] The act or art of engraving on copper or brass, especially of engraving for printing.

Chal•co•pyr´ite , n. [Gr. chalko•s brass + E. pyrite. So named from its color.] (Min.) Copper pyrites, or yellow copper ore; a common ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur. It occurs massive and in tetragonal crystals of a bright brass yellow color.

Chal•da´ic , a. [L. Chaldaicus.] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; Chaldee.

Chal´da•ism , n. An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect.

Chal•de´an , a. [L. Chaldaeus.] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. (a) A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. (b) A learned man, esp. an astrologer; — so called among the Eastern nations, because astrology and the kindred arts were much cultivated by the Chaldeans. (c) Nestorian.

Chal´dee , a. Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; eastern Aramaic, or the Aramaic used in Chaldea. Chaldee Paraphrase, A targum written in Aramaic. { Chal´drich , Chal´der } n. [Icel. tjaldr.] (Zoöl.) A kind of bird; the oyster catcher.

Chal´dron , n. [OF. chaldron, F. chaudron kettle. The same word as caldron.] An English dry measure, being, at London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exclusively for coal and coke. In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs. De Colange.

Cha•let´ , n. [F.] 1. A herdsman’s hut in the mountains of Switzerland. “Chalets are summer huts for the Swiss herdsmen.
Wordsworth.” 2. A summer cottage or country house in the Swiss mountains; any country house built in the style of the Swiss cottages.

Chal´ice , n. [OR. chalis, calice, OF. chalice, calice, F. calice, fr. L. calix, akin to Gr. and E. helmet. Cf. Calice, Calyx.] A cup or bowl; especially, the cup used in the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper.

Chal´iced , a. Having a calyx or cup; cup-shaped. ´Chaliced flowers.´ Shak.

Chalk , n. [AS. cealc lime, from L. calx limestone. See Calz, and Cawk.] 1. (Min.) A soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, consisting of calcium carbonate, and having the same composition as common limestone. 2. (Fine Arts) Finely prepared chalk, used as a drawing implement; also by extension, a compound, as of clay and black lead, or the like, used in the same manner. See Crayon. Black chalk, a mineral of a bluish color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous slate. — By a long chalk, by a long way; by many degrees. [Slang] Lowell. — Chalk drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with crayons. See Crayon. — Chalk formation. See Cretaceous formation, under Cretaceous. — Chalk line, a cord rubbed with chalk, used for making straight lines on boards or other material, as a guide in cutting or in arranging work. — Chalk mixture, a preparation of chalk, cinnamon, and sugar in gum water, much used in diarrheal affection, esp. of infants. — Chalk period. (Geol.) See Cretaceous period, under Cretaceous. - - Chalk pit, a pit in which chalk is dug. — Drawing chalk. See Crayon, n., 1. — French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. — Red chalk, an indurated clayey ocher containing iron, and used by painters and artificers; reddle.

Chalk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chalked p. pr. & vb. n. Chalking.] 1. To rub or mark with chalk. 2. To manure with chalk, as land. Morimer. 3. To make white, as with chalk; to make pale; to bleach. Tennyson. “Let a bleak paleness chalk the door.
Herbert.” To chalk out, to sketch with, or as with, chalk; to outline; to indicate; to plan. [Colloq.] ´I shall pursue the plan I have chalked out.´ Burke.

Chalk´cut•ter , n. A man who digs chalk.

Chalk´i•ness , n. The state of being chalky.

Chalk´stone , n. 1. A mass of chalk. “As chalkstones … beaten in sunder.
Isa. xxvii. 9.” 2. (Med.) A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in those affected with gout; a tophus.

Chalk´y , a. Consisting of, or resembling, chalk; containing chalk; as a chalky cliff; a chalky taste.

Chal´lenge , n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation, challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation, contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See Calumny.] 1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel; also the letter or message conveying the summons. “A challenge to controversy.
Goldsmith.” 2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his post, and demanding the countersign. 3. A claim or demand. [Obs.] “There must be no challenge of superiority.
Collier.” 4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first finding the scent of their game. 5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause. Blackstone 6. An exception to a person as not legally qualified to vote. The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U. S.] Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole panel. — Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and office it is to decide upon it. — Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or more of the individual jurors returned. — Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors (fixed by statute in different States) without assigning any cause. — Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be sufficient if found to be true.

Chal´lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Challenged p. pr. & vb. n. Challenging.] [OE. chalengen to accuse, claim, OF. chalengier, chalongier, to claim, accuse, dispute, fr. L. calumniar to attack with false accusations. See Challenge, n., and cf. Calumniate.] 1. To call to a contest of any kind; to call to answer; to defy. “I challenge any man to make any pretense to power by right of fatherhood.
Locke.” 2. To call, invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat. “By this I challenge him to single fight.
Shak.” 3. To claim as due; to demand as a right. “Challenge better terms.
Addison.” 4. To censure; to blame. [Obs.] “He complained of the emperors … and challenged them for that he had no greater revenues … from them.
Holland.” 5. (Mil.) To question or demand the countersign from (one who attempts to pass the lines); as the sentinel challenged us, with ´Who comes there?´ 6. To take exception to; question; as to challenge the accuracy of a statement or of a quotation. 7. (Law) To object to or take exception to, as to a juror, or member of a court. 8. To object to the reception of the vote of, as on the ground that the person in not qualified as a voter. [U. S.] To challenge to the array, favor, polls. See under Challenge, n.

Chal´lenge, v. i. To assert a right; to claim a place. “Where nature doth with merit challenge.
Shak.”

Chal´lenge•a•ble , a. That may be challenged.

Chal´len•ger , n. One who challenges.

Chal´lis , n. [F. chaly, challis, a stuff made of goat’s hair.] A soft and delicate woolen, or woolen and silk, fabric, for ladies’ dresses. [Written also chally.]

Cha´lon , n. A bed blanket. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cha•lyb´e•an , a. [L. chalybeïus, fr. chalybs steel, Gr. .] 1. Of or pertaining to the Chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor, celebrated for working in iron and steel. 2. Of superior quality and temper; — applied to steel. [Obs.] Milton.

Cha•lyb´e•ate , a. [NL. chalybeatus, fr. chalubeïus. See Chalubean.] Impregnated with salts of iron; having a taste like iron; as chalybeate springs.

Cha•lyb´e•ate, n. Any water, liquid, or medicine, into which iron enters as an ingredient.

Cha•lyb´e•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Steel blue; of the color of tempered steel.

Chal´y•bite , n. (Min.) Native iron carbonate; — usually called siderite.

Cham , v. t. [See Chap.] To chew. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. More.

Cham , n. [See Khan.] The sovereign prince of Tartary; — now usually written khan. Shak.

Cha•made , n. [F. chamade, fr. Pg. chamada, fr. chamar to call, fr. L. clamare.] (Mil.) A signal made for a parley by beat of a drum. “They beat the chamade, and sent us carte blanche.
Addison.”

Cha´mal , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Angora goat. See Angora goat, under Angora.

Cham´ber , n. [F. chambre, fr. L. camera vault, arched roof, in LL. chamber, fr. Gr. anything with a vaulted roof or arched covering; cf. Skr. kmar to be crooked. Cf. Camber, Camera, Comrade.] 1. A retired room, esp. an upper room used for sleeping; a bedroom; as the house had four chambers. 2. pl. Apartments in a lodging house. ´A bachelor’s life in chambers.´ Thackeray. 3. A hall, as where a king gives audience, or a deliberative body or assembly meets; as presence chamber; senate chamber. 4. A legislative or judicial body; an assembly; a society or association; as the Chamber of Deputies; the Chamber of Commerce. 5. A compartment or cell; an inclosed space or cavity; as the chamber of a canal lock; the chamber of a furnace; the chamber of the eye. 6. pl. (Law.) A room or rooms where a lawyer transacts business; a room or rooms where a judge transacts such official business as may be done out of court. 7. A chamber pot. [Colloq.] 8. (Mil.) (a) That part of the bore of a piece of ordnance which holds the charge, esp. when of different diameter from the rest of the bore; — formerly, in guns, made smaller than the bore, but now larger, esp. in breech-loading guns. (b) A cavity in a mine, usually of a cubical form, to contain the powder. (c) A short piece of ordnance or cannon, which stood on its breech, without any carriage, formerly used chiefly for rejoicings and theatrical cannonades. Air chamber. See Air chamber, in the Vocabulary. — Chamber of commerce, a board or association to protect the interests of commerce, chosen from among the merchants and traders of a city. — Chamber council, a secret council. Shak. — Chamber counsel or counselor, a counselor who gives his opinion in private, or at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. — Chamber fellow, a chamber companion; a roommate; a chum. — Chamber hangings, tapestry or hangings for a chamber. — Chamber lye, urine. Shak. — Chamber music, vocal or instrumental music adapted to performance in a chamber or small apartment or audience room, instead of a theater, concert hall, or church. — Chamber practice (Law.), the practice of counselors at law, who give their opinions in private, but do not appear in court. — To sit at chambers, to do business in chambers, as a judge.

Cham´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chambered p. pr. & vb. n. Chambering.] 1. To reside in or occupy a chamber or chambers. 2. To be lascivious. [Obs.]

Cham´ber, v. t. 1. To shut up, as in a chamber. Shak. 2. To furnish with a chamber; as to chamber a gun.

Cham´bered , a. Having a chamber or chambers; as a chambered shell; a chambered gun.

Cham´ber•er , n. 1. One who attends in a chamber; a chambermaid. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A civilian; a carpetmonger. [Obs.]

Cham´ber•ing, n. Lewdness. [Obs.] Rom. xiii. 13.

Cham´ber•lain , n. [OF. chamberlain, chambrelencF. chambellon, OHG. chamerling, chamarlinc, G. kämmerling, kammer chamber (fr. L. camera) + -ling. See Chamber, and -ling.] [Formerly written chamberlin.] 1. An officer or servant who has charge of a chamber or chambers. 2. An upper servant of an inn. [Obs.] 3. An officer having the direction and management of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; hence, in Europe, one of the high officers of a court. 4. A treasurer or receiver of public money; as the chamberlain of London, of North Wales, etc. The lord chamberlain of England, an officer of the crown, who waits upon the sovereign on the day of coronation, and provides requisites for the palace of Westminster, and for the House of Lords during the session of Parliament. Under him are the gentleman of the black rod and other officers. His office is distinct from that of the lord chamberlain of the Household, whose functions relate to the royal housekeeping.

Cham´ber•lain•ship, n. Office of a chamberlain.

Cham´ber•maid , n. 1. A maidservant who has the care of chambers, making the beds, sweeping, cleaning the rooms, etc. 2. A lady’s maid. [Obs.] Johnson.

Cham•ber•tin´ , n. A red wine from Chambertin near Dijon, in Burgundy.

Cham´brel , n. Same as Gambrel.

Cha•meck´ , n. [Native Brazilian name.] (Zoöl.) A kind of spider monkey (Ateles chameck), having the thumbs rudimentary and without a nail.

Cha•me´le•on (ka•me´le•un), n. [L. Chamaeleon, Gr. chamaile•wn, lit., ´ground lion;´ chamai• on the ground + le•wn lion. See Humble, and Lion.] (Zoöl.) A lizardlike reptile of the genus Chamaeleo, of several species, found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The skin is covered with fine granulations; the tail is prehensile, and the body is much compressed laterally, giving it a high back. Its color changes more or less with the color of the objects about it, or with its temper when disturbed. In a cool, dark place it is nearly white, or grayish; on admitting the light, it changes to brown, bottle-green, or blood red, of various shades, and more or less mottled in arrangment. The American chameleons belong to Anolis and allied genera of the family Iguanidae. They are more slender in form than the true chameleons, but have the same power of changing their colors. Chameleon mineral (Chem.), the compound called potassium permanganate, a dark violet, crystalline substance, KMnO_4, which in formation passes through a peculiar succession of color from green to blue, purple, red, etc. See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium.

Cha•me´le•on•ize , v. t. To change into various colors. [R.]

Cham´fer , n. [See Chamfron.] The surface formed by cutting away the arris, or angle, formed by two faces of a piece of timber, stone, etc.

Cham´fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chamfered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chamfering. ] 1. (Carp.) To cut a furrow in, as in a column; to groove; to channel; to flute. 2. To make a chamfer on.

Cham´fret , n. [See Chamfron.] 1. (Carp.) A small gutter; a furrow; a groove. 2. A chamfer.

Cham´fron , n. [F. chanfrein.] (Anc. Armor) The frontlet, or head armor, of a horse. [Written also champfrain and chamfrain.]

Cham´let , n. See Camlet. [Obs.]

Cham´ois (sham´my or sha•moi´; 277), n. [F. chamois, prob. fr. OG. gamz, G. gemse.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small species of antelope (Rupicapra tragus), living on the loftiest mountain ridges of Europe, as the Alps, Pyrenees, etc. It possesses remarkable agility, and is a favorite object of chase. 2. A soft leather made from the skin of the chamois, or from sheepskin, etc.; — called also chamois leather, and chammy or shammy leather. See Shammy.

Cham´o•mile , n. (Bot.) See Camomile.

Champ (champ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Champed (chamt); p. pr. & vb. n. Champing.] [Prob, of Scand. orgin; cf. dial. Sw. kämsa to chew with difficulty, champ; but cf. also OF. champier, champeyer, champoyer, to graze in fields, fr. F. champ field, fr. L. campus. Cf. Camp.] 1. To bite with repeated action of the teeth so as to be heard. “Foamed and champed the golden bit.
Dryden.” 2. To bite into small pieces; to crunch. Steele.

Champ, v. i. To bite or chew impatiently. “They began … irefully to champ upon the bit.
Hooker.” { Champ , Champe } n. [F. champ, L. campus field.] (Arch.) The field or ground on which carving appears in relief.

Cham•pagne´ , n. [F. See Champaign.] A light wine, of several kinds, originally made in the province of Champagne, in France. Champagne properly includes several kinds not only of sparkling but of still wines; but in America the term is usually restricted to wines which effervesce.

Cham•paign´ , n. [OF. champaigne; same word as campagne.] A flat, open country. “Fair champaign, with less rivers interveined.
Milton.” “Through Apline vale or champaign wide.
Wordsworth.”

Cham•paign´, a. Flat; open; level. “A wide, champaign country, filled with herds.
Addison.”

Champ´er , n. One who champs, or bites.

Cham´per•tor , n. [F. champarteur a divider of fields or field rent. See Champerty.] (Law) One guilty of champerty; one who purchases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain.

Cham´per•ty , n. [F. champart field rent, L. campipars; champ (L. campus) field + part (L. pars) share.] 1. Partnership in power; equal share of authority. [Obs.] “Beaute ne sleighte, strengthe ne hardyness,
Ne may with Venus holde champartye.
Chaucer.” 2. (Law) The prosecution or defense of a suit, whether by furnishing money or personal services, by one who has no legitimate concern therein, in consideration of an agreement that he shall receive, in the event of success, a share of the matter in suit; maintenance with the addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit. See Maintenance. By many authorities champerty is defined as an agreement of this nature. From early times the offence of champerty has been forbidden and punishable.

Cham•pi´gnon , n. [F., a mushroom, ultimately fr. L. campus field. See Camp.] (Bot.) An edible species of mushroom (Agaricus campestris). Fairy ring champignon, the Marasmius oreades, which has a strong flavor but is edible.

Cham´pi•on (cham´pi•un), n. [F. champion, fr. LL. campio, of German origin; cf. OHG. chempho, chemphio, fighter, champf, G. kampf, contest; perh. influenced by L. campus field, taken in the sense of ´field of battle.´] 1. One who engages in any contest; esp. one who in ancient times contended in single combat in behalf of another’s honor or rights; or one who now acts or speaks in behalf of a person or a cause; a defender; an advocate; a hero. “A stouter champion never handled sword.
Shak.” “Champions of law and liberty.
Fisher Ames.” 2. One who by defeating all rivals, has obtained an acknowledged supremacy in any branch of athletics or game of skill, and is ready to contend with any rival; as the champion of England. Champion is used attributively in the sense of surpassing all competitors; overmastering; as champion pugilist; champion chess player. Syn. — Leader; chieftain; combatant; hero; warrior; defender; protector.

Cham´pi•on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Championed p. pr. & vb. n. Championing.] [Obs.] Shak. 2. To furnish with a champion; to attend or defend as champion; to support or maintain; to protect. “Championed or unchampioned, thou diest.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cham´pi•on•ness , n. A female champion. Fairfax.

Cham´pi•on•ship, n. State of being champion; leadership; supremacy.

Cham•plain´ pe´ri•od (Geol.) A subdivision of the Quaternary age immediately following the Glacial period; — so named from beds near Lake Champlain. The earlier deposits of this period are diluvial in character, as if formed in connection with floods attending the melting of the glaciers, while the later deposits are of finer material in more quiet waters, as the alluvium.

Cham•sin´ , n. [F.] See Kamsin.

Chance (chans), n. [F. chance, OF. cheance, fr. LL. cadentia a allusion to the falling of the dice), fr. L. cadere to fall; akin to Skr. çad to fall, L. cedere to yield, E. cede. Cf. Cadence.] 1. A supposed material or psychical agent or mode of activity other than a force, law, or purpose; fortune; fate; — in this sense often personified. “It is strictly and philosophically true in nature and reason that there is no such thing as chance or accident; it being evident that these words do not signify anything really existing, anything that is truly an agent or the cause of any event; but they signify merely men’s ignorance of the real and immediate cause.
Samuel Clark.” “Any society into which chance might throw him.
Macaulay.” “That power
Which erring men call Chance.
Milton.” 2. The operation or activity of such agent. “By chance a priest came down that way.
Luke x. 31.” 3. The supposed effect of such an agent; something that befalls, as the result of unknown or unconsidered forces; the issue of uncertain conditions; an event not calculated upon; an unexpected occurrence; a happening; accident; fortuity; casualty. “It was a chance that happened to us.
1 Sam. vi. 9.” “The Knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts,
And wins (O shameful chance!) the Queen of Hearts.
Pope.” “I spake of most disastrous chance.
Shak.” 4. A possibility; a likelihood; an opportunity; — with reference to a doubtful result; as a chance to escape; a chance for life; the chances are all against him. “So weary with disasters, tugged with fortune.
That I would get my life on any chance,
To mend it, or be rid on ’t
Shak.” 5. (Math.) Probability. The mathematical expression, of a chance is the ratio of frequency with which an event happens in the long run. If an event may happen in a ways and may fail in b ways, and each of these a + b ways is equally likely, the chance, or probability, that the event will happen is measured by the fraction a/a + b, and the chance, or probability, that it will fail is measured by b/a + b. Chance comer, one who comes unexpectedly. — The last chance, the sole remaining ground of hope. — The main chance, the chief opportunity; that upon which reliance is had, esp. self-interest. — Theory of chances, Doctrine of chances (Math.), that branch of mathematics which treats of the probability of the occurrence of particular events, as the fall of dice in given positions. — To mind one’s chances, to take advantage of every circumstance; to seize every opportunity.

Chance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chanced p. pr. & vb. n. Chancing.] To happen, come, or arrive, without design or expectation. ´Things that chance daily.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). “If a bird’s nest chance to be before thee.
Deut. xxii. 6.” “I chanced on this letter.
Shak.” Often used impersonally; as how chances it? “How chance, thou art returned so soon?
Shak.”

Chance, v. t. 1. To take the chances of; to venture upon; — usually with it as object. “Come what will, I will chance it.
W. D. Howells.” 2. To befall; to happen to. [Obs.] W. Lambarde.

Chance, a. Happening by chance; casual.

Chance, adv. By chance; perchance. Gray.

Chance´a•ble , a. Fortuitous; casual. [Obs.]

Chance´a•bly, adv. By chance. [Obs.]

Chance´ful , a. Hazardous. [Obs.] Spenser.

Chan´cel , n. [OF. chancel, F. chanceau, cancel, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars. (The chancel was formerly inclosed with lattices or crossbars) See Cancel, v. t.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a church, reserved for the use of the clergy, where the altar, or communion table, is placed. Hence, in modern use; (b) All that part of a cruciform church which is beyond the line of the transept farthest from the main front. Chancel aisle (Arch.), the aisle which passes on either side of or around the chancel. — Chancel arch (Arch.), the arch which spans the main opening, leading to the chancel. — Chancel casement, the principal window in a chancel. Tennyson. — Chancel table, the communion table.

Chan´cel•ler•y , n. [Cf. Chancery.] Chancellorship. [Obs.] Gower.

Chan´cel•lor , n. [OE. canceler, chaunceler, F. chancelier, LL. cancellarius chancellor, a director of chancery, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars, which surrounded the seat of judgment. See Chancel.] A judicial court of chancery, which in England and in the United States is distinctively a court with equity jurisdiction. The chancellor was originally a chief scribe or secretary under the Roman emperors, but afterward was invested with judicial powers, and had superintendence over the other officers of the empire. From the Roman empire this office passed to the church, and every bishop has his chancellor, the principal judge of his consistory. In later times, in most countries of Europe, the chancellor was a high officer of state, keeper of the great seal of the kingdom, and having the supervision of all charters, and like public instruments of the crown, which were authenticated in the most solemn manner. In France a secretary is in some cases called a chancellor. In Scotland, the appellation is given to the foreman of a jury, or assize. In the present German empire, the chancellor is the president of the federal council and the head of the imperial administration. In the United States, the title is given to certain judges of courts of chancery or equity, established by the statutes of separate States. Blackstone. Wharton. Chancellor of a bishop, or of a diocese (R. C. Ch. & ch. of Eng.), a law officer appointed to hold the bishop’s court in his diocese, and to assist him in matter of ecclesiastical law. — Chancellor of a cathedral, one of the four chief dignitaries of the cathedrals of the old foundation, and an officer whose duties are chiefly educational, with special reference to the cultivation of theology. — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, an officer before whom, or his deputy, the court of the duchy chamber of Lancaster is held. This is a special jurisdiction. — Chancellor of a university, the chief officer of a collegiate body. In Oxford, he is elected for life; in Cambridge, for a term of years; and his office is honorary, the chief duties of it devolving on the vice chancellor. — Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and expenditure as the highest finance minister of the government. — Chancellor of the order of the Garter (or other military orders), an officer who seals the commissions and mandates of the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under the seal of their order. — Lord high chancellor of England, the presiding judge in the court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown, and the first lay person of the state after the blood royal. He is created chancellor by the delivery into his custody of the great seal, of which he becomes keeper. He is privy counselor by his office, and prolocutor of the House of Lords by prescription.

Chan´cel•lor•ship (chan´sel•ler•ship), n. The office of a chancellor; the time during which one is chancellor.

Chance´-med•ley , n. [Chance + medley.] 1. (Law) The killing of another in self-defense upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. See Chaud-Medley. The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, or to any accidental killing of a person without premeditation or evil intent, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing as happens in defending one’s self against assault. Bouvier. 2. Luck; chance; accident. Milton. Cowper.

Chan´cer•y , n. [F. chancellerie, LL. cancellaria, from L. cancellarius. See Chancellor, and cf. Chancellery.] 1. In England, formerly, the highest court of judicature next to the Parliament, exercising jurisdiction at law, but chiefly in equity; but under the jurisdiction act of 1873 it became the chancery division of the High Court of Justice, and now exercises jurisdiction only in equity. 2. In the Unites States, a court of equity; equity; proceeding in equity. A court of chancery, so far as it is a court of equity, in the English and American sense, may be generally, if not precisely, described as one having jurisdiction in cases of rights, recognized and protected by the municipal jurisprudence, where a plain, adequate, and complete remedy can not be had in the courts of common law. In some of the American States, jurisdiction at law and in equity centers in the same tribunal. The courts of the United States also have jurisdiction both at law and in equity, and in all such cases they exercise their jurisdiction, as courts of law, or as courts of equity, as the subject of adjudication may require. In others of the American States, the courts that administer equity are distinct tribunals, having their appropriate judicial officers, and it is to the latter that the appellation courts of chancery is usually applied; but, in American law, the terms equity and court of equity are more frequently employed than the corresponding terms chancery and court of chancery. Burrill. Inns of chancery. See under Inn. — To get (or to hold) In chancery (Boxing), to get the head of an antagonist under one’s arm, so that one can pommel it with the other fist at will; hence, to have wholly in One’s power. The allusion is to the condition of a person involved in the chancery court, where he was helpless, while the lawyers lived upon his estate.

Chan´cre , n. [F. chancere. See Cancer.] (Med.) A venereal sore or ulcer; specifically, the initial lesion of true syphilis, whether forming a distinct ulcer or not; — called also hard chancre, indurated chancre, and Hunterian chancre. Soft chancre. A chancroid. See Chancroid.

Chan´croid , n. [Chancre + -oil.] (Med.) A venereal sore, resembling a chancre in its seat and some external characters, but differing from it in being the starting point of a purely local process and never of a systemic disease; — called also soft chancre.

Chan´crous , a. [Cf. F. chancreux.] (Med.) Of the nature of a chancre; having chancre.

Chan•de•lier´ , n. [F. See Chandler.] 1. A candlestick, lamp, stand, gas fixture, or the like, having several branches; esp., one hanging from the ceiling. 2. (Fort.) A movable parapet, serving to support fascines to cover pioneers. [Obs.]

Chan´dler , n. [F. chandelier a candlestick, a maker or seller of candles, LL. candelarius chandler, fr. L. candela candle. See Candle, and cf. Chandelier.] 1. A maker or seller of candles. “The chandler’s basket, on his shoulder borne,
With tallow spots thy coat.
Gay.” 2. A dealer in other commodities, which are indicated by a word prefixed; as ship chandler, corn chandler.

Chan´dler•ly , a. Like a chandler; in a petty way. [Obs.] Milton.

Chan´dler•y , n. Commodities sold by a chandler.

Chan•doo´ , n. An extract or preparation of opium, used in China and India for smoking. Balfour.

Chan´dry , n. Chandlery. [Obs.] ´Torches from the chandry.´ B. Jonson.

Chan´frin , n. [F. chanfrein. Cf. Chamfron.] The fore part of a horse’s head.

Change (chanj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Changed (chanjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Changing.] [F. changer, fr. LL. cambiare, to exchange, barter, L. cambire. Cf. Cambial.] 1. To alter; to make different; to cause to pass from one state to another; as to change the position, character, or appearance of a thing; to change the countenance. “Therefore will I change their glory into shame.
Hosea. iv. 7.” 2. To alter by substituting something else for, or by giving up for something else; as to change the clothes; to change one’s occupation; to change one’s intention. “They that do change old love for new,
Pray gods, they change for worse!
Peele.” 3. To give and take reciprocally; to exchange; — followed by with; as to change place, or hats, or money, with another. “Look upon those thousands with whom thou wouldst not, for any interest, change thy fortune and condition.
Jer. Taylor.” 4. Specifically: To give, or receive, smaller denominations of money (technically called change) for; as to change a gold coin or a bank bill. “He pulled out a thirty-pound note and bid me change it.
Goldsmith.” To change a horse, or To change hand (Man.), to turn or bear the horse’s head from one hand to the other, from the left to right, or from the right to the left. — To change hands, to change owners. — To change one’s tune, to become less confident or boastful. [Colloq.] — To change step, to take a break in the regular succession of steps, in marching or walking, as by bringing the hollow of one foot against the heel of the other, and then stepping off with the foot which is in advance. Syn. — To alter; vary; deviate; substitute; innovate; diversify; shift; veer; turn. See Alter.

Change, v. i. 1. To be altered; to undergo variation; as men sometimes change for the better. “For I am Lord, I change not.
Mal. iii. 6.” 2. To pass from one phase to another; as the moon changes to-morrow night.

Change, n. [F. change, fr. changer. See Change. v. t.] 1. Any variation or alteration; a passing from one state or form to another; as a change of countenance; a change of habits or principles. “Apprehensions of a change of dynasty.
Hallam.” “All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come.
Job xiv. 14.” 2. A succesion or substitution of one thing in the place of another; a difference; novelty; variety; as a change of seasons. “Our fathers did for change to France repair.
Dryden.” “The ringing grooves of change.
Tennyson.” 3. A passing from one phase to another; as a change of the moon. 4. Alteration in the order of a series; permutation. 5. That which makes a variety, or may be substituted for another. “Thirty change (R.V. changes) of garments.
Judg. xiv. 12.” 6. Small money; the money by means of which the larger coins and bank bills are made available in small dealings; hence, the balance returned when payment is tendered by a coin or note exceeding the sum due. 7. [See Exchange.] A place where merchants and others meet to transact business; a building appropriated for mercantile transactions. [Colloq. for Exchange.] 8. A public house; an alehouse. [Scot.] “They call an alehouse a change.
Burt.” 9. (Mus.) Any order in which a number of bells are struck, other than that of the diatonic scale. “Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing.
Holder.” Change of life, the period in the life of a woman when menstruation and the capacity for conception cease, usually occurring between forty-five and fifty years of age. — Change ringing, the continual production, without repetition, of changes on bells, See def. 9. above. — Change wheel (Mech.), one of a set of wheels of different sizes and number of teeth, that may be changed or substituted one for another in machinery, to produce a different but definite rate of angular velocity in an axis, as in cutting screws, gear, etc. — To ring the changes on, to present the same facts or arguments in variety of ways. Syn. — Variety; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; vicissitude; innovation; novelty; transmutation; revolution; reverse.

Change•a•bil´i•ty , n. Changeableness.

Change´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. changeable.] 1. Capable of change; subject to alteration; mutable; variable; fickle; inconstant; as a changeable humor. 2. Appearing different, as in color, in different lights, or under different circumstances; as changeable silk. Syn. — Mutable; alterable; variable; inconstant; fitful; vacillating; capricious; fickle; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; wavering; erratic; giddy; volatile.

Change´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being changeable; fickleness; inconstancy; mutability.

Change´a•bly, adv. In a changeable manner.

Change´ful , a. Full of change; mutable; inconstant; fickle; uncertain. Pope. “His course had been changeful.
Motley.” — Change´ful•ly, adv. — Change´ful•ness, n.

Change´less, a. That can not be changed; constant; as a changeless purpose. — Change´less•ness, n.

Change´ling, n. [Change + -ling.] 1. One who, or that which, is left or taken in the place of another, as a child exchanged by fairies. “Such, men do changelings call, so changed by fairies’ theft.
Spenser.” “The changeling [a substituted writing] never known.
Shak.” 2. A simpleton; an idiot. Macaulay. “Changelings and fools of heaven, and thence shut out.” “Wildly we roam in discontent about.
Dryden.” 3. One apt to change; a waverer. ´Fickle changelings.´ Shak.

Change´ling, a. 1. Taken or left in place of another; changed. ´A little changeling boy.´ Shak. 2. Given to change; inconstant. [Obs.] “Some are so studiously changeling.
Boyle.”

Chan´ger , n. 1. One who changes or alters the form of anything. 2. One who deals in or changes money. John ii. 14. 3. One apt to change; an inconstant person.

Chank´ (chank), n. [Skr. çankha. See Conch.] (Zoöl.) The East Indian name for the large spiral shell of several species of sea conch much used in making bangles, esp. Turbinella pyrum. Called also chank shell.

Chan´nel (chan´nel), n. [OE. chanel, canel, OF. chanel, F. chenel, fr. L. canalis. See Canal.] 1. The hollow bed where a stream of water runs or may run. 2. The deeper part of a river, harbor, strait, etc., where the main current flows, or which affords the best and safest passage for vessels. 3. (Geog.) A strait, or narrow sea, between two portions of lands; as the British Channel. 4. That through which anything passes; means of passing, conveying, or transmitting; as the news was conveyed to us by different channels. “The veins are converging channels.
Dalton.” “At best, he is but a channel to convey to the National assembly such matter as may import that body to know.
Burke.” 5. A gutter; a groove, as in a fluted column. 6. pl. [Cf. Chain wales.] (Naut.) Flat ledges of heavy plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, to increase the spread of the shrouds and carry them clear of the bulwarks. Channel bar, Channel iron (Arch.), an iron bar or beam having a section resembling a flat gutter or channel. — Channel bill (Zoöl.), a very large Australian cuckoo (Scythrops Novaehollandiae. — Channel goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet.

Chan´nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Channeled , or Channelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Channeling, or Channelling.] 1. To form a channel in; to cut or wear a channel or channels in; to groove. “No more shall trenching war channel her fields.
Shak.” 2. To course through or over, as in a channel. Cowper.

Chan´nel•ing, n. 1. The act or process of forming a channel or channels. 2. A channel or a system of channels; a groove.

Chan´son, n. [F., fr. L. cantion song. See Cantion, Canzone.] A song. Shak.

Chan•son•nette´ , n.; pl. Chansonnettes (#). [F., dim. of chanson.] A little song. “These pretty little chansonnettes that he sung.
Black.”

Chant , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chanting.] [F. chanter, fr. L. cantare, intens. of canere to sing. Cf. Cant affected speaking, and see Hen.] 1. To utter with a melodious voice; to sing. “The cheerful birds … do chant sweet music.
Spenser.” 2. To celebrate in song. “The poets chant in the theaters.
Bramhall.” 3. (Mus.) To sing or recite after the manner of a chant, or to a tune called a chant.

Chant, v. i. 1. To make melody with the voice; to sing. ´Chant to the sound of the viol.´ Amos vi. 5. 2. (Mus.) To sing, as in reciting a chant. To chant (or chaunt) horses, to sing their praise; to overpraise; to cheat in selling. See Chaunter. Thackeray.

Chant, n.[F. chant, fr. L. cantus singing, song, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, v. t.] 1. Song; melody. 2. (Mus.) A short and simple melody, divided into two parts by double bars, to which unmetrical psalms, etc., are sung or recited. It is the most ancient form of choral music. 3. A psalm, etc., arranged for chanting. 4. Twang; manner of speaking; a canting tone. [R.] “His strange face, his strange chant.
Macaulay.” Ambrosian chant, See under Ambrosian. Chant royal [F.], in old French poetry, a poem containing five strophes of eleven lines each, and a concluding stanza. — each of these six parts ending with a common refrain. — Gregorian chant. See under Gregorian.

Chan•tant´ , a. [F. singing.] (Mus.) Composed in a melodious and singing style.

Chant´er (chant´er), n. [Cf. F. chanteur.] 1. One who chants; a singer or songster. Pope. 2. The chief singer of the chantry. J. Gregory. 3. The flute or finger pipe in a bagpipe. See Bagpipe. 4. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow.

Chan•te•relle´ , n. [F.] (Bot.) A name for several species of mushroom, of which one (Cantharellus cibrius) is edible, the others reputed poisonous.

Chan´ti•cleer (chan´ti•kler), n. [F. Chanteclair, name of the cock in the Roman du Renart (Reynard the Fox); chanter to chant + clair clear. See Chant, and Clear.] A cock, so called from the clearness or loudness of his voice in crowing.

Chant´ing (chant´ing), n. Singing, esp. as a chant is sung. Chanting falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon (Melierax canorus or musicus). The male has the habit, remarkable in a bird of prey, of singing to his mate, while she is incubating.

Chant´or , n. A chanter.

Chant´ress , n. [Cf. OF. chanteresse.] A female chanter or singer. Milton.

Chant´ry , n.; pl. Chantries (#). [OF. chanterie, fr. chanter to sing.] 1. An endowment or foundation for the chanting of masses and offering of prayers, commonly for the founder. 2. A chapel or altar so endowed. Cowell.

Cha´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. the atmosphere + -mancy.] Divination by means of appearances in the air.

Cha´os (ka´os), n. [L. chaos chaos (in senses 1 & 2), Gr. cha•os, fr. cha•inein (root cha) to yawn, to gape, to open widely. Cf. Chasm.] 1. An empty, immeasurable space; a yawning chasm. [Archaic] “Between us and there is fixed a great chaos.
Luke xvi. 26 (Rhemish Trans.).” 2. The confused, unorganized condition or mass of matter before the creation of distinct and orderly forms. 3. Any confused or disordered collection or state of things; a confused mixture; confusion; disorder.

Cha•ot´ic (ka•ot´ik), a. Resembling chaos; confused.

Cha•ot´ic•al•ly , adv. In a chaotic manner.

Chap (chap or chop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapped (chapt or chopt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chapping.] [See Chop to cut.] 1. To cause to open in slits or chinks; to split; to cause the skin of to crack or become rough. “Then would unbalanced heat licentious reign,
Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain.
Blackmore.” “Nor winter’s blast chap her fair face.
Lyly.” 2. To strike; to beat. [Scot.]

Chap, v. i. 1. To crack or open in slits; as the earth chaps; the hands chap. 2. To strike; to knock; to rap. [Scot.]

Chap, n. [From Chap, v. t. & i.] 1. A cleft, crack, or chink, as in the surface of the earth, or in the skin. 2. A division; a breach, as in a party. [Obs.] “Many clefts and chaps in our council board.
T. Fuller.” 3. A blow; a rap. [Scot.]

Chap (chop), n. [OE. chaft; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel kjaptr jaw, Sw. Käft, D. kiaeft; akin to G. kiefer, and E. jowl. Cf. Chops.] 1. One of the jaws or the fleshy covering of a jaw; — commonly in the plural, and used of animals, and colloquially of human beings. “His chaps were all besmeared with crimson blood.
Cowley.” “He unseamed him [Macdonald] from the nave to the chaps.
Shak.” 2. One of the jaws or cheeks of a vise, etc.

Chap (chap), n. [Perh. abbreviated fr. chapman, but used in a more general sense; or cf. Dan. kiaeft jaw, person, E. chap jaw.] 1. A buyer; a chapman. [Obs.] “If you want to sell, here is your chap.
Steele.” 2. A man or boy; a youth; a fellow. [Colloq.]

Chap, v. i. [See Cheapen.] To bargain; to buy. [Obs.]

Cha•par•ral´ , n. [Sp., fr. chaparro an evergeen oak.] 1. A thicket of low evergreen oaks. 2. An almost impenetrable thicket or succession of thickets of thorny shrubs and brambles. Chaparral cock; fem. Chaparral hen (Zoöl.), a bird of the cuckoo family (Geococcyx Californianus), noted for running with great speed. It ranges from California to Mexico and eastward to Texas; — called also road runner, ground cuckoo, churea, and snake killer.

Chap´book , n. [See Chap to cheapen.] Any small book carried about for sale by chapmen or hawkers. Hence, any small book; a toy book.

Chape , n. [F., a churchman’s cope, a cover, a chape, fr. L. cappa. See Cap.] 1. The piece by which an object is attached to something, as the frog of a scabbard or the metal loop at the back of a buckle by which it is fastened to a strap. 2. The transverse guard of a sword or dagger. 3. The metal plate or tip which protects the end of a scabbard, belt, etc. Knight.

Cha•peau´ , n.; pl. Chapeux (#). [F., fr. OF. chapel hat. See Chaplet.] 1. A hat or covering for the head. 2. (Her.) A cap of maintenance. See Maintenance. Chapeau bras [F. chapeau hat + bras arm], a hat so made that it can be compressed and carried under the arm without injury. Such hats were particularly worn on dress occasions by gentlemen in the 18th century. A chapeau bras is now worn in the United States army by general and staff officers.

Chaped , p. p. or a. Furnished with a chape or chapes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chap´el , n. [OF. chapele, F. chapelle, fr. LL. capella, orig., a short cloak, hood, or cowl; later, a reliquary, sacred vessel, chapel; dim. of cappa, capa, cloak, cape, cope; also a covering for the head. The chapel where St. Martin’s cloak was preserved as a precious relic, itself came to be called capella, whence the name was applied to similar paces of worship, and the guardian of this cloak was called capellanus, or chaplain. See Cap, and cf. Chaplain., Chaplet.] 1. A subordinate place of worship; as (a) a small church, often a private foundation, as for a memorial; (b) a small building attached to a church; (c) a room or recess in a church, containing an altar. In Catholic churches, and also in cathedrals and abbey churches, chapels are usually annexed in the recesses on the sides of the aisles. Gwilt. 2. A place of worship not connected with a church; as the chapel of a palace, hospital, or prison. 3. In England, a place of worship used by dissenters from the Established Church; a meetinghouse. 4. A choir of singers, or an orchestra, attached to the court of a prince or nobleman. 5. (Print.) (a) A printing office, said to be so called because printing was first carried on in England in a chapel near Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of workmen in a printing office. Chapel of ease. (a) A chapel or dependent church built for the ease or a accommodation of an increasing parish, or for parishioners who live at a distance from the principal church. (b) A privy. (Law) — Chapel master, a director of music in a chapel; the director of a court or orchestra. — To build a chapel (Naut.), to chapel a ship. See Chapel, v. t., 2. — To hold a chapel, to have a meeting of the men employed in a printing office, for the purpose of considering questions affecting their interests.

Chap´el , v. t. 1. To deposit or inter in a chapel; to enshrine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. (Naut.) To cause (a ship taken aback in a light breeze) so to turn or make a circuit as to recover, without bracing the yards, the same tack on which she had been sailing.

Chape´less , a. Without a chape.

Chap´e•let , n. [F. See Chaplet.] 1. A pair of straps, with stirrups, joined at the top and fastened to the pommel or the frame of the saddle, after they have been adjusted to the convenience of the rider. [Written also chaplet.] 2. A kind of chain pump, or dredging machine.

Chap´el•la•ny , n.; pl. Chapellanies (#). [Cf. E. chapellenie, LL. capellania. See Chaplain.] A chapel within the jurisdiction of a church; a subordinate ecclesiastical foundation.

Chap´el•ry , n. [Cf. OF. chapelerie.] The territorial district legally assigned to a chapel.

Chap´er•on , n. [F. chaperon. See Chape, Cape, Cap.] 1. A hood; especially, an ornamental or an official hood. “His head and face covered with a chaperon, out of which there are but two holes to look through.
Howell.” 2. A device placed on the foreheads of horses which draw the hearse in pompous funerals. 3. A matron who accompanies a young lady in public, for propriety, or as a guide and protector.

Chap´er•on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chaperoned p. pr. & vb. n. Chaperoning.] [Cf. F. chaperonner, fr. chaperon.] To attend in public places as a guide and protector; to matronize. “Fortunately Lady Bell Finley, whom I had promised to chaperon, sent to excuse herself.
Hannah More.”

Chap´er•on•age , n. Attendance of a chaperon on a lady in public; protection afforded by a chaperon.

Chap´fall•en , a. Having the lower chap or jaw drooping, — an indication of humiliation and dejection; crestfallen; discouraged. See Chopfallen.

Chap´i•ter , n. [OF. chapitel, F. chapiteau, from L. capitellum, dim. of caput head. Cf. Capital, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) A capital [Obs.] See Chapital. Ex. xxxvi. 38. 2. (Old Eng. Law) A summary in writing of such matters as are to be inquired of or presented before justices in eyre, or justices of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions; — also called articles. Jacob.

Chap´lain , n. [F. chapelain, fr. LL. capellanus, fr. capella. See Chapel.] 1. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who performs religious service in a chapel. 2. A clergyman who is officially attached to the army or navy, to some public institution, or to a family or court, for the purpose of performing divine service. 3. Any person (clergyman or layman) chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc.; as a chaplain of a Masonic or a temperance lodge.

Chap´lain•cy , n.; pl. Chaplaincies . The office, position, or station of a chaplain. Swift.

Chap´lain•ship, n. 1. The office or business of a chaplain. “The Bethesda of some knight’s chaplainship.
Milton.” 2. The possession or revenue of a chapel. Johnson.

Chap´less , a. Having no lower jaw; hence, fleshless. [R.] ´Yellow, chapless skulls.´ Shak.

Chap´let , n. [F. chapelet, dim. of OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. Chapelet, Chapeau.] 1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head. 2. A string of beads, or part of a string, used by Roman Catholic in praying; a third of a rosary, or fifty beads. “Her chaplet of beads and her missal.
Longfellow.” 3. (Arch.) A small molding, carved into beads, pearls, olives, etc. 4. (Man.) A chapelet. See Chapelet, 1. 5. (Founding) A bent piece of sheet iron, or a pin with thin plates on its ends, for holding a core in place in the mold. 6. A tuft of feathers on a peacock’s head. Johnson.

Chap´let, n. A small chapel or shrine.

Chap´let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapleted.] To adorn with a chaplet or with flowers. R. Browning.

Chap´man , n.; pl. Chapmen (#). [AS. ceápman; ceáp trade + man man; akin to D. koopman, Sw. köpman, Dan. kiöpmand, G. kaufmann.f. Chap to cheapen, and see Cheap.] 1. One who buys and sells; a merchant; a buyer or a seller. [Obs.] “The word of life is a quick commodity, and ought not, as a drug to be obtruded on those chapmen who are unwilling to buy it.
T. Fuller.” 2. A peddler; a hawker.

Chap´py , Full of chaps; cleft; gaping; open.

Chaps , n. pl. The jaws, or the fleshy parts about them. See Chap. ´Open your chaps again.´ Shak.

Chap´ter , n. [OF. chapitre, F. chapitre, fr. L. capitulum, dim. of caput head, the chief person or thing, the principal division of a writing, chapter. See Chief, and cf, Chapiter.] 1. A division of a book or treatise; as Genesis has fifty chapters. 2. (Eccl.) (a) An assembly of monks, or of the prebends and other clergymen connected with a cathedral, conventual, or collegiate church, or of a diocese, usually presided over by the dean.(b) A community of canons or canonesses.(c) A bishop’s council.(d) A business meeting of any religious community. 3. An organized branch of some society or fraternity as of the Freemasons. Robertson. 4. A meeting of certain organized societies or orders. 5. A chapter house. [R.] Burrill. 6. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe. 7. A location or compartment. “In his bosom! In what chapter of his bosom?
Shak.” Chapter head, or Chapter heading, that which stands at the head of a chapter, as a title. — Chapter house, a house or room where a chapter meets, esp. a cathedral chapter. — The chapter of accidents, chance. Marryat.

Chap´ter , v. t. 1. To divide into chapters, as a book. Fuller. 2. To correct; to bring to book, i. e., to demand chapter and verse. [Obs.] Dryden.

Chap´trel , n. [See Chapiter.] (Arch.) An impost. [Obs.] { Char , Charr } n. [Ir. cear, Gael. ceara, lit., red, blood-colored, fr. cear blood. So named from its red belly.] (Zoöl.) One of the several species of fishes of the genus Salvelinus, allied to the spotted trout and salmon, inhabiting deep lakes in mountainous regions in Europe. In the United States, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is sometimes called a char.

Char, n. [F.] A car; a chariot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Char , n. [OE. cherr, char a turning, time, work, AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, occasion, business, fr. cerran, cyrran, to turn; akin to OS. kërian, OHG. chëran, G. kehren. Cf. Chore, Ajar.] Work done by the day; a single job, or task; a chore. [Written also chare.] [Eng.] “When thou hast done this chare, I give thee leave
To play till doomsday.
Shak.” { Char , Chare } v. t. [See 3d Char.] 1. To perform; to do; to finish. [Obs.] Nores. “Thet char is chared, as the good wife said when she had hanged her husband.
Old Proverb.” 2. To work or hew, as stone. Oxf. Gloss. { Char , Chare } v. i. To work by the day, without being a regularly hired servant; to do small jobs.

Char , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charred p. pr. & vb. n. Charring.] [Prob. the same word as char to perform (see Char, n.), the modern use coming from charcoal, prop. coal- turned, turned to coal.] 1. To reduce to coal or carbon by exposure to heat; to reduce to charcoal; to burn to a cinder. 2. To burn slightly or partially; as to char wood.

Cha´ra , n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) A genus of flowerless plants, having articulated stems and whorled branches. They flourish in wet places.

Char•-a-bancs´ , n.; pl. Chars-a-banc (#). [F.] A long, light, open vehicle, with benches or seats running lengthwise.

Char´act , n. A distinctive mark; a character; a letter or sign. [Obs.] See Character. “In all his dressings, characts, titles, forms.
Shak.”

Char´ac•ter , n. [L., an instrument for marking, character, Gr. , fr. to make sharp, to cut into furrows, to engrave: cf. F. caractère.] 1. A distinctive mark; a letter, figure, or symbol. “It were much to be wished that there were throughout the world but one sort of character for each letter to express it to the eye.
Holder.” 2. Style of writing or printing; handwriting; the peculiar form of letters used by a particular person or people; as an inscription in the Runic character. “You know the character to be your brother’s?
Shak.” 3. The peculiar quality, or the sum of qualities, by which a person or a thing is distinguished from others; the stamp impressed by nature, education, or habit; that which a person or thing really is; nature; disposition. “The character or that dominion.
Milton.” “Know well each Ancient’s proper character;
His fable, subject, scope in every page;
Religion, Country, genius of his Age.
Pope.” “A man of … thoroughly subservient character.
Motley.” 4. Strength of mind; resolution; independence; individuality; as he has a great deal of character. 5. Moral quality; the principles and motives that control the life; as a man of character; his character saves him from suspicion. 6. Quality, position, rank, or capacity; quality or conduct with respect to a certain office or duty; as in the miserable character of a slave; in his character as a magistrate; her character as a daughter. 7. The estimate, individual or general, put upon a person or thing; reputation; as a man’s character for truth and veracity; to give one a bad character. “This subterraneous passage is much mended since Seneca gave so bad a character of it.
Addison.” 8. A written statement as to behavior, competency, etc., given to a servant. [Colloq.] 9. A unique or extraordinary individuality; a person characterized by peculiar or notable traits; a person who illustrates certain phases of character; as Randolph was a character; Caesar is a great historical character. 10. One of the persons of a drama or novel. ´It would be well if character and reputation were used distinctively. In truth, character is what a person is; reputation is what he is supposed to be. Character is in himself, reputation is in the minds of others. Character is injured by temptations, and by wrongdoing; reputation by slanders, and libels. Character endures throughout defamation in every form, but perishes when there is a voluntary transgression; reputation may last through numerous transgressions, but be destroyed by a single, and even an unfounded, accusation or aspersion.´ Abbott.

Char´ac•ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charactered ] 1. To engrave; to inscribe. [R.] “These trees shall be my books.
And in their barks my thoughts I ’ll character.
Shak.” 2. To distinguish by particular marks or traits; to describe; to characterize. [R.] Mitford.

Char´ac•ter•ism , n. [Gr. a characterizing.] A distinction of character; a characteristic. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Char•ac•ter•is´tic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. characteristique.] Pertaining to, or serving to constitute, the character; showing the character, or distinctive qualities or traits, of a person or thing; peculiar; distinctive. “Characteristic clearness of temper.
Macaulay.”

Char•ac•ter•is´tic, n. 1. A distinguishing trait, quality, or property; an element of character; that which characterized. Pope. “The characteristics of a true critic.
Johnson.” 2. (Math.) The integral part (whether positive or negative) of a logarithm.

Char•ac•ter•is´tic•al , a. Characteristic.

Char•ac•ter•is´tic•al•ly, adv. In a characteristic manner; in a way that characterizes.

Char•ac•ter•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of characterizing.

Char´ac•ter•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Characterized p. pr. & vb. n. Characterizing.] [LL. characterizare, Gr. : cf. F. characteriser.] 1. To make distinct and recognizable by peculiar marks or traits; to make with distinctive features. “European, Asiatic, Chinese, African, and Grecian faces are Characterized.
Arbuthnot.” 2. To engrave or imprint. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 3. To indicate the character of; to describe. “Under the name of Tamerlane he intended to characterize King William.
Johnson.” 4. To be a characteristic of; to make, or express the character of. “The softness and effeminacy which characterize the men of rank in most countries.
W. Irving.” Syn. — To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; style; particularize; entitle.

Char´ac•ter•less, a. Destitute of any distinguishing quality; without character or force.

Char´ac•ter•y , n. 1. The art or means of characterizing; a system of signs or characters; symbolism; distinctive mark. “Fairies use flowers for their charactery.
Shak.” 2. That which is charactered; the meaning. [Obs.] “I will construe to thee
All the charactery of my sad brows.
Shak.”

Cha•rade´ , n. [F. charade, cf. Pr. charrada long chat, It ciarlare to chat, whence E. charlatan.] A verbal or acted enigma based upon a word which has two or more significant syllables or parts, each of which, as well as the word itself, is to be guessed from the descriptions or representations.

Char´bo•cle , n. Carbuncle. [Written also Charboncle.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Char´bon , n. [F., coal, charbon.] 1. (Far.) A small black spot or mark remaining in the cavity of the corner tooth of a horse after the large spot or mark has become obliterated. 2. A very contagious and fatal disease of sheep, horses, and cattle. See Maligmant pustule.

Char´coal , n. [See Char, v. t., to burn or to reduce to coal, and Coal.] 1. Impure carbon prepared from vegetable or animal substances; esp., coal made by charring wood in a kiln, retort, etc., from which air is excluded. It is used for fuel and in various mechanical, artistic, and chemical processes. 2. (Fine Arts) Finely prepared charcoal in small sticks, used as a drawing implement. Animal charcoal, a fine charcoal prepared by calcining bones in a closed vessel; — used as a filtering agent in sugar refining, and as an absorbent and disinfectant. — Charcoal blacks, the black pigment, consisting of burnt ivory, bone, cock, peach stones, and other substances. — Charcoal drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with charcoal. See Charcoal, 2. Until within a few years this material has been used almost exclusively for preliminary outline, etc., but at present many finished drawings are made with it. — Charcoal point, a carbon pencil prepared for use in an electric light apparatus. — Mineral charcoal, a term applied to silky fibrous layers of charcoal, interlaminated in beds of ordinary bituminous coal; — known to miners as mother of coal.

Chard (chärd), n. [Cf. F. carde esculent thistle.] 1. The tender leaves or leafstalks of the artichoke, white beet, etc., blanched for table use. 2. A variety of the white beet, which produces large, succulent leaves and leafstalks.

Chare (châr), n. A narrow street. [Prov. Eng.]

Chare, n. & v. A chore; to chore; to do. See Char.

Charge (chärj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charged (chärjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Charging.] [OF. chargier, F. charger, fr. LL. carricare, fr. L. carrus wagon. Cf. Cargo, Caricature, Cark, and see Car.] 1. To lay on or impose, as a load, tax, or burden; to load; to fill. “A carte that charged was with hay.
Chaucer.” “The charging of children’s memories with rules.
Locke.” 2. To lay on or impose, as a task, duty, or trust; to command, instruct, or exhort with authority; to enjoin; to urge earnestly; as to charge a jury; to charge the clergy of a diocese; to charge an agent. “Moses … charged you to love the Lord your God.
Josh. xxii. 5.” “Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition.
Shak.” 3. To lay on, impose, or make subject to or liable for. “When land shall be charged by any lien.
Kent.” 4. To fix or demand as a price; as he charges two dollars a barrel for apples. 5. To place something to the account of as a debt; to debit, as to charge one with goods. also to enter upon the debit side of an account; as to charge a sum to one. 6. To impute or ascribe; to lay to one’s charge. “No more accuse thy pen, but charge the crime
On native sloth and negligence of time.
Dryden.” 7. To accuse; to make a charge or assertion against (a person or thing); to lay the responsibility (for something said or done) at the door of. “If he did that wrong you charge him with.
Tennyson.” 8. To place within or upon any firearm, piece of apparatus or machinery, the quantity it is intended and fitted to hold or bear; to load; to fill; as to charge a gun; to charge an electrical machine, etc. “Their battering cannon charged to the mouths.
Shak.” 9. To ornament with or cause to bear; as to charge an architectural member with a molding. 10. (Her.) To assume as a bearing; as he charges three roses or; to add to or represent on; as he charges his shield with three roses or. 11. To call to account; to challenge. [Obs.] “To charge me to an answer.
Shak.” 12. To bear down upon; to rush upon; to attack. “Charged our main battle’s front.
Shak.” Syn. — To intrust; command; exhort; instruct; accuse; impeach; arraign. See Accuse.

Charge , v. i. 1. To make an onset or rush; as to charge with fixed bayonets. “Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron.
Glanvill.” “´Charge for the guns!´ he said.
Tennyson.” 2. To demand a price; as to charge high for goods. 3. To debit on an account; as to charge for purchases. 4. To squat on its belly and be still; — a command given by a sportsman to a dog.

Charge , n. [F. charge, fr. charger to load. See Charge, v. t., and cf. Cargo, Caricature.] 1. A load or burder laid upon a person or thing. 2. A person or thing commited or intrusted to the care, custody, or management of another; a trust. The people of a parish or church are called the charge of the clergyman who is set over them. 3. Custody or care of any person, thing, or place; office; responsibility; oversight; obigation; duty. “’Tis a great charge to come under one body’s hand.
Shak.” 4. Heed; care; anxiety; trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Harm. [Obs.] Chaucer. 6. An order; a mandate or command; an injunction. “The king gave cherge concerning Absalom.
2. Sam. xviii. 5.” 7. An address (esp. an earnest or impressive address) containing instruction or exhortation; as the charge of a judge to a jury; the charge of a bishop to his clergy. 8. An accusation of a wrong of offense; allegation; indictment; specification of something alleged. “The charge of confounding very different classes of phenomena.
Whewell.” 9. Whatever constitutes a burden on property, as rents, taxes, lines, etc.; costs; expense incurred; — usually in the plural. 10. The price demanded for a thing or service. 11. An entry or a account of that which is due from one party to another; that which is debited in a business transaction; as a charge in an account book. 12. That quantity, as of ammunition, electricity, ore, fuel, etc., which any apparatus, as a gun, battery, furnace, machine, etc., is intended to receive and fitted to hold, or which is actually in it at one time 13. The act of rushing upon, or towards, an enemy; a sudden onset or attack, as of troops, esp. cavalry; hence, the signal for attack; as to sound the charge. “Never, in any other war afore, gave the Romans a hotter charge upon the enemies.
Holland.” “The charge of the light brigade.
Tennyson.” 14. A position (of a weapon) fitted for attack; as to bring a weapon to the charge. 15. (Far.) A sort of plaster or ointment. 16. (Her.) A bearing. See Bearing, n., 8. 17. [Cf. Charre.] Thirty-six pigs of lead, each pig weighing about seventy pounds; — called also charre. 18. Weight; import; value. “Many suchlike ´as’s´ of great charge.
Shak.” Back charge. See under Back, a. — Bursting charge. (a (Mil.) The charge which bursts a shell, etc. (b (Mining) A small quantity of fine powder to secure the ignition of a charge of coarse powder in blasting. — Charge and discharge (Equity Practice), the old mode or form of taking an account before a master in chancery. — Charge sheet, the paper on which are entered at a police station all arrests and accusations. — To sound the charge, to give the signal for an attack. Syn. — Care; custody; trust; management; office; expense; cost; price; assault; attack; onset; injunction; command; order; mandate; instruction; accusation; indictment.

Charge´a•ble , a. 1. That may be charged, laid, imposed, or imputes; as a duty chargeable on iron; a fault chargeable on a man. 2. Subject to be charge or accused; liable or responsible; as revenues chargeable with a claim; a man chargeable with murder. 3. Serving to create expense; costly; burdensome. “That we might not be chargeable to any of you.
2. Thess. iii. 8.” “For the sculptures, which are elegant, were very chargeable.
Evelyn.”

Charge´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being chargeable or expensive. [Obs.] Whitelocke.

Charge´a•bly , adv. At great cost; expensively. [Obs.]

Char´geant , a. [F. chargeant, fr. charger to load.] Burdensome; troublesome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Char•ge´ d’af•faires´ , n.; pl. Charges d’affaires. [F., ´charged with affairs.´] A diplomatic representative, or minister of an inferior grade, accredited by the government of one state to the minister of foreign affairs of another; also a substitute, ad interim, for an ambassador or minister plenipotentiary.

Charge´ful , a. Costly; expensive. [Obs.] “The fineness of the gold and chargeful fashion.
Shak.”

Charge´house , n. A schoolhouse. [Obs.]

Charge´less, a. Free from, or with little, charge.

Char´geous , a. Burdensome. [Obs.] “I was chargeous to no man.
Wyclif, (2 Cor. xi. 9).”

Char´ger , n. 1. One who, or that which charges. 2. An instrument for measuring or inserting a charge. 3. A large dish. [Obs.] “Give me here John Baptist’s head in a charger.
Matt. xiv. 8.” 4. A horse for battle or parade. Macaulay. “And furious every charger neighed.
Campbell.”

Char•ge´ship , n. The office of a charge d’affaires.

Char´i•ly , adv. In a chary manner; carefully; cautiously; frugally.

Char´i•ness, n. The quality of being chary.

Char´i•ot , n. [F. Chariot, from char car. See Car.] 1. (Antiq.) A two-wheeled car or vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc. “First moved the chariots, after whom the foot.
Cowper.” 2. A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. Shak.

Char´i•ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Charioting.] To convey in a chariot. Milton.

Char•i•ot•ee´ , n. A light, covered, four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two seats.

Char•i•ot•eer´ , n. 1. One who drives a chariot. 2. (Astron.) A constellation. See Auriga, and Wagones.

Cha´rism , n. [Gr. gift.] (Eccl.) A miraculously given power, as of healing, speaking foreign languages without instruction, etc., attributed to some of the early Christians.

Char•is•mat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a charism.

Char´i•ta•ble , a.[F. See Charity.] 1. Full of love and good will; benevolent; kind. “Be thy intents wicked or charitable, …
… I will speak to thee.
Shak.” 2. Liberal in judging of others; disposed to look on the best side, and to avoid harsh judgment. 3. Liberal in benefactions to the poor; giving freely; generous; beneficent. “What charitable men afford to beggars.
Shak.” 4. Of or pertaining to charity; springing from, or intended for, charity; relating to almsgiving; eleemosynary; as a charitable institution. 5. Dictated by kindness; favorable; lenient. “By a charitable construction it may be a sermon.
L. Andrews.” Syn. — Kind; beneficent; benevolent; generous; lenient; forgiving; helpful; liberal; favorable; indulgent.

Char´i•ta•ble•ness, n. The quality of being charitable; the exercise of charity.

Char´i•ta•bly, adv. In a charitable manner.

Char´i•ty , n.; pl. Charities (#). [F. charite fr. L. caritas dearness, high regard, love, from carus dear, costly, loved; asin to Skr. kam to wish, love, cf. Ir. cara a friend, W. caru to love. Cf. Caress.] 1. Love; universal benevolence; good will. “Now abideth faith, hope, charity, three; but the greatest of these is charity.
1. Cor. xiii. 13.” “They, at least, are little to be envied, in whose hearts the great charities … lie dead.
Ruskin.” “With malice towards none, with charity for all.
Lincoln.” 2. Liberality in judging of men and their actions; a disposition which inclines men to put the best construction on the words and actions of others. “The highest exercise of charity is charity towards the uncharitable.
Buckminster.” 3. Liberality to the poor and the suffering, to benevolent institutions, or to worthy causes; generosity. “The heathen poet, in commending the charity of Dido to the Trojans, spake like a Christian.
Dryden.” 4. Whatever is bestowed gratuitously on the needy or suffering for their relief; alms; any act of kindness. “She did ill then to refuse her a charity.
L’Estrange.” 5. A charitable institution, or a gift to create and support such an institution; as Lady Margaret’s charity. 6. pl. (Law) Eleemosynary appointments [grants or devises] including relief of the poor or friendless, education, religious culture, and public institutions. “The charities that soothe, and heal, and bless,
Are scattered at the feet of man like flowers.
Wordsworth.” Sisters of Charity (R. C. Ch.), a sisterhood of religious women engaged in works of mercy, esp. in nursing the sick; — a popular designation. There are various orders of the Sisters of Charity. Syn. — Love; benevolence; good will; affection; tenderness; beneficence; liberality; almsgiving.

Cha•ri•va•ri´ , n. [F.] A mock serenade of discordant noises, made with kettles, tin horns, etc., designed to annoy and insult. It was at first performed before the house of any person of advanced age who married a second time.

Chark , n. [Abbrev. fr. charcoal.] Charcoal; a cinder. [Obs.] DeFoe.

Chark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charked ] To burn to a coal; to char. [Obs.]

Char´la•tan , n. [F. charlatan, fr. It. ciarlatano, fr. ciarlare to chartter, prate; of imitative origin; cf. It. zirlare to whistle like a thrush.] One who prates much in his own favor, and makes unwarrantable pretensions; a quack; an impostor; an empiric; a mountebank. { Char•la•tan´ic , Char•la•tan´ic•al , } a. Of or like a charlatan; making undue pretension; empirical; pretentious; quackish. — Char•la•tan´ic•al•ly, adv.

Char´la•tan•ism , n. [Cf. F. charlatanisme.] Charlatanry.

Char´la•tan•ry , n. [F. charlatanrie, from It. ciarlataneria. See Charlatan.] Undue pretensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; empiricism.

Charles’s Wain [Charles + wain; cf. AS. Carles wn (for waegn), Sw. karlvagnen, Dan. karlsvogn. See Churl, and Wain.] (Astron.) The group of seven stars, commonly called the Dipper, in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear. See Ursa major, under Ursa. The name is sometimes also applied to the Constellation.

Char´lock , n. [AS. cerlic; the latter part perh. fr. AS. leác leek. Cf. Hemlock.] (Bot.) A cruciferous plant (Brassica sinapistrum) with yellow flowers; wild mustard. It is troublesome in grain fields. Called also chardock, chardlock, chedlock, and kedlock. Jointed charlock, White charlock, a troublesome weed (Raphanus Raphanistrum) with straw-colored, whitish, or purplish flowers, and jointed pods: wild radish.

Char´lotte , n. [F.] A kind of pie or pudding made by lining a dish with slices of bread, and filling it with bread soaked in milk, and baked. Charlotte Russe , or Charlotte à la russe [F., lit., Russian charlotte] (Cookery), a dish composed of custard or whipped cream, inclosed in sponge cake.

Charm (chärm), n. [F. charme, fr. L. carmen song, verse, incantation, for casmen, akin to Skr. çasman, çasa, a laudatory song, from a root signifying to praise, to sing.] 1. A melody; a song. [Obs.] “With charm of earliest birds.
Milton.” “Free liberty to chant our charms at will.
Spenser.” 2. A word or combination of words sung or spoken in the practice of magic; a magical combination of words, characters, etc.; an incantation. “My high charms work.
Shak.” 3. That which exerts an irresistible power to please and attract; that which fascinates; any alluring quality. “Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul.
Pope.” “The charm of beauty’s powerful glance.
Milton.” 4. Anything worn for its supposed efficacy to the wearer in averting ill or securing good fortune. 5. Any small decorative object worn on the person, as a seal, a key, a silver whistle, or the like. Bunches of charms are often worn at the watch chain. Syn. - Spell; incantation; conjuration; enchantment; fascination; attraction.

Charm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charmed p. pr. & vb. n. Charming.] [Cf. F. charmer. See Charm, n.] 1. To make music upon; to tune. [Obs. & R.] “Here we our slender pipes may safely charm.
Spenser.” 2. To subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence; to affect by magic. “No witchcraft charm thee!
Shak.” 3. To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe. “Music the fiercest grief can charm.
Pope.” 4. To attract irresistibly; to delight exceedingly; to enchant; to fascinate. “They, on their mirth and dance
Intent, with jocund music charm his ear.
Milton.” 5. To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences; as a charmed life. “I, in my own woe charmed,
Could not find death.
Shak.” Syn. - To fascinate; enchant; enrapture; captivate; bewitch; allure; subdue; delight; entice; transport.

Charm, v. i. 1. To use magic arts or occult power; to make use of charms. “The voice of charmers, charming never so wisely.
Ps. lviii. 5.” 2. To act as or produce the effect of, a charm; to please greatly; to be fascinating. 3. To make a musical sound. [Obs.] Milton.

Char´mel , n. [Heb.] A fruitful field. “Libanus shall be turned into charmel, and charmel shall be esteemed as a forest.
Isa. xxix. 17 (Douay version).”

Charm´er , n. 1. One who charms, or has power to charm; one who uses the power of enchantment; a magician. Deut. xviii. 11. 2. One who delights and attracts the affections.

Charm´er•ess , n. An enchantress. Chaucer.

Charm´ful , a. Abounding with charms. ´His charmful lyre.´ Cowley.

Charm´ing, a. Pleasing the mind or senses in a high degree; delighting; fascinating; attractive. “How charming is divine philosophy.
Milton.” Syn. - Enchanting; bewitching; captivating; enrapturing; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable; graceful; lovely; amiable; pleasing; winning. — Charm´ing•ly, adv. — Charm´ing•ness, n.

Charm´less, a. Destitute of charms. Swift. { Char´ne•co , Char´ni•co }, n. A sort of sweet wine. [Obs.] Shak.

Char´nel , a. [F. charnel carnal, fleshly, fr. L. carnalis. See Carnal.] Containing the bodies of the dead. ´Charnel vaults.´ Milton. Charnel house, a tomb, vault, cemetery, or other place where the bones of the dead are deposited; originally, a place for the bones thrown up when digging new graves in old burial grounds.

Char´nel, n. A charnel house; a grave; a cemetery. “In their proud charnel of Thermopylae.
Byron.”

Cha´ron , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Cless. Myth.) The son of Erebus and Nox, whose office it was to ferry the souls of the dead over the Styx, a river of the infernal regions. Shak.

Char´pie , n. [F., properly fem. p. p. of OF. charpir, carpir, to pluck, fr. L. carpere. Cf. Carpet.] (Med.) Straight threads obtained by unraveling old linen cloth; — used for surgical dressings.

Char´qui , n. [Sp. A term used in South America, Central America, and the Western United States.] Jerked beef; beef cut into long strips and dried in the wind and sun. Darwin.

Charr , n. See 1st Char.

Char´ras , n. The gum resin of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Same as Churrus. Balfour.

Charre , n. [LL. charrus a certain weight.] See Charge, n., 17.

Char´ry , a. [See 6th Char.] Pertaining to charcoal, or partaking of its qualities.

Chart , n. [A doublet of card: cf. F. charte charter, carte card. See Card, and cf. Charter.] 1. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, on which information is exhibited, esp. when the information is arranged in tabular form; as an historical chart. 2. A map; esp., a hydrographic or marine map; a map on which is projected a portion of water and the land which it surrounds, or by which it is surrounded, intended especially for the use of seamen; as the United States Coast Survey charts; the English Admiralty charts. 3. A written deed; a charter. Globular chart, a chart constructed on a globular projection. See under Globular. — Heliographic chart, a map of the sun with its spots. — Mercator’s chart, a chart constructed on the principle of Mercator’s projection. See Projection. — Plane chart, a representation of some part of the superficies of the globe, in which its spherical form is disregarded, the meridians being drawn parallel to each other, and the parallels of latitude at equal distances. — Selenographic chart, a map representing the surface of the moon. — Topographic chart, a minute delineation of a limited place or region.

Chart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charted.] To lay down in a chart; to map; to delineate; as to chart a coast.

Char´ta , n. [L., leaf of paper. See Chart.] (Law) (a) Material on which instruments, books, etc., are written; parchment or paper. (b) A charter or deed; a writing by which a grant is made. See Magna Charta.

Char•ta´ceous , a. [L. chartaceus. See Charta.] Resembling paper or parchment; of paper-like texture; papery.

Charte , n. [F. See Chart.] The constitution, or fundamental law, of the French monarchy, as established on the restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1814.

Char´ter , n. [OF. chartre, F. chartre, charte, fr. L. chartula a little paper, dim. of charta. See Chart, Card.] 1. A written evidence in due form of things done or granted, contracts made, etc., between man and man; a deed, or conveyance. [Archaic] 2. An instrument in writing, from the sovereign power of a state or country, executed in due form, bestowing rights, franchises, or privileges. “The king [John, a.d. 1215], with a facility somewhat suspicious, signed and sealed the charter which was required of him. This famous deed, commonly called the ´Great Charter,´ either granted or secured very important liberties and privileges to every order of men in the kingdom.
Hume.” 3. An act of a legislative body creating a municipal or other corporation and defining its powers and privileges. also an instrument in writing from the constituted authorities of an order or society (as the Freemasons), creating a lodge and defining its powers. 4. A special privilege, immunity, or exemption. “My mother,
Who has a charter to extol her blood,
When she does praise me, grieves me.
Shak.” 5. (Com.) The letting or hiring a vessel by special contract, or the contract or instrument whereby a vessel is hired or let; as a ship is offered for sale or charter. See Charter party, below. Charter land (O. Eng. Law), land held by charter, or in socage; bookland. — Charter member, one of the original members of a society or corporation, esp. one named in a charter, or taking part in the first proceedings under it. — Charter party [F. chartre partie, or charte partie, a divided charter; from the practice of cutting the instrument of contract in two, and giving one part to each of the contractors] (Com.), a mercantile lease of a vessel; a specific contract by which the owners of a vessel let the entire vessel, or some principal part of the vessel, to another person, to be used by the latter in transportation for his own account, either under their charge or his. — People’s Charter (Eng. Hist.), the document which embodied the demands made by the Chartists, so called, upon the English government in 1838.

Char´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chartered p. pr. & vb. n. Chartering.] 1. To establish by charter. 2. To hire or let by charter, as a ship. See Charter party, under Charter, n.

Char´tered , a. 1. Granted or established by charter; having, or existing under, a charter; having a privilege by charter. “The sufficiency of chartered rights.
Palfrey.” “The air, a chartered libertine.
Shak.” 2. Hired or let by charter, as a ship.

Char´ter•er , n. One who charters; esp. one who hires a ship for a voyage.

Char´ter•house , n. A well known public school and charitable foundation in the building once used as a Carthusian monastery (Chartreuse) in London.

Char´ter•ist, n. Same as Chartist.

Chart´ism , n. [F. charte charter. Cf. Charte, Chart.] The principles of a political party in England (1838-48), which contended for universal suffrage, the vote by ballot, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, and other radical reforms, as set forth in a document called the People’s Charter.

Chart´ist , n. A supporter or partisan of chartism. [Eng.]

Chart´less, a. 1. Without a chart; having no guide. 2. Not mapped; uncharted; vague. Barlow.

Char•tog´ra•pher , n., Char•to•graph´ic , a., Char•tog´ra•phy , n., etc. Same as Cartographer, Cartographic, Cartography, etc.

Char´to•man•cy , n. [L. charta paper + -mancy. Cf. Cartomancy.] Divination by written paper or by cards.

Char•tom´e•ter , n. [Chart + -meter.] An instrument for measuring charts or maps.

Char•treuse´ , n. [F.] 1. A Carthusian monastery; esp. La Grande Chartreuse, mother house of the order, in the mountains near Grenoble, France. 2. An alcoholic cordial, distilled from aromatic herbs; — made at La Grande Chartreuse.

Char•treux´ , n. [F.] A Carthusian.

Char´tu•la•ry , n. See Cartulary.

Char´wom•an , n.; pl. Charwomen (#). [See Char a chore.] A woman hired for odd work or for single days.

Char´y , a. [AS. cearig careful, fr. cearu care. See Care.] Careful; wary; cautious; not rash, reckless, or spendthrift; saving; frugal. “His rising reputation made him more chary of his fame.
Jeffrey.”

Cha•ryb´dis , n. [L., Gr. .] A dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily opposite Scylla on the Italian coast. It is personified as a female monster. See Scylla.

Chas´a•ble , a. Capable of being chased; fit for hunting. Gower.

Chase , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chased p. pr. & vb. n. Chasing.] [OF. chacier, F. chasser, fr. (assumed) LL. captiare, fr. L. captare to strive to seize. See Catch.] 1. To pursue for the purpose of killing or taking, as an enemy, or game; to hunt. “We are those which chased you from the field.
Shak.” “Philologists, who chase
A panting syllable through time and place.
Cowper.” 2. To follow as if to catch; to pursue; to compel to move on; to drive by following; to cause to fly; — often with away or off; as to chase the hens away. “Chased by their brother’s endless malice from prince to prince and from place to place.
Knolles.” 3. To pursue eagerly, as hunters pursue game. “Chasing each other merrily.
Tennyson.”

Chase, v. i. To give chase; to hunt; as to chase around after a doctor. [Colloq.]

Chase, n. [Cf. F. chasse, fr. chasser. See Chase, v.] 1. Vehement pursuit for the purpose of killing or capturing, as of an enemy, or game; an earnest seeking after any object greatly desired; the act or habit of hunting; a hunt. ´This mad chase of fame.´ Dryden. “You see this chase is hotly followed.
Shak.” 2. That which is pursued or hunted. “Nay, Warwick, seek thee out some other chase,
For I myself must hunt this deer to death.
Shak.” 3. An open hunting ground to which game resorts, and which is private properly, thus differing from a forest, which is not private property, and from a park, which is inclosed. Sometimes written chace. [Eng.] 4. (Court Tennis) A division of the floor of a gallery, marked by a figure or otherwise; the spot where a ball falls, and between which and the dedans the adversary must drive his ball in order to gain a point. Chase gun (Naut.), a cannon placed at the bow or stern of an armed vessel, and used when pursuing an enemy, or in defending the vessel when pursued. — Chase port (Naut.), a porthole from which a chase gun is fired. — Stern chase (Naut.), a chase in which the pursuing vessel follows directly in the wake of the vessel pursued.

Chase, n. [F. cháse, fr. L. capsa box, case. See Case a box.] (Print.) 1. A rectangular iron frame in which pages or columns of type are imposed. 2. (Mil.) The part of a cannon from the reënforce or the trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. See Cannon. 3. A groove, or channel, as in the face of a wall; a trench, as for the reception of drain tile. 4. (Shipbuilding) A kind of joint by which an overlap joint is changed to a flush joint, by means of a gradually deepening rabbet, as at the ends of clinker-built boats.

Chase, v. t. [A contraction of enchase.] 1. To ornament (a surface of metal) by embossing, cutting away parts, and the like. 2. To cut, so as to make a screw thread.

Chas´er , n. 1. One who or that which chases; a pursuer; a driver; a hunter. 2. (Naut.) Same as Chase gun, esp. in terms bow chaser and stern chaser. See under Bow, Stern.

Chas´er, n. 1. One who chases or engraves. See 5th Chase, and Enchase. 2. (Mech.) A tool with several points, used for cutting or finishing screw threads, either external or internal, on work revolving in a lathe.

Chas´i•ble , n. See Chasuble.

Chas´ing , n. The art of ornamenting metal by means of chasing tools; also a piece of ornamental work produced in this way.

Chasm , n. [L. chasma, Gr. , fr. to grape, to open wide. See Chaos.] 1. A deep opening made by disruption, as a breach in the earth or a rock; a yawning abyss; a cleft; a fissure. “That deep, romantic chasm which slanted down the green hill.
Coleridge.” 2. A void space; a gap or break, as in ranks of men. “Memory … fills up the chasms of thought.
Addison.”

Chasmed , a. Having gaps or a chasm. [R.]

Chas´my , a. Of or pertaining to a chasm; abounding in chasms. Carlyle. “They cross the chasmy torrent’s foam-lit bed.
Wordsworth.”

Chas•se´ , n. [F., fr. chasse, p. p. of chasser to chase.] A movement in dancing, as across or to the right or left.

Chas•se´, v. i. (Dancing) To make the movement called chasse; as all chasse; chasse to the right or left.

Chas´se•las , n. [F., from the village of Chasselas.] A white grape, esteemed for the table.

Chasse•pot´ , n. [From the French inventor, A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.) A kind of breechloading, center-fire rifle, or improved needle gun.

Chas•seur´ , n. [F., a huntsman. See Chase to pursue.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of light troops, cavalry or infantry, trained for rapid movements. 2. An attendant upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and sword. “The great chasseur who had announced her arrival.
W. Irving.”

Chas´sis , n. [F. châssis.] (Mil.) A traversing base frame, or movable railway, along which the carriage of a barbette or casemate gun moves backward and forward. [See Gun carriage.]

Chast (chast), v. t. to chasten. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chaste (chast), a. [F. chaste, from L. castus pure, chaste; cf. Gr. kaqaro•s pure, Skr. çudth to purify.] 1. Pure from unlawful sexual intercourse; virtuous; continent. ´As chaste as Diana.´ Shak. “Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced.
Milton.” 2. Pure in thought and act; innocent; free from lewdness and obscenity, or indecency in act or speech; modest; as a chaste mind; chaste eyes. 3. Pure in design and expression; correct; free from barbarisms or vulgarisms; refined; simple; as a chaste style in composition or art. “That great model of chaste, lofty, and eloquence, the Book of Common Prayer.
Macaulay.” 4. Unmarried. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Undefiled; pure; virtuous; continent; immaculate; spotless. Chaste tree. Same as Agnus castus.

Chaste´ly, adv. In a chaste manner; with purity.

Chas´ten (cha´s’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastened (-s’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastening.] [OE. chastien, OF. Chastier, F. Chtier, fr. L. castigare to punish, chastise; castus pure + agere to lead, drive. See Chaste, Act, and cf. Castigate, Chastise.] 1. To correct by punishment; to inflict pain upon the purpose of reclaiming; to discipline; as to chasten a son with a rod. “For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth.
Heb. xii. 6.” 2. To purify from errors or faults; to refine. “They [classics] chasten and enlarge the mind, and excite to noble actions.
Layard.” Syn. — To chastise; punish; correct; discipline; castigate; afflict; subdue; purify. To Chasten, Punish, Chastise. To chasten is to subject to affliction or trouble, in order to produce a general change for the better in life or character. To punish is to inflict penalty for violation of law, disobedience to authority, or intentional wrongdoing. To chastise is to punish a particular offense, as with stripes, especially with the hope that suffering or disgrace may prevent a repetition of faults.

Chas´tened , a. Corrected; disciplined; refined; purified; toned down. Sir. W. Scott. “Of such a finished chastened purity.
Tennyson.”

Chas´ten•er , n. One who chastens.

Chaste´ness , n. 1. Chastity; purity. 2. (Literature & Art) Freedom from all that is meretricious, gaudy, or affected; as chasteness of design.

Chas•tis´a•ble , a. Capable or deserving of chastisement; punishable. Sherwood.

Chas•tise´ (chas•tiz´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastised (- tizd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastising.] [OE. chastisen; chastien + ending -isen + modern -ise, -ize, L. - izare, Gr. -i•zein. See Chasten.] 1. To inflict pain upon, by means of stripes, or in any other manner, for the purpose of punishment or reformation; to punish, as with stripes. “How fine my master is! I am afraid
He will chastise me.
Shak.” “I am glad to see the vanity or envy of the canting chemists thus discovered and chastised.
Boyle.” 2. To reduce to order or obedience; to correct or purify; to free from faults or excesses. “The gay, social sense, by decency chastised.
Thomson.” Syn. — See Chasten.

Chas´tise•ment , n. [From Chastise.] The act of chastising; pain inflicted for punishment and correction; discipline; punishment. “Shall I so much dishonor my fair stars,
On equal terms to give him chastesement!
Shak.” “I have borne chastisement; I will not offend any more.
Job xxxiv. 31.”

Chas•tis´er , n. One who chastises; a punisher; a corrector. Jer. Taylor. “The chastiser of the rich.
Burke.”

Chas´ti•ty , n. [F. chastete, fr. L. castitas, fr. castus. See Chaste.] 1. The state of being chaste; purity of body; freedom from unlawful sexual intercourse. “She … hath preserved her spotless chastity.
T. Carew.” 2. Moral purity. “So dear to heaven is saintly chastity,
That, when a soul is found sicerely so
A thousand liveried angels lackey her.
Milton.” 3. The unmarried life; celibacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Literature & Art) Chasteness.

Chas´u•ble , n. [F. chasuble, LL. casubula, cassibula, casula, a hooded garment, covering the person like a little house; cf. It. casupola, casipola, cottage, dim of L. casa cottage.] (Eccl.) The outer vestment worn by the priest in saying Mass, consisting, in the Roman Catholic Church, of a broad, flat, back piece, and a narrower front piece, the two connected over the shoulders only. The back has usually a large cross, the front an upright bar or pillar, designed to be emblematical of Christ’s sufferings. In the Greek Church the chasuble is a large round mantle. [Written also chasible, and chesible.]

Chat , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chatting.] [From Chatter. rad.22.] To talk in a light and familiar manner; to converse without form or ceremony; to gossip. Shak. “To chat a while on their adventures.
Dryden.” Syn. — To talk; chatter; gossip; converse.

Chat, v. t. To talk of. [Obs.]

Chat, n. 1. Light, familiar talk; conversation; gossip. “Snuff, or fan, supply each pause of chat,
With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that.
Pope.” 2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Icteria, allied to the warblers, in America. The best known species are the yellow-breasted chat (I. viridis), and the long-tailed chat (I. longicauda). In Europe the name is given to several birds of the family Saxicolidae, as the stonechat, and whinchat. Bush chat. (Zoöl.) See under Bush.

Chat, n. 1. A twig, cone, or little branch. See Chit. 2. pl. (Mining) Small stones with ore. Chat potatoes, small potatoes, such as are given to swine. [Local.]

Cha•teau´ , n.; pl. Chateux (#). [F. château a castle. See Castle.] 1. A castle or a fortress in France. 2. A manor house or residence of the lord of the manor; a gentleman’s country seat; also particularly, a royal residence; as the chateau of the Louvre; the chateau of the Luxembourg. The distinctive, French term for a fortified castle of the middle ages is château-fort. Chateau en Espagne [F.], a castle in Spain, that is, a castle in the air, Spain being the region of romance.

Chat´e•laine , n. [F. châtelaine the wife of a castellan, the mistress of a chateau, a chatelaine chain.] An ornamental hook, or brooch worn by a lady at her waist, and having a short chain or chains attached for a watch, keys, trinkets, etc. Also used adjectively; as a chatelaine chain.

Chat´e•let , n. [F. châtelet, dim. of château. See Castle.] A little castle.

Chat´el•la•ny , n. [F. châtellenie.] Same as Castellany.

Cha•ti´ , n. [Cf. F. chat cat.] (Zoöl.) A small South American species of tiger cat (Felis mitis).

Cha•toy´ant , a. [F., p. pr. of chatoyer to be chatoyant, fr. chat cat.] (Min.) Having a changeable, varying luster, or color, like that of a changeable silk, or oa a cat’s eye in the dark.

Cha•toy´ant, n. (Min.) A hard stone, as the cat’s-eye, which presents on a polished surface, and in the interior, an undulating or wary light.

Cha•toy´ment , n. [F. chatoiement. See Chatoyant.] Changeableness of color, as in a mineral; play of colors. Cleaceland.

Chat´tel , n. [OF. chatel; another form of catel. See Cattle.] (Law) Any item of movable or immovable property except the freehold, or the things which are parcel of it. It is a more extensive term than goods or effects. Chattels are personal or real: personal are such as are movable, as goods, plate, money; real are such rights in land as are less than a freehold, as leases, mortgages, growing corn, etc. Chattel mortgage (Law), a mortgage on personal property, as distinguished from one on real property.

Chat´tel•ism , n. The act or condition of holding chattels; the state of being a chattel.

Chat´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chattered p. pr. & vb. n. Chattering.] [Of imitative origin. Cf. Chat, v. i. Chitter.] 1. To utter sounds which somewhat resemble language, but are inarticulate and indistinct. “The jaw makes answer, as the magpie chatters.
Wordsworth.” 2. To talk idly, carelessly, or with undue rapidity; to jabber; to prate. “To tame a shrew, and charm her chattering tongue.
Shak.” 3. To make a noise by rapid collisions. “With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright.
Dryden.”

Chat´ter, v. t. To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly. “Begin his witless note apace to chatter.
Spenser.”

Chat´ter, n. 1. Sounds like those of a magpie or monkey; idle talk; rapid, thoughtless talk; jabber; prattle. “Your words are but idle and empty chatter.
Longfellow.” 2. Noise made by collision of the teeth, as in shivering.

Chat•ter•a´tion , n. The act or habit of chattering. [Colloq.]

Chat´ter•er , n. 1. A prater; an idle talker. 2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the family Ampelidae — so called from its monotonous note. The Bohemion chatterer (Ampelis garrulus) inhabits the arctic regions of both continents. In America the cedar bird is a more common species. See Bohemian chatterer, and Cedar bird.

Chat´ter•ing , n. The act or habit of talking idly or rapidly, or of making inarticulate sounds; the sounds so made; noise made by the collision of the teeth; chatter.

Chat´ti•ness , n. The quality of being chatty, or of talking easily and pleasantly.

Chat´ty , a. Given to light, familiar talk; talkative. Lady M. W. Montagu.

Chat´ty, n. [Tamil shati.] A porous earthen pot used in India for cooling water, etc.

Chat´wood , n. [Chat a little stick + wood.] Little sticks; twigs for burning; fuel. Johnson.

Chaud´-med•ley , n. [F. chaude mêlee; chaud hot + mêler (Formerly sometimes spelt medler) to mingle.] (Law) The killing of a person in an affray, in the heat of blood, and while under the influence of passion, thus distinguished from chance-medley or killing in self- defense, or in a casual affray. Burrill.

Chau´dron , n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

Chauf´fer , n. [Cf. F. chauffoir a kind of stone, fr. chauffer to heat. See Chafe.] (Chem.) A table stove or small furnace, usually a cylindrical box of sheet iron, with a grate at the bottom, and an open top.

Chaul´dron , n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

Chaun , n. A gap. [Obs.] Colgrave.

Chaun, v. t. & i. To open; to yawn. [Obs.] “O, chaun thy breast.
Marston.”

Chaunt , n. & v. See Chant.

Chaunt´er , n. 1. A street seller of ballads and other broadsides. [Slang, Eng.] 2. A deceitful, tricky dealer or horse jockey. [Colloq.] “He was a horse chaunter; he’s a leg now.
Dickens.” 3. The flute of a bagpipe. See Chanter, n., 3.

Chaunt´er•ie , n. See Chantry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cha´us , n. (Zoöl.) a lynxlike animal of Asia and Africa (Lynx Lybicus).

Chausses , n. pl. [F.] The garment for the legs and feet and for the body below the waist, worn in Europe throughout the Middle Ages; applied also to the armor for the same parts, when fixible, as of chain mail.

Chaus•sure´ , n. [F.] A foot covering of any kind.

Chau´vin•ism , n. [F. chauvinisme, from Chauvin, a character represented as making grotesque and threatening displays of his attachment to his fallen chief, Napoleon I., in 1815.] Blind and absurd devotion to a fallen leader or an obsolete cause; hence, absurdly vainglorious or exaggerated patriotism. — Chau´vin•ist, n. — Chau•vin•is´tic , a. To have a generous belief in the greatness of one’s country is not chauvinism. It is the character of the latter quality to be wildly extravagant, to be fretful and childish and silly, to resent a doubt as an insult, and to offend by its very frankness. Prof. H. Tuttle.

Chav´en•der , n. [Cf. Cheven.] (Zoöl.) The chub. Walton.

Chaw , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chawed p. pr. & vb. n. Chawing.] [See Chew.] 1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food in eating; to chew, as the cud; to champ, as the bit. “The trampling steed, with gold and purple trapped,
Chawing the foamy bit, there fiercely stood.
Surrey.” 2. To ruminate in thought; to consider; to keep the mind working upon; to brood over. Dryden. A word formerly in good use, but now regarded as vulgar.

Chaw, n. [See Chaw, v. t.] 1. As much as is put in the mouth at once; a chew; a quid. [Law] 2. [Cf. Jaw.] The jaw. [Obs.] Spenser. Chaw bacon, a rustic; a bumpkin; a lout. (Law) — Chaw tooth, a grinder. (Law)

Chaw´dron , n. [OF. chaudun, caudun, caldun; cf. G. kaldaunen guts, bowels, LL. calduna intestine, W. coluddyn gut, dim. of coludd bowels.] Entrails. [Obs.] [Written also chaudron, chauldron.] Shak.

Chay´ root [Tamil shaya.] The root of the Oldenlandia umbellata, native in India, which yieds a durable red dyestuff. [Written also choy root.]

Cha•zy´ ep´och (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the Canadian period of the American Lower Silurian system; — so named from a township in Clinton Co., New York. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cheap (chep), n. [AS. ceáp bargain, sale, price; akin to D. koop purchase, G. kauf, Icel. kaup bargain. Cf. Cheapen, Chapman, Chaffer, Cope, v. i.] A bargain; a purchase; cheapness. [Obs.] “The sack that thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler’s in Europe.
Shak.”

Cheap, a. [Abbrev. fr. ´good cheap´: a good purchase or bargain; cf. F. bon marche, à bon marche. See Cheap, n., Cheapen.] 1. Having a low price in market; of small cost or price, as compared with the usual price or the real value. “Where there are a great sellers to a few buyers, there the thing to be sold will be cheap.
Locke.” 2. Of comparatively small value; common; mean. “You grow cheap in every subject’s eye.
Dryden.” Dog cheap, very cheap, — a phrase formed probably by the catachrestical transposition of good cheap. [Colloq.]

Cheap, adv. Cheaply. Milton.

Cheap, v. i. To buy; to bargain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cheap´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheapened p. pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] [OE. cheapien, chepen, to trade, buy, sell, AS. ceápian; akin to D. koopen to buy, G. kaufen, Icel. kaupa, Goth. kaupon to trade. Cf. Chap to bargain.] 1. To ask the price of; to bid, bargain, or chaffer for. [Obsoles.] “Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy.
Swift.” 2. [Cf. Cheap, a.] To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Pope. “My proffered love has cheapened me.
Dryden.”

Cheap´en•er , n. One who cheapens. { Cheap´-jack• , Cheap´-john• } n. A seller of low-priced or second goods; a hawker.

Cheap´ly , adv. At a small price; at a low value; in a common or inferior manner.

Cheap´ness , n. Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value.

Chear , n. & v. [Obs.] See Cheer.

Cheat , n. [rob. an abbrevation of escheat, lands or tenements that fall to a lord or to the state by forfeiture, or by the death of the tenant without heirs; the meaning being explained by the frauds, real or supposed, that were resorted to in procuring escheats. See Escheat.] 1. An act of deception or fraud; that which is the means of fraud or deception; a fraud; a trick; imposition; imposture. “When I consider life, ’tis all a cheat.
Dryden.” 2. One who cheats or deceives; an impostor; a deceiver; a cheater. “Airy wonders, which cheats interpret.
Johnson” 3. (Bot.) A troublesome grass, growing as a weed in grain fields; — called also chess. See Chess. 4. (Law) The obtaining of property from another by an intentional active distortion of the truth. When cheats are effected by deceitful or illegal symbols or tokens which may affect the public at large and against which common prudence could not have guarded, they are indictable at common law. Wharton. Syn. — Deception; imposture; fraud; delusion; artifice; trick; swindle; deceit; guile; finesse; stratagem.

Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cheating.] [See Cheat, n., Escheat.] 1. To deceive and defraud; to impose upon; to trick; to swindle. “I am subject to a tyrant, a sorcerer, that by his cunning hath cheated me of this island.
Shak.” 2. To beguile. Sir W. Scott. “To cheat winter of its dreariness.
W. Irving.” Syn. — To trick; cozen; gull; chouse; fool; outwit; circumvent; beguile; mislead; dupe; swindle; defraud; overreach; delude; hoodwink; deceive; bamboozle.

Cheat, v. i. To practice fraud or trickery; as to cheat at cards.

Cheat, n. [Perh. from OF. chete goods, chattels.] Wheat, or bread made from wheat. [Obs.] Drayton. “Their purest cheat,
Thrice bolted, kneaded, and subdued in paste.
Chapman.”

Cheat´a•ble , a. Capable of being cheated.

Cheat´a•ble•ness, n. Capability of being cheated.

Cheat´er , n. 1. One who cheats. 2. An escheator. [R.] Shak.

Che•bac´co , n. [From Chebacco, the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts where such vessels were built.] (Naut.) A narrow-sterned boat formerly much used in the Newfoundland fisheries; — called also pinkstern and chebec. Bartlett.

Che´bec , n. (Naut.) See Chebacco.

Che•bec´ , n. [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A small American bird (Empidonax minimus); the least flycatcher.

Check , n. [OE. chek, OF. eschec, F. echec, a stop, hindrance, orig. check in the game of chess, pl. echecs chess, through AR., fr. Pers. shah king. See Shah, and cf. Checkmate, Chess, Checker.] 1. (Chess) A word of warning denoting that the king is in danger; such a menace of a player’s king by an adversary’s move as would, if it were any other piece, expose it to immediate capture. A king so menaced is said to be in check, and must be made safe at the next move. 2. A condition of interrupted or impeded progress; arrest; stop; delay; as to hold an enemy in check. “Which gave a remarkable check to the first progress of Christianity.
Addison.” “No check, no stay, this streamlet fears.
Wordsworth.” 3. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action; an obstacle, guard, restraint, or rebuff. “Useful check upon the administration of government.
Washington.” “A man whom no check could abash.
Macaulay.” 4. A mark, certificate, or token, by which, errors may be prevented, or a thing or person may be identified; as checks placed against items in an account; a check given for baggage; a return check on a railroad. 5. A written order directing a bank or banker to pay money as therein stated. See Bank check, below. 6. A woven or painted design in squares resembling the patten of a checkerboard; one of the squares of such a design; also cloth having such a figure. 7. (Falconry) The forsaking by a hawk of its proper game to follow other birds. 8. Small chick or crack. Bank check, a written order on a banker or broker to pay money in his keeping belonging to the signer. — Check book, a book containing blank forms for checks upon a bank. — Check hook, a hook on the saddle of a harness, over which a checkrein is looped. — Check list, a list or catalogue by which things may be verified, or on which they may be checked. — Check nut (Mech.), a secondary nut, screwing down upon the primary nut to secure it. Knight. — Check valve (Mech.), a valve in the feed pipe of a boiler to prevent the return of the feed water. — To take check, to take offense. [Obs.] Dryden. Syn. — Hindrance; setback; interruption; obstruction; reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; rebuff; tally; counterfoil; counterbalance; ticket; draft.

Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checked p. pr. & vb. n. checking.] 1. (Chess) To make a move which puts an adversary’s piece, esp. his king, in check; to put in check. 2. To put a sudden restraint upon; to stop temporarily; to hinder; to repress; to curb. “So many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and oppression.
Burke.” 3. To verify, to guard, to make secure, by means of a mark, token, or other check; to distinguish by a check; to put a mark against (an item) after comparing with an original or a counterpart in order to secure accuracy; as to check an account; to check baggage. 4. To chide, rebuke, or reprove. “The good king, his master, will check him for it.
Shak.” 5. (Naut.) To slack or ease off, as a brace which is too stiffly extended. 6. To make checks or chinks in; to cause to crack; as the sun checks timber. Syn. — To restrain; curb; bridle; repress; control; hinder; impede; obstruct; interrupt; tally; rebuke; reprove; rebuff.

Check , v. i. To make a stop; to pause; — with at. “The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after.
Locke.” 2. To clash or interfere. [R.] Bacon. 3. To act as a curb or restraint. “It [his presence] checks too strong upon me.
Dryden.” 4. To crack or gape open, as wood in drying; or to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, etc. 5. (Falconry) To turn, when in pursuit of proper game, and fly after other birds. “And like the haggard, check at every feather
That comes before his eye.
Shak.”

Check, a. Checkered; designed in checks.

Check´age , n. 1. The act of checking; as the checkage of a name or of an item in a list. 2. The items, or the amount, to which attention is called by a check or checks.

Check´er, n. [From Check, v. t.] One who checks.

Check´er (chek´er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkered (- erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Checkering.] [From OF. eschequier a chessboard, F. echiquier. See Check, n., and cf. 3d Checker.] 1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard, as by crossing stripes of different colors. 2. To variegate or diversify with different qualities, colors, scenes, or events; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosperity and adversity. “Our minds are, as it were, checkered with truth and falsehood.
Addison.”

Check´er, n. [OF. eschequier. See Checker, v. t.] 1. A piece in the game of draughts or checkers. 2. A pattern in checks; a single check. 3. Checkerwork. This word is also written chequer.

Check´er•ber•ry (-ber•ry), n.; pl. Checkerberries (#). (Bot.) A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Also incorrectly applied to the partridge berry (Mitchella repens).

Check´er•board (-bord•), n. A board with sixty-four squares of alternate color, used for playing checkers or draughts.

Check´ered (-erd), a. 1. Marked with alternate squares or checks of different color or material. “Dancing in the checkered shade.
Milton.” 2. Diversified or variegated in a marked manner, as in appearance, character, circumstances, etc. “This checkered narrative.
Macaulay.”

Check´ers (chek´erz), n. pl. [See Checher, v.] A game, called also daughts, played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having twelve men (counters or checkers) which are moved diagonally. The game is ended when either of the players has lost all his men, or can not move them.

Check´er•work , n. 1. Work consisting of or showing checkers varied alternately as to colors or materials. 2. Any aggregate of varied vicissitudes. “How strange a checkerwork of Providence is the life of man.
De Foe.”

Check´la•ton , n. 1. Ciclatoun. [Obs.] 2. Gilded leather. [Obs.] Spenser.

Check´less, a. That can not be checked or restrained.

Check´mate, n. [F. echec et mat, fr. Per. shah mat ceckmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mata he died, is dead. The king, when made prisoner, or checkmated, is assumed to be dead, and the game is finished. See Chess.] 1. The position in the game of chess when a king is in check and cannot be released, — which ends the game. 2. A complete check; utter defeat or overthrow.

Check´mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkmating.] 1. (Chess) To check (an adversary’s king) in such a manner that escape in impossible; to defeat (an adversary) by putting his king in check from which there is no escape. 2. To defeat completely; to terminate; to thwart. “To checkmate and control my just demands.
Ford.”

Check´rein , n. 1. A short rein looped over the check hook to prevent a horse from lowering his head; — called also a bearing rein. 2. A branch rein connecting the driving rein of one horse of a span or pair with the bit of the other horse.

Check´roll , n. A list of servants in a household; — called also chequer roll.

Check´string , n. A cord by which a person in a carriage or horse car may signal to the driver.

Check´work , n. Anything made so as to form alternate squares like those of a checkerboard.

Check´y (chek´y), a. (Her.) Divided into small alternating squares of two tinctures; — said of the field or of an armorial bearing. [Written also checquy, chequy.]

Ched´dar , a. Of or pertaining to, or made at, Cheddar, in England; as Cheddar cheese.

Cheek (chek), n. [OE. cheke, cheoke, AS. ceàce, ceòce; cf. Goth. kukjan to kiss, D. kaak cheek; perh. akin to E. chew, jaw.] 1. The side of the face below the eye. 2. The cheek bone. [Obs.] Caucer. 3. pl. (Mech.) Those pieces of a machine, or of any timber, or stone work, which form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pair; as the cheeks (jaws) of a vise; the cheeks of a gun carriage, etc. 4. pl. The branches of a bridle bit. Knight. 5. (Founding) A section of a flask, so made that it can be moved laterally, to permit the removal of the pattern from the mold; the middle part of a flask. 6. Cool confidence; assurance; impudence. [Slang] Cheek of beef. See Illust. of Beef. — Cheek bone (Anat.) the bone of the side of the face; esp., the malar bone. — Cheek by jowl, side by side; very intimate. — Cheek pouch (Zoöl.), a sacklike dilation of the cheeks of certain monkeys and rodents, used for holding food. — Cheeks of a block, the two sides of the shell of a tackle block. — Cheeks of a mast, the projection on each side of a mast, upon which the trestletrees rest. — Cheek tooth (Anat.), a hinder or molar tooth. — Butment cheek. See under Butment.

Cheek (chek), v. t. To be impudent or saucy to. [Slang.]

Cheeked (chekt), a. Having a cheek; — used in composition. ´Rose- cheeked Adonis.´ Shak.

Cheek´y, a Brazen-faced; impudent; bold. [Slang.]

Cheep (chep), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cheeped (chept).] [Cf. Chirp]. To chirp, as a young bird.

Cheep, v. t. To give expression to in a chirping tone. “Cheep and twitter twenty million loves.
Tennyson.”

Cheep, n. A chirp, peep, or squeak, as of a young bird or mouse.

Cheer (cher), n. [OE. chere face, welcome, cheer, OF. chiere, F. chère, fr. LL. cara face, Gr. ka•ra head; akin to Skr. çiras, L. cerebrum brain, G. hirn, and E. cranium.] 1. The face; the countenance or its expression. [Obs.] ´Sweat of thy cheer.´ Wyclif. 2. Feeling; spirit; state of mind or heart. “Be of good cheer.
Matt. ix. 2.” “The parents … fled away with heavy cheer.
Holland.” 3. Gayety; mirth; cheerfulness; animation. “I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have.
Shak.” 1. That which promotes good spirits or cheerfulness; provisions prepared for a feast; entertainment; as a table loaded with good cheer. 5. A shout, hurrah, or acclamation, expressing joy enthusiasm, applause, favor, etc. “Welcome her, thundering cheer of the street.
Tennyson.” Whzt cheer? Now do you fare? What is there that is cheering?

Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheered p. pr. & vb. n. cheering.] 1. To cause to rejoice; to gladden; to make cheerful; — often with up. Cowpe. 2. To infuse life, courage, animation, or hope, into; to inspirit; to solace or comfort. “The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered.
Dryden.” 3. To salute or applaud with cheers; to urge on by cheers; as to cheer hounds in a chase. To cheer ship, to salute a passing ship by cheers of sailors stationed in the rigging. Syn. — To gladden; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; enliven; refresh; exhilarate; animate; applaud.

Cheer, v. i. 1. To grow cheerful; to become gladsome or joyous; — usually with up. “At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up.
A. Philips.” 2. To be in any state or temper of mind. [Obs.] “How cheer’st thou, Jessica?
Shak.” 3. To utter a shout or shouts of applause, triumph, etc. “And even the ranks of Tusculum
Could scare forbear to cheer.
Macaulay.”

Cheer´er , n. One who cheers; one who, or that which, gladdens. ´Thou cheerer of our days.´ Wotton. ´Prime cheerer, light.´ Thomson.

Cheer´ful , a. Having or showing good spirits or joy; cheering; cheery; contented; happy; joyful; lively; animated; willing. “To entertain a cheerful disposition.
Shak.” “The cheerful birds of sundry kind
Do chant sweet music.
Spenser.” “A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God.
Macaulay.” “This general applause and cheerful shout.
Shak.” Syn. — Lively; animated; gay; joyful; lightsome; gleeful; blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly; joyous; vivacious; buoyant; sunny; happy; hopeful.

Cheer´ful•ly, adv. In a cheerful manner, gladly.

Cheer´ful•ness, n. Good spirits; a state of moderate joy or gayety; alacrity.

Cheer´i•ly , adv. In a cheery manner.

Cheer´i•ness, n. The state of being cheery.

Cheer´ing•ly , adv. In a manner to cheer or encourage.

Cheer´is•ness, n. Cheerfulness. [Obs.] “There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set off with cheerishness.
Milton.”

Cheer´less, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort. — Cheer´less•ly, adv. — Cheer´less•ness, n. “My cheerful day is turned to cheerless night.
Spenser.” Syn. — Gloomy; sad; comfortless; dispiriting; dicsconsolate; dejected; melancholy; forlorn.

Cheer´ly , a. Gay; cheerful. [Obs.] Shak.

Cheer´ly, adv. Cheerily. [Archaic] Tennyson.

Cheer´ry , a. Cheerful; lively; gay; bright; pleasant; as a cheery person. “His cheery little study, where the sunshine glimmered so pleasantly.
Hawthorne.”

Cheese , n. [OE. chese, AS. cese, fr. L. caseus, LL. casius. Cf. Casein.] 1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually with rennet, separated from the whey, and pressed into a solid mass in a hoop or mold. 2. A mass of pomace, or ground apples, pressed together in the form of a cheese. 3. The flat, circular, mucilaginous fruit of the dwarf mallow (Malva rotundifolia). [Colloq.] 4. A low courtesy; — so called on account of the cheese form assumed by a woman’s dress when she stoops after extending the skirts by a rapid gyration. De Quincey. Thackeray. Cheese cake, a cake made of or filled with, a composition of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Prior. — Cheese fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous insect (Piophila casei) of which the larvae or maggots, called skippers or hoppers, live in cheese. — Cheese mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Tryoglyhus siro) in cheese and other articles of food. — Cheese press, a press used in making cheese, to separate the whey from the curd, and to press the curd into a mold. — Cheese rennet (Bot.), a plant of the Madder family (Golium verum, or yellow bedstraw), sometimes used to coagulate milk. The roots are used as a substitute for madder. — Cheese vat, a vat or tub in which the curd is formed and cut or broken, in cheese making.

Cheese´lep , n. [Cf. Keslop.] A bag in which rennet is kept.

Cheese´mon•ger , n. One who deals in cheese. B. Jonson.

Cheese´par•ing , n. A thin portion of the rind of a cheese. — a. Scrimping; mean; as cheeseparing economy.

Chees´i•ness , n. The quality of being cheesy.

Chees´y , a. Having the nature, qualities, taste, form, consistency, or appearance of cheese.

Chee´tah , n. [Hind. chita.] (Zoöl.) A species of leopard (Cynaelurus jubatus) tamed and used for hunting in India. The woolly cheetah of South Africa is C. laneus. [Written also chetah.]

Chef , n. [F.] 1. A chief of head person. 2. The head cook of large establishment, as a club, a family, etc. 3. (Her.) Same as Chief.

Chef•-d’œuvre´ , n.; pl. Chefs-d’œuvre (#). [F.] A masterpiece; a capital work in art, literature, etc. { Cheg´oe , Cheg´re }, n. See Chigoe.

Chei´lo•plas•ty , n. [Gr. a lip + -plasty.] (Surg.) The process of forming an artificial tip or part of a lip, by using for the purpose a piece of healthy tissue taken from some neighboring part.

Chei•lop´o•da , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Chilopoda.

Chei•rop´ter , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cheiroptera.

Chei•rop´te•ra (k>isl/•rop´ter), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. chei•r hand + ptero•n wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammalia, including the bats, having four toes of each of the anterior limbs elongated and connected by a web, so that they can be used like wings in flying. See Bat.

Chei•rop´ter•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Cheiroptera, or Bat family.

Chei•rop•te•ryg´i•um , n.; pl. Cheiropterygia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. hand + ; wing, fin.] (Anat.) The typical pentadactyloid limb of the higher vertebrates.

Chei•ros´o•phy , n. [Gr. hand + knowledge.] The art of reading character as it is delineated in the hand. — Chei•ros´o•phist , n.

Chei•ro•the´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hand + beast.] (Poleon.) A genus of extinct animals, so named from fossil footprints rudely resembling impressions of the human hand, and believed to have been made by labyrinthodont reptiles. See Illustration in Appendix.

Chek•e•la•toun´ , n. See Ciclatoun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chek´mak , n. A turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.

Che´la , n.; pl. Chelae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw.] (Zoöl.) The pincherlike claw of Crustacea and Arachnida.

Che´late , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Cheliferous.

Chel•e•ryth´rine , n. [Gr. celandine + ’eryqro•s red.] (Chem.) An alkaloidal principle obtained from the celandine, and named from the red color of its salts. It is a colorless crystalline substance, and acts as an acrid narcotic poison. It is identical with sanguinarine.

Che•lic´e•ra (ke•lis´e•ra), n.; pl. Chelicerae (-re). [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw + ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) One of the anterior pair of mouth organs, terminated by a pincherlike claw, in scorpions and allied Arachnida. They are homologous with the falcers of spiders, and probably with the mandibles of insects.

Chel´i•don , n. [NL., fr. Gr. chelidw•n.] (Anat.) The hollow at the flexure of the arm.

Chel•i•don´ic , a. [See Celandine.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the celandine. Chelidonic acid, a weak acid extracted from the celandine (Chelidonium majus), as a white crystalline substance.

Chel•i•do´ni•us , n. [L. (sc. lapillus.)] A small stone taken from the gizzard of a young swallow. — anciently worn as a medicinal charm.

Chel´i•fer , n. [Gr. chhlh• claw + -fer.] (Zoöl.) See Book scorpion, under Book.

Che•lif´er•ous , a. [Gr. chhlh• claw + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having cheliform claws, like a crab.

Chel´i•form , a. [Gr. chhlh• claw + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having a movable joint or finger closing against a preceding joint or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be used for grasping, as the claw of a crab; pincherlike.

Che•lo´ne , n. [Gr. chelw•nh a tortoise. So named from shape of the upper lip of the corolla.] (Bot.) A genus of hardy perennial flowering plants, of the order Scrophulariaceae, natives of North America; — called also snakehead, turtlehead, shellflower, etc.

Che•lo´ni•a (ke•lo´ni•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. chelw•nh a tortoise.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles, including the tortoises and turtles, peculiar in having a part of the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum united with the dermal plates so as to form a firm shell. The jaws are covered by a horny beak. See Reptilia; also Illust. in Appendix.

Che•lo´ni•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to animals of the tortoise kind. — n. One of the Chelonia.

Che•lu´ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw + tail.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber.

Che´ly , n. A claw. See Chela. [Obs.]

Chem´ic , n. [See Chenistry.] 1. A chemist; an alchemist. [Obs.] 2. (Bleaching) A solution of chloride of lime.

Chem´ic, a. Chemical. Blackw. Mag.

Chem´ic•al , a. Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes of chemistry; as chemical changes; chemical combinations. Chemical attraction or affinity. See under Attraction.

Chem´ic•al, n. A substance used for producing a chemical effect; a reagent.

Chem´ic•al•ly, adv. According to chemical principles; by chemical process or operation.

Chem•i•glyph´ic , a. [Chemical + to engrave.] Engraved by a voltaic battery.

Chem•i•loon´ , n. A garment for women, consisting of chemise and drawers united in one. [U. S.]

Che•mise´ , n. [F., shirt, fr. LL. camisa, camisia, shirt, thin dress; cf. G. hemd, or OIr. caimmse sort of garment. Cf. Camis.] 1. A shift, or undergarment, worn by women. 2. A wall that lines the face of a bank or earthwork.

Chem•i•sette´ , n.[F., dim. of chemise.] An under-garment, worn by women, usually covering the neck, shoulders, and breast.

Chem´ism , n. [Cf. F. chimisme. See Chemistry.] The force exerted between the atoms of elementary substance whereby they unite to form chemical compounds; chemical attaction; affinity; — sometimes used as a general expression for chemical activity or relationship.

Chem´ist, n. [Shortened from alchemist; cf. F. chimiste.] A person versed in chemistry or given to chemical investigation; an analyst; a maker or seller of chemicals or drugs.

Chem´is•try (kem´is•try; 277), n. [From Chemist. See Alchemy.] 1. That branch of science which treats of the composition of substances, and of the changes which they undergo in consequence of alterations in the constitution of the molecules, which depend upon variations of the number, kind, or mode of arrangement, of the constituent atoms. These atoms are not assumed to be indivisible, but merely the finest grade of subdivision hitherto attained. Chemistry deals with the changes in the composition and constitution of molecules. See Atom, Molecule. Historically, chemistry is an outgrowth of alchemy (or alchemistry), with which it was anciently identified. 2. An application of chemical theory and method to the consideration of some particular subject; as the chemistry of iron; the chemistry of indigo. 3. A treatise on chemistry. This word and its derivatives were formerly written with y, and sometimes with i, instead of e, in the first syllable, chymistry, chymist, chymical, etc., or chimistry, chimist, chimical, etc.; and the pronunciation was conformed to the orthography. Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or mineral substances. — Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances which form the structure of organized beings and their products, whether animal or vegetable; — called also chemistry of the carbon compounds. There is no fundamental difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. — Physiological chemistry, the chemistry of the organs and tissues of the body, and of the various physiological processes incident to life. — Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions essential to their best use. — Pure chemistry, the consideration of the facts and theories of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without necessary reference to their practical applications or mere utility.

Chem´i•type , n. [Chemical + -type.] (Engraving) One of a number of processes by which an impression from an engraved plate is obtained in relief, to be used for printing on an ordinary printing press.

Che•mol´y•sis , n. [Chemical + Gr. a loosing.] A term sometimes applied to the decomposition of organic substance into more simple bodies, by the use of chemical agents alone. Thudichum.

Chem•os•mo´sis , n. [Chemical + osmosis.] Chemical action taking place through an intervening membrane.

Chem•os•mot´ic , a. Pertaining to, or produced by, chemosmosis. [R.]

Che•mung´ pe´ri•od , (Geol.) A subdivision in the upper part of the Devonian system in America, so named from the Chemung River, along which the rocks are well developed. It includes the Portage and Chemung groups or epochs. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cheng , n. [Chinese.] A chinese reed instrument, with tubes, blown by the mouth.

Che•nille´ (she•nel´), n. [F., prop., a caterpillar.] Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, for the trimming of ladies’ dresses, for embroidery and fringes, and for the weft of Chenille rugs.

Che•no•mor´phae , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. the wild goose + form.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the swans, ducks, geese, flamingoes and screamers.

Chep´ster (chep´ster), n. (Zoöl.) The European starling. [Local, Eng.]

Cheque (chek), n. See Check.

Cheq´uer (chek´er), n. & v. Same as Checker.

Che•quin´ (che•ken´), n. A coin. See Sequin. Shak.

Cheq´uy , n. (Her.) Same as Checky.

Cher´if (sher´if), n. See Sherif.

Cher•i•moy´er , n. [F. cherimolier.] (Bot.) 1. A small downy-leaved tree (Anona Cherimolia), with fragrant flowers. It is a native of Peru. 2. Its delicious fruit, which is succulent, dark purple, and similar to the custard apple of the West Indies.

Cher´ish (cher´ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cherished (- isht); p. pr. & vb. n. Cherising.] [F. cherir, fr. cher dear, fr. L. carus. See Caress, Finish.] 1. To treat with tenderness and affection; to nurture with care; to protect and aid. “We were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children.
1 Thess. ii. 7.” 2. To hold dear; to embrace with interest; to indulge; to encourage; to foster; to promote; as to cherish religious principle. “To cherish virtue and humanity.
Burke.” Syn. — To nourish; foster; nurse; nurture; entertain; encourage; comfort; protect; support; See Nurture.

Cher´ish•er (cher´ish•er), n. One who cherishes. “The cherisher of my flesh and blood.
Shak.”

Cher´ish•ment , n. Encouragement; comfort. [Obs.] “Rich bounty and dear cherishment.
Spenser.”

Cher´mes , n. See Kermes.

Cher´o•gril , n. [L. choerogryllus, Gr. ; a young swine + a pig.] (Zoöl.) See Cony.

Cher•o•kees´ , n. pl.; sing. Cherokee. (Ethnol.) An Appalachian tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the region about the head waters of the Tennessee River. They are now mostly settled in the Indian Territory, and have become one of the most civilized of the Indian Tribes.

Che•root´ (che•root´; 277), n. [Tamil shuruttu, prop., a roll.] A kind of cigar, originally brought from Manila, in the Philippine Islands; now often made of inferior or adulterated tobacco.

Cher´ry (cher´ry), n. [OE. chery, for cherys, fr. F. cerise (cf. AS. cyrs cherry), fr. LL. ceresia, fr. L. cerasus Cherry tree, Gr. keraso•s, perh. fr. ke•ras horn, from the hardness of the wood.] 1. (Bot.) A tree or shrub of the genus Prunus (Which also includes the plum) bearing a fleshy drupe with a bony stone; (a) The common garden cherry (Prunus Cerasus), of which several hundred varieties are cultivated for the fruit, some of which are, the begarreau, blackheart, black Tartarian, oxheart, morelle or morello, May-duke (corrupted from Medoc in France). (b) The wild cherry; as Prunus serotina (wild black cherry), valued for its timber; P. Virginiana (choke cherry), an American shrub which bears astringent fruit; P. avium and P. Padus, European trees (bird cherry). 2. The fruit of the cherry tree, a drupe of various colors and flavors. 3. The timber of the cherry tree, esp. of the black cherry, used in cabinetmaking, etc. 4. A peculiar shade of red, like that of a cherry. Barbadoes cherry. See under Barbadoes. — Cherry bird (Zoöl.), an American bird; the cedar bird; — so called from its fondness for cherries. — Cherry bounce, cherry brandy and sugar. — Cherry brandy, brandy in which cherries have been steeped. — Cherry laurel (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Prunus Lauro- cerasus) common in shrubberies, the poisonous leaves of which have a flavor like that of bitter almonds. — Cherry pepper (Bot.), a species of Capsicum (C. cerasiforme), with small, scarlet, intensely piquant cherry-shaped fruit. — Cherry pit. (a) A child’s play, in which cherries are thrown into a hole. Shak. (b) A cherry stone. — Cherry rum, rum in which cherries have been steeped. — Cherry sucker (Zoöl.), the European spotted flycatcher (Musicapa grisola); — called also cherry chopper cherry snipe. — Cherry tree, a tree that bears cherries. — Ground cherry, Winter cherry, See Alkekengi.

Cher´ry (cher´ry), a. Like a red cherry in color; ruddy; blooming; as a cherry lip; cherry cheeks.

Cher´so•nese (ker´so•nes), n. [Gr. cherso•nhsos; che•rsos land + nh•sos island.] A peninsula; a tract of land nearly surrounded by water, but united to a larger tract by a neck of land or isthmus; as the Cimbric Chersonese, or Jutland; the Tauric Chersonese, or Crimea.

Chert (chert), n. [Ir. ceart stone, perh. akin to E. crag.] (Min.) An impure, massive, flintlike quartz or hornstone, of a dull color.

Chert´y , a. Like chert; containing chert; flinty.

Cher´ub , n.; pl. Cherubs (#); but the Hebrew plural Cherubim (#) is also used. [Heb. kerub.] 1. A mysterious composite being, the winged footstool and chariot of the Almighty, described in Ezekiel i. and x. “I knew that they were the cherubim.
Ezek. x. 20.” “He rode upon a cherub and did fly.
Ps. xviii. 10.” 2. A symbolical winged figure of unknown form used in connection with the mercy seat of the Jewish Ark and Temple. Ez. xxv. 18. 3. One of a order of angels, variously represented in art. In European painting the cherubim have been shown as blue, to denote knowledge, as distinguished from the seraphim (see Seraph), and in later art the children’s heads with wings are generally called cherubs. 4. A beautiful child; — so called because artists have represented cherubs as beautiful children. { Che•ru´bic , Che•ru´bic•al } a. Of or pertaining to cherubs; angelic. ´The cherubic host.´ Milton.

Cher´u•bim , n. The Hebrew plural of Cherub.. Cf. Seraphim. Cherubims, in the King James version of the bible, is an incorrect form, made by adding the English plural termination to the Hebrew plural cherubim instead of to the singular cherub.

Cher´u•bin , a. Cherubic; angelic. [Obs.] Shak.

Cher´u•bin, n. A cherub. [Obs.] Dryden.

Cher´up , v. i. [Prob. fr. chirp.] To make a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to chirp. See Chirrup. ´Cheruping birds.´ Drayton.

Cher´up, v. t. To excite or urge on by making a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to cherup to. See Chirrup. “He cherups brisk ear-erecting steed.
Cowper.”

Cher´up, n. A short, sharp, cheerful noise; a chirp; a chirrup; as the cherup of a cricket.

Cher´vil , n. [AS. cerfille, fr. L. caerefolium, chaerephyllum, Gr. ; to rejoice + leaf.] (Bot.) A plant (Anthriscus cerefolium) with pinnately divided aromatic leaves, of which several curled varieties are used in soups and salads.

Ches , pret. of Chese. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chese , v. t. To choose [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ches´i•ble , n. See Chasuble.

Ches´lip , n. (Zoöl.) The wood louse. [Prov. Eng.]

Chess , n. [OE. ches, F. echecs, prop. pl. of echec check. See 1st Check.] A game played on a chessboard, by two persons, with two differently colored sets of men, sixteen in each set. Each player has a king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, two castles or rooks, and eight pawns.

Chess, n. (Bot.) A species of brome grass (Bromus secalinus) which is a troublesome weed in wheat fields, and is often erroneously regarded as degenerate or changed wheat; it bears a very slight resemblance to oats, and if reaped and ground up with wheat, so as to be used for food, is said to produce narcotic effects; — called also cheat and Willard’s bromus. [U. S.] Other species of brome grass are called upright chess, soft chess, etc.

Chess´-ap•ple , n. The wild service of Europe (Purus torminalis).

Chess´board , n. The board used in the game of chess, having eight rows of alternate light and dark squares, eight in each row. See Checkerboard. The chessboard and the checkerboard are alike.

Ches´sel , n. The wooden mold in which cheese is pressed. Simmonds.

Chess´es , n. pl. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpenty.] (Mil.) The platforms, consisting of two or more planks doweled together, for the flooring of a temporary military bridge. Wilhelm. A singular, chess, is sometimes used. ´Each chess consists of three planks.´ Farrow.

Ches´sil , n. [OE. chesil, AS. ceosel gravel, sand.] Gravel or pebbles. Halliwell.

Chess´man , n.; pl. Chessmen (#). A piece used in the game of chess.

Ches´som (#), n. [Cf. Chisley.] Mellow earth; mold. [Obs.] Bacon.

Chess´tree , n. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpentry.] (Naut.) A piece of oak bolted perpendicularly on the side of a vessel, to aid in drawing down and securing the clew of the mainsail.

Ches•sy´ cop´per (Min.) The mineral azurite, found in fine crystallization at Chessy, near Lyons; called also chessylite.

Chest (chest), n. [OE. chest, chist, AS. cest, cist, cyst, L. cista, fr. Gr. ki•sth. Cf. Cist, Cistern.] 1. A large box of wood, or other material, having, like a trunk, a lid, but no covering of skin, leather, or cloth. “Heaps of money crowded in the chest.
Dryden.” 2. A coffin. [Obs.] “He is now dead and mailed in his cheste.
Chaucer.” 3. The part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breastbone; the thorax. 4. (Com.) A case in which certain goods, as tea, opium, etc., are transported; hence, the quantity which such a case contains. 5. (Mech.) A tight receptacle or box, usually for holding gas steam, liquids, etc.; as the steam chest of an engine; the wind chest of an organ. Bomb chest, See under Bomb. — Chest of drawers, a case or movable frame containing drawers.

Chest , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chested.] 1. To deposit in a chest; to hoard. 2. To place in a coffin. [Obs.] “He dieth and is chested.
Gen. 1. 26 (heading).”

Chest , n. [AS. ceást.] Strife; contention; controversy. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Chest´ed, a. Having (such) a chest; — in composition; as broad-chested; narrow- chested.

Ches´ter•lite , n. [See - lite.] A variety of feldspar found in crystals in the county of Chester, Pennsylvania.

Ches´teyn , n. The chestnut tree. [Obs.] “Wilwe, elm, plane, assch, box, chesteyn.
Chaucer.”

Chest´ foun•der (Far.) A rheumatic affection of the muscles of the breast and fore legs of a horse, affecting motion and respiration.

Chest´nut (ches´nut), n. [For chesten-nut; OE. chestein, chesten, chastein, chestnut, fr. AS. cisten in cisten-beám chestnut tree, influenced by OF. chastaigne, F. châtaigne, both the AS. and the F. words coming from L. castanea a chestnut, Gr. ka•stanon, fr. Ka•stana a city of Pontus, where chestnut trees grew in abundance, and whence they were introduced into Europe. Cf. Castanets.] 1. (Bot.) The edible nut of a forest tree (Castanea vesca) of Europe and America. Commonly two or more of the nuts grow in a prickly bur. 2. The tree itself, or its light, coarse- grained timber, used for ornamental work, furniture, etc. 3. A bright brown color, like that of the nut. 4. The horse chestnut (often so used in England). 5. One of the round, or oval, horny plates on the inner sides of the legs of the horse, and allied animals. 6. An old joke or story. [Slang] Chestnut tree, a tree that bears chestnuts.

Chest´nut, a. Of the color of a chestnut; of a reddish brown color; as chestnut curls.

Che´tah (che´ta), n. (Zoöl.) See Cheetah.

Chet´vert (chet´vert), n. [Russ. chetverte.] A measure of grain equal to 0.7218 of an imperial quarter, or 5.95 Winchester bushels. [Russia]

Chev´a•chie , n. See Chivachie. [Obs.]

Che´vage (che´vaj), n. See Chiefage. [Obs.]

Che•val´ (she•val´), n.; pl. Chevaux (- vo´). [F. See Cavalcade.] A horse; hence, a support or frame. Cheval glass, a mirror swinging in a frame, and large enough to reflect the full length figure.

Che•val´-de-frise´ , n.; commonly used in the pl. Chevaux-de- frise. [F.; cheval horse + Frise Friesland, where it was first used.] (Mil.) A piece of timber or an iron barrel traversed with iron-pointed spikes or spears, five or six feet long, used to defend a passage, stop a breach, or impede the advance of cavalry, etc. “Obstructions of chain, boom, and cheval-de- frise.
W. Irving.”

Che•va•lier´ , n. [F., fr. LL. caballarius. See Cavaller.] 1. A horseman; a knight; a gallant young man. ´Mount, chevaliers; to arms.´ Shak. 2. A member of certain orders of knighthood. Chevalier d’industrie [F.], one who lives by persevering fraud; a pickpocket; a sharper. — The Chevalier St. George (Eng. Hist.), James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II.), called ´The Pretender.´ — The Young Chevalier, Charles Edward Stuart, son of the Chevalier St. George.

Che•vaux´ (she•vo´), n. pl. See Cheval.

Cheve (chev), v. i. [OF. chevir. See Chievance.] To come to an issue; to turn out; to succeed; as to cheve well in a enterprise. [Prov. or Obs.] Holland.

Cheve•lure´ , n. [F., head of hair.] A hairlike envelope. “The nucleus and chevelure of nebulous star.
Sir. W. Hershel.”

Chev´en , n. [Cf. F. chevanne. Cf. Chavender.] (Zoöl.) A river fish; the chub. Sir T. Browne.

Chev´en•tein , n. A variant of Chieftain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chev´er•il , n. [OF. chevrel, F. chevreau, kid, dim. of chevre goat, fr. L. capra. See Caper, v. i.] Soft leather made of kid skin. Fig.: Used as a symbol of flexibility. [Obs.] “Here’s wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch narrow to an ell broad.
Shak.”

Chev´er•il, a. Made of cheveril; pliant. [Obs.] “A cheveril conscience and a searching wit.
Drayton.”

Chev´er•li•ize , v. i. To make as pliable as kid leather. [Obs.] Br. Montagu.

Che•vet´ , n. [F., head of the bed, dim. fr. chef head. See Chief.] (Arch.) The extreme end of the chancel or choir; properly the round or polygonal part.

Chev´i•ot , n. 1. A valuable breed of mountain sheep in Scotland, which takes its name from the Cheviot hills. 2. A woolen fabric, for men’s clothing.

Chev´i•sance , n. [Of. chevisance, chevissance, fr. chevircome to an end, perform, fr. chef head, end, from L. caput head. See Chieve, Chief.] 1. Achievement; deed; performance. [Obs.] “Fortune, the foe of famous chevisance.
Spenser.” 2. A bargain; profit; gain. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. (O. Eng. Law) (a) A making of contracts. (b) A bargain or contract; an agreement about a matter in dispute, such as a debt; a business compact. (c) An unlawful agreement or contract.

Chev•rette´ , n. [F., fr. chevre goat, fr. L. capra. Cf. Chevron.] (Mil.) A machine for raising guns or mortar into their carriages.

Chev´ron , n. [F., rafter, chevron, from chevre goat, OF. chevre, fr. L. capra she-goat. See Cheveril.] 1. (Her.) One of the nine honorable ordinaries, consisting of two broad bands of the width of the bar, issuing, respectively from the dexter and sinister bases of the field and conjoined at its center. 2. (Mil.) A distinguishing mark, above the elbow, on the sleeve of a non-commissioned officer’s coat. 3. (Arch.) A zigzag molding, or group of moldings, common in Norman architecture. Chevron bones (Anat.), The V- shaped subvertebral arches which inclose the caudal blood vessels in some animals.

Chev´roned , p. a. Having a chevron; decorated with an ornamental figure of a zigzag from. “[A garment] whose nether parts, with their bases, were of watchet cloth of silver, chevroned all over with lace.
B. Jonson.”

Chev´ron•el , n. (Her.) A bearing like a chevron, but of only half its width.

Chev´ron•wise , adv. (Her.) In the manner of a chevron; as the field may be divided chevronwise.

Chev•ro•tain´ , n. [F. chevrotin, OF. chevrot little goat, roe, dim. of chevre goat. See Chevron.] (Zoöl.) A small ruminant of the family Tragulidae a allied to the musk deer. It inhabits Africa and the East Indies. See Kanchil.

Chev´y , v. t. See Chivy, v. t. [Slang, Eng.] “One poor fellow was chevied about among the casks in the storm for ten minutes.
London Times.”

Chew (chu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chewed (chud); p. pr. & vb. n. Chewing.] [As ceówan, akin to D. kauwen, G. kauen. Cf. Chaw, Jaw.] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth; to masticate. 2. To ruminate mentally; to meditate on. “He chews revenge, abjuring his offense.
Prior.” To chew the cud, to chew the food over again, as a cow; to ruminate; hence, to meditate. “Every beast the parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.
Deut. xxiv. 6.”

Chew, v. i. To perform the action of biting and grinding with the teeth; to ruminate; to meditate. “old politicians chew wisdom past.
Pope.”

Chew, n. That which is chewed; that which is held in the mouth at once; a cud. [Law]

Chew´er , n. One who chews.

Chew´et, n. A kind of meat pie. [Obs.]

Che´wink , n. (Zoöl.) An american bird (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) of the Finch family, so called from its note; — called also towhee bunting and ground robin.

Chey•ennes´ , n. pl.; sing. cheyenne. (Ethnol.) A warlike tribe of indians, related to the blackfeet, formerly inhabiting the region of Wyoming, but now mostly on reservations in the Indian Territory. They are noted for their horsemanship.

Chi´an a. [L. chius, fr. Chios the island Chios, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Chios, an island in the AEgean Sea. Chian earth, a dense, compact kind of earth, from Chios, used anciently as an astringent and a cosmetic. — Chian turpentine, a fragrant, almost transparent turpentine, obtained from the Pistacia Terebinthus.

Chi•a•ros•cu´rist , n. A painter who cares for and studies light and shade rather than color. { Chia•ro•scu´ro , Chi•a´ro-os•cu´ro , } n. [It., clear dark.] (a) The arrangement of light and dark parts in a work of art, such as a drawing or painting, whether in monochrome or in color. (b) The art or practice of so arranging the light and dark parts as to produce a harmonious effect. Cf. Clair-obscur. { Chi´asm (ki´az’m), Chi•as´ma (ki•az´ma), } n. [NL. chiasma, fr. Gr. chi•asma two lines placed crosswise, fr. to mark with a χ.] (Anat.) A commissure; especially, the optic commissure, or crucial union of the optic nerves. — Chi•as´mal , a..

Chi•as´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. chiasmo•s a placing crosswise, fr. chia•zein. See Chiasm.] (Rhet.) An inversion of the order of words or phrases, when repeated or subsequently referred to in a sentence; thus, “If e’er to bless thy sons
My voice or hands deny,
These hands let useful skill forsake,
This voice in silence die.
Dwight.”

Chi•as´to•lite (ki•as´to•lit), n. [Gr. chiasto•s marked with a χ + -lite. See Chiasm. So called from the resemblance of the cross cuts of its crystals to the Greek letter χ.] (Min.) A variety of andalusite; — called also macle. The tessellated appearance of a cross section is due to the symmetrical arrangement of impurities in the crystal.

Chib´bal , n. (Bot.) See Cibol. { Chi•bouque´ , Chi•bouk´ } , n. [F. chibouque, fr. Turk.] A Turkish pipe, usually with a mouthpiece of amber, a stem, four or five feet long and not pliant, of some valuable wood, and a bowl of baked clay.

Chic , n. [F.] Good form; style. [Slang]

Chi´ca , n. [Sp.] A red coloring matter. extracted from the Bignonia Chica, used by some tribes of South American Indians to stain the skin. 2. A fermented liquor or beer made in South American from a decoction of maize. 3. A popular Moorish, Spanish, and South American dance, said to be the original of the fandango, etc.

Chi•cane´ , n. [F., prob. earlier meaning a dispute, orig. in the game of mall (F. mail), fr. LGr. the game of mall, fr Pers chaugan club or bat; or possibly ultimated fr. L. ciccus a trible.] The use of artful subterfuge, designed to draw away attention from the merits of a case or question; — specifically applied to legal proceedings; trickery; chicanery; caviling; sophistry. Prior. “To shuffle from them by chicane.
Burke.” “To cut short this chicane, I propound it fairly to your own conscience.
Berkeley.”

Chi•cane´, v. i. [Cf. F. chicaner. See Chicane, n.] To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. Burke.

Chi•can´er , n. [Cf. F. chicaneur.] One who uses chicanery. Locke.

Chi•can´er•y , n. [F. chicanerie.] Mean or unfair artifice to perplex a cause and obscure the truth; stratagem; sharp practice; sophistry. “Irritated by perpetual chicanery.
Hallam.” Syn. — Trickery; sophistry; stratagem.

Chic´co•ry , n. See Chicory.

Chich , n.; pl. Chiches . [F. chiche, pois chiche, a dwarf pea, from L. cicer the chick-pea.] (Bot.) The chick-pea.

Chi´cha , n. [Sp.] See Chica.

Chiche´vache , n. [F. chiche lean + vache cow.] A fabulous cow of enormous size, whose food was patient wives, and which was therefore in very lean condition. { Chich´ling , Chich´ling vetch• } n. [Chich + -ling.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Lathyrus sativus), with broad flattened seeds which are sometimes used for food.

Chick (chik), v. i. [OE. chykkyn, chyke, chicken.] To sprout, as seed in the ground; to vegetate. Chalmers.

Chick, n. 1. A chicken. 2. A child or young person; — a term of endearment. Shak.

Chick´a•bid•dy , n. A chicken; a fowl; also a trivial term of endearment for a child.

Chick´a•dee , n. (Zoöl.) A small bird, the blackcap titmouse (Parus atricapillus), of North America; — named from its note.

Chick´a•ree , n. (Zoöl.) The American red squirrel (Sciurus Hudsonius); — so called from its cry.

Chick´a•saws , n. pl.; sing. Chickasaw. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian) allied to the Choctaws. They formerly occupied the northern part of Alabama and Mississippi, but now live in the Indian Territory.

Chick´en , n. [AS. cicen, cyceun, dim. of coc cock; akin to LG. kiken, küken, D. Kieken, kuiken, G. küchkein. See Cock the animal.] 1. A young bird or fowl, esp. a young barnyard fowl. 2. A young person; a child; esp. a young woman; a maiden. ´Stella is no chicken.´ Swift. Chicken cholera, a contagious disease of fowls; — so called because first studied during the prevalence of a cholera epidemic in France. It has no resemblance to true cholera.

Chick´en-breast•ed , a. Having a narrow, projecting chest, caused by forward curvature of the vertebral column.

Chick´en-heart•ed , a. Timid; fearful; cowardly. Bunyan.

Chick´en pox´ (Med.) A mild, eruptive disease, generally attacking children only; varicella.

Chick´ling (chik´ling), n. [Chick + -ling.] A small chick or chicken.

Chick´-pea (-pe•), n. [See Chich.] 1. (Bot.) A Small leguminous plant (Cicer arietinum) of Asia, Africa, and the south of Europe; the chich; the dwarf pea; the gram. 2. Its nutritious seed, used in cookery, and especially, when roasted (parched pulse), as food for travelers in the Eastern deserts.

Chick´weed (-wed•), n. (Bot.) The name of several caryophyllaceous weeds, especially Stellaria media, the seeds and flower buds of which are a favorite food of small birds.

Chick´y (chik´y), n. A chicken; — used as a diminutive or pet name, especially in calling fowls.

Chic´o•ry , n. [F. chicoree, earlier also cichoree, L. cichorium, fr. Gr. , , Cf. Succory.] 1. (Bot.) A branching perennial plant (Cichorium Intybus) with bright blue flowers, growing wild in Europe, Asia, and America; also cultivated for its roots and as a salad plant; succory; wild endive. See Endive. 2. The root, which is roasted for mixing with coffee.

Chide (chid), v. t. [imp. Chid (chid), or Chode (chid Obs.); p. p. Chidden , Chid; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiding.] [AS. cidan; of unknown origin.] 1. To rebuke; to reprove; to scold; to find fault with. “Upbraided, chid, and rated at.
Shak.” 2. Fig.: To be noisy about; to chafe against. “The sea that chides the banks of England.
Shak.” To chide hither, chide from, or chide away, to cause to come, or to drive away, by scolding or reproof. Syn. — To blame; rebuke; reprove; scold; censure; reproach; reprehend; reprimand.

Chide, v. i. 1. To utter words of disapprobation and displeasure; to find fault; to contend angrily. “Wherefore the people did chide with Moses.
Ex. xvii. 2.” 2. To make a clamorous noise; to chafe. “As doth a rock againts the chiding flood.
Shak.”

Chide, n. [AS. cid] A continuous noise or murmur. “The chide of streams.
Thomson.”

Chid´er , n. One who chides or quarrels. Shak.

Chid´er•ess, n. She who chides. [Obs.]

Chide´ster , n. [Chide + -ster.] A female scold. [Obs.]

Chid´ing•ly , adv. In a chiding or reproving manner.

Chief (chen), n. [OE. chief, chef, OF. chief, F. chef, fr. L. caput head, possibly akin to E. head. Cf. Captain, Chapter] 1. The head or leader of any body of men; a commander, as of an army; a head man, as of a tribe, clan, or family; a person in authority who directs the work of others; the principal actor or agent. 2. The principal part; the most valuable portion. “The chief of the things which should be utterly destroyed.
1 Sam. xv. 21” 3. (Her.) The upper third part of the field. It is supposed to be composed of the dexter, sinister, and middle chiefs. In chief. (a) At the head; as a commander in chief. (b) (Eng. Law) From the king, or sovereign; as tenure in chief, tenure directly from the king. Syn. — Chieftain; captain; general; commander; leader; head; principal; sachem; sagamore; sheik. — Chief, chieftain, Commander, Leader. These words fluctuate somewhat in their meaning according to circumstances, but agree in the general idea of rule and authority. The term chief is now more usually applied to one who is a head man, leader, or commander in civil or military affairs, or holds a hereditary or acquired rank in a tribe or clan; as the chief of police; the chief of an Indian tribe. A chieftain is the chief of a clan or tribe , or a military leader. A commander directs the movements of or has control over a body of men, as a military or naval force. A leader is one whom men follow, as in a political party, a legislative body, a military or scientific expedition, etc., one who takes the command and gives direction in particular enterprises.

Chief, a. 1. Highest in office or rank; principal; head. ´Chief rulers.´ John. xii. 42. 2. Principal or most eminent in any quality or action; most distinguished; having most influence; taking the lead; most important; as the chief topic of conversation; the chief interest of man. 3. Very intimate, near, or close. [Obs.] “A whisperer separateth chief friends.
Prov. xvi. 28.” Syn. — Principal; head; leading; main; paramount; supreme; prime; vital; especial; great; grand; eminent; master.

Chief´age (-aj), n. [OF. chevage, fr. chief head. See Chief.] A tribute by the head; a capitation tax. [Written also chevage and chivage.] [Obs.]

Chief´ bar´on (Eng. Law) The presiding judge of the court of exchequer.

Chief´est, a. [Superl. of Chief.] First or foremost; chief; principal. [Archaic] ´Our chiefest courtier.´ Shak. “The chiefest among ten thousand.
Canticles v. 10.”

Chief´ hare (Zoöl.) A small rodent (Lagamys princeps) inhabiting the summits of the Rocky Mountains; — also called crying hare, calling hare, cony, American pika, and little chief hare. It is not a true hare or rabbit, but belongs to the curious family Lagomyidae.

Chief´ jus´tice The presiding justice, or principal judge, of a court. Lord Chief Justice of England, The presiding judge of the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. The highest judicial officer of the realm is the Lord High Chancellor. — Chief Justice of the United States, the presiding judge of the Supreme Court, and Highest judicial officer of the republic.

Chief´-jus´tice•ship, n. The office of chief justice. “Jay selected the chief-justiceship as most in accordance with his tastes.
The Century.”

Chief´less , a. Without a chief or leader.

Chief´ly , adv. 1. In the first place; principally; preëminently; above; especially. “Search through this garden; leave unsearched no nook;
But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge.
Milton.” 2. For the most part; mostly. “Those parts of the kingdom where the … estates of the dissenters chiefly lay.
Swift.”

Chief´rie , n. A small rent paid to the lord paramount. [Obs.] Swift.

Chief´tain , n. [OE. cheftayn, chevetayn, OF. chevetain, F. capitaine, LL. capitanus, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Captain, and see chief.] A captain, leader, or commander; a chief; the head of a troop, army, or clan. Syn. — Chief; commander; leader; head. See Chief. { Chief´tain•cy , Chief´tain•ship } n. The rank, dignity, or office of a chieftain.

Chier´te , n. [OF. cherte. See Charity.] Love; tender regard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chiev´ance , n. [OF. chevance property, equiv. To chevisance, fr. chevir to accomplish. See Chevisance.] An unlawful bargain; traffic in which money is exported as discount. [Obs.] Bacon.

Chieve , v. i. See Cheve, v. i. [Obs.]

Chiff´-chaff , n. [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) A species of European warbler (Sylvia hippolais); — called also chip- chap, and pettychaps. { Chif•fo•nier´ , fem. Chif•fo•nière´ } n. [F. chiffonnier, fem. chiffonnière, fr. chiffon rag, fr. chiffe a rag, flimsy cloth.] 1. One who gathers rags and odds and ends; a ragpicker. 2. A receptacle for rags or shreds. 3. A movable and ornamental closet or piece of furniture with shelves or drawers. G. Eliot.

Chi´gnon , n. [F., prop. equiv. to chaînon link, fr. chaîne chain, fr. L. catena Cf. Chain.] A knot, boss, or mass of hair, natural or artificial, worn by a woman at the back of the head. “A curl that had strayed from her chignon.
H. James.” { Chig´oe , Chig´re } n. [Cf. F. chigue, perh. fr. Catalan chic small, Sp. chico; or of Peruvian origin.] (Zoöl.) A species of flea (Pulex penetrans), common in the West Indies and South America, which often attacks the feet or any exposed part of the human body, and burrowing beneath the skin produces great irritation. When the female is allowed to remain and breed, troublesome sores result, which are sometimes dangerous. See Jigger. [Written also chegre, chegoe, chique, chigger, jigger.] The name is sometimes erroneously given to certain mites or ticks having similar habits.

Chi•ka´ra , n. [Hind.] (Zoöl.) (a) The goat antelope (Tragops Bennettii) of India. (b) The Indian four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis).

Chil´blain , n. [Chill + Blain.] A blain, sore, or inflammatory swelling, produced by exposure of the feet or hands to cold, and attended by itching, pain, and sometimes ulceration.

Chil´blain, v. t. To produce chilblains upon.

Child (child), n.; pl. Children (chil´dren). [AS. cild, pl. cildru; cf. Goth. kilþei womb, in-kilþo with child.] 1. A son or a daughter; a male or female descendant, in the first degree; the immediate progeny of human parents; — in law, legitimate offspring. Used also of animals and plants. 2. A descendant, however remote; — used esp. in the plural; as the children of Israel; the children of Edom. 3. One who, by character of practice, shows signs of relationship to, or of the influence of, another; one closely connected with a place, occupation, character, etc.; as a child of God; a child of the devil; a child of disobedience; a child of toil; a child of the people. 4. A noble youth. See Childe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. A young person of either sex. esp. one between infancy and youth; hence, one who exhibits the characteristics of a very young person, as innocence, obedience, trustfulness, limited understanding, etc. “When I was child. I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things.
1. Cor. xii. 11.” 6. A female infant. [Obs.] “A boy or a child, I wonder?
Shak.” To be with child, to be pregnant. - - Child’s play, light work; a trifling contest.

Child, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Childed; p. pr. & vb. n. Childing.] To give birth; to produce young. “This queen Genissa childing died.
Warner.” “It chanced within two days they childed both.
Latimer.”

Child´bear•ing , n. The act of producing or bringing forth children; parturition. Milton. Addison.

Child´bed , n. The state of a woman bringing forth a child, or being in labor; parturition.

Child´birth , n. The act of bringing forth a child; travail; labor. Jer. Taylor.

Child´crow•ing , n. (Med.) The crowing noise made by children affected with spasm of the laryngeal muscles; false croup.

Childe , n. A cognomen formerly prefixed to his name by the oldest son, until he succeeded to his ancestral titles, or was knighted; as Childe Roland.

Child´ed , a. Furnished with a child. [Obs.]

Chil´dermas day [AS. cildamaesse- daeg; cild child +daeg day.] (Eccl.) A day (December 28) observed by mass or festival in commemoration of the children slain by Herod at Bethlehem; — called also Holy Innocent’s Day.

Child´hood (child´hood), n. [AS. cildhad; cild child + -had. See Child, and -hood.] 1. The state of being a child; the time in which persons are children; the condition or time from infancy to puberty. “I have walked before you from my childhood.
1. Sam. xii. 2.” 2. Children, taken collectively. [R.] “The well-governed childhood of this realm.
Sir. W. Scott.” 3. The commencement; the first period. “The childhood of our joy.
Shak.” Second childhood, the state of being feeble and incapable from old age.

Child´ing , a. [See Child, v. i.] Bearing Children; (Fig.) productive; fruitful. [R.] Shak.

Child´ish, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, befitting, or resembling, a child. ´Childish innocence.´ Macaulay. 2. Puerile; trifling; weak. “Methinks that simplicity in her countenance is rather childish than innocent.
Addison.” Childish, as applied to persons who are grown up, is in a disparaging sense; as a childish temper.

Child´ish•ly, adv. In the manner of a child; in a trifling way; in a weak or foolish manner.

Child´ish•ness, n. The state or quality of being childish; simplicity; harmlessness; weakness of intellect.

Child´less•ness, n. The state of being childless.

Child´like , a. Resembling a child, or that which belongs to children; becoming a child; meek; submissive; dutiful. ´Childlike obedience.´ Hooker. Childlike, as applied to persons grown up, is commonly in a good sense; as childlike grace or simplicity; childlike modesty.

Child´ly, a. Having the character of a child; belonging, or appropriate, to a child. Gower.

Child´ly, adv. Like a child. Mrs. Browning.

Child´ness, n. The manner characteristic of a child. [Obs.] ´Varying childness.´ Shak.

Chil´dren , n.; pl. of Child.

Child´ship, n. The state or relation of being a child.

Chil´i , n. [Sp. chili, chile.] A kind of red pepper. See Capsicum [Written also chilli and chile.]

Chil´i•ad , n. [Gr. , , fr. a thousand.] A thousand; the aggregate of a thousand things; especially, a period of a thousand years. “The world, then in the seventh chiliad, will be assumed up unto God.
Sir. T. More.”

Chil´i•a•gon , n. [Gr. ; a thousand + angle.] A plane figure of a thousand angles and sides. Barlow.

Chil´i•a•hedron , n. [Gr. a thousand + base, fr. to sit.] A figure bounded by a thousand plane surfaces [Spelt also chiliaëdron.]

Chil´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Chili. — n. A native or citizen of Chili. { Chil´i•an , Chil´i•arch• } n. [Gr. , ; a thousand + leader, to lead.] The commander or chief of a thousand men.

Chil´i•arch•y , n. [Gr. .] A body consisting of a thousand men. Mitford.

Chil´i•asm , n. [Gr. , fr. . See Chiliad.] 1. The millennium. 2. The doctrine of the personal reign of Christ on earth during the millennium.

Chil´i•ast , n. [Gr. . See Chiliasm.] One who believes in the second coming of Christ to reign on earth a thousand years; a millenarian.

Chili•astic , a. Millenarian. ´The obstruction offered by the chiliastic errors.´ J. A. Alexander.

Chill (chil), n. [AS. cele, cyle, from the same root as celan, calan, to be cold; akin to D. kil cold, coldness, Sw. kyla to chill, and E. cool. See Cold, and cf. Cool.] 1. A moderate but disagreeable degree of cold; a disagreeable sensation of coolness, accompanied with shivering. ´[A] wintry chill.´ W. Irving. 2. (Med.) A sensation of cold with convulsive shaking of the body, pinched face, pale skin, and blue lips, caused by undue cooling of the body or by nervous excitement, or forming the precursor of some constitutional disturbance, as of a fever. 3. A check to enthusiasm or warmth of feeling; discouragement; as a chill comes over an assembly. 4. An iron mold or portion of a mold, serving to cool rapidly, and so to harden, the surface of molten iron brought in contact with it. Raymond. 5. The hardened part of a casting, as the tread of a car wheel. Knight. Chill and fever, fever and ague.

Chill, a. 1. Moderately cold; tending to cause shivering; chilly; raw. “Noisome winds, and blasting vapors chill.
Milton.” 2. Affected by cold. ´My veins are chill.´ Shak. 3. Characterized by coolness of manner, feeling, etc.; lacking enthusiasm or warmth; formal; distant; as a chill reception. 4. Discouraging; depressing; dispiriting.

Chill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chilled (child); p. pr. & vb. n. Chilling.] 1. To strike with a chill; to make chilly; to cause to shiver; to affect with cold. “When winter chilled the day.
Goldsmith.” 2. To check enthusiasm or warmth of feeling of; to depress; to discourage. “Every thought on God chills the gayety of his spirits.
Rogers.” 3. (Metal.) To produce, by sudden cooling, a change of crystallization at or near the surface of, so as to increase the hardness; said of cast iron.

Chill, v. i. (Metal.) To become surface-hardened by sudden cooling while solidifying; as some kinds of cast iron chill to a greater depth than others.

Chilled , a. 1. Hardened on the surface or edge by chilling; as chilled iron; a chilled wheel. 2. (Paint.) Having that cloudiness or dimness of surface that is called ´blooming.´

Chil´li , n. See Chili.

Chill´i•ness , n. 1. A state or sensation of being chilly; a disagreeable sensation of coldness. 2. A moderate degree of coldness; disagreeable coldness or rawness; as the chilliness of the air. 3. Formality; lack of warmth.

Chill´ing , a. Making chilly or cold; depressing; discouraging; cold; distant; as a chilling breeze; a chilling manner. — Chill´ing´ly, adv.

Chill´ness, n. Coolness; coldness; a chill. “Death is the chillness that precedes the dawn.
Longfellow.”

Chill´y , a. Moderately cold; cold and raw or damp so as to cause shivering; causing or feeling a disagreeable sensation of cold, or a shivering.

Chi´log•nath , n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilognatha.

Chi•log´na•tha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lip + gna•qos Jaw.] (Zoöl.) One of the two principal orders of myriapods. They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrally, near together.

Chi•lo´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. lip, fr. lip. See -oma.] (Zoöl.) The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel.

Chi´lo•pod , n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilopoda.

Chi•lop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lip + -poda.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot. { Chi•los´to•ma , Chi•lo•stom´a•ta , } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. + , , outh.] (Zoöl.) An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells. [Also written Chillostomata.]

Chi•lo•stoma•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chilostoma.

Chiltern Hundreds [AS. Chiltern the Chiltern, high hills in Buckinghamshire, perh. Fr. ceald cold + ern, aern, place.] A tract of crown land in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward. As members of Parliament cannot resign, when they wish to go out they accept this stewardship, which legally vacates their seats.

Chi•mae´ra , n. [NL. See Chimera.] (Zoöl.) A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali. The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point.

Chi•mae´roid , a. [Chimaera + old.] (Zoöl.) Related to, or like, the chimaera.

Chi•man´go [Native name] (Zoöl.) A south American carrion buzzard (Milvago chimango). See Caracara.

Chimb (chim), n. [AS. cim, in cimstan base of a pillar; akin to D. kim, f. Sw. kim., G. kimme f.] The edge of a cask, etc; a chine. See Chine, n., 3. [Written also chime.]

Chimb, v. i. Chime. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chime (chim), n. [See Chimb.] See Chine, n., 3.

Chime (chim), n. [OE. chimbe, prop., cymbal, OF. cymbe, cymble, in a dialectic form, chymble, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. ky•mbalon. See Cymbal.] 1. The harmonious sound of bells, or of musical instruments. “Instruments that made melodius chime.
Milton.” 2. A set of bells musically tuned to each other; specif., in the pl., the music performed on such a set of bells by hand, or produced by mechanism to accompany the striking of the hours or their divisions. “We have heard the chimes at midnight.
Shak.” 3. Pleasing correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. ´Chimes of verse.´ Cowley.

Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chimed p. pr. & vb. n. Chiming.] [See Chime, n.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord, as bells. 2. To be in harmony; to agree; to suit; to harmonize; to correspond; to fall in with. “Everything chimed in with such a humor.
W. irving.” 3. To join in a conversation; to express assent; — followed by in or in with. [Colloq.] 4. To make a rude correspondence of sounds; to jingle, as in rhyming. Cowley

Chime , v. i. 1. To cause to sound in harmony; to play a tune, as upon a set of bells; to move or strike in harmony. “And chime their sounding hammers.
Dryden.” 2. To utter harmoniously; to recite rhythmically. “Chime his childish verse.
Byron.”

Chim´er , n. One who chimes.

Chime´ra , n.; pl. Chimeras (#). [L. chimaera a chimera (in sense 1), Gr. a she-goat, a chimera, fr. he-goat; cf. Icel. qymbr a yearling ewe.] 1. (Myth.) A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. ´Dire chimeras and enchanted isles.´ Milton. 2. A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as the chimera of an author. Burke.

Chi•mere´ , n. [OF. chamarre., F. simarre (cf. It. zimarra), fr. Sp. chamarra, zamarra, a coat made of sheepskins, a sheepskin, perh. from Ar. sammur the Scythian weasel or marten, the sable. Cf. Simarre.] The upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are usually attached. Hook.

Chi•mer´ic , a. Chimerical.

Chi•mer´ic•al , a. Merely imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wildly or vainly conceived; having, or capable of having, no existence except in thought; as chimerical projects. Syn. — Imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wild; unfounded; vain; deceitful; delusive.

Chi•mer´ic•al•ly, adv. Wildy; vainly; fancifully.

Chim´i•nage , n. [OF. cheminage, fr. chemin way, road.] (Old Law) A toll for passage through a forest. [Obs.] Cowell.

Chim´ney, n.; pl. Chimneys (#). [F. cheminee, LL. caminata, fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. furnace, oven.] 1. A fireplace or hearth. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. That part of a building which contains the smoke flues; esp. an upright tube or flue of brick or stone, in most cases extending through or above the roof of the building. Often used instead of chimney shaft. “Hard by a cottage chimney smokes.
Milton.” 3. A tube usually of glass, placed around a flame, as of a lamp, to create a draft, and promote combustion. 4. (Min.) A body of ore, usually of elongated form, extending downward in a vein. Raymond. Chimney board, a board or screen used to close a fireplace; a fireboard. — Chimney cap, a device to improve the draught of a chimney, by presenting an exit aperture always to leeward. — Chimney corner, the space between the sides of the fireplace and the fire; hence, the fireside. — Chimney hook, a hook for holding pats and kettles over a fire, — Chimney money, hearth money, a duty formerly paid in England for each chimney. — Chimney pot (Arch.), a cylinder of earthenware or sheet metal placed at the top of a chimney which rises above the roof. — Chimney swallow. (Zoöl.) (a) An American swift (Chaeture pelasgica) which lives in chimneys. (b) In England, the common swallow (Hirundo rustica). — Chimney sweep, Chimney sweeper, one who cleans chimneys of soot; esp. a boy who climbs the flue, and brushes off the soot.

Chim´ney-breast , n. (Arch.) The horizontal projection of a chimney from the wall in which it is built; — commonly applied to its projection in the inside of a building only.

Chim´ney-piece , n. (Arch.) A decorative construction around the opening of a fireplace.

Chim•pan´zee (chim•pan´ze; 277), n. [From the native name: cf. F. chimpanze, chimpanse, chimpanzee.] (Zoöl.) An african ape (Anthropithecus troglodytes or Troglodytes niger) which approaches more nearly to man, in most respects, than any other ape. When full grown, it is from three to four feet high.

Chin (chin), n. [AS. cin, akin to OS. kin, G kinn, Icel. kinn, cheek, Dan. & Sw. kind, L. gena, Gr. ; cf. Skr. hanu. rad.232.] 1. The lower extremity of the face below the mouth; the point of the under jaw. 2. (Zoöl.) The exterior or under surface embraced between the branches of the lower jaw bone, in birds.

Chi´na , n. 1. A country in Eastern Asia. 2. China ware, which is the modern popular term for porcelain. See Porcelain. China aster (Bot.), a well-known garden flower and plant. See Aster. — China bean. See under Bean, 1. — China clay See Kaolin. — China grass, Same as Ramie. — China ink. See India ink. — China pink (Bot.), an anual or biennial species of Dianthus (D. Chiensis) having variously colored single or double flowers; Indian pink. — China root (Med.), the rootstock of a species of Smilax (S. China, from the East Indies; — formerly much esteemed for the purposes that sarsaparilla is now used for. Also the galanga root (from Alpinia Gallanga and Alpinia officinarum). — China rose. (Bot.) (a) A popular name for several free-blooming varieties of rose derived from the Rosa Indica, and perhaps other species. (b) A flowering hothouse plant (Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis) of the Mallow family, common in the gardens of China and the east Indies. — China shop, a shop or store for the sale of China ware or of crockery. — China ware, porcelain; — so called in the 17th century because brought from the far East, and differing from the pottery made in Europe at that time; also loosely, crockery in general. — Pride of China, China tree. (Bot.) See Azedarach.

Chin•al´dine , n. [NL. chinium quinine + aldehyde.] (Chem.) See Quinaldine.

Chi´na•man , n.; pl. Chinamen . A native of China; a Chinese.

Chin´ca•pin , n. See Chinquapin.

Chinch , n. [Cf. Sp. chinche, fr. L. cimex.] 1. (Zoöl.) The bedbug (Cimex lectularius). 2. (Zoöl.) A bug (Blissus leucopterus), which, in the United States, is very destructive to grass, wheat, and other grains; — also called chiniz, chinch bug, chink bug. It resembles the bedbug in its disgusting odor.

Chin´cha , n. [Cf. Chinchilla.] (Zoöl.) A south American rodent of the genus Lagotis.

Chinche , a. [F. chiche miserly.] Parsimonious; niggardly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chinch´er•ie , n. Penuriousness. [Obs.] “By cause of his skarsete and chincherie.
Caucer.”

Chin•chil´la , n. [Sp.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), of the size of a large squirrel, remarkable for its fine fur, which is very soft and of a pearly gray color. It is a native of Peru and Chili. 2. The fur of the chinchilla. 3. A heavy, long-napped, tufted woolen cloth. { Chin•cho´na , Chin•co´na }See Cinchona.

Chin´ cough´ [For chink cough; cf. As. cincung long laughter, Scot. kink a violent fit of coughing, akin to MHG. kichen to pant. Cf. Kinknaust, Cough.] Whooping cough.

Chine , n. [Cf. Chink.] A chink or cleft; a narrow and deep ravine; as Shanklin Chine in the Isle of Wight, a quarter of a mile long and 230 feet deep. [Prov. Eng.] ´The cottage in a chine.´ J. Ingelow.

Chine , n.[OF. eschine, F. echine, fr. OHG. skina needle, prickle, shin, G. schiene splint, schienbein shin. For the meaning cf. L. spina thorn, prickle, or spine, the backbone. Cf. Shin.] 1. The backbone or spine of an animal; the back. ´And chine with rising bristles roughly spread.´ Dryden. 2. A piece of the backbone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking. [See Illust. of Beef.] 3. The edge or rim of a cask, etc., formed by the projecting ends of the staves; the chamfered end of a stave.

Chine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chined ] 1. To cut through the backbone of; to cut into chine pieces. 2. Too chamfer the ends of a stave and form the chine..

Chined , a. 1. Pertaining to, or having, a chine, or backbone; — used in composition. Beau. & Fl. 2. Broken in the back. [Obs.] “He’s chined, goodman.
Beau. & Fl.”

Chi´nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to China; peculiar to China. Chinese paper. See India paper, under India. — Chinese wax, a snowy-white, waxlike substance brought from China. It is the bleached secretion of certain insects of the family Coccidae especially Coccus Sinensis.

Chi•nese´, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or natives of China, or one of that yellow race with oblique eyelids who live principally in China. 2. sing. The language of China, which is monosyllabic. Chineses was used as a plural by the contemporaries of Shakespeare and Milton.

Chink (chink), n. [OE. chine, AS. cine fissure, chink, fr. cinan to gape; akin to Goth. Keinan to sprout, G. keimen. Cf. Chit.] A small cleft, rent, or fissure, of greater length than breadth; a gap or crack; as the chinks of a wall. “Through one cloudless chink, in a black, stormy sky.
Shines out the dewy morning star.
Macaulay.”

Chink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chinked p. pr. & vb. n. Chinking.] To crack; to open.

Chink, v. t. 1. To cause to open in cracks or fissures. 2. To fill up the chinks of; as to chink a wall.

Chink, n. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Jingle.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal struck with a slight degree of violence. ´Chink of bell.´ Cowper. 2. Money; cash. [Cant] ´To leave his chink to better hands.´ Somerville.

Chink, v. t. To cause to make a sharp metallic sound, as coins, small pieces of metal, etc., by bringing them into collision with each other. Pope.

Chink, v. i. To make a slight, sharp, metallic sound, as by the collision of little pieces of money, or other small sonorous bodies. Arbuthnot.

Chink´y , a. Full of chinks or fissures; gaping; opening in narrow clefts. Dryden.

Chinned (chind), a. Having a chin; — used chiefly in compounds; as short- chinned.

Chi•noid´ine , n. [NL. chinium quinine (cf. G. & F. china Peruvian bark) + —oil + -ine.] (Chem.) See Quinodine.

Chin´o•line , n. [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoldine) + L. oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) See Quinoline.

Chi´none , n. [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoidine.) + -one.] (Chem.) See Quinone.

Chi•nook´ , n. 1. (Ethnol.) One of a tribe of North American Indians now living in the state of Washington, noted for the custom of flattening their skulls. Chinooks also called Flathead Indians. 2. A warm westerly wind from the country of the Chinooks, sometimes experienced on the slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Montana and the adjacent territory. 3. A jargon of words from various languages (the largest proportion of which is from that of the Chinooks) generally understood by all the Indian tribes of the northwestern territories of the United States.

Chin´qua•pin , n. (Bot.) A branching, nut-bearing tree or shrub (Castanea pumila) of North America, from six to twenty feet high, allied to the chestnut. also its small, sweet, edible nat. [Written also chincapin and chinkapin.] Chinquapin oak, a small shrubby oak (Quercus prinoides) of the Atlantic States, with edible acorns. — Western Chinquapin, an evergreen shrub or tree (Castanopes chrysophylla) of the Pacific coast. In California it is a shrub; in Oregon a tree 30 to 125 feet high.

Chinse , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Chinsed p. pr. & vb. n. Chinsing.] (Naut.) To thrust oakum into (seams or chinks) with a chisel , the point of a knife, or a chinsing iron; to calk slightly. Chinsing iron, a light calking iron.

Chintz , n.; pl. Chintzes (#). [Hindi chint spotted cotton clooth, chinta spot.] Cotton cloth, printed with flowers and other devices, in a number of different colors, and often glazed. Swift.

Chiop•pine´ , n. Same as Chopine, n.

Chip (chip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chipped (chipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chipping.] [Cf. G. kippen to cut off the edge, to clip, pare. Cf. Chop to cut.] 1. To cut small pieces from; to diminish or reduce to shape, by cutting away a little at a time; to hew. Shak. 2. To break or crack, or crack off a portion of, as of an eggshell in hatching, or a piece of crockery. 3. To bet, as with chips in the game of poker. To chip in, to contribute, as to a fund; to share in the risks or expenses of. [Slang. U. S.]

Chip, v. i. To break or fly off in small pieces.

Chip, n. 1. A piece of wood, stone, or other substance, separated by an ax, chisel, or cutting instrument. 2. A fragment or piece broken off; a small piece. 3. Wood or Cuban palm leaf split into slips, or straw plaited in a special manner, for making hats or bonnets. 4. Anything dried up, withered, or without flavor; — used contemptuously. 5. One of the counters used in poker and other games. 6. (Naut.) The triangular piece of wood attached to the log line. Buffalo chips. See under Buffalo. — Chip ax, a small ax for chipping timber into shape. — Chip bonnet, Chip hat, a bonnet or a hat made of Chip. See Chip, n., 3. — A chip off the old block, a child who resembles either of his parents. [Colloq.] Milton. — Potato chips, Saratoga chips, thin slices of raw potato fried crisp.

Chip´munk , n. [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A squirrel-like animal of the genus Tamias, sometimes called the striped squirrel, chipping squirrel, ground squirrel, hackee. The common species of the United States is the Tamias striatus. [Written also chipmonk, chipmuck, and chipmuk.]

Chip´per , v. i. [Cf. Cheep, Chirp.] To chirp or chirrup. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Chip´per, a. Lively; cheerful; talkative. [U. S.]

Chip´pe•ways , n. pl.; sing. Chippeway. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the northern and western shores of Lake Superior; — called also Objibways.

Chip´ping , n. 1. A chip; a piece separated by a cutting or graving instrument; a fragment. 2. The act or process of cutting or breaking off small pieces, as in dressing iron with a chisel, or reducing a timber or block of stone to shape. 3. The breaking off in small pieces of the edges of potter’s ware, porcelain, etc.

Chip´ping bird (Zoöl.) The chippy.

Chip´ping squir´rel See Chipmunk.

Chip´py , a. Abounding in, or resembling, chips; dry and tasteless.

Chip´py , n. (Zoöl.) A small American sparrow (Spizella socialis), very common near dwelling; — also called chipping bird and chipping sparrow, from its simple note.

Chips , n. (Naut.) A ship’s carpenter. [Cant.]

Chi•ra´gra , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; hand + seizure.] (Med.) Gout in the hand.

Chi•rag´ric•al , a. Having the gout in the hand, or subject to that disease. Sir. T. Browne.

Chi•ret´ta , n. [Hind. chiraita.] A plant (Agathotes Chirayta) found in Northern India, having medicinal properties to the gentian, and esteemed as a tonic and febrifuge.

Chirk , v. i. [Cf. Chirp, also Creak.] 1. To shriek; to gnash; to utter harsh or shrill cries. [Obs.] “All full of chirkyng was that sorry place.
Cheucer.” 2. To chirp like a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chirk, v. t. To cheer; to enliven; as to chirk one up. [Colloq. New Eng. ]

Chirk, a. [From Chirk, v. i.] Lively; cheerful; in good spirits. [Colloq. New Eng.]

Chirm , v. i. [Cf. AS. cyrman, cirman, to cry out. rad.24 Cf. Chirp.] To chirp or to make a mournful cry, as a bird. [Obs.] Huloet.

Chi•rog´no•my , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + understanding.] The art of judging character by the shape and appearance of the hand.

Chi´ro•graph , n. [Gr. written with the hand; chei•r hand + gra•fein to write.] (Old. Law) (a) A writing which, requiring a counterpart, was engrossed twice on the same piece of parchment, with a space between, in which was written the word chirographum, through which the parchment was cut, and one part given to each party. It answered to what is now called a charter party. (b) The last part of a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. Bouvier.

Chi•rog´ra•pher , n. 1. One who practice the art or business of writing or engrossing. 2. See chirographist, 2. Chirographer of fines (Old Eng. Law), an officer in the court of common pleas who engrossed fines. { Chi•ro•graph´ic , Chi•ro•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to chirography.

Chi•rog´ra•phist , n. 1. A chirographer; a writer or engrosser. 2. One who tells fortunes by examining the hand.

Chi•rog´ra•phy , n. 1. The art of writing or engrossing; handwriting; as skilled in chirography. 2. The art of telling fortunes by examining the hand.

Chi•ro•gym´nast , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + trainer of athletes, gymnast.] A mechanical contrivance for exercising the fingers of a pianist.

Chi•ro•log´ic•al , a. Relating to chirology.

Chi•rol´o•gist , n. One who communicates thoughts by signs made with the hands and fingers.

Chi•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + -logy.] The art or practice of using the manual alphabet or of communicating thoughts by sings made by the hands and fingers; a substitute for spoken or written language in intercourse with the deaf and dumb. See Dactylalogy.

Chi´ro•man•cer , n. One who practices chiromancy. Dryden.

Chi´ro•mancy , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + -mancy.] The art or practice of foretelling events, or of telling the fortunes or the disposition of persons by inspecting the hand; palmistry. { Chi´ro•man•ist , Chi´ro•man•tist } n. [Gr. .] A chiromancer. { Chi•ro•man´tic , Chi•ro•man´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to chiromancy.

Chi•ro•mon´ic , a. Relating to chironomy.

Chi•ron´o•my , n. [Gr. ; chei•r hand + to manage.] The art of moving the hands in oratory or in pantomime; gesture [Obs.]

Chi´ro•plast , n. [Gr. formed by hand; chei•r hand + to shape.] (Mus.) An instrument to guid the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano, etc.

Chi•rop´o•dist , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + ; , foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands and feet; especially, one who removes corns and bunions.

Chirop´ody , n. The art of treating diseases of the hands and feet.

Chiros´ophist , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + skillful, wise. See Sophist.] A fortune teller.

Chirp , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chirped p. pr. & vb. n. Chirping.] [Of imitative orgin. Cf. Chirk, Chipper, Cheep, Chirm, Chirrup.] To make a shop, sharp, cheerful, as of small birds or crickets.

Chirp, n. A short, sharp note, as of a bird or insect. ´The chirp of flitting bird.´ Bryant.

Chirp´er , n. One who chirps, or is cheerful.

Chirp´ing , a. Cheering; enlivening. “He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes.
Pope.”

Chirp´ing•ly, adv. In a chirping manner.

Chirre , v. i. [Cf. G. girren, AS. corian to murmur, complain. rad.24.] To coo, as a pigeon. [Obs.]

Chir´rup , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chirruped p. pr. & vb. n. Chirruping.] [See Chirp.] To quicken or animate by chirping; to cherup.

Chir´rup, v. i. To chirp. Tennyson. “The criket chirrups on the hearth.
Goldsmith.”

Chir´rup, n. The act of chirping; a chirp. “The sparrows’ chirrup on the roof.
Tennyson.”

Chir´rupy , a. Cheerful; joyous; chatty.

Chi•rur´geon , n. [F. chirurgien, from chirurgie surgery, fr. Gr. , fr. working or operating with the hand; chei•r hand + work. Cf. Surgeon, Work.] A surgeon. [Obs.]

Chi•rur´geon•ly, adv. Surgically. [Obs.] Shak.

Chi•rur´ger•y , n. [See Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgery.] Surgery. [Obs.] { Chi•rur´gic , Chirur´gical } a. [Cf. F. chirurgiquerurgical, L. Chirurgicus, Gr. . See Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgical.] Surgical [Obs.] ´Chirurgical lore´ Longfellow.

Chis´el , n. [OF. chisel, F. ciseau, fr. LL. cisellus, prob. for caesellus, fr. L. caesus, p. p. of caedere to cut. Cf. Scissors.] A tool with a cutting edge on one end of a metal blade, used in dressing, shaping, or working in timber, stone, metal, etc.; — usually driven by a mallet or hammer. Cold chisel. See under Cold, a.

Chis´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chiseled , or Chiselled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiseling, or Chiselling.] [Cf. F. ciseler.] 1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; as to chisel a block of marble into a statue. 2. To cut close, as in a bargain; to cheat. [Slang]

Chis´leu , n. [Heb.] The ninth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of November with a part of December.

Chis´ley (chiz´ly), a. [AS. ceosel gravel or sand. Cf. Chessom.] Having a large admixture of small pebbles or gravel; — said of a soil. Gardner.

Chit (chit), n. [Cf. AS. cið shoot, sprig, from the same root as cinan to yawn. See Chink a cleft.] 1. The embryo or the growing bud of a plant; a shoot; a sprout; as the chits of Indian corn or of potatoes. 2. A child or babe; as a forward chit; also a young, small, or insignificant person or animal. “A little chit of a woman.
Thackeray.” 3. An excrescence on the body, as a wart. [Obs.] 4. A small tool used in cleaving laths. Knight.

Chit, v. i. To shoot out; to sprout. “I have known barley chit in seven hours after it had been thrown forth.
Mortimer.”

Chit, 3d sing. of Chide. Chideth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chit´chat , n. [From Chat, by way of reduplication.] Familiar or trifling talk; prattle.

Chi´tin , n. [See Chiton.] (Chem.) A white amorphous horny substance forming the harder part of the outer integument of insects, crustacea, and various other invertebrates; entomolin.

Chi•ti•ni•za´tion , n. The process of becoming chitinous.

Chi´ti•nous , a. Having the nature of chitin; consisting of, or containing, chitin.

Chi´ton , n. [Gr. a chiton (in sense 1).] 1. An under garment among the ancient Greeks, nearly representing the modern shirt. 2. (Zoöl.) One of a group of gastropod mollusks, with a shell composed of eight movable dorsal plates. See Polyplacophora.

Chit´ter , v. i. [Cf. Chatter.] 1. To chirp in a tremulous manner, as a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To shiver or chatter with cold. [Scot.] Burns.

Chit´ter•ling , n. The frill to the breast of a shirt, which when ironed out resembled the small entrails. See Chitterlings. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Chit´ter•lings , n. pl. [Cf. AS. cwiþ womb, Icel. kvið, Goth. qiþus, belly, womb, stomach, G. kutteln chitterlings.] (Cookery) The smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried for food.

Chit´tra , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The axis deer of India.

Chit´ty , a. 1. Full of chits or sprouts. 2. Childish; like a babe. [Obs.]

Chiv´a•chie , n. [OF. chevauchie, chevauchee; of the same origin as E. cavalcade.] A cavalry raid; hence, a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chiv´al•ric , a. [See Chivalry.] Relating to chivalry; knightly; chivalrous.

Chiv´al•rous , a. [OF. chevalerus, chevalereus, fr. chevalier. See Chivalry.] Pertaining to chivalry or knight-errantry; warlike; heroic; gallant; high-spirited; high-minded; magnanimous. “In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise.
Spenser.”

Chiv´al•rous•ly, adv. In a chivalrous manner; gallantly; magnanimously.

Chiv´al•ry , n. [F. chevalerie, fr. chevalier knight, OF., horseman. See Chevalier, and cf. Cavalry.] 1. A body or order of cavaliers or knights serving on horseback; illustrious warriors, collectively; cavalry. ´His Memphian chivalry.´ Milton. “By his light
Did all the chivalry of England move,
To do brave acts.
Shak.” 2. The dignity or system of knighthood; the spirit, usages, or manners of knighthood; the practice of knight-errantry. Dryden. 3. The qualifications or character of knights, as valor, dexterity in arms, courtesy, etc. “The glory of our Troy this day doth lie
On his fair worth and single chivalry.
Shak.” 4. (Eng. Law) A tenure of lands by knight’s service; that is, by the condition of a knight’s performing service on horseback, or of performing some noble or military service to his lord. 5. Exploit. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Court of chivalry, a court formerly held before the lord high constable and earl marshal of England as judges, having cognizance of contracts and other matters relating to deeds of arms and war. Blackstone.

Chive , n. (Bot.) A filament of a stamen. [Obs.]

Chive , n. [F. cive, fr. L. cepa, caepa, onion. Cf. Cives, Cibol.] (Bot.) A perennial plant (Allium Schœnoprasum), allied to the onion. The young leaves are used in omelets, etc. [Written also cive.]

Chiv´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chivied p. pr. & vb. n. Chivying.] [Cf. Chevy.] To goad, drive, hunt, throw, or pitch. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Chlam´y•date , a. [L. chlamydatus dressed in a military cloak. See Chlamys.] (Zoöl.) Having a mantle; — applied to certain gastropods.

Chlam´y•phore , n. [Gr. cloak + to bear.] (Zoöl.) A small South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus, and C. retusus) allied to the armadillo. It is covered with a leathery shell or coat of mail, like a cloak, attached along the spine.

Chla´mys , n.; pl. E. Chlamyses (#), L. Chlamydes (#). [L., from Gr. .] A loose and flowing outer garment, worn by the ancient Greeks; a kind of cloak.

Chlo•as´ma , n. [Gr. to be green.] (Med.) A cutaneous affection characterized by yellow or yellowish brown pigmented spots.

Chlo´ral , n. [Chlorine + alcohol.] 1. (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid, CCl_3.CHO, of a pungent odor and harsh taste, obtained by the action of chlorine upon ordinary or ethyl alcohol. 2. (Med.) Chloral hydrate. Chloral hydrate, a white crystalline substance, obtained by treating chloral with water. It produces sleep when taken internally or hypodermically; — called also chloral.

Chlo´ral•am•ide , n. [Chloral + amide.] (Chem.) A compound of chloral and formic amide used to produce sleep.

Chlo´ral•ism , n. (Med.) A morbid condition of the system resulting from excessive use of chloral.

Chlor•al´um , n. [Chlorine + aluminium.] An impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminium, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.

Chlor•an´il , n. [Chlorine + aniline.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance, C_6Cl_4.O_2, regarded as a derivative of quinone, obtained by the action of chlorine on certain benzene derivatives, as aniline.

Chlo´rate , n. [Cf. F. chlorate. See Chlorine.] (Chem.) A salt of chloric acid; as chlorate of potassium.

Chlor•au´rate , n. [Chlorine + aurate.] (Chem.) See Aurochloride.

Chlor•hy´dric , a. [Chlorine + hydrogen + -ic.] (Chem.) Same as Hydrochloric.

Chlor•hy´drin , n. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds formed from certain polybasic alcohols (and especially glycerin) by the substitution of chlorine for one or more hydroxyl groups.

Chlo´ric , a. [From Chlorine.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, chlorine; — said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as chloric acid, HClO_3. Chloric ether (Chem.), ethylene dichloride. See Dutch liquid, under Dutch.

Chlo´ri•date , v. t. To treat or prepare with a chloride, as a plate with chloride of silver, for the purposes of photography. R. Hunt.

Chlo´ride , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of chlorine with another element or radical; as chloride of sodium (common salt). Chloride of ammonium, sal ammoniac. — Chloride of lime, bleaching powder; a grayish white substance, CaOCl_2, used in bleaching and disinfecting; — called more properly calcium hypochlorite. See Hypochlorous acid, under Hypochlorous. — Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate.

Chlo•rid´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a chloride; containing a chloride.

Chlo´rid•ize , v. t. See Chloridate.

Chlo•rim´e•try , n. See Chlorometry.

Chlo´rin•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chlorinated p. pr. & vb. n. Chlorinating.] (Chem.) To treat, or cause to combine, with chlorine.

Chlo•ri•na´tion , n. The act or process of subjecting anything to the action of chlorine; especially, a process for the extraction of gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas.

Chlo´rine , n. [Gr. pale green, greenish yellow. So named from its color. See Yellow.] (Chem.) One of the elementary substances, commonly isolated as a greenish yellow gas two and one half times as heavy as air, of an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and exceedingly poisonous. It is abundant in nature, the most important compound being common salt. It is powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent. Symbol Cl. Atomic weight, 35.4. Chlorine family, the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, called the halogens, and classed together from their common peculiarities.

Chlor•i•od´ic , a. Compounded of chlorine and iodine; containing chlorine and iodine.

Chlor•i´o•dine , n. A compound of chlorine and iodine. [R.]

Chlo´rite , n. [Gr. (sc. ), fr. chlwro•s light green.] (Min.) The name of a group of minerals, usually of a green color and micaceous to granular in structure. They are hydrous silicates of alumina, iron, and magnesia. Chlorite slate, a schistose or slaty rock consisting of alumina, iron, and magnesia.

Chlo´rite, n. [Chlorous + -ite.] (Chem.) Any salt of chlorous acid; as chlorite of sodium.

Chlo•rit´ic , a. [From 1st Chlorite.] Pertaining to, or containing, chlorite; as chloritic sand.

Chlor•meth´ane , n. (Chem.) A colorless gas CH_3Cl, of a sweet odor, easily condensed to a liquid; — called also methyl chloride.

Chlo´ro- (Chem.) A prefix denoting that chlorine is an ingredient in the substance named.

Chlo•ro•cru´o•rin , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + E. cruorin.] (Physiol.) A green substance, supposed to be the cause of the green color of the blood in some species of worms. Ray Lankester.

Chlo´ro•dyne , n. [From chlorine, in imitation of anodyne.] (Med.) A patent anodyne medicine, containing opium, chloroform, Indian hemp, etc.

Chlo´ro•form , n. [Chlorine + formyl, it having been regarded as a trichloride of this radical: cf. F. chloroforme, G. chloroform.] (Chem.) A colorless volatile liquid, CHCl_3, having an ethereal odor and a sweetish taste, formed by treating alcohol with chlorine and an alkali. It is a powerful solvent of wax, resin, etc., and is extensively used to produce anaesthesia in surgical operations; also externally, to alleviate pain.

Chlo´ro•form , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chloroformed p. pr. & vb. n. Chloroforming.] To treat with chloroform, or to place under its influence.

Chlo•ro•leu´cite , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + E. leucite.] (Bot.) Same as Chloroplastid.

Chlo•rom´e•ter , n. [Cf. F. chloromètre. See Chlorine, and - meter.] An instrument to test the decoloring or bleaching power of chloride of lime.

Chlo•rom´e•try , n. The process of testing the bleaching power of any combination of chlorine.

Chlo•ro´pal , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + E. opal.] (Min.) A massive mineral, greenish in color, and opal-like in appearance. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of iron.

Chlo•ro•pep´tic , a. [Chlorine + peptic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Of or pertaining to an acid more generally called pepsin- hydrochloric acid.

Chlo´ro•phane , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + to show: cf. F. chlorophane.] 1. (Min.) A variety of fluor spar, which, when heated, gives a beautiful emerald green light. 2. (Physiol.) The yellowish green pigment in the inner segment of the cones of the retina. See Chromophane.

Chlo´ro•phyll , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + fy•llon leaf: cf. F. chlorophylle.] (Bot.) Literally, leaf green; a green granular matter formed in the cells of the leaves (and other parts exposed to light) of plants, to which they owe their green color, and through which all ordinary assimilation of plant food takes place. Similar chlorophyll granules have been found in the tissues of the lower animals. [Written also chlorophyl.]

Chlo•ro•plas´tid , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + E. plastid.] (Bot.) A granule of chlorophyll; — also called chloroleucite.

Chlo•ro•pla•tin´ic , a. (Chem.) See Platinichloric.

Chlo•ro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. chlwro•s light green: cf. F. chlorose.] 1. (Med.) The green sickness; an anaemic disease of young women, characterized by a greenish or grayish yellow hue of the skin, weakness, palpitation, etc. 2. (Bot.) A disease in plants, causing the flowers to turn green or the leaves to lose their normal green color.

Chlo•rot´ic , a. [Cf. F. chlorotique.] Pertaining to, or affected by, chlorosis.

Chlo´rous , a. [See Chlorine.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine; — said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of three, the next lower than in chloric compounds; as chlorous acid, HClO_2. 2. (Chem. Physics) Pertaining to, or resembling, the electro-negative character of chlorine; hence, electro-negative; — opposed to basylous or zincous. [Obs.]

Chlor•pi´crin , n. (Chem.) A heavy, colorless liquid, CCl_3.NO_2, of a strong pungent odor, obtained by subjecting picric acid to the action of chlorine. [Written also chloropikrin.]

Chlo´ru•ret , n. [Cf. F. chlorure.] (Chem.) A chloride. [Obs.]

Choak , v. t. & i. See Choke.

Cho´a•noid , a. [Gr. funnel + -oid.] (Anat.) Funnel-shaped; — applied particularly to a hollow muscle attached to the ball of the eye in many reptiles and mammals.

Cho´card , n. (Zoöl.) The chough.

Chock , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chocked p. pr. & vb. n. Chocking.] To stop or fasten, as with a wedge, or block; to scotch; as to chock a wheel or cask.

Chock, v. i. To fill up, as a cavity. ´The woodwork … exactly chocketh into joints.´ Fuller.

Chock, n. 1. A wedge, or block made to fit in any space which it is desired to fill, esp. something to steady a cask or other body, or prevent it from moving, by fitting into the space around or beneath it. 2. (Naut.) A heavy casting of metal, usually fixed near the gunwale. It has two short horn- shaped arms curving inward, between which ropes or hawsers may pass for towing, mooring, etc.

Chock, adv. (Naut.) Entirely; quite; as chock home; chock aft.

Chock, v. t. [F. choquer. Cf. Shock, v. t.] To encounter. [Obs.]

Chock, n. An encounter. [Obs.]

Chock´a•block , a. (Naut.) Hoisted as high as the tackle will admit; brought close together, as the two blocks of a tackle in hoisting.

Chock´-full , a. Quite full; choke-full.

Choc´o•late , n. [Sp., fr. the Mexican name of the cacao. Cf. Cacao, Cocoa.] 1. A paste or cake composed of the roasted seeds of the Theobroma Cacao ground and mixed with other ingredients, usually sugar, and cinnamon or vanilla. 2. The beverage made by dissolving a portion of the paste or cake in boiling water or milk. Chocolate house, a house in which customers may be served with chocolate. — Chocolate nut. See Cacao.

Choc´taws , n. pl.; sing. Choctaw. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian), in early times noted for their pursuit of agriculture, and for living at peace with the white settlers. They are now one of the civilized tribes of the Indian Territory.

Chode (chod), the old imp. of chide. See Chide.

Chog´set , n. (Zoöl.) See Cunner.

Choice (chois), n. [OE. chois, OF. chois, F. choix, fr. choisir to choose; of German origin; cf. Goth. kausjan to examine, kiusan to choose, examine, G. kiesen. rad.46. Cf. Choose.] 1. Act of choosing; the voluntary act of selecting or separating from two or more things that which is preferred; the determination of the mind in preferring one thing to another; election. 2. The power or opportunity of choosing; option. “Choice there is not, unless the thing which we take be so in our power that we might have refused it.
Hooker.” 3. Care in selecting; judgment or skill in distinguishing what is to be preferred, and in giving a preference; discrimination. “I imagine they [the apothegms of Caesar] were collected with judgment and choice.
Bacon.” 4. A sufficient number to choose among. Shak. 5. The thing or person chosen; that which is approved and selected in preference to others; selection. “The common wealth is sick of their own choice.
Shak.” 6. The best part; that which is preferable. “The flower and choice
Of many provinces from bound to bound.
Milton.” To make a choice of, to choose; to select; to separate and take in preference. Syn. - See Volition, Option.

Choice, a. [Compar. Choicer superl. Choicest ] 1. Worthly of being chosen or preferred; select; superior; precious; valuable. “My choicest hours of life are lost.
Swift.” 2. Preserving or using with care, as valuable; frugal; — used with of; as to be choice of time, or of money. 3. Selected with care, and due attention to preference; deliberately chosen. “Choice word measured phrase.
Wordsworth.” Syn. - Select; precious; exquisite; uncommon; rare; chary; careful/

Choice´ful , a. Making choices; fickle. [Obs.] “His choiceful sense with every change doth fit.
Spenser.”

Choice´ly, adv. 1. With care in choosing; with nice regard to preference. ´A band of men collected choicely, from each county some.´ Shak. 2. In a preferable or excellent manner; excellently; eminently. ´Choicely good.´ Walton.

Choice´ness, n. The quality of being of particular value or worth; nicely; excellence.

Choir , n. [OE. quer, OF. cuer, F. chœur, fr. L. chorus a choral dance, chorus, choir, fr. Gr. , orig. dancing place; prob. akin to inclosure, L. hortus garden, and E. yard. See Chorus.] 1. A band or organized company of singers, especially in church service. [Formerly written also quire.] 2. That part of a church appropriated to the singers. 3. (Arch.) The chancel. Choir organ (Mus.), one of the three or five distinct organs included in the full organ, each separable from the rest, but all controlled by one performer; a portion of the full organ, complete in itself, and more practicable for ordinary service and in the accompanying of the vocal choir. — Choir screen, Choir wall (Arch.), a screen or low wall separating the choir from the aisles. — Choir service, the service of singing performed by the choir. T. Warton.

Choke , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choked p. pr. & vb. n. Choking.] [OE. cheken, choken; cf. AS. aceocian to suffocate, Icel. koka to gulp, E. chincough, cough.] 1. To render unable to breathe by filling, pressing upon, or squeezing the windpipe; to stifle; to suffocate; to strangle. “With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder.
Shak.” 2. To obstruct by filling up or clogging any passage; to block up. Addison. 3. To hinder or check, as growth, expansion, progress, etc.; to stifle. “Oats and darnel choke the rising corn.
Dryden.” 4. To affect with a sense of strangulation by passion or strong feeling. ´I was choked at this word.´ Swift. 5. To make a choke, as in a cartridge, or in the bore of the barrel of a shotgun. To choke off, to stop a person in the execution of a purpose; as to choke off a speaker by uproar.

Choke, v. i. 1. To have the windpipe stopped; to have a spasm of the throat, caused by stoppage or irritation of the windpipe; to be strangled. 2. To be checked, as if by choking; to stick. “The words choked in his throat.
Sir W. Scott.”

Choke, n. 1. A stoppage or irritation of the windpipe, producing the feeling of strangulation. 2. (Gun.) (a) The tied end of a cartridge. (b) A constriction in the bore of a shotgun, case of a rocket, etc.

Choke´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The small apple-shaped or pear-shaped fruit of an American shrub (Pyrus arbutifolia) growing in damp thickets; also the shrub.

Choke´cher•ry , n. (Bot.) The astringent fruit of a species of wild cherry (Prunus Virginiana); also the bush or tree which bears such fruit.

Choke´ damp See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

Cho•ke•dar´ , n. [Hindi chauki-dar.] A watchman; an officer of customs or police. [India]

Choke´-full , a. Full to the brim; quite full; chock-full.

Choke´ pear 1. A kind of pear that has a rough, astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or which contracts the mucous membrane of the mouth. 2. A sarcasm by which one is put to silence; anything that can not be answered. [Low] S. Richardson.

Chok´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, chokes. 2. A stiff wide cravat; a stock. [Slang]

Choke´-strap , n. (Saddlery) A strap leading from the bellyband to the lower part of the collar, to keep the collar in place.

Chok´ing , a. 1. That chokes; producing the feeling of strangulation. 2. Indistinct in utterance, as the voice of a person affected with strong emotion. { Chok´y , Chok´ey } , a. 1. Tending to choke or suffocate, or having power to suffocate. 2. Inclined to choke, as a person affected with strong emotion. ´A deep and choky voice.´ Aytoun. “The allusion to his mother made Tom feel rather chokey.
T. Hughes.”

Cho•lae´ma•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bile + blood.] (Med.) A disease characterized by severe nervous symptoms, dependent upon the presence of the constituents of the bile in the blood.

Chol´a•gogue , a. [Gr. ; bile + leading, to lead: cf. F. cholagogue.] (Med.) Promoting the discharge of bile from the system. — n. An agent which promotes the discharge of bile from the system.

Cho´late , n. [Gr. bile.] (Chem.) A salt of cholic acid; as sodium cholate.

Chol•e•cys´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bile + bladder.] (Anat.) The gall bladder.

Chol•e•cys•tot´o•my , n. [Cholecystis + Gr. to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of making an opening in the gall bladder, as for the removal of a gallstone.

Chol•e•dol´o•gy , n. [Gr. bile + -logy. Cf. F. choledologie.] (Med.) A treatise on the bile and bilary organs. Dunglison. Littre says that the word choledologie is absolutely barbarous, there being no Greek word . A proper form would be cholology.

Cho•le´ic , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, bile; as choleic acid.

Chol´er , n. [OE. coler, F. colère anger, L. cholera a bilious complaint, fr. Gr. cholera, fr. , , bile. See Gall, and cf. Cholera.] 1. The bile; — formerly supposed to be the seat and cause of irascibility. [Obs.] “His [Richard Hooker’s] complexion … was sanguine, with a mixture of choler; and yet his motion was slow.
I. Warton.” 2. Irritation of the passions; anger; wrath. “He is rash and very sudden in choler.
Shak.”

Chol´er•a , n. [L., a bilious disease. See Choler.] (Med.) One of several diseases affecting the digestive and intestinal tract and more or less dangerous to life, esp. the one commonly called Asiatic cholera. Asiatic cholera, a malignant and rapidly fatal disease, originating in Asia and frequently epidemic in the more filthy sections of other lands, to which the germ or specific poison may have been carried. It is characterized by diarrhea, rice-water evacuations, vomiting, cramps, pinched expression, and lividity, rapidly passing into a state of collapse, followed by death, or by a stage of reaction of fever. — Cholera bacillus. See Comma bacillus. — Cholera infantum, a dangerous summer disease, of infants, caused by hot weather, bad air, or poor milk, and especially fatal in large cities. — Cholera morbus, a disease characterized by vomiting and purging, with gripings and cramps, usually caused by imprudence in diet or by gastrointestinal disturbance. — Chicken cholera. See under Chicken. — Hog cholera. See under Hog. — Sporadic cholera, a disease somewhat resembling the Asiatic cholera, but originating where it occurs, and rarely becoming epidemic.

Chol•er•a´ic , a. Relating to, or resulting from, or resembling, cholera.

Chol´er•ic , a. [L. cholericus, Gr. : cf. F. cholerique.] 1. Abounding with, or producing choler, or bile. Dryden. 2. Easily irritated; irascible; inclined to anger. 3. Angry; indicating anger; excited by anger. ´Choleric speech.´ Sir W. Raleigh. Choleric temperament, the bilious temperament.

Chol´er•ic•ly, adv. In a choleric manner; angrily.

Chol´er•i•form , a. [Cholera + -form.] Resembling cholera.

Chol´er•ine , n. (Med.) (a) The precursory symptoms of cholera. (b) The first stage of epidemic cholera. (c) A mild form of cholera.

Chol´er•oid, a. [Cholera + -oid.] Choleriform.

Cho•les•ter´ic , a. [Cf. F. cholesterique.] Pertaining to cholesterin, or obtained from it; as cholesteric acid. Ure.

Cho•les´ter•in , n. [Gr. bile + stiff fat: F. cholesterine. See Stearin.] (Chem.) A white, fatty, crystalline substance, tasteless and odorless, found in animal and plant products and tissue, and especially in nerve tissue, in the bile, and in gallstones. { Cho´li•amb , Cho•li•am´bic } n. [L. choliambus, Gr. ; lame + an iambus.] (Pros.) A verse having an iambus in the fifth place, and a spondee in the sixth or last. { Chol´ic , Cho•lin´ic } a. [Gr. , from bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bile. Cholic acid (Chem.), a complex organic acid found as a natural constituent of taurocholic and glycocholic acids in the bile, and extracted as a resinous substance, convertible under the influence of ether into white crystals.

Cho´line , n. [Gr. bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Neurine.

Chol´o•chrome , n. [Gr. , , bile + color.] (Physiol.) See Bilirubin.

Chol•o•phae´in , n. [Gr. , , bile + dusky.] (Physiol.) See Bilirubin.

Chol´try , n. A Hindoo caravansary.

Chomp , v. i. To chew loudly and greedily; to champ. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Halliwell.

Chon•dri•fi•ca´tion , n. (Physiol.) Formation of, or conversion into, cartilage.

Chon´dri•fy , v. t. & i. [Gr. cartilage + -fy.] To convert, or be converted, into cartilage.

Chon´dri•gen , n. [Gr. cartilage + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of cartilage, converted by long boiling in water into a gelatinous body called chondrin.

Chon•drig´e•nous , a. [Gr. cartilage + -genous.] (Physiol.) Affording chondrin.

Chon´drin , n. [Gr. cartilage.] (Physiol. Chem.) A colorless, amorphous, nitrogenous substance, tasteless and odorless, formed from cartilaginous tissue by long-continued action of boiling water. It is similar to gelatin, and is a large ingredient of commercial gelatin.

Chon´drite , n. [Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A meteoric stone characterized by the presence of chondrules.

Chon•drit´ic , a. (Min.) Granular; pertaining to, or having the granular structure characteristic of, the class of meteorites called chondrites.

Chon•dri´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of cartilage.

Chon´dro- [Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] A combining form meaning a grain, granular, granular cartilage, cartilaginous; as the chondrocranium, the cartilaginous skull of the lower vertebrates and of embryos.

Chon´dro•dite , n. [Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A fluosilicate of magnesia and iron, yellow to red in color, often occurring in granular form in a crystalline limestone.

Chon•dro•ga•noi´de•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons; — so called on account of their cartilaginous skeleton.

Chon´dro•gen , n. [Gr. cartilage + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Chondrigen.

Chon•dro•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. cartilage + genesis.] (Physiol.) The development of cartilage.

Chon´droid , a. [Gr. cartilage + -oid.] Resembling cartilage.

Chon•drol´o•gy , n. [Gr. cartilage + -logy: cf. F. chondrologie.] (Anat.) The science which treats of cartilages. Dunglison.

Chon•dro´ma , n.; pl. Chondromata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + -oma.] A cartilaginous tumor or growth.

Chon•drom´e•ter , n. [Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage + -meter.] A steelyard for weighting grain.

Chon•drop•ter•yg´i•an , a. [Cf. F. chondropterygien.] Having a cartilaginous skeleton. — n. One of the Chondropterygii.

Chon•drop•te•ryg´i•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + , , wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes, characterized by cartilaginous fins and skeleton. It includes both ganoids (sturgeons, etc.) and selachians (sharks), but is now often restricted to the latter. [Written also Chondropterygia.]

Chon•dros´te•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + bone.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, including the sturgeons; — so named because the skeleton is cartilaginous.

Chon•drot´o•my , n. [Gr. + a cutting.] (Anat.) The dissection of cartilages.

Chon´drule , n. [Dim. from Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A peculiar rounded granule of some mineral, usually enstatite or chrysolite, found imbedded more or less abundantly in the mass of many meteoric stones, which are hence called chondrites.

Choose , v. t. [imp. Chose p. p. Chosen , Chose (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Choosing.] [OE. chesen, cheosen, AS. ceósan; akin to OS. kiosan, D. kiezen, G. kiesen, Icel. kjosa, Goth. kiusan, L. gustare to taste, Gr. , Skr. jush to enjoy. rad.46. Cf. Choice, 2d Gust.] 1. To make choice of; to select; to take by way of preference from two or more objects offered; to elect; as to choose the least of two evils. “Choose me for a humble friend.
Pope.” 2. To wish; to desire; to prefer. [Colloq.] “The landlady now returned to know if we did not choose a more genteel apartment.
Goldsmith.” To choose sides. See under Side. Syn. - To select; prefer; elect; adopt; follow. — To Choose, Prefer, Elect. To choose is the generic term, and denotes to take or fix upon by an act of the will, especially in accordance with a decision of the judgment. To prefer is to choose or favor one thing as compared with, and more desirable than, another, or more in accordance with one’s tastes and feelings. To elect is to choose or select for some office, employment, use, privilege, etc., especially by the concurrent vote or voice of a sufficient number of electors. To choose a profession; to prefer private life to a public one; to elect members of Congress.

Choose, v. i. 1. To make a selection; to decide. “They had only to choose between implicit obedience and open rebellion.
Prescott.” 2. To do otherwise. ´Can I choose but smile?´ Pope. Can not choose but, must necessarily. “Thou canst not choose but know who I am.
Shak.”

Choos´er , n. One who chooses; one who has the power or right of choosing; an elector. Burke.

Chop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chopped p. pr. & vb. n. Chopping.] [Cf. LG. & D. kappen, Dan. kappe, Sw. kappa. Cf. Chap to crack.] 1. To cut by striking repeatedly with a sharp instrument; to cut into pieces; to mince; — often with up. 2. To sever or separate by one more blows of a sharp instrument; to divide; — usually with off or down. “Chop off your hand, and it to the king.
Shak.” 3. To seize or devour greedily; — with up. [Obs.] “Upon the opening of his mouth he drops his breakfast, which the fox presently chopped up.
L’estrange.”

Chop , v. i. 1. To make a quick strike, or repeated strokes, with an ax or other sharp instrument. 2. To do something suddenly with an unexpected motion; to catch or attempt to seize. “Out of greediness to get both, he chops at the shadow, and loses the substance.
L’Estrange.” 3. To interrupt; — with in or out. “This fellow interrupted the sermon, even suddenly chopping in.
Latimer.”

Chop, v. t. [Cf. D. koopen to buy. See Cheapen, v. t., and cf. Chap, v. i., to buy.] 1. To barter or truck. 2. To exchange; substitute one thing for another. “We go on chopping and changing our friends.
L’Estrange.” To chop logic, to dispute with an affected use of logical terms; to argue sophistically.

Chop, v. i. 1. To purchase by way of truck. 2. (Naut.) To vary or shift suddenly; as the wind chops about. 3. To wrangle; to altercate; to bandy words. “Let not the counsel at the bar chop with the judge.
Bacon.”

Chop, n. A change; a vicissitude. Marryat.

Chop, v. t. & i. To crack. See Chap, v. t. & i.

Chop, n. 1. The act of chopping; a stroke. 2. A piece chopped off; a slice or small piece, especially of meat; as a mutton chop. 3. A crack or cleft. See Chap.

Chop, n. [See Chap.] 1. A jaw of an animal; — commonly in the pl. See Chops. 2. A movable jaw or cheek, as of a wooden vise. 3. The land at each side of the mouth of a river, harbor, or channel; as East Chop or West Chop. See Chops.

Chop, n. [Chin. & Hind. chap stamp, brand.] 1. Quality; brand; as silk of the first chop. 2. A permit or clearance. Chop dollar, a silver dollar stamped to attest its purity. — chop of tea, a number of boxes of the same make and quality of leaf. — Chowchow chop. See under Chowchow. — Grand chop, a ship’s port clearance. S. W. Williams.

Chop´boat , n. [Chin. chop sort, quality.] A licensed lighter employed in the transportation of goods to and from vessels. [China] S. W. Williams.

Chop´church , n. [See Chop to barter.] (Old Eng. Law) An exchanger or an exchange of benefices. [Cant]

Chop•fall•en , a. Having the lower chop or jaw depressed; hence, crestfallen; dejected; dispirited; downcast. See Chapfallen.

Chop´house , n. A house where chops, etc., are sold; an eating house. “The freedom of a chophouse.
W. Irving.”

Chop´house, n. [See Chop quality.] A customhouse where transit duties are levied. [China] S. W. Williams.

Chop´in , n. [F. chopine, fr. G. schoppen.] A liquid measure formerly used in France and Great Britain, varying from half a pint to a wine quart.

Chop´in, n. See Chopine.

Cho•pine´ , n. [Cf. OF. chapin, escapin, Sp. chapin, Pg. chapim.] A clog, or patten, having a very thick sole, or in some cases raised upon a stilt to a height of a foot or more. [Variously spelt chioppine, chopin, etc.] “Your ladyship is nearer to heaven than when I saw you last, by the altitude of a chopine.
Shak.”

Chop´-log•ic , n. One who bandies words or is very argumentative. [Jocular] Shak.

Chop´ness , n. A kind of spade. [Eng.]

Chop´per , n. One who, or that which, chops.

Chop´ping , a. [Cf. Chubby.] Stout or plump; large. [Obs.] Fenton.

Chop´ping, a. [See Chop to barter.] Shifting or changing suddenly, as the wind; also having tumbling waves dashing against each other; as a chopping sea.

Chop´ping, n. Act of cutting by strokes. Chopping block, a solid block of wood on which butchers and others chop meat, etc. — Chopping knife, a knife for chopping or mincing meat, vegetables, etc.; — usually with a handle at the back of the blade instead of at the end.

Chop´py , a. [Cf. Chappy.] 1. Full of cracks. ´Choppy finger.´ Shak. 2. [Cf. Chop a change.] Rough, with short, tumultuous waves; as a choppy sea.

Chops (chops), n. pl. [See Chop a jaw.] 1. The jaws; also the fleshy parts about the mouth. 2. The sides or capes at the mouth of a river, channel, harbor, or bay; as the chops of the English Channel.

Chop´stick´ (chop´stik•), n. One of two small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used by the Chinese and Japanese to convey food to the mouth.

Cho•rag´ic , a. [Gr. , .] Of or pertaining to a choragus. Choragic monument, a building or column built by a victorious choragus for the reception and exhibition of the tripod which he received as a prize. Those of Lysicrates and Thrasyllus are still to be seen at Athens.

Cho•ra´gus , n.; pl. Choragi (#). [L., fr. Gr. , ; chorus + to lead.] (Gr. Antiq.) A chorus leader; esp. one who provided at his own expense and under his own supervision one of the choruses for the musical contents at Athens.

Cho´ral , a. [LL. choralis, fr. L. chorus. See Chorus.] Of or pertaining to a choir or chorus; singing, sung, or adapted to be sung, in chorus or harmony. Choral service, a service of song.

Cho´ral, n. (Mus.) A hymn tune; a simple sacred tune, sung in unison by the congregation; as the Lutheran chorals. [Sometimes written chorale.]

Cho´ral•ist , n. A singer or composer of chorals.

Cho´ral•ly, adv. In the manner of a chorus; adapted to be sung by a choir; in harmony.

Chord (kôrd), n. [L chorda a gut, a string made of a gut, Gr. chordh•. In the sense of a string or small rope, in general, it is written cord. See Cord.] 1. The string of a musical instrument. Milton. 2. (Mus.) A combination of tones simultaneously performed, producing more or less perfect harmony, as the common chord. 3. (Geom.) A right line uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle or curve. 4. (Anat.) A cord. See Cord, n., 4. 5. (Engin.) The upper or lower part of a truss, usually horizontal, resisting compression or tension. Waddell. Accidental, Common, ∧ Vocal chords. See under Accidental, Common, and Vocal. — Chord of an arch. See Illust. of Arch. — Chord of curvature, a chord drawn from any point of a curve, in the circle of curvature for that point. — Scale of chords. See Scale.

Chord, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Chording.] To provide with musical chords or strings; to string; to tune. “When Jubal struck the chorded shell.
Dryden.” “Even the solitary old pine tree chords his harp.
Beecher.”

Chord, v. i. (Mus.) To accord; to harmonize together; as this note chords with that.

Chor´da , n. [NL., fr. L. chorda. See Chord.] (Anat.) A cord. Chorda dorsalis . [NL., lit., cord of the back.] (Anat.) See Notochord.

Chor´dal , a. Of or pertaining to a chord.

Chor•da´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. chorda cord.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of animals including all Vertebrata together with the Tunicata, or all those having a dorsal nervous cord.

Chor•dee´ , n. [F. corde, cordee, p. p. of corder to cord.] (Med.) A painful erection of the penis, usually with downward curvature, occurring in gonorrhea.

Chore , n. [The same word as char work done by the day.] A small job; in the pl., the regular or daily light work of a household or farm, either within or without doors. [U. S.]

Chore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chored p. pr. & vb. n. Choring.] To do chores. [U. S.]

Chore , n. A choir or chorus. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cho•re´a n. [NL., fr. Gr. dance.] (Med.) St. Vitus’s dance; a disease attended with convulsive twitchings and other involuntary movements of the muscles or limbs.

Cho•ree´ , n. [F. choree.] See Choreus. { Cho•re•graph´ic , Cho•re•graph´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to choregraphy.

Cho•reg´ra•phy , n. [GR. dnce + -graphy.] The art of representing dancing by signs, as music is represented by notes. Craig.

Cho•re´ic , a. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, chorea; convulsive.

Cho•re•pis´co•pal , a. Pertaining to a chorepiscopus or his charge or authority.

Cho•re•pis´co•pus , n.; pl. Chorepiscopi (#). [L., fr. Gr. ; chw^ros, chw•ra, place, country + bishop. Cf. Bishop.] (Eccl.) A ´country´ or suffragan bishop, appointed in the ancient church by a diocesan bishop to exercise episcopal jurisdiction in a rural district.

Cho•re´us , Cho•ree´ , n. [L. choreus, Gr. , prop. an adj. meaning belonging to a chorus; cf. F. choree.] (Anc. Pros.) (a) a trochee. (b) A tribrach.

Cho´ri•amb , n.; pl. Choriambs . Same as Choriambus.

Cho•ri•am´bic , a. [L. choriambicus, gr. .] Pertaining to a choriamb. — n. A choriamb.

Cho•ri•am´bus , n.; pl. L. Choriambi (#), E. Choriambuses (#). [L. choriambus, Gr. ; a choreus + iambus.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and last are long, and the other short (- &ssmile; &ssmile; -); that is, a choreus, or trochee, and an iambus united.

Cho´ric , a. [L. choricus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to a chorus. “I remember a choric ode in the Hecuba.
Coleridge.”

Cho´ri•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Anat.) (a) The outer membrane which invests the fetus in the womb; also the similar membrane investing many ova at certain stages of development. (b) The true skin, or cutis. 2. (Bot.) The outer membrane of seeds of plants.

Cho´ri•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. separation.] (Bot.) The separation of a leaf or floral organ into two more parts. In collateral chorisis the parts are side by side. — In parallel or median chorisis they are one in front of another.

Cho´rist , n. [F. choriste.] A singer in a choir; a chorister. [R.]

Chor´is•ter , n. [See Chorus.] 1. One of a choir; a singer in a chorus. Dryden. 2. One who leads a choir in church music. [U. S.]

Cho•ris´tic , a. Choric; choral. [R.]

Cho´ro•graph , n. [Gr. place + -graph.] An instrument for constructing triangles in marine surveying, etc.

Cho•rog´ra•pher , n. 1. One who describes or makes a map of a district or region. ´The chorographers of Italy.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. A geographical antiquary; one who investigates the locality of ancient places.

Cho•ro•graph´ic•al , a. Pertaining to chorography. — Cho•ro•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Cho•rog´ra•phy , n. [L. chorographia, Gr. ; place + to describe.] the mapping or description of a region or district. “The chorography of their provinces.
Sir T. Browne.”

Cho´roid , a. [gr. ; chorion + form.] (Anat.) resembling the chorion; as the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and the choroid coat of the eyeball. — n. The choroid coat of the eye. See Eye. Choroid plexus (Anat.), one of the delicate fringelike processes, consisting almost entirely of blood vessels, which project into the ventricles of the brain.

Cho•roid´al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the choroid coat.

Cho•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. place + -logy.] (Biol.) The science which treats of the laws of distribution of living organisms over the earth’s surface as to latitude, altitude, locality, etc. “Its distribution or chorology.
Huxley.”

Cho•rom´e•try , n. [Gr. place + -metry.] The art of surveying a region or district.

Cho´rus , n.; pl. Choruses (#). [L., a dance in a ring, a dance accompanied with song; a chorus, a band of dancers and singers. Gr. . See Choir.] 1. (Antiq.) A band of singers and dancers. “The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of singers.
Dryden.” 2. (Gr. Drama) A company of persons supposed to behold what passed in the acts of a tragedy, and to sing the sentiments which the events suggested in couplets or verses between the acts; also that which was thus sung by the chorus. “What the lofty, grave tragedians taught
In chorus or iambic.
Milton.” 3. An interpreter in a dumb show or play. [Obs.] 4. (Mus.) A company of singers singing in concert. 5. (Mus.) A composition of two or more parts, each of which is intended to be sung by a number of voices. 6. (Mus.) Parts of a song or hymn recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas; also a company of singers who join with the singer or choir in singer or choir in singing such parts. 7. The simultaneous of a company in any noisy demonstration; as a Chorus of shouts and catcalls.

Cho´rus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chorused p. pr. & vb. n. Chorusing.] To sing in chorus; to exclaim simultaneously. W. D. Howells.

Chose , n.; pl. Choses (#). [F., fr. L. causa cause, reason. See Cause.] (Law) A thing; personal property. Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or actual enjoyment, but only a right to it, or a right to demand it by action at law, and which does not exist at the time in specie; a personal right to a thing not reduced to possession, but recoverable by suit at law; as a right to recover money due on a contract, or damages for a tort, which can not be enforced against a reluctant party without suit. — Chose in possession, a thing in possession, as distinguished from a thing in action. — Chose local, a thing annexed to a place, as a mill. — Chose transitory, a thing which is movable. Cowell. Blount.

Chose , imp. & p. p. of Choose.

Cho´sen , p. p. of Choose. Selected from a number; picked out; choice. “Seven hundred chosen men left-handed.
Judg. xx. 16.”

Cho´sen, n. One who, or that which is the object of choice or special favor.

Chou´an , n. [F.] One of the royalist insurgents in western France (Brittany, etc.), during and after the French revolution.

Chough , n. [OE. choughe, kowe (and cf. OE. ca), fr. AS. ceó; cf. also D. kauw, OHG. chaha; perh. akin to E. caw. rad.22. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Crow family (Fregilus graculus) of Europe. It is of a black color, with a long, slender, curved bill and red legs; — also called chauk, chauk-daw, chocard, Cornish chough, red-legged crow. The name is also applied to several allied birds, as the Alpine chough. Cornish chough (Her.), a bird represented black, with red feet, and beak; — called also aylet and sea swallow.

Chou´i•cha , n. [Native name] (Zoöl.) The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat.

Chou´ka , n. [Native name] (Zoöl.) The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara.

Choule , n. [Obs.] See Jowl. Sir W. Scott.

Choul´try , n. See Choltry.

Chouse , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choused p. pr. & vb. n. Chousing.] [From Turk. chaush a messenger or interpreter, one of whom, attached to the Turkish embassy, in 1609 cheated the Turkish merchants resident in England out of £4,000.] To cheat, trick, defraud; — followed by of, or out of; as to chouse one out of his money. [Colloq.] “The undertaker of the afore-cited poesy hath choused your highness.
Landor.”

Chouse, n. 1. One who is easily cheated; a tool; a simpleton; a gull. Hudibras. 2. A trick; sham; imposition. Johnson. 3. A swindler. B. Jonson.

Chout , n. [Mahratta chauth one fourth part.] An assessment equal to a fourth part of the revenue. [India] J. Mill.

Chow´chow , a. [Chin.] Consisting of several kinds mingled together; mixed; as chowchow sweetmeats (preserved fruits put together). Chowchow chop, the last lighter containing the small sundry packages sent off to fill up a ship. S. W. Williams.

Chow´chow (chou´chou•), n. (Com.) A kind of mixed pickles.

Chow´der (-d&etl;r), n. [F. chaudière a kettle, a pot. Cf. Caldron.] 1. (Cookery) A dish made of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together. 2. A seller of fish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Chowder beer, a liquor made by boiling black spruce in water and mixing molasses with the decoction.

Chow´der, v. t. To make a chowder of.

Chow´ry (-ry), n. [Hind. chaunri.] A whisk to keep off files, used in the East Indies. Malcom.

Chow´ter (-ter), v. t. [Cf. OE. chowre, and Prov. E. chow, to grumble.] To grumble or mutter like a froward child. [Obs.] E. Phillips.

Choy´ root (choi´ root•). See Chay root.

Chre•ma•tis´tics , n. [Gr. 9sc. ) the art of traffic, fr. goods, money, fr. to use.] The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy.

Chre•o•tech´nics , n. [Gr. useful + art.] The science of the useful arts, esp. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. [R.]

Chres•to•math´ic , a. Teaching what is useful. ´A chrestomathic school.´ Southey.

Chres•tom´a•thy , n. [Gr. ; useful + , , to learn.] A selection of passages, with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language; as a Hebrew chrestomathy.

Chrism , n. [OE. crisme, from AS. crisma; also OE. creme, fr. OF. cresme, like the AS. word fr. LL. chrisma, fr. Gr. , fr. to anoint; perh. akin to L. friare, fricare, to rub, Skr. gharsh, E. friable, friction. Cf. Chrisom.] (Gr. & R. C. Churchs) 1. Olive oil mixed with balm and spices, consecrated by the bishop on Maundy Thursday, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc. 2. The same as Chrisom.

Chris´mal , a. [LL. chrismalis.] Of or pertaining to or used in chrism.

Chris•ma´tion , n. [LL. chrismatio.] The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil. “Chrismation or cross-signing with ointment, was used in baptism.
Jer. Taylor.”

Chris´ma•to•ry , n. [LL. chrismatorium.] A cruet or vessel in which chrism is kept.

Chris´om , n. [See Chrism.] 1. A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened. [Obs.] 2. A child which died within a month after its baptism; — so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. [Obs.] Blount.

Christ , n. [L. Christus, Gr. , fr. anointed, fr. chri•ein to anoint. See Chrism.] The Anointed; an appellation given to Jesus, the Savior. It is synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah.

Christ´cross , n. 1. The mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or stamped on certain objects, — sometimes as the sign of 12 o’clock on a dial. “The fescue of the dial is upon the christcross of noon.
Old Play. Nares.” 2. The beginning and the ending. [Obs.] Quarles.

Christ´cross-row , The alphabet; — formerly so called, either from the cross usually set before it, or from a superstitious custom, sometimes practiced, of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm. “From infant conning of the Christcross- row.
Wordsworth.”

Chris´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christened p. pr. & vb. n. Christening.] [AS. cristnian to make a Christian, fr. cristen a Christian.] 1. To baptize and give a Christian name to. 2. To give a name; to denominate. ´Christen the thing what you will.´ Bp. Burnet. 3. To Christianize. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. 4. To use for the first time. [Colloq.]

Chris´ten•dom , n. [AS. cristendm; cristen a Christian + -dom.] 1. The profession of faith in Christ by baptism; hence, the Christian religion, or the adoption of it. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The name received at baptism; or, more generally, any name or appelation. [Obs.] “Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms.
Shak.” 3. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, or which is governed under Christian institutions, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. “The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom.
Milton” “A wide and still widening Christendom.
Coleridge.” 4. The whole body of Christians. Hooker.

Chris´tian , n. [L. christianus, Gr. ; cf. AS. cristen. See Christ.] 1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him; especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed to the doctrines of Christ. “The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.
Acts xi. 26.” 2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents, and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an opposing system. 3. (Eccl.) (a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names. They are congregational in church government, and baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples of Christ, and Campbellites. (b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection) of open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only authoritative rule of faith and practice. In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members of the sects, kris´chan.

Chris´tian , a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion; as Christian people. 3. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as a Christian court. Blackstone. 4. Characteristic of Christian people; civilized; kind; kindly; gentle; beneficent. “The graceful tact; the Christian art.
Tennyson.” Christian Commission. See under Commission. — Christian court. Same as Ecclesiastical court. — Christian era, the present era, commencing with the birth of Christ. It is supposed that owing to an error of a monk (Dionysius Exiguus, d. about 556) employed to calculate the era, its commencement was fixed three or four years too late, so that 1890 should be 1893 or 1894. — Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name, or surname.

Chris•tian•ism , n. [L. christianismus, Gr. : cf. F. christianisme.] 1. The Christian religion. [Obs.] Milton. 2. The Christian world; Christendom. [Obs.] Johnson

Chris´tian•ite , n. [In sense (a) named after Christian Frederic, of Denmark; in sense (b) after Christian VII., of Denmark.] (Min.) (a) Same as Anorthite. [R.] (b) See Phillipsite.

Chris•tian´i•ty , n. [OE. cristiente, OF. cristiente, F. chretiente, fr. L. christianitas. ] 1. The religion of Christians; the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ. 2. Practical conformity of one’s inward and outward life to the spirit of the Christian religion 3. The body of Christian believers. [Obs.] “To Walys fled the christianitee
Of olde Britons.
Chaucer.”

Chris•tian•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of converting or being converted to a true Christianity.

Chris´tian•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christianized ; p. pr. vb. n. Christianizing.] [Cf. F. christianiser, L. christianizare, fr. Gr. .] 1. To make Christian; to convert to Christianity; as to Christianize pagans. 2. To imbue with or adapt to Christian principles. “Christianized philosophers.
I. Taylor.”

Chris´tian•ize, v. i. To adopt the character or belief of a Christian; to become Christian. “The pagans began to Christianize.
Latham.”

Chris´tian•like , a. Becoming to a Christian. “A virtuous and a Christianlike conclusion.
Shak.”

Chris´tian•ly, adv. In a manner becoming the principles of the Christian religion. “Sufferings … patiently and Christianly borne.
Sharp.”

Chris´tian•ly, a. Christianlike. Longfellow.

Chris´tian•ness, n. Consonance with the doctrines of Christianity. [Obs.] Hammond.

Christ´less , a. Without faith in Christ; unchristian. Tennyson.

Christ´like , a. Resembling Christ in character, actions, etc. — Christ´like•ness, n.

Christ´ly, a. Christlike. H. Bushnell.

Christ´mas , n. [Christ + mass.] An annual church festival (December 25) and in some States a legal holiday, in memory of the birth of Christ, often celebrated by a particular church service, and also by special gifts, greetings, and hospitality. Christmas box. (a) A box in which presents are deposited at Christmas. (b) A present or small gratuity given to young people and servants at Christmas; a Christmas gift. — Christmas carol, a carol sung at, or suitable for, Christmas. — Christmas day. Same as Christmas. — Christmas eve, the evening before Christmas. — Christmas fern (Bot.), an evergreen North American fern (Aspidium acrostichoides), which is much used for decoration in winter. — Christmas flower, Christmas rose, the black hellebore, a poisonous plant of the buttercup family, which in Southern Europe often produces beautiful roselike flowers midwinter. — Christmas tree, a small evergreen tree, set up indoors, to be decorated with bonbons, presents, etc., and illuminated on Christmas eve.

Christ´mas•tide , n. [Christmas + tide time.] The season of Christmas.

Chris´to•cen´tric , a. [Christ + centric.] Making Christ the center, about whom all things are grouped, as in religion or history; tending toward Christ, as the central object of thought or emotion. J. W. Chadwick.

Chris•tol´o•gy , n. [Crist + -logy.] A treatise on Christ; that department of theology which treats of the personality, attributes, or life of Christ.

Chris´tom , n. See Chrisom. [Obs.] Shak.

Chris•toph´a•ny , n. [Christ + Gr. to show.] An appearance of Christ, as to his disciples after the crucifixion.

Christ’s-thorn , n. (Bot.) One of several prickly or thorny shrubs found in Palestine, especially the Paliurus aculeatus, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, and Z. vulgaris. The last bears the fruit called jujube, and may be considered to have been the most readily obtainable for the Crown of Thorns.

Chro´ma•scope , n. [Gr. color + -scope.] An instrument for showing the optical effects of color.

Chro´mate , n. [Cf. F. chromate. See Chrome.] (Chem.) A salt of chromic acid.

Chro•mat´ic , a. [L. chromaticus, Gr. , suited for color, fr. , , color; akin to color, skin, color of the skin.] 1. Relating to color, or to colors. 2. (Mus.) Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. The intermediate tones were formerly written and printed in colors. Chromatic aberration. (Opt.) See Aberration, 4. — Chromatic printing, printing from type or blocks covered with inks of various colors. — Chromatic scale (Mus.), the scale consisting of thirteen tones, including the eight scale tones and the five intermediate tones.

Chro•mat´ic•al , a. Chromatic. [Obs.]

Chro•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a chromatic manner.

Chro•mat´ics , n. The science of colors; that part of optics which treats of the properties of colors.

Chro´ma•tin , n. [Gr. , , color.] (Biol.) Tissue which is capable of being stained by dyes.

Chro´ma•tism , n. [Gr. a coloring.] 1. (Optics) The state of being colored, as in the case of images formed by a lens. 2. (Bot.) An abnormal coloring of plants.

Chro•ma•tog´e•nous , a. [Gr. , , color + -genous.] Producing color.

Chro•ma•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. , , color + -graphy.] A treatise on colors

Chro•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , color + -logy.] A treatise on colors.

Chro´ma•to•phore , n. [Gr. , , color + to bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) A contractile cell or vesicle containing liquid pigment and capable of changing its form or size, thus causing changes of color in the translucent skin of such animals as possess them. They are highly developed and numerous in the cephalopods. 2. (Bot.) One of the granules of protoplasm, which in mass give color to the part of the plant containing them.

Chro´ma•to•scope , n. [Gr. , , color + -scope.] (Astron.) A reflecting telescope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so as to produce a ringlike image of a star, instead of a point; — used in studying the scintillation of the stars.

Chro´ma•to•sphere , n. A chromosphere. [R.]

Chro´ma•trope , n. [Gr. color + turn, rotation, to turn.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light (depending upon the persistence of vision and mixture of colors) by means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored. 2. A device in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleidoscopic effects.

Chro´ma•type , n. [Gr. color + type.] 1. (Photog.) A colored photographic picture taken upon paper made sensitive with potassium bichromate or some other salt of chromium. 2. The process by which such picture is made.

Chrome , n. Same as Chromium. Chrome alum (Chem.), a dark violet substance, (SO_4)3Cr_2. K_2SO_4.24H_2O, analogous to, and crystallizing like, common alum. It is regarded as a double sulphate of chromium and potassium. — Chrome green (a) The green oxide of chromium, Cr_2O_3, used in enamel painting, and glass staining. (b) A pigment made by mixing chrome yellow with Prussian blue. — Chrome red, a beautiful red pigment originally prepared from the basic chromate of lead, but now made from red oxide of lead. — Chrome yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, PbCrO_4, used by painters.

Chro´mic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, chromium; — said of the compounds of chromium in which it has its higher valence. Chromic acid, an acid, H_2CrO_4, analogous to sulphuric acid, not readily obtained in the free state, but forming well known salts, many of which are colored pigments, as chrome yellow, chrome red, etc. — Chromic anhydride, a brilliant red crystalline substance, CrO_3, regarded as the anhydride of chromic acid. It is one of the most powerful oxidizers known.

Chro´mid , n. [Gr. a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) One of the Chromidae, a family of fresh-water fishes abundant in the tropical parts of America and Africa. Some are valuable food fishes, as the bulti of the Nile.

Chro•mi•dro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. color + sweat.] (Med.) Secretion of abnormally colored perspiration.

Chro´mism , n. Same as Chromatism.

Chro´mite , n. 1. (Min.) A black submetallic mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; — called also chromic iron. 2. (Chem.) A compound or salt of chromous hydroxide regarded as an acid. [R.]

Chro´mi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. color.] (Chem.) A comparatively rare element occurring most abundantly in the mineral chromite. Atomic weight 52.5. Symbol Cr. When isolated it is a hard, brittle, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty. Its chief commercial importance is for its compounds, as potassium chromate, lead chromate, etc., which are brilliantly colored and are used dyeing and calico printing. Called also chrome.

Chro´mo , n.; pl. Chromos (#). [Abbrev. from chromolithograph.] A chromolithograph.

Chro´mo•blast , n. [Gr. color + -blast.] An embryonic cell which develops into a pigment cell.

Chro´mo•gen , [Gr. color + -gen.] 1. (Biol.) Vegetable coloring matter other than green; chromule. 2. (Chem.) Any colored compound, supposed to contain one or more chromophores.

Chro´mo•gen´ic , a. (Biol.) Containing, or capable of forming, chromogen; as chromogenic bacteria.

Chro´mo•graph , n. [Gr. color + -graph.] An apparatus by which a number of copies of written matter, maps, plans, etc., can be made; — called also hectograph.

Chro•mo•leu´cite , n. [Gr. color + E. leucite.] (Bot.) A chromoplastid.

Chro•mo•lith´o•graph , n. [Gr. color + E. lithograph.] A picture printed in tints and colors by repeated impressions from a series of stones prepared by the lithographic process.

Chro•mo•li•thog´ra•pher , n. One who is engaged in chromolithography.

Chro´mo•lith•o•graph´ic , a. Pertaining to, or made by, chromolithography.

Chro´mo•li•thog´ra•phy , n. Lithography adapted to printing in inks of various colors.

Chro´mo•phane , n. [Gr. color + to show.] (Physiol.) A general name for the several coloring matters, red, green, yellow, etc., present in the inner segments in the cones of the retina, held in solution by fats, and slowly decolorized by light; distinct from the photochemical pigments of the rods of the retina.

Chro´mo•phore , n. [Gr. color + to bear.] (Chem.) Any chemical group or residue (as NO_2; N_2; or O_2) which imparts some decided color to the compound of which it is an ingredient.

Chro•mo•pho•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. color + E. photography.] The art of producing photographs in colors.

Chro´mo•pho•to•lith´o•graph , n. A photolithograph printed in colors.

Chro•mo•plas´tid , n. [Gr. + E. plastid.] (Bot.) A protoplasmic granule of some other color than green; — also called chromoleucite.

Chro´mo•some , n. [Gr. color + the body.] (Biol.) One of the minute bodies into which the chromatin of the nucleus is resolved during mitotic cell division; the idant of Weismann.

Chro´mo•sphere , n. [Gr. color + E. sphere.] (Astron.) An atmosphere of rare matter, composed principally of incandescent hydrogen gas surrounding the sun and enveloping the photosphere. Portions of the chromosphere are here and there thrown up into enormous tongues of flame.

Chro•mo•spher´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the chromosphere.

Chro´mo•type , n. [Gr. color + -type.] 1. A sheet printed in colors by any process, as a chromolithograph. See Chromolithograph. 2. A photographic picture in the natural colors.

Chro´mous , a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chromium, when this element has a valence lower than that in chromic compounds. Chromous acid, a bluish gray powder, CrO.OH, of weak acid properties and regard as an acid.

Chro´mule , n. [Gr. color + matter.] (Bot.) A general name for coloring matter of plants other than chlorophyll, especially that of petals.

Chron´ic , a. [L. chronicus, Gr. concerning time, from time: cf. F. chronique.] 1. Relating to time; according to time. 2. Continuing for a long time; lingering; habitual. Chronic disease, one which is inveterate, of long continuance, or progresses slowly, in distinction from an acute disease, which speedly terminates.

Chron´ic•al , a. Chronic. “Partly on a chronical, and partly on a topical method.
J. A. Alexander.”

Chron´i•cle , n. [OE. cronicle, fr. cronique, OF. cronique, F. chronique, L. chronica, fr. Gr. , neut. pl. of . See Chronic.] 1. An historical register or account of facts or events disposed in the order of time. 2. A narrative of events; a history; a record. 3. pl. The two canonical books of the Old Testament in which immediately follow 2 Kings. Syn. - Register; record; annals. See History.

Chron´i•cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chronicled p. pr. & vb. n. Chronicling ] To record in a history or chronicle; to record; to register. Shak.

Chron´i•cler , n. A writer of a chronicle; a recorder of events in the order of time; an historian. “Such an honest chronicler as Griffith.
Shak.”

Chro•nique´ , n. [F. See Chronicle.] A chronicle. L. Addison.

Chron´o•gram , n. [Gr. time + writing, character: cf. F. chronogramme.] 1. An inscription in which certain numeral letters, made to appear specially conspicuous, on being added together, express a particular date or epoch, as in the motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632: ChrIstVs DVX; ergo trIVMphVs. - the capitals of which give, when added as numerals, the sum 1632. 2. The record or inscription made by a chronograph. { Chron•o•gram•mat´ic , Chron•o•gram•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. chronogrammatique.] Belonging to a chronogram, or containing one.

Chron•o•gram´ma•tist , n. A writer of chronograms.

Chron´o•graph , n. [Gr. time + -graph: cf. F. chronographe.] 1. An instrument for measuring or recording intervals of time, upon a revolving drum or strip of paper moved by clockwork. The action of the stylus or pen is controlled by electricity. 2. Same as Chronogram, 1. [R.] 3. A chronoscope.

Chro•nog´ra•pher , n. One who writes a chronography; a chronologer. Tooke.

Chron•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a chronograph.

Chro•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. . See Chronograph.] A description or record of past time; history. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Chro•nol´o•ger , n. Same as Chronologist. { Chron•o•log´ic , Chron•o•log´ic•al , } a. [Gr. .] Relating to chronology; containing an account of events in the order of time; according to the order of time; as chronological tables. Raleigh. — Chron•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv. { Chro•nol´o•gist , Chro•nol´o•ger }, n. [Gr. .] A person who investigates dates of events and transactions; one skilled in chronology. “That learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly to be avoided.
Locke.” “THe most exact chronologers tell us that Christ was born in October, and not in December.
John Knox.”

Chro•nol´o•gy , n.; pl. Chronologies (#). [Gr. ; time + discourse: cf. F. chronologie.] The science which treats of measuring time by regular divisions or periods, and which assigns to events or transactions their proper dates. “If history without chronology is dark and confused, chronology without history is dry and insipid.
A. Holmes.”

Chro•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. time + -meter: cf. F. chronomètre.] 1. An instrument for measuring time; a timekeeper. 2. A portable timekeeper, with a heavy compensation balance, and usually beating half seconds; — intended to keep time with great accuracy for use an astronomical observations, in determining longitude, etc. 3. (Mus.) A metronome. Box chronometer. See under Box. — Pocket chronometer, a chronometer in the form of a large watch. — To rate a chronometer. See Rate, v. t. { Chron•o•met´ric , Chron•o•met´ric•al , } a. [Cf. F. chronometrique.] Pertaining to a chronometer; measured by a chronometer.

Chro•nom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. chronometrie.] The art of measuring time; the measuring of time by periods or divisions.

Chron´o•pher , n. [Gr. time + to carry.] An instrument signaling the correct time to distant points by electricity.

Chron´o•scope , n. [Gr. time + -scope.] An instrument for measuring minute intervals of time; used in determining the velocity of projectiles, the duration of short-lived luminous phenomena, etc.

Chrys´a•lid , a. Pertaining to a chrysalis; resembling a chrysalis.

Chrys´a•lid, n.; pl. Chrysalids. See Chrysalis.

Chrys´a•lis , n.; pl. Chrysalides (#). [L. chrysallis the gold-colored pupa of butterflies, Gr. , fr. gold. Cf. Aurelia.] (Zoöl.) The pupa state of certain insects, esp. of butterflies, from which the perfect insect emerges. See Pupa, and Aurelia (a).

Chrys•an´i•line , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + E. anilene.] (Chem.) A yellow substance obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of rosaniline. It dyes silk a fine golden-yellow color.

Chrys•an´the•mum , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; chryso•s gold + flower.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, mostly perennial, and of many species including the many varieties of garden chrysanthemums (annual and perennial), and also the feverfew and the oxeye daisy.

Chrys•a•ro´bin , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + araroba a foreign name of Goa powder + -in.] (Chem.) A bitter, yellow substance forming the essential constituent of Goa powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid proper; hence formerly called also chrysphanic acid.

Chrys•au´rin , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + L. aurum gold. So called from its color.] An orange-colored dyestuff, of artificial production.

Chrys•el•e•phan´tine , a. [Gr. chryso•s gold + made of ivory, fr. ivory, elephant.] Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory. The chryselephantine statues of the Greeks were built up with inferior materials, veneered, as it were, with ivory for the flesh, and gold decorated with color for the hair and garments.

Chry´sene , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold.] (Chem.) One of the higher aromatic hydrocarbons of coal tar, allied to naphthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C_18H_12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities.

Chrys´o•ber•yl , n. [L. chrysoberyllus, Gr. ; chryso•s gold + beryl.] (Min.) A mineral, found in crystals, of a yellow to green or brown color, and consisting of aluminia and glucina. It is very hard, and is often used as a gem.

Chrys´o•chlore , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + chlwro•s light green: cf. F. chrysochlore.] (Zoöl.) A South African mole of the genus Chrysochloris; the golden mole, the fur of which reflects brilliant metallic hues of green and gold.

Chrys´o•col•la , n. [L., fr. Gr. chryso•kolla gold solder; chryso•s gold + glue.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color.

Chrys´o•gen , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + -gen.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance extracted from crude anthracene.

Chry•sog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; chryso•s gold + to write.] 1. The art of writing in letters of gold. 2. A writing executed in letters of gold.

Chrys•o´ï•dine , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + -oid + -ine.] (Chem.) An artificial, yellow, crystalline dye, C_6H_5N_2.C_6H_3 (NH_2)2. also one of a group of dyestuffs resembling chrysoïdine proper.

Chrys´o•lite , n. [L. chrysolithos, Gr. ; chryso•s gold + stone: cf. F. chrysolithe.] (Min.) A mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron, of a yellow to green color. It is common in certain volcanic rocks; — called also olivine and peridot. Sometimes used as a gem. The name was also early used for yellow varieties of tourmaline and topaz.

Chry•sol´o•gy , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + -logy.] That branch of political economy which relates to the production of wealth.

Chrys•o´pa , n. [NL., from Gr. chryso•s gold + , , eye, face.] (Zoöl.) A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing.

Chrys´o•phane , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + to show.] (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from rhubarb as a bitter, yellow, crystalline powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid on decomposition.

Chrys•o•phan´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, or resembling, chrysophane. Chrysophanic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance extracted from rhubarb, yellow dock, sienna, chrysarobin, etc., and shown to be a derivative of an anthracene. It is used in the treatment of skin diseases; — called also rhein, rheic acid, rhubarbarin, etc.

Chrys´o•prase , n. [OE. crisopace, OF. crisoprace, F. chrysoprase, L. chrysoprasus, fr. Gr. ; chryso•s gold + leek.] (Min.) An apple-green variety of chalcedony, colored by nickel. It has a dull flinty luster, and is sometimes used in jewelry.

Chry•sop´ra•sus , n. [L.] See Chrysoprase. Rev. xxi. 20.

Chrys´o•sperm , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + seed.] The seed of gold; a means of creating gold. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Chrys´o•type , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + -type.] 1. A photographic picture taken upon paper prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of iron and developed by the application of chloride of gold. Abney. 2. 2process, invented by Sir J.Herschel.

Chthon´ic , a. [Gr. , , the earth.] Pertaining to the earth; earthy; as chthonic religions. “[The] chthonic character of the wife of Zeus.
Max Müller.” { Chthon•o•pha´gi•a , Chtho•noph´a•gy , } n. [NL. chthonophagia; Gr. , , earth + to eat.] A disease characterized by an irresistible desire to eat earth, observed in some parts of the southern United States, the West Indies, etc.

Chub , n. [This word seems to signify a large or thick fish. Cf. Sw. kubb a short and thick piece of wood, and perh. F. chabot chub.] (Zoöl.) A species to fresh-water fish of the Cyprinidae or Carp family. The common European species is Leuciscus cephalus; the cheven. In America the name is applied to various fishes of the same family, of the genera Semotilus, Squalius, Ceratichthys, etc., and locally to several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc. Chub mackerel (Zoöl.), a species of mackerel (Scomber colias) in some years found in abundance on the Atlantic coast, but absent in others; — called also bull mackerel, thimble-eye, and big- eye mackerel. — Chub sucker (Zoöl.), a fresh-water fish of the United States (Erimyzon sucetta); — called also creekfish.

Chub´bed , a. Chubby. [R.] H. Brooke.

Chub´bed•ness, n. The state of being chubby.

Chub´by , a. Like a chub; plump, short, and thick. ´Chubby faces.´ I. Taylor.

Chub´-faced , a. Having a plump, short face.

Chuck (chuk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chucked (chukt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] [Imitative of the sound.] 1. To make a noise resembling that of a hen when she calls her chickens; to cluck. 2. To chuckle; to laugh. [R.] Marston.

Chuck, v. t. To call, as a hen her chickens. Dryden.

Chuck, n. 1. The chuck or call of a hen. 2. A sudden, small noise. 3. A word of endearment; — corrupted from chick. ´Pray, chuck, come hither.´ Shak.

Chuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chucked (chukt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] [F. choquer to strike. Cf. Shock, v. t.] 1. To strike gently; to give a gentle blow to. “Chucked the barmaid under the chin.
W. Irving.” 2. To toss or throw smartly out of the hand; to pitch. [Colloq.] ´Mahomet Ali will just be chucked into the Nile.´ Lord Palmerson. 3. (Mech.) To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning; to bore or turn (a hole) in a revolving piece held in a chuck.

Chuck, n. 1. A slight blow or pat under the chin. 2. A short throw; a toss. 3. (Mach.) A contrivance or machine fixed to the mandrel of a lathe, for holding a tool or the material to be operated upon. Chuck farthing, a play in which a farthing is pitched into a hole; pitch farthing. — Chuck hole, a deep hole in a wagon rut. — Elliptic chuck, a chuck having a slider and an eccentric circle, which, as the work turns round, give it a sliding motion across the center which generates an ellipse. Knight.

Chuck (chuk), n. 1. A small pebble; — called also chuckstone and chuckiestone. [Scot.] 2. pl. A game played with chucks, in which one or more are tossed up and caught; jackstones. [Scot.]

Chuck, n. A piece of the backbone of an animal, from between the neck and the collar bone, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking; as a chuck steak; a chuck roast. [Colloq.]

Chuc´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chuckled p. pr. & vb. n. Chuckling ] [From 1st Chuck.] 1. To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. To fondle; to cocker. [Obs.] Dryden.

Chuc´kle, n. A short, suppressed laugh; the expression of satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

Chuc´kle, v. i. [From 1st Chuck.] To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner, as expressing inward satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

Chuc´kle•head , n. A person with a large head; a numskull; a dunce. [Low] Knowles.

Chuc´kle•head•ed, a. Having a large head; thickheaded; dull; stupid. Smart.

Chuck•-Will’s-wid´ow , n. (Zool.) A species of goatsucker (Antrostomus Carolinensis), of the southern United States; — so called from its note.

Chud , v. t. [Cf. Chew, Cud.] To champ; to bite. [Obs.] A. Stafford.

Chu´et , n. [From Chew, v. t.] Minced meat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Chu´fa , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond.

Chuff , n. [Perh. a modification of chub: cf. W. cyff stock, stump.] A coarse or stupid fellow. Shak.

Chuff, a. Stupid; churlish. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Chuff´i•ly , adv. Clownishly; surlily.

Chuff´i•ness, n. The quality of being chuffy.

Chuff´y , a. 1. Fat or puffed out in the cheeks. 2. Rough; clownish; surly.

Chu´lan , n. (Bot.) The fragrant flowers of the Chloranthus inconspicuus, used in China for perfuming tea.

Chum , n. [Perh. a contraction fr. comrade or chamber fellow: cf. also AS. cuma a comer, guest.] A roommate, especially in a college or university; an old and intimate friend.

Chum, v. i. [imp. p. p. Chummed p. pr. & vb. n. Chumming.] To occupy a chamber with another; as to chum together at college. [U. S.]

Chum, n. Chopped pieces of fish used as bait. [U. S.]

Chump , n. [Cf. Icel. kumbr a chopping, E. chop.] A short, thick, heavy piece of wood. Morton. Chump end, the thick end; as the chump end of a joint of meat. Dickens.

Chu•nam´ , n. [Hind. chuna, from Skr. curn.a powder, dust; or a Dravidian word.] Quicklime; also plaster or mortar. [India] Whitworth.

Chunk , n. [Cf. Chump.] A short, thick piece of anything. [Colloq. U. S. & Prov. Eng.]

Chunk´y , a. Short and thick. [U. S.] Kane.

Church , n. [OE. chirche, chireche, cherche, Scot. kirk, from AS. circe, cyrice; akin to D. kerk, Icel. kirkja, Sw. kyrka, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, OHG. chirihha; all fr. Gr. the Lord’s house, fr. concerning a master or lord, fr. master, lord, fr. power, might; akin to Skr. çura hero, Zend. çura strong, OIr. caur, cur, hero. Cf. Kirk.] 1. A building set apart for Christian worship. 2. A Jewish or heathen temple. [Obs.] Acts xix. 37. 3. A formally organized body of Christian believers worshiping together. ´When they had ordained them elders in every church.´ Acts xiv. 23. 4. A body of Christian believers, holding the same creed, observing the same rites, and acknowledging the same ecclesiastical authority; a denomination; as the Roman Catholic church; the Presbyterian church. 5. The collective body of Christians. 6. Any body of worshipers; as the Jewish church; the church of Brahm. 7. The aggregate of religious influences in a community; ecclesiastical influence, authority, etc.; as to array the power of the church against some moral evil. “Remember that both church and state are properly the rulers of the people, only because they are their benefactors.
Bulwer.” Church is often used in composition to denote something belonging or relating to the church; as church authority; church history; church member; church music, etc. Apostolic church. See under Apostolic. — Broad church. See Broad Church. — Catholic or Universal church, the whole body of believers in Christ throughout the world. — Church of England, or English church, the Episcopal church established and endowed in England by law. — Church living, a benefice in an established church. - - Church militant. See under Militant. — Church owl (Zoöl.), the white owl. See Barn owl. — Church rate, a tax levied on parishioners for the maintenance of the church and its services. — Church session. See under Session. — Church triumphant. See under Triumphant. — Church work, work on, or in behalf of, a church; the work of a particular church for the spread of religion. — Established church, the church maintained by the civil authority; a state church.

Church, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churched p. pr. & vb. n. Churching.] To bless according to a prescribed form, or to unite with in publicly returning thanks in church, as after deliverance from the dangers of childbirth; as the churching of women.

Church´-ale , n. A church or parish festival (as in commemoration of the dedication of a church), at which much ale was used. Wright. Nares.

Church´-bench , n. A seat in the porch of a church. Shak.

Church´dom , n. The institution, government, or authority of a church. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

Church´go•er , n. One who attends church.

Church´go•ing, a. 1. Habitually attending church. 2. Summoning to church. “The sound of the churchgoing bell.
Cowper.”

Church´-haw , n. [Church + haw a yard.] Churchyard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Church´ism , n. Strict adherence to the forms or principles of some church organization; sectarianism.

Church´less , a. Without a church. T. Fuller.

Church´like , a. Befitting a church or a churchman; becoming to a clergyman. Shak.

Church´li•ness , n. Regard for the church.

Church´ly, a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, the church; ecclesiastical.

Church´man , n.; pl. Churchmen (#). 1. An ecclesiastic or clergyman. 2. An Episcopalian, or a member of the Established Church of England. ´A zealous churchman.´ Macaulay. 3. One was is attached to, or attends, church.

Church´man•ly, a. Pertaining to, or becoming, a churchman. Milman.

Church´man•ship, n. The state or quality of being a churchman; attachment to the church.

Church´ modes (Mus.) The modes or scales used in ancient church music. See Gregorian.

Church´ship, n. State of being a church. South.

Church´ward•en , n. 1. One of the officers (usually two) in an Episcopal church, whose duties vary in different dioceses, but always include the provision of what is necessary for the communion service. 2. A clay tobacco pipe, with a long tube. [Slang, Eng.] “There was a small wooden table placed in front of the smoldering fire, with decanters, a jar of tobacco, and two long churchwardens.
W. Black.”

Church´ward•en•ship, n. The office of a churchwarden.

Church´y, a. Relating to a church; unduly fond of church forms. [Colloq.]

Church´yard , n. The ground adjoining a church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery. “Like graves in the holy churchyard.
Shak.” Syn. — Burial place; burying ground; graveyard; necropolis; cemetery; God’s acre.

Churl , n. [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband; akin to D. karel, kerel, G. kerl, Dan. & Sw. karl, Icel. karl, and to the E. proper name Charles (orig., man, male), and perh. to Skr. jara lover. Cf. Carl, Charles’s Wain.] 1. A rustic; a countryman or laborer. ´A peasant or churl.´ Spenser. “Your rank is all reversed; let men of cloth
Bow to the stalwart churls in overalls.
Emerson.” 2. A rough, surly, ill-bred man; a boor. “A churl’s courtesy rarely comes, but either for gain or falsehood.
Sir P. Sidney.” 3. A selfish miser; an illiberal person; a niggard. “Like to some rich churl hoarding up his pelf.
Drayton.”

Churl, a. Churlish; rough; selfish. [Obs.] Ford.

Churl´ish, a. 1. Like a churl; rude; cross-grained; ungracious; surly; illiberal; niggardly. ´Churlish benefits.´ Ld. Burleigh. “Half mankind maintain a churlish strife.
Cowper.” 2. Wanting pliancy; unmanageable; unyielding; not easily wrought; as a churlish soil; the churlish and intractable nature of some minerals. Boyle.

Churl´ish•ly, adv. In a churlish manner.

Churl´ish•ness, n. Rudeness of manners or temper; lack of kindness or courtesy.

Churl´y , a. Rude; churlish; violent. Longfellow. { Churme , Chirm }, n. [See Chirm.] Clamor, or confused noise; buzzing. [Obs.] “The churme of a thousand taunts and reproaches.
Bacon.”

Churn (chûrn), n. [OE. chirne, cherne, AS. ceren, cyrin; akin to D. karn, Dan. kierne. See Churn, v. t.] A vessel in which milk or cream is stirred, beaten, or otherwise agitated (as by a plunging or revolving dasher) in order to separate the oily globules from the other parts, and obtain butter.

Churn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churned (chûrnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Churning.] [OE. chernen, AS. cernan; akin to LG. karnen, G. kernen, D. karnen, Dan. kierne, Sw. kärna, and also to E. corn, kernel, the meaning coming from the idea of extracting the kernel or marrow. See Kernel.] 1. To stir, beat, or agitate, as milk or cream in a churn, in order to make butter. 2. To shake or agitate with violence. “Churned in his teeth, the foamy venom rose.
Addison.”

Churn, v. i. To perform the operation of churning.

Churn´ing, n. 1. The act of one who churns. 2. The quantity of butter made at one operation.

Chur´rus , n. [Hind. charas.] A powerfully narcotic and intoxicating gum resin which exudes from the flower heads, seeds, etc., of Indian hemp.

Churr´worm , n. [AS. cyrran, cerran, to turn.] (Zoöl.) An insect that turns about nimbly; the mole cricket; — called also fan cricket. Johnson.

Chuse , v. t. See Choose. [Obs.]

Chute , n. [F. chute, prop. a fall.] 1. A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, or through which water passes to a wheel. 2. See Shoot. { Chut´ney , Chut´nee } n. [Hind. chatni.] A warm or spicy condiment or pickle made in India, compounded of various vegetable substances, sweets, acids, etc.

Chy•la´ceous , a. (Physiol.) Possessed of the properties of chyle; consisting of chyle.

Chy•la´que•ous , a. [Chyle + aqueous.] (Zoöl.) Consisting of chyle much diluted with water; — said of a liquid which forms the circulating fluid of some inferior animals.

Chyle , n. [NL. chylus, Gr. juice, chyle, fr. to pour: cf. F. chyle; prob. akin to E. fuse to melt.] (Physiol.) A milky fluid containing the fatty matter of the food in a state of emulsion, or fine mechanical division; formed from chyme by the action of the intestinal juices. It is absorbed by the lacteals, and conveyed into the blood by the thoracic duct.

Chyl•i•fac´tion , n. [Chyle + L. facere to make.] (Physiol.) The act or process by which chyle is formed from food in animal bodies; chylification, — a digestive process.

Chyl•i•fac´tive , a. (Physiol.) Producing, or converting into, chyle; having the power to form chyle.

Chy•lif´er•ous , a. [Chyle + -ferous: cf. F. chylifère.] (Physiol.) Transmitting or conveying chyle; as chyliferous vessels.

Chy•lif´ic , a. Chylifactive.

Chyl•i•fi•ca´tion , n. (Physiol.) The formation of chyle. See Chylifaction.

Chy•lif´i•ca•to•ry , a. Chylifactive.

Chy´li•fy , v. t. & i. [Chyle + -ly.] (Physiol.) To make chyle of; to be converted into chyle.

Chy•lo•po•et´ic , a. [Gr. chylopoiei^n to make into juice, chylo•s juice, chyle + poiei^n to make.] (Physiol.) Concerned in the formation of chyle; as the chylopoetic organs.

Chy´lous , a. [Cf. F. chyleux.] (Physiol.) Consisting of, or similar to, chyle.

Chy•lu´ri•a , n. [NL. from Gr. chyle + urine.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance.

Chyme , n. [L. chymus chyle, Gr. juice, like , fr. to pour: cf. F. chyme. See Chyle.] (Physiol.) The pulpy mass of semi-digested food in the small intestines just after its passage from the stomach. It is separated in the intestines into chyle and excrement. See Chyle. { Chym´ic , Chym´ist, Chym´is•try } [Obs.] See Chemic, Chemist, Chemistry.

Chy•mif´er•ous , a. [Chyme + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Bearing or containing chyme.

Chym•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Chyme + L. facere to make: cf. F. Chymification.] (Physiol.) The conversion of food into chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice.

Chym´i•fy , v. t. [Chyme + -fy: cf. F. chymifier.] (Physiol.) To form into chyme.

Chy´mous , a. Of or pertaining to chyme.

Chy•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. to pour + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for measuring liquids. It consists of a piston moving in a tube in which is contained the liquid, the quantity expelled being indicated by the graduation upon the piston rod.

Ci•ba´ri•ous , a. [L. cibaruus, fr. cibus food.] Pertaining to food; edible. Johnson.

Ci•ba´tion , n. [L. cibatio, fr. cibare to feed.] 1. The act of taking food. 2. (Alchemy) The process or operation of feeding the contents of the crucible with fresh material. B. Jonson.

Cib´ol , n. [F. ciboule, LL. cepula, cepola, dim. of L. cepa, caepa, caepe, an onion. Cf. Chibbal, Cives.] A perennial alliaceous plant (Allium fistulosum), sometimes called Welsh onion. Its fistular leaves areused in cookery.

Ci•bo´ri•um , n.: pl. Ciboria (#). [LL., fr. L. ciborium a cup, fr. Gr. a seed vessel of the Egyptian bean; also a cup made from its largeleaves, or resembling its seed vessel in shape.] 1. (Arch.) A canopy usually standing free and supported on four columns, covering the high altar, or, very rarely, a secondary altar. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The coffer or case in which the host is kept; the pyx.

Ci•ca´da (si•ka´da), n.; pl. E. Cicadas (- daz), L. Cicadae (-de). [L.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by peculiar organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.

Ci•ca´la (che•kä´la), n. [It., fr. L. cicada.] A cicada. See Cicada. ´At eve a dry cicala sung.´ Tennison.

Cic´a•trice , n. [F., fr. L. cicatrix.] A cicatrix.

Cic•a•tri´cial , a. (Med.) Relating to, or having the character of, a cicatrix. Dunglison.

Cic´a•tri•cle , n. [Cf. F. cicatricule, fr. L. cicatricula a small scar, fr. cicatrix a scar.] (Biol.) The germinating point in the embryo of a seed; the point in the yolk of an egg at which development begins.

Cic´a•tri•sive , a. Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix; good for healing of a wound.

Ci•ca´trix , n.; pl. Cicatrices (#). [L.] (Med.) The pellicle which forms over a wound or breach of continuity and completes the process of healing in the latter, and which subsequently contracts and becomes white, forming the scar.

Cic´a•tri•zant , n. [Cf. F. cicatrisant, properly p. pr. of cicatriser.] (Med.) A medicine or application that promotes the healing of a sore or wound, or the formation of a cicatrix.

Cic•a•tri•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. cicatrisation.] (Med.) The process of forming a cicatrix, or the state of being cicatrized.

Cic´a•trize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cicatrized p. pr. & vb. n. Cicatrizing.] [Cf. F. cicatriser, fr. cicatrice, L. cicatrix, scar.] (Med.) To heal or induce the formation of a cicatrix in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. Wiseman.

Cic´a•trize, v. i. (Med.) To heal; to have a new skin.

Cic´a•trose , a. Full of scars. Craig.

Cic´e•ly , n. [L. seselis, Gr. , ; perh. ultimately of Egyptian origin.] (Bot.) Any one of several umbelliferous plants, of the genera Myrrhis, Osmorrhiza, etc.

Cic´e•ro , n. (Print.) Pica type; — so called by French printers.

Ci•ce•ro´ne , n.; pl. It. Ciceroni (#), E. Cicerones (#). [It., fr. L. Cicero, the Roman orator. So called from the ordinary talkativeness of such a guide.] One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place; a guide. “Every glib and loquacious hireling who shows strangers about their picture galleries, palaces, and ruins, is termed by them [the Italians] a cicerone, or a Cicero.
Trench.”

Cic•e•ro´ni•an , a. [L. Ciceronianus, fr. Cicero, the orator.] Resembling Cicero in style or action; eloquent.

Cic•e•ro´ni•an•ism , n. Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or action Cicero; a Ciceronian phrase or expression. ´Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Oxford.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Cich•o•ra´ceous , a. [See Chicory.] Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite plants of which the chicory (Cichorium) is the type.

Cich´-pea , n. The chick- pea. Holland.

Ci•cis´be•ism , n. The state or conduct of a cicisbeo.

Ci•cis•be´o , n.; pl. It. Cicisbei (#). [It.] 1. A professed admirer of a married woman; a dangler about women. 2. A knot of silk or ribbon attached to a fan, walking stick, etc. [Obs.]

Cic´la•toun , n. [Of. ciclaton.] A costly cloth, of uncertain material, used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] [Written also checklaton, chekelatoun.] “His robe was of ciclatoun,
That coste many a Jane.
Chaucer.”

Cic´u•rate , v. t. [L. cicurare to tame, fr. cicur tame.] To tame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cic•u•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. cicuration.] The act of taming. [Obs.] Ray.

Ci•cu´ta , n. [L., the poison hemlock.] (Bot.) a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known. The name cicuta is sometimes erroneously applied to Conium maculatum, or officinal hemlock.

Cic•u•tox´in , n. (Chem.) The active principle of the water hemlock (Cicuta) extracted as a poisonous gummy substance.

Cid , n. [Sp., fr. Ar. seid lord.] 1. Chief or commander; in Spanish literature, a title of Ruy Diaz, Count of Bivar, a champion of Christianity and of the old Spanish royalty, in the 11th century. 2. An epic poem, which celebrates the exploits of the Spanish national hero, Ruy Diaz.

Ci´der , n. [F. cidre, OF. sidre, fr. L. sicera a kind of strong drink, Gr. ; of Oriental origin; cf. Heb. shakar to be intoxicated, shekar strong drink.] The expressed juice of apples. It is used as a beverage, for making vinegar, and for other purposes. Cider was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor, but was not applied to wine. Cider brandy, a kind of brandy distilled from cider. — Cider mill, a mill in which cider is made. — Cider press, the press of a cider mill.

Ci•der•ist, n. A maker of cider. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Ci´der•kin , n. [Cider + -kin.] A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace in water. “Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the place of small beer.
Mortimer.”

Ci•-de•vant´ , a. [F., hitherto, formerly.] Former; previous; of times gone by; as a ci-devant governor.

Cierge , n. [F., fr. L. cera wax.] A wax candle used in religous rites.

Ci•gar´ (si•gär´), n. [Sp. cigarro, orig., a kind of tobacco in the island of Cuba: cf. F. cigare.] A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. Cigar fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Decapterus punctatus), allied to the mackerel, found on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

Cig•a•rette´ , n. [F. cigarette.] A little cigar; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.

Cil´i•a , n. pl. Cilium, the sing., is rarely used. [L. cilium eyelid.] 1. (Anat.) The eyelashes. 2. (Biol.) Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs. 3. (Bot.) Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash. 4. (Zoöl.) Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.

Cil´ia•ry , a. [Cf. F. ciliaire.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cilia, or eyelashes. Also applied to special parts of the eye itself; as the ciliary processes of the choroid coat; the ciliary muscle, etc. 2. (Biol.) Pertaining to or connected with the cilia in animal or vegetable organisms; as ciliary motion.

Cil•i•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Cilia.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth. { Cil´i•ate , Cil´i•a•ted } a. Provided with, or surrounded by, cilia; as a ciliate leaf; endowed with vibratory motion; as the ciliated epithelium of the windpipe.

Cil´ice , n. [F. See Cilicious.] A kind of haircloth undergarment. Southey.

Ci•li´cian , a. Of or pertaining to Cilicia in Asia Minor. — n. A native or inhabitant of Cilicia.

Ci•li´cious , a. [L. cilicium a covering, orig. made of Cilician goat’s hair, fr. Cilicious Cilician, fr. Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. [Obs.] “A Cilicious or sackcloth habit.
Sir T. Browne.” { Cil´i•form , Cil´i•i•form• } a. [Cilium + -form] Having the form of cilia; very fine or slender.

Cil´i•o•grade , a. [Cilium + L. gradi to step: cf. F. ciliograde.] (Zoöl.) Moving by means of cilia, or cilialike organs; as the ciliograde Medusae.

Cil´i•um , n. [L., eyelid.] See Cilia.

Cill , n. See Sill., n. a foundation.

Cil•lo´sis , n. [NL., fr. L. cilium eyelid.] (Med.) A spasmodic trembling of the upper eyelid.

Ci´ma , n. (Arch.) A kind of molding. See Cyma.

Ci•mar´ , n. See Simar.

Cim´bal , n. [It. ciambella.] A kind of confectionery or cake. [Obs.] Nares.

Cim´bi•a , n. (Arch.) A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it. [Written also cimia.]

Cim´bri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Cimbri. — n. One of the Cimbri. See Cimbric.

Cim´bric , a. Pertaining to the Cimbri, an ancient tribe inhabiting Northern Germany. — n. The language of the Cimbri.

Ci•me´li•arch , n. [L. cimeliarcha, Gr. , treasurer.] A superintendent or keeper of a church’s valuables; a churchwarden. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cim´e•ter , n. See Scimiter.

Ci´mex , n.; pl. Cimices (#). [L., a bug.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hemipterous insects of which the bedbug is the best known example. See Bedbug.

Cim´i•a , n. (Arch.) See Cimbia.

Ci´miss , n. [L. cimex, -icis, a bug.] (Zoöl.) The bedbug. [Obs.] Wright.

Cim•me´ri•an , a. [L. Cimmerius.] [Written also Kimmerian.] 1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, said to have lived, in very ancient times, in profound and perpetual darkness. 2. Without any light; intensely dark. “In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell.
Milton.”

Cim´o•lite , n. [Gr. (sc. ) Cimolian earth, fr. , L. Cimolus, an island of the Cyclades.] (Min.) A soft, earthy, clayey mineral, of whitish or grayish color.

Cinch , n. [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.] 1. A strong saddle girth, as of canvas. [West. U. S.] 2. A tight grip. [Colloq.]

Cin•cho´na , n. [So named from the wife of Count Chinchon, viceroy of Peru in the seventeenth century, who by its use was freed from an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain, contributed to the general propagation of this remedy.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value. 2. (Med.) The bark of any species of Cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits’ bark.

Cin•cho•na´ceous , a. Allied or pertaining to cinchona, or to the plants that produce it.

Cin•chon´ic , a. Belonging to, or obtained from, cinchona. Mayne.

Cin•chon´i•dine , n. [From Cinchona.] (Chem.) One of the quinine group of alkaloids, found especially in red cinchona bark. It is a white crystalline substance, C_19H_22N_2O, with a bitter taste and qualities similar to, but weaker than, quinine; — sometimes called also cinchonidia.

Cin´cho•nine , n. [From Cinchona: cf. F. cinchonine.] (Chem.) One of the quinine group of alkaloids isomeric with and resembling cinchonidine; — called also cinchonia.

Cin´cho•nism , n. [From Cinchona.] (Med.) A condition produced by the excessive or long-continued use of quinine, and marked by deafness, roaring in the ears, vertigo, etc.

Cin´cho•nize , v. t. To produce cinchonism in; to poison with quinine or with cinchona.

Cin•cin•na´ti ep´och (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the American lower Silurian system. The rocks are well developed near Cincinnati, Ohio. The group includes the Hudson River and Lorraine shales of New York.

Cinc´ture , n. [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird.] 1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body, — as by an ecclesiastic for confining the alb. 2. That which encompasses or incloses; an inclosure. ´Within the cincture of one wall.´ Bacon. 3. (Arch.) The fillet, listel, or band next to the apophyge at the extremity of the shaft of a column.

Cinc´tured , n. Having or wearing a cincture or girdle.

Cin´der (sin´der), n. [AS. sinder slag, dross; akin to Icel. sindr dross, Sw. sinder, G. sinter, D. sintel; perh. influenced by F. cendre ashes, fr. L. cinis. Cf. Sinter.] 1. Partly burned or vitrified coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct. 2. A hot coal without flame; an ember. Swift. 3. A scale thrown off in forging metal. 4. The slag of a furnace, or scoriaceous lava from a volcano. Cinder frame, a framework of wire in front of the tubes of a locomotive, to arrest the escape of cinders. — Cinder notch (Metal.), the opening in a blast furnace, through which melted cinder flows out.

Cin´der•y , a. Resembling, or composed of, cinders; full of cinders.

Cin•e•fac´tion , n. [LL. cinefactio: L. cinis ashes + facere to make: cf. F. cinefaction.] Cineration; reduction to ashes. [Obs.] { Cin•e•mat´ic , Cin•e•mat´ic•al }, a. See Kinematic.

Cin•e•mat´ics , n. sing. See Kinematics.

Cin•er•a´ceous , a. [L. cineraceus, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; ash- colored; cinereous.

Cin•e•ra´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. LL. cinerarius pert. to ashes, fr. cinis ashes. So called from the ash-colored down on the leaves.] (Bot.) A Linnaean genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament.

Cin´er•a•ry , a. [L. cinerarius, fr. cinis ashes.] Pertaining to ashes; containing ashes. Cinerary urns, vessels used by the ancients to preserve the ashes of the dead when burned.

Cin•er•a´tion , n. [L. cinis ashes: cf. F. cineration.] The reducing of anything to ashes by combustion; cinefaction.

Ci•ne´re•ous , a. [L. cinereus, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; ash- colored; grayish.

Cin•er•es´cent , a. Somewhat cinereous; of a color somewhat resembling that of wood ashes.

Cin•er•i´tious , a. [L. cineritius, cinericius, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; having the color of ashes, — as the cortical substance of the brain.

Ci•ner´u•lent , a. Full of ashes. [Obs.]

Cin•ga•lese´ , n. sing. & pl. [Cf. F. Cingalais.] A native or natives of Ceylon descended from its primitive inhabitants; also (sing.), the language of the Cingalese. — a. Of or pertaining to the Cingalese. [Written also Singhalese.] Ceylonese is applied to the inhabitants of the island in general.

Cin´gle , n. [L. cingula, cingulum, fr. cingere to gird.] A girth. [R.] See Surcingle.

Cin´gu•lum , n. [L., a girdle.] (Zoöl.) (a) A distinct girdle or band of color; a raised spiral line as seen on certain univalve shells. (b) The clitellus of earthworms. (c) The base of the crown of a tooth.

Cin´na•bar , n. [L. cinnabaris, Gr. ; prob. of Oriental origin; cf. Per. qinbar, Hind. shangarf.] 1. (Min.) Red sulphide of mercury, occurring in brilliant red crystals, and also in red or brown amorphous masses. It is used in medicine. 2. The artificial red sulphide of mercury used as a pigment; vermilion. Cinnabar Graecorum . [L. Graecorum, gen. pl., of the Greeks.] (Med.) Same as Dragon’s blood. — Green cinnabar, a green pigment consisting of the oxides of cobalt and zinc subjected to the action of fire. — Hepatic cinnabar (Min.), an impure cinnabar of a liver-brown color and submetallic luster.

Cin´na•ba•rine , a. [Cf. F. cinabarin.] Pertaining to, or resembling, cinnabar; consisting of cinnabar, or containing it; as cinnabarine sand.

Cin´na•mene , n. [From Cinnamic.] (Chem.) Styrene (which was formerly called cinnamene because obtained from cinnamic acid). See Styrene.

Cin•nam´ic , a. [From Cinnamon.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, cinnamon. Cinnamic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, odorless substance. C_6H_5. C_2H_2C_2H_2.CO_2H, formerly obtained from storax and oil of cinnamon, now made from certain benzene derivatives in large quantities, and used for the artificial production of indigo.

Cin•na•mom´ic , a. [L. cinnamomum cinnamon.] (Chem.) See Cinnamic.

Cin´na•mon , n. [Heb. qinnamon; cf. Gr. , , cinnamomum, cinnamon. The Heb. word itself seems to have been borrowed from some other language; cf. Malay kaju manis sweet wood.] (a) The inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, a tree growing in Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a moderately pungent taste, and is one of the best cordial, carminative, and restorative spices. (b) Cassia. Cinnamon stone (Min.), a variety of garnet, of a cinnamon or hyacinth red color, sometimes used in jewelry. — Oil of cinnamon, a colorless aromatic oil obtained from cinnamon and cassia, and consisting essentially of cinnamic aldehyde, C_6H_5.C_2H_2.CHO. - - Wild cinnamon. See Canella.

Cin´na•mone , n. [Cinnamic + -one.] A yellow crystalline substance, (C_6H_5. C_2H_2)2CO, the ketone of cinnamic acid.

Cin´na•myl , n. [Cinnamic + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical, (C_6H_5. C_2H_2)2C, of cinnamic compounds. [Formerly written also cinnamule.]

Cin´no•line , n. [Cinnamic + quinoline.] A nitrogenous organic base, C_8H_6N_2, analogous to quinoline, obtained from certain complex diazo compounds.

Cinque , n. [F. cinq, fr. L. quinque five. See Five.] Five; the number five in dice or cards.

Cin•que•cen´to , n. & a. [It., five hundred, abbrev. for fifteen hundred. The Cinquecento style was so called because it arose after the year 1500.] The sixteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as the sculpture of the Cinquecento; Cinquecento style.

Cinque´foil , n. [Cinque five + foil, F. feuille leaf. See Foil.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several different species of the genus Potentilla; — also called five-finger, because of the resemblance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand. 2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having five points or cups, used in windows, panels, etc. Gwilt. Marsh cinquefoil, the Potentilla palustris, a plant with purple flowers which grows in fresh- water marshes.

Cinque´-pace , n. [Cinque + pace.] A lively dance (called also galliard), the steps of which were regulated by the number five. [Obs.] Nares. Shak.

Cinque´ Ports [Cinque + port.] (Eng. Hist.) Five English ports, to which peculiar privileges were anciently accorded; — viz., Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich; afterwards increased by the addition of Winchelsea, Rye, and some minor places. Baron of the Cinque Ports. See under Baron.

Cinque´-spot•ted, a. Five- spotted. [R.] Shak.

Cin´ter , n. [F. cintre.] (Arch.) See Center.

Ci•nu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. To move + tail.] (Zoöl.) The group of Thysanura which includes Lepisma and allied forms; the bristletails. See Bristletail, and Lepisma.

Ci´on , n. [OF. cion. See Scion.] See Scion. “The cion overruleth the stock; and the stock is but passive, and giveth aliment, but no motion, to the graft.
Bacon.”

Ci´pher , n. [OF. cifre zero, F. Chiffre figure (cf. Sp. cifra, LL. cifra), fr. Ar. çifrun, çafrun, empty, cipher, zero, fr. çafira to be empty. Cf. Zero.] 1. (Arith.) A character [0] which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value tenfold. 2. One who, or that which, has no weight or influence. “Here he was a mere cipher.
W. Irving.” 3. A character in general, as a figure or letter. [Obs.] “This wisdom began to be written in ciphers and characters and letters bearing the forms of creatures.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 4. A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as a painter’s cipher, an engraver’s cipher, etc. The cut represents the initials N. W. 5. A private alphabet, system of characters, or other mode of writing, contrived for the safe transmission of secrets; also a writing in such characters. “His father … engaged him when he was very young to write all his letters to England in cipher.
Bp. Burnet.” Cipher key, a key to assist in reading writings in cipher.

Ci´pher, a. Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence. ´Twelve cipher bishops.´ Milton.

Ci´pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciphered p. pr. & vb. n. Ciphering.] To use figures in a mathematical process; to do sums in arithmetic. “´T was certain he could write and cipher too.
Goldsmith.”

Ci´pher, v. t. 1. To write in occult characters. “His notes he ciphered with Greek characters.
Hayward.” 2. To get by ciphering; as to cipher out the answer. 3. To decipher. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To designate by characters. [Obs.] Shak.

Ci´pher•er , n. One who ciphers.

Ci´pher•hood , n. Nothingness. [R.] Goodwin.

Cip´o•lin , n. [It. cippollino, prop., a little onion, fr. cipolla onion (cf. E. cibol). So called because its veins consist, like onions, of different strata, one lying upon another.] (Min.) A whitish marble, from Rome, containiing pale greenish zones. It consists of calcium carbonate, with zones and cloudings of talc.

Cip´pus , n.; pl. Cippi (#). [L., stake, post.] A small, low pillar, square or round, commonly having an inscription, used by the ancients for various purposes, as for indicating the distances of places, for a landmark, for sepulchral inscriptions, etc. Gwilt.

Circ , n. [See Circus.] An amphitheatrical circle for sports; a circus. [R.] T. Warton.

Cir•car´ , n. [See Sircar.] A district, or part of a province. See Sircar. [India]

Cir•cas´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Circassia, in Asia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Circassia.

Cir•ce´an , a. [L. Circaeus.] Having the characteristics of Circe, daughter of Sol and Perseis, a mythological enchantress, who first charmed her victims and then changed them to the forms of beasts; pleasing, but noxious; as a Circean draught. { Cir•cen´sial , Cir•cen´sian } a. [L. Circensis, ludi Circenses, the games in the Circus Maximus.] Of or pertaining to, or held in, the Circus, In Rome. “The pleasure of the Circensian shows.
Holyday.”

Cir´ci•nal , a. [Gr. a circle.] (Bot.) Circinate.

Cir´ci•nate , a. [L. circinatus, p. p. of circinare to make round, fr. circinus a pair of compasses, from Gr. a circle.] (Bot.) Rolled together downward, the tip occupying the center; — a term used in reference to foliation or leafing, as in ferns. Gray.

Cir´ci•nate , v. t. To make a circle around; to encompass. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cir•ci•na´tion , n. [L. circinatio circle.] 1. An orbicular motion. [Obs.] bailey. 2. A circle; a concentric layer. [Obs.] ´The circinations and spherical rounds of onions.´ Sir T. Browne.

Cir´cle (ser´k’l), n. [OE. cercle, F. cercle, fr. L. circulus (Whence also AS. circul), dim. of circus circle, akin to Gr. kri•kos, ki•rkos, circle, ring. Cf. Circus, Circum-.] 1. A plane figure, bounded by a single curve line called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it, called the center. 2. The line that bounds such a figure; a circumference; a ring. 3. (Astron.) An instrument of observation, the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle. When it is fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y’s, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle. 4. A round body; a sphere; an orb. “It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth.
Is. xi. 22.” 5. Compass; circuit; inclosure. “In the circle of this forest.
Shak.” 6. A company assembled, or conceived to assemble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a common tie; a class or division of society; a coterie; a set. “As his name gradually became known, the circle of his acquaintance widened.
Macaulay.” 7. A circular group of persons; a ring. 8. A series ending where it begins, and repeating itself. “Thus in a circle runs the peasant’s pain.
Dryden.” 9. (Logic) A form of argument in which two or more unproved statements are used to prove each other; inconclusive reasoning. “That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and, again, that gravity is a quality whereby a heavy body descends, is an impertinent circle and teaches nothing.
Glanvill.” 10. Indirect form of words; circumlocution. [R.] “Has he given the lie,
In circle, or oblique, or semicircle.
J. Fletcher.” 11. A territorial division or district. The Circles of the Holy Roman Empire, ten in number, were those principalities or provinces which had seats in the German Diet. Azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. — Circle of altitude (Astron.), a circle parallel to the horizon, having its pole in the zenith; an almucantar. — Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve (Below). — Circle of declination. See under Declination. — Circle of latitude. (a) (Astron.) A great circle perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles. (b) (Spherical Projection) A small circle of the sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis. — Circles of longitude, lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it. — Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the boundary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. Its distance from the pole is equal to the latitude of the place. — Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given place, the boundary of the space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. — Circle of the sphere, a circle upon the surface of the sphere, called a great circle when its plane passes through the center of the sphere; in all other cases, a small circle. — Diurnal circle. See under Diurnal. — Dress circle, a gallery in a theater, generally the one containing the prominent and more expensive seats. — Druidical circles (Eng. Antiq.), a popular name for certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged, as at Stonehenge, near Salisbury. — Family circle, a gallery in a theater, usually one containing inexpensive seats. — Horary circles (Dialing), the lines on dials which show the hours. — Osculating circle of a curve (Geom.), the circle which touches the curve at some point in the curve, and close to the point more nearly coincides with the curve than any other circle. This circle is used as a measure of the curvature of the curve at the point, and hence is called circle of curvature. — Pitch circle. See under Pitch. — Vertical circle, an azimuth circle. — Voltaic circle or circuit. See under Circuit. — To square the circle. See under Square. Syn. — Ring; circlet; compass; circuit; inclosure.

Cir´cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circled p. pr. & vb. n. Circling ] [OE. cerclen, F. cercler, fr. L. circulare to make round. See Circle, n., and cf. Circulate.] 1. To move around; to revolve around. “Other planets circle other suns.
Pope.” 2. To encompass, as by a circle; to surround; to inclose; to encircle. Prior. Pope. “Their heads are circled with a short turban.
Dampier.” “So he lies, circled with evil.
Coleridge.” To circle in, to confine; to hem in; to keep together; as to circle bodies in. Sir K. Digby.

Cir´cle, v. i. To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate. “Thy name shall circle round the gaping through.
Byron.”

Cir´cled , a. Having the form of a circle; round. ´Monthly changes in her circled orb.´ Shak.

Cir´cler , n. A mean or inferior poet, perhaps from his habit of wandering around as a stroller; an itinerant poet. also a name given to the cyclic poets. See under Cyclic, a. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cir´clet , n. 1. A little circle; esp., an ornament for the person, having the form of a circle; that which encircles, as a ring, a bracelet, or a headband. “Her fair locks in circlet be enrolled.
Spenser.” 2. A round body; an orb. Pope. “Fairest of stars … that crown’st the smiling morn
With thy bright circlet.
Milton.” 3. A circular piece of wood put under a dish at table. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cir´co•cele , n. See Cirsocele.

Cir´cuit , n. [F. circuit, fr. L. circuitus, fr. circuire or circumire to go around; circum around + ire to go.] 1. The act of moving or revolving around, or as in a circle or orbit; a revolution; as the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun. Watts. 2. The circumference of, or distance round, any space; the measure of a line round an area. “The circuit or compass of Ireland is 1,800 miles.
J. Stow.” 3. That which encircles anything, as a ring or crown. “The golden circuit on my head.
Shak.” 4. The space inclosed within a circle, or within limits. “A circuit wide inclosed with goodliest trees.
Milton.” 5. A regular or appointed journeying from place to place in the exercise of one’s calling, as of a judge, or a preacher. 6. (a) (Law) A certain division of a state or country, established by law for a judge or judges to visit, for the administration of justice. Bouvier. (b) (Methodist Church) A district in which an itinerant preacher labors. 7. Circumlocution. [Obs.] ´Thou hast used no circuit of words.´ Huloet. Circuit court (Law), a court which sits successively in different places in its circuit (see Circuit, 6). In the United States, the federal circuit courts are commonly presided over by a judge of the supreme court, or a special circuit judge, together with the judge of the district court. They have jurisdiction within statutory limits, both in law and equity, in matters of federal cognizance. Some of the individual States also have circuit courts, which have general statutory jurisdiction of the same class, in matters of State cognizance. — Circuit or Circuity of action (Law), a longer course of proceedings than is necessary to attain the object in view. — To make a circuit, to go around; to go a roundabout way. — Voltaic or Galvanic circuit or circle, a continous electrical communication between the two poles of a battery; an arrangement of voltaic elements or couples with proper conductors, by which a continuous current of electricity is established.

Cir´cuit, v. i. To move in a circle; to go round; to circulate. [Obs.] J. Philips.

Cir´cuit, v. t. To travel around. [Obs.] ´Having circuited the air.´ T. Warton.

Cir•cuit•eer´ , n. A circuiter. Pope.

Cir´cuit•er , n. One who travels a circuit, as a circuit judge. [R.] R. Whitlock.

Cir•cu•i´tion , n. [L. circuitio. See Circuit.] The act of going round; circumlocution. [R.]

Cir•cu´i•tous , a. [LL. circuitosus.] Going round in a circuit; roundabout; indirect; as a circuitous road; a circuitous manner of accomplishing an end. — Cir•cu´i•tous•ly, adv. — Cir•cu´i•tous•ness, n. Syn. — Tortuous; winding; sinuous; serpentine.

Cir•cu´i•ty , n. A going round in a circle; a course not direct; a roundabout way of proceeding.

Cir´cu•la•ble , a. That may be circulated.

Cir´cu•lar , a. [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle: cf. F. circulaire. See Circle.] 1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round. 2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as circular reasoning. 3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic. “Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to history, how could the Romans have had Dido?
Dennis.” 4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as a circular letter. “A proclamation of Henry III., … doubtless circular throughout England.
Hallam.” 5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.] “A man so absolute and circular
In all those wished-for rarities that may take
A virgin captive.
Massinger.” Circular are, any portion of the circumference of a circle. — Circular cubics (Math.), curves of the third order which are imagined to pass through the two circular points at infinity. — Circular functions. (Math.) See under Function. — Circular instruments, mathematical instruments employed for measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round the whole circumference of a circle, or 360°. — Circular lines, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as sines, tangents, secants, etc. — Circular note or letter. (a) (Com.) See under Credit. (b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a number of persons. — Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36. Bailey. Barlow. — Circular points at infinity (Geom.), two imaginary points at infinite distance through which every circle in the plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass. — Circular polarization. (Min.) See under Polarization. — Circular or Globular sailing (Naut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. — Circular saw. See under Saw.

Cir´cu•lar, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. circulaire, lettre circulaire. See Circular, a.] 1. A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as a business circular. 2. A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.

circularise v. 1. to canvass by distributing letters.
Syn. — circularize.
[WordNet 1.5] 2. to distribute circulars to.
Syn. — circularize.
[WordNet 1.5] 3. to to pass around, as information.
Syn. — circulate, circularize, distribute, disseminate, propagate, broadcast, spread, diffuse, disperse.
[WordNet 1.5]

Cir•cu•lar´i•ty , n. [LL. circularitas.] The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.

Cir´cu•lar•ly , adv. In a circular manner.

Cir´cu•la•ry , a. Circular; illogical. [Obs. & .] ´Cross and circulary speeches.´ Hooker.

Cir´cu•late (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Circulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circulating.] [L. circulatus, p. p. of circulare, v. t., to surround, make round, circulari, v. i., to gather into a circle. See Circle.] 1. To move in a circle or circuitously; to move round and return to the same point; as the blood circulates in the body. Boyle. 2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand; to be diffused; as money circulates; a story circulates. Circulating decimal. See Decimal. — Circulating library, a library whose books are loaned to the public, usually at certain fixed rates. — Circulating medium. See Medium.

Cir´cu•late , v. t. To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit. Circulating pump. See under Pump. Syn. — To spread; diffuse; propagate; disseminate.

Cir•cu•la´tion , n. [L. circulatio: cf. F. circulation.] 1. The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began. “This continual circulation of human things.
Swift.” 2. The act of passing from place to place or person to person; free diffusion; transmission. “The true doctrines of astronomy appear to have had some popular circulation.
Whewell.” 3. Currency; circulating coin; notes, bills, etc., current for coin. 4. The extent to which anything circulates or is circulated; the measure of diffusion; as the circulation of a newspaper. 5. (Physiol.) The movement of the blood in the blood-vascular system, by which it is brought into close relations with almost every living elementary constituent. also the movement of the sap in the vessels and tissues of plants.

Cir´cu•la•tive , a. Promoting circulation; circulating. [R.] Coleridge.

Cir´cu•la•tor , n. [Cf. L. circulator a peddler.] One who, or that which, circulates.

Cir•cu•la•to´ri•ous , a. Travelling from house to house or from town to town; itinerant. [Obs.] ´Circulatorious jugglers.´ Barrow.

Cir´cu•la•to•ry , a. [L. circulatorius pert. to a mountebank: cf. F. circulatoire.] 1. Circular; as a circulatory letter. Johnson. 2. Circulating, or going round. T. Warton. 3. (Anat.) Subserving the purposes of circulation; as circulatory organs; of or pertaining to the organs of circulation; as circulatory diseases.

Cir´cu•la•to•ry, n. A chemical vessel consisting of two portions unequally exposed to the heat of the fire, and with connecting pipes or passages, through which the fluid rises from the overheated portion, and descends from the relatively colder, maintaining a circulation.

Cir´cu•let , n. A circlet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cir´cu•line , a. Proceeding in a circle; circular. [Obs.] ´With motion circuline´. Dr. H. More.

Cir´cum- [Akin to circle, circus.] A Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English words, and signifying around or about.

Cir•cum•ag´i•tate , v. t. [Pref. circum + agitate.] To agitate on all sides. Jer. Taylor.

Cir•cum•am´bage , n. [Pref. circum- + ambage, obs. sing. of ambages.] A roundabout or indirect course; indirectness. [Obs.] S. Richardson.

Cir•cum•am´bi•en•cy , n. The act of surrounding or encompassing. Sir T. Browne.

Cir•cum•am´bi•ent , a. [Pref. circum- + ambient.] Surrounding; inclosing or being on all sides; encompassing. ´The circumambient heaven.´ J. Armstrong.

Cir•cum•am´bu•late , v. t. [L. circumambulatus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around; circum + ambulare. See Ambulate.] To walk round about. — Cir•cum•am•bu•la´tion (#), n.

Cir•cum•bend´i•bus , n. A roundabout or indirect way. [Jocular] Goldsmith.

Cir•cum•cen´ter , n. (Geom.) The center of a circle that circumscribes a triangle.

Cir´cum•cise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumcised p. pr. & vb. n. Circumcising.] [L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere to cut around, to circumcise; circum + caedere to cut; akin to E. caesura, homicide, concise, and prob. to shed, v. t.] 1. To cut off the prepuce of foreskin of, in the case of males, and the internal labia of, in the case of females. 2. (Script.) To purify spiritually.

Cir´cum•ci•ser , n. One who performs circumcision. Milton.

Cir•cum•cision , n. [L. circumcisio.] 1. The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia of females. The circumcision of males is practiced as a religious rite by the Jews, Mohammedans, etc. 2. (Script.) (a) The Jews, as a circumcised people. (b) Rejection of the sins of the flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith.

Cir•cum•clu´sion , n. [L. circumcludere, -clusum, to inclose.] Act of inclosing on all sides. [R.]

Cir•cum•cur•sa´tion , n. [L. circumcursare, -satum, to run round about.] The act of running about; also rambling language. [Obs.] Barrow.

Cir•cum•den•u•da´tion , n. [Pref. circum- + denudation.] (Geol.) Denudation around or in the neighborhood of an object. Hills of circumdenudation, hills which have been produced by surface erosion; the elevations which have been left, after denudation of a mass of high ground. Jukes.

Cir•cum•duce´ , v. t. [See Circumduct.] (Scots Law) To declare elapsed, as the time allowed for introducing evidence. Sir W. Scott.

Cir•cum•duct´ , v. t. [L. circumductus, p. p. of circumducere to lead around; circum + ducere to lead.] 1. To lead about; to lead astray. [R.] 2. (Law) To contravene; to nullify; as to circumduct acts of judicature. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Cir•cum•duc´tion , n. [L. circumductio.] 1. A leading about; circumlocution. [R.] Hooker. 2. An annulling; cancellation. [R.] Ayliffe. 3. (Physiol.) The rotation of a limb round an imaginary axis, so as to describe a conical surface.

Cir•cum•e•soph´a•gal , a. [Pref. circum- + esophagal.] (Anat.) Surrounding the esophagus; — in Zoöl. said of the nerve commissures and ganglia of arthropods and mollusks.

Cir•cum•e•so•phag´e•al , a. (Anat.) Circumesophagal.

Cir´cum•fer , v. t. [L. circumferre; circum- + ferre to bear. See 1st Bear.] To bear or carry round. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cir•cum´fer•ence , n. [L. circumferentia.] 1. The line that goes round or encompasses a circular figure; a periphery. Millon. 2. A circle; anything circular. “His ponderous shield …
Behind him cast. The broad circumference
Hung on his shoulders like the moon.
Milton.” 3. The external surface of a sphere, or of any orbicular body.

Cir•cum´fer•ence, v. t. To include in a circular space; to bound. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cir•cum•fer•en´tial , a. [LL. circumferentialis.] Pertaining to the circumference; encompassing; encircling; circuitous. Parkhurst.

Cir•cum•fer•en´tial•ly , adv. So as to surround or encircle.

Cir•cum•fer•en´tor , n. [See Circumfer.] 1. A surveying instrument, for taking horizontal angles and bearings; a surveyor’s compass. It consists of a compass whose needle plays over a circle graduated to 360°, and of a horizontal brass bar at the ends of which are standards with narrow slits for sighting, supported on a tripod by a ball and socket joint. 2. A graduated wheel for measuring tires; a tire circle.

Cir´cum•flant , a. [L. circumflans, p. pr. of circumflare.] Blowing around. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Cir´cum•flect , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflecting.] [L. circumflectere. See Circumflex.] 1. To bend around. 2. To mark with the circumflex accent, as a vowel. [R.]

Cir•cum•flec´tion , n. See Circumflexion.

Cir´cum•flex , n. [L. circumflexus a bending round, fr. circumflectere, circumflexum, to bend or turn about; circum + flectere to bend. See Flexible.] 1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall or a fall and a rise on the same a syllable. Walker. 2. A character, or accent, denoting in Greek a rise and of the voice on the same long syllable, marked thus [~ or ]; and in Latin and some other languages, denoting a long and contracted syllable, marked [ or ^]. See Accent, n., 2.

Cir´cum•flex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflexed p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflexing ] To mark or pronounce with a circumflex. Walker.

Cir´cum•flex, a. [Cf. L. circumflexus, p. p.] 1. Moving or turning round; circuitous. [R.] Swift. 2. (Anat.) Curved circularly; — applied to several arteries of the hip and thigh, to arteries, veins, and a nerve of the shoulder, and to other parts.

Cir•cum•flex´ion , n. 1. The act of bending, or causing to assume a curved form. 2. A winding about; a turning; a circuity; a fold.

Cir•cum´flu•ence , n. A flowing round on all sides; an inclosing with a fluid. { Cir•cum´flu•ent , Cir•cum´flu•ous , } a. [L. circumfluere, p. pr. of circumfluere; circum + fluere to flow; also L. circumfluus.] Flowing round; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. ´The deep, circumfluent waves.´ Pope. { Cir•cum•fo•ra´ne•an , Cir•cum•fo•ra´ne•ous } a. [L. circumforaneus found in markets; circum + forum a market place.] Going about or abroad; walking or wandering from house to house. Addison.

Cir•cum•ful´gent , a. [Pref. circum- + fulgent.] Shining around or about.

Cir•cum•fuse´ , v. t. [L. circumfusus, p. p. of circumfundere to pour around; circum + fundere to pour.] To pour round; to spread round. “His army circumfused on either wing.
Milton.”

Cir•cum•fu´sile , a. [Pref. circum- + L. fusilis fusil, a.] Capable of being poured or spread round. ´Circumfusile gold.´ Pope.

Cir•cum•fu´sion , n. [L. circumfusio.] The act of pouring or spreading round; the state of being spread round. Swift.

Cir•cum•ges•ta´tion , n. [L. circumgestare to carry around; circum + gestare to carry.] The act or process of carrying about. [Obs.] “Circumgestation of the eucharist to be adored.
Jer. Taylor.”

Cir•cum•gy´rate , v. t. & i. [Pref. circum- + gyrate.] To roll or turn round; to cause to perform a rotary or circular motion. Ray.

Cir•cum•gy•ra´tion , n. The act of turning, rolling, or whirling round. “A certain turbulent and irregular circumgyration.
Holland.”

Cir•cum•gy´ra•to•ry , a. Moving in a circle; turning round. Hawthorne.

Cir•cum•gyre´ , v. i. To circumgyrate. [Obs.]

Cir•cum•in•ces´sion , n. [Pref. circum- + L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] (Theol.) The reciprocal existence in each other of the three persons of the Trinity.

Cir•cum•ja´cence , n. Condition of being circumjacent, or of bordering on every side.

Cir•cum•ja´cent , a. [L. circumjacens, p. pr. of circumjacere; circum + jacere to lie.] Lying round; bordering on every side. T. Fuller.

Cir•cum•jo´vi•al , n. [Pref. circum- + L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jove.] One of the moons or satellites of the planet Jupiter. [Obs.] Derham.

Cir•cum•lit´to•ral , a. [Pref. circum- + L. littus, littoris, shore; preferable form, litus, litoris.] Adjointing the shore.

Cir•cum•lo•cu´tion , n. [L. circumlocutio, fr. circumloqui, -locutus, to make use of circumlocution; circum + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] The use of many words to express an idea that might be expressed by few; indirect or roundabout language; a periphrase. “the plain Billingsgate way of calling names … would save abundance of time lost by circumlocution.
Swift.” Circumlocution office, a term of ridicule for a governmental office where business is delayed by passing through the hands of different officials.

Cir•cum•lo•cu´tion•al , a. Relating to, or consisting of, circumlocutions; periphrastic; circuitous.

Cir•cum•loc´u•to•ry , a. Characterised by circumlocution; periphrastic. Shenstone. “The officials set to work in regular circumlocutory order.
Chambers’s Journal.”

Cir•cum•me•rid´i•an , a. [Pref. circum- + meridian.] About, or near, the meridian.

Cir•cum•mure´ , v. t. [Pref. circum- + mure, v. t.] To encompass with a wall. Shak.

Cir•cum•nav´i•ga•ble , a. Capable of being sailed round. Ray.

Cir•cum•nav´i•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumnavigated p. pr. & vb. n. Circumnavigating ] [L. circumnavigatus, p. p. of circumnavigare to sail round; circum + navigare to navigate.] To sail completely round. “Having circumnavigated the whole earth.
T. Fuller.”

Cir•cum•nav•i•ga´tion , n. The act of circumnavigating, or sailing round. Arbuthnot.

Cir•cum•nav´iga•tor , n. One who sails round. W. Guthrie.

Cir•cum•nu´tate , v. i. [Pref. circum- + nutate.] To pass through the stages of circumnutation.

Cir•cum•nu•ta´tion , n. (Bot.) The successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stems of many plants, especially seen in climbing plants.

Cir•cum•po´lar , a. [Pref. circum- + polar.] About the pole; — applied to stars that revolve around the pole without setting; as circumpolar stars.

Cir•cum•po•si´tion , n. [L. circumpositio, fr. circumponere, - positium, to place around.] The act of placing in a circle, or round about, or the state of being so placed. Evelyn. { Cir•cum•ro´tary , Cir•cum•ro´ta•to•ry } a. [Pref. circum- + rotary, rotatory.] turning, rolling, or whirling round.

Cir•cum•ro´tate , v. t. & i. [L. circumrotare; circum + rotare to turn round.] To rotate about. [R.]

Cir•cum•ro•ta´tion , n. The act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round. J. Gregory.

Cir•cum•scis´sile , a. [Pref. circum- + scissle.] (Bot.) Dehiscing or opening by a transverse fissure extending around (a capsule or pod). See Illust. of Pyxidium.

Cir•cum•scrib´a•ble , a. Capable of being circumscribed.

Cir•cum•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumscribed p. pr. & vb. n. Circumscribing.] [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum + scribere to write, draw. See Soribe.] 1. to write or engrave around. [R.] “Thereon is circumscribed this epitaph.
Ashmole.” 2. To inclose within a certain limit; to hem in; to surround; to bound; to confine; to restrain. “To circumscribe royal power.
Bancroft.” 3. (Geom.) To draw a line around so as to touch at certain points without cutting. See Inscribe, 5. Syn. — To bound; limit; restrict; confine; abridge; restrain; environ; encircle; inclose; encompass.

Cir•cum•scrib´er , n. One who, or that which, circumscribes.

Cir•cum•scrip´ti•ble , a. Capable of being circumscribed or limited by bounds.

Cir•cum•scrip´tion , n. [L. circumscriptio. See Circumscribe.] 1. An inscription written around anything. [R.] Ashmole. 2. The exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body; outline; periphery. Ray. 3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited, by conditions or restraints; bound; confinement; limit. “The circumscriptions of terrestrial nature.
Johnson.” “I would not my unhoused, free condition
Put into circumscription and confine.
Shak.”

Cir•cum•scrip´tive , a. Circumscribing or tending to circumscribe; marcing the limits or form of.

Cir•cum•scrip´tive•ly, adv. In a limited manner.

Cir´cum•script•ly , adv. In a literal, limited, or narrow manner. [R.] Milton.

Cir´cum•spect , a. [L. circumspectus, p. p. of circumspicere to look about one’s self, to observe; circum + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy.] Attentive to all the circumstances of a case or the probable consequences of an action; cautious; prudent; wary. Syn. — See Cautious.

Cir•cum•spec´tion , n. [L. circumspectio.] Attention to all the facts and circumstances of a case; caution; watchfulness. “With silent circumspection, unespied.
Milton.” Syn. — Caution; prudence; watchfulness; deliberation; thoughtfulness; wariness; forecast.

Cir•cum•spec´tive (ser•kum•spek´tiv), a. Looking around every way; cautious; careful of consequences; watchful of danger. ´Circumspective eyes.´ Pope.

Cir•cum•spec´tive•ly, adv. Circumspectly.

Cir´cum•spect´ly (-spekt´l>ycr/), adv. In a circumspect manner; cautiously; warily.

Cir´cum•spect´ness, n. Vigilance in guarding against evil from every quarter; caution. “[Travel] forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at home are nursed in security.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Cir´cum•stance , n. [L. circumstantia, fr. circumstans, -antis, p. pr. of circumstare to stand around; circum + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which attends, or relates to, or in some way affects, a fact or event; an attendant thing or state of things. “The circumstances are well known in the country where they happened.
W. Irving.” 2. An event; a fact; a particular incident. “The sculptor had in his thoughts the conqueror weeping for new worlds, or the like circumstances in history.
Addison.” 3. Circumlocution; detail. [Obs.] “So without more circumstance at all
I hold it fit that we shake hands and part.
Shak.” 4. pl. Condition in regard to worldly estate; state of property; situation; surroundings. “When men are easy in their circumstances, they are naturally enemies to innovations.
Addison.” Not a circumstance, of no account. [Colloq.] — Under the circumstances, taking all things into consideration. Syn. — Event; occurrence; incident; situation; condition; position; fact; detail; item. See Event.

Cir´cum•stance, v. t. To place in a particular situation; to supply relative incidents. “The poet took the matters of fact as they came down to him and circumstanced them, after his own manner.
Addison.”

Cir´cum•stanced , p. a. 1. Placed in a particular position or condition; situated. “The proposition is, that two bodies so circumstanced will balance each other.
Whewell.” 2. Governed by events or circumstances. [Poetic & R.] ´I must be circumstanced.´ Shak.

Cir´cum•stant , a. [L. circumstans. See Circumstance.] Standing or placed around; surrounding. [R.] ´Circumstant bodies.´ Sir K. Digby.

Cir•cum•stan´tia•ble , a. Capable of being circumstantiated. [Obs.] Jer Taylor.

Cir•cum•stan´tial , a. [Cf. F. circonstanciel.] 1. Consisting in, or pertaining to, circumstances or particular incidents. “The usual character of human testimony is substantial truth under circumstantial variety.
Paley.” 2. Incidental; relating to, but not essential. “We must therefore distinguish between the essentials in religious worship … and what is merely circumstantial.
Sharp.” 3. Abounding with circumstances; detailing or exhibiting all the circumstances; minute; particular. “Tedious and circumstantial recitals.
Prior.” Circumstantial evidence (Law), evidence obtained from circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises presumption. According to some authorities circumstantial is distinguished from positive evidence in that the latter is the testimony of eyewitnesses to a fact or the admission of a party; but the prevalent opinion now is that all such testimony is dependent on circumstances for its support. All testimony is more or less circumstantial. Wharton. Syn. — See Minute.

Cir•cum•stan´tial, n. Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance; opposed to an essential; — generally in the plural; as the circumstantials of religion. Addison.

Cir•cum•stan•ti•al´i•ty , n. The state, characteristic, or quality of being circumstantial; particularity or minuteness of detail. ´I will endeavor to describe with sufficient circumstantiality.´ De Quincey.

Cir•cum•stan´tial•ly , adv. 1. In respect to circumstances; not essentially; accidentally. “Of the fancy and intellect, the powers are only circumstantially different.
Glanvill.” 2. In every circumstance or particular; minutely. “To set down somewhat circumstantially, not only the events, but the manner of my trials.
Boyle.”

Cir•cum•stan´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumstantiated p. pr. & vb. n. Circumstantiating ] [See Circumstantiating .] 1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with particular accidents or adjuncts. [R.] “If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it might will that freely which now it wills reluctantly.
Bramhall.” 2. To prove or confirm by circumstances; to enter into details concerning. “Neither will time permint to circumstantiate these particulars, which I have only touched in the general.
State Trials (1661).”

Cir•cum•ter•ra´ne•ous , a. [Pref. circum- + L. terra earth.] Being or dwelling around the earth. ´Circumterraneous demouns.´ H. Hallywell.

Cir•cum•un´du•late , v. t. [Pref. circum- + undulate.] To flow round, as waves. [R.]

Cir•cum•val´late , v. t. [L. circumvallatus, p. p. of circumvallare to surround with a wall; circum + vallare to wall, fr. vallum rampart.] To surround with a rampart or wall. Johnson.

Cir•cum•val´late , a. 1. Surrounded with a wall; inclosed with a rampart. 2. (Anat.) Surrounded by a ridge or elevation; as the circumvallate papillae, near the base of the tongue.

Cir•cum•val•la´tion , n. (Mil.) (a) The act of surrounding with a wall or rampart. (b) A line of field works made around a besieged place and the besieging army, to protect the camp of the besiegers against the attack of an enemy from without.

Cir•cum•vec´tion , n. [L. circumvectio; circum + vehere to carry.] The act of carrying anything around, or the state of being so carried.

Cir•cum•vent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvented; p. pr. vb. n. Circumventing.] [L. circumventis, p. p. of circumvenire, to come around, encompass, deceive; circum + venire to come, akin to E. come.] To gain advantage over by arts, stratagem, or deception; to decieve; to delude; to get around. “I circumvented whom I could not gain.
Dryden.”

Cir•cum•ven´tion , n. [L. circumventio.] The act of prevailing over another by arts, address, or fraud; deception; fraud; imposture; delusion. “A school in which he learns sly circumvention.
Cowper.”

Cir•cum•vent´ive , a. Tending to circumvent; deceiving by artifices; deluding.

Cir•cum•vent´or , n. [L.] One who circumvents; one who gains his purpose by cunning.

Cir•cum•vest´ , v. t. [L. circumvestire; circum + vestire to clothe.] To cover round, as with a garment; to invest. [Obs.] “Circumvested with much prejudice.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Cir•cum´vo•lant , a. [L. circumvolans, p. pr. See Circumvolation.] Flying around. “The circumvolant troubles of humanity.
G. Macdonald.”

Cir•cum•vo•la´tion , n. [L. circumvolate. -volatum, to fly around; circum + volare to fly.] The act of flying round. [R.]

Cir•cum•vo•lu´tion , n. [See Circumvolve.] 1. The act of rolling round; the state of being rolled. 2. A thing rolled round another. Arbuthnot. 3. A roundabout procedure; a circumlocution. “He had neither time nor temper for sentimental circumvolutions.
Beaconsfield.”

Cir•cum•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvolved p. pr. vb. n. Circumvolving.] [L. circumvolvere, -volutum; circum + volvere to roll.] To roll round; to cause to revolve; to put into a circular motion. Herrick.

Cir•cum•volve´, v. i. To roll round; to revolve.

Cir´cus , n.; pl. Circuses (#). [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1). See Circle, and cf. Cirque.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) A level oblong space surrounded on three sides by seats of wood, earth, or stone, rising in tiers one above another, and divided lengthwise through the middle by a barrier around which the track or course was laid out. It was used for chariot races, games, and public shows. The Circus Maximus at Rome could contain more than 100,000 spectators. Harpers’ Latin Dict. 2. A circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship, acrobatic displays, etc. also the company of performers, with their equipage. 3. Circuit; space; inclosure. [R.] “The narrow circus of my dungeon wall.
Byron.”

Cirl´ bun•ting [Cf. It. cirlo.] (Zoöl.) A European bunting (Emberiza cirlus).

Cirque , n. [F., fr. L. circus.] 1. A circle; a circus; a circular erection or arrangement of objects. “A dismal cirque
Of Druid stones upon a forlorn moor.
Keats.” 2. A kind of circular valley in the side of a mountain, walled around by precipices of great height.

Cir´rate , a. [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus a curl.] (Zoöl.) Having cirri along the margin of a part or organ.

Cir•rhif´er•ous , a. See Cirriferous.

Cir´rhose , a. Same as Cirrose.

Cir•rho´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. orange-colored: cf. F. cirrhose. So called from the yellowish appearance which the diseased liver often presents when cut.] (Med.) A disease of the liver in which it usually becomes smaller in size and more dense and fibrous in consistence; hence sometimes applied to similar changes in other organs, caused by increase in the fibrous framework and decrease in the proper substance of the organ.

Cir•rhot´ic , a. Pertaining to, caused by, or affected with, cirrhosis; as cirrhotic degeneration; a cirrhotic liver.

Cir´rhous , a. See Cirrose.

Cir´rhus , n. Same as Cirrus.

Cir´ri , n. pl. See Cirrus.

Cir•rif´er•ous , a. [Cirrus + -ferous.] Bearing cirri, as many plants and animals.

Cir´ri•form , a. [Cirrus + -form.] (Biol.) Formed like a cirrus or tendril; — said of appendages of both animals and plants.

Cir•rig´er•ous , a. [Cirrus + -gerous.] (Biol.) Having curled locks of hair; supporting cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cir´ri•grade , a. [Cirrus + L. gradi to walk.] (Biol.) Moving or moved by cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cir´ri•ped , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cirripedia.

Cir•ri•pe´di•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. cirrus curl + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa.

Cir•ro•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. cirrus + L. branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mollusca having slender, cirriform appendages near the mouth; the Scaphopoda.

Cir•ro-cu´mu•lus , n. [Cirrus + cumulus.] (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir´rose , a. [See Cirrus.] (Bot.) (a) Bearing a tendril or tendrils; as a cirrose leaf. (b) Resembling a tendril or cirrus. [Spelt also cirrhose.]

Cir•ros´to•mi , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. cirrus + Gr. mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lowest group of vertebrates; — so called from the cirri around the mouth; the Leptocardia. See Amphioxus.

Cir•ro-stra´tus , n. [Cirrus + stratus.] (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir´rous , a. 1. (Bot.) Cirrose. 2. (Zoöl.) Tufted; — said of certain feathers of birds.

Cir´rus , n.; pl. Cirri (#). [L., lock, curl, ringlet.] [Also written cirrhus.] 1. (Bot.) A tendril or clasper. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A soft tactile appendage of the mantle of many Mollusca, and of the parapodia of Annelida. Those near the head of annelids are Tentacular cirri; those of the last segment are caudal cirri. (b) The jointed, leglike organs of Cirripedia. See Annelida, and Polychaeta. In some of the inferior animals the cirri aid in locomotion; in others they are used in feeding; in the Annelida they are mostly organs of touch. Some cirri are branchial in function. 3. (Zoöl.) The external male organ of trematodes and some other worms, and of certain Mollusca. 4. (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir´so•cele , n. [Gr. a dilated vein + tumor.] (Med.) The varicose dilatation of the spermatic vein.

Cir´soid , a. [Gr. a dilated vein + -oid.] (Med.) Varicose. Cirsoid aneurism, a disease of an artery in which it becomes dilated and elongated, like a varicose vein.

Cir•sot´o•my , n. [Gr. a dilated vein + to cut.] (Surg.) Any operation for the removal of varices by incision. Dunglison.

Cis- A Latin preposition, sometimes used as a prefix in English words, and signifying on this side.

Cis•al´pine , a. [L. Cisalpinus; cis on this side + Alpinus Alpine.] On the hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side of the Alps; — opposed to transalpine.

Cis•at•lan´tic , a. [Pref. cis- + Atlantic.] On this side of the Atlantic Ocean; — used of the eastern or the western side, according to the standpoint of the writer. Story.

Cis´co , n. (Zoöl.) The Lake herring (Coregonus Artedi), valuable food fish of the Great Lakes of North America. The name is also applied to C. Hoyi, a related species of Lake Michigan.

Ci•se•lure´ , n. [F.] The process of chasing on metals; also the work thus chased. Weale.

Cis•lei´than , a. [Pref. cis- + Leitha.] On the Austrian side of the river Leitha; Austrian.

Cis•mon´tane , a. [Pref. cis- + L. mons mountain.] On this side of the mountains. See under Ultramontane.

Cis´pa•dane , a. [Pref. cis- + L. Padanus, pert. to the Padus or Po.] On the hither side of the river Po with reference to Rome; that is, on the south side.

Cis´soid , n. [Gr. like ivy; ivy + form.] (Geom.) A curve invented by Diocles, for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems of the higher geometry; viz., to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical means between two given straight lines.

Cist , n. [L. cista box, chest, Gr. Cf. Chest.] 1. (Antiq.) A box or chest. Specifically: (a) A bronze receptacle, round or oval, frequently decorated with engravings on the sides and cover, and with feet, handles, etc., of decorative castings. (b) A cinerary urn. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. See Cyst.

Cist´ed, a. Inclosed in a cyst. See Cysted.

Cis•ter´cian , n. [LL. Cistercium. F. Cîteaux, a convent not far from Dijon, in France: cf. F. cistercien.] (Eccl.) A monk of the prolific branch of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at Cîteaux, in France, by Robert, abbot of Molesme. For two hundred years the Cistercians followed the rule of St. Benedict in all its rigor. — a. Of or pertaining to the Cistercians.

Cis´tern , n. [OE. cisterne, OF. cisterne, F. cisterne, fr. L. cisterna, fr. cista box, chest. See Cist, and cf. chest.] 1. An artificial reservoir or tank for holding water, beer, or other liquids. 2. A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water. ´The wide cisterns of the lakes.´ Blackmore.

Cist´ic , a. See Cystic.

Cit , n. [Contr. fr. citizen.] A citizen; an inhabitant of a city; a pert townsman; — used contemptuously. ´Insulted as a cit´. Johnson “Which past endurance sting the tender cit.
Emerson.”

Cit´a•ble , a. Capable of being cited.

Cit´a•del , n. [F. citadelle, It. citadella, di. of citt city, fr. L. civitas. See City.] A fortress in or near a fortified city, commanding the city and fortifications, and intended as a final point of defense. Syn. — Stronghold. See Fortress.

Cit´al , n. [From Cite] 1. Summons to appear, as before a judge. [R.] Johnson 2. Citation; quotation [R.] Johnson.

Ci•ta´tion , n. [F. citation, LL. citatio, fr.L. citare to cite. See Cite] 1. An official summons or notice given to a person to appear; the paper containing such summons or notice. 2. The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also the passage or words quoted; quotation. “This horse load of citations and fathers.
Milton.” 3. Enumeration; mention; as a citation of facts. 4. (Law) A reference to decided cases, or books of authority, to prove a point in law.

Ci•ta´tor , n. One who cites. [R]

Ci´ta•to•ry , a. [LL. citatirius.] Having the power or form of a citation; as letters citatory.

Cite , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cited; p. pr. & vb. n. Citing] [F. citer, fr. L. citare, intens. of cire, ciere, to put in motion, to excite; akin to Gr. to go, Skr. to sharpen.] 1. To call upon officially or authoritatively to appear, as before a court; to summon. “The cited dead,
Of all past ages, to the general doom
Shall hasten.
Milton.” “Cited by finger of God.
De Quincey.” 2. To urge; to enjoin. [R.] Shak. 3. To quote; to repeat, as a passage from a book, or the words of another. “The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.
Shak.” 4. To refer to or specify, as for support, proof, illustration, or confirmation. “The imperfections which you have cited.
Shak.” 5. To bespeak; to indicate. [Obs.] “Aged honor cites a virtuous youth.
Shak.” 6. (Law) To notify of a proceeding in court. Abbot Syn. — To quote; mention, name; refer to; adduce; select; call; summon. See Quote.

Cit´er , n. One who cites.

Cit´ess , n. [From Cit.] A city woman [R.]

Cith´a•ra , n. [L. Cf. Cittern, Guitar.] (Mus.) An ancient instrument resembling the harp.

Cith•a•ris´tic , a. [Gr., fr. cithara.] Pertaining, or adapted, to the cithara.

Cith´ern , n. See Cittern.

Cit´i•cism , n. [From cit.] The manners of a cit or citizen.

Cit´ied , a. 1. Belonging to, or resembling, a city. ´Smoky, citied towns´ [R.] Drayton. 2. Containing, or covered with, cities. [R.] ´The citied earth.´ Keats.

Cit´i•fied , a. [City +-fy.] Aping, or having, the manners of a city.

Cit•i•gra´dae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. citus swift (p. p. of cire, ciere, to move) + gradi to walk. See Cite.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Arachnoidea, including the European tarantula and the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and their allies, which capture their prey by rapidly running and jumping. See Wolf spider.

Cit´i•grade , a. [Cf. F. citigrade.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Citigradae. — n. One of the Citigradae.

Cit´i•ner , n. One who is born or bred in a city; a citizen. [Obs.] Champan.

Cit´i•zen , n. [OE. citisein, OF. citeain, F. citoyen, fr. cite city. See City, and cf. Cit.] 1. One who enjoys the freedom and privileges of a city; a freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises. “That large body of the working men who were not counted as citizens and had not so much as a vote to serve as an anodyne to their stomachs.
G. Eliot.” 2. An inhabitant of a city; a townsman. Shak. 3. A person, native or naturalized, of either sex, who owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to reciprocal protection from it. This protection is … national protection, recognition of the individual, in the face of foreign nations, as a member of the state, and assertion of his security and rights abroad as well as at home. Abbot 4. One who is domiciled in a country, and who is a citizen, though neither native nor naturalized, in such a sense that he takes his legal status from such country.

Cit´i•zen, a. 1. Having the condition or qualities of a citizen, or of citizens; as a citizen soldiery. 2. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a city; characteristic of citizens; effeminate; luxurious. [Obs.] “I am not well,
But not so citizen a wanton as
To seem to die ere sick.
Shak.”

Cit´i•zen•ess, n. A female citizen. [R.]

Cit´i•zen•ship, n. The state of being a citizen; the status of a citizen.

Cit´ole , n. [OF. citole, fr. L. cithara. See Cittern.] (Mus.) A musical instrument; a kind of dulcimer. [Obs.]

Cit•ra•con´ic , a. [Citric + aconitic.] Pertaining to, derived from, or having certain characteristics of, citric and aconitic acids. Citraconic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, C_3H_4(CO_2H)2, obtained by distillation of citric acid. It is a compound of the ethylene series.

Cit´rate , n. [From Citric.] (Chem.) A salt of citric acid.

Cit´ric , a. [Cf. F. citrique. See Citron.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the citron or lemon; as citric acid. Citric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, C_3H_4OH.(CO_2H)3, extracted from lemons, currants, gooseberries, etc., as a white crystalline substance, having a pleasant sour taste.

Cit•ri•na´tion , n. [See Citrine.] The process by which anything becomes of the color of a lemon; esp., in alchemy, the state of perfection in the philosopher’s stone indicated by its assuming a deep yellow color. Thynne.

Cit´rine , a. [F. citrin. See Citron.] Like a citron or lemon; of a lemon color; greenish yellow. Citrine ointment (Med.), a yellowish mercurial ointment, the unguentum hydrargyri nitratis.

Cit´rine, n. A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz.

Cit´ron (sit´run), n. [F. citron, LL. citro, fr. L. citrus citron tree (cf. citreum, sc. malum, a citron), from Gr. ki•tron citron] 1. (Bot) A fruit resembling a lemon, but larger, and pleasantly aromatic. The thick rind, when candied, is the citron of commerce. 2. A citron tree. 3. A citron melon. Citron melon. (a) A small variety of muskmelon with sugary greenish flesh. (b) A small variety of watermelon, whose solid white flesh is used in making sweetmeats and preserves. — Citron tree (Bot.), the tree which bears citrons. It was probably a native of northern India, and is now understood to be the typical form of Citrus Medica.

Cit´rus (sit´rus), n. [L., a citron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including the orange, lemon, citron, etc., originally natives of southern Asia.

Cit´tern , n. [L. cithara, Gr. kiqa•ra. Cf. Cithara, Gittern.] (Mus.) An instrument shaped like a lute, but strung with wire and played with a quill or plectrum. [Written also cithern.] Shak. Not to be confounded with zither.

Cit´tern-head , n. Blockhead; dunce; — so called because the handle of a cittern usually ended with a carved head. Marsion

Cit´y (sit´y), n.; pl. Cities (-iz). [OE. cite, F. cite, fr. L. civitas citizenship, state, city, fr. civis citizen; akin to Goth. heiwa (in heiwafrauja man of the house), AS. hiwan, pl., members of a family, servants, hired family, G. heirath marriage, prop., providing a house, E. hind a peasant.] 1. A large town. 2. A corporate town; in the United States, a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by a mayor and aldermen or a city council consisting of a board of aldermen and a common council; in Great Britain, a town corporate, which is or has been the seat of a bishop, or the capital of his see. “A city is a town incorporated; which is, or has been, the see of a bishop; and though the bishopric has been dissolved, as at Westminster, it yet remaineth a city.
Blackstone” “When Gorges constituted York a city, he of course meant it to be the seat of a bishop, for the word city has no other meaning in English law.
Palfrey” 3. The collective body of citizens, or inhabitants of a city. ´What is the city but the people?´ Shak. Syn. — See Village.

Cit´y, a. Of or pertaining to a city. Shak. City council. See under Council. — City court, The municipal court of a city. [U. S.] — City ward, a watchman, or the collective watchmen, of a city. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Cive (siv), n. (Bot.) Same as Chive.

Civ´et (siv´et), n. [F. civette (cf. It. zibetto) civet, civet cat, fr. LGr. zape•tion, fr. Ar. zubad, zabad, civet.] 1. A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, taken from glands in the anal pouch of the civet (Viverra civetta). It is of clear yellowish or brownish color, of a strong, musky odor, offensive when undiluted, but agreeable when a small portion is mixed with another substance. It is used as a perfume. 2. (Zoöl) The animal that produces civet (Viverra civetta); — called also civet cat. It is carnivorous, from two to three feet long, and of a brownish gray color, with transverse black bands and spots on the body and tail. It is a native of northern Africa and of Asia. The name is also applied to other species of the subfamily Viverrinae.

Civ´et , v. t. To scent or perfume with civet. Cowper

Civ´ic , a. [L.civicus, fr. civis citizen. See City.] Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen; relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs. Civic crown (Rom. Antiq.), a crown or garland of oak leaves and acorns, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

Civ´i•cism , n. The principle of civil government.

Civ´ics , n. The science of civil government.

Civ´il , a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil. See City.] 1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within the city or state. 2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not barbarous; — said of the community. “England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even the other day since England grew civil.
Spenser.” 3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to government; — said of an individual. “Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others; they come within a step or two of heaven.
Preston” 4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous; complaisant; affable. ´A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position as a ’civis’ and his relations to the other members of that ’civitas.’´ Trench 5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, or official state. 6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings. Civil action, an action to enforce the rights or redress the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal proceeding. — Civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture, as private houses, palaces, churches, etc. — Civil death. (Law.) See under Death. - - Civil engineering. See under Engineering. — Civil law. See under Law. — Civil list. See under List. — Civil remedy (Law), that given to a person injured, by action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution. — Civil service, all service rendered to and paid for by the state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or military affairs. — Civil service reform, the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system in the conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of appointments to office. — Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states. — Civil suit. Same as Civil action. — Civil war. See under War. — Civil year. See under Year.

Ci•vil´ian , n. [From Civil] 1. One skilled in the civil law. “Ancient civilians and writers upon government.
Swift.” 2. A student of the civil law at a university or college. R. Graves. 3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical.

Civ´il•ist , n. A civilian. [R.] Warburton.

Ci•vil´i•ty , n.; pl. Civilities (#). [L. civilitas: cf. F. civilite. See Civil.] 1. The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed; a state of civilization. [Obs.] “Monarchies have risen from barbarrism to civility, and fallen again to ruin.
Sir J. Davies.” “The gradual depature of all deeper signification from the word civility has obliged the creation of another word — civilization.
Trench.” 2. A civil office, or a civil process [Obs.] “To serve in a civility.
Latimer.” 3. Courtesy; politeness; kind attention; good breeding; a polite act or expression. “The insolent civility of a proud man is, if possible, more shocking than his rudeness could be.
Chesterfield.” “The sweet civilities of life.
Dryden.” Syn. — Urbanity; affability; complaisance.

Civ´i•li•za•ble , a. Capable of being civilized.

Civ•i•li•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. civilisation.] 1. The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; national culture; refinement. “Our manners, our civilization, and all the good things connected with manners, and with civilization, have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles — … the spirit of a gentleman, and spirit of religion.
Burke” 2. (Law) Rendering a criminal process civil. [Obs.]

Civ´i•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Civilized p. pr. & vb. n. Civilizing.] [Cf. F. civilizer, fr.L. civilis civil. See Civil.] 1. To reclaim from a savage state; to instruct in the rules and customs of civilization; to educate; to refine. “Yet blest that fate which did his arms dispose
Her land to civilize, as to subdue.
Dryden” 2. To admit as suitable to a civilized state. [Obs. or R.] ´Civilizing adultery.´ Milton. Syn. — To polish; refine; humanize.

Civ´i•lized , a. Reclaimed from savage life and manners; instructed in arts, learning, and civil manners; refined; cultivated. “Sale of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcilable with the present state of civilized society.
J. Quincy.”

Civ´i•li•zer , n. One who, or that which, civilizes or tends to civilize.

Civ´i•ly , adv. In a civil manner; as regards civil rights and privileges; politely; courteously; in a well bred manner.

Civ´ism , n. [Cf. F. civisme, fr.L. civis citizen.] State of citizenship. [R.] Dyer.

Ciz´ar , v. i. [From Cizars.] To clip with scissors. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Ciz´ars , n. pl. Scissors. [Obs.] Swift.

Cize , n. Bulk; largeness. [Obs.] See Size.

Clab´ber , n. [See Bonnyclabber] Milk curdled so as to become thick.

Clab´ber, v. i. To become clabber; to lopper.

Clach´an , n. [Scot., fr. Gael.] A small village containing a church. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott “Sitting at the clachon alehouse.
R. L. Stevenson.”

Clack , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clacked p. pr. & vb. n. Clacking.] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. F. claquer to clap, crack, D. klakken, MHG. klac crack, Ir. clagaim I make a noise, ring. Cf. Clack, n., Clatter, Click.] 1. To make a sudden, sharp noise, or a succesion of such noises, as by striking an object, or by collision of parts; to rattle; to click. “We heard Mr.Hodson’s whip clacking on the ahoulders of the poor little wretches.
Thackeray.” 2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with abruptness; to let the tongue run.

Clack , v. t. 1. To cause to make a sudden, sharp noise, or succession of noises; to click. 2. To utter rapidly and inconsiderately. Feltham. To clack wool, to cut off the sheep’s mark, in order to make the wool weigh less and thus yield less duty. [Eng.]

Clack, n. [Cf. F. claque a slap or smack, MHG. klac crack, W. clec crack, gossip. See Clack, v. t.] 1. A sharp, abrupt noise, or succession of noises, made by striking an object. 2. Anything that causes a clacking noise, as the clapper of a mill, or a clack valve. 3. Continual or importunate talk; prattle; prating. “Whose chief intent is to vaunt his spiritual clack.
South.” Clack box (Mach.), the box or chamber in which a clack valve works. — Clack dish, a dish with a movable lid, formerly carried by beggars, who clacked the lid to attract notice. Shak. Clack door (Mining), removable cover of the opening through which access is had to a pump valve. — Clack valve (Mach.), a valve; esp. one hinged at one edge, which, when raised from its seat, falls with a clacking sound.

Clack´er , n. 1. One who clacks; that which clacks; especially, the clapper of a mill. 2. A claqueur. See Claqueur.

Clad , v. t. To clothe. [Obs.] Holland.

Clad, imp. & p. p. of Clothe.

Cla•doc´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a sprout + a horn.] (Zoöl.) An order of the Entomostraca. They have a bivalve shell, covering the body but not the head, and from four to six pairs of legs and two pairs of antenae, for use in swimming. They mostly inhabit fresh water.

Clad´o•phyll , n. [Gr. a sprout + a leaf.] (Bot.) A special branch, resembling a leaf, as in the apparent foliage of the broom (Ruscus) and of the common cultivated smilax (Myrsiphillum).

Clag´gy , a. [Cf. Clog.] Adhesive; — said of a roof in a mine to which coal clings.

Claik , n. See Clake.

Claim (klam), v.. [imp. & p. p. Claimed (klamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Claiming.] [OE. clamen, claimen, OF. clamer, fr. L. clamare to cry out, call; akin to calare to proclaim, Gr. to call, Skr. kal to sound, G. holen to fetch, E. hale haul.] 1. To ask for, or seek to obtain, by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right; to challenge as a right; to demand as due. 2. To proclaim. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. To assert; to maintain. [Colloq.]

Claim, v. i. To be entitled to anything; to deduce a right or title; to have a claim. “We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one claims, came by his authority.
Locke.”

Claim, n. [Of. claim cry, complaint, from clamer. See Claim, v. t.] 1. A demand of a right or supposed right; a calling on another for something due or supposed to be due; an assertion of a right or fact. 2. A right to claim or demand something; a title to any debt, privilege, or other thing in possession of another; also a title to anything which another should give or concede to, or confer on, the claimant. ´A bar to all claims upon land.´ Hallam. 3. The thing claimed or demanded; that (as land) to which any one intends to establish a right; as a settler’s claim; a miner’s claim. [U.S. & Australia] 4. A loud call. [Obs.] Spenser To lay claim to, to demand as a right. ´Doth he lay claim to thine inheritance?´ Shak.

Claim´a•ble , a. Capable of being claimed.

Claim´ant , n. [Cf. OF. clamant, p. pr. of clamer. Cf. Clamant.] One who claims; one who asserts a right or title; a claimer.

Claim´er , n. One who claims; a claimant.

Claim´less, a. Having no claim.

Clair´-ob•scur´ , n. [F. See Clare-obscure.] See Chiaroscuro.

Clair•voy´ance , n. [F.] A power, attributed to some persons while in a mesmeric state, of discering objects not perceptible by the senses in their normal condition.

Clair•voy´ant , a. [F., fr. clair clear + voyant, p. pr. of voir to see. See Clear, and Vision.] Pertaining to clairvoyance; discerning objects while in a mesmeric state which are not present to the senses.

Clair•voy´ant n. One who is able, when in a mesmeric state, to discern objects not present to the senses. { Clake , Claik } n. (Zoöl.) The bernicle goose; — called also clack goose.

Clam , n. [Cf. Clamp, Clam, v. t., Clammy.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bivalve mollusk of many kinds, especially those that are edible; as the long clam (Mya arenaria), the quahog or round clam (Venus mercenaria), the sea clam or hen clam (Spisula solidissima), and other species of the United States. The name is said to have been given originally to the Tridacna gigas, a huge East Indian bivalve. “You shall scarce find any bay or shallow shore, or cove of sand, where you may not take many clampes, or lobsters, or both, at your pleasure.
Capt. John Smith (1616).” “Clams, or clamps, is a shellfish not much unlike a cockle; it lieth under the sand.
Wood (1634).” 2. (Ship Carp.) Strong pinchers or forceps. 3. pl. (Mech.) A kind of vise, usually of wood. Blood clam. See under Blood.

Clam (clam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clammed (klamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clamming.] [Cf. AS. claeman to clam, smear; akin to Icel. kleima to smear, OHG. kleimjan, chleimen, to defile, or E. clammy.] To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. “A swarm of wasps got into a honey pot, and there they cloyed and clammed Themselves till there was no getting out again.
L’Estrange.”

Clam, v. i. To be moist or glutinous; to stick; to adhere. [R.] Dryden

Clam, n. Claminess; moisture. [R.] ´The clam of death.´ Carlyle.

Clam, n. [Abbrev. fr. clamor.] A crash or clangor made by ringing all the bells of a chime at once. Nares.

Clam, v. t. & i. To produce, in bell ringing, a clam or clangor; to cause to clang. Nares.

Cla´mant , a. [L. clamans, p. pr. of clamare to call. Cf. Claimant.] Crying earnestly, beseeching clamorously. ´Clamant children.´ Thomson.

Cla•ma´tion , n. [LL. clamatio, fr. L. clamare to call.] The act of crying out. Sir T. Browne.

Clam•a•to´res , n. pl. [L. clamator, pl. clamatores, a bawler.] (Zoöl.) A division of passerine birds in which the vocal muscles are but little developed, so that they lack the power of singing.

Clam•a•to´rial , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Clamatores.

Clam´bake , n. The backing or steaming of clams on heated stones, between layers of seaweed; hence, a picnic party, gathered on such an occasion.

Clam´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clambered p. pr. & vb. n. Clambering.] [OE clambren, clameren, to heap together, climb; akin to Icel. klambra to clamp, G. klammern. Cf. Clamp, Climb.] To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet; — also used figuratively. “The narrow street that clambered toward the mill.
Tennyson.”

Clam´ber, n. The act of clambering. T. Moore.

Clam´ber, v. t. To ascend by climbing with difficulty. “Clambering the walls to eye him.
Shak.”

Clam•jam´phrie , n. Low, worthless people; the rabble. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Clam´mi•ly , adv. In a clammy manner. ´Oozing so clammily.´ Hood.

Clam´mi•ness, n. State of being clammy or viscous.

Clam´my , a. [Compar. Clammier superl. Clammiest.] [Cf. AS. clam clay. See Clam to clog, and cf. Clay.] Having the quality of being viscous or adhesive; soft and sticky; glutinous; damp and adhesive, as if covered with a cold perspiration.

Clam´or , n. [OF. clamour, clamur, F. clameur, fr. L. clamor, fr. clamare to cry out. See Claim.] 1. A great outcry or vociferation; loud and continued shouting or exclamation. Shak. 2. Any loud and continued noise. Addison. 3. A continued expression of dissatisfaction or discontent; a popular outcry. Macaulay. Syn. — Outcry; exclamation; noise; uproar.

Clam´or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamored p. pr. & vb. n. Clamoring.] 1. To salute loudly. [R.] “The people with a shout
Rifted the air, clamoring their god with praise.
Milton.” 2. To stun with noise. [R.] Bacon. 3. To utter loudly or repeatedly; to shout. “Clamored their piteous prayer incessantly.
Longfellow.” “To clamor bells, to repeat the strokes quickly so as to produce a loud clang.
Bp. Warburion.”

Clam´or, v. i. To utter loud sounds or outcries; to vociferate; to complain; to make importunate demands. “The obscure bird
Clamored the livelong night.
Shak.”

Clam´or•er , n. One who clamors.

Clam´or•ous , a. [LL. clamorosus, for L. Clamosus: cf. OF. clamoreux.] Speaking and repeating loud words; full of clamor; calling or demanding loudly or urgently; vociferous; noisy; bawling; loud; turbulent. ´My young ones were clamorous for a morning’s excursion.´ Southey. — Clam´or•ous•ly, adv. — Clam´or•ous•ness, n.

Clamp (klamp), n. [Cf. LG. & D. klamp, Dan. klampe, also D. klampen to fasten, clasp. Cf. Clamber, Cramp.] 1. Something rigid that holds fast or binds things together; a piece of wood or metal, used to hold two or more pieces together. 2. (a) An instrument with a screw or screws by which work is held in its place or two parts are temporarily held together. (b) (Joinery) A piece of wood placed across another, or inserted into another, to bind or strengthen. 3. One of a pair of movable pieces of lead, or other soft material, to cover the jaws of a vise and enable it to grasp without bruising. 4. (Shipbuilding) A thick plank on the inner part of a ship’s side, used to sustain the ends of beams. 5. A mass of bricks heaped up to be burned; or of ore for roasting, or of coal for coking. 6. A mollusk. See Clam. [Obs.] Clamp nails, nails used to fasten on clamps in ships.

Clamp (klamp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamped (klamt; 215) p. pr. & vb. n. Clamping.] 1. To fasten with a clamp or clamps; to apply a clamp to; to place in a clamp. 2. To cover, as vegetables, with earth. [Eng.]

Clamp, n. [Prob. an imitative word. Cf. Clank.] A heavy footstep; a tramp.

Clamp, v. i. To tread heavily or clumsily; to clump. “The policeman with clamping feet.
Thackeray.”

Clamp´er , n. An instrument of iron, with sharp prongs, attached to a boot or shoe to enable the wearer to walk securely upon ice; a creeper. Kane.

Clan (klan), n. [Gael. clann offspring, descendants; akin to Ir. clann, cland, offspring, tribe, family; perh. from L. plania scion, slip, cutting. Cf. Plant, n.] 1. A tribe or collection of families, united under a chieftain, regarded as having the same common ancestor, and bearing the same surname; as the clan of Macdonald. ´I have marshaled my clan.´ Campbell. 2. A clique; a sect, society, or body of persons; esp., a body of persons united by some common interest or pursuit; — sometimes used contemptuously. “Partidge and the rest of his clan may hoot me.
Smolett.” “The whole clan of the enlightened among us.
Burke.”

Clan´cu•lar , a. [L. clancularius , from clanculum secretly, adv. dim. of clam secretly.] Conducted with secrecy; clandestine; concealed. [Obs.] “Not close and clancular, but frank and open.
Barrow.”

Clan´cu•lar•ly, adv. privately; secretly. [Obs.]

Clan•des´tine , a. [L. clandestinus, fr. clam secretly; akin to celare, E. conceal: cf. F. clandestin.] Conducted with secrecy; withdrawn from public notice, usually for an evil purpose; kept secret; hidden; private; underhand; as a clandestine marriage. Locke. Syn. — Hidden; secret; private; concealed; underhand; sly; stealthy; surreptitious; furtive; fraudulent. — Clan•des´tine•ly, adv. — Clan•des´tine•ness, n.

Clan•des•tin´i•ty , n. Privacy or secrecy. [R.]

Clang (klang), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanged (klangd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clanging.] [L. clangere; akin to Gr. kla•zein to clash, scream; or perh. to E. clank.] To strike together so as to produce a ringing metallic sound. “The fierce Caretes … clanged their sounding arms.
Prior.”

Clang, v. i. To give out a clang; to resound. ´Clanging hoofs.´ Tennyson.

Clang, n. 1. A loud, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances when clanged or struck together. “The broadsword’s deadly clang,
As if a thousand anvils rang.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. (Mus.) Quality of tone.

Clan´gor (klan´ger), n. [L., fr. clangere. See Clang, v. t.] A sharp, harsh, ringing sound. Dryden.

Clan´gor•ous , a. [LL. clangorosus.] Making a clangor; having a ringing, metallic sound.

Clan´gous , a. Making a clang, or a ringing metallic sound. [Obs.]

Clan•jam´frie , n. Same as Clamjamphrie. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Clank (klank), n. [Akin to clink, and of imitative origin; cf. G. klang sound, D. klank. Cf. Clang.] A sharp, brief, ringing sound, made by a collision of metallic or other sonorous bodies; — usually expressing a duller or less resounding sound than clang, and a deeper and stronger sound than clink. “But not in chains to pine,
His spirit withered with tyeur clank.
Byron.”

Clank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanked p. pr. & vb. n. Clanking.] To cause to sound with a clank; as the prisoners clank their chains.

Clank, v. i. To sound with a clank.

Clank´less, a. Without a clank. Byreon.

Clan´nish , a. Of or pertaining to a clan; closely united, like a clan; disposed to associate only with one’s clan or clique; actuated by the traditions, prejudices, habits, etc., of a clan. — Clan´nish•ly, adv. — Clan´nish•ness, n.

Clan´ship, n. A state of being united together as in a clan; an association under a chieftain.

Clans´man , n.; pl. Clansmen (#). One belonging to the same clan with another.

Clap (klap), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clapped (klapt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clapping.] [AS. clappan; akin to Icel. & Sw. klappa, D, klappen, to clap, prate, G. klaffen, v. i., to split open, yelp, klopfen, v. t. & i., to knock.] 1. To strike; to slap; to strike, or strike together, with a quick motion, so, as to make a sharp noise; as to clap one’s hands; a clapping of wings. “Then like a bird it sits and sings,
And whets and claps its silver wings.
Marvell.” 2. To thrust, drive, put, or close, in a hasty or abrupt manner; — often followed by to, into, on, or upon. “He had just time to get in and clap to the door.
Locke” “Clap an extinguaisher upon your irony.
Lamb.” 3. To manifest approbation of, by striking the hands together; to applaud; as to clap a performance. To clap hands. (a) To pledge faith by joining hands. [Obs.] Shak. (b) To express contempt or derision. [Obs.] Lam. ii. 15. — To clap hold of, to seize roughly or quickly. — To clap up. (a) To imprison hastily or without due formality. (b) To make or contrive hastily. [Obs.] ´Was ever match clapped up so suddenly?´ Shak.

Clap , v. i. 1. To knock, as at a door. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To strike the hands together in applause. “Their ladies bid them clap.
Shak.” 3. To come together suddenly with noise. “The doors around me clapped.
Dryden.” 4. To enter with alacrity and briskness; — with to or into. [Obs.] ´Shall we clap into it roundly, without … saying we are hoarse?´ Shak. 5. To talk noisily; to chatter loudly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clap (klap), n. 1. A loud noise made by sudden collision; a bang. ´Give the door such a clap, as you go out, as will shake the whole room.´ Swift. 2. A burst of sound; a sudden explosion. “Horrible claps of thunder.
Hakewill.” 3. A single, sudden act or motion; a stroke; a blow. “What, fifty of my followers at a clap!
Shak.” 4. A striking of hands to express approbation. “Unextrected claps or hisses.
Addison.” 5. Noisy talk; chatter. [Obs.] Chaucer. 6. (Falconry) The nether part of the beak of a hawk. Clap dish. See Clack dish, under Clack, n. — Clap net, a net for taking birds, made to close or clap together.

Clap , n. [Cf. OF. clapoir.] Gonorrhea.

Clap´board , n. 1. A narrow board, thicker at one edge than at the other; — used for weatherboarding the outside of houses. [U. S.] 2. A stave for a cask. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Clap´board, v. t. To cover with clapboards; as to clapboard the sides of a house. [U. S.] Bartlett. { Clap´bread• , Clap´cake• }, n. Oatmeal cake or bread clapped or beaten till it is thin. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Clape , n. (Zoöl.) A bird; the flicker.

Clap´per , n. 1. A person who claps. 2. That which strikes or claps, as the tongue of a bell, or the piece of wood that strikes a mill hopper, etc. See Illust. of Bell. Clapper rail (Zoöl.), an Americam species of rail (Rallus scepitans).

Clap´per, n. [F. clapier.] A rabbit burrow. [Obs.]

Clap´per•claw (klap´per•kla), v. t. [Clap + claw.] 1. To fight and scratch. C. Smart. 2. To abuse with the tongue; to revile; to scold.

Claps (klap), v. t. Variant of Clasp [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clap´trap (klap´trap•), n. 1. A contrivance for clapping in theaters. [Obs.] 2. A trick or device to gain applause; humbug.

Clap´trap, a. Contrived for the purpose of making a show, or gaining applause; deceptive; unreal.

Claque , n. [F.] A collection of persons employed to applaud at a theatrical exhibition.

Cla•queur´ , n. [F.] One of the claque employed to applaud at a theater.

Clare , n. A nun of the order of St. Clare.

Clar´ence , n. A close four-wheeled carriage, with one seat inside, and a seat for the driver. { Clar´en•ceux , Clar´en•cieux } , n. (Her.) See King-at- arms.

Clar´en•don , n. A style of type having a narrow and heave face. It is made in all sizes. This line is in nonpareil Clarendon.

Clare´-ob•scure´ , n. [L. clarus clear + obscurus obscure; cf. F. clair- obscur. Cf. Chiaroscuro.] (Painting) See Chiaroscuro.

Clar´et (klar´et), n. [OE. claret, clare, clarry, OF. claret, clare, fr. cler, F. clair, clear, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] The name first given in England to the red wines of Medoc, in France, and afterwards extended to all the red Bordeaux wines. The name is also given to similar wines made in the United States.

Clar•i•bel´la , n. [NL., from L. clarus clear + bellus fine.] (Mus.) A soft, sweet stop, or set of open wood pipes in an organ.

Clar´i•chord , n. [F. clatocorde, fr.L. clarus clear + chorda string. See Chord.] A musical instrument, formerly in use, in form of a spinet; — called also manichord and clavichord.

Clar•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. clarification, L. clarificatio glorification.] 1. The act or process of making clear or transparent, by freeing visible impurities; as the clarification of wine. 2. The act of freeing from obscurities. “The clarification of men’s ideas.
Whewell.”

Clar´i•fi•er , n. 1. That which clarifies. 2. A vessel in which the process of clarification is conducted; as the clarifier in sugar works. Ure.

Clar´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clarified p. pr. & vb. n. Clarifying.] [F. clarifier, from L. clarificare; clarus clear + facere to make. See Clear, and Fact.] 1. To make clear or bright by freeing from feculent matter; to defecate; to fine; — said of liquids, as wine or sirup. ´Boiled and clarified.´ Ure. 2. To make clear; to free from obscurities; to brighten or illuminate. “To clarify his reason, and to rectify his will.
South.” 3. To glorify. [Obs.] “Fadir, clarifie thi name.
Wyclif (John ii. 28).”

Clar´i•fy, v. i. 1. To grow or become clear or transparent; to become free from feculent impurities, as wine or other liquid under clarification. 2. To grow clear or bright; to clear up. “Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the discoursing with another.
Bacon.”

Clar´i•gate , v. i. [L. clarigare] To declare war with certain ceremonies. [Obs.] Holland.

Clar´i•net , n. [F. clarinette, dim. of clarine, from L. clarus. See Clear, and cf. Clarion.] (Mus.) A wind instrument, blown by a single reed, of richer and fuller tone than the oboe, which has a double reed. It is the leading instrument in a military band. [Often improperly called clarionet.]

Cla•ri´no , n. [It. a trumpet.] (Mus.) A reed stop in an organ.

Clar´i•on , n. [OE. clarioun, OF. clarion, F. clairon, LL. clario, claro; so called from its clear tone, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. “He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle.
E. Everett.”

Clar•i•o•net´ , n. [See Clarion, Clarinet.] (Mus.) See Clarinet.

Cla•ris´o•nus , a. [L. clarisonus; clarus + sonus.] Having a clear sound. [Obs.] Ash.

Clar´i•tude , n. [L. claritudo, fr. clarus clear.] Clearness; splendor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Clar´i•ty , n. [L. claritas, fr. clarus clear: cf. F. clarte.] Clearness; brightness; splendor. “Floods, in whose more than crystal clarity,
Innumerable virgin graces row.
Beaumont.”

Cla´ro-ob•scu´ro , n. See Chiaroscuro.

Clar•re´, n. [See Claret.] Wine with a mixture of honey and species. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clart , v. t. [Cf. Armor. kalar mud, mire, kalara to dirt, Sw. lort mud.] To daub, smear, or spread, as with mud, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clart´y , a. Sticky and foul; muddy; filthy; dirty. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clar´y , v. i. [Cf. Clarion.] To make a loud or shrill noise. [Obs.] Golding.

Cla´ry , n. [Cf. LL. sclarea, scarlea, D. & G. scharlei, F. sclaree.] (Bot.) A plant (Salvia sclarea) of the Sage family, used in flavoring soups. Clary water, a composition of clary flowers with brandy, etc., formerly used as a cardiac.

Clash , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clashed p. pr. & vb. n. Clashing.] [Of imitative origin; cf. G. klatschen, Prov. G. kleschen, D. kletsen, Dan. klaske, E. clack.] 1. To make a noise by striking against something; to dash noisily together. 2. To meet in opposition; to act in a contrary direction; to come onto collision; to interfere. “However some of his interests might clash with those of the chief adjacent colony.
Palfrey.”

Clash, v. t. To strike noisily against or together.

Clash n. 1. A loud noise resulting from collision; a noisy collision of bodies; a collision. “The roll of cannon and clash of arms.
Tennyson.” 2. Opposition; contradiction; as between differing or contending interests, views, purposes, etc. “Clashes between popes and kings.
Denham.”

Clash´ing•ly, adv. With clashing.

Clasp , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clasped p. pr. & vb. n. Clasping] [OE. claspen, clapsen, prob. akin to E. clap.] 1. To shut or fasten together with, or as with, a clasp; to shut or fasten (a clasp, or that which fastens with a clasp). 2. To inclose and hold in the hand or with the arms; to grasp; to embrace. 3. To surround and cling to; to entwine about. ´Clasping ivy.´ Milton.

Clasp, n. 1. An adjustable catch, bent plate, or hook, for holding together two objects or the parts of anything, as the ends of a belt, the covers of a book, etc. 2. A close embrace; a throwing of the arms around; a grasping, as with the hand. Clasp knife, a large knife, the blade of which folds or shuts into the handle. — Clasp lock, a lock which closes or secures itself by means of a spring.

Clasp´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, clasps, as a tendril. ´The claspers of vines.´ Derham. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a pair of organs used by the male for grasping the female among many of the Crustacea. (b) One of a pair of male copulatory organs, developed on the anterior side of the ventral fins of sharks and other elasmobranchs. See Illust. of Chimaera.

Clasp´ered , a. Furnished with tendrils.

Class (klas), n. [F. classe, fr. L. classis class, collection, fleet; akin to Gr. klh^sis a calling, kalei^n to call, E. claim, haul.] 1. A group of individuals ranked together as possessing common characteristics; as the different classes of society; the educated class; the lower classes. 2. A number of students in a school or college, of the same standing, or pursuing the same studies. 3. A comprehensive division of animate or inanimate objects, grouped together on account of their common characteristics, in any classification in natural science, and subdivided into orders, families, tribes, genera, etc. 4. A set; a kind or description, species or variety. “She had lost one class energies.
Macaulay.” 5. (Methodist Church) One of the sections into which a church or congregation is divided, and which is under the supervision of a class leader. Class of a curve (Math.), the kind of a curve as expressed by the number of tangents that can be drawn from any point to the curve. A circle is of the second class. — Class meeting (Methodist Church), a meeting of a class under the charge of a class leader, for counsel and relegious instruction.

Class , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Classed p. pr. & vb. n. Classing.] [Cf. F. classer. See Class, n.] 1. To arrange in classes; to classify or refer to some class; as to class words or passages. In scientific arrangement, to classify is used instead of to class. Dana. 2. To divide into classes, as students; to form into, or place in, a class or classes.

Class, v. i. To grouped or classed. “The genus or famiky under which it classes.
Tatham.”

Class´i•ble , a. Capable of being classed. { Clas´sic , Clas´sic•al } a. [L. classicus relating to the classes of the Roman people, and especially to the frist class; hence, of the first rank, superior, from classis class: cf. F. classique. See Class, n.] 1. Of or relating to the first class or rank, especially in literature or art. “Give, as thy last memorial to the age,
One classic drama, and reform the stage.
Byron.” “Mr. Greaves may justly be reckoned a classical author on this subject [Roman weights and coins].
Arbuthnot.” 2. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks and Romans, esp. to Greek or Roman authors of the highest rank, or of the period when their best literature was produced; of or pertaining to places inhabited by the ancient Greeks and Romans, or rendered famous by their deeds. “Though throned midst Latium’s classic plains.
Mrs. Hemans.” “The epithet classical, as applied to ancient authors, is determined less by the purity of their style than by the period at which they wrote.
Brande & C.” “He [Atterbury] directed the classical studies of the undergraduates of his college.
Macaulay.” 3. Conforming to the best authority in literature and art; chaste; pure; refined; as a classical style. “Classical, provincial, and national synods.
Macaulay.” Classicals orders. (Arch.) See under Order.

Clas´sic, n. 1. A work of acknowledged excellence and authority, or its author; — originally used of Greek and Latin works or authors, but now applied to authors and works of a like character in any language. “In is once raised him to the rank of a legitimate English classic.
Macaulay.” 2. One learned in the literature of Greece and Rome, or a student of classical literature.

Clas´sic•al•ism , n. 1. A classical idiom, style, or expression; a classicism. 2. Adherence to what are supposed or assumed to be the classical canons of art.

Clas´sic•al•ist, n. One who adheres to what he thinks the classical canons of art. Ruskin. { Clas•si•cal´i•ty , Clas´sic•al•ness } n. The quality of being classical.

Clas´sic•al•ly, adv. 1. In a classical manner; according to the manner of classical authors. 2. In the manner of classes; according to a regular order of classes or sets.

Clas´si•cism , n. A classic idiom or expression; a classicalism. C. Kingsley.

Clas´si•cist , n. One learned in the classics; an advocate for the classics.

Clas´si•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being classified.

Clas•sif´ic , a. Characterizing a class or classes; relating to classification.

Clas•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. classification.] The act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to some common relations or affinities. Artificial classification. (Science) See under Artifitial.

Clas´si•fi•ca•to•ry , a. Pertaining to classification; admitting of classification. ´A classificatory system.´ Earle.

Clas´si•fi•er , n. One who classifies.

Clas´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & pp. Classified p. pr. & vb. n. Classifying.] [L. classis class + ] To distribute into classes; to arrange according to a system; to arrange in sets according to some method founded on common properties or characters. Syn. — To arrange; distribute; rank.

Clas´sis , n.; pl. Classes (#). [L. See Class, n.] 1. A class or order; sort; kind. [Obs.] “His opinion of that classis of men.
Clarendon.” 2. (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical body or judicatory in certain churches, as the Reformed Dutch. It is intermediate between the consistory and the synod, and corresponds to the presbytery in the Presbyterian church.

Class´man , n.; pl. Classmen(#). 1. A member of a class; a classmate. 2. A candidate for graduation in arts who is placed in an honor class, as opposed to a passman, who is not classified. [Oxford, Eng.]

Class´mate , n. One who is in the same class with another, as at school or college.

Clas´tic , a. [Gr. br, fr. to break.] 1. Pertaining to what may be taken apart; as clastic anatomy (of models). 2. (Min.) Fragmental; made up of brok fragments; as sandstone is a clastic rock.

Clath´rate (klath´rat), a. [L. clathri lattice, Gr. klh,qra.] 1. (Bot.) Shaped like a lattice; cancellate. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface marked with raised lines resembling a lattice, as many shells.

Clat´ter (klat´ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clattered (- terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clattering.] [AS. clatrung a rattle, akin to D. klateren to rattle. Cf. Clack.] 1. To make a rattling sound by striking hard bodies together; to make a succession of abrupt, rattling sounds. “Clattering loud with iron clank.
Longfellow.” 2. To talk fast and noisily; to rattle with the tongue. “I see thou dost but clatter.
Spenser.”

Clat´ter, v. t. To make a rattling noise with. “You clatter still your brazen kettle.
Swift.”

Clat´ter, n. 1. A rattling noise, esp. that made by the collision of hard bodies; also any loud, abrupt sound; a repetition of abrupt sounds. “The goose let fall a golden egg
With cackle and with clatter.
Tennyson.” 2. Commotion; disturbance. ´Those mighty feats which made such a clatter in story.´ Barrow. 3. Rapid, noisy talk; babble; chatter. ´Hold still thy clatter.´ Towneley Myst. (15 th Cent. ). “Throw by your clatter
And handle the matter.
B. Jonson”

Clat´ter•er , n. One who clatters.

Clat´ter•ing•ly, adv. With clattering.

Claude´ Lor•raine´ glass [Its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the effects it gives to those of a picture by Claude Lorrain (often written Lorraine).] A slightly convex mirror, commonly of black glass, used as a toy for viewing the reflected landscape.

Clau´dent , a. [L. claudens, p. pr. of claudere to shut.] Shutting; confining; drawing together; as a claudent muscle. [R.] Jonson

Clau´di•cant , a. [L. claudicans, p. pr. of claudicare to limp, fr. claudus lame.] Limping. [R.]

Clau•di•ca´tion , n. [L. claudicatio.] A halting or limping. [R.] Tatler.

Clause , n. [F. clause, LL. clausa, equiv. to L. clausula clause, prop., close of rhetorical period, close, fr. claudere to shut, to end. See Close.] 1. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or sentence; an article, stipulation, or proviso, in a legal document. “The usual attestation clause to a will.
Bouvier.” 2. (Gram.) A subordinate portion or a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and its predicate.

Clause, n. [Obs.] See Letters clause or close, under Letter.

Claus´tral , a. [F., fr. LL. claustralis, fr. L. claustrum. See Cloister.] Cloistral. Ayliffe

Claus´trum , n.; pl. Claustra. [L., a bolt or bar.] (Anat.) A thin lamina of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain of man. — Claus´tral, a.

Clau´su•lar ( 135), a. [From L. clausula. See Clause, n.] Consisting of, or having, clauses. Smart.

Clau´sure ( 135), n. [L. clausura. See Closure.] The act of shutting up or confining; confinement. [R.] Geddes. { Cla´vate , Cla´va•ted } a. [L. clava club.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Club-shaped; having the form of a club; growing gradually thicker toward the top. [See Illust. of Antennae.]

Clave , imp. of Cleave. [Obs.]

Clav´e•cin , n. [F.] The harpsichord.

Cla´vel , n. See Clevis.

Clav´el•late , a. See Clavate.

Clav´el•la•ted , a. [Cf. LL. cineres clavelatti ashes of burnt lees or dregs of wine, F. clavel an inferior sort of soda, E. clavate.] (Old Chem.) Said of potash, probably in reference to its having been obtained from billets of wood by burning. [Obs.]

Clav´er , n. [Obs.] See Clover. Holland.

Clav´er, n. Frivolous or nonsensical talk; prattle; chattering. [Scot. & North of Eng.] “Emmy found herself entirely at a loss in the midst of their clavers.
Thackeray.”

Clav´i•chord , n. [F. clavicorde, fr. L. clavis key + chorda string.] (Mus.) A keyed stringed instrument, now superseded by the pianoforte. See Clarichord.

Clav´i•cle , n. [F. clavicule, fr. L. clavicula a little key, tendril, dim. of clavis key, akin to claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Clef.] (Anat.) The collar bone, which is joined at one end to the scapula, or shoulder blade, and at the other to the sternum, or breastbone. In man each clavicle is shaped like the letter , and is situated just above the first rib on either side of the neck. In birds the two clavicles are united ventrally, forming the merrythought, or wishbone.

Clav´i•corn , a. [Cf. F. clavicorne.] (Zoöl.) Having club-shaped antennae. See Antennae — n. One of the Clavicornes.

Clav•i•cor´nes , n. pl. [NL.; Fr. L. clava club + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A group of beetles having club-shaped antennae.

Cla•vic´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. claviculaire. See Clavicle.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the clavicle.

Cla´vi•er (? F. ?), n. [F., fr. L. clavis key.] (Mus.) The keyboard of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium. Clavier is the German name for a pianoforte.

Clav´i•form , a. [L. clava club + -form.] (Bot.) Club- shaped; clavate. Craig.

Clav´i•ger , n. [L., fr. clavis key + gerere to carry.] One who carries the keys of any place.

Clav´i•ger, n. [L., fr. clava club + gerere to carry.] One who carries a club; a club bearer.

Cla•vig´er•ous , a. Bearing a club or a key.

Cla´vis , n.; pl. L. Claves (#), E. Clavises (#). [L.] A key; a glossary.

Cla´vus , n. [L., a nail.] A callous growth, esp. one the foot; a corn.

Cla´vy , n.; pl. Clavies (#). [Cf. F. claveau centerpiece of an arch.] (Arch.) A mantelpiece.

Claw (kla), n. [AS. clawu, cla, cleó; akin to D. klaauw, G. klaue, Icel. klo, Sw. & Dan. klo, and perh. to E. clew.] 1. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or bird. 2. The whole foot of an animal armed with hooked nails; the pinchers of a lobster, crab, etc. 3. Anything resembling the claw of an animal, as the curved and forked end of a hammer for drawing nails. 4. (Bot.) A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, as the base of petals of the pink. Gray. Claw hammer, a hammer with one end of the metallic head cleft for use in extracting nails, etc. — Claw hammer coat, a dress coat of the swallowtail pattern. [Slang] — Claw sickness, foot rot, a disease affecting sheep.

Claw (kla), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clawed (klad); p. pr. & vb. n. Clawing.] [AS. clawan. See Claw, n.] 1. To pull, tear, or scratch with, or as with, claws or nails. 2. To relieve from some uneasy sensation, as by scratching; to tickle; hence, to flatter; to court. [Obs.] “Rich men they claw, soothe up, and flatter; the poor they contemn and despise.
Holland.” 3. To rail at; to scold. [Obs.] “In the aforesaid preamble, the king fairly claweth the great monasteries, wherein, saith he, religion, thanks be to God, is right well kept and observed; though he claweth them soon after in another acceptation.
T. Fuller” Claw me, claw thee, stand by me and I will stand by you; — an old proverb. Tyndale. — To claw away, to scold or revile. ´The jade Fortune is to be clawed away for it, if you should lose it.´ L’Estrange. — To claw (one) on the back, to tickle; to express approbation. (Obs.) Chaucer. — To claw (one) on the gall, to find fault with; to vex. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Claw, v. i. To scrape, scratch, or dig with a claw, or with the hand as a claw. ´Clawing [in ash barrels] for bits of coal.´ W. D. Howells. To claw off (Naut.), to turn to windward and beat, to prevent falling on a lee shore.

Claw´back , n. A flatterer or sycophant. [Obs.] ´Take heed of these clawbacks.´ Latimer.

Claw´back, a. Flattering; sycophantic. [Obs.] “Like a clawback parasite.
Bp. Hall.”

Claw´back, v. t. To flatter. [Obs.] Warner.

Clawed (klad), a. Furnished with claws. N. Grew.

Claw´less, a. Destitute of claws.

Clay (kla), n. [AS. claeg; akin to LG. klei, D. klei, and perh. to AS. clam clay, L. glus, gluten glue, Gr. gloio•s glutinous substance, E. glue. Cf. Clog.] 1. A soft earth, which is plastic, or may be molded with the hands, consisting of hydrous silicate of aluminium. It is the result of the wearing down and decomposition, in part, of rocks containing aluminous minerals, as granite. Lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and other ingredients, are often present as impurities. 2. (Poetry & Script.) Earth in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body; hence, the human body as formed from such particles. “I also am formed out of the clay.
Job xxxiii. 6.” “The earth is covered thick with other clay,
Which her own clay shall cover.
Byron.” Bowlder clay. See under Bowlder. — Brick clay, the common clay, containing some iron, and therefore turning red when burned. — Clay cold, cold as clay or earth; lifeless; inanimate. — Clay ironstone, an ore of iron consisting of the oxide or carbonate of iron mixed with clay or sand. — Clay marl, a whitish, smooth, chalky clay. — Clay mill, a mill for mixing and tempering clay; a pug mill. — Clay pit, a pit where clay is dug. — Clay slate (Min.), argillaceous schist; argillite. — Fatty clays, clays having a greasy feel; they are chemical compounds of water, silica, and aluminia, as halloysite, bole, etc. — Fire clay , a variety of clay, entirely free from lime, iron, or an alkali, and therefore infusible, and used for fire brick. — Porcelain clay, a very pure variety, formed directly from the decomposition of feldspar, and often called kaolin. - - Potter’s clay, a tolerably pure kind, free from iron.

Clay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clayed p. pr. & vb. n. Claying.] 1. To cover or manure with clay. 2. To clarify by filtering through clay, as sugar.

Clay´-brained , a. Stupid. [Obs.] Shak.

Clayes , n. pl. [F. claie hurdle.] (Fort.) Wattles, or hurdles, made with stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover lodgments. [Obs.]

Clay´ey , a. Consisting of clay; abounding with clay; partaking of clay; like clay.

Clay´ish, a. Partaking of the nature of clay, or containing particles of it.

Clay´more , n. [Gael. claidheamhmor a broadsword; Gael. claidheamh sword + mor great, large. Cf. Claymore.] A large two-handed sword used formerly by the Scottish Highlanders.

Clay•to´ni•a , n. [Named after Dr.John Clayton, an American botanist.] (Bot.) An American genus of perennial herbs with delicate blossoms; — sometimes called spring beauty.

Clead´ing , n. [Scot., clothing. See Cloth.] 1. A jacket or outer covering of wood, etc., to prevent radiation of heat, as from the boiler, cylinder. etc., of a steam engine. 2. The planking or boarding of a shaft, cofferdam, etc.

Clean (klen), a. [Compar. Cleaner ; superl. Cleanest.] [OE. clene, AS. claene; akin to OHG. chleini pure, neat, graceful, small, G. klein small, and perh. to W. glan clean, pure, bright; all perh. from a primitive, meaning bright, shining. Cf. Glair.] 1. Free from dirt or filth; as clean clothes. 2. Free from that which is useless or injurious; without defects; as clean land; clean timber. 3. Free from awkwardness; not bungling; adroit; dexterous; as a clean trick; a clean leap over a fence. 4. Free from errors and vulgarisms; as a clean style. 5. Free from restraint or neglect; complete; entire. “When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of corners of thy field.
Lev. xxiii. 22.” 6. Free from moral defilement; sinless; pure. “Create in me a clean heart, O God.
Ps. li. 10” “That I am whole, and clean, and meet for Heaven
Tennyson.” 7. (Script.) Free from ceremonial defilement. 8. Free from that which is corrupting to the morals; pure in tone; healthy. ´Lothair is clean.´ F. Harrison. 9. Well-proportioned; shapely; as clean limbs. A clean bill of health, a certificate from the proper authority that a ship is free from infection. — Clean breach. See under Breach, n., 4. — To make a clean breast. See under Breast.

Clean, adv. 1. Without limitation or remainder; quite; perfectly; wholly; entirely. ´Domestic broils clean overblown.´ Shak. ´Clean contrary.´ Milton. “All the people were passed clean over Jordan.
Josh. iii. 17.” 2. Without miscarriage; not bunglingly; dexterously. [Obs.] ´Pope came off clean with Homer.´ Henley.

Clean (klen), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleaned (klend); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaning.] [See Clean, a., and cf. Cleanse.] To render clean; to free from whatever is foul, offensive, or extraneous; to purify; to cleanse. To clean out, to exhaust; to empty; to get away from (one) all his money. [Colloq.] De Quincey.

Clean´-cut (klen´kut), a. See Clear-cut.

Clean´er , n. One who, or that which, cleans.

Clean´ing, n. 1. The act of making clean. 2. The afterbirth of cows, ewes, etc. Gardner.

Clean´li•ly , adv. In a cleanly manner.

Clean´-limbed , a. With well-proportioned, unblemished limbs; as a clean-limbed young fellow. Dickens.

Clean´li•ness (klen´li•nes), n. [From Cleanly.] State of being cleanly; neatness of person or dress. “Cleanliness from head to heel.
Swift.”

Clean´ly , a. [Compar. Cleanlier superl. Cleanliest.] [From Clean.] 1. Habitually clean; pure; innocent. ´Cleanly joys.´ Glanvill. “Some plain but cleanly country maid.
Dryden.” “Displays her cleanly platter on the board.
Goldsmith.” 2. Cleansing; fitted to remove moisture; dirt, etc. [Obs.] ´With cleanly powder dry their hair.´ Prior. 3. Adroit; skillful; dexterous; artful. [Obs.] “Through his fine handling and his cleanly play.
Spenser.”

Clean´ly , adv. 1. In a clean manner; neatly. “He was very cleanly dressed.
Dickens.” 2. Innocently; without stain. Shak. 3. Adroitly; dexterously. Middleton.

Clean´ness, n. [AS. clnnes. See Clean.] 1. The state or quality of being clean. 2. Purity of life or language; freedom from licentious courses. Chaucer.

Cleans´a•ble (klenz´a•b’l), a. Capable of being cleansed. Sherwood.

Cleanse (klenz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleansed (klenzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleansing.] [AS. claensian, fr. claene clean. See Clean.] To render clean; to free from fith, pollution, infection, guilt, etc.; to clean. “If we walk in the light … the blood of Jesus Christ his son cleanseth us from all sin.
1 John i. 7.” “Can’st thou not minister to a mind diseased,
And with some sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse the suffed bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon the heart?
Shak.”

Cleans´er (-er), n. [AS. claensere.] One who, or that which, cleanses; a detergent. Arbuthnot.

Clean´-tim•bered , a. Well- proportioned; symmetrical. [Poetic] Shak.

Clear (kler), a. [Compar. Clearer (-er); superl. Clearest.] [OE. cler, cleer, OF. cler, F. clair, fr.L. clarus, clear, bright, loud, distinct, renowned; perh. akin to L. clamare to call, E. claim. Cf. Chanticleer, Clairvoyant, Claret, Clarify.] 1. Free from opaqueness; transparent; bright; light; luminous; unclouded. “The stream is so transparent, pure, and clear.
Denham.” “Fair as the moon, clear as the sun.
Canticles vi. 10.” 2. Free from ambiguity or indistinctness; lucid; perspicuous; plain; evident; manifest; indubitable. “One truth is clear; whatever is, is right.
Pope.” 3. Able to perceive clearly; keen; acute; penetrating; discriminating; as a clear intellect; a clear head. “Mother of science! now I feel thy power
Within me clear, not only to discern
Things in their causes, but to trace the ways
Of highest agents.
Milton.” 4. Not clouded with passion; serene; cheerful. “With a countenance as clear
As friendship wears at feasts.
Shak.” 5. Easily or distinctly heard; audible; canorous. “Hark! the numbers soft and clear
Gently steal upon the ear.
Pope.” 6. Without mixture; entirely pure; as clear sand. 7. Without defect or blemish, such as freckles or knots; as a clear complexion; clear lumber. 8. Free from guilt or stain; unblemished. “Statesman, yet friend to truth! in soul sincere,
In action faithful, and in honor clear.
Pope.” 9. Without diminution; in full; net; as clear profit. “I often wished that I had clear,
For life, six hundred pounds a-year.
Swift.” 10. Free from impediment or obstruction; unobstructed; as a clear view; to keep clear of debt. “My companion … left the way clear for him.
Addison.” 11. Free from embarrassment; detention, etc. “The cruel corporal whispered in my ear,
Five pounds, if rightly tipped, would set me clear.
Gay.” Clear breach. See under Breach, n., 4. — Clear days (Law.), days reckoned from one day to another, excluding both the first and last day; as from Sunday to Sunday there are six clear days. — Clear stuff, boards, planks, etc., free from knots. Syn. — Manifest; pure; unmixed; pellucid; transparent; luminous; obvious; visible; plain; evident; apparent; distinct; perspicuous. See Manifest.

Clear (kler), n. (Carp.) Full extent; distance between extreme limits; especially; the distance between the nearest surfaces of two bodies, or the space between walls; as a room ten feet square in the clear.

Clear, adv. 1. In a clear manner; plainly. “Now clear I understand
What oft … thoughts have searched in vain.
Milton.” 2. Without limitation; wholly; quite; entirely; as to cut a piece clear off.

Clear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleared p. pr. & vb. n. Clearing.] 1. To render bright, transparent, or undimmed; to free from clouds. “He sweeps the skies and clears the cloudy north.
Dryden.” 2. To free from impurities; to clarify; to cleanse. 3. To free from obscurity or ambiguity; to relive of perplexity; to make perspicuous. “Many knotty points there are
Which all discuss, but few can clear.
Prior.” 4. To render more quick or acute, as the understanding; to make perspicacious. “Our common prints would clear up their understandings.
Addison” 5. To free from impediment or incumbrance, from defilement, or from anything injurious, useless, or offensive; as to clear land of trees or brushwood, or from stones; to clear the sight or the voice; to clear one’s self from debt; — often used with of, off, away, or out. “Clear your mind of cant.
Dr. Johnson.” “A statue lies hid in a block of marble; and the art of the statuary only clears away the superfluous matter.
Addison.” 6. To free from the imputation of guilt; to justify, vindicate, or acquit; — often used with from before the thing imputed. “I … am sure he will clear me from partiality.
Dryden.” “How! wouldst thou clear rebellion?
Addison.” 7. To leap or pass by, or over, without touching or failure; as to clear a hedge; to clear a reef. 8. To gain without deduction; to net. “The profit which she cleared on the cargo.
Macaulay.” To clear a ship at the customhouse, to exhibit the documents required by law, give bonds, or perform other acts requisite, and procure a permission to sail, and such papers as the law requires. — To clear a ship for action, or To clear for action (Naut.), to remove incumbrances from the decks, and prepare for an engagement. — To clear the land (Naut.), to gain such a distance from shore as to have sea room, and be out of danger from the land. — To clear hawse (Naut.), to disentangle the cables when twisted. — To clear up, to explain; to dispel, as doubts, cares or fears.

Clear (kler), v. i. 1. To become free from clouds or fog; to become fair; — often followed by up, off, or away. “So foul a sky clears not without a storm.
Shak.” “Advise him to stay till the weather clears up.
Swift.” 2. To disengage one’s self from incumbrances, distress, or entanglements; to become free. [Obs.] “He that clears at once will relapse; for finding himself out of straits, he will revert to his customs; but he that cleareth by degrees induceth a habit of frugality.
Bacon. ” 3. (Banking) To make exchanges of checks and bills, and settle balances, as is done in a clearing house. 4. To obtain a clearance; as the steamer cleared for Liverpool to-day. To clear out, to go or run away; to depart. [Colloq.]

Clear´age , n. The act of removing anything; clearance. [R.]

Clear´ance (-ans), n. 1. The act of clearing; as to make a thorough clearance. 2. A certificate that a ship or vessel has been cleared at the customhouse; permission to sail. “Every ship was subject to seizure for want of stamped clearances.
Durke” 3. Clear or net profit. Trollope. 4. (Mach.) The distance by which one object clears another, as the distance between the piston and cylinder head at the end of a stroke in a steam engine, or the least distance between the point of a cogwheel tooth and the bottom of a space between teeth of a wheel with which it engages. Clearance space (Steam engine), the space inclosed in one end of the cylinder, between the valve or valves and the piston, at the beginning of a stroke; waste room. It includes the space caused by the piston’s clearance and the space in ports, passageways, etc. Its volume is often expressed as a certain proportion of the volume swept by the piston in a single stroke.

Clear´-cut , a. 1. Having a sharp, distinct outline, like that of a cameo. “She has … a cold and clear-cut face.
Tennyson.” 2. Concisely and distinctly expressed.

Clear´ed•ness , n. The quality of being cleared. “Imputed by his friends to the clearedness, by his foes to the searedness, of his conscience.
T. Fuller.”

Clear´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, clears. “Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding.
Addison.” 2. (Naut.) A tool of which the hemp for lines and twines, used by sailmakers, is finished.

Clear´-head•ed (kler´hed•ed), a. Having a clear understanding; quick of perception; intelligent. ´He was laborious and clear- headed.´ Macaulay. — Clear´-head•ed•ness, n.

Clear´ing, n. 1. The act or process of making clear. “The better clearing of this point.
South.” 2. A tract of land cleared of wood for cultivation. “A lonely clearing on the shores of Moxie Lake.
J. Burroughs.” 3. A method adopted by banks and bankers for making an exchange of checks held by each against the others, and settling differences of accounts. In England, a similar method has been adopted by railroads for adjusting their accounts with each other. 4. The gross amount of the balances adjusted in the clearing house. Clearing house, the establishment where the business of clearing is carried on. See above, 3.

Clear´ly, adv. In a clear manner.

Clear´ness, n. The quality or state of being clear. Syn. — Clearness, Perspicuity. Clearness has reference to our ideas and springs from a distinct conception of the subject under consideration. Perspicuity has reference to the mode of expressing our ideas and belongs essentially to style. Hence we speak of a writer as having clear ideas a clear arrangement, and perspicuous phraseology. We do at times speak of a person’s having great clearness of style; but in such cases we are usually thinking of the clearness of his ideas as manifested in language. ´Whenever men think clearly, and are thoroughly interested, they express themselves with perspicuity and force.´ Robertson.

Clear´-see•ing , a. Having a clear physical or mental vision; having a clear understanding.

Clear´-shin•ing , a. Shining brightly. Shak.

Clear´-sight•ed (-sit•ed), a. Seeing with clearness; discerning; as clear-sighted reason.

Clear´-sight•ed•ness, n. Acute discernment.

Clear´starch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clearstarched p. pr. & vb. n. Clearstraching.] To stiffen with starch, and then make clear by clapping with the hands; as to clearstarch muslin.

Clear´starch•er , n. One who clearstarches. { Clear´sto•ry , Clere´sto•ry } n. (Arch.) The upper story of the nave of a church, containing windows, and rising above the aisle roofs.

Clear´wing , n. (Zoöl.) A lepidopterous insect with partially transparent wings, of the family AEgeriadae, of which the currant and peach-tree borers are examples.

Cleat (klet), n. [OE. clete wedge; cf. D. kloot ball, Ger. kloss, klotz, lump. clod, MHG. kloz lump, ball, wedge, OHG. chloz ball, round mass.] 1. (Carp.) A strip of wood or iron fastened on transversely to something in order to give strength, prevent warping, hold position, etc. 2. (Naut.) A device made of wood or metal, having two arms, around which turns may be taken with a line or rope so as to hold securely and yet be readily released. It is bolted by the middle to a deck or mast, etc., or it may be lashed to a rope.

Cleat, v. t. To strengthen with a cleat.

Cleav´a•ble , a. Capable of cleaving or being divided.

Cleav´age , n. 1. The act of cleaving or splitting. 2. (Crystallog.) The quality possessed by many crystallized substances of splitting readily in one or more definite directions, in which the cohesive attraction is a minimum, affording more or less smooth surfaces; the direction of the dividing plane; a fragment obtained by cleaving, as of a diamond. See Parting. 3. (Geol.) Division into laminae, like slate, with the lamination not necessarily parallel to the plane of deposition; — usually produced by pressure. Basal cleavage, cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes. — Cell cleavage (Biol.), multiplication of cells by fission. See Segmentation. — Cubic cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of a cube. — Diagonal cleavage, cleavage parallel to ta diagonal plane. — Egg clavage. (Biol.) See Segmentation. — Lateral cleavage, cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. — Octahedral, Dodecahedral, or Rhombohedral, cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of an octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron. — Prismatic cleavage, cleavage parallel to a vertical prism.

Cleave (klev), v. i. [imp. Cleaved (klevd), Clave (klav, Obs.); p. p. Cleaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] [OE. cleovien, clivien, cliven, AS. cleofian, clifian; akin to OS. klibon, G. kleben, LG. kliven, D. kleven, Dan. klaebe, Sw. klibba, and also to G. kleiben to cleve, paste, Icel. klifa to climb. Cf. Climb.] 1. To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast; to cling. “My bones cleave to my skin.
Ps. cii. 5.” “The diseases of Egypt … shall cleave unto thee.
Deut. xxviii. 60.” “Sophistry cleaves close to and protects
Sin’s rotten trunk, concealing its defects.
Cowper.” 2. To unite or be united closely in interest or affection; to adhere with strong attachment. “Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife.
Gen. ii. 24.” “Cleave unto the Lord your God.
Josh. xxiii. 8.” 3. To fit; to be adapted; to assimilate. [Poetic.] “New honors come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mold
But with the aid of use.
Shak.”

Cleave (klev), v. t. [imp. Cleft (kleft), Clave (klav, Obs.), Clove (klov, Obsolescent); p. p. Cleft, Cleaved (klevd) or Cloven (klo´v’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] [OE. cleoven, cleven, AS. cleófan; akin to OS. klioban, D. klooven, G. klieben, Icel. kljufa, Sw. klyfva, Dan. klöve and prob. to Gr. gly•fein to carve, L. glubere to peel. Cf. Cleft.] 1. To part or divide by force; to split or rive; to cut. “O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain.
Shak.” 2. To part or open naturally; to divide. “Every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws.
Deut. xiv. 6.”

Cleave, v. i. To part; to open; to crack; to separate; as parts of bodies; as the ground cleaves by frost. “The Mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst.
Zech. xiv. 4.”

Cleave´land•ite , n. [From Professor Parker Cleaveland.] (Min.) A variety of albite, white and lamellar in structure.

Cleav´er , n. One who cleaves, or that which cleaves; especially, a butcher’s instrument for cutting animal bodies into joints or pieces.

Cleav´ers , n. [From Cleave to stick.] (Bot.) A species of Galium (G. Aparine), having a fruit set with hooked bristles, which adhere to whatever they come in contact with; — called also goose grass, catchweed, etc.

Cle•che´ , a. [F. cleche.] (Her.) Charged with another bearing of the same figure, and of the color of the field, so large that only a narrow border of the first bearing remains visible; — said of any heraldic bearing. Compare Voided.

Cle´chy , a. See Cleche.

Cledge , n. [Cf. Clay.] (Mining.) The upper stratum of fuller’s earth.

Cledg´y , a. Stiff, stubborn, clayey, or tenacious; as a cledgy soil. Halliwell.

Clee (kle), n. A claw. [Obs.] Holland.

Clee, n. (Zoöl.) The redshank.

Clef (klef; 277), n. [F. clef key, a key in music, fr. L. clavis key. See Clavicle.] (Mus.) A character used in musical notation to determine the position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff. The clefs are three in number, called the C, F, and G clefs, and are probably corruptions or modifications of these letters. They indicate that the letters of absolute pitch belonging to the lines upon which they are placed, are respectively C, F, and G. The F or bass clef, and the G or treble clef, are fixed in their positions upon the staff. The C clef may have three positions. It may be placed upon the first or lower line of the staff, in which case it is called soprano clef, upon the third line, in which case it called alto clef, or upon the fourth line, in which case tenor clef. It rarely or never is placed upon the second line, except in ancient music. See other forms of C clef under C, 2. Alto clef, Bass clef. See under Alto, Bass.

Cleft (kleft), imp. & p. p. from Cleave.

Cleft, a. 1. Divided; split; partly divided or split. 2. (Bot.) Incised nearly to the midrib; as a cleft leaf.

Cleft, n. [OE. clift; cf. Sw. klyft cave, den, Icel. kluft cleft, Dan. klöft, G. kluft. See Cleave to split and cf. 2d Clift, 1st Clough.] 1. A space or opening made by splitting; a crack; a crevice; as the cleft of a rock. Is. ii. 21. 2. A piece made by splitting; as a cleft of wood. 3. (Far.) A disease in horses; a crack on the band of the pastern. Branchial clefts. See under Branchial. Syn. — Crack; crevice; fissure; chink; cranny.

Cleft´-foot•ed , a. Having a cloven foot.

Cleft´graft , v. t. To ingraft by cleaving the stock and inserting a scion. Mortimer.

Cleg , n. [Northern Eng. & Scot. gleg: cf. Gael. crethleag.] (Zoöl.) A small breeze or horsefly. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson. { Cleis•to•gam´ic , Cleis•tog´a•mous } a. [Gr. closed (fr. to shut) + ga•mos marriage.] (Bot.) Having, beside the usual flowers, other minute, closed flowers, without petals or with minute petals; — said of certain species of plants which possess flowers of two or more kinds, the closed ones being so constituted as to insure self-fertilization. Darwin.

Clem (klem), v. t. & i. [Cf. clam to clog, or G. klemmen to pinch, Icel. klömbra, E. clamp.] To starve; to famish. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Clem´a•tis (klem´a•tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. klhmati•s brushwood, also (from its long, lithe branches) clematis. fr. klh^ma twig, shoot, fr. kla^n to break off.] (Bot.) A genus of flowering plants, of many species, mostly climbers, having feathery styles, which greatly enlarge in the fruit; — called also virgin’s bower.

Clem´ence , n. Clemency. [Obs.] Spenser.

Clem´en•cy , n.; pl. Clemencies (#). [L. clementia, fr. clemens mild, calm.] 1. Disposition to forgive and spare, as offenders; mildness of temper; gentleness; tenderness; mercy. “Great clemency and tender zeal toward their subjects.
Stowe.” “They had applied for the royal clemency.
Macaulay.” 2. Mildness or softness of the elements; as the clemency of the season. Syn. — Mildness; tenderness; indulgence; lenity; mercy; gentleness; compassion; kindness.

Clem´ent , a. [L. clemens; -entis; cf. F. clment.] Mild in temper and disposition; merciful; compassionate. Shak. — Clem´ent•ly, adv.

Clem´ent•ine , a. Of or pertaining to Clement, esp. to St. Clement of Rome and the spurious homilies attributed to him, or to Pope Clement V. and his compilations of canon law.

Clench , n. & v. t. See Clinch.

Clepe (klep), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleped (klep´ed) or (klept); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleping. Cf. Ycleped.] [AS. clepan, cleopian, clipian, clypian, to cry, call.] To call, or name. [Obs.] “That other son was cleped Cambalo.
Chaucer.”

Clepe, v. i. To make appeal; to cry out. [Obs.] “Wandering in woe, and to the heavens on high
Cleping for vengeance of this treachery.
Mir. for Mag.”

Clep´si•ne , n. (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water leeches, furnished with a proboscis. They feed upon mollusks and worms.

Clep´sy•dra ( 277), n. [L. from Gr. ; to steal, conceal + water.] A water clock; a contrivance for measuring time by the graduated flow of a liquid, as of water, through a small aperture. See Illust. in Appendix.

Clep•to•ma´ni•a , n. [NL.] See Kleptomania.

Clere´sto•ry (kler´sto•ry), n. Same as Clearstory.

Cler´geon (kler´jun), n. [F., dim. of clerc. See Clerk.] A chorister boy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cler´gi•al , a. Learned; erudite; clerical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cler´gi•cal , a. Of or pertaining to the clergy; clerical; clerkily; learned. [Obs.] Milton.

Cler´gy , n. [OE. clergie, clergi, clerge, OF. clergie, F. clergie (fr. clerc clerc, fr. L. clericus priest) confused with OF. clergie, F. clerge, fr. LL. clericatus office of priest, monastic life, fr. L. clericus priest, LL. scholar, clerc. Both the Old French words meant clergy, in sense 1, the former having also sense 2. See Clerk.] 1. The body of men set apart, by due ordination, to the service of God, in the Christian church, in distinction from the laity; in England, usually restricted to the ministers of the Established Church. Hooker. 2. Learning; also a learned profession. [Obs.] “Sophictry … rhetoric, and other cleargy.
Guy of Warwick.” “Put their second sons to learn some clergy.
State Papers (1515).” 3. The privilege or benefit of clergy. “If convicted of a clergyable felony, he is entitled equally to his clergy after as before conviction.
Blackstone.” Benefit of clergy (Eng., Law), the exemption of the persons of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge — a privilege which was extended to all who could read, such persons being, in the eye of the law, clerici, or clerks. This privilege was abridged and modified by various statutes, and finally abolished in the reign of George IV. (1827). — Regular clergy, Secular clergy See Regular, n., and Secular, a.

Cler´gy•a•ble , a. Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit of clergy; as a clergyable felony. Blackstone.

Cler´gy•man , n.; pl. Clergymen (#). An ordained minister; a man regularly authorized to preach the gospel, and administer its ordinances; in England usually restricted to a minister of the Established Church.

Cler´ic , n. [AS., fr. L. clericus. See Clerk.] A clerk, a clergyman. [R.] Bp. Horsley.

Cler´ic , a. Same as Clerical.

Cler´ic•al , a. [LL. clericalis. See Clerk.] 1. Of or pertaining to the clergy; suitable for the clergy. ´A clerical education.´ Burke. 2. Of or relating to a clerk or copyist, or to writing. ´Clerical work.´ E. Everett. A clerical error, an error made in copying or writing.

Cler´ic•al•ism , n. An excessive devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order; undue influence of the clergy; sacerdotalism.

Cler•ic´i•ty , n. The state of being a clergyman.

Cler´i•sy , n. [LL. clericia. See Clergy.] 1. The literati, or well educated class. 2. The clergy, or their opinions, as opposed to the laity.

Clerk (klerk; in Eng. klärk; 277), n. [Either OF. clerc, fr. L. clericus a priest, or AS. clerc, cleric, clerk, priest, fr. L. clericus, fr. Gr. klhriko•s belonging to the clergy, fr. klh^ros lot, allotment, clergy; cf. Deut. xviii. 2. Cf. Clergy.] 1. A clergyman or ecclesiastic. [Obs.] “All persons were styled clerks that served in the church of Christ.
Ayliffe.” 2. A man who could read; a scholar; a learned person; a man of letters. [Obs.] ´Every one that could read … being accounted a clerk.´ Blackstone. “He was no great clerk, but he was perfectly well versed in the interests of Europe.
Burke.” 3. A parish officer, being a layman who leads in reading the responses of the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it. [Eng.] Hook. “And like unlettered clerk still cry ´Amen´.
Shak.” 4. One employed to keep records or accounts; a scribe; an accountant; as the clerk of a court; a town clerk. “The clerk of the crown … withdrew the bill.
Strype.” In some cases, clerk is synonymous with secretary. A clerk is always an officer subordinate to a higher officer, board, corporation, or person; whereas a secretary may be either a subordinate or the head of an office or department. 5. An assistant in a shop or store. [U. S.]

Clerk´-ale (? in Eng. ), n. A feast for the benefit of the parish clerk. [Eng.] T. Warton.

Clerk´less, a. Unlearned. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Clerk´like , a. Scholarlike. [Obs.] Shak.

Clerk´li•ness , n. Scholarship. [Obs.]

Clerk´ly, a. Of or pertaining to a clerk. Cranmer.

Clerk´ly, adv. In a scholarly manner. [Obs.] Shak.

Clerk´ship, n. State, quality, or business of a clerk.

Cler´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. lot + -mancy; cf. F. cleromancie.] A divination by throwing dice or casting lots.

Cle•ron´o•my , n. [Gr. inheritance + to possess.] Inheritance; heritage.

Cler´sto•ry , n. See Clearstory.

Clev´er , a. [Origin uncertain. Cf. OE. cliver eager, AS. clyfer (in comp.) cloven; or clifer a claw, perh. connected with E. cleave to divide, split, the meaning of E. clever perh. coming from the idea of grasping, seizing (with the mind).] 1. Possessing quickness of intellect, skill, dexterity, talent, or adroitness; expert. “Though there were many clever men in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only two great creative minds.
Macaulay.” “Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever.
C. Kingsley.” 2. Showing skill or adroitness in the doer or former; as a clever speech; a clever trick. Byron. 3. Having fitness, propriety, or suitableness. “´T would sound more clever
To me and to my heirs forever.
Swift.” 4. Well-shaped; handsome. ´The girl was a tight, clever wench as any was.´ Arbuthnot. 5. Good-natured; obliging. [U. S.] Syn. — See Smart.

Clev´er•ish , a. Somewhat clever. [R.]

Clev´er•ly, adv. In a clever manner. “Never was man so clever absurd.
C. Smart.”

Clev´er•ness, n. The quality of being clever; skill; dexterity; adroitness. Syn. — See Ingenuity.

Clev´is , n. [Cf. Cleave to adhere, Clavel.] A piece of metal bent in the form of an oxbow, with the two ends perforated to receive a pin, used on the end of the tongue of a plow, wagen, etc., to attach it to a draft chain, whiffletree, etc.; — called also clavel, clevy. { Clew (klu), Clue } n. [OE. clewe, clowe, clue, AS. cleowen, cliwen, clywe ball of thread; akin to D. kluwen, OHG. chliwa, chliuwa, G. dim. kleuel, knäuel, and perch. to L. gluma hull, husk, Skr. glaus sort of ball or tumor. Perch. akin to E. claw. rad.26. Cf. Knawel.] 1. A ball of thread, yarn, or cord; also The thread itself. “Untwisting his deceitful clew.
Spenser.” 2. That which guides or directs one in anything of a doubtful or intricate nature; that which gives a hint in the solution of a mystery. “The clew, without which it was perilous to enter the vast and intricate maze of countinental politics, was in his hands.
Macaulay.” 3. (Naut.) (a.) A lower corner of a square sail, or the after corner of a fore-and- aft sail. (b.) A loop and thimbles at the corner of a sail. (c.) A combination of lines or nettles by which a hammock is suspended. Clew garnet (Naut.), one of the ropes by which the clews of the courses of square-rigged vessels are drawn up to the lower yards. — Clew line (Naut.), a rope by which a clew of one of the smaller square sails, as topsail, topgallant sail, or royal, is run up to its yard. — Clew-line block (Naut.), The block through which a clew line reeves. See Illust. of Block.

Clew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. & vb. n. Clewing.] [Cf. D. kluwenen. See Clew, n.] 1. To direct; to guide, as by a thread. [Obs.] “Direct and clew me out the way to happiness.
Beau. && Fl.” 2. (Naut.) To move of draw (a sail or yard) by means of the clew garnets, clew lines, etc.; esp. to draw up the clews of a square sail to the yard. To clew down (Naut.), to force (a yard) down by hauling on the clew lines. — To clew up (Naut.), to draw (a sail) up to the yard, as for furling.

Cli•che´ , n. [F. cliche, from clicher to stereotype.] A stereotype plate or any similar reproduction of ornament, or lettering, in relief. Cliche casting, a mode of obtaining an impression from a die or woodcut, or the like, by striking it suddenly upon metal which has been fused and is just becoming solid; also the casting so obtained.

Click (klik), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clicked (klikt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clicking.] [Prob. an onomatopoetic word: cf. OF. cliquier. See Clack, and cf. Clink, Clique.] To make a slight, sharp noise (or a succession of such noises), as by gentle striking; to tick. “The varnished clock that clicked behind the door.
Goldsmith.”

Click, v. t. 1. To move with the sound of a click. “She clicked back the bolt which held the window sash.
Thackeray.” 2. To cause to make a clicking noise, as by striking together, or against something. “[Jove] clicked all his marble thumbs.
Ben Jonson.” “When merry milkmaids click the latch.
Tennyson.”

Click, n. 1. A slight sharp noise, such as is made by the cocking of a pistol. 2. A kind of articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa, consisting in a sudden withdrawal of the end or some other portion of the tongue from a part of the mouth with which it is in contact, whereby a sharp, clicking sound is produced. The sounds are four in number, and are called cerebral, palatal, dental, and lateral clicks or clucks, the latter being the noise ordinarily used in urging a horse forward.

Click, v. t. [OE. kleken, clichen. Cf. Clutch.] To snatch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Click, n. [Cf. 4th Click, and OF. clique latch.] 1. A detent, pawl, or ratchet, as that which catches the cogs of a ratchet wheel to prevent backward motion. See Illust. of Ratched wheel. 2. The latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

Click´ bee´tle (Zoöl.) See Elater.

Click´er , n. 1. One who stands before a shop door to invite people to buy. [Low, Eng.] 2. (Print.) One who as has charge of the work of a companionship.

Click´et , n. [OF. cliquet the latch of a door. See 5th Click.] 1. The knocker of a door. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A latch key. [Eng.] Chaucer.

Click´y , a. Resembling a click; abounding in clicks. ´Their strange clicky language.´ The Century.

Cli•das´tes , n. [NL., prob. from Gr. klei•s key.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct marine reptiles, allied to the Mosasaurus. See Illust. in Appendix.

Cli´en•cy , n. State of being a client.

Cli´ent , n. [L. cliens, -emtis, for cluens, one who hears (in relation to his protector), a client, fr. L. cluere to be named or called; akin to Gr. to hear, Skr. çry, and E. loud: cf. F. client. See Loud.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A citizen who put himself under the protection of a man of distinction and influence, who was called his patron. 2. A dependent; one under the protection of another. “I do think they are your friends and clients,
And fearful to disturb you.
B. Jonson.” 3. (Law) One who consults a legal adviser, or submits his cause to his management.

Cli´ent•age , n. 1. State of being client. 2. A body of clients. E. Everett.

Cli•en´tal , a. Of or pertaining to a client. “A dependent and cliental relation.
Burke.” “I sat down in the cliental chair.
Dickens.”

Cli´ent•ed , a. Supplied with clients. [R.] “The least cliented pettifiggers.
R. Carew.”

Cli•en´te•lage , n. See Clientele, n., 2.

Cli•en•tele´ , n. [L. clientela: cf. F. clientèle.] 1. The condition or position of a client; clientship. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. The clients or dependents of a nobleman of patron. 3. The persons who make habitual use of the services of another person; one’s clients, collectively; as the clientele of a lawyer, doctor, notary, etc.

Cli´ent•ship , n. Condition of a client; state of being under the protection of a patron. Dryden.

Cliff (klif), n. [AS. clif, cloef; akin to OS. klif, D. klif, klip, Icel. klif, Dan. & G. klippe, Sw. klippa; perh. orig. a climbing place. See Climb.] A high, steep rock; a precipice. Cliff swallow (Zoöl.), a North American swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which builds its nest against cliffs; the eaves swallow.

Cliff, n. (Mus.) See Clef. [Obs.]

Cliff´ lime´stone (Geol.) A series of limestone strata found in Ohio and farther west, presenting bluffs along the rivers and valleys, formerly supposed to be of one formation, but now known to be partly Silurian and partly Devonian.

Cliff´y , a. Having cliffs; broken; craggy.

Clift , n. [See 1st Cliff, n.] A cliff. [Obs.] “That gainst the craggy clifts did loudly roar.
Spenser.”

Clift, n. [See Cleft, n.] 1. A cleft of crack; a narrow opening. [Obs.] 2. The fork of the legs; the crotch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clift´ed, a. [From Clift a cleft.] Broken; fissured. “Climb the Ande clifted side.
Grainger.”

Cli•mac´ter , n. [L., fr. Gr. , prop., round of a ladder, fr. ladder: cf. F. climactère. See Climax.] See Climacteric, n.

Cli•mac´ter•ic (? or 277), a. [L. climactericus, Gr. . See Climacter.] Relating to a climacteric; critical.

Cli•mac´ter•ic, n. 1. A period in human life in which some great change is supposed to take place in the constitution. The critical periods are thought by some to be the years produced by multiplying 7 into the odd numbers 3, 5, 7, and 9; to which others add the 81st year. 2. Any critical period. “It is your lot, as it was mine, to live during one of the grand climacterics of the world.
Southey.” Grand or Great climacteric, the sixty-third year of human life. “I should hardly yield my rigid fibers to be regenerated by them; nor begin, in my grand climacteric, to squall in their new accents, or to stammer, in my second cradle, the elemental sounds of their barbarous metaphysics.
Burke.”

Clim•ac•ter´ic•al , a. & n. See Climacteric. Evelyn.

Cli´ma•tal , a. Climatic. Dunglison.

Cli•ma•tar´chic , a. [Climate + Gr. to rule.] Presiding over, or regulating, climates.

Cli´mate , n. [F. climat, L. clima, -atis, fr. Gr. , , slope, the supposed slope of the earth (from the equator toward the pole), hence a region or zone of the earth, fr. to slope, incline, akin to E. lean, v. i. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Clime.] 1. (Anc. Geog.) One of thirty regions or zones, parallel to the equator, into which the surface of the earth from the equator to the pole was divided, according to the successive increase of the length of the midsummer day. 2. The condition of a place in relation to various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, etc., especially as they affect animal or vegetable life.

Cli´mate, v. i. To dwell. [Poetic] Shak.

Cli•mat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a climate; depending on, or limited by, a climate.

Cli•mat´ic•al , a. Climatic.

Cli´ma•tize , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Climatized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Climatizing.] To acclimate or become acclimated.

Cli•ma•tog´ra•phy , n. [Climate + -graphy.] A description of climates.

Cli•ma•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to climatology.

Cli•ma•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in, or who studies, climatology.

Cli•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Climate + -logy: cf. F. climatologie.] The science which treats of climates and investigates their phenomena and causes. Brande & C.

Cli´ma•ture ( 135), n. [Cf. F. climature.] A climate. [Obs.] Shak.

Cli´max , n. [L., from Gr. ladder, staircase, fr. to make to bend, to lean. See Ladder, Lean, v. i.] 1. Upward movement; steady increase; gradation; ascent. Glanvill. 2. (Rhet.) A figure in which the parts of a sentence or paragraph are so arranged that each succeeding one rises above its predecessor in impressiveness. “´Tribulation worketh patience, patience experience, and experience hope´ — a happy climax.
J. D. Forbes.” 3. The highest point; the greatest degree. “We must look higher for the climax of earthly good.
I. Taylor.” To cap the climax, to surpass everything, as in excellence or in absurdity. [Colloq.]

Climb (klim), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Climbed (klimd), Obs. or Vulgar Clomb (klom); p. pr. & vb. n. Climbing.] [AS. climban; akin to OHG. chlimban, G. & D. klimmen, Icel. klifa, and E. cleave to adhere.] 1. To ascend or mount laboriously, esp. by use of the hands and feet. 2. To ascend as if with effort; to rise to a higher point. “Black vapors climb aloft, and cloud the day.
Dryden.” 3. (Bot.) To ascend or creep upward by twining about a support, or by attaching itself by tendrils, rootlets, etc., to a support or upright surface.

Climb, v. t. To ascend, as by means of the hands and feet, or laboriously or slowly; to mount.

Climb, n. The act of one who climbs; ascent by climbing. Warburton.

Climb´a•ble , a. Capable of being climbed.

Climb´er , n. One who, or that which, climbs: (a) (Bot.) A plant that climbs. (b) (Zoöl.) A bird that climbs, as a woodpecker or a parrot.

Climb´er, v. i. [From Climb; cf. Clamber.] To climb; to mount with effort; to clamber. [Obs.] Tusser.

Climb´ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Climb. Climbing fern. See under Fern. — Climbing perch. (Zoöl.) See Anabas, and Labyrinthici.

Clime , n. [L. clima. See Climate.] A climate; a tract or region of the earth. See Climate. “Turn we to sutvey,
Where rougher climes a nobler race display.
Goldsmith.”

Cli•nan´thi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bed + flower.] (Bot.) The receptacle of the flowers in a composite plant; — also called clinium.

Clinch (klinch; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinched p. pr. & vb. n. Clinching.] [OE. clenchen, prop. causative of clink to cause to clink, to strike; cf. D. klinken to tinkle, rivet. See Clink.] 1. To hold firmly; to hold fast by grasping or embracing tightly. ´Clinch the pointed spear.´ Dryden. 2. To set closely together; to close tightly; as to clinch the teeth or the first. Swift. 3. To bend or turn over the point of (something that has been driven through an object), so that it will hold fast; as to clinch a nail. 4. To make conclusive; to confirm; to establish; as to clinch an argument. South.

Clinch, v. i. To hold fast; to grasp something firmly; to seize or grasp one another.

Clinch (klinch), n. 1. The act or process of holding fast; that which serves to hold fast; a grip; a grasp; a clamp; a holdfast; as to get a good clinch of an antagonist, or of a weapon; to secure anything by a clinch. 2. A pun. Pope. 3. (Naut.) A hitch or bend by which a rope is made fast to the ring of an anchor, or the breeching of a ship’s gun to the ringbolts.

Clinch´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, clinches; that which holds fast. Pope. 2. That which ends a dispute or controversy; a decisive argument.

Clinch´er-built , a. See Clinker-built.

Cling (kling), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clung (klung), Clong (klong), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinging.] [AS. clingan to adhere, to wither; akin to Dan. klynge to cluster, crowd. Cf. Clump.] To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast, especially by twining round or embracing; as the tendril of a vine clings to its support; — usually followed by to or together. “And what hath life for thee
That thou shouldst cling to it thus?
Mrs. Hemans.”

Cling, v. t. 1. To cause to adhere to, especially by twining round or embracing. [Obs.] “I clung legs as close to his side as I could.
Swift.” 2. To make to dry up or wither. [Obs.] “If thou speak’st false,
Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive,
Till famine cling thee.
Shak.”

Cling, n. Adherence; attachment; devotion. [R.] “A more tenacious cling to worldly respects.
Milton.”

Cling´stone , a. Having the flesh attached closely to the stone, as in some kinds of peaches. — n. A fruit, as a peach, whose flesh adheres to the stone.

Cling´y , a. Apt to cling; adhesive. [R.]

Clin´ic , n. [See Clinical.] 1. One confined to the bed by sickness. 2. (Eccl.) One who receives baptism on a sick bed. [Obs.] Hook. 3. (Med.) A school, or a session of a school or class, in which medicine or surgery is taught by the examination and treatment of patients in the presence of the pupils. { Clin´ic•al (klin´ik•al), Clin´ic (klin´ik) }, a. [Gr. kliniko•s, fr. kli•nh bed, fr. kli•nein to lean, recline: cf. F. clinique. See Lean, v. i.] 1. Of or pertaining to a bed, especially, a sick bed. 2. Of or pertaining to a clinic, or to the study of disease in the living subject. Clinical baptism, baptism administered to a person on a sick bed. — Clinical instruction, instruction by means of clinics. — Clinical lecture (Med.), a discourse upon medical topics illustrated by the exhibition and examination of living patients. — Clinical medicine, Clinical surgery, that part of medicine or surgery which is occupied with the investigation of disease in the living subject.

Clin´ic•al•ly, adv. In a clinical manner.

Cli•nique´ , n. [F.] (Med.) A clinic.

Clin´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kli•nh bed.] (Bot.) See Clinanthium.

Clink (klink), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinked (klinkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinking.] [OE. clinken; akin to G. klingen, D. klinken, SW. klinga, Dan. klinge; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Clank, Clench, Click, v. i.] To cause to give out a slight, sharp, tinkling, sound, as by striking metallic or other sonorous bodies together. “And let me the canakin clink.
Shak.”

Clink (klink), v. i. 1. To give out a slight, sharp, tinkling sound. ´The clinking latch.´ Tennyson. 2. To rhyme. [Humorous]. Cowper.

Clink, n. A slight, sharp, tinkling sound, made by the collision of sonorous bodies. ´Clink and fall of swords.´ Shak.

Clin´kant (klin´kant), a. See Clinquant.

Clink´er (klink´er), n. [From clink; cf. D. clinker a brick which is so hard that it makes a sonorous sound, from clinken to clink. Cf. Clinkstone.] 1. A mass composed of several bricks run together by the action of the fire in the kiln. 2. Scoria or vitrified incombustible matter, formed in a grate or furnace where anthracite coal in used; vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano; slag. 3. A scale of oxide of iron, formed in forging. 4. A kind of brick. See Dutch clinker, under Dutch.

Clink´er-built , a. (Naut.) Having the side planks (af a boat) so arranged that the lower edge of each overlaps the upper edge of the plank next below it like clapboards on a house. See Lapstreak.

Clink´stone ( 110), n. [Clink + stone; — from its sonorousness.] (Min.) An igneous rock of feldspathic composition, lamellar in structure, and clinking under the hammer. See Phonolite.

Cli•no•di•ag´o•nal , n. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + E. diagonal.] (Crystallog.) That diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic crystal which makes an oblique angle with the vertical axis. See Crystallization. — a. Pertaining to, or the direction of, the clinodiagonal.

Cli´no•dome , n. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + E. dome.] (Crystallog.) See under Dome.

Cli´no•graph´ic , a. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + -graph.] Pertaining to that mode of projection in drawing in which the rays of light are supposed to fall obliquely on the plane of projection.

Cli´noid , a. [Gr. kli•nh bed + -oid.] (Anat.) Like a bed; — applied to several processes on the inner side of the sphenoid bone.

Cli•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + -meter.] (Geol.) An instrument for determining the dip of beds or strata, pr the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level. Dana.

Clin•o•met´ric , a. 1. Pertaining to, or ascertained by, the clinometer. 2. Pertaining to the oblique crystalline forms, or to solids which have oblique angles between the axes; as the clinometric systems.

Cli•nom´e•try , n. (geol.) That art or operation of measuring the inclination of strata.

Cli•no•pin´a•coid , n. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + E. pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) The plane in crystals of the monoclinic system which is parallel to the vertical and the inclined lateral (clinidiagonal) axes.

Cli•no•rhom´bic , a. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + E. rhombic: cf. F. clinorhombique.] (Crystallog.) Possessing the qualities of a prism, obliquely inclined to a rhombic base; monoclinic.

Clin´quant , a. [F.] Glittering; dressed in, or overlaid with, tinsel finery. [Obs.] Shak.

Clin´quant, n. Tinsel; Dutch gold.

Cli´o , n. [L., fr. Gr. the proclaimer, fr. to call, tell of, make famous.] (Class. Myth.) The Muse who presided over history.

Cli•o´ne , n. A genus of naked pteropods. One species (Clione papilonacea), abundant in the Arctic Ocean, constitutes a part of the food of the Greenland whale. It is sometimes incorrectly called Clio.

Clip (klip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clipped (klipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clipping.] [OE. cluppen, clippen, to embrace, AS. clyran to embrace, clasp; cf. OHG. kluft tongs, shears, Icel, klypa to pinch, squeeze, also OE. clippen to cut, shear, Dan. klippe to clip, cut, SW. & Icel. klippa.] 1. To embrace, hence; to encompass. “O … that Neptune’s arms, who clippeth thee about,
Would bear thee from the knowledge of thyself.
Shak.” 2. To cut off; as with shears or scissors; as to clip the hair; to clip coin. “Sentenced to have his ears clipped.
Macaulay.” 3. To curtail; to cut short. “All my reports go with the modest truth;
No more nor clipped, but so.
Shak.” “In London they clip their words after one manner about the court, another in the city, and a third in the suburbs.
Swift.”

Clip (klip), v. i. To move swiftly; — usually with indefinite it. “Straight flies as chek, and clips it down the wind.
Dryden.”

Clip, n. 1. An embrace. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A cutting; a shearing. 3. The product of a single shearing of sheep; a season’s crop of wool. 4. A clasp or holder for letters, papers, etc. 5. An embracing strap for holding parts together; the iron strap, with loop, at the ends of a whiffletree. Knight. 6. (Far.) A projecting flange on the upper edge of a horseshoe, turned up so as to embrace the lower part of the hoof; — called also toe clip and beak. Youatt. 7. A blow or stroke with the hand; as he hit him a clip. [Colloq. U. S.]

Clip´per , n. 1. One who clips; specifically, one who clips off the edges of coin. “The value is pared off from it into the clipper’s pocket.
Locke.” 2. A machine for clipping hair, esp. the hair of horses. 3. (Naut.) A vessel with a sharp bow, built and rigged for fast sailing. — Clip´per- built• , a. The name was first borne by ´Baltimore clippers´ famous as privateers in the early wars of the United States.

Clip´ping , n. 1. The act of embracing. [Obs.] 2. The act of cutting off, curtailing, or diminishing; the practice of clipping the edges of coins. “clipping by Englishmen is robbing the honest man who receives clipped money.
Locke.” 3. That which is clipped off or out of something; a piece separated by clipping; as newspaper clippings.

Clique , n. [F., fr. OF. cliquer to click. See Click, v. i.] A narrow circle of persons associated by common interests or for the accomplishment of a common purpose; - - generally used in a bad sense.

Clique, v. i. To To associate together in a clannish way; to act with others secretly to gain a desired end; to plot; — used with together.

Cli´quish , a. Of or pertaining to a clique; disposed to from cliques; exclusive in spirit. — Cli´•quish•ness, n.

Cli´quism , n. The tendency to associate in cliques; the spirit of cliques.

Cli•tel´lus , n. [NL., prob. fr. L. clitellae a packsadle.] (Zoöl.) A thickened glandular portion of the body of the adult earthworm, consisting of several united segments modified for reproductive purposes.

Cli´to•ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to shut up. It is concealed by the labia pudendi.] (Anat.) A small organ at the upper part of the vulva, homologous to the penis in the male.

Cliv´ers , n. See Cleavers.

Cliv´i•ty , n.; pl. Clivities (#). [L. clivus hill.] Inclination; ascent or descent; a gradient. [R.]

Clo´a´ca , n.; pl. Cloacae (#). [L.] 1. A sewer; as the Cloaca Maxima of Rome. 2. A privy. 3. (Anat.) The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes.

Clo•a´cal , a. Of or pertaining to a cloaca.

Cloak ( 110), n. [Of. cloque cloak (from the bell-like shape), bell, F. cloche bell; perh. of Celtic origin and the same word as E. clock. See 1st Clock.] 1. A loose outer garment, extending from the neck downwards, and commonly without sleeves. It is longer than a cape, and is worn both by men and by women. 2. That which conceals; a disguise or pretext; an excuse; a fair pretense; a mask; a cover. “No man is esteemed any ways considerable for policy who wears religion otherwise than as a cloak.
South.” Cloak bag, a bag in which a cloak or other clothes are carried; a portmanteau. Shak.

Cloak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloaked p. pr. & vb. n. Cloaking.] To cover with, or as with, a cloak; hence, to hide or conceal. “Now glooming sadly, so to cloak her matter.
Spenser.” Syn. — See Palliate.

Cloak´ed•ly, adv. In a concealed manner.

Cloak´ing, n. 1. The act of covering with a cloak; the act of concealing anything. “To take heed of their dissemblings and cloakings.
Strype.” 2. The material of which of which cloaks are made.

Cloak´room , n. A room, attached to any place of public resort, where cloaks, overcoats, etc., may be deposited for a time.

Clock , n. [AS. clucge bell; akin to D. klok clock, bell, G. glocke, Dan. klokke, Sw. klocka, Icel. klukka bell, LL. clocca, cloca (whence F. cloche); al perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. clog bell, clock, W. cloch bell. Cf. Cloak.] 1. A machine for measuring time, indicating the hour and other divisions by means of hands moving on a dial plate. Its works are moved by a weight or a spring, and it is often so constructed as to tell the hour by the stroke of a hammer on a bell. It is not adapted, like the watch, to be carried on the person. 2. A watch, esp. one that strikes. [Obs.] Walton. 3. The striking of a clock. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. A figure or figured work on the ankle or side of a stocking. Swift. The phrases what o’clock? it is nine o’clock, etc., are contracted from what of the clock? it is nine of the clock, etc. Alarm clock. See under Alarm. — Astronomical clock. (a) A clock of superior construction, with a compensating pendulum, etc., to measure time with great accuracy, for use in astronomical observatories; — called a regulator when used by watchmakers as a standard for regulating timepieces. (b) A clock with mechanism for indicating certain astronomical phenomena, as the phases of the moon, position of the sun in the ecliptic, equation of time, etc. — Electric clock. (a) A clock moved or regulated by electricity or electro-magnetism. (b) A clock connected with an electro-magnetic recording apparatus. — Ship’s clock (Naut.), a clock arranged to strike from one to eight strokes, at half hourly intervals, marking the divisions of the ship’s watches. — Sidereal clock, an astronomical clock regulated to keep sidereal time.

Clock (klok), v. t. To ornament with figured work, as the side of a stocking.

Clock, v. t. & i. To call, as a hen. See Cluck. [R.]

Clock, n. (Zoöl.) A large beetle, esp. the European dung beetle (Scarabaeus stercorarius).

Clock´like (klok´lik•), a. Like a clock or like clockwork; mechanical. “Their services are clocklike, to be set
Backward and forward at their lord’s command.
B. Jonson.”

Clock´work (-wûrk•), n. The machinery of a clock, or machinery resembling that of a clock; machinery which produces regularity of movement.

Clod (klod), n. [OE. clodde, latter form of clot. See Clot.] 1. A lump or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. ´Clods of a slimy substance.´ Carew. ´Clods of iron and brass.´ Milton. ´Clods of blood.´ E. Fairfax. “The earth that casteth up from the plow a great clod, is not so good as that which casteth up a smaller clod.
Bacon.” 2. The ground; the earth; a spot of earth or turf. “The clod
Where once their sultan’s horse has trod.
Swift.” 3. That which is earthy and of little relative value, as the body of man in comparison with the soul. “This cold clod of clay which we carry about with us.
T. Burnet.” 4. A dull, gross, stupid fellow; a dolt Dryden. 5. A part of the shoulder of a beef creature, or of the neck piece near the shoulder. See Illust. of Beef.

Clod (klod), v. i To collect into clods, or into a thick mass; to coagulate; to clot; as clodded gore. See Clot. “Clodded in lumps of clay.
G. Fletcher.”

Clod, v. t. 1. To pelt with clods. Jonson. 2. To throw violently; to hurl. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Clod´dish , a. Resembling clods; gross; low; stupid; boorish. Hawthorne. — Clod´dish•ness, n.

Clod´dy , a. Consisting of clods; full of clods.

Clod´hop•per , n. A rude, rustic fellow.

Clod´hop•ping, a. Boorish; rude. C. Bronte.

Clod´pate , n. A blockhead; a dolt.

Clod´pat•ed , a. Stupid; dull; doltish.

Clod´poll , n. [Clod + poll head.] A stupid fellow; a dolt. [Written also clodpole.] Shak.

Cloff ( 115), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Formerly an allowance of two pounds in every three hundred weight after the tare and tret are subtracted; now used only in a general sense, of small deductions from the original weight. [Written also clough.] McCulloch.

Clog , n. [OE. clogge clog, Scot. clag, n., a clot, v., to to obstruct, cover with mud or anything adhesive; prob. of the same origin as E. clay.] 1. That which hinders or impedes motion; hence, an encumbrance, restraint, or impediment, of any kind. “All the ancient, honest, juridical principles and institutions of England are so many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and opression.
Burke.” 2. A weight, as a log or block of wood, attached to a man or an animal to hinder motion. “As a dog … but chance breaks loose,
And quits his clog.
Hudibras.” “A clog of lead was round my feet.
Tennyson.” 3. A shoe, or sandal, intended to protect the feet from wet, or to increase the apparent stature, and having, therefore, a very thick sole. Cf. Chopine. “In France the peasantry goes barefoot; and the middle sort … makes use of wooden clogs.
Harvey.” Clog almanac, a primitive kind of almanac or calendar, formerly used in England, made by cutting notches and figures on the four edges of a clog, or square piece of wood, brass, or bone; — called also a Runic staff, from the Runic characters used in the numerical notation. — Clog dance, a dance performed by a person wearing clogs, or thick-soled shoes. — Clog dancer.

Clog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clogged p. pr. & vb. n. Clogging.] 1. To encumber or load, especially with something that impedes motion; to hamper. “The winds of birds were clogged with ace and snow.
Dryden.” 2. To obstruct so as to hinder motion in or through; to choke up; as to clog a tube or a channel. 3. To burden; to trammel; to embarrass; to perplex. “The commodities are clogged with impositions.
Addison.” “You ’ll rue the time
That clogs me with this answer.
Shak.” Syn. — Impede; hinder; obstruct; embarrass; burden; restrain; restrict.

Clog, v. i. 1. To become clogged; to become loaded or encumbered, as with extraneous matter. “In working through the bone, the teeth of the saw will begin to clog.
S. Sharp.” 2. To coalesce or adhere; to unite in a mass. “Move it sometimes with a broom, that the seeds clog not together.
Evelyn.”

Clog´gi•ness , n. The state of being clogged.

Clog´ging, n. Anything which clogs. Dr. H. More.

Clog´gy , a. Clogging, or having power to clog.

Cloi•son•ne , a. [F., partitioned, fr. cloison a partition.] Inlaid between partitions: — said of enamel when the lines which divide the different patches of fields are composed of a kind of metal wire secured to the ground; as distinguished from champleve enamel, in which the ground is engraved or scooped out to receive the enamel. S. Wells Williams.

Clois´ter , n. [OF. cloistre, F. cloître, L. claustrum, pl. claustra, bar, bolt, bounds, fr. claudere, clausum, to close. See Close, v. t., and cf. Claustral.] 1. An inclosed place. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A covered passage or ambulatory on one side of a court; (pl.) the series of such passages on the different sides of any court, esp. that of a monastery or a college. “But let my due feet never fail
To walk the studious cloister’s pale.
Milton.” 3. A monastic establishment; a place for retirement from the world for religious duties. “Fitter for a cloister than a crown.
Daniel.” Cloister garth (Arch.), the garden or open part of a court inclosed by the cloisters. Syn. — Cloister, Monastery, Nunnery, Convent, Abbey, Priory. Cloister and convent are generic terms, and denote a place of seclusion from the world for persons who devote their lives to religious purposes. They differ is that the distinctive idea of cloister is that of seclusion from the world, that of convent, community of living. Both terms denote houses for recluses of either sex. A cloister or convent for monks is called a monastery; for nuns, a nunnery. An abbey is a convent or monastic institution governed by an abbot or an abbess; a priory is one governed by a prior or a prioress, and is usually affiliated to an abbey.

Clois´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloistered p. pr. & vb. n. Cloistering.] To confine in, or as in, a cloister; to seclude from the world; to immure. “None among them are thought worthy to be styled religious persons but those that cloister themselves up in a monastery.
Sharp.”

Clois´ter•al , a. Cloistral. [Obs.] I. Walton.

Clois´tered , a. 1. Dwelling in cloisters; solitary. ´Cloistered friars and vestal nuns.´ Hudibras. “In cloistered state let selfish sages dwell,
Proud that their heart is narrow as their cell.
Shenstone.” 2. Furnished with cloisters. Sir H. Wotton.

Clois´ter•er , n. [Cf. OF. cloistier.] One belonging to, or living in, a cloister; a recluse.

Clois´tral , a. Of, pertaining to, or confined in, a cloister; recluse. [Written also cloisteral.] “Best become a cloistral exercise.
Daniel.”

Clois´tress , n. A nun. [R.] Shak.

Cloke , n. & v. See Cloak. [Obs.] { Clomb , Clomb´en } imp. & p. p. of Climb (for climbed). [Obs.] “The sonne, he sayde, is clomben up on hevene.
Chaucer.”

Clomp , n. See Clamp.

Clong , imp. of Cling. [Obs.]

Clon´ic , a. [Gr. klo•nos a violent, confused motion; cf. F. clonique.] (Med.) Having an irregular, convulsive motion. Dunglison. Clonic spasm. (Med.) See under Spasm.

Cloom , v. t. [A variant of clam to clog.] To close with glutinous matter. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Cloop , n. [An onomatopœia.] The sound made when a cork is forcibly drawn from a bottle. ´The cloop of a cork wrenched from a bottle.´ Thackeray.

Close , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Closed p. pr. & vb. n. Closing.] [From OF. & F. clos, p. p. of clore to close, fr. L. claudere; akin to G. schliessen to shut, and to E. clot, cloister, clavicle, conclude, sluice. Cf. Clause, n.] 1. To stop, or fill up, as an opening; to shut; as to close the eyes; to close a door. 2. To bring together the parts of; to consolidate; as to close the ranks of an army; — often used with up. 3. To bring to an end or period; to conclude; to complete; to finish; to end; to consummate; as to close a bargain; to close a course of instruction. “One frugal supper did our studies close.
Dryden.” 4. To come or gather around; to inclose; to encompass; to confine. “The depth closed me round about.
Jonah ii. 5.” “But now thou dost thyself immure and close
In some one corner of a feeble heart.
Herbert.” A closed sea, a sea within the jurisdiction of some particular nation, which controls its navigation.

Close, v. i. 1. To come together; to unite or coalesce, as the parts of a wound, or parts separated. “What deep wounds ever closed without a scar?
Byron.” 2. To end, terminate, or come to a period; as the debate closed at six o’clock. 3. To grapple; to engage in hand-to-hand fight. “They boldly closed in a hand-to-hand contest.
Prescott.” To close on or upon, to come to a mutual agreement; to agree on or join in. ´Would induce France and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our disadvantage.´ Sir W. Temple. — To close with. (a) To accede to; to consent or agree to; as to close with the terms proposed. (b) To make an agreement with. — To close with the land (Naut.), to approach the land.

Close , n. 1. The manner of shutting; the union of parts; junction. [Obs.] “The doors of plank were; their close exquisite.
Chapman.” 2. Conclusion; cessation; ending; end. “ His long and troubled life was drawing to a close.
Macaulay.” 3. A grapple in wrestling. Bacon. 4. (Mus.) (a) The conclusion of a strain of music; cadence. (b) A double bar marking the end. “At every close she made, the attending throng
Replied, and bore the burden of the song.
Dryden.” Syn. — Conclusion; termination; cessation; end; ending; extremity; extreme.

Close , n. [OF. & F. clos an inclosure, fr. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.] 1. An inclosed place; especially, a small field or piece of land surrounded by a wall, hedge, or fence of any kind; — specifically, the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. “Closes surrounded by the venerable abodes of deans and canons.
Macaulay.” 2. A narrow passage leading from a street to a court, and the houses within. [Eng.] Halliwell 3. (Law) The interest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not inclosed. Bouvier.

Close , a. [Compar. Closer superl. Closest.] [Of. & F. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.] 1. Shut fast; closed; tight; as a close box. “From a close bower this dainty music flowed.
Dryden.” 2. Narrow; confined; as a close alley; close quarters. ´A close prison.´ Dickens. 3. Oppressive; without motion or ventilation; causing a feeling of lassitude; — said of the air, weather, etc. “If the rooms be low-roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the air close, … and the other maketh it exceeding unequal.
Bacon.” 4. Strictly confined; carefully quarded; as a close prisoner. 5. Out of the way observation; secluded; secret; hidden. ´He yet kept himself close because of Saul.´ 1 Chron. xii. 1 “´Her close intent.´
Spenser.” 6. Disposed to keep secrets; secretive; reticent. ´For secrecy, no lady closer.´ Shak. 7. Having the parts near each other; dense; solid; compact; as applied to bodies; viscous; tenacious; not volatile, as applied to liquids. “The golden globe being put into a press, … the water made itself way through the pores of that very close metal.
Locke.” 8. Concise; to the point; as close reasoning. ´Where the original is close no version can reach it in the same compass.´ Dryden. 9. Adjoining; near; either in space; time, or thought; — often followed by to. “Plant the spring crocuses close to a wall.
Mortimer.” “The thought of the Man of sorrows seemed a very close thing — not a faint hearsay.
G. Eliot.” 10. Short; as to cut grass or hair close. 11. Intimate; familiar; confidential. “League with you I seek
And mutual amity, so strait, so close,
That I with you must dwell, or you with me.
Milton.” 12. Nearly equal; almost evenly balanced; as a close vote. ´A close contest.´ Prescott. 13. Difficult to obtain; as money is close. Bartlett. 14. Parsimonious; stingy. ´A crusty old fellow, as close as a vise.´ Hawthorne. 15. Adhering strictly to a standard or original; exact; strict; as a close translation. Locke. 16. Accurate; careful; precise; also attentive; undeviating; strict; not wandering; as a close observer. 17. (Phon.) Uttered with a relatively contracted opening of the mouth, as certain sounds of e and o in French, Italian, and German; — opposed to open. Close borough. See under Borough. — Close breeding. See under Breeding. — Close communion, communion in the Lord’s supper, restricted to those who have received baptism by immersion. — Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills its own vacancies. — Close fertilization. (Bot.) See Fertilization. — Close harmony (Mus.), compact harmony, in which the tones composing each chord are not widely distributed over several octaves. — Close time, a fixed period during which killing game or catching certain fish is prohibited by law. — Close vowel (Pron.), a vowel which is pronounced with a diminished aperture of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. — Close to the wind (Naut.), directed as nearly to the point from which the wind blows as it is possible to sail; closehauled; — said of a vessel.

Close , adv. 1. In a close manner. 2. Secretly; darkly. [Obs.] “A wondrous vision which did close imply
The course of all her fortune and posterity.
Spenser.”

Close´-band•ed , a. Closely united.

Close´-barred , a. Firmly barred or closed.

Close´-bod•ied , a. Fitting the body exactly; setting close, as a garment. Ayliffe.

Close´-fights , n. pl. (Naut.) Barriers with loopholes, formerly erected on the deck of a vessel to shelter the men in a close engagement with an enemy’s boarders; — called also close quarters. [Obs.]

Close´fist•ed , a. Covetous; niggardly. Bp. Berkeley. ´Closefisted contractors.´ Hawthorne.

Close´hand•ed , a. Covetous; penurious; stingy; closefisted. — Close´hand•ed•ness, n.

Close´hauled , a. (Naut.) Under way and moving as nearly as possible toward the direction from which the wind blows; — said of a sailing vessel.

Close´ly, adv. 1. In a close manner. 2. Secretly; privately. [Obs.] “That nought she did but wayle, and often steepe
Her dainty couch with tears which
closely she did weepe.
Spenser.”

Close´mouthed , a. Cautious in speaking; secret; wary; uncommunicative.

Clos´en , v. t. To make close. [R.]

Close´ness, n. The state of being close. “Half stifled by the closeness of the room.
Swift.” “We rise not against the piercing judgment of Augustus, nor the extreme caution or closeness of Tiberius.
Bacon.” “An affectation of closeness and covetousness.
Addison.” Syn. — Narrowness; oppressiveness; strictness; secrecy; compactness; conciseness; nearness; intimacy; tightness; stinginess; literalness.

Clos´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, closes; specifically, a boot closer. See under Boot. 2. A finisher; that which finishes or terminates. 3. (Masonry) The last stone in a horizontal course, if of a less size than the others, or a piece of brick finishing a course. Gwilt.

Close´reefed , a. (Naut.) Having all the reefs taken in; — said of a sail.

Close´-stool , n. A utensil to hold a chamber vessel, for the use of the sick and infirm. It is usually in the form of a box, with a seat and tight cover.

Clos´et , n. [OF. closet little inclosure, dim. of clos. See Close an inclosure.] 1. A small room or apartment for retirement; a room for privacy. “A chair-lumbered closet, just twelve feet by nine.
Goldsmith.” “When thou prayest, enter into thy closet.
Matt. vi. 6.” 2. A small apartment, or recess in the side of a room, for household utensils, clothing, etc. Dryden. Closet sin, sin commited in privacy. Bp. Hall.

Clos´et, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. & vb. n. Closeting.] 1. To shut up in, or as in, a closet; to conceal. [R.] “Bedlam’s closeted and handcuffed charge.
Cowper.” 2. To make into a closet for a secret interview. “He was to call a new legislature, to closet its members.
Bancroft.” “He had been closeted with De Quadra.
Froude.”

Close´-tongued , a. Closemouthed; silent. ´Close-tongued treason.´ Shak.

Closh , n. [CF. F. clocher to limp, halt.] A disease in the feet of cattle; laminitis. Crabb.

Closh, n. [CF. D. klossen to play at bowls.] The game of ninepins. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Clo´sure (?, 135), n. [Of. closure, L. clausura, fr. clauedere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. The act of shutting; a closing; as the closure of a chink. 2. That which closes or shuts; that by which separate parts are fastened or closed. “Without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever.
Pope.” 3. That which incloses or confines; an inclosure. “O thou bloody prison …
Within the guilty closure of thy walls
Richard the Second here was hacked to death.
Shak.” 4. A conclusion; an end. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Parliamentary Practice) A method of putting an end to debate and securing an immediate vote upon a measure before a legislative body. It is similar in effect to the previous question. It was first introduced into the British House of Commons in 1882. The French word clôture was originally applied to this proceeding.

Clot , n. [OE. clot, clodde, clod; akin to D. kloot ball, G. kloss clod, dumpling, klotz block, Dan. klods, Sw. klot bowl, globe, klots block; cf. AS. clate bur. Cf. Clod, n., Clutter to clot.] A concretion or coagulation; esp. a soft, slimy, coagulated mass, as of blood; a coagulum. ´Clots of pory gore.´ Addison. “Doth bake the egg into clots as if it began to poach.
Bacon.” Clod and clot appear to be radically the same word, and are so used by early writers; but in present use clod is applied to a mass of earth or the like, and clot to a concretion or coagulation of soft matter.

Clot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clotting.] To concrete, coagulate, or thicken, as soft or fluid matter by evaporation; to become a cot or clod.

Clot, v. t. To form into a slimy mass.

Clot´bur , n. [Cf. Clote.] 1. The burdock. [Prov. Engl.] Prior. 2. Same as Cocklebur.

Clote , n. [AS. clte: cf. G. klette.] The common burdock; the clotbur. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Cloth ( 115), n.; pl. Cloths (#; 115), except in the sense of garments, when it is Clothes (klothz or kloz). [OE. clath cloth, AS. claþ cloth, garment; akin to D. kleed, Icel. klaeði, Dan. klaede, cloth, Sw. kläde, G. kleid garment, dress.] 1. A fabric made of fibrous material (or sometimes of wire, as in wire cloth); commonly, a woven fabric of cotton, woolen, or linen, adapted to be made into garments; specifically, woolen fabrics, as distinguished from all others. 2. The dress; raiment. [Obs.] See Clothes. “I’ll ne’er distust my God for cloth and bread.
Quarles.” 3. The distinctive dress of any profession, especially of the clergy; hence, the clerical profession. “Appeals were made to the priesthood. Would they tamely permit so gross an insult to be offered to their cloth?
Macaulay.” “The cloth, the clergy, are constituted for administering and for giving the best possible effect to … every axiom.
I. Taylor.” Body cloth. See under Body. — Cloth of gold, a fabric woven wholly or partially of threads of gold. — Cloth measure, the measure of length and surface by which cloth is measured and sold. For this object the standard yard is usually divided into quarters and nails. — Cloth paper, a coarse kind of paper used in pressing and finishing woolen cloth. — Cloth shearer, one who shears cloth and frees it from superfluous nap.

Clothe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clothed or Clad p. pr. & vb. n. Clothing.] [OE. clathen, clothen, clethen, AS. claðian, claeðan. See Cloth.] 1. To put garments on; to cover with clothing; to dress. “Go with me, to clothe you as becomes you.
Shak.” 2. To provide with clothes; as to feed and clothe a family; to clothe one’s self extravagantly. “Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags.
Prov. xxiii. 21.” “The naked every day he clad,
When he put on his clothes.
Goldsmith.” 3. Fig.: To cover or invest, as with a garment; as to clothe one with authority or power. “Language in which they can clothe their thoughts.
Watts.” “His sides are clothed with waving wood.
J. Dyer.” “Thus Belial, with with words clothed in reason’s garb.
Milton.”

Clothe , v. i. To wear clothes. [Poetic] “Care no more to clothe eat.
Shak.”

Clothes (? or 277), n. pl. [From Cloth.] 1. Covering for the human body; dress; vestments; vesture; — a general term for whatever covering is worn, or is made to be worn, for decency or comfort. “She … speaks well, and has excellent good clothes.
Shak.” “If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole.
Mark. v. 28.” 2. The covering of a bed; bedclothes. “She turned each way her frighted head,
Then sunk it deep beneath the clothes.
Prior.” Body clothes. See under Body. — Clothes moth (Zoöl.), a small moth of the genus Tinea. The most common species (T. flavifrontella) is yellowish white. The larvae eat woolen goods, furs, feathers, etc. They live in tubular cases made of the material upon which they feed, fastened together with silk. Syn. — Garments; dress; clothing; apparel; attire; vesture; raiment; garb; costume; habit; habiliments.

Clothes´horse (-hôrs•), n. A frame to hang clothes on.

Clothes´line , n. A rope or wire on which clothes are hung to dry.

Clothes´pin , n. A forked piece of wood, or a small spring clamp, used for fastening clothes on a line.

Clothes´press , n. A receptacle for clothes.

Cloth´ier , n. 1. One who makes cloths; one who dresses or fulls cloth. Hayward. 2. One who sells cloth or clothes, or who makes and sells clothes.

Cloth´ing , n. 1. Garments in general; clothes; dress; raiment; covering. “From others he shall stand in need of nothing,
Yet on his brothers shall depend for clothing.
Milton.” “As for me, … my clothing was sackloth.
Ps. xxxv. 13” 2. The art of process of making cloth. [R.] “Instructing [refugees] in the art of clothing.
Ray.” 3. A covering of non-conducting material on the outside of a boiler, or steam chamber, to prevent radiation of heat. Knight. 4. (Mach.) See Card clothing, under 3d Card.

Clot´hred , p. p. Clottered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clot´poll , n. See Clodpoll. [Obs.] Shak.

Clot´ted , a. Composed of clots or clods; having the quality or form of a clot; sticky; slimy; foul. ´The clotted glebe.´ J. Philips. “When lust …
Lets in defilement to the inward parts,
The soul grows clotted by contagion.
Milton.”

Clot´ter , v. i. [From Clot.] To concrete into lumps; to clot. [Obs.] ´Clottered blood.´ Chapman.

Clot´ty , a. [From Clot, n.] Full of clots, or clods. ´Clotty matter.´ Harvey.

Clô•ture´ , n. [F.] (Parliamentary Practice) See Closure, 5.

Clot´weed , n. [See Clote.] Cocklebur.

Cloud (kloud), n. [Prob. fr. AS. clud a rock or hillock, the application arising from the frequent resemblance of clouds to rocks or hillocks in the sky or air.] 1. A collection of visible vapor, or watery particles, suspended in the upper atmosphere. “I do set my bow in the cloud.
Gen. ix. 13.” A classification of clouds according to their chief forms was first proposed by the meteorologist Howard, and this is still substantially employed. The following varieties and subvarieties are recognized: (a) Cirrus. This is the most elevated of all the forms of clouds; is thin, long-drawn, sometimes looking like carded wool or hair, sometimes like a brush or room, sometimes in curl-like or fleecelike patches. It is the cat’s-tail of the sailor, and the mare’s-tail of the landsman. (b) Cumulus. This form appears in large masses of a hemispherical form, or nearly so, above, but flat below, one often piled above another, forming great clouds, common in the summer, and presenting the appearance of gigantic mountains crowned with snow. It often affords rain and thunder gusts. (c) Stratus. This form appears in layers or bands extending horizontally. (d) Nimbus. This form is characterized by its uniform gray tint and ragged edges; it covers the sky in seasons of continued rain, as in easterly storms, and is the proper rain cloud. The name is sometimes used to denote a raining cumulus, or cumulostratus. (e) Cirro-cumulus. This form consists, like the cirrus, of thin, broken, fleecelice clouds, but the parts are more or less rounded and regulary grouped. It is popularly called mackerel sky. (f) Cirro-stratus. In this form the patches of cirrus coalesce in long strata, between cirrus and stratus. (g) Cumulo-stratus. A form between cumulus and stratus, often assuming at the horizon a black or bluish tint. — Fog, cloud, motionless, or nearly so, lying near or in contact with the earth’s surface. — Storm scud, cloud lying quite low, without form, and driven rapidly with the wind. 2. A mass or volume of smoke, or flying dust, resembling vapor. ´A thick cloud of incense.´ Ezek. viii. 11. 3. A dark vein or spot on a lighter material, as in marble; hence, a blemish or defect; as a cloud upon one’s reputation; a cloud on a title. 4. That which has a dark, lowering, or threatening aspect; that which temporarily overshadows, obscures, or depresses; as a cloud of sorrow; a cloud of war; a cloud upon the intellect. 5. A great crowd or multitude; a vast collection. ´So great a cloud of witnesses.´ Heb. xii. 1. 6. A large, loosely-knitted scarf, worn by women about the head. Cloud on a (or the) title (Law), a defect of title, usually superficial and capable of removal by release, decision in equity, or legislation. — To be under a cloud, to be under suspicion or in disgrace; to be in disfavor. — In the clouds, in the realm of facy and imagination; beyond reason; visionary.

Cloud , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouding.] 1. To overspread or hide with a cloud or clouds; as the sky is clouded. 2. To darken or obscure, as if by hiding or enveloping with a cloud; hence, to render gloomy or sullen. “One day too late, I fear me, noble lord,
Hath clouded all thy happy days on earth.
Shak.” “Be not disheartened, then, nor cloud those looks.
Milton.” “Nothing clouds men’s minds and impairs their honesty like prejudice.
M. Arnold.” 3. To blacken; to sully; to stain; to tarnish; to damage; — esp. used of reputation or character. “I would not be a stander-by to hear
My sovereign mistress clouded so, without
My present vengeance taken.
Shak.” 4. To mark with, or darken in, veins or sports; to variegate with colors; as to cloud yarn. “And the nice conduct of a clouded cane.
Pope.”

Cloud, v. i. To grow cloudy; to become obscure with clouds; — often used with up. “Worthies, away! The scene begins to cloud.
Shak.”

Cloud´age , n. Mass of clouds; cloudiness. [R.] “A scudding cloudage of shapes.
Coleridge.”

Cloud´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A species of raspberry (Rubus Chamaemerous) growing in the northern regions, and bearing edible, amber- colored fruit.

Cloud´-built , a. Built of, or in, the clouds; airy; unsubstantial; imaginary. Cowper. “So vanished my cloud-built palace.
Goldsmith.”

Cloud´-burst , n. A sudden copious rainfall, as if the whole cloud had been precipitated at once.

Cloud´-capped , a. Having clouds resting on the top or head; reaching to the clouds; as cloud-capped mountains.

Cloud´-com•pel•ler , n. Cloud-gatherer; — an epithet applied to Zeus. [Poetic.] Pope.

Cloud´i•ly , adv. In a cloudy manner; darkly; obscurely. Dryden.

Cloud´i•ness, n. The state of being cloudy.

Cloud´ing, n. 1. A mottled appearance given to ribbons and silks in the process of dyeing. 2. A diversity of colors in yarn, recurring at regular intervals. Knight.

Cloud´land , n. Dreamland.

Cloud´less, a. Without a cloud; clear; bright. “A cloudless winter sky.
Bankroft.” — Cloud´less•ly, adv. — Cloud´less•ness, n.

Cloud´let , n. A little cloud. R. Browning. “Eve’s first star through fleecy cloudlet peeping.
Coleridge.”

Cloud´y , a. [Compar. Cloudier ; superl. Cloudiest.] [From Cloud, n.] 1. Overcast or obscured with clouds; clouded; as a cloudy sky. 2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds. “As Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended.
Ex. xxxiii. 9” 3. Indicating gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature; not open or cheerful. ´A cloudy countenance.´ Shak. 4. Confused; indistinct; obscure; dark. “Cloudy and confused notions of things.
Watts.” 5. Lacking clearness, brightness, or luster. ´A cloudy diamond.´ Boyle. 6. Marked with veins or sports of dark or various hues, as marble.

Clough , n. [OE. clough, cloghe, clou, clewch, AS. (assumed) cloh, akin to G. klinge ravine.] 1. A cleft in a hill; a ravine; a narrow valley. Nares. 2. A sluice used in returning water to a channel after depositing its sediment on the flooded land. Knight.

Clough ( 115), n. (Com.) An allowance in weighing. See Cloff.

Clout , n. [AS. clut a little cloth, piece of metal; cf. Sw. klut, Icel. klutr a kerchief, or W. clwt a clout, Gael. clud.] 1. A cloth; a piece of cloth or leather; a patch; a rag. “His garments, nought but many ragged clouts,
With thorns together pinned and patched was.
Spenser.” “A clout upon that head where late the diadem stood.
Shak.” 2. A swadding cloth. 3. A piece; a fragment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. The center of the butt at which archers shoot; — probably once a piece of white cloth or a nail head. “A’must shoot nearer or he’ll ne’er hit the clout.
Shak.” 5. An iron plate on an axletree or other wood to keep it from wearing; a washer. 6. A blow with the hand. [Low] Clout nail, a kind of wrought-iron nail heaving a large flat head; — used for fastening clouts to axletrees, plowshares, etc., also for studding timber, and for various purposes.

Clout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouting.] [OE. clutien. clouten, to patch. See Clout, n.] 1. To cover with cloth, leather, or other material; to bandage; patch, or mend, with a clout. “And old shoes and clouted upon their feet.
Josh. ix. 5.” “Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in … clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers.
Latimer.” 2. To join or patch clumsily. “If fond Bavius vent his clouted song.
P. Fletcher” 3. To quard with an iron plate, as an axletree. 4. To give a blow to; to strike. [Low] “The … queen of Spain took off one of her chopines and clouted Olivarez about the noddle with it.
Howell.” 5. To stud with nails, as a timber, or a boot sole. Clouted cream, clotted cream, i. e., cream obtained by warming new milk. A. Philips. ´Clouted brogues´ in Shakespeare and ´clouted shoon´ in Milton have been understood by some to mean shoes armed with nails; by others, patched shoes.

Clout´er•ly , a. [From Clout, n.] Clumsy; awkward. [Obs.] “Rough-hewn, cloutery verses.
E. Phillips.”

Clove , imp. of Cleave. Cleft. Spenser. Clove hitch (Naut.) See under Hitch. — Clove hook (Naut.), an iron two-part hook, with jaws overlapping, used in bending chain sheets to the clews of sails; — called also clip hook. Knight.

Clove, n. [D. kloof. See Cleave, v. t.] A cleft; a gap; a ravine; — rarely used except as part of a proper name; as Kaaterskill Clove; Stone Clove.

Clove, n. [OE. clow, fr. F. clou nail, clou de girofle a clove, lit. nail of clove, fr. L. clavus nail, perh. akin to clavis key, E. clavicle. The clove was so called from its resemblance to a nail. So in D. kruidnagel clove, lit. herb-nail or spice-nail. Cf. Cloy.] A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpanded flower bud of the clove tree (Eugenia, or Caryophullus, aromatica), a native of the Molucca Isles. Clove camphor. (Chem.) See Eugenin. — Clove gillyflower, Clove pink (Bot.), any fragrant self-colored carnation.

Clove, n. [AS. clufe an ear of corn, a clove of garlic; cf. cleófan to split, E. cleave.] 1. (Bot.) One of the small bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb, as in the case of garlic. “Developing, in the axils of its skales, new bulbs, of what gardeners call cloves.
Lindley.” 2. A weight. A clove of cheese is about eight pounds, of wool, about seven pounds. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clo´ven , p. p. & a. from Cleave, v. t. To show the cloven foot or hoof, to reveal a devilish character, or betray an evil purpose, notwithstanding disguises, — Satan being represented dramatically and symbolically as having cloven hoofs. { Clo´ven-foot•ed , Clo´ven-hoofed• }, a. Having the foot or hoof divided into two parts, as the ox.

Clo´ver (klo´ver), n. [OE. claver, clover, AS. claefre; akin to LG. & Dan. klever, D. klaver, G. klee, Sw. klöfver.] (Bot.) A plant of different species of the genus Trifolium; as the common red clover, T. pratense, the white, T. repens, and the hare’s foot, T. arvense. Clover weevil (Zoöl.) a small weevil (Apion apricans), that destroys the seeds of clover. — Clover worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Asopia costalis), often very destructive to clover hay. — In clover, in very pleasant circumstances; fortunate. [Colloq.] — Sweet clover. See Meliot.

Clo´vered , a. Covered with growing clover. “Flocks thick nibbling through the clovered vale.
Thomson.”

Clowe´-gi•lof•re , n. [See 3d Clove, and Gillyflower.] Spice clove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clown (kloun), n. [Cf. Icel. klunni a clumsy, boorish fellow, North Fries. klönne clown, dial. Sw. klunn log, Dan. klunt log, block, and E. clump, n.] 1. A man of coarse nature and manners; an awkward fellow; an ill-bred person; a boor. Sir P. Sidney. 2. One who works upon the soil; a rustic; a churl. “The clown, the child of nature, without guile.
Cowper.” 3. The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, etc. “The clown shall make those laugh whose lungs are tickle o’the sere.
Shak.”

Clown, v. i. To act as a clown; — with it. [Obs.] “Beshrew me, he clowns it properly indeed.
B. Jonson.”

Clown´age , n. Behavior or manners of a clown; clownery. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Clown´er•y (-er•y), n. Clownishness. L’Estrange.

Clown´ish, a. Of or resembling a clown, or characteristic of a clown; ungainly; awkward. ´Clownish hands.´ Spenser. ´Clownish mimic.´ Prior. — Clown´ish•ly, adv. Syn. — Coarse; rough; clumsy; awkward; ungainly; rude; uncivil; ill-bred; boorish; rustic; untutored.

Clown´ish•ness, n. The manners of a clown; coarseness or rudeness of behavior. “That plainness which the alamode people call clownishness.
Locke.”

Cloy (kloi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloyed (kloid); p. pr. & vb. n. Cloying.] [OE. cloer to nail up, F. clouer, fr. OF. clo nail, F. clou, fr. L. clavus nail. Cf. 3d Clove.] 1. To fill or choke up; to stop up; to clog. [Obs.] “The duke’s purpose was to have cloyed the harbor by sinking ships, laden with stones.
Speed.” 2. To glut, or satisfy, as the appetite; to satiate; to fill to loathing; to surfeit. “[Who can] cloy the hungry edge of appetite
By bare imagination of a feast?
Shak.” “He sometimes cloys his readers instead of satisfying.
Dryden.” 3. To penetrate or pierce; to wound. “Which, with his cruel tusk, him deadly cloyed.
Spenser.” “He never shod horse but he cloyed him.
Bacon.” 4. To spike, as a cannon. [Obs.] Johnson. 5. To stroke with a claw. [Obs.] Shak.

Cloy´less, a. That does not cloy. Shak.

Cloy´ment , n. Satiety. [Obs.] Shak.

Club (klub), n. [Cf. Icel. klubba, klumba, club, klumbufoir a clubfoot, SW. klubba club, Dan. klump lump, klub a club, G. klumpen clump, kolben club, and E. clump.] 1. A heavy staff of wood, usually tapering, and wielded with the hand; a weapon; a cudgel. “But make you ready your stiff bats and clubs;
Rome and her rats are at the point of battle.
Shak.” 2. [Cf. the Spanish name bastos, and Sp. baston staff, club.] Any card of the suit of cards having a figure like the trefoil or clover leaf. (pl.) The suit of cards having such figure. 3. An association of persons for the promotion of some common object, as literature, science, politics, good fellowship, etc.; esp. an association supported by equal assessments or contributions of the members. “They talked
At wine, in clubs, of art, of politics.
Tennyson.” “He [Goldsmith] was one of the nine original members of that celebrated fraternity which has sometimes been called the Literary Club, but which has always disclaimed that epithet, and still glories in the simple name of the Club.
Macaulay.” 4. A joint charge of expense, or any person’s share of it; a contribution to a common fund. “They laid down the club.
L’Estrange.” “We dined at a French house, but paid ten shillings for our part of the club.
Pepys.” Club law, government by violence; lynch law; anarchy. Addison. - Club moss (Bot.), an evergreen mosslike plant, much used in winter decoration. The best know species is Lycopodium clavatum, but other Lycopodia are often called by this name. The spores form a highly inflammable powder. — Club root (Bot.), a disease of cabbages, by which the roots become distorted and the heads spoiled. — Club topsail (Naut.), a kind of gaff topsail, used mostly by yachts having a fore-and-aft rig. It has a short ´club´ or ´jack yard´ to increase its spread.

Club (klub), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clubbed (klubd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clubbing.] 1. To beat with a club. 2. (Mil.) To throw, or allow to fall, into confusion. “To club a battalion implies a temporary inability in the commanding officer to restore any given body of men to their natural front in line or column.
Farrow.” 3. To unite, or contribute, for the accomplishment of a common end; as to club exertions. 4. To raise, or defray, by a proportional assesment; as to club the expense. To club a musket (Mil.), to turn the breach uppermost, so as to use it as a club.

Club , v. i. 1. To form a club; to combine for the promotion of some common object; to unite. “Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream
Of fancy, madly met, and clubbed into a dream.
Dryden.” 2. To pay on equal or proportionate share of a common charge or expense; to pay for something by contribution. “The owl, the raven, and the bat,
Clubbed for a feather to his hat.
Swift.” 3. (Naut.) To drift in a current with an anchor out.

Club´ba•ble , a. Suitable for membership in a club; sociable. [Humorous.] G. W. Curtis.

Clubbed , a. Shaped like a club; grasped like, or used as a club. Skelton.

Club´ber , n. 1. One who clubs. 2. A member of a club. [R.] Massinger.

Club´bish , a. 1. Rude; clownish. [Obs.] 2. Disposed to club together; as a clubbish set.

Club´bist , n. A member of a club; a frequenter of clubs. [R.] Burke.

Club´fist , n. 1. A large, heavy fist. 2. A coarse, brutal fellow. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Club´fist•ed, a. Having a large fist. Howell.

Club´foot , n. [Club + foot.] (Med.) A short, variously distorted foot; also the deformity, usually congenital, which such a foot exhibits; talipes.

Club´foot•ed, a. Having a clubfoot.

Club´hand , n. (Med.) A short, distorted hand; also the deformity of having such a hand.

Club´haul , v. t. (Naut.) To put on the other tack by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails (which brings the vessel’s head to the wind), and by cutting the cable as soon as she pays off on the other tack. Clubhauling is attempted only in an exigency.

Club´house , n. A house occupied by a club.

Club´room , n. The apartment in which a club meets. Addison.

Club´-rush , n. (Bot.) A rushlike plant, the reed mace or cat-tail, or some species of the genus Scirpus. See Bulrush.

Club´-shaped , a. Enlarged gradually at the end, as the antennae of certain insects.

Cluck , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clucked p pr. & vb. n. Clucking.] [AS. cloccian; cf. D. klokken, G. glucken, glucksen, LG. klukken, Dan. klukke; all prob. of imitative origin.] To make the noise, or utter the call, of a brooding hen. Ray.

Cluck, v. t. To call together, or call to follow, as a hen does her chickens. “She, poor hen, fond of no second brood,
Has clucked three to the wars.
Shak.”

Cluck, n. 1. The call of a hen to her chickens. 2. A click. See 3d Click, 2.

Cluck´ing, n. The noise or call of a brooding hen.

Clue (klu), n. [See Clew, n.] A ball of thread; a thread or other means of guidance. Same as Clew. “You have wound a goodly clue.
Shak.” “This clue once found unravels all the rest.
Pope.” “Serve as clues to guide us into further knowledge.
Locke.”

Clum (klum), interj. Silence; hush. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clum´ber (klum´ber), n. [Named from the estate of the Duke of Newcastle.] (Zoöl.) A kind of field spaniel, with short legs and stout body, which, unlike other spaniels, hunts silently.

Clump (klump), n. [Cf. D. klomp lump, G. klump, klumpen, Dan. klump, Sw. klump; perh. akin to L. globus, E. globe. Cf. Club.] 1. An unshaped piece or mass of wood or other substance. 2. A cluster; a group; a thicket. “A clump of shrubby trees.
Hawthorne.” 3. The compressed clay of coal strata. Brande & C.

Clump, v. t. To arrange in a clump or clumps; to cluster; to group. Blackmore.

Clump, v. i. To tread clumsily; to clamp. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clump´er , v. t. [Cf. G. klümpern to clod. See Clump, n.] To form into clumps or masses. [Obs.] “Vapors … clumpered in balls of clouds.
Dr. H. More.”

Clumps , n. A game in which questions are asked for the purpose of enabling the questioners to discover a word or thing previously selected by two persons who answer the questions; — so called because the players take sides in two ´clumps´ or groups, the ´clump´ which guesses the word winning the game.

Clump´y , a. [From Clump, n.] Composed of clumps; massive; shapeless. Leigh Hunt.

Clum´si•ly , adv. In a clumsy manner; awkwardly; as to walk clumsily.

Clum´si•ness, n. The quality of being clumsy. “The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumsiness and ignorance.
Collier.”

Clum´sy , a. [Compar. Clumsier superl. Clumsiest.] [OE. clumsed benumbed, fr. clumsen to be benumbed; cf. Icel. klumsa lockjaw, dial. Sw. klummsen benumbed with cold. Cf. 1st Clam, and 1st Clamp.] 1. Stiff or benumbed, as with cold. [Obs.] 2. Without skill or grace; wanting dexterity, nimbleness, or readiness; stiff; awkward, as if benumbed; unwieldy; unhandy; hence; ill-made, misshapen, or inappropriate; as a clumsy person; a clumsy workman; clumsy fingers; a clumsy gesture; a clumsy excuse. “But thou in clumsy verse, unlicked, unpointed,
Hast shamefully defied the Lord’s anointed.
Dryden.” Syn. — See Awkward.

Clunch , n. [Perh. fr. clinch to make fast] 1. (Mining) Indurated clay. See Bind, n., 3. 2. One of the hard beds of the lower chalk. Dana.

Clung , imp. & p. p. of Cling.

Clung, a. [Prop. p. p. fr. OE. clingen to wither. See Cling, v. i.] Wasted away; shrunken. [Obs.]

Clu´ni•ac , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of the reformed branch of the Benedictine Order, founded in 912 at Cluny (or Clugny) in France. — Also used as a.

Clu•ni•a•cen´sian , a. Cluniac.

Clu´pe•oid , a. [L. clupea a kind of fish, NL., generic name of the herring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Herring family.

Clus´ter (klus´ter), n. [AS. cluster, clyster; cf. LG. kluster (also Sw. & Dan. klase a cluster of grapes, D. klissen to be entangled?.)] 1. A number of things of the same kind growing together; a bunch. “Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes,
Which load the bunches of the fruitful vine.
Spenser.” 2. A number of similar things collected together or lying contiguous; a group; as a cluster of islands. ´Cluster of provinces.´ Motley. 3. A number of individuals grouped together or collected in one place; a crowd; a mob. “As bees …
Pour forth their populous youth about the hive
In clusters.
Milton.” “We loved him; but, like beasts
And cowardly nobles, gave way unto your clusters,
Who did hoot him out o’ the city.
Shak.”

Clus´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clustered p. pr. & vb. n. Clustering.] To grow in clusters or assemble in groups; to gather or unite in a cluster or clusters. “His sunny hair
Cluster’d about his temples, like a god’s.
Tennyson.” “The princes of the country clustering together.
Foxe.”

Clus´ter, v. t. To collect into a cluster or clusters; to gather into a bunch or close body. “Not less the bee would range her cells, …
The foxglove cluster dappled bells.
Tennyson.” “Or from the forest falls the clustered snow.
Thomson.” Clustered column (Arch.), a column which is composed, or appears to be composed, of several columns collected together.

Clus´ter•ing•ly, adv. In clusters.

Clus´ter•y , a. [From Cluster, n.] Growing in, or full of, clusters; like clusters. Johnson.

Clutch (kluch; 224), n. [OE. cloche, cloke, claw, Scot. clook, cleuck, also OE. cleche claw, clechen, cleken, to seize; cf. AS. gelaeccan (where ge- is a prefix) to seize. Cf. Latch a catch.] 1. A gripe or clinching with, or as with, the fingers or claws; seizure; grasp. ´The clutch of poverty.´ Cowper. “An expiring clutch at popularity.
Carlyle.” “But Age, with his stealing steps,
Hath clawed me in his clutch.
Shak.” 2. pl. The hands, claws, or talons, in the act of grasping firmly; — often figuratively, for power, rapacity, or cruelty; as to fall into the clutches of an adversary. “I must have … little care of myself, if I ever more come near the clutches of such a giant.
Bp. Stillingfleet.” 3. (Mach.) A device which is used for coupling shafting, etc., so as to transmit motion, and which may be disengaged at pleasure. 4. Any device for gripping an object, as at the end of a chain or tackle. 5. (Zoöl.) The nest complement of eggs of a bird. Bayonet clutch (Mach.), a clutch in which connection is made by means of bayonets attached to arms sliding on a feathered shaft. The bayonets slide through holes in a crosshead fastened on the shaft.

Clutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clutched p. pr. & vb. n. Clutching.] [OE. clucchen. See Clutch, n.] 1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand, hands, or claws; — often figuratively; as to clutch power. “A man may set the poles together in his head, and clutch the whole globe at one intellectual grasp.
Collier.” “Is this a dagger which I see before me … ?
Come, let me clutch thee.
Shak.” 2. To close tightly; to clinch. “Not that I have the power to clutch my hand.
Shak.”

Clutch, v. i. To reach (at something) as if to grasp; to catch or snatch; — often followed by at. “Clutching at the phantoms of the stock market.
Bankroft.”

Clut´ter , n. [Cf. W. cludair heap, pile, cludeirio to heap.] 1. A confused collection; hence, confusion; disorder; as the room is in a clutter. “He saw what a clutter there was with huge, overgrown pots, pans, and spits.
L’Estrange.” 2. Clatter; confused noise. Swift.

Clut´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cluttered p. pr. & vb. n. Cluttering.] To crowd together in disorder; to fill or cover with things in disorder; to throw into disorder; to disarrange; as to clutter a room.

Clut´ter, v. i. To make a confused noise; to bustle. “It [the goose] cluttered here, it chuckled there.
Tennyson.”

Clut´ter, v. t. [From Clod, n.] To clot or coagulate, as blood. [Obs.] Holland.

Clyp•e•as´troid , a. [NL. Clypeaster (L. clupeus shield + aster star) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or related to the genus Clupeaster; — applied to a group of flattened sea urchins, with a rosette of pores on the upper side.

Clyp´e•ate , a. [L. clupeatus, p. p. of clupeare to arm with a shield, fr. clupeus, clipeus shield.] 1. (Bot.) Shaped like a round buckler or shield; scutate. 2. (Zoöl.) Furnished with a shield, or a protective plate or shell.

Clyp´e•i•form , a. [L. clupeus shield + -form.] Shield-shaped; clypeate.

Clyp´e•us , n.; pl. Clypei (#). [L., a shield.] (Zoöl.) The frontal plate of the head of an insect.

Clys´mi•an , a. [Gr. a place washed by the waves, fr. . See Clyster.] Connected with, or related to, the deluge, or to a cataclysm; as clysmian changes. Smart.

Clys´mic , a. Washing; cleansing.

Clys´ter , n. [L., fr. G. . fr. to wash off or out; akin to Goth. hlutrs pure, G. lauter: cf. F. clystère] (Med.) A liquid injected into the lower intestines by means of a syringe; an injection; an enema. Clyster pipe, a tube or pipe used for injections.

Cne´mi•al , a. [Gr. the tibia.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the shin bone. Cnemial crest, a crestlike prominence on the proximal end of the tibia of birds and some reptiles.

Cni´da (ni´da), n.; pl. Cnidae (ni´de). [NL., fr. Gr. kni•dh nettle, sea nettle.] (Zoöl.) One of the peculiar stinging cells found in Cœlenterata; a nematocyst; a lasso cell.

Cni•da´ri•a (ni•da´ri•a), n. pl. [NL. See Cnida.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Cœlenterata, i. e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.

Cni´do•blast , n. [Cnida + -blast.] (Zoöl.) One of the cells which, in the Cœlenterata, develop into cnidae.

Cni´do•cil , n. [Cnida + cilium eyelash.] (Zoöl.) The fine filiform process of a cnidoblast.

Co- (ko-). A form of the prefix com-, signifying with, together, in conjunction, joint. It is used before vowels and some consonants. See Com-.

Co•a•cer´vate , a. [L. coacervatus, p. p. of coacervare to heap up; co- + acervare. See Acervate.] Raised into a pile; collected into a crowd; heaped. [R.] Bacon.

Co•a•cer´vate , v. t. To heap up; to pile. [R.]

Co•ac•er•va´tion , n. [L. coacervatio.] A heaping together. [R.] Bacon.

Coach (koch; 224), n. [F. coche, fr. It. cocchio, dim. of cocca little boat, fr. L. concha mussel, mussel shell, Gr. , akin to Skr. çankha. Cf. Conch, Cockboat, Cockle.] 1. A large, closed, four- wheeled carriage, having doors in the sides, and generally a front and back seat inside, each for two persons, and an elevated outside seat in front for the driver. Coaches have a variety of forms, and differ in respect to the number of persons they can carry. Mail coaches and tallyho coaches often have three or more seats inside, each for two or three persons, and seats outside, sometimes for twelve or more. 2. A special tutor who assists in preparing a student for examination; a trainer; esp. one who trains a boat’s crew for a race. [Colloq.] “Wareham was studying for India with a Wancester coach.
G. Eliot.” 3. (Naut.) A cabin on the after part of the quarter-deck, usually occupied by the captain. [Written also couch.] [Obs.] “The commanders came on board and the council sat in the coach.
Pepys.” 4. (Railroad) A first-class passenger car, as distinguished from a drawing-room car, sleeping car, etc. It is sometimes loosely applied to any passenger car.

Coach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coached p. pr. & vb. n. Coaching.] 1. To convey in a coach. Pope. 2. To prepare for public examination by private instruction; to train by special instruction. [Colloq.] “I coached him before he got his scholarship.
G. Eliot.”

Coach, v. i. To drive or to ride in a coach; — sometimes used with it. [Colloq.] ´Coaching it to all quarters.´ E. Waterhouse.

Coach´box The seat of a coachman.

Coach´dog ( 115). (Zoöl.) One of a breed of dogs trained to accompany carriages; the Dalmatian dog.

Coach´ee , n. A coachman [Slang]

Coach´fel•low , n. One of a pair of horses employed to draw a coach; hence (Fig.), a comrade. Shak.

Coach´man , n.; pl. Coachmen (#). 1. A man whose business is to drive a coach or carriage. 2. (Zoöl.) A tropical fish of the Atlantic ocean (Dutes auriga); — called also charioteer. The name refers to a long, lashlike spine of the dorsal fin.

Coach´man•ship , n. Skill in driving a coach.

Coach´whip• snake´ (Zoöl.) A large, slender, harmless snake of the southern United States (Masticophis flagelliformis). Its long and tapering tail has the scales so arranged and colored as to give it a braided appearance, whence the name.

Co•act´ , v. t. [L. coactare, intens. fr. cogere, coactum, to force. See Cogent.] To force; to compel; to drive. [Obs.] “The faith and service of Christ ought to be voluntary and not coacted.
Foxe.”

Co•act´, v. i. [Pref. co- + act, v. i.] To act together; to work in concert; to unite. [Obs.] “But if I tell you how these two did coact.
Shak.”

Co•ac´tion , n. [L. coactio.] Force; compulsion, either in restraining or impelling. Sojth.

Co•ac´tive , a. [In sense 1, fr. 1st Coact; in sense 2, fr. 2d Coact.] 1. Serving to compel or constrain; compulsory; restrictive. “Any coactive power or the civil kind.
Bp. Warburton.” 2. Acting in concurrence; united in action. “With what’s unreal thou coactive art.
Shak.”

Co•ac´tive•ly, adv. In a coactive manner.

Co•ac•tiv´i•ty , n. Unity of action.

Co•ad•ap•ta´tion , n. Mutual adaption. R. Owen.

Co•a•dapt´ed , a. Adapted one to another; as coadapted pulp and tooth. R. Owen.

Co•ad´ju•ment , n. Mutual help; coöperation. [R.] Johnson.

Co•ad•just´ , v. t. To adjust by mutual adaptations. R. Owen.

Co•ad•just´ment , n. Mutual adjustment.

Co•ad´ju•tant , a. Mutually assisting or operating; helping. J. Philips.

Co•ad´ju•tant, n. An assistant. R. North.

Co•ad´ju•ting, a. Mutually assisting. [Obs.] Drayton.

Co•ad´ju•tive , a. Rendering mutual aid; coadjutant. Feltham.

Co•ad•ju´tor , n. [L. See Co-, and Aid.] 1. One who aids another; an assistant; a coworker. “Craftily outwitting her perjured coadjutor.
Sheridan.” 2. (R. C. Ch.) The assistant of a bishop or of a priest holding a benefice.

Co•ad•ju´tor•ship, n. The state or office of a coadjutor; joint assistance. Pope. { Co•ad•ju´tress , Co•ad•ju´trix } n. A female coadjutor or assistant. Holland. Smollett.

Co•ad´ju•van•cy , n. Joint help; coöperation. Sir T. Browne.

Co•ad´ju•vant , a. Coöperating.

Co•ad´ju•vant, n. (Med.) An adjuvant.

Co•ad´u•nate ( 135), a. [L. coadunatus, p. p. of coadunare to unite. See Adunation.] (Bot.) United at the base, as contiguous lobes of a leaf.

Co•ad•u•na´tion , n. [L. coadunatio.] Union, as in one body or mass; unity. Jer. Taylor. “The coadunation of all the civilized provinces.
Coleridge.”

Co•ad•u•ni´tion , n. [Pref. co- + pref. ad- + unition.] Coadunation. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Co•ad•ven´ture ( 135), n. An adventure in which two or more persons are partakers.

Co•ad•ven´ture, v. i. To share in a venture. Howell.

Co•ad•ven´tur•er , n. A fellow adventurer.

Co•af•for´est , v. t. To convert into, or add to, a forest. Howell.

Coag , n. See Coak, a kind of tenon.

Co•a´gen•cy , n. Agency in common; joint agency or agent. Coleridge.

Co•a´gent , n. An associate in an act; a coworker. Drayton.

Co•ag•ment´ , v. t. [L. coagmentare, fr. coagmentum a joining together, fr. cogere. See Cogent.] To join together. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Co•ag•men•ta´tion , n. [L. coagmentatio.] The act of joining, or the state of being joined, together; union. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Co•ag•u•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being coagulable; capacity of being coagulated. Ure.

Co•ag´u•la•ble , a. Capable of being coagulated. Boyle.

Co•ag´u•lant , n. [L. coagulans, p. pr.] That which produces coagulation.

Co•ag´u•late , a. [L. coagulatus, p. p. of coagulare to coagulate, fr. coagulum means of coagulation, fr. cogere, coactum, to drive together, coagulate. See Cogent.] Coagulated. [Obs.] Shak.

Co•ag´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coagulated p. pr. & vb. n. Coagulating ] To cause (a liquid) to change into a curdlike or semisolid state, not by evaporation but by some kind of chemical reaction; to curdle; as rennet coagulates milk; heat coagulates the white of an egg.

Co•ag´u•late, v. i. To undergo coagulation. Boyle. Syn. — To thicken; concrete; curdle; clot; congeal.

Co•ag´u•la•ted , a. Changed into, or contained in, a coagulum or a curdlike mass; curdled. Coagulated proteid (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of bodies formed in the coagulation of a albuminous substance by heat, acids, or other agents.

Co•ag•u•la´tion , n. [L. coagulatio.] 1. The change from a liquid to a thickened, curdlike, insoluble state, not by evaporation, but by some kind of chemical reaction; as the spontaneous coagulation of freshly drawn blood; the coagulation of milk by rennet, or acid, and the coagulation of egg albumin by heat. Coagulation is generally the change of an albuminous body into an insoluble modification. 2. The substance or body formed by coagulation.

Co•ag´u•la•tive , a. Having the power to cause coagulation; as a coagulative agent. Boyle.

Co•ag´u•la•tor , n. That which causes coagulation. Hixley.

Co•ag´u•la•to•ry , a. Serving to coagulate; produced by coagulation; as coagulatory effects. Boyle.

Co•ag´u•lum , n.; pl. Coagula (#). [L. See Coagulate, a.] The thick, curdy precipitate formed by the coagulation of albuminous matter; any mass of coagulated matter, as a clot of blood.

Co•ai´ta (ko•äi´ta), n. (Zoöl.) The native name of certain South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, esp. A. paniscus. The black-faced coaita is Ateles ater. See Illustration in Appendix.

Coak (kok), n. See Coke, n.

Coak, n. 1. (Carp.) A kind of tenon connecting the face of a scarfed timber with the face of another timber, or a dowel or pin of hard wood or iron uniting timbers. [Also spelt coag.] 2. A metallic bushing or strengthening piece in the center of a wooden block sheave.

Coak, v. t. (Carp.) To unite, as timbers, by means of tenons or dowels in the edges or faces. Totten.

Coal , n. [AS. col; akin to D. kool, OHG. chol, cholo, G. kohle, Icel. kol, pl., Sw. kol, Dan. kul; cf. Skr. jval to burn. Cf. Kiln, Collier.] 1. A thoroughly charred, and extinguished or still ignited, fragment from wood or other combustible substance; charcoal. 2. (Min.) A black, or brownish black, solid, combustible substance, dug from beds or veins in the earth to be used for fuel, and consisting, like charcoal, mainly of carbon, but more compact, and often affording, when heated, a large amount of volatile matter. This word is often used adjectively, or as the first part of self-explaining compounds; as coal-black; coal formation; coal scuttle; coal ship. etc. In England the plural coals is used, for the broken mineral coal burned in grates, etc.; as to put coals on the fire. In the United States the singular in a collective sense is the customary usage; as a hod of coal. Age of coal plants. See Age of Acrogens, under Acrogen. — Anthracite or Glance coal. See Anthracite. — Bituminous coal. See under Bituminous. — Blind coal. See under Blind. — Brown coal, or Lignite. See Lignite. — Caking coal, a bituminous coal, which softens and becomes pasty or semi-viscid when heated. On increasing the heat, the volatile products are driven off, and a coherent, grayish black, cellular mass of coke is left. — Cannel coal, a very compact bituminous coal, of fine texture and dull luster. See Cannel coal. — Coal bed (Geol.), a layer or stratum of mineral coal. — Coal breaker, a structure including machines and machinery adapted for crushing, cleansing, and assorting coal. — Coal field (Geol.), a region in which deposits of coal occur. Such regions have often a basinlike structure, and are hence called coal basins. See Basin. — Coal gas, a variety of carbureted hydrogen, procured from bituminous coal, used in lighting streets, houses, etc., and for cooking and heating. — Coal heaver, a man employed in carrying coal, and esp. in putting it in, and discharging it from, ships. — Coal measures. (Geol.) (a) Strata of coal with the attendant rocks. (b) A subdivision of the carboniferous formation, between the millstone grit below and the Permian formation above, and including nearly all the workable coal beds of the world. — Coal oil, a general name for mineral oils; petroleum. — Coal plant (Geol.), one of the remains or impressions of plants found in the strata of the coal formation. — Coal tar. See in the Vocabulary. — To haul over the coals, to call to account; to scold or censure. [Colloq.] — Wood coal. See Lignite.

Coal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaled p. pr. & vb. n. Coaling.] 1. To burn to charcoal; to char. [R.] “Charcoal of roots, coaled into great pieces.
Bacon.” 2. To mark or delineate with charcoal. Camden. 3. To supply with coal; as to coal a steamer.

Coal, v. i. To take in coal; as the steamer coaled at Southampton.

Coal´-black (-blak•), a. As black as coal; jet black; very black. Dryden.

Coal´er•y , n. [Obs.] See Colliery.

Co•a•lesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coalesced p. pr. & vb. n. Coalescing.] [L. coalescere, coalitium; co- + alescere to grow up, incho. fr. alere to nourish. See Aliment, n.] 1. To grow together; to unite by growth into one body; as the parts separated by a wound coalesce. 2. To unite in one body or product; to combine into one body or community; as vapors coalesce. “The Jews were incapable of coalescing with other nations.
Campbell.” “Certain combinations of ideas that, once coalescing, could not be shaken loose.
De Quincey.” Syn. — See Add.

Co•a•les´cence , n. The act or state of growing together, as similar parts; the act of uniting by natural affinity or attraction; the state of being united; union; concretion.

Co•a•les´cent , a. [L. coalescens, p. pr.] Growing together; cohering, as in the organic cohesion of similar parts; uniting.

Coal´fish , n. [Named from the dark color of the back.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pollock; — called also coalsey, colemie, colmey, coal whiting, etc. See Pollock. (b) The beshow or candlefish of Alaska. (c) The cobia.

Coal´goose , n. (Zoöl.) The cormorant; — so called from its black color.

Co´a•lite , v. i. [L. coalitus, p. p. of coalescere. See Coalesce.] To unite or coalesce. [Obs.] “Let them continue to coalite.
Bolingbroke.”

Co´a•lite, v. t. To cause to unite or coalesce. [Obs.] “Time has by degrees blended … and coalited the conquered with the conquerors.
Burke.”

Co•a•li´tion , n. [LL. coalitio: cf. F. coalition. See Coalesce.] 1. The act of coalescing; union into a body or mass, as of separate bodies or parts; as a coalition of atoms. Bentley. 2. A combination, for temporary purposes, of persons, parties, or states, having different interests. “A coalition of the puritan and the blackleg.
J. Randolph.” “The coalition between the religious and worldly enemies of popery.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Alliance; confederation; confederacy; league; combination; conjunction; conspiracy; union.

Co•a•li´tion•er , n. A coalitionist.

Co•a•li´tion•ist, n. One who joins or promotes a coalition; one who advocates coalition.

Co•-al•ly´ , n.; pl. Co-allies (#). A joint ally. Kent.

Coal´-me•ter , n. A licensed or official coal measurer in London. See Meter. Simmonds.

Coal´mouse , n. (Zoöl.) A small species of titmouse, with a black head; the coletit.

Coal´pit , n. 1. A pit where coal is dug. 2. A place where charcoal is made. [U. S.]

Coal´ tar A thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by the distillation of bituminous coal in the manufacture of illuminating gas; used for making printer’s ink, black varnish, etc. It is a complex mixture from which many substances have been obtained, especially hydrocarbons of the benzene or aromatic series. Among its important ingredients are benzene, aniline, phenol, naphtalene, anthracene, etc., which are respectively typical of many dye stuffs, as the aniline dyes, the phthaleïns, indigo, alizarin, and many flavoring extracts whose artificial production is a matter of great commercial importance.

Coal´-whip•per , n. One who raises coal out of the hold of a ship. [Eng.] Dickens.

Coal´ works A place where coal is dug, including the machinery for raising the coal.

Coal´y , a. [From Coal, n.] Pertaining to, or resembling, coal; containing coal; of the nature of coal.

Coam´ings , n. pl. [Cf. Comb a crest.] (Naut.) Raised pieces of wood of iron around a hatchway, skylight, or other opening in the deck, to prevent water from running bellow; esp. the fore-and-aft pieces of a hatchway frame as distinguished from the transverse head ledges. [Written also combings.]

Co•an•nex´ , v. t. To annex with something else.

Co•ap•ta´tion , n. [L. coaptatio, fr. coaptare to fit together; co- + aptare. See Aptate.] The adaptation or adjustment of parts to each other, as of a broken bone or dislocated joint. { Co•arct´ , Co•arc´tate }, v. t. [See Coarctate, a.] 1. To press together; to crowd; to straiten; to confine closely. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To restrain; to confine. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Co•arc´tate , a. [L. coarctatus, p. p. of coarctare to press together; co- + arctare to press together, from arctus, p. p. See Arctation.] (Zoöl.) Pressed together; closely connected; — applied to insects having the abdomen separated from the thorax only by a constriction. Coarctate pupa (Zoöl.), a pupa closely covered by the old larval skin, as in most Diptera.

Co•arc•ta´tion , n. [L. coarctatio.] 1. Confinement to a narrow space. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Pressure; that which presses. [Obs.] Ray. 3. (Med.) A stricture or narrowing, as of a canal, cavity, or orifice.

Coarse (kors), a. [Compar. Coarser (kors´er); superl. Coarsest.] [As this word was anciently written course, or cours, it may be an abbreviation of of course, in the common manner of proceeding, common, and hence, homely, made for common domestic use, plain, rude, rough, gross, e. g., ´Though the threads be course.´ Gascoigne. See Course.] 1. Large in bulk, or composed of large parts or particles; of inferior quality or appearance; not fine in material or close in texture; gross; thick; rough; — opposed to fine; as coarse sand; coarse thread; coarse cloth; coarse bread. 2. Not refined; rough; rude; unpolished; gross; indelicate; as coarse manners; coarse language. “I feel
Of what coarse metal ye are molded.
Shak.” “To copy, in my coarse English, his beautiful expressions.
Dryden.” Syn. — Large; thick; rough; gross; blunt; uncouth; unpolished; inelegant; indelicate; vulgar.

Coarse´-grained (kors´grand•), a. Having a coarse grain or texture, as wood; hence, wanting in refinement.

Coarse´ly, adv. In a coarse manner; roughly; rudely; inelegantly; uncivilly; meanly.

Coars´en (kors´’n), v. t. To make coarse or vulgar; as to coarsen one’s character. [R.] Graham.

Coarse´ness (kors´nes), n. The quality or state of being coarse; roughness; inelegance; vulgarity; grossness; as coarseness of food, texture, manners, or language. ´The coarseness of the sackcloth.´ Dr. H. More. “Pardon the coarseness of the illustration.
L’Estrange.” “A coarseness and vulgarity in all the proceedings.
Burke.”

Co•ar•tic•u•la´tion , n. (Anat.) The union or articulation of bones to form a joint.

Co•-as•sess´or , n. A joint assessor.

Coast , n. [OF. coste, F. côte, rib, hill, shore, coast, L. costa rib, side. Cf. Accost, v. t., Cutlet.] 1. The side of a thing. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 2. The exterior line, limit, or border of a country; frontier border. [Obs.] “From the river, the river Euphrates, even to the uttermost sea, shall your coast be.
Deut. xi. 24.” 3. The seashore, or land near it. “He sees in English ships the Holland coast.
Dryden.” “We the Arabian coast do know
At distance, when the species blow.
Waller.” The coast is clear, the danger is over; no enemy in sight. Dryden. Fig.: There are no obstacles. ´Seeing that the coast was clear, Zelmane dismissed Musidorus.´ Sir P. Sidney. — Coast guard. (a) A body of men originally employed along the coast to prevent smuggling; now, under the control of the admiralty, drilled as a naval reserve. [Eng.] (b) The force employed in life-saving stations along the seacoast. [U. S.] — Coast rat (Zoöl.), a South African mammal (Bathyergus suillus), about the size of a rabbit, remarkable for its extensive burrows; — called also sand mole. — Coast waiter, a customhouse officer who superintends the landing or shipping of goods for the coast trade. [Eng.]

Coast , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coasting.] [OE. costien, costeien, costen, OF. costier, costoier, F. côtoyer, fr. Of. coste coast, F. côte. See Coast, n.] 1. To draw or keep near; to approach. [Obs.] “Anon she hears them chant it lustily,
And all in haste she coasteth to the cry.
Shak.” 2. To sail by or near the shore. “The ancients coasted only in their navigation.
Arbuthnot.” 3. To sail from port to port in the same country. 4. [Cf. OF. coste, F. côte, hill, hillside.] To slide down hill; to slide on a sled, upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.]

Coast, v. t. 1. To draw near to; to approach; to keep near, or by the side of. [Obs.] Hakluyt. 2. To sail by or near; to follow the coast line of. “Nearchus, … not knowing the compass, was fain to coast that shore.
Sir T. Browne.” 3. To conduct along a coast or river bank. [Obs.] “The Indians … coasted me along the river.
Hakluyt.”

Coast´al , a. Of or pertaining to a coast.

Coast´er , n. 1. A vessel employed in sailing along a coast, or engaged in the coasting trade. 2. One who sails near the shore.

Coast´ing , a. Sailing along or near a coast, or running between ports along a coast. Coasting trade, trade carried on by water between neighboring ports of the same country, as distinguished from foreign trade or trade involving long voyages. — Coasting vessel, a vessel employed in coasting; a coaster.

Coast´ing, n. 1. A sailing along a coast, or from port to port; a carrying on a coasting trade. 2. Sliding down hill; sliding on a sled upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.] { Coast´wise• (-wiz•), Coast´ways• } adv. By way of, or along, the coast.

Coat (kot; 110), n. [OF. cote, F. cotte, petticoat, cotte d’armes coat of arms, cotte de mailles coat of mail, LL. cota, cotta, tunic, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. chozzo coarse mantle, G. klotze, D. kot, hut, E. cot. Cf. Cot a hut.] 1. An outer garment fitting the upper part of the body; especially, such a garment worn by men. “Let each
His adamantine coat gird well.
Milton.” 2. A petticoat. [Obs.] ´A child in coats.´ Locke. 3. The habit or vesture of an order of men, indicating the order or office; cloth. “Men of his coat should be minding their prayers.
Swift.” “She was sought by spirits of richest coat.
Shak.” 4. An external covering like a garment, as fur, skin, wool, husk, or bark; as the horses coats were sleek. “Fruit of all kinds, in coat
Rough or smooth rined, or bearded husk, or shell.
Milton.” 5. A layer of any substance covering another; a cover; a tegument; as the coats of the eye; the coats of an onion; a coat of tar or varnish. 6. Same as Coat of arms. See below. “Hark, countrymen! either renew the fight,
Or tear the lions out of England’s coat.
Shak.” 7. A coat card. See below. [Obs.] “Here’s a trick of discarded cards of us! We were ranked with coats as long as old master lived.
Massinger.” Coat armor. See under Armor. — Coat of arms (Her.), a translation of the French cotte d’armes, a garment of light material worn over the armor in the 15th and 16th centuries. This was often charged with the heraldic bearings of the wearer. Hence, an heraldic achievement; the bearings of any person, taken together. — Coat card, a card bearing a coated figure; the king, queen, or knave of playing cards. ´•I am a coat card indeed.’ •Then thou must needs be a knave, for thou art neither king nor queen.’´ Rowley. — Coat link, a pair of buttons or studs joined by a link, to hold together the lappels of a double-breasted coat; or a button with a loop for a single-breasted coat. — Coat of mail, a defensive garment of chain mail. See Chain mail, under Chain. — Mast coat (Naut.), a piece of canvas nailed around a mast, where it passes through the deck, to prevent water from getting below. — Sail coat (Naut.), a canvas cover laced over furled sails, and the like, to keep them dry and clean.

Coat , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coating.] 1. To cover with a coat or outer garment. 2. To cover with a layer of any substance; as to coat a jar with tin foil; to coat a ceiling.

Coat•ee´ , n. A coat with short flaps.

Co•a´ti (ko•ä´te or ko•a´ti), n. [From the native name: cf. F. coati.] (Zoöl.) A mammal of tropical America of the genus Nasua, allied to the raccoon, but with a longer body, tail, and nose. The red coati (N. socialis), called also coati mondi, inhabits Mexico and Central America. The brown coati (N. narica) is found in Surinam and Brazil.

Coat´ing , n. 1. A coat or covering; a layer of any substance, as a cover or protection; as the coating of a retort or vial. 2. Cloth for coats; as an assortment of coatings.

Coat´less , a. Not wearing a coat; also not possessing a coat.

Coax ( 110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaxed p. pr. & vb. n. Coaxing.] [Cf. OE. cokes fool, a person easily imposed upon, W. coeg empty, foolish; F. coquin knave, rogue.] To persuade by gentle, insinuating courtesy, flattering, or fondling; to wheedle; to soothe. Syn. — To wheedle; cajole; flatter; persuade; entice.

Coax, n. A simpleton; a dupe. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Co•ax•a´tion , n. [Gr. the noise of frogs.] The act of croaking. [R] Dr. H. More.

Coax´er , n. One who coaxes.

Coax´ing•ly, adv. In a coaxing manner; by coaxing.

Cob (kob), n. [Cf. AS. cop, copp, head, top, D. kop, G. kopf, kuppe, LL. cuppa cup (cf. E. brainpan), and also W. cob tuft, spider, cop, copa, top, summit, cobio to thump. Cf. Cop top, Cup, n.] 1. The top or head of anything. [Obs.] W. Gifford. 2. A leader or chief; a conspicuous person, esp. a rich covetous person. [Obs.] “All cobbing country chuffs, which make their bellies and their bags their god, are called rich cobs.
Nash.” 3. The axis on which the kernels of maize or indian corn grow. [U. S.] 4. (Zoöl.) A spider; perhaps from its shape; it being round like a head. 5. (Zoöl.) A young herring. B. Jonson. 6. (Zoöl.) A fish; — also called miller’s thumb. 7. A short-legged and stout horse, esp. one used for the saddle. [Eng.] 8. (Zoöl.) A sea mew or gull; esp., the black-backed gull (Larus marinus). [Written also cobb.] 9. A lump or piece of anything, usually of a somewhat large size, as of coal, or stone. 10. A cobnut; as Kentish cobs. See Cobnut. [Eng.] 11. Clay mixed with straw. [Prov. Eng.] “The poor cottager contenteth himself with cob for his walls, and thatch for his covering.
R. Carew.” 12. A punishment consisting of blows inflicted on the buttocks with a strap or a flat piece of wood. Wright. 13. A Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland, worth abiut 4s. 6d. [Obs.] Wright. Cob coal, coal in rounded lumps from the size of an egg to that of a football; — called also cobbles. Grose. — Cob loaf, a crusty, uneven loaf, rounded at top. Wright. — Cob money, a kind of rudely coined gold and silver money of Spanish South America in the eighteenth century. The coins were of the weight of the piece of eight, or one of its aliquot parts.

Cob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbing.] 1. To strike [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. (Mining) To break into small pieces, as ore, so as to sort out its better portions. Raymond. 3. (Naut.) To punish by striking on the buttocks with a strap, a flat piece of wood, or the like.

Co•bae´a (ko•be´a), n. [Named after D. Cobo, a Spanish botanist.] A genus of climbing plants, native of Mexico and South America. C. scandens is a conservatory climber with large bell-shaped flowers.

Co´balt (ko´bolt; 277, 74), n. [G. kobalt, prob. fr. kobold, kobel, goblin, MHG. kobolt; perh. akin to G. koben pigsty, hut, AS. cofa room, cofgodas household gods, Icel. kofi hut. If so, the ending - old stands for older -walt, -wald, being the same as -ald in E. herald and the word would mean ruler or governor in a house, house spirit, the metal being so called by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome. Cf. Kobold, Cove, Goblin.] 1. (Chem.) A tough, lustrous, reddish white metal of the iron group, not easily fusible, and somewhat magnetic. Atomic weight 59.1. Symbol Co. It occurs in nature in combination with arsenic, sulphur, and oxygen, and is obtained from its ores, smaltite, cobaltite, asbolite, etc. Its oxide colors glass or any flux, as borax, a fine blue, and is used in the manufacture of smalt. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. 2. A commercial name of a crude arsenic used as fly poison. Cobalt bloom. Same as Erythrite. — Cobalt blue, a dark blue pigment consisting of some salt of cobalt, as the phosphate, ignited with alumina; — called also cobalt ultramarine, and Thenard’s blue. — Cobalt crust, earthy arseniate of cobalt. — Cobalt glance. (Min.) See Cobaltite. — Cobalt green, a pigment consisting essentially of the oxides of cobalt and zinc; — called also Rinman’s green. — Cobalt yellow (Chem.), a yellow crystalline powder, regarded as a double nitrite of cobalt and potassium.

Co•balt´ic ( 74), a. [Cf. F. cobaltique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; — said especially of those compounds in which cobalt has higher valence; as cobaltic oxide. Luteo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex yellow compounds of ammonia and cobaltic salts. — Roseo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex red compounds of cobalt and ammonia. Modifications of these are the purpureo-cobaltic compounds.

Co•balt•if´er•ous , a. [Cobalt + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing cobalt. { Co´balt•ine , Co´balt•ite } n. (Min.) A mineral of a nearly silver-white color, composed of arsenic, sulphur, and cobalt.

Co•balt´ous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; — said esp. of cobalt compounds in which the metal has its lower valence. Cobaltous chloride, a crystalline compound, CoCl_2, of a pale rose color when hydrous, blue when dehydrated. Its solution is used for a sympathetic ink, the writing being nearly colorless when dried in the air, owing to absorbed moisture, and becoming bright blue when warmed.

Cob´bing , a. Haughty; purse-proud. See Cob, n., 2. [Obs.] Withals (1608).

Cob´ble , n. A fishing boat. See Coble.

Cob´ble, n. [From Cob a lump. See Cob, n., 9, and cf. Copple, Copplestone.] 1. A cobblestone. ´Their slings held cobbles round.´ Fairfax. 2. pl. Cob coal. See under Cob.

Cob´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbled p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbling ] [OF. cobler, copler, to join or knit together, couple, F. coupler, L. copulare to couple, join. Cf. Couple, n. & v. t.] 1. To make or mend coarsely; to patch; to botch; as to cobble shoes. Shak. ´A cobbled saddle.´ Thackeray. 2. To make clumsily. ´Cobbled rhymes.´ Dryden. 3. To pave with cobblestones.

Cob´bler , n. 1. A mender of shoes. Addison. 2. A clumsy workman. Shak. 3. A beverage. See Sherry cobbler, under Sherry. Cobbler fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish (Blepharis crinitus) of the Atlantic. The name alludes to its threadlike fin rays.

Cob´ble•stone , n. A large pebble; a rounded stone not too large to be handled; a small boulder; — used for paving streets and for other purposes.

Cob´by , a. [From Cob, n.] 1. Headstrong; obstinate. [Obs.] Brockett. 2. Stout; hearty; lively. [Obs.]

Co•bel•lig´er•ent , a. Carrying on war in conjunction with another power.

Co•bel•lig´er•ent, n. A nation or state that carries on war in connection with another.

Co´bi•a , n. (Zoöl.) An oceanic fish of large size (Elacate canada); the crabeater; — called also bonito, cubbyyew, coalfish, and sergeant fish.

Cob´i•ron , n. [From Cob the top.] An andiron with a knob at the top. Bacon.

Co•bish´op , n. A joint or coadjutant bishop. Ayliffe.

Co´ble , n. [AS. cuopel; cf. W. ceubal skiff, ferryboat.] A flat-floored fishing boat with a lug sail, and a drop rudder extending from two to four feet below the keel. It was originally used on the stormy coast of Yorkshire, England.

Cob´nut , n. 1. (Com.) A large roundish variety of the cultivated hazelnut. 2. A game played by children with nuts.

Co•boose´ , n. See Caboose.

Co´bourg , n. [Named from the town of Coburg in Germany.] A thin worsted fabric for women’s dresses.

Co´bra , n. See Copra.

Co´bra, n. The cobra de capello.

Co´bra de ca•pel´lo [Pg., serpent of the hood.] (Zoöl.) The hooded snake (Naia tripudians), a highly venomous serpent inhabiting India.

Cob´stone , n. Cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.]

Cob´swan , n. A large swan. B. Jonson.

Cob´wall , n. [Cob clay mixed with straw + wall.] A wall made of clay mixed with straw.

Cob´web , n. [Cob a spider + web.] 1. The network spread by a spider to catch its prey. 2. A snare of insidious meshes designed to catch the ignorant and unwary. “I can not but lament thy splendid wit
Entangled in the cobwebs of the schools.
Cowper.” 3. That which is thin and unsubstantial, or flimsy and worthless; rubbish. “The dust and cobwebs of that uncivil age.
Sir P. Sidney.” 4. (Zoöl.) The European spotted flycatcher. Cobweb lawn, a fine linen, mentioned in 1640 as being in pieces of fifteen yards. Beck. Draper’s Dict. “Such a proud piece of cobweb lawn.
Beau. & Fl.” — Cobweb micrometer, a micrometer in which threads of cobweb are substituted for wires.

Cob´webbed , a. Abounding in cobwebs. ´The cobwebbed cottage.´ Young.

Cob´web•by , a. Abounding in cobwebs, or any fine web; resembling a cobweb.

Cob´work , a. Built of logs, etc., laid horizontally, with the ends dovetailed together at the corners, as in a log house; in marine work, often surrounding a central space filled with stones; as a cobwork dock or breakwater.

Co´ca , n. [Sp., fr. native name.] The dried leaf of a South American shrub (Erythroxylon Coca). In med., called Erythroxylon. Coca leaves resemble tea leaves in size, shape, and odor, and are chewed (with an alkali) by natives of Peru and Bolivia to impart vigor in prolonged exertion, or to sustain strength in absence of food. Mexican coca, an American herb (Richardsonia scabra), yielding a nutritious fodder. Its roots are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha.

Coc•agne´ , n. [F. cocagne, pays de cocagne; of uncertian origin, cf. Prov. F. couque cake, Catal. coca, L. coquere to cook; as if the houses in this country were covered with cakes. Cf. Cook, Cockney.] 1. An imaginary country of idleness and luxury. 2. The land of cockneys; cockneydom; — a term applied to London and its suburbs. Smart.

Co´ca•ine , n. (Chem.) A powerful alkaloid, C_17H_21NO_4, obtained from the leaves of coca. It is a bitter, white, crystalline substance, and is remarkable for producing local insensibility to pain.

Coc•cif´er•ous , a. [L. coccum a berry + -ferous. See Coccus.] Bearing or producing berries; bacciferous; as cocciferous trees or plants.

Coc•ci•nel´la , n. [NL., fr. L. coccineus scarlet-colored. See Cochoneal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles of many species. They and their larvae feed on aphids or plant lice, and hence are of great benefit to man. Also called ladybirds and ladybugs.

Coc•co•bac•te´ri•um , n.; pl. Coccobacteria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a grain + NL. bacterium. So called from its round shape.] (Biol.) One of the round variety of bacteria, a vegetable organism, generally less than a thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.

Coc´co•lite , n. [Gr. a grain, seed + -lite: cf. F. coccalite.] (Min.) A granular variety of pyroxene, green or white in color.

Coc´co•lith , n. [Gr. a grain, seed + -lith.] (Biol.) One of a kind of minute, calcareous bodies, probably vegetable, often abundant in deep-sea mud.

Coc´co•sphere , n. [Gr. a grain, seed + E. sphere.] (Biol.) A small, rounded, marine organism, capable of braking up into coccoliths.

Coc•cos´te•us , n. [NL., from Gr. grain, seed + bone.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Devonian ganoid fishes, having the broad plates about the head studded with berrylike tubercles.

Coc´cu•lus In´di•cus , n. [NL. cocculus (dim. of L. coccum kermes berry) + L. Indicus of India.] (Bot.) The fruit or berry of the Anamirta Cocculus, a climbing plant of the East Indies. It is a poisonous narcotic and stimulant.

Coc´cus , n.; pl. Cocci (#). [NL., fr. Gr. grain, seed. See Cochineal.] 1. (Bot.) One of the separable carpels of a dry fruit. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of hemipterous insects, including scale insects, and the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti). 3. (Biol.) A form of bacteria, shaped like a globule.

Coc•cyg´e•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the coccyx; as the coccygeal vertebrae. Coccygeal glands (Zoöl.) , glands situated at the base of the tail of birds. They secrete the oil with which the plumage is dressed.

Coc•cyg´e•ous , a. Coccygeal. [R.]

Coc´cyx , n.; pl. L. Coccyges (#). [L., cuckoo, Gr. , cuckoo, coccyx. So called from its resemblance to the beak of a cuckoo.] (Anat.) The end of the vertebral column beyond the sacrum in man and tailless monkeys. It is composed of several vertebrae more or less consolidated.

Coch´i•neal (koch´i•nel; 277), [Sp. cochinilla, dim. from L. coccineus, coccinus, scarlet, fr. coccum the kermes berry, G. ko•kkos berry, especially the kermes insect, used to dye scarlet, as the cochineal was formerly supposed to be the grain or seed of a plant, and this word was formerly defined to be the grain of the Quercus coccifera; but cf. also Sp. cochinilla wood louse, dim. of cochina sow, akin to F. cochon pig.] A dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of the Coccus cacti, an insect native in Mexico, Central America, etc., and found on several species of cactus, esp. Opuntia cochinellifera. These insects are gathered from the plant, killed by the application of heat, and exposed to the sun to dry. When dried they resemble small, rough berries or seeds, of a brown or purple color, and form the cochineal of the shops, which is used for making carmine, and also as a red dye. Cochineal contains as its essential coloring matter carminic acid, a purple red amorphous substance which yields carmine red.

Coch´i•neal fig , (Bot.) A plant of Central and Southern America, of the Cactus family, extensively cultivated for the sake of the cochineal insect, which lives on it.

Co´chin fowl , (Zoöl.) A large variety of the domestic fowl, originally from Cochin China (Anam).

Coch´le•a (kok´le•a), n. [L., a snail, or snail shell, Gr. kochli•as a snail, fr. ko•chlos a shellfish with a spiral shell.] (Anat.) An appendage of the labyrinth of the internal ear, which is elongated and coiled into a spiral in mammals. See Ear.

Coch´le•ar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cochlea.

Coch•le•a´re , n. [L.] 1. A spoon. Andrews. 2. (Med) A spoonful. Dungleson.

Coch•le•ar´i•form , a. [Cochleare + -form.] Spoon-shaped.

Coch´le•a•ry , a. [L. cochlearum penfor snails (meaning formerly given, snail shell). See Cjchlea.] Same as Cochleate. { Coch´le•ate , Coch´le•a•ted } a. [L. cochleatus spiral or screw- formed. See Cochlea.] Having the form of a snail shell; spiral; turbinated.

Cock , n. [AS. coc; of unknown origin, perh. in imitation of the cry of the cock. Cf. Chicken.] 1. The male of birds, particularly of gallinaceous or domestic fowls. 2. A vane in the shape of a cock; a weathercock. “Drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks!
Shak.” 3. A chief man; a leader or master. [Humorous] “Sir Andrew is the cock of the club, since he left us.
Addison.” 4. The crow of a cock, esp. the first crow in the morning; cockcrow. [Obs.] “He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock.
Shak.” 5. A faucet or valve. Jonsons says, ´The handle probably had a cock on the top; things that were contrived to turn seem anciently to have had that form, whatever was the reason.´ Skinner says, because it used to be constructed in forma critae galli, i.e., in the form of a cock’s comb. 6. The style of gnomon of a dial. Chambers. 7. The indicator of a balance. Johnson. 8. The bridge piece which affords a bearing for the pivot of a balance in a clock or watch. Knight. Ball cock. See under Ball. - - Chaparral cock. See under Chaparral. — Cock and bull story, an extravagant, boastful story; a canard. — Cock of the plains (Zoöl.) See Sage cock. — Cock of the rock (Zoöl.), a South American bird (Rupicola aurantia) having a beautiful crest. — Cock of the walk, a chief or master; the hero of the hour; one who has overcrowed, or got the better of, rivals or competitors. — Cock of the woods. See Capercailzie.

Cock (kok), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cocked (kokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cocking.] [Cf. Gael. coc to cock.] 1. To set erect; to turn up. “Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks his ears.
Gay.” “Dick would cock his nose in scorn.
Swift.” 2. To shape, as a hat, by turning up the brim. 3. To set on one side in a pert or jaunty manner. “They cocked their hats in each other’s faces.
Macaulay.” 4. To turn (the eye) obliquely and partially close its lid, as an expression of derision or insinuation. Cocked hat. (a) A hat with large, stiff flaps turned up to a peaked crown, thus making its form triangular; — called also three-cornered hat. (b) A game similar to ninepins, except that only three pins are used, which are set up at the angles of a triangle.

Cock, v. i. To strut; to swagger; to look big, pert, or menacing. Addison.

Cock, n. The act of cocking; also the turn so given; as a cock of the eyes; to give a hat a saucy cock.

Cock, n. [It. cocca notch of an arrow.] 1. The notch of an arrow or crossbow. 2. The hammer in the lock of a firearm. At cock, At full cock, with the hammer raised and ready to fire; — said of firearms, also jocularly, of one prepared for instant action. — At half cock. See under Half. — Cock feather (Archery), the feather of an arrow at right angles to the direction of the cock or notch. Nares.

Cock, v. t. To draw the hammer of (a firearm) fully back and set it for firing.

Cock, v. i. To draw back the hammer of a firearm, and set it for firing. “Cocked, fired, and missed his man.
Byron.”

Cock, n. [Cf. Icel. kökkr lump, Dan. kok heap, or E. cock to set erect.] A small concial pile of hay.

Cock, v. t. To put into cocks or heaps, as hay. “Under the cocked hay.
Spenser.”

Cock, n. [Of. coque, F. coche, a small vessel, L. concha muscle shell, a vessel. See Coach, and cf. Cog a small boat.] A small boat. “Yond tall anchoring bark [appears]
Diminished to her cock; her cock, a buoy
Almost too small for sight.
Shak.”

Cock, n. A corruption or disguise of the word God, used in oaths. [Obs.] ´By cock and pie.´ Shak.

Cock•ade´ (kok•ad´), n. [F. cocarble, fr. coquard vain, OF. coquart, fr. coq cock, prob. of imitative origin. The ornament is so named from its resemblance to the crest of a cock. Cf. Coquette.] A badge, usually in the form of a rosette, or knot, and generally worn upon the hat; — used as an indication of military or naval service, or party allegiance, and in England as a part of the livery to indicate that the wearer is the servant of a military or naval officer. “Seduced by military liveries and cockades.
Burke.”

Cock•ad´ed (-a´ded), a. Wearing a cockade. Young.

Cock•-a-hoop´ , a. Boastful; defiant; exulting. Also used adverbially.

Cock´al (kok´al), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A game played with sheep’s bones instead of dice [Obs.] 2. The bone used in playing the game; — called also huckle bone. [Obs.] Nares. “A little transverse bone
Which boys and bruckeled children call
(Playing for points and pins) cockal.
Herrick.”

Cock•a•leek´ie (kok•a•le´ki), n. [From cock + leek.] A favorite soup in Scotland, made from a capon highly seasoned, and boiled with leeks and prunes.

Cock•a•ma•roo´ , n. The Russian variety of bagatelle.

Cock´a•teel (kok•a•tel´), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian parrot (Calopsitta Novae-Hollandiae); — so called from its note.

Cock•a•too´ (kok•a•too´), n. [Malayan kakatua.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Parrot family, of the subfamily Cacatuinae, having a short, strong, and much curved beak, and the head ornamented with a crest, which can be raised or depressed at will. There are several genera and many species; as the broad-crested (Plictolophus, or Cacatua, cristatus), the sulphur-crested (P. galeritus), etc. The palm or great black cockatoo of Australia is Microglossus aterrimus.

Cock´a•trice (-tris; 277), n. [OF. cocatrice crocodile, F. cocatrix, cocatrice. The word is a corruption from the same source as E. crocodile, but was confused with cock the bird, F. coq, whence arose the fable that the animal was produced from a cock’s egg. See Crocodile.] 1. A fabulous serpent whose breath and look were said to be fatal. See Basilisk. “That bare vowel, I, shall poison more
Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice.
Shak.” 2. (Her.) A representation of this serpent. It has the head, wings, and legs of a bird, and tail of a serpent. 3. (Script.) A venomous serpent which which cannot now be identified. “The weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice’s [Rev. Ver. basilisk’s] den.
Is. xi. 8.” 4. Any venomous or deadly thing. “This little cockatrice of a king.
Bacon.”

Cock´bill (kok´bil•), v. t. [See Cock to set erect.] (Naut.) To tilt up one end of so as to make almost vertical; as to cockbill the yards as a sign of mourning. To cockbill the anchor, to suspend it from the cathead preparatory to letting it go. See Acockbill.

Cock´boat , n. [See Cock a boat.] A small boat, esp. one used on rivers or near the shore.

Cock´-brained , a. Giddy; rash. Milton.

Cock´chaf•er , n. [See Chafer the beetle.] (Zoöl.) A beetle of the genus Melolontha (esp. M. vulgaris) and allied genera; — called also May bug, chafer, or dorbeetle. { Cock´crow , Cock´crow•ing } n. The time at which cocks first crow; the early morning.

Cock´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockered p. pr. & vb. n. Cockering.] [OE. cokeren; cf. W. cocru to indulge, fondle, E. cock the bird, F. coqueliner to dandle (Cotgrave), to imitate the crow of a cock, to run after the girls, and E. cockle, v.] To treat with too great tenderness; to fondle; to indulge; to pamper. “Cocker thy child and he shall make thee afraid.
Ecclesiasticus xxx. 9.” “Poor folks cannot afford to cocker themselves up.
J. Ingelow.”

Cock´er, n. [From Cock the bird.] 1. One given to cockfighting. [Obs.] Steele. 2. (Zoöl.) A small dog of the spaniel kind, used for starting up woodcocks, etc.

Cock´er, n. [OE. coker qyiver, boot, AS. cocer quiver; akin to G. köcher quiver, and perh. originally meaning receptacle, holder. Cf. Quiver (for arrows).] A rustic high shoe or half-boots. [Obs.] Drayton.

Cock´er•el , n. [Prob. a double dim. of cock.] A young cock.

Cock´et , a. [F. coquet coquettish. See Coquette, n.] Pert; saucy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Cock´et, n. 1. (Eng. Law) A customhouse seal; a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. 2. An office in a customhouse where goods intended for export are entered. [Eng.] 3. A measure for bread. [Obs.] Blount.

Cock´eye , n. [From cock to turn up.] A squinting eye. Forby.

Cock´eye, n. (Mach.) The socket in the ball of a millstone, which sits on the cockhead.

Cock´fight , n. A match or contest of gamecocks.

Cock´fight•ing, n. The act or practice of pitting gamecocks to fight.

Cock´fight•ing, a. Addicted to cockfighting.

Cock´head , n. (Mach.) The rounded or pointed top of a grinding mill spindle, forming a pivot on which the stone is balanced.

Cock´horse , n. 1. A child’s rocking-horse. “Ride a cockhorse to Banbury cross.
Mother Goose.” 2. A high or tall horse. [R.]

Cock´horse, a. 1. Lifted up, as one is on a tall horse. 2. Lofty in feeling; exultant; proud; upstart. “Our painted fools and cockhorse peasantry.
Marlowe.”

Cock•ie•leek´ie , n. Same as Cockaleekie.

Cock´ing, n. Cockfighting. Ben Jonson.

Coc´kle (kok´k’l), n. [OE. cockes cockles, AS. saecoccas sea cockles, prob, from Celtic; cf. W. cocs cockles, Gael. cochull husk. Perh. influenced by F. coquille shell, a dim. from the root of E. conch. Cf. Coach.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bivalve mollusk, with radiating ribs, of the genus Cardium, especially C. edule, used in Europe for food; — sometimes applied to similar shells of other genera. 2. A cockleshell. 3. The mineral black tourmaline or schorl; — so called by the Cornish miners. Raymond. 4. The fire chamber of a furnace. [Eng.] Knight. 5. A hop-drying kiln; an oast. Knight. 6. The dome of a heating furnace. Knight. Cockle hat, a hat ornamented with a cockleshell, the badge of a pilgrim. Shak. — Cockle stairs, winding or spiral stairs.

Coc´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockled p. pr. & vb. n. Cockling ] [Of uncertian origin.] To cause to contract into wrinkles or ridges, as some kinds of cloth after a wetting. Cockling sea, waves dashing against each other with a short and quick motion. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Coc´kle, n. [AS. coccel, cocel; cf. Gael. cogall tares, husks, cockle.] (Bot.) (a) A plant or weed that grows among grain; the corn rose (Luchnis Githage). (b) The Lotium, or darnel.

Coc´kle•bur , n. (Bot.) A coarse, composite weed, having a rough or prickly fruit; one of several species of the genus Xanthium; — called also clotbur.

Coc´kled , a. Inclosed in a shell. “The tender horns of cockled snails.
Shak.”

Coc´kled, a. Wrinkled; puckered. “Showers soon drench the camlet’s cockled grain.
Gay.”

Coc´kler , n. One who takes and sells cockles.

Coc´kle•shell , n. 1. One of the shells or valves of a cockle. 2. A light boat. “To board the cockleshell in those plunding waters.
W. Black.”

Cock´loft ( 115) n. [Prop., a loft where cocks roost.] An upper loft; a garret; the highest room in a building. Dryden. Swift.

Cock´mas•ter , n. One who breeds gamecocks. L’Estrange.

Cock´match , n. A cockfight.

Cock´ney (kok´ny), n.; pl. Cockneys (- niz). [OE. cocknay, cokenay, a spoiled child, effeminate person, an egg; prob. orig. a cock’s egg, a small imperfect egg; OE. cok cock + nay, neye, for ey egg (cf. Newt), AS. aeg. See 1st Cock, Egg, n.] 1. An effeminate person; a spoilt child. ´A young heir or cockney, that is his mother’s darling.´ Nash (1592). “This great lubber, the world, will prove a cockney.
Shak.” 2. A native or resident of the city of London; — used contemptuously. “A cockney in a rural village was stared at as much as if he had entered a kraal of Hottentots.
Macaulay.”

Cock´ney, a. Of or relating to, or like, cockneys.

Cock´ney•dom (kok´ni•dum), n. The region or home of cockneys; cockneys, collectively. Thackeray.

Cock´ney•fy (-fi), v. t. [Cockney + -fy.] To form with the manners or character of a cockney. [Colloq.]

Cock´ney•ish, a. Characteristic of, or resembling, cockneys.

Cock´ney•ism (kok´ni•iz’m), n. The characteristics, manners, or dialect, of a cockney.

Cock´-pad•dle , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) See Lumpfish. [Scot.]

Cock´pit (kok´pit), n. 1. A pit, or inclosed area, for cockfights. “Henry the Eighth had built … a cockpit.
Macaulay.” 2. The Privy Council room at Westminster; — so called because built on the site of the cockpit of Whitehall palace. Brande & C. 3. (Naut.) (a) That part of a war vessel appropriated to the wounded during an engagement. (b) In yachts and other small vessels, a space lower than the rest of the deck, which affords easy access to the cabin.

Cock´roach , n. [Sp. cucaracha.] (Zoöl.) An orthopterous insect of the genus Blatta, and allied genera. The species are numerous, especially in hot countries. Those most commonly infesting houses in Europe and North America are Blatta orientalis, a large species often called black beetle, and the Croton bug (Ectobia Germanica).

Cocks´comb (koks´kom•), n. [1st cock, n. + comb crest.] 1. See Coxcomb. 2. (Bot.) A plant (Celosia cristata), of many varieties, cultivated for its broad, fantastic spikes of brilliant flowers; — sometimes called garden cockscomb. Also the Pedicularis, or lousewort, the Rhinanthus Crista-galli, and the Onobrychis Crista-galli.

Cocks´head , n. (Bot.) A leguminous herb (Onobrychis Caput-galli), having small spiny-crested pods.

Cock´shut , n. A kind of net to catch woodcock. [Obs.] Nares. Cockshut time or light, evening twilight; nightfall; — so called in allusion to the tome at which the cockshut used to be spread. [Obs.] Shak. B. Jonson.

Cock´shy , n. 1. A game in which trinkets are set upon sticks, to be thrown at by the players; — so called from an ancient popular sport which consisted in ´shying´ or throwing cudgels at live cocks. 2. An object at which stones are flung. “´Making a cockshy of him,´ replied the hideous small boy.
Dickens.”

Cock´spur , n. (Bot.) A variety of Crataegus, or hawthorn (C. Crus- galli), having long, straight thorns; — called also Cockspur thorn.

Cock´sure , a. 1. Perfectly safe. [Obs.] “We steal as in a castle, cocksure: … we walk invisible.
Shak.” 2. Quite certain. [Colloq.] “I thought myself cocksure of the horse which he readily promised me.
Pope.”

Cock´swain (?, colloq. ?), n. [Cock a boat + swain; hence, the master of a boat.] The steersman of a boat; a petty officer who has charge of a boat and its crew.

Cock´tail , n. 1. A beverage made of brandy, whisky, or gin, iced, flavored, and sweetened. [U. S.] 2. (Stock Breeding) A horse, not of pure breed, but having only one eighth or one sixteenth impure blood in his veins. Darwin. 3. A mean, half-hearted fellow; a coward. [Slang, Eng.] “It was in the second affair that poor little Barney showed he was a cocktail.
Thackeray.” 4. (Zoöl.) A species of rove beetle; — so called from its habit of elevating the tail.

Cock´up , n. (Zoöl.) A large, highly esteemed, edible fish of India (Lates calcarifer); — also called begti.

Cock´weed , n. (Bot.) Peppergrass. Johnson.

Cock´y , a. [See Cocket.] Pert. [Slang] { Co´co (ko´ko), n. or Co´co palm (ko´ko päm•).} See Cocoa. { Co´coa (ko´ko), n., Co´coa palm• (päm•) } [Sp. & Pg. coco cocoanut, in Sp. also cocoa palm. The Portuguese name is said to have been given from the monkeylike face at the base of the nut, fr. Pg. coco a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten children. Cf., however, Gr. koy^ki the cocoa palm and its fruit, ko•i:x, ko•i:kos, a kind of Egyptian palm.] (Bot.) A palm tree producing the cocoanut (Cocos nucifera). It grows in nearly all tropical countries, attaining a height of sixty or eighty feet. The trunk is without branches, and has a tuft of leaves at the top, each being fifteen or twenty feet in length, and at the base of these the nuts hang in clusters; the cocoanut tree.

Co´coa, n. [Corrupted fr. cacao.] A preparation made from the seeds of the chocolate tree, and used in making, a beverage; also the beverage made from cocoa or cocoa shells. Cocoa shells, the husks which separate from the cacao seeds in preparing them for use.

Co´coa•nut (-nut•), n. The large, hard-shelled nut of the cocoa palm. It yields an agreeable milky liquid and a white meat or albumen much used as food and in making oil. { Co•co•bo´lo , Co•co•bo´las }, n. [Sp. cocobolo.] (Bot.) A very beautiful and hard wood, obtained in the West India Islands. It is used in cabinetmaking, for the handles of tools, and for various fancy articles.

Co•coon´ , n. [F. cocon, dim. of coque shell of egge and insects, fr. L. concha mussel shell. See Conch.] 1. An oblong case in which the silkworm lies in its chrysalis state. It is formed of threads of silk spun by the worm just before leaving the larval state. From these the silk of commerce is prepared. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The case constructed by any insect to contain its larva or pupa. (b) The case of silk made by spiders to protect their eggs. (c) The egg cases of mucus, etc., made by leeches and other worms.

Co•coon´er•y , n. A building or apartment for silkworms, when feeding and forming cocoons.

Coc´ti•ble , a. [See Coctile.] Capable of being cooked. Blount.

Coc´tile , a. [L. coctilis, fr. coguere. See Cook.] Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick.

Coc´tion , n. [L. coctio.] 1. Act of boiling. 2. (Med.) (a) Digestion. [Obs.] (b) The change which the humorists believed morbific matter undergoes before elimination. [Obs.] Dunglison.

Co´cus wood A West Indian wood, used for making flutes and other musical instruments.

Cod (kod), n. [AS. codd small bag; akin to Icel. koddi pillow, Sw. kudde cushion; cf. W. cod, cwd, bag, shell.] 1. A husk; a pod; as a peascod. [Eng.] Mortimer. 2. A small bag or pouch. [Obs.] Halliwell. 3. The scrotum. Dunglison. 4. A pillow or cushion. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cod, n. [Cf. G. gadde, and (in Heligoland) gadden, L. gadus merlangus.] (Zoöl.) An important edible fish (Gadus morrhua), taken in immense numbers on the northern coasts of Europe and America. It is especially abundant and large on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. It is salted and dried in large quantities. There are several varieties; as shore cod, from shallow water; bank cod, from the distant banks; and rock cod, which is found among ledges, and is often dark brown or mottled with red. The tomcod is a distinct species of small size. The bastard, blue, buffalo, or cultus cod of the Pacific coast belongs to a distinct family. See Buffalo cod, under Buffalo. Cod fishery, the business of fishing for cod. — Cod line, an eighteen-thread line used in catching codfish. McElrath.

Co´da (ko´da), n. [It., tail, fr. L. cauda.] (Mus.) A few measures added beyond the natural termination of a composition.

Cod´der , n. A gatherer of cods or peas. [Obs. or Prov.] Johnson.

Cod´ding , a. Lustful. [Obs.] Shak.

Cod´dle (kod´d’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coddled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coddling (- dling).] [Cf. Prov. E. caddle to coax, spoil, fondle, and Cade, a. & v. t.] [Written also codle.] 1. To parboil, or soften by boiling. “It [the guava fruit] may be coddled.
Dampier.” 2. To treat with excessive tenderness; to pamper. “How many of our English princes have been coddled at home by their fond papas and mammas!
Thackeray.” “He [Lord Byron] never coddled his reputation.
Southey.”

Cod´dy•mod´dy (kod´dy•mod´dy), n. (Zoöl.) A gull in the plumage of its first year.

Code (kod), n. [F., fr. L. codex, caudex, the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.] 1. A body of law, sanctioned by legislation, in which the rules of law to be specifically applied by the courts are set forth in systematic form; a compilation of laws by public authority; a digest. The collection of laws made by the order of Justinian is sometimes called, by way of eminence. ´The Code´ Wharton. 2. Any system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; as the medical code, a system of rules for the regulation of the professional conduct of physicians; the naval code, a system of rules for making communications at sea means of signals. Code civil or Code Napoleon, a code enacted in France in 1803 and 1804, embodying the law of rights of persons and of property generally. Abbot.

Co•de•fend´ant , n. A joint defendant. Blackstone.

Co•de´ine , n. [Gr. poppy head: cf. F. codine.] (Chem.) One of the opium alkaloids; a white crystalline substance, C_18H_21NO_3, similar to and regarded as a derivative of morphine, but much feebler in its action; — called also codeia.

Co•det´ta , n. [It., dim. of coda tail.] (Mus.) A short passage connecting two sections, but not forming part of either; a short coda.

Co´dex , n.; pl. Codices (#). [L. See Code.] 1. A book; a manuscript. 2. A collection or digest of laws; a code. Burrill. 3. An ancient manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures, or any part of them, particularly the New Testament. 4. A collection of canons. Shipley.

Cod´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fish. Same as Cod.

Codg´er , n. [Cf. Cadger.] 1. A miser or mean person. 2. A singular or odd person; — a familiar, humorous, or depreciatory appellation. [Colloq.] “A few of us old codgers met at the fireside.
Emerson.”

Cod´i•cal , a. Relating to a codex, or a code.

Cod´i•cil , n. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex: cf. F. codicille. See Code.] (Law) A clause added to a will.

Cod•i•cil´la•ry , a. [L. codicillaris, codicillarius.] Of the nature of a codicil.

Co•di•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. codification.] The act or process of codifying or reducing laws to a code.

Co´di•fi•er , n. One who codifies.

Co´di•fy (? or 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Codified p. pr. & vb. n. Codifying.] [Code + - fy: cf. F. codifier.] To reduce to a code, as laws.

Co•dil´la , n. [Cf. L. codicula a little tail, dim. of cauda tail.] (Com.) The coarse tow of flax and hemp. McElrath.

Co•dille´ , n. [F. codile.] A term at omber, signifying that the game is won. Pope.

Co´dist , n. A codifier; a maker of codes. [R.]

Co´dle , v. t. See Coddle. { Cod´lin , Cod´ling }, n. [Cf. AS. codaeppel a quince.] (a) An apple fit to stew or coddle. (b) An immature apple. “A codling when ’t is almost an apple.
Shak.” Codling moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Carpocapsa Pomonella), which in the larval state (known as the apple worm) lives in apples, often doing great damage to the crop.

Cod´ling, n. [Dim. of cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) A young cod; also a hake.

Cod´ liv•er , n. The liver of the common cod and allied species. Cod-liver oil, an oil obtained from the liver of the codfish, and used extensively in medicine as a means of supplying the body with fat in cases of malnutrition.

Cod´piece , n. [Cod, n., + piece.] A part of male dress in front of the breeches, formerly made very conspicuous. Shak. Fosbroke.

Cœ•cil´i•an , n. (Zoöl.) See Caecilian.

Co•ed•u•ca´tion ( 135), n. An educating together, as of persons of different sexes or races. Co•ed•u•ca´tion•al , a.

Co•ef´fi•ca•cy , n. Joint efficacy.

Co•ef•fi´cien•cy , n. Joint efficiency; coöperation. Glanvill.

Co•ef•fi´cient , a. Coöperating; acting together to produce an effect. Co•ef•fi´cient•ly, adv.

Co•ef•fi´cient, n. 1. That which unites in action with something else to produce the same effect. 2. [Cf. F. coefficient.] (Math.) A number or letter put before a letter or quantity, known or unknown, to show how many times the latter is to be taken; as 6x; bx; here 6 and b are coefficients of x. 3. (Physics) A number, commonly used in computation as a factor, expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain fixed conditions as to temperature, length, volume, etc.; as the coefficient of expansion; the coefficient of friction. Arbitrary coefficient (Math.), a literal coefficient placed arbitrarily in an algebraic expression, the value of the coefficient being afterwards determined by the conditions of the problem.

Coe´horn , n. [From its inventor, Baron Coehorn.] (Mil.) A small bronze mortar mounted on a wooden block with handles, and light enough to be carried short distances by two men.

Cœl´a•canth (? or ), a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + spine.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow spines, as some ganoid fishes. { Cœ•len´te•ra or Cœ•len•te•ra´ta } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. koi^los hollow + intestines.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of Invertebrata, mostly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Ctenophora. The name implies that the stomach and body cavities are one. The group is sometimes enlarged so as to include the sponges.

Cœ•len´ter•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Cœlentera. — n. One of the Cœlentera.

Cœ´li•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a cavity of the body, a ventricle.] (Anat.) A cavity. The word is applied to the ventricles of the brain, the different ventricles being indicated by prefixes like those characterizing the parts of the brain in which the cavities are found; as epicœlia, mesocœlia, metacœlia, procœlia, etc. B. G. Wilder. { Cœ´li•ac , Ce´li•ac } a. [L. coeliacus, Gr. , fr. belly, fr. koi^los hollow.] Relating to the abdomen, or to the cavity of the abdomen. Cœliac artery (Anat.), the artery which issues from the aorta just below the diaphragm; — called also cœliac axis. — Cœliac flux, Cœliac passion (Med.), a chronic flux or diarrhea of undigested food.

Cœ´lo•dont , a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + , , tooth.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow teeth; — said of a group lizards. — n. One of a group of lizards having hollow teeth.

Cœl•o•sper´mous (? or ), a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + seed.] (Bot.) Hollow-seeded; having the ventral face of the seedlike carpels incurved at the ends, as in coriander seed.

Cœ´lum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a hollow, neut. of koi^los hollow.] (Anat.) See Body cavity, under Body.

Co•emp´tion ( 215), n. [L. coëmptio, fr. coëmere to buy up. See Emption.] The act of buying the whole quantity of any commodity. [R.] Bacon.

Co•en´doo , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Brazilian porcupine (Cercolades, or Sphingurus, prehensiles), remarkable for its prehensile tail. { Cœ•nen´chym , Cœ•nen´chy•ma } n. [NL. coenenchyma, fr. Gr. koino•s common + something poured in. Formed like parenchyma.] (Zoöl.) The common tissue which unites the polyps or zooids of a compound anthozoan or coral. It may be soft or more or less ossified. See Coral.

Cœn•es•the´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. koino•s common + sensation.] (Physiol.) Common sensation or general sensibility, as distinguished from the special sensations which are located in, or ascribed to, separate organs, as the eye and ear. It is supposed to depend on the ganglionic system.

Cœn´o•bite , n. See Cenobite.

Cœ•nœ´ci•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. koino•s common + house.] (Zoöl.) The common tissue which unites the various zooids of a bryozoan.

Cœ•nog´a•my , n. [Gr. ; koino•s common + marraige.] The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members; — as in certain primitive tribes or communistic societies. [Written also cenogamy.]

Cœn´o•sarc , n. [Gr. koino•s common + , , flesh.] (Zoöl.) The common soft tissue which unites the polyps of a compound hydroid. See Hydroidea.

Cœ•nu´rus , n. [NL. fr. Gr. koino•s common + tail.] (Zoöl.) The larval stage of a tapeworm (Taenia cœnurus) which forms bladderlike sacs in the brain of sheep, causing the fatal disease known as water brain, vertigo, staggers or gid. This bladder worm has on its surface numerous small heads, each of which, when swallowed by a dog, becomes a mature tapeworm in the dog’s intestine.

Co•e´qual , a. [L. coaequalis; co- + aequalis equal.] Being on an equality in rank or power. — n. One who is on an equality with another. “In once he come to be a cardinal,
He’ll make his cap coequal with the crown.
Shak.”

Co•e•qual´i•ty , n. The state of being on an equality, as in rank or power.

Co•e´qual•ly , adv. With coequality.

Co•erce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coerced p. pr. & vb. n. Coercing.] [L. coërcere; co- + arcere to shut up, to press together. See Ark.] 1. To restrain by force, especially by law or authority; to repress; to curb. Burke. “Punishments are manifold, that they may coerce this profligate sort.
Ayliffe.” 2. To compel or constrain to any action; as to coerce a man to vote for a certain candidate. 3. To compel or enforce; as to coerce obedience. Syn. — To Coerce, Compel. To compel denotes to urge on by force which cannot be resisted. The term aplies equally to physical and moral force; as compelled by hunger; compelled adverse circumstances; compelled by parental affection. Coerce had at first only the negative sense of checking or restraining by force; as to coerce a bad man by punishments or a prisoner with fetters. It has now gained a positive sense., viz., that of driving a person into the performance of some act which is required of him by another; as to coerce a man to sign a contract; to coerce obedience. In this sense (which is now the prevailing one), coerce differs but little from compel, and yet there is a distinction between them. Coercion is usually acomplished by indirect means, as threats and intimidation, physical force being more rarely employed in coercing.

Co´er´ci•ble , a. Capable of being coerced. — Co•er´ci•ble•ness, n.

Co•er´cion , n. [L. coercio, fr. coercere. See Coerce.] 1. The act or process of coercing. 2. (Law) The application to another of either physical or moral force. When the force is physical, and cannot be resisted, then the act produced by it is a nullity, so far as concerns the party coerced. When the force is moral, then the act, though voidable, is imputable to the party doing it, unless he be so paralyzed by terror as to act convulsively. At the same time coercion is not negatived by the fact of submission under force. ´Coactus volui´ (I consented under compulsion) is the condition of mind which, when there is volition forced by coercion, annuls the result of such coercion. Wharton.

Co•er´ci•tive , a. Coercive. ´Coercitive power in laws.´ Jer. Taylor.

Co•er´cive , a. Serving or intended to coerce; having power to constrain. — Co•er´cive•ly, adv. — Co•er´cive•ness, n. “Coercive power can only influence us to outward practice.
Bp. Warburton.” Coercive or Coercitive force (Magnetism), the power or force which in iron or steel produces a slowness or difficulty in imparting magnetism to it, and also interposes an obstacle to the return of a bar to its natural state when active magnetism has ceased. It plainly depends on the molecular constitution of the metal. Nichol. “The power of resisting magnetization or demagnization is sometimes called coercive force.
S. Thompson.”

Cœ•ru•lig´none , n. [L. coeruleus cerulean + lignum wood + E. quinone.] (Chem.) A bluish violet, crystalline substance obtained in the purification of crude wood vinegar. It is regarded as a complex quinone derivative of diphenyl; — called also cedriret.

Co•es•sen´tial , a. Partaking of the same essence. — Co•es•sen´tial•ly, adv. “We bless and magnify that coessential Spirit, eternally proceeding from both [The Father and the Son].
Hooker.”

Co•es•sen•ti•al´i•ty (? or 106), n. Participation of the same essence. Johnson.

Co•es•tab´lish•ment , n. Joint establishment. Bp. Watson.

Co•es•tate´ , n. Joint estate. Smolett.

Co•e•ta´ne•an , n. A person coetaneous with another; a contemporary. [R.] “A … coetanean of the late earl of Southampton.
Aubrey.”

Co•e•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. coaetaneus; co- + aetas age.] Of the same age; beginning to exist at the same time; contemporaneous. — Co•e•ta´ne•ous•ly, adv. “And all [members of the body] are coetaneous.
Bentley.”

Co•e•ter´nal , a. Equally eternal. — Co•e•ter´nal•ly, adv. “Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven first born!
Or of the Eternal coeternal beam.
Milton.”

Co•e•ter´ni•ty , n. Existence from eternity equally with another eternal being; equal eternity.

Co•e´val , a. [L. coaevus; co- + aevum lifetime, age. See Age, n.] Of the same age; existing during the same period of time, especially time long and remote; — usually followed by with. “Silence! coeval with eternity!
Pope.” “Oaks coeval spread a mournful shade.
Cowper.”

Co•e´val, n. One of the same age; a contemporary. “As if it were not enough to have outdone all your coevals in wit.
Pope.”

Co•e´vous , a. Coeval [Obs.] South.

Co•ex•ec´u•tor , n. A joint executor.

Co•ex•ec´u•trix , n. A joint executrix.

Co•ex•ist , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coexisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coexisting.] To exist at the same time; — sometimes followed by with. “Of substances no one has any clear idea, farther than of certain simple ideas coexisting together.
Locke.” “So much purity and integrity … coexisting with so much decay and so many infirmities.
Warburton.”

Co•ex•ist´ence , n. Existence at the same time with another; — contemporary existence. “Without the help, or so much as the coexistence, of any condition.
Jer. Taylor.”

Co•ex•ist´ent , a. Existing at the same time with another. — n. That which coexists with another. “The law of coexistent vibrations.
Whewell.”

Co•ex•ist´ing, a. Coexistent. Locke.

Co•ex•tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coextended; p. pr. & vb. n. Coextending.] To extend through the same space or time with another; to extend to the same degree. “According to which the least body may be coextended with the greatest.
Boyle.” “Has your English language one single word that is coextended through all these significations?
Bentley.”

Co•ex•ten´sion (ko•eks•ten´shun), n. The act of extending equally, or the state of being equally extended.

Co•ex•ten´sive , a. Equally extensive; having equal extent; as consciousness and knowledge are coextensive. Sir W. Hamilton. — Co•ex•ten´sive•ly, adv. — Co•ex•ten´sive•ness, n.

Cof´fee ( 115), n. [Turk. qahveh, Ar. qahuah wine, coffee, a decoction of berries. Cf. Cafe.] 1. The ´beans´ or ´berries´ (pyrenes) obtained from the drupes of a small evergreen tree of the genus Coffea, growing in Abyssinia, Arabia, Persia, and other warm regions of Asia and Africa, and also in tropical America. 2. The coffee tree. There are several species of the coffee tree, as Coffea Arabica, C. occidentalis, and C. Liberica. The white, fragrant flowers grow in clusters at the root of the leaves, and the fruit is a red or purple cherrylike drupe, with sweet pulp, usually containing two pyrenes, commercially called ´beans´ or ´berries´. 3. The beverage made from the roasted and ground berry. “They have in Turkey a drink called coffee… . This drink comforteth the brain and heart, and helpeth digestion.
Bacon.” The use of coffee is said to have been introduced into England about 1650, when coffeehouses were opened in Oxford and London. Coffee bug (Zoöl.), a species of scale insect (Lecanium coffaea), often very injurious to the coffee tree. — Coffee rat (Zoöl.) See Musang.

Cof´fee•house , n. A house of entertainment, where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments, and where men meet for conversation. “The coffeehouse must not be dismissed with a cursory mention. It might indeed, at that time, have been not improperly called a most important political institution… . The coffeehouses were the chief organs through which the public opinion of the metropolis vented itself… . Every man of the upper or middle class went daily to his coffeehouse to learn the news and discuss it. Every coffeehouse had one or more orators, to whose eloquence the crowd listened with admiration, and who soon became what the journalists of our own time have been called — a fourth estate of the realm.
Macaulay.”

Cof´fee•man , n. One who keeps a coffeehouse. Addison.

Cof´fee•pot , n. A covered pot in which coffee is prepared, or is brought upon the table for drinking.

Cof´fee•room , n. A public room where coffee and other refreshments may be obtained.

Cof´fer ( 115), n. [OF. cofre, F. coffre, L. cophinus basket, fr. Gr. . Cf. Coffin, n.] 1. A casket, chest, or trunk; especially, one used for keeping money or other valuables. Chaucer. “In ivory coffers I have stuffed my crowns.
Shak.” 2. Fig.: Treasure or funds; — usually in the plural. “He would discharge it without any burden to the queen’s coffers, for honor sake.
Bacon.” “Hold, here is half my coffer.
Shak.” 3. (Arch.) A panel deeply recessed in the ceiling of a vault, dome, or portico; a caisson. 4. (Fort.) A trench dug in the bottom of a dry moat, and extending across it, to enable the besieged to defend it by a raking fire. 5. The chamber of a canal lock; also a caisson or a cofferdam. Coffer dam. (Engin.) See Cofferdam, in the Vocabulary. — Coffer fish. (Zoöl.) See Cowfish.

Cof´fer, v. t. 1. To put into a coffer. Bacon. 2. (Mining.) To secure from leaking, as a shaft, by ramming clay behind the masonry or timbering. Raymond. 3. To form with or in a coffer or coffers; to furnish with a coffer or coffers.

Cof´fer•dam , n. A water- tight inclosure, as of piles packed with clay, from which the water is pumped to expose the bottom (of a river, etc.) and permit the laying of foundations, building of piers, etc.

Cof´fer•er , n. One who keeps treasures in a coffer. [R.]

Cof´fer•work , n. (Masonry) Rubblework faced with stone. Knight.

Cof´fin ( 115), n. [OE., a basket, receptacle, OF. cofin, fr. L. cophinus. See Coffer, n.] 1. The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for burial. “They embalmed him [Joseph], and he was put in a coffin.
Gen. 1. 26.” 2. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif (matt. xiv. 20). 3. A casing or crust, or a mold, of pastry, as for a pie. “Of the paste a coffin I will rear.
Shak.” 4. A conical paper bag, used by grocers. [Obs.] Nares. 5. (Far.) The hollow crust or hoof of a horse’s foot, below the coronet, in which is the coffin bone. Coffin bone, the foot bone of the horse and allied animals, inclosed within the hoof, and corresponding to the third phalanx of the middle finger, or toe, of most mammals. — Coffin joint, the joint next above the coffin bone.

Cof´fin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coffined p. pr. & vb. n. Coffining.] To inclose in, or as in, a coffin. “Would’st thou have laughed, had I come coffined home?
Shak.” “Devotion is not coffined in a cell.
John Hall (1646).”

Cof´fin•less, a. Having no coffin.

Cof´fle ( 115), n. [Ar. kafala caravan.] A gang of negro slaves being driven to market.

Cog , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cogged p. pr. & vb. n. Cogging.] [Cf. W. coegio to make void, to beceive, from coeg empty, vain, foolish. Cf. Coax, v. t.] 1. To seduce, or draw away, by adulation, artifice, or falsehood; to wheedle; to cozen; to cheat. [R.] “I’ll … cog their hearts from them.
Shak.” 2. To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or deception; as to cog in a word; to palm off. [R.] “Fustian tragedies … have, by concerted applauses, been cogged upon the town for masterpieces.
J. Dennis” “To cog a die, to load so as to direct its fall; to cheat in playing dice.
Swift.”

Cog , v. i. To deceive; to cheat; to play false; to lie; to wheedle; to cajole. “For guineas in other men’s breeches,
Your gamesters will palm and will cog.
Swift.”

Cog, n. A trick or deception; a falsehood. Wm. Watson.

Cog, n. [Cf. Sw. kugge a cog, or W. cocos the cogs of a wheel.] 1. (Mech.) A tooth, cam, or catch for imparting or receiving motion, as on a gear wheel, or a lifter or wiper on a shaft; originally, a separate piece of wood set in a mortise in the face of a wheel. 2. (Carp.) (a) A kind of tenon on the end of a joist, received into a notch in a bearing timber, and resting flush with its upper surface. (b) A tenon in a scarf joint; a coak. Knight. 3. (Mining.) One of the rough pillars of stone or coal left to support the roof of a mine.

Cog, v. t. To furnish with a cog or cogs. Cogged breath sound (Auscultation), a form of interrupted respiration, in which the interruptions are very even, three or four to each inspiration. Quain.

Cog, n. [OE. cogge; cf. D. kog, Icel. kuggr Cf. Cock a boat.] A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Co´gen•cy , n. [See Cogent.] The quality of being cogent; power of compelling conviction; conclusiveness; force. “An antecedent argument of extreme cogency.
J. H. Newman.”

Co•ge´ni•al , a. Congenial. [Obs.]

Co´gent (ko´jent), a. [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere to drive together, to force; co- + agere to drive. See Agent, a., and cf. Coact to force, Coagulate, p. a.] 1. Compelling, in a physical sense; powerful. [Obs.] “The cogent force of nature.
Prior.” 2. Having the power to compel conviction or move the will; constraining; conclusive; forcible; powerful; not easily reasisted. “No better nor more cogent reason.
Dr. H. More.” “Proofs of the most cogent description.
Tyndall.” “The tongue whose strains were cogent as commands,
Revered at home, and felt in foreign lands.
Cowper.” Syn. — Forcible; powerful; potent; urgent; strong; persuasive; convincing; conclusive; influential.

Co´gent•ly, adv. In a cogent manner; forcibly; convincingly; conclusively. Locke.

Cog´ger (kog´ger), n. [From Cog to wheedle.] A flatterer or deceiver; a sharper.

Cog´ger•y, n. Trick; deception. Bp. Watson.

Cog´gle , n. [See Cog small boat.] A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Cog´gle, n. [Cf. Cobble a cobblestone.] A cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cog•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being cogitable; conceivableness.

Cog´i•ta•ble , a. [L. cogitabilis, fr. cogitare to think.] Capable of being brought before the mind as a thought or idea; conceivable; thinkable. “Creation is cogitable by us only as a putting forth of divine power.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Cog´i•ta•bund , a. [L. cogitabundus.] Full of thought; thoughtful. [R.] Leigh Hunt.

Cog´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cogitated p. pr. & vb. n. Cogitating.] [L. cogitatus, p. p. of cogitare to reflect upon, prob. fr. co- + the root of aio I say; hence, prop., to discuss with one’s self. Cf. Adage.] To engage in continuous thought; to think. “He that calleth a thing into his mind, whether by impression or recordation, cogitateth and considereth, and he that employeth the faculty of his fancy also cogitateth.
Bacon.”

Cog´i•tate, v. t. To think over; to plan. “He … is our witness, how we both day and night, revolving in our minds, did cogitate nothing more than how to satisfy the parts of a good pastor.
Foxe.”

Cog•i•ta´tion , n. [L. cogitatio: cf. F. cogitation.] The act of thinking; thought; meditation; contemplation. ´Fixed in cogitation deep.´ Milton.

Cog´i•ta•tive , a. [Cf. LL. cogitativus.] 1. Possessing, or pertaining to, the power of thinking or meditating. ´Cogitative faculties.´ Wollaston. 2. Given to thought or contemplation. Sir H. Wotton.

Cog´man , n. A dealer in cogware or coarse cloth. [Obs.] Wright.

Co´gnac , n. [F.] A kind of French brandy, so called from the town of Cognac.

Cog´nate , a. [L. cognatus; co- + gnatus, natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be born. See Nation, and cf. Connate.] 1. Allied by blood; kindred by birth; specifically (Law), related on the mother’s side. 2. Of the same or a similar nature; of the same family; proceeding from the same stock or root; allied; kindred; as a cognate language.

Cog´nate, n. 1. (Law) One who is related to another on the female side. Wharton. 2. One of a number of things allied in origin or nature; as certain letters are cognates.

Cog´nate•ness, n. The state of being cognate.

Cog•na´ti , n. pl. [L.] (Law) Relatives by the mother’s side. Wharton.

Cog•na´tion , n. [L. cognatio.] 1. Relationship by blood; descent from the same original; kindred. “As by our cognation to the body of the first Adam.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Participation of the same nature. Sir T. Browne. “A like temper and cognation.
Sir K. Digby.” 3. (Law) That tie of consanguinity which exists between persons descended from the same mother; — used in distinction from agnation.

Cog•na´tus , n. [L., a kinsman.] (Law) A person connected through cognation. { Cog•ni•sor´ , Cog•ni•see } n. See Cognizor, Cognizee.

Cog•ni´tion , n. [L. cognitio, fr. cognoscere, cognitum, to become acquainted with, to know; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to get a knowledge of. See Know, v. t.] 1. The act of knowing; knowledge; perception. “I will not be myself nor have cognation
Of what I feel: I am all patience.
Shak.” 2. That which is known.

Cog´ni•tive , a. Knowing, or apprehending by the understanding; as cognitive power. South.

Cog´ni•za•ble (? or ), a. [F. connaissable, fr. connaître to know, L. cognoscere. See Cognition.] 1. Capable of being known or apprehended; as cognizable causes. 2. Fitted to be a subject of judicial investigation; capable of being judicially heard and determined. “Cognizable both in the ecclesiastical and secular courts.
Ayliffe.”

Cog´ni•za•bly, adv. In a cognizable manner.

Cog´ni•zance (? or 277), n. [OF. conissance, conoissance, F. connaissance, LL. cognoscentia, fr. L. cognoscere to know. See Cognition, and cf. Cognoscence, Connoisseur.] 1. Apprehension by the understanding; perception; observation. “Within the cognizance and lying under the control of their divine Governor.
Bp. Hurd” 2. Recollection; recognition. “Who, soon as on that knight his eye did glance,
Eftsoones of him had perfect cognizance.
Spenser.” 3. (Law) (a) Jurisdiction, or the power given by law to hear and decide controversies. (b) The hearing a matter judicially. (c) An acknowledgment of a fine of lands and tenements or confession of a thing done. [Eng.] (d) A form of defense in the action of replevin, by which the defendant insists that the goods were lawfully taken, as a distress, by defendant, acting as servant for another. [Eng.] Cowell. Mozley & W. 4. The distinguishing mark worn by an armed knight, usually upon the helmet, and by his retainers and followers: Hence, in general, a badge worn by a retainer or dependent, to indicate the person or party to which he belonged; a token by which a thing may be known. “Wearing the liveries and cognizance of their master.
Prescott.” “This pale and angry rose,
As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate.
Shak.”

Cog´ni•zant , a. [See Cognizance, and cf. Connusant.] Having cognizance or knowledge. (of).

Cog´nize , v. t. [Cf. Cognizant, Recognize.] To know or perceive; to recognize. “The reasoning faculty can deal with no facts until they are cognized by it.
H. Spencer.”

Cog•ni•zee´ , n. (Law) One to whom a fine of land was acknowledged. Blackstone.

Cog•ni•zor , n. [See Cognizance.] (Law) One who acknowledged the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in a fine; the defendant. Blackstone.

Cog•no´men , n. [L.: co- + (g)nomen name.] 1. The last of the three names of a person among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or family. 2. (Eng. Law) A surname.

Cog•nom´i•nal , a. Of or pertaining to a cognomen; of the nature of a surname.

Cog•nom´i•nal, n. One bearing the same name; a namesake. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cog•nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. cognominatio.] A cognomen or surname. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Cog•nos´cence , n. [LL. cognoscentia. See Cognizance.] Cognizance. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Cog•nos•cen´te , n.; pl. Cognoscenti (#). [OIt. cognoscente, p. pr. of cognoscere, It. conoscere to know.] A connoisseur. Mason.

Cog•nos•ci•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being cognoscible. Cudworth.

Cog•nos´ci•ble , a. 1. Capable of being known. ´Matters intelligible and cognoscible.´ Sir M. Hale. 2. Liable to judicial investigation. Jer. Taylor.

Cog•nos´ci•tive , a. Having the power of knowing. [Obs.] ´An innate cognoscitive power.´ Cudworth.

Cog•no´vit , n. [L., he has acknowledged.] (Law) An instrument in writing whereby a defendant in an action acknowledges a plaintiff’s demand to be just. Mozley & W.

Co•guard´i•an , n. A joint guardian.

Cogue , n. [Cf. Cog a small boat.] A small wooden vessel; a pail. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Cog´ware , n. A coarse, narrow cloth, like frieze, used by the lower classes in the sixteenth century. Halliwell.

Cog´wheel , n. A wheel with cogs or teeth; a gear wheel. See Illust. of Gearing.

Co•hab´it , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohabiting.] [L. cohabitare; co- + habitare to dwell, to have possession of (a place), freg. of habere to have. See Habit, n. & v.] 1. To inhabit or reside in company, or in the same place or country. “The Philistines were worsted by the captived ark … : they were not able to cohabit with that holy thing.
South.” 2. To dwell or live together as husband and wife. “The law presumes that husband and wife cohabit together, even after a voluntary separation has taken place between them.
Bouvier.” By the common law as existing in the United States, marriage is presumed when a man and woman cohabit permanently together, being reputed by those who know them to be husband and wife, and admitting the relationship. Wharton.

Co•hab´it•ant , n. [L. cohabitans, p. pr.] One who dwells with another, or in the same place or country. “No small number of the Danes became peaceable cohabitants with the Saxons in England.
Sir W. Raleigh.”

Co•hab´i•ta´tion , n. [L. cohabitatio.] 1. The act or state of dwelling together, or in the same place with another. Feltham. 2. (Law) The living together of a man and woman in supposed sexual relationship. “That the duty of cohabitation is released by the cruelty of one of the parties is admitted.
Lord Stowell.”

Co•hab´it•er , n. A cohabitant. Hobbes.

Co•heir , n. A joint heir; one of two or more heirs; one of several entitled to an inheritance.

Co•heir´ess , n. A female heir who inherits with other heiresses; a joint heiress.

Co•heir´ship, n. The state of being a coheir.

Co•her´ald , n. A joint herald.

Co•here´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohered p. pr. & vb. n. Cohering ] [L. cohaerere, cohaesum; co- + haerere to stick, adhere. See Aghast, a.] 1. To stick together; to cleave; to be united; to hold fast, as parts of the same mass. “Neither knows he … how the solid parts of the body are united or cohere together.
Locke.” 2. To be united or connected together in subordination to one purpose; to follow naturally and logically, as the parts of a discourse, or as arguments in a train of reasoning; to be logically consistent. “They have been inserted where they best seemed to cohere.
Burke.” 3. To suit; to agree; to fit. [Obs.] “Had time cohered with place, or place with wishing.
Shak.” Syn. — To cleave; unite; adhere; stick; suit; agree; fit; be consistent. { Co•her´ence , Co•her´en•cy }, n. [L. cohaerentia: cf. F. coherence.] 1. A sticking or cleaving together; union of parts of the same body; cohesion. 2. Connection or dependence, proceeding from the subordination of the parts of a thing to one principle or purpose, as in the parts of a discourse, or of a system of philosophy; consecutiveness. “Coherence of discourse, and a direct tendency of all the parts of it to the argument in hand, are most eminently to be found in him.
Locke.”

Co•her´ent , a. [L. cohaerens, p. pr. See Cohere.] 1. Sticking together; cleaving; as the parts of bodies; solid or fluid. Arbuthnot. 2. Composed of mutually dependent parts; making a logical whole; consistent; as a coherent plan, argument, or discourse. 3. Logically consistent; — applied to persons; as a coherent thinker. Watts. 4. Suitable or suited; adapted; accordant. [Obs.] “Instruct my daughter how she shall persever,
That time and place, with this deceit so lawful,
May prove coherent.
Shak.”

Co•her´ent•ly, adv. In a coherent manner.

Co•he•si•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being cohesible. Good.

Co•he´si•ble , a. Capable of cohesion.

Co•he´sion , n. [Cf. F. cohesion. See Cohere.] 1. The act or state of sticking together; close union. 2. (Physics) That from of attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass, whether like or unlike; — distinguished from adhesion, which unites bodies by their adjacent surfaces. “Solids and fluids differ in the degree of cohesion, which, being increased, turns a fluid into a solid.
Arbuthnot.” 3. Logical agreement and dependence; as the cohesion of ideas. Locke.

Co•he´sive , a. 1. Holding the particles of a homogeneous body together; as cohesive attraction; producing cohesion; as a cohesive force. 2. Cohering, or sticking together, as in a mass; capable of cohering; tending to cohere; as cohesive clay. Cohesive attraction. See under Attraction. — Co•he´sive•ly, adv. — Co•he´sive•ness, n.

Co•hib´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohibiting.] [L. cohibitus, p. p. of cohibere to confine; co- + habere to hold.] To restrain. [Obs.] Bailey.

Co•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. cohibitio.] Hindrance; restraint. [Obs.]

Co•ho•bate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohobated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohobating.] [LL. cohobare; prob. of Arabic origin: cf. F. cohober.] (Anc. Chem.) To repeat the distillation of, pouring the liquor back upon the matter remaining in the vessel. Arbuthnot.

Co•ho•ba´tion , n. [Cf. F. cohobation.] (Anc. Chem.) The process of cohobating. Grew.

Co´horn , n. (Mil.) See Coehorn.

Co´hort , n. [L. cohors, prop. an inclosure: cf. F. cohorte. See Court, n.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of about five or six hundred soldiers; the tenth part of a legion. 2. Any band or body of warriors. “With him the cohort bright
Of watchful cherubim.
Milton.” 3. (Bot.) A natural group of orders of plants, less comprehensive than a class.

Co´hosh , n. (Bot.) A perennial American herb (Caulophyllum thalictroides), whose rootstock is used in medicine; — also called pappoose root. The name is sometimes also given to the Cimicifuga racemosa, and to two species of Actaea, plants of the Crowfoot family.

Coif (koif), n. [OF. coife, F. coiffe, LL. cofea, cuphia, fr. OHG. kuppa, kuppha, miter, perh. fr. L. cupa tub. See Cup, n.; but cf. also Cop, Cuff the article of dress, Quoif, n.] A cap. Specifically: (a) A close-fitting cap covering the sides of the head, like a small hood without a cape. (b) An official headdress, such as that worn by certain judges in England. [Written also quoif.] “From point and saucy ermine down
To the plain coif and russet gown.
H. Brocke.” “The judges, … althout they are not of the first magnitude, nor need be of the degree of the coif, yet are they considerable.
Bacon.”

Coif (koif), v. t. [Cf. F. coiffer.] To cover or dress with, or as with, a coif. “And coif me, where I’m bald, with flowers.
J. G. Cooper.”

Coifed (koift), a. Wearing a coif.

Coif´fure , n. [F., fr. coiffer. See Coif.] A headdress, or manner of dressing the hair. Addison.

Coigne (koin), n. [See Coin, n.] A quoin. “See you yound coigne of the Capitol? yon corner stone?
Shak.” { Coigne , Coign´y } n. The practice of quartering one’s self as landlord on a tenant; a quartering of one’s self on anybody. [Ireland] Spenser.

Coil (koil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coiled (koild); p. pr. & vb. n. Coiling.] [OF. coillir, F. cueillir, to collect, gather together, L. coligere; col- + legere to gather. See Legend, and cf. Cull, v. t., Collect.] 1. To wind cylindrically or spirally; as to coil a rope when not in use; the snake coiled itself before springing. 2. To encircle and hold with, or as with, coils. [Obs. or R.] T. Edwards.

Coil, v. i. To wind itself cylindrically or spirally; to form a coil; to wind; — often with about or around. “You can see his flery serpents …
Coiting, playing in the water.
Longfellow.”

Coil, n. 1. A ring, series of rings, or spiral, into which a rope, or other like thing, is wound. “The wild grapevines that twisted their coils from trec to tree.
W. Irving.” 2. Fig.: Entanglement; toil; mesh; perplexity. 3. A series of connected pipes in rows or layers, as in a steam heating apparatus. Induction coil. (Elec.) See under Induction. — Ruhmkorff’s coil (Elec.), an induction coil, sometimes so called from Ruhmkorff , a prominent manufacturer of the apparatus.

Coil, n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. goil fume, rage.] A noise, tumult, bustle, or confusion. [Obs.] Shak.

Coi´lon , n. [F. See Cullion.] A testicle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coin (koin), n. [F. coin, formerly also coing, wedge, stamp, corner, fr. L. cuneus wedge; prob. akin to E. cone, hone. See Hone, n., and cf. Coigne, Quoin, Cuneiform.] 1. A quoin; a corner or external angle; a wedge. See Coigne, and Quoin. 2. A piece of metal on which certain characters are stamped by government authority, making it legally current as money; — much used in a collective sense. “It is alleged that it [a subsidy] exceeded all the current coin of the realm.
Hallam.” 3. That which serves for payment or recompense. “The loss of present advantage to flesh and blood is repaid in a nobler coin.
Hammond.” Coin balance. See Illust. of Balance. — To pay one in his own coin, to return to one the same kind of injury or ill treatment as has been received from him. [Colloq.]

Coin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coined (koind); p. pr. & vb. n. Coining.] 1. To make of a definite fineness, and convert into coins, as a mass of metal; to mint; to manufacture; as to coin silver dollars; to coin a medal. 2. To make or fabricate; to invent; to originate; as to coin a word. “Some tale, some new pretense, he daily coined,
To soothe his sister and delude her mind.
Dryden.” 3. To acquire rapidly, as money; to make. “Tenants cannot coin rent just at quarter day.
Locke.”

Coin, v. i. To manufacture counterfeit money. “They cannot touch me for coining.
Shak.”

Coin´age , n. [From Coin, v. t., cf. Cuinage.] 1. The act or process of converting metal into money. “The care of the coinage was committed to the inferior magistrates.
Arbuthnot.” 2. Coins; the aggregate coin of a time or place. 3. The cost or expense of coining money. 4. The act or process of fabricating or inventing; formation; fabrication; that which is fabricated or forged. ´Unnecessary coinage … of words.´ Dryden. “This is the very coinage of your brain.
Shak.”

Co•in•cide´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coincided p. pr. & vb. n. Coinciding.] [L. co- + incidere to fall on; in + cadere to fall: cf. F. coïncider. See Chance, n.] 1. To occupy the same place in space, as two equal triangles, when placed one on the other. “If the equator and the ecliptic had coincided, it would have rendered the annual revoluton of the earth useless.
Cheyne.” 2. To occur at the same time; to be contemporaneous; as the fall of Granada coincided with the discovery of America. 3. To correspond exactly; to agree; to concur; as our aims coincide. “The rules of right jugdment and of good ratiocination often coincide with each other.
Watts.”

Co•in´ci•dence (ko•in´si•dens), n. [Cf. F. coïncidence.] 1. The condition of occupying the same place in space; as the coincidence of circles, surfaces, etc. Bentley. 2. The condition or fact of happening at the same time; as the coincidence of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 3. Exact correspondence in nature, character, result, circumstances, etc.; concurrence; agreement. “The very concurrence and coincidence of so many evidences … carries a great weight.
Sir M. Hale.” “Those who discourse … of the nature of truth … affirm a perfect coincidence between truth and goodness.
South.”

Co•in´ci•den•cy , n. Coincidence. [R.]

Co•in´ci•dent (ko•in´si•dent), a. [Cf. F. coïncident.] Having coincidence; occupying the same place; contemporaneous; concurrent; — followed by with. “Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly suitable to, and coincident with, the ruling principles of a virtuous and well-inclined man.
South.”

Co•in´ci•dent , n. One of two or more coincident events; a coincidence. [R.] ´Coincidents and accidents.´ Froude.

Co•in•ci•den´tal , a. Coincident.

Co•in´ci•dent•ly , adv. With coincidence.

Co•in•cid´er , n. One who coincides with another in an opinion.

Co•in•di•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. coïdication.] One of several signs or symptoms indicating the same fact; as a coindication of disease.

Coin´er , n. 1. One who makes or stamps coin; a maker of money; — usually, a maker of counterfeit money. “Precautions such as are employed by coiners and receivers of stolen goods.
Macaulay.” 2. An inventor or maker, as of words. Camden.

Co•in•hab´it•ant , n. One who dwells with another, or with others. ´Coinhabitants of the same element.´ Dr. H. More.

Co•in•here´ , v. i. To inhere or exist together, as in one substance. Sir W. Hamilton.

Co•in•her´it•ance , n. Joint inheritance.

Co•in•her´it•or , n. A coheir.

Co•in•i´tial , a. (Math.) Having a common beginning.

Co•in´qui•nate , v. t. [L. coinquinatus, p. p. of coinquinare to defile. See Inquinate.] To pollute. [Obs.] Skelton.

Co•in•qui•na´tion , n. Defilement. [Obs.]

Co•in´stan•ta´ne•ous , a. Happening at the same instant. C. Darwin.

Co•intense´ , a. Equal in intensity or degree; as the relations between 6 and 12, and 8 and 16, are cointense. H. Spencer.

Co•in•ten´sion , n. The condition of being of equal in intensity; — applied to relations; as 3:6 and 6:12 are relations of cointension. “Cointension … is chosen indicate the equality of relations in respect of the contrast between their terms.
H. Spencer.”

Coir (koir), n. [Tamil kayiru.] 1. A material for cordage, matting, etc., consisting of the prepared fiber of the outer husk of the cocoanut. Homans. 2. Cordage or cables, made of this material.

Cois´tril , n. [Prob. from OF. coustillier groom or lad. Cf. Custrel.] 1. An inferior groom or lad employed by an esquire to carry the knight’s arms and other necessaries. [Written also coistrel.] 2. A mean, paltry fellow; a coward. [Obs.] Shak.

Coit (koit), n. [See Quoit.] A quoit. [Obs.] Carew.

Coit, v. t. To throw, as a stone. [Obs.] See Quoit.

Co•i´tion , n. [L. coitio, fr. coire to come together; co- + ire to go.] A coming together; sexual intercourse; copulation. Grew.

Co•join´ , v. t. To join; to conjoin. [R.] Shak.

Co•ju´ror , n. One who swears to another’s credibility. W. Wotton.

Coke , n. [Perh. akin to cake, n.] Mineral coal charred, or depriver of its bitumen, sulphur, or other volatile matter by roasting in a kiln or oven, or by distillation, as in gas works. It is lagerly used where smokeless fire is required. [Written also coak.] Gas coke, the coke formed in gas retorts, as distinguished from that made in ovens.

Coke, v. t. To convert into coke.

Coke´nay , n. A cockney. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Co´ker•nut , n. (Com.) The cocoanut. A mode of spelling introduced by the London customhouse to distinguish more widely between this and other articles spelt much in the same manner.

Cokes , n. [OE. Cf. Coax.] A simpleton; a gull; a dupe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Coke´wold , n. Cuckold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Col- . A prefix signifying with, together. See Com-.

Col , n. [F., neck, fr. L. collum neck.] A short ridge connecting two higher elevations or mountains; the pass over such a ridge.

Co•la´bor•er , n. One who labors with another; an associate in labor.

Col´an•der , n. [L. colans, -antis, p. pr. of colare to filter, to strain, fr. colum a strainer. Cf. Cullis, Culvert.] A utensil with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquids, mashed vegetable pulp, etc.; a strainer of wickerwork, perforated metal, or the like.

Co•la´tion , n. [See Colander.] The act or process of straining or filtering. [R.]

Co•lat´i•tude ( 134), n. [Formed like cosine. See Cosine.] The complement of the latitude, or the difference between any latitude and ninety degrees.

Col´a•ture ( 135), n. [L. colatura, from colare: cf. F. colature. See Colander.] The process of straining; the matter strained; a strainer. [R.]

Col´ber•tine , n. [From Jean Baptiste Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV., who encouraged the lace manufacture in France.] A kind of lace. [Obs.] “Pinners edged with colbertine.
Swift.” “Difference rose between
Mechlin, the queen of lace, and colbertine.
Young.”

Col´chi•cine , n. [Cf. F. colchicine.] (Chem.) A powerful vegetable alkaloid, C_17H_19NO_5, extracted from the Colchicum autumnale, or meadow saffron, as a white or yellowish amorphous powder, with a harsh, bitter taste; — called also colchicia.

Col´chi•cum , n. [L., a plant with a poisonous root, fr. Colchicus Colchian, fr. Colchis, Gr. , an ancient province in Asia, east of the Black Sea, where was the home of Media the sorceress.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous-rooted plants found in many parts of Europe, including the meadow saffron. Preparations made from the poisonous bulbs and seeds, and perhaps from the flowers, of the Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron) are used as remedies for gout and rheumatism.

Col´co•thar (kol´ko•ther), n. [NL. colcothar vitrioli, fr. Ar. qolqotar.] (Chem.) Polishing rouge; a reddish brown oxide of iron, used in polishing glass, and also as a pigment; — called also crocus Martis.

Cold (kold), a. [Compar. Colder (-er); superl. Coldest.] [OE. cold, cald, AS. cald, ceald; akin to OS. kald, D. koud, G. kalt, Icel. kaldr, Dan. kold, Sw. kall, Goth. kalds, L. gelu frost, gelare to freeze. Orig. p. p. of AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala to freeze. Cf. Cool, a., Chill, n.] 1. Deprived of heat, or having a low temperature; not warm or hot; gelid; frigid. ´The snowy top of cold Olympis.´ Milton. 2. Lacking the sensation of warmth; suffering from the absence of heat; chilly; shivering; as to be cold. 3. Not pungent or acrid. ´Cold plants.´ Bacon 4. Wanting in ardor, intensity, warmth, zeal, or passion; spiritless; unconcerned; reserved. “A cold and unconcerned spectator.
T. Burnet.” “No cold relation is a zealous citizen.
Burke.” 5. Unwelcome; disagreeable; unsatisfactory. ´Cold news for me.´ ´Cold comfort.´ Shak. 6. Wanting in power to excite; dull; uninteresting. “What a deal of cold business doth a man misspend the better part of life in!
B. Jonson.” “The jest grows cold … when in comes on in a second scene.
Addison.” 7. Affecting the sense of smell (as of hunting dogs) but feebly; having lost its odor; as a cold scent. 8. Not sensitive; not acute. “Smell this business with a sense as cold
As is a dead man’s nose.
Shak.” 9. Distant; — said, in the game of hunting for some object, of a seeker remote from the thing concealed. 10. (Paint.) Having a bluish effect. Cf. Warm, 8. Cold abscess. See under Abscess. — Cold blast See under Blast, n., 2. — Cold blood. See under Blood, n., 8. — Cold chill, an ague fit. Wright. — Cold chisel, a chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, for cutting cold metal. Weale. — Cold cream. See under Cream. — Cold slaw. See Cole slaw. — In cold blood, without excitement or passion; deliberately. “He was slain in cold blood after the fight was over.
Sir W. Scott.” To give one the cold shoulder, to treat one with neglect. Syn. — Gelid; bleak; frigid; chill; indifferent; unconcerned; passionless; reserved; unfeeling; stoical.

Cold, n. 1. The relative absence of heat or warmth. 2. The sensation produced by the escape of heat; chilliness or chillness. “When she saw her lord prepared to part,
A deadly cold ran shivering to her heart.
Dryden.” 3. (Med.) A morbid state of the animal system produced by exposure to cold or dampness; a catarrh. Cold sore (Med.), a vesicular eruption appearing about the mouth as the result of a cold, or in the course of any disease attended with fever. — To leave one out in the cold, to overlook or neglect him. [Colloq.]

Cold, v. i. To become cold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cold´-blood•ed , a. 1. Having cold blood; — said of fish or animals whose blood is but little warmer than the water or air about them. 2. Deficient in sensibility or feeling; hard-hearted. 3. Not thoroughbred; — said of animals, as horses, which are derived from the common stock of a country.

Cold´finch , n. (Zoöl.) A British wagtail.

Cold´-heart•ed , a. Wanting passion or feeling; indifferent. — Cold´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Cold´ish , a. Somewhat cold; cool; chilly.

Cold´ly, adv. In a cold manner; without warmth, animation, or feeling; with indifference; calmly. “Withdraw unto some private place,
And reason coldly of your grievances.
Shak.”

Cold´ness, n. The state or quality of being cold.

Cold´-short , a. Brittle when cold; as cold-short iron.

Cold´-shut , a. (Metal.) Closed while too cold to become thoroughly welded; — said of a forging or casting. — n. An imperfection caused by such insufficient welding.

Cole , n. [OE. col, caul, AS. cawl, cawel, fr. L. caulis, the stalk or stem of a plant, esp. a cabbage stalk, cabbage, akin to Gr. . Cf. Cauliflower, Kale.] (Bot.) A plant of the Brassica or Cabbage genus; esp. that form of B. oleracea called rape and coleseed.

Co-leg•a•tee´ , n. A joint legatee.

Cole´goose , n. (Zoöl.) See Coalgoose.

Cole´man•ite , n. [From W.T. Coleman of San Francisco.] (Min.) A hydrous borate of lime occurring in transparent colorless or white crystals, also massive, in Southern California.

Cole´mouse , n. (Zoöl.) See Coletit.

Co•le•op´ter , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Coleoptera.

Co•le•op´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sheath-winged; sheath + wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects having the anterior pair of wings (elytra) hard and horny, and serving as coverings for the posterior pair, which are membranous, and folded transversely under the others when not in use. The mouth parts form two pairs of jaws (mandibles and maxillae) adapted for chewing. Most of the Coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils. { Co•le•op´ter•al , Co•le•op´ter•ous } a. [Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Having wings covered with a case or sheath; belonging to the Coleoptera.

Co•le•op´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the order of Coleoptera.

Co•le•op´ter•ist, n. One versed in the study of the Coleoptera.

Co•le•o•rhi´za , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sheath + root.] A sheath in the embryo of grasses, inclosing the caulicle. Gray.

Cole´perch , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of small black perch.

Col´e•ra , n. [L. cholera. See Choler.] Bile; choler. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cole•ridg´i•an , a. Pertaining to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, or to his poetry or metaphysics.

Cole´seed , n. The common rape or cole.

Cole´slaw , n. [D. kool slaa cabbage salad.] A salad made of sliced cabbage.

Co•-les•see´ , n. A partner in a lease taken.

Co•-les•sor´ , n. A partner in giving a lease.

Cole´staff , n. See Colstaff. { Col´et , Col´let }[Corrupted fr. acolyte.] An inferior church servant. [Obs.] See Acolyte. { Cole´tit• Coal´tit } n. (Zoöl.) A small European titmouse (Parus ater), so named from its black color; — called also coalmouse and colemouse.

Co´le•us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a sheath; — referring to the manner in which the stamens are united.] (Bot.) A plant of several species of the Mint family, cultivated for its bright-colored or variegated leaves.

Cole´wort , n. [AS. cawlwyrt; cawl cole + wyrt wort. Cf. Collards.] 1. A variety of cabbage in which the leaves never form a compact head. 2. Any white cabbage before the head has become firm.

Col´fox , n. A crafty fox. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Col´ic , n. [F. colique, fr. L. colicus sick with the colic, GR. , fr. , , the colon. The disease is so named from its being seated in or near the colon. See Colon.] (Med.) A severe paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due to spasm, obstruction, or distention of some one of the hollow viscera. Hepatic colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a gallstone from the liver or gall bladder through the bile duct. — Intestinal colic, or Ordinary colic, pain due to distention of the intestines by gas. — Lead colic, Painter’s colic, a violent form of intestinal colic, associated with obstinate constipation, produced by chronic lead poisoning. — Renal colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a calculus from the kidney through the ureter. — Wind colic. See Intestinal colic, above.

Col´ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to colic; affecting the bowels. Milton. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the colon; as the colic arteries.

Col´ic•al , a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, colic. Swift.

Col´ick•y , a. Pertaining to, or troubled with, colic; as a colicky disorder.

Col´ic•root , n. A bitter American herb of the Bloodwort family, with the leaves all radical, and the small yellow or white flowers in a long spike (Aletris farinosa and A. aurea). Called sometimes star grass, blackroot, blazing star, and unicorn root.

Col´in , n. [F. colin; prop. a dim. of Colas, contr. fr. Nicolas Nicholas.] (Zoöl.) The American quail or bobwhite. The name is also applied to other related species. See Bobwhite.

Col•i•se´um , n. [NL. (cf. It. coliseo, colosseo), fr. L. colosseus colossal, fr. colossus a colossus. See Colossus, and cf. Colosseum.] The amphitheater of Vespasian at Rome, the largest in the world. [Written also Colosseum.]

Co•li´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of the large intestine, esp. of its mucous membrane; colonitis.

Coll , v. t. [OF. coler, fr. L. collum neck.] To embrace. [Obs.] ´They coll and kiss him.´ Latimer.

Col•la•bo•ra•teur´ , n. [F.] See Collaborator.

Col•lab•o•ra´tion , n. The act of working together; united labor.

Col•lab´o•ra•tor , n. [L. collaborare to labor together; col- + laborare to labor: cf. F. collaborateur.] An associate in labor, especially in literary or scientific labor.

Col´la•gen , n. [Gr. ko•lla glue + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of ordinary connective tissue, as of tendons or sinews and of bone. On being boiled in water it becomes gelatin or glue.

Col•lag´e•nous , a. (Physiol.) Containing or resembling collagen.

Col•lapse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Collapsed p. pr. & vb. n. Collapsing] [L. collapsus, p. p. of collabi to collapse; col- + labi to fall, slide. See Lapse.] 1. To fall together suddenly, as the sides of a hollow vessel; to close by falling or shrinking together; to have the sides or parts of (a thing) fall in together, or be crushed in together; as a flue in the boiler of a steam engine sometimes collapses. “A balloon collapses when the gas escapes from it.
Maunder.” 2. To fail suddenly and completely, like something hollow when subject to too much pressure; to undergo a collapse; as Maximilian’s government collapsed soon after the French army left Mexico; many financial projects collapse after attaining some success and importance.

Col•lapse´ , n. 1. A falling together suddenly, as of the sides of a hollow vessel. 2. A sudden and complete failure; an utter failure of any kind; a breakdown. [Colloq.] 3. (Med.) Extreme depression or sudden failing of all the vital powers, as the result of disease, injury, or nervous disturbance.

Col•lap´sion , n. [L. collapsio.] Collapse. [R.] Johnson.

Col´lar , n. [OE. coler, coller, OF. colier, F. collier, necklace, collar, fr. OF. col neck, F. cou, fr. L. collum; akin to AS. heals, G. & Goth. hals. Cf. Hals, n.] 1. Something worn round the neck, whether for use, ornament, restraint, or identification; as the collar of a coat; a lady’s collar; the collar of a dog. 2. (Arch.) (a) A ring or cincture. (b) A collar beam. 3. (Bot.) The neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem. Gray. 4. An ornament worn round the neck by knights, having on it devices to designate their rank or order. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) A ringlike part of a mollusk in connection with esophagus. (b) A colored ring round the neck of a bird or mammal. 6. (Mech.) A ring or round flange upon, surrounding, or against an object, and used for restraining motion within given limits, or for holding something to its place, or for hiding an opening around an object; as a collar on a shaft, used to prevent endwise motion of the shaft; a collar surrounding a stovepipe at the place where it enters a wall. The flanges of a piston and the gland of a stuffing box are sometimes called collars. 7. (Naut.) An eye formed in the bight or bend of a shroud or stay to go over the masthead; also a rope to which certain parts of rigging, as dead-eyes, are secured. 8. (Mining) A curb, or a horizontal timbering, around the mouth of a shaft. Raymond. Collar beam (Arch.), a horizontal piece of timber connecting and tying together two opposite rafters; — also called simply collar. — Collar of brawn, the quantity of brawn bound up in one parcel. [Eng.] Johnson. — Collar day, a day of great ceremony at the English court, when persons, who are dignitaries of honorary orders, wear the collars of those orders. — To slip the collar, to get free; to disentangle one’s self from difficulty, labor, or engagement. Spenser.

Col´lar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collared p. pr. & vb. n. Collaring.] 1. To seize by the collar. 2. To put a collar on. To collar beef (or other meat), to roll it up, and bind it close with a string preparatory to cooking it.

Col´lar bone (Anat.) The clavicle.

Col´lards , n. pl. [Corrupted fr. colewort.] Young cabbage, used as ´greens´; esp. a kind cultivated for that purpose; colewort. [Colloq. Souther U. S.]

Col´lared , a. 1. Wearing a collar. ´Collared with gold.´ Chaucer. 2. (Her.) Wearing a collar; — said of a man or beast used as a bearing when a collar is represented as worn around the neck or loins. 3. Rolled up and bound close with a string; as collared beef. See To collar beef, under Collar, v. t.

Col•lat´a•ble , a. Capable of being collated. Coleridge.

Col•late´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collated; p. pr. & vb. n. Collating.] [From Collation.] 1. To compare critically, as books or manuscripts, in order to note the points of agreement or disagreement. “I must collage it, word, with the original Hebrew.
Coleridge.” 2. To gather and place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding. 3. (Eccl.) To present and institute in a benefice, when the person presenting is both the patron and the ordinary; — followed by to. 4. To bestow or confer. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Col•late´, v. i. (Ecl.) To place in a benefice, when the person placing is both the patron and the ordinary. “If the bishop neglets to collate within six months, the right to do it devolves on the archbishop.
Encyc. Brit.”

Col•lat´er•al , a. [LL. collateralis; col- + lateralis lateral. See Lateral.] 1. Coming from, being on, or directed toward, the side; as collateral pressure. ´Collateral light.´ Shak. 2. Acting in an indirect way. “If by direct or by collateral hand
They find us touched, we will our kingdom give …
To you in satisfaction.
Shak.” 3. Related to, but not strictly a part of, the main thing or matter under consideration; hence, subordinate; not chief or principal; as collateral interest; collateral issues. “That he [Attebury] was altogether in the wrong on the main question, and on all the collateral questions springing out of it, … is true.
Macaulay.” 4. Tending toward the same conclusion or result as something else; additional; as collateral evidence. “Yet the attempt may give
Collateral interest to this homely tale.
Wordsworth.” 5. (Genealogy) Descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not in the same line or branch or one from the other; — opposed to lineal. Lineal descendants proceed one from another in a direct line; collateral relations spring from a common ancestor, but from different branches of that common stirps or stock. Thus the children of brothers are collateral relations, having different fathers, but a common grandfather. Blackstone. Collateral assurance, that which is made, over and above the deed itself. — Collateral circulation (Med. & Physiol.), circulation established through indirect or subordinate branches when the supply through the main vessel is obstructed. — Collateral issue. (Law) (a) An issue taken upon a matter aside from the merits of the case. (b) An issue raised by a criminal convict who pleads any matter allowed by law in bar of execution, as pardon, diversity of person, etc. (c) A point raised, on cross-examination, aside from the issue fixed by the pleadings, as to which the answer of the witness, when given, cannot subsequently be contradicted by the party asking the question. — Collateral security, security for the performance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal security,

Col•lat´er•al , n. 1. A collateral relative. Ayliffe. 2. Collateral security; that which is pledged or deposited as collateral security.

Col•lat´er•al•ly, adv. 1. Side by side; by the side. “These pulleys … placed collaterally.
Bp. Wilkins.” 2. In an indirect or subordinate manner; indirectly. “The will hath force upon the conscience collaterally and indirectly.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. In collateral relation; not lineally.

Col•lat´er•al•ness, n. The state of being collateral.

Col•la´tion , n. [OE. collacioun speech, conference, reflection, OF. collacion, F. collation, fr. L. collatio a bringing together, comparing, fr. collatum (used as the supine of conferre); col- + latium (used as the supine of ferre to bear), for tlatum. See Tolerate, v. t.] 1. The act of collating or comparing; a comparison of one copy er thing (as of a book, or manuscript) with another of a like kind; comparison, in general. Pope. 2. (Print.) The gathering and examination of sheets preparatory to binding. 3. The act of conferring or bestowing. [Obs.] “Not by the collation of the king … but by the people.
Bacon.” 4. A conference. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. (Eccl. Law) The presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop, who has it in his own gift. 6. (Law) (a) The act of comparing the copy of any paper with its original to ascertain its conformity. (b) The report of the act made by the proper officers. 7. (Scots Law) The right which an heir has of throwing the whole heritable and movable estates of the deceased into one mass, and sharing it equally with others who are of the same degree of kindred. This also obtains in the civil law, and is found in the code of Louisiana. Bouvier. 8. (Eccles.) A collection of the Lives of the Fathers or other devout work read daily in monasteries. 9. A light repast or luncheon; as a cold collation; — first applied to the refreshment on fast days that accompanied the reading of the collation in monasteries. “A collation of wine and sweetmeats.
Whiston.” Collation of seals (Old Law), a method of ascertaining the genuinendss of a$seal by’compariog it with another known to be genuine. Bouvier.

Col•la´tion, v. i. To partake of a collation. [Obs.] “May 20, 1658, I … collationed in Spring Garden.
Evelyn.”

Col•la´tion•er , n. (Print.) One who examines the sheets of a book that has just been printed, to ascertain whether they are correctly printed, paged, etc. [Eng.]

Col•la•ti´tious , a. [L. collatitius. See Collation.] Brought together; contributed; done by contributions. [Obs.] Bailey.

Col•la´tive , a. [L. collativus brought together. ] Passing or held by collation; — said of livings of which the bishop and the patron are the same person.

Col•la´tor , n. [L.] 1. One who collates manuscripts, books, etc. Addison. 2. (Eccl. Law) One who collates to a benefice. 3. One who confers any benefit. [Obs.] Feltham.

Col•laud´ , v. t. [L. collaudare; col- + laudare to praise.] To join in praising. [Obs.] Howell.

Col´league (kol´leg), n. [F. collègue, L. collega one chosen at the same time with another, a partner in office; col- + legare to send or choose as deputy. See Legate.] A partner or associate in some civil or ecclesiastical office or employment. It is never used of partners in trade or manufactures. Syn. — Helper; assistant; coadjutor; ally; associate; companion; confederate.

Col•league´ (kol•leg´), v. t. & i. To unite or associate with another or with others. [R.] Shak.

Col´league•ship, n. Partnership in office. Milton.

Col•lect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collected; p. pr. & vb. n. Collecting.] [L. collecrus, p. p. of collerige to bind together; col- + legere to gather: cf. OF. collecter. See Legend, and cf. Coil, v. t., Cull, v. t.] 1. To gather into one body or place; to assemble or bring together; to obtain by gathering. “A band of men
Collected choicely from each country.
Shak.” “’Tis memory alone that enriches the mind, by preserving what our labor and industry daily collect.
Watts.” 2. To demand and obtain payment of, as an account, or other indebtedness; as to collect taxes. 3. To infer from observed facts; to conclude from premises. [Archaic.] Shak. “Which sequence, I conceive, is very ill collected.
Locke.” To collect one’s self, to recover from surprise, embarrassment, or fear; to regain self- control. Syn. — To gather; assemble; congregate; muster; accumulate; garner; aggregate; amass; infer; deduce.

Col•lect´, v. i. 1. To assemble together; as the people collected in a crowd; to accumulate; as snow collects in banks. 2. To infer; to conclude. [Archaic] “Whence some collect that the former word imports a plurality of persons.
South.”

Col´lect, n. [LL. collecta, fr. L. collecta a collection in money; an assemblage, fr. collerige: cf. F. collecte. See Collect, v. t.] A short, comprehensive prayer, adapted to a particular day, occasion, or condition, and forming part of a liturgy. “The noble poem on the massacres of Piedmont is strictly a collect in verse.
Macaulay.”

Col•lec•ta´ne•a , n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. collectaneus collected, fr. colligere. See Collect, v. t.] Passages selected from various authors, usually for purposes of instruction; miscellany; anthology.

Col•lect´ed , a. 1. Gathered together. 2. Self-possessed; calm; composed.

Col•lect´ed•ly, adv. Composedly; coolly.

Col•lect´ed•ness, n. A collected state of the mind; self-possession.

Col•lect´i•ble , a. Capable of being collected.

Col•lec´tion , n. [L. collectio: cf. F. collection.] 1. The act or process of collecting or of gathering; as the collection of specimens. 2. That which is collected; as: (a) A gathering or assemblage of objects or of persons. ´A collection of letters.´ Macaulay. (b) A gathering of money for charitable or other purposes, as by passing a contribution box for freewill offerings. ´The collection for the saints.´ 1 Cor. xvi. 1 (c) (Usually in pl.) That which is obtained in payment of demands. (d) An accumulation of any substance. ´Collections of moisture.´ Whewell. ´A purulent collection.´ Dunglison. 3. The act of inferring or concluding from premises or observed facts; also that which is inferred. [Obs.] “We may safely say thus, that wrong collections have been hitherto made out of those words by modern divines.
Milton.” 4. The jurisdiction of a collector of excise. [Eng.] Syn. — Gathering; assembly; assemblage; group; crowd; congregation; mass; heap; compilation.

Col•lec´tion•al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to collecting. “The first twenty-five [years] must have been wasted for collectional purposes.
H. A. Merewether.”

Col•lect´ive , a. [L. collectivus: cf. F. collectif.] 1. Formed by gathering or collecting; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; congregated or aggregated; as the collective body of a nation. Bp. Hoadley. 2. Deducing consequences; reasoning; inferring. [Obs.] ´Critical and collective reason.´ Sir T. Browne. 3. (Gram.) Expressing a collection or aggregate of individuals, by a singular form; as a collective name or noun, like assembly, army, jury, etc. 4. Tending to collect; forming a collection. “Local is his throne … to fix a point,
A central point, collective of his sons.
Young.” 5. Having plurality of origin or authority; as in diplomacy, a note signed by the representatives of several governments is called a collective note. Collective fruit (Bot.), that which is formed from a mass of flowers, as the mulberry, pineapple, and the like; — called also multiple fruit. Gray.

Col•lect´ive, n. (Gram.) A collective noun or name.

Col•lect´ive•ly, adv. In a mass, or body; in a collected state; in the aggregate; unitedly.

Col•lect´ive•ness, n. A state of union; mass.

Col•lect´iv•ism , n. [Cf. F. collectivisme.] (Polit. Econ.) The doctrine that land and capital should be owned by society collectively or as a whole; communism. W. G. Summer.

Col•lect´iv•ist, n. [Cf. F. collectiviste.] An advocate of collectivism. — a. Relating to, or characteristic of, collectivism.

Col•lect´or , n. [LL. collector one who collects: cf. F. collecteur.] 1. One who collects things which are separate; esp., one who makes a business or practice of collecting works of art, objects in natural history, etc.; as a collector of coins. “I digress into Soho to explore a bookstall. Methinks I have been thirty years a collector.
Lamb.” 2. A compiler of books; one who collects scattered passages and puts them together in one book. “Volumes without the collector’s own reflections.
Addison.” 3. (Com.) An officer appointed and commissioned to collect and receive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. “A great part of this is now embezzled … by collectors, and other officers.
Sir W. Temple.” 4. One authorized to collect debts. 5. A bachelor of arts in Oxford, formerly appointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in Lent. Todd.

Col•lect´or•ate , n. The district of a collector of customs; a collectorship.

Col•lect´or•ship, n. The office of a collector of customs or of taxes.

Col•leg´a•ta•ry , n. [L. collegetarius. See Legatary.] (Law) A joint legatee.

Col´lege , n. [F. collège, L. collegium, fr. collega colleague. See Colleague.] 1. A collection, body, or society of persons engaged in common pursuits, or having common duties and interests, and sometimes, by charter, peculiar rights and privileges; as a college of heralds; a college of electors; a college of bishops. “The college of the cardinals.
Shak.” “Then they made colleges of sufferers; persons who, to secure their inheritance in the world to come, did cut off all their portion in this.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. A society of scholars or friends of learning, incorporated for study or instruction, esp. in the higher branches of knowledge; as the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and many American colleges. In France and some other parts of continental Europe, college is used to include schools occupied with rudimentary studies, and receiving children as pupils. 3. A building, or number of buildings, used by a college. ´The gate of Trinity College.´ Macaulay. 4. Fig.: A community. [R.] “Thick as the college of the bees in May.
Dryden.” College of justice, a term applied in Scotland to the supreme civil courts and their principal officers. — The sacred college, the college or cardinals at Rome.

Col•le´gi•al , n. [LL. collegialis.] Collegiate. [R.]

Col•le´gi•an , n. A member of a college, particularly of a literary institution so called; a student in a college.

Col•le´gi•ate , a. [L. collegiatus.] Of or pertaining to a college; as collegiate studies; a collegiate society. Johnson. Collegiate church. (a) A church which, although not a bishop’s seat, resembles a cathedral in having a college, or chapter of canons (and, in the Church of England, a dean), as Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of churches, possessing common revenues and administered under the joint pastorate of several ministers; as the Reformed (Dutch) Collegiate Church of New York.

Col•le´gi•ate, n. A member of a college. Burton.

Col•lem´bo•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ko•lla glue + ’e•mbolon wedge, peg; — so called from their having collophores.] (Zoöl.) The division of Thysanura which includes Podura, and allied forms.

Col•len´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko•lla glue + an infusion. Formed like parenchyma.] (Bot.) A tissue of vegetable cells which are thickend at the angles and (usually) elongated.

Col´let , n. [F. collet, dim. fr. L. collum neck. See Collar.] 1. A small collar or neckband. Foxe. 2. (Mech.) A small metal ring; a small collar fastened on an arbor; as the collet on the balance arbor of a watch; a small socket on a stem, for holding a drill. 3. (Jewelry) (a) The part of a ring containing the bezel in which the stone is set. (b) The flat table at the base of a brilliant. See Illust. of Brilliant. “How full the collet with his jewel is!
Cowley.”

Col•le•te´ri•al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the colleterium of insects. R. Owen.

Col•le•te´ri•um , n. [NL. See Colletic.] (Zoöl.) An organ of female insects, containing a cement to unite the ejected ova.

Col•let´ic , a. [L. colleticus suitable for gluing, Gr. , fr. to glue, ko•lla glue.] Agglutinant. — n. An agglutinant.

Col´ley , n. See Collie.

Col•lide´ , v. i. [L. collidere, collisum; col- + laedere to strike. See Lesion.] To strike or dash against each other; to come into collision; to clash; as the vessels collided; their interests collided. “Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate.
Tyndall.” “No longer rocking and swaying, but clashing and colliding.
Carlyle.”

Col•lide´, v. t. To strike or dash against. [Obs.] “Scintillations are … inflammable effluencies from the bodies collided.
Sir T. Browne.”

Col´li•dine , n. [Gr. ko•lla glue.] (Chem.) One of a class of organic bases, C_8H_11N, usually pungent oily liquids, belonging to the pyridine series, and obtained from bone oil, coal tar, naphtha, and certain alkaloids.

Col´lie , n. [Gael. cuilean whelp, puppy, dog.] (Zoöl.) The Scotch shepherd dog. There are two breeds, the rough-haired and smooth-haired. It is remarkable for its intelligence, displayed especially in caring for flocks. [Written also colly, colley.]

Col´lied , p. & a. Darkened. See Colly, v. t.

Col´lier , n. [OE. colier. See Coal.] 1. One engaged in the business of digging mineral coal or making charcoal, or in transporting or dealing in coal. 2. A vessel employed in the coal trade.

Col´lier•y , n.; pl. Collieries (#). [Cf. Coalery, Collier.] 1. The place where coal is dug; a coal mine, and the buildings, etc., belonging to it. 2. The coal trade. [Obs.] Johnson.

Col´li•flow•er , n. See Cauliflower.

Col´li•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colligated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colligating.] [L. colligatus, p. p. of colligare to collect; co- + ligare to bind.] 1. To tie or bind together. “The pieces of isinglass are colligated in rows.
Nicholson.” 2. (Logic) To bring together by colligation; to sum up in a single proposition. “He had discovered and colligated a multitude of the most wonderful … phenomena.
Tundall.”

Col´li•gate, a. Bound together.

Col•li•ga´tion , n. [L. colligatio.] 1. A binding together. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Logic) That process by which a number of isolated facts are brought under one conception, or summed up in a general proposition, as when Kepler discovered that the various observed positions of the planet Mars were points in an ellipse. ´The colligation of facts.´ Whewell. “Colligation is not always induction, but induction is always colligation.
J. S. Mill.”

Col´li•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collimated; p. p. & vb. n. Collimating.] [See Collimation.] (Physics & Astron.) To render parallel to a certain line or direction; to bring into the same line, as the axes of telescopes, etc.; to render parallel, as rays of light. Collimating eyepiece, an eyepiece with a diagonal reflector for illumination, used to determine the error of collimation in a transit instrument by observing the image of a cross wire reflected from mercury, and comparing its position in the field with that of the same wire seen directly. — Collimating lens (Optics), a lens used for producing parallel rays of light.

Col•li•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. collimation, fr. a false reading (collimare) for L. collineare to direct in a straight line; col- + linea line. Cf. Collineation.] The act of collimating; the adjustment of the line of the sights, as the axial line of the telescope of an instrument, into its proper position relative to the other parts of the instrument. Error of collimation, the deviation of the line collimation of an astronomical instrument from the position it ought to have with respect to the axis of motion of the instrument. — Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an astronomical or geodetic instrument, or the line which passes through the optical center of the object glass and the intersection of the cross wires at its focus.

Col´li•ma•tor , n. 1. (Astron.) A telescope arranged and used to determine errors of collimation, both vertical and horizontal. Nichol. 2. (Optics) A tube having a convex lens at one end and at the other a small opening or slit which is at the principal focus of the lens, used for producing a beam of parallel rays; also a lens so used.

Col´lin , n. [Gr. ko•lla glue.] A very pure form of gelatin.

Col´line , n. [F. colline, fr. L. collis a hill.] A small hill or mount. [Obs.] “And watered park, full of fine collines and ponds.
Evelyn.”

Col•lin•e•a´tion , n. [L. collineare to direct in a straight line. See Collimation.] The act of aiming at, or directing in a line with, a fixed object. [R.] Johnson.

Coll´ing , n. [From Coll, v. t.] An embrace; dalliance. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Coll´ing•ly, adv. With embraces. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Col•lin´gual , a. Having, or pertaining to, the same language.

Col•liq´ua•ble , a. Liable to melt, grow soft, or become fluid. [Obs.] Harvey.

Col•liq´ua•ment , n. The first rudiments of an embryo in generation. Dr. H. More.

Col´li•quate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Colliquated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colliquating.] [Pref. col- + L. liquare, liquatum, to melt.] To change from solid to fluid; to make or become liquid; to melt. [Obs.] “The ore of it is colliquated by the violence of the fire.
Boyle.” “[Ice] will colliquate in water or warm oil.
Sir T. Browne.”

Col•li•qua´tion , n. 1. A melting together; the act of melting; fusion. “When sand and ashes are well melted together and suffered to cool, there is generated, by the colliquation, that sort of concretion we call ´glass´.
Boyle.” 2. (Med.) A processive wasting or melting away of the solid parts of the animal system with copious excretions of liquids by one or more passages. [Obs.]

Col•liq´ua•tive , a. Causing rapid waste or exhaustion; melting; as colliquative sweats.

Col•liq•ue•fac´tion , n. [L. colliquefactus melted; col- + liquefacere; liquere to be liquid + facere to make.] A melting together; the reduction of different bodies into one mass by fusion. “The incorporation of metals by simple colliquefaction.
Bacon.”

Col´lish , n. (Shoemaking) A tool to polish the edge of a sole. Knight.

Col•li´sion , n. [L. collisio, fr. collidere. See Collide.] 1. The act of striking together; a striking together, as of two hard bodies; a violent meeting, as of railroad trains; a clashing. 2. A state of opposition; antagonism; interference. “The collision of contrary false principles.
Bp. Warburton.” “Sensitive to the most trifling collisions.
W. Irving.” Syn. — Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition.

Col•li´sive , a. Colliding; clashing. [Obs.]

Col•lit´i•gant , a. Disputing or wrangling. [Obs.] — n. One who litigates or wrangles. [Obs.]

Col´lo•cate , a. [L. collocatus, p. p. of collocare. See Couch.] Set; placed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Col´lo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collocated p. pr. & vb. n. Collocating ] To set or place; to set; to station. “To marshal and collocate in order his battalions.
E. Hall.”

Col•lo•ca´tion , n. [L. collocatio.] The act of placing; the state of being placed with something else; disposition in place; arrangement. “The choice and collocation of words.
Sir W. Jones.”

Col•lo•cu´tion , n. [L. collocutio, fr. colloqui, -locutum, to converse; col- + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] A speaking or conversing together; conference; mutual discourse. Bailey.

Col´lo•cu•tor , n. [L. collocutor] One of the speakers in a dialogue. Derham.

Col•lo´di•on , n. [Gr. like glue; ko•lla glue + form. Cf. Colloid.] (Chem.) A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a coating for wounds; but its chief application is as a vehicle for the sensitive film in photography. Collodion process (Photog.), a process in which a film of sensitized collodion is used in preparing the plate for taking a picture. — Styptic collodion, collodion containing an astringent, as tannin.

Col•lo´di•on•ize , v. t. To prepare or treat with collodion. R. Hunt.

Col•lo´di•o•type , n. A picture obtained by the collodion process; a melanotype or ambrotype.

Col•lo´di•um , n. See Collodion.

Col•logue´ , v. i. [Cf. L. colloqui and E. dialogue. Cf. Collocution.] To talk or confer secretly and confidentially; to converse, especially with evil intentions; to plot mischief. [Archaic or Colloq.] “Pray go in; and, sister, salve the matter,
Collogue with her again, and all shall be well.
Greene.” “He had been colloguing with my wife.
Thackeray.”

Col´loid , a. [Gr. ko•lla glue + -oid. Cf. Collodion.] Resembling glue or jelly; characterized by a jellylike appearance; gelatinous; as colloid tumors.

Col´loid , n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance (as albumin, gum, gelatin, etc.) which is of a gelatinous rather than a crystalline nature, and which diffuses itself through animal membranes or vegetable parchment more slowly than crystalloids do; — opposed to crystalloid. 2. (Med.) A gelatinous substance found in colloid degeneration and colloid cancer. Styptic colloid (Med.), a preparation of astringent and antiseptic substances with some colloid material, as collodion, for ready use.

Col•loid´al , a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, colloids.

Col•loi•dal´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being colloidal.

Col´lop , n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. OF. colp blow, stroke, piece, F. coup, fr. L. colophus buffet, cuff, Gr. ] [Written also colp.] 1. A small slice of meat; a piece of flesh. “God knows thou art a collop of my flesh.
Shak.” “Sweetbread and collops were with skewers pricked.
Dryden.” 2. A part or piece of anything; a portion. “Cut two good collops out of the crown land.
Fuller.”

Col´loped , a. Having ridges or bunches of flesh, like collops. “With that red, gaunt, and colloped neck astrain.
R. Browning.”

Col´lo•phore , n. [Gr. ko•lla glue + to bear.] (Zoöl.) (a) A suckerlike organ at the base of the abdomen of insects belonging to the Collembola. (b) An adhesive marginal organ of the Lucernariae.

Col•lo´qui•al , a. [See Colloqui.] Pertaining to, or used in, conversation, esp. common and familiar conversation; conversational; hence, unstudied; informal; as colloquial intercourse; colloquial phrases; a colloquial style. — Col•lo´qui•al•ly, adv. “His [Johnson’s] colloquial talents were, indeed, of the highest order.
Macaulay.”

Col•lo´qui•al•ism , n. A colloquial expression, not employed in formal discourse or writing.

Col•lo´qui•al•ize , v. t. To make colloquial and familiar; as to colloquialize one’s style of writing.

Col´lo•quist , n. A speaker in a colloquy or dialogue. Malone.

Col´lo•quy , n.; pl. Colloquies (#). [L. colloquium. See Collocution.] 1. Mutual discourse of two or more persons; conference; conversation. “They went to Worms, to the colloquy there about religion.
A. Wood.” 2. In some American colleges, a part in exhibitions, assigned for a certain scholarship rank; a designation of rank in collegiate scholarship.

Col´low , n. Soot; smut. See 1st Colly. [Obs.]

Col•luc´tan•cy , n. [L. colluctari to struggle with.] A struggling to resist; a striving against; resistance; opposition of nature. [Obs.]

Col•luc•ta´tion , n. [L. colluctatio, fr. colluctari to struggle with; col- + luctari to struggle.] A struggling; a contention. [Obs.] “Colluctation with old hags and hobgoblins.
Dr. H. More.”

Col•lude´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Colluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Colluding.] [L. colludere, - lusum; col- + ludere to play. See Ludicrous.] To have secretly a joint part or share in an action; to play into each other’s hands; to conspire; to act in concert. “If they let things take their course, they will be represented as colluding with sedition.
Burke.”

Col•lud´er , n. One who conspires in a fraud.

Col´lum , n.; pl. Colla (#). [L., neck.] 1. (Anat.) A neck or cervix. Dunglison. 2. (Bot.) Same as Collar. Gray.

Col•lu´sion , n. [L. collusio: cf. F. collusion. See Collude.] 1. A secret agreement and cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose; a playing into each other’s hands; deceit; fraud; cunning. “The foxe, maister of collusion.
Spenser.” “That they [miracles] be done publicly, in the face of the world, that there may be no room to suspect artifice and collusion.
Atterbury.” “By the ignorance of the merchants or dishonesty of the weavers, or the collusion of both, the ware was bad and the price excessive.
Swift.” 2. (Law) An agreement between two or more persons to defraud a person of his rights, by the forms of law, or to obtain an object forbidden by law. Bouvier. Abbott. Syn. — Collusion, Connivance. A person who is guilty of connivance intentionally overlooks, and thus sanctions what he was bound to prevent. A person who is guilty of collusion unites with others (playing into their hands) for fraudulent purposes.

Col•lu´sive , a. 1. Characterized by collusion; done or planned in collusion. ´Collusive and sophistical arguings.´ J. Trapp. ´Collusive divorces.´ Strype. 2. Acting in collusion. ´Collusive parties.´ Burke. — Col•lu´sive•ly, adv. — Col•lu´sive•ness, n.

Col•lu´so•ry , a. [L. collusorius.] Collusive.

Col´lu•to•ry , n. [L. colluere, collutum, to wash.] (Med.) A medicated wash for the mouth.

Col´ly , n. [From Coal.] The black grime or soot of coal. [Obs.] Burton. Col´ly v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collied p. pr. & vb. n. Collying.] To render black or dark as of with coal smut to begrime. [Archaic.] “Thou hast not collied thy face enough.
B. Jonson.” “Brief as the lighting in the collied night.
Shak.”

Col´ly , n. A kind of dog. See Collie.

Col´ly•bist , n. [Gr. , fr. a small coin.] A money changer. [Obs.] “In the face of these guilty collybists.
Bp. Hall.”

Col•lyr´i•um , n.; pl. E. Collyriums (#), L. Collyria (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] (Med.) An application to the eye, usually an eyewater.

Col•o•co´lo , n. (Zoöl.) A South American wild cat (Felis colocolo), of the size of the ocelot.

Col´ocynth , n. [L. colocynthis, Gr. . Cf. Coloquintida.] (Med.) The light spongy pulp of the fruit of the bitter cucumber (Citrullus, or Cucumis, colocynthis), an Asiatic plant allied to the watermelon; coloquintida. It comes in white balls, is intensely bitter, and a powerful cathartic. Called also bitter apple, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd.

Col•o•cyn´thin , n. [Cf. F. colocynthine.] (Chem.) The active medicinal principle of colocynth; a bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside.

Co•logne´ , n. [Originally made in Cologne, the French name of Köln, a city in Germany.] A perfumed liquid, composed of alcohol and certain aromatic oils, used in the toilet; — called also cologne water and eau de cologne.

Co•logne´ earth [From Cologne the city.] (Min.) An earth of a deep brown color, containing more vegetable than mineral matter; an earthy variety of lignite, or brown coal.

Col´om•bier , n. [F.] A large size of paper for drawings. See under Paper.

Co•lom´bin , n. (Chem.) See Calumbin.

Co•lom´bo , n. (Med.) See Calumba.

Co´lon , n. [L. colon, colum, limb, member, the largest of the intestines, fr. Gr. , and in sense of the intestine, : cf. F. colon. Cf. Colic.] 1. (Anat.) That part of the large intestines which extends from the caecum to the rectum. [See Illust of Digestion.] 2. (Gram.) A point or character, formed thus [:], used to separate parts of a sentence that are complete in themselves and nearly independent, often taking the place of a conjunction.

Colo´nel , n. [F. colonel, It. colonello, prop., the chief or commander of a column, fr. colonna column, L. columna. See Column.] (Mil.) The chief officer of a regiment; an officer ranking next above a lieutenant colonel and next below a brigadier general.

Colo´nel•cy , n. (Mil.) The office, rank, or commission of a colonel.

Colo´nel•ship, n. Colonelcy. Swift.

Col´o•ner , n. A colonist. [Obs.] Holland

Co•lo´ni•al , a. [Cf. F. colonial.] Of or pertaining to a colony; as colonial rights, traffic, wars.

Co•lon´i•cal , a. [L. colonus husbandman.] Of or pertaining to husbandmen. [Obs.]

Col´o•nist , n. A member or inhabitant of a colony.

Col•o•ni´tis , n. (Med.) See Colitis.

Col•o•ni•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. colonisation.] The act of colonizing, or the state of being colonized; the formation of a colony or colonies. “The wide continent of America invited colonization.
Bancroft.”

Col•o•ni•za´tion•ist, n. A friend to colonization, esp. (U. S. Hist) to the colonization of Africa by emigrants from the colored population of the United States.

Col´o•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colonized p. pr. & vb. n. Colonizing.] [Cf. F. coloniser.] To plant or establish a colony or colonies in; to people with colonists; to migrate to and settle in. Bacon. “They that would thus colonize the stars with inhabitants.
Howell.”

Col´o•nize, v. i. To remove to, and settle in, a distant country; to make a colony. C. Buchanan.

Col´o•ni•zer , n. One who promotes or establishes a colony; a colonist. Bancroft.

Col•on•nade´ , n. [F. colonnade, It. colonnata, fr. colonna column. See Colonel.] (Arch.) A series or range of columns placed at regular intervals with all the adjuncts, as entablature, stylobate, roof, etc. When in front of a building, it is called a portico; when surrounding a building or an open court or square, a peristyle.

Col´o•ny , n.; pl. Colonies (#). [L. colonia, fr. colonus farmer, fr. colere to cultivate, dwell: cf. F. colonie. Cf. Culture.] 1. A company of people transplanted from their mother country to a remote province or country, and remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the parent state; as the British colonies in America. “The first settlers of New England were the best of Englishmen, well educated, devout Christians, and zealous lovers of liberty. There was never a colony formed of better materials.
Ames.” 2. The district or country colonized; a settlement. 3. A company of persons from the same country sojourning in a foreign city or land; as the American colony in Paris. 4. (Nat. Hist.) A number of animals or plants living or growing together, beyond their usual range.

Col´o•pha•ny , n. See Colophony.

Co´lo•phene , n. (Chem.) A colorless, oily liquid, formerly obtained by distillation of colophony. It is regarded as a polymeric form of terebenthene. Called also diterebene.

Col´o•phon (kol´o•fon), n. [L. colophon finishing stroke, Gr. kolofw•n; cf. L. culmen top, collis hill. Cf. Holm.] An inscription, monogram, or cipher, containing the place and date of publication, printer’s name, etc., formerly placed on the last page of a book. “The colophon, or final description, fell into disuse, and … the title page had become the principal direct means of identifying the book.
De Morgan.” “The book was uninjured from title page to colophon.
Sir W. Scott.”

Col´o•pho•nite (kol´o•fo•nit or ko•lof´o•nit), n. [Cf. F. colophonite. So named from its resemblance to the color of colophony.] (Min.) A coarsely granular variety of garnet.

Col´o•pho•ny (kol´o•fo•ny or ko•lof´o•ny; 277), n. [Gr. ’h kolofwni•a (sc. ´rhti•nh resin, gum) resin, fr. Kolofw•nios of or from Colophon in Ionia.] Rosin.

Col•o•quin´ti•da , n. See Colocynth. Shak.

Col´or , n. [Written also colour.] [OF. color, colur, colour, F. couleur, L. color; prob. akin to celare to conceal (the color taken as that which covers). See Helmet.] 1. A property depending on the relations of light to the eye, by which individual and specific differences in the hues and tints of objects are apprehended in vision; as gay colors; sad colors, etc. The sensation of color depends upon a peculiar function of the retina or optic nerve, in consequence of which rays of light produce different effects according to the length of their waves or undulations, waves of a certain length producing the sensation of red, shorter waves green, and those still shorter blue, etc. White, or ordinary, light consists of waves of various lengths so blended as to produce no effect of color, and the color of objects depends upon their power to absorb or reflect a greater or less proportion of the rays which fall upon them. 2. Any hue distinguished from white or black. 3. The hue or color characteristic of good health and spirits; ruddy complexion. “Give color to my pale cheek.
Shak.” 4. That which is used to give color; a paint; a pigment; as oil colors or water colors. 5. That which covers or hides the real character of anything; semblance; excuse; disguise; appearance. “They had let down the boat into the sea, under color as though they would have cast anchors out of the foreship.
Acts xxvii. 30.” “That he should die is worthy policy;
But yet we want a color for his death.
Shak.” 6. Shade or variety of character; kind; species. “Boys and women are for the most part cattle of this color.
Shak.” 7. A distinguishing badge, as a flag or similar symbol (usually in the plural); as the colors or color of a ship or regiment; the colors of a race horse (that is, of the cap and jacket worn by the jockey). “In the United States each regiment of infantry and artillery has two colors, one national and one regimental.
Farrow.” 8. (Law) An apparent right; as where the defendant in trespass gave to the plaintiff an appearance of title, by stating his title specially, thus removing the cause from the jury to the court. Blackstone. Color is express when it is averred in the pleading, and implied when it is implied in the pleading. Body color. See under Body. — Color blindness, total or partial inability to distinguish or recognize colors. See Daltonism. — Complementary color, one of two colors so related to each other that when blended together they produce white light; — so called because each color makes up to the other what it lacks to make it white. Artificial or pigment colors, when mixed, produce effects differing from those of the primary colors, in consequence of partial absorption. — Of color (as persons, races, etc.), not of the white race; — commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed. — Primary colors, those developed from the solar beam by the prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, which are reduced by some authors to three, — red, green, and violet-blue. These three are sometimes called fundamental colors. — Subjective or Accidental color, a false or spurious color seen in some instances, owing to the persistence of the luminous impression upon the retina, and a gradual change of its character, as where a wheel perfectly white, and with a circumference regularly subdivided, is made to revolve rapidly over a dark object, the teeth of the wheel appear to the eye of different shades of color varying with the rapidity of rotation. See Accidental colors, under Accidental.

Col´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colored p. pr. & vb. n. Coloring.] [F. colorer.] 1. To change or alter the hue or tint of, by dyeing, staining, painting, etc.; to dye; to tinge; to paint; to stain. “The rays, to speak properly, are not colored; in them there is nothing else than a certain power and disposition to stir up a sensation of this or that color.
Sir I. Newton.” 2. To change or alter, as if by dyeing or painting; to give a false appearance to; usually, to give a specious appearance to; to cause to appear attractive; to make plausible; to palliate or excuse; as the facts were colored by his prejudices. “He colors the falsehood of AEneas by an express command from Jupiter to forsake the queen.
Dryden.” 3. To hide. [Obs.] “That by his fellowship he color might
Both his estate and love from skill of any wight.
Spenser.”

Col´or, v. i. To acquire color; to turn red, especially in the face; to blush.

Col´or•a•ble , a. Specious; plausible; having an appearance of right or justice. ´Colorable pretense for infidelity.´ Bp. Stillingfleet. — Col´or•a•ble•ness, n. — Col´or•a•bly, adv. “Colorable and subtle crimes, that seldom are taken within the walk of human justice.
Hooker.”

Col•o•ra´do bee´tle (Zoöl.) A yellowish beetle (Doryphora decemlineata), with ten longitudinal, black, dorsal stripes. It has migrated eastwards from its original habitat in Colorado, and is very destructive to the potato plant; — called also potato beetle and potato bug. See Potato beetle.

Col•o•ra´do group (Geol.) A subdivision of the cretaceous formation of western North America, especially developed in Colorado and the upper Missouri region.

Col•o•ra´do•ite , n. (Min.) Mercury telluride, an iron-black metallic mineral, found in Colorado.

Col´or•ate , a. [L. coloratus, p. p. of colorare to color.] Colored. [Obs.] Ray.

Col•or•a´tion , n. The act or art of coloring; the state of being colored. Bacon. “The females … resemble each other in their general type of coloration.
Darwin.”

Col´or•a•ture ( 135), n. [Cf. G. coloratur, fr. LL. coloratura.] (Mus.) Vocal music colored, as it were, by florid ornaments, runs, or rapid passages.

Col´or-blind , a. Affected with color blindness. See Color blindness, under Color, n.

Col´ored , a. 1. Having color; tinged; dyed; painted; stained. “The lime rod, colored as the glede.
Chaucer.” “The colored rainbow arched wide.
Spenser.” 2. Specious; plausible; adorned so as to appear well; as a highly colored description. Sir G. C. Lewis. “His colored crime with craft to cloke.
Spenser.” 3. Of some other color than black or white. 4. (Ethnol.) Of some other color than white; specifically applied to negroes or persons having negro blood; as a colored man; the colored people. 5. (Bot.) Of some other color than green. “Colored, meaning, as applied to foliage, of some other color than green.
Gray.” In botany, green is not regarded as a color, but white is. Wood.

Col•or•if´ic ( 277), a. [L. color color + facere to make: cf. F. colorifique.] Capable of communicating color or tint to other bodies.

Col•or•im´e•ter , n. [Color + -meter: cf. F. colorimètre.] An instrument for measuring the depth of the color of anything, especially of a liquid, by comparison with a standard liquid.

Col´or•ing , n. 1. The act of applying color to; also that which produces color. 2. Change of appearance as by addition of color; appearance; show; disguise; misrepresentation. “Tell the whole story without coloring or gloss.
Compton Reade.” Dead coloring. See under Dead.

Col´or•ist , n. [Cf. F. coloriste.] One who colors; an artist who excels in the use of colors; one to whom coloring is of prime importance. “Titian, Paul Veronese, Van Dyck, and the rest of the good colorists.
Dryden.”

Col´or•less, a. 1. Without color; not distinguished by any hue; transparent; as colorless water. 2. Free from any manifestation of partial or peculiar sentiment or feeling; not disclosing likes, dislikes, prejudice, etc.; as colorless music; a colorless style; definitions should be colorless.

Col´or•man , n.; pl. Colormen (#). A vender of paints, etc. Simmonds.

Col´or ser´geant. See under Sergeant.

Co•los´sal , a. [Cf. F. colossal, L. colosseus. See Colossus.] 1. Of enormous size; gigantic; huge; as a colossal statue. ´A colossal stride.´ Motley. 2. (Sculpture & Painting) Of a size larger than heroic. See Heroic.

Col•os•se´an , a. Colossal. [R.]

Col•os•se´um , n. [Neut., fr. L. colosseus gigantic. See Coliseum.] The amphitheater of Vespasian in Rome. [Also written Coliseum.]

Co•los´sus , n.; pl. L. Colossi (#), E. Colossuses (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. A statue of gigantic size. The name was especially applied to certain famous statues in antiquity, as the Colossus of Nero in Rome, the Colossus of Apollo at Rhodes. “He doth bestride the narrow world
Like a colossus.
Shak.” There is no authority for the statement that the legs of the Colossus at Rhodes extended over the mouth of the harbor. Dr. Wm. Smith. 2. Any man or beast of gigantic size.

Co•los´trum , n. [L., biestings.] (Med.) (a) The first milk secreted after delivery; biestings. (b) A mixture of turpentine and the yolk of an egg, formerly used as an emulsion.

Co•lot´o•my , n. [Gr. colon + cutting.] (Surg.) An operation for opening the colon

Col´our , n. See Color.

Colp , n. See Collop.

Col´por•tage , n. [F.] The distribution of religious books, tracts, etc., by colporteurs.

Col´por•ter , n. Same as Colporteur.

Col´por•teur ( 277), n. [F. colporteur one who carries on his neck, fr. colporter to carry on one’s neck; col (L. collum) neck + porter (L. portare) to carry.] A hawker; specifically, one who travels about selling and distributing religious tracts and books.

Col´staff , n. [F. col neck + E. staff. Cf. Coll.] A staff by means of which a burden is borne by two persons on their shoulders.

Colt ( 110), n. [OE. colt a young horse, ass, or camel, AS. colt; cf. dial. Sw. kullt a boy, lad.] 1. The young of the equine genus or horse kind of animals; — sometimes distinctively applied to the male, filly being the female. Cf. Foal. In sporting circles it is usual to reckon the age of colts from some arbitrary date, as from January 1, or May 1, next preceding the birth of the animal. 2. A young, foolish fellow. Shak. 3. A short knotted rope formerly used as an instrument of punishment in the navy. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Colt’s tooth, an imperfect or superfluous tooth in young horses. — To cast one’s colt’s tooth, to cease from youthful wantonness. ´Your colt’s tooth is not cast yet.´ Shak. — To have a colt’s tooth, to be wanton. Chaucer.

Colt ( 110), v. i. To frisk or frolic like a colt; to act licentiously or wantonly. [Obs.] “They shook off their bridles and began to colt.
Spenser.”

Colt, v. t. 1. To horse; to get with young. Shak. 2. To befool. [Obs.] Shak.

Col´ter , n. [AS. culter, fr. L. culter plowshare, knife. Cf. Cutlass.] A knife or cutter, attached to the beam of a plow to cut the sward, in advance of the plowshare and moldboard. [Written also coulter.]

Colt´ish , a. Like a colt; wanton; frisky. “He was all coltish, full of ragery.
Chaucer.” — Colt´ish•ly, adv. — Colt´ish•ness, n.

Colts´foot , n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and rootstock are sometimes employed in medicine. Butterbur coltsfoot (Bot.), a European plant (Petasites vulgaris).

Colt’s´ tooth See under Colt.

Col´u•ber , n. [L., a serpent.] (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless serpents. Linnaeus placed in this genus all serpents, whether venomous or not, whose scales beneath the tail are arranged in pairs; but by modern writers it is greatly restricted.

Col´u•brine , a. [L. colubrinus.] 1. (Zoöl.) like or related to snakes of the genus Coluber. 2. Like a snake; cunning; crafty. Johnson.

Co•lu´go , n. [Prob. an aboriginal name.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar East Indian mammal (Galleopithecus volans), having along the sides, connecting the fore and hind limbs, a parachutelike membrane, by means of which it is able to make long leaps, like the flying squirrel; — called also flying lemur.

Co•lum´ba , n. (Med.) See Calumba.

Co•lum´bae , n. pl.; [L. columba pigeon.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the pigeons.

Col•um•ba´ri•um , n.; pl. L. Columbaria (#) [L. See Columbary.] (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A dovecote or pigeon house. (b) A sepulchral chamber with niches for holding cinerary urns.

Col´um•ba•ry , n.; pl. Columbaries (#). [L. columbarium, fr. columba a dove.] A dovecote; a pigeon house. Sir T. Browne.

Co•lum´bate , n. [Cf. F. colombate. See Columbium.] (Chem.) A salt of columbic acid; a niobate. See Columbium.

Co•lum´batz fly [From Kolumbatz, a mountain in Germany.] (Zoöl.) See Buffalo fly, under Buffalo.

Col•um•bel´la , n. [NL., dim. of L. columba a dove. So called from a fancied resemblance in color and form, of some species.] (Zoöl.) A genus of univalve shells, abundant in tropical seas. Some species, as Columbella mercatoria, were formerly used as shell money.

Co•lum´bi•a , n. America; the United States; — a poetical appellation given in honor of Columbus, the discoverer. Dr. T. Dwight.

Co•lum´bi•ad , n. [From Columbia the United States.] (Mil.) A form of seacoast cannon; a long, chambered gun designed for throwing shot or shells with heavy charges of powder, at high angles of elevation. Since the War of 1812 the Columbiad has been much modified, especially by General Rodman, and the improved form now used in seacoast defense is often called the Rodman gun.

Co•lum´bi•an , a. [From Columbia.] Of or pertaining to the United States, or to America.

Co•lum´bic , a. [From Columbium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, columbium or niobium; niobic. Columbic acid (Chem.), a weak acid derived from columbic or niobic oxide, Nb_2O_5; — called also niobic acid.

Co•lum´bic, a. [From Columbo.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the columbo root. Columbic acid (Chem.), an organic acid extracted from the columbo root as a bitter, yellow, amorphous substance.

Co•lum´bi•er , n. See Colombier.

Col´um•bif´er•ous , a. [Columbium + -ferous.] Producing or containing columbium.

Co•lum´bin , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline, bitter substance. See Calumbin.

Col´um•bine , a. [L. columbinus, fr. columba dove.] Of or pertaining to a dove; dovelike; dove-colored. ´Columbine innocency.´ Bacon.

Col´um•bine, n. [LL. columbina, L. columbinus dovelike, fr. columba dove: cf. F. colombine. Perh. so called from the beaklike spurs of its flowers.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Aquilegia; as A. vulgaris, or the common garden columbine; A. Canadensis, the wild red columbine of North America. 2. The mistress or sweetheart of Harlequin in pantomimes. Brewer.

Co•lum´bite , n. [Cf. F. colombite. See Columbium.] (Min.) A mineral of a black color, submetallic luster, and high specific specific gravity. It is a niobate (or columbate) of iron and manganese, containing tantalate of iron; — first found in New England.

Co•lum´bi•um , n. [NL., fr. Columbia America.] (Chem.) A rare element of the vanadium group, first found in a variety of the mineral columbite occurring in Connecticut, probably at Haddam. Atomic weight 94.2. Symbol Cb or Nb. Now more commonly called niobium.

Co•lum´bo , n. (Med.) See Calumba.

Col•u•mel´la , n. [L., dim. of columen column. See Column.] 1. (Bot.) (a) An axis to which a carpel of a compound pistil may be attached, as in the case of the geranium; or which is left when a pod opens. (b)A columnlike axis in the capsules of mosses. 2. (Anat.) A term applied to various columnlike parts; as the columella, or epipterygoid bone, in the skull of many lizards; the columella of the ear, the bony or cartilaginous rod connecting the tympanic membrane with the internal ear. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The upright pillar in the axis of most univalve shells. (b) The central pillar or axis of the calicles of certain corals.

Col•u•mel´li•form , a. [Columella + -form.] Shaped like a little column, or columella.

Col´umn , n. [L. columna, fr. columen, culmen, fr. cellere (used only in comp.), akin to E. excel, and prob. to holm. See Holm, and cf. Colonel.] 1. (Arch.) A kind of pillar; a cylindrical or polygonal support for a roof, ceiling, statue, etc., somewhat ornamented, and usually composed of base, shaft, and capital. See Order. 2. Anything resembling, in form or position, a column in architecture; an upright body or mass; a shaft or obelisk; as a column of air, of water, of mercury, etc.; the Column Vendôme; the spinal column. 3. (Mil.) (a) A body of troops formed in ranks, one behind the other; — contradistinguished from line. Compare Ploy, and Deploy. (b) A small army. 4. (Naut.) A number of ships so arranged as to follow one another in single or double file or in squadrons; — in distinction from ´line´, where they are side by side. 5. (Print.) A perpendicular set of lines, not extending across the page, and separated from other matter by a rule or blank space; as a column in a newspaper. 6. (Arith.) A perpendicular line of figures. 7. (Bot.) The body formed by the union of the stamens in the Mallow family, or of the stamens and pistil in the orchids. Attached column. See under Attach, v. t. — Clustered column. See under Cluster, v. t. — Column rule, a thin strip of brass separating columns of type in the form, and making a line between them in printing.

Co•lum´•nar , a. [L. columnaris, fr. columna.] Formed in columns; having the form of a column or columns; like the shaft of a column. Columnar epithelium (Anat.), epithelium in which the cells are prismatic in form, and set upright on the surface they cover. — Columnar structure (Geol.), a structure consisting of more or less regular columns, usually six-sided, but sometimes with eight or more sides. The columns are often fractured transversely, with a cup joint, showing a concave surface above. This structure is characteristic of certain igneous rocks, as basalt, and is due to contraction in cooling.

Col•um•nar´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being columnar.

Co•lum´na•ted , a. Having columns; as columnated temples.

Col´umned , a. Having columns. “Troas and Ilion’s columned citadel.
Tennyson.”

Co•lum•ni•a´tion , n. The employment or arrangement of columns in a structure. Gwilt.

Co•lure´ , n.; pl. Colures (#). [F. colure, L. coluri, pl., fr. Gr. ko•loyros dock-tailed, a´i ko•loyroi (sc. grammai• lines) the colures; fr. ko•los docked, stunted + o’yra• tail. So named because a part is always beneath the horizon.] (Astron. & Geog.) One of two great circles intersecting at right angles in the poles of the equator. One of them passes through the equinoctial points, and hence is denominated the equinoctial colure; the other intersects the equator at the distance of 90° from the former, and is called the solstitial colure. “Thrice the equinoctial line
He circled; four times crossed the car of night
From pole to pole, traversing each colure.
Milton.”

Co´ly , n.; pl. Colies (#). [NL. colius, prob. fr. Gr. a kind of woodpecker.] Any bird of the genus Colius and allied genera. They inhabit Africa.

Col´za , n. [F., fr. D. koolzaad, prop., cabbage seed; kool (akin to E. cole) + zaad, akin to E. seed.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for its seeds, which yield an oil valued for illuminating and lubricating purposes; summer rape.

Com-. A prefix from the Latin preposition cum, signifying with, together, in conjunction, very, etc. It is used in the form com- before b, m, p, and sometimes f, and by assimilation becomes col- before l, cor- before r, and con- before any consonant except b, h, l, m, p, r, and w. Before a vowel com- becomes co-; also before h, w, and sometimes before other consonants.

Co´ma (ko´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kw^ma lethargy, fr. koima^n to put to sleep. See Cemetery.] A state of profound insensibility from which it is difficult or impossible to rouse a person. See Carus.

Co´ma, n. [L., hair, fr. Gr. ko•mh.] 1. (Astron.) The envelope of a comet; a nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus or body of a comet. 2. (Bot.) A tuft or bunch, — as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree; or a cluster of bracts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant; or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds. Coma Berenices [L.] (Astron.), a small constellation north of Virgo; — called also Berenice’s Hair.

Co•man´ches , n. pl.; sing. Comanche . (Ethnol.) A warlike, savage, and nomadic tribe of the Shoshone family of Indians, inhabiting Mexico and the adjacent parts of the United States; — called also Paducahs. They are noted for plundering and cruelty.

Co´mart , n. A covenant. [Obs.] Shak.

Co´mate ( 277), a. [L. comatus, fr. comare to clothe with hair, fr. coma hair.] Encompassed with a coma, or bushy appearance, like hair; hairy.

Co´-mate , n. [Pref. co- + mate.] A companion. Shak.

Co´ma•tose (? or 277), a. [From Coma lethargy.] Relating to, or resembling, coma; drowsy; lethargic; as comatose sleep; comatose fever.

Co´ma•tous , a. Comatose.

Co•mat´u•la ( 135), n. [NL., fr. L. comatulus having hair neatly curled, dim. fr. coma hair.] (Zoöl.) A crinoid of the genus Antedon and related genera. When young they are fixed by a stem. When adult they become detached and cling to seaweeds, etc., by their dorsal cirri; — called also feather stars.

Co•mat´u•lid , n. (Zoöl.) Any crinoid of the genus Antedon or allied genera.

Comb ( 110), n. [AS. camb; akin to Sw., Dan., & D. kam, Icel. kambr, G. kamm, Gr. a grinder tooth, Skr. jambha tooth.] 1. An instrument with teeth, for straightening, cleansing, and adjusting the hair, or for keeping it in place. 2. An instrument for currying hairy animals, or cleansing and smoothing their coats; a currycomb. 3. (Manuf. & Mech.) (a) A toothed instrument used for separating and cleansing wool, flax, hair, etc. (b) The serrated vibratory doffing knife of a carding machine. (c) A former, commonly cone-shaped, used in hat manufacturing for hardening the soft fiber into a bat. (d) A tool with teeth, used for chasing screws on work in a lathe; a chaser. (e) The notched scale of a wire micrometer. (f) The collector of an electrical machine, usually resembling a comb. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The naked fleshy crest or caruncle on the upper part of the bill or hood of a cock or other bird. It is usually red. (b) One of a pair of peculiar organs on the base of the abdomen of scorpions. 5. The curling crest of a wave. 6. The waxen framework forming the walls of the cells in which bees store their honey, eggs, etc.; honeycomb. ´A comb of honey.´ Wyclif. “When the bee doth leave her comb.
Shak.” 7. The thumbpiece of the hammer of a gunlock, by which it may be cocked.

Comb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combed p. pr. & vb. n. Combing.] To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust, with a comb; to lay smooth and straight with, or as with, a comb; as to comb hair or wool. See under Combing. “Comb down his hair; look, look! it stands upright.
Shak.”

Comb, v. i. [See Comb, n., 5.] (Naut.) To roll over, as the top or crest of a wave; to break with a white foam, as waves. { Comb , Combe , } n. [AS. comb, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwm a dale, valley.] That unwatered portion of a valley which forms its continuation beyond and above the most elevated spring that issues into it. [Written also coombe.] Buckland. “A gradual rise the shelving combe
Displayed.
Southey.”

Comb, n. A dry measure. See Coomb.

Com´bat (? or 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Combated; p. pr. & vb. n. Combating.] [F. combattre; pref. com- + battre to beat, fr. L. battuere to strike. See Batter.] To struggle or contend, as with an opposing force; to fight. “To combat with a blind man I disdain.
Milton.” “After the fall of the republic, the Romans combated only for the choice of masters.
Gibbon.”

Com´bat, v. t. To fight with; to oppose by force, argument, etc.; to contend against; to resist. “When he the ambitious Norway combated.
Shak.” “And combated in silence all these reasons.
Milton.” “Minds combat minds, repelling and repelled.
Goldsmith.” Syn. — To fight against; resist; oppose; withstand; oppugn; antagonize; repel; resent.

Com´bat, n. [Cf. F. combat.] 1. A fight; a contest of violence; a struggle for supremacy. “My courage try by combat, if thou dar’st.
Shak.” “The noble combat that ’twixt joy and sorrow was fought in Paulina.
Shak.” 2. (Mil.) An engagement of no great magnitude; or one in which the parties engaged are not armies. Single combat, one in which a single combatant meets a single opponent, as in the case of David and Goliath; also a duel. Syn. — A battle; engagement; conflict; contest; contention; struggle; fight, strife. See Battle, Contest.

Com´bat•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. combattable.] Such as can be, or is liable to be, combated; as combatable foes, evils, or arguments.

Com´bat•ant , a. [F. combattant, p. pr.] Contending; disposed to contend. B. Jonson.

Com´bat•ant, n. [F. combattant.] One who engages in combat. ´The mighty combatants.´ Milton. “A controversy which long survived the original combatants.
Macaulay”

Com´bat•er , n. One who combats. Sherwood.

Com´bat•ive (? or ), a. Disposed to engage in combat; pugnacious.

Com´bat•ive•ness, n. 1. The quality of being combative; propensity to contend or to quarrel. 2. (Phren.) A cranial development supposed to indicate a combative disposition.

Com•bat•tant´ , a. [F.] (Her.) In the position of fighting; — said of two lions set face to face, each rampant.

Comb´broach , n. A tooth of a wool comb. [Written also combrouch.]

Combe , n. See Comb.

Comb´er , n. 1. One who combs; one whose occupation it is to comb wool, flax, etc. also a machine for combing wool, flax, etc. 2. A long, curling wave.

Com´ber , v. t. To cumber. [Obs.] Spenser.

Com´ber, n. Encumbrance. [Obs.]

Com´ber , n. (Zoöl.) The cabrilla. also a name applied to a species of wrasse. [Prov. Eng.]

Com•bin´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. combinable.] Capable of combining; consistent with. [R.] M. Arnold. — Com•bin´a•ble•ness, n.

Com´bi•nate , a. [LL. combinatus, p. p.] United; joined; betrothed. [R.]

Com•bi•na´tion , n. [LL. combinatio. See Combine.] 1. The act or process of combining or uniting persons and things. “Making new compounds by new combinations.
Boyle.” “A solemn combination shall be made
Of our dear souls.
Shak.” 2. The result of combining or uniting; union of persons or things; esp. a union or alliance of persons or states to effect some purpose; — usually in a bad sense. “A combination of the most powerful men in Rome who had conspired my ruin.
Melmoth.” 3. (Chem.) The act or process of uniting by chemical affinity, by which substances unite with each other in definite proportions by weight to form distinct compounds. 4. pl. (Math.) The different arrangements of a number of objects, as letters, into groups. In combinations no regard is paid to the order in which the objects are arranged in each group, while in variations and permutations this order is respected. Brande & C. Combination car, a railroad car containing two or more compartments used for different purposes. [U. S.] — Combination lock, a lock in which the mechanism is controlled by means of a movable dial (sometimes by several dials or rings) inscribed with letters or other characters. The bolt of the lock can not be operated until after the dial has been so turned as to combine the characters in a certain order or succession. — Combination room, in the University of Cambridge, Eng., a room into which the fellows withdraw after dinner, for wine, dessert, and conversation. — Combination by volume (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio by which gaseous elements and compounds unite in definite proportions by volume to form distinct compounds. — Combination by weight (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio, in which substances unite in proportions by weight, relatively fixed and exact, to form distinct compounds. See Law of definite proportions, under Definite. Syn. — Cabal; alliance; association; league; union; confederacy; coalition; conspiracy. See Cabal.

Com•bine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combined p. pr. & vb. n. Combining.] [LL. combinare, combinatum; L. com- + binus, pl. bini, two and two, double: cf. F. combiner. See Binary.] 1. To unite or join; to link closely together; to bring into harmonious union; to cause or unite so as to form a homogeneous substance, as by chemical union. “So fitly them in pairs thou hast combined.
Milton.” “Friendship is the cement which really combines mankind.
Dr. H. More.” “And all combined, save what thou must combine
By holy marriage.
Shak.” “Earthly sounds, though sweet and well combined.
Cowper.” 2. To bind; to hold by a moral tie. [Obs.] “I am combined by a sacred vow.
Shak.”

Com•bine´, v. i. 1. To form a union; to agree; to coalesce; to confederate. “You with your foes combine,
And seem your own destruction to design
Dryden.” “So sweet did harp and voice combine.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To unite by affinity or natural attraction; as two substances, which will not combine of themselves, may be made to combine by the intervention of a third. 3. (Card Playing) In the game of casino, to play a card which will take two or more cards whose aggregate number of pips equals those of the card played. Combining weight (Chem.), that proportional weight, usually referred to hydrogen as a standard, and for each element fixed and exact, by which an element unites with another to form a distinct compound. The combining weights either are identical with, or are multiples or submultiples of, the atomic weight. See Atomic weight, under Atomic, a.

Com•bined´ , a. United closely; confederated; chemically united.

Com•bin´ed•ly , adv. In combination or coöperation; jointly.

Com•bin´er , n. One who, or that which, combines.

Comb´ing , n. 1. The act or process of using a comb or a number of combs; as the combing of one’s hair; the combing of wool. The process of combing is used in straightening wool of long staple; short wool is carded. 2. pl. (a) That which is caught or collected with a comb, as loose, tangled hair. (b) Hair arranged to be worn on the head. “The baldness, thinness, and … deformity of their hair is supplied by borders and combings.
Jer. Taylor.” (c) (Naut.) See Coamings. Combing machine (Textile Manuf.), a machine for combing wool, flax, cotton, etc., and separating the longer and more valuable fiber from the shorter. See also Carding machine, under Carding.

Comb´less, a. Without a comb or crest; as a combless cock.

Com•bo•lo´io (kom•bo•lo´yo), n. A Mohammedan rosary, consisting of ninety-nine beads. Byron.

Comb´-shaped , a. (Bot.) Pectinate.

Com•bust´ , a. [L. combustus, p. p. of comburere to burn up; com- + burere (only in comp.), of uncertain origin; cf. bustum funeral pyre, prurire to itch, pruna a live coal, Gr. pyrso•s firebrand, Skr. plush to burn.] 1. Burnt; consumed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Astron.) So near the sun as to be obscured or eclipsed by his light, as the moon or planets when not more than eight degrees and a half from the sun. [Obs.] “Planets that are oft combust.
Milton.”

Com•bus•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being combustible.

Com•bus´ti•ble , a. [Cf. F. combustible.] 1. Capable of taking fire and burning; apt to catch fire; inflammable. “Sin is to the soul like fire to combustible matter.
South.” 2. Easily kindled or excited; quick; fiery; irascible. “Arnold was a combustible character.
W. Irving.”

Com•bus´ti•ble , n. A substance that may be set on fire, or which is liable to take fire and burn. “All such combustibles as are cheap enough for common use go under the name of fuel.
Ure.”

Com•bus´ti•ble•ness, n. Combustibility.

Com•bus´tion ( 106), n. [L. combustio: cf. F. combustion.] 1. The state of burning. 2. (Chem.) The combination of a combustible with a supporter of combustion, producing heat, and sometimes both light and heat. “Combustion results in common cases from the mutual chemical action and reaction of the combustible and the oxygen of the atmosphere, whereby a new compound is formed.
Ure.” Supporter of combustion (Chem.), a gas as oxygen, the combination of which with a combustible, as coal, constitutes combustion. 3. Violent agitation; confusion; tumult. [Obs.] “There [were] great combustions and divisions among the heads of the university.
Mede.” “But say from whence this new combustion springs.
Dryden.”

Com•bus´tious , a. Inflammable. [Obs.] Shak.

Come , v. i. [imp. Came p. p. Come p. pr & vb. n. Coming.] [OE. cumen, comen, AS. cuman; akin to OS. kuman, D. komen, OHG. queman, G. kommen, Icel. koma, Sw. komma, Dan. komme, Goth. giman, L. venire (gvenire), Gr. to go, Skr. gam. rad.23. Cf. Base, n., Convene, Adventure.] 1. To move hitherward; to draw near; to approach the speaker, or some place or person indicated; — opposed to go. “Look, who comes yonder?
Shak.” “I did not come to curse thee.
Tennyson.” 2. To complete a movement toward a place; to arrive. “When we came to Rome.
Acts xxviii. 16.” “Lately come from Italy.
Acts xviii. 2.” 3. To approach or arrive, as if by a journey or from a distance. ´Thy kingdom come.´ Matt. vi. 10. “The hour is coming, and now is.
John. v. 25.” “So quick bright things come to confusion.
Shak.” 4. To approach or arrive, as the result of a cause, or of the act of another. “From whence come wars?
James iv. 1.” “Both riches and honor come of thee !
1 Chron. xxix. 12.” 5. To arrive in sight; to be manifest; to appear. “Then butter does refuse to come.
Hudibras.” 6. To get to be, as the result of change or progress; — with a predicate; as to come untied. “How come you thus estranged?
Shak.” “How come her eyes so bright?
Shak.” Am come, is come, etc., are frequently used instead of have come, has come, etc., esp. in poetry. The verb to be gives a clearer adjectival significance to the participle as expressing a state or condition of the subject, while the auxiliary have expresses simply the completion of the action signified by the verb. “Think not that I am come to destroy.
Matt. v. 17.” “We are come off like Romans.
Shak.” “The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year.
Bryant.” Come may properly be used (instead of go) in speaking of a movement hence, or away, when there is reference to an approach to the person addressed; as I shall come home next week; he will come to your house to-day. It is used with other verbs almost as an auxiliary, indicative of approach to the action or state expressed by the verb; as how came you to do it? Come is used colloquially, with reference to a definite future time approaching, without an auxiliary; as it will be two years, come next Christmas; i. e., when Christmas shall come. “They were cried
In meeting, come next Sunday.
Lowell.” Come, in the imperative, is used to excite attention, or to invite to motion or joint action; come, let us go. ´This is the heir; come, let us kill him.´ Matt. xxi. 38. When repeated, it sometimes expresses haste, or impatience, and sometimes rebuke. ´Come, come, no time for lamentation now.´ Milton. To come, yet to arrive, future. ´In times to come.´ Dryden. ´There’s pippins and cheese to come.´ Shak. — To come about. (a) To come to pass; to arrive; to happen; to result; as how did these things come about? (b) To change; to come round; as the ship comes about. ´The wind is come about.´ Shak. “On better thoughts, and my urged reasons,
They are come about, and won to the true side.
B. Jonson.” — To come abroad. (a) To move or be away from one’s home or country. ´Am come abroad to see the world.´ Shak. (b) To become public or known. [Obs.] ´Neither was anything kept secret, but that it should come abroad.´ Mark. iv. 22. — To come across, to meet; to find, esp. by chance or suddenly. ´We come across more than one incidental mention of those wars.´ E. A. Freeman. ´Wagner’s was certainly one of the strongest and most independent natures I ever came across.´ H. R. Haweis. — To come after. (a) To follow. (b) To come to take or to obtain; as to come after a book. — To come again, to return. ´His spirit came again and he revived.´ Judges. xv. 19. - - To come and go. (a) To appear and disappear; to change; to alternate. ´The color of the king doth come and go.´ Shak. (b) (Mech.) To play backward and forward. — To come at. (a) To reach; to arrive within reach of; to gain; as to come at a true knowledge of ourselves. (b) To come toward; to attack; as he came at me with fury. — To come away, to part or depart. — To come between, to intervene; to separate; hence, to cause estrangement. — To come by. (a) To obtain, gain, acquire. ´Examine how you came by all your state.´ Dryden. (b) To pass near or by way of. — To come down. (a) To descend. (b) To be humbled. — To come down upon, to call to account, to reprimand. [Colloq.] Dickens. — To come home. (a) To return to one’s house or family. (b) To come close; to press closely; to touch the feelings, interest, or reason. (c) (Naut.) To be loosened from the ground; — said of an anchor. — To come in. (a) To enter, as a town, house, etc. ´The thief cometh in.´ Hos. vii. 1. (b) To arrive; as when my ship comes in. (c) To assume official station or duties; as when Lincoln came in. (d) To comply; to yield; to surrender. ´We need not fear his coming in´ Massinger. (e) To be brought into use. ´Silken garments did not come in till late.´ Arbuthnot. (f) To be added or inserted; to be or become a part of. (g) To accrue as gain from any business or investment. (h) To mature and yield a harvest; as the crops come in well. (i) To have sexual intercourse; — with to or unto. Gen. xxxviii. 16. (j) To have young; to bring forth; as the cow will come in next May. [U. S.] — To come in for, to claim or receive. ´The rest came in for subsidies.´ Swift. — To come into, to join with; to take part in; to agree to; to comply with; as to come into a party or scheme. - - To come it over, to hoodwink; to get the advantage of. [Colloq.] — To come near or nigh, to approach in place or quality; to be equal to. ´Nothing ancient or modern seems to come near it.´ Sir W. Temple. — To come of. (a) To descend or spring from. ´Of Priam’s royal race my mother came.´ Dryden. (b) To result or follow from. ´This comes of judging by the eye.´ L’Estrange. — To come off. (a) To depart or pass off from. (b) To get free; to get away; to escape. (c) To be carried through; to pass off; as it came off well. (d) To acquit one’s self; to issue from (a contest, etc.); as he came off with honor; hence, substantively, a come-off, an escape; an excuse; an evasion. [Colloq.] (e) To pay over; to give. [Obs.] (f) To take place; to happen; as when does the race come off? (g) To be or become after some delay; as the weather came off very fine. (h) To slip off or be taken off, as a garment; to separate. (i) To hurry away; to get through. Chaucer. — To come off by, to suffer. [Obs.] ´To come off by the worst.´ Calamy. — To come off from, to leave. ´To come off from these grave disquisitions.´ Felton. — To come on. (a) To advance; to make progress; to thrive. (b) To move forward; to approach; to supervene. — To come out. (a) To pass out or depart, as from a country, room, company, etc. ´They shall come out with great substance.´ Gen. xv. 14. (b) To become public; to appear; to be published. ´It is indeed come out at last.´ Bp. Stillingfleet. (c) To end; to result; to turn out; as how will this affair come out? he has come out well at last. (d) To be introduced into society; as she came out two seasons ago. (e) To appear; to show itself; as the sun came out. (f) To take sides; to take a stand; as he came out against the tariff. — To come out with, to give publicity to; to disclose. — To come over. (a) To pass from one side or place to another. ´Perpetually teasing their friends to come over to them.´ Addison. (b) To rise and pass over, in distillation. — To come over to, to join. — To come round. (a) To recur in regular course. (b) To recover. [Colloq.] (c) To change, as the wind. (d) To relent. J. H. Newman. (e) To circumvent; to wheedle. [Colloq.] — To come short, to be deficient; to fail of attaining. ´All have sinned and come short of the glory of God.´ Rom. iii. 23. — To come to. (a) To consent or yield. Swift. (b) (Naut.) (with the accent on to) To luff; to bring the ship’s head nearer the wind; to anchor. (c) (with the accent on to) To recover, as from a swoon. (d) To arrive at; to reach. (e) To amount to; as the taxes come to a large sum. (f) To fall to; to be received by, as an inheritance. Shak. — To come to blows. See under Blow. — To come to grief. See under Grief. — To come to a head. (a) To suppurate, as a boil. (b) To mature; to culminate; as a plot. — To come to one’s self, to recover one’s senses. — To come to pass, to happen; to fall out. — To come to the scratch. (a) (Prize Fighting) To step up to the scratch or mark made in the ring to be toed by the combatants in beginning a contest; hence: (b) To meet an antagonist or a difficulty bravely. [Colloq.] — To come to time. (a) (Prize Fighting) To come forward in order to resume the contest when the interval allowed for rest is over and ´time´ is called; hence: (b) To keep an appointment; to meet expectations. [Colloq.] — To come together. (a) To meet for business, worship, etc.; to assemble. Acts i. 6. (b) To live together as man and wife. Matt. i. 18. — To come true, to happen as predicted or expected. — To come under, to belong to, as an individual to a class. — To come up (a) to ascend; to rise. (b) To be brought up; to arise, as a question. (c) To spring; to shoot or rise above the earth, as a plant. (d) To come into use, as a fashion. — To come up the capstan (Naut.), to turn it the contrary way, so as to slacken the rope about it. — To come up the tackle fall (Naut.), to slacken the tackle gently. Totten. — To come up to, to rise to; to equal. — To come up with, to overtake or reach by pursuit. — To come upon. (a) To befall. (b) To attack or invade. (c) To have a claim upon; to become dependent upon for support; as to come upon the town. (d) To light or chance upon; to find; as to come upon hid treasure.

Come , v. t. To carry through; to succeed in; as you can’t come any tricks here. [Slang] To come it, to succeed in a trick of any sort. [Slang]

Come, n. Coming. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Co-med´dle , v. t. To mix; to mingle, to temper. [Obs.] Shak.

Co•me´di•an , n. [Cf. F. comedien.] 1. An actor or player in comedy. ´The famous comedian, Roscius.´ Middleton. 2. A writer of comedy. Milton.

Co•me•di•enne´ , n. [F., fem. of comedien.] A women who plays in comedy.

Co•me•di•et´ta , n. [It.] A dramatic sketch; a brief comedy.

Com´e•do , n.; pl. Comedones (#). [L., a glutton. See Comestible.] (Med.) A small nodule or cystic tumor, common on the nose, etc., which on pressure allows the escape of a yellow wormlike mass of retained oily secretion, with a black head (dirt).

Come´down , n. A downfall; an humiliation. [Colloq.]

Com´e•dy , n.; pl. Comedies (#). [F. comedie, L. comoedia, fr. Gr. ; a jovial festivity with music and dancing, a festal procession, an ode sung at this procession (perh. akin to village, E. home) + to sing; for comedy was originally of a lyric character. See Home, and Ode.] A dramatic composition, or representation of a bright and amusing character, based upon the foibles of individuals, the manners of society, or the ludicrous events or accidents of life; a play in which mirth predominates and the termination of the plot is happy; — opposed to tragedy. “With all the vivacity of comedy.
Macaulay.” “Are come to play a pleasant comedy.
Shak.”

Come´li•ly , adv. In a suitable or becoming manner. [R.] Sherwood.

Come´li•ness , n. [See Comely.] The quality or state of being comely. “Comeliness is a disposing fair
Of things and actions in fit time and place.
Sir J. Davies.” “Strength, comeliness of shape, or amplest merit.
Milton.” “Comeliness signifies something less forcible than beauty, less elegant than grace, and less light than prettiness.
Johnson.”

Come´ly (kum´ly), a. [Compar. Comelier superl. Comeliest.] [OE. comeliche, AS. cymlic; cyme suitable (fr. cuman to come, become) + lic like.] 1. Pleasing or agreeable to the sight; well- proportioned; good-looking; handsome. “He that is comely when old and decrepit, surely was very beautiful when he was young.
South.” “Not once perceive their foul disfigurement
But boast themselves more comely than before.
Milton.” 2. Suitable or becoming; proper; agreeable. “This is a happier and more comely time
Than when these fellows ran about the streets,
Crying confusion.
Shak.” “It is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely.
Ps. cxlvii. 1.”

Come´ly, adv. In a becoming manner. Ascham.

Come-out´er , n. One who comes out or withdraws from a religious or other organization; a radical reformer. [Colloq. U. S.]

Com´er , n. One who comes, or who has come; one who has arrived, and is present. All comers, all who come, or offer, to take part in a matter, especially in a contest or controversy. ´To prove it against all comers.´ Bp. Stillingfleet.

Co´mes , n. [L., a companion.] (Mus.) The answer to the theme (dux) in a fugue.

Com•es•sa´tion , n. [L. comissatio, comessatio.] A reveling; a rioting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Co•mes´ti•ble , a. [F. comestible, fr. L. comesus, comestus, p. p. of comedere to eat; com- + edere to eat.] Suitable to be eaten; eatable; esculent. “Some herbs are most comestible.
Sir T. Elyot.”

Co•mes´ti•ble, n. Something suitable to be eaten; — commonly in the plural. Thackeray.

Com´et , n. [L. cometes, cometa, from Gr. comet, prop. long-haired, fr. to wear long hair, fr. hair, akin to L. coma: cf. F. comète.] (Astron.) A member of the solar system which usually moves in an elongated orbit, approaching very near to the sun in its perihelion, and receding to a very great distance from it at its aphelion. A comet commonly consists of three parts: the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail; but one or more of these parts is frequently wanting. See Illustration in Appendix.

Com•e•ta´ri•um , n. [NL.] (Astron.) An instrument, intended to represent the revolution of a comet round the sun. Hutton.

Com´et•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. cometaire.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a comet. Cheyne. { Com´et-find•er , or Com´et- seek•er }, n. (Astron.) A telescope of low power, having a large field of view, used for finding comets.

Co•met´ic , a. Relating to a comet.

Com•et•og´ra•pher , n. One who describes or writes about comets.

Com•et•og´ra•phy , n. [Comet + -graphy: cf. F. cometographie.] A description of, or a treatise concerning, comets.

Com•et•ol´o•gy , n. [Comet + -logy.] The department of astronomy relating to comets.

Com´fit , n. [F. confit, prop. a p. p., fr. confire to preserve, pickle, fr. L. conficere to prepare; con- + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Confect.] A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit, root, or seed preserved with sugar and dried; a confection.

Com´fit, v. t. To preserve dry with sugar. “The fruit which does so quickly waste, …
Thou comfitest in sweets to make it last.
Cowley.”

Com´fi•ture ( 135), n. [F. confiture; cf. LL. confecturae sweetmeats, confectura a preparing. See Comfit, and cf. Confiture.] See Comfit, n.

Com´fort , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comforted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comforting.] [F. conforter, fr. L. confortare to strengthen much; con- + fortis strong. See Fort.] 1. To make strong; to invigorate; to fortify; to corroborate. [Obs.] Wyclif. “God’s own testimony … doth not a little comfort and confirm the same.
Hooker.” 2. To assist or help; to aid. [Obs.] “I … can not help the noble chevalier:
God comfort him in this necessity!
Shak.” 3. To impart strength and hope to; to encourage; to relieve; to console; to cheer. “Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men.
Bacon.” “That we may be able to comfort them that are in any affliction.
2 Cor. i. 4 (Rev. Ver.).” “A perfect woman, nobly planned,
To warn, to comfort, and command.
Wordsworth.” Syn. — To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; enliven; invigorate; inspirit; gladden; recreate; exhilarate; refresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. — To Comfort, Console, Solace. These verbs all suppose some antecedent state of suffering or sorrow. Console is confined to the act giving sympathetic relief to the mind under affliction or sorrow, and points to some definite source of that relief; as the presence of his friend consoled him; he was much consoled by this intelligence. The act of consoling commonly implies the inculcation of resignation. Comfort points to relief afforded by the communication of positive pleasure, hope, and strength, as well as by the diminution of pain; as ´They brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted.´ Acts xx. 12. Solace is from L. solacium, which means according to Dumesnil, consolation inwardly felt or applied to the case of the sufferer. Hence, the verb to solace denotes the using of things for the purpose of affording relief under sorrow or suffering; as to solace one’s self with reflections, with books, or with active employments.

Com´fort , n. [OF. confort, fr. conforter.] 1. Assistance; relief; support. [Obs. except in the phrase ´aid and comfort.´ See 5 below.] Shak. 2. Encouragement; solace; consolation in trouble; also that which affords consolation. “In comfort of her mother’s fears.
Shak.” “Cheer thy spirit with this comfort.
Shak.” “Speaking words of endearment where words of comfort availed not.
Longfellow.” 3. A state of quiet enjoyment; freedom from pain, want, or anxiety; also whatever contributes to such a condition. “I had much joy and comfort in thy love.
Phil. 7 (Rev. Ver.).” “He had the means of living in comfort.
Macaulay.” 4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.] 5. (Law) Unlawful support, countenance, or encouragement; as to give aid and comfort to the enemy. Syn. — Comfort, Consolation. Comfort has two meanings: 1. Strength and relief received under affliction; 2. Positive enjoyment, of a quiet, permanent nature, together with the sources thereof; as the comfort of love; surrounded with comforts; but it is with the former only that the word consolation is brought into comparison. As thus compared, consolation points to some specific source of relief for the afflicted mind; as the consolations of religion. Comfort supposes the relief to be afforded by imparting positive enjoyment, as well as a diminution of pain. ´Consolation, or comfort, signifies some alleviation to that pain to which it is not in our power to afford the proper and adequate remedy; they imply rather an augmentation of the power of bearing, than a diminution of the burden.´ Johnson.

Com´fort•a•ble , a. [OF. confortable.] 1. Strong; vigorous; valiant. [Obs.] Wyclif. “Thy conceit is nearer death than thy powers. For my sake be comfortable; hold death a while at the arm’s end.
Shak.” 2. Serviceable; helpful. [Obs.] “Be comfortable to my mother, your mistress, and make much of her.
Shak.” 3. Affording or imparting comfort or consolation; able to comfort; cheering; as a comfortable hope. ´Kind words and comfortable.´ Cowper. “A comfortable provision made for their subsistence.
Dryden.” 4. In a condition of comfort; having comforts; not suffering or anxious; hence, contented; cheerful; as to lead a comfortable life. “My lord leans wondrously to discontent;
His comfortable temper has forsook him:
He is much out of health.
Shak.” 5. Free, or comparatively free, from pain or distress; — used of a sick person. [U. S.]

Com´fort•a•ble, n. A stuffed or quilted coverlet for a bed; a comforter; a comfort. [U. S.]

Com´fort•a•ble•ness, n. State of being comfortable.

Com´fort•a•bly, adv. In a comfortable or comforting manner. “Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem.
Is. xl. 2.”

Com´fort•er , n. 1. One who administers comfort or consolation. “Let no comforter delight mine ear
But such a one whose wrongs do suit with mine.
Shak.” 2. (Script.) The Holy Spirit, — referring to his office of comforting believers. “But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things.
John xiv. 26.” 3. A knit woolen tippet, long and narrow. [U. S.] “The American schoolboy takes off his comforter and unbuttons his jacket before going in for a snowball fight.
Pop. Sci. Monthly.” 4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.] Job’s comforter, a boil. [Colloq.]

Com´fort•less, a. Without comfort or comforts; in want or distress; cheerless. “Comfortless through tyranny or might.
Spenser.” Syn. — Forlorn; desolate; cheerless; inconsolable; disconsolate; wretched; miserable. — Com´fort•less•ly, adv. — Com´fort•less•ness, n. “When all is coldly, comfortlessly costly.
Milton.”

Com´fort•ment , n. Act or process of administering comfort. [Obs.] “The gentle comfortment and entertainment of the said embassador.
Hakluyt.”

Com´fort•ress , n. A woman who comforts. “To be your comfortress, and to preserve you.
B. Jonson.”

Com´frey , n. [Prob. from F. conferve, L. conferva, fr. confervere to boil together, in medical language, to heal, grow together. So called on account of its healing power, for which reason it was also called consolida.] (Bot.) A rough, hairy, perennial plant of several species, of the genus Symphytum. A decoction of the mucilaginous root of the ´common comfrey´ (S. officinale) is used in cough mixtures, etc.; and the gigantic ´prickly comfrey´ (S. asperrimum) is somewhat cultivated as a forage plant.

Com´ic , a. [L. comicus pertaining to comedy, Gr. : cf. F. comique. See Comedy.] 1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. “I can not for the stage a drama lay,
Tragic or comic, but thou writ’st the play.
B. Jonson.” 2. Causing mirth; ludicrous. ´Comic shows.´ Shak.

Com´ic, n. A comedian. [Obs.] Steele.

Com´ic•al , a. 1. Relating to comedy. “They deny it to be tragical because its catastrophe is a wedding, which hath ever been accounted comical.
Gay.” 2. Exciting mirth; droll; laughable; as a comical story. ´Comical adventures.´ Dryden. Syn. — Humorous; laughable; funny. See Droll. — Com´ic•al•ly, adv. — Com´ic•al´ness, n.

Com•i•cal´i•ty , n.; pl. Comicalities (#). The quality of being comical; something comical.

Com´ic•ry , n. The power of exciting mirth; comicalness. [R.] H. Giles.

Com´ing , a. 1. Approaching; of the future, especially the near future; the next; as the coming week or year; the coming exhibition. “Welcome the coming, speed the parting, guest.
Pope.” “Your coming days and years.
Byron.” 2. Ready to come; complaisant; fond. [Obs.] Pope.

Com´ing, n. 1. Approach; advent; manifestation; as the coming of the train. 2. Specifically: The Second Advent of Christ. Coming in. (a) Entrance; entrance way; manner of entering; beginning. ´The goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof.´ Ezek. xliii. 11 (b) Income or revenue. ´What are thy comings in?´ Shak.

Co•mi´ti•a , n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A public assembly of the Roman people for electing officers or passing laws. There were three kinds of comitia: comitia curiata, or assembly of the patricians, who voted in curiae; comitia centuriata, or assembly of the whole Roman people, who voted by centuries; and comitia tributa, or assembly of the plebeians according to their division into tribes.

Co•mi´tial , a. [L. comitialis.] Relating to the comitia, or popular assemblies of the Romans for electing officers and passing laws. Middleton.

Com´i•ty , n.; pl. Comities (#). [L. comitas, fr. comis courteous, kind.] Mildness and suavity of manners; courtesy between equals; friendly civility; as comity of manners; the comity of States. Comity of nations (International Law), the courtesy by which nations recognize within their own territory, or in their courts, the peculiar institutions of another nation or the rights and privileges acquired by its citizens in their own land. By some authorities private international law rests on this comity, but the better opinion is that it is part of the common law of the land, and hence is obligatory as law. Syn. — Civility; good breeding; courtesy; good will.

Com´ma , n. [L. comma part of a sentence, comma, Gr. clause, fr. to cut off. Cf. Capon.] 1. A character or point [,] marking the smallest divisions of a sentence, written or printed. 2. (Mus.) A small interval (the difference between a major and minor half step), seldom used except by tuners. Comma bacillus (Physiol.), a variety of bacillus shaped like a comma, found in the intestines of patients suffering from cholera. It is considered by some as having a special relation to the disease; — called also cholera bacillus. — Comma butterfly (Zoöl.), an American butterfly (Grapta comma), having a white comma-shaped marking on the under side of the wings.

Com•mand´ ( 61), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Commanding.] [OE. comaunden, commanden, OF. comander, F. commander, fr. L. com- + mandare to commit to, to command. Cf. Commend, Mandate.] 1. To order with authority; to lay injunction upon; to direct; to bid; to charge. “We are commanded to forgive our enemies, but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends.
Bacon.” “Go to your mistress:
Say, I command her come to me.
Shak.” 2. To exercise direct authority over; to have control of; to have at one’s disposal; to lead. “Monmouth commanded the English auxiliaries.
Macaulay.” “Such aid as I can spare you shall command.
Shak.” 3. To have within a sphere of control, influence, access, or vision; to dominate by position; to guard; to overlook. “Bridges commanded by a fortified house.
Motley.” “Up to the eastern tower,
Whose height commands as subject all the vale.
Shak.” “One side commands a view of the finest garden.
Addison.” 4. To have power or influence of the nature of authority over; to obtain as if by ordering; to receive as a due; to challenge; to claim; as justice commands the respect and affections of the people; the best goods command the best price. “’Tis not in mortals to command success.
Addison.” 5. To direct to come; to bestow. [Obs.] “I will command my blessing upon you.
Lev. xxv. 21.” Syn. — To bid; order; direct; dictate; charge; govern; rule; overlook.

Com•mand´, v. i. 1. To have or to exercise direct authority; to govern; to sway; to influence; to give an order or orders. “And reigned, commanding in his monarchy.
Shak.” “For the king had so commanded concerning [Haman].
Esth. iii. 2.” 2. To have a view, as from a superior position. “Far and wide his eye commands.
Milton.”

Com•mand´, n. 1. An authoritative order requiring obedience; a mandate; an injunction. “Awaiting what command their mighty chief
Had to impose.
Milton.” 2. The possession or exercise of authority. “Command and force may often create, but can never cure, an aversion.
Locke.” 3. Authority; power or right of control; leadership; as the forces under his command. 4. Power to dominate, command, or overlook by means of position; scope of vision; survey. “The steepy stand
Which overlooks the vale with wide command.
Dryden.” 5. Control; power over something; sway; influence; as to have command over one’s temper or voice; the fort has command of the bridge. “He assumed an absolute command over his readers.
Dryden.” 6. A body of troops, or any naval or military force or post, or the whole territory under the authority or control of a particular officer. Word of command (Mil.), a word or phrase of definite and established meaning, used in directing the movements of soldiers; as aim; fire; shoulder arms, etc. Syn. — Control; sway; power; authority; rule; dominion; sovereignty; mandate; order; injunction; charge; behest. See Direction.

Com•mand´a•ble , a. Capable of being commanded.

Com•man•dant´ , n. [F., orig. p. pr. of commander.] A commander; the commanding officer of a place, or of a body of men; as the commandant of a navy-yard.

Com•mand´a•to•ry , a. Mandatory; as commandatory authority. [Obs.]

Com•mand´er , n. [Cf. F. commandeur. Cf. Commodore, Commender.] 1. A chief; one who has supreme authority; a leader; the chief officer of an army, or of any division of it. “A leader and commander to the people.
Is. lv. 4.” 2. (Navy) An officer who ranks next below a captain, — ranking with a lieutenant colonel in the army. 3. The chief officer of a commandery. 4. A heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in paving, in sail lofts, etc. Commander in chief, the military title of the officer who has supreme command of the land or naval forces or the united forces of a nation or state; a generalissimo. The President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States. Syn. — See Chief.

Com•mand´er•ship, n. The office of a commander.

Com•mand´er•y , n.; pl. Commanderies (#). [F. commanderie.] 1. The office or rank of a commander. [Obs.] 2. A district or a manor with lands and tenements appertaining thereto, under the control of a member of an order of knights who was called a commander; — called also a preceptory. 3. An assembly or lodge of Knights Templars (so called) among the Freemasons. [U. S.] 4. A district under the administration of a military commander or governor. [R.] Brougham.

Com•mand´ing, a. 1. Exercising authority; actually in command; as a commanding officer. 2. Fitted to impress or control; as a commanding look or presence. 3. Exalted; overlooking; having superior strategic advantages; as a commanding position. Syn. — Authoritative; imperative; imperious.

Com•mand´ing•ly, adv. In a commanding manner.

Com•mand´ment , n. [OF. commandement, F. commandement.] 1. An order or injunction given by authority; a command; a charge; a precept; a mandate. “A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another.
John xiii. 34.” 2. (Script.) One of the ten laws or precepts given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. 3. The act of commanding; exercise of authority. “And therefore put I on the countenance
Of stern commandment.
Shak.” 4. (Law) The offense of commanding or inducing another to violate the law. The Commandments, The Ten Commandments, the Decalogue, or summary of God’s commands, given to Moses at Mount Sinai. (Ex. xx.)

Com•mand´ress , n. A woman invested with authority to command. Hooker.

Com•mand´ry , n. See Commandery.

Com´mark , n. [OF. comarque, or LL. commarca, commarcha; com- + marcha, boundary. See March a confine.] The frontier of a country; confines. [Obs.] Shelton.

Com•ma•te´ri•al , a. Consisting of the same material. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•mat´ic , a. [L. commaticus, Gr. . See Comma.] Having short clauses or sentences; brief; concise.

Com´ma•tism , n. [See Commatic.] Conciseness in writing. Bp. Horsley.

Com•meas´ur•a•ble , a. [Cf. Commensurable.] Having the same measure; commensurate; proportional. “She being now removed by death, a commeasurable grief took as full possession of him as joy had done.
I. Walton.”

Com•meas´ure , v. t. To be commensurate with; to equal. Tennyson.

Com•mem´o•ra´ble , a. [L. commemorabilis.] Worthy to be commemorated.

Com•mem´o•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commemorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commemorating.] [L. commemoratus, p. p. of commemorare to remember; com- + memorare to mention, fr. memor mindful. See Memory.] To call to remembrance by a special act or observance; to celebrate with honor and solemnity; to honor, as a person or event, by some act of respect or affection, intended to preserve the remembrance of the person or event; as to commemorate the sufferings and dying love of our Savior by the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper; to commemorate the Declaration of Independence by the observance of the Fourth of July. “We are called upon to commemorate a revolution.
Atterbury.” Syn. — See Celebrate.

Com•mem•o•ra´tion , n. [L. commemoratio.] 1. The act of commemorating; an observance or celebration designed to honor the memory of some person or event. “This sacrament was designed to be a standing commemoration of the death and passion of our Lord.
Abp. Tillotson.” “The commonwealth which … chooses the most flagrant act of murderous regicide treason for a feast of eternal commemoration.
Burke.” 2. Whatever serves the purpose of commemorating; a memorial. Commemoration day, at the University of Oxford, Eng., an annual observance or ceremony in honor of the benefactors of the University, at which time honorary degrees are conferred.

Com•mem´o•ra•tive , a. Tending or intended to commemorate. ´A sacrifice commemorative of Christ’s offering up his body for us.´ Hammond. “An inscription commemorative of his victory.
Sir G. C. Lewis.”

Com•mem´o•ra•tor , n. [L.] One who commemorates.

Com•mem´o•ra•to•ry , a. Serving to commemorate; commemorative. Bp. Hooper.

Com•mence´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commenced p. pr. & vb. n. Commencing.] [F. commencer, OF. comencier, fr. L. com- + initiare to begin. See Initiate.] 1. To have a beginning or origin; to originate; to start; to begin. “Here the anthem doth commence.
Shak.” “His heaven commences ere the world be past.
Goldsmith.” 2. To begin to be, or to act as. [Archaic] “We commence judges ourselves.
Coleridge.” 3. To take a degree at a university. [Eng.] “I question whether the formality of commencing was used in that age.
Fuller.”

Com•mence´, v. t. To enter upon; to begin; to perform the first act of. “Many a wooer doth commence his suit.
Shak.” It is the practice of good writers to use the verbal noun (instead of the infinitive with to) after commence; as he commenced studying, not he commenced to study.

Com•mence´ment , n. [F. commencement.] 1. The first existence of anything; act or fact of commencing; rise; origin; beginning; start. “The time of Henry VII… . nearly coincides with the commencement of what is termed ´modern history.´
Hallam.” 2. The day when degrees are conferred by colleges and universities upon students and others.

Com•mend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commended; p. pr. & vb. n. Commending.] [L. commendare; com- + mandare to intrust to one’s charge, enjoin, command. Cf. Command, Mandate.] 1. To commit, intrust, or give in charge for care or preservation. “His eye commends the leading to his hand.
Shak.” “Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.
Luke xxiii. 46.” 2. To recommend as worthy of confidence or regard; to present as worthy of notice or favorable attention. “Among the objects of knowledge, two especially commend themselves to our contemplation.
Sir M. Hale.” “I commend unto you Phebe our sister.
Rom. xvi. 1.” 3. To mention with approbation; to praise; as to commend a person or an act. “Historians commend Alexander for weeping when he read the actions of Achilles.
Dryden.” 4. To mention by way of courtesy, implying remembrance and good will. [Archaic] “Commend me to my brother.
Shak.”

Com•mend´, n. 1. Commendation; praise. [Obs.] “Speak in his just commend.
Shak.” 2. pl. Compliments; greetings. [Obs.] “Hearty commends and much endeared love to you.
Howell.”

Com•mend´a•ble , a. (Formerly accented on the first syllable.) [L. commendabilis.] Worthy of being commended or praised; laudable; praiseworthy. “Order and decent ceremonies in the church are not only comely but commendable.
Bacon.” — Com•mend´a•ble•ness, n. — Com•mend´a•bly, adv.

Com•men´dam , n. [LL. dare in commendam to give into trust.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) A vacant living or benefice commended to a cleric (usually a bishop) who enjoyed the revenue until a pastor was provided. A living so held was said to be held in commendam. The practice was abolished by law in 1836. “There was [formerly] some sense for commendams.
Selden.” Partnership in commendam. See under Partnership.

Com•mend´a•ta•ry , n. [Cf. F. commendataire, LL. commendatarius.] One who holds a living in commendam.

Com•men•da´tion , n. [L. commendatio.] 1. The act of commending; praise; favorable representation in words; recommendation. “Need we … epistles of commendation?
2 Cor. iii. 1.” “By the commendation of the great officers.
Bacon.” 2. That which is the ground of approbation or praise. “Good nature is the most godlike commendation of a man.
Dryden.” 3. pl. A message of affection or respect; compliments; greeting. [Obs.] “Hark you, Margaret;
No princely commendations to my king?
Shak.”

Com•mend´a•tor , n. [LL.] One who holds a benefice in commendam; a commendatary. Chalmers.

Com•mend´a•to•ry , a. [L. commendatorius.] 1. Serving to commend; containing praise or commendation; commending; praising. ´Commendatory verses.´ Pope. 2. Holding a benefice in commendam; as a commendatory bishop. Burke. Commendatory prayer (Book of Common Prayer), a prayer read over the dying. ´The commendatory prayer was said for him, and, as it ended, he [William III.] died.´ Bp. Burnet.

Com•mend´a•to•ry, n. A commendation; eulogy. [R.] ´Commendatories to our affection.´ Sharp.

Com•mend´er , n. One who commends or praises.

Com•men´sal , n. [LL. commensalis; L. com- + mensa table: cf. F. commensal. Cf. Mensal.] 1. One who eats at the same table. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) An animal, not truly parasitic, which lives in, with, or on, another, partaking usually of the same food. Both species may be benefited by the association.

Com•men´sal , a. Having the character of a commensal.

Com•men´sal•ism , n. The act of eating together; table fellowship.

Com•men•sal´i•ty , n. Fellowship at table; the act or practice of eating at the same table. [Obs.] ´Promiscuous commensality.´ Sir T. Browne.

Com•men•sa´tion , n. Commensality. [Obs.] “Daniel … declined pagan commensation.
Sir T. Browne.”

Com•men•su•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. commensurabilite.] The quality of being commensurable. Sir T. Browne.

Com•men´su•ra•ble , a. [L. commensurabilis; pref. com- + mensurable. See Commensurate, and cf. Commeasurable.] Having a common measure; capable of being exactly measured by the same number, quantity, or measure. — Com•men´su•ra•ble•ness, n. Commensurable numbers or quantities (Math.), those that can be exactly expressed by some common unit; thus a foot and yard are commensurable, since both can be expressed in terms of an inch, one being 12 inches, the other 36 inches. — Numbers, or Quantities, commensurable in power, those whose squares are commensurable.

Com•men´su•ra•bly , adv. In a commensurable manner; so as to be commensurable.

Com•men´su•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commensurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commensurating.] [Pref. com- + mensurate.] 1. To reduce to a common measure. Sir T. Browne. 2. To proportionate; to adjust. T. Puller

Com•men´su•rate , a. 1. Having a common measure; commensurable; reducible to a common measure; as commensurate quantities. 2. Equal in measure or extent; proportionate. “Those who are persuaded that they shall continue forever, can not choose but aspire after a happiness commensurate to their duration.
Tillotson.”

Com•men´su•rate•ly, adv. 1. In a commensurate manner; so as to be equal or proportionate; adequately. 2. With equal measure or extent. Goodwin.

Com•men´su•rate•ness, n. The state or quality of being commensurate. Foster.

Com•men•su•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. commensuration.] The act of commensurating; the state of being commensurate. “All fitness lies in a particular commensuration, or proportion of one thing to another.
South.”

Com´ment ( 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commented; p. pr. & vb. n. Commenting.] [F. commenter, L. commentari to meditate upon, explain, v. intens. of comminisci, commentus, to reflect upon, invent; com- + the root of meminisse to remember, mens mind. See Mind.] To make remarks, observations, or criticism; especially, to write notes on the works of an author, with a view to illustrate his meaning, or to explain particular passages; to write annotations; — often followed by on or upon. “A physician to comment on your malady.
Shak.” “Critics … proceed to comment on him.
Dryden.” “I must translate and comment.
Pope.”

Com´ment, v. t. To comment on. [Archaic.] Fuller.

Com´ment, n. [Cf. OF. comment.] 1. A remark, observation, or criticism; gossip; discourse; talk. “Their lavish comment when her name was named.
Tennyson.” 2. A note or observation intended to explain, illustrate, or criticise the meaning of a writing, book, etc.; explanation; annotation; exposition. “All the volumes of philosophy,
With all their comments.
Prior.”

Com´men•ta•ry , n.; pl. Commentaries (#). [L. commentarius, commentarium, note book, commentary: cf. F. commentaire. See Comment, v. i.] 1. A series of comments or annotations; esp., a book of explanations or expositions on the whole or a part of the Scriptures or of some other work. “This letter … was published by him with a severe commentary.
Hallam.” 2. A brief account of transactions or events written hastily, as if for a memorandum; — usually in the plural; as Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War.

Com´men•tate , v. t. & i. [L. commentatus, p. p. of commentari to meditate.] To write comments or notes upon; to make comments. [R.] “Commentate upon it, and return it enriched.
Lamb.”

Com•men•ta´tion , n. 1. The act or process of commenting or criticising; exposition. [R.] “The spirit of commentation.
Whewell.” 2. The result of the labors of a commentator.

Com´men•ta•tor , n. [L. commentator: cf. F. commentateur.] One who writes a commentary or comments; an expositor; an annotator. “The commentator’s professed object is to explain, to enforce, to illustrate doctrines claimed as true.
Whewell.”

Com•men•ta•to´ri•al , a. Pertaining to the making of commentaries. Whewell.

Com´men•ta•tor•ship , n. The office or occupation of a commentator.

Com´ment•er , n. One who makes or writes comments; a commentator; an annotator.

Com•men•ti´tious , a. [L. commentitius.] Fictitious or imaginary; unreal; as a commentitious system of religion. [Obs.] Warburton.

Com´merce , n. (Formerly accented on the second syllable.) [F. commerce, L. commercium; com- + merx, mercis, merchandise. See Merchant.] 1. The exchange or buying and selling of commodities; esp. the exchange of merchandise, on a large scale, between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic. “The public becomes powerful in proportion to the opulence and extensive commerce of private men.
Hume.” 2. Social intercourse; the dealings of one person or class in society with another; familiarity. “Fifteen years of thought, observation, and commerce with the world had made him [Bunyan] wiser.
Macaulay.” 3. Sexual intercourse. W. Montagu. 4. A round game at cards, in which the cards are subject to exchange, barter, or trade. Hoyle. Chamber of commerce. See Chamber. Syn. — Trade; traffic; dealings; intercourse; interchange; communion; communication.

Com•merce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commerced (#); p>. pr. & vb. n. Commercing.] [Cf. F. commercer, fr. LL. commerciare.] 1. To carry on trade; to traffic. [Obs.] “Beware you commerce not with bankrupts.
B. Jonson.” 2. To hold intercourse; to commune. Milton. “Commercing with himself.
Tennyson.” “Musicians … taught the people in angelic harmonies to commerce with heaven.
Prof. Wilson.”

Com•mer´cial , a. [Cf. F. commercial.] Of or pertaining to commerce; carrying on or occupied with commerce or trade; mercantile; as commercial advantages; commercial relations. ´Princely commercial houses.´ Macaulay. Commercial college, a school for giving instruction in commercial knowledge and business. — Commercial law. See under Law. — Commercial note paper, a small size of writing paper, usually about 5 by 7½ or 8 inches. — Commercial paper, negotiable paper given in due course of business. It includes bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank checks, etc. — Commercial traveler, an agent of a wholesale house who travels from town to town to solicit orders. Syn. — See Mercantile.

Com•mer´cial•ism , n. The commercial spirit or method. C. Kingsley.

Com•mer´cial•ly, adv. In a commercial manner.

Com´mi•grate , v. i. [L. commigrare, commigratum.] To migrate together. [R.]

Com•mi•gra´tion , n. [L. commigratio.] Migration together. [R.] Woodward.

Com•mi•na´tion , n. [L. comminatio, from comminari to threaten; com- + minari to threaten: cf. F. commination.] 1. A threat or threatening; a denunciation of punishment or vengeance. “With terrible comminations to all them that did resist.
Foxe.” “Those thunders of commination.
I. Taylor.” 2. An office in the liturgy of the Church of England, used on Ash Wednesday, containing a recital of God’s anger and judgments against sinners.

Com•min´a•to´ry , a. [Cf. F. comminatoire.] Threatening or denouncing punishment; as comminatory terms. B. Jonson.

Com•min´gle , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commingled p. pr. & vb. n. Commingling ] To mingle together; to mix in one mass, or intimately; to blend. Bacon.

Com´mi•nute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comminuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comminuting.] [L. comminutus, p. p. of comminuere to comminute; com- + minuere to lessen. See Minute.] To reduce to minute particles, or to a fine powder; to pulverize; to triturate; to grind; as to comminute chalk or bones; to comminute food with the teeth. Pennant. Comminuted fracture. See under Fracture.

Com•mi•nu´tion , n. 1. The act of reducing to a fine powder or to small particles; pulverization; the state of being comminuted. Bentley. 2. (Surg.) Fracture (of a bone) into a number of pieces. Dunglison. 3. Gradual diminution by the removal of small particles at a time; a lessening; a wearing away. “Natural and necessary comminution of our lives.
Johnson.”

Com•mis´er•a•ble , a. Pitiable. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•mis´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commiserated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commiserating.] [L. commiseratus, p. p. of commiserari to commiserate; com- + miserari to pity. See Miserable.] To feel sorrow, pain, or regret for; to pity. “Then must we those, who groan, beneath the weight
Of age, disease, or want, commiserate.
Denham.” “We should commiserate our mutual ignorance.
Locke.” Syn. — To pity; compassionate; lament; condole.

Com•mis•er•a´tion , n. [F. commiseration, fr. L. commiseratio a part of an oration intended to excite compassion.] The act of commiserating; sorrow for the wants, afflictions, or distresses of another; pity; compassion. “And pluck commiseration of his state
From brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint.
Shak.” Syn. — See Sympathy.

Com•mis´er•a•tive , a. Feeling or expressing commiseration. Todd.

Com•mis´er•a•tor , n. One who pities.

Com•mis•sa´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a commissary.

Com•mis•sa´ri•at ( 277), n. [F. commissariat.] (Mil.) (a) The organized system by which armies and military posts are supplied with food and daily necessaries. (b) The body of officers charged with such service.

Com´mis•sa•ry , n.; pl. Commissaries (#). [LL. commissarius, fr. L. commissus, p. p. of committere to commit, intrust to. See Commit.] 1. One to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office, by a superior power; a commissioner. “Great Destiny, the Commissary of God.
Donne.” 2. (Eccl.) An officer of the bishop, who exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction in parts of the diocese at a distance from the residence of the bishop. Ayliffe. 3. (Mil.) (a) An officer having charge of a special service; as the commissary of musters. (b) An officer whose business is to provide food for a body of troops or a military post; — officially called commissary of subsistence. [U. S.] “Washington wrote to the President of Congress … urging the appointment of a commissary general, a quartermaster general, a commissary of musters, and a commissary of artillery.
W. Irving” Commissary general, an officer in charge of some special department of army service; as: (a) The officer in charge of the commissariat and transport department, or of the ordnance store department. [Eng.] (b) The commissary general of subsistence. [U. S.] — Commissary general of subsistence (Mil. U. S.), the head of the subsistence department, who has charge of the purchase and issue of provisions for the army.

Com´mis•sa•ry•ship , n. The office or employment of a commissary. Ayliffe.

Com•mis´sion , n. [F., fr. L. commissio. See Commit.] 1. The act of committing, doing, or performing; the act of perpetrating. “Every commission of sin introduces into the soul a certain degree of hardness.
South.” 2. The act of intrusting; a charge; instructions as to how a trust shall be executed. 3. The duty or employment intrusted to any person or persons; a trust; a charge. 4. A formal written warrant or authority, granting certain powers or privileges and authorizing or commanding the performance of certain duties. “Let him see our commission.
Shak.” 5. A certificate conferring military or naval rank and authority; as a colonel’s commission. 6. A company of persons joined in the performance of some duty or the execution of some trust; as the interstate commerce commission. “A commission was at once appointed to examine into the matter.
Prescott.” 7. (Com.) (a) The acting under authority of, or on account of, another. (b) The thing to be done as agent for another; as I have three commissions for the city. (c) The brokerage or allowance made to a factor or agent for transacting business for another; as a commission of ten per cent on sales. See Del credere. Commission of array. (Eng. Hist.) See under Array. — Commission of bankruptcy, a commission appointing and empowering certain persons to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy, and to secure the bankrupt’s lands and effects for the creditors. — Commission of lunacy, a commission authorizing an inquiry whether a person is a lunatic or not. — Commission merchant, one who buys or sells goods on commission, as the agent of others, receiving a rate per cent as his compensation. — Commission, or Commissioned, officer (Mil.), one who has a commission, in distinction from a noncommissioned or warrant officer. — Commission of the peace, a commission under the great seal, constituting one or more persons justices of the peace. [Eng.] — To put a vessel into commission (Naut.), to equip and man a government vessel, and send it out on service after it has been laid up; esp., the formal act of taking command of a vessel for service, hoisting the flag, reading the orders, etc. — To put a vessel out of commission (Naut.), to detach the officers and crew and retire it from active service, temporarily or permanently. — To put the great seal, or the Treasury, into commission, to place it in the hands of a commissioner or commissioners during the abeyance of the ordinary administration, as between the going out of one lord keeper and the accession of another. [Eng.] — The United States Christian Commission, an organization among the people of the North, during the Civil War, which afforded material comforts to the Union soldiers, and performed services of a religious character in the field and in hospitals. — The United States Sanitary Commission, an organization formed by the people of the North to coöperate with and supplement the medical department of the Union armies during the Civil War. Syn. — Charge; warrant; authority; mandate; office; trust; employment.

Com•mis´sion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commissioned p. pr & vb. n. Commissioning.] 1. To give a commission to; to furnish with a commission; to empower or authorize; as to commission persons to perform certain acts; to commission an officer. 2. To send out with a charge or commission. “A chosen band
He first commissions to the Latian land.
Dryden.” Syn. — To appoint; depute; authorize; empower; delegate; constitute; ordain. { Com•mis´sion•al , Com•mis´sion•a•ry } a. Of, pertaining to, or conferring, a commission; conferred by a commission or warrant. [R.] “Delegate or commissionary authority.
Bp. Hall.”

Com•mis´sion•ate , v. t. To commission [Obs.]

Com•mis´sion•er , n. 1. A person who has a commission or warrant to perform some office, or execute some business, for the government, corporation, or person employing him; as a commissioner to take affidavits or to adjust claims. “To another address which requested that a commission might be sent to examine into the state of things in Ireland, William returned a gracious answer, and desired the Commons to name the commissioners.
Macaulay.” 2. An officer having charge of some department or bureau of the public service. “Herbert was first commissioner of the Admiralty.
Macaulay.” “The commissioner of patents, the commissioner of the land office, the commissioner of Indian affairs, are subordinates of the secretary of the interior.
Bartlett.” Commissioner of deeds, an officer having authority to take affidavits, depositions, acknowledgment of deeds, etc., for use in the State by which he is appointed. [U. S.] — County commissioners, certain administrative officers in some of the States, invested by local laws with various powers in reference to the roads, courthouses, financial matters, etc., of the county. [U. S.]

Com•mis•sion•naire´ ( F. ?), n. [F., fr. L. commissio.] 1. An agent or factor; a commission merchant. 2. One of a class of attendants, in some European cities, who perform miscellaneous services for travelers.

Com•mis´sion•ship , n. The office of commissioner. Sir W. Scott.

Com•mis´sive , a. Relating to commission; of the nature of, or involving, commission. [R.]

Com•mis´su•ral , a. Of or pertaining to a commissure.

Com•mis´sure (? or 134-6), n. [L. commissura a joining together: cf. F. commissure. See Commit.] 1. A joint, seam, or closure; the place where two bodies, or parts of a body, meet and unite; an interstice, cleft, or juncture. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) The point of union between two parts, as the angles of the lips or eyelids, the mandibles of a bird, etc. (b) A collection of fibers connecting parts of the brain or spinal marrow; a chiasma. 3. (Bot.) The line of junction or cohering face of two carpels, as in the parsnip, caraway, etc.

Com•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Committed; p. pr. & vb. n. Committing.] [L. committere, commissum, to connect, commit; com- + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to intrust; to consign; — used with to, unto. “Commit thy way unto the Lord.
Ps. xxxvii. 5.” “Bid him farewell, commit him to the grave.
Shak.” 2. To put in charge of a jailor; to imprison. “These two were committed.
Clarendon.” 3. To do; to perpetrate, as a crime, sin, or fault. “Thou shalt not commit adultery.
Ex. xx. 14.” 4. To join for a contest; to match; — followed by with. [R.] Dr. H. More. 5. To pledge or bind; to compromise, expose, or endanger by some decisive act or preliminary step; — often used reflexively; as to commit one’s self to a certain course. “You might have satisfied every duty of political friendship, without commiting the honor of your sovereign.
Junius.” “Any sudden assent to the proposal … might possibly be considered as committing the faith of the United States.
Marshall.” 6. To confound. [An obsolete Latinism.] “Committing short and long [quantities].
Milton.” To commit a bill (Legislation), to refer or intrust it to a committee or others, to be considered and reported. — To commit to memory, or To commit, to learn by heart; to memorize. Syn. — To Commit, Intrust, Consign. These words have in common the idea of transferring from one’s self to the care and custody of another. Commit is the widest term, and may express only the general idea of delivering into the charge of another; as to commit a lawsuit to the care of an attorney; or it may have the special sense of intrusting with or without limitations, as to a superior power, or to a careful servant, or of consigning, as to writing or paper, to the flames, or to prison. To intrust denotes the act of committing to the exercise of confidence or trust; as to intrust a friend with the care of a child, or with a secret. To consign is a more formal act, and regards the thing transferred as placed chiefly or wholly out of one’s immediate control; as to consign a pupil to the charge of his instructor; to consign goods to an agent for sale; to consign a work to the press.

Com´mit, v. i. To sin; esp., to be incontinent. [Obs.] “Commit not with man’s sworn spouse.
Shak.”

Com•mit´ment , n. 1. The act of committing, or putting in charge, keeping, or trust; consignment; esp., the act of committing to prison. “They were glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower, whence he was within few days enlarged.
Clarendon.” 2. A warrant or order for the imprisonment of a person; — more frequently termed a mittimus. 3. The act of referring or intrusting to a committee for consideration and report; as the commitment of a petition or a bill. 4. A doing, or perpetration, in a bad sense, as of a crime or blunder; commission. 5. The act of pledging or engaging; the act of exposing, endangering, or compromising; also the state of being pledged or engaged. Hamilton.

Com•mit´ta•ble , a. Capable of being committed.

Com•mit´tal , n. The act of committing, or the state of being committed; commitment.

Com•mit´tee , n. [Cf. OF. comite company, and LL. comitatus jurisdiction or territory of a count, county, assize, army. The word was apparently influenced by the verb commit, but not directly formed from it. Cf. County.] One or more persons elected or appointed, to whom any matter or business is referred, either by a legislative body, or by a court, or by any collective body of men acting together. Committee of the whole [house], a committee, embracing all the members present, into which a legislative or deliberative body sometimes resolves itself, for the purpose of considering a particular measure under the operation of different rules from those governing the general legislative proceedings. The committee of the whole has its own chairman, and reports its action in the form of recommendations. — Standing committee. See under Standing.

Com•mit•tee´ , n. [From Commit, v. t.] (Law) One to whom the charge of the person or estate of another, as of a lunatic, is committed by suitable authority; a guardian.

Com•mit´tee•man , n. A member of a committee.

Com•mit´ter , n. 1. One who commits; one who does or perpetrates. South. 2. A fornicator. [Obs.] T. Decker.

Com•mit´ti•ble , a. Capable of being committed; liable to be committed. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Com•mix´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commixed p. pr. & vb. n. Commixing.] [Pref. com- + mix: cf. L. commixtus, p. p. of commiscere. See Mix.] To mix or mingle together; to blend. “The commixed impressions of all the colors do stir up and beget a sensation of white.
Sir I. Newton.” “To commix
With winds that sailors rail at.
Shak.”

Com•mix´ion , n. [See Commix.] Commixture. Shak.

Com•mix´tion ( 106), n. [L. commixtio.] Commixture; mingling. [R.] “An exact commixtion of the ingredients.
Boyle.”

Com•mix´ture ( 135), n. [L. commixtura.] 1. The act or process of mixing; the state of being mingled; the blending of ingredients in one mass or compound. “In the commixture of anything that is more oily or sweet, such bodies are least apt to putrefy.
Bacon.” 2. The mass formed by mingling different things; a compound; a mixture. Bacon.

Com´mo•date , n. [L. commodatum thing lent, loan.] (Scots Law) A gratuitous loan.

Com•mode´ , n. [F. commode, fr. commode convenient, L. commodus; com- + modus measure, mode. See Mode.] 1. A kind of headdress formerly worn by ladies, raising the hair and fore part of the cap to a great height. “Or under high commodes, with looks erect.
Granville.” 2. A piece of furniture, so named according to temporary fashion; as: (a) A chest of drawers or a bureau. (b) A night stand with a compartment for holding a chamber vessel. (c) A kind of close stool. (d) A movable sink or stand for a wash bowl, with closet.

Com•mo´di•ous , a. [LL. commodiosus, fr. L. commodum convenience, fr. commodus. See Commode.] Adapted to its use or purpose, or to wants and necessities; serviceable; spacious and convenient; roomy and comfortable; as a commodious house. ´A commodious drab.´ Shak. ´Commodious gold.´ Pope. “The haven was not commodious to winter in.
Acts xxvii. 12.” Syn. — Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; advantageous; serviceable; useful; spacious; comfortable.

Com•mo´di•ous•ly, adv. In a commodious manner. “To pass commodiously this life.
Milton.”

Com•mo´di•ous•ness, n. State of being commodious; suitableness for its purpose; convenience; roominess. “Of cities, the greatness and riches increase according to the commodiousness of their situation.
Sir W. Temple.” “The commodiousness of the harbor.
Johnson.”

Com•mod´i•ty , n.; pl. Commodities (#). [F. commodite, fr. L. commoditas. See Commode.] 1. Convenience; accommodation; profit; benefit; advantage; interest; commodiousness. [Obs.] “Drawn by the commodity of a footpath.
B. Jonson.” “Men may seek their own commodity, yet if this were done with injury to others, it was not to be suffered.
Hooker.” 2. That which affords convenience, advantage, or profit, especially in commerce, including everything movable that is bought and sold (except animals), — goods, wares, merchandise, produce of land and manufactures, etc. 3. A parcel or quantity of goods. [Obs.] “A commodity of brown paper and old ginger.
Shak.”

Com´mo•dore , n. [Prob. a corruption of commander, or Sp. comendador a knight of a military order who holds a commandery; also a superior of a monastery, fr. LL. commendare to command. Cf. Commend, Command, Commander.] 1. (U. S. Navy) An officer who ranks next above a captain; sometimes, by courtesy, the senior captain of a squadron. The rank of commodore corresponds with that of brigadier general in the army. 2. (British Navy) A captain commanding a squadron, or a division of a fleet, or having the temporary rank of rear admiral. 3. A title given by courtesy to the senior captain of a line of merchant vessels, and also to the chief officer of a yachting or rowing club. 4. A familiar for the flagship, or for the principal vessel of a squadron or fleet.

Com´mon , a. [Compar. Commoner superl. Commonest.] [OE. commun, comon, OF. comun, F. commun, fr. L. communis; com- + munis ready to be of service; cf. Skr. mi to make fast, set up, build, Goth. gamains common, G. gemein, and E. mean low, common. Cf. Immunity, Commune, n. & v.] 1. Belonging or relating equally, or similarly, to more than one; as you and I have a common interest in the property. “Though life and sense be common to men and brutes.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, considered together; general; public; as properties common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer. “Such actions as the common good requireth.
Hooker.” “The common enemy of man.
Shak.” 3. Often met with; usual; frequent; customary. “Grief more than common grief.
Shak.” 4. Not distinguished or exceptional; inconspicuous; ordinary; plebeian; — often in a depreciatory sense. “The honest, heart-felt enjoyment of common life.
W. Irving.” “This fact was infamous
And ill beseeming any common man,
Much more a knight, a captain and a leader.
Shak.” “Above the vulgar flight of common souls.
A. Murphy.” 5. Profane; polluted. [Obs.] “What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common.
Acts x. 15.” 6. Given to habits of lewdness; prostitute. “A dame who herself was common.
L’Estrange.” Common bar (Law) Same as Blank bar, under Blank. — Common barrator (Law), one who makes a business of instigating litigation. — Common Bench, a name sometimes given to the English Court of Common Pleas. — Common brawler (Law), one addicted to public brawling and quarreling. See Brawler. — Common carrier (Law), one who undertakes the office of carrying (goods or persons) for hire. Such a carrier is bound to carry in all cases when he has accommodation, and when his fixed price is tendered, and he is liable for all losses and injuries to the goods, except those which happen in consequence of the act of God, or of the enemies of the country, or of the owner of the property himself. — Common chord (Mus.), a chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth. — Common council, the representative (legislative) body, or the lower branch of the representative body, of a city or other municipal corporation. — Common crier, the crier of a town or city. — Common divisor (Math.), a number or quantity that divides two or more numbers or quantities without a remainder; a common measure. — Common gender (Gram.), the gender comprising words that may be of either the masculine or the feminine gender. — Common law, a system of jurisprudence developing under the guidance of the courts so as to apply a consistent and reasonable rule to each litigated case. It may be superseded by statute, but unless superseded it controls. Wharton. It is by others defined as the unwritten law (especially of England), the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, as ascertained and expressed in the judgments of the courts. This term is often used in contradistinction from statute law. Many use it to designate a law common to the whole country. It is also used to designate the whole body of English (or other) law, as distinguished from its subdivisions, local, civil, admiralty, equity, etc. See Law. — Common lawyer, one versed in common law. — Common lewdness (Law), the habitual performance of lewd acts in public. — Common multiple (Arith.) See under Multiple. — Common noun (Gram.), the name of any one of a class of objects, as distinguished from a proper noun (the name of a particular person or thing). — Common nuisance (Law), that which is deleterious to the health or comfort or sense of decency of the community at large. — Common pleas, one of the three superior courts of common law at Westminster, presided over by a chief justice and four puisne judges. Its jurisdiction is confined to civil matters. Courts bearing this title exist in several of the United States, having, however, in some cases, both civil and criminal jurisdiction extending over the whole State. In other States the jurisdiction of the common pleas is limited to a county, and it is sometimes called a county court. Its powers are generally defined by statute. — Common prayer, the liturgy of the Church of England, or of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States, which all its clergy are enjoined to use. It is contained in the Book of Common Prayer. — Common school, a school maintained at the public expense, and open to all. — Common scold (Law), a woman addicted to scolding indiscriminately, in public. — Common seal, a seal adopted and used by a corporation. — Common sense. (a) A supposed sense which was held to be the common bond of all the others. [Obs.] Trench. (b) Sound judgment. See under Sense. — Common time (Mus.), that variety of time in which the measure consists of two or of four equal portions. — In common, equally with another, or with others; owned, shared, or used, in community with others; affecting or affected equally. — Out of the common, uncommon; extraordinary. — Tenant in common, one holding real or personal property in common with others, having distinct but undivided interests. See Joint tenant, under Joint. — To make common cause with, to join or ally one’s self with. Syn. — General; public; popular; national; universal; frequent; ordinary; customary; usual; familiar; habitual; vulgar; mean; trite; stale; threadbare; commonplace. See Mutual, Ordinary, General.

Com´mon , n. 1. The people; the community. [Obs.] ´The weal o’ the common.´ Shak. 2. An inclosed or uninclosed tract of ground for pleasure, for pasturage, etc., the use of which belongs to the public; or to a number of persons. 3. (Law) The right of taking a profit in the land of another, in common either with the owner or with other persons; — so called from the community of interest which arises between the claimant of the right and the owner of the soil, or between the claimants and other commoners entitled to the same right. Common appendant, a right belonging to the owners or occupiers of arable land to put commonable beasts upon the waste land in the manor where they dwell. — Common appurtenant, a similar right applying to lands in other manors, or extending to other beasts, besides those which are generally commonable, as hogs. — Common because of vicinage or neighborhood, the right of the inhabitants of each of two townships, lying contiguous to each other, which have usually intercommoned with one another, to let their beasts stray into the other’s fields. - - Common in gross or at large, a common annexed to a man’s person, being granted to him and his heirs by deed; or it may be claimed by prescriptive right, as by a parson of a church or other corporation sole. Blackstone. — Common of estovers, the right of taking wood from another’s estate. — Common of pasture, the right of feeding beasts on the land of another. Burill. — Common of piscary, the right of fishing in waters belonging to another. — Common of turbary, the right of digging turf upon the ground of another.

Com´mon, v. i. 1. To converse together; to discourse; to confer. [Obs.] “Embassadors were sent upon both parts, and divers means of entreaty were commoned of.
Grafton.” 2. To participate. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 3. To have a joint right with others in common ground. Johnson. 4. To board together; to eat at a table in common.

Com´mon•a•ble , a. 1. Held in common. ´Forests … and other commonable places.´ Bacon. 2. Allowed to pasture on public commons. “Commonable beasts are either beasts of the plow, or such as manure the ground.
Blackstone.”

Com´mon•age , n. [Cf. OF. communage.] The right of pasturing on a common; the right of using anything in common with others. “The claim of commonage … in most of the forests.
Burke.”

Com´mon•al•ty , n.; pl. Commonalties (#). [OF. communalte; F. communaute, fr. communal. See Communal.] 1. The common people; those classes and conditions of people who are below the rank of nobility; the commons. “The commonalty, like the nobility, are divided into several degrees.
Blackstone.” “The ancient fare of our kings differed from that of the commonalty in plenteousness only.
Landon.” 2. The majority or bulk of mankind. [Obs.] Hooker.

Com´mon•er , n. 1. One of the common people; one having no rank of nobility. “All below them [the peers] even their children, were commoners, and in the eye of the law equal to each other.
Hallam.” 2. A member of the House of Commons. 3. One who has a joint right in common ground. “Much good land might be gained from forests … and from other commonable places, so as always there be a due care taken that the poor commoners have no injury.
Bacon.” 4. One sharing with another in anything. [Obs.] Fuller. 5. A student in the university of Oxford, Eng., who is not dependent on any foundation for support, but pays all university charges; - - at Cambridge called a pensioner. 6. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak.

Com´mon•ish, a. Somewhat common; commonplace; vulgar.

Com•mo•ni´tion , n. [L. commonitio. See Monition.] Advice; warning; instruction. [Obs.] Bailey.

Com•mon´i•tive , a. Monitory. [Obs.] “Only commemorative and commonitive.
Bp. Hall.”

Com•mon´i•to•ry , a. [L. commonitorius.] Calling to mind; giving admonition. [Obs.] Foxe.

Com´mon•ly , adv. 1. Usually; generally; ordinarily; frequently; for the most part; as confirmed habits commonly continue through life. 2. In common; familiarly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Com´mon•ness, n. 1. State or quality of being common or usual; as the commonness of sunlight. 2. Triteness; meanness.

Com´mon•place , a. Common; ordinary; trite; as a commonplace person, or observation.

Com´mon•place, n. 1. An idea or expression wanting originality or interest; a trite or customary remark; a platitude. 2. A memorandum; something to be frequently consulted or referred to. “Whatever, in my reading, occurs concerning this our fellow creature, I do never fail to set it down by way of commonplace.
Swift.” Commonplace book, a book in which records are made of things to be remembered.

Com´mon•place, v. t. To enter in a commonplace book, or to reduce to general heads. Felton.

Com´mon•place, v. i. To utter commonplaces; to indulge in platitudes. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com´mon•place•ness, n. The quality of being commonplace; commonness.

Com´mons , n. pl., 1. The mass of the people, as distinguished from the titled classes or nobility; the commonalty; the common people. [Eng.] “’T is like the commons, rude unpolished hinds,
Could send such message to their sovereign.
Shak.” “The word commons in its present ordinary signification comprises all the people who are under the rank of peers.
Blackstone.” 2. The House of Commons, or lower house of the British Parliament, consisting of representatives elected by the qualified voters of counties, boroughs, and universities. “It is agreed that the Commons were no part of the great council till some ages after the Conquest.
Hume.” 3. Provisions; food; fare, — as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities. “Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing scant.
Dryden.” 4. A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as to board in commons. 5. A common; public pasture ground. “To shake his ears, and graze in commons.
Shak.” Doctors’ Commons, a place near St. Paul’s Churchyard in London where the doctors of civil law used to common together, and where were the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts and offices having jurisdiction of marriage licenses, divorces, registration of wills, etc. — To be on short commons, to have a small allowance of food. [Colloq.]

Com´mon sense´ See Common sense, under Sense.

Com´mon•ty , n. (Scots Law) A common; a piece of land in which two or more persons have a common right. Bell.

Com´mon•weal´ , n. [Common + weal.] Commonwealth. “Such a prince,
So kind a father of the commonweal.
Shak.”

Com´mon•wealth ( 277), n. [Common + wealth well-being.] 1. A state; a body politic consisting of a certain number of men, united, by compact or tacit agreement, under one form of government and system of laws. “The trappings of a monarchy would set up an ordinary commonwealth.
Milton.” This term is applied to governments which are considered as free or popular, but rarely, or improperly, to an absolute government. The word signifies, strictly, the common well-being or happiness; and hence, a form of government in which the general welfare is regarded rather than the welfare of any class. 2. The whole body of people in a state; the public. 3. (Eng. Hist.) Specifically, the form of government established on the death of Charles I., in 1649, which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, ending with the abdication of the latter in 1659. Syn. — State; realm; republic.

Com´mo•rance , n. See Commorancy.

Com´mo•ran•cy , n. 1. (Law) A dwelling or ordinary residence in a place; habitation. “Commorancy consists in usually lying there.
Blackstone.” 2. (Am. Law) Residence temporarily, or for a short time.

Com´mo•rant , n. [L. commorans, p. pr. of commorari to abide; com- + morari to delay.] 1. (Law) Ordinarily residing; inhabiting. “All freeholders within the precinct … and all persons commorant therein.
Blackstone.” 2. (Am. Law) Inhabiting or occupying temporarily.

Com´mo•rant, n. A resident. Bp. Hacket.

Com•mo•ra´tion , n. [L. commoratio.] The act of staying or residing in a place. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Com•mo´ri•ent , a. [L. commoriens, p. pr. of commoriri.] Dying together or at the same time. [R.] Sir G. Buck.

Com•morse´ , n. [L. commorsus, p. p. of commordere to bite sharply.] Remorse. [Obs.] ´With sad commorse.´ Daniel.

Com•mote´ , v. t. [See Commove.] To commove; to disturb; to stir up. [R.] “Society being more or less commoted and made uncomfortable.
Hawthorne.”

Com•mo´tion , n. [L. commotio: cf. F. commotion. See Motion.] 1. Disturbed or violent motion; agitation. “[What] commotion in the winds !
Shak.” 2. A popular tumult; public disturbance; riot. “When ye shall hear of wars and commotions.
Luke xxi. 9.” 3. Agitation, perturbation, or disorder, of mind; heat; excitement. ´He could not debate anything without some commotion.´ Clarendon. Syn. — Excitement; agitation; perturbation; disturbance; tumult; disorder; violence.

Com•move´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commoved p. pr. & vb. n. Commoving.] [L. commovere, commotum; com- + movere to move.] 1. To urge; to persuade; to incite. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To put in motion; to disturb; to unsettle. [R.] “Straight the sands,
Commoved around, in gathering eddies play.
Thomson.”

Com´mu•nal , a. [Cf. F. communal.] Pertaining to a commune.

Com´mu•nal•ism , n. A French theory of government which holds that commune should be a kind of independent state, and the national government a confederation of such states, having only limited powers. It is advocated by advanced French republicans; but it should not be confounded with communism.

Com´mu•nal•ist, n. [Cf. F. communaliste.] An advocate of communalism.

Com•mu•nal•is´tic , a. Pertaining to communalism.

Com•mune´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Communed p. pr. & vb. n. Communing.] [OF. communier, fr. L. communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Common, and cf. Communicate.] 1. To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel. “I would commune with you of such things
That want no ear but yours.
Shak.” 2. To receive the communion; to partake of the eucharist or Lord’s supper. “To commune under both kinds.
Bp. Burnet.” To commune with one’s self or one’s heart, to think; to reflect; to meditate.

Com´mune , n. Communion; sympathetic intercourse or conversation between friends. “For days of happy commune dead.
Tennyson.”

Com´mune , n. [F., fr. commun. See Common.] 1. The commonalty; the common people. [Obs.] Chaucer. “In this struggle — to use the technical words of the time — of the ´commune´, the general mass of the inhabitants, against the ´prudhommes´ or ´wiser´ few.
J. R. Green.” 2. A small territorial district in France under the government of a mayor and municipal council; also the inhabitants, or the government, of such a district. See Arrondissement. 3. Absolute municipal self- government. The Commune of Paris, or The Commune (a) The government established in Paris (1792-94) by a usurpation of supreme power on the part of representatives chosen by the communes; the period of its continuance is known as the ´Reign of Terror.´ (b) The revolutionary government, modeled on the commune of 1792, which the communists, so called, attempted to establish in 1871.

Com•mu•ni•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. communicabilite.] The quality of being communicable; capability of being imparted.

Com•mu´ni•ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. communicable, LL. communicabilis.] 1. Capable of being communicated, or imparted; as a communicable disease; communicable knowledge. 2. Communicative; free-speaking. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Com•mu´ni•ca•ble•ness, n. — Com•mu´ni•ca´bly, adv.

Com•mu´ni•cant , n. [L. communicans, p. pr.] 1. One who partakes of, or is entitled to partake of, the sacrament of the Lord’s supper; a church member. “A never-failing monthly communicant.
Atterbury.” 2. One who communicates. Foxe.

Com•mu´ni•cant , a. Communicating. [R.] Coleridge.

Com•mu´ni•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Communicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Communicating.] [L. communicatus, p. p. of communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Commune, v. i.] 1. To share in common; to participate in. [Obs.] “To thousands that communicate our loss.
B. Jonson” 2. To impart; to bestow; to convey; as to communicate a disease or a sensation; to communicate motion by means of a crank. “Where God is worshiped, there he communicates his blessings and holy influences.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. To make known; to recount; to give; to impart; as to communicate information to any one. 4. To administer the communion to. [R.] “She [the church] … may communicate him.
Jer. Taylor.” This verb was formerly followed by with before the person receiving, but now usually takes to after it. “He communicated those thoughts only with the Lord Digby.
Clarendon.” Syn. — To impart; bestow; confer; reveal; disclose; tell; announce; recount; make known. — To Communicate, Impart, Reveal. Communicate is the more general term, and denotes the allowing of others to partake or enjoy in common with ourselves. Impart is more specific. It is giving to others a part of what we had held as our own, or making them our partners; as to impart our feelings; to impart of our property, etc. Hence there is something more intimate in imparting intelligence than in communicating it. To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed; as to reveal a secret.

Com•mu´ni•cate, v. i. 1. To share or participate; to possess or enjoy in common; to have sympathy. “Ye did communicate with my affliction.
Philip. iv. 4.” 2. To give alms, sympathy, or aid. “To do good and to communicate forget not.
Heb. xiii. 16.” 3. To have intercourse or to be the means of intercourse; as to communicate with another on business; to be connected; as a communicating artery. “Subjects suffered to communicate and to have intercourse of traffic.
Hakluyt.” “The whole body is nothing but a system of such canals, which all communicate with one another.
Arbuthnot.” 4. To partake of the Lord’s supper; to commune. “The primitive Christians communicated every day.
Jer. Taylor.”

Com•mu•ni•ca´tion , n. [L. communicatio.] 1. The act or fact of communicating; as communication of smallpox; communication of a secret. 2. Intercourse by words, letters, or messages; interchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or other means; conference; correspondence. “Argument … and friendly communication.
Shak.” 3. Association; company. “Evil communications corrupt good manners.
1 Cor. xv. 33.” 4. Means of communicating; means of passing from place to place; a connecting passage; connection. “The Euxine Sea is conveniently situated for trade, by the communication it has both with Asia and Europe.
Arbuthnot.” 5. That which is communicated or imparted; intelligence; news; a verbal or written message. 6. Participation in the Lord’s supper. Bp. Pearson. 7. (Rhet.) A trope, by which a speaker assumes that his hearer is a partner in his sentiments, and says we, instead of I or you. Beattie. Syn. — Correspondence; conference; intercourse.

Com•mu´ni•ca•tive , a. [Cf. F. Communicatif, LL. communicativus.] Inclined to communicate; ready to impart to others. “Determine, for the future, to be less communicative.
Swift.”

Com•mu´ni•ca•tive•ness, n. The quality of being communicative. Norris.

Com•mu´ni•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who communicates. Boyle.

Com•mu´ni•ca´to•ry , a. [LL. communicatorius.] Imparting knowledge or information. “Canonical and communicatory letters.
Barrow.”

Com•mun´ion , n. [L. communio: cf. F. communion. See Common.] 1. The act of sharing; community; participation. ´This communion of goods.´ Blackstone. 2. Intercourse between two or more persons; esp., intimate association and intercourse implying sympathy and confidence; interchange of thoughts, purposes, etc.; agreement; fellowship; as the communion of saints. “We are naturally induced to seek communion and fellowship with others.
Hooker.” “What communion hath light with darkness?
2 Cor. vi. 14.” “Bare communion with a good church can never alone make a good man.
South.” 3. A body of Christians having one common faith and discipline; as the Presbyterian communion. 4. The sacrament of the eucharist; the celebration of the Lord’s supper; the act of partaking of the sacrament; as to go to communion; to partake of the communion. Close communion. See under Close, a. — Communion elements, the bread and wine used in the celebration of the Lord’s supper. — Communion service, the celebration of the Lord’s supper, or the office or service therefor. — Communion table, the table upon which the elements are placed at the celebration of the Lord’s supper. — Communion in both kinds, participation in both the bread and wine by all communicants. — Communion in one kind, participation in but one element, as in the Roman Catholic Church, where the laity partake of the bread only. Syn. — Share; participation; fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; agreement.

Com´mu•nism , n. [F. communisme, fr. commun common.] A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of life; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the abolition of inequalities in the possession of property, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all. At different times, and in different countries, various schemes pertaining to socialism in government and the conditions of domestic life, as well as in the distribution of wealth, have been called communism.

Com´mu•nist , n. [F. communiste.] 1. An advocate for the theory or practice of communism. 2. A supporter of the commune of Paris.

Com•mu•nis´tic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to communism or communists; as communistic theories. 2. (Zoöl.) Living or having their nests in common, as certain birds.

Com•mu´ni•ty , n.; pl. Communities (#). [L. communitas: cf. OF. communite. Cf. Commonalty, and see Common.] 1. Common possession or enjoyment; participation; as a community of goods. “The original community of all things.
Locke.” “An unreserved community of thought and feeling.
W. Irving.” 2. A body of people having common rights, privileges, or interests, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations; as a community of monks. Hence a number of animals living in a common home or with some apparent association of interests. “Creatures that in communities exist.
Wordsworth.” 3. Society at large; a commonwealth or state; a body politic; the public, or people in general. “Burdens upon the poorer classes of the community.
Hallam.” In this sense, the term should be used with the definite article; as the interests of the community. 4. Common character; likeness. [R.] “The essential community of nature between organic growth and inorganic growth.
H. Spencer.” 5. Commonness; frequency. [Obs.] “Eyes … sick and blunted with community.
Shak.”

Com•mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being commutable.

Com•mut´a•ble , a. [L. commutabilis.] Capable of being commuted or interchanged. “The predicate and subject are not commutable.
Whately.”

Com•mut´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being commutable; interchangeableness.

Com•mu•ta´tion , n. [L. commutatio: cf. F. commutation.] 1. A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation. [R.] “So great is the commutation that the soul then hated only that which now only it loves.
South.” 2. The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange. [Obs.] “The use of money is … that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities.
Arbuthnot.” 3. (Law) The change of a penalty or punishment by the pardoning power of the State; as the commutation of a sentence of death to banishment or imprisonment. “Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for money agreed to be given as a commutation for penance.
Blackstone.” 4. A substitution, as of a less thing for a greater, esp. a substitution of one form of payment for another, or one payment for many, or a specific sum of money for conditional payments or allowances; as commutation of tithes; commutation of fares; commutation of copyright; commutation of rations. Angle of commutation (Astron.), the difference of the geocentric longitudes of the sun and a planet. — Commutation of tithes, the substitution of a regular payment, chargeable to the land, for the annual tithes in kind. — Commutation ticket, a ticket, as for transportation, which is the evidence of a contract for service at a reduced rate. See 2d Commute, 2.

Com•mut´a•tive , a. [CF. F. commutatif.] Relative to exchange; interchangeable; reciprocal. — Com•mut´a•tive´ly, adv. “Rich traders, from their success, are presumed … to have cultivated an habitual regard to commutative justice.
Burke.”

Com´mu•ta•tor , n. (Elec.) A piece of apparatus used for reversing the direction of an electrical current; an attachment to certain electrical machines, by means of which alternating currents are made to be continuous or to have the same direction.

Com•mute´ (kom•mut´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Commuting.] [L. commutare, -mutatum; com- + mutare to change. See Mutation.] To exchange; to put or substitute something else in place of, as a smaller penalty, obligation, or payment, for a greater, or a single thing for an aggregate; hence, to lessen; to diminish; as to commute a sentence of death to one of imprisonment for life; to commute tithes; to commute charges for fares. “The sounds water and fire, being once annexed to those two elements, it was certainly more natural to call beings participating of the first ´watery´, and the last ´fiery´, than to commute the terms, and call them by the reverse.
J. Harris” “The utmost that could be obtained was that her sentence should be commuted from burning to beheading.
Macaulay.”

Com•mute´, v. i. 1. To obtain or bargain for exemption or substitution; to effect a commutation. “He … thinks it unlawful to commute, and that he is bound to pay his vow in kind.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. To pay, or arrange to pay, in gross instead of part by part; as to commute for a year’s travel over a route.

Com•mut´er (kom•mu´ter), n. One who commutes; especially, one who commutes in traveling.

Com•mu´tu•al ( 135), a. [Pref. com- + mutual.] Mutual; reciprocal; united. [R.] “There, with commutual zeal, we both had strove.
Pope.”

Co´mose (ko´mos or ko•mos´), a. [L. comosus hairy, from coma hair.] (Bot.) Bearing a tuft of soft hairs or down, as the seeds of milkweed. Gray.

Com•pact´ (kom•pakt´), p. p. & a [L. compactus, p. p. of compingere to join or unite; com- + pangere to fasten, fix: cf. F. compacte. See Pact.] 1. Joined or held together; leagued; confederated. [Obs.] ´Compact with her that’s gone.´ Shak. “A pipe of seven reeds, compact with wax together.
Peacham.” 2. Composed or made; — with of. [Poetic] “A wandering fire,
Compact of unctuous vapor.
Milton.” 3. Closely or firmly united, as the particles of solid bodies; firm; close; solid; dense. “Glass, crystal, gems, and other compact bodies.
Sir I. Newton.” 4. Brief; close; pithy; not diffuse; not verbose; as a compact discourse. Syn. — Firm; close; solid; dense; pithy; sententious.

Com•pact´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compacting.] 1. To thrust, drive, or press closely together; to join firmly; to consolidate; to make close; — as the parts which compose a body. “Now the bright sun compacts the precious stone.
Blackstone.” 2. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system. “The whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth.
Eph. iv. 16.”

Com´pact (kom´pakt), n. [L. compactum, fr. compacisci, p. p. compactus, to make an agreement with; com- + pacisci to make an agreement. See Pact.] An agreement between parties; a covenant or contract. “The law of nations depends on mutual compacts, treaties, leagues, etc.
Blackstone.” “Wedlock is described as the indissoluble compact.
Macaulay.” “The federal constitution has been styled a compact between the States by which it was ratified.
Wharton.” Syn. — See Covenant.

Com•pact´ed (kom•pakt´ed), a. Compact; pressed close; concentrated; firmly united.

Com•pact´ed•ly, adv. In a compact manner.

Com•pact´ed•ness, n. A state of being compact.

Com•pact´er , n. One who makes a compact.

Com•pact´i•ble , a. That may be compacted.

Com•pac´tion , n. [L. compactio.] The act of making compact, or the state of being compact. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•pact´ly , adv. In a compact manner; with close union of parts; densely; tersely.

Com•pact´ness, n. The state or quality of being compact; close union of parts; density.

Com•pac´ture ( 135), n. [L. compactura.] Close union or connection of parts; manner of joining; construction. [Obs.] ´With comely compass and compacture strong.´ Spenser.

Com•pa´ges , n. sing & pl. [L., fr. compingere. See Compact, v. t.] A system or structure of many parts united. “A regular compages of pipes and vessels.
Ray.”

Com•pag´i•nate , v. t. [L. compaginare, compaginatum.] To unite or hold together; as the side pieces compaginate the frame. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Com•pag•i•na´tion , n. [L. compaginatio.] Union of parts; structure. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com´pa•na•ble , a. [OF. compaignable.] Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Com´pa•na•tor , n. [LL. companatores, pl.] (Eccl.) Same as Impanator.

Com•pan´i•a•ble , a. Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•pan´ion , n. [F. compagnon, OF. compaing, fr. an assumed LL. companio (cf. companium fellowship, a mess), fr. L. com- + panis bread. See Pantry.] 1. One who accompanies or is in company with another for a longer or shorter period, either from choice or casually; one who is much in the company of, or is associated with, another or others; an associate; a comrade; a consort; a partner. “The companions of his fall.
Milton.” “The companion of fools shall smart for it.
Prov. xiii. 20 (Rev. Ver.).” “Here are your sons again; and I must lose
Two of the sweetest companions in the world.
Shak.” “A companion is one with whom we share our bread; a messmate.
Trench.” 2. A knight of the lowest rank in certain orders; as a companion of the Bath. 3. A fellow; — in contempt. [Obs.] Shak. 4. [Cf. OSp. compaña an outhouse, office.] (Naut.) (a) A skylight on an upper deck with frames and sashes of various shapes, to admit light to a cabin or lower deck. (b) A wooden hood or penthouse covering the companion way; a companion hatch. Companion hatch (Naut.), a wooden porch over the entrance or staircase of the cabin. — Companion ladder (Naut.), the ladder by which officers ascend to, or descend from, the quarter- deck. Totten. — Companion way (Naut.), a staircase leading to the cabin. — Knights companions, in certain honorary orders, the members of the lowest grades as distinguished from knights commanders, knights grand cross, and the like. Syn. — Associate; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally; confederate; coadjutor; accomplice.

Com•pan´ion, v. t. 1. To be a companion to; to attend on; to accompany. [R.] Ruskin. 2. To qualify as a companion; to make equal. [Obs.] “Companion me with my mistress.
Shak.”

Com•pan´ion•a•ble , a. Fitted to be a companion; fit for good fellowship; agreeable; sociable. ´Each companionable guest.´ Mallett. ´Companionable wit.´ Clarendon. — Com•pan´ion•a•ble•ness, n. — Com•pan´ion•a•bly, adv.

Com•pan´ion•less, a. Without a companion.

Com•pan´ion•ship, n. Fellowship; association; the act or fact of keeping company with any one. Shak. “He never seemed to avail himself of my sympathy other than by mere companionship.
W. Irving”

Com´pa•ny (kum´pa•ny), n.; pl. Companies (- niz). [F. compagnie, fr. OF. compaing. See Companion.] 1. The state of being a companion or companions; the act of accompanying; fellowship; companionship; society; friendly intercourse. Shak. “Evil company doth corrupt good manners.
1 Cor. xv. 33. (Rev. Ver.).” “Brethren, farewell: your company along
I will not wish.
Milton.” 2. A companion or companions. “To thee and thy company I bid
A hearty welcome.
Shak.” 3. An assemblage or association of persons, either permanent or transient. “Thou shalt meet a company of prophets.
1 Sam. x. 5.” 4. Guests or visitors, in distinction from the members of a family; as to invite company to dine. 5. Society, in general; people assembled for social intercourse. “Nature has left every man a capacity of being agreeable, though not of shining in company.
Swift.” 6. An association of persons for the purpose of carrying on some enterprise or business; a corporation; a firm; as the East India Company; an insurance company; a joint-stock company. 7. Partners in a firm whose names are not mentioned in its style or title; — often abbreviated in writing; as Hottinguer & Co. 8. (Mil.) A subdivision of a regiment of troops under the command of a captain, numbering in the United States (full strength) 100 men. 9. (Naut.) The crew of a ship, including the officers; as a whole ship’s company. 10. The body of actors employed in a theater or in the production of a play. To keep company with. See under Keep, v. t. Syn. — Assemblage; assembly; society; group; circle; crowd; troop; crew; gang; corporation; association; fraternity; guild; partnership; copartnery; union; club; party; gathering.

Com´pa•ny , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Companied p. pr. & vb. n. Companying.] To accompany or go with; to be companion to. [Obs.]

Com´pa•ny, v. i. 1. To associate. “Men which have companied with us all the time.
Acts i. 21.” 2. To be a gay companion. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To have sexual commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Com´pa•ra•ble , a. [L. comparabilis: cf. F. comparable.] Capable of being compared; worthy of comparison. “There is no blessing of life comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet and virtuous friend.
Addison.” — Com´pa•ra•ble•ness, n. — Com´pa•ra•bly, adv.

Com´pa•rate , n. [L. comparatum, fr. comparatus, p. p. of comparare. See 1st Compare.] (Logic) One of two things compared together.

Com•pa•ra´tion , n. [L. comparatio. See Compare to get.] A making ready; provision. [Obs.]

Com•par´a•tive , a. [L. comparativus: cf. F. comparatif.] 1. Of or pertaining to comparison. ´The comparative faculty.´ Glanvill. 2. Proceeding from, or by the method of, comparison; as the comparative sciences; the comparative anatomy. 3. Estimated by comparison; relative; not positive or absolute, as compared with another thing or state. “The recurrence of comparative warmth and cold.
Whewell.” “The bubble, by reason of its comparative levity to the fluid that incloses it, would necessarily ascend to the top.
Bentley.” 4. (Gram.) Expressing a degree greater or less than the positive degree of the quality denoted by an adjective or adverb. The comparative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -er, more, or less; as brighter, more bright, or less bright. Comparative sciences, those which are based on a comprehensive comparison of the range of objects or facts in any branch or department, and which aim to study out and treat of the fundamental laws or systems of relation pervading them; as comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, comparative philology.

Com•par´a•tive, n. (Gram.) The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also the form by which the comparative degree is expressed; as stronger, wiser, weaker, more stormy, less windy, are all comparatives. “In comparatives is expressed a relation of two; as in superlatives there is a relation of many.
Angus.” 2. An equal; a rival; a compeer. [Obs.] “Gerard ever was
His full comparative.
Beau. & Fl.” 3. One who makes comparisons; one who affects wit. [Obs.] ´Every beardless vain comparative.´ Shak.

Com•par´a•tive•ly, adv. According to estimate made by comparison; relatively; not positively or absolutely. “With but comparatively few exceptions.
Prescott.”

Com´pa•ra•tor , n. [L., a comparer.] (Physics) An instrument or machine for comparing anything to be measured with a standard measure; — applied especially to a machine for comparing standards of length.

Com•pare´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compared p. pr. & vb. n. Comparing.] [L. comparare, fr. compar like or equal to another; com- + par equal: cf. F. comparer. See Pair, Peer an equal, and cf. Compeer.] 1. To examine the character or qualities of, as of two or more persons or things, for the purpose of discovering their resemblances or differences; to bring into comparison; to regard with discriminating attention. “Compare dead happiness with living woe.
Shak.” “The place he found beyond expression bright,
Compared with aught on earth.
Milton.” “Compare our faces and be judge yourself.
Shak.” “To compare great things with small.
Milton.” 2. To represent as similar, for the purpose of illustration; to liken. “Solon compared the people unto the sea, and orators and counselors to the winds; for that the sea would be calm and quiet if the winds did not trouble it.
Bacon.” 3. (Gram.) To inflect according to the degrees of comparison; to state positive, comparative, and superlative forms of; as most adjectives of one syllable are compared by affixing ´- er´ and ´-est´ to the positive form; as black, blacker, blackest; those of more than one syllable are usually compared by prefixing ´more´ and ´most´, or ´less´ and ´least´, to the positive; as beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. Syn. — To Compare, Compare with, Compare to. Things are compared with each other in order to learn their relative value or excellence. Thus we compare Cicero with Demosthenes, for the sake of deciding which was the greater orator. One thing is compared to another because of a real or fanciful likeness or similarity which exists between them. Thus it has been common to compare the eloquence of Demosthenes to a thunderbolt, on account of its force, and the eloquence of Cicero to a conflagration, on account of its splendor. Burke compares the parks of London to the lungs of the human body.

Com•pare´ , v. i. 1. To be like or equal; to admit, or be worthy of, comparison; as his later work does not compare with his earlier. “I should compare with him in excellence.
Shak.” 2. To vie; to assume a likeness or equality. “Shall pack horses … compare with Caesars?
Shak.”

Com•pare´, n. 1. Comparison. [Archaic] “His mighty champion, strong beyond compare.
Milton.” “Their small galleys may not hold compare
With our tall ships.
Waller.” 2. Illustration by comparison; simile. [Obs.] “Rhymes full of protest, of oath, and big compare.
Shak.” Beyond compare. See Beyond comparison, under Comparison.

Com•pare´, v. t. [L. comparare to prepare, procure; com- + parare. See Prepare, Parade.] To get; to procure; to obtain; to acquire [Obs.] “To fill his bags, and richesse to compare.
Spenser.”

Com•par´er , n. One who compares.

Com•par´i•son , n. [F. comparaison, L. comparatio. See 1st Compare.] 1. The act of comparing; an examination of two or more objects with the view of discovering the resemblances or differences; relative estimate. “As sharp legal practitioners, no class of human beings can bear comparison with them.
Macaulay.” “The miracles of our Lord and those of the Old Testament afford many interesting points of comparison.
Trench.” 2. The state of being compared; a relative estimate; also a state, quality, or relation, admitting of being compared; as to bring a thing into comparison with another; there is no comparison between them. 3. That to which, or with which, a thing is compared, as being equal or like; illustration; similitude. “Whereto shall we liken the kingdom of God? Or with what comparison shall we compare it?
Mark iv. 30.” 4. (Gram.) The modification, by inflection or otherwise, which the adjective and adverb undergo to denote degrees of quality or quantity; as little, less, least, are examples of comparison. 5. (Rhet.) A figure by which one person or thing is compared to another, or the two are considered with regard to some property or quality, which is common to them both; e.g., the lake sparkled like a jewel. 6. (Phren.) The faculty of the reflective group which is supposed to perceive resemblances and contrasts. Beyond comparison, so far superior as to have no likeness, or so as to make comparison needless. — In comparison of, In comparison with, as compared with; in proportion to. [Archaic] ´So miserably unpeopled in comparison of what it once was.´ Addison. — Comparison of hands (Law), a mode of proving or disproving the genuineness of a signature or writing by comparing it with another proved or admitted to be genuine, in order to ascertain whether both were written by the same person. Bouvier. Burrill.

Com•par´i•son, v. t. To compare. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Com•part´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comparting.] [L. compartiri; com- + partiri, partire to share, pars, partis, part, share: cf. OF. compartir. See Part, v. t.] To divide; to mark out into parts or subdivisions. [R.] “The crystal surface is comparted all
In niches verged with rubies.
Glover.”

Com•par•ti´tion , n. [LL. compartitio.] The act of dividing into parts or compartments; division; also a division or compartment. [Obs.] “Their temples … needed no compartitions.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Com•part´ment , n. [F. compartiment, OF. compartir to divide. See Compart.] 1. One of the parts into which an inclosed portion of space is divided, as by partitions, or lines; as the compartments of a cabinet, a house, or a garden. “In the midst was placed a large compartment composed of grotesque work.
Carew.” 2. (Shipbuilding) One of the sections into which the hold of a ship is divided by water-tight bulkheads.

Com•part´ner , n. See Copartner. [Obs.]

Com´pass (kum´pas), n. [F. compas, fr. LL. compassus circle, prop., a stepping together; com- + passus pace, step. See Pace, Pass.] 1. A passing round; circuit; circuitous course. “They fetched a compass of seven day’s journey.
2 Kings iii. 9.” “This day I breathed first; time is come round,
And where I did begin, there shall I end;
My life is run his compass.
Shak.” 2. An inclosing limit; boundary; circumference; as within the compass of an encircling wall. 3. An inclosed space; an area; extent. “Their wisdom … lies in a very narrow compass.
Addison.” 4. Extent; reach; sweep; capacity; sphere; as the compass of his eye; the compass of imagination. “The compass of his argument.
Wordsworth.” 5. Moderate bounds, limits of truth; moderation; due limits; — used with within. “In two hundred years before (I speak within compass), no such commission had been executed.
Sir J. Davies.” 6. (Mus.) The range of notes, or tones, within the capacity of a voice or instrument. “You would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my compass.
Shak.” 7. An instrument for determining directions upon the earth’s surface by means of a magnetized bar or needle turning freely upon a pivot and pointing in a northerly and southerly direction. “He that first discovered the use of the compass did more for the supplying and increase of useful commodities than those who built workhouses.
Locke.” 8. A pair of compasses. [R.] See Compasses. “To fix one foot of their compass wherever they please.
Swift.” 9. A circle; a continent. [Obs.] “The tryne compas [the threefold world containing earth, sea, and heaven. Skeat.]
Chaucer.” Azimuth compass. See under Azimuth. — Beam compass. See under Beam. — Compass card, the circular card attached to the needles of a mariner’s compass, on which are marked the thirty-two points or rhumbs. — Compass dial, a small pocket compass fitted with a sundial to tell the hour of the day. — Compass plane (Carp.), a plane, convex in the direction of its length on the under side, for smoothing the concave faces of curved woodwork. — Compass plant, Compass flower (Bot.), a plant of the American prairies (Silphium laciniatum), not unlike a small sunflower; rosinweed. Its lower and root leaves are vertical, and on the prairies are disposed to present their edges north and south. “Its leaves are turned to the north as true as the magnet:
This is the compass flower.
Longefellow.” — Compass saw, a saw with a narrow blade, which will cut in a curve; — called also fret saw and keyhole saw. — Compass timber (Shipbuilding), curved or crooked timber. — Compass window (Arch.), a circular bay window or oriel window. — Mariner’s compass, a kind of compass used in navigation. It has two or more magnetic needles permanently attached to a card, which moves freely upon a pivot, and is read with reference to a mark on the box representing the ship’s head. The card is divided into thirty-two points, called also rhumbs, and the glass- covered box or bowl containing it is suspended in gimbals within the binnacle, in order to preserve its horizontal position. — Surveyor’s compass, an instrument used in surveying for measuring horizontal angles. See Circumferentor. — Variation compass, a compass of delicate construction, used in observations on the variations of the needle. — To fetch a compass, to make a circuit.

Com´pass (kum´pas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassed (- past); p. pr. & vb. n. Compassing.] [F. compasser, LL. compassare.] 1. To go about or entirely round; to make the circuit of. “Ye shall compass the city seven times.
Josh. vi. 4.” “We the globe can compass soon.
Shak.” 2. To inclose on all sides; to surround; to encircle; to environ; to invest; to besiege; — used with about, round, around, and round about. “With terrors and with clamors compassed round.
Milton.” “Now all the blessings
Of a glad father compass thee about.
Shak. ” “Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round.
Luke xix. 43.” 3. To reach round; to circumvent; to get within one’s power; to obtain; to accomplish. “If I can check my erring love, I will:
If not, to compass her I’ll use my skill.
Shak.” “How can you hope to compass your designs?
Denham.” 4. To curve; to bend into a circular form. [Obs. except in carpentry and shipbuilding.] Shak. 5. (Law) To purpose; to intend; to imagine; to plot. “Compassing and imagining the death of the king are synonymous terms; compassing signifying the purpose or design of the mind or will, and not, as in common speech, the carrying such design to effect.
Blackstone.”

Com´pass•a•ble , a. Capable of being compassed or accomplished. Burke.

Com´passed , a. Rounded; arched. [Obs.] “She came … into the compassed window.
Shak.”

Com´pass•es , n., pl. An instrument for describing circles, measuring figures, etc., consisting of two, or (rarely) more, pointed branches, or legs, usually joined at the top by a rivet on which they move. The compasses for drawing circles have adjustable pen points, pencil points, etc.; those used for measuring without adjustable points are generally called dividers. See Dividers. Bow compasses. See Bow- compass. — Caliber compasses, Caliper compasses. See Calipers. — Proportional, Triangular, etc., compasses. See under Proportional, etc.

Com´pass•ing , a. (Shipbuilding) Curved; bent; as compassing timbers.

Com•pas´sion , n. [F., fr. L. compassio, fr. compati to have compassion; com- + pati to bear, suffer. See Patient.] Literally, suffering with another; a sensation of sorrow excited by the distress or misfortunes of another; pity; commiseration. “Womanly ingenuity set to work by womanly compassion.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Pity; sympathy; commiseration; fellow-feeling; mercy; condolence. See Pity.

Com•pas´sion, v. t. To pity. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•pas´sion•a•ble , a. Deserving compassion or pity; pitiable. [R.] Barrow.

Com•pas´sion•ate , a. 1. Having a temper or disposition to pity; sympathetic; merciful. “There never was any heart truly great and generous, that was not also tender and compassionate.
South.” 2. Complaining; inviting pity; pitiable. [R.] Shak. Syn. — Sympathizing; tender; merciful; pitiful.

Com•pas´sion•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassionated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Compassionating (#).] To have compassion for; to pity; to commiserate; to sympathize with. “Compassionates my pains, and pities me.
Addison.”

Com•pas´sion•ate•ly , adv. In a compassionate manner; mercifully. Clarendon.

Com•pas´sion•ate•ness, n. The quality or state of being compassionate.

Com´pass•less , a. Having no compass. Knowles.

Com•pa•ter´ni•ty , n. [LL. compaternitas, fr. compater godfather; com- + pater father.] The relation of a godfather to a person. [Obs.] “The relation of gossipred or compaternity by the canon law is a spiritual affinity.
Sir J. Davies.”

Com•pat•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. compatibilite.] The quality or power of being compatible or congruous; congruity; as a compatibility of tempers; a compatibility of properties.

Com•pat´i•ble , a. [F., fr. LL. compatibilis, fr. L. compati. See Compassion.] Capable of existing in harmony; congruous; suitable; not repugnant; — usually followed by with. “Our poets have joined together such qualities as are by nature the most compatible.
Broome.” Syn. — Consistent; suitable; agreeable; accordant.

Com•pat´i•ble•ness, n. Compatibility; consistency; fitness; agreement.

Com•pat´i•bly, adv. In a compatible manner.

Com•pa´tient , a. [L. compatients, p. pr. of compati. See Compassion.] Suffering or enduring together. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

Com•pa´tri•ot , n. [F. compatriote, LL. compatriotus; com- + patriota a native. See Patriot, and cf. Copatriot.] One of the same country, and having like interests and feeling. “The distrust with which they felt themselves to be regarded by their compatriots in America.
Palfrey.”

Com•pa´tri•ot, a. Of the same country; having a common sentiment of patriotism. “She [Britain] rears to freedom an undaunted race,
Compatriot, zealous, hospitable, kind.
Thomson.”

Com•pa´tri•ot•ism , n. The condition of being compatriots.

Com•pear´ , v. i. [F. comparoir, L. comparere; com- + parere to appear.] 1. To appear. [Obs.] 2. (Law) To appear in court personally or by attorney. [Scot.]

Com•peer´ , [OE. comper, through French fr. L. compar; com- + par equal. See Peer an equal, and cf. 1st Compare.] An equal, as in rank, age, prowess, etc.; a companion; a comrade; a mate. “And him thus answer’d soon his bold compeer.
Milton.” “His compeer in arms.
Ford.”

Com•peer´, v. t. To be equal with; to match. [R.] “In my rights,
By me invested, he compeers the best.
Shak.” { Com•peer´ , Com•peir´ } v. i. See Compear.

Com•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compelled p. pr. & vb. n Compelling.] [L. compellere, compulsum, to drive together, to compel, urge; com- + pellere to drive: cf. OF. compellir. See Pulse.] 1. To drive or urge with force, or irresistibly; to force; to constrain; to oblige; to necessitate, either by physical or moral force. “Wolsey … compelled the people to pay up the whole subsidy at once.
Hallam.” “And they compel one Simon … to bear his cross.
Mark xv. 21.” 2. To take by force or violence; to seize; to exact; to extort. [R.] “Commissions, which compel from each
The sixth part of his substance.
Shak.” 3. To force to yield; to overpower; to subjugate. “Easy sleep their weary limbs compelled.
Dryden.” “I compel all creatures to my will.
Tennyson.” 4. To gather or unite in a crowd or company. [A Latinism] ´In one troop compelled.´ Dryden. 5. To call forth; to summon. [Obs.] Chapman. “She had this knight from far compelled.
Spenser.” Syn. — To force; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce. See Coerce.

Com•pel´ , v. i. To make one yield or submit. ´If she can not entreat, I can compel.´ Shak.

Com•pel´la•ble , a. Capable of being compelled or constrained. Blackstone.

Com•pel´la•bly, adv. By compulsion.

Com•pel•la´tion , n. [L. compellatio, fr. compellare to accost, fr. compellere. See Compel.] Style of address or salutation; an appellation. ´Metaphorical compellations.´ Milton. “He useth this endearing compellation, ´My little children.´
Bp. Beveridge.” “The peculiar compellation of the kings in France is by ´Sire,´ which is nothing else but father.
Sir W. Temple.”

Com•pel´la•tive , n. (Gram.) The name by which a person is addressed; an appellative.

Com•pel´la•to•ry , a. Serving to compel; compulsory. [R.]

Com•pel´ler , n. One who compels or constrains.

Com´pend , n. A compendium; an epitome; a summary. “A compend and recapitulation of the Mosaical law.
Bp. Burnet.”

Com•pen•di•a´ri•ous , a. [L. compendiarius.] Short; compendious. [Obs.] Bailey.

Com•pen´di•ate , v. t. [L. compendiatus, p. p. of compendiare to shorten, fr. compendium.] To sum or collect together. [Obs.] Bp. King.

Com•pen´di•ous , a. [L. compendiosus.] Containing the substance or general principles of a subject or work in a narrow compass; abridged; summarized. “More compendious and expeditious ways.
Woodward.” “Three things be required in the oration of a man having authority — that it be compendious, sententious, and delectable.
Sir T. Elyot.” Syn. — Short; summary; abridged; condensed; comprehensive; succinct; brief; concise.

Com•pen´di•ous•ly, adv. In a compendious manner. “Compendiously expressed by the word chaos.
Bentley.”

Com•pen´di•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being compendious.

Com•pen´di•um , n.; pl. E. Compendiums (#), L. Compendia (#). [L. compendium that which is weighed, saved, or shortened, a short way, fr. compendere to weigh; com- + pendere to weigh. See Pension, and cf. Compend.] A brief compilation or composition, containing the principal heads, or general principles, of a larger work or system; an abridgment; an epitome; a compend; a condensed summary. “A short system or compendium of a science.
I. Watts.” Syn. — See Abridgment.

Com´pen•sate (? or 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Compensating.] [L. compensatus, p. p. of compensare, prop., to weigh several things with one another, to balance with one another, verb intens. fr. compendere. See Compendium.] 1. To make equal return to; to remunerate; to recompense; to give an equivalent to; to requite suitably; as to compensate a laborer for his work, or a merchant for his losses. 2. To be equivalent in value or effect to; to counterbalance; to make up for; to make amends for. “The length of the night and the dews thereof do compensate the heat of the day.
Bacon.” “The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries.
Prior.” Syn. — To recompense; remunerate; indemnify; reward; requite; counterbalance.

Com´pen•sate, v. i. To make amends; to supply an equivalent; — followed by for; as nothing can compensate for the loss of reputation.

Com•pen•sa´tion , n. [L. compensatio a weighing, a balancing of accounts.] 1. The act or principle of compensating. Emerson. 2. That which constitutes, or is regarded as an equivalent; that which makes good the lack or variation of something else; that which compensates for loss or privation; amends; remuneration; recompense. “The parliament which dissolved the monastic foundations … vouchsafed not a word toward securing the slightest compensation to the dispossessed owners.
Hallam.” “No pecuniary compensation can possibly reward them.
Burke.” 3. (Law) (a)The extinction of debts of which two persons are reciprocally debtors by the credits of which they are reciprocally creditors; the payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount; a set-off. Bouvier. Wharton. (b) A recompense or reward for some loss or service. (c) An equivalent stipulated for in contracts for the sale of real estate, in which it is customary to provide that errors in description, etc., shall not avoid, but shall be the subject of compensation. Compensation balance, or Compensated balance, a kind of balance wheel for a timepiece. The rim is usually made of two different metals having different expansibility under changes of temperature, so arranged as to counteract each other and preserve uniformity of movement. — Compensation pendulum. See Pendulum. Syn. — Recompense; reward; indemnification; consideration; requital; satisfaction; set-off.

Com•pen´sa•tive , a. [LL. compensativus.] Affording compensation.

Com•pen´sa•tive, n. Compensation. [R.] Lamb.

Com´pen•sa•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, compensates; — a name applied to various mechanical devices. 2. (Naut.) An iron plate or magnet placed near the compass on iron vessels to neutralize the effect of the ship’s attraction on the needle.

Com•pen´sa•to•ry , a. Serving for compensation; making amends. Jer. Taylor.

Com•pense´ , v. t. [F. compenser. See Compensate.] To compensate. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•pe•ren´di•nate , v. t. [L. comperendinatus, p. p. of comperendinare to defer (the time of trial.)] To delay. Bailey.

Com•pesce´ , v. t. [L. compescere.] To hold in check; to restrain. [R.] Carlyle.

Com•pete´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Competed; p. pr. & vb. n. Competing.] [L. completere, competitum; com- + petere to seek. See Petition.] To contend emulously; to seek or strive for the same thing, position, or reward for which another is striving; to contend in rivalry, as for a prize or in business; as tradesmen compete with one another. “The rival statesmen, with eyes fixed on America, were all the while competing for European alliances.
Bancroft.” { Com´pe•tence , Com´pe•ten•cy }, n. [Cf. F. competence, from L. competentia agreement.] 1. The state of being competent; fitness; ability; adequacy; power. “The loan demonstrates, in regard to instrumental resources, the competency of this kingdom to the assertion of the common cause.
Burke.” “To make them act zealously is not in the competence of law.
Burke.” 2. Property or means sufficient for the necessaries and conveniences of life; sufficiency without excess. “Reason’s whole pleasure, all the joys of sense,
Lie in three words — health, peace, and competence.
Pope.” “Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer.
Shak.” 3. (Law) (a) Legal capacity or qualifications; fitness; as the competency of a witness or of a evidence. (b) Right or authority; legal power or capacity to take cognizance of a cause; as the competence of a judge or court. Kent.

Com´pe•tent (kom´pe•tent; 94), a. [F. competent, p. pr. of competer to be in the competency of, LL. competere to strive after together, to agree with; hence, to be fit. See Compete.] 1. Answering to all requirements; adequate; sufficient; suitable; capable; legally qualified; fit. ´A competent knowledge of the world.´ Atterbury. ´Competent age.´ Grafton. ´Competent statesmen.´ Palfrey. /´A competent witness.´ Bouvier. 2. Rightfully or properly belonging; incident; — followed by to. [Rare, except in legal usage.] “That is the privilege of the infinite Author of things, … but is not competent to any finite being.
Locke.” Syn. — See Qualified.

Com´pe•tent•ly, adv. In a competent manner; adequately; suitably.

Com•pet´i•ble , a. Compatible; suitable; consistent. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Com•pe•ti´tion , n. [L. competition. See Compete.] The act of seeking, or endeavoring to gain, what another is endeavoring to gain at the same time; common strife for the same objects; strife for superiority; emulous contest; rivalry, as for approbation, for a prize, or as where two or more persons are engaged in the same business and each seeking patronage; — followed by for before the object sought, and with before the person or thing competed with. “Competition to the crown there is none, nor can be.
Bacon.” “A portrait, with which one of Titian’s could not come in competition.
Dryden.” “There is no competition but for the second place.
Dryden.” “Where competition does not act at all there is complete monopoly.
A. T. Hadley.” Syn. — Emulation; rivalry; rivalship; contest; struggle; contention; opposition; jealousy. See Emulation.

Com•pet´i•tive , a. Of or pertaining to competition; producing competition; competitory; as a competitive examination.

Com•pet´i•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. competiteur.] 1. One who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competes; a rival. “And can not brook competitors in love.
Shak.” 2. An associate; a confederate. [Obs.] “Every hour more competitors
Flock to their aid, and still their power increaseth.
Shak.”

Com•pet´i•to•ry , a. Acting in competition; competing; rival.

Com•pet´i•tress , n. A woman who competes.

Com•pet´i•trix , n. [L.] A competitress.

Com´pi•la´tion , n. [L. compilatio: cf. F. compilation.] 1. The act or process of compiling or gathering together from various sources. 2. That which is compiled; especially, a book or document composed of materials gathering from other books or documents. “His [Goldsmith’s] compilations are widely distinguished from the compilations of ordinary bookmakers.
Macaulay.”

Com´pi•la•tor , n. [L.] Compiler. [Obs.]

Com•pile´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compiled p. pr. & vb. n. Compiling.] [F. compiler, fr.L. compilare to plunder, pillage; com- + pilare to plunder. See Pill, v. t., Pillage.] 1. To put together; to construct; to build. [Obs.] “Before that Merlin died, he did intend
A brazen wall in compass to compile.
Spenser.” 2. To contain or comprise. [Obs.] “Which these six books compile.
Spenser.” 3. To put together in a new form out of materials already existing; esp., to put together or compose out of materials from other books or documents. “He [Goldsmith] compiled for the use of schools a History of Rome.
Macaulay.” 4. To write; to compose. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Com•pile´ment , n. Compilation. [R.]

Com•pil´er , n. [OE. compiluor; cf. OF. compileor, fr. L. compilator.] One who compiles; esp., one who makes books by compilation.

Com•pinge´ , v. t. [L. compingere.] To compress; to shut up. [Obs.] Burton. { Com•pla´cence , Com•pla´cen•cy }, n. [LL. complacentia: cf. F. complaisance. See Complacent, and cf. Complaisance.] 1. Calm contentment; satisfaction; gratification. “The inward complacence we find in acting reasonably and virtuously.
Atterbury.” “Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with satisfaction and complacency, if they discover none of the like in themselves.
Addison.” 2. The cause of pleasure or joy. ´O thou, my sole complacence.´ Milton. 3. The manifestation of contentment or satisfaction; good nature; kindness; civility; affability. “Complacency, and truth, and manly sweetness,
Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth his thoughts.
Addison.” “With mean complacence ne’er betray your trust.
Pope.”

Com•pla´cent , a. [L. complacens very pleasing, p. pr. of complacere; com- + placere to please: cf. F. complaisant. See Please and cf. Complaisant.] Self-satisfied; contented; kindly; as a complacent temper; a complacent smile. “They look up with a sort of complacent awe … to kings.
Burke.”

Com•pla•cen´tial , a. Marked by, or causing, complacence. [Obs.] ´Complacential love.´ Baxter.

Com•pla´cent•ly , adv. In a complacent manner.

Com•plain´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complained p. pr. & vb. n. Complaining.] [F. complaindre, LL. complangere; com- + L. plangere to strike, beat, to beat the breast or head as a sign of grief, to lament. See Plaint.] 1. To give utterance to expression of grief, pain, censure, regret. etc.; to lament; to murmur; to find fault; — commonly used with of. also to creak or squeak, as a timber or wheel. “O loss of sight, of thee I most complain!
Milton.” 2. To make a formal accusation; to make a charge. “Now, Master Shallow, you’ll complain of me to the king?
Shak.” Syn. — To repine; grumble; deplore; bewail; grieve; mourn; regret; murmur.

Com•plain´, v. t. To lament; to bewail. [Obs.] “They might the grievance inwardly complain.
Daniel.” “By chaste Lucrece’s soul that late complain’d
Her wrongs to us.
Shak.”

Com•plain´a•ble , a. That may be complained of. [R.] Feltham.

Com•plain´ant , n. [F. complaignant, p. pr. of complaindre.] 1. One who makes complaint. “Eager complainants of the dispute.
Collier.” 2. (Law) (a) One who commences a legal process by a complaint. (b) The party suing in equity, answering to the plaintiff at common law. “He shall forfeit one moiety to the use of the town, and the other moiety to the use of the complainant.
Statutes of Mass.”

Com•plain´er , n. One who complains or laments; one who finds fault; a murmurer. Beattie. “Speechless complainer, I will learn thy thought.
Shak.”

Com•plaint´ , n. [F. complainte. See Complain.] 1. Expression of grief, regret, pain, censure, or resentment; lamentation; murmuring; accusation; fault-finding. “I poured out my complaint before him.
Ps. cxlii. 2.” “Grievous complaints of you.
Shak.” 2. Cause or subject of complaint or murmuring. “The poverty of the clergy in England hath been the complaint of all who wish well to the church.
Swift.” 3. An ailment or disease of the body. “One in a complaint of his bowels.
Arbuthnot.” 4. (Law) A formal allegation or charge against a party made or presented to the appropriate court or officer, as for a wrong done or a crime committed (in the latter case, generally under oath); an information; accusation; the initial bill in proceedings in equity. Syn. — Lamentation; murmuring; sorrow; grief; disease; illness; disorder; malady; ailment.

Com•plaint´ful , a. Full of complaint. [Obs.]

Com´plai•sance ( 277), n. [F. complaisance. See Complaisant, and cf. Complacence.] Disposition to please or oblige; obliging compliance with the wishes of others; a deportment indicative of a desire to please; courtesy; civility. “These [ladies] … are by the just complaisance and gallantry of our nation the most powerful part of our people.
Addison.” “They strive with their own hearts and keep them down,
In complaisance to all the fools in town.
Young.” Syn. — Civility; courtesy; urbanity; suavity; affability; good breeding.

Com´plai•sant , a. [F. complaisant, p. pr. of complaire to acquiesce as a favor, fr. L. complacere. See Complacent.] Desirous to please; courteous; obliging; compliant; as a complaisant gentleman. “There are to whom my satire seems too bold:
Scarce to wise Peter complaisant enough.
Pope.” Syn. — Obliging; courteous; affable; gracious; civil; polite; well-bred. See Obliging. — Com´plai•sant•ly, adv. — Com´plai•sant•ness, n.

Com•pla´nar , a. See Coplanar.

Com´pla•nate (? or ), a. [L. complanatus, p. p. of complanare to make plane. See Plane, v. t.] Flattened to a level surface. [R.]

Com´pla•nate , v. t. To make level. [R.]

Com•plect´ed , a. Complexioned. [Low, New Eng.]

Com´ple•ment , n. [L. complementun: cf. F. complement. See Complete, v. t., and cf. Compliment.] 1. That which fills up or completes; the quantity or number required to fill a thing or make it complete. 2. That which is required to supply a deficiency, or to complete a symmetrical whole. “History is the complement of poetry.
Sir J. Stephen.” 3. Full quantity, number, or amount; a complete set; completeness. “To exceed his complement and number appointed him which was one hundred and twenty persons.
Hakluyt.” 4. (Math.) A second quantity added to a given quantity to make it equal to a third given quantity. 5. Something added for ornamentation; an accessory. [Obs.] “Without vain art or curious complements.
Spenser.” 6. (Naut.) The whole working force of a vessel. 7. (Mus.) The interval wanting to complete the octave; — the fourth is the complement of the fifth, the sixth of the third. 8. A compliment. [Obs.] Shak. Arithmetical compliment of a logarithm. See under Logarithm. — Arithmetical complement of a number (Math.), the difference between that number and the next higher power of 10; as 4 is the complement of 6, and 16 of 84. — Complement of an arc or angle (Geom.), the difference between that arc or angle and 90°. — Complement of a parallelogram. (Math.) See Gnomon. — In her complement (Her.), said of the moon when represented as full.

Com´ple•ment , v. t. 1. To supply a lack; to supplement. [R.] 2. To compliment. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com•ple•men´tal , a. 1. Supplying, or tending to supply, a deficiency; fully completing. ´Complemental ceremony.´ Prynne. 2. Complimentary; courteous. [Obs.] Shak. Complemental air (Physiol.), the air (averaging 100 cubic inches) which can be drawn into the lungs in addition to the tidal air, by the deepest possible inspiration. — Complemental males (Zoöl.), peculiar small males living parasitically on the ordinary hermaphrodite individuals of certain barnacles.

Com•ple•men´ta•ry , a. Serving to fill out or to complete; as complementary numbers. Complementary colors. See under Color. — Complementary angles (Math.), two angles whose sum is 90°.

Com•ple•men´ta•ry, n. [See Complimentary.] One skilled in compliments. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Com•plete´ , a. [L. completus, p. p. of complere to fill up; com- + plere to fill. See Full, a., and cf. Comply, Compline.] 1. Filled up; with no part or element lacking; free from deficiency; entire; perfect; consummate. ´Complete perfections.´ Milton. “Ye are complete in him.
Col. ii. 10.” “That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel
Revisit’st thus the glimpses of the moon.
Shak.” 2. Finished; ended; concluded; completed; as the edifice is complete. “This course of vanity almost complete.
Prior.” 3. (Bot.) Having all the parts or organs which belong to it or to the typical form; having calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil. Syn. — See Whole.

Com•plete´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Completed; p. pr. & vb. n. Completing.] To bring to a state in which there is no deficiency; to perfect; to consummate; to accomplish; to fulfill; to finish; as to complete a task, or a poem; to complete a course of education. “Bred only and completed to the taste
Of lustful appetence.
Milton.” “And, to complete her bliss, a fool for mate.
Pope.” Syn. — To perform; execute; terminate; conclude; finish; end; fill up; achieve; realize; effect; consummate; accomplish; effectuate; fulfill; bring to pass.

Com•plete´ly, adv. In a complete manner; fully.

Com•plete´ment , n. Act of completing or perfecting; completion. [Obs.] Dryden.

Com•plete´ness, n. The state of being complete.

Com•ple´tion , n. [L. completio a filling, a fulfillment.] 1. The act or process of making complete; the getting through to the end; as the completion of an undertaking, an education, a service. “The completion of some repairs.
Prescott.” 2. State of being complete; fulfillment; accomplishment; realization. “Predictions receiving their completion in Christ.
South.”

Com•ple´tive , a. [L. completivus: cf. F. completif.] Making complete. [R.] J. Harris.

Com•ple´to•ry , a. Serving to fulfill. “Completory of ancient presignifications.
Barrow.”

Com´ple•to´ry , n. [L. completorium.] (Eccl.) Same as Compline.

Com´plex (kom´pleks), a. [L. complexus, p. p. of complecti to entwine around, comprise; com- + plectere to twist, akin to plicare to fold. See Plait, n.] 1. Composed of two or more parts; composite; not simple; as a complex being; a complex idea. “Ideas thus made up of several simple ones put together, I call complex; such as beauty, gratitude, a man, an army, the universe.
Locke.” 2. Involving many parts; complicated; intricate. “When the actual motions of the heavens are calculated in the best possible way, the process is difficult and complex.
Whewell.” Complex fraction. See Fraction. — Complex number (Math.), in the theory of numbers, an expression of the form a + brad.-1, when a and b are ordinary integers. Syn. — See Intricate.

Com´plex, n. [L. complexus] Assemblage of related things; collection; complication. “This parable of the wedding supper comprehends in it the whole complex of all the blessings and privileges exhibited by the gospel.
South.” Complex of lines (Geom.), all the possible straight lines in space being considered, the entire system of lines which satisfy a single relation constitute a complex; as all the lines which meet a given curve make up a complex. The lines which satisfy two relations constitute a congruency of lines; as the entire system of lines, each one of which meets two given surfaces, is a congruency.

Com•plexed´ (kom•plekst´), a. Complex, complicated. [Obs.] ´Complexed significations.´ Sir T. Browne.

Com•plex´ed•ness (kom•pleks´ed•nes), n. The quality or state of being complex or involved; complication. “The complexedness of these moral ideas.
Locke.”

Com•plex´ion (kom•plek´shun), n. [F. complexion, fr. L. complexio. See Complex, a.] 1. The state of being complex; complexity. [Obs.] “Though the terms of propositions may be complex, yet … it is properly called a simple syllogism, since the complexion does not belong to the syllogistic form of it.
I. Watts.” 2. A combination; a complex. [Archaic] “This paragraph is … a complexion of sophisms.
Coleridge.” 3. The bodily constitution; the temperament; habitude, or natural disposition; character; nature. [Obs.] “If his complexion incline him to melancholy.
Milton.” “It is the complexion of them all to leave the dam.
Shak.” 4. The color or hue of the skin, esp. of the face. “Tall was her stature, her complexion dark.
Wordsworth.” “Between the pale complexion of true love,
And the red glow of scorn and proud disdain.
Shak.” 5. The general appearance or aspect; as the complexion of the sky; the complexion of the news.

Com•plex´ion•al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to constitutional complexion. “A moral rather than a complexional timidity.
Burke.”

Com•plex´ion•al•ly, adv. Constitutionally. [R.] “Though corruptible, not complexionally vicious.
Burke.”

Com•plex´ion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to the complexion, or to the care of it. Jer. Taylor.

Com•plex´ioned (kom•plek´shund), a. Having (such) a complexion; — used in composition; as a dark-complexioned or a ruddy- complexioned person. “A flower is the best-complexioned grass, as a pearl is the best-colored clay.
Fuller.”

Com•plex´i•ty , n.; pl. Complexities (#). [Cf. F. complexite.] 1. The state of being complex; intricacy; entanglement. “The objects of society are of the greatest possible complexity.
Burke.” 2. That which is complex; intricacy; complication. “Many-corridored complexities
Of Arthur’s palace.
Tennyson.”

Com´plex•ly , adv. In a complex manner; not simply.

Com´plex•ness, n. The state of being complex; complexity. A. Smith.

Com•plex´us , n. [L., an embracing.] A complex; an aggregate of parts; a complication.

Com•pli´a•ble , a. Capable of bending or yielding; apt to yield; compliant. “Another compliable mind.
Milton.” “The Jews … had made their religion compliable, and accommodated to their passions.
Jortin.”

Com•pli´ance , n. [See Comply.] 1. The act of complying; a yielding; as to a desire, demand, or proposal; concession; submission. “What compliances will remove dissension?
Swift.” “Ready compliance with the wishes of his people.
Macaulay.” 2. A disposition to yield to others; complaisance. “A man of few words and of great compliance.
Clarendon.” Syn. — Concession; submission; consent; obedience; performance; execution; acquiescence; assent.

Com•pli´an•cy , n. Compliance; disposition to yield to others. Goldsmith.

Com•pli´ant , a. Yielding; bending; pliant; submissive. ´The compliant boughs.´ Milton.

Com•pli´ant•ly, adv. In a compliant manner.

Com´pli•ca•cy , n. A state of being complicate or intricate. Mitford.

Com´pli•cant , a. [L. complicans, p. pr.] (Zoöl.) Overlapping, as the elytra of certain beetles.

Com´pli•cate , a. [L. complicatus, p. p. of complicare to fold together. See Complex.] 1. Composed of two or more parts united; complex; complicated; involved. “How poor, how rich, how abject, how august,
How complicate, how wonderful is man!
Young.” 2. (Bot.) Folded together, or upon itself, with the fold running lengthwise.

Com´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Complicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Complicating.] To fold or twist together; to combine intricately; to make complex; to combine or associate so as to make intricate or difficult. “Nor can his complicated sinews fail.
Young.” “Avarice and luxury very often become one complicated principle of action.
Addison.” “When the disease is complicated with other diseases.
Arbuthnot.”

Com´pli•cate•ly , adv. In a complex manner.

Com´pli•cate•ness, n. Complexity. Sir M. Hale.

Com•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. compliasion: cf. F. complication.] 1. The act or process of complicating; the state of being complicated; intricate or confused relation of parts; entanglement; complexity. “A complication of diseases.
Macaulay.” “Through and beyond these dark complications of the present, the New England founders looked to the great necessities of future times.
Palfrey.” 2. (Med.) A disease or diseases, or adventitious circumstances or conditions, coexistent with and modifying a primary disease, but not necessarily connected with it.

Com´plice , n.; pl. Complices (#). [F., fr. L. complex, - plicis, closely connected with one, confederate. See Complicate, and cf. Accomplice.] An accomplice. [Obs.] “To quell the rebels and their complices.
Shak.”

Com•plic´i•ty , n.; pl. Complicities (#). [F. complicite.] The state of being an accomplice; participation in guilt.

Com•pli´er , n. One who complies, yields, or obeys; one of an easy, yielding temper. Swift.

Com´pli•ment , n. [F. compliment. It complimento, fr. comlire to compliment, finish, suit, fr. L. complere to fill up. See Complete, and cf. Complement.] An expression, by word or act, of approbation, regard, confidence, civility, or admiration; a flattering speech or attention; a ceremonious greeting; as to send one’s compliments to a friend. “Tedious waste of time, to sit and hear
So many hollow compliments and lies.
Milton.” “Many a compliment politely penned.
Cowper.” To make one a compliment, to show one respect; to praise one in a flattering way. Locke. — To make one’s compliments to, to offer formal courtesies to. — To stand on compliment, to treat with ceremony. Syn. — See Adulation.

Com´pli•ment , v. t. To praise, flatter, or gratify, by expressions of approbation, respect, or congratulation; to make or pay a compliment to. “Monarchs should their inward soul disguise; …
Should compliment their foes and shun their friends.
Prior.” Syn. — To praise; flatter; adulate; commend.

Com´pli•ment, v. i. To pass compliments; to use conventional expressions of respect. “I make the interlocutors, upon occasion, compliment with one another.
Boyle.”

Com•pli•men´tal , a. Complimentary. [Obs.] “Languages … grow rich and abundant in complimental phrases, and such froth.
Sir H. Wotton.” — Com•pli•men´tal•ly, adv. [Obs.] Boyle. — Com•pli•men´tal•ness, n. [Obs.] Hammond.

Com•pli•men´ta•ry , a. Expressive of regard or praise; of the nature of, or containing, a compliment; as a complimentary remark; a complimentary ticket. ´Complimentary addresses.´ Prescott.

Com•pli•men´ta•tive , a. Complimentary. [R.] Boswell.

Com´pli•ment•er , n. One who compliments; one given to complimenting; a flatterer. { Com´pline , Com´plin } , n. [From OE. complie, OF. complie, F. complies, pl., fr. LL. completa (prop. fem. of L. completus) the religious exercise which completes and closes the service of the day. See Complete.] (Eccl.) The last division of the Roman Catholic breviary; the seventh and last of the canonical hours of the Western church; the last prayer of the day, to be said after sunset. “The custom of godly man been to shut up the evening with a compline of prayer at nine of the night.
Hammond.”

Com´plot , n. [F. complot, prob. for comploit, fr.L. complicitum, prop. p. p. of complicare, but equiv. to complicatio complication, entangling. See Complicate, and cf. Plot.] A plotting together; a confederacy in some evil design; a conspiracy. “I know their complot is to have my life.
Shak.”

Com•plot´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Complotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Complotting.] [Cf. F. comploter, fr. complot.] To plot or plan together; to conspire; to join in a secret design. “We find them complotting together, and contriving a new scene of miseries to the Trojans.
Pope.”

Com•plot´ment , n. A plotting together. [R.]

Com•plot´ter , n. One joined in a plot. Dryden.

Com•plu•ten´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Complutum (now Alcala de Henares) a city near Madrid; as the Complutensian Bible.

Com•plu´vi•um , n. [L.] (Arch.) A space left unroofed over the court of a Roman dwelling, through which the rain fell into the impluvium or cistern.

Com•ply´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complied p. pr. & vb. n. Complying.] [Perh. formed fr. compliment, influenced by ply, pliant, which are of different origin: cf. It. complire to compliment, finish, suit. See Compliment, Complete.] 1. To yield assent; to accord; agree, or acquiesce; to adapt one’s self; to consent or conform; — usually followed by with. “Yet this be sure, in nothing to comply,
Scandalous or forbidden in our law.
Milton.” “They did servilely comply with the people in worshiping God by sensible images.
Tillotson.” “He that complies against his will
Is of his own opinion still.
Hudibras.” 2. To be ceremoniously courteous; to make one’s compliments. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•ply´, v. t. [See comply, v. i.] 1. To fulfill; to accomplish. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. [Cf. L. complicare to fold up. See Ply.] To infold; to embrace. [Obs.] “Seemed to comply,
Cloudlike, the daintie deitie.
Herrick.”

Com•pone´ (-pon´), v. t. [L. componere. See Compound.] To compose; to settle; to arrange. [Obs.] “A good pretense for componing peace.
Strype.”

Com•po´ne (kom•po´na), a. [F.] See Compony.

Com•po´nent (kom•po´nent), a. [L. componens, p. pr. of componere. See Compound, v. t.] Serving, or helping, to form; composing; constituting; constituent. “The component parts of natural bodies.
Sir I. Newton.”

Com•po´nent, n. A constituent part; an ingredient. Component of force (Mech.), a force which, acting conjointly with one or more forces, produces the effect of a single force or resultant; one of a number of forces into which a single force may be resolved. { Com•po´ny , Com•po´ne }, a. [F. compone.] (Her.) Divided into squares of alternate tinctures in a single row; — said of any bearing; or, in the case of a bearing having curved lines, divided into patches of alternate colors following the curve. If there are two rows it is called counter- compony.

Com•port´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Comported; p. pr. & vb. n. Comporting.] [F. comporter, LL. comportare, fr.L. comportare to bring together; com- + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear or endure; to put up (with); as to comport with an injury. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. To agree; to accord; to suit; — sometimes followed by with. “How ill this dullness doth comport with greatness.
Beau. & Fl.” “How their behavior herein comported with the institution.
Locke.”

Com•port´ , v. t. 1. To bear; to endure; to brook; to put with. [Obs.] “The malcontented sort
That never can the present state comport.
Daniel.” 2. To carry; to conduct; — with a reflexive pronoun. “Observe how Lord Somers … comported himself.
Burke.”

Com´port (?, formerly ), n. [Cf. OF. comport.] Manner of acting; behavior; conduct; deportment. [Obs.] “I knew them well, and marked their rude comport.
Dryden.”

Com•port´a•ble , a. Suitable; consistent. [Obs.] ´Some comportable method.´ Wotton.

Com•port´ance , n. Behavior; comport. [Obs.] “Goodly comportance each to other bear.
Spenser.”

Com•por•ta´tion , n. [L. comportatio.] A bringing together. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson.

Com•port´ment , n. [F. comportement.] Manner of acting; behavior; bearing. “A graceful comportment of their bodies.
Cowley.” “Her serious and devout comportment.
Addison.”

Com•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Composed p. pr. & vb. n. Composing.] [F. composer; com- + poser to place. The sense is that of L. componere, but the origin is different. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To form by putting together two or more things or parts; to put together; to make up; to fashion. “Zeal ought to be composed of the highest degrees of all pious affection.
Bp. Sprat.” 2. To form the substance of, or part of the substance of; to constitute. “Their borrowed gold composed
The calf in Oreb.
Milton.” “A few useful things … compose their intellectual possessions.
I. Watts.” 3. To construct by mental labor; to design and execute, or put together, in a manner involving the adaptation of forms of expression to ideas or to the laws of harmony or proportion; as to compose a sentence, a sermon, a symphony, or a picture. “Let me compose
Something in verse as well as prose.
Pope.” “The genius that composed such works as the ´Standard´ and ´Last Supper´.
B. R. Haydon.” 4. To dispose in proper form; to reduce to order; to put in proper state or condition; to adjust; to regulate. “In a peaceful grave my corpse compose.
Dryden.” “How in safety best we may
Compose our present evils.
Milton.” 5. To free from agitation or disturbance; to tranquilize; to soothe; to calm; to quiet. “Compose thy mind;
Nor frauds are here contrived, nor force designed.
Dryden.” 6. (Print.) To arrange (types) in a composing stick in order for printing; to set (type).

Com•pose´, v. i. To come to terms. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•posed´ , a. Free from agitation; calm; sedate; quiet; tranquil; self- possessed. “The Mantuan there in sober triumph sate,
Composed his posture, and his look sedate.
Pope.” — Com•pos´ed•ly , adv. — Com•pos´ed•ness, n.

Com•pos´er , n. 1. One who composes; an author. Specifically, an author of a piece of music. “If the thoughts of such authors have nothing in them, they at least … show an honest industry and a good intention in the composer.
Addison.” “His [Mozart’s] most brilliant and solid glory is founded upon his talents as a composer.
Moore (Encyc. of Mus.).” 2. One who, or that which, quiets or calms; one who adjusts a difference. “Sweet composers of the pensive soul.
Gay.”

Com•pos´ing, a. 1. Tending to compose or soothe. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, composition. Composing frame (Print.), a stand for holding cases of type when in use. — Composing rule (Print.), a thin slip of brass or steel, against which the type is arranged in a composing stick, or by the aid of which stickfuls or handfuls or type are lifted; — called also setting rule. — Composing stick (Print.), an instrument usually of metal, which the compositor holds in his left hand, and in which he arranges the type in words and lines. It has one open side, and one adjustable end by means of which the length of the lines, and consequently the width of the page or column, may be determined.

Com•pos´i•tae , n. pl. [NL., from L. compositus made up of parts. See Composite.] (Bot.) A large family of dicotyledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads of many small florets and their anthers united in a tube. The daisy, dandelion, and asters, are examples.

Com•pos´ite ( 277), a. [L. compositus made up of parts, p. p. of componere. See Compound, v. t., and cf. Compost.] 1. Made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded; as a composite language. “Happiness, like air and water … is composite.
Landor.” 2. (Arch.) Belonging to a certain order which is composed of the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is called also the Roman or the Italic order, and is one of the five orders recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. See Capital. 3. (Bot.) Belonging to the order Compositae; bearing involucrate heads of many small florets, as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Composite carriage, a railroad car having compartments of different classes. [Eng.] — Composite number (Math.), one which can be divided exactly by a number exceeding unity, as 6 by 2 or 3.. — Composite photograph or portrait, one made by a combination, or blending, of several distinct photographs. F. Galton. — Composite sailing (Naut.), a combination of parallel and great circle sailing. — Composite ship, one with a wooden casing and iron frame.

Com•pos´ite ( 277), n. That which is made up of parts or compounded of several elements; composition; combination; compound. [R.]

Com•po•si´tion , n. [F. composition, fr. L. compositio. See Composite.] 1. The act or art of composing, or forming a whole or integral, by placing together and uniting different things, parts, or ingredients. In specific uses: (a) The invention or combination of the parts of any literary work or discourse, or of a work of art; as the composition of a poem or a piece of music. ´The constant habit of elaborate composition.´ Macaulay. (b) (Fine Arts) The art or practice of so combining the different parts of a work of art as to produce a harmonious whole; also a work of art considered as such. See 4, below. (c) The act of writing for practice in a language, as English, Latin, German, etc. (d) (Print.) The setting up of type and arranging it for printing. 2. The state of being put together or composed; conjunction; combination; adjustment. “View them in composition with other things.
I. Watts.” “The elementary composition of bodies.
Whewell.” 3. A mass or body formed by combining two or more substances; as a chemical composition. “A composition that looks … like marble.
Addison.” 4. A literary, musical, or artistic production, especially one showing study and care in arrangement; — often used of an elementary essay or translation done as an educational exercise. 5. Consistency; accord; congruity. [Obs.] “There is no composition in these news
That gives them credit.
Shak.” 6. Mutual agreement to terms or conditions for the settlement of a difference or controversy; also the terms or conditions of settlement; agreement. “Thus we are agreed:
I crave our composition may be written.
Shak.” 7. (Law) The adjustment of a debt, or avoidance of an obligation, by some form of compensation agreed on between the parties; also the sum or amount of compensation agreed upon in the adjustment. “Compositions for not taking the order of knighthood.
Hallam.” “Cleared by composition with their creditors.
Blackstone.” 8. Synthesis as opposed to analysis. “The investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition.
Sir I. Newton.” Composition cloth, a kind of cloth covered with a preparation making it waterproof. — Composition deed, an agreement for composition between a debtor and several creditors. — Composition plane (Crystallog.), the plane by which the two individuals of a twin crystal are united in their reserved positions. — Composition of forces (Mech.), the finding of a single force (called the resultant) which shall be equal in effect to two or more given forces (called the components) when acting in given directions. Herbert. — Composition metal, an alloy resembling brass, which is sometimes used instead of copper for sheathing vessels; — also called Muntz metal and yellow metal. — Composition of proportion (Math.), an arrangement of four proportionals so that the sum of the first and second is to the second as the sum of the third and fourth to the fourth.

Com•pos´i•tive , a. [L. compositivus.] Having the quality of entering into composition; compounded. [R.]

Com•pos´i•tor , n. [L., an arranger.] 1. One who composes or sets in order. 2. (Print.) One who sets type and arranges it for use.

Com•pos´i•tous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the Compositae; composite. [R.] Darwin.

Com•pos´si•ble , a. [Pref. com- + possible.] Able to exist with another thing; consistent. [R.] Chillingworth.

Com´post ( 277), n.[OF. compost, fr. L. compositus, p. p. See Composite.] 1. A mixture; a compound. [R.] “A sad compost of more bitter than sweet.
Hammond.” 2. (Agric.) A mixture for fertilizing land; esp., a composition of various substances (as muck, mold, lime, and stable manure) thoroughly mingled and decomposed, as in a compost heap. “And do not spread the compost on the weeds
To make them ranker.
Shak.”

Com´post, v. t. 1. To manure with compost. 2. To mingle, as different fertilizing substances, in a mass where they will decompose and form into a compost.

Com•pos´ture ( 135), n. [L. compositura, -postura, a joining.] Manure; compost. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•po´sure , n. [From Compose.] 1. The act of composing, or that which is composed; a composition. [Obs.] “Signor Pietro, who had an admirable way both of composure [in music] and teaching.
Evelyn.” 2. Orderly adjustment; disposition. [Obs.] “Various composures and combinations of these corpuscles.
Woodward.” 3. Frame; make; temperament. [Obs.] “His composure must be rare indeed
Whom these things can not blemish.
Shak.” 4. A settled state; calmness; sedateness; tranquillity; repose. ´We seek peace and composure.´ Milton. “When the passions … are all silent, the mind enjoys its most perfect composure.
I. Watts.” 5. A combination; a union; a bond. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•po•ta´tion , n. [L. compotatio; com- + potare to drink.] The act of drinking or tippling together. [R.] “The fashion of compotation.
Sir W. Scott.”

Com´po•ta•tor , n. [L.] One who drinks with another. [R.] Pope.

Com´pote , n. [F. See Compost.] A preparation of fruit in sirup in such a manner as to preserve its form, either whole, halved, or quartered; as a compote of pears. Littre.

Com´pound (kom´pound), n. [Malay kompung a village.] In the East Indies, an inclosure containing a house, outbuildings, etc.

Com•pound´ (kom•pound´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Compounding.] [OE. componen, compounen, L. componere, compositum; com-+ ponere to put set. The d is excrescent. See Position, and cf. Compone.] 1. To form or make by combining different elements, ingredients, or parts; as to compound a medicine. “Incapacitating him from successfully compounding a tale of this sort.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To put together, as elements, ingredients, or parts, in order to form a whole; to combine, mix, or unite. “We have the power of altering and compounding those images into all the varieties of picture.
Addison.” 3. To modify or change by combination with some other thing or part; to mingle with something else. “Only compound me with forgotten dust.
Shak.” 4. To compose; to constitute. [Obs.] “His pomp and all what state compounds.
Shak.” 5. To settle amicably; to adjust by agreement; to compromise; to discharge from obligation upon terms different from those which were stipulated; as to compound a debt. “I pray, my lords, let me compound this strife.
Shak.” To compound a felony, to accept of a consideration for forbearing to prosecute, such compounding being an indictable offense. See Theftbote.

Com•pound´, v. i. To effect a composition; to come to terms of agreement; to agree; to settle by a compromise; — usually followed by with before the person participating, and for before the thing compounded or the consideration. “Here’s a fellow will help you to-morrow; … compound with him by the year.
Shak.” “They were at last glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower.
Clarendon.” “Cornwall compounded to furnish ten oxen after Michaelmas for thirty pounds.
R. Carew.” “Compound for sins they are inclined to
By damning those they have no mind to.
Hudibras.”

Com´pound , a. [OE. compouned, p. p. of compounen. See Compound, v. t.] Composed of two or more elements, ingredients, parts; produced by the union of several ingredients, parts, or things; composite; as a compound word. “Compound substances are made up of two or more simple substances.
I. Watts.” Compound addition, subtraction, multiplication, division (Arith.), the addition, subtraction, etc., of compound numbers. — Compound crystal (Crystallog.), a twin crystal, or one seeming to be made up of two or more crystals combined according to regular laws of composition. — Compound engine (Mech.), a form of steam engine in which the steam that has been used in a high- pressure cylinder is made to do further service in a larger low- pressure cylinder, sometimes in several larger cylinders, successively. — Compound ether. (Chem.) See under Ether. — Compound flower (Bot.), a flower head resembling a single flower, but really composed of several florets inclosed in a common calyxlike involucre, as the sunflower or dandelion. — Compound fraction. (Math.) See Fraction. — Compound fracture. See Fracture. — Compound householder, a householder who compounds or arranges with his landlord that his rates shall be included in his rents. [Eng.] — Compound interest. See Interest. — Compound larceny. (Law) See Larceny. — Compound leaf (Bot.), a leaf having two or more separate blades or leaflets on a common leafstalk. — Compound microscope. See Microscope. — Compound motion. See Motion. — Compound number (Math.), one constructed according to a varying scale of denomination; as 3 cwt., 1 qr., 5 lb.; - - called also denominate number. — Compound pier (Arch.), a clustered column. — Compound quantity (Alg.), a quantity composed of two or more simple quantities or terms, connected by the sign + (plus) or - (minus). Thus, a + b - c, and bb - b, are compound quantities. — Compound radical. (Chem.) See Radical. — Compound ratio (Math.), the product of two or more ratios; thus ab:cd is a ratio compounded of the simple ratios a:c and b:d. — Compound rest (Mech.), the tool carriage of an engine lathe. — Compound screw (Mech.), a screw having on the same axis two or more screws with different pitch (a differential screw), or running in different directions (a right and left screw). — Compound time (Mus.), that in which two or more simple measures are combined in one; as 6-8 time is the joining of two measures of 3-8 time. — Compound word, a word composed of two or more words; specifically, two or more words joined together by a hyphen.

Com´pound, n. 1. That which is compounded or formed by the union or mixture of elements ingredients, or parts; a combination of simples; a compound word; the result of composition. Shak. “Rare compound of oddity, frolic, and fun.
Goldsmith.” “When the word ´bishopric´ was first made, it was made as a compound.
Earle.” 2. (Chem.) A union of two or more ingredients in definite proportions by weight, so combined as to form a distinct substance; as water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. Every definite chemical compound always contains the same elements, united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same internal arrangement. Binary compound (Chem.). See under Binary. — Carbon compounds (Chem.). See under Carbon.

Com•pound´a•ble , a. That may be compounded.

Com•pound´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, compounds or mixes; as a compounder of medicines. 2. One who attempts to bring persons or parties to terms of agreement, or to accomplish, ends by compromises. ´Compounders in politics.´ Burke. 3. One who compounds a debt, obligation, or crime. “Religious houses made compounders
For the horrid actions of their founders.
Hudibras.” 4. One at a university who pays extraordinary fees for the degree he is to take. [Eng.] A. Wood. 5. (Eng. Hist.) A Jacobite who favored the restoration of James II, on condition of a general amnesty and of guarantees for the security of the civil and ecclesiastical constitution of the realm.

Com•pra•dor , n. [Pg., a buyer.] A kind of steward or agent. [China] S. W. Williams

Com•pre•ca´tion , n. [L. comprecatio, fr. comprecari to pray to. See Precarious.] A praying together. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins.

Com•pre•hend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprehending.] [L. comprehendere, comprehensum; com- + prehendere to grasp, seize; prae before + hendere (used only in comp.). See Get, and cf. Comprise.] 1. To contain; to embrace; to include; as the states comprehended in the Austrian Empire. “Who hath … comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure.
Is. xl. 12.” 2. To take in or include by construction or implication; to comprise; to imply. “Comprehended all in this one word, Discretion.
Hobbes.” “And if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying.
Rom. xiii. 9.” 3. To take into the mind; to grasp with the understanding; to apprehend the meaning of; to understand. “At a loss to comprehend the question.
W. Irwing.” “Great things doeth he, which we can not comprehend.
Job. xxxvii. 5.” Syn. — To contain; include; embrace; comprise; inclose; grasp; embody; involve; imply; apprehend; imagine; conceive; understand. See Apprehend.

Com•pre•hen•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being comprehensible; capability of being understood.

Com´pre•hen´si•ble , a. [L. comprehensibilis: cf. F. compreehensible.] 1. Capable of being comprehended, included, or comprised. “Lest this part of knowledge should seem to any not comprehensible by axiom, we will set down some heads of it.
Bacon.” 2. Capable of being understood; intelligible; conceivable by the mind. “The horizon sets the bounds … between what is and what is not comprehensible by us.
Locke.”

Com•pre•hen´si•ble•ness, n. The quality of being comprehensible; comprehensibility.

Com•pre•hen´si•bly, adv. 1. With great extent of signification; comprehensively. Tillotson. 2. Intelligibly; in a manner to be comprehended or understood.

Com•pre•hen´sion , n. [L. comprehensio: cf. F. comprehension.] 1. The act of comprehending, containing, or comprising; inclusion. “In the Old Testament there is a close comprehension of the New; in the New, an open discovery of the Old.
Hooker.” 2. That which is comprehended or inclosed within narrow limits; a summary; an epitome. [Obs.] “Though not a catalogue of fundamentals, yet … a comprehension of them.
Chillingworth.” 3. The capacity of the mind to perceive and understand; the power, act, or process of grasping with the intellect; perception; understanding; as a comprehension of abstract principles. 4. (Logic) The complement of attributes which make up the notion signified by a general term. 5. (Rhet.) A figure by which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number for an indefinite.

Com•pre•hen´sive , a. [Cf. F. comprehensif.] 1. Including much; comprising many things; having a wide scope or a full view. “A very comprehensive definition.
Bentley.” “Large and comprehensive idea.
Channing.” 2. Having the power to comprehend or understand many things. ´His comprehensive head.´ Pope. 3. (Zoöl.) Possessing peculiarities that are characteristic of several diverse groups. The term is applied chiefly to early fossil groups which have a combination of structures that appear in more fully developed or specialized forms in later groups. Synthetic, as used by Agassiz, is nearly synonymous. Syn. — Extensive; wide; large; full; compendious.

Com•pre•hen´sive•ly, adv. In a comprehensive manner; with great extent of scope.

Com•pre•hen´sive•ness, n. The quality of being comprehensive; extensiveness of scope. “Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on ancient coins.
Addison.”

Com•pre•hen´sor , n. One who comprehends; one who has attained to a full knowledge. [Obs.] “When I shall have dispatched this weary pilgrimage, and from a traveler shall come to be a comprehensor, farewell faith and welcome vision.
Bp. Hall.”

Com•press´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compressed p. pr & vb. n. Compressing.] [L. compressus, p. p. of comprimere to compress: com- + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To press or squeeze together; to force into a narrower compass; to reduce the volume of by pressure; to compact; to condense; as to compress air or water. “Events of centuries … compressed within the compass of a single life.
D. Webster.” “The same strength of expression, though more compressed, runs through his historical harangues.
Melmoth.” 2. To embrace sexually. [Obs.] Pope. Syn. — To crowd; squeeze; condense; reduce; abridge.

Com´press , n. [F. compresse.] (Surg.) A folded piece of cloth, pledget of lint, etc., used to cover the dressing of wounds, and so placed as by the aid of a bandage, to make due pressure on any part.

Com•pressed´ , a. 1. Pressed together; compacted; reduced in volume by pressure. 2. (Bot.) Flattened lengthwise. Compressed-air engine, an engine operated by the elastic force of compressed air.

Com•press•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. compressibilite.] The quality of being compressible of being compressible; as the compressibility of elastic fluids.

Com•press´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. compressible.] Capable of being pressed together or forced into a narrower compass, as an elastic or spongy substance.

Com•press´ible•ness, n. The quality of being compressible; compressibility.

Com•pres´sion , n. [L. compressio: cf. F. compression.] The act of compressing, or state of being compressed. ´Compression of thought.´ Johnson.

Com•press´ive , a. [Cf. F. compressif.] Compressing, or having power or tendency to compress; as a compressive force.

Com•press´or , n. [L.] Anything which serves to compress; as: (a) (Anat.) A muscle that compresses certain parts. (b) (Surg.) An instrument for compressing an artery (esp., the femoral artery) or other part. (c) An apparatus for confining or flattening between glass plates an object to be examined with the microscope; — called also compressorium. (d) (Mach.) A machine for compressing gases; especially, an air compressor.

Com•pres´sure ( 135), n. Compression.

Com•print´ , v. t. & i. 1. To print together. 2. (O. Eng. Law) To print surreptitiously a work belonging to another. E. Phillips.

Com´print , n. (O. Eng. Law) The surreptitious printing of another’s copy or book; a work thus printed.

Com•pris´al , n. The act of comprising or comprehending; a compendium or epitome. “A comprisal … and sum of all wickedness.
Barrow.”

Com•prise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprised p. pr. & vb. n. Comprising.] [From F. compris, comprise, p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehendere. See Comprehend.] To comprehend; to include. “Comprise much matter in few words.
Hocker.” “Friendship does two souls in one comprise.
Roscommon.” Syn. — To embrace; include; comprehend; contain; encircle; inclose; involve; imply.

Com´pro•bate , v. i. [L. comprobatus, p. p. of comprobare, to approve wholly.] To agree; to concur. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Com•pro•ba´tion , n. [L. comprobatio.] 1. Joint attestation; proof. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Approbation. [Obs.] Foxe.

Com´pro•mise , n. [F. compromis, fr. L. compromissum a mutual promise to abide by the decision of an arbiter, fr. compromittere to make such a promise; com- + promittere to promise. See Promise.] 1. A mutual agreement to refer matters in dispute to the decision of arbitrators. [Obs.] Burrill. 2. A settlement by arbitration or by mutual consent reached by concession on both sides; a reciprocal abatement of extreme demands or rights, resulting in an agreement. “But basely yielded upon compromise
That which his noble ancestors achieved with blows.
Shak.” “All government, indeed every human benefit and enjoyment, every virtue and every prudent act, is founded on compromise and barter.
Burke.” “An abhorrence of concession and compromise is a never failing characteristic of religious factions.
Hallam.” 3. A committal to something derogatory or objectionable; a prejudicial concession; a surrender; as a compromise of character or right. “I was determined not to accept any fine speeches, to the compromise of that sex the belonging to which was after all, my strongest claim and title to them.
Lamb.”

Com´pro•mise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromised p. pr. & vb. n. Compromising.] [From Compromise, n.; cf. Compromit.] 1. To bind by mutual agreement; to agree. [Obs.] “Laban and himself were compromised
That all the eanlings which were streaked and pied
Should fall as Jacob’s hire.
Shak.” 2. To adjust and settle by mutual concessions; to compound. “The controversy may easily be compromised.
Fuller.” 3. To pledge by some act or declaration; to endanger the life, reputation, etc., of, by some act which can not be recalled; to expose to suspicion. “To pardon all who had been compromised in the late disturbances.
Motley.”

Com´pro•mise, v. i. 1. To agree; to accord. [Obs.] 2. To make concession for conciliation and peace.

Com´pro•mi•ser , n. One who compromises.

Com•pro•mis•so´ri•al , a. Relating to compromise. [R.] Chalmers.

Com´pro•mit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compromitting.] [L. compromittere. See Compromise, n.] 1. To pledge by some act or declaration; to promise. State Trials (1529). 2. To put to hazard, by some indiscretion; to endanger; to compromise; as to compromit the honor or the safety of a nation.

Com•pro•vin´cial , a. Belonging to, or associated in, the same province. [Obs.] — n. One who belongs to the same province. [Obs.] “The six islands, comprovincial
In ancient times unto Great Britain.
Spenser.”

Comp•sog´na•thus (komp•sog´na•thus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kompo•s elegant, pretty + gna•qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Dinosauria found in the Jurassic formation, and remarkable for having several birdlike features.

Compt (kount, formerly komt; 215), n. [F. compte. See Count an account.] Account; reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Shak.

Compt, v. t. [F. compter. See Count, v. t.] To compute; to count. [Obs.] See Count.

Compt, a. [L. comptus, p. p. of comere to care for, comb, arrange, adorn.] Neat; spruce. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Compt´er , n. A counter. [Obs.] Shak.

Compte´ ren•du [F.] A report of an officer or agent.

Compt´i•ble , a. [See Compt, v. t.] Accountable; responsible; sensitive. [Obs.] “I am very comptible even to the least sinister usage.
Shak.”

Compt´ly , adv. Neatly. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Comp•trol´ , n. & v. See Control.

Comp•trol´er , n. A controller; a public officer whose duty it is to examine certify accounts.

Com•pul´sa•tive , a. [From L. compulsare, v. intens. of compellere. See Compel.] Compulsatory. [R.] Shak.

Com•pul´sa•tive•ly, adv. By compulsion. [R.]

Com•pul´sa•to•ry , a. Operating with force; compelling; forcing; constraining; resulting from, or enforced by, compulsion. [R.] “To recover of us, by strong hand
And terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands.
Shak.”

Com•pul´sion , n. [L. compulsio. See Compel.] The act of compelling, or the state of being compelled; the act of driving or urging by force or by physical or moral constraint; subjection to force. “If reasons were as plentiful as blackberries, I would give no man a reason upon compulsion.
Shak.” “With what compulsion and laborious flight
We sunk thus low.
Milton.” Syn. — See Constraint.

Com•pul´sive , a. Having power to compel; exercising or applying compulsion. “Religion is … inconsistent with all compulsive motives.
Sharp.”

Com•pul´sive•ly, adv. By compulsion; by force.

Com•pul´so•ri•ly , adv. In a compulsory manner; by force or constraint.

Com•pul´so•ry , a. [LL. compulsorius.] 1. Having the power of compulsion; constraining. 2. Obligatory; enjoined by authority; necessary; due to compulsion. “This contribution threatening to fall infinitely short of their hopes, they soon made it compulsory.
Burke.”

Com•punct´ , a. [LL. compunctus, p. p.] Affected with compunction; conscience-stricken. [Obs.]

Com•punc´tion , n. [OF. compunction, F. componction, L. compunctio, fr. compungere, compunctum, to prick; com- + pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.] 1. A pricking; stimulation. [Obs.] “That acid and piercing spirit which, with such activity and compunction, invadeth the brains and nostrils.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. A picking of heart; poignant grief proceeding from a sense of guilt or consciousness of causing pain; the sting of conscience. “He acknowledged his disloyalty to the king, with expressions of great compunction.
Clarendon.” Syn. — Compunction, Remorse, Contrition. Remorse is anguish of soul under a sense of guilt or consciousness of having offended God or brought evil upon one’s self or others. Compunction is the pain occasioned by a wounded and awakened conscience. Neither of them implies true contrition, which denotes self-condemnation, humiliation, and repentance. We speak of the gnawings of remorse; of compunction for a specific act of transgression; of deep contrition in view of our past lives. See Regret.

Com•punc´tion•less, a. Without compunction.

Com•punc´tious , a. Of the nature of compunction; caused by conscience; attended with, or causing, compunction. “That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose.
Shak.”

Com•punc´tious•ly, adv. With compunction.

Com•punc´tive , a. Sensitive in respect of wrongdoing; conscientious. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com•pur•ga´tion , n. [L. compurgatio, fr. compurgare to purify wholly; com- + purgare to make pure. See Purge, v. t.] 1. (Law) The act or practice of justifying or confirming a man’s veracity by the oath of others; — called also wager of law. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager. 2. Exculpation by testimony to one’s veracity or innocence. “He was privileged from his childhood from suspicion of incontinency and needed no compurgation.
Bp. Hacket.”

Com´pur•ga•tor , n. [LL.] One who bears testimony or swears to the veracity or innocence of another. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager. “All they who know me … will say they have reason in this matter to be my compurgators.
Chillingworth.”

Com•pur•ga•to´ri•al , a. Relating to a compurgator or to compurgation. ´Their compurgatorial oath.´ Milman.

Com•put´a•ble , a. [L. computabilis.] Capable of being computed, numbered, or reckoned. “Not easily computable by arithmetic.
Sir M. Hale.”

Com•pu•ta´tion , n. [L. computatio: cf. F. computation.] 1. The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning. “By just computation of the time.
Shak.” “By a computation backward from ourselves.
Bacon.” 2. The result of computation; the amount computed. Syn. — Reckoning; calculation; estimate; account.

Com•pute´ (kom•put´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Computed; p. pr. & vb. n. Computing.] [L. computare. See Count, v. t.] To determine by calculation; to reckon; to count. “Two days, as we compute the days of heaven.
Milton.” “What’s done we partly may compute,
But know not what’s resisted.
Burns.” Syn. — To calculate; number; count; reckon; estimate; enumerate; rate. See Calculate.

Com•pute´, n. [L. computus: cf. F. comput.] Computation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Com•put´er (-put´er), n. One who computes.

Com´pu•tist , n. A computer.

Com´rade (? or 277), n. [Sp. camarada, fr. L. camara, a chamber; hence, a chamber-fellowship, and then a chamber-fellow: cf. F. camarade. Cf. Chamber.] A mate, companion, or associate. “And turned my flying comrades to the charge.
J. Baillie.” “I abjure all roofs, and choose …
To be a comrade with the wolf and owl.
Shak.”

Com´rade•ry , n. [Cf. F. camarederie.] The spirit of comradeship; comradeship. [R.] “´Certainly´, said Dunham, with the comradery of the smoker.
W. D. Howells.”

Com´rade•ship, n. The state of being a comrade; intimate fellowship.

Com´rogue , n. A fellow rogue. [Obs.]

Com´tism , n. [Named after the French philosopher, Auguste Comte.] Positivism; the positive philosophy. See Positivism.

Com´tist , n. A disciple of Comte; a positivist.

Con- . A prefix, fr. L. cum, signifying with, together, etc. See Com- .

Con, adv. [Abbrev. from L. contra against.] Against the affirmative side; in opposition; on the negative side; — The antithesis of pro, and usually in connection with it. See Pro.

Con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conned p. pr. & vb. n. Conning.] [AS. cunnan to know, be able, and (derived from this) cunnian to try, test. See Can, v. t. & i.] 1. To know; to understand; to acknowledge. [Obs.] “Of muses, Hobbinol, I con no skill.
Spenser.” “They say they con to heaven the highway.
Spenser.” 2. To study in order to know; to peruse; to learn; to commit to memory; to regard studiously. “Fixedly did look
Upon the muddy waters which he conned
As if he had been reading in a book.
Wordsworth.” “I did not come into Parliament to con my lesson.
Burke.” To con answer, to be able to answer. [Obs.] — To con thanks, to thank; to acknowledge obligation. [Obs.] Shak.

Con, v. t. [See Cond.] (Naut.) To conduct, or superintend the steering of (a vessel); to watch the course of (a vessel) and direct the helmsman how to steer.

Con•a´cre , v. t. To underlet a portion of, for a single crop; — said of a farm. [Ireland]

Con•a´cre, n. A system of letting a portion of a farm for a single crop. [Ireland] Also used adjectively; as the conacre system or principle. Mozley & W.

Co•na´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kwna•rion.] (Anat.) The pineal gland.

Co•na´tion , n. [L. conatio.] (Philos.) The power or act which directs or impels to effort of any kind, whether muscular or psychical. “Of conation, in other words, of desire and will.
J. S. Mill.”

Co´na•tive , a. [See Conatus.] Of or pertaining to conation. “This division of mind into the three great classes of the cognitive faculties, the feelings, … and the exertive or conative powers, … was first promulgated by Kant.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Co•na´tus , n. [L., fr. conatus, p. p. of conari to attempt.] A natural tendency inherent in a body to develop itself; an attempt; an effort. “What conatus could give prickles to the porcupine or hedgehog, or to the sheep its fleece?
Paley.”

Con•cam´er•ate (kon•kam´er•at), v. t. [L. concameratus, p. p. of concamerare to arch over. See Camber.] 1. To arch over; to vault. “Of the upper beak an inch and a half consisteth of one concamerated bone.
Grew.” 2. To divide into chambers or cells. Woodward.

Con•cam•er•a´tion (-a´shun), n. [L. concameratio.] 1. An arch or vault. 2. A chamber of a multilocular shell. Glanvill.

Con•cat´e•nate (kon•kat´e•nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concatenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concatenating.] [L. concatenatus, p. p. of concatenare to concatenate. See Catenate.] To link together; to unite in a series or chain, as things depending on one another. “This all things friendly will concatenate.
Dr. H. More”

Con•cat•e•na´tion (-na´shun), n. [L. concatenatio.] A series of links united; a series or order of things depending on each other, as if linked together; a chain, a succession. “The stoics affirmed a fatal, unchangeable concatenation of causes, reaching even to the illicit acts of man’s will.
South.” “A concatenation of explosions.
W. Irving.”

Con•cause´ (-kaz´), n. A joint cause. Fotherby.

Con•ca•va´tion (kon•ka•va´shun), n. The act of making concave.

Con´cave (kon•ka•v´ or kon´-; 277), a. [L. concavus; con- + cavus hollow: cf. F. concave. See Cave a hollow.] 1. Hollow and curved or rounded; vaulted; — said of the interior of a curved surface or line, as of the curve of the of the inner surface of an eggshell, in opposition to convex; as a concave mirror; the concave arch of the sky. 2. Hollow; void of contents. [R.] “As concave … as a worm-eaten nut.
Shak.”

Con´cave, n. [L. concavum.] 1. A hollow; an arched vault; a cavity; a recess. “Up to the fiery concave towering hight.
Milton.” 2. (Mech.) A curved sheath or breasting for a revolving cylinder or roll.

Con´cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concaving.] To make hollow or concave.

Con´caved , a. (Her.) Bowed in the form of an arch; — called also arched.

Con´cave•ness, n. Hollowness; concavity.

Con•cav´i•ty , n.; pl. Concavities (#). [L. concavitas: cf. F. concavite. See Concave.] A concave surface, or the space bounded by it; the state of being concave.

Con•ca•vo-con´cave , a. Concave or hollow on both sides; double concave.

Con•ca•vo-con´vex , a. 1. Concave on one side and convex on the other, as an eggshell or a crescent. 2. (Optics) Specifically, having such a combination of concave and convex sides as makes the focal axis the shortest line between them. See Illust. under Lens.

Con•ca•´vous , a. [L. concavus.] Concave. Abp. potter. — Con•ca´vous•ly, adv.

Con•ceal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concealed p. pr. & vb. n. Concealing.] [OF. conceler, L. concelare; con- + celareto hide; akin to AS. helan, G. hehlen, E. hele (to cover), helmet. See Hell, Helmet.] To hide or withdraw from observation; to cover; to cover or keep from sight; to prevent the discovery of; to withhold knowledge of. “It is the glory of God to conceal a thing.
Prov. xxv. 2.” “Declare ye among the nations, … publish and conceal not.
Jer. l. 2.” “He which finds him shall deserve our thanks, …
He that conceals him, death.
Shak.” Syn. — To hide; secrete; screen; cover; disguise; dissemble; mask; veil; cloak; screen. — To Conceal, Hide, Disguise, Dissemble, Secrete. To hide is the generic term, which embraces all the rest. To conceal is simply not make known what we wish to keep secret. In the Bible hide often has the specific meaning of conceal. See 1 Sam. iii. 17, 18. To disguise or dissemble is to conceal by assuming some false appearance. To secrete is to hide in some place of secrecy. A man may conceal facts, disguise his sentiments, dissemble his feelings, secrete stolen goods. “Bur double griefs afflict concealing hearts.
Spenser.” “Both dissemble deeply their affections.
Shak.” “We have in these words a primary sense, which reveals a future state, and a secondary sense, which hides and secretes it.
Warburton.”

Con•ceal´a•ble , a. Capable of being concealed.

Con•cealed´ , a. Hidden; kept from sight; secreted. — Con•ceal´ed•ly , adv. — Con•ceal´ed•ness, n. Concealed weapons (Law), dangerous weapons so carried on the person as to be knowingly or willfully concealed from sight, — a practice forbidden by statute.

Con•ceal´er , n. One who conceals.

Con•ceal´ment , n. [OF. concelement.] 1. The act of concealing; the state of being concealed. “But let concealment, like a worm i’ the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek.
Shak.” “Some dear cause
Will in concealment wrap me up awhile.
Shak.” 2. A place of hiding; a secret place; a retreat frem observation. “The cleft tree
Offers its kind concealment to a few.
Thomson.” 3. A secret; out of the way knowledge. [Obs.] “Well read in strange concealments.
Shak.” 4. (Law) Suppression of such facts and circumstances as in justice ought to be made known. Wharton.

Con•cede´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Conceding.] [L. concedere, concessum; con- + cedere to go along, give way, yield: cf. F. conceder. See Cede.] 1. To yield or suffer; to surrender; to grant; as to concede the point in question. Boyle. 2. To grant, as a right or privilege; to make concession of. 3. To admit to be true; to acknowledge. “We concede that their citizens were those who lived under different forms.
Burke.” Syn. — To grant; allow; admit; yield; surrender.

Con•cede´, v. i. To yield or make concession. “I wished you to concede to America, at a time when she prayed concession at our feet.
Burke.”

Con•ceit´ , n. [Through French, fr. L. conceptus a conceiving, conception, fr. concipere to conceive: cf. OF. p. p. nom. conciez conceived. See Conceive, and cf. Concept, Deceit.] 1. That which is conceived, imagined, or formed in the mind; idea; thought; image; conception. “In laughing, there ever procedeth a conceit of somewhat ridiculous.
Bacon.” “A man wise in his own conceit.
Prov. xxvi. 12.” 2. Faculty of conceiving ideas; mental faculty; apprehension; as a man of quick conceit. [Obs.] “How often, alas! did her eyes say unto me that they loved! and yet I, not looking for such a matter, had not my conceit open to understand them.
Sir P. Sidney.” 3. Quickness of apprehension; active imagination; lively fancy. “His wit’s as thick as Tewksbury mustard; there’s more conceit in him than is in a mallet.
Shak.” 4. A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion; a quant fancy; an unnatural or affected conception; a witty thought or turn of expression; a fanciful device; a whim; a quip. “On his way to the gibbet, a freak took him in the head to go off with a conceit.
L’Estrange.” “Some to conceit alone their works confine,
And glittering thoughts struck out at every line.
Pope.” “Tasso is full of conceits … which are not only below the dignity of heroic verse but contrary to its nature.
Dryden.” 5. An overweening idea of one’s self; vanity. “Plumed with conceit he calls aloud.
Cotton.” 6. Design; pattern. [Obs.] Shak. In conceit with, in accord with; agreeing or conforming. — Out of conceit with, not having a favorable opinion of; not pleased with; as a man is out of conceit with his dress. — To put [one] out of conceit with, to make one indifferent to a thing, or in a degree displeased with it.

Con•ceit´ , v. t. To conceive; to imagine. [Archaic] “The strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are therebly rendered as inactive … as if they really were so.
South.” “One of two bad ways you must conceit me,
Either a coward or a flatterer.
Shak.”

Con•ceit´, v. i. To form an idea; to think. [Obs.] “Those whose … vulgar apprehensions conceit but low of matrimonial purposes.
Milton.”

Con•ceit´ed, a. 1. Endowed with fancy or imagination. [Obs.] “He was … pleasantly conceited, and sharp of wit.
Knolles.” 2. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one’s self; vain. “If you think me too conceited
Or to passion quickly heated.
Swift.” “Conceited of their own wit, science, and politeness.
Bentley.” 3. Curiously contrived or designed; fanciful. [Obs.] “A conceited chair to sleep in.
Evelyn.” Syn. — Vain; proud; opinionated; egotistical.

Con•ceit´ed•ly, adv. 1. In an egotistical manner. 2. Fancifully; whimsically.

Con•ceit´ed•ness, n. The state of being conceited; conceit; vanity. Addison.

Con•ceit´less, a. Without wit; stupid. [Obs.] “Think’st thou I am so shallow, so conceitless.
To be seduced by thy flattery?
Shak.”

Con•ceiv´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. concevable.] Capable of being conceived, imagined, or understood. ´Any conceivable weight.´ Bp. Wilkins. “It is not conceivable that it should be indeed that very person whose shape and voice it assumed.
Atterbury.” — Con•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. — Con•ceiv´a•bly, adv.

Con•ceive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceived p. pr. & vb. n. Conceiving.] [OF. conzoivre, concever, conceveir, F. concevoir, fr. L. oncipere to take, to conceive; con- + capere to seize or take. See Capable, and cf. Conception.] 1. To receive into the womb and begin to breed; to begin the formation of the embryo of. “She hath also conceived a son in her old age.
Luke i. 36.” 2. To form in the mind; to plan; to devise; to generate; to originate; as to conceive a purpose, plan, hope. “It was among the ruins of the Capitol that I first conceived the idea of a work which has amused and exercised near twenty years of my life.
Gibbon.” “Conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood.
Is. lix. 13.” 3. To apprehend by reason or imagination; to take into the mind; to know; to imagine; to comprehend; to understand. ´I conceive you.´ Hawthorne. “O horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart
Cannot conceive nor name thee!
Shak.” “You will hardly conceive him to have been bred in the same climate.
Swift.” Syn. — To apprehend; imagine; suppose; understand; comprehend; believe; think.

Con•ceive´, v. i. 1. To have an embryo or fetus formed in the womb; to breed; to become pregnant. “A virgin shall conceive, and bear a son.
Isa. vii. 14.” 2. To have a conception, idea, or opinion; think; — with of. “Conceive of things clearly and distinctly in their own natures.
I. Watts.”

Con•ceiv´er , n. One who conceives.

Con•cel´e•brate , v. t. [L. concelebratus, p. p. of concelebrare to concelebrate.] To celebrate together. [Obs.] Holland.

Con•cent´ , n. [L. concentus, fr. concinere to sing together; con- + canere to sing.] 1. Concert of voices; concord of sounds; harmony; as a concent of notes. [Archaic.] Bacon. “That undisturbed song of pure concent.
Milton.” 2. Consistency; accordance. [Obs.] “In concent to his own principles.
Atterbury.” { Con•cen´ter , Con•cen´tre } , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concentered or Concentred ; p. pr & vb. n. Concentering or Concentring .] [F. concentrer, fr. L. con- + centrum center. See Center, and cf. Concentrate] To come to one point; to meet in, or converge toward, a common center; to have a common center. “God, in whom all perfections concenter.
Bp. Beveridge.” { Con•cen´ter , Con•cen´tre }, v. t. To draw or direct to a common center; to bring together at a focus or point, as two or more lines; to concentrate. “In thee concentering all their precious beams.
Milton.” “All is concentered in a life intense.
Byren.”

Con•cen´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concentrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concentrating.] [Pref. con- + L. centrum center. Cf. Concenter.] 1. To bring to, or direct toward, a common center; to unite more closely; to gather into one body, mass, or force; to fix; as to concentrate rays of light into a focus; to concentrate the attention. “(He) concentrated whole force at his own camp.
Motley.” 2. To increase the strength and diminish the bulk of, as of a liquid or an ore; to intensify, by getting rid of useless material; to condense; as to concentrate acid by evaporation; to concentrate by washing; — opposed to dilute. “Spirit of vinegar concentrated and reduced to its greatest strength.
Arbuthnot.” Syn. — To combine; to condense; to consolidate.

Con•cen´trate , v. i. To approach or meet in a common center; to consolidate; as population tends to concentrate in cities.

Con•cen•tra´tion , n. [Cf. F. concentration.] 1. The act or process of concentrating; the process of becoming concentrated, or the state of being concentrated; concentration. “Concentration of the lunar beams.
Boyle.” “Intense concetration of thought.
Sir J. Herschel.” 2. The act or process of reducing the volume of a liquid, as by evaporation. “The acid acquires a higher degree of concentration.
Knight.” 3. (Metal.) The act or process of removing the dress of ore and of reducing the valuable part to smaller compass, as by currents of air or water.

Con•cen´tra•tive , a. Serving or tending to concentrate; characterized by concentration. “A discrimination is only possible by a concentrative act, or act of attention.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•cen´tra•tive•ness, n. 1. The quality of concentrating. 2. (Phren.) The faculty or propensity which has to do with concentrating the intellectual the intellectual powers. Combe.

Con´cen•tra•tor , n. (Mining) An apparatus for the separation of dry comminuted ore, by exposing it to intermittent puffs of air. Knight. { Con•cen´tric , Con•cen´tric•al }, a. [F. concentrique. See Concenter.] Having a common center, as circles of different size, one within another. “Concentric circles upon the surface of the water.
Sir I. Newton.” “Concentrical rings like those of an onion.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•cen´tric, n. That which has a common center with something else. “Its pecular relations to its concentrics.
Coleridge.”

Con•cen´tric•al•ly, adv. In a concentric manner.

Con•cen•tric´i•ty , n. The state of being concentric.

Con•cen´tu•al , a. [From Concent.] Possessing harmony; accordant. [R.] Warton.

Con´cept , n. [L. conceptus (cf. neut. conceptum fetus), p. p. of concipere to conceive: cf. F. concept. See Conceit.] An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal. “The words conception, concept, notion, should be limited to the thought of what can not be represented in the imagination; as the thought suggested by a general term.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•cep´ta•cle , n. [L. conceptaculum, fr. concipere to receive. See Conceive.] 1. That in which anything is contained; a vessel; a receiver or receptacle. [Obs.] Woodward. 2. (Bot.) (a) A pericarp, opening longitudinally on one side and having the seeds loose in it; a follicle; a double follicle or pair of follicles. (b) One of the cases containing the spores, etc., of flowerless plants, especially of algae.

Con•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being conceivable; conceivableness. Cudworth.

Con•cep´ti•ble , a. [See Conceive.] Capable of being conceived; conceivable. Sir M. Hale.

Con•cep´tion , n. [F. conception, L. conceptio, fr. concipere to conceive. See Conceive.] 1. The act of conceiving in the womb; the initiation of an embryonic animal life. “I will greaty multiply thy sorrow and thy conception.
Gen. iii. 16.” 2. The state of being conceived; beginning. “Joy had the like conception in our eyes.
Shak.” 3. The power or faculty of apprehending of forming an idea in the mind; the power of recalling a past sensation or perception. “Under the article of conception, I shall confine myself to that faculty whose province it is to enable us to form a notion of our past sensations, or of the objects of sense that we have formerly perceived.
Stewart.” 4. The formation in the mind of an image, idea, or notion, apprehension. “Conception consists in a conscious act of the understanding, bringing any given object or impression into the same class with any number of other objects or impression, by means of some character or characters common to them all.
Coleridge.” 5. The image, idea, or notion of any action or thing which is formed in the mind; a concept; a notion; a universal; the product of a rational belief or judgment. See Concept. “He [Herodotus] says that the sun draws or attracts the water; a metaphorical term obviously intended to denote some more general and abstract conception than that of the visible operation which the word primarily signifies.
Whewell.” 6. Idea; purpose; design. “Note this dangerous conception.
Shak.” 7. Conceit; affected sentiment or thought. [Obs.] “He … is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticism.
Dryden.” Syn. — Idea; notion; perception; apprehemsion; comprehension.

Con•cep´tion•al , a. Pertaining to conception.

Con•cep´tion•al•ist, n. A conceptualist.

Con•cep´tious, a. Apt to conceive; fruitful. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•cep´tive , a. [Cf. F. conceptif, L. conceptivus.] Capable of conceiving. Sir T. Browne

Con•cep´tu•al , a. Pertaining to conception.

Con•cep´tu•al•ism , n. (Metaph.) A theory, intermediate between realism and nominalism, that the mind has the power of forming for itself general conceptions of individual or single objects. Stewart.

Con•cep´tu•al•ist, n. (Metaph.) One who maintains the theory of conceptualism. Stewart.

Con•cern´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerned p. pr. & vb. n. Concerning.] [F. concerner, LL. concernere to regard, concern, fr. L. concernere to mix or mingle together, as in a sieve for separating; con- + cernere to separate, sift, distinguish by the senses, and especially by the eyes, to perceive, see. See Certain.] 1. To relate or belong to; to have reference to or connection with; to affect the interest of; to be of importance to. “Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ.
Acts xxviii. 31.” “Our wars with France have affected us in our most tender interests, and concerned us more than those with any other nation.
Addison.” “It much concerns a preacher first to learn
The genius of his audience and their turn.
Dodsley.” “Ignorant, so far as the usual instruction is concerned.
J. F. Cooper.” 2. To engage by feeling or sentiment; to interest; as a good prince concerns himself in the happiness of his subjects. “They think themselves out the reach of Providence, and no longer concerned to solicit his favor.
Rogers.”

Con•cern´, v. i. To be of importance. [Obs.] “Which to deny concerns more than avails.
Shak.”

Con•cern´, n. 1. That which relates or belongs to one; business; affair. “The private concerns of fanilies.
Addison.” 2. That which affects the welfare or happiness; interest; moment. “Mysterious secrets of a high concern.
Roscommon.” 3. Interest in, or care for, any person or thing; regard; solicitude; anxiety. “O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns
And gentle wishes follow me to battle.
Addison.” 4. (Com.) Persons connected in business; a firm and its business; as a banking concern. The whole concern, all connected with a particular affair or business. Syn. — Care; anxiety; solicitude; interest; regard; business; affair; matter; moment. See Care.

Con•cerned´ , a. [See Concern, v. t., 2.] Disturbed; troubled; solicitous; as to be much concerned for the safety of a friend.

Con•cern´ed•ly , adv. In a concerned manner; solicitously; sympathetically.

Con•cern´ing, prep. Pertaining to; regarding; having relation to; respecting; as regards. “I have accepted thee concerning this thing.
Gen. xix. 21.” “The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel.
Num. x. 29.”

Con•cern´ing, a. Important. [Archaic] “So great and so concerning truth.
South.”

Con•cern´ing , n. 1. That in which one is concerned or interested; concern; affair; interest. ´Our everlasting concernments.´ I. Watts. “To mix with thy concernments I desist.
Milton.” 2. Importance; moment; consequence. “Let every action of concernment to begun with prayer.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Concern; participation; interposition. “He married a daughter to the earl without any other approbation of her father or concernment in it, than suffering him and her come into his presence.
Clarendon.” 4. Emotion of mind; solicitude; anxiety. “While they are so eager to destroy the fame of others, their ambition is manifest in their concernment.
Dryden.”

Con•cert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concerting.] [F. concerter, It. concertare, conertare, prob. from L. consertus, p. p. of conserere to join together; con- + serere to join together, influenced by concertare to contend; con- + centare to strive; properly, to try to decide; fr. cernere to distinguish. See Series, and cf. Concern.] 1. To plan together; to settle or adjust by conference, agreement, or consultation. “It was concerted to begin the siege in March.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. To plan; to devise; to arrange. “A commander had more trouble to concert his defense before the people than to plan … the campaign.
Burke.”

Con•cert´, v. i. To act in harmony or conjunction; to form combined plans. “The ministers of Denmark were appointed to concert with Talbot.
Bp. Burnet”

Con´cert (kon´sert), n. [F. concert, It. concerto, conserto, fr. concertare. See Concert, v. t.] 1. Agreement in a design or plan; union formed by mutual communication of opinions and views; accordance in a scheme; harmony; simultaneous action. “All these discontents, how ruinous soever, have arisen from the want of a due communication and concert.
Swift.” 2. Musical accordance or harmony; concord. “Let us in concert to the season sing.
Cowper.” 3. A musical entertainment in which several voices or instruments take part. “Visit by night your lady’s chamber window
With some sweet concert.
Shak.” “And boding screech owls make the concert full.
Shak.” Concert pitch. See under Pitch.

Con•cer•tan´te ( It. ?), n. [It., orig p. pr. of concertare to form or perform a concert. See Concert.] (Mus.) A concert for two or more principal instruments, with orchestral accompaniment. Also adjectively; as concertante parts.

Con•cer•ta´tion , n. [L. concertatio.] Strife; contention. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con•cer´ta•tive , a. [L. concertativus.] Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con•cert´ed , a. Mutually contrived or planned; agreed on; as concerted schemes, signals. Concerted piece (Mus.), a composition in parts for several voices or instrument, as a trio, a quartet, etc.

Con•cer•ti´na , n. [From It. concerto a concert.] A small musical instrument on the principle of the accordion. It is a small elastic box, or bellows, having free reeds on the inside, and keys and handles on the outside of each of the two hexagonal heads.

Con•cer•ti´no , n. [See Concertina.] (Mus.) A piece for one or more solo instruments with orchestra; — more concise than the concerto.

Con•cer´tion , n. Act of concerting; adjustment. [R.] Young.

Con•cert•meis´ter , n. [G.] (Mus.) The head violinist or leader of the strings in an orchestra; the sub-leader of the orchestra; concert master.

Con•cer´to ( It. ?), n.; pl. Concertos (#). [It. See Concert, n.] (Mus.) A composition (usually in symphonic form with three movements) in which one instrument (or two or three) stands out in bold relief against the orchestra, or accompaniment, so as to display its qualities or the performer’s skill.

Con•ces´sion , n. [L. concessio, fr. concedere: cf. F. concession. See Concede.] 1. The act of conceding or yielding; usually implying a demand, claim, or request, and thus distinguished from giving, which is voluntary or spontaneous. “By mutual concession the business was adjusted.
Hallam.” 2. A thing yielded; an acknowledgment or admission; a boon; a grant; esp. a grant by government of a privilege or right to do something; as a concession to build a canal. “This is therefore a concession, that he doth … believe the Scriptures to be sufficiently plain.
Sharp.” “When a lover becomes satisfied by small compliances without further pursuits, then expect to find popular assemblies content with small concessions.
Swift.”

Con•ces´sion•ist, n. One who favors concession.

Con•ces´sive , a. [L. concessivus.] Implying concession; as a concessive conjunction. Lowth.

Con•ces´sive•ly, adv. By way of concession.

Con•ces´so•ry , a. Conceding; permissive.

Con•cet´tism , n. The use of concetti or affected conceits. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Con•cet´to ( It. ?), n.; pl. Concetti (#). [It., fr. L. conceptus. See Conceit.] Affected wit; a conceit. Chesterfield.

Conch , n. [L. concha, Gr. . See Coach, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) A name applied to various marine univalve shells; esp. to those of the genus Strombus, which are of large size. S. gigas is the large pink West Indian conch. The large king, queen, and cameo conchs are of the genus Cassis. See Cameo. The conch is sometimes used as a horn or trumpet, as in fogs at sea, or to call laborers from work. 2. In works of art, the shell used by Tritons as a trumpet. 3. One of the white natives of the Bahama Islands or one of their descendants in the Florida Keys; — so called from the commonness of the conch there, or because they use it for food. 4. (Arch.) See Concha, n. 5. The external ear. See Concha, n., 2.

Con´cha , n. [LL. (in sense 1), fr. concha. See Conch.] 1. (Arch.) The plain semidome of an apse; sometimes used for the entire apse. 2. (Anat.) The external ear; esp. the largest and deepest concavity of the external ear, surrounding the entrance to the auditory canal.

Con´chal , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the concha, or external ear; as the conchal cartilage.

Con´chi•fer , n. [Cf. F. conchofère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Conchifera.

Con•chif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. concha + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) That class of Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells; the Lamellibranchiata. See Mollusca.

Con•chif´er•ous , a. Producing or having shells.

Con´chi•form, a. [Conch + -form.] Shaped like one half of a bivalve shell; shell-shaped.

Con´chi•nine , n. [Formed by transposition fr. cinchonine.] See Quinidine.

Con´chite , n. [Cf. F. conchite. See Conch.] (Paleon.) A fossil or petrified conch or shell.

Con•chit´ic , a. Composed of shells; containing many shells.

Con´choid , n. [Gr. ; shell + form: cf. F. conchoïde.] (Geom.) A curve, of the fourth degree, first made use of by the Greek geometer, Nicomedes, who invented it for the purpose of trisecting an angle and duplicating the cube.

Con•choid´al , a. [Cf. F. conchoïdal.] (Min.) Having elevations or depressions in form like one half of a bivalve shell; — applied principally to a surface produced by fracture.

Con•cho•log´ic•al , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or connected with, conchology.

Con•chol´o•gist , n. (Zoöl.) One who studies, or is versed in, conchology.

Con•chol´o•gy , n. [Conch + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The science of Mollusca, and of the shells which they form; malacology.

Con•chom´e•ter , n. [Conch + -meter.] (Zoöl.) An instrument for measuring shells, or the angle of their spire.

Con•chom´e•try , n. (Zoöl.) The art of measuring shells or their curves; conchyliometry.

Con•cho-spi´ral , n. A kind of spiral curve found in certain univalve shells. Agassiz. { Con•chy•la´ceous , Con•chyl•i•a´ceous }, a. [L. conchylium shell, Gr. , dim. of , equiv. to . See Conch.] Of or pertaining to shells; resembling a shell; as conchyliaceous impressions. Kirwan. { Con•chyl•i•ol´o•gist , n., Con•chyl•i•ol´o•gy } n. See Conchologist, and Conchology.

Con•chyl•i•om´e•try , n. [Gr. + -metry.] Same as Conchometry.

Con•chyl´i•ous , a. Conchylaceous.

Con´ci•a•tor , n. [It. conciatore, fr. conciare to adjust, dress, fr. L. comtus, p. p. See Compt, a.] (Glass Works) The person who weighs and proportions the materials to be made into glass, and who works and tempers them.

Con•cierge´ , n. [F.] One who keeps the entrance to an edifice, public or private; a doorkeeper; a janitor, male or female.

Con•cil´i•a•ble , n. [L. conciliabulum, fr. concitium assembly: cf. F. conciliabule. See Council.] A small or private assembly, especially of an ecclesiastical nature. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•cil´i•a•ble, a. [Cf. F. conciliable.] Capable of being conciliated or reconciled. Milton.

Con•cil´i•a•bule , n. [See Conciliable, n.] An obscure ecclesiastical council; a conciliable. Milman. { Con•cil´i•ar , Con•cil´i•a•ry } a. [Cf. F. conciliare.] Of or pertaining to, or issued by, a council. Jer. Taylor.

Con•cil´i•ate ( 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conciliated; p. pr & vb. n. Conciliating.] [L. conciliatus, p. p. of conciliare to draw or bring together, unite, from concilium council. See Council.] To win ower; to gain from a state of hostility; to gain the good will or favor of; to make friendly; to mollify; to propitiate; to appease. “The rapacity of his father’s administration had excited such universal discontent, that it was found expedient to conciliate the nation.
Hallam.” Syn. — To reconcile; propitiate; appease; pacify.

Con•cil•i•a´tion , n. [L. conciliatio.] The act or process of conciliating; the state of being conciliated. “The house has gone further; it has declared conciliation admissible previous to any submission on the part of America.
Burke.”

Con•cil´i•a•tive , a. Conciliatory. Coleridge.

Con•cil´i•a•tor , n. [L.] One who conciliates.

Con•cil´i•a•to•ry ( 106), a. Tending to conciliate; pacific; mollifying; propitiating. “The only alternative, therefore, was to have recourse to the conciliatory policy.
Prescott.”

Con•cin´nate , v. t. [L. concinnatus, p. p. of concinnare to concinnate. See Concinnity.] To place fitly together; to adapt; to clear. [Obs.] Holland.

Con•cin´ni•ty , n. [L. concinnitas, fr. concinnus skillfully put together, beautiful. Of uncertain origin.] Internal harmony or fitness; mutual adaptation of parts; elegance; — used chiefly of style of discourse. [R.] “An exact concinnity and eveness of fancy.
Howell.”

Con•cin´nous , a. [L. concinnus.] Characterized by concinnity; neat; elegant. [R.] “The most concinnous and most rotund of proffessors, M. Heyne.
De Quiency.”

Con´cio•nate , v. i. [L. concionatus, p. p. of concionari to adress.] To preach. [Obs.] Lithgow.

Con´cio•na•tor , n. [L.] 1. An haranguer of the people; a preacher. 2. (Old Law) A common councilman. [Obs.]

Con´cio•na•to•ry ( 106), a. Of or pertaining to preaching or public addresses. [Obs.] Howell.

Con•cise´ , a. [L. concisus cut off, short, p. p. of concidere to cut to pieces; con- + caedere to cut; perh. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v. t.; cf. F. concis.] Expressing much in a few words; condensed; brief and compacted; — used of style in writing or speaking. “The concise style, which expresseth not enough, but leaves somewhat to be understood.
B. Jonson.” “Where the author is … too brief and concise, amplify a little.
I. Watts.” Syn. — Laconic; terse; brief; short; compendious; summary; succinct. See Laconic, and Terse.

Con•cise´ly, adv. In a concise manner; briefly.

Con•cise´ness, n. The quality of being concise.

Con•ci´sion , n. [L. concisio: cf. F. concision. See Concise.] A cutting off; a division; a schism; a faction. South.

Con•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. concitatio. See Concite.] The act of stirring up, exciting, or agitating. [Obs.] ´The concitation of humors.´ Sir T. Browne.

Con•cite´ , v. t. [L. concitare; con- + citare. See Cite.] To excite or stir up. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Con•cla•ma´tion , n. [L. conclamatio.] An outcry or shout of many together. [R.] “Before his funeral conclamation.
May (Lucan).”

Con´clave (? or 277), n. [F., fr. L. conclave a room that may locked up; con- + clavis key. See Clavicle.] 1. The set of apartments within which the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church are continuously secluded while engaged in choosing a pope. 2. The body of cardinals shut up in the conclave for the election of a pope; hence, the body of cardinals. “It was said a cardinal, by reason of his apparent likelihood to step into St. Peter’s chair, that in two conclaves he went in pope and came out again cardinal.
South.” 3. A private meeting; a close or secret assembly. “The verdicts pronounced by this conclave (Johnson’s Club) on new books, were speedily known over all London.
Macaulay.” To be in conclave, to be engaged in a secret meeting; — said of several, or a considerable number of, persons.

Con´cla•vist , n. [Cf. F. conclaviste, It. conclavista.] One of the two ecclesiastics allowed to attend a cardinal in the conclave.

Con•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Concluding.] [L. concludere, conclusum; con- + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up; to inclose. [Obs.] “The very person of Christ [was] concluded within the grave.
Hooker.” 2. To include; to comprehend; to shut up together; to embrace. [Obs.] “For God hath concluded all in unbelief.
Rom. xi. 32.” “The Scripture hath concluded all under sin.
Gal. iii. 22.” 3. To reach as an end of reasoning; to infer, as from premises; to close, as an argument, by inferring; — sometimes followed by a dependent clause. “No man can conclude God’s love or hatred to any person by anything that befalls him.
Tillotson.” “Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith.
Rom. iii. 28.” 4. To make a final determination or judgment concerning; to judge; to decide. “But no frail man, however great or high,
Can be concluded blest before he die.
Addison.” “Is it concluded he shall be protector?
Shak.” 5. To bring to an end; to close; to finish. “I will conclude this part with the speech of a counselor of state.
Bacon.” 6. To bring about as a result; to effect; to make; as to conclude a bargain. ´If we conclude a peace.´ Shak. 7. To shut off; to restrain; to limit; to estop; to bar; — generally in the passive; as the defendant is concluded by his own plea; a judgment concludes the introduction of further evidence argument. “If therefore they will appeal to revelation for their creation they must be concluded by it.
Sir M. Hale.” Syn. — To infer; decide; determine; settle; close; finish; terminate; end.

Con•clude´, v. i. 1. To come to a termination; to make an end; to close; to end; to terminate. “A train of lies,
That, made in lust, conclude in perjuries.
Dryden.” “And, to conclude,
The victory fell on us.
Shak.” 2. To form a final judgment; to reach a decision. “Can we conclude upon Luther’s instability?
Bp. Atterbury.” “Conclude and be agreed.
Shak.”

Con•clud´en•cy , n. Deduction from premises; inference; conclusion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Con•clud´ent , a. [L. concludens, p. pr.] Bringing to a close; decisive; conclusive. [Obs.] “Arguments highly consequential and concludent to my purpose.
Sir M. Hale.”

Con•clud´er , n. One who concludes.

Con•clud´ing•ly, adv. Conclusively. [R.] Digby.

Con•clu´si•ble , a. Demonstrable; determinable. [Obs.] Hammond.

Con•clu´sion , n. [F., fr. L. conclusio. See Conclude.] 1. The last part of anything; close; termination; end. “A fluorish of trumpets announced the conclusion of the contest.
Prescott.” 2. Final decision; determination; result. “And the conclusion is, she shall be thine.
Shak.” 3. Any inference or result of reasoning. 4. (Logic) The inferred proposition of a syllogism; the necessary consequence of the conditions asserted in two related propositions called premises. See Syllogism. “He granted him both the major and minor, but denied him the conclusion.
Addison.” 5. Drawing of inferences. [Poetic] “Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes
And still conclusion.
Shak.” 6. An experiment, or something from which a conclusion may be drawn. [Obs.] “We practice likewise all conclusions of grafting and inoculating.
Bacon.” 7. (Law) (a) The end or close of a pleading, e.g., the formal ending of an indictment, ´against the peace,´ etc. (b) An estoppel or bar by which a person is held to a particular position. Wharton. Conclusion to the country (Law), the conclusion of a pleading by which a party ´puts himself upon the country,´ i.e., appeals to the verdict of a jury. Mozley & W. — In conclusion. (a) Finally. (b) In short. — To try conclusions, to make a trial or an experiment. “Like the famous ape,
To try conclusions, in the basket creep.
Shak.” Syn. — Inference; deduction; result; consequence; end; decision. See Inference.

Con•clu´sive , a. [Cf. F. conclusif.] Belonging to a close or termination; decisive; convincing; putting an end to debate or question; leading to, or involving, a conclusion or decision. “Secret reasons … equally conclusive for us as they were for them.
Rogers.” Conclusive evidence (Law), that of which, from its nature, the law allows no contradiction or explanation. — Conclusive presumption (Law), an inference which the law makes so peremptorily that it will not allow it to be overthrown by any contrary proof, however strong. Syn. — Final; ultimate; unanswerable. See Final.

Con•clu´sive•ly , adv. In the way of conclusion; decisively; positively. Burke.

Con•clu´sive•ness, n. The quality of being conclusive; decisiveness.

Con•clu´so•ry , a. Conclusive. [R.]

Con•coct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concocted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concocting.] [L. concoctus, p. p. of concoquere to cook together, to digest, mature; con- + coquere to cook. See Cook.] 1. To digest; to convert into nourishment by the organs of nutrition. [Obs.] “Food is concocted, the heart beats, the blood circulates.
Cheyne.” 2. To purify or refine chemically. [Obs.] Thomson. 3. To prepare from crude materials, as food; to invent or prepare by combining different ingredients; as to concoct a new dish or beverage. 4. To digest in the mind; to devise; to make up; to contrive; to plan; to plot. “He was a man of a feeble stomach, unable to concoct any great fortune.
Hayward.” 5. To mature or perfect; to ripen. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•coct´er , n. One who concocts.

Con•coc´tion , n. [L. concoctio.] 1. A change in food produced by the organs of nutrition; digestion. [Obs.] 2. The act of concocting or preparing by combining different ingredients; also the food or compound thus prepared. 3. The act of digesting in the mind; planning or devising; rumination. Donne. 4. (Med.) Abatement of a morbid process, as a fever and return to a normal condition. [Obs.] 5. The act of perfecting or maturing. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•coct´ive , a. Having the power of digesting or ripening; digestive. “Hence the concoctive powers, with various art,
Subdue the cruder aliments to chyle.
J. Armstrong.”

Con´col•or , a. [L. concolor; con- + color color.] Of the same color; of uniform color. [R.] ´Concolor animals.´ Sir T. Browne.

Con´col•or•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of the same color throughout. { Con•com´i•tance , Con•com´i•tan•cy }, n. [Cf. F. concomitance, fr. LL. concomitantia.] 1. The state of accompanying; accompaniment. “The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in concomitancy with the other.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. (R.C.Ch.) The doctrine of the existence of the entire body of Christ in the eucharist, under each element, so that the body and blood are both received by communicating in one kind only.

Con•com´i•tant , a. [F., fr. L. con- + comitari to accompany, comes companion. See Count a nobleman.] Accompanying; conjoined; attending. “It has pleased our wise Creator to annex to several objects, as also to several of our thoughts, a concomitant pleasure.
Locke.”

Con•com´i•tant, n. One who, or that which, accompanies, or is collaterally connected with another; a companion; an associate; an accompaniment. “Reproach is a concomitant to greatness.
Addison.” “The other concomitant of ingratitude is hardheartedness.
South.”

Con•com´i•tant•ly, adv. In company with others; unitedly; concurrently. Bp. pearson.

Con´cord , n. [F. concorde, L. concordia, fr. concors of the same mind, agreeing; con- + cor, cordis, heart. See Heart, and cf. Accord.] 1. A state of agreement; harmony; union. “Love quarrels oft in pleasing concord end.
Milton.” 2. Agreement by stipulation; compact; covenant; treaty or league. [Obs.] “The concord made between Henry and Roderick.
Davies.” 3. (Gram.) Agreement of words with one another, in gender, number, person, or case. 4. (Old Law) An agreement between the parties to a fine of land in reference to the manner in which it should pass, being an acknowledgment that the land in question belonged to the complainant. See Fine. Burril. 5. [Prob. influenced by chord.] (Mus.) An agreeable combination of tones simultaneously heard; a consonant chord; consonance; harmony.

Con´cord, n. A variety of American grape, with large dark blue (almost black) grapes in compact clusters.

Con•cord´ , v. i. [F. concorder, L. concordare.] To agree; to act together. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Con•cord´a•ble , a. [L. concordabilis.] Capable of according; agreeing; harmonious.

Con•cord´ance , n. [F., fr. LL. concordantia.] 1. Agreement; accordance. “Contrasts, and yet concordances.
Carlyle.” 2. (Gram.) Concord; agreement. [Obs.] Aschlam. 3. An alphabetical verbal index showing the places in the text of a book where each principal word may be found, with its immediate context in each place. “His knowledge of the Bible was such, that he might have been called a living concordance.
Macaulay.” 4. A topical index or orderly analysis of the contents of a book.

Con•cord´an•cy , n. Agreement. W. Montagu.

Con•cord´ant , a. [L. concordans, p. pr. of concordare: cf. F. concordant. See Concord.] Agreeing; correspondent; harmonious; consonant. “Were every one employed in points concordant to their natures, professions, and arts, commonwealths would rise up of themselves.
Sir T. Browne”

Con•cord´ant•ly, adv. In a concordant manner.

Con•cor´dat , n. [F. concordat, L. concordato, prop. p. p. of concordare. See Concord.] 1. A compact, covenant, or agreement concerning anything. 2. An agreement made between the pope and a sovereign or government for the regulation of ecclesiastical matters with which both are concerned; as the concordat between Pope Pius VII and Bonaparte in 1801. Hook.

Con•cord´ist , n. The compiler of a concordance.

Con•cor´po•rate , v. t. & i. [L. concorporatus, p. p. of concorporare.] To unite in one mass or body; to incorporate. [Archaic.] Jer. Taylor.

Con•cor´po•rate , a. United in one body; incorporated. [Archaic] B. Jonson.

Con•cor•po•ra´tion , n. [L. concorporatio.] Union of things in one mass or body. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Con´course , n. [F. concours, L. concursus, fr. concurrere to run together. See Concur.] 1. A moving, flowing, or running together; confluence. “The good frame of the universe was not the product of chance or fortuitous concourse of particles of matter.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. An assembly; a gathering formed by a voluntary or spontaneous moving and meeting in one place. “Amidst the concourse were to be seen the noble ladies of Milan, in gay, fantastic cars, shining in silk brocade.
Prescott.” 3. The place or point of meeting or junction of two bodies. [Obs.] “The drop will begin to move toward the concourse of the glasses.
Sir I. Newton.” 4. An open space where several roads or paths meet; esp. an open space in a park where several roads meet. 5. Concurrence; coöperation. [Obs.] “The divine providence is wont to afford its concourse to such proceeding.
Barrow.”

Con•cre•ate´ , v. t. To create at the same time. “If God did concreate grace with Adam.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•cre•ma´tion , n. [L. concrematio, fr. concremare. See Cremate.] The act of burning different things together. [Obs.]

Con´cre•ment , n. [L. concrementum, fr. concrescere. See Concrete.] A growing together; the collection or mass formed by concretion, or natural union. [Obs.] “The concrement of a pebble or flint.
Sir M. Hale”

Con•cres´cence , n. [L. concrescentia.] Coalescence of particles; growth; increase by the addition of particles. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Con•cres´ci•ble , a. [F.] Capable of being changed from a liquid to a solid state. [Obs.] “They formed a … fixed concrescible oil.
Fourcroy (Trans. ).”

Con•cres´cive , a. Growing together, or into union; uniting. [R.] Eclec. Rev.

Con´crete , a. [L. concretus, p. p. of concrescere to grow together; con- + crescere to grow; cf. F. concret. See Crescent.] 1. United in growth; hence, formed by coalition of separate particles into one mass; united in a solid form. “The first concrete state, or consistent surface, of the chaos must be of the same figure as the last liquid state.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. (Logic) (a) Standing for an object as it exists in nature, invested with all its qualities, as distinguished from standing for an attribute of an object; — opposed to abstract. Hence: (b) Applied to a specific object; special; particular; — opposed to general. See Abstract, 3. “Concrete is opposed to abstract. The names of individuals are concrete, those of classes abstract.
J. S. Mill.” “Concrete terms, while they express the quality, do also express, or imply, or refer to, some subject to which it belongs.
I. Watts.” Concrete number, a number associated with, or applied to, a particular object, as three men, five days, etc., as distinguished from an abstract number, or one used without reference to a particular object. — Concrete quantity, a physical object or a collection of such objects. Davies & Peck. — Concrete science, a physical science, one having as its subject of knowledge concrete things instead of abstract laws. — Concrete sound or movement of the voice, one which slides continuously up or down, as distinguished from a discrete movement, in which the voice leaps at once from one line of pitch to another. Rush.

Con´crete, n. 1. A compound or mass formed by concretion, spontaneous union, or coalescence of separate particles of matter in one body. “To divide all concretes, minerals and others, into the same number of distinct substances.
Boyle.” 2. A mixture of gravel, pebbles, or broken stone with cement or with tar, etc., used for sidewalks, roadways, foundations, etc., and esp. for submarine structures. 3. (Logic) A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term. “The concretes ´father´ and ´son´ have, or might have, the abstracts ´paternity´ and ´filiety´.
J. S. Mill.” 4. (Sugar Making) Sugar boiled down from cane juice to a solid mass.

Con•crete´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concreted; p. pr & vb. n. Concreting.] To unite or coalesce, as separate particles, into a mass or solid body. Applied to some substances, it is equivalent to indurate; as metallic matter concretes into a hard body; applied to others, it is equivalent to congeal, thicken, inspissate, coagulate, as in the concretion of blood. ´The blood of some who died of the plague could not be made to concrete.´ Arbuthnot.

Con•crete´, v. t. 1. To form into a mass, as by the cohesion or coalescence of separate particles. “There are in our inferior world divers bodies that are concreted out of others.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. To cover with, or form of, concrete, as a pavement.

Con•crete´ly, adv. In a concrete manner.

Con•crete´ness, n. The quality of being concrete.

Con•cre´tion , n. [L. concretio.] 1. The process of concreting; the process of uniting or of becoming united, as particles of matter into a mass; solidification. 2. A mass or nodule of solid matter formed by growing together, by congelation, condensation, coagulation, induration, etc.; a clot; a lump; a calculus. “Accidental ossifications or deposits of phosphates of lime in certain organs … are called osseous concretions.
Dunglison.” 3. (Geol.) A rounded mass or nodule produced by an aggregation of the material around a center; as the calcareous concretions common in beds of clay.

Con•cre´tion•al , a. Concretionary.

Con•cre´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to, or formed by, concretion or aggregation; producing or containing concretions.

Con•cre´tive , a. Promoting concretion. Sir T. Browne.

Con•cre´tive•ly, adv. In a concrete manner.

Con•cre´ture ( 135), n. A mass formed by concretion. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con•crew´ , v. i. [See Concrete, a., and Accrue.] To grow together. [Obs.] Spenser.

Con•crim•i•na´tion , n. A joint accusation.

Con•cu´bi•na•cy , n. The practice of concubinage. [Obs.] Strype.

Con•cu´bi•nage , n. 1. The cohabiting of a man and a woman who are not legally married; the state of being a concubine. In some countries, concubinage is marriage of an inferior kind, or performed with less solemnity than a true or formal marriage; or marriage with a woman of inferior condition, to whom the husband does not convey his rank or quality. Under Roman law, it was the living of a man and woman in sexual relations without marriage, but in conformity with local law. 2. (Law) A plea, in which it is alleged that the woman suing for dower was not lawfully married to the man in whose lands she seeks to be endowed, but that she was his concubine.

Con•cu´bi•nal , a. [L. concubinalis.] Of or pertaining to concubinage.

Con•cu•bi•na´ri•an , a. & n. Concubinary. “The married and concubinarian, as well as looser clergy.
Milman.”

Con•cu´bi•na•ry , a. [LL. concubinarius.] Relating to concubinage; living in concubinage.

Con•cu´bi•na•ry, n.; pl. Concubinaries (#). One who lives in concubinage. Jer. Taylor.

Con•cu´bi•nate , n. [L. concubinatus.] Concubinage. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con´cu•bine , n. [F., fr. L. concubina; con- + cubare to lie down, concumbere to lie together, akin to E. cubit.] 1. A woman who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a paramour. Concubine has been sometimes, but rarely, used of a male paramour as well as of a female. Trench. 2. A wife of inferior condition; a lawful wife, but not united to the man by the usual ceremonies, and of inferior condition. Such were Hagar and Keturah, the concubines of Abraham; and such concubines were allowed by the Roman laws. Their children were not heirs of their father.

Con•cul´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concultated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conculcating.] [L. conculcatus, p. p. of conculcare to conculcate fr. calx heel.] To tread or trample under foot. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu — Con•cul•ca´tion , n. [Obs.]

Con•cu´pis•cence , n. [F., fr. L. concupiscentia.] Sexual lust; morbid carnal passion. “Concupiscence like a pestilence walketh in darkness.
Horne.”

Con•cu´pis•cent , a. [L. concupiscens, p. pr. of concupiscere, v. incho. of concupere to long for; con- + cupere. See Covet.] Having sexual lust; libidinous; lustful; lecherous; salacious. Johnson.

Con•cu•pis•cen´tial , a. Relating to concupiscence. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con•cu•pis•cen´tious , a. Concupiscent. [Obs.]

Con•cu•pis•ci•ble , a. [Cf. F. concupiscible.] 1. Exciting to, or liable to be affected by, concupiscence; provoking lustful desires. Shak. 2. Exciting desire, good or evil. “The schools reduce all the passions to these two heads, the concupiscible and irascible appetite.
South.”

Con•cu´pis•ci•ble•ness, n. The state of being concupiscible. [Obs.]

Con´cu•py , n. Concupiscence. [Used only in ´Troilus and Cressida´] Shak.

Con•cur´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concurred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concurring.] [L. concurrere to run together, agree; con- + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To run together; to meet. [Obs.] “Anon they fierce encountering both concurred
With grisly looks and faces like their fates.
J. Hughes.” 2. To meet in the same point; to combine or conjoin; to contribute or help toward a common object or effect. “When outward causes concur.
Jer. Colier.” 3. To unite or agree (in action or opinion); to join; to act jointly; to agree; to coincide; to correspond. “Mr. Burke concurred with Lord Chatham in opinion.
Fox.” “Tories and Whigs had concurred in paying honor to Walker.
Makaulay.” “This concurs directly with the letter.
Shak.” 4. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Milton. Syn. — To agree; unite; combine; conspire; coincide; approve; acquiesce; assent.

Con•cur´rence , n. [F., competition, equality of rights, fr. LL. concurrentia competition.] 1. The act of concurring; a meeting or coming together; union; conjunction; combination. “We have no other measure but our own ideas with the concurence of other probable reasons, to persuade us.
Locke.” 2. A meeting of minds; agreement in opinion; union in design or act; — implying joint approbation. “Tarquin the Proud was expelled by the universal concurrence of nobles and people.
Swift.” 3. Agreement or consent, implying aid or contribution of power or influence; coöperation. “We collect the greatness of the work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence to it.
Rogers.” “An instinct that works us to its own purposes without our concurrence.
Burke.” 4. A common right; coincidence of equal powers; as a concurrence of jurisdiction in two different courts.

Con•cur´ren•cy , n. Concurrence.

Con•cur´rent , a. [F. concurrent, L. concurrens, p. pr. of concurrere.] 1. Acting in conjunction; agreeing in the same act or opinion; contributing to the same event or effect; coöperating. “I join with these laws the personal presence of the kings’ son, as a concurrent cause of this reformation.
Sir J. Davies.” “The concurrent testimony of antiquity.
Bp. Warburton.” 2. Conjoined; associate; concomitant; existing or happening at the same time. “There is no difference the concurrent echo and the iterant but the quickness or slowness of the return.
Bacon.” “Changes … concurrent with the visual changes in the eye.
Tyndall.” 3. Joint and equal in authority; taking cognizance of similar questions; operating on the same objects; as the concurrent jurisdiction of courts. 4. (Geom.) Meeting in one point. Syn. — Meeting; uniting; accompanying; conjoined; associated; coincident; united.

Con•cur´rent, n. 1. One who, or that which, concurs; a joint or contributory cause. “To all affairs of importance there are three necessary concurrents … time, industry, and faculties.
Dr. H. More.” 2. One pursuing the same course, or seeking the same objects; hence, a rival; an opponent. “Menander … had no concurrent in his time that came near unto him.
Holland.” 3. (Chron.) One of the supernumerary days of the year over fifty-two complete weeks; — so called because they concur with the solar cycle, the course of which they follow.

Con•cur´rent•ly, adv. With concurrence; unitedly.

Con•cur´rent•ness, n. The state or quality of being concurrent; concurrence.

Con•cur´ring , a. Agreeing. Concurring figure (Geom.), one which, being laid on another, exactly meets every part of it, or one which corresponds with another in all its parts.

Con•cuss´ , v. t. [L. concussus, p. p. of concutere. See Concussion.] 1. To shake or agitate. ´Concussed with uncertainty.´ Daniel. 2. (Law) To force (a person) to do something, or give up something, by intimidation; to coerce. Wharton.

Con•cus•sa´tion , n. A violent shock or agitation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con•cus´sion , n. [L. concussio, fr. concutere, concussum, to shake violenty; con- + quatere to shake. See Cashier, Quash.] 1. A shaking or agitation; a shock; caused by the collision of two bodies. “It is believed that great ringing of bells, in populous cities, hath dissipated pestilent air; which may be from the concussion of the air.
Bacon.” 2. (Med.) A condition of lowered functional activity, without visible structural change, produced in an organ by a shock, as by fall or blow; as a concussion of the brain. 3. (Civil Law) The unlawful forcing of another by threats of violence to yield up something of value. “Then concussion, rapine, pilleries,
Their catalogue of accusations fill.
Daniel.” Concussion fuse (Mil.), one that is ignited by the concussion of the shell when it strikes. Syn. — See Shock.

Con•cus´sive , a. Having the power or quality of shaking or agitating. Johnson.

Cond , v. t. [OE. conduen, condien, F. conduire to conduct, fr. L. conducere. See Conduct, and cf. Con (Naut.), Conn. Cun.] (Naut.) To con, as a ship.

Con•demn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condemned p. pr. & vb. n. Condemning (? or ).] [L. condemnare; con- + damnare to condemn: cf. F. condamner. See Damn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong; to disapprove of; to censure. “Condemn the fault, and not the actor of it!
Why, every fault’s condemned ere it be done.
Shak.” “Wilt thou condemn him that is most just?
Job xxxiv. 17.” 2. To declare the guilt of; to make manifest the faults or unworthiness of; to convict of guilt. “The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it.
Matt. xii. 42.” 3. To pronounce a judicial sentence against; to sentence to punishment, suffering, or loss; to doom; — with to before the penalty. “Driven out from bliss, condemned
In this abhorred deep to utter woe.
Milton.” “To each his sufferings; all are men,
Condemned alike to groan.
Gray.” “And they shall condemn him to death.
Matt. xx. 18.” “The thief condemned, in law already dead.
Pope.” “No flocks that range the valley free,
To slaughter I condemn.
Goldsmith.” 4. To amerce or fine; — with in before the penalty. “The king of Egypt … condemned the land in a hundred talents of silver.
2 Cron. xxxvi. 3.” 5. To adjudge or pronounce to be unfit for use or service; to adjudge or pronounce to be forfeited; as the ship and her cargo were condemned. 6. (Law) To doom to be taken for public use, under the right of eminent domain. Syn. — To blame; censure; reprove; reproach; upbraid; reprobate; convict; doom; sentence; adjudge.

Con´dem•na´ble , a. [L. condemnabilis.] Worthy of condemnation; blamable; culpable.

Con´dem•na´tion , n. [L. condemnatio.] 1. The act of condemning or pronouncing to be wrong; censure; blame; disapprobation. “In every other sense of condemnation, as blame, censure, reproof, private judgment, and the like.
Paley.” 2. The act of judicially condemning, or adjudging guilty, unfit for use, or forfeited; the act of dooming to punishment or forfeiture. “A legal and judicial condemnation.
Paley.” “Whose condemnation is pronounced.
Shak.” 3. The state of being condemned. “His pathetic appeal to posterity in the hopeless hour of condemnation.
W. Irving.” 4. The ground or reason of condemning. “This is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather light, because their deeds were evil.
John iii. 19.”

Con•dem´na•to•ry , a. Condemning; containing or imposing condemnation or censure; as a condemnatory sentence or decree.

Con•demned´ , a. 1. Pronounced to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or forfeited; adjudged or sentenced to punishment, destruction, or confiscation. 2. Used for condemned persons. “Richard Savage … had lain with fifty pounds weight of irons on his legs in the condemned ward of Newgate.
Macaulay.”

Con•dem´ner , n. One who condemns or censures.

Con•den•sa•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being condensed.

Con•den´sa•ble , a. [Cf. F. condensable.] Capable of being condensed; as vapor is condensable.

Con•den´sate , a. [L. condensatus, p. p. of condensare. See Condense, v. t.] Made dense; condensed. “Water … thickened or condensate.
Peacham.”

Con•den´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Condensating.] To condense. [R.] Hammond.

Con•den•sa´tion , n. [L. condensatio: cf. F. condensation.] 1. The act or process of condensing or of being condensed; the state of being condensed. “He [Goldsmith] was a great and perhaps an unequaled master of the arts of selection and condensation.
Macaulay.” 2. (Physics) The act or process of reducing, by depression of temperature or increase of pressure, etc., to another and denser form, as gas to the condition of a liquid or steam to water. 3. (Chem.) A rearrangement or concentration of the different constituents of one or more substances into a distinct and definite compound of greater complexity and molecular weight, often resulting in an increase of density, as the condensation of oxygen into ozone, or of acetone into mesitylene. Condensation product (Chem.), a substance obtained by the polymerization of one substance, or by the union of two or more, with or without separation of some unimportant side products. — Surface condensation, the system of condensing steam by contact with cold metallic surfaces, in distinction from condensation by the injection of cold water.

Con•den´sa•tive , a. [Cf. F. condensatif.] Having the property of condensing.

Con•dense´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensed p. pr. & vb. n. Condensing.] [L. condensare; con- + densare to make thick or dense, densus thick, dense: cf. F. condenser. See Dense, and cf. Condensate.] 1. To make more close, compact, or dense; to compress or concentrate into a smaller compass; to consolidate; to abridge; to epitomize. “In what shape they choose,
Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure.
Milton.” “The secret course pursued at Brussels and at Madrid may be condensed into the usual formula, dissimulation, procrastination, and again dissimulation.
Motley.” 2. (Chem. & Physics) To reduce into another and denser form, as by cold or pressure; as to condense gas into a liquid form, or steam into water. Condensed milk, milk reduced to the consistence of very thick cream by evaporation (usually with addition of sugar) for preservation and transportation. — Condensing engine, a steam engine in which the steam is condensed after having exerted its force on the piston. Syn. — To compress; contract; crowd; thicken; concentrate; abridge; epitomize; reduce.

Con•dense´, v. i. 1. To become more compact; to be reduced into a denser form. “Nitrous acid is gaseous at ordinary temperatures, but condenses into a very volatile liquid at the zero of Fahrenheit.
H. Spencer.” 2. (Chem.) (a) To combine or unite (as two chemical substances) with or without separation of some unimportant side products. (b) To undergo polymerization.

Con•dense´, a. [L. condensus.] Condensed; compact; dense. [R.] “The huge condense bodies of planets.
Bentley.”

Con•dens´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, condenses. 2. (Physic) (a) An instrument for condensing air or other elastic fluids, consisting of a cylinder having a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent its escape. (b) An instrument for concentrating electricity by the effect of induction between conducting plates separated by a nonconducting plate. (c) A lens or mirror, usually of short focal distance, used to concentrate light upon an object. 3. (Chem.) An apparatus for receiving and condensing the volatile products of distillation to a liquid or solid form, by cooling. 4. (Steam Engine) An apparatus, separate from the cylinder, in which the exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water or air. See Illust. of Steam engine. Achromatic condenser (Optics), an achromatic lens used as a condenser. — Bull’s-eye condenser, or Bull’s-eye (Optics), a lens of short focal distance used for concentrating rays of light. — Injection condenser, a vessel in which steam is condensed by the direct contact of water. — Surface condenser, an apparatus for condensing steam, especially the exhaust of a steam engine, by bringing it into contact with metallic surface cooled by water or air.

Con•den´si•ble , a. Capable of being condensed; as a gas condensible to a liquid by cold.

Cond´er , n. [From Cond.] One who watches shoals of fish; a balker. See Balker.

Con•de•scend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condescended; p. pr. & vb. n. Condescending.] [F. condescendre, LL. condescendere, fr. L. con- + descendere. See Descend.] 1. To stoop or descend; to let one’s self down; to submit; to waive the privilege of rank or dignity; to accommodate one’s self to an inferior. ´Condescend to men of low estate.´ Rom. xii. 16. “Can they think me so broken, so debased
With corporal servitude, that my mind ever
Will condescend to such absurd commands?
Milton.” “Spain’s mighty monarch,
In gracious clemency, does condescend,
On these conditions, to become your friend.
Dryden.” Often used ironically, implying an assumption of superiority. “Those who thought they were honoring me by condescending to address a few words to me.
F. W. Robinson.” 2. To consent. [Obs.] “All parties willingly condescended heruento.
R. Carew.” Syn. — To yield; stoop; descend; deign; vouchsafe. { Con•de•scend´ence , Con•de•scend´en•cy }, n. [Cf. F. condescendance.] Condescension. [Obs.]

Con•de•scend´ing•ly , adv. In a condescending manner. Atterbury.

Con•de•scen´sion , n. [L. condescensio.] The act of condescending; voluntary descent from one’s rank or dignity in intercourse with an inferior; courtesy toward inferiors. “It forbids pride … and commands humility, modesty, and condescension to others.
Tillotson.” “Such a dignity and condescension … as are suitable to a superior nature.
Addison.” Syn. — Complaisance; courtesy; affability.

Con•de•scent´ , n. [Cf. Condescend, Descent.] An act of condescension. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con•dign´ , a. [F. condigne, L. condignus very worthy; con- + dignus worthy. See Deign, and cf. Digne.] 1. Worthy; suitable; deserving; fit. [Obs.] “Condign and worthy praise.
Udall.” “Herself of all that rule she deemend most condign.
Spenser.” 2. Deserved; adequate; suitable to the fault or crime. ´Condign censure.´ Milman. “Unless it were a bloody murderer …
I never gave them condign punishment.
Shak.”

Con•dig´ni•ty , n. [Cf. F. condignite.] (Scholastic Theol.) Merit, acquired by works, which can claim reward on the score of general benevolence. “Such a worthiness of condignity, and proper merit of the heavenly glory, cannot be found in any the best, most perfect, and excellent of created beings.
Bp. Bull.”

Con•dign´ly , adv. According to merit.

Con•dign´ness, n. Agreeableness to deserts; suitableness.

Con´di•ment , n. [L. condimentum, fr. condire. See Condite.] Something used to give relish to food, and to gratify the taste; a pungment and appetizing substance, as pepper or mustard; seasoning. “As for radish and the like, they are for condiments, and not for nourishment.
Bacon.”

Con•dis•ci´ple , n. [L. condiscipulus. See Disciple.] A schoolfellow; a fellow-student. [R.]

Con´dite , a. [L. conditus, p. p. of condire to preserve, pickle, season. See Recondite.] Preserved; pickled. [Obs.] Burton.

Con•dite´ , v. t. To pickle; to preserve; as to condite pears, quinces, etc. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Con•di´tion , n. [F., fr. L. conditio (better condicio) agreement, compact, condition; con- + a root signifying to show, point out, akin to dicere to say, dicare to proclaim, dedicate. See Teach, Token.] 1. Mode or state of being; state or situation with regard to external circumstances or influences, or to physical or mental integrity, health, strength, etc.; predicament; rank; position, estate. “I am in my condition
A prince, Miranda; I do think, a king.
Shak.” “And O, what man’s condition can be worse
Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse?
Cowley.” “The new conditions of life.
Darwin.” 2. Essential quality; property; attribute. “It seemed to us a condition and property of divine powers and beings to be hidden and unseen to others.
Bacon.” 3. Temperament; disposition; character. [Obs.] “The condition of a saint and the complexion of a devil.
Shak.” 4. That which must exist as the occasion or concomitant of something else; that which is requisite in order that something else should take effect; an essential qualification; stipulation; terms specified. “I had as lief take her dowry with this condition, to be whipped at the high cross every morning.
Shak.” “Many are apt to believe remission of sins, but they believe it without the condition of repentance.
Jer. Taylor.” 5. (Law) A clause in a contract, or agreement, which has for its object to suspend, to defeat, or in some way to modify, the principal obligation; or, in case of a will, to suspend, revoke, or modify a devise or bequest. It is also the case of a future uncertain event, which may or may not happen, and on the occurrence or non-occurrence of which, the accomplishment, recission, or modification of an obligation or testamentary disposition is made to depend. Blount. Tomlins. Bouvier. Wharton. Equation of condition. (Math.) See under Equation. — On or Upon condition (that), used for if in introducing conditional sentences. ´Upon condition thou wilt swear to pay him tribute … thou shalt be placed as viceroy under him.´ Shak. — Conditions of sale, the terms on which it is proposed to sell property by auction; also the instrument containing or expressing these terms. Syn. — State; situation; circumstances; station; case; mode; plight; predicament; stipulation; qualification; requisite; article; provision; arrangement. See State.

Con•di´tion , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conditioned p. pr. & vb. n. Conditioning.] 1. To make terms; to stipulate. “Pay me back my credit,
And I’ll condition with ye.
Beau. & Fl.” 2. (Metaph.) To impose upon an object those relations or conditions without which knowledge and thought are alleged to be impossible. “To think of a thing is to condition.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•di´tion, v. t. [Cf. LL. conditionare. See Condition, n.] 1. To invest with, or limit by, conditions; to burden or qualify by a condition; to impose or be imposed as the condition of. “Seas that daily gain upon the shore,
Have ebb and flow conditioning their march.
Tennyson.” 2. To contract; to stipulate; to agree. “It was conditioned between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn should put to death all his male children.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 3. (U. S. Colleges) To put under conditions; to require to pass a new examination or to make up a specified study, as a condition of remaining in one’s class or in college; as to condition a student who has failed in some branch of study. 4. To test or assay, as silk (to ascertain the proportion of moisture it contains). McElrath.

Con•di´tion•al , a. [L. conditionalis.] 1. Containing, implying, or depending on, a condition or conditions; not absolute; made or granted on certain terms; as a conditional promise. “Every covenant of God with man … may justly be made (as in fact it is made) with this conditional punishment annexed and declared.
Bp. Warburton.” 2. (Gram. & Logic) Expressing a condition or supposition; as a conditional word, mode, or tense. “A conditional proposition is one which asserts the dependence of one categorical proposition on another.
Whately.” “The words hypothetical and conditional may be … used synonymously.
J. S. Mill.”

Con•di´tion•al, n. 1. A limitation. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A conditional word, mode, or proposition. “Disjunctives may be turned into conditionals.
L. H. Atwater.”

Con•di•tion•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being conditional, or limited; limitation by certain terms.

Con•di´tion•al•ly , adv. In a conditional manner; subject to a condition or conditions; not absolutely or positively. Shak.

Con•di´tion•ate , a. [LL. conditionatus, p. p. See Condition, v. t.] Conditional. [Obs.] “Barak’s answer is faithful, though conditionate.
Bp. Hall.”

Con•di´tion•ate , v. t. 1. To qualify by conditions; to regulate. [Obs.] 2. To put under conditions; to render conditional.

Con•di´tioned , a. 1. Surrounded; circumstanced; in a certain state or condition, as of property or health; as a well conditioned man. “The best conditioned and unwearied spirit.
Shak.” 2. Having, or known under or by, conditions or relations; not independent; not absolute. “Under these, thought is possible only in the conditioned interval.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•di´tion•ly, adv. Conditionally. [Obs.]

Con´di•to•ry , n.; pl. Conditories (#). [L. conditorium, fr. condere to hide. See Recondite.] A repository for holding things; a hinding place.

Con•dog´ ( 115), v. i. [A punning corruption of concur.] To concur; to agree. [Burlesque] This word appears in early dictionaries as a synonym for the word agree; thus. ´Agree; concurre, cohere, condog, condescend.´ Cockeram.

Con•do´la•to•ry , a. Expressing condolence. Smart.

Con•dole´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condoled p. pr. & vb. n. Condoling.] [L. condolere; con- + dolere to feel pain, grieve. See Doleful.] To express sympathetic sorrow; to grieve in sympathy; — followed by with. “Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than condole with you.
Sir W. Temple.”

Con•dole´, v. t. To lament or grieve over. [R.] “I come not, Samson, to condole thy chance.
Milton.”

Con•dole´ment , n. 1. Condolence. ´A pitiful condolement.´ Milton. 2. Sorrow; mourning; lamentation. Shak.

Con•do´lence , n. [Cf. F. condoleance.] Expression of sympathy with another in sorrow or grief. “Their congratulations and their condolences.
Steele.” “A special mission of condolence.
Macaulay.”

Con•dol´er , n. One who condoles.

Con•do•na´tion , n. [L. condonatio a giving away.] 1. The act of condoning or pardoning. 2. (Law) Forgiveness, either express or implied, by a husband of his wife or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of marital duty, as adultery, with an implied condition that the offense shall not be repeated. Bouvier. Wharton.

Con•done´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condoned p. pr. & vb. n. Condoning.] [L. condonare, - donatum, to give up, remit, forgive; con- + donare to give. See Donate.] 1. To pardon; to forgive. “A fraud which he had either concocted or condoned.
W. Black.” “It would have been magnanimous in the men then in power to have overlooked all these things, and, condoning the politics, to have rewarded the poetry of Burns.
J. C. Shairp.” 2. (Law) To pardon; to overlook the offense of; esp., to forgive for a violation of the marriage law; — said of either the husband or the wife.

Con´dor , n. [Sp. condor, fr. Peruvian cuntur.] (Zoöl.) A very large bird of the Vulture family (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), found in the most elevated parts of the Andes.

Con•dot•tie´re , n.; pl. Condottieri (#). [It., captain.] A military adventurer of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who sold his services, and those of his followers, to any party in any contest.

Con•duce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conduced p. pr. & vb. n. Conducing.] [L. conducere to bring together, conduce, hire; con- + ducere to lead. See Duke and cf. Conduct, n., Cond.] To lead or tend, esp. with reference to a favorable or desirable result; to contribute; — usually followed by to or toward. “He was sensible how much such a union would conduce to the happiness of both.
Macaulay.” “The reasons you allege do more conduce
To the hot passion of distemper’d blood.
Shak.” Syn. — To contribute; aid; assist; tend; subserve.

Con•duce´, v. t. To conduct; to lead; to guide. [Obs.] “He was sent to conduce hither the princess.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•du´cent , a. [L. conducens, p. pr.] Conducive; tending. “Conducent to the good success of this business.
Abp. Laud.”

Con•du´ci•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being conducible; conducibleness. Bp. Wilkins.

Con•du´ci•ble (kon•du´si•b’l), a. [L. conducibilis.] Conducive; tending; contributing. Bacon. “All his laws are in themselves conducible to the temporal interest of them that observe them.
Bentley.”

Con•du´ci•ble•ness, n. Quality of being conducible.

Con•du´ci•bly, adv. In a manner to promote. [R.]

Con•du´cive (kon•du´siv), a. Loading or tending; helpful; contributive; tending to promote. “However conducive to the good or our country.
Addison.”

Con•du´cive•ness, n. The quality of conducing.

Con´duct (kon´dukt), n. [LL. conductus defense, escort, fr. L. conductus, p. p. of conducere. See Conduce, and cf. Conduit.] 1. The act or method of conducting; guidance; management. “Christianity has humanized the conduct of war.
Paley.” “The conduct of the state, the administration of its affairs.
Ld. Brougham.” 2. Skillful guidance or management; generalship. “Conduct of armies is a prince’s art.
Waller.” “Attacked the Spaniards … with great impetuosity, but with so little conduct, that his forces were totally routed.
Robertson.” 3. Convoy; escort; guard; guide. [Archaic] “I will be your conduct.
B. Jonson.” “In my conduct shall your ladies come.
Shak.” 4. That which carries or conveys anything; a channel; a conduit; an instrument. [Obs.] “Although thou hast been conduct of my shame.
Shak.” 5. The manner of guiding or carrying one’s self; personal deportment; mode of action; behavior. “All these difficulties were increased by the conduct of Shrewsbury.
Macaulay.” “What in the conduct of our life appears
So well designed, so luckily begun,
But when we have our wish, we wish undone?
Dryden.” 6. Plot; action; construction; manner of development. “The book of Job, in conduct and diction.
Macaulay.” Conduct money (Naut.), a portion of a seaman’s wages retained till the end of his engagement, and paid over only if his conduct has been satisfactory. Syn. — Behavior; carriage; deportment; demeanor; bearing; management; guidance. See Behavior.

Con•duct´ (kon•dukt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conducting.] [See Conduct, n.] 1. To lead, or guide; to escort; to attend. “I can conduct you, lady, to a low
But loyal cottage, where you may be safe.
Milton.” 2. To lead, as a commander; to direct; to manage; to carry on; as to conduct the affairs of a kingdom. “Little skilled in the art of conducting a siege.
Prescott.” 3. To behave; — with the reflexive; as he conducted himself well. 4. (Physics) To serve as a medium for conveying; to transmit, as heat, light, electricity, etc. 5. (Mus.) To direct, as the leader in the performance of a musical composition.

Con•duct´, v. i. 1. To act as a conductor (as of heat, electricity, etc.); to carry. 2. To conduct one’s self; to behave. [U. S.]

Con•duct•i•bil´i•ty (kon•duk•ti•bil´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. conductibilite.] 1. Capability of being conducted; as the conductibility of heat or electricity. 2. Conductivity; capacity for receiving and transmitting.

Con•duct´i•ble (-b’l), a. Capable of being conducted.

Con•duc´tion (kon•duk´shun), n. [L. conductio a bringing together: cf. F. conduction.] 1. The act of leading or guiding. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. The act of training up. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Physics) Transmission through, or by means of, a conductor; also conductivity. “[The] communication [of heat] from one body to another when they are in contact, or through a homogenous body from particle to particle, constitutes conduction.
Amer. Cyc.”

Con•duct´ive (-duk´tiv), a. Having the quality or power of conducting; as the conductive tissue of a pistil. “The ovarian walls … are seen to be distinctly conductive.
Goodale (Gray’s Bot. ).”

Con•duc•tiv´i•ty (kon•duk•tiv´i•ty), n. The quality or power of conducting, or of receiving and transmitting, as heat, electricity, etc.; as the conductivity of a nerve. Thermal conductivity (Physics), the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of a plate whose thickness is unity, when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one degree. J. D. Everett. - - Thermometic conductivity (Physics), the thermal conductivity when the unit of heat employed is the heat required to raise a unit volume of the substance one degree.

Con•duct´or (kon•duk´ter), n. [LL., a carrier, transporter, L., a lessee.] 1. One who, or that which, conducts; a leader; a commander; a guide; a manager; a director. “Zeal, the blind conductor of the will.
Dryden.” 2. One in charge of a public conveyance, as of a railroad train or a street car. [U. S.] 3. (Mus.) The leader or director of an orchestra or chorus. 4. (Physics) A substance or body capable of being a medium for the transmission of certain forces, esp. heat or electricity; specifically, a lightning rod. 5. (Surg.) A grooved sound or staff used for directing instruments, as lithontriptic forceps, etc.; a director. 6. (Arch.) Same as Leader. Prime conductor (Elec.), the largest conductor of an electrical machine, serving to collect, accumulate, or retain the electricity.

Con•duct´o•ry , a. [LL. conductorius.] Having the property of conducting. [R.]

Con•duct´ress , n. A woman who leads or directs; a directress.

Con´duit (? or 277), n. [F., fr. LL. conductus escort, conduit. See Conduct.] 1. A pipe, canal, channel, or passage for conveying water or fluid. “All the conduits of my blood froze up.
Shak.” “This is the fountain of all those bitter waters, of which, through a hundred different conduits, we have drunk.
Burke.” 2. (Arch.) (a) A structure forming a reservoir for water. Oxf. Gloss. (b) A narrow passage for private communication.

Con•du´pli•cate , a. [L. conduplicatus, p. p. of conduplicare. See Duplicate.] (Bot.) Folded lengthwise along the midrib, the upper face being within; — said of leaves or petals in vernation or aestivation.

Con•du•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. conduplicatio.] A doubling together or folding; a duplication. [R.]

Con•du•ran´go , n. (Med.) See Cundurango.

Con•dur´rite , n. (Min.) A variety of the mineral domeykite, or copper arsenide, from the Condurra mine in Cornwall, England.

Con´dy•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a condyle. Condylar foramen (Anat.), a formen in front of each condyle of the occipital bone; — sometimes called the anterior condylar foramen when a second, or posterior, foramen is present behind the condyle, as often happens in man.

Con´dyle , n. [L. condylus knuckle, joint, Gr. ko•ndylos: cf. F. condyle.] (Anat.) A bony prominence; particularly, an eminence at the end of a bone bearing a rounded articular surface; — sometimes applied also to a concave articular surface.

Con´dy•loid , a. [Condyle + -oid: cf. F. condyloïde.] (Anat.) Shaped like or pertaining to a condyle. { Con•dy•lo´ma (-lo´ma), Con´dy•lome (-lom) }, n.; pl. Condylomata (#) or (#), E. Condylomes (-lomz). [NL. condyloma, fr. Gr. , from ko•ndylos knuckle. See -oma.] (Med.) A wartlike new growth on the outer skin or adjoining mucous membrane. There are two kinds of condylomata, the pointed and the broad, the latter being of syphilitic origin.

Con•dyl´o•pod , n. [Gr. ko•ndylos knuckle (or joint) + -pod.] (Zoöl.) An arthropod.

Cone , n. [L. conus cone (in sense 1), Gr. ; akin to Skr. çana whetstone, L. cuneus wedge, and prob. to E. hone. See Hone, n.] 1. (Geom.) A solid of the form described by the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of the sides adjacent to the right angle; — called also a right cone. More generally, any solid having a vertical point and bounded by a surface which is described by a straight line always passing through that vertical point; a solid having a circle for its base and tapering to a point or vertex. 2. Anything shaped more or less like a mathematical cone; as a volcanic cone, a collection of scoriae around the crater of a volcano, usually heaped up in a conical form. “Now had Night measured with her shadowy cone
Half way up hill this vast sublunar vault.
Milton.” 3. (Bot.) The fruit or strobile of the Coniferae, as of the pine, fir, cedar, and cypress. It is composed of woody scales, each one of which has one or two seeds at its base. 4. (Zoöl.) A shell of the genus Conus, having a conical form. Cone of rays (Opt.), the pencil of rays of light which proceed from a radiant point to a given surface, as that of a lens, or conversely. — Cone pulley. See in the Vocabulary. — Oblique or Scalene cone, a cone of which the axis is inclined to the plane of its base. — Eight cone. See Cone, 1.

Cone , v. t. To render cone-shaped; to bevel like the circular segment of a cone; as to cone the tires of car wheels.

Cone´-in-cone´ , a. (Geol.) Consisting of a series of parallel cones, each made up of many concentric cones closely packed together; — said of a kind of structure sometimes observed in sedimentary rocks.

Co•ne´ine (? or 104), n. (Chem.) See Conine. { Co´ne•pate , Co´ne•patl }, n. [Mexican conepatl and epatl.] (Zoöl.) The skunk.

Cone´ pul´ley A pulley for driving machines, etc., having two or more parts or steps of different diameters; a pulley having a conical shape.

Co´ney , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A rabbit. See Cony. 2. (Zoöl.) A fish. See Cony.

Con´fab , n. [Contr. from confabulation.] Familiar talk or conversation. [Colloq.]

Con•fab´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confabulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confabulating.] [L. confabulatus, p. p. of confabulary, to converse together; con- + fabulary to speak, fr. fabula. See Fable.] To talk familiarly together; to chat; to prattle. “I shall not ask Jean Jaques Rousseau
If birds confabulate or no.
Cowper.”

Con•fab•u•la´tion , n. [L. confabulatio.] Familiar talk; easy, unrestrained, unceremonious conversation. “Friends’ confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in winter.
Burton.”

Con•fab´u•la•to•ry , a. Of the nature of familiar talk; in the form of a dialogue. Weever.

Con´fa•lon , n. [F. See Confalon.] (R. C. Ch.) One of a fraternity of seculars, also called Penitents.

Con•far•re•a´tion , n. [L. confarreatio, fr. confarreare to marry; con- + farreum (sc. libum cake) a spelt cake, fr. farreus made of spelt, fr. far a sort of grain.] (Antiq.) A form of marriage among the Romans, in which an offering of bread was made, in presence of the high priest and at least ten witnesses.

Con•fat´ed , p. a. Fated or decreed with something else. [R.] A. Tucker.

Con•fect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confected; p. pr. & vb. n. Confecting.] [L. confectus, p. p. of conficere to prepare. See Comfit.] 1. To prepare, as sweetmeats; to make a confection of. [Obs.] “Saffron confected in Cilicia.
W. Browne.” 2. To construct; to form; to mingle or mix. [Obs.] “Of this were confected the famous everlasting lamps and tapers.
Sir T. Herbert.” “[My joys] are still confected with some fears.
Stirling.”

Con´fect , n. A comfit; a confection. [Obs.] “At supper eat a pippin roasted and sweetened with sugar of roses and caraway confects.
Harvey.”

Con•fec´tion , n. [F., fr. L. confectio.] 1. A composition of different materials. [Obs.] “A new confection of mold.
Bacon.” 2. A preparation of fruits or roots, etc., with sugar; a sweetmeat. “Certain confections … are like to candied conserves, and are made of sugar and lemons.
Bacon.” 3. A composition of drugs. Shak. 4. (Med.) A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honey. The pharmacopœias formerly made a distinction between conserves (made of fresh vegetable substances and sugar) and electuaries (medicinal substances combined with sirup or honey), but the distinction is now abandoned and all are called confections.

Con•fec´tion•a•ry , n. [Cf. LL. confectionaris a pharmacist.] A confectioner. [Obs.] “He will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks.
1 Sam. viii. 13.”

Con•fec´tion•a•ry, a. Prepared as a confection. “The biscuit or confectionary plum.
Cowper.”

Con•fec´tion•er , n. 1. A compounder. [Obs.] “Canidia Neapolitana was confectioner of unguents.
Haywood.” 2. One whose occupation it is to make or sell confections, candies, etc.

Con•fec´tion•er•y , n. 1. Sweetmeats, in general; things prepared and sold by a confectioner; confections; candies. 2. A place where candies, sweetmeats, and similar things are made or sold.

Con•fec´to•ry , a. Pertaining to the art of making sweetmeats. [Obs.] Beaumont.

Con•fec´ture , n. Same as Confiture. [Obs.]

Con•fed´er (kon•fed´er), v. i. [Cf. F. confederer. See Confederate.] To confederate. [Obs.] Sir T. North.

Con•fed´er•a•cy , n.; pl. Confederacies (#). [From Confederate, a.] 1. A league or compact between two or more persons, bodies of men, or states, for mutual support or common action; alliance. “The friendships of the world are oft
Confederacies in vice or leagues of pleasure.
Addison.” “He hath heard of our confederacy.
Shak.” “Virginia promoted a confederacy.
Bancroft.” 2. The persons, bodies, states, or nations united by a league; a confederation. “The Grecian common wealth, … the most heroic confederacy that ever existed.
Harris.” “Virgil has a whole confederacy against him.
Dryden.” 3. (Law) A combination of two or more persons to commit an unlawful act, or to do a lawful act by unlawful means. See Conspiracy. Syn. — League; compact; alliance; association; union; combination; confederation.

Con•fed´er•ate , a. [L. confoederatus, p. p. of confoederare to join by a league; con- + foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus league, compact. See Federal.] 1. United in a league; allied by treaty; engaged in a confederacy; banded together; allied. “All the swords
In Italy, and her confederate arms,
Could not have made this peace.
Shak.” 2. (Amer. Hist.) Of or pertaining to the government of the eleven Southern States of the United States which (1860-1865) attempted to establish an independent nation styled the Confederate States of America; as the Confederate congress; Confederate money.

Con•fed´er•ate, n. 1. One who is united with others in a league; a person or a nation engaged in a confederacy; an ally; also an accomplice in a bad sense. “He found some of his confederates in gaol.
Macaulay.” 2. (Amer. Hist.) A name designating an adherent to the cause of the States which attempted to withdraw from the Union (1860-1865).

Con•fed´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confederated p. pr. & vb. n. Confederating ] To unite in a league or confederacy; to ally. “With these the Piercies them confederate.
Daniel.”

Con•fed´er•ate, v. i. To unite in a league; to join in a mutual contract or covenant; to band together. “By words men … covenant and confederate.
South.”

Con•fed´er•a•ter , n. A confederate.

Con•fed•er•a´tion , n. [L. confoederatio: cf. F. confederation.] 1. The act of confederating; a league; a compact for mutual support; alliance, particularly of princes, nations, or states. “The three princes enter into some strict league and confederation among themselves.
Bacon.” “This was no less than a political confederation of the colonies of New England.
Palfrey.” 2. The parties that are confederated, considered as a unit; a confederacy. Articles of confederation. See under Article.

Con•fed´er•a•tive , a. Of or pertaining to a confederation.

Con•fed´er•a•tor , n. A confederate. Grafton.

Con•fer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conferred (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Conferring.] [L. conferre to bring together, contribute, consult; con- + ferre to bear: cf. F. conferer. See 1st Bear.] 1. To bring together for comparison; to compare. [Obs.] “If we confer these observations with others of the like nature, we may find cause to rectify the general opinion.
Boyle.” 2. To grant as a possession; to bestow. “The public marks of honor and reward
Conferred upon me.
Milton.” 3. To contribute; to conduce. [Obs.] “The closeness and compactness of the parts resting together doth much confer to the strength of the union.
Glanvill.”

Con•fer´, v. i. To have discourse; to consult; to compare views; to deliberate. “Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered.
Acts xxv. 12.” “You shall hear us confer of this.
Shak.” Syn. — To counsel; advise; discourse; converse.

Con•fer•ee´ , n. [Cf. Referee.] 1. One who is conferred with, or who takes part in a conference; as the conferees on the part of the Senate. 2. One upon whom something is conferred.

Con´fer•ence , n. [F. conference. See Confer.] 1. The act of comparing two or more things together; comparison. [Obs.] “Helps and furtherances which … the mutual conference of all men’s collections and observations may afford.
Hocker.” 2. The act of consulting together formally; serious conversation or discussion; interchange of views. “Nor with such free and friendly conference
As he hath used of old.
Shak.” 3. A meeting for consultation, discussion, or an interchange of opinions. 4. A meeting of the two branches of a legislature, by their committees, to adjust between them. 5. (Methodist Church) A stated meeting of preachers and others, invested with authority to take cognizance of ecclesiastical matters. 6. A voluntary association of Congregational churches of a district; the district in which such churches are. Conference meeting, a meeting for conference. Specifically, a meeting conducted (usually) by laymen, for conference and prayer. [U. S.] — Conference room, a room for conference and prayer, and for the pastor’s less formal addresses. [U. S.]

Con•fer•en´tial , a. Relating to conference. [R.] Clarke.

Con•fer´ra•ble (#) a. Capable of being conferred.

Con•fer•ree´ (kon•fer•re´), n. Same as Conferee.

Con•fer´rer (kon•fer´rer), n. 1. One who confers; one who converses. Johnson. 2. One who bestows; a giver. { Con•fer•ru´mi•nate , Con•fer•ru´mi•na•ted }, a. [L. conferruminare to cement. See Ferruminate.] (Bot.) Closely united by the coalescence, or sticking together, of contiguous faces, as in the case of the cotyledons of the live-oak acorn.

Con•fer´va , n.; pl. Confervae (#). [L., a kind of water plant. See Comfrey.] (Bot.) Any unbranched, slender, green plant of the fresh-water algae. The word is frequently used in a wider sense.

Con•fer•va´ceous , a. Belonging to the confervae.

Con•fer´void , a. [Conferva + -oid.] Like, or related to, the confervae. Loudon.

Con•fer´vous , a. Pertaining to confervae; consisting of, or resembling, the confervae. “Yon exiguous pool’s confervous scum.
O. W. Holmes.”

Con•fess´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confessed p. pr. & vb. n. Confessing.] [F. confesser, fr. L. confessus, p. p. of confiteri to confess; con- + fateri to confess; akin to fari to speak. See 2d Ban, Fame.] 1. To make acknowledgment or avowal in a matter pertaining to one’s self; to acknowledge, own, or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt. “And there confess
Humbly our faults, and pardon beg.
Milton.” “I must confess I was most pleased with a beautiful prospect that none of them have mentioned.
Addison.” 2. To acknowledge faith in; to profess belief in. “Whosoever, therefore, shall confess me before men, him will I confess, also before my Father which is in heaven.
Matt. x. 32.” “For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess both.
Acts xxiii. 8.” 3. To admit as true; to assent to; to acknowledge, as after a previous doubt, denial, or concealment. “I never gave it him. Send for him hither,
And let him confess a truth.
Shak.” “As I confess it needs must be.
Tennyson.” “As an actor confessed without rival to shine.
Goldsmith.” 4. (Eccl.) (a) To make known or acknowledge, as one’s sins to a priest, in order to receive absolution; — sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun. “Our beautiful votary took an opportunity of confessing herself to this celebrated father.
Addison.” (b) To hear or receive such confession; - - said of a priest. “He … heard mass, and the prince, his son, with him, and the most part of his company were confessed.
Ld. Berners.” 5. To disclose or reveal, as an effect discloses its cause; to prove; to attest. “Tall thriving trees confessed the fruitful mold.
Pope.” Syn. — Admit; grant; concede; avow; own; assent; recognize; prove; exhibit; attest. — To Confess, Acknowledge, Avow. Acknowledge is opposed to conceal. We acknowledge what we feel must or ought to be made known. (See Acknowledge.) Avow is opposed to withhold. We avow when we make an open and public declaration, as against obloquy or opposition; as to avow one’s principles; to avow one’s participation in some act. Confess is opposed to deny. We confess (in the ordinary sense of the word) what we feel to have been wrong; as to confess one’s errors or faults. We sometimes use confess and acknowledge when there is no admission of our being in the wrong; as this, I confess, is my opinion; I acknowledge I have always thought so; but in these cases we mean simply to imply that others may perhaps think us in the wrong, and hence we use the words by way of deference to their opinions. It was in this way that the early Christians were led to use the Latin confiteor and confessio fidei to denote the public declaration of their faith in Christianity; and hence the corresponding use in English of the verb confess and the noun confession.

Con•fess´, v. i. 1. To make confession; to disclose sins or faults, or the state of the conscience. “Every tongue shall confess to God.
Rom. xiv. 11.” 2. To acknowledge; to admit; to concede. “But since
(And I confess with right) you think me bound.
Tennyson.”

Con•fess´ant , n. [F. confessant.] One who confesses to a priest. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•fess´a•ry , n. [LL. confessarius.] One who makes a confession. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con•fess´ed•ly , adv. By confession; without denial. [Written also confessly.]

Con•fess´er , n. One who makes a confession.

Con•fes´sion , n. [F. confession, L. confessio.] 1. Acknowledgment; avowal, especially in a matter pertaining to one’s self; the admission of a debt, obligation, or crime. “With a crafty madness keeps aloof,
When we would bring him on to some confession
Of his true state.
Shak.” 2. Acknowledgment of belief; profession of one’s faith. “With the mouth confession is made unto salvation.
Rom. x. 10.” 3. (Eccl.) The act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest in order to obtain sacramental absolution. “Auricular confession … or the private and special confession of sins to a priest for the purpose of obtaining his absolution.
Hallam.” 4. A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised; a creed to be assented to or signed, as a preliminary to admission to membership of a church; a confession of faith. 5. (Law) An admission by a party to whom an act is imputed, in relation to such act. A judicial confession settles the issue to which it applies; an extrajudical confession may be explained or rebutted. Wharton. Confession and avoidance (Law), a mode of pleading in which the party confesses the facts as stated by his adversary, but alleges some new matter by way of avoiding the legal effect claimed for them. Mozley & W. Confession of faith, a formulary containing the articles of faith; a creed. — General confession, the confession of sins made by a number of persons in common, as in public prayer. — Westminster Confession. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

Con•fes´sion•al , n. [F. confessional.] The recess, seat, or inclosed place, where a priest sits to hear confessions; often a small structure furnished with a seat for the priest and with a window or aperture so that the penitent who is outside may whisper into the priest’s ear without being seen by him or heard by others.

Con•fes´sion•al, a. Pertaining to a confession of faith. Confessional equality, equality before the law of persons confessing different creeds.

Con•fes´sion•al•ism , n. (Eccl.) An exaggerated estimate of the importance of giving full assent to any particular formula of the Christian faith. Shaff.

Con•fes´sion•al•ist, n. A priest hearing, or sitting to hear, confession. [R.] Boucher

Con•fes´sion•a•ry , n. [LL. confessionarium.] A confessional. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con•fes´sion•a•ry, a. Pertaining to auricular confession; as a confessionary litany.

Con•fes´sion•ist, n. [Cf. F. confessioniste.] One professing a certain faith. Bp. Montagu.

Con•fess´or ( 277), n. [OF. confessor, F. confesseur, fr. L. & LL. confessor.] 1. One who confesses; one who acknowledges a fault, or the truth of a charge, at the risk of suffering; specifically, one who confesses himself a follower of Christ and endures persecution for his faith. “He who dies for religion is a martyr; he who suffers for it is a confessor.
Latham.” “Our religion which hath been sealed with the blood of so many martyrs and confessors.
Bacon.” 2. A priest who hears the confessions of others and is authorized to grant them absolution.

Con•fess´or•ship, n. The act or state of suffering persecution for religious faith. “Our duty to contend even to confessorship.
J. H. Newman.”

Con•fest´ly , adv. See Cofessedly. { Con•fi•dant´ 277), n. masc., Con•fi•dante´ ( 277), n. fem. }[F. confident, confidente, formerly also spelt confidant, confidante. See Confide, and cf. Confident.] One to whom secrets, especially those relating to affairs of love, are confided or intrusted; a confidential or bosom friend. “You love me for no other end
Than to become my confidant and friend;
As such I keep no secret from your sight.
Dryden.”

Con•fide´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confided; p. pr. & vb. n. Confiding.] [L. confidere; con- + fidere to trust. See Faith, and cf. Affiance.] To put faith (in); to repose confidence; to trust; — usually followed by in; as the prince confides in his ministers. “By thy command I rise or fall,
In thy protection I confide.
Byron.” “Judge before friendships, then confide till death.
Young.”

Con•fide´, v. t. To intrust; to give in charge; to commit to one’s keeping; — followed by to. “Congress may … confide to the Circuit jurisdiction of all offenses against the United States.
Story.”

Con´fi•dence , n. [L. confidentia firm trust in, self-confidence: cf. F. confidence.] 1. The act of confiding, trusting, or putting faith in; trust; reliance; belief; — formerly followed by of, now commonly by in. “Society is built upon trust, and trust upon confidence of one another’s integrity.
South.” “A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God.
Macaulay.” 2. That in which faith is put or reliance had. “The Lord shall be thy confidence.
Prov. iii. 26.” 3. The state of mind characterized by one’s reliance on himself, or his circumstances; a feeling of self-sufficiency; such assurance as leads to a feeling of security; self-reliance; — often with self prefixed. “Your wisdom is consumed in confidence;
Do not go forth to-day.
Shak.” “But confidence then bore thee on secure
Either to meet no danger, or to find
Matter of glorious trial.
Milton.” 4. Private conversation; (pl.) secrets shared; as there were confidences between them. “Sir, I desire some confidence with you.
Shak.” Confidence game, any swindling operation in which advantage is taken of the confidence reposed by the victim in the swindler. — Confidence man, a swindler. — To take into one’s confidence, to admit to a knowledge of one’s feelings, purposes, or affairs. Syn. — Trust; assurance; expectation; hope. “I am confident that very much be done.
Boyle.” 2. Trustful; without fear or suspicion; frank; unreserved. “Be confident to speak, Northumberland;
We three are but thyself.
Shak.” 3. Having self-reliance; bold; undaunted. “As confident as is the falcon’s flight
Against a bird, do I with Mowbray fight.
Shak.” 4. Having an excess of assurance; bold to a fault; dogmatical; impudent; presumptuous. “The fool rageth and is confident.
Prov. xiv. 16.” 5. Giving occasion for confidence. [R.] “The cause was more confident than the event was prosperous.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con´fi•dent, n. See Confidant. South. Dryden.

Con•fi•den´tial , a. [Cf. F. confidentiel.] 1. Enjoying, or treated with, confidence; trusted in; trustworthy; as a confidential servant or clerk. 2. Communicated in confidence; secret. ´Confidential messages.´ Burke. Confidential communication (Law) See Privileged communication, under Privileged. — Confidential creditors, those whose claims are of such a character that they are entitled to be paid before other creditors. — Confidential debts, debts incurred for borrowed money, and regarded as having a claim to be paid before other debts. McElrath.

Con•fi•den´tial•ly , adv. In confidence; in reliance on secrecy.

Con´fi•dent•ly , adv. With confidence; with strong assurance; positively.

Con´fi•dent•ness, n. The quality of being confident.

Con•fid´er , n. One who confides.

Con•fid´ing, a. That confides; trustful; unsuspicious. — Con•fid´ing•ly, adv. — Con•fid´ing•ness, n.

Con•fig´ur•ate , v. i. [L. configuratus, p. p. of configurare to form or after; con- + figurare to form, figura form. See Figure.] To take form or position, as the parts of a complex structure; to agree with a pattern. “Known by the name of uniformity;
Where pyramids to pyramids relate
And the whole fabric doth configurate.
Jordan.”

Con•fig•u•ra´tion , n. [L. configuratio.] 1. Form, as depending on the relative disposition of the parts of a thing; shape; figure. “It is the variety of configurations [of the mouth] … which gives birth and origin to the several vowels.
Harris.” 2. (Astrol.) Relative position or aspect of the planets; the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time. “They [astrologers] undertook … to determine the course of a man’s character and life from the configuration of the stars at the moment of his birth.
Whewell.” 3. (Chem.) the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule as determined by the covalent bonds between them; the three-dimensional structure that cannot be changed without breaking the covalent bonds between atoms of a molecule. It is distinguished from conformation, which is the exact relative location in space of all of the atoms of a molecule, which may vary at different times or in different environments.
[PJC] 4. (Computers) a specification of the parts of a computer system, consisting of the essential components of the computer plus the complete set of all internal and external devices directly attached to it; as by the year 2000, a microcomputer configuration without a CD-ROM or DVD drive will be unsalable.
[PJC]

Con•fig´ure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Configured p. pr. & vb. n. Configuring.] [L. configurare: cf. F. configurer. See Configurate.] To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. Bentley.

Con•fin´a•ble , a. Capable of being confined, restricted, or limited. “Not confinable to any limits.
Bp. Hall.”

Con•fine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confined p. pr. & vb. n. Confining.] [F. confiner to border upon, LL. confinare to set bounds to; con- + finis boundary, end. See Final, Finish.] To restrain within limits; to restrict; to limit; to bound; to shut up; to inclose; to keep close. “Now let not nature’s hand
Keep the wild flood confined! let order die!
Shak.” “He is to confine himself to the compass of numbers and the slavery of rhyme.
Dryden.” To be confined, to be in childbed. Syn. — To bound; limit; restrain; imprison; immure; inclose; circumscribe; restrict.

Con´fine (? or ); 277), v. i. To have a common boundary; to border; to lie contiguous; to touch; — followed by on or with. [Obs.] “Where your gloomy bounds
Confine with heaven.
Milton.” “Bewixt heaven and earth and skies there stands a place.
Confining on all three.
Dryden.”

Con´fine , n. 1. Common boundary; border; limit; — used chiefly in the plural. “Events that came to pass within the confines of Judea.
Locke.” “And now in little space
The confines met of empyrean heaven,
And of this world.
Milton.” “On the confines of the city and the Temple.
Macaulay.” 2. Apartment; place of restraint; prison. [Obs.] “Confines, wards, and dungeons.
Shak.” “The extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine.
Shak.”

Con´fine•less , a. Without limitation or end; boundless. Shak.

Con•fine´ment , n. 1. Restraint within limits; imprisonment; any restraint of liberty; seclusion. “The mind hates restraint, and is apt to fancy itself under confinement when the sight is pent up.
Addison.” 2. Restraint within doors by sickness, esp. that caused by childbirth; lying-in.

Con•fin´er , n. One who, or that which, limits or restrains.

Con´fi•ner (? or ), n. One who lives on confines, or near the border of a country; a borderer; a near neighbor. [Obs.] Bacon. “Happy confiners you of other lands,
That shift your soil, and oft ’scape tyrants’ hands.
Daniel.”

Con•fin´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. confinite.] Community of limits; contiguity. [R.] Bailey.

Con•firm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confrmed p. pr. & vb. n. Confirming.] [OE. confermen, confirmen, OF. confermer, F. confirmer, fr. L. confirmare; con- + firmare to make firm, fr. firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm or firmer; to add strength to; to establish; as health is confirmed by exercise. “Confirm the crown to me and to mine heirs.
Shak.” “And confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law.
Ps. cv. 10.” 2. To strengthen in judgment or purpose. “Confirmed, then, I resolve
Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe.
Milton.” 3. To give new assurance of the truth of; to render certain; to verify; to corroborate; as to confirm a rumor. “Your eyes shall witness and confirm my tale.
Pope.” “These likelihoods confirm her flight.
Shak.” 4. To render valid by formal assent; to complete by a necessary sanction; to ratify; as to confirm the appoinment of an official; the Senate confirms a treaty. “That treaty so prejudicial ought to have been remitted rather than confimed.
Swift.” 5. (Eccl.) To administer the rite of confirmation to. See Confirmation, 3. “Those which are thus confirmed are thereby supposed to be fit for admission to the sacrament.
Hammond.” Syn. — To strengthen; corroborate; substantiate; establish; fix; ratify; settle; verify; assure.

Con•firm´a•ble , a. That may be confirmed.

Con•firm´ance , n. Confirmation. [Obs.]

Con•fir•ma´tion , n. [F. confirmation, L. confirmatio.] 1. The act of confirming or strengthening; the act of establishing, ratifying, or sanctioning; as the confirmation of an appointment. “Their blood is shed
In confirmation of the noblest claim.
Cowper.” 2. That which confirms; that which gives new strength or assurance; as to a statement or belief; additional evidence; proof; convincing testimony. “Trifles light as air
Are to the jealous confirmations strong
As proofs of holy writ.
Shak.” 3. (Eccl.) A rite supplemental to baptism, by which a person is admitted, through the laying on of the hands of a bishop, to the full privileges of the church, as in the Roman Catholic, the Episcopal Church, etc. “This ordinance is called confirmation, because they who duly receive it are confirmed or strengthened for the fulfillment of their Christian duties, by the grace therein bestowed upon them.
Hook.” 4. (Law) A conveyance by which a voidable estate is made sure and not voidable, or by which a particular estate is increased; a contract, express or implied, by which a person makes that firm and binding which was before voidable.

Con•firm´a•tive , a. [L. confirmativus: cf. F. confirmatif.] Tending to confirm or establish. Sherwood. — Con•firm´a•tive•ly, adv.

Con´fir•ma•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, confirms; a confirmer. Sir T. Browne.

Con•firm´a•to•ry , a. . Serving to confirm; corroborative. “A fact confirmatory of the conclusion.
I. Taylor.” 2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. Compton.

Con•firm´ed•ly , adv. With confirmation.

Con•firm´ed•ness, n. A fixed state.

Con•fir•mee´ , n. [F. confirme, p. p. of confirmer.] (Law) One to whom anything is confirmed.

Con•firm´er , n. One who, or that which, confirms, establishes, or ratifies; one who corroborates. Shak.

Con•firm´ing•ly, adv. In a confirming manner.

Con•fis´ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. confiscable.] Capable of being confiscated; liable to forfeiture.

Con´fis•cate (? or ), a. [L. confiscatus, p. p. of confiscare to confiscate, prop., to lay up in a chest; con- + fiscus basket, purse, treasury. See Fiscal.] Seized and appropriated by the government to the public use; forfeited. “Lest that your goods too soon be confiscate.
Shak.”

Con´fis•cate (? or ; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confiscated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confiscating.] To seize as forfeited to the public treasury; to appropriate to the public use. “It was judged that he should be banished and his whole estate confiscated and seized.
Bacon.”

Con•fis•ca´tion , n. [L. confiscatio.] The act or process of taking property or condemning it to be taken, as forfeited to the public use. “The confiscations following a subdued rebellion.
Hallam.”

Con´fis•ca•tor , n. [L., a treasurer.] One who confiscates. Burke.

Con•fis´ca•to•ry , a. Effecting confiscation; characterized by confiscations. ´Confiscatory and exterminatory periods.´ Burke.

Con´fit , n. Same as Comfit. [Obs.]

Con´fi•tent , n. [L. confitens, p. pr.] One who confesses his sins and faults. [Obs.]

Con•fit´e•or , n. [L., I confess. See Confess.] (R.C.Ch.) A form of prayer in which public confession of sins is made.

Con´fi•ture ( 135), n. [F. See Confiture.] Composition; preparation, as of a drug, or confection; a sweetmeat. [Obs.] ´Confitures and pies.´ Bacon.

Con•fix´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confixed p. pr. & vb. n. Confixing.] [L. confixus, p. p. of configere to fasten together.] To fix; to fasten. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•fix´ure ( 135), n. Act of fastening. [Obs.]

Con•fla´grant , a. [L. conflagrans, p. pr. of conflagrare; con- + flagrare to blaze. See Flagrant.] Burning together in a common flame. [R.] ´The conflagrant mass.´ Milton.

Con•fla•gra´tion , n. [L. conflagratio: cf. F. conflagration.] A fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning. “Till one wide conflagration swallows all.
Pope.”

Con•flate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflating.] [L. conflatus, p. p. of conflare to blow together; con- + flare to blow.] To blow together; to bring together; to collect; to fuse together; to join or weld; to consolidate. “The State-General, created and conflated by the passionate effort of the whole nation.
Carlyle.”

Con•fla´tion , n. [L. conflatio.] A blowing together, as of many instruments in a concert, or of many fires in a foundry. [R.] Bacon.

Con´flict , n. [L. conflictus a striking together, fr. confligere, -flictum, to strike together, to fight: cf. F. conflit, formerly also conflict. See Conflict, v.] 1. A striking or dashing together; violent collision; as a conflict of elements or waves. 2. A strife for the mastery; hostile contest; battle; struggle; fighting. “As soon as he [Atterbury] was himself again, he became eager for action and conflict.
Macaulay.” “An irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces.
W. H. Seward.” Conflict of laws, that branch of jurisprudence which deals with individual litigation claimed to be subject to the conflicting laws of two or more states or nations; — often used as synonymous with Private international law. Syn. — Contest; collision; struggle; combat; strife; contention; battle; fight; encounter. See Contest.

Con•flict´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflicting.] [L. conflictus, p. p. of confligere to conflict (cf. conflictare); con- + fligere to strike; cf. Gr. fli•bein, qli•bein, to press, L. flagrum whip.] 1. To strike or dash together; to meet in violent collision; to collide. Shak. “Fire and water conflicting together.
Bacon.” 2. To maintain a conflict; to contend; to engage in strife or opposition; to struggle. “A man would be content to … conflict with great difficulties, in hopes of a mighty reward.
Abp. Tillotson.” 3. To be in opposition; to be contradictory. “The laws of the United States and of the individual States may, in some cases, conflict with each other.
Wheaton.” Syn. — To fight; contend; contest; resist; struggle; combat; strive; battle.

Con•flict´ing, a. Being in conflict or collision, or in opposition; contending; contradictory; incompatible; contrary; opposing. “Torn with sundry conflicting passions.
Bp. Hurd.”

Con•flict´ive , a. Tending to conflict; conflicting. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con´flu•ence , n. [L. confluentia.] 1. The act of flowing together; the meeting or junction of two or more streams; the place of meeting. “New York stood at the confluence of two rivers.
Bancroft.” 2. Any running together of separate streams or currents; the act of meeting and crowding in a place; hence, a crowd; a concourse; an assemblage. “You see this confluence, this great flood of vistors.
Shak.” “The confluence … of all true joys.
Boyle.”

Con´flu•ent , a. [L. confluens, -entis, p. pr. of confluere, - fluxum; con- + fluere to flow. See Fluent.] 1. Flowing together; meeting in their course; running one into another. “These confluent steams make some great river’s head.
Blackmore.” 2. (Bot.) Blended into one; growing together, so as to obliterate all distinction. 3. (Med.) (a) Running together or uniting, as pimples or pustules. (b) Characterized by having the pustules, etc., run together or unite, so as to cover the surface; as confluent smallpox. Dunglison.

Con´flu•ent, n. 1. A small steam which flows into a large one. 2. The place of meeting of steams, currents, etc. [Obs.] Holland.

Con´flux , n. [From L. confluxus, p. p. See Confluent.] 1. A flowing together; a meeting of currents. ´The conflux of meeting sap.´ Shak. “The general conflux and concourse of the whole people.
Clarendon.” 2. A large assemblage; a passing multitude. “To the gates cast round thine eye, and see
What conflux issuing forth, or entering in.
Milton.”

Con•flux•i•bil´i•ty , n. The tendency of fluids to run together. [R.] Boyle.

Con•flux´i•ble , a. Inclined to flow or run together. — Con•flux´i•ble•ness, n.

Con•fo´cal , a. (Math.) Having the same foci; as confocal quadrics.

Con•form´ , a. [L. conformis; con- + forma form: cf. F. conforme.] Of the same form; similar in import; conformable. Bacon. “Care must be taken that the interpretation be every way conform to the analogy of faith.
Bp.Hall.”

Con•form´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conformed p. pr. & vb. n. Conforming.] [F. conformer, L. conformare, -formatum; con- + formare to form, forma form. See Form.] To shape in accordance with; to make like; to bring into harmony or agreement with; — usually with to or unto. “Demand of them wherefore they conform not themselves unto the order of the church.
Hooker.”

Con•form´, v. i. 1. To be in accord or harmony; to comply; to be obedient; to submit; — with to or with. “A rule to which experience must conform.
Whewell.” 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To comply with the usages of the Established Church; to be a conformist. “About two thousand ministers whose consciences did not suffer them to conform were driven from their benefices in a day.
Macaulay.”

Con•form•a•bil´i•ty , n. 1. The state of being conformable. 2. (Geol.) The parallelism of two sets of strata which are in contact.

Con•form´a•ble , a. 1. Corresponding in form, character, opinions, etc.; similar; like; consistent; proper or suitable; — usually followed by to. “The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of writing perfectly conformable with that character.
Addison.” “Conformable to Scripture as well as to philosophy.
Whewell.” “To make matters somewhat conformable for the old knight.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Disposed to compliance or obedience; ready to follow directions; submissive; compliant. “I have been to you a true and humble wife,
At all times to your will conformable.
Shak.” 3. (Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so; — said of strata in contact.

Con•form´a•ble•ness , n. The quality of being conformable; conformability.

Con•form´a•bly, adv. With conformity or in conformity; suitably; agreeably. “Conformably to the law and nature of God.
Bp. Beveridge.”

Con•form´ance , n. Conformity. [R.] Marston.

Con•form´ate , a. [L. conformatus, p. p. See Conform.] Having the same form. [R.]

Con•for•ma´tion , n. [L. conformatio: cf. F. conformation.] 1. The act of conforming; the act of producing conformity. “The conformation of our hearts and lives to the duties of true religion and morality.
I. Watts.” 2. The state of being conformed; agreement; hence; structure, as depending on the arrangement of parts; form; arrangement. “In Hebrew poetry, there may be observed a certain conformation of the sentences.
Lowth.” “A structure and conformation of the earth.
Woodward.”

Con•form´er , n. One who conforms; one who complies with established forms or doctrines.

Con•form´ist, n. One who conforms or complies; esp., one who conforms to the Church of England, or to the Established Church, as distinguished from a dissenter or nonconformist. “A cheeful conformist to your judgment.
Jer.Taylor.”

Con•form´i•ty , n.; pl. Conformities (#). [Cf. F. conformite.] 1. Correspondence in form, manner, or character; resemblance; agreement; congruity; — followed by to, with, or between. “By our conformity to God.
Tillotson.” “The end of all religion is but to draw us to a conformity with God.
Dr. H.More.” “A conformity between the mental taste and the sensitive taste.
Addison.” 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the Established Church. “The king [James I.] soon afterward put forth a proclamation requiring all ecclesiastical and civil officers to do their duty by enforcing conformity.
Hallam.”

Con•for•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. confortation, LL. confortatio. Cf. Comfort.] The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•found´ (kon•found´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Confounding.] [F. confondre, fr. L. confundere, -fusum, to pour together; con- + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt, and cf. Confuse.] 1. To mingle and blend, so that different elements can not be distinguished; to confuse. “They who strip not ideas from the marks men use for them, but confound them with words, must have endless dispute.
Locke.” “Let us go down, and there confound their language.
Gen. xi. 7.” 2. To mistake for another; to identify falsely. “They [the tinkers] were generally vagrants and pilferers, and were often confounded with the gypsies.
Macaulay.” 3. To throw into confusion or disorder; to perplex; to strike with amazement; to dismay. “The gods confound…
The Athenians both within and out that wall.
Shak.” “They trusted in thee and were not confounded.
Ps. xxii. 5.” “So spake the Son of God, and Satan stood
A while as mute, confounded what to say.
Milton.” 4. To destroy; to ruin; to waste. [Obs.] “One man’s lust these many lives confounds.
Shak.” “How couldst thou in a mile confound an hour?
Shak.” Syn. — To abash; confuse; baffle; dismay; astonish; defeat; terrify; mix; blend; intermingle. See Abash.

Con•found´ed, a. 1. Confused; perplexed. “A cloudy and confounded philosopher.
Cudworth.” 2. Excessive; extreme; abominable. [Colloq.] “He was a most confounded tory.
Swift.” “The tongue of that confounded woman.
Sir. W. Scott.”

Con•found´ed•ly, adv. Extremely; odiously; detestably. [Colloq.] ´Confoundedly sick.´ Goldsmith.

Con•found´ed•ness, n. The state of being confounded. “Their witty descant of my confoundedness.
Milton.”

Con•found´er , n. One who confounds.

Con´fract , a. [L. confractus, p. p. of confringere.] Broken in pieces; severed. [Obs.]

Con•fra•gose´ , a. [L. confragosus; con- + fragosus, fr. frangere. See Fragile.] Broken; uneven. [Obs.] ´Confragose cataracts.´ Evelyn.

Con•fra•ter´ni•ty , n.; pl. Confraternities (#). [LL. confraternitas: cf. F. confraternite. See Fraternity.] A society or body of men united for some purpose, or in some profession; a brotherhood. “These live in one society and confraternity.
Stow.”

Con•frere´ , n. [F.] Fellow member of a fraternity; intimate associate.

Con•fri•ca´tion , n. [L. confricatio, fr. confricare to rub vigorously.] A rubbing together; friction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•fri´er , n. [Cf. F. confrère. See Friar.] A confrère. [Obs.] Weever.

Con•front´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confronting.] [F. confronter; L. con- + frons the forehead or front. See Front.] 1. To stand facing or in front of; to face; esp. to face hostilely; to oppose with firmness. “We four, indeed, confronted were with four
In Russian habit.
Shak.” “He spoke and then confronts the bull.
Dryden.” “Hester caught hold of Pearl, and drew her forcibly into her arms, confronting the old Puritan magistrate with almost a fierce expression.
Hawthorne.” “It was impossible at once to confront the might of France and to trample on the liberties of England.
Macaulay.” 2. To put face to face; to cause to face or to meet; as to confront one with the proofs of his wrong doing. 3. To set in opposition for examination; to put in contrast; to compare. “When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show you the same design executed by different hands.
Addison.”

Con•fron•ta´tion , n. [LL. confrontatio.] Act of confronting. H. Swinburne.

Con•fron•te´ , a. [F., p. p. confronter.] (Her.) Same as Affronte.

Con•front´er , n. One who confronts. “A confronter in authority.
Speed.”

confronting n. dealing with (a person or problem) directly; taking the bull by the horns.
Syn. — braving, coping with, grappling, tackling.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC]

Con•front´ment , n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

Con•front´ment , n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

Con•fu´cian , a. Of, or relating to, Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher and teacher. — n. A Confucianist.

Con•fu´cian•ism , n. The political morality taught by Confucius and his disciples, which forms the basis of the Chinese jurisprudence and education. It can hardly be called a religion, as it does not inculcate the worship of any god. S. W. Williams.

Con•fu´cian•ist, n. A follower of Confucius; a Confucian. S. W. Williams.

Con•fus , a. [F. See Confuse, a.] Confused, disturbed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con•fus•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being confused.

Con•fus´a•ble , a. Capable of being confused.

Con•fuse´ , a. [F. confus, L. confusus, p. p. of confundere. See Confound.] Mixed; confounded. [Obs.] Baret.

Con•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confused p. pr. & vb. n. Confusing.] 1. To mix or blend so that things can not be distinguished; to jumble together; to confound; to render indistinct or obscure; as to confuse accounts; to confuse one’s vision. “A universal hubbub wild
Of stunning sounds and voices all confused.
Milton.” 2. To perplex; to disconcert; to abash; to cause to lose self-possession. “Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse
A life that leads melodious days.
Tennyson.” “Confused and sadly she at length replied.
Pope.” Syn. — To abash; disorder; disarrange; disconcert; confound; obscure; distract. See Abash.

Con•fus´ed•ly , adv. In a confused manner.

Con•fus´ed•ness, n. A state of confusion. Norris.

Con•fuse´ly , adv. Confusedly; obscurely. [Obs.]

Con•fu´sion , n. [F. confusion, L. confusio.] 1. The state of being mixed or blended so as to produce indistinctness or error; indistinct combination; disorder; tumult. “The confusion of thought to which the Aristotelians were liable.
Whewell.” “Moody beggars starving for a time
Of pellmell havoc and confusion.
Shak.” 2. The state of being abashed or disconcerted; loss self-possession; perturbation; shame. “Confusion dwelt in every face
And fear in every heart.
Spectator.” 3. Overthrow; defeat; ruin. “Ruin seize thee, ruthless king,
Confusion on thy banners wait.
Gray.” 4. One who confuses; a confounder. [Obs.] Chapmen. Confusion of goods (Law), the intermixture of the goods of two or more persons, so that their respective portions can no longer be distinguished. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Con•fu´sive , a. Confusing; having a tendency to confusion. Bp. Hall.

Con•fut´a•ble , a. That may be confuted. “A conceit … confutable by daily experience.
Sir T.Browne.”

Con•fut´ant , n. [L. confutans, p. pr. of confutare.] One who undertakes to confute. Milton.

Con•fu•ta´tion , n. [L. confutatio: cf. F. confutation.] The act or process of confuting; refutation. ´For the edification of some and the confutation of others.´ Bp. Horne.

Con•fut´a•tive , a. Adapted or designed to confute. Bp. Warburton

Con•fute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confuting.] [L. confutare to chek (a boiling liquid), to repress, confute; con- + a root seen in futis a water vessel), prob. akin to fundere to pour: cf. F. confuter. See Fuse to melt.] To overwhelm by argument; to refute conclusively; to prove or show to be false or defective; to overcome; to silence. “Satan stood … confuted and convinced
Of his weak arguing fallacious drift.
Milton.” “No man’s error can be confuted who doth not … grant some true principle that contradicts his error.
Chillingworth.” “I confute a good profession with a bad conversation.
Fuller.” Syn. — To disprove; overthrow; sed aside; refute; oppugn. — To Confute, Refute. Refute is literally to and decisive evidence; as to refute a calumny, charge, etc. Confute is literally to check boiling, as when cold water is poured into hot, thus serving to allay, bring down, or neutralize completely. Hence, as applied to arguments (and the word is never applied, like refute, to charges), it denotes, to overwhelm by evidence which puts an end to the case and leaves an opponent nothing to say; to silence; as ´the atheist is confuted by the whole structure of things around him.´

Con•fute´ment , n. Confutation. [Obs.] Milton.

Con•fut´er , n. One who confutes or disproves.

Cong , n. (Med.) An abbreviation of Congius.

Con•ge´ (kôN•zha´; E. kon´je; 277), n. [F., leave, permission, fr. L. commeatus a going back and forth, a leave of absence, furlough, fr. commeare, -meatum, to go and come; com- + meare to go. Cf. Permeate.] [Formerly written congie.] 1. The act of taking leave; parting ceremony; farewell; also dismissal. “Should she pay off old Briggs and give her her conge?
Thackeray.” 2. The customary act of civility on any occasion; a bow or a courtesy. “The captain salutes you with conge profound.
Swift.” 3. (Arch.) An apophyge. Gwilt. Conge d’elire [F., leave to choose] (Eccl.), the sovereign’s license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose as bishop the person nominated in the missive.

Con´ge , v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Congeed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Congeing.] [OF. congier, congeer, F. congedier, fr. conge. See Conge, n.] To take leave with the customary civilities; to bow or courtesy. “I have congeed with the duke, done my adieu with his nearest.
Shak.”

Con´ge•a•ble , a. (O. Eng. Law) Permissible; done lawfully; as entry congeable.

Con•geal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congealed p. pr. & vb. n. Congealing.] [F. congeler, L. congelare, -gelatumn; con- + gelare to freeze, gelu frost. See Gelid.] 1. To change from a fluid to a solid state by cold; to freeze. “A vapory deluge lies to snow congealed.
Thomson.” 2. To affect as if by freezing; to check the flow of, or cause to run cold; to chill. “As if with horror to congeal his blood.
Stirling.”

Con•geal´, v. i. To grow hard, stiff, or thick, from cold or other causes; to become solid; to freeze; to cease to flow; to run cold; to be chilled. “Lest zeal, now melted …
Cool and congeal again to what it was.
Shak.”

Con•geal´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. congelable.] Capable of being congealed. — Con•geal´a•ble•ness, n.

Con•geal´ed•ness , n. The state of being congealed. Dr. H.More.

Con•geal´ment , n. 1. The act or the process of congealing; congeliation. 2. That which is formed by congelation; a clot. [Obs.] “Wash the congealment from your wounds.
Shak.”

Con´gee , n. & v. See Conge, Conge. [Obs.] “And unto her his congee came to take.
Spenser.”

Con•gee´ , n. 1. [Tamil kashi boilings.] Boiled rice; rice gruel. [India] 2. A jail; a lockup. [India] Congee discharges, rice water discharges. Dunglison. — Congee water, water in which rice has been boiled.

Con•ge•la´tion , n. [F. congelation, L. congelatio.] 1. The act or process of passing, or causing to pass, from a fluid to a solid state, as by the abstraction of heat; the act or process of freezing. “The capillary tubes are obstructed either by outward compression or congelation of the fluid.
Arbuthnot.” 2. The state of being congealed. 3. That which is congealed. “Sugar plums … with a multitude of congelations in jellies of various colors.
Taller.”

Con´ge•ner ( 277), n. [From L. congener. See Congenerous.] A thing of the same genus, species, or kind; a thing allied in nature, character, or action. “The cherry tree has been often grafted on the laurel, to which it is a congener.
P. Miller.” “Our elk is more polygamous in his habits than any other deer except his congener, the red deer of Europe.
Caton.”

Con•gen´er•a•cy , n. Similarity of origin; affinity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. { Con•ge•ner´ic , Con•ge•ner´ic•al }, a. Belonging to the same genus; allied in origin, nature, or action. R. Owen.

Con•gen´er•ous , a. [L. congener; con- + genus, generis, birth, kind, race. See Genus, and cf. Congener.] Allied in origin or cause; congeneric; as congenerous diseases. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. — Con•gen´er•ous•ness, n. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Con•gen´ial (; 106), a. [Pref. con- + genial.] 1. Partaking of the same nature; allied by natural characteristics; kindred; sympathetic. “Congenial souls! whose life one avarice joins.
Pope.” 2. Naturally adapted; suited to the disposition. ´Congenial clime.´ C. J. Fox. “To defame the excellence with which it has no sympathy … is its congenial work.
I. Taylor.”

Con•ge•ni•al´i•ty (? or 106), n. The state or quality of being congenial; natural affinity; adaptation; suitableness. Sir J. Reynolds. “If congeniality of tastes could have made a marriage happy, that union should have been thrice blessed.
Motley.”

Con•gen´ial•ize , v. t. To make congenial. [R.]

Con•gen´ial•ly, adv. In a congenial manner; as congenially married or employed.

Con•gen´ial•ness, n. Congeniality.

Con•gen´ious , a. Congeneric. [Obs.]

Con•gen´i•tal , a. [From Congenite.] Existing at, or dating from, birth; pertaining to one from birth; born with one; connate; constitutional; natural; as a congenital deformity. See Connate.

Con•gen´i•tal•ly, adv. In a congenital manner.

Con•gen´ite , a. [L. congenitus; con- + genitus, p. p. of gignere to beget. See Generate.] Congenital; connate; inborn. See Congenital. [Obs.] “Many conclusions, of moral and intellectual truths, seem … to be congenite with us.
Sir M. Hale.”

Con´ger , n. [L. conger, congrus, akin to Gr. : cf. F. congre.] (Zoöl.) The conger eel; — called also congeree. Conger sea (Zoöl.), the sea eel; a large species of eel (Conger vulgaris), which sometimes grows to the length of ten feet.

Con•ge´ri•es , n. sing & pl. [L., fr. congerere. See Congest.] A collection of particles or bodies into one mass; a heap; an aggregation.

Con•gest´ (#), v. t. [L. congestus, p. p. of congere to bring together; con- + gerere. See Gerund.] 1. To collect or gather into a mass or aggregate; to bring together; to accumulate. “To what will thy congested guilt amount?
Blackmore.” 2. (Med.) To cause an overfullness of the blood vessels (esp. the capillaries) of an organ or part.

Con•gest´ed , a. 1. (Bot.) Crowded together. Gray. 2. (Med.) Containing an unnatural accumulation of blood; hyperaemic; — said of any part of the body.

Con•ges´tion ( 106), n. [L. congestio: cf. F. congestion.] 1. The act of gathering into a heap or mass; accumulation. [Obs.] “The congestion of dead bodies one upon another.
Evelyn.” 2. (Med.) Overfullness of the capillary and other blood vessels, etc., in any locality or organ (often producing other morbid symptoms); local hyperaemia, active or passive; as arterial congestion; venous congestion; congestion of the lungs.

Con•gest´ive , a. (Med.) Pertaining to, indicating, or attended with, congestion in some part of the body; as a congestive fever.

Con´gi•a•ry , n.; pl. Congiaries (#). [L. congiarium, fr. congius a liquid measure.] A present, as of corn, wine, or oil, made by a Roman emperor to the soldiers or the people; — so called because measured to each in a congius. Addison. In later years, when gifts of money were distributed, the name congius was retained.

Con´gi•us , n. [L.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) A liquid measure containing about three quarts. 2. (Med.) A gallon, or four quarts. [Often abbreviated to cong.]

Con•gla´ci•ate ( 221), v. t. & i. [L. conglaciatus, p. p. of conglaciare. See Glaciate.] To turn to ice; to freeze. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con•gla•ci•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. conglaciation.] The act or process of changing into ice, or the state of being converted to ice; a freezing; congelation; also a frost. Bacon.

Con•glo´bate ( 277), a. [L. conglobatus, p. p. of conglobare to conglobate. See Globate.] Collected into, or forming, a rounded mass or ball; as the conglobate [lymphatic] glands; conglobate flowers.

Con•glo´bate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglobated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobating.] [Cf. Conglore.] To collect or form into a ball or rounded mass; to gather or mass together. “Conglobated bubbles undissolved.
Wordsworth.”

Con•glo•ba´tion , n. [L. conglobatio: cf. F. conglobation.] 1. The act or process of forming into a ball. Sir T. Browne. 2. A round body.

Con•globe´ (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglobed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobing.] [L. conglobare: cf. F. conglober. Cf. Conglobate.] To gather into a ball; to collect into a round mass. “Then founded, then conglobed
Like things to like.
Milton.”

Con•globe´, v. i. To collect, unite, or coalesce in a round mass. Milton.

Con•glob´u•late , v. i. [Pref. con- + globule.] To gather into a small round mass.

Con•glom´er•ate , a. [L. conglomeratus, p. p. of conglomerare to roll together; con- + glomerare to wind into a ball. See Glomerate.] 1. Gathered into a ball or a mass; collected together; concentrated; as conglomerate rays of light. “Beams of light when they are multiplied and conglomerate.
Bacon.” “Fluids are separated in the liver and the other conglobate and conglomerate glands.
Cheyne.” 2. (Bot.) Closely crowded together; densly clustered; as conglomerate flowers. Gray. 3. (Geol.) Composed of stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, cemented together.

Con•glom´er•ate , n. 1. That which is heaped together in a mass or conpacted from various sources; a mass formed of fragments; collection; accumulation. “A conglomerate of marvelous anecdotes, marvelously heaped together.
Trench.” 2. (Geol.) A rock, composed or rounded fragments of stone cemented together by another mineral substance, either calcareous, siliceous, or argillaceous; pudding stone; — opposed to agglomerate. See Breccia. “A conglomerate, therefore, is simply gravel bound together by a cement.
Lyell.”

Con•glom´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglomerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglomerating.] To gather into a ball or round body; to collect into a mass.

Con•glom•er•a´tion , n. [L. conglomeratio: cf. F. conglomeration.] The act or process of gathering into a mass; the state of being thus collected; collection; accumulation; that which is conglomerated; a mixed mass. Bacon.

Con•glu´tin , n. [From Conglutinate.] (Chem.) A variety of vegetable casein, resembling legumin, and found in almonds, rye, wheat, etc.

Con•glu´ti•nant , a. [L., conglutinans, p. pr.] Cementing together; uniting closely; causing to adhere; promoting healing, as of a wound or a broken bone, by adhesion of the parts.

Con•glu´ti•nate , a. [L. conglutinatus, p. p. of conglutinare to glue; con- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] Glued together; united, as by some adhesive substance.

Con•glu´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglutinating.] To glue together; to unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance; to cause to adhere or to grow together. “Bones … have had their broken parts conglutinated within three or four days.
Boyle.”

Con•glu´ti•nate, v. i. To unite by the intervention of some glutinous substance; to coalesce.

Con•glu•ti•na´tion , n. [L. conglutinatio: cf. F. conglutination.] A gluing together; a joining by means of some tenacious substance; junction; union. “Conglutination of parts separated by a wound.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•glu´ti•na´tive , a. [Cf. F. conglutinatif.] Conglutinant. { Con´gou , Con´go }, n. [Chin. kung-foo labor.] Black tea, of higher grade (finer leaf and less dusty) than the present bohea. See Tea. “Of black teas the great mass is called Congou, or the ´well worked´, a name which took the place of the Bohea of 150 years ago, and is now itself giving way to the term ´English breakfast tea.´
S. W. Williams.”

Con´go snake´ (Zoöl.) An amphibian (Amphiuma means) of the order Urodela, found in the southern United States. See Amphiuma.

Con•grat´u•lant , a. [L. congratulans, p. pr.] Rejoicing together; congratulatory. “With like joy
Congratulant approached him.
Milton.”

Con•grat´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congratulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Congratulating.] [L. congratulatus, p. p. of congratulari to wish joy abundantly; con- + gratulari to wish joy, from gratus pleasing. See Grateful.] To address with expressions of sympathetic pleasure on account of some happy event affecting the person addressed; to wish joy to. “It is the king’s most sweet pleasure and affection to congratulate the princess at her pavilion.
Shak.” To congratulate one’s self, to rejoice; to feel satisfaction; to consider one’s self happy or fortunate. Syn. — To Congratulate, Felicitate. To felicitate is simply to wish a person joy. To congratulate has the additional signification of uniting in the joy of him whom we congratulate. Hence they are by no means synonymous. One who has lost the object of his affections by her marriage to a rival, might perhaps felicitate that rival on his success, but could never be expected to congratulate him on such an event. “Felicitations are little better than compliments; congratulations are the expression of a genuine sympathy and joy.
Trench.”

Con•grat´u•late, v. i. To express of feel sympathetic joy; as to congratulate with one’s country. [R.] Swift. “The subjects of England may congratulate to themselves.
Dryden.”

Con•grat•u•la´tion , n. [L. congratulatio: cf. F. congratulation.] The act of congratulating; an expression of sympathetic pleasure. “With infinite congratulations for our safe arrival.
Dr. J. Scott.”

Con•grat´u•la•tor , n. One who offers congratulation. Milton.

Con•grat´u•la•to•ry , a. Expressive of sympathetic joy; as a congratulatory letter.

Con•gree´ , v. i. [Pref. on- + L. gratus pleasing. Cf. Agree.] To agree. [bs.] Shak.

Con•greet´ , v. t. To salute mutually. [Obs.]

Con´gre•gate , a. [L. congregatus, p. p. of congregare to congregate; on- + gregare to collect into a flock, fr. grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] Collected; compact; close. [R.] Bacon.

Con´gre•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congregated; p. pr. & vb. n. Congregating] To collect into an assembly or assemblage; to assemble; to bring into one place, or into a united body; to gather together; to mass; to compact. “Any multitude of Christian men congregated may be termed by the name of a church.
Hooker.” “Cold congregates all bodies.
Coleridge.” “The great receptacle
Of congregated waters he called Seas.
Milton.”

Con´gre•gate, v. i. To come together; to assemble; to meet. “Even there where merchants most do congregate.
Shak.”

Con•gre•ga´tion , n. [L. congregatio: cf. F. congregation.] 1. The act of congregating, or bringing together, or of collecting into one aggregate or mass. “The means of reduction in the fire is but by the congregation of homogeneal parts.
Bacon.” 2. A collection or mass of separate things. “A foul and pestilent congregation of vapors.
Shak.” 3. An assembly of persons; a gathering; esp. an assembly of persons met for the worship of God, and for religious instruction; a body of people who habitually so meet. “He [Bunyan] rode every year to London, and preached there to large and attentive congregations.
Macaulay.” 4. (Anc. Jewish Hist.) The whole body of the Jewish people; — called also Congregation of the Lord. “It is a sin offering for the congregation.
Lev. iv. 21.” 5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A body of cardinals or other ecclesiastics to whom as intrusted some department of the church business; as the Congregation of the Propaganda, which has charge of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. (b) A company of religious persons forming a subdivision of a monastic order. 6. The assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Oxford or Cambrige University, mainly for the granting of degrees. [Eng.] 7. (Scotch Church Hist.) the name assumed by the Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation.

Con•gre•ga´tion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congregation; conducted, or participated in, by a congregation; as congregational singing. 2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalist; holding to the faith and polity of Congregationalism; as a Congregational church.

Con•gre•ga´tion•al•ism , n. 1. That system of church organization which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each local church. 2. The faith and polity of the Congregational churches, taken collectively. In this sense (which is its usual signification) Congregationalism is the system of faith and practice common to a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches, which recognize the local brotherhood of each church as independent of all dictation in ecclesiastical matters, but are united in fellowship and joint action, as in councils for mutual advice, and in consociations, conferences, missionary organizations, etc., and to whose membership the designation ´Congregationalists´ is generally restricted; but Unitarian and other churches are Congregational in their polity.

Con•gre•ga´tion•al•ist, n. One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; one who holds to Congregationalism.

Con´gress , n.; pl. Congresses (#). [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p. p. -gressus, to go or come together; con- + grati to go or step, gradus step: cf. F. congrs. See Grade.] 1. A meeting of individuals, whether friendly or hostile; an encounter. [Obs.] “Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there;
Their congress in the field great Jove withstands.
Dryden.” 2. A sudden encounter; a collision; a shock; — said of things. [Obs.] “From these laws may be deduced the rules of the congresses and reflections of two bodies.
Cheyne.” 3. The coming together of a male and female in sexual commerce; the act of coition. Pennant. 4. A gathering or assembly; a conference. 5. A formal assembly, as of princes, deputies, representatives, envoys, or commissioners; esp., a meeting of the representatives of several governments or societies to consider and determine matters of common interest. “The European powers strove to … accommodate their differences at the congress of Vienna.
Alison.” 6. The collective body of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, esp. of a republic, constituting the chief legislative body of the nation. In the Congress of the United States (which took the place of the Federal Congress, March 4, 1789), the Senate consists of two Senators from each State, chosen by the State legislature for a term of six years, in such a way that the terms of one third of the whole number expire every year; the House of Representatives consists of members elected by the people of the several Congressional districts, for a term of two years, the term of all ending at the same time. The united body of Senators and Representatives for any term of two years for which the whole body of Representatives is chosen is called one Congress. Thus the session which began in December, 1887, was the first (or long) session, and that which began in December, 1888, was the second (or short) session, of the Fiftieth Congress. When an extra session is had before the date of the first regular meeting of a Congress, that is called the first session, and the following regular session is called the second session. 7. The lower house of the Spanish Cortes, the members of which are elected for three years. The Continental Congress, an assembly of deputies from the thirteen British colonies in America, appointed to deliberate in respect to their common interests. They first met in 1774, and from time thereafter until near the close of the Revolution. — The Federal Congress, the assembly of representatives of the original States of the American Union, who met under the Articles of Confederation from 1781 till 1789. — Congress boot or gaiter, a high shoe or half-boot, coming above the ankle, and having the sides made in part of some elastic material which stretches to allow the boot to be drawn on and off. [U.S.] — Congress water, a saline mineral water from the Congress spring at Saratoga, in the State of New York. Syn. — Assembly; meeting; convention; convocation; council; diet; conclave; parliament; legislature.

Con•gres´sion (? or ), n. [L. congressio.] A coming or bringing together, as in a public meeting, in a dispute, in the act of comparing, or in sexual intercourse. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Con•gres´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a congress, especially, to the Congress of the United States; as congressional debates. “Congressional and official labor.
E. Everett.” Congressional District, one of the divisions into which a State is periodically divided (according to population), each of which is entitled to elect a Representative to the Congress of the United States.

Con•gres´sive , a. Encountering, or coming together. Sir T. Browne.

Con´gress•man , n.; pl. Congressmen . A member of the Congress of the United States, esp. of the House of Representatives.

Con´greve rock´et See under Rocket.

Con´grue´ , v. i. [L. congruere. See Congruous.] To agree; to be suitable. [Obs.] Shak.

Con´gru•ence , n. [L. congruentia: cf. OF. cornguence.] Suitableness of one thing to another; agreement; consistency. Holland.

Con´gru•en•cy , n. Congruence. Congruency of lines. (Geom.) See Complex of lines, under Complex, n.

Con´gru•ent , a. [L. congruens, p. pr. of congruere: cf. F. congruent.] Possessing congruity; suitable; agreeing; corresponding. “The congruent and harmonious fitting of parts in a sentence.
B. Jonson.” Congruent figures (Geom.), concurring figures.

Con´gru•ism , n. [Cf. F. congruisme.] (Scholastic Theol.) See Congruity.

Con•gru´i•ty (? or ), n.; pl. Congruities (#). [Cf. F. congruit.] 1. The state or quality of being congruous; the relation or agreement between things; fitness; harmony; correspondence; consistency. “With what congruity doth the church of Rome deny that her enemies do at all appertain to the church of Christ?
Hooker.” “A whole sentence may fail of its congruity by wanting one particle.
Sir P. Sidney.” 2. (Geom.) Coincidence, as that of lines or figures laid over one another. 3. (Scholastic Theol.) That, in an imperfectly good persons, which renders it suitable for God to bestow on him gifts of grace.

Con´gru•ous , a. [L. congruus, fr. congruere to come together, to coincide, to agree. Of uncertain origin.] Suitable or concordant; accordant; fit; harmonious; correspondent; consistent. “Not congruous to the nature of epic poetry.
Blair.” “It is no ways congruous that God should be always frightening men into an acknowledgment of the truth.
Atterbury.”

Con´gru•ous•ly, adv. In a congruous manner.

Con•hy´drine (? or ), n. [Conium + hydrate.] (Chem.) A vegetable alkaloid found with conine in the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). It is a white crystalline substance, C_8H_17NO, easily convertible into conine.

Co•ni´a (? or ), n. [NL. See Conium.] (Chem.) Same as Conine. { Con´ic , Con´ic•al }, a. [Gr. : cf. F. conique. See Cone.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a geometrical cone; round and tapering to a point, or gradually lessening in circumference; as a conic or conical figure; a conical vessel. 2. Of or pertaining to a cone; as conic sections. Conic section (Geom.), a curved line formed by the intersection of the surface of a right cone and a plane. The conic sections are the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. The right lines and the circle which result from certain positions of the plane are sometimes, though not generally included. — Conic sections, that branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. — Conical pendulum. See Pendulum. — Conical projection, a method of delineating the surface of a sphere upon a plane surface as if projected upon the surface of a cone; — much used by makers of maps in Europe. — Conical surface (Geom.), a surface described by a right line moving along any curve and always passing through a fixed point that is not in the plane of that curve.

Con´ic, n. (Math.) A conic section.

Con•i•cal´i•ty , n. Conicalness.

Con´ic•al•ly , adv. In the form of a cone.

Con´ic•al•ness, n. State or quality of being conical.

Con´i•co- , a. [See Conic.] A combining form, meaning somewhat resembling a cone; as conico-cylindrical, resembling a cone and a cylinder; conico-hemispherical; conico-subulate.

Con´i•coid , a. [Conic + -oid.] (Math.) Same as Conoidal.

Con´ics , n. 1. That branch of geometry which treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its sections. 2. Conic sections.

Co•nid´i•um , n.; pl. Conida (#). [NL.] (Bot.) A peculiar kind of reproductive cell found in certain fungi, and often containing zoöspores.

Co´ni•fer , n. [L. conifer; conus cone + ferre to bear: cf. F. conifère.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub bearing cones; one of the order Coniferae, which includes the pine, cypress, and (according to some) the yew.

Co•nif´er•in , n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the cambium layer of coniferous trees as a white crystalline substance.

Co•nif´er•ous , a. (a) Bearing cones, as the pine and cypress. (b) Pertaining to the order Coniferae, of which the pine tree is the type.

Co´ni•form , a. [Cone + -form: cf. F. coniforme.] Cone-shaped; conical.

Co•ni´ine (? or ), n. See Conine.

Co´ni•mene , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) Same as Olibene.

Co´nine (? or ), n. [From Conium.] (Chem.) A powerful and very poisonous vegetable alkaloid found in the hemlock (Conium maculatum) and extracted as a colorless oil, C_8H_17N, of strong repulsive odor and acrid taste. It is regarded as a derivative of piperidine and likewise of one of the collidines. It occasions a gradual paralysis of the motor nerves. Called also coniine, coneine, conia, etc. See Conium, 2.

Co•ni•ros´ter , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Conirostres.

Co•ni•ros´tral , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Conirostres.

Co•ni•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. conus cone + rostrum beak: cf. F. conirostre.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of perching birds, including those which have a strong conical bill, as the finches.

Con•i•sor´ , n. [Obs.] See Cognizor.

Co•nis´tra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. dust.] (Greek Antiq.) Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater.

Co´nite , n. [Gr. dust: cf. F. conite. So called on account of its gray color.] (Min.) A magnesian variety of dolomite.

Co•ni´um (? or ), n. [NL., fr. Gr. hemlock.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of biennial, poisonous, white-flowered, umbelliferous plants, bearing ribbed fruit (´seeds´) and decompound leaves. 2. (Med.) The common hemlock (Conium maculatum, poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, poison parsley), a roadside weed of Europe, Asia, and America, cultivated in the United States for medicinal purpose. It is an active poison. The leaves and fruit are used in medicine.

Con•ject´ , v. t. [L. conjectus, p. p. of conjicere. See Conjecture, n.] To throw together, or to throw. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Con•ject´, v. t. To conjecture; also to plan. [Obs.]

Con•ject´or , n. [L.] One who guesses or conjectures. [Obs.] “A great conjector at other men by their writings.
Milton.”

Con•jec´tur•a•ble ( 135), a. Capable of being conjectured or guessed.

Con•jec´tur•al , a. [L. conjecturalis: cf. F. conjectural.] Dependent on conjecture; fancied; imagined; guessed at; undetermined; doubtful. “And mak’st conjectural fears to come into me.
Shak.” “A slight expense of conjectural analogy.
Hugh Miller.” “Who or what such editor may be, must remain conjectural.
Carlyle.”

Con•jec´tur•al•ist, n. A conjecturer. [R.] Month. rev.

Con•jec•tur•al´ly , n. That which depends upon guess; guesswork. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Con•jec•tur•al•ly, adv. In a conjectural manner; by way of conjecture. Boyle.

Con•jec´ture (; 135?), n. [L. conjectura, fr. conjicere, conjectum, to throw together, infer, conjecture; con- + jacere to throw: cf. F. conjecturer. See Jet a shooting forth.] An opinion, or judgment, formed on defective or presumptive evidence; probable inference; surmise; guess; suspicion. “He [Herodotus] would thus have corrected his first loose conjecture by a real study of nature.
Whewell.” “Conjectures, fancies, built on nothing firm.
Milton.”

Con•jec´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjectured p. pr. & vb. n. Conjecturing.] [Cf. F. conjecturer. Cf. Conject.] To arrive at by conjecture; to infer on slight evidence; to surmise; to guess; to form, at random, opinions concerning. “Human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what will be.
South.”

Con•jec´ture, v. i. To make conjectures; to surmise; to guess; to infer; to form an opinion; to imagine.

Con•jec´tur•er , n. One who conjectures. Hobbes.

Con•join , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjoined p. pr. & vb. n. Conjoining.] [F. conjoindre, fr. L. conjungere, -junctum; con- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Conjugate, Conjunction.] To join together; to unite. “The English army, that divided was
Into two parties, is now conjoined in one.
Shak.” “If either of you know any inward impediment why you should not be conjoined.
Shak.” “Let that which he learns next be nearly conjoined with what he knows already.
Locke.”

Con•join´, v. i. To unite; to join; to league. Shak.

Con•joined´ , a. (Her.) Joined together or touching.

Con•joint´ , a. [F. conjoint, p. p. of conjoindre. See Conjoin, and cf. Conjunct.] United; connected; associated. ´Influence conjoint.´ Glover. Conjoint degrees (Mus.), two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale, as ut and re. Johnson. — Conjoint tetrachords (Mus.), two tetrachords or fourths, where the same note is the highest of one and the lowest of the other; — also written conjunct.

Con•joint´ly, adv. In a conjoint manner; untitedly; jointly; together. Sir T. Browne.

Con•joint´ness, n. The quality of being conjoint.

Con•ju´bi•lant , a. Shouting together for joy; rejoicing together. [R.] Neale.

Con´ju•gal , a. [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux husband, wife, consort, fr. conjungere to unite, join in marriage. See Conjoin.] Belonging to marriage; suitable or appropriate to the marriage state or to married persons; matrimonial; connubial. ´Conjugal affection.´ Milton.

Con•ju•gal´i•ty , n. The conjugal state; sexual intercourse. [R.] Milton.

Con´ju•gal•ly , adv. In a conjugal manner; matrimonially; connubially.

Con´ju•gate , a. [L. conjugatus, p. p. or conjugare to unite; con- + jugare to join, yoke, marry, jugum yoke; akin to jungere to join. See Join.] 1. United in pairs; yoked together; coupled. 2. (Bot.) In single pairs; coupled. 3. (Chem.) Containing two or more radicals supposed to act the part of a single one. [R.] 4. (Gram.) Agreeing in derivation and radical signification; — said of words. 5. (Math.) Presenting themselves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties; — frequently used in pure and applied mathematics with reference to two quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc. Conjugate axis of a hyperbola (Math.), the line through the center of the curve, perpendicular to the line through the two foci. — Conjugate diameters (Conic Sections), two diameters of an ellipse or hyperbola such that each bisects all chords drawn parallel to the other. — Conjugate focus (Opt.) See under Focus. — Conjugate mirrors (Optics), two mirrors so placed that rays from the focus of one are received at the focus of the other, especially two concave mirrors so placed that rays proceeding from the principal focus of one and reflected in a parallel beam are received upon the other and brought to the principal focus. — Conjugate point (Geom.), an acnode. See Acnode, and Double point. — Self-conjugate triangle (Conic Sections), a triangle each of whose vertices is the pole of the opposite side with reference to a conic.

Con•ju•gate , n. [L. conjugatum a combining, etymological relationship.] 1. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification. “We have learned, in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed.
Abp. Bramhall.” 2. (Chem.) A complex radical supposed to act the part of a single radical. [R.]

Con´ju•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjugated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conjugating.] 1. To unite in marriage; to join. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. (Gram.) To inflect (a verb), or give in order the forms which it assumes in its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.

Con´ju•gate, v. i. (Biol.) To unite in a kind of sexual union, as two or more cells or individuals among the more simple plants and animals.

Con•ju•ga´tion , n. [L. conjugatio conjugation (in senses 1 & 3).] 1. the act of uniting or combining; union; assemblage. [Obs.] “Mixtures and conjugations of atoms.
Bentley.” 2. Two things conjoined; a pair; a couple. [Obs.] “The sixth conjugations or pair of nerves.
Sir T. Browne.” 3. (Gram.) (a) The act of conjugating a verb or giving in order its various parts and inflections. (b) A scheme in which are arranged all the parts of a verb. (c) A class of verbs conjugated in the same manner. 4. (Biol.) A kind of sexual union; — applied to a blending of the contents of two or more cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals, by which new spores or germs are developed.

Con•ju•ga´tion•al , a. relating to conjugation. Ellis.

Con•ju´gi•al , a. [L. conjugialis, fr. conjugium. Cf. Conjugal.] Conjugal. [R.] Swedenborg.

Con•ju´gi•um , n. [L.] (Rom. Law) The marriage tie.

Con•junct´ , a. [L. conjunctus, p. p. See Conjoin.] 1. United; conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic] 2. (Her.) Same as Conjoined.

Con•junc´tion , n. [L. conjunctio: cf. F. conjunction. See Conjoin.] 1. The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league. “He will unite the white rose and the red:
Smille heaven upon his fair conjunction.
Shak.” “Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength but as he acts in society and conjunction with others.
South.” 2. (Astron.) The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6. Heavenly bodies are said to be in conjunction when they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or have the same longitude or right ascension. The inferior conjunction of an inferior planet is its position when in conjunction on the same side of the sun with the earth; the superior conjunction of a planet is its position when on the side of the sun most distant from the earth. 3. (Gram.) A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as and, but, if. “Though all conjunctions conjoin sentences, yet, with respect to the sense, some are conjunctive and some disjunctive.
Harris.”

Con•junc´tion•al , a. Relating to a conjunction.

Con•junc•ti´va , n. [NL., from L. conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.) The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrane.

Con•junc•ti´val , a. 1. Joining; connecting. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the conjunctiva.

Con•junc´tive , a. [L. conjunctivus.] 1. Serving to unite; connecting together. 2. Closely united. [Obs.] Shak. Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses contingency; the subjunctive mood. — Conjunctive tissue (Anat.), the tissue found in nearly all parts of most animals. It yields gelatin on boiling, and consists of vriously arranged fibers which are imbedded protoplasmic cells, or corpuscles; — called also cellular tissue and connective tissue. Adipose or fatty tissue is one of its many forms, and cartilage and bone are sometimes included by the phrase.

Con•junc´tive•ly, adv. In conjunction or union; together. Sir T. Browne.

Con•junc´tive•ness, n. The state or quality of being conjunctive. Johnson.

Con•junc•ti•vi´tis (? or ), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Con•junct´ly , adv. In union; conjointly; unitedly; together. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con•junc´ture ( 135), n. [Cf. F. conjoncture, LL. conjunctura.] 1. The act of joining, or state of being joined; union; connection; combination. “The conjuncture of philosophy and divinity.
Hobbes.” “A fit conjuncture or circumstances.
Addison.” 2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances; complication or combination of events or circumstances; plight resulting from various conditions. “He [Chesterfield] had recently governed Ireland, at a momentous conjuncture, with eminent firmness, wisdom, and humanity.
Macaulay.”

Con•ju•ra´tion , n. [L. conjuratio, cf. F. conjuration.] 1. The act of calling or summoning by a sacred name, or in solemn manner; the act of binding by an oath; an earnest entreaty; adjuration. “We charge you, in the name of God, take heed; …
Under this conjuration speak, my lord.
Shak.” 2. The act or process of invoking supernatural aid by the use of a magical form of words; the practice of magic arts; incantation; enchantment. “Pretended conjurations and prophecies of that event.
Hallam.” 3. A league for a criminal purpose; conspiracy. [Obs.] ´The conjuration of Catiline.´ Sir T. Elyot.

Con´ju•ra•tor , n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) One who swears or is sworn with others; one bound by oath with others; a compurgator. Burrill.

Con•jure´ (kon•jur´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjured (- jurd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjuring.] [F. conjurer, fr. L. conjurare to swear together, to conspire; con- + jurare to swear. See Jury.] To call on or summon by a sacred name or in solemn manner; to implore earnestly; to adjure. “I conjure you, let him know,
Whate’er was done against him, Cato did it.
Addison.”

Con•jure´, v. i. To combine together by an oath; to conspire; to confederate. [A Latinism] “Drew after him the third part of Heaven’s sons
Conjured against the Highest.
Milton.”

Con´jure , v. t. To affect or effect by conjuration; to call forth or send away by magic arts; to excite or alter, as if by magic or by the aid of supernatural powers. “The habitation which your prophet … conjured the devil into.
Shak.” To conjure up, or make visible, as a spirit, by magic arts; hence, to invent; as to conjure up a story; to conjure up alarms.

Con´jure , v. i. To practice magical arts; to use the tricks of a conjurer; to juggle; to charm. “She conjures; away with her.
Shak.”

Con•jure´ment , n. Serious injunction; solemn demand or entreaty. [Obs.] Milton.

Con•jur´er , n. One who conjures; one who calls, entreats, or charges in a solemn manner.

Con´jur•er , n. 1. One who practices magic arts; one who pretends to act by the aid super natural power; also one who performs feats of legerdemain or sleight of hand. “Dealing with witches and with conjurers.
Shak.” “From the account the loser brings,
The conjurer knows who stole the things.
Prior.” 2. One who conjectures shrewdly or judges wisely; a man of sagacity. [Obs.] Addison.

Con•ju´ror , n. (Law) One bound by a common oath with others. [Obs.]

Con´ju•ry , n. The practice of magic; enchantment. Motley.

Conn (kon), v. t. See Con, to direct a ship. { Con•nas´cence , Con•nas´cen•cy }, n. [L. con- + nascentia birth, fr. nascens, p. pr. of nasci to be born.] 1. The common birth of two or more at the same tome; production of two or more together. Johnson. 2. That which is born or produced with another. 3. The act of growing together. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Con•nas´cent , a. Born together; produced at the same time. Craig.

Con´nate ( 277), a. [L. connatus; con- + natus born, p. p. of nasci. See Cognate.] 1. Born with another; being of the same birth. 2. Congenital; existing from birth. ´Connate notions.´ South. “A difference has been made by some; those diseases or conditions which are dependent on original conformation being called congenital; while the diseases of affections that may have supervened during gestation or delivery are called connate.
Dunglison.” 3. (Bot.) Congenitally united; growing from one base, or united at their bases; united into one body; as connate leaves or athers. See Illust. of Connate-perfoliate.

Con´nate-per•fo´li•ate , a. (Bot.) Connate or coalescent at the base so as to produce a broad foliaceous body through the center of which the stem passes; — applied to leaves, as the leaves of the boneset.

Con•na´tion , n. Connection by birth; natural union. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con•nat´u•ral ( 135), a. [Pref. con- + natural.] 1. Connected by nature; united in nature; inborn; inherent; natural. “These affections are connatural to us.
L’Estrange.” 2. Partaking of the same nature. “And mix with our connatural dust.
Milton.”

Con•nat•u•ral´i•ty , n. Participation of the same nature; natural union or connection. [R.] “A congruity and connaturality between them.
Sir M. Hale.”

Con•nat´u•ral•ize ( 135), v. t. To bring to the same nature as something else; to adapt. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.

Con•nat´u•ral•ly, adv. By the act of nature; originally; from birth. Sir M. Hale.

Con•nat´u•ral•ness, n. Participation of the same nature; natural union. I. Walton.

Con•na´ture ( 135), n. Participation in a common nature or character. [R.] “Connature was defined as likeness in kind between either two changes in consciousness, or two states of consciousness.
H. Spencer.”

Con•nect´ (kon•nekt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connected; p. pr. & vb. n. Connecting>.] [L. connectere, -nexum; con- + nectere to bind. See Annex.] 1. To join, or fasten together, as by something intervening; to associate; to combine; to unite or link together; to establish a bond or relation between. “He fills, he bounds, connects and equals all.
Pope.” “A man must see the connection of each intermediate idea with those that it connects before he can use it in a syllogism.
Locke.” 2. To associate (a person or thing, or one’s self) with another person, thing, business, or affair. Connecting rod (Mach.), a rod or bar joined to, and connecting, two or more moving parts; esp. a rod connecting a crank wrist with a beam, crosshead, piston rod, or piston, as in a steam engine.

Con•nect´ , v. i. To join, unite, or cohere; to have a close relation; as one line of railroad connects with another; one argument connects with another.

Con•nect´ed•ly, adv. In a connected manner.

Con•nec´tion , n. [Cf. Connexion.] 1. The act of connecting, or the state of being connected; junction; union; alliance; relationship. “He [Algazel] denied the possibility of a known connection between cause and effect.
Whewell.” “The eternal and inseparable connection between virtue and happiness.
Atterbury.” 2. That which connects or joins together; bond; tie. “Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things.
I. Taylor.” 3. A relation; esp. a person connected with another by marriage rather than by blood; — used in a loose and indefinite, and sometimes a comprehensive, sense. 4. The persons or things that are connected; as a business connection; the Methodist connection. “Men elevated by powerful connection.
Motley.” “At the head of a strong parliamentary connection.
Macaulay.” “Whose names, forces, connections, and characters were perfectly known to him.
Macaulay.” In this connection, in connection with this subject. [A phrase objected to by some writers.] This word was formerly written, as by Milton, with x instead of t in the termination, connexion, and the same thing is true of the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the general usage at present is to spell them connection, inflection, reflection, etc. Syn. — Union; coherence; continuity; junction; association; dependence; intercourse; commerce; communication; affinity; relationship.

Con•nect´ive , a. Connecting, or adapted to connect; involving connection. Connection tissue (Anat.) See Conjunctive tissue, under Conjunctive.

Con•nect´ive, n. That which connects. Specifically: (a) (Gram.) A word that connect words or sentences; a conjunction or preposition. (b) (Bot.) That part of an anther which connects its thecae, lobes, or cells.

Con•nect´ive•ly, adv. In connjunction; jointly.

Con•nect´or , n. One who, or that which, connects; as: (a) A flexible tube for connecting the ends of glass tubes in pneumatic experiments. (b) A device for holding two parts of an electrical conductor in contact.

Con´ner , n. [Cf. Cunner.] (Zoöl.) A marine European fish (Crenilabrus melops); also the related American cunner. See Cunner.

Con•nex´ , v. t. [L. connexus, p. p. See Connect.] To connect. Sir M. Hale.

Con•nex´ion , n. [L. connexio: cf. F. connexion.] Connection. See Connection.

Con•nex´ive , a. See Connective.

Con´ning tow´er , n. The shot-proof pilot house of a war vessel.

Con•niv´ance , n. [Cf. F. connivence, L. conniventia.] 1. Intentional failure or forbearance to discover a fault or wrongdoing; voluntary oversight; passive consent or coöperation. 2. (Law) Corrupt or guilty assent to wrongdoing, not involving actual participation in, but knowledge of, and failure to prevent or oppose it. Syn. — See Collusion.

Con•nive´ (kon•niv´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Connived (- nivd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Conniving.] [L. connivere to shut the eyes, connive, fr. con- + (perh.) a word akin to nicere to beckon, nictare to wink.] 1. To open and close the eyes rapidly; to wink. [Obs.] “The artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, and to connive with either eye.
Spectator.” 2. To close the eyes upon a fault; to wink (at); to fail or forbear by intention to discover an act; to permit a proceeding, as if not aware of it; — usually followed by at. “To connive at what it does not approve.
Jer. Taylor.” “In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving.
Burke.” “The government thought it expedient, occasionally, to connive at the violation of this rule.
Macaulay.”

Con•nive´, v. t. To shut the eyes to; to overlook; to pretend not to see. [R. & Obs.] ´Divorces were not connived only, but with eye open allowed.´ Milton.

Con•niv´en•cy , n. Connivance. [Obs.]

Con•niv´ent (#), a. [L. connivens, p. pr.] 1. Forbearing to see; designedly inattentive; as connivent justice. [R.] Milton. 2. (Biol.) Brought close together; arched inward so that the points meet; converging; in close contact; as the connivent petals of a flower, wings of an insect, or folds of membrane in the human system, etc.

Con•niv´er , n. One who connives.

Con•nois•seur´ ( 277), n. [F. connaisseur, formerly connoisseur, fr. connaître to know, fr. L. cognoscere to become acquainted with; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know. See Know, amd cf. Cognizor.] One well versed in any subject; a skillful or knowing person; a critical judge of any art, particulary of one of the fine arts. “The connoisseur is ´one who knows,´ as opposed to the dilettant, who only ´thinks he knows.´
Fairholt.”

Con•nois•seur´ship ( 277), n. State of being a connoisseur.

Con´no•tate , v. t. [L. con- + notatus, p. p.of notare to mark. Cf. Connote.] To connote; to suggest or designate (something) as additional; to include; to imply. Hammond.

Con•no•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. connotation.] The act of connoting; a making known or designating something additional; implication of something more than is asserted.

Con•no´ta•tive , a. 1. Implying something additional; illative. 2. (Log.) Implying an attribute. See Connote. Connotative term, one which denotes a subject and implies an attribute. J. S. Mill.

Con•no´ta•tive•ly, adv. In a connotative manner; expressing connotation.

Con•note´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Connoting.] [See Connotate, and Note.] 1. To mark along with; to suggest or indicate as additional; to designate by implication; to include in the meaning; to imply. “Good, in the general notion of it, connotes also a certain suitableness of it to some other thing.
South.” 2. (Logic) To imply as an attribute. “The word ´white´ denotes all white things, as snow, paper, the foam of the sea, etc., and ipmlies, or as it was termed by the schoolmen, connotes, the attribute ´whiteness.´
J. S. Mill.”

Con•nu´bi•al (#), a. [L. connubialis, fr. connubium marriage; con- + nubere to veil, to marry. See Nupital.] Of or pertaining to marriage, or the marriage state; conjugal; nuptial. “Nor Eve the rites
Mysterious of connubial love refused.
Milton.” “Kind, connubial tenderness.
Goldsmith.”

Con•nu•bi•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being connubial; something characteristics of the conjugal state; an expression of connubial tenderness. “Some connubialities which had begun to pass between Mr. and Mrs. B.
Dickens.”

Con•nu•mer•a´tion , n. [LL. connumeratio, fr. L. connumerare, - numeratum, to number with.] A reckoning together. [R.] Porson.

Con´nu•sance , n. (Law) See Cognizance. [Obs.]

Con´nu•sant (#), a. (Law) See Cognizant. [Obs.]

Con•nu•sor´ (#), n. (Law) See Cognizor. [Obs.]

Con•nu•tri´tious (#), a. Nutritious by force of habit; — said of certain kinds of food. [Obs.] Crabb.

Con´ny , a. [rad.45. Cf. Canny, Gunning.] Brave; fine; canny. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Co´no•dont (ko´no•dont), n. [Gr. kw^nos cone + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar toothlike fossil of many forms, found especially in carboniferous rocks. Such fossils are supposed by some to be the teeth of marsipobranch fishes, but they are probably the jaws of annelids.

Co´noid (ko´noid), n. [Gr. kwnoeidh•s conical; kw^nos cone + e’i^dos form: cf. F. conoïde.] 1. Anything that has a form resembling that of a cone. 2. (Geom.) (a) A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; as a parabolic conoid, elliptic conoid, etc.; — more commonly called paraboloid, ellipsoid, etc. (b) A surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner as always to meet a given straight line and a given curve, and continue parallel to a given plane. Math. Dict.

Co´noid a. Resembling a cone; conoidal.

Co•noid´al (#), a. [Cf. F. conoïdal.] Nearly, but not exactly, conical. Lindley. { Co•noid´ic , Co•noid´ic•al }, a. Pertaining to a conoid; having the form of a conoid.

Co•nom•i•nee´ , n. One nominated in conjunction with another; a joint nominee. Kirby.

Con•quad´rate , v. t. [L. conquadratus, p. p. of conquadrare.] To bring into a square. [R.] Ash.

Con•quas´sate , v. t. [L. conquassatus, p. p. of conquassare.] To shake; to agitate. [Obs.] Harvey. — Con•quas•sa´tion (#), n. [Obs.]

Con´quer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conquered p. pr. & vb. n. Conquering.] [OF. conquerre, F. conquerir, fr. L. conquirere, - quisitum, to seek or search for, to bring together, LL., to conquer; con- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.] 1. To gain or acquire by force; to take possession of by violent means; to gain dominion over; to subdue by physical means; to reduce; to overcome by force of arms; to cause to yield; to vanquish. ´If thou conquer Rome.´ Shak. “If we be conquer’d, let men conquer us.
Shak.” “We conquered France, but felt our captive’s charms.
Pope.” 2. To subdue or overcome by mental or moral power; to surmount; as to conquer difficulties, temptation, etc. “By winning words to conquer hearts,
And make persuasion do the work of fear.
Milton.” 3. To gain or obtain, overcoming obstacles in the way; to win; as to conquer freedom; to conquer a peace. Syn. — To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; overthrow; defeat; rout; discomfit; subjugate; reduce; humble; crush; surmount; subject; master. — To Conquer, Vanquish, Subdue, Subjugate, Overcome. These words agree in the general idea expressed by overcome, — that of bringing under one’s power by the exertion of force. Conquer is wider and more general than vanquish, denoting usually a succession of conflicts. Vanquish is more individual, and refers usually to a single conflict. Thus, Alexander conquered Asia in a succession of battles, and vanquished Darius in one decisive engagement. Subdue implies a more gradual and continual pressure, but a surer and more final subjection. We speak of a nation as subdued when its spirit is at last broken, so that no further resistance is offered. Subjugate is to bring completely under the yoke of bondage. The ancient Gauls were never finally subdued by the Romans until they were completely subjugated. These words, when used figuratively, have correspondent meanings. We conquer our prejudices or aversions by a succesion of conflicts; but we sometimes vanquish our reluctance to duty by one decided effort: we endeavor to subdue our evil propensities by watchful and persevering exertions. Subjugate is more commonly taken in its primary meaning, and when used figuratively has generally a bad sense; as his reason was completely subjugated to the sway of his passions.

Con´quer , v. i. To gain the victory; to overcome; to prevail. “He went forth conquering and to conquer.
Rev. vi. 2.” “The champions resolved to conquer or to die.
Waller.”

Con•quer•a•ble , a. Capable of being conquered or subdued. South. — Con´quer•a•ble•ness, n.

Con´quer•ess, n. A woman who conquers. Fairfax.

Con´quer•or , n. [OF. conquereor, fr. conquerre,] One who conquers. The Conqueror (Eng. Hist.). William the Norman (1027-1067) who invaded England, defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings, and was crowned king, in 1066.

Con´quest , n. [OF. conquest, conqueste, F. conquête, LL. conquistum, conquista, prop. p. p. from L. conquirere. See Conquer.] 1. The act or process of conquering, or acquiring by force; the act of overcoming or subduing opposition by force, whether physical or moral; subjection; subjugation; victory. “In joys of conquest he resigns his breath.
Addison.” “Three years sufficed for the conquest of the country.
Prescott.” 2. That which is conquered; possession gained by force, physical or moral. “Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?
Shak.” 3. (Feudal Law) The acquiring of property by other means than by inheritance; acquisition. Blackstone. 4. The act of gaining or regaining by successful struggle; as the conquest of liberty or peace. The Conquest (Eng. Hist.), the subjugation of England by William of Normandy in 1066. Syn. — Victory; triumph; mastery; reduction; subjugation; subjection.

Con•san•guin´e•al , a. Of the same blood; related by birth. Sir T. Browne.

Con•san´guined , a. Of kin blood; related. [R.] Johnson.

Con•san•guin´e•ous , a. [L. conguineus; con- + sanguis blood: cf. F. consanguin. See Sanquine.] Of the same blood; related by birth; descended from the same parent or ancestor. Shak.

Con•san•guin´i•ty , n. [L. consanguinitas: cf. F. consanguintite.] The relation of persons by blood, in distinction from affinity or relation by marriage; blood relationship; as lineal consanguinity; collateral consanguinity. “Invoking aid by the ties of consanguinity.
Prescott.”

Con•sar•ci•na´tion , n. [L. consarcinare, -natum, to patch together.] A patching together; patchwork. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con´science , n. [F. conscience, fr. L. conscientia, fr. consciens, p. pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious; con- + scire to know. See Science.] 1. Knowledge of one’s own thoughts or actions; consciousness. [Obs.] “The sweetest cordial we receive, at last,
Is conscience of our virtuous actions past.
Denham.” 2. The faculty, power, or inward principle which decides as to the character of one’s own actions, purposes, and affections, warning against and condemning that which is wrong, and approving and prompting to that which is right; the moral faculty passing judgment on one’s self; the moral sense. “My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,
And every tongue brings in a several tale,
And every tale condemns me for a villain.
Shak.” “As science means knowledge, conscience etymologically means self-knowledge … But the English word implies a moral standard of action in the mind as well as a consciousness of our own actions… . Conscience is the reason, employed about questions of right and wrong, and accompanied with the sentiments of approbation and condemnation.
Whewell.” 3. The estimate or determination of conscience; conviction or right or duty. “Conscience supposes the existence of some such [i.e., moral] faculty, and properly signifies our consciousness of having acted agreeably or contrary to its directions.
Adam Smith.” 4. Tenderness of feeling; pity. [Obs.] Chaucer. Conscience clause, a clause in a general law exempting persons whose religious scruples forbid compliance therewith, — as from taking judicial oaths, rendering military service, etc. — Conscience money, stolen or wrongfully acquired money that is voluntarily restored to the rightful possessor. Such money paid into the United States treasury by unknown debtors is called the Conscience fund. — Court of Conscience, a court established for the recovery of small debts, in London and other trading cities and districts. [Eng.] Blackstone. — In conscience, In all conscience, in deference or obedience to conscience or reason; in reason; reasonably. ´This is enough in conscience.´ Howell. ´Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, as many as you should require.´ Swift. — To make conscience of, To make a matter of conscience, to act according to the dictates of conscience concerning (any matter), or to scruple to act contrary to its dictates.

Con´scienced , a. Having a conscience. [R.] ´Soft-conscienced men.´ Shak.

Con´science•less, a. Without conscience; indifferent to conscience; unscrupulous. “Conscienceless and wicked patrons.
Hookre.”

Con´scient , a. [L. consciens, -entis, p. pr.] Conscious. [R.] Bacon.

Con•sci•en´tious , a. [Cf. F. consciencieux, LL. conscientiosus.] 1. Influenced by conscience; governed by a strict regard to the dictates of conscience, or by the known or supposed rules of right and wrong; — said of a person. “The advice of wise and conscientious men.
Prescott.” 2. Characterized by a regard to conscience; conformed to the dictates of conscience; — said of actions. “A holy and conscientious course.
Abp. Tillotson.” Syn. — Scrupulous; exact; faithful; just; upright.

Con•sci•en´tious•ly , adv. In a conscientious manner; as a matter of conscience; hence; faithfully; accurately; completely.

Con•sci•en´tious•ness, n. The quality of being conscientious; a scrupulous regard to the dictates of conscience.

Con´scion•a•ble , a. [Irregularly formed fr. conscience.] Governed by, or according to, conscience; reasonable; just. “Let my debtors have conscionable satisfaction.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con´scion•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being conscionable; reasonableness. Johnson.

Con´scion•a•bly, adv. Reasonably; justly.

Con´scious , a. [L. conscius; con- + scire to know. See Conscience.] 1. Possessing the faculty of knowing one’s own thoughts or mental operations. “Some are thinking or conscious beings, or have a power of thought.
I. Watts.” 2. Possessing knowledge, whether by internal, conscious experience or by external observation; cognizant; aware; sensible. “Her conscious heart imputed suspicion where none could have been felt.
Hawthorne.” “The man who breathes most healthilly is least conscious of his own breathing.
De Quincey.” 3. Made the object of consciousness; known to one’s self; as conscious guilt. “With conscious terrors vex me round.
Milton.” Syn. — Aware; apprised; sensible; felt; known.

Con´scious•ly, adv. In a conscious manner; with knowledge of one’s own mental operations or actions.

Con´scious•ness , n. 1. The state of being conscious; knowledge of one’s own existence, condition, sensations, mental operations, acts, etc. “Consciousness is thus, on the one hand, the recognition by the mind or ´ego´ of its acts and affections; — in other words, the self-affirmation that certain modifications are known by me, and that these modifications are mine.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 2. Immediate knowledge or perception of the presence of any object, state, or sensation. See the Note under Attention. “Annihilate the consciousness of the object, you annihilate the consciousness of the operation.
Sir W. Hamilton.” “And, when the steam
Which overflowed the soul had passed away,
A consciousness remained that it had left.
… images and precious thoughts
That shall not die, and can not be destroyed.
Wordsworth.” “The consciousness of wrong brought with it the consciousness of weakness.
Froude.” 3. Feeling, persuasion, or expectation; esp., inward sense of guilt or innocence. [R.] “An honest mind is not in the power of a dishonest: to break its peace there must be some guilt or consciousness.
Pope.”

Con•scribe´ , v. t. [L. conscribere. See Conscript.] To enroll; to enlist. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Con´script , a. [L. conscriptus, p. p. of conscribere to write together, to enroll; con- + scribere to write. See Scribe.] Enrolled; written; registered. Conscript fathers (Rom. Antiq.), the senators of ancient Rome. When certain new senators were first enrolled with the ´fathers´ the body was called Patres et Conscripti; afterward all were called Patres conscripti.

Con´script, n. One taken by lot, or compulsorily enrolled, to serve as a soldier or sailor.

Con•script´ , v. t. To enroll, by compulsion, for military service.

Con•scrip´tion , n. [L. conscriptio: cf. F. conscription.] 1. An enrolling or registering. “The conscription of men of war.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. A compulsory enrollment of men for military or naval service; a draft.

Con•scrip´tion , a. Belonging to, or of the nature of, a conspiration.

Con´se•crate , a. [L. consceratus, p. p. of conscerare to conscerate; con- + sacrare to consecrate, sacer sacred. See Sacred.] Consecrated; devoted; dedicated; sacred. “They were assembled in that consecrate place.
Bacon.”

Con´se•crate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consecrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Consecrating.] 1. To make, or declare to be, sacred; to appropriate to sacred uses; to set apart, dedicate, or devote, to the service or worship of God; as to consecrate a church; to give (one’s self) unreservedly, as to the service of God. “One day in the week is … consecrated to a holy rest.
Sharp.” 2. To set apart to a sacred office; as to consecrate a bishop. “Thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons.
Ex. xxix. 9.” 3. To canonize; to exalt to the rank of a saint; to enroll among the gods, as a Roman emperor. 4. To render venerable or revered; to hallow; to dignify; as rules or principles consecrated by time. Burke. Syn. — See Addict.

Con´se•cra•ter , n. Consecrator.

Con•se•cra´tion , n. [L. consecratio: cf. F. consecration.] The act or ceremony of consecrating; the state of being consecrated; dedication. “Until the days of your consecration be at an end.
Lev. viii. 33.” “Consecration makes not a place sacred, but only solemnly declares it so.
South.”

Con´se•cra•tor , n. [L.] One who consecrates; one who performs the rites by which a person or thing is devoted or dedicated to sacred purposes. [Written also consecrater.]

Con´se•cra•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to the act of consecration; dedicatory. “The consecratory prayer.
Bp. Burnet.”

Con•sec•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. consectaneus.] Following as a matter of course. Blount.

Con´sec•ta•ry , a. [L. consectarius, fr. consectari to follow after eagerly; con- + sectari to follow eagerly, fr. sequi to follow.] Following by consequence; consequent; deducible. [R.] ´Consectary impieties.´ Sir T. Browne.

Con´sec•ta•ry, n. That which follows by consequence or is logically deducible; deduction from premises; corollary. [R.] Milton.

Con´se•cute , v. t. To follow closely; to endeavor to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Con•se•cu´tion , n. [L. consecutio. See Consequent.] 1. A following, or sequel; actual or logical dependence. Sir M. Hale. 2. A succession or series of any kind. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. Month of consecution (Astron.), a month as reckoned from one conjunction of the moon with the sun to another.

Con•sec´u•tive , a. [Cf. F. consecutif. See Consequent.] 1. Following in a train; succeeding one another in a regular order; successive; uninterrupted in course or succession; with no interval or break; as fifty consecutive years. 2. Following as a consequence or result; actually or logically dependent; consequential; succeeding. “The actions of a man consecutive to volition.
Locke.” 3. (Mus.) Having similarity of sequence; — said of certain parallel progressions of two parts in a piece of harmony; as consecutive fifths, or consecutive octaves, which are forbidden. Consecutive chords (Mus.), chords of the same kind succeeding one another without interruption.

Con•sec´u•tive•ly, adv. In a consecutive manner; by way of sequence; successively.

Con•sec´u•tive•ness, n. The state or quality of being consecutive.

Con•sen´sion , n. [L. consensio.] Agreement; accord. Bentley.

Con•sen´su•al , a. [See Consent, v. i., and cf. Sensual.] 1. (Law) Existing, or made, by the mutual consent of two or more parties. 2. (Physiol.) Excited or caused by sensation, sympathy, or reflex action, and not by conscious volition; as consensual motions. Consensual contract (Law), a contract formed merely by consent, as a marriage contract.

Con•sen´sus , n. [L. See Consent.] Agreement; accord; consent. “That traditional consensus of society which we call public opinion.
Tylor.”

Con•sent´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consented; p. pr. & vb. n Consenting.] [F. consentir, fr. L. consentire, -sensum, to feel together, agree; con- + sentire to feel. See Sense.] 1. To agree in opinion or sentiment; to be of the same mind; to accord; to concur. “And Saul was consenting unto his death.
Acts. viii. 1.” “Flourishing many years before Wyclif, and much consenting with him in jugdment.
Fuller.” 2. To indicate or express a willingness; to yield to guidance, persuasion, or necessity; to give assent or approval; to comply. “My poverty, but not my will, consents.
Shak.” “And whispering ´I will ne’er consent,´ — consented.
Byron.” Syn. — To accede; yield; assent; comply; agree; allow; concede; permit; admit; concur; acquiesce.

Con•sent´, v. t. To grant; to allow; to assent to; to admit. [Obs.] “Interpreters … will not consent it to be a true story.
Milton.”

Con•sent´, n. [Cf. OF. consent.] 1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; the being of one mind; accord. “All with one consent began to make excuse.
Luke xiv. 18.” “They fell together all, as by consent.
Shak.” 2. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; agreement; harmony; coherence. “The melodious consent of the birds.
Holland.” “Such is the world’s great harmony that springs
From union, order, full consent of things.
Pope.” 3. Voluntary accordance with, or concurrence in, what is done or proposed by another; acquiescence; compliance; approval; permission. “Thou wert possessed of David’s throne
By free consent of all.
Milton.” 4. (Law) Capable, deliberate, and voluntary assent or agreement to, or concurrence in, some act or purpose, implying physical and mental power and free action. 5. (Physiol.) Sympathy. See Sympathy, 4. Syn. — Assent; acquiescence; concurrence; agreement; approval; permission. See Assent. Age of consent (Law), an age, fixed by statute and varying in different jurisdictions, at which one is competent to give consent. Sexual intercourse with a female child under the age of consent is punishable as rape.

Con•sen•ta•ne´i•ty , n. Mutual agreement. [R.]

Con•sen•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. consentaneus.] Consistent; agreeable; suitable; accordant to; harmonious; concurrent. “A good law and consentaneous to reason.
Howell.” — Con•sen•ta´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Con•sen•ta´ne•ous•ness, n.

Con•sent´ant , a. [F., p. pr. of consentir.] Consenting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con•sent´er , a. One who consents.

Con•sen´tient , a. [L. consentients, p. pr. See Consent.] Agreeing in mind; accordant. “The consentient judgment of the church.
Bp. Pearson.”

Con•sent´ing•ly , adv. With consent; in a compliant manner. Jer. Taylor.

Con´se•quence , n. [L., consequentia: cf. F. consequence. See Consequent.] 1. That which follows something on which it depends; that which is produced by a cause; a result. “Shun to taste,
And shun the bitter consequence.
Milton.” 2. (Logic) A proposition collected from the agreement of other previous propositions; any conclusion which results from reason or argument; inference. 3. Chain of causes and effects; consecution. “Such fatal consequence unites us three.
Milton.” “Link follows link by necessary consequence.
Coleridge.” 4. Importance with respect to what comes after; power to influence or produce an effect; value; moment; rank; distinction. “It is a matter of small consequence.
Shak.” “A sense of your own worth and consequence.
Cowper.” In consequence, hence; for this cause. — In consequence of, by reason of; as the effect of. Syn. — Effect; result; end. See Effect.

Con´se•quen•cing , n. Drawing inference. [R.] Milton.

Con´se•quent , a. [L. consequens, -entis, p. pr. of consequi to follow; con- + sequi to follow: cf. F. consequent. See Second, and cf. Consecution.] 1. Following as a result, inference, or natural effect. “The right was consequent to, and built on, an act perfectly personal.
Locke.” 2. (Logic) Following by necessary inference or rational deduction; as a proposition consequent to other propositions. Consequent points, Consequent poles (Magnetism), a number of poles distributed under certain conditions, along the axis of a magnetized steel bar, which regularly has but the two poles at the extremities.

Con´se•quent, n. 1. That which follows, or results from, a cause; a result or natural effect. “They were ill-governed, which is always a consequent of ill payment.
Sir J. Davies.” 2. (Logic) That which follows from propositions by rational deduction; that which is deduced from reasoning or argumentation; a conclusion, or inference. 3. (Math.) The second term of a ratio, as the term b in the ratio a:b, the first a, being the antecedent.

Con•se•quen´tial , a. 1. Following as a consequence, result, or logical inference; consequent. “All that is revealed in Scripture has a consequential necessity of being believed … because it is of divine authority.
Locke.” “These kind of arguments … are highly consequential and concludent to my purpose.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. Assuming or exhibiting an air of consequence; pretending to importance; pompous; self-important; as a consequential man. See Consequence, n., 4. “His stately and consequential pace.
Sir W. Scott.” Consequential damage (Law) (a) Damage so remote as not to be actionable (b) Damage which although remote is actionable. (c) Actionable damage, but not following as an immediate result of an act.

Con•se•quen´tial•ly, adv. 1. With just deduction of consequence; with right connection of ideas; logically. “The faculty of writing consequentially.
Addison.” 2. By remote consequence; not immediately; eventually; as to do a thing consequentially. South. 3. In a regular series; in the order of cause and effect; with logical concatenation; consecutively; continuously. 4. With assumed importance; pompously.

Con•se•quen´tial•ness, n. The quality of being consequential.

Con´se•quent•ly , adv. By consequence; by natural or logical sequence or connection. Syn. — See Accordingly.

Con•ser´tion , n. [L. consertio, fr. conserere, -sertum to connect; con- + serere to join.] Junction; adaptation [R.] “Consertion of design, how exquisite.
Young.”

Con•serv´a•ble , a. [L. conservabilitis.] Capable of being preserved from decay or injury.

Con•serv´an•cy , n. Conservation, as from injury, defilement, or irregular use. “[An act was] passed in 1866, for vesting in the Conservators of the River Thames the conservancy of the Thames and Isis.
Mozley & W.”

Con•serv´ant , a. [L. conservans, p. pr.] Having the power or quality of conservation.

Con•ser•va´tion , n. [L. conservatio: cf. F. conservation.] The act of preserving, guarding, or protecting; the keeping (of a thing) in a safe or entire state; preservation. “A step necessary for the conservation of Protestantism.
Hallam.” “A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.
Burke.” Conservation of areas (Astron.), the principle that the radius vector drawn from a planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal times. — Conservation of energy, or Conservation of force (Mech.), the principle that the total energy of any material system is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any action between the parts of the system, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. Clerk Maxwell.

Con•ser•va´tion•al , a. Tending to conserve; preservative.

Con•serv´a•tism , n. [For conservatism.] The disposition and tendency to preserve what is established; opposition to change; the habit of mind; or conduct, of a conservative.

Con•serv´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. conservatif.] 1. Having power to preserve in a safe of entire state, or from loss, waste, or injury; preservative. 2. Tending or disposed to maintain existing institutions; opposed to change or innovation. 3. Of or pertaining to a political party which favors the conservation of existing institutions and forms of government, as the Conservative party in England; — contradistinguished from Liberal and Radical. “We have always been conscientiously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propriety be called the Conservative, party.
Quart. Rev. (1830).” Conservative system (Mech.), a material system of such a nature that after the system has undergone any series of changes, and been brought back in any manner to its original state, the whole work done by external agents on the system is equal to the whole work done by the system overcoming external forces. Clerk Maxwell.

Con•serv´a•tive , n. 1. One who, or that which, preserves from ruin, injury, innovation, or radical change; a preserver; a conserver. “The Holy Spirit is the great conservative of the new life.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. One who desires to maintain existing institutions and customs; also one who holds moderate opinions in politics; — opposed to revolutionary or radical. 3. (Eng. Hist.) A member of the Conservative party.

Con•serv´a•tive•ness, a. The quality of being conservative.

Con•ser´va•toire , n. [F.] A public place of instruction in any special branch, esp. music and the arts. [See Conservatory, 3].

Con´ser•va•tor ( 277), n. [L.: cf. F. conservateur.] 1. One who preserves from injury or violation; a protector; a preserver. “The great Creator and Conservator of the world.
Derham.” 2. (Law) (a) An officer who has charge of preserving the public peace, as a justice or sheriff. (b) One who has an official charge of preserving the rights and privileges of a city, corporation, community, or estate. “The lords of the secret council were likewise made conservators of the peace of the two kingdoms.
Clarendon.” “The conservator of the estate of an idiot.
Bouvier.” Conservators of the River Thames, a board of commissioners instituted by Parliament to have the conservancy of the Thames.

Con•serv´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorius.] Having the quality of preserving from loss, decay, or injury.

Con•serv´a•to•ry, n. [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorium.] 1. That which preserves from injury. [Obs.] ´A conservatory of life.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. A place for preserving anything from loss, decay, waste, or injury; particulary, a greenhouse for preserving exotic or tender plants. 3. A public place of instruction, designed to preserve and perfect the knowledge of some branch of science or art, esp. music.

Con•ser•va´trix , n. [L.] A woman who preserves from loss, injury, etc.

Con•serve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conserved p. pr. & vb. n. Conserving.] [F. conserver, L. conservare; con- + servare to keep, guard. See Serve.] 1. To keep in a safe or sound state; to save; to preserve; to protect. “The amity which … they meant to conserve and maintain with the emperor.
Strype.” 2. To prepare with sugar, etc., for the purpose of preservation, as fruits, etc.; to make a conserve of.

Con´serve , n. [F. conserve, fr. conserver.] 1. Anything which is conserved; especially, a sweetmeat prepared with sugar; a confection. “I shall … study broths, plasters, and conserves, till from a fine lady I become a notable woman.
Tatler.” 2. (Med.) A medicinal confection made of freshly gathered vegetable substances mixed with finely powdered refined sugar. See Confection. 3. A conservatory. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Con•serv´er , n. One who conserves.

Con•sid´er (kon•sid´er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Considered (-erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Considering.] [F. considerer, L. considerare, -sideratum, to consider, view attentively, prob. fr. con- + sidus, sideris, star, constellation; orig., therefore, to look at the stars. See Sidereal, and cf. Desire.] 1. To fix the mind on, with a view to a careful examination; to think on with care; to ponder; to study; to meditate on. “I will consider thy testimonies.
Ps. cxix. 95.” “Thenceforth to speculations high or deep
I turned my thoughts, and with capacious mind
Considered all things visible.
Milton.” 2. To look at attentively; to observe; to examine. “She considereth a field, and buyeth it.
Prov. xxxi. 16.” 3. To have regard to; to take into view or account; to pay due attention to; to respect. “Consider, sir, the chance of war: the day
Was yours by accident.
Shak.” “England could grow into a posture of being more united at home, and more considered abroad.
Sir W. Temple.” 4. To estimate; to think; to regard; to view. “Considered as plays, his works are absurd.
Macaulay.” The proper sense of consider is often blended with an idea of the result of considering; as ´Blessed is he that considereth the poor.´ Ps. xli. 1.; i.e., considers with sympathy and pity. ´Which [services] if I have not enough considered.´ Shak.; i.e., requited as the sufficient considering of them would suggest. ´Consider him liberally.´ J. Hooker. Syn. — To ponder; weigh; revolve; study; reflect or meditate on; contemplate; examine. See Ponder.

Con•sid´er, v. i. 1. To think seriously; to make examination; to reflect; to deliberate. “We will consider of your suit.
Shak.” “’T were to consider too curiously, to consider so.
Shak.” “She wished she had taken a moment to consider, before rushing down stairs.
W. Black” 2. To hesitate. [Poetic & R.] Dryden.

Con•sid´er•a•ble (kon•sid´er•a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. considerable.] 1. Worthy of consideration; requiring to be observed, borne in mind, or attended to. “It is considerable, that some urns have had inscriptions on them expressing that the lamps were burning.
Bp. Wilkins.” “Eternity is infinitely the most considerable duration.
Tillotson.” 2. Of some distinction; noteworthy; influential; respectable; — said of persons. “You are, indeed, a very considerable man.
Junius.” 3. Of importance or value. “In painting, not every action, nor every person, is considerable enough to enter into the cloth.
Dryden.” “A considerable sum of money.
Prescott.”

Con•sid´er•a•ble•ness, n. Worthiness of consideration; dignity; value; size; amount.

Con•sid´er•a•bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree not trifling or unimportant; greatly; much. “The breeds … differ considerably from each other.
Darwin.”

Con•sid´er•ance , n. [L. considerantia.] Act of considering; consideration. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•sid´er•ate (kon•sid´er•at), a. [L. consideratus, p. p.] 1. Given to consideration or to sober reflection; regardful of consequences or circumstances; circumspect; careful; esp. careful of the rights, claims, and feelings of others. “Of dauntless courage and considerate pride.
Milton.” “AEneas is patient, considerate, and careful of his people.
Dryden.” “The wisest and most considerate men in the world.
Sharp.” 2. Having respect to; regardful. [R.] “They may be … more considerate of praise.
Dr. H. More.” Syn. — Thoughtful; reflective; careful; discreet; prudent; deliberate; serious. See Thoughtful. — Con•sid´er•ate•ly, adv. — Con•sid´er•ate•ness, n.

Con•sid•er•a´tion (kon•sid•er•a´shun), n. [L. consideratio: cf. F. consideration.] 1. The act or process of considering; continuous careful thought; examination; contemplation; deliberation; attention. “Let us think with consideration.
Sir P. Sidney.” “Consideration, like an angel, came.
Shak.” 2. Attentive respect; appreciative regard; — used especially in diplomatic or stately correspondence. “The undersigned has the honor to repeat to Mr. Hulseman the assurance of his high consideration.
D. Webster.” “The consideration with which he was treated.
Whewell.” 3. Thoughtful or sympathetic regard or notice. “Consideration for the poor is a doctrine of the church.
Newman.” 4. Claim to notice or regard; some degree of importance or consequence. “Lucan is the only author of consideration among the Latin poets who was not explained for … the Dauphin.
Addison.” 5. The result of delibration, or of attention and examonation; matured opinion; a reflection; as considerations on the choice of a profession. 6. That which is, or should be, taken into account as a ground of opinion or action; motive; reason. “He was obliged, antecedent to all other considerations, to search an asylum.
Dryden.” “Some considerations which are necessary to the forming of a correct judgment.
Macaulay.” 7. (Law) The cause which moves a contracting party to enter into an agreement; the material cause of a contract; the price of a stripulation; compensation; equivalent. Bouvier. Consideration is what is done, or promised to be done, in exchange for a promise, and ´as a mere advantage to the promisor without detriment to the promisee would not avail, the proper test is detriment to the promisee.´ Wharton.

Con•sid´er•a•tive , a. Considerate; careful; thoughtful. [Archaic] “I love to be considerative.
B. Jonson.”

Con•sid´er•a•tor , n. One who considers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con•sid´er•er , n. One who considers; a man of reflection; a thinker. Milton.

Con•sid´er•ing•ly, adv. With consideration or deliberation.

Con•sign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consigned 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Consigning.] [F. consigner, L. consignare, -signatu,, to seal or sign; con- + signare, fr. signum mark. See Sign.] 1. To give, transfer, or deliver, in a formal manner, as if by signing over into the possession of another, or into a different state, with the sense of fixedness in that state, or permanence of possession; as to consign the body to the grave. “At the day of general account, good men are to be consigned over to another state.
Atterbury.” 2. To give in charge; to commit; to intrust. “Atrides, parting for the Trojan war,
Consigned the youthful consort to his care.
Pope.” “The four evangelists consigned to writing that history.
Addison.” 3. (Com.) To send or address (by bill of lading or otherwise) to an agent or correspondent in another place, to be cared for or sold, or for the use of such correspondent; as to consign a cargo or a ship; to consign goods. 4. To assign; to devote; to set apart. “The French commander consigned it to the use for which it was intended by the donor.
Dryden.” 5. To stamp or impress; to affect. [Obs.] “Consign my spirit with great fear.
Jer. Taylor.” Syn. — To commit; deliver; intrust; resign. See Commit.

Con•sign´ , v. i. 1. To submit; to surrender or yield one’s self. [Obs.] “All lovers young, all lovers must
Consign to thee, and come to dust.
Shak.” 2. To yield consent; to agree; to acquiesce. [Obs.] “Augment or alter …
And we’ll consign thereto.
Shak.”

Con•sig´na•ta•ry , n. [Cf. Consignitary.] A consignee. [Obs.] Jenkins.

Con•sig•na´tion , n. [L. consignatio written proof, document: cf. F. consignation comsignation.] 1. The act of consigning; the act of delivering or committing to another person, place, or state. [Obs.] “So is despair a certain consignation to eternal ruin.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. The act of ratifying or establishing, as if by signing; confirmation; ratification. “A direct consignation of pardon.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. A stamp; an indication; a sign. [Obs.] “The most certain consignations of an excellent virtue.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•sig´na•to•ry , n. [Cf. Consignitary.] One of several that jointly sign a written instrument, as a treaty. Fallows.

Con•sig´na•ture 135), n. Joint signature. [R.] Colgrave.

Con´signe , n. [F.] (Mil.) (a) A countersign; a watchword. (b) One who is orders to keep within certain limits.

Con•sign•ee´ ( 277), n. [F. consign, p. p. of consigner.] The person to whom goods or other things are consigned; a factor; — correlative to consignor. “Consigner and consignee are used by merchants to express generally the shipper of merchandise, and the person to whom it is addressed, by bill of lading or otherwise.
De Colange.”

Con•sign´er , n. One who consigns. See Consignor.

Con•sig•nif´i•cant , a. Having joint or equal signification; synonymous. [R.] Spelman.

Con•sig•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. Joint signification. [R.]

Con•sig•nif´i•ca•tive , a. Consignificant; jointly significate. [R.]

Con•sig´ni•fy , v. t. [Pref. con- + sognify.] To signify or denote in combination with something else. “The cipher … only serves to connote and consignify, and to change the value or the figures.
Horne Tooke.”

Con•sign´ment , n. 1. The act of consigning; consignation. 2. (Com.) The act of consigning or sending property to an agent or correspondent in another place, as for care, sale, etc. 3. (Com.) That which is consigned; the goods or commodities sent or addressed to a consignee at one time or by one conveyance. “To increase your consignments of this valuable branch of national commerce.
Burke.” 4. The writing by which anything is consigned.

Con•sign´or (? or ; 277), n. One who consigns something to another; — opposed to consignee. [Written also consigner.]

Con•sil´i•ence , n. [con- + salire to leap.] Act of concurring; coincidence; concurrence. “The consilience of inductions takes place when one class of facts coincides with an induction obtained from another different class.
Whewell.” { Con•si•mil´i•tude , Con•si•mil´i•ty }, n. [Cf. F. consimilitude. See Similitude.] Common resemblance. [Obs.] Aubrey.

Con•sist´ (kon•sist´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consisting.] [L. consistere to stand still or firm; con- + sistere to stand, cause to stand, stare to stand: cf. F. consister. See Stand.] 1. To stand firm; to be in a fixed or permanent state, as a body composed of parts in union or connection; to hold together; to be; to exist; to subsist; to be supported and maintained. “He is before all things, and by him all things consist.
Col. i. 17.” 2. To be composed or made up; — followed by of. “The land would consist of plains and valleys.
T. Burnet.” 3. To have as its substance or character, or as its foundation; to be; — followed by in. “If their purgation did consist in words.
Shak.” “A man’s life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.
Luke xii. 15.” 4. To be consistent or harmonious; to be in accordance; — formerly used absolutely, now followed by with. “This was a consisting story.
Bp. Burnet.” “Health consists with temperance alone.
Pope.” “For orders and degrees
Jar not with liberty, but well consist.
Milton.” 5. To insist; — followed by on. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — To Consist, Consist of, Consist in. The verb consist is employed chiefly for two purposes, which are marked and distinguished by the prepositions used. When we wish to indicate the parts which unite to compose a thing, we use of; as when we say, ´Macaulay’s Miscellanies consist chiefly of articles which were first published in the Edinburgh Review.´ When we wish to indicate the true nature of a thing, or that on which it depends, we use in; as ´There are some artists whose skill consists in a certain manner which they have affected.´ ´Our safety consists in a strict adherence to duty.´ { Con•sist´ence (kon•sis´tens), Con•sist´en•cy (-sis´ten•sy) }, n. [Cf. F. consistance.] 1. The condition of standing or adhering together, or being fixed in union, as the parts of a body; existence; firmness; coherence; solidity. “Water, being divided, maketh many circles, till it restore itself to the natural consistence.
Bacon.” “We are as water, weak, and of no consistence.
Jer. Taylor.” “The same form, substance, and consistency.
T. Burnet.” 2. A degree of firmness, density, or spissitude. “Let the expressed juices be boiled into the consistence of a sirup.
Arbuthnot.” 3. That which stands together as a united whole; a combination. “The church of God, as meaning the whole consistence of orders and members.
Milton.” 4. Firmness of constitution or character; substantiality; durability; persistency. “His friendship is of a noble make and a lasting consistency.
South.” 5. Agreement or harmony of all parts of a complex thing among themselves, or of the same thing with itself at different times; the harmony of conduct with profession; congruity; correspondence; as the consistency of laws, regulations, or judicial decisions; consistency of opinions; consistency of conduct or of character. “That consistency of behavior whereby he inflexibly pursues those measures which appear the most just.
Addison.” “Consistency, thou art a jewel.
Popular Saying.”

Con•sist´ent , a. [L. consistens, p. pr.: cf. F. consistant.] 1. Possessing firmness or fixedness; firm; hard; solid. “The humoral and consistent parts of the body.
Harvey.” 2. Having agreement with itself or with something else; having harmony among its parts; possesing unity; accordant; harmonious; congruous; compatible; uniform; not contradictory. “Show me one that has it in his power
To act consistent with himself an hour.
Pope.” “With reference to such a lord, to serve and to be free are terms not consistent only, but equivalent.
South.” 3. Living or acting in conformity with one’s belief or professions. “It was utterly to be at once a consistent Quaker and a conspirator.
Macaulay.”

Con•sist´ent•ly, adv. In a consistent manner.

Con•sis•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. consistorial.] Of or pertaining to a consistory. ´Consistorial laws.´ Hooker. ´Consistorial courts.´ Bp. Hoadley.

Con•sis•to´rian , a. Pertaining to a Presbyterian consistory; — a contemptuous term of 17th century controversy. “You fall next on the consistorian schismatics; for so you call Presbyterians.
Milton.”

Con•sis´to•ry (? or 277) n.; pl. Consistories (#). [L. consistorium a place of assembly, the place where the emperor’s council met, fr. consistere: cf. F. consistoire, It. consistorio. See Consist.] 1. Primarily, a place of standing or staying together; hence, any solemn assembly or council. “To council summons all his mighty peers,
Within thick clouds and dark tenfold involved,
A gloomy consistory.
Milton.” 2. (Eng. Ch.) The spiritual court of a diocesan bishop held before his chancellor or commissioner in his cathedral church or elsewhere. Hook. 3. (R. C. Ch.) An assembly of prelates; a session of the college of cardinals at Rome. “Pius was then hearing of causes in consistory.
Bacon.” 4. A church tribunal or governing body. In some churches, as the Dutch Reformed in America, a consistory is composed of the minister and elders of an individual church, corresponding to a Presbyterian church session, and in others, as the Reformed church in France, it is composed of ministers and elders, corresponding to a presbytery. In some Lutheran countries it is a body of clerical and lay officers appointed by the sovereign to superintend ecclesiastical affairs. 5. A civil court of justice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con•sis´to•ry, a. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a consistory. ´To hold consistory session.´ Strype.

Con•so´ci•ate , n. [L. consociatus, p. p. of consociare to associate, unite; con- + sociare to join, unite. See Social.] An associate; an accomplice. [Archaic] ´Wicked consociates.´ Bp. Hall.

Con•so´ci•ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consociated p. pr. & vb. n. Consociating.] 1. To bring into alliance, confederacy, or relationship; to bring together; to join; to unite. [R.] “Join pole to pole, consociate severed worlds.
Mallet.” 2. To unite in an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.]

Con•so´ci•ate, v. i. 1. To be allied, confederated, or associated; to coalescence. [R.] Bentley. 2. To form an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.]

Con•so•ci•a´tion , n. [L. consociatio.] 1. Intimate union; fellowship; alliance; companionship; confederation; association; intimacy. “A friendly consociation with your kindred elements.
Warburton.” 2. A voluntary and permanent council or union of neighboring Congregational churches, for mutual advice and coöperation in ecclesiastical matters; a meeting of pastors and delegates from churches thus united. In Connecticut some of the Congregational churhes are associated in consociations and the others in conferences.

Con•so•ci•a´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a consociation. [U.S.]

Con•sol´a•ble , a. [L. consolabilis: cf. F. consolable.] Capable of receiving consolation.

Con´so•late , v. t. [L. consolatus, p. p. See Console, v. t.] To console; to comfort. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•so•la´tion , n. [L. consolatio: cf. F. consolation.] The act of consoling; the state of being consoled; allevation of misery or distress of mind; refreshment of spirit; comfort; that which consoles or comforts the spirit. “Against such cruelties
With inward consolations recompensed.
Milton.” “Are the consolations of God small with thee?
Job xv. 11.” Syn. — Comfort; solace; allevation. See Comfort.

Con•so•la´to del ma´re [It., the consulate of the sea.] A collection of maritime laws of disputed origin, supposed to have been first published at Barcelona early in the 14th century. It has formed the basis of most of the subsequent collections of maritime laws. Kent. Bouvier.

Con´so•la•tor , n. [L.] One who consoles or comforts. Johnson.

Con•sol´a•to•ry , a. [L. consolatorius.] Of a consoling or comforting nature. “The punishment of tyrants is a noble and awful act of justice; and it has with truth been said to be consolatory to the human mind.
Burke.”

Con•sol´a•to•ry, n. That which consoles; a speech or writing intended for consolation. [R.] Milton.

Con•sole´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consoled p. pr. & vb. n. Consoling.] [L. consolari,. p. p. consolatus; con- + solari to console, comfort: cf. F. consoler. See Solace.] To cheer in distress or depression; to alleviate the grief and raise the spirits of; to relieve; to comfort; to soothe. “And empty heads console with empty sound.
Pope.” “I am much consoled by the reflection that the religion of Christ has been attacked in vain by all the wits and philosophers, and its triumph has been complete.
P. Henry.” Syn. — To comfort; solace; soothe; cheer; sustain; encourage; support. See Comfort.

Con´sole , n. [F.] (Arch.) (a) A bracket whose projection is not more than half its height. (b) Any small bracket; also a console table. Console table, a table whose top is supported by two or more consoles instead of legs.

Con•sol´er , n. One who gives consolation.

Con•sol´i•dant , a. [L. consolidans, p. pr. of consolidare: cf. F. consolidant.] Serving to unite or consolidate; having the quality of consolidating or making firm.

Con•sol´i•date , a. [L. consolidatus, p. pr. of consolidare to make firm; con- + solidare to make firm; solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Consound.] Formed into a solid mass; made firm; consolidated. [R.] “A gentleman [should learn to ride] while he is tender and the brawns and sinews of his thighs not fully consolidate.
Elyot.”

Con•sol´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consolidated p. pr. & vb. n. Consolidating ] 1. To make solid; to unite or press together into a compact mass; to harden or make dense and firm. “He fixed and consolidated the earth.
T. Burnet.” 2. To unite, as various particulars, into one mass or body; to bring together in close union; to combine; as to consolidate the armies of the republic. “Consolidating numbers into unity.
Wordsworth.” 3. (Surg.) To unite by means of applications, as the parts of a broken bone, or the lips of a wound. [R.] Syn. — To unite; combine; harden; compact; condense; compress.

Con•sol´i•date, v. i. To grow firm and hard; to unite and become solid; as moist clay consolidates by drying. “In hurts and ulcers of the head, dryness maketh them more apt to consolidate.
Bacon.”

Con•sol´i•da•ted , p. p. & a. 1. Made solid, hard, or compact; united; joined; solidified. “The Aggregate Fund … consisted of a great variety of taxes and surpluses of taxes and duties which were [in 1715] consolidated.
Rees.” “A mass of partially consolidated mud.
Tyndall.” 2. (Bot.) Having a small surface in proportion to bulk, as in the cactus. “Consolidated plants are evidently adapted and designed for very dry regions; in such only they are found.
Gray.” The Consolidated Fund, a British fund formed by consolidating (in 1787) three public funds (the Aggregate Fund, the General Fund, and the South Sea Fund). In 1816, the larger part of the revenues of Great Britian and Ireland was assigned to what has been known as the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom, out of which are paid the interest of the national debt, the salaries of the civil list, etc.

Con•sol•i•da´tion , n. [L. consolidatio a confirming: cf. F. consolidation.] 1. The act or process of consolidating, making firm, or uniting; the state of being consolidated; solidification; combination. “The consolidation of the marble and of the stone did not fall out at random.
Woodward.” “The consolidation of the great European monarchies.
Hallam.” 2. (Bot.) To organic cohesion of different circled in a flower; adnation. 3. (Law) The combination of several actions into one.

Con•sol´i•da•tive , a. [Cf. F. consolidatif.] Tending or having power to consolidate; healing.

Con•sol´ing , a. Adapted to console or comfort; cheering; as this is consoling news.

Con´sols (? or ; 277), n. pl. [A contraction of consolidated (annuities).] The leading British funded government security. A considerable part of the public debt of Great Britian, which had been contracted in the form of annuities yielding various rates of interest, was in 1757, consolidated into one fund at 3 per cent interest, the account of which is kept at the Bank of England. This debt has been diminished and increased at different times, and now constitutes somewhat more than half of the entire national debt. The stocks are transferable, and Their value in the market constantly fluctuates; the price at any time being regarded as a gauge of the national prosperity and public confidence.

Con•som•m´e , n. [F., lit. p. p. of consommer to finish.] (Cookery) A clear soup or bouillion boiled down so as to be very rich. { Con´so•nance , Con´so•nan•cy }, n. [L. consonantia: cf. F. consonnance.] 1. (Mus.) Accord or agreement of sounds produced simultaneously, as a note with its third, fifth, and eighth. 2. Agreement or congruity; harmony; accord; consistency; suitableness. “The perfect consonancy of our persecuted church to the doctrines of Scripture and antiquity.
Hammond.” “The optic nerve responds to the waves with which it is in consonance.
Tyndall.” 3. Friendship; concord. [Obs.] “By the consonancy of our youth.
Shak.” Syn. — Agreement; accord; consistency; unison; harmony; congruity; suitableness; agreeableness.

Con´so•nant , a. [L. consonans, -antis; p. pr. of consonare to sound at the same time, agree; con- + sonare to sound: cf. F. consonnant. See Sound to make a noise.] 1. Having agreement; congruous; consistent; according; — usually followed by with or to. “Each one pretends that his opinion … is consonant to the words there used.
Bp. Beveridge.” “That where much is given there shall be much required is a thing consonant with natural equity.
Dr. H. More.” 2. Having like sounds. “Consonant words and syllables.
Howell.” 3. (Mus.) harmonizing together; accordant; as consonant tones, consonant chords. 4. Of or pertaining to consonants; made up of, or containing many, consonants. “No Russian whose dissonant consonant name
Almost shatters to fragments the trumpet of fame.
T. Moore.”

Con´so•nant, n. [L. consonans, -antis.] An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also a letter or character representing such a sound. Consonants are divided into various classes, as mutes, spirants, sibilants, nasals, semivowels, etc. All of them are sounds uttered through a closer position of the organs than that of a vowel proper, although the most open of them, as the semivowels and nasals, are capable of being used as if vowels, and forming syllables with other closer consonants, as in the English feeble (-b’l), taken (-k’n). All the consonants excepting the mutes may be indefinitely, prolonged in utterance without the help of a vowel, and even the mutes may be produced with an aspirate instead of a vocal explosion. Vowels and consonants may be regarded as the two poles in the scale of sounds produced by gradual approximation of the organ, of speech from the most open to the closest positions, the vowel being more open, the consonant closer; but there is a territory between them where the sounds produced partake of the qualities of both. ´A consonant is the result of audible friction, squeezing, or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth (or occasionally of the throath.) The main distinction between vowels and consonants is, that while in the former the mouth configuration merely modifies the vocalized breath, which is therefore an essential element of the vowels, in consonants the narrowing or stopping of the oral passage is the foundation of the sound, and the state of the glottis is something secondary.´ H. Sweet.

Con•so•nan´tal , a. Of the nature of a consonant; pertaining to consonants.

Con´so•nant•ize , v. t. To change into, or use as a consonant. ´The vowel is consonantized, that is, made closer in position.´ Peile.

Con´so•nant•ly, adv. In a consonant, consistent, or congruous manner; agreeably.

Con´so•nant•ness, n. The quality or condition of being consonant, agreeable, or consistent.

Con´so•nous , a. [L. consonus. See Consonant.] Agreeing in sound; symphonious.

Con•so•pi•a´tion , n. The act of sleeping, or of lulling, to sleep. [Obs.] Pope.

Con´so•pite (kon´so•pit), a. [L. consopitus, p. p. of consopire.] Lulled to sleep. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con´so•pite, v. t. To lull to sleep; to quiet; to compose. [Obs.] “The operation of the masculine faculties of the soul were, for a while, well slacked and consopited.
Dr. H. More.”

Con´sort (kon´sôrt), n. [L. consore, -sortis; con- + sors lot, fate, share. See Sort.] 1. One who shares the lot of another; a companion; a partner; especially, a wife or husband. Milton. “He single chose to live, and shunned to wed,
Well pleased to want a consort of his bed.
Dryden.” “The consort of the queen has passed from this troubled sphere.
Thakeray.” “The snow-white gander, invariably accompanied by his darker consort.
Darwin.” 2. (Naut.) A ship keeping company with another. 3. Concurrence; conjunction; combination; association; union. ´By Heaven’s consort.´ Fuller. ´Working in consort.´ Hare. “Take it singly, and it carries an air of levity; but, in consort with the rest, has a meaning quite different.
Atterbury.” 4. [LL. consortium.] An assembly or association of persons; a company; a group; a combination. [Obs.] “In one consort’ there sat
Cruel revenge and rancorous despite,
Disloyal treason, and heart-burning hate.
Spenser.” “Lord, place me in thy consort.
Herbert.” 5. [Perh. confused with concert.] Harmony of sounds; concert, as of musical instruments. [Obs.] Milton. “To make a sad consort’;
Come, let us join our mournful song with theirs.
Spenser.” Prince consort, the husband of a queen regnant. — Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a queen regnant, who rules alone, and a queen dowager, the window of a king.

Con•sort´ (kon•sôrt´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consorting.] To unite or to keep company; to associate; — used with with. “Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee?
Dryden.”

Con•sort´, v. t. 1. To unite or join, as in affection, harmony, company, marriage, etc.; to associate. “He with his consorted Eve.
Milton.” “For all that pleasing is to living ears
Was there consorted in one harmony.
Spenser.” “He begins to consort himself with men.
Locke.” 2. To attend; to accompany. [Obs.] “Thou, wretched boy, that didst consort him here,
Shalt with him hence.
Shak.”

Con•sort´a•ble (kon•sôrt´a•b’l), a. Suitable for association or companionship. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Con•sor´tion (kon•sôr´shun), n. [L. consortio.] Fellowship; association; companionship. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con´sort•ship (kon´sôrt•ship), n. The condition of a consort; fellowship; partnership. Hammond.

Con´sound (-sound), n. [Corrupted fr. F. consoude, fr L. consolida comfrey (so called because supposed to have healing power); con- + solidus solid, consolidare to make solid. Cf. Comfrey, Consolidate.] (Bot.) A name applied loosely to several plants of different genera, esp. the comfrey.

Con•spe•cif´ic (kon•spe•sif´ik), a. Of the same species.

Con•spec•tu´i•ty (- spek•tu´i•ty), n.; pl. Conspectuities (-tiz). The faculty of seeing; sight; eye. [A word of Menenius’s making. Coriolanus ii. 1.] Shak.

Con•spec´tus (kon•spek´tus), n. A general sketch or outline of a subject; a synopsis; an epitome.

Con•sper´sion , n. [L. conspersio, fr. conspergere to sprinkle.] The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] “The conspersion washing the doorposts.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•spi•cu´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being clear or bright; brightness; conspicuousness. [R.] Chapman.

Con•spic´u•ous , a. [L. conspicuus, fr. conspicere to get sight of, to perceive; con- + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy] 1. Open to the view; obvious to the eye; easy to be seen; plainly visible; manifest; attracting the eye. “It was a rock
Of alabaster, piled up to the clouds,
Conspicious far.
Milton.” “Conspicious by her veil and hood,
Signing the cross, the abbess stood.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Obvious to the mental eye; easily recognized; clearly defined; notable; prominent; eminent; distinguished; as a conspicuous excellence, or fault. “A man who holds a conspicuous place in the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of England.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Distinguished; eminent; famous; illustrious; prominent; celebrated. See Distinguished. — Con•spic´u•ous•ly, adv. — Con•spic´u•ous•ness, n.

Con•spir´a•cy , n.; pl. Conspiracies (#). [See Conspiration.] 1. A combination of men for an evil purpose; an agreement, between two or more persons, to commit a crime in concert, as treason; a plot. “When shapen was all his conspiracy
From point to point.
Chaucer.” “They made a conspiracy against [Amaziah].
2 Kings xiv. 19.” “I had forgot that foul conspiracy” “Of the beast Caliban and his confederates.
Shak.” 2. A concurence or general tendency, as of circumstances, to one event, as if by agreement. “A conspiracy in all heavenly and earthly things.
Sir P. Sidney.” 3. (Law) An agreement, manifesting itself in words or deeds, by which two or more persons confederate to do an unlawful act, or to use unlawful to do an act which is lawful; confederacy. Syn. — Combination; plot; cabal.

Con•spir´ant , a. [L. conspirans, p. pr. of conspirare: cf. F. conspirant.] Engaging in a plot to commit a crime; conspiring. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•spi•ra´tion , n. [F. conspiration, L. conspiratio.] Agreement or concurrence for some end or purpose; conspiracy. [R.] “As soon as it was day, certain Jews made a conspiration.
Udall.” “In our natural body every part has a nacassary sympathy with every other, and all together form, by their harmonious onspiration, a healthy whole.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•spir´a•tor , n. One who engages in a conspiracy; a plotter. 2 Sam. xv. 31.

Con•spire´ (kon•spir´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conspired (- spird´); p. pr. & vb. n. Conspiring.] [F. conspirer, L. conspirare to blow together, harmonize, agree, plot; con- + spirare to breathe, blow. See Spirit.] 1. To make an agreement, esp. a secret agreement, to do some act, as to commit treason or a crime, or to do some unlawful deed; to plot together. “They conspired against [Joseph] to slay him.
Gen. xxxvii. 18.” “You have conspired against our royal person,
Joined with an enemy proclaimed.
Shak.” 2. To concur to one end; to agree. “The press, the pulpit, and the stage
Conspire to censure and expose our age.
Roscommon.” Syn. — To unite; concur; complot; confederate; league.

Con•spire´, v. t. To plot; to plan; to combine for. “Angry clouds conspire your overthrow.
Bp. Hall.”

Con•spir´er , n. One who conspires; a conspirator.

Con•spir´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of a conspirator; by conspiracy. Milton.

Con•spis•sa´tion , n. [L. conspissatio, fr. conspissare to make thick.] A making thick or viscous; thickness; inspissation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Con•spur´cate , v. t. [L. conspurcatus, p. p. of conspurcare.] To pollute; to defile. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Con•spur•ca´tion , n. [L. conspurcare, -spuratum, to defile.] The act of defiling; defilement; pollution. Bp. Hall.

Con´sta•ble (kun´sta•b’l), n. [OE. conestable, constable, a constable (in sense 1), OF. conestable, F. connetable, LL. conestabulus, constabularius, comes stabuli, orig., count of the stable, master of the horse, equerry; comes count (L. companion) + L. stabulum stable. See Count a nobleman, and Stable.] 1. A high officer in the monarchical establishments of the Middle Ages. The constable of France was the first officer of the crown, and had the chief command of the army. It was also his duty to regulate all matters of chivalry. The office was suppressed in 1627. The constable, or lord high constable, of England, was one of the highest officers of the crown, commander in chief of the forces, and keeper of the peace of the nation. He also had judicial cognizance of many important matters. The office was as early as the Conquest, but has been disused (except on great and solemn occasions), since the attainder of Stafford, duke of Buckingham, in the reign of Henry VIII. 2. (Law) An officer of the peace having power as a conservator of the public peace, and bound to execute the warrants of judicial officers. Bouvier. In England, at the present time, the constable is a conservator of the peace within his district, and is also charged by various statutes with other duties, such as serving summons, precepts, warrants, etc. In the United States, constables are town or city officers of the peace, with powers similar to those of the constables of England. In addition to their duties as conservators of the peace, they are invested with others by statute, such as to execute civil as well as criminal process in certain cases, to attend courts, keep juries, etc. In some cities, there are officers called high constables, who act as chiefs of the constabulary or police force. In other cities the title of constable, as well as the office, is merged in that of the police officer. High constable, a constable having certain duties and powers within a hundred. [Eng.] — Petty constable, a conservator of the peace within a parish or tithing; a tithingman. [Eng.] — Special constable, a person appointed to act as constable of special occasions. — To overrun, or outrun, the constable, to spend more than one’s income; to get into debt. [Colloq.] Smollett.

Con´sta•bler•y (? or ), n. [OF. conestablerie. Cf. Constabulary.] 1. The constabulary. [Obs.] 2. The district or jurisdiction of a constable. [Obs.]

Con´sta•bleship , n. The office or functions of a constable.

Con´sta•bless, n. The wife of a constable. [Obs.]

Con´sta•ble•wick , n. [Constable + wick a village] The district to which a constable’s power is limited. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Con•stab´u•la•ry , a. [LL. constabularius an equerry. See Constable.] Of or pertaining to constables; consisting of constables.

Con•stab´u•la•ry, n. The collective body of constables in any town, district, or country.

Con•stab´u•la•to•ry , n. A constabulary. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Con´stan•cy , n. [L. constantia: cf. F. constance. See Constant.] 1. The state or quality of being constant or steadfast; freedom from change; stability; fixedness; immutability; as the constancy of God in his nature and attributes. 2. Fixedness or firmness of mind; persevering resolution; especially, firmness of mind under sufferings, steadiness in attachments, or perseverance in enterprise; stability; fidelity. “A fellow of plain uncoined constancy.
Shak.” “Constancy and contempt of danger.
Prescott.” Syn. — Fixedness; stability; firmness; steadiness; permanence; steadfastness; resolution. See Firmness.

Con´stant , a. [L. onstans, -antis, p. pr. of constare to stand firm, to be consistent; con- + stare to stand: cf. F. constant. See Stand and cf. Cost, v. t.] 1. Firm; solid; fixed; immovable; — opposed to fluid. [Obs.] “If … you mix them, you may turn these two fluid liquors into a constant body.
Boyle.” 2. Not liable, or given, to change; permanent; regular; continuous; continually recurring; steadfast; faithful; not fickle. “Both loving one fair maid, they yet remained constant friends.
Sir P. Sidney.” “I am constant to my purposes.
Shak.” “His gifts, his constant courtship, nothing gained.
Dryden.” “Onward the constant current sweeps.
Longfellow.” 3. (Math. & Physics) Remaining unchanged or invariable, as a quantity, force, law, etc. Contrasted with variable. 4. Consistent; logical. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; unalterable; immutable; invariable; perpetual; continual; resolute; firm; unshaken; determined. — Constant, Continual, Perpetual. These words are sometimes used in an absolute and sometimes in a qualified sense. Constant denotes, in its absolute sense, unchangeably fixed; as a constant mind or purpose. In its qualified sense, it marks something as a ´standing´ fact or occurence; as liable to constant interruptions; constantly called for. Continual, in its absolute sense, coincides with continuous. See Continuous. In its qualified sense, it describes a thing as occuring in steady and rapid succession; as a round of continual calls; continually changing. Perpetual denotes, in its absolute sense, what literally never ceases or comes to an end; as perpetual motion. In its qualified sense, it is used hyperbolically, and denotes that which rarely ceases; as perpetual disturbance; perpetual noise; perpetual intermeddling.

Con´stant, n. 1. That which is not subject to change; that which is invariable. 2. (Math.) A quantity that does not change its value; — used in countradistinction to variable. Absolute constant (Math.), one whose value is absolutely the same under all circumstances, as the number 10, or any numeral. — Arbitrary constant, an undetermined constant in a differential equation having the same value during all changes in the values of the variables.

Con•stan´ti•a (? or ), n. A superior wine, white and red, from Constantia, in Cape Colony.

Con´stant•ly , adv. With constancy; steadily; continually; perseveringly; without cessation; uniformly. “But she constantly affirmed that it was even so.
Acts. xii. 15.”

Con´stat , n. [L., it is evident.] (Law) A certificate showing what appears upon record touching a matter in question.

Con•state´ , v. t. [F. constater; L. con- + stare to stand.] To ascertain; to verify; to establish; to prove. F. P. Cobbe.

Con´stel•late (? or ), v. i. [Pref. con- + L. stellatus, p. p. of stellare to cover with stars, stella star. See Stellate.] To join luster; to shine with united radiance, or one general light. [R.] “The several things which engage our affections … shine forth and constellate in God.
Boule.”

Con´stel•late, v. t. 1. To unite in one luster or radiance, as stars. [R.] “Whe know how to constellate these lights.
Boyle.” 2. To set or adorn with stars or constellations; as constellated heavens. J. Barlow.

Con•stel•la´tion , n. [F. constellation, L. constellatio.] 1. A cluster or group of fixed stars, or division of the heavens, designated in most cases by the name of some animal, or of some mythologial personage, within whose imaginary outline, as traced upon the heavens, the group is included. “The constellations seem to have been almost purposely named and delineated to cause as much confusion and inconvenience as possible.
Sir J. Herschel.” In each of the constellations now recognized by astronomers (about 90 in number) the brightest stars, both named and unnamed, are designated nearly in the order of brilliancy by the letters of the Greek alphabet; as α Tauri (Aldebaran) is the first star of Taurus, γ Orionis (Bellatrix) is the third star of Orion. 2. An assemblage of splendors or excellences. “The constellations of genius had already begun to show itself … which was to shed a glory over the meridian and close of Philip’s reign.
Prescott.” 3. Fortune; fate; destiny. [Obs.] “It is constellation, which causeth all that a man doeth.
Gower.”

Con•ster•na´tion , n. [L. consternatio, fr. consternare to overome, perplex, an accessory form of consternere to throw down, prostrate; con + sternere to spread out, throw down: cf. F. consternation. See Stratum.] Amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates for reflection; terror, combined with amazement; dismay. “The chiefs around,
In silence wrapped, in consternation drowned.
Attend the stern reply.
Pope.” Syn. — Alarm; fright; amazement; astonishment; surprise; panic; perturbation. See Alarm.

Con´sti•pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constipated; p. pr. & vb. n. Constipating.] [L. constipatus, p. p. of constipare; con- + stipare to crowd together. See Costive.] 1. To crowd or cram into a narrow compass; to press together or condense. [Obs.] “Of cold the property is to condense and constipate.
Bacon.” 2. To stop (a channel) by filling it, and preventing passage through it; as to constipate the capillary vessels. 3. (Med.) To render costive; to cause constipation in.

Con•sti•pa´tion , n. [L. constipatio a crowding together: cf. F. constipation.] 1. Act of crowding anything into a less compass, or the state of being crowded or pressed together; condensation. [Obs.] “Fullness of matter, or a pretty close constipation … of its particles.
Boyle.” 2. A state of the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and difficult, or the intestines become filled with hardened faeces; costiveness.

Con•stit´u•en•cy , n.; pl. Constituencies . A body of constituents, as the body of citizens or voters in a representative district.

Con•stit´u•ent , a. [L. constituens, -entis, p. pr. See Constitute.] 1. Serving to form, compose, or make up; elemental; component. “Body, soul, and reason are the three parts necessarily constituent of a man.
Dryden.” 2. Having the power of electing or appointing. “A question of right arises between the constituent and representative body.
Junius.”

Con•stit´u•ent, n. 1. The person or thing which constitutes, determines, or constructs. “Their first composure and origination require a higher and nobler constituent than chance.
Sir M. Hale” 2. That which constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part; a component; an element. “We know how to bring these constituents together, and to cause them to form water.
Tyndall.” 3. One for whom another acts; especially, one who is represented by another in a legislative assembly; — correlative to representative. “The electors in the district of a representative in Congress, or in the legislature of a State, are termed his constituents.
Abbot.” “To appeal from the representatives to the constituents.
Macaulay.” 4. (Law) A person who appoints another to act for him as attorney in fact. Burrill.

Con´sti•tute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constituted; p. pr. & vb. n. Constituting.] [L. constitutus, p. p. of constiture to constitute; con- + statuere to place, set, fr. status station, fr. stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. To cause to stand; to establish; to enact. “Laws appointed and constituted by lawful authority.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. To make up; to compose; to form. “Truth and reason constitute that intellectual gold that defies destruction.
Johnson.” 3. To appoint, depute, or elect to an office; to make and empower. “Me didst Thou constitute a priest of thine.
Wordsworth.” Constituted authorities, the officers of government, collectively, as of a nation, city, town, etc. Bartlett.

Con´sti•tute , n. An established law. [Obs.] T. Preston.

Con´sti•tu•ter , n. One who constitutes or appoints.

Con•sti•tu´tion , n. [F. constitution, L. constitute.] 1. The act or process of constituting; the action of enacting, establishing, or appointing; enactment; establishment; formation. 2. The state of being; that form of being, or structure and connection of parts, which constitutes and characterizes a system or body; natural condition; structure; texture; conformation. “The physical constitution of the sun.
Sir J. Herschel.” 3. The aggregate of all one’s inherited physical qualities; the aggregate of the vital powers of an individual, with reference to ability to endure hardship, resist disease, etc.; as a robust constitution. “Our constitutions have never been enfeebled by the vices or luxuries of the old world.
Story.” 4. The aggregate of mental qualities; temperament. “He defended himself with … less passion than was expected from his constitution.
Clarendon.” 5. The fundamental, organic law or principles of government of men, embodied in written documents, or implied in the institutions and usages of the country or society; also a written instrument embodying such organic law, and laying down fundamental rules and principles for the conduct of affairs. “Our constitution had begun to exist in times when statesmen were not much accustomed to frame exact definitions.
Macaulay.” In England the constitution is unwritten, and may be modified from time to time by act of Parliament. In the United States a constitution cannot ordinarily be modified, exept through such processes as the constitution itself ordains. 6. An authoritative ordinance, regulation or enactment; especially, one made by a Roman emperor, or one affecting ecclesiastical doctrine or discipline; as the constitutions of Justinian. “The positive constitutions of our own churches.
Hooker.” “A constitution of Valentinian addressed to Olybrius, then prefect of Rome, for the regulation of the conduct of advocates.
George Long.” Apostolic constitutions. See under Apostolic.

Con•sti•tu´tion•al , a. [f. F. constitutionnel.] 1. Belonging to, or inherent in, the constitution, or in the structure of body or mind; as a constitutional infirmity; constitutional ardor or dullness. 2. In accordance with, or authorized by, the constitution of a state or a society; as constitutional reforms. 3. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitution; as constitutional government; constitutional rights. Hallam. 4. Relating to a constitution, or establishment form of government; as a constitutional risis. “The anient constitutional traditions of the state.
Macaulay.” 5. For the benefit or one’s constitution or health; as a constitutional walk. [Colloq.] Constitutional law, law that relates to the constitution, as a permanent system of political and juridical government, as distinguished from statutory and common law, which relate to matters subordinate to such constitution.

Con•sti•tu´tion•al, n. A walk or other exercise taken for one’s health or constitution. [Colloq.] Thackeray. “The men trudged diurnal constitutionals along the different roads.
Compton Reade.”

Con•sti•tu´tion•al•ism , n. The theory, principles, or authority of constitutional government; attachment or adherence to a constitution or constitutional government. Carlyle.

Con•sti•tu´tion•al•ist, n. One who advocates a constitutional form of government; a constitutionalist.

Con•sti•tu•tion•al´i•ty , n.; pl. -ties (#). [f. F. constitutionalite.] 1. The quality or state of being constitutional, or inherent in the natural frame. 2. The state of being consistent with the constitution or frame of government, or of being authorized by its provisions. Burke. “Constitutionalities, bottomless cavilings and questionings about written laws.
Carlyle.”

Con•sti•tu´tion•al•ly , adv. 1. In accordance with the constitution or natural disposition of the mind or body; naturally; as he was constitutionally timid. “The English were constitutionally humane.
Hallam.” 2. In accordance with the constitution or fundamental law; legally; as he was not constitutionally appointed. “Nothing would indue them to acknowledge that [such] an assembly … was constitutionally a Parliament.
Macaulay.”

Con•sti•tu´tion•ist, n. One who adheres to the constitution of the country. Bolingbroke.

Con´sti•tu•tive , a. 1. Tending or assisting to constitute or compose; elemental; essential. “An ingredient and constitutive part of every virtue.
Barrow.” 2. Having power to enact, establish, or create; instituting; determining. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con´sti•tu•tive•ly, adv. In a constitutive manner.

Con•strain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constrained p. pr. & vb. n. Constraining.] [OF. constraindre, F. contrainde, L. constringere; con- + stringere to draw tight. See Strain, and. cf. Constrict, Constringe.] 1. To secure by bonds; to chain; to bond or confine; to hold tightly; to constringe. “He binds in chains
The drowsy prophet, and his limbs constrains.
Dryden.” “When winter frosts constrain the fields with cold.
Dryden.” 2. To bring into a narrow compass; to compress. “How the strait stays the slender waist constrain.
Gay.” 3. To hold back by force; to restrain; to repress. “My sire in caves constrains the winds.
Dryden.” 4. To compel; to force; to necessitate; to oblige. “The love of Christ constraineth us.
2. Cor. v. 14.” “I was constrained to appeal unto Caesar.
Acts xxviii. 19.” 5. To violate; to ravish. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To produce in such a manner as to give an unnatural effect; as a constrained voice. Syn. — To compel; force; drive; impel; urge; press.

Con•strain´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. constraignable, F. contraignable.] Capable of being constrained; liable to constraint, or to restraint. Hooker.

Con•strained´ , a. Marked by constraint; not free; not voluntary; embarrassed; as a constrained manner; a constrained tone.

Con•strain´ed•ly , adv. By constraint or compulsion; in a constrained manner. Hooker.

Con•strain´er , n. One who constrains.

Con•straint´ , n. [OF. constrainte, F. constrainte.] The act of constraining, or the state of being constrained; that which compels to, or restrains from, action; compulsion; restraint; necessity. “Long imprisonment and hard constraint.
Spenser.” “Not by constraint, but by my choice, I came.
Dryden.” Syn. — Compulsion; violence; necessity; urgency. — Constraint, Compulsion. Constraint implies strong binding force; as the constraint of necessity; the constraint of fear. Compulsion implies the exertion of some urgent impelling force; as driven by compulsion. The former prevents us from acting agreeably to our wishes; the latter forces us to act contrary to our will. Compulsion is always produced by some active agent; a constraint may be laid upon us by the forms of civil society, or by other outward circumstances. Crabb.

Con•straint´ive , a. Constraining; compulsory. [R.] ´Any constraintive vow.´ R. Carew.

Con•strict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Constricting.] [L. constrictus, p. p. of constringere. See Constrain.] To draw together; to render narrower or smaller; to bind; to cramp; to contract or cause to shrink. “Such things as constrict the fibers.
Arbuthnot.” “Membranous organs inclosing a cavity which their contraction serves to constrict.
Todd & Bowman.”

Con•strict´ed, a. 1. Drawn together; bound; contracted; cramped. 2. (Bot.) Contracted or compressed so as to be smaller in certain places or parts than in others.

Con•stric´tion , n. [L. constrictio: cf. F. constriction.] 1. The act of constricting by means of some inherent power or by movement or change in the thing itself, as distinguished from compression. 2. The state of being constricted; the point where a thing is constricted; a narrowing or binding. “A constriction of the parts inservient to speech.
Grew.”

Con•strict´ive , a. Serving or tending to bind or constrict.

Con•strict´or , n. 1. That which constricts, draws together, or contracts. 2. (Anat.) A muscle which contracts or closes an orifice, or which compresses an organ; a sphincter. 3. (Zoöl.) A serpent that kills its prey by inclosing and crushing it with its folds; as the boa constrictor.

Con•stringe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constringed p. pr. & vb. n. Constringing.] [L. constringere. See onstrain.] To dawn together; to contract; to force to contract itself; to constrict; to cause to shrink. [R.] “Strong liquors … intoxicate, constringe, harden the fibers, and coagulate the fluids.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•strin´gent , a. [L. constringens, p. pr.] Having the quality of contracting, binding, or compressing. Thomson.

Con•struct´ (kon•strukt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Constructing.] [L. constructus, p. p. of construere to bring together, to construct; con- + struere to pile up, set in order. See Structure, and cf. Construe.] 1. To put together the constituent parts of (something) in their proper place and order; to build; to form; to make; as to construct an edifice. 2. To devise; to invent; to set in order; to arrange; as to construct a theory of ethics. Syn. — To build; erect; form; compile; make; fabricate; originate; invent.

Con´struct , a. Formed by, or relating to, construction, interpretation, or inference. Construct form or state (Heb. Gram.), that of a noun used before another which has the genitive relation to it.

Con•struct´er , n. One who, or that which, constructs or frames.

Con•struc´tion , n. [L. constructio: cf. F. construction.] 1. The process or art of constructing; the act of building; erection; the act of devising and forming; fabrication; composition. 2. The form or manner of building or putting together the parts of anything; structure; arrangement. “An astrolabe of peculiar construction.
Whewell.” 3. (Gram.) The arrangement and connection of words in a sentence; syntactical arrangement. “Some particles … in certain constructions have the sense of a whole sentence contained in them.
Locke.” 4. The method of construing, interpreting, or explaining a declaration or fact; an attributed sense or meaning; understanding; explanation; interpretation; sense. “Any person … might, by the sort of construction that would be put on this act, become liable to the penalties of treason.
Hallam.” “Strictly, the term [construction] signifies determining the meaning and proper effect of language by a consideration of the subject matter and attendant circumstances in connection with the words employed.
Abbott.” “Interpretation properly precedes construction, but it does not go beyond the written text.
Parsons.” Construction of an equation (Math.), the drawing of such lines and figures as will represent geometrically the quantities in the equation, and their relations to each other. — Construction train (Railroad), a train for transporting men and materials for construction or repairs.

Con•struc´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or deduced from, construction or interpretation.

Con•struc´tion•ist, n. One who puts a certain construction upon some writing or instrument, as the Constitutions of the United States; as a strict constructionist; a broad constructionist.

Con•struct´ive , a. [Cf. F. constructif.] 1. Having ability to construct or form; employed in construction; as to exhibit constructive power. “The constructive fingers of Watts.
Emerson.” 2. Derived from, or depending on, construction or interpretation; not directly expressed, but inferred. Constructive crimes (Law), acts having effects analogous to those of some statutory or common law crimes; as constructive treason. Constructive crimes are no longer recognized by the courts. — Constructive notice, notice imputed by construction of law. — Constructive trust, a trust which may be assumed to exist, though no actual mention of it be made.

Con•struct´ive•ly, adv. In a constructive manner; by construction or inference. “A neutral must have notice of a blockade, either actually by a formal information, or constructively by notice to his government.
Kent.”

Con•struct´ive•ness, n. 1. Tendency or ability to form or construct. 2. (Phren.) The faculty which enables one to construct, as in mechanical, artistic, or literary matters.

Con•struct´or , n. [Cf. LL. constructor.] A constructer.

Con•struc´ture ( 135), n. That which is constructed or formed; an edifice; a fabric. [Obs.]

Con•strue ( Archaic ?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Construed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Construing (#).] [L. construere: cf. F. construire. See Construct.] 1. To apply the rules of syntax to (a sentence or clause) so as to exhibit the structure, arrangement, or connection of, or to discover the sense; to explain the construction of; to interpret; to translate. 2. To put a construction upon; to explain the sense or intention of; to interpret; to understand. “Thus we are put to construe and paraphrase our own words to free ourselves either from the ignorance or malice of our enemies.
Bp. Stilingfleet.” “And to be dull was construed to be good.
Pope.”

Con´stu•prate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Construprated; p. p. & vb. n. Constuprating.] [L. constupratus, p. p. of constuprare to ravish; con- + stuprare to ravish, stuprum rape.] To ravish; to debauch. Burton.

Con•stu•pra´tion , n. The act of ravishing; violation; defilement. Bp. Hall.

Con•sub•stan´tial , a. [L. consubstantialis; con- + substantialis: cf. F. consubstantiel. See Substantial.] Of the same kind or nature; having the same substance or essence; coessential. “Christ Jesus … coeternal and consubstantial with the Father and with the Holy Ghost.
Foxe.”

Con•sub•stan´tial•ism , n. The doctrine of consubstantiation.

Con•sub•stan´tial•ist, n. One who believes in consubstantiation. Barrow.

Con•sub•stan´ti•al´i•ty ( 106), n. [Cf. F. consubstantialite.] Participation of the same nature; coexistence in the same substance. ´His [the Son’s] … consubstantiality with the Father.´ Hammend.

Con•sub•stan´tial•ly , adv. In a consubstantial manner; with identity of substance or nature.

Con•sub•stan´ti•ate ( 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consubstantiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Consubstantiating.] To cause to unite, or to regard as united, in one common substance or nature. [R.] “His soul must be consubstantiated with reason.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•sub•stan´ti•ate, v. i. To profess or belive the doctrine of consubstantion. “The consubstantiating church and priest.
Dryden.”

Con•sub•stan´ti•ate , a. Partaking of the same substance; united; consubstantial. “We must love her [the wife] that is thus consubstantiate with us.
Feltham.”

Con•sub•stan•ti•a´tion ( 106), n. 1. An identity or union of substance. 2. (Theol.) The actual, substantial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper; impanation; — opposed to transubstantiation. This view, held by Luther himself, was called consubstantiation by non Lutheran writers in contradistinction to transsubstantiation, the Catholic view.

Con´sue•tude ( 144), n. [L. consuetudo. See Custom.] Custom, habit; usage. [R.] “To observe this consuetude or law.
Barnes.”

Con•sue•tu´di•nal , a. [LL. consuetudinalis.] According to custom; customary; usual. [R.]

Con•sue•tu´di•na´ry , a. [LL. consuetudinarius.] Customary.

Con•sue•tu´di•na•ry , n.; pl. Consuetudinaries . A manual or ritual of customary devotional exercises.

Con´sul (kon´sul), n. [L., prob. fr. consulere to deliberate. See Consult.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One of the two chief magistrates of the republic. They were chosen annually, originally from the patricians only, but later from the plebeians also. 2. A senator; a counselor. [Obs.] “Many of the consuls, raised and met,
Are at the duke’s already.
Shak.” “With kings and consuls of the earth.
Job. iii. 14 (Douay Ver. )” 3. (Fr. Hist.) One of the three chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804, who were called, respectively, first, second, and third consul. 4. An official commissioned to reside in some foreign country, to care for the commercial interests of the citizens of the appointing government, and to protect its seamen. Consul general, a consul of the first rank, stationed in an important place, or having jurisdiction in several places or over several consuls. — Vice consul, a consular officer holding the place of a consul during the consul’s absence or after he has been relieved.

Con´sul•age , n. (Com.) A duty or tax paid by merchants for the protection of their commerce by means of a consul in a foreign place.

Con´su•lar , a. [L. consularis; cf. F. consulaire.] Of or pertaining to a consul; performing the duties of a consul; as consular power; consular dignity; consular officers.

Con´su•la´ry , a. Consular. [Obs.] Holland.

Con´su•late , n. [L. consulatus: cf. F. consulat.] 1. The office of a consul. Addison. 2. The jurisdiction or residence of a consul. Kent. 3. Consular government; term of office of a consul.

Con´sul•ship , n. 1. The office of a consul; consulate. 2. The term of office of a consul.

Con•sult´ (kon•sult´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consulting.] [L. consultare, fr. consulere to consult: cf. f. consulter. Cf. Counsel.] To seek the opinion or advice of another; to take counsel; to deliberate together; to confer. “Let us consult upon to-morrow’s business.
Shak.” “All the laws of England have been made by the kings England, consulting with the nobility and commons.
Hobbes.”

Con•sult´, v. t. 1. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of; to apply to for information or instruction; to refer to; as to consult a physician; to consult a dictionary. “Men forgot, or feared, to consult nature … ; they were content to consult libraries.
Whewell.” 2. To have reference to, in judging or acting; to have regard to; to consider; as to consult one’s wishes. “We are … to consult the necessities of life, rather than matters of ornament and delight.
L’Estrange.” 3. To deliberate upon; to take for. [Obs.] “Manythings were there consulted for the future, yet nothing was positively resolved.
Clarendon.” 4. To bring about by counsel or contrivance; to devise; to contrive. [Obs.] “Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by cutting off many people.
Hab. ii. 10.”

Con•sult´ (kon•sult´ or kon´sult), n. 1. The act of consulting or deliberating; consultation; also the result of consulation; determination; decision. [Obs.] “The council broke;
And all grave consults dissolved in smoke.
Dryden.” 2. A council; a meeting for consultation. [Obs.] ´A consult of coquettes.´ Swift. 3. Agreement; concert [Obs.] Dryden.

Con•sult´a•ry (kon•sult´a•ry), a. Formed by consultation; resulting from conference. Consultary response (Law), the opinion of a court on a special case. Wharton.

Con•sul•ta´tion , n. [L. consultatio: cf. F. consultation.] 1. The act of consulting or conferring; deliberation of two or more persons on some matter, with a view to a decision. “Thus they doubtful consultations dark
Ended.
Milton.” 2. A council or conference, as of physicians, held to consider a special case, or of lawyers restained in a cause. Writ of consultation (Law), a writ by which a cause, improperly removed by prohibition from one court to another, is returned to the court from which it came; — so called because the judges, on consultation, find the prohibition ill-founded.

Con•sult´a•tive (kon•sult´a•tiv), a. Pertaining to consultation; having the privilege or right of conference. ´A consultative … power.´ Abp. Bramhall.

Con•sult´a•to•ry (kon•sult´a•to•ry), a. Formed by, or resulting from, consultation; advisory. Bancroft.

Con•sult´er (kon•sult´er), n. One who consults, or asks counsel or information.

Con•sult´ing, a. That consults. Consulting physician (Med.), a physician who consults with the attending practitioner regarding any case of disease.

Con•sult´ive (kon•sult´iv), a. Determined by, or pertaining to, consultation; deliberate; consultative. “He that remains in the grace of God sins not by any deliberative, consultive, knowing act.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•sum´a•ble (kon•sum´a•b’l), a. Capable of being consumed; that may be destroyed, dissipated, wasted, or spent. ´Consumable commodities.´ Locke.

Con•sume´ (kon•sum´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consumed (- sumd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Consuming.] [L. consumere to take wholly or completely, to consume; con- + sumere to take; sub + emere to buy. See Redeem.] To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste, or fire; to use up; to expend; to waste; to burn up; to eat up; to devour. “If he were putting to my house the brand
That shall consume it.
Shak.” “Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth consume.
Matt. vi. 20 (Rev. Ver.).” “Let me alone … that I may consume them.
Ex. xxxii. 10.” Syn. — To destroy; swallow up; ingulf; absorb; waste; exhaust; spend; expend; squander; lavish; dissipate.

Con•sume´ (kon•sum´), v. i. To waste away slowly. “Therefore, let Benedick, like covered fire,
Consume away in sighs.
Shak.”

Con•sum´ed•ly , adv. Excessively. [Low] “He’s so consumedly proud of it.
Thackeray.”

Con•sum´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, consumes; as the consumer of food.

Con•sum´ing•ly, adv. In a consuming manner.

Con•sum´mate (-sum´mat), a. [L. consummatus, p. p. or consummare to accomplish, sum up; con- + summa sum. See Sum.] Carried to the utmost extent or degree; of the highest quality; complete; perfect. ´A man of perfect and consummate virtue.´ Addison. “The little band held the post with consummate tenacity.
Motley”

Con´sum•mate (kon´sum•mat or kon•sum´mat; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consummated (-ma•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Consummating (-ma•ting).] To bring to completion; to raise to the highest point or degree; to complete; to finish; to perfect; to achieve. “To consummate this business happily.
Shak.”

Con•sum´mate•ly , adv. In a consummate manner; completely. T. Warton.

Con•sum•ma´tion (kon•sum•ma´shun), n. [L. consummatio.] The act of consummating, or the state of being consummated; completion; perfection; termination; end (as of the world or of life). “´’T is a consummation
Devoutly to be wished.
Shak.” “From its original to its consummation.
Addison.” “Quiet consummation have,
And renowned be thy grave.
Shak.” Consummation of marriage, completion of the connubial relation by actual cohabition.

Con•sum´ma•tive , a. Serving to consummate; completing. ´The final, the consummative procedure of philosophy.´ Sir W. Hamilton.

Con•sump´tion ( 215), n. [L. consumptio: cf. F. consomption.] 1. The act or process of consuming by use, waste, etc.; decay; destruction. “Every new advance of the price to the consumer is a new incentive to him to retrench the quality of his consumption.
Burke.” 2. The state or process of being consumed, wasted, or diminished; waste; diminution; loss; decay. 3. (Med.) A progressive wasting away of the body; esp., that form of wasting, attendant upon pulmonary phthisis and associated with cough, spitting of blood, hectic fever, etc.; pulmonary phthisis; — called also pulmonary consumption. Consumption of the bowels (Med.), inflammation and ulceration of the intestines from tubercular disease. Syn. — Decline; waste; decay. See Decline.

Con•sump´tive , a. [Cf. F. consomptif.] 1. Of or pertaining to consumption; having the quality of consuming, or dissipating; destructive; wasting. “It [prayer] is not consumptive or our time.
Sharp.” “A long consumptive war.
Addison.” 2. (Med.) Affected with, or inclined to, consumption. “The lean, consumptive wench, with coughs decayed.
Dryden.”

Con•sump´tive, n. One affected with consumption; as a resort for consumptives.

Con•sump´tive•ly, adv. In a way tending to or indication consumption. Beddoes.

Con•sump´tive•ness, n. A state of being consumptive, or a tendency to a consumption.

Con•ta•bes´cent , a. [L. contabescenc, p. pr. of contabescere.] Wasting away gradually. Darwin. — Con•ta•bes´cence (#), n.

Con´tact (kon´takt), n. [L. contactus, fr. contingere, -tactum, to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] 1. A close union or junction of bodies; a touching or meeting. 2. (Geom.) The property of two curves, or surfaces, which meet, and at the point of meeting have a common direction. 3. (Mining) The plane between two adjacent bodies of dissimilar rock. Raymond. Contact level, a delicate level so pivoted as to tilt when two parts of a measuring apparatus come into contact with each other; — used in precise determinations of lengths and in the accurate graduation of instruments.

Con•tac´tion (-tak´shun), n. Act of touching. [Obs.]

Con•ta´gion (-ta´jun), n. [L. contagio: cf. F. contagion. See Contact.] 1. (Med.) The transmission of a disease from one person to another, by direct or indirect contact. The term has been applied by some to the action of miasmata arising from dead animal or vegetable matter, bogs, fens, etc., but in this sense it is now abandoned. Dunglison. “And will he steal out of his wholesome bed
To dare the vile contagion of the night?
Shak.” 2. That which serves as a medium or agency to transmit disease; a virus produced by, or exhalation proceeding from, a diseased person, and capable of reproducing the disease. 3. The act or means of communicating any influence to the mind or heart; as the contagion of enthusiasm. ´The contagion of example.´ Eikon Basilike. “When lust …
Lets in defilement to the inward parts,
The soul grows clotted by contagion.
Milton.” 4. Venom; poison. [Obs.] ´I’ll touch my point with this contagion.´ Shak. Syn. — See Infection.

Con•ta´gioned , a. Affected by contagion.

Con•ta´gion•ist, n. One who believes in the contagious character of certain diseases, as of yellow fever.

Con•ta´gious , a. [L. contagiosus: cf. F. contagieux.] 1. (Med.) Communicable by contact, by a virus, or by a bodily exhalation; catching; as a contagious disease. 2. Conveying or generating disease; pestilential; poisonous; as contagious air. 3. Spreading or communicable from one to another; exciting similar emotions or conduct in others. “His genius rendered his courage more contagious.
Wirt.” “The spirit of imitation is contagious.
Ames.” Syn. — Contagious, Infectious. These words have been used in very diverse senses; but, in general, a contagious disease has been considered as one which is caught from another by contact, by the breath, by bodily effluvia, etc.; while an infectious disease supposes some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, like the miasma of prison ships, of marshes, etc., infecting the system with disease. ´This distinction, though not universally admitted by medical men, as to the literal meaning of the words, certainly applies to them in their figurative use. Thus we speak of the contagious influence of evil associates; their contagion of bad example, the contagion of fear, etc., when we refer to transmission by proximity or contact. On the other hand, we speak of infection by bad principles, etc., when we consider anything as diffused by some hidden influence.

Con•ta´gious•ly, adv. In a contagious manner.

Con•ta´gious•ness, n. Quality of being contagious.

Con•ta´gi•um , n. [L.] Contagion; contagious matter. ´Contagium of measles.´ Tyndall.

Con•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contained p. pr. & vb. n. Containing.] [OE. contenen, conteinen, F. contenir, fr. L. continere, -tentum; con- + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Countenance.] 1. To hold within fixed limits; to comprise; to include; to inclose; to hold. “Behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens can not contain thee; how much less this house!
2 Chron. vi. 18.” “When that this body did contain a spirit.
Shak.” “What thy stores contain bring forth.
Milton.” 2. To have capacity for; to be able to hold; to hold; to be equivalent to; as a bushel contains four pecks. 3. To put constraint upon; to restrain; to confine; to keep within bounds. [Obs., exept as used reflexively.] “The king’s person contains the unruly people from evil occasions.
Spenser.” “Fear not, my lord: we can contain ourselves.
Shak.”

Con•tain´, v. i. To restrain desire; to live in continence or chastity. “But if they can not contain, let them marry.
1 Cor. vii. 9.”

Con•tain´a•ble , a. Capable of being contained or comprised. Boyle.

Con•tain´ant , n. A container.

Con•tain´er , n. One who, or that which, contains.

Con•tain´ment , n. That which is contained; the extent; the substance. [Obs.] “The containment of a rich man’s estate.
Fuller.”

Con•tam´i•na•ble (kon•tam´i•na•b’l), a. Capable of being contaminated.

Con•tam´i•nate (kon•tam´i•nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contaminated p. pr. & vb. n. Contaminating ] [L. contaminatus, p. p. of contaminare to bring into contact, to contaminate, fr. contamen contagion, for contagmen; con- + root of tangere to touch. See Contact.] To soil, stain, or corrupt by contact; to tarnish; to sully; to taint; to pollute; to defile. “Shall we now
Contaminate our figures with base bribes?
Shak.” “I would neither have simplicity imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated.
Goldsmith.” Syn. — To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish; soil; stain; corrupt.

Con•tam´i•nate (-nat), a. Contaminated; defiled; polluted; tainted. ´Contaminate drink.´ Daniel.

Con•tam•i•na´tion (kon•tam•i•na´shun), n. [L. contaminatio.] The act or process of contaminating; pollution; defilement; taint; also that which contaminates.

Con•tam´i•tive (kon•tam´i•na•tiv), a. Tending or liable to contaminate.

Con•tan´go (kon•tan´go), n.; pl. Contangoes (#). [Prob. a corruption of contingent.] 1. (Stock Exchange) The premium or interest paid by the buyer to the seller, to be allowed to defer paying for the stock purchased until the next fortnightly settlement day. [Eng.] 2. (Law) The postponement of payment by the buyer of stock on the payment of a premium to the seller. See Backwardation. N. Biddle.

Con•tec´tion (-tek´shun), n. [L. contegere, -tectum, to cover up.] A covering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con´tek (kon´tek), n. [OE. conteck, conteke, contake, perh. a corruption either of contact or contest.] 1. Quarrel; contention; contest. [Obs.] “Contek with bloody knife.
Chaucer.” 2. Contumely; reproach. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Con•temn´ (kon•tem´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contemned (- temd); p. pr. & vb. n. Contemning (-tem´ning or -tem´ing).] [L. contemnere, -temptum; con- + temnere to slight, despise: cf. OF. contemner.] To view or treat with contempt, as mean and despicable; to reject with disdain; to despise; to scorn. “Thy pompous delicacies I contemn.
Milton.” “One who contemned divine and human laws.
Dryden.” Syn. — To despise; scorn; disdain; spurn; slight; neglect; underrate; overlook. — To Contemn, Despise, Scorn, Disdain. Contemn is the generic term, and is applied especially to objects, qualities, etc., which are deemed contemptible, and but rarely to individuals; to despise is to regard or treat as mean, unbecoming, or worthless; to scorn is stronger, expressing a quick, indignant contempt; disdain is still stronger, denoting either unwarrantable pride and haughtiness or an abhorrence of what is base.

Con•tem´ner (kon•tem´ner or -tem´er), n. One who contemns; a despiser; a scorner. ´Contemners of the gods.´ South.

Con•tem´ning•ly, adv. Contemptuously. [R.]

Con•tem´per (kon•tem´per), v. t. [L. contemperare, - temperatum; con- + temperare to temper. Cf. Contemperate.] To modify or temper; to allay; to qualify; to moderate; to soften. [Obs.] “The antidotes … have allayed its bitterness and contempered its malignancy.
Johnson.”

Con•tem´per•ate (kon•tem´per•at), v. t. [See Contemper.] To temper; to moderate. [Obs.] “Moisten and contemperate the air.
Sir T. Browne.”

Con•tem•per•a´tion (-a´shun), n. 1. The act of tempering or moderating. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Proportionate mixture or combination. ´Contemperation of light and shade.´ Boyle.

Con•tem´per•a•ture (- tem´per•a•tur; 135), n. The condition of being tempered; proportionate mixture; temperature. [Obs.] “The different contemperature of the elements.
South.”

Con•tem´plance , n. Contemplation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con•tem´plant , a. [L. contemplans, p. pr.] Given to contemplation; meditative. [R.] Coleridge.

Con´tem•plate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contemplated (# or #); p. pr. & vb. n. Contemplating.] [L. contemplatus, p. p. of contemplari to contemplate; con- + templum a space for observation marked out by the augur. See Temple.] 1. To look at on all sides or in all its bearings; to view or consider with continued attention; to regard with deliberate care; to meditate on; to study. “To love, at least contemplate and admire,
What I see excellent.
Milton.” “We thus dilate
Our spirits to the size of that they contemplate.
Byron.” 2. To consider or have in view, as contingent or probable; to look forward to; to purpose; to intend. “There remain some particulars to complete the information contemplated by those resolutions.
A. Hamilton.” “If a treaty contains any stipulations which contemplate a state of future war.
Kent.” Syn. — To view; behold; study; ponder; muse; meditate on; reflect on; consider; intend; design; plan; propose; purpose. See Meditate.

Con´tem•plate, v. i. To consider or think studiously; to ponder; to reflect; to muse; to meditate. “So many hours must I contemplate.
Shak.”

Con•tem•pla´tion , n. [F. contemplation, L. contemplatio.] 1. The act of the mind in considering with attention; continued attention of the mind to a particular subject; meditation; musing; study. “In contemplation of created things,
By steps we may ascend to God.
Milton.” “Contemplation is keeping the idea which is brought into the mind for some time actually in view.
Locke.” 2. Holy meditation. [Obs.] “To live in prayer and contemplation.
Shak.” 3. The act of looking forward to an event as about to happen; expectation; the act of intending or purposing. “In contemplation of returning at an early date, he left.
Reid.” To have in contemplation, to inted or purpose, or to have under consideration.

Con•tem´pla•tist , n. A contemplator. [R.] I. Taylor.

Con•tem´pla•tive , a. [F. contemplatif, L. contemplativus.] 1. Pertaining to contemplation; addicted to, or employed in, contemplation; meditative. “Fixed and contemplative their looks.
Denham.” 2. Having the power of contemplation; as contemplative faculties. Ray.

Con•tem´pla•tive, n. (R. C. Ch.) A religious or either sex devoted to prayer and meditation, rather than to active works of charity.

Con•tem´pla•tive•ly, adv. With contemplation; in a contemplative manner.

Con•tem´pla•tive•ness, n. The state of being contemplative; thoughtfulness.

Con´tem•pla•tor ( 277), n. [L.] One who contemplates. Sir T. Browne.

Con•tem•po•ra•ne´i•ty , n. The state of being contemporaneous. “The lines of contemporaneity in the oölitic system.
J. Philips.”

Con•tem•po•ra´ne•ous , a. [L. contemporaneus; con- + tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.] Living, existing, or occurring at the same time; contemporary. “The great age of Jewish philosophy, that of Aben Esra, Maimonides, and Kimchi, had been contemporaneous with the later Spanish school of Arabic philosophy.
Milman” — Con•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ness, n.

Con•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ly, adv. At the same time with some other event.

Con•tem´po•ra•ri•ness , n. Existence at the same time; contemporaneousness. Howell.

Con•tem´po•ra•ry , a. [Pref. con- + L. temporarius of belonging to time, tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.] 1. Living, occuring, or existing, at the same time; done in, or belonging to, the same times; contemporaneous. “This king [Henry VIII.] was contemporary with the greatest monarchs of Europe.
Strype.” 2. Of the same age; coeval. “A grove born with himself he sees,
And loves his old contemporary trees.
Cowley.”

Con•tem´po•ra•ry, n.; pl. Contemporaries . One who lives at the same time with another; as Petrarch and Chaucer were contemporaries.

Con•tempt´ ( 215), n. [L. contemptus, fr. contemnere: cf. OF. contempt. See Contemn.] 1. The act of contemning or despising; the feeling with which one regards that which is esteemed mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn. “Criminal contempt of public feeling.
Macaulay.” “Nothing, says Longinus, can be great, the contempt of which is great.
Addison.” 2. The state of being despised; disgrace; shame. “Contempt and begarry hangs upon thy back.
Shak.” 3. An act or expression denoting contempt. “Little insults and contempts.
Spectator.” “The contempt and anger of his lip.
Shak.” 4. (Law) Disobedience of the rules, orders, or process of a court of justice, or of rules or orders of a legislative body; disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent language or behavior in presence of a court, tending to disturb its proceedings, or impair the respect due to its authority. Contempt is in some jurisdictions extended so as to include publications reflecting injuriously on a court of justice, or commenting unfairly on pending proceedings; in other jurisdictions the courts are prohibited by statute or by the constitution from thus exercising this process. Syn. — Disdain; scorn; derision; mockery; contumely; neglect; disregard; slight.

Con•tempt•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being contemptible; contemptibleness. Speed.

Con•tempt´i•ble , a. 1. Worthy of contempt; deserving of scorn or disdain; mean; vile; despicable. Milton. “The arguments of tyranny are ascontemptible as its force is dreadful.
Burke.” 2. Despised; scorned; neglected; abject. Locke. 3. Insolent; scornful; contemptuous. [Obs.] “If she should make tender of her love, ’t is very possible he ’ll scorn it; for the man … hath a contemptible spirit.
Shak.” Syn. — Despicable; abject; vile; mean; base; paltry; worthless; sorry; pitiful; scurrile. See Contemptuous. — Contemptible, Despicable, Pitiful, Paltry. Despicable is stronger than contemptible, as despise is stronger than contemn. It implies keen disapprobation, with a mixture of anger. A man is despicable chiefly for low actions which mark his life, such as servility, baseness, or mean adulation. A man is contemptible for mean qualities which distinguish his character, especially those which show him to be weak, foolish, or worthless. Treachery is despicable, egotism is contemptible. Pitiful and paltry are applied to cases which are beneath anger, and are simply contemptible in a high degree.

Con•tempt´i•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being contemptible, or of being despised.

Con•tempt´i•bly, adv. In a contemptible manner.

Con•temp´tu•ous ( 135), a. Manifesting or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful; haughty; insolent; disdainful. “A proud, contemptuous behavior.
Hammond.” “Savage invective and contemptuous sarcasm.
Macaulay.” “Rome … entertained the most contemptuous opinion of the Jews.
Atterbury.” Syn. — Scornful; insolent; haughty; disdainful; supercilious; insulting; contumelious. — Contemptuous, Contemptible. These words, from their similarity of sound, are sometimes erroneously interchanged, as when a person speaks of having ´a very contemptible opinion of another.´ Contemptible is applied to that which is the object of contempt; as contemptible conduct; acontemptible fellow. Contemptuous is applied to that which indicates contempt; as a contemptuous look; a contemptuous remark; contemptuous treatment. A person, or whatever is personal, as an action, an expression, a feeling, an opinion, may be either contemptuous or contemptible; a thing may be contemptible, but can not be contemptuous.

Con•temp´tu•ous•ly, adv. In a contemptuous manner; with scorn or disdain; despitefully. “The apostles and most eminent Christians were poor, and used contemptuously.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•temp´tu•ous•ness, n. Disposition to or manifestion of contempt; insolence; haughtiness.

Con•tend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Contended; p. pr. & vb. n. Contending.] [OF. contendre, L. contendere, -tentum; con- + tendere to strech. See Tend.] 1. To strive in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight. “For never two such kingdoms did contend
Without much fall of blood.
Shak.” “The Lord said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle.
Deut. ii. 9.” “In ambitious strength I did
Contend against thy valor.
Shak.” 2. To struggle or exert one’s self to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend. “You sit above, and see vain men below
Contend for what you only can bestow.
Dryden.” 3. To strive in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue. “The question which our author would contend for.
Locke.” “Many things he fiercely contended about were trivial.
Dr. H. More.” Syn. — To struggle; fight; combat; vie; strive; oppose; emulate; contest; litigate; dispute; debate.

Con•tend´, v. t. To struggle for; to contest. [R.] “Carthage shall contend the world with Rome.Dryden.”

Con•tend´ent , n. [L. contendens, p. pr.] An antagonist; a contestant. [Obs.] “In all notable changes and revolutions the contendents have been still made a prey to the third party.
L’Estrange.”

Con•tend´er , n. One who contends; a contestant.

Con•tend´ress , n. A female contestant. [R.]

Con•ten´e•ment (kon•ten´e•ment), n. [Pref. con- + tenement.] (Law) That which is held together with another thing; that which is connected with a tenement, or thing holden, as a certain quantity of land adjacent to a dwelling, and necessary to the reputable enjoyment of the dwelling; appurtenance. Burrill.

Con•tent´ (kon•tent´), a. [F. content, fr. L. contentus, p. p. of contenire to hold together, restrain. See Contain.] Contained within limits; hence, having the desires limited by that which one has; not disposed to repine or grumble; satisfied; contented; at rest. “Having food and rai ment, let us be therewith content.
1 Tim. vi. 8.”

Con´tent (kon´tent or kon•tent´; 277), n.; usually in pl., Contents. 1. That which is contained; the thing or things held by a receptacle or included within specified limits; as the contents of a cask or bale or of a room; the contents of a book. “I shall prove these writings … authentic, and the contents true, and worthy of a divine original.
Grew.” 2. Power of containing; capacity; extent; size. [Obs.] “Strong ship’s, of great content.
Bacon.” 3. (Geom.) Area or quantity of space or matter contained within certain limits; as solid contents; superficial contents. “The geometrical content, figure, and situation of all the lands of a kingdom.
Graunt.” Table of contents, or Contents, a table or list of topics in a book, showing their order and the place where they may be found: a summary.

Con•tent´ , v. t. [F. contenter, LL. contentare, fr. L. contentus, p. p. See Content, a.] 1. To satisfy the desires of; to make easy in any situation; to appease or quiet; to gratify; to please. “Do not content yourselves with obscure and confused ideas where clearer are to be attained.
I. Watts.” “Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them.
Mark xv. 15.” 2. To satisfy the expectations of; to pay; to requite. “Come the next Sabbath, and I will content you.
Shak.” Syn. — To satisfy; appease; please. See Satiate.

Con•tent´, n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one’s present condition; freedom from discontent; satisfaction; contentment; moderate happiness. “Such is the fullness of my heart’s content.
Shak.” 2. Acquiescence without examination. [Obs.] “The sense they humbly take upon content.
Pope.” 3. That which contents or satisfies; that which if attained would make one happy. “So will I in England work your grace’s full content.
Shak.” 4. (Eng. House of Lords) An expression of assent to a bill or motion; an affirmative vote; also a member who votes ´Content.´. “Supposing the number of ´Contents´ and ´Not contents´ strictly equal in number and consequence.
Burke.”

Con•ten•ta´tion , n. [LL. contentatio.] Content; satisfaction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•tent´ed , a. Content; easy in mind; satisfied; quiet; willing. — Con•tent´ed•ly, adv. — Con•tent´ed•ness, n.

Con•tent´ful , a. Full of content. [Obs.] Barrow.

Con•ten´tion , n. [F. contention, L. contentio. See Contend.] 1. A violent effort or struggle to obtain, or to resist, something; contest; strife. “I would my arms could match thee in contention.
Shak.” 2. Strife in words; controversy; altercation; quarrel; dispute; as a bone of contention. “Contentions and strivings about the law.
Titus iii. 9.” 3. Vehemence of endeavor; eagerness; ardor; zeal. “An end … worthy our utmost contention to obtain.
Rogers.” 4. A point maintained in an argument, or a line of argument taken in its support; the subject matter of discussion or strife; a position taken or contended for. “All men seem agreed what is to be done; the contention is how the subject is to be divided and defined.
Bagehot.” “This was my original contention, and I still maintain that you should abide by your former decision.
Jowett.” Syn. — Struggle; strife; contest; quarrel; combat; conflict; feud; litigation; controversy; dissension; variance; disagreement; debate; competition; emulation. — Contention, Strife. A struggle between two parties is the idea common to these two words. Strife is a struggle for mastery; contention is a struggle for the possession of some desired object, or the accomplishment of some favorite end. Neither of the words is necessarily used in a bad sense, since there may be a generous strife or contention between two friends as to which shall incur danger or submit to sacrifices. Ordinarily, however, these words denote a struggle arising from bad passions. In that case, strife usually springs from a quarrelsome temper, and contention from, a selfish spirit which seeks its own aggrandizement, or is fearful lest others should obtain too much. Strife has more reference to the manner than to the object of a struggle, while contention takes more account of the end to be gained.

Con•ten´tious , a. [L. contentiosus: cf. F. contentieux.] 1. Fond of contention; given to angry debate; provoking dispute or contention; quarrelsome. “Despotic and contentious temper.
Macaulay.” 2. Relating to contention or strife; involving or characterized by contention. Spenser. “More cheerful, though not less contentious, regions.
Brougham.” 3. (Law) Contested; litigated; litigious; having power to decide controversy. Contentious jurisdiction (Eng. Eccl. Law), jurisdiction over matters in controversy between parties, in contradistinction to voluntary jurisdiction, or that exercised upon matters not opposed or controverted. Syn. — Quarrelsome; pugnacious; dissentious; wrangling; litigious; perverse; peevish. — Con•ten´tious•ly, adv. — Con•ten´tious•ness, n.

Con•tent´less , a. [Content + -less.] Discontented; dissatisfied. [R.] Shak.

Con•tent´ly, adv. In a contented manner. [Obs.]

Con•tent´ment (kon•tent´ment), n. [Cf. F. contentement. See Content, v. t.] 1. The state of being contented or satisfied; content. “Contentment without external honor is humility.
Grew.” “Godliness with contentment is great gain.
1 Tim. vi. 6.” 2. The act or process of contenting or satisfying; as the contentment of avarice is impossible. 3. Gratification; pleasure; satisfaction. [Obs.] “At Paris the prince spent one whole day to give his mind some contentment in viewing of a famous city.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•tents (? or 277), n. pl. See Content, n.

Con•ter´mi•na•ble , a. Having the same bounds; terminating at the same time or place; conterminous. “Love and life not conterminable.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•ter´mi•nal , a. [LL. conterminalis.] Conterminous.

Con•ter´mi•nant , a. Having the same limits; ending at the same time; conterminous. Lamb.

Con•ter´mi•nate , a. [L. conterminare to border upon, fr. conterminus conterminous; con- + terminus border.] Having the same bounds; conterminous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Con•ter´mi•nous , a. [L. conterminus. Cf. Conterminous.] Having the same bounds, or limits; bordering upon; contiguous. “This conformed so many of them as were conterminous to the colonies and garrisons, to the Roman laws.
Sir M. Hale.” { Con•ter•ra´ne•an , Con•ter•ra´ne•ous } a. [L. conterraneus; con- + terra country.] Of or belonging to the same country. Howell.

Con•tes•ser•a´tion , n. [L. contesseratio, from contesserare to contract friendship by means of the tesserae (friendship tokens).] An assemblage; a collection; harmonious union. [Obs.] “That person of his [George Herbert], which afforded so unusual a contesseration of elegancies.
Oley.”

Con•test´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contested; p. pr. & vb. n. Contesting.] [F. contester, fr. L. contestari to call to witness, contestari litem to introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses, to bring an action; con- + testari to be a witness, testic witness. See Testify.] 1. To make a subject of dispute, contention, litigation, or emulation; to contend for; to call in question; to controvert; to oppose; to dispute. “The people … contested not what was done.
Locke.” “Few philosophical aphorisms have been more frequenty repeated, few more contested than this.
J. D. Morell.” 2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain; to struggle to defend; as the troops contested every inch of ground. 3. (Law) To make a subject of litigation; to defend, as a suit; to dispute or resist; as a claim, by course of law; to controvert. To contest an election. (Polit.) (a) To strive to be elected. (b) To dispute the declared result of an election. Syn. — To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; argue; contend.

Con•test´, v. i. To engage in contention, or emulation; to contend; to strive; to vie; to emulate; — followed usually by with. “The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure of contesting with it, when there are hopes of victory.
Bp. Burnet.” “Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest?
Pope.”

Con´test , n. 1. Earnest dispute; strife in argument; controversy; debate; altercation. “Leave all noisy contests, all immodest clamors and brawling language.
I. Watts.” 2. Earnest struggle for superiority, victory, defense, etc.; competition; emulation; strife in arms; conflict; combat; encounter. “The late battle had, in effect, been a contest between one usurper and another.
Hallam.” “It was fully expected that the contest there would be long and fierce.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Conflict; combat; battle; encounter; shock; struggle; dispute; altercation; debate; controvesy; difference; disagreement; strife. — Contest, Conflict, Combat, Encounter. Contest is the broadest term, and had originally no reference to actual fighting. It was on the contrary, a legal term signifying to call witnesses, and hence came to denote first a struggle in argument, and then a struggle for some common object between opposing parties, usually one of considerable duration, and implying successive stages or acts. Conflict denotes literally a close personal engagement, in which sense it is applied to actual fighting. It is, however, more commonly used in a figurative sense to denote strenuous or direct opposition; as a mental conflict; conflicting interests or passions; a conflict of laws. An encounter is a direct meeting face to face. Usually it is a hostile meeting, and is then very nearly coincident with conflict; as an encounter of opposing hosts. Sometimes it is used in a looser sense; as ´this keen encounter of our wits.´ Shak. Combat is commonly applied to actual fighting, but may be used figuratively in reference to a strife or words or a struggle of feeling.

Con•test´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. contestable.] Capable of being contested; debatable.

Con•test´ant , n. [Cf. F. contestant.] One who contests; an opponent; a litigant; a disputant; one who claims that which has been awarded to another.

Con•tes•ta´tion , n. [L. contestatio testimony: cf. F. contestation a contesting.] 1. The act of contesting; emulation; rivalry; strife; dispute. ´Loverlike contestation.´ Milton. “After years spent in domestic, unsociable contestations, she found means to withdraw.
Clarendon.” 2. Proof by witness; attestation; testimony. [Obs.] “A solemn contestation ratified on the part of God.
Barrow.”

Con•test´ing•ly , adv. In a contending manner.

Con•tex , v. t. To context. [Obs.] Boyle.

Con•text´ , a. [L. contextus, p. p. of contexere to weave, to unite; con- + texere to weave. See Text.] Knit or woven together; close; firm. [Obs.] “The coats, without, are context and callous.
Derham.”

Con´text , n. [L. contextus; cf. F. contexte .] The part or parts of something written or printed, as of Scripture, which precede or follow a text or quoted sentence, or are so intimately associated with it as to throw light upon its meaning. “According to all the light that the contexts afford.
Sharp.”

Con•text´ , v. t. To knit or bind together; to unite closely. [Obs.] Feltham. “The whole world’s frame, which is contexted only by commerce and contracts.
R. Junius.”

Con•tex´tur•al ( 135), a. Pertaining to contexture or arrangement of parts; producing contexture; interwoven. Dr. John Smith (1666).

Con•tex´ture ( 135), n. [Cf. F. contexture.] The arrangement and union of the constituent parts of a thing; a weaving together of parts; structural character of a thing; system; constitution; texture. “That wonderful contexture of all created beings.
Dryden.” “He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•tex´tured ( 135), a. Formed into texture; woven together; arranged; composed. [R.] Carlyle.

Con´ti•cent , a. [L. conticens, p. pr. of conticere; con- + tacere to be silent.] Silent. [R.] ´The guests sit conticent.´ Thackeray.

Con•tig•na´tion , n. [L. contignatio, fr. contignare to join with beams; con- + tignum beam.] 1. The act or process of framing together, or uniting, as beams in a fabric. Burke. 2. A framework or fabric, as of beams. Sir H. Wotton.

Con•tig´u•ate , a. [LL. contiguatus.] Contiguous; touching. [Obs.] Holland.

Con•ti•gu´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. contiguite, LL. contiguitas.] The state of being contiguous; intimate association; nearness; proximity. “The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes.
T. Warton.”

Con•tig´u•ous , a. [L. contiguus; akin to contigere to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] In actual contact; touching; also adjacent; near; neighboring; adjoining. “The two halves of the paper did not appear fully divided … but seemed contiguous at one of their angles.
Sir I. Newton.” “Sees no contiguous palace rear its head.
Goldsmith.” Contiguous angles. See Adjacent angles, under Angle. Syn. — Adjoining; adjacent. See Adjacent. — Con•tig´u•ous•ly, adv. — Con•tig´u•ous•ness, n. { Con´ti•nence , Con´ti•nen•cy }, n. [F. continence, L. continentia. See Continent, and cf. Countenance.] 1. Self-restraint; self-command. “He knew what to say; he knew also when to leave off, — a continence which is practiced by few writers.
Dryden.” 2. The restraint which a person imposes upon his desires and passions; the act or power of refraining from indulgence of the sexual appetite, esp. from unlawful indulgence; sometimes, moderation in sexual indulgence. “If they [the unmarried and widows] have not continency, let them marry.
1 Cor. vii. 9 (Rev. Ver. ).” “Chastity is either abstinence or continence: abstinence is that of virgins or widows; continence, that of married persons.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Uninterrupted course; continuity. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Con´ti•nent , a. [L. continens, -entis, prop., p. pr. of continere to hold together, to repress: cf. F. continent. See Contain.] 1. Serving to restrain or limit; restraining; opposing. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Exercising restraint as to the indulgence of desires or passions; temperate; moderate. “Have a continent forbearance till the speed of his rage goes slower.
Shak.” 3. Abstaining from sexual intercourse; exercising restraint upon the sexual appetite; esp., abstaining from illicit sexual intercourse; chaste. “My past life” “Hath been as continent, as chaste, as true,” “As I am now unhappy.
Shak.” 4. Not interrupted; connected; continuous; as a continent fever. [Obs.] “The northeast part of Asia is, if not continent with the west side of America, yet certainly it is the least disoined by sea of all that coast.
Berrewood.”

Con´ti•nent, n. [L. continens, prop., a holding together: cf. F. continent. See Continent, a.] 1. That which contains anything; a receptacle. [Obs.] “The smaller continent which we call a pipkin.
Bp. Kennet.” 2. One of the grand divisions of land on the globe; the main land; specifically (Phys. Geog.), a large body of land differing from an island, not merely in its size, but in its structure, which is that of a large basin bordered by mountain chains; as the continent of North America. The continents are now usually regarded as six in number: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. But other large bodies of land are also reffered to as continents; as the Antarctic continent; the continent of Greenland. Europe, Asia, and Africa are often grouped together as the Eastern Continent, and North and South America as the Western Continent. The Continent, the main land of Europe, as distinguished from the islands, especially from England.

Con•ti•nen´tal , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a continent. 2. Of or pertaining to the main land of Europe, in distinction from the adjacent islands, especially England; as a continental tour; a continental coalition. Macaulay. “No former king had involved himself so frequently in the labyrinth of continental alliances.
Hallam.” 3. (Amer. Hist.) Of or pertaining to the confederated colonies collectively, in the time of the Revolutionary War; as Continental money. “The army before Boston was designated as the Continental army, in contradistinction to that under General Gage, which was called the ´Ministerial army.´
W. Irving.” Continental Congress. See under Congress. — Continental system (Hist.), the blockade of Great Britain ordered by Napoleon by the decree of Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806; the object being to strike a blow at the maritime and commercial supremacy of Great Britain, by cutting her off from all intercourse with the continent of Europe.

Con•ti•nen´tal , n. (Amer. Hist.) A soldier in the Continental army, or a piece of the Continental currency. See Continental, a., 3.

Con´ti•nent•ly , adv. In a continent manner; chastely; moderately; temperately.

Con•tin´gence , n. See Contingency.

Con•tin´gen•cy , n.; pl. Contingencies (#). [Cf. F. contingence.] 1. Union or connection; the state of touching or contact. ´Point of contingency.´ J. Gregory. 2. The quality or state of being contingent or casual; the possibility of coming to pass. “Aristotle says we are not to build certain rules on the contingency of human actions.
South.” 3. An event which may or may not occur; that which is possible or probable; a fortuitous event; a chance. “The remarkable position of the queen rendering her death a most important contingency.
Hallam.” 4. An adjunct or accessory. Wordsworth. 5. (Law) A certain possible event that may or may not happen, by which, when happening, some particular title may be affected. Syn. — Casualty; accident; chance.

Con•tin´gent , a. [L. contingens, -entis, p. pr. of contingere to touch on all sides, to happen; con- + tangere to touch: cf. F. contingent. See Tangent, Tact.] 1. Possible, or liable, but not certain, to occur; incidental; casual. “Weighing so much actual crime against so much contingent advantage.
Burke.” 2. Dependent on that which is undetermined or unknown; as the success of his undertaking is contingent upon events which he can not control. ´Uncertain and contingent causes.´ Tillotson. 3. (Law) Dependent for effect on something that may or may not occur; as a contingent estate. “If a contingent legacy be left to any one when he attains, or if he attains, the age of twenty-one.
Blackstone.”

Con•tin´gent, n. 1. An event which may or may not happen; that which is unforeseen, undetermined, or dependent on something future; a contingency. “His understanding could almost pierce into future contingents.
South.” 2. That which falls to one in a division or apportionment among a number; a suitable share; proportion; esp., a quota of troops. “From the Alps to the border of Flanders, contingents were required … 200,000 men were in arms.
Milman.”

Con•tin´gent•ly, adv. In a contingent manner; without design or foresight; accidentally.

Con•tin´gent•ness, n. The state of being contingent; fortuitousness.

Con•tin´u•a•ble , a. Capable of being continued [R.]

Con•tin´u•al , a. [OE. continuel, F. continuel. See Continue.] 1. Proceeding without interruption or cesstaion; continuous; unceasing; lasting; abiding. “He that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast.
Prov. xv. 15.” 2. Occuring in steady and rapid succession; very frequent; often repeated. “The eye is deligh by a continental succession of small landscapes.
W. Irwing.” Continual proportionals (Math.), quantities in continued proportion. Brande & C. Syn. — Constant; prepetual; incessant; unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; continuous. See Constant, and Continuous.

Con•tin´u•al•ly, adv. 1. Without cessation; unceasingly; continuously; as the current flows continually. “Why do not all animals continually increase in bigness?
Bentley.” 2. In regular or repeated succession; very often. “Thou shalt eat bread at my table continually.
2 Sam. ix. 7.”

Con•tin´u•ance , n. [OF. continuance.] 1. A holding on, or remaining in a particular state; permanence, as of condition, habits, abode, etc.; perseverance; constancy; duration; stay. “Great plagues, and of long continuance.
Deut. xxviii. 59.” “Patient continuance in well-doing.
Rom. ii. 7.” 2. Uninterrupted succession; continuation; constant renewal; perpetuation; propagation. “The brute immediately regards his own preservation or the continuance of his species.
Addison.” 3. A holding together; continuity. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Law) (a) The adjournment of the proceedings in a cause from one day, or from one stated term of a court, to another. (b) The entry of such adjournment and the grounds thereof on the record.

Con•tin´u•ant , a. Continuing; prolonged; sustained; as a continuant sound. — n. A continuant sound; a letter whose sound may be prolonged.

Con•tin´u•ate , a. [L. continuatus, p. p. See Continue.] 1. Immediately united together; intimately connected. [R.] “We are of Him and in Him, even as though our very flesh and bones should be made continuate with his.
Hooker.” 2. Uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; continued. “An untirable and continuate goodness.
Shak.”

Con•tin•u•a´tion , n. [L. continuatio: cf. F. connuation.] 1. That act or state of continuing; the state of being continued; uninterrupted extension or succession; prolongation; propagation. “Preventing the continuation of the royal line.
Macaulay.” 2. That which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on; as the continuation of a story. “My continuation of the version of Statius.
Pope.”

Con•tin´u•a•tive , n. [Cf. F. continuatif.] 1. (Logic) A term or expression denoting continuance. [R.] “To these may be added continuatives; as Rome remains to this day; which includes, at least, two propositions, viz., Rome was and Rome is.
I. Watts.” 2. (Gram.) A word that continues the connection of sentences or subjects; a connective; a conjunction. “Continuatives … consolidate sentences into one continuous whole.
Harris.”

Con•tin´u•a•tor , n. [Cf. F. continuateur.] One who, or that which, continues; esp., one who continues a series or a work; a continuer. Sir T. Browne.

Con•tin´ue , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Continued p. pr. & vb. n. Continuing.] [F. continuer, L. continuare, -tinuatum, to connect, continue, fr. continuus. See Continuous, and cf. Continuate.] 1. To remain in a given place or condition; to remain in connection with; to abide; to stay. “Here to continue, and build up here
A growing empire.
Milton.” “They continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat.
Matt. xv. 32.” 2. To be permanent or durable; to endure; to last. “But now thy kingdom shall not continue.
1 Sam. xiii. 14.” 3. To be steadfast or constant in any course; to persevere; to abide; to endure; to persist; to keep up or maintain a particular condition, course, or series of actions; as the army continued to advance. “If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed.
John viii. 31.” Syn. — To persevere; persist. See Persevere.

Con•tin´ue, v. t. 1. To unite; to connect. [Obs.] “the use of the navel is to continue the infant unto the mother.
Sir T. browne.” 2. To protract or extend in duration; to preserve or persist in; to cease not. “O continue thy loving kindness unto them that know thee.
Ps. xxxvi. 10.” “You know how to make yourself happy by only continuing such a life as you have been long accustomed to lead.
Pope.” 3. To carry onward or extend; to prolong or produce; to add to or draw out in length. “A bridge of wond’rous length,
From hell continued, reaching th’ utmost orb
of this frail world.
Milton.” 4. To retain; to suffer or cause to remain; as the trustees were continued; also to suffer to live. “And how shall we continue Claudio.
Shak.”

Con•tin´ued , p. p. & a. Having extension of time, space, order of events, exertion of energy, etc.; extended; protracted; uninterrupted; also resumed after interruption; extending through a succession of issues, session, etc.; as a continued story. ´Continued woe.´ Jenyns. ´Continued succession.´ Locke. Continued bass (Mus.), a bass continued through an entire piece of music, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures beneath the bass; the same as thorough bass or figured bass; basso continuo. [It.] — Continued fever (Med.), a fever which presents no interruption in its course. — Continued fraction (Math.), a fraction whose numerator is 1, and whose denominator is a whole number plus a fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a whole number, plus a fraction, and so on. — Continued proportion (Math.), a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in which the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of the following one; as 4 : 8 : 8 : 16 :: 16 : 32.

Con•tin´u•ed•ly (? or ), adv. Continuously.

Con•tin´u•er , n. One who continues; one who has the power of perseverance or persistence. ´Indulgent continuers in sin.´ Hammond. “I would my horse had the speed of your tongue, and so good a continuer.
Shak.”

Con•ti•nu´i•ty , n.; pl. Continuities (#). [L. continuitas: cf. F. continuite. See Continuous.] the state of being continuous; uninterrupted connection or succession; close union of parts; cohesion; as the continuity of fibers. Grew. “The sight would be tired, if it were attracted by a continuity of glittering objects.
Dryden.” Law of continuity (Math. & Physics), the principle that nothing passes from one state to another without passing through all the intermediate states. — Solution of continuity. (Math.) See under Solution.

Con•ti´nu•o (? or ), n. [It.] (Mus.) Basso continuo, or continued bass.

Con•tin´u•ous , a. [L. continuus, fr. continere to hold together. See Continent.] 1. Without break, cessation, or interruption; without intervening space or time; uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; unceasing; constant; continued; protracted; extended; as a continuous line of railroad; a continuous current of electricity. “he can hear its continuous murmur.
Longfellow.” 2. (Bot.) Not deviating or varying from uninformity; not interrupted; not joined or articulated. Continuous brake (Railroad), a brake which is attached to each car a train, and can be caused to operate in all the cars simultaneously from a point on any car or on the engine. — Continuous impost. See Impost. Syn. — Continuous, Continual. Continuous is the stronger word, and denotes that the continuity or union of parts is absolute and uninterrupted; as a continuous sheet of ice; a continuous flow of water or of argument. So Daniel Webster speaks of ´a continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England.´ Continual, in most cases, marks a close and unbroken succession of things, rather than absolute continuity. Thus we speak of continual showers, implying a repetition with occasional interruptions; we speak of a person as liable to continual calls, or as subject to continual applications for aid, etc. See Constant.

Con•tin´u•ous•ly , adv. In a continuous maner; without interruption. — Con•tin´u•ous•ness, n.

Cont´line , n. 1. (Ropemaking) The space between the strands on the outside of a rope. Knight. 2. (Naut.) The space between the bilges of two casks stowed side by side. { Con•tor´ni•ate , Con•tor´ni•a•te }, n., [It. contorniato, p. pr. of contorniare to make a circuit or outline, fr. contorno circuit, outline. See Contour.] (Numis.) A species of medal or medallion of bronze, having a deep furrow on the contour or edge; — supposed to have been struck in the days of Constantine and his successors. R. S. Poole.

Con•tor´sion , n. See Contortion.

Con•tort´ , v. t. [L. contortus, p. p. of contorquere to twist; con- + torquere to twist. See Torture.] To twist, or twist together; to turn awry; to bend; to distort; to wrest. “The vertebral arteries are variously contorted.
Ray.” “Kant contorted the term category from the proper meaning of attributed.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•tort´ed, a. 1. Twisted, or twisted together. ´A contorted chain of icicles.´ Massinger. 2. (Bot.) (a) Twisted back upon itself, as some parts of plants. (b) Arranged so as to overlap each other; as petals in contorted or convolute aestivation.

Con•tor´tion (kon•tô´shun), n. [L. contortio: cf. F. contorsion. See Contort, and cf. Torsion.] A twisting; a writhing; wry motion; a twist; as the contortion of the muscles of the face. Swift. “All the contortions of the sibyl, without the inspiration.
Burke.”

Con•tor´tion•ist, n. One who makes or practices contortions.

Con•tor´tive , a. Expressing contortion.

Con•tor•tu´pli•cate , a. [L. contortuplicatus; contortus contorted + plicare to fold.] (Bot.) Plaited lengthwise and twisted in addition, as the bud of the morning-glory. Gray.

Con•tour´ , n. [F. contour, fr. contourner to mark the outlines; con- + tourner to turn. See Turn.] 1. The outline of a figure or body, or the line or lines representing such an outline; the line that bounds; periphery. “Titian’s coloring and contours.
A. Drummond.” 2. (Mil.) The outline of a horizontal section of the ground, or of works of fortification. Contour feathers (Zoöl.), those feathers that form the general covering of a bird. — Contour of ground (Surv.), the outline of the surface of ground with respect to its undulation, etc. — Contour line (Topographical Suv.), the line in which a horizontal plane intersects a portion of ground, or the corresponding line in a map or chart.

Con•tour•ne’ , a. [F., p. p. of contourner to twist.] (Her.) Turned in a direction which is not the usual one; — said of an animal turned to the sinister which is usually turned to the dexter, or the like.

Con•tour´ni•a•ted , a. [Cf. Contorniate.] (Numis.) Having furrowed edges, as if turned in a lathe.

Con´tra A Latin adverb and preposition, signifying against, contrary, in opposition, etc., entering as a prefix into the composition of many English words. Cf. Counter, adv. & pref.

Con´tra•band , n. [It. contrabando; contra + bando ban, proclamation: cf. F. contrebande. See Ban an edict.] 1. Illegal or prohibited traffic. “Persons the most bound in duty to prevent contraband, and the most interested in the seizures.
Burke.” 2. Goods or merchandise the importation or exportation of which is forbidden. 3. A negro slave, during the Civil War, escaped to, or was brought within, the Union lines. Such slave was considered contraband of war. [U.S.] Contraband of war, that which, according to international law, cannot be supplied to a hostile belligerent except at the risk of seizure and condemnation by the aggrieved belligerent. Wharton.

Con´tra•band, a. Prohibited or excluded by law or treaty; forbidden; as contraband goods, or trade. “The contraband will always keep pace, in some measure, with the fair trade.
Burke.”

Con´tra•band, v. t. 1. To import illegally, as prohibited goods; to smuggle. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. To declare prohibited; to forbid. [Obs.] “The law severly contrabands
Our taking business of men’s hands.
Hudibras.”

Con´tra•band•ism (-iz’m), n. Traffic in contraband goods; smuggling.

Con´tra•band•ist , n. One who traffics illegally; a smuggler.

Con•tra•bass´ , n. (Mus.) Double bass; — applied to any instrument of the same deep range as the stringed double bass; as the contrabass ophicleide; the contrabass tuba or bombardon.

Con•tra•bas´so , n. [It. contrabasso.] (Mus.) The largest kind of bass viol. See Violone.

Con•tract´ (kon•trakt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contracting.] [L. contractus, p. p. of contrahere to contract; con- + trahere to draw: cf. F. contracter. See Trace, and cf. Contract, n.] 1. To draw together or nearer; to reduce to a less compass; to shorten, narrow, or lessen; as to contract one’s sphere of action. “In all things desuetude doth contract and narrow our faculties.
Dr. H. More.” 2. To draw together so as to wrinkle; to knit. “Thou didst contract and purse thy brow.
Shak.” 3. To bring on; to incur; to acquire; as to contract a habit; to contract a debt; to contract a disease. “Each from each contract new strength and light.
Pope.” “Such behavior we contract by having much conversed with persons of high station.
Swift.” 4. To enter into, with mutual obligations; to make a bargain or covenant for. “We have contracted an inviolable amity, peace, and lague with the aforesaid queen.
Hakluyt.” “Many persons … had contracted marriage within the degrees of consanguinity … prohibited by law.
Strype.” 5. To betroth; to affiance. “The truth is, she and I, long since contracted,
Are now so sure, that nothing can dissolve us.
Shak.” 6. (Gram.) To shorten by omitting a letter or letters or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one. Syn. — To shorten; abridge; epitomize; narrow; lessen; condense; reduce; confine; incur; assume.

Con•tract´ (kon•trakt´), v. i. 1. To be drawn together so as to be diminished in size or extent; to shrink; to be reduced in compass or in duration; as iron contracts in cooling; a rope contracts when wet. “Years contracting to a moment.
Wordsworth.” 2. To make an agreement; to covenant; to agree; to bargain; as to contract for carrying the mail.

Con´tract (kon´trakt), a. Contracted; as a contract verb. Goodwin.

Con•tract´ (kon•trakt´), a. [L. contractus, p. p.] Contracted; affianced; betrothed. [Obs.] Shak.

Con´tract (kon´trakt), n. [L. contractus, fr. contrahere: cf. F. contrat, formerly also contract.] 1. (Law) The agreement of two or more persons, upon a sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing, some act; an agreement in which a party undertakes to do, or not to do, a particular thing; a formal bargain; a compact; an interchange of legal rights. Wharton. 2. A formal writing which contains the agreement of parties, with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof of the obligation. 3. The act of formally betrothing a man and woman. “This is the the night of the contract.
Longwellow.” Syn. — Covenant; agreement; compact; stipulation; bargain; arrangement; obligation. See Covenant.

Con•tract´ed (kon•trakt´ed), a. 1. Drawn together; shrunken; wrinkled; narrow; as a contracted brow; a contracted noun. 2. Narrow; illiberal; selfish; as a contracted mind; contracted views. 3. Bargained for; betrothed; as a contracted peace. “Inquire me out contracted bachelors.
Shak.”

Con•tract´ed•ness, n. The state of being contracted; narrowness; meanness; selfishness.

Con•tract•i•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being contracted; quality of being contractible; as the contractibility and dilatability of air. Arbuthnot.

Con•tract´i•ble , a. Capable of contraction. “Small air bladders distable and contractible.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•tract´i•ble•ness, n. Contractibility.

Con•tract´ile , a. [Cf. F. contractile.] tending to contract; having the power or property of contracting, or of shrinking into shorter or smaller dimensions; as the contractile tissues. “The heart’s contractile force.
H. Brooke.” “Each cilium seems to be composed of contractile substance.
Hixley.” Contractile vacuole (Zoöl.), a pulsating cavity in the interior of a protozoan, supposed to be excretory in function. There may be one, two, or more.

Con•trac•til´i•ty , n. 1. The quality or property by which bodies shrink or contract. 2. (Physiol.) The power possessed by the fibers of living muscle of contracting or shortening. When subject to the will, as in the muscles of locomotion, such power is called voluntary contractility; when not controlled by the will, as in the muscles of the heart, it is involuntary contractility.

Con•trac´tion , n. [L. contractio: cf. F. contraction.] 1. The act or process of contracting, shortening, or shrinking; the state of being contracted; as contraction of the heart, of the pupil of the eye, or of a tendon; the contraction produced by cold. 2. (Math.) The process of shortening an operation. 3. The act of incurring or becoming subject to, as liabilities, obligation, debts, etc.; the process of becoming subject to; as the contraction of a disease. 4. Something contracted or abbreviated, as a word or phrase; — as plenipo for plenipotentiary; crim. con. for criminal conversation, etc. 5. (Gram.) The shortening of a word, or of two words, by the omission of a letter or letters, or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one; as ne’er for never; can’t for can not; don’t for do not; it’s for it is. 6. A marriage contract. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•tract´ive , a. Tending to contract; having the property or power or power of contracting.

Con•tract´or , n. [L.] One who contracts; one of the parties to a bargain; one who covenants to do anything for another; specifically, one who contracts to perform work on a rather large scale, at a certain price or rate, as in building houses or making a railroad.

Con•trac´ture ( 135), n. [L. contractura a drawing together.] (Med.) A state of permanent rigidity or contraction of the muscles, generally of the flexor muscles.

Con´tra•dance , n. [Pref. contra- + dance: cf. F. contrdance. Cf. Country-dance.] A dance in which the partners are arranged face to face, or in opposite lines.

Con•tra•dict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contradicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contradicting.] [L. contradictus, p. p. of contradicere to speak against; contra + dicere to speak. See Diction.] 1. To assert the contrary of; to oppose in words; to take issue with; to gainsay; to deny the truth of, as of a statement or a speaker; to impugn. “Dear Duff, I prithee, contradict thyself,
And say it is not so.
Shak.” “The future can not contradict the past.
Wordsworth.” 2. To be contrary to; to oppose; to resist. [Obs.] “No truth can contradict another truth.
Hooker.” “A greater power than we can contradict
Hath thwarted our intents.
Shak.”

Con•tra•dict, v. i. To oppose in words; to gainsay; to deny, or assert the contrary of, something. “They … spake against those things which were spoken by Paul, contradicting and blaspheming.
Acts xiii. 45.”

Con•tra•dict´a•ble , a. Capable of being contradicted.

Con•tra•dict´er , n. one who contradicts. Swift.

Con•tra•dic´tion , n. [L. contradictio answer, objection: cf. F. contradiction.] 1. An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial of the truth of a statement or assertion; contrary declaration; gainsaying. “His fair demands
Shall be accomplished without contradiction.
Shak.” 2. Direct opposition or repugnancy; inconsistency; incongruity or contrariety; one who, or that which, is inconsistent. “can he make deathless death? That were to make
Strange contradiction.
Milton.” “We state our experience and then we come to a manly resolution of acting in contradiction to it.
Burke.” “Both parts of a contradiction can not possibly be true.
Hobbes.” “Of contradictions infinite the slave.
Wordsworth.” Principle of contradiction (Logic), the axiom or law of thought that a thing cannot be and not be at the same time, or a thing must either be or not be, or the same attribute can not at the same time be affirmed and and denied of the same subject. It develops itself in three specific forms which have been called the ´Three Logical Axioms.´ First, ´A is A.´ Second, ´A is not Not-A´ Third, ´Everything is either A or Not-A.´

Con•tra•dic´tion•al , a. Contradictory; inconsistent; opposing. [R.] Milton.

Con•tra•dic´tious , a. 1. Filled with contradictions; inconsistent. [Obs.] 2. Inclined to contradict or cavil [Obs.] Sharp. — Con•tra•dic´tious•ness, n. Norris.

Con•tra•dict´ive , a. Contradictory; inconsistent. — Con•tra•dict´ive•ly, adv.

Con•tra•dict´or , n. [L.] A contradicter.

Con•tra•dict´o•ri•ly , adv. In a contradictory manner. Sharp.

Con´tra•dict•o•ri•ness, n. The quality of being contradictory; opposition; inconsistency. J. Whitaker.

Con•tra•dict´o•ry , a. [LL. contradictorius: cf. F. contradictoire.] 1. Affirming the contrary; implying a denial of what has been asserted; also mutually contradicting; inconsistent. ´Contradictory assertions.´ South. 2. Opposing or opposed; repugnant. “Schemes … contradictory to common sense.
Addisn.”

Con•tra•dict´o•ry, n.; pl. Contradictories . 1. A proposition or thing which denies or opposes another; contrariety. “It is common with princes to will contradictories.
Bacon.” 2. pl. (Logic) propositions with the same terms, but opposed to each other both in quality and quantity.

Con•tra•dis•tinct´ , a. Distinguished by opposite qualities. J. Goodwin.

Con•tra•dis•tinc´tion , n. Distinction by contrast. “That there are such things as sins of infirmity in contradistinction to those of presumption is not to be questioned.
South.”

Con•tra•dis•tinc´tive , a. having the quality of contradistinction; distinguishing by contrast. — Con•tra•dis•tinc´tive, n.

Con•tra•dis•tin´guish ( 144), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contradistinguished (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Contradistinguishing.] To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities. “These are our complex ideas of soul and body, as contradistinguished.
Locke.”

Con•tra•fa•get´to , n. [It.] (Mus.) The double bassoon, an octave deeper than the bassoon.

Con•tra•fis´sure ( 135), n. (Med.) A fissure or fracture on the side opposite to that which received the blow, or at some distance from it. Coxe.

Con´tra•hent , a. [L. contrahens, p. pr. See Contract.] Entering into covenant; contracting; as contrahent parties. [Obs.] Mede.

Con´tra•in´di•cant , n. (Med.) Something, as a symptom, indicating that the usual mode of treatment is not to be followed. Burke.

Con´tra•in•´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contraindicated p. pr. & vb. n. Contraindicating ] (Med.) To indicate, as by a symptom, some method of treatment contrary to that which the general tenor of the case would seem to require. “Contraindicating symptoms must be observed.
Harvey.”

Con´tra•in•di•ca´tion , n. (med.) An indication or symptom which forbids the method of treatment usual in such cases.

Con•tral´to (? or ), n. [It., fr. contra + alto. See Alto.] (Mus.) (a) The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices; the alto or counter tenor. (b) the voice or singer performing this part; as her voice is a contralto; she is a contralto. The usual range of the contralto voice is from G, below middle C, to the C above that; though exceptionally it embraces two octaves.

Con•tral´to (? or ), a. (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a contralto, or to the part in music called contralto; as a contralto voice.

Con´tra•mure , n. [Cf. Countermure.] (fort.) An outer wall. [Obs.] Chambers.

Con´tra•nat´u•ral ( 135), a. [Cf. Counternatural.] Opposed to or against nature; unnatural. [R.] Bp. Rust.

Con´tra•po•si´tion , n. [Pref. contra- + position: cf. f. conterposition.] 1. A placing over against; opposite position. [Obs.] F. Potter. 2. (Logic) A so-called immediate inference which consists in denying the original subject of the contradictory predicate; e.g.: Every S is P; therefore, no Not-P is S.

Con•tra•pun´tal , a. [It. contrappunto counterpoint. See Counterpoint.] (Mus.) Pertaining to, or according to the rules of, counterpoint.

Con•tra•pun´tist , n. [It. contrappuntista.] (Mus.) One skilled in counterpoint. L. Mason.

Con´tra•re•mon´strant , n. One who remonstrates in opposition or answer to a remonstrant. [R.] “They did the synod wrong to make this distinction of contraremonstrants and remonstrants.
Hales.”

Con•tra´ri•ant , a. [LL. contrarians, p. pr. of contrariare to oppose, fr. L. contrarius: cf. F. contrariant, p. pr. of contrarier to contradict. See Contrary.] Contrary; opposed; antagonistic; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.] “The struggles of contrariant factions.
Coleridge.”

Con•tra´ri•ant•ly, adv. Contrarily. [Obs.]

Con´tra•ries (? or ; 48), n. pl. [Pl. of Contrary, n.] (Logic) Propositions which directly and destructively contradict each other, but of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other. “If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries; as every vine is a tree; no vine is a tree. These can never be both true together; but they may be both false.
I. Watts.”

Con•tra•ri´e•ty n.; pl. Contrarieties (#). [L. contrarietas: cf. F. contrariete.] 1. The state or quality of being contrary; opposition; repugnance; disagreement; antagonism. “There is a contrariety between those things that conscience inclines to, and those that entertain the senses.
South.” 2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsistent with, something else; an inconsistency. “How can these contrarieties agree?
Shak.” Syn. — Inconsistency; discrepancy; repugnance.

Con´tra•ri•ly (? or ), adv. In a contrary manner; in opposition; on the other side; in opposite ways.

Con´tra•ri•ness, n. state or quality of being contrary; opposition; inconsistency; contrariety; perverseness; obstinacy.

Con•tra´ri•ous , a. [LL. contrariosus: cf. OF. contrarios contralius.] Showing contrariety; repugnant; perverse. [Archaic] Milton. “She flew contrarious in the face of God.
Mrs. Browning.”

Con•tra´ri•ous•ly, adv. Contrarily; oppositely. Shak.

Con´tra•ri•wise (? or ), adv. 1. On the contrary; oppositely; on the other hand. “Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing; but contrariwise, blessing.
1 Pet. iii. 9.” 2. In a contrary order; conversely. “Everything that acts upon the fluids must, at the same time, act upon the solids, and contrariwise.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•tra•ro•ta´tion , n. Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion.

Con´tra•ry (? or 48), a. [OE. contrarie, contraire, F. contraire, fr. L. contrarius, fr. contra. See Contra-.] 1. Opposite; in an opposite direction; in opposition; adverse; as contrary winds. “And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me.
Lev. xxvi. 21.” “We have lost our labor; they are gone a contrary way.
Shak.” 2. Opposed; contradictory; repugnant; inconsistent. “Fame, if not double-faced, is double mouthed,
And with contrary blast proclaims most deeds.
Milton.” “The doctrine of the earth’s motion appeared to be contrary to the sacred Scripture.
Whewell.” 3. Given to opposition; perverse; forward; wayward; as a contrary disposition; a contrary child. 4. (Logic) Affirming the opposite; so opposed as to destroy each other; as contrary propositions. Contrary motion (Mus.), the progression of parts in opposite directions, one ascending, the other descending. Syn. — Adverse; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; inconsistent.

Con´tra•ry, n.; pl. Contraries . 1. A thing that is of contrary or opposite qualities. “No contraries hold more antipathy
Than I and such a knave.
Shak.” 2. An opponent; an enemy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. the opposite; a proposition, fact, or condition incompatible with another; as slender proofs which rather show the contrary. See Converse, n., 1. Locke. 4. (Logic) See Contraries. On the contrary, in opposition; on the other hand. Swift. — To the contrary, to an opposite purpose or intent; on the other side. ´They did it, not for want of instruction to the contrary.´ Bp. Stillingfleet.

Con´tra•ry, v. t. [F. contrarier. See Contrary, a.] To contradict or oppose; to thwart. [Obs.] “I was advised not to contrary the king.
Bp. Latimer.”

Con•trast´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Contrasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contrasting.] [F. contraster, LL. contrastare to resist, withstand, fr. L. contra + stare to stand. See Stand.] To stand in opposition; to exhibit difference, unlikeness, or opposition of qualities. “The joints which divide the sandstone contrast finely with the divisional planes which separate the basalt into pillars.
Lyell.”

Con•trast´, v. t. 1. To set in opposition, or over against, in order to show the differences between, or the comparative excellences and defects of; to compare by difference or contrariety of qualities; as to contrast the present with the past. 2. (Fine Arts) To give greater effect to, as to a figure or other object, by putting it in some relation of opposition to another figure or object. “the figures of the groups must not be all on side … but must contrast each other by their several position.
Dryden.”

Con´trast (kon´trast), n. [F. contraste: cf. It. contrasto.] 1. The act of contrasting, or the state of being contrasted; comparison by contrariety of qualities. “place the prospect of the soul
In sober contrast with reality.
Wordsworth.” 2. Opposition or dissimilitude of things or qualities; unlikeness, esp. as shown by juxtaposition or comparison. “The contrasts and resemblances of the seasons.
Whewell.” 3. (Fine Arts) The opposition of varied forms, colors, etc., which by such juxtaposition more vividly express each other’s peculiarities. Fairholt.

Con•tra•stim´u•lant , a. Counteracting the effects of stimulants; relating to a course of medical treatment based on a theory of contrastimulants. — n. (Med.) An agent which counteracts the effect of a stimulant.

Con´trate , a. [See Contra- .] Having cogs or teeth projecting parallel to the axis, instead of radiating from it. [R.] Contrate wheel. See Crown wheel.

Con´tra•ten•or , n. [Cf. Counter tenor.] (Mus.) Counter tenor; contralto.

Con•tra•val•la´tion , n. [Pref. contra- + vallation: cf. F. contrevallation. Cf. Countervallation.] (Fort.) A trench guarded with a parapet, constructed by besiegers, to secure themselves and check sallies of the besieged.

Con•tra•vene´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contravened p. pr. & vb. n. Contravening.] [LL. contravenire; L. contra + venire to come: cf. F. contrevenir. See Come.] 1. To meet in the way of opposition; to come into conflict with; to oppose; to contradict; to obstruct the operation of; to defeat. “So plain a proposition … was not likely to be contravened.
Southey.” 2. To violate; to nullify; to be inconsistent with; as to contravene a law. “Laws that place the subjects in such a state contravene the first principles of the compact of authority.
Johnson.” Syn. — To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; obstruct; baffle; thwart.

Con•tra•ven´er , n. One who contravenes.

Con•tra•ven´tion , n. [Cf. F. contravention.] The act of contravening; opposition; obstruction; transgression; violation. “Warrants in contravention of the acts of Parliament.
Macaulay.” “In contravention of all his marriage stipulations.
Motley.”

Con•tra•ver´sion , n. A turning to the opposite side; antistrophe. Congreve.

Con•tra•yer´va , n. [Sp. contrayerba, literally, a counter herb, hence, an antidote for poison, fr. l. contra + herba herb.] (Bot.) A species of Dorstenia (D. Contrayerva), a South American plant, the aromatic root of which is sometimes used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic.

Con•tre•coup´ , n. [F., fr. contre (L. contra) + coup a blow.] (med.) A concussion or shock produced by a blow or other injury, in a part or region opposite to that at which the blow is received, often causing rupture or disorganisation of the parts affected.

Con•tre•temps´ , n. [F., fr. contre (L. conta) + temps time, fr. L. tempus.] An unexpected and untoward accident; something inopportune or embarrassing; a hitch. “In this unhappy contretemps.
De Quincey.”

Con•trib´u•ta•ble , a. Capable of being contributed.

Con•trib´u•ta•ry , a. 1. Contributory. [R.] 2. Tributary; contributing. [R.] “It was situated on the Ganges, at the place where this river received a contributary stream.
D’Anville (Trans. ).”

Con•trib´ute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Contributing.] [L. contributus, p. p. of contribuere to bring together, to add; con- + tribuere to grant, impart. See Tribute.] To give or grant i common with others; to give to a common stock or for a common purpose; to furnish or suply in part; to give (money or other aid) for a specified object; as to contribute food or fuel for the poor. “England contributes much more than any other of the allies.
Addison.”

Con•trib´ute, v. i. 1. To give a part to a common stock; to lend assistance or aid, or give something, to a common purpose; to have a share in any act or effect. “We are engaged in war; the secretary of state calls upon the colonies to contribute.
Burke.” 2. To give or use one’s power or influence for any object; to assist. “These men also contributed to obstruct the progress of wisdom.
Goldsmith.”

Con•tri•bu´tion , n. [L. contributio: cf. F. contribution.] 1. The act of contributing. 2. That which is contributed; — either the portion which an individual furnishes to the common stock, or the whole which is formed by the gifts of individuals. “A certain contribution for the poor saints which are at jerusalem.
Rom. xv. 26.” “Aristotle’s actual contributions to the physical sciences.
Whewell.” 3. (Mil.) An irregular and arbitrary imposition or tax leved on the people of a town or country. “These sums, … and the forced contributions paid by luckless peasants, enabled him to keep his straggling troops together.
Motley.” 4. (Law) Payment, by each of several jointly liable, of a share in a loss suffered or an amount paid by one of their number for the common benefit.

Con•tri•bu´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or furnishing, a contribution.

Con•trib´u•tive , a. Contributing, or tending to contribute. Fuller.

Con•trib´u•tor , n. One who, or that which, contributes; specifically, one who writes articles for a newspaper or magazine.

Con•trib´u•to•ry , a. Contributing to the same stock or purpose; promoting the same end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock; contributive. Milton. “Bonfires of contributory wood.
Chapman.” Contributory negligence (Law), negligence by an injured party, which combines with the negligence of the injurer in producing the injury, and which bars recovery when it is the proximate cause of the injury. Wharton.

Con•trib´u•to•ry, n.; pl. Contributories . One who contributes, or is liable to be called upon to contribute, as toward the discharge of a common indebtedness. Abbott.

Con•trist´ , v. t. [Cf. F. contrister. See Contristate.] To make sad. [Obs.] “To deject and contrist myself.
Sterne.”

Con•tris´tate , v. t. & i. [L. contristatus, p. p. of contristare to sadden; con- + tristis sad.] To make sorrowful. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con´trite ( 277), a. [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of contrere to grind, bruise; con- + terere to rub, grind: cf. F. contrit See Trite.] 1. Thoroughly bruised or broken. [Obs.] 2. Broken down with grief and penitence; deeply sorrowful for sin because it is displeasing to God; humbly and thoroughly penitent. “A contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise.
Ps. li. 17.” “Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite.
Milton.” Syn. — Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful.

Con´trite, n. A contrite person. Hooker.

Con´trite, v. In a contrite manner.

Con´trite•ness, n. Deep sorrow and penitence for sin; contrition.

Con•tri´tion , n. [F. contrition, L. contritio.] 1. The act of grinding or ribbing to powder; attrition; friction; rubbing. [Obs.] “The breaking of their parts into less parts by contrition.
Sir I. Newton.” 2. The state of being contrite; deep sorrow and repentance for sin, because sin is displeasing to God; humble penitence; through repentance. “My future days shall be one whole contrition.
Dryden.” Syn. — repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; self-reproach; remorse. — Contrition, Attrition, repentance. — Contrition is deep sorrow and self-condemnation, with through repetance for sin because it is displeasing to God, and implies a feeling of love toward God. Attrition is sorrow for sin, or imperfect repentance produced by fear of punishment or a sense of the baseness of sin. Repentance is a penitent renunciation of, and turning from, sin; thorough repentance produces a new life. Repentance is often used as synonymous with contrition. See Compunction.

Con•trit´u•rate ( 135), v. t. To triturate; to pulverize. [R.]

Con•triv´a•ble , a. Capable of being contrived, planned, invented, or devised. “A perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable.
Bp. Wilkins.”

Con•triv´ance , n. 1. The act or faculty of contriving, inventing, devising, or planning. “The machine which we are inspecting demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver.
Paley.” 2. The thing contrived, invented, or planned; disposition of parts or causes by design; a scheme; plan; artifice; arrangement. “Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants.
Burke.” Syn. — Device; plan; scheme; invention; machine; project; design; artifice; shift. See Device.

Con•trive´ (kon•triv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contrived p. pr. & vb. n. Contriving.] [OE. contriven, contreven, controven, to invent, OF. controver, contruver; con- + trouver to find. See Troubadour, trover.] To form by an exercise of ingenuity; to devise; to invent; to design; to plan. “What more likely to contrive this admirable frame of the universe than infinite wisdom.
Tillotson.” “neither do thou imagine that I shall contrive aught against his life.
Hawthorne.” Syn. — To invent; discover; plan; design; project; plot; concert; hatch.

Con•trive´, v. i. To make devices; to form designs; to plan; to scheme; to plot. “The Fates with traitors do contrive.
Shak.” “Thou hast contrived against th very life
Of the defendant.
Shak.”

Con•trive´ment , n. Contrivance; invention; arrangement; design; plan. [Obs.] “Consider the admirable contrivement and artifice of this great fabric.
Glanvill.” “Active to meet their contrivements.
Sir G. Buck.”

Con•triv´er , n. One who contrives, devises, plans, or schemas. Swift.

Con•trol´ , n. [F. contrôle a counter register, contr. fr. contr- rôle; contre (L. contra) + rôle roll, catalogue. See Counter and Roll, and cf. Counterroll.] 1. A duplicate book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another account or register; a counter register. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. That which serves to check, restrain, or hinder; restraint. ´Speak without control.´ Dryden. 3. Power or authority to check or restrain; restraining or regulating influence; superintendence; government; as children should be under parental control. “The House of Commons should exercise a control over all the departments of the executive administration.
Macaulay.” Board of control. See under Board.

Con•trol´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controlled p. pr. & vb. n. Controlling.] [F. contrôler, fr. contrôle.] [Formerly written comptrol and controul.] 1. To check by a counter register or duplicate account; to prove by counter statements; to confute. [Obs.] “This report was controlled to be false.
Fuller.” 2. To exercise restraining or governing influence over; to check; to counteract; to restrain; to regulate; to govern; to overpower. “Give me a staff of honor for mine age,
But not a scepter to control the world.
Shak.” “I feel my virtue struggling in my soul:
But stronger passion does its power control.
Dryden.” Syn. — To restrain; rule; govern; manage; guide; regulate; hinder; direct; check; curb; counteract; subdue.

Con•trol•la•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being controlled; controllableness.

Con•trol´la•ble , a. Capable of being controlled, checked, or restrained; amenable to command. “Passion is the drunkeness of the mind, and, therefore, … not always controllable by reason.
South.”

Con•trol´la•ble•ness, n. Capability of being controlled.

Con•trol´ler , n. [From control, v. t.: cf. F. contrôleur.] 1. One who, or that which, controls or restraines; one who has power or authority to regulate or control; one who governs. “The great controller of our fate
Deigned to be man, and lived in low estate.
Dryden.” 2. An officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to examine, rectify, or verify accounts. [More commonly written controller.] 3. (Naut.) An iron block, usually bolted to a ship’s deck, for controlling the running out of a chain cable. The links of the cable tend to drop into hollows in the block, and thus hold fast until disengaged.

Con•trol´ler•ship, n. The office of a controller.

Con•trol´ment , n. 1. The power or act of controlling; the state of being restrained; control; restraint; regulation; superintendence. “You may do it without controlment.
Shak.” 2. Opposition; resistance; hostility. [Obs.] “Here have we war for war, and blood for blood,
Controlment for controlment.
Shak.”

Con•tro•ver´sal , a. 1. Turning or looking opposite ways. [Obs.] “The temple of Janus, with his two controversal faces.
Milton.” 2. Controversial. [Obs.] Boyle.

Con•tro•ver´sa•ry , a. Controversial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con´tro•verse , n. [Cf. F. controverse.] Controversy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Con´tro•verse, v. t. [L. controversari, fr. controversus turned against, disputed.] To dispute; to controvert. [Obs.] ´Controversed causes.´ Hooker.

Con´tro•ver•ser , n. A disputant. [Obs.]

Con•tro•ver´sial , a. [Cf. LL. controversialis.] Relating to, or consisting of, controversy; disputatious; polemical; as controversial divinity. “Whole libraries of controversial books.
Macaulay.”

Con•tro•ver´sial•ist, n. One who carries on a controversy; a disputant. “He [Johnson] was both intellectually and morally of the stuff of which controversialists are made.
Macaulay.”

Con•tro•ver´sial•ly, adv. In a controversial manner.

Con•tro•ver´sion , n. Act of controverting; controversy. [Obs.] Hooker.

Con´tro•ver•sor , n. A controverser. [Obs.]

Con´tro•ver•sy , n.; pl. Controversies (#). [L. controversia, fr. controversus turned against, disputed; contro- = contra + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. Contention; dispute; debate; discussion; agitation of contrary opinions. “This left no room for controversy about the title.
Locke.” “A dispute is commonly oral, and a controversy in writing.
Johnson.” 2. Quarrel; strife; cause of variance; difference. “The Lord hath a controversy with the nations.
Jer. xxv. 31.” 3. A suit in law or equity; a question of right. [Obs.] “When any man that had a controversy came to the king for judgment.
2 Sam. xv. 2.” Syn. — Dispute; debate; disputation; disagreement; altercation; contention; wrangle; strife; quarrel.

Con´tro•vert , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Controverting.] [See Controversy.] To make matter of controversy; to dispute or oppose by reasoning; to contend against in words or writings; to contest; to debate. “Some controverted points had decided according to the sense of the best jurists.
Macaulay.”

Con´tro•ver•ter , n. One who controverts; a controversial writer; a controversialist. “Some controverters in divinity are like swaggerers in a tavern.
B. Jonson.”

Con•tro•ver´ti•ble , a. Capable of being controverted; disputable; admitting of question. — Con•tro•ver´ti•bly, adv.

Con´tro•ver•tist , n. One skilled in or given to controversy; a controversialist. “How unfriendly is the controvertist to the discernment of the critic!
Campbell.” { Con•tu´ber•nal , Con•tu•ber´ni•al }, a. [L. contubernalis a tent companion, fr. contubernium tent companionship.] Living or messing together; familiar; in companionship. “Humble folk ben Christes friends: they ben contubernial with the Lord, thy King.
Chaucer.”

Con•tu•ma´cious , a. [L. contumax, -acis. See Contumacy.] 1. Exhibiting contumacy; contemning authority; obstinate; perverse; stubborn; disobedient. “There is another very, efficacious method for subding the most obstinate, contumacious sinner.
Hammond.” 2. (Law) Willfully disobedient to the summous or prders of a court. Blackstone. Syn. — Stubborn; obstinate; obdurate; disobedient; perverse; unyielding; headstrong. — Con•tu•ma´cious•ly, adv. — Con•tu•ma´cious•ness, n.

Con´tu•ma•cy , n.; pl. Contumacies (#). [L. contumacia, fr. contumax, -acis, insolent; prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. F. contumace. Cf. Contemn.] 1. Stubborn perverseness; pertinacious resistance to authority. “The bishop commanded him … to be thrust into the stocks for his manifest and manifold contumacy.
Strype.” 2. (Law) A willful contempt of, and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules and orders of court, as a refusal to appear in court when legally summoned. Syn. — Stubbornness; perverseness; obstinacy.

Con•tu•me´li•ous (?or 106), a. [L. contumeliosus.] 1. Exhibiting contumely; rudely contemptuous; insolent; disdainful. “Scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts.
Shak.” “Curving a contumelious lip.
Tennyson.” 2. Shameful; disgraceful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. — Con•tu•me´li•ous•ly, adv. — Con•tu•me´li•ous•ness, n.

Con´tu•me•ly , n. [L. contumelia, prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. OF. contumelie. Cf. Contumacy.] Rudeness compounded of haughtiness and contempt; scornful insolence; despiteful treatment; disdain; contemptuousness in act or speech; disgrace. “The oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely.
Shak.” “Nothing aggravates tyranny so much as contumely.
Burke.”

Con•tuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contused p. pr. & vb. n. Contusing.] [L. contusus, p. p. of contundere to beat, crush; con- + tundere to beat, akin to Skr. tud (for stud) to strike, Goth. stautan. See Stutter.] 1. To beat, pound, or bray together. “Roots, barks, and seeds contused together.
Bacon.” 2. To bruise; to injure or disorganize a part without breaking the skin. Contused wound, a wound attended with bruising.

Con•tu´sion , n. [L. contusio: cf. F. contusion.] 1. The act or process of beating, bruising, or pounding; the state of being beaten or bruised. 2. (Med.) A bruise; an injury attended with more or less disorganization of the subcutaneous tissue and effusion of blood beneath the skin, but without apparent wound.

Co•nun´drum , n. [Origin unknown.] 1. A kind of riddle based upon some fanciful or fantastic resemblance between things quite unlike; a puzzling question, of which the answer is or involves a pun. “Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint.
J. Philips.” 2. A question to which only a conjectural answer can be made. “Do you think life is long enough to let me speculate on conundrums like that?
W. Black.”

Co•nure´ , n. [NL. conurus, fr. Gr. a cone + tail. The name alludes to the tapering tail.] (Zoöl.) An American parrakeet of the genus Conurus. Many species are known. See Parrakeet.

Co´nus , n. [L., a cone.] 1. A cone. 2. (Zoöl.) A Linnean genus of mollusks having a conical shell. See Cone, n., 4.

Con´u•sa•ble , a. Cognizable; liable to be tried or judged. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow.

Con´u•sant , a. (Law) See Cognizant.

Con•u•sor´ , n. (Law) See Cognizor.

Con•va•lesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Convalesced p. pr. & vb. n. Convalescing.] [L. convalscere; con- + valescere to grow strong, v. incho. of valere to be strong. See Vallant.] To recover health and strength gradually, after sickness or weakness; as a patient begins to convalesce.

Con•va•lesced´ , a. Convalescent. [R.] “He found the queen somewhat convalesced.
J. Knox.” { Con•va•les´cence , Con•va•les´cen•cy }, n. [L. convalescentia: cf. F. convalescence.] The recovery of heath and strength after disease; the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness; the time between the subsidence of a disease and complete restoration to health.

Con•va•les´cent , a. [L. convalescens, -entis, p. pr.: cf. F. convalescent.] 1. Recovering from sickness or debility; partially restored to health or strength. 2. Of or pertaining to convalescence.

Con•va•les´cent, n. One recovering from sickness.

Con•va•les´cent•ly, adv. In the manner of a convalescent; with increasing strength or vigor.

Con•val´la•ma•rin , n. [Convallaria + L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, poisonous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the lily of the valley (Convallaria Majalis). Its taste is first bitter, then sweet.

Con•val•la´ri•a , n. [NL., from L. convallis a valley; con- + vallis valley.] (Bot. & Med.) The lily of the valley.

Con•val•la´rin , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline glucoside, of an irritating taste, extracted from the convallaria or lily of the valley.

Con•vec´tion , n. [L. convectio, fr. convehere to bring together; con- + vehere to carry.] 1. The act or process of conveying or transmitting. 2. (Physics) A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or electricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases, resulting from changes of temperature and other causes. “Liquids are generally heated by convection — when heat is applied from bellow.
Nichol.”

Con•vec´tive , a. Caused or accomplished by convection; as a convective discharge of electricity. Faraday.

Con•vec´tive•ly, adv. In a convective manner. Hare.

Con•vel´lent , a. [L. convellens, p. pr. of convellere. See Convulse.] Tending to tear or pull up. [Obs.] “The ends of the fragment … will not yield to the convellent force.
Todd & Bowman.”

Con•ven´a•ble , a. Capable of being convened or assembled.

Con´ve•na•ble , a. [F. convenable, fr. convenir. See Convene.] Consistent; accordant; suitable; proper; as convenable remedies. [Obs.] “With his wod his work is convenable.
Spenser.”

Con´ve•nance , n. [F., fitness, suitableness.] That which is suitable, agreeable, or convenient. “And they missed
Their wonted convenance, cheerly hid the loss.
Emerson.”

Con•vene´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Convened p. pr. & vb. n. Convenong.] [L. convenire; con- + venire to come: cf. F. convenir to agree, to be fitting, OF. also to assemble. See Come, and cf. Covenant.] 1. To come together; to meet; to unite. [R.] “In shortsighted men … the rays converge and convene in the eyes before they come at the bottom.
Sir I. Newton.” 2. To come together, as in one body or for a public purpose; to meet; to assemble. Locke. “The Parliament of Scotland now convened.
Sir R. Baker.” “Faint, underneath, the household fowls convene.
Thomson.” Syn. — To meet; to assemble; to congregate; to collect; to unite.

Con•vene´, v. t. 1. To cause to assemble; to call together; to convoke. “And now the almighty father of the gods
Convenes a council in the blest abodes.
Pope.” 2. To summon judicially to meet or appear. “By the papal canon law, clerks … can not be convened before any but an ecclesiastical judge.
Ayliffe.”

Con•ven´er , n. 1. One who convenes or meets with others. [Obs.] 2. One who calls an assembly together or convenes a meeting; hence, the chairman of a committee or other organized body. [Scot.] { Con•ven´ience ( 106), Con•ven´ien•cy }, n. [L. convenientia agreement, fitness. See Convenient.] 1. The state or quality of being convenient; fitness or suitableness, as of place, time, etc.; propriety. “Let’s further think of this;
Weigh what convenience both of time and means
May fit us to our shape.
Shak.” “With all brief and plain conveniency,
Let me have judgment.
Shak.” 2. Freedom from discomfort, difficulty, or trouble; commodiousness; ease; accommodation. “Thus necessity invented stools,
Convenience next suggested elbow chairs.
Cowper.” “We are rather intent upon the end of God’s glory than our own conveniency.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. That which is convenient; that which promotes comfort or advantage; that which is suited to one’s wants; an accommodation. “A pair of spectacles and several other little conveniences.
Swift.” 4. A convenient or fit time; opportunity; as to do something at one’s convenience.

Con•ven´ient ( 277), a. [L. conveniens, -entis, suitable, p. pr. of convenire to be suitable, to come. See Convene, v. i.] 1. Fit or adapted; suitable; proper; becoming; appropriate. [Archaic] “Feed me with food convenient for me.
Prov. xxx. 8.” “Neither filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient.
Eph. v. 4.” 2. Affording accommodation or advantage; well adapted to use; handly; as a convenient house; convenient implements or tools. 3. Seasonable; timely; opportune; as a convenient occasion; a convenient season. Acts xxiv. 25. 4. Near at hand; easy of access. [Colloq.] “Hereties used to be brought thither, convenient for burning.
Thackeray.” Syn. — Fit; suitable; proper; adapted; fitted; suited; handly; commodious.

Con•ven´ient•ly, adv. In a convenient manner, form, or situation; without difficulty.

Con´vent , n. [L. conventus a meeting, LL. also a convent. See Convene, v. i.] 1. A coming together; a meeting. [Obs.] “A usual ceremony at their [the witches] convents or meetings.
B. Jonson.” 2. An association or community of recluses devoted to a religious life; a body of monks or nuns. “One of our convent, and his [the duke’s] confessor.
Shak.” 3. A house occupied by a community of religious recluses; a monastery or nunnery. “One seldom finds in Italy a spot of ground more agreeable than ordinary that is not covered with a convent.
Addison.” Syn. — Nunnery; monastery; abbey. See Cloister.

Con•vent´ , v. i. [L. conventus, p. p. of convenire. See Convene, v. i.] 1. To meet together; to concur. [obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To be convenient; to serve. [Obs.] “When that is known and golden time convents.
Shak.”

Con•vent´ , v. t. To call before a judge or judicature; to summon; to convene. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•vent´ic•al , a. Of or from, or pertaining to, a convent. ´Conventical wages.´ Sterne. Conventical prior. See Prior.

Con•ven´ti•cle , n. [L. conventiculum, dim. of conventus: cf. F. conventicule. See Convent, n.] 1. A small assembly or gathering; esp., a secret assembly. “They are commanded to abstain from all conventicles of men whatsoever.
Ayliffe.” 2. An assembly for religious worship; esp., such an assembly held privately, as in times of persecution, by Nonconformists or Dissenters in England, or by Covenanters in Scotland; — often used opprobriously, as if those assembled were heretics or schismatics. “The first Christians could never have had recourse to nocturnal or clandestine conventicles till driven to them by the violence of persecution.
Hammond.” “A sort of men who … attend its [the curch of England’s] service in the morning, and go with their wives to a conventicle in the afternoon.
Swift.”

Con•ven´ti•cler , n. One who supports or frequents conventicles. Dryden.

Con•ven´ti•cling , a. Belonging or going to, or resembling, a conventicle. [Obs.] “Conventicling schools … set up and taught secretly by fanatics.
South.”

Con•ven´tion , n. [L. conventio: cf. F. convention. See Convene, v. i.] 1. The act of coming together; the state of being together; union; coalition. “The conventions or associations of several particles of matter into bodies of any certain denomination.
Boyle.” 2. General agreement or concurrence; arbitrary custom; usage; conventionality. “There are thousands now
Such women, but convention beats them down.
Tennyson.” 3. A meeting or an assembly of persons, esp. of delegates or representatives, to accomplish some specific object, — civil, social, political, or ecclesiastical. “He set himself to the making of good laws in a grand convention of his nobles.
Sir R. Baker.” “A convention of delegates from all the States, to meet in Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of reserving the federal system, and correcting its defects.
W. Irving.” 4. (Eng. Hist) An extraordinary assembly of the parkiament or estates of the realm, held without the king’s writ, — as the assembly which restored Charles II. to the throne, and that which declared the throne to be abdicated by James II. “Our gratitude is due … to the Long Parliament, to the Convention, and to William of Orange.
Macaulay.” 5. An agreement or contract less formal than, or preliminary to, a treaty; an informal compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to suspension of hostilities, or between states; also a formal agreement between governments or sovereign powers; as a postal convention between two governments. “This convention, I think from my soul, is nothing but a stipulation for national ignominy; a truce without a suspension of hostilities.
Ld. Chatham.” “The convention with the State of Georgia has been ratified by their Legislature.
T. Jefferson.”

Con•ven´tion•al , a. [L. conventionalis: cf. F. conventionnel.] 1. Formed by agreement or compact; stipulated. “Conventional services reserved by tenures upon grants, made out of the crown or knights’ service.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. Growing out of, or depending on, custom or tacit agreement; sanctioned by general concurrence or usage; formal. ´Conventional decorum.´ Whewell. “The conventional language appropriated to monarchs.
Motley.” “The ordinary salutations, and other points of social behavior, are conventional.
Latham.” 3. (Fine Arts) (a) Based upon tradition, whether religious and historical or of artistic rules. (b) Abstracted; removed from close representation of nature by the deliberate selection of what is to be represented and what is to be rejected; as a conventional flower; a conventional shell. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t.

Con•ven´tion•al•ism , n. 1. That which is received or established by convention or arbitrary agreement; that which is in accordance with the fashion, tradition, or usage. “All the artifice and conventionalism of life.
Hawthorne.” “They gaze on all with dead, dim eyes, — wrapped in conventionalisms, … simulating feelings according to a received standard.
F. W. Robertson.” 2. (Fine Arts) The principles or practice of conventionalizing. See Conventionalize, v. t.

Con•ven´tion•al•ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a convention or treaty. 2. One who is governed by conventionalism.

Con•ven•tion•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Conventionalities . The state of being conventional; adherence to social formalities or usages; that which is established by conventional use; one of the customary usages of social life.

Con•ven•tion•al•i•za´tion , n. (Fine Arts) (a) The act of making conventional. (b) The state of being conventional.

Con•ven´tion•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conventionalized p. pr. & vb. n. Conventionalizing.] 1. To make conventional; to bring under the influence of, or cause to conform to, conventional rules; to establish by usage. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) To represent by selecting the important features and those which are expressible in the medium employed, and omitting the others. (b) To represent according to an established principle, whether religious or traditional, or based upon certain artistic rules of supposed importance.

Con•ven´tion•al•ize , v. i. (Fine Arts) To make designs in art, according to conventional principles. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t., 2.

Con•ven´tion•al•ly, adv. In a conventional manner.

Con•ven´tion•a•ry , a. Acting under contract; settled by express agreement; as conventionary tenants. [Obs.] R. Carew.

Con•ven´tion•er , n. One who belongs to a convention or assembly.

Con•ven´tion•ist , n. One who enters into a convention, covenant, or contract.

Con•ven´tu•al ( 135), a. [LL. conventualis: cf. F. conventuel.] Of or pertaining to a convent; monastic. ´A conventual garb.´ Macaulay. Conventual church, a church attached or belonging to a convent or monastery. Wordsworth.

Con•ven´tu•al, n. One who lives in a convent; a monk or nun; a recluse. Addison.

Con•verge´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Converged p. pr. & vb. n. Converging ] [Pref. con- + L. vergere to turn, incline; cf. F. converger. See Verge, v. i.] To tend to one point; to incline and approach nearer together; as lines converge. “The mountains converge into a single ridge.
Jefferson.”

Con•verge´, v. t. To cause to tend to one point; to cause to incline and approach nearer together. “I converge its rays to a focus of dazzling brilliancy.
Tyndall.” { Con•ver´gence , Con•ver´gen•cy }, n. [Cf. F. convergence.] The condition or quality of converging; tendency to one point. “The convergence or divergence of the rays falling on the pupil.
Berkeley.”

Con•ver´gent , a. [Cf. F. convergent.] tending to one point of focus; tending to approach each other; converging. “As many rays of light, as conveniently can be let in, and made convergent.
Boyle.” “The vast dome of its cathedral … directing its convergent curves to heaven.
Hallam.”

Con•ver´ging , a. Tending to one point; approaching each other; convergent; as converging lines. Whewell. Converging rays(Opt.), rays of light, which, proceeding from different points of an object, tend toward a single point. — Converging series (Math.), a series in which if an indefinitely great number of terms be taken, their sum will become indefinitely near in value to a fixed quantity, which is called the sum of the series; — opposed to a diverging series.

Con•vers´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. conversable.] Qualified for conversation; disposed to converse; sociable; free in discourse. “While young, humane, conversable, and kind.
Cowper.”

Con•vers´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being conversable; disposition to converse; sociability.

Con•vers´a•bly, adv. In a conversable manner.

Con´ver•sance , n. The state or quality of being conversant; habit of familiarity; familiar acquaintance; intimacy. [R.]

Con´ver•san•cy , n. Conversance [R.]

Con´ver•sant , a. [L. conversans, p. pr. of conversari: cf. F. conversant.] 1. Having frequent or customary intercourse; familiary associated; intimately acquainted. “I have been conversant with the first persons of the age.
Dryden.” 2. Familiar or acquainted by use or study; well-informed; versed; — generally used with with, sometimes with in. “Deeply conversant in the Platonic philosophy.
Dryden.” “he uses the different dialects as one who had been conversant with them all.
Pope.” “Conversant only with the ways of men.
Cowper.” 3. Concerned; occupied. “Education … is conversant about children.
W. Wotton.”

Con•vers´ant , n. One who converses with another; a convenser. [R.]

Con´ver•sant•ly , adv. In a familiar manner.

Con•ver•sa´tion , n. [OE. conversacio (in senses 1 & 2), OF. conversacion, F. conversation, fr. L. conversatio frequent abode in a place, intercourse, LL. also manner of life.] 1. General course of conduct; behavior. [Archaic] “Let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel.
Philip. i. 27.” 2. Familiar intercourse; intimate fellowship or association; close acquaintance. ´Conversation with the best company.´ Dryden. “I set down, out of long experience in business and much conversation in books, what I thought pertinent to this business.
Bacon.” 3. Commerce; intercourse; traffic. [Obs.] “All traffic and mutual conversation.
Hakluyt.” 4. Colloquial discourse; oral interchange of sentiments and observations; informal dialogue. “The influence exercised by his [Johnson’s] conversation was altogether without a parallel.
Macaulay.” 5. Sexual intercourse; as criminal conversation. Syn. — Intercourse; communion; commerce; familiarity; discourse; dialogue; colloquy; talk; chat. — Conversation, Talk. There is a looser sense of these words, in which they are synonymous; there is a stricter sense, in which they differ. Talk is usually broken, familiar, and versatile. Conversation is more continuous and sustained, and turns ordinarily upon topics or higher interest. Children talk to their parents or to their companions; men converse together in mixed assemblies. Dr. Johnson once remarked, of an evening spent in society, that there had been a great deal of talk, but no conversation.

Con•ver•sa´tion•al (kon•ver•sa´shun•al), a. Pertaining to conversation; in the manner of one conversing; as a conversational style. Thackeray.

Con•ver•sa´tion•al•ist, n. A conversationist.

Conver•sa´tioned (-shund), a. Acquainted with manners and deportment; behaved. [Obs.] “Till she be better conversationed, … I’ll keep
As far from her as the gallows.
Beau. & Fl.”

Con•ver•sa´tion•ism (-iz’m), n. A word or phrase used in conversation; a colloquialism.

Con•ver•sa´tion•ist, n. One who converses much, or who excels in conversation. Byron.

Con•ver´sa•tive (kon•ver´sa•tiv), a. Relating to intercourse with men; social; — opposed to contemplative. “She chose … to endue him with the conversative qualities of youth.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•ver•sa•zi•o´ne , n.; pl. Conversazioni (#). [It. See Conversation.] A meeting or assembly for conversation, particularly on literary or scientific subjects. Gray. “These conversazioni [at Florence] resemble our card assemblies.
A. Drummond.”

Con•verse´ (kon•vers´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conversed p. pr. & vb. n. Conversing.] [F. converser, L. conversari to associate with; con- + versari to be turned, to live, remain, fr. versare to turn often, v. intens. of vertere to turn See Convert.] 1. To keep company; to hold intimate intercourse; to commune; — followed by with. “To seek the distant hills, and there converse
With nature.
Thomson.” “Conversing with the world, we use the world’s fashions.
Sir W. Scott.” “But to converse with heaven -
This is not easy.
Wordsworth.” 2. To engage in familiar colloquy; to interchange thoughts and opinions in a free, informal manner; to chat; — followed by with before a person; by on, about, concerning, etc., before a thing. “Companions
That do converse and waste the time together.
Shak.” “We had conversed so often on that subject.
Dryden.” 3. To have knowledge of, from long intercourse or study; — said of things. “According as the objects they converse with afford greater or less variety.
Locke.” Syn. — To associate; commune; discourse; talk; chat.

Con´verse , n. 1. Frequent intercourse; familiar communion; intimate association. Glanvill. “´T is but to hold
Converse with Nature’s charms, and view her stores unrolled.
Byron.” 2. Familiar discourse; free interchange of thoughts or views; conversation; chat. “Formed by thy converse happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe.
Pope.”

Con´verse, a. [L. conversus, p. p. of convertere. See Convert.] Turned about; reversed in order or relation; reciprocal; as a converse proposition.

Con´verse, n. 1. (Logic) A proposition which arises from interchanging the terms of another, as by putting the predicate for the subject, and the subject for the predicate; as no virtue is vice, no vice is virtue. It should not (as is often done) be confounded with the contrary or opposite of a proposition, which is formed by introducing the negative not or no. 2. (Math.) A proposition in which, after a conclusion from something supposed has been drawn, the order is inverted, making the conclusion the supposition or premises, what was first supposed becoming now the conclusion or inference. Thus, if two sides of a sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite the sides are equal; and the converse is true, i.e., if these angles are equal, the two sides are equal.

Con´verse•ly (? or ; 277), adv. In a converse manner; with change of order or relation; reciprocally. J. S. Mill.

Con•vers´er , n. One who engages in conversation.

Con•ver´si•ble , a. Capable of being converted or reversed. Hammond.

Con•ver´sion , n. [L. conversio: cf. F. conversion. See Convert.] 1. The act of turning or changing from one state or condition to another, or the state of being changed; transmutation; change. “Artificial conversion of water into ice.
Bacon.” “The conversion of the aliment into fat.
Arbuthnot.” 2. The act of changing one’s views or course, as in passing from one side, party, or from of religion to another; also the state of being so changed. ´Conversion to Christianity.´ Prescott. 3. (Law) An appropriation of, and dealing with the property of another as if it were one’s own, without right; as the conversion of a horse. “Or bring my action of conversion
And trover for my goods.
Hudibras.” 4. (Logic) The act of interchanging the terms of a proposition, as by putting the subject in the place of the predicate, or the contrary. 5. (Math.) A change or reduction of the form or value of a proposition; as the conversion of equations; the conversion of proportions. 6. (Mil.) (a) A change of front, as a body of troops attacked in the flank. (b) A change of character or use, as of smoothbore guns into rifles. 7. (Theol.) A spiritual and moral change attending a change of belief with conviction; a change of heart; a change from the service of the world to the service of God; a change of the ruling disposition of the soul, involving a transformation of the outward life. “He oft
Frequented their assemblies, … and to them preached
Conversion and repentance, as to souls
In prison under judgments imminent.
Milton.”

Con•ver´sive , a. 1. Capable of being converted or changed. 2. Ready to converse; social. [Archaic] Feltham.

Con•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Converted; p. pr. & vb. n. Converting.] [L. convertere, - versum; con- + vertere to turn: cf. F. convertir. See Verse.] 1. To cause to turn; to turn. [Obs.] “O, which way shall I first convert myself?
B. Jonson.” 2. To change or turn from one state or condition to another; to alter in form, substance, or quality; to transform; to transmute; as to convert water into ice. “If the whole atmosphere were converted into water.
T. Burnet.” “That still lessens
The sorrow, and converts it nigh to joy.
Milton.” 3. To change or turn from one belief or course to another, as from one religion to another or from one party or sect to another. “No attempt was made to convert the Moslems.
Prescott.” 4. To produce the spiritual change called conversion in (any one); to turn from a bad life to a good one; to change the heart and moral character of (any one) from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness. “He which converteth the sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death.
Lames v. 20.” 5. To apply to any use by a diversion from the proper or intended use; to appropriate dishonestly or illegally. “When a bystander took a coin to get it changed, and converted it, [it was] held no larceny.
Cooley.” 6. To exchange for some specified equivalent; as to convert goods into money. 7. (Logic) To change (one proposition) into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second. 8. To turn into another language; to translate. [Obs.] “Which story … Catullus more elegantly converted.
B. Jonson.” Converted guns, cast-iron guns lined with wrought-iron or steel tubes. Farrow. — Converting furnace (Steel Manuf.), a furnace in which wrought iron is converted into steel by cementation. Syn. — To change; turn; transmute; appropriate.

Con•vert´, v. i. To be turned or changed in character or direction; to undergo a change, physically or morally. “If Nebo had had the preaching that thou hast, they [the Neboites] would have converted.
Latimer.” “A red dust which converth into worms.
Sandys.” “The public hope
And eye to thee converting.
Thomson.”

Con´vert , n. 1. A person who is converted from one opinion or practice to another; a person who is won over to, or heartily embraces, a creed, religious system, or party, in which he has not previously believed; especially, one who turns from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness, or from unbelief to Christianity. “The Jesuits did not persuade the converts to lay aside the use of images.
Bp. Stillingfleet.” 2. A lay friar or brother, permitted to enter a monastery for the service of the house, but without orders, and not allowed to sing in the choir. Syn. — Proselyte; neophyte. — Convert, Proselyte, Pervert. A convert is one who turns from what he believes to have been a decided error of faith or practice. Such a change may relate to religion, politics, or other subjects. properly considered, it is not confined to speculation alone, but affects the whole current of one’s feelings and the tenor of his actions. As such a change carries with it the appearance of sincerity, the term convert is usually taken in a good sense. Proselyte is a term of more ambiguous use and application. It was first applied to an adherent of one religious system who had transferred himself externally to some other religious system; and is also applied to one who makes a similar transfer in respect to systems of philosophy or speculation. The term has little or no reference to the state of the heart. Pervert is a term of recent origin, designed to express the contrary of convert, and to stigmatize a person as drawn off perverted from the true faith. It has been more particulary applied by members of the Church of England to those who have joined the Roman Catholic Church.

Con•ver•tend´ , n. [L. convertenus to be converted.] (Logic) Any proposition which is subject to the process of conversion; — so called in its relation to itself as converted, after which process it is termed the converse. See Converse, n. (Logic).

Con•vert´er , n. 1. One who converts; one who makes converts. 2. (Steel Manuf.) A retort, used in the Bessemer process, in which molten cast iron is decarburized and converted into steel by a blast of air forced through the liquid metal.

Con•vert•i•bil´i•ty , n. The condition or quality of being convertible; capability of being exchanged; convertibleness. “The mutual convertibility of land into money, and of money into land.
Burke.”

Con•vert´i•ble , a. [L. convertibilis: cf. F. convertible.] 1. Capable of being converted; susceptible of change; transmutable; transformable. “Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus.
Harvey.” 2. Capable of being exchanged or interchanged; reciprocal; interchangeable. “So long as we are in the regions of nature, miraculous and improbable, miraculous and incredible, may be allowed to remain convertible terms.
Trench.”

Con•vert´i•ble•ness , n. The state of being convertible; convertibility.

Con•vert´i•bly, adv. In a convertible manner.

Con´vert•ite , n. [Cf. It. convertito, p. p. of convertire to convert.] A convert. [Obs.] Shak.

Con´vex , a. [L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, concave, fr. convehere to bring together: cf. F. convexe. See Vehicle.] Rising or swelling into a spherical or rounded form; regularly protuberant or bulging; — said of a spherical surface or curved line when viewed from without, in opposition to concave. “Drops of water naturally form themselves into figures with a convex surface.
Whewell.” Double convex, convex on both sides; convexo-convex.

Con´vex, n. A convex body or surface. “Half heaven’s convex glitters with the flame.
Tickell.” This word was often pronounced con-vex’ by early writers, as by Milton, and occasionally by later poets.

Con´vexed , a. Made convex; protuberant in a spherical form. Sir T. Browne.

Con•vex´ed•ly , adv. In a convex form; convexly. Sir T. Browne.

Con•vex´ed•ness, n. Convexity.

Con•vex´i•ty , n.; pl. Convexities (#). [L. convexitas: cf. F. convexite.] The state of being convex; the exterior surface of a convex body; roundness. “A smooth, uniform convexity and rotundity of a globe.
Bentley.”

Con´vex•ly , adv. In a convex form; as a body convexly shaped.

Con´vex•ness, n. The state of being convex; convexity.

Con•vex´o-con´cave (?or ?), a. Convex on one side, and concave on the other. The curves of the convex and concave sides may be alike or may be different. See Meniscus.

Con•vex´o-con´vex , a. Convex on both sides; double convex. See under Convex, a.

Con•vex´o-plane , a. Convex on one side, and flat on the other; plano- convex.

Con•vey´ (kon•va´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conveyed (- vad´); p. pr. & vb. n. Conveying.] [OF. conveir, convoier, to escort, convoy, F. convoyer, LL. conviare, fr. L. con- + via way. See Viaduct, Voyage, and cf. Convoy.] 1. To carry from one place to another; to bear or transport. “I will convey them by sea in floats.
1 Kings v. 9.” “Convey me to my bed, then to my grave.
Shak.” 2. To cause to pass from one place or person to another; to serve as a medium in carrying (anything) from one place or person to another; to transmit; as air conveys sound; words convey ideas. 3. To transfer or deliver to another; to make over, as property; more strictly (Law), to transfer (real estate) or pass (a title to real estate) by a sealed writing. “The Earl of Desmond … secretly conveyed all his lands to feoffees in trust.
Spenser.” 4. To impart or communicate; as to convey an impression; to convey information. “Men fill one another’s heads with noise and sound, but convey not thereby their thoughts.
Locke.” 5. To manage with privacy; to carry out. [Obs.] “I … will convey the business as I shall find means.
Shak.” 6. To carry or take away secretly; to steal; to thieve. [Obs.] 7. To accompany; to convoy. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — To carry; transport; bear; transmit; transfer.

Con•vey´, v. i. To play the thief; to steal. [Cant] “But as I am Crack, I will convey, crossbite, and cheat upon Simplicius.
Marston.”

Con•vey´a•ble (kon•va´a•b’l), a. Capable of being conveyed or transferred. Burke.

Con•vey´ance (kon•va´ans), n. 1. The act of conveying, carrying, or transporting; carriage. “The long journey was to be performed on horseback, — the only sure mode of conveyance.
Prescott.” “Following the river downward, there is conveyance into the countries named in the text.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 2. The instrument or means of carrying or transporting anything from place to place; the vehicle in which, or means by which, anything is carried from one place to another; as stagecoaches, omnibuses, etc., are conveyances; a canal or aqueduct is a conveyance for water. “These pipes and these conveyances of our blood.
Shak.” 3. The act or process of transferring, transmitting, handing down, or communicating; transmission. “Tradition is no infallible way of conveyance.
Stillingfleet.” 4. (Law) The act by which the title to property, esp. real estate, is transferred; transfer of ownership; an instrument in writing (as a deed or mortgage), by which the title to property is conveyed from one person to another. “[He] found the conveyances in law to be so firm, that in justice he must decree the land to the earl.
Clarendon.” 5. Dishonest management, or artifice. [Obs.] “the very Jesuits themselves … can not possibly devise any juggling conveyance how to shift it off.
Hakewill.”

Con•vey´an•cer (kon•va´an•ser), n. (Law) One whose business is to draw up conveyances of property, as deeds, mortgages, leases, etc. Burrill.

Con•vey´an•cing , n. (Law) The business of a conveyancer; the act or business of drawing deeds, leases, or other writings, for transferring the title to property from one person to another.

Con•vey´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, conveys or carries, transmits or transfers. 2. One given to artifices or secret practices; a juggler; a cheat; a thief. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•vey´or , n. (Mach.) A contrivance for carrying objects from place to place; esp., one for conveying grain, coal, etc., — as a spiral or screw turning in a pipe or trough, an endless belt with buckets, or a truck running along a rope.

Con•vi´ci•ate, v. i. [L. conviciatus, p. p. of conviciari to revile, fr. convicium loud reproach.] To utter reproaches; to raise a clamor; to rail. [Obs.] “To conviciate instead of accusing.
Laud.”

Con•vi•cin´i•ty , n.; pl. Convicinities . Immediate vicinity; neighborhood. “The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes.
T. Warton.”

Con•vi´cious , a. Expressing reproach; abusive; railing; taunting. [Obs.] ´Convicious words.´ Queen Elizabeth (1559).

Con•vict´ (kon•vikt´), p. a. [L. convictus, p. p. of convincere to convict, prove. See Convice.] Proved or found guilty; convicted. [Obs.] Shak. “Convict by flight, and rebel to all law.
Milton.”

Con´vict (kon´vikt), n. 1. A person proved guilty of a crime alleged against him; one legally convicted or sentenced to punishment for some crime. 2. A criminal sentenced to penal servitude. Syn. — Malefactor; culprit; felon; criminal.

Con•vict´ (kon•vikt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Convicting.] 1. To prove or find guilty of an offense or crime charged; to pronounce guilty, as by legal decision, or by one’s conscience. “He [Baxter] … had been convicted by a jury.
Macaulay.” “They which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one.
John viii. 9.” 2. To prove or show to be false; to confute; to refute. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. To demonstrate by proof or evidence; to prove. “Imagining that these proofs will convict a testament, to have that in it which other men can nowhere by reading find.
Hooker.” 4. To defeat; to doom to destruction. [Obs.] “A whole armado of convicted sail.
Shak.” Syn. — To confute; defect; convince; confound.

Con•vict•i•ble (kon•vikt´i•b’l), a. Capable of being convicted. [R.] Ash.

Con•vic´tion (kon•vik´shun), n. [L. convictio proof: cf. F. conviction conviction (in sense 3 & 4). See Convict, Convince.] 1. The act of convicting; the act of proving, finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense. “The greater certainty of conviction and the greater certainty of punishment.
Hallam.” 2. (Law) A judgment of condemnation entered by a court having jurisdiction; the act or process of finding guilty, or the state of being found guilty of any crime by a legal tribunal. “Conviction may accrue two ways.
Blackstone.” 3. The act of convincing of error, or of compelling the admission of a truth; confutation. “For all his tedious talk is but vain boast,
Or subtle shifts conviction to evade.
Milton.” 4. The state of being convinced or convicted; strong persuasion or belief; especially, the state of being convicted of sin, or by one’s conscience. “To call good evil, and evil good, against the conviction of their own consciences.
Swift.” “And did you presently fall under the power of this conviction?
Bunyan.” Syn. — Conviction; persuasion. — Conviction respects soley matters of belief or faith; persuasion respects matters of belief or practice. Conviction respects our most important duties; persuasion is frequently applied to matters of indifference. Crabb. — Conviction is the result of the [operation of the] understanding; persuasion, of the will. Conviction is a necessity of the mind, persuasion an acquiescence of the inclination. C. J. Smith. — Persuasion often induces men to act in opposition to their conviction of duty.

Con´vict•ism , n. The policy or practice of transporting convicts to penal settlements. ´The evils of convictism.´ W. Howitt.

Con•vict´ive , a. Convincing. [R.] “The best and most convictive argument.
Glanwill.” — Con•vict´ive•ly, adv. — Con•vict´ive•ness, n.

Con•vince´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convinced p. pr. & vb. n. Convincing.] [L. convincere, - victum, to refute, prove; con- + vincere to conquer. See Victor, and cf. Convict.] 1. To overpower; to overcome; to subdue or master. [Obs.] “His two chamberlains
Will I with wine and wassail so convince
That memory, the warder of the brain,
Shall be a fume.
Shak.” 2. To overcome by argument; to force to yield assent to truth; to satisfy by proof. “Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others.
Atterbury.” 3. To confute; to prove the fallacy of. [Obs.] “God never wrought miracle to convince atheism, because his ordinary works convince it.
Bacon.” 4. To prove guilty; to convict. [Obs.] “Which of you convinceth me of sin?
John viii. 46.” “Seek not to convince me of a crime
Which I can ne’er repent, nor you can pardon.
Dryden.” Syn. — To persuade; satisfy; convict. — To Convince, persuade. To convince is an act of the understanding; to persuade, of the will or feelings. The one is effected by argument, the other by motives. There are cases, however, in which persuade may seem to be used in reference only to the assent of the understanding; as when we say, I am persuaded it is so; I can not persuade myself of the fact. But in such instances there is usually or always a degree of awakened feeling which has had its share in producing the assent of the understanding.

Con•vince´ment , n. Act of convincing, or state of being convinced; conviction. [R.] “The fear of a convincement.
Milton.”

Con•vin´cer , n. One who, or that which, convinces; one who wins over by proof.

Con•vin´ci•ble , a. 1. Capable of being convinced or won over. 2. Capable of being confuted and disproved by argument; refutable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con•vin´cing•ly , adv. in a convincing manner; in a manner to compel assent.

Con•vin´cing•ness, n. The power of convincing, or the quality of being convincing.

Con•viv´al , a. [L. convivalis. See Convive.] pertaining to a feast or to festivity; convivial. [Obs.] ´A convival dish.´ Sir T. Browne.

Con•vive´ , v. i. [L. convivari; akin to convivium a feast, convivere to live or feast together; con- + vivere to live.] To feast together; to be convivial. [Obs.] ´There, in the full, convive we.´ Shak.

Con´vive , n. [L. conviva: cf. F. convive.] A quest at a banquet. [R.] Beaumont.

Con•viv´i•al ( 277), a. [From L. convivium a feast; con- + vivere to live. See Victuals, and cf. Convive.] Of or relating to a feast or entertainment, or to eating and drinking, with accompanying festivity; festive; social; gay; jovial. “Which feasts convivial meetings we did name.
Denham.”

Con•viv´i•al•ist, n. A person of convivial habits.

Con•viv•i•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Convivialities . The good humor or mirth indulged in upon festive occasions; a convivial spirit or humor; festivity.

Con•viv´i•al•ly , adv. In a convivial manner.

Con´vo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Convocating.] [L. convocatus, p. p. of convocare to convocate; con- + vocare to call. See Vocal, and cf. Convoce.] To convoke; to call together. [Obs.] May (Lucan).

Con•vo•ca´tion , n. [L. convocatio: cf. F. convocation. See Convoke.] 1. The act of calling or assembling by summons. 2. An assembly or meeting. “In the first day there shall be a holy convocation.
Ex. xii. 16.” 3. (Ch. of Eng.) An assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. In England, the provinces of Canterbury and York have each their convocation, but no session for business were allowed from 1717 to 1861. The Convocation of Canterbury consists of two houses. In the Convocation of York the business has been generally conducted in one assembly. 4. (Oxf. University) An academical assembly, in which the business of the university is transacted. Syn. — meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; convention; synod; council.

Con•vo•ca´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a convocation.

Con•vo•ca´tion•ist, n. An advocate or defender of convocation.

Con•voke´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoked p. pr. & vb. n. Convoking.] [L. convocare: cf. F. convoquer. See Convocate.] To call together; to summon to meet; to assemble by summons. “There remained no resource but the dreadful one of convoking a parliament.
palfrey.” Syn. — To summon; assemble; convene. See Call.

Con´vo•lute , a. [L. convolutus, p. p. of convolvere. See Convolve.] (Bot.) Rolled or wound together, one part upon another; — said of the leaves of plants in aestivation.

Con´vo•lu•ted , a. 1. Having convolutions. “beaks recurved and convoluted like a ram’s horn.
Pennant.” 2. Folded in tortuous windings. “A highly convoluted brain.
North Amer. Rev.”

Con•vo•lu´tion , n. 1. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion. “O’er the calm sea, in convolution swift,
The feathered eddy floats.
Thomson.” 2. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. Blackmore. 3. (Anat.) An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part; as the convolutions of the intestines; the cerebral convolutions. See Brain.

Con•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convolved p. pr. & vb. n. Convolving.] [L. convolvere, - volutum; con- + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] To roll or wind together; to roll or twist one part on another. “Then Satan first knew pain,
And writhed him to and fro convolved.
Milton.”

Con•vol•vu•la´ceous , a. [From Convolvus.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the bindweed and the morning-glory are common examples.

Con•vol´vu•lin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside occurring in jalap (the root of a convolvulaceous plant), and extracted as a colorless, tasteless, gummy mass of powerful purgative properties.

Con•vol´vu•lus , n.; pl. L.Convolvuli (#), E. Convoluluses (#). [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around. So named from its twining stems.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants having monopetalous flowers, including the common bindweed (C. arwensis), and formerly the morning-glory, but this is now transferred to the genus Ipomaea. “The luster of the long convolvuluses
That coiled around the stately stems.
Tennyson.”

Con•voy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoyed p. pr. & vb. n. Convoying.] [F. convoyer, OF. conveier, convoier. See Convey.] To accompany for protection, either by sea or land; to attend for protection; to escort; as a frigate convoys a merchantman. “I know ye skillful to convoy
The total freight of hope and joy.
Emerson.”

Con´voy , n. [F. convoi.] 1. The act of attending for defense; the state of being so attended; protection; escort. “To obtain the convoy of a man-of-war.
Macaulay.” 2. A vessel or fleet, or a train or trains of wagons, employed in the transportation of munitions of war, money, subsistence, clothing, etc., and having an armed escort. 3. A protection force accompanying ships, etc., on their way from place to place, by sea or land; an escort, for protection or guidance. “When every morn my bosom glowed
To watch the convoy on the road.
Emerson.” 4. Conveyance; means of transportation. [Obs.] Shak. 5. A drag or brake applied to the wheels of a carriage, to check their velocity in going down a hill. Knight.

Con•vulse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convulsed p. pr. & vb. n. Convulsing.] [L. convulsus, p. p. of convellere to tear up, to shake; con- + vellere to pluck, pull.] 1. To contract violently and irregulary, as the muscular parts of an animal body; to shake with irregular spasms, as in excessive laughter, or in agony from grief or pain. “With emotions which checked his voice and convulsed his powerful frame.
Macaulay.” 2. To agitate greatly; to shake violently. “The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To agitate; disturb; shake; tear; rend.

Con•vul´sion , n. [L. convulsio: cf. F. convulsion.] 1. (Med.) An unnatural, violent, and unvoluntary contraction of the muscular parts of an animal body. 2. Any violent and irregular motion or agitation; a violent shaking; a tumult; a commotion. “Those two massy pillars,
With horrible convulsion, to and fro
He tugged, he shook, till down they came.
Milton.” “Times of violence and convulsion.
Ames.” Syn. — Agitation; commotion; tumult; disturbance.

Con•vul´sion•al , a. Pertaining to, or having, convulsions; convulsionary. [R.] Lamb.

Con•vul´sion•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. convulsionnaire.] Pertaining to convulsion; convulsive. ´Convulsionary struggles.´ Sir W. Scott.

Con•vul´sion•a•ry, n. A convulsionist.

Con•vul´sion•ist, n. One who has convulsions; esp., one of a body of fanatics in France, early in the eighteenth century, who went into convulsions under the influence of religious emotion; as the Convulsionists of St. Medard.

Con•vul´sive , a. [Cf. F. convulsif.] Producing, or attended with, convulsions or spasms; characterized by convulsions; convulsionary. “An irregular, convulsive movement may be necessary to throw off an irregular, convulsive disease.
Burke.”

Con•vul´sive•ly, adv. in a convulsive manner.

Co´ny (? or 277), n. [OE. coning, conig, coni, OF. connin, conin, connil, fr. L. cuniculus a rabbit, cony, prob. an Hispanic word.] [Written also coney.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A rabbit, esp., the European rabbit (Lepus cuniculus). (b) The chief hare. The cony of Scripture is thought to be Hyrax Syriacus, called also daman, and cherogril. See Daman. 2. A simpleton. [Obs.] “It is a most simple animal; whence are derived our usual phrases of cony and cony catcher.
Diet’s Dry Dinner (1599).” 3. (Zoöl.) (a) An important edible West Indian fish (Epinephelus apua); the hind of Bermuda. (b) A local name of the burbot. [Eng.]

Co´ny-catch , v. t. To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] “Take heed, Signor Baptista, lest you be cony- catched in the this business.
Shak.”

Co´ny-catch•er , n. A cheat; a sharper; a deceiver. [Obs.] Minsheu.

Con´y•lene , n. [Conine + acetylene.] An oily substance, C_8H_14, obtained from several derivatives of conine.

Con´y•rine , n. [From Conine.] (Chem.) A blue, fluorescent, oily base (regarded as a derivative of pyridine), obtained from conine.

Coo , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cooed p. pr. & vb. n. Cooing.] 1. To make a low repeated cry or sound, like the characteristic note of pigeons or doves. “The stockdove only through the forest cooes,
Mournfully hoarse.
Thomson.” 2. To show affection; to act in a loving way. See under Bill, v. i. ´Billing or cooing.´ Byron. { Coo´ey , Coo´ee } , n. [Of imitative origin.] A peculiar whistling sound made by the Australian aborigenes as a call or signal. [Written also cooie.]

Cook (kook), v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To make the noise of the cuckoo. [Obs. or R.] “Constant cuckoos cook on every side.
The Silkworms (1599).”

Cook (kook), v. t. [Etymol. unknown.] To throw. [Prov.Eng.] ´Cook me that ball.´ Grose.

Cook (kook), n. [AS. coc, fr. l. cocus, coquus, coquus, fr. coquere to cook; akin to Gr. , Skr. pac, and to E. apricot, biscuit, concoct, dyspepsia, precocious. Cf. Pumpkin.] 1. One whose occupation is to prepare food for the table; one who dresses or cooks meat or vegetables for eating. 2. (Zoöl.) A fish, the European striped wrasse.

Cook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooked p. pr & vb. n. Cooking.] 1. To prepare, as food, by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc.; to make suitable for eating, by the agency of fire or heat. 2. To concoct or prepare; hence, to tamper with or alter; to garble; — often with up; as to cook up a story; to cook an account. [Colloq.] “They all of them receive the same advices from abroad, and very often in the same words; but their way of cooking it is so different.
Addison.”

Cook (kook), v. i. To prepare food for the table.

Cook´book (-book•), n. A book of directions and receipts for cooking; a cookery book. [U.S.] “´Just How´: a key to the cookbooks.
Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney.”

Cook•ee´ (kook•e´), n.A female cook. [R.]

Cook´er•y (kook´er•y), n. 1. The art or process of preparing food for the table, by dressing, compounding, and the application of heat. 2. A delicacy; a dainty. [Obs.] R. North. { Cook´ey , Cook´ie } , n. See Cooky.

Cook´maid , n. A female servant or maid who dresses provisions and assists the cook.

Cook´room , n. A room for cookery; a kitchen; the galley or caboose of a ship. Sir W. Raleigh.

Cook•shop , n. An eating house. ´A subterranean cookshop.´ Macaulay.

Cook´y , n.; pl. Cookies (#). [Cf. D. koek cake, dim. koekje; akin to G. kuchen, E. cake; or cf. OE. coket, prob., a sort of cake, and prob. of French origin.] A small, flat, sweetened cake of various kinds.

Cool , a. [Compar. Cooler superl. Coolest.] [AS. col; akin to D. koel, G. kühl, OHG. chouli, Dan. kölig, Sw. kylig, also to AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala. See Cold, and cf. Chill.] 1. Moderately cold; between warm and cold; lacking in warmth; producing or promoting coolness. “Fanned with cool winds.
Milton.” 2. Not ardent, warm, fond, or passionate; not hasty; deliberate; exercising self-control; self-possessed; dispassionate; indifferent; as a cool lover; a cool debater. “For a patriot, too cool.
Goldsmith.” 3. Not retaining heat; light; as a cool dress. 4. Manifesting coldness or dislike; chilling; apathetic; as a cool manner. 5. Quietly impudent; negligent of propriety in matters of minor importance, either ignorantly or willfully; presuming and selfish; audacious; as cool behavior. “Its cool stare of familiarity was intolerable.
Hawthorne.” 6. Applied facetiously, in a vague sense, to a sum of money, commonly as if to give emphasis to the largeness of the amount. “He had lost a cool hundred.
Fielding.” “Leaving a cool thousand to Mr. Matthew Pocket.
Dickens.” Syn. — Calm; dispassionate; self-possessed; composed; repulsive; frigid; alienated; impudent.

Cool, n. A moderate state of cold; coolness; — said of the temperature of the air between hot and cold; as the cool of the day; the cool of the morning or evening.

Cool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooled p. pr. & vb. n. Cooling.] 1. To make cool or cold; to reduce the temperature of; as ice cools water. “Send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue.
Luke xvi. 24.” 2. To moderate the heat or excitement of; to allay, as passion of any kind; to calm; to moderate. “We have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts.
Shak.” To cool the heels, to dance attendance; to wait, as for admission to a patron’s house. [Colloq.] Dryden.

Cool, v. i. 1. To become less hot; to lose heat. “I saw a smith stand with his hammer, thus,
the whilst his iron did on the anvil cool.
Shak.” 2. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become more moderate. “I will not give myself liberty to think, lest I should cool.
Congreve.”

Cool´er , n. That which cools, or abates heat or excitement. “if acid things were used only as coolers, they would not be so proper in this case.
Arbuthnot.” 2. Anything in or by which liquids or other things are cooled, as an ice chest, a vessel for ice water, etc.

Cool´-head•ed , a. Having a temper not easily excited; free from passion. — Cool´- head•ed•ness, n.

Coo´lie , n. Same as Cooly.

Cool´ing , p. a. Adapted to cool and refresh; allaying heat. ´The cooling brook.´ Goldsmith. Cooling card, something that dashes hopes. [Obs.] — Cooling time (Law), such a lapse of time as ought, taking all the circumstances of the case in view, to produce a subsiding of passion previously provoked. Wharton.

Cool´ish, a. Somewhat cool. “The nights began to grow a little coolish.
Goldsmith.”

Cool´ly, a. Coolish; cool. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cool´ly, adv. In a cool manner; without heat or excessive cold; without passion or ardor; calmly; deliberately; with indifference; impudently.

Cool´ness, n. 1. The state of being cool; a moderate degree of cold; a moderate degree, or a want, of passion; want of ardor, zeal, or affection; calmness. 2. Calm impudence; self-possession. [Colloq.]

Coo´lung , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The great gray crane of India (Grus cinerea). [Also written coolen and cullum.] { Coo´ly , Coo´lie } , n.; pl. Coolies (#). [Hind. kli a laborer, porter: cf. Turk. kl, kyleh, slave.] An East Indian porter or carrier; a laborer transported from the East Indies, China, or Japan, for service in some other country.

Coom , n. [Cf. G. kahm mold gathered on liquids, D. kam, Sw. kimrök pine soot, smoke black, Icel. kam grime, film of dirt.] Soot; coal dust; refuse matter, as the dirty grease which comes from axle boxes, or the refuse at the mouth of an oven. Phillips. Bailey.

Coomb , n. [AS. cumb a liquid measure, perh. from LL. cumba boat, tomb of stone, fr. Gr. hollow of a vessel, cup, boat, but cf. G. kumpf bowl.] A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. [Written also comb.] { Coomb , Coombe } , n. [See Comb, Combe, in this sense.] A hollow in a hillside. [Prov. Eng.] See Comb, Combe.

Coon , n. (Zoöl.) A raccoon. See Raccoon.

Coon´tie , n. (Bot.) A cycadaceous plant of Florida and the West Indies, the Zamia integrifolia, from the stems of which a kind of sago is prepared.

Coop (koop), n. [Cf. AS. cypa a measure, D. kuip tub, Icel. kupa bowl, G. kufe coop tub; all fr. L. cupa vat, tub, LL. cupa, copa, cup. See Cup, and cf. Keeve.] 1. A barrel or cask for liquor. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. An inclosure for keeping small animals; a pen; especially, a grated box for confining poultry. 3. A cart made close with boards; a tumbrel. [Scotch]

Coop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooped p. pr. & vb. n. Cooping.] To confine in a coop; hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow compass; to cramp; — usually followed by up, sometimes by in. “The Trojans cooped within their walls so long.
Dryden.” “The contempt of all other knowledge … coops the understanding up within narrow bounds.
Locke.” 2. To work upon in the manner of a cooper. [Obs.] ´Shaken tubs … be new cooped.´ Holland. Syn. — To crowd; confine; imprison.

Coo•pee´ (koo•pe´), n. See Coupe. [Obs.], Johnson.

Coop´er (koop´er; 277), n. [From Coop.] One who makes barrels, hogsheads, casks, etc.

Coop´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coopered p. pr. & vb. n. Coopering.] To do the work of a cooper upon; as to cooper a cask or barrel.

Coop´er•age , n. 1. Work done by a cooper. 2. The price paid for coopers’ work. 3. A place where coopers’ work is done.

Co•öp´er•ant , a. [Cf. F. cooperant.] Operating together; as coöperant forces.

Co•öp´er•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coöperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coöperating.] [L. coöperatus, p. p. of coöperari to coöperate; co + operari to work, opus work. See Operate.] To act or operate jointly with another or others; to concur in action, effort, or effect. “Whate’er coöperates to the common mirth.
Crashaw.”

Co•öp•er•a´tion , n. [L. coöperatio: cf. F. cooperation.] 1. The act of coöperating, or of operating together to one end; joint operation; concurrent effort or labor. “Not holpen by the coöperation of angels.
Bacon.” 2. (Polit. Econ.) The association of a number of persons for their benefit.

Co•öp´er•a•tive , a. Operating jointly to the same end. Coöperative society, a society established on the principle of a joint-stock association, for the production of commodities, or their purchase and distribution for consumption, or for the borrowing and lending of capital among its members. — Coöperative store, a store established by a coöperative society, where the members make their purchases and share in the profits or losses.

Co•öp´er•a•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. cooperateur.] One who labors jointly with others to promote the same end. ´Coöperators with the truth.´ Boyle.

Coop´er•ing , n. Work done by a cooper in making or repairing barrels, casks, etc.; the business of a cooper.

Coop´er•y, a. Relating to a cooper; coopered. [Obs.] “Coopery vessels made of wood.
Holland.”

Coop´er•y, n. The occupation of a cooper. Crabb.

Co•öpt´ , v. t. [See Coöptate. Cf. F. coopter.] To choose or elect in concert with another. [R.] “Each of the hundred was to coöpt three others.
Jowett (Thucyd.).”

Co•öp´tate , v. t. [L. coöptatus, p. p. of coötare to elect to something; co- + optare to choose.] To choose; to elect; to coöpt. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Co•öp•ta´tion , n. [L. coöptatio.] The act of choosing; selection; choice. [Obs.] “The first election and coöptation of a friend.
Howell.”

Co•ör•dain , v. t. To ordain or appoint for some purpose along with another.

Co•ör´di•nance , n. Joint ordinance.

Co•ör´di•nate , a. [Pref. co- + L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare to regulate. See Ordain.] Equal in rank or order; not subordinate. “Whether there was one Supreme Governor of the world, or many coördinate powers presiding over each country.
Law.” “Conjunctions joint sentences and coördinate terms.
Rev. R. Morris.” Coördinate adjectives, adjectives disconnected as regards one another, but referring equally to the same subject. — Coördinate conjunctions, conjunctions joining independent propositions. Rev. R. Morris.

Co•ör´di•nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coördinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coördinating.] 1. To make coördinate; to put in the same order or rank; as to coördinate ideas in classification. 2. To give a common action, movement, or condition to; to regulate and combine so as to produce harmonious action; to adjust; to harmonize; as to coördinate muscular movements.

Co•ör´di•nate , n. 1. A thing of the same rank with another thing; one two or more persons or things of equal rank, authority, or importance. “It has neither coördinate nor analogon; it is absolutely one.
Coleridge.” 2. pl. (Math.) Lines, or other elements of reference, by means of which the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to certain fixed lines, or planes, called coördinate axes and coördinate planes. See Abscissa. Coördinates are of several kinds, consisting in some of the different cases, of the following elements, namely: (a) (Geom. of Two Dimensions) The abscissa and ordinate of any point, taken together; as the abscissa PY and ordinate PX of the point P (Fig. 2, referred to the coördinate axes AY and AX. (b) Any radius vector PA (Fig. 1), together with its angle of inclination to a fixed line, APX, by which any point A in the same plane is referred to that fixed line, and a fixed point in it, called the pole, P. (c) (Geom. of Three Dimensions) Any three lines, or distances, PB, PC, PD (Fig. 3), taken parallel to three coördinate axes, AX, AY, AZ, and measured from the corresponding coördinate fixed planes, YAZ, XAZ, XAY, to any point in space, P, whose position is thereby determined with respect to these planes and axes. (d) A radius vector, the angle which it makes with a fixed plane, and the angle which its projection on the plane makes with a fixed line line in the plane, by which means any point in space at the free extremity of the radius vector is referred to that fixed plane and fixed line, and a fixed point in that line, the pole of the radius vector. Cartesian coördinates. See under Cartesian. — Geographical coördinates, the latitude and longitude of a place, by which its relative situation on the globe is known. The height of the above the sea level constitutes a third coördinate. — Polar coördinates, coördinates made up of a radius vector and its angle of inclination to another line, or a line and plane; as those defined in (b) and (d) above. — Rectangular coördinates, coördinates the axes of which intersect at right angles. — Rectilinear coördinates, coördinates made up of right lines. Those defined in (a) and (c) above are called also Cartesian coördinates. — Trigonometrical or Spherical coördinates, elements of reference, by means of which the position of a point on the surface of a sphere may be determined with respect to two great circles of the sphere. — Trilinear coördinates, coördinates of a point in a plane, consisting of the three ratios which the three distances of the point from three fixed lines have one to another.

Co•ör´di•nate•ly , adv. In a coördinate manner.

Co•ör´di•nate•ness, n. The state of being coördinate; equality of rank or authority.

Co•ör•di•na´tion , n. 1. The act of coördinating; the act of putting in the same order, class, rank, dignity, etc.; as the coördination of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial authority in forming a government; the act of regulating and combining so as to produce harmonious results; harmonious adjustment; as a coördination of functions. ´Coördination of muscular movement by the cerebellum.´ Carpenter. 2. The state of being coördinate, or of equal rank, dignity, power, etc. “In this high court of parliament, there is a rare coördination of power.
Howell.”

Co•ör´di•na•tive , a. (Gram.) Expressing coördination. J. W. Gibbs.

Coot (koot), n. [Cf. D. koet, W. cwtair; cwta short, bodtailed + iar hen; cf. cwtau to dock. Cf. Cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A wading bird with lobate toes, of the genus Fulica. The common European or bald coot is F. atra (see under bald); the American is F. Americana. (b) The surf duck or scoter. In the United States all the species of (Œdemia are called coots. See Scoter. ´As simple as a coot.´ Halliwell. 2. A stupid fellow; a simpleton; as a silly coot. [Colloq.]

Coot´er (-er), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water tortoise (Pseudemus concinna) of Florida. (b) The box tortoise.

Coot´foot (-foot•), n. (Zoöl.) The phalarope; — so called because its toes are like the coot’s.

Coo•thay´ (koo•tha´), n.A striped satin made in India. McElrath.

Cop (kop), n. [AS. cop; cf. G. kopf head. Cf. Cup, Cob.] 1. The top of a thing; the head; a crest. [Obs.] “Cop they used to call
The tops of many hills.
Drayton.” 2. A conical or conical-ended mass of coiled thread, yarn, or roving, wound upon a spindle, etc. 3. A tube or quill upon which silk is wound. 4. (Mil. Arch.) Same as Merlon. 5. A policeman. [Slang] Cop waste, a kind of cotton waste, composed chiefly of remnants of cops from which the greater part of the yarn has been unwound. { Co•pai´ba ( 277), Co•pai´va }, n. [Sp. & Pg., fr. Brazil. cupaúba.] (Med.) A more or less viscid, yellowish liquid, the bitter oleoresin of several species of Copaifera, a genus of trees growing in South America and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic, and is much used in affections of the mucous membranes; — called also balsam of copaiba. [Written also capivi.]

Co´pal (ko´pal; 277), [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, a generic name of resins. Clavigero.] A resinous substance flowing spontaneously from trees of Zanzibar, Madagascar, and South America (Trachylobium Hornemannianum, T. verrucosum, and Hymenaea Courbaril), and dug from earth where forests have stood in Africa; — used chiefly in making varnishes. Ure.

Co•par´ce•na•ry (ko•pär´se•na•ry), n.; pl. Coparcenaries (-riz). [Pref. co- + parcenary] (Law) Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship; joint right of succession to an inheritance.

Co•par´ce•ner (-ner), n. [Pref. co- + parcener.] (Law) One who has an equal portion with others of an inheritance. “All the coparceners together make but one heir, and have but one estate among them.
Blackstone.”

Co•par´ce•ny , n. [Abbrev. of Coparcenary.] (Law) An equal share of an inheritance.

Co•part , v. t. [Cf. Compart] To share. [Obs.] “For, of all miserias I hold that chief
Wretched to be, when none coparts our grief.
Webster (1661).”

Co•part´ment , n. A compartment. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Co•part´ner , n. One who is jointly concerned with one or more persons in business, etc.; a partner; an associate; a partaker; a sharer. “the associates and copartners of our loss.
Milton.”

Co•part´ner•ship, n. 1. The state of being a copartner or of having a joint interest in any matter. 2. A partnership or firm; as A. and B. have this day formed a copartnership.

Co•part´ner•y , n.; pl. Copartneries . the state of being copartners in any undertaking. [R.]

Cop´a•tain , a. [Formed fr. cop, in imitation of captain. See Cop, Captain.] Having a high crown, or a point or peak at top. [Obs.] “A copatain hat made on a Flemish block.
Gascoigne.”

Co•pa´tri•ot , n. A joint patriot.

Cope (kop), n. [A doublet of cape. See Cape, Cap.] 1. A covering for the head. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Anything regarded as extended over the head, as the arch or concave of the sky, the roof of a house, the arch over a door. ´The starry cope of heaven.´ Milton. 3. An ecclesiastical vestment or cloak, semicircular in form, reaching from the shoulders nearly to the feet, and open in front except at the top, where it is united by a band or clasp. It is worn in processions and on some other occasions. Piers plowman. “A hundred and sixty priests all in their copes.
Bp. Burnet.” 4. An ancient tribute due to the lord of the soil, out of the lead mines in Derbyshire, England. 5. (Founding) The top part of a flask or mold; the outer part of a loam mold. Knight. De Colange.

Cope, v. i. To form a cope or arch; to bend or arch; to bow. [Obs.] “Some bending down and coping toward the earth.
Holland.”

Cope, v. t. (Falconry) To pare the beak or talons of (a hawk). J. H. Walsh.

Cope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coped (kopt); p. pr. & vb. n. Coping.] [OE. copen, coupen, to buy, bargain, prob. from D. koopen to buy, orig., to bargain. See Cheap.] 1. To exchange or barter. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To encounter; to meet; to have to do with. “Horatio, thou art e’en as just a man
As e’er my conversation coped withal.
Shak.” 3. To enter into or maintain a hostile contest; to struggle; to combat; especially, to strive or contend on equal terms or with success; to match; to equal; — usually followed by with. “Host coped with host, dire was the din of war.
Philips.” “Their generals have not been able to cope with the troops of Athens.
Addison.”

Cope, v. t. 1. To bargain for; to buy. [Obs.] 2. To make return for; to requite; to repay. [Obs.] “three thousand ducats due unto the Jew,
We freely cope your courteous pains withal.
Shak.” 3. To match one’s self against; to meet; to encounter. “I love to cope him in these sullen fits.
Shak.” “They say he yesterday coped Hector in the battle, and struck him down.
Shak.”

Cope´-chis•el , n. A narrow chisel adapted for cutting a groove. Knight.

Co´peck , n. [Russ. kopeika] A Russian copper coin. See Kopeck.

Coped , a. Clad in a cope.

Cop•e•la´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a rower.] (Zoöl.) See Larvalla.

Cope´man , n. [D. koopman, fr. koopen to buy. See Cope, v. i. Chapman.] A chapman; a dealer; a merchant. [Obs.] “He would have sold his part of paradise
For ready money, had he met a copeman.
B. Jonson.”

Cop´e•pod , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Copepoda. — n. One of the Copepoda.

Co•pep´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. an oar + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of Entomostraca, including many minute Crustacea, both fresh-water and marine. They have a distinct carapace. The eggs are carried in a pair of external pouches. Some are parasites of fishes.

Co•per´ni•can , a. Pertaining to Copernicus, a Prussian by birth (b. 1473, d. 1543), who taught the world the solar system now received, called the Copernican system.

Copes´mate , n. An associate or companion; a friend; a partner. [Obs.] “Misshapen time, copesmate of ugly Night.
Shak.”

Cope´stone , n. (Arch.) A stone for coping. See Coping.

Cop´i•er , n. [From. Copy.] 1. One who copies; one who writes or transcribes from an original; a transcriber. 2. An imitator; one who imitates an example; hence, a plagiarist.

Cop´ing , n. [See Cope, n.] (Arch.) The highest or covering course of masonry in a wall, often with sloping edges to carry off water; — sometimes called capping. Gwill.

Co´pi•ous , a. [L. copiosus, fr. copia abundance: cf. F. copieux. See Copy, Opulent.] Large in quantity or amount; plentiful; abundant; fruitful. “Kindly pours its copious treasures forth.
Thomson.” “Hail, Son of God, Savior of men! thy name
Shall be the copious matter of my song.
Milton.” Syn. — Ample; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; rich; full; exuberant; overflowing; full. See Ample.

Co´pi•ous•ly, adv. In a copious manner.

Co´pi•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being copious; abudance; plenty; also diffuseness in style. “To imitatethe copiousness of Homer.
Dryden.” Syn. — Abudance; plenty; richness; exuberance.

Cop´ist , n. [F. copiste. See Copy.] A copier. [Obs.] ´A copist after nature.´ Shaftesbury.

Co•plan´ar (ko•plan´er), a. [Pref. co- + plane.] (Math.) Situated in one plane.

Cop´land , n. [Cop + land.] A piece of ground terminating in a point or acute angle. [Obs.]

Co•por´tion , n.Equal share. [Obs.] “Myself will bear … coportion of your pack.
Spenser.”

Copped , a. [From Cop.] Rising to a point or head; conical; pointed; crested. Wiseman.

Cop´pel , n. & v. See Cupel.

Cop´per , n. [OE. coper (cf. D. koper, Sw. koppar, Dan. kobber, G. kupfer), LL. cuper, fr. L. cuprum for earlier Cyprium, Cyprium aes, i.e., Cyprian brass, fr. Gr. of Cyprus (Gr. ), anciently renowned for its copper mines. Cf. Cypreous.] 1. A common metal of a reddish color, both ductile and malleable, and very tenacious. It is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. Symbol Cu. Atomic weight 63.3. It is one of the most useful metals in itself, and also in its alloys, brass and bronze. Copper is the only metal which occurs native abundantly in large masses; it is found also in various ores, of which the most important are chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite, and malachite. Copper mixed with tin forms bell metal; with a smaller proportion, bronze; and with zinc, it forms brass, pinchbeck, and other alloys. 2. A coin made of copper; a penny, cent, or other minor coin of copper. [Colloq.] “My friends filled my pockets with coppers.
Franklin.” 3. A vessel, especially a large boiler, made of copper. 4. pl. Specifically (Naut.), the boilers in the galley for cooking; as a ship’s coppers. Copper is often used adjectively, commonly in the sense of made or consisting of copper, or resembling copper; as a copper boiler, tube, etc. “All in a hot and copper sky.
Coleridge.” It is sometimes written in combination; as copperplate, coppersmith, copper- colored. Copper finch. (Zoöl.) See Chaffinch. — Copper glance, or Vitreous copper. (Min.) See Chalcocite. — Indigo copper. (Min.) See Covelline.

Cop´per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coppered p. pr. & vb. n. Coppering.] To cover or coat with copper; to sheathe with sheets of copper; as to copper a ship.

Cop´per•as , n. [OE. coperose, F. couperose, fr. (assumed?) L. cuprirosa, equiv. to G. cha•lkanqos, i. e. copper flower, vitriol. See Copper and Rose.] Green vitriol, or sulphate of iron; a green crystalline substance, of an astringent taste, used in making ink, in dyeing black, as a tonic in medicine, etc. It is made on a large scale by the oxidation of iron pyrites. Called also ferrous sulphate. The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vitriol, and included the green, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc.

Cop´per-bot•tomed , a. Having a bottom made of copper, as a tin boiler or other vessel, or sheathed with copper, as a ship.

Cop´per-faced , a.Faced or covered with copper; as copper-faced type.

Cop´per-fas•tened , a.Fastened with copper bolts, as the planks of ships, etc.; as a copper-fastened ship.

Cop´per•head , n. [From its color.] 1. (Zoöl.) A poisonous American serpent (Ancistrodon conotortrix), closely allied to the rattlesnake, but without rattles; — called also copper-belly, and red viper. 2. A nickname applied to a person in the Northern States who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. [U.S.]

Cop´per•ing, n. 1. The act of covering with copper. 2. An envelope or covering of copper.

Cop´per•ish, a. Containing, or partaking of the nature of, copper; like copper; as a copperish taste.

Cop´per-nick•el , n. (Min.) Niccolite.

Cop´per-nose , n. A red nose. Shak.

Cop´per•plate (kop´per•plat•), n. (a) A plate of polished copper on which a design or writing is engraved. (b) An impression on paper taken from such a plate. In printing from a copper- or steel plate the lines are filled with ink, the surface of the plate is wiped clean, the paper laid upon it, and the impression taken by pressing it under the roller of a plate press. Copperplate press. See Plate press, under Plate.

Cop´per•smith (-smith•), n. One whose occupation is to manufacture copper utensils; a worker in copper.

Cop´per works A place where copper is wrought or manufactured. Woodward.

Cop´per•worm , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The teredo; — so called because it injures the bottoms of vessels, where not protected by copper. (b) The ringworm.

Cop´per•y , a. Mixed with copper; containing copper, or made of copper; like copper.

Cop´pice (kop´pis), n. [OF. copeiz, fr. coper, couper, to cut, F. couper, fr. cop, coup, colp, a blow, F. coup, L. colaphus, fr. Gr. ko•lafos. Cf. Copse, and cf. Coupe, Coupee.] A grove of small growth; a thicket of brushwood; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes. See Copse. “The rate of coppice lands will fall, upon the discovery of coal mines.
Locke.”

Cop´pin , n.[See Cop.] A cop of thread.

Cop´ple , n. [A dim. of Cop.] Something rising in a conical shape; specifically, a hill rising to a point. “A low cape, and upon it a copple not very high.
Hakluyt.”

Cop´ple-crown , n. A created or high-topped crown or head. ´Like the copple- crown the lapwing has.´ T. Randolph. — Cop´ple-crowned• (#), a.

Cop´pled , a. [From Copple.] Rising to a point; conical; copped. [Obs.] Woodward.

Cop´ple dust Cupel dust. [Obs.] “Powder of steel, or copple dust.
Bacon.”

Cop´ple•stone , n. A cobblestone. [Obs.]

Copps , n. See Copse. [Obs.]

Co´pra , n. [Malayálam koppara or Hind. khopra.] (Com.) The dried meat of the cocoanut, from which cocoanut oil is expressed. [Written also cobra, copperah, coppra.]

Cop´ro•lite , n. [Gr. ko•pros dung + -lite.] (Paleon.) A piece of petrified dung; a fossil excrement.

Cop•ro•lit´ic , a. Containing, pertaining to, or of the nature of, coprolites.

Co•proph´a•gan , n. [See Coprophagous.] (Zoöl.) A kind of beetle which feeds upon dung.

Co•proph´a•gous , a. [Gr. exrement + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Feeding upon dung, as certain insects.

Cop-rose , n. [F. coprose, of uncertain origin; cf. D. klaproos, klapperroos.] The red, or corn, poppy. [Written also cup-rose.]

Cops , n. [AS. cops, cosp, fetter.] The connecting crook of a harrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Copse , n. [Contr. from coppice.] A wood of small growth; a thicket of brushwood. See Coppice. “Near yonder copse where once the garden smiled.
Goldsmith.”

Copse, v. t. 1. To trim or cut; — said of small trees, brushwood, tufts of grass, etc. Halliwell. 2. To plant and preserve, as a copse. Swift.

Copse´wood , n. Brushwood; coppice. Macaulay.

Cops´y , a. Characterized by copses. ´Copsy villages.´ ´Copsy banks.´ J. Dyer.

Cop´tic (kop´tik), a. [Abbrev. from L. Aegyptius an Egyptian, Gr. , Ar. kibti, pl. kibt.] Of or pertaining to the Copts. — n. The language of the Copts.

Copts (kopts´), n. pl.; sing. Copt (#). [See Coptic.] (Etnol.) 1. An Egyptian race thought to be descendants of the ancient Egyptians. 2. The principal sect of Christians in Egypt and the valley of the Nile. they belong to the Jacobite sect of Monophysite Christians, and for eleven centuries have had possession of the patriarchal chair of Alexandria.

Cop´u•la , n. [L., bond, band. See Couple.] 1. (Logic & Gram.) The word which unites the subject and predicate. 2. (Mus.) The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; — called also coupler.

Cop´u•late , a. [L. copulatus, p. p. of copulare to couple, fr. copula. See Copula.] 1. Joined; associated; coupled. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Gram.) Joining subject and predicate; copulative. F. A. March.

Cop´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Copulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Copulating.] To unite in sexual intercourse; to come together in the act of generation.

Cop•u•la´tion , n. [L. copulatio: cf. F. copulation.] 1. The act of coupling or joining; union; conjunction. “Wit, you know, is the unexpected copulation of ideas.
Johnson.” 2. The coming together of male and female in the act of generation; sexual union; coition.

Cop´u•la´tive , a. [L. copulativus: cf. F. copulatif.] Serving to couple, unite, or connect; as a copulative conjunction like ´and´.

Cop´u•la•tive, n. 1. Connection. [Obs.] Rycaut. 2. (Gram.) A copulative conjunction.

Cop´u•la´tive•ly, adv. In a copulative manner.

Cop´u•la•to•ry (kop´u•la•to•ry), a. 1. Pertaining to copulation; tending or serving to unite; copulative. 2. (Zoöl.) Used in sexual union; as the copulatory organs of insects.

Cop´y (kop´y), n.; pl. Copies (-iz). [F. copie, fr. L. copia abundance, number, LL. also a transcript; co- + the root of opes riches. See Opulent, and cf. Copious.] 1. An abundance or plenty of anything. [Obs.] “She was blessed with no more copy of wit, but to serve his humor thus.
B. Jonson.” 2. An imitation, transcript, or reproduction of an original work; as a copy of a letter, an engraving, a painting, or a statue. “I have not the vanity to think my copy equal to the original.
Denham.” 3. An individual book, or a single set of books containing the works of an author; as a copy of the Bible; a copy of the works of Addison. 4. That which is to be imitated, transcribed, or reproduced; a pattern, model, or example; as his virtues are an excellent copy for imitation. “Let him first learn to write, after a copy, all the letters.
Holder.” 5. (print.) Manuscript or printed matter to be set up in type; as the printers are calling for more copy. 6. A writing paper of a particular size. Same as Bastard. See under Paper. 7. Copyhold; tenure; lease. [Obs.] Shak. Copy book, a book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate. — Examined copies (Law), those which have been compared with the originals. — Exemplified copies, those which are attested under seal of a court. — Certified or Office copies, those which are made or attested by officers having charge of the originals, and authorized to give copies officially. Abbot. Syn. — Imitation; transcript; duplicate; counterfeit.

Cop´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Copied p. pr. & vb. n. Copying.] [Cf. F. copir, fr. LL. copiare. See Copy, n.] 1. To make a copy or copies of; to write; print, engrave, or paint after an original; to duplicate; to reproduce; to transcribe; as to copy a manuscript, inscription, design, painting, etc.; — often with out, sometimes with off. “I like the work well; ere it be demanded
(As like enough it will), I’d have it copied.
Shak.” “Let this be copied out,
And keep it safe for our remembrance.
Shak.” 2. To imitate; to attempt to resemble, as in manners or course of life. “We copy instinctively the voices of our companions, their accents, and their modes of pronunciation.
Stewart.”

Cop´y, v. i. 1. To make a copy or copies; to imitate. 2. To yield a duplicate or transcript; as the letter did not copy well. “Some … never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the good things.
Dryden.”

Cop´y•er , n. See Copier.

Cop´y•graph , n. A contrivance for producing manifold copies of a writing or drawing. The writing or drawing is made with aniline ink on paper, and a reverse copy transfered by pressure to a slab of gelatin softened with glycerin. A large number of transcripts can be taken while the ink is fresh. “Various names have been given to the process [the gelatin copying process], some of them acceptable and others absurd; hectograph, polygraph, copygraph, lithogram, etc.
Knight.”

Cop´y•hold , n. (Eng. Law) (a) A tenure of estate by copy of court roll; or a tenure for which the tenant has nothing to show, except the rolls made by the steward of the lord’s court. Blackstone. (b) Land held in copyhold. Milton. Copyholds do not exist in the United States.

Cop´y•hold•er , n. 1. (Eng. Law) One possessed of land in copyhold. 2. (print.) (a) A device for holding copy for a compositor. (b) One who reads copy to a proof reader.

Cop´y•ing, a. & n. From Copy, v. Copying ink. See under Ink. — Copying paper, thin unsized paper used for taking copies of letters, etc., in a copying press. — Copying press, a machine for taking by pressure, an exact copy of letters, etc., written in copying ink.

Cop´y•ist, n. A copier; a transcriber; an imitator; a plagiarist.

Cop´y•right , n. The right of an author or his assignee, under statute, to print and publish his literary or artistic work, exclusively of all other persons. This right may be had in maps, charts, engravings, plays, and musical compositions, as well as in books. In the United States a copyright runs for the term of twenty-eight years, with right of renewal for fourteen years on certain conditions. International copyright, an author’s right in his productions as secured by treaty between nations.

Cop´y•right, v. t. To secure a copyright on.

Coque´li•cot , n. [F.] 1. (Bot.) The wild poppy, or red corn rose. 2. The color of the wild poppy; a color nearly red, like orange mixed with scarlet.

Co•quet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coquetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coquetting.] To attempt to attract the notice, admiration, or love of; to treat with a show of tenderness or regard, with a view to deceive and disappoint. “You are coquetting a maid of honor.
Swift.”

Co•quet´, v. i. To trifle in love; to stimulate affection or interest; to play the coquette; to deal playfully instead of seriously; to play (with); as we have coquetted with political crime.

Co•quet´ry , n.; pl. Coquetries (#). [F. coquetterie.] Attempts to attract admiration, notice, or love, for the mere gratification of vanity; trifling in love. ´Little affectations of coquetry.´ Addison.

Co•quette´ , n. [F., fr. coquet, coquette, coquettish, orig., cocklike, strutting like a cock, fr. coq a cock. Cf. Cock, Cocket, Cocky, Cockade.] 1. A vain, trifling woman, who endeavors to attract admiration from a desire to gratify vanity; a flirt; — formerly sometimes applied also to men. 2. (Zoöl.) A tropical humming bird of the genus Lophornis, with very elegant neck plumes. Several species are known. See Illustration under Spangle, v. t.

Co•quet´tish , a. Practicing or exhibiting coquetry; alluring; enticing. “A pretty, coquettish housemaid.
W. Irving.”

Co•quet´tish•ly, adv. In a coquettish manner.

Co•quil´la nut [Pg. coquilho, Sp. coquillo, dim. of coco a cocoanut.] (Bot.) The fruit of a Brazilian tree (Attalea funifera of Martius.). Its shell is hazel-brown in color, very hard and close in texture, and much used by turners in forming ornamental articles, such as knobs for umbrella handles.

Co•quim´bite , n. A mineral consisting principally of sulphate of iron; white copperas; — so called because found in the province of Coquimbo, Chili.

Co•qui´na , n. [Sp., shellfish, cockle.] A soft, whitish, coral-like stone, formed of broken shells and corals, found in the southern United States, and used for roadbeds and for building material, as in the fort at St. Augustine, Florida.

Cor- (kor-). A prefix signifying with, together, etc. See Com-.

Cor (kôr), n. [Heb. kor.] A Hebrew measure of capacity; a homer. [Written also core.]

Co´ra , n. (Zoöl.) The Arabian gazelle (Gazella Arabica), found from persia to North Africa.

Cor´a•cle , n. [W. corwgl, cwrwgl, fr. corwg, cwrwg, any round body or vessel, the trunk of the body, carcass.] A boat made by covering a wicker frame with leather or oilcloth. It was used by the ancient Britons, and is still used by fisherman in Wales and some parts of Ireland. also a similar boat used in Thibet and in Egypt.

Cor´a•coid , a.[Gr. ; ko•rax crow + e’i^dos form.] 1. Shaped like a crow’s beak. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a bone of the shoulder girdle in most birds, reptiles, and amphibians, which is reduced to a process of the scapula in most mammals.

Cor´a•coid, n. The coracoid bone or process.

Cor´age ( OF. ), n. See Courage [Obs.] “To Canterbury with full devout corage.
Chaucer.”

Cor´al , n. [Of. coral, F, corail, L. corallum, coralium, fr. Gr. kora•llion.] 1. (Zoöl.) The hard parts or skeleton of various Anthozoa, and of a few Hydrozoa. Similar structures are also formed by some Bryozoa. The large stony corals forming coral reefs belong to various genera of Madreporaria, and to the hydroid genus, Millepora. The red coral, used in jewelry, is the stony axis of the stem of a gorgonian (Corallium rubrum) found chiefly in the Mediterranean. The fan corals, plume corals, and sea feathers are species of Gorgoniacea, in which the axis is horny. Organ-pipe coral is formed by the genus Tubipora, an Alcyonarian, and black coral is in part the axis of species of the genus Antipathes. See Anthozoa, Madrepora. 2. The ovaries of a cooked lobster; — so called from their color. 3. A piece of coral, usually fitted with small bells and other appurtenances, used by children as a plaything. Brain coral, or Brain stone coral. See under Brain. — Chain coral. See under Chain. - - Coral animal (Zoöl.), one of the polyps by which corals are formed. They are often very erroneously called coral insects. — Coral fish. See in the Vocabulary. — Coral reefs (Phys. Geog.), reefs, often of great extent, made up chiefly of fragments of corals, coral sands, and the solid limestone resulting from their consolidation. They are classed as fringing reefs, when they border the land; barrier reefs, when separated from the shore by a broad belt of water; atolls, when they constitute separate islands, usually inclosing a lagoon. See Atoll. — Coral root (Bot.), a genus (Corallorhiza) of orchideous plants, of a yellowish or brownish red color, parasitic on roots of other plants, and having curious jointed or knotted roots not unlike some kinds of coral. See Illust. under Coralloid. — Coral snake. (Zo) (a) A small, venomous, Brazilian snake (Elaps corallinus), coral-red, with black bands. (b) A small, harmless, South American snake (Tortrix scytale). — Coral tree (Bot.), a tropical, leguminous plant, of several species, with showy, scarlet blossoms and coral-red seeds. The best known is Erythrina Corallodendron. — Coral wood, a hard, red cabinet wood. McElrath.

Cor´aled , a. Having coral; covered with coral.

Cor´al fish (Zoöl.) Any bright-colored fish of the genera Chaetodon, Pomacentrus, Apogon, and related genera, which live among reef corals.

Cor•al•la´ceous , a. Like coral, or partaking of its qualities.

Co•ral´li•an , n. (Geol.) A deposit of coralliferous limestone forming a portion of the middle division of the oölite; — called also coral- rag.

Cor•al•lif´er•ous , a. [L. corallum coral + -ferous.] Containing or producing coral.

Cor´al•li•form , a. [L. corallum coral + -form.] resembling coral in form.

Cor•al•lig´e•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. corallum coral + root of gignere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Same as Anthozoa.

Cor•al•lig´e•nous , a. producing coral; coralligerous; coralliferous. Humble.

Cor•al•lig´er•ous , a. [L. corallum coral + -gerous.] Producing coral; coralliferous.

Cor´al•lin , n. [So named in allusion to the color of red corallin, fr. L. corallum coral.] (Chem.) A yellow coal-tar dyestuff which probably consists chiefly of rosolic acid. See Aurin, and Rosolic acid under Rosolic. Red corallin, a red dyestuff which is obtained by treating aurin or rosolic acid with ammonia; — called also paeonin. — Yellow corallin. See Aurin.

Cor´al•line , a. [Cf. L. corallinus coralred.] Composed of corallines; as coralline limestone.

Cor´al•line, n. [Cf. F. coralline.] 1. (Bot.) A submarine, semicalcareous or calcareous plant, consisting of many jointed branches. 2. (Zoöl.) Formerly any slender coral-like animal; — sometimes applied more particulary to bryozoan corals.

Cor´al•lin•ite , n. (Paleon.) A fossil coralline.

Cor´al•lite , n. [L. corallum coral.] 1. (Min.) A mineral substance or petrifaction, in the form of coral. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the individual members of a compound coral; or that part formed by a single coral animal. [Written also corallet.]

Cor´al•loid , a. [L. corallum coral + -oid: cf. F. coralloïde.] Having the form of coral; branching like coral.

Cor•al•loid´al , a. resembling coral; coralloid. Sir T. browne.

Co•ral´lum , n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The coral or skeleton of a zoöphyte, whether calcareous of horny, simple or compound. See Coral.

Cor´al-rag , n. (geol.) Same as Corallian.

Cor´al•wort , n. (Bot.) A cruciferous herb of certain species of Dentaria; — called also toothwort, tooth violet, or pepper root.

Cor´a•nach , n. [Gael. coranach, or corranach, a crying, the Irish funeral cry (the keen), a dirge; comh with + ranaich a roaring, ran to roar, shriek.] A lamentation for the dead; a dirge. [Written also coranich, corrinoch, coronach, cronach, etc.] [Scot.] { Co•rant , Co•ran´to }, n. [See Courant.] A sprightly but somewhat stately dance, now out of fashion. “It is harder to dance a corant well, than a jig.
Sir W. temple.” “Dancing a coranto with him upon the heath.
Macaulay.”

Corb (kôrb), n. [L. corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil, Corp.] 1. A basket used in coal mines, etc. see Corf. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in a building; a corbel.

Cor´ban (kôr´ban), n. [Heb. qorban, akin to Ar. qurban.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering of any kind, devoted to God and therefore not to be appropriated to any other use; esp., an offering in fulfillment of a vow. In the old Testament the hebrew word is usually translated ´oblation´ as in Numb. xviii. 9, xxxi. 50. The traditionists laid down that a man might interdict himself by vow, not only from using for himself, but from giving to another, or receiving from him, some particular object, whether of food or any other kind. A person might thus exempt himself from assisting parents in distress, under plea of corban. Dr. W. Smith. 2. An alms basket; a vessel to receive gifts of charity; a treasury of the church, where offerings are deposited.

Corbe (kôrb), a. [OF. corbe, fr. L. curvus. See Cuve.] Crooked. [Obs.] ´Corbe shoulder.´ Spenser.

Cor´beil (kôr´bel), n. [F. corbeille, fr. L. corbicula a little basket, dim. of corbis basket. Cf. Corbel, Corb, Corvette.] 1. (Arch.) A sculptured basket of flowers; a corbel. [Obs.] 2. pl. (Fort.) Small gabions. Brande & C.

Cor´bel (kôr´bel), n. [F. corbeau, for older corbel, dim. of L. corbis basket. (Corbels were often in the form of a basket.) See Corbeil.] (Arch.) A bracket supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the spring of an arch. Corbels were employed largely in Gothic architecture. A common form of corbel consists of courses of stones or bricks, each projecting slightly beyond the next below it.

Cor´bel, v. t. To furnish with a corbel or corbels; to support by a corbel; to make in the form of a corbel. To corbel out, to furnish with a corbel of courses, each projecting beyond the one next below it.

Cor´bel-ta•ble , n. (Arch.) A horizontal row of corbels, with the panels or filling between them; also less properly used to include the stringcourse on them. { Cor´bie or Cor´by } (kôr´by), n.; pl. Corbies (-biz). [F. corbeau, OF. corbel, dim. fr. L. corvus raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) The raven. [Scot.] 2. (her.) A raven, crow, or chough, used as a charge. Corbie crow, the carrion crow. [Scot.]

Cor´bie•step , n. (Arch.) One of the steps in which a gable wall is often finished in place of a continuous slope; — also called crowstep.

Cor´cho•rus (kôr´k&oal;•rus), n. [Nl., fr. L. corchorus a poor kind of pulse, Gr. ko•rchoros a wild plant of bitter taste.] (Bot.) The common name of the Kerria Japonica or Japan globeflower, a yellow-flowered, perennial, rosaceous plant, seen in old-fashioned gardens. { Cor´cle (kôr´k’l), Cor´cule (- kul) }, n. [L. corculum a little heart, dim. of cor heart.] (Bot.) The heart of the seed; the embryo or germ. [Obs.]

Cord (kôrd), n. [F. corde, L. chorda catgut, chord, cord, fr. Gr. chordh•; cf. chola•des intestines, L. haruspex soothsayer (inspector of entrails), Icel. görn, pl. garnir gut, and E. yarn. Cf. Chord, Yarn.] 1. A string, or small rope, composed of several strands twisted together. 2. A solid measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile of wood, or other coarse material, eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad; — originally measured with a cord or line. 3. Fig.: Any moral influence by which persons are caught, held, or drawn, as if by a cord; an enticement; as the cords of the wicked; the cords of sin; the cords of vanity. “The knots that tangle human creeds,
The wounding cords that bind and strain
The heart until it bleeds.
Tennyson.” 4. (Anat.) Any structure having the appearance of a cord, esp. a tendon or a nerve. See under Spermatic, Spinal, Umbilical, Vocal. 5. (Mus.) See Chord. [Obs.] Cord wood, wood for fuel cut to the length of four feet (when of full measure).

Cord (kôrd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corded; p. pr. & vb. n. Cording.] 1. To bind with a cord; to fasten with cords; to connect with cords; to ornament or finish with a cord or cords, as a garment. 2. To arrange (wood, etc.) in a pile for measurement by the cord.

Cord´age (kôrd´aj), n. [F. cordage. See Cord.] Ropes or cords, collectively; hence, anything made of rope or cord, as those parts of the rigging of a ship which consist of ropes.

Cord´al (kôrd´al), n. Same as Cordelle.

Cordate (kôr´dat), a. [L. cor, cordis, heart.] (Bot.) Heart- shaped; as a cordate leaf.

Cor´date•ly, adv. In a cordate form.

Cord´ed (kôrd´ed), a. 1. Bound or fastened with cords. 2. Piled in a form for measurement by the cord. 3. Made of cords. [Obs.] ´A corded ladder.´ Shak. 4. Striped or ribbed with cords; as cloth with a corded surface. 5. (Her.) Bound about, or wound, with cords.

Cor•de•lier´ (kôr•de•ler´), n. [F., fr. OF. cordel, F. cordeau, dim. fr. corde string, rope. See Cord.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A Franciscan; — so called in France from the girdle of knotted cord worn by all Franciscans. 2. (Fr. Hist.) A member of a French political club of the time of the first Revolution, of which Danton and Marat were members, and which met in an old Cordelier convent in Paris.

Cor´del•ing (kôr´de•ing), a. [F. cordeler to twist, fr. OF. cordel. See Cordelier.] Twisting.

Cor•delle´ (kôr•del´), n. [F., dim. of corde cord.] A twisted cord; a tassel. Halliwell.

Cor´dial (kôr´jal, formally kôrd´yal; 106, 277), a. [LL. cordialis, fr. L. cor heart: cf. F. cordial. See Heart.] 1. Proceeding from the heart. [Obs.] “A rib with cordial spirits warm.
Milton.” 2. Hearty; sincere; warm; affectionate. “He … with looks of cordial love
Hung over her enamored.
Milton.” 3. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate; giving strength or spirits. “Behold this cordial julep here
That flames and dances in his crystal bounds.
Milton.” Syn. — Hearty; sincere; heartfelt; warm; affectionate; cheering; invigorating. See Hearty.

Cor´dial, n. 1. Anything that comforts, gladdens, and exhilarates. “Charms to my sight, and cordials to my mind.
Dryden.” 2. (Med) Any invigorating and stimulating preparation; as a peppermint cordial. 3. (Com.) Aromatized and sweetened spirit, used as a beverage; a liqueur.

Cor•dial´i•ty (kôr•jal´i•ty or kôr•di•al´-; 106), n.; pl. Cordialities (-tiz). [LL. cordialitas, fr. cordialis sincere: cf. F. cordialite.] 1. Relation to the heart. [Obs.] “That the ancients had any respect of cordiality or reference unto the heart, will much be doubted.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. Sincere affection and kindness; warmth of regard; heartiness. Motley.

Cor´dial•ize (kôr´jal•iz or kôrd´yal•iz; 106), v. t. 1. To make into a cordial. 2. To render cordial; to reconcile.

Cor´dial•ize, v. i. To grow cordial; to feel or express cordiality. [R.]

Cor´dial•ly, adv. In a cordial manner. Dr. H. More.

Cor´dial•ness, n. Cordiality. Cotgrave.

Cor´di•er•ite (kôr´di•er•it), n. [Named after the geologist Cordier.] (Min.) See Iolite.

Cor´di•form (kôr´di•fôrm), a. [L. cor, cordis, heart + - form, cf. F. cordiforme.] Heart-shaped. Gray.

Cor•dil´ler•a (kôr•dil´ler•a; Sp. kôr•de•lya´ra), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. cordilla, cordiella, dim. of cuerda a rope, string. See Cord.] (Geol.) A mountain ridge or chain. Cordillera is sometimes applied, in geology, to the system of mountain chains near the border of a continent; thus, the western cordillera of North America in the United States includes the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Coast and Cascade ranges.

Cor´di•ner (kôr´di•ner), n. A cordwainer. [Obs.]

Cor´don (kôr´don; F. kôr•dôN´), n. [F., fr. corde. See Cord.] 1. A cord or ribbon bestowed or borne as a badge of honor; a broad ribbon, usually worn after the manner of a baldric, constituting a mark of a very high grade in an honorary order. Cf. Grand cordon. 2. The cord worn by a Franciscan friar. Sir E. Sandys. 3. (Fort.) The coping of the scarp wall, which projects beyong the face of the wall a few inches. 4. (Mil.) A line or series of sentinels, or of military posts, inclosing or guarding any place or thing. 5. A rich and ornamental lace or string, used to secure a mantle in some costumes of state. Cordon bleu (kr•dn´ bl´) [F., blue cordon], a first-rate cook, or one worthy to be the cook of the cordons bleus, or Knights of the Holy Ghost, famous for their good dinners. — Cordon sanitaire (kr•dn´ s•n•tr´) [F., sanitary cordon], a line of troops or military posts around a district infected with disease, to cut off communication, and thus prevent the disease from spreading.

Cor•don•net´ (k?r•d?n•n?´), n. [F., dim. of cordon. See Cardon.] Doubled and twisted thread, made of coarse silk, and used for tassels, fringes, etc. McElrath.

Cor´do•van (kôr´do•v>acr/n), n. [Sp. cordoban, fr. Cordova, or Cordoba, in Spain. Cf. Cordwain.] Same as Cordwain. In England the name is applied to leather made from horsehide.

Cor´du•roy (kôr´du•roi• or kôr•du•roi´), n. [Prob. for F. corde du roi king’s cord.] 1. A sort of cotton velveteen, having the surface raised in ridges. 2. pl. Trousers or breeches of corduroy. Corduroy road, a roadway formed of logs laid side by side across it, as in marshy places; — so called from its rough or ribbed surface, resembling corduroy. [U.S.]

Cor´du•roy, v. t. To form of logs laid side by side. ´Roads were corduroyed.´ Gen. W. T. Sherman.

Cord´wain (k?rd´w?n), n. [OE. cordewan, cordian, OF. cordoan, cordouan, fr. Sp. cordoban. See Cordovan.] A term used in the Middle Ages for Spanish leather (goatskin tanned and dressed), and hence, any leather handsomely finished, colored, gilded, or the like. “Buskins he wore of costliest cordwain.
Spenser.”

Cord´wain•er (-?r), n. [OE. cordwaner, cordiner, fr. OF. cordoanier, cordouanier, F. cordonnier.] A worker in cordwain, or cordovan leather; a shoemaker. [Archaic.]

Core (kor), n. [F. corps. See Corps.] A body of individuals; an assemblage. [Obs.] “He was in a core of people.
Bacon.”

Core, n. [Cf. Chore.] (Mining.) A miner’s underground working time or shift. Raymond. The twenty-four hours are divided into three or four cores.

Core, n. [Heb. kor: cf. Gr. ko•ros.] A Hebrew dry measure; a cor or homer. Num. xi. 32 (Douay version).

Core, n. [OF. cor, coer, cuer, F. cœur, fr. L. cor heart. See Heart.] 1. The heart or inner part of a thing, as of a column, wall, rope, of a boil, etc.; especially, the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or seeds; as the core of an apple or quince. “A fever at the core,
Fatal to him who bears, to all who ever bore.
Byron.” 2. The center or inner part, as of an open space; as the core of a square. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 3. The most important part of a thing; the essence; as the core of a subject. 4. (Founding) The portion of a mold which shapes the interior of a cylinder, tube, or other hollow casting, or which makes a hole in or through a casting; a part of the mold, made separate from and inserted in it, for shaping some part of the casting, the form of which is not determined by that of the pattern. 5. A disorder of sheep occasioned by worms in the liver. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 6. (Anat.) The bony process which forms the central axis of the horns in many animals. Core box (Founding), a box or mold, usually divisible, in which cores are molded. — Core print (Founding), a projecting piece on a pattern which forms, in the mold, an impression for holding in place or steadying a core.

Core, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cord (kord); p. pr. & vb. n. Coring.] 1. To take out the core or inward parts of; as to core an apple. “He’s like a corn upon my great toe … he must be cored out.
Marston.” 2. To form by means of a core, as a hole in a casting.

Co-re´gent (k?-r?´jent), n. A joint regent or ruler.

Co•-re•la´tion (k?•r?-l?´sh?n), n. Corresponding relation.

Co•-re•li´gion•ist (-l?j´?n-?st), n. One of the same religion with another.

Co•re•op´sis (k?•r?-?p´s?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. bug + appearance.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous composite plants, having the achenes two-horned and remotely resembling some insect; tickseed. C. tinctoria, of the Western plains, the commonest plant of the genus, has been used in dyeing.

Cor´er (k?rr´?rr), n. That which cores; an instrument for coring fruit; as an apple corer.

Co•-re•spond´ent (k?•rr?-sp?nd´ent), n. (Law) One who is called upon to answer a summons or other proceeding jointly with another.

Corf (kôrf), n.; pl. Corves (kôrvz). [Cf. LG. & D. korf basket, G. korb, fr. L. corbis.] 1. A basket. 2. (Mining) (a) A large basket used in carrying or hoisting coal or ore. (b) A wooden frame, sled, or low-wheeled wagon, to convey coal or ore in the mines. { Cor´fi•ote (kôr´f?-?t), Cor´fute (k?r´f?t), } n. A native or inhabitant of Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean Sea.

Co•ri•a´ceous (k?•r?-?´sh?s), a. [L. coriaceous, fr. corium leather. See Cuirass.] 1. Consisting of or resembling, leather; leatherlike; tough. 2. (Bot.) Stiff, like leather or parchment.

Co•ri•an´der (k?•r?-?n´d?r), n. [L. coriandrum, fr. Gr. , , perh. fr. bug, on account of the buglike or fetid smell of its leaves: cf. F. coriandre.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant, the Coriandrum sativum, the fruit or seeds of which have a strong smell and a spicy taste, and in medicine are considered as stomachic and carminative.

Co´ri•dine (k?´r?-d?n; 104), n. [From L. cortium leather.] A colorless or yellowish oil, C_10H_15N, of a leathery odor, occuring in coal tar, Dippel’s oil, tobacco smoke, etc., regarded as an organic base, homologous with pyridine. also one of a series of metameric compounds of which coridine is a type. [Written also corindine.]

Co•rin´don (k?-r?n´d?n), n. (Min.) See Corrundum.

Co•rinne´ (k?•r?n´), n. (Zoöl.) The common gazelle (Gazella dorcas). See Gazelle. [Written also korin.]

Cor´inth (k?r´?nth), n. [L. Corinthus, Gr. . Cf. Currant.] 1. A city of Greece, famed for its luxury and extravagance. 2. A small fruit; a currant. [Obs.] Broome.

Co•rin´thi•ac (k?-r?n´th?-?k), a. [L. Corinthiacus.] Pertaining to Corinth.

Co•rin´thi•an (-an), a. 1. Of or relating to Corinth. 2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the Corinthian order of architecture, invented by the Greeks, but more commonly used by the Romans. “This is the lightest and most ornamental of the three orders used by the Greeks.
Parker.” 3. Debauched in character or practice; impure. Milton. 4. Of or pertaining to an amateur sailor or yachtsman; as a corinthian race (one in which the contesting yachts must be manned by amateurs.)

Co•rin´thi•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Corinth. 2. A gay, licentious person. [Obs.]

Co´ri•um (k?´r?-?m), n. [L. corium leather.] 1. Armor made of leather, particularly that used by the Romans; used also by Enlish soldiers till the reign of Edward I. Fosbroke. 2. (Anat.) (a) Same as Dermis. (b) The deep layer of mucous membranes beneath the epithelium.

Co•ri´val (ko•ri´val), n. A rival; a corrival.

Co•ri´val, v. t. To rival; to pretend to equal. Shak. { Co•ri´val•ry , Co•ri´val•ship }, n. Joint rivalry.

Cork (kôrk), n. [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. kork, D. kurk; all fr. Sp. corcho, fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark, rind. Cf. Cortex.] 1. The outer layer of the bark of the cork tree (Quercus Suber), of which stoppers for bottles and casks are made. See Cutose. 2. A stopper for a bottle or cask, cut out of cork. 3. A mass of tabular cells formed in any kind of bark, in greater or less abundance. Cork is sometimes used wrongly for calk, calker; calkin, a sharp piece of iron on the shoe of a horse or ox. Cork jackets, a jacket having thin pieces of cork inclosed within canvas and used to aid in swimming. — Cork tree (Bot.), the species of oak (Quercus Suber of Southern Europe) whose bark furnishes the cork of commerce.

Cork, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corked (kôrkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Corking.] 1. To stop with a cork, as a bottle. 2. To furnish or fit with cork; to raise on cork. “Tread on corked stilts a prisoner’s pace.
Bp. Hall.” To cork is sometimes used erroneously for to calk, to furnish the shoe of a horse or ox with sharp points, and also in the meaning of cutting with a calk.

Cork´age (-aj), n. The charge made by innkeepers for drawing the cork and taking care of bottles of wine bought elsewhere by a guest.

Corked (k?rkt), a. having acquired an unpleasant taste from the cork; as a bottle of wine is corked.

Cork´ fos•sil (kôrk´ fos•sil). (Min.) A variety of amianthus which is very light, like cork.

Cork´i•ness (-i•nes), n. The quality of being corky.

Cork´ing pin (kôrk´ing pin•). A pin of a large size, formerly used attaching a woman’s headdress to a cork mold. [Obs.] Swift.

Cork´screw (-skru•), n. An instrument with a screw or a steel spiral for drawing corks from bottles. Corkscrew stairs, a spiral staircase around a solid newel.

Cork´screw, v. t. To press forward in a winding way; as to corkscrew one’s way through a crowd. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Cork´wing (-wing•), n. (Zoöl.) A fish; the goldsinny.

Cork´y (-y), a. 1. Consisting of, or like, cork; dry shriveled up. “Bind fast hiss corky arms.
Shak.” 2. Tasting of cork.

Corm (kôrm), n. [See Cormus.] 1. (Bot.) A solid bulb-shaped root, as of the crocus. See Bulb. 2. (Biol.) Same as Cormus, 2.

Cor•mog´e•ny (kôr•moj´e•ny), n. [Gr. kormo•s trunk of a tree + root of gi•gnesqai to be born.] (Biol.) The embryological history of groups or families of individuals.

Cor•mo•phy•log´e•ny (k?r•m?-f?-l?j´?-n?), n. [Gr. kormo•s trunk of a tree + E. phylogeny.] (Biol.) The phylogeny of groups or families of individuals. Haeckel. { Cor´mo•phytes (kôr´mo•fits), Cor•moph´y•ta (kor•mof´i•ta), } n. pl. [NL. cormophyta, fr. Gr. kormo•s trunk of a tree + fyto•n plant.] (Bot.) A term proposed by Endlicher to include all plants with an axis containing vascular tissue and with foliage.

Cor´mo•rant (kôr´mo•rant), n. [F. cormoran, fr. Armor. mor-vran a sea raven; mor sea + bran raven, with cor, equiv. to L. corvus raven, pleonastically prefixed; or perh. fr. L. corvus marinus sea raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any species of Phalacrocorax, a genus of sea birds having a sac under the beak; the shag. Cormorants devour fish voraciously, and have become the emblem of gluttony. They are generally black, and hence are called sea ravens, and coalgeese. [Written also corvorant.] 2. A voracious eater; a glutton, or gluttonous servant. B. Jonson.

Cor´mo•raut, a. Ravenous; voracious. “Cormorant, devouring time.
Shak.”

Cor´mus (kôr´mus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kormo•s the trunk of a tree (with the boughs cut off), fr. kei•rein to shear.] 1. (Bot.) See Corm. 2. (Biol.) A vegetable or animal made up of a number of individuals, such as for example, would be formed by a process of budding from a parent stalk wherre the buds remain attached.

Corn (kôrn), n. [L. cornu horn: cf. F. corne horn, hornlike excrescence. See Horn.] A thickening of the epidermis at some point, esp. on the toes, by friction or pressure. It is usually painful and troublesome. “Welcome, gentlemen! Ladies that have their toes
Unplagued with corns, will have a bout with you.
Shak.” The substance of a corn usually resembles horn, but where moisture is present, as between the toes, it is white and sodden, and is called a soft corn.

Corn, n. [AS. corn; akin to OS. korn, D. koren, G., Dan., Sw., & Icel. korn, Goth. kaúrn, L. granum, Russ. zerno. Cf. Grain, Kernel.] 1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, and maize; a grain. 2. The various farinaceous grains of the cereal grasses used for food, as wheat, rye, barley, maize, oats. In Scotland, corn is generally restricted to oats, in the United States, to maize, or Indian corn, of which there are several kinds; as yellow corn, which grows chiefly in the Northern States, and is yellow when ripe; white or southern corn, which grows to a great height, and has long white kernels; sweet corn, comprising a number of sweet and tender varieties, grown chiefly at the North, some of which have kernels that wrinkle when ripe and dry; pop corn, any small variety, used for popping. 3. The plants which produce corn, when growing in the field; the stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears, and seeds, after reaping and before thrashing. “In one night, ere glimpse of morn,
His shadowy flail had thrashed the corn.
Milton.” 4. A small, hard particle; a grain. ´Corn of sand.´ Bp. Hall. ´A corn of powder.´ Beau. & Fl. Corn ball, a ball of popped corn stuck together with soft candy from molasses or sugar. — Corn bread, bread made of Indian meal. — Corn cake, a kind of corn bread; johnny cake; hoecake. — Corn cockle (Bot.), a weed (Agrostemma or Lychnis Githago), having bright flowers, common in grain fields. — Corn flag (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gladiolus; — called also sword lily. — Corn fly. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fly which, in the larval state, is injurious to grain, living in the stalk, and causing the disease called ´gout,´ on account of the swelled joints. The common European species is Chlorops taeniopus. (b) A small fly (Anthomyia ze) whose larva or maggot destroys seed corn after it has been planted. — Corn fritter, a fritter having green Indian corn mixed through its batter. [U. S.] - - Corn laws, laws regulating trade in corn, especially those in force in Great Britain till 1846, prohibiting the importation of foreign grain for home consumption, except when the price rose above a certain rate. — Corn marigold. (Bot.) See under Marigold. — Corn oyster, a fritter containing grated green Indian corn and butter, the combined taste resembling that of oysters. [U.S.] — Corn parsley (Bot.), a plant of the parsley genus (Petroselinum segetum), a weed in parts of Europe and Asia. — Corn popper, a utensil used in popping corn. — Corn poppy (Bot.), the red poppy (Papaver Rhœas), common in European cornfields; — also called corn rose. — Corn rent, rent paid in corn. — Corn rose. See Corn poppy. — Corn salad (Bot.), a name given to several species of Valerianella, annual herbs sometimes used for salad. V. olitoria is also called lamb’s lettuce. — Corn stone, red limestone. [Prov. Eng.] — Corn violet (Bot.), a species of Campanula. — Corn weevil. (Zoöl.) (a) A small weevil which causes great injury to grain. (b) In America, a weevil (Sphenophorus zeae) which attacks the stalk of maize near the root, often doing great damage. See Grain weevil, under Weevil.

Corn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corned (k?rnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Corning.] 1. To preserve and season with salt in grains; to sprinkle with salt; to cure by salting; now, specifically, to salt slightly in brine or otherwise; as to corn beef; to corn a tongue. 2. To form into small grains; to granulate; as to corn gunpowder. 3. To feed with corn or (in Sctland) oats; as to corn horses. Jamieson. 4. To render intoxicated; as ale strong enough to corn one. [Colloq.] Corning house, a house or place where powder is corned or granulated.

Cor´nage (k?r´n?j), n. [OF.,, horn- blowing, tax on horned cattle, fr. F. corne a horn, L. cornu.] (Law) An ancient tenure of land, which obliged the tenant to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn.

Cor´na•mute (k?r´n?-m?t), n. A cornemuse. [Obs.]

Corn´bind (k?rn´b?nd•), n. (Bot.) A weed that binds stalks of corn, as Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum Convolvulus. [Prov. Eng.]

Corn´cob (k?rn´k?b•), n. The cob or axis on which the kernels of Indian corn grow. [U.S.]

Corn´crake (-kr?k•), n. (Zoöl.) A bird (Crex crex or C. pratensis) which frequents grain fields; the European crake or land rail; — called also corn bird.

Corn´crib (k?rn´kr?b•), n. A crib for storing corn.

Corn´cut•ter (-k?t•t?r), n. 1. A machine for cutting up stalks of corn for food of cattle. 2. An implement consisting of a long blade, attached to a handle at nearly a right angle, used for cutting down the stalks of Indian corn.

Corn´dodg•er (-d?j•?r), n. A cake made of the meal of Indian corn, wrapped in a covering of husks or paper, and baked under the embers. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Cor´ne•a (k?r´n?-?), n.; pl. Corneas (-z). [Fem. sing., fr. L. corneus horny, fr. cornu a horn. See Horn.] (Anat.) The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil and admits light to the interior. See Eye.

Cor´ne•al (-al), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cornea.

Cor´nel (-n?l), n. [OF. cornille, cornoille, F. cornouille, cornel berry, LL. cornolium cornel tree, fr. L. cornus, fr. cornu horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood. See Horn.] 1. (Bot.) The cornelian cherry (Cornus Mas), a European shrub with clusters of small, greenish flowers, followed by very acid but edible drupes resembling cherries. 2. Any species of the genus Cornus, as C. florida, the flowering cornel; C. stolonifera, the osier cornel; C. Canadensis, the dwarf cornel, or bunchberry.

Cor•nel´ian (k?r-n?lyan), n. [F. cornaline, OF. corneline, fr. L. cornu horn. So called from its horny appearance when broken. See Horn, and cf. Carnelian.] (Min.) Same as Carnelian.

Corne´muse (k?rn´m?z), n. [F.] A wind instrument nearly identical with the bagpipe. Drayton.

Cor´ne•o•cal•ca´re•ous (k?rn?-?-k?l-k?´r?-?s), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Formed of a mixture of horny and calcareous materials, as some shells and corals. 2. Horny on one side and calcareous on the other.

Cor´ne•ous (-?s), a. [L. corneus, fr. cornu horn.] Of a texture resembling horn; horny; hard. Sir T. Browne.

Cor´ner (k?r´n?r), n. [OF. corniere, cornier, LL. cornerium, corneria, fr. L. cornu horn, end, point. See Horn.] 1. The point where two converging lines meet; an angle, either external or internal. 2. The space in the angle between converging lines or walls which meet in a point; as the chimney corner. 3. An edge or extremity; the part farthest from the center; hence, any quarter or part. “From the four corners of the earth they come.
Shak.” 4. A secret or secluded place; a remote or out of the way place; a nook. “This thing was not done in a corner.
Acts xxvi. 26.” 5. Direction; quarter. “Sits the wind in that corner!
Shak.” 6. The state of things produced by a combination of persons, who buy up the whole or the available part of any stock or species of property, which compels those who need such stock or property to buy of them at their own price; as a corner in a railway stock. [Broker’s Cant] Corner stone, the stone which lies at the corner of two walls, and unites them; the principal stone; especially, the stone which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice; hence, that which is fundamental importance or indispensable. ´A prince who regarded uniformity of faith as the corner stone of his government.´ Prescott. — Corner tooth, one of the four teeth which come in a horse’s mouth at the age of four years and a half, one on each side of the upper and of the lower jaw, between the middle teeth and the tushes.

Cor´ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cornered (-n?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cornering.] 1. To drive into a corner. 2. To drive into a position of great difficulty or hopeless embarrassment; as to corner a person in argument. 3. To get command of (a stock, commodity, etc.), so as to be able to put one’s own price on it; as to corner the shares of a railroad stock; to corner petroleum.

Cor´ner•cap (-k?p•), n. The chief ornament. [Obs.] “Thou makest the triumviry the cornercap of society.
Shak.”

Cor´nered (-n?rd), p. a. 1 Having corners or angles. 2. In a possition of great difficulty; brought to bay.

Cor´ner•wise (-w?z•), adv. With the corner in front; diagonally; not square.

Cor´net (k?r´n?t), n. [F. cornet, m. (for senses 1 & 2), cornette, f. & m. (for senses 3 & 4), dim. of corne horn, L. cornu. See Horn.] 1. (Mus.) (a) An obsolete rude reed instrument (Ger. Zinken), of the oboe family. (b) A brass instrument, with cupped mouthpiece, and furnished with valves or pistons, now used in bands, and, in place of the trumpet, in orchestras. See Cornet-à-piston. (c) A certain organ stop or register. 2. A cap of paper twisted at the end, used by retailers to inclose small wares. Cotgrave. 3. (Mil.) (a) A troop of cavalry; — so called from its being accompanied by a cornet player. [Obs.] ´A body of five cornets of horse.´ Clarendon. (b) The standard of such a troop. [Obs.] (c) The lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, who carried the standard. The office was abolished in 1871. 4. A headdress: (a) A square cap anciently worn as a mark of certain professions. (b) A part of a woman’s headdress, in the 16th century. 5. [Cf. Coronet.] (Far.) See Coronet, 2.

Cor´net-à-pis•ton (k?r´n?t-?-p?s´t?n; F. k?r•n?•?p?s•t?n´), n.; pl. Cornets-à-piston. [F.] (Mus.) A brass wind instrument, like the trumpet, furnished with valves moved by small pistons or sliding rods; a cornopean; a cornet.

Cor´net•cy (k?r´n?t-s?), n. The commission or rank of a cornet.

Cor´net•er (k?r´n?t-?r), n. One who blows a cornet.

Cor´neule (k?r´n?l), n. [F., dim. of cornee the cornea.] (Zoöl.) One of the corneas of a compound eye in the invertebrates. Carpenter.

Corn´field (k?rn´f?ld•), n. A field where corn is or has been growing; — in England, a field of wheat, rye, barley, or oats; in America, a field of Indian corn.

Corn´floor (-fl?r•), n. A thrashing floor. Hos. ix. 1.

Corn´flow•er (-flou•?r), n. (Bot.) A conspicuous wild flower (Centaurea Cyanus), growing in grainfields.

Cor´nic (k?r´n?k), a. Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, the dogwood (Cornus florida).

Cor´nice (k?r´n?s), n. [F. corniche, It. cornice, LL. coronix, cornix, fr. L. coronis a curved line, a flourish with the pen at the end of a book or chapter, Gr. ; akin to L. corona crown. sEE Crown, and cf. Coronis.] (Arch.) Any horizontal, molded or otherwise decorated projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed; as the cornice of an order, pedestal, door, window, or house. Gwilt. Cornice ring, the ring on a cannon next behind the muzzle ring.

Cor´niced (k?r´n?st), a. Having a cornice.

Cor´ni•cle (k?r´n?-k’l), n. [L. corniculum, dim. of cornu horn.] A little horn. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cor•nic´u•lar (-l?r), n. [L. cornicularius.] A secretary or clerk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cor•nic´u•late (k?r-n?k´?-l?t), a. [L. corniculatus.] 1. Horned; having horns. Dr. H. More. 2. (Bot.) Having processes resembling small horns.

Cor•nic´u•lum (k?r-n?k´?-l?m), n.; pl. Cornicula (- l). [L. corniculum little horn.] (Anat.) A small hornlike part or process.

Cor•nif´er•ous (k?r-n?f´?r-?s), a. [L. cornu horn + -ferous.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest period of the Devonian age. (See the Diagram, under Geology.) The Corniferous period has been so called from the numerous seams of hornstone which characterize the later part of the period, as developed in the State of New York.

Cor•nif´ic (k?r-n?f´?k), a. [L. cornu horn + facere to make.] Producing horns; forming horn.

Cor•ni•fi•ca´tion (k?r•n?-f?-k?´sh?n), n. Conversion into, or formation of, horn; a becoming like horn.

Cor´ni•fied (k?r´n?-f?d), a. [L. cornu horn + -fy.] (Anat.) Converted into horn; horny.

Cor´ni•form (-f?rm), a. [L. cornu horn + -form.] Having the shape of a horn; horn-shaped.

Cor•nig´er•ous (k?r-n?j´?r-?s), a. [L. corniger; cornu horn + gerere to bear.] Horned; having horns; as cornigerous animals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cor´nin (k?r´n?n), n. (Chem.) (a) A bitter principle obtained from dogwood (Cornus florida), as a white crystalline substance; — called also cornic acid. (b) An extract from dogwood used as a febrifuge.

Cor´ni•plume (k?r´n?-pl?m), n. [L. cornu horn + pluma feather.] (Zoöl.) A hornlike tuft of feathers on the head of some birds.

Cor´nish (k?r´n?sh), a. Of or pertaining to Cornwall, in England. Cornish chough. See Chough. — Cornish engine, a single-acting pumping engine, used in mines, in Cornwall and elsewhere, and for water works. A heavy pump rod or plunger, raised by the steam, forces up the water by its weight, in descending.

Cor´nish, n. The dialect, or the people, of Cornwall.

Cor´nist, n. A performer on the cornet or horn.

Corn´loft (k?rn´l?ft•), n. A loft for corn; a granary.

Corn´muse (-m?z), n. A cornemuse.

Cor´no di bas•set´to (k?r´n? d? b?s-s?t´t? or b?s- s?t´t?); pl. Corni di basseto. [It.] (Mus.) A tenor clarinet; — called also basset horn, and sometimes confounded with the English horn, which is a tenor oboe.

Cor´no In•gle´se (?n-gl?´z?); pl. Corni Inglesi (-z). [It.] (Mus.) A reed instrument, related to the oboe, but deeper in pitch; the English horn.

Cor•no´pe•an (k?r-n?´p?-an), n. (Mus.) An obsolete name for the cornet-à-piston.

Corn´shell•er (k?rn´sh?l•?r), n. A machine that separates the kernels of corn from the cob.

Corn´shuck (-shuk•), n. The husk covering an ear of Indian corn. [Colloq. U.S.]

Corn´stalk (-stak•), n. A stalk of Indian corn.

Corn´starch (-stärch•), n. Starch made from Indian corn, esp. a fine white flour used for puddings, etc.

Cor´nu (kôr´nu), n.; pl. Cornua (-nu•a). [L.] A horn, or anything shaped like or resembling a horn.

Cor´nu Am•mo´nis (am•mo´nis); pl. Cornua Ammonis. [L., horn of Ammon. See Ammonite.] (Paleon.) A fossil shell, curved like a ram’s horn; an obsolete name for an ammonite.

Cor•nu•co´pi•a (kôr•nu•ko´pi•a), n.; pl. Cornucopias (- az). [L. cornu copiae horn of plenty. See Horn, and Copious.] 1. The horn of plenty, from which fruits and flowers are represented as issuing. It is an emblem of abundance. 2. pl. (Bot.) A genus of grasses bearing spikes of flowers resembling the cornucopia in form. Some writers maintain that this word should be written, in the singular, cornu copiae, and in the plural, cornua copiae. { Cor´nute (k?r´n?t or k?r-n?t´), Cor•nut´ed (k?r-n?´t?d), } a. [L. cornutus horned, from cornu horn.] 1. Bearing horns; horned; horn-shaped. 2. Cuckolded. [R.] ´My being cornuted.´ LEstrange.

Cor•nute´ (k?r-n?t´), v. t. To bestow horns upon; to make a cuckold of; to cuckold. [Obs.] Burton.

Cor•nu´to (k?r-n?´t?), n. [It., fr. L. cornutus horned.] A man that wears the horns; a cuckold. [R.] Shak.

Cor•nu´tor (-t?r), n. A cuckold maker. [R.] Jordan.

Cor´ny (k?r´n?), a. [L. cornu horn.] Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn; resembling horn. “Up stood the cornu reed.
Milton.”

Corn´y, a. 1. Producing corn or grain; furnished with grains of corn. [R.] ´The corny ear.´ Prior. 2. Containing corn; tasting well of malt. [R.] “A draught of moist and corny ale.
Chaucer.” 3. Tipsy. [Vulgar, Eng.] Forby.

Cor´o•core (k?r´?-k?r), n. A kind of boat of various forms, used in the Indian Archipelago.

Cor´o•dy (k?r´?-d?), n. [LL. corrodium, corredium, conredium, furniture, provision: cf. OF. conroi. See Curry.] (Old Law) An allowance of meat, drink, or clothing due from an abbey or other religious house for the sustenance of such of the king’s servants as he may designate to receive it. [Written also corrody.]

Cor´ol (k?r´?l), n. (Bot.) A corolla.

Co•rol´la (k?-r?l´l?), n. [L. corolla a little crown or garland, dim. of corona. See Crown.] (Bot.) The inner envelope of a flower; the part which surrounds the organs of fructification, consisting of one or more leaves, called petals. It is usually distinguished from the calyx by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors. See the Note under Blossom.

Cor•ol•la´ceous (k?r•?l-l?´sh?s), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a corolla; having the form or texture of a corolla.

Cor´ol•la•ry (k?r´?l-l?-r 277), n.; pl. Corollaries (- rz). [L. corollarium gift, corollary, fr. corolla. See Corolla.] 1. That which is given beyond what is actually due, as a garland of flowers in addition to wages; surplus; something added or superfluous. [Obs.] “Now come, my Ariel; bring a corollary,
Rather than want a spirit.
Shak.” 2. Something which follows from the demonstration of a proposition; an additional inference or deduction from a demonstrated proposition; a consequence. { Cor´ol•late ?r´?l-l?t), Cor´ol•la•ted (- l?•t?d), } a. Having a corolla or corollas; like a corolla.

Cor´ol•let (k?r´?l-l?t), n. [Dim. fr. corolla.] (Bot.) A floret in an aggregate flower. [Obs.] Martyn. { Co•rol•li•flo´ral (k?-r?l•l?-fl?´ral), Co•rol•li•flo´rous (-fl?´r?s), } a. [Corolla + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the stamens borne on the petals, and the latter free from the calyx. Compare Calycifloral and Thalamifloral.

Cor´ol•line (-l?n), a. Of or pertaining to a corolla.

Cor•o•man´del (k?r•?-m?n´del), n. (Geol.) The west coast, or a portion of the west coast, of the Bay of Bengal. Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. — Coromandel wood, Calamander wood.

Co•ro´na (k?-r?´n?), n.; pl. L. Coronae (-n), E. Coronas (-nz). [L. corona crown. See Crown.] 1. A crown or garland bestowed among the Romans as a reward for distinguished services. 2. (Arch.) The projecting part of a Classic cornice, the under side of which is cut with a recess or channel so as to form a drip. See Illust. of Column. 3. (Anat.) The upper surface of some part, as of a tooth or the skull; a crown. 4. (Zoöl.) The shelly skeleton of a sea urchin. 5. (Astrol.) A peculiar luminous appearance, or aureola, which surrounds the sun, and which is seen only when the sun is totally eclipsed by the moon. 6. (Bot.) (a) An inner appendage to a petal or a corolla, often forming a special cup, as in the daffodil and jonquil. (b) Any crownlike appendage at the top of an organ. 7. (Meteorol.) (a) A circle, usually colored, seen in peculiar states of the atmosphere around and close to a luminous body, as the sun or moon. (b) A peculiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the concentration or convergence of luminous beams around the point in the heavens indicated by the direction of the dipping needle. 8. A crown or circlet suspended from the roof or vaulting of churches, to hold tapers lighted on solemn occasions. It is sometimes formed of double or triple circlets, arranged pyramidically. Called also corona lucis. Fairholt. 9. (Mus.) A character [&pause;] called the pause or hold.

Cor´o•nach (k?r´?-n?k), n. See Coranach.

Cor´o•nal (k?r´?-nal or, esp. in science, k?-r?´nal; 277), a. [L. coronalis: cf. F. coronal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a corona (in any of the senses). “The coronal light during the eclipse is faint.
Abney.” 2. Of or pertaining to a king’s crown, or coronation. “The law and his coronal oath require his undeniable assent to what laws the Parliament agree upon.
Milton.” 3. Of or pertaining to the top of the head or skull. 4. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the shell of a sea urchin. Coronal suture (Anat.), a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones; the fronto-parietal suture.

Cor´o•nal, n. 1. A crown; wreath; garland. Spenser. 2. The frontal bone, over which the ancients wore their coronae or garlands. Hooper.

Cor•o•na´men (k?r•-n?´m?n), n. [L., a crowning.] (Zoöl.) The upper margin of a hoof; a coronet.

Cor´o•na•ry (k?r´?-n?-r?), a. [L. coronarius: cf. F. coronaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a crown; forming, or adapted to form, a crown or garland. ´Coronary thorns.´ Bp. Pearson. “The catalogue of coronary plants is not large in Theophrastus.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. (Anat.) Resembling, or situated like, a crown or circlet; as the coronary arteries and veins of the heart.

Cor´o•na•ry, n. A small bone in the foot of a horse. { Cor´o•nate (k?r´?-n?t), Cor´o•na•ted (- n?•t?ed), } a. [L. coronatus, p. p. of coronare to crown, fr. corona. See Crown.] 1. Having or wearing a crown. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished; — said of birds. (b) Girt about the spire with a row of tubercles or spines; — said of spiral shells. 3. (Biol.) Having a crest or a crownlike appendage.

Cor•o•na´tion (k?r•?-n?´sh?n), n. [See Coronate.] 1. The act or solemnity of crowning a sovereign; the act of investing a prince with the insignia of royalty, on his succeeding to the sovereignty. 2. The pomp or assembly at a coronation. Pope.

Coro´nel (k?r´nel), n. [See Colonel.] A colonel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cor´o•nel (k?r´?-n?l or k?r´n?l), n. [Cf. Cronel, Crown.] (Anc. Armor) The iron head of a tilting spear, divided into two, three, or four blunt points. [Written also cronel.] Grose.

Cor´o•ner (k?r´?-n?r), n. [From OE. coronen to crown, OF. coroner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona crown. Formed as a translation of LL. coronator coroner, fr. L. corona crown, the coroner having been originally a prosecuting officer of the crown. See Crown.] An officer of the peace whose principal duty is to inquire, with the help of a jury, into the cause of any violent, sudden or mysterious death, or death in prison, usually on sight of the body and at the place where the death occurred. [In England formerly also written and pronounced crowner.] In some of the United States the office of coroner is abolished, that of medical examiner taking its place. Coroner’s inquest. See under Inquest.

Cor´o•net (k?r´?-n?t), n. [Dim. of OE. corone crown; cf. OF. coronete. See Crown, and cf. Crownet, Cronet.] 1. An ornamental or honorary headdress, having the shape and character of a crown; particularly, a crown worn as the mark of high rank lower than sovereignty. The word is used by Shakespeare to denote also a kingly crown. “Without a star, a coronet, or garter.
Goldsmith.” The coronet of the Prince of Wales consist of a circlet of gold with four crosses pattee around the edge between as many fleurs-de-lis. The center crosses are connected by an arch which is surmounted by a globe or cross. The coronet of a British duke is adorned with strawberry leaves; that of a marquis has leaves with pearls interposed; that of an earl raises the pearls above the leaves; that of a viscount is surrounded with pearls only; that of a baron has only four pearls. 2. (Far.) The upper part of a horse’s hoof, where the horn terminates in skin. James White. 3. (Anc. Armor) The iron head of a tilting spear; a coronel. Crose.

Cor´o•net•ed (-n?t-?d), a.Wearing, or entitled to wear, a coronet; of noble birth or rank.

Co•ron´i•form (k?-r?n´?-f?rm or k?-r?´n?-), a. [L. corona crown + -form.] Having the form of a crown or coronet; resembling a crown.

Cor•o•nil´la (k?r•?-n?l´l?), n. [NL., fr. L. corona crown: cf. F. coronille.] (Bot.) A genus of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets.

Co•ro´nis (k?-r?´n?s), n. [Gr. korwni•s anything curved. See Cornice.] 1. In Greek grammar, a sign [’] sometimes placed over a contracted syllable. W. W. Goodwin. 2. The curved line or flourish at the end of a book or chapter; hence, the end. [R.] Bp. Hacket.

Cor´o•noid (kor´o•noid), a. [Gr. korw•nh crow + -oid: cf. F. coronoïde.] (Anat.) Resembling the beak of a crow; as the coronoid process of the jaw, or of the ulna.

Cor´o•nule (k?r´?-n?l), n. [L. coronula, dim. of corona crown.] (Bot.) A coronet or little crown of a seed; the downy tuft on seeds. See Pappus. Martyn.

Co•roun´ (k?-roun´), v. & n. Crown. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Co•ro´zo Co•ros´so } (k?-r?´th? or - s?), n. [Cf. Sp. cerozo a kind of palm tree.] The name in Central America for the seed of a true palm; also a commercial name for the true ivory nut. See Ivory nut.

Cor´po•race (k?r´p?-r?s), n. See Corporas.

Cor´po•ral (kôr´po•ral), n. [Corrupted fr. F. caporal, It. caporale, fr. capo head, chief, L. caput. See Chief, and cf. Caporal.] (Mil.) A noncommissioned officer, next below a sergeant. In the United States army he is the lowest noncommissioned officer in a company of infantry. He places and relieves sentinels. Corporal’s guard, a detachment such as would be in charge of a corporal for guard duty, etc.; hence, derisively, a very small number of persons. — Lance corporal, an assistant corporal on private’s pay. Farrow. — Ship’s corporal (Naut.), a petty officer who assists the master at arms in his various duties.

Cor´po•ral, a. [L. corporalis, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Belonging or relating to the body; bodily. ´Past corporal toil.´ Shak. “Pillories and other corporal infections.
Milton.” Corporal punishment (law), punishment applied to the body of the offender, including the death penalty, whipping, and imprisonment. 2. Having a body or substance; not spiritual; material. In this sense now usually written corporeal. Milton. “A corporal heaven … .where the stare are.
Latimer.” “What seemed corporal melted
As breath into the wind.
Shak.” Syn. — Corporal, Bodily, Corporeal. Bodily is opposed to mental; as bodily affections. Corporeal refers to the whole physical structure or nature, of the body; as corporeal substance or frame. Corporal, as now used, refers more to punishment or some infliction; as corporal punishment. To speak of corporeal punishment is an error. Bodily austerities; the corporeal mold. { Cor´po•ral (kôr´po•ral), Cor•po•ra´le (-r?´l?), } n. [LL. corporale: cf. F. corporal. See Corporal,a.] A fine linen cloth, on which the sacred elements are consecrated in the eucharist, or with which they are covered; a communion cloth. Corporal oath, a solemn oath; — so called from the fact that it was the ancient usage for the party taking it to touch the corporal, or cloth that covered the consecrated elements.

Cor•po•ral´i•ty (k?r•p?-r?l´l?-t?), n.: pl. Corporalities (-tz). [L. corporalitas: cf. F. corporalit.] 1. The state of being or having a body; bodily existence; corporeality; — opposed to spirituality. Dr. H. More. 2. A confraternity; a guild. [Obs.] Milton.

Cor´po•ral•ly (k?r´p?-ral-ly), adv. In or with the body; bodily; as to be corporally present. Sharp.

Cor´po•ral•ship, n. (Mil.) A corporal’s office.

Cor´po•ras (k?r´p?-r?s), n. [Prop. pl. of corporal.] The corporal, or communion cloth. [Obs.] Fuller.

Cor´po•rate (k?r´p?-r?t), a. [L. corporatus, p. p. of corporare to shape into a body, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Formed into a body by legal enactment; united in an association, and endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual; incorporated; as a corporate town. 2. Belonging to a corporation or incorporated body. ´Corporate property.´ Hallam. 3. United; general; collectively one. “They answer in a joint and corporate voice.
Shak.” Corporate member, an actual or voting member of a corporation, as distinguished from an associate or an honorary member; as a corporate member of the American Board.

Cor´po•rate (-r?t), v. t. To incorporate. [Obs.] Stow.

Cor´po•rate, v. i. To become incorporated. [Obs.]

Cor´po•rate•ly (-r?t-l?), adv. 1. In a corporate capacity; acting as a corporate body. 2. In, or as regarda, the body. Fabyan.

Cor•po•ra´tion (kôr•po•ra´shun), n. [L. corporatio incarnation: cf. F. corporation corporation.] A body politic or corporate, formed and authorized by law to act as a single person, and endowed by law with the capacity of succession; a society having the capacity of transacting business as an individual. Corporations are aggregate or sole. Corporations aggregate consist of two or more persons united in a society, which is preserved by a succession of members, either forever or till the corporation is dissolved by the power that formed it, by the death of all its members, by surrender of its charter or franchises, or by forfeiture. Such corporations are the mayor and aldermen of cities, the head and fellows of a college, the dean and chapter of a cathedral church, the stockholders of a bank or insurance company, etc. A corporation sole consists of a single person, who is made a body corporate and politic, in order to give him some legal capacities, and especially that of succession, which as a natural person he can not have. Kings, bishops, deans, parsons, and vicars, are in England sole corporations. A fee will not pass to a corporation sole without the word ´successors´ in the grant. There are instances in the United States of a minister of a parish seized of parsonage lands in the right of his parish, being a corporation sole, as in Massachusetts. Corporations are sometimes classified as public and private; public being convertible with municipal, and private corporations being all corporations not municipal. Close corporation. See under Close.

Cor´po•ra•tor (kô´p?-r?•t?r), n. A member of a corporation, esp. one of the original members.

Cor´po•ra•ture (kôr´p?-r?-t?r), n. The state of being embodied; bodily existence. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Cor•po´re•al (kôr•po´re•al), a. [L. corporeus, fr. corpus body.] Having a body; consisting of, or pertaining to, a material body or substance; material; — opposed to spiritual or immaterial. “His omnipotence
That to corporeal substance could add
Speed almost spiritual.
Milton.” Corporeal property, such as may be seen and handled (as opposed to incorporeal, which can not be seen or handled, and exists only in contemplation). Mozley & W. Syn. — Corporal; bodily. See Corporal.

Cor•po´re•al•ism (-?z’m), n. Materialism. Cudworth.

Cor•po´re•al•ist (kor•po´re•al•ist), n. One who denies the reality of spiritual existences; a materialist. “Some corporealists pretended … to make a world without a God.
Bp. Berkeley.”

Cor•po•re•al´i•ty (-?l´?-t?), n.: pl. Corporealities (-tiz). The state of being corporeal; corporeal existence.

Cor•po´re•al•ly (kor•po´re•al•ly), adv. In the body; in a bodily form or manner.

Cor•po´re•al•ness (-n?s), n. Corporeality; corporeity.

Cor•po•re´i•ty (k?r•p?-r?´?-t?), n. [LL. corporeitas: cf. F. corporit.] The state of having a body; the state of being corporeal; materiality. “The one attributed corporeity to God.
Bp. Stillingfleet.” “Those who deny light to be matter, do not therefore deny its corporeity.
Coleridge.”

Cor•por´i•fy (k?r-p?r´?-f?), v. t. [L. corpus body + -fy: cf. F. corporifier.] To embody; to form into a body. [Obs.] Boyle.

Cor´po•sant (k?r´p?-z?nt), n. [It. corpo santo holy body.] St. Elmo’s fire. See under Saint.

Corps (kor, pl. korz), n. sing. & pl. [F., fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. The human body, whether living or dead. [Obs.] See Corpse, 1. “By what craft in my corps, it cometh [commences] and where.
Piers Plowman.” 2. A body of men; esp., an organized division of the military establishment; as the marine corps; the corps of topographical engineers; specifically, an army corps. “A corps operating with an army should consist of three divisions of the line, a brigade of artillery, and a regiment of cavalry.
Gen. Upton (U. S. Tactics. )” 3. A body or code of laws. [Obs.] “The whole corps of the law.
Bacon.” 4. (Eccl.) The land with which a prebend or other ecclesiastical office is endowed. [Obs.] “The prebendaries over and above their reserved rents have a corps.
Bacon.” Army corps, or (French) Corps d’armee (kor• där•ma´), a body containing two or more divisions of a large army, organized as a complete army in itself. — Corps de logis (kor• de lo•zhe´) [F., body of the house], the principal mass of a building, considered apart from its wings. — Corps diplomatique (kr d•pl•m-tk´) [F., diplomatic body], the body of ministers or envoys accredited to a government.

Corpse (kôrps), n. [OF. cors (sometimes written corps), F. corps, L. corpus; akin to AS. hrif womb. See Midriff, and cf. Corse, Corselet, Corps, Cuerpo.] 1. A human body in general, whether living or dead; — sometimes contemptuously. [Obs.] Formerly written (after the French form) corps. See Corps, n., 1. 2. The dead body of a human being; — used also Fig. “He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet.
D. Webster.” Corpse candle. (a) A thick candle formerly used at a lich wake, or the customary watching with a corpse on the night before its interment. (b) A luminous appearance, resembling the flame of a candle, sometimes seen in churchyards and other damp places, superstitiously regarded as portending death. — Corpse gate, the gate of a burial place through which the dead are carried, often having a covered porch; — called also lich gate. { Cor´pu•lence (k?r´p?-lens), Cor´pu•len•cy (k?r´p?-len-s?), } n. [L. corpulentia: cf. F. corpulence.] 1. Excessive fatness; fleshiness; obesity. 2. Thickness; density; compactness. [Obs.] “The heaviness and corpulency of water requiring a great force to divide it.
Ray.”

Cor´pu•lent (-p?-lent), a. [L. corpulentus, fr. corpus: cf. F. corpulent. See Corpse.] 1. Very fat; obese. 2. Solid; gross; opaque. [Obs.] Holland. Syn. — Stout; fleshy; bulky; obese. See Stout.

Cor´pu•lent•ly, adv. In a corpulent manner.

Cor´pus (-pus), n.; pl. Corpora (-po•ra). [L.] A body, living or dead; the corporeal substance of a thing. Corpus callosum (kal•lo´sum); pl. Corpora callosa (-s) [NL., callous body] (Anat.), the great band of commissural fibers uniting the cerebral hemispheres. See Brain. — Corpus Christi (kris´ti) [L., body of Christ] (R. C. Ch.), a festival in honor of the eucharist, observed on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. — Corpus Christi cloth. Same as Pyx cloth, under Pyx. — Corpus delicti (de•lik´ti) [L., the body of the crime] (Law), the substantial and fundamental fact of the comission of a crime; the proofs essential to establish a crime. — Corpus luteum (lu´te•um); pl. Corpora lutea (-a). [NL., luteous body] (Anat.), the reddish yellow mass which fills a ruptured Graafian follicle in the mammalian ovary. — Corpus striatum (stri•a´tum); pl. Corpora striata (-ta). [NL., striate body] (Anat.), a ridge in the wall of each lateral ventricle of the brain.

Cor´pus•cle (-pus•s’l), n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus.] 1. A minute particle; an atom; a molecule. 2. (Anat.) A protoplasmic animal cell; esp., such as float free, like blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles; or such as are imbedded in an intercellular matrix, like connective tissue and cartilage corpuscles. See Blood. “Virchow showed that the corpuscles of bone are homologous with those of connective tissue.
Quain’s Anat.” Red blood corpuscles (Physiol.), in man, yellowish, biconcave, circular discs varying from 1/3500 to 1/3200 of an inch in diameter and about 1/12400 of an inch thick. They are composed of a colorless stroma filled in with semifluid haemoglobin and other matters. In most mammals the red corpuscles are circular, but in the camels, birds, reptiles, and the lower vertebrates generally, they are oval, and sometimes more or less spherical in form. In Amphioxus, and most invertebrates, the blood corpuscles are all white or colorless. — White blood corpuscles (Physiol.), rounded, slightly flattened, nucleated cells, mainly protoplasmic in composition, and possessed of contractile power. In man, the average size is about 1/2500 of an inch, and they are present in blood in much smaller numbers than the red corpuscles.

Cor•pus´cu•lar (k?r-p?s´k?-l?r), a. [Cf. F. corpusculaire.] Pertaining to, or composed of, corpuscles, or small particles. Corpuscular philosophy, that which attempts to account for the phenomena of nature, by the motion, figure, rest, position, etc., of the minute particles of matter. — Corpuscular theory (Opt.), the theory enunciated by Sir Isaac Newton, that light consists in the emission and rapid progression of minute particles or corpuscles. The theory is now generally rejected, and supplanted by the undulatory theory.

Cor•pus•cu•la´ri•an (-l?´r?-a]/>n), a. Corpuscular. [Obs.]

Cor•pus•cu•la´ri•an, n. An adherent of the corpuscular philosophy. Bentley.

Cor•pus´cule (k?r-p?s´k?l), n. A corpuscle. [Obs.]

Cor•pus´cu•lous (-k?-l?s), a. Corpuscular. Tyndall.

Cor•rade´ (k?r-r?d´), v. t. [L. corradere, -rasum; cor- + radere to rub.] 1. To gnaw into; to wear away; to fret; to consume. [Obs.] Dr. R. Clerke. 2. (Geol.) To erode, as the bed of a stream. See Corrosion.

Cor•ra´di•al (k?r-r?´d?-a]/>l), a. Radiating to or from the same point. [R.] Coleridge.

Cor•ra´di•ate (k?r-r?´d?-?t), v. t. To converge to one point or focus, as light or rays.

Cor•ra•di•a´tion (k?r-r?•d?-?´sh?n), n. A conjunction or concentration of rays in one point. Bacom

Cor•ral´ (k?r-r?l´; Sp. k?r-r?l´), n. [Sp., a yard, a yard for cattle, fr. corro a circle or ring, fr. L. currere to run. Cf. Kraal.] A pen for animals; esp., an inclosure made with wagons, by emigrants in the vicinity of hostile Indians, as a place of security for horses, cattle, etc.

Cor•ral´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corraled (-r?ld´ or -r?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Corralling.] To surround and inclose; to coop up; to put into an inclosed space; — primarily used with reference to securing horses and cattle in an inclosure of wagons while traversing the plains, but in the Southwestern United States now colloquially applied to the capturing, securing, or penning of anything. Bartlett.

Cor•ra´sion (k?r-r?´zh?n), n. [See Corrade.] (Geol.) The erosion of the bed of a stream by running water, principally by attrition of the detritus carried along by the stream, but also by the solvent action of the water.

Cor•ra´sive (-s?v), a. Corrosive. [Obs.] “Corrasive sores which eat into the flesh.
Holland.”

Cor•rect´ (kôr•rekt´), a. [L. correctus, p. p. of corrigere to make straight, to correct; cor- + regere to lead straight: cf. F. correct. See Regular, Right, and cf. Escort.] Set right, or made straight; hence, conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or to a just standard; not faulty or imperfect; free from error; as correct behavior; correct views. “Always use the most correct editions.
Felton.” Syn. — Accurate; right, exact; precise; regular; faultless. See Accurate.

Cor•rect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrected; p. pr. & vb. n. Correcting.] 1. To make right; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety; to rectify; as to correct manners or principles. “This is a defect in the first make of some men’s minds which can scarce ever be corrected afterwards.
T. Burnet.” 2. To remove or retrench the faults or errors of; to amend; to set right; as to correct the proof (that is, to mark upon the margin the changes to be made, or to make in the type the changes so marked). 3. To bring back, or attempt to bring back, to propriety in morals; to reprove or punish for faults or deviations from moral rectitude; to chastise; to discipline; as a child should be corrected for lying. “My accuser is my ’prentice; and when I did correct him for his fault the other day, he did vow upon his knees he would be even with me.
Shak.” 4. To counteract the qualities of one thing by those of another; — said of whatever is wrong or injurious; as to correct the acidity of the stomach by alkaline preparations. Syn. — To amend; rectify; emend; reform; improve; chastise; punish; discipline; chasten. See Amend. { Cor•rect´i•ble (-r?k´t?-b’l), Cor•rect´a•ble (-r?k´t?-b’l), } a. Capable of being corrected.

Cor•rect´i•fy (k?r-r?k´t?-f?), v. t. To correct. [Obs.] “When your worship’s plassed to correctify a lady.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cor•rec´tion (k?r-r?k´sh?n), n. [L. correctio: cf. F. correction.] 1. The act of correcting, or making that right which was wrong; change for the better; amendment; rectification, as of an erroneous statement. “The due correction of swearing, rioting, neglect of God’s word, and other scandalouss vices.
Strype.” 2. The act of reproving or punishing, or that which is intended to rectify or to cure faults; punishment; discipline; chastisement. “Correction and instruction must both work
Ere this rude beast will profit.
Shak.” 3. That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong; an emendation; as the corrections on a proof sheet should be set in the margin. 4. Abatement of noxious qualities; the counteraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; as the correction of acidity in the stomach. 5. An allowance made for inaccuracy in an instrument; as chronometer correction; compass correction. Correction line (Surv.), a parallel used as a new base line in laying out township in the government lands of the United States. The adoption at certain intervals of a correction line is necessitated by the convergence of of meridians, and the statute requirement that the townships must be squares. — House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are confined; a bridewell. — Under correction, subject to correction; admitting the possibility of error.

Cor•rec´tion•al (k?r-r?k´sh?n-a]/>l), a. [Cf. F. correctionnel.] Tending to, or intended for, correction; used for correction; as a correctional institution.

Cor•rec´tion•er (-?r), n. One who is, or who has been, in the house of correction. [Obs.] Shak.

Cor•rect´ive (k?rr-r?k´t?v), a. [Cf. F. correctif.] 1. Having the power to correct; tending to rectify; as corrective penalties. “Mulberries are pectoral, corrective of billious alkali.
Arbuthnot.” 2. Qualifying; limiting. ´The Psalmist interposeth … this corrective particle.´ Holdsworth.

Cor•rect´ive, n. 1. That which has the power of correcting, altering, or counteracting what is wrong or injurious; as alkalies are correctives of acids; penalties are correctives of immoral conduct. Burke. 2. Limitation; restriction. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Cor•rect´ly (k?r-r?kt´l?), adv. In a correct manner; exactly; acurately; without fault or error.

Cor•rect´ness, n. The state or quality of being correct; as the correctness of opinions or of manners; correctness of taste; correctness in writing or speaking; the correctness of a text or copy. Syn. — Accuracy; exactness; precision; propriety.

Cor•rect´or (k?r-r?kt´?r), n. [L.] One who, or that which, corrects; as a corrector of abuses; a corrector of the press; an alkali is a corrector of acids.

Cor•rect´o•ry (-?-r?), a. Containing or making correction; corrective.

Cor•rect´ress (-r?s), n. A woman who corrects.

Cor•reg´i•dor (k?r-r?j´?-d?r; Sp. k?r-r?•h?-d?r´), n. [Sp., orig., a corrector.] The chief magistrate of a Spanish town.

Cor´rei (k?r´r?), n. [Scot., perh. fr. Celt. cor a corner.] A hollow in the side of a hill, where game usually lies. ´Fleet foot on the correi.´ Sir W. Scott.

Cor•re•lat´a•ble (k3r•r?-l?t´?-b’l), a. Such as can be correlated; as correlatable phenomena.

Cor•re•late´ (kor•re•lat´ or kor´re•lat•), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Correlated; p. pr. & vb. n. Correlating.] [Pref. cor- + relate.] To have reciprocal or mutual relations; to be mutually related. “Doctrine and worship correlate as theory and practice.
Tylor.”

Cor•re•late´, v. t. To put in relation with each other; to connect together by the disclosure of a mutual relation; as to correlate natural phenomena. Darwin.

Cor´re•late (k?r´r?-l?t), n. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation to something else, as father to son; a correlative. South.

Cor•re•la´tion (-l?´sh?n), n. [LL. correlatio; L. cor- + relatio: cf. F. correlation. Cf. Correlation.] Reciprocal relation; corresponding similarity or parallelism of relation or law; capacity of being converted into, or of giving place to, one another, under certain conditions; as the correlation of forces, or of zymotic diseases. Correlation of energy, the relation to one another of different forms of energy; — usually having some reference to the principle of conservation of energy. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation. — Correlation of forces, the relation between the forces which matter, endowed with various forms of energy, may exert.

Cor•rel´a•tive (k?r-r?l´?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. correlatif.] Having or indicating a reciprocal relation. “Father and son, prince and subject, stranger and citizen, are correlative terms.
Hume.”

Cor•rel´a•tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation, or is correlated, to some other person or thing. Locke. “Spiritual things and spiritual men are correlatives.
Spelman.” 2. (Gram.) The antecedent of a pronoun.

Cor•rel´a•tive•ly, adv. In a correlative relation.

Cor•rel´a•tive•ness, n. Quality of being correlative.

Cor•re•li´gion•ist (k?r•r?-l?j´?n-?st), n. A co-religionist.

Cor•rep´tion (k?r-r?p´sh?n), n. [L. correptio, fr. corripere to seize.] Chiding; reproof; reproach. [Obs.] “Angry, passionate correption being rather apt to provoke, than to amend.
Hammond.”

Cor•re•spond´ (k?r•r?-sp?nd´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Corresponded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corresponding.] [Pref. cor- + respond: cf. f. correspondre.] 1. To be like something else in the dimensions and arrangement of its parts; — followed by with or to; as concurring figures correspond with each other throughout. “None of them [the forms of Sidney’s sonnets] correspond to the Shakespearean type.
J. A. Symonds.” 2. To be adapted; to be congruous; to suit; to agree; to fit; to answer; — followed by to. “Words being but empty sounds, any farther than they are signs of our ideas we can not but assent to them as they correspond to those ideas we have, but no farther.
Locke.” 3. To have intercourse or communion; especially, to hold intercourse or to communicate by sending and receiving letters; — followed by with. “After having been long in indirect communication with the exiled family, he [Atterbury] began to correspond directly with the Pretender.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To agree; fit; answer; suit; write; address.

Cor•re•spond´ence (-sp?nd´ens), n. [Cf. F. correspondance.] 1. Friendly intercourse; reciprocal exchange of civilities; especially, intercourse between persons by means of letters. “Holding also good correspondence with the other great men in the state.
Bacon.” “To facilitate correspondence between one part of London and another, was not originally one of the objects of the post office.
Macaulay.” 2. The letters which pass between correspondents. 3. Mutual adaptation, relation, or agreement, of one thing to another; agreement; congruity; fitness; relation.

Cor•re•spond´en•cy (k$r•r?—sp?nd´en-s?), n.; pl. Correspondencies (-sz). Same as Correspondence, 3. “The correspondencies of types and antitypes … may be very reasonable confirmations.
S. Clarke.”

Cor•re•spond´ent (-ent), a. [Cf. F. correspondant.] Suitable; adapted; fit; corresponding; congruous; conformable; in accord or agreement; obedient; willing. “Action correspondent or repugnant unto the law.
Hooker.” “As fast the correspondent passions rise.
Thomson.” “I will be correspondent to command.
Shak.”

Cor•re•spond´ent, n. 1. One with whom intercourse is carried on by letter. Macaulay. 2. One who communicates information, etc., by letter or telegram to a newspaper or periodical. 3. (Com.) One who carries on commercial intercourse by letter or telegram with a person or firm at a distance.

Cor•re•spond´ent•ly, adv. In a a corresponding manner; conformably; suitably.

Cor•re•spond´ing, a. 1. Answering; conformable; agreeing; suiting; as corresponding numbers. 2. Carrying on intercourse by letters. Corresponding member of a society, one residing at a distance, who has been invited to correspond with the society, and aid in carrying out its designs without taking part in its management.

Cor•re•spond´ing•ly, adv. In a corresponding manner; conformably.

Cor•re•spon´sive (-r?-sp?n´s?v), a. Corresponding; conformable; adapted. Shak. — Cor•re•spon´sive•ly, adv.

Cor´ri•dor (k?r´r?-d?r or -d?r), n. [F., fr. Itt. corridpore, or Sp. corredor; prop., a runner, hence, a running or long line, a gallery, fr. L. currere to run. See Course.] 1. (Arch.) A gallery or passageway leading to several apartments of a house. 2. (Fort.) The covered way lying round the whole compass of the fortifications of a place. [R.]

Cor´rie (k?r´r?), n. Same as Correi. [Scot.] Geikie.

Cor•ri•gen´dum (k?r•r?-j?n´d?m), n.; pl. Corrigenda (- d). [L.] A fault or error to be corrected.

Cor´ri•gent (k?r´r?—jent), n. [L. corrigens, p. pr. of corrigere to correct.] (Med.) A substance added to a medicine to mollify or modify its action. Dunglison.

Cor•ri•gi•bil´i•ty (-j?-b?l´?-t?), n. Quality of being corrigible; capability of being corrected; corrigibleness.

Cor´ri•gi•ble (k?r´r?-j?-b’l), a. [LL. corribilis, fr. L. corrigere to correct: cf. F. corrigible. See Correrct.] 1. Capable of being set right, amended, or reformed; as a corrigible fault. 2. Submissive to correction; docile. ´Bending down his corrigible neck.´ Shak. 3. Deserving chastisement; punishable. [Obs.] “He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language.
Howell.” 4. Having power to correct; corrective. [Obs.] “The … .corrigible authority of this lies in our wills.
Shak.”

Cor´ri•gi•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being corrigible; corrigibility.

Cor•ri´val (k?r-r?´val), n. A fellow rival; a competitor; a rival; also a companion. [R.] Shak.

Cor•ri´val, a. Having rivaling claims; emulous; in rivalry. [R.] Bp. Fleetwood.

Cor•ri´val, v. i. & t. To compete with; to rival. [R.]

Cor•ri´val•ry (k?r-r?´val-r?), n. Corivalry. [R.]

Cor•ri´val•ship, n. Corivalry. [R.] “By the corrivalship of Shager his false friend.
Sir T. Herbert.”

Cor´ri•vate (k?r´r?-v?t), v. t. [L. corrivatus, p. p. of corrivare to corrivate.] To cause to flow together, as water drawn from several streams. [Obs.] Burton.

Cor•ri•va´tion (-v?´sh?n), n. [L. corrivatio.] The flowing of different streams into one. [Obs.] Burton.

Cor•rob´o•rant (k?r-r?b´?-rant), a. [L. corroborans, p. pr. See Corroborate.] Strengthening; supporting; corroborating. Bacon. — n. Anything which gives strength or support; a tonic. “The brain, with its proper corroborants, especially with sweet odors and with music.
Southey.”

Cor•rob´o•rate (k?r-r?b´?-r?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroborated (-r?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Corroborating (-r?•t?ng). ] [L. corroboratus, p. p. of corroborare to corroborate; cor- + roborare to strengthen, robur strength. See Robust.] 1. To make strong, or to give additional strength to; to strengthen. [Obs.] “As any limb well and duly exercised, grows stronger, the nerves of the body are corroborated thereby.
I. Watts.” 2. To make more certain; to confirm; to establish. “The concurrence of all corroborates the same truth.
I. Taylor.”

Cor•rob´o•rate (-r?t), a. Corroborated. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cor•rob•o•ra´tion (k?r-r?b•?-r?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. corroboration.] 1. The act of corroborating, strengthening, or confirming; addition of strength; confirmation; as the corroboration of an argument, or of information. 2. That which corroborates.

Cor•rob´o•ra•tive (k?r-r?b´?-r?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. corroboratif.] Tending to strengthen of confirm.

Cor•rob´o•ra•tive, n. A medicine that strengthens; a corroborant. Wiseman.

Cor•rob´o•ra•to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Tending to strengthen; corroborative; as corroboratory facts.

Cor•rode´ (k?r-r?d´) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corroding.] [L. corrodere, - rosum; cor + rodere to gnaw: cf. F. corroder. See Rodent.] 1. To eat away by degrees; to wear away or diminish by gradually separating or destroying small particles of, as by action of a strong acid or a caustic alkali. “Aqua fortis corroding copper … is wont to reduce it to a green-blue solution.
Boyle.” 2. To consume; to wear away; to prey upon; to impair.

Cor•rode´, v. i. To have corrosive action; to be subject to corrosion. Corroding lead, lead sufficiently pure to be used in making white lead by a process of corroding. Syn. — To canker; gnaw; rust; waste; wear away.

Cor•rod´ent (k?r-r?´dent), a. [L. corrodens, p. pr. of corrodere.] Corrosive. [R.] Bp. King.

Cor•rod´ent, n. Anything that corrodes. Bp. King.

Cor•ro´di•ate (k?r-r?´d?-?t), v. t. [See Corrode.] To eat away by degrees; to corrode. [Obs.] Sandys.

Cor•ro•di•bil´i•ty (k?r-r?•d?-b?l´?-t?), n. The quality of being corrodible. [R.] Johnson.

Cor•rod´i•ble (k?r-r?´d?-b’l), a. Capable of being corroded; corrosible. Sir T. Browne.

Cor•ro•si•bil´i•ty (k?r-r?•s?-b?l´?-t?), n. Corrodibility. ´Corrosibility … answers corrosiveness.´ Boyle.

Cor•ro´si•ble (k?r-r?´s?-b’l), a. Corrodible. Bailey.

Cor•ro´si•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being corrosible. Bailey.

Cor•ro´sion (k?r-r?´zh?n), n. [LL. corrosio: cf. F. corrosion. See Corrode.] The action or effect of corrosive agents, or the process of corrosive change; as the rusting of iron is a variety of corrosion. “Corrosion is a particular species of dissolution of bodies, either by an acid or a saline menstruum.
John Quincy.”

Cor•ro´sive (k?r-r?´s?v), a. [Cf. F. corrosif.] 1. Eating away; having the power of gradually wearing, changing, or destroying the texture or substance of a body; as the corrosive action of an acid. ´Corrosive liquors.´ Grew. ´Corrosive famine.´ Thomson. 2. Having the quality of fretting or vexing. “Care is no cure, but corrosive.
Shak.” Corrosive sublimate (Chem.), mercuric chloride, HgCl_2; so called because obtained by sublimation, and because of its harsh irritating action on the body tissue. Usually it is in the form of a heavy, transparent, crystalline substance, easily soluble, and of an acrid, burning taste. It is a virulent poison, a powerful antiseptic, and an excellent antisyphilitic; called also mercuric bichloride. It is to be carefully distinguished from calomel, the mild chloride of mercury.

Cor•ro´sive, n. 1. That which has the quality of eating or wearing away gradually. “[Corrosives] act either directly, by chemically destroying the part, or indirectly by causing inflammation and gangrene.
Dunglison.” 2. That which has the power of fretting or irritating. “Such speeches … are grievous corrosives.
Hooker.” — Cor•ro´sive•ly, adv. — Cor•ro´sive•ness, n.

Cor•ro´val (kr-r?´val), n. A dark brown substance of vegetable origin, allied to curare, and used by the natives of New Granada as an arrow poison.

Cor•ro´va•line (-v?-l?n or -l?n), n. (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid extracted from corroval, and characterized by its immediate action in paralyzing the heart.

Cor´ru•gant (k?r´r?-gant), a. [L. corrugans, p. pr. See Corrugate.] Having the power of contracting into wrinkles. Johnson.

Cor´ru•gate (k?r´r?-g?t), a. [L. corrugatus, p. p. of corrugare; cor-+ rugare to wrinkle, ruga wrinkle; of uncertain origin.] Wrinkled; crumpled; furrowed; contracted into ridges and furrows.

Cor´ru•gate (-g?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrugated (-g?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Corrugating (-g?•t?ng).] To form or shape into wrinkles or folds, or alternate ridges and grooves, as by drawing, contraction, pressure, bending, or otherwise; to wrinkle; to purse up; as to corrugate plates of iron; to corrugate the forehead. Corrugated iron, sheet iron bent into a series of alternate ridges and grooves in parallel lines, giving it greater stiffness. — Corrugated paper, a thick, coarse paper corrugated in order to give it elasticity. It is used as a wrapping material for fragile articles, as bottles.

Cor•ru•ga´tion (k?r•r?-g?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. corrugation.] The act corrugating; contraction into wrinkles or alternate ridges and grooves.

Cor´ru•ga•tor (k?r´r?-g?•t?r), n. [NL.; cf. F. corrugateur.] (Anat.) A muscle which contracts the skin of the forehead into wrinkles.

Cor•ru´gent (k?r-r?´jent), a. (Anat.) Drawing together; contracting; — said of the corrugator. [Obs.]

Cor•rump´ (k?r-r?mp´), v. t. [L. corrumpere.] To corrupt. See Corrupt. [Obs.] Chauser.

Cor•rump´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Corruptible. [Obs.]

Cor•rupt (k?r-r?pt´), a. [L. corruptus, p. p. of corrumpere to corrupt; cor- + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Changed from a sound to a putrid state; spoiled; tainted; vitiated; unsound. “Who with such corrupt and pestilent bread would feed them.
Knolles.” 2. Changed from a state of uprightness, correctness, truth, etc., to a worse state; vitiated; depraved; debased; perverted; as corrupt language; corrupt judges. “At what ease
Might corrupt minds procure knaves as corrupt
To swear against you.
Shak.” 3. Abounding in errors; not genuine or correct; as the text of the manuscript is corrupt.

Cor•rupt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corrupting.] 1. To change from a sound to a putrid or putrescent state; to make putrid; to putrefy. 2. To change from good to bad; to vitiate; to deprave; to pervert; to debase; to defile. “Evil communications corrupt good manners.
1. Cor. xv. 33.” 3. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty; as to corrupt a judge by a bribe. “Heaven is above all yet; there sits a Judge
That no king can corrupt.
Shak.” 4. To debase or render impure by alterations or innovations; to falsify; as to corrupt language; to corrupt the sacred text. “He that makes an ill use of it [language], though he does not corrupt the fountains of knowledge, … yet he stops the pines.
Locke.” 5. To waste, spoil, or consume; to make worthless. “Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt.
Matt. vi. 19.”

Cor•rupt´ (k?r-r?pt´), v. i. 1. To become putrid or tainted; to putrefy; to rot. Bacon. 2. To become vitiated; to lose purity or goodness.

Cor•rupt´er (k?r-r?p´t?r), n. One who corrupts; one who vitiates or taints; as a corrupter of morals.

Cor•rupt´ful (-f?l), a. Tending to corrupt; full of corruption. [Obs.] ´Corruptful bribes.´ Spenser.

Cor•rupt•i•bil´i•ty (k?r-r?p•t?-b?l´?-t?), n. [L. corruptibilitas: cf. F. corruptibilite.] The quality of being corruptible; the possibility or liability of being corrupted; corruptibleness. Burke.

Cor•rupt´i•ble (k?r-r?p´t?-b’l), a. [L. corruptibilis: cf. F. corruptible.] 1. Capable of being made corrupt; subject to decay. ´Our corruptible bodies.´ Hooker. “Ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold.
1 Pet. i. 18.” 2. Capable of being corrupted, or morally vitiated; susceptible of depravation. “They systematically corrupt very corruptible race.
Burke.” — Cor•rupt´i•ble•ness, n. — Cor•rupt´i•bly, adv.

Cor•rupt´i•ble, n. That which may decay and perish; the human body. [Archaic] 1 Cor. xv. 53.

Cor•rupt´ing•ly, adv. In a manner that corrupts.

Cor•rup´tion (k?r-r?p´sh?n), n. [F. corruption, L. corruptio.] 1. The act of corrupting or making putrid, or state of being corrupt or putrid; decomposition or disorganization, in the process of putrefaction; putrefaction; deterioration. “The inducing and accelerating of putrefaction is a subject of very universal inquiry; for corruption is a reciprocal to ´generation´.
Bacon.” 2. The product of corruption; putrid matter. 3. The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity; depravity; wickedness; impurity; bribery. “It was necessary, by exposing the gross corruptions of monasteries, … to exite popular indignation against them.
Hallam.” “They abstained from some of the worst methods of corruption usual to their party in its earlier days.
Bancroft.” Corruption, when applied to officers, trustees, etc., signifies the inducing a violation of duty by means of pecuniary considerations. Abbott. 4. The act of changing, or of being changed, for the worse; departure from what is pure, simple, or correct; as a corruption of style; corruption in language. Corruption of blood (Law), taint or impurity of blood, in consequence of an act of attainder of treason or felony, by which a person is disabled from inheriting any estate or from transmitting it to others. “Corruption of blood can be removed only by act of Parliament.
Blackstone.” Syn. — Putrescence; putrefaction; defilement; contamination; deprivation; debasement; adulteration; depravity; taint. See Depravity.

Cor•rup´tion•ist, n. One who corrupts, or who upholds corruption. Sydney Smith.

Cor•rupt´ive (k?r-r?p´t?v), a. [L. corruptivus: cf. F. corruptif.] Having the quality of tainting or vitiating; tending to produce corruption. “It should be endued with some corruptive quality for so speedy a dissolution of the meat.
Ray.”

Cor•rupt´less (k?r-r?pt´l?s), a. Not susceptible of corruption or decay; incorruptible. Dryden.

Cor•rupt´ly, adv. In a corrupt manner; by means of corruption or corrupting influences; wrongfully.

Cor•rupt´ness, n. The quality of being corrupt.

Cor•rupt´ress (-r?s), n. A woman who corrupts. “Thou studied old corruptress.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cor´sac (k?r´s?k), n. (Zoöl.) The corsak.

Cor´sage (kôr´saj), n. [F. See Corset.] The waist or bodice of a lady’s dress; as a low corsage.

Cor´sair (k?r´s?r), n. [F. corsaire (cf. It. corsare, corsale, Pr. corsari), LL. corsarius, fr. L. cursus a running, course, whence Sp. corso cruise, corsa cruise, coasting voyage, corsear to cruise against the enemy, to pirate, corsario cruising, a privateer authorized to cruise against the enemy. See Course.] 1. A pirate; one who cruises about without authorization from any government, to seize booty on sea or land. 2. A piratical vessel. “Barbary corsairs … infested the coast of the Mediterranean.
Prescott.”

Cor´sak (k?r´s?k), n. (Zoöl.) A small foxlike mammal (Cynalopex corsac), found in Central Asia. [Written also corsac.]

Corse (k?rs or k?rs; 277), n. [OF. cors, F. corps. See Corpse.] 1. A living body or its bulk. [Obs.] “For he was strong, and of so mighty corse
As ever wielded spear in warlike hand.
Spenser.” 2. A corpse; the dead body of a human being. [Archaic or Poetic] “Set down the corse; or, by Saint Paul,
I’ll make a corse of him that disobeys.
Shak.”

Corse´let (k?rs´l?t), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors. F. corps, body. See Corse.] 1. Armor for the body, as the body breastplate and backpiece taken together; — also used for the entire suit of the day, including breastplate and backpiece, tasset and headpiece. 2. (Zoöl.) The thorax of an insect.

Corse´pres•ent (k?rs´pr?z•ent or k?rs´-), n. (Engl.Law) An offering made to the church at the interment of a dead body. Blackstone.

Cor´set (k?r´s?t), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors, F. corps, body. See Corse.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a gown or basque of which the body was close fitting, worn by both men and women. 2. An article of dress inclosing the chest and waist worn (chiefly by women) to support the body or to modify its shape; stays.

Cor´set (k?r´s?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corseting.] To inclose in corsets.

Cors´let (k?rs´l?t), n. A corselet. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Cors´ned (k?rs´n?d), n. [AS. corsnd.] (AS. Laws) The morsel of execration; a species of ordeal consisting in the eating of a piece of bread consecrated by imprecation. If the suspected person ate it freely, he was pronounced innocent; but if it stuck in his throat, it was considered as a proof of his guilt. Burril.

Cor•tege´ (k?r•t?zh´), n. [F., fr. It. corteggio train, fr. corte court. See Court.] A train of attendants; a procession.

Cor´tes (k?r´t?s), n. pl. [Sp. & Pg., fr. corte court.] The legislative assembly, composed of nobility, clergy, and representatives of cities, which in Spain and in Portugal answers, in some measure, to the Parliament of Great Britain.

Cor´tex (k?r´t?ks), n.; pl. Cortices (-t-sz). [L., bark. Cf. Cork.] 1. Bark, as of a tree; hence, an outer covering. 2. (Med.) Bark; rind; specifically, cinchona bark. 3. (Anat.) The outer or superficial part of an organ; as the cortex or gray exterior substance of the brain.

Cor´ti•cal (k?r´t?-kal), a. [L. cortex bark: cf. F. cortical.] Belonging to, or consisting of, bark or rind; resembling bark or rind; external; outer; superficial; as the cortical substance of the kidney. { Cor´ti•cate (k?r´t?-k?t), Cor´ti•ca•ted (- k?•t?d), } a. [L. corticatus.] Having a special outer covering of a nature unlike the interior part.

Cor•tic´i•fer (k?r-t?s´?-f?r), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gorgoniacea; — so called because the fleshy part surrounds a solid axis, like a bark.

Cor•ti•cif´er•ous (k?r•t?-s?f´?r-?s), a. [L. cortex, corticis, bark — -ferous: cf. F. corticifre.] 1. Producing bark or something that resembling that resembles bark. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a barklike cnenchyms.

Cor•tic´i•form (k?r-t?s´?-f?rm), a. [L. cortex, corticis, bark + -form: cf. F. corticiforme.] Resembling, or having the form of, bark or rind.

Cor´ti•cine (k?r´t?-s?n), n. [F., fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark.] A material for carpeting or floor covering, made of ground cork and caoutchouc or India rubber.

Cor´ti•cose (-k?s•), a. [L. corticosus.] Abounding in bark; resembling bark; barky.

Cor´ti•cous (-k?s), a. Relating to, or resembling, bark; corticose.

Cor´tile (k?r´t?l; It. k?r-t?´l?), n. [It., fr. corte court.] An open internal courtyard inclosed by the walls of a large dwelling house or other large and stately building.

Co•run´dum (ko•run´dum), n.; pl. Corundums (- dumz). [Also corindon.] [From Hind. kurand corundum stone.] (Min.) The earth alumina, as found native in a crystalline state, including sapphire, which is the fine blue variety; the oriental ruby, or red sapphire; the oriental amethyst, or purple sapphire; and adamantine spar, the hair-brown variety. It is the hardest substance found native, next to the diamond. The name corundum is sometimes restricted to the non-transparent or coarser kinds. Emery is a dark-colored granular variety, usually admixed with magnetic iron ore.

Co•rus´cant (k?-r?s´kant), a. [L. coruscans, p. pr. See Coruscate.] Glittering in flashes; flashing. Howell.

Cor´us•cate (k?r´?s-k?t or k?-r?s´k?r), v. i. [L. coruscare to flash, vibrate.] To glitter in flashes; to flash. Syn. — To glisten; gleam; sparkle; radiate.

Cor•us•ca´tion (k?r•?s-k?´sh?n), n. [L. coruscatio: cf. F. coruscattion.] 1. A sudden flash or play of light. “A very vivid but exceeding short-lived splender, not to call t a little coruscation.
Boyle.” 2. A flash of intellectual brilliancy. “He might have illuminated his times with the incessant corcations of his genius.
I. Taylor.” Syn. — Flash; glitter; blaze; gleam; sparkle.

Corve (k?rv), n. See Corf.

Cor•vee´ (k?r•v´ or -v?´), n. [F. corvee, fr. LL. corvada, corrogata, fr. L. corrogare to entreat together; cor- + rogare to ask.] (Feudal Law) An obligation to perform certain services, as the repair of roads, for the lord or sovereign.

Cor´ven (k?r´ven), obs. p. p. of Carve. Chaucer. { Cor´vet (k?r´v?t), Cor•vette´ (k?r-v?r´), } n. [F. corvette, fr. Pg. corveta or Sp. corbeta, fr. L. corbita a slow-sailing ship of burden, fr, corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil.] (Naut.) A war vessel, ranking next below a frigate, and having usually only one tier of guns; — called in the United States navy a sloop of war.

Cor•vet´to (-v?t´t?), n. (Min.) A curvet. Peacham.

Cor´vine (k?r´v?n), a. [L. corvinus, fr. corvus crow.] Of or pertaining to the crow; crowlike.

Cor´vo•rant (k?r´v?-rant), n. See Cormorant.

Cor´y•bant (k?r´?-b?nt), n.; pl. E. Corybants (-bnts), oftener L. Corybantes (-bn´tz). [L. Corybas, Gr. .] One of the priests of Cybele in Phrygia. The rites of the Corybants were accompanied by wild music, dancing, etc.

Cor•y•ban´ti•asm (-b?n´t?-?z’m), n. [Gr. a corybantic frenzy.] (Med.) A kind of frenzy in which the patient is tormented by fantastic visions and want of sleep. Dunglison.

Cor•y•ban´tic (k?r•?-b?n´t?k), a. [Gr. , fr. a Corybant.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Corybantes or their rites; frantic; frenzied; as a corybantic dance.

Cor´ymb (k?r´?mb or -?m; 220), n. [L. corymbus cluster of flowers, Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A flat-topped or convex cluster of flowers, each on its own footstalk, and arising from different points of a common axis, the outermost blossoms expanding first, as in the hawthorn. (b) Any flattish flower cluster, whatever be the order of blooming, or a similar shaped cluster of fruit.

Cor´ymbed (k?r´?mbd), a. (Bot.) Corymbose.

Cor•ym•bif´er•ous (k?r•?m-b?f´?r-?s), a. [L. corymbifer; corymbus a cluster of flowers + ferre to bear cf. F. corimbifre.] (Bot.) Bearing corymbs of flowers or fruit.

Co•rym´bose (k?-r?m´b?s or k?r´?m-b?s•), a. (Bot.) Consisting of corymbs, or resembling them in form. [Written also corymbous.]

Co•rym´bose•ly, adv. In corymbs.

Cor•y•phae´noid (kor•i•fe´noid), a. [NL. coryphaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or like, the genus Coryphaena. See Dolphin.

Co•ry•phee´ (ko•re•fa´), n. [F.] (Drama) A ballet dancer.

Cor´y•phene (k?r´?-f?n•), n. [NL. coryphena, fr. Gr. koryfh• head, summit, peak: cf. F. coryphène.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Coryphaena. See Dolphin. (2)

Cor•y•phe´us (k?r•?-f?´?s), n.; pl. E. Corypheuses (-ez), L. Coryphei (-f´). [L. coryphaeus, fr. Gr. , fr. koryfh• head.] (Gr. Antiq.) The conductor, chief, or leader of the dramatic chorus; hence, the chief or leader of a party or interest. “That noted corypheus [Dr. John Owen] of the Independent faction.
South.”

Co•ryph´o•don (k?-r?f´?-d?n), n. [Gr. koryfh• head, peak + , , tooth.] (Palen.) A genus of extinct mammals from the eocene tertiary of Europe and America. Its species varied in size between the tapir and rhinoceros, and were allied to those animals, but had short, plantigrade, five-toed feet, like the elephant.

Co•ryph´o•dont (-d?nt), a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Coryphodon.

Co•ry´za (k?-r?´z?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. catarh.] (Med.) Nasal catarrh.

Cos•cin´o•man•cy (k?s-s?n´?-m?n•s? or k?s´s?-n?-), n. [Gr. sieve + -mancy.] Divination by means of a suspended sieve.

Cos•co•ro´ba (k?s•k?-r?´b?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, white, South American duck, of the genus Cascoroba, resembling a swan.

Co•se´cant (k?-s?´k?nt), n. [For co. secans, an abbrev. of L. complementi secans.] (Trig.) The secant of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Cos´en (k?z´’n), v. t. See Cozen.

Cos´en•age (k?z´’n-?j), n. See Cozenage.

Cos´en•ing, n. (O. Eng. Law) Anything done deceitfully, and which could not be properly designated by any special name, whether belonging to contracts or not. Burrill.

Co•sen´tient (k?-s?n´shent), a. Perceiving together.

Co´sey (k?´z?), a. See Cozy. Dickens.

Cosh´er (k?sh´?r), v. t. [Ir. cosair a feast, a banquet? or cf. F. coucher to lie. Cf. Couch, Coshering.] 1. (Old Law) To levy certain exactions or tribute upon; to lodge and eat at the expense of. See Coshering. 2. To treat with hospitality; to pet. [Ireland]

Cosh´er•er (k?sh´?r-?r), n. One who coshers.

Cosh´er•ing, n. (Old Law) A feudal prerogative of the lord of the soil entitling him to lodging and food at his tenant’s house. Burrill. “Sometimes he contrived, in deflance of the law, to live by coshering, that is to say, by quartering himself on the old tentants of his family, who, wretched as was their own condition, could not refuse a portion of their pittance to one whom they still regarded as their rightful lord.
Macaulay.”

Co´sier (k?´zh?r), n. [Cf. OF. coussier maker of mattresses; or couseor tailor, fr. OF. & F. coudre, p. p. cousu to sew, fr. L. consuere to sew together; con- + seure to sew. See Sew to stitch.] A tailor who botches his work. [Obs.] Shak.

Co•sig•nif´i•ca•tive (k•sg- nf´-k-tv), a. Having the same signification. Cockerham.

Co•sig´ni•ta•ry (k?-s?g´n?-t?-r?), a. [Pref. co- + sign. Cf. Signatory.] Signing some important public document with another or with others; as a treaty violated by one of the cosignitary powers.

Co•sig´ni•ta•ry, n.; pl. Cosignitaries (-rz). One who signs a treaty or public document along with others or another; as the cosignitaries of the treaty of Berlin.

Co´si•ly (k?´z?-l?), adv. See Cozily.

Cos´in•age (k?s´’n-?j), n. [See Cousinage.] (Law) (a) Collateral relationship or kindred by blood; consanguinity. Burrill. (b) A writ to recover possession of an estate in lands, when a stranger has entered, after the death of the grandfather’s grandfather, or other distant collateral relation. Blackstone.

Co´sine (k?´s?n), n. [For co. sinus, an abbrev. of L. complementi sinus.] (Trig.) The sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions. { Cos•met´ic (k?z-m?t´?k), Cos•met´ic•al (- ?-kal), } a. [Gr. kosmitiko•s skilled in decorating, fr. ko•smos order, ornament: cf. F. cosmetique. See Cosmos.] Imparting or improving beauty, particularly the beauty of the complexion; as a cosmetical preparation. “First, robed in white, the nymph intent adores,
With head uncovered, the cosmetic powers.
Pope.”

Cos•met´ic, n. Any external application intended to beautify and improve the complexion. { Cos´mic (k?z´m?k), Cos´mic•al (-m?- kal), } a. [Gr. kosmiko•s of the world, fr. ko•smos: cf. F. cosmique. See Cosmos.] 1. Pertaining to the universe, and having special reference to universal law or order, or to the one grand harmonious system of things; hence; harmonious; orderly. 2. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole, and not to the earth alone. 3. Characteristic of the cosmos or universe; inconceivably great; vast; as cosmic speed. ´Cosmic ranges of time.´ Tyndall. 4. (Astron.) Rising or setting with the sun; — the opposite of acronycal.

Cos´mic•al•ly, adv. 1. With the sun at rising or setting; as a star is said to rise or set cosmically when it rises or sets with the sun. 2. Universally. [R.] Emerson. { Cos•mog´o•nal (k?z-m?g´?-nal), Cos•mo•gon´ic (k?z•m?-g?n´?k), Cos•mo•gon´ic•al (-g?n´?-kal), } a. Belonging to cosmogony. B. Powell. Gladstone.

Cos•mog´o•nist (k?z-m?g´?-n?st), n. One who treats of the origin of the universe; one versed in cosmogony.

Cos•mog´o•ny (-n?), n.; pl. Cosmogonies (-nz). [Gr. kosmogoni•a; ko•smos the world + root of gi•gnesthai to be born: cf. F. cosmogonie.] The creation of the world or universe; a theory or account of such creation; as the poetical cosmogony of Hesoid; the cosmogonies of Thales, Anaxagoras and Plato. “The cosmogony or creation of the world has puzzled philosophers of all ages.
Goldsmith.”

Cos•mog´ra•pher (-r?-f?r), n. One who describes the world or universe, including the heavens and the earth. “The name of this island is nowhere found among the old and ancient cosmographers.
Robynson (More’s Utopia).” { Cos•mo•graph´ic (k?z•m?-gr?f´?k), Cos•mo•graph´ic•al (-?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. cosmographique.] Of or pertaining to cosmography.

Cos•mo•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In a cosmographic manner; in accordance with cosmography.

Cos•mog´ra•phy (k?z-m?g´r?-f?), n.; pl. Cosmographies (-fz). [Gr. ; the world + to write: cf. F. cosmographie.] A description of the world or of the universe; or the science which teaches the constitution of the whole system of worlds, or the figure, disposition, and relation of all its parts.

Cos´mo•labe (k?z´m?-l?b), n. [Gr. the world + to take: cf. F. cosmolade.] An instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies; - - called also pantacosm.

Cos•mol´a•try (k?z-m?l´?-tr?), n. [Gr. the world + to worship.] Worship paid to the world. Cudworth.

Cos´mo•line (k?z´m?-l?n), n. [Prob. fr. cosmetic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A substance obtained from the residues of the distillation of petroleum, essentially the same as vaseline, but of somewhat stiffer consistency, and consisting of a mixture of the higher paraffines; a kind of petroleum jelly.

Cos•mo•log´ic•al (k?z•m?-l?j´?-kal), a. Of or pertaining to cosmology.

Cos•mol´o•gist (k?z-m?l´?-j?st), n. One who describes the universe; one skilled in cosmology.

Cos•mol´o•gy (koz•mol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ko•smos the world + - logy: cf. F. cosmologie.] The science of the world or universe; or a treatise relating to the structure and parts of the system of creation, the elements of bodies, the modifications of material things, the laws of motion, and the order and course of nature.

Cos•mom´e•try (k?z-m?m´?-tr?), n. [Gr. ko•smos the world + -metry.] The art of measuring the world or the universe. Blount.

Cos•mo•plas´tic (k?z•m?-pl?s´t?k), a. [Gr. ko•smos the world + pla•ssein to form.] Pertaining to a plastic force as operative in the formation of the world independently of God; world-forming. ´Cosmoplastic and hylozoic atheisms.´ Gudworth. { Cos•mo•pol´i•tan (-p?l´?-tan), Cos•mop´o•lite (k?z-m?p´?-l?t), } n. [Gr. ; ko•smos the world + citizen, city: cf. F. cosmopolitain, cosmopolite.] One who has no fixed residence, or who is at home in every place; a citizen of the world. { Cos•mo•pol´i•tan , Cos•mop´o•lite } a. 1. Having no fixed residence; at home in any place; free from local attachments or prejudices; not provincial; liberal. “In other countries taste is perphaps too exclusively national, in Germany it is certainly too cosmopolite.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 2. Common everywhere; widely spread; found in all parts of the world. “The Cheiroptera are cosmopolitan.
R. Owen.”

Cos•mo•pol´i•tan•ism (k?z•m?-p?l´?-tan-?z’m), n. The quality of being cosmopolitan; cosmopolitism.

Cos•mop´o•lite (-m?p´?-l?t), a. & n. See Cosmopolitan.

Cos•mo•po•lit´ic•al (k?z•m?-p?-l?t´?-kal), a. Having the character of a cosmopolite. [R.] Hackluyt.

Cos•mop´o•li•tism (k?z-m?p´?-l?-t?z’m), n. The condition or character of a cosmopolite; disregard of national or local peculiarities and prejudices.

Cos•mo•ra´ma (k?z•m?-r?´m? or -r?´m?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko•smos the world + a sight, spectacle, fr. to see.] An exhibition in which a series of views in various parts of the world is seen reflected by mirrors through a series of lenses, with such illumination, etc., as will make the views most closely represent reality.

Cos•mo•ram´ic (koz•mo•ram´ik), a. Of or pertaining to a cosmorama.

Cos´mos (koz´mos), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko•smos order, harmony, the world (from its perfect order and arrangement); akin to Skr. çad to distinguish one’s self.] 1. The universe or universality of created things; — so called from the order and harmony displayed in it. 2. The theory or description of the universe, as a system displaying order and harmony. Humboldt.

Cos´mo•sphere (koz´m?-sf?r), n. [Gr. ko•smos the world + E. sphere.] An apparatus for showing the position of the earth, at any given time, with respect to the fixed stars. It consist of a hollow glass globe, on which are depicted the stars and constellations, and within which is a terrestrial globe.

Cos´mo•the•ism (k?z´m?-th?•?z’m), n. [Gr. ko•smos the world + god.] Same as Pantheism. [R.]

Cos•mo•thet´ic (k?z•m?-th?t´?k), a. [Gr. ko•smos universe + to place or arrange.] (Metaph.) Assuming or positing the actual existence or reality of the physical or external world. Cosmothetic idealists (Metaph.), those who assume, without attempting to prove, the reality of external objects as corresponding to, and being the ground of, the ideas of which only the mind has direct cognizance. “The cosmothetic idealists … deny that mind is immediately conscious of matter.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Co•sov´er•eign (k?-s?v´?r-?n or k?-s?v´-), n. A joint sovereign.

Coss (kos), n. [Cf. Pers. kos a road measure of about two miles; or Skr. kroça.] A Hindoo measure of distance, varying from one and a half to two English miles. Whitworth.

Coss, n. [It. cosa.] A thing (only in phrase below). Rule of Coss, an old name for Algebra. [It. regola di cosa rule of thing, the unknown quantity being called the cosa, or the thing.]

Cos´sack (k?s´s?k), n. [Russ. kozak’, kazak’: cf. Turk. kazak.] One of a warlike, pastoral people, skillful as horsemen, inhabiting different parts of the Russian empire and furnishing valuable contingents of irregular cavalry to its armies, those of Little Russia and those of the Don forming the principal divisions.

Cos´sas (k?s´s?s), n. [F.] Plain India muslin, of various qualities and widths.

Cos´set (k?s´s?t), n. [Cf. AS. cotsetla cottager, G. kossat, kothsasse, fr. kot, koth E. (cot) hut, and cf. also E. cade, a., cot a cade lamb.] A lamb reared without the aid of the dam. Hence: A pet, in general.

Cos´set, v. t. To treat as a pet; to fondle. “She was cosseted and posseted and prayed over and made much of.
O. W. Holmes.” { Cos´sic (k?s´s?k), Cos´sic•al (-s?- kal), } a. [It. cossico. See 2d Coss.] Of or relating to algebra; as cossic numbers, or the cossic art. [Obs.] ´Art of numbers cossical.´ Digges (1579).

Cost (k?st; 115), n. [L. costa rib. See Coast.] 1. A rib; a side; a region or coast. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “Betwixt the costs of a ship.
B. Jonson.” 2. (Her.) See Cottise.

Cost (kost; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cost; p. pr. & vb. n. Costing.] [OF. coster, couster, F. coûter, fr. L. constare to stand at, to cost; con- + stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constant.] 1. To require to be given, expended, or laid out therefor, as in barter, purchase, acquisition, etc.; to cause the cost, expenditure, relinquishment, or loss of; as the ticket cost a dollar; the effort cost his life. “A diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats.
Shak.” “Though it cost me ten nights’ watchings.
Shak.” 2. To require to be borne or suffered; to cause. “To do him wanton rites, which cost them woe.
Milton.” To cost dear, to require or occasion a large outlay of money, or much labor, self-denial, suffering, etc.

Cost, n. [OF. cost, F. coût. See Cost, v. t. ] 1. The amount paid, charged, or engaged to be paid, for anything bought or taken in barter; charge; expense; hence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., is requisite to secure benefit. “One day shall crown the alliance on ’t so please you,
Here at my house, and at my proper cost.
Shak.” “At less cost of life than is often expended in a skirmish, [Charles V.] saved Europe from invasion.
Prescott.” 2. Loss of any kind; detriment; pain; suffering. “I know thy trains,
Though dearly to my cost, thy gins and toils.
Milton.” 3. pl. (Law) Expenses incurred in litigation. Costs in actions or suits are either between attorney and client, being what are payable in every case to the attorney or counsel by his client whether he ultimately succeed or not, or between party and party, being those which the law gives, or the court in its discretion decrees, to the prevailing, against the losing, party. Bill of costs. See under Bill. — Cost free, without outlay or expense. ´Her duties being to talk French, and her privileges to live cost free and to gather scraps of knowledge.´ Thackeray.

Cos´ta (kos´ta), n. [L., rib. See Coast.] 1. (Anat.) A rib of an animal or a human being. 2. (Bot.) A rib or vein of a leaf, especially the midrib. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior rib in the wing of an insect. (b) One of the riblike longitudinal ridges on the exterior of many corals.

Cost´age (k?st´?j; 115), n. [OF. coustage.] Expense; cost. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cos´tal (k?s´tal), a. [Cf. F. costal. See Costa.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ribs or the sides of the body; as costal nerves. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Relating to a costa, or rib. Costal cartilage. See Cartilage, and Illust. of Thorax.

Cos´tal-nerved (k?s´tal-n?rvd•), a. (Bot.) Having the nerves spring from the midrib.

Cos´tard (k?s´t?rd), n. [Prob. fr. OF. coste rib, side, F. côte, and meaning orig., a ribbed apple, from the ribs or angles on its sides. See Coast.] 1. An apple, large and round like the head. “Some [apples] consist more of air than water … ; others more of water than wind, as your costards and pomewaters.
Muffett.” 2. The head; — used contemptuously. “Try whether your costard or my bat be the harder.
Shak.”

Cos´tard•mon•ger (-m?n•g?r), n. A costermonger. { Cos´tate (k?s´t?t), Cos´ta•ted (-t?-t?d), } a. [L. costatus, fr. costa rib.] Having ribs, or the appearance of ribs; (Bot.) having one or more longitudinal ribs.

Cos´tean (k?s´t?n•), v. i. [Cornish cothas dropped + stean tin.] To search after lodes. See Costeaning.

Cos´tean•ing, n. The process by which miners seek to discover metallic lodes. It consist in sinking small pits through the superficial deposits to the solid rock, and then driving from one pit to another across the direction of the vein, in such manner as to cross all the veins between the two pits.

Cos•tel´late (k?s-t?l´l?t), a. [L. costa rib.] Finely ribbed or costated.

Cos´ter (k?s´t?r), n.[Abbrev. of costermonger.] One who hawks about fruit, green vegetables, fish, etc.

Cos´ter•mon•ger (k?s´t?r-m?n•g?r), n. [See Costard.] An apple seller; a hawker of, or dealer in, any kind of fruit or vegetables; a fruiterer. [Written also costardmonger.]

Cos•tif´er•ous (k?s-t?f´?r-?s), a. [Costa + -ferous.] (Anat.) Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebrae.

Cos´tive (k?s´t?v), a. [OF. costeve, p. p. of costever, F. constiper, L. constipare to press closely together, to cram; con- + stipare to press together, cram. See Stipulate, Stiff, and cf. Constipate.] 1. Retaining fecal matter in the bowels; having too slow a motion of the bowels; constipated. 2. Reserved; formal; close; cold. [Obs.] ´A costive brain.´ Prior. ´Costive of laughter.´ B. Jonson. “You must be frank, but without indiscretion; and close, but without being costive.
Lord Chesterfield.” 3. Dry and hard; impermeable; unyielding. [Obs.] “Clay in dry seasons is costive, hardening with the sun and wind.
Mortimer.”

Cos´tive•ly, adv. In a costive manner.

Cos´tive•ness, n. 1. An unnatural retention of the fecal matter of the bowels; constipation. 2. Inability to express one’s self; stiffness. [Obs.] “A reverend disputant of the same costiveness in public elocution with myself.
Wakefield.”

Cost´less (k?st´l?s; 115), a. Costing nothing.

Cost´lewe (-l?), a. Costly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cost´li•ness (-l?-n?s), n. The quality of being costy; expensiveness; sumptuousness.

Cost´ly (k?st´l 115), a. [From Cost expense.] 1. Of great cost; expensive; dear. “He had fitted up his palace in the most costly and sumptuous style, for the accomodation of the princess.
Prescott.” 2. Gorgeous; sumptuous. [Poetic.] “To show how costly summer was at hand.
Shak.”

Cost´ma•ry (k?st´m?-r?), n. [L. costum an Oriental aromatic plant (Gr. , cf. Ar. kost, kust) + Maria Mary. Cf. Alecost.] (Bot.) A garden plant (Chrysanthemum Balsamita) having a strong balsamic smell, and nearly allied to tansy. It is used as a pot herb and salad plant and in flavoring ale and beer. Called also alecost.

Cos´to•tome (k?s´t?-t?m), n. [Costa + Gr. to cut.] An instrument (chisel or shears) to cut the ribs and open the thoracic cavity, in post-mortem examinations and dissections. Knight.

Cos´trel (k?s´tr?l), n. [CF. W. costrel, OF. costrel, LL. costrellum, a liquid measure, costrellus a wine cup.] A bottle of leather, earthenware, or wood, having ears by which it was suspended at the side. [Archaic] “A youth, that, following with a costrel, bore
The means of goodly welcome, flesh and wine.
Tennyson.”

Cos´tume (k?s´t?m• or k?s-t?m´), n. [F. costume, It. costume custom, dress, fr. L. consuetumen (not found), for consuetudo custom. See Custom, and cf. Consuetude.] 1. Dress in general; esp., the distinctive style of dress of a people, class, or period. 2. Such an arrangement of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, or play, as is appropriate to the time, place, or other circumstances represented or described. “I began last night to read Walter Scott’s Lay of the Last Minstrel … .I was extremely delighted with the poetical beauty of some parts … .The costume, too, is admirable.
Sir J. Mackintosh.” 3. A character dress, used at fancy balls or for dramatic purposes.

Cos´tum•er (-t?m•?r), n. One who makes or deals in costumes, as for theaters, fancy balls, etc.

Co-suf´fer•er (k?-s?f´f?r-?r), n. One who suffers with another. Wycherley.

Co•su•preme´ (k?•s?-pr?m´), n. A partaker of supremacy; one jointly supreme. Shak.

Co•sure´ty (k?-sh?r´t 136), n.; pl. Cosureties (-tz). One who is surety with another.

Co´sy (k?´z?), a. See Cozy.

Cot (k?t), n. [OE. cot, cote, AS. cot, cote, cottage; akin to D. & Icel. kot, G. koth, kot, kothe. Cf. Coat.] 1. A small house; a cottage or hut. “The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm.
Goldsmith.” 2. A pen, coop, or like shelter for small domestic animals, as for sheep or pigeons; a cote. 3. A cover or sheath; as a roller cot (the clothing of a drawing roller in a spinning frame); a cot for a sore finger. 4. [Cf. Ir. cot.] A small, rudely- formed boat. Bell cot. (Arch.) See under Bell.

Cot (k?t), n. [AS. cot cottage, bedchamber; or cf. OF. coite, F. couette (E. quilt), LL. cottum, cottus, mattress. See Cot a cottage.] A sleeping place of limited size; a little bed; a cradle; a piece of canvas extended by a frame, used as a bed. [Written also cott.]

Co•tan´gent (k?-t?n´jent), n. [For co. tangens, an abbrev. of L. complementi tangens. See Tangent.] (Trig.) The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Co•tar´nine (k?-t?r´n?n or -n?n), n. [F., fr. narcotine, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C_12H_13NO_3, obtained as a product of the decomposition of narcotine. It has weak basic properties, and is usually regarded as an alkaloid.

Cote (kot), n. [See 1st Cot.] 1. A cottage or hut. [Obs.] 2. A shed, shelter, or inclosure for small domestic animals, as for sheep or doves. “Watching where shepherds pen their flocks, at eve,
In hurdled cotes.
Milton.”

Cote, v. t. [Prob. from F. côte side, OF. costet, LL. costatus, costatum, fr. L. costu rib, side: cf. F. côtoyer to go or keep at the side of. See Coast.] To go side by side with; hence, to pass by; to outrun and get before; as a dog cotes a hare. [Obs.] Drayton. “We coted them on the way, and hither are they coming.
Shak.”

Cote, v. t. [See Quote.] To quote. [Obs.] Udall.

Co•tem•po•ra´ne•ous (k?-t?m•p?-r?´n?-?s), a. [See Contemporaneous.] Living or being at the same time; contemporaneous. — Co•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Co•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ness, n.

Co•tem´po•ra•ry (k?-t?m´p?-r?-r?), a. Living or being at the same time; contemporary.

Co•tem´po•ra•ry, n.; pl. Cotemporaries (-riz). One who lives at the same time with another; a contemporary.

Co•ten´ant (k?-t?n´ant), n. A tenant in common, or a joint tenant.

Co•te•rie´ (k?•te-r?´; 277), n. [F., prob. from OF. coterie servile tenure, fr. colier cotter; of German origin. See 1st Cot.] A set or circle of persons who meet familiarly, as for social, literary, or other purposes; a clique. ´The queen of your coterie.´ Thackeray.

Co•ter´mi•nous (k?-t?r´m?-n?s), a. [Cf. Conterminous.] Bordering; conterminous; — followed by with.

Cot´gare (k?t´g?r•), n. Refuse wool. [Obs. or Prov.]

Co´thurn (k?´th?rn), n. [L. cothurnus, Gr. . Cf. Cothurnus.] A buskin anciently used by tragic actors on the stage; hence, tragedy in general. “The moment had arrived when it was thought that the mask and the cothurn might be assumed with effect.
Motley.” { Co•thur´nate (k?-th?r´n?t), Co•thur´na•ted (-n?-t?d), } a. 1. Wearing a cothurn. 2. Relating to tragedy; solemn; grave.

Co•thur´nus (-n?s), n. [L.] Same as Cothurn.

Co•tic´u•lar (k?-t?k´?-l?r), a. [L. coticula a small touchstone, dim. cos, cotis, whetstone.] Pertaining to whetstones; like or suitable for whetstones.

Co•tid´al (k?-t?d´al), a. Marking an equality in the tides; having high tide at the same time. Cotidal lines (Phys. Geog.), lines on a map passing through places that have high tide at the same time. { Co•til•lon´ (ko•te•yôN´ or ko•tel•-; 277), Co•til´lion (ko•til´yun), } n. [F. cotillon, fr. OF. cote coat, LL. cotta tunic. See Coat.] 1. A brisk dance, performed by eight persons; a quadrille. 2. A tune which regulates the dance. 3. A kind of woolen material for women’s skirts.

Co•tin´ga (ko•ten´ga), n. [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the family Cotingidae, including numerous bright-colored South American species; — called also chatterers.

Cot´ise (kot´is), n. (Her.) See Cottise.

Cot´ised (-?st), a. (Her.) See Cottised.

Cot´land (k?t´l?nd), n. Land appendant to a cot or cottage, or held by a cottager or cotter.

Cot´quean (k?t´kw?n•), n. [Cot a cottage + quean.] 1. A man who busies himself with affairs which properly belong to women. Addison. 2. A she-cuckold; a cucquean; a henhussy. [Obs.] “What, shall a husband be afraid of his wife’s face?
We are a king, cotquean, and we will reign in our pleasures.
B. Jonson.”

Cot•quean´i•ty (k?t-kw?n´?-t?), n. The condition, character, or conduct of a cotquean. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Co•trus•tee´ (k?•tr?s-t?´), n. A joint trustee.

Cots´wold (k?ts´w?ld•), n. [Cot a cottage or hut + wold an open country.] An open country abounding in sheepcotes, as in the Cotswold hills, in Gloucestershire, England. Cotswold sheep, a long-wooled breed of sheep, formerly common in the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester, Eng.; — so called from the Cotswold Hills. The breed is now chiefly amalgamated with others.

Cot´tage (k?t´t?j; 48), n. [From Cot a cottage.] A small house; a cot; a hut. The term was formerly limited to a habitation for the poor, but is now applied to any small tasteful dwelling; and at places of summer resort, to any residence or lodging house of rustic architecture, irrespective of size. Cottage allotment. See under Alloment. [Eng.] — Cottage cheese, the thick part of clabbered milk strained, salted, and pressed into a ball.

Cot´taged (-t?jd), a. Set or covered with cottages. “Even humble Harting’s cottaged vale.
Collins.”

Cot´tage•ly (-t?j-l?), a. Cottagelike; suitable for a cottage; rustic. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Cot´ta•ger (k?t´t?-j?r), n. 1. One who lives in a cottage. 2. (Law) One who lives on the common, without paying any rent, or having land of his own. { Cot´ter , Cot´tar } (k?t´t?r), n. [LL. cotarius, cottarius, coterius. See Cot.] A cottager; a cottier. Burns. “Through Sandwich Notch the West Wind sang
Good morrow to the cotter.
Whittier.”

Cot´ter (kot´ter), n. 1. A piece of wood or metal, commonly wedge- shaped, used for fastening together parts of a machine or structure. It is driven into an opening through one or all of the parts. [See Illust.] In the United States a cotter is commonly called a key. 2. A toggle.

Cot´ter, v. t. To fasten with a cotter.

Cot´ti•er (-ti•er), n. [OF. cotier. See Coterie, and cf. Cotter.] In Great Britain and Ireland, a person who hires a small cottage, with or without a plot of land. Cottiers commonly aid in the work of the landlord’s farm. [Written also cottar and cotter.]

Cot´tise (kot´tis), n. [Cf. F. c&ocit;te side, L. costa rib.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bendlet, containing one half its area or one quarter the area of the bend. When a single cottise is used alone it is often called a cost. See also Couple-close.

Cot´tised (-t?st), a. (Her.) Set between two cottises, — said of a bend; or between two barrulets, — said of a bar or fess.

Cot´toid (k?t´toid), a. [NL. cottus sculpin + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like a fish of the genus Cottus. — n. A fish belonging to, or resembling, the genus Cottus. See Sculpin.

Cot´to•lene (kot´to•len•), n. A product from cotton-seed, used as lard.

Cot´ton (kot´t’n), n. [F. coton, Sp. algodon the cotton plant and its wool, coton printed cotton, cloth, fr. Ar. qutun, alqutun, cotton wool. Cf. Acton, Hacqueton.] 1. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wool, consisting of the unicellular twisted hairs which grow on the seeds of the cotton plant. Long-staple cotton has a fiber sometimes almost two inches long; short-staple, from two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half. 2. The cotton plant. See Cotten plant, below. 3. Cloth made of cotton. Cotton is used as an adjective before many nouns in a sense which commonly needs no explanation; as cotton bagging; cotton cloth; cotton goods; cotton industry; cotton mill; cotton spinning; cotton tick. Cotton cambric. See Cambric, n., 2. — Cotton flannel, the manufactures’ name for a heavy cotton fabric, twilled, and with a long plush nap. In England it is called swan’s-down cotton, or Canton flannel. — Cotton gin, a machine to separate the seeds from cotton, invented by Eli Whitney. — Cotton grass (Bot.), a genus of plants (Eriphorum) of the Sedge family, having delicate capillary bristles surrounding the fruit (seedlike achenia), which elongate at maturity and resemble tufts of cotton. — Cotton mouse (Zool.), a field mouse (Hesperomys gossypinus), injurious to cotton crops. - - Cotton plant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gossypium, of several species, all growing in warm climates, and bearing the cotton of commerce. The common species, originally Asiatic, is G. herbaceum. — Cotton press, a building and machinery in which cotton bales are compressed into smaller bulk for shipment; a press for baling cotton. — Cotton rose (Bot.), a genus of composite herbs (Filago), covered with a white substance resembling cotton. — Cotton scale (Zoöl.), a species of bark louse (Pulvinaria innumerabilis), which does great damage to the cotton plant. — Cotton shrub. Same as Cotton plant. — Cotton stainer (Zoöl.), a species of hemipterous insect (Dysdercus suturellus), which seriously damages growing cotton by staining it; — called also redbug. — Cotton thistle (Bot.), the Scotch thistle. See under Thistle. — Cotton velvet, velvet in which the warp and woof are both of cotton, and the pile is of silk; also velvet made wholly of cotton. — Cotton waste, the refuse of cotton mills. — Cotton wool, cotton in its raw or woolly state. — Cotton worm (Zool.), a lepidopterous insect (Aletia argillacea), which in the larval state does great damage to the cotton plant by eating the leaves. It also feeds on corn, etc., and hence is often called corn worm, and Southern army worm.

Cot´ton, v. i. 1. To rise with a regular nap, as cloth does. [Obs.] “It cottons well; it can not choose but bear
A pretty nap.
Family of Love.” 2. To go on prosperously; to succeed. [Obs.] “New, Hephestion, does not this matter cotton as I would?
Lyly.” 3. To unite; to agree; to make friends; - - usually followed by with. [Colloq.] “A quarrel will end in one of you being turned off, in which case it will not be easy to cotton with another.
Swift.” “Didst see, Frank, how the old goldsmith cottoned in with his beggarly companion?
Sir W. Scott.” 4. To take a liking to; to stick to one as cotton; — used with to. [Slang]

Cot´ton•ade (k?t´t’n-?d•), n. [F. cottonade.] A somewhat stout and thick fabric of cotton.

Cot´ton•a•ry (-?-r?), a. Relating to, or composed of, cotton; cottony. [Obs.] “Cottonary and woolly pillows.
Sir T. Browne.”

Cot´ton•ous (-?s), a. Resembling cotton. [R.] Evelyn.

Cot´ton•tail (kot´t’n•tal•), n. (Zoöl.) The American wood rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus); — also called Molly cottontail.

Cot´ton•weed (-wed•), n. (Bot.) See Cudweed.

Cot´ton•wood (-wood•), n. (Bot.) An American tree of the genus Populus or poplar, having the seeds covered with abundant cottonlike hairs; esp., the P. monilifera and P. angustifolia of the Western United States.

Cot´ton•y (-?), a. 1. Covered with hairs or pubescence, like cotton; downy; nappy; woolly. 2. Of or pertaining to cotton; resembling cotton in appearance or character; soft, like cotton.

Cot´trel (k?t´tr?l), n. A trammel, or hook to support a pot over a fire. Knight. { Cot´y•la (k?t´?-l?), Cot´y•le (k?t´?-l?), } n. [Gr. anything hollow, cup of a joint, small meassure: cf. L. cotyla a measure.] (Anat.) A cuplike cavity or organ. Same as Acetabulum.

Cot•y•le´don (k?t•?-l?´d?n), n. [Gr. a cupshaped hollow, fr. . See Cotyle.] 1. (Anat.) One of the patches of villi found in some forms of placenta. 2. (Bot.) A leaf borne by the caulicle or radicle of an embryo; a seed leaf. Many plants, as the bean and the maple, have two cotyledons, the grasses only one, and pines have several. In one African plant (Welwitschia) the cotyledons are permanent and grow to immense proportions.

Cot•y•led´on•al (k?t•?-l?d´?n-a]/>l), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cotyledon.

Cot•y•led´on•a•ry (-?-r?), a. Having a cotyledon; tufted; as the cotyledonary placenta of the cow.

Cot•y•led´on•ous (-?s; 277), a. Of or pertaining to a cotyledon or cotyledons; having a seed lobe.

Co•tyl´i•form (k?-t?l´?-f?rm), a. [Cotyle + -form.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like a cotyle or a cup.

Cot•y•lig´er•ous (k?t•?-l?j´?r-?s), a. [Cotyle + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Having cotyles.

Cot´y•loid (k?t´?-loid), a. [Cotyle + -oid] (Anat.) (a) Shaped like a cup; as the cotyloid cavity, which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) Pertaining to a cotyloid cavity; as the cotyloid ligament, or notch.

Cou´cal (k??´k?l), n. [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, Old World, ground cuckoo of the genus Centropus, of several species.

Couch (kouch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Couched (koucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Couching.] [F. coucher to lay down, lie down, OF. colchier, fr. L. collocare to lay, put, place; col- + locare to place, fr. locus place. See Locus.] 1. To lay upon a bed or other resting place. “Where unbruised youth, with unstuffed brain,
Does couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign.
Shak.” 2. To arrange or dispose as in a bed; — sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun. “The waters couch themselves as may be to the center of this globe, in a spherical convexity.
T. Burnet.” 3. To lay or deposit in a bed or layer; to bed. “It is at this day in use at Gaza, to couch potsherds, or vessels of earth, in their walls.
Bacon.” 4. (Paper Making) To transfer (as sheets of partly dried pulp) from the wire cloth mold to a felt blanket, for further drying. 5. To conceal; to include or involve darkly. “There is all this, and more, that lies naturally couched under this allegory.
L’Estrange.” 6. To arrange; to place; to inlay. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. To put into some form of language; to express; to phrase; — used with in and under. “A well-couched invective.
Milton.” “I had received a letter from Flora couched in rather cool terms.
Blackw. Mag.” 8. (Med.) To treat by pushing down or displacing the opaque lens with a needle; as to couch a cataract. To couch a spear or lance, to lower to the position of attack; to place in rest. “He stooped his head, and couched his spear,
And spurred his steed to full career.
Sir W. Scott.” To couch malt, to spread malt on a floor. Mortimer.

Couch, v. i. 1. To lie down or recline, as on a bed or other place of rest; to repose; to lie. “Where souls do couch on flowers, we ’ll hand in hand.
Shak.” “If I court moe women, you ’ll couch with moe men.
Shak.” 2. To lie down for concealment; to hide; to be concealed; to be included or involved darkly. “We ’ll couch in the castle ditch, till we see the light of our fairies.
Shak.” “The half-hidden, hallf-revealed wonders, that yet couch beneath the words of the Scripture.
I. Taylor.” 3. To bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc.; to stoop; to crouch. [Obs.] “An aged squire
That seemed to couch under his shield three-square.
Spenser.”

Couch, n. [F. couche, OF. colche, culche, fr. colchier. See Couch, v. t. ] 1. A bed or place for repose or sleep; particularly, in the United States, a lounge. “Gentle sleep … why liest thou with the vile
In loathsome beds, and leavest the kingly couch?
Shak.” “Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
Bryant.” 2. Any place for repose, as the lair of a beast, etc. 3. A mass of steeped barley spread upon a floor to germinate, in malting; or the floor occupied by the barley; as couch of malt. 4. (Painting & Gilding) A preliminary layer, as of color, size, etc.

Couch´an•cy (kouch´an-s?), n. State of lying down for repose. [R.]

Couch´ant (kouch´ant), a. [F., p. pr. of coucher. See Couch, v. t.] 1. Lying down with head erect; squatting. 2. (Her.) Lying down with the head raised, which distinguishes the posture of couchant from that of dormant, or sleeping; — said of a lion or other beast. Couchant and levant (Law), rising up and lying down; — said of beasts, and indicating that they have been long enough on land, not belonging to their owner, to lie down and rise up to feed, — such time being held to include a day and night at the least. Blackstone.

Cou•che´ (k??•sh?´), a. [F., p. p. of coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] (Her.) (a) Not erect; inclined; — said of anything that is usually erect, as an escutcheon. (b) Lying on its side; thus, a chevron couche is one which emerges from one side of the escutcheon and has its apex on the opposite side, or at the fess point.

Couched (koucht), a. (Her.) Same as Couch.

Cou´chee (k??´sh F. k??´sh?´), n. [F. couche a sleeping place from coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] A reception held at the time of going to bed, as by a sovereign or great prince. [Obs.] Dryden. “The duke’s levees and couchees were so crowded that the antechambers were full.
Bp. Burnet.”

Couch´er (kouch´?r), n. 1. One who couches. 2. (Paper Manuf.) One who couches paper. 3. [Cf. L. collectarius.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A factor or agent resident in a country for traffic. Blount. (b) The book in which a corporation or other body registers its particular acts. [Obs.] Cowell.

Couch´ grass (gr?s•). (Bot.) See Quitch grass.

Couch´ing, n. 1. (Med.) The operation of putting down or displacing the opaque lens in cataract. 2. Embroidering by laying the materials upon the surface of the foundation, instead of drawing them through.

Couch´less (kouch´l?s), a. Having no couch or bed.

Cou´dee (k??´d F. k??•d?´), n. [F. coude, from coude elbow.] A measure of length; the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger; a cubit.

Cou´gar (k??´g?r), n. [F. couguar, from the native name in the South American dialects, cuguacuara, cuguacuarana.] (Zoöl.) An American feline quadruped (Felis concolor), resembling the African panther in size and habits. Its color is tawny, without spots; hence writers often called it the American lion. Called also puma, panther, mountain lion, and catamount. See Puma.

Cough (k?f), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coughed (k?ft); p. pr. & vb. n. Coughing.] [Cf. D. kuchen, MHG. kchen to breathe, G. keuchen to pant, and E. chincough, the first part of which is prob. akin to cough; cf. also E. choke.] To expel air, or obstructing or irritating matter, from the lungs or air passages, in a noisy and violent manner.

Cough, v. t. 1. To expel from the lungs or air passages by coughing; — followed by up; as to cough up phlegm. 2. To bring to a specified state by coughing; as he coughed himself hoarse. To cough down, to silence or put down (an objectionable speaker) by simulated coughing.

Cough, n. [Cg. D. kuch. See Cough, v. i. ] 1. A sudden, noisy, and violent expulsion of air from the chest, caused by irritation in the air passages, or by the reflex action of nervous or gastric disorder, etc. 2. The more or less frequent repetition of coughing, constituting a symptom of disease. Stomach cough, Ear cough, cough due to irritation in the stomach or ear.

Cough´er (k?f´?r), n. One who coughs.

Cou´hage (kou´?j), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Could (k??d), imp. of Can. [OF. coude. The l was inserted by mistake, under the influence of should and would.] Was should be, or would be, able, capable, or susceptible. Used as an auxiliary, in the past tense or in the conditional present.

Cou•lee´ (k??•l?´), n. [F. coulee, fr. couler to run or flow.] A stream; (Geol.) a stream of lava. also in the Western United States, the bed of a stream, even if dry, when deep and having inclined sides; distinguished from a cañon, which has precipitous sides.

Cou•lisse´ (k??-l?s´; F. k??•l?s´), n. [F., fr. couler to flow, glide.] 1. A piece of timber having a groove in which something glides. 2. One of the side scenes of the stage in a theater, or the space included between the side scenes.

Cou•loir´ (k??•lw?r´), n. [F., a strainer.] 1. A deep gorge; a gully. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A dredging machine for excavating canals, etc.

Cou•lomb´ (k??•l?n´), n. [From Coulomb, a French physicist and electrican.] (Physics) The standard unit of quantity in electrical measurements. It is the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by the current produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantity transferred by one ampère in one second. Formerly called weber.

Coul´ter (kol´ter), n. Same as Colter.

Coul´ter•neb (-neb•), n. (Zoöl.) The puffin.

Cou•mar´ic (k??-m?r´?k), a. Relating to, derived from, or like, the Dipterix odorata, a tree of Guiana. Coumaric acid (Chem.), one of a series of aromatic acids, related to cinnamic acid, the most important of which is a white crystalline substance, HO.C_6H_4.C_2H_2.CO_2 H, obtained from the tonka bean, sweet clover, etc., and also produced artificially.

Cou´ma•rin (koo´ma•rin), n. [F., fr. coumarou, a tree of Guiana.] (Chem.) The concrete essence of the tonka bean, the fruit of Dipterix (formerly Coumarouna) odorata and consisting essentially of coumarin proper, which is a white crystalline substance, C_9H_6O_2, of vanilla-like odor, regarded as an anhydride of coumaric acid, and used in flavoring. Coumarin in also made artificially.

Coun´cil (koun´sil), n. [F. concile, fr. L. concilium; con- + calare to call, akin to Gr. to call, and E. hale, v., haul. Cf. Conciliate. This word is often confounded with counsel, with which it has no connection.] 1. An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, or advice; as a council of physicians for consultation in a critical case. 2. A body of man elected or appointed to constitute an advisory or a legislative assembly; as a governor’s council; a city council. “An old lord of the council rated me the other day.
Shak.” 3. Act of deliberating; deliberation; consultation. “Satan … void of rest,
His potentates to council called by night.
Milton.” “O great in action and in council wise.
Pope.” Aulic council. See under Aulic. — Cabinet council. See under Cabinet. — City council, the legislative branch of a city government, usually consisting of a board of aldermen and common council, but sometimes otherwise constituted. — Common council. See under Common. — Council board, Council table, the table round which a council holds consultation; also the council itself in deliberation. — Council chamber, the room or apartment in which a council meets. — Council fire, the ceremonial fire kept burning while the Indians hold their councils. [U.S.] Bartlett. — Council of war, an assembly of officers of high rank, called to consult with the commander in chief in regard to measures or importance or nesessity. — Ecumenical council (Eccl.), an assembly of prelates or divines convened from the whole body of the church to regulate matters of doctrine or discipline. — Executive council, a body of men elected as advisers of the chief magistrate, whether of a State or the nation. [U.S.] — Legislative council, the upper house of a legislature, usually called the senate. — Privy council. See under Privy. [Eng.] Syn. — Assembly; meeting; congress; diet; parliament; convention; convocation; synod.

Coun´cil•ist (koun´s?l-?st), n. One who belongs to a council; one who gives an opinion. [Obs.] “I will in three months be an expert counsilist.
Milton.”

Coun´cil•man (koun´sil•man), n.; pl. Councilmen (- men). A member of a council, especially of the common council of a city; a councilor.

Coun´cil•or (koun´s?l-?r), n. A member of a council. [Written also councillor.] The distinction between councilor, a member of a council, and counselor, one who gives counsel, was not formerly made, but is now very generally recognized and observed.

Co•-une´ (k?•?n´), v. t. [L. co- + unus one.] To combine or unite. [Obs.] ´Co-uned together.´ Feltham.

Co•-u•nite´ (k?•?-n?t´), v. t. To unite. [Obs.]

Co•-u•nite´, a. United closely with another. [Obs.]

Coun´sel (koun´sel), n. [OE. conseil, F. conseil, fr. L. consilium, fr. the root of consulere to consult, of uncertain origin. Cf. Consult, Consul.] 1. Interchange of opinions; mutual advising; consultation. “All the chief priest and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus, to put him to death.
Matt. xxvii. 1.” 2. Examination of consequences; exercise of deliberate judgment; prudence. “They all confess, therefore, in the working of that first cause, that counsel is used.
Hooker.” 3. Result of consultation; advice; instruction. “I like thy counsel; well hast thou advised.
Shak.” “It was ill counsel had misled the girl.
Tennyson.” 4. Deliberate purpose; design; intent; scheme; plan. “The counsel of the Lord standeth forever.
Ps. xxxiii. 11.” “The counsels of the wicked are deceit.
Prov. xii. 5.” 5. A secret opinion or purpose; a private matter. “Thilke lord … to whom no counsel may be hid.
Gower.” 6. One who gives advice, especially in legal matters; one professionally engaged in the trial or management of a cause in court; also collectively, the legal advocates united in the management of a case; as the defendant has able counsel. “The King found his counsel as refractory as his judges.
Macaulay.” In some courts a distinction is observed between the attorney and the counsel in a cause, the former being employed in the management of the more mechanical parts of the suit, the latter in attending to the pleadings, managing the cause at the trial, and in applying the law to the exigencies of the case during the whole progress of the suit. In other courts the same person can exercise the powers of each. See Attorney. Kent. In counsel, in secret. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To keep counsel, or To keep one’s own counsel, to keep one’s thoughts, purposes, etc., undisclosed. “The players can not keep counsel: they ’ll tell all.
Shak.” Syn. — Advice; consideration; consultation; purpose; scheme; opinion.

Coun´sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counseled (-seld) or Counselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Counseling or Counselling.] [OE. conseilen, counseilen, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliari, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. To give advice to; to advice, admonish, or instruct, as a person. “Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you
To leave this place.
Shak.” 2. To advise or recommend, as an act or course. “They who counsel war.
Milton.” “Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason’s garb,
Counseled ignoble ease and peaceful sloth.
Milton.”

Coun´sel•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. [Written also counsellable.] 1. Willing to receive counsel or follow advice. [R.] “Few men of so great parts were upon all occasions more counselable than he.
Clarendon.” 2. Suitable to be advised; advisable, wise. [Obs.] “He did not believe it counselable.
Clarendon.”

Coun´sel•or (koun´sel•er), n. [Written also counsellor.] [OE. conseiler, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliarius, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. One who counsels; an adviser. “Can he that speaks with the tongue of an enemy be a good counselor, or no?
Shak.” 2. A member of council; one appointed to advise a sovereign or chief magistrate. [See under Consilor.] 3. One whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients in court; a barrister. “Good counselors lack no clients.
Shak.”

Coun´sel•or•ship (koun´s?l-?r-sh?p), n. The function and rank or office of a counselor. Bacon.

Count (kount), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counting.] [OF. conter, and later (etymological spelling) compter, in modern French thus distinguished; conter to relate (cf. Recount, Account), compter to count; fr. L. computuare to reckon, compute; com- + putare to reckon, settle, order, prune, orig., to clean. See Pure, and cf. Compute.] 1. To tell or name one by one, or by groups, for the purpose of ascertaining the whole number of units in a collection; to number; to enumerate; to compute; to reckon. “Who can count the dust of Jacob?
Num. xxiii. 10.” “In a journey of forty miles, Avaux counted only three miserable cabins.
Macaulay.” 2. To place to an account; to ascribe or impute; to consider or esteem as belonging. “Abracham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.
Rom. iv. 3.” 3. To esteem; to account; to reckon; to think, judge, or consider. “I count myself in nothing else so happy
As in a soul remembering my good friends.
Shak.” To count out. (a) To exclude (one) from consideration; to be assured that (one) will not participate or cannot be depended upon. (b) (House of Commons) To declare adjourned, as a sitting of the House, when it is ascertained that a quorum is not present. (c) To prevent the accession of (a person) to office, by a fraudulent return or count of the votes cast; — said of a candidate really elected. [Colloq.] Syn. — To calculate; number; reckon; compute; enumerate. See Calculate.

Count, v. i. 1. To number or be counted; to possess value or carry weight; hence, to increase or add to the strength or influence of some party or interest; as every vote counts; accidents count for nothing. “This excellent man … counted among the best and wisest of English statesmen.
J. A. Symonds.” 2. To reckon; to rely; to depend; — with on or upon. “He was brewer to the palace; and it was apprehended that the government counted on his voice.
Macaulay.” “I think it a great error to count upon the genius of a nation as a standing argument in all ages.
Swift.” 3. To take account or note; — with of. [Obs.] ´No man counts of her beauty.´ Shak. 4. (Eng. Law) To plead orally; to argue a matter in court; to recite a count. Burrill.

Count, n. [F. conte and compte, with different meanings, fr. L. computus a computation, fr. computare. See Count, v. t.] 1. The act of numbering; reckoning; also the number ascertained by counting. “Of blessed saints for to increase the count.
Spenser.” “By this count, I shall be much in years.
Shak.” 2. An object of interest or account; value; estimation. [Obs.] ´All his care and count.´ Spenser. 3. (Law) A formal statement of the plaintiff’s case in court; in a more technical and correct sense, a particular allegation or charge in a declaration or indictment, separately setting forth the cause of action or prosecution. Wharton. In the old law books, count was used synonymously with declaration. When the plaintiff has but a single cause of action, and makes but one statement of it, that statement is called indifferently count or declaration, most generally, however, the latter. But where the suit embraces several causes, or the plaintiff makes several different statements of the same cause of action, each statement is called a count, and all of them combined, a declaration. Bouvier. Wharton.

Count, n. [F. conte, fr. L. comes, comitis, associate, companion, one of the imperial court or train, properly, one who goes with another; com- + ire to go, akin to Skr. i to go.] A nobleman on the continent of Europe, equal in rank to an English earl. Though the tittle Count has never been introduced into Britain, the wives of Earls have, from the earliest period of its history, been designated as Countesses. Brande & C. Count palatine. (a) Formerly, the proprietor of a county who possessed royal prerogatives within his county, as did the Earl of Chester, the Bishop of Durham, and the Duke of Lancaster. [Eng.] See County palatine, under County. (b) Originally, a high judicial officer of the German emperors; afterward, the holder of a fief, to whom was granted the right to exercise certain imperial powers within his own domains. [Germany]

Count´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being numbered.

Coun´te•nance (koun´te•nans), n. [OE. contenance, countenaunce, demeanor, composure, F. contenance demeanor, fr. L. continentia continence, LL. also demeanor, fr. L. continere to hold together, repress, contain. See Contain, and cf. Continence.] 1. Appearance or expression of the face; look; aspect; mien. “So spake the Son, and into terror changed
His countenance.
Milton.” 2. The face; the features. “In countenance somewhat doth resemble you.
Shak.” 3. Approving or encouraging aspect of face; hence, favor, good will, support; aid; encouragement. “Thou hast made him … glad with thy countenance.
Ps. xxi. 6.” “This is the magistrate’s peculiar province, to give countenance to piety and virtue, and to rebuke vice.
Atterbury.” 4. Superficial appearance; show; pretense. [Obs.] “The election being done, he made countenance of great discontent thereat.
Ascham.” In countenance, in an assured condition or aspect; free from shame or dismay. ´It puts the learned in countenance, and gives them a place among the fashionable part of mankind.´ Addison. — Out of countenance, not bold or assured; confounded; abashed. ´Their best friends were out of countenance, because they found that the imputations … were well grounded.´ Clarendon. — To keep the countenance, to preserve a composed or natural look, undisturbed by passion or emotion. Swift.

Coun´te•nance (koun´t?-nans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countenanced (-nanst); p. pr. & vb. n. Countenancing.] 1. To encourage; to favor; to approve; to aid; to abet. “This conceit, though countenanced by learned men, is not made out either by experience or reason.
Sir T. Browne.” “Error supports custom, custom countenances error.
Milton.” 2. To make a show of; to pretend. [Obs.] “Which to these ladies love did countenance.
Spenser.”

Coun´te•nan•cer (-nan-s?r), n. One who countenances, favors, or supports.

Coun´ter (koun´t?r-). [See Counter, adv. ] A prefix meaning contrary, opposite, in opposition; as counteract, counterbalance, countercheck. See Counter, adv. & a.

Count´er (koun´t?r), n. [OE. countere, countour, a counter (in sense 1), OF. contere, conteor, fr. conter to count. See Count, v. t. ] 1. One who counts, or reckons up; a calculator; a reckoner. 2. A piece of metal, ivory, wood, or bone, used in reckoning, in keeping account of games, etc. “The old gods of our own race whose names … serve as counters reckon the days of the week.
E. B. Tylor.” “What comes the wool to? … I can not do it without counters.
Shak.” 3. Money; coin; — used in contempt. [Obs.] “To lock such rascal counters from his friends.
Shak.” 4. A prison; either of two prisons formerly in London. “Anne Aysavugh … imprisoned in the Counter.
Fuller.” 5. A telltale; a contrivance attached to an engine, printing press, or other machine, for the purpose of counting the revolutions or the pulsations. Knight.

Coun´ter, n. [OE. countour, OF. contouer, comptouer, F. comptoir, LL. computatorium, prop., a computing place, place of accounts, fr. L. computare. See Count, v. t.] A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted; a long, narrow table or bench, on which goods are laid for examination by purchasers, or on which they are weighed or measured.

Coun´ter, adv. [F. contre, fr. L. contra against. Cf. Contra-.] 1. Contrary; in opposition; in an opposite direction; contrariwise; — used chiefly with run or go. “Running counter to all the rules of virtue.
Locks.” 2. In the wrong way; contrary to the right course; as a hound that runs counter. “This is counter, you false Danish dogs!
Shak.” 3. At or against the front or face. [R.] “Which [darts] they never throw counter, but at the back of the flier.
Sandys.”

Coun´ter, a. Contrary; opposite; contrasted; opposed; adverse; antagonistic; as a counter current; a counter revolution; a counter poison; a counter agent; counter fugue. ´Innumerable facts attesting the counter principle.´ I. Taylor. Counter approach (Fort.), a trench or work pushed forward from defensive works to meet the approaches of besiegers. See Approach. — Counter bond (Law), in old practice, a bond to secure one who has given bond for another. — Counter brace. See Counter brace, in Vocabulary. — Counter deed (Law), a secret writing which destroys, invalidates, or alters, a public deed. — Counter distinction, contradistinction. [Obs.] — Counter drain, a drain at the foot of the embankment of a canal or watercourse, for carrying off the water that may soak through. — Counter extension (Surg.), the fixation of the upper part of a limb, while extension is practiced on the lower part, as in cases of luxation or fracture. — Counter fissure (Surg.) Same as Contrafissure. — Counter indication. (Med.) Same as Contraindication. — Counter irritant (Med.), an irritant to produce a blister, a pustular eruption, or other irritation in some part of the body, in order to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. ´Counter irritants are of as great use in moral as in physical diseases.´ Macaulay. — Counter irritation (Med.), the act or the result of applying a counter irritant. — Counter opening, an aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a different place. -Counter parole (Mil.), a word in addition to the password, given in time of alarm as a signal. — Counter plea (Law), a replication to a plea. Cowell. — Counter pressure, force or pressure that acts in a contrary direction to some other opposing pressure. — Counter project, a project, scheme, or proposal brought forward in opposition to another, as in the negotiation of a treaty. Swift. — Counter proof, in engraving, a print taken off from another just printed, which, by being passed through the press, gives a copy in reverse, and of course in the same position as that of plate from which the first was printed, the object being to enable the engraver to inspect the state of the plate. — Counter revolution, a revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. — Counter revolutionist, one engaged in, or befriending, a counter revolution. — Counter round (Mil.), a body of officers whose duty it is to visit and inspect the rounds and sentinels. — Counter sea (Naut.), a sea running in an opposite direction from the wind. — Counter sense, opposite meaning. — Counter signal, a signal to answer or correspond to another. — Counter signature, the name of a secretary or other officer countersigned to a writing. Tooke. — Counter slope, an overhanging slope; as a wall with a counter slope. Mahan. — Counter statement, a statement made in opposition to, or denial of, another statement. — Counter surety, a counter bond, or a surety to secure one who has given security. — Counter tally, a tally corresponding to another. — Counter tide, contrary tide.

Coun´ter, n. [See Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. (Naut.) The after part of a vessel’s body, from the water line to the stern, — below and somewhat forward of the stern proper. 2. (Mus.) Same as Contra. Formerly used to designate any under part which served for contrast to a principal part, but now used as equivalent to counter tenor. 3. (Far.) The breast, or that part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck. 4. The back leather or heel part of a boot.

Coun´ter (koun´t?r), n. An encounter. [Obs.] “With kindly counter under mimic shade.
Spenser.”

Coun´ter, v. i. (Boxing) To return a blow while receiving one, as in boxing. “His left hand countered provokingly.
C. Kingsley.”

Coun•ter•act´ (koun•t?r-?kt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counteracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counteracting.] To act in opposition to; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate, by contrary agency or influence; as to counteract the effect of medicines; to counteract good advice.

Coun•ter•ac´tion (koun•t?r-?k´sh?n), n. Action in opposition; hindrance resistance. “[They] do not … overcome the counteraction of a false principle or of stubborn partiality.
Johnson.”

Coun•ter•act´ive (-?kt´?v), a. Tending to counteract.

Coun•ter•act´ive, n. One who, or that which, counteracts.

Coun•ter•act´ive•ly, adv. By counteraction.

Coun•ter•bal´ance (-b?l´ans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterbalanced (-anst); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterbalancing.] To oppose with an equal weight or power; to counteract the power or effect of; to countervail; to equiponderate; to balance. “The remaining air was not able to counterbalance the mercurial cylinder.
Boyle.” “The study of mind is necessary to counterbalance and correct the influence of the study of nature.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Coun´ter•bal•ance (koun´t?r-b?l•ans), n. A weight, power, or agency, acting against or balancing another; as: (a) A mass of metal in one side of a driving wheel or fly wheel, to balance the weight of a crank pin, etc., on the opposite side of the wheel. (b) A counterpoise to balance the weight of anything, as of a drawbridge or a scale beam. “Money is the counterbalance to all other things purchasable by it.
Locke.”

Coun´ter•bore (-b?r•), n. 1. A flat-bottomed cylindrical enlargement of the mouth of a hole, usually of slight depth, as for receiving a cylindrical screw head. 2. A kind of pin drill with the cutting edge or edges normal to the axis; — used for enlarging a hole, or for forming a flat-bottomed recess at its mouth.

Coun•ter•bore´ (koun•t?r-b?r´), v. t. To form a counterbore in, by boring, turning, or drilling; to enlarge, as a hole, by means of a counterbore.

Coun´ter brace (br?s•). 1. (Naut.) The brace of the fore-topsail on the leeward side of a vessel. 2. (Engin.) A brace, in a framed structure, which resists a strain of a character opposite to that which a main brace is designed to receive. In a quadrilateral system of bracing, the main brace is usually in the direction of one diagonal, and the counter brace in the direction of the other. Strains in counter braces are occasioned by the live load only, as in a roof, by the wind, or, in a bridge, by a moving train.

Coun´ter•brace, v. t. 1. (Naut.) To brace in opposite directions; as to counterbrace the yards, i. e., to brace the head yards one way and the after yards another. 2. (Engin.) To brace in such a way that opposite strains are resisted; to apply counter braces to.

Coun•ter•buff´ (koun•t?r-b?f´), v. t. To strike or drive back or in an opposite direction; to stop by a blow or impulse in front. Dryden.

Coun´ter•buff (koun´t?r-b?f•), n. A blow in an opposite direction; a stroke that stops motion or cause a recoil.

Coun´ter•cast (koun´t?r-k?st•), n. A trick; a delusive contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Coun´ter•cast•er (-?r), n. A caster of accounts; a reckoner; a bookkeeper; — used contemptuously.

Coun•ter•change´ (koun•ter•chanj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchanged (-ch?njd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchanging.] 1. To give and receive; to cause to change places; to exchange. 2. To checker; to diversify, as in heraldic counterchanging. See Counterchaged, a., 2. “Witch-elms, that counterchange the floor
Of this flat lawn with dusk and bright.
Tennyson.”

Coun´ter•change (koun´ter•chanj•), n. Exchange; reciprocation.

Coun•ter•changed´ (-ch?njd´), a. 1. Exchanged. 2. (Her.) Having the tinctures exchanged mutually; thus, if the field is divided palewise, or and azure, and cross is borne counterchanged, that part of the cross which comes on the azure side will be or, and that on the or side will be azure.

Coun´ter•charge (koun´t?r-ch?rj•), n. An opposing charge.

Coun•ter•charm´ (koun•t?r-ch?rm´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countercharmed (-ch?rmd•); p. pr. & vb. n. Countercharming.] To destroy the effect of a charm upon.

Coun´ter•charm (koun´t?r-ch?rm•), n. That which has the power of destroying the effect of a charm.

Coun•ter•check´ (koun•t?r-ch?k´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchecked (-ch?ckt´); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchecking.] To oppose or check by some obstacle; to check by a return check.

Coun´ter•check (koun´t?r-ch?k•), n. 1. A check; a stop; a rebuke, or censure to check a reprover. 2. Any force or device designed to restrain another restraining force; a check upon a check. “The system of checks and counterchecks.
J. H. Newton.”

Coun´ter•claim (-klam•), n. (Law) A claim made by a person as an offset to a claim made on him.

Coun´ter-com•po•ny (-kom•po•ny), a. (Her.) See Compony.

Coun´ter-couch•ant (koun´ter•kouch´ant), a. (Her.) Lying down, with their heads in opposite directions; — said of animals borne in a coat of arms.

Coun´ter-cou•rant´ (-k??-r?nt´), a. (Her.) Running in opposite directions; — said of animals borne in a coast of arms.

Coun´ter•cur•rent (koun´t?r-k?r•-rent), a. Running in an opposite direction.

Coun´ter•cur•rent, n. A current running in an opposite direction to the main current.

Coun•ter•draw´ (koun•ter•dra´), v. t. [imp. Counterdrew (- dru´); p. p. Counterdrawn (-dr?n´); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterdrawing.] To copy, as a design or painting, by tracing with a pencil on oiled paper, or other transparent substance.

Coun´ter•fai´sance (koun´t?r-f?´zans), n. See Counterfesance. [Obs.]

Coun´ter•feit (koun´t?r-f?t), a. [F. contrefait, p. p. of contrefaire to counterfeit; contre (L. contra) + faire to make, fr. L. facere. See Counter, adv., and Fact.] 1. Representing by imitation or likeness; having a resemblance to something else; portrayed. “Look here upon this picture, and on this-
The counterfeit presentment of two brothers.
Shak.” 2. Fabricated in imitation of something else, with a view to defraud by passing the false copy for genuine or original; as counterfeit antiques; counterfeit coin. ´No counterfeit gem.´ Robinson (More’s Utopia). 3. Assuming the appearance of something; false; spurious; deceitful; hypocritical; as a counterfeit philanthropist. ´An arrant counterfeit rascal.´ Shak. Syn. — Forged; fictitious; spurious; false.

Coun´ter•feit, n. 1. That which resembles or is like another thing; a likeness; a portrait; a counterpart. “Thou drawest a counterfeit
Best in all Athens.
Shak.” “Even Nature’s self envied the same,
And grudged to see the counterfeit should shame
The thing itself.
Spenser.” 2. That which is made in imitation of something, with a view to deceive by passing the false for the true; as the bank note was a counterfeit. “Never call a true piece of gold a counterfeit.
Shak.” “Some of these counterfeits are fabricated with such exquisite taste and skill, that it is the achievement of criticism to distinguish them from originals.
Macaulay.” 3. One who pretends to be what he is not; one who personates another; an impostor; a cheat. “I fear thou art another counterfeit;
And yet, in faith, thou bear’st thee like a king.
Shak.”

Coun´ter•feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterfeiting.] 1. To imitate, or put on a semblance of; to mimic; as to counterfeit the voice of another person. “Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee
At all his jokes, for many a joke had he.
Goldsmith.” 2. To imitate with a view to deceiving, by passing the copy for that which is original or genuine; to forge; as to counterfeit the signature of another, coins, notes, etc.

Coun´ter•feit, v. i. 1. To carry on a deception; to dissemble; to feign; to pretend. “The knave counterfeits well; a good knave.
Shak.” 2. To make counterfeits.

Coun´ter•feit•er (-f?t•?r), n. 1. One who counterfeits; one who copies or imitates; especially, one who copies or forges bank notes or coin; a forger. “The coin which was corrupted by counterfeiters.
Camden.” 2. One who assumes a false appearance or semblance; one who makes false pretenses. “Counterfeiters of devotion.
Sherwood.”

Coun´ter•feit•ly, adv. By forgery; falsely.

Coun´ter•fe•sance (-f?´zans), n. [OF. contrefaisance, fr. contrefaire. See Counterfeit, a.] The act of forging; forgery. [Obs.] [Written also counterfaisance.]

Coun´ter•fleu•ry (koun´t?r-fl?•r?), a. [F. contrefleuri.] (Her.) Counterflory.

Coun´ter•flo•ry (-fl?•r?), a. [See Counterfleury.] (Her.) Adorned with flowers (usually fleurs-de-lis) so divided that the tops appear on one side and the bottoms on the others; — said of any ordinary.

Coun´ter•foil (-foil), n. [Counter- + foil a leaf.] 1. That part of a tally, formerly in the exchequer, which was kept by an officer in that court, the other, called the stock, being delivered to the person who had lent the king money on the account; — called also counterstock. [Eng.] 2. The part of a writing (as the stub of a bank check) in which are noted the main particulars contained in the corresponding part, which has been issued.

Coun´ter•force (-f?rs•), n. An opposing force.

Coun´ter•fort (-f?rt•), n. 1. (Fort.) A kind of buttress of masonry to strengthen a revetment wall. 2. A spur or projection of a mountain. Imp. Dict.

Coun´ter•gage (-gaj•), n. (Carp.) An adjustable gage, with double points for transferring measurements from one timber to another, as the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be made. Knight.

Coun´ter•guard (koun´ter•gärd•), n. (Fort.) A low outwork before a bastion or ravelin, consisting of two lines of rampart parallel to the faces of the bastion, and protecting them from a breaching fire.

Coun´ter•ir•ri•tant (-?r´r?-tant), n., Coun´ter•ir•ri•ta´tion, n. See Counter irritant, etc., under Counter, a.

Coun´ter•ir´ri•tate (koun´ter-?r´r?-t?t), v. t. (Med.) To produce counter irritation in; to treat with one morbid process for the purpose of curing another.

Coun´ter•jump•er (koun´ter-j?mp•?r), n. A salesman in a shop; a shopman; — used contemptuously. [Slang]

Coun´ter•man (koun´ter•man), n.; pl. Countermen (- men). A man who attends at the counter of a shop to sell goods. [Eng.]

Coun•ter•mand´ (koun•ter•mand´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermanding.] [F. contremander; contre (L. contra) + mander to command, fr. L. mandare. Cf. Mandate.] 1. To revoke (a former command); to cancel or rescind by giving an order contrary to one previously given; as to countermand an order for goods. 2. To prohibit; to forbid. [Obs.] “Avicen countermands letting blood in choleric bodies.
Harvey.” 3. To oppose; to revoke the command of. “For us to alter anything, is to lift ourselves against God; and, as it were, to countermand him.
Hooker.”

Coun´ter•mand (koun´ter•mand), n. A contrary order; revocation of a former order or command. “Have you no countermand for Claudio yet,
But he must die to-morrow?
Shak.”

Coun•ter•mand´a•ble (-m?nd´?-b’l), a. Capable of being countermanded; revocable. Bacon.

Coun•ter•march´ (koun•t?r-m?rch´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Countermarched (-m?rcht´); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermarching.] (Mil.) To march back, or to march in reversed order. “The two armies marched and countermarched, drew near and receded.
Macaulay.”

Coun´ter•march (koun´t?r-m?rch•), n. 1. A marching back; retrocession. 2. (Mil.) An evolution by which a body of troops change front or reverse the direction of march while retaining the same men in the front rank; also a movement by which the rear rank becomes the front one, either with or without changing the right to the left. 3. A change of measures; alteration of conduct. “Such countermarches and retractions as we do not willingly impute to wisdom.
T. Burnet.”

Coun´ter•mark (-m?rk•), n. 1. A mark or token added to those already existing, in order to afford security or proof; as an additional or special mark put upon a package of goods belonging to several persons, that it may not be opened except in the presence of all; a mark added to that of an artificer of gold or silver work by the Goldsmiths’ Company of London, to attest the standard quality of the gold or silver; a mark added to an ancient coin or medal, to show either its change of value or that it was taken from an enemy. 2. (Far.) An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses that have outgrown their natural mark, to disguise their age.

Coun•ter•mark´ (koun•ter•märk´), v. t. To apply a countermark to; as to countermark silverware; to countermark a horse’s teeth.

Coun´ter•mine (koun´ter•min•), n. [Counter- + mine underground gallery: cf. F. contermine.] 1. (Mil.) An underground gallery excavated to intercept and destroy the mining of an enemy. 2. A stratagem or plot by which another sratagem or project is defeated. “Thinking himself contemned, knowing no countermine against contempt but terror.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Coun•ter•mine´ (koun•ter•min´), v. t. [Cf. F. contreminer.] [imp. & p. p. Countermined; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermining.] 1. (Mil.) To oppose by means of a countermine; to intercept with a countermine. 2. To frustrate or counteract by secret measures.

Coun•ter•mine´, v. i. To make a countermine or counterplot; to plot secretly. “’Tis hard for man to countermine with God.
Chapman.”

Coun•ter•move´ (koun•t?r-m??v´), v. t. & i. To move in a contrary direction to. { Coun´ter•move• (-m??v•), n. Coun´ter•move•ment (-ment). } A movement in opposition to another.

Coun´ter•mure (-m?r•), n. [Counter- + mure: cf. F. contremur.] (Fort.) A wall raised behind another, to supply its place when breached or destroyed. [R.] Cf. Contramure. Knolles.

Coun•ter•mure´ (koun•t?r-m?r´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermured (-m?rd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermuring.] [Cf. F. contremurer.] To fortify with a wall behind another wall. [R.] Kyd.

Coun´ter•nat•u•ral (koun´t?r-n?t•?-ral; 135), a. Contrary to nature. [R.] Harvey.

Coun´ter-pa•ly (-p?•l?), a. [F. contre-pale.] (Her.) Paly, and then divided fesswise, so that each vertical piece is cut into two, having the colors used alternately or counterchanged. Thus the escutcheon in the illustration may also be blazoned paly of six per fess counterchanged argent and azure.

Coun´ter•pane (koun´t?r-p?n•), n. [See Counterpoint, corrupted into counterpane, from the employment of pane-shaped figures in these coverlets. ] A coverlet for a bed, — originally stitched or woven in squares or figures. “On which a tissue counterpane was cast.
Drayton.”

Coun´ter•pane, n. [OF. contrepan a pledge, security; contre + pan a skirt, also a pawn or gage, F. pan a skirt. See Pane, and cf. Pawn.] (O. Law) A duplicate part or copy of an indenture, deed, etc., corresponding with the original; — now called counterpart. “Read, scribe; give me the counterpane.
B. Jonson.”

Coun´ter•part (koun´t?r-p?rt•), n. 1. A part corresponding to another part; anything which answers, or corresponds, to another; a copy; a duplicate; a facsimile. “In same things the laws of Normandy agreed with the laws of England, so that they seem to be, as it were, copies or counterparts one of another.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. (Law) One of two corresponding copies of an instrument; a duplicate. 3. A person who closely resembles another. 4. A thing may be applied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression; hence, a thing which is adapted to another thing, or which supplements it; that which serves to complete or complement anything; hence, a person or thing having qualities lacking in another; an opposite. “O counterpart
Of our soft sex, well are you made our lords.
Dryden.”

Coun´ter•pas•sant (-p?s´sant), a. [Counter- + passant: cf. F. contrepassant.] (Her.) Passant in opposite directions; — said of two animals.

Coun•ter•plead´ (koun•t?r-pl?d´), v. t. To plead the contrary of; to plead against; to deny.

Coun•ter•plot´ (koun•t?r-pl?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterplotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterplotting.] To oppose, as another plot, by plotting; to attempt to frustrate, as a stratagem, by stratagem. “Every wile had proved abortive, every plot had been counterplotted.
De Quinsey.”

Coun´ter•plot (koun´t?r-pl?t•), n. A plot or artifice opposed to another. L’Estrange.

Coun´ter•point (koun´t?r-point•), n. [Counter- + point.] An opposite point [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Coun´ter•point, n. [F. contrepoint; cf. It. contrappunto. Cf. Contrapuntal.] (Mus.) (a) The setting of note against note in harmony; the adding of one or more parts to a given canto fermo or melody. (b) The art of polyphony, or composite melody, i. e., melody not single, but moving attended by one or more related melodies. (c) Music in parts; part writing; harmony; polyphonic music. See Polyphony. “Counterpoint, an invention equivalent to a new creation of music.
Whewell.”

Coun´ter•point, n. [OF. contrepoincte, corruption of earlier counstepointe, countepointe, F. courtepointe, fr. L. culcita cushion, mattress (see Quilt, and cf. Cushion) + puncta, fem. p. p. of pungere to prick (see Point). The word properly meant a stitched quilt, with the colors broken one into another.] A coverlet; a cover for a bed, often stitched or broken into squares; a counterpane. See 1st Counterpane. “Embroidered coverlets or counterpoints of purple silk.
Sir T. North.”

Coun´ter•poise (koun´t?r-poiz•; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterpoised (-poizd•); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterpoising.] [OE. countrepesen, counterpeisen, F. contrepeser. See Counter, adv., and Poise, v. t. ] 1. To act against with equal weight; to equal in weight; to balance the weight of; to counterbalance. “Weights, counterpoising one another.
Sir K. Digby.” 2. To act against with equal power; to balance. “So many freeholders of English will be able to beard and counterpoise the rest.
Spenser.”

Coun´ter•poise (koun´t?r-poiz•), n. [OE. countrepese, OF. contrepois, F. contrepods. See Counter, adv., and Poise, n.] 1. A weight sufficient to balance another, as in the opposite scale of a balance; an equal weight. “Fastening that to our exact balance, we put a metalline counterpoise into the opposite scale.
Boyle.” 2. An equal power or force acting in opposition; a force sufficient to balance another force. “The second nobles are a counterpoise to the higher nobility, that they grow not too potent.
Bacon.” 3. The relation of two weights or forces which balance each other; equilibrium; equiponderance. “The pendulous round eart, with balanced air,
In counterpoise.
Milton.”

Coun´ter•pole (-p?l•), n. The exact opposite. “The German prose offers the counterpole to the French style.
De Quincey.”

Coun•ter•pon´der•ate (-p?n´d?r-?t), v. t. To equal in weight; to counterpoise; to equiponderate.

Coun•ter•prove´ (koun•t?r-pr??v´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterproved (-pr??vd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterproving.] To take a counter proof of, or a copy in reverse, by taking an impression directly from the face of an original. See Counter proof, under Counter.

counterrevolutionary counter-revolutionary adj. marked by opposition or antipathy to revolution; as ostracized for his counterrevolutionary tendencies. Opposite of revolutionary.
[WordNet 1.5]

Coun´ter-roll (-r?l•), n. [Cf. Control.] (O. Eng. Law) A duplicate roll (record or account) kept by an officer as a check upon another officer’s roll. Burrill. As a verb this word is contracted into control. See Control.

Coun•ter•rol´ment (koun•t?r-r?l´ment), n. A counter account. See Control. [Obs.] Bacon.

Coun•ter-sa´li•ent (-s?´l?-e]/>nt or - s?l´yent; 106), a. (Her.) Leaping from each other; — said of two figures on a coat of arms.

Coun´ter•scale (koun´t?r-sk?l•), n. Counterbalance; balance, as of one scale against another. [Obs.] Howell.

Coun´ter•scarf (-sk?rf•), n. [Counter- + scarp: cf. F. contrescarpe.] (Fort.) The exterior slope or wall of the ditch; — sometimes, the whole covered way, beyond the ditch, with its parapet and glacis; as the enemy have lodged themselves on the counterscarp.

Coun•ter•seal´ (koun•t?r-s?l´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersealed (-s?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersealing.] To seal or ratify with another or others. Shak.

Coun•ter•se•cure´ (-s?-k?r´), v. t. To give additional security to or for. Burke.

Coun´ter•shaft (koun´t?r-sh?ft•), n. (Mach.) An intermediate shaft; esp., one which receives motion from a line shaft in a factory and transmits it to a machine.

Coun•ter•sign´ (-s?n•; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersigned (-s?nd•); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersigning.] [Counter- + sign: cf. F. contresigner.] To sign on the opposite side of (an instrument or writing); hence, to sign in addition to the signature of a principal or superior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing.

Coun´ter•sign, a. 1. The signature of a secretary or other officer to a writing signed by a principal or superior, to attest its authenticity. 2. (Mil.) A private signal, word, or phrase, which must be given in order to pass a sentry; a watchword.

Coun´ter•sink (koun´ter•sink•; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersunk (-sunk•); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersinking.] 1. To chamfer or form a depression around the top of (a hole in wood, metal, etc.) for the reception of the head of a screw or bolt below the surface, either wholly or in part; as to countersink a hole for a screw. 2. To cause to sink even with or below the surface; as to countersink a screw or bolt into woodwork.

Coun´ter•sink, n. 1. An enlargement of the upper part of a hole, forming a cavity or depression for receiving the head of a screw or bolt. In the United States a flaring cavity formed by chamfering the edges of a round hole is called a countersink, while a cylindrical flat-bottomed enlargement of the mouth of the hole is usually called a conterbore. 2. A drill or cutting tool for countersinking holes.

Coun´ter•stand (-stnd•), n. Resistance; opposition; a stand against. “Making counterstand to Robert Guiscard.
Longfellow.”

Coun´ter•step (koun´t?r-st?p•), n. A contrary method of procedure; opposite course of action.

Coun´ter•stock (-st?k•), n. See Counterfoil.

Coun´ter•stroke (-str?k•), n. A stroke or blow in return. Spenser.

Coun´ter•sunk (-s?nk•), p. p. & a. from Countersink. 1. Chamfered at the top; — said of a hole. 2. Sunk into a chamfer; as a countersunk bolt. 3. Beveled on the lower side, so as to fit a chamfered countersink; as a countersunk nailhead.

Coun´ter•sway (-swa•), n. A swaying in a contrary direction; an opposing influence. [Obs.] “A countersway of restraint, curbing their wild exorbitance.
Milton.”

Coun´ter ten•or (t?n•?r). [OF. contreteneur. Cf. Contratenor, and see Tenor a part in music.] (Mus.) One of the middle parts in music, between the tenor and the treble; high tenor. Counter-tenor clef (Mus.), the C clef when placed on the third line; — also called alto clef.

Coun´ter•term (-t?rm•), n. A term or word which is the opposite of, or antithesis to, another; an antonym; — the opposite of synonym; as ´foe´ is the counterterm of ´friend´. C. J. Smith.

Coun´ter•time (-t?m•), n. 1. (Man.) The resistance of a horse, that interrupts his cadence and the measure of his manege, occasioned by a bad horseman, or the bad temper of the horse. 2. Resistance; opposition. [Obs.] “Give not shus the countertime to fate.
Dryden.”

Coun´ter•trip•pant (-tr?p•pant), a. (Her.) Trippant in opposite directions. See Trippant.

Coun´ter•trip•ping (-tr?p•p?ng), a. (Her.) Same as Countertrippant.

Coun´ter•turn (-trn•), n. The critical moment in a play, when, contrary to expectation, the action is embroiled in new difficulties. Dryden.

Coun•ter•vail´ (koun•t?r-v?l´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countervailed (-v?ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Countervailing.] [OF. contrevaloir; contre (L. contra) + valoir to avail, fr. L. valere to be strong, avail. See Vallant.] To act against with equal force, power, or effect; to thwart or overcome by such action; to furnish an equivalent to or for; to counterbalance; to compensate. “Upon balancing the account, the profit at last will hardly countervail the inconveniences that go allong with it.
L’Estrange.”

Coun´ter•vail (koun´t?r-v?l•), n. Power or value sufficient to obviate any effect; equal weight, strength, or value; equivalent; compensation; requital. [Obs.] “Surely, the present pleasure of a sinful act is a poor countervail for the bitterness of the review.
South.”

Coun•ter•val•la´tion (-v?l-l?´s??n), n. (Fort.) See Contravallation.

Coun´ter•view (koun´t?r-v?•), n. 1. An opposite or opposing view; opposition; a posture in which two persons front each other. “Within the gates of hell sat Death and Sin,
In counterview.
Milton” “M. Peisse has ably advocated the counterview in his preface and appendix.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 2. A position in which two dissimilar things illustrate each other by opposition; contrast. “I have drawn some lines of Linger’s character, on purpose to place it in counterview, or contrast with that of the other company.
Swift.”

Coun•ter•vote´ (koun•ter•vot´), v. t. To vote in opposition to; to balance or overcome by voting; to outvote. Dr. J. Scott.

Coun•ter•wait´ (koun•ter•wat´), v. t. To wait or watch for; to be on guard against. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun•ter•weigh´ (-wa´), v. t. To weigh against; to counterbalance.

Coun´ter •weight (-wat•), n. A counterpoise.

Coun•ter•wheel´ (-hwel´), v. t. (Mil.) To cause to wheel or turn in an opposite direction.

Coun•ter•work´ (-wûrk´), v. t. To work in opposition to; to counteract. “That counterworks each folly and caprice.
Pope.”

Count´ess (kount´?s), n.; pl. Countesses (-s). [F. comtesse. See Count a nobleman.] The wife of an earl in the British peerage, or of a count in the Continental nobility; also a lady possessed of the same dignity in her own right. See the Note under Count. { Count´ing•house• (kount´?ng-hous•), Count´ing•room• (kount´?ng-r??m•), } n. [See Count, v.] The house or room in which a merchant, trader, or manufacturer keeps his books and transacts business.

Count´less (-l?s), a. Incapable of being counted; not ascertainable; innumerable.

Count´or (kount´?r), n. [From Count, v. t. (in sense 4).] (O. Eng. Law) An advocate or professional pleader; one who counted for his client, that is, orally pleaded his cause. [Obs.] Burrill. { Coun•tour´ (k??n-t??r´), Coun•tour´house• (-hous•), } n. [See 2d Counter.] A merchant’s office; a countinghouse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun´tre- (koun´ter-). Same as prefix Counter-. [Obs.]

Coun•tre•plete´ (-pl?t´), v. t. [Countre- + plete to plead.] To counterplead. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun´tre•taille (koun´t?r-t?l•), n. [F. contretaille; contre (L. contra) + taille cut. See Tally.] A counter tally; correspondence (in sound). [Obs.] At the countretaille, in return. Chaucer.

Coun´tri•fied (k?n´tr?-f?ld), p. a. Having the appearance and manners of a rustic; rude. “As being one who took no pride,
And was a deal too countrified.
Lloyd.”

Coun´tri•fy (k?n´tr?-f?), v. t. To give a rural appearance to; to cause to appear rustic. Lamb.

Coun´try (k?n´tr?), n.; pl. Countries (-trz). [F. contree, LL. contrata, fr. L. contra over against, on the opposite side. Cf. Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. A tract of land; a region; the territory of an independent nation; (as distinguished from any other region, and with a personal pronoun) the region of one’s birth, permanent residence, or citizenship. “Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred.
Gen. xxxxii. 9.” “I might have learned this by my last exile,
that change of countries cannot change my state.
Stirling.” “Many a famous realm
And country, whereof here needs no account
Milton.” 2. Rural regions, as opposed to a city or town. “As they walked, on their way into the country.
Mark xvi. 12 (Rev. Ver. ).” “God made the covatry, and man made the town.
Cowper.” “Only very great men were in the habit of dividing the year between town and country.
Macaulay.” 3. The inhabitants or people of a state or a region; the populace; the public. Hence: (a) One’s constituents. (b) The whole body of the electors of state; as to dissolve Parliament and appeal to the country. “All the country in a general voice
Cried hate upon him.
Shak.” 4. (Law) (a) A jury, as representing the citizens of a country. (b) The inhabitants of the district from which a jury is drawn. 5. (Mining.) The rock through which a vein runs. Conclusion to the country. See under Conclusion. — To put, or throw, one’s self upon the country, to appeal to one’s constituents; to stand trial before a jury.

Coun´try, a. 1. Pertaining to the regions remote from a city; rural; rustic; as a country life; a country town; the country party, as opposed to city. 2. Destitute of refinement; rude; unpolished; rustic; not urbane; as country manners. 3. Pertaining, or peculiar, to one’s own country. “She, bowing herself towards him, laughing the cruel tyrant to scorn, spake in her country language.
2 Macc. vii. 27.”

Coun´try-base (-b?s•), n. Same as Prison base.

Coun´try-dance (-d?ns•), n. [Prob. an adaptation of contradance.] See Contradance. “He had introduced the English country-dance to the knowledge of the Dutch ladies.
Macaulay.”

Coun´try•man (kun´tri-man), n.; pl. Countrymen (- men). 1. An inhabitant or native of a region. Shak. 2. One born in the same country with another; a compatriot; — used with a possessive pronoun. “In perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen.
2 Cor. xi. 26.” 3. One who dwells in the country, as distinguished from a townsman or an inhabitant of a city; a rustic; a husbandman or farmer. “A simple countryman that brought her figs.
Shak.”

Coun´try seat (k?n´tr? s?t•). A dwelling in the country, used as a place of retirement from the city.

Coun´try•side (-s?d•), n. A particular rural district; a country neighborhood. [Eng.] W. Black. Blackmore.

Coun´try•wom•an (-w??m•an), n.; pl. Countrywomen (-wm•n). A woman born, or dwelling, in the country, as opposed to the city; a woman born or dwelling in the same country with another native or inhabitant. Shak.

Count´-wheel (kount´hw?l•), n. The wheel in a clock which regulates the number of strokes.

Coun´ty (koun´t?), n.; pl. Counties (-tz). [F. comt, fr. LL. comitatus. See Count.] 1. An earldom; the domain of a count or earl. [Obs.] 2. A circuit or particular portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the administration of justice and public affairs; — called also a shire. See Shire. “Every county, every town, every family, was in agitation.
Macaulay.” 3. A count; an earl or lord. [Obs.] Shak. County commissioners. See Commissioner. — County corporate, a city or town having the privilege to be a county by itself, and to be governed by its own sheriffs and other magistrates, irrespective of the officers of the county in which it is situated; as London, York, Bristol, etc. [Eng.] Mozley & W. — County court, a court whose jurisdiction is limited to county. — County palatine, a county distinguished by particular privileges; — so called a palatio (from the palace), because the owner had originally royal powers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the king had in his palace; but these powers are now abridged. The counties palatine, in England, are Lancaster, Chester, and Durham. — County rates, rates levied upon the county, and collected by the boards of guardians, for the purpose of defraying the expenses to which counties are liable, such as repairing bridges, jails, etc. [Eng.] — County seat, a county town. [U.S.] — County sessions, the general quarter sessions of the peace for each county, held four times a year. [Eng.] — County town, the town of a county, where the county business is transacted; a shire town.

Coup (k??), n. [F., fr.L. colaphus a cuff, Gr. .] A sudden stroke; an unexpected device or stratagem; — a term used in various ways to convey the idea of promptness and force. Coup de grace (k´ de grs´) [F.], the stroke of mercy with which an executioner ends by death the sufferings of the condemned; hence, a decisive, finishing stroke. — Coup de main (k• de mn•) [F.] (Mil.), a sudden and unexpected movement or attack. — Coup de soleil (k• d s-ll or -l´y’) [F.] (Med.), a sunstroke. See Sunstroke. — Coup d’etat (k´ d-t´) [F.] (Politics), a sudden, decisive exercise of power whereby the existing government is subverted without the consent of the people; an unexpected measure of state, more or less violent; a stroke of policy. — Coup d’œil (koo• del´). [F.] (a) A single view; a rapid glance of the eye; a comprehensive view of a scene; as much as can be seen at one view. (b) The general effect of a picture. (c) (Mil.) The faculty or the act of comprehending at a glance the weakness or strength of a military position, of a certain arrangement of troops, the most advantageous position for a battlefield, etc.

Cou´pa•ble (koo´pa•b’l), a. [F.] Culpable. [Obs.]

Cou•pe´ (koo•pa´), n. [F., fr. coupe, p. p. of couper to cut. See Coppice.] 1. The front compartment of a French diligence; also the front compartment (usually for three persons) of a car or carriage on British railways. 2. A four-wheeled close carriage for two persons inside, with an outside seat for the driver; — so called because giving the appearance of a larger carriage cut off.

Couped (k??pt), a. [F. couper to cut.] (Her.) Cut off smoothly, as distinguished from erased; — used especially for the head or limb of an animal. See Erased.

Cou•pee´ (k??-p?´; F. k??•p?), n. [F. coupe, n., properly p. p. of couper to cut. Cf. Coupe, Coopee.] A motion in dancing, when one leg is a little bent, and raised from the floor, and with the other a forward motion is made. Chambers.

Coupe•-gorge´ (k??p•g?rzh´), n. [F., cut throat.] (Mil.) Any position giving the enemy such advantage that the troops occupying it must either surrender or be cut to pieces. Farrow.

Cou´ple (k?p´’l), n. [F. couple, fr. L. copula a bond, band; co- + apere, aptum, to join. See Art, a., and cf. Copula.] 1. That which joins or links two things together; a bond or tie; a coupler. [Obs.] “It is in some sort with friends as it is with dogs in couples; they should be of the same size and humor.
L’Estrange.” “I’ll go in couples with her.
Shak.” 2. Two of the same kind connected or considered together; a pair; a brace. ´A couple of shepherds.´ Sir P. Sidney. ´A couple of drops´ Addison. ´A couple of miles.´ Dickens. ´A couple of weeks.´ Carlyle. “Adding one to one we have the complex idea of a couple.
Locke.” “[Ziba] met him with a couple of asses saddled.
2 Sam. xvi. 1.” 3. A male and female associated together; esp., a man and woman who are married or betrothed. “Such were our couple, man and wife.
Lloyd.” “Fair couple linked in happy, nuptial league.
Milton.” 4. (Arch.) See Couple- close. 5. (Elec.) One of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a voltaic battery; — called a voltaic couple or galvanic couple. 6. (Mech.) Two rotations, movements, etc., which are equal in amount but opposite in direction, and acting along parallel lines or around parallel axes. The effect of a couple of forces is to produce a rotation. A couple of rotations is equivalent to a motion of translation.

Cou´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coupled (k?p´’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coupling (-l?ng).] [F. coupler, fr. L. copulare. See Couple, n., and cf. Copulate, Cobble, v.] 1. To link or tie, as one thing to another; to connect or fasten together; to join. “Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds, …
And couple Clowder with the deep-mouthed brach.
Shak.” 2. To join in wedlock; to marry. [Colloq.] “A parson who couples all our beggars.
Swift.”

Cou´ple, v. i. To come together as male and female; to copulate. [Obs.] Milton. Bacon.

Cou´ple-beg•gar (-b?g•g?r), n. One who makes it his business to marry beggars to each other. Swift.

Cou´ple-close (k?p´?-kl?s•), n.; pl. Couple-closes (-kl´sz). 1. (Her.) A diminutive of the chevron, containing one fourth of its surface. Couple-closes are generally borne one on each side of a chevron, and the blazoning may then be either a chevron between two couple-closes or chevron cottised. 2. (Arch.) A pair of rafters framed together with a tie fixed at their feet, or with a collar beam. [Engl.]

Cou´ple•ment (k?p´’l-ment), n. [Cf. OF. couplement.] Union; combination; a coupling; a pair. [Obs.] Shak. “And forth together rode, a goodly couplement.
Spenser.”

Coup´ler (k?p´l?r), n. One who couples; that which couples, as a link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars. Coupler of an organ, a contrivance by which any two or more of the ranks of keys, or keys and pedals, are connected so as to act together when the organ is played.

Coup´let (-l?t), n. [F. couplet, dim. of couple. See Couple, n. ] Two taken together; a pair or couple; especially two lines of verse that rhyme with each other. “A sudden couplet rushes on your mind.
Crabbe.”

Coup´ling (-l?ng), n. 1. The act of bringing or coming together; connection; sexual union. 2. (Mach.) A device or contrivance which serves to couple or connect adjacent parts or objects; as a belt coupling, which connects the ends of a belt; a car coupling, which connects the cars in a train; a shaft coupling, which connects the ends of shafts. Box coupling, Chain coupling. See under Box, Chain. — Coupling box, a coupling shaped like a journal box, for clamping together the ends of two shafts, so that they may revolve together. — Coupling pin, a pin or bolt used in coupling or joining together railroad cars, etc.

Cou´pon (k??´p?n; F. k??•p?n´), n. [F., fr. couper to cut, cut off. See Coppice.] 1. (Com.) A certificate of interest due, printed at the bottom of transferable bonds (state, railroad, etc.), given for a term of years, designed to be cut off and presented for payment when the interest is due; an interest warrant. 2. A section of a ticket, showing the holder to be entitled to some specified accomodation or service, as to a passage over a designated line of travel, a particular seat in a theater, or the like.

Cou•pure´ (k??-p?r´), n. [F., fr. couper to cut.] (Fort.) A passage cut through the glacis to facilitate sallies by the besieged. Wilhelm.

Cour´age (kur´aj; 48), n. [OE. corage heart, mind, will, courage, OF. corage, F. courage, fr. a LL. derivative of L. cor heart. See Heart.] 1. The heart; spirit; temper; disposition. [Obs.] “So priketh hem nature in here corages.
Chaucer.” “My lord, cheer up your spirits; our foes are nigh,
and this soft courage makes your followers faint.
Shak.” 2. Heart; inclination; desire; will. [Obs.] Chaucer. “I’d such a courage to do him good.
Shak.” 3. That quality of mind which enables one to encounter danger and difficulties with firmness, or without fear, or fainting of heart; valor; boldness; resolution. “The king-becoming graces …
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
I have no relish of them.
Shak.” “Courage that grows from constitution often forsakes a man when he has occasion for it.
Addison.” Syn. — Heroism; bravery; intrepidity; valor; gallantry; daring; firmness; hardihood; boldness; dauntlessness; resolution. See Heroism. — Courage, Bravery, Fortitude, Intrepidity, Gallantry, Valor. Courage is that firmness of spirit and swell of soul which meets danger without fear. Bravery is daring and impetuous courage, like that of one who has the reward continually in view, and displays his courage in daring acts. Fortitude has often been styled ´passive courage,´ and consist in the habit of encountering danger and enduring pain with a steadfast and unbroken spirit. Valor is courage exhibited in war, and can not be applied to single combats; it is never used figuratively. Intrepidity is firm, unshaken courage. Gallantry is adventurous courage, which courts danger with a high and cheerful spirit. A man may show courage, fortitude, or intrepidity in the common pursuits of life, as well as in war. Valor, bravery, and gallantry are displayed in the contest of arms. Valor belongs only to battle; bravery may be shown in single combat; gallantry may be manifested either in attack or defense; but in the latter case, the defense is usually turned into an attack.

Cour´age, v. t. To inspire with courage. [Obs.] “Paul writeth unto Timothy … to courage him.
Tyndale.”

Cour•a´geous (k?r-?´j?s), a. [F. courageux.] Possessing, or characterized by, courage; brave; bold. “With this victory, the women became most courageous and proud, and the men waxed … fearful and desperate.
Stow.” Syn. — Gallant; brave; bold; daring; valiant; valorous; heroic; intrepid; fearless; hardy; stout; adventurous; enterprising. See Gallant.

Cour•a´geous•ly, adv. In a courageous manner.

Cour•a´geous•ness, n. The quality of being courageous; courage.

Cou•rant´ (k??-r?nt´), a. [F., p. pr. of courir to run, L. currere. Cf. Current.] (Her.) Represented as running; — said of a beast borne in a coat of arms.

Cou•rant´ (k??-r?nt´), n. [F. courante, fr. courant, p. pr.] 1. A piece of music in triple time; also a lively dance; a coranto. 2. A circulating gazette of news; a newspaper.

Cou•ran´to (-r?n´t?), n. A sprightly dance; a coranto; a courant.

Cou•rap´ (k??-r?p), n. (Med.) A skin disease, common in India, in which there is perpetual itching and eruption, esp. of the groin, breast, armpits, and face.

Courb (k??rb), a. [F. courbe, fr. L. curvus. See Curve, a.] Curved; rounded. [Obs.] “Her neck is short, her shoulders courb.
Gower.”

Courb (k??rb), v. i. [F. courber. See Curs.] To bend; to stop; to bow. [Obs.] “Then I courbed on my knees.
Piers Plowman.”

Cour´ba•ril (k??r´b?-r?l), n. [F. courbaril, from a South American word.] See Anime, n.

Courche (k??rsh), n. [Cf. Kerchief.] A square piece of linen used formerly by women instead of a cap; a kerchief. [Scot.] [Written also curch.] Jamieson.

Cou´ri•er (k??´r?-?r), n. [F. courrier, fr. courre, courir, to run, L. currere. See Course, Current.] 1. A messenger sent with haste to convey letters or dispatches, usually on public business. “The wary Bassa … by speedy couriers, advertised Solyman of the enemy’s purpose.
Knolles.” 2. An attendant on travelers, whose business it is to make arrangements for their convenience at hotels and on the way.

Cour´lan (k??r´l?n), n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird, of the genus Aramus, allied to the rails.

Course (k?rs), n. [F. cours, course, L. cursus, fr. currere to run. See Current.] 1. The act of moving from one point to another; progress; passage. “And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais.
Acts xxi. 7.” 2. The ground or path traversed; track; way. “The same horse also run the round course at Newmarket.
Pennant.” 3. Motion, considered as to its general or resultant direction or to its goal; line progress or advance. “A light by which the Argive squadron steers
Their silent course to Ilium’s well known shore.
Dennham.” “Westward the course of empire takes its way.
Berkeley.” 4. Progress from point to point without change of direction; any part of a progress from one place to another, which is in a straight line, or on one direction; as a ship in a long voyage makes many courses; a course measured by a surveyor between two stations; also a progress without interruption or rest; a heat; as one course of a race. 5. Motion considered with reference to manner; or derly progress; procedure in a certain line of thought or action; as the course of an argument. “The course of true love never did run smooth.
Shak.” 6. Customary or established sequence of events; recurrence of events according to natural laws. “By course of nature and of law.
Davies.” “Day and night,
Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost,
Shall hold their course.
Milton.” 7. Method of procedure; manner or way of conducting; conduct; behavior. “My lord of York commends the plot and the general course of the action.
Shak.” “By perseverance in the course prescribed.
Wodsworth.” “You hold your course without remorse.
Tennyson.” 8. A series of motions or acts arranged in order; a succession of acts or practices connectedly followed; as a course of medicine; a course of lectures on chemistry. 9. The succession of one to another in office or duty; order; turn. “He appointed … the courses of the priests
2 Chron. viii. 14.” 10. That part of a meal served at one time, with its accompaniments. “He [Goldsmith] wore fine clothes, gave dinners of several courses, paid court to venal beauties.
Macaulay.” 11. (Arch.) A continuous level range of brick or stones of the same height throughout the face or faces of a building. Gwilt. 12. (Naut.) The lowest sail on any mast of a square-rigged vessel; as the fore course, main course, etc. 13. pl. (Physiol.) The menses. In course, in regular succession. - - Of course, by consequence; as a matter of course; in regular or natural order. — In the course of, at same time or times during. ´In the course of human events.´ T. Jefferson. Syn. — Way; road; route; passage; race; series; succession; manner; method; mode; career; progress.

Course, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coursed (k?rst)); p. pr. & vb. n. Coursing.] 1. To run, hunt, or chase after; to follow hard upon; to pursue. “We coursed him at the heels.
Shak.” 2. To cause to chase after or pursue game; as to course greyhounds after deer. 3. To run through or over. “The bounding steed courses the dusty plain.
Pope.”

Course, v. i. 1. To run as in a race, or in hunting; to pursue the sport of coursing; as the sportsmen coursed over the flats of Lancashire. 2. To move with speed; to race; as the blood courses through the veins. Shak.

Coursed (k?rst), a. 1. Hunted; as a coursed hare. 2. Arranged in courses; as coursed masonry.

Cours´er (k?rs´?r), n. [F. coursier.] 1. One who courses or hunts. “ leash is a leathern thong by which … a courser leads his greyhound.
Hanmer.” 2. A swift or spirited horse; a racer or a war horse; a charger. [Poetic.] Pope. 3. (Zoöl.) A grallatorial bird of Europe (Cursorius cursor), remarkable for its speed in running. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to running birds of the Ostrich family.

Cour´sey (k?r´s?), n. [Cf. OF. corsie, coursie, passage way to the stern. See Course, n. ] (Naut.)A space in the galley; a part of the hatches. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Cours´ing (k?rs´?ng), n. The pursuit or running game with dogs that follow by sight instead of by scent. “In coursing of a deer or hart with greyhounds.
Bacon”

Court (kort), n. [OF. court, curt, cort, F. cour, LL. cortis, fr. L. cohors, cors, chors, gen. cohortis, cortis, chortis, an inclosure, court, thing inclosed, crowd, throng; co- + a root akin to Gr. chorto•s inclosure, feeding place, and to E. garden, yard, orchard. See Yard, and cf. Cohort, Curtain.] 1. An inclosed space; a courtyard; an uncovered area shut in by the walls of a building, or by different building; also a space opening from a street and nearly surrounded by houses; a blind alley. “The courts of the house of our God.
Ps. cxxxv. 2.” “And round the cool green courts there ran a row
Of cloisters.
Tennyson.” “Goldsmith took a garret in a miserable court.
Macaulay.” 2. The residence of a sovereign, prince, nobleman, or other dignitary; a palace. “Attends the emperor in his royal court.
Shak.” “This our court, infected with their manners,
Shows like a riotous inn.
Shak.” 3. The collective body of persons composing the retinue of a sovereign or person high in authority; all the surroundings of a sovereign in his regal state. “My lord, there is a nobleman of the court at door would speak with you.
Shak.” “Love rules the court, the camp, the grove.
Sir. W. Scott.” 4. Any formal assembling of the retinue of a sovereign; as to hold a court. “The princesses held their court within the fortress.
Macaulay.” 5. Attention directed to a person in power; conduct or address designed to gain favor; courtliness of manners; civility; compliment; flattery. “No solace could her paramour intreat
Her once to show, ne court, nor dalliance.
Spenser.” “I went to make my court to the Duke and Duchess of Newcastle.
Evelyn.” 6. (Law) (a) The hall, chamber, or place, where justice is administered. (b) The persons officially assembled under authority of law, at the appropriate time and place, for the administration of justice; an official assembly, legally met together for the transaction of judicial business; a judge or judges sitting for the hearing or trial of causes. (c) A tribunal established for the administration of justice. (d) The judge or judges; as distinguished from the counsel or jury, or both. “Most heartily I do beseech the court
To give the judgment.
Shak.” 7. The session of a judicial assembly. 8. Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. 9. A place arranged for playing the game of tennis; also one of the divisions of a tennis court. Christian court, the English ecclesiastical courts in the aggregate, or any one of them. — Court breeding, education acquired at court. — Court card. Same as Coat card. — Court circular, one or more paragraphs of news respecting the sovereign and the royal family, together with the proceedings or movements of the court generally, supplied to the newspapers by an officer specially charged with such duty. [Eng.] Edwards. — Court day, a day on which a court sits to administer justice. — Court dress, the dress prescribed for appearance at the court of a sovereign. — Court fool, a buffoon or jester, formerly kept by princes and nobles for their amusement. — Court guide, a directory of the names and adresses of the nobility and gentry in a town. — Court hand, the hand or manner of writing used in records and judicial proceedings. Shak. — Court lands (Eng. Law), lands kept in demesne, — that is, for the use of the lord and his family. — Court marshal, one who acts as marshal for a court. — Court party, a party attached to the court. — Court rolls, the records of a court. SeeRoll. — Court in banc, or Court in bank, The full court sitting at its regular terms for the hearing of arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at nisi prius. - - Court of Arches, audience, etc. See under Arches, Audience, etc. — Court of Chancery. See Chancery, n. — Court of Common pleas. (Law) See Common pleas, under Common. — Court of Equity. See under Equity, and Chancery. — Court of Inquiry (Mil.) , a court appointed to inquire into and report on some military matter, as the conduct of an officer. — Court of St. James, the usual designation of the British Court; — so called from the old palace of St. James, which is used for the royal receptions, levees, and drawing-rooms. — The court of the Lord, the temple at Jerusalem; hence, a church, or Christian house of worship. - - General Court, the legislature of a State; — so called from having had, in the colonial days, judicial power; as the General Court of Massachusetts. [U.S.] — To pay one’s court, to seek to gain favor by attentions. ´Alcibiades was assiduous in paying his court to Tissaphernes.´ Jowett. — To put out of court, to refuse further judicial hearing.

Court, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Courted; p. pr. & vb. n. Courting.] 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of by attention or flattery; to try to ingratiate one’s self with. “By one person, hovever, Portland was still assiduously courted.
Macaulay.” 2. To endeavor to gain the affections of; to seek in marriage; to woo. “If either of you both love Katharina …
Leave shall you have to court her at your pleasure.
Shak.” 3. To attempt to gain; to solicit; to seek. “They might almost seem to have courted the crown of martyrdom.
Prescott.” “Guilt and misery … court privacy and solitude.
De Quincey.” 4. To invite by attractions; to allure; to attract. “A well-worn pathway courted us
To one green wicket in a privet hedge.
Tennyson.”

Court, v. i. 1. To play the lover; to woo; as to go courting.

Court´-bar•on (-b?r•?n), n. (Law) An inferior court of civil jurisdiction, attached to a manor, and held by the steward; a baron’s court; — now fallen into disuse.

Court´bred (-br?d•), a. Bred, or educated, at court; polished; courtly.

Court´-craft (k?rt´kr?ft•), n. The artifices, intrigues, and plottings, at courts.

Court´-cup•board (-k?b•b?rd), n. A movable sideboard or buffet, on which plate and other articles of luxury were displayed on special ocasions. [Obs.] “A way with the joint stools, remove the court- cupboard, look to the plate.
Shak.”

Courtelle n. a wool-like fabric.
[WordNet 1.5]

Cour´te•ous (k?r´t?-?s; 277), a. [OE. cortais, corteis, cortois, rarely corteous, OF. corties, corteis, F. courtois. See Court.] Of courtlike manners; pertaining to, or expressive of, courtesy; characterized by courtesy; civil; obliging; well bred; polite; affable; complaisant. “A patient and courteous bearing.
Prescott.” “His behavior toward his people is grave and courteous.
Fuller.”

Cour´te•ous•ly, adv. In a courteous manner.

Cour´te•ous•ness, n. The quality of being courteous; politeness; courtesy.

Cour´te•py (k??r´t?-p?), n. [D. kort short + pije a coarse cloth.] A short coat of coarse cloth. [Obs.] “Full threadbare was his overeste courtepy.
Chaucer.”

Court´er (k?rt´?r), n. One who courts; one who plays the lover, or who solicits in marriage; one who flatters and cajoles. Sherwood.

Cour´te•san (k?r´t?-z?n; 277), n. [F. courtisane, fr. courtisan courtier, It. cortigiano; or directly fr. It. cortigiana, or Sp. cortesana. See Court.] A woman who prostitutes herself for hire; a prostitute; a harlot. “Lasciviously decked like a courtesan.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Cour´te•san•ship, n. Harlotry.

Cour´te•sy (k?r´t?-s?), n.; pl. Courtesies (-sz). [OE. cortaisie, corteisie, courtesie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, F. courtoisie, fr. curteis, corteis. See Courteous.] 1. Politeness; civility; urbanity; courtliness. “And trust thy honest-offered courtesy,
With oft is sooner found in lowly sheds,
With smoky rafters, than in tapestry walls
And courts of princes, where it first was named,
And yet is most pretended.
Milton.” “Pardon me, Messer Claudio, if once more
I use the ancient courtesies of speech.
Longfellow.” 2. An act of civility or respect; an act of kindness or favor performed with politeness. “My lord, for your many courtesies I thank you.
Shak.” 3. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right; as a title given one by courtesy. Courtesy title, a title assumed by a person, or popularly conceded to him, to which he has no valid claim; as the courtesy title of Lord prefixed to the names of the younger sons of noblemen. Syn. — Politeness; urbanity; civility; complaisance; affability; courteousness; elegance; refinement; courtliness; good breeding. See Politeness.

Courte´sy (kûrt´sy), n. [See the preceding word.] An act of civility, respect, or reverence, made by women, consisting of a slight depression or dropping of the body, with bending of the knees. [Written also curtsy.] “The lady drops a courtesy in token of obedience, and the ceremony proceeds as usual.
Golgsmith.”

Courte´sy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Courtesied (-sid); p. pr. & vb. n. Courtesying.] To make a respectful salutation or movement of respect; esp. (with reference to women), to bow the body slightly, with bending of the knes.

Courte´sy, v. t. To treat with civility. [Obs.]

Court´house (kirt´hous•), n. 1. A house in which established courts are held, or a house appropriated to courts and public meetings. [U.S.] 2. A county town; — so called in Virginia and some others of the Southern States. “Providence, the county town of Fairfax, is unknown by that name, and passes as Fairfax Court House.
Barlett.”

Court´ier (kort´yer), n. [From Court.] 1. One who is in attendance at the court of a prince; one who has an appointment at court. “You know I am no courtier, nor versed in state affairs.
Bacon.” “This courtier got a frigate, and that a company.
Macaulay.” 2. One who courts or solicits favor; one who flatters. “There was not among all our princes a greater courtier of the people than Richard III.
Suckling.”

Court´ier•y (-?), n. The manners of a courtier; courtliness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Court´-leet (-l?t•), n. (Eng. Law) A court of record held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Blackstone.

Court´like (-l?k•), a. After the manner of a court; elegant; polite; courtly.

Court´li•ness (-l?-n?s), n. [From Courtly.] The quality of being courtly; elegance or dignity of manners.

Court´ling (-l?ng), n. [Court + -ling.] A sycophantic courtier. B. Jonson.

Court´ly (-l?), a. [From Court.] 1. Relating or belonging to a court. 2. Elegant; polite; courtlike; flattering. “In courtly company or at my beads.
Shak.” 3. Disposed to favor the great; favoring the policy or party of the court; obsequious. Macaulay.

Court´ly, adv. In the manner of courts; politely; gracefully; elegantly. “They can produce nothing so courtly writ.
Dryden”

Court•-mar´tial (k?rt•m?r´shal), n.; pl. Courts-martial (krts•-). A court consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of one belonging to the army or navy, or of offenses against military or naval law.

Court•-mar´tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Court-martialed (- shald); p. pr. & vb. n. Court- martialing.] To subject to trial by a court- martial.

Court´-plas•ter (k?rt´pl?s•t?r), n. Sticking plaster made by coating taffeta or silk on one side with some adhesive substance, commonly a mixture of isinglass and glycerin.

Court´ship (k?rt´sh?p), n. 1. The act of paying court, with the intent to solicit a favor. Swift. 2. The act of wooing in love; solicitation of woman to marriage. “This method of courtship, [by which] both sides are prepared for all the matrimonial adventures that are to follow.
Goldsmith.” 3. Courtliness; elegance of manners; courtesy. [Obs.] “Trim gallants, full of courtship and of state.
Shak.” 4. Court policy; the character of a courtier; artifice of a court; court-craft; finesse. [Obs.] “She [the Queen] being composed of courtship and Popery.
Fuller.”

Court´ ten´nis (k?rt´ t?n´n?s). See under Tennis.

Court´yard (k?rt´y?rd•), n. A court or inclosure attached to a house.

Cous´cous (k??s´k??s•), n. A kind of food used by the natives of Western Africa, made of millet flour with flesh, and leaves of the baobab; — called also lalo.

Cous•cou•sou´ (k??s•k??-s??´), n. A favorite dish in Barbary. See Couscous.

Cous´in (kuz´’n), n. [F. cousin, LL. cosinus, cusinus, contr. from L. consobrinus the child of a mother’s sister, cousin; con- + sobrinus a cousin by the mother’s side, a form derived fr. soror (forsosor) sister. See Sister, and cf. Cozen, Coz.] 1. One collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister; especially, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt. The children of brothers and sisters are usually denominated first cousins, or cousins-german. In the second generation, they are called second cousins. See Cater-cousin, and Quater-cousin. “Thou art, great lord, my father’s sister’s son,
A cousin-german to great Priam’s seed.
Shak.” 2. A title formerly given by a king to a nobleman, particularly to those of the council. In English writs, etc., issued by the crown, it signifies any earl. “My noble lords and cousins, all, good morrow.
Shak.”

Cous´in, n. Allied; akin. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cous´in•age (-?j), n. [F. cousinage, OF., also cosinage. Cf. Cosinage, Cozenage.] Relationship; kinship. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Cous´in-ger´man (-j?r´man), n. [Cousin + german closely akin.] A first cousin. See Note under Cousin, 1.

Cous´in•hood (-h??d), n. The state or condition of a cousin; also the collective body of cousins; kinsfolk.

Cous´in•ly, a. Like or becoming a cousin.

Cous´in•ry (k?z´’n-r?), n. A body or collection of cousins; the whole number of persons who stand in the relation of cousins to a given person or persons.

Cous´in•ship, n. The relationship of cousins; state of being cousins; cousinhood. G. Eliot.

Cous´si•net (k??s´s?-n?t•), n. [F., dim. of coussin cushion. See Cushionet.] (Arch.) (a) A stone placed on the impost of a pier for receiving the first stone of an arch. (b) That part of the Ionic capital between the abacus and quarter round, which forms the volute. Gwilt.

Cou•teau´ (k??-t?´), n. [F.] A knife; a dagger.

Couth (k??th), imp. & p. p. of Can. [See Can, and cf. Uncouth.] Could; was able; knew or known; understood. [Obs.] “Above all other one Daniel
He loveth, for he couth well
Divine, that none other couth;
To him were all things couth,
As he had it of God’s grace.
Gower.”

Cou•vade´ (koo•vad´), n. [F., fr. couver. See Covey.] A custom, among certain barbarous tribes, that when a woman gives birth to a child her husband takes to his bed, as if ill. “The world-wide custom of the couvade, where at childbirth the husband undergoes medical treatment, in many cases being put to bed for days.
Tylor.”

Co•va´ri•ant (k?-v?´r?-a]/>nt), n. (Higher Alg.) A function involving the coefficients and the variables of a quantic, and such that when the quantic is lineally transformed the same function of the new variables and coefficients shall be equal to the old function multiplied by a factor. An invariant is a like function involving only the coefficients of the quantic.

Cove (kov), n. [AS. cofa room; akin to G. koben pigsty, orig., hut, Icel. kofi hut, and perh. to E. cobalt.] 1. A retired nook; especially, a small, sheltered inlet, creek, or bay; a recess in the shore. “Vessels which were in readiness for him within secret coves and nooks.
Holland.” 2. A strip of prairie extending into woodland; also a recess in the side of a mountain. [U.S.] 3. (Arch.) (a) A concave molding. (b) A member, whose section is a concave curve, used especially with regard to an inner roof or ceiling, as around a skylight.

Cove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coved (k?vd); p. pr. & vb. n. Coving.] (Arch.) To arch over; to build in a hollow concave form; to make in the form of a cove. “The mosques and other buildings of the Arabians are rounded into domes and coved roofs.
H. Swinburne.” Coved ceiling, a ceiling, the part of which next the wail is constructed in a cove. — Coved vault, a vault composed of four coves meeting in a central point, and therefore the reverse of a groined vault.

Cove, v. t. [CF. F. couver, It. covare. See Covey.] To brood, cover, over, or sit over, as birds their eggs. [Obs.] “Not being able to cove or sit upon them [eggs], she [the female tortoise] bestoweth them in the gravel.
Holland.”

Cove, n. [A gypsy word, covo that man, covi that woman.] A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang] “There’s a gentry cove here.
Wit’s Recreations (1654).” “Now, look to it, coves, that all the beef and drink
Be not filched from us.
Mrs. Browning.” { Co•vel´line (k?-v?l´l?n), Co•vel´lite } (-l?t), n. [After Covelli, the discoverer.] (Min.) A native sulphide of copper, occuring in masses of a dark blue color; — hence called indigo copper.

Cov´e•na•ble (k?v´?-n?-b’l), a. [OF. covenable, F. convenable. See Covenant.] Fit; proper; suitable. [Obs.] ´A covenable day.´ Wyclif (Mark vi. 21).

Cov´e•na•bly (k?v´?-n?-bly), adv. Fitly; suitably. [Obs.] ´Well and covenably.´ Chaucer.

Cov´e•nant (k?v´?-nant), n. [OF. covenant, fr. F. & OF. convenir to agree, L. convenire. See Convene.] 1. A mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, or one of the stipulations in such an agreement. “Then Jonathan and David made a covenant.
1 Sam. xviiii. 3.” “Let there be covenants drawn between us.
Shak.” “If we conclude a peace,
It shall be with such strict and severe covenants
As little shall the Frenchmen gain thereby.
Shak.” 2. (Eccl. Hist.) An agreement made by the Scottish Parliament in 1638, and by the English Parliament in 1643, to preserve the reformed religion in Scotland, and to extirpate popery and prelacy; — usually called the ´Solemn League and Covenant.´ “He [Wharton] was born in the days of the Covenant, and was the heir of a covenanted house.
Macaulay.” 3. (Theol.) The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc. “I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee.
Gen. xvii. 7.” 4. A solemn compact between members of a church to maintain its faith, discipline, etc. 5. (Law) (a) An undertaking, on sufficient consideration, in writing and under seal, to do or to refrain from some act or thing; a contract; a stipulation; also the document or writing containing the terms of agreement. (b) A form of action for the violation of a promise or contract under seal. Syn. — Agreement; contract; compact; bargain; arrangement; stipulation. — Covenant, Contract, Compact, Stipulation. These words all denote a mutual agreement between two parties. Covenant is frequently used in a religious sense; as the covenant of works or of grace; a church covenant; the Solemn League and Covenant. Contract is the word most used in the business of life. Crabb and Taylor are wrong in saying that a contract must always be in writing. There are oral and implied contracts as well as written ones, and these are equally enforced by law. In legal usage, the word covenant has an important place as connected with contracts. A compact is only a stronger and more solemn contract. The term is chiefly applied to political alliances. Thus, the old Confederation was a compact between the States. Under the present Federal Constitution, no individual State can, without consent of Congress, enter into a compact with any other State or foreign power. A stipulation is one of the articles or provisions of a contract.

Cov´e•nant (k?v´?-n?nt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Covenanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Covenanting.] To agree (with); to enter into a formal agreement; to bind one’s self by contract; to make a stipulation. “Jupiter covenanted with him, that it should be hot or cold, wet or dry, … as the tenant should direct.
L’Estrange.” “And they covenanted with him for thyrty pieces of silver.
Matt. xxvi. 15.” Syn. — To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate.

Cov´e•nant, v. t. To grant or promise by covenant. “My covenant of peace that I covenanted with you.
Wyclif.”

Cov•e•nan•tee´ (k?v•?-nan-t?´), n. (Law) The person in whose favor a covenant is made.

Cov´e•nant•er (k?v´?-n?nt-?r), n. 1. One who makes a covenant. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One who subscribed and defended the ´Solemn League and Covenant.´ See Covenant.

Cov´e•nant•ing, a. Belonging to a covenant. Specifically, belonging to the Scotch Covenanters. “Be they covenanting traitors,
Or the brood of false Argyle?
Aytoun.”

Cov´e•nant•or (-?r•), n. (Law) The party who makes a covenant. Burrill.

Cov´e•nous (k?v´?-n?s), a. See Covinous, and Covin.

Cov´ent (k?v´ent), n. [OF. covent, F. couvent. See Convent.] A convent or monastery. [Obs.] Bale. Covent Garden, a large square in London, so called because originally it was the garden of a monastery.

Cov´en•try (k?v´en-tr?), n. A town in the county of Warwick, England. To send to Coventry, to exclude from society; to shut out from social intercourse, as for ungentlemanly conduct. — Coventry blue, blue thread of a superior dye, made at Coventry, England, and used for embroidery.

Cov´er (k?v´?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered (-?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Covering.] [OF. covrir, F. couvrir, fr. L. cooperire; co- + operire to cover; probably fr. ob towards, over + the root appearing in aperire to open. Cf. Aperient, Overt, Curfew.] 1. To overspread the surface of (one thing) with another; as to cover wood with paint or lacquer; to cover a table with a cloth. 2. To envelop; to clothe, as with a mantle or cloak. “And with the majesty of darkness round
Covers his throne.
Milton.” “All that beauty than doth cover thee.
Shak.” 3. To invest (one’s self with something); to bring upon (one’s self); as he covered himself with glory. “The powers that covered themselves with everlasting infamy by the partition of Poland.
Brougham.” 4. To hide sight; to conceal; to cloak; as the enemy were covered from our sight by the woods. “A cloud covered the mount.
Exod. xxiv. 15.” “In vain shou striv’st to cover shame with shame.
Milton.” 5. To brood or sit on; to incubate. “While the hen is covering her eggs, the male … diverts her with his songs.
Addison.” 6. To overwhelm; to spread over. “The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen.
Ex. xiv. 28.” 7. To shelter, as from evil or danger; to protect; to defend; as the cavalry covered the retreat. “His calm and blameless life
Does with substantial blessedness abound,
And the soft wings of peace cover him round.
Cowley.” 8. To remove from remembrance; to put away; to remit. ´Blessed is he whose is covered.´ Ps. xxxii. 1. 9. To extend over; to be sufficient for; to comprehend, include, or embrace; to account for or solve; to counterbalance; as a mortgage which fully covers a sum loaned on it; a law which covers all possible cases of a crime; receipts than do not cover expenses. 10. To put the usual covering or headdress on. “Cover thy head … ; nay, prithee, be covered.
Shak.” 11. To copulate with (a female); to serve; as a horse covers a mare; — said of the male. To cover ground or distance, to pass over; as the rider covered the ground in an hour. — To cover one’s short contracts (Stock Exchange), to buy stock when the market rises, as a dealer who has sold short does in order to protect himself. — Covering party (Mil.), a detachment of troops sent for the protection of another detachment, as of men working in the trenches. — To cover into, to transfer to; as to cover into the treasury. Syn. — To shelter; screen; shield; hide; overspread.

Cov´er (k?v´?r), n. 1. Anything which is laid, set, or spread, upon, about, or over, another thing; an envelope; a lid; as the cover of a book. 2. Anything which veils or conceals; a screen; disguise; a cloak. ´Under cover of the night.´ Macaulay. “A handsome cover for imperfections.
Collier.” 3. Shelter; protection; as the troops fought under cover of the batteries; the woods afforded a good cover. “Being compelled to lodge in the field … whilst his army was under cover, they might be forced to retire.
Clarendon.” 4. (Hunting) The woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter and conceal game; covert; as to beat a cover; to ride to cover. 5. That portion of a slate, tile, or shingle, which is hidden by the overlap of the course above. Knight. 6. (Steam Engine) The lap of a slide valve. 7. [Cf. F. couvert.] A tablecloth, and the other table furniture; esp., the table furniture for the use of one person at a meal; as covers were laid for fifty guests. To break cover, to start from a covert or lair; — said of game. — Under cover, in an envelope, or within a letter; — said of a written message. “Letters … dispatched under cover to her ladyship.
Thackeray.”

Cov´er, v. i. To spread a table for a meal; to prepare a banquet. [Obs.] Shak.

Cov´er•chief (chef), n. [See Kerchief.] A covering for the head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cov´er•cle (k?v´?r-k’l), n. [OF. covercle, F. couvercle, fr. L. coöperculum fr. coöperire. See cover] A small cover; a lid. [>Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cov´ered (k?v´?rd), a. Under cover; screened; sheltered; not exposed; hidden. Covered way (Fort.), a corridor or banquette along the top of the counterscarp and covered by an embankment whose slope forms the glacis. It gives the garrison an open line of communication around the works, and a standing place beyond the ditch. See Illust. of Ravelin.

Cov´er•er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, covers.

Cov´er•ing, n. Anything which covers or conceals, as a roof, a screen, a wrapper, clothing, etc. “Noah removed the covering of the ark.
Gen. viii. 13.” “They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold.
Job. xxiv. 7.” “A covering over the well’s mouth.
2 Sam. xvii. 19.”

Cov´er•let (k?v´?r-l?t), n. [F. couvre-lit; couvrir to cover + lit bed, fr. L. lectus bed. See Cover.] The uppermost cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture. “Lay her in lilies and in violets …
And odored sheets and arras coverlets.
Spenser.”

Cov´er•lid (-lid), n. A coverlet. “All the coverlid was cloth of gold.
Tennyson.”

Cov´er-point (-point!), n. The fielder in the games of cricket and lacrosse who supports ´point.´

Co•versed´ sine (k?-v?rst´ s?n•). [Co- (=co- in co- sine) + versed sine.] (Geom.) The versed sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Cov´er-shame (-sh?m•), n. Something used to conceal infamy. [Obs.] Dryden.

Cov´ert (k?v´?rt), a. [OF. covert, F. couvert, p. p. of couvrir. See Cover, v. t.] 1. Covered over; private; hid; secret; disguised. “How covert matters may be best disclosed.
Shak.” “Whether of open war or covert guile.
Milton” 2. Sheltered; not open or exposed; retired; protected; as a covert nook. Wordsworth. “Of either side the green, to plant a covert alley.
Bacon.” 3. (Law) Under cover, authority or protection; as a feme covert, a married woman who is considered as being under the protection and control of her husband. Covert way, (Fort.) See Covered way, under Covered. Syn. — Hidden; secret; private; covered; disguised; insidious; concealed. See Hidden.

Cov´ert, n. [OF. See Covert, a.] 1. A place that covers and protects; a shelter; a defense. “A tabernacle … for a covert from storm.
Is. iv. 6.” “The highwayman has darted from his covered by the wayside.
Prescott.” 2. [Cf. F. couverte.] (Zoöl.) One of the special feathers covering the bases of the quills of the wings and tail of a bird. See Illust. of Bird.

Cov´ert bar•on (b?r•?n). (Law) Under the protection of a husband; married. Burrill.

Cov´ert•ly, adv. Secretly; in private; insidiously.

Cov´ert•ness (k?v´?rt-n?s), n. Secrecy; privacy. [R.]

Cov´er•ture (k?v´?r-t?r; 135), n. [OF. coverture,F. couverture.] 1. Covering; shelter; defense; hiding. “Protected by walls or other like coverture.
Woodward.” “Beatrice, who even now
Is couched in the woodbine coverture.
Shak.” 2. (Law) The condition of a woman during marriage, because she is considered under the cover, influence, power, and protection of her husband, and therefore called a feme covert, or femme couverte.

Cov´et (k?v´?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered; p. pr. & vb. n. Coveting.] [OF. coveitier, covoitier, F. convoiter, from a derivative fr. L. cupere to desire; cf. Skr. kup to become excited. Cf. Cupidity.] 1. To wish for with eagerness; to desire possession of; — used in a good sense. “Covet earnestly the best gifts.
1. Cor. xxii. 31.” “If it be a sin to covet honor,
I am the most offending soul alive.
Shak.” 2. To long for inordinately or unlawfully; to hanker after (something forbidden). “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s house.
Ex. xx. 17.” Syn. — To long for; desire; hanker after; crave.

Cov´et, v. i. To have or indulge inordinate desire. “Which [money] while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith.
1 Tim. vi. 10.”

Cov´et•a•ble (k?v´?t-?-b’l), a. That may be coveted; desirable.

Cov´et•er (-?r), n. One who covets.

Cov´et•ise (-?s), n. [OF. coveitise, F. convoitise. See Covet, v. t. ] Avarice. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cov´et•ive•ness (-?v-), n. (Phren.) Acquisitiveness.

Cov´et•ous (k?v´?t-?s), a. [OF. coveitos, F. convoiteux. See Covet, v. t.] 1. Very desirous; eager to obtain; — used in a good sense. [Archaic] “Covetous of wisdom and fair virtue.
Shak.” “Covetous death bereaved us all,
To aggrandize one funeral.
Emerson.” 2. Inordinately desirous; excessively eager to obtain and possess (esp. money); avaricious; — in a bad sense. “The covetous person lives as if the world were madealtogether for him, and not he for the world.
South.” Syn. — Avaricious; parsimonious; penurious; misrely; niggardly. See Avaricious.

Cov´et•ous•ly, adv. In a covetous manner.

Cov´et•ous•ness, n. 1. Strong desire. [R.] “When workmen strive to do better than well,
They do confound their skill in covetousness.
Shak.” 2. A strong or inordinate desire of obtaining and possessing some supposed good; excessive desire for riches or money; — in a bad sense. “Covetousness, by a greed of getting more, deprivess itself of the true end of getting.
Sprat.” Syn. — Avarice; cupidity; eagerness.

Cov´ey (k?v´?), n. [OF. cove, F. couve, fr. cover, F. couver, to sit or brood on, fr. L. cubare to lie down; cf. E. incubate. See Cubit, and cf. Cove to brood.] 1. A brood or hatch of birds; an old bird with her brood of young; hence, a small flock or number of birds together; — said of game; as a covey of partridges. Darwin. 2. A company; a bevy; as a covey of girls. Addison.

Cov´ey, v. i. To brood; to incubate. [Obs.] “[Tortoises] covey a whole year before they hatch.
Holland.”

Cov´ey, n. A pantry. [Prov. Eng.] Parker.

Cov´in (k?v´?n), n. [OF. covine, covaine, fr. covenir to agree. See Covenant.] 1. (Law) A collusive agreement between two or more persons to prejudice a third. 2. Deceit; fraud; artifice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cov´in•ous (k?v´?n-?s), a. (Law) Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent; dishonest.

Cow (kou), n. [See Cowl a hood.] A chimney cap; a cowl

Cow, n.; pl. Cows (kouz); old pl. Kine (kin). [OE. cu, cou, AS. cu; akin to D. koe, G. kuh, OHG. kuo, Icel. kyr, Dan. & Sw. ko, L. bos ox, cow, Gr. boy^s, Skr. go. rad.223. Cf. Beef, Bovine, Bucolic, Butter, Nylghau.] 1. The mature female of bovine animals. 2. The female of certain large mammals, as whales, seals, etc.

Cow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowed (koud);; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowing.] [Cf. Icel. kuga, Sw. kufva to check, subdue, Dan. kue. Cf. Cuff, v. t.] To depress with fear; to daunt the spirits or courage of; to overawe. “To vanquish a people already cowed.
Shak.” “THe French king was cowed.
J. R. Green.”

Cow, n. [Prob. from same root as cow, v. t.] (Mining) A wedge, or brake, to check the motion of a machine or car; a chock. Knight.

Cow´age (kou´aj), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Cow´an (kou´an), n. [Cf. OF. couillon a coward, a cullion.] One who works as a mason without having served a regular apprenticeship. [Scot.] Among Freemasons, it is a cant term for pretender, interloper.

Cow´ard (kou´?rd), a. [OF. couard, coard, coart, n. and adj., F. couard, fr. OF. coe, coue, tail, F. queue (fr. L. coda, a form of cauda tail) + -ard; orig., short-tailed, as an epithet of the hare, or perh., turning tail, like a scared dog. Cf. Cue, Queue, Caudal.] 1. (Her.) Borne in the escutcheon with his tail doubled between his legs; — said of a lion. 2. Destitute of courage; timid; cowardly. “Fie, coward woman, and soft-hearted wretch.
Shak.” 3. Belonging to a coward; proceeding from, or expressive of, base fear or timidity. “He raised the house with loud and coward cries.
Shak.” “Invading fears repel my coward joy.
Proir.”

Cow´ard, n. A person who lacks courage; a timid or pusillanimous person; a poltroon. “A fool is nauseous, but a coward worse.
Dryden.” Syn. — Craven; poltroon; dastard.

Cow´ard, v. t. To make timorous; to frighten. [Obs.] “That which cowardeth a man’s heart.
Foxe.”

Cow´ard•ice (-is), n. [F. couardise, fr. couard. See Coward.] Want of courage to face danger; extreme timidity; pusillanimity; base fear of danger or hurt; lack of spirit. “The cowardice of doing wrong.
Milton.” “Moderation was despised as cowardice.
Macaulay.”

Cow´ard•ie (kou´erd•y), n. [OF. couardie.] Cowardice. [Obs.]

Cow´ard•ish, a. Cowardly. [Obs.] ´A base and a cowardish mind.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Cow´ard•ize (-z), v. t. To render cowardly. [Obs.] “God … cowardizeth … insolent spirits.
Bp. Hall.”

Cow´ard•li•ness (-l?-n?s), n. Cowardice.

Cow´ard•ly, a. 1. Wanting courage; basely or weakly timid or fearful; pusillanimous; spiritless. “The cowardly rascals that ran from the battle.
Shak.” 2. Proceeding from fear of danger or other consequences; befitting a coward; dastardly; base; as cowardly malignity. Macaulay. “The cowardly rashness of those who dare not look danger in the face.
Burke.” Syn. — Timid; fearful; timorous; dastardly; pusillanimous; recreant; craven; faint-hearted; chicken-hearted; white-livered.

Cow´ard•ly, adv. In the manner of a coward. Spenser.

Cow´ard•ship, n. Cowardice. [Obs.] Shak.

Cow´bane (kou´ban•), n. (Bot.) A poisonous umbelliferous plant; in England, the Cicuta virosa; in the United States, the Cicuta maculata and the Archemora rigida. See Water hemlock.

Cow´ber•ry (-ber•ry), n.; pl. Cowberries (- riz). (Bot.) A species of Vaccinium (V. Vitis-idaea), which bears acid red berries which are sometimes used in cookery; — locally called mountain cranberry.

Cow´bird (-berd•), n. (Zoöl.) The cow blackbird (Molothrus ater), an American starling. Like the European cuckoo, it builds no nest, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds; — so called because frequently associated with cattle.

Cow´blakes (-blaks•), n. pl. Dried cow dung used as fuel.[Prov. Eng.] Simmonds.

Cow´boy (-boi•), n. 1. A cattle herder; a drover; specifically, one of an adventurous class of herders and drovers on the plains of the Western and Southwestern United States. 2. One of the marauders who, in the Revolutionary War infested the neutral ground between the American and British lines, and committed depredations on the Americans.

Cow´catch•er (-k?ch•?r), n. A strong inclined frame, usually of wrought-iron bars, in front of a locomotive engine, for catching or throwing off obstructions on a railway, as cattle; the pilot. [U.S.]

Cow´die (kou´dy), n. (Bot.) See Kauri.

Cow´er (kou´er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cowered (kou´erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cowering.] [Cf. Icel. kera to doze, liequiet, Sw. kura, Dan. kure, G. kauern to cower, W. cwrian.] To stoop by bending the knees; to crouch; to squat; hence, to quail; to sink through fear. “Our dame sits cowering o’er a kitchen fire.
Dryden.” “Like falcons, cowering on the nest.
Goldsmith.”

Cow´er (kou´er), v. t. To cherish with care. [Obs.]

Cow´fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The grampus. (b) A California dolphin (Tursiops Gillii). (c) A marine plectognath fish (Ostracoin quadricorne, and allied species), having two projections, like horns, in front; — called also cuckold, coffer fish, trunkfish.

Cow´hage (kou´haj), n. [Cf. Hind. kaw&amc;nch, koanch.] (Bot.) A leguminous climbing plant of the genus Mucuna, having crooked pods covered with sharp hairs, which stick to the fingers, causing intolerable itching. The spiculae are sometimes used in medicine as a mechanical vermifuge. [Written also couhage, cowage, and cowitch.]

Cow´heart•ed (-h?rt•?d), a. Cowardly. “The Lady Powis … patted him with her fan, and called him a cowhearted fellow.
R. North.”

Cow´herd (-h?rd•), n. [AS. cuhyrde; cu cow + hyrde a herder.] One whose occupation is to tend cows.

Cow´hide (-h?d•), n. 1. The hide of a cow. 2. Leather made of the hide of a cow. 3. A coarse whip made of untanned leather.

Cow´hide, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowhided; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowhiding.] To flog with a cowhide.

Cow´ish (kou´ish), a. [From Cow, v. t.] Timorous; fearful; cowardly. [R.] Shak.

Cow´ish, n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum Cous) with edible tuberous roots, found in Oregon. [Written also cous.]

Cow´itch (kou´?ch; 224), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Cowl (koul), n. [AS. cuhle, cugle, cugele; cf. dial. G. kogel, gugel, OF. coule, goule; all fr. LL. cuculla, cucullus, fr. L. cucullus cap, hood; perh. akin to celare to conceal, cella cell. Cf. Cucullate.] 1. A monk’s hood; — usually attached to the gown. The name was also applied to the hood and garment together. “What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl?
Pope.” 2. A cowl-shaped cap, commonly turning with the wind, used to improve the draft of a chimney, ventilating shaft, etc. 3. A wire cap for the smokestack of a locomotive.

Cowl, n. [Cf. OF. cuvele, cuvel, dim. of F. cuve tub, vat, fr. L. cupa. See Cup.] A vessel carried on a pole between two persons, for conveyance of water. Johnson.

Cowled (kould), a. Wearing a cowl; hooded; as a cowled monk. ´That cowled churchman.´ Emerson.

Cow´leech (kou´l?ch•), n. [2d cow + leech a physician.] One who heals diseases of cows; a cow doctor.

Cow´leech•ing, n. Healing the distemper of cows.

Cow´lick (-l?k•), n. A tuft of hair turned up or awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow.

Cow´like (-l?k•), a. Resembling a cow. “With cowlike udders and with oxlike eyes.
Pope.”

Cowl´staff (koul´st?f•), n. [Cowl a vessel + staff.] A staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two persons. Suckling.

Co•work´er (k?•w?rk´?r), n. One who works with another; a coperator.

Cow´ pars•ley (kou• p?rs•l?). (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Chaerophyllum (C. temulum and C. sylvestre).

Cow´ pars•nip (-n?p). (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous weed of the genus Heracleum (H. sphondylium in England, and H. lanatum in America).

Cow´pea (-pe•), n. The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States.

Cow´per’s glands (kou´p?rz gl?ndz•). [After the discoverer, William Cowper, an English surgeon.] (Anat.) Two small glands discharging into the male urethra.

Cow´-pi•lot (kou´pi•lut), n. (Zoöl.) A handsomely banded, coral-reef fish, of Florida and the West Indies (Pomacentrus saxatilis); — called also mojarra.

Cow´pock (-pok•), n. See Cowpox. Dunglison.

Cow´pox (-poks•), n. (Med.) A pustular eruptive disease of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by vaccination, protects from the smallpox; vaccinia; — called also kinepox, cowpock, and kinepock. Dunglison.

Cow´quake (-kwak•), n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Briza); quaking grass.

Cow´rie (-ry), n. (Bot.) Same as Kauri. { Cow´rie Cow´ry } (kou´ry), n.; pl. Cowries (- riz). [Hind. kauri.] (Zoöl.) A marine shell of the genus Cypraea. There are numerous species, many of them ornamental. Formerly C. moneta and several other species were largely used as money in Africa and some other countries, and they are still so used to some extent. The value is always trifling, and varies at different places.

Cow´slip (-slip•), n. [AS. cuslyppe, cusloppe, prob. orig., cow’s droppings. Cf. Slop, n.] (Bot.) 1. A common flower in England (Primula veris) having yellow blossoms and appearing in early spring. It is often cultivated in the United States. 2. In the United States, the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), appearing in wet places in early spring and often used as a pot herb. It is nearer to a buttercup than to a true cowslip. See Illust. of Marsh marigold. American cowslip (Bot.), a pretty flower of the West (Dodecatheon Meadia), belonging to the same order (Primulaceae) with the English cowslip. — French cowslip (Bot.), bear’s-ear (Primula Auricula).

Cow´slipped (-slipt•), a. Adorned with cowslips. ´Cowslipped lawns.´ Keats.

Cow’s´ lung´wort (kouz´ l?ng´w?rt•). Mullein.

Cow´ tree (kou´ tr?•). [Cf. SP. palo de vaca.] (Bot.) A tree (Galactodendron utile or Brosimum Galactodendron) of South America, which yields, on incision, a nourishing fluid, resembling milk.

Cow´weed´ (-wEd•),, n. (Bot.) Same as Cow parsley.

Cow´wheat (-hw?t•), n. (Bot.) A weed of the genus Melampyrum, with black seeds, found on European wheatfields.

Cox (k?ks), n. [OE. cokes. Cf. Coax.] A coxcomb; a simpleton; a gull. [Obs.] “Go; you’re a brainless cox, a toy, a fop.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cox´a (k?ks´?), n. [L., the hip.] (Zoöl.) The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean. { Cox•al´gi•a (-?l´j?-?), Cox´al•gy (k?ks´?l•j?), } n. [NL. coxalgia, fr. L. coxa hip. + Gr. pain: cf. F. coxalgie.] (Med.) Pain in the hip.

Cox´comb (k?ks´k?m•), n. [A corrupted spelling of cock’s comb.] 1. (a) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licensed jesters formerly wore in their caps. (b) The cap itself. 2. The top of the head, or the head itself. “We will belabor you a little better,
And beat a little more care into your coxcombs.
Beau & Fl.” 3. A vain, showy fellow; a conceited, silly man, fond of display; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments; a fop. “Fond to be seen, she kept a bevy
Of powdered coxcombs at her levee.
Goldsmith.” “Some are bewildered in the maze of schools,
And some made coxcombs, nature meant but fools.
Pope.” 4. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of different genera, but particularly to Celosia cristata, or garden cockscomb. Same as Cockscomb.

Cox•comb´ic•al (k?ks-k?m´?-kal), a. Befitting or indicating a coxcomb; like a coxcomb; foppish; conceited. — Cox•comb´ic•al•ly, adv. “Studded all over in coxcombical fashion with little brass nails.
W. Irving.”

Cox´comb´ly (k?ks´k?m•l?), a. like a coxcomb. [Obs.] ´You coxcombly ass, you!´ Beau. & Fl.

Cox´comb•ry (-r?), n. The manners of a coxcomb; foppishness.

Cox•com´ic•al (k?ks-k?m´?-kal), a. Coxcombical. [R.]

Cox•com´ic•al•ly, adv. Conceitedly. [R.]

Cox´swain (k?k´sw?n, Colloq. k?k´s’n), n. See Cockswain.

Coy (koi), a. [OE. coi quiet, still, OF. coi, coit, fr.L. quietus quiet, p. p. of quiescere to rest, quie rest; prob. akin to E. while. See While, and cf. Quiet, Quit, Quite.] 1. Quiet; still. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; reserved; bashful; shy; modest; — usually applied to women, sometimes with an implication of coquetry. “Coy, and difficult to win.
Cowper.” “Coy and furtive graces.
W. Irving.” “Nor the coy maid, half willings to be pressed,
Shall kiss the cup, to pass it to the rest.
Goldsmith.” 3. Soft; gentle; hesitating. “Enforced hate,
Instead of love’s coy touch, shall rudely tear thee.
Shak.” Syn. — Shy; shriking; reserved; modest; bashful; backward; distant.

Coy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coyed (koid); p. pr. & vb. n. Coying.] 1. To allure; to entice; to decoy. [Obs.] “A wiser generation, who have the art to coy the fonder sort into their nets.
Bp. Rainbow.” 2. To caress with the hand; to stroke. “Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed,
While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.
Shak.”

Coy, v. i. 1. To behave with reserve or coyness; to shrink from approach or familiarity. [Obs.] “Thus to coy it,
With one who knows you too!
Rowe.” 2. To make difficulty; to be unwilling. [Obs.] “If he coyed
To hear Cominius speak, I ’ll keep at home.
Shak.”

Coy´ish, a. Somewhat coy or reserved. Warner.

Coy´ly, adv. In a coy manner; with reserve.

Coy´ness, n. The quality of being coy; feigned or bashful unwillingness to become familiar; reserve. “When the kind nymph would coyness feign,
And hides but to be found again.
Dryden.” Syn. — Reserve; shrinking; shyness; backwardness; modesty; bashfulness.

Coy´o•te (k?´?-t? or k?´?t), n. [Spanish Amer., fr. Mexican coyotl.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal (Canis latrans), allied to the dog, found in the western part of North America; — called also prairie wolf. Its voice is a snapping bark, followed by a prolonged, shrill howl.

Coy´pu (koi´p??), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American rodent (Myopotamus coypus), allied to the beaver. It produces a valuable fur called nutria. [Written also coypou.]

Coys´trel (kois´trel), n. Same as Coistril.

Coz (kuz), n. A contraction of cousin. Shak.

Coz´en (k?z´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cozened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cozening (-’n-?ng). ] [From cousin, hence, literally, to deceive through pretext of relationship, F. cousiner.] To cheat; to defraud; to beguile; to deceive, usually by small arts, or in a pitiful way. “He had cozened the world by fine phrases.
Macaulay.” “Children may be cozened into a knowledge of the letters.
Locke.” “Goring loved no man so well but that he would cozen him,
and expose him to public mirth for having been cozened.
Clarendon.”

Coz´en, v. i. To deceive; to cheat; to act deceitfully. “Some cogging, cozening slave.
Shak.”

Coz´en•age (-aj), n. [See Cozen, and cf. Cousinage.] The art or practice of cozening; artifice; fraud. Shak.

Coz´en•er (k?z´’n-?r), n. One who cheats or defrauds.

Co•zier (k?´zh?r), n. See Cosier.

Co´zi•ly (k?´z?-l?), adv. Snugly; comfortably.

Co´zi•ness, n. The state or quality of being cozy.

Co´zy (k?´z?), a. [Compar. Cozier (-z?-?r); superl. Coziest.] [Cf. Scot. cosie, cozie, prob. from Gael. cosach abounding in hollows, or cosagach full of holes or crevices, snug, sheltered, from cos a hollow, a crevice.] 1. Snug; comfortable; easy; contented. [Written also cosey and cosy.] 2. [Cf. F. causer to chat, talk.] Chatty; talkative; sociable; familiar. [Eng.]

Co´zy, n. [See Cozy,a.] A wadded covering for a teakettle or other vessel to keep the contents hot.

Crab (krab), n. [AS. crabba; akin to D. krab, G. krabbe, krebs, Icel. krabbi, Sw. krabba, Dan. krabbe, and perh. to E. cramp. Cf. Crawfish.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the brachyuran Crustacea. They are mostly marine, and usually have a broad, short body, covered with a strong shell or carapace. The abdomen is small and curled up beneath the body. The name is applied to all the Brachyura, and to certain Anomura, as the hermit crabs. Formerly, it was sometimes applied to Crustacea in general. Many species are edible, the blue crab of the Atlantic coast being one of the most esteemed. The large European edible crab is Cancer padurus. Soft-shelled crabs are blue crabs that have recently cast their shells. See Cancer; also Box crab, Fiddler crab, Hermit crab, Spider crab, etc., under Box, Fiddler. etc. 2. The zodiacal constellation Cancer. 3. [See Crab, a.] (Bot.) A crab apple; — so named from its harsh taste. “When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
Then nightly sings the staring owl.
Shak.” 4. A cudgel made of the wood of the crab tree; a crabstick. [Obs.] Garrick. 5. (Mech.) (a) A movable winch or windlass with powerful gearing, used with derricks, etc. (b) A form of windlass, or geared capstan, for hauling ships into dock, etc. (c) A machine used in ropewalks to stretch the yarn. (d) A claw for anchoring a portable machine. Calling crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler., n., 2. — Crab apple, a small, sour apple, of several kinds; also the tree which bears it; as the European crab apple (Pyrus Malus var. sylvestris); the Siberian crab apple (Pyrus baccata); and the American (Pyrus coronaria). — Crab grass. (Bot.) (a) A grass (Digitaria, or Panicum, sanguinalis); — called also finger grass. (b) A grass of the genus Eleusine (E. Indica); — called also dog’s-tail grass, wire grass, etc. — Crab louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Phthirius pubis), sometimes infesting the human body. — Crab plover (Zoöl.), an Asiatic plover (Dromas ardeola). — Crab’s eyes, or Crab’s stones, masses of calcareous matter found, at certain seasons of the year, on either side of the stomach of the European crawfishes, and formerly used in medicine for absorbent and antacid purposes; the gastroliths. — Crab spider (Zoöl.), one of a group of spiders (Laterigradae); — called because they can run backwards or sideways like a crab. — Crab tree, the tree that bears crab applies. — Crab wood, a light cabinet wood obtained in Guiana, which takes a high polish. McElrath. — To catch a crab (Naut.), a phrase used of a rower: (a) when he fails to raise his oar clear of the water; (b) when he misses the water altogether in making a stroke.

Crab (krab), v. t. 1. To make sour or morose; to embitter. [Obs.] “Sickness sours or crabs our nature.
Glanvill.” 2. To beat with a crabstick. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Crab, v. i. (Naut.)To drift sidewise or to leeward, as a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Crab, a. [Prob. from the same root as crab, n.] Sour; rough; austere. “The crab vintage of the neighb’ring coast.
Dryden.”

Crab´bed (kr?b´b?d), a. [See Crab,n.] 1. Characterized by or manifesting, sourness, peevishness, or moroseness; harsh; cross; cynical; — applied to feelings, disposition, or manners. “Crabbed age and youth can not live together.
Shak.” 2. Characterized by harshness or roughness; unpleasant; — applied to things; as a crabbed taste. 3. Obscure; difficult; perplexing; trying; as a crabbed author. ´Crabbed eloquence.´ Chaucer. “How charming is divine philosophy!
Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose.
Milton.” 4. Cramped; irregular; as crabbed handwriting. — Crab´bed•ly, adv. — Crab´bed•ness, n.

Crab´ber (kr?b´b?r), n. One who catches crabs.

Crab´bing, n. 1. The act or art of catching crabs. 2. (Falconry) The fighting of hawks with each other. 3. (Woolen Manuf.) A process of scouring cloth between rolls in a machine.

Crab´bish (krab´bish), a. Somewhat sour or cross. “The whips of the most crabbish Satyristes.
Decker.”

Crab´by (-by), a. Crabbed; difficult, or perplexing. ´Persius is crabby, because ancient.´ Marston.

Crab´eat•er (krab´et•er), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cobia. (b) An etheostomoid fish of the southern United States (Hadropterus nigrofasciatus). (c) A small European heron (Ardea minuta, and other allied species).

Cra´ber (kra´ber), n. (Zoöl.) The water rat. Walton.

Crab´faced (krab´fast•), a. Having a sour, disagreeable countenance. Beau. & Fl.

Crab´si•dle (-si•d’l), v. i. To move sidewise, as a crab. [Jocular]. Southey.

Crab´stick (-stik•), n. A stick, cane, or cudgel, made of the wood of the crab tree.

Crab´ tree (tre•). See under Crab.

Crab´-yaws (kr?b´y?z•), n. (Med.) A disease in the West Indies. It is a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet, with very hard edges. See Yaws. Dunglison.

Crache (krach), v. To scratch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Crack (krak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cracked (krakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cracking.] [OE. cracken, craken, to crack, break, boast, AS. cracian, cearcian, to crack; akin to D. kraken, G. krachen; cf. Skr. garj to rattle, or perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crake, Cracknel, Creak.] 1. To break or burst, with or without entire separation of the parts; as to crack glass; to crack nuts. 2. To rend with grief or pain; to affect deeply with sorrow; hence, to disorder; to distract; to craze. “O, madam, my old heart is cracked.
Shak.” “He thought none poets till their brains were cracked.
Roscommon.” 3. To cause to sound suddenly and sharply; to snap; as to crack a whip. 4. To utter smartly and sententiously; as to crack a joke. B. Jonson. 5. To cry up; to extol; — followed by up. [Low] To crack a bottle, to open the bottle and drink its contents. — To crack a crib, to commit burglary. [Slang] — To crack on, to put on; as to crack on more sail, or more steam. [Colloq.]

Crack, v. i. 1. To burst or open in chinks; to break, with or without quite separating into parts. “By misfortune it cracked in the coling.
Boyle.” “The mirror cracked from side to side.
Tennyson.” 2. To be ruined or impaired; to fail. [Collog.] “The credit … of exchequers cracks, when little comes in and much goes out.
Dryden.” 3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. “As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack.
Shak.” 4. To utter vain, pompous words; to brag; to boast; — with of. [Archaic.] “Ethoipes of their sweet complexion crack.
Shak.”

Crack, n. 1. A partial separation of parts, with or without a perceptible opening; a chink or fissure; a narrow breach; a crevice; as a crack in timber, or in a wall, or in glass. 2. Rupture; flaw; breach, in a moral sense. “My love to thee is sound, sans crack or flaw.
Shak.” 3. A sharp, sudden sound or report; the sound of anything suddenly burst or broken; as the crack of a falling house; the crack of thunder; the crack of a whip. “Will the stretch out to the crack of doom?
Shak.” 4. The tone of voice when changed at puberty. “Though now our voices
Have got the mannish crack.
Shak.” 5. Mental flaw; a touch of craziness; partial insanity; as he has a crack. 6. A crazy or crack-brained person. [Obs.] “I … can not get the Parliament to listen to me, who look upon me as a crack and a projector.
Addison.” 7. A boast; boasting. [Obs.] ´Crack and brags.´ Burton. ´Vainglorius cracks.´ Spenser. 8. Breach of chastity. [Obs.] Shak. 9. A boy, generally a pert, lively boy. [Obs.] “Val. ’T is a noble child. Vir. A crack, madam.
Shak.” 10. A brief time; an instant; as to be with one in a crack. [Eng. & Scot. Colloq.] 11. Free conversation; friendly chat. [Scot.] “What is crack in English? … A crack is … a chat with a good, kindly human heart in it.
P. P. Alexander.”

Crack, a. Of superior excellence; having qualities to be boasted of. [Colloq.] “One of our crack speakers in the Commons.
Dickens.”

Crack´-brained (-brand•), a. Having an impaired intellect; whimsical; crazy. Pope.

Cracked (krakt), a. 1. Coarsely ground or broken; as cracked wheat. 2. Crack-brained. [Colloq.]

Crack´er (krak´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks. 2. A noisy boaster; a swaggering fellow. [Obs.] “What cracker is this same that deafs our ears?
Shak.” 3. A small firework, consisting of a little powder inclosed in a thick paper cylinder with a fuse, and exploding with a sharp noise; — often called firecracker. 4. A thin, dry biscuit, often hard or crisp; as a Boston cracker; a Graham cracker; a soda cracker; an oyster cracker. 5. A nickname to designate a poor white in some parts of the Southern United States. Bartlett. 6. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck. 7. pl. (Mach.) A pair of fluted rolls for grinding caoutchouc. Knight.

Crac´kle (krak´k’l), v. i. [Dim. of crack.] To make slight cracks; to make small, sharp, sudden noises, rapidly or frequently repeated; to crepitate; as burning thorns crackle. “The unknown ice that crackles underneath them.
Dryden.”

Crac´kle, n. 1. The noise of slight and frequent cracks or reports; a crackling. “The crackle of fireworks.
Carlyle.” 2. (Med.) A kind of crackling sound or râle, heard in some abnormal states of the lungs; as dry crackle; moist crackle. Quain. 3. (Fine Arts) A condition produced in certain porcelain, fine earthenware, or glass, in which the glaze or enamel appears to be cracked in all directions, making a sort of reticulated surface; as Chinese crackle; Bohemian crackle.

Crac´kled (-k’ld), a. (Fine Arts) Covered with minute cracks in the glaze; — said of some kinds of porcelain and fine earthenware.

Crac´kle•ware (-w?r•), n. See Crackle, n., 3.

Crac´kling (kr?k´kl?ng), n. 1. The making of small, sharp cracks or reports, frequently repeated. “As the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool.
Eccl. vii. 6.” 2. The well-browned, crisp rind of roasted pork. “For the first time in his life he tested crackling.
Lamb.” 3. pl. Food for dogs, made from the refuse of tallow melting.

Crack´nel (kr?k´n?l), n. [F. craquelin, fr. D. krakeling, fr. krakken to crack. See Crack, v. t.] A hard brittle cake or biscuit. Spenser.

Cracks´man (kr?ks´man), n., pl. Cracksmen (-men). A burglar. [Slang]

Cra•co´vi•an (kr?-k?´v?-an), a. Of or pertaining to Cracow in Poland.

Cra•co•vi•enne´ (kr?-k?•v?-?n´), n. [F., fr. Cracow, the city.] (Mus.) A lively Polish dance, in 2-4 time.

Cra´cowes (kr?´k?z), n. pl. Long-toed boots or shoes formerly worn in many parts of Europe; — so called from Cracow, in Poland, where they were first worn in the fourteenth century. Fairholt.

Cra´dle (krad’l), n. [AS. cradel, cradol, prob. from Celtic; cf. Gael. creathall, Ir. craidhal, W. cryd a shaking or rocking, a cradle; perh. akin to E. crate.] 1. A bed or cot for a baby, oscillating on rockers or swinging on pivots; hence, the place of origin, or in which anything is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of existence; as a cradle of crime; the cradle of liberty. “The cradle that received thee at thy birth.
Cowper.” “No sooner was I crept out of my cradle
But I was made a king, at nine months old.
Shak.” 2. Infancy, or very early life. “From their cradles bred together.
Shak.” “A form of worship in which they had been educated from their cradles.
Clarendon.” 3. (Agric.) An implement consisting of a broad scythe for cutting grain, with a set of long fingers parallel to the scythe, designed to receive the grain, and to lay it evenly in a swath. 4. (Engraving) A tool used in mezzotint engraving, which, by a rocking motion, raises burrs on the surface of the plate, so preparing the ground. 5. A framework of timbers, or iron bars, moving upon ways or rollers, used to support, lift, or carry ships or other vessels, heavy guns, etc., as up an inclined plane, or across a strip of land, or in launching a ship. 6. (Med.) (a) A case for a broken or dislocated limb. (b) A frame to keep the bedclothes from contact with the person. 7. (Mining) (a) A machine on rockers, used in washing out auriferous earth; — also called a rocker. [U.S.] (b) A suspended scaffold used in shafts. 8. (Carp.) The ribbing for vaulted ceilings and arches intended to be covered with plaster. Knight. 9. (Naut.) The basket or apparatus in which, when a line has been made fast to a wrecked ship from the shore, the people are brought off from the wreck. Cat’s cradle. See under Cat. — Cradle hole, a sunken place in a road, caused by thawing, or by travel over a soft spot. — Cradle scythe, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain.

Cra´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cradled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cradling (-dl?ng).] 1. To lay to rest, or rock, as in a cradle; to lull or quiet, as by rocking. “It cradles their fears to sleep.
D. A. Clark.” 2. To nurse or train in infancy. “He that hath been cradled in majesty will not leave the throne to play with beggars.
Glanvill.” 3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain. 4. To transport a vessel by means of a cradle. “In Lombardy … boats are cradled and transported over the grade.
Knight.” To cradle a picture, to put ribs across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from warping.

Cra´dle, v. i. To lie or lodge, as in a cradle. “Withered roots and husks wherein the acorn cradled.
Shak.”

Cra´dling (-dl?ng), n. 1. The act of using a cradle. 2. (Coopering) Cutting a cask into two pieces lengthwise, to enable it to pass a narrow place, the two parts being afterward united and rehooped. 3. (Carp.) The framework in arched or coved ceilings to which the laths are nailed. Knight.

Craft (kraft), n. [AS. craeft strength, skill, art, cunning; akin to OS., G., Sw., & Dan. kraft strength, D. kracht, Icel. kraptr; perh. originally, a drawing together, stretching, from the root of E. cramp.] 1. Strength; might; secret power. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Art or skill; dexterity in particular manual employment; hence, the occupation or employment itself; manual art; a trade. “Ye know that by this craft we have our wealth.
Acts xix. 25.” “A poem is the work of the poet; poesy is his skill or craft of making.
B. Jonson.” “Since the birth of time, throughout all ages and nations,
Has the craft of the smith been held in repute.
Longfellow.” 3. Those engaged in any trade, taken collectively; a guild; as the craft of ironmongers. “The control of trade passed from the merchant guilds to the new craft guilds.
J. R. Green.” 4. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense, or applied to bad purposes; artifice; guile; skill or dexterity employed to effect purposes by deceit or shrewd devices. “You have that crooked wisdom which is called craft.
Hobbes.” “The chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death.
Mark xiv. 1.” 5. (Naut.) A vessel; vessels of any kind; — generally used in a collective sense. “The evolutions of the numerous tiny craft moving over the lake.
Prof. Wilson.” Small crafts, small vessels, as sloops, schooners, ets.

Craft, v. t. To play tricks; to practice artifice. [Obs.] “You have crafted fair.
Shak.”

crafter n. a creator of great skill in the manual arts.
Syn. — craftsman.
[WordNet 1.5]

Craft´i•ly (-?-l?), adv. [See Crafty.] With craft; artfully; cunningly.

Craft´i•ness (kr?ft´?-n?s), n. Dexterity in devising and effecting a purpose; cunning; artifice; stratagem. “He taketh the wise in their own craftiness.
Job. v. 13.”

Craft´less (-l?s), a. Without craft or cunning. “Helpless, craftless, and innocent people.
Jer. Taylor.”

Crafts´man (kr?fts´man), n.; pl. Craftsmen (-men). One skilled in some trade or manual occupation; an artificer; a mechanic.

Crafts´man•ship, n. The work of a craftsman.

Crafts´mas•ter (-m?s•t?r), n. One skilled in his craft or trade; one of superior cunning. “In cunning persuasion his craftsmaster.
Holland.”

Craft´y (kr?ft´?), a. [AS. crftig.] 1. Relating to, or characterized by, craft or skill; dexterous. [Obs.] ´Crafty work.´ Piers Plowman. 2. Possessing dexterity; skilled; skillful. “A noble crafty man of trees.
Wyclif.” 3. Skillful at deceiving others; characterized by craft; cunning; wily. ´A pair of crafty knaves.´ Shak. “With anxious care and crafty wiles.
J. Baillie.” Syn. — Skillful; dexterous; cunning; artful; wily; sly; fraudulent; deceitful; subtle; shrewd. See Cunning.

Crag (krag), n. [W. craig; akin to Gael. creag, Corn. karak, Armor. karrek.] 1. A steep, rugged rock; a rough, broken cliff, or point of a rock, on a ledge. “From crag to crag the signal flew.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. (Geol.) A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the Tertiary age.

Crag, n. [A form of craw: cf. D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen. See Craw.] 1. The neck or throat [Obs.] “And bear the crag so stiff and so state.
Spenser.” 2. The neck piece or scrag of mutton. Johnson.

Crag´ged (-ged), a. Full of crags, or steep, broken rocks; abounding with prominences, points, and inequalities; rough; rugged. “Into its cragged rents descend.
J. Baillie.”

Crag´ged•ness, n. The quality or state of being cragged; cragginess.

Crag´gi•ness (-g?-n?s), n. The state of being craggy.

Crag´gy (krag´gy), a. Full of crags; rugged with projecting points of rocks; as the craggy side of a mountain. ´The craggy ledge.´ Tennyson.

Crags´man (kragz´man), n.; pl. Cragsmen (- men). One accustomed to climb rocks or crags; esp., one who makes a business of climbing the cliffs overhanging the sea to get the eggs of sea birds or the birds themselves.

Craie (kra), n. See Crare. [Obs.]

Craig´ floun•der (krag´ floun•der). [Scot. craig a rock. See 1st Crag.] (Zoöl.) The pole flounder.

Crail (kral), n. [See Creel.] A creel or osier basket.

Crake (krak), v. t. & i. [See Crack.] 1. To cry out harshly and loudly, like the bird called crake. 2. To boast; to speak loudly and boastfully. [Obs.] “Each man may crake of that which was his own.
Mir. for Mag.”

Crake, n. A boast. See Crack, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Crake, n. [Cf. Icel. kraka crow, krakr raven, Sw. kråka, Dan. krage; perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crow.] (Zoöl.) Any species or rail of the genera Crex and Porzana; — so called from its singular cry. See Corncrake.

Crake´ber•ry (-b?r•r?), n. (Bot.) See Crowberry.

Crak´er (kr?k´?r), n. One who boasts; a braggart. [Obs.] Old Play.

Cram (kram), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crammed (kramd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramming.] [AS. crammian to cram; akin to Icel. kremja to squeeze, bruise, Sw. krama to press. Cf. Cramp.] 1. To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity; as to cram anything into a basket; to cram a room with people. “Their storehouses crammed with grain.
Shak.” “He will cram his brass down our throats.
Swift.” 2. To fill with food to satiety; to stuff. “Children would be freer from disease if they were not crammed so much as they are by fond mothers.
Locke.” “Cram us with praise, and make us
As fat as tame things.
Shak.” 3. To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination; as a pupil is crammed by his tutor.

Cram, v. i. 1. To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff. “Gluttony … .
Crams, and blasphemes his feeder.
Milton.” 2. To make crude preparation for a special occasion, as an examination, by a hasty and extensive course of memorizing or study. [Colloq.]

Cram, n. 1. The act of cramming. 2. Information hastily memorized; as a cram from an examination. [Colloq.] 3. (Weaving) A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed.

Cram´bo (-bo), n. [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.] 1. A game in which one person gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme. “I saw in one corner … a cluster of men and women, diverting themselves with a game at crambo. I heard several double rhymes … which raised a great deal of mirth.
Addison.” 2. A word rhyming with another word. “His similes in order set
And every crambo he could get.
Swift.” Dumb crambo, a game in which one party of players give a word which rhymes with another, which last to be guessed by the opposing party, who represent in dumb show what they think it to be.

Cram´mer (kram´mer), n. One who crams; esp., one who prepares a pupil hastily for an examination, or a pupil who is thus prepared. Dickens. { Cra•moi´sie Cra•moi´sy} (kr?-moi´z?), a. [F. cramoisi crimson. See Crimson.] Crimson. [Obs.] “A splendid seignior, magnificent in cramoisy velevet.
Motley.”

Cramp (kramp), n. [OE. crampe, craumpe; akin to D. & Sw. kramp, Dan. krampe, G. krampf (whence F. crampe), Icel. krappr strait, narrow, and to E. crimp, crumple; cf. cram. See Grape.] 1. That which confines or contracts; a restraint; a shackle; a hindrance. “A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great mind.
L’Estrange.” “Crippling his pleasures with the cramp of fear.
Cowper.” 2. (Masonry) A device, usually of iron bent at the ends, used to hold together blocks of stone, timbers, etc.; a cramp iron. 3. (Carp.) A rectangular frame, with a tightening screw, used for compressing the joints of framework, etc. 4. A piece of wood having a curve corresponding to that of the upper part of the instep, on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched to give it the requisite shape. 5. (Med.) A spasmodic and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, as of the leg. “The cramp, divers nights, gripeth him in his legs.
Sir T. More.” Cramp bone, the patella of a sheep; — formerly used as a charm for the cramp. Halliwell. ´He could turn cramp bones into chess men.´ Dickens. — Cramp ring, a ring formerly supposed to have virtue in averting or curing cramp, as having been consecrated by one of the kings of England on Good Friday.

Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cramped (krmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramping.] 1. To compress; to restrain from free action; to confine and contract; to hinder. “The mind my be as much cramped by too much knowledge as by ignorance.
Layard.” 2. To fasten or hold with, or as with, a cramp. 3. Hence, to bind together; to unite. “The … fabric of universal justic is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts.
Burke.” 4. To form on a cramp; as to cramp boot legs. 5. To afflict with cramp. “When the gout cramps my joints.
Ford.” To cramp the wheels of wagon, to turn the front wheels out of line with the hind wheels, so that one of them shall be against the body of the wagon.

Cramp, a. [See Cramp, n.] Knotty; difficult. [R.] “Care being taken not to add any of the cramp reasons for this opinion.
Coleridge.”

Cram´pet (kr?m´p?t), n. [See Cramp,n.] (Mil.) A cramp iron or cramp ring; a chape, as of a scabbard. [Written also crampit and crampette.]

Cramp´fish (kr?mp´f?sh•), n. (Zoöl.) The torpedo, or electric ray, the touch of which gives an electric shock. See Electric fish, and Torpedo.

Cramp´ i•ron (?•rn). See Cramp, n., 2.

Cram´pit (kram´pit), n. (Mil.) See Crampet.

Cram´pon (kram´pon), n. [F. See Crampoons.] (Bot.) An aërial rootlet for support in climbing, as of ivy.

Cram•po•nee´ (kram•p?-n?´), a. [F. cramponne. See Crampoons.] (Her.) Having a cramp or square piece at the end; — said of a cross so furnished.

Cram•poons´ (kram•poonz´), n. pl. [F. crampon, fr. OHG. chramph crooked; akin to G. krampf cramp. See Cramp,n., and cf. Crampon.] 1. A clutch formed of hooked pieces of iron, like double calipers, for raising stones, lumber, blocks of ice, etc. 2. Iron instruments with sharp points, worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping a foothold.

Cramp´y (kramp´y), 1. Affected with cramp. 2. Productive of, or abounding in, cramps. ´This crampy country.´ Howitt. { Cran (kran), Crane (kran) }, n. [Scot., fr. Gael. crann.] A measure for fresh herrings, — as many as will fill a barrel. [Scot.] H. Miller.

Cran´age (kran´aj), n. [See Crane.] 1. The liberty of using a crane, as for loading and unloading vessels. 2. The money or price paid for the use of a crane.

Cran´ber•ry (kran´ber•ry), n.; pl. Cranberries (- riz). [So named from its fruit being ripe in the spring when the cranes return. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) A red, acid berry, much used for making sauce, etc.; also the plant producing it (several species of Vaccinum or Oxycoccus.) The high cranberry or cranberry tree is a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), and the other is sometimes called low cranberry or marsh cranberry to distinguish it.

Cranch (kr?nch), v. t. See Craunch.

Crane (kran), n. [AS. cran; akin to D. & LG. craan, G. kranich, krahn (this in sense 2), Gr. ge•ranos, L. grus, W. & Armor. garan, OSlav. zeravi, Lith. gerve, Icel. trani, Sw. trana, Dan. trane. rad.24. Cf. Geranium.] 1. (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Grus, and allied genera, of various species, having a long, straight bill, and long legs and neck. The common European crane is Grus cinerea. The sand-hill crane (G. Mexicana) and the whooping crane (G. Americana) are large American species. The Balearic or crowned crane is Balearica pavonina. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to the herons and cormorants. 2. A machine for raising and lowering heavy weights, and, while holding them suspended, transporting them through a limited lateral distance. In one form it consists of a projecting arm or jib of timber or iron, a rotating post or base, and the necessary tackle, windlass, etc.; — so called from a fancied similarity between its arm and the neck of a crane See Illust. of Derrick. 3. An iron arm with horizontal motion, attached to the side or back of a fireplace, for supporting kettles, etc., over a fire. 4. A siphon, or bent pipe, for drawing liquors out of a cask. 5. (Naut.) A forked post or projecting bracket to support spars, etc., — generally used in pairs. See Crotch, 2. Crane fly (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect with long legs, of the genus Tipula. — Derrick crane. See Derrick. — Gigantic crane. (Zoöl.) See Adjutant, n., 3. — Traveling crane, Traveler crane, Traversing crane (Mach.), a crane mounted on wheels; esp., an overhead crane consisting of a crab or other hoisting apparatus traveling on rails or beams fixed overhead, as in a machine shop or foundry. — Water crane, a kind of hydrant with a long swinging spout, for filling locomotive tenders, water carts, etc., with water.

Crane (kran), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craned (krand); p. pr. & vb. n. Craning.] 1. To cause to rise; to raise or lift, as by a crane; — with up. [R.] “What engines, what instruments are used in craning up a soul, sunk below the center, to the highest heavens.
Bates.” “An upstart craned up to the height he has.
Massinger.” 2. To stretch, as a crane stretches its neck; as to crane the neck disdainfully. G. Eliot.

crane, v. i. to reach forward with head and neck, in order to see better; as a hunter cranes forward before taking a leap. Beaconsfield. Thackeray. “The passengers eagerly craning forward over the bulwarks.
Howells.”

Crane’s´-bill (kr?nz´b?l•), n. 1. (Bot.) The geranium; — so named from the long axis of the fruit, which resembles the beak of a crane. Dr. Prior. 2. (Surg.) A pair of long-beaked forceps.

Crang (kr?ng), n. See Krang.

Cra´ni•a (kr?´n?-?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of living Brachiopoda; — so called from its fancied resemblance to the cranium or skull.

Cra´ni•al (kr?´n?-a]/>l), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cranium.

Cra´ni•o•clasm (kr?´n?-?-kl?z’m), n. [Cranium + Gr. to break.] (Med.) The crushing of a child’s head, as with the cranioclast or craniotomy forceps in cases of very difficult delivery. Dunglison.

Cra´ni•o•clast (-kl?st), n. (Med.) An instrument for crushing the head of a fetus, to facilitate delivery in difficult eases.

Cra•ni•o•fa´cial (-f?´shal), a. Of or pertaining to the cranium and face; as the craniofacial angle.

Cra•ni•og´no•my (-?g´n?-m?), n. [Cranium + Gr. , . to know.] The science of the form and characteristics of the skull. [R.]

Cra•ni•o•log´ic•al (-?-l?j´?-kal), a. Of or pertaining to craniology.

Cra•ni•ol´o•gist (-?l´?-j?st), n. One proficient in craniology; a phrenologist.

Cra•ni•ol´o•gy (-j?), n. [Cranium + -logy.] The department of science (as of ethnology or archaeology) which deals with the shape, size, proportions, indications, etc., of skulls; the study of skulls.

Cra•ni•om´e•ter (kr?•n?-?m´?-t?r), n. [Cranium + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the size of skulls. { Cra•ni•o•met´ric (-?-m?t´r?k), Cra•ni•o•met´ric•al (-r?-kal), } a. Pertaining to craniometry.

Cra•ni•om´e•try (kr?•n?-?m´?-tr?), n. The art or act of measuring skulls.

Cra•ni•os´co•pist (kr?•n?-?s´k?-p?st), n. One skilled in, or who practices, cranioscopy. “It was found of equal dimension in a literary man whose skull puzzied the cranioscopists.
Coleridge.”

Cra•ni•os´co•py (-p?), n. [Cranium + -scopy.] Scientific examination of the cranium.

Cra•ni•o´ta (kr?•n?-?t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. cranium.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of the Vertebrata, including all those that have a skull.

Cra•ni•ot´o•my (kr?•n?-?t´?-m?), n. [Cranium + Gr. to cut off.] (Med.) The operation of opening the fetal head, in order to effect delivery.

Cra´ni•um (kr?´n?-?m), n.; pl. E. Craniums (-mz), L. Crania (-). [NL., fr. Gr. ; akin to ka•ra head.] The skull of an animal; especially, that part of the skull, either cartilaginous or bony, which immediately incloses the brain; the brain case or brainpan. See Skull.

Crank (kr?nk), n. [OE. cranke; akin to E. cringe, cringle, crinkle, and to crank, a., the root meaning, probably, ´to turn, twist.´ See Cringe.] 1. (Mach.) A bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. See Bell crank. 2. Any bend, turn, or winding, as of a passage. “So many turning cranks these have, so many crooks.
Spenser.” 3. A twist or turn in speech; a conceit consisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word. “Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles.
Milton.” 4. A twist or turn of the mind; caprice; whim; crotchet; also a fit of temper or passion. [Prov. Eng.] “Violent of temper; subject to sudden cranks.
Carlyle.” 5. A person full of crotchets; one given to fantastic or impracticable projects; one whose judgment is perverted in respect to a particular matter. [Colloq.] 6. A sick person; an invalid. [Obs.] “Thou art a counterfeit crank, a cheater.
Burton.” Crank axle (Mach.), a driving axle formed with a crank or cranks, as in some kinds of locomotives. — Crank pin (Mach.), the cylindrical piece which forms the handle, or to which the connecting rod is attached, at the end of a crank, or between the arms of a double crank. — Crank shaft, a shaft bent into a crank, or having a crank fastened to it, by which it drives or is driven. — Crank wheel, a wheel acting as a crank, or having a wrist to which a connecting rod is attached.

Crank (kr?nk), a. [AS. cranc weak ; akin to Icel. krangr, D. & G. krank sick, weak (cf. D. krengen to careen). Cf. Crank, n.] 1. Sick; infirm. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Naut.) Liable to careen or be overset, as a ship when she is too narrow, or has not sufficient ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail. 3. Full of spirit; brisk; lively; sprightly; overconfident; opinionated. “He who was a little before, bedrid, … was now crank and lusty.
Udall.” “If you strong electioners did not think you were among the elect, you would not be so crank about it.
Mrs. Stowe.”

Crank, v. i. [See Crank, n.] To run with a winding course; to double; to crook; to wind and turn. “See how this river comes me cranking in.
Shak.”

Crank´bird (-b?rd•), n. (Zoöl.) A small European woodpecker (Picus minor).

Cranked (kr?nkt), a. Formed with, or having, a bend or crank; as a cranked axle.

Crank´i•ness (kr?nk´?-n?s), n. Crankness. Lowell.

Cran´kle (kr?n´k’l), v. t. [Cf. Crinkle.] To break into bends, turns, or angles; to crinkle. “Old Veg’s stream … drew her humid train aslope,
Crankling her banks.
J. Philips.”

Cran´kle, v. i. To bend, turn, or wind. “Along the crankling path.
Drayton.”

Cran´kle, n. A bend or turn; a twist; a crinkle.

Crank´ness (kr?nk´n?s), n. 1. (Naut.) Liability to be overset; - - said of a ship or other vessel. 2. Sprightliness; vigor; health.

Crank´y (-?), a. 1. Full of spirit; crank. 2. Addicted to crotchets and whims; unreasonable in opinions; crotchety. [Colloq.] 3. Unsteady; easy to upset; crank.

Cran´nied (kr?n´n?d), a. Having crannies, chinks, or fissures; as a crannied wall. Tennyson. { Cran´nog (kr?n´n?g), Cran´noge (kr?n´n?j) }, n. [From Celtic; cf. Gael. crann a tree.] One of the stockaded islands in Scotland and Ireland which in ancient times were numerous in the lakes of both countries. They may be regarded as the very latest class of prehistoric strongholds, reaching their greatest development in early historic times, and surviving through the Middle Ages. See also Lake dwellings, under Lake. Encyc. Brit.

Cran´ny (kran´ny), n.; pl. Crannies (- niz). [F. cran notch, prob. from L. crena (a doubful word).] 1. A small, narrow opening, fissure, crevice, or chink, as in a wall, or other substance. “In a firm building, the cavities ought not to be filled with rubbish, but with brick or stone fitted to the crannies.
Dryden.” “He peeped into every cranny.
Arbuthnot.” 2. (Glass Making) A tool for forming the necks of bottles, etc.

Cran´ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crannied (-n?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crannying.] 1. To crack into, or become full of, crannies. [R.] “The ground did cranny everywhere.
Golding.” 2. To haunt, or enter by, crannies. “All tenantless, save to the crannying wind.
Byron.”

Cran´ny, a. [Perh. for cranky. See Crank, a. ] Quick; giddy; thoughtless. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cran•ta´ra (kr?n-t?´r? or -t?´r?), n. [Gael. cranntara.] The fiery cross, used as a rallying signal in the Highlands of Scotland.

Crants (krants), n. [Cf. D. krans, G. kranz.] A garland carried before the bier of a maiden. [Obs.] “Yet here she is allowed her virgin crants, Her maiden strewments.
Shak.”

Crap´au•dine (kr?p´?-d?n), a. [F., n.] (Arch.) Turning on pivots at the top and bottom; — said of a door.

Crap´au•dine, n. [F.] (Far.) An ulcer on the coronet of a horse. Bailey.

Crape (krap), n. [F. crêpe, fr. L. crispus curled, crisped. See Crisp.] A thin, crimped stuff, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill. Black crape is much used for mourning garments, also for the dress of some clergymen. “A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn.
Pope.” Crape myrtle (Bot.), a very ornamental shrub (Lagerströmia Indica) from the East Indies, often planted in the Southern United States. Its foliage is like that of the myrtle, and the flower has wavy crisped petals. — Oriental crape. See Canton crape.

Crape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craped (krapt); p. pr. & vb. n. Craping.] [F. crêper, fr. L. crispare to curl, crisp, fr. crispus. See Crape, n.] To form into ringlets; to curl; to crimp; to friz; as to crape the hair; to crape silk. “The hour for curling and craping the hair.
Mad. D’Arblay.”

Crape´fish (kr?p´f?sh•), n. Salted codfish hardened by pressure. Kane.

Crap´nel (kr?p´nel), n. A hook or drag; a grapnel.

Crap´pie (kr?p´p?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fresh-water bass of the genus Pomoxys, found in the rivers of the Southern United States and Mississippi valley. There are several species. [Written also croppie.]

Crap´ple (kr?p´p’l), n. [See Graple.] A claw. [Obs.]

Craps (kr?ps), n. A gambling game with dice. [Local, U.S.] { Crap´u•la (kr?p´?-l?), Crap´ule (kr?p´?l), } n. [L. crapula intoxication.] Same as Crapulence.

Crap´u•lence (-?-lens), n. The sickness occasioned by intemperance; surfeit. Bailey. { Crap´u•lent (-lent), Crap´u•lous (- l?s), } a. [L. crapulentus, crapulosus: cf. F. crapuleux.] Surcharged with liquor; sick from excessive indulgence in liquor; drunk; given to excesses. [R.]

Crap´y (kr?p´?), a. Resembling crape.

Crare (kr?r), n. [OF. craier, creer, croyer, ship of war, LL. craiera, creyera, perh. from G. krieger warrior, or D. krijger.] A slow unwieldy trading vessel. [Obs.] [Written also crayer, cray, and craie.] Shak.

Crase (kr?z), v. t. [See Craze.] To break in pieces; to crack. [Obs.] ´The pot was crased.´ Chaucer.

Crash (krash>), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crashed (krasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crashing.] [OE. crashen, the same word as crasen to break, E. craze. See Craze.] To break in pieces violently; to dash together with noise and violence. [R.] “He shakt his head, and crasht his teeth for ire.
Fairfax.”

Crash, v. i. 1. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once; to break in pieces with a harsh noise. “Roofs were blazing and walls crashing in every part of the city.
Macaulay.” 2. To break with violence and noise; as the chimney in falling crashed through the roof.

Crash, n. 1. A loud, sudden, confused sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once. “The wreck of matter and the crash of worlds.
Addison.” 2. Ruin; failure; sudden breaking down, as of a business house or a commercial enterprise.

Crash, n. [L. crassus coarse. See Crass.] Coarse, heavy, narrow linen cloth, used esp. for towels.

Crash´ing, n. The noise of many things falling and breaking at once. “There shall be … a great crashing from the hills.
Zeph. i. 10.”

Cra´sis (kr?´s?s), n. [LL., temperament, fr. Gr. , fr. to mix.] 1. (Med.) A mixture of constituents, as of the blood; constitution; temperament. 2. (Gram.) A contraction of two vowels (as the final and initial vowels of united words) into one long vowel, or into a diphthong; synaeresis; as cogo for coago.

Cras•pe•do´ta (kr?s•p?-d?´t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to be bordered or edged.] (Zoöl.) The hydroid or naked-eyed medusae. See Hydroidea.

Cras´pe•dote (kr?s´p?-d?t), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Craspedota.

Crass (kr?s), a. [L. crassus thick, fat, gross, prob. orig., closely woven. See Grease animal fat, and cf. Crate, Hurdle.] Gross; thick; dense; coarse; not elaborated or refined. ´Crass and fumid exhalations.´ Sir. T. Browne. ´Crass ignorance´ Cudworth. { Cras´sa•ment (kr?s´s?-ment), Cras•sa•men´tum (-m?n´t?m), } n. [L. crassamentum, fr. crassare to make thick. See Crass, a.] A semisolid mass or clot, especially that formed in coagulation of the blood.

Cras´si•ment (kr?s´s?-ment), n. See Crassament.

Cras´si•tude (-t?d), n. [L. crassitudo.] Grossness; coarseness; thickness; density. Bacon.

Crass´ness (kr?s´n?s), n. Grossness. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Cras•ti•na´tion (kr?s•t?-n?´sh?n), n. [L. crastinus of to-morrow, from cras to-morrow.] Procrastination; a putting off till to-morrow. [Obs.]

Cra•tae´gus (kr?-t?´g?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. krataigo•s.] (Bot.) A genus of small, hardy trees, including the hawthorn, much used for ornamental purposes.

Cratch (kr?ch; 224), n. [OE. cracche, crecche, F. crèche crib, manger, fr. OHG. krippa, krippea, G. krippe crib. See Crib.] A manger or open frame for hay; a crib; a rack. [Obs.] “Begin from first where He encradled was
In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay.
Spenser.” Cratch cradle, a representation of the figure of the cratch, made upon the fingers with a string; cat’s cradle; — called also scratch cradle.

Crate (kr?t), n. [L. cratis hurdle; perh. akin to E. cradle. See Hurdle, and cf. Crate a framework.] 1. A large basket or hamper of wickerwork, used for the transportation of china, crockery, and similar wares. 2. A box or case whose sides are of wooden slats with interspaces, — used especially for transporting fruit.

Crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crated; p. pr. & vb. n. Crating.] To pack in a crate or case for transportation; as to crate a sewing machine; to crate peaches.

Cra´ter (kr?t?r), n. [L. crater, cratera, a mixing vessel, the mouth of a volcano, Gr. krath•r, fr. keranny•nai to mix; cf. Skr. çri to mix, çir to cook, çra to cook. Cf. Grail, in Holy Grail.] 1. The basinlike opening or mouth of a volcano, through which the chief eruption comes; similarly, the mouth of a geyser, about which a cone of silica is often built up. 2. (Mil.) The pit left by the explosion of a mine. 3. (Astron.) A constellation of the southen hemisphere; — called also the Cup.

Cra•ter´i•form (kr?-t?r´?-f?rm), a. [L. cratera + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a shallow bowl; — said of a corolla.

Cra´ter•ous (kr?´t?r-?s), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a crater. [R.] R. Browning.

Craunch (kr?nch), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Craunched (kr?ncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Craunching.] [See Crunch.] To crush with the teeth; to chew with violence and noise; to crunch. Swift.

Cra•vat´ (kr?-v?t´), n. [F. cravate, fr. Cravate a Croat, an inhabitant of Croatia, one of a body of Austrian troops, from whom, in 1636, this article of dress was adopted in France.] A neckcloth; a piece of silk, fine muslin, or other cloth, worn by men about the neck. “While his wig was combed and his cravat tied.
Macaulay.”

Cra•vat•ted (kr?-v?t´t?d), a. Wearing a cravat. “The young men faultlessly appointed, handsomely cravatted.
Thackeray.”

Crave (krav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craved (kravd); p pr. & vb. n. Craving.] [AS. crafian; akin to Icel. krefja, Sw. kräfva, Dan. kraeve.] 1. To ask with earnestness or importunity; to ask with submission or humility; to beg; to entreat; to beseech; to implore. “I crave your honor’s pardon.
Shak.” “Joseph … went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus.
Mark xv. 43.” 2. To call for, as a gratification; to long for; hence, to require or demand; as the stomach craves food. “His path is one that eminently craves weary walking.
Edmund Gurney.” Syn. — To ask; seek; beg; beseech; implore; entreat; solicit; request; supplicate; adjure.

Crave, v. i. To desire strongly; to feel an insatiable longing; as a craving appetite. “Once one may crave for love.
Suckling.”

Cra´ven (kr?´v’n), a. [OE. cravant, cravaunde, OF. cravant struck down, p. p. of cravanter, crevanter, to break, crush, strike down, fr. an assumed LL. crepantare, fr. L. crepans, p. pr. of crepare to break, crack, rattle. Cf. Crevice, Crepitate.] Cowardly; fainthearted; spiritless. ´His craven heart.´ Shak. “The poor craven bridegroom said never a word.
Sir. W. Scott.” “In craven fear of the sarcasm of Dorset.
Macaulay.”

Cra´ven, n. [Formerly written also cravant and cravent.] A recreant; a coward; a weak-hearted, spiritless fellow. See Recreant, n. “King Henry. Is it fit this soldier keep his oath?
Fluellen. He is a craven and a villain else.
Shak.” Syn. — Coward; poltroon; dastard.

Cra´ven, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cravened (-v’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cravening.] To make recreant, weak, spiritless, or cowardly. [Obs.] “There is a prohibition so divine,
That cravens my weak hand.
Shak.”

Crav´er (kr?v´?r), n. One who craves or begs.

Crav´ing (-?ng), n. Vehement or urgent desire; longing for; beseeching. “A succession of cravings and satiety.
L’Estrange.” — Crav´ing•ly, adv. — Crav´ing•ness, n.

Craw (kra), n. [Akin to D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen, Sw. kräfva craw, Dan. kro, and possibly to Gr. (E. bronchus), or bro•chqos throat. rad.25. Cf. Crag neck.] (Zoöl.) (a) The crop of a bird. (b) The stomach of an animal. { Craw´fish• (kra´fish•), Cray´fish• (kra´fish•) }, n.; pl. -fishes or -fish. [Corrupted fr. OE. crevis, creves, OF. crevice, F. ecrevisse, fr. OHG. krebiz crab, G. krebs. See Crab. The ending -fish arose from confusion with E. fish.] (Zoöl.) Any crustacean of the family Astacidae, resembling the lobster, but smaller, and found in fresh waters. Crawfishes are esteemed very delicate food both in Europe and America. The North American species are numerous and mostly belong to the genus Cambarus. The blind crawfish of the Mammoth Cave is Cambarus pellucidus. The common European species is Astacus fluviatilis.

Craw´ford (kra´ferd), n. A Crawford peach; a well-known freestone peach, with yellow flesh, first raised by Mr. William Crawford, of New Jersey.

Crawl (kral), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crawled (krald); p. pr. & vb. n. Crawling.] [Dan. kravle, or Icel. krafla, to paw, scrabble with the hands; akin to Sw. kräla to crawl; cf. LG. krabbeln, D. krabbelen to scratch.] 1. To move slowly by drawing the body along the ground, as a worm; to move slowly on hands and knees; to creep. “A worm finds what it searches after only by feeling, as it crawls from one thing to another.
Grew.” 2. Hence, to move or advance in a feeble, slow, or timorous manner. “He was hardly able to crawl about the room.
Arbuthnot.” “The meanest thing that crawl’d beneath my eyes.
Byron.” 3. To advance slowly and furtively; to insinuate one’s self; to advance or gain influence by servile or obsequious conduct. “Secretly crawling up the battered walls.
Knolles.” “Hath crawled into the favor of the king.
Shak.” “Absurd opinions crawl about the world.
South.” 4. To have a sensation as of insect creeping over the body; as the flesh crawls. See Creep, v. i., 7.

Crawl (kral), n. The act or motion of crawling; slow motion, as of a creeping animal.

Crawl, n. [Cf. Kraal.] A pen or inclosure of stakes and hurdles on the seacoast, for holding fish.

Crawl´er (kral´er), n. One who, or that which, crawls; a creeper; a reptile.

Crawl´y (kral´y), a. Creepy. [Colloq.] { Cray (kra), Cray´er (-er) }, n. See Crare. [Obs.]

Cray´fish (kra´fish), n. (Zoöl.) See Crawfish.

Cray´on (kra´?n), n. [F., a crayon, a lead pencil (crayon Conte Conte’s pencil, i. e., one made a black compound invented by Conte), fr. craie chalk, L. creta; said to be, properly, Cretan earth, fr. Creta the island Crete. Cf. Cretaceous.] 1. An implement for drawing, made of clay and plumbago, or of some preparation of chalk, usually sold in small prisms or cylinders. “Let no day pass over you … without giving some strokes of the pencil or the crayon.
Dryden.” The black crayon gives a deeper black than the lead pencil. This and the colored crayons are often called chalks. The red crayon is also called sanguine. See Chalk, and Sanguine. 2. A crayon drawing. 3. (Electricity) A pencil of carbon used in producing electric light. Crayon board, cardboard with a surface prepared for crayon drawing. — Crayon drawing, the act or art of drawing with crayons; a drawing made with crayons.

Cray´on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crayoned (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crayoning.] [Cf. F. crayonner.] To sketch, as with a crayon; to sketch or plan. “He soon afterwards composed that discourse, conformably to the plan which he had crayoned out.
Malone.”

Craze (kraz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crazed (krazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crazing.] [OE. crasen to break, fr. Scand., perh. through OF.; cf. Sw. krasa to crackle, slå i kras, to break to pieces, F. ecraser to crush, fr. the Scand. Cf. Crash.] 1. To break into pieces; to crush; to grind to powder. See Crase. “God, looking forth, will trouble all his host, And craze their chariot wheels.
Milton.” 2. To weaken; to impair; to render decrepit. [Obs.] “Till length of years,
And sedentary numbness, craze my limbs.
Milton.” 3. To derange the intellect of; to render insane. “Any man … that is crazed and out of his wits.
Tilloston.” “Grief hath crazed my wits.
Shak.”

Craze, v. i. 1. To be crazed, or to act or appear as one that is crazed; to rave; to become insane. “She would weep and he would craze.
Keats.” 2. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery.

Craze, n. 1. Craziness; insanity. 2. A strong habitual desire or fancy; a crotchet. “It was quite a craze with him [Burns] to have his Jean dressed genteelly.
Prof. Wilson.” 3. A temporary passion or infatuation, as for same new amusement, pursuit, or fashion; as the bric-a-brac craze; the aesthetic craze. “Various crazes concerning health and disease.
W. Pater.”

Craz´ed•ness (-?d-n?s), n. A broken state; decrepitude; an impaired state of the intellect. { Craze´-mill• (kraz´mil•), Craz´ing-mill• (kr?´z?ng-) }, n. [See 1st Craze.] A mill for grinding tin ore.

Cra´zi•ly (kra´zi•ly), adv. In a crazy manner.

Cra´zi•ness, n. 1. The state of being broken down or weakened; as the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs. 2. The state of being broken in mind; imbecility or weakness of intellect; derangement.

Cra´zy (kra´zy), a. [From Craze.] 1. Characterized by weakness or feebleness; decrepit; broken; falling to decay; shaky; unsafe. “Piles of mean andcrazy houses.
Macaulay.” “One of great riches, but a crazy constitution.
Addison.” “They … got a crazy boat to carry them to the island.
Jeffrey.” 2. Broken, weakened, or dissordered in intellect; shattered; demented; deranged. “Over moist and crazy brains.
Hudibras.” 3. Inordinately desirous; foolishly eager. [Colloq.] “The girls were crazy to be introduced to him.
R. B. Kimball.” Crazy bone, the bony projection at the end of the elbow (olecranon), behind which passes the ulnar nerve; — so called on account of the curiously painful tingling felt, when, in a particular position, it receives a blow; — called also funny bone. — Crazy quilt, a bedquilt made of pieces of silk or other material of various sizes, shapes, and colors, fancifully stitched together without definite plan or arrangement.

Cre´a•ble (kr?´?-b’l), a. [L. creabilis, from creare to create. See Create.] Capable of being created. [Obs.] I. Watts.

Creaght (kr?t), n. [Ir. & Gael. graidh, graigh.] A drove or herd. [Obs.] Haliwell.

Creaght, v. i. To graze. [Obs.] Sir. L. Davies.

Creak (krek), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Creaked (krekt); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaking.] [OE. creken, prob. of imitative origin; cf. E. crack, and. D. krieken to crackle, chirp.] To make a prolonged sharp grating or squeaking sound, as by the friction of hard substances; as shoes creak. “The creaking locusts with my voice conspire.
Dryden.” “Doors upon their hinges creaked.
Tennyson.”

Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with. “Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry.
Shak.”

Creak (krek), n. The sound produced by anything that creaks; a creaking. Roget.

Creak´ing, n. A harsh grating or squeaking sound, or the act of making such a sound. “Start not at the creaking of the door.
Longfellow.”

Cream (krem), n. [F. crême, perh. fr. LL. crema cream of milk; cf. L. cremor thick juice or broth, perh. akin to cremare to burn.] 1. The rich, oily, and yellowish part of milk, which, when the milk stands unagitated, rises, and collects on the surface. It is the part of milk from which butter is obtained. 2. The part of any liquor that rises, and collects on the surface. [R.] 3. A delicacy of several kinds prepared for the table from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream. 4. A cosmetic; a creamlike medicinal preparation. “In vain she tries her paste and creams,
To smooth her skin or hide its seams.
Goldsmith.” 5. The best or choicest part of a thing; the quintessence; as the cream of a jest or story; the cream of a collection of books or pictures. “Welcome, O flower and cream of knights errant.
Shelton.” Bavarian cream, a preparation of gelatin, cream, sugar, and eggs, whipped; — to be eaten cold. — Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, almond oil, rose water, and borax, and used as a salve for the hands and lips. — Cream cheese, a kind of cheese made from curd from which the cream has not been taken off, or to which cream has been added. — Cream gauge, an instrument to test milk, being usually a graduated glass tube in which the milk is placed for the cream to rise. — Cream nut, the Brazil nut. — Cream of lime. (a) A scum of calcium carbonate which forms on a solution of milk of lime from the carbon dioxide of the air. (b) A thick creamy emulsion of lime in water. — Cream of tartar (Chem.), purified tartar or argol; so called because of the crust of crystals which forms on the surface of the liquor in the process of purification by recrystallization. It is a white crystalline substance, with a gritty acid taste, and is used very largely as an ingredient of baking powders; — called also potassium bitartrate, acid potassium tartrate, etc.

Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creamed (kr?md); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaming.] 1. To skim, or take off by skimming, as cream. 2. To take off the best or choicest part of. 3. To furnish with, or as with, cream. “Creaming the fragrant cups.
Mrs. Whitney.” To cream butter (Cooking), to rub, stir, or beat, butter till it is of a light creamy consistency.

Cream, v. i. To form or become covered with cream; to become thick like cream; to assume the appearance of cream; hence, to grow stiff or formal; to mantle. “There are a sort of men whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pool.
Shak.”

Cream´cake (-k?k•), n. (Cookery) A kind of cake filled with custard made of cream, eggs, etc.

Cream´-col•ored (-k?l•?rd), a. Of the color of cream; light yellow. ´Cream- colored horses.´ Hazlitt.

Cream´er•y (-?r-?), n.; pl. Creameries (-z). [CF. F. crmeric.] 1. A place where butter and cheese are made, or where milk and cream are put up in cans for market. 2. A place or apparatus in which milk is set for raising cream. 3. An establishment where cream is sold.

Cream´-faced (kr?m´f?st•), a. White or pale, as the effect of fear, or as the natural complexion. “Thou cream-faced loon.
Shak.”

Cream´-fruit (kr?m´fr?t•), n. (Bot.) A plant of Sierra Leone which yields a wholesome, creamy juice.

Cream´i•ness (-?-n?s), n. The quality of being creamy.

Cream´ laid (kr?m´ l?d•). See under Laid.

Cream´-slice (-sl?s•), n. A wooden knife with a long thin blade, used in handling cream or ice cream.

Cream´-white (-hw?t•), a. As white as cream.

Cream´y (kr?m´?), a. Full of, or containing, cream; resembling cream, in nature, appearance, or taste; creamlike; unctuous. ´Creamy bowls.´ Collins. ´Lines of creamy spray.´ Tennyson. ´Your creamy words but cozen.´ Beau. & Fl.

Cre´ance (kre´ans), n. [F. creance, lit., credence, fr. L. credere to trust. See Credence.] 1. Faith; belief; creed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Falconry) A fine, small line, fastened to a hawk’s leash, when it is first lured.

Cre´ance (kre´ans), v. i. & t. To get on credit; to borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cre´ant (kre´ant), a. [L. creans, p. pr. of creare to create.] Creative; formative. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Crease (kres), n. See Creese. Tennyson.

Crease, n. [Cf. LG. krus, G. krause, crispness, krausen, kräusen, to crisp, curl, lay on folds; or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. kriz a wrinkle, crease, kriza to wrinkle, fold, W. crych a wrinkle, crychu to rumple, ripple, crease.] 1. A line or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance; hence, a similar mark, however produced. 2. (Cricket) One of the lines serving to define the limits of the bowler and the striker. Bowling crease (Cricket), a line extending three feet four inches on each side of the central strings at right angles to the line between the wickets. — Return crease (Cricket), a short line at each end of the bowling crease and at right angles to it, extending toward the bowler. — Popping crease (Cricket),, a line drawn in front of the wicket, four feet distant from it, parallel to the bowling crease and at least as long as the latter. J. H. Walsh (Encyc. of Rural Sports).

Crease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creased (kr?st); p. pr. & vb. n. Creasing.] To make a crease or mark in, as by folding or doubling. “Creased, like dog’s ears in a folio.
Gray.”

Creas´er (kr?s´?r), n. 1. A tool, or a sewing-machine attachment, for making lines or creases on leather or cloth, as guides to sew by. 2. A tool for making creases or beads, as in sheet iron, or for rounding small tubes. 3. (Bookbinding) A tool for making the band impression distinct on the back. Knight.

Creas´ing (kres´ing), n. (Arch.) A layer of tiles forming a corona for a wall. Knight.

Cre´a•sote (kre´a•sot), n. See Creosote.

Creas´y (kr?s´?), a. Full of creases. Tennyson.

Cre´at (kre´at), n. [F. creat, ultimately fr. L. creatus created, begotten; cf. It. creato pupil, servant, Sp. criado a servant, client.] (Man.) An usher to a riding master.

Cre•at´a•ble (kr?-?´t?-b’l), a. That may be created.

Cre•ate´ (kre•at´), a.[L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create; akin to Gr. krai•nein to accomplish, Skr. kr to make, and to E. ending -cracy in aristocracy, also to crescent, cereal.] Created; composed; begotten. [Obs.] “Hearts create of duty and zeal.
Shak.”

Cre•ate´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Created; p. pr. & vb. n. Creating.] 1. To bring into being; to form out of nothing; to cause to exist. “In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.
Gen. i. 1.” 2. To effect by the agency, and under the laws, of causation; to be the occasion of; to cause; to produce; to form or fashion; to renew. “Your eye in Scotland
Would create soldiers.
Shak.” “Create in me a clean heart.
Ps. li. 10.” 3. To invest with a new form, office, or character; to constitute; to appoint; to make; as to create one a peer. ´I create you companions to our person.´ Shak.

Cre•at´ic (kr?-?t´?k), a. [Gr. , , flesh.] Relating to, or produced by, flesh or animal food; as creatic nausea. [Written also kreatic.]

Cre´a•tin (kr?´?-t?n), n. [Gr. flesh.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance found abundantly in muscle tissue. [Written also kreatine.]

Cre•at´i•nin (kr?-?t´?-n?n), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous body closely related to creatin but more basic in its properties, formed from the latter by the action of acids, and occurring naturally in muscle tissue and in urine. [Written also kretinine.]

Cre•a´tion (kr?-A´sh?n), n. [L. creatio: cf. F. cration. See Create.] 1. The act of creating or causing to exist. Specifically, the act of bringing the universe or this world into existence. “From the creation to the general doom.
Shak.” “As when a new particle of matter dotn begin to exist, in rerum natura, which had before no being; and this we call creation.
Locke.” 2. That which is created; that which is produced or caused to exist, as the world or some original work of art or of the imagination; nature. “We know that the whole creation groaneth.
Rom. viii. 22.” “A dagger of the mind, a false creation.
Shak.” “Choice pictures and creations of curious art.
Beaconsfield.” 3. The act of constituting or investing with a new character; appointment; formation. “An Irish peer of recent creation.
Landor.”

Cre•a´tion•al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to creation.

Cre•a´tion•ism (-?z’m), n. The doctrine that a soul is specially created for each human being as soon as it is formed in the womb; — opposed to traducianism.

Cre•a´tive (-t?v), a. Having the power to create; exerting the act of creation. ´Creative talent.´ W. Irving. “The creative force exists in the germ.
Whewell.”

Cre•a´tive•ness, n. The quality of being creative.

Cre•a´tor (kre•a´ter), n. [L. creator: cf. F. createur.] One who creates, produces, or constitutes. Specifically, the Supreme Being. “To sin’s rebuke and my Creater’s praise.
Shak.” “The poets and artists of Greece, who are at the same time its prophets, the creators of its divinities, and the revealers of its theological beliefs.
Caird.”

Cre•a´tor•ship, n. State or condition of a creator.

Cre•a´tress, n. [L. creatrix: cf. F. creatrice.] She who creates. Spenser.

Cre•a´trix (-tr?ks), n. [L.] A creatress. [R.]

Crea´tur•al (kr?´t?r-a]/>l; 135), a. Belonging to a creature; having the qualities of a creature. [R.]

Crea´ture (kre´tur; 135), n. [F. creature, L. creatura. See Create.] 1. Anything created; anything not self-existent; especially, any being created with life; an animal; a man. “He asked water, a creature so common and needful that it was against the law of nature to deny him.
Fuller.” “God’s first creature was light.
Bacon.” “On earth, join, all ye creatures, to extol
Him first, him last, him midst, and without end.
Milton.” “And most attractive is the fair result
Of thought, the creature of a polished mind.
Cowper.” 2. A human being, in pity, contempt, or endearment; as a poor creature; a pretty creature. “The world hath not a sweeter creature.
Shak.” 3. A person who owes his rise and fortune to another; a servile dependent; an instrument; a tool. “A creature of the queen’s, Lady Anne Bullen.
Shak.” “Both Charles himself and his creature, Laud.
Macaulay.” 4. A general term among farmers for horses, oxen, etc. Creature comforts, those which minister to the comfort of the body.

Crea´ture•less, a. Without created beings; alone. “God was alone And creatureless at first.
Donne.”

Crea´ture•ly, a. Creatural; characteristic of a creature. [R.] ´Creaturely faculties.´ Cheyne.

Crea´ture•ship, n. The condition of being a creature.

Crea´tur•ize (-iz), v. t. To make like a creature; to degrade [Obs.] “Degrade and creaturize that mundane soul.
Cudworth.”

Creaze (krez), n. (Mining) The tin ore which collects in the central part of the washing pit or buddle.

Cre•bri•cos´tate (kre•bri•kos´tat), a. [L. creber close + costa rib.] (Zoöl.) Marked with closely set ribs or ridges.

Cre•bri•sul´cate (kre•bri•sul´kat), a. [L. creber close + sulcus furrow.] (Zoöl.) Marked with closely set transverse furrows.

Creb´ri•tude (kreb´ri•tud), n. [L. crebritudo, fr. creber close.] Frequency. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cre´brous (kre´brus), a. [L. creber close set, frequent.] Frequent; numerous. [Obs.] Goodwin.

Crèche (krash), n. [F.] A public nursery, where the young children of poor women are cared for during the day, while their mothers are at work.

Cre´dence (kre´dens), n. [LL. credentia, fr. L. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe: cf. OF. credence. See Creed, and cf. Credent, Creance.] 1. Reliance of the mind on evidence of facts derived from other sources than personal knowledge; belief; credit; confidence. “To give credence to the Scripture miracles.
Trench.” “An assertion which might easily find credence.
Macaulay.” 2. That which gives a claim to credit, belief, or confidence; as a letter of credence. 3. (Eccl.) The small table by the side of the altar or communion table, on which the bread and wine are placed before being consecrated. 4. A cupboard, sideboard, or cabinet, particularly one intended for the display of rich vessels or plate, and consisting chiefly of open shelves for that purpose.

Cre´dence, v. t. To give credence to; to believe. [Obs.]

Cre•den´dum (kr?-d?n´d?m), n.; pl. Credenda (-d). [L., fr. credere to believe.] (Theol.) A thing to be believed; an article of faith; — distinguished from agendum, a practical duty. “The great articles and credenda of Christianity.
South.”

Cre´dent (kr?´dent), a. [. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe. See Creed.] 1. Believing; giving credence; credulous. [R.] “If with too credent ear you list songs.
Shak.” 2. Having credit or authority; credible. [Obs.] “For my authority bears of a credent bulk.
Shak.”

Cre•den´tial (kre•den´shal), a. [Cf. It. credenziale, fr. LL. credentia. See Credence.] Giving a title or claim to credit or confidence; accrediting. “Their credential letters on both sides.
Camden.”

Cre•den´tial, n. [Cf. It. credenziale.] 1. That which gives a title to credit or confidence. 2. pl. Testimonials showing that a person is entitled to credit, or has right to exercise official power, as the letters given by a government to an ambassador or envoy, or a certificate that one is a duly elected delegate. “The committee of estates excepted against the credentials of the English commissioners.
Whitelocke.” “Had they not shown undoubted credentials from the Divine Person who sent them on such a message.
Addison.”

Cred•i•bil´i•ty (kred•i•bil´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. credibilite.] The quality of being credible; credibleness; as the credibility of facts; the credibility of witnesses.

Cred´i•ble (kred´i•b’l), a. [L. credibilis, fr. credere. See Creed.] Capable of being credited or believed; worthy of belief; entitled to confidence; trustworthy. “Things are made credible either by the known condition and quality of the utterer or by the manifest likelihood of truth in themselves.
Hooker.” “A very diligent and observing person, and likewise very sober and credible.
Dampier.”

Cred´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being credible; worthiness of belief; credibility. [R.] Boyle.

Cred´i•bly, adv. In a manner inducing belief; as I have been credibly informed of the event.

Cred´it (kred´it), n. [F. credit (cf. It. credito), L. creditum loan, prop. neut. of creditus, p. p. of credere to trust, loan, believe. See Creed.] 1. Reliance on the truth of something said or done; belief; faith; trust; confidence. “When Jonathan and the people heard these words they gave no credit unto them, nor received them.
1 Macc. x. 46.” 2. Reputation derived from the confidence of others; esteem; honor; good name; estimation. “John Gilpin was a citizen
Of credit and renown.
Cowper.” 3. A ground of, or title to, belief or confidence; authority derived from character or reputation. “The things which we properly believe, be only such as are received on the credit of divine testimony.
Hooker.” 4. That which tends to procure, or add to, reputation or esteem; an honor. “I published, because I was told I might please such as it was a credit to please.
Pope.” 5. Influence derived from the good opinion, confidence, or favor of others; interest. “Having credit enough with his master to provide for his own interest.
Clarendon.” 6. (Com.) Trust given or received; expectation of future playment for property transferred, or of fulfillment or promises given; mercantile reputation entitling one to be trusted; — applied to individuals, corporations, communities, or nations; as to buy goods on credit. “Credit is nothing but the expectation of money, within some limited time.
Locke.” 7. The time given for payment for lands or goods sold on trust; as a long credit or a short credit. 8. (Bookkeeping) The side of an account on which are entered all items reckoned as values received from the party or the category named at the head of the account; also any one, or the sum, of these items; — the opposite of debit; as this sum is carried to one’s credit, and that to his debit; A has several credits on the books of B. Bank credit, or Cash credit. See under Cash. — Bill of credit. See under Bill. — Letter of credit, a letter or notification addressed by a banker to his correspondent, informing him that the person named therein is entitled to draw a certain sum of money; when addressed to several different correspondents, or when the money can be drawn in fractional sums in several different places, it is called a circular letter of credit. — Public credit. (a) The reputation of, or general confidence in, the ability or readiness of a government to fulfill its pecuniary engagements. (b) The ability and fidelity of merchants or others who owe largely in a community. “He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet.
D. Webster.”

Cred´it (kred´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Credited; p. pr. & vb. n. Crediting.] 1. To confide in the truth of; to give credence to; to put trust in; to believe. “How shall they credit
A poor unlearned virgin?
Shak.” 2. To bring honor or repute upon; to do credit to; to raise the estimation of. “You credit the church as much by your government as you did the school formerly by your wit.
South.” 3. (Bookkeeping) To enter upon the credit side of an account; to give credit for; as to credit the amount paid; to set to the credit of; as to credit a man with the interest paid on a bond. To credit with, to give credit for; to assign as justly due to any one. “Crove, Helmholtz, and Meyer, are more than any others to be credited with the clear enunciation of this doctrine.
Newman.”

Cred´it•a•ble (-?-b’l), a. 1. Worthy of belief. [Obs.] “Divers creditable witnesses deposed.
Ludlow.” 2. Deserving or possessing reputation or esteem; reputable; estimable. “This gentleman was born of creditable parents.
Goldsmith.” 3. Bringing credit, reputation, or honor; honorable; as such conduct is highly creditable to him. Macaulay. “He settled him in a good creditable way of living.
Arbuthnot.”

Cred´it•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being creditable.

Cred´it•a•bly (-?-bl?), adv. In a creditable manner; reputably; with credit.

Cre•dit´ fon•cier´ (kr?d?´ f?n•s??´). [F. credit credit & foncier relating to land, landed.] A company licensed for the purpose of carrying out improvements, by means of loans and advances upon real securities.

Cre•dit´ mo•bi•lier´ (m?•b?•ly?´). [F. credit credit & mobilier personal, pertaining to personal property.] A joint stock company, formed for general banking business, or for the construction of public works, by means of loans on personal estate, after the manner of the credit foncier on real estate. In practice, however, this distinction has not been strictly observed.

Cred´it•or (kr?d´?t-?r), n. [L.: cf. F. crditeur. See Credit.] 1. One who credits, believes, or trusts. “The easy creditors of novelties.
Daniel.” 2. One who gives credit in business matters; hence, one to whom money is due; — correlative to debtor. “Creditors have better memories than debtors.
Franklin.” { Cred´it•ress (kr?d´?t-r?s), Cred´i•trix (kr?d´?-tr?ks), } n. [L. creditrix.] A female creditor.

Cre´do (kr?´d?), n. [L. See Creed.] The creed, as sung or read in the Roman Catholic church. “He repeated Aves and Credos.
Macaulay.”

Cre•du´li•ty (kr?-d?´l?-t?), n. [L. credulitas, fr. credulus: cf. F. credulite. See Credulous.] Readiness of belief; a disposition to believe on slight evidence. “That implict credulity is the mark of a feeble mind will not be disputed.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Cred´u•lous (kr?d´?-l?s; 135), a. [L. credulus, fr. credere. See Creed.] 1. Apt to believe on slight evidence; easily imposed upon; unsuspecting. Landor. “Eve, our credulous mother.
Milton.” 2. Believed too readily. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Cred´u•lous•ly, adv. With credulity.

Cred´u•lous•ness, n. Readiness to believe on slight evidence; credulity. “Beyond all credulity is the credulousness of atheists.
S. Clarke.”

Creed (kred), n. [OE. credo, crede, AS. creda, fr. L. credo I believe, at the beginning of the Apostles’ creed, fr. credere to believe; akin to OIr. cretim I believe, and Skr. çraddadhami; çrat trust + dha to put. See Do, v. t., and cf. Credo, Grant.] 1. A definite summary of what is believed; esp., a summary of the articles of Christian faith; a confession of faith for public use; esp., one which is brief and comprehensive. “In the Protestant system the creed is not coördinate with, but always subordinate to, the Bible.
Schaff-Herzog Encyc.” 2. Any summary of principles or opinions professed or adhered to. “I love him not, nor fear him; there’s my creed.
Shak.” Apostles’ creed, Athanasian creed, Nicene creed. See under Apostle, Athanasian, Nicene.

Creed, v. t. To believe; to credit. [Obs.] “That part which is so creeded by the people.
Milton.”

Creed´less, a. Without a creed. Carlyle.

Creek (krek), n. [AS. crecca; akin to D. kreek, Icel. kriki crack, nook; cf. W. crig crack, crigyll ravine, creek. Cf. Crick, Crook.] 1. A small inlet or bay, narrower and extending further into the land than a cove; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river. “Each creek and cavern of the dangerous shore.
Cowper.” “They discovered a certain creek, with a shore.
Acts xxvii. 39.” 2. A stream of water smaller than a river and larger than a brook. “Lesser streams and rivulets are denominated creeks.
Goldsmith.” 3. Any turn or winding. “The passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow lands.
Shak.”

Creek´fish (kr?k´f?sh), n. (Zoöl.) The chub sucker.

Creeks (kreks), n. pl.; sing. Creek. (Ethnol.) A tribe or confederacy of North American Indians, including the Muskogees, Seminoles, Uchees, and other subordinate tribes. They formerly inhabited Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.

Creek´y (krek´y), a. Containing, or abounding in, creeks; characterized by creeks; like a creek; winding. ´The creeky shore.´ Spenser.

Creel (krel), n. [Gael. craidhleag basket, creel.] 1. An osier basket, such as anglers use. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Spinning) A bar or set of bars with skewers for holding paying-off bobbins, as in the roving machine, throstle, and mule.

Creep (krep), v. t. [imp. Crept (krept) (Crope (krop), Obs.); p. p. Crept; p. pr. & vb. n. Creeping.] [OE. crepen, creopen, AS. creópan; akin to D. kruipen, G. kriechen, Icel. krjupa, Sw. krypa, Dan. krybe. Cf. Cripple, Crouch.] 1. To move along the ground, or on any other surface, on the belly, as a worm or reptile; to move as a child on the hands and knees; to crawl. “Ye that walk
The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep.
Milton.” 2. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously, as from unwillingness, fear, or weakness. “The whining schoolboy … creeping, like snail,
Unwillingly to school.
Shak.” “Like a guilty thing, I creep.
Tennyson.” 3. To move in a stealthy or secret manner; to move imperceptibly or clandestinely; to steal in; to insinuate itself or one’s self; as age creeps upon us. “The sophistry which creeps into most of the books of argument.
Locke.” “Of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women.
2. Tim. iii. 6.” 4. To slip, or to become slightly displaced; as the collodion on a negative, or a coat of varnish, may creep in drying; the quicksilver on a mirror may creep. 5. To move or behave with servility or exaggerated humility; to fawn; as a creeping sycophant. “To come as humbly as they used to creep.
Shak.” 6. To grow, as a vine, clinging to the ground or to some other support by means of roots or rootlets, or by tendrils, along its length. ´Creeping vines.´ Dryden. 7. To have a sensation as of insects creeping on the skin of the body; to crawl; as the sight made my flesh creep. See Crawl, v. i., 4. 8. To drag in deep water with creepers, as for recovering a submarine cable.

Creep, n. 1. The act or process of creeping. 2. A distressing sensation, or sound, like that occasioned by the creeping of insects. “A creep of undefinable horror.
Blackwood’s Mag.” “Out of the stillness, with gathering creep,
Like rising wind in leaves.
Lowell.” 3. (Mining) A slow rising of the floor of a gallery, occasioned by the pressure of incumbent strata upon the pillars or sides; a gradual movement of mining ground.

Creep´er (krep´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, creeps; any creeping thing. “Standing waters are most unwholesome, … full of mites, creepers; slimy, muddy, unclean.
Burton.” 2. (Bot.) A plant that clings by rootlets, or by tendrils, to the ground, or to trees, etc.; as the Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia). 3. (Zoöl.) A small bird of the genus Certhia, allied to the wrens. The brown or common European creeper is C. familiaris, a variety of which (var. Americana) inhabits America; — called also tree creeper and creeptree. The American black and white creeper is Mniotilta varia. 4. A kind of patten mounted on short pieces of iron instead of rings; also a fixture with iron points worn on a shoe to prevent one from slipping. 5. pl. A spurlike device strapped to the boot, which enables one to climb a tree or pole; — called often telegraph creepers. 6. A small, low iron, or dog, between the andirons. 7. pl. An instrument with iron hooks or claws for dragging at the bottom of a well, or any other body of water, and bringing up what may lie there. 8. Any device for causing material to move steadily from one part of a machine to another, as an apron in a carding machine, or an inner spiral in a grain screen. 9. pl. (Arch.) Crockets. See Crocket.

Creep´hole (-h?l•), n. 1. A hole or retreat into which an animal may creep, to escape notice or danger. 2. A subterfuge; an excuse.

Creep´ie (-y), n. A low stool. [Scot.]

Creep´i•ness (-i-nes), n. An uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on the skin. “She felt a curious, uneasy creepiness.
Mrs. Alexander.”

Creep´ing, a. 1. Crawling, or moving close to the ground. ´Every creeping thing.´ Gen. vi. 20. 2. Growing along, and clinging to, the ground, or to a wall, etc., by means of rootlets or tendrils. “Casements lined with creeping herbs.
Cowper.” Ceeping crowfoot (Bot.), a plant, the Ranunculus repens. — Creeping snowberry, an American plant (Chiogenes hispidula) with white berries and very small round leaves having the flavor of wintergreen.

Creep´ing•ly, adv. by creeping slowly; in the manner of a reptile; insidiously; cunningly. “How slily and creepingly did he address himself to our first parents.
South.”

Cree´ple (kre´p’l), n. [See Cripple.] 1. A creeping creature; a reptile. [Obs.] “There is one creeping beast, or long creeple (as the name is in Devonshire), that hath a rattle at his tail that doth discover his age.
Morton (1632).” 2. One who is lame; a cripple. [Obs.] “Thou knowest how lame a creeple this world is.
Donne.”

Creep´y (krep´y), a. Crawly; having or producing a sensation like that caused by insects creeping on the skin. [Colloq.] “One’s whole blood grew curdling and creepy.
R. Browning.”

Crees (krez), n. pl.; sing. Cree. (Ethnol.) An Algonquin tribe of Indians, inhabiting a large part of British America east of the Rocky Mountains and south of Hudson’s Bay.

Creese (kres), n. [Malay. kris.] A dagger or short sword used by the Malays, commonly having a serpentine blade. [Written also crease and kris.] “From a Malayan creese to a sailor’s jackknife.
Julian Hawthorne.”

Cre•mail•lère´ (kr?•m?•ly?r´ or - m?•y?r´), n. [F.] (Fort.) An indented or zigzaged line of intrenchment.

Cre•mas´ter (kr?-m?s´t?r), n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. to hang.] 1. (Anat.) A thin muscle which serves to draw up the testicle. 2. (Zoöl.) The apex of the last abdominal segment of an insect.

Crem•as•ter´ic (kr?m•3s-t?r´?k), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cremaster; as the cremasteric artery.

Cre´mate (kr?´m?t or kr?-m?t´), v. t. [L. crematus, p. p. of cremare to burn; cf. Skr. cr to cook.] To burn; to reduce to ashes by the action of fire, either directly or in an oven or retort; to incremate or incinerate; as to cremate a corpse, instead of burying it.

Cre•ma´tion (kr?-m?´sh?n), n. [L. crematio.] A burning; esp., the act or practice of cremating the dead. “Without cremation … of their bodies.
Sir T. Browne.”

Cre•ma´tion•ist, n. One who advocates the practice of cremation.

Cre•ma´tor (-t?r), n. [L.] One who, or that which, cremates or consumes to ashes. { Crem•a•to´ri•um (kr?m•?-t?´r?-?m), Crem´a•to•ry (kr?m´?-t?-r?), } n.; pl. Crematoriums (-umz), Crematories (-rz). [NL. crematorium, fr. L. cremator.] A furnace for cremating corpses; a building containing such a furnace.

Crem´a•to•ry, a. Pertaining to, or employed in, cremation.

Crem´o•carp (krem´o•kärp or kre´mo-), n. [Gr. kremanny•nai to hang + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) The peculiar fruit of fennel, carrot, parsnip, and the like, consisting of a pair of carpels pendent from a supporting axis.

Cre•mo´na (kre•mo´n), n. A superior kind of violin, formerly made at Cremona, in Italy.

Cre´mor (kr?´m?r), n. [L. CF. Cream.] Cream; a substance resembling cream; yeast; scum.

Crem´o•sin (kr?m´?-s?n), n. See Crimson. [Obs.]

Crems (kremz), n. See Krems. { Cre´nate (kre´nat), Cre´na•ted (kre´na•ted), } a. [L. crena notch. See Cranny.] (Bot.) Having the margin cut into rounded teeth notches, or scallops.

Cre•na´tion (kr?-n?´sh?n), n. 1. (Bot.) A rounded tooth on the edge of a leaf. 2. The condition of being crenate.

Cren´a•ture (kr?n´?-t?r or kr?´n?-; 135), n. 1. (Bot.) A rounded tooth or notch of a crenate leaf, or any part that is crenate; — called also crenelle. 2. The state of being crenated or notched.

Cre•nel´ (kr?-n?l´), n. See Crenelle.

Cren´el•ate (kr?n´?l-?t or kr?´n?l-?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crenelated (- ?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crenelating (- ?•t?ng).] [LL. crenellare, kernellare: cf. F. crneler to indent. See Crenelle.] [Written also crenellate.] 1. To furnish with crenelles. 2. To indent; to notch; as a crenelated leaf. Crenelated molding (Arch.), a kind of indented molding used in Norman buildings.

Cren•el•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. The act of crenelating, or the state of being crenelated; an indentation or an embrasure. [Written also crenellation.] { Cre•nelle´ , Cre•nel´ } (kr?-n?l´), n. [OF. crenel, F. crneau, LL. crenellus, kernellus, dim. (prob.) fr. L. crena notch. See Crenny.] 1. An embrasure or indentation in a battlement; a loophole in a fortress; an indentation; a notch. See Merlon, and Illust. of Battlement. 2. (Bot.) Same as Crenature.

Cre•nelled´ (kr-nld´) a. (Bot.) Same as Crenate. { Cren´gle (kr?n´g’l), Cren´kle(-k’l), } n. See Cringle. { Cren´u•late (kr?n´?-l?t), Cren´u•la•ted (- l?•t?d), } a. [Dim. of crenate.] (Bot.) Minutely crenate.

Cren•u•la´tion (-l?´sh?n), n. 1. A minute crenation. 2. The state of being minutely scalloped.

Cre´ole (kr?´?l), n. [F. crole, Sp. criollo, from an American negro word, perh. a corruption of a Sp. criadillo, dim. of criado servant, formerly also child, fr. L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create. Cf. Create.] One born of European parents in the American colonies of France or Spain or in the States which were once such colonies, esp. a person of French or Spanish descent, who is a native inhabitant of Louisiana, or one of the States adjoining, bordering on the Gulf of of Mexico. ´The term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans imported during the time of the slave trade. The application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, that it implies an admixture greater or less of African blood.´ R. Hildreth. ´The title [Creole] did not first belong to the descendants of Spanish, but of French, settlers, But such a meaning implied a certain excellence of origin, and so came early to include any native of French or Spanish descent by either parent, whose nonalliance with the slave race entitled him to social rank. Later, the term was adopted by, not conceded to, the natives of mixed blood, and is still so used among themselves… . Besides French and Spanish, there are even, for convenience of speech, ’colored’ Creoles; but there are no Italian, or Sicilian, nor any English, Scotch, Irish, or ’Yankee’ Creoles, unless of parentage married into, and themselves thoroughly proselyted in, Creole society.´ G. W. Cable.

Cre´ole (kr?´?l), a. Of or pertaining to a Creole or the Creoles. In New Orleans the word Creole is applied to any product, or variety of manufacture, peculiar to Louisiana; as Creole ponies, chickens, cows, shoes, eggs, wagons, baskets, etc. { Cre•o´le•an (kr?-?´l?-a]/>n), Cre•o´li•an }, a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Creoles. — n. A Creole.

Cre´o•sol (kr?´?-s?l), n. [Cresote + phenol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid resembling phenol or carbolic acid, homologous with pyrocatechin, and obtained from beechwood tar and gum guaiacum. [Written also creasol.]

Cre´o•sote (kr?´?-s?t), n. [Gr. , gen. , flesh + to preserve.] (Chem.) Wood-tar oil; an oily antiseptic liquid, of a burning smoky taste, colorless when pure, but usually colored yellow or brown by impurity or exposure. It is a complex mixture of various phenols and their ethers, and is obtained by the distillation of wood tar, especially that of beechwood. It is remarkable as an antiseptic and deodorizer in the preservation of wood, flesh, etc., and in the prevention of putrefaction; but it is a poor germicide, and in this respect has been overrated. Smoked meat, as ham, owes its preservation and taste to a small quantity of creosote absorbed from the smoke to which it is exposed. Carbolic acid is phenol proper, while creosote is a mixture of several phenols. Coal-tar creosote (Chem.), a colorless or yellow, oily liquid, obtained in the distillation of coal tar, and resembling wood-tar oil, or creosote proper, in composition and properties.

Cre´o•sote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creosoted (-s?´t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Creosoting.] To saturate or impregnate with creosote, as timber, for the prevention of decay. { Cre´pance (kr?´pans), Cre´pane (kr?´p?n), } n. [Cf. L. crepare to crack.] (Far.) An injury in a horse’s leg, caused by the shoe of one hind foot striking and cutting the other leg. It sometimes forms an ulcer.

Crêpe (kr?p), n. Same as Crape.

Crep´i•tant (kr?p´?-tant), a. [See Crepitate.] Having a crackling sound; crackling; rattling. Crepitant rale (Med.), a peculiar crackling sound audible with inspiration in pneumonia and other lung disease.

Crep´i•tate (krp´-tt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crepitated (- t•td); p. pr. & vb. n. Crepitating (-t•tng).] [L. crepitatus, p. p. of crepitare to crackle, v. intensive of crepare to crack. Cf. Crevice.] To make a series of small, sharp, rapidly repeated explosions or sounds, as salt in fire; to crackle; to snap.

Crep•i•ta´tion (kr?p•?-t?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. crepitation.] 1. The act of crepitating or crackling. 2. (Med.) (a) A grating or crackling sensation or sound, as that produced by rubbing two fragments of a broken bone together, or by pressing upon cellular tissue containing air. (b) A crepitant râle.

Crep´i•tus (kr?p´?-t?s), n. [L., fr. crepare to crack.] (Med.) (a) The noise produced by a sudden discharge of wind from the bowels. (b) Same as Crepitation, 2.

Cre´pon (kr?´p?n; F. kr?•p?n´), n. [F.] A thin stuff made of the finest wool or silk, or of wool and silk.

Crept (krept), imp. & p. p. of Creep. { Cre•pus´cle (kre•pus´s’l), Cre•pus´cule (kre•pus´kul), } n. [L. crepusculum, fr. creper dusky, dark: cf. F. crepuscule.] Twilight. Bailey. { Cre•pus´cu•lar (-k?-l?r), Cre•pus´cu•lous (-l?s), } a. [Cf. F. crepusculaire.] 1. Pertaining to twilight; glimmering; hence, imperfectly clear or luminous. “This semihistorical and crepuscular period.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” 2. (Zoöl.) Flying in the twilight or evening, or before sunrise; — said certain birds and insects. “Others feed only in the twilight, as bats and owls, and are called crepuscular.
Whewell.”

Cre•pus´cu•line (-lin), a. Crepuscular. [Obs.] Sprat.

Cres´cence (kres´sens), n. [See Crescent.] Increase; enlargement. [Obs.] “And toward the moon’s attractive crescence bend.
H. Brooke.”

Cres•cen´do (kr?s-s?n´d It. kr?-sh?n´d?), a. & adv. [It., from crescere to increase. See Crescent.] (Mus.) With a constantly increasing volume of voice; with gradually increasing strength and fullness of tone; — a direction for the performance of music, indicated by the mark, or by writing the word on the score.

Cres•cen´do, n. (Mus.) (a) A gradual increase in the strength and fullness of tone with which a passage is performed. (b) A passage to be performed with constantly increasing volume of tone.

Cres´cent (kres´sent), n. [OE. cressent, cressaunt, crescent (in sense 1), OF. creissant increasing, F. croissant, p. pr. of croître, OF. creistre, fr. L. crescere to increase, v. incho.; akin to creare to create. See Create, and cf. Accrue, Increase, Crescendo.] 1. The increasing moon; the moon in her first quarter, or when defined by a concave and a convex edge; also applied improperly to the old or decreasing moon in a like state. 2. Anything having the shape of a crescent or new moon. 3. A representation of the increasing moon, often used as an emblem or badge; as: (a) A symbol of Artemis, or Diana. (b) The ancient symbol of Byzantium or Constantinople. Hence: (c) The emblem of the Turkish Empire, adopted after the taking of Constantinople. “The cross of our faith is replanted,
The pale, dying crescent is daunted.
Campbell.” 4. Any one of three orders of knighthood; the first instituted by Charles I., king of Naples and Sicily, in 1268; the second by Rene of Anjou, in 1448; and the third by the Sultan Selim III., in 1801, to be conferred upon foreigners to whom Turkey might be indebted for valuable services. Brande & C. 5. (Her.) The emblem of the increasing moon with horns directed upward, when used in a coat of arms; — often used as a mark of cadency to distinguish a second son and his descendants.

Cres´cent (kres´sent), a. 1. Shaped like a crescent. “Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.
Milton.” 2. Increasing; growing. “O, I see the crescent promise of my spirit hath not set.
Tennyson.”

Cres´cent, v. t. 1. To form into a crescent, or something resembling a crescent. [R.] Anna Seward. 2. To adorn with crescents.

Cres•cen´tic (kres•sen´tik), a. Crescent-shaped. ´Crescentic lobes.´ R. Owen.

Cres´cent•wise (kres´sent•wiz•), adv. In the form of a crescent; like a crescent. Tennyson.

Cres´cive (kr?s´s?v), a. [L. crescere to increase.] Increasing; growing. [R.] “Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty.
Shak.”

Cre´sol (kre´sol), n. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Any one of three metameric substances, CH_3.C_6H_4.OH, homologous with and resembling phenol. They are obtained from coal tar and wood tar, and are colorless, oily liquids or solids. [Called also cresylic acid.]

Cre•sor´cin (kr?-s?r´s?n), n. (Chem.) Same as Isorcin.

Cress (kres), n.; pl. Cresses (kres´ez). [OE. ces, cresse, kers, kerse, AS. cresse, cerse; akin to D. kers, G. kresse, Dan. karse, Sw. krasse, and possibly also to OHG. chresan to creep.] (Bot.) A plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic. The garden cress, called also peppergrass, is the Lepidium sativum; the water cress is the Nasturtium officinale. Various other plants are sometimes called cresses. “To strip the brook with mantling cresses spread.
Goldsmith.” Bitter cress. See under Bitter. — Not worth a cress, or ´not worth a kers.´ a common old proverb, now turned into the meaningless ´not worth a curse.´ Skeat.

Cres•selle´ (kr?s-s?l´), n. [F. crecelle rattle.] (Eccl.) A wooden rattle sometimes used as a substitute for a bell, in the Roman Catholic church, during the latter part of Holy Week, or the last week of Lent.

Cres´set (kr?s´s?t), n. [OF. crasset, cresset, sort of lamp or torch; perh. of Dutch or German origin, and akin to E. cruse, F. creuset crucible, E. crucible.] 1. An open frame or basket of iron, filled with combustible material, to be burned as a beacon; an open lamp or firrepan carried on a pole in nocturnal processions. “Starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed
With naphtha and asphaltus.
Milton.” “As a cresset true that darts its length
Of beamy luster from a tower of strength.
Wordsworth.” 2. (Coopering) A small furnace or iron cage to hold fire for charring the inside of a cask, and making the staves flexible. Knight.

Cress´y (kres´y), a. Abounding in cresses. “The cressy islets white in flower.
Tennyson.”

Crest (krest), n. [OF. creste, F. crête, L. crista.] 1. A tuft, or other excrescence or natural ornament, growing on an animal’s head; the comb of a cock; the swelling on the head of a serpent; the lengthened feathers of the crown or nape of bird, etc. Darwin. “[Attack] his rising crest, and drive the serpent back.
C. Pitt.” 2. The plume of feathers, or other decoration, worn on a helmet; the distinctive ornament of a helmet, indicating the rank of the wearer; hence, also the helmet. “Stooping low his lofty crest.
Sir W. Scott.” “And on his head there stood upright
A crest, in token of a knight.
Gower.” 3. (Her.) A bearing worn, not upon the shield, but usually above it, or separately as an ornament for plate, liveries, and the like. It is a relic of the ancient cognizance. See Cognizance, 4. 4. The upper curve of a horse’s neck. “Throwing the base thong from his bending crest.
Shak.” 5. The ridge or top of a wave. “Like wave with crest of sparkling foam.
Sir W. Scott.” 6. The summit of a hill or mountain ridge. 7. The helm or head, as typical of a high spirit; pride; courage. “Now the time is come
That France must vail her lofty plumed crest.
Shak.” 8. (Arch.) The ornamental finishing which surmounts the ridge of a roof, canopy, etc. “The finials of gables and pinnacles are sometimes called crests.
Parker.” 9. (Engin.) The top line of a slope or embankment. Crest tile, a tile made to cover the ridge of a roof, fitting upon it like a saddle. — Interior crest (Fort.), the highest line of the parapet.

Crest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crested; p. pr. & vb. n. Cresting.] 1. To furnish with, or surmount as a crest; to serve as a crest for. “His legs bestrid the ocean, his reared arm
Crested the world.
Shak.” “Mid groves of clouds that crest the mountain’s brow.
Wordsworth.” 2. To mark with lines or streaks, like, or regarded as like, waving plumes. “Like as the shining sky in summer’s night, …
Is crested with lines of fiery light.
Spenser.”

Crest (krest), v. i. To form a crest.

Crest´ed (krest´ed), a. 1. Having a crest. “But laced crested helm.
Dryden.” 2. (Zoöl.) Having a crest of feathers or hair upon the head. ´The crested bird.´ Dryden. 3. (Bott.) Bearing any elevated appendage like a crest, as an elevated line or ridge, or a tuft. Gray.

Crest´fall•en (-f?l•’n), a. 1. With hanging head; hence, dispirited; dejected; cowed. “Let it make thee crestfullen;
Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride.
Shak.” 2. Having the crest, or upper part of the neck, hanging to one side; — said of a horse.

Crest´ing, n. (Arch.) An ornamental finish on the top of a wall or ridge of a roof.

Crest´less, a. Without a crest or escutcheon; of low birth. ´Crestless yeomen.´ Shak.

Cre•syl´ic (kre•sil´ik), a. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cresol, creosote, etc. Cresylic acid. (Chem.) See Cresol.

Cre•ta´ceous (kre•ta´shus), a. [L. cretaceus, fr. creta chalk. See Crayon.] Having the qualities of chalk; abounding with chalk; chalky; as cretaceous rocks and formations. See Chalk. Cretaceous acid, an old name for carbonic acid. — Cretaceous formation (Geol.), the series of strata of various kinds, including beds of chalk, green sand, etc., formed in the Cretaceous period; — called also the chalk formation. See the Diagram under Geology. — Cretaceous period (Geol.), the time in the latter part of the Mesozoic age during which the Cretaceous formation was deposited.

Cre•ta´ceous•ly, adv. In a chalky manner; as chalk.

Cre´tan (kre´tan), a. Pertaining to Crete, or Candia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Crete or Candia.

Crete (kret), n. [L. Cres, Cretis.] A Cretan

Cre´tian (kre´shan), a. & n. See Cretan.

Cre´tic (kre´tik), n. [L. Creticus (sc. pes foot), Gr. Kritiko•s (sc. poy•s foot), prop., a Cretan (metrical) foot.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A poetic foot, composed of one short syllable between two long ones (- &ssmile; -). Bentley.

Cre´ti•cism (-ti•siz’m), n. Falsehood; lying; cretism.

Cre´tin (kre´tin), n. [F. cretin; of uncertain origin.] One afflicted with cretinism.

Cre´tin•ism (kre´tin•iz’m), n. [F. cretinisme.] A condition of endemic or inherited idiocy, accompanied by physical degeneracy and deformity (usually with goiter), frequent in certain mountain valleys, esp. of the Alps.

Cre´tin•ous (-us), a. Having the characteristics of a cretin. ´Cretinous stupefaction.´ Ruskin.

Cre´tism (kre´tiz’m), n. [Gr. lying, fr. to act like a Cretan, that is, to lie. ´The Cretians are always liars.´ Titus i. 12.] A Cretan practice; lying; a falsehood.

Cre•tonne´ (kr?-t?n´), n. [F., gr. Creton, its first manufacturer.] 1. A strong white fabric with warp of hemp and weft of flax. 2. A fabric with cotton warp and woolen weft. 3. A kind of chintz with a glossy surface.

Cre´tose (kr?´t?s), a. [L. cretosus, fr. creta chalk.] Chalky; cretaceous. [Obs.] Ash.

Creut´zer (kroit´ser) n. See Kreutzer.

Creux (kr?), n. [F., adj., hollow, n., a hollow.] Used in English only in the expression en creux. Thus, engraving en creux is engraving in intaglio, or by sinking or hollowing out the design.

Cre•val•le´ (kr?•v?l-l?´), n. [Prob. of same origin as cavally. See Cavally.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cavally or jurel. See Cavally, and Jurel. (b) The pompano (Trachynotus Carolinus).

Cre•vasse´ (kr?•v?s´), n. [F. See Crevice.] 1. A deep crevice or fissure, as in embankment; one of the clefts or fissure by which the mass of a glacier is divided. 2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a river, caused by the pressure of the water, as on the lower Mississippi. [U.S.]

Crev´et (kr?v´?t), n. [Cf. Creut.] A crucible or melting pot; a cruset. Crabb.

Crev´ice (kr?v´?s), n. [OE. crevace, crevice. F. crevasse, fr. crever to break, burst, fr. L. crepare to crack,break. Cf. Craven, Crepitate, Crevasse.] A narrow opening resulting from a split or crack or the separation of a junction; a cleft; a fissure; a rent. “The mouse,
Behind the moldering wainscot, shrieked,
Or from the crevice peered about.
Tennyson.”

Crev´ice, v. t. To crack; to flaw. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Crev´iced (-?st), a. Having a crevice or crevices; as a creviced structure for storing ears of corn. “Trickling through the creviced rock.
J. Cunningham.”

Crev´is (-?s), n. (Zoöl.) The crawfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Crew (kru), n. (Zoöl.) The Manx shearwater.

Crew (kru), n. [From older accrue accession, reënforcement, hence, company, crew; the first syllable being misunderstood as the indefinite article. See Accrue, Crescent.] 1. A company of people associated together; an assemblage; a throng. “There a noble crew
Of lords and ladies stood on every side.
Spenser.” “Faithful to whom? to thy rebellious crew?
Milton.” 2. The company of seamen who man a ship, vessel, or at; the company belonging to a vessel or a boat. The word crew, in law, is ordinarily used as equivalent to ship’s company, including master and other officers. When the master and other officers are excluded, the context always shows it. Story. Burrill. 3. In an extended sense, any small body of men associated for a purpose; a gang; as (Naut.), the carpenter’s crew; the boatswain’s crew. Syn. — Company; band; gang; horde; mob; herd; throng; party.

Crew (kru), imp. of Crow.

Crew´el (kr?´?l), n. [Perh. for clewel, dim. of clew a ball of thread; or cf. D. krul curl, E. curl. rad.26.] Worsted yarn,, slackly twisted, used for embroidery.

Crew´el•work (-w?rk•), n. Embroidery in crewels, commonly done upon some plain material, such as linen.

Crew´et (kr?´?t), n. See Cruet.

Crib (kr?b), n. [AS. crybb; akin to OS. kribbja, D. krib, kribbe, Dan. krybbe, G. krippe, and perh. to MHG. krebe basket, G, korb, and E. rip a sort of wicker basket.] 1. A manger or rack; a feeding place for animals. “The steer lion at one crib shall meet.
Pope.” 2. A stall for oxen or other cattle. “Where no oxen are, the crib is clean.
Prov. xiv. 4.” 3. A small inclosed bedstead or cot for a child. 4. A box or bin, or similar wooden structure, for storing grain, salt, etc.; as a crib for corn or oats. 5. A hovel; a hut; a cottage. “Why rather, Sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, …
Than in the perfumed chambers of the great?
Shak.” 6. (Mining) A structure or frame of timber for a foundation, or for supporting a roof, or for lining a shaft. 7. A structure of logs to be anchored with stones; — used for docks, pier, dams, etc. 8. A small raft of timber. [Canada] 9. A small theft; anything purloined; a plagiarism; hence, a translation or key, etc., to aid a student in preparing or reciting his lessons. [Colloq.] “The Latin version technically called a crib.
Ld. Lytton.” “Occasional perusal of the Pagan writers, assisted by a crib.
Wilkie Collins.” 10. A miner’s luncheon. [Cant] Raymond. 11. (Card Playing) The discarded cards which the dealer can use in scoring points in cribbage.

Crib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbed (kribd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cribbing.] 1. To shut up or confine in a narrow habitation; to cage; to cramp. “If only the vital energy be not cribbed or cramped.
I. Taylor.” “Now I am cabin’d, cribbed, confined.
Shak.” 2. To pilfer or purloin; hence, to steal from an author; to appropriate; to plagiarize; as to crib a line from Milton. [Colloq.] “Child, being fond of toys, cribbed the necklace.
Dickens.”

Crib, v. i. 1. To crowd together, or to be confined, as in a crib or in narrow accommodations. [R.] “Who sought to make … bishops to crib in a Presbyterian trundle bed.
Gauden.” 2. To make notes for dishonest use in recitation or examination. [College Cant] 3. To seize the manger or other solid object with the teeth and draw in wind; — said of a horse.

Crib´bage (krib´?j), n. [From Crib, v. t., 2.] A game of cards, played by two or four persons, in which there is a crib. (See Crib, 11.) It is characterized by a great variety of chances. “A man’s fancy would be summed up in cribbage.
John Hall.” Cribbage board, a board with holes and pegs, used by cribbage players to score their game. { Crib´ber (kr?b´?r), Crib´-bit•er (-b?t´?r) }, n. A horse that has the habit of cribbing.

Crib´bing (kr?b´b?ng), n. 1. The act of inclosing or confining in a crib or in close quarters. 2. Purloining; stealing; plagiarizing. [Colloq.] 3. (Mining) A framework of timbers and plank backing for a shaft lining, to prevent caving, percolation of water, etc. 4. A vicious habit of a horse; crib- biting. The horse lays hold of the crib or manger with his teeth and draws air into the stomach with a grunting sound.

Crib´-bit•ing (kr?b´b?t•?ng), n. Same as Cribbing, 4.

Crib´ble (kr?b´b’l), n. [F. crible, LL. criblus sieve, fr. L. cribrum.] 1. A coarse sieve or screen. 2. Coarse flour or meal. [Obs.] Johnson.

Crib´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cribbling (-bl?ng).] [Cf. F. cribler.] To cause to pass through a sieve or riddle; to sift.

Crib´ble, a. Coarse; as cribble bread. [Obs.] Huloet.

Cri•bel´lum (kr?b?l´l?m), n. [L., a small sieve, dim. of cribrum sieve.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar perforated organ of certain spiders (Ciniflonidae), used for spinning a special kind of silk.

Crib´rate (kr?b´r?t), a. [L. cribratus, p. p. of cribrare to sift, fr. cribrum a sieve.] Cribriform.

Cri•bra´tion (kr?-br?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cribration, fr. L. cribrare to sift. See Cribble, n.] (Pharmacy) The act or process of separating the finer parts of drugs from the coarser by sifting.

Crib´ri•form (kr?b´r?f?rm), a. [L. cribrum sieve + -form: cf. F. cribriforme.] Resembling, or having the form of, a sieve; pierced with holes; as the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; a cribriform compress. Cribriform cells (Bot.), those which have here and there oblique or transverse sieve plates, or places perforated with many holes.

Crib´rose (kr?b´r?s), a. [L. cribrum sieve.] Perforated like a sieve; cribriform.

Cric (krik), n. [prob. fr. F. cric a jackscrew.] The ring which turns inward and condenses the flame of a lamp. Knight.

Crick (krik), n. [See Creak.] The creaking of a door, or a noise resembling it. [Obs.] Johnson.

Crick, n. [The same as creek a bending, twisting. See Creek, Crook.] 1. A painful, spasmodic affection of the muscles of some part of the body, as of the neck or back, rendering it difficult to move the part. “ To those also that, with a crick or cramp, have thei necks drawn backward.
Holland.” 2. [Cf. F. cric.] A small jackscrew. Knight.

Crick´et (kr?k´?t), n. [OE. criket, OF. crequet, criquet; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. creak; cf. D. kriek a cricket. See Creak.] (Zoöl.) An orthopterous insect of the genus Gryllus, and allied genera. The males make chirping, musical notes by rubbing together the basal parts of the veins of the front wings. The common European cricket is Gryllus domesticus; the common large black crickets of America are G. niger, G. neglectus, and others. Balm cricket. See under Balm. — Cricket bird, a small European bird (Silvia locustella); — called also grasshopper warbler. — Cricket frog, a small American tree frog (Acris gryllus); — so called from its chirping.

Crick´et, n. [AS. cricc, crycc, crooked staff, crutch. Perh. first used in sense 1, a stool prob. having been first used as a wicket. See Crutch.] 1. A low stool. 2. A game much played in England, and sometimes in America, with a ball, bats, and wickets, the players being arranged in two contesting parties or sides. 3. (Arch.) A small false roof, or the raising of a portion of a roof, so as to throw off water from behind an obstacle, such as a chimney.

Crick´et, v. i. To play at cricket. Tennyson.

Crick´et•er (kr?k´?t-?r), n. One who plays at cricket.

Cri´coid (kr?´koid), a. [Gr. ring + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling a ring; — said esp. of the cartilage at the larynx, and the adjoining parts.

Cri•co•thy´roid (-k?-th?´roid), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining both to the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages.

Cried (krid), imp. & p. p. of Cry.

Cri´er (kr?´?r), n. [Cf. F. crieur. See Cry.] One who cries; one who makes proclamation. Specifically, an officer who proclaims the orders or directions of a court, or who gives public notice by loud proclamation; as a town-crier. “He openeth his mouth like a crier.
Ecclus. xx. 15.”

Crime (krim), n.[F. crime, fr. L. crimen judicial decision, that which is subjected to such a decision, charge, fault, crime, fr. the root of cernere to decide judicially. See Certain.] 1. Any violation of law, either divine or human; an omission of a duty commanded, or the commission of an act forbidden by law. 2. Gross violation of human law, in distinction from a misdemeanor or trespass, or other slight offense. Hence, also any aggravated offense against morality or the public welfare; any outrage or great wrong. ´To part error from crime.´ Tennyson. Crimes, in the English common law, are grave offenses which were originally capitally punished (murder, rape, robbery, arson, burglary, and larceny), as distinguished from misdemeanors, which are offenses of a lighter grade. See Misdemeanors. 3. Any great wickedness or sin; iniquity. “No crime was thine, if ’tis no crime to love.
Pope.” 4. That which occasion crime. [Obs.] “The tree of life, the crime of our first father’s fall.
Spenser.” Capital crime, a crime punishable with death. Syn. — Sin; vice; iniquity; wrong. — Crime, Sin,Vice. Sin is the generic term, embracing wickedness of every kind, but specifically denoting an offense as committed against God. Crime is strictly a violation of law either human or divine; but in present usage the term is commonly applied to actions contrary to the laws of the State. Vice is more distinctively that which springs from the inordinate indulgence of the natural appetites, which are in themselves innocent. Thus intemperance, unchastity, duplicity, etc., are vices; while murder, forgery, etc., which spring from the indulgence of selfish passions, are crimes.

Crime´ful (kr?m´f?l), a. Criminal; wicked; contrary to law, right, or dury. [Obs.] Shak.

Crime´less, a. Free from crime; innocent. Shak.

Crim´i•nal (kr?m´?-nal), a. [L. criminalis, fr. crimen: cf. F. criminel. See Crime.] 1. Guilty of crime or sin. “The neglect of any of the relative duties renders us criminal in the sight of God.
Rogers.” 2. Involving a crime; of the nature of a crime; — said of an act or of conduct; as criminal carelessness. “Foppish and fantastic ornaments are only indications of vice, not criminal in themselves.
Addison.” 3. Relating to crime; — opposed to civil; as the criminal code. “The officers and servants of the crown, violating the personal liberty, or other right of the subject … were in some cases liable to criminal process.
Hallam.” Criminal action (Law), an action or suit instituted to secure conviction and punishment for a crime. — Criminal conversation (Law), unlawful intercourse with a married woman; adultery; — usually abbreviated, crim. con. — Criminal law, the law which relates to crimes.

Crim´i•nal, n. One who has commited a crime; especially, one who is found guilty by verdict, confession, or proof; a malefactor; a felon.

Crim´i•nal•ist, n. One versed in criminal law. [R.]

Crim•i•nal´i•ty (kr?m•?-n?l´?-t?), n. [LL. criminalitas, fr. L. criminalis. See Criminal.] The quality or state of being criminal; that which constitutes a crime; guiltiness; guilt. “This is by no means the only criterion of criminality.
Blackstone.”

Crim´i•nal•ly (kr?m´?-nal-l?), adv. In violation of law; wickedly.

Crim´i•nal•ness, n. Criminality. [R.]

Crim´i•nate (krm´-nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criminated (- n•td); p. pr. & vb. n. Criminating (-n´tng).] [L. criminatus, p. p. of criminare, criminari, to criminate, fr. crimen. See Crime.] 1. To accuse of, or charge with, a crime. “To criminate, with the heavy and ungrounded charge of disloyalty and disaffection, an uncorrupt, independent, and reforming parliament.
Burke.” 2. To involve in a crime or in its consequences; to render liable to a criminal charge. “Impelled by the strongest pressure of hope and fear to criminate him.
Macaulay.”

Crim•i•na´tion (kr?m•?-n?´sh?n), n. [L. criminatio.] The act of accusing; accusation; charge; complaint. “The criminations and recriminations of the adverse parties.
Macaulay.”

Crim´i•na•tive (kr?m´?-n?-t?v), a. Charging with crime; accusing; criminatory. R. North.

Crim´i•na•to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Relating to, or involving, crimination; accusing; as a criminatory conscience.

Crim•i•nol´o•gy (-n?l´?-j?), n. [L. crimen, crimenis, crime + -logy.] A treatise on crime or the criminal population. — Crim•i•nol´o•gist (-jst), n.

Crim´i•nous (kr?m´?-n?s), a. [L. criminosus, fr. crimen. See Crime.] Criminal; involving great crime or grave charges; very wicked; heinous. [Obs.] Holland. — Crim´i•nous•ly, adv. — Crim´i•nous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Crim´o•sin (kr?m´?-z?n), n. [Obs.] See Crimson.

Crimp (krimp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimped (krimt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimping.] [Akin to D. krimpen to shrink, shrivel, Sw. krympa, Dan. krympe, and to E. cramp. See Cramp.] 1. To fold or plait in regular undulation in such a way that the material will retain the shape intended; to give a wavy appearance to; as to crimp the border of a cap; to crimp a ruffle. Cf. Crisp. “The comely hostess in a crimped cap.
W. Irving.” 2. To pinch and hold; to seize. 3. Hence, to entrap into the military or naval service; as to crimp seamen. “Coaxing and courting with intent to crimp him.
Carlyle.” 4. (Cookery) To cause to contract, or to render more crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with a knife; as to crimp skate, etc. Crimping house, a low lodging house, into which men are decoyed and plied with drink, to induce them to ship or enlist as sailors or soldiers. — Crimping iron. (a) An iron instrument for crimping and curling the hair. (b) A crimping machine. — Crimping machine, a machine with fluted rollers or with dies, for crimping ruffles, leather, iron, etc. — Crimping pin, an instrument for crimping or puckering the border of a lady’s cap.

Crimp, a. 1. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. [R.] “Now the fowler … treads the crimp earth.
J. Philips.” 2. Weak; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.] “The evidence is crimp; the witnesses swear backward and forward, and contradict themselves.
Arbuthnot.”

Crimp, n. 1. A coal broker. [Prov. Eng.] De Foe. 2. One who decoys or entraps men into the military or naval service. Marryat. 3. A keeper of a low lodging house where sailors and emigrants are entrapped and fleeced. 4. Hair which has been crimped; — usually in pl. 5. A game at cards. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Boot crimp. See under Boot.

Crimp´age (-?j), n. The act or practice of crimping; money paid to a crimp for shipping or enlisting men.

Crimp´er (-ãr), n. One who, or that which, crimps; as: (a) A curved board or frame over which the upper of a boot or shoe is stretched to the required shape. (b) A device for giving hair a wavy appearance. (c) A machine for crimping or ruffling textile fabrics.

Crim´ple (kr?m´p’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimpled (-p’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimpling (-pl?ng).] [Dim. of crimp, v. t. ] To cause to shrink or draw together; to contract; to curl. [R.] Wiseman.

Crimp´y (kr?mp´?), a. Having a crimped appearance; frizzly; as the crimpy wool of the Saxony sheep.

Crim´son (krim´z’n), n. [OE. crimson, OF. crimoisin, F. cramoisi (cf. Sp. carmesi.) LL. carmesinus, fr. Ar. qermazi, fr. qermez crimson, kermes, fr. Skr. krmija produced by a worm; kmi worm or insect + jan to generate; akin to E. kin. CF. Carmine, Kermes.] A deep red color tinged with blue; also red color in general. “Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.
Is. i. 18.” “A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty.
Shak.”

Crim´son, a. Of a deep red color tinged with blue; deep red. ´A crimson tide.´ Mrs. Hemans. “The blushing poppy with a crimson hue.
Prior.”

Crim´son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimsoned (-z’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimsoning.] To dye with crimson or deep red; to redden. “Signed in thy spoil and crimsoned in thy lethe.
Shak.”

Crim´son, v. t. To become crimson; to blush. “Ancient towers … beginning to crimson with the radiant luster of a cloudless July morning.
De Quincey.”

Cri´nal (kri´nal), a. [L. crinalis, fr. crinis the hair.] Of or pertaining to the hair. [R.] Blount.

Cri´na•ted (kri´na•ted), a. Having hair; hairy.

Cri´na•to•ry (kr?´n?-t?-r?), a. Crinitory. Craig.

Crin´cum (kr?n´k?m), n. [Cf. Crinkle.] A twist or bend; a turn; a whimsey. [Colloq.] Hudibras.

Crin´cum-cran´cum (kr?n´k?m-kr?n´k?m), n. A twist; a whimsey or whim. [Colloq.]

Crined (krind), a. [L. crinis hair.] (Her.) Having the hair of a different tincture from the rest of the body; as a charge crined of a red tincture. { Cri´nel (kr?´nEl), Cri´net (kr?´n?t), } n. [L. crinis hair.] A very fine, hairlike feather. Booth.

Cringe (krinj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cringed (krinjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cringing.] [As. crincgan, cringan, crincan, to jield, fall; akin to E. crank.] To draw one’s self together as in fear or servility; to bend or crouch with base humility; to wince; hence, to make court in a degrading manner; to fawn. “When they were come up to the place where the lions were, the boys that went before were glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the lions.
Bunyan.” “Sly hypocrite, … who more than thou
Once fawned and cringed, and servilely adored
Heaven’s awful monarch?
Milton.” “Flatterers … are always bowing and cringing.
Arbuthnot.”

Cringe, v. t. To contract; to draw together; to cause to shrink or wrinkle; to distort. [Obs.] “Till like a boy you see him cringe his face,
And whine aloud for mercy.
Shak.”

Cringe, n. Servile civility; fawning; a shrinking or bowing, as in fear or servility. ´With cringe and shrug, and bow obsequious.´ Cowper.

Cringe´ling, n. One who cringes meanly; a fawner.

Crin´ger (kr?n´j?r), n. One who cringes.

Crin´ging•ly, adv. In a cringing manner.

Crin´gle (kr?n´g’l), n. [Icel. kringla orb; akin to kring around, and to D. kring circle, and to E. cringe, crank.] 1. A withe for fastening a gate. 2. (Naut.) An iron or pope thimble or grommet worked into or attached to the edges and corners of a sail; — usually in the plural. The cringles are used for making fast the bowline bridles, earings, etc.

Crin•i•cul´tur•al (kr?n•?-k?l´t?r-a]/>l; 135), a. [L. crinis hair + cultura.] Relating to the growth of hair. [R.]

Cri•nig´er•ous (kr?-n?j´?r-?s), a. [L. criniger; crinis hair + gerere to bear.] Bearing hair; hairy. [R.]

Cri´ni•tal (kr?´n?-tal), a. Same as Crinite, 1. “He the star crinital adoreth.
Stanyhurst.”

Cri´nite (kr?´n?t), a. [L. crinitus, p. p. of crinire to provide or cover with hair, fr. crinis hair.] 1. Having the appearance of a tuft of hair; having a hairlike tail or train. ´Comate, crinite, caudate stars.´ Fairfax. 2. (Bot.) Bearded or tufted with hairs. Gray.

Cri´ni•to•ry (kr?´n?-t?-r?), a. Of or relating to hair; as a crinitory covering. T. Hook.

Crin´kle (krin´k’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crinkled (- k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crinkling (- kling).] [A dim., fr. the root of cringe; akin to D. krinkelen to wind or twist. Cf. Cringle, Cringe.] To form with short turns, bends, or wrinkles; to mold into inequalities or sinuosities; to cause to wrinkle or curl. “The houses crinkled to and fro.
Chaucer.” “Her face all bowsy,
Comely crinkled,
Wondrously wrinkled.
Skelton.” “The flames through all the casements pushing forth,
Like red-not devils crinkled into snakes.
Mrs. Browning.”

Crin´kle, v. i. To turn or wind; to run in and out in many short bends or turns; to curl; to run in waves; to wrinkle; also to rustle, as stiff cloth when moved. “The green wheat crinkles like a lake.
L. T. Trowbridge.” “And all the rooms
Were full of crinkling silks.
Mrs. Browning.”

Crin´kle, n. A winding or turn; wrinkle; sinuosity. “The crinkles in this glass, making objects appear double.
A. Tucker.”

Crin´kled (kr?n´k’ld), a. Having short bends, turns, or wrinkles; wrinkled; wavy; zigzag. ´The crinkled lightning.´ Lowell.

Crin´kly (-kl?), a. Having crinkles; wavy; wrinkly.

Cri´noid (kri´noid), a. [See Crinoidea.] (Zoöl.) Crinoidal. — n. One of the Crinoidea.

Cri•noid´al (kri•noid´al), a. (Zoöl.) Of pertaining to crinoids; consisting of, or containing, crinoids.

Cri•noid´e•a (kr>isl/•noid´e•a), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. kri•non lily + -oid: cf. F. crinoïde.] (Zoöl.) A large class of Echinodermata, including numerous extinct families and genera, but comparatively few living ones. Most of the fossil species, like some that are recent, were attached by a jointed stem. See Blastoidea, Cystoidea, Comatula.

Cri•noid´e•an (-an), n. (Zoöl) One of the Crinoidea.

Crin´o•line (kr?n´?-l?n), n. [F., fr. crin hair,L. crinis.] 1. A kind of stiff cloth, used chiefly by women, for underskirts, to expand the gown worn over it; — so called because originally made of hair. 2. A lady’s skirt made of any stiff material; latterly, a hoop skirt.

Cri•nose´ (kr?-n?s´), a. [L. crinis hair.] Hairy. [R.]

Cri•nos´i•ty (kr?-n?s´?-t?), n. Hairiness. [R.]

Cri´num (kri´num), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kri•non lily.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous plants, of the order Amaryllidaceae, cultivated as greenhouse plants on account of their beauty.

Cri´o•sphinx (kri´o•sfinks•), n. [Gr. krio•s ram + sfi•gx sphinx.] A sphinx with the head of a ram.

Crip´ple (krip´p’l), n. [OE. cripel, crepel, crupel, AS. crypel (akin to D. kreuple, G. krüppel, Dan. kröbling, Icel. kryppill), prop., one that can not walk, but must creep, fr. AS. creópan to creep. See Creep.] One who creeps, halts, or limps; one who has lost, or never had, the use of a limb or limbs; a lame person; hence, one who is partially disabled. “I am a cripple in my limbs; but what decays are in my mind, the reader must determine.
Dryden.”

Crip´ple (krip´p’l), a. Lame; halting. [R.] ´The cripple, tardy-gaited night.´ Shak.

Crip´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crippled (-p’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crippling (-pl?ng).] 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, particularly of a leg or foot; to lame. “He had crippled the joints of the noble child.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To deprive of strength, activity, or capability for service or use; to disable; to deprive of resources; as to be financially crippled. “More serious embarrassments … were crippling the energy of the settlement in the Bay.
Palfrey.” “An incumbrance which would permanently cripple the body politic.
Macaulay.”

Crip´pled (kr?p´p’ld), a. Lamed; lame; disabled; impeded. ´The crippled crone.´ Longfellow.

Crip´ple•ness, n. Lameness. [R.] Johnson.

Crip´pler (-pl?r), n. A wooden tool used in graining leather. Knight.

Crip´pling (-pl?ng), n. Spars or timbers set up as a support against the side of a building.

Crip´ply (-pl?), a. Lame; disabled; in a crippled condition. [R.] Mrs. Trollope.

Cri´sis (kr?´s?s), n.; pl. Crises (-sz). [L. crisis, Gr. , fr. to separate. See Certain.] 1. The point of time when it is to be decided whether any affair or course of action must go on, or be modified or terminate; the decisive moment; the turning point. “This hour’s the very crisis of your fate.
Dryden.” “The very times of crisis for the fate of the country.
Brougham.” 2. (Med.) That change in a disease which indicates whether the result is to be recovery or death; sometimes, also a striking change of symptoms attended by an outward manifestation, as by an eruption or sweat. “Till some safe crisis authorize their skill.
Dryden.”

Crisp (kr?sp), a. [AS. crisp, fr. L. crispus; cf. carpere to pluck, card (wool), and E. harvest. Cf. Crape.] 1. Curling in stiff curls or ringlets; as crisp hair. 2. Curled with the ripple of the water. [Poetic] “You nymphs called Naiads, of the winding brooks …
Leave jour crisp channels.
Shak.” 3. Brittle; friable; in a condition to break with a short, sharp fracture; as crisp snow. “The cakes at tea ate short and crisp.
Goldsmith.” 4. Possessing a certain degree of firmness and freshness; in a fresh, unwilted condition. “It [laurel] has been plucked nine months, and yet looks as hale and crisp as if it would last ninety years.
Leigh Hunt.” 5. Lively; sparking; effervescing. “Your neat crisp claret.
Beau. & Fl.” 6. Brisk; crackling; cheerful; lively. “The snug, small room, and the crisp fire.
Dickens.”

Crisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crisped (kr?spt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crisping.] [L. crispare, fr. crispus. See Crisp. a. ] 1. To curl; to form into ringlets, as hair, or the nap of cloth; to interweave, as the branches of trees. 2. To cause to undulate irregularly, as crape or water; to wrinkle; to cause to ripple. Cf. Crimp. “The lover with the myrtle sprays
Adorns his crisped tresses.
Drayton.” “Along the crisped shades and bowers.
Milton.” “The crisped brooks,
Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold.
Milton.” 3. To make crisp or brittle, as in cooking. Crisping iron, an instrument by which hair or any textile fabric is crisped. — Crisping pin, the simplest form of crisping iron. Is. iii. 22.

Crisp, v. i. To undulate or ripple. Cf. Crisp, v. t. “To watch the crisping ripples on the beach.
Tennuson.”

Crisp, n. That which is crisp or brittle; the state of being crisp or brittle; as burned to a crisp; specifically, the rind of roasted pork; crackling. { Cris´pate (kr?s´p?t), Cris´pa•ted (-p?- t?d), } a. [L. crispatus, p. p. of crispare.] Having a crisped appearance; irregularly curled or twisted.

Cris•pa´tion (kr?s-p?´sh?n), n. [CF. F. crispation.] 1. The act or process of curling, or the state of being curled. Bacon. 2. A very slight convulsive or spasmodic contraction of certain muscles, external or internal. “Few men can look down from a great height without creepings and crispations.
O. W. Holmes.”

Cris´pa•ture (kr?s´p?-t?r; 135), n. The state of being crispate.

Crisp´er (kr?s´p?r), n. One who, or that which, crisps or curls; an instrument for making little curls in the nap of cloth, as in chinchilla.

Cris´pin (kr?s´p?n), n. 1. A shoemaker; — jocularly so called from the patron saint of the craft. 2. A member of a union or association of shoemakers.

Crisp´ly (kr?sp´l?), adv. In a crisp manner.

Crisp´ness, n. The state or quality of being crisp.

Crisp´y (-?), a. 1. Formed into short, close ringlets; frizzed; crisp; as crispy locks. 2. Crisp; brittle; as a crispy pie crust.

Cris´sal (kr?s´sal), a. (Zoöl.) 1. Pertaining to the crissum; as crissal feathers. 2. Having highly colored under tail coverts; as the crissal thrasher.

Criss´cross (kr?s´kr?s•; 115), n. [A corruption of Christcross.] 1. A mark or cross, as the signature of a person who is unable to write. 2. A child’s game played on paper or on a slate, consisting of lines arranged in the form of a cross.

Criss´cross, v. t. To mark or cover with cross lines; as a paper was crisscrossed with red marks.

Criss´cross (kr?s´kr?s•;115), adv. 1. In opposite directions; in a way to cross something else; crossing one another at various angles and in various ways. “Logs and tree luing crisscross in utter confusion.
W. E. Boardman.” 2. With opposition or hindrance; at cross purposes; contrarily; as things go crisscross.

Criss´cross-row (-r?•), n. See Christcross-row.

Cris´sum (kr?s´s?m),, n.; pl. Crissa (-s). [NL.; cf. L. crisso to move the haunches.] (Zoöl.) That part of a bird, or the feathers, surrounding the cloacal opening; the under tail coverts.

Cris´tate (kr?s´t?t), a. [L. ctistatus, fr. crista crest.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Crested.

Cri•te´ri•on (kr?-t?´r?-?n), n.; pl. Criteria (-), sometimes Criterions (-nz). [Gr. a means for judging, fr. decider, judge, fr. to separate. See Certain.] A standard of judging; any approved or established rule or test, by which facts, principles opinions, and conduct are tried in forming a correct judgment respecting them. “Of the diseases of the mind there is no criterion.
Donne.” “Inferences founded on such enduring criteria.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” Syn. — Standard; measure; rule.

Crith (krith), n. [Gr. kriqh• a barleycorn, a small weight.] (Chem.) The unit for estimating the weight of aëriform substances; — the weight of a liter of hydrogen at 0° centigrade, and with a tension of 76 centimeters of mercury. It is 0.0896 of a gram, or 1.38274 grains.

Crith´o•man•cy (krith´o•man•sy), n. [Gr. kriqai•, pl., barley + -mancy: cf. F. crithomancie.] A kind of divination by means of the dough of the cakes offered in the ancient sacrifices, and the meal strewed over the victims.

Crit´ic (krit´ik), n. [L. criticus, Gr. kritiko•s, a critic; prop., an adj. meaning able to discuss, from kri•nein to judge, discern. See Certain, and cf. Critique.] 1. One skilled in judging of the merits of literary or artistic works; a connoisseur; an adept; hence, one who examines literary or artistic works, etc., and passes judgment upon them; a reviewer. “The opininon of the most skillful critics was that nothing finer [than Goldsmith’s ´Traveler´] had appeared in verse since the fourth book of the ´Dunciad.´
Macaulay.” 2. One who passes a rigorous or captious judgment; one who censures or finds fault; a harsh examiner or judge; a caviler; a carper. “When an author has many beauties consistent with virtue, piety, and truth, let not little critics exalt themselves, and shower down their ill nature.
I. Watts.” “You know who the critics are? the men who have failed in literature and art.
Beaconsfield.” 3. The art of criticism. [Obs.] Locke. 4. An act of criticism; a critique. [Obs.] “And make each day a critic on the last.
Pope.”

Crit´ic, a. Of or pertaining to critics or criticism; critical. [Obs.] ´Critic learning.´ Pope.

Crit´ic, v. i. [Cf. F. critiquer.] To criticise; to play the critic. [Obs.] “Nay, if you begin to critic once, we shall never have done.
A. Brewer.”

Crit´ic•al (krit´i•kal), a. [See Critic, n., Crisis.] 1. Qualified to criticise, or pass judgment upon, literary or artistic productions. “It is submitted to the judgment of more critical ears to direct and determine what is graceful and what is not.
Holder.” 2. Pertaining to criticism or the critic’s art; of the nature of a criticism; accurate; as critical knowledge; a critical dissertation. 3. Inclined to make nice distinctions, or to exercise careful judgment and selection; exact; nicely judicious. “Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion, that he would never have brought in such prayers as these, if they had not been agreeable to the Roman customs.
Bp. Stillingfleet.” 4. Inclined to criticise or find fault; fastidious; captious; censorious; exacting. “O gentle lady, do not put me to ’t,
For I am nothing, if not critical.
Shak.” 5. Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to principles, as becomes a critic; as a critical analysis of a subject. 6. [See Crisis.] Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis, turning point, or specially important juncture; important as regards consequences; hence, of doubtful issue; attended with risk; dangerous; as the critical stage of a fever; a critical situation. “Our circumstances are indeed critical.
Burke.” “The small moment, the exact point, the critical minute, on which every good work so much depends.
South.” Critical angle (Optics), that angle of incidence of a luminous ray at which it is wholly reflected, and no portion of it transmitted. The sine of this angle is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the medium. — Critical philosophy, the metaphysical system of Kant; — so called from his most important work, the ´Critique of Pure Reason.´ — Critical point (Physics), a certain temperature, different for different gases, but always the same for each gas regarded as the limit above which no amount of pressure can produce condensation to a liquid.

Crit´ic•al•ly, adv. 1. In a critical manner; with nice discernment; accurately; exactly. “Critically to discern good writers from bad.
Dryden.” 2. At a crisis; at a critical time; in a situation, place, or condition of decisive consequence; as a fortification critically situated. “Coming critically the night before the session.
Bp. Burnet.”

Crit´ic•al•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being critical, or of occurring at a critical time. 2. Accuracy in examination or decision; exactness.

Crit´ic•as•ter (krit´ik•as•t&til;r), n. A contemptible or vicious critic. “The rancorous and reptile crew of poeticules, who decompose into criticasters.
Swinburne.”

Crit´i•cis•a•ble (krit´i•siz•a•b’l), a. Capable of being criticised.

Crit´i•cise (kr?t´?-s?z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criticised (-s?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Criticising.] [Written also more analogically, but less commonly, criticize.] [Cf. G. kritisiren. See Critic.] 1. To examine and judge as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment upon; as to criticise an author; to criticise a picture. 2. To express one’s views as to the merit or demerit of; esp., to animadvert upon; to find fault with; as to criticise conduct. Blackwood’s Mag.

Crit´i•cise, v. i. 1. To act as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment; to play the critic; — formerly used with on or upon. “Several of these ladies, indeed, criticised upon the form of the association.
Addison.” 2. To discuss the merits or demerits of a thing or person; esp., to find fault. “Cavil you may, but never criticise.
Pope.”

Crit´i•ci•ser (-s?•z?r), n. One who criticises; a critic.

Crit´i•cism (kr?t´?-s?z’m), n. 1. The rules and principles which regulate the practice of the critic; the art of judging with knowledge and propriety of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of a production in the fine arts; as dramatic criticism. “The elements ofcriticism depend on the two principles of Beauty and Truth, one of which is the final end or object of study in every one of its pursuits: Beauty, in letters and the arts; Truth, in history and sciences.
Brande & C.” “By criticism, as it was first instituted by Aristotle, was meant a standard of judging well.
Dryden.” 2. The act of criticising; a critical judgment passed or expressed; a critical observation or detailed examination and review; a critique; animadversion; censure. “About the plan of ´Rasselas´ little was said by the critics; and yet the faults of the plan might seem to invite severe criticism.
Macaulay.”

Cri•tique´ (kri•tek´), n. [F. critique, f., fr. Gr. kritikh• (sc. te•chnh) the critical art, from kritiko•s. See Critic.] 1. The art of criticism. [Written also critic.] [R.] 2. A critical examination or estimate of a work of literature or art; a critical dissertation or essay; a careful and thorough analysis of any subject; a criticism; as Kant’s ´Critique of Pure Reason.´ “I should as soon expect to see a critique on the poesy of a ring as on the inscription of a medal.
Addison.” 3. A critic; one who criticises. [Obs.] “A question among critiques in the ages to come.
Bp. Lincoln.”

Cri•tique´, v. t. [Cf. Critic, v.] To criticise or pass judgment upon. [Obs.] Pope.

Criz´zel (kr?z´z’l), n. [Cf. grizzle darkish gray, or G. griselig gravelly, granular, speckled.] A kind of roughness on the surface of glass, which clouds its transparency. [Written also crizzeling and crizzle.]

Croak (krok), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Croaked. (krokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Croaking.] [From the primitive of AS. cracettan to croak as a raven; akin to G. krächzen to croak, and to E. creak, crake.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog, a raven, or a crow; hence, to make any hoarse, dismal sound. “Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog,
And the hoarse nation croaked.
Pope.” 2. To complain; especially, to grumble; to forebode evil; to utter complaints or forebodings habitually. “Marat … croaks with reasonableness.
Carlyle.”

Croak, v. t. To utter in a low, hoarse voice; to announce by croaking; to forebode; as to croak disaster. “The raven himself is hoarse,
That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan.
Shak.” “Two ravens now began to croak
Their nuptial song.
Wordsworth.”

Croak, n. The coarse, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a raven, or a like sound.

Croak´er (-?r), n. 1. One who croaks, murmurs, grumbles, or complains unreasonably; one who habitually forebodes evil. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American fish (Micropogon undulatus), of the Atlantic coast. (a) An American fresh- water fish (Aplodinotus grunniens); — called also drum. (c) The surf fish of California. When caught these fishes make a croaking sound; whence the name, which is often corrupted into crocus. Cro´at (kr?´?t), n. [Cf. Cravat.] 1. A native of Croatia, in Austria; esp., one of the native Slavic race. 2. An irregular soldier, generally from Croatia.

Cro•a´tian (kr?-?´shan), a. Of or pertaining to Croatia. — n. A Croat.

Cro´ce•in (kr?´s?-?n), n. [See Croceous.] (Chem.) A name given to any one of several yellow or scarlet dyestuffs of artificial production and complex structure. In general they are diazo and sulphonic acid derivatives of benzene and naphthol.

Cro´ceous (kr?´sh?s), a. [L. croceus, fr. crocus saffron. See Crocus.] Of, pertaining to, or like, saffron; deep reddish yellow. [R.]

Cro´ce•tin (kr?´s?-t?n), n. (Chem.) A dyestuff, obtained from the Chinese crocin, which produces a brilliant yellow.

Croche (kroch), n. [OF. croche, equiv. to F. crochet, croc, hook. See Crotchet, Crook.] A little bud or knob at the top of a deer’s antler.

Cro•chet´ (kr?-sh?´), n. [F. crochet small hook. See Croche.] A kind of knitting done by means of a hooked needle, with worsted, silk, or cotton; crochet work. Commonly used adjectively. Crochet hook, Crochet needle, a small hook, or a hooked needle (often of bone), used in crochet work.

Cro•chet´, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Crocheted (shad´); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocheting (-sha´ing).] To knit with a crochet needle or hook; as to crochet a shawl.

Cro´ci•a•ry (kr?´sh?-?-r?), n. [See Crosier.] (Eccl.) One who carries the cross before an archbishop. [Obs.]

Cro•cid´o•lite (kr?-s?d´?-l?t), n. [Gr. kroky•s nap on cloth + -lite.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in silky fibers of a lavender blue color. It is related to hornblende and is essentially a silicate of iron and soda; — called also blue asbestus. A silicified form, in which the fibers penetrating quartz are changed to oxide of iron, is the yellow brown tiger-eye of the jewelers.

Cro´cin (kr?´s?n), n. [Gr. saffron.] (Chem.) (a) The coloring matter of Chinese yellow pods, the fruit of Gardenia grandiflora. Watts. (b) A red powder (called also polychroite), which is made from the saffron (Crocus sativus). See Polychroite.

Crock (krok), n. [Cf. W. croeg cover, Scot. crochit covered.] The loose black particles collected from combustion, as on pots and kettles, or in a chimney; soot; smut; also coloring matter which rubs off from cloth.

Crock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crocked (krokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocking.] To soil by contact, as with soot, or with the coloring matter of badly dyed cloth.

Crock, v. i. To give off crock or smut.

Crock, n. A low stool. ´I … seated her upon a little crock.´ Tatler.

Crock (kr?k), n. [AS. croc, croca, crog, croh; akin to D. kruik, G. krug, Icel. krukka, Dan. krukke, Sw. kruka; but cf. W. crwc bucket, pail, crochan pot, cregen earthen vessel, jar. Cf. Cruet.] Any piece of crockery, especially of coarse earthenware; an earthen pot or pitcher. “Like foolish flies about an honey crock.
Spenser.”

Crock, v. t. To lay up in a crock; as to crock butter. Halliwell.

Crock´er (-?r), n. A potter. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Crock´er•y ( kr?k´?r-?), n. [From Crock an earthen vessel.] Earthenware; vessels formed of baked clay, especially the coarser kinds.

Crock´et (kr?k´?t), n. [OF. croquet, F. crochet, dim. of croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crotchet.] 1. (Arch.) An ornament often resembling curved and bent foliage, projecting from the sloping edge of a gable, spire, etc. 2. A croche, or knob, on the top of a stag’s antler. “The antlers and the crockets.
W. Black.”

Crock´et•ed, a. (Arch.) Ornamented with crockets.

Crock´et•ing, n. (Arch.) Ornamentation with crockets. Ruskin.

Crock´y (-?), a. [From Crock soot.] Smutty.

Croc´o•dile (kr?k´?-d?l; 277), n. [L. crocodilus, Gr. : cf. F. crocodile. Cf. Cookatrice.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large reptile of the genus Crocodilus, of several species. They grow to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet, and inhabit the large rivers of Africa, Asia, and America. The eggs, laid in the sand, are hatched by the sun’s heat. The best known species is that of the Nile (C. vulgaris, or C. Niloticus). The Florida crocodile (C. Americanus) is much less common than the alligator and has longer jaws. The name is also sometimes applied to the species of other related genera, as the gavial and the alligator. 2. (Logic) A fallacious dilemma, mythically supposed to have been first used by a crocodile. Crocodile bird (Zoöl.), an African plover (Pluvianus aegypticus) which alights upon the crocodile and devours its insect parasites, even entering its open mouth (according to reliable writers) in pursuit of files, etc.; — called also Nile bird. It is the trochilos of ancient writers. — Crocodile tears, false or affected tears; hypocritical sorrow; — derived from the fiction of old travelers, that crocodiles shed tears over their prey.

Croc•o•dil´i•a (-d?l´?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. crocodilus crocodile.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds.

Croc•o•dil´i•an (kr?k•?-d?l´?-a]/>n), a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the crocodile; characteristic of the crocodile. — n. One of the Crocodilia.

Croc•o•dil´i•ty (-?-t?), n. (Logic) A caption or sophistical mode of arguing. [R.]

Cro´cois•ite (kr?´kois-?t), n. [Cf. F. crocose.] (Min.) Same as Crocoite.

Cro´co•ite (kr?´k?-?t), n. [Gr. saffron.] (Min.) Lead chromate occuring in crystals of a bright hyacinth red color; — called also red lead ore.

Cro´con•ate (kr?´k?n-?t), n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of croconic acid with a base.

Cro•con´ic (kr?-k?n´?k), a. [Gr. saffron.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling saffron; having the color of saffron; as croconic acid. 2. Pertaining to, or derived from, croconic acid. Croconic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, C_5O_3(OH)2, obtained from potassium carboxide, rhodizonic acid, and various phenol and quinone derivatives of benzene, and forming yellow or orange colored salts.

Cro´cose (kro´kos), n. [Gr. kro•kos saffron.] (Chem.) A white crystalline sugar, metameric with glucose, obtained from the coloring matter of saffron. [Written also crokose.]

Cro´cus (kro´kus), n. [L., saffron, fr. Gr. kro•kos; cf. Heb. karkom, Ar. kurkum, Skr. kunkuma.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of iridaceous plants, with pretty blossoms rising separately from the bulb or corm. C. vernus is one of the earliest of spring-blooming flowers; C. sativus produces the saffron, and blossoms in the autumn. 2. (Chem.) A deep yellow powder; the oxide of some metal calcined to a red or deep yellow color; esp., the oxide of iron (Crocus of Mars or colcothar) thus produced from salts of iron, and used as a polishing powder. Crocus of Venus (Old Chem.), oxide of copper.

Crœ´sus (kre´sus), n. [L., fr. G. Kroi^sos.] A king of Lydia who flourished in the 6th century b. c., and was renowned for his vast wealth; hence, a common appellation for a very rich man; as he is a veritable Crœsus.

Croft (kroft; 115), n. [AS. croft; akin to D. kroft hillock; cf. Gael. croit hump, croft.] A small, inclosed field, adjoining a house; a small farm. “A few small crofts of stone-encumbered ground.
Wordsworth.”

Croft´er (-?r), n. One who rents and tills a small farm or holding; as the crofters of Scotland.

Croft´ing, n. 1. Croftland. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. (Textile Manuf.) Exposing linen to the sun, on the grass, in the process of bleaching.

Croft´land (-l?nd), n. Land of superior quality, on which successive crops are raised. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Crois (krois). n. [OF.] See Cross, n. [Obs.] { Croi•sade´ (kroi-s?d´), Croi•sa´do (- s?´d?), } n. [F. criosade. See Crusade.] A holy war; a crusade. [Obs.] Bacon.

Croise (krois), n. [F. croise crusader, fr. OF. crois, F. croix, cross. See Cross.] 1. A pilgrim bearing or wearing a cross. [Obs.] 2. A crusader. [Obs.] “The conquests of the croises extending over Palestine.
Burke.”

Crois•san•te´ (krw?•s?n•t?´), a. [F. croissant, adj. & n., crescent.] (Her.) Terminated with crescents; — said of a cross the ends of which are so terminated.

Cro´ker (kro´ker), n. [Gr. kro•kos saffron.] A cultivator of saffron; a dealer in saffron. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Cro´ma (kro´ma), n. [It.] (Mus.) A quaver. [Obs.]

Crom´lech (krom´lek), n. [W. cromlech; crom bending or bent, concave + llech a flat stone; akin to Ir. cromleac.] (Archaeol.) A monument of rough stones composed of one or more large ones supported in a horizontal position upon others. They are found chiefly in countries inhabited by the ancient Celts, and are of a period anterior to the introduction of Christianity into these countries.

Cro•mor´na (kr?-m?r´n?), n. [F. cromorne (cf. It. cromorno0, fr. G. krummhorn crooked horn, cornet, an organ pipe turned like a trumpet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.) A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe. [Corruptly written cromona.]

Crone (kron), n. [OD. kronie, karonie, an old sheep, OF. carogne, F. charogne, carrion (also F. carogne illnatured woman.). See Carrion, and Crony.] 1. An old ewe. [Obs.] Tusser. 2. An old woman; — usually in contempt. “But still the crone was constant to her note.
Dryden.” 3. An old man; especially, a man who talks and acts like an old woman. [R.] “The old crone [a negro man] lived in a hovel, … which his master had given him.
W. Irving.” “A few old battered crones of office.
Beaconsfield.”

Cro´nel (kr?´n?l), n. [Cf. Coronel spearhead, Crown.] The iron head of a tilting spear.

Cro´net (kr?´n?t), n. [Cf. Coronet, Crownet.] The coronet of a horse.

Cro´ni•an (kr?´n?-a]/>n), a. [Gr. Saturnian, fr. Saturn.] Saturnian; — applied to the North Polar Sea. [R.] Milton.

Cron´stedt•ite (kr?n´st?t-?t), n. (Min.) A mineral consisting principally of silicate of iron, and crystallizing in hexagonal prisms with perfect basal cleavage; — so named from the Swedish mineralogist Cronstedt.

Cro´ny (kr?´n?), n.; pl. Cronies (-nz). [Orig., an old woman. See Crone.] 1. A crone. [Obs.] ´Marry not an old crony.´ Burton. 2. An intimate companion; a familiar frend. [Colloq.] “He soon found his former cronies, though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time.
W. Irving.”

Croo´dle (kr??´d’l), v. i. [Cf. Cruddle, Crudle.] 1. To cower or cuddle together, as from fear or cold; to lie close and snug together, as pigs in straw. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Forby. “A dove to fly home her nest and croodle there.
C. Kingsley.” 2. To fawn or coax. [Obs.] 3. To coo. [Scot.]

Crook (krook), n. [OE. crok; akin to Icel. kr&onac;kr hook, bend, SW. krok, Dan. krog, OD. krooke; or cf. Gael. crocan crook, hook, W. crwca crooked. Cf. Crosier, Crotchet, Crutch, Encroach.] 1. A bend, turn, or curve; curvature; flexure. “Through lanes, and crooks, and darkness.
Phaer.” 2. Any implement having a bent or crooked end. Especially: (a) The staff used by a shepherd, the hook of which serves to hold a runaway sheep. (b) A bishop’s staff of office. Cf. Pastoral staff. “He left his crook, he left his flocks.
Prior.” 3. A pothook. ´As black as the crook.´ Sir W. Scott. 4. An artifice; trick; tricky device; subterfuge. “For all yuor brags, hooks, and crooks.
Cranmer.” 5. (Mus.) A small tube, usually curved, applied to a trumpet, horn, etc., to change its pitch or key. 6. A person given to fraudulent practices; an accomplice of thieves, forgers, etc. [Cant, U.S.] By hook or by crook, in some way or other; by fair means or foul.

Crook (kr??k), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooked (kr??kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooking.] [OE. croken; cf. Sw. krka, Dan. krge. See Crook, n.] 1. To turn from a straight line; to bend; to curve. “Crook the pregnant hinges of the knee.
Shak.” 2. To turn from the path of rectitude; to pervert; to misapply; to twist. [Archaic] “There is no one thing that crooks youth more than such unlawfull games.
Ascham.” “What soever affairs pass such a man’s hands, he crooketh them to his own ends.
Bacon.”

Crook, v. i. To bend; to curve; to wind; to have a curvature. ´ The port … crooketh like a bow.´ Phaer. “Their shoes and pattens are snouted, and piked more than a finger long, crooking upwards.
Camden.”

Crook´back (krook´bak•), n. A crooked back; one who has a crooked or deformed back; a hunchback.

Crook´back, a. Hunched. Shak.

Crook´bill ( -b?l•), n. (Zoöl) A New Zealand plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), remarkable for having the end of the beak abruptly bent to the right.

Crook´ed (kr??k´?d), a. 1. Characterized by a crook or curve; not straight; turning; bent; twisted; deformed. ´Crooked paths.´ Locke. “he is deformed, crooked, old, and sere.
Shak.” 2. Not straightforward; deviating from rectitude; distorted from the right. “They are a perverse and crooked generation.
Deut. xxxii. 5.” 3. False; dishonest; fraudulent; as crooked dealings. Crooked whisky, whisky on which the payment of duty has been fraudulently evaded. [Slang, U.S.] Barlett.

Crook´ed•ly, adv. In a curved or crooked manner; in a perverse or untoward manner.

Crook´ed•ness, n. The condition or quality of being crooked; hence, deformity of body or of mind; deviation from moral rectitude; perverseness.

Crook´en (kr??k´’n), v. t. To make crooked. [Obs.]

Crookes´ tube (kr??ks´ t?b•). (Phys.) A vacuum tube in which the exhaustion is carried to a very high degree, with the production of a distinct class of effects; — so called from W. Crookes who introduced it.

Croon (kroon), v. i. [OE. croinen, cf. D. kreunen to moan. rad.24.] 1. To make a continuous hollow moan, as cattle do when in pain. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. To hum or sing in a low tone; to murmur softly. “Here an old grandmother was crooning over a sick child, and rocking it to and fro.
Dickens.”

Croon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooned (kroond); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooning.] 1. To sing in a low tone, as if to one’s self; to hum. “Hearing such stanzas crooned in her praise.
C. Bronte.” 2. To soothe by singing softly. “The fragment of the childish hymn with which he sung and crooned himself asleep.
Dickens.”

Croon, n. 1. A low, continued moan; a murmur. 2. A low singing; a plain, artless melody.

Crop (krop), n. [OE. crop, croppe, craw, top of a plant, harvest, AS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, ear of corn; akin to D. krop craw, G. kropf, Icel. kroppr hump or bunch on the body, body; but cf. also W. cropa, croppa, crop or craw of a bird, Ir. & Gael. sgroban. Cf. Croup, Crupper, Croup.] 1. The pouchlike enlargement of the gullet of birds, serving as a receptacle for food; the craw. 2. The top, end, or highest part of anything, especially of a plant or tree. [Obs.] ´Crop and root.´ Chaucer. 3. That which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single felld, or of a single kind of grain or fruit, or in a single season; especially, the product of what is planted in the earth; fruit; harvest. “Lab’ring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop,
Corn, wine, and oil.
Milton.” 4. Grain or other product of the field while standing. 5. Anything cut off or gathered. “Guiltless of steel, and from the razor free,
It falls a plenteous crop reserved for thee.
Dryden.” 6. Hair cut close or short, or the act or style of so cutting; as a convict’s crop. 7. (Arch.) A projecting ornament in carved stone. Specifically, a finial. [Obs.] 8. (Mining.) (a) Tin ore prepared for smelting. (b) Outcrop of a vein or seam at the surface. Knight. 9. A riding whip with a loop instead of a lash. Neck and crop, altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.]

Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cropped (kr?pt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cropping.] 1. To cut off the tops or tips of; to bite or pull off; to browse; to pluck; to mow; to reap. “I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one.
Ezek. xvii. 22.” 2. Fig.: To cut off, as if in harvest. “Death … .crops the growing boys.
Creech.” 3. To cause to bear a crop; as to crop a field.

Crop, v. i. To yield harvest. To crop out. (a) (Geol.) To appear above the surface, as a seam or vein, or inclined bed, as of coal. (b) To come to light; to be manifest; to appear; as the peculiarities of an author crop out. — To crop up, to sprout; to spring up. ´Cares crop up in villas.´ Beaconsfield.

Crop´-ear (kr?p´?r•), n. A person or animal whose ears are cropped.

Crop´-eared (kr?p´?rd•), a. Having the ears cropped.

Crop´ful (-f?l), a. Having a full crop or belly; satiated. Milton.

Crop´per (krop´per), n. 1. One that crops. 2. A variety of pigeon with a large crop; a pouter. 3. (Mech.) A machine for cropping, as for shearing off bolts or rod iron, or for facing cloth. 4. A fall on one’s head when riding at full speed, as in hunting; hence, a sudden failure or collapse. [Slang.]

Crop´sick (kr?´s?k•), a. Sick from excess in eating or drinking. [Obs.] ´Cropsick drunkards.´ Tate. — Crop´sick•ness, n. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Crop´-tailed (-t?ld•), a. Having the tail cropped.

Cro•quet´ (kr?-k?´), n. [From French; cf. Walloon croque blow, fillip. F. croquet a crisp biscuit, croquer to crunch, fr. croc a crackling sound, of imitative origin. Croquet then properly meant a smart tap on the ball.] 1. An open-air game in which two or more players endeavor to drive wooden balls, by means of mallets, through a series of hoops or arches set in the ground according to some pattern. 2. The act of croqueting.

Cro•quet´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Croqueted (-k?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Croqueting (-k?´?ng).] In the game of croquet, to drive away an opponent’s ball, after putting one’s own in contact with it, by striking one’s own ball with the mallet.

Cro•quette´ (kr?-k?t´), n. [F., fr. croquer to crunch.] (Cookery) A ball of minced meat, fowl, rice, or other ingredients, highly seasoned, and fried.

Crore (kror), n. [Hind. karor, Skr. koti.] Ten millions; as a crore of rupees (which is nearly $5,000,000). [East Indies] Malcolm.

Cro´sier (kr?´zh?r), n. [OE. rocer, croser, croyser, fr. croce crosier, OF. croce, croche, F. crosse, fr. LL. crocea, crocia, from the same German or Celtic sourse as F. croc hook; akin to E. crook.] The pastoral staff of a bishop (also of an archbishop, being the symbol of his office as a shepherd of the flock of God. The true shape of the crosier was with a hooked or curved top; the archbishop’s staff alone bore a cross instead of a crook, and was of exceptional, not of regular form. Skeat.

Cro´siered (-zh?rd), a. Bearing a crosier.

Cros´let (kr?s´l?t; 115), n. See Crosslet.

Cross (kros; 115), n. [OE. crois, croys, cros; the former fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, fr. L. crux; the second is perh. directly fr. Prov. cros, crotz. fr. the same L. crux; cf. Icel. kross. Cf. Crucial, Crusade, Cruise, Crux.] 1. A gibbet, consisting of two pieces of timber placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as a T, or +, with the horizontal piece below the upper end of the upright, or as an X. It was anciently used in the execution of criminals. “Nailed to the cross
By his own nation.
Milton.” 2. The sign or mark of the cross, made with the finger, or in ink, etc., or actually represented in some material; the symbol of Christ’s death; the ensign and chosen symbol of Christianity, of a Christian people, and of Christendom. “The custom of making the sign of the cross with the hand or finger, as a means of conferring blessing or preserving from evil, is very old.
Schaff-Herzog Encyc.” “Before the cross has waned the crescent’s ray.
Sir W. Scott.” “Tis where the cross is preached.
Cowper.” 3. Affiction regarded as a test of patience or virtue; trial; disappointment; opposition; misfortune. “Heaven prepares a good man with crosses.
B. Jonson.” 4. A piece of money stamped with the figure of a cross, also that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general. “I should bear no cross if I did bear you; for I think you have no money in your purse.
Shak.” 5. An appendage or ornament or anything in the form of a cross; a badge or ornamental device of the general shape of a cross; hence, such an ornament, even when varying considerably from that form; thus, the Cross of the British Order of St. George and St. Michael consists of a central medallion with seven arms radiating from it. 6. (Arch.) A monument in the form of a cross, or surmounted by a cross, set up in a public place; as a market cross; a boundary cross; Charing Cross in London. “Dun-Edin’s Cross, a pillared stone,
Rose on a turret octagon.
Sir W. Scott.” 7. (Her.) A common heraldic bearing, of which there are many varieties. See the Illustration, above. 8. The crosslike mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those unable to write. “Five Kentish abbesses … .subscribed their names and crosses.
Fuller.” 9. Church lands. [Ireland] [Obs.] Sir J. Davies. 10. A line drawn across or through another line. 11. Hence: A mixing of breeds or stock, especially in cattle breeding; or the product of such intermixture; a hybrid of any kind. “ Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler.
Lord Dufferin.” 12. (Surveying) An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course. 13. (Mech.) A pipe-fitting with four branches the axes of which usually form’s right angle. Cross and pile, a game with money, at which it is put to chance whether a coin shall fall with that side up which bears the cross, or the other, which is called pile, or reverse; the game called heads or tails. — Cross bottony or bottone. See under Bottony. — Cross estoile (Her.). a cross, each of whose arms is pointed like the ray of a star; that is, a star having four long points only. — Cross of Calvary. See Calvary, 3. — Southern cross. (Astron.) See under Southern. — To do a thing on the cross, to act dishonestly; — opposed to acting on the square. [Slang] — To take up the cross, to bear troubles and afflictions with patience from love to Christ.

Cross (kros), a. 1. Not parallel; lying or falling athwart; transverse; oblique; intersecting. “The cross refraction of the second prism.
Sir I. Newton.” 2. Not accordant with what is wished or expected; interrupting; adverse; contrary; thwarting; perverse. ´A cross fortune.´ Jer. Taylor. “The cross and unlucky issue of my design.
Glanvill.” “The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvelously cross to the common experience of mankind.
South.” “We are both love’s captives, but with fates so cross,
One must be happy by the other’s loss.
Dryden.” 3. Characterized by, or in a state of, peevishness, fretfulness, or ill humor; as a cross man or woman. “He had received a cross answer from his mistress.
Jer. Taylor.” 4. Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged; as cross interrogatories; cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other. Cross action (Law), an action brought by a party who is sued against the person who has sued him, upon the same subject matter, as upon the same contract. Burrill. — Cross aisle (Arch.), a transept; the lateral divisions of a cruciform church. — Cross axle. (a) (Mach.) A shaft, windlass, or roller, worked by levers at opposite ends, as in the copperplate printing press. (b) A driving axle, with cranks set at an angle of 90° with each other. — Cross bedding (Geol.), oblique lamination of horizontal beds. — Cross bill. See in the Vocabulary. — Cross bitt. Same as Crosspiece. — Cross bond, a form of bricklaying, in which the joints of one stretcher course come midway between those of the stretcher courses above and below, a course of headers and stretchers intervening. See Bond, n., 8. — Cross breed. See in the Vocabulary. — Cross breeding. See under Breeding. — Cross buttock, a particular throw in wrestling; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse. Smollet. — Cross country, across the country; not by the road. ´The cross-country ride.´ Cowper. — Cross fertilization, the fertilization of the female products of one physiological individual by the male products of another, — as the fertilization of the ovules of one plant by pollen from another. See Fertilization. — Cross file, a double convex file, used in dressing out the arms or crosses of fine wheels. — Cross fire (Mil.), lines of fire, from two or more points or places, crossing each other. — Cross forked. (Her.) See under Forked. — Cross frog. See under Frog. — Cross furrow, a furrow or trench cut across other furrows to receive the water running in them and conduct it to the side of the field. — Cross handle, a handle attached transversely to the axis of a tool, as in the augur. Knight. — Cross lode (Mining), a vein intersecting the true or principal lode. — Cross purpose. See Cross-purpose, in the Vocabulary. — Cross reference, a reference made from one part of a book or register to another part, where the same or an allied subject is treated of. — Cross sea (Naut.), a chopping sea, in which the waves run in contrary directions. — Cross stroke, a line or stroke across something, as across the letter t. — Cross wind, a side wind; an unfavorable wind. — Cross wires, fine wires made to traverse the field of view in a telescope, and moved by a screw with a graduated head, used for delicate astronomical observations; spider lines. Fixed cross wires are also used in microscopes, etc. Syn. — Fretful; peevish. See Fretful.

Cross, prep. Athwart; across. [Archaic or Colloq.] “A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village.
L’Estrange.” To go cross lots, to go across the fields; to take a short cut. [Colloq.]

Cross, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crossed (kr?st; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Crossing.] 1. To put across or athwart; to cause to intersect; as to cross the arms. 2. To lay or draw something, as a line, across; as to cross the letter t. 3. To pass from one side to the other of; to pass or move over; to traverse; as to cross a stream. “A hunted hare … crosses and confounds her former track.
I. Watts.” 4. To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time. ´Your kind letter crossed mine.´ J. D. Forbes. 5. To run counter to; to thwart; to obstruct; to hinder; to clash or interfere with. “In each thing give him way; cross him in nothing.
Shak.” “An oyster may be crossed in love.
Sheridan.” 6. To interfere and cut off; to debar. [Obs.] “To cross me from the golden time I look for.
Shak.” 7. To make the sign of the cross upon; — followed by the reflexive pronoun; as he crossed himself. 8. To cancel by marking crosses on or over, or drawing a line across; to erase; — usually with out, off, or over; as to cross out a name. 9. To cause to interbreed; — said of different stocks or races; to mix the breed of. To cross one’s path, to oppose one’s plans. Macaulay.

Cross, v. i. 1. To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or pass from one side to the other, or from place to place; to make a transit; as to cross from New York to Liverpool. 3. To be inconsistent. [Obs.] “Men’s actions do not always cross with reason.
Sir P. Sidney.” 4. To interbreed, as races; to mix distinct breeds. “If two individuals of distinct races cross, a third is invariably produced different from either.
Coleridge.”

Cross´-armed (kr?s´?rmd), a. With arms crossed.

Cross´-band•ed (-b?nd•?d), a. A term used when a narrow ribbon of veneer is inserted into the surface of any piece of furniture, wainscoting, etc., so that the grain of it is contrary to the general surface.

Cross´bar (-bär•), n. A transverse bar or piece, as a bar across a door, or as the iron bar or stock which passes through the shank of an anchor to insure its turning fluke down. Russell. Crossbar shot, a projectile which folds into a sphere for loading, but on leaving the gun expands to a cross with a quarter ball at the end of each arm; — used in naval actions for cutting the enemy’s rigging.

Cross´barred (-bärd•), a. 1. Secured by, or furnished with, crossbars. Milton. 2. Made or patterned in lines crossing each other; as crossbarred muslin.

Cross´beak (-bek•), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Crossbill.

Cross´beam (-bem•). n. 1. (Arch.) A girder. 2. (Naut.) A beam laid across the bitts, to which the cable is fastened when riding at anchor.

Cross´-bear•er (-b?r•?r), n. (R. C. Ch.) A subdeacon who bears a cross before an archbishop or primate on solemn occasions.

Cross´bill (-bil•). (Law) A bill brought by a defendant, in an equity or chancery suit, against the plaintiff, respecting the matter in question in that suit. Bouvier. In criminal practice, cross bills of indictment for assault, in which the prosecutor in once case is the defendant in another, may be tried together.

Cross´bill, n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Loxia, allied to the finches. Their mandibles are strongly curved and cross each other; the crossbeak.

Cross´-birth (-berth•), n. (Med.) Any preternatural labor, in which the body of the child lies across the pelvis of the mother, so that the shoulder, arm, or trunk is the part first presented at the mouth of the uterus.

Cross´bite (-bit•), n. A deception; a cheat. [Obs.]

Cross´bite´, v. t. To deceive; to trick; to gull. [Obs.]

Cross´bones (-bonz•), n. pl. A representation of two of the leg bones or arm bones of a skeleton, laid crosswise, often surmounted with a skull, and serving as a symbol of death. “Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrious emblems of mortality.
Hawthorne.”

Cross´bow (-bo•), n. (Archery) A weapon, used in discharging arrows, formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock.

Cross´bow•er (-b?•?r), n. A crossbowman.[Obs.]

Cross´bow•man (-man), n. One who shoots with a crossbow. See Arbalest.

Cross´bred (-br?d•), a. (Stock Breeding) Produced by mixing distinct breeds; mongrel.

Cross´breed (-bred•), n. 1. A breed or an animal produced from parents of different breeds; a new variety, as of plants, combining the qualities of two parent varieties or stocks. 2. Anything partaking of the natures of two different things; a hybrid.

Cross´-bun (-bun•), n. A bun or cake marked with a cross, and intended to be eaten on Good Friday.

Cross•-cross´let (-kr?s´l?t; 115), n. (Her.) A cross having the three upper ends crossed, so as to from three small crosses.

Cross´cut (-kut•), v. t. To cut across or through; to intersect.

Cross´cut, n. 1. A short cut across; a path shorter than by the high road. 2. (Mining) A level driven across the course of a vein, or across the main workings, as from one gangway to another. Crosscut saw. (a) A saw, the teeth of which are so set as to adapt it for sawing wood crosswise of the grain rather than lengthwise. (b) A saw managed by two men, one at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise.

Cross´-days (-d?z•), n. pl. (Eccl.) The three days preceding the Feast of the Ascension.

Cros•sette´ (kr?s-s?t•), n. [F., dim. of crosse. See Crosier.] (Arch.) (a) A return in one of the corners of the architrave of a door or window; — called also ancon, ear, elbow. (b) The shoulder of a joggled keystone.

Cross´-ex•am•i•na´tion (kr?s´?gz-?m•?-n?´sh?n; 115), n. (Law) The interrogating or questioning of a witness by the party against whom he has been called and examined. See Examination.

Cross´-ex•am´ine (-?m´?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-examined (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-examining.] (Law) To examine or question, as a witness who has been called and examined by the opposite party. ´The opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses.´ Kent.

Cross´-ex•am´in•er (-?r), n. One who cross-examines or conducts a crosse- examination.

Cross´-eye (-?•), n. See Strabismus.

Cross´-eyed (-?d•), a. Affected with strabismus; squint-eyed; squinting.

Cross´fish (-f?sh•), n. (Zoöl.) A starfish.

Cross´flow (-fl?•), v. i. To flow across, or in a contrary direction. ´His crossflowing course.´ Milton.

Cross´-gar•net (kr?s´g?r•n?t), n. A hinge having one strap perpendicular and the other strap horizontal giving it the form of an Egyptian or T cross.

Cross´grained (-gr?nd•), a. 1. Having the grain or fibers run diagonally, or more or less transversely and irregularly, so as to interfere with splitting or planing. “If the stuff proves crossgrained, … then you must turn your stuff to plane it the contrary way.
Moxon.” 2. Perverse; untractable; contrary. “She was none of your crossgrained, termagant, scolding jades.
Arbuthnot.”

Cross´hatch (-h?ch•; 224), v. t. To shade by means of crosshatching.

Cross´hatch•ing, n. In drawing and line engraving, shading with lines that cross one another at an angle.

Cross´head (-h?d), n. (Mach.) A beam or bar across the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached to it and carrying a knuckle pin; as the solid crosspiece running between parallel slides, which receives motion from the piston of a steam engine and imparts it to the connecting rod, which is hinged to the crosshead.

Cross´ing, n. [See Cross, v. t. ] 1. The act by which anything is crossed; as the crossing of the ocean. 2. The act of making the sign of the cross. Bp. Hall. 3. The act of interbreeding; a mixing of breeds. 4. Intersection, as of two paths or roads. 5. A place where anything (as a stream) is crossed; a paved walk across a street. 6. Contradiction; thwarting; obstruction. “I do not bear these crossings.
Shak.”

Cross´jack (kr?s´j?k• or kr?´j?k•), n. (Naut.) The lowest square sail, or the lower yard of the mizzenmast.

CRoss´legged (-l?gd•), a. Having the legs crossed.

Cross´let (-lEt), n. [Dim. of cross.] 1. A small cross. Spenser. 2. [Cf. OF. croisel crucible, and E. Cresset.] A crucible. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cross´let, a. (Her.) Crossed again; — said of a cross the arms of which are crossed. SeeCross-crosslet.

Cross´ly, adv. Athwart; adversely; unfortunately; peevishly; fretfully; with ill humor.

Cross´ness, n. The quality or state of being cross; peevishness; fretfulness; ill humor.

Cros•sop•ter•yg´i•an (kr?s-s?p•t?r-?j?-a]/>n), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Crossopterygii. — n. One of the Crossopterygii.

Cros•sop•te•ryg´i•i (kr?s-s?p•t?-r?j?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. tassels, a fringe + , dim. of wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes including among living species the bichir (Polypterus). See Brachioganoidei.

Cross´patch (-p?ch•; 224), n. An ill-natured person. [Colloq.] ´Crosspatch, draw the latch.´ Mother Goose.

Cross´-pawl (-p?l•), n. (Shipbuilding) Same as Cross-spale.

Cross´piece (kr?s´p?s•; 115), n. 1. A piece of any structure which is fitted or framed crosswise. 2. (Naut.) A bar or timber connecting two knightheads or two bitts.

Cross´-pur•pose (-p?r•p?s), n. 1. A counter or opposing purpose; hence, that which is inconsistent or contradictory. Shaftesbury. 2. pl. A conversational game, in which questions and answers are made so as to involve ludicrous combinations of ideas. Pepys. To be at cross-purposes, to misunderstand or to act counter to one another without intending it; — said of persons.

Cross´-ques•tion (-kw?s•ch?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross- questioned (-ch?nd), p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-questioning.] To cross-examine; to subject to close questioning.

Cross´-read•ing (r?d•?ng), n. The reading of the lines of a newspaper directly across the page, instead of down the columns, thus producing a ludicrous combination of ideas.

Cross´road (-r?d•), n. A road that crosses another; an obscure road intersecting or avoiding the main road.

Cross´row (-r?•), n. 1. The alphabet; — called also Christcross-row. “And from the crossrow plucks the letter G.
Shak.” 2. A row that crosses others.

Cross´ruff (-r?f•), n. (Whist) The play in whist where partners trump each a different suit, and lead to each other for that purpose; — called also seesaw. { Cross´-spale• (-sp?l•), Cross´-spall• (- sp?l•), } n. [See Spale & Spall.] (Shipbuilding) One of the temporary wooden braces, placed horizontally across a frame to hold it in position until the deck beams are in; a cross-pawl.

Cross´-spring•er (-spr?ng•?r), n. (Arch.) One of the ribs in a groined arch, springing from the corners in a diagonal direction. [See Illustr. of Groined vault.]

Cross´-staff (-st?f•), n. 1. An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of celestial bodies. 2. A surveyor’s instrument for measuring offsets.

Cross´-stitch (-st?ch•; 224), n. A form of stitch, where the stitches are diagonal and in pairs, the thread of one stitch crossing that of the other. ´Tent and cross-stitch.´ Sir W. Scott. — Cross´-stitch•, v. t. & i.

Cross´-stone (-st?n•), n. (Min.) See Harmotome, and Staurotide.

Cross´-tail (-t?l•), n. (Steam Engine) A bar connecting the ends of the side rods or levers of a backaction or side-lever engine.

Cross´-tie (-t?•), n. (Railroad) A sleeper supporting and connecting the rails, and holding them in place.

Cross´-tin•ing (kr?s´t?n•?ng), n. (Agric.) A mode of harrowing crosswise, or transversely to the ridges. Crabb.

Cross´trees (-tr?z•), n. pl. (Naut.) Pieces of timber at a masthead, to which are attached the upper shrouds. At the head of lower masts in large vessels, they support a semicircular platform called the ´top.´

Cross´-vault•ing (-v?lt•?ng), n. (Arch.) Vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults.

Cross´way (-w?•), n. See Crossroad.

Cross´-week (-w?k•), n. Rogation week, when the cross was borne in processions.

Cross´wise (-w?z•), adv. In the form of a cross; across; transversely. Longfellow.

Cross´wort (-w?rt•), n. (Bot.) A name given to several inconspicuous plants having leaves in whorls of four, as species of Crucianella, Valantia, etc.

Crot•a•la´ri•a (kr?t•?-l?´r?-? or kr?•t?-l?´r?-A), n. [NL. See Crotalum.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants; rattlebox. Crotalaria juncea furnishes the fiber called sunn or Bombay hemp.

Crot´a•line (kr?t´?-l?n or kr?•t?-), a. [See Crotalus.] (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the Crotalidae, or Rattlesnake family.

Crot´a•lo (-l?), n. A Turkish musical instrument.

Crot´a•lum (-l?m), n. [L., fr. Gr. rattle.] (Mus.) A kind of castanet used by the Corybantes.

Crot´a•lus (-l?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. rattle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of poisonous serpents, including the rattlesnakes.

Crot´a•phite (kr?t´?-f?t), n. [Gr. the side of the forehead.] (Anat.) The temple or temporal fossa. Also used adjectively.

Crot•a•phit´ic (kr?t•?-f?t´?k), n. (Anat.) Pertaining to the temple; temporal.

Crotch (kr?ch; 224), n.; pl. Crotches (-z). [Cf. Crotchet, Crutch.] 1. The angle formed by the parting of two legs or branches; a fork; the point where a trunk divides; as the crotch of a tree. 2. (Naut.) A stanchion or post of wood or iron, with two arms for supporting a boom, spare yards, etc.; — called also crane and crutch. Totten.

Crotched (kr?cht), a. 1. Having a crotch; forked. 2. Cross; peevish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Crotch´et (kr?ch´?t; 224), n. [F. crochet, prop., a little hook, a dim. from the same source as croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crochet, Crocket, Crosier.] 1. A forked support; a crotch. “The crotchets of their cot in columns rise.
Dryden.” 2. (Mus.) A time note, with a stem, having one fourth the value of a semibreve, one half that of a minim, and twice that of a quaver; a quarter note. 3. (Fort.) An indentation in the glacis of the covered way, at a point where a traverse is placed. 4. (Mil.) The arrangement of a body of troops, either forward or rearward, so as to form a line nearly perpendicular to the general line of battle. 5. (Print.) A bracket. See Bracket. 6. (Med.) An instrument of a hooked form, used in certain cases in the extraction of a fetus. Dunglison. 7. A perverse fancy; a whim which takes possession of the mind; a conceit. “He ruined himself and all that trusted in him by crotchets that he could never explain to any rational man.
De Quincey.”

Crotch´et, v. i. To play music in measured time. [Obs.] Donne.

Crotch´et•ed, a. Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation. Harmar (1587).

Crotch´et•i•ness (kr?ch´?t-?-n?s), n. The state or character of being crotchety, or whimsical. “This belief in rightness is a kind of conscientiousness, and when it degenerates it becomes crotchetiness.
J. Grote.”

Crotch´et•y (kr?ch´?t-?), a. Given to crotchets; subject to whims; as a crotchety man.

Cro´ton (kr?´t?n), n. [Gr. , prop., a tick, which the seed of the croton resembles.] (Bot.) A genus of euphorbiaceous plants belonging to tropical countries. Croton oil (Med.), a viscid, acrid, brownish yellow oil obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium, a small tree of the East Indies. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is used externally as a pustulant.

Cro´ton bug (b?g•). [From the Croton water of New York.] (Zoöl.) A small, active, winged species of cockroach (Ectobia Germanica), the water bug. It is common aboard ships, and in houses in cities, esp. in those with hot-water pipes.

Cro•ton´ic (kr?-t?n´?k), a. Of or pertaining to, or derived from, a plant of the genus Croton, or from croton oil. Crotonic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline organic acid, C_3H_5.CO_2H, of the ethylene, or acrylic acid series. It was so named because formerly supposed to exist in croton oil. also any acid metameric with crotonic acid proper. The acid characteristic of croton oil is tiglic or tiglinic acid, a derivative of crotonic acid.

Cro´ton•ine (kr?´t?n-?n), n. (Chem.) A supposed alkaloid obtained from croton oil by boiling it with water and magnesia, since found to be merely a magnesia soap of the oil. Watts.

Cro•ton´y•lene (kr?-t?n´?-l?n), n. [Crotonic + acet-ylene.] (Chem.) A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid, C_4H_6, produced artificially, and regarded as an unsaturated hydrocarbon of the acetylene series, and analogous to crotonic acid.

Crot´tles (kr?t´t’lz), n. pl. [Gael. crotal.] A name given to various lichens gathered for dyeing. [Scot.]

Crouch (krouch; 129), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crouched (kroucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crouching.] [OE. cruchen, crouchen, crouken; cf. E. creep, G. krauchen, kriechen, or E. crook to bend, also crouch to cross.] 1. To bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with the logs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear. “Now crouch like a cur.
Beau. & Fl.” 2. To bend servilely; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. ´A crouching purpose.´ Wordsworth. “Must I stand and crouch
Under your testy humor?
Shak.”

Crouch, v. t. [OE. cruchen, crouchen, from cruche, crouche, cross. Cf. Crosier, Crook.] 1. To sign with the cross; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bend, or cause to bend, as in humility or fear. “She folded her arms across her chest,
And crouched her head upon her breast.
Colerige.”

Crouched (kroucht), a. Marked with the sign of the cross. [Obs.] Crouched friar. See Crutched friar, under Crutched.

Croud (kroud), n. (Mus.) See Crowd, a violin.

Crouke (krouk), n. A crock; a jar. [Obs.] Chauser.

Croup (kr??p), n. [F. croupe hind quarters, croup, rump, of German or Icel. origin; cf. Icel. kryppa hump; akin to Icel. kroppr. Cf. Crop.] The hinder part or buttocks of certain quadrupeds, especially of a horse; hence, the place behind the saddle. “So light to the croup the fair lady he swung,
So light to the saddle before her he sprung.
Sir W. Scott.”

Croup (kr??p), n. [Scot. croup, cf. croup, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice; cf. also LG. kropp, G. kropf, the crop or craw of a bird, and tumor on the anterior part of the neck, a wen, etc. Cf. Crop.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing; esp., such an affection when associated with the development of a false membrane in the air passages (also called membranous croup). See False croup, under False, and Diphtheria.

Crou•pade´ (kr??-p?d´), n. [F., fr. croupe hind quarters.] (Man.) A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs toward his belly.

Croup´al (kr??p´al), a. Croupy.

Croup´er (kr??p´?r), n. See Crupper.

Crou´pi•er (kr´p-r), n. [F.; prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place; an assistant. See 1st Croup.] 1. One who presides at a gaming table and collects the stakes. 2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman.

Croup´ous (kr??p´?s), a. (Med.) Relating to or resembling croup; especially, attended with the formation of a deposit or membrane like that found in membranous croup; as croupous laryngitis. Croupous pneumonia, pneumonia attended with deposition of fibrinous matter in the air vesicles of the lungs; ordinary acute pneumonia.

Croup´y (kr??p´?), a. Of or pertaining to croup; resembling or indicating croup; as a croupy cough.

Crouse (kr??s), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Brisk; lively; bold; self-complacent. [Scot.] Burns.

Crou•stade´ (kr??•st?d´), n. [F., fr. crote a crust, OF. crouste.] (Cookery) Bread baked in a mold, and scooped out, to serve minces upon. Bishop.

Crout (krout), n. [G. kraut.] See Sourkrout.

Crou•ton´ (kr??•t?n´), n. [F. croton, fr. crote a crust.] (Cookery) Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc.

Crow (kro), v. i. [imp. Crew (kru) or Crowed (krod); p. p. Crowed (Crown (kron), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] [AS. crawan; akin to D. kraijen, G. krähen, cf. Lith. groti to croak. rad.24. Cf. Crake.] 1. To make the shrill sound characteristic of a cock, either in joy, gayety, or defiance. ´The cock had crown.´ Bayron. “The morning cock crew loud.
Shak.” 2. To shout in exultation or defiance; to brag. 3. To utter a sound expressive of joy or pleasure. “The sweetest little maid,
That ever crowed for kisses.
Tennyson.” To crow over, to exult over a vanquished antagonist. “Sennacherib crowing over poor Jerusalem.
Bp. Hall.”

Crow, n. [AS. crawe a crow (in sense 1); akin to D. kraai, G. krähe; cf. Icel. kraka crow. So named from its cry, from AS. crawan to crow. See Crow, v. i. ] 1. (Zoöl.) A bird, usually black, of the genus Corvus, having a strong conical beak, with projecting bristles. It has a harsh, croaking note. See Caw. The common crow of Europe, or carrion crow, is C. corone. The common American crow is C. Americanus. See Carrion crow, and Illustr., under Carrion. 2. A bar of iron with a beak, crook, or claw; a bar of iron used as a lever; a crowbar. “Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight
Unto my cell.
Shak.” 3. The cry of the cock. See Crow, v. i., 1. 4. The mesentery of a beast; — so called by butchers. Carrion crow. See under Carrion. — Crow blackbird (Zoöl.), an American bird (Quiscalus quiscula); — called also purple grackle. — Crow pheasant (Zoöl.), an Indian cuckoo; the common coucal. It is believed by the natives to give omens. See Coucal. — Crow shrike (Zoöl.), any bird of the genera Gymnorhina, Craticus, or Strepera, mostly from Australia. — Red-legged crow. See Crough. — As the crow flies, in a direct line. — To pick a crow, To pluck a crow, to state and adjust a difference or grievance (with any one).

Crow´bar (kr?´b?r), n. A bar of iron sharpened at one end, and used as a lever.

Crow•ber•ry (kr?´b?r•r?), n. (Bot.) A heathlike plant of the genus Empetrum, and its fruit, a black, scarcely edible berry; - - also called crakeberry.

Crowd (kroud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crowding.] [OE. crouden, cruden, AS. crdan; cf. D. kruijen to push in a wheelbarrow.] 1. To push, to press, to shove. Chaucer. 2. To press or drive together; to mass together. ´Crowd us and crush us.´ Shak. 3. To fill by pressing or thronging together; hence, to encumber by excess of numbers or quantity. “The balconies and verandas were crowded with spectators, anxious to behold their future sovereign.
Prescott.” 4. To press by solicitation; to urge; to dun; hence, to treat discourteously or unreasonably. [Colloq.] To crowd out, to press out; specifically, to prevent the publication of; as the press of other matter crowded out the article. — To crowd sail (Naut.), to carry an extraordinary amount of sail, with a view to accelerate the speed of a vessel; to carry a press of sail.

Crowd, v. i. 1. To press together or collect in numbers; to swarm; to throng. “The whole company crowded about the fire.
Addison.” “Images came crowding on his mind faster than he could put them into words.
Macaulay.” 2. To urge or press forward; to force one’s self; as a man crowds into a room.

Crowd, n. [AS. croda. See Crowd, v. t. ] 1. A number of things collected or closely pressed together; also a number of things adjacent to each other. “A crowd of islands.
Pope.” 2. A number of persons congregated or collected into a close body without order; a throng. “The crowd of Vanity Fair.
Macaulay.” “Crowds that stream from yawning doors.
Tennyson.” 3. The lower orders of people; the populace; the vulgar; the rabble; the mob. “To fool the crowd with glorious lies.
Tennyson.” “He went not with the crowd to see a shrine.
Dryden.” Syn. — Throng; multitude. See Throng.

Crowd, n. [W. crwth; akin to Gael. cruit. Perh. named from its shape, and akin to Gr. kyrto•s curved, and E. curve. Cf. Rote.] An ancient instrument of music with six strings; a kind of violin, being the oldest known stringed instrument played with a bow. [Written also croud, crowth, cruth, and crwth.] “A lackey that … can warble upon a crowd a little.
B. Jonson.”

Crowd, v. t. To play on a crowd; to fiddle. [Obs.] ´Fiddlers, crowd on.´ Massinger.

Crowd´er (kroud´?r), n. One who plays on a crowd; a fiddler. [Obs.] ´Some blind crowder.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Crowd´er, n. One who crowds or pushes.

Crow´dy (krou´d?), n. A thick gruel of oatmeal and milk or water; food of the porridge kind. [Scot.]

Crow´flow•er (kr?´flou•?r), n. (Bot.) A kind of campion; according to Gerarde, the Lychnis Flos-cuculi.

Crow´foot (kr?´f??t•), n. 1. (Bot.) The genus Ranunculus, of many species; some are common weeds, others are flowering plants of considerable beauty. 2. (Naut.) A number of small cords rove through a long block, or euphroe, to suspend an awning by. 3. (Mil.) A caltrop. [Written also crow’s-foot.] 4. (Well Boring) A tool with a side claw for recovering broken rods, etc. Raymond.

Crow´keep•er (-k?p•?r), n. A person employed to scare off crows; hence, a scarecrow. [Obs.] “Scaring the ladies like a crowkeeper.
Shak.”

Crown (kr?n), p. p. of Crow. [Obs.]

Crown (kroun), n. [OE. corone, coroun, crune, croun, OF. corone, corune, F. couronne, fr. L. corona crown, wreath; akin to Gr. korw•nh anything curved, crown; cf. also L. curvus curved, E. curve, curb, Gael. cruinn round, W. crwn. Cf. Cornice, Corona, Coroner, Coronet.] 1. A wreath or garland, or any ornamental fillet encircling the head, especially as a reward of victory or mark of honorable distinction; hence, anything given on account of, or obtained by, faithful or successful effort; a reward. ´An olive branch and laurel crown.´ Shak. “They do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible.
1 Cor. ix. 25.” “Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
Rev. ii. 10.” 2. A royal headdress or cap of sovereignty, worn by emperors, kings, princes, etc. Nobles wear coronets; the triple crown of the pope is usually called a tiara. The crown of England is a circle of gold with crosses, fleurs-de-lis, and imperial arches, inclosing a crimson velvet cap, and ornamented with thousands of diamonds and precious stones. 3. The person entitled to wear a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; — with the definite article. “Parliament may be dissolved by the demise of the crown.
Blackstone.” “Large arrears of pay were due to the civil and military servants of the crown.
Macaulay.” 4. Imperial or regal power or dominion; sovereignty. “There is a power behind the crown greater than the crown itself.
Junius.” 5. Anything which imparts beauty, splendor, honor, dignity, or finish. “The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness.
Prov. xvi. 31.” “A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband.
Prov. xvi. 4.” 6. Highest state; acme; consummation; perfection. “Mutual love, the crown of all our bliss.
Milton.” 7. The topmost part of anything; the summit. “The steepy crown of the bare mountains.
Dryden.” 8. The topmost part of the head (see Illust. of Bird.); that part of the head from which the hair descends toward the sides and back; also the head or brain. “From toe to crown he’ll fill our skin with pinches.
Shak.” “Twenty things which I set down:
This done, I twenty more-had in my crown.
Bunyan.” 9. The part of a hat above the brim. 10. (Anat.) The part of a tooth which projects above the gum; also the top or grinding surface of a tooth. 11. (Arch.) The vertex or top of an arch; — applied generally to about one third of the curve, but in a pointed arch to the apex only. 12. (Bot.) Same as Corona. 13. (Naut.) (a) That part of an anchor where the arms are joined to the shank. (b) The rounding, or rounded part, of the deck from a level line. (c) pl. The bights formed by the several turns of a cable. Totten. 14. The upper range of facets in a rose diamond. 15. The dome of a furnace. 16. (Geom.) The area inclosed between two concentric perimeters. 17. (Eccl.) A round spot shaved clean on the top of the head, as a mark of the clerical state; the tonsure. 18. A size of writing paper. See under Paper. 19. A coin stamped with the image of a crown; hence,a denomination of money; as the English crown, a silver coin of the value of five shillings sterling, or a little more than $1.20; the Danish or Norwegian crown, a money of account, etc., worth nearly twenty-seven cents. 20. An ornaments or decoration representing a crown; as the paper is stamped with a crown. Crown of aberration (Astron.), a spurious circle around the true circle of the sun. — Crown antler (Zoöl.), the topmost branch or tine of an antler; also an antler having a cuplike top, with tines springing from the rim. — Crown bar, one of the bars which support the crown sheet of steam-boiler furnace. — Crown glass. See under Glass. — Crown imperial. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. — Crown jewels, the jewels appertaining to the sovereign while wearing the crown. [Eng.] ´She pawned and set to sale the crown jewels.´ Milton. — Crown land, land belonging to the crown, that is, to the sovereign. — Crown law, the law which governs criminal prosecutions. [Eng.] — Crown lawyer, one employed by the crown, as in criminal cases. [Eng.] — Crown octavo. See under Paper. — Crown office. See in the Vocabulary. — Crown paper. See under Paper. — Crown piece. See in the Vocabulary. — Crown Prince, the heir apparent to a crown or throne. — Crown saw. See in the Vocabulary. — Crown scab (Far.), a cancerous sore formed round the corners of a horse’s hoof. — Crown sheet, the flat plate which forms the top of the furnace or fire box of an internally fired steam boiler. — Crown shell. (Zoöl.) See Acorn-shell. — Crown side. See Crown office. — Crown tax (Eccl. Hist.), a golden crown, or its value, which was required annually from the Jews by the king of Syria, in the time of the Maccabees. 1 Macc. x. 20. — Crown wheel. See in the Vocabulary. — Crown work. See in the Vocabulary. — Pleas of the crown (Engl. law), criminal actions.

Crown (kroun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowned (kround); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowning.] [OE. coronen, corunen, crunien, crounien, OF. coroner, F. couronner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona a crown. See Crown, n.] 1. To cover, decorate, or invest with a crown; hence, to invest with royal dignity and power. “Her who fairest does appear,
Crown her queen of all the year.
Dryden.” “Crown him, and say, ´Long live our emperor.´
Shak.” 2. To bestow something upon as a mark of honor, dignity, or recompense; to adorn; to dignify. “Thou … hast crowned him with glory and honor.
Ps. viii. 5.” 3. To form the topmost or finishing part of; to complete; to consummate; to perfect. “Amidst the grove that crowns yon tufted hill.
Byron.” “One day shall crown the alliance.
Shak.” “To crown the whole, came a proposition.
Motley.” 4. (Mech.) To cause to round upward; to make anything higher at the middle than at the edges, as the face of a machine pulley. 5. (Mil.) To effect a lodgment upon, as upon the crest of the glacis, or the summit of the breach. To crown a knot (Naut.), to lay the ends of the strands over and under each other.

Crowned (kround), p. p. & a. 1. Having or wearing a crown; surmounted, invested, or adorned, with a crown, wreath, garland, etc.; honored; rewarded; completed; consummated; perfected. ´Crowned with one crest.´ Shak. ´Crowned with conquest.´ Milton. “With surpassing glory crowned.
Milton.” 2. Great; excessive; supreme. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Crown´er (kroun´?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, crowns. Beau. & FL. 2. [Cf. Coroner.] A coroner. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

Crown´et (kroun´?t), n. [See Crown, Coronet.] 1. A coronet. [R.] P. Whitehead. 2. The ultimate end and result of an undertaking; a chief end. [Obs.] “O this false soul of Egypt! this grave charm … .
Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end.
Shak.”

Crown´-im•pe´ri•al (-?m-p?´r?-al), n. (Bot.) A spring-blooming plant (Fritillaria imperialis) of the Lily family, having at the top of the stalk a cluster of pendent bell-shaped flowers surmounted with a tuft of green leaves.

Crown´less, a. Without a crown.

Crown´let (-l?t), n. A coronet. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott.

Crown´ of•fice (?f•f?s; 115). (Eng. Law) The criminal branch of the Court of King’s or Queen’s Bench, commonly called the crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of all criminal cases. Burrill.

Crown´piece (-p?s•), n. (a) A piece or part which passes over the head, as in a bridle. (b) A coin [In sense (b) properly crown piece.] See Crown, 19.

Crown´-post (kroun´p?st•), n. Same as King-post.

Crown´-saw (-s?•), n. [From its supposed resemblance to a crown.] (Mech.) A saw in the form of a hollow cylinder, with teeth on the end or edge, and operated by a rotative motion. The trephine was the first of the class of crownsaws. Knight.

Crown´ side (s?d•). See Crown office.

Crown´ wheel (hw?l•). [Named from its resemblance to a crown.] (Mach.) A wheel with cogs or teeth set at right angles to its plane; — called also a contrate wheel or face wheel.

Crown´work (-w?rk•), n. (Fort.) A work consisting of two or more bastioned fronts, with their outworks, covering an enceinte, a bridgehead, etc., and connected by wings with the main work or the river bank.

Crow´-quill (kr?´kw?l•), n. A quill of the crow, or a very fine pen made from such a quill.

Crows (kr?z), n. pl.; sing. Crow. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians of the Dakota stock, living in Montana; — also called Upsarokas.

Crow’s´-foot (kr?z´f??t•), n.; pl. Crow’s-feet (-fet•). 1. pl. The wrinkles that appear, as the effect of age or dissipation, under and around the outer corners of the eyes. Tennyson. 2. (Mil.) A caltrop. [Written also crowfoot.] 3. (Arch.) Same as Bird’s- mouth. [U.S.]

Crow´-silk (kr?´s?lk•), n. (Bot.) A filamentous fresh-water alga (Conferva rivularis of Linnaeus, Rhizoclonium rivulare of Kutzing).

Crow’s-nest (kr?z´n?st•), n. (Naut.) A box or perch near the top of a mast, esp. in whalers, to shelter the man on the lookout.

Crow´step (kr?´st?p•), n. (Arch.) See Corriestep.

Crow´stone (kr?´st?n•), n. (Arch.) The top stone of the gable end of a house. Halliwell.

Crowth (krouth), n. An ancient musical instrument. See 4th Crowd.

Crow´toe (kro´to•), n. (Bot.) 1. The Lotus corniculatus. Dr. Prior. 2. An unidentified plant, probably the crowfoot. ´The tufted crowtoe.´ Milton.

Crow´-trod•den (kro´tr?d•d’n), a. Marked with crow’s-feet, or wrinkles, about the eyes. [Poetic] “Do I look as if I were crow-trodden?
Beau. & FL.”

Croyl´stone (kroil´ston•), n. (Min.) Crystallized cawk, in which the crystals are small.

Croys (krois), n. See Cross, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Croze (kr?z), n. [Cf. Cross, and Crosier.] A cooper’s tool for making the grooves for the heads of casks, etc.; also the groove itself.

Cro´zier (kr?´zh?r), n. See Crosier.

Cro´ziered (-zh?rd), a. Crosiered.

Cru´cial (kr?´shal), a. [F. crucial, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross, torture. See Cross.] 1. Having the form of a cross; appertaining to a cross; cruciform; intersecting; as crucial ligaments; a crucial incision. 2. Severe; trying or searching, as if bringing to the cross; decisive; as a crucial test.

Cru´cian carp (-shan k?rp•). [Cf. Sw. karussa, G. karausche, F. carousse, - assin, corassin, LL. coracinus, Gr. a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A kind of European carp (Carasius vulgaris), inferior to the common carp; — called also German carp. The gibel or Prussian carp is now generally considered a variety of the crucian carp, or perhaps a hybrid between it and the common carp.

Cru´ci•ate (kr?´sh?-?t or -sh?t; 106), a. [L. cruciatus, p. p. of cruciare to crucify, torture, fr. crux, crucis, a cross. See Cross.] 1. Tormented. [Obs.] Bale. 2. (Bot.) Having the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cross; cruciform.

Cru´ci•ate (kr?´sh?-?t), v. t. To torture; to torment. [Obs.] See Excruciate. Bale.

Cru•ci•a´tion (kr?•sh?-?´sh?n), n. [LL. cruciatio.] The act of torturing; torture; torment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Cru´ci•ble (kru´si•b’l), n. [LL. crucibulum a hanging lamp, an earthen pot for melting metals (cf. OF. croisel, creuseul, sort of lamp, crucible, F. creuset crucible), prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. krusul, LG. krüsel, hanging lamp, kroos, kruus, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes cup, crucible, Dan. kruus, Sw. krus, E. cruse. It was confused with derivatives of L. crux cross (cf. Crosslet), and crucibles were said to have been marked with a cross, to prevent the devil from marring the chemical operation. See Cruse, and cf. Cresset.] 1. A vessel or melting pot, composed of some very refractory substance, as clay, graphite, platinum, and used for melting and calcining substances which require a strong degree of heat, as metals, ores, etc. 2. A hollow place at the bottom of a furnace, to receive the melted metal. 3. A test of the most decisive kind; a severe trial; as the crucible of affliction. Hessian crucible (Chem.), a cheap, brittle, and fragile, but very refractory crucible, composed of the finest fire clay and sand, and commonly used for a single heating; — named from the place of manufacture.

Cru´ci•fer (-f?r), n. [See Cruciferous.] (Bot.) Any plant of the order Cruciferae.

Cru•cif´er•ous (kr?-s?f´?r-?s), a. [L. crux, crucis, cross + -ferous: cf. F. crucifre.] 1. Bearing a cross. 2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants which have four petals arranged like the arms of a cross, as the mustard, radish, turnip, etc.

Cru´ci•fi•er (kr?´s?-f?•?r), n. One who crucifies; one who subjects himself or another to a painful trial.

Cru´ci•fix (kr?´s?-f?ks), n.; pl. Crucifixes (-z). [F. crucifix or LL. crucifixum, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross + figere, fixum, to fix. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucify.] 1. A representation in art of the figure of Christ upon the cross; esp., the sculptured figure affixed to a real cross of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, used by the Roman Catholics in their devotions. “The cross, too, by degrees, become the crucifix.
Milman.” “And kissing oft her crucifix,
Unto the block she drew.
Warner.” 2. The cross or religion of Christ. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Cru•ci•fix´ion (kr?•s?-f?k´sh?n), n. 1. The act of nailing or fastening a person to a cross, for the purpose of putting him to death; the use of the cross as a method of capital punishment. 2. The state of one who is nailed or fastened to a cross; death upon a cross. 3. Intense suffering or affliction; painful trial. “Do ye prove
What crucifixions are in love?
Herrick.”

Cru´ci•form (kr?´s?-f?rm), a. [L. crux, crucis, cress + -form: cf. F. cruciforme.] Cross-shaped; (Bot.) having four parts arranged in the form of a cross.

Cru´ci•fy (-f?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crucified (-f?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crucifying.] [F. crucifier, fr. (assumed) LL. crucificare, for crucifigere, fr, L. crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix, the ending -figere being changed to -ficare, F. -fier (in compounds), as if fr. L. facere to do, make. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucifix.] 1. To fasten to a cross; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet. “They cried, saying, Crucify him, cricify him.
Luke xxiii. 21.” 2. To destroy the power or ruling influence of; to subdue completely; to mortify. “They that are Christ’s have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts.
Gal. v. 24.” 3. To vex or torment. Beau. & FL.

Cru•cig´er•ous (kr?-s?j´?r-?s), a. [L. crux, cricis, cross + -gerous.] Bearing the cross; marked with the figure of a cross. Sir. T. Browne.

Crud (kr?d), n. See Curd. [Obs.]

Crud´dle (-d’l), v. i. To curdle. [Obs.] “See how thy blood cruddles at this.
Bea & FL.”

Crude (krud), a. [Compar. Cruder (-er); superl. Crudest.] [L. crudus raw; akin to cruor blood (which flows from a wound). See Raw, and cf. Cruel.] 1. In its natural state; not cooked or prepared by fire or heat; undressed; not altered, refined, or prepared for use by any artificial process; raw; as crude flesh. ´Common crude salt.´ Boyle. “Molding to its will each successive deposit of the crude materials.
I. Taylor.” 2. Unripe; not mature or perfect; immature. “I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude.
Milton.” 3. Not reduced to order or form; unfinished; not arranged or prepared; ill-considered; immature. ´Crude projects.´ Macaulay. “Crude, undigested masses of suggestion, furnishing rather raw materials for composition.
De Quincey.” “The originals of Nature in their crude
Conception.
Milton.” 4. Undigested; unconcocted; not brought into a form to give nourishment. ´Crude and inconcoct.´ Bacon. 5. Having, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge; without culture or profundity; as a crude reasoner. 6. (Paint.) Harsh and offensive, as a color; tawdry or in bad taste, as a combination of colors, or any design or work of art.

Crude´ly, adv. In a crude, immature manner.

Crude´ness, n. A crude, undigested, or unprepared state; rawness; unripeness; immatureness; unfitness for a destined use or purpose; as the crudeness of iron ore; crudeness of theories or plans.

Cru´di•ty (kru´di•ty), n.; pl. Crudities (- tiz). [L. cruditas, fr. crudus: cf. F. crudite. See Crude.] 1. The condition of being crude; rawness. 2. That which is in a crude or undigested state; hence, superficial, undigested views, not reduced to order or form. ´Crudities in the stomach.´ Arbuthnot.

Cru´dle (-d’l), v. i. See Cruddle.

Crud´y (kr?d´?), a. [From Crud.] Coagulated. [Obs.] “His cruel wounds with crudy blood congealed.
Spenser.”

Cru´dy (kr?´d?), a. [From Crude.] Characterized by crudeness; raw. [Obs.] “The foolish and dull and crudy vapors.
Shak.”

Cru´el (kru´el), n. See Crewel.

Cru´el (kru´el), a. [F. cruel, fr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus. See Crude.] 1. Disposed to give pain to others; willing or pleased to hurt, torment, or afflict; destitute of sympathetic kindness and pity; savage; inhuman; hard-hearted; merciless. “Behold a people cometh from the north country; … they are cruel and have no mercy.
Jer. vi. 22,23.” 2. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery. “Cruel wars, wasting the earth.
Milton.” “Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath for it was cruel.
Gen. xlix. 7.” 3. Attended with cruetly; painful; harsh. “You have seen cruel proof of this man’s strength.
Shak.”

Cru´el•ly, adv. 1. In a cruel manner. 2. Extremely; very. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Cru´el•ness, n.Cruelty. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cru´els (kru´elz), n. pl. [Corrupt. fr. F. ecrouelles scrofula.] Glandular scrofulous swellings in the neck.

Cru´el•ty (-ty), n.; pl. Cruelties (-tiz). [OF. cruelte, F. cruaute, fr. L. crudelitas, fr. crudelis. See Cruel.] 1. The attribute or quality of being cruel; a disposition to give unnecessary pain or suffering to others; inhumanity; barbarity. “Pierced through the heart with your stern cruelty.
Shak.” 2. A cruel and barbarous deed; inhuman treatment; the act of willfully causing unnecessary pain. “Cruelties worthy of the dungeons of the Inquisition.” “Macaulay.”

Cru´en•tate (kr?´?n-t?t), a. [L. cruentatus, p. p. of cruentare to make bloody, fr. cruentus bloody, fr. cruor. See Crude.] Smeared with blood. [Obs.] Glanwill.

Cru•en´tous (kr?-?n´t?s), a. [L. cruentus.] Bloody; cruentate. [Obs.]

Cru´et (kru´et), n. [Anglo-French cruet, a dim. from OF. crue, cruie; of German or Celtic origin, and akin to E. crock an earthen vessel.] 1. A bottle or vessel; esp., a vial or small glass bottle for holding vinegar, oil, pepper, or the like, for the table; a caster. Swift. 2. (Eccl.) A vessel used to hold wine, oil, or water for the service of the altar. Cruet stand, a frame for holding cruets; a caster.

Cruise (krus), n. See Cruse, a small bottle.

Cruise (kruz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cruised (kruzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cruising.] [D. kruisen to move crosswise or in a zigzag, to cruise, fr. kruis cross, fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, or directly fr. OF. croisier, F. croiser, to cross, cruise, fr. crois a cross. See Cross.] 1. To sail back and forth on the ocean; to sail, as for the potection of commerce, in search of an enemy, for plunder, or for pleasure. A ship cruises in any particular sea or ocean; as in the Baltic or in the Atlantic. She cruises off any cape; as off the Lizard; off Ushant. She cruises on a coast; as on the coast of Africa. A priate cruises to seize vessels; a yacht cruises for the pleasure of the owner. “Ships of war were sent to cruise near the isle of Bute.
Macaulay.” “’Mid sands, and rocks, and storms to cruise for pleasure.
Young.” 2. To wander hither and thither on land. [Colloq.]

Cruise, n. A voyage made in various directions, as of an armed vessel, for the protection of other vessels, or in search of an enemy; a sailing to and fro, as for exploration or for pleasure. “He feigned a compliance with some of his men, who were bent upon going a cruise to Manilla.
Dampier.”

Cruis´er (kr?´z?r), n. One who, or a vessel that, cruises; — usually an armed vessel.

Cruive (kruv), n. A kind of weir or dam for trapping salmon; also a hovel. [Scot.]

Crull (krul), a. [See Curl.] Curly; curled. [Obs.]

Crul´ler (krul´ler), n. [Cf. Curl.] A kind of sweet cake cut in strips and curled or twisted, and fried crisp in boiling fat. [Also written kruller.]

Crumb (krum), n. [AS. cruma, akin to D. kruim, G. krume; cf. G. krauen to scratch, claw.] [Written also crum.] 1. A small fragment or piece; especially, a small piece of bread or other food, broken or cut off. “Desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man’s table.
Luke xvi. 21.” 2. Fig.: A little; a bit; as a crumb of comfort. 3. The soft part of bread. “Dust unto dust, what must be, must;
If you can’t get crumb, you’d best eat crust.
Old Song.” Crumb brush, a brush for sweeping crumbs from a table. — To a crum, with great exactness; completely.

Crumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbed (kr?md); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbing (kr?m´?ng).] To break into crumbs or small pieces with the fingers; as to crumb bread. [Written also crum.]

Crumb´cloth (-klth•; 115), n. A cloth to be laid under a dining table to receive falling fragments, and keep the carpet or floor clean. [Written also crumcloth.]

Crum´ble (kr?m´b’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbling (-bl?ng).] [Dim. of crumb, v. t., akin to D. krimelen G. krmeln.] To break into small pieces; to cause to fall in pieces. “He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints,
And crumble all thy sinews.
Milton.”

Crum´ble, v. i. To fall into small pieces; to break or part into small fragments; hence, to fall to decay or ruin; to become disintegrated; to perish. “If the stone is brittle, it will crumble and pass into the form of gravel.
Arbuthnot.” “The league deprived of its principal supports must soon crumble to pieces.
Prescott.”

Crum´bly (-bl?), a. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. ´The crumbly soil.´ Hawthorne.

Cru´me•nal (kr?´m?-nal), n. [L. crumena purse.] A purse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Crum´ma•ble (krum´ma•b’l), a. Capable of being crumbed or broken into small pieces.

Crum´my (krum´my), a. 1. Full of crumb or crumbs. 2. Soft, as the crumb of bread is; not crusty.

Crump (kr?mp), a. [AS. crumb stooping, bent down; akin to OHG. chrumb, G. krumm, Dan. krum, D. krom, and E. cramp.] 1. Crooked; bent. [Obs.] “Crooked backs and crump shoulders.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Hard or crusty; dry baked; as a crump loaf. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Hallivell.

Crump´et (krump´et), n. [Prob. from W. crempog, crammwgth, a pancake or fritter.] A kind of large, thin muffin or cake, light and spongy, and cooked on a griddle or spider.

Crum´ple (krum´p’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumpled (-p’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumpling (-pl?ng).] [Dim. fr. crump, a.] To draw or press into wrinkles or folds; to crush together; to rumple; as to crumple paper. “They crumpled it into all shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made.
Addison.”

Crum´ple, v. i. To contract irregularly; to show wrinkles after being crushed together; as leaves crumple.

Crump´y (krump´y), a. Brittle; crisp. Wright.

Crunch (krunch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crunched (kruncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crunching.] [Prob. of imitative origin; or cf. D. schransen to eat heartily, or E. scrunch.] 1. To chew with force and noise; to craunch. “And their white tusks crunched o’er the whiter skull.
Byron.” 2. To grind or press with violence and noise. “The ship crunched through the ice.
Kane.” 3. To emit a grinding or craunching noise. “The crunching and ratting of the loose stones.
H. James.”

Crunch, v. t. To crush with the teeth; to chew with a grinding noise; to craunch; as to crunch a biscuit. { Crunk (krunk), Crun´kle (krun´k’l), } v. i. [Cf. Icel. krnka to croak.] To cry like a crane. [Obs.] ´The crane crunketh.´ Withals (1608).

Cru•no´dal (kr?-n?´dal), a. (Geom.) Possessing, or characterized by, a crunode; - - used of curves.

Cru´node (kr?´n?d), n. [Prob. fr. L. crux a cross + E. node.] (Geom.) A point where one branch of a curve crosses another branch. See Double point, under Double, a.

Cru´or (kr?´?r), n. [L., blood. See Crude.] The coloring matter of the blood; the clotted portion of coagulated blood, containing the coloring matter; gore.

Cru´o•rin (-?-r?n), n. (Physiol.) The coloring matter of the blood in the living animal; haemoglobin.

Crup (kr?p), a. [Cf. OHG. grop, G. grob, coarse.] Short; brittle; as crup cake. Todd.

Crup (kr?p), n. See Croup, the rump of a horse.

Crup´per (kr?p´p?r in U.S.; kr?p´?r in Eng.), n. [F. croupire, fr. croupe. See Croup the rump of a horse.] [Written also crouper.] 1. The buttocks or rump of a horse. 2. A leather loop, passing under a horse’s tail, and buckled to the saddle to keep it from slipping forwards.

Crup´per, v. t. To fit with a crupper; to place a crupper upon; as to crupper a horse.

Cru´ra (kr?´r?), n. pl. (Anat.) See Crus.

Cru´ral (-ral), a. [L. cruralis, fr. crus, cruris, leg: cf. F. crural.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thigh or leg, or to any of the parts called crura; as the crural arteries; crural arch; crural canal; crural ring.

Crus (kr?s), n.; pl. Crura (kr´r). [L., the leg.] (Anat.) (a) That part of the hind limb between the femur, or thigh, and the ankle, or tarsus; the shank. (b) Often applied, especially in the plural, to parts which are supposed to resemble a pair of legs; as the crura of the diaphragm, a pair of muscles attached to it; crura cerebri, two bundles of nerve fibers in the base of the brain, connecting the medulla and the forebrain.

Cru•sade´ (kr?-s?d´), n. [F. croisade, fr. Pr. crozada, or Sp cruzada, or It. crociata, from a verb signifying to take the cross, mark one’s self with a cross, fr. L. crux cross; or possibly taken into English directly fr. Pr. Cf. Croisade, Crosado, and see Cross.] 1. Any one of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers, in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Mohammedans. 2. Any enterprise undertaken with zeal and enthusiasm; as a crusade against intemperance. 3. A Portuguese coin. See Crusado.

Cru•sade´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crusaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusading.] To engage in a crusade; to attack in a zealous or hot-headed manner. ´Cease crusading against sense.´ M. Green.

Cru•sad´er (-s?´d?r), n. One engaged in a crusade; as the crusaders of the Middle Ages. “Azure-eyed and golden-haired,
Forth the young crusaders fared.
Longfellow.”

Cru•sad´ing, a. Of or pertaining to a crusade; as a crusading spirit.

Cru•sa´do (-s?´d?), n. [Pg. cruzado, fr. cruz, fr. L. crux. See Crusade, 3.] An old Portuguese coin, worth about seventy cents. [Written also cruade.] Shak.

Cruse (kr?s), n. [Akin to LG. kruus, kroos, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes, G. krause, Icel. krus, Sw. krus, Dan. kruus. Cf. Crucible, Cresset.] 1. A cup or dish. “Take with thee … a cruse of honey.
1 Kings xiv. 3.” 2. A bottle for holding water, oil, honey, etc. “So David took … the cruse of water.
1 Sam. xxvi. 12.”

Cru´set (kr?´s?t), n. [Cf. F. creuset. See Cruse, Crucible.] A goldsmith’s crucible or melting pot.

Crush (krush), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crushed (krusht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crushing.] [OE. cruschen, crousshen, Of. cruisir, croissir, fr. LL. cruscire, prob. of Ger. origin, from a derivative of the word seen in Goth. kruistan to gnash; akin to Sw. krysta to squeeze, Dan. kryste, Icel. kreysta.] 1. To press or bruise between two hard bodies; to squeeze, so as to destroy the natural shape or integrity of the parts, or to force together into a mass; as to crush grapes. “Ye shall not offer unto the Lord that which is bruised, or crushed, or broken, or cut.
Lev. xxii. 24.” “The ass … thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall.
Num. xxii. 25.” 2. To reduce to fine particles by pounding or grinding; to comminute; as to crush quartz. 3. To overwhelm by pressure or weight; to beat or force down, as by an incumbent weight. “To crush the pillars which the pile sustain.
Dryden.” “Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again.
Bryant.” 4. To oppress or burden grievously. “Thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway.
Deut. xxviii. 33.” 5. To overcome completely; to subdue totally. “Speedily overtaking and crushing the rebels.
Sir. W. Scott.” To crush a cup, to drink. [Obs.] — To crush out. (a) To force out or separate by pressure, as juice from grapes. (b) To overcome or destroy completely; to suppress.

Crush (kr?sh), v. i. To be or become broken down or in, or pressed into a smaller compass, by external weight or force; as an eggshell crushes easily.

Crush, n. 1. A violent collision or compression; a crash; destruction; ruin. “The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds.
Addison.” 2. Violent pressure, as of a crowd; a crowd which produced uncomfortable pressure; as a crush at a reception. Crush hat, a hat which collapses, and can be carried under the arm, and when expanded is held in shape by springs; hence, any hat not injured by compressing. — Crush room, a large room in a theater, opera house, etc., where the audience may promenade or converse during the intermissions; a foyer. “Politics leave very little time for the bow window at White’s in the day, or for the crush room of the opera at night.
Macaulay.”

Crush´er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, crushes. Crusher gauge, an instrument for measuring the explosive force of gunpowder, etc., by its effect in compressing a piece of metal.

Crush´ing, a. That crushes; overwhelming. ´The blow must be quick and crushing.´ Macualay.

Crust (kr?st), n. [L. crusta: cf. OF. crouste, F. croûte; prob. akin to Gr. ice, E. crystal, from the same root as E. crude, raw. See Raw, and cf. Custard.] 1. The hard external coat or covering of anything; the hard exterior surface or outer shell; an incrustation; as a crust of snow. “I have known the statute of an emperor quite hid under a crust of dross.
Addison.” “Below this icy crust of conformity, the waters of infidelity lay dark and deep as ever.
Prescott.” 2. (Cookery) (a) The hard exterior or surface of bread, in distinction from the soft part or crumb; or a piece of bread grown dry or hard. (b) The cover or case of a pie, in distinction from the soft contents. (c) The dough, or mass of doughy paste, cooked with a potpie; — also called dumpling. “Th’ impenetrable crust thy teeth defies.
Dryden.” “He that keeps nor crust nor crumb.
Shak.” “They … made the crust for the venison pasty.
Macaulay.” 3. (Geol.) The exterior portion of the earth, formerly universally supposed to inclose a molten interior. 4. (Zoöl.) The shell of crabs, lobsters, etc. 5. (Med.) A hard mass, made up of dried secretions blood, or pus, occurring upon the surface of the body. 6. An incrustation on the interior of wine bottles, the result of the ripening of the wine; a deposit of tartar, etc. See Beeswing.

Crust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusting.] [Cf. OF. crouster, L. crustare. See Crust, n. ] To cover with a crust; to cover or line with an incrustation; to incrust. “The whole body is crusted over with ice.
Boyle.” “And now their legs, and breast, and bodies stood
Crusted with bark.
Addison.” “Very foul and crusted bottles.
Swift.” “Their minds are crusted over, like diamonds in the rock.
Felton.”

Crust, v. i. To gather or contract into a hard crust; to become incrusted. “The place that was burnt … crusted and healed.
Temple.”

Crus´ta (kr?s´t?), n. [L., shell, crust, inlaid work.] 1. A crust or shell. 2. A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object.

Crus•ta´ce•a (kr?s-t?´sh?-?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. of NL. crustaceus pert. to the crust or shell, from L. crusta the hard surfsce of a body, rind, shell.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs; — so called from the crustlike shell with which they are covered. The body usually consists of an anterior part, made up of the head and thorax combined, called the cephalothorax, and of a posterior jointed part called the abdomen, postabdomen, and (improperly) tail. They breathe by means of gills variously attached to some of the limbs or to the sides the body, according to the group. They are divisible into two subclasses, Entomostraca and Malacostraca, each of which includes several orders.

Crus•ta´cean (kr?s-t?´shan; 97), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Crustacea; crustaceous. — n. An animal belonging to the class Crustacea.

Crus•ta•ce•o•log´ic•al (-sh?-?-l?j´?-kal), a. Pertaining to crustaceology.

Crus•ta•ce•ol´o•gist (-?ll´?-j?st), n. One versed in crustaceology; a crustalogist.

Crus•ta•ce•ol´o•gy (-j?), n. [Crustacea + -logy.] That branch of Zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea; malacostracology; carcinology.

Crus•ta´ceous (kr?s-t?´sh?s; 97), a. [NL. crustaceous. See crustacea.] 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, crust or shell; having a crustlike shell. 2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Crustacea; crustacean.

Crus•ta´ceous•ness, n. The state or quality of being crustaceous or having a crustlike shell.

Crust´al (kr?st´al), a. Relating to a crust.

Crus•ta•log´ic•al (kr?s•t?-l?j´?-kal), a. Pertaining to crustalogy.

Crus•tal´o•gist (-tl´-jst), n. One versed in crustalogy.

Crus•tal´o•gy (kr?s-t?l´?-j?), n. [L. crusta shell + -logy.] Crustaceology.

Crus´ta•ted (kr?s´t?-t?d), a. [L. crustatus, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta. See Crust.] Covered with a crust; as crustated basalt.

Crus•ta´tion (kr?s-t?´sh?n), n. An adherent crust; an incrustation. Pepys.

Crust´ed (kr?st´?d), a. Incrusted; covered with, or containing, crust; as old, crusted port wine.

Crus•tif•ic (kr?s-t?f´?k), a. [L. crusta crust + -facere to make.] Producing or forming a crust or skin. [R.]

Crust´i•ly (krust´i-ly), adv. In a crusty or surly manner; morosely.

Crust´i•ness (-i-nes), n. 1. The state or quality of having crust or being like crust; hardness. 2. The quality of being crusty or surly. “Old Christy forgot his usual crustiness.
W. Irving.”

Crust´y (-y), a. 1. Having the nature of crust; pertaining to a hard covering; as a crusty coat; a crusty surface or substance. 2. [Possibly a corruption of cursty. Cf. Curst, Curstness.] Having a hard exterior, or a short, rough manner, though kind at heart; snappish; peevish; surly. “Thou crusty batch of nature, what’s the news?
Shak.”

Crut (krut), n. [Cf. F. croûte crust.] The rough, shaggy part of oak bark.

Crutch (kruch; 224), n.; pl. Crutches (-ez). [OE. crucche, AS. crycc, cricc; akin to D. kruk, G. krücke, Dan. krykke, Sw. krycka, and to E. crook. See Crook, and cf. Cricket a low stool.] 1. A staff with a crosspiece at the head, to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walking. “I’ll lean upon one crutch, and fight with the other.
Shak.” “Rhyme is a crutch that lifts the weak alone.
H. Smith.” 2. A form of pommel for a woman’s saddle, consisting of a forked rest to hold the leg of the rider. 3. (Naut.) (a) A knee, or piece of knee timber. (b) A forked stanchion or post; a crotch. See Crotch.

Crutch, v. t. To support on crutches; to prop up. [R.] “Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse.
Dryden.”

Crutched (kr?cht), a. 1. Supported upon crutches. 2. [See Crouch, v. t., and Crouched, a. ] Marked with the sign of the cross; crouched. Crutched friar (Eccl.), one of a religious order, so called because its members bore the sign of the cross on their staves and habits; — called also crossed friar and crouched friar.

Cruth (kr?th), n. [W. crwth.] (Mus.) See 4th Crowd.

Crux (kruks), n.; pl. E. Cruxes (-ez), L. Cruces (kru´sez). [L., cross, torture, trouble.] Anything that is very puzzling or difficult to explain. Dr. Sheridan. “The perpetual crux of New Testament chronologists.
Strauss.”

Cru•za´do (kr?-z?´d?), n. A coin. See Crusado.

Crwth (krooth), n. [W.] (Mus.) See 4th Crowd.

Cry (kri), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cried (krid); p. pr. & vb. n. Crying.] [F. crier, cf. L. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry, scream, shriek, perh. fr. queri to complain; cf. Skr. cvas to pant, hiss, sigh. Cf. Quarrel a brawl, Querulous.] 1. To make a loud call or cry; to call or exclaim vehemently or earnestly; to shout; to vociferate; to proclaim; to pray; to implore. “And about the ninth hour, Jesus cried with a loud voice.
Matt. xxvii. 46.” “Clapping their hands, and crying with loud voice.
Shak.” “Hear the voice of my supplications when I cry unto thee.
Ps. xxviii. 2.” “The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord.
Is. xl. 3.” “Some cried after him to return.
Bunyan.” 2. To utter lamentations; to lament audibly; to express pain, grief, or distress, by weeping and sobbing; to shed tears; to bawl, as a child. “Ye shall cry for sorrow of heart.
Is. lxv. 14.” “I could find it in my heart to disgrace my man’s apparel and to cry like a woman.
Shak.” 3. To utter inarticulate sounds, as animals. “The young ravens which cry.
Ps. cxlvii. 9.” “In a cowslip’s bell I lie
There I couch when owls do cry.
Shak.” To cry on or upon, to call upon the name of; to beseech. ´No longer on Saint Denis will we cry.´ Shak. — To cry out. (a) To exclaim; to vociferate; to scream; to clamor. (b) To complain loudly; to lament. — To cry out against, to complain loudly of; to censure; to blame. — To cry out on or upon, to denounce; to censure. ´Cries out upon abuses.´ Shak. — To cry to, to call on in prayer; to implore. — To cry you mercy, to beg your pardon. ´I cry you mercy, madam; was it you?´ Shak.

Cry, v. t. 1. To utter loudly; to call out; to shout; to sound abroad; to declare publicly. “All, all, cry shame against ye, yet I ’ll speak.
Shak.” “The man … ran on,crying, Life! life! Eternal life!
Bunyan.” 2. To cause to do something, or bring to some state, by crying or weeping; as to cry one’s self to sleep. 3. To make oral and public proclamation of; to declare publicly; to notify or advertise by outcry, especially things lost or found, goods to be sold, ets.; as to cry goods, etc. “Love is lost, and thus she cries him.
Crashaw.” 4. Hence, to publish the banns of, as for marriage. “I should not be surprised if they were cried in church next Sabbath.
Judd.” To cry aim. See under Aim. - - To cry down, to decry; to depreciate; to dispraise; to condemn. “Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, because they would not be under the restraints of it.
Tillotson.” — To cry out, to proclaim; to shout. ´Your gesture cries it out.´ Shak. — To cry quits, to propose, or declare, the abandonment of a contest. — To cry up, to enhance the value or reputation of by public and noisy praise; to extol; to laud publicly or urgently.

Cry (kr?), n.; pl. Cries (krz). [F. cri, fr. crier to cry. See Cry, v. i. ] 1. A loud utterance; especially, the inarticulate sound produced by one of the lower animals; as the cry of hounds; the cry of wolves. Milton. 2. Outcry; clamor; tumult; popular demand. “Again that cry was found to have been as unreasonable as ever.
Macaulay.” 3. Any expression of grief, distress, etc., accompanied with tears or sobs; a loud sound, uttered in lamentation. “There shall be a great cry throughout all the land.
Ex. xi. 6.” “An infant crying in the night,
An infant crying for the light;
And with no language but a cry.
Tennyson.” 4. Loud expression of triumph or wonder or of popular acclamation or favor. Swift. “The cry went once on thee.
Shak.” 5. Importunate supplication. “O, the most piteous cry of the poor souls.
Shak.” 6. Public advertisement by outcry; proclamation, as by hawkers of their wares. “The street cries of London.
Mayhew.” 7. Common report; fame. “The cry goes that you shall marry her.
Shak.” 8. A word or phrase caught up by a party or faction and repeated for effect; as the party cry of the Tories. “All now depends upon a good cry.
Beaconsfield.” 9. A pack of hounds. Milton. “A cry more tunable
Was never hollaed to, nor cheered with horn.
Shak.” 10. A pack or company of persons; — in contempt. “Would not this … get me a fellowship in a cry of players?
Shak.” 11. The crackling noise made by block tin when it is bent back and forth. A far cry, a long distance; — in allusion to the sending of criers or messengers through the territory of a Scottish clan with an announcement or summons.

Cry´al (kr?´al), n. [Cf. W. creyr, cryr, crychydd. Cf. Cruer a hawk.] The heron [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Cry´er (-?r), n. [F. faucon gruyer a falcon trained to fly at the crane, fr. crye crane, fr. L. crus crane. Cf. Cryal.] The female of the hawk; a falcon-gentil.

Cry´ing, a. Calling for notice; compelling attention; notorious; heinous; as a crying evil. “Too much fondness for meditative retirement is not the crying sin of our modern Christianity.
I. Taylor.”

Cry•o•hy´drate (kr?•?-h?´dr?t), n. [Gr. kry•os cold + E. hydrate.] (Chem.) A substance, as salt, ammonium chloride, etc., which crystallizes with water of crystallization only at low temperatures, or below the freezing point of water. F. Guthrie.

Cry´o•lite (kri´?-l?t), n. [Gr. kry•os icy cold, frost + -lite: cf. F. cryolithe.] (Min.) A fluoride of sodium and aluminum, found in Greenland, in white cleavable masses; — used as a source of soda and alumina.

Cry•oph´o•rus (kri•of´o•rus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kry•os icy cold, frost + fe•rein to bear.] (Chem.) An instrument used to illustrate the freezing of water by its own evaporation. The ordinary form consists of two glass bulbs, connected by a tube of the same material, and containing only a quantity of water and its vapor, devoid of air. The water is in one of the bulbs, and freezes when the other is cooled below 32° Fahr.

Crypt (kript), n. [L. crypta vault, crypt, Gr. kry•pth, fr. kry•ptein to hide. See Grot, Grotto.] 1. A vault wholly or partly under ground; especially, a vault under a church, whether used for burial purposes or for a subterranean chapel or oratory. “Priesthood works out its task age after age, … treasuring in convents and crypts the few fossils of antique learning.
Motley.” “My knees are bowed in crypt and shrine.
Tennyson.” 2. (Anat.) A simple gland, glandular cavity, or tube; a follicle; as the crypts of Lieberkühn, the simple tubular glands of the small intestines.

Crypt´al (-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to crypts. { Cryp´tic (krip´tik), Cryp´tic•al (-t?-kal), } a. [L. crypticus, Gr. kryptiko•s, fr. kry•ptein to hide.] Hidden; secret; occult. ´Her [nature’s] more cryptic ways of working.´ Glanvill.

Cryp´tic•al•ly, adv. Secretly; occultly.

Cryp´ti•dine (kr?p´t?-d?n; 104), n. [Gr. krypto•s hidden.] (Chem.) One of the quinoline bases, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C_11H_11N; also any one of several substances metameric with, and resembling, cryptidine proper.

Cryp•to•bran•chi•a´ta (kr?p•t?-bra?•k?- ?´t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. krypto•s hidden + L. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of the Amphibia; the Derotremata. (b) A group of nudibranch mollusks.

Cryp•to•bran´chi•ate (-br??´k?-?t), a. (Zoöl.) Having concealed or rudimentary gills.

Cryp•to•crys´tal•line (-kr?s´tal-l?n), a. [Gr. krypto•s hidden + E. crystalline.] (Geol.) Indistinctly crystalline; — applied to rocks and minerals, whose state of aggregation is so fine that no distinct particles are visible, even under the microscope.

Cryp´to•gam (kr?p´t?-g?m), n. [Cf. F. cryptogame. See Cryptogamia.] (Bot.) A plant belonging to the Cryptogamia. Henslow.

Cryp•to•ga´mi•a (kr?p•t?-g?´m?-?), n.; pl. Cryptogamiae (-). [NL., fr. Gr. krypto•s hidden, secret + ga•mos marriage.] (Bot.) The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of various kinds. The subdivisions have been variously arranged. The following arrangement recognizes four classes: — I. Pteridophyta, or Vascular Acrogens. These include Ferns, Equiseta or Scouring rushes, Lycopodiaceae or Club mosses, Selaginelleae, and several other smaller orders. Here belonged also the extinct coal plants called Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Calamites. II. Bryophita, or Cellular Acrogens. These include Musci, or Mosses, Hepaticae, or Scale mosses and Liverworts, and possibly Characeae, the Stoneworts. III. Algae, which are divided into Florideae, the Red Seaweeds, and the orders Dictyoteae, Oösporeae, Zoösporeae, Conjugatae, Diatomaceae, and Cryptophyceae. IV. Fungi. The molds, mildews, mushrooms, puffballs, etc., which are variously grouped into several subclasses and many orders. The Lichenes or Lichens are now considered to be of a mixed nature, each plant partly a Fungus and partly an Alga. { Cryp•to•ga´mi•an (kr?p•t?-g?´m?-a]/>n), Cryp•to•gam´ic (kr?p•t?-g?m´?k), Cryp•to´gam•ous (#) } a. Of or pertaining to the series Cryptogamia, or to plants of that series.

Cryp•tog´a•mist (-m?st), n. One skilled in cryptogamic botany.

Cryp´to•gram (kr?p´t?-gr?m), n. A cipher writing. Same as Cryptograph.

Cryp´to•graph (-gr?f), n. [Gr. krypto•s hidden + -graph: cf. F. cryptographe.] Cipher; something written in cipher. ´Decipherers of cryptograph.´ J. Earle.

Cryp•tog´ra•phal (kr?p-t?g´r?-fal), a. Pertaining to cryptography; cryptographical. Boyle.

Cryp•tog´ra•pher (kr?p-t?g´r?-f?r), n. One who writes in cipher, or secret characters. { Cryp•to•graph´ic (kr?p•t?-gr?f´?k), Cryp•to•graph´ic•al (kr?p•t?-gr?f´?-kal), } a. Relating to cryptography; written in secret characters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink.

Cryp•tog´ra•phist (kr?p-t?g´r?-f?st), n. Same as Cryptographer.

Cryp•tog´ra•phy (-f?), n. [Cf. F. cryptographie.] The act or art of writing in secret characters; also secret characters, or cipher.

Cryp•tol´o•gy (kr?p-t?l´?-j?), n. [Gr. krypto•s hidden + -logy.] Secret or enigmatical language. Johnson.

Cryp´to•nym (kr?p´t?-n?m), n. [Gr. secret + name.] A secret name; a name by which a person is known only to the initiated.

Cryp´to•pine (kr?p´t?-p?n; 104), n. [Gr. krypto•s hidden + E. opium.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline alkaloid obtained in small quantities from opium.

Cryp•tu´ri (krip•tu´ri), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. krypto•s hidden + o’yra• tail.] (Zoöl.) An order of flying, dromaeognathous birds, including the tinamous of South America. See Tinamou.

Crys´tal (kris´tal), n. [OE. cristal, F. cristal, L. crystallum crystal, ice, fr. Gr. kry•stallos, fr. kry•os icy cold, frost; cf. AS. crystalla, fr. L. crystallum; prob. akin to E. crust. See Crust, Raw.] 1. (Chem. & Min.) The regular form which a substance tends to assume in solidifying, through the inherent power of cohesive attraction. It is bounded by plane surfaces, symmetrically arranged, and each species of crystal has fixed axial ratios. See Crystallization. 2. The material of quartz, in crystallization transparent or nearly so, and either colorless or slightly tinged with gray, or the like; — called also rock crystal. Ornamental vessels are made of it. Cf. Smoky quartz, Pebble; also Brazilian pebble, under Brazilian. 3. A species of glass, more perfect in its composition and manufacture than common glass, and often cut into ornamental forms. See Flint glass. 4. The glass over the dial of a watch case. 5. Anything resembling crystal, as clear water, etc. “The blue crystal of the seas.
Byron.” Blood crystal. See under Blood. — Compound crystal. See under Compound. — Iceland crystal, a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, brought from Iceland, and used in certain optical instruments, as the polariscope. — Rock crystal, or Mountain crystal, any transparent crystal of quartz, particularly of limpid or colorless quartz.

Crys´tal, a. Consisting of, or like, crystal; clear; transparent; lucid; pellucid; crystalline. “Through crystal walls each little mote will peep.
Shak.” “By crystal streams that murmur through the meads.
Dryden.” “The crystal pellets at the touch congeal,
And from the ground rebounds the ratting hail.
H. Brooks.”

Crys´tal•lin (-l?n), n. (Physiol. Chem.) See Gobulin.

Crys´tal•line (kr?s´tal-l?n or -l?n; 277), a. [L. crystallinus, from Gr. : cf. F. cristallin. See Crystal.] 1. Consisting, or made, of crystal. “Mount, eagle, to my palace crystalline.
Shak.” 2. Formed by crystallization; like crystal in texture. “Their crystalline structure.
Whewell.” 3. Imperfectly crystallized; as granite is only crystalline, while quartz crystal is perfectly crystallized. 4. Fig.: Resembling crystal; pure; transparent; pellucid. ´The crystalline sky.´ Milton. Crystalline heavens, or Crystalline spheres, in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, two transparent spheres imagined to exist between the region of the fixed stars and the primum mobile (or outer circle of the heavens, which by its motion was supposed to carry round all those within it), in order to explain certain movements of the heavenly bodies. — Crystalline lens (Anat.), the capsular lenslike body in the eye, serving to focus the rays of light. It consists of rodlike cells derived from the external embryonic epithelium.

Crys´tal•line, n. 1. A crystalline substance. 2. See Aniline. [Obs.]

Crys´tal•lite (kr?s´tal-l?t), n. [See Crystal.] (Min.) A minute mineral form like those common in glassy volcanic rocks and some slags, not having a definite crystalline outline and not referable to any mineral species, but marking the first step in the crystallization process. According to their form crystallites are called trichites, belonites, globulites, etc.

Crys´tal•li•za•ble (kris´tal•li•za•b’l), a. Capable of being crystallized; that may be formed into crystals.

Crys•tal•li•za´tion (kris•tal•li•za´shun), n. [Cf. F. cristallization.] 1. (Chem. & Min.) The act or process by which a substance in solidifying assumes the form and structure of a crystal, or becomes crystallized. 2. The body formed by crystallizing; as silver on precipitation forms arborescent crystallizations. The systems of crystallization are the several classes to which the forms are mathematically referable. They are most simply described according to the relative lengths and inclinations of certain assumed lines called axes; but the real distinction is the degree of symmetry characterizing them. 1. The Isometric, or Monometric, system has the axes all equal, as in the cube, octahedron, etc. 2. The Tetragonal, or Dimetric, system has a varying vertical axis, while the lateral are equal, as in the right square prism. 3. The Orthorhombic, or Trimetric, system has the three axes unequal, as in the rectangular and rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called, respectively, macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal. — The preceding are erect forms, the axes intersecting at right angles. The following are oblique. 4. The Monoclinic system, having one of the intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called respectively, clinodiagonal and orthodiagonal. 5. The Triclinic system, having all the three intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhomboidal prism. There is also: 6. The Hexagonal system (one division of which is called Rhombohedral), in which there are three equal lateral axes, and a vertical axis of variable length, as in the hexagonal prism and the rhombohedron. The Diclinic system, sometimes recognized, with two oblique intersections, is only a variety of the Triclinic.

Crys´tal•lize (kris´tal•liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crystallized (-lizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crystallizing.] [Cf. F. cristalliser. See Crystal.] To cause to form crystals, or to assume the crystalline form.

Crys´tal•lize, v. i. To be converted into a crystal; to take on a crystalline form, through the action of crystallogenic or cohesive attraction. { Crys•tal•lo•gen´ic (-l?-j?n´?k), Crys•tal•lo•gen´ic•al (-?-kal), } a. Pertaining to the production of crystals; crystal-producing; as crystallogenic attraction.

Crys•tal•log´e•ny (kr?s•tal-l?j´?-n?), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + root of gi•gnesqai to be born.] The science which pertains to the production of crystals.

Crys•tal•log´ra•pher (kris´tal•log´ra•fer), n. One who describes crystals, or the manner of their formation; one versed in crystallography. { Crys•tal•lo•graph´ic (-l?-gr?f´?k), Crys•tal•lo•graph´ic•al (-?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. crystallographique.] Pertaining to crystallography.

Crys•tal•lo•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of crystallography.

Crys•tal•log´ra•phy (kris´tal•log´ra•fy), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + - graphy: cf. F. cristallographie. See Crystal.] 1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teaching the system of forms among crystals, their structure, and their methods of formation. 2. A discourse or treatise on crystallization.

Crys´tal•loid (kris´tal•loid), a. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + - oid.] Crystal-like; transparent like crystal.

Crys´tal•loid, n. 1. (Chem.) A body which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes, and generally is capable of being crystallized; — opposed to colloid. 2. (Bot.) One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells; — called also protein crystal.

Crys•tal•lol´o•gy (kris•tal•lol´o•jy), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + - logy.] The science of the crystalline structure of inorganic bodies.

Crys´tal•lo•man•cy (-l?-m?n•s?), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + -mancy.] Divination by means of a crystal or other transparent body, especially a beryl.

Crys•tal•lom´e•try (-l?m´?-tr?), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + -metry.] The art of measuring crystals.

Crys´tal•lur•gy (-l?r•j?), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + ’e•rgon work.] Crystallization.

Cte´no•cyst (te´no•sist), n. [Gr. ktei•s, kteno•s, comb + ky•stis bladder.] (Zoöl.) An organ of the Ctenophora, supposed to be sensory.

Cte´noid (te´noid or ten´oid), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a comblike margin, as a ctenoid scale. (b) Pertaining to the Ctenoidei. — n. A ctenoidean.

Cte•noid´e•an (te•noid´e•an), a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Ctenoidei. — n. One of the Ctenoidei.

Cte•noid´e•i (-?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , comb + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes, established by Agassiz, characterized by having scales with a pectinated margin, as in the perch. The group is now generally regarded as artificial.

Cte•noph´o•ra (t?-n?f´?-r?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , , comb + to carry.] (Zoöl.) A class of Cœlenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs.

Cten´o•phore (t?n´?-f?r), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Ctenophora. { Cten•o•phor´ic (t?n•?-f?r´?k), Cte•noph´o•rous (t?-n?f´?-r?s), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ctenophora.

Cten•o•stom´a•ta (t?n•?-st?m´?-t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , comb + , - mouth.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles.

Cub (kub), n. [Cf. Ir. cuib cub, whelp, young dog, Ir. & Gael. cu dog; akin to E. hound.] 1. A young animal, esp. the young of the bear. 2. Jocosely or in contempt, a boy or girl, esp. an awkward, rude, ill-mannered boy. “O, thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be
When time hath sowed a grizzle on thy case?
Shak.”

Cub, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cubbed (kubd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubbing.] To bring forth; — said of animals, or in contempt, of persons. ´Cubb’d in a cabin.´ Dryden.

Cub, n. [Cf. Cub a young animal.] 1. A stall for cattle. [Obs.] “I would rather have such … .in cub or kennel than in my closet or at my table.
Landor.” 2. A cupboard. [Obs.] Laud.

Cub, v. t. To shut up or confine. [Obs.] Burton.

Cu´ban (k?´ban), a. Of or pertaining to Cuba or its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Cuba.

Cu•ba´tion (k?-b?´sh?n), n. [L. cubatio, fr. cubare to lie down.] The act of lying down; a reclining. [Obs.]

Cu´ba•to•ry (k?´b?-t?-r?), a. [L. cubator he who lies down, fr. cubare.] Lying down; recumbent. [R.]

Cu´ba•ture (k?´b?-t?r; 135), n. [L. cubus cube: cf. F. cubature. See Cube.] The process of determining the solid or cubic contents of a body.

Cub´bridge-head (k?b´r?jj-h?d), n. (Naut.) A bulkhead on the forecastle and half deck of a ship. { Cub´by (k?b´b?), Cub´by•hole• (-h?l•), } n. [See Cub a stall.] A snug or confined place.

Cub´•drawn (k?b´dr?n•), a. Sucked by cubs. [R.] “This night, wherein the cub-drawn bear would couch.
Shak.”

Cube (k?b), n. [F. cube, L. cubus, fr. Gr. a cube, a cubical die.] 1. (Geom.) A regular solid body, with six equal square sides. 2. (Math.) The product obtained by taking a number or quantity three times as a factor; as 4x4=16, and 16x4=64, the cube of 4. Cube ore (Min.), pharmacosiderite. It commonly crystallizes in cubes of a green color. — Cube root. (Math.), the number or quantity which, multiplied into itself, and then into the product, produces the given cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27, for 3x3x3 = 27. — Cube spar (Min.), anhydrite; anhydrous calcium sulphate.

Cube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cubed (k?bd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubing.] To raise to the third power; to obtain the cube of.

Cu´beb (k?´b?b), n. [F. cubbe (cf. It. cubebe, Pr., Sp., Pg., & NL. cubeba), fr. Ar. kabbat.] The small, spicy berry of a species of pepper (Piper Cubeba; in med., Cubeba officinalis), native in Java and Borneo, but now cultivated in various tropical countries. The dried unripe fruit is much used in medicine as a stimulant and purgative.

Cu•beb´ic (k?-b?b´?k), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cubebs; as cubebic acid (a soft olive-green resin extracted from cubebs).

Cub´hood (k?b´h??d), n. The state of being a cub. [Jocose] ´From cubhood to old age.´ W. B. Dawkins. { Cu´bic (k?´b?k), Cu´bic•al (-b?- kal), } a. [L. cubicus, Gr. : cf. F. cubique. See Cube.] 1. Having the form or properties of a cube; contained, or capable of being contained, in a cube. 2. (Crystallog.) Isometric or monometric; as cubic cleavage. See Crystallization. Cubic equation, an equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a cube. — Cubic foot, a volume equivalent to a cubical solid which measures a foot in each of its dimensions. — Cubic number, a number produced by multiplying a number into itself, and that product again by the same number. See Cube. — Cubical parabola (Geom.), two curves of the third degree, one plane, and one on space of three dimensions.

Cu´bic, n. (Geom.) A curve of the third degree. Circular cubic. See under Circular.

Cu´bic•al•ly, adv. In a cubical method.

Cu´bic•al•ness, n. The quality of being cubical.

Cu´bi•cle (k?´b?-k’l), n. [L. cubiculum.] A loding room; esp., a sleeping place partitioned off from a large dormitory.

Cu•bic´u•lar (k?-??k´?-l?r), a. [L. cubicularis, fr. cubiculum a sleeping room, fr. cubare to lie down.] Belonging to a chamber or bedroom. [Obs.] Howell.

Cu´bi•form (k?´b?-f?rm), a. Of the form of a cube.

Cu•bi´le (k?-b?´l?), n. [L., bed.] The lowest course of stones in a building.

Cu´bi•lose (k?´b?-l?s•), n. [L. cubile bed, nest.] A mucilagenous secretion of certain birds found as the characteristic ingredient of edible bird’s-nests.

Cu´bit (ku´bit), n. [L. cubitum, cubitus; elbow, ell, cubit, fr. (because the elbow serves for leaning upon) cubare to lie down, recline; cf. Gr. ky•biton elbow, ky•ptein to bend, stoop, kyfo•s bent, stooping, humpbacked. Cf. Incumbent, Covey.] 1. (Anat.) The forearm; the ulna, a bone of the arm extending from elbow to wrist. [Obs.] 2. A measure of length, being the distance from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger. The cubit varies in length in different countries, the Roman cubit being 17,47 inches, the Greek 18,20, the Hebrew somewhat longer, and the English 18 inches.

Cu´bit•al (k?´b?t-a]/>l), a. [L. cubitalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to the cubit or ulna; as the cubital nerve; the cubital artery; the cubital muscle. 2. Of the length of a cubit. Sir. T. Browne.

Cu´bit•al, n. A sleeve covering the arm from the elbow to the hand. Crabb.

Cu´bit•ed, a. Having the measure of a cubit.

Cub´less (k?b´l?s), a. Having no cubs. Byron.

Cu´boid (k?´boid), a. [Cube + -oid: cf. Gr. .] (Anat.) Cube- shaped, or nearly so; as the cuboid bone of the foot. — n. (Anat.) The bone of the tarsus, which, in man and most mammals, supports the metatarsals of the fourth and fifth toes.

Cu•boid´al (k?-boid´al), a. (Anat.) Cuboid.

Cu•bo-oc•ta•he´dral (k?•b?-?k•t?-h?dral), a. Presenting a combination of a cube and an octahedron.

Cu•bo-oc•ta•he´dron (-dr?n), n. (Crystallog.) A combination of a cube and octahedron, esp. one in which the octahedral faces meet at the middle of the cubic edges.

Cu´ca (k??´k?), n. [Sp., fr. native name.] See Coca.

Cuck´ing stool (kk´ng stl•). [Cf. AS. scealfingstol, a word of similar meaning, allied to scealfor a diver, mergus avis; or possibly from F. coquine a hussy, slut, jade, f. of coquin, OE. cokin, a rascal; or cf. Icel. kka to dung, kkr dung, the name being given as to a disgracing or infamous punishment.] A kind of chair formerly used for punishing scolds, and also dishonest tradesmen, by fastening them in it, usually in front of their doors, to be pelted and hooted at by the mob, but sometimes to be taken to the water and ducked; — called also a castigatory, a tumbrel, and a trebuchet; and often, but not so correctly, a ducking stool. Sir. W. Scott.

Cuck´old (k?k´?ld), n. [OE. kukeweld, cokewold, cokold, fr. OF. coucoul, cucuault, the last syllable being modified by the OE. suffix -wold (see Herald); cf. F. cocu a cuckold, formerly also a cuckoo, and L. cuculus a cuckoo. The word alludes to the habit of the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them.] 1. A man whose wife is unfaithful; the husband of an adulteress. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A West Indian plectognath fish (Ostracion triqueter). (b) The cowfish.

Cuck´old, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuckolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Cuckolding.] To make a cuckold of, as a husband, by seducing his wife, or by her becoming an adulteress. Shak.

Cuck´old•ize (-?z), v. t. To cuckold. Dryden.

Cuck´old•ly, a. Having the qualities of a cuckold; mean-spirited; sneaking. Shak.

Cuck´ol•dom (-?l-d?m), n. The state of a cuckold; cuckolds, collectively. Addison.

Cuck´old•ry (-?ld-r?), n. The state of being a cuckold; the practice of making cuckolds.

Cuck´old’s knot (k?k´?ldz n?t•). (Naut.) A hitch or knot, by which a rope is secured to a spar, the two parts of the rope being crossed and seized together; — called also cuckold’s neck. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Cuck´oo (k??k´??), n. [OE. coccou, cukkow, F. coucou, prob. of imitative origin; cf. L. cuculus, Gr. , Skr. kkia, G. kuckuk, D. koekoek.] (Zoöl.) A bird belonging to Cuculus, Coccyzus, and several allied genera, of many species. The European cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) builds no nest of its own, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them. The American yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus Americanus) and the black-billed cuckoo (C. erythrophthalmus) build their own nests. Cuckoo bee (Zool.), a bee, parasitic in the larval stage in the nests of other bees, feeding either upon their food or larvae. They belong to the genera Nomada, Melecta, Epeolus, and others. - - Cuckoo clock, a clock so constructed that at the time for striking it gives forth sounds resembling the cry of the cuckoo. — Cuckoo dove (Zoöl.), a long-tailed pigeon of the genus Macropygia. Many species inhabit the East Indies. — Cuckoo fish (Zoöl.), the European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). The name probably alludes to the sound that it utters. — Cuckoo falcon (Zoöl.), any falcon of the genus Baza. The genus inhabits Africa and the East Indies. — Cuckoo maid (Zoöl.), the wryneck; — called also cuckoo mate. — Cuckoo ray (Zoöl.), a British ray (Raia miraletus). — Cuckoo spit, or Cuckoo spittle. (a) A frothy secretion found upon plants, exuded by the larvae of certain insects, for concealment; — called also toad spittle and frog spit. (b) (Zoöl.) A small hemipterous insect, the larva of which, living on grass and the leaves of plants, exudes this secretion. The insects belong to Aphrophora, Helochara, and allied genera. — Ground cuckoo, the chaparral cock.

Cuck´oo•bud´ (k??k´??-b?d•), n. (Bot.) A species of Ranunculus (R. bulbosus); — called also butterflower, buttercup, kingcup, goldcup. Shak.

Cuck´oo•flow•er (-flou•?r), n. (Bot.) A species of Cardamine (C. pratensis), or lady’s smock. Its leaves are used in salads. also the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi).

Cuck´oo•pint (-p?nt•), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Arum (A. maculatum); the European wake-robin.

Cuc´quean (k?k´kw?n•), n. [Cuckold + quean.] A woman whose husband is unfaithful to her. [Obs.]

Cu•cu´jo (k??-k??´h?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The fire beetle of Mexico and the West Indies. { Cu´cul•late (k?´k?l-l?t or k?-k?l´l?t), Cu´cul•la•ted (-l?•t?d or -l?-t?d), } a. [LL. cullatus, fr. L. cucullus a cap, hood. See Cowl a hood.] 1. Hooded; cowled; covered, as with a hood. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Bot.) Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the prothorax elevated so as to form a sort of hood, receiving the head, as in certain insects. (b) Having a hoodlike crest on the head, as certain birds, mammals, and reptiles.

Cu´cu•loid (k?k?-loid), a. [L. cuculus a cuckoo + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the cuckoos (Cuculidae).

Cu´cum•ber (k?•k?m-b?r, formerly kou´k?m-b?r), n.[OE. cucumer, cocumber, cucumber, fr. L. cucmis, gen. cucumeris; cf. OF. cocombre,F. concombre.] (Bot.) A creeping plant, and its fruit, of several species of the genus Cucumis, esp. Cucumis sativus, the unripe fruit of which is eaten either fresh or picked. also similar plants or fruits of several other genera. See below. Bitter cucumber (Bot.), the Citrullus or Cucumis Colocynthis. See Colocynth. — Cucumber beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small, black flea- beetle (Crepidodera cucumeris), which destroys the leaves of cucumber, squash, and melon vines. (b) The squash beetle. — Cucumber tree. (a) A large ornamental or shade tree of the genus Magnolia (M. acuminata), so called from a slight resemblance of its young fruit to a small cucumber. (b) An East Indian plant (Averrhoa Bilimbi) which produces the fruit known as bilimbi. — Jamaica cucumber, Jerusalem cucumber, the prickly-fruited gherkin (Cucumis Anguria). — Snake cucumber, a species (Cucumis flexuosus) remarkable for its long, curiously-shaped fruit. — Squirting cucumber, a plant (Ecbalium Elaterium) whose small oval fruit separates from the footstalk when ripe and expels its seeds and juice with considerable force through the opening thus made. See Elaterium. — Star cucumber, a climbing weed (Sicyos angulatus) with prickly fruit.

Cu•cu´mi•form (k?-k?´m?-f?rm), a. [L. cucumis cucumber + -form.] Having the form of a cucumber; having the form of a cylinder tapered and rounded at the ends, and either straight or curved.

Cu´cu•mis (k?k?—m?s), n. [L., cucumber.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cucumber, melon, and same kinds of gourds. { Cu•cur´bit , Cu•cur´bite } (ku•kûr´bit), n. [L. cucurbita a gourd: cf. F. cucurbite. See Gourd.] (Chem.) A vessel or flask for distillation, used with, or forming part of, an alembic; a matrass; — originally in the shape of a gourd, with a wide mouth. See Alembic.

Cu•cur•bi•ta´ceous (-bi•ta´shus), a. [Cf. F. cucurbitace.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants of which the cucumber, melon, and gourd are common examples.

Cu•cur´bi•tive (k?-k?r´b?-t?v), a. Having the shape of a gourd seed; — said of certain small worms.

Cud (kud), n. [AS. cudu, cwudu,cwidu,cweodo, of uncertain origin; cf, G. köder bait, Icel. kviðr womb, Goth. qiþus. Cf. Quid.] 1. That portion of food which is brought up into the mouth by ruminating animals from their first stomach, to be chewed a second time. “Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.
Levit. xi. 3” 2. A portion of tobacco held in the mouth and chewed; a quid. [Low] 3. The first stomach of ruminating beasts. Crabb. To chew the cud, to ruminate; to meditate; used with of; as to chew the cud of bitter memories. “Chewed the thrice turned cud of wrath.
Tennyson.”

Cud´bear (k?d´b?r•), n. [Also cudbeard, corrupted fr. the name of Dr. Cuthbert Gordon, a Scotchman, who first brought it into notice.] 1. A powder of a violet red color, difficult to moisten with water, used for making violet or purple dye. It is prepared from certain species of lichen, especially Lecanora tartarea. Ure. 2. (Bot.) A lichen (Lecanora tartarea), from which the powder is obtained.

Cud´den (k?d´d’n), n. [For sense 1, cf. Scot. cuddy an ass; for sense 2, see 3d Cuddy.] 1. A clown; a low rustic; a dolt. [Obs.] “The slavering cudden, propped upon his staff.
Dryden.” 2. (Zoöl.) The coalfish. See 3d Cuddy.

Cud´dle (kud´d’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cuddled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cuddling (- dling).] [Prob. for couthle, fr. couth known; cf. OE. kuþþen to cuddle, or cuðlechen to make friends with. SeeCouth, Uncouth, Can.] To lie close or snug; to crouch; to nestle. “She cuddles low beneath the brake;
Nor would she stay, nor dares she fly.
Prior.”

Cud´dle, v. t. To embrace closely; to fondle. Forby.

Cud´dle, n. A close embrace.

Cud´dy (-d?), n. [See Cudden. ] 1. An ass; esp., one driven by a huckster or greengrocer. [Scot.] 2. Hence: A blockhead; a lout. Hood. 3. (Mech.) A lever mounted on a tripod for lifting stones, leveling up railroad ties, etc. Knight.

Cud´dy (k?d´d?), n. [Prob. a contraction fr. D. kajuit cabin: cf. F. cahute hut.] (Naut.) A small cabin: also the galley or kitchen of a vessel.

Cud´dy, n. [Scot.; cf. Gael. cudaig, cudainn, or E. cuttlefish, or cod, codfish.] (Zoöl) The coalfish (Pollachius carbonarius). [Written also cudden.]

Cudg´el (k?j´?l), n. [OE. kuggel; cf. G. keule club (with a round end), kugel ball, or perh. W. cogyl cudgel, or D. cudse, kuds, cudgel.] A staff used in cudgel play, shorter than the quarterstaff, and wielded with one hand; hence, any heavy stick used as a weapon. “He getteth him a grievous crabtree cudgel and … falls to rating of them as if they were dogs.
Bunyan.” Cudgel play, a fight or sportive contest with cudgels. — To cross the cudgels, to forbear or give up the contest; — a phrase borrowed from the practice of cudgel players, who lay one cudgel over another when the contest is ended. — To take up cudgels for, to engage in a contest in behalf of (some one or something).

Cudg´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cudgeled or Cudgelled (-ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cudgeling or cudgelling.] To beat with a cudgel. “An he here, I would cudgel him like a dog.
Shak.” To cudgel one’s brains, to exercise one’s wits.

Cudg´el•er (-?r), n. One who beats with a cudgel. [Written also cudgeller.]

Cud´weed (k?d´w?d•), n. [Apparently fr. cud + weed, but perh. a corruption of cottonweed; or of cut weed, so called from its use as an application to cuts and chafings.] (Bot.) A small composite plant with cottony or silky stem and leaves, primarily a species of Gnaphalium, but the name is now given to many plants of different genera, as Filago, Antennaria, etc.; cottonweed.

Cue (ku), n. [ OF. coue, coe, F. queue, fr. L. coda, cauda, tail. Cf. Caudal, Coward, Queue.] 1. The tail; the end of a thing; especially, a tail-like twist of hair worn at the back of the head; a queue. 2. The last words of a play actor’s speech, serving as an intimation for the next succeeding player to speak; any word or words which serve to remind a player to speak or to do something; a catchword. “When my cue comes, call me, and I will answer.
Shak.” 3. A hint or intimation. “Give them [the servants] their cue to attend in two lines as he leaves the house.
Swift.” 4. The part one has to perform in, or as in, a play. “Were it my cueto fight, I should have known it
Without a prompter.
Shak.” 5. Humor; temper of mind. [Colloq.] Dickens. 6. A straight tapering rod used to impel the balls in playing billiards.

Cue, v. t. To form into a cue; to braid; to twist.

Cue, n. [From q, an abbreviation for quadrans a farthing.] A small portion of bread or beer; the quantity bought with a farthing or half farthing. [Obs.] The term was formerly current in the English universities, the letter q being the mark in the buttery books to denote such a portion. Nares. “Hast thou worn
Gowns in the university, tossed logic,
Sucked philosophy, eat cues?
Old Play.”

Cuer´po (kwer´po), n. [Sp. cuerpo, fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.] The body. In cuerpo, without full dress, so that the shape of the Body is exposed; hence, naked or uncovered. “Exposed in cuerpo to their rage.
Hudibras.”

Cuff (k?f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuffed (kft); p. pr. & vb. n. Cuffing.] [Cf. Sw. kuffa to knock, push,kufva to check, subdue, and E. cow, v. t. ] 1. To strike; esp., to smite with the palm or flat of the hand; to slap. “I swear I’ll cuff you, if you strike again.
Shak.” “They with their quills did all the hurt they could,
And cuffed the tender chickens from their food.
Dryden.” 2. To buffet. ´Cuffed by the gale.´ Tennyson.

Cuff, v. i. To fight; to scuffle; to box. “While the peers cuff to make the rabble sport.
Dryden.”

Cuff, n. A blow; esp.,, a blow with the open hand; a box; a slap. “Snatcheth his sword, and fiercely to him flies;
Who well it wards, and quitten cuff with cuff.
Spenser.” “Many a bitter kick and cuff.
Hudibras.”

Cuff, n. [Perh. from F. coiffe headdress, hood, or coif; as if the cuff were a cap for the hand. Cf. Coif.] 1. The fold at the end of a sleeve; the part of a sleeve turned back from the hand. “He would visit his mistress in a morning gown, band, short cuffs, and a peaked beard.
Arbuthnot.” 2. Any ornamental appendage at the wrist, whether attached to the sleeve of the garment or separate; especially, in modern times, such an appendage of starched linen, or a substitute for it of paper, or the like.

Cuf´fy (kf•f), n. A name for a negro. [Slang]

Cu´fic (k?•f?k), a. [So called from the town of Cufa, in the province of Bagdad.] Of or pertaining to the older characters of the Arabic language. [Written also Kufic.]

Cuin´age (kw?n•?j), n.[Corrupted fr. coinage.] The stamping of pigs of tin, by the proper officer, with the arms of the duchy of Cornwall.

Cui•rass´ (kwe•ras´, or kwe´ras; 277), n.; pl. Cuirasses(-ez). [F. cuirasse, orig., a breastplate of leather, for OF. cuiree, cuirie influenced by It. corazza, or Sp. coraza, fr. an assumed LL. coriacea, fr. L. coriaceus, adj., of leather, fr. corium leather, hide; akin to Gr. cho•rion intestinal membrane, OSlav. skora hide, Lith. skura hide, leather. Cf. Coriaceous.] 1. (a) A piece of defensive armor, covering the body from the neck to the girdle. (b) The breastplate taken by itself. The cuirass covered the body before and behind. It consisted of two parts, a breast- and backpiece of iron fastened together by means of straps and buckles or other like contrivances. It was originally, as the name imports, made of leather, but afterward of metal. Grose. 2. (Zoöl) An armor of bony plates, somewhat resembling a cuirass.

Cui•rassed´ (kwe•rast´ or kwe´rast), a. 1. Wearing a cuirass. 2. (Zoöl) Having a covering of bony plates, resembling a cuirass; — said of certain fishes.

Cui•ras•sier´ (kw?•r?s-s?r´), n. [F. cuirassier. See Curass.] A soldier armed with a cuirass. Milton.

Cuish (kw?s), n. [F. cuisse thigh, fr. L. coxa hip: cf. F. cuissard, OF, cuissot, armor for the thigh, cuish. Cf. Hough.] Defensive armor for the thighs. [ Written also cuisse, and quish.]

Cui•sine´ (kw?•z?n´), n. [F., fr. L. coquina kitchen, fr. coquere to cook. See Kitchen.] 1. The kitchen or cooking department. 2. Manner or style of cooking.

Cu•lasse´ (ku•l?s´), n. [F., fr. cul back.] The lower faceted portion of a brilliant- cut diamond.

Cul•dee´ (kl-d´ or kl´d), n. [ Prob. fr. Gael. cuilteach; cf. Ir. ceilede.] One of a class of anchorites who lived in various parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. “The pure Culdees
Were Albyn’s earliest priests of God.
Campbell.”

Cul•-de-sac´ (ku•de-s?k´ or kul•de-s?k´), n.; pl. Culs-de-sac (ku•- or kulz•-). [ F., lit., bottom of a bag.] 1. A passage with only one outlet, as a street closed at one end; a blind alley; hence, a trap. 2. (Mil.) a position in which an army finds itself with no way of exit but to the front. 3. (Anat.) Any bag-shaped or tubular cavity, vessel, or organ, open only at one end.

Cul´er•age (k?l´?r-?j), n. (Bot.) See Culrage.

Cu´lex (k?´l?ks), n. [L., a gnat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects, including the gnat and mosquito.

Cu•lic´i•form (k?-l?s´i-f?rm). a. [L. culex a gnat + -form:cf. F. culiciforme.] (Zoöl.) Gnat- shaped.

Cu´li•na•ri•ly (k?•l?-n?-r?-l?), adv. In the manner of a kitchen; in connection with a kitchen or cooking.

Cu´li•na•ry (k?´l?-n?-r?), a. [L. culinarius, fr. culina kitchen, perh. akin to carbo coal: cf. F. culinare.] Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cookery; used in kitchens; as a culinary vessel; the culinary art.

Cull (k?l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Culled (k?ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Culling.] [OE. cullen, OF. cuillir, coillir, F. cueillir, to gather, pluck, pick, fr. L. colligere. See Coil, v. t., and cf. Collect.] To separate, select, or pick out; to choose and gather or collect; as to cull flowers. “From his herd he culls,
For slaughter, from the fairest of his bulls.
Dryden.” “Whitest honey in fairy gardens culled.
Tennyson.”

Cull, n. A cully; a dupe; a gull. See Cully.

Cul´len•der (k?l´l?n-d?r), n. A strainer. See Colander.

Cull´er (k?l´?r), n. One who picks or chooses; esp., an inspector who selects wares suitable for market.

Cul´let (kul´let), n. [From Cull, v. t. ] Broken glass for remelting.

Cul´let, n. [A dim. from F. cul back.] A small central plane in the back of a cut gem. See Collet, 3 (b).

Cul•li•bil´i•ty (-l?-b?l´?-ty), n. [From cully to trick, cheat.] Gullibility. [R.] Swift.

Cul´li•ble (k?l´l?-b’l), a. Easily deceived; gullible.

Cull´ing (k?l´?ng), n. 1. The act of one who culls. 2. pl. Anything separated or selected from a mass.

Cul´lion (k?l´y?n), n. [OF. couillon, coillon, F. coon, a vile fellow, coward, dupe, from OF. couillon, coillon, testicle, fr. il the scrotum, fr. L. coleus a leather bag, the scrotum.] A mean wretch; a base fellow; a poltroon; a scullion. ´Away, base cullions.´ Shak.

Cul´lion•ly, a. Mean; base. Shak.

Cul´lis (kl´ls), n. [OF. coleïs, F. coulis, fr. OF. & F. couler to strain, to flow, fr. L. colare to filter, strain; cf. LL. coladicium. Cf. Colander.] A strong broth of meat, strained and made clear for invalids; also a savory jelly. [Obs.] “When I am exellent at caudles
And cullises … you shall be welcome to me.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cul´lis, n.; pl. Cullises (-z). [F. coulisse groove, fr. the same source as E. cullis broth.] (Arch.) A gutter in a roof; a channel or groove.

Culls (k?lz), n. pl. [From Cull,, v. t.] 1. Refuse timber, from which the best part has been culled out. 2. Any refuse stuff, as rolls not properly baked.

Cul´ly (k?l´l?), n.; pl. Cullies (-lz). [Abbrev. fr. cullion.] A person easily deceived, tricked, or imposed on; a mean dupe; a gull. “I have learned that … I am not the first cully whom she has passed upon for a countess.
Addison.”

Cul´ly, v. t. [See Cully,n., and cf. D. kullen to cheat, gull.] To trick, cheat, or impose on; to deceive. ´Tricks to cully fools.´ Pomfret.

Cul´ly•ism (-?z’m), n. The state of being a cully. “Less frequent instances of eminent cullyism.
Spectator.”

Culm (kulm), n. [L. culmus stalk, stem; akin to calamus. SeeHalm.] (Bot.) The stalk or stem of grain and grasses (including the bamboo), jointed and usually hollow.

Culm, n. [Perh. from W. cwlm knot or tie, applied to this species of coal, which is much found in balls or knots in some parts of Wales: cf. OE. culme smoke, soot.] (Min.) (a) Mineral coal that is not bituminous; anthracite, especially when found in small masses. (b) The waste of the Pennsylvania anthracite mines, consisting of fine coal, dust, etc., and used as fuel. Raymond.

Cul´men (k?l´m?n), n. [L., fr. cellere (in comp.) to impel; cf. celsus pushed upward, lofty.] 1. Top; summit; acme. R. North. 2. (Zoöl.) The dorsal ridge of a bird’s bill.

Cul•mif´er•ous (k?l-m?f´?r-?s), a. [L. culmus stalk or stem + -ferous: cf. F. culmifère.] Having jointed stems or culms.

Cul•mif´er•ous (kul•mif´er•us), a.[2d culm + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing, or abounding in, culm or glance coal.

Cul´mi•nal (kul´mi•nal), a. Pertaining to a culmen.

Cul´mi•nant (-nant), a. Being vertical, or at the highest point of altitude; hence, predominant. [R.]

Cul´mi•nate (kul´mi•nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Culminated (-na•t&eucr;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Culminating (-na•ting.] [L. cuimen top or ridge. See Column.] 1. To reach its highest point of altitude; to come to the meridian; to be vertical or directly overhead. “As when his beams at noon
Culminate from the equator.
Milton.” 2. To reach the highest point, as of rank, size, power, numbers, etc. “The reptile race culminated in the secondary era.
Dana.” “The house of Burgundy was rapidly culminating.
Motley.”

Cul´mi•nate (kul´mi•nat), a. Growing upward, as distinguished from a lateral growth; — applied to the growth of corals. Dana.

Cul´mi•na´tion (kul•m?-n?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. culmination] 1. The attainment of the highest point of altitude reached by a heavenly body; passage across the meridian; transit. 2. Attainment or arrival at the highest pitch of glory, power, etc.

Cul´pa (kul´pa), n. [L.] (Law) Negligence or fault, as distinguishable from dolus (deceit, fraud), which implies intent, culpa being imputable to defect of intellect, dolus to defect of heart. Wharton.

Cul•pa•bil´i•ty (k?l•p?-b?l•?-t?), n.; pl. Culpabilities (-tz). [Cf. F. culpabilite.] The state of being culpable.

Cul´pa•ble (k?l´p?-b’l), a. [OE. culpable, coulpable, coupable, F. coupable, formerly also coupable, formerly also coulpable, culpable, fr. L. culpabilis, fr. culpare to blame, fr. culpa fault.] 1. Deserving censure; worthy of blame; faulty; immoral; criminal. State Trials (1413). “If he acts according to the best reason he hath, he is not culpable, though he be mistaken in his measures.
Sharp.” 2. Guilty; as culpable of a crime. [Obs.] Spenser. — Cul´pa•ble•ness, n. — Cul´pa•bly, adv.

Cul´pa•to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Expressing blame; censuring; reprehensory; inculpating. “Adjectives … commonly used by Latian authors in a culpatory sense.
Walpole.”

Culpe (kulp), n. [F. coulpe, fr.L. culpa.] Blameworthiness. [Obs.] “Banished out of the realme … without culpe.
E. Hall.”

Cul´pon (kul´pon), n. [See Coupon.] A shred; a fragment; a strip of wood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cul´prit (kul´prit), n. [Prob. corrupted for culpate, fr. Law Latin culpatus the accused, p. p. of L. culpare to blame. See Culpable.] 1. One accused of, or arraigned for, a crime, as before a judge. “An author is in the condition of a culprit; the public are his judges.
Prior.” 2. One quilty of a fault; a criminal.

Cul´rage (kul´raj), n. [OE. culrage, culrache; prob. fr. F. cul the buttok + F. & E. rage; F. curage.] (Bot.) Smartweed (Polygonum Hydropiper).

Cult (kult) n .[F. culte, L. cultus care, culture, fr. colere to cultivate. Cf. Cultus.] 1. Attentive care; homage; worship. “Every one is convinced of the reality of a better self, and of the cult or homage which is due to it.
Shaftesbury.” 2. A system of religious belief and worship. “That which was the religion of Moses is the ceremonial or cult of the religion of Christ.
Coleridge.”

Cultch (kulch; 224), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Empty oyster shells and other substances laid down on oyster grounds to furnish points for the attachment of the spawn of the oyster. [Also written cutch.]

Cul´ter (kul´ter), n. [L.] A colter. See Colter.

Cul•ti•ros´tral (-ti•ros´tral), a. [See Cultirostres.] (Zoöl.) Having a bill shaped like the colter of a plow, or like a knife, as the heron, stork, etc.

Cul•ti•ros´tres (-trez), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. culter colter of a plow, knife + rostrum bill.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of wading birds including the stork, heron, crane, etc.

Cul´ti•va•ble (k?l´t?-v?-b’l), a. [Cf. F. cultivable.] Capable of being cultivated or tilled. Todd.

Cul´ti•va•ta•ble (k?l´t?-v?•t?-b’l), a. Cultivable.

Cul´ti•vate (k?l´t?-v?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cultivated (-v?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Cultivating (-v?•- t?ng).] [LL. cultivatus, p. p. of cultivare to cultivate, fr. cultivus cultivated, fr. L. cultus, p. p. of colere to till, cultivate. Cf. Colony.] 1. To bestow attention, care, and labor upon, with a view to valuable returns; to till; to fertilize; as to cultivate soil. 2. To direct special attention to; to devote time and thought to; to foster; to cherish. “Leisure … to cultivate general literature.
Wordsworth.” 3. To seek the society of; to court intimacy with. “I ever looked on Lord Keppel as one of the greatest and best men of his age; and I loved and cultivated him accordingly.
Burke.” 4. To improve by labor, care, or study; to impart culture to; to civilize; to refine. “To cultivate the wild, licentious savage.
Addison.” “The mind of man hath need to be prepared for piety and virtue; it must be cultivated to the end.
Tillotson.” 5. To raise or produce by tillage; to care for while growing; as to cultivate corn or grass.

Cul•ti•va´tion (k?l•t?-v?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cultivation.] 1. The art or act of cultivating; improvement for agricultural purposes or by agricultural processes; tillage; production by tillage. 2. Bestowal of time or attention for self-improvement or for the benefit of others; fostering care. 3. The state of being cultivated; advancement in physical, intellectual, or moral condition; refinement; culture. “Italy … was but imperfectly reduced to cultivation before the irruption of the barbarians.
Hallam.”

Cul´ti•va•tor (k?l´t?-v?•t?r), n. [Cf. F. cultivateur.] 1. One who cultivates; as a cultivator of the soil; a cultivator of literature. Whewell. 2. An agricultural implement used in the tillage of growing crops, to loosen the surface of the earth and kill the weeds; esp., a triangular frame set with small shares, drawn by a horse and by handles. In a broader signification it includes any complex implement for pulverizing or stirring the surface of the soil, as harrows, grubbers, horse hoes, etc. { Cul´trate (k?l´tr?t), Cul´tra•ted (-tr?- t?d), } a. [L. cultratus knife-shaped, fromculter, cultri, knife.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Sharp-edged and pointed; shaped like a pruning knife, as the beak of certain birds.

Cul´tri•form (-tr?-f?rm), a. [L. culter, cultri, knife + -form.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Shaped like a pruning knife; cultrate.

Cul•triv´o•rous (k?l-tr?b´?-r?s), a. [L. culter, cultri, knife + vorare to devour.] Devouring knives; swallowing, or pretending to swallow, knives; — applied to persons who have swallowed, or have seemed to swallow, knives with impunity. Dunglison.

Cul´tur•a•ble (k?l´t?r-?-b’l; 135), a. Capable of, or fit for, being cultivated; capable or becoming cultured. London Spectator.

Cul´tur•al (k?l´t?r-a]/>l), a. Of or pertaining to culture.

Cul´ture (k?l´t?r; 135), n. [F. culture, L. cultura, fr. colere to till, cultivate; of uncertain origin. Cf. Colony.] 1. The act or practice of cultivating, or of preparing the earth for seed and raising crops by tillage; as the culture of the soil. 2. The act of, or any labor or means employed for, training, disciplining, or refining the moral and intellectual nature of man; as the culture of the mind. “If vain our toil
We ought to blame the culture, not the soil.
Pepe.” 3. The state of being cultivated; result of cultivation; physical improvement; enlightenment and discipline acquired by mental and moral training; civilization; refinement in manners and taste. “What the Greeks expressed by their paidei•a, the Romans by their humanitas, we less happily try to express by the more artificial word culture.
J. C. Shairp.” “The list of all the items of the general life of a people represents that whole which we call its culture.
Tylor.” Culture fluid, a fluid in which the germs of microscopic organisms are made to develop, either for purposes of study or as a means of modifying their virulence.

Cul´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cultured (-t?rd; 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Culturing.] To cultivate; to educate. “They came … into places well inhabited and cultured.
Usher.”

Cul´tured (k?l´t?rd), a. 1. Under culture; cultivated. ´Cultured vales.´ Shenstone. 2. Characterized by mental and moral training; disciplined; refined; well-educated. “The sense of beauty in nature, even among cultured people, is less often met with than other mental endowments.
I. Taylor.” “The cunning hand and cultured brain.
Whittier.”

Cul´ture•less, a. Having no culture.

Cul´tur•ist, n. 1. A cultivator. 2. One who is an advocate of culture. “The culturists, by which term I mean not those who esteem culture (as what intelligent man does not) but those its exclusive advocates who recommend it as the panacea for all the ills of humanity, for its effects in cultivating the whole man.
J. C. Shairp”

Cul´tus (k?l´t?s), n. sing. & pl.; E. pl. Cultuses (-z). [L., cultivation, culture. See Cult.] Established or accepted religious rites or usages of worship; state of religious development. Cf. Cult, 2.

Cul´tus cod (k?d•). [Chinook cultus of little worth.] (Zoöl.) See Cod, and Buffalo cod, under Buffalo.

Cul´ver (k?´v?r), n. [AS. culfre, perh. fr. L. columba.] A dove. ´Culver in the falcon’s fist.´ Spenser.

Cul´ver, n. [Abbrev. fr. Culverin.] A culverin. “Falcon and culver on each tower
Stood prompt their deadly hail to shower.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cul´ver•house (-hous•), n. A dovecote.

Cul´ver•in (k?l´v?r-?n), n.[F. coulevrine, prop. fem. of couleuvrin like a serpent, fr. couleuvre adder, fr. L. coluber, colubra.] A long cannon of the 16th century, usually an 18-pounder with serpent-shaped handles. “Trump, and drum, and roaring culverin.
Macaulay.”

Cul´ver•key (-k?•), n. 1. A bunch of the keys or samaras of the ash tree. Wright. 2. An English meadow plant, perhaps the columbine or the bluebell squill (Scilla nutans). [Obs.] “A girl cropping culverkeys and cowslips to make garlands.
Walton.”

Cul´vert (k?l´v?rt), n. [Prob. from OF. coulouere, F. couloir, channel, gutter, gallery, fr. couler to flow. See Cullis.] A transverse drain or waterway of masonry under a road, railroad, canal, etc.; a small bridge.

Cul´ver•tail (k?l´v?r-t?l•), n. (Carp.) Dovetail.

Cul´ver•tailed (-t?ld•), a. United or fastened by a dovetailed joint.

Cu•ma´ce•a (k?-m?´sh?-? or -s?-?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine Crustacea, mostly of small size.

Cum´bent (k?m´bent), a. [Cf. Recumbent, Covey.] Lying down; recumbent. J. Dyer.

Cum´ber (k?m´b?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cumbered (-b?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cumbering.] [OE. combren, cumbren,OF. combrer to hinder, from LL. cumbrus a heap, fr. L. cumulus; cf. Skr. to increase, grow strong. Cf. Cumulate.] To rest upon as a troublesome or useless weight or load; to be burdensome or oppressive to; to hinder or embarrass in attaining an object, to obstruct or occupy uselessly; to embarrass; to trouble. “Why asks he what avails him not in fight,
And would but cumber and retard his flight?
Dryden.” “Martha was cumbered about much serving.
Luke x. 40.” “Cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground?
Luke xiii. 7.” “The multiplying variety of arguments, especially frivolous ones, … but cumbers the memory.
Locke.”

Cum´ber (k?m´b?r), n. [Cf. encombre hindrance, impediment. See Cuber,v.] Trouble; embarrassment; distress. [Obs.] [Written also comber.] “A place of much distraction and cumber.
Sir H. Wotton.” “Sage counsel in cumber.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cum´ber•some (km´br-sm), a. 1. Burdensome or hindering, as a weight or drag; embarrassing; vexatious; cumbrous. “To perform a cumbersome obedience.
Sir. P. Sidney.” 2. Not easily managed; as a cumbersome contrivance or machine. “He holds them in utter contempt, as lumbering, cumbersome, circuitous.
I. Taylor.” — Cum´ber•some•ly, adv. — Cum´ber•some•ness,n.

Cum´brance (k?m´brans), n. Encumbrance. [Obs.] “Extol not riches then, the toil of fools,
The wise man’s cumbrance, if not snare.
Milton.”

Cum´bri•an (k?m´br?-a]/>n), a. Pertaining to Cumberland, England, or to a system of rocks found there. Cumbrian system (Geol.), the slate or graywacke system of rocks, now included in the Cambrian or Silurian system; — so called because most prominent at Cumberland.

Cum´brous (k?m´br?s), a. 1. Rendering action or motion difficult or toilsome; serving to obstruct or hinder; burdensome; clogging. “He sunk beneath the cumbrous weight.
Swift.” “That cumbrousand unwieldy style which disfigures English composition so extensively.
De Quincey.” 2. Giving trouble; vexatious. [Obs.] “A clud of cumbrous gnats.
Spenser.” — Cum´brous•ly, adv. — Cum´brous•ness, n.

Cu´mene (k?´m?n), n. [From Cumin.] (Chem.) A colorless oily hydrocarbon, C_6H_5.C_3H_7, obtained by the distillation of cuminic acid; — called also cumol.

Cum´frey (k?m´fr?), n. (Bot.) See Comfrey.

Cu´mic (k?´m?k), a. (Chem.) See Cuming.

Cu´mi•dine (k?´m?-d?n or -d?n), n. [From Cumin.] (Chem.) A strong, liquid, organic base, C_3H_7. C_6H_4.NH_2, homologous with aniline.

Cum´in (k?m´?n), n. [OE. comin, AS. cymen, fr. L. cuminum, Gr.; of Semitic origin, cf. Ar. kammn, Heb. kammn; cf. OF. comin, F. cumin. Cf. Kummel.] (Bot.) A dwarf umbelliferous plant, somewhat resembling fennel (Cuminum Cyminum), cultivated for its seeds, which have a bitterish, warm taste, with an aromatic flavor, and are used like those of anise and caraway. [Written also cummin.] “Rank-smelling rue, and cumin good for eyes.
Spenser.” Black cumin (Bot.), a plant (Nigella sativa) with pungent seeds, used by the Afghans, etc.

Cu•min´ic (k?-m?n´?k), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cumin, or from oil of caraway; as cuminic acid. Cuminic acid (Chem.), white crystalline substance, C_3H_7. C_6H_4.CO_2H, obtained from oil of caraway.

Cu´mi•nil (k?´m?-n?l), n . A substance, analogous to benzil, obtained from oil of caraway.

Cu´mi•nol (-n?l), n. [Cuminic + L. oleum.] A liquid, C_3H_7.C_6H_4.CHO, obtained from oil of caraway; — called also cuminic aldehyde.

Cum´min (k?m´m?n), n. Same as Cumin. “Ye pay tithe of mint, and cummin.
Matt. xxiii. 23.”

Cum´shaw (k?m´sha), n. [Chin. kom-tsie.] A present or bonus; — originally applied to that paid on ships which entered the port of Canton. S. Wells Williams.

Cum´shaw, v. t. To give or make a present to.

Cu´mu-cir•ro-stra´tus (k?•m?-s?r•r?-str?´t?s), n. (Meteor.) Nimbus, or rain cloud. See Nimbus, and Cloud.

Cu´mu•late (k?´m?-l?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cumulated (-l?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Cumulating (-l?•t?ng).] [L. cumulatus, p. p. of cumulare to heap up, fr. cumulus a heap. See Cumber.] To gather or throw into a heap; to heap together; to accumulate. “Shoals of shells, bedded and cumulated heap upon heap.
Woodward.”

Cu•mu•la´tion (k?•m?-l?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cumulation.] The act of heaping together; a heap. See Accumulation.

Cu´mu•la•tist (k?´m?-l?-t?st), n. One who accumulates; one who collects. [R.]

Cu´mu•la•tive (k?´m?-l?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. cumulatif.] 1. Composed of parts in a heap; forming a mass; aggregated. ´As for knowledge which man receiveth by teaching, it is cumulative, not original.´ Bacon 2. Augmenting, gaining, or giving force, by successive additions; as a cumulative argument, i. e., one whose force increases as the statement proceeds. “The argument … is in very truth not logical and single, but moral and cumulative.
Trench.” 3. (Law) (a) Tending to prove the same point to which other evidence has been offered; — said of evidence. (b) Given by same testator to the same legatee; — said of a legacy. Bouvier. Wharton. Cumulative action (Med.), that action of certain drugs, by virtue of which they produce, when administered in small doses repeated at considerable intervals, the same effect as if given in a single large dose. — Cumulative poison, a poison the action of which is cumulative. — Cumulative vote or system of voting (Politics), that system which allows to each voter as many votes as there are persons to be voted for, and permits him to accumulate these votes upon one person, or to distribute them among the candidates as he pleases.

Cu´mu•lose (k?´m?-l?s•), a. [From Cumulus.] Full of heaps.

Cu´mu•lo•stra´tus (k?´m?-l?-str?´t?s), n. (Meteor.) A form of cloud. See Cloud.

Cu´mu•lus (k?´m?-l?s), n.; pl. Cumuli (-l). [L., a heap. See Cumber.] (Meteor.) One of the four principal forms of clouds. SeeCloud.

Cun (k?n), v. t. [See Cond.] To con (a ship). [Obs.]

Cun, v. t. [See 1st Con.] To know. See Con. [Obs.]

Cu•nab´u•la (k?-n?b´?-l?), n. pl. [L., a cradle, earliest abode, fr. cunae cradle.] 1. The earliest abode; original dwelling place; originals; as the cunabula of the human race. 2. (Bibliography) The extant copies of the first or earliest printed books, or of such as were printed in the 15th century.

Cunc•ta´tion (k?nk-t?´sh?n), n. [L. cunctatio, fr. cunctari, p. p. cunctatus, to delay.] Delay; procrastination. [R.] Carlyle.

Cunc´ta•tive (k?nk´t?-t?v), a. Slow; tardy; dilatory; causing delay.

Cunc•ta´tor (k?nk-t?´t?r), n. [L., lit., a delayer; — applied as a surname to Q. Fabius Maximus.] One who delays or lingers. [R.]

Cunc•tip´o•tent (k?nk-t?p´?-tent), a. [L. cunctipotens; cunctus all + potens powerful.] All-powerful; omnipotent. [R] ´God cunctipotent.´ Neale (Trans. Rhythm of St. Bernard).

Cund (kund), v. t. [See Cond.] To con (a ship). [Obs.]

Cun•du•ran´go (k?n•d?-r?n´g?), n. (Med.) The bark of a South American vine (Gonolobus Condurango) of the Milkweed family. It has been supposed, but erroneously, to be a cure for cancer. [Written also condurango.]

Cu´ne•al (k?´n?-a]/>l), [L. cuneus a wege. See Coin.] Relating to a wedge; wedge-shaped. { Cu´ne•ate (k?´n?-?t), Cu´ne•a•ted (- ?•tEd), } a. [L. cuneatus, fr. cuneus a wege SeeCoin.] Wedge-shaped; (Bot.), wedge-shaped, with the point at the base; as a cuneate leaf.

Cu•ne•at´ic (k?•n?-?t´?k), a. Cuneiform. ´Cuneatic decipherment.´ Sayce. { Cu•ne´i•form (k?-n?´?-f?rm), Cu´ni•form (k?´n?-f?rm), } a. [L. cuneus a wedge + -form: cf. F. cunei-forme. See Coin.] 1. Wedge-shaped; as a cuneiform bone; — especially applied to the wedge-shaped or arrowheaded characters of ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. See Arrowheaded. 2. Pertaining to, or versed in, the ancient wedge-shaped characters, or the inscriptions in them. ´A cuneiform scholar.´ Rawlinson. { Cu•ne´i•form , Cu´ni•form }, n. 1. The wedge-shaped characters used in ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). 2. (Anat.) (a) One of the three tarsal bones supporting the first, second third metatarsals. They are usually designated as external, middle, and internal, or ectocuniform, mesocuniform, and entocuniform, respectively. (b) One of the carpal bones usually articulating with the ulna; — called also pyramidal and ulnare.

Cu•nette´ (ku•net´), n. [F.] (Fort.) A drain trench, in a ditch or moat; — called also cuvette.

Cun´ner (k?n´n?r), n. [Cf. Conner.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small edible fish of the Atlantic coast (Ctenolabrus adspersus); — called also chogset, burgall, blue perch, and bait stealer. [Written also conner.] (b) A small shellfish; the limpet or patella.

Cun´ning (kun´ning), a. [AS. cunnan to know, to be able. See 1st Con, Can.] 1. Knowing; skillful; dexterous. ´A cunning workman.´ Ex. xxxviii. 23. “´Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white
Nature’s own sweet and cunning hand laid on.
Shak.” “Esau was a cunning hunter.
Gen xxv. 27.” 2. Wrought with, or exhibiting, skill or ingenuity; ingenious; curious; as cunning work. “Over them Arachne high did lift” “Her cunning web.
Spenser.” 3. Crafty; sly; artful; designing; deceitful. “They are resolved to be cunning; let others run the hazard of being sincere.
South.” 4. Pretty or pleasing; as a cunning little boy. [Colloq. U.S.] Barlett. Syn. — Cunning, Artful, Sly, Wily, Crafty. — These epithets agree in expressing an aptitude for attaining some end by peculiar and secret means. Cunning is usually low; as a cunning trick. Artful is more ingenious and inventive; as an artful device. Sly implies a turn for what is double or concealed; as sly humor; a sly evasion. Crafty denotes a talent for dexterously deceiving; as a crafty manager. Wily describes a talent for the use of stratagems; as a wily politician. ´Acunning man often shows his dexterity in simply concealing. An artful man goes further, and exerts his ingenuity in misleading. A crafty man mingles cunning with art, and so shapes his actions as to lull suspicions. The young may be cunning, but the experienced only can be crafty. Slyness is a vulgar kind of cunning; the sly man goes cautiously and silently to work. Wiliness is a species of cunning or craft applicable only to cases of attack and defense.´ Crabb.

Cun´ning, n. [AS. cunnung trial, or Icel. kunnandi knowledge. See Cunning, a.] 1. Knowledge; art; skill; dexterity. [Archaic] “Let my right hand forget her cunning.
Ps. cxxxvii. 5.” “A carpenter’s desert
Stands more in cunning than in power.
Chapman.” 2. The faculty or act of using stratagem to accomplish a purpose; fraudulent skill or dexterity; deceit; craft. “Discourage cunning in a child; cunning is the ape of wisdom.
Locke.” “We take cunning for a sinister or crooked wisdom.
Bacon.”

Cun´ning•ly (k?n´n?ng-l?), adv. In a cunning manner; with cunning.

Cun´ning•man (-m?n•), n. A fortune teller; one who pretends to reveal mysteries. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Cun´ning•ness, n. Quality of being cunning; craft.

Cup (kup), n. [AS. cuppe, LL. cuppa cup; cf. L. cupa tub, cask; cf. also Gr. ky•ph hut, Skr. kupa pit, hollow, OSlav. kupa cup. Cf. Coop, Cupola, Cowl a water vessel, and Cob, Coif, Cop.] 1. A small vessel, used commonly to drink from; as a tin cup, a silver cup, a wine cup; especially, in modern times, the pottery or porcelain vessel, commonly with a handle, used with a saucer in drinking tea, coffee, and the like. 2. The contents of such a vessel; a cupful. “Give me a cup of sack, boy.
Shak.” 3. pl. Repeated potations; social or excessive indulgence in intoxicating drinks; revelry. “Thence from cups to civil broils.
Milton.” 4. That which is to be received or indured; that which is allotted to one; a portion. “O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me.
Matt. xxvi. 39.” 5. Anything shaped like a cup; as the cup of an acorn, or of a flower. “The cowslip’s golden cup no more I see.
Shenstone.” 6. (Med.) A cupping glass or other vessel or instrument used to produce the vacuum in cupping. Cup and ball, a familiar toy of children, having a cup on the top of a piece of wood to which, a ball is attached by a cord; the ball, being thrown up, is to be caught in the cup; bilboquet. Milman. — Cup and can, familiar companions. — Dry cup, Wet cup (Med.), a cup used for dry or wet cupping. See under Cupping. — To be in one’s cups, to be drunk.

Cup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupped (kupt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupping.] 1. To supply with cups of wine. [R.] “Cup us, till the world go round.
Shak.” 2. (Surg.) To apply a cupping apparatus to; to subject to the operation of cupping. See Cupping. 3. (Mech.) To make concave or in the form of a cup; as to cup the end of a screw.

Cup´bear•er (-bâr•er), n. 1. One whose office it is to fill and hand the cups at an entertainment. 2. (Antiq.) One of the attendants of a prince or noble, permanently charged with the performance of this office for his master. ´I was the king’s cupbearer.´ Neh. i. 11.

Cup´board (kub´berd), n. [Cup + board.] 1. A board or shelf for cups and dishes. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A small closet in a room, with shelves to receive cups, dishes, food, etc.; hence, any small closet. Cupboard love, interested love, or that which has an eye to the cupboard. ´A cupboard love is seldom true.´ Poor Robin. [Colloq.] — To cry cupboard, to call for food; to express hunger. [Colloq.] ´My stomach cries cupboard.´ W. Irving.

Cup´board, v. t. To collect, as into a cupboard; to hoard. [R.] Shak.

Cu´pel (ku´pel), n. [LL. cupella cup (cf. L. cupella, small cask, dim. of cupa) : cf. F. coupelle. See Cup, and cf. Coblet.] A shallow porous cup, used in refining precious metals, commonly made of bone ashes (phosphate of lime). [Written also coppel.] Cupel dust, powder used in purifying metals.

Cu•pel´ (ku•pel´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupelled (-p?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupelling.] To refine by means of a cupel.

Cu•pel•la´tion (ku•pel•la´shun) n. [See Cupel.] The act or process of refining gold or silver, etc., in a cupel. The process consist in exposing the cupel containing the metal to be assayed or refined to a hot blast, by which the lead, copper, tin, etc., are oxidized, dissolved, and carried down into the porous cupel, leaving the unoxidizable precious metal. If lead is not already present in the alloy it must be added before cupellation.

Cup´ful (k?p´f?l), n.; pl. Cupfuls (-flz). As much as a cup will hold.

Cup´-gall (-g?l•), n. A kind of oak-leaf gall. See Gall.

Cu´pid (k?´p?d), n . [L. Cupido, fr. cupido desire, desire of love, fr. cupidus. See Cupidity.] (Rom. Myth.) The god of love, son of Venus; usually represented as a naked, winged boy with bow and arrow. “Pretty dimpled boys, like smiling cupids.
Shak.”

Cu•pid´i•ty (k?-p?d´?-t?), n. [F. cupidite, L. cupiditas, fr. cupidus longing, desiring, fr. cupere to long for, desire. See Covet.] 1. A passionate desire; love. [Obs.] 2. Eager or inordinate desire, especially for wealth; greed of gain; avarice; covetousness. “With the feelings of political distrust were mingled those of cupidity and envy, as the Spaniard saw the fairest provinces of the south still in the hands of the accursed race of Ishmael.
Prescott.”

Cup´-moss (k?p´m?s•; 115), n. (Bot.) A kind of lichen, of the genus Cladonia.

Cu´po•la (k?´p?-l?), n.; pl. Cupolas (-lz). [It. cupola, LL. cupula, cuppula (cf. L. cupula little tub). fr. cupa, cuppa, cup; cf. L. cupa tub. So called on account of its resemblance to a cup turned over. See Cup, and cf. Cupule.] 1. (Arch.) A roof having a rounded form, hemispherical or nearly so; also a ceiling having the same form. When on a large scale it is usually called dome. 2. A small structure standing on the top of a dome; a lantern. 3. A furnace for melting iron or other metals in large quantity, — used chiefly in foundries and steel works. 4. A revolving shot-proof turret for heavy ordnance. 5. (Anat.) The top of the spire of the cochlea of the ear.

Cup´per (kup´per), n. [Fropm cup.] One who performs the operation of cupping.

Cup´ping (k?p´p?ng), n. (Med.) The operation of drawing blood to or from the surface of the person by forming a partial vacuum over the spot. also sometimes, a similar operation for drawing pus from an abscess. Cupping glass, a glass cup in which a partial vacuum is produced by heat, in the process of cupping. — Dry cupping, the application of a cupping instrument without scarification, to draw blood to the surface, produce counter irritation, etc. — Wet cupping, the operation of drawing blood by the application of a cupping instrument after scarification.

Cu´pre•ous (k?´pr?-?s), a. [L. cupreus, fr. cuprum.] Consisting of copper or resembling copper; coppery.

Cu´pric (k?´pr?k), a. [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper; — said of those compounds of copper in which this element is present in its lowest proportion.

Cu•prif´er•ous (k?-pr?f´?r-?s), a. [Cuprum + -ferous.] Containing copper; as cupriferous silver.

Cu´prite (k?´pr?t), n. (Min.) The red oxide of copper; red copper; an important ore of copper, occurring massive and in isometric crystals.

Cu´proid (k?´proid), n. [Cuprum + -oid.] (Crystalloq.) A solid related to a tetrahedron, and contained under twelve equal triangles.

Cup´-rose (k?p´r?z), n. Red poppy. See Cop-rose.

Cu´prous (k?´pr?s), a. [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper; — said of those compounds of copper in which this element is present in its highest proportion.

Cu´prum (k?´pr?m), n. [L.] (Chem.) Copper.

Cu´pu•late (k?´p?-l?t), a. Having or bearing cupules; cupuliferous.

Cu´pule (k?´p?l), n. [See Cupola.] 1. (Bot.) A cuplet or little cup, as of the acorn; the husk or bur of the filbert, chestnut, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) A sucker or acetabulum.

Cu•pu•lif´er•ous (k?•p?-l?f´?r-?s), a. [Cupule + -ferous: cf. F. cupulifère.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the oak and the chestnut are examples, — trees bearing a smooth, solid nut inclosed in some kind of cup or bur; bearing, or furnished with, a cupule.

Cur (kûr), n. [OE. curre, kur; cf. dial. Sw. kurre dog, OD. korre watchdog, and Icel. kurra to murmur, grumble, Sw. kurra to rumble, croak, Dan. kurre to coo, whirr; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A mongrel or inferior dog. “They … like to village curs,
Bark when their fellows do.
Shak.” 2. A worthless, snarling fellow; — used in contempt. “What would you have, you curs,
That like nor peace nor war?
Shak.”

Cur•a•bil´i•ty (k?r•?-b?l´?-t?), n. The state of being curable; curableness.

Cur´a•ble (k?r´?-b’l), a. [Cf. F. curable. See Cure, v. t.] Capable of being cured; admitting remedy. ´Curable diseases.´ Harvey. — Cur´a•ble•ness, n. — Cur•a•bly, adv. { Cu•ra•çao´ , Cu•ra•çoa´ } (k??•r?-s?´), n. A liqueur, or cordial, flavored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace; — first made at the island of Curaçcao.

Cu´ra•cy (k?´r?-s?), n.; pl. Curacies (-sz). [See Cure, Curate.] The office or employment of a curate. { Cu•ra´re , Cu•ra´ri } (k?-r?´r?), n. [Native name. Cf. Wourall.] A black resinoid extract prepared by the South American Indians from the bark of several species of Strychnos (S. toxifera, etc.). It sometimes has little effect when taken internally, but is quickly fatal when introduced into the blood, and used by the Indians as an arrow poison. [Written also urari, woorali, woorari, etc.]

Cu´ra•rine (k?´r?-r?n or k?-r?´r?n; 104), n. (Chem.) A deadly alkaloid extracted from the curare poison and from the Strychnos toxifera. It is obtained in crystalline colorless salts.

Cu´ra•rize (-r?z), v. t. To poison with curare.

Cu•ras´sow (k?-r?s´s?), n. [Native name in Brazil.] (Zool.) A large gallinaceous bird of the American genera Crax, Ourax, etc., of the family Cracidae. The crested curassow (Crax alector) is black, and about the size of a small hen-turkey, with an erectile crest of curled feathers. It ranges from Mexico to Brazil. The galeated curassow or cushew bird (Ourax Pauxi) is similar in size, and has a large, hollow, blue, pear-shaped protuberance on the head.

Cu´rat (k?´r?t), n. [SeeCuirass.] A cuirass or breastplate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cu´rate (k?´r?t), n. [LL. curatus, prop., one who is charged with the care (L. cura) of souls. See Cure, n., and cf. Cure] One who has the cure of souls; originally, any clergyman, but now usually limited to one who assists a rector or vicar. Hook. “All this the good old man performed alone,
He spared no pains, for curate he had none.
Dryden.”

Cu´rate•ship, n. A curacy.

Cu•ra´tion (k?-r?´sh?n), n. [Cf. OF. curacion.] Cure; healing. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cur´a•tive (k?r´?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. curatif. See Cure, v. t.] Relating to, or employed in, the cure of diseases; tending to cure. Arbuthnot.

Cu•ra´tor (k?-r?´t?r). n. [L., fr. curare to take care of, fr. cura care.] 1. One who has the care and superintendence of anything, as of a museum; a custodian; a keeper. 2. One appointed to act as guardian of the estate of a person not legally competent to manage it, or of an absentee; a trustee; a guardian.

Cu•ra´tor•ship, n. The office of a curator.

Cu•ra´trix (-tr?ks), n. [L.] 1. A woman who cures. 2. A woman who is a guardian or custodian. Burrill.

Curb (k?rb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curbed (k?rbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curbing.] [F. courber to bend, curve, L. curvare, fr. curvus bent, curved; cf. Gr. curved. Cf. Curve.] 1. To bend or curve [Obs.] “Crooked and curbed lines.
Holland.” 2. To guide and manage, or restrain, as with a curb; to bend to one’s will; to subject; to subdue; to restrain; to confine; to keep in check. “Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed.
Milton.” “Where pinching want must curbthy warm desires.
Prior.” 3. To furnish wich a curb, as a well; also to restrain by a curb, as a bank of earth.

Curb, v. i. To bend; to crouch; to cringe. [Obs.] “Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg,
Yea, curb and woo for leave to do him good.
Shak.”

Curb, n. 1. That which curbs, restrains, or subdues; a check or hindrance; esp., a chain or strap attached to the upper part of the branches of a bit, and capable of being drawn tightly against the lower jaw of the horse. “He that before ran in the pastures wild
Felt the stiff curb control his angry jaws.
Drayton.” “By these men, religion,that should be
The curb, is made the spur of tyranny.
Denham.” 2. (Arch.) An assemblage of three or more pieces of timber, or a metal member, forming a frame around an opening, and serving to maintain the integrity of that opening; also a ring of stone serving a similar purpose, as at the eye of a dome. 3. A frame or wall round the mouth of a well; also a frame within a well to prevent the earth caving in. 4. A curbstone. 5. (Far.) A swelling on the back part of the hind leg of a horse, just behind the lowest part of the hock joint, generally causing lameness. James Law. Curb bit, a stiff bit having branches by which a leverage is obtained upon the jaws of horse. Knight. — Curb pins (Horology), the pins on the regulator which restrain the hairspring. — Curb plate (Arch.), a plate serving the purpose of a curb. — Deck curb. See under Deck.

Curb´less, a. Having no curb or restraint.

Curb´ roof (r??f•). A roof having a double slope, or composed, on each side, of two parts which have unequal inclination; a gambrel roof.

Curb´stone (kûrb´ston•), n. A stone set along a margin as a limit and protection, as along the edge of a sidewalk next the roadway; an edge stone. Curbstone broker. See under Broker.

Curch (k??rch), n. See Courche.

Cur•cu´li•o (k?r-r?´l?-?), n.; pl. Curculios (-z). [L., a grain weevil.] (Zoöl.) One of a large group of beetles (Rhynchophora) of many genera; — called also weevils, snout beetles, billbeetles, and billbugs. Many of the species are very destructive, as the plum curculio, the corn, grain, and rice weevils, etc.

Cur•cu•li•on´i•dous (k?r•-k?-l?-?n´?-d?s), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Curculionideae, or weevil tribe.

Cur´cu•ma (k?r´k?-m?), n. [Cf. F., It., & Sp. curcuma; all fr. Ar. kurkum. Cf. Turmeric.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the order Scitamineae, including the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa). Curcuma paper. (Chem.) See Turmeric paper, under Turmeric.

Cur´cu•min (-m?n), n. (Chem.) The coloring principle of turmeric, or curcuma root, extracted as an orange yellow crystalline substance, C_14H_14O_4, with a green fluorescence. It possesses acid properties and with alkalies forms brownish salts. This change in color from yellow to brown is the characteristic reaction of tumeric paper. See Turmeric paper, under Turmeric.

Curd (kûrd), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. gruth, Ir, gruth, cruth, curd, cruthaim I milk.] [Sometimes written crud.] 1. The coagulated or thickened part of milk, as distinguished from the whey, or watery part. It is eaten as food, especially when made into cheese. “Curds and cream, the flower of country fare.
Dryden.” 2. The coagulated part of any liquid. 3. The edible flower head of certain brassicaceous plants, as the broccoli and cauliflower. “Broccoli should be cut while the curd, as the flowering mass is termed, is entire.
R. Thompson.” “Cauliflowers should be cut for use while the head, or curd, is still close and compact.
F. Burr.”

Curd (k?rd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curded; p. pr. & vb. n. Curding.] To cause to coagulate or thicken; to cause to congeal; to curdle. “Does it curd thy blood
To say I am thy mother?
Shak.”

Curd, v. i. To become coagulated or thickened; to separate into curds and whey Shak.

Curd´i•ness (-?-n?s), n. The state of being curdy.

Cur´dle (k?r´d’l), v. i. [From Curd.] [Sometimes written crudle and cruddle.] 1. To change into curd; to coagulate; as rennet causes milk to curdle. Thomson. 2. To thicken; to congeal. “Then Mary could feel her heart’s blood curdle cold.
Southey.”

Cur´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curdled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Curdling (-dl?ng).] 1. To change into curd; to cause to coagulate. ´To curdle whites of eggs´ Boyle. 2. To congeal or thicken. “My chill blood is curdled in my veins.
Dryden.”

Curd´less (k?rd´l?s), a. Destitute of curd.

Curd´y (k?rd´?), a. Like curd; full of curd; coagulated. ´A curdy mass.´ Arbuthnot.

Cure> (kur), n. [OF, cure care, F., also cure, healing, cure of souls, L. cura care, medical attendance, cure; perh. akin to cavere to pay heed, E. cution. Cure is not related to care.] 1. Care, heed, or attention. [Obs.] “Of study took he most cure and most heed.
Chaucer.” “Vicarages of greatcure, but small value.
Fuller.” 2. Spiritual charge; care of soul; the office of a parish priest or of a curate; hence, that which is committed to the charge of a parish priest or of a curate; a curacy; as to resign a cure; to obtain a cure. “The appropriator was the incumbent parson, and had the cure of the souls of the parishioners.
Spelman.” 3. Medical or hygienic care; remedial treatment of disease; a method of medical treatment; as to use the water cure. 4. Act of healing or state of being healed; restoration to health from disease, or to soundness after injury. “Past hope! pastcure! past help.
Shak.” “I do cures to-day and to-morrow.
Luke xii. 32.” 5. Means of the removal of disease or evil; that which heals; a remedy; a restorative. “Cold, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure.
Dryden.” “The proper cure of such prejudices.
Bp. Hurd.”

Cure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cured (kurd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curing.] [OF. curer to take care, to heal, F., only, to cleanse, L. curare to take care, to heal, fr. cura. See Cure,.] 1. To heal; to restore to health, soundness, or sanity; to make well; — said of a patient. “The child was cured from that very hour.
Matt. xvii. 18.” 2. To subdue or remove by remedial means; to remedy; to remove; to heal; — said of a malady. “To cure this deadly grief.
Shak.” “Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power … to cure diseases.
Luke ix. 1.” 3. To set free from (something injurious or blameworthy), as from a bad habit. “I never knew any man cured of inattention.
Swift.” 4. To prepare for preservation or permanent keeping; to preserve, as by drying, salting, etc.; as to cure beef or fish; to cure hay.

Cure, v. i. 1. To pay heed; to care; to give attention. [Obs.] 2. To restore health; to effect a cure. “Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles’ spear,
Is able with the change to kill and cure.
Shak.” 3. To become healed. “One desperate grief cures with another’s languish.
Shak.”

Cu•re´ (ku•ra´), n. [F., fr. LL. curatus. See Curate.] A curate; a pardon.

Cure´•all (k?r´?l•), n. A remedy for all diseases, or for all ills; a panacea.

Cure´less, a. Incapable of cure; incurable. “With patience undergo
A cureless ill, since fate will have it so.
Dryden.”

Cur´er (-?r), n. 1. One who cures; a healer; a physician. 2. One who prepares beef, fish, etc., for preservation by drying, salting, smoking, etc.

Cu•rette´ (ku•ret´), n.[F., fr. curer to cleanse.] (Med.) A scoop or ring with either a blunt or a cutting edge, for removing substances from the walls of a cavity, as from the eye, ear, or womb.

Cur´few (kûr´fu), n. [OE. courfew, curfu, fr. OF. cuevrefu, covrefeu, F. couvre-feu; covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. focus fireplace, hearth. See Cover, and Focus.] 1. The ringing of an evening bell, originally a signal to the inhabitants to cover fires, extinguish lights, and retire to rest, — instituted by William the Conqueror; also the bell itself. “He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock.
Shak.” “The village curfew, as it tolled profound.
Campbell.” 2. A utensil for covering the fire. [Obs.] “For pans, pots, curfews, counters and the like.
Bacon.”

Cu´ri•a (k?´r?-?), n.; pl. Curle (-). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) One of the thirty parts into which the Roman people were divided by Romulus. (b) The place of assembly of one of these divisions. (c) The place where the meetings of the senate were held; the senate house. 2. (Middle Ages) The court of a sovereign or of a feudal lord; also; his residence or his household. Burrill. 3. (Law) Any court of justice. 4. The Roman See in its temporal aspects, including all the machinery of administration; — called also curia Romana.

Cu´ri•a•lism (ku´ri•a•li?z’m), n. The view or doctrine of the ultramontane party in the Latin Church. Gladstone.

Cu´ri•a•list (k?´r?-?-l?st), n. One who belongs to the ultramontane party in the Latin Church. Shipley.

Cu•ri•a•lis´tic (-l?s´t?k), a. [L. curialis belonging to the imperial court, fr. curia, LL., also counselors and retinue of a king.] 1. Pertaining to a court. 2. Relating or belonging to the ultramontane party in the Latin Church.

Cu•ri•al´i•ty (-?l´?-t?), n. [Cf. LL. curialitas courtesy, fr. curialis.] The privileges, prerogatives, or retinue of a court. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cu´ri•et (k?´r?-?t), n. A cuirass. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cur´ing (k?r´?ng), p. a. & vb. n. of Cure. Curing house, a building in which anything is cured; especially, in the West Indies, a building in which sugar is drained and dried.

Cu´ri•o (k?´r?-?), n.; pl. Curios (-z). [Abbreviation of curiosity.] Any curiosity or article of virtu. “The busy world, which does not hunt poets as collectors hunt for curios.
F. Harrison.”

Cu•ri•o•log´ic (-?-l?j´?k), a. [Gr. kyriologiko•s speaking literally (applied to curiologic hieroglyphics); ky•rios authoritative, proper + lo•gos word, thought. Cf. Cyriologic.] Pertaining to a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in which a thing is represented by its picture instead of by a symbol.

Cu•ri•os´i•ty (ku•ri•os´i•ty), n.; pl. Curiosities (- tiz). [OE. curiouste, curiosite, OF. curiosete, curiosite, F. curiosite, fr. L. curiositas, fr. curiosus. See Curious, and cf. Curio.] 1. The state or quality or being curious; nicety; accuracy; exactness; elaboration. [Obs.] Bacon. “When thou wast in thy gilt and thy perfume, they mocked thee for too much curiosity.
Shak.” “A screen accurately cut in tapiary work … with great curiosity.
Evelin.” 2. Disposition to inquire, investigate, or seek after knowledge; a desire to gratify the mind with new information or objects of interest; inquisitiveness. Milton. 3. That which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention. “We took a ramble together to see the curiosities of this great town.
Addison.” “There hath been practiced also a curiosity, to set a tree upon the north side of a wall, and, at a little hieght, to draw it through the wall, etc.
Bacon.”

Cu•ri•o´so (k??•r?-?´z? or k?•r?-?´s?), n.; pl. Curiosos (- zz or -sz). [It. See Curious.] A virtuoso.

Cu´ri•ous (k?´r?-?s), a. [OF. curios, curius, F. curieux, L. curiosus careful, inquisitive, fr. cura care. See Cure.] 1. Difficult to please or satisfy; solicitous to be correct; careful; scrupulous; nice; exact. [Obs.] “Little curious in her clothes.
Fuller.” “How shall we,
If he be curious, work upon his faith?
Beau. & Fl.” 2. Exhibiting care or nicety; artfully constructed; elaborate; wrought with elegance or skill. “To devise curious works.
Ex. xxxv. 32” “His body couched in a curious bed.
Shak.” 3. Careful or anxious to learn; eager for knowledge; given to research or inquiry; habitually inquisitive; prying; — sometimes with after or of. “It is a pity a gentleman so very curious after things that were elegant and beautiful should not have been as curious as to their origin, their uses, and their natural history.
Woodward.” 4. Exciting attention or inquiry; awakening surprise; inviting and rewarding inquisitiveness; not simple or plain; strange; rare. ´Acurious tale´ Shak. “A multitude of curious analogies.
Macaulay.” “Many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore.
E. A. Poe.” “Abstruse investigations in recondite branches of learning or sciense often bring to light curious results.
C. J. Smith.” Curious arts, magic. [Obs.] “Many … which used curious arts brought their books together, and burned them.
Acts xix. 19.” Syn. — Inquisitive; prying. See Inquisitive.

Cu´ri•ous•ly, adv. In a curious manner.

Cu´ri•ous•ness, n. 1. Carefulness; painstaking. [Obs.] “My father’s care
With curiousness and cost did train me up.
Massinger.” 2. The state of being curious; exactness of workmanship; ingenuity of contrivance. 3. Inquisitiveness; curiosity.

Curl (kûrl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curled (kûrld); p. pr. & vb. n. Curling.] [Akin to D. krullen, Dan. krölle, dial. Sw. krulla to curl, crisp; possibly akin to E. crook. Cf. Curl, n., Cruller.] 1. To twist or form into ringlets; to crisp, as the hair. “But curl their locks with bodkins and with braid.
Cascoigne.” 2. To twist or make onto coils, as a serpent’s body. “Of his tortuous train,
Curled many a wanton wreath in sight of Eve.
Milton.” 3. To deck with, or as with, curls; to ornament. “Thicker than the snaky locks
That curledMegaera.
Milton.” “Curling with metaphors a plain intention.
Herbert.” 4. To raise in waves or undulations; to ripple. “Seas would be pools without the brushing air
To curl the waves.
Dryden.” 5. (Hat Making) To shape (the brim) into a curve.

Curl, v. i. 1. To contract or bend into curls or ringlets, as hair; to grow in curls or spirals, as a vine; to be crinkled or contorted; to have a curly appearance; as leaves lie curled on the ground. “Thou seest it [hair] will not curl by nature.
Shak.” 2. To move in curves, spirals, or undulations; to contract in curving outlines; to bend in a curved form; to make a curl or curls. ´Cirling billows.´ Dryden. “Then round her slender waist he curled.
Dryden.” “Curling smokes from village tops are seen.
Pope.” “Gayly curl the waves before each dashing prow.
Byron.” “He smiled a king of sickly smile, and curled up on the floor.
Bret Harte.” 3. To play at the game called curling. [Scot.]

Curl (kûrl), n. [Akin to D. krul, Dan. krölle. See Curl, v. ] 1. A ringlet, especially of hair; anything of a spiral or winding form. “Under a coronet, his flowing hair
In curls on either cheek played.
Milton.” 2. An undulating or waving line or streak in any substance, as wood, glass, etc.; flexure; sinuosity. “If the glass of the prisms … be without those numberless waves or curls which usually arise from the sand holes.
Sir I. Newton.” 3. A disease in potatoes, in which the leaves, at their first appearance, seem curled and shrunken. Blue curls. (Bot.) See under Blue.

Curled (kûrld), a. Having curls; curly; sinuous; wavy; as curled maple (maple having fibers which take a sinuous course). Curled hair (Com.), the hair of the manes and tails of horses, prepared for upholstery purposes. McElrath.

Curl´ed•ness, n. State of being curled; curliness.

Curl´er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, curls. 2. A player at the game called curling. Burns.

Cur´lew (kûr´lu), n. [F. courlieu, corlieu, courlis; perh. of imitative origin, but cf. OF. corlieus courier; L. currere to run + levis light.] (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Numenius, remarkable for its long, slender, curved bill. The common European curlew is N. arquatus. The long-billed (N. longirostris), the Hudsonian (N. Hudsonicus), and the Eskimo curlew (N. borealis, are American species. The name is said to imitate the note of the European species. Curlew Jack (Zoöl.) the whimbrel or lesser curlew. — Curlew sandpiper (Zoöl.), a sandpiper (Tringa ferruginea, or subarquata), common in Europe, rare in America, resembling a curlew in having a long, curved bill. See Illustation in Appendix.

Curl´i•ness (k?rl´?-n?s), n. State of being curly.

Curl´ing, n. 1. The act or state of that which curls; as the curling of smoke when it rises; the curling of a ringlet; also the act or process of one who curls something, as hair, or the brim of hats. 2. A scottish game in which heavy weights of stone or iron are propelled by hand over the ice towards a mark. “Curling … is an amusement of the winter, and played on the ice, by sliding from one mark to another great stones of 40 to 70 pounds weight, of a hemispherical form, with an iron or wooden handle at top. The object of the player is to lay his stone as near to the mark as possible, to guard that of his partner, which has been well laid before, or to strike off that of his antagonist.
Pennant (Tour in Scotland. 1772).” Curling irons, Curling tong, an instrument for curling the hair; — commonly heated when used.

Curl´ing•ly, adv. With a curl, or curls.

Curl´y (k?rl´?), a. Curling or tending to curl; having curls; full of ripples; crinkled.

Curl´y•cue (k?rl´?-k?), n. [Cf. F. caracole.] Some thing curled or spiral,, as a flourish made with a pen on paper, or with skates on the ice; a trick; a frolicsome caper. [Sometimes written carlicue.] [ Colloq. U.S.] To cut a curlycue, to make a flourish; to cut a caper. “I gave a flourishing about the room and cut a curlycue with my right foot.
McClintock.”

Cur•mudg´eon (k?r-m?j´?n), n. [OE. cornmudgin, where -mudgin is prob. from OF. muchier, mucier, F. musser to hide; of uncertain origin; cf. OE. muchares skulking thieves, E. miche, micher.] An avaricious, grasping fellow; a miser; a niggard; a churl. “A gray-headed curmudgeon of a negro.
W. Irving.”

Cur•mudg´eon•ly, a. Like a curmudgeon; niggardly; churlish; as a curmudgeonly fellow.

Cur•mur´ring (k?r-m?r´r?ng), n. Murmuring; grumbling; — sometimes applied to the rumbling produced by a slight attack of the gripes. [Scot.] Burns.

Curr (k?r), v. i. [Prob. imitative.] To coo. [Scot.] “The owlets hoot, the owlets curr.
Wordsworth.”

Cur´rant (k?r´rant), n. [F. corinthe (raisins de Corinthe raisins of Corinth) currant (in sense 1), from the city of Corinth in Greece, whence, probably, the small dried grape (1) was first imported, the Ribes fruit (2) receiving the name from its resemblance to that grape.] 1. A small kind of seedless raisin, imported from the Levant, chiefly from Zante and Cephalonia; — used in cookery. 2. The acid fruit or berry of the Ribes rubrum or common red currant, or of its variety, the white currant. 3. (Bot.) A shrub or bush of several species of the genus Ribes (a genus also including the gooseberry); esp., the Ribes rubrum. Black currant,a shrub or bush (Ribes nigrum and R. floridum) and its black, strong- flavored, tonic fruit. — Cherry currant, a variety of the red currant, having a strong, symmetrical bush and a very large berry. — Currant borer (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect that bores into the pith and kills currant bushes; specif., the larvae of a small clearwing moth (AEgeria tipuliformis) and a longicorn beetle (Psenocerus supernotatus). — Currant worm (Zoöl.), an insect larva which eats the leaves or fruit of the currant. The most injurious are the currant sawfly (Nematus ventricosus), introduced from Europe, and the spanworm (Eufitchia ribearia). The fruit worms are the larva of a fly (Epochra Canadensis), and a spanworm (Eupithecia). — Flowering currant, Missouri currant, a species of Ribes (R. aureum), having showy yellow flowers.

Cur´ren•cy (k?r´r?n-c?), n.; pl. Currencies (-sz). [Cf. LL. currentia a current, fr. L. currens, p. pr. of currere to run. See Current.] 1. A continued or uninterrupted course or flow like that of a stream; as the currency of time. [Obs.] Ayliffe. 2. The state or quality of being current; general acceptance or reception; a passing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulation; as a report has had a long or general currency; the currency of bank notes. 3. That which is in circulation, or is given and taken as having or representing value; as the currency of a country; a specie currency; esp., government or bank notes circulating as a substitute for metallic money. 4. Fluency; readiness of utterance. [Obs.] 5. Current value; general estimation; the rate at which anything is generally valued. “He … takes greatness of kingdoms according to their bulk and currency, and not after intrinsic value.
Bacon.” “The bare name of Englishman … too often gave a transient currency to the worthless and ungrateful.
W. Irving.”

Cur´rent (k?r´rent), a. [OE. currant, OF. curant, corant, p. pr. of curre, corre, F. courre, courir, to run, from L. currere; perh. akin to E. horse. Cf. Course, Concur, Courant, Coranto.] 1. Running or moving rapidly. [Archaic] “Like the current fire, that renneth
Upon a cord.
Gower.” “To chase a creature that was current then
In these wild woods, the hart with golden horns.
Tennyson.” 2. Now passing, as time; as the current month. 3. Passing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulating through the community; generally received; common; as a current coin; a current report; current history. “That there was current money in Abraham’s time is past doubt.
Arbuthnot.” “Your fire-new stamp of honor is scarce current.
Shak.” “His current value, which is less or more as men have occasion for him.
Grew.” 4. Commonly estimated or acknowledged. 5. Fitted for general acceptance or circulation; authentic; passable. “O Buckingham, now do I play the touch
To try if thou be current gold indeed.
Shak.” Account current. See under Account. — Current money, lawful money. Abbott.

Cur´rent, n. [Cf. F. courant. See Current, a. ] 1. A flowing or passing; onward motion. Hence: A body of fluid moving continuously in a certain direction; a stream; esp., the swiftest part of it; as a current of water or of air; that which resembles a stream in motion; as a current of electricity. “Two such silver currents, when they join,
Do glorify the banks that bound them in.
Shak.” “The surface of the ocean is furrowed by currents, whose direction … the navigator should know.
Nichol.” 2. General course; ordinary procedure; progressive and connected movement; as the current of time, of events, of opinion, etc. Current meter, an instrument for measuring the velocity, force, etc., of currents. — Current mill, a mill driven by a current wheel. — Current wheel, a wheel dipping into the water and driven by the current of a stream or by the ebb and flow of the tide. Syn. — Stream; course. See Stream.

Cur´rent•ly, adv. In a current manner; generally; commonly; as it is currently believed.

Cur´rent•ness, n. 1. The quality of being current; currency; circulation; general reception. 2. Easiness of pronunciation; fluency. [Obs.] “When currentness [combineth] with staidness, how can the language … sound other than most full of sweetness?
Camden.”

Cur´ri•cle (k?r´r?-k’l), n. [L. curriculum a running, a race course, fr. currere to run. See Current, and cf. Curriculum.] 1. A small or short course. “Upon a curricle in this world depends a long course of the next.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. A two-wheeled chaise drawn by two horses abreast.

Cur•ric´u•lum (k?r-r?k´?-l?m), n.; pl. E. Curriculums (-lmz), L. Curricula (-l). [L. See Curricle.] 1. A race course; a place for running. 2. A course; particularly, a specified fixed course of study, as in a university.

Cur´rie (k?r´r?), n. & v. See 2d & 3d Curry.

Cur´ried (-rd), p. a. [See Curry, v. t., and Curry, n.] 1. Dressed by currying; cleaned; prepared. 2. Prepared with curry; as curried rice, fowl, etc.

Cur´ri•er (k?´r?-?r), n. [From 1st Curry.] One who curries and dresses leather, after it is tanned.

Cur´rish (k?r´r?sh), a. [From Cur.] Having the qualities, or exhibiting the characteristics, of a cur; snarling; quarrelsome; snappish; churlish; hence, also malicious; malignant; brutal. “Thy currish spirit
Governed a wolf.
Shak.” “Some currish plot, — some trick.
Lockhart.” — Cur´rish•ly, adv. — Cur´rish•ness, n.

Cur´ry (k?r´r?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curried (-r?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Currying.] [OE. curraien, curreien, OF. cunreer, correier, to prepare, arrange, furnish, curry (a horse), F. corroyer to curry (leather) (cf. OF. conrei, conroi, order, arrangement, LL. conredium); cor- (L. com-) + roi, rei, arrangement, order; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. ready. See Ready, Greith, and cf. Corody, Array.] 1. To dress or prepare for use by a process of scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, and coloring; — said of leather. 2. To dress the hair or coat of (a horse, ox, or the like) with a currycomb and brush; to comb, as a horse, in order to make clean. “Your short horse is soon curried.
Beau. & FL.” 3. To beat or bruise; to drub; — said of persons. “I have seen him curry a fellow’s carcass handsomely.
Beau. & FL.” To curry favor, to seek to gain favor by flattery or attentions. See Favor, n.

Cur´ry, n. [Tamil kari.] [Written also currie.] 1. (Cookery) A kind of sauce much used in India, containing garlic, pepper, ginger, and other strong spices. 2. A stew of fowl, fish, or game, cooked with curry. Curry powder (Cookery), a condiment used for making curry, formed of various materials, including strong spices, as pepper, ginger, garlic, coriander seed, etc.

Cur´ry (k?r´r?), v. t. To flavor or cook with curry.

Cur´ry•comb (k?r´r?-k?m•), n. A kind of card or comb having rows of metallic teeth or serrated ridges, used in currying a horse.

Cur´ry•comb, v. t. To comb with a currycomb.

Curse (k?rs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cursed (k?rst) or Curst; p. pr. & vb. n. Cursing.] [AS. cursian, corsian, perh. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. korse to make the sign of the cross, Sw. korsa, fr. Dan. & Sw. kors cross, Icel kross, all these Scand. words coming fr. OF. crois, croiz, fr. L. crux cross. Cf. Cross.] 1. To call upon divine or supernatural power to send injury upon; to imprecate evil upon; to execrate. “Thou shalt not … curse the ruler of thy people.
Ex. xxii. 28.” “Ere sunset I’ll make thee curse the deed.
Shak.” 2. To bring great evil upon; to be the cause of serious harm or unhappiness to; to furnish with that which will be a cause of deep trouble; to afflict or injure grievously; to harass or torment. “On impious realms and barbarous kings impose
Thy plagues, and curse ’em with such sons as those.
Pope.” To curse by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell.

Curse, v. i. To utter imprecations or curses; to affirm or deny with imprecations; to swear. “Then began he to curse and to swear.
Matt. xxi. 74.” “His spirits hear me,
And yet I need must curse.
Shak.”

Curse, n. [AS. curs. See Curse, v. t.] 1. An invocation of, or prayer for, harm or injury; malediction. “Lady, you know no rules of charity,
Which renders good for bad, blessings for curses.
Shak.” 2. Evil pronounced or invoked upon another, solemnly, or in passion; subjection to, or sentence of, divine condemnation. “ The priest shall write these curses in a book.
Num. v. 23.” “Curses, like chickens, come home to roost.
Old Proverb.” 3. The cause of great harm, evil, or misfortune; that which brings evil or severe affliction; torment. “The common curse of mankind, folly and ignorance.
Shak.” “All that I eat, or drink, or shall beget,
Is propagated curse.
Milton.” The curse of Scotland (Card Playing), the nine of diamonds. — Not worth a curse. See under Cress. Syn. — Malediction; imprecation; execration. See Malediction.

Curs´ed (k?rs´?d), a. Deserving a curse; execrable; hateful; detestable; abominable. “Let us fly this cursed place.
Milton.” “This cursed quarrel be no more renewed.
Dryden.”

Curs´ed•ly, adv. In a cursed manner; miserably; in a manner to be detested; enormously. [Low]

Curs´ed•ness, n. 1. The state of being under a curse or of being doomed to execration or to evil. 2. Wickedness; sin; cursing. Chaucer. 3. Shrewishness. ´My wife’s cursedness.´ Chaucer.

Curs´er (k?rs´?r), n. One who curses.

Cur´ship (k?r´sh?p), n. [Cur +-ship.] The state of being a cur; one who is currish. [Jocose] “How durst he, I say, oppose thy curship!
Hudibras.”

Cur´si•ta•ting (k?r´s?-t?•t?ng), a. [See Cursitor.] Moving about slightly. [R.] H. Bushnell.

Cur´si•tor (k?r´s?-t?r), n. [LL. cursitor, equiv. to L. cursor, fr. cursare to run hither and thither, fr. currere to run. See Current, and cf. Cursor.] 1. A courier or runner. [Obs.] ´Cursitors to and fro.´ Holland. 2. (Eng.Law) An officer in the Court of Chancery, whose business is to make out original writs.

Cur´sive (k?r´s?v), a. [LL. cursivus: cf. F. cursif See Cursitor.] Running; flowing. Cursive hand,a running handwriting.

Cur´sive, n. 1. A character used in cursive writing. 2. A manuscript, especially of the New Testament, written in small, connected characters or in a running hand; — opposed to uncial. Shipley.

Cur´sor (k?r´s?r), n. [L., a runner. See Cursitor.] Any part of a mathematical instrument that moves or slides backward and forward upon another part.

Cur´so•ra•ry (-s?-r?-r?), a. Cursory; hasty. [Obs.] “With a cursorary eye o’erglanced the articles.
Shak.”

Cur•so´res (k?r-s?´rEz), n. pl. [L. cursor, pl. cursores, a runner.] (Zoöl.) (a) An order of running birds including the ostrich, emu, and allies; the Ratitaae. (b) A group of running spiders; the wolf spiders.

Cur•so´ri•al (k?r-s?´r?-al), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Adapted to running or walking, and not to prehension; as the limbs of the horse are cursorial. See Illust. of Aves. (b) Of or pertaining to the Cursores.

Cur´so•ri•ly (k?r´s?-r?-l?), adv. In a running or hasty manner; carelessly.

Cur´so•ri•ness, n. The quality of being cursory; superficial performance; as cursoriness of view.

Cur´so•ry (k?r´s?-r?), a. [L. cursorius, fr. cursor. See Cursor.] 1. Running about; not stationary. [Obs.] 2. Characterized by haste; hastily or superficially performed; slight; superficial; careless. “Events far too important to be treated in a cursory manner.
Hallam.”

Curst (k?rst), imp. & p. p. of Curse.

Curst, a. [SeeCurse.] Froward; malignant; mischievous; malicious; snarling. [Obs.] “Though his mind
Be ne’er so curst, his tonque is kind.
Crashaw.”

Curst´ful•ly (-ful•ly), adv. Peevishly; vexatiously; detestably. [Obs.] ´Curstfully mad.´ Marston.

Curst´ness (kûrst´nes), n. Peevishness; malignity; frowardness; crabbedness; surliness. [Obs.] Shak.

Curt (kurt), a. [L. curtus; cf. Skr. kart to cut. Cf. Curtail.] Characterized by excessive brevity; short; rudely concise; as curt limits; a curt answer. “The curt, yet comprehensive reply.
W. Irving.”

Cur•tail´ (kur•tal´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curtailed (- tald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Curtailing.] [See Curtal.] To cut off the end or tail, or any part, of; to shorten; to abridge; to diminish; to reduce. “I, that am curtailed of this fair proportion.
Shak.” “Our incomes have been curtailed; his salary has been doubled.
Macaulay.”

Cur´tail (k?r´t?l), n. The scroll termination of any architectural member, as of a step, etc.

Cur´tail dog (dog•; 115). A dog with a docked tail; formerly, the dog of a person not qualified to course, which, by the forest laws, must have its tail cut short, partly as a mark, and partly from a notion that the tail is necessary to a dog in running; hence, a dog not fit for sporting. “Hope is a curtail dog in some affairs.
Shak.”

Cur•tail´er (kur•tal´er), n. One who curtails.

Cur•tail´ment (k?r-t?l´ment), n. The act or result of curtailing or cutting off. Bancroft.

Cur´tain (k?r´t?n; 48), n. [OE. cortin, curtin,fr. OF. cortine, curtine, F. courtine, LL. cortina, curtian (in senses 1 and 2), also small court, small inclosure surrounded by walls, from cortis court. See Court.] 1. A hanging screen intended to darken or conceal, and admitting of being drawn back or up, and reclosed at pleasure; esp., drapery of cloth or lace hanging round a bed or at a window; in theaters, and like places, a movable screen for concealing the stage. 2. (Fort.) That part of the rampart and parapet which is between two bastions or two gates. See Illustrations of Ravelin and Bastion. 3. (Arch.) That part of a wall of a building which is between two pavilions, towers, etc. 4. A flag; an ensign; — in contempt. [Obs.] Shak. Behind the curtain, in concealment; in secret. — Curtain lecture, a querulous lecture given by a wife to her husband within the bed curtains, or in bed. Jerrold. “A curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long- suffering.
W. Irving.” — The curtain falls, the performance closes. — The curtain rises, the performance begins. — To draw the curtain, to close it over an object, or to remove it; hence: (a) To hide or to disclose an object. (b) To commence or close a performance. — To drop the curtain, to end the tale, or close the performance.

Cur´tain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curtained (-t?nd; 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Curtaining.] To inclose as with curtains; to furnish with curtains. “So when the sun in bed
Curtained with cloudy red.
Milton.”

Cur´tal (k?r´tal), a. [OF. courtault, F. courtaud, having a docked tail (cf. It. cortaldo), fr. court short, L. curtus. See Curt, and Curtail.] Curt; brief; laconic. “Essays and curtal aphorisms.
Milton.” Curtal dog. See Curtail dog.

Cur´tal, n. A horse with a docked tail; hence, anything cut short. [Obs] Nares. { Cur´tal ax• (?ks•), Cur´tle ax•, Curte´lasse (k?rt´las) }. A corruption of Cutlass.

Cur´tal fri•ar (fr?•?r). A friar who acted as porter at the gate of a monastery. Sir W. Scott.

Cur•ta´na (k?r-t?´n?), n. The pointless sword carried before English monarchs at their coronation, and emblematically considered as the sword of mercy; — also called the sword of Edward the Confessor.

Cur´tate (k?r´t?t), a. [L. curtatus, p. p. of curtare to shorten, fr. curtus. See Curt.] (Astron.) Shortened or reduced; — said of the distance of a planet from the sun or earth, as measured in the plane of the ecliptic, or the distance from the sun or earth to that point where a perpendicular, let fall from the planet upon the plane of the ecliptic, meets the ecliptic. Curtate cycloid. (Math.) See Cycloid.

Cur•ta´tion (k?r-t?´sh?n), n. (Astron.) The interval by which the curtate distance of a planet is less than the true distance.

Cur•tein´ (k?r-t?n´), n. Same as Curtana.

Cur•tes´ (k?r-t?s´), a. Courteous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cur´te•sy (k?r´t?-s?), n.; pl. Curtesies (-sz). [Either fr. courlesy, the lands being held as it were by favor; or fr. court (LL. curtis), the husband being regarded as holding the lands as a vassal of the court. See Court, Courtesy.] (Law) the life estate which a husband has in the lands of his deceased wife, which by the common law takes effect where he has had issue by her, born alive, and capable of inheriting the lands. Mozley & W.

Cur´ti•lage (kr´t-lj), n. [OF. cortillage, curtillage, fr. cortil court, courtyard, LL. cortis court. See Court.] (Law) A yard, courtyard, or piece of ground, included within the fence surrounding a dwelling house. Burrill.

Curt´ly (kûrt´ly), adv. In a curt manner.

Curt´ness, n. The quality of bing curt.

Curt´sy (kûrt´sy), n. Same as Courtesy, an act of respect.

Cu´rule (ku´rul), a. [L. curulis, fr. currus a chariot: cf. F. curule.] 1. Of or pertaining to a chariot. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Of or pertaining to a kind of chair appropriated to Roman magistrates and dignitaries; pertaining to, having, or conferring, the right to sit in the curule chair; hence, official. The curule chair was usually shaped like a camp stool, and provided with curved legs. It was at first ornamented with ivory, and later sometimes made of ivory and inlaid with gold. Curule dignity right of sitting in the curule chair.

Cu•ru´ro (k??-r??´r?), n. [Chilian name.] (Zoöl.) A Chilian burrowing rodent of the genus Spalacopus. { Cur´val (k?r´val), Cur´vant (- vant) }, a. [L. curvans, p. pr. ] (Her.) Bowed; bent; curved. { Cur´vate (k?r´v?t), Cur´va•ted (-v?-t?d), } a. [L. curvatus p. p. of curvare to curve, fr. curvus. See Curve.] Bent in a regular form; curved.

Cur•va´tion (k?r-v?´sh?n), n. [L. curvatio.] The act of bending or crooking.

Cur´va•tive (k?r´v?-t?v), a. (Bot.) Having the margins only a little curved; — said of leaves. Henslow.

Cur´va•ture (k?r´v?-t?r; 135), n. [L. curvatura. See Curvate.] 1. The act of curving, or the state of being bent or curved; a curving or bending, normal or abnormal, as of a line or surface from a rectilinear direction; a bend; a curve. Cowper. “The elegant curvature of their fronds.
Darwin.” 2. (Math.) The amount of degree of bending of a mathematical curve, or the tendency at any point to depart from a tangent drawn to the curve at that point. Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form. — Absolute curvature. See under Absolute. — Angle of curvature (Geom.), one that expresses the amount of curvature of a curve. — Chord of curvature. See under Chord. — Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve, under Circle. — Curvature of the spine (Med.), an abnormal curving of the spine, especially in a lateral direction. — Radius of curvature, the radius of the circle of curvature, or osculatory circle, at any point of a curve.

Curve (kûrv), a. [L. curvus bent, curved. See Cirb.] Bent without angles; crooked; curved; as a curve line; a curve surface.

Curve, n. [See Curve, a., Cirb.] 1. A bending without angles; that which is bent; a flexure; as a curve in a railway or canal. 2. (Geom.) A line described according to some low, and having no finite portion of it a straight line. Axis of a curve. See under Axis. — Curve of quickest descent. See Brachystochrone. — Curve tracing (Math.), the process of determining the shape, location, singular points, and other peculiarities of a curve from its equation. — Plane curve (Geom.), a curve such that when a plane passes through three points of the curve, it passes through all the other points of the curve. Any other curve is called a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve.

Curve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curved (k?rvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curving.] [L. curvare., fr. curvus. See Curve, a., Curb.] To bend; to crook; as to curve a line; to curve a pipe; to cause to swerve from a straight course; as to curve a ball in pitching it.

Curve, v. i. To bend or turn gradually from a given direction; as the road curves to the right.

Curv´ed•ness (-?d-n?s), n. The state of being curved.

Cur´vet (kûr´v?t or kûr-v?t´; 277), n. [OE. corvet, It. corvetta: cf. F. courbette. See Curve, and cf. Corvetto.] 1. (Man.) A particular leap of a horse, when he raises both his fore legs at once, equally advanced, and, as his fore legs are falling, raises his hind legs, so that all his legs are in the air at once. 2. A prank; a frolic.

Cur´vet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Curveted or -vetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Curveting or -vetting.] [Cf. It. corvettare. See Curvet, n.] 1. To make a curvet; to leap; to bound. ´Oft and high he did curvet.´ Drayton. 2. To leap and frisk; to frolic. Shak.

Cur´vet, v. t. To cause to curvet. Landor.

Cur•vi•cau´date (k?r•v?-k?´d?t), a. [L. curvus bent + E. caudate.] (Zoöl.) Having a curved or crooked tail.

Cur•vi•cos´tate (k?r•v?-k?s´t?t), a. [L. curvus + E. costate.] (Bot.) Having bent ribs.

Cur•vi•den´tate (k?r•v?-d?n´t?t), a. [L. curvus + E. dentate.] Having curved teeth.

Cur´vi•form (k?r´v?-f?rm), a. [L. curvus + -form.] Having a curved form.

Cur•vi•lin´e•ad (k?r•v?-l?n´?-?d), n. (Geom.) An instrument for drawing curved lines. { Cur•vi•lin´e•al (-al), Cur•vi•lin´e•ar (-?r), } a. [L. curvus bent + E. lineal, linear.] Consisting of, or bounded by, curved lines; as a curvilinear figure.

Cur•vi•lin•e•ar´i•ty (-?r´?-t?), n. The state of being curvilinear or of being bounded by curved lines.

Cur•vi•lin´e•ar•ly (-?r-l?), adv. In a curvilinear manner.

Cur´vi•nerved (-n?rvd•), a. [L. curvus bent + E. nerve. ] (Bot.) Having the ribs or the veins of the leaves curved; — called also curvinervate and curve-veined.

Cur•vi•ros´tral (-r?s´tral), a. [L. curvus + E. rostral.] (Zoöl.) Having a crooked beak, as the crossbill.

Cur´vi•ros´tres (-r?s´tr?z), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. curvus curved + rostrum beak, rostrum.] (Zoöl.) A group of passerine birds, including the creepers and nuthatches.

Cur•vi•se´ri•al (-s?´r?-al), a. [L. curvus bent + E. serial.] (Bot.) Distributed in a curved line, as leaves along a stem.

Cur´vi•ty (k?r´v?-y?), n. [L. curvitas, from curvus bent: cf. F. curvite.] The state of being curved; a bending in a regular form; crookedness. Holder.

Cur´vo•graph (k?r´v?-gr?f), n. [L. curvus bent + -graph.] (Geom.) An arcograph.

Cush´at (k??sh´?t), n. [AS. cusceote.] (Zoöl.) The ringdove or wood pigeon. “Scarce with cushat’s homely song can vie.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cush´ew•bird (k?sh´?-b?rd•), n. (Zoöl) The galeated curassow. See Curassow.

Cush´ion (k??sh´?n), n. [OE. cuischun, quisshen, OF. coissin, cuissin, F. coussin, fr. (assumed) LL. culcitinum, dim. of L. culcita cushion, mattress, pillow. See Quilt, and cf. Counterpoint a coverlet.] 1. A case or bag stuffed with some soft and elastic material, and used to sit or recline upon; a soft pillow or pad. “Two cushions stuffed with straw, the seat to raise.
Dryden.” 2. Anything resembling a cushion in properties or use; as: (a) a pad on which gilders cut gold leaf; (b) a mass of steam in the end of the cylinder of a steam engine to receive the impact of the piston; (c) the elastic edge of a billiard table. 3. A riotous kind of dance, formerly common at weddings; — called also cushion dance. Halliwell. Cushion capital.(Arch.) A capital so sculptured as to appear like a cushion pressed down by the weight of its entablature. (b) A name given to a form of capital, much used in the Romanesque style, modeled like a bowl, the upper part of which is cut away on four sides, leaving vertical faces. — Cushion star (Zoöl.) a pentagonal starfish belonging to Goniaster, Astrogonium, and other allied genera; — so called from its form.

Cush´ion (k??sh´?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cushioned (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. Cushioning.] 1. To seat or place on, or as on a cushion. “Many who are cushioned on thrones would have remained in obscurity.
Bolingbroke.” 2. To furnish with cushions; as to cushion a chaise. 3. To conceal or cover up, as under a cushion. Cushioned hammer, a dead-stroke hammer. See under Dead-stroke.

Cush´ion•et (k??sh´?n-?t), n. [OF. coissinet, F. coussinet. See Cushion, and cf. Coussinet.] A little cushion.

Cush´ion•less, a. Not furnished with a cushion. “Rows of long, cushionless benches, supplying the place of pews.
Hawthorne.”

Cush´ion•y (-?), a. Like a cushion; soft; pliable. “A flat and cushiony nose.
Dickens.”

Cush´ite (k?sh´?t), n. A descendant of Cush, the son of Ham and grandson of Noah.

Cusk (k?sk), n. (Zoöl.) A large, edible, marine fish (Brosmius brosme), allied to the cod, common on the northern coasts of Europe and America; — called also tusk and torsk.

Cus´kin (k?s´k?n), n. A kind of drinking cup. [Obs.]

Cusp (kusp), n. [L. cuspis, -idis, point, pointed end.] 1. (Arch.) A triangular protection from the intrados of an arch, or from an inner curve of tracery. 2. (Astrol.) The beginning or first entrance of any house in the calculations of nativities, etc. 3. (Astron.) The point or horn of the crescent moon or other crescent-shaped luminary. 4. (Math.) A multiple point of a curve at which two or more branches of the curve have a common tangent. 5. (Anat.) A prominence or point, especially on the crown of a tooth. 6. (Bot.) A sharp and rigid point.

Cusp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cusped (k?spt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cusping.] To furnish with a cusp or cusps.

Cus´pa•ted (k?s´p?-t?d), a. Ending in a point.

Cus´pid (k?s´p?d), n. [See Cusp.] (Anat.) One of the canine teeth; — so called from having but one point or cusp on the crown. See Tooth.

Cus´pi•dal (-p?-dal), a. [From L. cuspis, cuspidis. See Cusp.] Ending in a point.

Cus´pi•date (-d?t), v. t. To make pointed or sharp. { Cus´pi•date (k?s´p?-d?t), Cus´pi•da•ted (- d?•t?d), } a. [L. cuspidatus, p. p. of cuspidare to make pointed, fr. cuspis. See Cusp.] Having a sharp end, like the point of a spear; terminating in a hard point; as a cuspidate leaf.

Cus´pi•dor (-d?r), n. [Pg. cuspideria, fr. cuspir to spit.] Any ornamental vessel used as a spittoon; hence, to avoid the common term, a spittoon of any sort.

Cus´pis (k?s´p?s), n. [L.] A point; a sharp end.

Cus´tard (k?s´t?rd), n. [Prob. the same word as OE. crustade, crustate, a pie made with a crust, fr. L. crustatus covered with a crust, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta crust; cf. OF. croustade pasty, It. crostata, or F. coutarde. See Crust, and cf. Crustated.] A mixture of milk and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled. Custard apple (Bot.), a low tree or shrub of tropical America, including several species of Anona (A. squamosa, reticulata, etc.), having a roundish or ovate fruit the size of a small orange, containing a soft, yellowish, edible pulp. — Custard coffin, pastry, or crust, which covers or coffins a custard [Obs.] Shak.

Cus´tode (k?s´t?d), n. [F. or It. custode, fr. L. custos, -odis.] See Custodian.

Cus•to´di•al (k?s-t?´d?-al), a. [Cf. F. custodial, fr. L. custodia. See Custody.] Relating to custody or guardianship.

Cus•to´di•an (k?s-t?´d?-an), n. [From Custody.] One who has care or custody, as of some public building; a keeper or superintendent.

Cus•to´di•an•ship, n. Office or duty of a custodian.

Cus•to´di•er (-?r), n. [Cf. LL. custodiarus.] A custodian. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Cus´to•dy (k?s´t?-d?), n. [L. custodia, fr. custos guard; prob. akin to Gr. to hide, and E. hide. See Hide to cover.] 1. A keeping or guarding; care, watch, inspection, for keeping, preservation, or security. “A fleet of thirty ships for the custody of the narrow seas.
Bacon.” 2. Judicial or penal safe- keeping. “Jailer, take him to thy custody.
Shak.” 3. State of being guarded and watched to prevent escape; restraint of liberty; confinement; imprisonment. “What pease will be given
To us enslaved, but custody severe,
And stripes and arbitrary punishment?
Milton.”

Cus´tom (kus´tum), n. [OF. custume, costume, Anglo-Norman coustome, F. coutume, fr. (assumed) LL. consuetumen custom, habit, fr. L. consuetudo, - dinis, fr. consuescere to accustom, verb inchoative fr. consuere to be accustomed; con- + suere to be accustomed, prob. originally, to make one’s own, fr. the root of suus one’s own; akin to E. so, adv. Cf. Consuetude, Costume.] 1. Frequent repetition of the same act; way of acting common to many; ordinary manner; habitual practice; usage; method of doing or living. “And teach customs which are not lawful.
Acts xvi. 21.” “Moved beyond his custom, Gama said.
Tennyson.” “A custom
More honored in the breach than the observance.
Shak.” 2. Habitual buying of goods; practice of frequenting, as a shop, manufactory, etc., for making purchases or giving orders; business support. “Let him have your custom, but not your votes.
Addison.” 3. (Law) Long-established practice, considered as unwritten law, and resting for authority on long consent; usage. See Usage, and Prescription. Usage is a fact. Custom is a law. There can be no custom without usage, though there may be usage without custom. Wharton. 4. Familiar aquaintance; familiarity. [Obs.] “Age can not wither her, nor custom stale
Her infinite variety.
Shak.” Custom of merchants, a system or code of customs by which affairs of commerce are regulated. — General customs, those which extend over a state or kingdom. — Particular customs, those which are limited to a city or district; as the customs of London. Syn. — Practice; fashion. See Habit, and Usage.

Cus´tom, v. t. [Cf. OF. costumer. Cf. Accustom.] 1. To make familiar; to accustom. [Obs.] Gray. 2. To supply with customers. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cus´tom, v. i. To have a custom. [Obs.] “On a bridge he custometh to fight.
Spenser.”

Cus´tom, n. [OF. coustume, F. coutume, tax, i. e., the usual tax. See 1st Custom.] 1. The customary toll, tax, or tribute. “Render, therefore, to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom.
Rom. xiii. 7.” 2. pl. Duties or tolls imposed by law on commodities, imported or exported.

Cus´tom, v. t. To pay the customs of. [Obs.] Marlowe.

Cus´tom•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. [Cf. OF. coustumable.] 1. Customary. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 2. Subject to the payment of customs; dutiable.

Cus´tom•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being customable; conformity to custom. [Obs.]

Cus´tom•a•bly, adv. Usually. [Obs.] Milton.

Cus´tom•a•ri•ly (-a•ri•ly), adv. In a customary manner; habitually.

Cus´tom•a•ri•ness, n. Quality of being customary.

Cus´tom•a•ry (kus´tum•a•ry), a. [CF. OF. coustumier, F. coutumier. See Custom, and cf. Customer.] 1. Agreeing with, or established by, custom; established by common usage; conventional; habitual. “Even now I met him
With customary compliment.
Shak.” “A formal customary attendance upon the offices.
South.” 2. (Law) Holding or held by custom; as customary tenants; customary service or estate.

Cus´tom•a•ry, n. [OF. coustumier, F. coutumier.] A book containing laws and usages, or customs; as the Customary of the Normans. Cowell.

Cus´tom•er (kus´tum•er), n. [A doublet of customary, a.: cf. LL. custumarius toll gatherer. See Custom.] 1. One who collect customs; a toll gatherer. [Obs.] “The customers of the small or petty custom and of the subsidy do demand of them custom for kersey cloths.
Hakluyt.” 2. One who regularly or repeatedly makes purchases of a trader; a purchaser; a buyer. “He has got at last the character of a good customer; by this means he gets credit for something considerable, and then never pays for it.
Goldsmith.” 3. A person with whom a business house has dealings; as the customers of a bank. J. A. H. Murray. 4. A peculiar person; — in an indefinite sense; as a queer customer; an ugly customer. [Colloq.] Dickens. 5. A lewd woman. [Obs.] Shak.

Cus´tom•house´ (-hous•), n. The building where customs and duties are paid, and where vessels are entered or cleared. Customhouse broker, an agent who acts for merchants in the business of entering and clearing goods and vessels.

Cus´tos (kus´tos), n.; pl. Custodes (kus•to´dez). [L.] A keeper; a custodian; a superintendent. [Obs.] Custos rotulorum (rot•u•lo´rum) [LL., keeper of the rolls] (Eng. Law), the principal justice of the peace in a county, who is also keeper of the rolls and records of the sessions of the peace.

Cus´trel (kus´trel), n. [OF. coustillier. See Coistril.] An armor-bearer to a knight. [Obs.]

Cus´trel, n. See Costrel. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Cus´tu•ma•ry (-tu•ma•ry), a. See Customary. [Obs.]

Cut (kut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cut; p. pr. & vb. n. Cutting.] [OE. cutten, kitten, ketten; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwtau to shorten, curtail, dock, cwta bobtailed, cwt tail, skirt, Gael. cutaich to shorten, curtail, dock, cutach short, docked, cut a bobtail, piece, Ir. cut a short tail, cutach bobtailed. Cf. Coot.] 1. To separate the parts of with, or as with, a sharp instrument; to make an incision in; to gash; to sever; to divide. “You must cut this flesh from off his breast.
Shak.” “Before the whistling winds the vessels fly,
With rapid swiftness cut the liquid way.
Pope.” 2. To sever and cause to fall for the purpose of gathering; to hew; to mow or reap. “Thy servants can skill to cut timer.
2. Chron. ii. 8” 3. To sever and remove by cutting; to cut off; to dock; as to cut the hair; to cut the nails. 4. To castrate or geld; as to cut a horse. 5. To form or shape by cutting; to make by incision, hewing, etc.; to carve; to hew out. “Why should a man. whose blood is warm within,
Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster?
Shak.” “Loopholes cut through thickest shade.
Milton.” 6. To wound or hurt deeply the sensibilities of; to pierce; to lacerate; as sarcasm cuts to the quick. “The man was cut to the heart.
Addison.” 7. To intersect; to cross; as one line cuts another at right angles. 8. To refuse to recognize; to ignore; as to cut a person in the street; to cut one’s acquaintance. [Colloq.] 9. To absent one’s self from; as to cut an appointment, a recitation. etc. [Colloq.] “An English tradesman is always solicitous to cut the shop whenever he can do so with impunity.
Thomas Hamilton.” To cut a caper. See under Caper. — To cut the cards, to divide a pack of cards into portions, in order to determine the deal or the trump, or to change the cards to be dealt. — To cut a dash or a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.] — To cut down. (a) To sever and cause to fall; to fell; to prostrate. ´Timber … cut down in the mountains of Cilicia.´ Knolles. (b) To put down; to abash; to humble. [Obs] ´So great is his natural eloquence, that he cuts doun the finest orator.´ Addison (c) To lessen; to retrench; to curtail; as to cut down expenses. (d) (Naut.) To raze; as to cut down a frigate into a sloop. — To cut the knot or the Gordian knot, to dispose of a difficulty summarily; to solve it by prompt, arbitrary action, rather than by skill or patience. — To cut lots, to determine lots by cuttings cards; to draw lots. — To cut off. (a) To sever; to separate. “I would to God, …
The king had cut off my brother’s.
Shak.” (b) To put an untimely death; to put an end to; to destroy. ´Irenaeus was likewise cut off by martyrdom.´ Addison. (c) To interrupt; as to cut off communication; to cut off (the flow of) steam from (the boiler to) a steam engine. (d) To intercept; as, to cut off an enemy’s retreat. (e) To end; to finish; as to cut off further debate. — To cut out. (a) To remove by cutting or carving; as to cut out a piece from a board. (b) To shape or form by cutting; as to cut out a garment. ´ A large forest cut out into walks.´ Addison. (c) To scheme; to contrive; to prepare; as to cut out work for another day. ´Every man had cut out a place for himself.´ Addison. (d) To step in and take the place of; to supplant; as to cut out a rival. [Colloq.] (e) To debar. ´I am cut out from anything but common acknowledgments.´ Pope. (f) To seize and carry off (a vessel) from a harbor, or from under the guns of an enemy. - - To cut to pieces. (a) To cut into pieces; as to cut cloth to pieces. (b) To slaughter; as to cut an army to pieces. — To cut a play (Drama), to shorten it by leaving out passages, to adapt it for the stage. — To cut rates (Railroads, etc.), to reduce the charges for transportation below the rates established between competing lines. — To cut short, to arrest or check abruptly; to bring to a sudden termination. ´Achilles cut him short, and thus replied.´ Dryden. — To cut stick, to make off clandestinely or precipitately. [Slang] — To cut teeth, to put forth teeth; to have the teeth pierce through the gum and appear. — To have cut one’s eyeteeth, to be sharp and knowing. [Colloq.] — To cut one’s wisdom teeth, to come to years of discretion. — To cut under, to undersell; as to cut under a competitor in trade. — To cut up. (a) To cut to pieces; as to cut up an animal, or bushes. (b) To damage or destroy; to injure; to wound; as to cut up a book or its author by severe criticism. ´This doctrine cuts up all government by the roots.´ Locke. (c) To afflict; to discourage; to demoralize; as the death of his friend cut him up terribly. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Cut (kut), v. i. 1. To do the work of an edged tool; to serve in dividing or gashing; as a knife cuts well. 2. To admit of incision or severance; to yield to a cutting instrument. “Panels of white wood that cuts like cheese.
Holmes.” 3. To perform the operation of dividing, severing, incising, intersecting, etc.; to use a cutting instrument. “He saved the lives of thousands by manner of cutting for the stone.
Pope.” 4. To make a stroke with a whip. 5. To interfere, as a horse. 6. To move or make off quickly. [Colloq.] 7. To divide a pack of cards into two portion to decide the deal or trump, or to change the order of the cards to be dealt. To cut across, to pass over or through in the most direct way; as to cut across a field. — To cut and run, to make off suddenly and quickly; — from the cutting of a ship’s cable, when there is not time to raise the anchor. [Colloq.] — To cut in or into, to interrupt; to join in anything suddenly. — To cut up. (a) To play pranks. [Colloq.] (b) To divide into portions well or ill; to have the property left at one’s death turn out well or poorly when divided among heirs, legatees, etc. [Slang.] ´When I die, may I cut up as well as Morgan Pendennis.´ Thackeray.

Cut, n. 1. An opening made with an edged instrument; a cleft; a gash; a slash; a wound made by cutting; as a sword cut. 2. A stroke or blow or cutting motion with an edged instrument; a stroke or blow with a whip. 3. That which wounds the feelings, as a harsh remark or criticism, or a sarcasm; personal discourtesy, as neglecting to recognize an acquaintance when meeting him; a slight. “Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, snapped his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed.
W. Irving.” 4. A notch, passage, or channel made by cutting or digging; a furrow; a groove; as a cut for a railroad. “This great cut or ditch Secostris … purposed to have made a great deal wider and deeper.
Knolles.” 5. The surface left by a cut; as a smooth or clear cut. 6. A portion severed or cut off; a division; as a cut of beef; a cut of timber. “It should be understood, moreover, … that the group are not arbitrary cuts, but natural groups or types.
Dana.” 7. An engraved block or plate; the impression from such an engraving; as a book illustrated with fine cuts. 8. (a) The act of dividing a pack cards. (b) The right to divide; as whose cut is it? 9. Manner in which a thing is cut or formed; shape; style; fashion; as the cut of a garment. “With eyes severe and beard of formal cut.
Shak.” 10. A common work horse; a gelding. [Obs.] “He’ll buy me a cut, forth for to ride.
Beau. & Fl.” 11. The failure of a college officer or student to be present at any appointed exercise. [College Cant] 12. A skein of yarn. Wright. A cut in rates (Railroad), a reduction in fare, freight charges, etc., below the established rates. — A short cut, a cross route which shortens the way and cuts off a circuitous passage. — The cut of one’s jib, the general appearance of a person. [Colloq.] — To draw cuts, to draw lots, as of paper, etc., cut unequal lengths. “Now draweth cut …
The which that hath the shortest shall begin.
Chaucer. ”

Cut (kut), a. 1. Gashed or divided, as by a cutting instrument. 2. Formed or shaped as by cutting; carved. 3. Overcome by liquor; tipsy. [Slang] Cut and dried, prepered beforehand; not spontaneous. — Cut glass, glass having a surface ground and polished in facets or figures. - - Cut nail, a nail cut by machinery from a rolled plate of iron, in distinction from a wrought nail. — Cut stone, stone hewn or chiseled to shape after having been split from the quarry.

Cu•ta´ne•ous (ku•ta´ne•us), a. [Cf. F. cutane, fr. L. cutis skin. See Cuticle.] Of or pertaining to the skin; existing on, or affecting, the skin; as a cutaneous disease; cutaneous absorption; cutaneous respiration.

Cut´a•way (kut´a•wa•), a. Having a part cut off or away; having the corners rounded or cut away. Cutaway coat, a coat whose skirts are cut away in front so as not to meet at the bottom.

Cutch (kuch; 224), n. See Catechu.

Cutch, n. (Zoöl.) See Cultch.

Cutch´er•y (kuch´er•y), n. [Hind. kachahri.] A hindoo hall of justice. Malcom.

Cute (kut), a. [An abbrev. of acute.] Clever; sharp; shrewd; ingenious; cunning. [Colloq.]

Cute´ness, n. Acuteness; cunning. [Colloq.]

Cut´grass (kut´gras•). A grass with leaves having edges furnished with very minute hooked prickles, which form a cutting edge; one or more species of Leersia.

Cu´ti•cle (ku´ti•k’l), n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis skin; akin to E. hide skin of an animal.] 1. (Anat.) The scarfskin or epidermis. See Skin. 2. (Bot.) The outermost skin or pellicle of a plant, found especially in leaves and young stems. 3. A thin skin formed on the surface of a liquid.

Cu•tic´u•lar (ku•tik´u•ler), a. Pertaining to the cuticle, or external coat of the skin; epidermal.

Cu´tin (ku´tin), n. [L. cutis skin, outside.] (Bot.) The substance which, added to the material of a cell wall, makes it waterproof, as in cork.

Cu•tin•i•za´tion (k?•t?n-?-z?´sh?n), n. (Bot.) The conversion of cell walls into a material which repels water, as in cork.

Cu´tin•ize (k?´t?n-?z), v. t. & i. To change into cutin.

Cu´tis (k?´t?s), n. [L. See Cuticle.] (Anat.) See Dermis.

Cut´lass (kut´las), n.; pl. Cutlasses (- ez). [F. coutelas (cf. It. coltellaccio), augm. fr. L. cultellus a small knife, dim. of culter knife. See Colter, and cf. Curtal ax.] A short, heavy, curving sword, used in the navy. See Curtal ax. Cutlass fish, (Zoöl.), a peculiar, long, thin, marine fish (Trichiurus lepturus) of the southern United States and West Indies; — called also saber fish, silver eel, and, improperly, swordfish.

Cut´ler (kut´ler), n. [OE. coteler, F. coutelier, LL. cultellarius, fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] One who makes or deals in cutlery, or knives and other cutting instruments.

Cut´ler•y (kut´ler•y), n. 1. The business of a cutler. 2. Edged or cutting instruments, collectively.

Cut´let (kut´let), n. [F. côtelette, prop., little rib, dim. of côte rib, fr. L. costa. See Coast.] A piece of meat, especially of veal or mutton, cut for broiling.

Cut´ling (kut´ling), n., [Cf. Cuttle a knife.] The art of making edged tools or cutlery. [Obs.] Milton.

Cut´-off (kut´of•; 115), n. 1. That which cuts off or shortens, as a nearer passage or road. 2. (Mach.) (a) The valve gearing or mechanism by which steam is cut off from entering the cylinder of a steam engine after a definite point in a stroke, so as to allow the remainder of the stroke to be made by the expansive force of the steam already let in. See Expansion gear, under Expansion. (b) Any device for stopping or changing a current, as of grain or water in a spout.

Cu´tose (ku´tos), n. [L. cutis skin.] (Chem.) A variety of cellulose, occuring as a fine transparent membrane covering the aerial organs of plants, and forming an essential ingredient of cork; by oxidation it passes to suberic acid.

Cut´-out (kut´out•), n. (a) (Telegraphy) A species of switch for changing the current from one circuit to another, or for shortening a circuit. (b) (Elec.) A device for breaking or separating a portion of circuit.

Cut´purse (kut´pûrs•), n. One who cuts purses for the sake of stealing them or their contents (an act common when men wore purses fastened by a string to their girdles); one who steals from the person; a pickpocket “To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble hand, is necessary for a cutpurse.
Shak.”

Cut´ter (k?t´t?r), n. 1. One who cuts; as a stone cutter; a die cutter; esp., one who cuts out garments. 2. That which cuts; a machine or part of a machine, or a tool or instrument used for cutting, as that part of a mower which severs the stalk, or as a paper cutter. 3. A fore tooth; an incisor. Ray. 4. (Naut.) (a) A boat used by ships of war. (b) A fast sailing vessel with one mast, rigged in most essentials like a sloop. A cutter is narrower end deeper than a sloop of the same length, and depends for stability on a deep keel, often heavily weighted with lead. (c) A small armed vessel, usually a steamer, in the revenue marine service; — also called revenue cutter. 5. A small, light one-horse sleigh. 6. An officer in the exchequer who notes by cutting on the tallies the sums paid. 7. A ruffian; a bravo; a destroyer. [Obs.] 8. A kind of soft yellow brick, used for facework; — so called from the facility with which it can be cut. Cutter bar. (Mach.) (a) A bar which carries a cutter or cutting tool, as in a boring machine. (b) The bar to which the triangular knives of a harvester are attached. — Cutter head (Mach.), a rotating head, which itself forms a cutter, or a rotating stock to which cutters may be attached, as in a planing or matching machine. Knight.

Cut´throat (k?t´thr?t•), n. One who cuts throats; a murderer; an assassin.

Cut´throat, a. Murderous; cruel; barbarous.

Cut´ting (kut´ting), n. 1. The act or process of making an incision, or of severing, felling, shaping, etc. 2. Something cut, cut off, or cut out, as a twig or scion cut off from a stock for the purpose of grafting or of rooting as an independent plant; something cut out of a newspaper; an excavation cut through a hill or elsewhere to make a way for a railroad, canal, etc.; a cut.

Cut´ting, a. 1. Adapted to cut; as a cutting tool. 2. Chilling; penetrating; sharp; as a cutting wind. 3. Severe; sarcastic; biting; as a cutting reply.

Cut´ting•ly, adv. In a cutting manner.

Cut´tle (k?t´t’l), n. [OF. cultel, coltel, coutel, fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] A knife. [Obs.] Bale. { Cut´tle (kut´t’l), Cut´tle•fish• (- fish•), } n. [OE. codule, AS. cudele; akin to G. kuttelfish; cf. G. kötel, D. keutel, dirt from the guts, G. kuttel bowels, entrails. AS. cwiþ womb, Goth. qiþus belly, womb.] 1. (Zoöl.) A cephalopod of the genus Sepia, having an internal shell, large eyes, and ten arms furnished with denticulated suckers, by means of which it secures its prey. The name is sometimes applied to dibranchiate cephalopods generally. It has an ink bag, opening into the siphon, from which, when pursued, it throws out a dark liquid that clouds the water, enabling it to escape observation. 2. A foul-mouthed fellow. ´An you play the saucy cuttle with me.´ Shak.

Cut´tle bone (bon•). The shell or bone of cuttlefishes, used for various purposes, as for making polishing powder, etc.

Cut•too´ plate (k?t-t??´ pl?t•). A hood over the end of a wagon wheel hub to keep dirt away from the axle.

Cut´ty (kut´ty), a. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. cut a short tail, cutach bobtailed. See Cut.] Short; as a cutty knife; a cutty sark. [Scot.]

Cut´ty (k?t´t?), n. [Scotch.] 1. A short spoon. 2. A short tobacco pipe. Ramsay. 3. A light or unchaste woman. Sir W. Scott.

Cut´ty•stool (-stool•), n. 1. A low stool. [Scot.] 2. A seat in old Scottish churches, where offenders were made to sit, for public rebuke by the minister.

Cut´wal (kut´wal), n. [Per. kotwal.] The chief police officer of a large city. [East Indies]

Cut´wa•ter (kut´wa•ter), n. (Naut.) 1. The fore part of a ship’s prow, which cuts the water. 2. A starling or other structure attached to the pier of a bridge, with an angle or edge directed up stream, in order better to resist the action of water, ice, etc.; the sharpened upper end of the pier itself. 3. (Zoöl.) A sea bird of the Atlantic (Rhynchops nigra); — called also black skimmer, scissorsbill, and razorbill. See Skimmer.

Cut´work (kut´wûrk•), n. (Fine Arts) An ancient term for embroidery, esp. applied to the earliest form of lace, or to that early embroidery on linen and the like, from which the manufacture of lace was developed.

Cut´worm (-w?rm•), n. (Zoöl.) A caterpillar which at night eats off young plants of cabbage, corn, etc., usually at the ground. Some kinds ascend fruit trees and eat off the flower buds. During the day, they conceal themselves in the earth. The common cutworms are the larvae of various species of Agrotis and related genera of noctuid moths.

Cu•vette´ (k?-w?t´), n. [F., dim. of cuve a tub.] 1. A pot, bucket, or basin, in which molten plate glass is carried from the melting pot to the casting table. 2. (Fort.) A cunette.

Cy•am´e•lide (si•am´e•lid or -lid; 104), n. (Chem.) A white amorphous substance, regarded as a polymeric modification of isocyanic acid.

Cy•am´el•lone (si•am´el•lon), n. (Chem) A complex derivative of cyanogen, regarded as an acid, and known chiefly in its salts; — called also hydromellonic acid.

Cy´a•nate (s?´?-n?t), n. [Cf. F. cuanate. See Cyanic.] (Chem.) A salt of cyanic acid. Ammonium cyanate (Chem.), a remarkable white crystalline substance, NH_4.O.CN, which passes, on standing, to the organic compound, urea, CO.(NH_2)2.

Cy•an•au´rate (s?•?n-?´r?t), n. See Aurocyanide.

Cy•a´ne•an (s?-?´n?-a]/>n), a. [Gr. kya•neos dark blue.] Having an azure color. Pennant.

Cy•an´ic (s?-?n´?k), a. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance: cf. F. cyanique. Cf. Kyanite.] 1. Pertaining to, or containing, cyanogen. 2. Of or pertaining to a blue color. Cyanic acid (Chem.), an acid, HOCN, derived from cyanogen, well known in its salts, but never isolated in the free state. — Cyanic colors (Bot.), those colors (of flowers) having some tinge of blue; — opposed to xanthic colors. A color of either series may pass into red or white, but not into the opposing color. Red and pure white are more common among flowers of cyanic tendency than in those of the other class.

Cy´a•nide (s?´?-n?d or -n?d; 104), n. [Cf. F. cyanide. See Cyanic.] (Chem.) A compound formed by the union of cyanogen with an element or radical.

Cy´a•nin (s?´?-n?n), n. [See Cyanic.] (Chem.) The blue coloring matter of flowers; — called also anthokyan and anthocyanin.

Cy´a•nine (s?´?-n?n or -n?n; 104), n. (Chem.) One of a series of artificial blue or red dyes obtained from quinoline and lepidine and used in calico printing.

Cy´a•nite (-n?t), n. [See Cyanic.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in thin- bladed crystals and crystalline aggregates, of a sky-blue color. It is a silicate of aluminium. [Written also kyanite.]

Cy•an´o•gen (s?-?n´?-j?n), n. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance + -gen: cf. F. cyanogène. So called because it produced blue dyes.] (Chem.) A colorless, inflammable, poisonous gas C_2N_2, with a peach-blossom odor, so called from its tendency to form blue compounds; obtained by heating ammonium oxalate, mercuric cyanide, etc. It is obtained in combination, forming an alkaline cyanide when nitrogen or a nitrogenous compound is strongly ignited with carbon and soda or potash. It conducts itself like a member of the halogen group of elements, and shows a tendency to form complex compounds. The name is also applied to the univalent radical, CN (the half molecule of cyanogen proper), which was one of the first compound radicals recognized. Cyanogen is found in the commercial substances, potassium cyanide, or prussiate of potash, yellow prussiate of potash, Prussian blue, Turnbull’s blue, prussic acid, etc.

Cy•a•nom´e•ter (s?•?-n?m´?-t?r), n. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance + -meter: cf. F. cyanomètre.] An instrument for measuring degress of blueness.

Cy•a•nop´a•thy (-n?p´?-th?), n. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance + pa•qos affection.] (Med.) A disease in which the body is colored blue in its surface, arising usually from a malformation of the heart, which causes an imperfect arterialization of the blood; blue jaundice.

Cy•an´o•phyll (s?-?n´?-f?l), n. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance + fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) A blue coloring matter supposed by some to be one of the component parts of chlorophyll.

Cy´a•nosed (s?´?-n?st), a. [See Cyanic.] Rendered blue, as the surface of the body, from cyanosis or deficient aëration of the blood.

Cy•a•no´sis (s?•?-n?´s?s), n. [NL. See Cyanic.] (Med.) A condition in which, from insufficient aëration of the blood, the surface of the body becomes blue. See Cyanopathy.

Cy•an´o•site (s?-?n´?-s?t), n. [See Cyanic.] (Min.) Native sulphate of copper. Cf. Blue vitriol, under Blue.

Cy•a•not´ic (s?•?-n?t´?k), a. (Med.) Relating to cyanosis; affected with cyanosis; as a cyanotic patient; having the hue caused by cyanosis; as a cyanotic skin.

Cy•an´o•type (s?-?n´?-t?p), n. [Cyanide + -type.] A photographic picture obtained by the use of a cyanide.

Cy´an´u•rate (s?-?n´?-r?t), n. (Chem.) A salt of cyanuric acid.

Cy•an´u•ret (-r?t), n. (Chem.) A cyanide. [Obs.]

Cy•a•nu´ric (s?•?-n?´r?k), a. [Cyanic + uric: Cf. F. cyanurique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cyanic and uric acids.

Cyanuric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, C_3O_3N_3H_3, first obtained by heating uric acid or urea, and called pyrouric acid; afterwards obtained from isocyanic acid. It is a white crystalline substance, odorless and almost tasteless; — called also tricarbimide.

Cy•ath´i•form (s?-?th´?-f?rm), a. [L. cyathus a cup (Gr, ky•aqos) - form:cf. F. cyathiforme.] In the form of a cup, a little widened at the top.

Cy•ath´olith (s?-?th´?-l?th), n. [Gr. ky•aqos a cup + -lith.] (Biol.) A kind of coccolith, which in shape resembles a minute cup widened at the top, and varies in size from &frac1x6000; to &frac1x8000; of an inch.

Cy•a•tho•phyl´loid (s?•?-th?-f?l´loid), a. [NL. cyathophyllum, fr. Gr. ky•aqos a cup + fy•llon a leaf.] (Paleon.) Like, or pertaining to, the family Cyathophyllidae.

Cy•a•tho•phyl´loid, n. (Paleon.) A fossil coral of the family Cyathophyllidae; sometimes extended to fossil corals of other related families belonging to the group Rugosa; — also called cup corals. Thay are found in paleozoic rocks.

Cy´cad (si´kad), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the natural order Cycadaceae, as the sago palm, etc.

Cyc•a•da´ceous (s?k•?-d?´sh?s or s?•k?-), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants like the palms, but having exogenous wood. The sago palm is an example.

Cy´cas (s?´k?s), n. [Of uncertain origin. Linnaeus derives it from one of the ´obscure Greek words.´] (Bot.) A genus of trees, intermediate in character between the palms and the pines. The pith of the trunk of some species furnishes a valuable kind of sago.

Cyc´la•men (s?k´l?-m?n), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kykla•minos, kyklami•s.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Primrose family, having depressed rounded corms, and pretty nodding flowers with the petals so reflexed as to point upwards, whence it is called rabbits’ ears. It is also called sow bread, because hogs are said to eat the corms.

Cyc´la•min (-m?n), n. A white amorphous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the corm of Cyclamen Europaeum.

Cy´clas (s?´kl?s), n. [Cf. Ciclatoun.] A long gown or surcoat (cut off in front), worn in the Middle Ages. It was sometimes embroidered or interwoven with gold. also a rich stuff from which the gown was made.

Cy´cle (s?´k’l), n. [F. ycle, LL. cyclus, fr. Gr. ky•klos ring or circle, cycle; akin to Skr. cakra wheel, circle. See Wheel.] 1. An imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens; one of the celestial spheres. Milton. 2. An interval of time in which a certain succession of events or phenomena is completed, and then returns again and again, uniformly and continually in the same order; a periodical space of time marked by the recurrence of something peculiar; as the cycle of the seasons, or of the year. “Wages … bear a full proportion … to the medium of provision during the last bad cycle of twenty years.
Burke.” 3. An age; a long period of time. “Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.
Tennyson.” 4. An orderly list for a given time; a calendar. [Obs.] “We … present our gardeners with a complete cycle of what is requisite to be done throughout every month of the year.
Evelyn.” 5. The circle of subjects connected with the exploits of the hero or heroes of some particular period which have served as a popular theme for poetry, as the legend of Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, and that of Charlemagne and his paladins. 6. (Bot.) One entire round in a circle or a spire; as a cycle or set of leaves. Gray. 7. A bicycle or tricycle, or other light velocipede. Calippic cycle, a period of 76 years, or four Metonic cycles; — so called from Calippus, who proposed it as an improvement on the Metonic cycle. — Cycle of eclipses, a period of about 6,586 days, the time of revolution of the moon’s node; — called Saros by the Chaldeans. — Cycle of indiction, a period of 15 years, employed in Roman and ecclesiastical chronology, not founded on any astronomical period, but having reference to certain judicial acts which took place at stated epochs under the Greek emperors. — Cycle of the moon, or Metonic cycle, a period of 19 years, after the lapse of which the new and full moon returns to the same day of the year; — so called from Meton, who first proposed it. — Cycle of the sun, Solar cycle, a period of 28 years, at the end of which time the days of the month return to the same days of the week. The dominical or Sunday letter follows the same order; hence the solar cycle is also called the cycle of the Sunday letter. In the Gregorian calendar the solar cycle is in general interrupted at the end of the century.

Cy´cle (s?´k’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cycled. (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cycling (-klng).] 1. To pass through a cycle of changes; to recur in cycles. Tennyson. Darwin. 2. To ride a bicycle, tricycle, or other form of cycle. { Cyc´lic (s?k´l?k or s?´kl?k), Cyc´lic•al (s?k´l?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. cycluque, Gr. kykliko•s, fr. ky•klos See Cycle.] Of or pertaining to a cycle or circle; moving in cycles; as cyclical time. Coleridge. Cyclic chorus, the chorus which performed the songs and dances of the dithyrambic odes at Athens, dancing round the altar of Bacchus in a circle. — Cyclic poets, certain epic poets who followed Homer, and wrote merely on the Trojan war and its heroes; — so called because keeping within the circle of a single subject. also any series or coterie of poets writing on one subject. Milman.

Cy´clide (s?´kl?d), n. [Gr. ky•klos circle.] (Geom.) A surface of the fourth degree, having certain special relations to spherical surfaces. The tore or anchor ring is one of the cyclides.

Cy´cling (s?´kl?ng), n. The act, art, or practice, of riding a cycle, esp. a bicycle or tricycle.

Cy´clist (s?´kl?st), n. A cycler.

Cy´clo- (s?´kl?-). [Gr. ky•klos circle, wheel.] A combining form meaning circular, of a circle or wheel.

Cy•clo•bran´chi•ate (s?•kl?-br?n´k?-?t), a. [Cyclo- + branchiate.] (Zoöl) Having the gills around the margin of the body, as certain limpets.

Cy•clo•ga´noid (s?•kl?-g?´noid or -g?n´oid), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cycloganoidei.

Cy•clo•ga´noid, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cycloganoidei.

Cy•clo•ga•noi´de•i (s?´kl?-g?-noi´d?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•klos circle + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, having cycloid scales. The bowfin (Amia calva) is a living example.

Cy´clo•graph (s?´kl?-gr?f), n. [Cyclo- + -graph.] See Arcograph.

Cy´cloid (s?´kloid), n. [Cyclo- + -oid: cf. F. cycloïde.] (Geom.) A curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, keeping always in the same plane. The common cycloid is the curve described when the generating point (p) is on the circumference of the generating circle; the curtate cycloid, when that point lies without the circumference; the prolate or inflected cycloid, when the generating point (p) lies within that circumference.

Cy´cloid, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cycloidei. Cycloid scale (Zoöl.), a fish scale which is thin and shows concentric lines of growth, without serrations on the margin.

Cy´cloid, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cycloidei.

Cy•cloid´al (-al), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a cycloid; as the cycloidal space is the space contained between a cycloid and its base. Cycloidal engine. See Geometric lathe.

Cy•cloi´de•i (s?-kloi´d?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•klos circle + - oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, formerly proposed by Agassiz, for those with thin, smooth scales, destitute of marginal spines, as the herring and salmon. The group is now regarded as artificial.

Cy•cloid´i•an (s?-kloid´?-an), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as 2d and 3d Cycloid.

Cy•clom´e•ter (s?-kl?m´?-t?r), n. [Cyclo- + -meter.] A contrivance for recording the revolutions of a wheel, as of a bicycle.

Cy•clom´e•try (-tr?), n. [Cyclo- + -metry: cf. F. cyclometrie.] (Geom.) The art of measuring circles.

Cy´clone (s?´kl?n), n. [Gr. moving in a circle, p. pr. of , fr. ky•klos circle.] (Meteor.) A violent storm, often of vast extent, characterized by high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmospheric pressure. This center moves onward, often with a velocity of twenty or thirty miles an hour. The atmospheric disturbance usually accompanying a cyclone, marked by an onward moving area of high pressure, is called an anticyclone.

Cy•clon´ic (s?-kl?n´?k), a. Pertaining to a cyclone.

Cy´clop (s?´kl?p), n. See Note under Cyclops, 1.

Cy•clo•pe´an (s?•kl?-p?´an), a. [L. Cyclopeus, Gr. , fr. Cyclops: cf. F. cyclopeen.] Pertaining to the Cyclops; characteristic of the Cyclops; huge; gigantic; vast and rough; massive; as Cyclopean labors; Cyclopean architecture. { Cy•clo•pe´di•a Cy•clo•pae´di•a } (s?•kl?-p?´d?-?), n. [NL., from Gr. ky•klos circle + paidei•a the bringing up of a child, education, erudition, fr. paidey•ein to bring up a child. See Cycle, and cf. Encyclopedia, Pedagogue.] The circle or compass of the arts and sciences (originally, of the seven so-called liberal arts and sciences); circle of human knowledge. Hence, a work containing, in alphabetical order, information in all departments of knowledge, or on a particular department or branch; as a cyclopedia of the physical sciences, or of mechanics. See Encyclopedia.

Cy•clo•ped´ic (s?•kl?-p?d´?k or -p?´d?k), a. Belonging to the circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia; of the nature of a cyclopedia; hence, of great range, extent, or amount; as a man of cyclopedic knowledge.

Cy•clo•pe´dist (-p?´d?st), n. A maker of, or writer for, a cyclopedia.

Cy•clop´ic (s?-kl?p´?k), a. [Gr. , fr. .] Pertaining to the Cyclops; Cyclopean.

Cy´clops (s?´kl?ps), n. sing. & pl. [L. Cyclops, Gr. Ky•klwps (strictly round- eyed), pl. Ky•klwpes; ky•klos circle + ’w•ps eye.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) One of a race of giants, sons of Neptune and Amphitrite, having but one eye, and that in the middle of the forehead. They were fabled to inhabit Sicily, and to assist in the workshops of Vulcan, under Mt. Etna. Pope, in his translation of the ´Odyssey,´ uniformly spells this word Cyclop, when used in the singular. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of minute Entomostraca, found both in fresh and salt water. See Copepoda. 3. A portable forge, used by tinkers, etc.

Cy•clo•ra´ma (s?•kl?-r?´m? or -r?´m?), n. [Cyclo- + Gr. ´o•rama sight, spectacle.] A pictorial view which is extended circularly, so that the spectator is surrounded by the objects represented as by things in nature. The realistic effect is increased by putting, in the space between the spectator and the picture, things adapted to the scene represented, and in some places only parts of these objects, the completion of them being carried out pictorially.

Cy´clo•scope (s?´kl?-sk?p), n. [Cyclo- + -scope.] A machine for measuring at any moment velocity of rotation, as of a wheel of a steam engine. Knight.

Cy•clo´sis (s?-kl?´s?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•klwsis circulation, from kykloy^n. See Cyclone.] (Bot.) The circulation or movement of protoplasmic granules within a living vegetable cell.

Cy•clo•stom´a•ta (s?•kl?-st?m´?-t?), Cy•clos´to•ma (s?-kl?s´t?-m?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•klos circle + sto•ma, -atos mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of Bryozoa, in which the cells have circular apertures. { Cy´clo•stome (s?´kl?-st?m), Cy•clos´to•mous (s?-kl?s´t?-m?s) }, a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Cyclostomi.

Cy•clos´to•mi (s?-kl?s´t?-m?), n. pl. [NL. See Cyclostomata.] (Zoöl.) A glass of fishes having a suckerlike mouth, without jaws, as the lamprey; the Marsipobranchii.

Cy•clo•sty´lar (s?•kl?-st?´?r), a. [Cyclo- + Gr. sty^los column.] Relating to a structure composed of a circular range of columns, without a core or building within. Weale.

Cy´clo•style (s?´kl?-st?l), n. [Cyclo + style.] A contrivance for producing manifold copies of writing or drawing. The writing or drawing is done with a style carrying a small wheel at the end which makes minute punctures in the paper, thus converting it into a stencil. Copies are transferred with an inked roller.

Cy´der (s?´d?r), n. See Cider. [Archaic]

Cy•do´nin (s?-d?´n?n), n. (Chem.) A peculiar mucilaginous substance extracted from the seeds of the quince (Cydonia vulgaris), and regarded as a variety of amylose.

Cyg´net (sig´net), n. [Dim. of F. cygne swan, L. cycnus. cygnus, fr. Gr. ky•klos: but F. cygne seems to be an etymological spelling of OF. cisne, fr. LL. cecinus, cicinus, perh. ultimately also fr. Gr. ky•klos.] (Zoöl.) A young swan. Shak.

Cyg´nus (s?g´n?s), n. [L., a swan.] (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere east of, or following, Lyra; the Swan.

Cyl´in•der (s?l´?n-d?r), n. [F. cylindre, OF. cilindre, L. cylindrus, fr. Gr. ky•lindros, fr. kyli•ndein, kyli•ein, to roll. Cf. Calender the machine.] 1. (Geom.) (a) A solid body which may be generated by the rotation of a parallelogram round one its sides; or a body of rollerlike form, of which the longitudinal section is oblong, and the cross section is circular. (b) The space inclosed by any cylindrical surface. The space may be limited or unlimited in length. 2. Any hollow body of cylindrical form, as: (a) The chamber of a steam engine in which the piston is moved by the force of steam. (b) The barrel of an air or other pump. (c) (Print.) The revolving platen or bed which produces the impression or carries the type in a cylinder press. (d) The bore of a gun; the turning chambered breech of a revolver. 3. The revolving square prism carrying the cards in a Jacquard loom. Cylinder axis. (Anat.) See Axis cylinder, under Axis. — Cylinder engine (Paper Making), a machine in which a cylinder takes up the pulp and delivers it in a continuous sheet to the dryers. — Cylinder escapement. See Escapement. — Cylinder glass. See Glass. — Cylinder mill. See Roller mill. — Cylinder press. See Press.

Cyl•in•dra´ceous (-dr?´sh?s), a. [Cf. F. cylyndrace] Cylindrical, or approaching a cylindrical form. { Cy•lin´dric (s?-l?n´dr?k), Cy•lin´dric•al (-dr?-kal), } a. [Gr. kylindriko•s, from ky•lindros cylinder: cf. F. cylindrique.] Having the form of a cylinder, or of a section of its convex surface; partaking of the properties of the cylinder. Cylindrical lens, a lens having one, or more than one, cylindrical surface. — Cylindric, or Cylindrical, surface (Geom.), a surface described by a straight line that moves according to any law, but so as to be constantly parallel to a given line. — Cylindrical vault. (Arch.) See under Vault, n.

Cy•lin´dric•al•ly (s?-l?n´dr?-kal-l?), adv. In the manner or shape of a cylinder; so as to be cylindrical.

Cyl••in•dric´i•ty (s?l•?n-dr?s´?-t?), n. The quality or condition of being cylindrical.

Cy•lin´dri•form (s?-l?n´dr?-f?rm), a. [L. cylindrus (Gr. ky•lindros) cylinder + -form: cf. F. cylindriforme.] Having the form of a cylinder.

Cyl´in•droid (s?l´?n-droid), n. [Gr. ky•lindros cylinder + -oid: cf. F. cylindroïde.] 1. A solid body resembling a right cylinder, but having the bases or ends elliptical. 2. (Geom.) A certain surface of the third degree, described by a moving straight line; — used to illustrate the motions of a rigid body and also the forces acting on the body.

Cy•lin•dro•met´ric (si•lin•dro•met´rik), a. [Gr. ky•lindros + me•tron measure.] Belonging to a scale used in measuring cylinders.

Cy´ma (si´ma) n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky^ma. See Cyme] 1. (Arch.) A member or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wavelike in form. 2. (Bot.) A cyme. See Cyme. Cyma recta, or Cyma, a cyma, hollow in its upper part and swelling below. — Cyma reversa, or Ogee, a cyma swelling out on the upper part and hollow below.

Cy•mar´ (si•mär´), n. [F. simarre. See Chimere.] A slight covering; a scarf. See Simar. “Her body shaded with a light cymar.
Dryden.”

Cy•ma´ti•um (si•ma´shi•um), n. [L., fr. Gr. kyma•tion, dim. of ky^ma a wave.] (Arch.) A capping or crowning molding in classic architecture.

Cym´bal (sim´bal). n. [OE. cimbale, simbale, OF. cimbale, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. ky•mbalon, fr. ky•mbh, ky•mbos, anything hollow, hollow vessel, basin, akin to Skr. kumbha pot. Cf. Chime.] 1. A musical instrument used by the ancients. It is supposed to have been similar to the modern kettle drum, though perhaps smaller. 2. A musical instrument of brass, shaped like a circular dish or a flat plate, with a handle at the back; — used in pairs to produce a sharp ringing sound by clashing them together. In orchestras one cymbal is commonly attached to the bass drum, and the other heid in the drummer’s left hand, while his right hand uses the drumstick. 3. A musical instrument used by gypsies and others, made of steel wire, in a triangular form, on which are movable rings.

Cym´bal•ist, n. A performer upon cymbals.

Cym´bi•form (s?m´b?-f?rm),, a. [L. cymba boat (Gr. ) + -form: cf. F. cymbiforme.] Shaped like a boat; (Bot.) elongated and having the upper surface decidedly concave, as the glumes of many grasses.

Cym´bi•um (s?m´b?-?m), n. [L., a small cup, fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine univalve shells; the gondola.

Cyme (s?m), n. [L. cyma the young sprount of a cabbage, fr. Gr. , prop., anything swollen, hence also cyme, wave, fr. to be pregnant.] (Bot.) A flattish or convex flower cluster, of the centrifugal or determinate type, differing from a corymb chiefly in the order of the opening of the blossoms.

Cy´mene (s?´m?n), n. (Chem.) A colorless, liquid, combustible hydrocarbon, CH_3. C_6H_4.C_3H_7, of pleasant odor, obtained from oil of cumin, oil of caraway, carvacrol, camphor, etc.; — called also paracymene, and formerly camphogen.

Cy´me•nol (s?´m?-n?l), n. (Chem.) See Carvacrol.

Cy´mi•dine ( s?´m?-d?n or -d?n; 104), n. (Chem.) A liquid organic base, C_10H_13.NH_2, derived from cymene.

Cy•mif´er•ous (s?-m?f´?r-?s), a. [Cyme + -ferous.] Producing cymes. { Cym´ling , Cymb´ling (s?m´l?ng) }, n. A scalloped or ´pattypan´ variety of summer squash.

Cy´mo•gene (s?´m?-j?n), n. (Chem.) A highly volatile liquid, condensed by cold and pressure from the first products of the distillation of petroleum; — used for producing low temperatures.

Cy´moid (s?´moid), a. [Cyme + -oid.] (Bot.) Having the form of a cyme.

Cym´o•phane (s?m´?-f?n or s?´m?-), n. [Gr. wave + To appear: cf. F. cymophane. So named in allusion to a peculiar opalescence often seen in it.] (Min.) See Chrysoberyl.

Cy•moph´a•nous (s?-m?f´?-n?s or s?-), a. Having a wavy, floating light; opalescent; chatoyant. { Cy´mose (s?´m?s; 277), Cy´mous (s?´m?s), } a. [L. cymosus full of shoots: cf. FF. cymeux. See Cyme.] (Bot.) Having the nature of a cyme, or derived from a cyme; bearing, or pertaining to, a cyme or cymes.

Cym´ric (k?m´r?k), a. [W. Cymru Wales.] Welsh. — n. The Welsh language. [Written also Kymric.]

Cym´ry (-r?), n. [W., pl.] A collective term for the Welsh race; — so called by themselves . [Written also Cymri, Cwmry, Kymry, etc.]

Cy´mule (s?´m?l), n. [Cf. L. cymula a tender sprout, dim. of cyna. See Cyme.] (Bot.) A small cyme, or one of very few flowers.

Cy•nan´che (s?-n?n´k?), n. [L., fr. Gr. a dog’s collar, a bad kind of sore throat. Cf. Quinsy.] (Med.) Any disease of the tonsils, throat, or windpipe, attended with inflammation, swelling, and difficulty of breathing and swallowing.

Cy•nan´thro•py (s?-n?n´thr?-p?), n. [Gr. of a dog-man; , , dog + man: cf. F. cynanthropie.] (Med.) A kind of madness in which men fancy themselves changed into dogs, and imitate the voice and habits of that animal.

Cyn•arc•tom´a•chy (s?n•?rk-t?m´?-k?). n. [Gr. , , dog + bear + fight.] Bear baiting with a dog. Hudibras.

Cyn•ar•rho´di•um (s?n•?r-r?´d?-?m), n. [NL., from Gr. dog-rose; , , dog + rose.] (Bot.) A fruit like that of the rose, consisting of a cup formed of the calyx tube and receptacle, and containing achenes.

Cyn•e•get´ics (sin•e•jet´iks), n. [Gr. kynhgetikh• (sc. te•chnh art), fr. kynhge•ths hunter; ky•wn, kyno•s, dog + to lead.] The art of hunting with dogs. { Cyn´ic (sin´ik), Cyn´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [L. cynicus of the sect of Cynics, fr. Gr. kyniko•s, prop., dog- like, fr. ky•wn, kyno•s, dog. See Hound.] 1. Having the qualities of a surly dog; snarling; captious; currish. “I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
Johnson.” 2. Pertaining to the Dog Star; as the cynic, or Sothic, year; cynic cycle. 3. Belonging to the sect of philosophers called cynics; having the qualities of a cynic; pertaining to, or resembling, the doctrines of the cynics. 4. Given to sneering at rectitude and the conduct of life by moral principles; disbelieving in the reality of any human purposes which are not suggested or directed by self-interest or self-indulgence; as a cynical man who scoffs at pretensions of integrity; characterized by such opinions; as cynical views of human nature. In prose, cynical is used rather than cynic, in the senses 1 and 4. Cynic spasm (Med.), a convulsive contraction of the muscles of one side of the face, producing a sort of grin, suggesting certain movements in the upper lip of a dog.

Cyn´ic, n. (Gr. Philos) 1. One of a sect or school of philosophers founded by Antisthenes, and of whom Diogenes was a disciple. The first Cynics were noted for austere lives and their scorn for social customs and current philosophical opinions. Hence the term Cynic symbolized, in the popular judgment, moroseness, and contempt for the views of others. 2. One who holds views resembling those of the Cynics; a snarler; a misanthrope; particularly, a person who believes that human conduct is directed, either consciously or unconsciously, wholly by self-interest or self-indulgence, and that appearances to the contrary are superficial and untrustworthy. “He could obtain from one morose cynic, whose opinion it was impossible to despise, scarcely any not acidulated with scorn.
Macaulay.”

Cyn´ic•al•ly (sin´i•kal•ly), adv. In a cynical manner.

Cyn´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being cynical.

Cyn´i•cism (sin´i•siz’m), n. The doctrine of the Cynics; the quality of being cynical; the mental state, opinions, or conduct, of a cynic; morose and contemptuous views and opinions.

Cy•noi´de•a (s?-noi´d?-a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a dog + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of Carnivora, including the dogs, wolves, and foxes.

Cyn•o•rex´i•a (s?n•?-r?ks´?-?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , dog + appetite. ] (Med.) A voracious appetite, like that of a starved dog.

Cy•no•su´ral (s?•n?-sh?´ral or s?n•?-), a. Of or pertaining to a cynosure.

Cy´no•sure (s?´n?-sh?r or s?n´?-sh?r; 277), n. [L. Cynosura theconstellation Cynosure, Gr. dog’s tail, the constellation Cynosure; , , dog + tail. SeeCynic.] 1. The constellation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing the polar star, the eyes of mariners and travelers were often directed. 2. That which serves to direct. Southey. 3. Anything to which attention is strongly turned; a center of attraction. “Where perhaps some beauty lies,
The cynosure of neighboring eyes.
Milton.”

Cy´on (s?´?n), n. See Cion, and Scion.

Cyp•er•a´ceous (s?p•?r-?´sh?s or s?•p?r-), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a large family of plants of which the sedge is the type.

Cyp´e•rus (s?p´?-r?s), n. [NL., from Gr. sedge.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants belonging to the Sedge family, and including the species called galingale, several bulrushes, and the Egyptian papyrus.

Cy´pher (s?´f?r), n. & v. See Cipher.

Cyph•o•nau´tes (s?f•?-n?´t?z), n. [NL., fr. Gr. bent + sailor.] (Zoöl.) The free-swimming, bivalve larva of certain Bryozoa.

Cyph´o•nism (s?f•?-n?z’m or s´f-), n. [Gr. , fr. a crooked piece of wood, a sort of pillory, fr. bent, stooping.] A punishment sometimes used by the ancients, consisting in the besmearing of the criminal with honey, and exposing him to insects. It is still in use among some Oriental nations.

Cy•prae´a (s?-pr?´?), n. [NL.; cf. Gr. a name of Venus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mollusks, including the cowries. See Cowrie.

Cy•pres´ (s?•pr?´ or s?•pr?s´), n. [OF., nearly.] (Law) A rule for construing written instruments so as to conform as nearly to the intention of the parties as is consistent with law. Mozley & W.

Cy´press (s?´pr?s), n.; pl. Cypresses (-z). [OE. cipres, cipresse, OF. cipres, F. cyprs, L. cupressus, cyparissus (cf. the usual Lat. form cupressus), fr. Gr. , perh. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. gpher, Gen. vi. 14.] (Bot) A coniferous tree of the genus Cupressus. The species are mostly evergreen, and have wood remarkable for its durability. Among the trees called cypress are the common Oriental cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, the evergreen American cypress, C. thyoides (now called Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea), and the deciduous American cypress, Taxodium distichum. As having anciently been used at funerals, and to adorn tombs, the Oriental species is an emblem of mourning and sadness. Cypress vine (Bot.), a climbing plant with red or white flowers (Ipotœa Quamoclit, formerly Quamoclit vulgaris).

Cyp´ri•an (s?p´r?-a]/>n), a. [L. Cyprius, fr. Cyprus, Gr. , an island in the Mediterranean, renowned for the worship of Venus.] 1. Belonging to Cyprus. 2. Of, pertaining, or conducing to, lewdness.

Cyp´ri•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyprus, especially of ancient Cyprus; a Cypriot. 2. A lewd woman; a harlot.

Cyp´rine (s?p´r?n or s?´pr?n), a. [Cf. Cypress.] Of or pertaining to the cypress.

Cyp´rine, a. [See Cyprinoid.] (Zoöl.) Cyprinoid.

Cy•prin´o•dont (s?-pr?n´?-d?nt), n. [Gr. kind of carp + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cyprinodontidae, a family of fishes including the killifishes or minnows. See Minnow.

Cyp´ri•noid (s?p´r?-noid), a. [Gr. a kind of carp + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like the carp (Cyprinus). — n. One of the Cyprinidae, or Carp family, as the goldfish, barbel, etc.

Cyp´ri•ot (s?p´r?-?t), n. [F. Cypriot, Chypriot.] A native or inhabitant of Cyprus.

Cyp•ri•pe´di•um (s?p•r?-p?´d?-?m), n. [NL., fr. Cypris Venus + pes, pedis, foot.] (Bot.) A genus of orchidaceous plants including the lady’s slipper.

Cy´pris (s?´pr?s), n.; pl. Cyprides (sp´r-dz). [L. Cypris, the Cyprian goddess Venus, Gr. Ky•pris. See Cyprian.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, bivalve, fresh-water Crustacea, belonging to the Ostracoda; also a member of this genus.

Cy´prus (s?´pr?s), n. [OE. cipres, cypirs; perh. so named as being first manufactured in Cyprus. Cf. Cipers.] A thin, transparent stuff, the same as or corresponding to, crape. It was either white or black, the latter being most common, and used for mourning. [Obs.] “Lawn as white as driven snow,
Cyprus black as e’er was crow.
Shak.”

Cy´prus•lawn (-l?n•), n. Same as Cyprus. Milton.

Cyp´se•la (s?p´s?-l?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. any hollow vessel.] (Bot.) A one-seeded, one-celled, indehiscent fruit; an achene with the calyx tube adherent.

Cyp•sel´i•form (s?p-s?l´?-f?rm), a. [L. cypselus a kind of swallow, Gr. + - form.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the swifts (Cypselidae.)

Cyr•e•na´ic (s?r•?-n?´?k or s?•r?-), a. [L. Cyrenaicus, fr. Cyrene, in Libya.] Pertaining to Cyrenaica, an ancient country of northern Africa, and to Cyrene, its principal city; also to a school of philosophy founded by Aristippus, a native of Cyrene. — n. A native of Cyrenaica; also a disciple of the school of Aristippus. See Cyrenian, n.

Cy•re´ni•an (s?-r?´n?-a]/>n), a. Pertaining to Cyrene, in Africa; Cyrenaic.

Cy•re´ni•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyrene. 2. One of a school of philosophers, established at Cyrene by Aristippus, a disciple of Socrates. Their doctrines were nearly the same as those of the Epicureans.

Cyr•i•o•log´ic (s?r•?-?-l?j´?k or s?•r?-), a. [See Curiologic.] Relating to capital letters.

Cyr´to•style (s?r´t?-st?l), n. [Gr. bent + pillar.] (Arch.) A circular projecting portion.

Cyst (sist), n. [Gr. ky•stis bladder, bag, pouch, fr. ky•ein to be pregnant. Cf. Cyme.] 1. (Med.) (a) A pouch or sac without opening, usually membranous and containing morbid matter, which is accidentally developed in one of the natural cavities or in the substance of an organ. (b) In old authors, the urinary bladder, or the gall bladder. [Written also cystis.] 2. (Bot.) One of the bladders or air vessels of certain algae, as of the great kelp of the Pacific, and common rockweeds (Fuci) of our shores. D. C. Eaton. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A small capsule or sac of the kind in which many immature entozoans exist in the tissues of living animals; also a similar form in Rotifera, etc. (b) A form assumed by Protozoa in which they become saclike and quiescent. It generally precedes the production of germs. See Encystment.

Cyst´ed (s?s´t?d), a. Inclosed in a cyst.

Cyst´ic (s?s´t?k), a. [Cf. F. cystique.] 1. Having the form of, or living in, a cyst; as the cystic entozoa. 2. Containing cysts; cystose; as cystic sarcoma. 3. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or contained in, a cyst; esp., pertaining to, or contained in, either the urinary bladder or the gall bladder. Cystic duct, the duct from the gall bladder which unites with the hepatic to form the common bile duct. — Cystic worm (Zoöl.), a larval tape worm, as the cysticercus and echinococcus. { Cys´ti•cerce (s?s´t?-s?rs), Cys•ti•cer´cus (-s?r´k?s), } n. [NL. cysticercus, fr. Gr. bladder + tail: cf. F. cysticerque.] (Zoöl.) The larval form of a tapeworm, having the head and neck of a tapeworm attached to a saclike body filled with fluid; — called also bladder worm, hydatid, and measle (as pork measle). These larvae live in the tissues of various living animals, and, when swallowed by a suitable carnivorous animal, develop into adult tapeworms in the intestine. See Measles, 4, Tapeworm.

Cys´ti•cule (s?s´t?-k?l), n. [Dim. of cyst.] (Anat.) An appendage of the vestibular ear sac of fishes. Owen.

Cys´tid (s?s´t?d), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cystidea.

Cys•tid´e•a (s?s-t?d´?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a bladder, pouch.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crinoidea, mostly fossils of the Paleozoic rocks. They were usually roundish or egg-shaped, and often unsymmetrical; some were sessile, others had short stems.

Cys•tid´e•an (-t?d´?-a]/>n), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cystidea.

Cyst´ine (s?s´t?n; 104), n. [See Cyst.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C_3H_7NSO_2, containing sulphur, occuring as a constituent of certain rare urinary calculi, and occasionally found as a sediment in urine.

Cys´tis (s?s´t?s), n. [NL.] A cyst. See Cyst.

Cys•ti´tis (s?s-t?´t?s), n. [Cyst + -itis: cf. F. cystite.] (Med.) Inflammation of the bladder.

Cys´to•carp (s?s´t?-k?rp), n. [Gr. bladder + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) A minute vesicle in a red seaweed, which contains the reproductive spores.

Cys´to•cele (-s?l), n. [Gr. bladder + tumor: cf. F. cystocele.] (Med.) Hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes; vesical hernia. { Cys´toid , Cys•toid´e•an }, n. Same as Cystidean.

Cys•toi´de•a (s?s-toi´d?-?), n. Same as Cystidea.

Cys´to•lith (s?s´t?-l?th), n. [Gr. bladder + -lith.] 1. (Bot.) A concretion of mineral matter within a leaf or other part of a plant. 2. (Med.) A urinary calculus.

Cys•to•lith´ic (-l?th´?k), a. (Med.) Relating to stone in the bladder.

Cys´to•plast (-pl?st), n. [Gr. bladder + to form.] (Biol.) A nucleated cell having an envelope or cell wall, as a red blood corpuscle or an epithelial cell; a cell concerned in growth.

Cyst´ose (s?s´t?s), a. Containing, or resembling, a cyst or cysts; cystic; bladdery.

Cys´to•tome (s?s´t?-t?m), n. [Gr. bladder + to cut: cf. F. cystotome.] (Surg.) A knife or instrument used in cystotomy.

Cys•tot´o•my (s??s-t?t´?-m?), n. [Gr. bladder + to cut: cf. F. cystotomie.] The act or practice of opening cysts; esp., the operation of cutting into the bladder, as for the extraction of a calculus.

Cyth•er•e´an (s?th•?r—?´an), a. [L. Cythereus, from Cythera, Gr. , now Cerigo, an island in the AEgean Sea, celebrated for the worship of Venus.] Pertaining to the goddess Venus.

Cy´to•blast (s?´t?-bl?st), n. [Gr. hollow vessel + -blast.] (Biol.) The nucleus of a cell; the germinal or active spot of a cellule, through or in which cell development takes place.

Cy•to•blas•te´ma (-bl?s-t?´m?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. hollow vessel + growth.] (Biol.) See Protoplasm.

Cy•to•coc´cus (-k?k´k?s), n.; pl. Cytococci (-s). [NL., fr. Gr. hollow vessel + kernel.] (Biol.) The nucleus of the cytula or parent cell. Haeckel.

Cy´tode (s?´t?d), n. [Gr. hollow vessel, from . See Cyst.] (Biol.) A nonnucleated mass of protoplasm, the supposed simplest form of independent life differing from the amoeba, in which nuclei are present.

Cy•to•gen´e•sis (s?•t?-j?n´?-s?s), n. [Gr. hollow vessel + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Development of cells in animal and vegetable organisms. See Gemmation, Budding, Karyokinesis; also Cell development, under Cell. { Cy•to•gen´ic (s?•t?-j?n´?k), Cy•to•ge•net´ic (-j?-n?t´?k), } a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to cytogenesis or cell development.

Cy•tog´e•nous (s?-t?j´?-n?s), a. (Anat.) Producing cells; — applied esp. to lymphatic, or adenoid, tissue.

Cy•tog´e•ny (-n?), n . (Biol.) Cell production or development; cytogenesis.

Cy´toid (s?´toid), a. [Gr. hollow vessel + -oid.] (Physiol.) Cell-like; — applied to the corpuscles of lymph, blood, chyle, etc.

Cy´to•plasm (s?´t?-pl?z’m), n. [Gr. hollow vessel + a mold.] (Biol.) The substance of the body of a cell, as distinguished from the karyoplasma, or substance of the nucleus. — Cy•to•plas´mic (-plz´mk), a.

Cyt´u•la (s?t´?-l?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a hollow vessel.] (Biol.) The fertilized egg cell or parent cell, from the development of which the child or other organism is formed. Haeckel.

Czar (zär), n. [Russ. tsare, fr. L. Caesar Caesar; cf. OPol. czar, Pol. car. ] A king; a chief; the title of the emperor of Russia. [Written also tzar.]

Cza•rev´na (z?-r?v´n?), n. [Russ. tsarevna.] The title of the wife of the czarowitz.

Cza•ri´na (z?-r?´n?), n. [Cf. G. Zarin, Czarin, fem., Russ. tsaritsa.] The title of the empress of Russia.

Cza•rin´i•an (z?-r?n´?-an), a. Of or pertaining to the czar or the czarina; czarish.

Czar´ish (z?r´?sh), a. Of or pertaining to the czar.

Czar´o•witz (z?r´?-w?ts or t??r´?-v?ch), n.; pl. Czarowitzes (- z). [Russ. tsarevich’.] The title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia.

Czech (ch?k; 204), n. 1. One of the Czechs. 2. The language of the Czechs (often called Bohemian), the harshest and richest of the Slavic languages.

Czech´ic (ch?k´?k), a. Of or pertaining to the Czechs. ´One Czechic realm.´ The Nation.

Czechs (ch?ks), n. pl.; sing. Czech. [Named after their chieftain, Czech.] (Ethnol.) The most westerly branch of the great Slavic family of nations, numbering now more than 6,000,000, and found principally in Bohemia and Moravia.

D (de) 1. The fourth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. The English letter is from Latin, which is from Greek, which took it from Phœnician, the probable ultimate origin being Egyptian. It is related most nearly to t and th; as Eng. deep, G. tief; Eng. daughter, G. tochter, Gr. qyga•thr, Skr. duhitr. See Guide to Pronunciation, rad.178, 179, 229. 2. (Mus.) The nominal of the second tone in the model major scale (that in C), or of the fourth tone in the relative minor scale of C (that in A minor), or of the key tone in the relative minor of F. 3. As a numeral D stands for 500. in this use it is not the initial of any word, or even strictly a letter, but one half of the sign (or ) the original Tuscan numeral for 1000.

Dab (dab), n. [Perh. corrupted fr. adept.] A skillful hand; a dabster; an expert. [Colloq.] “One excels at a plan or the titlepage, another works away at the body of the book, and the third is a dab at an index.” Goldsmith.

Dab, n. [Perh. so named from its quickness in diving beneath the sand. Cf. Dabchick.] (Zoöl.) A name given to several species of flounders, esp. to the European species, Pleuronectes limanda. The American rough dab is Hippoglossoides platessoides.

Dab (dab), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dabbed (dabd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dabbing.] [OE. dabben to strice; akin to OD. dabben to pinch, knead, fumble, dabble, and perh. to G. tappen to grope.] 1. To strike or touch gently, as with a soft or moist substance; to tap; hence, to besmear with a dabber. “A sore should … be wiped … only by dabbing it over with fine lint.” S. Sharp. 2. To strike by a thrust; to hit with a sudden blow or thrust. ´To dab him in the neck.´ Sir T. More.

Dab , n. 1. A gentle blow with the hand or some soft substance; a sudden blow or hit; a peck. “A scratch of her claw, a dab of her beak.” Hawthorne. 2. A small mass of anything soft or moist.

Dabb (dab), n. (Zoöl.) A large, spine-tailed lizard (Uromastix spinipes), found in Egypt, Arabia, and Palestine; — called also dhobb, and dhubb.

Dab´ber (dab´ber), n. That with which one dabs; hence, a pad or other device used by printers, engravers, etc., as for dabbing type or engraved plates with ink.

Dab´ble (dab´b’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dabbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Dabbling (-b’ling).] [Freq. of dab: cf. OD. dabbelen.] To wet by little dips or strokes; to spatter; to sprinkle; to moisten; to wet. ´Bright hair dabbled in blood.´ Shak.

Dab´ble, v. i. 1. To play in water, as with the hands; to paddle or splash in mud or water. “Where the duck dabbles ’mid the rustling sedge.” Wordsworth. 2. To work in slight or superficial manner; to do in a small way; to tamper; to meddle. ´Dabbling here and there with the text.´ Atterbury. “During the first year at Dumfries, Burns for the first time began to dabble in politics.” J. C. Shairp.

Dab´bler (dab´bler), n. 1. One who dabbles. 2. One who dips slightly into anything; a superficial meddler. ´our dabblers in politics.´ Swift.

Dab´bling•ly , adv. In a dabbling manner.

Dab´chick (dab´chik•), n. [For dabchick. See Dap, Dip, cf. Dipchick.] (Zoöl.) A small water bird (Podilymbus podiceps), allied to the grebes, remarkable for its quickness in diving; — called also dapchick, dobchick, dipchick, didapper, dobber, devil-diver, hell-diver, and pied- billed grebe.

Da•boi´a , n. (Zoöl.) A large and highly venomous Asiatic viper (Daboia xanthica).

Dab´ster, n. [Cf. Dab an expert.] One who is skilled; a master of his business; a proficient; an adept. [Colloq.] Sometimes improperly used for dabbler; as ´I am but a dabster with gentle art.´

Da•ca´po [It., from [the] head or beginning.] (Mus.) From the beginning; a direction to return to, and end with, the first strain; — indicated by the letters D. C. also the strain so repeated.

Dace , n. [Written also dare, dart, fr. F. dard dase, dart, of German origin. Dace is for an older darce, fr. an OF. nom. darz. See Dart a javelin.] (Zoöl.) A small European cyprinoid fish (Squalius leuciscus or Leuciscus vulgaris); — called also dare. In America the name is given to several related fishes of the genera Squalius, Minnilus, etc. The black-nosed dace is Rhinichthys atronasus the horned dace is Semotilus corporalis. For red dace, see Redfin.

Dachs´hund , n. [G., from dachs badger + hund dog.] (Zoöl.) One of a breed of small dogs with short crooked legs, and long body; — called also badger dog. There are two kinds, the rough-haired and the smooth-haired.

Da´cian , a. Of or pertaining to Dacia or the Dacians. — n. A native of ancient Dacia.

Da•coit´ (da•koit´), n. [Hind. dakait, dakayat.] One of a class of robbers, in India, who act in gangs.

Da•coit´y , n. The practice of gang robbery in India; robbery committed by dacoits.

Da•co´tahs , n. pl.; sing. Dacotan . (Ethnol.) Same as Dacotas. Longfellow.

Dac´tyl , n. [L. dactylus, Gr. da•ktylos a finger, a dactyl. Cf. Digit.] 1. (Pros.) A poetical foot of three sylables (— &ssmile; &ssmile;), one long followed by two short, or one accented followed by two unaccented; as L. tëgmine, E. mer\b6ciful; — so called from the similarity of its arrangement to that of the joints of a finger. [Written also dactyle.] 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A finger or toe; a digit. (b) The claw or terminal joint of a leg of an insect or crustacean.

Dac´tyl•ar , a. 1. Pertaining to dactyl; dactylic. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a finger or toe, or to the claw of an insect crustacean.

Dac´tyl•et , n. [Dactyl + et.] A dactyl. [Obs.]

Dac•tyl´ic , a. [L. dactylicus, Gr. , fr. .] Pertaining to, consisting chiefly or wholly of, dactyls; as dactylic verses.

Dac•tyl´ic, n. 1. A line consisting chiefly or wholly of dactyls; as these lines are dactylics. 2. pl. Dactylic meters.

Dac•tyl´i•o•glyph (dak•til´i•o•glif), n. [Gr. daktyliogly•fos an engraver of gems; dakty•lios finger ring (fr. da•ktylos finger) + gly•fein to engrave.] (Fine Arts) (a) An engraver of gems for rings and other ornaments. (b) The inscription of the engraver’s name on a finger ring or gem.

Dac•tyl•i•og´ly•phy , n. The art or process of gem engraving.

Dac•tyl•i•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. dakty•lios finger ring + -graphy.] (Fine Arts) (a) The art of writing or engraving upon gems. (b) In general, the literature or history of the art.

Dac•tyl•i•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. dakty•lios finger ring + -logy.] (Fine Arts) (a) That branch of archaeology which has to do with gem engraving. (b) That branch of archaeology which has to do with finger rings.

Dac•tyl´i•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. dakty•lios + -mancy.] Divination by means of finger rings.

Dac´tyl•ist , n. A writer of dactylic verse.

Dac•tyl•i´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. da•ktylos finger + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the fingers. Gross.

Dac•tyl•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. da•ktylos finger + -logy.] The art of communicating ideas by certain movements and positions of the fingers; — a method of conversing practiced by the deaf and dumb. There are two different manual alphabets, the one- hand alphabet (which was perfected by Abbe de l’Epee, who died in 1789), and the two-hand alphabet. The latter was probably based on the manual alphabet published by George Dalgarus of Aberdeen, in 1680. See Illustration in Appendix.

Dac•tyl´o•man•cy , n. Dactyliomancy. [R.] Am. Cyc.

Dac•tyl•on´o•my , n. [Gr. da•ktylos finger + no•mos law, distribution.] The art of numbering or counting by the fingers.

Dac•tyl•op´ter•ous , a. [Gr. da•ktylos finger + wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) Having the inferior rays of the pectoral fins partially or entirely free, as in the gurnards.

Dac•ty•lo•the´ca (dak•ti•lo•the´ka), n. [NL., fr. Gr. da•ktylos finger, toe + qh•kh case, box.] (Zoöl.) The scaly covering of the toes, as in birds.

Dac•tyl•o•zo´oid (dak•ti•lo•zo´oid), n. [Gr. da•ktylos finger + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) A kind of zooid of Siphonophora which has an elongated or even vermiform body, with one tentacle, but no mouth. See Siphonophora.

Dad (dad), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. daid, Gael. daidein, W. tad, OL. tata, Gr. ta•ta, te•tta, Skr. tata.] Father; — a word sometimes used by children. “I was never so bethumped with words,
Since I first called my brother’s father dad.” Shak.

Dad´dle (dad´d’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Daddled , p. pr. & vb. n. Daddling.] [Prob. freq. of dade.] To toddle; to walk unsteadily, like a child or an old man; hence, to do anything slowly or feebly.

Dad´dock , n. [Cf. Prov. E. dad a large piece.] The rotten body of a tree. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Dad´dy , n. Diminutive of Dad. Dryden.

Dad´dy long´legs 1. (Zoöl.) An arachnidan of the genus Phalangium, and allied genera, having a small body and four pairs of long legs; — called also harvestman, carter, and grandfather longlegs. 2. (Zoöl.) A name applied to many species of dipterous insects of the genus Tipula, and allied genera, with slender bodies, and very long, slender legs; the crane fly; — called also father longlegs.

Dade , v. t. [Of. uncertain origin. Cf. Dandle, Daddle.] To hold up by leading strings or by the hand, as a child while he toddles. [Obs.] “Little children when they learn to go
By painful mothers daded to and fro.” Drayton.

Dade, v. i. To walk unsteadily, as a child in leading strings, or just learning to walk; to move slowly. [Obs.] “No sooner taught to dade, but from their mother trip.” Drayton.

Da´do , n.; pl. Dadoes (#). [It. dado die, cube, pedestal; of the same origin as E. die, n. See Die, n.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a pedestal included between the base and the cornice (or surbase); the die. See Illust. of Column. Hence: (b) In any wall, that part of the basement included between the base and the base course. See Base course, under Base. (c) In interior decoration, the lower part of the wall of an apartment when adorned with moldings, or otherwise specially decorated. { Dae´dal , Dae•dal´ian }, a. [L. daedalus cunningly wrought, fr. Gr. ; cf. to work cunningly. The word also alludes to the mythical Daedalus (Gr. , lit., the cunning worker).] 1. Cunningly or ingeniously formed or working; skillful; artistic; ingenious. “Our bodies decked in our daedalian arms.” Chapman. “The daedal hand of Nature.” J. Philips. “The doth the daedal earth throw forth to thee,
Out of her fruitful, abundant flowers.” Spenser. 2. Crafty; deceitful. [R.] Keats.

Daed´a•lous , a. (Bot.) Having a variously cut or incised margin; — said of leaves.

Dae´mon , n., Dae•mon´ic , a. See Demon, Demonic.

Daff , v. t. [Cf. Doff.] To cast aside; to put off; to doff. [Obs.] “Canst thou so daff me? Thou hast killed my child.” Shak.

Daff, n. [See Daft.] A stupid, blockish fellow; a numskull. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Daff (daf), v. i. To act foolishly; to be foolish or sportive; to toy. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Daff, v. t. To daunt. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Daf´fo•dil (daf´fo•dil), n. [OE. affodylle, prop., the asphodel, fr. LL. affodillus (cf. D. affodille or OF. asphodile, aphodille, F. asphodèle), L. asphodelus, fr. Gr. ’asfo•delos. The initial d in English is not satisfactorily explained. See Asphodel.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Asphodelus. (b) A plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Pseudo-narcissus). It has a bulbous root and beautiful flowers, usually of a yellow hue. Called also daffodilly, daffadilly, daffadowndilly, daffydowndilly, etc. “With damask roses and daffadillies set.” Spenser. “Strow me the ground with daffadowndillies,
And cowslips, and kingcups, and loved lilies.” Spenser. “A college gown
That clad her like an April daffodilly.” Tennyson “And chance-sown daffodil.” Whittier.

Daft (daft), a. [OE. daft, deft, deft, stupid; prob. the same word as E. deft. See Deft.] 1. Stupid; foolish; idiotic; also delirious; insane; as he has gone daft. “Let us think no more of this daft business” Sir W. Scott. 2. Gay; playful; frolicsome. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Daft´ness, n. The quality of being daft.

Dag (dag), n. [Cf. F. dague, LL. daga, D. dagge (fr. French); all prob. fr. Celtic; Cf. Gael. dag a pistol, Armor. dag dagger, W. dager, dagr, Ir. daigear. Cf. Dagger.] 1. A dagger; a poniard. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. A large pistol formerly used. [Obs.] “The Spaniards discharged their dags, and hurt some.” Foxe. “A sort of pistol, called dag, was used about the same time as hand guns and harquebuts.” Grose. 3. (Zoöl.) The unbranched antler of a young deer.

Dag, n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. dagg, Icel. dögg. rad.71. See Dew.] A misty shower; dew. [Obs.]

Dag, n. [OE. dagge (cf. Dagger); or cf. AS. dag what is dangling.] A loose end; a dangling shred. “Daglocks, clotted locks hanging in dags or jags at a sheep’s tail.” Wedgwood.

Dag, v. t. [1, from Dag dew. 2, from Dag a loose end.] 1. To daggle or bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson. 2. To cut into jags or points; to slash; as to dag a garment. [Obs.] Wright.

Dag, v. i. To be misty; to drizzle. [Prov. Eng.]

Dag´ger (-ger), n. [Cf. OE. daggen to pierce, F. daguer. See Dag a dagger.] 1. A short weapon used for stabbing. This is the general term: cf. Poniard, Stiletto, Bowie knife, Dirk, Misericorde, Anlace. 2. (Print.) A mark of reference in the form of a dagger [†]. It is the second in order when more than one reference occurs on a page; — called also obelisk. Dagger moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Apatalea. The larvae are often destructive to the foliage of fruit trees, etc. — Dagger of lath, the wooden weapon given to the Vice in the old Moralities. Shak. — Double dagger, a mark of reference [‡] which comes next in order after the dagger. — To look, or speak, daggers, to look or speak fiercely or reproachfully.

Dag´ger, v. t. To pierce with a dagger; to stab. [Obs.]

Dag´ger, n. [Perh. from diagonal.] A timber placed diagonally in a ship’s frame. Knight.

Dagges (dagz), n. pl. [OE. See Dag a loose end.] An ornamental cutting of the edges of garments, introduced about a. d. 1346, according to the Chronicles of St Albans. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Dag´gle (dag´g’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daggled (-g’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Daggling (-gling).] [Freq. of dag, v. t., 1.] To trail, so as to wet or befoul; to make wet and limp; to moisten. “The warrior’s very plume, I say,
Was daggled by the dashing spray.” Sir W. Scott.

Dag´gle, v. i. To run, go, or trail one’s self through water, mud, or slush; to draggle. “Nor, like a puppy [have I] daggled through the town.” Pope. { Dag´gle-tail• (dag´g’l-tal•), Dag´gle- tailed• (-tald•), } a. Having the lower ends of garments defiled by trailing in mire or filth; draggle- tailed.

Dag´gle-tail (-tal•), n. A slovenly woman; a slattern; a draggle-tail.

Dag´lock (-lok•), n. [Dag a loose end + lock.] A dirty or clotted lock of wool on a sheep; a taglock.

Da´go (da´go), n.; pl. Dagos (-goz). [Cf. Sp. Diego, E. James.] A nickname given to a person of Spanish (or, by extension, Portuguese or Italian) descent. [U. S.]

Da•go´ba (da•go´ba), n. [Singhalese dagoba.] A dome- shaped structure built over relics of Buddha or some Buddhist saint. [East Indies]

Da´gon (da´gon), [Heb. Dagon, fr. dag a fish: cf. Gr. Dagw•n.] The national god of the Philistines, represented with the face and hands and upper part of a man, and the tail of a fish. W. Smith. “This day a solemn feast the people hold
To Dagon, their sea idol.” Milton. “They brought it into the house of Dagon.” 1 Sam. v. 2.

Dag´on (dag´on), n. [See Dag a loose end.] A slip or piece. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dag´swain , n. [From Dag a loose end?] A coarse woolen fabric made of daglocks, or the refuse of wool. ´Under coverlets made of dagswain.´ Holinshed.

Dag´-tailed , a. [Dag a loose end + tail.] Daggle-tailed; having the tail clogged with daglocks. ´Dag-tailed sheep.´ Bp. Hall. { Da•guer´re•an (da•ger´i•an), Da•guerre´i•an } a. Pertaining to Daguerre, or to his invention of the daguerreotype.

Da•guerre´o•type (da•ger´o•tip), n. [From Daguerre the inventor + - type.] 1. An early variety of photograph, produced on a silver plate, or copper plate covered with silver, and rendered sensitive by the action of iodine, or iodine and bromine, on which, after exposure in the camera, the latent image is developed by the vapor of mercury. 2. The process of taking such pictures.

Da•guerre´o•type (da•ger´o•tip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daguerreotyped (-tipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Daguerreotyping (-ti•ping).] 1. To produce or represent by the daguerreotype process, as a picture. 2. To impress with great distinctness; to imprint; to imitate exactly. { Da•guerre´o•ty•per , Da•guerre´o•ty•pist } n. One who takes daguerreotypes.

Da•guerre´o•ty•py , n. The art or process of producing pictures by method of Daguerre.

Da•ha•be´ah (dä•ha•be´a), n. [Ar.] A Nile boat constructed on the model of a floating house, having large lateen sails.

Dah´lia (däl´ya or dal´ya; 277, 106), n.; pl. Dahlias (#). [Named after Andrew Dahl a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of plants native to Mexico and Central America, of the order Compositae; also any plant or flower of the genus. The numerous varieties of cultivated dahlias bear conspicuous flowers which differ in color.

Dah´lin (dä´lin), n. [From Dahlia.] (Chem.) A variety of starch extracted from the dahlia; — called also inulin. See Inulin.

Dai´li•ness , n. Daily occurence. [R.]

Dai´ly (da´ly), a. [AS. daeglic; daeg day + -lic like. See Day.] Happening, or belonging to, each successive day; diurnal; as daily labor; a daily bulletin. “Give us this day our daily bread.” Matt. vi. 11. “Bunyan has told us … that in New England his dream was the daily subject of the conversation of thousands.” Macaulay. Syn. — Daily, Diurnal. Daily is Anglo-Saxon, and diurnal is Latin. The former is used in reference to the ordinary concerns of life; as daily wants, daily cares, daily employments. The latter is appropriated chiefly by astronomers to what belongs to the astronomical day; as the diurnal revolution of the earth. “Man hath his daily work of body or mind
Appointed, which declares his dignity,
And the regard of Heaven on all his ways.” Milton. “Half yet remains unsung, but narrower bound
Within the visible diurnal sphere.” Milton.

Dai´ly, n.; pl. Dailies . A publication which appears regularly every day; as the morning dailies.

Dai´ly, adv. Every day; day by day; as a thing happens daily.

Dai´mi•o , n.; pl. Daimios (#). [Jap., fr. Chin. tai ming great name.] The title of the feudal nobles of Japan. “The daimios, or territorial nobles, resided in Yedo and were divided into four classes.” Am. Cyc.

Daint , n. [See Dainty, n.] Something of exquisite taste; a dainty. [Obs.] — a. Dainty. [Obs.] “To cherish him with diets daint.” Spenser.

Dain´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daintified p. pr. & vb. n. Daintifying.] [Dainty + -fy.] To render dainty, delicate, or fastidious. ´Daintified emotion.´ Sat. rev.

Dain´ti•ly, adv. In a dainty manner; nicely; scrupulously; fastidiously; deliciously; prettily.

Dain´ti•ness, n. The quality of being dainty; nicety; niceness; elegance; delicacy; deliciousness; fastidiousness; squeamishness. “The daintiness and niceness of our captains” Hakluyt. “More notorious for the daintiness of the provision … than for the massiveness of the dish.” Hakewill. “The duke exeeded in the daintiness of his leg and foot, and the earl in the fine shape of his hands,” Sir H. Wotton.

Dain´trel , n. [From daint or dainty; cf. OF. daintier.] Adelicacy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Dain´ty , n.; pl. Dainties (#). [OE. deinie, dainte, deintie, deyntee, OF. deintie delicacy, orig., dignity, honor, fr. L. dignitas, fr. dignus worthy. See Deign, and cf. Dignity.] 1. Value; estimation; the gratification or pleasure taken in anything. [Obs.] “I ne told no deyntee of her love.” Chaucer. 2. That which is delicious or delicate; a delicacy. “That precious nectar may the taste renew
Of Eden’s dainties, by our parents lost.” Beau. & Fl. 3. A term of fondness. [Poetic] B. Jonson. Syn. — Dainty, Delicacy. These words are here compared as denoting articles of food. The term delicacy as applied to a nice article of any kind, and hence to articles of food which are particularly attractive. Dainty is stronger, and denotes some exquisite article of cookery. A hotel may be provided with all the delicacies of the season, and its table richly covered with dainties. “These delicacies
I mean of taste, sight, smell, herbs, fruits, and flowers,
Walks and the melody of birds.” Milton. “[A table] furnished plenteously with bread,
And dainties, remnants of the last regale.” Cowper.

Dain´ty, a. [Compar. Daintier superl. Daintiest.] 1. Rare; valuable; costly. [Obs.] “Full many a deynte horse had he in stable.” Chaucer. Hence the proverb ´dainty maketh dearth,´ i. e., rarity makes a thing dear or precious. 2. Delicious to the palate; toothsome. “Dainty bits
Make rich the ribs.” Shak. 3. Nice; delicate; elegant, in form, manner, or breeding; well-formed; neat; tender. “Those dainty limbs which nature lent
For gentle usage and soft delicacy.” Milton. “I would be the girdle.
About her dainty, dainty waist.” Tennyson. 4. Requiring dainties. Hence: Overnice; hard to please; fastidious; squeamish; scrupulous; ceremonious. “Thew were a fine and dainty people.” Bacon. “And let us not be dainty of leave-taking,
But shift away.” Shak. To make dainty, to assume or affect delicacy or fastidiousness. [Obs.] “Ah ha, my mistresses! which of you all
Will now deny to dance? She that makes dainty,
She, I’ll swear, hath corns.” Shak.

Dai´ry (da´ry), n.; pl. Dairies (-riz). [OE. deierie, from deie, daie, maid; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. deigja maid, dairymaid, Sw. deja, orig., a baking maid, fr. Icel. deig. rad.66. See Dough.] 1. The place, room, or house where milk is kept, and converted into butter or cheese. “What stores my dairies and my folds contain.” Dryden. 2. That department of farming which is concerned in the production of milk, and its conversion into butter and cheese. “Grounds were turned much in England either to feeding or dairy; and this advanced the trade of English butter.” Temple. 3. A dairy farm. [R.] Dairy is much used adjectively or in combination; as dairy farm, dairy countries, dairy house or dairyhouse, dairyroom, dairywork, etc.

Dai´ry•ing, n. The business of conducting a dairy.

Dai´ry•maid , n. A female servant whose business is the care of the dairy.

Dai´ry•man , n.; pl. Dairymen . A man who keeps or takes care of a dairy.

Dai´ry•wom•an , n.; pl. Dairywomen . A woman who attends to a dairy.

Da´is (da´is), n. [OE. deis, des, table, dais, OF. deis table, F. dais a canopy, L. discus a quoit, a dish (from the shape), LL., table, fr. Gr. a quoit, a dish. See Dish.] 1. The high or principal table, at the end of a hall, at which the chief guests were seated; also the chief seat at the high table. [Obs.] 2. A platform slightly raised above the floor of a hall or large room, giving distinction to the table and seats placed upon it for the chief guests. 3. A canopy over the seat of a person of dignity. [Obs.] Shiply.

Dai´sied , a. Full of daisies; adorned with daisies. ´The daisied green.´ Langhorne. “The grass all deep and daisied.” G. Eliot.

Dai´sy (-zy), n.; pl. Daisies (-ziz). [OE. dayesye, AS. daeges-eáge day’s eye, daisy. See Day, and Eye.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of low herbs (Bellis), belonging to the family Compositae. The common English and classical daisy is B. perennis, which has a yellow disk and white or pinkish rays. (b) The whiteweed (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), the plant commonly called daisy in North America; — called also oxeye daisy. See Whiteweed. The word daisy is also used for composite plants of other genera, as Erigeron, or fleabane. Michaelmas daisy (Bot.), any plant of the genus Aster, of which there are many species. — Oxeye daisy (Bot.), the whiteweed. See Daisy (b).

Dak (dak or däk), n. [Hind. dak.] Post; mail; also the mail or postal arrangements; — spelt also dawk, and dauk. [India] Dak boat, a mail boat. Percy Smith. — Dak bungalow, a traveler’s rest- house at the end of a dak stage. — To travel by dak, to travel by relays of palanquins or other carriage, as fast as the post along a road. { Da´ker , Da´kir } n. [See Dicker.] (O. Eng. & Scots Law) A measure of certain commodities by number, usually ten or twelve, but sometimes twenty; as a daker of hides consisted of ten skins; a daker of gloves of ten pairs. Burrill.

Da´ker hen [Perh. fr. W. crecial the daker hen; crec a sharp noise (creg harsh, hoarse, crechian to scream) + iar hen; or cf. D. duiken to dive, plunge.] (Zoöl.) The corncrake or land rail.

Da•koit´, n., Da•koit´y, n. See Dacoit, Dacoity.

Da•ko´ta group (Geol.) A subdivision at the base of the cretaceous formation in Western North America; — so named from the region where the strata were first studied.

Da•ko´tas , n. pl.; sing. Dacota . (Ethnol.) An extensive race or stock of Indians, including many tribes, mostly dwelling west of the Mississippi River; — also in part, called Sioux. [Written also Dacotahs.]

Dal , n. [Hind.] Split pulse, esp. of Cajanus Indicus. [East Indies]

Dale , n. [AS. dael; akin to LG., D., Sw., Dan., OS., & Goth. dal, Icel. dalr, OHG. tal, G. thal, and perh. to Gr. qo•los a rotunda, Skr. dhara depth. Cf. Dell.] 1. A low place between hills; a vale or valley. “Where mountaines rise, umbrageous dales descend.” Thomson. 2. A trough or spout to carry off water, as from a pump. Knight.

Dales´man , n.; pl. Dalesmen . One living in a dale; — a term applied particularly to the inhabitants of the valleys in the north of England, Norway, etc. Macaulay.

Dalf , imp. of Delve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dal´li•ance , n. [From Dally.] 1. The act of dallying, trifling, or fondling; interchange of caresses; wanton play. “Look thou be true, do not give dalliance
Too much the rein.” Shak. “O, the dalliance and the wit,
The flattery and the strife!” Tennyson. 2. Delay or procrastination. Shak. 3. Entertaining discourse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dal´li•er , n. One who fondles; a trifler; as dalliers with pleasant words. Asham.

Dal´lop (dal´lop), n. [Etymol. unknown.] A tuft or clump. [Obs.] Tusser.

Dal´ly (-ly), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dallied (-lid); p. pr. & vb. n. Dallying.] [OE. dalien, dailien; cf. Icel. pylja to talk, G. dallen, dalen, dahlen, to trifle, talk nonsense, OSw. tule a droll or funny man; or AS. dol foolish, E. dull.] 1. To waste time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures, or in idleness; to fool away time; to delay unnecessarily; to tarry; to trifle. “We have trifled too long already; it is madness to dally any longer.” Calamy. “We have put off God, and dallied with his grace.” Barrow. 2. To interchange caresses, especially with one of the opposite sex; to use fondling; to wanton; to sport. “Not dallying with a brace of courtesans.” Shak. “Our aerie … dallies with the wind.” Shak.

Dal´ly, v. t. To delay unnecessarily; to while away. “Dallying off the time with often skirmishes.” Knolles.

Dal•ma´ni•a , n. [From Dalman, the geologist.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites, of many species, common in the Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks.

Dal•ma•ni´tes , n. Same as Dalmania.

Dal•ma´tian , a. Of or pertaining to Dalmatia. Dalmatian dog (Zoöl.), a carriage dog, shaped like a pointer, and having black or bluish spots on a white ground; the coach dog.

Dal•mat´i•ca n. Dal•mat´ic n. [LL. dalmatica: cf. F. dalmatique.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A vestment with wide sleeves and with two stripes worn at Mass by deacons and by bishops at pontifical Mass — imitated from a dress originally worn in Dalmatia. 2. A robe worn on state ocasions as by English kings at their coronation.

Dal• se´gno [It., from the sign.] (Mus.) A direction to go back to the sign and repeat from thence to the close. See Segno.

Dal•to´ni•an , n. One afflicted with color blindness.

Dal´ton•ism , n. Inability to perceive or distinguish certain colors, esp. red; color blindness. It has various forms and degrees. So called from the chemist Dalton, who had this infirmity. Nichol.

Dam (dam), n. [OE. dame mistress, lady; also mother, dam. See Dame.] 1. A female parent; — used of beasts, especially of quadrupeds; sometimes applied in contempt to a human mother. “Our sire and dam, now confined to horses, are a relic of this age (13th century) … .Dame is used of a hen; we now make a great difference between dame and dam.” T. L. K. Oliphant. “The dam runs lowing up and down,
Looking the way her harmless young one went.” Shak. 2. A king or crowned piece in the game of draughts.

Dam, n. [Akin to OLG., D., & Dan. dam, G. & Sw. damm, Icel. dammr, and AS. fordemman to stop up, Goth. Faúrdammjan.] 1. A barrier to prevent the flow of a liquid; esp., a bank of earth, or wall of any kind, as of masonry or wood, built across a water course, to confine and keep back flowing water. 2. (Metal.) A firebrick wall, or a stone, which forms the front of the hearth of a blast furnace. Dam plate (Blast Furnace), an iron plate in front of the dam, to strengthen it.

Dam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dammed (damd); p. pr. & vb. n. Damming.] 1. To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by a dam; to confine by constructing a dam, as a stream of water; — generally used with in or up. “I’ll have the current in this place dammed up.” Shak. “A weight of earth that dams in the water.” Mortimer. 2. To shut up; to stop up; to close; to restrain. “The strait pass was dammed
With dead men hurt behind, and cowards.” Shak. To dam out, to keep out by means of a dam.

Dam´age (dam´aj; 48), n. [OF. damage, domage, F. dommage, fr. assumed LL. damnaticum, from L. damnum damage. See Damn.] 1. Injury or harm to person, property, or reputation; an inflicted loss of value; detriment; hurt; mischief. “He that sendeth a message by the hand of a fool cutteth off the feet and drinketh damage.” Prov. xxvi. 6. “Great errors and absurdities many commit for want of a friend to tell them of them, to the great damage both of their fame and fortune.” Bacon. 2. pl. (Law) The estimated reparation in money for detriment or injury sustained; a compensation, recompense, or satisfaction to one party, for a wrong or injury actually done to him by another. In common-law actions, the jury are the proper judges of damages. Consequential damage. See under Consequential. — Exemplary damages (Law), damages imposed by way of example to others. - - Nominal damages (Law), those given for a violation of a right where no actual loss has accrued. — Vindictive damages, those given specially for the punishment of the wrongdoer. Syn. — Mischief; injury; harm; hurt; detriment; evil; ill. See Mischief.

Dam´age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damaged p. pr. & vb. n. Damaging ] [Cf. OF. damagier, domagier. See Damage, n.] To occasion damage to the soundness, goodness, or value of; to hurt; to injure; to impair. “He … came up to the English admiral and gave him a broadside, with which he killed many of his men and damaged the ship.” Clarendon.

Dam´age (dam´aj), v. i. To receive damage or harm; to be injured or impaired in soundness or value; as some colors in cloth damage in sunlight.

Dam´age•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. damageable, F. dommageable for sense 2.] 1. Capable of being injured or impaired; liable to, or susceptible of, damage; as a damageable cargo. 2. Hurtful; pernicious. [R.] “That it be not damageable unto your royal majesty.” Hakluyt.

Dam´age fea•sant [OF. damage + F. faisant doing, p. pr. See Feasible.] (Law) Doing injury; trespassing, as cattle. Blackstone.

Da´man (dä´man), n. (Zoöl.) A small herbivorous mammal of the genus Hyrax. The species found in Palestine and Syria is Hyrax Syriacus; that of Northern Africa is H. Brucei; — called also ashkoko, dassy, and rock rabbit. See Cony, and Hyrax.

Dam´ar , n. See Dammar.

Dam´as•cene (dam´as•sen), a. [L. Damascenus of Damascus, fr. Damascus the city, Gr. Damasko•s. See Damask, and cf. Damaskeen, Damaskin, Damson.] Of or relating to Damascus.

Dam´as•cene (dam´as•sen), n. A kind of plum, now called damson. See Damson.

Dam•as•cene´ (dam•as•sen´), v. t. Same as Damask, or Damaskeen, v. t. ´Damascened armor.´ Beaconsfield. ´Cast and damascened steel.´ Ure.

Da•mas´cus , n. [L.] A city of Syria. Damascus blade, a sword or scimiter, made chiefly at Damascus, having a variegated appearance of watering, and proverbial for excellence. — Damascus iron, or Damascus twist, metal formed of thin bars or wires of iron and steel elaborately twisted and welded together; used for making gun barrels, etc., of high quality, in which the surface, when polished and acted upon by acid, has a damask appearance. — Damascus steel. See Damask steel, under Damask, a.

Dam´ask (dam´ask), n. [From the city Damascus, L. Damascus, Gr. Damasko•s, Heb. Dammesq, Ar. Daemeshq; cf. Heb. d’meseq damask; cf. It. damasco, Sp. damasco, F. damas. Cf. Damascene, Damasse.] 1. Damask silk; silk woven with an elaborate pattern of flowers and the like. ´A bed of ancient damask.´ W. Irving. 2. Linen so woven that a pattern in produced by the different directions of the thread, without contrast of color. 3. A heavy woolen or worsted stuff with a pattern woven in the same way as the linen damask; — made for furniture covering and hangings. 4. Damask or Damascus steel; also the peculiar markings or ´water´ of such steel. 5. A deep pink or rose color. Fairfax.

Dam´ask, a. 1. Pertaining to, or originating at, the city of Damascus; resembling the products or manufactures of Damascus. 2. Having the color of the damask rose. “But let concealment, like a worm i’ the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek.” Shak. Damask color, a deep rose-color like that of the damask rose. — Damask plum, a small dark-colored plum, generally called damson. — Damask rose (Bot.), a large, pink, hardy, and very fragrant variety of rose (Rosa damascena) from Damascus. ´Damask roses have not been known in England above one hundred years.´ Bacon. — Damask steel, or Damascus steel, steel of the kind originally made at Damascus, famous for its hardness, and its beautiful texture, ornamented with waving lines; especially, that which is inlaid with damaskeening; — formerly much valued for sword blades, from its great flexibility and tenacity.

Dam´ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damasked p. pr. & vb. n. Damasking.] To decorate in a way peculiar to Damascus or attributed to Damascus; particularly: (a) with flowers and rich designs, as silk; (b) with inlaid lines of gold, etc., or with a peculiar marking or ´water,´ as metal. See Damaskeen. “Mingled metal damasked o’er with gold.” Dryde. “On the soft, downy bank, damasked with flowers.” Milton. { Dam´as•keen• , Dam´as•ken } v. t. [F. damaschinare. See Damascene, v.] To decorate, as iron, steel, etc., with a peculiar marking or ´water´ produced in the process of manufacture, or with designs produced by inlaying or incrusting with another metal, as silver or gold, or by etching, etc., to damask. “Damaskeening is is partly mosaic work, partly engraving, and partly carving.” Ure.

Dam´as•kin , n. [Cf. F. damasquin, adj., It. damaschino, Sp. damasquino. See Damaskeen.] A sword of Damask steel. “No old Toledo blades or damaskins.” Howell (1641).

Da•mas•se´ , a. [F. damasse, fr. damas. See Damask.] Woven like damask. — n. A damasse fabric, esp. one of linen.

Dam´as•sin (dam´as•sin), n. [F., fr. damas. See Damask.] A kind of modified damask or brocade.

Dam´bo•nite (-bo•nit), n. [Cf. F. dambonite.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, sugary substance obtained from an African caoutchouc.

Dam´bose (dam´bos), n. (Chem.) A crystalline variety of fruit sugar obtained from dambonite.

Dame (dam), n. [F. dame, LL. domna, fr. L. domina mistress, lady, fem. of dominus master, ruler, lord; akin to domare to tame, subdue. See Tame, and cf. Dam a mother, Dan, Danger, Dungeon, Dominie, Don, n., Duenna.] 1. A mistress of a family, who is a lady; a woman in authority; especially, a lady. “Then shall these lords do vex me half so much,
As that proud dame, the lord protector’s wife.” Shak. 2. The mistress of a family in common life, or the mistress of a common school; as a dame’s school. “In the dame’s classes at the village school.” Emerson. 3. A woman in general, esp. an elderly woman. 4. A mother; — applied to human beings and quadrupeds. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dame´wort , n. (Bot.) A cruciferrous plant (Hesperis matronalis), remarkable for its fragrance, especially toward the close of the day; — called also rocket and dame’s violet. Loudon.

Da•mi•a´na , n. [NL.; of uncertain origin.] (Med.) A Mexican drug, used as an aphrodisiac. There are several varieties derived from different plants, esp. from a species of Turnera and from Bigelovia veneta. Wood & Bache.

Da´mi•an•ist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Damian, patriarch of Alexandria in the 6th century, who held heretical opinions on the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. { Dam´mar , Dam´ma•ra } n. [Jav. & Malay. damar.] An oleoresin used in making varnishes; dammar gum; dammara resin. It is obtained from certain resin trees indigenous to the East Indies, esp. Shorea robusta and the dammar pine. Dammar pine, (Bot.), a tree of the Moluccas (Agathis orientalis, or Dammara orientalis), yielding dammar.

Dam´ma•ra, n. (Bot.) A large tree of the order Coniferae, indigenous to the East Indies and Australasia; — called also Agathis. There are several species.

Damn (dam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damned (damd or dam´ned); p. pr. & vb. n. Damning (dam´ing or dam´ning).] [OE. damnen dampnen (with excrescent p), OF. damner, dampner, F. damner, fr. L. damnare, damnatum, to condemn, fr. damnum damage, a fine, penalty. Cf. Condemn, Damage.] 1. To condemn; to declare guilty; to doom; to adjudge to punishment; to sentence; to censure. “He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him.” Shak. 2. (Theol.) To doom to punishment in the future world; to consign to perdition; to curse. 3. To condemn as bad or displeasing, by open expression, as by denuciation, hissing, hooting, etc. “You are not so arrant a critic as to damn them [the works of modern poets] … without hearing.” Pope. “Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer,
And without sneering teach the rest to sneer.” Pope. Damn is sometimes used interjectionally, imperatively, and intensively.

Damn, v. i. To invoke damnation; to curse. ´While I inwardly damn.´ Goldsmith.

Dam•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being damnable; damnableness. Sir T. More.

Dam´na•ble , a. [L. damnabilis, fr. damnare: cf. F. damnable. See Damn.] 1. Liable to damnation; deserving, or for which one deserves, to be damned; of a damning nature. “A creature unprepared unmeet for death,
And to transport him in the mind he is,
Were damnable.” Shak. 2. Odious; pernicious; detestable. “Begin, murderer; … leave thy damnable faces.” Shak.

Dam´na•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of deserving damnation; execrableness. “The damnableness of this most execrable impiety.” Prynne.

Dam´na•bly, adv. 1. In a manner to incur severe censure, condemnation, or punishment. 2. Odiously; detestably; excessively. [Low]

Dam•na´tion , n. [F. damnation, L. damnatio, fr. damnare. See Damn.] 1. The state of being damned; condemnation; openly expressed disapprobation. 2. (Theol.) Condemnation to everlasting punishment in the future state, or the punishment itself. “How can ye escape the damnation of hell?” Matt. xxiii. 33. “Wickedness is sin, and sin is damnation.” Shak. 3. A sin deserving of everlasting punishment. [R.] “The deep damnation of his taking- off.” Shak.

Dam´na•to•ry (dam´na•to•ry), a. [L. damnatorius, fr. damnator a condemner.] Dooming to damnation; condemnatory. ´Damnatory invectives.´ Hallam.

Damned , a. 1. Sentenced to punishment in a future state; condemned; consigned to perdition. 2. Hateful; detestable; abominable. “But, O, what damned minutes tells he o’er
Who doats, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves.” Shak.

Dam•nif´ic , a. [L. damnificus; damnum damage, loss + facere to make. See Damn.] Procuring or causing loss; mischievous; injurious.

Dam•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [LL. damnificatio.] That which causes damage or loss.

Dam´ni•fy (dam´ni•fi), v. t. [LL. damnificare, fr. L. damnificus: cf. OF. damnefier. See Damnific.] To cause loss or damage to; to injure; to impair. [R.] “This work will ask as many more officials to make expurgations and expunctions, that the commonwealth of learning be not damnified.” Milton.

Damn´ing , a. That damns; damnable; as damning evidence of guilt.

Damn´ing•ness, n. Tendency to bring damnation. ´The damningness of them [sins].´ Hammond.

dam´num , n. [L.] (law) Harm; detriment, either to character or property. { Dam´o•sel (dam´o•zel), Dam•o•sel´la (-zel´la), Da•moi•selle´ (da•mwä•zel´) }, n. See Damsel. [Archaic]

Dam´our•ite (dam´oo•it), n. [Ater the French chemist Damour.] (Min.) A kind of Muscovite, or potash mica, containing water.

Damp (damp), n. [Akin to LG., D., & Dan. damp vapor, steam, fog, G. dampf, Icel. dampi, Sw. damb dust, and to MNG. dimpfen to smoke, imp. dampf.] 1. Moisture; humidity; fog; fogginess; vapor. “Night … with black air
Accompanied, with damps and dreadful gloom.” Milton. 2. Dejection; depression; cloud of the mind. “Even now, while thus I stand blest in thy presence,
A secret damp of grief comes o’er my soul.” Addison. “It must have thrown a damp over your autumn excursion.” J. D. Forbes. 3. (Mining) A gaseous product, formed in coal mines, old wells, pints, etc. Choke damp, a damp consisting principally of carbonic acid gas; — so called from its extinguishing flame and animal life. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. — Damp sheet, a curtain in a mine gallery to direct air currents and prevent accumulation of gas. — Fire damp, a damp consisting chiefly of light carbureted hydrogen; — so called from its tendence to explode when mixed with atmospheric air and brought into contact with flame.

Damp , a. [Compar. Damper superl. Dampest.] 1. Being in a state between dry and wet; moderately wet; moist; humid. “O’erspread with a damp sweat and holy fear.” Dryden. 2. Dejected; depressed; sunk. [R.] “All these and more came flocking, but with looks
Downcast and damp.” Milton.

Damp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Damped p. pr. & vb. n. Damping.] [OE. dampen to choke, suffocate. See Damp, n.] 1. To render damp; to moisten; to make humid, or moderately wet; to dampen; as to damp cloth. 2. To put out, as fire; to depress or deject; to deaden; to cloud; to check or restrain, as action or vigor; to make dull; to weaken; to discourage. ´To damp your tender hopes.´ Akenside. “Usury dulls and damps all industries, improvements, and new inventions, wherein money would be stirring if it were not for this slug.” Bacon. “How many a day has been damped and darkened by an angry word!” Sir J. Lubbock. “The failure of his enterprise damped the spirit of the soldiers.” Macaulay.

Damp´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dampened p. pr. & vb. n. Dampening.] 1. To make damp or moist; to make slightly wet. 2. To depress; to check; to make dull; to lessen. “In a way that considerably dampened our enthusiasm.” The Century.

Damp´en, v. i. To become damp; to deaden. Byron.

Damp´er , n. That which damps or checks; as: (a) A valve or movable plate in the flue or other part of a stove, furnace, etc., used to check or regulate the draught of air. (b) A contrivance, as in a pianoforte, to deaden vibrations; or, as in other pieces of mechanism, to check some action at a particular time. “Nor did Sabrina’s presence seem to act as any damper at the modest little festivities.” W. Black.

Damp´ish , a. Moderately damp or moist. — Damp´ish•ly, adv. — Damp´ish•ness, n.

Damp´ne , v. t. To damn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Damp´ness, n. Moderate humidity; moisture; fogginess; moistness.

Damp´ off To decay and perish through excessive moisture.

Damp´y , a. 1. Somewhat damp. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. Dejected; gloomy; sorrowful. [Obs.] ´Dispel dampy throughts.´ Haywards.

Dam´sel , n. [OE. damosel, damesel, damisel, damsel, fr. OF. damoisele, damisele, gentlewoman, F. demoiselle young lady; cf. OF. damoisel young nobleman, F. damoiseau; fr. LL. domicella, dominicella, fem., domicellus, dominicellus, masc., dim. fr. L. domina, dominus. See Dame, and cf. Demoiselle, Doncella.] 1. A young person, either male or female, of noble or gentle extraction; as Damsel Pepin; Damsel Richard, Prince of Wales. [Obs.] 2. A young unmarried woman; a girl; a maiden. “With her train of damsels she was gone,
In shady walks the scorching heat to shun.” Dryden. “Sometimes a troop of damsels glad, …
Goes by to towered Camelot.” Tennyson. 3. (Milling) An attachment to a millstone spindle for shaking the hopper.

Dam´son (dam´z’n), n. [OE. damasin the Damascus plum, fr. L. Damascenus. See Damascene.] A small oval plum of a blue color, the fruit of a variety of the Prunus domestica; — called also damask plum.

Dan , n. [OE. dan, danz, OF. danz (prop. only nom.), dan, master, fr. L. dominus. See Dame.] A title of honor equivalent to master, or sir. [Obs.] “Old Dan Geoffry, in gently spright
The pure wellhead of poetry did dwell.” Spenser. “What time Dan Abraham left the Chaldee land.” Thomson.

Dan, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mining) A small truck or sledge used in coal mines.

Da´na•ide , n. [From the mythical Danaides, who were condemned to fill with water a vessel full of holes.] (Mach.) A water wheel having a vertical axis, and an inner and outer tapering shell, between which are vanes or floats attached usually to both shells, but sometimes only to one.

Da´na•ite , n. [Named after J. Freeman Dana.] (Min.) A cobaltiferous variety of arsenopyrite.

Da´na•lite , n. [Named after James Dwight Dana.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in octahedral crystals, also massive, of a reddish color. It is a silicate of iron, zinc manganese, and glucinum, containing sulphur.

Dan´bu•rite , n. (Min.) A borosilicate of lime, first found at Danbury, Conn. It is near the topaz in form. Dana.

Dance (dans), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Danced p. pr. & vb. n. Dancing.] [F. danser, fr. OHG. danson to draw; akin to dinsan to draw, Goth. apinsan, and prob. from the same root (meaning to stretch) as E. thin. See Thin.] 1. To move with measured steps, or to a musical accompaniment; to go through, either alone or in company with others, with a regulated succession of movements, (commonly) to the sound of music; to trip or leap rhythmically. “Jack shall pipe and Gill shall dance.” Wither. “Good shepherd, what fair swain is this
Which dances with your daughter?” Shak. 2. To move nimbly or merrily; to express pleasure by motion; to caper; to frisk; to skip about. “Then, ’tis time to dance off.” Thackeray. “More dances my rapt heart
Than when I first my wedded mistress saw.” Shak. “Shadows in the glassy waters dance.” Byron. “Where rivulets dance their wayward round.” Wordsworth. To dance on a rope, or To dance on nothing, to be hanged.

Dance , v. t. To cause to dance, or move nimbly or merrily about, or up and down; to dandle. “To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind.” Shak. “Thy grandsire loved thee well;
Many a time he danced thee on his knee.” Shak. To dance attendance, to come and go obsequiously; to be or remain in waiting, at the beck and call of another, with a view to please or gain favor. “A man of his place, and so near our favor,
To dance attendance on their lordships’ pleasure.” Shak.

Dance, n. [F. danse, of German origin. See Dance, v. i.] 1. The leaping, tripping, or measured stepping of one who dances; an amusement, in which the movements of the persons are regulated by art, in figures and in accord with music. 2. (Mus.) A tune by which dancing is regulated, as the minuet, the waltz, the cotillon, etc. The word dance was used ironically, by the older writers, of many proceedings besides dancing. “Of remedies of love she knew parchance
For of that art she couth the olde dance.” Chaucer. Dance of Death (Art), an allegorical representation of the power of death over all, — the old, the young, the high, and the low, being led by a dancing skeleton. — Morris dance. See Morris. — To lead one a dance, to cause one to go through a series of movements or experiences as if guided by a partner in a dance not understood.

Dan´cer , n. One who dances or who practices dancing. The merry dancers, beams of the northern lights when they rise and fall alternately without any considerable change of length. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora.

Dan´cer•ess, n. A female dancer. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Dan•cet•te´ , a. [Cf. F. danche dancette, dent tooth.] (Her.) Deeply indented; having large teeth; thus, a fess dancette has only three teeth in the whole width of the escutcheon.

Dan´cing , p. a. & vb. n. from Dance. Dancing girl, one of the women in the East Indies whose profession is to dance in the temples, or for the amusement of spectators. There are various classes of dancing girls. — Dancing master, a teacher of dancing. — Dancing school, a school or place where dancing is taught.

Dan´cy , a. (Her.) Same as Dancette.

Dan´de•li•on , n. [F. dent de lion lion’s tooth, fr. L. dens tooth + leo lion. See Tooth, n., and Lion.] (Bot.) A well-known plant of the genus Taraxacum (T. officinale, formerly called T. Dens-leonis and Leontodos Taraxacum) bearing large, yellow, compound flowers, and deeply notched leaves.

Dan´der , n. [Corrupted from dandruff.] 1. Dandruff or scurf on the head. 2. Anger or vexation; rage. [Low] Halliwell.

Dan´der, v. i. [See Dandle.] To wander about; to saunter; to talk incoherently. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dan´di , n. [Hind. dandi, fr. dand an oar.] A boatman; an oarsman. [India]

Dan´die , n. (Zoöl.) One of a breed of small terriers; — called also Dandie Dinmont.

Dan´di•fied , a. Made up like a dandy; having the dress or manners of a dandy; buckish.

Dan´di•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dandified p. pr. & vb. n. Dandifying.] [Dandy + -fy.] To cause to resemble a dandy; to make dandyish.

Dan´di•prat , n. [Dandy + brat child.] 1. A little fellow; — in sport or contempt. ´A dandiprat hop-thumb.´ Stanyhurst. 2. A small coin. “Henry VII. stamped a small coin called dandiprats.” Camden.

Dan´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dandled p. pr. & vb. n. Dandling ] [Cf. G. dändeln to trifly, dandle, OD. & Prov. G. danten, G. tand trifly, prattle; Scot. dandill, dander, to go about idly, to trifly.] 1. To move up and down on one’s knee or in one’s arms, in affectionate play, as an infant. “Ye shall be dandled … upon her knees.” Is. 2. To treat with fondness, as if a child; to fondle; to toy with; to pet. “They have put me in a silk gown and gaudy fool’s cap; I as ashamed to be dandled thus.” Addison. “The book, thus dandled into popularity by bishops and good ladies, contained many pieces of nursery eloquence.” Jeffrey. 3. To play with; to put off or delay by trifles; to wheedle. [Obs.] “Captains do so dandle their doings, and dally in the service, as it they would not have the enemy subdued.” Spenser.

Dan´dler (dan´dler), n. One who dandles or fondles.

Dan´driff (dan´drif), n. See Dandruff. Swift.

Dandruff (dan´druf), n. [Prob. from W. toncrust, peel, skin + AS. drof dirty, draffy, or W. drwg bad: cf. AS. tan a letter, an eruption. rad.240.] A scurf which forms on the head, and comes off in small scales or particles. [Written also dandriff.]

Dan´dy (dan´dy), n.; pl. Dandies (-diz). [Cf. F. dandin, ninny, silly fellow, dandiner to waddle, to play the fool; prob. allied to E. dandle. Senses 2 & 3 are of uncertain etymol.] 1. One who affects special finery or gives undue attention to dress; a fop; a coxcomb. 2. (Naut.) (a) A sloop or cutter with a jigger on which a lugsail is set. (b) A small sail carried at or near the stern of small boats; — called also jigger, and mizzen. 3. A dandy roller. See below. Dandy brush, a yard whalebone brush. — Dandy fever. See Dengue. — Dandy line, a kind of fishing line to which are attached several crosspieces of whalebone which carry a hook at each end. — Dandy roller, a roller sieve used in machines for making paper, to press out water from the pulp, and set the paper.

Dan´dy-cock , n. masc., Dan´dy-hen , n. fem. [See Dandy.] A bantam fowl.

Dan´dy•ish, a. Like a dandy.

Dan´dy•ism , n. The manners and dress of a dandy; foppishness. Byron.

Dan´dy•ize , v. t. & i. To make, or to act, like a dandy; to dandify.

Dan´dy•ling , n. [Dandy + -ling.] A little or insignificant dandy; a contemptible fop.

Dane , n. [LL. Dani: cf. AS. Dene.] A native, or a naturalized inhabitant, of Denmark. Great Dane. (Zoöl.) See Danish dog, under Danish. { Dane´geld• , Dane´gelt• }, n. [AS. danegeld. See Dane, and Geld, n.] (Eng. Hist.) An annual tax formerly laid on the English nation to buy off the ravages of Danish invaders, or to maintain forces to oppose them. It afterward became a permanent tax, raised by an assessment, at first of one shilling, afterward of two shillings, upon every hide of land throughout the realm. Wharton’s Law Dict. Tomlins.

Dane´wort , n. (Bot.) A fetid European species of elder (Sambucus Ebulus); dwarf elder; wallwort; elderwort; — called also Daneweed, Dane’s weed, and Dane’s-blood. [Said to grow on spots where battles were fought against the Danes.]

Dang , imp. of Ding. [Obs.]

Dang, v. t. [Cf. Ding.] To dash. [Obs.] “Till she, o’ercome with anguish, shame, and rage,
Danged down to hell her loathsome carriage.” Marlowe.

Dan´ger , n. [OE. danger, daunger, power, arrogance, refusal, difficulty, fr. OF. dagier, dongier (with same meaning), F. danger danger, fr. an assumed LL. dominiarium power, authority, from L. dominium power, property. See Dungeon, Domain, Dame.] 1. Authority; jurisdiction; control. [Obs.] “In dangerhad he … the young girls.” Chaucer. 2. Power to harm; subjection or liability to penalty. [Obs.] See In one’s danger, below. “You stand within his danger, do you not?” Shak. “Covetousness of gains hath brought [them] in dangerof this statute.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. Exposure to injury, loss, pain, or other evil; peril; risk; insecurity. 4. Difficulty; sparingness. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Coyness; disdainful behavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. In one’s danger, in one’s power; liable to a penalty to be inflicted by him. [Obs.] This sense is retained in the proverb, ´Out of debt out of danger.´ “Those rich man in whose debt and danger they be not.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). — To do danger, to cause danger. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Peril; hazard; risk; jeopardy. — Danger, Peril, Hazard, Risk, Jeopardy. Danger is the generic term, and implies some contingent evil in prospect. Peril is instant or impending danger; as in peril of one’s life. Hazard arises from something fortuitous or beyond our control; as the hazard of the seas. Risk is doubtful or uncertain danger, often incurred voluntarily; as to risk an engagement. Jeopardy is extreme danger. Danger of a contagious disease; the perils of shipwreck; the hazards of speculation; the risk of daring enterprises; a life brought into jeopardy.

Dan´ger, v. t. To endanger. [Obs.] Shak.

Dan´ger•ful , a. Full of danger; dangerous. [Obs.] — Dan´ger•ful•ly, adv. [Obs.] Udall.

Dan´ger•less, a. Free from danger. [R.]

Dan´ger•ous , a. [OE., haughty, difficult, dangerous, fr. OF. dangereus, F. dangereux. See Danger.] 1. Attended or beset with danger; full of risk; perilous; hazardous; unsafe. “Our troops set forth to-morrow; stay with us;
The ways are dangerous.” Shak. “It is dangerous to assert a negative.” Macaulay. 2. Causing danger; ready to do harm or injury. “If they incline to think you dangerous
To less than gods.” Milton. 3. In a condition of danger, as from illness; threatened with death. [Colloq.] Forby. Bartlett. 4. Hard to suit; difficult to please. [Obs.] “My wages ben full strait, and eke full small;
My lord to me is hard and dangerous.” Chaucer. 5. Reserved; not affable. [Obs.] ´Of his speech dangerous.´ Chaucer. — Dan´ger•ous•ly, adv. — Dan´ger•ous•ness, n.

Dan´gle (dan´g’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dangled p. pr. & vb. n. Dangling ] [Akin to Dan. dangle, dial. Sw. dangla, Dan. dingle, Sw. dingla, Icel. dingla; perh. from E. ding.] To hang loosely, or with a swinging or jerking motion. “He’d rather on a gibbet dangle
Than miss his dear delight, to wrangle.” Hudibras. “From her lifted hand
Dangled a length of ribbon.” Tennyson. To dangle about or after, to hang upon importunately; to court the favor of; to beset. “The Presbyterians, and other fanatics that dangle after them,
are well inclined to pull down the present establishment.” Swift.

Dan´gle , v. t. To cause to dangle; to swing, as something suspended loosely; as to dangle the feet. “And the bridegroom stood dangling his bonnet and plume.” Sir W. Scott.

Dan´gle•ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A dark blue, edible berry with a white bloom, and its shrub (Gaylussacia frondosa) closely allied to the common huckleberry. The bush is also called blue tangle, and is found from New England to Kentucky, and southward.

Dan´gler , n. One who dangles about or after others, especially after women; a trifler. ´ Danglers at toilets.´ Burke.

Dan´i•el , n. A Hebrew prophet distinguished for sagacity and ripeness of judgment in youth; hence, a sagacious and upright judge. “A Daniel come to judgment.” Shak.

Dan´ish , a. [See Dane.] Belonging to the Danes, or to their language or country. - - n. The language of the Danes. Danish dog (Zoöl.), one of a large and powerful breed of dogs reared in Denmark; — called also great Dane. See Illustration in Appendix.

Dan´ite , n. 1. A descendant of Dan; an Israelite of the tribe of Dan. Judges xiii. 2. 2. [So called in remembrance of the prophecy in Gen. xlix. 17, ´Dan shall be a serpent by the way,´ etc.] One of a secret association of Mormons, bound by an oath to obey the heads of the church in all things. [U. S.]

Dank , a. [Cf. dial, Sw. dank a moist place in a field, Icel. dökk pit, pool; possibly akin to E. damp or to daggle dew.] Damp; moist; humid; wet. “Now that the fields are dank and ways are mire.” Milton. “Cheerless watches on the cold, dank ground.” Trench.

Dank, n. Moisture; humidity; water. [Obs.]

Dank, n. A small silver coin current in Persia.

Dank´ish, a. Somewhat dank. — Dank´ish•ness, n. “In a dark and dankish vault at home.” Shak.

Dan´ne•brog , n. The ancient battle standard of Denmark, bearing figures of cross and crown. Order of Dannebrog, an ancient Danish order of knighthood.

Dan•seuse´ , n. [F., fr. danser to dance.] A professional female dancer; a woman who dances at a public exhibition as in a ballet.

Dansk , a. [Dan.] Danish. [Obs.]

Dansk´er , n. A Dane. [Obs.] “Inquire me first what Danskers are in Paris.” Shak.

Dan•te´an , a. Relating to, emanating from or resembling, the poet Dante or his writings.

Dan•tesque´ , a. [Cf. It. Dantesco.] Dantelike; Dantean. Earle.

Da•nu´bi•an , a. Pertaining to, or bordering on, the river Danube.

Dap (dap), v. i. [Cf. Dip.] (Angling) To drop the bait gently on the surface of the water. “To catch a club by dapping with a grasshoper.” Walton.

Da•pat´ic•al , a. [L. dapaticus, fr. daps feast.] Sumptuous in cheer. [Obs.] Bailey.

Daph´ne , n. [L., a laurel tree, from Gr. da•fnh.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of diminutive Shrubs, mostly evergreen, and with fragrant blossoms. 2. (Myth.) A nymph of Diana, fabled to have been changed into a laurel tree.

Daph´ne•tin , n. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, C_9H_6O_4, extracted from daphnin.

Daph´ni•a , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of the genus Daphnia.

Daph´nin , n. [Cf. F. daphnine.] (Chem.) (a) A dark green bitter resin extracted from the mezereon (Daphne mezereum) and regarded as the essential principle of the plant. [R.] (b) A white, crystalline, bitter substance, regarded as a glucoside, and extracted from Daphne mezereum and D. alpina.

Daph´no•man•cy , n. [Gr. da•fnh the laurel + -mancy.] Divination by means of the laurel.

Dap´i•fer , n. [L., daps a feast + ferre to bear.] One who brings meat to the table; hence, in some countries, the official title of the grand master or steward of the king’s or a nobleman’s household.

Dap´per , a. [OE. daper; prob. fr. D. dapper brave, valiant; akin to G. tapfer brave, OHG. taphar heavy, weighty, OSlav. dobru good, Russ. dobrui. Cf. Deft.] Little and active; spruce; trim; smart; neat in dress or appearance; lively. “He wondered how so many provinces could be held in subjection by such a dapper little man.” Milton. “The dapper ditties that I wont devise.” Spenser. “Sharp-nosed, dapper steam yachts.” Julian Hawthorne.

Dap´per•ling , n. A dwarf; a dandiprat. [r.]

Dap´ple , n. [Cf. Icel. depill a spot, a dot, a dog with spots over the eyes, dapi a pool, and E. dimple.] One of the spots on a dappled animal. “He has … as many eyes on his body as my gray mare hath dapples.” Sir P. Sidney. { Dap´ple , Dap´pled }, a. Marked with spots of different shades of color; spotted; variegated; as a dapple horse. “Some dapple mists still floated along the peaks.” Sir W. Scott. The word is used in composition to denote that some color is variegated or marked with spots; as dapple-bay; dapple-gray. “His steed was all dapple-gray.” Chaucer. “O, swiftly can speed my dapple-gray steed.” Sir W. Scott.

Dap´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dappled p. pr. & vb. n. Dappling.] To variegate with spots; to spot. “The gentle day, …
Dapples the drowsy east with spots of gray.” Shak. “The dappled pink and blushing rose.” Prior.

Dar´bies , n. pl. Manacles; handcuffs. [Cant] “Jem Clink will fetch you the darbies.” Sir W. Scott. In ´The Steel Glass´ by Gascoigne, printed in 1576, occurs the line ´To binde such babes in father Derbies bands.´

Dar´by , n. A plasterer’s float, having two handles; — used in smoothing ceilings, etc.

Dar´by•ite , n. One of the Plymouth Brethren, or of a sect among them; — so called from John N. Darby, one of the leaders of the Brethren.

Dar•da´ni•an , a. & n.[From L. Dardania, poetic name of Troy.] Trojan.

Dare , v. i. [imp. Durst or Dared ; p. p. Dared; p. pr. & vb. n. Daring.] [OE. I dar, dear, I dare, imp. dorste, durste, AS. ic dear I dare, imp. dorste. inf. durran; akin to OS. gidar, gidorsta, gidurran, OHG. tar, torsta, turran, Goth. gadar, gadaúrsta, Gr. tharsei^n, tharrei^n, to be bold, tharsy•s bold, Skr. Dhrsh to be bold. rad.70.] To have adequate or sufficient courage for any purpose; to be bold or venturesome; not to be afraid; to venture. “I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none.” Shak. “Why then did not the ministers use their new law? Bacause they durst not, because they could not.” Macaulay. “Who dared to sully her sweet love with suspicion.” Thackeray. “The tie of party was stronger than the tie of blood, because a partisan was more ready to dare without asking why.” Jowett (Thuyd.). The present tense, I dare, is really an old past tense, so that the third person is he dare, but the form he dares is now often used, and will probably displace the obsolescent he dare, through grammatically as incorrect as he shalls or he cans. Skeat. “The pore dar plede (the poor man dare plead).” P. Plowman. “You know one dare not discover you.” Dryden. “The fellow dares not deceive me.” Shak. “Here boldly spread thy hands, no venom’d weed
Dares blister them, no slimy snail dare creep.” Beau. & Fl. Formerly durst was also used as the present. Sometimes the old form dare is found for durst or dared.

Dare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dared; p. pr. & vb. n. Daring.] 1. To have courage for; to attempt courageously; to venture to do or to undertake. “What high concentration of steady feeling makes men dare every thing and do anything?” Bagehot. “To wrest it from barbarism, to dare its solitudes.” The Century. 2. To challenge; to provoke; to defy. “Time, I dare thee to discover
Such a youth and such a lover.” Dryden.

Dare, n. 1. The quality of daring; venturesomeness; boldness; dash. [R.] “It lends a luster …
A large dare to our great enterprise.” Shak. 2. Defiance; challenge. “Childish, unworthy dares
Are not enought to part our powers.” Chapman. “Sextus Pompeius
Hath given the dare to Caesar.” Shak.

Dare, v. i. [OE. darien, to lie hidden, be timid.] To lurk; to lie hid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dare, v. t. To terrify; to daunt. [Obs.] “For I have done those follies, those mad mischiefs,
Would dare a woman.” Beau. & Fl. To dare larks, to catch them by producing terror through to use of mirrors, scarlet cloth, a hawk, etc., so that they lie still till a net is thrown over them. Nares.

Dare, n. [See Dace.] (Zoöl.) A small fish; the dace.

Dare´-dev•il , n. A reckless fellow. Also used adjectively; as dare-devil excitement. “A humorous dare-devil — the very man
To suit my prpose.” Ld. Lytton.

Dare´-dev•il•try , n; pl. Dare-deviltries . Reckless mischief; the action of a dare-devil.

Dare´ful , a. Full of daring or of defiance; adventurous. [R.] Shak.

Dar´er , n. One who dares or defies. { Darg , Dargue }, n. [Scot., contr. fr. day work.] A day’s work; also a fixed amount of work, whether more or less than that of a day. [Local, Eng. & Scot.]

Dar´ic (dar´ik), n. [Gr. dareiko•s, of Persian origin.] 1. (Antiq.) (a) A gold coin of ancient Persia, weighing usually a little more than 128 grains, and bearing on one side the figure of an archer. (b) A silver coin of about 86 grains, having the figure of an archer, and hence, in modern times, called a daric. 2. Any very pure gold coin.

Dar´ing , n. Boldness; fearlessness; adventurousness; also a daring act.

Dar´ing, a. Bold; fearless; adventurous; as daring spirits. — Dar´ing•ly, adv. — Dar´ing•ness, n.

Dark (därk), a. [OE. dark, derk, deork, AS. dearc, deorc; cf. Gael. & Ir. dorch, dorcha, dark, black, dusky.] 1. Destitute, or partially destitute, of light; not receiving, reflecting, or radiating light; wholly or partially black, or of some deep shade of color; not light-colored; as a dark room; a dark day; dark cloth; dark paint; a dark complexion. “O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon,
Irrecoverably dark, total eclipse
Without all hope of day!” Milton. “In the dark and silent grave.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Not clear to the understanding; not easily seen through; obscure; mysterious; hidden. “The dark problems of existence.” Shairp. “What may seem dark at the first, will afterward be found more plain.” Hooker. “What’s your dark meaning, mouse, of this light word?” Shak. 3. Destitute of knowledge and culture; in moral or intellectual darkness; unrefined; ignorant. “The age wherein he lived was dark, but he
Could not want light who taught the world to see.” Denhan. “The tenth century used to be reckoned by mediaeval historians as the darkest part of this intellectual night.” Hallam. 4. Evincing black or foul traits of character; vile; wicked; atrocious; as a dark villain; a dark deed. “Left him at large to his own dark designs.” Milton. 5. Foreboding evil; gloomy; jealous; suspicious. “More dark and dark our woes.” Shak. “A deep melancholy took possesion of him, and gave a dark tinge to all his views of human nature.” Macaulay. “There is, in every true woman-s heart, a spark of heavenly fire, which beams and blazes in the dark hour of adversity.” W. Irving. 6. Deprived of sight; blind. [Obs.] “He was I think, at this time quite dark, and so had been for some years.” Evelyn. Dark is sometimes used to qualify another adjective; as dark blue, dark green, and sometimes it forms the first part of a compound; as dark-haired, dark-eyed, dark-colored, dark-seated, dark-working. A dark horse, in racing or politics, a horse or a candidate whose chances of success are not known, and whose capabilities have not been made the subject of general comment or of wagers. [Colloq.] — Dark house, Dark room, a house or room in which madmen were confined. [Obs.] Shak. — Dark lantern. See Lantern. — The Dark Ages, a period of stagnation and obscurity in literature and art, lasting, according to Hallam, nearly 1000 years, from about 500 to about 1500 A. D.. See Middle Ages, under Middle. — The Dark and Bloody Ground, a phrase applied to the State of Kentucky, and said to be the significance of its name, in allusion to the frequent wars that were waged there between Indians. — The dark day, a day (May 19, 1780) when a remarkable and unexplained darkness extended over all New England. — To keep dark, to reveal nothing. [Low]

Dark , n. 1. Absence of light; darkness; obscurity; a place where there is little or no light. “Here stood he in the dark, his sharp sword out.” Shak. 2. The condition of ignorance; gloom; secrecy. “Look, what you do, you do it still i’ th’ dark.” Shak. “Till we perceive by our own understandings, we are as much in the dark, and as void of knowledge, as before.” Locke. 3. (Fine Arts) A dark shade or dark passage in a painting, engraving, or the like; as the light and darks are well contrasted. “The lights may serve for a repose to the darks, and the darks to the lights.” Dryden.

Dark, v. t. To darken; to obscure. [Obs.] Milton.

Dark´en (därk´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darkened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Darkening (-n•ing).] [AS. deorcian. See Dark, a.] 1. To make dark or black; to deprive of light; to obscure; as a darkened room. “They [locusts] covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened.” Ex. x. 15. “So spake the Sovran Voice; and clouds began
To darken all the hill.” Milton. 2. To render dim; to deprive of vision. “Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see.” Rom. xi. 10. 3. To cloud, obscure, or perplex; to render less clear or intelligible. “Such was his wisdom that his confidence did seldom darkenhis foresight.” Bacon. “Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge?” Job. xxxviii. 2. 4. To cast a gloom upon. “With these forced thoughts, I prithee, darken not
The mirth of the feast.” Shak. 5. To make foul; to sully; to tarnish. “I must not think there are
Evils enough to darken all his goodness.” Shak.

Dark´en, v. i. To grow or darker.

Dark´en•er , n. One who, or that which, darkens.

Dark´en•ing, n. Twilight; gloaming. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright.

Dark´ful , a. Full of darkness. [Obs.]

Dark´ish , a. Somewhat dark; dusky.

Dar´kle , v. i. [Freq. of dark.] To grow dark; to show indistinctly. Thackeray.

Dark´ling , adv. [Dark + the adverbial suffix -ling.] In the dark. [Poetic] “So, out went the candle, and we were left darkling.” Shak. “As the wakeful bird
Sings darkling.” Milton.

Dark´ling, p. pr. & a. 1. Becoming dark or gloomy; frowing. “His honest brows darkling as he looked towards me.” Thackeray. 2. Dark; gloomy. ´The darkling precipice.´ Moore.

Dark´ly, adv. 1. With imperfect light, clearness, or knowledge; obscurely; dimly; blindly; uncertainly. “What fame to future times conveys but darkly down.” Dryden. “so softly dark and darkly pure.” Byron. 2. With a dark, gloomy, cruel, or menacing look. “Looking darkly at the clerguman.” Hawthorne.

Dark´ness, n. 1. The absence of light; blackness; obscurity; gloom. “And darkness was upon the face of the deep.” Gen. i. 2. 2. A state of privacy; secrecy. “What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light.” Matt. x. 27. 3. A state of ignorance or error, especially on moral or religious subjects; hence, wickedness; impurity. “Men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.” John. iii. 19. “Pursue these sons of darkness: drive them out
From all heaven’s bounds.” Milton. 4. Want of clearness or perspicuity; obscurity; as the darkness of a subject, or of a discussion. 5. A state of distress or trouble. “A day of clouds and of thick darkness.” Joel. ii. 2. Prince of darkness, the Devil; Satan. ´In the power of the Prince of darkness.´ Locke. Syn. — Darkness, Dimness, Obscurity, Gloom. Darkness arises from a total, and dimness from a partial, want of light. A thing is obscure when so overclouded or covered as not to be easily perceived. As tha shade or obscurity increases, it deepens into gloom. What is dark is hidden from view; what is obscure is difficult to perceive or penetrate; the eye becomes dim with age; an impending storm fills the atmosphere with gloom. When taken figuratively, these words have a like use; as the darkness of ignorance; dimness of discernment; obscurity of reasoning; gloom of superstition.

Dark´some , a. Dark; gloomy; obscure; shaded; cheerless. [Poetic] “He brought him through a darksome narrow pass
To a broad gate, all built of beaten gold.” Spenser.

Dark´y , n. A negro. [Sleng]

Dar´ling , n. [OE. derling, deorling, AS. deórling; deóre dear + -ling. See Dear, and -ling.] One dearly beloved; a favorite. “And can do naught but wail her darling’s loss.” Shak.

Dar´ling, a. Dearly beloved; regarded with especial kindness and tenderness; favorite. ´Some darling science.´ I. Watts. ´Darling sin.´ Macaulay.

Dar•ling•to´ni•a , n. [NL. Named after Dr. William Darlington, a botanist of West Chester, Penn.] (Bot.) A genus of California pitcher plants consisting of a single species. The long tubular leaves are hooded at the top, and frequently contain many insects drowned in the secretion of the leaves.

Darn (därn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darned (därnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Darning.] [OE. derne, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. darnio to piece, break in pieces, W. & Arm. to E. tear. Cf. Tear, v. t.] To mend as a rent or hole, with interlacing stitches of yarn or thread by means of a needle; to sew together with yarn or thread. “He spent every day ten hours in his closet, in darning his stockings.” Swift. Darning last. See under Last. — Darning needle. (a) A long, strong needle for mending holes or rents, especially in stockings. (b) (Zoöl.) Any species of dragon fly, having a long, cylindrical body, resembling a needle. These flies are harmless and without stings. [In this sense, usually written with a hyphen.] Called also devil’s darning- needle.

Darn, n. A place mended by darning.

Darn, v. t. A colloquial euphemism for Damn.

Dar´nel , n. [OE. darnel, dernel, of uncertain origin; cf. dial. F. darnelle, Sw. dår-repe; perh. named from a supposed intoxicating quality of the plant, and akin to Sw. dåra to infatuate, OD. door foolish, G. thor fool, and Ee. dizzy.] (Bot.) Any grass of the genus Lolium, esp. the Lolium temulentum (bearded darnel), the grains of which have been reputed poisonous. Other species, as Lolium perenne (rye grass or ray grass), and its variety L. Italicum (Italian rye grass), are highly esteemed for pasture and for making hay. Under darnel our early herbalists comprehended all kinds of cornfield weeds. Dr. Prior.

Darn´er , n. One who mends by darning. { Dar´nex , Dar´nic } n. Same as Dornick.

Da•roo´ (da•roo´), n. (Bot.) The Egyptian sycamore (Ficus Sycamorus). See Sycamore.

Darr (dar), n. (Zoöl.) The European black tern. { Dar´raign , Dar´rain } , v. t. [OF. deraisnier to explain, defend, to maintain in legal action by proof and reasonings, LL. derationare; de- + rationare to discourse, contend in law, fr. L. ratio reason, in LL., legal cause. Cf. Arraign, and see Reason.] 1. To make ready to fight; to array. [Obs.] “Darrain your battle, for they are at hand.” Shak. 2. To fight out; to contest; to decide by combat. [Obs.] ´To darrain the battle.´ Chaucer .

Dar´rein, a. [OF. darrein, darrain, fr. an assumed LL. deretranus; L. de + retro back, backward.] (Law) Last; as darrein continuance, the last continuance.

Dart , n. [OF. dart, of German origin; cf. OHG. tart javelin, dart, AS. dara, daro, Sw. dart dagger, Icel. darrar dart.] 1. A pointed missile weapon, intended to be thrown by the hand; a short lance; a javelin; hence, any sharp-pointed missile weapon, as an arrow. “And he [Joab] took three darts in his hand, and thrust them through the heart of Absalom.” 2 Sa. xviii. 14. 2. Anything resembling a dart; anything that pierces or wounds like a dart. “The artful inquiry, whose venomed dart
Scarce wounds the hearing while it stabs the heart.” Hannan More. 3. A spear set as a prize in running. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Zoöl.) A fish; the dace. See Dace. Dart sac (Zoöl.), a sac connected with the reproductive organs of land snails, which contains a dart, or arrowlike structure.

Dart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darted; p. pr. & vb. n. Darting.] 1. To throw with a sudden effort or thrust, as a dart or other missile weapon; to hurl or launch. 2. To throw suddenly or rapidly; to send forth; to emit; to shoot; as the sun darts forth his beams. “Or what ill eyes malignant glances dart?” Pope.

Dart, v. i. 1. To fly or pass swiftly, as a dart. 2. To start and run with velocity; to shoot rapidly along; as the deer darted from the thicket.

Dar´tars , n. [F. dartre eruption, dandruff. rad.240.] A kind of scab or ulceration on the skin of lambs.

Dart´er , n. 1. One who darts, or who throw darts; that which darts. 2. (Zoöl.) The snakebird, a water bird of the genus Plotus; — so called because it darts out its long, snakelike neck at its prey. See Snakebird. 3. (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water etheostomoid fish. The group includes numerous genera and species, all of them American. See Etheostomoid.

Dart´ing•ly , adv. Like a dart; rapidly.

Dar´tle , v. t. & i. To pierce or shoot through; to dart repeatedly: — frequentative of dart. “My star that dartles the red and the blue.” R. Browning.

Dar•to´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the dartos.

Dar´toid , a. [Dartos + - oid.] (Anat.) Like the dartos; dartoic; as dartoid tissue.

Dar´tos , n. [NL., fr. Gr. flayed.] (Anat.) A thin layer of peculiar contractile tissue directly beneath the skin of the scrotum.

Dar´trous , a. [F. dartreux. See Dartars.] (Med.) Relating to, or partaking of the nature of, the disease called tetter; herpetic. Dartrous diathesis, A morbid condition of the system predisposing to the development of certain skin diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, and pityriasis. Also called rheumic diathesis, and herpetism. Piffard.

Dar•win´i•an , a. [From the name of Charles Darwin, an English scientist.] Pertaining to Darwin; as the Darwinian theory, a theory of the manner and cause of the supposed development of living things from certain original forms or elements. This theory was put forth by Darwin in 1859 in a work entitled ´The Origin of species by Means of Natural Selection.´ The author argues that, in the struggle for existence, those plants and creatures best fitted to the requirements of the situation in which they are placed are the ones that will live; in other words, that Nature selects those which are to survive. This is the theory of natural selection or the survival of the fittest. He also argues that natural selection is capable of modifying and producing organisms fit for their circumstances. See Development theory, under Development.

Dar•win´i•an, n. An advocate of Darwinism.

Dar•win´i•an•ism , n. Darwinism.

Dar´win•ism , n. (Biol.) The theory or doctrines put forth by Darwin. See above. Huxley.

Dase (daz), v. t. See Daze. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dase´we , v. i. [OE. dasewen, daswen; cf. AS. dysegian to be foolish.] To become dim-sighted; to become dazed or dazzled. [Obs.] Chauscer.

Dash , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dashed p. pr. & vb. n. Dashing.] [Of. Scand. origin; cf. Dan daske to beat, strike, Sw. & Icel. daska, Dan. & Sw. dask blow.] 1. To throw with violence or haste; to cause to strike violently or hastily; — often used with against. “If you dash a stone against a stone in the botton of the water, it maketh a sound.” Bacon. 2. To break, as by throwing or by collision; to shatter; to crust; to frustrate; to ruin. “Thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter’s vessel.” Ps. ii. 9. “A brave vessel, …
Dashed all to pieces.” Shak. “To perplex and dash
Maturest counsels.” Milton. 3. To put to shame; to confound; to confuse; to abash; to depress. South. “Dash the proud gamester in his gilded car.” Pope. 4. To throw in or on in a rapid, careless manner; to mix, reduce, or adulterate, by throwing in something of an inferior quality; to overspread partially; to bespatter; to touch here and there; as to dash wine with water; to dash paint upon a picture. “I take care to dash the character with such particular circumstance as may prevent ill-natured applications.” Addison. “The very source and fount of day
Is dashed with wandering isles of night.” Tennyson. 5. To form or sketch rapidly or carelessly; to execute rapidly, or with careless haste; — with off; as to dash off a review or sermon. 6. To erase by a stroke; to strike out; knock out; — with out; as to dash out a word.

Dash, v. i. To rush with violence; to move impetuously; to strike violently; as the waves dash upon rocks. “[He] dashed through thick and thin.” Dryden. “On each hand the gushing waters play,
And down the rough cascade all dashing fall.” Thomson.

Dash, n. 1. Violent striking together of two bodies; collision; crash. 2. A sudden check; abashment; frustration; ruin; as his hopes received a dash. 3. A slight admixture, infusion, or adulteration; a partial overspreading; as wine with a dash of water; red with a dash of purple. “Innocence when it has in it a dash of folly.” Addison. 4. A rapid movement, esp. one of short duration; a quick stroke or blow; a sudden onset or rush; as a bold dash at the enemy; a dash of rain. “She takes upon her bravely at first dash.” Shak. 5. Energy in style or action; animation; spirit. 6. A vain show; a blustering parade; a flourish; as to make or cut a great dash. [Low] 7. (Punctuation) A mark or line [—], in writing or printing, denoting a sudden break, stop, or transition in a sentence, or an abrupt change in its construction, a long or significant pause, or an unexpected or epigrammatic turn of sentiment. Dashes are also sometimes used instead of marks or parenthesis. John Wilson. 8. (Mus.) (a) The sign of staccato, a small mark [] denoting that the note over which it is placed is to be performed in a short, distinct manner. (b) The line drawn through a figure in the thorough bass, as a direction to raise the interval a semitone. 9. (Racing) A short, spirited effort or trial of speed upon a race course; — used in horse racing, when a single trial constitutes the race.

Dash´board (dash´bord•), n. 1. A board placed on the fore part of a carriage, sleigh, or other vehicle, to intercept water, mud, or snow, thrown up by the heels of the horses; — in England commonly called splashboard. 2. (Naut.) (a) The float of a paddle wheel. (b) A screen at the bow af a steam launch to keep off the spray; — called also sprayboard.

Dash´er (dash´er), n. 1. That which dashes or agitates; as the dasher of a churn. 2. A dashboard or splashboard. [U. S.] 3. One who makes an ostentatious parade. [Low]

Dash´ing, a. Bold; spirited; showy. “The dashing and daring spirit is preferable to the listless.” T. Campbell.

Dash´ing•ly, adv. Conspicuously; showily. [Colloq.] “ A dashingly dressed gentleman.” Hawthorne.

Dash´ism (-iz’m), n. The character of making ostentatious or blustering parade or show. [R. & Colloq.] “He must fight a duel before his claim to … dashism can be universally allowed.” V. Knox.

Dash´pot , n. (Mach.) A pneumatic or hydraulic cushion for a falling weight, as in the valve gear of a steam engine, to prevent shock. It consists of a chamber, containing air or a liquid, in which a piston (a), attached to the weight, falls freely until it enters a space (as below the openings, b) from which the air or liquid can escape but slowly (as through cock c), when its fall is gradually checked. A cataract of an engine is sometimes called a dashpot.

Dash´y , a. [From Dash.] Calculated to arrest attention; ostentatiously fashionable; showy. [Colloq.]

Das´tard , n. [Prob. from Icel. daestr exhausted. breathless, p. p. of daesa to groan, lose one’s breath; cf. dasask to become exhausted, and E. daze.] One who meanly shrinks from danger; an arrant coward; a poltroon. “You are all recreants and dashtards, and delight to live in slavery to the nobility.” Shak.

Das´tard, a. Meanly shrinking from danger; cowardly; dastardly. ´Their dastard souls.´ Addison.

Das´tard, v. t. To dastardize. [R.] Dryden.

Das´tard•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dastardized p. pr. & vb. n. Dastardizing.] To make cowardly; to intimidate; to dispirit; as to dastardize my courage. Dryden.

Das´tard•li•ness , n. The quality of being dastardly; cowardice; base fear.

Das´tard•ly, a. Meanly timid; cowardly; base; as a dastardly outrage.

Das´tard•ness, n. Dastardliness.

Das´tard•y , n. Base timidity; cowardliness.

Das´we , v. i. See Dasewe [Obs.] Chaucer.

Da•sym´e•ter , n. [Gr. dasy•s rough, thick + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for testing the density of gases, consisting of a thin glass globe, which is weighed in the gas or gases, and then in an atmosphere of known density.

Das•y•pae´dal , a. (Zoöl.) Dasypaedic.

Das•y•pae´des , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. dasy•s hairy, shaggy + , , a child.] (Zoöl.) Those birds whose young are covered with down when hatched.

Das•y•pae´dic , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Dasypaedes; ptilopaedic.

Das´y•ure (das´i•ur), n. [Gr. dasy•s thick, shaggy + o’yra• tail: cf. F. dasyure.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous marsupial quadruped of Australia, belonging to the genus Dasyurus. There are several species.

Das•y•u´rine , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, the dasyures.

Da´ta , n. pl. [L. pl. of datum.] See Datum.

Dat´a•ble , a. That may be dated; having a known or ascertainable date. ´Datable almost to a year.´ The Century.

Da•ta´ri•a , n. [LL., fr. L. datum given.] (R. C. Ch.) Formerly, a part of the Roman chancery; now, a separate office from which are sent graces or favors, cognizable in foro externo, such as appointments to benefices. The name is derived from the word datum, given or dated (with the indications of the time and place of granting the gift or favor).

Da´ta•ry , n. [LL. datarius. See Dataria.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) An officer in the pope’s court, having charge of the Dataria. 2. The office or employment of a datary.

Date, n.[F. datte, L. dactylus, fr. Gr. , prob. not the same word as da•ktylos finger, but of Semitic origin.] (Bot.) The fruit of the date palm; also the date palm itself. This fruit is somewhat in the shape of an olive, containing a soft pulp, sweet, esculent, and wholesome, and inclosing a hard kernel. Date palm, or Date tree (Bot.), the genus of palms which bear dates, of which common species is Phœnix dactylifera. See Illust. — Date plum (Bot.), the fruit of several species of Diospyros, including the American and Japanese persimmons, and the European lotus (D. Lotus). — Date shell, or Date fish (Zoöl.), a bivalve shell, or its inhabitant, of the genus Pholas, and allied genera. See Pholas.

Date , n. [F. date, LL. data, fr. L. datus given, p. p. of dare to give; akin to Gr. , OSlaw. dati, Skr. da. Cf. Datum, Dose, Dato, Die.] 1. That addition to a writing, inscription, coin, etc., which specifies the time (as day, month, and year) when the writing or inscription was given, or executed, or made; as the date of a letter, of a will, of a deed, of a coin. etc. “And bonds without a date, they say, are void.” Dryden. 2. The point of time at which a transaction or event takes place, or is appointed to take place; a given point of time; epoch; as the date of a battle. “He at once,
Down the long series of eventful time,
So fixed the dates of being, so disposed
To every living soul of every kind
The field of motion, and the hour of rest.” Akenside. 3. Assigned end; conclusion. [R.] “What Time would spare, from Steel receives its date.” Pope. 4. Given or assigned length of life; dyration. [Obs.] “Good luck prolonged hath thy date.” Spenser. “Through his life’s whole date.” Chapman. To bear date, to have the date named on the face of it; — said of a writing.

Date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dating.] [Cf. F. dater. See 2d Date.] 1. To note the time of writing or executing; to express in an instrument the time of its execution; as to date a letter, a bond, a deed, or a charter. 2. To note or fix the time of, as of an event; to give the date of; as to date the building of the pyramids. We may say dated at or from a place. “The letter is dated at Philadephia.” G. T. Curtis. “You will be suprised, I don’t question, to find among your correspondencies in foreign parts, a letter dated from Blois.” Addison. “In the countries of his jornal seems to have been written; parts of it are dated from them.” M. Arnold.

Date, v. i. To have beginning; to begin; to be dated or reckoned; — with from. “The Batavian republic dates from the successes of the French arms.” E. Everett.

Date´less, a. Without date; having no fixed time.

Dat´er , n. One who dates.

Da•tis´cin , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline glucoside extracted from the bastard hemp (Datisca cannabina).

Da´tive , a. [L. dativus appropriate to giving, fr. dare to give. See 2d Date.] 1. (Gram.) Noting the case of a noun which expresses the remoter object, and is generally indicated in English by to or for with the objective. 2. (Law) (a) In one’s gift; capable of being disposed of at will and pleasure, as an office. (b) Removable, as distinguished from perpetual; — said of an officer. (c) Given by a magistrate, as distinguished from being cast upon a party by the law. Burril. Bouvier. Dative executor, one appointed by the judge of probate, his office answering to that of an administrator.

Da´tive, n. [L. dativus.] The dative case. See Dative, a., 1.

Da´tive•ly, adv. As a gift. [R.]

Dat´o•lite , n. [From. Gr. to divide + -lite; in allusion to the granular structure of a massive variety.] (Min.) A borosilicate of lime commonly occuring in glassy,, greenish crystals. [Written also datholite.]

Da´tum , n.; pl. Data (#). [L. See 2d Date.] 1. Something given or admitted; a fact or principle granted; that upon which an inference or an argument is based; — used chiefly in the plural. “Any writer, therefore, who … furnishes us with data sufficient to determine the time in which he wrote.” Priestley. 2. pl. (Math.) The quantities or relations which are assumed to be given in any problem. Datum line (Surv.), the horizontal or base line, from which the heights of points are reckoned or measured, as in the plan of a railway, etc.

Da•tu´ra , n. [NL.; cf. Skr. dhattura, Per. & Ar. tatura, Tatula.] (Bot.) A genus of solanaceous plants, with large funnel-shaped flowers and a four-celled, capsular fruit. The commonest species are the thorn apple (D. stramonium), with a prickly capsule (see Illust. of capsule), white flowers and green stem, and D. tatula, with a purplish tinge of the stem and flowers. Both are narcotic and dangerously poisonous.

Da•tu´rine , n. [From Datura.] (Chem.) Atropine; — called also daturia and daturina.

Daub (dab), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daubed p. pr. & vb. n. Daubing.] [OE. dauben to smear, OF. dauber to plaster, fr. L. dealbare to whitewash, plaster; de- + albare to whiten, fr. albus white, perh. also confused with W. dwb plaster, dwbio to plaster, Ir. & OGael. dob plaster. See Alb, and cf. Dealbate.] 1. To smear with soft, adhesive matter, as pitch, slime, mud, etc.; to plaster; to bedaub; to besmear. “She took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch.” Ex. ii. 3. 2. To paint in a coarse or unskillful manner. “If a picture is daubed with many bright and glaring colors, the vulgar admire it is an excellent piece.” I. Watts. “A lame, imperfect piece, rudely daubed over.” Dryden. 3. To cover with a specious or deceitful exterior; to disguise; to conceal. “So smooth he daubed his vice with show of virtue.” Shak. 4. To flatter excessively or glossy. [R.] “I can safely say, however, that, without any daubing at all,
I am very sincerely your very affectionate, humble servant.” Smollett. 5. To put on without taste; to deck gaudily. [R.] “Let him be daubed with lace.” Dryden.

Daub , v. i. To smear; to play the flatterer. “His conscience … will not daub nor flatter.” South.

Daub, n. 1. A viscous, sticky application; a spot smeared or daubed; a smear. 2. (Paint.) A picture coarsely executed. “Did you … take a look at the grand picture? … ’T is a melancholy daub, my lord.” Sterne.

Daub´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, daubs; especially, a coarse, unskillful painter. 2. (Copperplate Print.) A pad or ball of rags, covered over with canvas for inking plates; a dabber. 3. A low and gross flatterer. 4. (Zoöl.) The mud wasp; the mud dauber. { Daub´er•y , or Daub´ry }, n. A daubing; specious coloring; false pretenses. “She works by charms, by spells, by the figure, and such daubery as this is.” Shak.

Daub´ing, n. 1. The act of one who daubs; that which is daubed. 2. A rough coat of mortar put upon a wall to give it the appearance of stone; rough-cast. 3. In currying, a mixture of fish oil and tallow worked into leather; — called also dubbing. Knight.

Dau´bree•lite , n. [From Daubree, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A sulphide of chromium observed in some meteoric irons.

Daub´y , a. Smeary; viscous; glutinous; adhesive. ´Dauby wax.´

Daugh´ter , n.; pl. Daughters (#); obs. pl. Daughtren (#). [OE. doughter, doghter, dohter, AS. dohtor, dohter; akin to OS. dohtar, D. dochter, G. tochter, Icel. dottir, Sw. dotter, Dan. dotter, datter, Goth. daúhtar,, OSlav. dushti, Russ. doche, Lith. dukte, Gr. qyga•thr, Zend. dughdhar, Skr. duhitr; possibly originally, the milker, cf. Skr. duh to milk. rad.68, 245.] 1. The female offspring of the human species; a female child of any age; — applied also to the lower animals. 2. A female descendant; a woman. “This woman, being a daughter of Abraham.” Luke xiii. 16. “Dinah, the daughter of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob, went out to see the daughter of the land.” Gen. xxxiv. 1. 3. A son’s wife; a daughter-in-law. “And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters.” Ruth. i. 11. 4. A term of address indicating parental interest. “Daughter, be of good comfort.” Matt. ix. 22. Daughter cell (Biol.), one of the cells formed by cell division. See Cell division, under Division.

Daugh´ter-in-law , n.; pl. Daughters-in-law. The wife of one’s son.

Daugh´ter•li•ness , n. The state of a daughter, or the conduct becoming a daughter.

Daugh´ter•ly, a. Becoming a daughter; filial. “Sir Thomas liked her natural and dear daughterly affection towards him.” Cavendish.

Dauk , v. t. See Dawk, v. t., to cut or gush.

Daun , n. A variant of Dan, a title of honor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Daunt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Daunting.] [OF. danter, F. dompter to tame, subdue, fr. L. domitare, v. intens. of domare to tame. See Tame.] 1. To overcome; to conquer. [Obs.] 2. To repress or subdue the courage of; to check by fear of danger; to cow; to intimidate; to dishearten. “Some presences daunt and discourage us.” Glanvill. Syn. — To dismay; appall. See Dismay.

Daunt´er , n. One who daunts.

Daunt´less, a. Incapable of being daunted; undaunted; bold; fearless; intrepid. “Dauntless he rose, and to the fight returned.” Dryden. — Daunt´less•ly, adv. — Daunt´less•ness, n.

Dau´phin , n. [F. dauphin, prop., a dolphin, from L. delphinus. See Dolphin. The name was given, for some reason unexplained, to Guigo, count of Vienne, in the 12th century, and was borne by succeeding counts of Vienne. In 1349, Dauphiny was bequeathed to Philippe de Valois, king of France, on condition that the heir of the crown should always hold the title of Dauphin de Viennois.] The title of the eldest son of the king of France, and heir to the crown. Since the revolution of 1830, the title has been discontinued. { Dau´phin•ess , or Dau´phine }, n. The title of the wife of the dauphin.

Dauw , n. [D.] (Zoöl.) The striped quagga, or Burchell’s zebra, of South Africa (Asinus Burchellii); — called also peechi, or peetsi.

Dav´en•port , n. [From the name of the original maker. Encyc. Dict.] A kind of small writing table, generally somewhat ornamental, and forming a piece of furniture for the parlor or boudoir. “A much battered davenport in one of the windows, at which sat a lady writing.” A. B. Edwards.

Da•vid´ic , a. Of or pertaining to David, the king and psalmist of Israel, or to his family.

Dav´it , n. [Cf. F. davier forceps, davit, cooper’s instrument, G. david davit; all probably from the proper name David.] (Naut.) (a) A spar formerly used on board of ships, as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of the bow, without injuring the sides of the ship; — called also the fish davit. (b) pl. Curved arms of timber or iron, projecting over a ship’s side of stern, having tackle to raise or lower a boat, swing it in on deck, rig it out for lowering, etc.; — called also boat davits. Totten.

Da´vy Jones´ The spirit of the sea; sea devil; — a term used by sailors. “This same Davy Jones, according to the mythology of sailors, is the fiend that presides over all the evil spirits of the deep, and is seen in various shapes warning the devoted wretch of death and woe.” Smollett. Davy Jones’s Locker, the ocean, or bottom of the ocean. — Gone to Davy Jones’s Locker, dead, and buried in the sea; thrown overboard.

Da´vy lamp See Safety lamp, under Lamp.

Da´vyne , n. [See Davyum.] (Min.) A variety of nephelite from Vesuvius.

Da´vy•um , n. [Named after Sir Humphry Davy, the English chemist.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element found in platinum ore. It is a white malleable substance. Symbol Da. Atomic weight 154.

Daw (da), n. [OE. dawe; akin to OHG. taha, MHG. tahe, tahele, G. dohle. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) A European bird of the Crow family (Corvus monedula), often nesting in church towers and ruins; a jackdaw. “The loud daw, his throat
displaying, draws
The whole assembly of his fellow daws.” Waller. The daw was reckoned as a silly bird, and a daw meant a simpleton. See in Shakespeare: — ´Then thou dwellest with daws too.´ (Coriolanus iv. 5, 1. 47.) Skeat.

Daw, v. i. [OE. dawen. See Dawn.] To dawn. [Obs.] See Dawn. Drayton.

Daw, v. t. [Contr. fr. Adaw.] 1. To rouse. [Obs.] 2. To daunt; to terrify. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Daw´dle (da´d’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawdled p. pr. & vb. n. Dawdling ] [Cf. Daddle.] To waste time in trifling employment; to trifle; to saunter. “Come some evening and dawdle over a dish of tea with me.” Johnson. “We … dawdle up and down Pall Mall.” Thackeray.

Daw´dle, v. t. To waste by trifling; as to dawdle away a whole morning.

Daw´dle, n. A dawdler. Colman & Carrick.

Daw´dler , n. One who wastes time in trifling employments; an idler; a trifler.

Dawe , n. [See Day.] Day. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Daw´ish , a. Like a daw.

Dawk , n. See Dak.

Dawk, v. t. [Prov. E. dauk to cut or pierce with a jerk; cf. OE. dalk a dimple. Cf. Ir. tolch, tollachd, tolladh, a hole, crevice, toll to bore, pierce, W. tyllu.] To cut or mark with an incision; to gash. Moxon.

Dawk, n. A hollow, crack, or cut, in timber. Moxon.

Dawn , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawned p. pr. & vb. n. Dawning.] [OE. dawnen, dawen, dagen, daien, AS. dagian to become day, to dawn, fr. daeg day; akin to D. dagen, G. tagen, Icel. daga, Dan. dages, Sw. dagas. See Day. rad.71.] 1. To begin to grow light in the morning; to grow light; to break, or begin to appear; as the day dawns; the morning dawns. “In the end of the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene … to see the sepulcher.” Matt. xxviii. 1. 2. To began to give promise; to begin to appear or to expand. ´In dawning youth.´ Dryden. “When life awakes, and dawns at every line.” Pope. “Dawn on our darkness and lend us thine aid.” Heber,

Dawn, n. 1. The break of day; the first appearance of light in the morning; show of approaching sunrise. “And oft at dawn, deep noon, or falling eve.” Thomson. “No sun, no moon, no morn, no noon,
No dawn, no dusk, no proper time of day.” Hood. 2. First opening or expansion; first appearance; beginning; rise. ´The dawn of time.´ Thomson. “These tender circumstances diffuse a dawn of serenity over the soul.” Pope.

Daw´son•ite , n. [Named after J. W. Dawson of Montreal.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of alumina and soda, occuring in white, bladed crustals.

Day , n. [OE. day, dai,, dei, AS. daeg; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. dag, G, tag, Icel. dagr, Goth. dags; cf. Skr. dah (for dhagh ?) to burn. rad.69. Cf. Dawn.] 1. The time of light, or interval between one night and the next; the time between sunrise and sunset, or from dawn to darkness; hence, the light; sunshine. 2. The period of the earth’s revolution on its axis. — ordinarily divided into twenty-four hours. It is measured by the interval between two successive transits of a celestial body over the same meridian, and takes a specific name from that of the body. Thus, if this is the sun, the day (the interval between two successive transits of the sun’s center over the same meridian) is called a solar day; if it is a star, a sidereal day; if it is the moon, a lunar day. See Civil day, Sidereal day, below. 3. Those hours, or the daily recurring period, allotted by usage or law for work. 4. A specified time or period; time, considered with reference to the existence or prominence of a person or thing; age; time. “A man who was great among the Hellenes of his day.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) “If my debtors do not keep their day, …
I must with patience all the terms attend.” Dryden. 5. (Preceded by the) Some day in particular, as some day of contest, some anniversary, etc. “The field of Agincourt,
Fought on the day of Crispin Crispianus.” Shak. “His name struck fear, his conduct won the day.” Roscommon. Day is much used in self-explaining compounds; as daybreak, daylight, workday, etc. Anniversary day. See Anniversary, n. — Astronomical day, a period equal to the mean solar day, but beginning at noon instead of at midnight, its twenty-four hours being numbered from 1 to 24; also the sidereal day, as that most used by astronomers. — Born days. See under Born. — Canicular days. See Dog day. — Civil day, the mean solar day, used in the ordinary reckoning of time, and among most modern nations beginning at mean midnight; its hours are usually numbered in two series, each from 1 to 12. This is the period recognized by courts as constituting a day. The Babylonians and Hindoos began their day at sunrise, the Athenians and Jews at sunset, the ancient Egyptians and Romans at midnight. — Day blindness. (Med.) See Nyctalopia. — Day by day, or Day after day, daily; every day; continually; without intermission of a day. See under By. ´Day by day we magnify thee.´ Book of Common Prayer. — Days in bank (Eng. Law), certain stated days for the return of writs and the appearance of parties; — so called because originally peculiar to the Court of Common Bench, or Bench (bank) as it was formerly termed. Burrill. - - Day in court, a day for the appearance of parties in a suit. — Days of devotion (R. C. Ch.), certain festivals on which devotion leads the faithful to attend mass. Shipley. — Days of grace. See Grace. — Days of obligation (R. C. Ch.), festival days when it is obligatory on the faithful to attend Mass. Shipley. — Day owl, (Zoöl.), an owl that flies by day. See Hawk owl. — Day rule (Eng. Law), an order of court (now abolished) allowing a prisoner, under certain circumstances, to go beyond the prison limits for a single day. — Day school, one which the pupils attend only in daytime, in distinction from a boarding school. — Day sight. (Med.) See Hemeralopia. — Day’s work (Naut.), the account or reckoning of a ship’s course for twenty-four hours, from noon to noon. — From day to day, as time passes; in the course of time; as he improves from day to day. — Jewish day, the time between sunset and sunset. — Mean solar day (Astron.), the mean or average of all the apparent solar days of the year. — One day, One of these days, at an uncertain time, usually of the future, rarely of the past; sooner or later. ´Well, niece, I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband.´ Shak. — Only from day to day, without certainty of continuance; temporarily. Bacon. — Sidereal day, the interval between two successive transits of the first point of Aries over the same meridian. The Sidereal day is 23 h. 56 m. 4.09 s. of mean solar time. — To win the day, to gain the victory, to be successful. S. Butler. — Week day, any day of the week except Sunday; a working day. — Working day. (a) A day when work may be legally done, in distinction from Sundays and legal holidays. (b) The number of hours, determined by law or custom, during which a workman, hired at a stated price per day, must work to be entitled to a day’s pay.

Day´aks (di´aks), n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Dyaks.

Day´book (da´book•), n. A journal of accounts; a primary record book in which are recorded the debts and credits, or accounts of the day, in their order, and from which they are transferred to the journal.

Day´break (da´brak•), n. The time of the first appearance of light in the morning.

Day´-coal (da´kol•), n. (Mining) The upper stratum of coal, as nearest the light or surface.

Day´dream (-drem•), n. A vain fancy speculation; a reverie; a castle in the air; unfounded hope. “Mrs. Lambert’s little daydream was over.” Thackeray.

Day´dream•er , n. One given to daydreams.

Day´flow•er (-flou•er), n. (Bot.) A genus consisting mostly of tropical perennial herbs (Commelina), having ephemeral flowers.

Day´fly (da´fli•), n. (Zoöl.) A neuropterous insect of the genus Ephemera and related genera, of many species, and inhabiting fresh water in the larval state; the ephemeral fly; — so called because it commonly lives but one day in the winged or adult state. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral.

Day´-la•bor , n. Labor hired or performed by the day. Milton.

Day´-la•bor•er , n. One who works by the day; — usually applied to a farm laborer, or to a workman who does not work at any particular trade. Goldsmith.

Day´light (-lit), n. 1. The light of day as opposed to the darkness of night; the light of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon or to artificial light. 2. pl. The eyes. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Day´ lil•y (lil•y). (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants (Hemerocallis) closely resembling true lilies, but having tuberous rootstocks instead of bulbs. The common species have long narrow leaves and either yellow or tawny-orange flowers. (b) A genus of plants (Funkia) differing from the last in having ovate veiny leaves, and large white or blue flowers.

Day´maid (-m&amc;d•), n. A dairymaid. [Obs.]

Day´mare (da´mâr•), n. [Day + mare incubus.] (Med.) A kind of incubus which occurs during wakefulness, attended by the peculiar pressure on the chest which characterizes nightmare. Dunglison.

Day´-net (-net•), n. A net for catching small birds.

Day´-peep (-pep•), n. The dawn. [Poetic] Milton.

Days´man (daz´man), n. [From day in the sense of day fixed for trial.] An umpire or arbiter; a mediator. “Neither is there any daysman betwixt us.” Job ix. 33.

Day´spring (da´spring•), n. The beginning of the day, or first appearance of light; the dawn; hence, the beginning. Milton. “The tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us.” Luke i. 78.

Day´-star (-stär•), n. 1. The morning star; the star which ushers in the day. “A dark place, until the day dawn, and the day- star arise in your hearts.” 2 Peter i. 19. 2. The sun, as the orb of day. [Poetic] “So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed,
And yet anon repairs his drooping head,
And tricks his beams, and with new-spangled ore
Flames in the forehead of the morning sky.” Milton.

Day´time (-tim•), n. The time during which there is daylight, as distinguished from the night.

Day´wom•an (-woom•an), n. A dairymaid. [Obs.]

Daze (daz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dazed (dazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dazing.] [OE. dasen, prob. from Icel. dasask to become weary, a reflexive verb; cf. Sw. dasa to lie idle, and OD. daesen to be foolish, insane, daes, dwaes, D. dwaas, foolish, insane, AS. dwaes, dysig, stupid. rad.71. Cf. Dizzy, Doze.] To stupefy with excess of light; with a blow, with cold, or with fear; to confuse; to benumb. “While flashing beams do daze his feeble eyen.” Spenser. “Such souls,
Whose sudden visitations daze the world.” Sir H. Taylor. “He comes out of the room in a dazed state, that is an odd though a sufficient substitute for interest.” Dickens.

Daze, n. 1. The state of being dazed; as he was in a daze. [Colloq.] 2. (Mining) A glittering stone.

Daz´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dazzled p. pr. & vb. n. Dazzling ] [Freq. of daze.] 1. To overpower with light; to confuse the sight of by brilliance of light. “Those heavenly shapes
Will dazzle now the earthly, with their blaze
Insufferably bright.” Milton. “An unreflected light did never yet
Dazzle the vision feminine.” Sir H. Taylor. 2. To bewilder or surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. ´Dazzled and drove back his enemies.´ Shak.

Daz´zle, v. i. 1. To be overpoweringly or intensely bright; to excite admiration by brilliancy. “Ah, friend! to dazzle, let the vain design.” Pope. 2. To be overpowered by light; to be confused by excess of brightness. “An overlight maketh the eyes dazzle.” Bacon. “I dare not trust these eyes;
They dance in mists, and dazzle with surprise.” Dryden.

Daz´zle, n. A light of dazzling brilliancy.

Daz´zle•ment , n. Dazzling flash, glare, or burst of light. Donne.

Daz´zling•ly , adv. In a dazzling manner.

De- A prefix from Latin de down, from, away; as in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. In words from the French it is equivalent to Latin dis- apart, away; or sometimes to de. Cf. Dis-. It is negative and opposite in derange, deform, destroy, etc. It is intensive in deprave, despoil, declare, desolate, etc.

Dea´con (de´k’n), n. [OE. diakne, deakne, deken, AS. diacon, deacon, L. diaconus, fr. Gr. a servant or minister, a minister of the church; of uncertain origin. In sense 2 prob. confused with dean.] 1. (Eccl.) An officer in Christian churches appointed to perform certain subordinate duties varying in different communions. In the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches, a person admitted to the lowest order in the ministry, subordinate to the bishops and priests. In Presbyterian churches, he is subordinate to the minister and elders, and has charge of certain duties connected with the communion service and the care of the poor. In Congregational churches, he is subordinate to the pastor, and has duties as in the Presbyterian church. 2. The chairman of an incorporated company. [Scot.]

Dea´con , v. t. To read aloud each line of (a psalm or hymn) before singing it, — usually with off. [Colloq. New. Eng.] See Line, v. t. The expression is derived from a former custom in the Congregational churches of New England. It was part of the office of a deacon to read aloud the psalm given out, one line at a time, the congregation singing each line as soon as read; — called, also lining out the psalm.

Dea´con•ess , n. (Eccl.) A female deacon; as: (a) (Primitive Ch.) One of an order of women whose duties resembled those of deacons. (b) (Ch. of Eng. and Prot. Epis. Ch.) A woman set apart for church work by a bishop. (c) A woman chosen as a helper in church work, as among the Congregationalists.

Dea´con•hood , n. The state of being a deacon; office of a deacon; deaconship.

Dea´con•ry , n. See Deaconship.

Dea´con•ship, n. The office or ministry of a deacon or deaconess.

Dead (ded), a. [OE. ded, dead, deed, AS. deád; akin to OS. dod, D. dood, G. todt, tot, Icel. dauðr, Sw. & Dan. död, Goth. daubs; prop. p. p. of an old verb meaning to die. See Die, and cf. Death.] 1. Deprived of life; — opposed to alive and living; reduced to that state of a being in which the organs of motion and life have irrevocably ceased to perform their functions; as a dead tree; a dead man. ´The queen, my lord, is dead.´ Shak. “The crew, all except himself, were dead of hunger.” Arbuthnot. “Seek him with candle, bring him dead or living.” Shak. 2. Destitute of life; inanimate; as dead matter. 3. Resembling death in appearance or quality; without show of life; deathlike; as a dead sleep. 4. Still as death; motionless; inactive; useless; as dead calm; a dead load or weight. 5. So constructed as not to transmit sound; soundless; as a dead floor. 6. Unproductive; bringing no gain; unprofitable; as dead capital; dead stock in trade. 7. Lacking spirit; dull; lusterless; cheerless; as dead eye; dead fire; dead color, etc. 8. Monotonous or unvaried; as a dead level or pain; a dead wall. ´The ground is a dead flat.´ C. Reade. 9. Sure as death; unerring; fixed; complete; as a dead shot; a dead certainty. “I had them a dead bargain.” Goldsmith. 10. Bringing death; deadly. Shak. 11. Wanting in religious spirit and vitality; as dead faith; dead works. ´Dead in trespasses.´ Eph. ii. 1. 12. (Paint.) (a) Flat; without gloss; — said of painting which has been applied purposely to have this effect. (b) Not brilliant; not rich; thus, brown is a dead color, as compared with crimson. 13. (Law) Cut off from the rights of a citizen; deprived of the power of enjoying the rights of property; as one banished or becoming a monk is civilly dead. 14. (Mach.) Not imparting motion or power; as the dead spindle of a lathe, etc. See Spindle. Dead ahead (Naut.), directly ahead; - - said of a ship or any object, esp. of the wind when blowing from that point toward which a vessel would go. — Dead angle (Mil.), an angle or space which can not be seen or defended from behind the parapet. — Dead block, either of two wooden or iron blocks intended to serve instead of buffers at the end of a freight car. — Dead calm (Naut.), no wind at all. — Dead center, or Dead point (Mach.), either of two points in the orbit of a crank, at which the crank and connecting rod lie a straight line. It corresponds to the end of a stroke; as A and B are dead centers of the crank mechanism in which the crank C drives, or is driven by, the lever L. — Dead color (Paint.), a color which has no gloss upon it. — Dead coloring (Oil paint.), the layer of colors, the preparation for what is to follow. In modern painting this is usually in monochrome. — Dead door (Shipbuilding), a storm shutter fitted to the outside of the quarter-gallery door. — Dead flat (Naut.), the widest or midship frame. — Dead freight (Mar. Law), a sum of money paid by a person who charters a whole vessel but fails to make out a full cargo. The payment is made for the unoccupied capacity. Abbott. — Dead ground (Mining), the portion of a vein in which there is no ore. — Dead hand, a hand that can not alienate, as of a person civilly dead. ´Serfs held in dead hand.´ Morley. See Mortmain. — Dead head (Naut.), a rough block of wood used as an anchor buoy. — Dead heat, a heat or course between two or more race horses, boats, etc., in which they come out exactly equal, so that neither wins. — Dead horse, an expression applied to a debt for wages paid in advance. [Law] — Dead language, a language which is no longer spoken or in common use by a people, and is known only in writings, as the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. — Dead letter. (a) A letter which, after lying for a certain fixed time uncalled for at the post office to which it was directed, is then sent to the general post office to be opened. (b) That which has lost its force or authority; as the law has become a dead letter. — Dead-letter office, a department of the general post office where dead letters are examined and disposed of. — Dead level, a term applied to a flat country. — Dead lift, a direct lift, without assistance from mechanical advantage, as from levers, pulleys, etc.; hence, an extreme emergency. ´(As we say) at a dead lift.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). — Dead line (Mil.), a line drawn within or around a military prison, to cross which involves for a prisoner the penalty of being instantly shot. — Dead load (Civil Engin.), a constant, motionless load, as the weight of a structure, in distinction from a moving load, as a train of cars, or a variable pressure, as of wind. — Dead march (Mus.), a piece of solemn music intended to be played as an accompaniment to a funeral procession. — Dead nettle (Bot.), a harmless plant with leaves like a nettle (Lamium album). — Dead oil (Chem.), the heavy oil obtained in the distillation of coal tar, and containing phenol, naphthalus, etc. — Dead plate (Mach.), a solid covering over a part of a fire grate, to prevent the entrance of air through that part. — Dead pledge, a mortgage. See Mortgage. — Dead point. (Mach.) See Dead center. — Dead reckoning (Naut.), the method of determining the place of a ship from a record kept of the courses sailed as given by compass, and the distance made on each course as found by log, with allowance for leeway, etc., without the aid of celestial observations. — Dead rise, the transverse upward curvature of a vessel’s floor. — Dead rising, an elliptical line drawn on the sheer plan to determine the sweep of the floorheads throughout the ship’s length. — Dead-Sea apple. See under Apple. — Dead set. See under Set. — Dead shot. (a) An unerring marksman. (b) A shot certain to be made. — Dead smooth, the finest cut made; — said of files. — Dead wall (Arch.), a blank wall unbroken by windows or other openings. — Dead water (Naut.), the eddy water closing in under a ship’s stern when sailing. — Dead weight. (a) A heavy or oppressive burden. Dryden. (b) (Shipping) A ship’s lading, when it consists of heavy goods; or, the heaviest part of a ship’s cargo. (c) (Railroad) The weight of rolling stock, the live weight being the load. Knight. — Dead wind (Naut.), a wind directly ahead, or opposed to the ship’s course. — To be dead, to die. [Obs.] “I deme thee, thou must algate be dead.” Chaucer. Syn. — Inanimate; deceased; extinct. See Lifeless.

Dead , adv. To a degree resembling death; to the last degree; completely; wholly. [Colloq.] “I was tired of reading, and dead sleepy.” Dickens. Dead drunk, so drunk as to be unconscious.

Dead (ded), n. 1. The most quiet or deathlike time; the period of profoundest repose, inertness, or gloom; as the dead of winter. “When the drum beat at dead of night.” Campbell. 2. One who is dead; — commonly used collectively. “And Abraham stood up from before his dead.” Gen. xxiii. 3.

Dead, v. t. To make dead; to deaden; to deprive of life, force, or vigor. [Obs.] “Heaven’s stern decree,
With many an ill, hath numbed and deaded me.” Chapman.

Dead, v. i. To die; to lose life or force. [Obs.] “So iron, as soon as it is out of the fire, deadeth straightway.” Bacon.

Dead• beat´ See Beat, n., 7. [Low, U.S.]

Dead´beat , a. (Physics) Making a beat without recoil; giving indications by a single beat or excursion; — said of galvanometers and other instruments in which the needle or index moves to the extent of its deflection and stops with little or no further oscillation. Deadbeat escapement. See under Escapement.

Dead´born , a. Stillborn. Pope.

Dead´en (ded´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deadened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Deadening.] [From Dead; cf. AS. ddan to kill, put to death. See Dead, a.] 1. To make as dead; to impair in vigor, force, activity, or sensation; to lessen the force or acuteness of; to blunt; as to deaden the natural powers or feelings; to deaden a sound. “As harper lays his open palm
Upon his harp, to deaden its vibrations.” Longfellow. 2. To lessen the velocity or momentum of; to retard; as to deaden a ship’s headway. 3. To make vapid or spiritless; as to deaden wine. 4. To deprive of gloss or brilliancy; to obscure; as to deaden gilding by a coat of size.

Dead´en•er (ded´’n•er), n. One who, or that which, deadens or checks.

Dead´-eye (ded´i•), n. (Naut.) A round, flattish, wooden block, encircled by a rope, or an iron band, and pierced with three holes to receive the lanyard; — used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes. Called also deadman’s eye. Totten.

Dead´head , n. 1. One who receives free tickets for theaters, public conveyances, etc. [Colloq. U. S.] 2. (Naut.) A buoy. See under Dead, a.

Dead´-heart•ed , a. Having a dull, faint heart; spiritless; listless. — Dead´- heart•ed•ness, n. Bp. Hall.

Dead´house , n. A morgue; a place for the temporary reception and exposure of dead bodies.

Dead´ish, a. Somewhat dead, dull, or lifeless; deathlike. “The lips put on a deadish paleness.” A. Stafford.

Dead´latch , n. A kind of latch whose bolt may be so locked by a detent that it can not be opened from the inside by the handle, or from the outside by the latch key. Knight.

Dead´light , n. (Naut.) A strong shutter, made to fit open ports and keep out water in a storm.

Dead´li•hood , n. State of the dead. [Obs.]

Dead´li•ness, n. The quality of being deadly.

Dead´lock , n. 1. A lock which is not self-latching, but requires a key to throw the bolt forward. 2. A counteraction of things, which produces an entire stoppage; a complete obstruction of action. “Things are at a deadlock.” London Times. “The Board is much more likely to be at a deadlock of two to two.” The Century.

Dead´ly , a. 1. Capable of causing death; mortal; fatal; destructive; certain or likely to cause death; as a deadly blow or wound. 2. Aiming or willing to destroy; implacable; desperately hostile; flagitious; as deadly enemies. “Thy assailant is quick, skillful, and deadly.” Shak. 3. Subject to death; mortal. [Obs.] “The image of a deadly man.” Wyclif (Rom. i. 23). Deadly nightshade (Bot.), a poisonous plant; belladonna. See under Nightshade.

Dead´ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling, or as if produced by, death. ´Deadly pale.´ Shak. 2. In a manner to occasion death; mortally. “The groanings of a deadly wounded man.” Ezek. xxx. 24. 3. In an implacable manner; destructively. 4. Extremely. [Obs.] ´Deadly weary.´ Orrery. ´So deadly cunning a man.´ Arbuthnot.

Dead´ness, n. The state of being destitute of life, vigor, spirit, activity, etc.; dullness; inertness; languor; coldness; vapidness; indifference; as the deadness of a limb, a body, or a tree; the deadness of an eye; deadness of the affections; the deadness of beer or cider; deadness to the world, and the like.

Dead´-pay , n. Pay drawn for soldiers, or others, really dead, whose names are kept on the rolls. “O you commanders,
That, like me, have no dead-pays.” Massinger.

Dead´-reck•on•ing , n. (Naut.) See under Dead, a.

Deads , n. pl. (Mining) The substances which inclose the ore on every side.

Dead´-stroke , a. (Mech.) Making a stroke without recoil; deadbeat. Dead-stroke hammer (Mach.), a power hammer having a spring interposed between the driving mechanism and the hammer head, or helve, to lessen the recoil of the hammer and reduce the shock upon the mechanism.

Dead´wood , n. 1. (Naut.) A mass of timbers built into the bow and stern of a vessel to give solidity. 2. Dead trees or branches; useless material.

Dead´works , n. pl. (Naut.) The parts of a ship above the water when she is laden.

Deaf ( 277), a. [OE. def, deaf, deef, AS. deáf; akin to D. doof, G. taub, Icel. daufr, Dan. döv, Sw. döf, Goth. daubs, and prob. to E. dumb (the original sense being, dull as applied to one of the senses), and perh. to Gr. (for ) blind, smoke, vapor, folly, and to G. toben to rage. Cf. Dumb.] 1. Wanting the sense of hearing, either wholly or in part; unable to perceive sounds; hard of hearing; as a deaf man. “Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf.” Shak. 2. Unwilling to hear or listen; determinedly inattentive; regardless; not to be persuaded as to facts, argument, or exhortation; — with to; as deaf to reason. “O, that men’s ears should be
To counsel deaf, but not to flattery!” Shak. 3. Deprived of the power of hearing; deafened. “Deaf with the noise, I took my hasty flight.” Dryden. 4. Obscurely heard; stifled; deadened. [R.] “A deaf murmur through the squadron went.” Dryden. 5. Decayed; tasteless; dead; as a deaf nut; deaf corn. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. “If the season be unkindly and intemperate, they [peppers] will catch a blast; and then the seeds will be deaf, void, light, and naught.” Holland. Deaf and dumb, without the sense of hearing or the faculty of speech. See Deaf-mute.

Deaf ( 277), v. t. To deafen. [Obs.] Dryden.

Deaf´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deafened p. pr. & vb. n. Deafening.] [From Deaf.] 1. To make deaf; to deprive of the power of hearing; to render incapable of perceiving sounds distinctly. “Deafened and stunned with their promiscuous cries.” Addison. 2. (Arch.) To render impervious to sound, as a partition or floor, by filling the space within with mortar, by lining with paper, etc.

Deaf´en•ing, n. The act or process of rendering impervious to sound, as a floor or wall; also the material with which the spaces are filled in this process; pugging.

Deaf´ly, adv. Without sense of sounds; obscurely.

Deaf´ly, a. Lonely; solitary. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Deaf´-mute , n. A person who is deaf and dumb; one who, through deprivation or defect of hearing, has either failed the acquire the power of speech, or has lost it. [See Illust. of Dactylology.] “Deaf-mutes are still so called, even when, by artificial methods, they have been taught to speak imperfectly.”

Deaf´-mut•ism , n. The condition of being a deaf-mute.

Deaf´ness , n. 1. Incapacity of perceiving sounds; the state of the organs which prevents the impression which constitute hearing; want of the sense of hearing. 2. Unwillingness to hear; voluntary rejection of what is addressed to the understanding. Nervous deafness, a variety of deafness dependent upon morbid change in some portion of the nervous system, especially the auditory nerve.

Deal (del), n. [OE. del, deel, part, AS. dael; akin to OS. del, D. & Dan. deel, G. theil, teil, Icel. deild, Sw. del, Goth. dails. rad.65. Cf. 3d Dole.] 1. A part or portion; a share; hence, an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent, degree, or extent; as a deal of time and trouble; a deal of cold. “Three tenth deals [parts of an ephah] of flour.” Num. xv. 9. “As an object of science it [the Celtic genius] may count for a good deal … as a spiritual power.” M. Arnold. “She was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect.” W. Black. It was formerly limited by some, every, never a, a thousand, etc.; as some deal; but these are now obsolete or vulgar. In general, we now qualify the word with great or good, and often use it adverbially, by being understood; as a great deal of time and pains; a great (or good) deal better or worse; that is, better by a great deal, or by a great part or difference. 2. The process of dealing cards to the players; also the portion disturbed. “The deal, the shuffle, and the cut.” Swift. 3. Distribution; apportionment. [Colloq.] 4. An arrangement to attain a desired result by a combination of interested parties; — applied to stock speculations and political bargains. [Slang] 5. [Prob. from D. deel a plank, threshing floor. See Thill.] The division of a piece of timber made by sawing; a board or plank; particularly, a board or plank of fir or pine above seven inches in width, and exceeding six feet in length. If narrower than this, it is called a batten; if shorter, a deal end. Whole deal is a general term for planking one and one half inches thick. 6. Wood of the pine or fir; as a floor of deal. Deal tree, a fir tree. Dr. Prior.

Deal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dealt (delt); p. pr. & vb. n. Dealing.] [OE. delen, AS. daelan, fr. dael share; akin to OS. delian, D. deelen, G. theilen, teilen, Icel. deila, Sw. dela, Dan. dele, Goth. dailjan. See Deal, n.] 1. To divide; to separate in portions; hence, to give in portions; to distribute; to bestow successively; — sometimes with out. “Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry?” Is. lviii. 7. “And Rome deals out her blessings and her gold.” Tickell. “The nightly mallet deals resounding blows.” Gay. “Hissing through the skies, the feathery deaths were dealt.” Dryden. 2. Specifically: To distribute, as cards, to the players at the commencement of a game; as to deal the cards; to deal one a jack.

Deal, v. i. 1. To make distribution; to share out in portions, as cards to the players. 2. To do a distributing or retailing business, as distinguished from that of a manufacturer or producer; to traffic; to trade; to do business; as he deals in flour. “They buy and sell, they deal and traffic.” South. “This is to drive to wholesale trade, when all other petty merchants deal but for parcels.” Dr. H. More. 3. To act as an intermediary in business or any affairs; to manage; to make arrangements; — followed by between or with. “Sometimes he that deals between man and man, raiseth his own credit with both, by pretending greater interest than he hath in either.” Bacon. 4. To conduct one’s self; to behave or act in any affair or towards any one; to treat. “If he will deal clearly and impartially, … he will acknowledge all this to be true.” Tillotson. 5. To contend (with); to treat (with), by way of opposition, check, or correction; as he has turbulent passions to deal with. To deal by, to treat, either well or ill; as to deal well by servants. ´Such an one deals not fairly by his own mind.´ Locke. — To deal in. (a) To have to do with; to be engaged in; to practice; as they deal in political matters. (b) To buy and sell; to furnish, as a retailer or wholesaler; as they deal in fish. — To deal with. (a) To treat in any manner; to use, whether well or ill; to have to do with; specifically, to trade with. ´Dealing with witches.´ Shak. (b) To reprove solemnly; to expostulate with. “The deacons of his church, who, to use their own phrase, ´dealt with him´ on the sin of rejecting the aid which Providence so manifestly held out.” Hawthorne. “Return … and I will deal well with thee.” Gen. xxxii. 9.

De•al´bate , v. t. [L. dealbatus, p. p. of dealbare. See Daub.] To whiten. [Obs.] Cockeram.

De•al•ba´tion , n. [L. dealbatio: cf. F. dealbation.] Act of bleaching; a whitening. [Obs.]

Deal´er , n. 1. One who deals; one who has to do, or has concern, with others; esp., a trader, a trafficker, a shopkeeper, a broker, or a merchant; as a dealer in dry goods; a dealer in stocks; a retail dealer. 2. One who distributes cards to the players.

Deal´fish , n. [From deal a long, narrow plank.] (Zoöl.) A long, thin fish of the arctic seas (Trachypterus arcticus).

Deal´ing, n. The act of one who deals; distribution of anything, as of cards to the players; method of business; traffic; intercourse; transaction; as to have dealings with a person. Double dealing, insincere, treacherous dealing; duplicity. — Plain dealing, fair, sincere, honorable dealing; honest, outspoken expression of opinion.

Dealth , n. Share dealt. [Obs.]

De•am´bu•late , v. i. [L. deambulare, deambulatum; de- + ambulare to walk.] To walk abroad. [Obs.] Cockeram.

De•am•bu•la´tion , n. [L. deambulatio.] A walking abroad; a promenading. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

De•am´bu•la•to•ry , a. [Cf. LL. deambulator a traveler.] Going about from place to place; wandering; of or pertaining to a deambulatory. [Obs.] ´Deambulatory actors.´ Bp. Morton.

De•am´bu•la•to•ry, n. [L. deambulatorium.] A covered place in which to walk; an ambulatory.

Dean , n. [OE. dene, deene, OF. deien, dien, F. doyen, eldest of a corporation, a dean, L. decanus the chief of ten, one set over ten persons, e. g., over soldiers or over monks, from decem ten. See Ten, and cf. Decemvir.] 1. A dignitary or presiding officer in certain ecclesiastical and lay bodies; esp., an ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate to a bishop. Dean of cathedral church, the chief officer of a chapter; he is an ecclesiastical magistrate next in degree to bishop, and has immediate charge of the cathedral and its estates. — Dean of peculiars, a dean holding a preferment which has some peculiarity relative to spiritual superiors and the jurisdiction exercised in it. [Eng.] — Rural dean, one having, under the bishop, the especial care and inspection of the clergy within certain parishes or districts of the diocese. 2. The collegiate officer in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, England, who, besides other duties, has regard to the moral condition of the college. Shipley. 3. The head or presiding officer in the faculty of some colleges or universities. 4. A registrar or secretary of the faculty in a department of a college, as in a medical, or theological, or scientific department. [U.S.] 5. The chief or senior of a company on occasion of ceremony; as the dean of the diplomatic corps; — so called by courtesy. Cardinal dean, the senior cardinal bishop of the college of cardinals at Rome. Shipley. — Dean and chapter, the legal corporation and governing body of a cathedral. It consists of the dean, who is chief, and his canons or prebendaries. — Dean of arches, the lay judge of the court of arches. — Dean of faculty, the president of an incorporation or barristers; specifically, the president of the incorporation of advocates in Edinburgh. — Dean of guild, a magistrate of Scotch burghs, formerly, and still, in some burghs, chosen by the Guildry, whose duty is to superintend the erection of new buildings and see that they conform to the law. — Dean of a monastery, Monastic dean, a monastic superior over ten monks. — Dean’s stall. See Decanal stall, under Decanal.

Dean´er•y , n.; pl. Deaneries . 1. The office or the revenue of a dean. See the Note under Benefice, n., 3. 2. The residence of a dean. Shak. 3. The territorial jurisdiction of a dean. “Each archdeaconry is divided into rural deaneries, and each deanery is divided into parishes.” Blackstone.

Dean´ship, n. The office of a dean. “I dont’t value your deanship a straw.” Swift.

Dear (der), a. [Compar. Dearer (-er); superl. Dearest (-est).] [OE. dere, deore, AS. deóre; akin to OS. diuri, D. duur, OHG. tiuri, G. theuer, teuer, Icel. dyrr, Dan. & Sw. dyr. Cf. Darling, Dearth.] 1. Bearing a high price; high-priced; costly; expensive. “The cheapest of us is ten groats too dear.” Shak. 2. Marked by scarcity or dearth, and exorbitance of price; as a dear year. 3. Highly valued; greatly beloved; cherished; precious. ´Hear me, dear lady.´ Shak. “Neither count I my life dear unto myself.” Acts xx. 24. “And the last joy was dearer than the rest.” Pope. “Dear as remember’d kisses after death.” Tennyson. 4. Hence, close to the heart; heartfelt; present in mind; engaging the attention. (a) Of agreeable things and interests. “[I’ll] leave you to attend him: some dear cause
Will in concealment wrap me up awhile.” Shak. “His dearest wish was to escape from the bustle and glitter of Whitehall.” Macaulay. (b) Of disagreeable things and antipathies. “In our dear peril.” Shak. “Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven
Or ever I had seen that day.” Shak.

Dear, n. A dear one; lover; sweetheart. “That kiss I carried from thee, dear.” Shak.

Dear, adv. Dearly; at a high price. “If thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear.” Shak.

Dear, v. t. To endear. [Obs.] Shelton.

Dear´born , n. A four-wheeled carriage, with curtained sides.

Dear´-bought , a. Bought at a high price; as dear-bought experience.

Deare , variant of Dere, v. t. & n. [Obs.]

Dear´ie , n. Same as Deary. Dickens.

Dear´ling , n. A darling. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dear´-loved , a. Greatly beloved. Shak.

Dear´ly, adv. 1. In a dear manner; with affection; heartily; earnestly; as to love one dearly. 2. At a high rate or price; grievously. “He buys his mistress dearly with his throne.” Dryden. 3. Exquisitely. [Obs.] Shak.

Dearn , a. [AS. derne, dyrne, dierne, hidden, secret. Cf. Derne.] Secret; lonely; solitary; dreadful. [Obs.] Shak. — Dearn´ly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dearn, v. t. Same as Darn. [Obs.]

Dear´ness , n. 1. The quality or state of being dear; costliness; excess of price. “The dearness of corn.” Swift. 2. Fondness; preciousness; love; tenderness. “The dearness of friendship.” Bacon.

Dearth , n. [OE. derthe, fr. dere. See Dear.] Scarcity which renders dear; want; lack; specifically, lack of food on account of failure of crops; famine. “There came a dearth over all the land of Egypt.” Acts vii. 11. “He with her press’d, she faint with dearth.” Shak. “Dearth of plot, and narrowness of imagination.” Dryden.

De•ar•tic´u•late , v. t. To disjoint.

Dear´worth , a. [See Derworth.] Precious. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Dear´y , n. A dear; a darling. [Familiar]

De´as , n. See Dais. [Scot.]

Death (deth), n. [OE. deth, deað, AS. deáð; akin to OS. doð, D. dood, G. tod, Icel. dauði, Sw. & Dan. död, Goth. dauþus; from a verb meaning to die. See Die, v. i., and cf. Dead.] 1. The cessation of all vital phenomena without capability of resuscitation, either in animals or plants. Local death is going on at all times and in all parts of the living body, in which individual cells and elements are being cast off and replaced by new; a process essential to life. General death is of two kinds; death of the body as a whole (somatic or systemic death), and death of the tissues. By the former is implied the absolute cessation of the functions of the brain, the circulatory and the respiratory organs; by the latter the entire disappearance of the vital actions of the ultimate structural constituents of the body. When death takes place, the body as a whole dies first, the death of the tissues sometimes not occurring until after a considerable interval. Huxley. 2. Total privation or loss; extinction; cessation; as the death of memory. “The death of a language can not be exactly compared with the death of a plant.” J. Peile. 3. Manner of dying; act or state of passing from life. “A death that I abhor.” Shak. “Let me die the death of the righteous.” Num. xxiii. 10. 4. Cause of loss of life. “Swiftly flies the feathered death.” Dryden. “He caught his death the last county sessions.” Addison. 5. Personified: The destroyer of life, — conventionally represented as a skeleton with a scythe. “Death! great proprietor of all.” Young. “And I looked, and behold a pale horse; and his name that sat on him was Death.” Rev. vi. 8. 6. Danger of death. ´In deaths oft.´ 2 Cor. xi. 23. 7. Murder; murderous character. “Not to suffer a man of death to live.” Bacon. 8. (Theol.) Loss of spiritual life. “To be carnally minded is death.” Rom. viii. 6. 9. Anything so dreadful as to be like death. “It was death to them to think of entertaining such doctrines.” Atterbury. “And urged him, so that his soul was vexed unto death.” Judg. xvi. 16. Death is much used adjectively and as the first part of a compound, meaning, in general, of or pertaining to death, causing or presaging death; as deathbed or death bed; deathblow or death blow, etc. Black death. See Black death, in the Vocabulary. — Civil death, the separation of a man from civil society, or the debarring him from the enjoyment of civil rights, as by banishment, attainder, abjuration of the realm, entering a monastery, etc. Blackstone. — Death adder. (Zoöl.) (a) A kind of viper found in South Africa (Acanthophis tortor); — so called from the virulence of its venom. (b) A venomous Australian snake of the family Elapidae, of several species, as the Hoplocephalus superbus and Acanthopis antarctica. — Death bell, a bell that announces a death. “The death bell thrice was heard to ring.” Mickle. — Death candle, a light like that of a candle, viewed by the superstitious as presaging death. — Death damp, a cold sweat at the coming on of death. — Death fire, a kind of ignis fatuus supposed to forebode death. “And round about in reel and rout,
The death fires danced at night.” Coleridge. — Death grapple, a grapple or struggle for life. — Death in life, a condition but little removed from death; a living death. [Poetic] ´Lay lingering out a five years’ death in life.´ Tennyson. - - Death knell, a stroke or tolling of a bell, announcing a death. — Death rate, the relation or ratio of the number of deaths to the population. “At all ages the death rate is higher in towns than in rural districts.” Darwin. — Death rattle, a rattling or gurgling in the throat of a dying person. — Death’s door, the boundary of life; the partition dividing life from death. — Death stroke, a stroke causing death. — Death throe, the spasm of death. — Death token, the signal of approaching death. — Death warrant. (a) (Law) An order from the proper authority for the execution of a criminal. (b) That which puts an end to expectation, hope, or joy. — Death wound. (a) A fatal wound or injury. (b) (Naut.) The springing of a fatal leak. — Spiritual death (Scripture), the corruption and perversion of the soul by sin, with the loss of the favor of God. — The gates of death, the grave. “Have the gates of death been opened unto thee?” Job xxxviii. 17. — The second death, condemnation to eternal separation from God. Rev. ii. 11. — To be the death of, to be the cause of death to; to make die. ´It was one who should be the death of both his parents.´ Milton. Syn. — Death, Decease, Demise, Departure, Release. Death applies to the termination of every form of existence, both animal and vegetable; the other words only to the human race. Decease is the term used in law for the removal of a human being out of life in the ordinary course of nature. Demise was formerly confined to decease of princes, but is now sometimes used of distinguished men in general; as the demise of Mr. Pitt. Departure and release are peculiarly terms of Christian affection and hope. A violent death is not usually called a decease. Departure implies a friendly taking leave of life. Release implies a deliverance from a life of suffering or sorrow.

Death´bed , n. The bed in which a person dies; hence, the closing hours of life of one who dies by sickness or the like; the last sickness. “That often-quoted passage from Lord Hervey in which the Queen’s deathbed is described.” Thackeray.

Death´bird , n. (Zoöl.) Tengmalm’s or Richardson’s owl (Nyctale Tengmalmi); — so called from a superstition of the North American Indians that its note presages death.

Death´blow , n. A mortal or crushing blow; a stroke or event which kills or destroys. “The deathblow of my hope.” Byron.

Death´ful , a. 1. Full of death or slaughter; murderous; destructive; bloody. “These eyes behold
The deathful scene.” Pope. 2. Liable to undergo death; mortal. “The deathless gods and deathful earth.” Chapman.

Death´ful•ness, n. Appearance of death. Jer. Taylor.

Death´less, a. Not subject to death, destruction, or extinction; immortal; undying; imperishable; as deathless beings; deathless fame.

Death´like , a. 1. Resembling death. “A deathlike slumber, and a dead repose.” Pope. 2. Deadly. [Obs.] ´Deathlike dragons.´ Shak.

Death´li•ness , n. The quality of being deathly; deadliness. Southey.

Death´ly, a. Deadly; fatal; mortal; destructive.

Death´ly, adv. Deadly; as deathly pale or sick.

Death’s´-head , n. A naked human skull as the emblem of death; the head of the conventional personification of death. “I had rather be married to a death’s-head with a bone in his mouth.” Shak. Death’s-head moth (Zoöl.), a very large European moth (Acherontia atropos), so called from a figure resembling a human skull on the back of the thorax; — called also death’s-head sphinx.

Death’s´-herb , n. The deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). Dr. Prior.

Deaths´man , n. An executioner; a headsman or hangman. [Obs.] Shak.

Death´ward , adv. Toward death.

Death´watch ( 224), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A small beetle (Anobium tessellatum and other allied species). By forcibly striking its head against woodwork it makes a ticking sound, which is a call of the sexes to each other, but has been imagined by superstitious people to presage death. (b) A small wingless insect, of the family Psocidae, which makes a similar but fainter sound; — called also deathtick. “She is always seeing apparitions and hearing deathwatches.” Addison. “I did not hear the dog howl, mother, or the deathwatch beat.” Tennyson. 2. The guard set over a criminal before his execution.

De•au´rate , a. [L. deauratus, p. p. of deaurare to gild; de- + aurum gold.] Gilded. [Obs.]

De•au´rate , v. t. To gild. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•au•ra´tion , n. Act of gilding. [Obs.]

Deave , v. t. [See Deafen.] To stun or stupefy with noise; to deafen. [Scot.]

De•bac´chate , v. i. [L. debacchatus, p. p. of debacchari to rage; de- + bacchari to rage like a bacchant.] To rave as a bacchanal. [R.] Cockeram.

De•bac•cha´tion , n. [L. debacchatio.] Wild raving or debauchery. [R.] Prynne.

De•ba´cle , n. [F. debâcle, fr. debâcler to unbar, break loose; pref. de- (prob. = L. dis) + bâcler to bolt, fr. L. baculum a stick.] (Geol.) A breaking or bursting forth; a violent rush or flood of waters which breaks down opposing barriers, and hurls forward and disperses blocks of stone and other debris.

De•bar´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debarred p. pr. & vb. n. Debarring.] [Pref. de- + bar.] To cut off from entrance, as if by a bar or barrier; to preclude; to hinder from approach, entry, or enjoyment; to shut out or exclude; to deny or refuse; — with from, and sometimes with of. “Yet not so strictly hath our Lord imposed
Labor, as to debar us when we need
Refreshment.” Milton. “Their wages were so low as to debar them, not only from the comforts but from the common decencies of civilized life.” Buckle.

De•barb´ , v. t. [Pref. de- + L. barba beard.] To deprive of the beard. [Obs.] Bailey.

De´bark´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Debarked p. pr. & vb. n. Debarking.] [F. debarquer; pref. de- (L. dis-) + barque. See Bark the vessel, and cf. Disbark.] To go ashore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to put ashore.

De•bar•ka´tion , n. Disembarkation. “The debarkation, therefore, had to take place by small steamers.” U. S. Grant.

De•bar´ment , n. Hindrance from approach; exclusion.

De•bar´rass , v. t. [Cf. F. debarrasser. See Embarrass.] To disembarrass; to relieve. [R.]

De•base´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debased p. pr. & vb. n. Debasing.] [Pref. de- + base. See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] To reduce from a higher to a lower state or grade of worth, dignity, purity, station, etc.; to degrade; to lower; to deteriorate; to abase; as to debase the character by crime; to debase the mind by frivolity; to debase style by vulgar words. “The coin which was adulterated and debased.” Hale. “It is a kind of taking God’s name in vain to debase religion with such frivolous disputes.” Hooker. “And to debase the sons, exalts the sires.” Pope. Syn. — To abase; degrade. See Abase.

De•based´ , a. (Her.) Turned upside down from its proper position; inverted; reversed.

De•base´ment , n. The act of debasing or the state of being debased. Milton.

De•bas´er , n. One who, or that which, debases.

De•bas´ing•ly, adv. In a manner to debase.

De•bat´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. debatable. See Debate.] Liable to be debated; disputable; subject to controversy or contention; open to question or dispute; as a debatable question. The Debatable Land or Ground, a tract of land between the Esk and the Sark, claimed by both England and Scotland; the Batable Ground.

De•bate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debated; p. pr. & vb. n. Debating.] [OF. debatre, F. debattre; L. de + batuere to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Abate.] 1. To engage in combat for; to strive for. “Volunteers … thronged to serve under his banner, and the cause of religion was debated with the same ardor in Spain as on the plains of Palestine.” Prescott. 2. To contend for in words or arguments; to strive to maintain by reasoning; to dispute; to contest; to discuss; to argue for and against. “A wise council … that did debate this business.” Shak. “Debate thy cause with thy neighbor himself.” Prov. xxv. 9. Syn. — To argue; discuss; dispute; controvert. See Argue, and Discuss.

De•bate´, v. i. 1. To engage in strife or combat; to fight. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Well could he tourney and in lists debate.” Spenser. 2. To contend in words; to dispute; hence, to deliberate; to consider; to discuss or examine different arguments in the mind; — often followed by on or upon. “He presents that great soul debating upon the subject of life and death with his intimate friends.” Tatler.

De•bate´, n. [F. debat, fr. debattre. See Debate, v. t.] 1. A fight or fighting; contest; strife. [Archaic] “On the day of the Trinity next ensuing was a great debate … and in that murder there were slain … fourscore.” R. of Gloucester. “But question fierce and proud reply
Gave signal soon of dire debate.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Contention in words or arguments; discussion for the purpose of elucidating truth or influencing action; strife in argument; controversy; as the debates in Parliament or in Congress. “Heard, noted, answer’d, as in full debate.” Pope. 3. Subject of discussion. [R.] “Statutes and edicts concerning this debate.” Milton.

De•bate´ful , a. Full of contention; contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•bate´ful•ly, adv. With contention. [Obs.]

De•bate´ment , n. [Cf. OF. debatement a beating.] Controversy; deliberation; debate. [R.] “A serious question and debatement with myself.” Milton.

De•bat´er , n. One who debates; one given to argument; a disputant; a controvertist. “Debate where leisure serves with dull debaters.” Shak.

De•bat´ing, n. The act of discussing or arguing; discussion. Debating society or club, a society or club for the purpose of debate and improvement in extemporaneous speaking.

De•bat´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of a debate.

De•bauch´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Debauched p. pr. & vb. n. Debauching.] [F. debaucher, prob. originally, to entice away from the workshop; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + OF. bauche, bauge, hut, cf. F. bauge lair of a wild boar; prob. from G. or Icel., cf. Icel. balkr. See Balk, n.] To lead away from purity or excellence; to corrupt in character or principles; to mar; to vitiate; to pollute; to seduce; as to debauch one’s self by intemperance; to debauch a woman; to debauch an army. “Learning not debauched by ambition.” Burke. “A man must have got his conscience thoroughly debauched and hardened before he can arrive to the height of sin.” South. “Her pride debauched her judgment and her eyes.” Cowley.

De•bauch´, n. [Cf. F. debauche.] 1. Excess in eating or drinking; intemperance; drunkenness; lewdness; debauchery. “The first physicians by debauch were made.” Dryden. 2. An act or occasion of debauchery. “Silenus, from his night’s debauch,
Fatigued and sick.” Cowley.

De•bauched´ , a. Dissolute; dissipated. ´A coarse and debauched look.´ Ld. Lytton.

De•bauch´ed•ly , adv. In a profligate manner.

De•bauch´ed•ness, n. The state of being debauched; intemperance. Bp. Hall.

Deb•au•chee´ , n. [F. debauche, n., properly p. p. of debaucher. See Debauch, v. t.] One who is given to intemperance or bacchanalian excesses; a man habitually lewd; a libertine.

De•bauch´er , n. One who debauches or corrupts others; especially, a seducer to lewdness.

De•bauch´er•y , n.; pl. Debaucheries . 1. Corruption of fidelity; seduction from virtue, duty, or allegiance. “The republic of Paris will endeavor to complete the debauchery of the army.” Burke. 2. Excessive indulgence of the appetites; especially, excessive indulgence of lust; intemperance; sensuality; habitual lewdness. “Oppose … debauchery by temperance.” Sprat.

De•bauch´ment , n. The act of corrupting; the act of seducing from virtue or duty.

De•bauch´ness, n. Debauchedness. [Obs.]

De•beige´ , n. [F. de of + beige the natural color of wool.] A kind of woolen or mixed dress goods. [Written also debage.]

De•bel´ , v. t. [Cf. F. debeller. See Debellate.] To conquer. [Obs.] Milton.

De•bel´late , v. t. [L. debellatus, p. p. of debellare to subdue; de- + bellum war.] To subdue; to conquer in war. [Obs.] Speed.

Deb•el•la´tion , n. [LL. debellatio.] The act of conquering or subduing. [Obs.]

De be´ne es´se [L.] (Law) Of well being; of formal sufficiency for the time; conditionally; provisionally. Abbott.

De•ben´ture ( 135), n. [L. debentur they are due, fr. debere to owe; cf. F. debentur. So called because these receipts began with the words Debentur mihi.] 1. A writing acknowledging a debt; a writing or certificate signed by a public officer, as evidence of a debt due to some person; the sum thus due. 2. A customhouse certificate entitling an exporter of imported goods to a drawback of duties paid on their importation. Burrill. It is applied in England to deeds of mortgage given by railway companies for borrowed money; also to municipal and other bonds and securities for money loaned.

De•ben´tured ( 135), a. Entitled to drawback or debenture; as debentured goods.

Deb´ile , a. [L. debilis: cf. F. debile. See Debility.] Weak. [Obs.] Shak.

De•bil´i•tant , a. [L. debilitants, p. pr.] (Med.) Diminishing the energy of organs; reducing excitement; as a debilitant drug.

De•bil´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debilitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Debilitating.] [L. debilitatus, p. p. of debilitare to debilitate, fr. debilis. See Debility.] To impair the strength of; to weaken; to enfeeble; as to debilitate the body by intemperance. “Various ails debilitate the mind.” Jenyns. “The debilitated frame of Mr. Bertram was exhausted by this last effort.” Sir W. Scott.

De•bil•i•ta´tion , n. [L. debilitatio: cf. F. debilitation.] The act or process of debilitating, or the condition of one who is debilitated; weakness.

De•bil´i•ty , n. [L. debilitas, fr. debilis weak, prob. fr. de- + habilis able: cf. F. debilite. See Able, a.] The state of being weak; weakness; feebleness; languor. “The inconveniences of too strong a perspiration, which are debility, faintness, and sometimes sudden death.” Arbuthnot. Syn. — Debility, Infirmity, Imbecility. An infirmity belongs, for the most part, to particular members, and is often temporary, as of the eyes, etc. Debility is more general, and while it lasts impairs the ordinary functions of nature. Imbecility attaches to the whole frame, and renders it more or less powerless. Debility may be constitutional or may be the result or superinduced causes; Imbecility is always constitutional; infirmity is accidental, and results from sickness or a decay of the frame. These words, in their figurative uses, have the same distinctions; we speak of infirmity of will, debility of body, and an Imbecility which affects the whole man; but Imbecility is often used with specific reference to feebleness of mind.

Deb´it , n. [L. debitum what is due, debt, from debere to owe: cf. F. debit. See Debt.] A debt; an entry on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; — mostly used adjectively; as the debit side of an account.

Deb´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debited; p. pr. & vb. n. Debiting.] 1. To charge with debt; — the opposite of, and correlative to, credit; as to debit a purchaser for the goods sold. 2. (Bookkeeping) To enter on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; as to debit the amount of goods sold.

Deb´it•or , n. [L. See Debtor.] A debtor. [Obs.] Shak.

De•bi•tu•mi•ni•za´tion , n. The act of depriving of bitumen.

De•bi•tu´mi•nize , v. t. To deprive of bitumen.

De•blai´ , n. [F.] (Fort.) The cavity from which the earth for parapets, etc. (remblai), is taken.

Deb•o•nair´ , a. [OE. debonere, OF. de bon aire, debonaire, of good descent or lineage, excellent, debonair, F. debonnaire debonair; de of (L. de) + bon good (L. bonus) + aire. See Air, and Bounty, and cf. Bonair.] Characterized by courteousness, affability, or gentleness; of good appearance and manners; graceful; complaisant. “Was never prince so meek and debonair.” Spenser.

Deb•o•nair´i•ty , n. [OF. debonairete, F. debonnairete.] Debonairness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Deb•o•nair´ly, adv. Courteously; elegantly.

Deb•o•nair´ness, n. The quality of being debonair; good humor; gentleness; courtesy. Sterne.

De•bosh´ , v. t. [Old form of debauch.] To debauch. [Obs.] ´A deboshed lady.´ Beau. & Fl.

De•bosh´ment , n. Debauchment. [Obs.]

De•bouch´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Debouched p. pr. & vb. n. Debouching.] [F. deboucher; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + boucher to stop up, fr. bouche mouth, fr. L. bucca the cheek. Cf. Disembogue.] To march out from a wood, defile, or other confined spot, into open ground; to issue. “Battalions debouching on the plain.” Prescott.

De•bou•che´ , n. [F.] A place for exit; an outlet; hence, a market for goods. “The debouches were ordered widened to afford easy egress.” The Century.

De•bou•chure´ , n. [F.] The outward opening of a river, of a valley, or of a strait.

De•bris´ , n. [F., fr. pref. de- (L. dis) + briser to break, shatter; perh. of Celtic origin.] 1. (Geol.) Broken and detached fragments, taken collectively; especially, fragments detached from a rock or mountain, and piled up at the base. 2. Rubbish, especially such as results from the destruction of anything; remains; ruins.

De•bruised´ , a. [Cf. OF. debruisier to shatter, break. Cf. Bruise.] (Her.) Surmounted by an ordinary; as a lion is debruised when a bend or other ordinary is placed over it, as in the cut. “The lion of England and the lilies of France without the baton sinister, under which, according to the laws of heraldry, they where debruised in token of his illegitimate birth.” Macaulay.

Debt , n. [OE. dette, F. dette, LL. debita, fr. L. debitus owed, p. p. of debere to owe, prop., to have on loan; de- + habere to have. See Habit, and cf. Debit, Due.] 1. That which is due from one person to another, whether money, goods, or services; that which one person is bound to pay to another, or to perform for his benefit; thing owed; obligation; liability. “Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier’s debt.” Shak. “When you run in debt, you give to another power over your liberty.” Franklin. 2. A duty neglected or violated; a fault; a sin; a trespass. ´Forgive us our debts.´ Matt. vi. 12. 3. (Law) An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due. Burrill. Bond debt, Book debt, etc. See under Bond, Book, etc. — Debt of nature, death.

Debt´ed, p. a. Indebted; obliged to. [R.] “I stand debted to this gentleman.” Shak.

Debt•ee´ , n. (Law) One to whom a debt is due; creditor; — correlative to debtor. Blackstone.

Debt´less , a. Free from debt. Chaucer.

Debt´or , n. [OE. dettur, dettour, OF. detor, detur, detour, F. debiteur, fr. L. debitor, fr. debere to owe. See Debt.] One who owes a debt; one who is indebted; — correlative to creditor. “[I ’ll] bring your latter hazard back again,
And thankfully rest debtor for the first.” Shak. “In Athens an insolvent debtor became slave to his creditor.” Mitford. “Debtors for our lives to you.” Tennyson.

De•bul´li•ate , v. i. [Pref. de- + L. bullire to boil.] To boil over. [Obs.]

Deb•ul•li´tion , n. [See Debulliate.] A bubbling or boiling over. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•burse´ , v. t. & i. [Pref. de + L. bursa purse.] To disburse. [Obs.] Ludlow.

De´bu•scope , n. [From the inventor, Debus, a French optician + -scope.] (Opt.) A modification of the kaleidoscope; — used to reflect images so as to form beautiful designs.

De•but´ , n. [F. debut, prop., the first cast or throw at play, fr. but aim, mark. See Butt an end.] A beginning or first attempt; hence, a first appearance before the public, as of an actor or public speaker.

De•bu•tant´ , n.; fem. De•bu•tante´ . [F., p. pr. of debuter to have the first throw, to make one’s debut. See Debut.] A person who makes his (or her) first appearance before the public.

Dec´a- [Cf. Ten.] A prefix, from Gr. de•ka, signifying ten; specifically (Metric System), a prefix signifying the weight or measure that is ten times the principal unit.

De•cac•e•ra´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ka ten + ke•ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cephalopoda which includes the squids, cuttlefishes, and others having ten arms or tentacles; — called also Decapoda. [Written also Decacera.] See Dibranchiata. { Dec´a•chord , Dec•a•chor´don } n. [Gr. deka•chordos tenstringed; de•ka ten + chordj• a string.] 1. An ancient Greek musical instrument of ten strings, resembling the harp. 2. Something consisting of ten parts. W. Watson.

Dec•a•cu´mi•na•ted , a. [L. decacuminare to cut off the top. See Cacuminate.] Having the point or top cut off. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dec´ad , n. A decade. “Averill was a decad and a half his elder.” Tennyson.

Dec´a•dal , a. Pertaining to ten; consisting of tens.

Dec´ade , n. [F. decade, L. decas, -adis, fr. Gr. , fr. de•ka ten. See Ten.] A group or division of ten; esp., a period of ten years; a decennium; as a decade of years or days; a decade of soldiers; the second decade of Livy. [Written also decad.] “During this notable decade of years.” Gladstone. { De•ca´dence , De•ca´den•cy } n. [LL. decadentia; L. de- + cadere to fall: cf. F. decadence. See Decay.] A falling away; decay; deterioration; declension. ´The old castle, where the family lived in their decadence.´ Sir W. Scott.

De•ca´dent , a. Decaying; deteriorating.

Dec´a•dist , n. A writer of a book divided into decades; as Livy was a decadist. [R.]

Dec´a•gon , n. [Pref. deca- + Gr. a corner or angle: cf. F. decagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure having ten sides and ten angles; any figure having ten angles. A regular decagon is one that has all its sides and angles equal.

De•cag´o•nal , a. Pertaining to a decagon; having ten sides. { Dec´a•gram , Dec´a•gramme } , n. [F. decagramme; Gr. de•ka ten + F. gramme. See Gram.] A weight of the metric system; ten grams, equal to about 154.32 grains avoirdupois.

Dec•a•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ka ten + a woman, a female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants characterized by having ten styles. { Dec•a•gyn´i•an , Dec•cag´y•nous } a. [Cf. F. decagyne.] (Bot.) Belonging to the Decagynia; having ten styles.

Dec•a•he´dral , a. Having ten sides.

Dec•a•he´dron , n.; pl. E. Decahedrons (#), L. Decahedra (#). [Pref. deca- + Gr. ’e•dra a seat, a base, fr. ’e•zesthai to sit: cf. F. decaèdre.] (Geom.) A solid figure or body inclosed by ten plane surfaces. [Written also less correctly, decaedron.]

De•cal•ci•fi•ca´tion , n. The removal of calcareous matter.

De•cal´ci•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decalcified p. pr. & vb. n. Decalcifying.] To deprive of calcareous matter; thus, to decalcify bones is to remove the stony part, and leave only the gelatin. { De•cal•co•ma´ni•a , De•cal•co•ma´nie } n. [F. decalcomanie.] The art or process of transferring pictures and designs to china, glass, marble, etc., and permanently fixing them thereto. { Dec´a•li•ter , Dec´a•li•tre } , n. [F. decalitre; Gr. de•ka ten + F. litre. See Liter.] A measure of capacity in the metric system; a cubic volume of ten liters, equal to about 610.24 cubic inches, that is, 2.642 wine gallons.

Dec´a•log ( 115), n. Decalogue.

De•cal´o•gist , n. One who explains the decalogue. J. Gregory.

Dec´a•logue ( 115), n. [F. decalogue, L. decalogus, fr. Gr. ; de•ka ten + speech, to speak, to say. See Ten.] The Ten Commandments or precepts given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and originally written on two tables of stone.

De•cam´e•ron , n. [It. decamerone, fr. Gr. de•ka ten + part; though quite generally supposed to be derived from day: cf. F. decameron.] A celebrated collection of tales, supposed to be related in ten days; — written in the 14th century, by Boccaccio, an Italian. { Dec´a•me•ter , Dec´a•me•tre } , n. [F. decamètre; Gr. de•ka ten + mètre. See Meter.] A measure of length in the metric system; ten meters, equal to about 393.7 inches.

De•camp´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decamped ( 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Decamping.] [F. decamper; pref. de- (L. dis) + camp camp. See Camp.] 1. To break up a camp; to move away from a camping ground, usually by night or secretly. Macaulay. 2. Hence, to depart suddenly; to run away; — generally used disparagingly. “The fathers were ordered to decamp, and the house was once again converted into a tavern.” Goldsmith.

De•camp´ment , n. [Cf. F. decampement.] Departure from a camp; a marching off.

Dec´a•nal ( 277), a. [Cf. F. decanal. See Dean.] Pertaining to a dean or deanery. “His rectorial as well as decanal residence.” Churton. Decanal side, the side of the choir on which the dean’s tall is placed. — Decanal stall, the stall allotted to the dean in the choir, on the right or south side of the chancel. Shipley.

De•can´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ka ten + , , a man.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants characterized by having ten stamens. { De•can´dri•an , De•can´drous } a. [Cf. F. decandre.] (Bot.) Belonging to the Decandria; having ten stamens.

Dec´ane , n. [See Deca-.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C_10H_22, of the paraffin series, including several isomeric modifications.

Dec•an´gu•lar , a. [Pref. deca- + angular.] Having ten angles.

De•ca´ni , a. [L., lit., of the dean.] Used of the side of the choir on which the dean’s stall is placed; decanal; — correlative to cantoris; as the decanal, or decani, side.

De•cant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Decanting.] [F. decanter (cf. It. decantare), prop., to pour off from the edge of a vessel; pref. de- (L. de) + OF. cant (It. canto) edge, border, end. See Cant an edge.] To pour off gently, as liquor, so as not to disturb the sediment; or to pour from one vessel into another; as to decant wine.

De•can´tate , v. t. To decant. [Obs.]

De•can•ta´tion ( 277), n. [Cf. F. decantation.] The act of pouring off a clear liquor gently from its lees or sediment, or from one vessel into another.

De•cant´er , n. 1. A vessel used to decant liquors, or for receiving decanted liquors; a kind of glass bottle used for holding wine or other liquors, from which drinking glasses are filled. 2. One who decants liquors.

De•caph´yl•lous , a. [Pref. deca- + Gr. leaf: cf. F. decaphylle.] (Bot.) Having ten leaves.

De•cap´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decapitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decapitating.] [LL. decapitatus, p. p. of decapitare; L. de- + caput head. See Chief.] 1. To cut off the head of; to behead. 2. To remove summarily from office. [Colloq. U. S.]

De•cap•i•ta´tion , n. [LL. decapitatio: cf. F. decapitation.] The act of beheading; beheading.

Dec´a•pod (dek´a•pod), n. [Cf. F. decapode.] (Zoöl.) A crustacean with ten feet or legs, as a crab; one of the Decapoda. Also used adjectively.

De•cap´o•da (de•kap´o•da), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ka ten + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] 1. (Zoöl.) The order of Crustacea which includes the shrimps, lobsters, crabs, etc. They have a carapace, covering and uniting the somites of the head and thorax and inclosing a gill chamber on each side, and usually have five (rarely six) pairs of legs. They are divided into two principal groups: Brachyura and Macrura. Some writers recognize a third (Anomura) intermediate between the others. 2. (Zoöl.) A division of the dibranchiate cephalopods including the cuttlefishes and squids. See Decacera. { De•cap´o•dal , De•cap´o•dous } a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the decapods; having ten feet; ten-footed.

De•car´bon•ate , v. t. To deprive of carbonic acid.

De•car•bon•i•za´tion , n. The action or process of depriving a substance of carbon.

De•car´bon•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decarbonized p. pr. & vb. n. Decarbonizing.] To deprive of carbon; as to decarbonize steel; to decarbonize the blood. Decarbonized iron. See Malleable iron. — Decarbonized steel, homogenous wrought iron made by a steel process, as that of Bessemer; ingot iron.

De•car´bon•i•zer , n. He who, or that which, decarbonizes a substance.

De•car•bu•ri•za´tion , n. The act, process, or result of decarburizing.

De•car´bu•rize , v. t. To deprive of carbon; to remove the carbon from.

De•card´ , v. t. To discard. [Obs.] “You have cast those by, decarded them.” J. Fletcher.

De•car´di•nal•ize , v. t. To depose from the rank of cardinal.

Dec´a•stere , n. [L. decastère; Gr. de•ka ten + F. stère a stere.] (Metric System) A measure of capacity, equal to ten steres, or ten cubic meters.

Dec´a•stich , n. [Pref. deca- + Gr. sti•chos a row, a line of writing, a verse.] A poem consisting of ten lines.

Dec´a•style , a. [Gr. ; de•ka ten + sty•los a column.] (Arch.) Having ten columns in front; — said of a portico, temple, etc. — n. A portico having ten pillars or columns in front.

Dec•a•syl•lab´ic , a. [Pref. deca- + syllabic: cf. F. decasyllabique, decasyllable.] Having, or consisting of, ten syllables.

Dec•a•to´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, decane.

De•cay´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decayed p. pr. & vb. n. Decaying.] [OF. decaeir, dechaer, decheoir, F. dechoir, to decline, fall, become less; L. de- + cadere to fall. See Chance.] To pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or perfect state, to one of imperfection, adversity, or dissolution; to waste away; to decline; to fail; to become weak, corrupt, or disintegrated; to rot; to perish; as a tree decays; fortunes decay; hopes decay. “Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates and men decay.” Goldsmith.

De•cay´, v. t. 1. To cause to decay; to impair. [R.] “Infirmity, that decays the wise.” Shak. 2. To destroy. [Obs.] Shak.

De•cay´, n. 1. Gradual failure of health, strength, soundness, prosperity, or of any species of excellence or perfection; tendency toward dissolution or extinction; corruption; rottenness; decline; deterioration; as the decay of the body; the decay of virtue; the decay of the Roman empire; a castle in decay. “Perhaps my God, though he be far before,
May turn, and take me by the hand, and more -
May strengthen my decays.” Herbert. “His [Johnson’s] failure was not to be ascribed to intellectual decay.” Macaulay. “Which has caused the decay of the consonants to follow somewhat different laws.” James Byrne. 2. Destruction; death. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Cause of decay. [R.] “He that plots to be the only figure among ciphers, is the decay of the whole age.” Bacon. Syn. — Decline; consumption. See Decline.

De•cayed´ , a. Fallen, as to physical or social condition; affected with decay; rotten; as decayed vegetation or vegetables; a decayed fortune or gentleman. — De•cay´ed•ness (#), n.

De•cay´er , n. A causer of decay. [R.]

De•cease´ , n. [OE. deses, deces, F. decès, fr. L. decessus departure, death, fr. decedere to depart, die; de- + cedere to withdraw. See Cease, Cede.] Departure, especially departure from this life; death. “His decease, which he should accomplish at Jerusalem.” Luke ix. 31. “And I, the whilst you mourn for his decease,
Will with my mourning plaints your plaint increase.” Spenser. Syn. — Death; departure; dissolution; demise; release. See Death.

De•cease´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deceased p. pr. & vb. n. Deceasing.] To depart from this life; to die; to pass away. “She’s dead, deceased, she’s dead.” Shak. “When our summers have deceased.” Tennyson. “Inasmuch as he carries the malignity and the lie with him, he so far deceases from nature.” Emerson.

De•ceased´ , a. Passed away; dead; gone. The deceased, the dead person.

De•cede´ , v. i. [L. decedere. See Decease, n.] To withdraw. [Obs.] Fuller.

De•ce´dent , a. [L. decedens, p. pr. of decedere.] Removing; departing. Ash.

De•ce´dent, n. A deceased person. Bouvier.

De•ceit´ , n. [OF. deceit, desçait, decept (cf. deceite, deçoite), fr. L. deceptus deception, fr. decipere. See Deceive.] 1. An attempt or disposition to deceive or lead into error; any declaration, artifice, or practice, which misleads another, or causes him to believe what is false; a contrivance to entrap; deception; a wily device; fraud. “Making the ephah small and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by deceit.” Amos viii. 5. “Friendly to man, far from deceit or guile.” Milton. “Yet still we hug the dear deceit.” N. Cotton. 2. (Law) Any trick, collusion, contrivance, false representation, or underhand practice, used to defraud another. When injury is thereby effected, an action of deceit, as it called, lies for compensation. Syn. — Deception; fraud; imposition; duplicity; trickery; guile; falsifying; double-dealing; stratagem. See Deception.

De•ceit´ful , a. Full of, or characterized by, deceit; serving to mislead or insnare; trickish; fraudulent; cheating; insincere. “Harboring foul deceitful thoughts.” Shak.

De•ceit´ful•ly, adv. With intent to deceive.

De•ceit´ful•ness, n. 1. The disposition to deceive; as a man’s deceitfulness may be habitual. 2. The quality of being deceitful; as the deceitfulness of a man’s practices. 3. Tendency to mislead or deceive. ´The deceitfulness of riches.´ Matt. xiii. 22.

De•ceit´less, a. Free from deceit. Bp. Hall.

De•ceiv´a•ble , a. [F. decevable.] 1. Fitted to deceive; deceitful. [Obs.] “The fraud of deceivable traditions.” Milton. 2. Subject to deceit; capable of being misled. “Blind, and thereby deceivable.” Milton.

De•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. 1. Capability of deceiving. “With all deceivableness of unrighteousness.” 2 Thess. ii. 10. 2. Liability to be deceived or misled; as the deceivableness of a child.

De•ceiv´a•bly, adv. In a deceivable manner.

De•ceive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deceived p. pr. & vb. n. Deceiving.] [OE. deceveir, F. decevoir, fr. L. decipere to catch, insnare, deceive; de- + capere to take, catch. See Capable, and cf. Deceit, Deception.] 1. To lead into error; to cause to believe what is false, or disbelieve what is true; to impose upon; to mislead; to cheat; to disappoint; to delude; to insnare. “Evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived.” 2 Tim. iii. 13. “Nimble jugglers that deceive the eye.” Shak. “What can ’scape the eye
Of God all-seeing, or deceive his heart?” Milton. 2. To beguile; to amuse, so as to divert the attention; to while away; to take away as if by deception. “These occupations oftentimes deceived
The listless hour.” Wordsworth. 3. To deprive by fraud or stealth; to defraud. [Obs.] “Plant fruit trees in large borders, and set therein fine flowers, but thin and sparingly, lest they deceive the trees.” Bacon. Syn. — Deceive, Delude, Mislead. Deceive is a general word applicable to any kind of misrepresentation affecting faith or life. To delude, primarily, is to make sport of, by deceiving, and is accomplished by playing upon one’s imagination or credulity, as by exciting false hopes, causing him to undertake or expect what is impracticable, and making his failure ridiculous. It implies some infirmity of judgment in the victim, and intention to deceive in the deluder. But it is often used reflexively, indicating that a person’s own weakness has made him the sport of others or of fortune; as he deluded himself with a belief that luck would always favor him. To mislead is to lead, guide, or direct in a wrong way, either willfully or ignorantly.

De•ceiv´er , n. One who deceives; one who leads into error; a cheat; an impostor. “The deceived and the deceiver are his.” Job xii. 16. Syn. — Deceiver, Impostor. A deceiver operates by stealth and in private upon individuals; an impostor practices his arts on the community at large. The one succeeds by artful falsehoods, the other by bold assumption. The faithless friend and the fickle lover are deceivers; the false prophet and the pretended prince are impostors.

De•cem´ber (de•sem´ber), n. [F. decembre, from L. December, fr. decem ten; this being the tenth month among the early Romans, who began the year in March. See Ten.] 1. The twelfth and last month of the year, containing thirty-one days. During this month occurs the winter solstice. 2. Fig.: With reference to the end of the year and to the winter season; as the December of his life.

De•cem•den´tate , a. [L. decem ten + E. dentate.] Having ten points or teeth.

De•cem´fid (de•sem´fid), a. [L. decem ten + root of findere to cleave.] (Bot.) Cleft into ten parts.

De•cem•loc´u•lar , a. [L. decem ten + E. locular.] (Bot.) Having ten cells for seeds.

De•cem´pe•dal (de•sem´pe•dal), a. [L. decem ten + E. pedal.] 1. Ten feet in length. 2. (Zoöl.) Having ten feet; decapodal. [R.] Bailey.

De•cem´vir , n.; pl. E. Decemvirs (#), L. Decemviri (#). [L., fr. decem ten + vir a man.] 1. One of a body of ten magistrates in ancient Rome. The title of decemvirs was given to various bodies of Roman magistrates. The most celebrated decemvirs framed ´the laws of the Twelve Tables,´ about 450 B. C., and had absolute authority for three years. 2. A member of any body of ten men in authority.

De•cem´vi•ral , a. [L. decemviralis.] Pertaining to the decemvirs in Rome.

De•cem´vi•rate , n. [L. decemviratus.] 1. The office or term of office of the decemvirs in Rome. 2. A body of ten men in authority.

De•cem´vir•ship , n. The office of a decemvir. Holland.

De´cence , n. Decency. [Obs.] Dryden.

De´cen•cy , n.; pl. Decencies (#). [L. decentia, fr. decens: cf. F. decence. See Decent.] 1. The quality or state of being decent, suitable, or becoming, in words or behavior; propriety of form in social intercourse, in actions, or in discourse; proper formality; becoming ceremony; seemliness; hence, freedom from obscenity or indecorum; modesty. “Observances of time, place, and of decency in general.” Burke. “Immodest words admit of no defense,
For want of decency is want of sense.” Roscommon. 2. That which is proper or becoming. “The external decencies of worship.” Atterbury. “Those thousand decencies, that daily flow
From all her words and actions.” Milton.

De´cene , n. [L. decem ten.] (Chem.) One of the higher hydrocarbons, C_10H_20, of the ethylene series.

De•cen´na•ry , n.; pl. Decennaries (#). [L. decennium a period of ten years; decem ten + annus a year.] 1. A period of ten years. 2. (O. Eng. Law) A tithing consisting of ten neighboring families. Burrill.

De•cen´ni•al , a. [See Decennary.] Consisting of ten years; happening every ten years; as a decennial period; decennial games. Hallam.

De•cen´ni•al, n. A tenth year or tenth anniversary.

De•cen´ni•um , n.; pl. Decenniums (#), L. Decennia (#). [L.] A period of ten years. ´The present decennium.´ Hallam. ´The last decennium of Chaucer’s life.´ A. W. Ward. { De•cen´no•val , De•cen´no•va•ry } a. [L. decem ten + novem nine.] Pertaining to the number nineteen; of nineteen years. [R.] Holder.

De´cent (de´sent), a. [L. decens, decentis, p. pr. of decere to be fitting or becoming; akin to decus glory, honor, ornament, Gr. dokei^n to seem good, to seem, think; cf. Skr. daç to grant, to give; and perh. akin to E. attire, tire: cf. F. decent. Cf. Decorate, Decorum, Deign.] 1. Suitable in words, behavior, dress, or ceremony; becoming; fit; decorous; proper; seemly; as decent conduct; decent language. Shak. “Before his decent steps.” Milton. 2. Free from immodesty or obscenity; modest. 3. Comely; shapely; well-formed. [Archaic] “A sable stole of cyprus lawn
Over thy decent shoulders drawn.” Milton. “By foreign hands thy decent limbs composed.” Pope. 4. Moderate, but competent; sufficient; hence, respectable; fairly good; reasonably comfortable or satisfying; as a decent fortune; a decent person. “A decent retreat in the mutability of human affairs.” Burke. — De´cent•ly, adv. — De´cent•ness, n.

De•cen•tral•i•za´tion , n. The action of decentralizing, or the state of being decentralized. ´The decentralization of France.´ J. P. Peters.

De•cen´tral•ize , v. t. To prevent from centralizing; to cause to withdraw from the center or place of concentration; to divide and distribute (what has been united or concentrated); — esp. said of authority, or the administration of public affairs.

De•cep´ti•ble , a. Capable of being deceived; deceivable. Sir T. Browne. — De•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n.

De•cep´tion , n. [F. deception, L. deceptio, fr. decipere, deceptum. See Deceive.] 1. The act of deceiving or misleading. South. 2. The state of being deceived or misled. “There is one thing relating either to the action or enjoyments of man in which he is not liable to deception.” South. 3. That which deceives or is intended to deceive; false representation; artifice; cheat; fraud. “There was of course room for vast deception.” Motley. Syn. — Deception, Deceit, Fraud, Imposition. Deception usually refers to the act, and deceit to the habit of the mind; hence we speak of a person as skilled in deception and addicted to deceit. The practice of deceit springs altogether from design, and that of the worst kind; but a deception does not always imply aim and intention. It may be undesigned or accidental. An imposition is an act of deception practiced upon some one to his annoyance or injury; a fraud implies the use of stratagem, with a view to some unlawful gain or advantage.

De•cep´tious , a. [LL. deceptiosus.] Tending deceive; delusive. [R.] “As if those organs had deceptious functions.” Shak.

De•cep´tive , a. [Cf. F. deceptif. See Deceive.] Tending to deceive; having power to mislead, or impress with false opinions; as a deceptive countenance or appearance. “Language altogether deceptive, and hiding the deeper reality from our eyes.” Trench. Deceptive cadence (Mus.), a cadence on the subdominant, or in some foreign key, postponing the final close.

De•cep´tive•ly, adv. In a manner to deceive.

De•cep´tive•ness, n. The power or habit of deceiving; tendency or aptness to deceive.

De•cep•tiv´i•ty , n. Deceptiveness; a deception; a sham. [R.] Carlyle.

De•cep´to•ry , a. [L. deceptorius, from decipere.] Deceptive. [R.]

De•cern´ , v. t. [L. decernere. See Decree.] 1. To perceive, discern, or decide. [Obs.] Granmer. 2. (Scots Law) To decree; to adjudge.

De•cern´i•ture ( 135), n. (Scots Law) A decree or sentence of a court. Stormonth.

De•cerp´ , v. t. [L. decerpere; de- + carpere to pluck.] To pluck off; to crop; to gather. [Obs.]

De•cerpt´ , a. [L. decerptus, p. p. of decerpere.] Plucked off or away. [Obs.]

De•cerp´ti•ble , a. That may be plucked off, cropped, or torn away. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•cerp´tion , n. 1. The act of plucking off; a cropping. 2. That which is plucked off or rent away; a fragment; a piece. Glanvill.

De•cer•ta´tion , n. [L. decertatio, fr. decertare, decertatum; de- + certare to contend.] Contest for mastery; contention; strife. [R.] Arnway.

De•ces´sion , n. [L. decessio, fr. decedere to depart. See Decease, n.] Departure; decrease; — opposed to accesion. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

De•charm´ , v. t. [Cf. F. decharmer. See Charm.] To free from a charm; to disenchant.

De•chris´tian•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dechristianized p. pr. & vb. n. Dechristianizing.] To turn from, or divest of, Christianity.

De•cid´a•ble , a. Capable of being decided; determinable.

De•cide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decided; p. pr. & vb. n. Deciding.] [L. decidere; de- + caedere to cut, cut off; prob. akin to E. shed, v.: cf. F. decider. Cf. Decision.] 1. To cut off; to separate. [Obs.] “Our seat denies us traffic here;
The sea, too near, decides us from the rest.” Fuller. 2. To bring to a termination, as a question, controversy, struggle, by giving the victory to one side or party; to render judgment concerning; to determine; to settle. “So shall thy judgment be; thyself hast decided it.” 1 Kings xx. 40. “The quarrel toucheth none but us alone;
Betwixt ourselves let us decide it then.” Shak.

De•cide´, v. i. To determine; to form a definite opinion; to come to a conclusion; to give decision; as the court decided in favor of the defendant. “Who shall decide, when doctors disagree?” Pope.

De•cid´ed , a. 1. Free from ambiguity; unequivocal; unmistakable; unquestionable; clear; evident; as a decided advantage. ´A more decided taste for science.´ Prescott. 2. Free from doubt or wavering; determined; of fixed purpose; fully settled; positive; resolute; as a decided opinion or purpose. Syn. — Decided, Decisive. We call a thing decisive when it has the power or quality of deciding; as a decisive battle; we speak of it as decided when it is so fully settled as to leave no room for doubt; as a decided preference, a decided aversion. Hence, a decided victory is one about which there is no question; a decisive victory is one which ends the contest. Decisive is applied only to things; as a decisive sentence, a decisive decree, a decisive judgment. Decided is applied equally to persons and things. Thus we speak of a man as decided in his whole of conduct; and as having a decided disgust, or a decided reluctance, to certain measures. ´A politic caution, a guarded circumspection, were among the ruling principles of our forefathers in their most decided conduct.´ Burke. ´The sentences of superior judges are final, decisive, and irrevocable. Blackstone.

De•cid´ed•ly, adv. In a decided manner; indisputably; clearly; thoroughly.

De•cide´ment , n. Means of forming a decision. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dec´i•dence , n. [L. decidens falling off.] A falling off. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

De•cid´er , n. One who decides.

De•cid´u•a ( 135), n. [NL., fr. L. deciduus. See Deciduous.] (Anat.) The inner layer of the wall of the uterus, which envelops the embryo, forms a part of the placenta, and is discharged with it.

De•cid•u•a´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of Mammalia in which a decidua is thrown off with, or after, the fetus, as in the human species.

De•cid´u•ate ( 135), a. (Anat.) Possessed of, or characterized by, a decidua.

Dec•i•du´i•ty , n. Deciduousness. [R.]

De•cid´u•ous ( 135), a. [L. deciduus, fr. decdere to fall off; de- + cadere to fall. See Chance.] (Biol.) Falling off, or subject to fall or be shed, at a certain season, or a certain stage or interval of growth, as leaves (except of evergreens) in autumn, or as parts of animals, such as hair, teeth, antlers, etc.; also shedding leaves or parts at certain seasons, stages, or intervals; as deciduous trees; the deciduous membrane.

De•cid´u•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being deciduous. { Dec´i•gram , Dec´i•gramme } , n. [F. decigramme; pref. deci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + gramme.] A weight in the metric system; one tenth of a gram, equal to 1.5432 grains avoirdupois. { Dec´il , Dec´ile } , n. [F. decil, fr. L. decem ten cf. It. decile.] (Astrol.) An aspect or position of two planets, when they are distant from each other a tenth part of the zodiac, or 36°. { Dec´i•li•ter , Dec´i•li•tre } , n. [F. decilitre; pref. deci- tenth (L. decimus) + litre. See Liter.] A measure of capacity or volume in the metric system; one tenth of a liter, equal to 6.1022 cubic inches, or 3.38 fluid ounces.

De•cil´lion , n. [L. decem ten + the ending of million.] According to the English notation, a million involved to the tenth power, or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed; according to the French and American notation, a thousand involved to the eleventh power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers annexed. [See the Note under Numeration.]

De•cil´lionth , a. Pertaining to a decillion, or to the quotient of unity divided by a decillion.

De•cil´lionth , n. (a) The quotient of unity divided by a decillion. (b) One of a decillion equal parts.

Dec´i•mal , a. [F. decimal (cf. LL. decimalis), fr. L. decimus tenth, fr. decem ten. See Ten, and cf. Dime.] Of or pertaining to decimals; numbered or proceeding by tens; having a tenfold increase or decrease, each unit being ten times the unit next smaller; as decimal notation; a decimal coinage. Decimal arithmetic, the common arithmetic, in which numeration proceeds by tens. — Decimal fraction, a fraction in which the denominator is some power of 10, as &frac2x10;, &fract25x100;, and is usually not expressed, but is signified by a point placed at the left hand of the numerator, as .2, .25. — Decimal point, a dot or full stop at the left of a decimal fraction. The figures at the left of the point represent units or whole numbers, as 1.05.

Dec´i•mal, n. A number expressed in the scale of tens; specifically, and almost exclusively, used as synonymous with a decimal fraction. Circulating, or Circulatory, decimal, a decimal fraction in which the same figure, or set of figures, is constantly repeated; as 0.354354354; - - called also recurring decimal, repeating decimal, and repetend.

Dec´i•mal•ism , n. The system of a decimal currency, decimal weights, measures, etc.

Dec´i•mal•ize , v. t. To reduce to a decimal system; as to decimalize the currency. — Dec•i•mal•i•za´tion (#), n.

Dec´i•mal•ly, adv. By tens; by means of decimals.

Dec´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decimated p. pr. & vb. n. Decimating ] [L. decimatus, p. p. of decimare to decimate (in senses 1 & 2), fr. decimus tenth. See Decimal.] 1. To take the tenth part of; to tithe. Johnson. 2. To select by lot and punish with death every tenth man of; as to decimate a regiment as a punishment for mutiny. Macaulay. 3. To destroy a considerable part of; as to decimate an army in battle; to decimate a people by disease.

Dec•i•ma´tion , n. [L. decimatio: cf. F. decimation.] 1. A tithing. [Obs.] State Trials (1630). 2. A selection of every tenth person by lot, as for punishment. Shak. 3. The destruction of any large proportion, as of people by pestilence or war. Milman.

Dec´i•ma•tor , n. [Cf. LL. decimator.] One who decimates. South.

De•cime´ , n. [F.] A French coin, the tenth part of a franc, equal to about two cents. { Dec´i•me•ter , Dec´i•me•tre } , n. [F. decimètre; pref. deci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + mètre. See Meter.] A measure of length in the metric system; one tenth of a meter, equal to 3.937 inches.

Dec•i•mo•sex´to , n. [Prop., in sixteenth; fr. L. decimus tenth + sextus sixth.] A book consisting of sheets, each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of book; - - usually written 16mo or 16°.

Dec•i•mo•sex´to, a. Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; as a decimosexto form, book, leaf, size.

De´cine ( 104), n. [From L. decem ten.] (Chem.) One of the higher hydrocarbons, C10H15, of the acetylene series; — called also decenylene.

De•ci´pher , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deciphered p. pr. & vb. n. Deciphering.] [Pref. de- + cipher. Formed in imitation of F. dechiffrer. See Cipher.] 1. To translate from secret characters or ciphers into intelligible terms; as to decipher a letter written in secret characters. 2. To find out, so as to be able to make known the meaning of; to make out or read, as words badly written or partly obliterated; to detect; to reveal; to unfold. 3. To stamp; to detect; to discover. [R.] “You are both deciphered, …
For villains.” Shak.

De•ci´pher•a•ble , a. Capable of being deciphered; as old writings not decipherable.

De•ci´pher•er , n. One who deciphers.

De•ci´pher•ess , n. A woman who deciphers.

De•ci´pher•ment , n. The act of deciphering.

De•cip´i•en•cy , n. [L. decipiens, p. pr. of decipere. See Deceive.] State of being deceived; hallucination. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De•cip´i•um , n. [NL., fr. L. decipere to deceive.] (Chem.) A supposed rare element, said to be associated with cerium, yttrium, etc., in the mineral samarskite, and more recently called samarium. Symbol Dp. See Samarium.

De•ci´sion , n. [L. decisio, fr. decidere, decisum: cf. F. decision. See Decide.] 1. Cutting off; division; detachment of a part. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 2. The act of deciding; act of settling or terminating, as a controversy, by giving judgment on the matter at issue; determination, as of a question or doubt; settlement; conclusion. “The decision of some dispute.” Atterbury. 3. An account or report of a conclusion, especially of a legal adjudication or judicial determination of a question or cause; as a decision of arbitrators; a decision of the Supreme Court. 4. The quality of being decided; prompt and fixed determination; unwavering firmness; as to manifest great decision. Syn. — Decision, Determination, Resolution. Each of these words has two meanings, one implying the act of deciding, determining, or resolving; and the other a habit of mind as to doing. It is in the last sense that the words are here compared. Decision is a cutting short. It implies that several courses of action have been presented to the mind, and that the choice is now finally made. It supposes, therefore, a union of promptitude and energy. Determination is the natural consequence of decision. It is the settling of a thing with a fixed purpose to adhere. Resolution is the necessary result in a mind which is characterized by firmness. It is a spirit which scatters (resolves) all doubt, and is ready to face danger or suffering in carrying out one’s determinations. Martin Luther was equally distinguished for his prompt decision, his steadfast determination, and his inflexible resolution.

De•ci•sive , a. [Cf. F. decisif. See Decision.] 1. Having the power or quality of deciding a question or controversy; putting an end to contest or controversy; final; conclusive. ´A decisive, irrevocable doom.´ Bates. ´Decisive campaign.´ Macaulay. ´Decisive proof.´ Hallam. 2. Marked by promptness and decision. “A noble instance of this attribute of the decisive character.” J. Foster. Syn. — Decided; positive; conclusive. See Decided. — De•ci´sive•ly, adv. — De•ci´sive•ness, n.

De•ci´so•ry , a. [Cf. F. decisoire. See Decision.] Able to decide or determine; having a tendency to decide. [R.]

Dec´i•stere , n. [F. decistère; pref. deci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + stère a stere.] (Metric System) The tenth part of the stere or cubic meter, equal to 3.531 cubic feet. See Stere.

De•cit´i•zen•ize , v. t. To deprive of the rights of citizenship. [R.] “We have no law — as the French have — to decitizenize a citizen.” Edw. Bates.

De•civ´i•lize , v. t. To reduce from civilization to a savage state. [R.] Blackwood’s Mag.

Deck , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decked p. pr. & vb. n. Decking.] [D. dekken to cover; akin to E. thatch. See Thatch.] 1. To cover; to overspread. “To deck with clouds the uncolored sky.” Milton. 2. To dress, as the person; to clothe; especially, to clothe with more than ordinary elegance; to array; to adorn; to embellish. “Deck thyself now with majesty and excellency.” Job xl. 10. “And deck my body in gay ornaments.” Shak. “The dew with spangles decked the ground.” Dryden. 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel.

Deck, n. [D. dek. See Deck, v.] 1. The floorlike covering of the horizontal sections, or compartments, of a ship. Small vessels have only one deck; larger ships have two or three decks. The following are the more common names of the decks of vessels having more than one. Berth deck (Navy), a deck next below the gun deck, where the hammocks of the crew are swung. — Boiler deck (River Steamers), the deck on which the boilers are placed. — Flush deck, any continuous, unbroken deck from stem to stern. — Gun deck (Navy), a deck below the spar deck, on which the ship’s guns are carried. If there are two gun decks, the upper one is called the main deck, the lower, the lower gun deck; if there are three, one is called the middle gun deck. — Half-deck, that portion of the deck next below the spar deck which is between the mainmast and the cabin. — Hurricane deck (River Steamers, etc.), the upper deck, usually a light deck, erected above the frame of the hull. — Orlop deck, the deck or part of a deck where the cables are stowed, usually below the water line. — Poop deck, the deck forming the roof of a poop or poop cabin, built on the upper deck and extending from the mizzenmast aft. — Quarter-deck, the part of the upper deck abaft the mainmast, including the poop deck when there is one. — Spar deck. (a) Same as the upper deck. (b) Sometimes a light deck fitted over the upper deck. — Upper deck, the highest deck of the hull, extending from stem to stern. 2. (arch.) The upper part or top of a mansard roof or curb roof when made nearly flat. 3. (Railroad) The roof of a passenger car. 4. A pack or set of playing cards. “The king was slyly fingered from the deck.” Shak. 5. A heap or store. [Obs.] “Who … hath such trinkets
Ready in the deck.” Massinger. Between decks. See under Between. — Deck bridge (Railroad Engineering), a bridge which carries the track upon the upper chords; — distinguished from a through bridge, which carries the track upon the lower chords, between the girders. — Deck curb (Arch.), a curb supporting a deck in roof construction. — Deck floor (Arch.), a floor which serves also as a roof, as of a belfry or balcony. — Deck hand, a sailor hired to help on the vessel’s deck, but not expected to go aloft. — Deck molding (Arch.), the molded finish of the edge of a deck, making the junction with the lower slope of the roof. — Deck roof (Arch.), a nearly flat roof which is not surmounted by parapet walls. — Deck transom (Shipbuilding), the transom into which the deck is framed. — To clear the decks (Naut.), to remove every unnecessary incumbrance in preparation for battle; to prepare for action. — To sweep the deck (Card Playing), to clear off all the stakes on the table by winning them.

Deck´el , n. (Paper Making) Same as Deckle.

Deck´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, decks or adorns; a coverer; as a table decker. 2. A vessel which has a deck or decks; — used esp. in composition; as a single-decker; a three- decker.

Dec´kle (dek´k’l), n. [Cf. G. deckel cover, lid.] (Paper Making) A separate thin wooden frame used to form the border of a hand mold, or a curb of India rubber or other material which rests on, and forms the edge of, the mold in a paper machine and determines the width of the paper. [Spelt also deckel, and dekle.]

De•claim´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declaimed p. pr. & vb. n. Declaiming.] [L. declamare; de- + clamare to cry out: cf. F. declamer. See Claim.] 1. To speak rhetorically; to make a formal speech or oration; to harangue; specifically, to recite a speech, poem, etc., in public as a rhetorical exercise; to practice public speaking; as the students declaim twice a week. 2. To speak for rhetorical display; to speak pompously, noisily, or theatrically; to make an empty speech; to rehearse trite arguments in debate; to rant. “Grenville seized the opportunity to declaim on the repeal of the stamp act.” Bancroft.

De•claim´ , v. t. 1. To utter in public; to deliver in a rhetorical or set manner. 2. To defend by declamation; to advocate loudly. [Obs.] ´Declaims his cause.´ South.

De•claim´ant , n. A declaimer. [R.]

De•claim´er , n. One who declaims; an haranguer.

Dec•la•ma´tion , n. [L. declamatio, from declamare: cf. F. declamation. See Declaim.] 1. The act or art of declaiming; rhetorical delivery; haranguing; loud speaking in public; especially, the public recitation of speeches as an exercise in schools and colleges; as the practice declamation by students. “The public listened with little emotion, but with much civility, to five acts of monotonous declamation.” Macaulay. 2. A set or harangue; declamatory discourse. 3. Pretentious rhetorical display, with more sound than sense; as mere declamation.

Dec´la•ma•tor , n. [L.] A declaimer. [R.] Sir T. Elyot.

De•clam´a•to•ry , a. [L. declamatorius: cf. F. declamatoire.] 1. Pertaining to declamation; treated in the manner of a rhetorician; as a declamatory theme. 2. Characterized by rhetorical display; pretentiously rhetorical; without solid sense or argument; bombastic; noisy; as a declamatory way or style.

De•clar´a•ble , a. Capable of being declared. Sir T. Browne.

De•clar´ant , n. [Cf. F. declarant, p. pr. of declarer.] (Law) One who declares. Abbott.

Dec•la•ra´tion , n. [F. declaration, fr. L. declaratio, fr. declarare. See Declare.] 1. The act of declaring, or publicly announcing; explicit asserting; undisguised token of a ground or side taken on any subject; proclamation; exposition; as the declaration of an opinion; a declaration of war, etc. 2. That which is declared or proclaimed; announcement; distinct statement; formal expression; avowal. “Declarations of mercy and love … in the Gospel.” Tillotson. 3. The document or instrument containing such statement or proclamation; as the Declaration of Independence (now preserved in Washington). “In 1776 the Americans laid before Europe that noble Declaration, which ought to be hung up in the nursery of every king, and blazoned on the porch of every royal palace.” Buckle. 4. (Law) That part of the process or pleadings in which the plaintiff sets forth in order and at large his cause of complaint; the narration of the plaintiff’s case containing the count, or counts. See Count, n., 3. Declaration of Independence. (Amer. Hist.) See under Independence. — Declaration of rights. (Eng. Hist) See Bill of rights, under Bill. — Declaration of trust (Law), a paper subscribed by a grantee of property, acknowledging that he holds it in trust for the purposes and upon the terms set forth. Abbott.

De•clar´a•tive , a. [L. declarativus, fr. declarare: cf. F. declaratif.] Making declaration, proclamation, or publication; explanatory; assertive; declaratory. ´Declarative laws.´ Baker. “The ´vox populi,´ so declarative on the same side.” Swift.

De•clar´a•tive•ly, adv. By distinct assertion; not impliedly; in the form of a declaration. “The priest shall expiate it, that is, declaratively.” Bates.

Dec´la•ra•tor , n. [L., an announcer.] (Scots Law) A form of action by which some right or interest is sought to be judicially declared.

De•clar´a•to•ri•ly , adv. In a declaratory manner.

De•clar´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. declaratoire.] Making declaration, explanation, or exhibition; making clear or manifest; affirmative; expressive; as a clause declaratory of the will of the legislature. Declaratory act (Law), an act or statute which sets forth more clearly, and declares what is, the existing law.

De•clare´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Declared (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Declaring.] [F. declarer, from L. declarare; de + clarare to make clear, clarus, clear, bright. See Clear.] 1. To make clear; to free from obscurity. [Obs.] ´To declare this a little.´ Boyle. 2. To make known by language; to communicate or manifest explicitly and plainly in any way; to exhibit; to publish; to proclaim; to announce. “This day I have begot whom I declare
My only Son.” Milton. “The heavens declare the glory of God.” Ps. xix. 1. 3. To make declaration of; to assert; to affirm; to set forth; to avow; as he declares the story to be false. “I the Lord … declare things that are right.” Isa. xlv. 19. 4. (Com.) To make full statement of, as goods, etc., for the purpose of paying taxes, duties, etc. To declare off, to recede from an agreement, undertaking, contract, etc.; to renounce. — To declare one’s self, to avow one’s opinion; to show openly what one thinks, or which side he espouses.

De•clare´, v. i. 1. To make a declaration, or an open and explicit avowal; to proclaim one’s self; — often with for or against; as victory declares against the allies. “Like fawning courtiers, for success they wait,
And then come smiling, and declare for fate.” Dryden. 2. (Law) To state the plaintiff’s cause of action at law in a legal form; as the plaintiff declares in trespass.

De•clar´ed•ly , adv. Avowedly; explicitly.

De•clar´ed•ness, n. The state of being declared.

De•clare´ment , n. Declaration. [Obs.]

De•clar´er , n. One who makes known or proclaims; that which exhibits. Udall.

De•clen´sion , n. [Apparently corrupted fr. F. declinaison, fr. L. declinatio, fr. declinare. See Decline, and cf. Declination.] 1. The act or the state of declining; declination; descent; slope. “The declension of the land from that place to the sea.” T. Burnet. 2. A falling off towards a worse state; a downward tendency; deterioration; decay; as the declension of virtue, of science, of a state, etc. “Seduced the pitch and height of all his thoughts
To base declension.” Shak. 3. Act of courteously refusing; act of declining; a declinature; refusal; as the declension of a nomination. 4. (Gram.) (a) Inflection of nouns, adjectives, etc., according to the grammatical cases. (b) The form of the inflection of a word declined by cases; as the first or the second declension of nouns, adjectives, etc. (c) Rehearsing a word as declined. The nominative was held to be the primary and original form, and was likened to a perpendicular line; the variations, or oblique cases, were regarded as fallings (hence called casus, cases, or fallings) from the nominative or perpendicular; and an enumerating of the various forms, being a sort of progressive descent from the noun’s upright form, was called a declension. Harris. Declension of the needle, declination of the needle.

De•clen´sion•al , a. Belonging to declension. “Declensional and syntactical forms.” M. Arnold.

De•clin´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. declinable. See Decline.] Capable of being declined; admitting of declension or inflection; as declinable parts of speech.

De•clin´al , a. Declining; sloping.

Dec´li•nate , a. [L. declinatus, p. p. of declinare. See Decline.] Bent downward or aside; (Bot.) bending downward in a curve; declined.

Dec•li•na´tion , n. [L. declinatio a bending aside, an avoiding: cf. F. declination a decadence. See Declension.] 1. The act or state of bending downward; inclination; as declination of the head. 2. The act or state of falling off or declining from excellence or perfection; deterioration; decay; decline. ´The declination of monarchy.´ Bacon. “Summer … is not looked on as a time
Of declination or decay.” Waller. 3. The act of deviating or turning aside; oblique motion; obliquity; withdrawal. “The declination of atoms in their descent.” Bentley. “Every declination and violation of the rules.” South. 4. The act or state of declining or refusing; withdrawal; refusal; averseness. “The queen’s declination from marriage.” Stow. 5. (Astron.) The angular distance of any object from the celestial equator, either northward or southward. 6. (Dialing) The arc of the horizon, contained between the vertical plane and the prime vertical circle, if reckoned from the east or west, or between the meridian and the plane, reckoned from the north or south. 7. (Gram.) The act of inflecting a word; declension. See Decline, v. t., 4. Angle of declination, the angle made by a descending line, or plane, with a horizontal plane. — Circle of declination, a circle parallel to the celestial equator. — Declination compass (Physics), a compass arranged for finding the declination of the magnetic needle. — Declination of the compass or needle, the horizontal angle which the magnetic needle makes with the true north-and-south line.

Dec´li•na•tor , n. [Cf. F. declinateur. See Decline.] 1. An instrument for taking the declination or angle which a plane makes with the horizontal plane. 2. A dissentient. [R.] Bp. Hacket.

De•clin´a•to•ry ( 277), a. [LL. declinatorius, fr. L. declinare: cf. F. declinatoire.] Containing or involving a declination or refusal, as of submission to a charge or sentence. Blackstone. Declinatory plea (O. Eng. Law), the plea of sanctuary or of benefit of clergy, before trial or conviction; — now abolished.

De•clin´a•ture ( 135), n. The act of declining or refusing; as the declinature of an office.

De•cline´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declined p. pr. & vb. n. Declining.] [OE. declinen to bend down, lower, sink, decline (a noun), F. decliner to decline, refuse, fr. L. declinare to turn aside, inflect (a part of speech), avoid; de- + clinare to incline; akin to E. lean. See Lean, v. i.] 1. To bend, or lean downward; to take a downward direction; to bend over or hang down, as from weakness, weariness, despondency, etc.; to condescend. ´With declining head.´ Shak. “He … would decline even to the lowest of his family.” Lady Hutchinson. “Disdaining to decline,
Slowly he falls, amidst triumphant cries.” Byron. “The ground at length became broken and declined rapidly.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To tend or draw towards a close, decay, or extinction; to tend to a less perfect state; to become diminished or impaired; to fail; to sink; to diminish; to lessen; as the day declines; virtue declines; religion declines; business declines. “That empire must decline
Whose chief support and sinews are of coin.” Waller. “And presume to know …
Who thrives, and who declines.” Shak. 3. To turn or bend aside; to deviate; to stray; to withdraw; as a line that declines from straightness; conduct that declines from sound morals. “Yet do I not decline from thy testimonies.” Ps. cxix. 157. 4. To turn away; to shun; to refuse; — the opposite of accept or consent; as he declined, upon principle.

De•cline´, v. t. 1. To bend downward; to bring down; to depress; to cause to bend, or fall. “In melancholy deep, with head declined.” Thomson. “And now fair Phoebus gan decline in haste
His weary wagon to the western vale.” Spenser. 2. To cause to decrease or diminish. [Obs.] ´You have declined his means.´ Beau. & Fl. “He knoweth his error, but will not seek to decline it.” Burton. 3. To put or turn aside; to turn off or away from; to refuse to undertake or comply with; reject; to shun; to avoid; as to decline an offer; to decline a contest; he declined any participation with them. “Could I
Decline this dreadful hour?” Massinger. 4. (Gram.) To inflect, or rehearse in order the changes of grammatical form of; as to decline a noun or an adjective. Now restricted to such words as have case inflections; but formerly it was applied both to declension and conjugation. “After the first declining of a noun and a verb.” Ascham. 5. To run through from first to last; to repeat like a schoolboy declining a noun. [R.] Shak.

De•cline´ , n. [F. declin. See Decline, v. i.] 1. A falling off; a tendency to a worse state; diminution or decay; deterioration; also the period when a thing is tending toward extinction or a less perfect state; as the decline of life; the decline of strength; the decline of virtue and religion. “Their fathers lived in the decline of literature.” Swift. 2. (Med.) That period of a disorder or paroxysm when the symptoms begin to abate in violence; as the decline of a fever. 3. A gradual sinking and wasting away of the physical faculties; any wasting disease, esp. pulmonary consumption; as to die of a decline. Dunglison. Syn. — Decline, Decay, Consumption. Decline marks the first stage in a downward progress; decay indicates the second stage, and denotes a tendency to ultimate destruction; consumption marks a steady decay from an internal exhaustion of strength. The health may experience a decline from various causes at any period of life; it is naturally subject to decay with the advance of old age; consumption may take place at almost any period of life, from disease which wears out the constitution. In popular language decline is often used as synonymous with consumption. By a gradual decline, states and communities lose their strength and vigor; by progressive decay, they are stripped of their honor, stability, and greatness; by a consumption of their resources and vital energy, they are led rapidly on to a completion of their existence.

De•clined´ , a. Declinate.

De•clin´er , n. He who declines or rejects. “A studious decliner of honors.” Evelyn.

Dec•li•nom´e•ter , n. [Decline + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle.

De•clin´ous , a. Declinate. { De•cliv´i•tous , De•cli´vous } a. Descending gradually; moderately steep; sloping; downhill.

De•cliv´i•ty , n.; pl. Declivities (#). [L. declivitas, fr. declivis sloping, downhill; de + clivus a slope, a hill; akin to clinare to incline: cf. F. declivite. See Decline.] 1. Deviation from a horizontal line; gradual descent of surface; inclination downward; slope; — opposed to acclivity, or ascent; the same slope, considered as descending, being a declivity, which, considered as ascending, is an acclivity. 2. A descending surface; a sloping place. “Commodious declivities and channels for the passage of the waters.” Derham.

De•coct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decocted; p. pr. & vb. n. Decocting.] [L. decoctus, p. p. of decoquere to boil down; de- + coquere to cook, boil. See Cook to decoct.] 1. To prepare by boiling; to digest in hot or boiling water; to extract the strength or flavor of by boiling; to make an infusion of. 2. To prepare by the heat of the stomach for assimilation; to digest; to concoct. 3. To warm, strengthen, or invigorate, as if by boiling. [R.] ´Decoct their cold blood.´ Shak.

De•coct´i•ble , a. Capable of being boiled or digested.

De•coc´tion , n. [F. decoction, L. decoctio.] 1. The act or process of boiling anything in a watery fluid to extract its virtues. “In decoction … it either purgeth at the top or settleth at the bottom.” Bacon. 2. An extract got from a body by boiling it in water. “If the plant be boiled in water, the strained liquor is called the decoction of the plant.” Arbuthnot. “In pharmacy decoction is opposed to infusion, where there is merely steeping.” Latham.

De•coc´ture ( 135), n. A decoction. [R.]

De•col´late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decollated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decollating.] [L. decollatus, p. p. of decollare to behead; de- + collum neck.] To sever from the neck; to behead; to decapitate. “The decollated head of St. John the Baptist.” Burke.

De•col´la•ted , a. (Zoöl.) Decapitated; worn or cast off in the process of growth, as the apex of certain univalve shells.

De•col•la´tion , n. [L. decollatio: cf. F. decollation.] 1. The act of beheading or state of one beheaded; — especially used of the execution of St. John the Baptist. 2. A painting representing the beheading of a saint or martyr, esp. of St. John the Baptist.

De•col•le•te´ , a. [F., p. p. of decolleter to bare the neck and shoulders; de- + collet collar, fr. L. collum neck.] Leaving the neck and shoulders uncovered; cut low in the neck, or low-necked, as a dress.

De•col´ling , n. Beheading. [R.] “By a speedy dethroning and decolling of the king.” Parliamentary History (1648).

De•col´or , v. t. [Cf. F. decolorer, L. decolorare. Cf. Discolor.] To deprive of color; to bleach.

De•col´or•ant , n. [Cf. F. decolorant, p. pr.] A substance which removes color, or bleaches.

De•col´or•ate , a. [L. decoloratus, p. p. of decolorare.] Deprived of color.

De•col´or•ate , v. t. To decolor.

De•col•or•a´tion , n. [L. decoloratio: cf. F. decoloration.] The removal or absence of color. Ferrand.

De•col´or•ize , v. t. To deprive of color; to whiten. Turner. — De•col•or•i•za´tion (#), n.

De´com•plex , a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + complex.] Repeatedly compound; made up of complex constituents.

De•com•pos´a•ble , a. Capable of being resolved into constituent elements.

De•com•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decomposed p. pr. & vb. n. Decomposing.] [Cf. F. decomposer. Cf. Discompose.] To separate the constituent parts of; to resolve into original elements; to set free from previously existing forms of chemical combination; to bring to dissolution; to rot or decay.

De•com•pose´, v. i. To become resolved or returned from existing combinations; to undergo dissolution; to decay; to rot.

De•com•posed´ , a. (Zoöl.) Separated or broken up; — said of the crest of birds when the feathers are divergent.

De•com•pos´ite , a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + composite.] 1. Compounded more than once; compounded with things already composite. 2. (Bot.) See Decompound, a., 2.

De•com•pos´ite, n. Anything decompounded. “Decomposites of three metals or more.” Bacon.

De•com•po•si´tion , n. [Pref. de- (in sense 3 intensive) + composition: cf. F. decomposition. Cf. Decomposition.] 1. The act or process of resolving the constituent parts of a compound body or substance into its elementary parts; separation into constituent part; analysis; the decay or dissolution consequent on the removal or alteration of some of the ingredients of a compound; disintegration; as the decomposition of wood, rocks, etc. 2. The state of being reduced into original elements. 3. Repeated composition; a combination of compounds. [Obs.] Decomposition of forces. Same as Resolution of forces, under Resolution. — Decomposition of light, the division of light into the prismatic colors.

De•com•pound´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decompounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Decompounding.] [Pref. de- (intens. in sense 1) + compound, v. t.] 1. To compound or mix with that is already compound; to compound a second time. 2. To reduce to constituent parts; to decompose. “It divides and decompounds objects into … parts.” Hazlitt.

De•com•pound´, a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + compound, a.] 1. Compound of what is already compounded; compounded a second time. 2. (Bot.) Several times compounded or divided, as a leaf or stem; decomposite.

De•com•pound´, n. A decomposite.

De•com•pound´a•ble , a. Capable of being decompounded.

De•con•cen´trate , v. t. To withdraw from concentration; to decentralize. [R.]

De•con•cen•tra´tion , n. Act of deconcentrating. [R.]

De•con•coct´ , v. t. To decompose. [R.] Fuller.

De•con´se•crate , v. t. To deprive of sacredness; to secularize. — De•con•se•cra´tion (#), n.

Dec´o•ra•ment , n. [L. decoramentum. See Decorate, v. t.] Ornament. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dec´o•rate (d&cr;k´o•rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decorated (d&cr;k´o•ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Decorating (-ra•ting).] [L. decoratus, p. p. of decorare, fr. decus ornament; akin to decere to be becoming. See Decent.] To deck with that which is becoming, ornamental, or honorary; to adorn; to beautify; to embellish; as to decorate the person; to decorate an edifice; to decorate a lawn with flowers; to decorate the mind with moral beauties; to decorate a hero with honors. “Her fat neck was ornamented with jewels, rich bracelets decorated her arms.” Thackeray. Syn. — To adorn; embellish; ornament; beautify; grace. See Adorn. Decorated style (Arch.), a name given by some writers to the perfected English Gothic architecture; it may be considered as having flourished from about a. d. 1300 to a. d. 1375.

Dec•o•ra´tion (dek•o•ra´shun), n. [LL. decoratio: cf. F. decoration.] 1. The act of adorning, embellishing, or honoring; ornamentation. 2. That which adorns, enriches, or beautifies; something added by way of embellishment; ornament. “The hall was celebrated for … the richness of its decoration.” Motley. 3. Specifically, any mark of honor to be worn upon the person, as a medal, cross, or ribbon of an order of knighthood, bestowed for services in war, great achievements in literature, art, etc. Decoration Day, a day, May 30, appointed for decorating with flowers the graves of the Union soldiers and sailors, who fell in the Civil War in the United States; Memorial Day. [U.S.]

Dec´o•ra•tive (dek´o•ra•tiv or -ra•tiv), a. [Cf. F. decoratif.] Suited to decorate or embellish; adorning. — Dec´o•ra•tive•ness, n. Decorative art, fine art which has for its end ornamentation, rather than the representation of objects or events.

Dec´o•ra•tor (-ra´ter), n. [Cf. F. decorateur.] One who decorates, adorns, or embellishes; specifically, an artisan whose business is the decoration of houses, esp. their interior decoration.

De•core´ , v. t. [Cf. F. decorer. See Decorate.] To decorate; to beautify. [Obs.] “To decore and beautify the house of God.” E. Hall.

De•core´ment , n. Ornament. [Obs.]

De•co´rous ( 277), a. [L. decorus, fr. decor comeliness, beauty; akin to decere. See Decent, and cf. Decorum.] Suitable to a character, or to the time, place, and occasion; marked with decorum; becoming; proper; seemly; befitting; as a decorous speech; decorous behavior; a decorous dress for a judge. “A decorous pretext the war.” Motley. — De•co´rous•ly, adv. — De•co´rous•ness, n.

De•cor´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decorticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decorticating.] [L. decorticatus, p. p. of decorticare to bark; de- + cortex bark.] To divest of the bark, husk, or exterior coating; to husk; to peel; to hull. ´Great barley dried and decorticated.´ Arbuthnot.

De•cor•ti•ca´tion , n. [L. decorticatio: cf. F. decortication.] The act of stripping off the bark, rind, hull, or outer coat.

De•cor´ti•ca•tor , n. A machine for decorticating wood, hulling grain, etc.; also an instrument for removing surplus bark or moss from fruit trees.

De•cor´um , n. [L. decorum, fr. decorus. See Decorous.] Propriety of manner or conduct; grace arising from suitableness of speech and behavior to one’s own character, or to the place and occasion; decency of conduct; seemliness; that which is seemly or suitable. “Negligent of the duties and decorums of his station.” Hallam. “If your master
Would have a queen his beggar, you must tell him,
That majesty, to keep decorum, must
No less beg than a kingdom.” Shak. Syn. — Decorum, Dignity. Decorum, in accordance with its etymology, is that which is becoming in outward act or appearance; as the decorum of a public assembly. Dignity springs from an inward elevation of soul producing a corresponding effect on the manners; as dignity of personal appearance.

De•coy´ (de•koi´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decoyed p. pr. & vb. n. Decoying.] [Pref. de- + coy; orig., to quiet, soothe, caress, entice. See Coy.] To lead into danger by artifice; to lure into a net or snare; to entrap; to insnare; to allure; to entice; as to decoy troops into an ambush; to decoy ducks into a net. “Did to a lonely cot his steps decoy.” Thomson. “E’en while fashion’s brightest arts decoy,
The heart, distrusting, asks if this be joy.” Goldsmith. Syn. — To entice; tempt; allure; lure. See Allure.

De•coy´, n. 1. Anything intended to lead into a snare; a lure that deceives and misleads into danger, or into the power of an enemy; a bait. 2. A fowl, or the likeness of one, used by sportsmen to entice other fowl into a net or within shot. 3. A place into which wild fowl, esp. ducks, are enticed in order to take or shoot them. 4. A person employed by officers of justice, or parties exposed to injury, to induce a suspected person to commit an offense under circumstances that will lead to his detection.

De•coy´-duck , n. A duck used to lure wild ducks into a decoy; hence, a person employed to lure others into danger. Beau. & Fl.

De•coy´er , n. One who decoys another.

De•coy´-man , n.; pl. Decoy-men . A man employed in decoying wild fowl.

De•crease´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decreased p. pr. & vb. n. Decreasing.] [OE. decrecen, fr. OF. decreistre, F. decroître, or from the OF. noun (see Decrease, n.), fr. L. decrescere to grow less; de + crescere to grow. See Crescent, and cf. Increase.] To grow less, — opposed to increase; to be diminished gradually, in size, degree, number, duration, etc., or in strength, quality, or excellence; as they days decrease in length from June to December. “He must increase, but I must decrease.” John iii. 30. Syn. — To Decrease, Diminish. Things usually decrease or fall off by degrees, and from within, or through some cause which is imperceptible; as the flood decreases; the cold decreases; their affection has decreased. Things commonly diminish by an influence from without, or one which is apparent; as the army was diminished by disease; his property is diminishing through extravagance; their affection has diminished since their separation their separation. The turn of thought, however, is often such that these words may be interchanged. “The olive leaf, which certainly them told
The flood decreased.” Drayton. “Crete’s ample fields diminish to our eye;
Before the Boreal blasts the vessels fly.” Pope.

De•crease´, v. t. To cause to grow less; to diminish gradually; as extravagance decreases one’s means. “That might decrease their present store.” Prior.

De•crease´, n. [OE. decrees, OF. decreis, fr. decreistre. See Decrease, v.] 1. A becoming less; gradual diminution; decay; as a decrease of revenue or of strength. 2. The wane of the moon. Bacon.

De•crease´less, a. Suffering no decrease. [R.] “It [the river] flows and flows, and yet will flow,
Volume decreaseless to the final hour.” A. Seward.

De•creas´ing, a. Becoming less and less; diminishing. — De•creas´ing•ly, adv. Decreasing series (Math.), a series in which each term is numerically smaller than the preceding term.

De•cre•a´tion , n. Destruction; — opposed to creation. [R.] Cudworth.

De•cree´ , n. [OE. decre, F. decret, fr. L. decretum, neut. decretus, p. p. of decernere to decide; de- + cernere to decide. See Certain, and cf. Decreet, Decretal.] 1. An order from one having authority, deciding what is to be done by a subordinate; also a determination by one having power, deciding what is to be done or to take place; edict, law; authoritative ru decision. ´The decrees of Venice.´ Sh. “There went out a decree from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed.” Luke ii. 1. “Poor hand, why quiverest thou at this decree?” Shak. 2. (Law) (a) A decision, order, or sentence, given in a cause by a court of equity or admiralty. (b) A determination or judgment of an umpire on a case submitted to him. Brande. 3. (Eccl.) An edict or law made by a council for regulating any business within their jurisdiction; as the decrees of ecclesiastical councils. Syn. — Law; regulation; edict; ordinance. See Law.

De•cree´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decreed p. pr. & vb. n. Decreeing.] 1. To determine judicially by authority, or by decree; to constitute by edict; to appoint by decree or law; to determine; to order; to ordain; as a court decrees a restoration of property. “Thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be established unto thee.” Job xxii. 28. 2. To ordain by fate.

De•cree´, v. i. To make decrees; - - used absolutely. “Father eternal! thine is to decree;
Mine, both in heaven and earth to do thy will.” Milton.

De•cree´a•ble , a. Capable of being decreed.

De•cre´er , n. One who decrees. J. Goodwin.

De•creet´ , n. [Cf. Decree.] (Scots Law) The final judgment of the Court of Session, or of an inferior court, by which the question at issue is decided.

Dec´re•ment , n. [L. decrementum, fr. decrescere. See Decrease.] 1. The state of becoming gradually less; decrease; diminution; waste; loss. “Twit me with the decrements of my pendants.” Ford. “Rocks, mountains, and the other elevations of the earth suffer a continual decrement.” Woodward. 2. The quantity lost by gradual diminution or waste; — opposed to increment. 3. (Crystallog.) A name given by Haüy to the successive diminution of the layers of molecules, applied to the faces of the primitive form, by which he supposed the secondary forms to be produced. 4. (Math.) The quantity by which a variable is diminished. Equal decrement of life. (a) The decrease of life in a group of persons in which the assumed law of mortality is such that of a given large number of persons, all being now of the same age, an equal number shall die each consecutive year. (b) The decrease of life in a group of persons in which the assumed law of mortality is such that the ratio of those dying in a year to those living through the year is constant, being independent of the age of the persons.

De•crep´it , a. [L. decrepitus, perhaps orig., noised out, noiseless, applied to old people, who creep about quietly; de- + crepare to make a noise, rattle: cf. F. decrepit. See Crepitate.] Broken down with age; wasted and enfeebled by the infirmities of old age; feeble; worn out. ´Beggary or decrepit age.´ Milton. “Already decrepit with premature old age.” Motley. Sometimes incorrectly written decrepid.

De•crep´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decrepitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decrepitating.] [Cf. F. decrepiter.] To roast or calcine so as to cause a crackling noise; as to decrepitate salt.

De•crep´i•tate, v. i. To crackle, as salt in roasting.

De•crep•i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. decrepitation.] The act of decrepitating; a crackling noise, such as salt makes when roasting.

De•crep´it•ness , n. Decrepitude. [R.] Barrow.

De•crep´i•tude , n. [Cf. F. decrepitude.] The broken state produced by decay and the infirmities of age; infirm old age.

De•cres•cen´do , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) With decreasing volume of sound; — a direction to performers, either written upon the staff (abbreviated Dec., or Decresc.), or indicated by the sign.

De•cres´cent , a. [L. decrescens, p. pr. of decrescere. See Decrease.] Becoming less by gradual diminution; decreasing; as a decrescent moon.

De•cres´cent, n. (Her.) A crescent with the horns directed towards the sinister. Cussans.

De•cre´tal , a. [L. decretalis, fr. decretum. See Decree.] Appertaining to a decree; containing a decree; as a decretal epistle. Ayliffe.

De•cre´tal, n. [LL. decretale, neut. of L. decretalis. See Decretal, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) An authoritative order or decree; especially, a letter of the pope, determining some point or question in ecclesiastical law. The decretals form the second part of the canon law. 2. (Canon Law) The collection of ecclesiastical decrees and decisions made, by order of Gregory IX., in 1234, by St. Raymond of Pennafort.

De•crete´ , n. [L. decretum. See Decree.] A decree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•cre´tion , n. [From L. decrescere, decretum. See Decrease.] A decrease. [Obs.] Pearson.

De•cre´tist , n. [LL. decretista, fr. decretum: cf. F. decretiste. See Decree, n.] One who studies, or professes the knowledge of, the decretals.

De•cre´tive , a. [From L. decretum. See Decree, n.] Having the force of a decree; determining. “The will of God is either decretive or perceptive.” Bates.

Dec•re•to´ri•al , a. Decretory; authoritative. Sir T. Browne.

Dec´re•to•ri•ly , adv. In a decretory or definitive manner; by decree.

Dec´re•to•ry , a. [L. decretorius, from decretum. See Decree.] 1. Established by a decree; definitive; settled. “The decretory rigors of a condemning sentence.” South. 2. Serving to determine; critical. ´The critical or decretory days.´ Sir T. Browne.

De•crew´ , v. i. [F. decrue, n., decrease, and decru, p. p. of decroître. See Decrease, and cf. Accrue.] To decrease. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•cri´al , n. [See Decry.] A crying down; a clamorous censure; condemnation by censure.

De•cri´er , n. One who decries.

De•crown´ , v. t. To deprive of a crown; to discrown. [R.] Hakewill.

De•crus•ta´tion , n. [Cf. OF. decrustation.] The removal of a crust.

De•cry´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decried p. pr. & vb. n. Decrying.] [F. decrier, OF. descrier; pref. des- (L. dis-) + crier to cry. See Cry, and cf. Descry.] To cry down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; to clamor against; to blame clamorously; to discredit; to disparage. “For small errors they whole plays decry.” Dryden. “Measures which are extolled by one half of the kingdom are naturally decried by the other.” Addison. Syn. — To Decry, Depreciate, Detract, Disparage. Decry and depreciate refer to the estimation of a thing, the former seeking to lower its value by clamorous censure, the latter by representing it as of little worth. Detract and disparage also refer to merit or value, which the former assails with caviling, insinuation, etc., while the latter willfully underrates and seeks to degrade it. Men decry their rivals and depreciate their measures. The envious detract from the merit of a good action, and disparage the motives of him who performs it.

Dec•u•ba´tion , n. [From L. decubare; de- + cubare. See Decumbent.] Act of lying down; decumbence. [Obs.] Evelyn.

De•cu´bi•tus , n. [NL., fr. L. de- + cubare, to lie down: cf. F. decubitus.] (Med.) An attitude assumed in lying down; as the dorsal decubitus.

Dec´u•man , a. [L. decumanus of the tenth, and by metonymy, large, fr. decem ten.] Large; chief; — applied to an extraordinary billow, supposed by some to be every tenth in order. [R.] Also used substantively. ´Such decuman billows.´ Gauden. ´The baffled decuman.´ Lowell. { De•cum´bence , De•cum´ben•cy } n. The act or posture of lying down. “The ancient manner of decumbency.” Sir T. Browne.

De•cum´bent , a. [L. decumbens, -entis, p. pr. of decumbere; de- + cumbere (only in comp.), cubare to lie down.] 1. Lying down; prostrate; recumbent. “The decumbent portraiture of a woman.” Ashmole. 2. (Bot.) Reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand, and tending to rise at the summit or apex; as a decumbent stem. Gray.

De•cum´bent•ly, adv. In a decumbent posture.

De•cum´bi•ture ( 135), n. 1. Confinement to a sick bed, or time of taking to one’s bed from sickness. Boyle. 2. (Astrol.) Aspect of the heavens at the time of taking to one’s sick bed, by which the prognostics of recovery or death were made.

Dec´u•ple , a. [F. decuple, L. decuplus, fr. decem ten.] Tenfold. [R.]

Dec´u•ple, n. A number ten times repeated. [R.]

Dec´u•ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decupled p. pr. & vb. n. Decupling ] To make tenfold; to multiply by ten. [R.]

De•cu´ri•on , n. [L. decurio, decurionis, fr. decuria a squad of ten, fr. decem ten.] (Rom. Antiq.) A head or chief over ten; especially, an officer who commanded a division of ten soldiers.

De•cu´ri•on•ate , n. [L. decurionatus, fr. decurio.] The office of a decurion.

De•cur´rence , n. The act of running down; a lapse. [R.] Gauden.

De•cur´rent , a. [L. decurrens, -entis, p. pr. of decurrere to run down; de- + currere to run: cf. F. decurrent.] (Bot.) Extending downward; — said of a leaf whose base extends downward and forms a wing along the stem. — De•cur´rent•ly, adv.

De•cur´sion , n. [L. decursio, fr. decurrere. See Decurrent.] A flowing; also a hostile incursion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

De•cur´sive , a. [Cf. F. decursif. See Decurrent.] Running down; decurrent.

De•cur´sive•ly, adv. In a decursive manner. Decursively pinnate (Bot.), having the leaflets decurrent, or running along the petiole; — said of a leaf.

De•curt´ , v. t. [L. decurtare; de- + curtare.] To cut short; to curtail. [Obs.] Bale.

De•cur•ta´tion , n. [L. decurtatio.] Act of cutting short. [Obs.]

Dec´u•ry , n.; pl. Decuries (#). [L. decuria, fr. decem ten.] A set or squad of ten men under a decurion. Sir W. Raleigh.

De•cus´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decussated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decussating.] [L. decussatus, p. p. of decussare to cross like an X, fr. decussis (orig. equiv. to decem asses) the number ten, which the Romans represented by X.] To cross at an acute angle; to cut or divide in the form of X; to intersect; — said of lines in geometrical figures, rays of light, nerves, etc. { De•cus´sate , De•cus´sa•ted } a. 1. Crossed; intersected. 2. (Bot.) Growing in pairs, each of which is at right angles to the next pair above or below; as decussated leaves or branches. 3. (Rhet.) Consisting of two rising and two falling clauses, placed in alternate opposition to each other; as a decussated period.

De•cus´sate•ly , adv. In a decussate manner.

De•cus•sa´tion , n. [L. decussatio.] Act of crossing at an acute angle, or state of being thus crossed; an intersection in the form of an X; as the decussation of lines, nerves, etc.

De•cus´sa•tive , a. Intersecting at acute angles. Sir T. Browne.

De•cus´sa•tive•ly, adv. Crosswise; in the form of an X. ´Anointed decussatively.´ Sir T. Browne.

De´cyl , n. [L. decem ten + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, C_10H_21, never existing alone, but regarded as the characteristic constituent of a number of compounds of the paraffin series.

De•cyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Allied to, or containing, the radical decyl.

De•dal´ian , a. See Daedalian.

Ded´a•lous , a. See Daedalous.

De•dans´ , n. [F.] (Court Tennis) A division, at one end of a tennis court, for spectators.

Dede , a. Dead. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•dec´o•rate , v. t. [L. dedecoratus, p. p. of dedecorare to disgrace. See Decorate.] To bring to shame; to disgrace. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•dec•o•ra´tion , n. [L. dedecoratio.] Disgrace; dishonor. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•dec´o•rous , a. [L. dedecorus. See Decorous.] Disgraceful; unbecoming. [R.] Bailey.

De•den•ti´tion , n. The shedding of teeth. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ded´i•cate , p. a. [L. dedicatus, p. p. of dedicare to affirm, to dedicate; de- + dicare to declare, dedicate; akin to dicere to say. See Diction.] Dedicated; set apart; devoted; consecrated. ´Dedicate to nothing temporal.´ Shak. Syn. — Devoted; consecrated; addicted.

Ded´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dedicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dedicating.] 1. To set apart and consecrate, as to a divinity, or for sacred uses; to devote formally and solemnly; as to dedicate vessels, treasures, a temple, or a church, to a religious use. “Vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, … which also king David did dedicate unto the Lord.” 2 Sam. viii. 10, 11. “We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live… . But in a larger sense we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground.” A. Lincoln. 2. To devote, set apart, or give up, as one’s self, to a duty or service. “The profession of a soldier, to which he had dedicated himself.” Clarendon. 3. To inscribe or address, as to a patron. “He complied ten elegant books, and dedicated them to the Lord Burghley.” Peacham. Syn. — See Addict.

Ded•i•ca•tee´ , n. One to whom a thing is dedicated; — correlative to dedicator.

Ded•i•ca´tion , n. [L. dedicatio.] 1. The act of setting apart or consecrating to a divine Being, or to a sacred use, often with religious solemnities; solemn appropriation; as the dedication of Solomon’s temple. 2. A devoting or setting aside for any particular purpose; as a dedication of lands to public use. 3. An address to a patron or friend, prefixed to a book, testifying respect, and often recommending the work to his special protection and favor.

Ded´i•ca•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. dedicateur.] One who dedicates; more especially, one who inscribes a book to the favor of a patron, or to one whom he desires to compliment.

Ded•i•ca•to´ri•al , a. Dedicatory.

Ded´i•ca•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. dedicatoire.] Constituting or serving as a dedication; complimental. ´An epistle dedicatory.´ Dryden.

Ded´i•ca•to•ry, n. Dedication. [R.] Milton.

Ded´i•mus , n. [L. dedimus we have given, fr. dare to give. So called because the writ began, Dedimus potestatem, etc.] (Law) A writ to commission private persons to do some act in place of a judge, as to examine a witness, etc. Bouvier.

De•di´tion , n. [L. deditio, fr. dedere to give away, surrender; de- + dare to give.] The act of yielding; surrender. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ded´o•lent , a. [L. dedolens, p. pr. of dedolere to give over grieving; de- + dolere to grieve.] Feeling no compunction; apathetic. [R.] Hallywell.

De•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deduced p. pr. & vb. n. Deducing.] [L. deducere; de- + ducere to lead, draw. See Duke, and cf. Deduct.] 1. To lead forth. [A Latinism] “He should hither deduce a colony.” Selden. 2. To take away; to deduct; to subtract; as to deduce a part from the whole. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. To derive or draw; to derive by logical process; to obtain or arrive at as the result of reasoning; to gather, as a truth or opinion, from what precedes or from premises; to infer; — with from or out of. “O goddess, say, shall I deduce my rhymes
From the dire nation in its early times?” Pope. “Reasoning is nothing but the faculty of deducing unknown truths from principles already known.” Locke. “See what regard will be paid to the pedigree which deduces your descent from kings and conquerors.” Sir W. Scott.

De•duce´ment , n. Inference; deduction; thing deduced. [R.] Dryden.

De•du•ci•bil´i•ty , n. Deducibleness.

De•du´ci•ble , a. 1. Capable of being deduced or inferred; derivable by reasoning, as a result or consequence. “All properties of a triangle depend on, and are deducible from, the complex idea of three lines including a space.” Locke. 2. Capable of being brought down. [Obs.] “As if God [were] deducible to human imbecility.” State Trials (1649).

De•du´ci•ble•ness, n. The quality of being deducible; deducibility.

De•du´ci•bly , adv. By deduction.

De•du´cive , a. That deduces; inferential.

De•duct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deducting.] [L. deductus, p. p. of deducere to deduct. See Deduce.] 1. To lead forth or out. [Obs.] “A people deducted out of the city of Philippos.” Udall. 2. To take away, separate, or remove, in numbering, estimating, or calculating; to subtract; — often with from or out of. “Deduct what is but vanity, or dress.” Pope. “Two and a half per cent should be deducted out of the pay of the foreign troops.” Bp. Burnet. “We deduct from the computation of our years that part of our time which is spent in … infancy.” Norris. 3. To reduce; to diminish. [Obs.] ´Do not deduct it to days.´ Massinger.

De•duct´i•ble , a. 1. Capable of being deducted, taken away, or withdrawn. “Not one found honestly deductible
From any use that pleased him.” Mrs. Browning. 2. Deducible; consequential.

De•duc´tion , n. [L. deductio: cf. F. deduction.] 1. Act or process of deducing or inferring. “The deduction of one language from another.” Johnson. “This process, by which from two statements we deduce a third, is called deduction.” J. R. Seely. 2. Act of deducting or taking away; subtraction; as the deduction of the subtrahend from the minuend. 3. That which is deduced or drawn from premises by a process of reasoning; an inference; a conclusion. “Make fair deductions; see to what they mount.” Pope. 4. That which is deducted; the part taken away; abatement; as a deduction from the yearly rent. Syn. — See Induction.

De•duct´ive , a. [Cf. L. deductivus derivative.] Of or pertaining to deduction; capable of being deduced from premises; deducible. “All knowledge of causes is deductive.” Glanvill. “Notions and ideas … used in a deductive process.” Whewell.

De•duct´ive•ly, adv. By deduction; by way of inference; by consequence. Sir T. Browne.

De•duc´tor , n. [L., a guide. See Deduce.] (Zoöl.) The pilot whale or blackfish.

De•duit´ , n. [F. deduit. Cf. Deduct.] Delight; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•du•pli•ca´tion , n. [Pref. de- + duplication.] (Biol.) The division of that which is morphologically one organ into two or more, as the division of an organ of a plant into a pair or cluster.

Deed , a. Dead. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Deed, n. [AS. dd; akin to OS. dad, D. & Dan. daad, G. thai, Sw. dåd, Goth. dds; fr. the root of do. See Do, v. t.] 1. That which is done or effected by a responsible agent; an act; an action; a thing done; — a word of extensive application, including, whatever is done, good or bad, great or small. “And Joseph said to them, What deed is this which ye have done?” Gen. xliv. 15. “We receive the due reward of our deeds.” Luke xxiii. 41. “Would serve his kind in deed and word.” Tennyson. 2. Illustrious act; achievement; exploit. ´Knightly deeds.´ Spenser. “Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn.” Dryden. 3. Power of action; agency; efficiency. [Obs.] “To be, both will and deed, created free.” Milton. 4. Fact; reality; — whence we have indeed. 5. (Law) A sealed instrument in writing, on paper or parchment, duly executed and delivered, containing some transfer, bargain, or contract. The term is generally applied to conveyances of real estate, and it is the prevailing doctrine that a deed must be signed as well as sealed, though at common law signing was formerly not necessary. Blank deed, a printed form containing the customary legal phraseology, with blank spaces for writing in names, dates, boundaries, etc. 6. Performance; — followed by of. [Obs.] Shak. In deed, in fact; in truth; verily. See Indeed.

Deed, v. t. To convey or transfer by deed; as he deeded all his estate to his eldest son. [Colloq. U. S.]

Deed´ful , a. Full of deeds or exploits; active; stirring. [R.] ´A deedful life.´ Tennyson.

Deed´less, a. Not performing, or not having performed, deeds or exploits; inactive. “Deedless in his tongue.” Shak.

Deed´ poll (Law) A deed of one part, or executed by only one party, and distinguished from an indenture by having the edge of the parchment or paper cut even, or polled as it was anciently termed, instead of being indented. Burrill.

Deed´y , a. Industrious; active. [R.] Cowper.

Deem (dem), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deemed (demd); p. pr. & vb. n. Deeming.] [OE. demen to judge, condemn, AS. deman, fr. dom doom; akin to OFries. dema, OS. adomian, D. doemen, OHG. tuommen, Icel. daema, Sw. dömma, Dan. dömme, Goth. domjan. See Doom, n., and cf. Doom, v.] 1. To decide; to judge; to sentence; to condemn. [Obs.] “Claudius … Was demed for to hang upon a tree.” Chaucer. 2. To account; to esteem; to think; to judge; to hold in opinion; to regard. “For never can I deem him less him less than god.” Dryden.

Deem, v. i. 1. To be of opinion; to think; to estimate; to opine; to suppose. “And deemest thou as those who pore,
With aged eyes, short way before?” Emerson. 2. To pass judgment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Deem, n. Opinion; judgment. [Obs.] Shak.

Deem´ster (dem´ster), n. [Deem + -ster; i. e., doomster. Cf. Dempster.] A judge in the Isle of Man who decides controversies without process. Cowell.

Deep (dep), a. [Compar. Deeper superl. Deepest ] [OE. dep, deop, AS. deóp; akin to D. diep, G. tief, Icel. djupr, Sw. diup, Dan. dyb, Goth. diups; fr. the root of E. dip, dive. See Dip, Dive.] 1. Extending far below the surface; of great perpendicular dimension (measured from the surface downward, and distinguished from high, which is measured upward); far to the bottom; having a certain depth; as a deep sea. “The water where the brook is deep.” Shak. 2. Extending far back from the front or outer part; of great horizontal dimension (measured backward from the front or nearer part, mouth, etc.); as a deep cave or recess or wound; a gallery ten seats deep; a company of soldiers six files deep. “Shadowing squadrons deep.” Milton. “Safely in harbor
Is the king’s ship in the deep nook.” Shak. 3. Low in situation; lying far below the general surface; as a deep valley. 4. Hard to penetrate or comprehend; profound; — opposed to shallow or superficial; intricate; mysterious; not obvious; obscure; as a deep subject or plot. “Speculations high or deep.” Milton. “A question deep almost as the mystery of life.” De Quincey. “O Lord, … thy thoughts are very deep.” Ps. xcii. 5. 5. Of penetrating or far-reaching intellect; not superficial; thoroughly skilled; sagacious; cunning. “Deep clerks she dumbs.” Shak. 6. Profound; thorough; complete; unmixed; intense; heavy; heartfelt; as deep distress; deep melancholy; deep horror. ´Deep despair.´ Milton. ´Deep silence.´ Milton. ´Deep sleep.´ Gen. ii. 21. ´Deeper darkness.´ >Hoole. ´Their deep poverty.´ 2 Cor. viii. 2. “An attitude of deep respect.” Motley. 7. Strongly colored; dark; intense; not light or thin; as deep blue or crimson. 8. Of low tone; full-toned; not high or sharp; grave; heavy. ´The deep thunder.´ Byron. “The bass of heaven’s deep organ.” Milton. 9. Muddy; boggy; sandy; — said of roads. Chaucer. “The ways in that vale were very deep.” Clarendon. A deep line of operations (Military), a long line. — Deep mourning (Costume), mourning complete and strongly marked, the garments being not only all black, but also composed of lusterless materials and of such fashion as is identified with mourning garments.

Deep, adv. To a great depth; with depth; far down; profoundly; deeply. “Deep-versed in books, and shallow in himself.” Milton. “Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring.” Pope. Deep, in its usual adverbial senses, is often prefixed to an adjective; as deep-chested, deep-cut, deep-seated, deep-toned, deep-voiced, ´deep-uddered kine.´

Deep, n. 1. That which is deep, especially deep water, as the sea or ocean; an abyss; a great depth. “Courage from the deeps of knowledge springs.” Cowley. “The hollow deep of hell resounded.” Milton. “Blue Neptune storms, the bellowing deeps resound.” Pope. 2. That which is profound, not easily fathomed, or incomprehensible; a moral or spiritual depth or abyss. “Thy judgments are a great deep.” Ps. xxxvi. 6. Deep of night, the most quiet or profound part of night; dead of night. “The deep of night is crept upon our talk.” Shak.

Deep´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deepened p. pr. & vb. n. Deepening.] 1. To make deep or deeper; to increase the depth of; to sink lower; as to deepen a well or a channel. “It would … deepen the bed of the Tiber.” Addison. 2. To make darker or more intense; to darken; as the event deepened the prevailing gloom. “You must deepen your colors.” Peacham. 3. To make more poignant or affecting; to increase in degree; as to deepen grief or sorrow. 4. To make more grave or low in tone; as to deepen the tones of an organ. “Deepens the murmur of the falling floods.” Pope.

Deep´en, v. i. To become deeper; as the water deepens at every cast of the lead; the plot deepens. “His blood-red tresses deepening in the sun.” Byron.

Deep´-fet , a. Deeply fetched or drawn. [Obs.] ´Deep-fet groans.´ Shak.

Deep´-laid , a. Laid deeply; formed with cunning and sagacity; as deep-laid plans.

Deep´ly, adv. 1. At or to a great depth; far below the surface; as to sink deeply. 2. Profoundly; thoroughly; not superficially; in a high degree; intensely; as deeply skilled in ethics. “He had deeply offended both his nobles and people.” Bacon. “He sighed deeply in his spirit.” Mark viii. 12. 3. Very; with a tendency to darkness of color. “The deeply red juice of buckthorn berries.” Boyle. 4. Gravely; with low or deep tone; as a deeply toned instrument. 5. With profound skill; with art or intricacy; as a deeply laid plot or intrigue.

Deep´-mouthed , a. Having a loud and sonorous voice. ´Deep-mouthed dogs.´ Dryden.

Deep´ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being deep, profound, mysterious, secretive, etc.; depth; profundity; — opposed to shallowness. “Because they had no deepness of earth.” Matt. xiii. 5. 2. Craft; insidiousness. [R.] J. Gregory.

Deep´-read , a. Profoundly book- learned. ´Great writers and deep-read men.´ L’Estrange.

Deep´-sea , a. Of or pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea; as a deep-sea line (i. e., a line to take soundings at a great depth); deep- sea lead; deep-sea soundings, explorations, etc.

Deep´-waist•ed , a. (Naut.) Having a deep waist, as when, in a ship, the poop and forecastle are much elevated above the deck.

Deer (der), n. sing. & pl. [OE. der, deor, animal, wild animal, AS. deór; akin to D. dier, OFries. diar, G. thier, tier, Icel. dyr, Dan. dyr, Sw. djur, Goth. dius; of unknown origin. rad.71.] 1. Any animal; especially, a wild animal. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Mice and rats, and such small deer.” Shak. “The camel, that great deer.” Lindisfarne MS. 2. (Zoöl.) A ruminant of the genus Cervus, of many species, and of related genera of the family Cervidae. The males, and in some species the females, have solid antlers, often much branched, which are shed annually. Their flesh, for which they are hunted, is called venison. The deer hunted in England is Cervus elaphus, called also stag or red deer; the fallow deer is C. dama; the common American deer is C. Virginianus; the blacktailed deer of Western North America is C. Columbianus; and the mule deer of the same region is C. macrotis. See Axis, Fallow deer, Mule deer, Reindeer. Deer is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as deerkiller, deerslayer, deerslaying, deer hunting, deer stealing, deerlike, etc. Deer mouse (Zoöl.), the white- footed mouse (Hesperomys leucopus) of America. — Small deer, petty game, not worth pursuing; — used metaphorically. (See citation from Shakespeare under the first definition, above.) ´Minor critics … can find leisure for the chase of such small deer.´ G. P. Marsh.

Deer´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A shrub of the blueberry group (Vaccinium stamineum); also its bitter, greenish white berry; — called also squaw huckleberry.

Deer´grass , n. (Bot.) An American genus (Rhexia) of perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and showy flowers (usually bright purple), with four petals and eight stamens, — the only genus of the order Melastomaceae inhabiting a temperate clime.

Deer´hound , n. (Zoöl.) One of a large and fleet breed of hounds used in hunting deer; a staghound.

Deer´let , n. [Deer + - let.] (Zoöl.) A chevrotain. See Kanchil, and Napu.

Deer´-neck , n. A deerlike, or thin, ill-formed neck, as of a horse.

Deer´skin , n. The skin of a deer, or the leather which is made from it. Hakluyt. Longfellow.

Deer´stalk•er , n. One who practices deerstalking.

Deer´stalk•ing, n. The hunting of deer on foot, by stealing upon them unawares.

Deer’s´-tongue , n. (Bot.) A plant (Liatris odoratissima) whose fleshy leaves give out a fragrance compared to vanilla. Wood.

Dees , n. pl. Dice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dees, n. A dais. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•e´sis (de•e´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. de•hsis supplication.] (Rhet.) An invocation of, or address to, the Supreme Being.

De´ess (de´es), n. [F. deesse, fem. of dieu god.] A goddess. [Obs.] Croft.

Deev , n. (Hind. & Pers. Myth.) See Dev.

De•face´ (de•fas´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defaced (-fast´); p. pr. & vb. n. Defacing.] [OE. defacen to disfigure, efface, OF. desfacier; L. dis- + facies face. See Face, and cf. Efface.] 1. To destroy or mar the face or external appearance of; to disfigure; to injure, spoil, or mar, by effacing or obliterating important features or portions of; as to deface a monument; to deface an edifice; to deface writing; to deface a note, deed, or bond; to deface a record. ´This high face defaced.´ Emerson. “So by false learning is good sense defaced.” Pope. 2. [Cf. F. defaire.] To destroy; to make null. [Obs.] “[Profane scoffing] doth … deface the reverence of religion.” Bacon. “For all his power was utterly defaste [defaced].” Spenser. Syn. — See Efface.

De•face´ment , n. 1. The act of defacing, or the condition of being defaced; injury to the surface or exterior; obliteration. 2. That which mars or disfigures. Bacon.

De•fa´cer , n. One who, or that which, defaces or disfigures.

De• fac´to [L.] Actually; in fact; in reality; as a king de facto, — distinguished from a king de jure, or by right.

De•fail´ , v. t. [F. defaillir to fail; pref. de- (L. de) + faillir. See Fail, and cf. Default.] To cause to fail. [Obs.]

De•fail´ance , n. [F. defaillance.] Failure; miscarriage. [Obs.] “Possibility of defailance in degree or continuance.” Comber.

De•fail´ure , n. Failure. [Obs.] Barrow.

De•fal´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defalcated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defalcating.] [LL. defalcatus, p. p. of defalcare to deduct, orig., to cut off with a sickle; L. de- + falx, falcis, a sickle. See Falchion.] To cut off; to take away or deduct a part of; — used chiefly of money, accounts, rents, income, etc. “To show what may be practicably and safely defalcated from them [the estimates].” Burke.

De•fal´cate, v. i. To commit defalcation; to embezzle money held in trust. ´Some partner defalcating, or the like.´ Carlyle.

De•fal•ca´tion , n. [LL. defalcatio: cf. F. defalcation.] 1. A lopping off; a diminution; abatement; deficit. Specifically: Reduction of a claim by deducting a counterclaim; set- off. Abbott. 2. That which is lopped off, diminished, or abated. 3. An abstraction of money, etc., by an officer or agent having it in trust; an embezzlement.

Def´al•ca•tor , n. A defaulter or embezzler. [Modern]

De•falk´ , v. t. [F. defalquer. See Defalcate.] To lop off; to abate. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Def•a•ma´tion , n. [OE. diffamacioun, F. diffamation. See Defame.] Act of injuring another’s reputation by any slanderous communication, written or oral; the wrong of maliciously injuring the good name of another; slander; detraction; calumny; aspersion. In modern usage, written defamation bears the title of libel, and oral defamation that of slander. Burrill.

De•fam´a•to•ry , a. Containing defamation; injurious to reputation; calumnious; slanderous; as defamatory words; defamatory writings.

De•fame´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defamed p. pr. & vb. n. Defaming.] [OE. defamen, diffamen, from F. diffamer, or OF. perh. defamer, fr. L. diffamare (cf. defamatus infamous); dis- (in this word confused with de) + fama a report. See Fame.] 1. To harm or destroy the good fame or reputation of; to disgrace; especially, to speak evil of maliciously; to dishonor by slanderous reports; to calumniate; to asperse. 2. To render infamous; to bring into disrepute. “My guilt thy growing virtues did defame;
My blackness blotted thy unblemish’d name.” Dryden. 3. To charge; to accuse. [R.] “Rebecca is … defamed of sorcery practiced on the person of a noble knight.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — To asperse; slander; calumniate; vilify. See Asperse.

De•fame´, n. Dishonor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•fam´er , n. One who defames; a slanderer; a detractor; a calumniator.

De•fam´ing•ly, adv. In a defamatory manner.

Def´a•mous , a. Defamatory. [Obs.]

De•fat´i•ga•ble , a. [See Defatigate.] Capable of being wearied or tired out. [R.] Glanvill.

De•fat´i•gate , v. t. [L. defatigatus, p. p. of defatigare; de- + fatigare to weary. See Fatigue.] To weary or tire out; to fatigue. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

De•fat•i•ga´tion , n. [L. defatigatio.] Weariness; fatigue. [R.] Bacon.

De•fault´ , n. [OE. defaute, OF. defaute, defalte, fem., F. defaut, masc., LL. defalta, fr. a verb meaning, to be deficient, to want, fail, fr. L. de- + fallere to deceive. See Fault.] 1. A failing or failure; omission of that which ought to be done; neglect to do what duty or law requires; as this evil has happened through the governor’s default. 2. Fault; offense; ill deed; wrong act; failure in virtue or wisdom. “And pardon craved for his so rash default.” Spenser. “Regardless of our merit or default.” Pope. 3. (Law) A neglect of, or failure to take, some step necessary to secure the benefit of law, as a failure to appear in court at a day assigned, especially of the defendant in a suit when called to make answer; also of jurors, witnesses, etc. In default of, in case of failure or lack of. “Cooks could make artificial birds and fishes in default of the real ones.” Arbuthnot. — To suffer a default (Law), to permit an action to be called without appearing to answer.

De•fault´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Defaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Defaulting.] 1. To fail in duty; to offend. “That he gainst courtesy so foully did default.” Spenser. 2. To fail in fulfilling a contract, agreement, or duty. 3. To fail to appear in court; to let a case go by default.

De•fault´, v. t. 1. To fail to perform or pay; to be guilty of neglect of; to omit; as to default a dividend. “What they have defaulted towards him as no king.” Milton. 2. (Law) To call a defendant or other party whose duty it is to be present in court, and make entry of his default, if he fails to appear; to enter a default against. 3. To leave out of account; to omit. [Obs.] “Defaulting unnecessary and partial discourses.” Hales.

De•fault´er , n. 1. One who makes default; one who fails to appear in court when court when called. 2. One who fails to perform a duty; a delinquent; particularly, one who fails to account for public money intrusted to his care; a peculator; a defalcator.

De•fea´sance , n. [OF. defesance, fr. defesant, F. defaisant, p. pr. of defaire, F. defaire, to undo. See Defeat.] 1. A defeat; an overthrow. [Obs.] “After his foes’ defeasance.” Spenser. 2. A rendering null or void. 3. (Law) A condition, relating to a deed, which being performed, the deed is defeated or rendered void; or a collateral deed, made at the same time with a feoffment, or other conveyance, containing conditions, on the performance of which the estate then created may be defeated. Mortgages were usually made in this manner in former times, but the modern practice is to include the conveyance and the defeasance in the same deed.

De•fea´sanced , a. (Law) Liable to defeasance; capable of being made void or forfeited.

De•fea´si•ble , a. [See Defeasance.] Capable of being annulled or made void; as a defeasible title. — De•fea´si•ble•ness, n.

De•feat´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defeated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defeating.] [From F. defait, OF. desfait, p. p. ofe defaire, OF. desfaire, to undo; L. dis- + facere to do. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Disfashion.] 1. To undo; to disfigure; to destroy. [Obs.] “His unkindness may defeat my life.” Shak. 2. To render null and void, as a title; to frustrate, as hope; to deprive, as of an estate. “He finds himself naturally to dread a superior Being that can defeat all his designs, and disappoint all his hopes.” Tillotson. “The escheators … defeated the right heir of his succession.” Hallam. “In one instance he defeated his own purpose.” A. W. Ward. 3. To overcome or vanquish, as an army; to check, disperse, or ruin by victory; to overthrow. 4. To resist with success; as to defeat an assault. “Sharp reasons to defeat the law.” Shak. Syn. — To baffle; disappoint; frustrate.

De•feat´, n. [Cf. F. defaite, fr. defaire. See Defeat, v.] 1. An undoing or annulling; destruction. [Obs.] “Upon whose property and most dear life
A damned defeat was made.” Shak. 2. Frustration by rendering null and void, or by prevention of success; as the defeat of a plan or design. 3. An overthrow, as of an army in battle; loss of a battle; repulse suffered; discomfiture; — opposed to victory.

De•fea´ture ( 135), n. [OF. desfaiture a killing, disguising, prop., an undoing. See Defeat, and cf. Disfeature.] 1. Overthrow; defeat. [Obs.] ´Nothing but loss in their defeature.´ Beau. & Fl. 2. Disfigurement; deformity. [Obs.] ´Strange defeatures in my face.´ Shak.

De•fea´tured ( 135), p. p. Changed in features; deformed. [R.] “Features when defeatured in the … way I have described.” De Quincey.

Def´e•cate , a. [L. defaecatus, p. p. of defaecare to defecate; de- + faex, faecis, dregs, lees.] Freed from anything that can pollute, as dregs, lees, etc.; refined; purified. “Till the soul be defecate from the dregs of sense.” Bates.

Def´e•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defecated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defecating.] 1. To clear from impurities, as lees, dregs, etc.; to clarify; to purify; to refine. “To defecate the dark and muddy oil of amber.” Boyle. 2. To free from extraneous or polluting matter; to clear; to purify, as from that which materializes. “We defecate the notion from materiality.” Glanvill. “Defecated from all the impurities of sense.” Bp. Warburton.

Def´e•cate , v. i. 1. To become clear, pure, or free. Goldsmith. 2. To void excrement.

Def•e•ca´tion , n. [L. defaecatio: cf. F. defecation.] 1. The act of separating from impurities, as lees or dregs; purification. 2. (Physiol.) The act or process of voiding excrement.

Def´e•ca•tor , n. That which cleanses or purifies; esp., an apparatus for removing the feculencies of juices and sirups. Knight.

De•fect´ , n. [L. defectus, fr. deficere, defectum, to desert, fail, be wanting; de- + facere to make, do. See Fact, Feat, and cf. Deficit.] 1. Want or absence of something necessary for completeness or perfection; deficiency; — opposed to superfluity. “Errors have been corrected, and defects supplied.” Davies. 2. Failing; fault; imperfection, whether physical or moral; blemish; as a defect in the ear or eye; a defect in timber or iron; a defect of memory or judgment. “Trust not yourself; but, your defects to know,
Make use of every friend — and every foe.” Pope. “Among boys little tenderness is shown to personal defects.” Macaulay. Syn. — Deficiency; imperfection; blemish. See Fault.

De•fect´, v. i. To fail; to become deficient. [Obs.] ´Defected honor.´ Warner.

De•fect´, v. t. To injure; to damage. ´None can my life defect.´ [R.] Troubles of Q. Elizabeth (1639).

De•fect•i•bil´i•ty , n. Deficiency; imperfection. [R.] Ld. Digby. Jer. Taylor.

De•fect´i•ble , a. Liable to defect; imperfect. [R.] ´A defectible understanding.´ Jer. Taylor.

De•fec´tion , n. [L. defectio: cf. F. defection. See Defect.] Act of abandoning a person or cause to which one is bound by allegiance or duty, or to which one has attached himself; desertion; failure in duty; a falling away; apostasy; backsliding. ´Defection and falling away from God.´ Sir W. Raleigh. “The general defection of the whole realm.” Sir J. Davies.

De•fec´tion•ist, n. One who advocates or encourages defection.

De•fec´tious , a. Having defects; imperfect. [Obs.] ´Some one defectious piece.´ Sir P. Sidney.

De•fect´ive , a. [L. defectivus: cf. F. defectif. See Defect.] 1. Wanting in something; incomplete; lacking a part; deficient; imperfect; faulty; — applied either to natural or moral qualities; as a defective limb; defective timber; a defective copy or account; a defective character; defective rules. 2. (Gram.) Lacking some of the usual forms of declension or conjugation; as a defective noun or verb. — De•fect´ive•ly, adv. — De•fect´ive•ness, n.

De•fec•tu•os´i•ty ( 135), n. [Cf. F. defectuosite.] Great imperfection. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

De•fec´tu•ous , a. [Cf. F. defectueux.] Full of defects; imperfect. [Obs.] Barrow.

Def•e•da´tion , n. [L. defoedare, defoedatum, to defile; de- + foedare to foul, foedus foul.] The act of making foul; pollution. [Obs.]

De•fence´ (de•fens´), n. & v. t. See Defense.

De•fend´ (de•fend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defended; p. pr. & vb. n. Defending.] [F. defendre, L. defendere; de- + fendere (only in comp.) to strike; perh. akin to Gr. qei•nein to strike, and E. dint. Cf. Dint, Defense, Fend.] 1. To ward or fend off; to drive back or away; to repel. [A Latinism & Obs.] “Th’ other strove for to defend
The force of Vulcan with his might and main.” Spenser. 2. To prohibit; to forbid. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Which God defend that I should wring from him.” Shak. 3. To repel danger or harm from; to protect; to secure against attack; to maintain against force or argument; to uphold; to guard; as to defend a town; to defend a cause; to defend character; to defend the absent; — sometimes followed by from or against; as to defend one’s self from, or against, one’s enemies. “The lord mayor craves aid … to defend the city.” Shak. “God defend the right!” Shak. “A village near it was defended by the river.” Clarendon. 4. (Law.) To deny the right of the plaintiff in regard to (the suit, or the wrong charged); to oppose or resist, as a claim at law; to contest, as a suit. Burrill. Syn. — To Defend, Protect. To defend is literally to ward off; to protect is to cover so as to secure against approaching danger. We defend those who are attacked; we protect those who are liable to injury or invasion. A fortress is defended by its guns, and protected by its wall. “As birds flying, so will the Lord of hosts defend Jerusalem; defending also he will deliver it.” Is. xxxi. 5. “Leave not the faithful side
That gave thee being, still shades thee and protects.” Milton.

De•fend´a•ble (de•fend´a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. defendable.] Capable of being defended; defensible. [R.]

De•fend´ant (aant), a. [F. defendant, p. pr. of defendre. See Defend.] 1. Serving, or suitable, for defense; defensive. [Obs.] “With men of courage and with means defendant.” Shak. 2. Making defense.

De•fend´ant, n. 1. One who defends; a defender. “The rampiers and ditches which the defendants had cast up.” Spotswood. 2. (Law) A person required to make answer in an action or suit; — opposed to plaintiff. Abbott. The term is applied to any party of whom a demand is made in court, whether the party denies and defends the claim, or admits it, and suffers a default; also to a party charged with a criminal offense.

De•fen•dee´ (de•fen•de´ or de•fend´e•), n. One who is defended. [R. & Ludicrous]

De•fend´er (de•fend´er), n. [Cf. Fender.] One who defends; one who maintains, supports, protects, or vindicates; a champion; an advocate; a vindicator. “Provinces … left without their ancient and puissant defenders.” Motley.

De•fend´ress , n. A female defender. [R.] “Defendress of the faith.” Stow.

De•fen´sa•tive , n. [L. defensare, defensatum, to defend diligently, intens. of defendere. See Defend.] That which serves to protect or defend. { De•fense´ , De•fence´ } , n. [F. defense, OF. defense, fem., defens, masc., fr. L. defensa (cf. LL. defensum), from defendere. See Defend, and cf. Fence.] 1. The act of defending, or the state of being defended; protection, as from violence or danger. “In cases of defense ’t is best to weigh
The enemy more mighty than he seems.” Shak. 2. That which defends or protects; anything employed to oppose attack, ward off violence or danger, or maintain security; a guard; a protection. “War would arise in defense of the right.” Tennyson. “God, the widow’s champion and defense.” Shak. 3. Protecting plea; vindication; justification. “Men, brethren, and fathers, hear ye my defense.” Acts xxii. 1. 4. (Law) The defendant’s answer or plea; an opposing or denial of the truth or validity of the plaintiff’s or prosecutor’s case; the method of proceeding adopted by the defendant to protect himself against the plaintiff’s action. 5. Act or skill in making defense; defensive plan or policy; practice in self defense, as in fencing, boxing, etc. “A man of great defense.” Spenser. “By how much defense is better than no skill.” Shak. 6. Prohibition; a prohibitory ordinance. [Obs.] “Severe defenses … against wearing any linen under a certain breadth.” Sir W. Temple.

De•fense´, v. t. To furnish with defenses; to fortify. [Obs.] [Written also defence.] “Better manned and more strongly defensed.” Hales.

De•fense´less, a. Destitute of defense; unprepared to resist attack; unable to oppose; unprotected. — De•fense´less•ly, adv. — De•fense´less•ness, n.

De•fens´er , n. [Cf. F. defenseur, L. defensor. Cf. Defensor.] Defender. [Obs.] Foxe.

De•fen•si•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being defended.

De•fen´si•ble , a. [Cf. F. defensable, LL. defensabilis, defensibilis. See Defense, and cf. Defendable.] 1. Capable of being defended; as a defensible city, or a defensible cause. 2. Capable of offering defense. [Obs.] Shak.

De•fen´si•ble•ness , n. Capability of being defended; defensibility. Priestley.

De•fen´sive , a. [Cf. F. defensif.] 1. Serving to defend or protect; proper for defense; opposed to offensive; as defensive armor. “A moat defensive to a house.” Shak. 2. Carried on by resisting attack or aggression; — opposed to offensive; as defensive war. 3. In a state or posture of defense. Milton.

De•fen´sive, n. That which defends; a safeguard. “Wars preventive, upon just fears, are true defensives.” Bacon. To be on the defensive, To stand on the defensive, to be or stand in a state or posture of defense or resistance, in opposition to aggression or attack.

De•fen´sive•ly, adv. On the defensive.

De•fen´sor , n. [L. See Defenser.] 1. A defender. Fabyan. 2. (Law) A defender or an advocate in court; a guardian or protector. 3. (Eccl.) The patron of a church; an officer having charge of the temporal affairs of a church.

De•fen´so•ry , a. [L. defensorius.] Tending to defend; defensive; as defensory preparations.

De•fer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deferred p. pr. & vb. n. Deferring.] [OE. differren, F. differer, fr. L. differre to delay, bear different ways; dis- + ferre to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Differ, Defer to offer.] To put off; to postpone to a future time; to delay the execution of; to delay; to withhold. “Defer the spoil of the city until night.” Shak. “God … will not long defer
To vindicate the glory of his name.” Milton.

De•fer´, v. i. To put off; to delay to act; to wait. “Pius was able to defer and temporize at leisure.” J. A. Symonds.

De•fer´, v. t. [F. deferer to pay deference, to yield, to bring before a judge, fr. L. deferre to bring down; de- + ferre to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Defer to delay, Delate.] 1. To render or offer. [Obs.] “Worship deferred to the Virgin.” Brevint. 2. To lay before; to submit in a respectful manner; to refer; — with to. “Hereupon the commissioners … deferred the matter to the Earl of Northumberland.” Bacon.

De•fer´, v. i. To yield deference to the wishes of another; to submit to the opinion of another, or to authority; — with to. “The house, deferring to legal right, acquiesced.” Bancroft.

Def´er•ence , n. [F. deference. See 3d Defer.] A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance. “Deference to the authority of thoughtful and sagacious men.” Whewell. “Deference is the most complicate, the most indirect, and the most elegant of all compliments.” Shenstone. Syn. — Deference, Reverence, Respect. Deference marks an inclination to yield one’s opinion, and to acquiesce in the sentiments of another in preference to one’s own. Respect marks the estimation that we have for another, which makes us look to him as worthy of high confidence for the qualities of his mind and heart. Reverence denotes a mingling of fear with a high degree of respect and esteem. Age, rank, dignity, and personal merit call for deference; respect should be paid to the wise and good; reverence is due to God, to the authors of our being, and to the sanctity of the laws.

Def´er•ent , a. [L. deferens, p. pr. of deferre. See 3d Defer.] Serving to carry; bearing. [R.] ´Bodies deferent.´ Bacon.

Def´er•ent, n. 1. That which carries or conveys. “Though air be the most favorable deferent of sounds.” Bacon. 2. (Ptolemaic Astron.) An imaginary circle surrounding the earth, in whose periphery either the heavenly body or the center of the heavenly body’s epicycle was supposed to be carried round.

Def•er•en´tial , a. [See Deference.] Expressing deference; accustomed to defer.

Def•er•en´tial•ly, adv. With deference.

De•fer´ment , n. [See 1st Defer.] The act of delaying; postponement. [R.] “My grief, joined with the instant business,
Begs a deferment.” Suckling.

De•fer´rer , n. One who defers or puts off. { De•fer•ves´cence , De•fer•ves´cency } n. [L. defervescere to grow cool.] 1. A subsiding from a state of ebullition; loss of heat; lukewarmness. “A defervescency in holy actions.” Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) The subsidence of a febrile process; as the stage of defervescence in pneumonia.

De•feu´dal•ize , v. t. To deprive of the feudal character or form.

De•fi´ance , n. [OF. defiance, desfiance, challenge, fr. desfier to challenge, F. defier. See Defy.] 1. The act of defying, putting in opposition, or provoking to combat; a challenge; a provocation; a summons to combat. “A war without a just defiance made.” Dryden. “Stood for her cause, and flung defiance down.” Tennyson. 2. A state of opposition; willingness to flight; disposition to resist; contempt of opposition. “He breathed defiance to my ears.” Shak. 3. A casting aside; renunciation; rejection. [Obs.] ´Defiance to thy kindness.´ Ford. To bid defiance, To set at defiance, to defy; to disregard recklessly or contemptuously. Locke.

De•fi´ant , a. [Cf. F. defiant, p. pr. of defier. See Defy.] Full of defiance; bold; insolent; as a defiant spirit or act. “In attitude stern and defiant.” Longfellow. — De•fi´ant•ly, adv. — De•fi´ant•ness, n.

De•fi´a•to•ry , a. [See Defy.] Bidding or manifesting defiance. [Obs.] Shelford.

De•fi´bri•nate , v. t. To deprive of fibrin, as fresh blood or lymph by stirring with twigs.

De•fi•bri•na´tion , n. The act or process of depriving of fibrin.

De•fi´bri•nize , v. t. To defibrinate.

De•fi´cience , n. Same as Deficiency. “Thou in thyself art perfect, and in thee
Is no deficience found.” Milton.

De•fi´cien•cy , n.; pl. Deficiencies (#). [See Deficient.] The state of being deficient; inadequacy; want; failure; imperfection; shortcoming; defect. ´A deficiency of blood.´ Arbuthnot. “[Marlborough] was so miserably ignorant, that his deficiencies made him the ridicule of his contemporaries.” Buckle. Deficiency of a curve (Geom.), the amount by which the number of double points on a curve is short of the maximum for curves of the same degree.

De•fi´cient , a. [L. deficiens, -entis, p. pr. of deficere to be wanting. See Defect.] Wanting, to make up completeness; wanting, as regards a requirement; not sufficient; inadequate; defective; imperfect; incomplete; lacking; as deficient parts; deficient estate; deficient strength; deficient in judgment. “The style was indeed deficient in ease and variety.” Macaulay. Deficient number. (Arith.) See under Abundant. — De•fi´cient-ly, adv.

Def´i•cit , n. [Lit., it is wanting, 3d person pres. indic. of L. deficere, cf. F. deficit. See Defect.] Deficiency in amount or quality; a falling short; lack; as a deficit in taxes, revenue, etc. Addison.

De•fi´er , n. [See Defy.] One who dares and defies; a contemner; as a defier of the laws.

De•fig•u•ra´tion , n. Disfiguration; mutilation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

De•fig´ure , v. t. [Pref. de- (intens.) + figure.] To delineate. [Obs.] “These two stones as they are here defigured.” Weever.

De•fi•lade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defiladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Defilading.] [Cf. F. defiler to defile, and defilade act of defiling. See 1st Defile.] (Mil.) To raise, as a rampart, so as to shelter interior works commanded from some higher point.

De•fi•lad´ing, n. (Mil.) The art or act of determining the directions and heights of the lines of rampart with reference to the protection of the interior from exposure to an enemy’s fire from any point within range, or from any works which may be erected. Farrow.

De•file´ (de•fil´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Defiled (-fild´); p. pr. & vb. n. Defiling.] [F. defiler; pref. de-, for des- (L. dis-) + file a row or line. See File a row.] To march off in a line, file by file; to file off.

De•file´, v. t. (Mil.) Same as Defilade.

De•file´ (de•fil´ or de´fil; 277), n. [Cf. F. defile, fr. defiler to defile.] 1. Any narrow passage or gorge in which troops can march only in a file, or with a narrow front; a long, narrow pass between hills, rocks, etc. 2. (Mil.) The act of defilading a fortress, or of raising the exterior works in order to protect the interior. See Defilade.

De•file´ (de•fil´), v. t. [OE. defoulen, -foilen, to tread down, OF. defouler; de- + fouler to trample (see Full, v. t.), and OE. defoulen to foul (influenced in form by the older verb defoilen). See File to defile, Foul, Defoul.] 1. To make foul or impure; to make filthy; to dirty; to befoul; to pollute. “They that touch pitch will be defiled.” Shak. 2. To soil or sully; to tarnish, as reputation; to taint. “He is … among the greatest prelates of this age, however his character may be defiled by … dirty hands.” Swift. 3. To injure in purity of character; to corrupt. “Defile not yourselves with the idols of Egypt.” Ezek. xx. 7. 4. To corrupt the chastity of; to debauch; to violate. “The husband murder’d and the wife defiled.” Prior. 5. To make ceremonially unclean; to pollute. “That which dieth of itself, or is torn with beasts, he shall not eat to defile therewith.” Lev. xxii. 8.

De•file´ment , n. [Cf. F. defilement. See Defile] (Mil.) The protection of the interior walls of a fortification from an enfilading fire, as by covering them, or by a high parapet on the exposed side.

De•file´ment, n. [From 3d Defile.] The act of defiling, or state of being defiled, whether physically or morally; pollution; foulness; dirtiness; uncleanness. “Defilements of the flesh.” Hopkins. “The chaste can not rake into such filth without danger of defilement.” Addison.

De•fil´er , n. One who defiles; one who corrupts or violates; that which pollutes.

De•fil•i•a´tion , n. [L. de- + filius son.] Abstraction of a child from its parents. Lamb.

De•fin´a•ble , a. [From Define.] Capable of being defined, limited, or explained; determinable; describable by definition; ascertainable; as definable limits; definable distinctions or regulations; definable words. — De•fin´a•bly, adv.

De•fine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defined p. pr. & vb. n. Defining.] [OE. definer, usually, to end, to finish, F. definir to define, L. definire to limit, define; de- + finire to limit, end, finis boundary, limit, end. See Final, Finish.] 1. To fix the bounds of; to bring to a termination; to end. ´To define controversies.´ Barrow. 2. To determine or clearly exhibit the boundaries of; to mark the limits of; as to define the extent of a kingdom or country. 3. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly; as the defining power of an optical instrument. “Rings … very distinct and well defined.” Sir I. Newton. 4. To determine the precise signification of; to fix the meaning of; to describe accurately; to explain; to expound or interpret; as to define a word, a phrase, or a scientific term. “They define virtue to be life ordered according to nature.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

De•fine´ , v. i. To determine; to decide. [Obs.]

De•fine´ment , n. The act of defining; definition; description. [Obs.] Shak.

De•fin´er , n. One who defines or explains.

Def´i•nite , a. [L. definitis, p. p. of definire: cf. F. defini. See Define.] 1. Having certain or distinct; determinate in extent or greatness; limited; fixed; as definite dimensions; a definite measure; a definite period or interval. “Elements combine in definite proportions.” Whewell. 2. Having certain limits in signification; determinate; certain; precise; fixed; exact; clear; as a definite word, term, or expression. 3. Determined; resolved. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Serving to define or restrict; limiting; determining; as the definite article. Definite article (Gram.), the article the, which is used to designate a particular person or thing, or a particular class of persons or things; — also called a definitive. See Definitive, n. - - Definite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Determinate inflorescence, under Determinate. — Law of definite proportions (Chem.), the essential law of chemical combination that every definite compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by weight; and, if two or more elements form more than one compound with each other, the relative proportions of each are fixed. Compare Law of multiple proportions, under Multiple.

Def´i•nite, n. A thing defined or determined. [Obs.]

Def´i•nite•ly, adv. In a definite manner; with precision; precisely; determinately.

Def´i•nite•ness, n. The state of being definite; determinateness; precision; certainty.

Def•i•ni´tion , n. [L. definitio: cf. F. definition.] 1. The act of defining; determination of the limits; as a telescope accurate in definition. 2. Act of ascertaining and explaining the signification; a description of a thing by its properties; an explanation of the meaning of a word or term; as the definition of ´circle;´ the definition of ´wit;´ an exact definition; a loose definition. “Definition being nothing but making another understand by words what the term defined stands for.” Locke. 3. Description; sort. [R.] ´A new creature of another definition.´ Jer. Taylor. 4. (Logic) An exact enunciation of the constituents which make up the logical essence. 5. (Opt.) Distinctness or clearness, as of an image formed by an optical instrument; precision in detail. Syn. — Definition, Explanation, Description. A definition is designed to settle a thing in its compass and extent; an explanation is intended to remove some obscurity or misunderstanding, and is therefore more extended and minute; a description enters into striking particulars with a view to interest or impress by graphic effect. It is not therefore true, though often said, that description is only an extended definition. ´Logicians distinguish definitions into essential and accidental. An essential definition states what are regarded as the constituent parts of the essence of that which is to be defined; and an accidental definition lays down what are regarded as circumstances belonging to it, viz., properties or accidents, such as causes, effects, etc.´ Whately.

Def•i•ni´tion•al , a. Relating to definition; of the nature of a definition; employed in defining.

De•fin´i•tive , a. [L. definitivus: cf. F. definitif.] 1. Determinate; positive; final; conclusive; unconditional; express. “A strict and definitive truth.” Sir T. Browne. “Some definitive … scheme of reconciliation.” Prescott. 2. Limiting; determining; as a definitive word. 3. Determined; resolved. [Obs.] Shak.

De•fin´i•tive, n. (Gram.) A word used to define or limit the extent of the signification of a common noun, such as the definite article, and some pronouns. Definitives … are commonly called by grammarians articles… . They are of two kinds, either those properly and strictly so called, or else pronominal articles, such as this, that, any, other, some, all, no, none, etc. Harris (Hermes).

De•fin´i•tive•ly, adv. In a definitive manner.

De•fin´i•tive•ness, n. The quality of being definitive.

De•fin´i•tude , n. Definiteness. [R.] “Definitude … is a knowledge of minute differences.” Sir W. Hamilton.

De•fix´ , v. t. [L. defixus, p. p. of defigere to fix; de- + figere to fix.] To fix; to fasten; to establish. [Obs.] ´To defix their princely seat … in that extreme province.´ Hakluyt.

Def•la•gra•bil´i•ty , n. (Chem.) The state or quality of being deflagrable. “The ready deflagrability … of saltpeter.” Boyle.

De•fla´gra•ble ( 277), a. [See Deflagrate.] (Chem.) Burning with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter; hence, slightly explosive; liable to snap and crackle when heated, as salt.

Def´la•grate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deflagrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflagrating.] [L. deflagratus, p. p. of deflagrare to burn up; de- + flagrare to flame, burn.] (Chem.) To burn with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter; also to snap and crackle with slight explosions when heated, as salt.

Def´la•grate, v. t. (Chem.) To cause to burn with sudden and sparkling combustion, as by the action of intense heat; to burn or vaporize suddenly; as to deflagrate refractory metals in the oxyhydrogen flame.

Def•la•gra´tion , n. [L. deflagratio: cf. F. deflagration.] 1. A burning up; conflagration. ´Innumerable deluges and deflagrations.´ Bp. Pearson. 2. (Chem.) The act or process of deflagrating.

Def´la•gra•tor , n. (Chem.) A form of the voltaic battery having large plates, used for producing rapid and powerful combustion.

De•flate´ , v. t. [Pref. de- down + L. flare, flatus to blow.] To reduce from an inflated condition.

De•flect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflecting.] [L. deflectere; de- + flectere to bend or turn. See Flexible.] To cause to turn aside; to bend; as rays of light are often deflected. “Sitting with their knees deflected under them.” Lord (1630).

De•flect´, v. i. To turn aside; to deviate from a right or a horizontal line, or from a proper position, course or direction; to swerve. “At some part of the Azores, the needle deflecteth not, but lieth in the true meridian.” Sir T. Browne. “To deflect from the line of truth and reason.” Warburton.

De•flect´a•ble , a. Capable of being deflected.

De•flect´ed, a. 1. Turned aside; deviating from a direct line or course. 2. Bent downward; deflexed.

De•flec´tion , n. [L. deflexio, fr. deflectere: cf. F. deflexion.] 1. The act of turning aside, or state of being turned aside; a turning from a right line or proper course; a bending, esp. downward; deviation. “The other leads to the same point, through certain deflections.” Lowth. 2. (Gunnery) The deviation of a shot or ball from its true course. 3. (Opt.) A deviation of the rays of light toward the surface of an opaque body; inflection; diffraction. 4. (Engin.) The bending which a beam or girder undergoes from its own weight or by reason of a load.

De•flec•tion•i•za´tion , n. The act of freeing from inflections. Earle.

De•flec´tion•ize , v. t. To free from inflections. “Deflectionized languages are said to be analytic.” Earle.

De•flect´ive , a. Causing deflection. Deflective forces, forces that cause a body to deviate from its course.

De•flect´or , n. (Mech.) That which deflects, as a diaphragm in a furnace, or a cone in a lamp (to deflect and mingle air and gases and help combustion).

De•flexed´ , a. Bent abruptly downward.

De•flex´ion , n. See Deflection.

De•flex´ure , n. [From L. deflectere, deflexum. See Deflect.] A bending or turning aside; deflection. Bailey.

De•flo´rate , a. [LL. defloratus, p. p. of deflorare. See Deflour.] (Bot.) Past the flowering state; having shed its pollen. Gray.

Def•lo•ra´tion , n. [LL. defloratio: cf. F. defloration.] 1. The act of deflouring; as the defloration of a virgin. Johnson. 2. That which is chosen as the flower or choicest part; careful culling or selection. [R.] “The laws of Normandy are, in a great measure, the defloration of the English laws.” Sir M. Hale.

De•flour´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defloured p. pr. & vb. n. Deflouring.] [F. deflorer, LL. deflorare; L. de- + flos, floris, flower. See Flower, and cf. Deflorate.] 1. To deprive of flowers. 2. To take away the prime beauty and grace of; to rob of the choicest ornament. “He died innocent and before the sweetness of his soul was defloured and ravished from him.” Jer. Taylor. 3. To deprive of virginity, as a woman; to violate; to ravish; also to seduce.

De•flour´er , n. One who deflours; a ravisher.

De•flow´ , v. i. [Pref. de- + flow: cf. L. defluere.] To flow down. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De•flow´er , v. t. [Pref. de- + flower.] Same as Deflour. “An earthquake … deflowering the gardens.” W. Montagu. “If a man had deflowered a virgin.” Milton.

De•flow´er•er , n. See Deflourer. Milton.

Def´lu•ous , a. [L. defluus, fr. defluere to flow down; de- + fluere to flow.] Flowing down; falling off. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•flux´ , n. [L. defluxus, fr. defluere, defluxum.] Downward flow. [Obs.] Bacon.

De•flux´ion , n. [L. defluxio.] (Med.) A discharge or flowing of humors or fluid matter, as from the nose in catarrh; — sometimes used synonymously with inflammation. Dunglison.

Def´ly , adv. Deftly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Def•œ•da´tion , n. Defedation. [Obs.] { De•fo´li•ate , De•fo´li•a•ted } a. Deprived of leaves, as by their natural fall.

De•fo•li•a´tion , n. [LL. defoliare, defoliatum, to shed leaves; L. de- + folium leaf: cf. F. defoliation.] The separation of ripened leaves from a branch or stem; the falling or shedding of the leaves.

De•force´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deforced p. pr. & vb. n. Deforcing.] [OF. deforcier; de- or des- (L. de or dis-) + forcier, F. forcer. See Force, v.] (Law) (a) To keep from the rightful owner; to withhold wrongfully the possession of, as of lands or a freehold. (b) (Scots Law) To resist the execution of the law; to oppose by force, as an officer in the execution of his duty. Burrill.

De•force´ment , n. [OF.] (Law) (a) A keeping out by force or wrong; a wrongful withholding, as of lands or tenements, to which another has a right. (b) (Scots Law) Resistance to an officer in the execution of law. Burrill.

De•force´or , n. Same as Deforciant. [Obs.]

De•for´ciant , n. [OF. deforciant, p. pr. of deforcier. See Deforce.] (Eng. Law) (a) One who keeps out of possession the rightful owner of an estate. (b) One against whom a fictitious action of fine was brought. [Obs.] Burrill.

De•for•ci•a´tion , n. (Law) Same as Deforcement, n.

De•for´est , v. t. To clear of forests; to disforest. U. S. Agric. Reports.

De•form´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deformed p. pr. & vb. n. Deforming.] [L. deformare; de- + formare to form, shape, fr. forma: cf. F. deformer. See Form.] 1. To spoil the form of; to mar in form; to misshape; to disfigure. “Deformed, unfinished, sent before my time
Into this breathing world.” Shak. 2. To render displeasing; to deprive of comeliness, grace, or perfection; to dishonor. “Above those passions that this world deform.” Thomson.

De•form´, a. [L. deformis; de- + forma form: cf. OF. deforme, F. difforme. Cf. Difform.] Deformed; misshapen; shapeless; horrid. [Obs.] “Sight so deform what heart of rock could long
Dry-eyed behold?” Milton.

Def•or•ma´tion , n. [L. deformatio: cf. F. deformation.] 1. The act of deforming, or state of anything deformed. Bp. Hall. 2. Transformation; change of shape.

De•formed´ , a. Unnatural or distorted in form; having a deformity; misshapen; disfigured; as a deformed person; a deformed head. — De•form´ed•ly (#), adv. — De•form´ed•ness, n.

De•form´er , n. One who deforms.

De•form´i•ty , n.; pl. Deformities (#). [L. deformitas, fr. deformis: cf. OF. deformete, deformite, F. difformite. See Deform, v. & a., and cf. Disformity.] 1. The state of being deformed; want of proper form or symmetry; any unnatural form or shape; distortion; irregularity of shape or features; ugliness. “To make an envious mountain on my back,
Where sits deformity to mock my body.” Shak. 2. Anything that destroys beauty, grace, or propriety; irregularity; absurdity; gross deviation from order or the established laws of propriety; as deformity in an edifice; deformity of character. “Confounded, that her Maker’s eyes
Should look so near upon her foul deformities.” Milton.

De•fors´er , n. [From Deforce.] [Written also deforsor.] A deforciant. [Obs.] Blount.

De•foul´ , v. t. [See Defile, v. t.] 1. To tread down. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To make foul; to defile. [Obs.] Wyclif.

De•fraud´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defrauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Defrauding.] [L. defraudare; de- + fraudare to cheat, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud: cf. OF. defrauder. See Fraud.] To deprive of some right, interest, or property, by a deceitful device; to withhold from wrongfully; to injure by embezzlement; to cheat; to overreach; as to defraud a servant, or a creditor, or the state; — with of before the thing taken or withheld. “We have defrauded no man.” 2 Cor. vii. 2. “Churches seem injured and defrauded of their rights.” Hooker.

De•frau•da´tion , n. [L. defraudatio: cf. F. defraudation.] The act of defrauding; a taking by fraud. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

De•fraud´er , n. One who defrauds; a cheat; an embezzler; a peculator.

De•fraud´ment , n. [Cf. OF. defraudement.] Privation by fraud; defrauding. [Obs.] Milton.

De•fray´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defrayed p. pr. & vb. n. Defraying.] [F. defrayer; pref. de- (L. de or dis-) + frais expense, fr. LL. fredum, fridum, expense, fine by which an offender obtained peace from his sovereign, or more likely, atoned for an offense against the public peace, fr. OHG. fridu peace, G. friede. See Affray.] 1. To pay or discharge; to serve in payment of; to provide for, as a charge, debt, expenses, costs, etc. “For the discharge of his expenses, and defraying his cost, he allowed him … four times as much.” Usher. 2. To avert or appease, as by paying off; to satisfy; as to defray wrath. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•fray´al , n. The act of defraying; payment; as the defrayal of necessary costs.

De•fray´er , n. One who pays off expenses.

De•fray´ment , n. Payment of charges.

Deft , a. [OE. daft, deft, becoming, mild, gentle, stupid (cf. OE. daffe, deffe, fool, coward), AS. daeft (in derivatives only) mild, gentle, fitting, seasonable; akin to dafen, gedafen, becoming, fit, Goth. gadaban to be fit. Cf. Daft, Daff, Dapper.] Apt; fit; dexterous; clever; handy; spruce; neat. [Archaic or Poetic] ´The deftest way.´ Shak. ´Deftest feats.´ Gay. “The limping god, so deft at his new ministry.” Dryden. “Let me be deft and debonair.” Byron.

Deft´ly, adv. [Cf. Defly.] Aptly; fitly; dexterously; neatly. ´Deftly dancing.´ Drayton. “Thyself and office deftly show.” Shak.

Deft´ness, n. The quality of being deft. Drayton.

De•funct´ a. [L. defunctus, p. p. of defungi to acquit one’s self of, to perform, finish, depart, die; de + fungi to perform, discharge: cf. F. defunt. See Function.] Having finished the course of life; dead; deceased. ´Defunct organs.´ Shak. “The boar, defunct, lay tripped up, near.” Byron.

De•funct´, n. A dead person; one deceased.

De•func´tion , n. [L. defunctio performance, death.] Death. [Obs.] “After defunction of King Pharamond.” Shak.

De•func´tive , a. Funereal. [Obs.] ´Defunctive music.´ Shak.

De•fuse´ , v. t. [Cf. Diffuse.] To disorder; to make shapeless. [Obs.] Shak.

De•fy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defied p. pr. & vb. n. Defying.] [F. defier, OF. deffier, desfier, LL. disfidare to disown faith or fidelity, to dissolve the bond of allegiance, as between the vassal and his lord; hence, to challenge, defy; fr. L. dis- + fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Diffident, Affiance.] 1. To renounce or dissolve all bonds of affiance, faith, or obligation with; to reject, refuse, or renounce. [Obs.] “I defy the surety and the bond.” Chaucer. “For thee I have defied my constant mistress.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To provoke to combat or strife; to call out to combat; to challenge; to dare; to brave; to set at defiance; to treat with contempt; as to defy an enemy; to defy the power of a magistrate; to defy the arguments of an opponent; to defy public opinion. “I once again
Defy thee to the trial of mortal fight.” Milton. “I defy the enemies of our constitution to show the contrary.” Burke.

De•fy´ , n. A challenge. [Obs.] Dryden.

De•gar´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degarnished p. pr. & vb. n. Degarnishing.] [F. degarnir; pref. de- , des- (L. dis-) + garnir to furnish. See Garnish, and cf. Disgarnish.] 1. To strip or deprive of entirely, as of furniture, ornaments, etc.; to disgarnish; as to degarnish a house, etc. [R.] 2. To deprive of a garrison, or of troops necessary for defense; as to degarnish a city or fort. [R.] Washington.

De•gar´nish•ment , n. The act of depriving, as of furniture, apparatus, or a garrison. [R.] { De•gen´der , De•gen´er } v. i. [See Degenerate.] To degenerate. [Obs.] ´Degendering to hate.´ Spenser. “He degenereth into beastliness.” Joye.

De•gen´er•a•cy , n. [From Degenerate, a.] 1. The act of becoming degenerate; a growing worse. “Willful degeneracy from goodness.” Tillotson. 2. The state of having become degenerate; decline in good qualities; deterioration; meanness. “Degeneracy of spirit in a state of slavery.” Addison. “To recover mankind out of their universal corruption and degeneracy.” S. Clarke.

De•gen´er•ate , a. [L. degeneratus, p. p. of degenerare to degenerate, cause to degenerate, fr. degener base, degenerate, that departs from its race or kind; de- + genus race, kind. See Kin relationship.] Having become worse than one’s kind, or one’s former state; having declined in worth; having lost in goodness; deteriorated; degraded; unworthy; base; low. “Faint-hearted and degenerate king.” Shak. “A degenerate and degraded state.” Milton. “Degenerate from their ancient blood.” Swift. “These degenerate days.” Pope. “I had planted thee a noble vine … : how then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto me?” Jer. ii. 21.

De•gen´er•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Degenerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Degenerating.] 1. To be or grow worse than one’s kind, or than one was originally; hence, to be inferior; to grow poorer, meaner, or more vicious; to decline in good qualities; to deteriorate. “When wit transgresseth decency, it degenerates into insolence and impiety.” Tillotson. 2. (Biol.) To fall off from the normal quality or the healthy structure of its kind; to become of a lower type.

De•gen´er•ate•ly , adv. In a degenerate manner; unworthily.

De•gen´er•ate•ness, n. Degeneracy.

De•gen•er•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. degeneration.] 1. The act or state of growing worse, or the state of having become worse; decline; degradation; debasement; degeneracy; deterioration. “Our degeneration and apostasy.” Bates. 2. (Physiol.) That condition of a tissue or an organ in which its vitality has become either diminished or perverted; a substitution of a lower for a higher form of structure; as fatty degeneration of the liver. 3. (Biol.) A gradual deterioration, from natural causes, of any class of animals or plants or any particular organ or organs; hereditary degradation of type. 4. The thing degenerated. [R.] “Cockle, aracus, … and other degenerations.” Sir T. Browne. Amyloid degeneration, Caseous degeneration, etc. See under Amyloid, Caseous, etc.

De•gen•er•a´tion•ist, n. (Biol.) A believer in the theory of degeneration, or hereditary degradation of type; as the degenerationists hold that savagery is the result of degeneration from a superior state.

De•gen´er•a•tive , a. Undergoing or producing degeneration; tending to degenerate.

De•gen´er•ous , a. [L. degener. See Degenerate.] Degenerate; base. [Obs.] ´Degenerous passions.´ Dryden. ´Degenerous practices.´ South.

De•gen´er•ous•ly, adv. Basely. [Obs.]

De•glaz´ing , n. The process of giving a dull or ground surface to glass by acid or by mechanical means. Knight.

De•glo´ried , a. Deprived of glory; dishonored. [Obs.] ´With thorns degloried.´ G. Fletcher.

De•glu´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deglutinating.] [L. deglutinatus, p. p. of deglutinare to deglutinate; de- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] To loosen or separate by dissolving the glue which unties; to unglue.

De•glu•ti•na´tion , n. The act of ungluing.

Deg•lu•ti´tion , n. [L. deglutire to swallow down; de- + glutire to swallow: cf. F. deglutition. See Glut.] The act or process of swallowing food; the power of swallowing. “The muscles employed in the act of deglutition.” Paley.

Deg•lu•ti´tious , a. Pertaining to deglutition. [R.]

De•glu´ti•to•ry , a. Serving for, or aiding in, deglutition.

Deg•ra•da´tion , n. [LL. degradatio, from degradare: cf. F. degradation. See Degrade.] 1. The act of reducing in rank, character, or reputation, or of abasing; a lowering from one’s standing or rank in office or society; diminution; as the degradation of a peer, a knight, a general, or a bishop. “He saw many removes and degradations in all the other offices of which he had been possessed.” Clarendon. 2. The state of being reduced in rank, character, or reputation; baseness; moral, physical, or intellectual degeneracy; disgrace; abasement; debasement. “The … degradation of a needy man of letters.” Macaulay. “Deplorable is the degradation of our nature.” South. “Moments there frequently must be, when a sinner is sensible of the degradation of his state.” Blair. 3. Diminution or reduction of strength, efficacy, or value; degeneration; deterioration. “The development and degradation of the alphabetic forms can be traced.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet). 4. (Geol.) A gradual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks and banks, by the action of water, frost etc. 5. (Biol.) The state or condition of a species or group which exhibits degraded forms; degeneration. “The degradation of the species man is observed in some of its varieties.” Dana. 6. (Physiol.) Arrest of development, or degeneration of any organ, or of the body as a whole. Degradation of energy, or Dissipation of energy (Physics), the transformation of energy into some form in which it is less available for doing work. Syn. — Abasement; debasement; reduction; decline.

De•grade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Degrading.] [F. degrader, LL. degradare, fr. L. de- + gradus step, degree. See Grade, and cf. Degree.] 1. To reduce from a higher to a lower rank or degree; to lower in rank; to deprive of office or dignity; to strip of honors; as to degrade a nobleman, or a general officer. “Prynne was sentenced by the Star Chamber Court to be degraded from the bar.” Palfrey. 2. To reduce in estimation, character, or reputation; to lessen the value of; to lower the physical, moral, or intellectual character of; to debase; to bring shame or contempt upon; to disgrace; as vice degrades a man. “O miserable mankind, to what fall
Degraded, to what wretched state reserved!” Milton. “Yet time ennobles or degrades each line.” Pope. “Her pride … struggled hard against this degrading passion.” Macaulay. 3. (Geol.) To reduce in altitude or magnitude, as hills and mountains; to wear down. Syn. — To abase; demean; lower; reduce. See Abase.

De•grade´, v. i. (Biol.) To degenerate; to pass from a higher to a lower type of structure; as a family of plants or animals degrades through this or that genus or group of genera.

De•grad´ed , a. 1. Reduced in rank, character, or reputation; debased; sunken; low; base. “The Netherlands … were reduced practically to a very degraded condition.” Motley. 2. (Biol.) Having the typical characters or organs in a partially developed condition, or lacking certain parts. “Some families of plants are degraded dicotyledons.” Dana. 3. [Cf. F. degre step.] (Her.) Having steps; — said of a cross each of whose extremities finishes in steps growing larger as they leave the center; — termed also on degrees.

De•grade´ment , n. Deprivation of rank or office; degradation. [R.] Milton.

De•grad´ing•ly, adv. In a degrading manner.

Deg•ra•va´tion , n. [L. degravare, degravatum, to make heavy. See Grave, a.] The act of making heavy. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•gree´ , n. [F. degre, OF. degret, fr. LL. degradare. See Degrade.] 1. A step, stair, or staircase. [Obs.] “By ladders, or else by degree.” Rom. of R. 2. One of a series of progressive steps upward or downward, in quality, rank, acquirement, and the like; a stage in progression; grade; gradation; as degrees of vice and virtue; to advance by slow degrees; degree of comparison. 3. The point or step of progression to which a person has arrived; rank or station in life; position. ´A dame of high degree.´ Dryden. ´A knight is your degree.´ Shak. ´Lord or lady of high degree.´ Lowell. 4. Measure of advancement; quality; extent; as tastes differ in kind as well as in degree. “The degree of excellence which proclaims genius, is different in different times and different places.” Sir. J. Reynolds. 5. Grade or rank to which scholars are admitted by a college or university, in recognition of their attainments; as the degree of bachelor of arts, master, doctor, etc. In the United States diplomas are usually given as the evidence of a degree conferred. In the humanities the first degree is that of bachelor of arts (B. A. or A. B.); the second that of master of arts (M. A. or A. M.). The degree of bachelor (of arts, science, divinity, law, etc.) is conferred upon those who complete a prescribed course of undergraduate study. The first degree in medicine is that of doctor of medicine (M. D.). The degrees of master and doctor are sometimes conferred, in course, upon those who have completed certain prescribed postgraduate studies, as doctor of philosophy (Ph. D.); but more frequently the degree of doctor is conferred as a complimentary recognition of eminent services in science or letters, or for public services or distinction (as doctor of laws (LL. D.) or doctor of divinity (D. D.), when they are called honorary degrees. “The youth attained his bachelor’s degree, and left the university.” Macaulay. 6. (Genealogy) A certain distance or remove in the line of descent, determining the proximity of blood; one remove in the chain of relationship; as a relation in the third or fourth degree. “In the 11th century an opinion began to gain ground in Italy, that third cousins might marry, being in the seventh degree according to the civil law.” Hallam. 7. (Arith.) Three figures taken together in numeration; thus, 140 is one degree, 222,140 two degrees. 8. (Algebra) State as indicated by sum of exponents; more particularly, the degree of a term is indicated by the sum of the exponents of its literal factors; thus, a^2b^3c is a term of the sixth degree. The degree of a power, or radical, is denoted by its index, that of an equation by the greatest sum of the exponents of the unknown quantities in any term; thus, ax^4 + bx^2 = c, and mx^2y^2 + nyx = p, are both equations of the fourth degree. 9. (Trig.) A 360th part of the circumference of a circle, which part is taken as the principal unit of measure for arcs and angles. The degree is divided into 60 minutes and the minute into 60 seconds. 10. A division, space, or interval, marked on a mathematical or other instrument, as on a thermometer. 11. (Mus.) A line or space of the staff. The short lines and their spaces are added degrees. Accumulation of degrees. (Eng. Univ.) See under Accumulation. — By degrees, step by step; by little and little; by moderate advances. ´I’ll leave it by degrees.´ Shak. — Degree of a curve or surface (Geom.), the number which expresses the degree of the equation of the curve or surface in rectilinear coördinates. A straight line will, in general, meet the curve or surface in a number of points equal to the degree of the curve or surface and no more. — Degree of latitude (Geog.), on the earth, the distance on a meridian between two parallels of latitude whose latitudes differ from each other by one degree. This distance is not the same on different parts of a meridian, on account of the flattened figure of the earth, being 68.702 statute miles at the equator, and 69.396 at the poles. — Degree of longitude, the distance on a parallel of latitude between two meridians that make an angle of one degree with each other at the poles — a distance which varies as the cosine of the latitude, being at the equator 69.16 statute miles. — To a degree, to an extreme; exceedingly; as mendacious to a degree. “It has been said that Scotsmen … are … grave to a degree on occasions when races more favored by nature are gladsome to excess.” Prof. Wilson.

De´gu , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small South American rodent (Octodon Cumingii), of the family Octodontidae.

De•gust´ , v. t. [L. degustare: cf. F. deguster. See Gust to taste.] To taste. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Deg•us•ta´tion , n. [L. degustatio: cf. F. degustation.] (Physiol.) Tasting; the appreciation of sapid qualities by the taste organs. Bp. Hall.

De•hisce´ , v. i. [L. dehiscere; de- + hiscere to gape.] To gape; to open by dehiscence.

De•his´cence , n. [Cf. F. dehiscence.] 1. The act of gaping. 2. (Biol.) A gaping or bursting open along a definite line of attachment or suture, without tearing, as in the opening of pods, or the bursting of capsules at maturity so as to emit seeds, etc.; also the bursting open of follicles, as in the ovaries of animals, for the expulsion of their contents.

De•his´cent , a. [L. dehiscens, -entis, p. pr. Cf. F. dehiscent.] Characterized by dehiscence; opening in some definite way, as the capsule of a plant.

De•ho•nes´tate , v. t. [L. dehonestatus, p. p. of dehonestare to dishonor; de- + honestare to make honorable. Cf. Dishonest, and see Honest.] To disparage. [Obs.]

De•hon•es•ta´tion , n. [L. dehonestatio.] A dishonoring; disgracing. [Obs.] Gauden.

De•horn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dehorned p. pr. & vb. n. Dehorning.] To deprive of horns; to prevent the growth of the horns of (cattle) by burning their ends soon after they start. See Dishorn. ´Dehorning cattle.´ Farm Journal (1886).

De•hors´ , prep. [F., outside.] (Law) Out of; without; foreign to; out of the agreement, record, will, or other instrument.

De•hors´, n. (Mil.) All sorts of outworks in general, at a distance from the main works; any advanced works for protection or cover. Farrow.

De•hort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dehorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dehorting.] [L. dehortari; de- + hortari to urge, exhort.] To urge to abstain or refrain; to dissuade. [Obs.] “The apostles vehemently dehort us from unbelief.” Bp. Ward. “´Exhort´ remains, but dehort, a word whose place neither ´dissuade´ nor any other exactly supplies, has escaped us.” Trench.

De•hor•ta´tion , n. [L. dehortatio.] Dissuasion; advice against something. [R.]

De•hort´a•tive , a. Dissuasive. [R.]

De•hort´a•to•ry , a. [L. dehortatorius.] Fitted or designed to dehort or dissuade. Bp. Hall.

De•hort´er , n. A dissuader; an adviser to the contrary. [Obs.]

De•hu´man•ize , v. t. To divest of human qualities, such as pity, tenderness, etc.; as dehumanizing influences.

De•husk´ , v. t. To remove the husk from. [Obs.] ´Wheat dehusked upon the floor.´ Drant.

De•hy´drate , v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of water; to render free from water; as to dehydrate alcohol.

De•hy•dra´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of freeing from water; also the condition of a body from which the water has been removed.

De•hy´dro•gen•ate , v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of, or free from, hydrogen.

De•hy•dro•gen•a´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of freeing from hydrogen; also the condition resulting from the removal of hydrogen.

De´i•cide , n. [L. deicida a deicide (in sense 2); deus god + caedere to cut, kill: cf. F. deicide.] 1. The act of killing a being of a divine nature; particularly, the putting to death of Jesus Christ. [R.] “Earth profaned, yet blessed, with deicide.” Prior. 2. One concerned in putting Christ to death.

Deic´tic , a. [Gr. deiktiko•s serving to show or point out, fr. deikny•nai to show.] (Logic) Direct; proving directly; — applied to reasoning, and opposed to elenchtic or refutative.

Deic´tic•al•ly , adv. In a manner to show or point out; directly; absolutely; definitely. “When Christ spake it deictically.” Hammond. { De•if´ic , De•if´ic•al } a. [L. deificus; deus god + facere to make: cf. F. deifique.] Making divine; producing a likeness to God; god-making. ´A deifical communion.´ Homilies.

De•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [LL. deificare to deify: cf. F. deification. See Deify.] The act of deifying; exaltation to divine honors; apotheosis; excessive praise.

De´i•fied , a. Honored or worshiped as a deity; treated with supreme regard; godlike.

De´i•fi•er , n. One who deifies.

De´i•form , a. [L. deus a god + -form.] 1. Godlike, or of a godlike form. Dr. H. More. 2. Conformable to the will of God. [R.] Bp. Burnet.

De•i•for´mi•ty , n. Likeness to deity. [Obs.]

De´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deified p. pr. & vb. n. Deifying.] [F. deifier, LL. deificare, fr. L. deificus. See Deific, Deity, -fy.] 1. To make a god of; to exalt to the rank of a deity; to enroll among the deities; to apotheosize; as Julius Caesar was deified. 2. To praise or revere as a deity; to treat as an object of supreme regard; as to deify money. “He did again so extol and deify the pope.” Bacon. 3. To render godlike. “By our own spirits are we deified.” Wordsworth.

Deign , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deigned p. pr. & vb. n. Deigning.] [OE. deinen, deignen, OF. degner, deigner, daigner, F. daigner, fr. L. dignari to deem worthy, deign, fr. dignus worthy; akin to decere to be fitting. See Decent, and cf. Dainty, Dignity, Condign, Disdain.] 1. To esteem worthy; to consider worth notice; - - opposed to disdain. [Obs.] “I fear my Julia would not deign my lines.” Shak. 2. To condescend to give or bestow; to stoop to furnish; to vouchsafe; to allow; to grant. “Nor would we deign him burial of his men.” Shak.

Deign, v. i. To think worthy; to vouchsafe; to condescend; - - followed by an infinitive. “O deign to visit our forsaken seats.” Pope. “Yet not Lord Cranstone deigned she greet.” Sir W. Scott. “Round turned he, as not deigning
Those craven ranks to see.” Macaulay. In early English deign was often used impersonally. “Him deyneth not to set his foot to ground.” Chaucer.

Deign´ous , a. [For disdeignous, OF. desdeignos, desdaigneus, F. dedaigneux. See Disdain.] Haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Deil (del), n. Devil; — spelt also deel. [Scot.] Deil’s buckie. See under Buckie.

Dei•noc´e•ras , n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinoceras.

Dei•nor´nis , n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinornis.

Dei´no•saur (di´no•sar), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinosaur.

Dei•no•the´ri•um (di•no•the´ri•um), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinotherium.

De•in´te•grate , v. t. [L. deintegrare to impair; de- + integrare to make whole.] To disintegrate. [Obs.] { Dein´te•ous , Dein´te•vous }, a. Rare; excellent; costly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•ip´a•rous (de•ip´a•rus), a. [L. deus a god + parere to bring forth.] Bearing or bringing forth a god; — said of the Virgin Mary. [Obs.] Bailey.

Deip•nos´o•phist (dip•nos´o•fist), n. [Gr. deipnosofisth•s; dei^pnon a meal + sofisth•s a wise man, sophist.] One of an ancient sect of philosophers, who cultivated learned conversation at meals.

De´is (de´is), n. See Dais.

De´ism (de´iz’m), n. [L. deus god: cf. F. deisme. See Deity.] The doctrine or creed of a deist; the belief or system of those who acknowledge the existence of one God, but deny revelation. Deism is the belief in natural religion only, or those truths, in doctrine and practice, which man is to discover by the light of reason, independent of any revelation from God. Hence, deism implies infidelity, or a disbelief in the divine origin of the Scriptures.

De´ist (de´ist), n. [L. deus god: cf. F. deiste. See Deity.] One who believes in the existence of a God, but denies revealed religion; a freethinker. A deist, as denying a revelation, is opposed to a Christian; as opposed to the denier of a God, whether atheist or pantheist, a deist is generally denominated theist. Latham. Syn. — See Infidel. { De•is´tic (de•is´tik), De•is´tic•al } a. Pertaining to, savoring of, or consisting in, deism; as a deistic writer; a deistical book. “The deistical or antichristian scheme.” I. Watts.

De•is´tic•al•ly, adv. After the manner of deists.

De•is´tic•al•ness, n. State of being deistical.

De´i•tate (de´i•tat), a. Deified. [Obs.] Cranmer.

De´i•ty (de´i•ty), n.; pl. Deities (- tiz). [OE. deite, F. deite, fr. L. deitas, fr. deus a god; akin to divus divine, Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jupiter, dies day, Gr. di^os divine, Zey•s, gen. Dio•s, Zeus, Skr. deva divine, as a noun, god, daiva divine, dyo sky, day, hence, the sky personified as a god, and to the first syllable of E. Tuesday, Gael. & Ir. dia God, W. duw. Cf. Divine, Journey, Journal, Tuesday.] 1. The collection of attributes which make up the nature of a god; divinity; godhead; as the deity of the Supreme Being is seen in his works. “They declared with emphasis the perfect deity and the perfect manhood of Christ.” Milman. 2. A god or goddess; a heathen god. “To worship calves, the deities
Of Egypt.” Milton. The Deity, God, the Supreme Being. “This great poet and philosopher [Simonides], the more he contemplated the nature of the Deity, found that he waded but the more out of his depth.” Addison.

De•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dejected; p. pr. & vb. n. Dejecting.] [L. dejectus, p. p. of dejicere to throw down; de- + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To cast down. [Obs. or Archaic] “Christ dejected himself even unto the hells.” Udall. “Sometimes she dejects her eyes in a seeming civility; and many mistake in her a cunning for a modest look.” Fuller. 2. To cast down the spirits of; to dispirit; to discourage; to dishearten. “Nor think, to die dejects my lofty mind.” Pope.

De•ject´, a. [L. dejectus, p. p.] Dejected. [Obs.]

De•jec´ta , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from L. dejectus, p. p.] Excrements; as the dejecta of the sick.

De•ject´ed, a. Cast down; afflicted; low-spirited; sad; as a dejected look or countenance. — De•ject´ed•ly, adv. — De•ject´ed•ness, n.

De•ject´er , n. One who casts down, or dejects.

De•jec´tion , n. [L. dejectio a casting down: cf. F. dejection.] 1. A casting down; depression. [Obs. or Archaic] Hallywell. 2. The act of humbling or abasing one’s self. “Adoration implies submission and dejection.” Bp. Pearson. 3. Lowness of spirits occasioned by grief or misfortune; mental depression; melancholy. “What besides,
Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair,
Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring.” Milton. 4. A low condition; weakness; inability. [R.] “A dejection of appetite.” Arbuthnot. 5. (Physiol.) (a) The discharge of excrement. (b) Faeces; excrement. Ray.

De•ject´ly , adv. Dejectedly. [Obs.]

De•jec´to•ry , a. [L. dejector a dejecter.] 1. Having power, or tending, to cast down. 2. Promoting evacuations by stool. Ferrand.

De•jec´ture ( 135), n. That which is voided; excrements. Arbuthnot.

Dej´er•ate , v. i. [L. dejeratus, p. p. of dejerare to swear; de- + jurare to swear.] To swear solemnly; to take an oath. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Dej•er•a´tion , n. [L. dejeratio.] The act of swearing solemnly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

De•jeu•ne´ , n. [F.] A dejeuner. “Take a dejeune of muskadel and eggs.” B. Jonson.

De•jeu•ner´ , n. [F. dejeuner breakfast, as a verb, to breakfast. Cf. Dinner.] A breakfast; sometimes, also a lunch or collation.

De• ju´re [L.] By right; of right; by law; — often opposed to de facto.

Dek´a- (Metric System) A prefix signifying ten. See Deca-.

Dek´a•gram , n. Same as Decagram.

Dek´a•li•ter , n. Same as Decaliter.

Dek´a•me•ter , n. Same as Decameter.

Dek´a•stere , n. Same as Decastere.

De´kle , n. (Paper Making) See Deckle.

Del , n. [See Deal, n.] Share; portion; part. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•lac•er•a´tion , n. [L. delacerare, delaceratum, to tear in pieces. See Lacerate.] A tearing in pieces. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•lac•ry•ma´tion , n. [L. delacrimatio, fr. delacrimare to weep. See Lachrymation.] An involuntary discharge of watery humors from the eyes; wateriness of the eyes. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•lac•ta´tion , n. [Pref. de- + L. lactare to suck milk, from lac milk.] The act of weaning. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•laine´ , n. [See Muslin delaine, under Muslin.] A kind of fabric for women’s dresses.

De•lam•i•na´tion , n. (Biol.) Formation and separation of laminae or layers; one of the methods by which the various blastodermic layers of the ovum are differentiated. This process consists of a concentric splitting of the cells of the blastosphere into an outer layer (epiblast) and an inner layer (hypoblast). By the perforation of the resultant two-walled vesicle, a gastrula results similar to that formed by the process of invagination.

De•lap•sa´tion , n. See Delapsion. Ray.

De•lapse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Delapsed p. pr. & vb. n. Delapsing.] [L. delapsus, p. p. of delabi to fall down; de- + labi to fall or side.] To pass down by inheritance; to lapse. [Obs.] “Which Anne derived alone the right, before all other,
Of the delapsed crown from Philip.” Drayton.

De•lap´sion , n. A falling down, or out of place; prolapsion.

De•las•sa´tion , n. [L. delassare, delassatum, to tire out; de- + lassare to tire.] Fatigue. “Able to continue without delassation.” Ray.

De•late´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delating.] [L. delatus, used as p. p. of deferre. See Tolerate, and cf. 3d Defer, Delay, v.] [Obs. or Archaic] 1. To carry; to convey. “Try exactly the time wherein sound is delated.” Bacon. 2. To carry abroad; to spread; to make public. “When the crime is delated or notorious.” Jer. Taylor. 3. To carry or bring against, as a charge; to inform against; to accuse; to denounce. “As men were delated, they were marked down for such a fine.” Bp. Burnet. 4. To carry on; to conduct. Warner.

De•late´, v. i. To dilate. [Obs.] Goodwin.

De•la´tion , n. [L. delatio accusation: cf. F. delation.] 1. Conveyance. [Obs. or Archaic] “In delation of sounds, the inclosure of them preserveth them.” Bacon. 2. (Law) Accusation by an informer. Milman.

De•la´tor , n. [L.] An accuser; an informer. [R.] Howell.

Del´a•ware , n. (Bot.) An American grape, with compact bunches of small, amber-colored berries, sweet and of a good flavor.

Del´a•wares , n. pl.; sing. Delaware. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the valley of the Delaware River, but now mostly located in the Indian Territory.

De•lay´ , n.; pl. Delays (#). [F. delai, fr. OF. deleer to delay, or fr. L. dilatum, which, though really from a different root, is used in Latin only as a p. p. neut. of differre to carry apart, defer, delay. See Tolerate, and cf. Differ, Delay, v.] A putting off or deferring; procrastination; lingering inactivity; stop; detention; hindrance. “Without any delay, on the morrow I sat on the judgment seat.” Acts xxv. 17. “The government ought to be settled without the delay of a day.” Macaulay.

De•lay´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delayed p. pr. & vb. n. Delaying.] [OF. deleer, delaier, fr. the noun delai, or directly fr. L. dilatare to enlarge, dilate, in LL., to put off. See Delay, n., and cf. Delate, 1st Defer, Dilate.] 1. To put off; to defer; to procrastinate; to prolong the time of or before. “My lord delayeth his coming.” Matt. xxiv. 48. 2. To retard; to stop, detain, or hinder, for a time; to retard the motion, or time of arrival, of; as the mail is delayed by a heavy fall of snow. “Thyrsis! whose artful strains have oft delayed
The huddling brook to hear his madrigal.” Milton. 3. To allay; to temper. [Obs.] “The watery showers delay the raging wind.” Surrey.

De•lay´, v. i. To move slowly; to stop for a time; to linger; to tarry. “There seem to be certain bounds to the quickness and slowness of the succession of those ideas … beyond which they can neither delay nor hasten.” Locke.

De•lay´er , n. One who delays; one who lingers.

De•lay´ing•ly, adv. By delays. [R.] Tennyson.

De•lay´ment , n. Hindrance. [Obs.] Gower.

Del• cred´er•e [It., of belief or trust.] (Mercantile Law) An agreement by which an agent or factor, in consideration of an additional premium or commission (called a del credere commission), engages, when he sells goods on credit, to insure, warrant, or guarantee to his principal the solvency of the purchaser, the engagement of the factor being to pay the debt himself if it is not punctually discharged by the buyer when it becomes due.

De´le , imperative sing. of L. delere to destroy. [Cf. Delete.] (Print.) Erase; remove; — a direction to cancel something which has been put in type; usually expressed by a peculiar form of d, thus: &dele;.

De´le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deled p. pr. & vb. n. Deleing.] [From the preceding word.] (Print.) To erase; to cancel; to delete; to mark for omission.

Dele , v. t. [See Deal.] To deal; to divide; to distribute. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Del´e•ble ( 277), a. [L. delebilis. See 1st Dele.] Capable of being blotted out or erased. ´An impression easily deleble.´ Fuller.

De•lec´ta•ble , a. [OF. delitable, OF. delitable, F. delectable, fr. L. delectabilis, fr. delectare to delight. See Delight.] Highly pleasing; delightful. “Delectable both to behold and taste.” Milton. — De•lec´ta•ble•ness, n. — De•lec´ta•bly, adv.

De•lec´tate , v. t. [L. delectatus, p. p. of delectare. See Delight.] To delight; to charm. [R.]

De•lec•ta´tion , n. [L. delectatio: cf. F. delectation.] Great pleasure; delight.

De•lec´tus , n. [L., selection, from deligere, delectum, to select.] A name given to an elementary book for learners of Latin or Greek. G. Eliot.

Del•e•ga•cy , n. [From Delegate, a.] 1. The act of delegating, or state of being delegated; deputed power. [Obs.] “By way of delegacy or grand commission.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A body of delegates or commissioners; a delegation. [Obs.] Burton.

Del´e•gate , n. [L. delegatus, p. p. of delegare to send, delegate; de- + legare to send with a commission, to depute. See Legate.] 1. Any one sent and empowered to act for another; one deputed to represent; a chosen deputy; a representative; a commissioner; a vicar. 2. (a) One elected by the people of a territory to represent them in Congress, where he has the right of debating, but not of voting. (b) One sent by any constituency to act as its representative in a convention; as a delegate to a convention for nominating officers, or for forming or altering a constitution. [U.S.] Court of delegates, formerly, the great court of appeal from the archbishops’ courts and also from the court of admiralty. It is now abolished, and the privy council is the immediate court of appeal in such cases. [Eng.]

Del´e•gate , a. [L. delegatus, p. p.] Sent to act for or represent another; deputed; as a delegate judge. ´Delegate power.´ Strype.

Del´e•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delegated p. pr. & vb. n. Delegating ] 1. To send as one’s representative; to empower as an ambassador; to send with power to transact business; to commission; to depute; to authorize. 2. To intrust to the care or management of another; to transfer; to assign; to commit. “The delegated administration of the law.” Locke. “Delegated executive power.” Bancroft. “The power exercised by the legislature is the people’s power, delegated by the people to the legislative.” J. B. Finch.

Del•e•ga´tion , n. [L. delegatio: cf. F. delegation.] 1. The act of delegating, or investing with authority to act for another; the appointment of a delegate or delegates. 2. One or more persons appointed or chosen, and commissioned to represent others, as in a convention, in Congress, etc.; the collective body of delegates; as the delegation from Massachusetts; a deputation. 3. (Rom. Law) A kind of novation by which a debtor, to be liberated from his creditor, gives him a third person, who becomes obliged in his stead to the creditor, or to the person appointed by him. Pothier.

Del´e•ga•to•ry , a. [L. delegatorius pert. to an assignment.] Holding a delegated position. Nash.

De•len´da , n. pl. [L., fr. delere to destroy.] Things to be erased or blotted out.

Del•e•nif´ic•al , a. [L. delenificus; delenire to soothe + facere to make. See Lenient.] Assuaging pain. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•lete´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deleting.] [L. deletus, p. p. of delere to destroy. Cf. 1st Dele.] To blot out; to erase; to expunge; to dele; to omit. “I have, therefore, … inserted eleven stanzas which do not appear in Sir Walter Scott’s version, and have deleted eight.” Aytoun.

Del•e•te´ri•ous , a. [LL. deleterius noxious, Gr. dhlhth•rios, fr. dhlei^sqai to hurt, damage; prob. akin to L. delere to destroy.] Hurtful; noxious; destructive; pernicious; as a deleterious plant or quality; a deleterious example. — Del•e•te´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Del•e•te´ri•ous•ness, n.

Del´e•ter•y , a. [LL. deleterius: cf. F. deletère.] Destructive; poisonous. [Obs.] ´Deletery medicines.´ Hudibras.

Del´e•ter•y, n. That which destroys. [Obs.] “They [the Scriptures] are the only deletery of heresies.” Jer. Taylor.

De•le´tion , n. [L. deletio, fr. delere. See Delete.] Act of deleting, blotting out, or erasing; destruction. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. “A total deletion of every person of the opposing party.” Sir M. Hale.

Del•e•ti´tious , a. [L. deleticius.] Of such a nature that anything may be erased from it; — said of paper.

Del´e•tive , a. Adapted to destroy or obliterate. [R.] Evelyn.

Del´e•to•ry , n. [See Delete.] That which blots out. [Obs.] ´A deletory of sin.´ Jer. Taylor.

Delf , n. [AS. delf a delving, digging. See Delve.] A mine; a quarry; a pit dug; a ditch. [Written also delft, and delve.] [Obs.] “The delfts would be so flown with waters, that no gins or machines could … keep them dry.” Ray.

Delf, n. Same as Delftware.

Delft , n. Same as Delftware.

Delft´ware , n. (a) Pottery made at the city of Delft in Holland; hence: (b) Earthenware made in imitation of the above; any glazed earthenware made for table use, and the like.

Del´i•bate , v. t. [L. delibatus, p. p. of delibare to taste; de- + libare to taste.] To taste; to take a sip of; to dabble in. [Obs.]

Del•i•ba´tion , n. [L. delibatio: cf. F. delibation.] Act of tasting; a slight trial. [Obs.] Berkeley.

Del´i•ber , v. t. & i. To deliberate. [Obs.]

De•lib´er•ate , a. [L. deliberatus, p. p. of deliberare to deliberate; de- + librare to weigh. See Librate.] 1. Weighing facts and arguments with a view to a choice or decision; carefully considering the probable consequences of a step; circumspect; slow in determining; — applied to persons; as a deliberate judge or counselor. ´These deliberate fools.´ Shak. 2. Formed with deliberation; well-advised; carefully considered; not sudden or rash; as a deliberate opinion; a deliberate measure or result. “Settled visage and deliberate word.” Shak. 3. Not hasty or sudden; slow. Hooker. “His enunciation was so deliberate.” W. Wirt.

De•lib´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deliberated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deliberating.] To weigh in the mind; to consider the reasons for and against; to consider maturely; to reflect upon; to ponder; as to deliberate a question.

De•lib´er•ate, v. i. To take counsel with one’s self; to weigh the arguments for and against a proposed course of action; to reflect; to consider; to hesitate in deciding; — sometimes with on, upon, about, concerning. “The woman that deliberates is lost.” Addison.

De•lib´er•ate•ly , adv. With careful consideration, or deliberation; circumspectly; warily; not hastily or rashly; slowly; as a purpose deliberately formed.

De•lib´er•ate•ness, n. The quality of being deliberate; calm consideration; circumspection.

De•lib•er•a´tion , n. [L. deliberatio: cf. F. deliberation.] 1. The act of deliberating, or of weighing and examining the reasons for and against a choice or measure; careful consideration; mature reflection. “Choosing the fairest way with a calm deliberation.” W. Montagu. 2. Careful discussion and examination of the reasons for and against a measure; as the deliberations of a legislative body or council.

De•lib´er•a•tive , a. [L. deliberativus: cf. F. deliberatif.] Pertaining to deliberation; proceeding or acting by deliberation, or by discussion and examination; deliberating; as a deliberative body. “A consummate work of deliberative wisdom.” Bancroft. “The court of jurisdiction is to be distinguished from the deliberative body, the advisers of the crown.” Hallam.

De•lib´er•a•tive, n. 1. A discourse in which a question is discussed, or weighed and examined. Bacon. 2. A kind of rhetoric employed in proving a thing and convincing others of its truth, in order to persuade them to adopt it.

De•lib´er•a•tive•ly, adv. In a deliberative manner; circumspectly; considerately.

De•lib´er•a•tor , n. One who deliberates.

Del´i•brate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delibrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delibrating.] [L. delibratus, p. p. of delibrare to delibrate; de from + liber bark.] To strip off the bark; to peel. [Obs.] Ash.

Del•i•bra´tion , n. The act of stripping off the bark. [Obs.] Ash.

Del´i•ca•cy , n.; pl. Delicacies (#). [From Delicate, a.] 1. The state or condition of being delicate; agreeableness to the senses; delightfulness; as delicacy of flavor, of odor, and the like. “What choice to choose for delicacy best.” Milton. 2. Nicety or fineness of form, texture, or constitution; softness; elegance; smoothness; tenderness; and hence, frailty or weakness; as the delicacy of a fiber or a thread; delicacy of a hand or of the human form; delicacy of the skin; delicacy of frame. 3. Nice propriety of manners or conduct; susceptibility or tenderness of feeling; refinement; fastidiousness; and hence, in an exaggerated sense, effeminacy; as great delicacy of behavior; delicacy in doing a kindness; delicacy of character that unfits for earnest action. “You know your mother’s delicacy in this point.” Cowper. 4. Addiction to pleasure; luxury; daintiness; indulgence; luxurious or voluptuous treatment. “And to those dainty limbs which Nature lent
For gentle usage and soft delicacy?” Milton. 5. Nice and refined perception and discrimination; critical niceness; fastidious accuracy. “That Augustan delicacy of taste which is the boast of the great public schools of England.” Macaulay. 6. The state of being affected by slight causes; sensitiveness; as the delicacy of a chemist’s balance. 7. That which is alluring, delicate, or refined; a luxury or pleasure; something pleasant to the senses, especially to the sense of taste; a dainty; as delicacies of the table. “The merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies.” Rev. xviii. 3. 8. Pleasure; gratification; delight. [Obs.] “He Rome brent for his delicacie.” Chaucer. Syn. — See Dainty.

Del´i•cate , a. [L. delicatus pleasing the senses, voluptuous, soft and tender; akin to deliciae delight: cf. F. delicat. See Delight.] 1. Addicted to pleasure; luxurious; voluptuous; alluring. [R.] “Dives, for his delicate life, to the devil went.” Piers Plowman. “Haarlem is a very delicate town.” Evelyn. 2. Pleasing to the senses; refinedly agreeable; hence, adapted to please a nice or cultivated taste; nice; fine; elegant; as a delicate dish; delicate flavor. 3. Slight and shapely; lovely; graceful; as ´a delicate creature.´ Shak. 4. Fine or slender; minute; not coarse; — said of a thread, or the like; as delicate cotton. 5. Slight or smooth; light and yielding; — said of texture; as delicate lace or silk. 6. Soft and fair; — said of the skin or a surface; as a delicate cheek; a delicate complexion. 7. Light, or softly tinted; — said of a color; as a delicate blue. 8. Refined; gentle; scrupulous not to trespass or offend; considerate; — said of manners, conduct, or feelings; as delicate behavior; delicate attentions; delicate thoughtfulness. 9. Tender; not able to endure hardship; feeble; frail; effeminate; — said of constitution, health, etc.; as a delicate child; delicate health. “A delicate and tender prince.” Shak. 10. Requiring careful handling; not to be rudely or hastily dealt with; nice; critical; as a delicate subject or question. “There are some things too delicate and too sacred to be handled rudely without injury to truth.” F. W. Robertson. 11. Of exacting tastes and habits; dainty; fastidious. 12. Nicely discriminating or perceptive; refinedly critical; sensitive; exquisite; as a delicate taste; a delicate ear for music. 13. Affected by slight causes; showing slight changes; as a delicate thermometer.

Del´i•cate, n. 1. A choice dainty; a delicacy. [R.] “With abstinence all delicates he sees.” Dryden. 2. A delicate, luxurious, or effeminate person. “All the vessels, then, which our delicates have, — those I mean that would seem to be more fine in their houses than their neighbors, — are only of the Corinth metal.” Holland.

Del´i•cate•ly , adv. In a delicate manner.

Del´i•cate•ness, n. The quality of being delicate.

Del´i•ces , n. pl. [F. delices, fr. L. deliciae.] Delicacies; delights. [Obs.] ´Dainty delices.´ Spenser.

De•li´ci•ate , v. t. To delight one’s self; to indulge in feasting; to revel. [Obs.]

De•li´cious , a. [OF. delicieus, F. delicieux, L. deliciosus, fr. deliciae delight, fr. delicere to allure. See Delight.] 1. Affording exquisite pleasure; delightful; most sweet or grateful to the senses, especially to the taste; charming. “Some delicious landscape.” Coleridge. “One draught of spring’s delicious air.” Keble. “Were not his words delicious?” Tennyson. 2. Addicted to pleasure; seeking enjoyment; luxurious; effeminate. [Obs.] “Others, lastly, of a more delicious and airy spirit, retire themselves to the enjoyments of ease and luxury.” Milton. Syn. — Delicious, Delightful. Delicious refers to the pleasure derived from certain of the senses, particularly the taste and smell; as delicious food; a delicious fragrance. Delightful may also refer to most of the senses (as delightful music; a delightful prospect; delightful sensations), but has a higher application to matters of taste, feeling, and sentiment; as a delightful abode, conversation, employment; delightful scenes, etc. “Like the rich fruit he sings, delicious in decay.” Smith. “No spring, nor summer, on the mountain seen,
Smiles with gay fruits or with delightful green.” Addison.

De•li´cious•ly, adv. Delightfully; as to feed deliciously; to be deliciously entertained.

De•li´cious•ness, n. 1. The quality of being delicious; as the deliciousness of a repast. 2. Luxury. ´To drive away all superfluity and deliciousness.´ Sir T. North.

De•lict´ , n. [L. delictum fault.] (Law) An offense or transgression against law; (Scots Law) an offense of a lesser degree; a misdemeanor. “Every regulation of the civil code necessarily implies a delict in the event of its violation.” Jeffrey.

Del´i•gate , v. t. [L. deligatus, p. p. of deligare to bind up; de- + ligare to bind.] (Surg.) To bind up; to bandage.

Del•i•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. deligation.] (Surg.) A binding up; a bandaging. Wiseman.

De•light´ , n. [OE. delit, OF. delit, deleit, fr. delitier, to delight. See Delight, v. t.] 1. A high degree of gratification of mind; a high- wrought state of pleasurable feeling; lively pleasure; extreme satisfaction; joy. “Sounds and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not.” Shak. “A fool hath no delight in understanding.” Prov. xviii. 2. 2. That which gives great pleasure or delight. “Heaven’s last, best gift, my ever new delight.” Milton. 3. Licentious pleasure; lust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•light´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Delighting.] [OE. deliten, OF. delitier, deleitier, F. delecter, fr. L. delectare to entice away, to delight (sc. by attracting or alluring), intens. of delicere to allure, delight; de- + lacere to entice, allure; cf. laqueus a snare. Cf. Delectate, Delicate, Delicious, Dilettante, Elicit, Lace.] To give delight to; to affect with great pleasure; to please highly; as a beautiful landscape delights the eye; harmony delights the ear. “Inventions to delight the taste.” Shak. “Delight our souls with talk of knightly deeds.” Tennyson.

De•light´, v. i. To have or take great delight or pleasure; to be greatly pleased or rejoiced; — followed by an infinitive, or by in. “Love delights in praises.” Shak. “I delight to do thy will, O my God.” Ps. xl. 8.

De•light´a•ble , a. [See Delectable.] Capable of delighting; delightful. [Obs.] “Many a spice delightable.” Rom. of R.

De•light´ed, a. Endowed with delight. “If virtue no delighted beauty lack.” Shak. Syn. — Glad; pleased; gratified. See Glad.

De•light´ed•ly, adv. With delight; gladly.

De•light´er , n. One who gives or takes delight.

De•light´ful , a. Highly pleasing; affording great pleasure and satisfaction. ´Delightful bowers.´ Spenser. ´Delightful fruit.>´ Milton. Syn. — Delicious; charming. See Delicious. — De•light´ful•ly, adv. — De•light´ful•ness, n.

De•light´ing, a. Giving delight; gladdening. — De•light´ing•ly, adv. Jer. Taylor.

De•light´less, a. Void of delight. Thomson.

De•light´ous a. [OF. delitos.] Delightful. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

De•light´some , a. Very pleasing; delightful. ´Delightsome vigor.´ Grew. “Ye shall be a delightsome land, … saith the Lord.” Mal. iii. 12. — De•light´some•ly, adv. — De•light´some•ness, n.

De•li´lah , n. The mistress of Samson, who betrayed him (Judges xvi.); hence, a harlot; a temptress. “Other Delilahs on a smaller scale Burns met with during his Dumfries sojourn.” J. C. Shairp.

De•lim´it , v. t. [L. delimitare: cf. F. delimiter.] To fix the limits of; to demarcate; to bound.

De•lim•i•ta´tion , n. [L. delimitatio: cf. F. delimitation.] The act or process of fixing limits or boundaries; limitation. Gladstone.

De•line´ (de•lin´), v. t. 1. To delineate. [Obs.] 2. To mark out. [Obs.] R. North.

De•lin´e•a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, delineated. Feltham.

De•lin´e•a•ment , . [See Delineate.] Delineation; sketch. Dr. H. More.

De•lin´e•ate , a. [L. delineatus, p. p. of delineare to delineate; de- + lineare to draw, fr. linea line. See Line.] Delineated; portrayed. [R.]

De•lin´e•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delineated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delineating.] 1. To indicate by lines drawn in the form or figure of; to represent by sketch, design, or diagram; to sketch out; to portray; to picture; in drawing and engraving, to represent in lines, as with the pen, pencil, or graver; hence, to represent with accuracy and minuteness. See Delineation. “Adventurous to delineate nature’s form.” Akenside. 2. To portray to the mind or understanding by words; to set forth; to describe. “Customs or habits delineated with great accuracy.” Walpole.

De•lin•e•a´tion , n. [L. delineatio: cf. F. delineation.] 1. The act of representing, portraying, or describing, as by lines, diagrams, sketches, etc.; drawing an outline; as the delineation of a scene or face; in drawing and engraving, representation by means of lines, as distinguished from representation by means of tints and shades; accurate and minute representation, as distinguished from art that is careless of details, or subordinates them excessively. 2. A delineated picture; representation; sketch; description in words. “Their softest delineations of female beauty.” W. Irving. Syn. — Sketch; portrait; outline. See Sketch.

De•lin´e•a•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, delineates; a sketcher. 2. (Surv.) A perambulator which records distances and delineates a profile, as of a road.

De•lin´e•a•to•ry , a. That delineates; descriptive; drawing the outline; delineating.

De•lin´e•a•ture ( 135), n. Delineation. [Obs.]

Del•i•ni´tion , n. [L. delinere to smear. See Liniment.] A smearing. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

De•lin´quen•cy , n.; pl. Delinquencies (#). [L. delinquentia, fr. delinquens.] Failure or omission of duty; a fault; a misdeed; an offense; a misdemeanor; a crime. “The delinquencies of the little commonwealth would be represented in the most glaring colors.” Motley.

De•lin´quent a. [L. delinquens, -entis, p. pr. of delinquere to fail, be wanting in one’s duty, do wrong; de- + linquere to leave. See Loan, n.] Failing in duty; offending by neglect of duty.

De•lin´quent, n. One who fails or neglects to perform his duty; an offender or transgressor; one who commits a fault or a crime; a culprit. “A delinquent ought to be cited in the place or jurisdiction where the delinquency was committed.” Ayliffe.

De•lin´quent•ly, adv. So as to fail in duty.

Del´i•quate , v. i. [L. deliquatus, p. p. of deliquare to clear off, de- + liquare to make liquid, melt, dissolve.] To melt or be dissolved; to deliquesce. [Obs.] Boyle.

Del´i•quate, v. t. To cause to melt away; to dissolve; to consume; to waste. [Obs.] “Dilapidating, or rather deliquating, his bishopric.” Fuller.

Del•i•qua´tion , n. A melting. [Obs.]

Del•i•quesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deliquesced p. pr. & vb. n. Deliquescing.] [L. deliquescere to melt, dissolve; de- + liquescere to become fluid, melt, fr. liquere to be fluid. See Liquid.] (Chem.) To dissolve gradually and become liquid by attracting and absorbing moisture from the air, as certain salts, acids, and alkalies. “In very moist air crystals of strontites deliquesce.” Black.

Del•i•ques´cence , n. [Cf. F. deliquescence.] The act of deliquescing or liquefying; process by which anything deliquesces; tendency to melt.

Del•i•ques´cent , a. [L. deliquescens, -entis, p. pr. of deliquescere: cf. F. deliquescent.] 1. Dissolving; liquefying by contact with the air; capable of attracting moisture from the atmosphere and becoming liquid; as deliquescent salts. 2. (Bot.) Branching so that the stem is lost in branches, as in most deciduous trees. Gray.

De•liq´ui•ate , v. i. [L. deliquia a flowing off, a gutter, deliquium a flowing down, fr. deliquare. See Deliquate.] To melt and become liquid by absorbing water from the air; to deliquesce. Fourcroy.

De•liq•ui•a´tion , n. The act of deliquiating.

De•liq´ui•um , n. [L. See Deliquiate.] 1. (Chem.) A melting or dissolution in the air, or in a moist place; a liquid condition; as a salt falls into a deliquium. [R.] 2. A sinking away; a swooning. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. A melting or maudlin mood. Carlyle.

De•lir´a•cy , n. [See Delirate.] Delirium. [Obs.]

De•lir´a•ment , n. [L. deliramentum, fr. delirare. See Delirium.] A wandering of the mind; a crazy fancy. [Obs.] Heywood.

De•lir´an•cy , n. Delirium. [Obs.] Gauden.

De•lir´ant , a. [L. delirans, - antis, p. pr. of delirare. See Delirium.] Delirious. [Obs.] Owen.

De•lir´ate , v. t. & i. [L. deliratus, p. p. of delirare. See Delirium.] To madden; to rave. [Obs.] “An infatuating and delirating spirit in it.” Holland.

Del•i•ra´tion , n. [L. deliratio.] Aberration of mind; delirium. J. Morley. “Deliration or alienation of the understanding.” Mede.

De•lir´i•ant , n. [See Delirium.] (Med.) A poison which occasions a persistent delirium, or mental aberration (as belladonna).

De•lir•i•fa´cient , a. [Delirium + L. faciens, -entis, p. pr. of facere to make.] (Med.) Producing, or tending to produce, delirium. — n. Any substance which tends to cause delirium.

De•lir´i•ous , a. [From Delirium.] Having a delirium; wandering in mind; light- headed; insane; raving; wild; as a delirious patient; delirious fancies. — De•lir´i•ous•ly, adv. — De•lir´i•ous•ness, n.

De•lir´i•um , n. [L., fr. delirare to rave, to wander in mind, prop., to go out of the furrow in plowing; de- + lira furrow, track; perh. akin to G. geleise track, rut, and E. last to endure.] 1. (Med.) A state in which the thoughts, expressions, and actions are wild, irregular, and incoherent; mental aberration; a roving or wandering of the mind, — usually dependent on a fever or some other disease, and so distinguished from mania, or madness. 2. Strong excitement; wild enthusiasm; madness. “The popular delirium [of the French Revolution] at first caught his enthusiastic mind.” W. Irving. “The delirium of the preceding session (of Parliament).” Morley. Delirium tremens . [L., trembling delirium] (Med.), a violent delirium induced by the excessive and prolonged use of intoxicating liquors. — Traumatic delirium (Med.), a variety of delirium following injury. Syn. — Insanity; frenzy; madness; derangement; aberration; mania; lunacy; fury. See Insanity.

De•lit´ , n. Delight. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•lit´a•ble , a. Delightful; delectable. [Obs.]

Del•i•tes´cence , n. [See Delitescent.] 1. Concealment; seclusion; retirement. “The delitescence of mental activities.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Med.) The sudden disappearance of inflammation.

Del•i•tes´cen•cy , n. Concealment; seclusion. “The mental organization of the novelist must be characterized, to speak craniologically, by an extraordinary development of the passion for delitescency.” Sir W. Scott.

Del•i•tes´cent , a. [L. delitescens, -entis, p. pr. of delitescere to lie hid.] Lying hid; concealed.

De•lit´i•gate , v. i. [L. delitigare to rail. See Litigate.] To chide; to rail heartily. [Obs.]

De•lit•i•ga´tion , n. Chiding; brawl. [Obs.]

De•liv´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delivered p. pr. & vb. n. Delivering.] [F. delivrer, LL. deliberare to liberate, give over, fr. L. de + liberare to set free. See Liberate.] 1. To set free from restraint; to set at liberty; to release; to liberate, as from control; to give up; to free; to save; to rescue from evil actual or feared; — often with from or out of; as to deliver one from captivity, or from fear of death. “He that taketh warning shall deliver his soul.” Ezek. xxxiii. 5. “Promise was that I
Should Israel from Philistian yoke deliver.” Milton. 2. To give or transfer; to yield possession or control of; to part with (to); to make over; to commit; to surrender; to resign; — often with up or over, to or into. “Thou shalt deliver Pharaoh’s cup into his hand.” Gen. xl. 13. “The constables have delivered her over.” Shak. “The exalted mind
All sense of woe delivers to the wind.” Pope. 3. To make over to the knowledge of another; to communicate; to utter; to speak; to impart. “Till he these words to him deliver might.” Spenser. “Whereof the former delivers the precepts of the art, and the latter the perfection.” Bacon. 4. To give forth in action or exercise; to discharge; as to deliver a blow; to deliver a broadside, or a ball. “Shaking his head and delivering some show of tears.” Sidney. “An uninstructed bowler … thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it.” Sir W. Scott. 5. To free from, or disburden of, young; to relieve of a child in childbirth; to bring forth; — often with of. “She was delivered safe and soon.” Gower. “Tully was long ere he could be delivered of a few verses, and those poor ones.” Peacham. 6. To discover; to show. [Poetic] “I ’ll deliver
Myself your loyal servant.” Shak. 7. To deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. To admit; to allow to pass. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — To Deliver, Give Forth, Discharge, Liberate, Pronounce, Utter. Deliver denotes, literally, to set free. Hence the term is extensively applied to cases where a thing is made to pass from a confined state to one of greater freedom or openness. Hence it may, in certain connections, be used as synonymous with any or all of the above-mentioned words, as will be seen from the following examples: One who delivers a package gives it forth; one who delivers a cargo discharges it; one who delivers a captive liberates him; one who delivers a message or a discourse utters or pronounces it; when soldiers deliver their fire, they set it free or give it forth.

De•liv´er, a. [OF. delivre free, unfettered. See Deliver, v. t.] Free; nimble; sprightly; active. [Obs.] “Wonderly deliver and great of strength.” Chaucer.

De•liv´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being, or about to be, delivered; necessary to be delivered. Hale.

De•liv´er•ance , n. [F. delivrance, fr. delivrer.] 1. The act of delivering or freeing from restraint, captivity, peril, and the like; rescue; as the deliverance of a captive. “He hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, to preach deliverance to the captives.” Luke iv. 18. “One death or one deliverance we will share.” Dryden. 2. Act of bringing forth children. [Archaic] Shak. 3. Act of speaking; utterance. [Archaic] Shak. In this and in the preceding sense delivery is the word more commonly used. 4. The state of being delivered, or freed from restraint. “I do desire deliverance from these officers.” Shak. 5. Anything delivered or communicated; esp., an opinion or decision expressed publicly. [Scot.] 6. (Metaph.) Any fact or truth which is decisively attested or intuitively known as a psychological or philosophical datum; as the deliverance of consciousness.

De•liv´er•er , n. 1. One who delivers or rescues; a preserver. 2. One who relates or communicates.

De•liv´er•ess , n. A female deliverer. [R.] Evelyn.

De•liv´er•ly, adv. Actively; quickly; nimbly. [Obs.] “Swim with your bodies,
And carry it sweetly and deliverly.” Beau. & Fl.

De•liv´er•ness, n. Nimbleness; agility. [Obs.]

De•liv´er•y, n.; pl. Deliveries . 1. The act of delivering from restraint; rescue; release; liberation; as the delivery of a captive from his dungeon. 2. The act of delivering up or over; surrender; transfer of the body or substance of a thing; distribution; as the delivery of a fort, of hostages, of a criminal, of goods, of letters. 3. The act or style of utterance; manner of speaking; as a good delivery; a clear delivery. 4. The act of giving birth; parturition; the expulsion or extraction of a fetus and its membranes. 5. The act of exerting one’s strength or limbs. “Neater limbs and freer delivery.” Sir H. Wotton. 6. The act or manner of delivering a ball; as the pitcher has a swift delivery.

Dell , n. [AS. del, akin to E. dale; cf. D. delle, del, low ground. See Dale.] 1. A small, retired valley; a ravine. “In dells and dales, concealed from human sight.” Tickell. 2. A young woman; a wench. [Obs.] “Sweet doxies and dells.” B. Jonson.

Del´la Crus´ca A shortened form of Accademia della Crusca, an academy in Florence, Italy, founded in the 16th century, especially for conserving the purity of the Italian language. The Accademia della Crusca (literally, academy of the bran or chaff) was so called in allusion to its chief object of bolting or purifying the national language.

Del•la•crus´can , a. Of or pertaining to the Accademia della Crusca in Florence. The Dellacruscan School, a name given in satire to a class of affected English writers, most of whom lived in Florence, about a. d. 1785.

De´loo (da´lo), n. (Zoöl.) The duykerbok.

De•loul´ (da•lool´), n. [Prob. of Arabic or Bedouin origin.] (Zoöl.) A special breed of the dromedary used for rapid traveling; the swift camel; — called also herire, and maharik.

Delph , n. Delftware. “Five nothings in five plates of delph.” Swift.

Delph, n. (Hydraul. Engin.) The drain on the land side of a sea embankment. Knight.

Del´phi•an , a. Delphic.

Del´phic , a. [L. Delphicus, fr. Gr. Delfiko•s, fr. Delfoi•, L. Delphi, a town of Phocis, in Greece, now Kastri.] (Gr. Antiq.) 1. Of or relating to Delphi, or to the famous oracle of that place. 2. Ambiguous; mysterious. ´If he is silent or delphic.´ New York Times. { Del´phin , Del´phine } , a. [See Dauphin.] Pertaining to the dauphin of France; as the Delphin classics, an edition of the Latin classics, prepared in the reign of Louis XIV., for the use of the dauphin (in usum Delphini).

Del´phin, n. [L. delphinus a dolphin.] (Chem.) A fatty substance contained in the oil of the dolphin and the porpoise; — called also phocenin.

Del´phine , a. [L. delphinus a dolphin, Gr. delfi•s, delfi•n.] Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of fishes.

Del•phin´ic , a. [See Delphin, n.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the dolphin; phocenic. Delphinic acid. (Chem.) See Valeric acid, under Valeric. [Obs.]

Del•phin´ic, a. [From NL. Delphinium, the name of the genus.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the larkspur; specifically, relating to the stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria).

Del´phi•nine ( 104), n. [Cf. F. delphinine.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid extracted from the stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), as a colorless amorphous powder.

Del´phi•noid , a. [L. delphinus a dolphin + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the dolphin.

Del•phi•noi´de•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cetacea which comprises the dolphins, porpoises, and related forms.

Del•phi´nus , n. [L., a dolphin, fr. Gr. delfi•s, delfi•n.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of Cetacea, including the dolphin. See Dolphin, 1. 2. (Astron.) The Dolphin, a constellation near the equator and east of Aquila.

Del´ta , n.; pl. Deltas (#). [Gr. de•lta, the name of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (the capital form of which is &DELTA;, Eng. D), from the Phœnician name of the corresponding letter. The Greeks called the alluvial deposit at the mouth of the Nile, from its shape, the Delta of the Nile.] A tract of land shaped like the letter delta (&DELTA;), especially when the land is alluvial and inclosed between two or more mouths of a river; as the delta of the Ganges, of the Nile, or of the Mississippi.

Del•ta•fi•ca´tion , n. [Delta + L. facere to make.] The formation of a delta or of deltas. [R.]

Del•ta´ic , a. Relating to, or like, a delta.

Del•thy´ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. de•lta the name of the letter &DELTA; + thy•ra door.] (Zoöl.) A name formerly given to certain Silurian brachiopod shells of the genus Spirifer. Delthyris limestone (Geol.), one of the divisions of the Upper Silurian rocks in New York.

Del´tic , a. Deltaic.

Del•tid´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. de•lta, the letter &DELTA;.] (Zoöl.) The triangular space under the beak of many brachiopod shells.

Del•to•he´dron , n. [Gr. de•lta, the letter &DELTA; + ’e•dra seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A solid bounded by twelve quadrilateral faces. It is a hemihedral form of the isometric system, allied to the tetrahedron.

Del´toid , a. [Gr. deltoeidh•s delta- shaped; de•lta the name of the letter &DELTA; + e’i^dos form: cf. F. deltoïde. See Delta.] Shaped like the Greek &DELTA; (delta); delta-shaped; triangular. Deltoid leaf (Bot.), a leaf in the form of a triangle with the stem inserted at the middle of the base. — Deltoid muscle (Anat.), a triangular muscle in the shoulder which serves to move the arm directly upward.

De•lud´a•ble , a. Capable of being deluded; liable to be imposed on; gullible. Sir T. Browne.

De•lude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Deluding.] [L. deludere, delusum; de- + ludere to play, make sport of, mock. See Ludicrous.] 1. To lead from truth or into error; to mislead the mind or judgment of; to beguile; to impose on; to dupe; to make a fool of. “To delude the nation by an airy phantom.” Burke. 2. To frustrate or disappoint. “It deludes thy search.” Dryden. Syn. — To mislead; deceive; beguile; cajole; cheat; dupe. See Deceive.

De•lud´er , n. One who deludes; a deceiver; an impostor.

Del´uge , n. [F. deluge, L. diluvium, fr. diluere wash away; di- = dis- + luere, equiv. to lavare to wash. See Lave, and cf. Diluvium.] 1. A washing away; an overflowing of the land by water; an inundation; a flood; specifically, The Deluge, the great flood in the days of Noah (Gen. vii.). 2. Fig.: Anything which overwhelms, or causes great destruction. ´The deluge of summer.´ Lowell. “A fiery deluge fed
With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed.” Milton. “As I grub up some quaint old fragment of a [London] street, or a house, or a shop, or tomb or burial ground, which has still survived in the deluge.” F. Harrison. “After me the deluge.
(Apres moi le deluge.)” Madame de Pompadour.

Del´uge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deluged p. pr. & vb. n. Deluging.] 1. To overflow with water; to inundate; to overwhelm. “The deluged earth would useless grow.” Blackmore. 2. To overwhelm, as with a deluge; to cover; to overspread; to overpower; to submerge; to destroy; as the northern nations deluged the Roman empire with their armies; the land is deluged with woe. “At length corruption, like a general flood …
Shall deluge all.” Pope.

De•lun´dung , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian carnivorous mammal (Prionodon gracilis), resembling the civets, but without scent pouches. It is handsomely spotted.

De•lu´sion n. [L. delusio, fr. deludere. See Delude.] 1. The act of deluding; deception; a misleading of the mind. Pope. 2. The state of being deluded or misled. 3. That which is falsely or delusively believed or propagated; false belief; error in belief. “And fondly mourned the dear delusion gone.” Prior. Syn. — Delusion, Illusion. These words both imply some deception practiced upon the mind. Delusion is deception from want of knowledge; illusion is deception from morbid imagination. An illusion is a false show, a mere cheat on the fancy or senses. It is, in other words, some idea or image presented to the bodily or mental vision which does not exist in reality. A delusion is a false judgment, usually affecting the real concerns of life. Or, in other words, it is an erroneous view of something which exists indeed, but has by no means the qualities or attributes ascribed to it. Thus we speak of the illusions of fancy, the illusions of hope, illusive prospects, illusive appearances, etc. In like manner, we speak of the delusions of stockjobbing, the delusions of honorable men, delusive appearances in trade, of being deluded by a seeming excellence. ´A fanatic, either religious or political, is the subject of strong delusions; while the term illusion is applied solely to the visions of an uncontrolled imagination, the chimerical ideas of one blinded by hope, passion, or credulity, or lastly, to spectral and other ocular deceptions, to which the word delusion is never applied.´ Whately.

De•lu´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to delusions; as delusional monomania.

De•lu´sive , a. [See Delude.] Apt or fitted to delude; tending to mislead the mind; deceptive; beguiling; delusory; as delusive arts; a delusive dream. “Delusive and unsubstantial ideas.” Whewell. — De•lu´sive•ly, adv. — De•lu´sive•ness, n.

De•lu´so•ry a. Delusive; fallacious. Glanvill.

Delve v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delved p. pr. & vb. n. Delving.] [AS. delfan to dig; akin to OS. bidelban to bury, D. delven to dig, MHG. telben, and possibly to E. dale. Cf. Delf a mine.] 1. To dig; to open (the ground) as with a spade. “Delve of convenient depth your thrashing floor.” Dryden. 2. To dig into; to penetrate; to trace out; to fathom. “I can not delve him to the root.” Shak.

Delve, v. i. To dig or labor with a spade, or as with a spade; to labor as a drudge. “Delve may I not: I shame to beg.” Wyclif (Luke xvi. 3).

Delve, n. [See Delve, v. t., and cf. Delf a mine.] A place dug; a pit; a ditch; a den; a cave. “Which to that shady delve him brought at last.” Spenser. “The very tigers from their delves
Look out.” Moore.

Delv´er , n. One who digs, as with a spade.

De•mag´net•ize , v. t. 1. To deprive of magnetic properties. See Magnetize. “If the bar be rapidly magnetized and demagnetized.” Am. Cyc. 2. To free from mesmeric influence; to demesmerize. — De•mag•net•i•za´tion, n. — De•mag´net•i•zer (#), n.

Dem´a•gog ( 115), n. Demagogue. { Dem•a•gog´ic , Dem•a•gog´ic•al } a. [Gr. dhmagwkiko•s: cf. F. demagogique.] Relating to, or like, a demagogue; factious.

Dem´a•gog•ism ( 115), n. The practices of a demagogue.

Dem´a•gogue ( 115), n. [Gr. dhmagwgo•s a popular leader; commonly in a bad sense, a leader of the mob; dh^mos the people + ’agwgo•s leading, fr. ’a•gein to lead; akin to E. act: cf. F. demagogue.] A leader of the rabble; one who attempts to control the multitude by specious or deceitful arts; an unprincipled and factious mob orator or political leader.

Dem´a•gog•y , n. [Cf. F. demagogie, Gr. dhmagwgi•a leadership of the people.] Demagogism.

De•main´ , n. [See Demesne.] 1. Rule; management. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) See Demesne.

De•mand´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Demanding.] [F. demander, LL. demandare to demand, summon, send word, fr. L. demandare to give in charge, intrust; de- + mandare to commit to one’s charge, commission, order, command. Cf. Mandate, Commend.] 1. To ask or call for with authority; to claim or seek from, as by authority or right; to claim, as something due; to call for urgently or peremptorily; as to demand a debt; to demand obedience. “This, in our foresaid holy father’s name,
Pope Innocent, I do demand of thee.” Shak. 2. To inquire authoritatively or earnestly; to ask, esp. in a peremptory manner; to question. “I did demand what news from Shrewsbury.” Shak. 3. To require as necessary or useful; to be in urgent need of; hence, to call for; as the case demands care. 4. (Law) To call into court; to summon. Burrill.

De•mand´, v. i. To make a demand; to inquire. “The soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall we do?” Luke iii. 14.

De•mand´, n. [F. demande, fr. demander. See Demand, v. t.] 1. The act of demanding; an asking with authority; a peremptory urging of a claim; a claiming or challenging as due; requisition; as the demand of a creditor; a note payable on demand. “The demand [is] by the word of the holy ones.” Dan. iv. 17. “He that has confidence to turn his wishes into demands will be but a little way from thinking he ought to obtain them.” Locke. 2. Earnest inquiry; question; query. Shak. 3. A diligent seeking or search; manifested want; desire to possess; request; as a demand for certain goods; a person’s company is in great demand. “In 1678 came forth a second edition [Pilgrim’s Progress] with additions; and then the demand became immense.” Macaulay. 4. That which one demands or has a right to demand; thing claimed as due; claim; as demands on an estate. 5. (Law) (a) The asking or seeking for what is due or claimed as due. (b) The right or title in virtue of which anything may be claimed; as to hold a demand against a person. (c) A thing or amount claimed to be due. In demand, in request; being much sought after. — On demand, upon presentation and request of payment.

De•mand´a•ble , a. That may be demanded or claimed. ´All sums demandable.´ Bacon.

De•mand´ant , n. [F. demandant, p. pr. of demander.] One who demands; the plaintiff in a real action; any plaintiff.

De•mand´er , n. One who demands.

De•mand´ress , n. A woman who demands.

De•man´toid , n. [G. demant diamond + -oid.] (Min.) A yellow-green, transparent variety of garnet found in the Urals. It is valued as a gem because of its brilliancy of luster, whence the name.

De•mar´cate , v. t. [See Demarcation.] To mark by bounds; to set the limits of; to separate; to discriminate. Wilkinson.

De•mar•ca´tion , n. [F. demarcation; pref. de- (L. de) + marquer to mark, of German origin. See Mark.] The act of marking, or of ascertaining and setting a limit; separation; distinction. “The speculative line of demarcation, where obedience ought to end and resistance must begin, is faint, obscure, and not easily definable.” Burke.

De•march´ , n. [F. demarche. See March, n.] March; walk; gait. [Obs.]

De•march (de´märk), n. [Gr. dh•marchos; dh^mos people + ’a•rchein to rule.] A chief or ruler of a deme or district in Greece.

De•mar•ka´tion, n. Same as Demarcation.

De•ma•te´ri•al•ize , v. t. To deprive of material or physical qualities or characteristics. “Dematerializing matter by stripping it of everything which … has distinguished matter.” Milman.

Deme (dem), n. [Gr. dh^mos.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A territorial subdivision of Attica (also of modern Greece), corresponding to a township. Jowett (Thucyd.). 2. (Biol.) An undifferentiated aggregate of cells or plastids.

De•mean´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demeaned p. pr. & vb. n. Demeaning.] [OF. demener to conduct, guide, manage, F. se demener to struggle; pref. de- (L. de) + mener to lead, drive, carry on, conduct, fr. L. minare to drive animals by threatening cries, fr. minari to threaten. See Menace.] 1. To manage; to conduct; to treat. “[Our] clergy have with violence demeaned the matter.” Milton. 2. To conduct; to behave; to comport; — followed by the reflexive pronoun. “They have demeaned themselves
Like men born to renown by life or death.” Shak. “They answered … that they should demean themselves according to their instructions.” Clarendon. 3. To debase; to lower; to degrade; — followed by the reflexive pronoun. “Her son would demean himself by a marriage with an artist’s daughter.” Thackeray. This sense is probably due to a false etymology which regarded the word as connected with the adjective mean.

De•mean´ , n. [OF. demene. See Demean, v. t.] 1. Management; treatment. [Obs.] “Vile demean and usage bad.” Spenser. 2. Behavior; conduct; bearing; demeanor. [Obs.] “With grave demean and solemn vanity.” West.

De•mean´, n. [See Demesne.] 1. Demesne. [Obs.] 2. pl. Resources; means. [Obs.] “You know
How narrow our demeans are.” Massinger.

De•mean´ance , n. Demeanor. [Obs.] Skelton.

De•mean´or , n. [Written also demeanour.] [For demeanure, fr. demean. See Demean, v. t.] 1. Management; treatment; conduct. [Obs.] “God commits the managing so great a trust … wholly to the demeanor of every grown man.” Milton. 2. Behavior; deportment; carriage; bearing; mien. “His demeanor was singularly pleasing.” Macaulay. “The men, as usual, liked her artless kindness and simple refined demeanor.” Thackeray.

De•mean´ure , n. Behavior. [Obs.] Spenser.

De´men•cy , n. [L. dementia, fr. demens mad. See Dement.] Dementia; loss of mental powers. See Insanity.

De•ment´ , v. t. [L. dementare, fr. demens, -mentis, out of one’s mind, mad; de + mens mind. See Mental, and cf. Dementate.] To deprive of reason; to make mad. [R.] Bale.

De•ment´, a. [L. demens, - mentis.] Demented; dementate. [R.] J. H. Newman.

De•men´tate , a. [L. dementatus, p. p. See Dement, v. t.] Deprived of reason. “Arise, thou dementate sinner!” Hammond.

De•men´tate v. t. To deprive of reason; to dement. [R.] Burton.

De•men•ta´tion , n. The act of depriving of reason; madness. Whitlock.

De•ment´ed , a. [From Dement.] Insane; mad; of unsound mind. — De•ment´ed•ness, n.

De•men´ti•a , n. [L., fr. demens. See Dement.] Insanity; madness; esp. that form which consists in weakness or total loss of thought and reason; mental imbecility; idiocy.

De•meph´i•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demephitized p. pr. & vb. n. Demephitizing.] [Cf. F. mephitiser to infect with mephitis.] To purify from mephitic or foul air. — De•meph•i•ti•za´tion, n.

De•merge´ , v. t. [L. demergere.] To plunge down into; to sink; to immerse. [Obs.] “The water in which it was demerged.” Boyle.

De•mer´it , n. [F. demerite demerit (in sense 2), OF. demerite demerit (in sense 1), fr. L. demerere to deserve well, LL., to deserve well or ill; de- + merere to deserve. See De-, and Merit.] 1. That which one merits or deserves, either of good or ill; desert. [Obs.] “By many benefits and demerits whereby they obliged their adherents, [they] acquired this reputation.” Holland. 2. That which deserves blame; ill desert; a fault; a vice; misconduct; — the opposite of merit. “They see no merit or demerit in any man or any action.” Burke. “Secure, unless forfeited by any demerit or offense.” Sir W. Temple. 3. The state of one who deserves ill.

De•mer´it, v. t. [Cf. F. demeriter to deserve ill. See Demerit, n.] 1. To deserve; — said in reference to both praise and blame. [Obs.] “If I have demerited any love or thanks.” Udall. “Executed as a traitor … as he well demerited.” State Trials (1645). 2. To depreciate or cry down. [R.] Bp. Woolton.

De•mer´it, v. i. To deserve praise or blame.

De•merse´ , v. t. [L. demersus, p. p. of demergere. See Merge.] To immerse. [Obs.] Boyle.

De•mersed´ , a. (Bot.) Situated or growing under water, as leaves; submersed.

De•mer´sion n. [L. demersio.] 1. The act of plunging into a fluid; a drowning. 2. The state of being overwhelmed in water, or as if in water. Ray.

De•mes´mer•ize , v. t. To relieve from mesmeric influence. See Mesmerize.

De•mesne´ , n. [OE. demeine, demain, rule, demesne, OF. demeine, demaine, demeigne, domaine, power, F. domaine domain, fr. L. dominium property, right of ownership, fr. dominus master, proprietor, owner. See Dame, and cf. Demain, Domain, Danger, Dungeon.] (Law) A lord’s chief manor place, with that part of the lands belonging thereto which has not been granted out in tenancy; a house, and the land adjoining, kept for the proprietor’s own use. [Written also demain.] Wharton’s Law Dict. Burrill. Ancient demesne. (Eng. Law) See under Ancient.

De•mesn´i•al , a. Of or pertaining to a demesne; of the nature of a demesne.

Dem´i- [F. demi-, fr. L. dimidius half; di- = dis- + medius middle. See Medium, and cf. Demy, Dimidiate.] A prefix, signifying half.

De•mi´ , n. See Demy, n.

Dem´i•bas´tion ( 106), n. [Cf. F. demi- bastion.] (Fort.) A half bastion, or that part of a bastion consisting of one face and one flank.

Dem´i•bri•gade´ , n. [Cf. F. demi- brigade.] A half brigade.

Dem´i•ca•dence n. (Mus.) An imperfect or half cadence, falling on the dominant instead of on the key note.

Dem´i•can´non , n. (Mil. Antiq.) A kind of ordnance, carrying a ball weighing from thirty to thirty-six pounds. Shak.

Dem´i•cir•cle , n. [Cf. F. demi- cercle.] An instrument for measuring angles, in surveying, etc. It resembles a protractor, but has an alidade, sights, and a compass.

Dem´i•cul´ver•in , n. (Mil. Antiq.) A kind of ordnance, carrying a ball weighing from nine to thirteen pounds.

Dem´i•de´i•fy v. t. To deify in part. Cowper.

Dem´i•dev•il , n. A half devil. Shak.

Dem´i•god , n. A half god, or an inferior deity; a fabulous hero, the offspring of a deity and a mortal.

Dem´i•god•dess , n. A female demigod.

Dem´i•gorge , n. [Cf. F. demi- gorge.] (Fort.) Half the gorge, or entrance into a bastion, taken from the angle of the flank to the center of the bastion.

Dem´i•grate , v. i. [L. demigrare, demigratum, to emigrate. See De-, and Migrate.] To emigrate. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Dem•i•gra´tion n. [L. demigratio.] Emigration. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dem´i•groat , n. A half groat.

Dem´i-is•land , n. Peninsula. [Obs.] Knolles.

Dem´i•john , n. [F. dame- jeanne, i.e., Lady Jane, a corruption of Ar. damajana, damjana, prob. fr. Damaghan a town in the Persian province of Khorassan, once famous for its glass works.] A glass vessel or bottle with a large body and small neck, inclosed in wickerwork.

Dem´i•lance , n. A light lance; a short spear; a half pike; also a demilancer.

Dem´i•lan•cer , n. A soldier of light cavalry of the 16th century, who carried a demilance.

Dem´i•lune , n. [F. demi- lune.] 1. (Fort.) A work constructed beyond the main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain between two bastions, intended to defend the curtain; a ravelin. See Ravelin. 2. (Physiol.) A crescentic mass of granular protoplasm present in the salivary glands. Each crescent is made of polyhedral cells which under some circumstances are supposed to give rise to new salivary cells.

Dem´i•man , n. A half man. [R.] Knolles.

Dem•i•monde´ , n. [F.; demi + monde world, L. mundus.] Persons of doubtful reputation; esp., women who are kept as mistresses, though not public prostitutes; demireps. Literary demimonde, writers of the lowest kind.

Dem´i•na´tured ( 135), a. Having half the nature of another. [R.] Shak.

Dem´i•qua•ver , n. (Mus.) A note of half the length of the quaver; a semiquaver. [R.] { Dem•i•re•lief´ , Dem•i•re•lie´vo } n. Half relief. See Demi- rilievo.

Dem´i•rep , n. [Contr. fr. demi- reputation.] A woman of doubtful reputation or suspected character; an adventuress. [Colloq.] De Quincey.

Dem´i-ri•lie´vo , n. [Pref. demi- + It. rilievo.] (Fine Arts) (a) Half relief; sculpture in relief of which the figures project from the background by one half their full roundness. (b) A work of sculpture of the above character. See Alto-rilievo.

De•mis•a•bil´i•ty , n. (Law) The state of being demisable.

De•mis´a•ble , a. [From Demise.] (Law) Capable of being leased; as a demisable estate.

De•mise´ , n. [F. demettre, p. p. demis, demise, to put away, lay down; pref. de- (L. de or dis-) + mettre to put, place, lay, fr. L. mittere to send. See Mission, and cf. Dismiss, Demit.] 1. Transmission by formal act or conveyance to an heir or successor; transference; especially, the transfer or transmission of the crown or royal authority to a successor. 2. The decease of a royal or princely person; hence, also the death of any illustrious person. “After the demise of the Queen [of George II.], in 1737, they [drawing- rooms] were held but twice a week.” P. Cunningham. 3. (Law) The conveyance or transfer of an estate, either in fee for life or for years, most commonly the latter. Bouvier. The demise of the crown is a transfer of the crown, royal authority, or kingdom, to a successor. Thus, when Edward IV. was driven from his throne for a few months by the house of Lancaster, this temporary transfer of his dignity was called a demise. Thus the natural death of a king or queen came to be denominated a demise, as by that event the crown is transferred to a successor. Blackstone. Demise and redemise, a conveyance where there are mutual leases made from one to another of the same land, or something out of it. Syn. — Death; decease; departure. See Death.

De•mise´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demised p. pr. & vb. n. Demising.] 1. To transfer or transmit by succession or inheritance; to grant or bestow by will; to bequeath. ´Power to demise my lands.´ Swift. “What honor
Canst thou demise to any child of mine?” Shak. 2. To convey; to give. [R.] “His soul is at his conception demised to him.” Hammond. 3. (Law) To convey, as an estate, by lease; to lease.

Dem•i•sem´i•qua•ver , n. (Mus.) A short note, equal in time to the half of a semiquaver, or the thirty-second part of a whole note.

De•miss´ , a. [L. demissus, p. p. of demittere.] Cast down; humble; submissive. [Obs.] “He down descended like a most demiss
And abject thrall.” Spenser.

De•mis´sion , n. [L. demissio, fr. demittere. See Demit.] 1. The act of demitting, or the state of being demitted; a letting down; a lowering; dejection. ´Demission of mind.´ Hammond. “Demission of sovereign authority.” L’Estrange. 2. Resignation of an office. [Scot.]

De•mis´sion•a•ry , a. 1. Pertaining to transfer or conveyance; as a demissionary deed. 2. Tending to lower, depress, or degrade.

De•miss´ive , a. [See Demiss.] Downcast; submissive; humble. [R.] “They pray with demissive eyelids.” Lord (1630).

De•miss´ly, adv. In a humble manner. [Obs.]

Dem´i•suit , n. (Mil. Antiq.) A suit of light armor covering less than the whole body, as having no protection for the legs below the thighs, no vizor to the helmet, and the like.

De•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Demitting.] [L. demittere to send or bring down, to lower; de- + mittere to send. Cf. Demise.] 1. To let fall; to depress. [R.] “They [peacocks] demit and let fall the same [i. e., their train].” Sir T. Browne. 2. To yield or submit; to humble; to lower; as to demit one’s self to humble duties. [R.] 3. To lay down, as an office; to resign. [Scot.] “General Conway demitted his office.” Hume.

Dem´i•tint , n. (Fine Arts) (a) That part of a painting, engraving, or the like, which is neither in full darkness nor full light. (b) The shade itself; neither the darkest nor the lightest in a composition. Also called half tint.

Dem´i•tone , n. (Mus.) Semitone. [R.]

Dem´i•urge , n. [Gr. dhmioyrgo•s a worker for the people, a workman, especially the maker of the world, the Creator; dh•mios belonging to the people (fr. dh^mos the people) + ’e•rgon a work.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) The chief magistrate in some of the Greek states. 2. God, as the Maker of the world. 3. According to the Gnostics, an agent or one employed by the Supreme Being to create the material universe and man.

Dem•i•ur´gic , a. [Gr. dhmioyrgiko•s.] Pertaining to a demiurge; formative; creative. ´Demiurgic power.´ De Quincey.

Dem´i•vill , n. (Old Law) A half vill, consisting of five freemen or frankpledges. Blackstone.

Dem´i•volt , n. [Cf. F. demi- volte.] (Man.) A half vault; one of the seven artificial motions of a horse, in which he raises his fore legs in a particular manner.

Dem´i•wolf , n. A half wolf; a mongrel dog, between a dog and a wolf. Shak.

De•mob•i•li•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. demobilisation. See Mobilization.] (Mil.) The disorganization or disarming of troops which have previously been mobilized or called into active service; the change from a war footing to a peace footing.

De•mob´i•lize , v. t. [Cf. F. demobiliser.] (Mil.) To disorganize, or disband and send home, as troops which have been mobilized.

De•moc´ra•cy (de•mok´ra•sy), n.; pl. Democracies (- siz). [F. democratie, fr. Gr. dhmokrati•a; dh^mos the people + kratei^n to be strong, to rule, kra•tos strength.] 1. Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is retained and directly exercised by the people. 2. Government by popular representation; a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but is indirectly exercised through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed; a constitutional representative government; a republic. 3. Collectively, the people, regarded as the source of government. Milton. 4. The principles and policy of the Democratic party, so called. [U.S.]

Dem´o•crat (dem´o•krat), n. [Cf. F. democrate.] 1. One who is an adherent or advocate of democracy, or government by the people. “Whatever they call him, what care I,
Aristocrat, democrat, autocrat.” Tennyson. 2. A member of the Democratic party. [U.S.]

Dem•o•crat´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. democratique.] 1. Pertaining to democracy; favoring democracy, or constructed upon the principle of government by the people. 2. Relating to a political party so called. 3. Befitting the common people; — opposed to aristocratic. The Democratic party, the name of one of the chief political parties in the United States.

Dem•o•crat´ic•al , a. Democratic. “The democratical embassy was democratically received.” Algernon Sidney.

Dem•o•crat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a democratic manner.

De•moc´ra•tism , n. The principles or spirit of a democracy. [R.]

De•moc´ra•tist , n. A democrat. [R.] Burke.

De•moc´ra•tize v. t. To render democratic.

De•moc´ra•ty , n. Democracy. [Obs.] Milton.

De•mo•gor´gon (de´mo•gôr•gon or dem´o•gôr•gon), n. [First mentioned by Lutatius, or Lactantius Placidus, the scholiast on Statius, perh. fr. Gr. dai•mwn god, deity + gorgo•s fierce, terrible] A mysterious, terrible, and evil divinity, regarded by some as the author of creation, by others as a great magician who was supposed to command the spirits of the lower world. See Gorgon. “Orcus and Ades, and the dreaded name
Of Demogorgon.” Milton.

De•mog´ra•phy (de•mog´rafy), n. [Gr. dh^mos the people + - graphy.] The study of races, as to births, marriages, mortality, health, etc. — Dem•o•graph´ic, a.

De•moi•selle´ , n. [F. See Damsel.] 1. A young lady; a damsel; a lady’s maid. 2. (Zoöl.) The Numidian crane (Anthropoides virgo); — so called on account of the grace and symmetry of its form and movements. 3. (Zoöl.) A beautiful, small dragon fly of the genus Agrion.

De•mol´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demolished p. pr. & vb. n. Demolishing.] [F. demolir, fr. L. demoliri, p. p. demolitus; de- + moliri to set a thing in motion, to work, construct, from moles a huge mass or structure. See Mole a mound, and Finish.] To throw or pull down; to raze; to destroy the fabric of; to pull to pieces; to ruin; as to demolish an edifice, or a wall. “I expected the fabric of my book would long since have been demolished, and laid even with the ground.” Tillotson. Syn. — To Demolish, Overturn, Destroy, Dismantle, Raze. That is overturned or overthrown which had stood upright; that is destroyed whose component parts are scattered; that is demolished which had formed a mass or structure; that is dismantled which is stripped of its covering, as a vessel of its sails, or a fortress of its bastions, etc.; that is razed which is brought down smooth, and level to the ground. An ancient pillar is overturned or overthrown as the result of decay; a city is destroyed by an invasion of its enemies; a monument, the walls of a castle, a church, or any structure, real or imaginary, may be demolished; a fortress may be dismantled from motives of prudence, in order to render it defenseless; a city may be razed by way of punishment, and its ruins become a memorial of vengeance.

De•mol´ish•er , n. One who, or that which, demolishes; as a demolisher of towns.

De•mol´ish•ment , n. Demolition.

Dem•o•li´tion ( 277), n. [L. demolitio, fr. demoliri: cf. F. demolition. See Demolish.] The act of overthrowing, pulling down, or destroying a pile or structure; destruction by violence; utter overthrow; — opposed to construction; as the demolition of a house, of military works, of a town, or of hopes.

Dem•o•li´tion•ist, n. A demolisher. [R.] Carlyle.

De´mon , n. [F. demon, L. daemon a spirit, an evil spirit, fr. Gr. a divinity; of uncertain origin.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A spirit, or immaterial being, holding a middle place between men and deities in pagan mythology. “The demon kind is of an intermediate nature between the divine and the human.” Sydenham. 2. One’s genius; a tutelary spirit or internal voice; as the demon of Socrates. [Often written daemon.] 3. An evil spirit; a devil. “That same demon that hath gulled thee thus.” Shak.

De´mon•ess , n. A female demon.

De•mon•e•ti•za´tion , n. The act of demonetizing, or the condition of being demonetized.

De•mon´e•tize ( see Monetary), v. t. To deprive of current value; to withdraw from use, as money. “They [gold mohurs] have been completely demonetized by the [East India] Company.” R. Cobden. { De•mo´ni•ac , Dem•o•ni´a•cal ( 277), } a. [L. daemoniacus, fr. daemon; cf. F. demoniaque. See Demon.] 1. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a demon or evil spirit; devilish; as a demoniac being; demoniacal practices. “Sarcastic, demoniacal laughter.” Thackeray. 2. Influenced or produced by a demon or evil spirit; as demoniac or demoniacal power. ´Demoniac frenzy.´ Milton.

De•mo´ni•ac , n. 1. A human being possessed by a demon or evil spirit; one whose faculties are directly controlled by a demon. “The demoniac in the gospel was sometimes cast into the fire.” Bates. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Anabaptists who maintain that the demons or devils will finally be saved.

Dem•o•ni´a•cal•ly , adv. In a demoniacal manner.

Dem•o•ni´a•cism , n. The state of being demoniac, or the practices of demoniacs.

De•mo´ni•al , a. Of or pertaining to a demon. [Obs.] Cudworth.

De•mo´ni•an , a. Relating to, or having the nature of, a demon. ´Demonian spirits.´ Milton.

De•mo´ni•an•ism , n. The state of being possessed by a demon or by demons.

De•mo´ni•asm , n. See Demonianism. [R.]

De•mo´nic , a. [L. daemonicus, Gr. daimoniko•s.] Of or pertaining to a demon or to demons; demoniac. ´Demonic ambushes.´ Lowell.

De´mon•ism , n. [Cf. F. demonisme.] The belief in demons or false gods. “The established theology of the heathen world … rested upon the basis of demonism.” Farmer.

De´mon•ist, n. A believer in, or worshiper of, demons.

De´mon•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demonized p. pr. & vb. n. Demonizing.] [Cf. LL. daemonizare to be possessed by a demon, Gr. .] 1. To convert into a demon; to infuse the principles or fury of a demon into. 2. To control or possess by a demon.

De•mon•oc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. dai•mwn demon + kra•tos strength: cf. F. demonocratie.] The power or government of demons. “A demonocracy of unclean spirits.” H. Taylor.

De•mon•og´ra•pher , n. [Demon + -graph + -er.] A demonologist. [R.] Am. Cyc.

De•mon•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. dai•mwn demon + latrei•a worship, to serve, worship: cf. F. demonolâtrie.] The worship of demons.

De•mon•ol´o•ger , n. One versed in demonology. R. North. { De•mon•o•log´ic , De•mon•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. demonologique.] Of or pertaining to demonology.

De•mon•ol´o•gist , n. One who writes on, or is versed in, demonology.

De•mon•ol´o•gy ( 277), n. [Demon + -logy: cf. F. demonologie.] A treatise on demons; a supposititious science which treats of demons and their manifestations. Sir W. Scott.

De•mon•om´a•gy , n. [Gr. dai•mwn demon + magei•a magic.] Magic in which the aid of demons is invoked; black or infernal magic. Bp. Hurd.

De•mon•o•ma´ni•a , n. [Demon + mania.] A form of madness in which the patient conceives himself possessed of devils.

De•mon´o•mist n. One in subjection to a demon, or to demons. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

De•mon´o•my , n. [Gr. dai•mwn demon + no•mos law.] The dominion of demons. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

De´mon•ry , n. Demoniacal influence or possession. J. Baillie.

De´mon•ship, n. The state of a demon. Mede.

De•mon•stra•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrableness.

De•mon´stra•ble , a. [L. demonstrabilis: cf. OF. demonstrable, F. demontrable.] 1. Capable of being demonstrated; that can be proved beyond doubt or question. “The grand articles of our belief are as demonstrable as geometry.” Glanvill. 2. Proved; apparent. [Obs.] Shak.

De•mon´stra•ble•ness, n. The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrability.

De•mon´stra•bly, adv. In a demonstrable manner; incontrovertibly; clearly. “Cases that demonstrably concerned the public cause.” Clarendon.

De•mon´strance , n. [OF. demonstrance.] Demonstration; proof. [Obs.] Holland.

Dem´on•strate ( 277), v. t. [L. demonstratus, p. p. of demonstrare to demonstrate; de- + monstrare to show. See Monster.] 1. To point out; to show; to exhibit; to make evident. Shak. 2. To show, or make evident, by reasoning or proof; to prove by deduction; to establish so as to exclude the possibility of doubt or denial. “We can not demonstrate these things so as to show that the contrary often involves a contradiction.” Tillotson. 3. (Anat.) To exhibit and explain (a dissection or other anatomical preparation).

Dem´on•stra•ter, n. See Demonstrator.

Dem•on•stra´tion , n. [L. demonstratio: cf. F. demonstration.] 1. The act of demonstrating; an exhibition; proof; especially, proof beyond the possibility of doubt; indubitable evidence, to the senses or reason. “Those intervening ideas which serve to show the agreement of any two others are called ´proofs;´ and where agreement or disagreement is by this means plainly and clearly perceived, it is called demonstration.” Locke. 2. An expression, as of the feelings, by outward signs; a manifestation; a show. “Did your letters pierce the queen to any demonstration of grief?” Shak. “Loyal demonstrations toward the prince.” Prescott. 3. (Anat.) The exhibition and explanation of a dissection or other anatomical preparation. 4. (Mil.) a decisive exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an attack. 5. (Logic) The act of proving by the syllogistic process, or the proof itself. 6. (Math.) A course of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary consequence of assumed premises; — these premises being definitions, axioms, and previously established propositions. Direct, or Positive, demonstration (Logic & Math.), one in which the correct conclusion is the immediate sequence of reasoning from axiomatic or established premises; — opposed to Indirect, or Negative, demonstration (called also reductio ad absurdum), in which the correct conclusion is an inference from the demonstration that any other hypothesis must be incorrect.

De•mon´stra•tive , a. [F. demonstratif, L. demonstrativus.] 1. Having the nature of demonstration; tending to demonstrate; making evident; exhibiting clearly or conclusively. ´Demonstrative figures.´ Dryden. “An argument necessary and demonstrative.” Hooker. 2. Expressing, or apt to express, much; displaying feeling or sentiment; as her nature was demonstrative. 3. Consisting of eulogy or of invective. ´Demonstrative eloquence.´ Blair. Demonstrative pronoun (Gram.), a pronoun distinctly designating that to which it refers.

De•mon´stra•tive, n. (Gram.) A demonstrative pronoun; as ´this´ and ´that´ are demonstratives.

De•mon´stra•tive•ly , adv. In a manner fitted to demonstrate; clearly; convincingly; forcibly.

De•mon´stra•tive•ness, n. The state or quality of being demonstrative.

Dem´on•stra•tor ( 277), n. [L.: cf. F. demonstrateur.] 1. One who demonstrates; one who proves anything with certainty, or establishes it by indubitable evidence. 2. (Anat.) A teacher of practical anatomy.

De•mon´stra•to•ry , a. Tending to demonstrate; demonstrative. Johnson.

De•mor´age ( 48), n. Demurrage. [Obs.] Pepys (1663).

De•mor•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. demoralisation.] The act of corrupting or subverting morals. Especially: The act of corrupting or subverting discipline, courage, hope, etc., or the state of being corrupted or subverted in discipline, courage, etc.; as the demoralization of an army or navy.

De•mor´al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demoralized p. pr. & vb. n. Demoralizing.] [F. demoraliser; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + moraliser. See Moralize.] To corrupt or undermine in morals; to destroy or lessen the effect of moral principles on; to render corrupt or untrustworthy in morals, in discipline, in courage, spirit, etc.; to weaken in spirit or efficiency. “The demoralizing example of profligate power and prosperous crime.” Walsh. “The vices of the nobility had demoralized the army.” Bancroft.

Dem•os•then´ic , a. [L. Demosthenicus: cf. F. Demosthenique.] Pertaining to, or in the style of, Demosthenes, the Grecian orator.

De•mot´ic , a. [Gr. dhmotiko•s, fr. dh^mos the people: cf. F. demotique.] Of or pertaining to the people; popular; common. Demotic alphabet or character, a form of writing used in Egypt after six or seven centuries before Christ, for books, deeds, and other such writings; a simplified form of the hieratic character; — called also epistolographic character, and enchorial character. See Enchorial.

De•mount´ , v. i. To dismount. [R.]

Demp´ne v. t. To damn; to condemn. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Demp´ster ( 215), Dem´ster } n. [See Deemster.] 1. A deemster. 2. (O. Scots Law) An officer whose duty it was to announce the doom or sentence pronounced by the court.

De•mulce´ , v. t. [L. demulcere; de- + mulcere to stroke, soothe.] To soothe; to mollify; to pacify; to soften. [R.] Sir T. Elyot.

De•mul´cent , a. [L. demulcens, p. pr. of demulcere.] Softening; mollifying; soothing; assuasive; as oil is demulcent.

De•mul´cent, n. (Med.) A substance, usually of a mucilaginous or oily nature, supposed to be capable of soothing an inflamed nervous membrane, or protecting it from irritation. Gum Arabic, glycerin, olive oil, etc., are demulcents.

De•mul´sion , n. The act of soothing; that which soothes. Feltham.

De•mur´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Demurred p. pr. & vb. n. Demurring.] [OF. demurer, demorer, demourer, to linger, stay, F. demeurer, fr. L. demorari; de- + morari to delay, tarry, stay, mora delay; prob. originally, time for thinking, reflection, and akin to memor mindful. See Memory.] 1. To linger; to stay; to tarry. [Obs.] “Yet durst not demur nor abide upon the camp.” Nicols. 2. To delay; to pause; to suspend proceedings or judgment in view of a doubt or difficulty; to hesitate; to put off the determination or conclusion of an affair. “Upon this rub, the English embassadors thought fit to demur.” Hayward. 3. To scruple or object; to take exception; as I demur to that statement. 4. (Law) To interpose a demurrer. See Demurrer, 2.

De•mur´, v. t. 1. To suspend judgment concerning; to doubt of or hesitate about. [Obs.] “The latter I demur, for in their looks
Much reason, and in their actions, oft appears.” Milton. 2. To cause delay to; to put off. [Obs.] “He demands a fee,
And then demurs me with a vain delay.” Quarles.

De•mur´, n. [OF. demor, demore, stay, delay. See Demur, v. i.] Stop; pause; hesitation as to proceeding; suspense of decision or action; scruple. “All my demurs but double his attacks;
At last he whispers, ´Do; and we go snacks.´” Pope.

De•mure´ , a. [Perh. from OF. de murs (i. e., de bonnes murs of good manners); de of + murs, mours, meurs, mors, F. murs, fr. L. mores (sing. mos) manners, morals (see Moral); or more prob. fr. OF. meür, F. mûr mature, ripe (see Mature) in a phrase preceded by de, as de mûre conduite of mature conduct.] 1. Of sober or serious mien; composed and decorous in bearing; of modest look; staid; grave. “Sober, steadfast, and demure.” Milton. “Nan was very much delighted in her demure way, and that delight showed itself in her face and in her clear bright eyes.” W. Black. 2. Affectedly modest, decorous, or serious; making a show of gravity. “A cat lay, and looked so demure, as if there had been neither life nor soul in her.” L’Estrange. “Miss Lizzy, I have no doubt, would be as demure and coquettish, as if ten winters more had gone over her head.” Miss Mitford.

De•mure´, v. i. To look demurely. [Obs.] Shak.

De•mure´ly, adv. In a demure manner; soberly; gravely; — now, commonly, with a mere show of gravity or modesty. “They … looked as demurely as they could; for ’t was a hanging matter to laugh unseasonably.” Dryden.

De•mure´ness (de•mur´nes), n. The state of being demure; gravity; the show of gravity or modesty.

De•mur´i•ty (de•mur´i•ty), n. Demureness; also one who is demure. Sir T. Browne.

De•mur´ra•ble (de•mûr´ra•b’l), a. That may be demurred to. Stormonth.

De•mur´rage , n. [Cf. OF. demorage delay. See Demur.] (Law) (a) The detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed in her charter party for loading, unloading, or sailing. (b) The allowance made to the master or owner of the ship for such delay or detention. “The claim for demurrage ceases as soon as the ship is cleared out and ready for sailing.” M•Culloch. The term is also applied to similar delays and allowances in land carriage, by wagons, railroads, etc.

De•mur´ral , n. Demur; delay in acting or deciding. “The same causes of demurral existed which prevented British troops from assisting in the expulsion of the French from Rome.” Southey.

De•mur´rer , n. 1. One who demurs. 2. (Law) A stop or pause by a party to an action, for the judgment of the court on the question, whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defense, and hence whether the party resting is bound to answer or proceed further. Demurrer to evidence, an exception taken by a party to the evidence offered by the opposite party, and an objecting to proceed further, on the allegation that such evidence is not sufficient in law to maintain the issue, and a reference to the court to determine the point. Bouvier.

De•my´ , n.; pl. Demies (#). [See Demi-.] 1. A printing and a writing paper of particular sizes. See under Paper. 2. A half fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford. [Written also demi.] “He was elected into Magdalen College as a demy; a term by which that society denominates those elsewhere called ´scholars,´ young men who partake of the founder’s benefaction, and succeed in their order to vacant fellowships.” Johnson.

De•my´, a. Pertaining to, or made of, the size of paper called demy; as a demy book.

Den , n. [AS. denn; perh. akin to G. tenne floor, thrashing floor, and to AS. denu valley.] 1. A small cavern or hollow place in the side of a hill, or among rocks; esp., a cave used by a wild beast for shelter or concealment; as a lion’s den; a den of robbers. 2. A squalid place of resort; a wretched dwelling place; a haunt; as a den of vice. ´Those squalid dens, which are the reproach of great capitals.´ Addison. 3. Any snug or close retreat where one goes to be alone. [Colloq.] 4. [AS. denu.] A narrow glen; a ravine; a dell. [Old Eng. & Scotch] Shak.

Den, v. i. To live in, or as in, a den. “The sluggish salvages that den below.” G. Fletcher.

De•nar´co•tize , v. t. To deprive of narcotine; as to denarcotize opium. — De•nar•co•ti•za´tion (#), n.

De•na´ri•us , n.; pl. Denarii (#). [L. See 2d Denier.] A Roman silver coin of the value of about fourteen cents; the ´penny´ of the New Testament; — so called from being worth originally ten of the pieces called as.

Den´a•ry , a. [L. denarius. See 2d Denier.] Containing ten; tenfold; proceeding by tens; as the denary, or decimal, scale.

Den´a•ry, n. 1. The number ten; a division into ten. 2. A coin; the Anglicized form of denarius. Udall.

De•na•tion•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. denationalisation.] The act or process of denationalizing.

De•na´tion•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denationalized p. pr. & vb. n. Denationalizing.] [Cf. F. denationaliser.] To divest or deprive of national character or rights. “Bonaparte’s decree denationalizes, as he calls it, all ships that have touched at a British port.” Cobbett. “An expatriated, denationalized race.” G. Eliot.

De•nat´u•ral•ize ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denaturalized p. pr. & vb. n. Denaturalizing.] [Cf. F. denaturaliser.] 1. To render unnatural; to alienate from nature. 2. To renounce the natural rights and duties of; to deprive of citizenship; to denationalize. [R.] “They also claimed the privilege, when aggrieved, of denaturalizing themselves, or, in other words, of publicly renouncing their allegiance to their sovereign, and of enlisting under the banners of his enemy.” Prescott.

De•nay´ , v. t. [See Deny.] To deny. [Obs.] “That with great rage he stoutly doth denay.” Spenser.

De•nay´, n. Denial; refusal. [Obs.] Shak.

Den´dra•chate , n. [L. dendrachates; Gr. de•ndron a tree + agate: cf. F. dendrachate, dendragate.] (Min.) Arborescent or dendritic agate.

Den´dri•form , a. [Gr. de•ndron tree + -form.] Resembling in structure a tree or shrub.

Den´drite , n. [Gr. dendri•ths, fem. dendri^tis, of a tree, fr. de•ndron a tree: cf. F. dendrite.] (Min.) A stone or mineral on or in which are branching figures resembling shrubs or trees, produced by a foreign mineral, usually an oxide of manganese, as in the moss agate; also a crystallized mineral having an arborescent form, e. g., gold or silver; an arborization. { Den•drit´ic , Den•drit´ic•al } a. Pertaining to a dendrite, or to arborescent crystallization; having a form resembling a shrub or tree; arborescent.

Den•dro•cœ´la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ndron tree + koi^los hollow.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Turbellaria in which the digestive cavity gives off lateral branches, which are often divided into smaller branchlets. { Den´droid , Den•droid´al } a. [Gr. treelike; de•ndron tree + form: cf. F. dendroïde.] Resembling a shrub or tree in form; treelike.

Den´dro•lite , n. [Gr. de•ndron tree + -lite: cf. F. dendrolithe.] (Paleon.) A petrified or fossil shrub, plant, or part of a plant.

Den•drol´o•gist , n. One versed in the natural history of trees.

Den•drol´o•gous , a. Relating to dendrology.

Den•drol´o•gy , n. [Gr. de•ndron tree + -logy: cf. F. dendrologie.] A discourse or treatise on trees; the natural history of trees.

Den•drom´e•ter , n. [Gr. de•ndron tree + -meter: cf. F. dendromètre.] An instrument to measure the height and diameter of trees.

Den´e•gate , v. t. [L. denegatus, p. p. of denegare. See Deny.] To deny. [Obs.]

Den•e•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. denegation.] Denial. [Obs.]

Den´gue (den´ga), n. [See Note, below.] (Med.) A specific epidemic disease attended with high fever, cutaneous eruption, and severe pains in the head and limbs, resembling those of rheumatism; — called also breakbone fever. It occurs in India, Egypt, the West Indies, etc., is of short duration, and rarely fatal. This disease, when it first appeared in the British West India Islands, was called the dandy fever, from the stiffness and constraint which it grave to the limbs and body. The Spaniards of the neighboring islands mistook the term for their word dengue, denoting prudery, which might also well express stiffness, and hence the term dengue became, as last, the name of the disease. Tully.

De•ni´a•ble , a. [See Deny.] Capable of being, or liable to be, denied.

De•ni´al , n. [See Deny.] 1. The act of gainsaying, refusing, or disowning; negation; — the contrary of affirmation. “You ought to converse with so much sincerity that your bare affirmation or denial may be sufficient.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. A refusal to admit the truth of a statement, charge, imputation, etc.; assertion of the untruth of a thing stated or maintained; a contradiction. 3. A refusal to grant; rejection of a request. “The commissioners, … to obtain from the king’s subjects as much as they would willingly give, … had not to complain of many peremptory denials.” Hallam. 4. A refusal to acknowledge; disclaimer of connection with; disavowal; — the contrary of confession; as the denial of a fault charged on one; a denial of God. Denial of one’s self, a declining of some gratification; restraint of one’s appetites or propensities; self- denial.

De•ni´ance , n. Denial. [Obs.] E. Hall.

De•ni´er , n. One who denies; as a denier of a fact, or of the faith, or of Christ.

De•nier´ , n. [F. denier, fr. L. denarius a Roman silver coin orig. equiv. to ten asses, later, a copper, fr. deni ten by ten, fr. the root of decem ten; akin to E. ten. See Ten, and cf. Denary, Dinar.] A small copper coin of insignificant value. “My dukedom to a beggarly denier.” Shak.

Den´i•grate , v. t. [L. denigrare; de- + nigrare to blacken, niger black.] 1. To blacken thoroughly; to make very black. Boyle. 2. Fig.: To blacken or sully; to defame. [R.] “To denigrate the memory of Voltaire.” Morley.

Den•i•gra´tion , n. [L. denigratio.] 1. The act of making black. Boyle. 2. Fig.: A blackening; defamation. “The vigorous denigration of science.” Morley.

Den´i•gra•tor , n. One who, or that which, blackens.

Den´im (den´im), n. [Of uncertain origin.] A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, etc.

Den•i•tra´tion , n. [Pref. de- + nitrate.] A disengaging, or removal, of nitric acid.

De•ni•tri•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or process of freeing from nitrogen; also the condition resulting from the removal of nitrogen.

De•ni´tri•fy , v. t. [Pref. de- + nitrogen + -fy.] To deprive of, or free from, nitrogen.

Den•i•za´tion , n. The act of making one a denizen or adopted citizen; naturalization. Hallam.

De•nize´ (de•niz´), v. t. To make a denizen; to confer the rights of citizenship upon; to naturalize. [Obs.] “There was a private act made for denizing the children of Richard Hills.” Strype.

Den´i•zen (den´i•z’n), n. [OF. denzein, deinzein, prop., one living (a city or country); opposed to forain foreign, and fr. denz within, F. dans, fr. L. de intus, prop., from within, intus being from in in. See In, and cf. Foreign.] 1. A dweller; an inhabitant. ´Denizens of air.´ Pope. “Denizens of their own free, independent state.” Sir W. Scott. 2. One who is admitted by favor to all or a part of the rights of citizenship, where he did not possess them by birth; an adopted or naturalized citizen. 3. One admitted to residence in a foreign country. “Ye gods,
Natives, or denizens, of blest abodes.” Dryden.

Den´i•zen, v. t. 1. To constitute (one) a denizen; to admit to residence, with certain rights and privileges. “As soon as denizened, they domineer.” Dryden. 2. To provide with denizens; to populate with adopted or naturalized occupants. “There [islets] were at once denizened by various weeds.” J. D. Hooker.

Den•i•zen•a´tion , n. Denization; denizening. Abbott.

Den´i•zen•ize , v. t. To constitute (one) a denizen; to denizen. Abbott.

Den´i•zen•ship, n. State of being a denizen.

Den´mark sat´in See under Satin.

Den´net , n. A light, open, two-wheeled carriage for one horse; a kind of gig. (´The term and vehicle common about 1825.´ Latham.)

De•nom´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being denominated or named. Sir T. Browne.

De•nom´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denominated p. pr. & vb. n. Denominating ] [L. denominatus, p. p. of denominare to name; de- + nominare to call by name. See Nominate.] To give a name to; to characterize by an epithet; to entitle; to name; to designate. “Passions commonly denominating selfish.” Hume.

De•nom´i•nate , a. [L. denominatus, p. p.] Having a specific name or denomination; specified in the concrete as opposed to abstract; thus, 7 feet is a denominate quantity, while 7 is mere abstract quantity or number. See Compound number, under Compound.

De•nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. denominatio metonymy: cf. F. denomination a naming.] 1. The act of naming or designating. 2. That by which anything is denominated or styled; an epithet; a name, designation, or title; especially, a general name indicating a class of like individuals; a category; as the denomination of units, or of thousands, or of fourths, or of shillings, or of tons. “Those [qualities] which are classed under the denomination of sublime.” Burke. 3. A class, or society of individuals, called by the same name; a sect; as a denomination of Christians. Syn. — Name; appellation; title. See Name.

De•nom•i•na´tion•al , a. Pertaining to a denomination, especially to a sect or society. ´Denominational differences.´ Buckle.

De•nom•i•na´tion•al•ism , n. A denominational or class spirit or policy; devotion to the interests of a sect or denomination.

De•nom•i•na´tion•al•ist, n. One imbued with a denominational spirit. The Century.

De•nom•i•na´tion•al•ly, adv. In a denominational manner; by denomination or sect.

De•nom•i•na´tive , a. [Cf. F. denominatif.] 1. Conferring a denomination or name. 2. (Logic) Connotative; as a denominative name. 3. Possessing, or capable of possessing, a distinct denomination or designation; denominable. “The least denominative part of time is a minute.” Cocker. 4. (Gram.) Derived from a substantive or an adjective; as a denominative verb.

De•nom•i•na´tive, n. A denominative name or term; denominative verb. Jer. Taylor. Harkness.

De•nom•i•na´tive•ly, adv. By denomination.

De•nom´i•na•tor , n. [Cf. F. denominateur.] 1. One who, or that which, gives a name; origin or source of a name. “This opinion that Aram … was the father and denomination of the Syrians in general.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. (Arith.) That number placed below the line in vulgar fractions which shows into how many parts the integer or unit is divided. Thus, in &frac35;, 5 is the denominator, showing that the integer is divided into five parts; and the numerator, 3, shows how many parts are taken. 3. (Alg.) That part of any expression under a fractional form which is situated below the horizontal line signifying division. In this sense, the denominator is not necessarily a number, but may be any expression, either positive or negative, real or imaginary. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. )

De•not´a•ble , a. [From Denote.] Capable of being denoted or marked. Sir T. Browne.

De•no´tate , v. t. [L. denotatus, p. p. of denotare.] To mark off; to denote. [Archaic] “These terms denotate a longer time.” Burton. “What things should be denotated and signified by the color.” Urquhart.

De•no•ta´tion , n. [L. denotatio: cf. F. denotation.] The marking off or separation of anything. Hammond.

De•not´a•tive , a. Having power to denote; designating or marking off. “Proper names are preëminently denotative; telling us that such as object has such a term to denote it, but telling us nothing as to any single attribute.” Latham.

De•note´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Denoting.] [L. denotare; de- + notare to mark, nota mark, sign, note: cf. F. denoter. See Note.] 1. To mark out plainly; to signify by a visible sign; to serve as the sign or name of; to indicate; to point out; as the hands of the clock denote the hour. “The better to denote her to the doctor.” Shak. 2. To be the sign of; to betoken; to signify; to mean. “A general expression to denote wickedness of every sort.” Gilpin.

De•note´ment , n. Sign; indication. [R.] A word found in some editions of Shakespeare.

De•not´ive , a. Serving to denote.

De•noue•ment´ , n. [F. denouement, fr. denouer to untie; pref. de- (L. dis-) + nouer to tie, fr. L. nodus knot, perh. for gnodus and akin to E. knot.] 1. The unraveling or discovery of a plot; the catastrophe, especially of a drama or a romance. 2. The solution of a mystery; issue; outcome.

De•nounce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denounced p. pr. & vb. n. Denouncing.] [F. denoncer, OF. denoncier, fr. L. denuntiare, denunciare; de- + nunciare, nuntiare, to announce, report, nuntius a messenger, message. See Nuncio, and cf. Denunciate.] 1. To make known in a solemn or official manner; to declare; to proclaim (especially an evil). [Obs.] “Denouncing wrath to come.” Milton. “I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish.” Deut. xxx. 18. 2. To proclaim in a threatening manner; to threaten by some outward sign or expression. “His look denounced desperate.” Milton. 3. To point out as deserving of reprehension or punishment, etc.; to accuse in a threatening manner; to invoke censure upon; to stigmatize. “Denounced for a heretic.” Sir T. More. “To denounce the immoralities of Julius Caesar.” Brougham.

De•nounce´ment , n. [Cf. OF. denoncement.] Solemn, official, or menacing announcement; denunciation. [Archaic] “False is the reply of Cain, upon the denouncement of his curse.” Sir T. Browne.

De•noun´cer n. One who denounces, or declares, as a menace. “Here comes the sad denouncer of my fate.” Dryden.

Dense , a. [L. densus; akin to Gr. thick with hair or leaves: cf. F. dense.] 1. Having the constituent parts massed or crowded together; close; compact; thick; containing much matter in a small space; heavy; opaque; as a dense crowd; a dense forest; a dense fog. “All sorts of bodies, firm and fluid, dense and rare.” Ray. “To replace the cloudy barrier dense.” Cowper. 2. Stupid; gross; crass; as dense ignorance.

Dense´ly, adv. In a dense, compact manner.

Dense´ness, n. The quality of being dense; density.

Den•sim´e•ter , n. [L. densus dense + -meter: cf. F. densimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity or density of a substance.

Den´si•ty (den´si•ty), n. [L. densitas; cf. F. densite.] 1. The quality of being dense, close, or thick; compactness; — opposed to rarity. 2. (Physics) The ratio of mass, or quantity of matter, to bulk or volume, esp. as compared with the mass and volume of a portion of some substance used as a standard. For gases the standard substance is hydrogen, at a temperature of 0° Centigrade and a pressure of 760 millimeters. For liquids and solids the standard is water at a temperature of 4° Centigrade. The density of solids and liquids is usually called specific gravity, and the same is true of gases when referred to air as a standard. 3. (Photog.) Depth of shade. Abney.

Dent (dent), n. [A variant of Dint.] 1. A stroke; a blow. [Obs.] ´That dent of thunder.´ Chaucer. 2. A slight depression, or small notch or hollow, made by a blow or by pressure; an indentation. “A blow that would have made a dent in a pound of butter.” De Quincey.

Dent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dented; p. pr. & vb. n. Denting.] To make a dent upon; to indent. “The houses dented with bullets.” Macaulay.

Dent, n. [F., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth. See Tooth.] (Mach.) A tooth, as of a card, a gear wheel, etc. Knight.

Den´tal (den´tal), a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. dental. See Tooth.] 1. Of or pertaining to the teeth or to dentistry; as dental surgery. 2. (Phon.) Formed by the aid of the teeth; — said of certain articulations and the letters representing them; as d and t are dental letters. Dental formula (Zoöl.), a brief notation used by zoölogists to denote the number and kind of teeth of a mammal. — Dental surgeon, a dentist.

Den´tal, n. [Cf. F. dentale. See Dental, a.] 1. An articulation or letter formed by the aid of the teeth. 2. (Zoöl.) A marine mollusk of the genus Dentalium, with a curved conical shell resembling a tooth. See Dentalium.

Den´tal•ism (-iz’m), n. The quality of being formed by the aid of the teeth.

Den•ta´li•um , n. [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine mollusks belonging to the Scaphopoda, having a tubular conical shell.

Den´ta•ry , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or bearing, teeth. — n. The distal bone of the lower jaw in many animals, which may or may not bear teeth. { Den´tate (den´tat), Den´ta•ted (- ta•ted), } a. [L. dentatus, fr. dens, dentis, tooth.] 1. (Bot.) Toothed; especially, with the teeth projecting straight out, not pointed either forward or backward; as a dentate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Having teeth or toothlike points. See Illust. of Antennae.

Den´tate-cil´i•ate , a. (Bot.) Having the margin dentate and also ciliate or fringed with hairs.

Den´tate•ly , adv. In a dentate or toothed manner; as dentately ciliated, etc.

Den´tate-sin´u•ate , a. (Bot.) Having a form intermediate between dentate and sinuate.

Den•ta´tion , n. Formation of teeth; toothed form. [R.] “How did it [a bill] get its barb, its dentation?” Paley.

Dent´ed , a. [From Dent, v. t.] Indented; impressed with little hollows.

Dent´el , n. Same as Dentil.

Den•telle´ , n. [F.] (Bookbinding) An ornamental tooling like lace. Knight.

Den•tel´li , n. pl. [It., sing. dentello, prop., little tooth, dim. of dente tooth, L. dens, dentis. Cf. Dentil.] Modillions. Spectator.

Den´tex , n. [NL., cf. L. dentix a sort of sea fish.] (Zoöl.) An edible European marine fish (Sparus dentex, or Dentex vulgaris) of the family Percidae.

Den•ti•ce´te , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth + cetus, pl. cete, whale, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) The division of Cetacea in which the teeth are developed, including the sperm whale, dolphins, etc.

Den´ti•cle , n. [L. denticulus a little tooth, dim. of dens, dentis, tooth. See Dental, and cf. Dentelli.] A small tooth or projecting point. { Den•tic´u•late , Den•tic´u•la•ted } a. [L. denticulatus, fr. denticulus. See Denticle.] Furnished with denticles; notched into little toothlike projections; as a denticulate leaf of calyx. — Den•tic´u•late•ly (#), adv.

Den•tic•u•la´tion , n. 1. The state of being set with small notches or teeth. Grew. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A diminutive tooth; a denticle.

Den•tif´er•ous , a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -ferous.] Bearing teeth; dentigerous.

Den´ti•form , a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -form: cf. F. dentiforme.] Having the form of a tooth or of teeth; tooth-shaped.

Den´ti•frice , n. [L. dentifricium; dens, dentis, tooth + fricare to rub: cf. F. dentifrice. See Tooth, and Friction.] A powder or other substance to be used in cleaning the teeth; tooth powder.

Den•tig´er•ous , a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -gerous.] Bearing teeth or toothlike structures.

Den´til , n. [LL. dentillus, for L. denticulus. Cf. Dentelli, Denticle, Dentile.] (Arch.) A small square block or projection in cornices, a number of which are ranged in an ornamental band; — used particularly in the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders.

Den•ti•la´bi•al , a. Formed by the teeth and the lips, or representing a sound so formed. — n. A dentilabial sound or letter.

Den´ti•la•ted , a. Toothed.

Den•ti•la´tion , n. Dentition.

Den´ti•lave , n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + lavare to wash.] A wash for cleaning the teeth.

Den´tile , n. [LL. dentillus, for L. denticulus. See Dentil.] (Zoöl.) A small tooth, like that of a saw.

Den•ti•lin´gual , a. [L. dens tooth + E. lingual.] Produced by applying the tongue to the teeth or to the gums; or representing a sound so formed. — n. A dentilingual sound or letter. “The letters of this fourth, dentilingual or linguidental, class, viz., d, t, s, z, l, r.” Am. Cyc.

Den•til´o•quist , n. One who speaks through the teeth, that is, with the teeth closed.

Den•til´o•quy , n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + loqui to speak.] The habit or practice of speaking through the teeth, or with them closed.

Den´ti•nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to dentine.

Den´tine (-tin), n. [Cf. F. dentine.] (Anat.) The dense calcified substance of which teeth are largely composed. It contains less animal matter than bone, and in the teeth of man is situated beneath the enamel.

Den´ti•phone (den´ti•fon), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + Gr. fwnh• sound.] An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve; an audiphone. Knight.

Den•ti•ros´ter , n.; pl. Dentirostres (#). [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth + rostrum bill, beak: cf. F. dentirostre.] (Zoöl.) A dentirostral bird.

Den•ti•ros´tral , a. (Zoöl.) Having a toothed bill; — applied to a group of passerine birds, having the bill notched, and feeding chiefly on insects, as the shrikes and vireos. See Illust. (N) under Beak.

Den•ti•ros´trate , a. Dentirostral.

Den´ti•scalp , n. [L. dens tooth + scalpere to scrape.] An instrument for scraping the teeth.

Den´tist , n. [From L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. dentiste. See Tooth.] One whose business it is to clean, extract, or repair natural teeth, and to make and insert artificial ones; a dental surgeon. { Den•tis´tic , Den•tis´ti•cal } a. Pertaining to dentistry or to dentists. [R.]

Den´tist•ry , n. The art or profession of a dentist; dental surgery.

Den•ti´tion , n. [L. dentitio, fr. dentire to cut teeth, fr. dens, dentis, tooth. See Dentist.] 1. The development and cutting of teeth; teething. 2. (Zoöl.) The system of teeth peculiar to an animal.

Den´tize , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dentized p. pr. & vb. n. Dentizing.] [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] To breed or cut new teeth. [R.] “The old countess … did dentize twice or thrice.” Bacon.

Den´toid , a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -oid.] Shaped like a tooth; tooth- shaped.

Den•to•lin´gual , a. Dentilingual.

Den´ture ( 135), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. denture, OF. denteure.] (Dentistry) An artificial tooth, block, or set of teeth.

De•nud´ate , v. t. [L. denudatus, p. p. of denudare. See Denude.] To denude. [Obs. or R.]

Den•u•da´tion ( 277), n. [L. denudatio: cf. F. denudation.] 1. The act of stripping off covering, or removing the surface; a making bare. 2. (Geol.) The laying bare of rocks by the washing away of the overlying earth, etc.; or the excavation and removal of them by the action of running water.

De•nude´ , v. t. [L. denudare; de- + nudare to make naked or bare, nudus naked. See Nude.] To divest of all covering; to make bare or naked; to strip; to divest; as to denude one of clothing, or lands.

De•nun´ci•ate , v. t. [L. denuntiatus, denunciatus, p. p. of denuntiare, -ciare. See Denounce.] To denounce; to condemn publicly or solemnly. [R.] “To denunciate this new work.” Burke.

De•nun•ci•a´tion , n. [L. denuntiatio, -ciatio.] 1. Proclamation; announcement; a publishing. [Obs.] “Public … denunciation of banns before marriage.” Bp. Hall. 2. The act of denouncing; public menace or accusation; the act of inveighing against, stigmatizing, or publicly arraigning; arraignment. 3. That by which anything is denounced; threat of evil; public menace or accusation; arraignment. “Uttering bold denunciations of ecclesiastical error.” Motley.

De•nun´ci•a•tive , a. [L. denuntiativus, -ciativus, monitory.] Same as Denunciatory. Farrar.

De•nun´ci•a•tor , n. [L. denuntiator, -ciator, a police officer.] One who denounces, publishes, or proclaims, especially intended or coming evil; one who threatens or accuses.

De•nun´ci•a•to•ry , a. Characterized by or containing a denunciation; minatory; accusing; threatening; as severe and denunciatory language.

De•nu•tri´tion , n. (Physiol.) The opposition of nutrition; the failure of nutrition causing the breaking down of tissue.

De•ny´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denied p. pr. & vb. n. Denying.] [OE. denien, denaien, OF. denier, deneer, F. denier, fr. L. denegare; de- + negare to say no, deny. See Negation.] 1. To declare not to be true; to gainsay; to contradict; — opposed to affirm, allow, or admit. We deny what another says, or we deny the truth of an assertion, the force of it, or the assertion itself. 2. To refuse (to do something or to accept something); to reject; to decline; to renounce. [Obs.] ´If you deny to dance.´ Shak. 3. To refuse to grant; to withhold; to refuse to gratify or yield to; as to deny a request. “Who finds not Providence all good and wise,
Alike in what it gives, and what denies?” Pope. “To some men, it is more agreeable to deny a vicious inclination, than to gratify it.” J. Edwards. 4. To disclaim connection with, responsibility for, and the like; to refuse to acknowledge; to disown; to abjure; to disavow. “The falsehood of denying his opinion.” Bancroft. “Thou thrice denied, yet thrice beloved.” Keble. To deny one’s self, to decline the gratification of appetites or desires; to practice self- denial. “Let him deny himself, and take up his cross.” Matt. xvi. 24.

De•ny´, v. i. To answer in negative; to declare an assertion not to be true. “Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid.” Gen. xviii. 15.

De•ny´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of one denies a request. Tennyson.

De•ob•struct´ , v. t. To remove obstructions or impediments in; to clear from anything that hinders the passage of fluids; as to deobstruct the pores or lacteals. Arbuthnot.

De•ob´stru•ent , a. (Med.) Removing obstructions; having power to clear or open the natural ducts of the fluids and secretions of the body; aperient. — n. (Med.) A medicine which removes obstructions; an aperient.

De´o•dand , n. [LL. deodandum, fr. L. Deo dandum to be given to God.] (Old Eng. Law) A personal chattel which had caused the death of a person, and for that reason was given to God, that is, forfeited to the crown, to be applied to pious uses, and distributed in alms by the high almoner. Thus, if a cart ran over a man and killed him, it was forfeited as a deodand. Deodands are unknown in American law, and in 1846 were abolished in England.

De•o•dar´ , n. [Native name, fr. Skr. devadaru, prop., timber of the gods.] (Bot.) A kind of cedar (Cedrus Deodara), growing in India, highly valued for its size and beauty as well as for its timber, and also grown in England as an ornamental tree.

De´o•date , n. [L. Deo to God (Deus God) + datum thing given.] A gift or offering to God. [Obs.] “Wherein that blessed widow’s deodate was laid up.” Hooker.

De•o´dor•ant , n. A deodorizer.

De•o•dor•i•za´tion , n. The act of depriving of odor, especially of offensive odors resulting from impurities.

De•o´dor•ize , v. t. To deprive of odor, especially of such as results from impurities.

De•o´dor•i•zer , n. He who, or that which, deodorizes; esp., an agent that destroys offensive odors.

De•on´er•ate , v. t. [L. deoneratus, p. p. of deonerare. See Onerate.] To unload; to disburden. [Obs.] Cockeram.

De•on•to•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to deontology.

De•on•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in deontology.

De•on•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. gen. , necessity, obligation (p. neut. of it is necessary) + - logy.] The science which relates to duty or moral obligation. J. Bentham.

De•o•per´cu•late , a. (Bot.) Having the lid removed; — said of the capsules of mosses.

De•op´pi•late , v. t. To free from obstructions; to clear a passage through. [Obs.] Boyle.

De•op•pi•la´tion , n. Removal of whatever stops up the passages. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De•op´pi•la•tive , a. & n. (Med.) Deobstruent; aperient. [Obs.] Harvey.

De•or•di•na´tion , n. [LL. deordinatio depraved morality.] Disorder; dissoluteness. [Obs.] “Excess of riot and deordination.” Jer. Taylor.

De•os´cu•late , v. t. [L. deosculatus, p. p. of deosculari. See Osculate.] To kiss warmly. [Obs.] — De•os•cu•la´tion (#), n. [Obs.]

De•ox´i•date , v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidize.

De•ox•i•da´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of reducing from the state of an oxide.

De•ox•i•di•za´tion , n. (Chem.) Deoxidation.

De•ox´i•dize , v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of oxygen; to reduce from the state of an oxide.

De•ox´i•di•zer , n. (Chem.) That which removes oxygen; hence, a reducing agent; as nascent hydrogen is a deoxidizer.

De•ox´y•gen•ate , v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidize. [Obs.]

De•ox•y•gen•a´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or operation of depriving of oxygen.

De•ox´y•gen•ize , v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidize.

De•paint´ , p. p. [F. depeint, p. p. of depeindre to paint, fr. L. depingere. See Depict, p. p.] Painted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•paint´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depainting.] 1. To paint; to picture; hence, to describe; to delineate in words; to depict. [Obs.] “And do unwilling worship to the saint
That on his shield depainted he did see.” Spenser. “In few words shall see the nature of many memorable persons … depainted.” Holland. 2. To mark with, or as with, color; to color. “Silver drops her vermeil cheeks depaint.” Fairfax.

De•paint´er n. One who depaints. [Obs.]

De•par´dieux , interj. [OF., a corruption of de part Dieu, lit., on the part of God.] In God’s name; certainly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•part´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Departed; p. pr. & vb. n. Departing.] [OE. departen to divide, part, depart, F. departir to divide, distribute, se departir to separate one’s self, depart; pref. de- (L. de) + partir to part, depart, fr. L. partire, partiri, to divide, fr. pars part. See Part.] 1. To part; to divide; to separate. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To go forth or away; to quit, leave, or separate, as from a place or a person; to withdraw; — opposed to arrive; — often with from before the place, person, or thing left, and for or to before the destination. “I will depart to mine own land.” Num. x. 30. “Ere thou from hence depart.” Milton. “He which hath no stomach to this fight,
Let him depart.” Shak. 3. To forsake; to abandon; to desist or deviate (from); not to adhere to; — with from; as we can not depart from our rules; to depart from a title or defense in legal pleading. “If the plan of the convention be found to depart from republican principles.” Madison. 4. To pass away; to perish. “The glory is departed from Israel.” 1 Sam. iv. 21. 5. To quit this world; to die. “Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace.” Luke ii. 29. To depart with, to resign; to part with. [Obs.] Shak.

De•part´, v. t. 1. To part thoroughly; to dispart; to divide; to separate. [Obs.] “Till death departed them, this life they lead.” Chaucer. 2. To divide in order to share; to apportion. [Obs.] “And here is gold, and that full great plentee,
That shall departed been among us three.” Chaucer. 3. To leave; to depart from. ´He departed this life.´ Addison. ´Ere I depart his house.´ Shak.

De•part´, n. [Cf. F. depart, fr. departir.] 1. Division; separation, as of compound substances into their ingredients. [Obs.] “The chymists have a liquor called water of depart.” Bacon. 2. A going away; departure; hence, death. [Obs.] “At my depart for France.” Shak. “Your loss and his depart.” Shak.

De•part´a•ble , a. Divisible. [Obs.] Bacon.

De•part´er , n. 1. One who refines metals by separation. [Obs.] 2. One who departs.

De•part´ment , n. [F. departement, fr. departir. See Depart, v. i.] 1. Act of departing; departure. [Obs.] “Sudden departments from one extreme to another.” Wotton. 2. A part, portion, or subdivision. 3. A distinct course of life, action, study, or the like; appointed sphere or walk; province. “Superior to Pope in Pope’s own peculiar department of literature.” Macaulay. 4. Subdivision of business or official duty; especially, one of the principal divisions of executive government; as the treasury department; the war department; also in a university, one of the divisions of instruction; as the medical department; the department of physics. 5. A territorial division; a district; esp., in France, one of the districts composed of several arrondissements into which the country is divided for governmental purposes; as the Department of the Loire. 6. A military subdivision of a country; as the Department of the Potomac.

De•part•men´tal , a. Pertaining to a department or division. Burke.

De•par´ture ( 135), n. [From Depart.] 1. Division; separation; putting away. [Obs.] “No other remedy … but absolute departure.” Milton. 2. Separation or removal from a place; the act or process of departing or going away. “Departure from this happy place.” Milton. 3. Removal from the present life; death; decease. “The time of my departure is at hand.” 2 Tim. iv. 6. “His timely departure … barred him from the knowledge of his son’s miseries.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. Deviation or abandonment, as from or of a rule or course of action, a plan, or a purpose. “Any departure from a national standard.” Prescott. 5. (Law) The desertion by a party to any pleading of the ground taken by him in his last antecedent pleading, and the adoption of another. Bouvier. 6. (Nav. & Surv.) The distance due east or west which a person or ship passes over in going along an oblique line. Since the meridians sensibly converge, the departure in navigation is not measured from the beginning nor from the end of the ship’s course, but is regarded as the total easting or westing made by the ship or person as he travels over the course. To take a departure (Nav. & Surv.), to ascertain, usually by taking bearings from a landmark, the position of a vessel at the beginning of a voyage as a point from which to begin her dead reckoning; as the ship took her departure from Sandy Hook. Syn. — Death; demise; release. See Death.

De•pas´cent , a. [L. depascens, p. pr. of depascere; de- + pascere to feed.] Feeding. [R.]

De•pas´ture ( 135), v. t. & i. To pasture; to feed; to graze; also to use for pasture. [R.] “Cattle, to graze and departure in his grounds.” Blackstone. “A right to cut wood upon or departure land.” Washburn.

De•pa´tri•ate , v. t. & i. [L. de- + patria one’s country.] To withdraw, or cause to withdraw, from one’s country; to banish. [Obs.] “A subject born in any state
May, if he please, depatriate.” Mason.

De•pau´per•ate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Depauperated p. pr. & vb. n. Depauperating ] [LL. depauperatus, p. p. depauperare to impoverish; L. de- + pauperare to make poor, pauper poor.] To make poor; to impoverish. “Liming does not depauperate; the ground will last long, and bear large grain.” Mortimer. “Humility of mind which depauperates the spirit.” Jer. Taylor.

De•pau´per•ate , a. [L. depauperatus, p. p.] (Bot.) Falling short of the natural size, from being impoverished or starved. Gray.

De•pau´per•ize , v. t. To free from paupers; to rescue from poverty. [R.]

De•peach´ , v. t. [L. depêcher. See Dispatch.] To discharge. [Obs.] “As soon as the party … before our justices shall be depeached.” Hakluyt.

De•pec´ti•ble , a. [L. depectere to comb off; de- + pectere to comb.] Tough; thick; capable of extension. [Obs.] “Some bodies are of a more depectible nature than oil.” Bacon.

De•pec•u•la´tion , n. [L. depeculari, p. p. depeculatus, to rob. See Peculate.] A robbing or embezzlement. [Obs.] “Depeculation of the public treasure.” Hobbes.

De•peinct´ , v. t. [See Depaint.] To paint. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•pend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Depended; p. pr. & vb. n. Depending.] [F. dependre, fr. L. dependre; de- + pendre to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang down; to be sustained by being fastened or attached to something above. “And ever-living lamps depend in rows.” Pope. 2. To hang in suspense; to be pending; to be undetermined or undecided; as a cause depending in court. “You will not think it unnatural that those who have an object depending, which strongly engages their hopes and fears, should be somewhat inclined to superstition.” Burke. 3. To rely for support; to be conditioned or contingent; to be connected with anything, as a cause of existence, or as a necessary condition; — followed by on or upon, formerly by of. “The truth of God’s word dependeth not of the truth of the congregation.” Tyndale. “The conclusion … that our happiness depends little on political institutions, and much on the temper and regulation of our own minds.” Macaulay. “Heaven forming each on other to depend.” Pope. 4. To trust; to rest with confidence; to rely; to confide; to be certain; — with on or upon; as we depend on the word or assurance of our friends; we depend on the mail at the usual hour. “But if you ’re rough, and use him like a dog,
Depend upon it — he ’ll remain incog.” Addison. 5. To serve; to attend; to act as a dependent or retainer. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To impend. [Obs.] Shak.

De•pend´a•ble , a. Worthy of being depended on; trustworthy. ´Dependable friendships.´ Pope. { De•pend´ant , De•pend´ance , n., De•pend´an•cy }, n. See Dependent, Dependence, Dependency. The forms dependant, dependance, dependancy are from the French; the forms dependent, etc., are from the Latin. Some authorities give preference to the form dependant when the word is a noun, thus distinguishing it from the adjective, usually written dependent.

De•pend´ence , n. [LL. dependentia, fr. L. dependens. See Dependent, and cf. Dependance.] 1. The act or state of depending; state of being dependent; a hanging down or from; suspension from a support. 2. The state of being influenced and determined by something; subjection (as of an effect to its cause). “The cause of effects, and the dependence of one thing upon another.” Bp. Burnet. 3. Mutual connection and support; concatenation; systematic inter-relation. “So dark and so intricate of purpose, without any dependence or order.” Sir T. More. 4. Subjection to the direction or disposal of another; inability to help or provide for one’s self. “Reduced to a servile dependence on their mercy.” Burke. 5. A resting with confidence; reliance; trust. “Affectionate dependence on the Creator is the spiritual life of the soul.” T. Erskine. 6. That on which one depends or relies; as he was her sole dependence. 7. That which depends; anything dependent or suspended; anything attached a subordinate to, or contingent on, something else. “Like a large cluster of black grapes they show
And make a large dependence from the bough.” Dryden. 8. A matter depending, or in suspense, and still to be determined; ground of controversy or quarrel. [Obs.] “To go on now with my first dependence.” Beau. & Fl.

De•pend´en•cy , n.; pl. Dependencies . 1. State of being dependent; dependence; state of being subordinate; subordination; concatenation; connection; reliance; trust. “Any long series of action, the parts of which have very much dependency each on the other.” Sir J. Reynolds. “So that they may acknowledge their dependency on the crown of England.” Bacon. 2. A thing hanging down; a dependence. 3. That which is attached to something else as its consequence, subordinate, satellite, and the like. “This earth and its dependencies.” T. Burnet. “Modes I call such complex ideas which … are considered as dependencies on or affections of substances.” Locke. 4. A territory remote from the kingdom or state to which it belongs, but subject to its dominion; a colony; as Great Britain has its dependencies in Asia, Africa, and America. Dependence is more used in the abstract, and dependency in the concrete. The latter is usually restricted in meaning to 3 and 4.

De•pend´ent , a. [L. dependens, -entis, p. pr. dependere. See Depend, and cf. Dependant.] 1. Hanging down; as a dependent bough or leaf. 2. Relying on, or subject to, something else for support; not able to exist, or sustain itself, or to perform anything, without the will, power, or aid of something else; not self-sustaining; contingent or conditioned; subordinate; — often with on or upon; as dependent on God; dependent upon friends. “England, long dependent and degraded, was again a power of the first rank.” Macaulay. Dependent covenant or contract (Law), one not binding until some connecting stipulation is performed. — Dependent variable (Math.), a varying quantity whose changes are arbitrary, but are regarded as produced by changes in another variable, which is called the independent variable.

De•pend´ent, n. 1. One who depends; one who is sustained by another, or who relies on another for support of favor; a hanger-on; a retainer; as a numerous train of dependents. “A host of dependents on the court, suborned to play their part as witnesses.” Hallam. 2. That which depends; corollary; consequence. “With all its circumstances and dependents.” Prynne. See the Note under Dependant.

De•pend´ent•ly, adv. In a dependent manner.

De•pend´er , n. One who depends; a dependent.

De•pend´ing•ly, adv. As having dependence. Hale.

De•peo´ple , v. t. To depopulate. [Obs.]

De•per´dit , n. [LL. deperditum, fr. L. deperditus, p. p. of deperdere; de- + perdere to lose, destroy.] That which is lost or destroyed. [R.] Paley.

De•per´dite•ly , adv. Hopelessly; despairingly; in the manner of one ruined; as deperditely wicked. [Archaic]

Dep•er•di´tion , n. [Cf. F. deperdition.] Loss; destruction. [Archaic] Sir T. Browne.

De•per´ti•ble , a. [See Depart.] Divisible. [Obs.] Bacon.

De•phlegm´ , v. t. [Pref. de- + phlegm water; cf. F. dephlegmer, deflegmer.] (O. Chem.) To rid of phlegm or water; to dephlegmate. [Obs.] Boyle.

De•phleg´mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dephlegmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dephlegmating.] [See Dephlegm.] (Chem.) To deprive of superabundant water, as by evaporation or distillation; to clear of aqueous matter; to rectify; — used of spirits and acids.

De•phleg•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. deflegmation.] (Chem.) The operation of separating water from spirits and acids, by evaporation or repeated distillation; — called also concentration, especially when acids are the subject of it. [Obs.]

De•phleg´ma•tor , n. An instrument or apparatus in which water is separated by evaporation or distillation; the part of a distilling apparatus in which the separation of the vapors is effected.

De•phleg´ma•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or producing, dephlegmation.

De•phlegm´ed•ness , n. A state of being freed from water. [Obs.] Boyle.

De•phlo•gis´tic•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dephlogisticated p. pr. & vb. n. Dephlogisticating.] [Pref. de- + phlosticate: cf. F. dephlogistiguer.] (O. Chem.) To deprive of phlogiston, or the supposed principle of inflammability. Priestley. Dephlogisticated air, oxygen gas; — so called by Dr. Priestly and others of his time. — De•phlo•gis•ti•ca´tion (#), n.

De•phos•phor•i•za´tion , n. The act of freeing from phosphorous.

De•pict´ (-pikt´), p. p. [L. depictus, p. p. of depingere to depict; de- + pingere to paint. See Paint, and cf. Depaint, p. p.] Depicted. Lydgate.

De•pict´ (de•pikt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depicting.] 1. To form a colored likeness of; to represent by a picture; to paint; to portray. “His arms are fairly depicted in his chamber.” Fuller. 2. To represent in words; to describe vividly. “Caesar’s gout was then depicted in energetic language.” Motley.

De•pic´tion , n. [L. depictio.] A painting or depicting; a representation.

De•pic´ture , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depictured p. pr. & vb. n. Depicturing.] To make a picture of; to paint; to picture; to depict. “Several persons were depictured in caricature.” Fielding.

Dep´i•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Depilating.] [L. depilatus, p. p. of depilare to depilate; de- + pilare to put forth hairs, pilus hair.] To strip of hair; to husk. Venner.

Dep•i•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. depilation.] Act of pulling out or removing the hair; unhairing. Dryden.

De•pil´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. depilatoire.] Having the quality or power of removing hair. — n. An application used to take off hair.

Dep´i•lous , a. [Pref. de- + pilous: cf. L. depilis.] Hairless. Sir t. Browne.

De•pla´nate , a. [L. deplanetus, p. p. of deplanare to make level. See Plane, v. t.] (Bot.) Flattened; made level or even.

De•plant´ , v. t. [Pref. de- + plan: cf. F. deplanter, L. deplantare to take off a twig. See Plant, v. t.] To take up (plants); to transplant. [R.]

De•plan•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. deplantation.] Act of taking up plants from beds.

De•plete´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depleting.] [From L. deplere to empty out; de- + plere to fill. Forined like replete, complete. See Fill, Full, a.] 1. (Med.) To empty or unload, as the vessels of human system, by bloodletting or by medicine. Copland. 2. To reduce by destroying or consuming the vital powers of; to exhaust, as a country of its strength or resources, a treasury of money, etc. Saturday Review.

De•ple´tion , n. [Cf. F. depletion.] 1. The act of depleting or emptying. 2. (Med.) the act or process of diminishing the quantity of fluid in the vessels by bloodletting or otherwise; also excessive evacuation, as in severe diarrhea.

De•ple´tive , a. [Cf. F. depletif.] Able or fitted to deplete. — n. A substance used to deplete.

De•ple´to•ry , a. Serving to deplete.

Dep•li•ca´tion , n. [LL. deplicare to unfold; L. de- + plicare to fold.] An unfolding, untwisting, or unplaiting. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Dep•loi•ta´tion , n. [Cf. Exploitation, Deploy.] Same as Exploitation.

De•plor•a•bil´i•ty , n. Deplorableness. Stormonth.

De•plor´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. deplorable.] Worthy of being deplored or lamented; lamentable; causing grief; hence, sad; calamitous; grievous; wretched; as life’s evils are deplorable. “Individual sufferers are in a much more deplorable conditious than any others.” Burke.

De•plor´a•ble•ness, n. State of being deplorable.

De•plor´a•bly, adv. In a deplorable manner.

De•plo´rate , a. [L. deploratus, p. p. of deplorare. See Deplore.] Deplorable. [Obs.] “A more deplorate estate.” Baker.

Dep•lo•ra´tion , n. [L. deploratio: cf. F. deploration.] The act of deploring or lamenting; lamentation. Speed.

De•plore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deplored p. pr. & vb. n. Deploring.] [L. deplorare; de- + plorare to cry out, wail, lament; prob. akin to pluere to rain, and to E. flow: cf. F. deplorer. Cf. Flow.] 1. To feel or to express deep and poignant grief for; to bewail; to lament; to mourn; to sorrow over. “To find her, or forever to deplore
Her loss.” Milton. “As some sad turtle his lost love deplores.” Pope. 2. To complain of. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To regard as hopeless; to give up. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — To Deplore, Mourn, Lament, Bewail, Bemoan. Mourn is the generic term, denoting a state of grief or sadness. To lament is to express grief by outcries, and denotes an earnest and strong expression of sorrow. To deplore marks a deeper and more prolonged emotion. To bewail and to bemoan are appropriate only to cases of poignant distress, in which the grief finds utterance either in wailing or in moans and sobs. A man laments his errors, and deplores the ruin they have brought on his family; mothers bewail or bemoan the loss of their children.

De•plore´, v. i. To lament. Gray.

De•plor´ed•ly , adv. Lamentably.

De•plor´ed•ness, n. The state of being deplored or deplorable. [R.] Bp. Hail.

De•plore´ment , n. Deploration. [Obs.]

De•plor´er , n. One who deplores.

De•plor´ing•ly, adv. In a deploring manner.

De•ploy´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Deployed p. pr. & vb. n. Deploying.] [F. deployer; pref. de = des (L. dis) + ployer, equiv. to plier to fold, fr. L. plicare. See Ply, and cf. Display.] (Mil.) To open out; to unfold; to spread out (a body of troops) in such a way that they shall display a wider front and less depth; — the reverse of ploy; as to deploy a column of troops into line of battle. { De•ploy´ , De•ploy´ment } n. (Mil.) The act of deploying; a spreading out of a body of men in order to extend their front. Wilhelm. “Deployments … which cause the soldier to turn his back to the enemy are not suited to war.” H. L. Scott.

De•plu´mate , a. [LL. diplumatus, p. p. of deplumare. See Deplume.] (Zoöl.) Destitute or deprived of features; deplumed.

Dep•lu•ma´tion , n. [See Deplumate.] 1. The stripping or falling off of plumes or feathers. Bp. Stillingfleet 2. (Med.) A disease of the eyelids, attended with loss of the eyelashes. Thomas.

De•plume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deplumed p. pr. & vb. n. Depluming.] [LL. deplumare; L. de- + plumare to cover with feathers, pluma feather: cf. deplumis featherless, and F. deplumer.] 1. To strip or pluck off the feather of; to deprive of of plumage. “On the depluming of the pope every bird had his own feather.” Fuller. 2. To lay bare; to expose. “The exposure and depluming of the leading humbugs of the age.” De Quincey.

De•po•lar•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. depolarisation.] The act of depriving of polarity, or the result of such action; reduction to an unpolarized condition. Depolarization of light (Opt.), a change in the plane of polarization of rays, especially by a crystalline medium, such that the light which had been extinguished by the analyzer reappears as if the polarization had been anulled. The word is inappropriate, as the ray does not return to the unpolarized condition.

De•po´lar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depolarized p. pr. & vb. n. Depolarizing.] [Pref. de- + polarize: cf. F. depolarizer.] 1. (Opt.) To deprive of polarity; to reduce to an unpolarized condition. This word has been inaccurately applied in optics to describe the effect of a polarizing medium, as a crystalline plate, in causing the reappearance of a ray, in consequence of a change in its plane of polarization, which previously to the change was intercepted by the analyzer. 2. (Elec.) To free from polarization, as the negative plate of the voltaic battery.

De•po´lar•i•zer , n. (Elec.) A substance used to prevent polarization, as upon the negative plate of a voltaic battery.

De•pol´ish (de•pol´ish), v. t. To remove the polish or glaze from.

De•pol´ish•ing (de•pol´ish•ing), n. (Ceramics) The process of removing the vitreous glaze from porcelain, leaving the dull luster of the surface of ivory porcelain. Knight.

De•pone´ (de•pon´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deponed (-pond´); p. pr. & vb. n. Deponing.] [L. deponere, depositum, to put down, in LL., to assert under oath; de- + ponere to put, place. See Position, and cf. Deposit.] 1. To lay, as a stake; to wager. [Obs.] Hudibras. 2. To lay down. [R.] Southey. 3. To assert under oath; to depose. [A Scotticism] “Sprot deponeth that he entered himself thereafter in conference.” State Trials(1606).

De•pone´, v. i. To testify under oath; to depose; to bear witness. [A Scotticism] “The fairy Glorians, whose credibility on this point can not be called in question, depones to the confinement of Merlin in a tree.” Dunlop.

De•po´nent , n. [L. deponenes, -entis, laying down. See Depone, v. t.] 1. (Law) One who deposes or testifies under oath; one who gives evidence; usually, one who testifies in writing. 2. (Gr. & Lat. Gram.) A deponent verb. Syn. — Deponent, Affiant. These are legal terms describing a person who makes a written declaration under oath, with a view to establish certain facts. An affiant is one who makes an affidavit, or declaration under oath, in order to establish the truth of what he says. A deponenet is one who makes a deposition, or gives written testimony under oath, to be used in the trial of some case before a court of justice. See under Deposition.

De•po´nent, a. [L. deponens, -entis, laying down (its proper passive meaning), p. pr. of deponere: cf. F. deponent. See Depone.] (Gram.) Having a passive form with an active meaning, as certain latin and Greek verbs.

De•pop´u•la•cy , n. Depopulation; destruction of population. [R.] Chapman.

De•pop´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depopulated p. pr. & vb. n. Depopulating ] [L. depopulatus, p. p. of depopulari to ravage; de- + populari to ravage, fr. populus people: cf. OF. depopuler, F. depeupler. See People.] To deprive of inhabitants, whether by death or by expulsion; to reduce greatly the populousness of; to dispeople; to unpeople. “Where is this viper,
That would depopulate the city?” Shak. It is not synonymous with laying waste or destroying, being limited to the loss of inhabitants; as an army or a famine may depopulate a country. It rarely expresses an entire loss of inhabitants, but often a great diminution of their numbers; as the deluge depopulated the earth.

De•pop´u•late, v. i. To become dispeopled. [R.] “Whether the country be depopulating or not.” Goldsmith.

De•pop•u•la´tion , n. [L. depopulatio pillaging: cf. F. depopulation depopulation.] The act of depopulating, or condition of being depopulated; destruction or explusion of inhabitants. “The desolation and depopulation [of St.Quentin] were now complete.” Motley.

De•pop´u•la•tor , n. [L., pillager.] One who depopulates; a dispeopler.

De•port´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deported; p. pr. & vb. n. Deporting.] [F. deporter to transport for life, OF., to divert, amuse, from L. deportare to carry away; de- + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To transport; to carry away; to exile; to send into banishment. “He told us he had been deported to Spain.” Walsh. 2. To carry or demean; to conduct; to behave; — followed by the reflexive pronoun. “Let an ambassador deport himself in the most graceful manner befor a prince.” Pope.

De•port´ , n. Behavior; carriage; demeanor; deportment. [Obs.] ´Goddesslike deport.´ Milton.

De•por•ta´tion , n. [L. depotatio: cf. F. deportation.] The act of deporting or exiling, or the state of being deported; banishment; transportation. “In their deportations, they had often the favor of their conquerors.” Atterbury.

De•port´ment , n. [F. deportement misconduct, OF., demeanor. See Deport.] Manner of deporting or demeaning one’s self; manner of acting; conduct; carriage; especially, manner of acting with respect to the courtesies and duties of life; behavior; demeanor; bearing. “The gravity of his deportment carried him safe through many difficulties.” Swift.

De•por´ture , n. Deportment. [Obs.] “Stately port and majestical deporture.” Speed.

De•pos´a•ble , a. Capable of being deposed or deprived of office. Howell.

De•pos´al , n. The act of deposing from office; a removal from the throne. Fox.

De•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deposed p. pr. & vb. n. Deposing.][FF. deposer, in the sense of L. deponere to put down; but from pref. de- (L. de) + poser to place. See Pose, Pause.] 1. To lay down; to divest one’s self of; to lay aside. [Obs.] “Thus when the state one Edward did depose,
A greater Edward in his room arose.” Dryden. 2. To let fall; to deposit. [Obs.] “Additional mud deposed upon it.” Woodward. 3. To remove from a throne or other high station; to dethrone; to divest or deprive of office. “A tyrant over his subjects, and therefore worthy to be deposed.” Prynne. 4. To testify under oath; to bear testimony to; — now usually said of bearing testimony which is officially written down for future use. Abbott. “To depose the yearly rent or valuation of lands.” Bacon. 5. To put under oath. [Obs.] “Depose him in the justice of his cause.” Shak.

De•pose´, v. i. To bear witness; to testify under oath; to make deposition. “Then, seeing’t was he that made you to despose,
Your oath, my lord, is vain and frivolous.” Shak.

De•pos´er , n. 1. One who deposes or degrades from office. 2. One who testifies or deposes; a deponent.

De•pos´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Depositing.] [L. depositus, p. p. of deponere. See Depone, and cf. Deposit, n.] 1. To lay down; to place; to put; to let fall or throw down (as sediment); as a crocodile deposits her eggs in the sand; the waters deposited a rich alluvium. “The fear is deposited in conscience.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To lay up or away for safe keeping; to put up; to store; as to deposit goods in a warehouse. 3. To lodge in some one’s hands for safe keeping; to commit to the custody of another; to intrust; esp., to place in a bank, as a sum of money subject to order. 4. To lay aside; to rid one’s self of. [Obs.] “If what is written prove useful to you, to the depositing that which I can not but deem an error.” Hammond. Both this verb and the noun following were formerly written deposite.

De•pos´it, n. [L. depositum, fr. depositus, p. p. of deponere: cf. F. depôt, OF. depost. See Deposit, v. t., and cf. Depot.] 1. That which is deposited, or laid or thrown down; as a deposit in a flue; especially, matter precipitated from a solution (as the siliceous deposits of hot springs), or that which is mechanically deposited (as the mud, gravel, etc., deposits of a river). “The deposit already formed affording to the succeeding portion of the charged fluid a basis.” Kirwan. 2. (Mining) A natural occurrence of a useful mineral under the conditions to invite exploitation. Raymond. 3. That which is placed anywhere, or in any one’s hands, for safe keeping; something intrusted to the care of another; esp., money lodged with a bank or banker, subject to order; anything given as pledge or security. 4. (Law) (a) A bailment of money or goods to be kept gratuitously for the bailor. (b) Money lodged with a party as earnest or security for the performance of a duty assumed by the person depositing. 5. A place of deposit; a depository. [R.] Bank of deposit. See under Bank. — In deposit, or On deposit, in trust or safe keeping as a deposit; as coins were received on deposit.

De•pos´i•ta•ry , n.; pl. Depositaries (#). [L. depositarius, fr. deponere. See Deposit.] 1. One with whom anything is lodged in the trust; one who receives a deposit; — the correlative of depositor. “I … made you my guardians, my depositaries.” Shak. “The depositaries of power, who are mere delegates of the people.” J. S. Mill. 2. A storehouse; a depository. Bp. Hurd. 3. (Law) One to whom goods are bailed, to be kept for the bailor without a recompense. Kent.

Dep•o•si´tion , n. [L. depositio, fr. deponere: cf. F. deposition. See Deposit.] 1. The act of depositing or deposing; the act of laying down or thrown down; precipitation. “The deposition of rough sand and rolled pebbles.” H. Miller. 2. The act of bringing before the mind; presentation. “The influence of princes upon the dispositions of their courts needs not the deposition of their examples, since it hath the authority of a known principle.” W. Montagu. 3. The act of setting aside a sovereign or a public officer; deprivation of authority and dignity; displacement; removal. A deposition differs from an abdication, an abdication being voluntary, and a deposition compulsory. 4. That which is deposited; matter laid or thrown down; sediment; alluvial matter; as banks are sometimes depositions of alluvial matter. 5. An opinion, example, or statement, laid down or asserted; a declaration. 6. (Law) The act of laying down one’s testimony in writing; also testimony laid or taken down in writing, under oath or affirmation, before some competent officer, and in reply to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories. Syn. — Deposition, Affidavit. Affidavit is the wider term. It denotes any authorized ex parte written statement of a person, sworn to or affirmed before some competent magistrate. It is made without cross-examination, and requires no notice to an opposing party. It is generally signed by the party making it, and may be drawn up by himself or any other person. A deposition is the written testimony of a witness, taken down in due form of law, and sworn to or affirmed by the deponent. It must be taken before some authorized magistrate, and upon a prescribed or reasonable notice to the opposing party, that may attend and cross-examine. It is generally written down from the mouth of the witness by the magistrate, or some person for him, and in his presence.

De•pos´i•tor (de•poz´i•ter), n. [L., fr. deponere. See Depone.] One who makes a deposit, especially of money in a bank; — the correlative of depository.

De•pos´i•to•ry (-to•ry), n.; pl. Depositories (-riz). 1. A place where anything is deposited for sale or keeping; as warehouse is a depository for goods; a clerk’s office is a depository for records. 2. One with whom something is deposited; a depositary. “I am the sole depository of my own secret, and it shall perish with me.” Junius.

De•pos´i•tum (-tum), n. [L.] Deposit.

De•pos´i•ture (-tur; 135), n. The act of depositing; deposition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De´pot (de´po; French da•po´; 277), n. [F. depôt, OF. depost, fr. L. depositum a deposit. See Deposit, n.] 1. A place of deposit for the storing of goods; a warehouse; a storehouse. “The islands of Guernsey and Jersey are at present the great depots of this kingdom.” Brit. Critic (1794). 2. (Mil.) (a) A military station where stores and provisions are kept, or where recruits are assembled and drilled. (b) (Eng. & France) The headquarters of a regiment, where all supplies are received and distributed, recruits are assembled and instructed, infirm or disabled soldiers are taken care of, and all the wants of the regiment are provided for. 3. A railway station; a building for the accommodation and protection of railway passengers or freight. [U. S.] Syn. — See Station.

Dep´per (dep´per), a. Deeper. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dep•ra•va´tion (dep•ra•va´shun), n. [L. depravitio, from depravare: cf. F. depravation. See Deprave.] 1. Detraction; depreciation. [Obs.] “To stubborn critics, apt, without a theme,
For depravation.” Shak. 2. The act of depraving, or making anything bad; the act of corrupting. 3. The state of being depraved or degenerated; degeneracy; depravity. “The depravation of his moral character destroyed his judgment.” Sir G. C. Lewis. 4. (Med.) Change for the worse; deterioration; morbid perversion. Syn. — Depravity; corruption. See Depravity.

De•prave´ (de•prav´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depraved (-pravd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Depraving.] [L. depravare, depravatum; de- + pravus crooked, distorted, perverse, wicked.] 1. To speak ill of; to depreciate; to malign; to revile. [Obs.] “And thou knowest, conscience, I came not to chide
Nor deprave thy person with a proud heart.” Piers Plowman. 2. To make bad or worse; to vitiate; to corrupt. “Whose pride depraves each other better part.” Spenser. Syn. — To corrupt; vitiate; contaminate; pollute.

De•prav´ed•ly , adv. In a depraved manner.

De•prav´ed•ness, n. Depravity. Hammond.

De•prave´ment (-ment), n. Depravity. [Obs.] Milton.

De•prav´er (-er), n. One who depraves or corrupts.

De•prav´ing•ly, adv. In a depraving manner.

De•prav´i•ty , n. [From Deprave: cf. L. pravitas crookedness, perverseness.] The state of being depraved or corrupted; a vitiated state of moral character; general badness of character; wickedness of mind or heart; absence of religious feeling and principle. Total depravity. See Original sin, and Calvinism. Syn. — Corruption; vitiation; wickedness; vice; contamination; degeneracy. — Depravity, Depravation, Corruption. Depravilty is a vitiated state of mind or feeling; as the depravity of the human heart; depravity of public morals. Depravation points to the act or process of making depraved, and hence to the end thus reached; as a gradual depravation of principle; a depravation of manners, of the heart, etc. Corruption is the only one of these words which applies to physical substances, and in reference to these denotes the process by which their component parts are dissolved. Hence, when figuratively used, it denotes an utter vitiation of principle or feeling. Depravity applies only to the mind and heart: we can speak of a depraved taste, or a corrupt taste; in the first we introduce the notion that there has been the influence of bad training to pervert; in the second, that there is a want of true principle to pervert; in the second, that there is a want of true principles to decide. The other two words have a wider use: we can speak of the depravation or the corruption of taste and public sentiment. Depravity is more or less open; corruption is more or less disguised in its operations. What is depraved requires to be reformed; what is corrupt requires to be purified.

Dep´re•ca•ble , a. [L. deprecabilis exorable.] That may or should be deprecated. Paley.

Dep´re•cate (dep´re•kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprecated (- ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Deprecating (-ka•ting).] [L. deprecatus, p. p. of deprecari to avert by player, to deprecate; de- + precari to pray. See Pray.] To pray against, as an evil; to seek to avert by prayer; to desire the removal of; to seek deliverance from; to express deep regret for; to disapprove of strongly. “His purpose was deprecated by all round him, and he was with difficulty induced to adandon it.” Sir W. Scott.

Dep´re•ca•ting•ly (-ka•ting•ly), adv. In a deprecating manner.

Dep•re•ca´tion (dep•re•ka´shun), n. [L. deprecatio; cf. F. deprecation.] 1. The act of deprecating; a praying against evil; prayer that an evil may be removed or prevented; strong expression of disapprobation. “Humble deprecation.” Milton. 2. Entreaty for pardon; petitioning. 3. An imprecation or curse. [Obs.] Gilpin.

Dep´re•ca•tive , a. [L. deprecativus: cf. F. deprecatif.] Serving to deprecate; deprecatory. — Dep´re•ca•tive•ly, adv.

Dep´re•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who deprecates.

Dep´re•ca•to•ry , a. [L. deprecatorius.] Serving to deprecate; tending to remove or avert evil by prayer; apologetic. “Humble and deprecatory letters.” Bacon.

De•pre´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depreciated p. pr. & vb. n. Depreciating ] [L. depretiatus, depreciatus, p. p. of depretiare, -ciare, to depreciate; de- + pretiare to prize, fr. pretium price. See Price.] To lessen in price or estimated value; to lower the worth of; to represent as of little value or claim to esteem; to undervalue. Addison. “Which … some over-severe philosophers may look upon fastidiously, or undervalue and depreciate.” Cudworth. “To prove that the Americans ought not to be free, we are obliged to depreciate the value of freedom itself.” Burke. Syn. — To decry; disparage; traduce; lower; detract; underrate. See Decry.

De•pre´ci•ate, v. i. To fall in value; to become of less worth; to sink in estimation; as a paper currency will depreciate, unless it is convertible into specie.

De•pre•ci•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. depreciation.] 1. The act of lessening, or seeking to lessen, price, value, or reputation. 2. The falling of value; reduction of worth. Burke. 3. the state of being depreciated.

De•pre´ci•a•tive , a. Tending, or intended, to depreciate; expressing depreciation; undervaluing. — De•pre´ci•a•tive•ly, adv.

De•pre´ci•a•tor , n. [L.] One who depreciates.

De•pre´ci•a•to•ry , a. Tending to depreciate; undervaluing; depreciative.

Dep´re•da•ble , a. Liable to depredation. [Obs.] ´Made less depredable.´ Bacon.

Dep´re•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depredated p. pr. & vb. n. Depredating ] [L. depraedatus, p. p. of depraedari to plunder; de- + praedari to plunder, praeda plunder, prey. See Prey.] To subject to plunder and pillage; to despoil; to lay waste; to prey upon. “It makes the substance of the body … less apt to be consumed and depredated by the spirits.” Bacon.

Dep´re•date, v. i. To take plunder or prey; to commit waste; as the troops depredated on the country.

Dep•re•da´tion , n. [L. depraedatio: cf. F. depredation.] The act of depredating, or the state of being depredated; the act of despoiling or making inroads; as the sea often makes depredation on the land.

Dep´re•da•tor , n. [L. depraedator.] One who plunders or pillages; a spoiler; a robber.

Dep´re•da•to•ry , a. Tending or designed to depredate; characterized by depredation; plundering; as a depredatory incursion.

De•pred´i•cate , v. t. [Pref. de- (intensive) + predicate.] To proclaim; to celebrate. [R.]

Dep•re•hend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Deprehending.] [L. deprehendere, deprehensum; de- + prehendere to lay hold of, seize. See Prehensile.] 1. To take unawares or by surprise; to seize, as a person commiting an unlawful act; to catch; to apprehend. “The deprehended adulteress.Jer.” Taylor. 2. To detect; to discover; to find out. “The motion … are to be deprehended by experience.” Bacon.

Dep•re•hen´si•ble , a. That may be caught or discovered; apprehensible. [Obs.] Petty. — Dep•re•hen´si•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

Dep•re•hen´sion , n. [L. deprehensio.] A catching; discovery. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

De•press´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depressed p. pr. & vb. n. Depressing.] [L. depressus, p. p. of deprimere; de- + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To press down; to cause to sink; to let fall; to lower; as to depress the muzzle of a gun; to depress the eyes. ´With lips depressed.´ Tennyson. 2. To bring down or humble; to abase, as pride. 3. To cast a gloom upon; to sadden; as his spirits were depressed. 4. To lessen the activity of; to make dull; embarrass, as trade, commerce, etc. 5. To lessen in price; to cause to decline in value; to cheapen; to depreciate. 6. (Math.) To reduce (an equation) in a lower degree. To depress the pole (Naut.), to cause the sidereal pole to appear lower or nearer the horizon, as by sailing toward the equator. Syn. — To sink; lower; abase; cast down; deject; humble; degrade; dispirit; discourage.

De•press´, a. [L. depressus, p. p.] Having the middle lower than the border; concave. [Obs.] “If the seal be depress or hollow.” Hammond.

De•press´ant , n. (Med.) An agent or remedy which lowers the vital powers.

De•pressed´ , a. 1. Pressed or forced down; lowed; sunk; dejected; dispirited; sad; humbled. 2. (Bot.) (a) Concave on the upper side; — said of a leaf whose disk is lower than the border. (b) Lying flat; — said of a stem or leaf which lies close to the ground. 3. (Zoöl.) Having the vertical diameter shorter than the horizontal or transverse; — said of the bodies of animals, or of parts of the bodies.

De•press´ing•ly, adv. In a depressing manner.

De•pres´sion , n. [L. depressio: cf. F. depression.] 1. The act of depressing. 2. The state of being depressed; a sinking. 3. A falling in of the surface; a sinking below its true place; a cavity or hollow; as roughness consists in little protuberances and depressions. 4. Humiliation; abasement, as of pride. 5. Dejection; despondency; lowness. “In a great depression of spirit.” Baker. 6. Diminution, as of trade, etc.; inactivity; dullness. 7. (Astron.) The angular distance of a celestial object below the horizon. 8. (Math.) The operation of reducing to a lower degree; — said of equations. 9. (Surg.) A method of operating for cataract; couching. See Couch, v. t., 8. Angle of depression (Geod.), one which a descending line makes with a horizontal plane. — Depression of the dewpoint (Meteor.), the number of degrees that the dew-point is lower than the actual temperature of the atmosphere. — Depression of the pole, its apparent sinking, as the spectator goes toward the equator. — Depression of the visible horizon. (Astron.) Same as Dip of the horizon, under Dip. Syn. — Abasement; reduction; sinking; fall; humiliation; dejection; melancholy.

De•press´ive , a. Able or tending to depress or cast down. — De•press´ive•ness, n.

De•pres•so•mo´tor , a. (Med.) Depressing or diminishing the capacity for movement, as depressomotor nerves, which lower or inhibit muscular activity. — n. Any agent that depresses the activity of the motor centers, as bromides, etc.

De•press´or , n. 1. One who, or that which, presses down; an oppressor. 2. (Anat.) A muscle that depresses or tends to draw down a part. Depressor nerve (Physiol.), a nerve which lowers the activity of an organ; as the depressor nerve of the heart.

Dep´ri•ment , a. [L. deprimens, p. pr. of deprimere. See Depress.] Serving to depress. [R.] ´Depriment muscles.´ Derham.

De•pri´sure , n. [F. depriser to undervalue; pref. de- (L. dis-) + priser to prize, fr. prix price, fr. L. pretium. See Dispraise.] Low estimation; disesteem; contempt. [Obs.]

De•priv´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, deprived; liable to be deposed. “Kings of Spain … deprivable for their tyrannies.” Prynne.

Dep•ri•va´tion , n. [LL. deprivatio.] 1. The act of depriving, dispossessing, or bereaving; the act of deposing or divesting of some dignity. 2. The state of being deprived; privation; loss; want; bereavement. 3. (Eccl. Law) the taking away from a clergyman his benefice, or other spiritual promotion or dignity. Deprivation may be a beneficio or ab officio; the first takes away the living, the last degrades and deposes from the order.

De•prive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprived p. pr. & vb. n. Depriving.] [LL. deprivare, deprivatium, to divest of office; L. de- + privare to bereave, deprive: cf. OF. depriver. See Private.] 1. To take away; to put an end; to destroy. [Obs.] “’Tis honor to deprive dishonored life.” Shak. 2. To dispossess; to bereave; to divest; to hinder from possessing; to debar; to shut out from; — with a remoter object, usually preceded by of. “God hath deprived her of wisdom.” Job xxxix. 17. “It was seldom that anger deprived him of power over himself.” Macaulay. 3. To divest of office; to depose; to dispossess of dignity, especially ecclesiastical. “A minister deprived for inconformity.” Bacon. Syn. — To strip; despoil; rob; abridge.

De•prive´ment , n. Deprivation. [R.]

De•priv´er , n. One who, or that which, deprives.

De•pros´trate , a. Fully prostrate; humble; low; rude. [Obs.] “How may weak mortal ever hope to file
His unsmooth tongue, and his deprostrate style.” G. Fletcher.

De•pro•vin´cial•ize , v. t. To divest of provincial quality or characteristics.

Depth (septh), n. [From Deep; akin to D. diepte, Icel. dypt, dypð, Goth. diupiþa.] 1. The quality of being deep; deepness; perpendicular measurement downward from the surface, or horizontal measurement backward from the front; as the depth of a river; the depth of a body of troops. 2. Profoundness; extent or degree of intensity; abundance; completeness; as depth of knowledge, or color. “Mindful of that heavenly love
Which knows no end in depth or height.” Keble. 3. Lowness; as depth of sound. 4. That which is deep; a deep, or the deepest, part or place; the deep; the middle part; as the depth of night, or of winter. “From you unclouded depth above.” Keble. “The depth closed me round about.” Jonah ii. 5. 5. (Logic) The number of simple elements which an abstract conception or notion includes; the comprehension or content. 6. (Horology) A pair of toothed wheels which work together. [R.] Depth of a sail (Naut.), the extent of a square sail from the head rope to the foot rope; the length of the after leach of a staysail or boom sail; — commonly called the drop of a sail.

Depth´en , v. t. To deepen. [Obs.]

Depth´less, a. 1. Having no depth; shallow. 2. Of measureless depth; unfathomable. “In clouds of depthless night.” Francis.

De•pu´ce•late , v. t. [L. de + LL. pucella virgin, F. pucelle: cf. F. depuceler.] To deflour; to deprive of virginity. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•pu´di•cate , v. t. [L. depudicatus, p. p. of depudicare.] To deflour; to dishonor. [Obs.]

De•pulse´ , v. t. [L. depulsus, p. p. of depellere to drive out; de- + pellere to drive.] To drive away. [Obs.] Cockeram.

De•pul´sion , n. [L. depulsio.] A driving or thrusting away. [R.] Speed.

De•pul´so•ry , a. [L. depulsorius.] Driving or thrusting away; averting. [R.] Holland.

Dep´u•rant , a. & n. (Med.) Depurative.

Dep´u•rate , a. [LL. depuratus, p. p. of depurare to purify; L. de- + purare to purify, purus clean, pure. Cf. Depure.] Depurated; cleansed; freed from impurities. Boyle.

Dep´u•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depurated p. pr. & vb. n. Depurating ] To free from impurities, heterogeneous matter, or feculence; to purify; to cleanse. “To depurate the mass of blood.” Boyle.

Dep•u•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. depuration.] The act or process of depurating or freeing from foreign or impure matter, as a liquid or wound.

Dep´u•ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. depuratif.] (Med.) Purifying the blood or the humors; depuratory. — n. A depurative remedy or agent; or a disease which is believed to be depurative.

Dep´u•ra•tor , n. One who, or that which, cleanses.

Dep´u•ra•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. depuratoire.] Depurating; tending to depurate or cleanse; depurative.

De•pure´ , v. t. [F. depurer. See Depurate.] To depurate; to purify. [Obs.] “He shall first be depured and cleansed before that he shall be laid up for pure gold in the treasures of God.” Sir T. More.

De•pur´ga•to•ry , a. Serving to purge; tending to cleanse or purify. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Dep•u•ri´tion , n. See Depuration.

Dep´u•ta•ble , a. Fit to be deputed; suitable to act as a deputy. Carlyle.

Dep•u•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. deputation. See Depute.] 1. The act of deputing, or of appointing or commissioning a deputy or representative; office of a deputy or delegate; vicegerency. “The authority of conscience stands founded upon its vicegerency and deputation under God.” South. 2. The person or persons deputed or commissioned by another person, party, or public body to act in his or its behalf; delegation; as the general sent a deputation to the enemy to propose a truce. By deputation, or In deputation, by delegated authority; as substitute; through the medium of a deputy. [Obs.] “Say to great Caesar this: In deputation
I kiss his conquering hand.” Shak.

Dep´u•ta•tor , n. One who deputes, or makes a deputation. [R.] Locke.

De•pute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Deputing.] [F. deputer, fr. L. deputare to esteem, consider, in LL., to destine, allot; de- + putare to clean, prune, clear up, set in order, reckon, think. See Pure.] 1. To appoint as deputy or agent; to commission to act in one’s place; to delegate. “There is no man deputed of the king to hear thee.” 2. Sam. xv. 3. “Some persons, deputed by a meeting.” Macaulay. 2. To appoint; to assign; to choose. [R.] “The most conspicuous places in cities are usually deputed for the erection of statues.” Barrow.

De•pute´, n. A person deputed; a deputy. [Scot.]

Dep´u•tize (dep´u•tiz), v. t. To appoint as one’s deputy; to empower to act in one’s stead; to depute.

Dep´u•ty (-ty), n.; pl. Deputies (#). [F. depute, fr. LL. deputatus. See Depute.] 1. One appointed as the substitute of another, and empowered to act for him, in his name or his behalf; a substitute in office; a lieutenant; a representative; a delegate; a vicegerent; as the deputy of a prince, of a sheriff, of a township, etc. “There was then [in the days of Jehoshaphat] no king in Edom; a deputy was king.” 1 Kings xxii. 47. “God’s substitute,
His deputy anointed in His sight.” Shak. Deputy is used in combination with the names of various executive officers, to denote an assistant empowered to act in their name; as deputy collector, deputy marshal, deputy sheriff. 2. A member of the Chamber of Deputies. [France] Chamber of Deputies, one of the two branches of the French legislative assembly; — formerly called Corps Legislatif. Its members, called deputies, are elected by the people voting in districts. Syn. — Substitute; representative; legate; delegate; envoy; agent; factor.

De•quan´ti•tate , v. t. [L. de- + quantitas, -atis. See Quantity.] To diminish the quantity of; to disquantity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De•rac´i•nate (de•ras´i•nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deracinated (-na•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Deracinating (na•ting).] [F. deraciner; pref. de- (L. dis) + racine root, fr. an assumed LL. radicina, fr. L. radix, radicis, root.] To pluck up by the roots; to extirpate. [R.] “While that the colter rusts
That should deracinate such savagery.” Shak.

De•rac•i•na´tion , n. The act of pulling up by the roots; eradication. [R.] { De•raign´ , De•rain´ } , v. t. [See Darraign.] (Old Law) To prove or to refute by proof; to clear (one’s self). [Obs.] { De•raign´ment , De•rain´ment } , n. [See Darraign.] 1. The act of deraigning. [Obs.] 2. The renunciation of religious or monastic vows. [Obs.] Blount.

De•rail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derailed p. pr. & vb. n. Derailing.] To cause to run off from the rails of a railroad, as a locomotive. Lardner.

De•rail´ment , n. The act of going off, or the state of being off, the rails of a railroad.

De•range´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deranged p. pr. & vb. n. Deranging.] [F. deranger; pref. de- = des- (L. dis) + ranger to range. See Range, and cf. Disarrange, Disrank.] 1. To put out of place, order, or rank; to disturb the proper arrangement or order of; to throw into disorder, confusion, or embarrassment; to disorder; to disarrange; as to derange the plans of a commander, or the affairs of a nation. 2. To disturb in action or function, as a part or organ, or the whole of a machine or organism. “A sudden fall deranges some of our internal parts.” Blair. 3. To disturb in the orderly or normal action of the intellect; to render insane. Syn. — To disorder; disarrange; displace; unsettle; disturb; confuse; discompose; ruffle; disconcert.

De•ranged´ , a. Disordered; especially, disordered in mind; crazy; insane. “The story of a poor deranged parish lad.” Lamb.

De•range´ment , n. [Cf. F. derangement.] The act of deranging or putting out of order, or the state of being deranged; disarrangement; disorder; confusion; especially, mental disorder; insanity. Syn. — Disorder; confusion; embarrassment; irregularity; disturbance; insanity; lunacy; madness; delirium; mania. See Insanity.

De•ran´ger , n. One who deranges.

De•ray´ , n. [OF. derroi, desroi, desrei; pref. des- (L. dis-) + roi, rei, rai, order. See Array.] Disorder; merriment. [Obs.]

Der´bi•o , n. (Zoöl.) A large European food fish (Lichia glauca).

Der´by ( usually ? in Eng.; 85), n. 1. A race for three-old horses, run annually at Epsom (near London), for the Derby stakes. It was instituted by the 12th Earl of Derby, in 1780. Derby Day, the day of the annual race for the Derby stakes, — Wednesday of the week before Whitsuntide. 2. A stiff felt hat with a dome-shaped crown.

Der´by•shire spar´ (Min.) A massive variety of fluor spar, found in Derbyshire, England, and wrought into vases and other ornamental work.

Der•do´ing , a. [See Dere, v. t.] Doing daring or chivalrous deeds. [Obs.] ´In derdoing arms.´ Spenser.

Dere , v. t. [AS. derian to hurt.] To hurt; to harm; to injure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dere, n. Harm. [Obs.] Robert of Brunne. { De•reine , De•reyne´ }, v. t. Same as Darraign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Der´e•lict , a. [L. derelictus, p. p. of derelinquere to forsake wholly, to abandon; de- + relinquere to leave. See Relinquish.] 1. Given up or forsaken by the natural owner or guardian; left and abandoned; as derelict lands. “The affections which these exposed or derelict children bear to their mothers, have no grounds of nature or assiduity but civility and opinion.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Lost; adrift; hence, wanting; careless; neglectful; unfaithful. “They easily prevailed, so as to seize upon the vacant, unoccupied, and derelict minds of his [Chatham’s] friends; and instantly they turned the vessel wholly out of the course of his policy.” Burke. “A government which is either unable or unwilling to redress such wrongs is derelict to its highest duties.” J. Buchanan.

Der´e•lict, n. (Law) (a) A thing voluntary abandoned or willfully cast away by its proper owner, especially a ship abandoned at sea. (b) A tract of land left dry by the sea, and fit for cultivation or use.

Der•e•lic´tion , n. [L. derelictio.] 1. The act of leaving with an intention not to reclaim or resume; an utter forsaking abandonment. “Cession or dereliction, actual or tacit, of other powers.” Burke. 2. A neglect or omission as if by willful abandonment. “A total dereliction of military duties.” Sir W. Scott. 3. The state of being left or abandoned. 4. (Law) A retiring of the sea, occasioning a change of high-water mark, whereby land is gained.

De•re•li´gion•ize , v. t. To make irreligious; to turn from religion. [R.] “He would dereligionize men beyond all others.” De Quincey.

Dere´ling , n. Darling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dere´ling , n. Darling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Derf , a. [Icel. djafr.] Strong; powerful; fierce. [Obs.] — Derf´ly, adv. [Obs.]

De•ride´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derided; p. pr. & vb. n. Deriding.] [L. deridere, derisum; de- + ridre to laugh. See Ridicule.] To laugh at with contempt; to laugh to scorn; to turn to ridicule or make sport of; to mock; to scoff at. “And the Pharisees, also … derided him.” Luke xvi. 14. “Sport that wrinkled Care derides.
And Laughter holding both his sides.” Milton. Syn. — To mock; laugh at; ridicule; insult; taunt; jeer; banter; rally. — To Deride, Ridicule, Mock, Taunt. A man may ridicule without any unkindness of feeling; his object may be to correct; as to ridicule the follies of the age. He who derides is actuated by a severe a contemptuous spirit; as to deride one for his religious principles. To mock is stronger, and denotes open and scornful derision; as to mock at sin. To taunt is to reproach with the keenest insult; as to taunt one for his misfortunes. Ridicule consists more in words than in actions; derision and mockery evince themselves in actions as well as words; taunts are always expressed in words of extreme bitterness.

De•rid´er , n. One who derides, or laughs at, another in contempt; a mocker; a scoffer.

De•rid´ing•ly, adv. By way of derision or mockery.

De•ri´sion , n. [L. derisio: cf. F. derision. See Deride.] 1. The act of deriding, or the state of being derided; mockery; scornful or contemptuous treatment which holds one up to ridicule. “He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall have them in derision.” Ps. ii. 4. “Satan beheld their plight,
And to his mates thus in derision called.” Milton. 2. An object of derision or scorn; a laughing-stock. “I was a derision to all my people.” Lam. iii. 14. Syn. — Scorn; mockery; contempt; insult; ridicule.

De•ri´sive , a. Expressing, serving for, or characterized by, derision. ´Derisive taunts.´ Pope. — De•ri´sive•ly, adv. — De•ri´sive•ness, n.

De•ri´so•ry , a. [L. derisorius: cf. F. derisoire.] Derisive; mocking. Shaftesbury.

De•riv´a•ble , a. [From Derive.] That can be derived; obtainable by transmission; capable of being known by inference, as from premises or data; capable of being traced, as from a radical; as income is derivable from various sources. “All honor derivable upon me.” South. “The exquisite pleasure derivable from the true and beautiful relations of domestic life.” H. G. Bell. “The argument derivable from the doxologies.” J. H. Newman.

De•riv´a•bly, adv. By derivation.

De•riv´al , n. Derivation. [R.] “The derival of e from a.” Earle.

Der´i•vate , a. [L. derivatus, p. p. of derivare. See Derive.] Derived; derivative. [R.] H. Taylor. — n. A thing derived; a derivative. [R.]

Der´i•vate , v. t. To derive. [Obs.] Huloet.

Der•i•va´tion , n. [L. derivatio: cf. F. derivation. See Derive.] 1. A leading or drawing off of water from a stream or source. [Obs.] T. Burnet. 2. The act of receiving anything from a source; the act of procuring an effect from a cause, means, or condition, as profits from capital, conclusions or opinions from evidence. “As touching traditional communication, … I do not doubt but many of those truths have had the help of that derivation.” Sir M. Hale. 3. The act of tracing origin or descent, as in grammar or genealogy; as the derivation of a word from an Aryan root. 4. The state or method of being derived; the relation of origin when established or asserted. 5. That from which a thing is derived. 6. That which is derived; a derivative; a deduction. “From the Euphrates into an artificial derivation of that river.” Gibbon. 7. (Math.) The operation of deducing one function from another according to some fixed law, called the law of derivation, as the operation of differentiation or of integration. 8. (Med.) A drawing of humors or fluids from one part of the body to another, to relieve or lessen a morbid process.

Der•i•va´tion•al , a. Relating to derivation. Earle.

De•riv´a•tive , a. [L. derivativus: cf. F. derivatif.] Obtained by derivation; derived; not radical, original, or fundamental; originating, deduced, or formed from something else; secondary; as a derivative conveyance; a derivative word. Derivative circulation, a modification of the circulation found in some parts of the body, in which the arteries empty directly into the veins without the interposition of capillaries. Flint. — De•riv´a•tive•ly, adv. — De•riv´a•tive•ness, n.

De•riv´a•tive, n. 1. That which is derived; anything obtained or deduced from another. 2. (Gram.) A word formed from another word, by a prefix or suffix, an internal modification, or some other change; a word which takes its origin from a root. 3. (Mus.) A chord, not fundamental, but obtained from another by inversion; or, vice versa, a ground tone or root implied in its harmonics in an actual chord. 4. (Med.) An agent which is adapted to produce a derivation (in the medical sense). 5. (Math.) A derived function; a function obtained from a given function by a certain algebraic process. Except in the mode of derivation the derivative is the same as the differential coefficient. See Differential coefficient, under Differential. 6. (Chem.) A substance so related to another substance by modification or partial substitution as to be regarded as derived from it; thus, the amido compounds are derivatives of ammonia, and the hydrocarbons are derivatives of methane, benzene, etc.

De•rive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derived p. pr. & vb. n. Deriving.] [F. deriver, L. derivare; de- + rivus stream, brook. See Rival.] 1. To turn the course of, as water; to divert and distribute into subordinate channels; to diffuse; to communicate; to transmit; — followed by to, into, on, upon. [Obs.] “For fear it [water] choke up the pits … they [the workman] derive it by other drains.” Holland. “Her due loves derived to that vile witch’s share.” Spenser. “Derived to us by tradition from Adam to Noah.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To receive, as from a source or origin; to obtain by descent or by transmission; to draw; to deduce; — followed by from. 3. To trace the origin, descent, or derivation of; to recognize transmission of; as he derives this word from the Anglo-Saxon. “From these two causes … an ancient set of physicians derived all diseases.” Arbuthnot. 4. (Chem.) To obtain one substance from another by actual or theoretical substitution; as to derive an organic acid from its corresponding hydrocarbon. Syn. — To trace; deduce; infer.

De•rive´ , v. i. To flow; to have origin; to descend; to proceed; to be deduced. Shak. “Power from heaven
Derives, and monarchs rule by gods appointed.” Prior.

De•rive´ment , n. That which is derived; deduction; inference. [Obs.] “I offer these derivements from these subjects.” W. Montagu.

De•riv´er , n. One who derives.

Derk , a. Dark. [Obs.] Chaucer.

-derm [See Derm, n.] A suffix or terminal formative, much used in anatomical terms, and signifying skin, integument, covering; as blastoderm, ectoderm, etc.

Derm , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin, fr. to skin, flay: cf. F. derme. See Tear, v. t.] 1. The integument of animal; the skin. 2. (Anat.) See Dermis.

Der´ma , n. [NL. See Derm.] (Anat.) See Dermis.

Derm´al , a. [From Derm.] 1. Pertaining to the integument or skin of animals; dermic; as the dermal secretions. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to the dermis or true skin.

Der•map´te•ra , Der•map´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) See Dermoptera, Dermopteran. { Der•mat´ic , Der´ma•tine } a. [Gr. , , fr. skin.] Of or pertaining to the skin.

Der•ma•ti´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the skin.

Der•mat´o•gen , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -gen.] (Bot.) Nascent epidermis, or external cuticle of plants in a forming condition.

Der•mat´o•gen , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -gen.] (Bot.) Nascent epidermis, or external cuticle of plants in a forming condition.

Der•ma•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -graphy.] An anatomical description of, or treatise on, the skin.

Der´ma•toid , a. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -oid: cf. F. dermatoïde. Cf. Dermoid.] Resembling skin; skinlike.

Der•ma•tol´o•gist , n. One who discourses on the skin and its diseases; one versed in dermatology.

Der•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -logy: cf. F. dermatologie.] The science which treats of the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases.

Der•ma•to•path´ic , a. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + pa•qos suffering.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to skin diseases, or their cure.

Der•mat´o•phyte (der•mat´o•fit or der´ma•to•fit), n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + fyto•n plant.] (Med.) A vegetable parasite, infesting the skin.
[1913 Webster]

Der•mes´tes , n. [NL., from Gr. dermhsth•s; de•rma skin + root of to eat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of coleopterous insects, the larvae of which feed animal substances. They are very destructive to dries meats, skins, woolens, and furs. The most common species is D. lardarius, known as the bacon beetle.

Der•mes´toid , a. [Dermestes + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to or resembling the genus Dermestes. “The carpet beetle, called the buffalo moth, is a dermestoid beetle.” Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Der´mic , a. 1. Relating to the derm or skin. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to the dermis; dermal. “Underneath each nail the deep or dermic layer of the integument is peculiarly modified.” Huxley. Dermic remedies (Med.), such as act through the skin.

Der´mis , n. [NL. See Derm.] (Anat.) The deep sensitive layer of the skin beneath the scarfskin or epidermis; — called also true skin, derm, derma, corium, cutis, and enderon. See Skin, and Illust. in Appendix.

Der•mo•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of nudibranch mollusks without special gills.

Der•mo•bran´chi•ate , a. [Derm + branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having the skin modified to serve as a gill.

Der•mo•hae´mal , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in relation with, both dermal and haemal structures; as the dermohaemal spines or ventral fin rays of fishes.

Der´moid , a. [Derm + - oid: cf. F. dermoïde.] Same as Dermatoid. Dermoid cyst (Med.), a cyst containing skin, or structures connected with skin, such as hair.

Der•mo•neu´ral , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in relation with, both dermal and neural structures; as the dermoneural spines or dorsal fin rays of fishes. Owen.

Der•mo•path´ic , a. (Med.) Dermatopathic.

Der´mo•phyte , n. A dermatophyte.

Der•mop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. skin + wing.] 1. (Zoöl.) The division of insects which includes the earwigs (Forticulidae). 2. (Zoöl.) A group of lemuroid mammals having a parachutelike web of skin between the fore and hind legs, of which the colugo (Galeopithecus) is the type. See Colugo. 3. (Zoöl.) An order of Mammalia; the Cheiroptera. [Written also Dermaptera, and Dermatoptera.]

Der•mop´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) An insect which has the anterior pair of wings coriaceous, and does not use them in flight, as the earwig.

Der•mop´te•ri , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Dermopterygii.

Der•mop•te•ryg´i•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. skin + wing, fin, dim. of wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishlike animals including the Marsipobranchiata and Leptocardia.

Der•mo•skel´e•ton , n. [Derm + skeleton.] (Anat.) See Exoskeleton.

Der•mos•to´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. skin + bone.] (Physiol.) Ossification of the dermis.

Dern , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A gatepost or doorpost. [Local Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Dern, a. [See Dearn, a.] 1. Hidden; concealed; secret. [Obs.] ´Ye must be full dern.´ Chaucer. 2. Solitary; sad. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Derne , v. t. & i. [AS. dyrnan to hide. See Dern, a., Dearn, a.] To hide; to skulk. [Scot.] “He at length escaped them by derning himself in a foxearth.” H. Miller.

Dern´ful , a. Secret; hence, lonely; sad; mournful. [Obs.] ´Dernful noise.´ Spenser.

Der•nier´ , a. [F., from OF. darrein, derrain. See Darrein.] Last; final. Dernier ressort [F.], last resort or expedient.

Dern´ly , adv. Secretly; grievously; mournfully. [Obs.] Spenser.

Der´o•gant , a. [L. derogans, p. pr.] Derogatory. [R.] T. Adams.

Der´o•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derogated p. pr. & vb. n. Derogating ] [L. derogatus, p. p. of derogare to derogate; de- + rogare to ask, to ask the people about a law. See Rogation.] 1. To annul in part; to repeal partly; to restrict; to limit the action of; — said of a law. “By several contrary customs, … many of the civil and canon laws are controlled and derogated.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To lessen; to detract from; to disparage; to depreciate; — said of a person or thing. [R.] “Anything … that should derogate, minish, or hurt his glory and his name.” Sir T. More.

Der´o•gate , v. i. 1. To take away; to detract; to withdraw; — usually with from. “If we did derogate from them whom their industry hath made great.” Hooker. “It derogates little from his fortitude, while it adds infinitely to the honor of his humanity.” Burke. 2. To act beneath one-s rank, place, birth, or character; to degenerate. [R.] “You are a fool granted; therefore your issues, being foolish, do not derogate.” Shak. “Would Charles X. derogate from his ancestors? Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line?” Hazlitt.

Der´o•gate , n. [L. derogatus, p. p.] Diminished in value; dishonored; degraded. [R.] Shak.

Der´o•gate•ly, adv. In a derogatory manner.

Der•o•ga´tion , n. [L. derogatio: cf. F. derogation.] 1. The act of derogating, partly repealing, or lessening in value; disparagement; detraction; depreciation; — followed by of, from, or to. “I hope it is no derogation to the Christian religion.” Locke. “He counted it no derogation of his manhood to be seen to weep.” F. W. Robertson. 2. (Stock Exch.) An alteration of, or subtraction from, a contract for a sale of stocks.

De•rog´a•tive , a. Derogatory. — De•rog´a•tive•ly, adv. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Der´o•ga•tor , n. [L.] A detractor.

De•rog´a•to•ri•ly , adv. In a derogatory manner; disparagingly. Aubrey.

De•rog´a•to•ri•ness, n. Quality of being derogatory.

De•rog´a•to•ry , a. Tending to derogate, or lessen in value; expressing derogation; detracting; injurious; — with from, to, or unto. “Acts of Parliament derogatory from the power of subsequent Parliaments bind not.” Blackstone. “His language was severely censured by some of his brother peers as derogatory to their order.” Macaulay. Derogatory clause in a testament (Law), a sentence of secret character inserted by the testator alone, of which he reserves the knowledge to himself, with a condition that no will he may make thereafter shall be valid, unless this clause is inserted word for word; — a precaution to guard against later wills extorted by violence, or obtained by suggestion.

Der•o•tre´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ros skin + , , hole.] (Zoöl.) The tribe of aquatic Amphibia which includes Amphiuma, Menopoma, etc. They have permanent gill openings, but no external gills; — called also Cryptobranchiata. [Written also Derotrema.]

Der´re , a. Dearer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Der´rick , n. [Orig., a gallows, from a hangman named Derrick. The name is of Dutch origin; D. Diederik, Dierryk, prop. meaning, chief of the people; cf. AS. peódric, E. Theodoric, G. Dietrich. See Dutch, and Rich.] A mast, spar, or tall frame, supported at the top by stays or guys, with suitable tackle for hoisting heavy weights, as stones in building. Derrick crane, a combination of the derrick and the crane, having facility for hoisting and also for swinging the load horizontally.

Der´ring, a. Daring or warlike. [Obs.] “Drad for his derring doe and bloody deed.” Spenser.

Der´rin•ger , n. [From the American inventor.] A kind of short-barreled pocket pistol, of very large caliber, often carrying a half-ounce ball.

Derth , n. Dearth; scarcity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Der•tro•the´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. beak + box, case.] (Zoöl.) The horny covering of the end of the bill of birds. { Der´vish , Der´vise , Der´vis } n. [Per. derwesch, fr. OPer. derew to beg, ask alms: cf. F. derviche.] A Turkish or Persian monk, especially one who professes extreme poverty and leads an austere life.

Der´worth (der´werth), a. [AS. deórwurþe, lit., dearworth.] Precious. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Des´cant (des´kant), n. [OF. descant, deschant, F. dechant, discant, LL. discantus, fr. L. dis + cantus singing, melody, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, and cf. Descant, v. i., Discant.] 1. (Mus.) (a) Originally, a double song; a melody or counterpoint sung above the plain song of the tenor; a variation of an air; a variation by ornament of the main subject or plain song. (b) The upper voice in part music. (c) The canto, cantus, or soprano voice; the treble. Grove. “Twenty doctors expound one text twenty ways, as children make descant upon plain song.” Tyndale. “She [the nightingale] all night long her amorous descant sung.” Milton. The term has also been used synonymously with counterpoint, or polyphony, which developed out of the French dechant, of the 12th century. 2. A discourse formed on its theme, like variations on a musical air; a comment or comments. “Upon that simplest of themes how magnificent a descant!” De Quincey.

Des•cant´ (des•kant´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Descanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Descanting.] [From descant; n.; or directly fr. OF. descanter, deschanter; L. dis- + cantare to sing.] 1. To sing a variation or accomplishment. 2. To comment freely; to discourse with fullness and particularity; to discourse at large. “A virtuous man should be pleased to find people descanting on his actions.” Addison.

Des•cant´er , n. One who descants.

De•scend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Descended; p. pr. & vb. n. Descending.] [F. descendre, L. descendere, descensum; de- + scandere to climb. See Scan.] 1. To pass from a higher to a lower place; to move downwards; to come or go down in any way, as by falling, flowing, walking, etc.; to plunge; to fall; to incline downward; — the opposite of ascend. “The rain descended, and the floods came.” Matt. vii. 25. “We will here descend to matters of later date.” Fuller. 2. To enter mentally; to retire. [Poetic] “[He] with holiest meditations fed,
Into himself descended.” Milton. 3. To make an attack, or incursion, as if from a vantage ground; to come suddenly and with violence; — with on or upon. “And on the suitors let thy wrath descend.” Pope. 4. To come down to a lower, less fortunate, humbler, less virtuous, or worse, state or station; to lower or abase one’s self; as he descended from his high estate. 5. To pass from the more general or important to the particular or less important matters to be considered. 6. To come down, as from a source, original, or stock; to be derived; to proceed by generation or by transmission; to fall or pass by inheritance; as the beggar may descend from a prince; a crown descends to the heir. 7. (Anat.) To move toward the south, or to the southward. 8. (Mus.) To fall in pitch; to pass from a higher to a lower tone.

De•scend´ , v. t. To go down upon or along; to pass from a higher to a lower part of; as they descended the river in boats; to descend a ladder. “But never tears his cheek descended.” Byron.

De•scend´ant , a. [F. descendant, p. pr. of descendre. Cf. Descendent.] Descendent.

De•scend´ant, n. One who descends, as offspring, however remotely; — correlative to ancestor or ascendant. “Our first parents and their descendants.” Hale. “The descendant of so many kings and emperors.” Burke.

De•scend´ent , a. [L. descendens, -entis, p. pr. of descendre. Cf. Descendant.] Descending; falling; proceeding from an ancestor or source. “More than mortal grace
Speaks thee descendent of ethereal race.” Pope.

De•scend´er , n. One who descends.

De•scend•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being descendible; capability of being transmitted from ancestors; as the descendibility of an estate.

De•scend´i•ble , a. 1. Admitting descent; capable of being descended. 2. That may descend from an ancestor to an heir. ´A descendant estate.´ Sir W. Jones.

De•scend´ing, a. Of or pertaining to descent; moving downwards. Descending constellations or signs (Astron.), those through which the planets descent toward the south. — Descending node (Astron.), that point in a planet’s orbit where it intersects the ecliptic in passing southward. — Descending series (Math.), a series in which each term is numerically smaller than the preceding one; also a series arranged according to descending powers of a quantity.

De•scend´ing•ly, adv. In a descending manner.

De•scen´sion , n. [OF. descension, L. descensio. See Descent.] The act of going downward; descent; falling or sinking; declension; degradation. Oblique descension (Astron.), the degree or arc of the equator which descends, with a celestial object, below the horizon of an oblique sphere. — Right descension, the degree or arc of the equator which descends below the horizon of a right sphere at the same time with the object. [Obs.]

De•scen´sion•al , a. Pertaining to descension. Johnson.

De•scen´sive , a. Tending to descend; tending downwards; descending. Smart.

De•scen´so•ry , n. [NL. descensorium: cf. OF. descensoire. See Descend.] A vessel used in alchemy to extract oils.

De•scent´ , n. [F. descente, fr. descendre; like vente, from vendre. See Descend.] 1. The act of descending, or passing downward; change of place from higher to lower. 2. Incursion; sudden attack; especially, hostile invasion from sea; — often followed by upon or on; as to make a descent upon the enemy. “The United Provinces … ordered public prayer to God, when they feared that the French and English fleets would make a descent upon their coasts.” Jortin. 3. Progress downward, as in station, virtue, as in station, virtue, and the like, from a higher to a lower state, from a higher to a lower state, from the more to the less important, from the better to the worse, etc. 2. Derivation, as from an ancestor; procedure by generation; lineage; birth; extraction. Dryden. 5. (Law) Transmission of an estate by inheritance, usually, but not necessarily, in the descending line; title to inherit an estate by reason of consanguinity. Abbott. 6. Inclination downward; a descending way; inclined or sloping surface; declivity; slope; as a steep descent. 7. That which is descended; descendants; issue. “If care of our descent perplex us most,
Which must be born to certain woe.” Milton. 8. A step or remove downward in any scale of gradation; a degree in the scale of genealogy; a generation. “No man living is a thousand descents removed from Adam himself.” Hooker. 9. Lowest place; extreme downward place. [R.] “And from the extremest upward of thy head,
To the descent and dust below thy foot.” Shak. 10. (Mus.) A passing from a higher to a lower tone. Syn. — Declivity; slope; degradation; extraction; lineage; assault; invasion; attack.

De•scrib´a•ble , a. That can be described; capable of description.

De•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Described p. pr. & vb. n. Describing.] [L. describere, descriptum; de- + scribere to write: cf. OE. descriven, OF. descrivre, F. decrire. See Scribe, and cf. Descry.] 1. To represent by drawing; to draw a plan of; to delineate; to trace or mark out; as to describe a circle by the compasses; a torch waved about the head in such a way as to describe a circle. 2. To represent by words written or spoken; to give an account of; to make known to others by words or signs; as the geographer describes countries and cities. 3. To distribute into parts, groups, or classes; to mark off; to class. [Obs.] “Passed through the land, and described it by cities into seven parts in a book.” Josh. xviii. 9. Syn. — To set forth; represent; delineate; relate; recount; narrate; express; explain; depict; portray; chracterize.

De•scribe´, v. i. To use the faculty of describing; to give a description; as Milton describes with uncommon force and beauty.

De•scrib´ent , n. [L. describens, p. pr. of describere.] (Geom.) Same as Generatrix.

De•scrib´er , n. One who describes.

De•scri´er , n. One who descries.

De•scrip´tion , n. [F. description, L. descriptio. See Describe.] 1. The act of describing; a delineation by marks or signs. 2. A sketch or account of anything in words; a portraiture or representation in language; an enumeration of the essential qualities of a thing or species. “Milton has descriptions of morning.” D. Webster. 3. A class to which a certain representation is applicable; kind; sort. “A difference … between them and another description of public creditors.” A. Hamilton. “The plates were all of the meanest description.” Macaulay. Syn. — Account; definition; recital; relation; detail; narrative; narration; explanation; delineation; representation; kind; sort. See Definition.

De•scrip´tive , a. [L. descriptivus: cf. F. descriptif.] Tending to describe; having the quality of representing; containing description; as a descriptive figure; a descriptive phrase; a descriptive narration; a story descriptive of the age. Descriptive anatomy, that part of anatomy which treats of the forms and relations of parts, but not of their textures. — Descriptive geometry, that branch of geometry. which treats of the graphic solution of problems involving three dimensions, by means of projections upon auxiliary planes. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) — De•scrip´tive•ly, adv. — De•scrip´tive•ness, n.

De•scrive´ , v. t. [OF. descrivre. See Describe.] To describe. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•scry´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Descried p. pr. & vb. n. Descrying.] [OE. descrien, discrien, to espy, prob. from the proclaiming of what was espied, fr. OF. descrier to proclaim, cry down, decry, F. decrier. The word was confused somewhat with OF. descriven, E. describe, OF. descrivre, from L. describere. See Decry.] 1. To spy out or discover by the eye, as objects distant or obscure; to espy; to recognize; to discern; to discover. “And the house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel.” Judg. i. 23. “Edmund, I think, is gone … to descry
The strength o’ the enemy.” Shak. “And now their way to earth they had descried.” Milton. 2. To discover; to disclose; to reveal. [R.] “His purple robe he had thrown aside, lest it should descry him.” Milton. Syn. — To see; behold; espy; discover; discern.

De•scry´ , n. Discovery or view, as of an army seen at a distance. [Obs.] “Near, and on speedy foot; the main descry
Stands on the hourly thought.” Shak.

Des´e•cate , v. t. [L. desecare to cut off.] To cut, as with a scythe; to mow. [Obs.]

Des´e•crate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desecrated p. pr. & vb. n. Desecrating ] [L. desecratus, p. p. of desecrare (also desacrare) to consecrate, dedicate; but taken in the sense if to divest of a sacred character; de- + sacrare to consecrate, fr. sacer sacred. See Sacred.] To divest of a sacred character or office; to divert from a sacred purpose; to violate the sanctity of; to profane; to put to an unworthy use; — the opposite of consecrate. “The [Russian] clergy can not suffer corporal punishment without being previously desecrated.” W. Tooke. “The founders of monasteries imprecated evil on those who should desecrate their donations.” Salmon.

Des´e•cra•ter , n. One who desecrates; a profaner. Harper’s Mag.

Des•e•cra´tion , n. The act of desecrating; profanation; condition of anything desecrated.

Des´e•cra•tor , n. One who desecrates. ´Desecrators of the church.´ Morley.

De•seg•men•ta´tion , n. (Anat.) The loss or obliteration of division into segments; as a desegmentation of the body.

De•sert´ (de•zert´), n. [OF. deserte, desserte, merit, recompense, fr. deservir, desservir, to merit. See Deserve.] That which is deserved; the reward or the punishment justly due; claim to recompense, usually in a good sense; right to reward; merit. “According to their deserts will I judge them.” Ezek. vii. 27. “Andronicus, surnamed Pius
For many good and great deserts to Rome.” Shak. “His reputation falls far below his desert.” A. Hamilton. Syn. — Merit; worth; excellence; due.

Des´ert (dez´ert), n. [F. desert, L. desertum, from desertus solitary, desert, pp. of deserere to desert; de- + serere to join together. See Series.] 1. A deserted or forsaken region; a barren tract incapable of supporting population, as the vast sand plains of Asia and Africa which are destitute of moisture and vegetation. “A dreary desert and a gloomy waste.” Pope. 2. A tract, which may be capable of sustaining a population, but has been left unoccupied and uncultivated; a wilderness; a solitary place. “He will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the Lord.” Is. li. 3. Also figuratively. “Before her extended
Dreary and vast and silent, the desert of life.” Longfellow.

Des´ert, a. [Cf. L. desertus, p. p. of deserere, and F. desert. See 2d Desert.] Of or pertaining to a desert; forsaken; without life or cultivation; unproductive; waste; barren; wild; desolate; solitary; as they landed on a desert island. “He … went aside privately into a desert place.” Luke ix. 10. “Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.” Gray. Desert flora (Bot.), the assemblage of plants growing naturally in a desert, or in a dry and apparently unproductive place. — Desert hare (Zoöl.), a small hare (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Arizonae) inhabiting the deserts of the Western United States. — Desert mouse (Zoöl.), an American mouse (Hesperomys eremicus), living in the Western deserts.

De•sert´ (de•zert´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deserting.] [Cf. L. desertus, p. p. of deserere to desert, F. deserter. See 2d Desert.] 1. To leave (especially something which one should stay by and support); to leave in the lurch; to abandon; to forsake; — implying blame, except sometimes when used of localities; as to desert a friend, a principle, a cause, one’s country. ´The deserted fortress.´ Prescott. 2. (Mil.) To abandon (the service) without leave; to forsake in violation of duty; to abscond from; as to desert the army; to desert one’s colors.

De•sert´, v. i. To abandon a service without leave; to quit military service without permission, before the expiration of one’s term; to abscond. “The soldiers … deserted in numbers.” Bancroft. Syn. — To abandon; forsake; leave; relinquish; renounce; quit; depart from; abdicate. See Abandon.

De•sert´er (de•zert´er), n. One who forsakes a duty, a cause or a party, a friend, or any one to whom he owes service; especially, a soldier or a seaman who abandons the service without leave; one guilty of desertion.

De•sert´ful , a. Meritorious. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

De•ser´tion (de•zer´shun), n. [L. desertio: cf. F. desertion.] 1. The act of deserting or forsaking; abandonment of a service, a cause, a party, a friend, or any post of duty; the quitting of one’s duties willfully and without right; esp., an absconding from military or naval service. “Such a resignation would have seemed to his superior a desertion or a reproach.” Bancroft. 2. The state of being forsaken; desolation; as the king in his desertion. 3. Abandonment by God; spiritual despondency. “The spiritual agonies of a soul under desertion.” South.

De•sert´less , a. Without desert. [R.]

De•sert´less•ly, adv. Undeservedly. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Des´ert•ness , n. A deserted condition. [R.] ´The desertness of the country.´ Udall. { De•sert´rix , De•sert´rice } n. [L. desertrix.] A feminine deserter. Milton.

De•serve´ (de•zerv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deserved p. pr. & vb. n. Deserving.] [OF. deservir, desservir, to merit, L. deservire to serve zealously, be devoted to; de- + servire to serve. See Serve.] 1. To earn by service; to be worthy of (something due, either good or evil); to merit; to be entitled to; as the laborer deserves his wages; a work of value deserves praise. “God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.” Job xi. 6. “John Gay deserved to be a favorite.” Thackeray. “Encouragement is not held out to things that deserve reprehension.” Burke. 2. To serve; to treat; to benefit. [Obs.] “A man that hath
So well deserved me.” Massinger.

De•serve´ (de•zerv´), v. i. To be worthy of recompense; — usually with ill or with well. “One man may merit or deserve of another.” South.

De•serv´ed•ly (-zerv´ed•l>ycr/), adv. According to desert (whether good or evil); justly.

De•serv´ed•ness, n. Meritoriousness.

De•serv´er , n. One who deserves.

De•serv´ing, n. Desert; merit. “A person of great deservings from the republic.” Swift.

De•serv´ing, a. Meritorious; worthy; as a deserving person or act. — De•serv´ing•ly, adv.

Des•ha•bille , n. [F. deshabille, fr. deshabiller to undress; pref. des- (L. dis-) + habiller to dress. See Habiliment, and cf. Dishabille.] An undress; a careless toilet.

De•sic´cant , a. [L. desiccans, p. pr. of desiccare. See Desiccate.] Drying; desiccative. — n. (Med.) A medicine or application for drying up a sore. Wiseman.

Des´ic•cate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desiccated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiccating.] [L. desiccatus, p. p. of desiccare to dry up; de- + siccare to dry, siccus dry. See Sack wine.] To dry up; to deprive or exhaust of moisture; to preserve by drying; as to desiccate fish or fruit. “Bodies desiccated by heat or age.” Bacon.

Des´ic•cate, v. i. To become dry.

Des•ic•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. dessiccation.] The act of desiccating, or the state of being desiccated.

De•sic´ca•tive , a. [Cf. F. dessicatif.] Drying; tending to dry. Ferrand. — n. (Med.) An application for drying up secretions.

Des´ic•ca•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, desiccates. 2. (Chem.) A short glass jar fitted with an air-tight cover, and containing some desiccating agent, as sulphuric acid or calcium chloride, above which is suspended the material to be dried, or preserved from moisture.

De•sic´ca•to•ry , a. Desiccative.

De•sid´er•a•ble , a. Desirable. [R.] ´Good and desiderable things.´ Holland.

De•sid•e•ra´ta , n. pl. See Desideratum.

De•sid´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desiderated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiderating.] [L. desideratus, p. p. of desiderare to desire, miss. See Desire, and cf. Desideratum.] To desire; to feel the want of; to lack; to miss; to want. “Pray have the goodness to point out one word missing that ought to have been there — please to insert a desiderated stanza. You can not.” Prof. Wilson. “Men were beginning … to desiderate for them an actual abode of fire.” A. W. Ward.

De•sid•er•a´tion , n. [L. desideratio.] Act of desiderating; also the thing desired. [R.] Jeffrey.

De•sid´er•a•tive , a. [L. desiderativus.] Denoting desire; as desiderative verbs.

De•sid´er•a•tive, n. 1. An object of desire. 2. (Gram.) A verb formed from another verb by a change of termination, and expressing the desire of doing that which is indicated by the primitive verb.

De•sid•e•ra´tum , n.; pl. Desiderata (#). [L., fr. desideratus, p. p. See Desiderate.] Anything desired; that of which the lack is felt; a want generally felt and acknowledge. { De•sid´i•ose• , De•sid´i•ous } a. [L. desidiosus, fr. desidia a sitting idle, fr. desidre to sit idle; de- + sedre to sit.] Idle; lazy. [Obs.]

De•sid´i•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being desidiose, or indolent. [Obs.] N. Bacon.

De•sight´ , n. [Pref. de- + sight.] An unsightly object. [Obs.]

De•sight´ment , n. The act of making unsightly; disfigurement. [R.] “To substitute jury masts at whatever desightment or damage in risk.” London Times.

De•sign´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Designed p. pr. & vb. n. Designing.] [F. designer to designate, cf. F. dessiner to draw, dessin drawing, dessein a plan or scheme; all, ultimately, from L. designare to designate; de- + signare to mark, mark out, signum mark, sign. See Sign, and cf. Design, n., Designate.] 1. To draw preliminary outline or main features of; to sketch for a pattern or model; to delineate; to trace out; to draw. Dryden. 2. To mark out and exhibit; to designate; to indicate; to show; to point out; to appoint. “We shall see
Justice design the victor’s chivalry.” Shak. “Meet me to-morrow where the master
And this fraternity shall design.” Beau. & Fl. 3. To create or produce, as a work of art; to form a plan or scheme of; to form in idea; to invent; to project; to lay out in the mind; as a man designs an essay, a poem, a statue, or a cathedral. 4. To intend or purpose; — usually with for before the remote object, but sometimes with to. “Ask of politicians the end for which laws were originally designed.” Burke. “He was designed to the study of the law.” Dryden. Syn. — To sketch; plan; purpose; intend; propose; project; mean.

De•sign´, v. i. To form a design or designs; to plan. Design for, to intend to go to. [Obs.] ´From this city she designed for Collin [Cologne].´ Evelyn.

De•sign´ , n. [Cf. dessein, dessin.] 1. A preliminary sketch; an outline or pattern of the main features of something to be executed, as of a picture, a building, or a decoration; a delineation; a plan. 2. A plan or scheme formed in the mind of something to be done; preliminary conception; idea intended to be expressed in a visible form or carried into action; intention; purpose; — often used in a bad sense for evil intention or purpose; scheme; plot. “The vast design and purpos of the King.” Tennyson. “The leaders of that assembly who withstood the designs of a besotted woman.” Hallam. “A … settled design upon another man’s life.” Locke. “How little he could guess the secret designs of the court!” Macaulay. 3. Specifically, intention or purpose as revealed or inferred from the adaptation of means to an end; as the argument from design. 4. The realization of an inventive or decorative plan; esp., a work of decorative art considered as a new creation; conception or plan shown in completed work; as this carved panel is a fine design, or of a fine design. 5. (Mus.) The invention and conduct of the subject; the disposition of every part, and the general order of the whole. Arts of design, those into which the designing of artistic forms and figures enters as a principal part, as architecture, painting, engraving, sculpture. — School of design, one in which are taught the invention and delineation of artistic or decorative figures, patterns, and the like. Syn. — Intention; purpose; scheme; project; plan; idea. - - Design, Intention, Purpose. Design has reference to something definitely aimed at. Intention points to the feelings or desires with which a thing is sought. Purpose has reference to a settled choice or determination for its attainment. ´I had no design to injure you,´ means it was no part of my aim or object. ´I had no intention to injure you,´ means, I had no wish or desire of that kind. ´My purpose was directly the reverse,´ makes the case still stronger. “Is he a prudent man … that lays designs only for a day, without any prospect to the remaining part of his life?” Tillotson. “I wish others the same intention, and greater successes.” Sir W. Temple. “It is the purpose that makes strong the vow.” Shak.

Des´ig•na•ble , a. Capable of being designated or distinctly marked out; distinguishable. Boyle.

Des´ig•nate , a. [L. designatus, p. p. of designare. See Design, v. t.] Designated; appointed; chosen. [R.] Sir G. Buck.

Des´ig•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Designated; p. pr. & vb. n. Designating.] 1. To mark out and make known; to point out; to name; to indicate; to show; to distinguish by marks or description; to specify; as to designate the boundaries of a country; to designate the rioters who are to be arrested. 2. To call by a distinctive title; to name. 3. To indicate or set apart for a purpose or duty; — with to or for; as to designate an officer for or to the command of a post or station. Syn. — To name; denominate; style; entitle; characterize; describe.

Des•ig•na´tion , n. [L. designatio: cf. F. designation.] 1. The act of designating; a pointing out or showing; indication. 2. Selection and appointment for a purpose; allotment; direction. 3. That which designates; a distinguishing mark or name; distinctive title; appellation. “The usual designation of the days of the week.” Whewell. 4. Use or application; import; intention; signification, as of a word or phrase. “Finite and infinite seem … to be attributed primarily, in their first designation, only to those things which have parts.” Locke.

Des´ig•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. designatif.] Serving to designate or indicate; pointing out.

Des´ig•na•tor , n. [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who assigned to each his rank and place in public shows and ceremonies. 2. One who designates.

Des´ig•na•to•ry , a. Serving to designate; designative; indicating. [R.]

De•sign´ed•ly , adv. By design; purposely; intentionally; — opposed to accidentally, ignorantly, or inadvertently.

De•sign´er , n. 1. One who designs, marks out, or plans; a contriver. 2. (Fine Arts) One who produces or creates original works of art or decoration. 3. A plotter; a schemer; — used in a bad sense.

De•sign´ful , a. Full of design; scheming. [R.] — De•sign´ful•ness, n. [R.] Barrow.

De•sign´ing, a. Intriguing; artful; scheming; as a designing man.

De•sign´ing, n. The act of making designs or sketches; the act of forming designs or plans.

De•sign´less, a. Without design. [Obs.] — De•sign´less•ly, adv. [Obs.]

De•sign´ment , n. 1. Delineation; sketch; design; ideal; invention. [Obs.] “For though that some mean artist’s skill were shown
In mingling colors, or in placing light,
Yet still the fair designment was his own.” Dryden. 2. Design; purpose; scheme. [Obs.] Shak.

De•sil´ver , v. t. To deprive of silver; as to desilver lead.

De•sil•ver•i•za´tion , n. The act or the process of freeing from silver; also the condition resulting from the removal of silver.

De•sil´ver•ize , v. t. To deprive, or free from, silver; to remove silver from.

Des´i•nence , n. [Cf. F. desinence.] Termination; ending. Bp. Hall.

Des´i•nent , a. [L. desinens, p. pr. of desinere, desitum, to leave off, cease; de- + sinere to let, allow.] Ending; forming an end; lowermost. [Obs.] ´Their desinent parts, fish.´ B. Jonson.

Des•i•nen´tial , a. [Cf. F. desinentiel.] Terminal. “Furthermore, b, as a desinential element, has a dynamic function.” Fitzed. Hall.

De•sip´i•ent , a. [L. desipiens, p. pr. of desipere to be foolish; de- + sapere to be wise.] Foolish; silly; trifling. [R.]

De•sir•a•bil´i•ty, n. The state or quality of being desirable; desirableness.

De•sir´a•ble , a. [F. desirable, fr. L. desiderabilis. See Desire, v. t.] Worthy of desire or longing; fitted to excite desire or a wish to possess; pleasing; agreeable. “All of them desirable young men.” Ezek. xxiii. 12. “As things desirable excite
Desire, and objects move the appetite.” Blackmore.

De•sir´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being desirable. “The desirableness of the Austrian alliance.” Froude.

De•sir´a•bly, adv. In a desirable manner.

De•sire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desired p. pr. & vb. n. Desiring.] [F. desirer, L. desiderare, origin uncertain, perh. fr. de- + sidus star, constellation, and hence orig., to turn the eyes from the stars. Cf. Consider, and Desiderate, and see Sidereal.] 1. To long for; to wish for earnestly; to covet. “Neither shall any man desire thy land.” Ex. xxxiv. 24. “Ye desire your child to live.” Tennyson. 2. To express a wish for; to entreat; to request. “Then she said, Did I desire a son of my lord?” 2 Kings iv. 28. “Desire him to go in; trouble him no more.” Shak. 3. To require; to demand; to claim. [Obs.] “A doleful case desires a doleful song.” Spenser. 4. To miss; to regret. [Obs.] “She shall be pleasant while she lives, and desired when she dies.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To long for; hanker after; covet; wish; ask; request; solicit; entreat; beg. — To Desire, Wish. In desire the feeling is usually more eager than in wish. ´I wish you to do this´ is a milder form of command than ´I desire you to do this,´ though the feeling prompting the injunction may be the same. C. J. Smith.

De•sire´, n. [F. desir, fr. desirer. See Desire, v. t.] 1. The natural longing that is excited by the enjoyment or the thought of any good, and impels to action or effort its continuance or possession; an eager wish to obtain or enjoy. “Unspeakable desire to see and know.” Milton. 2. An expressed wish; a request; petition. “And slowly was my mother brought
To yield consent to my desire.” Tennyson. 3. Anything which is desired; an object of longing. “The Desire of all nations shall come.” Hag. ii. 7. 4. Excessive or morbid longing; lust; appetite. 5. Grief; regret. [Obs.] Chapman. Syn. — Wish; appetency; craving; inclination; eagerness; aspiration; longing.

De•sire´ful , a. Filled with desire; eager. [R.] “The desireful troops.” Godfrey (1594).

De•sire´ful•ness, n. The state of being desireful; eagerness to obtain and possess. [R.] “The desirefulness of our minds much augmenteth and increaseth our pleasure.” Udall.

De•sire´less, a. Free from desire. Donne.

De•sir´er , n. One who desires, asks, or wishes.

De•sir´ous , a. [F. desireux, OF. desiros, fr. desir. See Desire, n.] Feeling desire; eagerly wishing; solicitous; eager to obtain; covetous. “Jesus knew that they were desirous to ask him.” John xvi. 19. “Be not desirous of his dainties.” Prov. xxiii. 3.

De•sir´ous•ly, adv. With desire; eagerly.

De•sir´ous•ness, n. The state of being desirous.

De•sist´ ( 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Desisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Desisting.] [L. desistere; de- + sistere to stand, stop, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. desister. See Stand.] To cease to proceed or act; to stop; to forbear; — often with from. “Never desisting to do evil.” E. Hall. “To desist from his bad practice.” Massinger. “Desist (thou art discern’d,
And toil’st in vain).” Milton.

De•sist´ance , n. [Cf. F. desistance.] The act or state of desisting; cessation. [R.] Boyle. “If fatigue of body or brain were in every case followed by desistance … then would the system be but seldom out of working order.” H. Spencer.

De•sist´ive , a. [See Desist.] Final; conclusive; ending. [R.]

De•si´tion , n. [See Desinent.] An end or ending. [R.]

Des´i•tive , a. Final; serving to complete; conclusive. [Obs.] ´Desitive propositions.´ I. Watts.

Des´i•tive, n. (Logic) A proposition relating to or expressing an end or conclusion. [Obs.] I. Watts.

Desk , n. [OE. deske, the same word as dish, disk. See Dish, and cf. Disk.] 1. A table, frame, or case, usually with sloping top, but often with flat top, for the use writers and readers. It often has a drawer or repository underneath. 2. A reading table or lectern to support the book from which the liturgical service is read, differing from the pulpit from which the sermon is preached; also (esp. in the United States), a pulpit. Hence, used symbolically for ´the clerical profession.´

Desk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desked p. pr. & vb. n. Desking.] To shut up, as in a desk; to treasure.

Desk´work , n. Work done at a desk, as by a clerk or writer. Tennyson.

Des´man (des´man), n. [Cf. Sw. desman musk.] (Zoöl.) An amphibious, insectivorous mammal found in Russia (Myogale moschata). It is allied to the moles, but is called muskrat by some English writers. [Written also daesman.] { Des´mid , Des•mid´i•an } n. [Gr. desmo•s chain + e’i^dos form.] (Bot.) A microscopic plant of the family Desmidiae, a group of unicellular algae in which the species have a greenish color, and the cells generally appear as if they consisted of two coalescing halves.

Des´mine , n. [Gr. de•smh, desmo•s, bundle, fr. dei^n to bind.] (Min.) Same as Stilbite. It commonly occurs in bundles or tufts of crystals.

Des•mo•bac•te´ri•a (des•mo•bak•te´ri•a), n. pl. [Gr. desmo•s bond + E. bacteria.] See Microbacteria.

Des´mo•dont (-dont), n. [Gr. desmo•s bond + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A member of a group of South American blood-sucking bats, of the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. See Vampire.

Des•mog´na•thous , a. [Gr. desmo•s bond + gna•qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the maxillo-palatine bones united; — applied to a group of carinate birds (Desmognathae), including various wading and swimming birds, as the ducks and herons, and also raptorial and other kinds.

Des´moid , a. [Gr. desmo•s ligament + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling, or having the characteristics of, a ligament; ligamentous.

Des•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. desmo•s ligament + -logy.] The science which treats of the ligaments. [R.]

Des•mo•my•a´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bond + muscle.] (Zoöl.) The division of Tunicata which includes the Salpae. See Salpa.

Des´o•late , a. [L. desolatus, p. p. of desolare to leave alone, forsake; de- + solare to make lonely, solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants; deserted; uninhabited; hence, gloomy; as a desolate isle; a desolate wilderness; a desolate house. “I will make Jerusalem … a den of dragons, and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant.” Jer. ix. 11. “And the silvery marish flowers that throng
The desolate creeks and pools among.” Tennyson. 2. Laid waste; in a ruinous condition; neglected; destroyed; as desolate altars. 3. Left alone; forsaken; lonely; comfortless. “Have mercy upon, for I am desolate.” Ps. xxv. 16. “Voice of the poor and desolate.” Keble. 4. Lost to shame; dissolute. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Destitute of; lacking in. [Obs.] “I were right now of tales desolate.” Chaucer. Syn. — Desert; uninhabited; lonely; waste.

Des´o•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desolating.] 1. To make desolate; to leave alone; to deprive of inhabitants; as the earth was nearly desolated by the flood. 2. To lay waste; to ruin; to ravage; as a fire desolates a city. “Constructed in the very heart of a desolating war.” Sparks.

Des´o•late•ly , adv. In a desolate manner.

Des´o•late•ness, n. The state of being desolate.

Des´o•la•ter , n. One who, or that which, desolates or lays waste. Mede.

Des•o•la´tion , n. [F. desolation, L. desolatio.] 1. The act of desolating or laying waste; destruction of inhabitants; depopulation. “Unto the end of the war desolations are determined.” Dan. ix. 26. 2. The state of being desolated or laid waste; ruin; solitariness; destitution; gloominess. “You would have sold your king to slaughter, …
And his whole kingdom into desolation.” Shak. 3. A place or country wasted and forsaken. “How is Babylon become a desolation!” Jer. l. 23. Syn. — Waste; ruin; destruction; havoc; devastation; ravage; sadness; destitution; melancholy; gloom; gloominess.

Des´o•la•tor , n. [L.] Same as Desolater. Byron.

Des´o•la•to•ry , a. [L. desolatorius.] Causing desolation. [R.] Bp. Hall.

De•so•phis´ti•cate , v. t. To clear from sophism or error. [R.] Hare.

Des•ox•al´ic , a. [F. pref. des- from + E. oxalic.] (Chem.) Made or derived from oxalic acid; as desoxalic acid.

De•spair´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Despaired p. pr. & vb. n. Despairing.] [OE. despeiren, dispeiren, OF. desperer, fr. L. desperare; de- + sperare to hope; akin to spes hope, and perh. to spatium space, E. space, speed; cf. OF. espeir hope, F. espoir. Cf. Prosper, Desperate.] To be hopeless; to have no hope; to give up all hope or expectation; — often with of. “We despaired even of life.” 2 Cor. i. 8. “Never despair of God’s blessings here.” Wake. Syn. — See Despond.

De•spair´, v. t. 1. To give up as beyond hope or expectation; to despair of. [Obs.] “I would not despair the greatest design that could be attempted.” Milton. 2. To cause to despair. [Obs.] Sir W. Williams.

De•spair´, n. [Cf. OF. despoir, fr. desperer.] 1. Loss of hope; utter hopelessness; complete despondency. “We in dark dreams are tossing to and fro,
Pine with regret, or sicken with despair.” Keble. “Before he [Bunyan] was ten, his sports were interrupted by fits of remorse and despair.” Macaulay. 2. That which is despaired of. ´The mere despair of surgery he cures.´ Shak. Syn. — Desperation; despondency; hopelessness.

De•spair´er , n. One who despairs.

De•spair´ful , a. Hopeless. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•spair´ing, a. Feeling or expressing despair; hopeless. — De•spair´ing•ly, adv. — De•spair´ing•ness, n.

De•spar´ple , v. t. & i. [OF. desparpeillier.] To scatter; to disparkle. [Obs.] Mandeville.

De•spatch´ , n. & v. Same as Dispatch.

De•spe•cif´i•cate , v. t. [Pref. de- (intens.) + specificate.] To discriminate; to separate according to specific signification or qualities; to specificate; to desynonymize. [R.] “Inaptitude and ineptitude have been usefully despecificated.” Fitzed. Hall.

De•spec•i•fi•ca´tion , n. Discrimination.

De•spect´ , n. [L. despectus, fr. despicere. See Despite, n.] Contempt. [R.] Coleridge.

De•spec´tion , n. [L. despectio.] A looking down; a despising. [R.] W. Montagu.

De•speed´ , v. t. To send hastily. [Obs.] “Despeeded certain of their crew.” Speed.

De•spend´ , v. t. To spend; to squander. See Dispend. [Obs.] “Some noble men in Spain can despend £50,000.” Howell.

Des•per•a´do , n.; pl. Desperadoes (#). [OSp. desperado, p. p. of desperar, fr. L. desperare. See Desperate.] A reckless, furious man; a person urged by furious passions, and regardless of consequence; a wild ruffian.

Des´per•ate , a. [L. desperatus, p. p. of desperare. See Despair, and cf. Desperado.] 1. Without hope; given to despair; hopeless. [Obs.] “I am desperate of obtaining her.” Shak. 2. Beyond hope; causing despair; extremely perilous; irretrievable; past cure, or, at least, extremely dangerous; as a desperate disease; desperate fortune. 3. Proceeding from, or suggested by, despair; without regard to danger or safety; reckless; furious; as a desperate effort. ´Desperate expedients.´ Macaulay. 4. Extreme, in a bad sense; outrageous; — used to mark the extreme predominance of a bad quality. “A desperate offendress against nature.” Shak. “The most desperate of reprobates.” Macaulay. Syn. — Hopeless; despairing; desponding; rash; headlong; precipitate; irretrievable; irrecoverable; forlorn; mad; furious; frantic.

Des´per•ate, n. One desperate or hopeless. [Obs.]

Des´per•ate•ly, adv. In a desperate manner; without regard to danger or safety; recklessly; extremely; as the troops fought desperately. “She fell desperately in love with him.” Addison.

Des´per•ate•ness n. Desperation; virulence.

Des•per•a´tion , n. [L. desperatio: cf. OF. desperation.] 1. The act of despairing or becoming desperate; a giving up of hope. “This desperation of success chills all our industry.” Hammond. 2. A state of despair, or utter hopeless; abandonment of hope; extreme recklessness; reckless fury. “In the desperation of the moment, the officers even tried to cut their way through with their swords.” W. Irving.

Des•pi•ca•bil´i•ty , n. Despicableness. [R.] Carlyle.

Des´pi•ca•ble , a. [L. despicabilis, fr. despicari to despise; akin to despicere. See Despise.] Fit or deserving to be despised; contemptible; mean; vile; worthless; as a despicable man; despicable company; a despicable gift. Syn. — Contemptible; mean; vile; worthless; pitiful; paltry; sordid; low; base. See Contemptible.

Des´pi•ca•ble•ness, n. The quality of being despicable; meanness; vileness; worthlessness.

Des´pi•ca•bly , adv. In a despicable or mean manner; contemptibly; as despicably stingy.

Des•pi´cien•cy , n. [L. despicientia. See Despise.] A looking down; despection. [Obs.]

De•spis´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. despisable.] Despicable; contemptible. [R.]

De•spis´al , n. A despising; contempt. [R.] “A despisal of religion.” South.

De•spise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despised p. pr. & vb. n. Despising.] [OF. despis-, in some forms of despire to despise, fr. L. despicere, despectum, to look down upon, despise; de- + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy, and cf. Despicable, Despite.] To look down upon with disfavor or contempt; to contemn; to scorn; to disdain; to have a low opinion or contemptuous dislike of. “Fools despise wisdom and instruction.” Prov. i. 7. “Men naturally despise those who court them, but respect those who do not give way to them.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). Syn. — To contemn; scorn; disdain; slight; undervalue. See Contemn.

De•spis´ed•ness, n. The state of being despised.

De•spise´ment , n. A despising. [R.] Holland.

De•spis´er , n. One who despises; a contemner; a scorner.

De•spis´ing•ly, adv. Contemptuously.

De•spite´ , n. [OF. despit, F. depit, fr. L. despectus contempt, fr. despicere. See Despise, and cf. Spite, Despect.] 1. Malice; malignity; spite; malicious anger; contemptuous hate. “With all thy despite against the land of Israel.” Ezek. xxv. 6. 2. An act of malice, hatred, or defiance; contemptuous defiance; a deed of contempt. “A despite done against the Most High.” Milton. In despite, in defiance of another’s power or inclination. — In despite of, in defiance of; in spite of. See under Spite. ´Seized my hand in despite of my efforts to the contrary.´ W. Irving. — In your despite, in defiance or contempt of you; in spite of you. [Obs.]

De•spite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despited; p. pr. & vb. n. Despiting.] [OF. despitier, fr. L. despectare, intens. of despicere. See Despite, n.] To vex; to annoy; to offend contemptuously. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

De•spite´, prep. In spite of; against, or in defiance of; notwithstanding; as despite his prejudices. Syn. — See Notwithstanding.

De•spite´ful , a. [See Despite, and cf. Spiteful.] Full of despite; expressing malice or contemptuous hate; malicious. — De•spite´ful•ly, adv. — De•spite´ful•ness, n. “Haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters.” Rom. i. 30. “Pray for them which despitefully use you.” Matt. v. 44. “Let us examine him with despitefulness and fortune.” Book of Wisdom ii. 19.

Des•pit´e•ous , a. [OE. despitous, OF. despiteus, fr. despit; affected in form by E. piteous. See Despite.] Feeling or showing despite; malicious; angry to excess; cruel; contemptuous. [Obs.] ´Despiteous reproaches.´ Holland.

Des•pit´e•ous•ly, adv. Despitefully. [Obs.]

De•spit´ous , a. Despiteous; very angry; cruel. [Obs.] “He was to sinful man not despitous.” Chaucer. - De•spit´ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

De•spoil´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despoiled p. pr. & vb. n. Despoiling.] [OF. despoiller, F. depouiller, L. despoliare, despoliatum; de- + spoliare to strip, rob, spolium spoil, booty. Cf. Spoil, Despoliation.] 1. To strip, as of clothing; to divest or unclothe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To deprive for spoil; to plunder; to rob; to pillage; to strip; to divest; — usually followed by of. “The clothed earth is then bare,
Despoiled is the summer fair.” Gower. “A law which restored to them an immense domain of which they had been despoiled.” Macaulay. “Despoiled of innocence, of faith, of bliss.” Milton. Syn. — To strip; deprive; rob; bereave; rifle.

De•spoil´, n. Spoil. [Obs.] Wolsey.

De•spoil´er , n. One who despoils.

De•spoil´ment , n. Despoliation. [R.]

De•spo•li•a´tion , n. [L. despoliatio. See Despoil.] A stripping or plundering; spoliation. Bailey.

De•spond´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Desponded; p. pr. & vb. n. Desponding.] [L. despondere, desponsum, to promise away, promise in marriage, give up, to lose (courage); de- + spondere to promise solemnly. See Sponsor.] To give up the will, courage, or spirit; to be thoroughly disheartened; to lose all courage; to become dispirited or depressed; to take an unhopeful view. “I should despair, or at least despond.” Scott’s Letters. “Others depress their own minds, [and] despond at the first difficulty.” Locke. “We wish that … desponding patriotism may turn its eyes hitherward, and be assured that the foundations of our national power still stand strong.” D. Webster. Syn. — Despond, Dispair. Despair implies a total loss of hope, which despond does not, at least in every case; yet despondency is often more lasting than despair, or than desperation, which impels to violent action.

De•spond´ n. Despondency. [Obs.] “The slough of despond.” Bunyan.

De•spond´ence , n. Despondency. “The people, when once infected, lose their relish for happiness [and] saunter about with looks of despondence.” Goldsmith.

De•spond´en•cy , n. The state of desponding; loss of hope and cessation of effort; discouragement; depression or dejection of the mind. “The unhappy prince seemed, during some days, to be sunk in despondency.” Macaulay.

De•spond´ent , a. [L. despondens, -entis, p. pr. of despondre.] Marked by despondence; given to despondence; low-spirited; as a despondent manner; a despondent prisoner. — De•spond´ent•ly, adv.

De•spond´er , n. One who desponds.

De•spond´ing•ly, adv. In a desponding manner.

De•spon´sage , n. [From L. desponsus, p. p. See Despond.] Betrothal. [Obs.] “Ethelbert … went peaceably to King Offa for desponsage of Athilrid, his daughter.” Foxe.

De•spon´sate , v. t. [L. desponsatus, p. p. of desponsare, intens. of despondere to betroth. See Despond.] To betroth. [Obs.] Johnson.

Des•pon•sa´tion , n. [L. desponsatio: cf. OF. desponsation.] A betrothing; betrothal. [Obs.] “For all this desponsation of her … she had not set one step toward the consummation of her marriage.” Jer. Taylor.

De•spon´so•ry , n.; pl. Desponsories . A written pledge of marriage. Clarendon.

De•sport´ , v. t. & i. See Disport.

Des´pot , n. [F. despote, LL. despotus, fr. Gr. despo•ths master, lord, the second part of which is akin to po•sis husband, and L. potens. See Potent.] 1. A master; a lord; especially, an absolute or irresponsible ruler or sovereign. “Irresponsible power in human hands so naturally leads to it, that cruelty has become associated with despot and tyrant.” C. J. Smith. 2. One who rules regardless of a constitution or laws; a tyrant.

Des´po•tat , n. [Cf. F. despotat.] The station or government of a despot; also the domain of a despot. Freeman. { Des•pot´ic , Des•pot´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. despotique.] Having the character of, or pertaining to, a despot; absolute in power; possessing and abusing unlimited power; evincing despotism; tyrannical; arbitrary. — Des•pot´ic•al•ly, adv. — Des•pot´ic•al•ness, n.

Des´po•tism , n. [Cf. F. despotisme.] 1. The power, spirit, or principles of a despot; absolute control over others; tyrannical sway; tyranny. ´The despotism of vice.´ Byron. 2. A government which is directed by a despot; a despotic monarchy; absolutism; autocracy. “Despotism … is the only form of government which may with safety to itself neglect the education of its infant poor.” Bp. Horsley.

Des´po•tist, n. A supporter of despotism. [R.]

Des´po•tize , v. t. To act the despot.

De•spread´ , v. t. & i. See Dispread.

Des´pu•mate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Despumated p. pr. & vb. n. Despumating ] [L. despumatus, p. p. of despumare to despume; de- + spumare to foam, froth, spuma froth, scum.] To throw off impurities in spume; to work off in foam or scum; to foam.

Des•pu•ma´tion , n. [L. despumatio: cf. F. despumation.] The act of throwing up froth or scum; separation of the scum or impurities from liquids; scumming; clarification.

De•spume´ , v. t. [Cf. F. despumer. See Despumate.] To free from spume or scum. [Obs.] “If honey be despumed.” Holland.

Des´qua•mate , v. i. [L. desquamatus, p. p. of desquamare to scale off; de- + squama scale.] (Med.) To peel off in the form of scales; to scale off, as the skin in certain diseases.

Des•qua•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. desquamation.] (Med.) The separation or shedding of the cuticle or epidermis in the form of flakes or scales; exfoliation, as of bones. { De•squam´a•tive , De•squam´a•to•ry } a. Of, pertaining to, or attended with, desquamation.

De•squam´a•to•ry, n. (Surg.) An instrument formerly used in removing the laminae of exfoliated bones.

Dess , n. Dais. [Obs.]

Des•sert´ , n. [F., fr. desservir to remove from table, to clear the table; pref. des- (L. dis-) + servir to serve, to serve at table. See Serve.] A service of pastry, fruits, or sweetmeats, at the close of a feast or entertainment; pastry, fruits, etc., forming the last course at dinner. “´An ’t please your honor,´ quoth the peasant,
´This same dessert is not so pleasant.´” Pope. Dessert spoon, a spoon used in eating dessert; a spoon intermediate in size between a teaspoon and a tablespoon. — Dessert-spoonful, n., pl. Dessert- spoonfuls, as much as a dessert spoon will hold, usually reckoned at about two and a half fluid drams.

Des•tem´per , n. [Cf. F. detrempe, fr. detremper.] A kind of painting. See Distemper.

Des´tin , n. [Cf. F. destin.] Destiny. [Obs.] Marston.

Des´ti•na•ble , a. [Cf. OF. destinable.] Determined by destiny; fated. Chaucer.

Des´ti•na•bly, adv. In a destinable manner.

Des´ti•nal , a. Determined by destiny; fated. [Obs.] ´The order destinal.´ Chaucer.

Des´ti•nate , a. [L. destinatus, p. p. of destinare. See Destine.] Destined. [Obs.] ´Destinate to hell.´ Foxe.

Des´ti•nate , v. t. To destine, design, or choose. [Obs.] ´That name that God … did destinate.´ Udall.

Des•ti•na´tion , n. [L. destinatio determination: cf. F. destination destination.] 1. The act of destining or appointing. 2. Purpose for which anything is destined; predetermined end, object, or use; ultimate design. 3. The place set for the end of a journey, or to which something is sent; place or point aimed at. Syn. — Appointment; design; purpose; intention; destiny; lot; fate; end.

Des´tine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Destined p. pr. & vb. n. Destining.] [F. destiner, L. destinare; de + the root of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Obstinate.] To determine the future condition or application of; to set apart by design for a future use or purpose; to fix, as by destiny or by an authoritative decree; to doom; to ordain or preordain; to appoint; — often with the remoter object preceded by to or for. “We are decreed,
Reserved, and destined to eternal woe.” Milton. “Till the loathsome opposite
Of all my heart had destined, did obtain.” Tennyson. “Not enjoyment and not sorrow
Is our destined end or way.” Longfellow. Syn. — To design; mark out; determine; allot; choose; intend; devote; consecrate; doom.

Des´ti•nist , n. A believer in destiny; a fatalist. [R.]

Des´ti•ny , n.; pl. Destinies (#). [OE. destinee, destene, F. destinee, from destiner. See Destine.] 1. That to which any person or thing is destined; predetermined state; condition foreordained by the Divine or by human will; fate; lot; doom. “Thither he
Will come to know his destiny.” Shak. “No man of woman born,
Coward or brave, can shun his destiny.” Bryant. 2. The fixed order of things; invincible necessity; fate; a resistless power or agency conceived of as determining the future, whether in general or of an individual. “But who can turn the stream of destiny?” Spenser. “Fame comes only when deserved, and then is as inevitable as destiny, for it is destiny.” Longfellow. The Destinies (Anc. Myth.), the three Parcae, or Fates; the supposed powers which preside over human life, and determine its circumstances and duration. “Marked by the Destinies to be avoided.” Shak.

De•stit´u•ent ( 135), a. [L. destituens, p. pr. of destituere.] Deficient; wanting; as a destituent condition. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Des´ti•tute , a. [L. destitutus, p. p. of destituere to set away, leave alone, forsake; de + statuere to set. See Statute.] 1. Forsaken; not having in possession (something necessary, or desirable); deficient; lacking; devoid; — often followed by of. “In thee is my trust; leave not my soul destitute.” Ps. cxli. 8. “Totally destitute of all shadow of influence.” Burke. 2. Not possessing the necessaries of life; in a condition of want; needy; without possessions or resources; very poor. “They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins; being destitute, afflicted, tormented.” Heb. xi. 37.

Des´ti•tute, v. t. 1. To leave destitute; to forsake; to abandon. [Obs.] “To forsake or destitute a plantation.” Bacon. 2. To make destitute; to cause to be in want; to deprive; — followed by of. [Obs.] “Destituted of all honor and livings.” Holinshed. 3. To disappoint. [Obs.] “When his expectation is destituted.” Fotherby.

Des´ti•tute•ly, adv. In destitution.

Des´ti•tute•ness, n. Destitution. [R.] Ash.

Des•ti•tu´tion , n. [L. destitutio a forsaking.] The state of being deprived of anything; the state or condition of being destitute, needy, or without resources; deficiency; lack; extreme poverty; utter want; as the inundation caused general destitution. { Des•trer´ , Dex´trer }, n. [OF. destrier, fr. L. dextra on the right side. The squire led his master’s horse beside him, on his right hand. Skeat.] A war horse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•strie´ , v. t. To destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•stroy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Destroyed p. pr. & vb. n. Destroying.] [OE. destroien, destruien, destrien, OF. destruire, F. detruire, fr. L. destruere, destructum; de + struere to pile up, build. See Structure.] 1. To unbuild; to pull or tear down; to separate virulently into its constituent parts; to break up the structure and organic existence of; to demolish. “But ye shall destroy their altars, break their images, and cut down their groves.” Ex. xxxiv. 13. 2. To ruin; to bring to naught; to put an end to; to annihilate; to consume. “I will utterly pluck up and destroy that nation.” Jer. xii. 17. 3. To put an end to the existence, prosperity, or beauty of; to kill. “If him by force he can destroy, or, worse,
By some false guile pervert.” Milton. Syn. — To demolish; lay waste; consume; raze; dismantle; ruin; throw down; overthrow; subvert; desolate; devastate; deface; extirpate; extinguish; kill; slay. See Demolish.

De•stroy´a•ble , a. Destructible. [R.] “Plants … scarcely destroyable by the weather.” Derham.

De•stroy´er , n. [Cf. OF. destruior.] One who destroys, ruins, kills, or desolates.

De•struct´ , v. t. [L. destructus, p. p. of destruere. See Destroy.] To destroy. [Obs.] Mede.

De•struc•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. destructibilite.] The quality of being capable of destruction; destructibleness.

De•struc´ti•ble , a. [L. destructibilis.] Liable to destruction; capable of being destroyed.

De•struc´ti•ble•ness, n. The quality of being destructible.

De•struc´tion , n. [L. destructio: cf. F. destruction. See Destroy.] 1. The act of destroying; a tearing down; a bringing to naught; subversion; demolition; ruin; slaying; devastation. “The Jews smote all their enemies with the stroke of the sword, and slaughter, and destruction.” Esth. ix. 5. “’Tis safer to be that which we destroy
Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy.” Shak. “Destruction of venerable establishment.” Hallam. 2. The state of being destroyed, demolished, ruined, slain, or devastated. “This town came to destruction.” Chaucer. “Thou castedst them down into destruction.” Ps. lxxiii. 18. 2. A destroying agency; a cause of ruin or of devastation; a destroyer. “The destruction that wasteth at noonday.” Ps. xci. 6. Syn. — Demolition; subversion; overthrow; desolation; extirpation; extinction; devastation; downfall; extermination; havoc; ruin.

De•struc´tion•ist, n. 1. One who delights in destroying that which is valuable; one whose principles and influence tend to destroy existing institutions; a destructive. 2. (Theol.) One who believes in the final destruction or complete annihilation of the wicked; — called also annihilationist. Shipley.

De•struc´tive , a. [L. destructivus: cf. F. destructif.] Causing destruction; tending to bring about ruin, death, or devastation; ruinous; fatal; productive of serious evil; mischievous; pernicious; — often with of or to; as intemperance is destructive of health; evil examples are destructive to the morals of youth. “Time’s destructive power.” Wordsworth. Destructive distillation. See Distillation. — Destructive sorties (Logic), a process of reasoning which involves the denial of the first of a series of dependent propositions as a consequence of the denial of the last; a species of reductio ad absurdum. Whately. Syn. — Mortal; deadly; poisonous; fatal; ruinous; malignant; baleful; pernicious; mischievous.

De•struc´tive, n. One who destroys; a radical reformer; a destructionist.

De•struc´tive•ly, adv. In a destructive manner.

De•struc´tive•ness , n. 1. The quality of destroying or ruining. Prynne. 2. (Phren.) The faculty supposed to impel to the commission of acts of destruction; propensity to destroy.

De•struc´tor , n. [L., from destruere. See Destroy, and cf. Destroyer.] A destroyer. [R.] “Fire, the destructor and the artificial death of things.” Boyle.

De•struie´ , v. t. To destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Des•u•da´tion , n. [L. desudatio, fr. desudare to sweat greatly; de + sudare to sweat.] (Med.) A sweating; a profuse or morbid sweating, often succeeded by an eruption of small pimples.

De•suete´ , a. [L. desuetus, p. p. of desuescere to disuse.] Disused; out of use. [R.]

Des´ue•tude , n. [L. desuetudo, from desuescere, to grow out of use, disuse; de + suescere to become used or accustomed: cf. F. desuetude. See Custom.] The cessation of use; disuse; discontinuance of practice, custom, or fashion. “The desuetude abrogated the law, which, before, custom had established.” Jer. Taylor.

De•sul´phu•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desulphurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desulphurating.] To deprive of sulphur.

De•sul•phu•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. desulfuration.] The act or process of depriving of sulphur.

De•sul´phur•ize , v. t. To desulphurate; to deprive of sulphur. — De•sul•phur•i•za´tion (#), n.

Des´ul•to•ri•ly , adv. In a desultory manner; without method; loosely; immethodically.

Des´ul•to•ri•ness, n. The quality of being desultory or without order or method; unconnectedness. “The seeming desultoriness of my method.” Boyle.

Des•ul•to´ri•ous , a. Desultory. [R.]

Des´ul•to•ry , a. [L. desultorius, fr. desultor a leaper, fr. desilire, desultum, to leap down; de + salire to leap. See Saltation.] 1. Leaping or skipping about. [Obs.] “I shot at it [a bird], but it was so desultory that I missed my aim.” Gilbert White. 2. Jumping, or passing, from one thing or subject to another, without order or rational connection; without logical sequence; disconnected; immethodical; aimless; as desultory minds. Atterbury. “He [Goldsmith] knew nothing accurately; his reading had been desultory.” Macaulay. 3. Out of course; by the way; as a digression; not connected with the subject; as a desultory remark. Syn. — Rambling; roving; immethodical; discursive; inconstant; unsettled; cursory; slight; hasty; loose.

De•sume´ , v. t. [L. desumere; de + sumere to take.] To select; to borrow. [Obs.] Sir. M. Hale.

De•syn•on•y•mi•za´tion , n. The act of desynonymizing.

De•syn•on´y•mize , v. t. To deprive of synonymous character; to discriminate in use; — applied to words which have been employed as synonyms. Coleridge. Trench.

De•tach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detached p. pr. & vb. n. Detaching.] [F. detacher (cf. It. distaccare, staccare); pref. de (L. dis) + the root found also in E. attach. See Attach, and cf. Staccato.] 1. To part; to separate or disunite; to disengage; — the opposite of attach; as to detach the coats of a bulbous root from each other; to detach a man from a leader or from a party. 2. To separate for a special object or use; - - used especially in military language; as to detach a ship from a fleet, or a company from a regiment. Syn. — To separate; disunite; disengage; sever; disjoin; withdraw; draw off. See Detail.

De•tach´, v. i. To push asunder; to come off or separate from anything; to disengage. “[A vapor] detaching, fold by fold,
From those still heights.” Tennyson.

De•tach´a•ble , a. That can be detached.

De•tached´ , a. Separate; unconnected, or imperfectly connected; as detached parcels. ´Extensive and detached empire.´ Burke. Detached escapement. See Escapement.

De•tach´ment , n. [Cf. F. detachement.] 1. The act of detaching or separating, or the state of being detached. 2. That which is detached; especially, a body of troops or part of a fleet sent from the main body on special service. “Troops … widely scattered in little detachments.” Bancroft. 3. Abstraction from worldly objects; renunciation. “A trial which would have demanded of him a most heroic faith and the detachment of a saint.” J. H. Newman.

De´tail (de´tal or de•tal´; 277), n. [F. detail, fr. detailler to cut in pieces, tell in detail; pref. de- (L. de or dis-) + tailler to cut. See Tailor.] 1. A minute portion; one of the small parts; a particular; an item; — used chiefly in the plural; as the details of a scheme or transaction. “The details of the campaign in Italy.” Motley. 2. A narrative which relates minute points; an account which dwells on particulars. 3. (Mil.) The selection for a particular service of a person or a body of men; hence, the person or the body of men so selected. Detail drawing, a drawing of the full size, or on a large scale, of some part of a building, machine, etc. - - In detail, in subdivisions; part by part; item; circumstantially; with particularity. Syn. — Account; relation; narrative; recital; explanation; narration.

De´tail (de•tal´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detailed (-tald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Detailing.] [Cf. F. detailler to cut up in pieces, tell in detail. See Detail, n.] 1. To relate in particulars; to particularize; to report minutely and distinctly; to enumerate; to specify; as he detailed all the facts in due order. 2. (Mil.) To tell off or appoint for a particular service, as an officer, a troop, or a squadron. Syn. — Detail, Detach. Detail respect the act of individualizing the person or body that is separated; detach, the removing for the given end or object.

De•tail´er , n. One who details.

De•tain´ (de•tan´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detained p. pr. & vb. n. Detaining.] [F. detenir, L. detinere, detentum; de + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] 1. To keep back or from; to withhold. “Detain not the wages of the hireling.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To restrain from proceeding; to stay or stop; to delay; as we were detained by an accident. “Let us detain thee, until we shall have made ready a kid for thee.” Judges xiii. 15. 3. To hold or keep in custody. Syn. — To withhold; retain; stop; stay; arrest; check; retard; delay; hinder.

De•tain´, n. Detention. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•tain´der (-der), n. (Law) A writ. See Detinue.

De•tain´er (-er), n. 1. One who detains. 2. (Law) (a) The keeping possession of what belongs to another; detention of what is another’s, even though the original taking may have been lawful. Forcible detainer is indictable at common law. (b) A writ authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a person in custody.

De•tain´ment , n. [Cf. OF. detenement.] Detention. [R.] Blackstone.

De•tect´ (de•tekt´), a. [L. detectus, p. p. of detegere to uncover, detect; de + tegere to cover. See Tegument.] Detected. [Obs.] Fabyan.

De•tect´ (de•tekt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detected; p. pr. & vb. n. Detecting.] 1. To uncover; to discover; to find out; to bring to light; as to detect a crime or a criminal; to detect a mistake in an account. “Plain good intention … is as easily discovered at the first view, as fraud is surely detected at last.” Burke. “Like following life through creatures you dissect,
You lose it in the moment you detect.” Pope. 2. To inform against; to accuse. [Obs.] “He was untruly judged to have preached such articles as he was detected of.” Sir T. More. Syn. — To discover; find out; lay bare; expose. { De•tect´a•ble (-a•b’l), De•tect´i•ble } a. Capable of being detected or found out; as parties not detectable. ´Errors detectible at a glance.´ Latham.

De•tect´er , n. One who, or that which, detects or brings to light; one who finds out what another attempts to conceal; a detector.

De•tec´tion , n. [L. detectio an uncovering, revealing.] The act of detecting; the laying open what was concealed or hidden; discovery; as the detection of a thief; the detection of fraud, forgery, or a plot. “Such secrets of guilt are never from detection.” D. Webster.

De•tect´ive , a. Fitted for, or skilled in, detecting; employed in detecting crime or criminals; as a detective officer.

De•tect´ive, n. One who business it is so detect criminals or discover matters of secrecy.

De•tect´or , n. [L., a revealer.] One who, or that which, detects; a detecter. Shak. “A deathbed’s detector of the heart.” Young. Bank-note detector, a publication containing a description of genuine and counterfeit bank notes, designed to enable persons to discriminate between them. — Detector lock. See under Lock.

De•ten´e•brate , v. t. [L. de + tenebrare to make dark, fr. tenebrae darkness.] To remove darkness from. [Obs.] Ash.

De•tent´ , n. [F. detente, fr. detendre to unbend, relax; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + tendre to stretch. See Distend.] (Mech.) That which locks or unlocks a movement; a catch, pawl, or dog; especially, in clockwork, the catch which locks and unlocks the wheelwork in striking.

De•ten´tion , n. [L. detentio: cf. F. detention. See Detain.] 1. The act of detaining or keeping back; a withholding. 2. The state of being detained (stopped or hindered); delay from necessity. 3. Confinement; restraint; custody. “The archduke Philip … found himself in a sort of honorable detention at Henry’s court.” Hallam.

De•ter´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterred p. pr. & vb. n. Deterring.] [L. deterrere; de + terrere to frighten, terrify. See Terror.] To prevent by fear; hence, to hinder or prevent from action by fear of consequences, or difficulty, risk, etc. Addison. “Potent enemies tempt and deter us from our duty.” Tillotson. “My own face deters me from my glass.” Prior.

De•terge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterged p. pr. & vb. n. Deterging.] [L. detergere, detersum; de + tergere to rub or wipe off: cf. F. deterger.] To cleanse; to purge away, as foul or offending matter from the body, or from an ulcer.

De•ter´gen•cy , n. A cleansing quality or power. De Foe.

De•ter´gent , a. [L. detergens, -entis, p. pr. of detergere: cf. F. detergent.] Cleansing; purging. — n. A substance which cleanses the skin, as water or soap; a medicine to cleanse wounds, ulcers, etc.

De•te´ri•o•rate (de•te´ri•o•rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deteriorated (- ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Deteriorating (-ra•ting).] [L. deterioratus, p. p. of deteriorare to deteriorate, fr. deterior worse, prob. a comparative fr. de down, away.] To make worse; to make inferior in quality or value; to impair; as to deteriorate the mind. Whately. “The art of war … was greatly deteriorated.” Southey.

De•te´ri•o•rate (de•te´ri•o•rat), v. i. To grow worse; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate. “Under such conditions, the mind rapidly deteriorates.” Goldsmith.

De•te•ri•o•ra´tion , n. [LL. deterioratio: cf. F. deterioration.] The process of growing worse, or the state of having grown worse.

De•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. [L. deterior worse. See Deteriorate.] Worse state or quality; inferiority. ´The deteriority of the diet.´ [R.] Ray.

De•ter´ment , n. [From Deter.] The act of deterring; also that which deters. Boyle.

De•ter•mi•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being determinable; determinableness. Coleridge.

De•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [L. determinabilis finite. See Determine, v. t.] Capable of being determined, definitely ascertained, decided upon, or brought to a conclusion. “Not wholly determinable from the grammatical use of the words.” South.

De•ter´mi•na•ble•ness, n. Capability of being determined; determinability.

De•ter´mi•na•cy , n. Determinateness. [R.]

De•ter´mi•nant , a. [L. determinans, p. pr. of determinare: cf. F. determinant.] Serving to determine or limit; determinative.

De•ter´mi•nant, n. 1. That which serves to determine; that which causes determination. 2. (Math.) The sum of a series of products of several numbers, these products being formed according to certain specified laws; thus, the determinant of the nine numbers
a, b, c,a′, b′, c′,a′′, b′′, c′′,
is a b′ c′′ - a b′′ c′ + a′ b′′ c] - a′ b c′′ + a′′ b′ c. The determinant is written by placing the numbers from which it is formed in a square between two vertical lines. The theory of determinants forms a very important branch of modern mathematics. 3. (Logic) A mark or attribute, attached to the subject or predicate, narrowing the extent of both, but rendering them more definite and precise. Abp. Thomson.

De•ter´mi•nate , a. [L. determinatus, p. p. of determinare. See Determine.] 1. Having defined limits; not uncertain or arbitrary; fixed; established; definite. “Quantity of words and a determinate number of feet.” Dryden. 2. Conclusive; decisive; positive. “The determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God.” Acts ii. 23. 3. Determined or resolved upon. [Obs.] “My determinate voyage.” Shak. 4. Of determined purpose; resolute. [Obs.] “More determinate to do than skillful how to do.” Sir P. Sidney. Determinate inflorescence (Bot.), that in which the flowering commences with the terminal bud of a stem, which puts a limit to its growth; — also called centrifugal inflorescence. — Determinate problem (Math.), a problem which admits of a limited number of solutions. — Determinate quantities, Determinate equations (Math.), those that are finite in the number of values or solutions, that is, in which the conditions of the problem or equation determine the number.

De•ter´mi•nate , v. t. To bring to an end; to determine. See Determine. [Obs.] “The sly, slow hours shall not determinate
The dateless limit of thy dear exile.” Shak.

De•ter´mi•nate•ly , adv. 1. In a determinate manner; definitely; ascertainably. “The principles of religion are already either determinately true or false, before you think of them.” Tillotson. 2. Resolutely; unchangeably. “Being determinately … bent to marry.” Sir P. Sidney.

De•ter´mi•nate•ness, n. State of being determinate.

De•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [L. determinatio boundary, end: cf. F. determination.] 1. The act of determining, or the state of being determined. 2. Bringing to an end; termination; limit. “A speedy determination of that war.” Ludlow. 3. Direction or tendency to a certain end; impulsion. “Remissness can by no means consist with a constant determination of the will … to the greatest apparent good.” Locke. 4. The quality of mind which reaches definite conclusions; decision of character; resoluteness. “He only is a well-made man who has a good determination.” Emerson. 5. The state of decision; a judicial decision, or ending of controversy. 6. That which is determined upon; result of deliberation; purpose; conclusion formed; fixed resolution. “So bloodthirsty a determination to obtain convictions.” Hallam. 7. (Med.) A flow, rush, or tendency to a particular part; as a determination of blood to the head. 8. (Physical Sciences) The act, process, or result of any accurate measurement, as of length, volume, weight, intensity, etc.; as the determination of the ohm or of the wave length of light; the determination of the salt in sea water, or the oxygen in the air. 9. (Logic) (a) The act of defining a concept or notion by giving its essential constituents. (b) The addition of a differentia to a concept or notion, thus limiting its extent; — the opposite of generalization. 10. (Nat. Hist.) The act of determining the relations of an object, as regards genus and species; the referring of minerals, plants, or animals, to the species to which they belong; classification; as I am indebted to a friend for the determination of most of these shells. Syn. — Decision; conclusion; judgment; purpose; resolution; resolve; firmness. See Decision.

De•ter´mi•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. determinatif.] Having power to determine; limiting; shaping; directing; conclusive. “Incidents … determinative of their course.” I. Taylor. Determinative tables (Nat. Hist.), tables presenting the specific character of minerals, plants, etc., to assist in determining the species to which a specimen belongs.

De•ter´mi•na•tive , n. That which serves to determine. “Explanatory determinatives … were placed after words phonetically expressed, in order to serve as an aid to the reader in determining the meaning.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

De•ter´mi•na•tor , n. [L.] One who determines. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

De•ter´mine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Determined p. pr. & vb. n. Determining.] [F. determiner, L. determinare, determinatum; de + terminare limit, terminus limit. See Term.] 1. To fix the boundaries of; to mark off and separate. “[God] hath determined the times before appointed.” Acts xvii. 26. 2. To set bounds to; to fix the determination of; to limit; to bound; to bring to an end; to finish. “The knowledge of men hitherto hath been determined by the view or sight.” Bacon. “Now, where is he that will not stay so long
Till his friend sickness hath determined me?” Shak. 3. To fix the form or character of; to shape; to prescribe imperatively; to regulate; to settle. “The character of the soul is determined by the character of its God.” J. Edwards. “Something divinely beautiful … that at some time or other might influence or even determine her course of life.” W. Black. 4. To fix the course of; to impel and direct; — with a remoter object preceded by to; as another’s will determined me to this course. 5. To ascertain definitely; to find out the specific character or name of; to assign to its true place in a system; as to determine an unknown or a newly discovered plant or its name. 6. To bring to a conclusion, as a question or controversy; to settle authoritative or judicial sentence; to decide; as the court has determined the cause. 7. To resolve on; to have a fixed intention of; also to cause to come to a conclusion or decision; to lead; as this determined him to go immediately. 8. (Logic) To define or limit by adding a differentia. 9. (Physical Sciences) To ascertain the presence, quantity, or amount of; as to determine the parallax; to determine the salt in sea water.

De•ter´mine, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to end; to terminate. [Obs.] “He who has vented a pernicious doctrine or published an ill book must know that his life determine not together.” South. “Estates may determine on future contingencies.” Blackstone. 2. To come to a decision; to decide; to resolve; — often with on. ´Determine on some course.´ Shak. “He shall pay as the judges determine.” Ex. xxi. 22.

De•ter´mined , a. Decided; resolute. ´Adetermined foe.´ Sparks.

De•ter´min•ed•ly , adv. In a determined manner; with determination.

De•ter´min•er , n. One who, or that which, determines or decides.

De•ter´min•ism , n. (Metaph.) The doctrine that the will is not free, but is inevitably and invincibly determined by motives. “Its superior suitability to produce courage, as contrasted with scientific physical determinism, is obvious.” F. P. Cobbe.

De•ter´min•ist, n. (Metaph.) One who believes in determinism. Also adj.; as determinist theories.

De•ter•ra´tion , n. [L. de + terra earth: cf. F. deterrer to unearth.] The uncovering of anything buried or covered with earth; a taking out of the earth or ground. Woodward.

De•ter´rence , n. That which deters; a deterrent; a hindrance. [R.]

De•ter´rent , a. [L. deterrens, p. pr. of deterrere. See Deter.] Serving to deter. ´The deterrent principle.´ E. Davis.

De•ter´rent, n. That which deters or prevents.

De•ter´sion , n. [Cf. F. detersion. See Deterge.] The act of deterging or cleansing, as a sore.

De•ter´sive , a. [Cf. detersif.] Cleansing; detergent. — n. A cleansing agent; a detergent.

De•ter´sive•ly, adv. In a way to cleanse.

De•ter´sive•ness, n. The quality of cleansing.

De•test´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detested; p. pr. & vb. n. Detesting.] [L. detestare, detestatum, and detestari, to curse while calling a deity to witness, to execrate, detest; de + testari to be a witness, testify, testis a witness: cf. F. detester. See Testify.] 1. To witness against; to denounce; to condemn. [Obs.] “The heresy of Nestorius … was detested in the Eastern churches.” Fuller. “God hath detested them with his own mouth.” Bale. 2. To hate intensely; to abhor; to abominate; to loathe; as we detest what is contemptible or evil. “Who dares think one thing, and another tell,
My heart detests him as the gates of hell.” Pope. Syn. — To abhor; abominate; execrate. See Hate.

De•test•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity of being odious. [R.] Carlyle.

De•test´a•ble , a. [L. detestabilis: cf. F. detestable.] Worthy of being detested; abominable; extremely hateful; very odious; deserving abhorrence; as detestable vices. “Thou hast defiled my sanctuary will all thy detestable things, and with all thine abominations.” Ezek. v. 11. Syn. — Abominable; odious; execrable; abhorred.

De•test´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being detestable.

De•test´a•bly, adv. In a detestable manner.

De•tes´tate , v. t. To detest. [Obs.] Udall.

Det•es•ta´tion ( 277), n. [L. detestatio: cf. F. detestation.] The act of detesting; extreme hatred or dislike; abhorrence; loathing. “We are heartily agreed in our detestation of civil war.” Burke.

De•test´er , n. One who detests.

De•throne´ (de•thron´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dethroned (-thrond´); p. pr. & vb. n. Dethroning.] [Pref. de- + throne: cf. F. detrôner; pref. de- (L. dis-) + trône throne. See Throne.] To remove or drive from a throne; to depose; to divest of supreme authority and dignity. ´The Protector was dethroned.´ Hume.

De•throne´ment , n. [Cf. F. detrônement.] Deposal from a throne; deposition from regal power.

De•thron´er , n. One who dethrones.

De•thron•i•za´tion , n. Dethronement. [Obs.] Speed.

De•thron´ize , v. t. [Cf. LL. dethronizare.] To dethrone or unthrone. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Det´i•nue ( 277), n. [OF. detinu, detenu, p. p. of detenir to detain. See Detain.] A person or thing detained; (Law) A form of action for the recovery of a personal chattel wrongfully detained. Writ of detinue (Law), one that lies against him who wrongfully detains goods or chattels delivered to him, or in possession, to recover the thing itself, or its value and damages, from the detainer. It is now in a great measure superseded by other remedies.

Det´o•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Detonated p. pr. & vb. n. Detonating ] [L. detonare, v. i., to thunder down; de + tonare to thunder; akin to E. thunder. See Thunder, and cf. Detonize.] To explode with a sudden report; as niter detonates with sulphur.

Det´o•nate, v. t. To cause to explode; to cause to burn or inflame with a sudden report.

Det´o•na•ting, a. & n. from Detonate. Detonating gas, a mixture of two volumes of hydrogen with one volume of oxygen, which explodes with a loud report upon ignition. — Detonating powder, any powder or solid substance, as fulminate of mercury, which when struck, explodes with violence and a loud report. — Detonating primer, a primer exploded by a fuse; — used to explode gun cotton in blasting operations. — Detonating tube, a strong tube of glass, usually graduated, closed at one end, and furnished with two wires passing through its sides at opposite points, and nearly meeting, for the purpose of exploding gaseous mixtures by an electric spark, as in gas analysis, etc.

Det•o•na´tion (-na´shun), n. [Cf. F. detonation.] An explosion or sudden report made by the instantaneous decomposition or combustion of unstable substances; as the detonation of gun cotton.

Det´o•na•tor (det´o•na•ter), n. One who, or that which, detonates.

Det•o•ni•za´tion (det•o•ni•za´shun), n. The act of detonizing; detonation.

Det´o•nize (det´o•niz), v. t. & i. [See Detonate.] [imp. & p. p.Detonized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Detonizing.] To explode, or cause to explode; to burn with an explosion; to detonate.

De•tor´sion , n. Same as Detortion.

De•tort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Detorting.] [L. detortus, p. p. of detorquere to turn away; de + torquere to turn about, twist: cf. F. detorquer, detordre.] To turn form the original or plain meaning; to pervert; to wrest. Hammond.

De•tor´tion , n. The act of detorting, or the state of being detorted; a twisting or warping.

De•tour´ , n. [F. detour, fr. detourner to turn aside; pref. de- (L. dis-) + tourner to turn. See Turn.] A turning; a circuitous route; a deviation from a direct course; as the detours of the Mississippi.

De•tract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Detracting.] [L. detractus, p. p. of detrahere to detract; de + trahere to draw: cf. F. detracter. See Trace.] 1. To take away; to withdraw. “Detract much from the view of the without.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. To take credit or reputation from; to defame. “That calumnious critic …
Detracting what laboriously we do.” Drayton. Syn. — To derogate; decry; disparage; depreciate; asperse; vilify; defame; traduce. See Decry.

De•tract´, v. i. To take away a part or something, especially from one’s credit; to lessen reputation; to derogate; to defame; — often with from. “It has been the fashion to detract both from the moral and literary character of Cicero.” V. Knox.

De•tract´er , n. One who detracts; a detractor. “Other detracters and malicious writers.” Sir T. North.

De•tract´ing•ly, adv. In a detracting manner.

De•trac´tion , n. [F. detraction, L. detractio.] 1. A taking away or withdrawing. [Obs.] “The detraction of the eggs of the said wild fowl.” Bacon. 2. The act of taking away from the reputation or good name of another; a lessening or cheapening in the estimation of others; the act of depreciating another, from envy or malice; calumny. Syn. — Depreciation; disparagement; derogation; slander; calumny; aspersion; censure.

De•trac´tious , a. Containing detraction; detractory. [R.] Johnson.

De•tract´ive , a. 1. Tending to detract or draw. [R.] 2. Tending to lower in estimation; depreciative.

De•tract´ive•ness, n. The quality of being detractive.

De•tract´or , n. [L.: cf. F. detracteur.] One who detracts; a derogator; a defamer. “His detractors were noisy and scurrilous.” Macaulay. Syn. — Slanderer; calumniator; defamer; vilifier.

De•tract´o•ry , a. Defamatory by denial of desert; derogatory; calumnious. Sir T. Browne.

De•tract´ress, n. A female detractor. Addison.

De•train´ , v. i. & t. To alight, or to cause to alight, from a railway train. [Eng.] London Graphic.

De•trect´ , v. t. [L. detrectare; de + tractare, intens. of trahere to draw.] To refuse; to decline. [Obs.] ´To detrect the battle.´ Holinshed.

Det´ri•ment (det´ri•ment), n. [L. detrimentum, fr. deterere, detritum, to rub or wear away; de + terere to rub: cf. F. detriment. See Trite.] 1. That which injures or causes damage; mischief; harm; diminution; loss; damage; — used very generically; as detriments to property, religion, morals, etc. “I can repair
That detriment, if such it be.” Milton. 2. A charge made to students and barristers for incidental repairs of the rooms they occupy. [Eng.] Syn. — Injury; loss; damage; disadvantage; prejudice; hurt; mischief; harm.

Det´ri•ment , v. t. To do injury to; to hurt. [Archaic] “Other might be determined thereby.” Fuller.

Det•ri•men´tal , a. Causing detriment; injurious; hurtful. “Neither dangerous nor detrimental to the donor.” Addison. Syn. — Injurious; hurtful; prejudicial; disadvantageous; mischievous; pernicious.

Det•ri•men´tal•ness, n. The quality of being detrimental; injuriousness.

De•tri´tal , a. (Geol.) Pertaining to, or composed of, detritus.

De•trite´ , a. [L. detritus, p. p.] Worn out.

De•tri´tion , n. [LL. detritio. See Detriment.] A wearing off or away. “Phonograms which by process long-continued detrition have reached a step of extreme simplicity.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

De•tri´tus , n. [F. detritus, fr. L. detritus, p. p. of deterere. See Detriment.] 1. (Geol.) A mass of substances worn off from solid bodies by attrition, and reduced to small portions; as diluvial detritus. For large portions, the word debris is used. 2. Hence: Any fragments separated from the body to which they belonged; any product of disintegration. “The mass of detritus of which modern languages are composed.” Farrar.

De•trude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Detruding.] [L. detrudere, detrusum; de + trudere to thrust, push.] To thrust down or out; to push down with force. Locke.

De•trun´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detruncated; p. pr. & vb. n. Detruncating.] [L. detruncatus, p. p. of detruncare to cut off; de + truncare to maim, shorten, cut off. See Truncate.] To shorten by cutting; to cut off; to lop off.

De•trun•ca´tion , n. [L. detruncatio: cf. F. detroncation.] The act of lopping or cutting off, as the head from the body.

De•tru´sion , n. [L. detrusio. See Detrude.] The act of thrusting or driving down or outward; outward thrust. — De•tru´sive, a.

Dette , n. Debt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dette´les , a. Free from debt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•tu•mes´cence , n. [L. detumescere to cease swelling; de + tumescere, tumere, to swell.] Diminution of swelling; subsidence of anything swollen. [R.] Cudworth.

De´tur , n. [L. detur let it be given.] A present of books given to a meritorious undergraduate student as a prize. [Harvard Univ., U. S.]

De•turb´ , v. t. [L. deturbare.] To throw down. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

De•tur´bate , v. t. [LL. deturbatus, p. p. of deturbare, fr. L. deturbare to thrust down.] To evict; to remove. [Obs.] Foxe.

Det•ur•ba´tion , n. The act of deturbating. [Obs.]

De•turn´ , v. t. [Pref. de- + turn. Cf. Detour.] To turn away. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

De•tur´pate , v. t. [L. deturpare; de + turpare to make ugly, defile, turpis ugly, foul.] To defile; to disfigure. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Det•ur•pa´tion , n. A making foul. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Deuce (dus), n. [F. deux two, OF. deus, fr. L. duo. See Two.] 1. (Gaming) Two; a card or a die with two spots; as the deuce of hearts. 2. (Tennis) A condition of the score beginning whenever each side has won three strokes in the same game (also reckoned ´40 all´), and reverted to as often as a tie is made until one of the sides secures two successive strokes following a tie or deuce, which decides the game.

Deuce, n. [Cf. LL. dusius, Armor, dus, teûz, phantom, specter; Gael. taibhs, taibhse, apparition, ghost; or fr. OF. deus God, fr. L. deus (cf. Deity).] The devil; a demon. [A euphemism, written also deuse.] [Low]

Deu´ced , a. Devilish; excessive; extreme. [Low] — Deu´ced•ly, adv.

Deuse (dus), n.; Deu´sed (du´sed), a. See Deuce, Deuced.

Deu•ter•o•ca•non´ic•al , a. [Gr. second + E. canonical.] Pertaining to a second canon, or ecclesiastical writing of inferior authority; — said of the Apocrypha, certain Epistles, etc.

Deu•ter•og´a•mist , n. [See Deuterogamy.] One who marries the second time.

Deu•ter•og´a•my , n. [Gr. ; second + wedding, marriage.] A second marriage, after the death of the first husband of wife; — in distinction from bigamy, as defined in the old canon law. See Bigamy. Goldsmith.

Deu•ter•o•gen´ic , a. [Gr. second + root of to be born.] (Geol.) Of secondary origin; — said of certain rocks whose material has been derived from older rocks.

Deu•ter•on´o•mist , n. The writer of Deuteronomy.

Deu•ter•on´o•my , n. [Gr. ; second + law: cf. L. Deuteronomium.] (Bibl.) The fifth book of the Pentateuch, containing the second giving of the law by Moses. { Deu•ter•o•pa•thi´a , Deu•ter•op´a•thy } n. [NL. deuteropathia, fr. Gr. second + suffering, fr. , , to suffer: cf. F. deuteropathie.] (Med.) A sympathetic affection of any part of the body, as headache from an overloaded stomach.

Deu•ter•o•path´ic , a. Pertaining to deuteropathy; of the nature of deuteropathy.

Deu•ter•os´co•py , n. [Gr. second + -scopy.] 1. Second sight. “I felt by anticipation the horrors of the Highland seers, whom their gift of deuteroscopy compels to witness things unmeet for mortal eye.” Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is seen at a second view; a meaning beyond the literal sense; the second intention; a hidden signification. Sir T. Browne.

Deu•ter•o•zo´oid , n. [Gr. second + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) One of the secondary, and usually sexual, zooids produced by budding or fission from the primary zooids, in animals having alternate generations. In the tapeworms, the joints are deuterozooids.

Deut•hy•drog´u•ret , n. (Chem.) Same as Deutohydroguret.

Deu´to- or Deut- (dut-) [Contr. from Gr. second.] (Chem.) A prefix which formerly properly indicated the second in a regular series of compound in the series and not to its composition but which is now generally employed in the same sense as bi-or di- although little used.

Deu•to•hy•drog´u•ret , n. [Pref. deut-, deuto- + hydroguret.] (Chem.) A compound containing in the molecule two atoms of hydrogen united with some other element or radical. [Obs.]

Deu´to•plasm , n. [Pref. deuto- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) The lifeless food matter in the cytoplasm of an ovum or a cell, as distinguished from the active or true protoplasm; yolk substance; yolk.

Deu•to•plas´tic , a. [Pref. deuto- + Gr. plastic.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or composed of, deutoplasm.

Deu•to•sul´phu•ret , n. [Pref. deuto- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) A disulphide. [Obs.]

Deu•tox´ide ( 104), n. [Pref. deut- + oxide.] (Chem.) A compound containing in the molecule two atoms of oxygen united with some other element or radical; — usually called dioxide, or less frequently, binoxide.

Deut´zi•a , n. [NL. Named after Jan Deutz of Holland.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs with pretty white flowers, much cultivated.

Dev , or De´va , n. [Skr. dva. Cf. Deity.] (Hind. Myth.) A god; a deity; a divine being; an idol; a king.

De•va•na´ga•ri , n. [Skr. dvanagari; dva god + nagara city, i. e., divine city.] The character in which Sanskrit is written.

De•vap•o•ra´tion , n. The change of vapor into water, as in the formation of rain.

De•vast´ , v. t. [Cf. F. devaster. See Devastate.] To devastate. [Obs.] Bolingbroke.

Dev´as•tate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devastated; p. pr. & vb. n. Devastating.] [L. devastatus, p. p. of devastare to devastate; de + vastare to lay waste, vastus waste. See Vast.] To lay waste; to ravage; to desolate. “Whole countries … were devastated.” Macaulay. Syn. — To waste; ravage; desolate; destroy; demolish; plunder; pillage.

Dev•as•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. devastation.] 1. The act of devastating, or the state of being devastated; a laying waste. “Even now the devastation is begun,
And half the business of destruction done.” Goldsmith. 2. (Law) Waste of the goods of the deceased by an executor or administrator. Blackstone. Syn. — Desolation; ravage; waste; havoc; destruction; ruin; overthrow.

Dev´as•ta•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, devastates. Emerson.

Dev•as•ta´vit , n. [L., he has wasted.] (Law) Waste or misapplication of the assets of a deceased person by an executor or an administrator. Bouvier.

De´va•ta , n. [Hind., fr. Skr. dva god.] (Hind. Myth.) A deity; a divine being; a good spirit; an idol. [Written also dewata.]

Deve , a. [See Deaf.] Deaf. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dev´el•in , n. (Zoöl.) The European swift. [Prov. Eng.]

De•vel´op , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Developed p. pr. & vb. n. Developing.] [F. developer; de- (L. dis-) + OF. voluper, voleper, to envelop, perh. from L. volup agreeably, delightfully, and hence orig., to make agreeable or comfortable by enveloping, to keep snug (cf. Voluptuous); or. perh. fr. a derivative of volvere, volutum, to roll (cf. Devolve). Cf. Envelop.] [Written also develope.] 1. To free from that which infolds or envelops; to unfold; to lay open by degrees or in detail; to make visible or known; to disclose; to produce or give forth; as to develop theories; a motor that develops 100 horse power. “These serve to develop its tenets.” Milner. “The 20th was spent in strengthening our position and developing the line of the enemy.” The Century. 2. To unfold gradually, as a flower from a bud; hence, to bring through a succession of states or stages, each of which is preparatory to the next; to form or expand by a process of growth; to cause to change gradually from an embryo, or a lower state, to a higher state or form of being; as sunshine and rain develop the bud into a flower; to develop the mind. “The sound developed itself into a real compound.” J. Peile. “All insects … acquire the jointed legs before the wings are fully developed.” Owen. 3. To advance; to further; to prefect; to make to increase; to promote the growth of. “We must develop our own resources to the utmost.” Jowett (Thucyd). 4. (Math.) To change the form of, as of an algebraic expression, by executing certain indicated operations without changing the value. 5. (Photog.) To cause to become visible, as an invisible or latent image upon plate, by submitting it to chemical agents; to bring to view. To develop a curved surface on a plane (Geom.), to produce on the plane an equivalent surface, as if by rolling the curved surface so that all parts shall successively touch the plane. Syn. — To uncover; unfold; evolve; promote; project; lay open; disclose; exhibit; unravel; disentangle.

De•vel´op , v. i. 1. To go through a process of natural evolution or growth, by successive changes from a less perfect to a more perfect or more highly organized state; to advance from a simpler form of existence to one more complex either in structure or function; as a blossom develops from a bud; the seed develops into a plant; the embryo develops into a well-formed animal; the mind develops year by year. “Nor poets enough to understand
That life develops from within.” Mrs. Browning. 2. To become apparent gradually; as a picture on sensitive paper develops on the application of heat; the plans of the conspirators develop.

De•vel´op•a•ble , a. Capable of being developed. J. Peile. Developable surface (Math.), a surface described by a moving right line, and such that consecutive positions of the generator intersect each other. Hence, the surface can be developed into a plane.

De•vel´op•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, develops. 2. (Photog.) A reagent by the action of which the latent image upon a photographic plate, after exposure in the camera, or otherwise, is developed and visible.

De•vel´op•ment , n. [Cf. F. developpement.] [Written also developement.] 1. The act of developing or disclosing that which is unknown; a gradual unfolding process by which anything is developed, as a plan or method, or an image upon a photographic plate; gradual advancement or growth through a series of progressive changes; also the result of developing, or a developed state. “A new development of imagination, taste, and poetry.” Channing. 2. (Biol.) The series of changes which animal and vegetable organisms undergo in their passage from the embryonic state to maturity, from a lower to a higher state of organization. 3. (Math.) (a) The act or process of changing or expanding an expression into another of equivalent value or meaning. (b) The equivalent expression into which another has been developed. 4. (mus.) The elaboration of a theme or subject; the unfolding of a musical idea; the evolution of a whole piece or movement from a leading theme or motive. Development theory (Biol.), the doctrine that animals and plants possess the power of passing by slow and successive stages from a lower to a higher state of organization, and that all the higher forms of life now in existence were thus developed by uniform laws from lower forms, and are not the result of special creative acts. See the Note under Darwinian. Syn. — Unfolding; disclosure; unraveling; evolution; elaboration; growth.

De•vel•op•men´tal , a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the process of development; as the developmental power of a germ. Carpenter.

Dev•e•nus´tate , v. t. [L. devenustatus, p. p. of devenustare to disfigure; de + venustus lovely, graceful.] To deprive of beauty or grace. [Obs.] { De•ver´gence , De•ver´gen•cy } n. See Divergence. [Obs.]

De•vest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devested; p. pr. & vb. n. Devesting.] [L. devestire to undress; de + vestire to dress: cf. OF. devestir, F. devêtir. Cf. Divest.] 1. To divest; to undress. Shak. 2. To take away, as an authority, title, etc., to deprive; to alienate, as an estate. This word is now generally written divest, except in the legal sense.

De•vest´, v. i. (Law) To be taken away, lost, or alienated, as a title or an estate.

De•vex´ , a. [L. devexus, from devehere to carry down.] Bending down; sloping. [Obs.]

De•vex´, n. Devexity. [Obs.] May (Lucan).

De•vex´i•ty , n. [L. devexitas, fr. devexus. See Devex, a.] A bending downward; a sloping; incurvation downward; declivity. [R.] Davies (Wit’s Pilgr.)

De´vi , n.; fem. of Deva. A goddess.

De´vi•ant , a. Deviating. [Obs.]

De´vi•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deviated p. pr. & vb. n. Deviating ] [L. deviare to deviate; de + viare to go, travel, via way. See Viaduct.] To go out of the way; to turn aside from a course or a method; to stray or go astray; to err; to digress; to diverge; to vary. “Thus Pegasus, a nearer way to take,
May boldly deviate from the common track.” Pope. Syn. — To swerve; stray; wander; digress; depart; deflect; err.

De´vi•ate, v. t. To cause to deviate. [R.] “To deviate a needle.” J. D. Forbes.

De•vi•a´tion , n. [LL. deviatio: cf. F. deviation.] 1. The act of deviating; a wandering from the way; variation from the common way, from an established rule, etc.; departure, as from the right course or the path of duty. 2. The state or result of having deviated; a transgression; an act of sin; an error; an offense. 2. (Com.) The voluntary and unnecessary departure of a ship from, or delay in, the regular and usual course of the specific voyage insured, thus releasing the underwriters from their responsibility. Deviation of a falling body (Physics), that deviation from a strictly vertical line of descent which occurs in a body falling freely, in consequence of the rotation of the earth. — Deviation of the compass, the angle which the needle of a ship’s compass makes with the magnetic meridian by reason of the magnetism of the iron parts of the ship. — Deviation of the line of the vertical, the difference between the actual direction of a plumb line and the direction it would have if the earth were a perfect ellipsoid and homogeneous, — caused by the attraction of a mountain, or irregularities in the earth’s density.

De´vi•a•tor , n. [L., a forsaker.] One who, or that which, deviates.

De´vi•a•to•ry , a. Tending to deviate; devious; as deviatory motion. [R.] Tully.

De•vice´ , n. [OE. devis, devise, will, intention, opinion, invention, fr. F. devis architect’s plan and estimates (in OF., division, plan, wish), devise device (in sense 3), in OF. also division, wish, last will, fr. deviser. See Devise, v. t., and cf. Devise, n.] 1. That which is devised, or formed by design; a contrivance; an invention; a project; a scheme; often, a scheme to deceive; a stratagem; an artifice. “His device in against Babylon, to destroy it.” Jer. li. 11. “Their recent device of demanding benevolences.” Hallam. “He disappointeth the devices of the crafty.” Job v. 12. 2. Power of devising; invention; contrivance. “I must have instruments of my own device.” Landor. 3. (a) An emblematic design, generally consisting of one or more figures with a motto, used apart from heraldic bearings to denote the historical situation, the ambition, or the desire of the person adopting it. See Cognizance. (b) Improperly, an heraldic bearing. “Knights-errant used to distinguish themselves by devices on their shields.” Addison. “A banner with this strange device -
Excelsior.” Longfellow. 4. Anything fancifully conceived. Shak. 5. A spectacle or show. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 6. Opinion; decision. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Syn. — Contrivance; invention; design; scheme; project; stratagem; shift. — Device, Contrivance. Device implies more of inventive power, and contrivance more of skill and dexterity in execution. A device usually has reference to something worked out for exhibition or show; a contrivance usually respects the arrangement or disposition of things with reference to securing some end. Devices were worn by knights-errant on their shields; contrivances are generally used to promote the practical convenience of life. The word device is often used in a bad sense; as a crafty device; contrivance is almost always used in a good sense; as a useful contrivance.

De•vice´ful , a. Full of devices; inventive. [R.] “A carpet, rich, and of deviceful thread.” Chapman.

De•vice´ful•ly, adv. In a deviceful manner. [R.]

Dev´il , n. [AS. deófol, deóful; akin to G. eufel, Goth. diabaúlus; all fr. L. diabolus the devil, Gr. the devil, the slanderer, fr. to slander, calumniate, orig., to throw across; across + to throw, let fall, fall; cf. Skr. gal to fall. Cf. Diabolic.] 1. The Evil One; Satan, represented as the tempter and spiritual of mankind. “[Jesus] being forty days tempted of the devil.” Luke iv. 2. “That old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world.” Rev. xii. 9. 2. An evil spirit; a demon. “A dumb man possessed with a devil.” Matt. ix. 32. 3. A very wicked person; hence, any great evil. ´That devil Glendower.´ ´The devil drunkenness.´ Shak. “Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil?” John vi. 70. 4. An expletive of surprise, vexation, or emphasis, or, ironically, of negation. [Low] “The devil a puritan that he is, … but a timepleaser.” Shak. “The things, we know, are neither rich nor rare,
But wonder how the devil they got there.” Pope. 5. (Cookery) A dish, as a bone with the meat, broiled and excessively peppered; a grill with Cayenne pepper. “Men and women busy in baking, broiling, roasting oysters, and preparing devils on the gridiron.” Sir W. Scott. 6. (Manuf.) A machine for tearing or cutting rags, cotton, etc. Blue devils. See under Blue. — Cartesian devil. See under Cartesian. — Devil bird (Zoöl.), one of two or more South African drongo shrikes (Edolius retifer, and E. remifer), believed by the natives to be connected with sorcery. — Devil may care, reckless, defiant of authority; — used adjectively. Longfellow. — Devil’s apron (Bot.), the large kelp (Laminaria saccharina, and L. longicruris) of the Atlantic ocean, having a blackish, leathery expansion, shaped somewhat like an apron. — Devil’s coachhorse. (Zoöl.) (a) The black rove beetle (Ocypus olens). [Eng.] (b) A large, predacious, hemipterous insect (Prionotus cristatus); the wheel bug. [U.S.] — Devil’s darning-needle. (Zoöl.) See under Darn, v. t. — Devil’s fingers, Devil’s hand (Zoöl.), the common British starfish (Asterias rubens); — also applied to a sponge with stout branches. [Prov. Eng., Irish & Scot.] — Devil’s riding-horse (Zoöl.), the American mantis (Mantis Carolina). — The Devil’s tattoo, a drumming with the fingers or feet. ´Jack played the Devil’s tattoo on the door with his boot heels.´ F. Hardman (Blackw. Mag.). — Devil worship, worship of the power of evil; — still practiced by barbarians who believe that the good and evil forces of nature are of equal power. — Printer’s devil, the youngest apprentice in a printing office, who runs on errands, does dirty work (as washing the ink rollers and sweeping), etc. ´Without fearing the printer’s devil or the sheriff’s officer.´ Macaulay. — Tasmanian devil (Zoöl.), a very savage carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania (Dasyurus, or Diabolus, ursinus). — To play devil with, to molest extremely; to ruin. [Low]

Dev´il , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deviled or Devilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Deviling or Devilling.] 1. To make like a devil; to invest with the character of a devil. 2. To grill with Cayenne pepper; to season highly in cooking, as with pepper. “A deviled leg of turkey.” W. Irving.

Dev´il-div•er , Dev´il bird , n.. (Zoöl.) A small water bird. See Dabchick.

Dev´il•ess , n. A she- devil. [R.] Sterne.

Dev´il•et , n. A little devil. [R.] Barham.

Dev´il•fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A huge ray (Manta birostris or Cephaloptera vampyrus) of the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Atlantic coasts. Several other related species take the same name. See Cephaloptera. (b) A large cephalopod, especially the very large species of Octopus and Architeuthis. See Octopus. (c) The gray whale of the Pacific coast. See Gray whale. (d) The goosefish or angler (Lophius), and other allied fishes. See Angler.

Dev´il•ing, n. A young devil. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dev´il•ish, a. 1. Resembling, characteristic of, or pertaining to, the devil; diabolical; wicked in the extreme. ´Devilish wickedness.´ Sir P. Sidney. “This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish.” James iii. 15. 2. Extreme; excessive. [Colloq.] Dryden. Syn. — Diabolical; infernal; hellish; satanic; wicked; malicious; detestable; destructive. — Dev´il•ish•ly, adv. — Dev´il•ish•ness, n.

Dev´il•ism , n. The state of the devil or of devils; doctrine of the devil or of devils. Bp. Hall.

Dev´il•ize , v. t. To make a devil of. [R.] “He that should deify a saint, should wrong him as much as he that should devilize him.” Bp. Hall.

Dev´il•kin , n. A little devil; a devilet.

Dev´il•ment , n. Deviltry. Bp. Warburton.

Dev´il•ry , n.; pl. Devilries . 1. Conduct suitable to the devil; extreme wickedness; deviltry. “Stark lies and devilry.” Sir T. More. 2. The whole body of evil spirits. Tylor.

Dev´il’s darn´ing-nee•dle. (Zoöl.) A dragon fly. See Darning needle, under Darn, v. t.

Dev´il•ship, n. The character or person of a devil or the devil. Cowley.

Dev´il•try , n.; pl. Deviltries . Diabolical conduct; malignant mischief; devilry. C. Reade.

Dev´il•wood , n. (Bot.) A kind of tree (Osmanthus Americanus), allied to the European olive.

De´vi•ous , a. [L. devius; de + via way. See Viaduct.] 1. Out of a straight line; winding; varying from directness; as a devious path or way. 2. Going out of the right or common course; going astray; erring; wandering; as a devious step. Syn. — Wandering; roving; rambling; vagrant. — De´vi•ous•ly, adv. — De´vi•ous•ness, n.

De•vir´gin•ate , a. [L. devirginatus, p. p. of devirginare.] Deprived of virginity. [R.]

De•vir´gin•ate , v. t. To deprive of virginity; to deflour. [R.] Sandys.

De•vir•gi•na´tion , n. [L. devirginatio.] A deflouring. [R.] Feltham.

De•vis´a•ble , a. [From Devise.] 1. Capable of being devised, invented, or contrived. 2. Capable of being bequeathed, or given by will.

De•vis´al , n. A devising. Whitney.

De•vise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devised p. pr. & vb. n. Devising.] [OF. deviser to distribute, regulate, direct, relate, F., to chat, fr. L. divisus divided, distributed, p. p. of dividere. See Divide, and cf. Device.] 1. To form in the mind by new combinations of ideas new applications of principles, or new arrangement of parts; to formulate by thought; to contrive; to excogitate; to invent; to plan; to scheme; as to devise an engine, a new mode of writing, a plan of defense, or an argument. “To devise curious works.” Ex. CCTV. 32. “Devising schemes to realize his ambitious views.” Bancroft. 2. To plan or scheme for; to purpose to obtain. “For wisdom is most riches; fools therefore
They are which fortunes do by vows devise.” Spenser. 3. To say; to relate; to describe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. To imagine; to guess. [Obs.] Spenser. 5. (Law) To give by will; — used of real estate; formerly, also of chattels. Syn. — To bequeath; invent; discover; contrive; excogitate; imagine; plan; scheme. See Bequeath.

De•vise´, v. i. To form a scheme; to lay a plan; to contrive; to consider. “I thought, devised, and Pallas heard my prayer.” Pope. Devise was formerly followed by of; as let us devise of ease. Spenser.

De•vise´ , n. [OF. devise division, deliberation, wish, will, testament. See Device.] 1. The act of giving or disposing of real estate by will; — sometimes improperly applied to a bequest of personal estate. 2. A will or testament, conveying real estate; the clause of a will making a gift of real property. “Fines upon devises were still exacted.” Bancroft. 3. Property devised, or given by will.

De•vise´ , n. Device. See Device. [Obs.]

Dev•i•see´ , n. (Law) One to whom a devise is made, or real estate given by will.

De•vis´er , n. One who devises.

De•vis´or , n. (Law) One who devises, or gives real estate by will; a testator; — correlative to devisee.

Dev´i•ta•ble , a. [L. devitare to avoid; de + vitare to shun, avoid.] Avoidable. [Obs.]

De•vi´tal•ize , v. t. To deprive of life or vitality. — De•vi•tal•i•za´tion (#), n.

Dev•i•ta´tion , n. [L. devitatio.] An avoiding or escaping; also a warning. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•vit•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or process of devitrifying, or the state of being devitrified. Specifically, the conversion of molten glassy matter into a stony mass by slow cooling, the result being the formation of crystallites, microbites, etc., in the glassy base, which are then called devitrification products.

De•vit´ri•fy , v. t. To deprive of glasslike character; to take away vitreous luster and transparency from.

De•vo´cal•ize , v. t. To make toneless; to deprive of vowel quality. — De•vo•cal•i•za´tion, n. “If we take a high vowel, such as (i) [= nearly i of bit], and devocalize it, we obtain a hiss which is quite distinct enough to stand for a weak (jh).” H. Sweet.

Dev•o•ca´tion , n. [L. devocare to call off or away; de + vocare to call.] A calling off or away. [R.] Hallywell.

De•void´ , v. t. [OE. devoiden to leave, OF. desvuidier, desvoidier, to empty out. See Void.] To empty out; to remove.

De•void´, a. [See Devoid, v. t.] 1. Void; empty; vacant. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Destitute; not in possession; — with of; as devoid of sense; devoid of pity or of pride.

De•voir´ , n. [F., fr. L. debere to owe. See Due.] Duty; service owed; hence, due act of civility or respect; — now usually in the plural; as they paid their devoirs to the ladies. ´Do now your devoid, young knights!´ Chaucer.

Dev´o•lute , v. t. [L. devolutus, p. p. of devolvere. See Devolve.] To devolve. [Obs.] Foxe.

Dev•o•lu´tion , n. [LL. devolutio: cf. F. devolution.] 1. The act of rolling down. [R.] “The devolution of earth down upon the valleys.” Woodward. 2. Transference from one person to another; a passing or devolving upon a successor. “The devolution of the crown through a … channel known and conformable to old constitutional requisitions.” De Quincey.

De•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devolved p. pr. & vb. n. Devolving.] [L. devolvere, devolutum, to roll down; de + volvere to roll down; de + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] 1. To roll onward or downward; to pass on. “Every headlong stream
Devolves its winding waters to the main.” Akenside. “Devolved his rounded periods.” Tennyson. 2. To transfer from one person to another; to deliver over; to hand down; — generally with upon, sometimes with to or into. “They devolved a considerable share of their power upon their favorite.” Burke. “They devolved their whole authority into the hands of the council of sixty.” Addison.

De•volve´, v. i. To pass by transmission or succession; to be handed over or down; — generally with on or upon, sometimes with to or into; as after the general fell, the command devolved upon (or on) the next officer in rank. “His estate … devolved to Lord Somerville.” Johnson.

De•volve´ment , n. The act or process of devolving;; devolution.

De´von , n. One of a breed of hardy cattle originating in the country of Devon, England. Those of pure blood have a deep red color. The small, longhorned variety, called North Devons, is distinguished by the superiority of its working oxen.

De•vo´ni•an , a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to Devon or Devonshire in England; as the Devonian rocks, period, or system. Devonian age (Geol.), the age next older than the Carboniferous and later than the Silurian; — called also the Age of fishes. The various strata of this age compose the Devonian formation or system, and include the old red sandstone of Great Britain. They contain, besides plants and numerous invertebrates, the bony portions of many large and remarkable fishes of extinct groups. See the Diagram under Geology.

De•vo´ni•an, n. The Devonian age or formation.

Dev•o•ra´tion , n. [L. devoratio. See Devour.] The act of devouring. [Obs.] Holinshed.

De•vo´ta•ry , n. [See Devote, Votary.] A votary. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

De•vote´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Devoting.] [L. devotus, p. p. of devovere; de + vovere to vow. See Vow, and cf. Devout, Devow.] 1. To appropriate by vow; to set apart or dedicate by a solemn act; to consecrate; also to consign over; to doom; to evil; to devote one to destruction; the city was devoted to the flames. “No devoted thing that a man shall devote unto the Lord … shall be sold or redeemed.” Lev. xxvii. 28. 2. To execrate; to curse. [Obs.] 3. To give up wholly; to addict; to direct the attention of wholly or compound; to attach; — often with a reflexive pronoun; as to devote one’s self to science, to one’s friends, to piety, etc. “Thy servant who is devoted to thy fear.” Ps. cxix. 38. “They devoted themselves unto all wickedness.” Grew. “A leafless and simple branch … devoted to the purpose of climbing.” Gray. Syn. — To addict; apply; dedicate; consecrate; resign; destine; doom; consign. See Addict.

De•vote´ , a. [L. devotus, p. p.] Devoted; addicted; devout. [Obs.] Milton.

De•vote´, n. A devotee. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

De•vot´ed, a. Consecrated to a purpose; strongly attached; zealous; devout; as a devoted admirer. — De•vot´ed•ly, adv. — De•vot´ed•ness, n.

Dev•o•tee´ , n. One who is wholly devoted; esp., one given wholly to religion; one who is superstitiously given to religious duties and ceremonies; a bigot. “While Father Le Blanc was very devout he was not a devotee.” A. S. Hardy.

De•vote´ment , n. The state of being devoted, or set apart by a vow. [R.] Bp. Hurd.

De•vot´er , n. One who devotes; a worshiper.

De•vo´tion , n. [F. devotion, L. devotio.] 1. The act of devoting; consecration. 2. The state of being devoted; addiction; eager inclination; strong attachment love or affection; zeal; especially, feelings toward God appropriately expressed by acts of worship; devoutness. “Genius animated by a fervent spirit of devotion.” Macaulay. 3. Act of devotedness or devoutness; manifestation of strong attachment; act of worship; prayer. ´The love of public devotion.´ Hooker. 4. Disposal; power of disposal. [Obs.] “They are entirely at our devotion, and may be turned backward and forward, as we please.” Godwin. 5. A thing consecrated; an object of devotion. [R.] “Churches and altars, priests and all devotions,
Tumbled together into rude chaos.” Beau. & Fl. Days of devotion. See under Day. Syn. — Consecration; devoutness; religiousness; piety; attachment; devotedness; ardor; earnestness.

De•vo´tion•al , a. [L. devotionalis.] Pertaining to, suited to, or used in, devotion; as a devotional posture; devotional exercises; a devotional frame of mind. { De•vo´tion•al•ist , De•vo´tion•ist } n. One given to devotion, esp. to excessive formal devotion.

De•vo•tion•al´i•ty , n. The practice of a devotionalist. A. H. Clough.

De•vo´tion•al•ly , adv. In a devotional manner; toward devotion.

De•vo´to , n. [It.] A devotee. Dr. J. Scott.

De•vo´tor , n. [L.] A worshiper; one given to devotion. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

De•vour´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devoured p. pr. & vb. n. Devouring.] [F. devorer, fr. L. devorare; de + vorare to eat greedily, swallow up. See Voracious.] 1. To eat up with greediness; to consume ravenously; to feast upon like a wild beast or a glutton; to prey upon. “Some evil beast hath devoured him.” Gen. xxxvii. 20. 2. To seize upon and destroy or appropriate greedily, selfishly, or wantonly; to consume; to swallow up; to use up; to waste; to annihilate. “Famine and pestilence shall devour him.” Ezek. vii. 15. “I waste my life and do my days devour.” Spenser. 3. To enjoy with avidity; to appropriate or take in eagerly by the senses. “Longing they look, and gaping at the sight,
Devour her o’er with vast delight.” Dryden. Syn. — To consume; waste; destroy; annihilate.

De•vour´a•ble , a. That may be devoured.

De•vour´er , n. One who, or that which, devours.

De•vour´ing•ly, adv. In a devouring manner.

De•vout´ , a. [OE. devot, devout, F. devot, from L. devotus devoted, p. p. of devovere. See Devote, v. t.] 1. Devoted to religion or to religious feelings and duties; absorbed in religious exercises; given to devotion; pious; reverent; religious. “A devout man, and one that feared God.” Acts x. 2. “We must be constant and devout in the worship of God.” Rogers. 2. Expressing devotion or piety; as eyes devout; sighs devout; a devout posture. Milton. 3. Warmly devoted; hearty; sincere; earnest; as devout wishes for one’s welfare. The devout, devoutly religious persons, those who are sincerely pious. Syn. — Holy; pure; religious; prayerful; pious; earnest; reverent; solemn; sincere.

De•vout´, n. 1. A devotee. [Obs.] Sheldon. 2. A devotional composition, or part of a composition; devotion. [Obs.] Milton.

De•vout´ful , a. 1. Full of devotion. [R.] 2. Sacred. [R.] “To take her from austerer check of parents,
To make her his by most devoutful rights.” Marston.

De•vout´less, a. Destitute of devotion. — De•vout´less•ly, adv. - - De•vout´less•ness, n.

De•vout´ly, adv. 1. In a devout and reverent manner; with devout emotions; piously. “Cast her fair eyes to heaven and prayed devoutly.” Shak. 2. Sincerely; solemnly; earnestly. “’T is a consummation
Devoutly to be wished.” Shak.

De•vout´ness, n. Quality or state of being devout.

De•vove´ , v. t. [See Devote, v. t.] To devote. [Obs.] Cowley.

De•vow´ , v. t. [F. devouer, L. devovere. See Devote, v. t.] 1. To give up; to devote. [Obs.] 2. [Cf. OF. desvoer. Cf. Disavow.] To disavow; to disclaim. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

De•vul´gar•ize , v. t. To free from what is vulgar, common, or narrow. “Shakespeare and Plutarch’s ´Lives´ are very devulgarizing books.” E. A. Abbott.

Dew (du), n. [AS. deáw; akin to D. dauw, G. thau, tau, Icel. dögg, Sw. dagg, Dan. dug; cf. Skr. dhav, dhav, to flow. rad.72. Cf. Dag dew.] 1. Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies upon their surfaces, particularly at night. “Her tears fell with the dews at even.” Tennyson. 2. Figuratively, anything which falls lightly and in a refreshing manner. ´The golden dew of sleep.´ Shak. 3. An emblem of morning, or fresh vigor. ´The dew of his youth.´ Longfellow. Dew is used in combination; as dew- bespangled, dew-drenched, dewdrop, etc.

Dew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dewed p. pr. & vb. n. Dewing.] To wet with dew or as with dew; to bedew; to moisten; as with dew. “The grasses grew
A little ranker since they dewed them so.” A. B. Saxton.

Dew, a. & n. Same as Due, or Duty. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dew´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of certain species of bramble (Rubus); in England, the fruit of R. caesius, which has a glaucous bloom; in America, that of R. canadensis and R. hispidus, species of low blackberries. (b) The plant which bears the fruit. “Feed him with apricots and dewberries.” Shak.

Dew´claw , n. In any animal, esp. of the Herbivora, a rudimentary claw or small hoof not reaching the ground. “Some cut off the dewclaws [of greyhounds].” J. H. Walsh.

Dew´drop , n. A drop of dew. Shak.

Dew´fall , n. The falling of dew; the time when dew begins to fall.

Dew´i•ness , n. State of being dewy.

Dew´lap , n. [Dew + lap to lick.] 1. The pendulous skin under the neck of an ox, which laps or licks the dew in grazing. 2. The flesh upon the human throat, especially when with age. [Burlesque] “On her withered dewlap pour the ale.” Shak.

Dew´lapped , a. Furnished with a dewlap.

Dew´less, a. Having no dew. Tennyson.

Dew´-point , n. (Meteor.) The temperature at which dew begins to form. It varies with the humidity and temperature of the atmosphere.

Dew´ret , v. t. [Dew + ret, v. t.] To ret or rot by the process called dewretting.

Dew´ret•ting, n. Dewrotting; the process of decomposing the gummy matter of flax and hemp and setting the fibrous part, by exposure on a sward to dew, rain, and sunshine.

Dew´rot , v. t. To rot, as flax or hemp, by exposure to rain, dew, and sun. See Dewretting.

Dew´worm , n. (Zoöl.) See Earthworm.

Dew´y , a. 1. Pertaining to dew; resembling, consisting of, or moist with, dew. “A dewy mist
Went and watered all the ground.” Milton. “When dewy eve her curtain draws.” Keble. 2. Falling gently and beneficently, like the dew. “Dewy sleep ambrosial.” Cowper. 3. (Bot.) Resembling a dew-covered surface; appearing as if covered with dew.

Dex´ter , a. [L.,; akin to Gr. , , Skr. dakshia (cf. daksh to be strong, suit); Goth. taihswa, OHG. zeso. Cf. Dexterous.] 1. Pertaining to, or situated on, the right hand; right, as opposed to sinister, or left. “On sounding wings a dexter eagle flew.” Pope. 2. (Her.) On the right-hand side of a shield, i. e., towards the right hand of its wearer. To a spectator in front, as in a pictorial representation, this would be the left side. Dexter chief, or Dexter point (Her.), a point in the dexter upper corner of the shield, being in the dexter extremity of the chief, as A in the cut. — Dexter base, a point in the dexter lower part or base of the shield, as B in the cut.

Dex•ter´i•cal , a. Dexterous. [Obs.]

Dex•ter´i•ty , n. [L. dexteritas, fr. dexter: cf. F. dexterite. See Dexter.] 1. Right-handedness. 2. Readiness and grace in physical activity; skill and ease in using the hands; expertness in manual acts; as dexterity with the chisel. “In youth quick bearing and dexterity.” Shak. 3. Readiness in the use or control of the mental powers; quickness and skill in managing any complicated or difficult affair; adroitness. “His wisdom … was turned … into a dexterity to deliver himself.” Bacon. “He had conducted his own defense with singular boldness and dexterity.” Hallam. Syn. — Adroitness; activity; nimbleness; expertness; skill; cleverness; art; ability; address; tact; facility; aptness; aptitude; faculty. See Skill.

Dex´ter•ous , a. [L. dexter. See Dexter.] [Written also dextrous.] 1. Ready and expert in the use of the body and limbs; skillful and active with the hands; handy; ready; as a dexterous hand; a dexterous workman. 2. Skillful in contrivance; quick at inventing expedients; expert; as a dexterous manager. “Dexterous the craving, fawning crowd to quit.” Pope. 3. Done with dexterity; skillful; artful; as dexterous management. ´Dexterous sleights of hand.´ Trench. Syn. — Adroit; active; expert; skillful; clever; able; ready; apt; handy; versed.

Dex´ter•ous•ly , adv. In a dexterous manner; skillfully.

Dex´ter•ous•ness, n. The quality of being dexterous; dexterity.

Dex´trad , adv. [L. dextra the right hand + ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the right side; dextrally.

Dex´tral , a. [From Dexter.] Right, as opposed to sinistral, or left. Dextral shell (Zoöl.), a spiral shell the whorls of which turn from left right, or like the hands of a watch when the apex of the spire is toward the eye of the observer.

Dex•tral´i•ty , n. The state of being on the right-hand side; also the quality of being right- handed; right-handedness. Sir T. Browne.

Dex´tral•ly , adv. Towards the right; as the hands of a watch rotate dextrally.

Dex•trer´ , n. A war horse; a destrer. [Obs.] ´By him baiteth his dextrer.´ Chaucer.

Dex´trin , n. [Cf. F. dextrine, G. dextrin. See Dexter.] (Chem.) A translucent, gummy, amorphous substance, nearly tasteless and odorless, used as a substitute for gum, for sizing, etc., and obtained from starch by the action of heat, acids, or diastase. It is of somewhat variable composition, containing several carbohydrates which change easily to their respective varieties of sugar. It is so named from its rotating the plane of polarization to the right; — called also British gum, Alsace gum, gommelin, leiocome, etc. See Achroödextrin, and Erythrodextrin.

Dex´tro- A prefix, from L. dexter, meaning, pertaining to, or toward, the right; (Chem. & Opt.) having the property of turning the plane of polarized light to the right; as dextrotartaric acid.

Dex•trog´er•ous , a. (Physics & Chem.) See Dextrogyrate.

Dex•tro•glu´cose , n. [Dextro- + glucose.] (Chem.) Same as Dextrose.

Dex•tro•gy´rate , a. [Dextro- + gyrate.] (Chem. & Opt.) Same as Dextrorotatory.

Dex•tron´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, dextrose; as dextronic acid. Dextronic acid, a sirupy substance obtained by the partial oxidation of various carbohydrates, as dextrose, etc.

Dex•tro•ro´ta•ry , a. (Physics & Chem.) See Dextrotatory.

Dex•tro•ro´ta•to•ry , a. [Dextro- + rotatory.] (Chem. & Opt.) Turning, or causing to turn, toward the right hand; esp., turning the plane of polarization of luminous rays toward the right hand; as dextrorotatory crystals, sugars, etc. Cf. Levorotatory. { Dex•tror´sal , Dex´trorse• } a. [L. dextrorsum, contr. fr. dextrovorsum, dextroversum, toward the right side; dexter right + versus, vorsus, p. p. of vertere, vortere, to turn.] Turning from the left to the right, in the ascending line, as in the spiral inclination of the stem of the common morning-glory. At present scientists predicate dextrorse or sinistrorse quality of the plant regarded objectively; formerly the plant was regarded subjectively, and what is now called dextrorse was then considered sinistrorse.

Dex´trose (deks´tros•), n. [See Dexter.] (Chem.) A sirupy, or white crystalline, variety of sugar, C_6H_12O_6 (so called from turning the plane of polarization to the right), occurring in many ripe fruits. Dextrose and levulose are obtained by the inversion of cane sugar or sucrose, and hence called invert sugar. Dextrose is chiefly obtained by the action of heat and acids on starch, and hence called also starch sugar. It is also formed from starchy food by the action of the amylolytic ferments of saliva and pancreatic juice. The solid products are known to the trade as grape sugar; the sirupy products as glucose, or mixing sirup. These are harmless, but are only about half as sweet as cane sugar or sucrose.

Dex´trous , a., Dex´trous•ly, adv., Dex´trous•ness, n. Same as Dexterous, Dexterously, etc.

Dey , n. [See Dairy.] A servant who has charge of the dairy; a dairymaid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dey , n.; pl. Deys (#). [Turk. dai, orig., a maternal uncle, then a friendly title formerly given to middle-aged or old people, especially among the Janizaries; and hence, in Algiers, consecrated at length to the commanding officer of that corps, who frequently became afterward pasha or regent of that province; hence the European misnomer of dey, as applied to the latter: cf. F. dey.] The governor of Algiers; — so called before the French conquest in 1830.

Deye , v. i. To die. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Deyn´te , Deyn´tee }, n. & a. See Dainty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•zinc•i•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or process of freeing from zinc; also the condition resulting from the removal of zinc.

De•zinc´i•fy , v. t. [Pref. de- + zinc + -fy.] To deprive of, or free from, zinc.

Dhole , n. (Zoöl.) A fierce, wild dog (Canis Dukhunensis), found in the mountains of India. It is remarkable for its propensity to hunt the tiger and other wild animals in packs.

Dho´ny , n. A Ceylonese boat. See Doni.

Dhoor´ra , Dhour´ra, or Dhur´ra , n. Indian millet. See Durra.

Dhow , n. [Ar. dao?] A coasting vessel of Arabia, East Africa, and the Indian Ocean. It has generally but one mast and a lateen sail. [Also written dow.]

Di- [Gr. di•s- twice; akin to two, L. bis twice. See Two, and cf. Bi-, Dia-. The L. pref. dis- sometimes assumes the form di-. See Dis-.] A prefix, signifying twofold, double, twice; (Chem.) denoting two atoms, radicals, groups, or equivalents, as the case may be. See Bi-, 2. { Di´a- , Di- }. [Gr. dia• through; orig., dividing into two parts; akin to two. See Two, and cf. 1st Di-.] A prefix denoting through; also between, apart, asunder, across. Before a vowel dia-becomes di-; as diactinic; dielectric, etc.

Di´a•base , n. [F. diabase, fr. Gr. a crossing or passing over, fr. ; + to go; — so called by Brongniart, because it passes over to diorite.] (Min.) A basic, dark-colored, holocrystalline, igneous rock, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar and pyroxene with magnetic iron; — often limited to rocks pretertiary in age. It includes part of what was early called greenstone.

Di•ab•a•te´ri•al , a. [Gr. (sc. ) offerings before crossing the border, fr. to pass over. See Diabase.] Passing over the borders. [R.] Mitford.

Di•a•be´tes , n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. to pass or cross over. See Diabase.] (Med.) A disease which is attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of urine. Most frequently the urine is not only increased in quantity, but contains saccharine matter, in which case the disease is generally fatal. Diabetes mellitus [NL., sweet diabetes], that form of diabetes in which the urine contains saccharine matter. — Diabetes insipidus [NL., lit., diabetes], the form of diabetes in which the urine contains no abnormal constituent. { Di•a•bet´ic , Di•a•bet´ic•al } a. Pertaining to diabetes; as diabetic or diabetical treatment. Quian. Diabetic sugar. (Chem.) Same as Dextrose. { Dia•ble•rie´ , Di•ab´le•y } n. [F. diablerie, fr. diable devil, L. diabolus. See Devil.] Devilry; sorcery or incantation; a diabolical deed; mischief. { Di•a•bol´ic , Di•a•bol´ic•al } a. [L. diabolicus, Gr. devilish, slanderous: cf. F. diabolique. See Devil.] Pertaining to the devil; resembling, or appropriate, or appropriate to, the devil; devilish; infernal; impious; atrocious; nefarious; outrageously wicked; as a diabolic or diabolical temper or act. ´Diabolic power.´ Milton. ´The diabolical institution.´ Motley. — Di•a•bol´ic•al•ly, adv. — Di•a•bol´ic•al•ness, n.

Di•a•bol´i•fy , v. t. [L. diabolus devil + -fy.] To ascribed diabolical qualities to; to change into, or to represent as a devil. [R.] Farindon.

Di•ab´o•lism , n. 1. Character, action, or principles appropriate to the devil. 2. Possession by the devil. Bp. Warburton.

Di•ab´o•lize , v. t. To render diabolical. [R.]

Di•a•ca•thol´i•con , n. [Pref. dia- + catholicon.] (Med.) A universal remedy; — name formerly to a purgative electuary.

Di•a•caus´tic , a. [Pref. dia- + caustic.] (Opt.) Pertaining to, or possessing the properties of, a species of caustic curves formed by refraction. See Caustic surface, under Caustic.

Di•a•caus´tic, n. 1. (Med.) That which burns by refraction, as a double convex lens, or the sun’s rays concentrated by such a lens, sometimes used as a cautery. 2. (Math.) A curved formed by the consecutive intersections of rays of light refracted through a lens. { Di•ach´y•lon , Di•ach´y•lum } n. [NL. diachylum, fr. Gr. very juicy; dia• thoroughly + juice.] (Med. & Chem.) A plaster originally composed of the juices of several plants (whence its name), but now made of an oxide of lead and oil, and consisting essentially of glycerin mixed with lead salts of the fat acids.

Di•ac´id , a. [Pref. di- + acid.] (Chem.) Divalent; — said of a base or radical as capable of saturating two acid monad radicals or a dibasic acid. Cf. Dibasic, a., and Biacid.

Di•a•co´di•um , n. [L., from Gr. from poppy heads; dia• through, from + head, a poppy head.] A sirup made of poppies.

Di•ac´o•nal , a. [LL. diaconalis: cf. F. diaconal. Cf. Deacon.] Of or pertaining to a deacon.

Di•ac´o•nate , n. [L. diaconatus: cf. F. diaconat.] The office of a deacon; deaconship; also a body or board of deacons.

Di•ac´o•nate, a. Governed by deacons. ´Diaconate church.´ T. Goodwin.

Di•ac´o•pe , n. [L., fr. Gr. a cutting in two; dia• through + .] (Gram.) Tmesis.

Di•a•cous´tic , a. [Pref. di- + acoustic.] Pertaining to the science or doctrine of refracted sounds.

Di•a•cous´tics , n. [Cf. F. diacoustique.] That branch of natural philosophy which treats of the properties of sound as affected by passing through different mediums; — called also diaphonics. See the Note under Acoustics. { Di•a•crit´ic , Di•a•crit´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to separate, distinguish; dia• through + to separate. See Critic.] That separates or distinguishes; — applied to points or marks used to distinguish letters of similar form, or different sounds of the same letter, as a, a, ä, o, o, etc. ´Diacritical points.´ Sir W. Jones. “A glance at this typography will reveal great difficulties, which diacritical marks necessarily throw in the way of both printer and writer.” A. J. Ellis.

Di•ac•tin´ic , a. [Pref. di- + actinic.] (Physics) Capable of transmitting the chemical or actinic rays of light; as diactinic media.

Di•a•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + brother.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants whose stamens are united into two bodies or bundles by their filaments. { Di•a•del´phi•an , Di•a•del´phous } a. [Cf. F. diadelphe.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the class Diadelphia; having the stamens united into two bodies by their filaments (said of a plant or flower); grouped into two bundles or sets by coalescence of the filaments (said of stamens).

Di´a•dem , n. [F. diadème, L. diadema, fr. Gr. , fr. to bind round; dia• through, across + to bind; cf. Skr. da to bind.] 1. Originally, an ornamental head band or fillet, worn by Eastern monarchs as a badge of royalty; hence (later), also a crown, in general. ´The regal diadem.´ Milton. 2. Regal power; sovereignty; empire; — considered as symbolized by the crown. 3. (Her.) An arch rising from the rim of a crown (rarely also of a coronet), and uniting with others over its center. Diadem lemur. (Zoöl.) See Indri. — Diadem spider (Zoöl.), the garden spider.

Di´a•dem, v. t. To adorn with a diadem; to crown. “Not so, when diadem’d with rays divine.” Pope. “To terminate the evil,
To diadem the right.” R. H. Neale.

Di´a•drom , n. [Gr. a running through; dia• through + , used as inf. aor. of to run.] A complete course or vibration; time of vibration, as of a pendulum. [Obs.] Locke. { Di•aer´e•sis , Di•er´e•sis } ( 277), n.; pl. Diaereses or Diereses (#). [L. diaeresis, Gr. , fr. to divide; dia• through, asunder + to take. See Heresy.] 1. (Gram.) The separation or resolution of one syllable into two; — the opposite of synaeresis. 2. A mark consisting of two dots [&umlaut;], placed over the second of two adjacent vowels, to denote that they are to be pronounced as distinct letters; as coöperate, aërial.

Di•ae•ret´ic , a. [Gr. dividing.] (Med.) Caustic. [Obs.]

Di•a•ge•o•trop´ic , a. [Gr. dia• through, at variance + earth + turning.] (Bot.) Relating to, or exhibiting, diageotropism.

Di•a•ge•ot´ro•pism , n. (Bot.) The tendency of organs (as roots) of plants to assume a position oblique or transverse to a direction towards the center of the earth.

Di´a•glyph , n. [Gr. to engrave; dia• through + to carve.] An intaglio. Mollett. { Di•a•glyph´ic , Di•a•glyph´tic } a. Represented or formed by depressions in the general surface; as diaglyphic sculpture or engraving; — opposed to anaglyphic.

Di•ag•nose´ , v. t. & i. To ascertain by diagnosis; to diagnosticate. See Diagnosticate.

Di•ag•no´sis , n.; pl. Diagnoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to distinguish; dia• through, asunder + to know. See Know.] 1. (Med.) The art or act of recognizing the presence of disease from its signs or symptoms, and deciding as to its character; also the decision arrived at. 2. Scientific determination of any kind; the concise description of characterization of a species. 3. Critical perception or scrutiny; judgment based on such scrutiny; esp., perception of, or judgment concerning, motives and character. “The quick eye for effects, the clear diagnosis of men’s minds, and the love of epigram.” Compton Reade. “My diagnosis of his character proved correct.” J. Payn. Differential diagnosis (Med.), the determination of the distinguishing characteristics as between two similar diseases or conditions.

Di•ag•nos´tic , a. [Gr. able to distinguish, fr. : cf. F. diagnostique.] Pertaining to, or furnishing, a diagnosis; indicating the nature of a disease.

Di•ag•nos´tic, n. The mark or symptom by which one disease is known or distinguished from others.

Di•ag•nos´ti•cate , v. t. & i. [From Diagnostic.] To make a diagnosis of; to recognize by its symptoms, as a disease.

Di•ag•nos´tics , n. That part of medicine which has to do with ascertaining the nature of diseases by means of their symptoms or signs. “His rare skill in diagnostics.” Macaulay.

Di•a•gom´e•ter , n. [Gr. to transmit + -meter.] A sort of electroscope, invented by Rousseau, in which the dry pile is employed to measure the amount of electricity transmitted by different bodies, or to determine their conducting power. Nichol.

Di•ag´o•nal , a. [L. diagonalis, fr. Gr. from to angle; dia• through + an angle; perh. akin to E. knee: cf. F. diagonal.] (Geom.) Joining two not adjacent angles of a quadrilateral or multilateral figure; running across from corner to corner; crossing at an angle with one of the sides. Diagonal bond (Masonry), herringbone work. See Herringbone, a. — Diagonal built (Shipbuilding), built by forming the outer skin of two layers of planking, making angles of about 45° with the keel, in opposite directions. — Diagonal cleavage. See under Cleavage. — Diagonal molding (Arch.), a chevron or zigzag molding. — Diagonal rib. (Arch.) See Cross- springer. — Diagonal scale, a scale which consists of a set of parallel lines, with other lines crossing them obliquely, so that their intersections furnish smaller subdivisions of the unit of measure than could be conveniently marked on a plain scale. — Diagonal stratification. (Geol.) Same as Cross bedding, under Cross, a.

Di•ag´o•nal , n. 1. A right line drawn from one angle to another not adjacent, of a figure of four or more sides, and dividing it into two parts. 2. (Engin.) A member, in a framed structure, running obliquely across a panel. 3. A diagonal cloth; a kind of cloth having diagonal stripes, ridges, or welts made in the weaving.

Di•ag´o•nal•ly, adv. In a diagonal direction.

Di•a•go´ni•al , a. Diagonal; diametrical; hence; diametrically opposed. [Obs.] “Sin can have no tenure by law at all, but is rather an eternal outlaw, and in hostility with law past all atonement; both diagonal contraries, as much allowing one another as day and night together in one hemisphere.” Milton.

Di´a•gram , n. [Gr. , fr. to mark out by lines; dia• through + to draw, write: cf. F. diagramme. See Graphic.] 1. (Geom.) A figure or drawing made to illustrate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration; a plan. 2. Any simple drawing made for mathematical or scientific purposes, or to assist a verbal explanation which refers to it; a mechanical drawing, as distinguished from an artistical one. Indicator diagram. (Steam Engine) See Indicator card, under indicator

Di´a•gram, v. t. To put into the form of a diagram.

Di•a•gram•mat´ic , a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a diagram; showing by diagram. — Di•a•gram•mat´ic•ly (#), adv.

Di´a•graph , n. [Gr. to draw: cf. F. diagraphe. See Diagram.] A drawing instrument, combining a protractor and scale. { Di•a•graph´ic , Di•a•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. diagraphique.] Descriptive.

Di•a•graph´ics , n. The art or science of descriptive drawing; especially, the art or science of drawing by mechanical appliances and mathematical rule.

Di•a•he•li•o•trop´ic , a. [Gr. through, at variance + sun + turning.] (Bot.) Relating or, or manifesting, diaheliotropism.

Di•a•he•li•ot´ro•pism , n. (Bot.) A tendency of leaves or other organs of plants to have their dorsal surface faced towards the rays of light.

Di´al , n. [LL. dialis daily, fr. L. dies day. See Deity.] 1. An instrument, formerly much used for showing the time of day from the shadow of a style or gnomon on a graduated arc or surface; esp., a sundial; but there are lunar and astral dials. The style or gnomon is usually parallel to the earth’s axis, but the dial plate may be either horizontal or vertical. 2. The graduated face of a timepiece, on which the time of day is shown by pointers or hands. 3. A miner’s compass. Dial bird (Zoöl.), an Indian bird (Copsychus saularius), allied to the European robin. The name is also given to other related species. — Dial lock, a lock provided with one or more plates having numbers or letters upon them. These plates must be adjusted in a certain determined way before the lock can be operated. — Dial plate, the plane or disk of a dial or timepiece on which lines and figures for indicating the time are placed.

Di´al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dialed or Dialled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dialing or Dialling.] 1. To measure with a dial. “Hours of that true time which is dialed in heaven.” Talfourd. 2. (Mining) To survey with a dial. Raymond.

Di´a•lect , n. [F. dialecte, L. dialectus, fr. Gr. , fr. to converse, discourse. See Dialogue.] 1. Means or mode of expressing thoughts; language; tongue; form of speech. “This book is writ in such a dialect
As may the minds of listless men affect.
Bunyan.
The universal dialect of the world.” South. 2. The form of speech of a limited region or people, as distinguished from ether forms nearly related to it; a variety or subdivision of a language; speech characterized by local peculiarities or specific circumstances; as the Ionic and Attic were dialects of Greece; the Yorkshire dialect; the dialect of the learned. “In the midst of this Babel of dialects there suddenly appeared a standard English language.” Earle. “[Charles V.] could address his subjects from every quarter in their native dialect.” Prescott. Syn. — Language; idiom; tongue; speech; phraseology. See Language, and Idiom.

Di•a•lec´tal , a. Relating to a dialect; dialectical; as a dialectical variant.

Di•a•lec´tic , n. Same as Dialectics. “Plato placed his dialectic above all sciences.” Liddell & Scott. { Di•a•lec´tic , Di•a•lec´tic•al } a. [L. dialecticus, Gr. : cf. F. dialectique. See Dialect.] 1. Pertaining to dialectics; logical; argumental. 2. Pertaining to a dialect or to dialects. Earle.

Di•a•lec´tic•al•ly , adv. In a dialectical manner.

Di•a•lec•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. dialecticien.] One versed in dialectics; a logician; a reasoner.

Di•a•lec´tics , n. [L. dialectica (sc. ars), Gr. (sc. ): cf. F. dialectique.] That branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning; the application of logical principles to discursive reasoning; the science or art of discriminating truth from error; logical discussion. Dialectics was defined by Aristotle to be the method of arguing with probability on any given problem, and of defending a tenet without inconsistency. By Plato, it was used in the following senses: 1. Discussion by dialogue as a method of scientific investigation. 2. The method of investigating the truth by analysis. 3. The science of ideas or of the nature and laws of being — higher metaphysics. By Kant, it was employed to signify the logic of appearances or illusions, whether these arise from accident or error, or from those necessary limitations which, according to this philosopher, originate in the constitution of the human intellect.

Di•a•lec•tol´o•gy , n. [Dialect + -logy.] That branch of philology which is devoted to the consideration of dialects. Beck.

Di•a•lec´tor , n. One skilled in dialectics.

Di´al•ing , n. 1. The art of constructing dials; the science which treats of measuring time by dials. [Written also dialling.] 2. A method of surveying, especially in mines, in which the bearings of the courses, or the angles which they make with each other, are determined by means of the circumferentor.

Di´al•ist, n. A maker of dials; one skilled in dialing.

Di•al´la•ge , n. [NL., fr. Gr. interchange, change, fr. to interchange.] (Rhet.) A figure by which arguments are placed in various points of view, and then turned to one point. Smart.

Di´al•lage ( 277), n. [Gr. change, alluding to the change and inequality of luster between the natural joints of the mineral.] (Min.) A dark green or bronze-colored laminated variety of pyroxene, common in certain igneous rocks.

Di´al•lel , a. [Gr. crossing.] Meeting and intersecting, as lines; not parallel; — opposed to parallel. [Obs.] Ash.

Di•al´lyl , n. (Chem.) A volatile, pungent, liquid hydrocarbon, C_6H_10, consisting of two allyl radicals, and belonging to the acetylene series.

Di•a•log´ic•al , a. [Gr. belonging to discourse.] Relating to a dialogue; dialogistical. Burton.

Di•a•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner or nature of a dialogue. Goldsmith.

Di•al´o•gism , n. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. dialogisme. See Dialogue.] An imaginary speech or discussion between two or more; dialogue. Fulke.

Di•al´o•gist , n. [L. dialogista: cf. F. dialogiste.] 1. A speaker in a dialogue. 2. A writer of dialogues. P. Skelton. { Di•al•o•gis´tic , Di•al•o•gis´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to a dialogue; having the form or nature of a dialogue. — Di•al•o•gis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Di•al´o•gite , n. [From Gr. an arguing.] (Min.) Native carbonate of manganese; rhodochrosite.

Di•al´o•gize , v. t. [Gr. : cf. F. dialogiser.] To discourse in dialogue. Fotherby.

Di´a•logue ( 115), n. [OE. dialogue, L. dialogus, fr. Gr. , fr. to converse, dia• through + to speak: cf. F. dialogue. See Legend.] 1. A conversation between two or more persons; particularly, a formal conservation in theatrical performances or in scholastic exercises. 2. A written composition in which two or more persons are represented as conversing or reasoning on some topic; as the Dialogues of Plato.

Di´a•logue, v. i. [Cf. F. dialoguer.] To take part in a dialogue; to dialogize. [R.] Shak.

Di´a•logue, v. t. To express as in dialogue. [R.] “And dialogued for him what he would say.” Shak.

Di•al•y•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. dia• through, asunder + to loose + leaf.] (Bot.) Having separate petals; polypetalous.

Di•al´y•sis , n.; pl. Dialyses (#). [L., separation, fr. Gr. , fr. to part asunder, dissolve; dia• through + to loose.] 1. (Gram.) Diaeresis. See Diaeresis, 1. 2. (Rhet.) Same as Asyndeton. 3. (Med.) (a) Debility. (b) A solution of continuity; division; separation of parts. 4. (Chem.) The separation of different substances in solution, as crystalloids and colloids, by means of their unequal diffusion, especially through natural or artificial membranes.

Di•a•lyt´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. . See Dialysis.] Having the quality of unloosing or separating. Clarke. Dialytic telescope, an achromatic telescope in which the colored dispersion produced by a single object lens of crown glass is corrected by a smaller concave lens, or combination of lenses, of high dispersive power, placed at a distance in the narrower part of the converging cone of rays, usually near the middle of the tube.

Di•al´y•zate , n. (Chem.) The material subjected to dialysis.

Di•a•ly•za´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of dialysis.

Di´a•lyze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dialyzed p. pr. & vb. n. Dialyzing.] (Chem.) To separate, prepare, or obtain, by dialysis or osmose; to pass through an animal membrane; to subject to dialysis. [Written also dialyse.]

Di´a•lyzed , a. Prepared by diffusion through an animal membrane; as dialyzed iron.

Di´a•ly•zer , n. The instrument or medium used to effect chemical dialysis.

Di•a•mag´net , n. [Pref. dia- + magnet.] A body having diamagnetic polarity.

Di•a•mag•net´ic , a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting the phenomena of, diamagnetism; taking, or being of a nature to take, a position at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. See Paramagnetic. Diamagnetic attraction. See under Attraction.

Di•a•mag•net´ic, n. Any substance, as bismuth, glass, phosphorous, etc., which in a field of magnetic force is differently affected from the ordinary magnetic bodies, as iron; that is, which tends to take a position at right angles to the lines of magnetic force, and is repelled by either pole of the magnet.

Di•a•mag•net´ic•al•ly , adv. In the manner of, or according to, diamagnetism.

Di•a•mag´net•ism , n. 1. The science which treats of diamagnetic phenomena, and of the properties of diamagnetic bodies. 2. That form or condition of magnetic action which characterizes diamagnetics.

Di•a•man•tif´er•ous , a. [F. diamant diamond + -ferous.] Yielding diamonds.

Di•a•man´tine , a. Adamantine. [Obs.]

Di•am´e•ter , n. [F. diamètre, L. diametros, fr. Gr. ; dia• through + measure. See Meter.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Any right line passing through the center of a figure or body, as a circle, conic section, sphere, cube, etc., and terminated by the opposite boundaries; a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords drawn in a curve. (b) A diametral plane. 2. The length of a straight line through the center of an object from side to side; width; thickness; as the diameter of a tree or rock. In an elongated object the diameter is usually taken at right angles to the longer axis. 3. (Arch.) The distance through the lower part of the shaft of a column, used as a standard measure for all parts of the order. See Module. Conjugate diameters. See under Conjugate.

Di•am´e•tral , a. [Gr. F. diametral.] Pertaining to a diameter; diametrical. Diametral curve, Diametral surface (Geom.), any line or surface which bisects a system of parallel chords drawn in a curve or surface. — Diametral planes (Crystal.), planes in which two of the axes lie.

Di•am´e•tral, n. A diameter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Di•am´e•tral•ly, adv. Diametrically. { Di•am´e•tric , Di•am´e•tric•al } a. 1. Of or pertaining to a diameter. 2. As remote as possible, as if at the opposite end of a diameter; directly adverse.

Di•am´e•tric•al•ly, adv. In a diametrical manner; directly; as diametrically opposite. “Whose principles were diametrically opposed to his.” Macaulay.

Di•am´ide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + amide.] (Chem.) Any compound containing two amido groups united with one or more acid or negative radicals, — as distinguished from a diamine. Cf. Amido acid, under Amido, and Acid amide, under Amide.

Di•am´i•do- , a. (Chem.) A prefix or combining form of Diamine. [Also used adjectively.]

Di•am´ine ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + amine.] (Chem.) A compound containing two amido groups united with one or more basic or positive radicals, — as contrasted with a diamide. In chemical nomenclature, if any amine or diamine is named by prefixing the nitrogen group, the name of the latter takes the form of amido, diamido, etc., thus ethylene diamine, C_2H_4.(NH_2)2, is also called diamido-ethylene.

Di´a•mond ( 277), n. [OE. diamaund, diamaunt, F. diamant, corrupted, fr. L. adamas, the hardest iron, steel, diamond, Gr. . Perh. the corruption is due to the influence of Gr. transparent. See Adamant, Tame.] 1. A precious stone or gem excelling in brilliancy and beautiful play of prismatic colors, and remarkable for extreme hardness. The diamond is native carbon in isometric crystals, often octahedrons with rounded edges. It is usually colorless, but some are yellow, green, blue, and even black. It is the hardest substance known. The diamond as found in nature (called a rough diamond) is cut, for use in jewelry, into various forms with many reflecting faces, or facets, by which its brilliancy is much increased. See Brilliant, Rose. Diamonds are said to be of the first water when very transparent, and of the second or third water as the transparency decreases. 2. A geometrical figure, consisting of four equal straight lines, and having two of the interior angles acute and two obtuse; a rhombus; a lozenge. 3. One of a suit of playing cards, stamped with the figure of a diamond. 4. (Arch.) A pointed projection, like a four-sided pyramid, used for ornament in lines or groups. 5. (Baseball) The infield; the square space, 90 feet on a side, having the bases at its angles. 6. (Print.) The smallest kind of type in English printing, except that called brilliant, which is seldom seen. This line is printed in the type called Diamond. Black diamond, coal; (Min.) See Carbonado. — Bristol diamond. See Bristol stone, under Bristol. — Diamond beetle (Zoöl.), a large South American weevil (Entimus imperialis), remarkable for its splendid luster and colors, due to minute brilliant scales. — Diamond bird (Zoöl.), a small Australian bird (Pardalotus punctatus, family Ampelidae.). It is black, with white spots. — Diamond drill (Engin.), a rod or tube the end of which is set with black diamonds; — used for perforating hard substances, esp. for boring in rock. — Diamond finch (Zoöl.), a small Australian sparrow, often kept in a cage. Its sides are black, with conspicuous white spots, and the rump is bright carmine. — Diamond groove (Iron Working), a groove of V-section in a roll. — Diamond mortar (Chem.), a small steel mortar used for pulverizing hard substances. - - Diamond-point tool, a cutting tool whose point is diamond-shaped. — Diamond snake (Zoöl.), a harmless snake of Australia (Morelia spilotes); the carpet snake. — Glazier’s diamond, a small diamond set in a glazier’s tool, for cutting glass.

Di´a•mond ( 277), a. Resembling a diamond; made of, or abounding in, diamonds; as a diamond chain; a diamond field.

Di´a•mond-back , n. (Zoöl.) The salt-marsh terrapin of the Atlantic coast (Malacoclemmys palustris).

Di´a•mond•ed, a. 1. Having figures like a diamond or lozenge. 2. Adorned with diamonds; diamondized. Emerson.

Di´a•mond•ize , v. t. To set with diamonds; to adorn; to enrich. [R.] “Diamondizing of your subject.” B. Jonson.

Di´a•mond-shaped , a. Shaped like a diamond or rhombus.

Di•am´y•lene , n. [Pref. di- + amylene.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C_10H_20, of the ethylene series, regarded as a polymeric form of amylene.

Di´an , a. Diana. [Poetic]

Di•a´na , n. [L. Diana.] (Myth.) The daughter of Jupiter and Latona; a virgin goddess who presided over hunting, chastity, and marriage; — identified with the Greek goddess Artemis. “And chaste Diana haunts the forest shade.” Pope. Diana monkey (Zoöl.), a handsome, white-bearded monkey of West Africa (Cercopithecus Diana).

Di•an´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + , , a man, a male.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having two stamens.

Di•an´dri•an , a. Diandrous.

Di•an´drous , n. [Cf. F. diandre.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the class Diandria; having two stamens.

Di•a´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. L. Diana; either as the name of the Roman goddess, or from its use in OE. as a name of silver.] (Chem.) Same as Columbium. [Obs.]

Di•a•no•et´ic , a. [Gr. ; dia• through + to revolve in the mind.] (Metaph.) Pertaining to the discursive faculty, its acts or products. “I would employ … dianoetic to denote the operation of the discursive, elaborative, or comparative faculty.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Di•a•noi•al´o•gy , n. [Gr. thought + -logy.] The science of the dianoetic faculties, and their operations. Sir W. Hamilton.

Di•an´thus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , gen. , Zeus + ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) A genus of plants containing some of the most popular of cultivated flowers, including the pink, carnation, and Sweet William.

Di´a•pase , n. Same as Diapason. [Obs.] “A tuneful diapase of pleasures.” Spenser.

Di´a•pasm , n. [L. diapasma, Gr. , fr. ; dia• through + to sprinkle: cf. F. diapasme.] Powdered aromatic herbs, sometimes made into little balls and strung together. [Obs.]

Di•a•pa´son , n. [L., fr. Gr. diapasw^n (i. e., ´h dia• pasw^n chordw^n symfoni•a the concord of the first and last notes, the octave); dia• through + pasw^n, gen. pl. of pa^s all: cf. F. diapason. Cf. Panacea.] 1. (Gr. Mus.) The octave, or interval which includes all the tones of the diatonic scale. 2. Concord, as of notes an octave apart; harmony. “The fair music that all creatures made …
In perfect diapason.” Milton. 3. The entire compass of tones. “Through all the compass of the notes it ran,
The diapason closing full in man.” Dryden. 4. A standard of pitch; a tuning fork; as the French normal diapason. 5. One of certain stops in the organ, so called because they extend through the scale of the instrument. They are of several kinds, as open diapason, stopped diapason, double diapason, and the like.

Di•a•pe•de´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a leaping or oozing through, fr. to leap through; dia• through + to leap.] (Med.) The passage of the corpuscular elements of the blood from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues, without rupture of the walls of the blood vessels.

Di•a•pen´te , n. [L., fr. Gr. a fifth; dia• through + five: cf. F. diapente.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) The interval of the fifth. 2. (Med.) A composition of five ingredients.

Di´a•per , n. [OF. diaspre, diapre, diaspe, sort of figured cloth, It. diaspro jasper, diaspo figured cloth, from L. jaspis a green-colored precious stone. See Jasper.] 1. Any textile fabric (esp. linen or cotton toweling) woven in diaper pattern. See 2. 2. (Fine Arts) Surface decoration of any sort which consists of the constant repetition of one or more simple figures or units of design evenly spaced. 3. A towel or napkin for wiping the hands, etc. “Let one attend him with a silver basin, …
Another bear the ewer, the third a diaper.” Shak. 4. An infant’s breechcloth.

Di´a•per , v. t. 1. To ornament with figures, etc., arranged in the pattern called diaper, as cloth in weaving. ´Diapered light.´ H. Van Laun. “Engarlanded and diapered
With in wrought flowers.” Tennyson. 2. To put a diaper on (a child).

Di´a•per, v. i. To draw flowers or figures, as upon cloth. ´If you diaper on folds.´ Peacham.

Di´a•per•ing, n. Same as Diaper, n., 2.

Di´a•phane , n. [Cf. F. diaphane diaphanous. See Diaphanous.] A woven silk stuff with transparent and colored figures; diaper work.

Di´a•phaned , a. [Cf. OF. diaphaner to make transparent. See Diaphanous.] Transparent or translucent. [R.]

Di•a•pha•ne´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. diaphaneite. See Diaphanous.] The quality of being diaphanous; transparency; pellucidness.

Di•a•phan´ic , a. [See Diaphanous.] Having power to transmit light; transparent; diaphanous.

Di•aph´a•nie , n. The art of imitating stained glass with translucent paper.

Di•a•pha•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. transparent + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the transparency of the air.

Di•a•phan´o•scope , n. [Gr. transparent + -scope.] (Photog.) A dark box constructed for viewing transparent pictures, with or without a lens.

Di•a•phan´o•type , n. [Gr. transparent + -type.] (Photog.) A colored photograph produced by superimposing a translucent colored positive over a strong uncolored one.

Di•aph´a•nous , a. [Gr. , fr. to show or shine through; dia• through + to show, and in the passive, to shine: cf. F. diaphane. See Phantom, and cf. Diaphane, Diaphanic.] Allowing light to pass through, as porcelain; translucent or transparent; pellucid; clear. “Another cloud in the region of them, light enough to be fantastic and diaphanous.” Landor.

Di•aph´a•nous•ly, adv. Translucently.

Di•aph•e•met´ric , a. [Gr. dia• through + touch + measure.] (Physiol.) Relating to the measurement of the tactile sensibility of parts; as diaphemetric compasses. Dunglison. { Di•a•phon´ic , Di•a•phon´ic•al }, a. [Gr. dia• through + sound, tone.] Diacoustic.

Di•a•phon´ics , n. The doctrine of refracted sound; diacoustics.

Di•a•pho•re´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to carry through, to throw off by perspiration; dia• through + to carry.] (Med.) Perspiration, or an increase of perspiration. { Di•a•pho•ret´ic , Di•a•pho•ret´ic•al } a. [L. diaphoreticus, Gr. : cf. F. diaphoretique. See Diaphoresis.] Having the power to increase perspiration.

Di•a•pho•ret´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine or agent which promotes perspiration. Diaphoretics differ from sudorifics; the former only increase the insensible perspiration, the latter excite the sensible discharge called sweat. Parr.

Di´a•phote , n. [Pref. dia- + Gr. , light.] (Elec.) An instrument designed for transmitting pictures by telegraph. Fallows.

Di´a•phragm , n. [L. diaphragma, Gr. , fr. to fence by a partition wall; dia• through + , , to fence, inclose; prob. akin to L. fareire to stuff: cf. F. diaphragme. See Farce.] 1. A dividing membrane or thin partition, commonly with an opening through it. 2. (Anat.) The muscular and tendinous partition separating the cavity of the chest from that of the abdomen; the midriff. 3. (Zoöl.) A calcareous plate which divides the cavity of certain shells into two parts. 4. (Opt.) A plate with an opening, which is generally circular, used in instruments to cut off marginal portions of a beam of light, as at the focus of a telescope. 5. (Mach.) A partition in any compartment, for various purposes. Diaphragm pump, one in which a flexible diaphragm takes the place of a piston.

Di•a•phrag•mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. diaphragmatique.] Pertaining to a diaphragm; as diaphragmatic respiration; the diaphragmatic arteries and nerves.

Di•aph´y•sis , n. [Gr. a growing through; dia• through + to bring forth.] 1. (Bot.) An abnormal prolongation of the axis of inflorescence. 2. (Anat.) The shaft, or main part, of a bone, which is first ossified.

Di•ap•no´ic , a. [Gr. outlet for the wind, exhalation, fr. to blow through; dia• through + to blow, breathe: cf. F. diapnoïque.] (Med.) Slightly increasing an insensible perspiration; mildly diaphoretic. — n. A gentle diaphoretic.

Di•ap•o•phys´ic•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a diapophysis.

Di•a•poph´y•sis , n. [NL. See Dia-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) The dorsal transverse, or tubercular, process of a vertebra. See Vertebra.

Di´arch•y , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + to rule.] A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in two persons. { Di•a´ri•al , Di•a´ri•an } a. [See Diary.] Pertaining to a diary; daily.

Di´a•rist , n. One who keeps a diary. { Di•ar•rhe´a , Di•ar•rhœ´a }, (di•ar•re´a), n. [L. diarrhoea, Gr. dia•rroia, fr. dia•rrei^n to flow through; dia• + ´rei^n to flow; akin to E. stream. See Stream.] (Med.) A morbidly frequent and profuse discharge of loose or fluid evacuations from the intestines, without tenesmus; a purging or looseness of the bowels; a flux. { Di•ar•rhe´al , Di•ar•rhœ´al } a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to diarrhea; like diarrhea. { Di•ar•rhet´ic , Di•ar•rhœt´ic } , a. (Med.) Producing diarrhea, or a purging.

Di•ar•thro´di•al , a. (Anat.) Relating to diarthrosis, or movable articulations.

Di•ar•thro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to joint, articulate; dia• through, asunder + to fasten by a joint, ’a•rqron joint.] (Anat.) A form of articulation which admits of considerable motion; a complete joint; abarticulation. See Articulation.

Di´a•ry , n.; pl. Diaries (#). [L. diarium, fr. dies day. See Deity.] A register of daily events or transactions; a daily record; a journal; a blank book dated for the record of daily memoranda; as a diary of the weather; a physician’s diary.

Di´a•ry, a. lasting for one day; as a diary fever. [Obs.] ´Diary ague.´ Bacon.

Di´a•spore , n. [From Gr. a scattering; dia• through, asunder + to sow, scatter like seed: cf. F. diaspore.] (Min.) A hydrate of alumina, often occurring in white lamellar masses with brilliant pearly luster; — so named on account of its decrepitating when heated before the blowpipe.

Di´a•stase , n. [Gr. separation, fr. , to stand apart; dia• through + , , to stand, set: cf. F. diastase. Cf. Diastasis.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble, nitrogenous ferment, capable of converting starch and dextrin into sugar. The name is more particularly applied to that ferment formed during the germination of grain, as in the malting of barley; but it is also occasionally used to designate the amylolytic ferment contained in animal fluids, as in the saliva.

Di•a•sta´sic , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, diastase; as diastasic ferment.

Di•as´ta•sis , n. [NL. See Diastase.] (Surg.) A forcible separation of bones without fracture.

Di•a•stat´ic , a. [Gr. separative. See Diastase.] (Physiol. Chem.) Relating to diastase; having the properties of diastase; effecting the conversion of starch into sugar. “The influence of acids and alkalies on the diastatic action of saliva.” Lauder Brunton.

Di´a•stem , n. [L. diastema, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. diastème.] (a) Intervening space; interval. (b) (Anc. Mus.) An interval.

Di•a•ste´ma , n. [L. See Diastem.] (Anat.) A vacant space, or gap, esp. between teeth in a jaw.

Di•as´ter , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + star.] (Biol.) A double star; — applied to the nucleus of a cell, when, during cell division, the loops of the nuclear network separate into two groups, preparatory to the formation of two daughter nuclei. See Karyokinesis.

Di•as´to•le , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to put asunder, to separate; dia• through + to set, to place.] 1. (Physiol.) The rhythmical expansion or dilatation of the heart and arteries; — correlative to systole, or contraction. 2. (Gram.) A figure by which a syllable naturally short is made long.

Di•as•tol´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to diastole.

Di´a•style , n. [L. diastylus, Gr. ; dia• through, asunder + pillar, column: cf. F. diastyle.] (Arch.) See under Intercolumniation.

Di•a•tes´sa•ron , n. [L., fr. Gr. (sc. ); dia• through + , gen. of four (sc. .).] 1. (Anc. Mus.) The interval of a fourth. 2. (Theol.) A continuous narrative arranged from the first four books of the New Testament. 3. An electuary compounded of four medicines.

Di•a•ther´mal , a. [Gr. thoroughly warm; dia• through + warm, hot. Cf. Diathermous.] Freely permeable by radiant heat. { Di•a•ther´man•cy , Di•a•ther•ma•ne´i•ty } n. [See Diathermanous.] The property of transmitting radiant heat; the quality of being diathermous. Melloni.

Di•a•ther´ma•nism , n. The doctrine or the phenomena of the transmission of radiant heat. Nichol.

Di•a•ther´ma•nous , a. [Gr. to warm through; dia• through + to warm, warm.] Having the property of transmitting radiant heat; diathermal; — opposed to athermanous.

Di•a•ther´mic , a. Affording a free passage to heat; as diathermic substances. Melloni.

Di•a•ther•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. warm + -meter. See Diathermal.] (Physics) An instrument for examining the thermal resistance or heat- conducting power of liquids.

Di•a•ther´mous , a. Same as Diathermal.

Di•ath´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to place separately, arrange; dia• through, asunder + to place, put.] (Med.) Bodily condition or constitution, esp. a morbid habit which predisposes to a particular disease, or class of diseases.

Di•a•thet´ic , a. Pertaining to, or dependent on, a diathesis or special constitution of the body; as diathetic disease.

Di´a•tom (di•a•tom), n. [Gr. dia•tomos cut in two. See Diatomous.] 1. (Bot.) One of the Diatomaceae, a family of minute unicellular Algae having a siliceous covering of great delicacy, each individual multiplying by spontaneous division. By some authors diatoms are called Bacillariae, but this word is not in general use. 2. A particle or atom endowed with the vital principle. “The individual is nothing. He is no more than the diatom, the bit of protoplasm.” Mrs. E. Lynn Linton.

Di•a•tom´ic (di•a•tom´ik), a. [Pref. di- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Containing two atoms. (b) Having two replaceable atoms or radicals.

Di•at´o•mous , a. [Gr. dia•tomos cut through, fr. diate•mnein to cut through; dia• through + te•mnein to cut. Cf. Diatom.] (Min.) Having a single, distinct, diagonal cleavage; — said of crystals. Mohs.

Di•a•ton´ic (di•a•ton´ik), a. [L. diatonicus, diatonus, Gr. , , fr. to stretch out; dia• through + to stretch: cf. F. diatonique. See Tone.] (Mus.) Pertaining to the scale of eight tones, the eighth of which is the octave of the first. Diatonic scale (Mus.), a scale consisting of eight sounds with seven intervals, of which two are semitones and five are whole tones; a modern major or minor scale, as distinguished from the chromatic scale.

Di•a•ton´ic•al•ly , adv. In a diatonic manner.

Di´a•tribe ( 277), n. [L. diatriba a learned discussion, Gr. , prop., a wearing away of time, fr. to rub away, spend time; dia• through + to rub: cf. L. terere, F. trite: cf. F. diatribe.] A prolonged or exhaustive discussion; especially, an acrimonious or invective harangue; a strain of abusive or railing language; a philippic. “The ephemeral diatribe of a faction.” John Morley.

Di•at´ri•bist , n. One who makes a diatribe or diatribes.

Di•a•try´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. dia• through + hole.] (Paleon.) An extinct eocene bird from New Mexico, larger than the ostrich. { Di•a•zeuc´tic , Di•a•zeu´tic } a. [Gr. disjunctive, fr. to disjoin; dia• through, asunder + to join, yoke.] (Anc. Mus.) Disjoining two fourths; as the diazeutic tone, which, like that from F to G in modern music, lay between two fourths, and, being joined to either, made a fifth. [Obs.]

Di•az´o- . [Pref. di- + azo-] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively), meaning pertaining to, or derived from, a series of compounds containing a radical of two nitrogen atoms, united usually to an aromatic radical; as diazo-benzene, C_6H_5.N_2.OH. Diazo compounds are in general unstable, but are of great importance in recent organic chemistry. They are obtained by a partial reduction of the salts of certain amido compounds. Diazo reactions (Chem.), a series of reactions whereby diazo compounds are employed in substitution. These reactions are of great importance in organic chemistry.

Di•az´o•tize , v. t. (Chem.) To subject to such reactions or processes that diazo compounds, or their derivatives, shall be produced by chemical exchange or substitution.

Dib , v. i. To dip. [Prov. Eng.] Walton.

Dib, n. 1. One of the small bones in the knee joints of sheep uniting the bones above and below the joints. 2. pl. A child’s game, played with dib bones.

Di•ba´sic , a. [Pref. di- + basic.] (Chem.) Having two acid hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by basic atoms or radicals, in forming salts; bibasic; — said of acids, as oxalic or sulphuric acids. Cf. Diacid, Bibasic. In the case of certain acids dibasic and divalent are not synonymous; as tartaric acid is tetravalent and dibasic, lactic acid is divalent but monobasic.

Di•ba•sic´i•ty , n. (Chem.) The property or condition of being dibasic.

Dib´ber , n. A dibble. Halliwell.

Dib´ble , n. [See Dibble, v. i.] A pointed implement used to make holes in the ground in which no set out plants or to plant seeds.

Dib´ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dibbled p. pr. & vb. n. Dibbling ] [Freq. of Prov. E. dib, for dip to thrust in. See Dip.] To dib or dip frequently, as in angling. Walton.

Dib´ble, v. t. 1. To plant with a dibble; to make holes in (soil) with a dibble, for planting. 2. To make holes or indentations in, as if with a dibble. “The clayey soil around it was dibbled thick at the time by the tiny hoofs of sheep.” H. Miller.

Dib´bler , n. One who, or that which, dibbles, or makes holes in the ground for seed.

Di•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + gills.] (Zoöl.) An order of cephalopods which includes those with two gills, an apparatus for emitting an inky fluid, and either eight or ten cephalic arms bearing suckers or hooks, as the octopi and squids. See Cephalopoda.

Di•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having two gills. — n. One of the Dibranchiata.

Dibs , n. A sweet preparation or treacle of grape juice, much used in the East. Johnston.

Dib´stone ( 110), n. A pebble used in a child’s game called dibstones. Locke.

Di•bu´tyl , n. [Pref. di- + butyl.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C_8H_18, of the marsh-gas series, being one of several octanes, and consisting of two butyl radicals. Cf. Octane.

Di•ca´cious , a. [L. dicax, dicacis, fr. dicere to say.] Talkative; pert; saucy. [Obs.]

Di•cac´i•ty , n. [L. dicacitas: cf. F. dicacite. See Dicacious.] Pertness; sauciness. [Obs.]

Di•cal´cic , a. [Pref. di- + calcic.] (Chem.) Having two atoms or equivalents of calcium to the molecule.

Di•car•bon´ic , a. [Pref. di- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Containing two carbon residues, or two carboxyl or radicals; as oxalic acid is a dicarbonic acid.

Di´cast , n. [Gr. , fr. to judge, right, judgment, justice.] A functionary in ancient Athens answering nearly to the modern juryman.

Di•cas´ter•y , n. [Gr. , fr. juryman. See Dicast.] A court of justice; judgment hall. [R.] J. S. Mill.

Dice , n.; pl. of Die. Small cubes used in gaming or in determining by chance; also the game played with dice. See Die, n. Dice coal, a kind of coal easily splitting into cubical fragments. Brande & C.

Dice, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Diced p. pr. & vb. n. Dicing.] 1. To play games with dice. “I … diced not above seven times a week.” Shak. 2. To ornament with squares, diamonds, or cubes.

Dice´box , n. A box from which dice are thrown in gaming. Thackeray.

Di•cen´tra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + spur.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants, with racemes of two-spurred or heart-shaped flowers, including the Dutchman’s breeches, and the more showy Bleeding heart (D. spectabilis). [Corruptly written dielytra.]

Di•ceph´a•lous , a. [Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + head.] Having two heads on one body; double-headed.

Di´cer , n. A player at dice; a dice player; a gamester. “As false as dicers’ oaths.” Shak.

Dich , v. i. To ditch. [Obs.]

Di•chas´tic , a. [Gr. to part asunder, fr. in two, asunder, fr. di•s- twice.] (Biol.) Capable of subdividing spontaneously.

Di•chla•myd´e•ous , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + , , a cloak.] (Bot.) Having two coverings, a calyx and in corolla.

Di•chlo´ride , n. [Pref. di- + chloride.] (Chem.) Same as Bichloride.

Di•chog´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Manifesting dichogamy.

Di•chog´a•my , n. [Gr. in two, asunder + marriage.] (Bot.) The condition of certain species of plants, in which the stamens and pistil do not mature simultaneously, so that these plants can never fertilize themselves.

Di•chot´o•mist , n. One who dichotomizes. Bacon.

Di•chot´o•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dichotomized p. pr. & vb. n. Dichotomizing ] [See Dichotomous.] 1. To cut into two parts; to part into two divisions; to divide into pairs; to bisect. [R.] “The apostolical benediction dichotomizes all good things into grace and peace.” Bp. Hall. 2. (Astron.) To exhibit as a half disk. See Dichotomy, 3. ´[The moon] was dichotomized.´ Whewell.

Di•chot´o•mize, v. i. To separate into two parts; to branch dichotomously; to become dichotomous.

Di•chot´o•mous , a. [L. dichotomos, Gr. ; in two, asunder + diate•mnein to cut.] Regularly dividing by pairs from bottom to top; as a dichotomous stem. — Di•chot´o•mous•ly, adv.

Di•chot´o•my , n. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. dichotomie. See Dichotomous.] 1. A cutting in two; a division. “A general breach or dichotomy with their church.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Division or distribution of genera into two species; division into two subordinate parts. 3. (Astron.) That phase of the moon in which it appears bisected, or shows only half its disk, as at the quadratures. 4. (Biol.) Successive division and subdivision, as of a stem of a plant or a vein of the body, into two parts as it proceeds from its origin; successive bifurcation. 5. The place where a stem or vein is forked. 6. (Logic) Division into two; especially, the division of a class into two subclasses opposed to each other by contradiction, as the division of the term man into white and not white.

Di•chro´ic , a. [See Dichroism.] Having the property of dichroism; as a dichroic crystal.

Di•chro´i•scope , n. Same as Dichroscope.

Di´chro•ism , n. [Gr. two- colored; di- = di•s- twice + color.] (Opt.) The property of presenting different colors by transmitted light, when viewed in two different directions, the colors being unlike in the direction of unlike or unequal axes.

Di´chro•ite , n. [See Dichroism.] (Min.) Iolite; — so called from its presenting two different colors when viewed in two different directions. See Iolite.

Di•chro•it´ic , a. Dichroic.

Di•chro´mate , n. (Chem.) A salt of chromic acid containing two equivalents of the acid radical to one of the base; — called also bichromate.

Di•chro•mat´ic , a. [Pref. di- + chromatic: cf. Gr. .] 1. Having or exhibiting two colors. 2. (Zoöl.) Having two color varieties, or two phases differing in color, independently of age or sex, as in certain birds and insects.

Di•chro´ma•tism , n. The state of being dichromatic.

Di•chro´mic , a. [Gr. two- colored; di- = di•s- twice + color.] Furnishing or giving two colors; — said of defective vision, in which all the compound colors are resolvable into two elements instead of three. Sir J. Herschel.

Di´chro•ous , a. Dichroic.

Di´chro•scope , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + color + to view.] An instrument for examining the dichroism of crystals.

Di•chro•scop´ic , a. Pertaining to the dichroscope, or to observations with it.

Di´cing , n. 1. An ornamenting in squares or cubes. 2. Gambling with dice. J. R. Green.

Dick•cis´sel , n. (Zoöl.) The American black-throated bunting (Spiza Americana).

Dick´ens , n. or interj. [Perh. a contr. of the dim. devilkins.] The devil. [A vulgar euphemism.] “I can not tell what the dickens his name is.” Shak.

Dick´er , n. [Also daker, dakir; akin to Icel. dekr, Dan. deger, G. decher; all prob. from LL. dacra, dacrum, the number ten, akin to L. decuria a division consisting of ten, fr. decem ten. See Ten.] 1. The number or quantity of ten, particularly ten hides or skins; a dakir; as a dicker of gloves. [Obs.] “A dicker of cowhides.” Heywood. 2. A chaffering, barter, or exchange, of small wares; as to make a dicker. [U.S.] “For peddling dicker, not for honest sales.” Whittier.

Dick´er, v. i. & t. To negotiate a dicker; to barter. [U.S.] ´Ready to dicker. and to swap.´ Cooper. { Dick´ey , Dick´y } , n. 1. A seat behind a carriage, for a servant. 2. A false shirt front or bosom. 3. A gentleman’s shirt collar. [Local, U. S.]

Di•clin´ic , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + to incline.] (Crystallog.) Having two of the intersections between the three axes oblique. See Crystallization.

Dic´li•nous , a. [Gr. = bed.] Having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers. Gray.

Di•coc´cous , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + grain, seed.] (Bot.) Composed of two coherent, one-seeded carpels; as a dicoccous capsule.

Di•cot•y•le´don (di•kot•i•le´dun), n. [Pref. di- + cotyledon.] (Bot.) A plant whose seeds divide into two seed lobes, or cotyledons, in germinating.

Di•cot•y•le´don•ous (-led´un•us), a. (Bot.) Having two cotyledons or seed lobes; as a dicotyledonous plant. { Di´cro•tal , Di´cro•tous } a. [Gr. a double beating.] Dicrotic.

Di•crot´ic , a. [Gr. = to knock, beat.] (Physiol.) (a) Of or pertaining to dicrotism; as a dicrotic pulse. (b) Of or pertaining to the second expansion of the artery in the dicrotic pulse; as the dicrotic wave.

Di´cro•tism , n. (Physiol.) A condition in which there are two beats or waves of the arterial pulse to each beat of the heart.

Dic´ta , n. pl. [L.] See Dictum.

Dic•ta´men , n. [LL., fr. dictare to dictate.] A dictation or dictate. [R.] Falkland.

Dic•tam´nus , n. [L. See Dittany.] (Bot.) A suffrutescent, D. Fraxinella (the only species), with strong perfume and showy flowers. The volatile oil of the leaves is highly inflammable.

Dic´tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dictated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dictating.] [L. dictatus, p. p. of dictare, freq. of dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Dight.] 1. To tell or utter so that another may write down; to inspire; to compose; as to dictate a letter to an amanuensis. “The mind which dictated the Iliad.” Wayland. “Pages dictated by the Holy Spirit.” Macaulay. 2. To say; to utter; to communicate authoritatively; to deliver (a command) to a subordinate; to declare with authority; to impose; as to dictate the terms of a treaty; a general dictates orders to his troops. “Whatsoever is dictated to us by God must be believed.” Watts. Syn. — To suggest; prescribe; enjoin; command; point out; urge; admonish.

Dic´tate, v. i. 1. To speak as a superior; to command; to impose conditions (on). “Who presumed to dictate to the sovereign.” Macaulay. 2. To compose literary works; to tell what shall be written or said by another. “Sylla could not skill of letters, and therefore knew not how to dictate.” Bacon.

Dic´tate , n. [L. dictatum. See Dictate, v. t.] A statement delivered with authority; an order; a command; an authoritative rule, principle, or maxim; a prescription; as listen to the dictates of your conscience; the dictates of the gospel. “I credit what the Grecian dictates say.” Prior. Syn. — Command; injunction; direction suggestion; impulse; admonition.

Dic•ta´tion , n. [L. dictatio.] 1. The act of dictating; the act or practice of prescribing; also that which is dictated. “It affords security against the dictation of laws.” Paley. 2. The speaking to, or the giving orders to, in an overbearing manner; authoritative utterance; as his habit, even with friends, was that of dictation.

Dic•ta´tor , n. [L.] 1. One who dictates; one who prescribes rules and maxims authoritatively for the direction of others. Locke. 2. One invested with absolute authority; especially, a magistrate created in times of exigence and distress, and invested with unlimited power. “Invested with the authority of a dictator, nay, of a pope, over our language.” Macaulay.

Dic•ta•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. dictatorial.] 1. Pertaining or suited to a dictator; absolute. “Military powers quite dictatorial.” W. Irving. 2. Characteristic of a dictator; imperious; dogmatical; overbearing; as a dictatorial tone or manner. — Dic•ta•to´ri•al•ly, adv. — Dic•ta•to´ri•al•ness, n.

Dic•ta•to´ri•an , a. Dictatorial. [Obs.]

Dic•ta´tor•ship , n. The office, or the term of office, of a dictator; hence, absolute power.

Dic´ta•to•ry , a. [L. dictatorius.] Dogmatical; overbearing; dictatorial. Milton.

Dic•ta´tress , n. A woman who dictates or commands. “Earth’s chief dictatress, ocean’s mighty queen.” Byron.

Dic•ta´trix , n. [L.] A dictatress.

Dic•ta´ture ( 135), n. [L. dictatura: cf. F. dictature.] Office of a dictator; dictatorship. [R.] Bacon.

Dic´tion , n. [L. dicto a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dictum, to say; akin to dicare to proclaim, and to E. teach, token: cf. F. diction. See Teach, and cf. Benison, Dedicate, Index, Judge, Preach, Vengeance.] Choice of words for the expression of ideas; the construction, disposition, and application of words in discourse, with regard to clearness, accuracy, variety, etc.; mode of expression; language; as the diction of Chaucer’s poems. “His diction blazes up into a sudden explosion of prophetic grandeur.” De Quincey. Syn. — Diction, Style, Phraseology. Style relates both to language and thought; diction, to language only; phraseology, to the mechanical structure of sentences, or the mode in which they are phrased. The style of Burke was enriched with all the higher graces of composition; his diction was varied and copious; his phraseology, at times, was careless and cumbersome. ´Diction is a general term applicable alike to a single sentence or a connected composition. Errors in grammar, false construction, a confused disposition of words, or an improper application of them, constitute bad diction; but the niceties, the elegancies, the peculiarities, and the beauties of composition, which mark the genius and talent of the writer, are what is comprehended under the name of style.´ Crabb.

Dic•tion•al´ri•an , n. A lexicographer. [R.]

Dic´tion•a•ry , n.; pl. Dictionaries (#). [Cf. F. dictionnaire. See Diction.] 1. A book containing the words of a language, arranged alphabetically, with explanations of their meanings; a lexicon; a vocabulary; a wordbook. “I applied myself to the perusal of our writers; and noting whatever might be of use to ascertain or illustrate any word or phrase, accumulated in time the materials of a dictionary.” Johnson. 2. Hence, a book containing the words belonging to any system or province of knowledge, arranged alphabetically; as a dictionary of medicine or of botany; a biographical dictionary.

Dic´tum , n.; pl. L. Dicta (#), E. Dictums (#). [L., neuter of dictus, p. p. of dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Ditto.] 1. An authoritative statement; a dogmatic saying; an apothegm. “A class of critical dicta everywhere current.” M. Arnold. 2. (Law) (a) A judicial opinion expressed by judges on points that do not necessarily arise in the case, and are not involved in it. (b) (French Law) The report of a judgment made by one of the judges who has given it. Bouvier. (c) An arbitrament or award.

Dic•ty´o•gen , n. [Gr. a net + -gen.] (Bot.) A plant with net-veined leaves, and monocotyledonous embryos, belonging to the class Dictyogenae, proposed by Lindley for the orders Dioscoreaceae, Smilaceae, Trilliaceae, etc.

Di•cy´a•nide , n. [Pref. di- + cyanogen.] (Chem.) A compound of a binary type containing two cyanogen groups or radicals; — called also bicyanide.

Di•cy•e´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + an embryo.] (Zoöl.) An order of worms parasitic in cephalopods. They are remarkable for the extreme simplicity of their structure. The embryo exists in two forms.

Di•cy•e´mid , a. (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Dicyemata. — n. One of the Dicyemata.

Di•cyn´o•dont , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + dog + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Paleon.) One of a group of extinct reptiles having the jaws armed with a horny beak, as in turtles, and in the genus Dicynodon, supporting also a pair of powerful tusks. Their remains are found in triassic strata of South Africa and India.

Did , imp. of Do. { Di•dac´tic , Di•dac´tic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to teach; akin to L. docere to teach: cf. F. didactique. See Docile.] Fitted or intended to teach; conveying instruction; preceptive; instructive; teaching some moral lesson; as didactic essays. ´Didactical writings.´ Jer. Taylor. “The finest didactic poem in any language.” Macaulay.

Di•dac´tic, n. A treatise on teaching or education. [Obs.] Milton.

Di•dac´tic•al•ly, adv. In a didactic manner.

Di•dac´ti•cism , n. The didactic method or system.

Di•dac•tic´i•ty , n. Aptitude for teaching. Hare.

Di•dac´tics , n. The art or science of teaching.

Di•dac´tyl , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + finger, toe: cf. F. didactyle.] (Zoöl.) An animal having only two digits.

Di•dac´tyl•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Having only two digits; two-toed.

Di´dal , n. A kind of triangular spade. [Obs.]

Di´dap•per , n. [For divedapper. See Dive, Dap, Dip, and cf. Dabchick.] (Zoöl.) See Dabchick.

Di•das´ca•lar , a. Didascalic. [R.]

Di•das•cal´ic , a. [L. didascalius, Gr. , fr. to teach: cf. F. didascalique.] Didactic; preceptive. [R.] Prior.

Did´dle , v. i. [Cf. Daddle.] To totter, as a child in walking. [Obs.] Quarles.

Did´dle, v. t. [Perh. from AS. dyderian to deceive, the letter r being changed to l.] To cheat or overreach. [Colloq.] Beaconsfield.

Did´dler , n. A cheat. [Colloq.] Jeremy Diddler, a character in a play by James Kenney, entitled ´Raising the wind.´ The name is applied to any needy, tricky, constant borrower; a confidence man.

Di•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. = matrix, uterus.] (Zoöl.) The subclass of Mammalia which includes the marsupials. See Marsupialia.

Di•del´phi•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or relating to the Didelphia. — n. One of the Didelphia.

Di•del´phic , a. (Zoöl.) Having the uterus double; of or pertaining to the Didelphia.

Di•del´phid , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Didelphic.

Di•del´phid, n. (Zoöl.) A marsupial animal.

Di•del´phous , a. (Zoöl.) Didelphic.

Di•del´phyc , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Didelphic.

Di•del´phys , n. [NL. See Didelphia.] (Zoöl.) Formerly, any marsupial; but the term is now restricted to an American genus which includes the opossums, of which there are many species. See Opossum. [Written also Didelphis.] See Illustration in Appendix. Cuvier.

Di´dine , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Didus, or the dodo.

Di´do , n.; pl. Didos . A shrewd trick; an antic; a caper. To cut a dido, to play a trick; to cut a caper; — perhaps so called from the trick of Dido, who having bought so much land as a hide would cover, is said to have cut it into thin strips long enough to inclose a spot for a citadel.

Di•do´ni•a , n. [NL. So called in allusion to the classical story of Dido and the bull’s hide.] (Geom.) The curve which on a given surface and with a given perimeter contains the greatest area. Tait. { Di´drachm , Di•drach´ma } n. [Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + a drachm.] A two-drachma piece; an ancient Greek silver coin, worth nearly forty cents.

Didst , the 2d pers. sing. imp. of Do.

Di•duce´ment , n. Diduction; separation into distinct parts. Bacon.

Di•duc´tion , n. [L. diductio, fr. diducere, diductum, to draw apart; di- = dis- + ducere to lead, draw.] The act of drawing apart; separation.

Di´dym , n. (Chem.) See Didymium.

Di•dym´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. twin.] (Chem.) A rare metallic substance usually associated with the metal cerium; — hence its name. It was formerly supposed to be an element, but has since been found to consist of two simpler elementary substances, neodymium and praseodymium. See Neodymium, and Praseodymium.

Did´y•mous (did´i•mus), a. [Gr. di•dymos twofold, twin.] (Bot.) Growing in pairs or twins.

Did•y•na´mi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + power.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having four stamens disposed in pairs of unequal length.

Did•y•na´mi•an , a. Didynamous.

Di•dyn´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Didynamia; containing four stamens disposed in pairs of unequal length.

Die , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Died p. pr. & vb. n. Dying.] [OE. deyen, dien, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. deyja; akin to Dan. döe, Sw. dö, Goth. diwan (cf. Goth. afdjan to harass), OFries. dia to kill, OS. doian to die, OHG. touwen, OSlav. daviti to choke, Lith. dovyti to torment. Cf. Dead, Death.] 1. To pass from an animate to a lifeless state; to cease to live; to suffer a total and irreparable loss of action of the vital functions; to become dead; to expire; to perish; — said of animals and vegetables; often with of, by, with, from, and rarely for, before the cause or occasion of death; as to die of disease or hardships; to die by fire or the sword; to die with horror at the thought. “To die by the roadside of grief and hunger.” Macaulay. “She will die from want of care.” Tennyson. 2. To suffer death; to lose life. “In due time Christ died for the ungodly.” Rom. v. 6. 3. To perish in any manner; to cease; to become lost or extinct; to be extinguished. “Letting the secret die within his own breast.” Spectator. “Great deeds can not die.” Tennyson. 4. To sink; to faint; to pine; to languish, with weakness, discouragement, love, etc. “His heart died within, and he became as a stone.” 1 Sam. xxv. 37. “The young men acknowledged, in love letters, that they died for Rebecca.” Tatler. 5. To become indifferent; to cease to be subject; as to die to pleasure or to sin. 6. To recede and grow fainter; to become imperceptible; to vanish; — often with out or away. “Blemishes may die away and disappear amidst the brightness.” Spectator. 7. (Arch.) To disappear gradually in another surface, as where moldings are lost in a sloped or curved face. 8. To become vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. To die in the last ditch, to fight till death; to die rather than surrender. “´There is one certain way,´ replied the Prince [William of Orange] ´ by which I can be sure never to see my country’s ruin, — I will die in the last ditch.´” Hume (Hist. of Eng. ). — To die out, to cease gradually; as the prejudice has died out. Syn. — To expire; decease; perish; depart; vanish.

Die, n.; pl. in 1 and (usually) in 2, Dice (dis); in 4 & 5, Dies (diz). [OE. dee, die, F. de, fr. L. datus given, thrown, p. p. of dare to give, throw. See Date a point of time.] 1. A small cube, marked on its faces with spots from one to six, and used in playing games by being shaken in a box and thrown from it. See Dice. 2. Any small cubical or square body. “Words … pasted upon little flat tablets or dies.” Watts. 3. That which is, or might be, determined, by a throw of the die; hazard; chance. “Such is the die of war.” Spenser. 4. (Arch.) That part of a pedestal included between base and cornice; the dado. 5. (Mach.) (a) A metal or plate (often one of a pair) so cut or shaped as to give a certain desired form to, or impress any desired device on, an object or surface, by pressure or by a blow; used in forging metals, coining, striking up sheet metal, etc. (b) A perforated block, commonly of hardened steel used in connection with a punch, for punching holes, as through plates, or blanks from plates, or for forming cups or capsules, as from sheet metal, by drawing. (c) A hollow internally threaded screw-cutting tool, made in one piece or composed of several parts, for forming screw threads on bolts, etc.; one of the separate parts which make up such a tool. Cutting die (Mech.), a thin, deep steel frame, sharpened to a cutting edge, for cutting out articles from leather, cloth, paper, etc. — The die is cast, the hazard must be run; the step is taken, and it is too late to draw back; the last chance is taken.

Di•e´cian , a., Di•e´cious , a. (Bot.) See Diœcian, and Diœcious.

Di•e´dral , a. The same as Dihedral.

Di•e•ge´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to narrate; dia• through + to lead.] A narrative or history; a recital or relation.

Di•e•lec´tric , n. [Pref. dia- + electric.] (Elec.) Any substance or medium that transmits the electric force by a process different from conduction, as in the phenomena of induction; a nonconductor. separating a body electrified by induction, from the electrifying body.

Di•el´y•tra , n. (Bot.) See Dicentra.

Di•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL. See Dia-, and Encephalon.] (Anat.) The interbrain or thalamencephalon; — sometimes abbreviated to dien. See Thalamencephalon.

Di•er´e•sis , n. [NL.] Same as Diaeresis.

Die´sink•er , n. An engraver of dies for stamping coins, medals, etc.

Die´sink•ing, n. The process of engraving dies.

Di´es I´rae Day of wrath; — the name and beginning of a famous mediaeval Latin hymn on the Last Judgment.

Di´e•sis , n.; pl. Dieses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to let go through, dissolve; dia• through + to let go, send.] 1. (Mus.) A small interval, less than any in actual practice, but used in the mathematical calculation of intervals. 2. (Print.) The mark ‡; — called also double dagger.

Di´es ju•rid´i•cus pl. Dies juridici (#). [L.] (Law) A court day.

Di´es non´ [L. dies non juridicus.] (Law) A day on which courts are not held, as Sunday or any legal holiday.

Die´stock , n. A stock to hold the dies used for cutting screws.

Di´et , n. [F. diète, L. diaeta, fr. Gr. manner of living.] 1. Course of living or nourishment; what is eaten and drunk habitually; food; victuals; fare. ´No inconvenient diet.´ Milton. 2. A course of food selected with reference to a particular state of health; prescribed allowance of food; regimen prescribed. “To fast like one that takes diet.” Shak. Diet kitchen, a kitchen in which diet is prepared for invalids; a charitable establishment that provides proper food for the sick poor.

Di´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dieted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dieting.] 1. To cause to take food; to feed. [R.] Shak. 2. To cause to eat and drink sparingly, or by prescribed rules; to regulate medicinally the food of. “She diets him with fasting every day.” Spenser.

Di´et, v. i. 1. To eat; to take one’s meals. [Obs.] “Let him … diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation, where he traveleth.” Bacon. 2. To eat according to prescribed rules; to ear sparingly; as the doctor says he must diet.

Di´et, n. [F. diète, LL. dieta, diaeta, an assembly, a day’s journey; the same word as diet course of living, but with the sense changed by L. dies day: cf. G. tag day and Reichstag.] A legislative or administrative assembly in Germany, Poland, and some other countries of Europe; a deliberative convention; a council; as the Diet of Worms, held in 1521.

Di•e•ta´ri•an , n. One who lives in accordance with prescribed rules for diet; a dieter.

Di´et•a•ry , a. Pertaining to diet, or to the rules of diet.

Di´et•a•ry, n.; pl. Dietaries . A rule of diet; a fixed allowance of food, as in workhouse, prison, etc.

Di´et•er , n. One who diets; one who prescribes, or who partakes of, food, according to hygienic rules. { Di•e•tet´ic , Di•e•tet´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. dietetique. See Diet.] Of or performance to diet, or to the rules for regulating the kind and quantity of food to be eaten.

Di•e•tet´ic•al•ly, adv. In a dietetical manner.

Di•e•tet´ics , n. That part of the medical or hygienic art which relates to diet or food; rules for diet. “To suppose that the whole of dietetics lies in determining whether or not bread is more nutritive than potatoes.” H. Spencer.

Di•e•tet´ist, n. A physician who applies the rules of dietetics to the cure of diseases. Dunglison.

Di•eth•yl•am´ine , n. [Pref. di- + ethylamine.] (Chem.) A colorless, volatile, alkaline liquid, NH(C_2H_5)2, having a strong fishy odor resembling that of herring or sardines. Cf. Methylamine.

Di•et´ic , a. Dietetic.

Di•et´ic•al , a. Dietetic. [R.] Ferrand.

Di´et•ine , n. [Cf. F. dietine.] A subordinate or local assembly; a diet of inferior rank. { Di´et•ist , Di•e•ti´tian } n. One skilled in dietetics. [R.]

Dif•fame , n. [See Defame.] Evil name; bad reputation; defamation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dif•far•re•a´tion , n. [L. diffarreatio; dif- = farreum a spelt cake. See Confarreation.] A form of divorce, among the ancient Romans, in which a cake was used. See Confarreation.

Dif´fer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Differed p. pr. & vb. n. Differing.] [L. differre; dif- = dis- + ferre to bear, carry: cf. F. differer. See 1st Bear, and cf. Defer, Delay.] 1. To be or stand apart; to disagree; to be unlike; to be distinguished; — with from. “One star differeth from another star in glory.” 1 Cor. xv. 41. “Minds differ, as rivers differ.” Macaulay. 2. To be of unlike or opposite opinion; to disagree in sentiment; — often with from or with. 3. To have a difference, cause of variance, or quarrel; to dispute; to contend. “We ’ll never differ with a crowded pit.” Rowe. Syn. — To vary; disagree; dissent; dispute; contend; oppose; wrangle. — To Differ with, Differ from. Both differ from and aiffer with are used in reference to opinions; as ´I differ from you or with you in that opinion.´´ In all other cases, expressing simple unlikeness, differ from is used; as these two persons or things differ entirely from each other. “Severely punished, not for differing from us in opinion, but for committing a nuisance.” Macaulay. “Davidson, whom on a former occasion we quoted, to differ from him.” M. Arnold. “Much as I differ from him concerning an essential part of the historic basis of religion.” Gladstone. “I differ with the honorable gentleman on that point.” Brougham. “If the honorable gentleman differs with me on that subject, I differ as heartily with him, and shall always rejoice to differ.” Canning.

Dif´fer, v. t. To cause to be different or unlike; to set at variance. [R.] “But something ’ts that differs thee and me.” Cowley.

Dif´fer•ence , n. [F. difference, L. differentia.] 1. The act of differing; the state or measure of being different or unlike; distinction; dissimilarity; unlikeness; variation; as a difference of quality in paper; a difference in degrees of heat, or of light; what is the difference between the innocent and the guilty? “Differencies of administration, but the same Lord.” 1 Cor. xii. 5. 2. Disagreement in opinion; dissension; controversy; quarrel; hence, cause of dissension; matter in controversy. “What was the difference? It was a contention in public.” Shak. “Away therefore went I with the constable, leaving the old warden and the young constable to compose their difference as they could.” T. Ellwood. 3. That by which one thing differs from another; that which distinguishes or causes to differ; mark of distinction; characteristic quality; specific attribute. “The marks and differences of sovereignty.” Davies. 4. Choice; preference. [Obs.] “That now he chooseth with vile difference
To be a beast, and lack intelligence.” Spenser. 5. (Her.) An addition to a coat of arms to distinguish the bearings of two persons, which would otherwise be the same. See Augmentation, and Marks of cadency, under Cadency. 6. (Logic) The quality or attribute which is added to those of the genus to constitute a species; a differentia. 7. (Math.) The quantity by which one quantity differs from another, or the remainder left after subtracting the one from the other. Ascensional difference. See under Ascensional. Syn. — Distinction; dissimilarity; dissimilitude; variation; diversity; variety; contrariety; disagreement; variance; contest; contention; dispute; controversy; debate; quarrel; wrangle; strife.

Dif´fer•ence , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Differenced p. pr. & vb. n. Differencing.] To cause to differ; to make different; to mark as different; to distinguish. “Thou mayest difference gods from men.” Chapman. “Kings, in receiving justice and undergoing trial, are not differenced from the meanest subject.” Milton. “So completely differenced by their separate and individual characters that we at once acknowledge them as distinct persons.” Sir W. Scott.

Dif´fer•ent , a. [L. differens, -entis, p. pr. of differre: cf. F. different.] 1. Distinct; separate; not the same; other. ´Five different churches.´ Addison. 2. Of various or contrary nature, form, or quality; partially or totally unlike; dissimilar; as different kinds of food or drink; different states of health; different shapes; different degrees of excellence. “Men are as different from each other, as the regions in which they are born are different.” Dryden. Different is properly followed by from. Different to, for different from, is a common English colloquialism. Different than is quite inadmissible.

Dif•fer•en´ti•a , n.; pl. Differentiae (#). [L. See Difference.] (Logic) The formal or distinguishing part of the essence of a species; the characteristic attribute of a species; specific difference.

Dif•fer•en´tial , a. [Cf. F. differentiel.] 1. Relating to or indicating a difference; creating a difference; discriminating; special; as differential characteristics; differential duties; a differential rate. “For whom he produced differential favors.” Motley. 2. (Math.) Of or pertaining to a differential, or to differentials. 3. (Mech.) Relating to differences of motion or leverage; producing effects by such differences; said of mechanism. Differential calculus. (Math.) See under Calculus. — Differential coefficient, the limit of the ratio of the increment of a function of a variable to the increment of the variable itself, when these increments are made indefinitely small. — Differential coupling, a form of slip coupling used in light machinery to regulate at pleasure the velocity of the connected shaft. — Differential duties (Polit. Econ.), duties which are not imposed equally upon the same products imported from different countries. — Differential galvanometer (Elec.), a galvanometer having two coils or circuits, usually equal, through which currents passing in opposite directions are measured by the difference of their effect upon the needle. — Differential gearing, a train of toothed wheels, usually an epicyclic train, so arranged as to constitute a differential motion. — Differential motion, a mechanism in which a simple differential combination produces such a change of motion or force as would, with ordinary compound arrangements, require a considerable train of parts. It is used for overcoming great resistance or producing very slow or very rapid motion. — Differential pulley. (Mach.) (a) A portable hoisting apparatus, the same in principle as the differential windlass. (b) A hoisting pulley to which power is applied through a differential gearing. — Differential screw, a compound screw by which a motion is produced equal to the difference of the motions of the component screws. — Differential thermometer, a thermometer usually with a U-shaped tube terminating in two air bulbs, and containing a colored liquid, used for indicating the difference between the temperatures to which the two bulbs are exposed, by the change of position of the colored fluid, in consequence of the different expansions of the air in the bulbs. A graduated scale is attached to one leg of the tube. — Differential windlass, or Chinese windlass, a windlass whose barrel has two parts of different diameters. The hoisting rope winds upon one part as it unwinds from the other, and a pulley sustaining the weight to be lifted hangs in the bight of the rope. It is an ancient example of a differential motion.

Dif•fer•en´tial, n. 1. (Math.) An increment, usually an indefinitely small one, which is given to a variable quantity. According to the more modern writers upon the differential and integral calculus, if two or more quantities are dependent on each other, and subject to increments of value, their differentials need not be small, but are any quantities whose ratios to each other are the limits to which the ratios of the increments approximate, as these increments are reduced nearer and nearer to zero. 2. A small difference in rates which competing railroad lines, in establishing a common tariff, allow one of their number to make, in order to get a fair share of the business. The lower rate is called a differential rate. Differentials are also sometimes granted to cities. 3. (Elec.) (a) One of two coils of conducting wire so related to one another or to a magnet or armature common to both, that one coil produces polar action contrary to that of the other. (b) A form of conductor used for dividing and distributing the current to a series of electric lamps so as to maintain equal action in all. Knight. Partial differential (Math.), the differential of a function of two or more variables, when only one of the variables receives an increment. — Total differential (Math.), the differential of a function of two or more variables, when each of the variables receives an increment. The total differential of the function is the sum of all the partial differentials.

Dif•fer•en´tial•ly , adv. In the way of differentiation.

Dif•fer•en´ti•ate , v. t. 1. To distinguish or mark by a specific difference; to effect a difference in, as regards classification; to develop differential characteristics in; to specialize; to desynonymize. “The word then was differentiated into the two forms then and than.” Earle. “Two or more of the forms assumed by the same original word become differentiated in signification.” Dr. Murray. 2. To express the specific difference of; to describe the properties of (a thing) whereby it is differenced from another of the same class; to discriminate. Earle. 3. (Math.) To obtain the differential, or differential coefficient, of; as to differentiate an algebraic expression, or an equation.

Dif•fer•en´ti•ate, v. i. (Biol.) To acquire a distinct and separate character. Huxley.

Dif•fer•en•ti•a´tion , n. 1. The act of differentiating. “Further investigation of the Sanskrit may lead to differentiation of the meaning of such of these roots as are real roots.” J. Peile. 2. (Logic) The act of distinguishing or describing a thing, by giving its different, or specific difference; exact definition or determination. 3. (Biol.) The gradual formation or production of organs or parts by a process of evolution or development, as when the seed develops the root and the stem, the initial stem develops the leaf, branches, and flower buds; or in animal life, when the germ evolves the digestive and other organs and members, or when the animals as they advance in organization acquire special organs for specific purposes. 4. (Metaph.) The supposed act or tendency in being of every kind, whether organic or inorganic, to assume or produce a more complex structure or functions.

Dif•fer•en´ti•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, differentiates.

Dif´fer•ent•ly , adv. In a different manner; variously.

Dif´fer•ing•ly, adv. In a differing or different manner. Boyle.

Dif´fi•cile , a. [L. difficilis: cf. F. difficile. See Difficult.] Difficult; hard to manage; stubborn. [Obs.] — Dif´fi•cile•ness, n. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dif•fi•cil´i•tate , v. t. To make difficult. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Dif´fi•cult , a. [From Difficulty.] 1. Hard to do or to make; beset with difficulty; attended with labor, trouble, or pains; not easy; arduous. Difficult implies the notion that considerable mental effort or skill is required, or that obstacles are to be overcome which call for sagacity and skill in the agent; as a difficult task; hard work is not always difficult work; a difficult operation in surgery; a difficult passage in an author. “There is not the strength or courage left me to venture into the wide, strange, and difficult world, alone.” Hawthorne. 2. Hard to manage or to please; not easily wrought upon; austere; stubborn; as a difficult person. Syn. — Arduous; painful; crabbed; perplexed; laborious; unaccommodating; troublesome. See Arduous.

Dif´fi•cult, v. t. To render difficult; to impede; to perplex. [R.] Sir W. Temple.

Dif´fi•cult•ate , v. t. To render difficult; to difficilitate. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Dif´fi•cult•ly, adv. With difficulty. Cowper.

Dif´fi•cult•ness, n. Difficulty. [R.] Golding.

Dif´fi•cul•ty , n.; pl. Difficulties (#). [L. difficultas, fr. difficilis difficult; dif- = dis- + facilis easy: cf. F. difficulte. See Facile.] 1. The state of being difficult, or hard to do; hardness; arduousness; — opposed to easiness or facility; as the difficulty of a task or enterprise; a work of difficulty. “Not being able to promote them [the interests of life] on account of the difficulty of the region.” James Byrne. 2. Something difficult; a thing hard to do or to understand; that which occasions labor or perplexity, and requires skill and perseverance to overcome, solve, or achieve; a hard enterprise; an obstacle; an impediment; as the difficulties of a science; difficulties in theology. “They lie under some difficulties by reason of the emperor’s displeasure.” Addison. 3. A controversy; a falling out; a disagreement; an objection; a cavil. “Measures for terminating all local difficulties.” Bancroft. 4. Embarrassment of affairs, especially financial affairs; — usually in the plural; as to be in difficulties. “In days of difficulty and pressure.” Tennyson. Syn. — Impediment; obstacle; obstruction; embarrassment; perplexity; exigency; distress; trouble; trial; objection; cavil. See Impediment.

Dif•fide´ , v. i. [L. diffidere. See Diffident.] To be distrustful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dif´fi•dence , n. [L. diffidentia.] 1. The state of being diffident; distrust; want of confidence; doubt of the power, ability, or disposition of others. [Archaic] “That affliction grew heavy upon me, and weighed me down even to a diffidence of God’s mercy.” Donne. 2. Distrust of one’s self or one’s own powers; lack of self-reliance; modesty; modest reserve; bashfulness. “It is good to speak on such questions with diffidence.” Macaulay. “An Englishman’s habitual diffidence and awkwardness of address.” W. Irving. Syn. — Humility; bashfulness; distrust; suspicion; doubt; fear; timidity; apprehension; hesitation. See Humility, and Bashfulness.

Dif´fi•den•cy , n. See Diffidence. [Obs.]

Dif´fi•dent , a. [L. diffidens, -entis, p. pr. of diffidere; dif- = dis + fidere to trust; akin to fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Defy.] 1. Wanting confidence in others; distrustful. [Archaic] “You were always extremely diffident of their success.” Melmoth. 2. Wanting confidence in one’s self; distrustful of one’s own powers; not self-reliant; timid; modest; bashful; characterized by modest reserve. “The diffident maidens,
Folding their hands in prayer.” Longfellow. Syn. — Distrustful; suspicious; hesitating; doubtful; modest; bashful; lowly; reserved.

Dif´fi•dent•ly, adv. In a diffident manner. “To stand diffidently against each other with their thoughts in battle array.” Hobbes.

Dif•find , v. t. [L. diffindere, diffissum; dif- = dis- + findere to split.] To split. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dif•fine´ , v. t. To define. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dif•fin´i•tive , a. [For definitive.] Definitive; determinate; final. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Dif•fis´sion , n. [See Diffind.] Act of cleaving or splitting. [R.] Bailey.

Dif•fla´tion , n. [LL. difflatio, fr. L. difflare, difflatum, to disperse by blowing.] A blowing apart or away. [Obs.] Bailey. { Dif´flu•ence , Dif´flu•en•cy } n. A flowing off on all sides; fluidity. [R.]

Dif´flu•ent , a. [L. diffluens, p. pr. of diffluere to flow off; dif- = dis- + fluere to flow.] Flowing apart or off; dissolving; not fixed. [R.] Bailey.

Dif´form , a. [Cf. F. difforme, fr. L. dif- = dis- + forma form. Cf. Deform.] Irregular in form; — opposed to uniform; anomalous; hence, unlike; dissimilar; as to difform corolla, the parts of which do not correspond in size or proportion; difform leaves. “The unequal refractions of difform rays.” Sir I. Newton.

Dif•form´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. difformite. See Difform, Deformity.] Irregularity of form; diversity of form; want of uniformity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dif•fract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diffracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diffracting.] [L. diffractus, p. p. of diffringere to break in pieces; dif- = dis- + frangere to break. See Fracture.] To break or separate into parts; to deflect, or decompose by deflection, a rays of light.

Dif•frac´tion , n. [Cf. F. diffraction.] (Opt.) The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors, as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars. “Remarked by Grimaldi (1665), and referred by him to a property of light which he called diffraction.” Whewell. Diffraction grating. (Optics) See under Grating. — Diffraction spectrum. (Optics) See under Spectrum.

Dif•frac´tive , a. That produces diffraction. { Dif•fran´chise , Dif•fran´chise•ment }. See Disfranchise, Disfranchisement.

Dif•fus´ate , n. (Chem.) Material which, in the process of catalysis, has diffused or passed through the separating membrane.

Dif•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diffused p. pr. & vb. n. Diffusing.] [L. diffusus, p. p. of diffundere to pour out, to diffuse; dif- = dis- + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] To pour out and cause to spread, as a fluid; to cause to flow on all sides; to send out, or extend, in all directions; to spread; to circulate; to disseminate; to scatter; as to diffuse information. “Thence diffuse
His good to worlds and ages infinite.” Milton. “We find this knowledge diffused among all civilized nations.” Whewell. Syn. — To expand; spread; circulate; extend; scatter; disperse; publish; proclaim.

Dif•fuse´, v. i. To pass by spreading every way, to diffuse itself.

Dif•fuse´ , a. [L. diffusus, p. p.] Poured out; widely spread; not restrained; copious; full; esp., of style, opposed to concise or terse; verbose; prolix; as a diffuse style; a diffuse writer. “A diffuse and various knowledge of divine and human things.” Milton. Syn. — Prolix; verbose; wide; copious; full. See Prolix.

Dif•fused´ , a. Spread abroad; dispersed; loose; flowing; diffuse. “It grew to be a widely diffused opinion.” Hawthorne. — Dif•fus´ed•ly (#), adv. — Dif•fus´ed•ness, n.

Dif•fuse´ly , adv. In a diffuse manner.

Dif•fuse´ness, n. The quality of being diffuse; especially, in writing, the use of a great or excessive number of word to express the meaning; copiousness; verbosity; prolixity.

Dif•fus´er , n. One who, or that which, diffuses.

Dif•fu•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being diffusible; capability of being poured or spread out.

Dif•fu´si•ble , a. 1. Capable of flowing or spreading in all directions; that may be diffused. 2. (Physiol.) Capable of passing through animal membranes by osmosis.

Dif•fu´si•ble•ness, n. Diffusibility.

Dif•fu´sion , n. [L. diffusio: cf. F. diffusion.] 1. The act of diffusing, or the state of being diffused; a spreading; extension; dissemination; circulation; dispersion. “A diffusion of knowledge which has undermined superstition.” Burke. 2. (Physiol.) The act of passing by osmosis through animal membranes, as in the distribution of poisons, gases, etc., through the body. Unlike absorption, diffusion may go on after death, that is, after the blood ceases to circulate. Syn. — Extension; spread; propagation; circulation; expansion; dispersion.

Dif•fu´sive , a. [Cf. F. diffusif.] Having the quality of diffusing; capable of spreading every way by flowing; spreading widely; widely reaching; copious; diffuse. ´A plentiful and diffusive perfume.´ Hare.

Dif•fu´sive•ly, adv. In a diffusive manner.

Dif•fu´sive•ness, n. The quality or state of being diffusive or diffuse; extensiveness; expansion; dispersion. Especially of style: Diffuseness; want of conciseness; prolixity. “The fault that I find with a modern legend, it its diffusiveness.” Addison.

Dif•fu•siv´i•ty , n. Tendency to become diffused; tendency, as of heat, to become equalized by spreading through a conducting medium.

Dig (dig), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dug (dug) or Digged (digd); p. pr. & vb. n. Digging. — Digged is archaic.] [OE. diggen, perh. the same word as diken, dichen (see Dike, Ditch); cf. Dan. dige to dig, dige a ditch; or akin to E. 1st dag. rad.67.] 1. To turn up, or delve in, (earth) with a spade or a hoe; to open, loosen, or break up (the soil) with a spade, or other sharp instrument; to pierce, open, or loosen, as if with a spade. “Be first to dig the ground.” Dryden. 2. To get by digging; as to dig potatoes, or gold. 3. To hollow out, as a well; to form, as a ditch, by removing earth; to excavate; as to dig a ditch or a well. 4. To thrust; to poke. [Colloq.] “You should have seen children … dig and push their mothers under the sides, saying thus to them: Look, mother, how great a lubber doth yet wear pearls.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). To dig down, to undermine and cause to fall by digging; as to dig down a wall. — To dig from, out of, out, or up, to get out or obtain by digging; as to dig coal from or out of a mine; to dig out fossils; to dig up a tree. The preposition is often omitted; as the men are digging coal, digging iron ore, digging potatoes. — To dig in, to cover by digging; as to dig in manure.

Dig, v. i. 1. To work with a spade or other like implement; to do servile work; to delve. “Dig for it more than for hid treasures.” Job iii. 21. “I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed.” Luke xvi. 3. 2. (Mining) To take ore from its bed, in distinction from making excavations in search of ore. 3. To work like a digger; to study ploddingly and laboriously. [Cant, U.S.]

Dig, n. 1. A thrust; a punch; a poke; as a dig in the side or the ribs. See Dig, v. t., 4. [Colloq.] 2. A plodding and laborious student. [Cant, U.S.]

Dig´a•mist , n. [Gr. = twice + to marry. Cf. Bigamist.] One who marries a second time; a deuterogamist. Hammond.

Di•gam´ma , n. [Gr. ; = twice + ga•mma the letter &GAMMA;. So called because it resembled two gammas placed one above the other.] (Gr. Gram.) A letter (, ) of the Greek alphabet, which early fell into disuse. This form identifies it with the Latin F, though in sound it is said to have been nearer V. It was pronounced, probably, much like the English W. { Di•gam´mate , Di•gam´mated } a. Having the digamma or its representative letter or sound; as the Latin word vis is a digammated form of the Greek ’i•s. Andrews.

Dig´a•mous , a. Pertaining to a second marriage, that is, one after the death of the first wife or the first husband.

Dig´a•my , n. [Gr. a second marriage; di- = di•s- twice + marriage. Cf. Bigamy.] Act, or state, of being twice married; deuterogamy. [R.]

Di•gas´tric , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + belly: cf. F. digastrique.] (Anat.) (a) Having two bellies; biventral; — applied to muscles which are fleshy at each end and have a tendon in the middle, and esp. to the muscle which pulls down the lower jaw. (b) Pertaining to the digastric muscle of the lower jaw; as the digastric nerves.

Di•ge´ne•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + race, offspring.] (Zoöl.) A division of Trematoda in which alternate generations occur, the immediate young not resembling their parents.

Di•gen´e•sis , n. [Pref. di- + genesis.] (Biol.) The faculty of multiplying in two ways; — by ova fecundated by spermatic fluid, and asexually, as by buds. See Parthenogenesis.

Dig´e•nous , a. [Pref. di- + -genous.] (Biol.) Sexually reproductive. Digenous reproduction. (Biol.) Same as Digenesis.

Dig´er•ent , . [L. digerens, p. pr. of digerere. See Digest.] Digesting. [Obs.] Bailey.

Di•gest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Digested; p. pr. & vb. n. Digesting.] [L. digestus, p. p. of digerere to separate, arrange, dissolve, digest; di- = dis- + gerere to bear, carry, wear. See Jest.] 1. To distribute or arrange methodically; to work over and classify; to reduce to portions for ready use or application; as to digest the laws, etc. “Joining them together and digesting them into order.” Blair. “We have cause to be glad that matters are so well digested.” Shak. 2. (Physiol.) To separate (the food) in its passage through the alimentary canal into the nutritive and nonnutritive elements; to prepare, by the action of the digestive juices, for conversion into blood; to convert into chyme. 3. To think over and arrange methodically in the mind; to reduce to a plan or method; to receive in the mind and consider carefully; to get an understanding of; to comprehend. “Feelingly digest the words you speak in prayer.” Sir H. Sidney. “How shall this bosom multiplied digest
The senate’s courtesy?” Shak. 4. To appropriate for strengthening and comfort. “Grant that we may in such wise hear them [the Scriptures], read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest them.” Book of Common Prayer. 5. Hence: To bear comfortably or patiently; to be reconciled to; to brook. “I never can digest the loss of most of Origin’s works.” Coleridge. 6. (Chem.) To soften by heat and moisture; to expose to a gentle heat in a boiler or matrass, as a preparation for chemical operations. 7. (Med.) To dispose to suppurate, or generate healthy pus, as an ulcer or wound. 8. To ripen; to mature. [Obs.] “Well-digested fruits.” Jer. Taylor. 9. To quiet or abate, as anger or grief.

Di•gest´ , v. i. 1. To undergo digestion; as food digests well or ill. 2. (Med.) To suppurate; to generate pus, as an ulcer.

Di´gest , n. [L. digestum, pl. digesta, neut., fr. digestus, p. p.: cf. F. digeste. See Digest, v. t.] That which is digested; especially, that which is worked over, classified, and arranged under proper heads or titles; esp. (Law), A compilation of statutes or decisions analytically arranged. The term is applied in a general sense to the Pandects of Justinian (see Pandect), but is also specially given by authors to compilations of laws on particular topics; a summary of laws; as Comyn’s Digest; the United States Digest. “A complete digest of Hindu and Mahommedan laws after the model of Justinian’s celebrated Pandects.” Sir W. Jones. “They made a sort of institute and digest of anarchy, called the Rights of Man.” Burke.

Di•gest´ed•ly , adv. In a digested or well-arranged manner; methodically.

Di•gest´er , n. 1. One who digests. 2. A medicine or an article of food that aids digestion, or strengthens digestive power. “Rice is … a great restorer of health, and a great digester.” Sir W. Temple. 3. A strong closed vessel, in which bones or other substances may be subjected, usually in water or other liquid, to a temperature above that of boiling, in order to soften them.

Di•gest•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being digestible.

Di•gest´i•ble , a. [F. digestible, L. digestibilis.] Capable of being digested.

Di•gest´i•ble•ness, n. The quality of being digestible; digestibility.

Di•ges´tion ( 106), n. [F. digestion, L. digestio.] 1. The act or process of digesting; reduction to order; classification; thoughtful consideration. 2. (Physiol.) The conversion of food, in the stomach and intestines, into soluble and diffusible products, capable of being absorbed by the blood. 3. (Med.) Generation of pus; suppuration.

Di•gest´ive , a. [F. digestif, L. digestivus.] Pertaining to digestion; having the power to cause or promote digestion; as the digestive ferments. “Digestive cheese and fruit there sure will be.” B. Jonson. Digestive apparatus, the organs of food digestion, esp. the alimentary canal and glands connected with it. — Digestive salt, the chloride of potassium.

Di•gest´ive, n. 1. That which aids digestion, as a food or medicine. Chaucer. “That digestive [a cigar] had become to me as necessary as the meal itself.” Blackw. Mag. 2. (Med.) (a) A substance which, when applied to a wound or ulcer, promotes suppuration. Dunglison. (b) A tonic. [R.]

Di•gest´or , n. See Digester.

Di•ges´ture ( 135), n. Digestion. [Obs.] Harvey.

Dig´ga•ble , a. Capable of being dug.

Dig´ger , n. One who, or that which, digs. Digger wasp (Zoöl.), any one of the fossorial Hymenoptera.

Dig´gers , n. pl.; sing. Digger. (Ethnol.) A degraded tribe of California Indians; — so called from their practice of digging roots for food.

Dig´ging , n. 1. The act or the place of excavating. 2. pl. Places where ore is dug; especially, certain localities in California, Australia, and elsewhere, at which gold is obtained. [Recent] 3. pl. Region; locality. [Low]

Dight , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dight or Dighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dighting.] [OF. dihten, AS. dihtan to dictate, command, dispose, arrange, fr. L. dictare to say often, dictate, order; cf. G. dichten to write poetry, fr. L. dictare. See Dictate.] 1. To prepare; to put in order; hence, to dress, or put on; to array; to adorn. [Archaic] ´She gan the house to dight.´ Chaucer. “Two harmless turtles, dight for sacrifice.” Fairfax. “The clouds in thousand liveries dight.” Milton. 2. To have sexual intercourse with. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dight´er , n. One who dights. [Obs.]

Dig´it (dij´it), n. [L. digitus finger; prob. akin to Gr. da•ktylos, of uncertain origin; possibly akin to E. toe. Cf. Dactyl.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the terminal divisions of a limb appendage; a finger or toe. “The ruminants have the ´cloven foot,´ i. e., two hoofed digits on each foot.” Owen. 2. A finger’s breadth, commonly estimated to be three fourths of an inch. 3. (Math.) One of the ten figures or symbols, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which all numbers are expressed; — so called because of the use of the fingers in counting and computing. By some authorities the symbol 0 is not included with the digits. 4. (Anat.) One twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon; — a term used to express the quantity of an eclipse; as an eclipse of eight digits is one which hides two thirds of the diameter of the disk.

Dig´it, v. t. To point at or out with the finger. [R.]

Dig´i•tal (dij´i•tal), a. [L. digitals.] Of or pertaining to the fingers, or to digits; done with the fingers; as digital compression; digital examination.

Dig´i•ta•lin , n. [Cf. F. digitaline.] (a) (Med.) Any one of several extracts of foxglove (Digitalis), as the ´French extract,´ the ´German extract,´ etc., which differ among themselves in composition and properties. (b) (Chem.) A supposedly distinct vegetable principle as the essential ingredient of the extracts. It is a white, crystalline substance, and is regarded as a glucoside.

Dig•i•ta´lis , n. [NL.: cf. F. digitale. So named (according to Linnaeus) from its finger-shaped corolla.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants including the foxglove. 2. (Med.) The dried leaves of the purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), used in heart disease, disturbance of the circulation, etc.

Dig´i•tate , v. t. [LL. digitatus, p. p. of digitare, fr. L. digitus. See Digit.] To point out as with the finger. [R.] Robinson (Eudoxa). { Dig´i•tate , Dig´i•ta•ted }, a. [L. digitatus having fingers.] (Bot.) Having several leaflets arranged, like the fingers of the hand, at the extremity of a stem or petiole. also in general, characterized by digitation. — Dig´i•tate•ly (#), adv.

Dig•i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. digitation.] A division into fingers or fingerlike processes; also a fingerlike process.

Dig´i•ti•form , a. [L. digitus a finger + -form.] Formed like a finger or fingers; finger-shaped; as a digitiform root.

Dig´i•ti•grade , a. [L. digitus finger, toe + gradi to step, walk: cf. F. digitigrade.] (Zoöl.) Walking on the toes; — distinguished from plantigrade.

Dig´i•ti•grade, n. (Zoöl.) An animal that walks on its toes, as the cat, lion, wolf, etc.; — distinguished from a plantigrade, which walks on the palm of the foot.

Dig•i•ti•par´tite , a. [L. digitus finger + partite.] (Bot.) Parted like the fingers.

Dig´i•tize , v. t. [Digit + -ize.] To finger; as to digitize a pen. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Dig•i•to´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. L. digitus a finger.] A small dumb keyboard used by pianists for exercising the fingers; — called also dumb piano.

Dig´i•tule , n. [L. digitulus, dim. of digitus.] (Zoöl.) A little finger or toe, or something resembling one.

Di•gla´di•ate , v. i. [L. digladiari; di- = dis- + gladius a sword.] To fight like gladiators; to contend fiercely; to dispute violently. [Obs.] “Digladiating like AEschines and Demosthenes.” Hales.

Di•gla•di•a´tion , n. Act of digladiating. [Obs.] ´Sore digladiations and contest.´ Evelyn.

Di•glot´tism , n. [Gr. speaking two languages; di- = di•s- twice + tongue. See Glottis.] Bilingualism. [R.] Earle.

Di´glyph , n. [Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + to hollow out, carve.] (Arch.) A projecting face like the triglyph, but having only two channels or grooves sunk in it.

Dig•na´tion , n. [L. dignatio.] The act of thinking worthy; honor. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Digne , a. [F., fr. L. dignus. See Design.] 1. Worthy; honorable; deserving. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Suitable; adequate; fit. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. Haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dig•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Dignify.] The act of dignifying; exaltation.

Dig´ni•fied , a. Marked with dignity; stately; as a dignified judge.

Dig´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dignified p. pr. & vb. n. Dignifying.] [OF. dignifier, fr. LL. dignificare; L. dignus worthy + ficare (in comp.), facere to make. See Deign, and Fact.] To invest with dignity or honor; to make illustrious; to give distinction to; to exalt in rank; to honor. “Your worth will dignify our feast.” B. Jonson. Syn. — To exalt; elevate; prefer; advance; honor; illustrate; adorn; ennoble.

Dig´ni•ta•ry , n.; pl. Dignitaries (#). [Cf. F. dignitaire, fr. L. dignitas.] One who possesses exalted rank or holds a position of dignity or honor; especially, one who holds an ecclesiastical rank above that of a parochial priest or clergyman.

Dig´ni•ty , n.; pl. Dignities (#). [OE. dignete, dignite, OF. dignete, dignite, F. dignite, fr. L. dignitas, from dignus worthy. See Dainty, Deign.] 1. The state of being worthy or honorable; elevation of mind or character; true worth; excellence. 2. Elevation; grandeur. “The dignity of this act was worth the audience of kings.” Shak. 3. Elevated rank; honorable station; high office, political or ecclesiastical; degree of excellence; preferment; exaltation. Macaulay. “And the king said, What honor and dignity hath been done to Mordecai for this?” Esth. vi. 3. “Reuben, thou art my firstborn, … the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power.” Gen. xlix. 3. 4. Quality suited to inspire respect or reverence; loftiness and grace; impressiveness; stateliness; — said of mien, manner, style, etc. “A letter written with singular energy and dignity of thought and language.” Macaulay. 5. One holding high rank; a dignitary. “These filthy dreamers … speak evil of dignities.” Jude. 8. 6. Fundamental principle; axiom; maxim. [Obs.] “Sciences concluding from dignities, and principles known by themselves.” Sir T. Browne. Syn. — See Decorum. To stand upon one’s dignity, to have or to affect a high notion of one’s own rank, privilege, or character. “They did not stand upon their dignity, nor give their minds to being or to seeming as elegant and as fine as anybody else.” R. G. White.

Dig•no´tion , n. [L. dignoscere to distinguish; di- = dis- + gnoscere, noscere, to learn to know.] Distinguishing mark; diagnostic. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dig´o•nous , a. [Gr. = double + an angle.] Having two angles. Smart.

Di´gram , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + letter.] A digraph.

Di´graph , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a writing, to write.] Two signs or characters combined to express a single articulated sound; as ea in head, or th in bath.

Di•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a digraph. H. Sweet.

Di•gress´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Digressed p. pr. & vb. n. Digressing.] [L. digressus, p. p. of digredi to go apart, to deviate; di- = dis- + gradi to step, walk. See Grade.] 1. To step or turn aside; to deviate; to swerve; especially, to turn aside from the main subject of attention, or course of argument, in writing or speaking. “Moreover she beginneth to digress in latitude.” Holland. “In the pursuit of an argument there is hardly room to digress into a particular definition as often as a man varies the signification of any term.” Locke. 2. To turn aside from the right path; to transgress; to offend. [R.] “Thy abundant goodness shall excuse
This deadly blot on thy digressing son.” Shak.

Di•gress´, n. Digression. [Obs.] Fuller.

Di•gres´sion , n. [L. digressio: cf. F. digression.] 1. The act of digressing or deviating, esp. from the main subject of a discourse; hence, a part of a discourse deviating from its main design or subject. “The digressions I can not excuse otherwise, than by the confidence that no man will read them.” Sir W. Temple. 2. A turning aside from the right path; transgression; offense. [R.] “Then my digression is so vile, so base,
That it will live engraven in my face.” Shak. 3. (Anat.) The elongation, or angular distance from the sun; — said chiefly of the inferior planets. [R.]

Di•gres´sion•al , a. Pertaining to, or having the character of, a digression; departing from the main purpose or subject. T. Warton.

Di•gress´ive , a. [Cf. F. digressif.] Departing from the main subject; partaking of the nature of digression. Johnson.

Di•gress´ive•ly, adv. By way of digression.

Digue , n. [F. See Dike.] A bank; a dike. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Di•gyn´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a woman, a female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having two styles. { Di•gyn´i•an , Dig´y•nous } a. [Cf. F. digyne.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Digynia; having two styles.

Di•he´dral , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a seat, bottom, base, fr. to sit. Cf. Diedral.] Having two plane faces; as the dihedral summit of a crystal. Dihedral angle, the angular space contained between planes which intersect. It is measured by the angle made by any two lines at right angles to the two planes.

Di•he´dron , n. [See Dihedral.] A figure with two sides or surfaces. Buchanan.

Di•hex•ag´o•nal , a. [Pref. di- + hexagonal.] (a) Consisting of two hexagonal parts united; thus, a dihexagonal pyramid is composed of two hexagonal pyramids placed base to base. (b) Having twelve similar faces; as a dihexagonal prism.

Di•i•amb´ , n. A diiambus.

Di•i•am´bus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + . See Lambus.] (Pros.) A double iambus; a foot consisting of two iambuses ( ).

Di•i´o•dide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + iodine.] (Chem.) A compound of a binary type containing two atoms of iodine; — called also biniodide.

Di•i•sat´o•gen , n. [Pref. di- + isatine + -gen.] (Chem.) A red crystalline nitrogenous substance of artificial production, which by reduction passes directly to indigo.

Di•ju´di•cant , n. [L. dijudicans, p. pr.] One who dijudicates. [R.] Wood.

Di•ju´di•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dijudicated p. pr. & vb. n. Dijucating ] [L. dijudicatus, p. p. of dijudicare to decide; di- = dis- + judicare to judge.] To make a judicial decision; to decide; to determine. [R.] Hales.

Di•ju•di•ca´tion , n. [L. dijudicatio.] The act of dijudicating; judgment. [R.] Cockeram.

Di´ka , n. [Native West African name.] A kind of food, made from the almondlike seeds of the Irvingia Barteri, much used by natives of the west coast of Africa; — called also dika bread.

Dike (di), n. [OE. dic, dike, diche, ditch, AS. dic dike, ditch; akin to D. dijk dike, G. deich, and prob. teich pond, Icel. diki dike, ditch, Dan. dige; perh. akin to Gr. tei^chos (for qei^chos) wall, and even E. dough; or perh. to Gr. ti^fos pool, marsh. Cf. Ditch.] 1. A ditch; a channel for water made by digging. “Little channels or dikes cut to every bed.” Ray. 2. An embankment to prevent inundations; a levee. “Dikes that the hands of the farmers had raised …
Shut out the turbulent tides.” Longfellow. 3. A wall of turf or stone. [Scot.] 4. (Geol.) A wall-like mass of mineral matter, usually an intrusion of igneous rocks, filling up rents or fissures in the original strata.

Dike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diked p. pr. & vb. n. Diking.] [OE. diken, dichen, AS. dician to dike. See Dike.] 1. To surround or protect with a dike or dry bank; to secure with a bank. 2. To drain by a dike or ditch.

Dike, v. i. To work as a ditcher; to dig. [Obs.] “He would thresh and thereto dike and delve.” Chaucer.

Dik´er , n. 1. A ditcher. Piers Plowman. 2. One who builds stone walls; usually, one who builds them without lime. [Scot.]

Di•lac´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilacerated p. pr. & vb. n. Dilacerating ] [L. dilaceratus, p. p. of dilacerare to tear apart; di- = dis- + lacerare to tear.] To rend asunder; to tear to pieces. Sir T. Browne.

Di•lac•er•a´tion , n. [L. dilaceratio: cf. F. dilaceration.] The act of rending asunder. Arbuthnot.

Di•la´ni•ate , v. t. [L. dilaniatus, p. p. of dilaniare to dilacerate; di- = dis- + laniare to tear to pieces.] To rend in pieces; to tear. [R.] Howell.

Di•la•ni•a´tion , n. A rending or tearing in pieces; dilaceration. [R.]

Di•lap´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilapidated p. pr. & vb. n. Dilapidating ] [L. dilapidare to scatter like stones; di- = dis- + lapidare to throw stones, fr. lapis a stone. See Lapidary.] 1. To bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin, by misuse or through neglect; to destroy the fairness and good condition of; — said of a building. “If the bishop, parson, or vicar, etc., dilapidates the buildings, or cuts down the timber of the patrimony.” Blackstone. 2. To impair by waste and abuse; to squander. “The patrimony of the bishopric of Oxon was much dilapidated.” Wood.

Di•lap´i•date, v. i. To get out of repair; to fall into partial ruin; to become decayed; as the church was suffered to dilapidate. Johnson.

Di•lap´i•da•ted , a. Decayed; fallen into partial ruin; injured by bad usage or neglect. “A deserted and dilapidated buildings.” Cooper.

Di•lap•i•da´tion , n. [L. dilapidatio: cf. F. dilapidation.] 1. The act of dilapidating, or the state of being dilapidated, reduced to decay, partially ruined, or squandered. “Tell the people that are relived by the dilapidation of their public estate.” Burke. 2. Ecclesiastical waste; impairing of church property by an incumbent, through neglect or by intention. “The business of dilapidations came on between our bishop and the Archibishop of York.” Strype. 3. (Law) The pulling down of a building, or suffering it to fall or be in a state of decay. Burrill.

Di•lap´i•da•tor , n. [Cf. F. dilapidateur.] One who causes dilapidation. Strype.

Di•la•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. dilatabilite.] The quality of being dilatable, or admitting expansion; — opposed to contractibility. Ray.

Di•lat´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. dilatable.] Capable of expansion; that may be dilated; — opposed to contractible; as the lungs are dilatable by the force of air; air is dilatable by heat.

Dil•a•ta´tion , n. [OE. dilatacioun, F. dilatation, L. dilatatio, fr. dilatare. See Dilate, and cf. 2d Dilation.] 1. Prolixity; diffuse discourse. [Obs.] ´What needeth greater dilatation?´ Chaucer. 2. The act of dilating; expansion; an enlarging on al sides; the state of being dilated; dilation. 3. (Anat.) A dilation or enlargement of a canal or other organ.

Dil•a•ta´tor , n. [NL. Cf. L. dilatator a propagator.] (Anat.) A muscle which dilates any part; a dilator.

Di•late´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilated p. pr. & vb. n. Dilating ] [L. dilatare; either fr. di- = dis- + latus wide, not the same word as latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear (see Latitude); or fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differre to separate (see Delay, Tolerate, Differ, and cf. Dilatory): cf. F. dilater.] 1. To expand; to distend; to enlarge or extend in all directions; to swell; — opposed to contract; as the air dilates the lungs; air is dilated by increase of heat. 2. To enlarge upon; to relate at large; to tell copiously or diffusely. [R.] “Do me the favor to dilate at full
What hath befallen of them and thee till now.” Shak. Syn. — To expand; swell; distend; enlarge; spread out; amplify; expatiate.

Di•late´, v. i. 1. To grow wide; to expand; to swell or extend in all directions. “His heart dilates and glories in his strength.” Addison. 2. To speak largely and copiously; to dwell in narration; to enlarge; — with on or upon. “But still on their ancient joys dilate.” Crabbe.

Di•late´, a. Extensive; expanded. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Di•lat´ed, a. 1. Expanded; enlarged. Shak. 2. (Bot.) Widening into a lamina or into lateral winglike appendages. 3. (Zoöl.) Having the margin wide and spreading.

Di•lat´ed•ly, adv. In a dilated manner. Feltham.

Di•lat´er , n. One who, or that which, dilates, expands, or enlarges.

Di•la´tion , n. [L. dilatio. See Dilatory.] Delay. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Di•la´tion, n. [From dilate, v., cf. Dilatation, Dilator.] The act of dilating, or the state of being dilated; expansion; dilatation. Mrs. Browning. “At first her eye with slow dilation rolled.” Tennyson. “A gigantic dilation of the hateful figure.” Dickens.

Di•lat´ive , a. Causing dilation; tending to dilate, on enlarge; expansive. Coleridge.

Dil•a•tom´e•ter , n. [Dilate + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the dilatation or expansion of a substance, especially of a fluid.

Di•lat´or , n. [See Dilate.] 1. One who, or that which, widens or expands. 2. (Anat.) A muscle that dilates any part. 3. (Med.) An instrument for expanding a part; as a urethral dilator.

Dil´a•to•ri•ly , adv. With delay; tardily.

Dil´a•to•ri•ness, n. The quality of being dilatory; lateness; slowness; tardiness; sluggishness.

Dil´a•to•ry , a. [L. dilatorius, fr. dilator a delayer, fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differe to defer, delay: cf. F. dilatoire. See Dilate, Differ, Defer.] 1. Inclined to defer or put off what ought to be done at once; given the procrastination; delaying; procrastinating; loitering; as a dilatory servant. 2. Marked by procrastination or delay; tardy; slow; sluggish; — said of actions or measures. “Alva, as usual, brought his dilatory policy to bear upon his adversary.” Motley. Dilatory plea (Law), a plea designed to create delay in the trial of a cause, generally founded upon some matter not connected with the merits of the case. Syn. — Slow; delaying; sluggish; inactive; loitering; behindhand; backward; procrastinating. See Slow.

Dil´do , n. A burden in popular songs. [Obs.] “Delicate burthens of dildos and fadings.” Shak.

Dil´do, n. (Bot.) A columnar cactaceous plant of the West Indies (Cereus Swartzii).

Di•lec´tion , n. [L. dilectio: dilection. See Diligent.] Love; choice. [Obs.] T. Martin.

Di•lem´ma , n. [L. dilemma, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + to take. See Lemma.] 1. (Logic) An argument which presents an antagonist with two or more alternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, whichever alternative he chooses. The following are instances of the dilemma. A young rhetorician applied to an old sophist to be taught the art of pleading, and bargained for a certain reward to be paid when he should gain a cause. The master sued for his reward, and the scholar endeavored to lude his claim by a dilemma. ´If I gain my cause, I shall withhold your pay, because the judge’s award will be against you; if I lose it, I may withhold it, because I shall not yet have gained a cause.´ ´On the contrary,´ says the master, ´if you gain your cause, you must pay me, because you are to pay me when you gain a cause; if you lose it, you must pay me, because the judge will award it.´ Johnson. 2. A state of things in which evils or obstacles present themselves on every side, and it is difficult to determine what course to pursue; a vexatious alternative or predicament; a difficult choice or position. “A strong dilemma in a desperate case!
To act with infamy, or quit the place.” Swift. Horns of a dilemma, alternatives, each of which is equally difficult of encountering.

Dil´et•tant , a. Of or pertaining to dilettanteism; amateur; as dilettant speculation. Carlyle.

Dil•et•tant´ , n. A dilettante. “Though few art lovers can be connoisseurs, many are dilettants.” Fairholt.

Dil•et•tan´te , n.; pl. Dilettanti (#). [It., prop. p. pr. of dillettare to take delight in, fr. L. delectare to delight. See Delight, v. t.] An admirer or lover of the fine arts; popularly, an amateur; especially, one who follows an art or a branch of knowledge, desultorily, or for amusement only. “The true poet is not an eccentric creature, not a mere artist living only for art, not a dreamer or a dilettante, sipping the nectar of existence, while he keeps aloof from its deeper interests.” J. C. Shairp.

Dil•et•tan´te•ish , a. Somewhat like a dilettante.

Dil•et•tan´te•ism , n. The state or quality of being a dilettante; the desultory pursuit of art, science, or literature.

Dil•et•tant´ish , a. Dilettanteish.

Dil•et•tant´ism , n. Same as Dilettanteism. F. Harrison.

Dil´i•gence , n. [F. diligence, L. diligentia.] 1. The quality of being diligent; carefulness; careful attention; — the opposite of negligence. 2. Interested and persevering application; devoted and painstaking effort to accomplish what is undertaken; assiduity in service. “That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in; and the best of me is diligence.” Shak. 3. (Scots Law) Process by which persons, lands, or effects are seized for debt; process for enforcing the attendance of witnesses or the production of writings. To do one’s diligence, give diligence, use diligence, to exert one’s self; to make interested and earnest endeavor. “And each of them doth all his diligence
To do unto the feste reverence.” Chaucer. Syn. — Attention; industry; assiduity; sedulousness; earnestness; constancy; heed; heedfulness; care; caution. — Diligence, Industry. Industry has the wider sense of the two, implying an habitual devotion to labor for some valuable end, as knowledge, property, etc. Diligence denotes earnest application to some specific object or pursuit, which more or less directly has a strong hold on one’s interests or feelings. A man may be diligent for a time, or in seeking some favorite end, without meriting the title of industrious. Such was the case with Fox, while Burke was eminent not only for diligence, but industry; he was always at work, and always looking out for some new field of mental effort. “The sweat of industry would dry and die,
But for the end it works to.” Shak. “Diligence and accuracy are the only merits which an historical writer ascribe to himself.” Gibbon.

Di•li•gence´ , n. [F.] A four-wheeled public stagecoach, used in France.

Dil´i•gen•cy , n. [L. diligentia.] Diligence; care; persevering endeavor. [Obs.] Milton.

Dil´i•gent , a. [F. diligent, L. diligens, -entis, p. pr. of diligere, dilectum, to esteem highly, prefer; di- = dis- + legere to choose. See Legend.] 1. Prosecuted with careful attention and effort; careful; painstaking; not careless or negligent. “The judges shall make diligent inquisition.” Deut. xix. 18. 2. Interestedly and perseveringly attentive; steady and earnest in application to a subject or pursuit; assiduous; industrious. “Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before kings.” Prov. xxii. 29. “Diligent cultivation of elegant literature.” Prescott. Syn. — Active; assiduous; sedulous; laborious; persevering; attentive; industrious.

Dil´i•gent•ly, adv. In a diligent manner; not carelessly; not negligently; with industry or assiduity. “Ye diligently keep commandments of the Lord your God.” Deut. vi. 17.

Dill (dil), n. [AS dile; akin to D. dille, OHG. tilli, G. dill, dille, Sw. dill, Dan. dild.] (Bot.) An herb (Peucedanum graveolens), the seeds of which are moderately warming, pungent, and aromatic, and were formerly used as a soothing medicine for children; — called also dillseed. Dr. Prior.

Dill, v. t. [OE. dillen, fr. dul dull, a.] To still; to calm; to soothe, as one in pain. [Obs.]

Dil´ling (dil´ling), n. A darling; a favorite. [Obs.] “Whilst the birds billing,
Each one with his dilling.” Drayton.

Dil•lu´ing (dil•lu´ing), n. (Min.) A process of sorting ore by washing in a hand sieve. [Written also deluing.]

Dil´ly (dil´ly), n. [Contr. fr. diligence.] A kind of stagecoach. ´The Derby dilly.´ J. H. Frere.

Dil´ly-dal•ly , v. i. [See Dally.] To loiter or trifle; to waste time.

Di•log´ic•al , a. Ambiguous; of double meaning. [Obs.] T. Adams.

Dil´o•gy , n.; pl. Dilogies (#). [L. dilogia, Gr. , fr. doubtful; di- = di•s- twice + to speak.] (Rhet.) An ambiguous speech; a figure in which a word is used an equivocal sense. [R.]

Di•lu´cid , a. [L. dilucidus, fr. dilucere to be light enough to distinguish objects apart. See Lucid.] Clear; lucid. [Obs.] Bacon. — Di•lu´cid•ly, adv. [Obs.] — Di•lu•cid´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.]

Di•lu´ci•date , v. t. [L. dilucidatus, p. p. of dilucidare.] To elucidate. [Obs.] Boyle.

Di•lu•ci•da´tion , n. [L. dilucidatio.] The act of making clear. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dil´u•ent , a. [L. diluens, p. pr. diluere. See Dilute.] Diluting; making thinner or weaker by admixture, esp. of water. Arbuthnot.

Dil´u•ent, n. 1. That which dilutes. 2. (Med.) An agent used for effecting dilution of the blood; a weak drink. “There is no real diluent but water.” Arbuthnot.

Di•lute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diluting.] [L. dilutus, p. p. of diluere to wash away, dilute; di- = dis- + luere, equiv. to lavare to wash, lave. See Lave, and cf. Deluge.] 1. To make thinner or more liquid by admixture with something; to thin and dissolve by mixing. “Mix their watery store.
With the chyle’s current, and dilute it more.” Blackmore. 2. To diminish the strength, flavor, color, etc., of, by mixing; to reduce, especially by the addition of water; to temper; to attenuate; to weaken. “Lest these colors should be diluted and weakened by the mixture of any adventitious light.” Sir I. Newton.

Di•lute´ , v. i. To become attenuated, thin, or weak; as it dilutes easily.

Di•lute´ , a. [L. dilutus, p. p.] Diluted; thin; weak. “A dilute and waterish exposition.” Hopkins.

Di•lut´ed , a. Reduced in strength; thin; weak. — Di•lut´ed•ly, adv.

Di•lute´ness , n. The quality or state of being dilute. Bp. Wilkins.

Di•lut´er , n. One who, or that which, dilutes or makes thin, more liquid, or weaker.

Di•lu´tion , n. [Cf. F. dilution.] The act of diluting, or the state of being diluted. Arbuthnot.

Di•lu´vi•al , a. [L. diluvialis. fr. diluvium.] 1. Of or pertaining to a flood or deluge, esp. to the great deluge in the days of Noah; diluvian. 2. (Geol.) Effected or produced by a flood or deluge of water; — said of coarse and imperfectly stratified deposits along ancient or existing water courses. Similar unstratified deposits were formed by the agency of ice. The time of deposition has been called the Diluvian epoch.

Di•lu´vi•al•ist, n. One who explains geological phenomena by the Noachian deluge. Lyell.

Di•lu´vi•an , a. [Cf. F. diluvien.] Of or pertaining to a deluge, esp. to the Noachian deluge; diluvial; as of diluvian origin. Buckland.

Di•lu´vi•ate , v. i. [L. diluviare.] To run as a flood. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Di•lu´vi•um , n.; pl. E. Diluviums (#), L. Diluvia (#). [L. diluvium. See Dilute, Deluge.] (Geol.) A deposit of superficial loam, sand, gravel, stones, etc., caused by former action of flowing waters, or the melting of glacial ice. The accumulation of matter by the ordinary operation of water is termed alluvium.

Dim , a. [Compar. Dimmer superl. Dimmest ] [AS. dim; akin to OFries. dim, Icel. dimmr: cf. MHG. timmer, timber; of uncertain origin.] 1. Not bright or distinct; wanting luminousness or clearness; obscure in luster or sound; dusky; darkish; obscure; indistinct; overcast; tarnished. “The dim magnificence of poetry.” Whewell. “How is the gold become dim!” Lam. iv. 1. “I never saw
The heavens so dim by day.” Shak. “Three sleepless nights I passed in sounding on,
Through words and things, a dim and perilous way.” Wordsworth. 2. Of obscure vision; not seeing clearly; hence, dull of apprehension; of weak perception; obtuse. “Mine eye also is dim by reason of sorrow.” Job xvii. 7. “The understanding is dim.” Rogers. Obvious compounds: dim-eyed; dim-sighted, etc. Syn. — Obscure; dusky; dark; mysterious; imperfect; dull; sullied; tarnished.

Dim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dimmed p. pr. & vb. n. Dimming.] 1. To render dim, obscure, or dark; to make less bright or distinct; to take away the luster of; to darken; to dull; to obscure; to eclipse. “A king among his courtiers, who dims all his attendants.” Dryden. “Now set the sun, and twilight dimmed the ways.” Cowper. 2. To deprive of distinct vision; to hinder from seeing clearly, either by dazzling or clouding the eyes; to darken the senses or understanding of. “Her starry eyes were dimmed with streaming tears.” C. Pitt.

Dim, v. i. To grow dim. J. C. Shairp.

Dim´ble , n. [Prob. orig., a cavity, and the same word as dimple. See Dimple.] A bower; a dingle. [Obs.] Drayton.

Dime , n. [F. dîme tithe, OF. disme, fr. L. decimus the tenth, fr. decem ten. See Decimal.] A silver coin of the United States, of the value of ten cents; the tenth of a dollar. Dime novel, a novel, commonly sensational and trashy, which is sold for a dime, or ten cents.

Di•men´sion , n. [L. dimensio, fr. dimensus, p. p. of dimetiri to measure out; di- = dis- + metiri to measure: cf. F. dimension. See Measure.] 1. Measure in a single line, as length, breadth, height, thickness, or circumference; extension; measurement; — usually, in the plural, measure in length and breadth, or in length, breadth, and thickness; extent; size; as the dimensions of a room, or of a ship; the dimensions of a farm, of a kingdom. “Gentlemen of more than ordinary dimensions.” W. Irving. Space of dimension, extension that has length but no breadth or thickness; a straight or curved line. - - Space of two dimensions, extension which has length and breadth, but no thickness; a plane or curved surface. — Space of three dimensions, extension which has length, breadth, and thickness; a solid. — Space of four dimensions, as imaginary kind of extension, which is assumed to have length, breadth, thickness, and also a fourth imaginary dimension. Space of five or six, or more dimensions is also sometimes assumed in mathematics. 2. Extent; reach; scope; importance; as a project of large dimensions. 3. (Math.) The degree of manifoldness of a quantity; as time is quantity having one dimension; volume has three dimensions, relative to extension. 4. (Alg.) A literal factor, as numbered in characterizing a term. The term dimensions forms with the cardinal numbers a phrase equivalent to degree with the ordinal; thus, a^2b^2c is a term of five dimensions, or of the fifth degree. 5. pl. (Phys.) The manifoldness with which the fundamental units of time, length, and mass are involved in determining the units of other physical quantities. Thus, since the unit of velocity varies directly as the unit of length and inversely as the unit of time, the dimensions of velocity are said to be length ÷ time; the dimensions of work are mass × (length)2 ÷ (time)2; the dimensions of density are mass ÷ (length)3. Dimension lumber, Dimension scantling, or Dimension stock (Carp.), lumber for building, etc., cut to the sizes usually in demand, or to special sizes as ordered. — Dimension stone, stone delivered from the quarry rough, but brought to such sizes as are requisite for cutting to dimensions given.

Di•men´sion•al , a. Pertaining to dimension.

Di•men´sioned , a. Having dimensions. [R.]

Di•men´sion•less , a. Without dimensions; having no appreciable or noteworthy extent. Milton.

Di•men´si•ty , n. Dimension. [R.] Howell.

Di•men´sive , a. Without dimensions; marking dimensions or the limits. “Who can draw the soul’s dimensive lines?” Sir J. Davies.

Dim´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + part.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of Coleoptera, having two joints to the tarsi. (b) A division of the Hemiptera, including the aphids.

Dim´er•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Dimera.

Dim´er•ous , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + part.] Composed of, or having, two parts of each kind. A dimerous flower has two sepals, two petals, two stamens, and two pistils.

Dim´e•ter , a. [L. dimeter, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + measure.] Having two poetical measures or meters. — n. A verse of two meters.

Di•meth´yl , n. [Pref. di- + methyl.] (Chem.) Ethane; — sometimes so called because regarded as consisting of two methyl radicals. See Ethane.

Di•met´ric , a. [See Dimeter, a.] (Crystallog.) Same as Tetragonal. Dana.

Dim•i•ca´tion , n. [L. dimicatio, fr. dimicare to fight.] A fight; contest. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Di•mid´i•ate , a. [L. dimidiatus, p. p. of dimidiare to halve, fr. dimidius half. See Demi-.] 1. Divided into two equal parts; reduced to half in shape or form. 2. (Biol.) (a) Consisting of only one half of what the normal condition requires; having the appearance of lacking one half; as a dimidiate leaf, which has only one side developed. (b) Having the organs of one side, or half, different in function from the corresponding organs on the other side; as dimidiate hermaphroditism.

Di•mid´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dimidiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dimidiating.] 1. To divide into two equal parts. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. (Her.) To represent the half of; to halve.

Di•mid•i•a´tion , n. [L. dimidiatio.] The act of dimidiating or halving; the state of being dimidiate.

Di•min´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diminished p. pr. & vb. n. Diminishing.] [Pref. di- (= L. dis- ) + minish: cf. L. diminuere, F. diminuer, OE. diminuen. See Dis-, and Minish.] 1. To make smaller in any manner; to reduce in bulk or amount; to lessen; — opposed to augment or increase. “Not diminish, but rather increase, the debt.” Barrow. 2. To lessen the authority or dignity of; to put down; to degrade; to abase; to weaken. “This doth nothing diminish their opinion.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “I will diminish them, that they shall no more rule over the nations.” Ezek. xxix. 15. “O thou … at whose sight all the stars
Hide their diminished heads.” Milton. 3. (Mus.) To make smaller by a half step; to make (an interval) less than minor; as a diminished seventh. 4. To take away; to subtract. “Neither shall ye diminish aught from it.” Deut. iv. 2. Diminished column, one whose upper diameter is less than the lower. — Diminished, or Diminishing, scale, a scale of gradation used in finding the different points for drawing the spiral curve of the volute. Gwilt. — Diminishing rule (Arch.), a board cut with a concave edge, for fixing the entasis and curvature of a shaft. — Diminishing stile (Arch.), a stile which is narrower in one part than in another, as in many glazed doors. Syn. — To decrease; lessen; abate; reduce; contract; curtail; impair; degrade. See Decrease.

Di•min´ish, v. i. To become or appear less or smaller; to lessen; as the apparent size of an object diminishes as we recede from it.

Di•min´ish•a•ble , a. Capable of being diminished or lessened.

Di•min´ish•er , n. One who, or that which, diminishes anything. Clerke (1637).

Di•min´ish•ing•ly, adv. In a manner to diminish.

Di•min´ish•ment , n. Diminution. [R.] Cheke.

Di•min•u•en´do , adv. [It., p. pr. of diminuere to diminish.] (Mus.) In a gradually diminishing manner; with abatement of tone; decrescendo; — expressed on the staff by Dim., or Dimin., or the sign.

Di•min´u•ent , a. [L. diminuens, p. pr. of diminuere. See Diminish.] Lessening. Bp. Sanderson.

Dim•i•nu´tal , a. Indicating or causing diminution. Earle.

Dim´i•nute , a. Small; diminished; diminutive. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Dim´i•nute•ly, adv. Diminutively. [Obs.]

Dim•i•nu´tion , n. [L. diminutio, or perh. rather deminutio: cf. F. diminution. See Diminish.] 1. The act of diminishing, or of making or becoming less; state of being diminished; reduction in size, quantity, or degree; — opposed to augmentation or increase. 2. The act of lessening dignity or consideration, or the state of being deprived of dignity; a lowering in estimation; degradation; abasement. “The world’s opinion or diminution of me.” Eikon Basilike. “Nor thinks it diminution to be ranked
In military honor next.” Philips. 3. (Law) Omission, inaccuracy, or defect in a record. 4. (Mus.) In counterpoint, the imitation of, or reply to, a subject, in notes of half the length or value of those the subject itself. Syn. — Decrease; decay; abatement; reduction; deduction; decrement.

Di•min•u•ti´val , a. Indicating diminution; diminutive. ´Diminutival forms´ [of words]. Earle. — n. A diminutive. Earle.

Di•min´u•tive , a. [Cf. L. deminutivus, F. diminutif.] 1. Below the average size; very small; little. 2. Expressing diminution; as a diminutive word. 3. Tending to diminish. [R.] “Diminutive of liberty.” Shaftesbury.

Di•min´u•tive, n. 1. Something of very small size or value; an insignificant thing. “Such water flies, diminutives of nature.” Shak. 2. (Gram.) A derivative from a noun, denoting a small or a young object of the same kind with that denoted by the primitive; as gosling, eaglet, lambkin. “Babyisms and dear diminutives.” Tennyson. The word sometimes denotes a derivative verb which expresses a diminutive or petty form of the action, as scribble.

Di•min´u•tive•ly, adv. In a diminutive manner.

Di•min´u•tive•ness, n. The quality of being diminutive; smallness; littleness; minuteness.

Dim´ish , a. See Dimmish.

Di•mis´sion , n. [L. dimissio. See Dimit, and cf. Dismission.] Leave to depart; a dismissing. [Obs.] Barrow.

Dim´is•so•ry ( 277), a. [L. dimissorius: cf. F. dimissoire. See Dimit.] Sending away; dismissing to another jurisdiction; granting leave to depart. Letters dimissory (Eccl.), letters given by a bishop dismissing a person who is removing into another diocese, and recommending him for reception there. Hook.

Di•mit´ , v. t. [L. dimittere to send away, le go; di- = dis- + mittere to send. See Dismiss.] To dismiss, let go, or release. [Obs.]

Dim´i•ty , n. [Prob. fr. Gr. of double thread, dimity; di- = di•s- twice + a thread of the warp; prob. through D. diemet, of F. dimite, demitte. Cf. Samite.] A cotton fabric employed for hangings and furniture coverings, and formerly used for women’s under-garments. It is of many patterns, both plain and twilled, and occasionally is printed in colors.

Dim´ly, adv. In a dim or obscure manner; not brightly or clearly; with imperfect sight. { Dim´mish , Dim´my } a. Somewhat dim; as dimmish eyes. ´Dimmy clouds.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Dim´ness, n. [AS. dimness.] 1. The state or quality being dim; lack of brightness, clearness, or distinctness; dullness; obscurity. 2. Dullness, or want of clearness, of vision or of intellectual perception. Dr. H. More. Syn. — Darkness; obscurity; gloom. See Darkness.

Di´morph , n. [Gr. two-formed; di•s- twice (see Di-) + form.] (Crystallog.) Either one of the two forms of a dimorphous substance; as calcite and aragonite are dimorphs.

Di•mor´phic , a. Having the property of dimorphism; dimorphous.

Di•mor´phism , n. [Cf. F. dimorphisme.] 1. (Biol.) Difference of form between members of the same species, as when a plant has two kinds of flowers, both hermaphrodite (as in the partridge berry), or when there are two forms of one or both sexes of the same species of butterfly. “Dimorphism is the condition of the appearance of the same species under two dissimilar forms.” Darwin. 2. (Crystallog.) Crystallization in two independent forms of the same chemical compound, as of calcium carbonate as calcite and aragonite.

Di•mor´phous , a. [Cf. F. dimorphe.] 1. (Biol.) Characterized by dimorphism; occurring under two distinct forms, not dependent on sex; dimorphic. 2. (Crystallog.) Crystallizing under two forms fundamentally different, while having the same chemical composition.

Dim´ple , n. [Prob. a nasalized dim. of dip. See Dip, and cf. Dimble.] 1. A slight natural depression or indentation on the surface of some part of the body, esp. on the cheek or chin. Milton. “The dimple of her chin.” Prior. 2. A slight indentation on any surface. “The garden pool’s dark surface …
Breaks into dimples small and bright.” Wordsworth.

Dim´ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dimpled p. pr. & vb. n. Dimpling ] To form dimples; to sink into depressions or little inequalities. “And smiling eddies dimpled on the main.” Dryden.

Dim´ple, v. t. To mark with dimples or dimplelike depressions. Shak.

Dim´ple•ment , n. The state of being dimpled, or marked with gentle depressions. [R.] “The ground’s most gentle dimplement.” Mrs. Browning.

Dim´ply , a. Full of dimples, or small depressions; dimpled; as the dimply pool. Thomson.

Dim´-sight•ed , a. Having dim sight; lacking perception. — Dim´-sight•ed•ness, n.

Dim´y•a , Dim•y•a´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. = + to close.] (Zoöl.) An order of lamellibranchiate mollusks having an anterior and posterior adductor muscle, as the common clam. See Bivalve.

Dim•y•a´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Dimya. — n. One of the Dimya.

Dim´y•a•ry , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Dimyarian.

Din , n. [AS. dyne, dyn; akin to Icel. dynr, and to AS. dynian to resound, Icel. dynja to pour down like hail or rain; cf. Skr. dhuni roaring, a torrent, dhvan to sound. Cf. Dun to ask payment.] Loud, confused, harsh noise; a loud, continuous, rattling or clanging sound; clamor; roar. “Think you a little din can daunt mine ears?” Shak. “He knew the battle’s din afar.” Sir W. Scott. “The dust and din and steam of town.” Tennyson.

Din, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinned p. pr. & vb. n. Dinning.] [AS. dynian. See Din, n.] 1. To strike with confused or clanging sound; to stun with loud and continued noise; to harass with clamor; as to din the ears with cries. 2. To utter with a din; to repeat noisily; to ding. “This hath been often dinned in my ears.” Swift. To din into, to fix in the mind of another by frequent and noisy repetitions. Sir W. Scott.

Din, v. i. To sound with a din; a ding. “The gay viol dinning in the dale.” A. Seward.

di•naph´thyl , n. [Pref. di- + naphthylene.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline hydrocarbon, C_20H_14, obtained from naphthylene, and consisting of a doubled naphthylene radical.

Di´nar (di´ner or de•när´), n. [Ar. dinar, from Gr. dhna•rion, fr. L. denarius. See Denier.] 1. A petty money of accounts of Persia. 2. An ancient gold coin of the East.

di´nar•chy , n. See Diarchy.

Dine (din), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dined (dind); p. pr. & vb. n. Dining.] [F. dîner, OF. disner, LL. disnare, contr. fr. an assumed disjunare; dis- + an assumed junare (OF. juner) to fast, for L. jejunare, fr. jejunus fasting. See Jejune, and cf. Dinner, Djeuner.] To eat the principal regular meal of the day; to take dinner. “Now can I break my fast, dine, sup, and sleep.” Shak. To dine with Duke Humphrey, to go without dinner; — a phrase common in Elizabethan literature, said to be from the practice of the poor gentry, who beguiled the dinner hour by a promenade near the tomb of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in Old Saint Paul’s.

Dine, v. t. 1. To give a dinner to; to furnish with the chief meal; to feed; as to dine a hundred men. “A table massive enough to have dined Johnnie Armstrong and his merry men.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To dine upon; to have to eat. [Obs.] ´What will ye dine.´ Chaucer.

Din´er , n. One who dines.

Din´er-out , n. One who often takes his dinner away from home, or in company. “A brilliant diner-out, though but a curate.” Byron.

Di•net´ic•al , a. [Gr. to whirl round.] Revolving on an axis. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ding , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinged , Dang (Obs.), or Dung (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Dinging.] [OE. dingen, dengen; akin to AS. dencgan to knock, Icel. dengja to beat, hammer, Sw. dänga, G. dengeln.] 1. To dash; to throw violently. [Obs.] “To ding the book a coit’s distance from him.” Milton. 2. To cause to sound or ring. To ding (anything) in one’s ears, to impress one by noisy repetition, as if by hammering.

Ding, v. i. 1. To strike; to thump; to pound. [Obs.] “Diken, or delven, or dingen upon sheaves.” Piers Plowman. 2. To sound, as a bell; to ring; to clang. “The fretful tinkling of the convent bell evermore dinging among the mountain echoes.” W. Irving. 3. To talk with vehemence, importunity, or reiteration; to bluster. [Low]

Ding, n. A thump or stroke, especially of a bell.

Ding´dong , n. [See Ding.] 1. The sound of, or as of, repeated strokes on a metallic body, as a bell; a repeated and monotonous sound. 2. (Horol.) An attachment to a clock by which the quarter hours are struck upon bells of different tones. { Din´gey , Din´gy , Din´ghy }, n. [Bengalee dingi.] 1. A kind of boat used in the East Indies. [Written also dinghey.] Malcom. 2. A ship’s smallest boat.

Din´gi•ly , adv. In a dingy manner.

Din´gi•ness, n. Quality of being dingy; a dusky hue.

Din´gle , n. [Of uncertain origin: cf. AS. ding prison; or perh. akin to dimble.] A narrow dale; a small dell; a small, secluded, and embowered valley.

Din´gle-dan•gle , adv. In a dangling manner.

Din´go , n. (Zoöl.) A wild dog found in Australia, but supposed to have introduced at a very early period. It has a wolflike face, bushy tail, and a reddish brown color.

Ding´thrift , n. A spendthrift. [Obs.] “Wilt thou, therefore, a drunkard be,
A dingthrift and a knave?” Drant.

Din´gy , a. [Compar. Dingier superl. Dingiest.] [Prob. fr. dung. Cf. Dungy.] Soiled; sullied; of a dark or dusky color; dark brown; dirty. ´Scraps of dingy paper.´ Macaulay.

Di•nich´thys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. terrible + fish.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct Devonian ganoid fishes. In some parts of Ohio remains of the Dinichthys are abundant, indicating animals twenty feet in length.

Din´ing , n. & a. from Dine, a. Used either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as dining hall or dining-hall, dining room, dining table, etc.

Dink , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Trim; neat. [Scot.] Burns. — Dink´ly, adv.

Dink, v. t. To deck; — often with out or up. [Scot.]

Din´mont , n. (Zoöl.) A wether sheep between one and two years old. [Scot.]

Din´ner , n. [F. dîner, fr. dîner to dine. See Dine.] 1. The principal meal of the day, eaten by most people about midday, but by many (especially in cities) at a later hour. 2. An entertainment; a feast. “A grand political dinner.” Tennyson. Dinner is much used, in an obvious sense, either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as dinner time, or dinner-time, dinner bell, dinner hour, etc.

Din´ner•less, a. Having no dinner. Fuller.

Din´ner•ly, a. Of or pertaining to dinner. [R.] “The dinnerly officer.” Copley.

Di•noc´e•ras , n. [NL., fr. Gr. terrible + , , horn.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct Eocene mammals from Wyoming; — called also Uintatherium. See Illustration in Appendix. They were herbivorous, and remarkable for three pairs of hornlike protuberances on the skull. The males were armed with a pair of powerful canine tusks.

Di•nor´nis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. terrible + bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct, ostrichlike birds of gigantic size, which formerly inhabited New Zealand. See Moa. [Written also Deinornis.] { Di´no•saur , Di•no•sau´ri•an } n. [Gr. terrible + lizard.] (Paleon.) One of the Dinosauria. [Written also deinosaur, and deinosaurian.]

Di•no•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. terrible + lizard.] (Paleon.) An order of extinct mesozoic reptiles, mostly of large size (whence the name). Notwithstanding their size, they present birdlike characters in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind limbs. Some walked on their three-toed hind feet, thus producing the large ´bird tracks,´ so- called, of mesozoic sandstones; others were five-toed and quadrupedal. See Illust. of Compsognathus, also Illustration of Dinosaur in Appendix. { Di´no•there , Di•no•the´ri•um } n. [NL. dinotherium, fr. Gr. deino•s terrible + qhri•on beast.] (Paleon.) A large extinct proboscidean mammal from the miocene beds of Europe and Asia. It is remarkable fora pair of tusks directed downward from the decurved apex of the lower jaw.

Din•ox´ide , n. (Chem.) Same as Dioxide.

Din´some , a. Full of din. [Scot.] Burns.

Dint , n. [OE. dint, dent, dunt, a blow, AS. dynt; akin to Icel. dyntr a dint, dynta to dint, and perh. to L. fendere (in composition). Cf. 1st Dent, Defend.] 1. A blow; a stroke. [Obs.] ´Mortal dint.´ Milton. ´Like thunder’s dint.´ Fairfax. 2. The mark left by a blow; an indentation or impression made by violence; a dent. Dryden. “Every dint a sword had beaten in it [the shield].” Tennyson. 3. Force; power; — esp. in the phrase by dint of. “Now you weep; and, I perceive, you feel
The dint of pity.” Shak. “It was by dint of passing strength
That he moved the massy stone at length.” Sir W. Scott.

Dint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dinting.] To make a mark or cavity on or in, by a blow or by pressure; to dent. Donne. Tennyson.

Di•nu•mer•a´tion , n. [L. dinumeratio; di- = dis- + numerare to count, fr. numerus number.] Enumeration. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Di•oc´e•san ( 277), a. [LL. dioecesanus: cf. F. diocesain.] Of or pertaining to a diocese; as diocesan missions.

Di•oc´e•san, n. 1. A bishop, viewed in relation to his diocese; as the diocesan of New York. 2. pl. The clergy or the people of a diocese. Strype.

Di´o•cese , n.; pl. Dioceses (#). [OE. diocise, OF. diocise, F. diocese, L. dioecesis, fr. Gr. housekeeping, administration, a province, a diocese, fr. to keep house, manage; dia• through + to manage a household, a house. See Economy.] (Eccl.) The circuit or extent of a bishop’s jurisdiction; the district in which a bishop exercises his ecclesiastical authority. [Frequently, but improperly, spelt diocess.]

Di•o•ce´se•ner , n. One who belongs to a diocese. [Obs.] Bacon.

Di´o•don , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth: cf. F. diodon.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of spinose, plectognath fishes, having the teeth of each jaw united into a single beaklike plate. They are able to inflate the body by taking in air or water, and, hence, are called globefishes, swellfishes, etc. Called also porcupine fishes, and sea hedgehogs. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of whales.

Di´o•dont , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Diodon. — n. A fish of the genus Diodon, or an allied genus.

Di•œ´ci•a (di•e´shi•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di = di•s twice + o’i^kos a house.] 1. (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having the stamens and pistils on different plants. 2. (Zoöl.) A subclass of gastropod mollusks in which the sexes are separate. It includes most of the large marine species, like the conchs, cones, and cowries. { Di•œ´cian , Di•œ´cious } a. (Biol.) Having the sexes in two separate individuals; — applied to plants in which the female flowers occur on one individual and the male flowers on another of the same species, and to animals in which the ovum is produced by one individual and the sperm cell by another; — opposed to monœcious.

Di•œ´cious•ly, adv. (Biol.) In a diœcious manner. Diœciously hermaphrodite (Bot.), having flowers structurally perfect, but practically diœcious, — those on one plant producing no pollen, and those on another no ovules.

Di•œ´cious•ness, n. (Biol.) The state or quality of being diœcious.

Di•œ´cism , n. (Biol.) The condition of being diœcious.

Di•og´e•nes , n. A Greek Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B. C.) who lived much in Athens and was distinguished for contempt of the common aims and conditions of life, and for sharp, caustic sayings. Diogenes’ crab (Zoöl.), a species of terrestrial hermit crabs (Cenobita Diogenes), abundant in the West Indies and often destructive to crops. — Diogenes’ tub, the tub which the philosopher Diogenes is said to have carried about with him as his house, in which he lived.

Di•oi´cous , a. See Diœcious.

Di•om•e•de´a , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large sea birds, including the albatross. See Albatross.

Di•o•nae´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a name of Aphrodite.] (Bot.) An insectivorous plant. See Venus’s flytrap.

Di•o•ny´sian , a. Relating to Dionysius, a monk of the 6th century; as the Dionysian, or Christian, era. Dionysian period, a period of 532 years, depending on the cycle of the sun, or 28 years, and the cycle of the moon, or 19 years; — sometimes called the Greek paschal cycle, or Victorian period.

Di•o•phan´tine , a. Originated or taught by Diophantus, the Greek writer on algebra. Diophantine analysis (Alg.), that branch of indeterminate analysis which has for its object the discovery of rational values that satisfy given equations containing squares or cubes; as for example, to find values of x and y which make x^2 + y^2 an exact square.

Di•op´side , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a sight, fr. the root of I shall see: cf. F. diopside.] (Min.) A crystallized variety of pyroxene, of a clear, grayish green color; mussite.

Di•op´tase , n. [Gr. = dia• through + to see: cf. F. dioptase.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals. { Di•op´ter , Di•op´tra } n. [L. dioptra, fr. Gr. . See 2d Dioptric.] An optical instrument, invented by Hipparchus, for taking altitudes, leveling, etc.

Di•op´tre , n. [F. See 2d Dioptric.] (Optics) A unit employed by oculists in numbering glasses according to the metric system; a refractive power equal to that of a glass whose principal focal distance is one meter.

Di•op´tric , a. (Optics) Of or pertaining to the dioptre, or to the metric system of numbering glasses. — n. A dioptre. See Dioptre. { Di•op´tric , Di•op´tric•al } a. [Gr. belonging to the use of the ; = dia• through + the root of I shall see: cf. F. dioptrique.] Of or pertaining to dioptrics; assisting vision by means of the refraction of light; refractive; as the dioptric system; a dioptric glass or telescope. ´Dioptrical principles.´ Nichol. Dioptric curve (Geom.), a Cartesian oval. See under Cartesian.

Di•op´trics , n. [Gr. : cf. F. dioptrique.] (Optics) The science of the refraction of light; that part of geometrical optics which treats of the laws of the refraction of light in passing from one medium into another, or through different mediums, as air, water, or glass, and esp. through different lenses; — distinguished from catoptrics, which refers to reflected light.

Di•op´try , n. (Optics) A dioptre.

Di•o•ra´ma , n. [Gr. to see through; = dia• through + to see; cf. that which is seen, a sight: cf. F. diorama. Cf. Panorama.] 1. A mode of scenic representation, invented by Daguerre and Bouton, in which a painting is seen from a distance through a large opening. By a combination of transparent and opaque painting, and of transmitted and reflected light, and by contrivances such as screens and shutters, much diversity of scenic effect is produced. 2. A building used for such an exhibition.

Di•o•ram´ic , a. Pertaining to a diorama.

Di´o•rism , n. [Gr. , fr. to distinguish; = dia• through + to divide from, fr. a boundary.] Definition; logical direction. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Di•o•ris´tic , a. [Gr. .] Distinguishing; distinctive; defining. [R.] — Di•o•ris´tic•al•ly (#), adv. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Di´o•rite , n. [Cf. F. diorite. See Diorism.] (Min.) An igneous, crystalline in structure, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar and hornblende. It includes part of what was called greenstone.

Di•o•rit´ic , a. Containing diorite.

Di•or•thot´ic , a. [Gr. ; = + to set straight.] Relating to the correcting or straightening out of something; corrective.

Di•os•co´re•a , n. [NL. Named after Dioscorides the Greek physician.] (Bot.) A genus of plants. See Yam.

Di•o´ta , n. [L., fr. Gr. two- handled; di- = di•s- twice + , , ear, handle.] (Rom. Antiq.) A vase or drinking cup having two handles or ears.

Di•ox´ide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + oxide.] (Chem.) (a) An oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in each molecule; binoxide. (b) An oxide containing but one atom or equivalent of oxygen to two of a metal; a suboxide. [Obs.] Carbon dioxide. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

Di•ox•in´dol , n. [Pref. di- + oxygen + indol.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance obtained by the reduction of isatin. It is a member of the indol series; — hence its name.

Dip , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dipped or Dipt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dipping.] [OE. dippen, duppen, AS. dyppan; akin to Dan. dyppe, Sw. doppa, and to AS. dpan to baptize, OS. dpian, D. doopen, G. taufen, Sw. döpa, Goth. daupjan, Lith. dubus deep, hollow, OSlav. dupl hollow, and to E. dive. Cf. Deep, Dive.] 1. To plunge or immerse; especially, to put for a moment into a liquid; to insert into a fluid and withdraw again. “The priest shall dip his finger in the blood.” Lev. iv. 6. “[Wat’ry fowl] now dip their pinions in the briny deep.” Pope. “While the prime swallow dips his wing.” Tennyson. 2. To immerse for baptism; to baptize by immersion. Book of Common Prayer. Fuller. 3. To wet, as if by immersing; to moisten. [Poetic] “A cold shuddering dew
Dips me all o’er.” Milton. 4. To plunge or engage thoroughly in any affair. “He was … dipt in the rebellion of the Commons.” Dryden. 5. To take out, by dipping a dipper, ladle, or other receptacle, into a fluid and removing a part; — often with out; as to dip water from a boiler; to dip out water. 6. To engage as a pledge; to mortgage. [Obs.] “Live on the use and never dip thy lands.” Dryden. Dipped candle, a candle made by repeatedly dipping a wick in melted tallow. — To dip snuff, to take snuff by rubbing it on the gums and teeth. [Southern U. S.] — To dip the colors (Naut.), to lower the colors and return them to place; — a form of naval salute.

Dip, v. i. 1. To immerse one’s self; to become plunged in a liquid; to sink. “The sun’s rim dips; the stars rush out.” Coleridge. 2. To perform the action of plunging some receptacle, as a dipper, ladle. etc.; into a liquid or a soft substance and removing a part. “Whoever dips too deep will find death in the pot.” L’Estrange. 3. To pierce; to penetrate; — followed by in or into. “When I dipt into the future.” Tennyson. 4. To enter slightly or cursorily; to engage one’s self desultorily or by the way; to partake limitedly; — followed by in or into. ´Dipped into a multitude of books.´ Macaulay. 5. To incline downward from the plane of the horizon; as strata of rock dip. 6. To dip snuff. [Southern U.S.]

Dip, n. 1. The action of dipping or plunging for a moment into a liquid. ´The dip of oars in unison.´ Glover. 2. Inclination downward; direction below a horizontal line; slope; pitch. 3. A liquid, as a sauce or gravy, served at table with a ladle or spoon. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. 4. A dipped candle. [Colloq.] Marryat. Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the angular depression of the seen or visible horizon below the true or natural horizon; the angle at the eye of an observer between a horizontal line and a tangent drawn from the eye to the surface of the ocean. — Dip of the needle, or Magnetic dip, the angle formed, in a vertical plane, by a freely suspended magnetic needle, or the line of magnetic force, with a horizontal line; — called also inclination. — Dip of a stratum (Geol.), its greatest angle of inclination to the horizon, or that of a line perpendicular to its direction or strike; — called also the pitch.

Di•pas´chal , a. [Pref. di- + paschal.] Including two passovers. Carpenter.

Dip´chick , n. (Zoöl.) See Dabchick.

Di•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. di- + petalous.] (Bot.) Having two petals; two- petaled.

Di•phe´nyl , n. [Pref. di- + phenyl.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C_6H_5.C_6H_5, obtained by leading benzene through a heated iron tube. It consists of two benzene or phenyl radicals united.

Diph•the´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. leather (hence taken in the sense of membrane): cf. to make soft, L. depsere to knead.] (Med.) A very dangerous contagious disease in which the air passages, and especially the throat, become coated with a false membrane, produced by the solidification of an inflammatory exudation. Cf. Group. { Diph•the´ri•al , Diph•ther´ic } a. Relating to diphtheria; diphtheritic.

Diph•the•rit´ic , a. (Med.) 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, diphtheria. 2. Having characteristics resembling those of diphtheria; as diphtheritic inflammation of the bladder.

Diph´thong ( 115, 277), n. [L. diphthongus, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + voice, sound, fr. to utter a sound: cf. F. diphthongue.] (Orthoëpy) (a) A coalition or union of two vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable; as ou in out, oi in noise; — called a proper diphthong. (b) A vowel digraph; a union of two vowels in the same syllable, only one of them being sounded; as ai in rain, eo in people; — called an improper diphthong.

Diph´thong, v. t. To form or pronounce as a diphthong; diphthongize. [R.]

Diph•thon´gal ( 115), a. Relating or belonging to a diphthong; having the nature of a diphthong. — Diph•thon´gal•ly, adv.

Diph•thon´gal•ize ( 115), v. t. To make into a diphthong; to pronounce as a diphthong.

Diph•thon•ga´tion , n. See Diphthongization.

Diph•thong´ic ( 115), a. Of the nature of diphthong; diphthongal. H. Sweet.

Diph•thong•i•za´tion , n. The act of changing into a diphthong. H. Sweet.

Diph´thong•ize , v. t. & i. To change into a diphthong, as by affixing another vowel to a simple vowel. ´The diphthongized long vowels.´ H. Sweet.

Diph•y•cer´cal , a. [Gr. difyh•s double (di- = di•s- twice + fy•ein to produce) + ke•rkos tail.] (Anat.) Having the tail fin divided into two equal parts by the notochord, or end of the vertebral column; protocercal. See Protocercal.

Diph•y•gen´ic (-jen´ik), a. [Gr. difyh•s of double form + - genic.] (Zoöl.) Having two modes of embryonic development.
[1913 Webster]

Diph´yl•lous (dif´il•lus or di•fil´-), a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + fy•llon leaf: cf. F. diphylle.] (Bot.) Having two leaves, as a calyx, etc.
[1913 Webster]

Diph´y•o•dont , a. [Gr. double (di- = di•s- twice + to produce) + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Anat.) Having two successive sets of teeth (deciduous and permanent), one succeeding the other; as a diphyodont mammal; diphyodont dentition; — opposed to monophyodont. — n. An animal having two successive sets of teeth.

Diph•y•o•zo´oid , n. [Gr. of double from + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) One of the free-swimming sexual zooids of Siphonophora.

Di•pla´nar , a. [Pref. di- + plane.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to two planes.

Di•plei´do•scope , n. [Gr. double + image + -scope.] (Astron.) An instrument for determining the time of apparent noon. It consists of two mirrors and a plane glass disposed in the form of a prism, so that, by the reflections of the sun’s rays from their surfaces, two images are presented to the eye, moving in opposite directions, and coinciding at the instant the sun’s center is on the meridian.

Dip•lo•blas´tic , a. [Gr. doublet + -blast + -ic.] (Biol.) Characterizing the ovum when it has two primary germinal layers.

Dip•lo•car´di•ac , a. [Gr. double + E. cardiac.] (Anat.) Having the heart completely divided or double, one side systemic, the other pulmonary.

Dip•lo•coc´cus , n.; pl. Diplococci (#). [NL., fr. Gr. diplo•os twofold + ko•kkos grain, seed.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus in which cocci are united in a binary manner. See Micrococcus.

Dip´lo•ë , n. [NL., fr. Gr. fold, fr. twofold, double.] (Anat.) The soft, spongy, or cancellated substance between the plates of the skull.

Dip•lo•et´ic , a. (Anat.) Diploic.

Dip•lo•gen´ic , a. [Gr. double + the root of to produce.] Partaking of the nature of two bodies; producing two substances. Wright.

Di•plo´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diploë.

Dip´loid , n. [Gr. twofold + -oid.] (Crystallog.) A solid bounded by twenty- four similar quadrilateral faces. It is a hemihedral form of the hexoctahedron.

Di•plo´ma , n.; pl. Diplomas (#). [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to double, fr. twofold. See Double.] A letter or writing, usually under seal, conferring some privilege, honor, or power; a document bearing record of a degree conferred by a literary society or educational institution.

Di•plo´ma•cy , n. [F. diplomatie. This word, like supremacy, retains the accent of its original. See Diploma.] 1. The art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations (particularly in securing treaties), including the methods and forms usually employed. 2. Dexterity or skill in securing advantages; tact. 3. The body of ministers or envoys resident at a court; the diplomatic body. [R.] Burke. { Dip´lo•mat , Dip´lo•mate }, n. [F. diplomate.] A diplomatist.

Dip´lo•mate , v. t. To invest with a title or privilege by diploma. [R.] Wood.

Dip•lo•ma´tial , a. Diplomatic. [R.] { Dip•lo•mat´ic , Dip•lo•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. diplomatique.] 1. Pertaining to diplomacy; relating to the foreign ministers at a court, who are called the diplomatic body. 2. Characterized by tact and shrewdness; dexterous; artful; as diplomatic management. 3. Pertaining to diplomatics; paleographic. Astle.

Dip•lo•mat´ic, n. A minister, official agent, or envoy to a foreign court; a diplomatist.

Dip•lo•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. According to the rules of diplomacy; in the manner of a diplomatist; artfully.

Dip•lo•mat´ics , n. The science of diplomas or the art of deciphering ancient writings, and determining their age, authenticity, etc.; paleography.

Di•plo´ma•tism , n. Diplomacy. [R.]

Di•plo´ma•tist , n. [Cf. F. diplomatiste a student of diplomatics.] A person employed in, or skilled in, diplomacy; a diplomat. “In ability, Avaux had no superior among the numerous able diplomatists whom his country then possessed.” Macaulay. { Di•plo´pi•a , Dip´lo•py } n. [NL. diplopia, from Gr. double + the root of sight: cf. F. diplopie.] (Med.) The act or state of seeing double. In crossed or heteronymous diplopia the image seen by the right eye is upon the left hand, and that seen by the left eye is upon the right hand. In homonymous diplopia the image seen by the right eye is on the right side, that by the left eye on the left side. In vertical diplopia one image stands above the other.

Dip´lo•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Diplopoda.

Di•plop´o•da , n. pl. [Gr. double + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of myriapods having two pairs of legs on each segment; the Chilognatha.

Dip•lo•stem´o•nous , a. [Gr. double + the warp, a thread.] (Bot.) Having twice as many stamens as petals, as the geranium. R. Brown.

Dip•lo•stem´o•ny , n. (Bot.) The condition of being diplostemonous.

Dip•neu´mo•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. = lung.] (Zoöl.) A group of spiders having only two lunglike organs. [Written also Dipneumones.]

Dip´no•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. with two breathing apertures; di- = di•s- twice + breath.] (Zoöl.) A group of ganoid fishes, including the living genera Ceratodus and Lepidosiren, which present the closest approximation to the Amphibia. The air bladder acts as a lung, and the nostrils open inside the mouth. See Ceratodus, and Illustration in Appendix.

Dip´o•dy , n.; pl. Dipodies (#). [Gr. , fr. two-footed; di- = di•s- twice + , , foot.] (Pros.) Two metrical feet taken together, or included in one measure. Hadley. “Trochaic, iambic, and anapestic verses … are measured by dipodies.” W. W. Goodwin.

Di•po´lar , a. [Pre. di- + polar. Cf. Bipolar.] Having two poles, as a magnetic bar.

Dip´pel’s oil (Chem.) [From the name of the inventor.] See Bone oil, under Bone.

Dip´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, dips; especially, a vessel used to dip water or other liquid; a ladle. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small grebe; the dabchick. (b) The buffel duck. (c) The water ouzel (Cinolus aquaticus) of Europe. (d) The American dipper or ouzel (Cinclus Mexicanus). The Dipper (Astron.), the seven principal stars in the constellation of the Great Bear; popularly so called from their arrangement in the form of a dipper; — called also Charles’s Wain. See Ursa Major, under Ursa.

Dip´ping, n. 1. The act or process of immersing. 2. The act of inclining downward. 3. The act of lifting or moving a liquid with a dipper, ladle, or the like. 4. The process of cleaning or brightening sheet metal or metalware, esp. brass, by dipping it in acids, etc. 5. The practice of taking snuff by rubbing the teeth or gums with a stick or brush dipped in snuff. [U.S.] Dipping needle, a magnetic needle suspended at its center of gravity, and moving freely in a vertical plane, so as to indicate on a graduated circle the magnetic dip or inclination.

Di•pris•mat´ic , a. [Prefix di- + prismatic.] Doubly prismatic.

Di•pro•par´gyl , n. [Prefix di- + propargyl.] (Chem.) A pungent, mobile, volatile liquid, C_6H_6, produced artificially from certain allyl derivatives. Though isomeric with benzine, it is very different in its chemical relations. Called also dipropinyl.

Di•pro´pyl , n. [Pref. di- + propyl.] (Chem.) One of the hexane paraffins, found in petroleum, consisting of two propyl radicals. See Hexane.

Di•pro´to•don , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + first + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct Quaternary marsupial from Australia, about as large as the hippopotamus; — so named because of its two large front teeth. See Illustration in Appendix.

Dip´sas , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. thirst.] 1. A serpent whose bite was fabled to produce intense thirst. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless colubrine snakes.

Dip•set´ic , a. [Gr. .] Tending to produce thirst. Wright.

Dip•so•ma´ni•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thirst + mania.] (Med.) A morbid an uncontrollable craving (often periodic) for drink, esp. for alcoholic liquors; also improperly used to denote acute and chronic alcoholism.

Dip•so•ma´ni•ac , n. One who has an irrepressible desire for alcoholic drinks.

Dip•so•ma•ni´a•cal , a. Of or pertaining to dipsomania.

Dip•so´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thirst.] (Med.) Excessive thirst produced by disease.

Dip´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. with two wings, di- = di•s- twice + feather, wing: cf. F. diptère.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of insects having only two functional wings and two balancers, as the house fly, mosquito, etc. They have a suctorial proboscis, often including two pairs of sharp organs (mandibles and maxillae) with which they pierce the skin of animals. They undergo a complete metamorphosis, their larvae (called maggots) being usually without feet.

Dip´ter•al , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having two wings only; belonging to the order Diptera. 2. (Anc. Arch.) Having a double row of columns on each on the flanks, as well as in front and rear; — said of a temple.

Dip´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) An insect of the order Diptera.

Dip•te•ro•car´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. with two wings + fruit.] (Bot.) A genus of trees found in the East Indies, some species of which produce a fragrant resin, other species wood oil. The fruit has two long wings.

Dip´ter•ous , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having two wings, as certain insects; belonging to the order Diptera. 2. (Bot.) Having two wings; two- winged.

Dip•ter•yg´i•an , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a fin, dim. of wing.] (Zoöl.) Having two dorsal fins; — said of certain fishes.

Dip´tote , n. [Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + falling, fr. to fall: cf. F. diptote.] (Gram.) A noun which has only two cases. Andrews.

Dip´tych , n. [L. diptycha, pl., fr. Gr. folded, doubled; di- = di•s- twice + to fold, double up.] 1. Anything consisting of two leaves. Especially: (a) (Roman Antiq.) A writing tablet consisting of two leaves of rigid material connected by hinges and shutting together so as to protect the writing within. (b) A picture or series of pictures painted on two tablets connected by hinges. See Triptych. 2. A double catalogue, containing in one part the names of living, and in the other of deceased, ecclesiastics and benefactors of the church; a catalogue of saints.

Di•pyre´ , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice fire.] (Min.) A mineral of the scapolite group; — so called from the double effect of fire upon it, in fusing it, and rendering it phosphorescent.

Di•py•re´nous , a. [Pref. di- + pyrene.] (Bot.) Containing two stones or nutlets.

Di•pyr´i•dine ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + pyridine.] (Geom.) A polymeric form of pyridine, C_10H_10N_2, obtained as a colorless oil by the action of sodium on pyridine.

Di•pyr´i•dyl , n. [Pref. di- + pyridine + -yl.] (Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous base, C_10H_8N_2, obtained by the reduction of pyridine.

Di•ra•di•a´tion , n. [Pref. di- + radiation.] The emission and diffusion of rays of light.

Dire (dir), a. [Compar. Direr superl. Direst.] [L. dirus; of uncertain origin.] 1. Ill-boding; portentous; as dire omens. 2. Evil in great degree; dreadful; dismal; horrible; terrible; lamentable. “Dire was the tossing, deep the groans.” Milton. “Gorgons and hydras and chimeras dire.” Milton.

Di•rect´ , a. [L. directus, p. p. of dirigere to direct: cf. F. direct. See Dress, and cf. Dirge.] 1. Straight; not crooked, oblique, or circuitous; leading by the short or shortest way to a point or end; as a direct line; direct means. “What is direct to, what slides by, the question.” Locke. 2. Straightforward; not of crooked ways, or swerving from truth and openness; sincere; outspoken. “Be even and direct with me.” Shak. 3. Immediate; express; plain; unambiguous. “He nowhere, that I know, says it in direct words.” Locke. “A direct and avowed interference with elections.” Hallam. 4. In the line of descent; not collateral; as a descendant in the direct line. 5. (Astron.) In the direction of the general planetary motion, or from west to east; in the order of the signs; not retrograde; — said of the motion of a celestial body. Direct action. (Mach.) See Direct- acting. — Direct discourse (Gram.), the language of any one quoted without change in its form; as he said ´I can not come;´ — correlative to indirect discourse, in which there is change of form; as he said that he could not come. They are often called respectively by their Latin names, oratio directa, and oratio obliqua. — Direct evidence (Law), evidence which is positive or not inferential; — opposed to circumstantial, or indirect, evidence. — This distinction, however, is merely formal, since there is no direct evidence that is not circumstantial, or dependent on circumstances for its credibility. Wharton. — Direct examination (Law), the first examination of a witness in the orderly course, upon the merits. Abbott. — Direct fire (Mil.), fire, the direction of which is perpendicular to the line of troops or to the parapet aimed at. — Direct process (Metal.), one which yields metal in working condition by a single process from the ore. Knight. — Direct tax, a tax assessed directly on lands, etc., and polls, distinguished from taxes on merchandise, or customs, and from excise.

Di•rect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Directed; p. pr. & vb. n. Directing.] 1. To arrange in a direct or straight line, as against a mark, or towards a goal; to point; to aim; as to direct an arrow or a piece of ordnance. 2. To point out or show to (any one), as the direct or right course or way; to guide, as by pointing out the way; as he directed me to the left-hand road. “The Lord direct your into the love of God.” 2 Thess. iii. 5. “The next points to which I will direct your attention.” Lubbock. 3. To determine the direction or course of; to cause to go on in a particular manner; to order in the way to a certain end; to regulate; to govern; as to direct the affairs of a nation or the movements of an army. “I will direct their work in truth.” Is. lxi. 8. 4. To point out to with authority; to instruct as a superior; to order; as he directed them to go. “I ’ll first direct my men what they shall do.” Shak. 5. To put a direction or address upon; to mark with the name and residence of the person to whom anything is sent; to superscribe; as to direct a letter. Syn. — To guide; lead; conduct; dispose; manage; regulate; order; instruct; command.

Di•rect´ , v. i. To give direction; to point out a course; to act as guide. “Wisdom is profitable to direct.” Eccl. x. 10.

Di•rect´, n. (Mus.) A character, thus [], placed at the end of a staff on the line or space of the first note of the next staff, to apprise the performer of its situation. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Di•rect´-act•ing , a. (Mach.) Acting directly, as one part upon another, without the intervention of other working parts. Direct-acting steam engine, one in which motion is transmitted to the crank without the intervention of a beam or lever; — also called direct-action steam engine. — Direct-acting steam pump, one in which the steam piston rod is directly connected with the pump rod; — also called direct-action steam pump.

Di•rect´er , n. One who directs; a director. Directer plane (Geom.), the plane to which all right-lined elements in a warped surface are parallel.

Di•rec´tion , n. [L. directio: cf. F. direction.] 1. The act of directing, of aiming, regulating, guiding, or ordering; guidance; management; superintendence; administration; as the direction o public affairs or of a bank. “I do commit his youth
To your direction.” Shak. “All nature is but art, unknown to thee;
ll chance, direction, which thou canst not see.” Pope. 2. That which is imposed by directing; a guiding or authoritative instruction; prescription; order; command; as he grave directions to the servants. “The princes digged the well … by the direction of the law giver.” Numb. xxi. 18. 3. The name and residence of a person to whom any thing is sent, written upon the thing sent; superscription; address; as the direction of a letter. 4. The line or course upon which anything is moving or aimed to move, or in which anything is lying or pointing; aim; line or point of tendency; direct line or course; as the ship sailed in a southeasterly direction. 5. The body of managers of a corporation or enterprise; board of directors. 6. (Gun.) The pointing of a piece with reference to an imaginary vertical axis; — distinguished from elevation. The direction is given when the plane of sight passes through the object. Wilhelm. Syn. — Administration; guidance; management; superintendence; oversight; government; order; command; guide; clew. Direction, Control, Command, Order. These words, as here compared, have reference to the exercise of power over the actions of others. Control is negative, denoting power to restrain; command is positive, implying a right to enforce obedience; directions are commands containing instructions how to act. Order conveys more prominently the idea of authority than the word direction. A shipmaster has the command of his vessel; he gives orders or directions to the seamen as to the mode of sailing it; and exercises a due control over the passengers.

Di•rect´ive , a. [LL. directivus: cf. F. directif.] 1. Having power to direct; tending to direct, guide, or govern; showing the way. Hooker. “The precepts directive of our practice in relation to God.” Barrow. 2. Able to be directed; manageable. [Obs.] “Swords and bows
Directive by the limbs.” Shak.

Di•rect´ly, adv. 1. In a direct manner; in a straight line or course. ´To run directly on.´ Shak. “Indirectly and directly too
Thou hast contrived against the very life
Of the defendant.” Shak. 2. In a straightforward way; without anything intervening; not by secondary, but by direct, means. 3. Without circumlocution or ambiguity; absolutely; in express terms. “No man hath hitherto been so impious as plainly and directly to condemn prayer.” Hooker. 4. Exactly; just. “Stand you directly in Antonius’ way.” Shak. 5. Straightforwardly; honestly. “I have dealt most directly in thy affair.” Shak. 6. Manifestly; openly. [Obs.] “Desdemona is directly in love with him.” Shak. 7. Straightway; next in order; without delay; immediately. ´Will she go now to bed?’ Directly.’´ Shak. 8. Immediately after; as soon as. “Directly he stopped, the coffin was removed.” Dickens. This use of the word is common in England, especially in colloquial speech, but it can hardly be regarded as a well-sanctioned or desirable use. Directly proportional (Math.), proportional in the order of the terms; increasing or decreasing together, and with a constant ratio; — opposed to inversely proportional. Syn. — Immediately; forthwith; straightway; instantly; instantaneously; soon; promptly; openly; expressly. — Directly, Immediately, Instantly, Instantaneously. Directly denotes, without any delay or diversion of attention; immediately implies, without any interposition of other occupation; instantly implies, without any intervention of time. Hence, ´I will do it directly,´ means, ´I will go straightway about it.´ ´I will do it immediately,´ means, ´I will do it as the very next thing.´ ´I will do it instantly,´ allows not a particle of delay. Instantaneously, like instantly, marks an interval too small to be appreciable, but commonly relates to physical causes; as the powder touched by fire instantaneously exploded.

Di•rect´ness , n. The quality of being direct; straightness; straightforwardness; immediateness.

Di•rect´or , n. [Cf. F. directeur.] 1. One who, or that which, directs; one who regulates, guides, or orders; a manager or superintendent. “In all affairs thou sole director.” Swift. 2. One of a body of persons appointed to manage the affairs of a company or corporation; as the directors of a bank, insurance company, or railroad company. “What made directors cheat in South-Sea year?” Pope. 3. (Mech.) A part of a machine or instrument which directs its motion or action. 4. (Surg.) A slender grooved instrument upon which a knife is made to slide when it is wished to limit the extent of motion of the latter, or prevent its injuring the parts beneath.

Di•rect´o•rate , n. [Cf. F. directorat.] The office of director; also a body of directors taken jointly.

Di•rec•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. directorial.] 1. Having the quality of a director, or authoritative guide; directive. 2. Pertaining to: director or directory; specifically, relating to the Directory of France under the first republic. See Directory, 3. “Whoever goes to the directorial presence under this passport.” Burke.

Di•rect´or•ship , n. The condition or office of a director; directorate.

Di•rect´o•ry , a. [L. directorius.] Containing directions; enjoining; instructing; directorial.

Di•rect´o•ry, n.; pl. Directories . 1. A collection or body of directions, rules, or ordinances; esp., a book of directions for the conduct of worship; as the Directory used by the nonconformists instead of the Prayer Book. 2. A book containing the names and residences of the inhabitants of any place, or of classes of them; an address book; as a business directory. 3. [Cf. F. directoire.] A body of directors; board of management; especially, a committee which held executive power in France under the first republic. 4. Direction; guide. [R.] Whitlock.

Di•rect´ress, n. A woman who directs. Bp. Hurd.

Di•rect´rix , n.; pl. E. Directrixes , L. Directrices . 1. A directress. [R.] Jer. Taylor. 2. (Geom.) (a) A line along which a point in another line moves, or which in any way governs the motion of the point and determines the position of the curve generated by it; the line along which the generatrix moves in generating a surface. (b) A straight line so situated with respect to a conic section that the distance of any point of the curve from it has a constant ratio to the distance of the same point from the focus.

Dire´ful , a. [Dire + - ful.] Dire; dreadful; terrible; calamitous; woeful; as a direful fiend; a direful day. — Dire´ful•ly, adv. — Dire´ful•ness, n.

Dire´ly, adv. In a dire manner. Drayton.

Di•rempt´ ( 215), a. [L. diremptus, p. p. of dirimere to take apart, separate; di- = dis- + emere to buy, orig., to take.] Divided; separated. [Obs.] Stow.

Di•rempt´, v. t. To separate by force; to tear apart. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Di•remp´tion , n. [L. diremptio.] A tearing apart; violent separation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dire´ness , n. [Dire- + - ness.] Terribleness; horror; woefulness. Shak.

Di•rep´tion , n. [L. direptio, fr. diripere to tear asunder, plunder; di- = dis- + rapere to seize and carry off.] The act of plundering, despoiling, or snatching away. [R.] Speed.

Di•rep•ti´tious , a. Characterized by direption. [R.] Encyc. Dict.

Di•rep•ti´tious•ly, adv. With plundering violence; by violent injustice. [R.] Strype.

Dirge , n. [Contraction of Lat. dirige, direct thou (imperative of dirigere), the first word of a funeral hymn (Lat. transl. of Psalm v. 8) beginning, ´Dirige, Domine, in conspectu tuo vitam meam.´ See Direct, a., and cf. Dirige.] A piece of music of a mournful character, to accompany funeral rites; a funeral hymn. “The raven croaked, and hollow shrieks of owls
Sung dirges at her funeral.” Ford.

Dirge´ful , a. Funereal; moaning. “Soothed sadly by the dirgeful wind.” Coleridge.

Dir´i•ge , n. [L. See Dirge.] A service for the dead, in the Roman Catholic Church, being the first antiphon of Matins for the dead, of which Dirige is the first word; a dirge. “Evensongs and placebo and dirige.” Wyclif. “Resort, I pray you, unto my sepulture
To sing my dirige with great devotion.” Lamentation of Mary Magdalene.

Dir´i•gent , a. [L. dirigens, p. pr. of dirigere. See Direct, a.] Directing. Baxter.

Dir´i•gent, n. (Geom.) The line of motion along which a describent line or surface is carried in the genesis of any plane or solid figure; a directrix. Hutton.

Dir´i•gi•ble , a. Capable of being directed; steerable; as a dirigible balloon.

Dir´i•ment , a. [L. dirimens, p. pr. of dirimere. See Dirempt.] (Law) Absolute. Diriment impediment (R. C. Ch.), an impediment that nullifies marriage.

Dirk , n. [Ir. duirc.] A kind of dagger or poniard; — formerly much used by the Scottish Highlander. Dirk knife, a clasp knife having a large, dirklike blade.

Dirk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirked p. pr. & vb. n. Dirking.] To stab with a dirk. Sir W. Scott.

Dirk, a. [See Dark, a.] Dark. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dirk, v. t. To darken. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dirk´ness, n. Darkness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dirl , v. i. & t. [Cf. Drill, Thrill.] To thrill; to vibrate; to penetrate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dirt , n. [OE. drit; kin to Icel. drit excrement, drita to dung, OD. drijten to dung, AS. gedritan.] 1. Any foul of filthy substance, as excrement, mud, dust, etc.; whatever, adhering to anything, renders it foul or unclean; earth; as a wagonload of dirt. “Whose waters cast up mire and dirt.” Is. lvii. 20. 2. Meanness; sordidness. “Honors … thrown away upon dirt and infamy.” Melmoth. 3. In placer mining, earth, gravel, etc., before washing. Dirt bed (Geom.), a layer of clayey earth forming a stratum in a geological formation. Dirt beds are common among the coal measures. — Dirt eating. (a) The use of certain kinds of clay for food, existing among some tribes of Indians; geophagism. Humboldt. (b) (Med.) Same as Chthonophagia. — Dirt pie, clay or mud molded by children in imitation of pastry. Otway (1684). — To eat dirt, to submit in a meanly humble manner to insults; to eat humble pie.

Dirt, v. t. To make foul of filthy; to dirty. Swift.

Dirt´i•ly , adv. In a dirty manner; foully; nastily; filthily; meanly; sordidly.

Dirt´i•ness, n. The state of being dirty; filthiness; foulness; nastiness; baseness; sordidness.

Dirt´y , a. [Compar. Dirtier superl. Dirtiest.] 1. Defiled with dirt; foul; nasty; filthy; not clean or pure; serving to defile; as dirty hands; dirty water; a dirty white. Spenser. 2. Sullied; clouded; — applied to color. Locke. 3. Sordid; base; groveling; as a dirty fellow. “The creature’s at his dirty work again.” Pope. 4. Sleety; gusty; stormy; as dirty weather. “Storms of wind, clouds of dust, an angry, dirty sea.” M. Arnold. Syn. — Nasty; filthy; foul. See Nasty.

Dirt´y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirtied p. pr. & vb. n. Dirtying.] 1. To foul; to make filthy; to soil; as to dirty the clothes or hands. 2. To tarnish; to sully; to scandalize; — said of reputation, character, etc.

Di•rup´tion , n. [L. diruptio, fr. dirumpere. See Disrupt, a.] Disruption.

Dis- ( 258). 1. A prefix from the Latin, whence F. des, or sometimes de-, dis-. The Latin dis-appears as di-before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v, becomes dif-before f, and either dis-or di- before j. It is from the same root as bis twice, and duo, E. two. See Two, and cf. Bi-, Di-, Dia-. Dis- denotes separation, a parting from, as in distribute, disconnect; hence it often has the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, disoblige, disagree. Also intensive, as in dissever. Walker’s rule of pronouncing this prefix is, that the s ought always to be pronounced like z, when the next syllable is accented and begins with ´a flat mute [b, d, v, g, z], a liquid [l, m, n, r], or a vowel; as disable, disease, disorder, disuse, disband, disdain, disgrace, disvalue, disjoin, dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dismiss, dismount, disnatured, disrank, disrelish, disrobe.´ Dr. Webster’s example in disapproving of Walker’s rule and pronouncing dis-as diz in only one (disease) of the above words, is followed by recent orthoëpists. See Disable, Disgrace, and the other words, beginning with dis-, in this Dictionary. 2. A prefix from Gr. di•s- twice. See Di-.

Dis , n. [L.] The god Pluto. Shak.

Dis•a•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Disabilities . 1. State of being disabled; deprivation or want of ability; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or moral power, means, fitness, and the like. “Grossest faults, or disabilities to perform what was covenanted.” Milton. “Chatham refused to see him, pleading his disability.” Bancroft. 2. Want of legal qualification to do a thing; legal incapacity or incompetency. “The disabilities of idiocy, infancy, and coverture.” Abbott. Syn. — Weakness; inability; incompetence; impotence; incapacity; incompetency; disqualification. — Disability, Inability. Inability is an inherent want of power to perform the thing in question; disability arises from some deprivation or loss of the needed competency. One who becomes deranged is under a disability of holding his estate; and one who is made a judge, of deciding in his own case. A man may decline an office on account of his inability to discharge its duties; he may refuse to accept a trust or employment on account of some disability prevents him from entering into such engagements.

Dis•a´ble , a. Lacking ability; unable. [Obs.] ´Our disable and unactive force.´ Daniel.

Dis•a´ble ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabled p. pr. & vb. n. Disabling ] 1. To render unable or incapable; to destroy the force, vigor, or power of action of; to deprive of competent physical or intellectual power; to incapacitate; to disqualify; to make incompetent or unfit for service; to impair. “A Christian’s life is a perpetual exercise, a wrestling and warfare, for which sensual pleasure disables him.” Jer. Taylor. “And had performed it, if my known offense
Had not disabled me.” Milton. “I have disabled mine estate.” Shak. 2. (Law) To deprive of legal right or qualification; to render legally incapable. “An attainder of the ancestor corrupts the blood, and disables his children to inherit.” Blackstone. 3. To deprive of that which gives value or estimation; to declare lacking in competency; to disparage; to undervalue. [Obs.] ´He disabled my judgment.´ Shak. Syn. — To weaken; unfit; disqualify; incapacitate.

Dis•a´ble•ment , n. Deprivation of ability; incapacity. Bacon.

Dis•a•buse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabused p. pr. & vb. n. Disabusing.] [Pref. dis- + abuse; cf. F. desabuser.] To set free from mistakes; to undeceive; to disengage from fallacy or deception; to set right. “To undeceive and disabuse the people.” South. “If men are now sufficiently enlightened to disabuse themselves or artifice, hypocrisy, and superstition, they will consider this event as an era in their history.” J. Adams.

Dis•ac•com´mo•date , v. t. [Pref. dis- + accommodate.] To put to inconvenience; to incommode. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Dis•ac•com•mo•da´tion , n. A state of being unaccommodated or unsuited. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Dis•ac•cord´ , v. i. [Cf. F. desaccorder to cause discord.] To refuse to assent. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•ac•cord´, n. Disagreement. Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Dis•ac•cord´ant , a. Not accordant. Fabyan.

Dis•ac•cus´tom , v. t. [Cf. F. desaccoutumer.] To destroy the force of habit in; to wean from a custom. Johnson.

Dis•a•cid´i•fy , v. t. To free from acid.

Dis•ac•knowl´edge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disacknowledged p. pr. & vb. n. Disacknowledging.] To refuse to acknowledge; to deny; to disown. [Obs.] South.

Dis•ac•quaint´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + acquaint: cf. OF. desacointier.] To render unacquainted; to make unfamiliar. [Obs.] “While my sick heart
With dismal smart
Is disacquainted never.” Herrick.

Dis•ac•quaint´ance , n. Neglect of disuse of familiarity, or familiar acquaintance. [Obs.] South.

Dis•ac´ryl , n. [Pref. dis- (Gr. di•s- twice) + acrolein + -yl.] (Chem.) A white amorphous substance obtained as a polymeric modification of acrolein.

Dis•a•dorn´ , v. t. To deprive of ornaments. Congreve.

Dis•ad•vance´ ( 61), v. t. & i. [Pref. dis- + advance: cf. OF. desavancier.] To draw back, or cause to draw back. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•ad•van´tage ( 48, 61), n. [Cf. F. desavantage.] 1. Deprivation of advantage; unfavorable or prejudicial quality, condition, circumstance, or the like; that which hinders success, or causes loss or injury. “I was brought here under the disadvantage of being unknown by sight to any of you.” Burke. “Abandoned by their great patron, the faction henceforward acted at disadvantage.” Palfrey. 2. Loss; detriment; hindrance; prejudice to interest, fame, credit, profit, or other good. “They would throw a construction on his conduct, to his disadvantage before the public.” Bancroft. Syn. — Detriment; injury; hurt; loss; damage.

Dis•ad•van´tage, v. t. [Cf. F. desavantager.] To injure the interest of; to be detrimental to.

Dis•ad•van´tage•a•ble , a. Injurious; disadvantageous. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•ad•van•ta´geous , a. [Cf. F. desavantageux.] Attended with disadvantage; unfavorable to success or prosperity; inconvenient; prejudicial; — opposed to advantageous; as the situation of an army is disadvantageous for attack or defense. “Even in the disadvantageous position in which he had been placed, he gave clear indications of future excellence.” Prescott. — Dis•ad•van•ta´geous•ly, adv. — Dis•ad•van•ta´geous•ness, n.

Dis•ad•ven´ture ( 135), n. [Pref. dis- + adventure: cf. OF. desaventure.] Misfortune; mishap. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Dis•ad•ven´tur•ous , a. Unprosperous; unfortunate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•ad•vise´ , v. t. To advise against; to dissuade from. [R.] Boyle.

Dis•af•fect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disaffected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disaffecting.] 1. To alienate or diminish the affection of; to make unfriendly or less friendly; to fill with discontent and unfriendliness. “They had attempted to disaffect and discontent his majesty’s late army.” Clarendon. 2. To disturb the functions of; to disorder. “It disaffects the bowels.” Hammond. 3. To lack affection for; to be alienated from, or indisposed toward; to dislike. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•af•fect´ed, a. Alienated in feeling; not wholly loyal. J. H. Newman. — Dis•af•fect´ed•ly, adv. — Dis•af•fect´ed•ness, n.

Dis•af•fec´tion , n. 1. State of being disaffected; alienation or want of affection or good will, esp. toward those in authority; unfriendliness; dislike. “In the making laws, princes must have regard to … the affections and disaffections of the people.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Disorder; bad constitution. [R.] Wiseman. Syn. — Dislike; disgust; discontent; unfriendliness; alienation; disloyalty; hostility.

Dis•af•fec´tion•ate , a. Not disposed to affection; unfriendly; disaffected. [R.] Blount.

Dis•af•firm´ , v. t. 1. To assert the contrary of; to contradict; to deny; — said of that which has been asserted. 2. (Law) To refuse to confirm; to annul, as a judicial decision, by a contrary judgment of a superior tribunal.

Dis•af•firm´ance , n. 1. The act of disaffirming; denial; negation. 2. (Law) Overthrow or annulment by the decision of a superior tribunal; as disaffirmance of judgment.

Dis•af•fir•ma´tion , n. The act of disaffirming; negation; refutation.

Dis•af•for´est , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disafforested; p. pr. & vb. n. Disafforesting.] [Pref. dis- + afforest: cf. OF. desaforester.] (Eng. Law) To reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground; to exempt from forest laws. “By charter 9 Henry III. many forests were disafforested.” Blackstone.

Dis•ag´gre•gate , v. t. To destroy the aggregation of; to separate into component parts, as an aggregate mass.

Dis•ag•gre•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. desagregation.] The separation of an aggregate body into its component parts.

Dis•a•gree´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disagreed p. pr. & vb. n. Disageeing.] [Pref. dis- + agree: cf. F. desagreer to displease.] 1. To fail to accord; not to agree; to lack harmony; to differ; to be unlike; to be at variance. “They reject the plainest sense of Scripture, because it seems to disagree with what they call reason.” Atterbury. 2. To differ in opinion; to hold discordant views; to be at controversy; to quarrel. “Who shall decide, when doctors disagree?” Pope. 3. To be unsuited; to have unfitness; as medicine sometimes disagrees with the patient; food often disagrees with the stomach or the taste. Usually followed by with, sometimes by to, rarely by from; as I disagree to your proposal. Syn. — To differ; vary; dissent.

Dis•a•gree´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. desagreable.] 1. Not agreeable, conformable, or congruous; contrary; unsuitable. “Preach you truly the doctrine which you have received, and each nothing that is disagreeable thereunto.” Udall. 2. Exciting repugnance; offensive to the feelings or senses; displeasing; unpleasant. “That which is disagreeable to one is many times agreeable to another, or disagreeable in a less degree.” Wollaston.

Dis•a•gree´a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being; disagreeable; unpleasantness.

Dis•a•gree´a•bly, adv. In a disagreeable manner; unsuitably; offensively.

Dis•a•gree´ance , n. Disagreement. [Obs.]

Dis•a•gree´ment , n. [Cf. F. desagrement disagreeable circumstance, disagreeableness.] 1. The state of disagreeing; a being at variance; dissimilitude; diversity. 2. Unsuitableness; unadaptedness. [R.] 3. Difference of opinion or sentiment. 4. A falling out, or controversy; difference. Syn. — Difference; diversity; dissimilitude; unlikeness; discrepancy; variance; dissent; misunderstanding; dissension; division; dispute; jar; wrangle; discord.

Dis•a•gre´er , n. One who disagrees. Hammond.

Dis•al•liege´ , v. t. To alienate from allegiance. [Obs. & R.] Milton.

Dis•al•low´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disallowed p. pr. & vb. n. Disallowing.] [Pref. dis- + allow: cf. OF. desalouer, desloer, to blame, dissuade.] To refuse to allow; to deny the force or validity of; to disown and reject; as the judge disallowed the executor’s charge. “To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God.” 1 Pet. ii. 4. “That the edicts of Caesar we may at all times disallow, but the statutes of God for no reason we may reject.” Milton. This verb was sometimes followed by of; as ´What follows, if we disallow of this?´ Shak. See Allow. Syn. — To disapprove; prohibit; censure; reject.

Dis•al•low´a•ble , a. Not allowable; not to be suffered. Raleigh. — Dis•al•low´a•ble•ness, n.

Dis•al•low´ance , n. The act of disallowing; refusal to admit or permit; rejection. Syn. — Disapprobation; prohibition; condemnation; censure; rejection.

Dis•al•ly´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + ally: cf. F. desaltier.] To part, as an alliance; to sunder. [R.] ´Disallied their nuptials.´ Milton.

Dis•an´chor , v. t. & i. [Pref. dis- + anchor: cf. F. desancrer.] To raise the anchor of, as a ship; to weigh anchor. [Obs.] Heywood.

Dis•an•gel´ic•al , a. Not angelical. [R.] ´Disangelical nature.´ Coventry.

Dis•an´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disanimated p. pr. & vb. n. Disanimating ] 1. To deprive of life. [R.] Cudworth. 2. To deprive of spirit; to dishearten. Shak.

Dis•an•i•ma´tion , n. 1. Privation of life. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The state of being disanimated or discouraged; depression of spirits.

Dis•an•nex´ , v. t. To disunite; to undo or repeal the annexation of. State Trials (1608).

Dis•an•nul´ , v. t. To annul completely; to render void or of no effect. “For the Lord of hosts hath purposed, and who shall disannul it?” Isaiah xiv. 27. The prefix in this word an its derivatives is intensive, and not negative.

Dis•an•nul´ler , n. One who disannuls.

Dis•an•nul´ment , n. Complete annulment.

Dis•a•noint´ , v. t. To invalidate the consecration of; as to disanoint a king. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•ap•par´el , v. t. [See Apparel, v. t.] [Pref. dis- + apparel: cf. OF. desapareiller.] To disrobe; to strip of apparel; to make naked. “Drink disapparels the soul.” Junius (1635).

Dis•ap•pear´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disappeared p. pr. & vb. n. Disappearing.] 1. To cease to appear or to be perceived; to pass from view, gradually or suddenly; to vanish; to be no longer seen; as darkness disappears at the approach of light; a ship disappears as she sails from port. 2. To cease to be or exist; as the epidemic has disappeared.

Dis•ap•pear´ance , n. The act of disappearing; cessation of appearance; removal from sight; vanishing. Addison.

Dis•ap•pend´en•cy , n. A detachment or separation from a former connection. [R.]

Dis•ap•pend´ent , a. Freed from a former connection or dependence; disconnected. [R.]

Dis•ap•point´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disapointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disappointing.] [OF. desapointier, F. desappointer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + apointier, F. appointier, to appoint. See Appoint.] 1. To defeat of expectation or hope; to hinder from the attainment of that which was expected, hoped, or desired; to balk; as a man is disappointed of his hopes or expectations, or his hopes, desires, intentions, expectations, or plans are disappointed; a bad season disappoints the farmer of his crops; a defeat disappoints an enemy of his spoil. “I was disappointed, but very agreeably.” Macaulay. Disappointed of a thing not obtained; disappointed in a thing obtained. 2. To frustrate; to fail; to hinder of result. “His retiring foe
Shrinks from the wound, and disappoints the blow.” Addison. Syn. — To tantalize; fail; frustrate; balk; baffle; delude; foil; defeat. See Tantalize.

Dis•ap•point´ed, a. 1. Defeated of expectation or hope; balked; as a disappointed person or hope. 2. Unprepared; unequipped. [Obs.] “Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin,
Unhouseled, disappointed, unaneled.” Shak.

Dis•ap•point´ment , n. [Cf. F. desappointement.] 1. The act of disappointing, or the state of being disappointed; defeat or failure of expectation or hope; miscarriage of design or plan; frustration. “If we hope for things of which we have not thoroughly considered the value, our disappointment will be greater than our pleasure in the fruition of them.” Addison. “In disappointment thou canst bless.” Keble. 2. That which disappoints. Syn. — Miscarriage; frustration; balk.

Dis•ap•pre´ci•ate , v. t. [See Appreciate.] To undervalue; not to esteem. — Dis•ap•pre•ci•a´tion (#), n.

Dis•ap•pro•ba´tion , n. [Pref. dis- + approbation: cf. F. desapprobation. Cf. Disapprove.] The act of disapproving; mental condemnation of what is judged wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient; feeling of censure. “We have ever expressed the most unqualified disapprobation of all the steps.” Burke.

Dis•ap´pro•ba•to•ry , a. Containing disapprobation; serving to disapprove.

Dis•ap•pro´pri•ate , a. (Law) Severed from the appropriation or possession of a spiritual corporation. “The appropriation may be severed, and the church become disappropriate, two ways.” Blackstone.

Dis•ap•pro´pri•ate , v. t. 1. To release from individual ownership or possession. Milton. 2. (Law) To sever from appropriation or possession a spiritual corporation. “Appropriations of the several parsonages … would heave been, by the rules of the common law, disappropriated.” Blackstone.

Dis•ap•pro•pri•a´tion , n. The act of disappropriating.

Dis•ap•prov´al , n. Disapprobation; dislike; censure; adverse judgment.

Dis•ap•prove , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disapproved p. pr. & vb. n. Disapproving.] [Pref. dis- + approve: cf. F. deapprouver. Cf. Disapprobation.] 1. To pass unfavorable judgment upon; to condemn by an act of the judgment; to regard as wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient; to censure; as to disapprove the conduct of others. 2. To refuse official approbation to; to disallow; to decline to sanction; as the sentence of the court- martial was disapproved by the commander in chief. This verb is often followed by of; as to disapprove of an opinion, of such conduct. See Approve.

Dis•ap•prov´er , n. One who disapproves.

Dis•ap•prov´ing•ly, adv. In a disapproving manner.

Dis´ard , n. See Dizzard. [Obs.] Burton.

Dis•arm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarming p. pr. & vb. n. Disarming.] [OE. desarmen, F. desarmer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + armer to arm. See Arm.] 1. To deprive of arms; to take away the weapons of; to deprive of the means of attack or defense; to render defenseless. “Security disarms the best-appointed army.” Fuller. “The proud was half disarmed of pride.” Tennyson. 2. To deprive of the means or the disposition to harm; to render harmless or innocuous; as to disarm a man’s wrath.

Dis•arm´a•ment , n. [Cf. F. desarmement.] The act of disarming.

Dis•ar´ma•ture ( 135), n. [Pref. dis- + armature.] The act of divesting of armature. [R.]

Dis•armed´ , a. 1. Deprived of arms. 2. (Her.) Deprived of claws, and teeth or beaks. Cussans.

Dis•arm´er , n. One who disarms.

Dis•ar•range´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarranged p. pr. & vb. n. Disarranging.] [Pref. dis- + arrange: cf. F. desarranger.] To unsettle or disturb the order or due arrangement of; to throw out of order.

Dis•ar•range´ment , n. The act of disarranging, or the state of being disarranged; confusion; disorder. Cowper.

Dis•ar•ray´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarrayed p. pr. & vb. n. Disarraying.] [Pref. dis- + array, v.: cf. OF. desarroyer, desarreier.] 1. To throw into disorder; to break the array of. “Who with fiery steeds
Oft disarrayed the foes in battle ranged.” Fenton. 2. To take off the dress of; to unrobe. “So, as she bade, the witch they disarrayed.” Spenser.

Dis•ar•ray´ , n. [Cf. F. desarroi.] 1. Want of array or regular order; disorder; confusion. “Disrank the troops, set all in disarray.” Daniel. 2. Confused attire; undress. Spenser.

Dis•ar•ray´ment , n. Disorder. [R.] Feltham.

Dis•ar•tic´u•late , v. t. To sunder; to separate, as joints. — Dis•ar•tic•u•la´tion (#), n.

Dis•ar•tic´u•la•tor , n. One who disarticulates and prepares skeletons.

Dis•as•sent´ , v. i. To dissent. [Obs.]

Dis•as•sent´, n. Dissent. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•as•sent´er , n. One who disassents; a dissenter. [Obs.] State Trials (1634).

Dis•as•si•du´i•ty , n. Want of assiduity or care. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•as•sim´i•late , v. t. (Physiol.) To subject to disassimilation.

Dis•as•sim•i•la´tion , n. (Physics) The decomposition of complex substances, within the organism, into simpler ones suitable only for excretion, with evolution of energy, — a normal nutritional process the reverse of assimilation; downward metabolism. “The breaking down of already existing chemical compounds into simpler ones, sometimes called disassimilation.” Martin.

Dis•as•sim´i•la•tive , a. (Physiol.) Having power to disassimilate; of the nature of disassimilation. “Disassimilative processes constitute a marked feature in the life of animal cells.” McKendrick.

Dis•as•so´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disassociated p. pr. & vb. n. Disassociating ] To disconnect from things associated; to disunite; to dissociate. Florio.

Dis•as´ter , n. [F. desastre; pref. des- (L. dis-) + astre star, fr. L. astrum; a word of astrological origin. See Aster, Astral, Star.] 1. An unpropitious or baleful aspect of a planet or star; malevolent influence of a heavenly body; hence, an ill portent. [Obs.] “Disasters in the sun.” Shak. 2. An adverse or unfortunate event, esp. a sudden and extraordinary misfortune; a calamity; a serious mishap. “But noble souls, through dust and heat,
Rise from disaster and defeat
The stronger.” Longfellow. Syn. — Calamity; misfortune; mishap; mischance; visitation; misadventure; ill luck. See Calamity.

Dis•as´ter, v. t. 1. To blast by the influence of a baleful star. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. To bring harm upon; to injure. [R.] Thomson.

Dis•as´ter•ly, adv. Disastrously. [Obs.] Drayton.

Dis•as´trous , a. [Cf. F. desastreux. See Disaster.] 1. Full of unpropitious stellar influences; unpropitious; ill- boding. [Obs.] “The moon
In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds.” Milton. 2. Attended with suffering or disaster; very unfortunate; calamitous; ill-fated; as a disastrous day; a disastrous termination of an undertaking. “Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances.” Shak. — Dis•as´trous•ly, adv. — Dis•as´trous•ness, n.

Dis•at•tire´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + attire: cf. OF. desatirier.] To unrobe; to undress. Spenser.

Dis•aug•ment´ , v. t. To diminish. [R.]

Dis•au´thor•ize , v. t. To deprive of credit or authority; to discredit. [R.] W. Wotton.

Dis•a•vaunce´ , v. t. [Cf. Disadvance.] To retard; to repel; to do damage to. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•a•ven´ture ( 135), n. [See Disadventure, Adventure.] Misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•a•ven´tur•ous , a. Misadventurous; unfortunate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•a•vouch´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + avouch. Cf. Disavow.] To disavow. [R.] Daniel.

Dis•a•vow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disavowed p. pr. & vb. n. Disavowing.] [F. desavouer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + avouer to avow. See Avow, and cf. Disavouch.] 1. To refuse strongly and solemnly to own or acknowledge; to deny responsibility for, approbation of, and the like; to disclaim; to disown; as he was charged with embezzlement, but he disavows the crime. “A solemn promise made and disavowed.” Dryden. 2. To deny; to show the contrary of; to disprove. “Yet can they never
Toss into air the freedom of my birth,
Or disavow my blood Plantagenet’s.” Ford.

Dis•a•vow´al , n. The act of disavowing, disclaiming, or disowning; rejection and denial. “An earnest disavowal of fear often proceeds from fear.” Richardson.

Dis•a•vow´ance , n. Disavowal. [Obs.] South.

Dis•a•vow´er , n. One who disavows.

Dis•a•vow´ment , n. Disavowal. [R.] Wotton.

Dis•band´ ( see Dis-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disbanding.] [Pref. dis- + band: cf. OF. desbander, F. debander, to unbind, unbend. See Band, and cf. Disbend, Disbind.] 1. To loose the bands of; to set free; to disunite; to scatter; to disperse; to break up the organization of; especially, to dismiss from military service; as to disband an army. “They disbanded themselves and returned, every man to his own dwelling.” Knolles. 2. To divorce. [Obs.] “And therefore … she ought to be disbanded.” Milton.

Dis•band´, v. i. To become separated, broken up, dissolved, or scattered; especially, to quit military service by breaking up organization. “When both rocks and all things shall disband.” Herbert. “Human society would in a short space disband.” Tillotson.

Dis•band´ment , n. The act of disbanding.

Dis•bar´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbarred p. pr. & vb. n. Disbarring.] (Law) To expel from the bar, or the legal profession; to deprive (an attorney, barrister, or counselor) of his status and privileges as such. Abbott.

Dis•bark´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + bark a small ship: cf. OF. desbarquer, F. debarquer. Cf. Debark, Disembark.] To disembark. Pope.

Dis•bark´, v. t. [Pref. dis- + bark rind.] To strip of bark; to bark. [R.] Boyle.

Dis•bar´ment , n. Act of disbarring.

Dis•base´ , v. t. [Cf. Debase.] To debase or degrade. [Obs.] “Nor you nor your house were so much as spoken of before I disbased myself.” B. Jonson.

Dis•be•come´ , v. t. To misbecome. [Obs.] Massinger.

Dis•be•lief´ , n. The act of disbelieving;; a state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion, assertion, or doctrine is not true; refusal of assent, credit, or credence; denial of belief. “Our belief or disbelief of a thing does not alter the nature of the thing.” Tillotson. “No sadder proof can be given by a man of his own littleness that disbelief in great men.” Carlyle. Syn. — Distrust; unbelief; incredulity; doubt; skepticism. — Disbelief, Unbelief. Unbelief is a mere failure to admit; disbelief is a positive rejection. One may be an unbeliever in Christianity from ignorance or want of inquiry; a unbeliever has the proofs before him, and incurs the guilt of setting them aside. Unbelief is usually open to conviction; disbelief is already convinced as to the falsity of that which it rejects. Men often tell a story in such a manner that we regard everything they say with unbelief. Familiarity with the worst parts of human nature often leads us into a disbelief in many good qualities which really exist among men.

Dis•be•lieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbelieved p. pr. & vb. n. Disbelieving.] Not to believe; to refuse belief or credence to; to hold not to be true or actual. “Assertions for which there is abundant positive evidence are often disbelieved, on account of what is called their improbability or impossibility.” J. S. Mill.

Dis•be•liev´er , n. One who disbelieves, or refuses belief; an unbeliever. Specifically, one who does not believe the Christian religion. I. Watts.

Dis•bench´ , v. t. 1. To drive from a bench or seat. [R.] Shak. 2. (Eng. Law) To deprive (a bencher) of his privileges. Mozley & W.

Dis•bend , v. t. To unbend. [Obs.] Stirling.

Dis•bind´ , v. t. [Cf. Disband.] To unbind; to loosen. [Obs.] Mede.

Dis•blame´ , v. t. [OE. desblamen, OF. desblasmer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + blasmer, F. blâmer, to blame.] To clear from blame. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•bod´ied , a. Disembodied. [R.]

Dis•bos•ca´tion , n. [Pref. dis- + F. bosquet grove.] Converting forest land into cleared or arable land; removal of a forest. Sir W. Scott.

Dis•bow´el , v. t. [See Bowel, v. t.] To disembowel. [R.] Spenser.

Dis•branch´ , v. t. [See Branch, v.] To divest of a branch or branches; to tear off. Shak.

Dis•bud´ , v. t. [See Bud, v.] (Hort.) To deprive of buds or shoots, as for training, or economizing the vital strength of a tree.

Dis•bur´den , v. t. [See Burden, v. t.] [Cf. Disburthen.] To rid of a burden; to free from a load borne or from something oppressive; to unload; to disencumber; to relieve. “He did it to disburden a conscience.” Feltham. “My mediations … will, I hope, be more calm, being thus disburdened.” Hammond. Syn. — To unload; unburden; discharge; free.

Dis•bur´den, v. i. To relieve one’s self of a burden; to ease the mind. Milton.

Dis•bur´geon , v. t. To strip of burgeons or buds; to disbud. [R.] Holland.

Dis•burse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbursed p. pr. & vb. n. Disbursing.] [OF. desbourser, F. debourser; pref. des- (L. dis-) + bourse purse. See Burse, and cf. Dispurse.] To pay out; to expend; — usually from a public fund or treasury. “The duty of collecting and disbursing his revenues.” Macaulay. Disbursing officer, an officer in any department of the public service who is charged with the duty of paying out public money.

Dis•burse´ment , n. [Cf. F. deboursement.] 1. The act of disbursing or paying out. “The disbursement of the public moneys.” U. S. Statutes. 2. That which is disbursed or paid out; as the annual disbursements exceed the income.

Dis•burs´er , n. One who disburses money.

Dis•bur´then , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disburthened p. pr. & vb. n. Disburthening.] [Cf. Disburden.] To disburden; to relieve of a load. [Archaic]

Disc , n. [See Disk, Dish.] A flat round plate; (Biol.) A circular structure either in plants or animals; as a blood disc, a germinal disc, etc. Same as Disk.

Dis•cage´ , v. t. To uncage. [R.] Tennyson.

Disc´al , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a disk; as discal cells.

Dis•cal´ce•ate , v. t. [L. discalceatus unshod; dis- + calceus shoe.] To pull off shoes or sandals from. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Dis•cal´ce•at•ed , a. Deprived off shoes or sandals; unshod; discalced.

Dis•cal•ce•a´tion , n. The act of pulling off the shoes or sandals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•calced´ , a. Unshod; barefooted; — in distinction from calced. ´The foundation of houses of discalced friars.´ Cardinal Manning’s St. Teresa.

Dis•camp´ , v. t. [See Decamp.] To drive from a camp. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•can´dy , v. i. To melt; to dissolve; to thaw. [Obs.]

Dis´cant , n. See Descant, n.

Dis•ca•pac´i•tate , v. t. To deprive of capacity; to incapacitate. [R.]

Dis•card´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Discarding.] 1. (Card Playing) To throw out of one’s hand, as superfluous cards; to lay aside (a card or cards). 2. To cast off as useless or as no longer of service; to dismiss from employment, confidence, or favor; to discharge; to turn away. “They blame the favorites, and think it nothing extraordinary that the queen should … resolve to discard them.” Swift. 3. To put or thrust away; to reject. “A man discards the follies of boyhood.” I. Taylor. Syn. — To dismiss; displace; discharge; cashier.

Dis•card´, v. i. (Card Playing) To make a discard.

Dis•card´, n. (Card Playing) The act of discarding; also the card or cards discarded.

Dis•car´dure ( 135), n. Rejection; dismissal. [R.] Hayter.

Dis•car´nate , a. [L. dis- + carnatus fleshy, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] Stripped of flesh. [Obs.] ´Discarnate bones.´ Glanvill.

Dis•case´ , v. t. To strip; to undress. Shak.

Dis•cede´ , v. i. [L. discedere; dis- + cedere to yield.] To yield or give up; to depart. [Obs.] “I dare not discede from my copy a tittle.” Fuller.

Dis•cept´ , v. i. [L. disceptare.] To debate; to discuss. [R.] “One dissertates, he is candid;
Two must discept, — has distinguished.” R. Browning.

Dis•cep•ta´tion , n. [L. disceptatio.] Controversy; disputation; discussion. [Archaic] “Verbose janglings and endless disceptations.” Strype.

Dis•cep•ta´tor , n. [L.] One who arbitrates or decides. [R.] Cowley.

Dis•cern´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discerned p. pr. & vb. n. Discerning.] [F. discerner, L. discernere, discretum; dis- + cernere to separate, distinguish. See Certain, and cf. Discreet.] 1. To see and identify by noting a difference or differences; to note the distinctive character of; to discriminate; to distinguish. “To discern such buds as are fit to produce blossoms.” Boyle. “A counterfeit stone which thine eye can not discern from a right stone.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 2. To see by the eye or by the understanding; to perceive and recognize; as to discern a difference. “And [I] beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the youths, a young man void of understanding.” Prov. vii. 7. “Our unassisted sight … is not acute enough to discern the minute texture of visible objects.” Beattie. “I wake, and I discern the truth.” Tennyson. Syn. — To perceive; distinguish; discover; penetrate; discriminate; espy; descry; detect. See Perceive.

Dis•cern´, v. i. 1. To see or understand the difference; to make distinction; as to discern between good and evil, truth and falsehood. “More than sixscore thousand that cannot discern between their right hand their left.” Jonah iv. 11. 2. To make cognizance. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•cern´ance , n. Discernment. [Obs.]

Dis•cern´er , n. One who, or that which, discerns, distinguishes, perceives, or judges; as a discerner of truth, of right and wrong. “A great observer and discerner of men’s natures.” Clarendon.

Dis•cern´i•ble , a. [L. discernibilis.] Capable of being discerned by the eye or the understanding; as a star is discernible by the eye; the identity of difference of ideas is discernible by the understanding. “The effect of the privations and sufferings … was discernible to the last in his temper and deportment.” Macaulay. Syn. — Perceptible; distinguishable; apparent; visible; evident; manifest.

Dis•cern´i•ble•ness, n. The quality of being discernible.

Dis•cern´i•bly, adv. In a manner to be discerned; perceptibly; visibly. Hammond.

Dis•cern´ing, a. Acute; shrewd; sagacious; sharp-sighted. Macaulay.

Dis•cern´ing•ly, adv. In a discerning manner; with judgment; judiciously; acutely. Garth.

Dis•cern´ment , n. [Cf. F. discernement.] 1. The act of discerning. 2. The power or faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one thing from another; power of viewing differences in objects, and their relations and tendencies; penetrative and discriminate mental vision; acuteness; sagacity; insight; as the errors of youth often proceed from the want of discernment. Syn. — Judgment; acuteness; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; insight. — Discernment, Penetration, Discrimination. Discernment is keenness and accuracy of mental vision; penetration is the power of seeing deeply into a subject in spite of everything that intercepts the view; discrimination is a capacity of tracing out minute distinctions and the nicest shades of thought. A discerning man is not easily misled; one of a penetrating mind sees a multitude of things which escape others; a discriminating judgment detects the slightest differences.

Dis•cerp´ , v. t. [L. discerpere, discerptum; dis- + carpere to pluck.] 1. To tear in pieces; to rend. [R.] Stukeley. 2. To separate; to disunite. [R.] Bp. Hurd. { Dis•cerp•i•bil´i•ty , Dis•cerp•ti•bil´i•ty }, n. Capability or liableness to be discerped. [R.] Wollaston. { Dis•cerp´i•ble , Dis•cerp´ti•ble }, a. [See Discerp.] Capable of being discerped. [R.]

Dis•cerp´tion , n. [L. discerptio.] The act of pulling to pieces, or of separating the parts. Bp. Hall.

Dis•cerp´tive , a. Tending to separate or disunite parts. Encys. Dict.

Dis•ces´sion , n. [L. discessio, fr. discedere, discessum. See Discede.] Departure. [Obs.]

Dis•charge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discharged p. pr. & vb. n. Discharging.] [OE. deschargen, dischargen, OF. deschargier, F. decharger; pref. des- (L. dis) + chargier, F. charger. See Charge.] 1. To relieve of a charge, load, or burden; to empty of a load or cargo; to unburden; to unload; as to discharge a vessel. 2. To free of the missile with which anything is charged or loaded; to let go the charge of; as to discharge a bow, catapult, etc.; especially, said of firearms, — to fire off; to shoot off; also to relieve from a state of tension, as a Leyden jar. “The galleys also did oftentimes, out of their prows, discharge their great pieces against the city.” Knolles. “Feeling in other cases discharges itself in indirect muscular actions.” H. Spencer. 3. To of something weighing upon or impeding over one, as a debt, claim, obligation, responsibility, accusation, etc.; to absolve; to acquit; to clear. “Discharged of business, void of strife.” Dryden. “In one man’s fault discharge another man of his duty.” L’Estrange. 4. To relieve of an office or employment; to send away from service; to dismiss. “Discharge the common sort
With pay and thanks.” Shak. “Grindal … was discharged the government of his see.” Milton. 5. To release legally from confinement; to set at liberty; as to discharge a prisoner. 6. To put forth, or remove, as a charge or burden; to take out, as that with which anything is loaded or filled; as to discharge a cargo. 7. To let fly, as a missile; to shoot. “They do discharge their shot of courtesy.” Shak. 8. To set aside; to annul; to dismiss. “We say such an order was ´discharged on appeal.´” Mozley & W. “The order for Daly’s attendance was discharged.” Macaulay. 9. To throw off the obligation of, as a duty or debt; to relieve one’s self of, by fulfilling conditions, performing duty, trust, and the like; hence, to perform or execute, as an office, or part. “Had I a hundred tongues, a wit so large
As could their hundred offices discharge.” Dryden. 10. To send away (a creditor) satisfied by payment; to pay one’s debt or obligation to. [Obs.] “If he had
The present money to discharge the Jew.” Shak. 11. To give forth; to emit or send out; as a pipe discharges water; to let fly; to give expression to; to utter; as to discharge a horrible oath. 12. To prohibit; to forbid. [Scot. Obs.] Sir W. Scott. Discharging arch (Arch.), an arch over a door, window, or other opening, to distribute the pressure of the wall above. See Illust. of Lintel. — Discharging piece, Discharging strut (Arch.), a piece set to carry thrust or weight to a solid point of support. — Discharging rod (Elec.), a bent wire, with knobs at both ends, and insulated by a glass handle. It is employed for discharging a Leyden jar or an electrical battery. See Discharger. Syn. — See Deliver.

Dis•charge´, v. i. To throw off or deliver a load, charge, or burden; to unload; to emit or give vent to fluid or other contents; as the water pipe discharges freely. “The cloud, if it were oily or fatty, would not discharge.” Bacon.

Dis•charge´, n. [Cf. F. decharge. See Discharge, v. t.] 1. The act of discharging; the act of relieving of a charge or load; removal of a load or burden; unloading; as the discharge of a ship; discharge of a cargo. 2. Firing off; explosive removal of a charge; explosion; letting off; as a discharge of arrows, of artillery. 3. Act of relieving of something which oppresses or weighs upon one, as an obligation, liability, debt, accusation, etc.; acquittance; as the discharge of a debtor. 4. Act of removing, or getting rid of, an obligation, liability, etc.; fulfillment, as by the payment of a debt, or the performance of a trust or duty. “Indefatigable in the discharge of business.” Motley. “Nothing can absolve us from the discharge of those duties.” L’Estrange. 5. Release or dismissal from an office, employment, etc.; dismission; as the discharge of a workman by his employer. 6. Legal release from confinement; liberation; as the discharge of a prisoner. 7. The state of being discharged or relieved of a debt, obligation, office, and the like; acquittal. “Too secure of our discharge
From penalty.” Milton. 8. That which discharges or releases from an obligation, liability, penalty, etc., as a price of ransom, a legal document. “Death, who sets all free,
Hath paid his ransom now and full discharge.” Milton. 9. A flowing or issuing out; emission; vent; evacuation; also that which is discharged or emitted; as a rapid discharge of water from the pipe. “The hemorrhage being stopped, the next occurrence is a thin serous discharge.” S. Sharp. Charge and discharge. (Equity Practice) See under Charge, n. — Paralytic discharge (Physiol.), the increased secretion from a gland resulting from the cutting of all of its nerves.

Dis•char´ger , n. One who, or that which, discharges. Specifically, in electricity, an instrument for discharging a Leyden jar, or electrical battery, by making a connection between the two surfaces; a discharging rod.

Dis•chev´ele , a. Disheveled. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•church´ , v. t. To deprive of status as a church, or of membership in a church. Bp. Hall.

Dis•cide´ , v. t. [L. discidere; dis- + caedere to cut.] To divide; to cleave in two. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•cif´er•ous , a. [Disc- + -ferous.] Bearing disks. { Dis•ci•flo´ral , Dis•ci•flo´rous } a. [See Disk, and Floral.] (Bot.) Bearing the stamens on a discoid outgrowth of the receptacle; — said of a subclass of plants. Cf. Calycifloral.

Dis´ci•form , a. Discoid.

Dis•ci´na , n. [NL., fr. L. discus disk, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of Branchiopoda, having a disklike shell, attached by one valve, which is perforated by the peduncle.

Dis•cinct , a. [L. discinctus, p. p. of discingere to ungird; dis- + cingere to gird.] Ungirded; loosely dressed. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Dis•cind´ , v. t. [L. discindere; dis- + scindere to cut, split.] To part; to divide. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dis•ci´ple , n. [OE. disciple, deciple, OF. disciple, fr. L. discipulus, fr. discere to learn (akin to docere to teach; see Docile) + prob. a root meaning to turn or drive, as in L. pellere to drive (see Pulse).] One who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in doctrine; as the disciples of Plato; the disciples of our Savior. The disciples, or The twelve disciples, the twelve selected companions of Jesus; — also called the apostles. — Disciples of Christ. See Christian, n., 3, and Campbellite. Syn. — Learner; scholar; pupil; follower; adherent.

Dis•ci´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discipled p. pr. & vb. n. Discipling.] 1. To teach; to train. [Obs.] “That better were in virtues discipled.” Spenser. 2. To punish; to discipline. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. To make disciples of; to convert to doctrines or principles. [R.] “Sending missionaries to disciple all nations.” E. D. Griffin.

Dis•ci´ple•ship, n. The state of being a disciple or follower in doctrines and precepts. Jer. Taylor.

Dis•ci´pless , n. A female disciple. [Obs.]

Dis´ci•plin•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. disciplinable. See Discipline.] 1. Capable of being disciplined or improved by instruction and training. 2. Liable or deserving to be disciplined; subject to disciplinary punishment; as a disciplinable offense.

Dis´ci•plin•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being improvable by discipline. Sir M. Hale.

Dis´ci•plin•al , a. Relating to discipline. Latham.

Dis´ci•plin•ant , n. [See Discipline.] (Eccl. Hist.) A flagellant. See Flagellant.

Dis•ci•plin•a´ri•an , a. Pertaining to discipline. ´Displinarian system.´ Milman.

Dis•ci•plin•a´ri•an, n. 1. One who disciplines; one who excels in training, especially with training, especially with regard to order and obedience; one who enforces rigid discipline; a stickler for the observance of rules and methods of training; as he is a better disciplinarian than scholar. 2. A Puritan or Presbyterian; — because of rigid adherence to religious or church discipline. [Obs.]

Dis´ci•plin•a•ry , a. [LL. disciplinarius flogging: cf. F. disciplinaire.] Pertaining to discipline; intended for discipline; corrective; belonging to a course of training. “Those canons … were only disciplinary.” Bp. Ferne. “The evils of the … are disciplinary and remedial.” Buckminster.

Dis•ci•pline , n. [F. discipline, L. disciplina, from discipulus. See Disciple.] 1. The treatment suited to a disciple or learner; education; development of the faculties by instruction and exercise; training, whether physical, mental, or moral. “Wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity.” Bacon. “Discipline aims at the removal of bad habits and the substitution of good ones, especially those of order, regularity, and obedience.” C. J. Smith. 2. Training to act in accordance with established rules; accustoming to systematic and regular action; drill. “Their wildness lose, and, quitting nature’s part,
Obey the rules and discipline of art.” Dryden. 3. Subjection to rule; submissiveness to order and control; habit of obedience. “The most perfect, who have their passions in the best discipline, are yet obliged to be constantly on their guard.” Rogers. 4. Severe training, corrective of faults; instruction by means of misfortune, suffering, punishment, etc. “A sharp discipline of half a century had sufficed to educate us.” Macaulay. 5. Correction; chastisement; punishment inflicted by way of correction and training. “Giving her the discipline of the strap.” Addison. 6. The subject matter of instruction; a branch of knowledge. Bp. Wilkins. 7. (Eccl.) The enforcement of methods of correction against one guilty of ecclesiastical offenses; reformatory or penal action toward a church member. 8. (R. C. Ch.) Self-inflicted and voluntary corporal punishment, as penance, or otherwise; specifically, a penitential scourge. 9. (Eccl.) A system of essential rules and duties; as the Romish or Anglican discipline. Syn. — Education; instruction; training; culture; correction; chastisement; punishment.

Dis´ci•pline , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disciplined p. pr. & vb. n. Disciplining.] [Cf. LL. disciplinarian to flog, fr. L. disciplina discipline, and F. discipliner to discipline.] 1. To educate; to develop by instruction and exercise; to train. 2. To accustom to regular and systematic action; to bring under control so as to act systematically; to train to act together under orders; to teach subordination to; to form a habit of obedience in; to drill. “Ill armed, and worse disciplined.” Clarendon. “His mind … imperfectly disciplined by nature.” Macaulay. 3. To improve by corrective and penal methods; to chastise; to correct. “Has he disciplined Aufidius soundly?” Shak. 4. To inflict ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. Syn. — To train; form; teach; instruct; bring up; regulate; correct; chasten; chastise; punish.

Dis´ci•plin•er , n. One who disciplines.

Dis•claim´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disclaimed p. pr. & vb. n. Disclaiming.] 1. To renounce all claim to deny; ownership of, or responsibility for; to disown; to disavow; to reject. “He calls the gods to witness their offense;
Disclaims the war, asserts his innocence.” Dryden. “He disclaims the authority of Jesus.” Farmer. 2. To deny, as a claim; to refuse. “The payment was irregularly made, if not disclaimed.” Milman. 3. (Law) To relinquish or deny having a claim; to disavow another’s claim; to decline accepting, as an estate, interest, or office. Burrill. Syn. — To disown; disavow; renounce; repudiate.

Dis•claim´, v. t. To disavow or renounce all part, claim, or share. Blackstone. Disclaim in, Disclaim from, to disown; to disavow. [Obs.] ´Nature disclaims in thee.´ Shak.

Dis•claim´er , n. 1. One who disclaims, disowns, or renounces. 2. (Law) A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust; relinquishment or waiver of an interest or estate. Burrill. 3. A public disavowal, as of pretensions, claims, opinions, and the like. Burke.

Dis•cla•ma´tion , n. A disavowing or disowning. Bp. Hall.

Dis•clame´ , v. t. To disclaim; to expel. [Obs.] ´Money did love disclame.´ Spenser.

Dis•claun´der , v. t. [From OE. disclaundre, n., for sclandre, esclandre, OF. esclandre. See Sclaundre, Slander.] To injure one’s good name; to slander. [Obs.]

Dis•cloak´ , v. t. To take off a cloak from; to uncloak. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dis•close´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disclosed p. pr. & vb. n. Disclosing.] [OE. desclosen, disclosen, fr. disclos, desclos, not shut in, open, OF. desclos, p. p. of desclore to open, F. declore; pref. des- (L. dis-) + clore to shut, fr. L. claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Disclusion.] 1. To unclose; to open; — applied esp. to eggs in the sense of to hatch. “The ostrich layeth her eggs under sand, where the heat of the discloseth them.” Bacon. 2. To remove a cover or envelope from;; to set free from inclosure; to uncover. “The shells being broken, … the stone included in them is thereby disclosed and set at liberty.” Woodward. 3. To lay open or expose to view; to cause to appear; to bring to light; to reveal. “How softly on the Spanish shore she plays,
Disclosing rock, and slope, and forest brown!” Byron. “Her lively looks a sprightly mind disclose.” Pope. 4. To make known, as that which has been kept secret or hidden; to reveal; to expose; as events have disclosed his designs. “If I disclose my passion,
Our friendship ’s an end.” Addison. Syn. — To uncover; open; unveil; discover; reveal; divulge; tell; utter.

Dis•close´, n. Disclosure. [Obs.] Shak. Young.

Dis•closed´ , p. a. (Her.) Represented with wings expanded; — applied to doves and other birds not of prey. Cussans.

Dis•clos´er , n. One who discloses.

Dis•clo´sure ( 135), n. [See Disclose, v. t., and cf. Closure.] 1. The act of disclosing, uncovering, or revealing; bringing to light; exposure. “He feels it [his secret] beating at his heart, rising to his throat, and demanding disclosure.” D. Webster. 2. That which is disclosed or revealed. “Were the disclosures of 1695 forgotten?” Macaulay.

Dis•cloud´ , v. t. To clear from clouds. [Archaic] Fuller.

Dis•clout´ , v. t. To divest of a clout. [R.]

Dis•clu´sion , n. [L. disclusio, fr. discludere, disclusum, to separate. See Disclose.] A shutting off; exclusion. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dis•coast´ , v. i. [Pref. dis- + coast: cf. It. discostare.] To depart; to quit the coast (that is, the side or border) of anything; to be separated. [Obs.] “As far as heaven and earth discoasted lie.” G. Fletcher. “To discoast from the plain and simple way of speech.” Barrow.

Dis•co•blas´tic , a. [Gr. disk + to grow.] (Biol.) Applied to a form of egg cleavage seen in osseous fishes, which occurs only in a small disk that separates from the rest of the egg.

Dis•cob´o•lus , n.; pl. Discoboli (#). [L., fr. Gr. ; a discu + to throw.] (Fine Arts) (a) A thrower of the discus. (b) A statue of an athlete holding the discus, or about to throw it. The Discobolus of Myron was a famous statue of antiquity, and several copies or imitations of it have been preserved.

Dis•co•dac´tyl , n. [See Discodactylia.] (Zoöl.) One of the tree frogs.

Dis•co•dac•tyl´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. disk + finger.] (Zoöl.) A division of amphibians having suctorial disks on the toes, as the tree frogs.

Dis•co•dac´tyl•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Having sucking disks on the toes, as the tree frogs.

Dis•co•her´ent , a. Incoherent. [R.]

Dis´coid , a. [Gr. quoit-shaped, a round plate, quoit + form, shape: cf. F. discoïde. See Disk.] Having the form of a disk, as those univalve shells which have the whorls in one plane, so as to form a disk, as the pearly nautilus. Discoid flower (Bot.), a compound flower, consisting of tubular florets only, as a tansy, lacking the rays which are seen in the daisy and sunflower.

Dis´coid, n. Anything having the form of a discus or disk; particularly, a discoid shell.

Dis•coid´al , a. [Cf. F. discoïdal.] Disk-shaped; discoid.

Dis´co•lith , n. [Gr. a round plate + -lith.] (Biol.) One of a species of coccoliths, having an oval discoidal body, with a thick strongly refracting rim, and a thinner central portion. One of them measures about &frac1x50000; of an inch in its longest diameter.

Dis•col´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discolored p. pr. & vb. n. Discoloring.] [OE. descolouren, OF. descolorer, F. decolorer, fr. L. dis- + cololare, coloratum, to color, color color. See Color.] [Written also discolour.] 1. To alter the natural hue or color of; to change to a different color; to stain; to tinge; as a drop of wine will discolor water; silver is discolored by sea water. 2. To alter the true complexion or appearance of; to put a false hue upon. “To discolor all your ideas.” Watts.

Dis•col´or•ate , v. t. To discolor. [R.] Fuller.

Dis•col•or•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. decoloration.] 1. The act of discoloring, or the state of being discolored; alteration of hue or appearance. Darwin. 2. A discolored spot; a stain. Arbuthnot.

Dis•col´ored , a. 1. Altered in color; stained. 2. Variegated; of divers colors. [R.] “That ever wore discolored arms.” Chapman.

Dis•com´fit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomfited; p. pr. & vb. n. Discomfiting.] [OF. desconfit, p. p. of desconfire, F. deconfire; fr. L. dis- + conficere to make ready, prepare, bring about. See Comfit, Fact.] 1. To scatter in fight; to put to rout; to defeat. “And his proud foes discomfit in victorious field.” Spenser. 2. To break up and frustrate the plans of; to balk to throw into perplexity and dejection; to disconcert. “Well, go with me and be not so discomfited.” Shak. Syn. — To defeat; overthrow; overpower; vanquish; conquer; baffle; frustrate; confound; discourage.

Dis•com´fit, a. Discomfited; overthrown. [Obs.]

Dis•com´fit, n. Rout; overthrow; discomfiture. “Such a discomfit as shall quite despoil him.” Milton.

Dis•com´fi•ture ( 135), n. [OF. desconfiture, F. deconfiture. See Discomfort, v. t., and cf. Comfiture.] The act of discomfiting, or the state of being discomfited; rout; overthrow; defeat; frustration; confusion and dejection. “Every man’s sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.” 1 Sam. xiv. 20. “A hope destined to end … in discomfiture and disgrace.” Macaulay.

Dis•com´fort , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomforted; p. pr. & vb. n. Discomforting.] [OF. desconforter, F. deconforter, to discourage; pref. des- (L dis-) + conforter. See Comfort.] 1. To discourage; to deject. “His funeral shall not be in our camp,
Lest it discomfort us.” Shak. 2. To destroy or disturb the comfort of; to deprive of quiet enjoyment; to make uneasy; to pain; as a smoky chimney discomforts a family.

Dis•com´fort, n. [OF. desconfort, F. deconfort. See Discomfort, v. t.] 1. Discouragement. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Want of comfort; uneasiness, mental or physical; disturbance of peace; inquietude; pain; distress; sorrow. ´An age of spiritual discomfort.´ M. Arnold. “Strive against all the discomforts of thy sufferings.” Bp. Hall.

Dis•com´fort•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. desconfortable.] 1. Causing discomfort; occasioning uneasiness; making sad. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. Destitute of comfort; uncomfortable. [R.] “A labyrinth of little discomfortable garrets.” Thackeray. — Dis•com´fort•a•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

Dis•com•mend´ , v. t. 1. To mention with disapprobation; to blame; to disapprove. [R.] Spenser. “By commending something in him that is good, and discommending the same fault in others.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To expose to censure or ill favor; to put out of the good graces of any one. “A compliance will discommend me to Mr. Coventry.” Pepys.

Dis•com•mend´a•ble (dis•kom•mend´a•b’l), a. Deserving, disapprobation or blame. — Dis•com•mend´a•ble•ness, n.

Dis•com•men•da´tion , n. Blame; censure; reproach. [R.] Ayliffe.

Dis•com•mend´er , n. One who discommends; a dispraiser. Johnson.

Dis•com•mis´sion , v. t. To deprive of a commission or trust. [R.] Laud.

Dis•com´mo•date , v. t. [L. dis- + commodatus, p. p. of commodare to make fit or suitable, fr. commodus fit, commodious. See Commodious, and cf. Discommode.] To discommode. [Obs.] Howell.

Dis•com•mode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discommoded; p. pr. & vb. n. Discommoding.] [See Discommodate.] To put inconvenience; to incommode; to trouble. [R.] Syn. — To incommode; annoy; inconvenience.

Dis•com•mo´di•ous , a. Inconvenient; troublesome; incommodious. [R.] Spenser. — Dis•com•mo´di•ous•ly, adv. — Dis•com•mo´di•ous•ness, n.

Dis•com•mod´i•ty , n. Disadvantage; inconvenience. Bacon.

Dis•com´mon , v. t. 1. To deprive of the right of common. [R.] Bp. Hall. 2. To deprive of privileges. [R.] T. Warton. 3. (Law) To deprive of commonable quality, as lands, by inclosing or appropriating. Burrill.

Dis•com•mu´ni•ty , n. A lack of common possessions, properties, or relationship. “Community of embryonic structure reveals community of descent; but dissimilarity of embryonic development does not prove discommunity of descent.” Darwin.

Dis•com´pa•ny , v. t. To free from company; to dissociate. [R.] “It she be alone now, and discompanied.” B. Jonson.

Dis•com•plex´ion , v. t. To change the complexion or hue of. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dis•com•pli´ance , n. Failure or refusal to comply; noncompliance. “A compliance will discommend me to Mr. Coventry, and a discompliance to my lord chancellor.” Pepys.

Dis•com•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomposed p. pr. & vb. n. Discomposing.] [Pref. dis- + compose: cf. OF. decomposer, F. decomposer.] 1. To disarrange; to interfere with; to disturb; to disorder; to unsettle; to break up. “Or discomposed the headdress of a prude.” Pope. 2. To throw into disorder; to ruffle; to destroy the composure or equanimity; to agitate. “Opposition … discomposeth the mind’s serenity.” Glanvill. 3. To put out of place or service; to discharge; to displace. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — To disorder; derange; unsettle; disturb; disconcert; agitate; ruffle; fret; vex.

Dis•com•posed´ , a. Disordered; disturbed; disquieted. — Dis•com•pos´ed•ly (#), adv. — Dis•com•pos´ed•ness, n.

Dis•com•po•si´tion , n. Inconsistency; discordance. [Obs.] Donne.

Dis•com•po´sure ( 135), n. 1. The state of being discomposed; disturbance; disorder; agitation; perturbation. “No discomposure stirred her features.” Akenside. 2. Discordance; disagreement of parts. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dis•compt´ , v. t. [See Discount.] To discount. See Discount. Hudibras.

Dis•con•cert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disconcerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disconcerting.] [Pref. dis- + concert: cf. OF. desconcerter, F. deconcerter.] 1. To break up the harmonious progress of; to throw into disorder or confusion; as the emperor disconcerted the plans of his enemy. 2. To confuse the faculties of; to disturb the composure of; to discompose; to abash. “The embrace disconcerted the daughter-in-law somewhat, as the caresses of old gentlemen unshorn and perfumed with tobacco might well do.” Thackeray. Syn. — To discompose; derange; ruffle; confuse; disturb; defeat; frustrate.

Dis•con•cert´ , n. Want of concert; disagreement. Sir W. Temple.

Dis•con•cer´tion , n. The act of disconcerting, or state of being disconcerted; discomposure; perturbation. [R.] State Trials (1794).

Dis•con•du´cive , a. Not conductive; impeding; disadvantageous. [R.]

Dis•con•form´a•ble , a. Not conformable. “Disconformable in religion from us.” Stow (1603).

Dis•con•form´i•ty , n. Want of conformity or correspondence; inconsistency; disagreement. “Those … in some disconformity to ourselves.” Milton. “Disagreement and disconformity betwixt the speech and the conception of the mind.” Hakewill.

Dis•con•gru´i•ty , n. Incongruity; disagreement; unsuitableness. Sir M. Hale.

Dis•con•nect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disconnected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disconnecting.] To dissolve the union or connection of; to disunite; to sever; to separate; to disperse. “The commonwealth itself would … be disconnected into the dust and powder of individuality.” Burke. “This restriction disconnects bank paper and the precious metals.” Walsh.

Dis•con•nec´tion , n. The act of disconnecting, or state of being disconnected; separation; want of union. “Nothing was therefore to be left in all the subordinate members but weakness, disconnection, and confusion.” Burke.

Dis•con´se•crate , v. t. To deprive of consecration or sacredness. [R.]

Dis•con•sent´ (dis•kon•sent´), v. i. To differ; to disagree; to dissent. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•con´so•la•cy , n. The state of being disconsolate. [Obs.] Barrow.

Dis•con´so•late , n. Disconsolateness. [Obs.] Barrow.

Dis•con´so•late , a. [LL. disconsolatus; L. dis- + consolatus, p. p. of consolari to console. See Console, v. t.] 1. Destitute of consolation; deeply dejected and dispirited; hopelessly sad; comfortless; filled with grief; as a bereaved and disconsolate parent. “One morn a Peri at the gate
Of Eden stood disconsolate.” Moore. “The ladies and the knights, no shelter nigh,
Were dropping wet, disconsolate and wan.” Dryden. 2. Inspiring dejection; saddening; cheerless; as the disconsolate darkness of the winter nights. Ray. Syn. — Forlorn; melancholy; sorrowful; desolate; woeful; hopeless; gloomy. — Dis•con´so•late•ly, adv. — Dis•con´so•late•ness, n.

Dis•con´so•la•ted , a. Disconsolate. [Obs.] “A poor, disconsolated, drooping creature.” Sterne.

Dis•con•so•la´tion , n. Dejection; grief. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•con•tent´ (dis•kon•tent´), a. Not content; discontented; dissatisfied. Jer. Taylor. “Passion seemed to be much discontent, but Patience was very quiet.” Bunyan.

Dis•con•tent´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discontented; p. pr. & vb. n. Discontenting.] To deprive of content; to make uneasy; to dissatisfy. Suckling.

Dis•con•tent´, n. 1. Want of content; uneasiness and inquietude of mind; dissatisfaction; disquiet. “Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York.” Shak. “The rapacity of his father’s administration had excited such universal discontent.” Hallam 2. A discontented person; a malcontent. [R.] “Thus was the Scotch nation full of discontents.” Fuller.

Dis•con•ten•ta´tion , n. Discontent. [Obs.] Ascham.

Dis•con•tent´ed , p. p. & a. Dissatisfied; uneasy in mind; malcontent. “And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him.” 1 Sam. xxii. 2. — Dis•con•tent´ed•ly, adv. — Dis•con•tent´ed•ness, n.

Dis•con•tent´ful , a. Full of discontent. [R.]

Dis•con•tent´ing, a. 1. Discontented. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Causing discontent; dissatisfying. Milton.

Dis•con•tent´ive , a. Relating or tending to discontent. [R.] ´Pride is ever discontentive.´ Feltham.

Dis•con•tent´ment , n. The state of being discontented; uneasiness; inquietude. Bacon.

Dis•con•tin´u•a•ble , a. Admitting of being discontinued. [R.]

Dis•con•tin´u•ance , n. 1. The act of discontinuing, or the state of being discontinued; want of continued connection or continuity; breaking off; cessation; interruption; as a discontinuance of conversation or intercourse; discontinuance of a highway or of travel. 2. (Law) (a) A breaking off or interruption of an estate, which happened when an alienation was made by a tenant in tail, or other tenant, seized in right of another, of a larger estate than the tenant was entitled to, whereby the party ousted or injured was driven to his real action, and could not enter. This effect of such alienation is now obviated by statute in both England and the United States. (b) The termination of an action in practice by the voluntary act of the plaintiff; an entry on the record that the plaintiff discontinues his action. (c) That technical interruption of the proceedings in pleading in an action, which follows where a defendant does not answer the whole of the plaintiff’s declaration, and the plaintiff omits to take judgment for the part unanswered. Wharton’s Law Dict. Burrill. Syn. — Cessation; intermission; discontinuation; separation; disunion; disjunction; disruption; break.

Dis•con•tin•u•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. discontinuation.] Breach or interruption of continuity; separation of parts in a connected series; discontinuance. “Upon any discontinuation of parts, made either by bubbles or by shaking the glass, the whole mercury falls.” Sir I. Newton.

Dis•con•tin´ue , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discontinued p. pr. & vb. n. Discontinuing.] [Cf. F. discontinuer.] To interrupt the continuance of; to intermit, as a practice or habit; to put an end to; to cause to cease; to cease using, to stop; to leave off. “Set up their conventicles again, which had been discontinued.” Bp. Burnet. “I have discontinued school
Above a twelvemonth.” Shak. “Taught the Greek tongue, discontinued before in these parts the space of seven hundred years.” Daniel. “They modify and discriminate the voice, without appearing to discontinue it.” Holder.

Dis•con•tin´ue, v. i. 1. To lose continuity or cohesion of parts; to be disrupted or broken off. Bacon. 2. To be separated or severed; to part. “Thyself shalt discontinue from thine heritage.” Jer. xvii. 4.

Dis•con•tin•u•ee´ , n. (Law) One whose possession of an estate is broken off, or discontinued; one whose estate is subject to discontinuance.

Dis•con•tin´u•er , n. One who discontinues, or breaks off or away from; an absentee. “He was no gadder abroad, not discontinuer from his convent for a long time.” Fuller.

Dis•con•ti•nu´i•ty , n. Want of continuity or cohesion; disunion of parts. ´Discontinuity of surface.´ Boyle.

Dis•con•tin´u•or , n. (Law) One who deprives another of the possession of an estate by discontinuance. See Discontinuance, 2.

Dis•con•tin´u•ous , a. 1. Not continuous; interrupted; broken off. “A path that is zigzag, discontinuous, and intersected at every turn by human negligence.” De Quincey. 2. Exhibiting a dissolution of continuity; gaping. ´Discontinuous wound.´ Milton. Discontinuous function (Math.), a function which for certain values or between certain values of the variable does not vary continuously as the variable increases. The discontinuity may, for example, consist of an abrupt change in the value of the function, or an abrupt change in its law of variation, or the function may become imaginary.

Dis•con•ven´ience , n. Unsuitableness; incongruity. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•con•ven´ient , a. Not convenient or congruous; unsuitable; ill-adapted. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds.

Dis•coph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. disk + to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of acalephs or jellyfishes, including most of the large disklike species. — Dis•coph´o•rous (#), a.

Dis´cord , n. [OE. discord, descord, OF. discorde, descorde, F. discorde, from L. discordia, fr. discors, - cordis, discordant, disagreeable; dis- + cor, cordis, heart; cf. F. discord, n., and OF. descorder, discorder, F. discorder, to discord, L. discordare, from discors. See Heart, and cf. Discord, v. i.] 1. Want of concord or agreement; absence of unity or harmony in sentiment or action; variance leading to contention and strife; disagreement; — applied to persons or to things, and to thoughts, feelings, or purposes. “A false witness that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren.” Prov. vi. 19. “Peace to arise out of universal discord fomented in all parts of the empire.” Burke. 2. (Mus.) Union of musical sounds which strikes the ear harshly or disagreeably, owing to the incommensurability of the vibrations which they produce; want of musical concord or harmony; a chord demanding resolution into a concord. “For a discord itself is but a harshness of divers sounds ming.” Bacon. Apple of discord. See under Apple. Syn. — Variance; difference; opposition; contrariety; clashing; dissension; contention; strife; disagreement; dissonance.

Dis•cord´ , v. i. [OE. discorden, descorden, from the French. See Discord, n.] To disagree; to be discordant; to jar; to clash; not to suit. [Obs.] “The one discording with the other.” Bacon.

Dis•cord´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. descordable.] That may produce discord; disagreeing; discordant. [R.] Halliwell. { Dis•cord´ance , Dis•cord´an•cy } n. [Cf. F. discordance.] State or quality of being discordant; disagreement; inconsistency. “There will arise a thousand discordances of opinion.” I. Taylor.

Dis•cord´ant , a. [OE. discordant, descordaunt, OF. descordant, discordant, F. discordant, p. pr. of discorder, OF. also descorder. See Discord, n.] 1. Disagreeing; incongruous; being at variance; clashing; opposing; not harmonious. “The discordant elements out of which the emperor had compounded his realm did not coalesce.” Motley. 2. [See Discord, n., 2.] (Mus.) Dissonant; not in harmony or musical concord; harsh; jarring; as discordant notes or sounds. “For still their music seemed to start
Discordant echoes in each heart.” Longfellow. 3. (Geol.) Said of strata which lack conformity in direction of bedding, either as in unconformability, or as caused by a fault. Syn. — Disagreeing; incongruous; contradictory; repugnant; opposite; contrary; inconsistent; dissonant; harsh; jarring; irreconcilable. — Dis•cord´ant•ly, adv. — Dis•cord´ant•ness, n. [R.]

Dis•cord´ful , a. Full of discord; contentious. [Obs.] ´His discordful dame.´ Spenser.

Dis•cord´ous , a. Full of discord. [Obs.]

Dis•cor´po•rate , a. Deprived of the privileges or form of a body corporate. [Obs.] Jas. II.

Dis•cor•re•spond´ent , a. Incongruous. W. Montagu.

Dis•cost´ , v. i. Same as Discoast. [Obs.]

Dis•coun´sel , v. t. [Pref. dis- + counsel: cf. OF. desconseiller.] To dissuade. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis´count ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Discounting.] [OF. desconter, descompter, to deduct, F. decompter to discount; pref. des- (L. dis-) + conter, compter. See Count, v.] 1. To deduct from an account, debt, charge, and the like; to make an abatement of; as merchants sometimes discount five or six per cent for prompt payment of bills. 2. To lend money upon, deducting the discount or allowance for interest; as the banks discount notes and bills of exchange. “Discount only unexceptionable paper.” Walsh. 3. To take into consideration beforehand; to anticipate and form conclusions concerning (an event). 4. To leave out of account; to take no notice of. [R.] “Of the three opinions (I discount Brown’s).” Sir W. Hamilton.

Dis´count ( 277), v. i. To lend, or make a practice of lending, money, abating the discount; as the discount for sixty or ninety days.

Dis´count , n. [Cf. F. decompte. See Discount, v. t.] 1. A counting off or deduction made from a gross sum on any account whatever; an allowance upon an account, debt, demand, price asked, and the like; something taken or deducted. 2. A deduction made for interest, in advancing money upon, or purchasing, a bill or note not due; payment in advance of interest upon money. 3. The rate of interest charged in discounting. At a discount, below par, or below the nominal value; hence, colloquially, out of favor; poorly esteemed; depreciated. — Bank discount, a sum equal to the interest at a given rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time of discounting until it become due. — Discount broker, one who makes a business of discounting commercial paper; a bill broker. — Discount day, a particular day of the week when a bank discounts bills. — True discount, the interest which, added to a principal, will equal the face of a note when it becomes due. The principal yielding this interest is the present value of the note.

Dis•count´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or suitable to be, discounted; as certain forms are necessary to render notes discountable at a bank.

Dis•coun´te•nance , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discountenanced p. pr. & vb. n. Discountenancing ] [Pref. dis- + countenance: cf. OF. descontenancer, F. decontenancer.] 1. To ruffle or discompose the countenance of; to put of countenance; to put to shame; to abash. “How would one look from his majestic brow …
Discountenance her despised!” Milton. “The hermit was somewhat discountenanced by this observation.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To refuse to countenance, or give the support of one’s approval to; to give one’s influence against; to restrain by cold treatment; to discourage. “A town meeting was convened to discountenance riot.” Bancroft.

Dis•coun´te•nance, n. Unfavorable aspect; unfriendly regard; cold treatment; disapprobation; whatever tends to check or discourage. “He thought a little discountenance on those persons would suppress that spirit.” Clarendon.

Dis•coun´te•nan•cer , n. One who discountenances; one who disfavors. Bacon.

Dis´count•er , n. One who discounts; a discount broker. Burke.

Dis•cour´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discouraged p. pr. & vb. n. Discouraging ] [Pref. dis- + courage: cf. OF. descoragier, F. decourager: pref. des- (L. dis-) + corage, F. courage. See Courage.] 1. To extinguish the courage of; to dishearten; to depress the spirits of; to deprive of confidence; to deject; — the opposite of encourage; as he was discouraged in his undertaking; he need not be discouraged from a like attempt. “Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged.” Col. iii. 21. 2. To dishearten one with respect to; to discountenance; to seek to check by disfavoring; to deter one from; as they discouraged his efforts. Syn. — To dishearten; dispirit; depress; deject; dissuade; disfavor.

Dis•cour´age, n. Lack of courage; cowardliness.

Dis•cour´age•a•ble , a. Capable of being discouraged; easily disheartened. Bp. Hall.

Dis•cour´age•ment , n. [Cf. OF. descouragement, F. decouragement.] 1. The act of discouraging, or the state of being discouraged; depression or weakening of confidence; dejection. 2. That which discourages; that which deters, or tends to deter, from an undertaking, or from the prosecution of anything; a determent; as the revolution was commenced under every possible discouragement. ´Discouragements from vice.´ Swift.

Dis•cour´a•ger , n. One who discourages. “The promoter of truth and the discourager of error.” Sir G. C. Lewis.

Dis•cour´a•ging , a. Causing or indicating discouragement. — Dis•cour´a•ging•ly, adv.

Dis•coure´ , v. t. To discover. [Obs.] “That none might her discoure.” Spenser.

Dis•course´ , n. [L. discursus a running to and fro, discourse, fr. discurrere, discursum, to run to and fro, to discourse; dis- + currere to run: cf. F. discours. See Course.] 1. The power of the mind to reason or infer by running, as it were, from one fact or reason to another, and deriving a conclusion; an exercise or act of this power; reasoning; range of reasoning faculty. [Obs.] “Difficult, strange, and harsh to the discourses of natural reason.” South. “Sure he that made us with such large discourse,
Looking before and after, gave us not
That capability and godlike reason
To fust in us unused.” Shak. 2. Conversation; talk. “In their discourses after supper.” Shak. “Filling the head with variety of thoughts, and the mouth with copious discourse.” Locke. 3. The art and manner of speaking and conversing. “Of excellent breeding, admirable discourse.” Shak. 4. Consecutive speech, either written or unwritten, on a given line of thought; speech; treatise; dissertation; sermon, etc.; as the preacher gave us a long discourse on duty. 5. Dealing; transaction. [Obs.] “Good Captain Bessus, tell us the discourse
Betwixt Tigranes and our king, and how
We got the victory.” Beau. & Fl.

Dis•course´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Discoursed p. pr. & vb. n. Discoursing.] 1. To exercise reason; to employ the mind in judging and inferring; to reason. [Obs.] ´Have sense or can discourse.´ Dryden. 2. To express one’s self in oral discourse; to expose one’s views; to talk in a continuous or formal manner; to hold forth; to speak; to converse. “Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear.” Shak. 3. To relate something; to tell. Shak. 4. To treat of something in writing and formally.

Dis•course´, v. t. 1. To treat of; to expose or set forth in language. [Obs.] “The life of William Tyndale … is sufficiently and at large discoursed in the book.” Foxe. 2. To utter or give forth; to speak. “It will discourse most eloquent music.” Shak. 3. To talk to; to confer with. [Obs.] “I have spoken to my brother, who is the patron, to discourse the minister about it.” Evelyn.

Dis•cours´er , n. 1. One who discourse; a narrator; a speaker; an haranguer. “In his conversation he was the most clear discourser.” Milward. 2. The writer of a treatise or dissertation. “Philologers and critical discoursers.” Sir T. Browne.

Dis•cours´ive , a. [See Discursive.] 1. Reasoning; characterized by reasoning; passing from premises to consequences; discursive. Milton. 2. Containing dialogue or conversation; interlocutory. “The epic is everywhere interlaced with dialogue or discoursive scenes.” Dryden. 3. Inclined to converse; conversable; communicative; as a discoursive man. [R.]

Dis•cours´ive, n. The state or quality of being discoursive or able to reason. [R.] Feltham.

Dis•cour´te•ous ( see Courteous, 277), a. [Pref. dis- + courteous: cf. OF. discortois.] Uncivil; rude; wanting in courtesy or good manners; uncourteous. — Dis•cour´te•ous•ly, adv. — Dis•cour´te•ous•ness, n.

Dis•cour´te•sy , n. [Pref. dis- + courtesy: cf. OF. descourtoisie.] Rudeness of behavior or language; ill manners; manifestation of disrespect; incivility. “Be calm in arguing; for fierceness makes
Error a fault, and truth discourtesy.” Herbert.

Dis•court´ship , n. Want of courtesy. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Disc´ous , a. [L. discus disk. See Disk.] Disklike; discoid.

Dis•cov´e•nant , v. t. To dissolve covenant with.

Dis•cov´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discovered p. pr. & vb. n. Discovering.] [OE. discoveren, discuren, descuren, OF. descovrir, descouvrir, F. decouvrir; des- (L. dis-) + couvrir to cover. See Cover.] 1. To uncover. [Obs.] “Whether any man hath pulled down or discovered any church.” Abp. Grindal. 2. To disclose; to lay open to view; to make visible; to reveal; to make known; to show (what has been secret, unseen, or unknown). “Go, draw aside the curtains, and discover
The several caskets to this noble prince.” Shak. “Prosperity doth best discover vice; but adversity doth best discover virtue.” Bacon. “We will discover ourselves unto them.” 1 Sam. xiv. 8. “Discover not a secret to another.” Prov. xxv. 9. 3. To obtain for the first time sight or knowledge of, as of a thing existing already, but not perceived or known; to find; to ascertain; to espy; to detect. “Some to discover islands far away.” Shak. 4. To manifest without design; to show. “The youth discovered a taste for sculpture.” C. J. Smith. 5. To explore; to examine. [Obs.] Syn. — To disclose; bring out; exhibit; show; manifest; reveal; communicate; impart; tell; espy; find; out; detect. — To Discover, Invent. We discover what existed before, but remained unknown; we invent by forming combinations which are either entirely new, or which attain their end by means unknown before. Columbus discovered America; Newton discovered the law of gravitation; Whitney invented the cotton gin; Galileo invented the telescope.

Dis•cov´er, v. i. To discover or show one’s self. [Obs.] “This done, they discover.” Decker. “Nor was this the first time that they discovered to be followers of this world.” Milton.

Dis•cov•er•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being discoverable. [R.] Carlyle.

Dis•cov´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being discovered, found out, or perceived; as many minute animals are discoverable only by the help of the microscope; truths discoverable by human industry.

Dis•cov´er•er , n. 1. One who discovers; one who first comes to the knowledge of something; one who discovers an unknown country, or a new principle, truth, or fact. “The discoverers and searchers of the land.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A scout; an explorer. Shak.

Dis•cov´er•ment, n. Discovery. [Obs.]

Dis•cov´ert , a. [Cf. F. decouvert uncovered, OF. descovert. See Discover, Covert.] (Law) Not covert; not within the bonds of matrimony; unmarried; — applied either to a woman who has never married or to a widow.

Dis•cov´ert, n. An uncovered place or part. [Obs.] At discovert, uncovered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•cov´er•ture ( 135), n. [Pref. dis- + coverture: cf. OF. descoverture.] 1. Discovery. [Obs.] 2. (Law) A state of being released from coverture; freedom of a woman from the coverture of a husband.

Dis•cov´er•y , n.; pl. Discoveries . 1. The action of discovering; exposure to view; laying open; showing; as the discovery of a plot. 2. A making known; revelation; disclosure; as a bankrupt is bound to make a full discovery of his assets. “In the clear discoveries of the next [world].” South. 3. Finding out or ascertaining something previously unknown or unrecognized; as Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of the blood. “A brilliant career of discovery and conquest.” Prescott. “We speak of the ´invention´ of printing, the discovery of America.” Trench. 4. That which is discovered; a thing found out, or for the first time ascertained or recognized; as the properties of the magnet were an important discovery. 5. Exploration; examination. [Obs.]

Dis•cra´dle , v. t. To take from a cradle. [R.] “This airy apparition first discradled
From Tournay into Portugal.” Ford.

Dis•cred´it , n. [Cf. F. discredit.] 1. The act of discrediting or disbelieving, or the state of being discredited or disbelieved; as later accounts have brought the story into discredit. 2. Hence, some degree of dishonor or disesteem; ill repute; reproach; — applied to persons or things. “It is the duty of every Christian to be concerned for the reputation or discredit his life may bring on his profession.” Rogers. Syn. — Disesteem; disrepute; dishonor; disgrace; ignominy; scandal; disbelief; distrust.

Dis•cred´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discredited; p. pr. & vb. n. Discrediting.] [Cf. F. discrediter.] 1. To refuse credence to; not to accept as true; to disbelieve; as the report is discredited. 2. To deprive of credibility; to destroy confidence or trust in; to cause disbelief in the accuracy or authority of. “An occasion might be given to the … papists of discrediting our common English Bible.” Strype. 2. To deprive of credit or good repute; to bring reproach upon; to make less reputable; to disgrace. “He… least discredits his travels who returns the same man he went.” Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•cred´it•a•ble , a. Not creditable; injurious to reputation; disgraceful; disreputable. — Dis•cred´it•a•bly, adv.

Dis•cred´it•or , n. One who discredits.

Dis•creet´ , a. [Compar. Discreeter superl. Discreetest.] [F. discret, L. discretus separated (whence the meaning reserved, prudent), p. p. of discernere. See Discern, and cf. Discrete.] 1. Possessed of discernment, especially in avoiding error or evil, and in the adaptation of means to ends; prudent; sagacious; judicious; not rash or heedless; cautious. “It is the discreet man, not the witty, nor the learned, nor the brave, who guides the conversation, and gives measures to society.” Addison. “Satire ’s my weapon, but I ’m too discreet
To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet.” Pope. “The sea is silent, the sea is discreet.” Longfellow. 2. Differing; distinct. [Obs.] Spenser. — Dis•creet´ly, adv. — Dis•creet´ness, n. { Dis•crep´ance ( 277), Dis•crep´an•cy } n.; pl. -ances (#), -ancies (#). [L. disrepantia: cf. OF. discrepance. See Discrepant.] The state or quality of being discrepant; disagreement; variance; discordance; dissimilarity; contrariety. “There hath been ever a discrepance of vesture of youth and age, men and women.” Sir T. Elyot. “There is no real discrepancy between these two genealogies.” G. S. Faber.

Dis•crep´ant , a. [L. discrepans, -antis, p. pr. of discrepare to sound differently or discordantly; dis- + crepare to rattle, creak: cf. OF. discrepant. See Crepitate.] Discordant; at variance; disagreeing; contrary; different. “The Egyptians were … the most oddly discrepant from the rest in their manner of worship.” Cudworth.

Dis•crep´ant, n. A dissident. J. Taylor.

Dis•crete´ , a. [L. discretus, p. p. of discernere. See Discreet.] 1. Separate; distinct; disjunct. Sir M. Hale. 2. Disjunctive; containing a disjunctive or discretive clause; as ´I resign my life, but not my honor,´ is a discrete proposition. 3. (Bot.) Separate; not coalescent; — said of things usually coalescent. Discrete movement. See Concrete movement of the voice, under Concrete, a. — Discrete proportion, proportion where the ratio of the means is different from that of either couplet; as 3:6::8:16, 3 bearing the same proportion to 6 as 8 does to 16. But 3 is not to 6 as 6 to 8. It is thus opposed to continued or continual proportion; as 3:6::12:24. — Discrete quantity, that which must be divided into units, as number, and is opposed to continued quantity, as duration, or extension.

Dis•crete´, v. t. To separate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•crete´ly, adv. Separately; disjunctively.

Dis•cre´tion , n. [F. discretion, L. discretio separation, difference, discernment, fr. discernere, discretum. See Discreet, Discern.] 1. Disjunction; separation. [Obs.] Mede. 2. The quality of being discreet; wise conduct and management; cautious discernment, especially as to matters of propriety and self-control; prudence; circumspection; wariness. “The better part of valor is discretion.” Shak. “The greatest parts without discretion may be fatal to their owner.” Hume. 3. Discrimination. “Well spoken, with good accent and good discretion.” Shak. 4. Freedom to act according to one’s own judgment; unrestrained exercise of choice or will. At discretion, without conditions or stipulations. { Dis•cre´tion•al , Dis•cre´tion•a•ry , }[Cf. F. discretionnaire.] Left to discretion; unrestrained except by discretion or judgment; as an ambassador with discretionary powers. { Dis•cre´tion•al•ly , Dis•cre´tion•a•ri•ly } adv. At discretion; according to one’s discretion or judgment.

Dis•cre´tive , a. [L. discretivus. See Discrete.] Marking distinction or separation; disjunctive. Discretive proposition (Logic & Gram.), one that expresses distinction, opposition, or variety, by means of discretive particles, as but, though, yet, etc.; as travelers change their climate, but not their temper.

Dis•cre´tive•ly, adv. In a discretive manner.

Dis•crim´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being discriminated. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dis•crim´i•nal , a. [L. discriminalis serving to divide.] In palmistry, applied to the line which marks the separation between the hand and the arm.

Dis•crim´i•nant , n. [L. discriminans, p. pr. of discriminare.] (Math.) The eliminant of the n partial differentials of any homogenous function of n variables. See Eliminant.

Dis•crim´i•nate , a. [L. discriminatus, p. p. of discriminare to divide, separate, fr. discrimen division, distinction, decision, fr. discernere. See Discern, and cf. Criminate.] Having the difference marked; distinguished by certain tokens. Bacon.

Dis•crim´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discriminated p. pr. & vb. n. Discriminating ] To set apart as being different; to mark as different; to separate from another by discerning differences; to distinguish. Cowper. “To discriminate the goats from the sheep.” Barrow.

Dis•crim´i•nate , v. i. 1. To make a difference or distinction; to distinguish accurately; as in judging of evidence, we should be careful to discriminate between probability and slight presumption. 2. (a) To treat unequally. (b) (Railroads) To impose unequal tariffs for substantially the same service.

Dis•crim´i•nate•ly , adv. In a discriminating manner; distinctly.

Dis•crim´i•nate•ness, n. The state of being discriminated; distinctness.

Dis•crim´i•na•ting , a. Marking a difference; distinguishing. — Dis•crim´i•na•ting•ly, adv. “And finds with keen discriminating sight,
Black’s not so black; — nor white so very white.” Canning.

Dis•crim•i•na´tion , n. [L. discriminatio the contrasting of opposite thoughts.] 1. The act of discriminating, distinguishing, or noting and marking differences. “To make an anxious discrimination between the miracle absolute and providential.” Trench. 2. The state of being discriminated, distinguished, or set apart. Sir J. Reynolds. 3. (Railroads) The arbitrary imposition of unequal tariffs for substantially the same service. “A difference in rates, not based upon any corresponding difference in cost, constitutes a case of discrimination.” A. T. Hadley. 4. The quality of being discriminating; faculty of nicely distinguishing; acute discernment; as to show great discrimination in the choice of means. 5. That which discriminates; mark of distinction. Syn. — Discernment; penetration; clearness; acuteness; judgment; distinction. See Discernment.

Dis•crim´i•na•tive , a. 1. Marking a difference; distinguishing; distinctive; characteristic. “That peculiar and discriminative form of life.” Johnson. 2. Observing distinctions; making differences; discriminating. ´Discriminative censure.´ J. Foster. ´Discriminative Providence.´ Dr. H. More.

Dis•crim´i•na•tive•ly, adv. With discrimination or distinction. J. Foster.

Dis•crim´i•na•tor , n. [LL.] One who discriminates.

Dis•crim´i•na•to•ry , a. Discriminative.

Dis•crim´i•nous , a. [LL. discriminosus, fr. L. discrimen the dangerous, decisive moment. See Discriminate, a.] Hazardous; dangerous. [Obs.] Harvey.

Dis•crive´ , v. t. [OF. descrivre. See Describe.] To describe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•crown´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discrowned p. pr. & vb. n. Discrowning.] To deprive of a crown. “The end had crowned the work; it not unreasonably discrowned the workman.” Motley.

Dis•cru´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discruciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Discruciating.] [L. discruciatus, p. p. of discruciare. See Cruciate.] To torture; to excruciate. [Obs.] “Discruciate a man in deep distress.” Herrick.

Dis•cu´bi•to•ry , a. [L. discumbere, discubitum, to lie down, recline at table; dis- + cumbere (in comp.) to lie down.] Leaning; fitted for a reclining posture. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•cul´pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disculpated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disculpating.] [LL. disculpatus, p. p. of disculpare to disculpate; dis- + L. culpare to blame, culpa fault.] To free from blame or the imputation of a fault; to exculpate. “I almost fear you think I begged it, but I can disculpate myself.” Walpole.

Dis•cul•pa´tion , n. [Cf. F. disculpation.] Exculpation. Burke.

Dis•cul´pa•to•ry , a. Tending to exculpate; exculpatory.

Dis•cum´ben•cy , n. [From L. discumbens, p. pr. of discumbere. See Discubitory.] The act of reclining at table according to the manner of the ancients at their meals. Sir T. Browne.

Dis•cum´ber , v. t. [Pref. dis- + cumber: cf. OF. descombrer.] To free from that which cumbers or impedes; to disencumber. [Archaic] Pope.

Dis•cure´ , v. t. [See Discover.] To discover; to reveal; to discoure. [Obs.] “I will, if please you it discure, assay
To ease you of that ill, so wisely as I may.” Spenser.

Dis•cur´rent , a. Not current or free to circulate; not in use. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Dis•cur´sion , n. [LL. discursio a running different ways. See Discourse.] The act of discoursing or reasoning; range, as from thought to thought. Coleridge.

Dis•cur´sist, n. A discourser. [Obs.] L. Addison.

Dis•cur´sive , a. [Cf. F. discursif. See Discourse, and cf. Discoursive.] 1. Passing from one thing to another; ranging over a wide field; roving; digressive; desultory. ´Discursive notices.´ De Quincey. “The power he [Shakespeare] delights to show is not intense, but discursive.” Hazlitt. “A man rather tacit than discursive.” Carlyle. 2. Reasoning; proceeding from one ground to another, as in reasoning; argumentative. “Reason is her being,
Discursive or intuitive.” Milton. — Dis•cur´sive•ly, adv. — Dis•cur´sive•ness, n.

Dis•cur•so•ry , a. Argumentative; discursive; reasoning. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•cur´sus , n. [L.] (Logic) Argumentation; ratiocination; discursive reasoning.

Dis´cus , n.; pl. E. Discuses (#), L. Disci (#). [L. See Disk.] 1. (a) A quoit; a circular plate of some heavy material intended to be pitched or hurled as a trial of strength and skill. (b) The exercise with the discus. This among the Greeks was one of the chief gymnastic exercises and was included in the Pentathlon (the contest of the five exercises). The chief contest was that of throwing the discus to the greatest possible distance. 2. A disk. See Disk.

Dis•cuss´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discussed p. pr. & vb. n. Discussing.] [L. discussus, p. p. of discutere to strike asunder (hence came the sense to separate mentally, distinguish); dis- + quatere to shake, strike. See Quash.] 1. To break to pieces; to shatter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. To break up; to disperse; to scatter; to dissipate; to drive away; — said especially of tumors. “Many arts were used to discuss the beginnings of new affection.” Sir H. Wotton. “A pomade … of virtue to discuss pimples.” Rambler. 3. To shake; to put away; to finish. [Obs.] “All regard of shame she had discussed.” Spenser. 4. To examine in detail or by disputation; to reason upon by presenting favorable and adverse considerations; to debate; to sift; to investigate; to ventilate. ´We sat and … discussed the farm … and the price of grain.´ Tennyson. ´To discuss questions of taste.´ Macaulay. 5. To deal with, in eating or drinking. [Colloq.] “We sat quietly down and discussed a cold fowl that we had brought with us.” Sir S. Baker. 6. (Law) To examine or search thoroughly; to exhaust a remedy against, as against a principal debtor before proceeding against the surety. Burrill. Syn. — To Discuss, Examine, Debate. We speak of examining a subject when we ponder it with care, in order to discover its real state, or the truth respecting it. We speak of discussing a topic when we examine it thoroughly in its distinct parts. The word is very commonly applied to matters of opinion. We may discuss a subject without giving in an adhesion to any conclusion. We speak of debating a point when we examine it in mutual argumentation between opposing parties. In debate we contend for or against some conclusion or view.

Dis•cuss´er , n. One who discusses; one who sifts or examines. Wood.

Dis•cus´sion , n. [L. discussio a shaking, examination, discussion: cf. F. discussion.] 1. The act or process of discussing by breaking up, or dispersing, as a tumor, or the like. 2. The act of discussing or exchanging reasons; examination by argument; debate; disputation; agitation. “The liberty of discussion is the great safeguard of all other liberties.” Macaulay. Discussion of a problem or an equation (Math.), the operation of assigning different reasonable values to the arbitrary quantities and interpreting the result. Math. Dict.

Dis•cus´sion•al , a. Pertaining to discussion.

Dis•cuss´ive , a. [Cf. F. discussif.] 1. (Med.) Able or tending to discuss or disperse tumors or coagulated matter. 2. Doubt-dispelling; decisive. [R.] “A kind of peremptory and discussive voice.” Hopkins.

Dis•cuss´ive, n. (Med.) A medicine that discusses or disperses morbid humors; a discutient.

Dis•cu´tient , a. [L. discutiens, p. pr. of discutere. See Discuss.] (Med.) Serving to disperse morbid matter; discussive; as a discutient application. — n. An agent (as a medicinal application) which serves to disperse morbid matter. ´Foment with discutiens.´ Wiseman.

Dis•dain´ ( 277), n. [OE. desdain, disdein, OF. desdein, desdaing, F. dedain, fr. the verb. See Disdain, v. t.] 1. A feeling of contempt and aversion; the regarding anything as unworthy of or beneath one; scorn. “How my soul is moved with just disdain!” Pope. Often implying an idea of haughtiness. “Disdain and scorn ride sparkling in her eyes.” Shak. 2. That which is worthy to be disdained or regarded with contempt and aversion. [Obs.] “Most loathsome, filthy, foul, and full of vile disdain.” Spenser. 3. The state of being despised; shame. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Haughtiness; scorn; contempt; arrogance; pride. See Haughtiness.

Dis•dain´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disdained p. pr. & vb. n. Disdaining.] [OE. disdainen, desdainen, OF. desdeigner, desdaigner, F. dedaigner; des- (L. dis-) + daigner to deign, fr. L. dignari to deem worthy. See Deign.] 1. To think unworthy; to deem unsuitable or unbecoming; as to disdain to do a mean act. “Disdaining … that any should bear the armor of the best knight living.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. To reject as unworthy of one’s self, or as not deserving one’s notice; to look with scorn upon; to scorn, as base acts, character, etc. “When the Philistine … saw David, he disdained him; for he was but a youth.” 1 Sam. xvii. 42. “’T is great, ’t is manly to disdain disguise.” Young. Syn. — To contemn; despise; scorn. See Contemn.

Dis•dain´, v. i. To be filled with scorn; to feel contemptuous anger; to be haughty. “And when the chief priests and scribes saw the marvels that he did … they disdained.” Genevan Testament (Matt. xxi. 15).

Dis•dained´ , a. Disdainful. [Obs.] “Revenge the jeering and disdained contempt
Of this proud king.” Shak.

Dis•dain´ful , a. Full of disdain; expressing disdain; scornful; contemptuous; haughty. “From these
Turning disdainful to an equal good.” Akenside. — Dis•dain´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•dain´ful•ness, n.

Dis•dain´ish•ly, adv. Disdainfully. [Obs.] Vives.

Dis•dain´ous , a. [OF. desdeignos, desdaigneux, F. dedaigneux.] Disdainful. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Dis•dain´ous•ly, adv. Disdainfully. [Obs.] Bale.

Dis•de´i•fy , v. t. To divest or deprive of deity or of a deific rank or condition. Feltham.

Dis•deign´ , v. t. To disdain. [Obs.] “Guyon much disdeigned so loathly sight.” Spenser.

Dis•di´a•clast , n. [Gr. di•s- twice + diakla^n to break in twain; dia• through + kla^n to break.] (Physiol.) One of the dark particles forming the doubly refracting disks of muscle fibers.

Dis•di•a•pa´son , n. [Pref. dis- (Gr. ) + diapason.] (Anc. Mus.) An interval of two octaves, or a fifteenth; — called also bisdiapason.

Dis•ease´ , n. [OE. disese, OF. desaise; des- (L. dis-) + aise ease. See Ease.] 1. Lack of ease; uneasiness; trouble; vexation; disquiet. [Obs.] “So all that night they passed in great disease.” Spenser. “To shield thee from diseases of the world.” Shak. 2. An alteration in the state of the body or of some of its organs, interrupting or disturbing the performance of the vital functions, and causing or threatening pain and weakness; malady; affection; illness; sickness; disorder; — applied figuratively to the mind, to the moral character and habits, to institutions, the state, etc. “Diseases desperate grown,
By desperate appliances are relieved.” Shak. “The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public counsels have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have every where perished.” Madison. Disease germ. See under Germ. Syn. — Distemper; ailing; ailment; malady; disorder; sickness; illness; complaint; indisposition; affection. — Disease, Disorder, Distemper, Malady, Affection. Disease is the leading medical term. Disorder mean much the same, with perhaps some slight reference to an irregularity of the system. Distemper is now used by physicians only of the diseases of animals. Malady is not a medical term, and is less used than formerly in literature. Affection has special reference to the part, organ, or function disturbed; as his disease is an affection of the lungs. A disease is usually deep- seated and permanent, or at least prolonged; a disorder is often slight, partial, and temporary; malady has less of a technical sense than the other terms, and refers more especially to the suffering endured. In a figurative sense we speak of a disease mind, of disordered faculties, and of mental maladies.

Dis•ease´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diseased p. pr. & vb. n. Diseasing.] 1. To deprive of ease; to disquiet; to trouble; to distress. [Obs.] “His double burden did him sore disease.” Spenser. 2. To derange the vital functions of; to afflict with disease or sickness; to disorder; — used almost exclusively in the participle diseased. “He was diseased in body and mind.” Macaulay.

Dis•eased´ , a. Afflicted with disease. “It is my own diseased imagination that torments me.” W. Irving. Syn. — See Morbid.

Dis•eas´ed•ness , n. The state of being diseased; a morbid state; sickness. [R.] T. Burnet.

Dis•ease´ful , a. 1. Causing uneasiness. [Obs.] “Disgraceful to the king and diseaseful to the people.” Bacon. 2. Abounding with disease; producing diseases; as a diseaseful climate. [R.]

Dis•ease´ful•ness, n. The quality of being diseaseful; trouble; trial. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

Dis•ease´ment , n. Uneasiness; inconvenience. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•edge´ , v. t. To deprive of an edge; to blunt; to dull. “Served a little to disedge
The sharpness of that pain about her heart.” Tennyson.

Dis•ed´i•fy , v. t. To fail of edifying; to injure. [R.]

Dis•eld´er , v. t. To deprive of an elder or elders, or of the office of an elder. [Obs.] Fuller.

Di•sel´e•nide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + selenide.] (Chem.) A selenide containing two atoms of selenium in each molecule.

Dis•em•bark´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembarked p. pr. & vb. n. Disembarking.] [Pref. dis- + embark: cf. F. desembarquer.] To remove from on board a vessel; to put on shore; to land; to debark; as the general disembarked the troops. “Go to the bay, and disembark my coffers.” Shak.

Dis•em•bark´ , v. i. To go ashore out of a ship or boat; to leave a ship; to debark. “And, making fast their moorings, disembarked.” Cowper.

Dis•em•bar•ka´tion , n. The act of disembarking.

Dis•em•bark´ment , n. Disembarkation. [R.]

Dis•em•bar´rass , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembarrassed p. pr. & vb. n. Disembarrassing.] [Pref. dis- + embarrass: cf. F. desembarasser.] To free from embarrassment, or perplexity; to clear; to extricate. “To disembarrass himself of his companion.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•em•bar´rass•ment , n. Freedom or relief from impediment or perplexity.

Dis•em•bay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembayed p. pr. & vb. n. Disembaying.] [Pref. dis- + embay.] To clear from a bay. Sherburne.

Dis•em•bel´lish , v. t. [Pref. dis- + embellish: cf. F. desembellir.] To deprive of embellishment; to disadorn. Carlyle.

Dis•em•bit´ter , v. t. To free from

Dis•em•bod´ied , a. Divested of a body; ceased to be corporal; incorporeal. “The disembodied spirits of the dead.” Bryant.

Dis•em•bod´i•ment , n. The act of disembodying, or the state of being disembodied.

Dis•em•bod´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembodied p. pr. & vb. n. Disembodying.] 1. To divest of the body or corporeal existence. “Devils embodied and disembodied.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Mil.) To disarm and disband, as a body of soldiers. Wilhelm.

Dis•em•bogue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembogued p. pr. & vb. n. Disemboguing.] [Sp. desembocar; pref. des- (L. dis-) + embocar to put into the mouth, fr. en (L. in) + boca mouth, fr. L. bucca cheek. Cf. Debouch, Embogue.] 1. To pour out or discharge at the mouth, as a stream; to vent; to discharge into an ocean, a lake, etc. “Rolling down, the steep Timavus raves,
And through nine channels disembogues his waves.” Addison. 2. To eject; to cast forth. [R.] Swift.

Dis•em•bogue´, v. i. To become discharged; to flow out; to find vent; to pour out contents. “Volcanos bellow ere they disembogue.” Young.

Dis•em•bogue´ment , n. The act of disemboguing; discharge. Mease.

Dis•em•bos´som , v. t. To separate from the bosom. [R.] Young.

Dis•em•bow´el (dis•em•bou´el), v. t. [See Embowel.] 1. To take or let out the bowels or interior parts of; to eviscerate. “Soon after their death, they are disemboweled.” Cook. “Roaring floods and cataracts that sweep
From disemboweled earth the virgin gold.” Thomson. 2. To take or draw from the body, as the web of a spider. [R.] ´Her disemboweled web.´ J. Philips.

Dis•em•bow´el•ment , n. The act of disemboweling, or state of being disemboweled; evisceration.

Dis•em•bow´ered , a. Deprived of, or removed from, a bower. [Poetic] Bryant.

Dis•em•bran´gle , v. t. [Pref. dis- + em = en (L. in) + brangle.] To free from wrangling or litigation. [Obs.] Berkeley.

Dis•em•broil´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembroiled p. pr. & vb. n. Disembroiling.] [Pref. dis- + embroil.] To disentangle; to free from perplexity; to extricate from confusion. “Vaillant has disembroiled a history that was lost to the world before his time.” Addison.

Dis•em•ploy´ , v. t. To throw out of employment. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Dis•em•ploy´ment , n. The state of being disemployed, or deprived of employment. “This glut of leisure and disemployment.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•em•pow´er , v. t. To deprive of power; to divest of strength. H. Bushnell.

Dis•en•a´ble , v. t. [Pref. dis- + enable.] To disable; to disqualify. “The sight of it might damp me and disenable me to speak.” State Trials (1640).

Dis•en•am´or , v. t. To free from the captivity of love. Shelton.

Dis•en•chained´ , a. Freed from restraint; unrestrained. [Archaic] E. A. Poe.

Dis•en•chant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disenchanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disenchanting.] [Pref. dis- + enchant: cf. F. desenchanter.] To free from enchantment; to deliver from the power of charms or spells; to free from fascination or delusion. “Haste to thy work; a noble stroke or two
Ends all the charms, and disenchants the grove.” Dryden.

Dis•en•chant´er , n. One who, or that which, disenchants.

Dis•en•chant´ment , n. [Pref. dis- + enchantment: cf. F. desenchantement.] The act of disenchanting, or state of being disenchanted. Shelton.

Dis•en•charm´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + en (L. in) + charm.] To free from the influence of a charm or spell; to disenchant. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Dis•en•close , v. t. See Disinclose.

Dis•en•cour´age•ment , n. Discouragement. [Obs.] Spectator.

Dis•en•crese´ , v. i. [Pref. dis- + OE. encrese, E. increase.] To decrease. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•en•crese´, n. Decrease. [Obs.]

Dis•en•cum´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disencumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Disencumbering.] [Pref. dis- + encumber: cf. F. desencombrer.] To free from encumbrance, or from anything which clogs, impedes, or obstructs; to disburden. Owen. “I have disencumbered myself from rhyme.” Dryden.

Dis•en•cum´brance , n. Freedom or deliverance from encumbrance, or anything burdensome or troublesome. Spectator.

Dis•en•dow´ , v. t. To deprive of an endowment, as a church. Gladstone.

Dis•en•dow´ment , n. The act of depriving of an endowment or endowments. “[The] disendowment of the Irish Church.” G. B. Smith.

Dis•en•fran´chise , v. t. To disfranchise; to deprive of the rights of a citizen. — Dis•en•fran´chise•ment (#), n.

Dis•en•gage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disengaged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Disengaging.] [Pref. dis- + engage: cf. F. desengager.] To release from that with which anything is engaged, engrossed, involved, or entangled; to extricate; to detach; to set free; to liberate; to clear; as to disengage one from a party, from broils and controversies, from an oath, promise, or occupation; to disengage the affections a favorite pursuit, the mind from study. “To disengage him and the kingdom, great sums were to be borrowed.” Milton. “Caloric and light must be disengaged during the process.” Transl. of Lavoisier. Syn. — To liberate; free; loose; extricate; clear; disentangle; detach; withdraw; wean.

Dis•en•gage´, v. i. To release one’s self; to become detached; to free one’s self. “From a friends’s grave how soon we disengage!” Young.

Dis•en•gaged´ , a. Not engaged; free from engagement; at leisure; free from occupation or care; vacant. — Dis•en•ga´ged•ness (#), n.

Dis•en•gage´ment , n. [Pref. dis- + engagement: cf. F. desengagement.] 1. The act of disengaging or setting free, or the state of being disengaged. “It is easy to render this disengagement of caloric and light evident to the senses.” Transl. of Lavoisier. “A disengagement from earthly trammels.” Sir W. Jones. 2. Freedom from engrossing occupation; leisure. “Disengagement is absolutely necessary to enjoyment.” Bp. Butler.

Dis•en•ga´ging , a. Loosing; setting free; detaching. Disengaging machinery. See under Engaging.

Dis•en•no´ble , v. t. To deprive of that which ennobles; to degrade. “An unworthy behavior degrades and disennobles a man.” Guardian.

Dis•en•roll´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disenrolled p. pr. & vb. n. Disenrolling.] To erase from a roll or list. [Written also disenrol.] Donne.

Dis•en•san´i•ty , n. [Pref. dis- + en (L. in) + sanity.] Insanity; folly. [Obs.] “What tediosity and disensanity
Is here among!” Beau. & Fl.

Dis•en•shroud´ed , a. Freed from a shroudlike covering; unveiled. “The disenshrouded statue.” R. Browning.

Dis•en•slave´ , v. t. To free from bondage or slavery; to disenthrall. “He shall disenslave and redeem his soul.” South.

Dis•en•tail´ , v. t. (Law) To free from entailment.

Dis•en•tan´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disentangled p. pr. & vb. n. Disentangling ] 1. To free from entanglement; to release from a condition of being intricately and confusedly involved or interlaced; to reduce to orderly arrangement; to straighten out; as to disentangle a skein of yarn. 2. To extricate from complication and perplexity; disengage from embarrassing connection or intermixture; to disembroil; to set free; to separate. “To disentangle truth from error.” Stewart. “To extricate and disentangle themselves out of this labyrinth.” Clarendon. “A mind free and disentangled from all corporeal mixtures.” Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. — To loose; extricate; disembarrass; disembroil; clear; evolve; disengage; separate; detach.

Dis•en•tan´gle•ment , n. The act of disentangling or clearing from difficulties. Warton.

Dis•en•ter´ , v. t. See Disinter.

Dis•en•thrall´ , v. t. [See Enthrall.] To release from thralldom or slavery; to give freedom to; to disinthrall. [Written also disenthral.] Milton.

Dis•en•thrall´ment , n. Liberation from bondage; emancipation; disinthrallment. [Written also disenthralment.]

Dis•en•throne´ , v. t. To dethrone; to depose from sovereign authority. Milton.

Dis•en•ti´tle , v. t. To deprive of title or claim. “Every ordinary offense does not disentitle a son to the love of his father.” South.

Dis•en•tomb´ , v. t. To take out from a tomb; a disinter.

Dis•en•trail´ , v. t. To disembowel; to let out or draw forth, as the entrails. [Obs.] “As if he thought her soul to disentrail.” Spenser.

Dis•en•trance´ , v. t. To awaken from a trance or an enchantment. Hudibras.

Dis•en•twine´ , v. t. To free from being entwined or twisted. Shelley.

Di•sep´al•ous , a. [Pref. di- + sepalous.] (Bot.) Having two sepals; two- sepaled.

Dis•ert´ , a. [L. disertus, for dissertus, p. p.: cf. F. disert. See Dissert.] Eloquent. [Obs.]

Dis•er´ti•tude , n. [L. disertitud.] Eloquence. [Obs.]

Dis•ert´y , adv. Expressly; clearly; eloquently. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•es•pouse´ , v. t. To release from espousal or plighted faith. [Poetic] Milton.

Dis•es•tab´lish , v. t. To unsettle; to break up (anything established); to deprive, as a church, of its connection with the state. M. Arnold.

Dis•es•tab´lish•ment , n. 1. The act or process of unsettling or breaking up that which has been established; specifically, the withdrawal of the support of the state from an established church; as the disestablishment and disendowment of the Irish Church by Act of Parliament. 2. The condition of being disestablished.

Dis•es•teem´ , n. Want of esteem; low estimation, inclining to dislike; disfavor; disrepute. “Disesteem and contempt of the public affairs.” Milton.

Dis•es•teem´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disesteemed p. pr. & vb. n. Disesteeming.] 1. To feel an absence of esteem for; to regard with disfavor or slight contempt; to slight. “But if this sacred gift you disesteem.” Denham. “Qualities which society does not disesteem.” Ld. Lytton. 2. To deprive of esteem; to bring into disrepute; to cause to be regarded with disfavor. [Obs.] “What fables have you vexed, what truth redeemed,
Antiquities searched, opinions disesteemed?” B. Jonson.

Dis•es•teem´er , n. One who disesteems. Boyle.

Dis•es•ti•ma´tion , n. Disesteem.

Dis•ex´er•cise , v. t. To deprive of exercise; to leave untrained. [Obs.] “By disexercising and blunting our abilities.” Milton.

Dis•fame´ , n. Disrepute. [R.] Tennyson.

Dis•fan´cy , v. t. To dislike. [Obs.]

Dis•fash´ion , v. t. [Pref. dis- + fashion. See Fashion, and cf. Defeat.] To disfigure. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Dis•fa´vor , n. [Pref. dis- + favor: cf. OF. disfaveur, F. defaveur.] [Written also disfavour.] 1. Want of favor of favorable regard; disesteem; disregard. “The people that deserved my disfavor.” Is. x. 6 (1551). “Sentiment of disfavor against its ally.” Gladstone. 2. The state of not being in favor; a being under the displeasure of some one; state of unacceptableness; as to be in disfavor at court. 3. An unkindness; a disobliging act. “He might dispense favors and disfavors.” Clarendon.

Dis•fa´vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfavored p. pr. & vb. n. Disfavoring.] 1. To withhold or withdraw favor from; to regard with disesteem; to show disapprobation of; to discountenance. “Countenanced or disfavored according as they obey.” Swift. 2. To injure the form or looks of. [R.] B. Jonson.

Dis•fa´vor•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. defavorable.] Unfavorable. [Obs.] Stow.

Dis•fa´vor•a•bly, adv. Unpropitiously. [Obs.]

Dis•fa´vor•er , n. One who disfavors. Bacon.

Dis•fea´ture ( 135), v. t. [Cf. Defeature.] To deprive of features; to mar the features of. [R.]

Dis•fel´low•ship , v. t. [See Fellowship, v. t.] To exclude from fellowship; to refuse intercourse with, as an associate. “An attempt to disfellowship an evil, but to fellowship the evildoer.” Freewill Bapt. Quart.

Dis•fig•u•ra´tion , n. [See Disfigure, and cf. Defiguration.] The act of disfiguring, or the state of being disfigured; defacement; deformity; disfigurement. Gauden.

Dis•fig´ure ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfigured p. pr. & vb. n. Disfiguring.] [OF. desfigurer, F. defigurer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + figurer to fashion, shape, fr. L. figurare, fr. figura figure. See Figure, and cf. Defiguration.] To mar the figure of; to render less complete, perfect, or beautiful in appearance; to deface; to deform. “Disfiguring not God’s likeness, but their own.” Milton. Syn. — To deface; deform; mar; injure.

Dis•fig´ure, n. Disfigurement; deformity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•fig´ure•ment , n. 1. Act of disfiguring, or state of being disfigured; deformity. Milton. 2. That which disfigures; a defacement; a blot. “Uncommon expressions … are a disfigurement rather than any embellishment of discourse.” Hume.

Dis•fig´ur•er , n. One who disfigures.

Dis•flesh´ , v. t. To reduce the flesh or obesity of. [Obs.] Shelton.

Dis•for´est , v. t. 1. To disafforest. Fuller. 2. To clear or deprive of forests or trees.

Dis•for•es•ta´tion , n. The act of clearing land of forests. Daniel.

Dis•form´i•ty , n. [Cf. Deformity.] Discordance or diversity of form; unlikeness in form. “Uniformity or disformity in comparing together the respective figures of bodies.” S. Clarke.

Dis•fran´chise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfranchised p. pr. & vb. n. Disfranchising.] [Cf. Diffranchise.] To deprive of a franchise or chartered right; to dispossess of the rights of a citizen, or of a particular privilege, as of voting, holding office, etc. “Sir William Fitzwilliam was disfranchised.” Fabyan (1509). “He was partially disfranchised so as to be made incapable of taking part in public affairs.” Thirlwall.

Dis•fran´chise•ment , n. The act of disfranchising, or the state of being disfranchised; deprivation of privileges of citizenship or of chartered immunities. “Sentenced first to dismission from the court, and then to disfranchisement and expulsion from the colony.” Palfrey.

Dis•fri´ar (dis•fri´er), v. t. To depose or withdraw from the condition of a friar. [Obs.] “Many did quickly unnun and disfriar themselves.” Fuller.

Dis•frock´ (dis•frok´), v. t. To unfrock.

Dis•fur´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfurnished p. pr. & vb. n. Disfurnishing.] [Pref. dis- + furnish.] To deprive of that with which anything is furnished (furniture, equipments, etc.); to strip; to render destitute; to divest. “I am a thing obscure, disfurnished of
All merit, that can raise me higher.” Massinger.

Dis•fur´nish•ment , n. The act of disfurnishing, or the state of being disfurnished. Daniel.

Dis•fur´ni•ture ( 135), n. The act of disfurnishing, or the state of being disfurnished. [Obs.]

Dis•fur´ni•ture, v. t. To disfurnish. [R.] East.

Dis•gage´ , v. t. To free from a gage or pledge; to disengage. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•gal´lant , v. t. To deprive of gallantry. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dis•gar´land , v. t. To strip of a garland. [Poetic] ´Thy locks disgarland.´ Drummond.

Dis•gar´nish , v. t. [Pref. dis- + garnish. See Degarnish.] To divest of garniture; to disfurnish; to dismantle. Bp. Hall.

Dis•gar´ri•son , v. t. To deprive of a garrison. Hewyt.

Dis•gav´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgaveled or Disgaveled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgaveling.] [See Gavelkind.] (Eng. Law) To deprive of that principal quality of gavelkind tenure by which lands descend equally among all the sons of the tenant; — said of lands. Burrill.

Dis•gest´ , v. t. To digest. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•ges´tion ( 106), n. Digestion. [Obs.]

Dis•glo´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disglorified p. pr. & vb. n. Disglorifying.] To deprive of glory; to treat with indignity. [R.] “Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn.” Milton.

Dis•glo´ry , n. Dishonor. [Obs.] “To the disglory of God’s name.” Northbrooke.

Dis•gorge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgorged p. pr. & vb. n. Disgorging.] [F. degorger, earlier desgorger; pref. de-, des- (L. dis- ) + gorge. See Gorge.] 1. To eject or discharge by the throat and mouth; to vomit; to pour forth or throw out with violence, as if from the mouth; to discharge violently or in great quantities from a confined place. “This mountain when it rageth, … casteth forth huge stones, disgorgeth brimstone.” Hakluyt. “They loudly laughed
To see his heaving breast disgorge the briny draught.” Dryden. 2. To give up unwillingly as what one has wrongfully seized and appropriated; to make restitution of; to surrender; as he was compelled to disgorge his ill-gotten gains.

Dis•gorge´, v. i. To vomit forth what anything contains; to discharge; to make restitution. “See where it flows, disgorging at seven mouths
Into the sea.” Milton.

Dis•gorge´ment , n. [Cf. F. degorgement.] The act of disgorging; a vomiting; that which is disgorged. Bp. Hall.

Dis•gos´pel , v. i. To be inconsistent with, or act contrary to, the precepts of the gospel; to pervert the gospel. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•grace´ ( 277), n. [F. disgrâce; pref. dis- (L. dis-) + grâce. See Grace.] 1. The condition of being out of favor; loss of favor, regard, or respect. “Macduff lives in disgrace.” Shak. 2. The state of being dishonored, or covered with shame; dishonor; shame; ignominy. “To tumble down thy husband and thyself
From top of honor to disgrace’s feet?” Shak. 3. That which brings dishonor; cause of shame or reproach; great discredit; as vice is a disgrace to a rational being. 4. An act of unkindness; a disfavor. [Obs.] “The interchange continually of favors and disgraces.” Bacon. Syn. — Disfavor; disesteem; opprobrium; reproach; discredit; disparagement; dishonor; shame; infamy; ignominy; humiliation.

Dis•grace´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgraced p. pr. & vb. n. Disgracing ] [Cf. F. disgracier. See Disgrace, n.] 1. To put out of favor; to dismiss with dishonor. “Flatterers of the disgraced minister.” Macaulay. “Pitt had been disgraced and the old Duke of Newcastle dismissed.” J. Morley. 2. To do disfavor to; to bring reproach or shame upon; to dishonor; to treat or cover with ignominy; to lower in estimation. “Shall heap with honors him they now disgrace.” Pope. “His ignorance disgraced him.” Johnson. 3. To treat discourteously; to upbraid; to revile. “The goddess wroth gan foully her disgrace.” Spenser. Syn. — To degrade; humble; humiliate; abase; disparage; defame; dishonor; debase.

Dis•grace´ful , a. Bringing disgrace; causing shame; shameful; dishonorable; unbecoming; as profaneness is disgraceful to a man. — Dis•grace´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•grace´ful•ness, n. “The Senate have cast you forth disgracefully.” B. Jonson.

Dis•gra´cer , n. One who disgraces.

Dis•gra´cious , a. [Cf. F. disgracieux.] Wanting grace; unpleasing; disagreeable. Shak.

Dis•gra´cive , a. Disgracing. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•gra•da´tion , n. (Scots Law) Degradation; a stripping of titles and honors.

Dis•grade´ , v. t. To degrade. [Obs.] Foxe.

Dis•grad´u•ate ( 135), v. t. To degrade; to reduce in rank. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Dis´gre•gate , v. t. [L. disgregare; dis- + gregare to collect, fr. grex, gregis, flock or herd.] To disperse; to scatter; — opposite of congregate. [Obs.]

Dis•gre•ga´tion , n. (Physiol.) The process of separation, or the condition of being separate, as of the molecules of a body.

Dis•grun´tle , v. t. To dissatisfy; to disaffect; to anger. [Colloq.]

Dis•guise´ ( 232), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disguised p. pr. & vb. n. Disguising.] [OE. desguisen, disgisen, degisen, OF. desguisier, F. deguiser; pref. des- (L. dis-) + guise. See Guise.] 1. To change the guise or appearance of; especially, to conceal by an unusual dress, or one intended to mislead or deceive. “Bunyan was forced to disguise himself as a wagoner.” Macaulay. 2. To hide by a counterfeit appearance; to cloak by a false show; to mask; as to disguise anger; to disguise one’s sentiments, character, or intentions. “All God’s angels come to us disguised.” Lowell. 3. To affect or change by liquor; to intoxicate. “I have just left the right worshipful, and his myrmidons, about a sneaker of five gallons; the whole magistracy was pretty well disguised before I gave them the ship.” Spectator. Syn. — To conceal; hide; mask; dissemble; dissimulate; feign; pretend; secrete. See Conceal.

Dis•guise´, n. 1. A dress or exterior put on for purposes of concealment or of deception; as persons doing unlawful acts in disguise are subject to heavy penalties. “There is no passion which steals into the heart more imperceptibly and covers itself under more disguises, than pride.” Addison. 2. Artificial language or manner assumed for deception; false appearance; counterfeit semblance or show. “That eye which glances through all disguises.” D. Webster. 3. Change of manner by drink; intoxication. Shak. 4. A masque or masquerade. [Obs.] “Disguise was the old English word for a masque.” B. Jonson.

Dis•guis´ed•ly , adv. In disguise.

Dis•guis´ed•ness, n. The state of being disguised.

Dis•guise´ment , n. Disguise. [R.] Spenser.

Dis•guis´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, disguises. Shak. 2. One who wears a disguise; an actor in a masquerade; a masker. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•guis´ing, n. A masque or masquerade. [Obs.]

Dis•gust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgusting.] [OF. desgouster, F. degoûter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + gouster to taste, F. goûter, fr. L. gustare, fr. gustus taste. See Gust to taste.] To provoke disgust or strong distaste in; to cause (any one) loathing, as of the stomach; to excite aversion in; to offend the moral taste of; — often with at, with, or by. “To disgust him with the world and its vanities.” Prescott. “AErius is expressly declared … to have been disgusted at failing.” J. H. Newman. “Alarmed and disgusted by the proceedings of the convention.” Macaulay.

Dis•gust´, n. [Cf. OF. desgoust, F. degoût. See Disgust, v. t.] Repugnance to what is offensive; aversion or displeasure produced by something loathsome; loathing; strong distaste; — said primarily of the sickening opposition felt for anything which offends the physical organs of taste; now rather of the analogous repugnance excited by anything extremely unpleasant to the moral taste or higher sensibilities of our nature; as an act of cruelty may excite disgust. “The manner of doing is more consequence than the thing done, and upon that depends the satisfaction or disgust wherewith it is received.” Locke. “In a vulgar hack writer such oddities would have excited only disgust.” Macaulay. Syn. — Nausea; loathing; aversion; distaste; dislike; disinclination; abomination. See Dislike.

Dis•gust´ful , a. Provoking disgust; offensive to the taste; exciting aversion; disgusting. “That horrible and disgustful situation.” Burke.

Dis•gust´ful•ness, n. The state of being disgustful.

Dis•gust´ing, a. That causes disgust; sickening; offensive; revolting. — Dis•gust´ing•ly, adv.

Dish (dish), n. [AS. disc, L. discus dish, disc, quoit, fr. Gr. di•skos quoit, fr. dikei^n to throw. Cf. Dais, Desk, Disc, Discus.] 1. A vessel, as a platter, a plate, a bowl, used for serving up food at the table. “She brought forth butter in a lordly dish.” Judg. v. 25. 2. The food served in a dish; hence, any particular kind of food; as a cold dish; a warm dish; a delicious dish. ´A dish fit for the gods.´ Shak.
[1913 Webster] “Home-home dishes that drive one from home.” Hood. 3. The state of being concave, or like a dish, or the degree of such concavity; as the dish of a wheel. 4. A hollow place, as in a field. Ogilvie. 5. (Mining) (a) A trough about 28 inches long, 4 deep, and 6 wide, in which ore is measured. (b) That portion of the produce of a mine which is paid to the land owner or proprietor.

Dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dished p. pr. & vb. n. Dishing.] 1. To put in a dish, ready for the table. 2. To make concave, or depress in the middle, like a dish; as to dish a wheel by inclining the spokes. 3. To frustrate; to beat; to ruin. [Low] To dish out. 1. To serve out of a dish; to distribute in portions at table. 2. (Arch.) To hollow out, as a gutter in stone or wood. — To dish up, to take (food) from the oven, pots, etc., and put in dishes to be served at table.

Dis•ha•bil´i•tate , v. t. [Cf. Disability.] To disqualify. [R.]

Dis•ha•bille´ , n. [See Deshabille.] An undress; a loose, negligent dress; deshabille. “They breakfast in dishabille.” Smollett.

Dis•hab´it , v. t. [Pref. dis- + habit to inhabit.] To dislodge. [Obs.] “Those sleeping stones … from their fixed beds of lime
Had been dishabited.” Shak.

Dis•hab´it•ed, p. a. Rendered uninhabited. ´Dishabited towns.´ R. Carew.

Dis•ha•bit´u•ate ( 135), v. t. To render unaccustomed.

Dis•ha´ble , v. t. 1. To disable. [Obs.] 2. To disparage. [Obs.] “She oft him blamed … and him dishabled quite.” Spenser.

Dis•hal´low , v. t. To make unholy; to profane. Tennyson. “Nor can the unholiness of the priest dishallow the altar.” T. Adams.

Dis•har•mo´ni•ous , a. Unharmonious; discordant. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Dis•har´mo•ny , n. Want of harmony; discord; incongruity. [R.] “A disharmony in the different impulses that constitute it [our nature].” Coleridge.

Dis•haunt´ , v. t. To leave; to quit; to cease to haunt. Halliwell.

Dish´cloth ( 115), n. A cloth used for washing dishes.

Dish´clout , n. A dishcloth. [Obsolescent]

Dis•heart´ , v. t. To dishearten. [Obs.]

Dis•heart´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disheartened p. pr. & vb. n. Disheartening.] [Pref. dis- + hearten.] To discourage; to deprive of courage and hope; to depress the spirits of; to deject. “Regiments … utterly disorganized and disheartened.” Macaulay. Syn. — To dispirit; discourage; depress; deject; deter; terrify.

Dis•heart´en•ment , n. Discouragement; dejection; depression of spirits.

Dis•heir´ , v. t. [Cf. Disherit.] To disinherit. [Obs.] Dryden.

Dis•helm´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + helm helmet.] To deprive of the helmet. [Poetic] “Lying stark,
Dishelmed and mute, and motionlessly pale.” Tennyson.

Dis•her´i•son , n. [See Disherit.] The act of disheriting, or debarring from inheritance; disinhersion. Bp. Hall.

Dis•her´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disheriting.] [F. desheriter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + heriter to inherit. See Inherit, and cf. Dusheir, Disinherit.] To disinherit; to cut off, or detain, from the possession or enjoyment of an inheritance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•her´it•ance , n. [Cf. OF. desheritance.] The act of disinheriting or state of being disinherited; disinheritance. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dis•her´it•or , n. (Law) One who puts another out of his inheritance.

Di•shev´el (di•shev´’l or - el), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disheveled or Dishevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disheveling or Dishevelling.] [OF. descheveler, F. decheveler, LL. discapillare; dis- + L. capillus the hair of the head. See Capillary.] 1. To suffer (the hair) to hang loosely or disorderly; to spread or throw (the hair) in disorder; — used chiefly in the passive participle. “With garments rent and hair disheveled,
Wringing her hands and making piteous moan.” Spenser. 2. To spread loosely or disorderly. “Like the fair flower disheveled in the wind.” Cowper.

Di•shev´el, v. i. To be spread in disorder or hang negligently, as the hair. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

Di•shev´ele , p. p. & a. Disheveled. [Obs.] “Dishevele, save his cap, he rode all bare.” Chaucer.

Di•shev´eled , a. 1. Hanging in loose disorder; disarranged; as disheveled hair. 2. Having the hair in loose disorder. “The dancing maidens are disheveled Maenads.” J. A. Symonds.

dish´ful , n.; pl. dishfuls . As much as a dish holds when full.

Dish´ing, a. Dish-shaped; concave.

Dis•hon´est , a. [Pref. dis- + honest: cf. F. deshonnête, OF. deshoneste.] 1. Dishonorable; shameful; indecent; unchaste; lewd. [Obs.] “Inglorious triumphs and dishonest scars.” Pope. “Speak no foul or dishonest words before them [the women].” Sir T. North. 2. Dishonored; disgraced; disfigured. [Obs.] “Dishonest with lopped arms the youth appears,
Spoiled of his nose and shortened of his ears.” Dryden. 3. Wanting in honesty; void of integrity; faithless; disposed to cheat or defraud; not trustworthy; as a dishonest man. 4. Characterized by fraud; indicating a want of probity; knavish; fraudulent; unjust. “To get dishonest gain.” Ezek. xxii. 27. “The dishonest profits of men in office.” Bancroft.

Dis•hon´est, v. t. [Cf. OF. deshonester.] To disgrace; to dishonor; as to dishonest a maid. [Obs.] “I will no longer dishonest my house.” Chapman.

Dis•hon´est•ly, adv. In a dishonest manner.

Dis•hon´es•ty , n. [Cf. OF. deshoneste, F. deshonnêtete.] 1. Dishonor; dishonorableness; shame. [Obs.] ´The hidden things of dishonesty.´ 2 Cor. iv. 2. 2. Want of honesty, probity, or integrity in principle; want of fairness and straightforwardness; a disposition to defraud, deceive, or betray; faithlessness. 3. Violation of trust or of justice; fraud; any deviation from probity; a dishonest act. 4. Lewdness; unchastity. Shak.

Dis•hon´or (dis•on´er or diz-), n. [OE. deshonour, dishonour, OF. deshonor, deshonur, F. deshonneur; pref. des- (L. dis-) + honor, honur, F. honneur, fr. L. honor. See Honor.] [Written also dishonour.] 1. Lack of honor; disgrace; ignominy; shame; reproach. “It was not meet for us to see the king’s dishonor.” Ezra iv. 14. “His honor rooted in dishonor stood.” Tennyson. 2. (Law) The nonpayment or nonacceptance of commercial paper by the party on whom it is drawn. Syn. — Disgrace; ignominy; shame; censure; reproach; opprobrium.

Dis•hon´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dishonored p. pr. & vb. n. Dishonoring.] [OE. deshonouren, F. deshonorer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + honorer to honor, fr. L. honorare. See Honor, v. t.] [Written also dishonour.] 1. To deprive of honor; to disgrace; to bring reproach or shame on; to treat with indignity, or as unworthy in the sight of others; to stain the character of; to lessen the reputation of; as the duelist dishonors himself to maintain his honor. “Nothing … that may dishonor
Our law, or stain my vow of Nazarite.” Milton. 2. To violate the chastity of; to debauch. Dryden. 3. To refuse or decline to accept or pay; — said of a bill, check, note, or draft which is due or presented; as to dishonor a bill exchange. Syn. — To disgrace; shame; debase; degrade; lower; humble; humiliate; debauch; pollute.

Dis•hon´or•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. deshonorable.] 1. Wanting in honor; not honorable; bringing or deserving dishonor; staining the character, and lessening the reputation; shameful; disgraceful; base. 2. Wanting in honor or esteem; disesteemed. “He that is dishonorable in riches, how much more in poverty!” Ecclus. x. 31. “To find ourselves dishonorable graves.” Shak. — Dis•hon´or•a•ble•ness, n. — Dis•hon´or•a•bly, adv.

Dis•hon´or•a•ry , a. Bringing dishonor on; tending to disgrace; lessening reputation. Holmes.

Dis•hon´or•er , n. One who dishonors or disgraces; one who treats another indignity. Milton.

Dis•horn´ , v. t. To deprive of horns; as to dishorn cattle. ´Dishorn the spirit.´ Shak.

Dis•horse´ , v. t. To dismount. Tennyson.

Dis•house´ , v. t. To deprive of house or home. ´Dishoused villagers.´ James White.

Dis•hu´mor , n. Ill humor. [Obs.]

Dis•hu´mor, v. t. To deprive of humor or desire; to put out of humor. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dish´wash•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, washes dishes. 2. (Zoöl.) A European bird; the wagtail.

Dish´wa•ter , n. Water in which dishes have been washed. ´Suds and dishwater.´ Beau. & Fl.

Dis•il•lu´sion , n. The act or process of freeing from an illusion, or the state of being freed therefrom. Lowell.

Dis•il•lu´sion, v. t. To free from an illusion; to disillusionize.

Dis•il•lu´sion•ize , v. t. To disenchant; to free from illusion. ´The bitter disillusionizing experience of postnuptial life.´ W. Black.

Dis•il•lu´sion•ment , n. The act of freeing from an illusion, or the state of being freed therefrom.

Dis•im•bit´ter , v. t. [Pref. dis- + imbitter. Cf. Disembitter.] To free from bitterness.

Dis•im•park´ , v. t. To free from the barriers or restrictions of a park. [R.] Spectator.

Dis•im•pas´sioned , a. Free from warmth of passion or feeling.

Dis•im•prove´ , v. t. To make worse; — the opposite of improve. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Dis•im•prove´, v. i. To grow worse; to deteriorate.

Dis•im•prove´ment , n. Reduction from a better to a worse state; as disimprovement of the earth.

Dis•in•car´cer•ate , v. t. To liberate from prison. [R.] Harvey.

Dis•in•cli•na´tion , n. The state of being disinclined; want of propensity, desire, or affection; slight aversion or dislike; indisposition. “Disappointment gave him a disinclination to the fair sex.” Arbuthnot. “Having a disinclination to books or business.” Guardian. Syn. — Unwillingness; disaffection; alienation; dislike; indisposition; distaste; aversion; repugnance.

Dis•in•cline´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinclined p. pr. & vb. n. Disinclining.] To incline away the affections of; to excite a slight aversion in; to indispose; to make unwilling; to alienate. “Careful … to disincline them from any reverence or affection to the Queen.” Clarendon. “To social scenes by nature disinclined.” Cowper.

Dis•in•close´ , v. t. [Cf. Disenclose.] To free from being inclosed.

Dis•in•cor´po•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disincorporated p. pr. & vb. n. Disincorporating ] 1. To deprive of corporate powers, rights, or privileges; to divest of the condition of a corporate body. 2. To detach or separate from a corporation. Bacon.

Dis•in•cor´po•rate , a. Separated from, or not included in, a corporation; disincorporated. Bacon.

Dis•in•cor•po•ra´tion , n. Deprivation of the rights and privileges of a corporation. T. Warton.

Dis•in•fect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinfected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinfecting.] To free from infectious or contagious matter; to destroy putrefaction; to purify; to make innocuous. “When the infectious matter and the infectious matter and the odoriferous matter are one … then to deodorize is to disinfect.” Ure.

Dis•in•fect´ant , n. That which disinfects; an agent for removing the causes of infection, as chlorine.

Dis•in•fec´tion , n. The act of disinfecting; purification from infecting matter.

Dis•in•fect´or , n. One who, or that which, disinfects; an apparatus for applying disinfectants.

Dis•in•flame´ , v. t. To divest of flame or ardor. Chapman.

Dis•in•ge•nu´i•ty , n. Disingenuousness. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Dis•in•gen´u•ous , a. 1. Not noble; unbecoming true honor or dignity; mean; unworthy; as disingenuous conduct or schemes. 2. Not ingenuous; wanting in noble candor or frankness; not frank or open; uncandid; unworthily or meanly artful. “So disingenuous as not to confess them [faults].” Pope. — Dis•in•gen´u•ous•ly, adv. T. Warton. — Dis•in•gen´u•ous•ness, n. Macaulay.

Dis•in•hab´it•ed , a. Uninhabited. [Obs.]

Dis•in•her´i•son , n. [See Disinherit, v. t., and cf. Disherison.] Same as Disherison. Bacon.

Dis•in•her´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinheriting.] [Cf. Disherit, Disheir.] 1. To cut off from an inheritance or from hereditary succession; to prevent, as an heir, from coming into possession of any property or right, which, by law or custom, would devolve on him in the course of descent. “Of how fair a portion Adam disinherited his whole posterity!” South. 2. To deprive of heritage; to dispossess. “And disinherit Chaos, that reigns here.” Milton.

Dis•in•her´it•ance , n. The act of disinheriting, or the condition of being; disinherited; disherison.

Dis•in•hume´ , v. t. To disinter. [R.]

Dis•in•sure´ , v. t. To render insecure; to put in danger. [Obs.] Fanshawe.

Dis•in´te•gra•ble , a. Capable of being disintegrated, or reduced to fragments or powder. “Argillo-calcite is readily disintegrable by exposure.” Kirwan.

Dis•in´te•grate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disintegrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disintegrating.] [L. dis- + integratus, p. p. of integrare to renew, repair, fr. integer entire, whole. See Integer.] To separate into integrant parts; to reduce to fragments or to powder; to break up, or cause to fall to pieces, as a rock, by blows of a hammer, frost, rain, and other mechanical or atmospheric influences. “Marlites are not disintegrated by exposure to the atmosphere, at least in six years.” Kirwan.

Dis•in´te•grate, v. i. To decompose into integrant parts; as chalk rapidly disintegrates.

Dis•in•te•gra´tion , n. (a) The process by which anything is disintegrated; the condition of anything which is disintegrated. Specifically (b) (Geol.) The wearing away or falling to pieces of rocks or strata, produced by atmospheric action, frost, ice, etc. “Society had need of further disintegration before it could begin to reconstruct itself locally.” Motley.

Dis•in´te•gra•tor , n. (Mech.) A machine for grinding or pulverizing by percussion.

Dis•in•ter´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinterred p. pr. & vb. n. Disinterring.] 1. To take out of the grave or tomb; to unbury; to exhume; to dig up. 2. To bring out, as from a grave or hiding place; to bring from obscurity into view. Addison.

Dis•in´ter•ess , v. t. [F. desinteresser to deprive of interest in; pref. des- (L. dis-) + interesser to interest, fr. L. interesse to import, concern. See Interest, and cf. Disinterest.] To deprive or rid of interest in, or regard for; to disengage. [Obs.]

Dis•in´ter•ess•ment , n. [Cf. F. desinteressement.] Disinterestedness; impartiality; fairness. [Obs.] Prior.

Dis•in´ter•est , p. a. Disinterested. [Obs.] “The measures they shall walk by shall be disinterest and even.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•in´ter•est, n. 1. What is contrary to interest or advantage; disadvantage. [Obs.] Glanvill. 2. Indifference to profit; want of regard to private advantage; disinterestedness. [Obs.] Johnson.

Dis•in´ter•est, v. t. To divest of interest or interested motives. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•in´ter•est•ed, a. [Cf. Disinteressed.] Not influenced by regard to personal interest or advantage; free from selfish motive; having no relation of interest or feeling; not biased or prejudiced; as a disinterested decision or judge. “The happiness of disinterested sacrifices.” Channing. Syn. — Unbiased; impartial; uninterested; indifferent.

Dis•in´ter•est•ed•ly, adv. In a disinterested manner; without bias or prejudice.

Dis•in´ter•est•ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being disinterested; impartiality. “That perfect disinterestedness and self- devotion of which man seems to be incapable, but which is sometimes found in woman.” Macaulay.

Dis•in´ter•est•ing, a. Uninteresting. [Obs.] ´Disinteresting passages.´ Bp. Warburton.

Dis•in•ter´ment , n. The act of disinterring, or taking out of the earth; exhumation.

Dis•in•thrall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinthralled p. pr. & vb. n. Disinthralling.] [Pref. dis- + inthrall. Cf. Disenthrall.] To free from thralldom; to disenthrall. [Written also disinthral.]

Dis•in•thrall´ment , n. A releasing from thralldom or slavery; disenthrallment. [Written also disinthralment.]

Dis•in´tri•cate , v. t. To disentangle. [R.] ´To disintricate the question.´ Sir W. Hamilton.

Dis•in•ure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinured p. pr. & vb. n. Disinuring.] [Pref. dis- + inure.] To render unaccustomed or unfamiliar. “We are hindered and disinured … towards the true knowledge.” Milton.

Dis•in•ves´ti•ture ( 135), n. The act of depriving of investiture. [Obs.] Ogilvie.

Dis•in•vig´or•ate , v. t. To enervate; to weaken. [R.] Sydney Smith.

Dis•in•volve´ , v. t. To uncover; to unfold or unroll; to disentangle. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Dis•jec´tion , n. [L. disjicere, disjectum, to throw asunder, disperse; dis- + jacere to throw.] Destruction; dispersion. Bp. Horsley.

Dis•join´ (dis•join´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disjoined (-joind´); p. pr. & vb. n. Disjoining.] [OF. desjoindre, F. disjoindre, dejoindre, fr. L. disjungere; dis- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Disjoint, Disjunct.] To part; to disunite; to separate; to sunder. “That marriage, therefore, God himself disjoins.” Milton. “Never let us lay down our arms against France, till we have utterly disjoined her from the Spanish monarchy.” Addison. “Windmill Street consisted of disjoined houses.” Pennant. Syn. — To disunite; separate; detach; sever; dissever; sunder; disconnect.

Dis•join´, v. i. To become separated; to part.

Dis•joint´ , a. [OF. desjoint, p. p. of desjoindre. See Disjoin.] Disjointed; unconnected; — opposed to conjoint. Milton.

Dis•joint´, n. [From OF. desjoint, p. p. of desjoindre. See Disjoint, v. t.] Difficult situation; dilemma; strait. [Obs.] ´I stand in such disjoint.´ Chaucer.

Dis•joint´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disjointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disjointing.] 1. To separate the joints of; to separate, as parts united by joints; to put out of joint; to force out of its socket; to dislocate; as to disjoint limbs; to disjoint bones; to disjoint a fowl in carving. “Yet what could swords or poisons, racks or flame,
But mangle and disjoint the brittle frame?” Prior. 2. To separate at junctures or joints; to break where parts are united; to break in pieces; as disjointed columns; to disjoint an edifice. “Some half-ruined wall
Disjointed and about to fall.” Longfellow. 3. To break the natural order and relations of; to make incoherent; as a disjointed speech.

Dis•joint´, v. i. To fall in pieces. Shak.

Dis•joint´ed, a. Separated at the joints; disconnected; incoherent. — Dis•joint´ed•ly, adv. — Dis•joint´ed•ness, n.

Dis•joint´ly, adv. In a disjointed state. Sandys.

Dis•ju•di•ca´tion , n. Judgment; discrimination. See Dijudication. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dis•junct´ (dis•junkt´), a. [L. disjunctus, p. p. of disjungere to disjoin. See Disjoin, and cf. Disjoint.] 1. Disjoined; separated. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Having the head, thorax, and abdomen separated by a deep constriction. Disjunct tetrachords (Mus.), tetrachords so disposed to each other that the gravest note of the upper is one note higher than the acutest note of the other.

Dis•junc´tion , n. [L. disjunctio.] 1. The act of disjoining; disunion; separation; a parting; as the disjunction of soul and body. 2. A disjunctive proposition. Coleridge.

Dis•junc´tive , a. [L. disjunctivus: cf. F. disjonctif.] 1. Tending to disjoin; separating; disjoining. 2. (Mus.) Pertaining to disjunct tetrachords. ´Disjunctive notes.´ Moore (Encyc. of Music). Disjunctive conjunction (Gram.), one connecting grammatically two words or clauses, expressing at the same time an opposition or separation inherent in the notions or thoughts; as either, or, neither, nor, but, although, except, lest, etc. — Disjunctive proposition, one in which the parts are connected by disjunctive conjunctions; as it is either day or night. — Disjunctive syllogism (Logic), one in which the major proposition is disjunctive; as the earth moves in a circle or an ellipse; but in does not move in a circle, therefore it moves in an ellipse.

Dis•junc´tive, n. (a) (Gram.) A disjunctive conjunction. (b) (Logic) A disjunctive proposition.

Dis•junc´tive•ly, adv. In a disjunctive manner; separately. Dr. H. More.

Dis•junc´ture ( 135), n. The act of disjoining, or state of being disjoined; separation. Fuller.

Disk (disk), n. [L. discus, Gr. di•skos. See Dish.] [Written also disc.] 1. A discus; a quoit. “Some whirl the disk, and some the javelin dart.” Pope. 2. A flat, circular plate; as a disk of metal or paper. 3. (Astron.) The circular figure of a celestial body, as seen projected of the heavens. 4. (Biol.) A circular structure either in plants or animals; as a blood disk; germinal disk, etc. 5. (Bot.) (a) The whole surface of a leaf. (b) The central part of a radiate compound flower, as in sunflower. (c) A part of the receptacle enlarged or expanded under, or around, or even on top of, the pistil. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior surface or oral area of cœlenterate animals, as of sea anemones. (b) The lower side of the body of some invertebrates, especially when used for locomotion, when it is often called a creeping disk. (c) In owls, the space around the eyes. Disk engine, a form of rotary steam engine. — Disk shell (Zoöl.), any species of Discina.

Dis•kind´ness , n. Unkindness; disservice. [R.] A. Tucker.

Disk´less , a. Having no disk; appearing as a point and not expanded into a disk, as the image of a faint star in a telescope.

Dis•lade´ , v. t. To unlade. [Obs.] Heywood.

Dis•leal´ , a. [See Disloyal, Leal.] Disloyal; perfidious. [Obs.] ´Disleal knight.´ Spenser.

Dis•leave´ , v. t. To deprive of leaves. [R.] “The cankerworms that annually that disleaved the elms.” Lowell.

Dis•like´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disliked p. pr. & vb. n. Disliking.] 1. To regard with dislike or aversion; to disapprove; to disrelish. “Every nation dislikes an impost.” Johnson. 2. To awaken dislike in; to displease. ´Disliking countenance.´ Marston. ´It dislikes me.´ Shak.

Dis•like´, n. 1. A feeling of positive and usually permanent aversion to something unpleasant, uncongenial, or offensive; disapprobation; repugnance; displeasure; disfavor; — the opposite of liking or fondness. “God’s grace … gives him continual dislike to sin.” Hammond. “The hint malevolent, the look oblique,
The obvious satire, or implied dislike.” Hannah More. “We have spoken of the dislike of these excellent women for Sheridan and Fox.” J. Morley. “His dislike of a particular kind of sensational stories.” A. W. Ward. 2. Discord; dissension. [Obs.] Fairfax. Syn. — Distaste; disinclination; disapprobation; disfavor; disaffection; displeasure; disrelish; aversion; reluctance; repugnance; disgust; antipathy. — Dislike, Aversion, Reluctance, Repugnance, Disgust, Antipathy. Dislike is the more general term, applicable to both persons and things and arising either from feeling or judgment. It may mean little more than want of positive liking; but antipathy, repugnance, disgust, and aversion are more intense phases of dislike. Aversion denotes a fixed and habitual dislike; as an aversion to or for business. Reluctance and repugnance denote a mental strife or hostility something proposed (repugnance being the stronger); as a reluctance to make the necessary sacrifices, and a repugnance to the submission required. Disgust is repugnance either of taste or moral feeling; as a disgust at gross exhibitions of selfishness. Antipathy is primarily an instinctive feeling of dislike of a thing, such as most persons feel for a snake. When used figuratively, it denotes a correspondent dislike for certain persons, modes of acting, etc. Men have an aversion to what breaks in upon their habits; a reluctance and repugnance to what crosses their will; a disgust at what offends their sensibilities; and are often governed by antipathies for which they can give no good reason.

Dis•like´ful , a. Full of dislike; disaffected; malign; disagreeable. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•like´li•hood , n. The want of likelihood; improbability. Sir W. Scott.

Dis•lik´en , v. t. To make unlike; to disguise. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•like´ness, n. Unlikeness. [R.] Locke.

Dis•lik´er , n. One who dislikes or disrelishes.

Dis•limb´ , v. t. To tear limb from limb; to dismember. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dis•limn´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + limn.] To efface, as a picture. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•link´ , v. t. To unlink; to disunite; to separate. [R.] Tennyson.

Dis•live´ , v. t. To deprive of life. [Obs.] “Telemachus dislived Amphimedon.” Chapman.

Dis´lo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dislocated p. pr. & vb. n. Dislocating ] [LL. dislocatus, p. p. of dislocare; dis- + locare to place, fr. locus place. See Locus.] To displace; to put out of its proper place. Especially, of a bone: To remove from its normal connections with a neighboring bone; to put out of joint; to move from its socket; to disjoint; as to dislocate your bones. Shak. “After some time the strata on all sides of the globe were dislocated.” Woodward. “And thus the archbishop’s see, dislocated or out of joint for a time, was by the hands of his holiness set right again.” Fuller.

Dis´lo•cate , a. [LL. dislocatus, p. p.] Dislocated. Montgomery.

Dis•lo•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. dislocation.] 1. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced. T. Burnet. 2. (Geol.) The displacement of parts of rocks or portions of strata from the situation which they originally occupied. Slips, faults, and the like, are dislocations. 3. (Surg.) The act of dislocating, or putting out of joint; also the condition of being thus displaced.

Dis•lodge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dislodged p. pr. & vb. n. Dislodging.] [OF. deslogier, F. deloger; pref. des- (L. dis-) + OF. logier, F. loger. See Lodge.] 1. To drive from a lodge or place of rest; to remove from a place of quiet or repose; as shells resting in the sea at a considerate depth are not dislodged by storms. 2. To drive out from a place of hiding or defense; as to dislodge a deer, or an enemy. “The Volscians are dislodg’d.” Shak.

Dis•lodge´, v. i. To go from a place of rest. [R.] “Where Light and Darkness in perpetual round
Lodge and dislodge by turns.” Milton.

Dis•lodge´, n. Dwelling apart; separation. [R.]

Dis•lodg´ment , n. [Cf. F. delogement, OF. deslogement.] The act or process of dislodging, or the state of being dislodged.

Dis•loign´ , v. t. [OF. desloignier. See Eloign.] To put at a distance; to remove. [Obs.] “Low-looking dales, disloigned from common gaze.” Spenser.

Dis•loy´al , a. [Pref. dis- + loyal: cf. OF. desloial, desleal, F. deloyal. See Loyal.] Not loyal; not true to a sovereign or lawful superior, or to the government under which one lives; false where allegiance is due; faithless; as a subject disloyal to the king; a husband disloyal to his wife. “Without a thought disloyal.” Mrs. Browning. Syn. — Disobedient; faithless; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; dishonest; inconstant; disaffected.

Dis•loy´al•ly, adv. In a disloyal manner.

Dis•loy´al•ty , n. [Pref. dis- + loyalty: cf. OF. desloiaute, deslealte, F. deloyaute.] Want of loyalty; lack of fidelity; violation of allegiance.

Dis•mail´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + mail: cf. OF. desmaillier.] To divest of coat of mail. Spenser.

Dis´mal , a. [Formerly a noun; e. g., ´I trow it was in the dismalle.´ Chaucer. Of uncertain origin; but perh. (as suggested by Skeat) from OF. disme, F. dîme, tithe, the phrase dismal day properly meaning, the day when tithes must be paid. See Dime.] 1. Fatal; ill-omened; unlucky. [Obs.] “An ugly fiend more foul than dismal day.” Spenser. 2. Gloomy to the eye or ear; sorrowful and depressing to the feelings; foreboding; cheerless; dull; dreary; as a dismal outlook; dismal stories; a dismal place. “Full well the busy whisper, circling round,
Convey’d the dismal tidings when he frowned.” Goldsmith. “A dismal description of an English November.” Southey. Syn. — Dreary; lonesome; gloomy; dark; ominous; ill- boding; fatal; doleful; lugubrious; funereal; dolorous; calamitous; sorrowful; sad; joyless; melancholy; unfortunate; unhappy.

Dis´mal•ly, adv. In a dismal manner; gloomily; sorrowfully; uncomfortably.

Dis´mal•ness, n. The quality of being dismal; gloominess.

Dis•man´ , v. t. To unman. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•man´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismantled p. pr. & vb. n. Dismantling ] [F. demanteler, OF. desmanteler; pref: des- (L. dis-) + manteler to cover with a cloak, defend, fr. mantel, F. manteau, cloak. See Mantle.] 1. To strip or deprive of dress; to divest. 2. To strip of furniture and equipments, guns, etc.; to unrig; to strip of walls or outworks; to break down; as to dismantle a fort, a town, or a ship. “A dismantled house, without windows or shutters to keep out the rain.” Macaulay. 3. To disable; to render useless. Comber. Syn. — To demosh; raze. See Demolsh.

Dis•march´ , v. i. To march away. [Obs.]

Dis•mar´ry , v. t. [Pref. dis- + marry: cf. OF. desmarier, F. demarier.] To free from the bonds of marriage; to divorce. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Dis•mar´shal , v. t. To disarrange; to derange; to put in disorder. [R.] Drummond.

Dis•mask´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + mask: cf. F. demasquer.] To divest of a mask. Shak.

Dis•mast´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismasting.] [Pref. dis- + mast: cf. F. demâter.] To deprive of a mast of masts; to break and carry away the masts from; as a storm dismasted the ship.

Dis•mast´ment , n. The act of dismasting; the state of being dismasted. [R.] Marshall.

Dis•maw´ , v. t. To eject from the maw; to disgorge. [R.] Shelton.

Dis•may´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismayed p. pr. & vb. n. Dismaying.] [OE. desmaien, dismaien, OF. esmaier; pref. es- (L. ex) + OHG. magan to be strong or able; akin to E. may. In English the pref. es- was changed to dis- (L. dis-). See May, v. i.] 1. To disable with alarm or apprehensions; to depress the spirits or courage of; to deprive or firmness and energy through fear; to daunt; to appall; to terrify. “Be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed.” Josh. i. 9. “What words be these? What fears do you dismay?” Fairfax. 2. To render lifeless; to subdue; to disquiet. [Obs.] “Do not dismay yourself for this.” Spenser. Syn. — To terrify; fright; affright; frighten; appall; daunt; dishearthen; dispirit; discourage; deject; depress. — To Dismay, Daunt, Appall. Dismay denotes a state of deep and gloomy apprehension. To daunt supposes something more sudden and startling. To appall is the strongest term, implying a sense of terror which overwhelms the faculties. “So flies a herd of beeves, that hear, dismayed,
The lions roaring through the midnight shade.” Pope. “Jove got such heroes as my sire, whose soul
No fear could daunt, nor earth nor hell control.” Pope. “Now the last ruin the whole host appalls;
Now Greece has trembled in her wooden walls.” Pope.

Dis•may´, v. i. To take dismay or fright; to be filled with dismay. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•may´, n. [Cf. OF. esmai, F. emoi. See Dismay, v. t.] 1. Loss of courage and firmness through fear; overwhelming and disabling terror; a sinking of the spirits; consternation. “I … can not think of such a battle without dismay.” Macaulay. “Thou with a tiger spring dost leap upon thy prey,
And tear his helpless breast, o’erwhelmed with wild dismay.” Mrs. Barbauld. 2. Condition fitted to dismay; ruin. Spenser. Syn. — Dejection; discouragement; depression; fear; fright; terror; apprehension; alarm; affright.

Dis•may´ed•ness , n. A state of being dismayed; dejection of courage; dispiritedness.

Dis•may´ful , a. Terrifying. Spenser.

Disme , n. [OF. See Dime.] A tenth; a tenth part; a tithe. Ayliffe.

Dis•mem´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismembered p. pr. & vb. n. Dismembering.] [OF. desmembrer, F. demembrer; pref. des- (L. dis) + OF. & F. membre limb. See Member.] 1. To tear limb from limb; to dilacerate; to disjoin member from member; to tear or cut in pieces; to break up. “Fowls obscene dismembered his remains.” Pope. “A society lacerated and dismembered.” Gladstone. “By whose hands the blow should be struck which would dismember that once mighty empire.” Buckle. 2. To deprive of membership. [Obs.] “They were dismembered by vote of the house.” R. North. Syn. — To disjoint; dislocate; dilacerate; mutilate; divide; sever.

Dis•mem´ber•ment , n. [Cf. OF. desmembrement, F. demembrement.] The act of dismembering, or the state of being dismembered; cutting in piece; mtilation; division; separation. “The Castilians would doubtless have resented the dismemberment of the unwieldy body of which they formed the head.” Macaulay.

Dis•met´tled , a. Destitute of mettle, that is, or fire or spirit. [R.] Llewellyn.

Dis•miss´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismissed p. pr. & vb. n. Dismissing.] [L. dis- + missus, p. p. of mittere to send: cf. dimittere, OF. desmetre, F. demettre. See Demise, and cf. Dimit.] 1. To send away; to give leave of departure; to cause or permit to go; to put away. “He dismissed the assembly.” Acts xix. 41. “Dismiss their cares when they dismiss their flock.” Cowper. “Though he soon dismissed himself from state affairs.” Dryden. 2. To discard; to remove or discharge from office, service, or employment; as the king dismisses his ministers; the matter dismisses his servant. 3. To lay aside or reject as unworthy of attentions or regard, as a petition or motion in court.

Dis•miss´, n. Dismission. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Dis•miss´al , n. Dismission; discharge. “Officeholders were commanded faithfully to enforce it, upon pain of immediate dismissal.” Motley.

Dis•mis´sion , n. [Cf. L. dimissio.] 1. The act dismissing or sending away; permission to leave; leave to depart; dismissal; as the dismission of the grand jury. 2. Removal from office or employment; discharge, either with honor or with disgrace. 3. Rejection; a setting aside as trivial, invalid, or unworthy of consideration.

Dis•miss´ive , a. Giving dismission.

Dis•mort´gage ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismortaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismortgaging ] To redeem from mortgage. [Obs.] Howell.

Dis•mount´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dismounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismounting.] [Pref. dis- + mount: cf. OF. desmonter, F. demonter.] 1. To come down; to descend. [Poetic] “But now the bright sun ginneth to dismount.” Spenser. 2. To alight from a horse; to descend or get off, as a rider from his beast; as the troops dismounted.

Dis•mount´, v. t. 1. To throw or bring down from an elevation, place of honor and authority, or the like. “Dismounted from his authority.” Barrow. 2. To throw or remove from a horse; to unhorse; as the soldier dismounted his adversary. 3. (Mech.) To take down, or apart, as a machine. 4. To throw or remove from the carriage, or from that on which a thing is mounted; to break the carriage or wheels of, and render useless; to deprive of equipments or mountings; — said esp. of artillery.

Dis•nat´u•ral•ize , v. t. To make alien; to deprive of the privileges of birth. Locke.

Dis•na´tured ( 135), a. [Pref. dis- + nature: cf. OF. desnature, F. denature.] Deprived or destitute of natural feelings; unnatural. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•o•be´di•ence , n. Neglect or refusal to obey; violation of a command or prohibition. “He is undutiful to him other actions, and lives in open disobedience.” Tillotson.

Dis•o•be´di•en•cy , n. Disobedience.

Dis•o•be´di•ent , a. [Pref. dis- + obedient. See Disobey, Obedient.] 1. Neglecting or refusing to obey; omitting to do what is commanded, or doing what is prohibited; refractory; not observant of duty or rules prescribed by authority; — applied to persons and acts. “This disobedient spirit in the colonies.” Burke. “Disobedient unto the word of the Lord.” 1 Kings xiii. 26. 2. Not yielding. “Medicines used unnecessarily contribute to shorten life, by sooner rendering peculiar parts of the system disobedient to stimuli.” E. Darwin.

Dis•o•be´di•ent•ly, adv. In a disobedient manner.

Dis•o•bei´sance , n. [F. desobeissance.] Disobedience. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•o•bei´sant , a. [F. desobeissant.] Disobedient. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•o•bey´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disobeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Disobeying.] [F. desobeir; pref. des- (L. dis-) + obeir. See Obey, and cf. Disobedient.] Not to obey; to neglect or refuse to obey (a superior or his commands, the laws, etc.); to transgress the commands of (one in authority); to violate, as an order; as refractory children disobey their parents; men disobey their Maker and the laws. “Not to disobey her lord’s behest.” Tennyson.

Dis•o•bey´, v. i. To refuse or neglect to obey; to violate commands; to be disobedient. “He durst not know how to disobey.” Sir P. Sidney.

Dis•o•bey´er , n. One who disobeys.

Dis•ob•li•ga´tion , n. 1. The act of disobliging. 2. A disobliging act; an offense. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. Release from obligation. Jer. Taylor.

Dis•ob´li•ga•to•ry , a. Releasing from obligation. ´Disobligatory power.´ Charles I.

Dis•o•blige´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disobliged p. pr. & vb. n. Disobliging.] [Pref. dis- + oblige: cf. F. desobliger.] 1. To do an act which contravenes the will or desires of; to offend by an act of unkindness or incivility; to displease; to refrain from obliging; to be unaccommodating to. “Those … who slight and disoblige their friends, shall infallibly come to know the value of them by having none when they shall most need them.” South. “My plan has given offense to some gentlemen, whom it would not be very safe to disoblige.” Addison. 2. To release from obligation. [Obs.] “Absolving and disobliging from a more general command for some just and reasonable cause.” Milton.

Dis•o•blige´ment , n. Release from obligation. [Obs.]

Dis•o•bli´ger , n. One who disobliges.

Dis•o•bli´ging , a. 1. Not obliging; not disposed to do a favor; unaccommodating; as a disobliging person or act. 2. Displeasing; offensive. [Obs.] Cov. of Tongue. — Dis•o•bli´ging•ly, adv. — Dis•o•bli´ging•ness, n.

Dis•oc´ci•dent , v. t. To turn away from the west; to throw out of reckoning as to longitude. [Obs.] Marvell.

Dis•oc•cu•pa´tion , n. The state of being unemployed; want of occupation. [R.]

Dis•o•pin´ion , n. Want or difference of belief; disbelief. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds.

Dis•op´pi•late , v. t. [L. dis- + oppilatus, p. p. of oppilare to shut up.] To open. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•orb´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + orb.] To throw out of the proper orbit; to unsphere. Shak.

Dis•ord´ , n. Disorder. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•or•deined´ , a. [See Ordain.] Inordinate; irregular; vicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•or´der , n. [Pref. dis- + order: cf. F. desordre.] 1. Want of order or regular disposition; lack of arrangement; confusion; disarray; as the troops were thrown into disorder; the papers are in disorder. 2. Neglect of order or system; irregularity. “From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part,
And snatch a grace beyond the reach of art.” Pope. 3. Breach of public order; disturbance of the peace of society; tumult. Shak. 4. Disturbance of the functions of the animal economy or of the soul; sickness; derangement. ´Disorder in the body.´ Locke. Syn. — Irregularity; disarrangement; confusion; tumult; bustle; disturbance; disease; illness; indisposition; sickness; ailment; malady; distemper. See Disease.

Dis•or´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disordered p. pr. & vb. n. Disordering.] 1. To disturb the order of; to derange or disarrange; to throw into confusion; to confuse. “Disordering the whole frame or jurisprudence.” Burke. “The burden … disordered the aids and auxiliary rafters into a common ruin.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To disturb or interrupt the regular and natural functions of (either body or mind); to produce sickness or indisposition in; to discompose; to derange; as to disorder the head or stomach. “A man whose judgment was so much disordered by party spirit.” Macaulay. 3. To depose from holy orders. [Obs.] Dryden. Syn. — To disarrange; derange; confuse; discompose.

Dis•or´dered , a. 1. Thrown into disorder; deranged; as a disordered house, judgment. 2. Disorderly. [Obs.] Shak. — Dis•or´dered•ly, adv. — Dis•or´dered•ness, n.

Dis•or´der•li•ness , n. The state of being disorderly.

Dis•or´der•ly , a. 1. Not in order; marked by disorder; disarranged; immethodical; as the books and papers are in a disorderly state. 2. Not acting in an orderly way, as the functions of the body or mind. 3. Not complying with the restraints of order and law; tumultuous; unruly; lawless; turbulent; as disorderly people; disorderly assemblies. 4. (Law) Offensive to good morals and public decency; notoriously offensive; as a disorderly house. Syn. — Irregular; immethodical; confused; tumultuous; inordinate; intemperate; unruly; lawless; vicious.

Dis•or´der•ly, adv. In a disorderly manner; without law or order; irregularly; confusedly. “Withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly.” 2 Thess. iii. 6. “Savages fighting disorderly with stones.” Sir W. Raleigh.

Dis•or´di•nance , n. Disarrangement; disturbance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•or´di•nate , a. Inordinate; disorderly. [Obs.] ´With disordinate gestures.´ Prynne.

Dis•or´di•nate•ly, adv. Inordinately. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•or•di•na´tion , n. The state of being in disorder; derangement; confusion. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•or•gan•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. desorganisation. See Disorganize, v. t.] 1. The act of disorganizing; destruction of system. 2. The state of being disorganized; as the disorganization of the body, or of government. “The magazine of a pawnbroker in such total disorganization, that the owner can never lay his hands upon any one article at the moment he has occasion for it.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•or´gan•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disorganized p. pr. & vb. n. Disorganizing ] [Pref. dis- + organize: cf. F. desorganiser.] To destroy the organic structure or regular system of (a government, a society, a party, etc.); to break up (what is organized); to throw into utter disorder; to disarrange. “Lyford … attempted to disorganize the church.” Eliot (1809).

Dis•or´gan•i•zer , n. One who disorganizes or causes disorder and confusion.

Dis•o´ri•ent , v. t. To turn away from the east; to confuse as to which way is east; to cause to lose one’s bearings. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Dis•o´ri•en•tate , v. t. To turn away from the east, or (figuratively) from the right or the truth. [R.]

Dis•own´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disowned p. pr. & vb. n. Disowning.] 1. To refuse to own or acknowledge as belonging to one’s self; to disavow or deny, as connected with one’s self personally; as a parent can hardly disown his child; an author will sometimes disown his writings. 2. To refuse to acknowledge or allow; to deny. “Then they, who brother’s better claim disown,
Expel their parents, and usurp the throne.” Dryden. Syn. — To disavow; disclaim; deny; abnegate; renounce; disallow.

Dis•own´ment , n. Act of disowning. [R.]

Dis•ox´i•date , v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidate; to deoxidize. [R.]

Dis•ox•i•da´tion , n. (Chem.) Deoxidation. [R.]

Dis•ox´y•gen•ate , v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of oxygen; to deoxidize. [R.]

Dis•ox•y•gen•a´tion , n. (Chem.) Deoxidation. [R.]

Dis•pace´ , v. i. [Pref. dis- asunder, different ways, to and fro + pace.] To roam. [Obs.] “In this fair plot dispacing to and fro.” Spenser.

Dis•pair´ , v. t. To separate (a pair). [R.] “I have … dispaired two doves.” Beau. & Fl.

Dis•pand´ , v. t. [L. dispandere to spread out; pref. dis- + pandere, pansum, to spread out.] To spread out; to expand. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dis•pan´sion , n. [See Dispand.] Act of dispanding, or state of being dispanded. [Obs.]

Dis•par´a•dised, a. Removed from paradise. [R.] Cockeram.

Dis•par´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disparaged p. pr. & vb. n. Disparaging ] [OF. desparagier, F. deparager, to marry unequally; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. parage extraction, lineage, from L. par equal, peer. See Peer.] 1. To match unequally; to degrade or dishonor by an unequal marriage. [Obs.] “Alas! that any of my nation
Should ever so foul disparaged be.” Chaucer. 2. To dishonor by a comparison with what is inferior; to lower in rank or estimation by actions or words; to speak slightingly of; to depreciate; to undervalue. “Those forbidding appearances which sometimes disparage the actions of men sincerely pious.” Bp. Atterbury. “Thou durst not thus disparage glorious arms.” Milton. Syn. — To decry; depreciate; undervalue; underrate; cheapen; vilify; reproach; detract from; derogate from; degrade; debase. See Decry.

Dis´pa•rage , n. Inequality in marriage; marriage with an inferior. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Dissuaded her from such a disparage.” Spenser.

Dis•par´age•ment , n. [Cf. OF. desparagement.] 1. Matching any one in marriage under his or her degree; injurious union with something of inferior excellence; a lowering in rank or estimation. [Eng.] “And thought that match a foul disparagement.” Spenser. 2. Injurious comparison with an inferior; a depreciating or dishonoring opinion or insinuation; diminution of value; dishonor; indignity; reproach; disgrace; detraction; — commonly with to. “It ought to be no disparagement to a star that it is not the sun.” South. “Imitation is a disparagement and a degradation in a Christian minister.” I. Taylor. Syn. — Indignity; derogation; detraction; reproach; dishonor; debasement; degradation; disgrace.

Dis•par´a•ger , n. One who disparages or dishonors; one who vilifies or disgraces.

Dis•par´a•ging•ly , adv. In a manner to disparage or dishonor; slightingly.

Dis´pa•rate , a. [L. disparatus, p. p. of disparare to part, separate; dis- + parare to make ready, prepare.] 1. Unequal; dissimilar; separate. “Connecting disparate thoughts, purely by means of resemblances in the words expressing them.” Coleridge. 2. (Logic) Pertaining to two coördinate species or divisions.

Dis´pa•rates , n. pl. Things so unequal or unlike that they can not be compared with each other.

Dis•pa•ri´tion , n. [Cf. F. disparition.] Act of disappearing; disappearance. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•par´i•ty , n.; pl. Disparities (#). [LL. disparitas, fr. L. dispar unlike, unequal; dis- + par equal: cf. F. disparite. See Par, Peer.] Inequality; difference in age, rank, condition, or excellence; dissimilitude; — followed by between, in, of, as to, etc.; as disparity in, or of, years; a disparity as to color. “The disparity between God and his intelligent creatures.” I. Taylor. “The disparity of numbers was not such as ought to cause any uneasiness.” Macaulay. Syn. — Inequality; unlikeness; dissimilitude; disproportion; difference.

Dis•park´ , v. t. 1. To throw (a park or inclosure); to treat (a private park) as a common. “The Gentiles were made to be God’s people when the Jews’ inclosure was disparked.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To set at large; to release from inclosure. “Till his free muse threw down the pale,
And did at once dispark them all.” Waller.

Dis•par´kle , v. t. [OF. desparpeillier.] To scatter abroad. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•part´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disparting.] [Pref. dis- + part: cf. OF. despartir.] To part asunder; to divide; to separate; to sever; to rend; to rive or split; as disparted air; disparted towers. [Archaic] “Them in twelve troops their captain did dispart.” Spenser. “The world will be whole, and refuses to be disparted.” Emerson.

Dis•part´, v. i. To separate, to open; to cleave.

Dis•part´, n. 1. (Gun.) The difference between the thickness of the metal at the mouth and at the breech of a piece of ordnance. “On account of the dispart, the line of aim or line of metal, which is in a plane passing through the axis of the gun, always makes a small angle with the axis.” Eng. Cys. 2. (Gun.) A piece of metal placed on the muzzle, or near the trunnions, on the top of a piece of ordnance, to make the line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore; — called also dispart sight, and muzzle sight.

Dis•part´ , v. t. 1. (Gun.) To make allowance for the dispart in (a gun), when taking aim. “Every gunner, before he shoots, must truly dispart his piece.” Lucar. 2. (Gun.) To furnish with a dispart sight.

Dis•pas´sion , n. Freedom from passion; an undisturbed state; apathy. Sir W. Temple.

Dis•pas´sion•ate , a. 1. Free from passion; not warped, prejudiced, swerved, or carried away by passion or feeling; judicial; calm; composed. “Wise and dispassionate men.” Clarendon. 2. Not dictated by passion; not proceeding from temper or bias; impartial; as dispassionate proceedings; a dispassionate view. Syn. — Calm; cool; composed serene; unimpassioned; temperate; moderate; impartial; unruffled. — Dis•pas´sion•ate•ly, adv. — Dis•pas´sion•ate•ness, n.

Dis•pas´sioned , a. Free from passion; dispassionate. [R.] ´Dispassioned men.´ Donne.

Dis•patch´ ( 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispatched p. pr. & vb. n. Dispatching.] [OF. despeechier, F. depêcher; prob. from pref. des- (L. dis-) + (assumed) LL. pedicare to place obstacles in the way, fr. L. pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Impeach, Despatch.] [Written also despatch.] 1. To dispose of speedily, as business; to execute quickly; to make a speedy end of; to finish; to perform. “Ere we put ourselves in arms, dispatch we
The business we have talked of.” Shak. “[The] harvest men … almost in one fair day dispatcheth all the harvest work.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 2. To rid; to free. [Obs.] “I had clean dispatched myself of this great charge.” Udall. 3. To get rid of by sending off; to send away hastily. “Unless dispatched to the mansion house in the country … they perish among the lumber of garrets.” Walpole. 4. To send off or away; — particularly applied to sending off messengers, messages, letters, etc., on special business, and implying haste. “Even with the speediest expedition
I will dispatch him to the emperor’s cou.” Shak. 5. To send out of the world; to put to death. “The company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them with their swords.” Ezek. xxiii. 47. Syn. — To expedite; hasten; speed; accelerate; perform; conclude; finish; slay; kill.

Dis•patch´, v. i. To make haste; to conclude an affair; to finish a matter of business. “They have dispatched with Pompey.” Shak.

Dis•patch´, n. [Cf. OF. despeche, F. depêche. See Dispatch, v. t.] [Written also despatch.] 1. The act of sending a message or messenger in haste or on important business. 2. Any sending away; dismissal; riddance. “To the utter dispatch of all their most beloved comforts.” Milton. 3. The finishing up of a business; speedy performance, as of business; prompt execution; diligence; haste. “Serious business, craving quick dispatch.” Shak. “To carry his scythe … with a sufficient dispatch through a sufficient space.” Paley. 4. A message dispatched or sent with speed; especially, an important official letter sent from one public officer to another; — often used in the plural; as a messenger has arrived with dispatches for the American minister; naval or military dispatches. 5. A message transmitted by telegraph. [Modern] Dispatch boat, a swift vessel for conveying dispatches; an advice boat. — Dispatch box, a box for carrying dispatches; a box for papers and other conveniences when traveling. Syn. — Haste; hurry; promptness; celerity; speed. See Haste.

Dis•patch´er , n. One who dispatches.

Dis•patch´ful , a. Bent on haste; intent on speedy execution of business or any task; indicating haste; quick; as dispatchful looks. Milton.

Dis•patch´ment , n. [Cf. OF. despechement.] The act of dispatching. [Obs.] State Trials (1529).

Dis´pa•thy , n.; pl. Dispathies (#). [Pref. dis- + Gr. passion. See Pathos.] Lack of sympathy; want of passion; apathy. [R.] “Many discrepancies and some dispathies between us.” Southey.

Dis•pau´per , v. t. To deprive of the claim of a pauper to public support; to deprive of the privilege of suing in forma pauperis.

Dis•pau´per•ize , v. t. To free a state of pauperism, or from paupers. J. S. Mill.

Dis•peed´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + speed.] To send off with speed; to dispatch. [Obs.] Knolles. “Then they dispeeded themselves of the Cid and of their mother-in-law, Doa Ximena.” Southey.

Dis•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispelled p. pr. & vb. n. Dispelling.] [L. dispellere; dis- + pellere to push, drive. See Pulse a beating.] To drive away by scattering, or so to cause to vanish; to clear away; to banish; to dissipate; as to dispel a cloud, vapors, cares, doubts, illusions. “[Satan] gently raised
their fainting courage, and dispelled their fears.” Milton. “I saw myself the lambent easy light
Gild the brown horror, and dispel the night.” Dryden.

Dis•pence´ , v. i. & n. See Dispense. [Obs.]

Dis•pend´ , v. t. [OF. despendre, L. dispendere to weigh out, dispense; dis- + pendere to weigh. See Pension, Spend, and cf. Dispense.] To spend; to lay out; to expend. [Obs.] Spenser. “Able to dispend yearly twenty pounds and above.” Fuller.

Dis•pend´er , n. One who dispends or expends; a steward. [Obs.] Wyclif (1 Cor. iv. 1).

Dis•pen´sa•ble , a. [LL. dispensabilis. See Dispense.] 1. Capable of being dispensed or administered. 2. Capable of being dispensed with. Coleridge.

Dis•pen´sa•ble•ness, n. Quality of being dispensable.

Dis•pen´sa•ry , n.; pl. Dispensaries (#). [Cf. F. dispensaire.] 1. A place where medicines are prepared and dispensed; esp., a place where the poor can obtain medical advice and medicines gratuitously or at a nominal price. 2. A dispensatory. Pope.

Dis•pen•sa´tion , n. [F. dispensation, L. dispensatio.] 1. The act of dispensing or dealing out; distribution; often used of the distribution of good and evil by God to man, or more generically, of the acts and modes of his administration. “To respect the dispensations of Providence.” Burke. 2. That which is dispensed, dealt out, or appointed; that which is enjoined or bestowed; especially (Theol.), A system of principles, promises, and rules ordained and administered; scheme; economy; as the Patriarchal, Mosaic, and Christian dispensations. “Neither are God’s methods or intentions different in his dispensations to each private man.” Rogers. 3. The relaxation of a law in a particular case; permission to do something forbidden, or to omit doing something enjoined; specifically, in the Roman Catholic Church, exemption from some ecclesiastical law or obligation to God which a man has incurred of his own free will (oaths, vows, etc.). “A dispensation was obtained to enable Dr. Barrow to marry.” Ward.

Dis•pen´sa•tive , a. [Cf. F. dispensatif.] Granting dispensation.

Dis•pen´sa•tive•ly, adv. By dispensation. Wotton.

Dis´pen•sa•tor , n. [L.] A distributer; a dispenser. Bacon.

Dis•pen´sa•to•ri•ly , adv. In the way of dispensation; dispensatively.

Dis•pen´sa•to•ry , a. [L. dispensatorius relating to management. See Dispense, v. t.] Granting, or authorized to grant, dispensations. ´Dispensatory power.´ Bp. Rainbow.

Dis•pen´sa•to•ry, n.; pl. Dispensatories . A book or medicinal formulary containing a systematic description of drugs, and of preparations made from them. It is usually, but not always, distinguished from a pharmacopœia in that it issued by private parties, and not by an official body or by government.

Dis•pense´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispensed p. pr. & vb. n. Dispensing.] [F. dispenser, L. dispensare, intens. of dispendere. See Dispend.] 1. To deal out in portions; to distribute; to give; as the steward dispenses provisions according directions; Nature dispenses her bounties; to dispense medicines. “He is delighted to dispense a share of it to all the company.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To apply, as laws to particular cases; to administer; to execute; to manage; to direct. “While you dispense the laws, and guide the state.” Dryden. 3. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] “His sin was dispensed
With gold, whereof it was compensed.” Gower. 4. To exempt; to excuse; to absolve; — with from. “It was resolved that all members of the House who held commissions, should be dispensed from parliamentary attendance.” Macaulay. “He appeared to think himself born to be supported by others, and dispensed from all necessity of providing for himself.” Johnson.

Dis•pense´, v. i. 1. To compensate; to make up; to make amends. [Obs.] “One loving hour
For many years of sorrow can dispense.” Spenser. 2. To give dispensation. “He [the pope] can also dispense in all matters of ecclesiastical law.” Addis & Arnold (Cath. Dict. ) To dispense with. (a) To permit the neglect or omission of, as a form, a ceremony, an oath; to suspend the operation of, as a law; to give up, release, or do without, as services, attention, etc.; to forego; to part with. (b) To allow by dispensation; to excuse; to exempt; to grant dispensation to or for. [Obs.] ´Conniving and dispensing with open and common adultery.´ Milton. (c) To break or go back from, as one’s word. [Obs.] Richardson.

Dis•pense´, n. [Cf. F. dispense dispensation. See Dispense, v. t.] Dispensation; exemption. [Obs.]

Dis•pense´, n. [OF. despense, F. depense.] Expense; profusion; outlay. [Obs.] “It was a vault built for great dispense.” Spenser.

Dis•pens´er , n. One who, or that which, dispenses; a distributer; as a dispenser of favors.

Dis•peo´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispeopled p. pr. & vb. n. Dispeopling ] [Pref. dis- + people: cf. F. depeupler.] To deprive of inhabitants; to depopulate. “Leave the land dispeopled and desolate.” Sir T. More. “A certain island long before dispeopled … by sea rivers.” Milton.

Dis•peo´pler , n. One who, or that which, dispeoples; a depopulator. Gay.

Dis•perge´ , v. t. [L. dispergere. See Disperse.] To sprinkle. [Obs.]

Di•sper´mous (di•sper´mus), a. [Gr. di- = dis + spe•rma seed, fr. spei•rein to sow: cf. F. disperme.] (Bot.) Containing only two seeds; two- seeded.

Dis•per´ple , v. t. [OF. desparpeulier.] To scatter; to sprinkle. [Obs.] “Odorous water was
Disperpled lightly on my head and neck.” Chapman.

Dis•per´sal , n. The act or result of dispersing or scattering; dispersion. Darwin.

Dis•perse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispersed p. pr. & vb. n. Dispersing.] [L. dispersus, p. p. of dispergere to strew, scatter. See Sparse.] 1. To scatter abroad; to drive to different parts; to distribute; to diffuse; to spread; as the Jews are dispersed among all nations. “The lips of the wise disperse knowledge.” Prov. xv. 7. “Two lions, in the still, dark night,
A herd of beeves disperse.” Cowper. 2. To scatter, so as to cause to vanish; to dissipate; as to disperse vapors. “Dispersed are the glories.” Shak. Syn. — To scatter; dissipate; dispel; spread; diffuse; distribute; deal out; disseminate.

Dis•perse´, v. i. 1. To separate; to go or move into different parts; to vanish; as the company dispersed at ten o’clock; the clouds disperse. 2. To distribute wealth; to share one’s abundance with others. “He hath dispersed, he hath given to the poor.” Ps. cxii. 9.

Dis•persed´ , a. Scattered. — Dis•pers´ed•ly (#), adv. — Dis•pers´ed•ness, n. Dispersed harmony (Mus.), harmony in which the tones composing the chord are widely separated, as by an octave or more.

Dis•perse´ness , n. Dispersedness. [Obs.]

Dis•pers´er , n. One that disperses.

Dis•per´sion , n. [Cf. F. dispersion.] 1. The act or process of scattering or dispersing, or the state of being scattered or separated; as the Jews in their dispersion retained their rites and ceremonies; a great dispersion of the human family took place at the building of Babel. “The days of your slaughter and of your dispersions are accomplished.” Jer. xxv. 34. 2. (Opt.) The separation of light into its different colored rays, arising from their different refrangibilities. Dispersion of the optic axes (Crystallog.), the separation of the optic axes in biaxial crystals, due to the fact that the axial angle has different values for the different colors of the spectrum.

Dis•pers´ive , a. Tending to disperse. Dispersive power (Opt.), the relative effect of a material in separating the different rays of light by refraction, as when the substance is formed into a prism. — Dis•pers´ive•ness, n.

Dis•per´son’•ate , v. t. To deprive of personality or individuality. [R.] “We multiply; we dispersonate ourselves.” Hare.

Dis•pir´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispiriting.] [Pref. dis- + spirit.] 1. To deprive of cheerful spirits; to depress the spirits of; to dishearten; to discourage. “Not dispirited with my afflictions.” Dryden. “He has dispirited himself by a debauch.” Collier. 2. To distill or infuse the spirit of. [Obs. or R.] “This makes a man master of his learning, and dispirits the book into the scholar.” Fuller. Syn. — To dishearten; discourage; deject; damp; depress; cast down; intimidate; daunt; cow.

Dis•pir´it•ed, a. Depressed in spirits; disheartened; daunted. — Dis•pir´it•ed•ly, adv. — Dis•pir´it•ed, n.

Dis•pir´it•ment , n. Depression of spirits; discouragement. [R.] “Procter, in evident distress and dispiritment, was waiting the slow conclusion of this.” Carlyle.

Dis•pit´e•ous , a. [Pref. dis- + piteous. Cf. Despiteous.] Full of despite; cruel; spiteful; pitiless. Spenser. — Dis•pit´e•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Dis•place´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displaced p. pr. & vb. n. Displacing.] [Pref. dis- + place: cf. F. deplacer.] 1. To change the place of; to remove from the usual or proper place; to put out of place; to place in another situation; as the books in the library are all displaced. 2. To crowd out; to take the place of. “Holland displaced Portugal as the mistress of those seas.” London Times. 3. To remove from a state, office, dignity, or employment; to discharge; to depose; as to displace an officer of the revenue. 4. To dislodge; to drive away; to banish. [Obs.] “You have displaced the mirth.” Shak. Syn. — To disarrange; derange; dismiss; discard.

Dis•place´a•ble , a. Capable of being displaced.

Dis•place´ment , n. [Cf. F. deplacement.] 1. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced; a putting out of place. “Unnecessary displacement of funds.” A. Hamilton. “The displacement of the sun by parallax.” Whewell. 2. The quantity of anything, as water, displaced by a floating body, as by a ship, the weight of the displaced liquid being equal to that of the displacing body. 3. (Chem.) The process of extracting soluble substances from organic material and the like, whereby a quantity of saturated solvent is displaced, or removed, for another quantity of the solvent. Piston displacement (Mech.), the volume of the space swept through, or weight of steam, water, etc., displaced, in a given time, by the piston of a steam engine or pump.

Dis•pla´cen•cy , n. [LL. displacentia, for L. displicentia, fr. displicere to displease; dis- + placere to please. See Displease, and cf. Displeasance.] Want of complacency or gratification; envious displeasure; dislike. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•pla´cer , n. 1. One that displaces. 2. (Chem.) The funnel part of the apparatus for solution by displacement.

Dis•plant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diplanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Displanting.] [Pref. dis- + plant: cf. OF. desplanter, F. deplanter.] 1. To remove (what is planted or fixed); to unsettle and take away; to displace; to root out; as to displant inhabitants. “I did not think a look,
Or a poor word or two, could have displanted
Such a fixed constancy.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To strip of what is planted or settled; as to displant a country of inhabitants. Spenser.

Dis•plan•ta´tion , n. The act of displanting; removal; displacement. Sir W. Raleigh.

Dis•plat´ , v. t. To untwist; to uncurl; to unplat. [Obs.] Hakewill.

Dis•play´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displayed p. pr. & vb. n. Displaying.] [OE. displaien, desplaien, OF. despleier, desploier, F. deployer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + pleier, ploier, plier, F. ployer, plier, to fold, bend, L. plicare. See Ply, and cf. Deploy, Splay.] 1. To unfold; to spread wide; to expand; to stretch out; to spread. “The northern wind his wings did broad display.” Spenser. 2. (Mil.) To extend the front of (a column), bringing it into line. Farrow. 3. To spread before the view; to show; to exhibit to the sight, or to the mind; to make manifest. “His statement … displays very clearly the actual condition of the army.” Burke. 4. To make an exhibition of; to set in view conspicuously or ostentatiously; to exhibit for the sake of publicity; to parade. “Proudly displaying the insignia of their order.” Prescott. 5. (Print.) To make conspicuous by large or prominent type. 6. To discover; to descry. [Obs.] “And from his seat took pleasure to display
The city so adorned with towers.” Chapman. Syn. — To exhibit; show; manifest; spread out; parade; expand; flaunt.

Dis•play´, v. i. To make a display; to act as one making a show or demonstration. Shak.

Dis•play´, n. 1. An opening or unfolding; exhibition; manifestation. “Having witnessed displays of his power and grace.” Trench. 2. Ostentatious show; exhibition for effect; parade. “He died, as erring man should die,
Without display, without parade.” Byron.

Dis•played´ , a. 1. Unfolded; expanded; exhibited conspicuously or ostentatiously. 2. (Her.) With wings expanded; — said of a bird of pray, esp. an eagle. 3. (Print.) Set with lines of prominent type interspersed, to catch the eye.

Dis•play´er , n. One who, or that which, displays.

Dis´ple , v. t. To discipline; to correct. [Obs.] “And bitter Penance, with an iron whip,
Was wont him once to disple every day.” Spenser.

Dis•pleas´ance , n. [OF. desplaisance, F. deplaisance. Cf. Displacency.] Displeasure; discontent; annoyance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•pleas´ant , a. [OF. desplaisant, F. deplaisant. See Displease.] Unpleasing; offensive; unpleasant. [Obs.] Speed. — Dis•pleas´ant•ly, adv. [Obs.] Strype. — Dis•pleas´ant•ness, n. [Obs.]

Dis•please´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displeased p. pr. & vb. n. Displeasing.] [OF. desplaisir, whence F. deplaisir displeasure; pref. des- (L. dis- ) + plaisir to please. See Please, and cf. Displeasure.] 1. To make not pleased; to excite a feeling of disapprobation or dislike in; to be disagreeable to; to offend; to vex; — often followed by with or at. It usually expresses less than to anger, vex, irritate, or provoke. “God was displeased with this thing.” 1 Chron. xxi. 7. “Wilt thou be displeased at us forever?” Psalms lxxxv. 5 (Bk. of Com. Prayer). “This virtuous plaster will displease
Your tender sides.” J. Fletcher. “Adversity is so wholesome … why should we be displeased therewith?” Barrow. 2. To fail to satisfy; to miss of. [Obs.] “I shall displease my ends else.” Beau. & Fl. Syn. — To offend; disgust; vex; annoy; dissatisfy; chafe; anger; provoke; affront.

Dis•please´, v. i. To give displeasure or offense. [Obs.]

Dis•pleas´ed•ly , adv. With displeasure. [R.]

Dis•pleas´ed•ness, n. Displeasure. [R.] South.

Dis•pleas´er , n. One who displeases.

Dis•pleas´ing, a. Causing displeasure or dissatisfaction; offensive; disagreeable. — Dis•pleas´ing•ly, adv. — Dis•pleas´ing•ness, n. Locke.

Dis•pleas´ure ( 135), n. [Pref. dis- + pleasure: cf. OF. desplaisir, F. deplaisir. Cf. Displease.] 1. The feeling of one who is displeased; irritation or uneasiness of the mind, occasioned by anything that counteracts desire or command, or which opposes justice or a sense of propriety; disapprobation; dislike; dissatisfaction; disfavor; indignation. “O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure.” Ps. vi. 1. “Undoubtedly he will relent, and turn
From his displeasure.” Milton. 2. That which displeases; cause of irritation or annoyance; offense; injury. “Hast thou delight to see a wretched man
Do outrage and displeasure to himself?” Shak. 3. State of disgrace or disfavor; disfavor. [Obs.] “He went into Poland, being in displeasure with the pope for overmuch familiarity.” Peacham. Syn. — Dissatisfaction; disapprobation; disfavor; distaste; dislike; anger; hate; aversion; indignation; offense.

Dis•pleas´ure ( 135), v. t. To displease. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•plen´ish , v. t. To deprive or strip, as a house of furniture, or a barn of stock. [Scot.] { Dis´pli•cence , Dis´pli•cen•cy } n. [L. displicentia. See Displacency.] Dislike; dissatisfaction; discontent. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Dis•plode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disploded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disploding.] [L. displodere, displosum; dis- + plodere, plaudere, to clap, strike, beat.] To discharge; to explode. “In posture to displode their second tire
Of thunder.” Milton.

Dis•plode´, v. i. To burst with a loud report; to explode. ´Disploding engines.´ Young.

Dis•plo´sion , n. Explosion. “The vast displosion dissipates the clouds.” Young.

Dis•plo´sive , a. Explosive.

Dis•plume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displumed p. pr. & vb. n. Displuming.] [Pref. dis- + plume: cf. OF. desplumer, F. deplumer.] To strip of, or as of, a plume, or plumes; to deprive of decoration; to dishonor; to degrade. “Displumed, degraded, and metamorphosed.” Burke.

Dis´po•line , n. (Chem.) One of several isomeric organic bases of the quinoline series of alkaloids.

Dis•pond´ , n. See Despond.

Di•spon´dee , n. [L. dispondeus, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + spondee.] (Gr. Lat. Pros.) A double spondee; a foot consisting of four long syllables.

Dis•pone´ , v. t. [L. disponere. See Disposition.] 1. (Her.) To dispose. 2. To dispose of. Chaucer. 3. (Scots Law) To make over, or convey, legally. “He has disponed … the whole estate.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•po•nee´ , n. (Scots Law) The person to whom any property is legally conveyed.

Dis•pon´er , n. (Scots Law) One who legally transfers property from himself to another.

Dis•ponge´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + sponge.] To sprinkle, as with water from a sponge. [Poetic & Rare] [Written also dispunge.] “O sovereign mistress of true melancholy,
The poisonous damp of night disponge upon me”. Shak.

Dis•pope´ , v. t. To refuse to consider as pope; to depose from the popedom. “One whom they disposed.” Tennyson.

Di•spor´ous , a. [Pref. di- + sporous.] (Biol.) Having two spores.

Dis•port´ , n. [OF. desport, deport. See Disport, v. i., and cf. Sport.] Play; sport; pastime; diversion; playfulness. Milton.

Dis•port´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disported; p. pr. & vb. n. Disporting.] [OF. se desporter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. porter to carry; orig. therefore, to carry one’s self away from work, to go to amuse one’s self. See Port demeanor, and cf. Sport.] To play; to wanton; to move in gayety; to move lightly and without restraint; to amuse one’s self. “Where light disports in ever mingling dyes.” Pope. “Childe Harold basked him in the noontide sun,
Disporting there like any other fly.” Byron.

Dis•port´, v. t. [OF. desporter. See Disport, v. i.] 1. To divert or amuse; to make merry. “They could disport themselves.” Buckle. 2. To remove from a port; to carry away. Prynne.

Dis•port´ment , n. Act of disporting; diversion; play. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dis•pos´a•ble , a. [From Dispose.] Subject to disposal; free to be used or employed as occasion may require; not assigned to any service or use. “The great of this kingdom … has easily afforded a disposable surplus.” Burke.

Dis•pos´al , n. [From Dispose.] 1. The act of disposing, or disposing of, anything; arrangement; orderly distribution; a putting in order; as the disposal of the troops in two lines. 2. Ordering; regulation; adjustment; management; government; direction. “The execution leave to high disposal.” Milton. 3. Regulation of the fate, condition, application, etc., of anything; the transference of anything into new hands, a new place, condition, etc.; alienation, or parting; as a disposal of property. “A domestic affair of great importance, which is no less than the disposal of my sister Jenny for life.” Tatler. 4. Power or authority to dispose of, determine the condition of, control, etc., especially in the phrase at, or in, the disposal of. “The sole and absolute disposal of him an his concerns.” South. Syn. — Disposition; dispensation; management; conduct; government; distribution; arrangement; regulation; control.

Dis•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disposed p. pr. & vb. n. Disposing.] [F. disposer; pref. dis- + poser to place. See Pose.] 1. To distribute and put in place; to arrange; to set in order; as to dispose the ships in the form of a crescent. “Who hath disposed the whole world?” Job xxxiv. 13. “All ranged in order and disposed with grace.” Pope. “The rest themselves in troops did else dispose.” Spenser. 2. To regulate; to adjust; to settle; to determine. “The knightly forms of combat to dispose.” Dryden. 3. To deal out; to assign to a use; to bestow for an object or purpose; to apply; to employ; to dispose of. “Importuned him that what he designed to bestow on her funeral, he would rather dispose among the poor.” Evelyn. 4. To give a tendency or inclination to; to adapt; to cause to turn; especially, to incline the mind of; to give a bent or propension to; to incline; to make inclined; — usually followed by to, sometimes by for before the indirect object. “Endure and conquer; Jove will soon dispose
To future good our past and present woes.” Dryden. “Suspicions dispose kings to tyranny, husbands to jealousy, and wise men to irresolution and melancholy.” Bacon. To dispose of. (a) To determine the fate of; to exercise the power of control over; to fix the condition, application, employment, etc. of; to direct or assign for a use. “Freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons.” Locke. (b) To exercise finally one’s power of control over; to pass over into the control of some one else, as by selling; to alienate; to part with; to relinquish; to get rid of; as to dispose of a house; to dispose of one’s time. “More water … than can be disposed of.” T. Burnet. “I have disposed of her to a man of business.” Tatler. “A rural judge disposed of beauty’s prize.” Waller. Syn. — To set; arrange; order; distribute; adjust; regulate; adapt; fit; incline; bestow; give.

Dis•pose´ , v. i. To bargain; to make terms. [Obs.] “She had disposed with Caesar.” Shak.

Dis•pose´, n. 1. Disposal; ordering; management; power or right of control. [Obs.] “But such is the dispose of the sole Disposer of empires.” Speed. 2. Cast of mind; disposition; inclination; behavior; demeanor. [Obs.] “He hath a person, and a smooth dispose
To be suspected.” Shak.

Dis•posed´ , p. a. 1. Inclined; minded. “When he was disposed to pass into Achaia.” Acts xviii. 27. 2. Inclined to mirth; jolly. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Well disposed, in good condition; in good health. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•pos´ed•ness , n. The state of being disposed or inclined; inclination; propensity. [R.]

Dis•pose´ment , n. Disposal. [Obs.] Goodwin.

Dis•pos´er , n. One who, or that which, disposes; a regulator; a director; a bestower. “Absolute lord and disposer of all things.” Barrow.

Dis•pos´ing•ly, adv. In a manner to dispose.

Dis•pos´it•ed , a. [See Disposition.] Disposed. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Dis•po•si´tion , n. [F. disposition, dispositio, fr. disponere to dispose; dis- + ponere to place. See Position, and cf. Dispone.] 1. The act of disposing, arranging, ordering, regulating, or transferring; application; disposal; as the disposition of a man’s property by will. “Who have received the law by the disposition of angels.” Acts vii. 53. “The disposition of the work, to put all things in a beautiful order and harmony, that the whole may be of a piece.” Dryden. 2. The state or the manner of being disposed or arranged; distribution; arrangement; order; as the disposition of the trees in an orchard; the disposition of the several parts of an edifice. 3. Tendency to any action or state resulting from natural constitution; nature; quality; as a disposition in plants to grow in a direction upward; a disposition in bodies to putrefaction. 4. Conscious inclination; propension or propensity. “How stands your disposition to be married?” Shak. 5. Natural or prevailing spirit, or temperament of mind, especially as shown in intercourse with one’s fellow-men; temper of mind. ´A man of turbulent disposition.´ Hallam. ´He is of a very melancholy disposition.´ Shak. “His disposition led him to do things agreeable to his quality and condition wherein God had placed him.” Strype. 6. Mood; humor. “As I perchance hereafter shall think meet
To put an antic disposition on.” Shak. Syn. — Disposal; adjustment; regulation; arrangement; distribution; order; method; adaptation; inclination; propensity; bestowment; alienation; character; temper; mood. — Disposition, Character, Temper. Disposition is the natural humor of a person, the predominating quality of his character, the constitutional habit of his mind. Character is this disposition influenced by motive, training, and will. Temper is a quality of the fiber of character, and is displayed chiefly when the emotions, especially the passions, are aroused.

Dis•po•si´tion•al , a. Pertaining to disposition.

Dis•po•si´tioned , a. Having (such) a disposition; — used in compounds; as well- dispositioned.

Dis•pos´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. dispositif.] 1. Disposing; tending to regulate; decretive. [Obs.] “His dispositive wisdom and power.” Bates. 2. Belonging to disposition or natural, tendency. [Obs.] ´Dispositive holiness.´ Jer. Taylor.

Dis•pos´i•tive•ly, adv. In a dispositive manner; by natural or moral disposition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. “Do dispositively what Moses is recorded to have done literally, … break all the ten commandments at once.” Boyle.

Dis•pos´it•or , n. [L. See Disposition.] 1. A disposer. 2. (Astrol.) The planet which is lord of the sign where another planet is. [Obs.] Crabb.

Dis•pos•sess´ ( see Possess), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispossessed p. pr. & vb. n. Dispossessing.] [Pref. dis- + possess: cf. F. deposseder.] To put out of possession; to deprive of the actual occupancy of, particularly of land or real estate; to disseize; to eject; — usually followed by of before the thing taken away; as to dispossess a king of his crown. “Usurp the land, and dispossess the swain.” Goldsmith.

Dis•pos•ses´sion , n. [Cf. F. depossession.] 1. The act of putting out of possession; the state of being dispossessed. Bp. Hall. 2. (Law) The putting out of possession, wrongfully or otherwise, of one who is in possession of a freehold, no matter in what title; — called also ouster.

Dis•pos•sess´or , n. One who dispossesses. Cowley.

Dis•post´ , v. t. To eject from a post; to displace. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode).

Dis•po´sure , n. [From Dispose.] 1. The act of disposing; power to dispose of; disposal; direction. “Give up
My estate to his disposure.” Massinger. 2. Disposition; arrangement; position; posture. [Obs.] “In a kind of warlike disposure.” Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•prais´a•ble , a. Blamable. [R.]

Dis•praise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispraised p. pr. & vb. n. Dispraising.] [OE. dispreisen, OF. desprisier, despreisier, F. depriser; pref. des- (L. dis-) + prisier, F. priser, to prize, praise. See Praise, and cf. Disprize, Depreciate.] To withdraw praise from; to notice with disapprobation or some degree of censure; to disparage; to blame. “Dispraising the power of his adversaries.” Chaucer. “I dispraised him before the wicked, that the wicked might not fall in love with him.” Shak.

Dis•praise´, n. [Cf. OF. despris. See Dispraise, v. t.] The act of dispraising; detraction; blame censure; reproach; disparagement. Dryden. “In praise and in dispraise the same.” Tennyson.

Dis•prais´er , n. One who blames or dispraises.

Dis•praising•ly, adv. By way of dispraise.

Dis•pread´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + spread.] To spread abroad, or different ways; to spread apart; to open; as the sun dispreads his beams. Spenser.

Dis•pread´, v. i. To extend or expand itself. [R.] “While tyrant Heat, dispreading through the sky.” Thomson.

Dis•pread´er , n. One who spreads abroad. “Dispreaders both of vice and error.” Milton.

Dis•prej´u•dice , v. t. To free from prejudice. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Dis•pre•pare´ , v. t. To render unprepared. [Obs.] Hobbes.

Dis•prince´ , v. t. To make unlike a prince. [R.] “For I was drench’d with ooze, and torn with briers, …
And, all one rag, disprinced from head to heel.” Tennyson.

Dis•pris´on , v. t. To let loose from prison, to set at liberty. [R.] Bulwer.

Dis•priv´i•lege , v. t. To deprive of a privilege or privileges. [R.]

Dis•prize´ , v. t. [Cf. Dispraise.] To depreciate. [R.] Cotton (Ode to Lydia).

Dis•pro•fess´ , v. t. To renounce the profession or pursuit of. “His arms, which he had vowed to disprofess.” Spenser.

Dis•prof´it , n. Loss; damage. Foxe.

Dis•prof´it, v. i. & i. To be, or to cause to be, without profit or benefit. [Obs. or Archaic] Bale.

Dis•prof´it•a•ble , a. Unprofitable. [Obs.]

Dis•proof´ , n. [Pref. dis- + proof. Cf. Disprove.] A proving to be false or erroneous; confutation; refutation; as to offer evidence in disproof of a statement. “I need not offer anything farther in support of one, or in disproof of the other.” Rogers.

Dis•prop´er•ty , v. t. To cause to be no longer property; to dispossess of. [R.] Shak.

Dis•pro•por´tion , n. [Pref. dis- + proportion: cf. F. disproportion.] 1. Want of proportion in form or quantity; lack of symmetry; as the arm may be in disproportion to the body; the disproportion of the length of a building to its height. 2. Want of suitableness, adequacy, or due proportion to an end or use; unsuitableness; disparity; as the disproportion of strength or means to an object.

Dis•pro•por´tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disproportioned p. pr. & vb. n. Disproportioning.] To make unsuitable in quantity, form, or fitness to an end; to violate symmetry in; to mismatch; to join unfitly. “To shape my legs of an unequal size;
To disproportion me in every part.” Shak. “A degree of strength altogether disproportioned to the extent of its territory.” Prescott.

Dis•pro•por´tion•a•ble , a. Disproportional; unsuitable in form, size, quantity, or adaptation; disproportionate; inadequate. — Dis•pro•por´tion•a•ble•ness, n. Hammond. — Dis•pro•por´tion•a•bly, adv.

Dis•pro•por´tion•al , a. Not having due proportion to something else; not having proportion or symmetry of parts; unsuitable in form, quantity or value; inadequate; unequal; as a disproportional limb constitutes deformity in the body; the studies of youth should not be disproportional to their understanding.

Dis•pro•por•tion•al´i•ty , n. The state of being disproportional. Dr. H. More.

Dis•pro•por´tion•al•ly, adv. In a disproportional manner; unsuitably in form, quantity, or value; unequally.

Dis•pro•por´tion•ate , a. Not proportioned; unsymmetrical; unsuitable to something else in bulk, form, value, or extent; out of proportion; inadequate; as in a perfect body none of the limbs are disproportionate; it is wisdom not to undertake a work disproportionate means. - - Dis•pro•por´tion•ate•ly, adv. — Dis•pro•por´tion•ate•ness, n.

Dis•pro´pri•ate , v. t. [L. dis- + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one’s own, proper.] To cancel the appropriation of; to disappropriate. [R.]

Dis•prov´a•ble , a. Capable of being disproved or refuted. Boyle.

Dis•prov´al , n. Act of disproving; disproof. [R.]

Dis•prove´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disproved p. pr. & vb. n. Disproving.] [Pref. dis- + prove: cf. OF. desprover.] 1. To prove to be false or erroneous; to confute; to refute. “That false supposition I advanced in order to disprove it.” Atterbury. 2. To disallow; to disapprove of. [Obs.] Stirling.

Dis•prov´er , n. One who disproves or confutes.

Dis•pro•vide´ , v. t. Not to provide; to fail to provide. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dis•punct´ , a. Wanting in punctilious respect; discourteous. [Obs.] “That were dispunct to the ladies.” B. Jonson.

Dis•punct´, v. t. [See 1st Dispunge.] To expunge. [Obs.] Foxe.

Dis•punge´ , v. t. [L. dispungere to prick apart, i. e., check off the debts and credits of an account; dis- + pungere to prick.] To expunge; to erase. [Obs.]

Dis•punge´, v. t. See Disponge. [Obs.]

Dis•pun´ish•a•ble , a. Without penal restraint; not punishable. [R.] Swift.

Dis•pur´pose , v. t. To dissuade; to frustrate; as to dispurpose plots. [R.] A. Brewer.

Dis•purse´ , v. t. To disburse. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•pur•vey´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + purvey: cf. OF. desporveoir, F. depourvoir.] To disfurnish; to strip. [Obs.] Heywood.

Dis•pur•vey´ance , n. Want of provisions; ack of food. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•pu•ta•ble ( 277), a. [L. disputabilis: cf. F. disputable. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. Capable of being disputed; liable to be called in question, controverted, or contested; or doubtful certainty or propriety; controvertible; as disputable opinions, propositions, points, or questions. “Actions, every one of which is very disputable.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Disputatious; contentious. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•pu•ta•ble•ness, n. State of being disputable.

Dis•pu•tac´i•ty , n. [See Dispute, v. i.] Proneness to dispute. [Obs.] Bp. Ward.

Dis´pu•tant , a. [L. disputants, p. pr. of disputare: cf. F. disputant. See Dispute, v. i.] Disputing; engaged in controversy. Milton.

Dis´pu•tant, n. One who disputes; one who argues in opposition to another; one appointed to dispute; a controvertist; a reasoner in opposition. “A singularly eager, acute, and pertinacious disputant.” Macaulay.

Dis•pu•ta´tion , n. [OE. desputeson, disputacion, OF. desputeison, F. disputation, fr. L. disputatio. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. The act of disputing; a reasoning or argumentation in opposition to something, or on opposite sides; controversy in words; verbal contest respecting the truth of some fact, opinion, proposition, or argument. 2. A rhetorical exercise in which parties reason in opposition to each other on some question proposed.

Dis•pu•ta´tious , a. Inclined to dispute; apt to civil or controvert; characterized by dispute; as a disputatious person or temper. “The Christian doctrine of a future life was no recommendation of the new religion to the wits and philosophers of that disputations period.” Buckminster. — Dis•pu•ta´tious•ly, adv. — Dis•pu•ta´tious•ness, n.

Dis•put´a•tive , a. [L. disputativus.] Disposed to dispute; inclined to cavil or to reason in opposition; as a disputative temper. I. Watts.

Dis•pute´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disputing.] [OE. desputen, disputen, OF. desputer, disputer, F. disputer, from L. disputare, disputatum; dis- + putare to clean; hence, fig., to clear up, set in order, reckon, think. See Putative, Pure.] To contend in argument; to argue against something maintained, upheld, or claimed, by another; to discuss; to reason; to debate; to altercate; to wrangle. “Therefore disputed [reasoned, Rev. Ver.] he in synagogue with the Jews.” Acts xvii. 17.

Dis•pute´, v. t. 1. To make a subject of disputation; to argue pro and con; to discuss. “The rest I reserve it be disputed how the magistrate is to do herein.” Milton. 2. To oppose by argument or assertion; to attempt to overthrow; to controvert; to express dissent or opposition to; to call in question; to deny the truth or validity of; as to dispute assertions or arguments. “To seize goods under the disputed authority of writs of assistance.” Bancroft. 3. To strive or contend about; to contest. “To dispute the possession of the ground with the Spaniards.” Prescott. 4. To struggle against; to resist. [Obs.] “Dispute it [grief] like a man.” Shak. Syn. — To controvert; contest; gainsay; doubt; question; argue; debate; discuss; impugn. See Argue.

Dis•pute´, n. [Cf. F. dispute. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. Verbal controversy; contest by opposing argument or expression of opposing views or claims; controversial discussion; altercation; debate. “Addicted more
To contemplation and profound dispute.” Milton. 2. Contest; struggle; quarrel. De Foe. Beyond dispute, Without dispute, indisputably; incontrovertibly. Syn. — Altercation; controversy; argumentation; debate; discussion; quarrel; disagreement; difference; contention; wrangling. See Altercation.

Dis•pute´less, a. Admitting no dispute; incontrovertible. Bailey.

Dis•put´er , n. One who disputes, or who is given to disputes; a controvertist. “Where is the disputer of this world?” 1 Cor. i. 20.

Dis•pu´ti•son , n. [See Disputation.] Dispute; discussion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•qual•i•fi•ca´tion , n. 1. The act of disqualifying, or state of being disqualified; want of qualification; incompetency; disability; as the disqualification of men for holding certain offices. 2. That which disqualifies; that which incapacitates or makes unfit; as conviction of crime is a disqualification of a person for office; sickness is a disqualification for labor. “I must still retain the consciousness of those disqualifications which you have been pleased to overlook.” Sir J. Shore.

Dis•qual´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disqualified p. pr. & vb. n. Disqualifying.] 1. To deprive of the qualities or properties necessary for any purpose; to render unfit; to incapacitate; — with for or from before the purpose, state, or act. “My common illness disqualifies me for all conversation; I mean my deafness.” Swift. “Me are not disqualified by their engagements in trade from being received in high society.” Southey. 2. To deprive of some power, right, or privilege, by positive restriction; to disable; to debar legally; as a conviction of perjury disqualifies a man to be a witness.

Dis•quan´ti•ty , v. t. To diminish the quantity of; to lessen. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•qui´et , a. Deprived of quiet; impatient; restless; uneasy. [R.] Shak.

Dis•qui´et, n. Want of quiet; want of tranquility in body or mind; uneasiness; restlessness; disturbance; anxiety. Swift.

Dis•qui´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disquieted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disquieting.] To render unquiet; to deprive of peace, rest, or tranquility; to make uneasy or restless; to disturb. “Why art thou cast down, O my soul, and why art thou disquieted within me?” Ps. xlii. 11. “As quiet as these disquieted times will permit.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — To harass; disturb; vex; fret; excite; agitate.

Dis•qui´et•al , n. The act of disquieting; a state of disquiet. [Obs.] “[It] roars and strives ’gainst its disquietal.” Dr. H. More.

Dis•qui´et•er , n. One who, or that which, disquiets, or makes uneasy; a disturber.

Dis•qui´et•ful , a. Producing inquietude or uneasiness. [R.] Barrow.

Dis•qui´et•ive , a. Tending to disquiet. [R.]

Dis•qui´et•ly, adv. In a disquiet manner; uneasily; as he rested disquietly that night. [R.] Wiseman.

Dis•qui´et•ment , n. State of being disquieted; uneasiness; harassment. [R.] Hopkins.

Dis•qui´et•ness, n. Disturbance of quiet in body or mind; restlessness; uneasiness. Hooker.

Dis•qui´et•ous , a. Causing uneasiness. [R.] “So distasteful and disquietous to a number of men.” Milton.

Dis•qui´et•tude , n. Want of peace or tranquility; uneasiness; disturbance; agitation; anxiety. “Fears and disquietude, and unavoidable anxieties of mind.” Abp. Sharp.

Dis•qui•si´tion , n. [L. disquisitio, fr. disquirere to inquire diligently, investigate; dis- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.] A formal or systematic inquiry into, or discussion of, any subject; a full examination or investigation of a matter, with the arguments and facts bearing upon it; elaborate essay; dissertation. “For accurate research or grave disquisition he was not well qualified.” Macaulay.

Dis•qui•si´tion•al , a. Pertaining to disquisition; of the nature of disquisition.

Dis•qui•si´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to disquisition; disquisitional.

Dis•quis´i•tive , a. Relating to disquisition; fond of discussion or investigation; examining; inquisitive.

Dis•quis•i•to´ri•al , a. Disquisitory.

Dis•quis´i•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to disquisition; disquisitive. Ed. Rev.

Dis•range´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + range: cf. OF. desrengier, F. derangier. See Derange, Disrank.] To disarrange. [Obs.] Wood.

Dis•rank´ ( see Dis-), v. t. [Cf. Derange.] 1. To degrade from rank. [Obs.] 2. To throw out of rank or into confusion. Decker.

Dis•rate´ , v. t. To reduce to a lower rating or rank; to degrade. Marryat.

Dis•ray´ , variant of Disarray. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•re´al•ize , v. t. To divest of reality; to make uncertain. [Obs.] Udall.

Dis•re•gard´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disregarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disregarding.] Not to regard; to pay no heed to; to omit to take notice of; to neglect to observe; to slight as unworthy of regard or notice; as to disregard the admonitions of conscience. “Studious of good, man disregarded fame.” Blackmore.

Dis•re•gard´, n. The act of disregarding, or the state of being disregarded; intentional neglect; omission of notice; want of attention; slight. “The disregard of experience.” Whewell.

Dis•re•gard´er , n. One who disregards.

Dis•re•gard´ful , a. Neglect; negligent; heedless; regardless.

Dis•re•gard´ful•ly, adv. Negligently; heedlessly.

Dis•rel´ish ( see Dis-), n. 1. Want of relish; dislike (of the palate or of the mind); distaste; a slight degree of disgust; as a disrelish for some kinds of food. “Men love to hear of their power, but have an extreme disrelish to be told of their duty.” Burke. 2. Absence of relishing or palatable quality; bad taste; nauseousness. Milton.

Dis•rel´ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrelished p. pr. & vb. n. Disrelishing.] 1. Not to relish; to regard as unpalatable or offensive; to feel a degree of disgust at. Pope. 2. To deprive of relish; to make nauseous or disgusting in a slight degree. Milton.

Dis•re•mem´ber , v. t. To fail to remember; to forget. [Obs. or Archaic]

Dis•re•pair´ , n. A state of being in bad condition, and wanting repair. “The fortifications were ancient and in disrepair.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•rep•u•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being disreputable. [R.]

Dis•rep´u•ta•ble , a. Not reputable; of bad repute; not in esteem; dishonorable; disgracing the reputation; tending to bring into disesteem; as it is disreputable to associate familiarly with the mean, the lewd, and the profane. “Why should you think that conduct disreputable in priests which you probably consider as laudable in yourself?” Bp. Watson. Syn. — Dishonorable; discreditable; low; mean; disgraceful; shameful.

Dis•rep´u•ta•bly, adv. In a disreputable manner.

Dis•rep•u•ta´tion , n. Loss or want of reputation or good name; dishonor; disrepute; disesteem. ´A disreputation of piety.´ Jer. Taylor.

Dis•re•pute´ , n. Loss or want of reputation; ill character; disesteem; discredit. “At the beginning of the eighteenth century astrology fell into general disrepute.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Disesteem; discredit; dishonor; disgrace.

Dis•re•pute´, v. t. To bring into disreputation; to hold in dishonor. [R.] “More inclined to love them than to disrepute them.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•re•spect´ , n. Want of respect or reverence; disesteem; incivility; discourtesy. “Impatience of bearing the least affront or disrespect.” Pope.

Dis•re•spect´, v. t. To show disrespect to. “We have disrespected and slighted God.” Comber.

Dis•re•spect•a•bil´i•ty , n. Want of respectability. Thackeray.

Dis•re•spect´a•ble , a. Not respectable; disreputable. M. Arnold.

Dis•re•spect´er , n. One who disrespects.

Dis•re•spect´ful , a. Wanting in respect; manifesting disesteem or lack of respect; uncivil; as disrespectful behavior. — Dis•re•spect´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•re•spect´ful•ness, n.

Dis•re•spect´ive , a. Showing want of respect; disrespectful. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•rev´er•ence , v. t. To treat irreverently or with disrespect. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Dis•robe´ ( see Dis-), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Disrobed p. pr. & vb. n. Disrobing.] To divest of a robe; to undress; figuratively, to strip of covering; to divest of that which clothes or decorates; as autumn disrobes the fields of verdure. “Two great peers were disrobed of their glory.” Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•rob´er , n. One who, or that which, disrobes.

Dis•roof´ , v. t. To unroof. [R.] Carlyle.

Dis•root´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disrooting.] To tear up the roots of, or by the roots; hence, to tear from a foundation; to uproot. “A piece of ground disrooted from its situation by subterraneous inundations.” Goldsmith.

Dis•rout´ , v. i. [Cf. OF. desrouter, F. derouter.] To put to rout. Taylor (1630).

Dis•rud´der , v. t. To deprive of the rudder, as a ship.

Dis•ru´li•ly , adv. In a disorderly manner. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Dis•ru´ly , a. Unruly; disorderly. [Obs.]

Dis•rupt´ , a. [L. disruptus, diruptus, p. p. of disrumpere, to break or burst asunder; dis- + rumpere to break, burst. See Rupture.] Rent off; torn asunder; severed; disrupted.

Dis•rupt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disrupting.] To break asunder; to rend. Thomson.

Dis•rup´tion , n. [L. disruptio, diruptio.] The act or rending asunder, or the state of being rent asunder or broken in pieces; breach; rent; dilaceration; rupture; as the disruption of rocks in an earthquake; disruption of a state.

Dis•rupt´ive , a. Causing, or tending to cause, disruption; caused by disruption; breaking through; bursting; as the disruptive discharge of an electrical battery. Nichol.

Dis•rup´ture , n. Disruption. [R.] Jefferson.

Dis•sat•is•fac´tion , n. The state of being dissatisfied, unsatisfied, or discontented; uneasiness proceeding from the want of gratification, or from disappointed wishes and expectations. “The ambitious man has little happiness, but is subject to much uneasiness and dissatisfaction.” Addison. Syn. — Discontent; discontentment; displeasure; disapprobation; distaste; dislike.

Dis•sat•is•fac´to•ry , a. Causing dissatisfaction; unable to give content; unsatisfactory; displeasing. “To have reduced the different qualifications in the different States to one uniform rule, would probably have been as dissatisfactory to some of the States, as difficult for the Convention.” A. Hamilton. — Dis•sat•is•fac´to•ri•ness (#), n.

Dis•sat´is•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissatisfied p. pr. & vb. n. Dissatisfying.] To render unsatisfied or discontented; to excite uneasiness in by frustrating wishes or expectations; to displease by the want of something requisite; as to be dissatisfied with one’s fortune. “The dissatisfied factions of the autocracy.” Bancroft.

Dis•seat´ , v. t. To unseat. [R.] Shak.

Dis•sect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissected; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissecting.] [L. dissectus, p. p. of dissecare; dis- + secare to cut. See Section.] 1. (Anat.) To divide into separate parts; to cut in pieces; to separate and expose the parts of, as an animal or a plant, for examination and to show their structure and relations; to anatomize. 2. To analyze, for the purposes of science or criticism; to divide and examine minutely. “This paragraph … I have dissected for a sample.” Atterbury.

Dis•sect´ed , a. 1. Cut into several parts; divided into sections; as a dissected map. 2. (Bot.) Cut deeply into many lobes or divisions; as a dissected leaf.

Dis•sect´i•ble , a. Capable of being dissected, or separated by dissection. Paley.

Dis•sect´ing, a. 1. Dividing or separating the parts of an animal or vegetable body; as a dissecting aneurism, one which makes its way between or within the coats of an artery. 2. Of or pertaining to, or received during, a dissection; as a dissecting wound. 3. Used for or in dissecting; as a dissecting knife; a dissecting microscope.

Dis•sec´tion , n. [Cf. F. dissection.] 1. The act of dissecting an animal or plant; as dissection of the human body was held sacrilege till the time of Francis I. 2. Fig.: The act of separating or dividing for the purpose of critical examination. 3. Anything dissected; especially, some part, or the whole, of an animal or plant dissected so as to exhibit the structure; an anatomical so prepared. Dissection wound, a poisoned wound incurred during the dissection of a dead body.

Dis•sect´or , n. [Cf. F. dissecteur.] One who dissects; an anatomist.

Dis•seize´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disseized p. pr. & vb. n. Disseizing.] [Pref. dis- + seize: cf. F. dessaisir.] (Law) To deprive of seizin or possession; to dispossess or oust wrongfully (one in freehold possession of land); — followed by of; as to disseize a tenant of his freehold. [Written also disseise.] “Which savage beasts strive as eagerly to keep and hold those golden mines, as the Arimaspians to disseize them thereof.” Holland.

Dis•sei•zee´ , n. (Law) A person disseized, or put out of possession of an estate unlawfully; — correlative to disseizor. [Written also disseisee.]

Dis•sei´zin , n. [OF. dessaisine.] (Law) The act of disseizing; an unlawful dispossessing and ouster of a person actually seized of the freehold. [Written also disseisin.] Blackstone.

Dis•sei´zor , n. (Law) One who wrongfully disseizes, or puts another out of possession of a freehold. [Written also disseisor.] Blackstone.

Dis•sei´zor•ess, n. (Law) A woman disseizes.

Dis•sei´zure ( 135), n. Disseizin. Speed.

Dis•sem´blance , n. [Cf. F. dissemblance. See Dissemble.] Want of resemblance; dissimilitude. [R.] Osborne.

Dis•sem´blance, n. [Dissemble + -ance.] The act or art of dissembling; dissimulation. [Obs.]

Dis•sem´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissembled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissembling ] [OF. dissembler to be dissimilar; pref. dis- (L. dis-) + F. sembler to seem, L. simulare to simulate; cf. L. dissimulare to dissemble. See Simulate, and cf. Dissimulate.] 1. To hide under a false semblance or seeming; to feign (something) not to be what it really is; to put an untrue appearance upon; to disguise; to mask. “Dissemble all your griefs and discontents.” Shak. “Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love,
But — why did you kick me down stairs?” J. P. Kemble. 2. To put on the semblance of; to make pretense of; to simulate; to feign. “He soon dissembled a sleep.” Tatler. Syn. — To conceal; disguise; cloak; cover; equivocate. See Conceal.

Dis•sem´ble, v. i. To conceal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, under some pretense; to assume a false appearance; to act the hypocrite. “He that hateth dissembleth with his lips.” Prov. xxvi. 24. “He [an enemy] dissembles when he assumes an air of friendship.” C. J. Smith.

Dis•sem´bler , n. One who dissembles; one who conceals his opinions or dispositions under a false appearance; a hypocrite. “It is the weakest sort of politicians that are the greatest dissemblers.” Bacon. “Priests, princes, women, no dissemblers here.” Pope. Syn. — Dissembler, Hypocrite. A person is called a dissembler with reference to his concealment of his real character, and a hypocrite with reference to his assumption of a false character. But hypocrite is the stronger word, being commonly used to characterize a person who is habitually insincere and false, especially one who makes professions of goodness when his aims are selfish and his life corrupt.

Dis•sem´bling , a. That dissembles; hypocritical; false. — Dis•sem´bling•ly, adv.

Dis•sem´i•nate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Disseminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disseminating.] [L. disseminatus, p. p. of disseminare to disseminate; dis- + seminare to sow, semen seed. See Seminary.] 1. To sow broadcast or as seed; to scatter for growth and propagation, like seed; to spread abroad; to diffuse; as principles, ideas opinions, and errors are disseminated when they are spread abroad for propagation. 2. To spread or extend by dispersion. “A nearly uniform and constant fire or heat disseminated throughout the body of the earth.” Woodward. Syn. — To spread; diffuse; propagate; circulate; disperse; scatter.

Dis•sem´i•na•ted , p. a. (Min.) Occurring in small portions scattered through some other substance.

Dis•sem•i•na´tion , n. [L. disseminatio: cf. F. dissemination.] The act of disseminating, or the state of being disseminated; diffusion for propagation and permanence; a scattering or spreading abroad, as of ideas beliefs, etc. “The universal dissemination of those writings.” Wayland.

Dis•sem´i•na•tive , a. Tending to disseminate, or to become disseminated. “The effect of heresy is, like the plague, infectious and disseminative.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•sem´i•na•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, disseminates, spreads, or propagates; as disseminators of disease.

Dis•sen´sion , n. [L. dissensio: cf. F. dissension. See Dissent.] Disagreement in opinion, usually of a violent character, producing warm debates or angry words; contention in words; partisan and contentious divisions; breach of friendship and union; strife; discord; quarrel. “Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them.” Acts xv. 2. “Debates, dissension, uproars are thy joy.” Dryden. “A seditious person and raiser-up of dissension among the people.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Dis•sen´sious , a. Disposed to discord; contentious; dissentious. [R.] Ascham. — Dis•sen´sious•ly, adv. Chapman.

Dis•sent´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dissented; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissenting.] [L. dissentire, dissentum; dis- + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] 1. To differ in opinion; to be of unlike or contrary sentiment; to disagree; — followed by from. “The bill passed … without a dissenting voice.” Hallam. “Opinions in which multitudes of men dissent from us.” Addison. 2. (Eccl.) To differ from an established church in regard to doctrines, rites, or government. 3. To differ; to be of a contrary nature. Hooker.

Dis•sent´, n. 1. The act of dissenting; difference of opinion; refusal to adopt something proposed; nonagreement, nonconcurrence, or disagreement. “The dissent of no small number [of peers] is frequently recorded.” Hallam. 2. (Eccl.) Separation from an established church, especially that of England; nonconformity. “It is the dissidence of dissent and the protestantism of the Protestant religion.” Burke. 3. Contrariety of nature; diversity in quality. [Obs.] “The dissent of the metals.” Bacon. Syn. — Disagreement; variance; difference; nonconcurrence; nonconformity.

Dis•sen•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. dissentaneus.] Disagreeing; contrary; differing; — opposed to consentaneous. [R.] Barrow.

Dis´sen•ta•ny , a. Dissentaneous; inconsistent. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•sen•ta´tion , n. Dissension. [Obs.] W. Browne.

Dis•sent´er , n. 1. One who dissents; one who differs in opinion, or declares his disagreement. 2. (Eccl.) One who separates from the service and worship of an established church; especially, one who disputes the authority or tenets of the Church of England; a nonconformist. “Dissenters from the establishment of their several countries.” Burke. “Robert Brown is said to have the first formal dissenter.” Shipley. ´The word is commonly applied only to Protestants. The Roman Catholics are generally referred to as a distinct class.´ Brande & C.

Dis•sent´er•ism , n. The spirit or principles of dissenters. Ed. Rev.

Dis•sen´ti•ate , v. t. To throw into a state of dissent. [R.] Feltham.

Dis•sen´tient , a. [L. dissentiens, p. pr. of dissentire. See Dissent, v. i.] Disagreeing; declaring dissent; dissenting. — n. One who dissents. Macaulay.

Dis•sen´tious , a. Marked by dissensions; apt to breed discord; quarrelsome; contentious; factious. — Dis•sen´tious•ly, adv.

Dis•sent´ive , a. Disagreeing; inconsistent. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•sep´i•ment , n. [L. dissaepimentum, fr. dissaepire; dis- + saepire to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A separating tissue; a partition; a septum. 2. (Bot.) One of the partitions which divide a compound ovary into cells. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the transverse, calcareous partitions between the radiating septa of a coral.

Dis•sert´ , v. i. [L. dissertus, p. p. of disserere; dis- + serere to join, connect: cf. F. disserter. See Series.] To discourse or dispute; to discuss. [R.] “We have disserted upon it a little longer than was necessary.” Jeffrey.

Dis´ser•tate , v. i. [L. dissertatus, p. p. of dissertare to discuss, intents, fr. disserere. See Dissert.] To deal in dissertation; to write dissertations; to discourse. [R.] J. Foster.

Dis•ser•ta´tion , n. [L. dissertatio: cf. F. dissertation.] A formal or elaborate argumentative discourse, oral or written; a disquisition; an essay; a discussion; as Dissertations on the Prophecies.

Dis•ser•ta´tion•al , a. Relating to dissertations; resembling a dissertation.

Dis•ser•ta´tion•ist, n. A writer of dissertations.

Dis´ser•ta•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. dissertateur.] One who writers a dissertation; one who discourses. Boyle.

Dis•sert´ly , adv. See Disertly. [Obs.]

Dis•serve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Di p. pr. & vb. n. Disserving.] [Pref. dis- + serve: cf. F. desservir.] To fail to serve; to do injury or mischief to; to damage; to hurt; to harm. “Have neither served nor disserved the interests of any party.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•serv´ice , n. [Pref. dis- + service: cf. F. desservice.] Injury; mischief. “We shall rather perform good offices unto truth than any disservice unto their relators.” Sir T. Browne.

Dis•serv´ice•a•ble , a. Calculated to do disservice or harm; not serviceable; injurious; harmful; unserviceable. Shaftesbury. — Dis•serv´ice•a•ble•ness, n. Norris. — Dis•serv´ice•a•bly, adv.

Dis•set´tle , v. t. To unsettle. [Obs.]

Dis•set´tle•ment , n. The act of unsettling, or the state of being unsettled. Marvell.

Dis•sev´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissevered p. pr. & vb. n. Dissevering.] [OE. dessevrer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + sevrer to sever, F. sevrer to wean, L. separate to separate. In this word the prefix is intensive. See Dis-, and Sever.] To part in two; to sever thoroughly; to sunder; to disunite; to separate; to disperse. “The storm so dissevered the company … that most of therm never met again.” Sir P. Sidney. “States disserved, discordant, belligerent.” D. Webster.

Dis•sev´er, v. i. To part; to separate. Chaucer.

Dis•sev´er•ance , n. [OF. dessevrance.] The act of disserving; separation.

Dis•sev•er•a´tion , n. The act of disserving; disseverance. [Obs.]

Dis•sev´er•ment , n. [Cf. OF. dessevrement.] Disseverance. Sir W. Scott.

Dis•shad´ow , v. t. To free from shadow or shade. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Dis•sheathe´ , v. i. To become unsheathed. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Dis•ship´ , v. t. To dismiss from service on board ship. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Dis•shiv´er , v. t. & i. To shiver or break in pieces. [Obs.]

Dis´si•dence , n. [L. dissidentia: cf. F. dissidence. See Dissident, a.] Disagreement; dissent; separation from the established religion. I. Taylor. “It is the dissidence of dissent.” Burke.

Dis´si•dent , a. [L. dissidens, -entis, p. pr. of dissidere to sit apart, to disagree; dis- + sedere to sit: cf. F. dissident. See Sit.] No agreeing; dissenting; discordant; different. “Our life and manners be dissident from theirs.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Dis´si•dent, n. (Eccl.) One who disagrees or dissents; one who separates from the established religion. “The dissident, habituated and taught to think of his dissidenc as a laudable and necessary opposition to ecclesiastical usurpation.” I. Taylor.

Dis´si•dent•ly, adv. In a dissident manner. { Dis•sil´i•ence ( 106), Dis•sil´i•en•cy , } n. The act of leaping or starting asunder. Johnson.

Dis•sil´i•ent , a. [L. dissiliens, -entis, p. pr. of dissilire to leap asunder: dis- + salire to leap.] Starting asunder; bursting and opening with an elastic force; dehiscing explosively; as a dissilient pericarp.

Dis•si•li´tion , n. The act of bursting or springing apart. [R.] Boyle.

Dis•sim´i•lar , a. [Pref. dis- + similar: cf. F. dissimilaire.] Not similar; unlike; heterogeneous; as the tempers of men are as dissimilar as their features. “This part very dissimilar to any other.” Boyle.

Dis•sim•i•lar´i•ty , n. Want of resemblance; unlikeness; dissimilitude; variety; as the dissimilarity of human faces and forms. Sir W. Jones.

Dis•sim´i•lar•ly , adv. In a dissimilar manner; in a varied style. “With verdant shrubs dissimilarly gay.” C. Smart.

Dis•sim´i•late , v. t. To render dissimilar.

Dis•sim•i•la´tion , n. The act of making dissimilar. H. Sweet.

Dis•sim´i•le , n. [L. dissimile, neut. of dissimilis unlike.] (Rhet.) Comparison or illustration by contraries.

Dis•si•mil´i•tude , n. [L. dissimilitudo, fr. dissimilis: cf. F. dissimilitude.] 1. Want of resemblance; unlikeness; dissimilarity. “Dissimilitude between the Divinity and images.” Stillingfleet. 2. (Rhet.) A comparison by contrast; a dissimile.

Dis•sim´u•late , a. [L. dissimulatus, p. p. of dissimulare. See Dissemble.] Feigning; simulating; pretending. [Obs.] Henryson.

Dis•sim´u•late , v. i. To dissemble; to feign; to pretend.

Dis•sim•u•la´tion , n. [L. dissimulatio: cf. F. dissimulation.] The act of dissembling; a hiding under a false appearance; concealment by feigning; false pretension; hypocrisy. “Let love be without dissimulation.” Rom. xii. 9. “Dissimulation … when a man lets fall signs and arguments that he is not that he is.” Bacon. “Simulation is a pretense of what is not, and dissimulation a concealment of what is.” Tatler.

Dis•sim´u•la•tor , n. [L.] One who dissimulates; a dissembler.

Dis•sim´ule , v. t. & i. [F. dissimuler. See Dissimulate.] To dissemble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•sim´u•ler , n. A dissembler. [Obs.]

Dis•sim´u•lour , n. [OF. dissimuleur.] A dissembler. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis´si•pa•ble , a. [L. dissipabilis.] Capable of being scattered or dissipated. [R.] “The heat of those plants is very dissipable.” Bacon.

Dis´si•pate (dis´si•pat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissipated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissipating.] [L. dissipatus, p. p. of dissipare; dis- + an obsolete verb sipare, supare. to throw.] 1. To scatter completely; to disperse and cause to disappear; — used esp. of the dispersion of things that can never again be collected or restored. “Dissipated those foggy mists of error.” Selden. “I soon dissipated his fears.” Cook. “The extreme tendency of civilization is to dissipate all intellectual energy.” Hazlitt. 2. To destroy by wasteful extravagance or lavish use; to squander. “The vast wealth … was in three years dissipated.” Bp. Burnet. Syn. — To disperse; scatter; dispel; spend; squander; waste; consume; lavish.

Dis´si•pate, v. i. 1. To separate into parts and disappear; to waste away; to scatter; to disperse; to vanish; as a fog or cloud gradually dissipates before the rays or heat of the sun; the heat of a body dissipates. 2. To be extravagant, wasteful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure; to engage in dissipation.

Dis´si•pa•ted (dis´si•pa•ted), a. 1. Squandered; scattered. ´Dissipated wealth.´ Johnson. 2. Wasteful of health, money, etc., in the pursuit of pleasure; dissolute; intemperate. “A life irregular and dissipated.” Johnson.

Dis•si•pa´tion , n. [L. dissipatio: cf. F. dissipation.] 1. The act of dissipating or dispersing; a state of dispersion or separation; dispersion; waste. “Without loss or dissipation of the matter.” Bacon. “The famous dissipation of mankind.” Sir M. Hale. 2. A dissolute course of life, in which health, money, etc., are squandered in pursuit of pleasure; profuseness in vicious indulgence, as late hours, riotous living, etc.; dissoluteness. “To reclaim the spendthrift from his dissipation and extravagance.” P. Henry. 3. A trifle which wastes time or distracts attention. “Prevented from finishing them [the letters] a thousand avocations and dissipations.” Swift. Dissipation of energy. Same as Degradation of energy, under Degradation.

Dis´si•pa•tive , a. Tending to dissipate. Dissipative system (Mech.), an assumed system of matter and motions in which forces of friction and resistances of other kinds are introduced without regard to the heat or other molecular actions which they generate; — opposed to conservative system.

Dis•si•pa•tiv´i•ty , n. The rate at which palpable energy is dissipated away into other forms of energy.

Dis´site , a. [L. dissitus.] Lying apart. [Obs.] “Lands far dissite and remote asunder.” Holland.

Dis•slan´der , v. t. [Pref. dis- (intens.) + slander.] To slander. [Obs.] Legend of Dido.

Dis•slan´der, n. Slander. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•slan´der•ous , a. Slanderous. [Obs.]

Dis•so•cia•bil´i•ty , n. Want of sociability; unsociableness. Bp. Warburton.

Dis•so´cia•ble , a. [L. dissociabilis, fr. dissociare: cf. F. dissociable. See Dissociate.] 1. Not well associated or assorted; incongruous. “They came in two and two, though matched in the most dissociable manner.” Spectator. 2. Having a tendency to dissolve social connections; unsuitable to society; unsociable.

Dis•so´cial , a. [Pref. dis- + social: cf. L. dissocialis. See Dissociate, v. t.] Unfriendly to society; contracted; selfish; as dissocial feelings.

Dis•so´cial•ize , v. t. To render unsocial.

Dis•so´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissociated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissociating.] [L. dissociatus, p. p. of dissociare to dissociate; dis- + sociare to unite, associate, socius companion. See Social.] To separate from fellowship or union; to disunite; to disjoin; as to dissociate the particles of a concrete substance. “Before Wyclif’s death in 1384, John of Gaunt had openly dissociated himself from the reformer.” A. W. Ward.

Dis•so•ci•a´tion ( 106), n. [L. dissociatio: cf. F. dissociation.] 1. The act of dissociating or disuniting; a state of separation; disunion. “It will add infinitely dissociation, distraction, and confusion of these confederate republics.” Burke. 2. (Chem.) The process by which a compound body breaks up into simpler constituents; — said particularly of the action of heat on gaseous or volatile substances; as the dissociation of the sulphur molecules; the dissociation of ammonium chloride into hydrochloric acid and ammonia.

Dis•so´ci•a•tive , a. Tending or leading to dissociation.

Dis•so•lu•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being dissoluble; capacity of being dissoluble; capacity of being dissolved by heat or moisture, and converted into a fluid.

Dis´so•lu•ble , a. [L. dissolubilis: cf. F. dissoluble. See Dissolve, and cf. Dissolvable.] 1. Capable of being dissolved; having its parts separable by heat or moisture; convertible into a fluid. Woodward. 2. Capable of being disunited.

Dis´so•lu•ble•ness, n. The quality of being dissoluble; dissolubility. Boyle.

Dis´so•lute , a. [L. dissolutus, p. p. of dissolvere: cf. F. dissolu. See Dissolve.] 1. With nerves unstrung; weak. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Loosed from restraint; esp., loose in morals and conduct; recklessly abandoned to sensual pleasures; profligate; wanton; lewd; debauched. ´A wild and dissolute soldier.´ Motley. Syn. — Uncurbed; unbridled; disorderly; unrestrained; reckless; wild; wanton; vicious; lax; licentious; lewd; rakish; debauched; profligate.

Dis´so•lute•ly , adv. In a dissolute manner.

Dis´so•lute•ness, n. State or quality of being dissolute; looseness of morals and manners; addictedness to sinful pleasures; debauchery; dissipation. “Chivalry had the vices of dissoluteness.” Bancroft.

Dis•so•lu´tion , n. [OE. dissolucioun dissoluteness, F. dissolution, fr. L. dissolutio, fr. dissolvere. See Dissolve.] 1. The act of dissolving, sundering, or separating into component parts; separation. “Dissolutions of ancient amities.” Shak. 2. Change from a solid to a fluid state; solution by heat or moisture; liquefaction; melting. 3. Change of form by chemical agency; decomposition; resolution. “The dissolution of the compound.” South. 4. The dispersion of an assembly by terminating its sessions; the breaking up of a partnership. “Dissolution is the civil death of Parliament.” Blackstone. 5. The extinction of life in the human body; separation of the soul from the body; death. “We expected
Immediate dissolution.” Milton. 6. The state of being dissolved, or of undergoing liquefaction. “A man of continual dissolution and thaw.” Shak. 7. The new product formed by dissolving a body; a solution. Bacon. 8. Destruction of anything by the separation of its parts; ruin. “To make a present dissolution of the world.” Hooker. 9. Corruption of morals; dissipation; dissoluteness. [Obs. or R.] Atterbury.

Dis•solv•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity of being dissolved; solubility. Richardson.

Dis•solv´a•ble , a. [From Dissolve, cf. Dissoluble.] Capable of being dissolved, or separated into component parts; capable of being liquefied; soluble. — Dis•solv´a•ble•ness, n. “Though everything which is compacted be in its own nature dissolvable.” Cudworth. “Such things as are not dissolvable by the moisture of the tongue.” Sir I. Newton.

Dis•solv´a•tive , n. Having the power to dissolve anything; solvent. [Obs.] Frampton.

Dis•solve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissolved p. pr. & vb. n. Dissolving.] [L. dissolvere, dissolutum; dis- + solvere to loose, free. See Solve, and cf. Dissolute.] 1. To separate into competent parts; to disorganize; to break up; hence, to bring to an end by separating the parts, sundering a relation, etc.; to terminate; to destroy; to deprive of force; as to dissolve a partnership; to dissolve Parliament. “Lest his ungoverned rage dissolve the life.” Shak. 2. To break the continuity of; to disconnect; to disunite; to sunder; to loosen; to undo; to separate. “Nothing can dissolve us.” Shak. “Down fell the duke, his joints dissolved asunder.” Fairfax. “For one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another.” The Declaration of Independence. 3. To convert into a liquid by means of heat, moisture, etc.,; to melt; to liquefy; to soften. “As if the world were all dissolved to tears.” Shak. 4. To solve; to clear up; to resolve. ´Dissolved the mystery.´ Tennyson. “Make interpretations and dissolve doubts.” Dan. v. 16. 5. To relax by pleasure; to make powerless. “Angels dissolved in hallelujahs lie.” Dryden. 6. (Law) To annul; to rescind; to discharge or release; as to dissolve an injunction. Syn. — See Adjourn.

Dis•solve´, v. i. 1. To waste away; to be dissipated; to be decomposed or broken up. 2. To become fluid; to be melted; to be liquefied. “A figure
Trenched in ice, which with an hour’s heat
Dissolves to water, and doth lose his form.” Shak. 3. To fade away; to fall to nothing; to lose power. “The charm dissolves apace.” Shak.

Dis•solv´ent , a. [L. dissolvens, -entis, p. pr. of dissolvere.] Having power to dissolve power to dissolve a solid body; as the dissolvent juices of the stomach. Ray.

Dis•solv´ent, n. 1. That which has the power of dissolving or melting other substances, esp. by mixture with them; a menstruum; a solvent. “Melted in the crucible dissolvents.” A. Smith. “The secret treaty of December acted as an immediate dissolvent to the truce.” Mothley. 2. (Med.) A remedy supposed capable of dissolving concretions in the body, such as calculi, tubercles, etc.

Dis•solv´er , n. One who, or that which, has power to dissolve or dissipate. “Thou kind dissolver of encroaching care.” Otway.

Dis•solv´ing, a. Melting; breaking up; vanishing. — Dis•solv´ing•ly, adv. Dissolving view, a picture which grows dim and is gradually replaced by another on the same field; — an effect produced by magic lanterns.

Dis´so•nance , n. [L. dissonantia: cf. F. dissonance.] 1. A mingling of discordant sounds; an inharmonious combination of sounds; discord. “Filled the air with barbarous dissonance.” Milton. 2. Want of agreement; incongruity. Milton.

Dis´so•nan•cy , n. Discord; dissonance.

Dis´so•nant , a. [L. dissonans, -antis, p. pr. of dissonare to disagree in sound, be discordant; dis- + sonare to sound: cf. F. dissonant. See Sonant.] 1. Sounding harshly; discordant; unharmonious. “With clamor of voices dissonant and loud.” Longfellow. 2. Disagreeing; incongruous; discrepant, — with from or to. ´Anything dissonant to truth.´ South. “What can be dissonant from reason and nature than that a man, naturally inclined to clemency, should show himself unkind and inhuman?” Hakewill.

Dis•spir´it , v. t. See Dispirit.

Dis•suade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissuaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissuading.] [L. dissuadere, dissuasum; dis- + suadere to advise, persuade: cf. F. dissuader. See Suasion.] 1. To advise or exhort against; to try to persuade (one from a course). [Obsolescent] “Mr. Burchell, on the contrary, dissuaded her with great ardor: and I stood neuter.” Goldsmith. “War, therefore, open or concealed, alike
My voice dissuades.” Milton. 2. To divert by persuasion; to turn from a purpose by reasons or motives; — with from; as I could not dissuade him from his purpose. “I have tried what is possible to dissuade him.” Mad. D’ Arblay.

Dis•suad´er , n. One who dissuades; a dehorter.

Dis•sua´sion , n. [L. dissuasio: cf. F. dissuasion. See Dissuade.] 1. The act of dissuading; exhortation against a thing; dehortation. “In spite of all the dissuasions of his friends.” Boyle. 2. A motive or consideration tending to dissuade; a dissuasive.

Dis•sua´sive , a. Tending to dissuade or divert from a measure or purpose; dehortatory; as dissuasive advice. — n. A dissuasive argument or counsel; dissuasion; dehortation. Prynne. — Dis•sua´sive•ly, adv.

Dis•sua´so•ry , n. A dissuasive. [R.] “This virtuous and reasonable person, however, has ill luck in all his dissuasories.” Jeffrey.

Dis•sun´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissundered p. pr. & vb. n. Dissundering.] [Pref. dis- (intens) + sunder.] To separate; to sunder; to destroy. [R.] Chapman.

Dis•sweet´en , v. t. To deprive of sweetness. [R.] Bp. Richardson.

Dis•syl•lab´ic (dis•sil•lab´ik), a. [Cf. F. dissyllabique. See Dissylable.] Consisting of two syllables only; as a dissyllabic foot in poetry. B. Jonson.

Dis•syl•lab•i•fi•ca´tion , n. A forming into two syllables.

Dis•syl•lab´i•fy , v. t. [Dissyllable + -fly.] To form into two syllables. Ogilvie.

Dis•syl´la•bize , v. t. To form into two syllables; to dissyllabify.

Dis•syl´la•ble ( 277), n. [F. dissyllabe, L. disyllabus, adj., of two syllables, fr. Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + syllable. See Syllable.] A word of two syllables; as pa- per.

Dis•sym•met´ric•al , a. Not having symmetry; asymmetrical; unsymmetrical.

Dis•sym´me•try , n. [Pref. dis- + symmetry.] Absence or defect of symmetry; asymmetry.

Dis•sym´pa•thy , n. Lack of sympathy; want of interest; indifference. [R.]

Dis´tad , adv. [Distal + L. ad toward.] (Anat.) Toward a distal part; on the distal side of; distally.

Dis´taff , n.; pl. Distaffs (#), rarely Distaves (#). [OE. distaf, dysestafe, AS. distaef; cf. LG. diesse the bunch of flax on a distaff, and E. dizen. See Staff.] 1. The staff for holding a bunch of flax, tow, or wool, from which the thread is drawn in spinning by hand. “I will the distaff hold; come thou and spin.” Fairfax. 2. Used as a symbol of the holder of a distaff; hence, a woman; women, collectively. “His crown usurped, a distaff on the throne.” Dryden. “Some say the crozier, some say the distaff was too busy.” Howell. The plural is regular, but Distaves occurs in Beaumont & Fletcher. Descent by distaff, descent on the mother’s side. — Distaff Day, or Distaff’s Day, the morrow of the Epiphany, that is, January 7, because working at the distaff was then resumed, after the Christmas festival; — called also Rock Day, a distaff being called a rock. Shipley.

Dis•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distained p. pr. & vb. n. Distaining.] [OE. desteinen, OF. desteindre to take away the color, F. deteindre; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. teindre to tinge, dye, L. tingere. See Tinge, and cf. Stain.] To tinge with a different color from the natural or proper one; to stain; to discolor; to sully; to tarnish; to defile; — used chiefly in poetry. ´Distained with dirt and blood.´ Spenser. “[She] hath … distained her honorable blood.” Spenser. “The worthiness of praise distains his worth.” Shak.

Dis´tal , a. [From Distant.] (Physiol.) (a) Remote from the point of attachment or origin; as the distal end of a bone or muscle; — opposed to proximal. (b) Pertaining to that which is distal; as the distal tuberosities of a bone.

Dis´tal•ly, adv. (Anat.) Toward a distal part.

Dis´tance , n. [F. distance, L. distantia.] 1. The space between two objects; the length of a line, especially the shortest line joining two points or things that are separate; measure of separation in place. “Every particle attracts every other with a force … inversely proportioned to the square of the distance.” Sir I. Newton. 2. Remoteness of place; a remote place. “Easily managed from a distance.” W. Irving. “’T is distance lends enchantment to the view.” T. Campbell. “[He] waits at distance till he hears from Cato.” Addison. 3. (Racing) A space marked out in the last part of a race course. “The horse that ran the whole field out of distance.” L’Estrange. In trotting matches under the rules of the American Association, the distance varies with the conditions of the race, being 80 yards in races of mile heats, best two in three, and 150 yards in races of two-mile heats. At that distance from the winning post is placed the distance post. If any horse has not reached this distance post before the first horse in that heat has reached the winning post, such horse is distanced, and disqualified for running again during that race. 4. (Mil.) Relative space, between troops in ranks, measured from front to rear; — contrasted with interval, which is measured from right to left. ´Distance between companies in close column is twelve yards.´ Farrow. 5. Space between two antagonists in fencing. Shak. 6. (Painting) The part of a picture which contains the representation of those objects which are the farthest away, esp. in a landscape. In a picture, the Middle distance is the central portion between the foreground and the distance or the extreme distance. In a perspective drawing, the Point of distance is the point where the visual rays meet. 7. Ideal disjunction; discrepancy; contrariety. Locke. 8. Length or interval of time; period, past or future, between two eras or events. “Ten years’ distance between one and the other.” Prior. “The writings of Euclid at the distance of two thousand years.” Playfair. 9. The remoteness or reserve which respect requires; hence, respect; ceremoniousness. “I hope your modesty
Will know what distance to the crown is due.” Dryden. “’T is by respect and distance that authority is upheld.” Atterbury. 10. A withholding of intimacy; alienation; coldness; disagreement; variance; restraint; reserve. “Setting them [factions] at distance, or at least distrust amongst themselves.” Bacon. “On the part of Heaven,
Now alienated, distance and distaste.” Milton. 11. Remoteness in succession or relation; as the distance between a descendant and his ancestor. 12. (Mus.) The interval between two notes; as the distance of a fourth or seventh. Angular distance, the distance made at the eye by lines drawn from the eye to two objects. — Lunar distance. See under Lunar. — North polar distance (Astron.), the distance on the heavens of a heavenly body from the north pole. It is the complement of the declination. — Zenith distance (Astron.), the arc on the heavens from a heavenly body to the zenith of the observer. It is the complement of the altitude. — To keep one’s distance, to stand aloof; to refrain from familiarity. “If a man makes me keep my distance, the comfort is he keeps his at the same time.” Swift.

Dis´tance , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distanced p. pr. & vb. n. Distancing ] 1. To place at a distance or remotely. “I heard nothing thereof at Oxford, being then miles distanced thence.” Fuller. 2. To cause to appear as if at a distance; to make seem remote. “His peculiar art of distancing an object to aggrandize his space.” H. Miller. 3. To outstrip by as much as a distance (see Distance, n., 3); to leave far behind; to surpass greatly. “He distanced the most skillful of his contemporaries.” Milner.

Dis´tan•cy , n. Distance. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dis´tant , a. [F., fr. L. distans, -antis, p. pr. of distare to stand apart, be separate or distant; dis- + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. Separated; having an intervening space; at a distance; away. “One board had two tenons, equally distant.” Ex. xxxvi. 22. “Diana’s temple is not distant far.” Shak. 2. Far separated; far off; not near; remote; — in place, time, consanguinity, or connection; as distant times; distant relatives. “The success of these distant enterprises.” Prescott. 3. Reserved or repelling in manners; cold; not cordial; somewhat haughty; as a distant manner. “He passed me with a distant bow.” Goldsmith. 4. Indistinct; faint; obscure, as from distance. “Some distant knowledge.” Shak. “A distant glimpse.” W. Irving. 5. Not conformable; discrepant; repugnant; as a practice so widely distant from Christianity. Syn. — Separate; far; remote; aloof; apart; asunder; slight; faint; indirect; indistinct.

Dis•tan´tial , a. Distant. [Obs.] “More distantial from the eye.” W. Montagu.

Dis´tant•ly , adv. At a distance; remotely; with reserve.

Dis•taste´ , n. 1. Aversion of the taste; dislike, as of food or drink; disrelish. Bacon. 2. Discomfort; uneasiness. “Prosperity is not without many fears and distastes, and adversity is not without comforts and hopes.” Bacon. 3. Alienation of affection; displeasure; anger. “On the part of Heaven,
Now alienated, distance and distaste.” Milton. Syn. — Disrelish; disinclination; dislike; aversion; displeasure; dissatisfaction; disgust.

Dis•taste´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distasting.] 1. Not to have relish or taste for; to disrelish; to loathe; to dislike. “Although my will distaste what it elected.” Shak. 2. To offend; to disgust; to displease. [Obs.] “He thought in no policy to distaste the English or Irish by a course of reformation, but sought to please them.” Sir J. Davies. 3. To deprive of taste or relish; to make unsavory or distasteful. Drayton.

Dis•taste´ , v. i. To be distasteful; to taste ill or disagreeable. [Obs.] “Dangerous conceits are, in their natures, poisons,
Which at the are scarce found to distaste.” Shak.

Dis•taste´ful , a. 1. Unpleasant or disgusting to the taste; nauseous; loathsome. 2. Offensive; displeasing to the feelings; disagreeable; as a distasteful truth. “Distasteful answer, and sometimes unfriendly actions.” Milton. 3. Manifesting distaste or dislike; repulsive. ´Distasteful looks.´ Shak. Syn. — Nauseous; unsavory; unpalatable; offensive; displeasing; dissatisfactory; disgusting. - Dis•taste´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•taste´ful•ness, n.

Dis•taste´ive , a. Tending to excite distaste. [Obs.] — n. That which excites distaste or aversion. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Dis•tas´ture ( 135), n. Something which excites distaste or disgust. [Obs.] Speed.

Dis•tem´per , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distempered p. pr. & vb. n. Distempering.] [OF. destemprer, destremper, to distemper, F. detremper to soak, soften, slake (lime); pref. des- (L. dis-) + OF. temprer, tremper, F. tremper, L. temperare to mingle in due proportion. See Temper, and cf. Destemprer.] 1. To temper or mix unduly; to make disproportionate; to change the due proportions of. [Obs.] “When … the humors in his body ben distempered.” Chaucer. 2. To derange the functions of, whether bodily, mental, or spiritual; to disorder; to disease. Shak. “The imagination, when completely distempered, is the most incurable of all disordered faculties.” Buckminster. 3. To deprive of temper or moderation; to disturb; to ruffle; to make disaffected, ill-humored, or malignant. ´Distempered spirits.´ Coleridge. 4. To intoxicate. [R.] “The courtiers reeling,
And the duke himself, I dare not say distempered,
But kind, and in his tottering chair carousing.” Massinger. 5. (Paint.) To mix (colors) in the way of distemper; as to distemper colors with size. [R.]

Dis•tem´per, n. [See Distemper, v. t., and cf. Destemprer.] 1. An undue or unnatural temper, or disproportionate mixture of parts. Bacon. This meaning and most of the following are to be referred to the Galenical doctrine of the four ´humors´ in man. See Humor. According to the old physicians, these humors, when unduly tempered, produce a disordered state of body and mind. 2. Severity of climate; extreme weather, whether hot or cold. [Obs.] “Those countries … under the tropic, were of a distemper uninhabitable.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. A morbid state of the animal system; indisposition; malady; disorder; — at present chiefly applied to diseases of brutes; as a distemper in dogs; the horse distemper; the horn distemper in cattle. “They heighten distempers to diseases.” Suckling. 4. Morbid temper of the mind; undue predominance of a passion or appetite; mental derangement; bad temper; ill humor. [Obs.] “Little faults proceeding on distemper.” Shak. “Some frenzy distemper had got into his head.” Bunyan. 5. Political disorder; tumult. Waller. 6. (Paint.) (a) A preparation of opaque or body colors, in which the pigments are tempered or diluted with weak glue or size (cf. Tempera) instead of oil, usually for scene painting, or for walls and ceilings of rooms. (b) A painting done with this preparation. Syn. — Disease; disorder; sickness; illness; malady; indisposition; ailment. See Disease.

Dis•tem´per•ance , n. Distemperature. [Obs.]

Dis•tem´per•ate , a. [LL. distemperatus, p. p.] 1. Immoderate. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Diseased; disordered. [Obs.] Wodroephe.

Dis•tem´per•ate•ly, adv. Unduly. [Obs.]

Dis•tem´per•a•ture ( 135), n. 1. Bad temperature; intemperateness; excess of heat or cold, or of other qualities; as the distemperature of the air. [Obs.] 2. Disorder; confusion. Shak. 3. Disorder of body; slight illness; distemper. “A huge infectious troop
Of pale distemperatures and foes to life.” Shak. 4. Perturbation of mind; mental uneasiness. “Sprinkled a little patience on the heat of his distemperature.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•tem´per•ment , n. Distempered state; distemperature. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•tend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distended; p. pr. & vb. n. Distending.] [L. distendere, distentum, distensum; dis- + tendere to stretch, stretch out: cf. F. distendre to distend, detendre to unbend. See Tend, and cf. Detent.] 1. To extend in some one direction; to lengthen out; to stretch. [R.] “But say, what mean those colored streaks in heaven
Distended as the brow of God appeased?” Milton. 2. To stretch out or extend in all directions; to dilate; to enlarge, as by elasticity of parts; to inflate so as to produce tension; to cause to swell; as to distend a bladder, the stomach, etc. “The warmth distends the chinks.” Dryden. Syn. — To dilate; expand; enlarge; swell; inflate.

Dis•tend´, v. i. To become expanded or inflated; to swell. ´His heart distends with pride.´ Milton.

Dis•ten•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or capacity of being distensible. [R.]

Dis•ten´si•ble , a. Capable of being distended or dilated.

Dis•ten´sion , n. Same as Distention.

Dis•ten´sive , a. Distending, or capable of being distended.

Dis•tent´ , a. [L. distentus, p. p. See Distend.] Distended. [Poetic] Thomson.

Dis•tent´, n. Breadth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•ten´tion , n. [L. distentio: cf. F. distension.] 1. The act of distending; the act of stretching in breadth or in all directions; the state of being Distended; as the distention of the lungs. 2. Breadth; extent or space occupied by the thing distended.

Dis•ter´ , v. t. [L. dis- + terra earth, country; cf. Sp. & Pg. desterrar.] To banish or drive from a country. [Obs.] Howell.

Dis•ter´mi•nate , a. [L. disterminatus, p. p. of disterminare to limit. See Terminate.] Separated by bounds. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [L. disterminatio.] Separation by bounds. [Obs.] Hammond.

Dis´thene , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + force: cf. F. disthène.] (Min.) Cyanite or kyanite; — so called in allusion to its unequal hardness in two different directions. See Cyanite.

Dis•throne´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + throne: cf. OF. desthroner, F. detroner.] To dethrone. [Obs.]

Dis•thron´ize , v. t. To dethrone. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis´tich , n. [L. distichon, Gr. , neut. of with two rows, of two verses; di- = di•s- twice + row, verse, fr. to ascend; akin to AS. stigan to ascend: cf. F. distique. See Stirrup.] (Pros.) A couple of verses or poetic lines making complete sense; an epigram of two verses. { Dis´tich , Dis´tich•ous } a. [Gr. . See Distich, n.] Disposed in two vertical rows; two- ranked.

Dis´tich•ous•ly, adv. In a distichous manner.

Dis•til´ , v. t. & i. See Distill.

Dis•till´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Distilled p. pr. & vb. n. Distilling.] [F. distiller, from L. destillare, destillatum; de + stillare to drop, stilla a drop, prob. fr. stiria frozen drop, icicle; prob. akin to stare, E. stand. Cf. Still, n. & v., Instill.] [Written also distil.] 1. To drop; to fall in drops; to trickle. “Soft showers distilled, and suns grew warm in vain.” Pope. 2. To flow gently, or in a small stream. “The Euphrates distilleth out of the mountains of Armenia.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. To practice the art of distillation. Shak.

Dis•till´, v. t. 1. To let fall or send down in drops. “Or o’er the glebe distill the kindly rain.” Pope. “The dew which on the tender grass
The evening had distilled.” Drayton. 2. To obtain by distillation; to extract by distillation, as spirits, essential oil, etc.; to rectify; as to distill brandy from wine; to distill alcoholic spirits from grain; to distill essential oils from flowers, etc.; to distill fresh water from sea water. ´Distilling odors on me.´ Tennyson. 3. To subject to distillation; as to distill molasses in making rum; to distill barley, rye, corn, etc. 4. To dissolve or melt. [R.] “Swords by the lightning’s subtle force distilled.” Addison.

Dis•till´a•ble , a. (Chem.) Capable of being distilled; especially, capable of being distilled without chemical change or decomposition; as alcohol is distillable; olive oil is not distillable.

Dis•till´ate , n. (Chem.) The product of distillation; as the distillate from molasses.

Dis•til•la´tion , n. [F. distillation, L. destillatio.] 1. The act of falling in drops, or the act of pouring out in drops. 2. That which falls in drops. [R.] Johnson 3. (Chem.) The separation of the volatile parts of a substance from the more fixed; specifically, the operation of driving off gas or vapor from volatile liquids or solids, by heat in a retort or still, and the condensation of the products as far as possible by a cool receiver, alembic, or condenser; rectification; vaporization; condensation; as the distillation of illuminating gas and coal, of alcohol from sour mash, or of boric acid in steam. The evaporation of water, its condensation into clouds, and its precipitation as rain, dew, frost, snow, or hail, is an illustration of natural distillation. 4. The substance extracted by distilling. Shak. Destructive distillation (Chem.), the distillation, especially of complex solid substances, so that the ultimate constituents are separated or evolved in new compounds, — usually requiring a high degree of heat; as the destructive distillation of soft coal or of wood. — Dry distillation, the distillation of substances by themselves, or without the addition of water or of other volatile solvent; as the dry distillation of citric acid. — Fractional distillation. (Chem.) See under Fractional.

Dis•til´la•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. distillatoire.] Belonging to, or used in, distilling; as distillatory vessels. — n. A distillatory apparatus; a still.

Dis•till´er , n. 1. One who distills; esp., one who extracts alcoholic liquors by distillation. 2. The condenser of a distilling apparatus.

Dis•till´er•y , n.; pl. Distilleries (#). [F. distillerie.] 1. The building and works where distilling, esp. of alcoholic liquors, is carried on. 2. The act of distilling spirits. [R.] Todd.

Dis•till´ment , n. Distillation; the substance obtained by distillation. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•tinct´ , a. [L. distinctus, p. p. of distinguere: cf. F. distinct. See Distinguish.] 1. Distinguished; having the difference marked; separated by a visible sign; marked out; specified. [Obs.] “Wherever thus created — for no place
Is yet distinct by name.” Milton. 2. Marked; variegated. [Obs.] “The which [place] was dight
With divers flowers distinct with rare delight.” Spenser. 3. Separate in place; not conjunct; not united by growth or otherwise; — with from. “The intention was that the two armies which marched out together should afterward be distinct.” Clarendon. 4. Not identical; different; individual. “To offend, and judge, are distinct offices.” Shak. 5. So separated as not to be confounded with any other thing; not liable to be misunderstood; not confused; well- defined; clear; as we have a distinct or indistinct view of a prospect. “Relation more particular and distinct.” Milton. Syn. — Separate; unconnected; disjoined; different; clear; plain; conspicuous; obvious.

Dis•tinct´ , v. t. To distinguish. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Dis•tinc´tion , n. [L. distinctio: cf. F. distinction.] 1. A marking off by visible signs; separation into parts; division. [Obs.] “The distinction of tragedy into acts was not known.” Dryden. 2. The act of distinguishing or denoting the differences between objects, or the qualities by which one is known from others; exercise of discernment; discrimination. “To take away therefore that error, which confusion breedeth, distinction is requisite.” Hooker. 3. That which distinguishes one thing from another; distinguishing quality; sharply defined difference; as the distinction between real and apparent good. “The distinction betwixt the animal kingdom and the inferior parts of matter.” Locke. 4. Estimation of difference; regard to differences or distinguishing circumstance. “Maids, women, wives, without distinction, fall.” Dryden. 5. Conspicuous station; eminence; superiority; honorable estimation; as a man of distinction. “Your country’s own means of distinction and defense.” D. Webster. Syn. — Difference; variation, variety; contrast; diversity; contrariety; disagreement; discrimination; preference; superiority; rank; note; eminence.

Dis•tinc´tive , a. [Cf. F. distinctif.] 1. Marking or expressing distinction or difference; distinguishing; characteristic; peculiar. “The distinctive character and institutions of New England.” Bancroft. 2. Having the power to distinguish and discern; discriminating. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•tinc´tive•ly, adv. With distinction; plainly.

Dis•tinc´tive•ness, n. State of being distinctive.

Dis•tinct´ly , adv. 1. With distinctness; not confusedly; without the blending of one part or thing another; clearly; plainly; as to see distinctly. 2. With meaning; significantly. [Obs.] “Thou dost snore distinctly;
There’s meaning in thy snores.” Shak. Syn. — Separately; clearly; plainly; obviously.

Dis•tinct´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being distinct; a separation or difference that prevents confusion of parts or things. “The soul’s … distinctness from the body.” Cudworth. 2. Nice discrimination; hence, clearness; precision; as he stated his arguments with great distinctness. Syn. — Plainness; clearness; precision; perspicuity.

Dis•tinc´ture , n. Distinctness. [R.]

Dis•tin´guish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distinguished p. pr. & vb. n. Distinguishing.] [F. distinguer, L. distinguere, distinctum; di- = dis- + stinguere to quench, extinguish; prob. orig., to prick, and so akin to G. stechen, E. stick, and perh. sting. Cf. Extinguish.] 1. Not set apart from others by visible marks; to make distinctive or discernible by exhibiting differences; to mark off by some characteristic. “Not more distinguished by her purple vest,
Than by the charming features of her face.” Dryden. “Milton has distinguished the sweetbrier and the eglantine.” Nares. 2. To separate by definition of terms or logical division of a subject with regard to difference; as to distinguish sounds into high and low. “Moses distinguished the causes of the flood into those that belong to the heavens, and those that belong to the earth.” T. Burnet. 3. To recognize or discern by marks, signs, or characteristic quality or qualities; to know and discriminate (anything) from other things with which it might be confounded; as to distinguish the sound of a drum. “We are enabled to distinguish good from evil, as well as truth from falsehood.” Watts. “Nor more can you distinguish of a man,
Than of his outward show.” Shak. 4. To constitute a difference; to make to differ. “Who distinguisheth thee?” 1 Cor. iv. 7. (Douay version). 5. To separate from others by a mark of honor; to make eminent or known; to confer distinction upon; — with by or for.´To distinguish themselves by means never tried before.´ Johnson. Syn. — To mark; discriminate; differentiate; characterize; discern; perceive; signalize; honor; glorify.

Dis•tin´guish, v. i. 1. To make distinctions; to perceive the difference; to exercise discrimination; — with between; as a judge distinguishes between cases apparently similar, but differing in principle. 2. To become distinguished or distinctive; to make one’s self or itself discernible. [R.] “The little embryo … first distinguishes into a little knot.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•tin´guish•a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being distinguished; separable; divisible; discernible; capable of recognition; as a tree at a distance is distinguishable from a shrub. “A simple idea being in itself uncompounded … is not distinguishable into different ideas.” Locke. 2. Worthy of note or special regard. Swift.

Dis•tin´guish•a•ble•ness , n. The quality of being distinguishable.

Dis•tin´guish•a•bly, adv. So as to be distinguished.

Dis•tin´guished , a. 1. Marked; special. “The most distinguished politeness.” Mad. D’ Arblay. 2. Separated from others by distinct difference; having, or indicating, superiority; eminent or known; illustrious; — applied to persons and deeds. Syn. — Marked; noted; famous; conspicuous; celebrated; transcendent; eminent; illustrious; extraordinary; prominent. — Distinguished, Eminent, Conspicuous, Celebrated, Illustrious. A man is eminent, when he stands high as compared with those around him; conspicuous, when he is so elevated as to be seen and observed; distinguished, when he has something which makes him stand apart from others in the public view; celebrated, when he is widely spoken of with honor and respect; illustrious, when a splendor is thrown around him which confers the highest dignity.

Dis•tin´guish•ed•ly , adv. In a distinguished manner. [R.] Swift.

Dis•tin´guish•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, distinguishes or separates one thing from another by marks of diversity. Sir T. Browne. 2. One who discerns accurately the difference of things; a nice or judicious observer. Dryden.

Dis•tin´guish•ing, a. Constituting difference, or distinction from everything else; distinctive; peculiar; characteristic. “The distinguishing doctrines of our holy religion.” Locke. Distinguishing pennant (Naut.), a special pennant by which any particular vessel in a fleet is recognized and signaled. Simmonds.

Dis•tin´guish•ing•ly, adv. With distinction; with some mark of preference. Pope.

Dis•tin´guish•ment , n. Observation of difference; distinction. Graunt.

Dis•ti´tle , v. t. To deprive of title or right. [R.] B. Jonson.

Dis´to•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + mouth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic, trematode worms, having two suckers for attaching themselves to the part they infest. See 1st Fluke, 2.

Dis•tort´ , a. [L. distortus, p. p. of distorquere to twist, distort; dis- + torquere to twist. See Torsion.] Distorted; misshapen. [Obs.] “Her face was ugly and her mouth distort.” Spenser.

Dis•tort´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distorting.] 1. To twist of natural or regular shape; to twist aside physically; as to distort the limbs, or the body. “Whose face was distorted with pain.” Thackeray. 2. To force or put out of the true posture or direction; to twist aside mentally or morally. “Wrath and malice, envy and revenge, do darken and distort the understandings of men.” Tillotson. 3. To wrest from the true meaning; to pervert; as to distort passages of Scripture, or their meaning. Syn. — To twist; wrest; deform; pervert.

Dis•tort´er , n. One who, or that which, distorts.

Dis•tor´tion , n. [L. distortio: cf. F. distortion.] 1. The act of distorting, or twisting out of natural or regular shape; a twisting or writhing motion; as the distortions of the face or body. 2. A wresting from the true meaning. Bp. Wren. 3. The state of being distorted, or twisted out of shape or out of true position; crookedness; perversion. 4. (Med.) An unnatural deviation of shape or position of any part of the body producing visible deformity.

Dis•tort´ive , a. Causing distortion.

Dis•tract´ , a. [L. distractus, p. p. of distrahere to draw asunder; dis- + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Distraught.] 1. Separated; drawn asunder. [Obs.] 2. Insane; mad. [Obs.] Drayton.

Dis•tract´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distracted, old p. p. Distraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Distracting.] 1. To draw apart or away; to divide; to disjoin. “A city … distracted from itself.” Fuller. 2. To draw (the sight, mind, or attention) in different directions; to perplex; to confuse; as to distract the eye; to distract the attention. “Mixed metaphors … distract the imagination.” Goldsmith. 3. To agitate by conflicting passions, or by a variety of motives or of cares; to confound; to harass. “Horror and doubt distract
His troubled thoughts.” Milton. 4. To unsettle the reason of; to render insane; to craze; to madden; — most frequently used in the participle, distracted. “A poor mad soul; … poverty hath distracted her.” Shak.

Dis•tract´ed, a. Mentally disordered; unsettled; mad. “My distracted mind.” Pope.

Dis•tract´ed•ly, adv. Disjointedly; madly. Shak.

Dis•tract´ed•ness, n. A state of being distracted; distraction. Bp. Hall.

Dis•tract´er , n. One who, or that which, distracts away.

Dis•tract´ful , a. Distracting. [R.] Heywood.

Dis•tract´i•ble , a. Capable of being drawn aside or distracted.

Dis•tract´ile , a. (Bot.) Tending or serving to draw apart.

Dis•tract´ing, a. Tending or serving to distract.

Dis•trac´tion , n. [L. distractio: cf. F. distraction.] 1. The act of distracting; a drawing apart; separation. “To create distractions among us.” Bp. Burnet. 2. That which diverts attention; a diversion. ´Domestic distractions.´ G. Eliot. 3. A diversity of direction; detachment. [Obs.] “His power went out in such distractions as
Beguiled all species.” Shak. 4. State in which the attention is called in different ways; confusion; perplexity. “That ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction.” 1 Cor. vii. 35. 5. Confusion of affairs; tumult; disorder; as political distractions. “Never was known a night of such distraction.” Dryden. 6. Agitation from violent emotions; perturbation of mind; despair. “The distraction of the children, who saw both their parents together, would have melted the hardest heart.” Tatler. 7. Derangement of the mind; madness. Atterbury. Syn. — Perplexity; confusion; disturbance; disorder; dissension; tumult; derangement; madness; raving; franticness; furiousness.

Dis•trac´tious , a. Distractive. [Obs.]

Dis•trac´tive , a. Causing perplexity; distracting. ´Distractive thoughts.´ Bp. Hall.

Dis•train´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distrained p. pr. & vb. n. Distraining.] [OE. destreinen to force, OF. destreindre to press, oppress, force, fr. L. distringere, districtum, to draw asunder, hinder, molest, LL., to punish severely; di- = stringere to draw tight, press together. See Strain, and cf. Distress, District, Distraint.] 1. To press heavily upon; to bear down upon with violence; hence, to constrain or compel; to bind; to distress, torment, or afflict. [Obs.] ´Distrained with chains.´ Chaucer. 2. To rend; to tear. [Obs.] “Neither guile nor force might it [a net] distrain.” Spenser. 3. (Law) (a) To seize, as a pledge or indemnification; to take possession of as security for nonpayment of rent, the reparation of an injury done, etc.; to take by distress; as to distrain goods for rent, or of an amercement. (b) To subject to distress; to coerce; as to distrain a person by his goods and chattels.

Dis•train´, v. i. To levy a distress. “Upon whom I can distrain for debt.” Camden.

Dis•train´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, distrained. Blackstone.

Dis•train´er , n. Same as Distrainor.

Dis•train´or , n. (Law) One who distrains; the party distraining goods or chattels. Blackstone.

Dis•traint´ , n. [OF. destrainte distress, force.] (Law) The act or proceeding of seizing personal property by distress. Abbott.

Dis•trait´ , a. [F. See Distract.] Absent-minded; lost in thought; abstracted.

Dis•traught´ , p. p. & a. [OE. distract, distrauht. See Distract, a.] 1. Torn asunder; separated. [Obs.] ´His greedy throat … distraught.´ Spenser. 2. Distracted; perplexed. ´Distraught twixt fear and pity.´ Spenser. “As if thou wert distraught and mad with terror.” Shak. “To doubt betwixt our senses and our souls
Which are the most distraught and full of pain.” Mrs. Browning.

Dis•traught´ed, a. Distracted. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•tream´ , v. i. [Pref. dis- (intens.) + stream.] To flow. [Poetic] “Yet o’er that virtuous blush distreams a tear.” Shenstone.

Dis•tress´ , n. [OE. destresse, distresse, OF. destresse, destrece, F. detresse, OF. destrecier to distress, (assumed) LL. districtiare, fr. L. districtus, p. p. of distringere. See Distrain, and cf. Stress.] 1. Extreme pain or suffering; anguish of body or mind; as to suffer distress from the gout, or from the loss of friends. “Not fearing death nor shrinking for distress.” Shak. 2. That which occasions suffering; painful situation; misfortune; affliction; misery. “Affliction’s sons are brothers in distress.” Burns. 3. A state of danger or necessity; as a ship in distress, from leaking, loss of spars, want of provisions or water, etc. 4. (Law) (a) The act of distraining; the taking of a personal chattel out of the possession of a wrongdoer, by way of pledge for redress of an injury, or for the performance of a duty, as for nonpayment of rent or taxes, or for injury done by cattle, etc. (b) The thing taken by distraining; that which is seized to procure satisfaction. Bouvier. Kent. Burrill. “If he were not paid, he would straight go and take a distress of goods and cattle.” Spenser. “The distress thus taken must be proportioned to the thing distrained for.” Blackstone. Abuse of distress. (Law) See under Abuse. Syn. — Affliction; suffering; pain; agony; misery; torment; anguish; grief; sorrow; calamity; misfortune; trouble; adversity. See Affliction.

Dis•tress´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distressed p. pr. & vb. n. Distressing.] [Cf. OF. destrecier. See Distress, n.] 1. To cause pain or anguish to; to pain; to oppress with calamity; to afflict; to harass; to make miserable. “We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed.” 2 Cor. iv. 8. 2. To compel by pain or suffering. “Men who can neither be distressed nor won into a sacrifice of duty.” A. Hamilton. 3. (Law) To seize for debt; to distrain. Syn. — To pain; grieve; harass; trouble; perplex; afflict; worry; annoy.

Dis•tress´ed•ness, n. A state of being distressed or greatly pained.

Dis•tress´ful , a. Full of distress; causing, indicating, or attended with, distress; as a distressful situation. ´Some distressful stroke.´ Shak. ´Distressful cries.´ Pope. — Dis•tress´ful•ly, adv.

Dis•tress´ing (dis•tres´ing), a. Causing distress; painful; unpleasant.

Dis•tress´ing, adv. In a distressing manner.

Dis•trib´u•ta•ble , a. Capable of being distributed. Sir W. Jones.

Dis•trib´u•ta•ry , a. Tending to distribute or be distributed; that distributes; distributive.

Dis•trib´ute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Distributing.] [L. distributus, p. p. of distribuere to divide, distribute; dis- + tribuere to assign, give, allot. See Tribute.] 1. To divide among several or many; to deal out; to apportion; to allot. “She did distribute her goods to all them that were nearest of kindred.” Judith xvi. 24. 2. To dispense; to administer; as to distribute justice. Shak. 3. To divide or separate, as into classes, orders, kinds, or species; to classify; to assort, as specimens, letters, etc. 4. (Printing) (a) To separate (type which has been used) and return it to the proper boxes in the cases. (b) To spread (ink) evenly, as upon a roller or a table. 5. (Logic) To employ (a term) in its whole extent; to take as universal in one premise. “A term is said to be distributed when it is taken universal, so as to stand for everything it is capable of being applied to.” Whately. Syn. — To dispense; deal out; apportion; allot; share; assign; divide.

Dis•trib´ute, v. i. To make distribution. “Distributing to the necessity of saints.” Rom. xii. 13.

Dis•trib´u•ter , n. One who, or that which, distributes or deals out anything; a dispenser. Addison.

Dis•trib´u•ting, a. That distributes; dealing out. Distributing past office, an office where the mails for a large district are collected to be assorted according to their destination and forwarded.

Dis•tri•bu´tion , n. [L. distributio: cf. F. distribution.] 1. The act of distributing or dispensing; the act of dividing or apportioning among several or many; apportionment; as the distribution of an estate among heirs or children. “The phenomena of geological distribution are exactly analogous to those of geography.” A. R. Wallace. 2. Separation into parts or classes; arrangement of anything into parts; disposition; classification. 3. That which is distributed. ´Our charitable distributions.´ Atterbury. 4. (Logic) A resolving a whole into its parts. 5. (Print.) The sorting of types and placing them in their proper boxes in the cases. 6. (Steam Engine) The steps or operations by which steam is supplied to and withdrawn from the cylinder at each stroke of the piston; viz., admission, suppression or cutting off, release or exhaust, and compression of exhaust steam prior to the next admission. Geographical distribution, the natural arrangements of animals and plants in particular regions or districts. Syn. — Apportionments; allotment; dispensation; disposal; dispersion; classification; arrangement.

Dis•tri•bu´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to distribution. Huxley.

Dis•tri•bu´tion•ist, n. A distributer. [R.] Dickens.

Dis•trib´u•tive , a. [Cf. F. distributif.] 1. Tending to distribute; serving to divide and assign in portions; dealing to each his proper share. ´Distributive justice.´ Swift. 2. (Logic) Assigning the species of a general term. 3. (Gram.) Expressing separation; denoting a taking singly, not collectively; as a distributive adjective or pronoun, such as each, either, every; a distributive numeral, as (Latin) bini (two by two). Distributive operation (Math.), any operation which either consists of two or more parts, or works upon two or more things, and which is such that the result of the total operation is the same as the aggregated result of the two or more partial operations. Ordinary multiplication is distributive, since a × (b + c) = ab + ac, and (a + b) × c = ac + bc. — Distributive proportion. (Math.) See Fellowship.

Dis•trib´u•tive, n. (Gram.) A distributive adjective or pronoun; also a distributive numeral.

Dis•trib´u•tive•ly, adv. By distribution; singly; not collectively; in a distributive manner.

Dis•trib´u•tive•ness, n. Quality of being distributive.

Dis´trict , a. [L. districtus, p. p.] Rigorous; stringent; harsh. [Obs.] “Punishing with the rod of district severity.” Foxe.

Dis´trict, n. [LL. districtus district, fr. L. districtus, p. p. of distringere: cf. F. district. See Distrain.] 1. (Feudal Law) The territory within which the lord has the power of coercing and punishing. 2. A division of territory; a defined portion of a state, town, or city, etc., made for administrative, electoral, or other purposes; as a congressional district, judicial district, land district, school district, etc. “To exercise exclusive legislation … over such district not exceeding ten miles square.” The Constitution of the United States. 3. Any portion of territory of undefined extent; a region; a country; a tract. “These districts which between the tropics lie.” Blackstone. Congressional district. See under Congressional. — District attorney, the prosecuting officer of a district or district court. — District court, a subordinate municipal, state, or United States tribunal, having jurisdiction in certain cases within a judicial district. — District judge, one who presides over a district court. — District school, a public school for the children within a school district. [U.S.] Syn. — Division; circuit; quarter; province; tract; region; country.

Dis´trict, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Districted; p. pr. & vb. n. Districting.] To divide into districts or limited portions of territory; as legislatures district States for the choice of representatives.

Dis•tric´tion , n. [L. districtio a stretching out.] Sudden display; flash; glitter. [R.] “A smile … breaks out with the brightest distriction.” Collier.

Dis´trict•ly , adv. Strictly. [Obs.] Foxe.

Dis•trin´gas , n. [L., that you distrain, fr. distringere. See Distrain.] (Law) A writ commanding the sheriff to distrain a person by his goods or chattels, to compel a compliance with something required of him.

Dis•trou´ble , v. t. [Pref. dis- (intens.) + trouble.] To trouble. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•trust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distrusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distrusting.] [Cf. Mistrust.] To feel absence of trust in; not to confide in or rely upon; to deem of questionable sufficiency or reality; to doubt; to be suspicious of; to mistrust. “Not distrusting my health.” 2 Mac. ix. 22. “To distrust the justice of your cause.” Dryden. “He that requireth the oath doth distrust that other.” Udall. “Of all afraid,
Distrusting all, a wise, suspicious maid.” Collins. Mistrust has been almost wholly driven out by distrust. T. L. K. Oliphant.

Dis•trust´, n. 1. Doubt of sufficiency, reality, or sincerity; want of confidence, faith, or reliance; as distrust of one’s power, authority, will, purposes, schemes, etc. 2. Suspicion of evil designs. “Alienation and distrust … are the growth of false principles.” D. Webster. 3. State of being suspected; loss of trust. Milton.

Dis•trust´er , n. One who distrusts.

Dis•trust´ful , a. 1. Not confident; diffident; wanting confidence or thrust; modest; as distrustful of ourselves, of one’s powers. “Distrustful sense with modest caution speaks.” Pope. 2. Apt to distrust; suspicious; mistrustful. Boyle. — Dis•trust´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•trust´ful•ness, n.

Dis•trust´ing, a. That distrusts; suspicious; lacking confidence in. — Dis•trust´ing•ly, adv.

Dis•trust´less, a. Free from distrust. Shenstone.

Dis•tune´ , v. t. To put out of tune. [Obs.]

Dis•turb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disturbed p. pr. & vb. n. Disturbing.] [OE. desturben, destourben, OF. destorber, desturber, destourber, fr. L. disturbare, disturbatum; dis- + turbare to disturb, trouble, turba disorder, tumult, crowd. See Turbid.] 1. To throw into disorder or confusion; to derange; to interrupt the settled state of; to excite from a state of rest. “Preparing to disturb
With all-cofounding war the realms above.” Cowper. “The bellow’s noise disturbed his quiet rest.” Spenser. “The utmost which the discontented colonies could do, was to disturb authority.” Burke. 2. To agitate the mind of; to deprive of tranquillity; to disquiet; to render uneasy; as a person is disturbed by receiving an insult, or his mind is disturbed by envy. 3. To turn from a regular or designed course. [Obs.] “And disturb
His inmost counsels from their destined aim.” Milton. Syn. — To disorder; disquiet; agitate; discompose; molest; perplex; trouble; incommode; ruffle.

Dis•turb´, n. Disturbance. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•turb´ance , n. [OF. destorbance.] 1. An interruption of a state of peace or quiet; derangement of the regular course of things; disquiet; disorder; as a disturbance of religious exercises; a disturbance of the galvanic current. 2. Confusion of the mind; agitation of the feelings; perplexity; uneasiness. “Any man … in a state of disturbance and irritation.” Burke. 3. Violent agitation in the body politic; public commotion; tumult. “The disturbance was made to support a general accusation against the province.” Bancroft. 4. (Law) The hindering or disquieting of a person in the lawful and peaceable enjoyment of his right; the interruption of a right; as the disturbance of a franchise, of common, of ways, and the like. Blackstone. Syn. — Tumult; brawl; commotion; turmoil; uproar; hubbub; disorder; derangement; confusion; agitation; perturbation; annoyance.

Dis•tur•ba´tion , n. [L. disturbatio.] Act of disturbing; disturbance. [Obs.] Daniel.

Dis•turb´er , n. [Cf. OF. destorbeor.] 1. One who, or that which, disturbs of disquiets; a violator of peace; a troubler. “A needless disturber of the peace of God’s church and an author of dissension.” Hooker. 2. (Law) One who interrupts or incommodes another in the peaceable enjoyment of his right.

Dis•turn´ , v. t. [OF. destourner, F. detourner. See Detour.] To turn aside. [Obs.] Daniel.

Dis´tyle , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + pillar: cf. F. distyle.] (Arch.) Having two columns in front; — said of a temple, portico, or the like. Distyle in antis, having columns between two antae. See Anta.

Di•sul´phate , n. [Pref. di- + sulphate.] (Chem.) (a) A salt of disulphuric or pyrosulphuric acid; a pyrosulphate. (b) An acid salt of sulphuric acid, having only one equivalent of base to two of the acid.

Di•sul´phide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A binary compound of sulphur containing two atoms of sulphur in each molecule; — formerly called disulphuret. Cf. Bisulphide.

Di•sul´phu•ret , n. [Pref. di- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) See Disulphide.

Di•sul•phu´ric , a. [Pref. di- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Applied to an acid having in each molecule two atoms of sulphur in the higher state of oxidation. Disulphuric acid, a thick oily liquid, H_2S_2O_7, called also Nordhausen acid (from Nordhausen in the Harts, where it was originally manufactured), fuming sulphuric acid, and especially pyrosulphuric acid. See under Pyrosulphuric.

Dis•u´ni•form , a. Not uniform. [Obs.]

Dis•un´ion , n. [Pref. dis- + union: cf. F. desunion.] 1. The termination of union; separation; disjunction; as the disunion of the body and the soul. 2. A breach of concord and its effect; alienation. “Such a disunion between the two houses as might much clou the happiness of this kingdom.” Clarendon. 3. The termination or disruption of the union of the States forming the United States. “I have not accustomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion.” D. Webster.

Dis•un´ion•ist, n. An advocate of disunion, specifically, of disunion of the United States.

Dis•u•nite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disunited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disuniting.] 1. To destroy the union of; to divide; to part; to sever; to disjoin; to sunder; to separate; as to disunite particles of matter. 2. To alienate in spirit; to break the concord of. “Go on both in hand, O nations, never be disunited, be the praise … of all posterity!” Milton.

Dis•u•nite´, v. i. To part; to fall asunder; to become separated. “The joints of the body politic do separate and disunite.” South.

Dis•u•nit´er , n. One who, or that which, disjoins or causes disunion.

Dis•u´ni•ty , n. A state of separation or disunion; want of unity. Dr. H. More.

Dis•us´age , n. Gradual cessation of use or custom; neglect of use; disuse. [R.] Hooker.

Dis•use´ ( see Dis-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disused p. pr. & vb. n. Disusing.] 1. To cease to use; to discontinue the practice of. 2. To disaccustom; — with to or from; as disused to toil. ´Disuse me from … pain.´ Donne.

Dis•use´ , n. Cessation of use, practice, or exercise; inusitation; desuetude; as the limbs lose their strength by disuse. “The disuse of the tongue in the only … remedy.” Addison. “Church discipline then fell into disuse.” Southey.

Dis•u´til•ize , v. t. To deprive of utility; to render useless. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Dis•val•u•a´tion , n. Disesteem; depreciation; disrepute. Bacon.

Dis•val´ue ( see Dis-), v. t. To undervalue; to depreciate. Shak.

Dis•val´ue, n. Disesteem; disregard. B. Jonson.

Dis•van•ta´geous , a. [Pref. dis- + vantage.] Disadvantageous. [Obs.] ´Disadvantageous ground.´ Drayton.

Dis•vel´op , v. t. To develop. [Obs.]

Dis•ven´ture ( 135), n. A disadventure. [Obs.] Shelton.

Dis•vouch´ , v. t. To discredit; to contradict. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•warn´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- (intens.) + warn.] To dissuade from by previous warning. [Obs.]

Dis•wit´ted , a. Deprived of wits or understanding; distracted. [Obs.] Drayton.

Dis•wont´ , v. t. To deprive of wonted usage; to disaccustom. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•work´man•ship , n. Bad workmanship. [Obs.] Heywood.

Dis•wor´ship , v. t. To refuse to worship; to treat as unworthy. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Dis•wor´ship, n. A deprivation of honor; a cause of disgrace; a discredit. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•worth´ , v. t. To deprive of worth; to degrade. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•yoke´ , v. t. To unyoke; to free from a yoke; to disjoin. [Poetic] R. Browning.

Dit , n. [Ditty.] 1. A word; a decree. [Obs.] 2. A ditty; a song. [Obs.]

Dit, v. t. [AS. dyttan, akin to Icel. ditta.] To close up. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Di•ta´tion , n. [L. ditare to enrich, fr. dis, ditis, same as dives, rich.] The act of making rich; enrichment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ditch ( 224), n.; pl. Ditches (#). [OE. dich, orig. the same word as dik. See Dike.] 1. A trench made in the earth by digging, particularly a trench for draining wet land, for guarding or fencing inclosures, or for preventing an approach to a town or fortress. In the latter sense, it is called also a moat or a fosse. 2. Any long, narrow receptacle for water on the surface of the earth.

Ditch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ditched p. pr. & vb. n. Ditching.] 1. To dig a ditch or ditches in; to drain by a ditch or ditches; as to ditch moist land. 2. To surround with a ditch. Shak. 3. To throw into a ditch; as the engine was ditched and turned on its side.

Ditch, v. i. To dig a ditch or ditches. Swift.

Ditch´er , n. One who digs ditches.

Dite , v. t. [See Dight.] To prepare for action or use; to make ready; to dight. [Obs.] “His hideous club aloft he dites.” Spenser.

Di•ter´e•bene , n. [Pref. di- + terebene.] (Chem.) See Colophene. { Di•the´cal , Di•the´cous } a. [Pref. di- + theca.] (Bot.) Having two thecae, cells, or compartments.

Di´the•ism , n. [Pref. di- + theism: cf. F. ditheisme.] The doctrine of those who maintain the existence of two gods or of two original principles (as in Manicheism), one good and one evil; dualism.

Di´the•ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of ditheism; a dualist. Cudworth. { Di•the•is´tic , Di•the•is´tic•al } a. Pertaining to ditheism; dualistic.

Di•thi•on´ic , a. [Pref. di- + -thionic.] (Chem.) Containing two equivalents of sulphur; as dithionic acid. Dithionic acid (Chem.), an unstable substance, H_2S_2O_6, known only in its solutions, and in certain well-defined salts.

Dith´y•ramb , n. [L. dithyrambus, Gr. a kind of lyric poetry in honor of Bacchus; also a name of Bacchus; of unknown origin: cf. F. dithyrambe.] A kind of lyric poetry in honor of Bacchus, usually sung by a band of revelers to a flute accompaniment; hence, in general, a poem written in a wild irregular strain. Bentley.

Dith•y•ram´bic , a. [L. dithyrambicus, Gr. : cf. F. dithyrambique.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a dithyramb; wild and boisterous. ´Dithyrambic sallies.´ Longfellow. — n. A dithyrambic poem; a dithyramb.

Dith•y•ram´bus , n. [L.] See Dithyramb.

Di´tion , n. [L. ditio, dicio: cf. F. dition.] Dominion; rule. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Di´tion•a•ry , a. Under rule; subject; tributary. [Obs.] Chapman.

Di´tion•a•ry, n. A subject; a tributary. [Obs.] Eden.

Di´to•kous , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a bringing forth, offspring.] (Zoöl.) (a) Having two kinds of young, as certain annelids. (b) Producing only two eggs for a clutch, as certain birds do.

Di•tol´yl , n. [Pref. di- + tolyl.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon, C_14H_14, consisting of two radicals or residues of toluene.

Di´tone , n. [Gr. of two tones; di- = di•s- twice + tone.] (Mus.) The Greek major third, which comprehend two major tones (the modern major third contains one major and one minor whole tone).

Di•tri•chot´o•mous , a. [Pref. di- + trichotomous.] 1. Divided into twos or threes. 2. (Bot.) Dividing into double or treble ramifications; — said of a leaf or stem. [R.] Loudon.

Di•tro•che´an , a. (Pros.) Containing two trochees.

Di•tro´chee , n. [L. ditrochaeus, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + trochee.] (Pros.) A double trochee; a foot made up of two trochees.

Dit´ro•ite , n. [Named from Ditro in Transylvania.] (Min.) An igneous rock composed of orthoclase, elaeolite, and sodalite.

Ditt , n. See Dit, n., 2. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dit•tan´der , n. [See Dittany.] (Bot.) A kind of peppergrass (Lepidium latifolium).

Dit´ta•ny , n. [OE. dytane, detane, dytan, OF. ditain, F. dictame, L. dictamnum, fr. Gr. di•ktamnon , di•ktamnos, a plant growing in abundance on Mount Dicte in Crete. Cf. Dittander.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the Mint family (Origanum Dictamnus), a native of Crete. (b) The Dictamnus Fraxinella. See Dictamnus. (c) In America, the Cunila Mariana, a fragrant herb of the Mint family.

Dit´tied , a. [From Ditty.] Set, sung, or composed as a ditty; — usually in composition. “Who, with his soft pipe, and smooth-dittied song.” Milton.

Dit´to , n.; pl. Dittos . [It., detto, ditto, fr. L. dictum. See Dictum.] The aforesaid thing; the same (as before). Often contracted to do., or to two ´turned commas´ (´), or small marks. Used in bills, books of account, tables of names, etc., to save repetition. “A spacious table in the center, and a variety of smaller dittos in the corners.” Dickens.

Dit´to, adv. As before, or aforesaid; in the same manner; also.

Dit•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. dittologi•a. Attic form of dissologi•a repetition of words: twofold + to speak.] A double reading, or twofold interpretation, as of a Scripture text. [R.]

Dit´ty , n.; pl. Ditties (#). [OE. dite, OF. ditie, fr. L. dictatum, p. p. neut. of dictare to say often, dictate, compose. See Dictate, v. t.] 1. A saying or utterance; especially, one that is short and frequently repeated; a theme. “O, too high ditty for my simple rhyme.” Spenser. 2. A song; a lay; a little poem intended to be sung. ´Religious, martial, or civil ditties.´ Milton. “And to the warbling lute soft ditties sing.” Sandys.

Dit´ty, v. i. To sing; to warble a little tune. “Beasts fain would sing; birds ditty to their notes.” Herbert.

Dit´ty-bag, n. A sailor’s small bag to hold thread, needles, tape, etc.; — also called sailor’s housewife.

Dit´ty-box , n. A small box to hold a sailor’s thread, needless, comb, etc.

Di•u´re•ide , n. [Di- + ureide.] (Chem.) One of a series of complex nitrogenous substances regarded as containing two molecules of urea or their radicals, as uric acid or allantoin. Cf. Ureide.

Di•u•re´sis , n. [NL. See Diuretic.] (Med.) Free excretion of urine.

Di•u•ret´ic , a. [L. diureticus, Gr. , fr. to make water; through + to make water, fr. urine: cf. F. diuretique.] (Med.) Tending to increase the secretion and discharge of urine. — n. A medicine with diuretic properties. Diuretic salt (Med.), potassium acetate; — so called because of its diuretic properties.

Di•u•ret´ic•al , a. Diuretic. [Obs.] Boyle.

Di•u•ret´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being diuretical; diuretic property.

Di•ur´na , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day.] (Zoöl.) A division of Lepidoptera, including the butterflies; — so called because they fly only in the daytime.

Di•ur´nal , a. [L. diurnalis, fr. dies day. See Deity, and cf. Journal.] 1. Relating to the daytime; belonging to the period of daylight, distinguished from the night; — opposed to nocturnal; as diurnal heat; diurnal hours. 2. Daily; recurring every day; performed in a day; going through its changes in a day; constituting the measure of a day; as a diurnal fever; a diurnal task; diurnal aberration, or diurnal parallax; the diurnal revolution of the earth. “Ere twice the horses of the sun shall bring
Their fiery torcher his diurnal ring.” Shak. 3. (Bot.) Opening during the day, and closing at night; — said of flowers or leaves. 4. (Zoöl.) Active by day; — applied especially to the eagles and hawks among raptorial birds, and to butterflies (Diurna) among insects. Diurnal aberration (Anat.), the aberration of light arising from the effect of the earth’s rotation upon the apparent direction of motion of light. — Diurnal arc, the arc described by the sun during the daytime or while above the horizon; hence, the arc described by the moon or a star from rising to setting. — Diurnal circle, the apparent circle described by a celestial body in consequence of the earth’s rotation. — Diurnal motion of the earth, the motion of the earth upon its axis which is described in twenty-four hours. — Diurnal motion of a heavenly body, that apparent motion of the heavenly body which is due to the earth’s diurnal motion. — Diurnal parallax. See under Parallax. — Diurnal revolution of a planet, the motion of the planet upon its own axis which constitutes one complete revolution. Syn. — See Daily.

Di•ur´nal , n. [Cf. F. diurnal a prayerbook. See Diurnal, a.] 1. A daybook; a journal. [Obs.] Tatler. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A small volume containing the daily service for the ´little hours,´ viz., prime, tierce, sext, nones, vespers, and compline. 3. (Zoöl.) A diurnal bird or insect.

Di•ur´nal•ist, n. A journalist. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Di•ur´nal•ly, adv. Daily; every day.

Di•ur´nal•ness, n. The quality of being diurnal.

Di•ur•na´tion , n. 1. Continuance during the day. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) The condition of sleeping or becoming dormant by day, as is the case of the bats.

Di•u•tur´nal , a. [L. diuturnus, fr. diu a long time, by day; akin to dies day.] Of long continuance; lasting. [R.] Milton.

Di•u•tur´ni•ty , n. [L. diuturnitas.] Long duration; lastingness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Di•va•ga´tion , n. [L. divagari to wander about; di- = dis- + vagari to stroll about: cf. F. divagation. See Vagary.] A wandering about or going astray; digression. “Let us be set down at Queen’s Crawley without further divagation.” Thackeray.

Div´a•lent , a. [Pref. di- + L. valens, valentis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having two units of combining power; bivalent. Cf. Valence.

Di•van´ , n. [Per. diwan a book of many leaves, an account book, a collection of books, a senate, council: cf. Ar. daiwan, F. divan.] 1. A book; esp., a collection of poems written by one author; as the divan of Hafiz. [Persia] 2. In Turkey and other Oriental countries: A council of state; a royal court. Also used by the poets for a grand deliberative council or assembly. Pope. 3. A chief officer of state. [India] 4. A saloon or hall where a council is held, in Oriental countries, the state reception room in places, and in the houses of the richer citizens. Cushions on the floor or on benches are ranged round the room. 5. A cushioned seat, or a large, low sofa or couch; especially, one fixed to its place, and not movable. 6. A coffee and smoking saloon. [Colloq.]

Di•var´i•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Divaricated; p. pr. & vb. n. Divaricating.] [L. divaricatus, p. p. of divaricare to stretch apart; di- = dis- + varicare to straddle, fr. varicus straddling, fr. varus stretched outwards.] 1. To part into two branches; to become bifid; to fork. 2. To diverge; to be divaricate. Woodward.

Di•var´i•cate, v. t. To divide into two branches; to cause to branch apart.

Di•var´i•cate , a. [L. divaricatus, p. p.] 1. Diverging; spreading asunder; widely diverging. 2. (Biol.) Forking and diverging; widely diverging; as the branches of a tree, or as lines of sculpture, or color markings on animals, etc.

Di•var´i•cate•ly, adv. With divarication.

Di•var•i•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. divarication.] 1. A separation into two parts or branches; a forking; a divergence. 2. An ambiguity of meaning; a disagreement of difference in opinion. Sir T. Browne. 3. (Biol.) A divergence of lines of color sculpture, or of fibers at different angles.

Di•var•i•ca´tor , n. (Zoöl.) One of the muscles which open the shell of brachiopods; a cardinal muscle. See Illust. of Brachiopoda.

Di•vast´ , a. Devastated; laid waste. [Obs.]

Dive (div), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dived (divd), colloq. Dove (dov), a relic of the AS. strong forms deáf, dofen; p. pr. & vb. n. Diving.] [OE. diven, duven, AS. dyfan to sink, v. t., fr. dufan, v. i.; akin to Icel. dyfa, G. taufen, E. dip, deep, and perh. to dove, n. Cf. Dip.] 1. To plunge into water head foremost; to thrust the body under, or deeply into, water or other fluid. “It is not that pearls fetch a high price because men have dived for them.” Whately. The colloquial form dove is common in the United States as an imperfect tense form. “All [the walruses] dove down with a tremendous splash.” Dr. Hayes. “When closely pressed it [the loon] dove … and left the young bird sitting in the water.” J. Burroughs. 2. Fig.: To plunge or to go deeply into any subject, question, business, etc.; to penetrate; to explore. South.

Dive , v. t. 1. To plunge (a person or thing) into water; to dip; to duck. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. To explore by diving; to plunge into. [R.] “The Curtii bravely dived the gulf of fame.” Denham. “He dives the hollow, climbs the steeps.” Emerson.

Dive, n. 1. A plunge headforemost into water, the act of one who dives, literally or figuratively. 2. A place of low resort; a dispreputable bar or nightclub; a dingy hotel; a joint. [Slang] “The music halls and dives in the lower part of the city.” J. Hawthorne.

Dive´dap•per , n. [See Dive, Didapper.] (Zoöl.) A water fowl; the didapper. See Dabchick.

Di•vel´ , v. t. [L. divellere; dit- = dis- + vellere to pluck.] To rend apart. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Di•vel´lent , a. [L. divellens, p. pr.] Drawing asunder. [R.]

Di•vel´li•cate , v. t. [L. di- = vellicatus, p. p. of vellicare to pluck, fr. vellere to pull.] To pull in pieces. [Obs. or R.]

Div´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, dives. “Divers and fishers for pearls.” Woodward. 2. Fig.: One who goes deeply into a subject, study, or business. ´A diver into causes.´ Sir H. Wotton. 3. (Zoöl.) Any bird of certain genera, as Urinator (formerly Colymbus), or the allied genus Colymbus, or Podiceps, remarkable for their agility in diving. The northern diver (Urinator imber) is the loon; the black diver or velvet scoter (Oidemia fusca) is a sea duck. See Loon, and Scoter.

Di´verb , n. [L. diverbium the colloquial part of a comedy, dialogue; di- = dis- + verbum word.] A saying in which two members of the sentence are contrasted; an antithetical proverb. [Obs.] “Italy, a paradise for horses, a hell for women, as the diverb goes.” Burton.

Di•ver´ber•ate , v. t. [L. diverberatus, p. p. of diverberare to strike asunder; di- = dis- + verberare. See Verberate.] To strike or sound through. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode).

Di•ver•ber•a´tion , n. A sounding through.

Di•verge´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Diverged p. pr. & vb. n. Diverging.] [L. di- = dis- + vergere to bend, incline. See Verge.] 1. To extend from a common point in different directions; to tend from one point and recede from each other; to tend to spread apart; to turn aside or deviate (as from a given direction); — opposed to converge; as rays of light diverge as they proceed from the sun. 2. To differ from a typical form; to vary from a normal condition; to dissent from a creed or position generally held or taken.

Di•verge´ment , n. Divergence. { Di•ver´gence , Di•ver´gen•cy } n. [Cf. F. divergence.] 1. A receding from each other in moving from a common center; the state of being divergent; as an angle is made by the divergence of straight lines. “Rays come to the eye in a state of divergency.” . 2. Disagreement; difference. “Related with some divergence by other writers.” Sir G. C. Lewis.

Di•ver´gent , a. [Cf. F. divergent. See Diverge.] 1. Receding farther and farther from each other, as lines radiating from one point; deviating gradually from a given direction; — opposed to convergent. 2. (Optics) Causing divergence of rays; as a divergent lens. 3. Fig.: Disagreeing from something given; differing; as a divergent statement. Divergent series. (Math.) See Diverging series, under Diverging.

Di•ver´ging, a. Tending in different directions from a common center; spreading apart; divergent. Diverging series (Math.), a series whose terms are larger as the series is extended; a series the sum of whose terms does not approach a finite limit when the series is extended indefinitely; — opposed to a converging series.

Di•ver´ging•ly , adv. In a diverging manner.

Di´vers , a. [F. divers, L. diversus turned in different directions, different, p. p. of divertere. See Divert, and cf. Diverse.] 1. Different in kind or species; diverse. [Obs.] “Every sect of them hath a divers posture.” Bacon. “Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds.” Deut. xxii. 9. 2. Several; sundry; various; more than one, but not a great number; as divers philosophers. Also used substantively or pronominally. “Divers of Antonio’s creditors.” Shak. Divers is now limited to the plural; as divers ways (not divers way). Besides plurality it ordinarily implies variety of kind.

Di´verse ( 277), a. [The same word as divers. See Divers.] 1. Different; unlike; dissimilar; distinct; separate. “The word … is used in a sense very diverse from its original import.” J. Edwards. “Our roads are diverse: farewell, love! said she.” R. Browning. 2. Capable of various forms; multiform. “Eloquence is a great and diverse thing.” B. Jonson.

Di•verse´ , adv. In different directions; diversely.

di•verse´ (di•vers´), v. i. To turn aside. [Obs.] “The redcross knight diverst, but forth rode Britomart.” Spenser.

Di´verse•ly , adv. 1. In different ways; differently; variously. ´Diversely interpreted.´ Bacon. “How diversely love doth his pageants play.” Spenser. 2. In different directions; to different points. “On life’s vast ocean diversely we sail.” Pope.

Di•verse´ness , n. The quality of being diverse.

Di•ver•si•fi•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or capacity of being diversifiable. Earle.

Di•ver´si•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being diversified or varied. Boyle.

Di•ver•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Diversify.] 1. The act of making various, or of changing form or quality. Boyle. 2. State of diversity or variation; variegation; modification; change; alternation. “Infinite diversifications of tints may be produced.” Adventurer.

Di•ver´si•fied , a. Distinguished by various forms, or by a variety of aspects or objects; variegated; as diversified scenery or landscape.

Di•ver´si•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, diversifies.

Di•ver´si•form , a. [L. diversus diverse + -form.] Of a different form; of varied forms.

Di•ver´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diversified p. pr. & vb. n. Diversifying.] [F. diversifier, LL. diversificare, fr. L. diversus diverse + ficare (in comp.), akin to facere to make. See Diverse.] To make diverse or various in form or quality; to give variety to; to variegate; to distinguish by numerous differences or aspects. “Separated and diversified on from another.” Locke. “Its seven colors, that diversify all the face of nature.” I. Taylor.

Di•ver•sil´o•quent , a. [L. diversus diverse + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Speaking in different ways. [R.]

Di•ver´sion , n. [Cf. F. diversion. See Divert.] 1. The act of turning aside from any course, occupation, or object; as the diversion of a stream from its channel; diversion of the mind from business. 2. That which diverts; that which turns or draws the mind from care or study, and thus relaxes and amuses; sport; play; pastime; as the diversions of youth. ´Public diversions.´ V. Knox. “Such productions of wit and humor as expose vice and folly, furnish useful diversion to readers.” Addison. 3. (Mil.) The act of drawing the attention and force of an enemy from the point where the principal attack is to be made; the attack, alarm, or feint which diverts. Syn. — Amusement; entertainment; pastime; recreation; sport; game; play; solace; merriment.

Di•ver´si•ty , n.; pl. Diversities (#). [F. diversite, L. diversitas, fr. diversus. See Diverse.] 1. A state of difference; dissimilitude; unlikeness. “They will prove opposite; and not resting in a bare diversity, rise into a contrariety.” South. 2. Multiplicity of difference; multiformity; variety. ´Diversity of sounds.´ Shak. ´Diversities of opinion.´ Secker. 3. Variegation. ´Bright diversities of day.´ Pope. Syn. — See Variety.

Di•ver•siv´o•lent , a. [L. diversus diverse + volens, -entis, p. pr. of velle to wish.] Desiring different things. [Obs.] Webster (White Devil).

Di•ver´so•ry , a. Serving or tending to divert; also distinguishing. [Obs.]

Di•ver´so•ry, n. [L. diversorium, deversorium, an inn or lodging.] A wayside inn. [Obs. or R.] Chapman.

Di•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diverting.] [F. divertir, fr. L. divertere, diversum, to go different ways, turn aside; di- = dis- + vertere to turn. See Verse, and cf. Divorce.] 1. To turn aside; to turn off from any course or intended application; to deflect; as to divert a river from its channel; to divert commerce from its usual course. “That crude apple that diverted Eve.” Milton. 2. To turn away from any occupation, business, or study; to cause to have lively and agreeable sensations; to amuse; to entertain; as children are diverted with sports; men are diverted with works of wit and humor. “We are amused by a tale, diverted by a comedy.” C. J. Smith. Syn. — To please; gratify; amuse; entertain; exhilarate; delight; recreate. See Amuse.

Di•vert´, v. i. To turn aside; to digress. [Obs.] “I diverted to see one of the prince’s palaces.” Evelyn.

Di•vert´er , n. One who, or that which, diverts, turns off, or pleases.

Di•vert´i•ble , a. Capable of being diverted.

Di•ver´ti•cle , n. [L. diverticulum, deverticulum, a bypath, fr. divertere to turn away.] 1. A turning; a byway; a bypath. [Obs.] Hales. 2. (Anat.) A diverticulum.

Div•er•tic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a diverticulum.

Div•er•tic´u•lum , n.; pl. Diverticula (#). [L. See Diverticle.] (Anat.) A blind tube branching out of a longer one.

Di•ver•ti•men´to , n.; pl. -ti (#). [It.] (Mus.) A light and pleasing composition.

Di•vert´ing , a. Amusing; entertaining. — Di•vert´ing•ly, adv. — Di•vert´ing•ness, n.

Di•vert´ise , v. t. [F. divertir, p. pr. divertissant.] To divert; to entertain. [Obs.] Dryden.

Di•vert´ise•ment , n. [Cf. the next word.] Diversion; amusement; recreation. [R.]

Di•ver•tisse•ment´ , n. [F.] A short ballet, or other entertainment, between the acts of a play. Smart.

Di•vert´ive , a. [From Divert.] Tending to divert; diverting; amusing; interesting. “Things of a pleasant and divertive nature.” Rogers.

Di´ves , n. [L., rich.] The name popularly given to the rich man in our Lord’s parable of the ´Rich Man and Lazarus´ (Luke xvi. 19-31). Hence, a name for a rich worldling.

Di•vest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divested; p. pr. & vb. n. Divesting.] [LL. divestire (di- = dis- + L. vestire to dress), equiv. to L. devestire. It is the same word as devest, but the latter is rarely used except as a technical term in law. See Devest, Vest.] 1. To unclothe; to strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage; — opposed to invest. 2. Fig.: To strip; to deprive; to dispossess; as to divest one of his rights or privileges; to divest one’s self of prejudices, passions, etc. “Wretches divested of every moral feeling.” Goldsmith. “The tendency of the language to divest itself of its gutturals.” Earle. 3. (Law) See Devest. Mozley & W.

Di•vest´i•ble , a. Capable of being divested.

Di•vest´i•ture ( 135), n. The act of stripping, or depriving; the state of being divested; the deprivation, or surrender, of possession of property, rights, etc.

Di•vest´ment , n. The act of divesting. [R.]

Di•ves´ture ( 135), n. Divestiture. [Obs.]

Div´et , n. See Divot.

Di•vid´a•ble , a. [From Divide.] 1. Capable of being divided; divisible. 2. Divided; separated; parted. [Obs.] Shak.

Di•vid´ant , a. Different; distinct. [Obs.] Shak.

Di•vide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divided; p. pr. & vb. n. Dividing.] [L. dividere, divisum; di- = dis- + root signifying to part; cf. Skr. vyadh to pierce; perh. akin to L. vidua widow, and E. widow. Cf. Device, Devise.] 1. To part asunder (a whole); to sever into two or more parts or pieces; to sunder; to separate into parts. “Divide the living child in two.” 1 Kings iii. 25. 2. To cause to be separate; to keep apart by a partition, or by an imaginary line or limit; as a wall divides two houses; a stream divides the towns. “Let it divide the waters from the waters.” Gen. i. 6. 3. To make partition of among a number; to apportion, as profits of stock among proprietors; to give in shares; to distribute; to mete out; to share. “True justice unto people to divide.” Spenser. “Ye shall divide the land by lot.” Num. xxxiii. 54. 4. To disunite in opinion or interest; to make discordant or hostile; to set at variance. “If a kingdom be divided against itself, that kingdom can not stand.” Mark iii. 24. “Every family became now divided within itself.” Prescott. 5. To separate into two parts, in order to ascertain the votes for and against a measure; as to divide a legislative house upon a question. 6. (Math.) To subject to arithmetical division. 7. (Logic) To separate into species; - - said of a genus or generic term. 8. (Mech.) To mark divisions on; to graduate; as to divide a sextant. 9. (Music) To play or sing in a florid style, or with variations. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To sever; dissever; sunder; cleave; disjoin; disunite; detach; disconnect; part; distribute; share.

Di•vide´, v. i. 1. To be separated; to part; to open; to go asunder. Milton. “The Indo-Germanic family divides into three groups.” J. Peile. 2. To cause separation; to disunite. “A gulf, a strait, the sea intervening between islands, divide less than the matted forest.” Bancroft. 3. To break friendship; to fall out. Shak. 4. To have a share; to partake. Shak. 5. To vote, as in the British Parliament, by the members separating themselves into two parties (as on opposite sides of the hall or in opposite lobbies), that is, the ayes dividing from the noes. “The emperors sat, voted, and divided with their equals.” Gibbon.

Di•vide´, n. A dividing ridge of land between the tributaries of two streams; a watershed.

Di•vid´ed, a. 1. Parted; disunited; distributed. 2. (Bot.) Cut into distinct parts, by incisions which reach the midrib; — said of a leaf.

Di•vid´ed•ly, adv. Separately; in a divided manner.

Div´i•dend , n. [L. dividendum thing to be divided, neut. of the gerundive of dividere: cf. F. dividende.] 1. A sum of money to be divided and distributed; the share of a sum divided that falls to each individual; a distribute sum, share, or percentage; — applied to the profits as appropriated among shareholders, and to assets as apportioned among creditors; as the dividend of a bank, a railway corporation, or a bankrupt estate. 2. (Math.) A number or quantity which is to be divided.

Div´i•dent , n. Dividend; share. [Obs.] Foxe.

Di•vid´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, divides; that which separates anything into parts. 2. One who deals out to each his share. “Who made me a judge or a divider over you?” Luke xii. 14. 3. One who, or that which, causes division. “Hate is of all things the mightiest divider.” Milton. “Money, the great divider of the world.” Swift. 4. pl. An instrument for dividing lines, describing circles, etc., compasses. See Compasses. The word dividers is usually applied to the instrument as made for the use of draughtsmen, etc.; compasses to the coarser instrument used by carpenters.

Di•vid´ing , a. That divides; separating; marking divisions; graduating. Dividing engine, a machine for graduating circles (as for astronomical instruments) or bars (as for scales); also for spacing off and cutting teeth in wheels. — Dividing sinker. (Knitting Mach.). See under Sinker.

Di•vid´ing•ly , adv. By division.

Di´vi-di´vi , n. [Native name.] (Bot.) A small tree of tropical America (Caesalpinia coriaria), whose legumes contain a large proportion of tannic and gallic acid, and are used by tanners and dyers.

Di•vid´u•al ( 135), a. [See Dividuous.] Divided, shared, or participated in, in common with others. [R.] Milton.

Di•vid´u•al•ly, adv. By dividing. [R.]

Di•vid´u•ous , a. [L. dividuus divisible, divided, fr. dividere.] Divided; dividual. [R.] “He so often substantiates distinctions into dividuous, selfsubsistent.” Coleridge.

Div•i•na´tion , n. [L. divinatio, fr. divinare, divinatum, to foresee, foretell, fr. divinus: cf. F. divination. See Divine.] 1. The act of divining; a foreseeing or foretelling of future events; the pretended art discovering secret or future by preternatural means. “There shall not be found among you any one that … useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter.” Deut. xviii. 10. Among the ancient heathen philosophers natural divination was supposed to be effected by a divine afflatus; artificial divination by certain rites, omens, or appearances, as the flight of birds, entrails of animals, etc. 2. An indication of what is future or secret; augury omen; conjectural presage; prediction. “Birds which do give a happy divination of things to come.” Sir T. North.

Div´i•na•tor , n. [L. See Divination.] One who practices or pretends to divination; a diviner. [R.] Burton.

Di•vin´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. divinatoire.] Professing, or relating to, divination. ´A natural divinatory instinct.´ Cowley.

Di•vine´ , a. [Compar. Diviner ; superl. Divinest.] [F. divin, L. divinus divine, divinely inspired, fr. divus, dius, belonging to a deity; akin to Gr. , and L. deus, God. See Deity.] 1. Of or belonging to God; as divine perfections; the divine will. ´The immensity of the divine nature.´ Paley. 2. Proceeding from God; as divine judgments. ´Divine protection.´ Bacon. 3. Appropriated to God, or celebrating his praise; religious; pious; holy; as divine service; divine songs; divine worship. 4. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, a deity; partaking of the nature of a god or the gods. ´The divine Apollo said.´ Shak. 5. Godlike; heavenly; excellent in the highest degree; supremely admirable; apparently above what is human. In this application, the word admits of comparison; as the divinest mind. Sir J. Davies. ´The divine Desdemona.´ Shak. “A divine sentence is in the lips of the king.” Prov. xvi. 10. “But not to one in this benighted age
Is that diviner inspiration given.” Gray. 6. Presageful; foreboding; prescient. [Obs.] “Yet oft his heart, divine of something ill,
Misgave him.” Milton. 7. Relating to divinity or theology. “Church history and other divine learning.” South. Syn. — Supernatural; superhuman; godlike; heavenly; celestial; pious; holy; sacred; preëminent.

Di•vine´, n. [L. divinus a soothsayer, LL., a theologian. See Divine, a.] 1. One skilled in divinity; a theologian. ´Poets were the first divines.´ Denham. 2. A minister of the gospel; a priest; a clergyman. “The first divines of New England were surpassed by none in extensive erudition.” J. Woodbridge.

Di•vine´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divined p. pr. & vb. n. Divining.] [L. divinare: cf. F. deviner. See Divination.] 1. To foresee or foreknow; to detect; to anticipate; to conjecture. “A sagacity which divined the evil designs.” Bancroft. 2. To foretell; to predict; to presage. “Darest thou … divine his downfall?” Shak. 3. To render divine; to deify. [Obs.] “Living on earth like angel new divined.” Spenser. Syn. — To foretell; predict; presage; prophesy; prognosticate; forebode; guess; conjecture; surmise.

Di•vine´, v. i. 1. To use or practice divination; to foretell by divination; to utter prognostications. “The prophets thereof divine for money.” Micah iii. 11. 2. To have or feel a presage or foreboding. “Suggest but truth to my divining thoughts.” Shak. 3. To conjecture or guess; as to divine rightly.

Di•vine´ly, adv. 1. In a divine or godlike manner; holily; admirably or excellently in a supreme degree. “Most divinely fair.” Tennyson. 2. By the agency or influence of God. “Divinely set apart … to be a preacher of righteousness.” Macaulay.

Di•vine´ment , n. Divination. [Obs.]

Di•vine´ness, n. The quality of being divine; superhuman or supreme excellence. Shak.

Di•vin´er , n. 1. One who professes divination; one who pretends to predict events, or to reveal occult things, by supernatural means. “The diviners have seen a lie, and have told false dreams; they comfort in vain.” Zech. x. 2. 2. A conjecture; a guesser; one who makes out occult things. Locke.

Di•vin´er•ess, n. A woman who divines. Dryden.

Div´ing , a. That dives or is used or diving. Diving beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Dytiscidae, which habitually lives under water; — called also water tiger. — Diving bell, a hollow inverted vessel, sometimes bell-shaped, in which men may descend and work under water, respiration being sustained by the compressed air at the top, by fresh air pumped in through a tube from above. — Diving dress. See Submarine armor, under Submarine. — Diving stone, a kind of jasper.

Di•vin´i•fy , v. t. [L. divinus divine + -fy.] To render divine; to deify. [Obs.] ´Blessed and divinified soul.´ Parth. Sacra (1633).

Di•vin´ing , a. That divines; for divining. Divining rod, a rod, commonly of witch hazel, with forked branches, used by those who pretend to discover water or metals under ground.

Di•vin´ing•ly, adv. In a divining manner.

Div•i•nis´tre , n. A diviner. [Obs.] ´ I am no divinistre.´ Chaucer.

Di•vin´i•ty , n.; pl. Divinities (#). [F. divinite, L. divinitas. See Divine, a.] 1. The state of being divine; the nature or essence of God; deity; godhead. “When he attributes divinity to other things than God, it is only a divinity by way of participation.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. The Deity; the Supreme Being; God. “This the divinity that within us.” Addison. 3. A pretended deity of pagans; a false god. “Beastly divinities, and droves of gods.” Prior. 4. A celestial being, inferior to the supreme God, but superior to man. “God … employing these subservient divinities.” Cheyne. 5. Something divine or superhuman; supernatural power or virtue; something which inspires awe. “They say there is divinity in odd numbers.” Shak. “There’s such divinity doth hedge a king.” Shak. 6. The science of divine things; the science which treats of God, his laws and moral government, and the way of salvation; theology. “Divinity is essentially the first of the professions.” Coleridge. Case divinity, casuistry.

Div•i•ni•za´tion , n. A making divine. M. Arnold.

Div´i•nize , v. t. To invest with a divine character; to deify. [R.] M. Arnold. “Man had divinized all those objects of awe.” Milman.

Di•vis•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. divisibilite.] The quality of being divisible; the property of bodies by which their parts are capable of separation. “Divisibility … is a primary attribute of matter.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Di•vis´i•ble , a. [L. divisibilis, fr. dividere: cf. F. divisible. See Divide.] Capable of being divided or separated. “Extended substance … is divisible into parts.” Sir W. Hamilton. Divisible contract (Law), a contract containing agreements one of which can be separated from the other. — Divisible offense (Law), an offense containing a lesser offense in one of a greater grade, so that on the latter there can be an acquittal, while on the former there can be a conviction. — Di•vis´i•ble•ness, n. — Di•vis´i•bly, adv.

Di•vis´i•ble, n. A divisible substance. Glanvill.

Di•vi´sion , n. [F. division, L. divisio, from dividere. See Divide.] 1. The act or process of diving anything into parts, or the state of being so divided; separation. “I was overlooked in the division of the spoil.” Gibbon. 2. That which divides or keeps apart; a partition. 3. The portion separated by the divining of a mass or body; a distinct segment or section. “Communities and divisions of men.” Addison. 4. Disunion; difference in opinion or feeling; discord; variance; alienation. “There was a division among the people.” John vii. 43. 5. Difference of condition; state of distinction; distinction; contrast. Chaucer. “I will put a division between my people and thy people.” Ex. viii. 23. 6. Separation of the members of a deliberative body, esp. of the Houses of Parliament, to ascertain the vote. “The motion passed without a division.” Macaulay. 7. (Math.) The process of finding how many times one number or quantity is contained in another; the reverse of multiplication; also the rule by which the operation is performed. 8. (Logic) The separation of a genus into its constituent species. 9. (Mil.) (a) Two or more brigades under the command of a general officer. (b) Two companies of infantry maneuvering as one subdivision of a battalion. (c) One of the larger districts into which a country is divided for administering military affairs. 10. (Naut.) One of the groups into which a fleet is divided. 11. (Mus.) A course of notes so running into each other as to form one series or chain, to be sung in one breath to one syllable. 12. (Rhet.) The distribution of a discourse into parts; a part so distinguished. 13. (Biol.) A grade or rank in classification; a portion of a tribe or of a class; or, in some recent authorities, equivalent to a subkingdom. Cell division (Biol.), a method of cell increase, in which new cells are formed by the division of the parent cell. In this process, the cell nucleus undergoes peculiar differentiations and changes, as shown in the figure (see also Karyokinesis). At the same time the protoplasm of the cell becomes gradually constricted by a furrow transverse to the long axis of the nuclear spindle, followed, on the completion of the division of the nucleus, by a separation of the cell contents into two masses, called the daughter cells. — Long division (Math.), the process of division when the operations are mostly written down. — Short division (Math.), the process of division when the operations are mentally performed and only the results written down; — used principally when the divisor is not greater than ten or twelve. Syn. — compartment; section; share; allotment; distribution; separation; partition; disjunction; disconnection; difference; variance; discord; disunion.

Di•vi´sion•al , a. That divides; pertaining to, making, or noting, a division; as a divisional line; a divisional general; a divisional surgeon of police. Divisional planes (Geol.), planes of separation between rock masses. They include joints.

Di•vi´sion•al•ly, adv. So as to be divisional.

Di•vi´sion•a•ry , a. Divisional.

Di•vi´sion•or , n. One who divides or makes division. [Obs.] Sheldon.

Di•vi´sive , a. [Cf. F. divisif.] 1. Indicating division or distribution. Mede. 2. Creating, or tending to create, division, separation, or difference. “It [culture] is after all a dainty and divisive quality, and can not reach to the depths of humanity.” J. C. Shairp. — Di•vi´sive•ly, adv. — Di•vi´sive•ness, n. Carlyle.

Di•vi´sor , n. [L., fr. dividere. See Divide.] (Math.) The number by which the dividend is divided. Common divisor. (Math.) See under Common, a.

Di•vorce´ , n. [F. divorce, L. divortium, fr. divortere, divertere, to turn different ways, to separate. See Divert.] 1. (Law) (a) A legal dissolution of the marriage contract by a court or other body having competent authority. This is properly a divorce, and called, technically, divorce a vinculo matrimonii. ´from the bond of matrimony.´ (b) The separation of a married woman from the bed and board of her husband — divorce a mensa et toro (or thoro), ´from bed and board.´ 2. The decree or writing by which marriage is dissolved. 3. Separation; disunion of things closely united. “To make divorce of their incorporate league.” Shak. 4. That which separates. [Obs.] Shak. Bill of divorce. See under Bill.

Di•vorce´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divorced p. pr. & vb. n. Divorcing.] [Cf. F. divorcer. See Divorce, n.] 1. To dissolve the marriage contract of, either wholly or partially; to separate by divorce. 2. To separate or disunite; to sunder. “It [a word] was divorced from its old sense.” Earle. 3. To make away; to put away. “Nothing but death
Shall e’er divorce my dignities.” Shak.

Di•vorce´a•ble , a. Capable of being divorced.

Di•vor•cee´ , n. A person divorced.

Di•vorce´less , a. Incapable of being divorced or separated; free from divorce.

Di•vorce´ment , n. Dissolution of the marriage tie; divorce; separation. “Let him write her a divorcement.” Deut. xxiv. 1. “The divorcement of our written from our spoken language.” R. Morris.

Di•vor´cer, n. The person or cause that produces or effects a divorce. Drummond.

Di•vor´ci•ble , a. Divorceable. Milton.

Di•vor´cive , a. Having power to divorce; tending to divorce. ´This divorcive law.´ Milton.

Div´ot , n. A thin, oblong turf used for covering cottages, and also for fuel. [Scot.] Simmonds.

Di•vul´gate , a. [L. divulgatus, p. p. of divulgare. See Divulge.] Published. [Obs.] Bale.

Di•vul´gate , v. t. To divulge. [Obs.] Foxe.

Div´ul•ga•ter , n. A divulger. [R.]

Div•ul•ga´tion , n. [L. divulgatio: cf. F. divulgation.] The act of divulging or publishing. [R.] “Secrecy hath no use than divulgation.” Bp. Hall.

Di•vulge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divulged p. pr. & vb. n. Divulging.] [F. divulguer, L. divulgare; di- = dis- + vulgare to spread among the people, from vulgus the common people. See Vulgar.] 1. To make public; to several or communicate to the public; to tell (a secret) so that it may become generally known; to disclose; — said of that which had been confided as a secret, or had been before unknown; as to divulge a secret. “Divulge not such a love as mine.” Cowper. 2. To indicate publicly; to proclaim. [R.] “God … marks
The just man, and divulges him through heaven.” Milton. 3. To impart; to communicate. “Which would not be” “To them [animals] made common and divulged.” Milton. Syn. — To publish; disclose; discover; uncover; reveal; communicate; impart; tell.

Di•vulge´, v. i. To become publicly known. [R.] ´To keep it from divulging.´ Shak.

Di•vul´sive , a. Tending to pull asunder, tear, or rend; distracting.

Dix´ie (diks´y), n. A colloquial name for the Southern portion of the United States, esp. during the Civil War. [U.S.]

Diz´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dizened p. pr. & vb. n. Dizening.] [Perh. orig., to dress in a foolish manner, and allied to dizzy: but cf. also OE. dysyn (Palsgrave) to put tow or flax on a distaff, i. e., to dress it. Cf. Distaff.] 1. To dress; to attire. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To dress gaudily; to overdress; to bedizen; to deck out. “Like a tragedy queen, he has dizened her out.” Goldsmith. “To-morrow when the masks shall fall
That dizen Nature’s carnival.” Emerson.

Dizz (diz), v. t. [See Dizzy.] To make dizzy; to astonish; to puzzle. [Obs.] Gayton.

Diz´zard (diz´zerd), n. [See Dizzy, and cf. Disard.] A blockhead. [Obs.] [Written also dizard, and disard.] — Diz´zard•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Diz´zi•ly (diz´zi•ly), adv. In a dizzy manner or state.

Diz´zi•ness, n. [AS. dysigness folly. See Dizzy.] Giddiness; a whirling sensation in the head; vertigo.

Diz´zy (diz´zy), a. [Compar. Dizzier (-zi•er); superl. Dizziest.] [OE. dusi, disi, desi, foolish, AS. dysig; akin to LG. düsig dizzy, OD. deuzig, duyzig, OHG. tusig foolish, OFries. dusia to be dizzy; LG. dusel dizziness, duselig, dusselig, D. duizelig, dizzy, Dan. dösig drowsy, slepy, döse to make dull, drowsy, dös dullness, drowsiness, and to AS. dwaes foolish, G. thor fool. rad.71. Cf. Daze, Doze.] 1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling, with a tendency to fall; vertiginous; giddy; hence, confused; indistinct. “Alas! his brain was dizzy.” Drayton. 2. Causing, or tending to cause, giddiness or vertigo. “To climb from the brink of Fleet Ditch by a dizzy ladder.” Macaulay. 3. Without distinct thought; unreflecting; thoughtless; heedless. ´The dizzy multitude.´ Milton.

Diz´zy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dizzied p. pr. & vb. n. Dizzying.] To make dizzy or giddy; to give the vertigo to; to confuse. “If the jangling of thy bells had not dizzied thy understanding.” Sir W. Scott.

Djer•eed´ or Djer•rid´ , n. [F. djerid, fr. Ar. See Jereed.] (a) A blunt javelin used in military games in Moslem countries. (b) A game played with it. [Written also jereed, jerrid, etc.]

Djin´nee , n.; pl. Jjinn or Djinns . See Jinnee, Jinn.

Do. , n. An abbreviation of Ditto.

Do (do), n. (Mus.) A syllable attached to the first tone of the major diatonic scale for the purpose of solmization, or solfeggio. It is the first of the seven syllables used by the Italians as manes of musical tones, and replaced, for the sake of euphony, the syllable Ut, applied to the note C. In England and America the same syllables are used by many as a scale pattern, while the tones in respect to absolute pitch are named from the first seven letters of the alphabet.

Do (doo), v. t. or auxiliary. [imp. Did (did); p. p. Done (ducr/n); p. pr. & vb. n. Doing (doo´ing). This verb, when transitive, is formed in the indicative, present tense, thus: I do, thou doest (doo´est) or dost (dust), he does (duz), doeth (doo´eth), or doth (duth); when auxiliary, the second person is, thou dost. As an independent verb, dost is obsolete or rare, except in poetry. ´What dost thou in this world?´ Milton. The form doeth is a verb unlimited, doth, formerly so used, now being the auxiliary form. The second pers, sing., imperfect tense, is didst (didst), formerly didest (did´est).] [AS. don; akin to D. doen, OS. duan, OHG. tuon, G. thun, Lith. deti, OSlav. deti, OIr. denim I do, Gr. tiqe•nai to put, Skr. dha, and to E. suffix -dom, and prob. to L. facere to do, E. fact, and perh. to L. -dere in some compounds, as addere to add, credere to trust. rad.65. Cf. Deed, Deem, Doom, Fact, Creed, Theme.] 1. To place; to put. [Obs.] Tale of a Usurer (about 1330). 2. To cause; to make; — with an infinitive. [Obs.] “My lord Abbot of Westminster did do shewe to me late certain evidences.” W. Caxton. “I shall … your cloister do make.” Piers Plowman. “A fatal plague which many did to die.” Spenser. “We do you to wit [i. e., We make you to know] of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia.” 2 Cor. viii. 1. We have lost the idiom shown by the citations (do used like the French faire or laisser), in which the verb in the infinitive apparently, but not really, has a passive signification, i. e., cause … to be made. 3. To bring about; to produce, as an effect or result; to effect; to achieve. “The neglecting it may do much danger.” Shak. “He waved indifferently ’twixt doing them neither good not harm.” Shak. 4. To perform, as an action; to execute; to transact to carry out in action; as to do a good or a bad act; do our duty; to do what I can. “Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work.” Ex. xx. 9. “We did not do these things.” Ld. Lytton. “You can not do wrong without suffering wrong.” Emerson. Hence: To do homage, honor, favor, justice, etc., to render homage, honor, etc. 5. To bring to an end by action; to perform completely; to finish; to accomplish; — a sense conveyed by the construction, which is that of the past participle done. ´Ere summer half be done.´ ´I have done weeping.´ Shak. 6. To make ready for an object, purpose, or use, as food by cooking; to cook completely or sufficiently; as the meat is done on one side only. 7. To put or bring into a form, state, or condition, especially in the phrases, to do death, to put to death; to slay; to do away (often do away with), to put away; to remove; to do on, to put on; to don; to do off, to take off, as dress; to doff; to do into, to put into the form of; to translate or transform into, as a text. “Done to death by slanderous tongues.” Shak. “The ground of the difficulty is done away.” Paley. “Suspicions regarding his loyalty were entirely done away.” Thackeray. “To do on our own harness, that we may not; but we must do on the armor of God.” Latimer. “Then Jason rose and did on him a fair
Blue woolen tunic.” W. Morris (Jason). “Though the former legal pollution be now done off, yet there is a spiritual contagion in idolatry as much to be shunned.” Milton. “It [´Pilgrim’s Progress´] has been done into verse: it has been done into modern English.” Macaulay. 8. To cheat; to gull; to overreach. [Colloq.] “He was not be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy- five per cent.” De Quincey. 9. To see or inspect; to explore; as to do all the points of interest. [Colloq.] 10. (Stock Exchange) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note. (a) Do and did are much employed as auxiliaries, the verb to which they are joined being an infinitive. As an auxiliary the verb do has no participle. ´I do set my bow in the cloud.´ Gen. ix. 13. [Now archaic or rare except for emphatic assertion.] “Rarely … did the wrongs of individuals to the knowledge of the public.” Macaulay. (b) They are often used in emphatic construction. ´You don’t say so, Mr. Jobson. — but I do say so.´ Sir W. Scott. ´I did love him, but scorn him now.´ Latham. (c) In negative and interrogative constructions, do and did are in common use. I do not wish to see them; what do you think? Did Caesar cross the Tiber? He did not. ´Do you love me?´ Shak. (d) Do, as an auxiliary, is supposed to have been first used before imperatives. It expresses entreaty or earnest request; as do help me. In the imperative mood, but not in the indicative, it may be used with the verb to be; as do be quiet. Do, did, and done often stand as a general substitute or representative verb, and thus save the repetition of the principal verb. ´To live and die is all we have to do.´ Denham. In the case of do and did as auxiliaries, the sense may be completed by the infinitive (without to) of the verb represented. ´When beauty lived and died as flowers do now.´ Shak. ´I … chose my wife as she did her wedding gown.´ Goldsmith. “My brightest hopes giving dark fears a being.
As the light does the shadow.” Longfellow. In unemphatic affirmative sentences do is, for the most part, archaic or poetical; as ´This just reproach their virtue does excite.´ Dryden. To do one’s best, To do one’s diligence (and the like), to exert one’s self; to put forth one’s best or most or most diligent efforts. ´We will … do our best to gain their assent.´ Jowett (Thucyd.). — To do one’s business, to ruin one. [Colloq.] Wycherley. — To do one shame, to cause one shame. [Obs.] — To do over. (a) To make over; to perform a second time. (b) To cover; to spread; to smear. ´Boats … sewed together and done over with a kind of slimy stuff like rosin.´ De Foe. — To do to death, to put to death. (See 7.) [Obs.] — To do up. (a) To put up; to raise. [Obs.] Chaucer. (b) To pack together and envelop; to pack up. (c) To accomplish thoroughly. [Colloq.] (d) To starch and iron. ´A rich gown of velvet, and a ruff done up with the famous yellow starch.´ Hawthorne. — To do way, to put away; to lay aside. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To do with, to dispose of; to make use of; to employ; — usually preceded by what. ´Men are many times brought to that extremity, that were it not for God they would not know what to do with themselves.´ Tillotson. — To have to do with, to have concern, business or intercourse with; to deal with. When preceded by what, the notion is usually implied that the affair does not concern the person denoted by the subject of have. ´Philology has to do with language in its fullest sense.´ Earle. ´What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah? 2 Sam. xvi. 10.

Do , v. i. 1. To act or behave in any manner; to conduct one’s self. “They fear not the Lord, neither do they after … the law and commandment.” 2 Kings xvii. 34. 2. To fare; to be, as regards health; as they asked him how he did; how do you do to- day? 3. [Perh. a different word. OE. dugen, dowen, to avail, be of use, AS. dugan. See Doughty.] To succeed; to avail; to answer the purpose; to serve; as if no better plan can be found, he will make this do. “You would do well to prefer a bill against all kings and parliaments since the Conquest; and if that won’t do; challenge the crown.” Collier. To do by. See under By. — To do for. (a) To answer for; to serve as; to suit. (b) To put an end to; to ruin; to baffle completely; as a goblet is done for when it is broken. [Colloq.] “Some folks are happy and easy in mind when their victim is stabbed and done for.” Thackeray. — To do withal, to help or prevent it. [Obs.] ´I could not do withal.´ Shak. — To do without, to get along without; to dispense with. - - To have done, to have made an end or conclusion; to have finished; to be quit; to desist. — To have done with, to have completed; to be through with; to have no further concern with. — Well to do, in easy circumstances.

Do, n. 1. Deed; act; fear. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. 2. Ado; bustle; stir; to do. [R.] “A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble.” Selden. 3. A cheat; a swindle. [Slang, Eng.]

Do´ab , [Pers. & Hind. doab, prop., two waters.] A tongue or tract of land included between two rivers; as the doab between the Ganges and the Jumna. [India] Am. Cyc.

Do´a•ble , a. Capable of being done. Carlyle.

Do´-all , n. General manager; factotum. “Under him, Dunstan was the do-all at court, being the king’s treasurer, councilor, chancellor, confessor, all things.” Fuller.

Do´and , p. pr. Doing. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Doat , v. i. See Dote.

Dob´ber , n. 1. (Zoöl.) See Dabchick. 2. A float to a fishing line. [Local, U. S.]

Dob´bin , n. 1. An old jaded horse. Shak. 2. Sea gravel mixed with sand. [Prov. Eng.]

Dob´chick , n. (Zoöl.) See Dabchick.

Dob´son , n. (Zoöl.) The aquatic larva of a large neuropterous insect (Corydalus cornutus), used as bait in angling. See Hellgamite.

Dob´ule , n. (Zoöl.) The European dace.

Do´cent , a. [L. docens, - entis, p. pr. of docere to teach.] Serving to instruct; teaching. [Obs.]

Do•ce´tae , n. pl. [NL., fr. to appear.] (Eccl. Hist.) Ancient heretics who held that Christ’s body was merely a phantom or appearance.

Do•cet´ic , a. Pertaining to, held by, or like, the Docetae. ´Docetic Gnosticism.´ Plumptre.

Doc´e•tism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of the Docetae.

Doch´mi•ac , a. (Pros.) Pertaining to, or containing, the dochmius.

Doch´mi•us , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Pros.) A foot of five syllables (usually — - - ). { Doc•i•bil´i•ty , Doc´i•ble•ness } n. [L. docibilitas.] Aptness for being taught; teachableness; docility. “To persons of docibility, the real character may be easily taught in a few days.” Boyle. “The docibleness of dogs in general.” Walton.

Doc´i•ble , a. [L. docibilis, fr. docere to teach.] Easily taught or managed; teachable. Milton.

Doc´ile , a. [L. docilis,fr. docere to teach; cf. Gr. , and L. discere to learn, Gr. learned, knowing: cf. F. docile. Cf. Doctor, Didactic, Disciple.] 1. Teachable; easy to teach; docible. [Obs.] 2. Disposed to be taught; tractable; easily managed; as a docile child. “The elephant is at once docible and docile.” C. J. Smith.

Do•cil´i•ty , n. [L. docilitas, fr. docilis: cf. F. docilite.] 1. teachableness; aptness for being taught; docibleness. [Obs. or R.] 2. Willingness to be taught; tractableness. “The humble docility of little children is, in the New Testament, represented as a necessary preparative to the reception of the Christian faith.” Beattie.

Doc´i•ma•cy , n. [Gr. an assay, examination, fr. to examine (Metals), fr. assayed, tested, fr. to take, approve: cf. F. docimasie.] The art or practice of applying tests to ascertain the nature, quality, etc., of objects, as of metals or ores, of medicines, or of facts pertaining to physiology.

Doc•i•mas´tic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. docimastique.] Proving by experiments or tests. Docimastic art, metallurgy, or the art of assaying metals; the art of separating metals from foreign matters, and determining the nature and quantity of metallic substances contained in any ore or mineral.

Doc•i•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a test + -logy.] A treatise on the art of testing, as in assaying metals, etc.

Doc´i•ty , n. Teachableness. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.]

Dock (dok), n. [AS. docce; of uncertain origin; cf. G. docken-blätter, Gael. dogha burdock, OF. doque; perh. akin to L. daucus, daucum, Gr. , , a kind of parsnip or carrot, used in medicine. Cf. Burdock.] (Bot.) A genus of plants (Rumex), some species of which are well-known weeds which have a long taproot and are difficult of extermination. Yellow dock is Rumex crispus, with smooth curly leaves and yellow root, which that of other species is used medicinally as an astringent and tonic.

Dock, n. [Cf. Icel. dockr a short tail, Fries. dok a little bundle or bunch, G. docke bundle, skein, a short and thick column.] 1. The solid part of an animal’s tail, as distinguished from the hair; the stump of a tail; the part of a tail left after clipping or cutting. Grew. 2. A case of leather to cover the clipped or cut tail of a horse.

Dock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Docked p. pr. & vb. n. Docking.] [See Dock a tail. Cf. W. tociaw, and twciaw, to dock, clip.] 1. to cut off, as the end of a thing; to curtail; to cut short; to clip; as to dock the tail of a horse. “His top was docked like a priest biforn.” Chaucer. 2. To cut off a part from; to shorten; to deduct from; to subject to a deduction; as to dock one’s wages. 3. To cut off, bar, or destroy; as to dock an entail.

Dock, n. [Akin to D. dok; of uncertain origin; cf. LL. doga ditch, L. doga ditch, L. doga sort of vessel, Gr. receptacle, fr. to receive.] 1. An artificial basin or an inclosure in connection with a harbor or river, — used for the reception of vessels, and provided with gates for keeping in or shutting out the tide. 2. The slip or water way extending between two piers or projecting wharves, for the reception of ships; — sometimes including the piers themselves; as to be down on the dock. 3. The place in court where a criminal or accused person stands. Balance dock, a kind of floating dock which is kept level by pumping water out of, or letting it into, the compartments of side chambers. — Dry dock, a dock from which the water may be shut or pumped out, especially, one in the form of a chamber having walls and floor, often of masonry and communicating with deep water, but having appliances for excluding it; — used in constructing or repairing ships. The name includes structures used for the examination, repairing, or building of vessels, as graving docks, floating docks, hydraulic docks, etc. — Floating dock, a dock which is made to become buoyant, and, by floating, to lift a vessel out of water. — Graving dock, a dock for holding a ship for graving or cleaning the bottom, etc. — Hydraulic dock, a dock in which a vessel is raised clear of the water by hydraulic presses. — Naval dock, a dock connected with which are naval stores, materials, and all conveniences for the construction and repair of ships. — Sectional dock, a form of floating dock made in separate sections or caissons. — Slip dock, a dock having a sloping floor that extends from deep water to above high-water mark, and upon which is a railway on which runs a cradle carrying the ship. — Wet dock, a dock where the water is shut in, and kept at a given level, to facilitate the loading and unloading of ships; — also sometimes used as a place of safety; a basin.

Dock , v. t. To draw, law, or place (a ship) in a dock, for repairing, cleaning the bottom, etc.

Dock´age , n. A charge for the use of a dock.

Dock´-cress , n. (Bot.) Nipplewort.

Dock´et , n. [Dock to cut off + dim. suffix -et.] 1. A small piece of paper or parchment, containing the heads of a writing; a summary or digest. 2. A bill tied to goods, containing some direction, as the name of the owner, or the place to which they are to be sent; a label. Bailey. 3. (Law) (a) An abridged entry of a judgment or proceeding in an action, or register or such entries; a book of original, kept by clerks of courts, containing a formal list of the names of parties, and minutes of the proceedings, in each case in court. (b) (U. S.) A list or calendar of causes ready for hearing or trial, prepared for the use of courts by the clerks. 4. A list or calendar of business matters to be acted on in any assembly. On the docket, in hand; in the plan; under consideration; in process of execution or performance. [Colloq.]

Dock´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Docketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Docketing.] 1. To make a brief abstract of (a writing) and indorse it on the back of the paper, or to indorse the title or contents on the back of; to summarize; as to docket letters and papers. Chesterfield. 2. (Law) (a) To make a brief abstract of and inscribe in a book; as judgments regularly docketed. (b) To enter or inscribe in a docket, or list of causes for trial. 3. To mark with a ticket; as to docket goods.

Dock´yard , n. A yard or storage place for all sorts of naval stores and timber for shipbuilding.

Doc•o•glos´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a beam + the tongue.] (Zoöl.) An order of gastropods, including the true limpets, and having the teeth on the odontophore or lingual ribbon.

Doc´quet , n. & v. See Docket.

Doc´tor , n. [OF. doctur, L. doctor, teacher, fr. docere to teach. See Docile.] 1. A teacher; one skilled in a profession, or branch of knowledge; a learned man. [Obs.] “One of the doctors of Italy, Nicholas Macciavel.” Bacon. 2. An academical title, originally meaning a man so well versed in his department as to be qualified to teach it. Hence: One who has taken the highest degree conferred by a university or college, or has received a diploma of the highest degree; as a doctor of divinity, of law, of medicine, of music, or of philosophy. Such diplomas may confer an honorary title only. 3. One duly licensed to practice medicine; a member of the medical profession; a physician. “By medicine life may be prolonged, yet death
Will seize the doctor too.” Shak. 4. Any mechanical contrivance intended to remedy a difficulty or serve some purpose in an exigency; as the doctor of a calico-printing machine, which is a knife to remove superfluous coloring matter; the doctor, or auxiliary engine, called also donkey engine. 5. (Zoöl.) The friar skate. [Prov. Eng.] Doctors’ Commons. See under Commons. — Doctor’s stuff, physic, medicine. G. Eliot. — Doctor fish (Zoöl.), any fish of the genus Acanthurus; the surgeon fish; — so called from a sharp lancetlike spine on each side of the tail. Also called barber fish. See Surgeon fish.

Doc´tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doctored p. pr. & vb. n. Doctoring.] 1. To treat as a physician does; to apply remedies to; to repair; as to doctor a sick man or a broken cart. [Colloq.] 2. To confer a doctorate upon; to make a doctor. 3. To tamper with and arrange for one’s own purposes; to falsify; to adulterate; as to doctor election returns; to doctor whisky. [Slang]

Doc´tor, v. i. To practice physic. [Colloq.]

Doc´tor•al, a. [Cf. F. doctoral.] Of or relating to a doctor, or to the degree of doctor. “Doctoral habit and square cap.” Wood.

Doc´tor•al•ly, adv. In the manner of a doctor.[R.]

Doc´tor•ate , n. [Cf. F. doctorat.] The degree, title, or rank, of a doctor.

Doc´tor•ate , v. t. To make (one) a doctor. “He was bred … in Oxford and there doctorated.” Fuller.

Doc´tor•ess, n. A female doctor.[R.]

Doc´tor•ly, a. Like a doctor or learned man. [Obs.] ´Doctorly prelates.´ Foxe.

Doc´tor•ship, n. Doctorate. [R.] Clarendon.

Doc´tress , n. A female doctor. [R.]

Doc´tri•na•ble , a. Of the nature of, or constituting, doctrine. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Doc•tri•naire´ , n. [F. See Doctrine.] One who would apply to political or other practical concerns the abstract doctrines or the theories of his own philosophical system; a propounder of a new set of opinions; a dogmatic theorist. Used also adjectively; as doctrinaire notions. In french history, the Doctrinaires were a constitutionalist party which originated after the restoration of the Bourbons, and represented the interests of liberalism and progress. After the Revolution of July, 1830, when they came into power, they assumed a conservative position in antagonism with the republicans and radicals. Am. Cyc.

Doc´tri•nal (dok´tri•nal), a. [LL. doctrinalis, fr. L. doctrina: cf. F. doctrinal. See Doctrine.] 1. Pertaining to, or containing, doctrine or something taught and to be believed; as a doctrinal observation. ´Doctrinal clauses.´ Macaulay. 2. Pertaining to, or having to do with, teaching. “The word of God serveth no otherwise than in the nature of a doctrinal instrument.” Hooker.

Doc´tri•nal, n. A matter of doctrine; also a system of doctrines. T. Goodwin. Sir T. Elyot.

Doc´tri•nal•ly, adv. In a doctrinal manner or form; by way of teaching or positive direction.

Doc´tri•na´ri•an , n. A doctrinaire. J. H. Newman.

Doc•tri•na´ri•an•ism , n. The principles or practices of the Doctrinaires.

Doc´trine (dok´trin), n. [F. doctrine, L. doctrina, fr. doctor. See Doctor.] 1. Teaching; instruction. “He taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine, Hearken.” Mark iv. 2. 2. That which is taught; what is held, put forth as true, and supported by a teacher, a school, or a sect; a principle or position, or the body of principles, in any branch of knowledge; any tenet or dogma; a principle of faith; as the doctrine of atoms; the doctrine of chances. ´The doctrine of gravitation.´ I. Watts. “Articles of faith and doctrine.” Hooker. The Monroe doctrine (Politics), a policy enunciated by President Monroe (Message, Dec. 2, 1823), the essential feature of which is that the United States will regard as an unfriendly act any attempt on the part of European powers to extend their systems on this continent, or any interference to oppress, or in any manner control the destiny of, governments whose independence had been acknowledged by the United States. Syn. — Precept; tenet; principle; maxim; dogma. — Doctrine, Precept. Doctrine denotes whatever is recommended as a speculative truth to the belief of others. Precept is a rule down to be obeyed. Doctrine supposes a teacher; precept supposes a superior, with a right to command. The doctrines of the Bible; the precepts of our holy religion. “Unpracticed he to fawn or seek for power
By doctrines fashioned to the varying hour.” Goldsmith.

Doc´u•ment (-u•ment), n. [LL. documentum, fr. docere to teach: cf. F. document. See Docile.] 1. That which is taught or authoritatively set forth; precept; instruction; dogma. [Obs.] “Learners should not be too much crowded with a heap or multitude of documents or ideas at one time.” I. Watts. 2. An example for instruction or warning. [Obs.] “They were forth with stoned to death, as a document to others.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. An original or official paper relied upon as the basis, proof, or support of anything else; — in its most extended sense, including any writing, book, or other instrument conveying information in the case; any material substance on which the thoughts of men are represented by any species of conventional mark or symbol. “Saint Luke … collected them from such documents and testimonies as he … judged to be authentic.” Paley.

Doc´u•ment, v. t. 1. To teach; to school. [Obs.] “I am finely documented by my own daughter.” Dryden. 2. To furnish with documents or papers necessary to establish facts or give information; as a ship should be documented according to the directions of law.

Doc•u•men´tal , a. 1. Of or pertaining to instruction. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. Of or pertaining to written evidence; documentary; as documental testimony.

Doc•u•men´ta•ry , a. Pertaining to written evidence; contained or certified in writing. ´Documentary evidence.´ Macaulay. { Dodd , Dod }, v. t. [OE. dodden.] To cut off, as wool from sheep’s tails; to lop or clip off. Halliwell.

Dod´dart , n. A game much like hockey, played in an open field; also the, bent stick for playing the game. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell.

Dod´ded, a. [See Dodd.] Without horns; as dodded cattle; without beards; as dodded corn. Halliwell.

Dod´der , n. [Cf. Dan. dodder, Sw. dodra, G. dotter.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cuscuta. It is a leafless parasitical vine with yellowish threadlike stems. It attaches itself to some other plant, as to flax, goldenrod, etc., and decaying at the root, is nourished by the plant that supports it.

Dod´der, v. t. & i. [Cf. AS. dyderian to deceive, delude, and E. didder, dudder.] To shake, tremble, or totter. ´The doddering mast.´ Thomson.

Dod´dered , a. Shattered; infirm. ´A laurel grew, doddered with age.´ Dryden.

Do•dec´a•gon , n. [Gr. twelve + angle: cf. F. dodecagone.] (Geom.) A figure or polygon bounded by twelve sides and containing twelve angles.

Do•dec•a•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. twelve + woman, female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having twelve styles. { Do•dec•a•gyn´i•an , Do•de•cag´y•nous } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Dodecagynia; having twelve styles.

Do•dec•a•he´dral , a. Pertaining to, or like, a dodecahedion; consisting of twelve equal sides. Dodecahedral cleavage. See under Cleavage.

Do•dec•a•he´dron , n. [Gr. ; twelve + seat, bottom, base: cf. F. dodecaèdre.] (Geom. & Crystallog.) A solid having twelve faces. The regular dodecahedron is bounded by twelve equal and regular pentagons; the pyritohedron (see Pyritohedron) is related to it; the rhombic dodecahedron is bounded by twelve equal rhombic faces.

Do•de•can´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. twelve + , , man, male.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants including all that have any number of stamens between twelve and nineteen. { Do•de•can´dri•an , Do•de•can´drous } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Dodecandria; having twelve stamens, or from twelve to nineteen.

Do´de•cane , n. [Gr. twelve.] (Chem.) Any one of a group of thick oily hydrocarbons, C_12H_26, of the paraffin series.

Do•dec´a•style , a. [Gr. twelve + column: cf. F. dodecastyle.] (Arch.) Having twelve columns in front. — n. A dodecastyle portico, or building.

Do•dec•a•syl•lab´ic , a. [Gr. twelve + E. syllabic.] Having twelve syllables.

Do•dec´a•syl•la•ble , n. A word consisting of twelve syllables.

Do•dec•a•tem´o•ry , n. [Gr. ; twelve + , dim. of part: cf. F. dodecatemorie.] (Astron.) A tern applied to the twelve houses, or parts, of the zodiac of the primum mobile, to distinguish them from the twelve signs; also any one of the twelve signs of the zodiac.

Dodge , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dodged p. pr. & vb. n. Dodging.] [Of uncertain origin: cf. dodder, v., daddle, dade, or dog, v. t.] 1. To start suddenly aside, as to avoid a blow or a missile; to shift place by a sudden start. Milton. 2. To evade a duty by low craft; to practice mean shifts; to use tricky devices; to play fast and loose; to quibble. “Some dodging casuist with more craft than sincerity.” Milton.

Dodge, v. t. 1. To evade by a sudden shift of place; to escape by starting aside; as to dodge a blow aimed or a ball thrown. 2. Fig.: To evade by craft; as to dodge a question; to dodge responsibility. [Colloq.] S. G. Goodrich. 3. To follow by dodging, or suddenly shifting from place to place. Coleridge.

Dodge, n. The act of evading by some skillful movement; a sudden starting aside; hence, an artful device to evade, deceive, or cheat; a cunning trick; an artifice. [Colloq.] “Some, who have a taste for good living, have many harmless arts, by which they improve their banquet, and innocent dodges, if we may be permitted to use an excellent phrase that has become vernacular since the appearance of the last dictionaries.” Thackeray.

Dodg´er , n. 1. One who dodges or evades; one who plays fast and loose, or uses tricky devices. Smart. 2. A small handbill. [U. S.] 3. See Corndodger.

Dodg´er•y , n. trickery; artifice. [Obs.] Hacket. { Dod´i•pate , Dod´i•poll } n. [Perh. fr. OE. dodden to cut off, to shear, and first applied to shaven-polled priests.] A stupid person; a fool; a blockhead. “Some will say, our curate is naught, an ass-head, a dodipoll.” Latimer.

Dod´kin , n. [D. duitken, dim. of duit. See Doit, and cf. Doitkin.] A doit; a small coin. Shelton.

Dod´man , n. 1. A snail; also a snail shell; a hodmandod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Nares. 2. (Zoöl.) Any shellfish which casts its shell, as a lobster. [Prov. Eng.]

Do´do , n.; pl. Dodoes (#). [Said to be fr. Pg. doudo silly, foolish (cf. Booby); this is fr. Prov. E. dold, the same word as E. dolt.] (Zoöl.) A large, extinct bird (Didus ineptus), formerly inhabiting the Island of Mauritius. It had short, half-fledged wings, like those of the ostrich, and a short neck and legs; — called also dronte. It was related to the pigeons.

Doe (do), n. [AS. da; cf. Dan. daa, daa-dyr, deer, and perh. L. dama. rad.66.] (Zoöl.) A female deer or antelope; specifically, the female of the fallow deer, of which the male is called a buck. Also applied to the female of other animals, as the rabbit. See the Note under Buck.

Doe (doo), n. A feat. [Obs.] See Do, n. Hudibras.

Dœg´lic , a. Pertaining to, or obtained from, the dœgling; as dœglic acid (Chem.), an oily substance resembling oleic acid.

Dœg´ling , n. [Native name in Faroe Islands.] (Zoöl.) The beaked whale (Balaenoptera rostrata), from which dœgling oil is obtained.

Do´er , n. [From Do, v. t. & i.] 1. One who does; one who performs or executes; one who is wont and ready to act; an actor; an agent. “The doers of the law shall be justified.” Rom. ii. 13. 2. (Scots Law) An agent or attorney; a factor. Burrill.

Does (duz). The 3d pers. sing. pres. of Do.

Doe´skin , n. 1. The skin of the doe. 2. A firm woolen cloth with a smooth, soft surface like a doe’s skin; — made for men’s wear.

Doff , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doffed p. pr. & vb. n. Doffing.] [Do + off. See Do, v. t., 7.] 1. To put off, as dress; to divest one’s self of; hence, figuratively, to put or thrust away; to rid one’s self of. “And made us doff our easy robes of peace.” Shak. “At night, or in the rain,
He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn.” Emerson. 2. To strip; to divest; to undress. “Heaven’s King, who doffs himself our flesh to wear.” Crashaw.

Doff, v. i. To put off dress; to take off the hat.

Doff´er , n. (Mach.) A revolving cylinder, or a vibrating bar with teeth, in a carding machine, which doffs, or strips off, the cotton from the cards. Ure.

Dog (dog), n. [AS. docga; akin to D. dog mastiff, Dan. dogge, Sw. dogg.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped of the genus Canis, esp. the domestic dog (C. familiaris). The dog is distinguished above all others of the inferior animals for intelligence, docility, and attachment to man. There are numerous carefully bred varieties, as the beagle, bloodhound, bulldog, coachdog, collie, Danish dog, foxhound, greyhound, mastiff, pointer, poodle, St. Bernard, setter, spaniel, spitz dog, terrier, etc. There are also many mixed breeds, and partially domesticated varieties, as well as wild dogs, like the dingo and dhole. (See these names in the Vocabulary.) 2. A mean, worthless fellow; a wretch. “What is thy servant, which is but a dog, that he should do this great thing?” 2 Kings viii. 13 (Rev. Ver. ) 3. A fellow; — used humorously or contemptuously; as a sly dog; a lazy dog. [Colloq.] 4. (Astron.) One of the two constellations, Canis Major and Canis Minor, or the Greater Dog and the Lesser Dog. Canis Major contains the Dog Star (Sirius). 5. An iron for holding wood in a fireplace; a firedog; an andiron. 6. (Mech.) (a) A grappling iron, with a claw or claws, for fastening into wood or other heavy articles, for the purpose of raising or moving them. (b) An iron with fangs fastening a log in a saw pit, or on the carriage of a sawmill. (c) A piece in machinery acting as a catch or clutch; especially, the carrier of a lathe, also an adjustable stop to change motion, as in a machine tool. Dog is used adjectively or in composition, commonly in the sense of relating to, or characteristic of, a dog. It is also used to denote a male; as dog fox or g-fox, a male fox; dog otter or dog-otter, dog wolf, etc.; — also to denote a thing of cheap or mean quality; as dog Latin. A dead dog, a thing of no use or value. 1 Sam. xxiv. 14. — A dog in the manger, an ugly-natured person who prevents others from enjoying what would be an advantage to them but is none to him. — Dog ape (Zoöl.), a male ape. — Dog cabbage, or Dog’s cabbage (Bot.), a succulent herb, native to the Mediterranean region (Thelygonum Cynocrambe). — Dog cheap, very cheap. See under Cheap. — Dog ear (Arch.), an acroterium. [Colloq.] — Dog flea (Zoöl.), a species of flea (Pulex canis) which infests dogs and cats, and is often troublesome to man. In America it is the common flea. See Flea, and Aphaniptera. — Dog grass (Bot.), a grass (Triticum caninum) of the same genus as wheat. — Dog Latin, barbarous Latin; as the dog Latin of pharmacy. — Dog lichen (Bot.), a kind of lichen (Peltigera canina) growing on earth, rocks, and tree trunks, - - a lobed expansion, dingy green above and whitish with fuscous veins beneath. — Dog louse (Zoöl.), a louse that infests the dog, esp. Haematopinus piliferus; another species is Trichodectes latus. — Dog power, a machine operated by the weight of a dog traveling in a drum, or on an endless track, as for churning. — Dog salmon (Zoöl.), a salmon of northwest America and northern Asia; — the gorbuscha; — called also holia, and hone. — Dog shark. (Zoöl.) See Dogfish. — Dog’s meat, meat fit only for dogs; refuse; offal. — Dog Star. See in the Vocabulary. — Dog wheat (Bot.), Dog grass. — Dog whelk (Zoöl.), any species of univalve shells of the family Nassidae, esp. the Nassa reticulata of England. — To give, or throw, to the dogs, to throw away as useless. ´Throw physic to the dogs; I’ll none of it.´ Shak. — To go to the dogs, to go to ruin; to be ruined.

Dog , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dogged p. pr. & vb. n. Dogging.] To hunt or track like a hound; to follow insidiously or indefatigably; to chase with a dog or dogs; to worry, as if by dogs; to hound with importunity. “I have been pursued, dogged, and waylaid.” Pope. “Your sins will dog you, pursue you.” Burroughs. “Eager ill-bred petitioners, who do not so properly supplicate as hunt the person whom they address to, dogging him from place to place, till they even extort an answer to their rude requests.” South.

Do´gal , a. [LL. dogalis for ducalis. See Doge.] Of or pertaining to a doge.[R.]

Do´gate , n. [Cf. F. dogat, It. dogato. See Doge, and cf. Dogeate.] The office or dignity of a doge.

Dog´bane , n. [Said to be poisonous to dogs. Cf. Apocynaceous.] (Bot.) A small genus of perennial herbaceous plants, with poisonous milky juice, bearing slender pods pods in pairs.

Dog´ bee A male or drone bee. Halliwell.

Dog´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The berry of the dogwood; — called also dogcherry. Dr. Prior. Dogberry tree (Bot.), the dogwood.

Dog´bolt , n. (Gun.) The bolt of the cap-square over the trunnion of a cannon. Knight.

Dog´-bri•er , n. (Bot.) The dog-rose.

Dog´cart , n. A light one- horse carriage, commonly two-wheeled, patterned after a cart. The original dogcarts used in England by sportsmen had a box at the back for carrying dogs. { Dog´ day• Dog´day• }. One of the dog days. Dogday cicada (Zoöl.), a large American cicada (C. pruinosa), which trills loudly in midsummer.

Dog´ days A period of from four to six weeks, in the summer, variously placed by almanac makers between the early part of July and the early part of September; canicular days; — so called in reference to the rising in ancient times of the Dog Star (Sirius) with the sun. Popularly, the sultry, close part of the summer. The conjunction of the rising of the Dog Star with the rising of the sun was regarded by the ancients as one of the causes of the sultry heat of summer, and of the maladies which then prevailed. But as the conjunction does not occur at the same time in all latitudes, and is not constant in the same region for a long period, there has been much variation in calendars regarding the limits of the dog days. The astronomer Roger Long states that in an ancient calendar in Bede (died 735) the beginning of dog days is placed on the 14th of July; that in a calendar prefixed to the Common Prayer, printed in the time of Queen Elizabeth, they were said to begin on the 6th of July and end on the 5th of September; that, from the Restoration (1660) to the beginning of New Style (1752), British almanacs placed the beginning on the 19th of July and the end on the 28th of August; and that after 1752 the beginning was put on the 30th of July, the end on the 7th of September. Some English calendars now put the beginning on July 3d, and the ending on August 11th. A popular American almanac of the present time (1890) places the beginning on the 25th of July, and the end on the 5th of September.

Dog´draw , n. (Eng. Forest Law) The act of drawing after, or pursuing, deer with a dog. Cowell.

Doge , n. [It doge, dogio, for duce, duca, fr. L. dux, ducis, a leader, commander. See Duke.] The chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa.

Dog´-eared , a. Having the corners of the leaves turned down and soiled by careless or long- continued usage; — said of a book. “Statute books before unopened, not dog- eared.” Ld. Mansfield.

Doge´ate , n. Dogate. Wright.

Doge´less, a. Without a doge. Byron.

Dog´-faced , a. Having a face resembling that of a dog. Dog-faced baboon (Zoöl.), any baboon of the genus Cynocephalus. See Drill.

Dog´ fan•cier One who has an unusual fancy for, or interest in, dogs; also one who deals in dogs.

Dog´fish , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A small shark, of many species, of the genera Mustelus, Scyllium, Spinax, etc. The European spotted dogfishes (Scyllium catudus, and S. canicula) are very abundant; the American smooth, or blue dogfish is Mustelus canis; the common picked, or horned dogfish (Squalus acanthias) abundant on both sides of the Atlantic. 2. The bowfin (Amia calva). See Bowfin. 3. The burbot of Lake Erie.

Dog´-fox , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A male fox. See the Note under Dog, n., 6. Sir W. Scott. (b) The Arctic or blue fox; — a name also applied to species of the genus Cynalopex.

Dog´ged , a. [Fron. Dog.] 1. Sullen; morose. [Obs. or R.] “The sulky spite of a temper naturally dogged.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Sullenly obstinate; obstinately determined or persistent; as dogged resolution; dogged work.

Dog´ged•ly, adv. In a dogged manner; sullenly; with obstinate resolution.

Dog´ged•ness, n. 1. Sullenness; moroseness. [R.] 2. Sullen or obstinate determination; grim resolution or persistence.

Dog´ger , n. [D., fr. dogger codfish, orig. used in the catching of codfish.] (Naut.) A two-masted fishing vessel, used by the Dutch.

Dog´ger, n. A sort of stone, found in the mines with the true alum rock, chiefly of silica and iron.

Dog´ger•el , a. [OE. dogerel.] Low in style, and irregular in measure; as doggerel rhymes. “This may well be rhyme doggerel, quod he.” Chaucer.

Dog´ger•el, n. A sort of loose or irregular verse; mean or undignified poetry. “Doggerel like that of Hudibras.” Addison. “The ill-spelt lines of doggerel in which he expressed his reverence for the brave sufferers.” Macaulay.

Dog´ger•man , n. A sailor belonging to a dogger.

Dog´get , n. Docket. See Docket. [Obs.]

Dog´gish , a. Like a dog; having the bad qualities of a dog; churlish; growling; brutal. — Dog´gish•ly, adv. — Dog´gish•ness, n.

Dog´grel , a. & n. Same as Doggerel.

Dog´-head•ed , a. (Zoöl.) Having a head shaped like that of a dog; — said of certain baboons.

Dog´-heart•ed , a. Inhuman; cruel. Shak.

Dog´hole , n. A place fit only for dogs; a vile, mean habitation or apartment. Dryden.

dog´-leg•ged , a. (Arch) Noting a flight of stairs, consisting of two or more straight portions connected by a platform (landing) or platforms, and running in opposite directions without an intervening wellhole.

Dog´ma (dog´ma), n.; pl. E. Dogmas (-maz), L. Dogmata (-ma•ta). [L. dogma, Gr. do•gma, pl. do•gmata, fr. dokei^n to think, seem, appear; akin to L. decet it is becoming. Cf. Decent.] 1. That which is held as an opinion; a tenet; a doctrine. “The obscure and loose dogmas of early antiquity.” Whewell. 2. A formally stated and authoritatively settled doctrine; a definite, established, and authoritative tenet. 3. A doctrinal notion asserted without regard to evidence or truth; an arbitrary dictum. Syn. — tenet; opinion; proposition; doctrine. — Dogma, Tenet. A tenet is that which is maintained as true with great firmness; as the tenets of our holy religion. A dogma is that which is laid down with authority as indubitably true, especially a religious doctrine; as the dogmas of the church. A tenet rests on its own intrinsic merits or demerits; a dogma rests on authority regarded as competent to decide and determine. Dogma has in our language acquired, to some extent, a repulsive sense, from its carrying with it the idea of undue authority or assumption. This is more fully the case with its derivatives dogmatical and dogmatism.

Dog•mat´ic (dog•mat´ik), n. One of an ancient sect of physicians who went by general principles; — opposed to the Empiric. { Dog•mat´ic (dog•mat´ik), Dog•mat•ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [L. dogmaticus, Gr. dogmatiko•s, fr. do•gma: cf. F. dogmatique.] 1. Pertaining to a dogma, or to an established and authorized doctrine or tenet. 2. Asserting a thing positively and authoritatively; positive; magisterial; hence, arrogantly authoritative; overbearing. “Critics write in a positive, dogmatic way.” Spectator. “[They] are as assertive and dogmatical as if they were omniscient.” Glanvill. Dogmatic theology. Same as Dogmatics. Syn. — Magisterial; arrogant. See Magisterial.

Dog•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a dogmatic manner; positively; magisterially.

Dog•mat´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being dogmatical; positiveness.

Dog•ma•ti´cian , n. A dogmatist.

Dog•mat´ics , n. The science which treats of Christian doctrinal theology.

Dog´ma•tism , n. The manner or character of a dogmatist; arrogance or positiveness in stating opinion. “The self-importance of his demeanor, and the dogmatism of his conversation.” Sir W. Scott.

Dog´ma•tist , n. [L. dogmatistes, Gr. , fr. .] One who dogmatizes; one who speaks dogmatically; a bold and arrogant advancer of principles. “I expect but little success of all this upon the dogmatist; his opinioned assurance is paramount to argument.” Glanvill.

Dog´ma•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dogmatized p. pr. & vb. n. Dogmatizing.] [L. dogmatizare to lay down an opinion, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. dogmatiser. See Dogma.] To assert positively; to teach magisterially or with bold and undue confidence; to advance with arrogance. “The pride of dogmatizing schools.” Blackmore.

Dog´ma•tize, v. t. To deliver as a dogma. [R.]

Dog´ma•ti•zer , n. One who dogmatizes; a bold asserter; a magisterial teacher. Hammond.

Dog´-rose , n. (Bot.) A common European wild rose, with single pink or white flowers.

Dog’s´-bane , n. (Bot.) See Dogbane.

Dog’s´-ear , n. The corner of a leaf, in a book, turned down like the ear of a dog. Gray. — Dog’s´-eared• (#), a. Cowper.

Dog´ship , n. The character, or individuality, of a dog.

Dog´shore , n. (Naut.) One of several shores used to hold a ship firmly and prevent her moving while the blocks are knocked away before launching.

Dog´sick , a. Sick as a dog sometimes is very sick. [Colloq.]

Dog´skin , n. The skin of a dog, or leather made of the skin. Also used adjectively.

Dog´sleep , n. 1. Pretended sleep. Addison. 2. (Naut.) The fitful naps taken when all hands are kept up by stress.

Dog’s´-tail grass , n. (Bot.) A hardy species of British grass (Cynosurus cristatus) which abounds in grass lands, and is well suited for making straw plait; — called also goldseed.

Dog´ Star Sirius, a star of the constellation Canis Major, or the Greater Dog, and the brightest star in the heavens; — called also Canicula, and, in astronomical charts, α Canis Majoris. See Dog days.

Dog’s´-tongue , n. (Bot.) Hound’s-tongue.

Dog´tie , n. (Arch.) A cramp.

Dog´tooth , n.; pl. Dogteeth . 1. See Canine tooth, under Canine. 2. (Arch.) An ornament common in Gothic architecture, consisting of pointed projections resembling teeth; — also called tooth ornament. Dogtooth spar (Min.), a variety of calcite, in acute crystals, resembling the tooth of a dog. See Calcite. — Dogtooth violet (Bot.), a small, bulbous herb of the Lily family (genus Erythronium). It has two shining flat leaves and commonly one large flower. [Written also dog’s-tooth violet.]

Dog´trick , n. A gentle trot, like that of a dog.

Dog´vane , n. (Naut.) A small vane of bunting, feathers, or any other light material, carried at the masthead to indicate the direction of the wind. Totten.

Dog´watch , n. (Naut.) A half watch; a watch of two hours, of which there are two, the first dogwatch from 4 to 6 o’clock, p. m., and the second dogwatch from 6 to 8 o’clock, p. m. Totten.

Dog´-wea•ry , a. Extremely weary. Shak.

Dog´wood (-wood•), n. [So named from skewers (dags) being made of it. Dr. Prior. See Dag, and Dagger.] (Bot.) The Cornus, a genus of large shrubs or small trees, the wood of which is exceedingly hard, and serviceable for many purposes. There are several species, one of which, Cornus mascula, called also cornelian cherry, bears a red acid berry. C. florida is the flowering dogwood, a small American tree with very showy blossoms. Dogwood tree. (a) The dogwood or Cornus. (b) A papilionaceous tree (Piscidia erythrina) growing in Jamaica. It has narcotic properties; — called also Jamaica dogwood.

Doh´tren (do´tren), n. pl. Daughters. [Obs.]

Doi´ly , n. [So called from the name of the dealer.] 1. A kind of woolen stuff. [Obs.] ´Some doily petticoats.´ Dryden. “A fool and a doily stuff, would now and then find days of grace, and be worn for variety.” Congreve. 2. A small napkin, used at table with the fruit, etc.; — commonly colored and fringed.

Do´ing , n.; pl. Doings . Anything done; a deed; an action good or bad; hence, in the plural, conduct; behavior. See Do. “To render an account of his doings.” Barrow.

Doit , n. [D. duit, Icel. pveit, prop., a piece cut off. See Thwaite a piece of ground, Thwite.] 1. A small Dutch coin, worth about half a farthing; also a similar small coin once used in Scotland; hence, any small piece of money. Shak. 2. A thing of small value; as I care not a doit.

Doit´kin , n. A very small coin; a doit.

Dok•i•mas´tic , a. Docimastic.

Do´ko , n. (Zoöl.) See Lepidosiren.

Do•la´bra , n. [L., fr. dolare to hew.] A rude ancient ax or hatchet, seen in museums.

Do•lab´ri•form , a. [L. dolabra a mattock + -form.] Shaped like the head of an ax or hatchet, as some leaves, and also certain organs of some shellfish. { Dol´ce , Dol•ce•men´te } adv. [It., fr. L. dulcis sweet, soft.] (Mus.) Softly; sweetly; with soft, smooth, and delicate execution.

Dol•ci´no , or Dul•ci´no , n. [Cf. It. dolcigno sweetish.] (Mus.) A small bassoon, formerly much used. Simmonds.

Dol´drums (dol´drumz), n. pl. [Cf. Gael. doltrum grief, vexation?] A part of the ocean near the equator, abounding in calms, squalls, and light, baffling winds, which sometimes prevent all progress for weeks; — so called by sailors. To be in the doldrums, to be in a state of listlessness ennui, or tedium.

Dole (dol), n. [OE. deol, doel, dol, OF. doel, fr. doloir to suffer, fr. L. dolere; perh. akin to dolare to hew.] grief; sorrow; lamentation. [Archaic] “And she died.
So that day there was dole in Astolat.” Tennyson.

Dole, n. [L. dolus: cf. F. dol.] (Scots Law) See Dolus.

Dole, n. [AS. dal portion; same word as dl. See Deal.] 1. Distribution; dealing; apportionment. “At her general dole,
Each receives his ancient soul.” Cleveland. 2. That which is dealt out; a part, share, or portion also a scanty share or allowance. 3. Alms; charitable gratuity or portion. “So sure the dole, so ready at their call,
They stood prepared to see the manna fall.” Dryden. “Heaven has in store a precious dole.” Keble. 4. A boundary; a landmark. Halliwell. 5. A void space left in tillage. [Prov. Eng.] Dole beer, beer bestowed as alms. [Obs.] — Dole bread, bread bestowed as alms. [Obs.] — Dole meadow, a meadow in which several persons have a common right or share.

Dole (dol), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doled (dold); p. pr. & vb. n. Doling.] To deal out in small portions; to distribute, as a dole; to deal out scantily or grudgingly. “The supercilious condescension with which even his reputed friends doled out their praises to him.” De Quincey.

Dole´ful , a. Full of dole or grief; expressing or exciting sorrow; sorrowful; sad; dismal. “With screwed face and doleful whine.” South. “Regions of sorrow, doleful shades.” Milton. Syn. — Piteous; rueful; sorrowful; woeful; melancholy; sad gloomy; dismal; dolorous; woe-begone. — Dole´ful•ly, adv. — Dole´ful•ness, n.

Do´lent , a. [L. dolens, p. pr. of dolere: cf. F. dolent. See Dole sorrow.] Sorrowful. [Obs.] Ford.

Do•len´te , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Plaintively. See Doloroso.

Dol´er•ite , n. [Gr. deceitful; because it was easily confounded with diorite.] (Geol. & Min.) A dark-colored, basic, igneous rock, composed essentially of pyroxene and a triclinic feldspar with magnetic iron. By many authors it is considered equivalent to a coarse-grained basalt.

Dol•er•it´ic , a. Of the nature of dolerite; as much lava is doleritic lava. Dana.

Dole´some, a. Doleful; dismal; gloomy; sorrowful. — Dole´some•ly, adv. — Dole´some•ness, n.

Dolf , imp. of Delve. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Dol•i•cho•ce•phal´ic (dol•i•ko•se•fal´ik), Dol•i•cho•ceph´a•lous (-sef´a•lus), } a. [Gr. dolicho•s long + kefalh• head.] (Anat.) Having the cranium, or skull, long to its breadth; long-headed; — opposed to brachycephalic. — Dol•i•cho•ceph´al (#), a. & n. { Dol•i•cho•ceph´a•ly (-a•ly), Dol•i•cho•ceph´a•lism (-a•liz’m) }, n. [Cf. F. dolichcephalie.] The quality or condition of being dolichocephalic.

Do´li•o•form , a. [L. dolium large jar + -form.] (Biol.) Barrel-shaped, or like a cask in form.

Do•li´o•lum , n. [L. doliolum a small cask.] (Zoöl.) A genus of freeswimming oceanic tunicates, allied to Salpa, and having alternate generations.

Do´-lit•tle , n. One who performs little though professing much. [Colloq.] “Great talkers are commonly dolittles.” Bp. Richardson.

Do´li•um , n. [L. large jar.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large univalve mollusks, including the partridge shell and tun shells.

Doll , n. [A contraction of Dorothy; or less prob. an abbreviation of idol; or cf. OD. dol a whipping top, D. dollen to rave, and E. dull.] A child’s puppet; a toy baby for a little girl.

Dol´lar , n. [D. daalder, LG. dahler, G. thaler, an abbreviation of Joachimsthaler, i. e., a piece of money first coined, about the year 1518, in the valley (G. thal) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia. See Dale.] 1. (a) A silver coin of the United States containing 371.25 grains of silver and 41.25 grains of alloy, that is, having a total weight of 412.5 grains. (b) A gold coin of the United States containing 23.22 grains of gold and 2.58 grains of alloy, that is, having a total weight of 25.8 grains, nine-tenths fine. It is no longer coined. Previous to 1837 the silver dollar had a larger amount of alloy, but only the same amount of silver as now, the total weight being 416 grains. The gold dollar as a distinct coin was first made in 1849. The eagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles coined before 1834 contained 24.75 grains of gold and 2.25 grains of alloy for each dollar. 2. A coin of the same general weight and value, though differing slightly in different countries, current in Mexico, Canada, parts of South America, also in Spain, and several other European countries. 3. The value of a dollar; the unit commonly employed in the United States in reckoning money values. Chop dollar. See under 9th Chop. — Dollar fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the United States coast (Stromateus triacanthus), having a flat, roundish form and a bright silvery luster; — called also butterfish, and Lafayette. See Butterfish. — Trade dollar, a silver coin formerly made at the United States mint, intended for export, and not legal tender at home. It contained 378 grains of silver and 42 grains of alloy.

Dol•lar•dee´ , n. (Zoöl.) A species of sunfish (Lepomis pallidus), common in the United States; — called also blue sunfish, and copper-nosed bream.

Doll´man , n. See Dolman.

Dol´ly , n.; pl. Dollies . 1. (Mining) A contrivance, turning on a vertical axis by a handle or winch, and giving a circular motion to the ore to be washed; a stirrer. 2. (Mach.) A tool with an indented head for shaping the head of a rivet. Knight. 3. In pile driving, a block interposed between the head of the pile and the ram of the driver. 4. A small truck with a single wide roller used for moving heavy beams, columns, etc., in bridge building. 5. A compact, narrow-gauge locomotive used for moving construction trains, switching, etc.

Dol´ly , n. A child’s mane for a doll. Dolly shop, a shop where rags, old junk, etc., are bought and sold; usually, in fact, an unlicensed pawnbroker’s shop, formerly distinguished by the sign of a black doll. [England]

Dol´ly Var´den 1. A character in Dickens’s novel ´Barnaby Rudge,´ a beautiful, lively, and coquettish girl who wore a cherry-colored mantle and cherry-colored ribbons. 2. A style of light, bright-figured dress goods for women; also a style of dress. Dolly Varden trout (Zoöl.), a trout of northwest America; — called also bull trout, malma, and red-spotted trout. See Malma.

Dol´man (dol´man), n. [Turk. dolaman: cf. F. doliman.] 1. A long robe or outer garment, with long sleeves, worn by the Turks. [Written also doliman.] 2. A cloak of a peculiar fashion worn by women.

Dol´men (dol´men), n. [Armor. taol, tol, table + mean, maen, men, stone: cf. F. dolmen.] A cromlech. See Cromlech. [Written also tolmen.]

Dol´o•mite (dol´o•mit), n. [After the French geologist Dolomieu.] (Geol. & Min.) A mineral consisting of the carbonate of lime and magnesia in varying proportions. It occurs in distinct crystals, and in extensive beds as a compact limestone, often crystalline granular, either white or clouded. It includes much of the common white marble. Also called bitter spar.

Dol•o•mit´ic , a. Pertaining to dolomite.

Dol´o•mize , v. t. To convert into dolomite. — Dol•o•mi•za´tion (#), n.

Do´lor , n. [OE. dolor, dolur, dolour, F. douleur, L. dolor, fr. dolere. See 1st Dole.] Pain; grief; distress; anguish. [Written also dolour.] [Poetic] “Of death and dolor telling sad tidings.” Spenser.

Dol•or•if´er•ous , a. [L. dolor pain + -ferous.] Producing pain. Whitaker. { Dol•or•if´ic , Dol•or•if´ic•al } a. [LL. dolorificus; L. dolor pain + facere to make.] Causing pain or grief. Arbuthnot.

Do•lo•ro´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Plaintive; pathetic; — used adverbially as a musical direction.

Dol´or•ous , a. [L. dolorosus, from dolor: cf. F. douloureux. See Dolor.] 1. Full of grief; sad; sorrowful; doleful; dismal; as a dolorous object; dolorous discourses. “You take me in too dolorous a sense;
I spake to you for your comfort.” Shak. 2. Occasioning pain or grief; painful. “Their dispatch is quick, and less dolorous than the paw of the bear or teeth of the lion.” Dr. H. More. — Dol´or•ous•ly, adv. — Dol´or•ous•ness, n.

Dol´phin (dol´fin), n. [F. dauphin dolphin, dauphin, earlier spelt also doffin; cf. OF. dalphinal of the dauphin; fr. L. delphinus, Gr. delfi•s a dolphin (in senses 1, 2, & 5), perh. properly, belly fish; cf. delfy•s womb, Skr. garbha; perh. akin to E. calf. Cf. Dauphin, Delphine.] 1. (Zool.) (a) A cetacean of the genus Delphinus and allied genera (esp. D. delphis); the true dolphin. (b) The Coryphaena hippuris, a fish of about five feet in length, celebrated for its surprising changes of color when dying. It is the fish commonly known as the dolphin. See Coryphaenoid. The dolphin of the ancients (D. delphis) is common in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and attains a length of from six to eight feet. 2. [Gr. delfi•s] (Gr. Antiq.) A mass of iron or lead hung from the yardarm, in readiness to be dropped on the deck of an enemy’s vessel. 3. (Naut.) (a) A kind of wreath or strap of plaited cordage. (b) A spar or buoy held by an anchor and furnished with a ring to which ships may fasten their cables. R. H. Dana. (c) A mooring post on a wharf or beach. (d) A permanent fender around a heavy boat just below the gunwale. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 4. (Gun.) In old ordnance, one of the handles above the trunnions by which the gun was lifted. 5. (Astron.) A small constellation between Aquila and Pegasus. See Delphinus, n., 2. Dolphin fly (Zoöl.), the black, bean, or collier, Aphis (Aphis fable), destructive to beans. — Dolphin striker (Naut.), a short vertical spar under the bowsprit.

Dol´phin•et , n. A female dolphin. [R.] Spenser.

Dolt (dolt; 110), n. [OE. dulte, prop. p. p. of dullen to dull. See Dull.] A heavy, stupid fellow; a blockhead; a numskull; an ignoramus; a dunce; a dullard. “This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt.” Drayton.

Dolt, v. i. To behave foolishly. [Obs.]

Dolt´ish, a. Doltlike; dull in intellect; stupid; blockish; as a doltish clown. — Dolt´ish•ly, adv. — Dolt´ish•ness, n.

Do´lus , n. [L., deceit; akin to Gr. .] (Law) Evil intent, embracing both malice and fraud. See Culpa. Wharton.

Dolv´en , p. p. of Delve. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

-dom . A suffix denoting: (a) Jurisdiction or property and jurisdiction, dominion, as in kingdom earldom. (b) State, condition, or quality of being, as in wisdom, freedom. It is from the same root as doom meaning authority and judgment. . See Doom.

Dom , n. [Pg. See Don.] 1. A title anciently given to the pope, and later to other church dignitaries and some monastic orders. See Don, and Dan. 2. In Portugal and Brazil, the title given to a member of the higher classes.

Dom´a•ble , a. [L. domabilis, fr. domare to tame.] Capable of being tamed; tamable.

Dom´a•ble•ness, n. Tamableness.

Dom´age , n. [See Damage.] 1. Damage; hurt. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. Subjugation. [Obs.] Hobbes.

Do•main´ , n. [F. domaine, OF. demaine, L. dominium, property, right of ownership, fr. dominus master, owner. See Dame, and cf Demesne, Dungeon.] 1. Dominion; empire; authority. 2. The territory over which dominion or authority is exerted; the possessions of a sovereign or commonwealth, or the like. Also used figuratively. “The domain of authentic history.” E. Everett. “The domain over which the poetic spirit ranges.” J. C. Shairp. 3. Landed property; estate; especially, the land about the mansion house of a lord, and in his immediate occupancy; demesne. Shenstone. 4. (Law) Ownership of land; an estate or patrimony which one has in his own right; absolute proprietorship; paramount or sovereign ownership. Public domain, the territory belonging to a State or to the general government; public lands. [U.S.] — Right of eminent domain, that superior dominion of the sovereign power over all the property within the state, including that previously granted by itself, which authorizes it to appropriate any part thereof to a necessary public use, reasonable compensation being made.

Do´mal , a. [L. domus house.] (Astrol.) Pertaining to a house. Addison.

Do•ma´ni•al , a. Of or relating to a domain or to domains.

Dome, n. [F. dôme, It. duomo, fr. L. domus a house, domus Dei or Domini, house of the Lord, house of God; akin to Gr. house, to build, and E. timber. See Timber.] 1. A building; a house; an edifice; — used chiefly in poetry. “Approach the dome, the social banquet share.” Pope. 2. (Arch.) A cupola formed on a large scale. ´The Italians apply the term il duomo to the principal church of a city, and the Germans call every cathedral church Dom; and it is supposed that the word in its present English sense has crept into use from the circumstance of such buildings being frequently surmounted by a cupola.´ Am. Cyc. 3. Any erection resembling the dome or cupola of a building; as the upper part of a furnace, the vertical steam chamber on the top of a boiler, etc. 4. (Crystallog.) A prism formed by planes parallel to a lateral axis which meet above in a horizontal edge, like the roof of a house; also one of the planes of such a form. If the plane is parallel to the longer diagonal (macrodiagonal) of the prism, it is called a macrodome; if parallel to the shorter (brachydiagonal), it is a brachydome; if parallel to the inclined diagonal in a monoclinic crystal, it is called a clinodome; if parallel to the orthodiagonal axis, an orthodome. Dana.

Dome, n. [See Doom.] Decision; judgment; opinion; a court decision. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dome´book , n. [Dome doom + book.] (O. Eng. Law) A book said to have been compiled under the direction of King Alfred. It is supposed to have contained the principal maxims of the common law, the penalties for misdemeanors, and the forms of judicial proceedings. Domebook was probably a general name for book of judgments. Burrill.

Domed , a. Furnished with a dome; shaped like a dome.

Domes´day , n. A day of judgment. See Doomsday. [Obs.] Domesday Book, the ancient record of the survey of most of the lands of England, made by order of William the Conqueror, about 1086. It consists of two volumes, a large folio and a quarto, and gives the proprietors’ tenures, arable land, woodland, etc. [Written also Doomsday Book.]

Domes´man , n.; pl. Domesmen (#). [See Doom.] A judge; an umpire. [Obs.]

Do•mes´tic , a. [L. domesticus, fr. domus use: cf. F. domestique. See 1st Dome.] 1. Of or pertaining to one’s house or home, or one’s household or family; relating to home life; as domestic concerns, life, duties, cares, happiness, worship, servants. “His fortitude is the more extraordinary, because his domestic feelings were unusually strong.” Macaulay. 4. Of or pertaining to a nation considered as a family or home, or to one’s own country; intestine; not foreign; as foreign wars and domestic dissensions. Shak. 3. Remaining much at home; devoted to home duties or pleasures; as a domestic man or woman. 4. Living in or near the habitations of man; domesticated; tame as distinguished from wild; as domestic animals. 5. Made in one’s own house, nation, or country; as domestic manufactures, wines, etc.

Do•mes´tic, n. 1. One who lives in the family of an other, as hired household assistant; a house servant. “The master labors and leads an anxious life, to secure plenty and ease to the domestic.” V. Knox. 2. pl. (Com.) Articles of home manufacture, especially cotton goods. [U. S.]

Do•mes´tic•al , a. Domestic. [Obs.] “Our private and domestical matter.” Sir. P. Sidney.

Do•mes´tic•al, n. A family; a household. [Obs.]

Do•mes´tic•al•ly, adv. In a domestic manner; privately; with reference to domestic affairs.

Do•mes´ti•cant , a. Forming part of the same family. [Obs.] Sir E. Dering.

Do•mes´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domesticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Domesticating.] [LL. domesticatus, p. p. of domesticare to reside in, to tame. See Domestic, a.] 1. To make domestic; to habituate to home life; as to domesticate one’s self. 2. To cause to be, as it were, of one’s family or country; as to domesticate a foreign custom or word. 3. To tame or reclaim from a wild state; as to domesticate wild animals; to domesticate a plant.

Do•mes•ti•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. domestication.] The act of domesticating, or accustoming to home; the action of taming wild animals.

Do•mes´ti•ca•tor , n. One who domesticates.

Do•mes•tic´i•ty , n. [LL. domesticitas: cf. F. domesticite.] The state of being domestic; domestic character; household life.

Dom´ett , n. A kind of baize of which the ward is cotton and the weft woolen. Blakely.

Do´mey•kite , n. [Named after Domeyko, a mineralogist of Chili.] (Min.) A massive mineral of tin-white or steel-gray color, an arsenide of copper.

Dom´i•cal , a. Relating to, or shaped like, a dome.

Dom´i•cile , n. [L. domicilium; domus house + (prob.) root of celare to conceal: cf. F. domicile. See Dome, and Conceal.] 1. An abode or mansion; a place of permanent residence, either of an individual or a family. 2. (Law) A residence at a particular place accompanied with an intention to remain there for an unlimited time; a residence accepted as a final abode. Wharton.

Dom´i•cile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domiciled p. pr. & vb. n. Domiciling.] [Cf. F. domicilier. Cf. Domiciliate.] To establish in a fixed residence, or a residence that constitutes habitancy; to domiciliate. Kent.

Dom•i•cil´i•ar , n. A member of a household; a domestic.

Dom•i•cil´i•a•ry , a. [LL. domiciliarius.] Of or pertaining to a domicile, or the residence of a person or family. “The personal and domiciliary rights of the citizen scrupulously guarded.” Motley. Domiciliary visit (Law), a visit to a private dwelling, particularly for searching it, under authority.

Dom•i•cil´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domiciliated p. pr. & vb. n. Domiciliating ] [See Domicile.] 1. To establish in a permanent residence; to domicile. 2. To domesticate. Pownall.

Dom•i•cil•i•a´tion , n. The act of domiciliating; permanent residence; inhabitancy. Milman.

Dom´i•cul•ture ( 135), n. [L. domus house + E. culture. See 1st Dome.] The art of house-keeping, cookery, etc. [R.] R. Park.

Dom´i•fy , v. t. [L. domus + - fy: cf. F. domifier.] 1. (Astrol.) To divide, as the heavens, into twelve houses. See House, in astrological sense. [Obs.] 2. To tame; to domesticate. [Obs.] Johnson.

Dom´i•na , n. [L., lady. See Dame.] (O. Eng. Law) Lady; a lady; — a title formerly given to noble ladies who held a barony in their own right. Burrill. { Dom´i•nance , Dom´i•nan•cy } n. Predominance; ascendency; authority.

Dom´i•nant , a. [L. dominans, -antis, p. pr. of dominari: cf. F. dominant. See Dominate.] Ruling; governing; prevailing; controlling; predominant; as the dominant party, church, spirit, power. “The member of a dominant race is, in his dealings with the subject race, seldom indeed fraudulent, … but imperious, insolent, and cruel.” Macaulay. Dominant estate or tenement (Law), the estate to which a servitude or easement is due from another estate, the estate over which the servitude extends being called the servient estate or tenement. Bouvier. Wharton’s Law Dict. — Dominant owner (Law), one who owns lands on which there is an easement owned by another. Syn. — Governing; ruling; controlling; prevailing; predominant; ascendant.

Dom´i•nant, n. (Mus.) The fifth tone of the scale; thus G is the dominant of C, A of D, and so on. Dominant chord (Mus.), the chord based upon the dominant.

Dom´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dominating.] [L. dominatus, p. p. of dominari to dominate, fr. dominus master, lord. See Dame, and cf. Domineer.] To predominate over; to rule; to govern. ´A city dominated by the ax.´ Dickens. “We everywhere meet with Slavonian nations either dominant or dominated.” W. Tooke.

Dom´i•nate, v. i. To be dominant. Hallam.

Dom•i•na´tion , n. [F. domination, L. dominatio.] 1. The act of dominating; exercise of power in ruling; dominion; supremacy; authority; often, arbitrary or insolent sway. “In such a people, the haughtiness of domination combines with the spirit of freedom.” Burke. 2. A ruling party; a party in power. [R.] Burke. 3. pl. A high order of angels in the celestial hierarchy; — a meaning given by the schoolmen. “Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers.” Milton.

Dom´i•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. dominatif.] Governing; ruling; imperious. Sir E. Sandys.

Dom´i•na•tor , n. [L.] A ruler or ruling power. ´Sole dominator of Navarre.´ Shak. “Jupiter and Mars are dominators for this northwest part of the world.” Camden.

Dom´i•ne , n. [See Dominie.] 1. A name given to a pastor of the Reformed Church. The word is also applied locally in the United States, in colloquial speech, to any clergyman. 2. [From Sp. domine a schoolmaster.] (Zoöl.) A West Indian fish (Epinula magistralis), of the family Trichiuridae. It is a long-bodied, voracious fish.

Dom•i•neer´ , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Domineered p. pr. & vb. n. Domineering.] [F. dominer, L. dominari: cf. OD. domineren to feast luxuriously. See Dominate, v. t.] To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway; to play the master; to be overbearing; to tyrannize; to bluster; to swell with conscious superiority or haughtiness; — often with over; as to domineer over dependents. “Go to the feast, revel and domineer.” Shak. “His wishes tend abroad to roam,
And hers to domineer at home.” Prior.

Dom•i•neer´ing, a. Ruling arrogantly; overbearing. “A violent, brutal, domineering old reprobate.” Blackw. Mag. Syn. — Haughty; overbearing; lordly. See Imperious. — Dom•i•neer´ing•ly, adv.

Do•min´ic•al , a. [LL. dominicalis, for L. dominicus belonging to a master or lord (dominica dies the Lord’s day), fr. dominus master or lord: cf. F. dominical. See Dame.] 1. Indicating, or pertaining to, the Lord’s day, or Sunday. 2. Relating to, or given by, our Lord; as the dominical (or Lord’s) prayer. Howell. “Some words altered in the dominical Gospels.” Fuller. Dominical altar (Eccl.), the high altar. — Dominical letter, the letter which, in almanacs, denotes Sunday, or the Lord’s day (dies Domini). The first seven letters of the alphabet are used for this purpose, the same letter standing for Sunday during a whole year (except in leap year, when the letter is changed at the end of February). After twenty-eight years the same letters return in the same order. The dominical letters go backwards one day every common year, and two every leap year; e. g., if the dominical letter of a common year be G, F will be the dominical letter for the next year. Called also Sunday letter. Cf. Solar cycle, under Cycle, n.

Do•min´ic•al, n. The Lord’s day or Sunday; also the Lord’s prayer. [Obs.]

Do•min´i•can , a. [NL. Dominicanus, fr. Dominicus, Dominic, the founder: cf. F. Dominicain.] Of or pertaining to St. Dominic (Dominic de Guzman), or to the religious communities named from him. Dominican nuns, an order of nuns founded by St. Dominic, and chiefly employed in teaching. — Dominican tertiaries (the third order of St. Dominic). See Tertiary.

Do•min´i•can, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of mendicant monks founded by Dominic de Guzman, in 1215. A province of the order was established in England in 1221. The first foundation in the United States was made in 1807. The Master of the Sacred Palace at Rome is always a Dominican friar. The Dominicans are called also preaching friars, friars preachers, black friars (from their black cloak), brothers of St. Mary, and in France, Jacobins.

Do•min´i•cide , n. [L. dominus master + caedere to cut down, kill.] 1. The act of killing a master. 2. One who kills his master.

Dom´i•nie , n. [L. dominus master. See Don, Dame.] 1. A schoolmaster; a pedagogue. [Scot.] “This was Abel Sampson, commonly called, from occupation as a pedagogue, Dominie Sampson.” Sir W. Scott. 2. A clergyman. See Domine, 1. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

Do•min´ion , n. [LL. dominio, equiv. to L. dominium. See Domain, Dungeon.] 1. Sovereign or supreme authority; the power of governing and controlling; independent right of possession, use, and control; sovereignty; supremacy. “I praised and honored him that liveth forever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion.” Dan. iv. 34. “To choose between dominion or slavery.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). 2. Superior prominence; predominance; ascendency. “Objects placed foremost ought … have dominion over things confused and transient.” Dryden. 3. That which is governed; territory over which authority is exercised; the tract, district, or county, considered as subject; as the dominions of a king. Also used figuratively; as the dominion of the passions. 4. pl. A supposed high order of angels; dominations. See Domination, 3. Milton. “By him were all things created … whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers.” Col. i. 16. Syn. — Sovereignty; control; rule; authority; jurisdiction; government; territory; district; region.

Dom´i•no , n.; pl. Dominos or (esp. the pieces for a game) Dominoes (#). [F. domino, or It. dominò, or Sp. dominó, fr. L. dominus master. The domino was orig. a hood worn by the canons of a cathedral. See Don, Dame.] 1. A kind of hood worn by the canons of a cathedral church; a sort of amice. Kersey. 2. A mourning veil formerly worn by women. 3. A kind of mask; particularly, a half mask worn at masquerades, to conceal the upper part of the face. Dominos were formerly worn by ladies in traveling. 4. A costume worn as a disguise at masquerades, consisting of a robe with a hood adjustable at pleasure. 5. A person wearing a domino. 6. pl. A game played by two or more persons, with twenty-eight pieces of wood, bone, or ivory, of a flat, oblong shape, plain at the back, but on the face divided by a line in the middle, and either left blank or variously dotted after the manner of dice. The game is played by matching the spots or the blank of an unmatched half of a domino already played Hoyle. 7. One of the pieces with which the game of dominoes is played. Hoyle.

Dom´i•nus , n.; pl. Domini (#). [L., master. See Dame.] Master; sir; — a title of respect formerly applied to a knight or a clergyman, and sometimes to the lord of a manor. Cowell.

Dom´i•ta•ble , a. [L. domitare to tame, fr. domare.] That can be tamed. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Do´mite , n. (Min.) A grayish variety of trachyte; — so called from the Puy-de- Dôme in Auvergne, France, where it is found.

Don (don), n. [Sp. don; akin to Pg. dom, It. donno; fr. L. dominus master. See Dame, and cf. Domine, Dominie, Domino, Dan, Dom.] 1. Sir; Mr; Signior; — a title in Spain, formerly given to noblemen and gentlemen only, but now common to all classes. “Don is used in Italy, though not so much as in Spain. France talks of Dom Calmet, England of Dan Lydgate.” Oliphant. 2. A grand personage, or one making pretension to consequence; especially, the head of a college, or one of the fellows at the English universities. [Univ. Cant] ´The great dons of wit.´ Dryden.

Don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Donned (dond); p. pr. & vb. n. Donning.] [Do + on; — opposed to doff. See Do, v. t., 7.] To put on; to dress in; to invest one’s self with. “Should I don this robe and trouble you.” Shak. “At night, or in the rain,
He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn.” Emerson.

Do´ña , n. [Sp. doña. See Duenna.] Lady; mistress; madam; - - a title of respect used in Spain, prefixed to the Christian name of a lady.

Do´na•ble , a. [L. donabilis, fr. donare to donate.] Capable of being donated or given. [R.]

Do´na•ry , n. [L. donarium, fr. donare.] A thing given to a sacred use. [R.] Burton.

Don´at , n. [From Donatus, a famous grammarian.] A grammar. [Obs.] [Written also donet.]

Don´a•ta•ry , n. See Donatory.

Do´nate (do´nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Donated; p. pr. & vb. n. Donating.] [L. donatus, p. p. of donare to donate, fr. donum gift, fr. dare to give. See 2d Date.] To give; to bestow; to present; as to donate fifty thousand dollars to a college.

Do•na´tion , n. [L. donatio; cf. F. donation.] 1. The act of giving or bestowing; a grant. “After donation there is an absolute change and alienation of the property of the thing given.” South. 2. That which is given as a present; that which is transferred to another gratuitously; a gift. “And some donation freely to estate
On the bless’d lovers.” Shak. 3. (Law) The act or contract by which a person voluntarily transfers the title to a thing of which be is the owner, from himself to another, without any consideration, as a free gift. Bouvier. Donation party, a party assembled at the house of some one, as of a clergyman, each one bringing some present. [U.S.] Bartlett. Syn. — Gift; present; benefaction; grant. See Gift.

Don´a•tism , n. [Cf. F. Donatisme.] (Eccl. Hist.) The tenets of the Donatists.

Don´a•tist , n. [LL. Donatista: cf. F. Donatiste.] (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Donatus, the leader of a body of North African schismatics and purists, who greatly disturbed the church in the 4th century. They claimed to be the true church.

Don•a•tis´tic , a. Pertaining to Donatism.

Don´a•tive , n. [L. donativum, fr. donare: cf. F. donatif. See Donate.] 1. A gift; a largess; a gratuity; a present. ´The Romans were entertained with shows and donatives.´ Dryden. 2. (Eccl. Law) A benefice conferred on a person by the founder or patron, without either presentation or institution by the ordinary, or induction by his orders. See the Note under Benefice, n., 3.

Don´a•tive, a. Vested or vesting by donation; as a donative advowson. Blackstone.

Do•na´tor , n. [L. Cf. Donor.] (Law) One who makes a gift; a donor; a giver.

Don´a•to•ry , n. (Scots Law) A donee of the crown; one the whom, upon certain condition, escheated property is made over.

Do´-naught , n. [Do + naught.] A lazy, good-for-nothing fellow.

Do´nax , n. [L., reed, also a sea fish, Gr. .] (Bot.) A canelike grass of southern Europe (Arundo Donax), used for fishing rods, etc.

Don•cel´la , n. [Sp., lit., a maid. Cf. Damsel.] (Zoöl.) A handsome fish of Florida and the West Indies (Platyglossus radiatus). The name is applied also to the ladyfish (Harpe rufa) of the same region.

Done , p. p. from Do, and formerly the infinitive. 1. Performed; executed; finished. 2. It is done or agreed; let it be a match or bargain; — used elliptically. Done brown, a phrase in cookery; applied figuratively to one who has been thoroughly deceived, cheated, or fooled. [Colloq.] — Done for, tired out; used up; collapsed; destroyed; dead; killed. [Colloq.] — Done up. (a) Wrapped up. (b) Worn out; exhausted. [Colloq.]

Done, a. [Prob. corrupted from OF. done, F. donne, p. p. of OF. doner, F. donner, to give, issue, fr. L. donare to give. See Donate, and cf. Donee.] Given; executed; issued; made public; — used chiefly in the clause giving the date of a proclamation or public act.

Do•nee´ , n. [OF. done, F. donne, p. p. See the preceding word.] 1. The person to whom a gift or donation is made. 2. (Law) Anciently, one to whom lands were given; in later use, one to whom lands and tenements are given in tail; in modern use, one on whom a power is conferred for execution; — sometimes called the appointor.

Don´et , n. Same as Donat. Piers Plowman.

Do´ni , n. [Tamil tni.] (Naut.) A clumsy craft, having one mast with a long sail, used for trading purposes on the coasts of Coromandel and Ceylon. [Written also dhony, doney, and done.] Balfour.

Do•nif´er•ous (do•nif´er•us), a. [L. donum gift + -ferous.] Bearing gifts. [R.]

Don´jon (dun´jun), n. [See Dungeon.] The chief tower, also called the keep; a massive tower in ancient castles, forming the strongest part of the fortifications. See Illust. of Castle.

Don´key (don´ky), n.; pl. Donkeys (-kiz). [Prob. dun, in allusion to the color of the animal + a dim. termination.] 1. An ass; or (less frequently) a mule. 2. A stupid or obstinate fellow; an ass. Donkey engine, a small auxiliary engine not used for propelling, but for pumping water into the boilers, raising heavy weights, and like purposes. — Donkey pump, a steam pump for feeding boilers, extinguishing fire, etc.; — usually an auxiliary. — Donkey’s eye (Bot.), the large round seed of the Mucuna pruriens, a tropical leguminous plant.

Don´na , n. [It. donna, L. domina. See Don, Dame.] A lady; madam; mistress; — the title given a lady in Italy.

Don´nat , n. [Corrupted from do- naught.] See Do-naught. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Don´nism , n. [Don, n., 2.] Self-importance; loftiness of carriage. [Cant, Eng. Universities]

Do´nor , n. [F. donneur, OF. daneor, fr. donner. See Donee, and cf. Donator.] 1. One who gives or bestows; one who confers anything gratuitously; a benefactor. 2. (Law) One who grants an estate; in later use, one who confers a power; — the opposite of donee. Kent. “Touching, the parties unto deeds and charters, we are to consider as well the donors and granters as the donees or grantees.” Spelman.

Do´-noth•ing , a. Doing nothing; inactive; idle; lazy; as a do-nothing policy. { Do´-noth•ing•ism , Do´-noth•ing•ness } n. Inactivity; habitual sloth; idleness. [Jocular] Carlyle. Miss Austen.

Don´ship , n. The quality or rank of a don, gentleman, or knight. Hudibras.

Don´zel , n. [Cf. It. donzello, Sp. doncel, OF. danzel. See Damsel, Don, n.] A young squire, or knight’s attendant; a page. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Doo , n. (Zoöl.) A dove. [Scot.]

Doob´ grass [Hind. db.] (Bot.) A perennial, creeping grass (Cynodon dactylon), highly prized, in Hindostan, as food for cattle, and acclimated in the United States. [Written also doub grass.]

Doo´dle , n. [Cf. Dawdle.] A trifler; a simple fellow.

Doo´dle•sack , n. [Cf. G. dudelsack.] The Scotch bagpipe. [Prov. Eng.]

Doole , n. Sorrow; dole. [Obs.] Spenser.

Doo´ly , n.; pl. Doolies (#). [Skr. dla.] A kind of litter suspended from men’s shoulders, for carrying persons or things; a palanquin. [Written also doolee and doolie.] [East Indies] “Having provided doolies, or little bamboo chairs slung on four men’s shoulders, in which I put my papers and boxes, we next morning commenced the ascent.” J. D. Hooker.

Doom (doom), n. [As. dom; akin to OS. dom, OHG. tuom, Dan. & Sw. dom, Icel. domr, Goth. doms, Gr. qe•mis law; fr. the root of E. do, v. t. rad.65. See Do, v. t., and cf. Deem, -dom.] 1. Judgment; judicial sentence; penal decree; condemnation. “The first dooms of London provide especially the recovery of cattle belonging to the citizens.” J. R. Green. “Now against himself he sounds this doom.” Shak. 2. That to which one is doomed or sentenced; destiny or fate, esp. unhappy destiny; penalty. “Ere Hector meets his doom.” Pope. “And homely household task shall be her doom.” Dryden. 3. Ruin; death. “This is the day of doom for Bassianus.” Shak. 4. Discriminating opinion or judgment; discrimination; discernment; decision. [Obs.] “And there he learned of things and haps to come,
To give foreknowledge true, and certain doom.” Fairfax. Syn. — Sentence; condemnation; decree; fate; destiny; lot; ruin; destruction.

Doom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doomed p. pr. & vb. n. Dooming.] 1. To judge; to estimate or determine as a judge. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To pronounce sentence or judgment on; to condemn; to consign by a decree or sentence; to sentence; as a criminal doomed to chains or death. “Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls.” Dryden. 3. To ordain as penalty; hence, to mulct or fine. “Have I tongue to doom my brother’s death?” Shak. 4. To assess a tax upon, by estimate or at discretion. [New England] J. Pickering. 5. To destine; to fix irrevocably the destiny or fate of; to appoint, as by decree or by fate. “A man of genius … doomed to struggle with difficulties.” Macaulay.

Doom´age , n. A penalty or fine for neglect. [Local, New England]

Doom´ful , a. Full of condemnation or destructive power. [R.] ´That doomful deluge.´ Drayton.

Doom´ palm [Ar. daum, dum: cf. F. doume.] (Bot.) A species of palm tree (Hyphaene Thebaica), highly valued for the fibrous pulp of its fruit, which has the flavor of gingerbread, and is largely eaten in Egypt and Abyssinia. [Written also doum palm.]

Dooms´day , n. [AS. dmes dag. See Doom, and Day.] 1. A day of sentence or condemnation; day of death. ´My body’s doomsday.´ Shak. 2. The day of the final judgment. “I could not tell till doomsday.” Chaucer. Doomsday Book. See Domesday Book.

Dooms´man, n. [Doom + man.] A judge; an umpire. [Obs.] Hampole.

Doom´ster , n. Same as Dempster. [Scot.]

Door , n. [OE. dore, dure, AS. duru; akin to OS. dura, dor, D. deur, OHG. turi, door, tor gate, G. thür, thor, Icel. dyrr, Dan. dör, Sw. dörr, Goth. daur, Lith. durys, Russ. dvere, Olr. dorus, L. fores, Gr. ; cf. Skr. dur, dvara. rad.246. Cf. Foreign.] 1. An opening in the wall of a house or of an apartment, by which to go in and out; an entrance way. “To the same end, men several paths may tread,
As many doors into one temple lead.” Denham. 2. The frame or barrier of boards, or other material, usually turning on hinges, by which an entrance way into a house or apartment is closed and opened. “At last he came unto an iron door
That fast was locked.” Spenser. 3. Passage; means of approach or access. “I am the door; by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved.” John x. 9. 4. An entrance way, but taken in the sense of the house or apartment to which it leads. “Martin’s office is now the second door in the street.” Arbuthnot. Blank door, Blind door, etc. (Arch.) See under Blank, Blind, etc. — In doors, or Within doors, within the house. — Next door to, near to; bordering on. “A riot unpunished is but next door to a tumult.” L’Estrange. — Out of doors, or Without doors, and, colloquially, Out doors, out of the house; in open air; abroad; away; lost. “His imaginary title of fatherhood is out of doors.” Locke. — To lay (a fault, misfortune, etc.) at one’s door, to charge one with a fault; to blame for. — To lie at one’s door, to be imputable or chargeable to. “If I have failed, the fault lies wholly at my door.” Dryden. Door is used in an adjectival construction or as the first part of a compound (with or without the hyphen), as door frame, doorbell or door bell, door knob or doorknob, door latch or doorlatch, door jamb, door handle, door mat, door panel.

Door´case , n. The surrounding frame into which a door shuts.

Door´cheek , n. The jamb or sidepiece of a door. Ex. xii. 22 (Douay version).

Door´ga , n. [Skr. Durga.] (Myth.) A Hindoo divinity, the consort of Siva, represented with ten arms. [Written also Durga.] Malcom.

Door´ing , n. The frame of a door. Milton.

Door´keep•er , n. One who guards the entrance of a house or apartment; a porter; a janitor.

Door´less, a. Without a door.

Door´nail , n. The nail or knob on which in ancient doors the knocker struck; — hence the old saying, ´As dead as a doornail.´

Door´plane , n. A plane on a door, giving the name, and sometimes the employment, of the occupant.

Door´post , n. The jamb or sidepiece of a doorway.

Door´sill , n. The sill or threshold of a door.

Door´stead , n. Entrance or place of a door. [Obs. or Local] Bp. Warburton.

Door´step , n. The stone or plank forming a step before an outer door.

Door´stone , n. The stone forming a threshold.

Door´stop , n. (Carp.) The block or strip of wood or similar material which stops, at the right place, the shutting of a door.

Door´way , n. The passage of a door; entrance way into a house or a room.

Door´yard , n. A yard in front of a house or around the door of a house. { Dop , Doop } , n. A little copper cup in which a diamond is held while being cut.

Dop, v. i. [Cf. Dap, Dip.] To dip. [Obs.] Walton.

Dop, n. A dip; a low courtesy. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dop´per , n. [D. dooper.] [Written also doper.] An Anabaptist or Baptist. [Contemptuous] B. Jonson.

Dop´pler•ite , n. [Named after the physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler.] (Min.) A brownish black native hydrocarbon occurring in elastic or jellylike masses.

Doq´uet , n. A warrant. See Docket.

Dor , n. [Cf. AS. dora drone, locust, D. tor beetle, L. taurus a kind of beetle. Cf. Dormouse.] (Zoöl.) A large European scaraboid beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius), which makes a droning noise while flying. The name is also applied to allied American species, as the June bug. Called also dorr, dorbeetle, or dorrbeetle, dorbug, dorrfly, and buzzard clock.

Dor, n. [Cf. Dor a beetle, and Hum, Humbug.] A trick, joke, or deception. Beau. & Fl. To give one the dor, to make a fool of him. [Archaic] P. Fletcher.

Dor, v. t. To make a fool of; to deceive. [Obs.] [Written also dorr.] B. Jonson.

Do•ra´do , n. [Sp. dorado gilt, fr. dorar to gild, fr. L. deaurare. See 1st Dory, and cf. Fl Dorado.] 1. (Astron.) A southern constellation, within which is the south pole of the ecliptic; — called also sometimes Xiphias, or the Swordfish. 2. (Zoöl.) A large, oceanic fish of the genus Coryphaena.

Dor´bee•tle , n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Dor.

Do´ree , n. [See Dory.] (Zoöl.) A European marine fish (Zeus faber), of a yellow color. See Illust. of John Doree. The popular name in England is John Doree, or Dory, well known to be a corruption of F. jaune- doree, i. e., golden-yellow. See 1st Dory.

Dore´tree , n. A doorpost. [Obs.] ´As dead as a doretree.´ Piers Plowman.

Dor´hawk , n. (Zoöl.) The European goatsucker; — so called because it eats the dor beetle. See Goatsucker. [Written also dorrhawk.] Booth.

Do´ri•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks of Doris; Doric; as a Dorian fashion. 2. (Mus.) Same as Doric, 3. ´Dorian mood.´ Milton. Dorian mode (Mus.), the first of the authentic church modes or tones, from D to D, resembling our D minor scale, but with the B natural. Grove.

Do´ri•an, n. A native or inhabitant of Doris in Greece.

Dor´ic , a. [L. Doricus, Gr. , fr. the Dorians.] 1. Pertaining to Doris, in ancient Greece, or to the Dorians; as the Doric dialect. 2. (Arch.) Belonging to, or resembling, the oldest and simplest of the three orders of architecture used by the Greeks, but ranked as second of the five orders adopted by the Romans. See Abacus, Capital, Order. This order is distinguished, according to the treatment of details, as Grecian Doric, or Roman Doric. 3. (Mus.) Of or relating to one of the ancient Greek musical modes or keys. Its character was adapted both to religions occasions and to war.

Dor´ic, n. The Doric dialect.

Dor´i•cism , n. A Doric phrase or idiom.

Do´ris , n. [L. Doris, the daughter of Oceanus, and wife of Nereus, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of nudibranchiate mollusks having a wreath of branchiae on the back.

Do´rism , n. [Gr. .] A Doric phrase or idiom.

Dor´king fowl [From the town of Dorking in England.] (Zoöl.) One of a breed of large-bodied domestic fowls, having five toes, or the hind toe double. There are several strains, as the white, gray, and silver- gray. They are highly esteemed for the table.

Dor´man•cy , n. [From Dormant.] The state of being dormant; quiescence; abeyance.

Dor´mant , a. [F., p. pr. of dormir to sleep, from L. dormire; cf. Gr. , Skr. dra, OSlav. drmati.] 1. Sleeping; as a dormant animal; hence, not in action or exercise; quiescent; at rest; in abeyance; not disclosed, asserted, or insisted on; as dormant passions; dormant claims or titles. “It is by lying dormant a long time, or being … very rarely exercised, that arbitrary power steals upon a people.” Burke. 2. (Her.) In a sleeping posture; as a lion dormant; — distinguished from couchant. Dormant partner (Com.), a partner who takes no share in the active business of a company or partnership, but is entitled to a share of the profits, and subject to a share in losses; — called also sleeping or silent partner. — Dormant window (Arch.), a dormer window. See Dormer. — Table dormant, a stationary table. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dor´mant , n. [See Dormant, a.] (Arch.) A large beam in the roof of a house upon which portions of the other timbers rest or ´ sleep.´ Arch. Pub. Soc. — Called also dormant tree, dorman tree, dormond, and dormer. Halliwell.

Dor´mer , or Dor´mer win´dow , n. [Literally, the window of a sleeping apartment. F. dormir to sleep. See Dormant, a. & n.] (Arch.) A window pierced in a roof, and so set as to be vertical while the roof slopes away from it. also the gablet, or houselike structure, in which it is contained.

Dor´mi•tive , a. [Cf. F. dormitif, fr. dormire to sleep.] Causing sleep; as the dormitive properties of opium. Clarke. — n. (Med.) A medicine to promote sleep; a soporific; an opiate.

Dor´mi•to•ry , n.; pl. Dormitories (#). [L. dormitorium, fr. dormitorius of or for sleeping, fr. dormire to sleep. See Dormant.] 1. A sleeping room, or a building containing a series of sleeping rooms; a sleeping apartment capable of containing many beds; esp., one connected with a college or boarding school. Thackeray. 2. A burial place. [Obs.] Ayliffe. “My sister was interred in a very honorable manner in our dormitory, joining to the parish church.” Evelyn.

Dor´mouse , n.; pl. Dormice (#). [Perh. fr. F. dormir to sleep (Prov. E. dorm to doze) + E. mouse; or perh. changed fr. F. dormeuse, fem., a sleeper, though not found in the sense of a dormouse.] (Zoöl.) A small European rodent of the genus Myoxus, of several species. They live in trees and feed on nuts, acorns, etc.; — so called because they are usually torpid in winter.

Dorn , n. [Cf. G. dorn thorn, D. doorn, and G. dornfisch stickleback.] (Zoöl.) A British ray; the thornback. { Dor´nick , or Dor´nock }, n. A coarse sort of damask, originally made at Tournay (in Flemish, Doornick), Belgium, and used for hangings, carpets, etc. also a stout figured linen manufactured in Scotland. [Formerly written also darnex, dornic, dorneck, etc.] Halliwell. Jamieson. Ure says that dornock, a kind of stout figured linen, derives its name from a town in Scotland where it was first manufactured for tablecloths.

Dorp , n. [LG. & D. dorp. See Thorpe.] A hamlet. ´A mean fishing dorp.´ Howell.

Dorr , n. The dorbeetle; also a drone or an idler. See 1st Dor. Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Dorr, v. t. 1. To deceive. [Obs.] See Dor, v. t. 2. To deafen with noise. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Dorr´fly , n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Dor.

Dorr´hawk , n. (Zoöl.) See Dorhawk.

Dor´sad , adv. [Dorsum +L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Toward the dorsum or back; on the dorsal side; dorsally.

Dor´sal , a. [F. dorsal, LL. dorsalis, fr. L. dorsualis, fr. dorsum back; cf. Gr. , , mountain ridge. Cf. Dorse, Dorsel, Dosel.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the back, or dorsum, of an animal or of one of its parts; notal; tergal; neural; as the dorsal fin of a fish; the dorsal artery of the tongue; — opposed to ventral. 2. (Bot.) (a) Pertaining to the surface naturally inferior, as of a leaf. (b) Pertaining to the surface naturally superior, as of a creeping hepatic moss. Dorsal vessel (Zoöl.), a central pulsating blood vessel along the back of insects, acting as a heart.

Dor´sal, n. [LL. dorsale, neut. fr. dorsalis. See Dorsal, a.] (Fine Arts) A hanging, usually of rich stuff, at the back of a throne, or of an altar, or in any similar position.

Dor´sale , n. Same as Dorsal, n.

Dor´sal•ly , adv. (Anat.) On, or toward, the dorsum, or back; on the dorsal side of; dorsad.

Dorse , n. [Cf. L. dorsum the back. See Dorsel, Dosel.] 1. Same as dorsal, n. [Obs.] 2. The back of a book. [Obs.] “Books, all richly bound, with gilt dorses.” Wood.

Dorse, n. (Zoöl.) The Baltic or variable cod (Gadus callarias), by some believed to be the young of the common codfish.

Dor´sel , n. [See Dosser.] 1. A pannier. 2. Same as Dorsal, n.

Dor´ser , n. See Dosser.

dor•si•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., from L. dorsum back + branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of chaetopod annelids in which the branchiae are along the back, on each side, or on the parapodia. [See Illusts. under Annelida and Chaetopoda.]

Dor•si•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having branchiae along the back; belonging to the Dorsibranchiata. — n. One of the Dorsibranchiata.

Dor•sif´er•ous ,. [Dorsum + -ferous; cf. F. dorsifère.] (Biol.) Bearing, or producing, on the back; — applied to ferns which produce seeds on the back of the leaf, and to certain Batrachia, the ova of which become attached to the skin of the back of the parent, where they develop; dorsiparous.

Dor•si•mes´on , n. [Dorsum + meson.] (Anat.) See Meson.

Dor•sip´a•rous , a. [Dorsum + L. parere to bring forth.] (Biol.) Same as Dorsiferous.

Dor•si•ven´tral , a. [Dorsum + ventral.] 1. (Biol.) Having distinct upper and lower surfaces, as most common leaves. The leaves of the iris are not dorsiventral. 2. (Anat.) See Dorsoventral.

Dor•so•ven´tral , a. [dorsum + ventral.] (Anat.) From the dorsal to the ventral side of an animal; as the dorsoventral axis.

Dor´sum , n. [L.] 1. The ridge of a hill. 2. (Anat.) The back or dorsal region of an animal; the upper side of an appendage or part; as the dorsum of the tongue. { Dor´tour , Dor´ture } n. [F. dortoir, fr. L. dormitorium.] A dormitory. [Obs.] Bacon.

Do´ry , n.; pl. Dories (#). [Named from 1st color, fr. F. doree gilded, fr. dorer to gild, L. deaurare. See Deaurate, and cf. Aureole.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European fish. See Doree, and John Doree. 2. (Zoöl.) The American wall-eyed perch; — called also dore. See Pike perch.

Do´ry, n.; pl. Dories . A small, strong, flat-bottomed rowboat, with sharp prow and flaring sides.

Do•ryph´o•ra , n. [NL. See Doryphoros.] (Zoöl.) A genus of plant-eating beetles, including the potato beetle. See Potato beetle.

Do•ryph´o•ros , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., spear bearing; a spear + fe•rein to bear.] (Fine Arts) A spear bearer; a statue of a man holding a spear or in the attitude of a spear bearer. Several important sculptures of this subject existed in antiquity, copies of which remain to us.

Dose (dos), n. [F. dose, Gr. do•sis a giving, a dose, fr. dido•nai to give; akin to L. dare to give. See Date point of time.] 1. The quantity of medicine given, or prescribed to be taken, at one time. 2. A sufficient quantity; a portion; as much as one can take, or as falls to one to receive. 3. Anything nauseous that one is obliged to take; a disagreeable portion thrust upon one. “I am for curing the world by gentle alteratives, not by violent doses.” W. Irving. “I dare undertake that as fulsome a dose as you give him, he shall readily take it down.” South.

Dose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dosed p. pr. & vb. n. dosing.] [Cf. F. doser. See Dose, n.] 1. To proportion properly (a medicine), with reference to the patient or the disease; to form into suitable doses. 2. To give doses to; to medicine or physic to; to give potions to, constantly and without need. “A self-opinioned physician, worse than his distemper, who shall dose, and bleed, and kill him, ´secundum artem.´” South 3. To give anything nauseous to.

Dos´el , n. [OF. dossel; cf. LL. dorsale. See Dorsal, and cf. Dorse, Dorsel.] Same as Dorsal, n. [R.]

Do•sol´o•gy , n. [Dose +- logy.] Posology. [R.] Ogilvie.

Dos´sel , n. [See Dosel, n.] Same as Dorsal, n.

Dos´ser , n. [LL. dosserum, or F. dossier bundle of papers, part of a basket resting on the back, fr. L. dorsum back. See Dorsal, and cf. Dosel.] [Written also dorser and dorsel.] 1. A pannier, or basket. “To hire a ripper’s mare, and buy new dossers.” Beau. & Fl. 2. A hanging tapestry; a dorsal.

Dos´sil , n. [OE. dosil faucet of a barrel, OF. dosil, duisil, spigot, LL. diciculus, ducillus, fr. L. ducere to lead, draw. See Duct, Duke.] 1. (Surg.) A small ovoid or cylindrical roil or pledget of lint, for keeping a sore, wound, etc., open; a tent. 2. (Printing) A roll of cloth for wiping off the face of a copperplate, leaving the ink in the engraved lines.

Dost , 2d pers. sing. pres. of Do.

Dot , n. [F., fr. L. dos, dotis, dowry. See Dower, and cf. Dote dowry.] (Law) A marriage portion; dowry. [Louisiana]

Dot, n. [Cf. AS. dott small spot, speck; of uncertain origin.] 1. A small point or spot, made with a pen or other pointed instrument; a speck, or small mark. 2. Anything small and like a speck comparatively; a small portion or specimen; as a dot of a child.

Dot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dotting.] 1. To mark with dots or small spots; as to dot a line. 2. To mark or diversify with small detached objects; as, a landscape dotted with cottages.

Dot, v. i. To make dots or specks.

Do´tage , n. [From Dote, v. i.] 1. Feebleness or imbecility of understanding or mind, particularly in old age; the childishness of old age; senility; as a venerable man, now in his dotage. “Capable of distinguishing between the infancy and the dotage of Greek literature.” Macaulay. 2. Foolish utterance; drivel. “The sapless dotages of old Paris and Salamanca.” Milton. 3. Excessive fondness; weak and foolish affection. “The dotage of the nation on presbytery.” Bp. Burnet.

Do´tal , a. [L. dotalis, fr. dos, dotis, dowry: cf. F. dotal. See Dot dowry.] Pertaining to dower, or a woman’s marriage portion; constituting dower, or comprised in it. Garth.

Do´tant , n. A dotard. [Obs.] Shak.

Do´tard , n. [Dote, v. i.] One whose mind is impaired by age; one in second childhood. “The sickly dotard wants a wife.” Prior.

Do´tard•ly, a. Foolish; weak. Dr. H. More.

Do´ta•ry , n. A dotard’s weakness; dotage. [Obs.] Drayton.

Do•ta´tion , n. [LL. dotatio, fr. L. dotare to endow, fr. dos, dotis, dower: cf. F. dotation. See Dot dowry.] 1. The act of endowing, or bestowing a marriage portion on a woman. 2. Endowment; establishment of funds for support, as of a hospital or eleemosynary corporation. Blackstone.

Dote , n. [See Dot dowry.] 1. A marriage portion. [Obs.] See 1st Dot, n. Wyatt. 2. pl. Natural endowments. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dote, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Doted; p. pr. & vb. n. Doting.] [OE. doten; akin to OD. doten, D. dutten, to doze, Icel. dotta to nod from sleep, MHG. tzen to keep still: cf. F. doter, OF. radoter (to dote, rave, talk idly or senselessly), which are from the same source.] [Written also doat.] 1. To act foolishly. [Obs.] “He wol make him doten anon right.” Chaucer. 2. To be weak-minded, silly, or idiotic; to have the intellect impaired, especially by age, so that the mind wanders or wavers; to drivel. “Time has made you dote, and vainly tell
Of arms imagined in your lonely cell.” Dryden. “He survived the use of his reason, grew infatuated, and doted long before he died.” South. 3. To be excessively or foolishly fond; to love to excess; to be weakly affectionate; — with on or upon; as the mother dotes on her child. “Sing, siren, for thyself, and I will dote.” Shak. “What dust we dote on, when ’t is man we love.” Pope.

Dote, n. An imbecile; a dotard. Halliwell.

Dot´ed , a. 1. Stupid; foolish. [Obs.] “Senseless speech and doted ignorance.” Spenser. 2. Half-rotten; as doted wood. [Local, U. S.]

Dote´head , n. A dotard. [R.] Tyndale.

Dot´er , n. 1. One who dotes; a man whose understanding is enfeebled by age; a dotard. Burton. 2. One excessively fond, or weak in love. Shak.

Dot´er•y , n. The acts or speech of a dotard; drivel. [R.]

Doth , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Do.

Dot´ing , a. That dotes; silly; excessively fond. — Dot´ing•ly, adv. — Dot´ing•ness, n.

Dot´ish, a. Foolish; weak; imbecile. Sir W. Scott.

Dot´tard , n. [For Dotard ?] An old, decayed tree. [R.] Bacon.

Dot´ted , a. Marked with, or made of, dots or small spots; diversified with small, detached objects. Dotted note (Mus.), a note followed by a dot to indicate an increase of length equal to one half of its simple value; thus, a dotted semibreve is equal to three minims, and a dotted quarter to three eighth notes. — Dotted rest, a rest lengthened by a dot in the same manner as a dotted note. Notes and rests are sometimes followed by two dots, to indicate an increase of length equal to three quarters of their simple value, and they are then said to be double-dotted.

Dot´ter•el , a. [Cf. Dottard.] Decayed. ´Some old dotterel trees.´ [Obs.] Ascham.

Dot´ter•el, n. [From Dote, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European bird of the Plover family (Eudromias or Charadrius, morinellus). It is tame and easily taken, and is popularly believed to imitate the movements of the fowler. “In catching of dotterels we see how the foolish bird playeth the ape in gestures.” Bacon. The ringed dotterel (or ring plover) is Charadrius hiaticula. 2. A silly fellow; a dupe; a gull. Barrow.

Dot´ting pen See under Pun.

Dot´trel , n. (Zoöl.) See Dotterel.

Do´ty , a. [See Dottard.] Half-rotten; as doty timber. [Local, U. S.]

Dou•ane´ , n. [F.] A customhouse.

Dou•a´nier´ , n. [F.] An officer of the French customs. [Anglicized form douaneer.]

Dou´ar , n. [F., fr. Ar. dar.] A village composed of Arab tents arranged in streets.

Dou´ay Bi´ble [From Douay, or Douai, a town in France.] A translation of the Scriptures into the English language for the use of English-speaking Roman Catholics; — done from the Latin Vulgate by English scholars resident in France. The New Testament portion was published at Rheims, A. D. 1582, the Old Testament at Douai, A. D. 1609-10. Various revised editions have since been published. [Written also Doway Bible. Called also the Rheims and Douay version.]

Doub´ grass (doob´ gras).(Bot.) Doob grass.

Dou´ble (dub´’l), a. [OE. doble, duble, double, OF. doble, duble, double, F. double, fr. L. duplus, fr. the root of duo two, and perh. that of plenus full; akin to Gr. diplo•os double. See Two, and Full, and cf. Diploma, Duple.] 1. Twofold; multiplied by two; increased by its equivalent; made twice as large or as much, etc. “Let a double portion of thy spirit be upon me.” 2 Kings ii. 9. “Darkness and tempest make a double night.” Dryden. 2. Being in pairs; presenting two of a kind, or two in a set together; coupled. “[Let] The swan, on still St. Mary’s lake,
Float double, swan and shadow.” Wordsworth. 3. Divided into two; acting two parts, one openly and the other secretly; equivocal; deceitful; insincere. “With a double heart do they speak.” Ps. xii. 2. 4. (Bot.) Having the petals in a flower considerably increased beyond the natural number, usually as the result of cultivation and the expense of the stamens, or stamens and pistils. The white water lily and some other plants have their blossoms naturally double. Double is often used as the first part of a compound word, generally denoting two ways, or twice the number, quantity, force, etc., twofold, or having two. Double base, or Double bass (Mus.), the largest and lowest-toned instrument in the violin form; the contrabasso or violone. — Double convex. See under Convex. — Double counterpoint (Mus.), that species of counterpoint or composition, in which two of the parts may be inverted, by setting one of them an octave higher or lower. — Double court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for four players, two on each side. — Double dagger (Print.), a reference mark (‡) next to the dagger (†) in order; a diesis. — Double drum (Mus.), a large drum that is beaten at both ends. — Double eagle, a gold coin of the United States having the value of 20 dollars. - - Double entry. See under Bookkeeping. — Double floor (Arch.), a floor in which binding joists support flooring joists above and ceiling joists below. See Illust. of Double-framed floor. — Double flower. See Double, a., 4. — Double-framed floor (Arch.), a double floor having girders into which the binding joists are framed. - - Double fugue (Mus.), a fugue on two subjects. — Double letter. (a) (Print.) Two letters on one shank; a ligature. (b) A mail requiring double postage. — Double note (Mus.), a note of double the length of the semibreve; a breve. See Breve. — Double octave (Mus.), an interval composed of two octaves, or fifteen notes, in diatonic progression; a fifteenth. — Double pica. See under Pica. — Double play (Baseball), a play by which two players are put out at the same time. — Double plea (Law), a plea alleging several matters in answer to the declaration, where either of such matters alone would be a sufficient bar to the action. Stephen. — Double point (Geom.), a point of a curve at which two branches cross each other. Conjugate or isolated points of a curve are called double points, since they possess most of the properties of double points (see Conjugate). They are also called acnodes, and those points where the branches of the curve really cross are called crunodes. The extremity of a cusp is also a double point. — Double quarrel. (Eccl. Law) See Duplex querela, under Duplex. — Double refraction. (Opt.) See Refraction. — Double salt. (Chem.) (a) A mixed salt of any polybasic acid which has been saturated by different bases or basic radicals, as the double carbonate of sodium and potassium, NaKCO_3.6H_2O. (b) A molecular combination of two distinct salts, as common alum, which consists of the sulphate of aluminium, and the sulphate of potassium or ammonium. — Double shuffle, a low, noisy dance. — Double standard (Polit. Econ.), a double standard of monetary values; i. e., a gold standard and a silver standard, both of which are made legal tender. — Double star (Astron.), two stars so near to each other as to be seen separate only by means of a telescope. Such stars may be only optically near to each other, or may be physically connected so that they revolve round their common center of gravity, and in the latter case are called also binary stars. — Double time (Mil.). Same as Double-quick. — Double window, a window having two sets of glazed sashes with an air space between them.

Dou´ble , adv. Twice; doubly. “I was double their age.” Swift.

Dou´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doubled p. pr. & vb. n. Doubling ] [OE. doblen, dublen, doublen, F. doubler, fr. L. duplare, fr. duplus. See Double, a.] 1. To increase by adding an equal number, quantity, length, value, or the like; multiply by two; as to double a sum of money; to double a number, or length. “Double six thousand, and then treble that.” Shak. 2. To make of two thicknesses or folds by turning or bending together in the middle; to fold one part upon another part of; as to double the leaf of a book, and the like; to clinch, as the fist; — often followed by up; as to double up a sheet of paper or cloth. Prior. “Then the old man
Was wroth, and doubled up his hands.” Tennyson. 3. To be the double of; to exceed by twofold; to contain or be worth twice as much as. “Thus reënforced, against the adverse fleet,
Still doubling ours, brave Rupert leads the way.” Dryden. 4. To pass around or by; to march or sail round, so as to reverse the direction of motion. “Sailing along the coast, the doubled the promontory of Carthage.” Knolles. 5. (Mil.) To unite, as ranks or files, so as to form one from each two.

Dou´ble, v. i. 1. To be increased to twice the sum, number, quantity, length, or value; to increase or grow to twice as much. “’T is observed in particular nations, that within the space of three hundred years, notwithstanding all casualties, the number of men doubles.” T. Burnet. 2. To return upon one’s track; to turn and go back over the same ground, or in an opposite direction. “Doubling and turning like a hunted hare.” Dryden. “Doubling and doubling with laborious walk.” Wordsworth. 3. To play tricks; to use sleights; to play false. “What penalty and danger you accrue,
If you be found to double.” J. Webster. 4. (Print.) To set up a word or words a second time by mistake; to make a doublet. To double upon (Mil.), to inclose between two fires.

Dou´ble, n. 1. Twice as much; twice the number, sum, quantity, length, value, and the like. “If the thief be found, let him pay double.” Ex. xxii. 7. 2. Among compositors, a doublet (see Doublet, 2.); among pressmen, a sheet that is twice pulled, and blurred. 3. That which is doubled over or together; a doubling; a plait; a fold. “Rolled up in sevenfold double
Of plagues.” Marston. 4. A turn or circuit in running to escape pursues; hence, a trick; a shift; an artifice. “These men are too well acquainted with the chase to be flung off by any false steps or doubles.” Addison. 5. Something precisely equal or counterpart to another; a counterpart. Hence, a wraith. “My charming friend … has I am almost sure, a double, who preaches his afternoon sermons for him.” Atlantic Monthly. 6. A player or singer who prepares to take the part of another player in his absence; a substitute. 7. Double beer; strong beer. 8. (Eccl.) A feast in which the antiphon is doubled, hat is, said twice, before and after the Psalms, instead of only half being said, as in simple feasts. Shipley. 9. (Lawn Tennis) A game between two pairs of players; as a first prize for doubles. 10. (Mus.) An old term for a variation, as in Bach’s Suites.

Dou´ble-act•ing , a. Acting or operating in two directions or with both motions; producing a twofold result; as a double-acting engine or pump.

Dou´ble-bank´ , v. t. (Naut.) To row by rowers sitting side by side in twos on a bank or thwart. To double-bank an oar, to set two men to pulling one oar.

Dou´ble-banked , a. Applied to a kind of rowing in which the rowers sit side by side in twos, a pair of oars being worked from each bank or thwart. { Dou´ble-bar•reled , or -bar•relled }, a. Having two barrels; — applied to a gun.

Dou´ble-beat• valve´ See under Valve.

Dou´ble-breast•ed , a. Folding or lapping over on the breast, with a row of buttons and buttonholes on each side; as a double-breasted coat.

Dou´ble-charge , v. t. 1. To load with a double charge, as of gunpowder. 2. To overcharge. Shak.

Dou´ble deal´er One who practices double dealing; a deceitful, trickish person. L’Estrange.

Dou´ble deal´ing False or deceitful dealing. See Double dealing, under Dealing. Shak.

Dou´ble-deck´er , n. 1. (Naut.) A man-of-war having two gun decks. 2. A public conveyance, as a street car, with seats on the roof. [Colloq.]

Dou´ble-dye , v. t. To dye again or twice over. “To double-dye their robes in scarlet.” J. Webster.

Dou´ble-dyed , a. Dyed twice; thoroughly or intensely colored; hence; firmly fixed in opinions or habits; as a double-dyed villain.

Dou´ble-end´er , n. (a) (Naut.) A vessel capable of moving in either direction, having bow and rudder at each end. (b) (Railroad) A locomotive with pilot at each end. Knight.

Dou´ble-en•ten´dre , n. [F. double double + entendre to mean. This is a barbarous compound of French words. The true French equivalent is double entente.] A word or expression admitting of a double interpretation, one of which is often obscure or indelicate.

Dou´ble-eyed , a. Having a deceitful look. [R.] ´Deceitful meanings is double- eyed.´ Spenser.

Dou´ble-faced , a. 1. Having two faces designed for use; as a double-faced hammer. 2. Deceitful; hypocritical; treacherous. Milton.

Dou´ble first (Eng. Universities) (a) A degree of the first class both in classics and mathematics. (b) One who gains at examinations the highest honor both in the classics and the mathematics. Beaconsfield.

Dou´ble-hand´ed , a. 1. Having two hands. 2. Deceitful; deceptive. Glanvill.

Dou´ble-head´ed , a. Having two heads; bicipital. Double-headed rail (Railroad), a rail whose flanges are duplicates, so that when one is worn the other may be turned uppermost.

Dou´ble•heart´ed , a. Having a false heart; deceitful; treacherous. Sandys.

Dou´ble-hung , a. Having both sashes hung with weights and cords; — said of a window.

Dou´ble-lock , v. t. To lock with two bolts; to fasten with double security. Tatler.

Dou´ble-milled , a. Twice milled or fulled, to render more compact or fine; — said of cloth; as double-milled kerseymere.

Dou´ble•mind´ed , a. Having different minds at different times; unsettled; undetermined. “A double-minded man is unstable in all his ways.” Jas. i. 8.

Dou´ble•ness , n. 1. The state of being double or doubled. 2. Duplicity; insincerity. Chaucer.

Dou´ble-quick , a. (Mil.) Of, or performed in, the fastest time or step in marching, next to the run; as a double-quick step or march.

Dou´ble-quick, n. Double-quick time, step, or march. Double-quick time requires 165 steps, each 33 inches in length, to be taken in one minute. The number of steps may be increased up to 180 per minute.

Dou´ble-quick, v. i. & t. (Mil.) To move, or cause to move, in double-quick time.

Dou´bler , n. 1. One who, or that which, doubles. 2. (Elec.) An instrument for augmenting a very small quantity of electricity, so as to render it manifest by sparks or the electroscope.

Dou´ble-rip´per , n. A kind of coasting sled, made of two sleds fastened together with a board, one before the other. [Local, U. S.]

Dou´ble-shade , v. t. To double the natural darkness of (a place). Milton.

Doub´let , n. [In sense 3, OF. doublet; in sense 4, F. doublet, dim. of double double. See Double, a.] 1. Two of the same kind; a pair; a couple. 2. (Print.) A word or words unintentionally doubled or set up a second time. 3. A close-fitting garment for men, covering the body from the neck to the waist or a little below. It was worn in Western Europe from the 15th to the 17th century. 4. (Lapidary Work) A counterfeit gem, composed of two pieces of crystal, with a color them, and thus giving the appearance of a naturally colored gem. also a piece of paste or glass covered by a veneer of real stone. 5. (Opt.) An arrangement of two lenses for a microscope, designed to correct spherical aberration and chromatic dispersion, thus rendering the image of an object more clear and distinct. W. H. Wollaston. 6. pl. (See No. 1.) Two dice, each of which, when thrown, has the same number of spots on the face lying uppermost; as to throw doublets. 7. pl. [Cf. Pr. doblier, dobler draughtboard.] A game somewhat like backgammon. Halliwell. 8. One of two or more words in the same language derived by different courses from the same original from; as crypt and grot are doublets; also guard and ward; yard and garden; abridge and abbreviate, etc.

Dou´ble•thread•ed , a. 1. Consisting of two threads twisted together; using two threads. 2. (Mech.) Having two screw threads instead of one; — said of a screw in which the pitch is equal to twice the distance between the centers of adjacent threads.

Dou´ble-tongue , n. Deceit; duplicity. “Now cometh the sin of double-tongue, such as speak fair before folk and wickedly behind.” Chaucer.

Dou´ble-tongued , a. Making contrary declarations on the same subject; deceitful. “Likewise must the deacons be grave, not double- tongued.” 1 Tim. iii. 8.

Dou´ble-tongu•ing , n. (Mus.) A peculiar action of the tongue by flute players in articulating staccato notes; also the rapid repetition of notes in cornet playing.

Dou´ble•tree , n. The bar, or crosspiece, of a carriage, to which the singletrees are attached.

Doub´lets , n. pl. See Doublet, 6 and 7.

Dou´bling , n. 1. The act of one that doubles; a making double; reduplication; also that which is doubled. 2. A turning and winding; as the doubling of a hunted hare; shift; trick; artifice. Dryden. 3. (Her.) The lining of the mantle borne about the shield or escutcheon. 4. The process of redistilling spirits, to improve the strength and flavor. Doubling a cape, promontory, etc. (Naut.), sailing around or passing beyond a cape, promontory, etc.

Doub•loon´ , n. [F. doublon, Sp. doblon. See Double, a., and cf. Dupion.] A Spanish gold coin, no longer issued, varying in value at different times from over fifteen dollars to about five. See Doblon in Sup.

Dou´bly , adv. 1. In twice the quantity; to twice the degree; as doubly wise or good; to be doubly sensible of an obligation. Dryden. 2. Deceitfully. ´A man that deals doubly.´ Huloet.

Doubt , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Douted; p. pr. & vb. n. Doubting.] [OE. duten, douten, OF. duter, doter, douter, F. douter, fr. L. dubitare; akin to dubius doubtful. See Dubious.] 1. To waver in opinion or judgment; to be in uncertainty as to belief respecting anything; to hesitate in belief; to be undecided as to the truth of the negative or the affirmative proposition; to b e undetermined. “Even in matters divine, concerning some things, we may lawfully doubt, and suspend our judgment.” Hooker. “To try your love and make you doubt of mine.” Dryden. 2. To suspect; to fear; to be apprehensive. [Obs.] Syn. — To waver; vacillate; fluctuate; hesitate; demur; scruple; question.

Doubt, v. t. 1. To question or hold questionable; to withhold assent to; to hesitate to believe, or to be inclined not to believe; to withhold confidence from; to distrust; as I have heard the story, but I doubt the truth of it. “To admire superior sense, and doubt their own!” Pope. “I doubt not that however changed, you keep
So much of what is graceful.” Tennyson. To doubt not but. “I do not doubt but I have been to blame.” Dryden. “We doubt not now
But every rub is smoothed on our way.” Shak. That is, we have no doubt to prevent us from believing, etc. (or notwithstanding all that may be said to the contrary) — but having a preventive sense, after verbs of ´doubting´ and ´denying´ that convey a notion of hindrance. E. A. Abbott. 2. To suspect; to fear; to be apprehensive of. [Obs.] “Edmond [was a] good man and doubted God.” R. of Gloucester. “I doubt some foul play.” Shak. “That I of doubted danger had no fear.” Spenser. 3. To fill with fear; to affright. [Obs.] “The virtues of the valiant Caratach
More doubt me than all Britain.” Beau. & Fl.

Doubt, n. [OE. dute, doute, F. doute, fr. douter to doubt. See Doubt, v. i.] 1. A fluctuation of mind arising from defect of knowledge or evidence; uncertainty of judgment or mind; unsettled state of opinion concerning the reality of an event, or the truth of an assertion, etc.; hesitation. “Doubt is the beginning and the end of our efforts to know.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Doubt, in order to be operative in requiring an acquittal, is not the want of perfect certainty (which can never exist in any question of fact) but a defect of proof preventing a reasonable assurance of quilt.” Wharton. 2. Uncertainty of condition. “Thy life shall hang in doubt before thee.” Deut. xxviii. 66. 3. Suspicion; fear; apprehension; dread. [Obs.] “I stand in doubt of you.” Gal. iv. 20. “Nor slack her threatful hand for danger’s doubt.” Spenser. 4. Difficulty expressed or urged for solution; point unsettled; objection. “To every doubt your answer is the same.” Blackmore. No doubt, undoubtedly; without doubt. - - Out of doubt, beyond doubt. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — Uncertainty; hesitation; suspense; indecision; irresolution; distrust; suspicion; scruple; perplexity; ambiguity; skepticism.

Doubt´a•ble , a. [OF. doutable, L. dubitabilis, from dubitare. Cf. Dubitable.] 1. Capable of being doubted; questionable. 2. Worthy of being feared; redoubtable. [Obs.]

Doubt´ance , n. [OF. doutance. Cf. Dubitancy.] State of being in doubt; uncertainty; doubt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Doubt´er , n. One who doubts; one whose opinion is unsettled; one who scruples.

Doubt´ful , a. 1. Not settled in opinion; undetermined; wavering; hesitating in belief; also used, metaphorically, of the body when its action is affected by such a state of mind; as we are doubtful of a fact, or of the propriety of a measure. “Methinks I should know you, and know this man;
Yet I am doubtful.” Shak. “With doubtful feet and wavering resolution.” Milton. 2. Admitting of doubt; not obvious, clear, or certain; questionable; not decided; not easy to be defined, classed, or named; as a doubtful case, hue, claim, title, species, and the like. “Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good.” Shak. “Is it a great cruelty to expel from our abode the enemy of our peace, or even the doubtful friend [i. e., one as to whose sincerity there may be doubts]?” Bancroft. 3. Characterized by ambiguity; dubious; as a doubtful expression; a doubtful phrase. 4. Of uncertain issue or event. “We … have sustained one day in doubtful fight.” Milton. “The strife between the two principles had been long, fierce, and doubtful.” Macaulay. 5. Fearful; apprehensive; suspicious. [Obs.] “I am doubtful that you have been conjunct
And bosomed with her.” Shak. Syn. — Wavering; vacillating; hesitating; undetermined; distrustful; dubious; uncertain; equivocal; ambiguous; problematical; questionable.

Doubt´ful•ly , adv. In a doubtful manner. “Nor did the goddess doubtfully declare.” Dryden.

Doubt´ful•ness, n. 1. State of being doubtful. 2. Uncertainty of meaning; ambiguity; indefiniteness. ´ The doubtfulness of his expressions.´ Locke. 3. Uncertainty of event or issue. Bacon.

Doubt´ing, a. That is uncertain; that distrusts or hesitates; having doubts. — Doubt´ing•ly, adv.

Doubt´less, a. Free from fear or suspicion. [Obs.] “Pretty child, sleep doubtless and secure.” Shak.

Doubt´less, adv. Undoubtedly; without doubt.

Doubt´less•ly, adv. Unquestionably. Beau. & Fl.

Doubt´ous , a. [OF. dotos, douteus, F. douteux.] Doubtful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Douc , n. (Zoöl.) A monkey (Semnopithecus nemaeus), remarkable for its varied and brilliant colors. It is a native of Cochin China.

Douce , a. [F. doux, masc., douce, fem., sweet, fr. L. duleis sweet.] 1. Sweet; pleasant. [Obs.] 2. Sober; prudent; sedate; modest. [Scot.] “And this is a douce, honest man.” Sir W. Scott.

Douce´pere , n. [F. les douze pairs the twelve peers of France, renowned in romantic fiction.] One of the twelve peers of France, companions of Charlemagne in war. [Written also douzepere.] [Obs.] “Big-looking like a doughty doucepere.” Spenser. { Dou´cet , Dow´set }, n. [F. doucet sweet, dim. of doux. See Douce.] 1. A custard. [Obs.] 2. A dowcet, or deep’s testicle.

Dou•ceur´ , n. [F., fr. doux sweet. See Douce.] 1. Gentleness and sweetness of manner; agreeableness. Chesterfield. 2. A gift for service done or to be done; an honorarium; a present; sometimes, a bribe. Burke.

Douche , n. [F., fr. It. doccia, fr. docciare to flow, pour, fr. an assumed LL. ductiare, fr. L. ducere, ductum, to lead, conduct (water). See Duct.] 1. A jet or current of water or vapor directed upon some part of the body to benefit it medicinally; a douche bath. 2. (Med.) A syringe.

Dou´cine , n. [F.] (Arch.) Same as Cymarecta, under Cyma.

Douck´er , n. [From aouck, for duck. See Duck, v. t.] (Zoöl.) A grebe or diver; — applied also to the golden-eye, pochard, scoter, and other ducks. [Written also ducker.] [Prov. Eng.]

Dough , n. [OE. dagh, dogh, dow, AS. dah; akin to D. deeg, G. teig, Icel. deig, Sw. deg, Dan. deig, Goth. daigs; also to Goth. deigan to knead, L. fingere to form, shape, Skr. dih to smear; cf. Gr. wall, to touch, handle. . Cf. Feign, Figure, Dairy, Duff.] 1. Paste of bread; a soft mass of moistened flour or meal, kneaded or unkneaded, but not yet baked; as to knead dough. 2. Anything of the consistency of such paste. To have one’s cake dough. See under Cake.

Dough´-baked , a. Imperfectly baked; hence, not brought to perfection; unfinished; also of weak or dull understanding. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Dough´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The Eskimo curlew (Numenius borealis). See Curlew.

Dough´face , n. A contemptuous nickname for a timid, yielding politician, or one who is easily molded. [Political cant, U. S.]

Dough´-faced , a. Easily molded; pliable.

Dough´face•ism , n. The character of a doughface; truckling pliability.

Dough´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being doughy.

Dough´-knead•ed , a. Like dough; soft. “He demeans himself … like a dough-kneaded thing.” Milton.

Dough´nut , n. A small cake (usually sweetened) fried in a kettle of boiling lard.

Dough´ti•ly , adv. In a doughty manner.

Dough´ti•ness, n. The quality of being doughty; valor; bravery.

Dough´tren , n. pl. [See Daughter.] Daughters. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dough´ty (dou´ty), a. [Compar. Doughtier (-ti•er); superl. Doughtiest.] [OE. duhti, dohti, douhti, brave, valiant, fit, useful, as dyhtig; akin to G. tüchtig, Dan. dygtig, Sw. dygdig virtuous, and fr. AS. dugan to avail, be of use, be strong, akin to D. deugen, OHG. tugan, G. taugen, Icel. & Sw. duga, Dan. due, Goth. dugan, but of uncertain origin; cf. Skr. duh to milk, give milk, draw out, or Gr. ty•chh fortune. rad.68.] Able; strong; valiant; redoubtable; as a doughty hero. “Sir Thopas wex [grew] a doughty swain.” Chaucer. “Doughty families, hugging old musty quarrels to their hearts, buffet each other from generation to generation.” Motley. Now seldom used, except in irony or burlesque.

Dough´y (do´y), a. Like dough; soft and heavy; pasty; crude; flabby and pale; as a doughy complexion.

Dou•loc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. doy^los slave + kratei^n to rule.] A government by slaves. [Written also dulocracy.] Hare.

Doum´ palm (doom´ päm•). See Doom palm.

Doupe , n. (Zoöl.) The carrion crow. [Written also dob.] [Prov. Eng.]

Dour , a. [Cf. F. dur, L. durus.] Hard; inflexible; obstinate; sour in aspect; hardy; bold. [Scot.] “A dour wife, a sour old carlin.” C. Reade.

Dou´ra , n. A kind of millet. See Durra.

Dou•rou•cou´li , n. See Durukuli.

Douse , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doused p. pr. & vb. n. Dousing.] [Cf. Dowse, and OD. donsen to strike with the fist on the back, Sw. dunsa to fall down violently and noisily; perh. akin to E. din.] 1. To plunge suddenly into water; to duck; to immerse; to dowse. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. (Naut.) To strike or lower in haste; to slacken suddenly; as douse the topsail.

Douse, v. i. To fall suddenly into water. Hudibras.

Douse, v. t. [AS. dwaescan. (Skeat.)] To put out; to extinguish. [Slang] ´ To douse the glim.´ Sir W. Scott.

Dous´ing-chock , n. (Shipbuilding) One of several pieces fayed across the apron and lapped in the knightheads, or inside planking above the upper deck. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Dout , v. t. [Do + out. Cf. Doff.] To put out. [Obs.] ´It douts the light.´ Sylvester.

Dout´er , n. An extinguisher for candles. [Obs.]

Dove , n. [OE. dove, duve, douve, AS. dfe; akin to OS. dba, D. duif, OHG. tba, G. taube, Icel. dfa, Sw. dufva, Dan. due, Goth. db; perh. from the root of E. dive.] 1. (Zoöl.) A pigeon of the genus Columba and various related genera. The species are numerous. The domestic dove, including the varieties called fantails, tumblers, carrier pigeons, etc., was derived from the rock pigeon (Columba livia) of Europe and Asia; the turtledove of Europe, celebrated for its sweet, plaintive note, is C. turtur or Turtur vulgaris; the ringdove, the largest of European species, is C. palumbus; the Carolina dove, or Mourning dove, is Zenaidura macroura; the sea dove is the little auk (Mergulus alle or Alle alle). See Turtledove, Ground dove, and Rock pigeon. The dove is a symbol of innocence, gentleness, and affection; also in art and in the Scriptures, the typical symbol of the Holy Ghost. 2. A word of endearment for one regarded as pure and gentle. “O my dove, … let me hear thy voice.” Cant. ii. 14. Dove tick (Zoöl.), a mite (Argas reflexus) which infests doves and other birds. — Soiled dove, a prostitute. [Slang] { Dove´cot• , Dove´cote• } n. A small house or box, raised to a considerable height above the ground, and having compartments, in which domestic pigeons breed; a dove house. “Like an eagle in a dovecote, I
Fluttered your Volscians in Corioli.” Shak.

Dove´-eyed , a. Having eyes like a dove; meekeyed; as dove-eyed Peace.

Dove´kie , n. (Zoöl.) A guillemot (Uria grylle), of the arctic regions. Also applied to the little auk or sea dove. See under Dove.

Dove´let , n. A young or small dove. Booth.

Dove´like , a. Mild as a dove; gentle; pure and lovable. Longfellow.

Dove´ plant (Bot.) A Central American orchid (Peristeria elata), having a flower stem five or six feet high, with numerous globose white fragrant flowers. The column in the center of the flower resembles a dove; — called also Holy Spirit plant.

Do´ver’s Pow´der [From Dr. Dover, an English physician.] (Med.) A powder of ipecac and opium, compounded, in the United States, with sugar of milk, but in England (as formerly in the United States) with sulphate of potash, and in France (as in Dr. Dover’s original prescription) with nitrate and sulphate of potash and licorice. It is an anodyne diaphoretic.

Dove’s´-foot , n. (Bot.) (a) A small annual species of Geranium, native in England; — so called from the shape of the leaf. (b) The columbine. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dove´ship , n. The possession of dovelike qualities, harmlessness and innocence. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dove´tail , n. (Carp.) A flaring tenon, or tongue (shaped like a bird’s tail spread), and a mortise, or socket, into which it fits tightly, making an interlocking joint between two pieces which resists pulling a part in all directions except one. Dovetail molding (Arch.), a molding of any convex section arranged in a sort of zigzag, like a series of dovetails. — Dovetail saw (Carp.), a saw used in dovetailing.

Dove´tail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dovetailed p. pr. & vb. n. Dovetailing.] 1. (Carp.) (a) To cut to a dovetail. (b) To join by means of dovetails. 2. To fit in or connect strongly, skillfully, or nicely; to fit ingeniously or complexly. “He put together a piece of joinery so crossly indented and whimsically dovetailed … that it was indeed a very curious show.” Burke.

Dov´ish , a. Like a dove; harmless; innocent. ´Joined with dovish simplicity.´ Latimer.

Dow , n. A kind of vessel. See Dhow.

Dow, v. t. [F. douer. See Dower.] To furnish with a dower; to endow. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Dow´a•ble , a. [From Dow, v. t.] Capable of being endowed; entitled to dower. Blackstone.

Dow´a•ger , n. [OF. douagiere, fr. douage dower. See Dower.] 1. (Eng. Law) A widow endowed, or having a jointure; a widow who either enjoys a dower from her deceased husband, or has property of her own brought by her to her husband on marriage, and settled on her after his decease. Blount. Burrill. 2. A title given in England to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her husband’s heir bearing the same name; — chiefly applied to widows of personages of rank. “With prudes for proctors, dowagers for deans.” Tennyson. Queen dowager, the widow of a king.

Dow´a•ger•ism , n. The rank or condition of a dowager; formality, as that of a dowager. Also used figuratively. “Mansions that have passed away into dowagerism.” Thackeray.

Dow´cet , n. [See Doucet.] One of the testicles of a hart or stag. [Spelt also doucet.] B. Jonson.

Dow´dy , a. [Compar. Dowdier superl. Dowdiest.] [Scot. dawdie slovenly, daw, da sluggard, drab, Prov. E. dowd flat, dead.] Showing a vulgar taste in dress; awkward and slovenly in dress; vulgar-looking. — Dow´di•ly (#), adv. — Dow´di•ness, n.

Dow´dy, n.; pl. Dowdies . An awkward, vulgarly dressed, inelegant woman. Shak. Dryden.

Dow´dy•ish, a. Like a dowdy.

Dow´el , n. [Cf. G. döbel peg, F. douelle state of a cask, surface of an arch, douille socket, little pipe, cartridge.] (Mech.) 1. A pin, or block, of wood or metal, fitting into holes in the abutting portions of two pieces, and being partly in one piece and partly in the other, to keep them in their proper relative position. 2. A piece of wood driven into a wall, so that other pieces may be nailed to it. Dowel joint, a joint secured by a dowel or dowels. — Dowel pin, a dowel. See Dowel, n., 1.

Dow´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doweled or Dowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Doweling or Dowelling.] To fasten together by dowels; to furnish with dowels; as a cooper dowels pieces for the head of a cask.

Dow´er , n. [F. douaire, LL. dotarium, from L. dotare to endow, portion, fr. dos dower; akin to Gr. gift, and to L. dare to give. See 1st Date, and cf. Dot dowry, Dotation.] 1. That with which one is gifted or endowed; endowment; gift. “How great, how plentiful, how rich a dower!” Sir J. Davies. “Man in his primeval dower arrayed.” Wordsworth. 2. The property with which a woman is endowed; especially: (a) That which a woman brings to a husband in marriage; dowry. [Obs.] “His wife brought in dower Cilicia’s crown.” Dryden. (b) (Law) That portion of the real estate of a man which his widow enjoys during her life, or to which a woman is entitled after the death of her husband. Blackstone. Dower, in modern use, is and should be distinguished from dowry. The former is a provision for a widow on her husband’s death; the latter is a bride’s portion on her marriage. Abbott. Assignment of dower. See under Assignment.

Dow´ered , p. a. Furnished with, or as with, dower or a marriage portion. Shak.

Dow´er•less, a. Destitute of dower; having no marriage portion. Shak.

Dow´er•y , n. See Dower.

Dow´itch•er , n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted or gray snipe (Macrorhamphus griseus); - - called also brownback, and grayback.

Dowl (doul), n. Same as Dowle.

Dow´las , n. [Prob. fr. Doullens, a town of Picardy, in France, formerly celebrated for this manufacture.] A coarse linen cloth made in the north of England and in Scotland, now nearly replaced by calico. Shak.

Dowle (doul), n. [Cf. OF. douille soft. Cf. Ductile.] Feathery or wool-like down; filament of a feather. Shak. “No feather, or dowle of a feather.” De Quincey.

Down (doun), n. [Akin to LG. dune, dun, Icel. dunn, Sw. dun, Dan. duun, G. daune, cf. D. dons; perh. akin to E. dust.] 1. Fine, soft, hairy outgrowth from the skin or surface of animals or plants, not matted and fleecy like wool; esp.: (a) (Zoöl.) The soft under feathers of birds. They have short stems with soft rachis and bards and long threadlike barbules, without hooklets. (b) (Bot.) The pubescence of plants; the hairy crown or envelope of the seeds of certain plants, as of the thistle. (c) The soft hair of the face when beginning to appear. “And the first down begins to shade his face.” Dryden. 2. That which is made of down, as a bed or pillow; that which affords ease and repose, like a bed of down “When in the down I sink my head,
Sleep, Death’s twin brother, times my breath.” Tennyson. “Thou bosom softness, down of all my cares!” Southern. Down tree (Bot.), a tree of Central America (Ochroma Lagopus), the seeds of which are enveloped in vegetable wool.

Down (doun´), v. t. To cover, ornament, line, or stuff with down. [R.] Young.

Down, n. [OE. dun, doun, AS. dun; of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. dun hill, fortified hill, Gael. dun heap, hillock, hill, W. din a fortified hill or mount; akin to E. town. See Town, and cf. Down, adv. & prep., Dune.] 1. A bank or rounded hillock of sand thrown up by the wind along or near the shore; a flattish-topped hill; — usually in the plural. “Hills afford prospects, as they must needs acknowledge who have been on the downs of Sussex.” Ray. “She went by dale, and she went by down.” Tennyson. 2. A tract of poor, sandy, undulating or hilly land near the sea, covered with fine turf which serves chiefly for the grazing of sheep; — usually in the plural. [Eng.] “Seven thousand broad-tailed sheep grazed on his downs.” Sandys. 3. pl. A road for shipping in the English Channel or Straits of Dover, near Deal, employed as a naval rendezvous in time of war. “On the 11th [June, 1771] we run up the channel … at noon we were abreast of Dover, and about three came to an anchor in the Downs, and went ashore at Deal.” Cook (First Voyage). 4. pl. [From the adverb.] A state of depression; low state; abasement. [Colloq.] “It the downs of life too much outnumber the ups.” M. Arnold.

Down, adv. [For older adown, AS. adn, adne, prop., from or off the hill. See 3d Down, and cf. Adown, and cf. Adown.] 1. In the direction of gravity or toward the center of the earth; toward or in a lower place or position; below; - - the opposite of up. 2. Hence, in many derived uses, as: (a) From a higher to a lower position, literally or figuratively; in a descending direction; from the top of an ascent; from an upright position; to the ground or floor; to or into a lower or an inferior condition; as into a state of humility, disgrace, misery, and the like; into a state of rest; — used with verbs indicating motion. “It will be rain to-night. Let it come down.” Shak. “I sit me down beside the hazel grove.” Tennyson. “And that drags down his life.” Tennyson. “There is not a more melancholy object in the learned world than a man who has written himself down.” Addison. “The French … shone down [i. e., outshone] the English.” Shak. (b) In a low or the lowest position, literally or figuratively; at the bottom of a descent; below the horizon; on the ground; in a condition of humility, dejection, misery, and the like; in a state of quiet. “I was down and out of breath.” Shak. “The moon is down; I have not heard the clock.” Shak. “He that is down needs fear no fall.” Bunyan. 3. From a remoter or higher antiquity. “Venerable men! you have come down to us from a former generation.” D. Webster. 4. From a greater to a less bulk, or from a thinner to a thicker consistence; as to boil down in cookery, or in making decoctions. Arbuthnot. Down is sometimes used elliptically, standing for go down, come down, tear down, take down, put down, haul down, pay down, and the like, especially in command or exclamation. “Down, therefore, and beg mercy of the duke.” Shak. “If he be hungry more than wanton, bread alone will down.” Locke. Down is also used intensively; as to be loaded down; to fall down; to hang down; to drop down; to pay down. “The temple of Herè at Argos was burnt down.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). Down, as well as up, is sometimes used in a conventional sense; as down East. “Persons in London say down to Scotland, etc., and those in the provinces, up to London.” Stormonth. Down helm (Naut.), an order to the helmsman to put the helm to leeward. — Down on or upon (joined with a verb indicating motion, as go, come, pounce), to attack, implying the idea of threatening power. “Come down upon us with a mighty power.” Shak. — Down with, take down, throw down, put down; — used in energetic command. ´Down with the palace; fire it.´ Dryden. — To be down on, to dislike and treat harshly. [Slang, U.S.] — To cry down. See under Cry, v. t. — To cut down. See under Cut, v. t. — Up and down, with rising and falling motion; to and fro; hither and thither; everywhere. ´Let them wander up and down.´ Ps. lix. 15.

Down, prep. [From Down, adv.] 1. In a descending direction along; from a higher to a lower place upon or within; at a lower place in or on; as down a hill; down a well. 2. Hence: Towards the mouth of a river; towards the sea; as to sail or swim down a stream; to sail down the sound. Down the country, toward the sea, or toward the part where rivers discharge their waters into the ocean. — Down the sound, in the direction of the ebbing tide; toward the sea.

Down, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Downed (dound); p. pr. & vb. n. Downing.] To cause to go down; to make descend; to put down; to overthrow, as in wrestling; hence, to subdue; to bring down. [Archaic or Colloq.] ´To down proud hearts.´ Sir P. Sidney. “I remember how you downed Beauclerk and Hamilton, the wits, once at our house.” Madame D’Arblay.

Down, v. i. To go down; to descend. Locke.

Down, a. 1. Downcast; as a down look. [R.] 2. Downright; absolute; positive; as a down denial. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 3. Downward; going down; sloping; as a down stroke; a down grade; a down train on a railway. Down draught, a downward draft, as in a flue, chimney, shaft of a mine, etc. — Down in the mouth, chopfallen; dejected.

Down´bear , v. t. To bear down; to depress.

Down´cast (doun´kast•), a. Cast downward; directed to the ground, from bashfulness, modesty, dejection, or guilt. “’T is love, said she; and then my downcast eyes,
And guilty dumbness, witnessed my surprise.” Dryden. — Down´cast•ly, adv. — Down´cast•ness, n.

Down´cast, n. 1. Downcast or melancholy look. “That downcast of thine eye.” Beau. & Fl. 2. (mining) A ventilating shaft down which the air passes in circulating through a mine.

Down´come (-kum), n. 1. Sudden fall; downfall; overthrow. Milton. 2. (Iron Manuf.) A pipe for leading combustible gases downward from the top of the blast furnace to the hot-blast stoves, boilers, etc., where they are burned.

Down´fall (-fal•), n. 1. A sudden fall; a body of things falling. “Those cataracts or downfalls aforesaid.” Holland. “Each downfall of a flood the mountains pour.” Dryden. 2. A sudden descent from rank or state, reputation or happiness; destruction; ruin. “Dire were the consequences which would follow the downfall of so important a place.” Motley.

Down´fall•en (-fal•’n), a. Fallen; ruined. Carew.

Down´fall•ing, a. Falling down.

Down´gyved , a. Hanging down like gyves or fetters. [Poetic & Rare] Shak.

Down´haul , n. (Naut.) A rope to haul down, or to assist in hauling down, a sail; as a staysail downhaul; a trysail downhaul.

Down´heart•ed , a. Dejected; low-spirited.

Down´hill , adv. Towards the bottom of a hill; as water runs downhill.

Down´hill, a. Declivous; descending; sloping. ´A downhill greensward.´ Congrewe.

Down´hill, n. Declivity; descent; slope. “On th’ icy downhills of this slippery life.” Du Bartas (Trans. ).

Down´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being downy.

Down´looked , a. Having a downcast countenance; dejected; gloomy; sullen. [R.] Dryden.

Down´ly•ing , n. The time of retiring to rest; time of repose. Cavendish. At the downlying, at the travail in childbirth. [Scot.]

Down´pour , n. A pouring or streaming downwards; esp., a heavy or continuous shower.

Down´right , adv. 1. Straight down; perpendicularly. 2. In plain terms; without ceremony. “We shall chide downright, if I longer stay.” Shak. 3. Without delay; at once; completely. [Obs.] “She fell downright into a fit.” Arbuthnot.

Down´right, a. 1. Plain; direct; unceremonious; blunt; positive; as he spoke in his downright way. “A man of plain, downright character.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Open; artless; undisguised; absolute; unmixed; as downright atheism. “The downright impossibilities charged upon it.” South. “Gloomy fancies which in her amounted to downright insanity.” Prescott. — Down´right•ly, adv. — Down´right•ness, n.

Down´-share , n. A breastplow used in paring off turf on downs. [Eng.] Knight.

Down´sit•ting , n. The act of sitting down; repose; a resting. “Thou knowest my downsitting and my uprising.” Ps. cxxxix. 2.

Down´stairs , adv. Down the stairs; to a lower floor. — a. Below stairs; as a downstairs room.

Down´steep•y , a. Very steep. [Obs.] Florio.

Down´stream , adv. Down the stream; as floating downstream.

Down´stroke , n. (Penmanship) A stroke made with a downward motion of the pen or pencil.

Down´throw , n. (Geol.) The sudden drop or depression of the strata of rocks on one side of a fault. See Throw, n. { Down´trod• , Down´trod•den } a. Trodden down; trampled down; abused by superior power. Shak. { Down´ward , Down´wards } adv. [AS. adnweard. See Down, adv., and -ward.] 1. From a higher place to a lower; in a descending course; as to tend, move, roll, look, or take root, downward or downwards. ´Looking downwards.´ Pope. “Their heads they downward bent.” Drayton. 2. From a higher to a lower condition; toward misery, humility, disgrace, or ruin. “And downward fell into a groveling swine.” Milton. 3. From a remote time; from an ancestor or predecessor; from one to another in a descending line. “A ring the county wears,
That downward hath descended in his house,
From son to son, some four or five descents.” Shak.

Down´ward, a. 1. Moving or extending from a higher to a lower place; tending toward the earth or its center, or toward a lower level; declivous. “With downward force
That drove the sand along he took his way.” Dryden. 2. Descending from a head, origin, or source; as a downward line of descent. 3. Tending to a lower condition or state; depressed; dejected; as downward thoughts. Sir P. Sidney.

Down´weed , n. (Bot.) Cudweed, a species of Gnaphalium.

Down•weigh´ (-wa´), v. t. To weigh or press down. “A different sin downweighs them to the bottom.” Longfellow.

Down´y (-y), a. 1. Covered with down, or with pubescence or soft hairs. ´A downy feather.´ Shak. “Plants that … have downy or velvet rind upon their leaves.” Bacon. 2. Made of, or resembling, down. Hence, figuratively: Soft; placid; soothing; quiet. ´A downy shower.´ Keble. ´Downy pillow.´ Pope. “Time steals on with downy feet.” Young. 3. Cunning; wary. [Slang, Eng.] Latham.

Dow´ral , a. Of or relating to a dower. [R.]

Dow´ress, n. A woman entitled to dower. Bouvier.

Dow´ry , n.; pl. Dowries (#). [Contr. from dowery; cf. LL. dotarium. See Dower.] 1. A gift; endowment. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The money, goods, or estate, which a woman brings to her husband in marriage; a bride’s portion on her marriage. See Note under Dower. Shak. Dryden. 3. A gift or presents for the bride, on espousal. See Dower. “Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give …; but give me the damsel to wife.” Gen. xxxiv. 12.

Dowse , v. t. [Cf. 1st Douse.] 1. To plunge, or duck into water; to immerse; to douse. 2. [Cf. OD. doesen to strike, Norw. dusa to break.] To beat or thrash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dowse, v. i. To use the dipping or divining rod, as in search of water, ore, etc. “Adams had the reputation of having dowsed successfully for more than a hundred wells.” Eng. Cyc.

Dowse, n. A blow on the face. [Low] Colman.

Dows´er , n. 1. A divining rod used in searching for water, ore, etc., a dowsing rod. [Colloq.] 2. One who uses the dowser or divining rod. Eng. Cyc.

Dowst , n. A dowse. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dow´ve , n. A dove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dox•o•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to doxology; giving praise to God. Howell.

Dox•ol´o•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Doxologized; p. pr. & vb. n. Doxologizing.] To give glory to God, as in a doxology; to praise God with doxologies.

Dox•ol´o•gy , n.; pl. Doxologies (#). [LL. doxologia, Gr. , fr. praising, giving glory; opinion, estimation, glory, praise (from to think, imagine) + to speak: cf. F. doxologie. See Dogma, and Legend.] In Christian worship: A hymn expressing praise and honor to God; a form of praise to God designed to be sung or chanted by the choir or the congregation. “David breaks forth into these triumphant praises and doxologies.” South.

Dox´y , n.; pl. Doxies (#). [See Duck a pet.] A loose wench; a disreputable sweetheart. Shak.

Doy´ly , n. See Doily.

Doze (doz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dozed (dozd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dozing.] [Prob. akin to daze, dizzy: cf. Icel. dusa to doze, Dan. döse to make dull, heavy, or drowsy, dös dullness, drowsiness, dösig drowsy, AS. dwaes dull, stupid, foolish. rad.71. Cf. Dizzy.] To slumber; to sleep lightly; to be in a dull or stupefied condition, as if half asleep; to be drowsy. “If he happened to doze a little, the jolly cobbler waked him.” L’Estrange.

Doze, v. t. 1. To pass or spend in drowsiness; as to doze away one’s time. 2. To make dull; to stupefy. [Obs.] “I was an hour … in casting up about twenty sums, being dozed with much work.” Pepys. “They left for a long time dozed and benumbed.” South.

Doze, n. A light sleep; a drowse. Tennyson.

Doz´en (duz´’n), n.; pl. Dozen (before another noun), Dozens . [OE. doseine, dosein, OF. doseine, F. douzaine, fr. douze twelve, fr. L. duodecim; duo two + decem ten. See Two, Ten, and cf. Duodecimal.] 1. A collection of twelve objects; a tale or set of twelve; with or without of before the substantive which follows. ´Some six or seven dozen of Scots.´ ´A dozen of shirts to your back.´ ´A dozen sons.´ ´Half a dozen friends.´ Shak. 2. An indefinite small number. Milton. A baker’s dozen, thirteen; — called also a long dozen.

Doz´enth , a. Twelfth. [R.]

Doz´er , n. One who dozes or drowses.

Doz´i•ness , n. The state of being dozy; drowsiness; inclination to sleep.

Doz´y , a. Drowsy; inclined to doze; sleepy; sluggish; as a dozy head. Dryden.

Doz´zled , a. [rad.71.] Stupid; heavy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Drab , n. [AS. drabbe dregs, lees; akin to D. drab, drabbe, dregs, G. treber; for sense 1, cf. also Gael. drabag a slattern, drabach slovenly. Cf. Draff.] 1. A low, sluttish woman. King. 2. A lewd wench; a strumpet. Shak. 3. A wooden box, used in salt works for holding the salt when taken out of the boiling pans.

Drab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drabbed p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbing.] To associate with strumpets; to wench. Beau. & Fl.

Drab, n. [F. drap cloth: LL. drappus, trapus, perh. orig., a firm, solid stuff, cf. F. draper to drape, also to full cloth; prob. of German origin; cf. Icel. drepa to beat, strike, AS. drepan, G. treffen; perh. akin to E. drub. Cf. Drape, Trappings.] 1. A kind of thick woolen cloth of a dun, or dull brownish yellow, or dull gray, color; — called also drabcloth. 2. A dull brownish yellow or dull gray color.

Drab, a. Of a color between gray and brown. — n. A drab color.

Drab´ber , n. One who associates with drabs; a wencher. Massinger.

Drab´bet , n. A coarse linen fabric, or duck.

Drab´bish, a. Somewhat drab in color.

Drab´bish , a. Having the character of a drab or low wench. ´The drabbish sorceress.´ Drant.

Drab´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drabbled p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbling ] [.See Drab, Draff.] To draggle; to wet and befoul by draggling; as to drabble a gown or cloak. Halliwell.

Drab´ble , v. i. To fish with a long line and rod; as to drabble for barbels.

Drab´bler , n. (Naut.) A piece of canvas fastened by lacing to the bonnet of a sail, to give it a greater depth, or more drop.

Drab´ble-tail , n. A draggle- tail; a slattern. Halliwell.

Dra•cae´na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. she-dragon.] (Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants with woody stems and funnel-shaped flowers. Dracaena Draco, the source of the dragon’s blood of the Canaries, forms a tree, sometimes of gigantic size.

Dra´canth , n. A kind of gum; - - called also gum tragacanth, or tragacanth. See Tragacanth.

Drachm , n. [See Drachma.] 1. A drachma. 2. Same as Dram.

Drach´ma , n.; pl. E. Drachmas (#), L. Drachmae (#). [L., fr. Gr. . See Dram.] 1. A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, having a different value in different States and at different periods. The average value of the Attic drachma is computed to have been about 19 cents. 2. A gold and silver coin of modern Greece worth 19.3 cents. 3. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight of about 66.5 grains; among the modern Greeks, a weight equal to a gram.

Drach´me , n. [F.] See Drachma.

Dra´cin , n. [Cf. F. dracine.] (Chem.) See Draconin.

Dra´co , n. [L. See Dragon.] 1. (Astron.) The Dragon, a northern constellation within which is the north pole of the ecliptic. 2. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds. 3. (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards. See Dragon, 6.

Dra•co´ni•an , a. Pertaining to Draco, a famous lawgiver of Athens, 621 b. c. Draconian code, or Draconian laws, a code of laws made by Draco. Their measures were so severe that they were said to be written in letters of blood; hence, any laws of excessive rigor.

Dra•con´ic , a. Relating to Draco, the Athenian lawgiver; or to the constellation Draco; or to dragon’s blood.

Dra•co´nin , n. [Cf. F. draconine. See Draco.] (Chem.) A red resin forming the essential basis of dragon’s blood; — called also dracin.

Dra•con´tic , a. [From L. draco dragon, in allusion to the terms dragon’s head and dragon’s tail.] (Astron.) Belonging to that space of time in which the moon performs one revolution, from ascending node to ascending node. See Dragon’s head, under Dragon. [Obs.] ´Dracontic month.´ Crabb.

Dra•con´tine , a. [L. draco dragon.] Belonging to a dragon. Southey.

Dra•cun´cu•lus , n.; pl. Dracunculi (#). [L., dim. of draco dragon.] (Zoöl.) (a) A fish; the dragonet. (b) The Guinea worm (Filaria medinensis).

Drad , p. p. & a. Dreaded. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drad´de , imp. of Dread. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dradge , n. (Min.) Inferior ore, separated from the better by cobbing. Raymond.

Draff (draf), n. [Cf. D. draf the sediment of ale, Icel. draf draff, husks. Cf. 1st Drab.] Refuse; lees; dregs; the wash given to swine or cows; hogwash; waste matter. “Prodigals lately come from swine keeping, from eating draff and husks.” Shak. “The draff and offal of a bygone age.” Buckle. “Mere chaff and draff, much better burnt.” Tennyson.

Draff´ish, a. Worthless; draffy. Bale.

Draff´y , a. Dreggy; waste; worthless. “The dregs and draffy part.” Beau. & Fl.

Draft (draft), n. [The same word as draught. OE. draught, draht, fr. AS. dragan to draw. See Draw, and cf. Draught.] 1. The act of drawing; also the thing drawn. Same as Draught. “Everything available for draft burden.” S. G. Goodrich. 2. (Mil.) A selecting or detaching of soldiers from an army, or from any part of it, or from a military post; also from any district, or any company or collection of persons, or from the people at large; also the body of men thus drafted. “Several of the States had supplied the deficiency by drafts to serve for the year.” Marshall. 3. An order from one person or party to another, directing the payment of money; a bill of exchange. “I thought it most prudent to defer the drafts till advice was received of the progress of the loan.” A. Hamilton. 4. An allowance or deduction made from the gross weight of goods. Simmonds. 5. A drawing of lines for a plan; a plan delineated, or drawn in outline; a delineation. See Draught. 6. The form of any writing as first drawn up; the first rough sketch of written composition, to be filled in, or completed. See Draught. 7. (Masonry) (a) A narrow border left on a finished stone, worked differently from the rest of its face. (b) A narrow border worked to a plane surface along the edge of a stone, or across its face, as a guide to the stone-cutter. 8. (Milling) The slant given to the furrows in the dress of a millstone. 9. (Naut.) Depth of water necessary to float a ship; the depth below the water surface to which the bottom of a ship sinks when bearing a specific load. See Draught. 10. A current of air. Same as Draught.

Draft, a. 1. Pertaining to, or used for, drawing or pulling (as vehicles, loads, etc.). Same as Draught. 2. Relating to, or characterized by, a draft, or current of air. Same as Draught. The forms draft and draught, in the senses above-given, are both in approved use. Draft box, Draft engine, Draft horse, Draft net, Draft ox, Draft tube. Same as Draught box, Draught engine, etc. See under Draught.

Draft , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Drafting.] 1. To draw the outline of; to delineate. 2. To compose and write; as to draft a memorial. 3. To draw from a military band or post, or from any district, company, or society; to detach; to select. “Some royal seminary in Upper Egypt, from whence they drafted novices to supply their colleges and temples.” Holwell. 4. To transfer by draft. “All her rents been drafted to London.” Fielding.

Drafts´man , n. See Draughtsman.

Drag , n. [See 3d Dredge.] A confection; a comfit; a drug. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dragged p. pr. & vb. n. Dragging ] [OE. draggen; akin to Sw. dragga to search with a grapnel, fr. dragg grapnel, fr. draga to draw, the same word as E. draw. See Draw.] 1. To draw slowly or heavily onward; to pull along the ground by main force; to haul; to trail; — applied to drawing heavy or resisting bodies or those inapt for drawing, with labor, along the ground or other surface; as to drag stone or timber; to drag a net in fishing. “Dragged by the cords which through his feet were thrust.” Denham. “The grossness of his nature will have weight to drag thee down.” Tennyson. “A needless Alexandrine ends the song
That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.” Pope. 2. To break, as land, by drawing a drag or harrow over it; to harrow; to draw a drag along the bottom of, as a stream or other water; hence, to search, as by means of a drag. “Then while I dragged my brains for such a song.” Tennyson. 3. To draw along, as something burdensome; hence, to pass in pain or with difficulty. “Have dragged a lingering life.” Dryden. To drag an anchor (Naut.), to trail it along the bottom when the anchor will not hold the ship. Syn. — See Draw.

Drag, v. i. 1. To be drawn along, as a rope or dress, on the ground; to trail; to be moved onward along the ground, or along the bottom of the sea, as an anchor that does not hold. 2. To move onward heavily, laboriously, or slowly; to advance with weary effort; to go on lingeringly. “The day drags through, though storms keep out the sun.” Byron. “Long, open panegyric drags at best.” Gay. 3. To serve as a clog or hindrance; to hold back. “A propeller is said to drag when the sails urge the vessel faster than the revolutions of the screw can propel her.” Russell. 4. To fish with a dragnet.

Drag, n. [See Drag, v. t., and cf. Dray a cart, and 1st Dredge.] 1. The act of dragging; anything which is dragged. 2. A net, or an apparatus, to be drawn along the bottom under water, as in fishing, searching for drowned persons, etc. 3. A kind of sledge for conveying heavy bodies; also a kind of low car or handcart; as a stone drag. 4. A heavy coach with seats on top; also a heavy carriage. [Collog.] Thackeray. 5. A heavy harrow, for breaking up ground. 6. (a) Anything towed in the water to retard a ship’s progress, or to keep her head up to the wind; esp., a canvas bag with a hooped mouth, so used. See Drag sail (below). (b) also a skid or shoe, for retarding the motion of a carriage wheel. (c) Hence, anything that retards; a clog; an obstacle to progress or enjoyment. “My lectures were only a pleasure to me, and no drag.” J. D. Forbes. 7. Motion affected with slowness and difficulty, as if clogged. ´Had a drag in his walk.´ Hazlitt. 8. (Founding) The bottom part of a flask or mold, the upper part being the cope. 9. (Masonry) A steel instrument for completing the dressing of soft stone. 10. (Marine Engin.) The difference between the speed of a screw steamer under sail and that of the screw when the ship outruns the screw; or between the propulsive effects of the different floats of a paddle wheel. See Citation under Drag, v. i., 3. Drag sail (Naut.), a sail or canvas rigged on a stout frame, to be dragged by a vessel through the water in order to keep her head to the wind or to prevent drifting; — called also drift sail, drag sheet, drag anchor, sea anchor, floating anchor, etc. — Drag twist (Mining), a spiral hook at the end of a rod for cleaning drilled holes.

Dra•gan´tine , n. [See Dracanth.] A mucilage obtained from, or containing, gum tragacanth.

Drag´bar , n. Same as Drawbar (b). Called also draglink, and drawlink. [U. S.]

Drag´bolt , n. A coupling pin. See under Coupling. [U. S.]

Dra•gees´ , n. pl. [F. See 3d Dredge.] (Pharmacy) Sugar-coated medicines.

Drag´gle (drag´g’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draggled (-g’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Draggling (-gling).] [Freq. of drag. rad.73. Cf. Drawl.] To wet and soil by dragging on the ground, mud, or wet grass; to drabble; to trail. Gray. “With draggled nets down-hanging to the tide.” Trench.

Drag´gle, v. i. To be dragged on the ground; to become wet or dirty by being dragged or trailed in the mud or wet grass. Hudibras.

Drag´gle-tail , n. A slattern who suffers her gown to trail in the mire; a drabble-tail.

Drag´gle-tailed , a. Untidy; sluttish; slatternly. W. Irving.

Drag´link , n. (Mach.) (a) A link connecting the cranks of two shafts. (b) A drawbar.

Drag´man , n.; pl. Dragmen . A fisherman who uses a dragnet. Sir M. Hale.

Drag´net , n. [Cf. AS. draegnet.] A net to be drawn along the bottom of a body of water, as in fishing.

Drag´o•man , n.; pl. Dragomans (#). [From F. dragoman, or Sp. dragoman, or It. dragomanno; all fr. LGr. , Ar. tarjuman, from the same source as E. targum. Cf. Drogman, Truchman.] An interpreter; — so called in the Levant and other parts of the East.

Drag´on , n. [F. dragon, L. draco, fr. Gr. , prob. fr. , , to look (akin to Skr. dar to see), and so called from its terrible eyes. Cf. Drake a dragon, Dragoon.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous animal, generally represented as a monstrous winged serpent or lizard, with a crested head and enormous claws, and regarded as very powerful and ferocious. “The dragons which appear in early paintings and sculptures are invariably representations of a winged crocodile.” Fairholt. In Scripture the term dragon refers to any great monster, whether of the land or sea, usually to some kind of serpent or reptile, sometimes to land serpents of a powerful and deadly kind. It is also applied metaphorically to Satan. “Thou breakest the heads of the dragons in the waters.” Ps. lxxiv. 13. “Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder; the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet.” Ps. xci. 13. “He laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan, and bound him a thousand years.” Rev. xx. 2. 2. A fierce, violent person, esp. a woman. Johnson. 3. (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere figured as a dragon; Draco. 4. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds, seeming to move through the air as a winged serpent. 5. (Mil. Antiq.) A short musket hooked to a swivel attached to a soldier’s belt; — so called from a representation of a dragon’s head at the muzzle. Fairholt. 6. (Zoöl.) A small arboreal lizard of the genus Draco, of several species, found in the East Indies and Southern Asia. Five or six of the hind ribs, on each side, are prolonged and covered with weblike skin, forming a sort of wing. These prolongations aid them in making long leaps from tree to tree. Called also flying lizard. 7. (Zoöl.) A variety of carrier pigeon. 8. (Her.) A fabulous winged creature, sometimes borne as a charge in a coat of arms. Dragon is often used adjectively, or in combination, in the sense of relating to, resembling, or characteristic of, a dragon. Dragon arum (Bot.), the name of several species of Arisaema, a genus of plants having a spathe and spadix. See Dragon root(below). — Dragon fish (Zoöl.), the dragonet. — Dragon fly (Zoöl.), any insect of the family Libellulidae. They have finely formed, large and strongly reticulated wings, a large head with enormous eyes, and a long body; — called also mosquito hawks. Their larvae are aquatic and insectivorous. — Dragon root (Bot.), an American aroid plant (Arisaema Dracontium); green dragon. — Dragon’s blood, a resinous substance obtained from the fruit of several species of Calamus, esp. from C. Rotang and C. Draco, growing in the East Indies. A substance known as dragon’s blood is obtained by exudation from Dracaena Draco; also from Pterocarpus Draco, a tree of the West Indies and South America. The color is red, or a dark brownish red, and it is used chiefly for coloring varnishes, marbles, etc. Called also Cinnabar Graecorum. — Dragon’s head. (a) (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Dracocephalum. They are perennial herbs closely allied to the common catnip. (b) (Astron.) The ascending node of a planet, indicated, chiefly in almanacs, by the symbol . The deviation from the ecliptic made by a planet in passing from one node to the other seems, according to the fancy of some, to make a figure like that of a dragon, whose belly is where there is the greatest latitude; the intersections representing the head and tail; — from which resemblance the denomination arises. Encyc. Brit. - - Dragon shell (Zoöl.), a species of limpet. — Dragon’s skin, fossil stems whose leaf scars somewhat resemble the scales of reptiles; — a name used by miners and quarrymen. Stormonth. — Dragon’s tail (Astron.), the descending node of a planet, indicated by the symbol . See Dragon’s head (above). — Dragon’s wort (Bot.), a plant of the genus Artemisia (A. dracunculus). — Dragon tree (Bot.), a West African liliaceous tree (Dracaena Draco), yielding one of the resins called dragon’s blood. See Dracaena. — Dragon water, a medicinal remedy very popular in the earlier half of the 17th century. ´Dragon water may do good upon him.´ Randolph (1640). — Flying dragon, a large meteoric fireball; a bolide.

Drag´on•et , n. 1. A little dragon. Spenser. 2. (Zoöl.) A small British marine fish (Callionymuslyra); — called also yellow sculpin, fox, and gowdie.

Drag´on•ish, a. resembling a dragon. Shak.

Drag´on•like (-lik•), a. Like a dragon. Shak.

Drag•on•nade´ (drag•on•nad´), n. [F., fr. dragon dragoon, because Louis XIV., in persecuting the Protestants of his kingdom, quartered dragoons upon them.] The severe persecution of French Protestants under Louis XIV., by an armed force, usually of dragoons; hence, a rapid and devastating incursion; dragoonade. “He learnt it as he watched the dragonnades, the tortures, the massacres of the Netherlands.” C. Kingsley. { Drag´on’s blood , Drag´on’s head , Drag´on’s tail }. See Dragon’s blood, Dragon’s head, etc., under Dragon.

Dra•goon´ (dra•goon´), n. [F. dragon dragon, dragoon, fr. L. draco dragon, also a cohort’s standard (with a dragon on it). The name was given from the sense standard. See Dragon.] 1. ((Mil.) Formerly, a soldier who was taught and armed to serve either on horseback or on foot; now, a mounted soldier; a cavalry man. 2. A variety of pigeon. Clarke. Dragoon bird (Zoöl.), the umbrella bird.

Dra•goon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dragooned p. pr. & vb. n. Dragooning.] 1. To harass or reduce to subjection by dragoons; to persecute by abandoning a place to the rage of soldiers. 2. To compel submission by violent measures; to harass; to persecute. “The colonies may be influenced to anything, but they can be dragooned to nothing.” Price. “Lewis the Fourteenth is justly censured for trying to dragoon his subjects to heaven.” Macaulay.

Drag•oon•ade´ , n. See Dragonnade.

Dra•goon´er , n. A dragoon. [Obs.]

Drail (dral), v. t. & i. [rad.73.] To trail; to draggle. [Obs.] South.

Drain (dran), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drained (drand); p. pr. & vb. n. Draining.] [AS. drehnigean to drain, strain; perh. akin to E. draw.] 1. To draw off by degrees; to cause to flow gradually out or off; hence, to cause the exhaustion of. “Fountains drain the water from the ground adjacent.” Bacon. “But it was not alone that the he drained their treasure and hampered their industry.” Motley. 2. To exhaust of liquid contents by drawing them off; to make gradually dry or empty; to remove surface water, as from streets, by gutters, etc.; to deprive of moisture; hence, to exhaust; to empty of wealth, resources, or the like; as to drain a country of its specie. “Sinking waters, the firm land to drain,
Filled the capacious deep and formed the main.” Roscommon. 3. To filter. “Salt water, drained through twenty vessels of earth, hath become fresh.” Bacon.

Drain, v. i. 1. To flow gradually; as the water of low ground drains off. 2. To become emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping; as let the vessel stand and drain.

Drain, n. 1. The act of draining, or of drawing off; gradual and continuous outflow or withdrawal; as the drain of specie from a country. 2. That means of which anything is drained; a channel; a trench; a water course; a sewer; a sink. 3. pl. The grain from the mashing tub; as brewers’ drains. [Eng.] Halliwell. Box drain, Counter drain. See under Box, Counter. — Right of drain (Law), an easement or servitude by which one man has a right to convey water in pipes through or over the estate of another. Kent.

Drain´a•ble , a. Capable of being drained.

Drain´age , n. 1. A draining; a gradual flowing off of any liquid; also that which flows out of a drain. 2. The mode in which the waters of a country pass off by its streams and rivers. 3. (Engin.) The system of drains and their operation, by which superfluous water is removed from towns, railway beds, mines, and other works. 4. Area or district drained; as the drainage of the Po, the Thames, etc. Latham. 5. (Surg.) The act, process, or means of drawing off the pus or fluids from a wound, abscess, etc. Drainage tube (Surg.), a tube introduced into a wound, etc., to draw off the discharges.

Draine , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The missel thrush.

Drain´er , n. One who, or that which, drains.

Drain´ing, vb. n. of Drain, v. t. (Agric.) The art of carrying off surplus water, as from land. Draining tile. Same as Draintile.

Drain´pipe , n. A pipe used for carrying off surplus water.

Drain´tile , n. A hollow tile used in making drains; — called also draining tile.

Drain´trap , n. See 4th Trap, 5.

Drake (drak), n. [Akin to LG. drake, OHG. antrache, anetrecho, G. enterich, Icel. andriki, Dan. andrik, OSw. andrak, andrage, masc., and fr. AS. ened, fem., duck; akin to D. eend, G. ente, Icel. önd, Dan. and, Sw. and, Lith. antis, L. anas, Gr. (for ), and perh. Skr. ati a water fowl. rad.207. In English the first part of the word was lost. The ending is akin to E. rich. Cf. Gulaund.] 1. The male of the duck kind. 2. [Cf. Dragon fly, under Dragon.] The drake fly. “The drake will mount steeple height into the air.” Walton. Drake fly, a kind of fly, sometimes used in angling. “The dark drake fly, good in August.” Walton.

Drake, n. [AS. draca dragon, L. draco. See Dragon.] 1. A dragon. [Obs.] “Beowulf resolves to kill the drake.” J. A. Harrison (Beowulf). 2. A small piece of artillery. [Obs.] “Two or three shots, made at them by a couple of drakes, made them stagger.” Clarendon.

Drake, n. [Cf. F. dravik, W. drewg, darnel, cockle, etc.] Wild oats, brome grass, or darnel grass; — called also drawk, dravick, and drank. [Prov. Eng.] Dr. Prior.

Drake´stone , n. A flat stone so thrown along the surface of water as to skip from point to point before it sinks; also the sport of so throwing stones; — sometimes called ducks and drakes. “Internal earthquakes, that, not content with one throe, run along spasmodically, like boys playing at what is called drakestone.” De Quincey.

Dram (dram), n. [OF. drame, F. drachme, L. drachma, drachm, drachma, fr. Gr. drachmh•, prop., a handful, fr. dra•ssesqai to grasp. Cf. Drachm, Drachma.] 1. A weight; in Apothecaries’ weight, one eighth part of an ounce, or sixty grains; in Avoirdupois weight, one sixteenth part of an ounce, or 27.34375 grains. 2. A minute quantity; a mite. “Were I the chooser, a dram of well-doing should be preferred before many times as mush the forcible hindrance of evildoing.” Milton. 3. As much spirituous liquor as is usually drunk at once; as a dram of brandy; hence, a potation or potion; as a dram of poison. Shak. 4. (Numis.) A Persian daric. Ezra ii. 69. Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm. See under Fluid.

Dram, v. i. & t. To drink drams; to ply with drams. [Low] Johnson. Thackeray.

Dra´ma (drä´ma or dra´ma; 277), n. [L. drama, Gr. dra^ma, fr. dra^n to do, act; cf. Lith. daryti.] 1. A composition, in prose or poetry, accommodated to action, and intended to exhibit a picture of human life, or to depict a series of grave or humorous actions of more than ordinary interest, tending toward some striking result. It is commonly designed to be spoken and represented by actors on the stage. “A divine pastoral drama in the Song of Solomon.” Milton. 2. A series of real events invested with a dramatic unity and interest. ´The drama of war.´ Thackeray. “Westward the course of empire takes its way;
The four first acts already past,
A fifth shall close the drama with the day;
Time’s noblest offspring is the last.” Berkeley. “The drama and contrivances of God’s providence.” Sharp. 3. Dramatic composition and the literature pertaining to or illustrating it; dramatic literature. The principal species of the drama are tragedy and comedy; inferior species are tragi-comedy, melodrama, operas, burlettas, and farces. The romantic drama, the kind of drama whose aim is to present a tale or history in scenes, and whose plays (like those of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and others) are stories told in dialogue by actors on the stage. J. A. Symonds. { Dra•mat´ic , Dra•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. dramatique.] Of or pertaining to the drama; appropriate to, or having the qualities of, a drama; theatrical; vivid. “The emperor … performed his part with much dramatic effect.” Motley.

Dra•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a dramatic manner; theatrically; vividly.

Dram´a•tis per•so´nae [L.] The actors in a drama or play.

Dram´a•tist , n. [Cf. F. dramatiste.] The author of a dramatic composition; a writer of plays.

Dram´a•ti•za•ble , a. Capable of being dramatized.

Dram•a•ti•za´tion , n. Act of dramatizing.

Dram´a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dramatized p. pr. & vb. n. Dramatizing ] [Cf. F. dramatiser.] To compose in the form of the drama; to represent in a drama; to adapt to dramatic representation; as to dramatize a novel, or an historical episode. “They dramatized tyranny for public execration.” Motley.

Dram•a•tur´gic , a. Relating to dramaturgy.

Dram´a•tur•gist , n. One versed in dramaturgy. Carlyle.

Dram´a•tur•gy , n. [Gr. dramatic composition; drama + a root akin to E. work: cf. F. dramaturgie.] The art of dramatic composition and representation.

Dram´ming , n. The practice of drinking drams.

Dram´sell•er , n. One who sells distilled liquors by the dram or glass.

Dram´shop , n. A shop or barroom where spirits are sold by the dram.

Drank , imp. of Drink.

Drank, n. [Cf. 3d Drake.] Wild oats, or darnel grass. See Drake a plant. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Drap• d’e•te´ [F., clot of summer.] A thin woolen fabric, twilled like merino.

Drape , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draped p. pr. & vb. n. Draping ] [F. draper, fr. drap cloth. See 3d Drab.] 1. To cover or adorn with drapery or folds of cloth, or as with drapery; as to drape a bust, a building, etc. “The whole people were draped professionally.” De Quincey. “These starry blossoms, [of the snow] pure and white,
Soft falling, falling, through the night,
Have draped the woods and mere”. Bungay. 2. To rail at; to banter. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Drape, v. i. 1. To make cloth. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To design drapery, arrange its folds, etc., as for hangings, costumes, statues, etc.

Dra´per , n. [F. drapier.] One who sells cloths; a dealer in cloths; as a draper and tailor.

Dra´per•ied , a. Covered or supplied with drapery. [R.] Byron.

Dra´per•y , n.; pl. Draperies (#). [F. draperie.] 1. The occupation of a draper; cloth-making, or dealing in cloth. Bacon. 2. Cloth, or woolen stuffs in general. “People who ought to be weighing out grocery or measuring out drapery.” Macaulay. 3. A textile fabric used for decorative purposes, especially when hung loosely and in folds carefully disturbed; as: (a) Garments or vestments of this character worn upon the body, or shown in the representations of the human figure in art. (b) Hangings of a room or hall, or about a bed. “Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.” Bryant. “All the decent drapery of life is to be rudely torn off.” Burke. Casting of draperies. See under Casting. “The casting of draperies … is one of the most important of an artist’s studies.” Fairholt.

Dra´pet , n. [Dim. of drap.] Cloth. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dras´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to do, act: cf. F. drastique. See Drama.] (Med.) Acting rapidly and violently; efficacious; powerful; — opposed to bland; as drastic purgatives. — n. (Med.) A violent purgative. See Cathartic.

Dras´ty , a. [AS. daerstan, dresten, dregs.] Filthy; worthless. [Obs.] ´Drasty ryming.´ Chaucer.

Draugh , n. See Draft. [Obs.]

Draught , n. [The same as draft, the spelling with gh indicating an older pronunciation. See Draft, n., Draw.] 1. The act of drawing or pulling; as: (a) The act of moving loads by drawing, as by beasts of burden, and the like. “A general custom of using oxen for all sort of draught would be, perhaps, the greatest improvement.” Sir W. Temple. (b) The drawing of a bowstring. [Obs.] “She sent an arrow forth with mighty draught.” Spenser. (c) Act of drawing a net; a sweeping the water for fish. “Upon the draught of a pond, not one fish was left.” Sir M. Hale. (d) The act of drawing liquor into the mouth and throat; the act of drinking. “In his hands he took the goblet, but a while the draught forbore.” Trench. (e) A sudden attack or drawing upon an enemy. [Obs.] “By drawing sudden draughts upon the enemy when he looketh not for you.” Spenser. (f) (Mil.) The act of selecting or detaching soldiers; a draft (see Draft, n., 2) (g) The act of drawing up, marking out, or delineating; representation. Dryden. 2. That which is drawn; as: (a) That which is taken by sweeping with a net. “Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught.” Luke v. 4. “He laid down his pipe, and cast his net, which brought him a very great draught.” L’Estrange. (b) (Mil.) The force drawn; a detachment; — in this sense usually written draft. (c) The quantity drawn in at once in drinking; a potion or potation. “Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, Slavery, … still thou art a bitter draught.” Sterne. “Low lies that house where nut-brown draughts inspired.” Goldsmith. (d) A sketch, outline, or representation, whether written, designed, or drawn; a delineation. “A draught of a Toleration Act was offered to the Parliament by a private member.” Macaulay. “No picture or draught of these things from the report of the eye.” South. (e) (Com.) An order for the payment of money; — in this sense almost always written draft. (f) A current of air moving through an inclosed place, as through a room or up a chimney. Thackeray. “He preferred to go and sit upon the stairs, in … a strong draught of air, until he was again sent for.” Dickens. 3. That which draws; as: (a) A team of oxen or horses. Blackstone. (b) A sink or drain; a privy. Shak. Matt. xv. 17. (c) pl. (Med.) A mild vesicatory; a sinapism; as to apply draughts to the feet. 4. Capacity of being drawn; force necessary to draw; traction. “The Hertfordshire wheel plow … is of the easiest draught.” Mortimer. 5. (Naut.) The depth of water necessary to float a ship, or the depth a ship sinks in water, especially when laden; as a ship of twelve feet draught. 6. (Com.) An allowance on weighable goods. [Eng.] See Draft, 4. 7. A move, as at chess or checkers. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. The bevel given to the pattern for a casting, in order that it may be drawn from the sand without injury to the mold. 9. (Masonry) See Draft, n., 7. Angle of draught, the angle made with the plane over which a body is drawn by the line in which the pulling force acts, when the latter has the direction best adapted to overcome the obstacles of friction and the weight of the body. - - Black draught. See under Black, a. — Blast draught, or Forced draught, the draught produced by a blower, as by blowing in air beneath a fire or drawing out the gases from above it. — Natural draught, the draught produced by the atmosphere flowing, by its own weight, into a chimney wherein the air is rarefied by heat. — On draught, so as to be drawn from the wood (as a cask, barrel, etc.) in distinction from being bottled; as ale on draught. — Sheer draught. See under Sheer.

Draught, a. 1. Used for drawing vehicles, loads, etc.; as a draught beast; draught hooks. 2. Relating to, or characterized by, a draft, or current of air. 3. Used in making drawings; as draught compasses. 4. Drawn directly from the barrel, or other receptacle, in distinction from bottled; on draught; — said of ale, cider, and the like. This word, especially in the first and second meanings, is often written draft, a spelling which is approved by many authorities. Draught box. See Draught tube, below. — Draught engine (Mining), an engine used for pumping, raising heavy weights, and the like. — Draught hook (Mil.), one of the hooks on a cannon carriage, used in drawing the gun backward and forward. — Draught horse, a horse employed in drawing loads, plowing, etc., as distinguished from a saddle horse or carriage horse. — Draught net, a seine or hauling net. — Draught ox, an ox employed in hauling loads, plowing, etc. — Draught tube (Water Wheels), an air- tight pipe extending downward into the tailrace from a turbine wheel located above it, to make the whole fall available; — called also draught box.

Draught (draft), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draughted; p. pr. & vb. n. Draughting.] 1. To draw out; to call forth. See Draft. Addison. 2. To diminish or exhaust by drawing. [R.] “The Parliament so often draughted and drained.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To draw in outline; to make a draught, sketch, or plan of, as in architectural and mechanical drawing. Draughting room, a room draughtsmen to work in, and where plans are kept.

Draught´board (-bord•), n. A checkered board on which draughts are played. See Checkerboard.

Draught´house (-hous•), n. A house for the reception of waste matter; a privy. [Obs.] 2 Kings x. 27.

Draughts , n. pl. A mild vesicatory. See Draught, n., 3 (c).

Draughts, n. pl. A game, now more commonly called checkers. See Checkers. Polish draughts is sometimes played with 40 pieces on a board divided into 100 squares. Am. Cyc.

Draughts´man , n.; pl. Draughtsmen . 1. One who draws pleadings or other writings. 2. One who draws plans and sketches of machinery, structures, and places; also more generally, one who makes drawings of any kind. 3. A ´man´ or piece used in the game of draughts. 4. One who drinks drams; a tippler. [Obs.] Tatler.

Draughts´man•ship, n. The office, art, or work of a draughtsman.

Draught´y , a. Pertaining to a draught, or current of air; as a draughtly, comfortless room.

Drave , old imp. of Drive. [Obs.]

Dra´vi•da , n. pl. [Skr. Dravida, prob. meaning, Tamil.] (Ethnol.) A race of Hindostan, believed to be the original people who occupied the land before the Hindoo or Aryan invasion.

Dra•vid´i•an , a. [From Skr. Dravida, the name of the southern portion of the peninsula of India.] (Ethnol.) Of or pertaining to the Dravida. Dravidian languages, a group of languages of Southern India, which seem to have been the idioms of the natives, before the invasion of tribes speaking Sanskrit. Of these languages, the Tamil is the most important.

Draw (dra), v. t. [imp. Drew (dru); p. p. Drawn (dran); p. pr. & vb. n. Drawing.] [OE. dra&yogh;en, drahen, draien, drawen, AS. dragan; akin to Icel. & Sw. draga, Dan. drage to draw, carry, and prob. to OS. dragan to bear, carry, D. dragen, G. tragen, Goth. dragan; cf. Skr. dhraj to move along, glide; and perh. akin to Skr. dhar to hold, bear. rad.73. Cf. 2d Drag, Dray a cart, 1st Dredge.] 1. To cause to move continuously by force applied in advance of the thing moved; to pull along; to haul; to drag; to cause to follow. “He cast him down to ground, and all along
Drew him through dirt and mire without remorse.” Spenser. “He hastened to draw the stranger into a private room.” Sir W. Scott. “Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats?” James ii. 6. “The arrow is now drawn to the head.” Atterbury. 2. To influence to move or tend toward one’s self; to exercise an attracting force upon; to call towards itself; to attract; hence, to entice; to allure; to induce. “The poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods.” Shak. “All eyes you draw, and with the eyes the heart.” Dryden. 3. To cause to come out for one’s use or benefit; to extract; to educe; to bring forth; as: (a) To bring or take out, or to let out, from some receptacle, as a stick or post from a hole, water from a cask or well, etc. “The drew out the staves of the ark.” 2 Chron. v. 9. “Draw thee waters for the siege.” Nahum iii. 14. “I opened the tumor by the point of a lancet without drawing one drop of blood.” Wiseman. (b) To pull from a sheath, as a sword. “I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them.” Ex. xv. 9. (c) To extract; to force out; to elicit; to derive. “Spirits, by distillations, may be drawn out of vegetable juices, which shall flame and fume of themselves.” Cheyne. “Until you had drawn oaths from him.” Shak. (d) To obtain from some cause or origin; to infer from evidence or reasons; to deduce from premises; to derive. “We do not draw the moral lessons we might from history.” Burke. (e) To take or procure from a place of deposit; to call for and receive from a fund, or the like; as to draw money from a bank. (f) To take from a box or wheel, as a lottery ticket; to receive from a lottery by the drawing out of the numbers for prizes or blanks; hence, to obtain by good fortune; to win; to gain; as he drew a prize. (g) To select by the drawing of lots. “Provided magistracies were filled by men freely chosen or drawn.” Freeman. 4. To remove the contents of; as: (a) To drain by emptying; to suck dry. “Sucking and drawing the breast dischargeth the milk as fast as it can generated.” Wiseman. (b) To extract the bowels of; to eviscerate; as to draw a fowl; to hang, draw, and quarter a criminal. “In private draw your poultry, clean your tripe.” King. 5. To take into the lungs; to inhale; to inspire; hence, also to utter or produce by an inhalation; to heave. ´Where I first drew air.´ Milton. “Drew, or seemed to draw, a dying groan.” Dryden. 6. To extend in length; to lengthen; to protract; to stretch; to extend, as a mass of metal into wire. “How long her face is drawn!” Shak. “And the huge Offa’s dike which he drew from the mouth of Wye to that of Dee.” J. R. Green. 7. To run, extend, or produce, as a line on any surface; hence, also to form by marking; to make by an instrument of delineation; to produce, as a sketch, figure, or picture. 8. To represent by lines drawn; to form a sketch or a picture of; to represent by a picture; to delineate; hence, to represent by words; to depict; to describe. “A flattering painter who made it his care
To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are.” Goldsmith. “Can I, untouched, the fair one’s passions move,
Or thou draw beauty and not feel its power?” Prior. 9. To write in due form; to prepare a draught of; as to draw a memorial, a deed, or bill of exchange. “Clerk, draw a deed of gift.” Shak. 10. To require (so great a depth, as of water) for floating; — said of a vessel; to sink so deep in (water); as a ship draws ten feet of water. 11. To withdraw. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Go wash thy face, and draw the action.” Shak. 12. To trace by scent; to track; — a hunting term. Draw, in most of its uses, retains some shade of its original sense, to pull, to move forward by the application of force in advance, or to extend in length, and usually expresses an action as gradual or continuous, and leisurely. We pour liquid quickly, but we draw it in a continued stream. We force compliance by threats, but we draw it by gradual prevalence. We may write a letter with haste, but we draw a bill with slow caution and regard to a precise form. We draw a bar of metal by continued beating. To draw a bow, to bend the bow by drawing the string for discharging the arrow. — To draw a cover, to clear a cover of the game it contains. - - To draw a curtain, to cause a curtain to slide or move, either closing or unclosing. ´Night draws the curtain, which the sun withdraws.´ Herbert. — To draw a line, to fix a limit or boundary. — To draw back, to receive back, as duties on goods for exportation. — To draw breath, to breathe. Shak. — To draw cuts or lots. See under Cut, n. — To draw in. (a) To bring or pull in; to collect. (b) To entice; to inveigle. — To draw interest, to produce or gain interest. — To draw off, to withdraw; to abstract. Addison. — To draw on, to bring on; to occasion; to cause. ´War which either his negligence drew on, or his practices procured.´ Hayward. — To draw (one) out, to elicit cunningly the thoughts and feelings of another. — To draw out, to stretch or extend; to protract; to spread out. — ´Wilt thou draw out thine anger to all generations?´ Ps. lxxxv. 5. ´Linked sweetness long drawn out.´ Milton. — To draw over, to cause to come over, to induce to leave one part or side for the opposite one. — To draw the longbow, to exaggerate; to tell preposterous tales. — To draw (one) to or on to (something), to move, to incite, to induce. ´How many actions most ridiculous hast thou been drawn to by thy fantasy?´ Shak. — To draw up. (a) To compose in due form; to draught; to form in writing. (b) To arrange in order, as a body of troops; to array. ´Drawn up in battle to receive the charge.´ Dryden. Syn. — To Draw, Drag. Draw differs from drag in this, that drag implies a natural inaptitude for drawing, or positive resistance; it is applied to things pulled or hauled along the ground, or moved with toil or difficulty. Draw is applied to all bodies moved by force in advance, whatever may be the degree of force; it commonly implies that some kind of aptitude or provision exists for drawing. Draw is the more general or generic term, and drag the more specific. We say, the horses draw a coach or wagon, but they drag it through mire; yet draw is properly used in both cases.

Draw , v. i. 1. To pull; to exert strength in drawing anything; to have force to move anything by pulling; as a horse draws well; the sails of a ship draw well. A sail is said to draw when it is filled with wind. 2. To draw a liquid from some receptacle, as water from a well. “The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep.” John iv. 11. 3. To exert an attractive force; to act as an inducement or enticement. “Keep a watch upon the particular bias of their minds, that it may not draw too much.” Addison. 4. (Med.) To have efficiency as an epispastic; to act as a sinapism; — said of a blister, poultice, etc. 5. To have draught, as a chimney, flue, or the like; to furnish transmission to smoke, gases, etc. 6. To unsheathe a weapon, especially a sword. “So soon as ever thou seest him, draw; and as thou drawest, swear horrible.” Shak. 7. To perform the act, or practice the art, of delineation; to sketch; to form figures or pictures. ´Skill in drawing.´ Locke. 8. To become contracted; to shrink. ´To draw into less room.´ Bacon. 9. To move; to come or go; literally, to draw one’s self; — with prepositions and adverbs; as to draw away, to move off, esp. in racing, to get in front; to obtain the lead or increase it; to draw back, to retreat; to draw level, to move up even (with another); to come up to or overtake another; to draw off, to retire or retreat; to draw on, to advance; to draw up, to form in array; to draw near, nigh, or towards, to approach; to draw together, to come together, to collect. 10. To make a draft or written demand for payment of money deposited or due; — usually with on or upon. “You may draw on me for the expenses of your journey.” Jay. 11. To admit the action of pulling or dragging; to undergo draught; as a carriage draws easily. 12. To sink in water; to require a depth for floating. ´Greater hulks draw deep.´ Shak. To draw to a head. (a) (Med.) To begin to suppurate; to ripen, as a boil. (b) Fig.: To ripen, to approach the time for action; as the plot draws to a head.

Draw, n. 1. The act of drawing; draught. 2. A lot or chance to be drawn. 3. A drawn game or battle, etc. [Colloq.] 4. That part of a bridge which may be raised, swung round, or drawn aside; the movable part of a drawbridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. [U.S.]

Draw´a•ble , a. Capable of being drawn.

Draw´back , n. 1. A loss of advantage, or deduction from profit, value, success, etc.; a discouragement or hindrance; objectionable feature. “The avarice of Henry VII … . must be deemed a drawback from the wisdom ascribed to him.” Hallam. 2. (Com.) Money paid back or remitted; especially, a certain amount of duties or customs, sometimes the whole, and sometimes only a part, remitted or paid back by the government, on the exportation of the commodities on which they were levied. M•Culloch.

Draw´bar , n. (Railroad) (a) An openmouthed bar at the end of a car, which receives a coupling link and pin by which the car is drawn. It is usually provided with a spring to give elasticity to the connection between the cars of a train. (b) A bar of iron with an eye at each end, or a heavy link, for coupling a locomotive to a tender or car.

Draw´bench , n. (Med.) A machine in which strips of metal are drawn through a drawplate; especially, one in which wire is thus made; — also called drawing bench.

Draw´bolt , n. (Engin.) A coupling pin. See under Coupling.

Draw´bore , n. (Joinery) A hole bored through a tenon nearer to the shoulder than the holes through the cheeks are to the edge or abutment against which the shoulder is to rest, so that a pin or bolt, when driven into it, will draw these parts together. Weale.

Draw´bore, v. t. 1. To make a drawbore in; as to drawbore a tenon. 2. To enlarge the bore of a gun barrel by drawing, instead of thrusting, a revolving tool through it.

Draw´boy , n. (Weaving) A boy who operates the harness cords of a hand loom; also a part of power loom that performs the same office.

Draw´bridge , n. A bridge of which either the whole or a part is made to be raised up, let down, or drawn or turned aside, to admit or hinder communication at pleasure, as before the gate of a town or castle, or over a navigable river or canal. The movable portion, or draw, is called, specifically, a bascule, balance, or lifting bridge, a turning, swivel, or swing bridge, or a rolling bridge, according as it turns on a hinge vertically, or on a pivot horizontally, or is pushed on rollers.

Draw´can•sir , n. [From the name of a bullying braggart character in the play by George Villiers called ´The Rehearsal.´] A blustering, bullying fellow; a pot-valiant braggart; a bully. “The leader was of an ugly look and gigantic stature; he acted like a drawcansir, sparing neither friend nor foe.” Addison.

Draw´-cut , n. A single cut with a knife.

Draw•ee´ , n. (Law) The person on whom an order or bill of exchange is drawn; — the correlative of drawer.

Draw´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, draws; as: (a) One who draws liquor for guests; a waiter in a taproom. Shak. (b) One who delineates or depicts; a draughtsman; as a good drawer. (c) (Law) One who draws a bill of exchange or order for payment; — the correlative of drawee. 2. That which is drawn; as: (a) A sliding box or receptacle in a case, which is opened by pulling or drawing out, and closed by pushing in. (b) pl. An under-garment worn on the lower limbs. Chest of drawers. See under Chest.

Draw´fil•ing , n. The process of smooth filing by working the file sidewise instead of lengthwise.

Draw´gear , n. 1. A harness for draught horses. 2. (Railroad) The means or parts by which cars are connected to be drawn.

Draw´gloves , n. pl. An old game, played by holding up the fingers. Herrick.

Draw´head , n. (Railroad) The flanged outer end of a drawbar; also a name applied to the drawgear.

Draw´ing, n. 1. The act of pulling, or attracting. 2. The act or the art of representing any object by means of lines and shades; especially, such a representation when in one color, or in tints used not to represent the colors of natural objects, but for effect only, and produced with hard material such as pencil, chalk, etc.; delineation; also the figure or representation drawn. 3. The process of stretching or spreading metals as by hammering, or, as in forming wire from rods or tubes and cups from sheet metal, by pulling them through dies. 4. (Textile Manuf.) The process of pulling out and elongating the sliver from the carding machine, by revolving rollers, to prepare it for spinning. 5. The distribution of prizes and blanks in a lottery. Drawing is used adjectively or as the first part of compounds in the sense of pertaining to drawing, for drawing (in the sense of pulling, and of pictorial representation); as drawing master or drawing-master, drawing knife or drawing-knife, drawing machine, drawing board, drawing paper, drawing pen, drawing pencil, etc. A drawing of tea, a small portion of tea for steeping. — Drawing knife. See in the Vocabulary. — Drawing paper (Fine Arts), a thick, sized paper for draughtsman and for water- color painting. — Drawing slate, a soft, slaty substance used in crayon drawing; — called also black chalk, or drawing chalk. — Free-hand drawing, a style of drawing made without the use of guiding or measuring instruments, as distinguished from mechanical or geometrical drawing; also a drawing thus executed. { Draw´ing knife´ , Draw´knife• }, n. 1. A joiner’s tool having a blade with a handle at each end, used to shave off surfaces, by drawing it toward one; a shave; — called also drawshave, and drawing shave. 2. (Carp.) A tool used for the purpose of making an incision along the path a saw is to follow, to prevent it from tearing the surface of the wood.

Draw´ing-room , n. [Abbrev. fr. withdraw-ing-room.] 1. A room appropriated for the reception of company; a room to which company withdraws from the dining room. 2. The company assembled in such a room; also a reception of company in it; as to hold a drawing- room. “He [Johnson] would amaze a drawing-room by suddenly ejaculating a clause of the Lord’s Prayer.” Macaulay. Drawing-room car. See Palace car, under Car.

Drawl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drawled p. pr. & vb. n. Drawling.] [Prob. fr. draw: cf. D. dralen to linger, tarry, Icel. dralla to loiter. See Draw, and cf. Draggle.] To utter in a slow, lengthened tone.

Drawl, v. i. To speak with slow and lingering utterance, from laziness, lack of spirit, affectation, etc. “Theologians and moralists … talk mostly in a drawling and dreaming way about it.” Landor.

Drawl, n. A lengthened, slow monotonous utterance.

Draw´latch , n. A housebreaker or thief. [Obs.] Old Play (1631).

Drawl´ing , n. The act of speaking with a drawl; a drawl. — Drawl´ing•ly, adv. Bacon.

Draw´link , n. Same as Drawbar (b).

Draw´loom , n. 1. A kind of loom used in weaving figured patterns; — called also drawboy. 2. A species of damask made on the drawloom.

Drawn , p. p. & a. See Draw, v. t. & i. Drawn butter, butter melter and prepared to be used as a sort of gravy. — Drawn fowl, an eviscerated fowl. — Drawn game or battle, one in which neither party wins; one equally contested. — Drawn fox, one driven from cover. Shak. — Drawn work, ornamental work made by drawing out threads from fine cloth, and uniting the cross threads, to form a pattern.

Draw´net , n. A net for catching the larger sorts of birds; also a dragnet. Crabb.

Draw´plate , n. A hardened steel plate having a hole, or a gradation of conical holes, through which wires are drawn to be reduced and elongated.

Draw´rod , n. (Railroad) A rod which unites the drawgear at opposite ends of the car, and bears the pull required to draw the train.

Draw´shave , n. See Drawing knife.

Draw´spring , n. (Railroad) The spring to which a drawbar is attached.

Dray , n. A squirrel’s nest. Cowper.

Dray, n. [AS. draege a dragnet, fr. dragan. . See Draw, and cf. 2d Drag, 1st Dredge.] 1. A strong low cart or carriage used for heavy burdens. Addison. 2. A kind of sledge or sled. Halliwell. Dray cart, a dray. — Dray horse, a heavy, strong horse used in drawing a dray.

Dray´age , n. 1. Use of a dray. 2. The charge, or sum paid, for the use of a dray.

Dray´man , n.; pl. Draymen . A man who attends a dray.

Draz´el , n. [Cf. Dross, Drossel.] A slut; a vagabond wench. Same as Drossel. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Dread , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dreaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dreading.] [AS. drdan, in comp.; akin to OS. dradan, OHG. tratan, both only in comp.] To fear in a great degree; to regard, or look forward to, with terrific apprehension. “When at length the moment dreaded through so many years came close, the dark cloud passed away from Johnson’s mind.” Macaulay.

Dread, v. i. To be in dread, or great fear. “Dread not, neither be afraid of them.” Deut. i. 29.

Dread, n. 1. Great fear in view of impending evil; fearful apprehension of danger; anticipatory terror. “The secret dread of divine displeasure.” Tillotson. “The dread of something after death.” Shak. 2. Reverential or respectful fear; awe. “The fear of you, and the dread of you, shall be upon every beast of the earth.” Gen. ix. 2. “His scepter shows the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty,
Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings.” Shak. 3. An object of terrified apprehension. 4. A person highly revered. [Obs.] ´Una, his dear dread.´ Spenser. 5. Fury; dreadfulness. [Obs.] Spenser. 6. Doubt; as out of dread. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Awe; fear; affright; terror; horror; dismay; apprehension. See Reverence.

Dread, a. 1. Exciting great fear or apprehension; causing terror; frightful; dreadful. “A dread eternity! how surely mine.” Young. 2. Inspiring with reverential fear; awful’ venerable; as dread sovereign; dread majesty; dread tribunal.

Dread´a•ble , a. Worthy of being dreaded.

Dread´-bolt•ed , a. Armed with dreaded bolts. ´Dread-bolted thunder.´ [Poetic] Shak.

Dread´er , n. One who fears, or lives in fear.

Dread´ful , a. 1. Full of dread or terror; fearful. [Obs.] ´With dreadful heart.´ Chaucer. 2. Inspiring dread; impressing great fear; fearful; terrible; as a dreadful storm. ´ Dreadful gloom.´ Milton. “For all things are less dreadful than they seem.” Wordsworth. 3. Inspiring awe or reverence; awful. [Obs.] ´God’s dreadful law.´ Shak. Syn. — Fearful; frightful; terrific; terrible; horrible; horrid; formidable; tremendous; awful; venerable. See Frightful.

Dread´ful•ly , adv. In a dreadful manner; terribly. Dryden.

Dread´ful•ness, n. The quality of being dreadful.

Dread´ing•ly, adv. With dread. Warner.

Dread´less, a. 1. Free from dread; fearless; intrepid; dauntless; as dreadless heart. ´The dreadless angel.´ Milton. 2. Exempt from danger which causes dread; secure. ´ safe in his dreadless den.´ Spenser.

Dread´less, adv. Without doubt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dread´less•ness, n. Freedom from dread.

Dread´ly, a. Dreadful. [Obs.] ´Dreadly spectacle.´ Spenser. — adv. With dread. [Obs.] ´Dreadly to shake.´ Sylvester (Du Bartas).

Dread´naught , n. 1. A fearless person. 2. Hence: A garment made of very thick cloth, that can defend against storm and cold; also the cloth itself; fearnaught.

Dream (drem), n. [Akin to OS. drom, D. droom, G. traum, Icel. draumr, Dan. & Sw. dröm; cf. G. trügen to deceive, Skr. druh to harm, hurt, try to hurt. AS. dreám joy, gladness, and OS. drom joy are, perh., different words; cf. Gr. qry^los noise.] 1. The thoughts, or series of thoughts, or imaginary transactions, which occupy the mind during sleep; a sleeping vision. “Dreams are but interludes which fancy makes.” Dryden. “I had a dream which was not all a dream.” Byron. 2. A visionary scheme; a wild conceit; an idle fancy; a vagary; a revery; — in this sense, applied to an imaginary or anticipated state of happiness; as a dream of bliss; the dream of his youth. “There sober thought pursued the amusing theme,
Till Fancy colored it and formed a dream.” Pope. “It is not them a mere dream, but a very real aim which they propose.” J. C. Shairp.

Dream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dreamed (dremd) or Dreamt (dremt); p. pr. & vb. n. Dreaming.] [Cf. AS. dreman, dryman, to rejoice. See Dream, n.] 1. To have ideas or images in the mind while in the state of sleep; to experience sleeping visions; — often with of; as to dream of a battle, or of an absent friend. 2. To let the mind run on in idle revery or vagary; to anticipate vaguely as a coming and happy reality; to have a visionary notion or idea; to imagine. “Here may we sit and dream
Over the heavenly theme”. Keble. “They dream on in a constant course of reading, but not digesting”. Locke.

Dream, v. t. To have a dream of; to see, or have a vision of, in sleep, or in idle fancy; — often followed by an objective clause. “Your old men shall dream dreams”. Acts ii. 17. “At length in sleep their bodies they compose,
And dreamt the future fight”. Dryden. “And still they dream that they shall still succeed”. Cowper. To dream away, out, through, etc., to pass in revery or inaction; to spend in idle vagaries; as to dream away an hour; to dream through life. ´ Why does Antony dream out his hours?´ Dryden.

Dream´er , n. 1. One who dreams. 2. A visionary; one lost in wild imaginations or vain schemes of some anticipated good; as a political dreamer.

Dream´ful , a. Full of dreams. ´ Dreamful ease.´ Tennyson. — Dream´ful•ly, adv.

Dream´i•ly , adv. As if in a dream; softly; slowly; languidly. Longfellow.

Dream´i•ness, n. The state of being dreamy.

Dream´ing•ly, adv. In a dreamy manner.

Dream´land , n. An unreal, delightful country such as in sometimes pictured in dreams; region of fancies; fairyland. “[He] builds a bridge from dreamland for his lay.” Lowell.

Dream´less, a. Free from, or without, dreams. Camden. — Dream´less•ly, adv.

Dream´y , a. [Compar. Dreamier superl. Dreamiest ] Abounding in dreams or given to dreaming; appropriate to, or like, dreams; visionary. ´The dreamy dells.´ Tennyson.

Drear (drer), a. [See Dreary.] Dismal; gloomy with solitude. ´A drear and dying sound.´ Milton.

Drear, n. Sadness; dismalness. [Obs.] Spenser. { Drear´i•head (-i•hed), Drear´i•hood (-i•hood), } n. Affliction; dreariness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drear´i•ly, adv. Gloomily; dismally.

Drear´i•ment , n. Dreariness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drear´i•ness, n. 1. Sorrow; wretchedness. [Obs.] 2. Dismalness; gloomy solitude.

Drear´ing, n. Sorrow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drear´i•some (-sum), a. Very dreary. Halliwell.

Drear´y (drer´y), a. [Compar. Drearier superl. Dreariest.] [OE. dreori, dreri, AS. dreórig, sad; akin to G. traurig, and prob. to AS. dreósan to fall, Goth. driusan. Cf. Dross, Drear, Drizzle, Drowse.] 1. Sorrowful; distressful. [Obs.] ´ Dreary shrieks.´ Spenser. 2. Exciting cheerless sensations, feelings, or associations; comfortless; dismal; gloomy. ´ Dreary shades.´ Dryden. ´The dreary ground.´ Prior. “Full many a dreary anxious hour.” Keble. “Johnson entered on his vocation in the most dreary part of that dreary interval which separated two ages of prosperity.” Macaulay.

Drec´che , v. t. [AS. dreccan, dreccean.] 1. To vex; to torment; to trouble. [Obs.] “As man that in his dream is drecched sore.” Chaucer.

Drec´che, v. i. To delay. [Obs.] Gower.

Dredge (drej), n. [F. drège, dreige, fish net, from a word akin to E. draw; cf. D. dreg, dregge, small anchor, dregnet dragnet. rad.73. See Draw.] 1. Any instrument used to gather or take by dragging; as: (a) A dragnet for taking up oysters, etc., from their beds. (b) A dredging machine. (c) An iron frame, with a fine net attached, used in collecting animals living at the bottom of the sea. 2. (Mining) Very fine mineral matter held in suspension in water. Raymond.

Dredge (drej), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dredged (drejd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dredging.] To catch or gather with a dredge; to deepen with a dredging machine. R. Carew. Dredging machine, a machine (commonly on a boat) used to scoop up mud, gravel, or obstructions from the bottom of rivers, docks, etc., so as to deepen them.

Dredge, n. [OE. dragge, F. dragee, dredge, also sugar plum; cf. Prov. dragea, It. treggea; corrupted fr. LL. tragemata, pl., sweetmeats, Gr. , fr. to gnaw.] A mixture of oats and barley. [Obs.] Kersey.

Dredge, v. t. To sift or sprinkle flour, etc., on, as on roasting meat. Beau. & Fl. Dredging box. (a) Same as 2d Dredger. (b) (Gun.) A copper box with a perforated lid; — used for sprinkling meal powder over shell fuses. Farrow.

Dredg´er , n. 1. One who fishes with a dredge. 2. A dredging machine.

Dredg´er, n. (Cookery) A box with holes in its lid; — used for sprinkling flour, as on meat or a breadboard; — called also dredging box, drudger, and drudging box.

Dree , v. t. [AS. dreógan to bear, endure, complete.] To endure; to suffer. [Scot.]

Dree, v. i. To be able to do or endure. [Obs.]

Dree, a. Wearisome; tedious. [Prov. Eng.]

Dreg , n. [Prob. from Icel. dregg; akin to Sw. drägg, cf. Icel. & Sw. draga to draw. Cf. Draw.] Corrupt or defiling matter contained in a liquid, or precipitated from it; refuse; feculence; lees; grounds; sediment; hence, the vilest and most worthless part of anything; as the dregs of society. “We, the dregs and rubbish of mankind.” Dryden. Used formerly (rarely) in the singular, as by Spenser and Shakespeare, but now chiefly in the plural.

Dreg´gi•ness , n. Fullness of dregs or lees; foulness; feculence.

Dreg´gish , a. Foul with lees; feculent. Harvey.

Dreg´gy , a. Containing dregs or lees; muddy; foul; feculent. Boyle.

Drein , v. i. To drain. [Obs.] Congreve.

Drein´te , imp., Dreint , p. p. of Drench to drown. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dreis´se•na , n. [NL. Named after Dreyssen, a Belgian physician.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve shells of which one species (D. polymorpha) is often so abundant as to be very troublesome in the fresh waters of Europe.

Drench , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drenched p. pr. & vb. n. Drenching.] [AS. drencan to give to drink, to drench, the causal of drincan to drink; akin to D. drenken, Sw. dränka, G. tränken. See Drink.] 1. To cause to drink; especially, to dose by force; to put a potion down the throat of, as of a horse; hence. to purge violently by physic. “As ´to fell,´ is ´to make to fall,´ and ´to lay,´ to make to lie.´ so ´to drench,´ is ´to make to drink.´” Trench. 2. To steep in moisture; to wet thoroughly; to soak; to saturate with water or other liquid; to immerse. “Now dam the ditches and the floods restrain;
Their moisture has already drenched the plain.” Dryden.

Drench, n. [AS. drenc. See Drench, v. t.] A drink; a draught; specifically, a potion of medicine poured or forced down the throat; also a potion that causes purging. ´A drench of wine.´ Dryden. “Give my roan horse a drench.” Shak.

Drench, n. [AS. dreng warrior, soldier, akin to Icel. drengr.] (O. Eng. Law) A military vassal mentioned in Domesday Book. [Obs.] Burrill.

Drench´e , v. t. & i. To drown. [Obs.] “In the sea he drenched.” Chaucer.

Drench´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, west or steeps. 2. One who administers a drench.

Dren´gage , n. (O. Eng. Law) The tenure by which a drench held land. [Obs.] Burrill.

Drent , p. p. [See Dreinte.] Drenched; drowned. [Obs.] ´Condemned to be drent.´ Spenser.

Dres´den ware A superior kind of decorated porcelain made near Dresden in Saxony.

Dress (dres), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dressed (drest) or Drest; p. pr. & vb. n. Dressing.] [OF. drecier to make straight, raise, set up, prepare, arrange, F. dresser, (assumed) LL. directiare, fr. L. dirigere, directum, to direct; dis- + regere to rule. See Right, and cf. Address, Adroit, Direct, Dirge.] 1. To direct; to put right or straight; to regulate; to order. [Obs.] “At all times thou shalt bless God and pray Him to dress thy ways.” Chaucer. Dress is used reflexively in Old English, in sense of ´to direct one’s step; to address one’s self.´ “To Grisild again will I me dresse.” Chaucer. 2. (Mil.) To arrange in exact continuity of line, as soldiers; commonly to adjust to a straight line and at proper distance; to align; as to dress the ranks. 3. (Med.) To treat methodically with remedies, bandages, or curative appliances, as a sore, an ulcer, a wound, or a wounded or diseased part. 4. To adjust; to put in good order; to arrange; specifically: (a) To prepare for use; to fit for any use; to render suitable for an intended purpose; to get ready; as to dress a slain animal; to dress meat; to dress leather or cloth; to dress or trim a lamp; to dress a garden; to dress a horse, by currying and rubbing; to dress grain, by cleansing it; in mining and metallurgy, to dress ores, by sorting and separating them. “And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it.” Gen. ii. 15. “When he dresseth the lamps he shall burn incense.” Ex. xxx. 7. “Three hundred horses … smoothly dressed.” Dryden. “Dressing their hair with the white sea flower.” Tennyson. “If he felt obliged to expostulate, he might have dressed his censures in a kinder form.” Carlyle. (b) To cut to proper dimensions, or give proper shape to, as to a tool by hammering; also to smooth or finish. (c) To put in proper condition by appareling, as the body; to put clothes upon; to apparel; to invest with garments or rich decorations; to clothe; to deck. “Dressed myself in such humility.” Shak. “Prove that ever Idress myself handsome till thy return.” Shak. (d) To break and train for use, as a horse or other animal. To dress up or out, to dress elaborately, artificially, or pompously. ´You see very often a king of England or France dressed up like a Julius Caesar.´ Addison. — To dress a ship (Naut.), to ornament her by hoisting the national colors at the peak and mastheads, and setting the jack forward; when dressed full, the signal flags and pennants are added. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Syn. — To attire; apparel; clothe; accouter; array; robe; rig; trim; deck; adorn; embellish.

Dress, v. i. 1. (Mil.) To arrange one’s self in due position in a line of soldiers; — the word of command to form alignment in ranks; as Right, dress! 2. To clothe or apparel one’s self; to put on one’s garments; to pay particular regard to dress; as to dress quickly. ´To dress for a ball.´ Latham. “To flaunt, to dress, to dance, to thrum.” Tennyson. To dress to the right, To dress to the left, To dress on the center (Mil.), to form alignment with reference to the soldier on the extreme right, or in the center, of the rank, who serves as a guide.

Dress, n. 1. That which is used as the covering or ornament of the body; clothes; garments; habit; apparel. ´In your soldier’s dress.´ Shak. 2. A lady’s gown; as silk or a velvet dress. 3. Attention to apparel, or skill in adjusting it. “Men of pleasure, dress, and gallantry.” Pope. 4. (Milling) The system of furrows on the face of a millstone. Knight. Dress circle. See under Circle. — Dress parade (Mil.), a parade in full uniform for review.

Dress´ coat A coat with skirts behind only, as distinct from the frock coat, of which the skirts surround the body. It is worn on occasions of ceremony. The dress coat of officers of the United States army is a full-skirted frock coat.

Dress´er , n. 1. One who dresses; one who put in order or makes ready for use; one who on clothes or ornaments. 2. (Mining) A kind of pick for shaping large coal. 3. An assistant in a hospital, whose office it is to dress wounds, sores, etc. 4. [F. dressoir. See Dress, v. t.] (a) A table or bench on which meat and other things are dressed, or prepared for use. (b) A cupboard or set of shelves to receive dishes and cooking utensils. “The pewter plates on the dresser
Caught and reflected the flame, as shields of armies the sunshine.” Longfellow.

Dress´ goods´ A term applied to fabrics for the gowns of women and girls; — most commonly to fabrics of mixed materials, but also applicable to silks, printed linens, and calicoes.

Dress´i•ness , n. The state of being dressy.

Dress´ing, n. 1. Dress; raiment; especially, ornamental habiliment or attire. B. Jonson. 2. (Surg.) An application (a remedy, bandage, etc.) to a sore or wound. Wiseman. 3. Manure or compost over land. When it remains on the surface, it is called a top-dressing. 4. (Cookery) (a) A preparation to fit food for use; a condiment; as a dressing for salad. (b) The stuffing of fowls, pigs, etc.; forcemeat. 5. Gum, starch, and the like, used in stiffening or finishing silk, linen, and other fabrics. 6. An ornamental finish, as a molding around doors, windows, or on a ceiling, etc. 7. Castigation; scolding; — often with down. [Colloq.] Dressing case, a case of toilet utensils. — Dressing forceps, a variety of forceps, shaped like a pair of scissors, used in dressing wounds. — Dressing gown, a light gown, such as is used by a person while dressing; a study gown. — Dressing room, an apartment appropriated for making one’s toilet. — Dressing table, a table at which a person may dress, and on which articles for the toilet stand. — Top-dressing, manure or compost spread over land and not worked into the soil.

Dress´mak•er , n. A maker of gowns, or similar garments; a mantuamaker.

Dress´mak•ing, n. The art, process, or occupation, of making dresses.

Dress´y , a. Showy in dress; attentive to dress. “A dressy flaunting maidservant.” T. Hook. “A neat, dressy gentleman in black.” W. Irving.

Drest , p. p. of Dress.

Dretch , v. t. & i. See Drecche. [Obs.]

Dreul , v. i. To drool. [Obs.]

Drev´il , n. A fool; a drudge. See Drivel.

Drew , imp. of Draw.

Drey , n. A squirrel’s nest. See Dray. [Obs.]

Dreye , a. Dry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dreyn´te , imp., Dreynt , p. p., of Drench to drown. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drib , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dribbed p. pr. & vb. n. Dribbing.] [Cf. Drip.] To do by little and little; as: (a) To cut off by a little at a time; to crop. (b) To appropriate unlawfully; to filch; to defalcate. “He who drives their bargain dribs a part.” Dryden. (c) To lead along step by step; to entice. “With daily lies she dribs thee into cost.” Dryden.

Drib , v. t. & i. (Archery) To shoot (a shaft) so as to pierce on the descent. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Drib, n. A drop. [Obs.] Swift.

Drib´ber , n. One who dribs; one who shoots weakly or badly. [Obs.] Ascham.

Drib´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dribbled p. pr. & vb. n. Dribbing ] [Freq. of drib, which is a variant of drip.] 1. To fall in drops or small drops, or in a quick succession of drops; as water dribbles from the eaves. 2. To slaver, as a child or an idiot; to drivel. 3. To fall weakly and slowly. [Obs.] ´The dribbling dart of love.´ Shak. (Meas. for Meas. , i. 3, 2). [Perhaps an error for dribbing.]

Drib´ble, v. t. To let fall in drops. “Let the cook … dribble it all the way upstairs.” Swift.

Drib´ble, n. A drizzling shower; a falling or leaking in drops. [Colloq.]

Drib´bler , n. One who dribbles. { Drib´blet , Drib´let } n. [From Dribble.] A small piece or part; a small sum; a small quantity of money in making up a sum; as the money was paid in dribblets. “When made up in dribblets, as they could, their best securities were at an interest of twelve per cent.” Burke.

Drie , v. t. [See Dree.] To endure. [Obs.] “So causeless such drede for to drie.” Chaucer.

Dried (drid), imp. & p. p. of Dry. Also adj.; as dried apples.

Dri´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, dries; that which may expel or absorb moisture; a desiccative; as the sun and a northwesterly wind are great driers of the earth. 2. (Paint.) Drying oil; a substance mingled with the oil used in oil painting to make it dry quickly.

Dri´er, compar., Dri´est, superl., of Dry, a.

Drift , n. [From drive; akin to LG. & D. drift a driving, Icel. drift snowdrift, Dan. drift, impulse, drove, herd, pasture, common, G. trift pasturage, drove. See Drive.] 1. A driving; a violent movement. “The dragon drew him [self] away with drift of his wings.” King Alisaunder (1332). 2. The act or motion of drifting; the force which impels or drives; an overpowering influence or impulse. “A bad man, being under the drift of any passion, will follow the impulse of it till something interpose.” South. 3. Course or direction along which anything is driven; setting. ´Our drift was south.´ Hakluyt. 4. The tendency of an act, argument, course of conduct, or the like; object aimed at or intended; intention; hence, also import or meaning of a sentence or discourse; aim. “He has made the drift of the whole poem a compliment on his country in general.” Addison. “Now thou knowest my drift.” Sir W. Scott. 5. That which is driven, forced, or urged along; as: (a) Anything driven at random. ´Some log … a useless drift.´ Dryden. (b) A mass of matter which has been driven or forced onward together in a body, or thrown together in a heap, etc., esp. by wind or water; as a drift of snow, of ice, of sand, and the like. “Drifts of rising dust involve the sky.” Pope. “We got the brig a good bed in the rushing drift [of ice].” Kane. (c) A drove or flock, as of cattle, sheep, birds. [Obs.] “Cattle coming over the bridge (with their great drift doing much damage to the high ways).” Fuller. 6. (Arch.) The horizontal thrust or pressure of an arch or vault upon the abutments. [R.] Knight. 7. (Geol.) A collection of loose earth and rocks, or boulders, which have been distributed over large portions of the earth’s surface, especially in latitudes north of forty degrees, by the agency of ice. 8. In South Africa, a ford in a river. 9. (Mech.) A slightly tapered tool of steel for enlarging or shaping a hole in metal, by being forced or driven into or through it; a broach. 10. (Mil.) (a) A tool used in driving down compactly the composition contained in a rocket, or like firework. (b) A deviation from the line of fire, peculiar to oblong projectiles. 11. (Mining) A passage driven or cut between shaft and shaft; a driftway; a small subterranean gallery; an adit or tunnel. 12. (Naut.) (a) The distance through which a current flows in a given time. (b) The angle which the line of a ship’s motion makes with the meridian, in drifting. (c) The distance to which a vessel is carried off from her desired course by the wind, currents, or other causes. (d) The place in a deep-waisted vessel where the sheer is raised and the rail is cut off, and usually terminated with a scroll, or driftpiece. (e) The distance between the two blocks of a tackle. 13. The difference between the size of a bolt and the hole into which it is driven, or between the circumference of a hoop and that of the mast on which it is to be driven. Drift is used also either adjectively or as the first part of a compound. See Drift, a. Drift of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an examination or view of the cattle in a forest, in order to see whose they are, whether they are commonable, and to determine whether or not the forest is surcharged. Burrill.

Drift, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Drifting.] 1. To float or be driven along by, or as by, a current of water or air; as the ship drifted astern; a raft drifted ashore; the balloon drifts slowly east. “We drifted o’er the harbor bar.” Coleridge. 2. To accumulate in heaps by the force of wind; to be driven into heaps; as snow or sand drifts. 3. (mining) to make a drift; to examine a vein or ledge for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of metals or ores; to follow a vein; to prospect. [U.S.]

Drift , v. t. 1. To drive or carry, as currents do a floating body. J. H. Newman. 2. To drive into heaps; as a current of wind drifts snow or sand. 3. (Mach.) To enlarge or shape, as a hole, with a drift.

Drift, a. That causes drifting or that is drifted; movable by wind or currents; as drift currents; drift ice; drift mud. Kane. Drift anchor. See Sea anchor, and also Drag sail, under Drag, n. - - Drift epoch (Geol.), the glacial epoch. — Drift net, a kind of fishing net. — Drift sail. Same as Drag sail. See under Drag, n.

Drift´age , n. 1. Deviation from a ship’s course due to leeway. 2. Anything that drifts.

Drift´bolt , n. A bolt for driving out other bolts.

Drift´less, a. Having no drift or direction; without aim; purposeless.

Drift´piece´ , n. (Shipbuilding) An upright or curved piece of timber connecting the plank sheer with the gunwale; also a scroll terminating a rail.

Drift´pin , n. (Mech.) A smooth drift. See Drift, n., 9.

Drift´way , n. 1. A common way, road, or path, for driving cattle. Cowell. Burrill. 2. (Mining) Same as Drift, 11.

Drift´weed , n. Seaweed drifted to the shore by the wind. Darwin.

Drift´wind , n. A driving wind; a wind that drives snow, sand, etc., into heaps. Beau. & Fl.

Drift´wood , n. 1. Wood drifted or floated by water. 2. Fig.: Whatever is drifting or floating as on water. “The current of humanity, with its heavy proportion of very useless driftwood.” New Your Times.

Drift´y , a. Full of drifts; tending to form drifts, as snow, and the like.

Drill , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drilled p. pr. & vb. n. Drilling.] [D. drillen to bore, drill (soldiers); probably akin to AS. pyrlian, pyrelian, to pierce. See Thrill.] 1. To pierce or bore with a drill, or a with a drill; to perforate; as to drill a hole into a rock; to drill a piece of metal. 2. To train in the military art; to exercise diligently, as soldiers, in military evolutions and exercises; hence, to instruct thoroughly in the rudiments of any art or branch of knowledge; to discipline. “He [Frederic the Great] drilled his people, as he drilled his grenadiers.” Macaulay.

Drill, v. i. To practice an exercise or exercises; to train one’s self.

Drill, n. 1. An instrument with an edged or pointed end used for making holes in hard substances; strictly, a tool that cuts with its end, by revolving, as in drilling metals, or by a succession of blows, as in drilling stone; also a drill press. 2. (Mil.) The act or exercise of training soldiers in the military art, as in the manual of arms, in the execution of evolutions, and the like; hence, diligent and strict instruction and exercise in the rudiments and methods of any business; a kind or method of military exercises; as infantry drill; battalion drill; artillery drill. 3. Any exercise, physical or mental, enforced with regularity and by constant repetition; as a severe drill in Latin grammar. 4. (Zoöl.) A marine gastropod, of several species, which kills oysters and other bivalves by drilling holes through the shell. The most destructive kind is Urosalpinx cinerea. Bow drill, Breast drill. See under Bow, Breast. — Cotter drill, or Traverse drill, a machine tool for drilling slots. — Diamond drill. See under Diamond. — Drill jig. See under Jig. — Drill pin, the pin in a lock which enters the hollow stem of the key. - - Drill sergeant (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer whose office it is to instruct soldiers as to their duties, and to train them to military exercises and evolutions. — Vertical drill, a drill press.

Drill, v. t. [Cf. Trill to trickle, Trickle, Dribble, and W. rhillio to put in a row, drill.] 1. To cause to flow in drills or rills or by trickling; to drain by trickling; as waters drilled through a sandy stratum. [R.] Thomson. 2. To sow, as seeds, by dribbling them along a furrow or in a row, like a trickling rill of water. 3. To entice; to allure from step; to decoy; — with on. [Obs.] “See drilled him on to five-fifty.” Addison. 4. To cause to slip or waste away by degrees. [Obs.] “ This accident hath drilled away the whole summer.” Swift.

Drill, v. i. 1. To trickle. [Obs. or R.] Sandys. 2. To sow in drills.

Drill, n. 1. A small trickling stream; a rill. [Obs.] “Springs through the pleasant meadows pour their drills.” Sandys. 2. (Agr.) (a) An implement for making holes for sowing seed, and sometimes so formed as to contain seeds and drop them into the hole made. (b) A light furrow or channel made to put seed into sowing. (c) A row of seed sown in a furrow. Drill is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as drill barrow or drill-barrow; drill husbandry; drill plow or drill-plow. Drill barrow, a wheeled implement for planting seed in drills. — Drill bow, a small bow used for the purpose of rapidly turning a drill around which the bowstring takes a turn. — Drill harrow, a harrow used for stirring the ground between rows, or drills. — Drill plow, or Drill plough, a sort plow for sowing grain in drills.

Drill , n. [Cf. Mandrill.] (Zoöl.) A large African baboon (Cynocephalus leucophaeus).

Drill, n. [Usually in pl.] (Manuf.) Same as Drilling. Imperial drill, a linen fabric having two threads in the warp and three in the filling.

Drill´er , n. One who, or that which, drills.

Drill´ing, n. 1. The act of piercing with a drill. 2. A training by repeated exercises.

Drill´ing, n. The act of using a drill in sowing seeds.

Drill´ing, n. [G. drillich, fr. L. trilix having three threads, fr. the of tres three + licium a thread of the warm. See Three, and cf. Twill.] (Manuf.) A heavy, twilled fabric of linen or cotton.

Drill´mas•ter , n. One who teaches drill, especially in the way of gymnastics. Macaulay.

Drill´ press . A machine for drilling holes in metal, the drill being pressed to the metal by the action of a screw.

Drill´stock , n. (Mech.) A contrivance for holding and turning a drill. Knight.

Dri´ly , adv. See Dryly. Thackeray.

Dri´mys (dri´mis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. drimy•s sharp, acrid.] (Bot.) A genus of magnoliaceous trees. Drimys aromatica furnishes Winter’s bark.

Drink (drink), v. i. [imp. Drank (drank), formerly Drunk (drunk); & p. p. Drunk, Drunken (-’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Drinking. Drunken is now rarely used, except as a verbal adj. in sense of habitually intoxicated; the form drank, not infrequently used as a p. p., is not so analogical.] [AS. drincan; akin to OS. drinkan, D. drinken, G. trinken, Icel. drekka, Sw. dricka, Dan. drikke, Goth. drigkan. Cf. Drench, Drunken, Drown.] 1. To swallow anything liquid, for quenching thirst or other purpose; to imbibe; to receive or partake of, as if in satisfaction of thirst; as to drink from a spring. “Gird thyself, and serve me, till have eaten and drunken; and afterward thou shalt eat and drink.” Luke xvii. 8. “He shall drink of the wrath the Almighty.” Job xxi. 20. “Drink of the cup that can not cloy.” Keble. 2. To quaff exhilarating or intoxicating liquors, in merriment or feasting; to carouse; to revel; hence, to lake alcoholic liquors to excess; to be intemperate in the se of intoxicating or spirituous liquors; to tipple. Pope. “And they drank, and were merry with him.” Gem. xliii. 34. “Bolingbroke always spoke freely when he had drunk freely.” Thackeray. To drink to, to salute in drinking; to wish well to, in the act of taking the cup; to pledge in drinking. “I drink to the general joy of the whole table,
And to our dear friend Banquo.” Shak.

Drink, v. t. 1. To swallow (a liquid); to receive, as a fluid, into the stomach; to imbibe; as to drink milk or water. “There lies she with the blessed gods in bliss,
There drinks the nectar with ambrosia mixed.” Spenser. “The bowl of punch which was brewed and drunk in Mrs. Betty’s room.” Thackeray. 2. To take in (a liquid), in any manner; to suck up; to absorb; to imbibe. “And let the purple violets drink the stream.” Dryden. 3. To take in; to receive within one, through the senses; to inhale; to hear; to see. “To drink the cooler air,” Tennyson. “My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words
Of that tongue’s utterance.” Shak. “Let me … drink delicious poison from thy eye.” Pope. 4. To smoke, as tobacco. [Obs.] “And some men now live ninety years and past,
Who never drank to tobacco first nor last.” Taylor (1630.) To drink down, to act on by drinking; to reduce or subdue; as to drink down unkindness. Shak. — To drink in, to take into one’s self by drinking, or as by drinking; to receive and appropriate as in satisfaction of thirst. ´Song was the form of literature which he [Burns] had drunk in from his cradle.´ J. C. Shairp. — To drink off or up, to drink the whole at a draught; as to drink off a cup of cordial. — To drink the health of, or To drink to the health of, to drink while expressing good wishes for the health or welfare of.

Drink, n. 1. Liquid to be swallowed; any fluid to be taken into the stomach for quenching thirst or for other purposes, as water, coffee, or decoctions. “Give me some drink, Titinius.” Shak. 2. Specifically, intoxicating liquor; as when drink is on, wit is out. Drink money, or Drink penny, an allowance, or perquisite, given to buy drink; a gratuity. — Drink offering (Script.), an offering of wine, etc., in the Jewish religious service. — In drink, drunk. ´The poor monster’s in drink.´ Shak. — Strong drink, intoxicating liquor; esp., liquor containing a large proportion of alcohol. ´ Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging.´ Prov. xx. 1.

Drink´a•ble , a. Capable of being drunk; suitable for drink; potable. Macaulay. Also used substantively, esp. in the plural. Steele.

Drink´a•ble•ness, n. State of being drinkable.

Drink´er , n. One who drinks; as the effects of tea on the drinker; also one who drinks spirituous liquors to excess; a drunkard. Drinker moth (Zoöl.), a large British moth (Odonestis potatoria).

Drink´ing, n. 1. The act of one who drinks; the act of imbibing. 2. The practice of partaking to excess of intoxicating liquors. 3. An entertainment with liquors; a carousal. Drinking is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as a drinking song, drinking cup, drinking glass, drinking house, etc. Drinking horn, a drinking vessel made of a horn.

Drink´less, a. Destitute of drink. Chaucer.

Drip , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dripped or Dript; p. pr. & vb. n. Dripping.] [Akin to LG. drippen, Dan. dryppe, from a noun. See Drop.] 1. To fall in drops; as water drips from the eaves. 2. To let fall drops of moisture or liquid; as a wet garment drips. “The dark round of the dripping wheel.” Tennyson.

Drip, v. t. To let fall in drops. “Which from the thatch drips fast a shower of rain.” Swift.

Drip, n. 1. A falling or letting fall in drops; a dripping; that which drips, or falls in drops. “The light drip of the suspended oar.” Byron. 2. (Arch.) That part of a cornice, sill course, or other horizontal member, which projects beyond the rest, and is of such section as to throw off the rain water. Right of drip (Law), an easement or servitude by which a man has the right to have the water flowing from his house fall on the land of his neighbor.

Drip´ping, n. 1. A falling in drops, or the sound so made. 2. That which falls in drops, as fat from meat in roasting. Dripping pan, a pan for receiving the fat which drips from meat in roasting.

Drip´ple , a. [From Drip, cf. Dribble.] Weak or rare. [Obs.]

Drip´stone , n. (Arch.) A drip, when made of stone. See Drip, 2.

Drive (driv), v. t. [imp. Drove (drov), formerly Drave (drav); p. p. Driven (driv’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Driving.] [AS. drifan; akin to OS. driban, D. drijven, OHG. triban, G. treiben, Icel. drifa, Goth. dreiban. Cf. Drift, Drove.] 1. To impel or urge onward by force in a direction away from one, or along before one; to push forward; to compel to move on; to communicate motion to; as to drive cattle; to drive a nail; smoke drives persons from a room. “A storm came on and drove them into Pylos.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “Shield pressed on shield, and man drove man along.” Pope. “Go drive the deer and drag the finny prey.” Pope. 2. To urge on and direct the motions of, as the beasts which draw a vehicle, or the vehicle borne by them; hence, also to take in a carriage; to convey in a vehicle drawn by beasts; as to drive a pair of horses or a stage; to drive a person to his own door. “How … proud he was to drive such a brother!” Thackeray. 3. To urge, impel, or hurry forward; to force; to constrain; to urge, press, or bring to a point or state; as to drive a person by necessity, by persuasion, by force of circumstances, by argument, and the like. ´ Enough to drive one mad.´ Tennyson. “He, driven to dismount, threatened, if I did not do the like, to do as much for my horse as fortune had done for his.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. To carry or; to keep in motion; to conduct; to prosecute. [Now used only colloquially.] Bacon. “The trade of life can not be driven without partners.” Collier. 5. To clear, by forcing away what is contained. “To drive the country, force the swains away.” Dryden. 6. (Mining) To dig Horizontally; to cut a horizontal gallery or tunnel. Tomlinson. 7. To pass away; — said of time. [Obs.] Chaucer. Drive, in all its senses, implies forcible or violent action. It is the reverse of to lead. To drive a body is to move it by applying a force behind; to lead is to cause to move by applying the force before, or in front. It takes a variety of meanings, according to the objects by which it is followed; as to drive an engine, to direct and regulate its motions; to drive logs, to keep them in the current of a river and direct them in their course; to drive feathers or down, to place them in a machine, which, by a current of air, drives off the lightest to one end, and collects them by themselves. ´My thrice-driven bed of down.´ Shak.

Drive, v. i. 1. To rush and press with violence; to move furiously. “Fierce Boreas drove against his flying sails.” Dryden. “Under cover of the night and a driving tempest.” Prescott. “Time driveth onward fast,
And in a little while our lips are dumb.” Tennyson. 2. To be forced along; to be impelled; to be moved by any physical force or agent; to be driven. “The hull drives on, though mast and sail be torn.” Byron. “The chaise drives to Mr. Draper’s chambers.” Thackeray. 3. To go by carriage; to pass in a carriage; to proceed by directing or urging on a vehicle or the animals that draw it; as the coachman drove to my door. 4. To press forward; to aim, or tend, to a point; to make an effort; to strive; — usually with at. “Let them therefore declare what carnal or secular interest he drove at.” South. 5. To distrain for rent. [Obs.] To let drive, to aim a blow; to strike with force; to attack. ´Four rogues in buckram let drive at me.´ Shak.

Drive (driv), p. p. Driven. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drive (driv), n. 1. The act of driving; a trip or an excursion in a carriage, as for exercise or pleasure; — distinguished from a ride taken on horseback. 2. A place suitable or agreeable for driving; a road prepared for driving. 3. Violent or rapid motion; a rushing onward or away; esp., a forced or hurried dispatch of business. “The Murdstonian drive in business.” M. Arnold. 4. In type founding and forging, an impression or matrix, formed by a punch drift. 5. A collection of objects that are driven; a mass of logs to be floated down a river. [Colloq.] Syn. — See Ride.

Drive´bolt , n. A drift; a tool for setting bolts home.

Driv´el , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Driveled or Drivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Driveling or Drivelling.] [Cf. OE. dravelen, drabelen, drevelen, drivelen, to slaver, and E. drabble. Cf. Drool.] 1. To slaver; to let spittle drop or flow from the mouth, like a child, idiot, or dotard. 2. [Perh. a different word: cf. Icel. drafa to talk thick.] To be weak or foolish; to dote; as a driveling hero; driveling love. Shak. Dryden.

Driv´el, n. 1. Slaver; saliva flowing from the mouth. 2. Inarticulate or unmeaning utterance; foolish talk; babble. 3. A driveler; a fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 4. A servant; a drudge. [Obs.] Huloet.

Driv´el•er , n. A slaverer; a slabberer; an idiot; a fool. [Written also driveller.]

Driv´en , p. p. of Drive. Also adj. Driven well, a well made by driving a tube into the earth to an aqueous stratum; — called also drive well.

Drive´pipe , n. A pipe for forcing into the earth.

Driv´er , n. [From Drive.] 1. One who, or that which, drives; the person or thing that urges or compels anything else to move onward. 2. The person who drives beasts or a carriage; a coachman; a charioteer, etc.; hence, also one who controls the movements of a locomotive. 3. An overseer of a gang of slaves or gang of convicts at their work. 4. (Mach.) A part that transmits motion to another part by contact with it, or through an intermediate relatively movable part, as a gear which drives another, or a lever which moves another through a link, etc. Specifically: (a) The driving wheel of a locomotive. (b) An attachment to a lathe, spindle, or face plate to turn a carrier. (c) A crossbar on a grinding mill spindle to drive the upper stone. 5. (Naut.) The after sail in a ship or bark, being a fore-and-aft sail attached to a gaff; a spanker. Totten. Driver ant (Zoöl.), a species of African stinging ant; one of the visiting ants (Anomma arcens); — so called because they move about in vast armies, and drive away or devour all insects and other small animals.

Drive´way , n. A passage or way along or through which a carriage may be driven.

Driv´ing, a. 1. Having great force of impulse; as a driving wind or storm. 2. Communicating force; impelling; as a driving shaft. Driving axle, the axle of a driving wheel, as in a locomotive. — Driving box (Locomotive), the journal box of a driving axle. See Illust. of Locomotive. — Driving note (Mus.), a syncopated note; a tone begun on a weak part of a measure and held through the next accented part, thus anticipating the accent and driving it through. — Driving spring, a spring fixed upon the box of the driving axle of a locomotive engine to support the weight and deaden shocks. [Eng.] Weale. — Driving wheel (Mach.), a wheel that communicates motion; one of the large wheels of a locomotive to which the connecting rods of the engine are attached; — called also simply, driver. See Illust. of Locomotive.

Driv´ing, n. 1. The act of forcing or urging something along; the act of pressing or moving on furiously. 2. Tendency; drift. [R.]

Driz´zle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drizzled p. pr. & vb. n. Drizzling ] [Prop. freq. of AS. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] To rain slightly in very small drops; to fall, as water from the clouds, slowly and in fine particles; as it drizzles; drizzling drops or rain. ´Drizzling tears.´ Spenser.

Driz´zle, v. t. To shed slowly in minute drops or particles. ´The air doth drizzle dew.´ Shak.

Driz´zle, n. Fine rain or mist. Halliwell.

Driz´zly , a. Characterized by small rain, or snow; moist and disagreeable. ´Winter’s drizzly reign.´ Dryden.

Drock , n. A water course. [Prov. Eng.] { Drof´land , Dryf´land }, n. [See Drove.] (Law) An ancient yearly payment made by some tenants to the king, or to their landlords, for the privilege of driving their cattle through a manor to fairs or markets. Cowell.

Dro´gher , n. [Cf. Drag.] A small craft used in the West India Islands to take off sugars, rum, etc., to the merchantmen; also a vessel for transporting lumber, cotton, etc., coastwise; as a lumber drogher. [Written also droger.] Ham. Nar. Encyc. { Drog´man , Drog´o•man }, n. See Dragoman.

Drogue , n. (Naut.) See Drag, n., 6, and Drag sail, under Drag, n.

Droh , imp. of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Droil , v. i. [D. druilen to mope.] To work sluggishly or slowly; to plod. [Obs.]

Droil, n. [D. druil sluggard. Cf. Droll.] 1. A drudge. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. Mean labor; toil.[Obs.]

Droit , n. [F. See Direct.] A right; law in its aspect of the foundation of rights; also in old law, the writ of right. Abbott. Droit d’aubaine. See under Aubaine. — Droits of the Admiralty (Eng. Law), rights or perquisites of the Admiralty, arising from seizure of an enemy’s ships in port on the breaking out of war, or those coming into port in ignorance of hostilities existing, or from such ships as are taken by noncommissioned captors; also the proceeds of wrecks, and derelict property at sea. The droits of admiralty are now paid into the Exchequer for the public benefit.

Droi´tu•ral , a. (O. Eng. Law) relating to the mere right of property, as distinguished from the right of possession; as droitural actions. [Obs.] Burrill.

Droitzsch´ka , n. See Drosky.

Droll , a. [Compar. Droller superl. Drollest ] [F. drôle; cf. G. & D. drollig, LG. drullig, D. drol a thick and short person, a droll, Sw. troll a magical appearance, demon, trolla to use magic arts, enchant, Dan. trold elf, imp, Icel. tröll giant, magician, evil spirit, monster. If this is the origin, cf. Trull.] Queer, and fitted to provoke laughter; ludicrous from oddity; amusing and strange. Syn. — Comic; comical; farcical; diverting; humorous; ridiculous; queer; odd; waggish; facetious; merry; laughable; ludicrous. — Droll, Laughable, Comical. Laughable is the generic term, denoting anything exciting laughter or worthy of laughter; comical denotes something of the kind exhibited in comedies, something humorous of the kind exhibited in comedies, something, as it were, dramatically humorous; droll stands lower on the scale, having reference to persons or things which excite laughter by their buffoonery or oddity. A laughable incident; a comical adventure; a droll story.

Droll, n. 1. One whose practice it is to raise mirth by odd tricks; a jester; a buffoon; a merry-andrew. Prior. 2. Something exhibited to raise mirth or sport, as a puppet, a farce, and the like.

Droll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drolled p. pr. & vb. n. Drolling.] To jest; to play the buffoon. [R.]

Droll, v. t. 1. To lead or influence by jest or trick; to banter or jest; to cajole. “Men that will not be reasoned into their senses, may yet be laughed or drolled into them.” L’Estrange. 2. To make a jest of; to set in a comical light. [R.] “This drolling everything is rather fatiguing.” W. D. Howells.

Droll´er, n. A jester; a droll. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Droll´er•y , n.; pl. Drolleries (#). [F. drôlerie. See Droll.] 1. The quality of being droll; sportive tricks; buffoonery; droll stories; comical gestures or manners. “The rich drollery of ´She Stoops to Conquer.´” Macaulay. 2. Something which serves to raise mirth; as: (a) A puppet show; also a puppet. [Obs.] Shak. (b) A lively or comic picture. [Obs.] “I bought an excellent drollery, which I afterward parted with to my brother George of Wotton.” Evelyn.

Droll´ing•ly, adv. In a jesting manner.

Droll´ish, a. Somewhat droll. Sterne.

Droll´ist, n. A droll. [R.] Glanvill.

Dro•mae•og´na•thous , a. [NL. dromaius emu + Gr. jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the structure of the palate like that of the ostrich and emu.

Drom•a•the´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. droma•s running + qhri•on beast. See Dromedary.] (Paleon.) A small extinct triassic mammal from North Carolina, the earliest yet found in America.

Drome (drom), n. [F., fr. Gr. droma•s running. See Dromedary.] (Zoöl.) The crab plover (Dromas ardeola), a peculiar North African bird, allied to the oyster catcher.

Drom´e•da•ry (drum´e•da•ry), n.; pl. Dromedaries (#). [F. dromadaire, LL. dromedarius, fr. L. dromas (sc. camelus), fr. Gr. droma•s running, from dramei•n, used as aor. of tre•chein to run; cf. Skr. dram to run.] (Zoöl.) The Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), having one hump or protuberance on the back, in distinction from the Bactrian camel, which has two humps. In Arabia and Egypt the name is restricted to the better breeds of this species of camel. See Deloul. { Drom´ond , or Drom´on }. [OF. dromont, L. dromo, fr. Gr. dro•mwn light vessel, prob. fr. dramei^n to run. See Dromedary.] In the Middle Ages, a large, fast-sailing galley, or cutter; a large, swift war vessel. [Hist. or Archaic] Fuller. “The great dromond swinging from the quay.” W. Morris.

Drone , n. [OE. drane a dronebee, AS. dran; akin to OS. dran, OHG. treno, G. drohne, Dan. drone, cf. Gr. a kind of wasp, dial. Gr. drone. Prob. named fr. the droning sound. See Drone, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) The male of bees, esp. of the honeybee. It gathers no honey. See Honeybee. “All with united force combine to drive
The lazy drones from the laborious hive.” Dryden. 2. One who lives on the labors of others; a lazy, idle fellow; a sluggard. “By living as a drone,to be an unprofitable and unworthy member of so noble and learned a society.” Burton. 3. That which gives out a grave or monotonous tone or dull sound; as: (a) A drum. [Obs.] Halliwell. (b) The part of the bagpipe containing the two lowest tubes, which always sound the key note and the fifth. 4. A humming or deep murmuring sound. “The monotonous drone of the wheel.” Longfellow. 5. (Mus.) A monotonous bass, as in a pastoral composition.

Drone , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Droned p. pr. & vb. n. Droning.] [Cf. (for sense 1) D. dreunen, G. dröhnen, Icel. drynja to roar, drynr a roaring, Sw. dröna to bellow, drone, Dan. dröne, Goth. drunjus sound, Gr. dirge, to cry aloud, Skr. dhran to sound. Cf. Drone, n.] 1. To utter or make a low, dull, monotonous, humming or murmuring sound. “Where the beetle wheels his droning flight.” T. Gray. 2. To love in idleness; to do nothing. ´Race of droning kings.´ Dryden.

Drone´ bee (Zoöl.) The male of the honeybee; a drone.

Drone´ fly (Zoöl.) A dipterous insect (Eristalis tenax), resembling the drone bee. See Eristalis.

Drone´pipe, n. One of the low- toned tubes of a bagpipe.

Dron´go , n.; pl. Drongos . (Zoöl.) A passerine bird of the family Dicruridae. They are usually black with a deeply forked tail. They are natives of Asia, Africa, and Australia; — called also drongo shrikes.

Dron´ish , a. Like a drone; indolent; slow. Burke. — Dron´ish•ly, adv. — Dron´ish•ness, n.

Dron´ke•lewe , a. [See Drink.] Given to drink; drunken. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dron´te , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The dodo.

Dron´y , a. Like a drone; sluggish; lazy.

Drool , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drooled p. pr. & vb. n. Drooling.] [Contr. fr. drivel.] To drivel, or drop saliva; as the child drools. “His mouth drooling with texts.” T. Parker.

Droop , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drooped p. pr. & vb. n. Drooping.] [Icel. drpa; akin to E. drop. See Drop.] 1. To hang bending downward; to sink or hang down, as an animal, plant, etc., from physical inability or exhaustion, want of nourishment, or the like. ´The purple flowers droop.´ ´Above her drooped a lamp.´ Tennyson. “I saw him ten days before he died, and observed he began very much to droop and languish.” Swift. 2. To grow weak or faint with disappointment, grief, or like causes; to be dispirited or depressed; to languish; as her spirits drooped. “I’ll animate the soldier’s drooping courage.” Addison. 3. To proceed downward, or toward a close; to decline. ´Then day drooped.´ Tennyson.

Droop, v. t. To let droop or sink. [R.] M. Arnold. “Like to a withered vine
That droops his sapless branches to the ground.” Shak.

Droop, n. A drooping; as a droop of the eye.

Droop´er , n. One who, or that which, droops.

Droop´ing•ly, adv. In a drooping manner.

Drop , n. [OE. drope, AS. dropa; akin to OS. dropo, D. drop, OHG. tropo, G. tropfen, Icel. dropi, Sw. droppe; and Fr. AS. dreópan to drip, drop; akin to OS. driopan, D. druipen, OHG. triofan, G. triefen, Icel. drjpa. Cf. Drip, Droop.] 1. The quantity of fluid which falls in one small spherical mass; a liquid globule; a minim; hence, also the smallest easily measured portion of a fluid; a small quantity; as a drop of water. “With minute drops from off the eaves.” Milton. “As dear to me as are the ruddy drops
That visit my sad heart.” Shak. “That drop of peace divine.” Keble. 2. That which resembles, or that which hangs like, a liquid drop; as a hanging diamond ornament, an earring, a glass pendant on a chandelier, a sugarplum (sometimes medicated), or a kind of shot or slug. 3. (Arch.) (a) Same as Gutta. (b) Any small pendent ornament. 4. Whatever is arranged to drop, hang, or fall from an elevated position; also a contrivance for lowering something; as: (a) A door or platform opening downward; a trap door; that part of the gallows on which a culprit stands when he is to be hanged; hence, the gallows itself. (b) A machine for lowering heavy weights, as packages, coal wagons, etc., to a ship’s deck. (c) A contrivance for temporarily lowering a gas jet. (d) A curtain which drops or falls in front of the stage of a theater, etc. (e) A drop press or drop hammer. (f) (Mach.) The distance of the axis of a shaft below the base of a hanger. 5. pl. Any medicine the dose of which is measured by drops; as lavender drops. 6. (Naut.) The depth of a square sail; — generally applied to the courses only. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 7. Act of dropping; sudden fall or descent. Ague drop, Black drop. See under Ague, Black. — Drop by drop, in small successive quantities; in repeated portions. ´Made to taste drop by drop more than the bitterness of death.´ Burke. — Drop curtain. See Drop, n., 4. (d). — Drop forging. (Mech.) (a) A forging made in dies by a drop hammer. (b) The process of making drop forgings. — Drop hammer (Mech.), a hammer for forging, striking up metal, etc., the weight being raised by a strap or similar device, and then released to drop on the metal resting on an anvil or die. — Drop kick (Football), a kick given to the ball as it rebounds after having been dropped from the hands. — Drop lake, a pigment obtained from Brazil wood. Mollett. — Drop letter, a letter to be delivered from the same office where posted. — Drop press (Mech.), a drop hammer; sometimes, a dead- stroke hammer; — also called drop. — Drop scene, a drop curtain on which a scene is painted. See Drop, n., 4. (d). — Drop seed. (Bot.) See the List under Glass. — Drop serene. (Med.) See Amaurosis.

Drop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dropped or Dropt; p. pr. & vb. n. Dropping.] [OE. droppen, AS. dropan, v. i. See Drop, n.] 1. To pour or let fall in drops; to pour in small globules; to distill. ´The trees drop balsam.´ Creech. “The recording angel, as he wrote it down, dropped a tear upon the word and blotted it out forever.” Sterne. 2. To cause to fall in one portion, or by one motion, like a drop; to let fall; as to drop a line in fishing; to drop a courtesy. 3. To let go; to dismiss; to set aside; to have done with; to discontinue; to forsake; to give up; to omit. “They suddenly drop’t the pursuit.” S. Sharp. “That astonishing ease with which fine ladies drop you and pick you up again.” Thackeray. “The connection had been dropped many years.” Sir W. Scott. “Dropping the too rough H in Hell and Heaven.” Tennyson. 4. To bestow or communicate by a suggestion; to let fall in an indirect, cautious, or gentle manner; as to drop hint, a word of counsel, etc. 5. To lower, as a curtain, or the muzzle of a gun, etc. 6. To send, as a letter; as please drop me a line, a letter, word. 7. To give birth to; as to drop a lamb. 8. To cover with drops; to variegate; to bedrop. “Show to the sun their waved coats dropped with gold.” Milton. To drop a vessel (Naut.), to leave it astern in a race or a chase; to outsail it.

Drop, v. i. 1. To fall in drops. “The kindly dew drops from the higher tree,
And wets the little plants that lowly dwell.” Spenser. 2. To fall, in general, literally or figuratively; as ripe fruit drops from a tree; wise words drop from the lips. “Mutilations of which the meaning has dropped out of memory.” H. Spencer. “When the sound of dropping nuts is heard.” Bryant. 3. To let drops fall; to discharge itself in drops. “The heavens … dropped at the presence of God.” Ps. lxviii. 8. 4. To fall dead, or to fall in death. “Nothing, says Seneca, so soon reconciles us to the thoughts of our own death, as the prospect of one friend after another dropping round us.” Digby. 5. To come to an end; to cease; to pass out of mind; as the affair dropped. Pope. 6. To come unexpectedly; — with in or into; as my old friend dropped in a moment. Steele. “Takes care to drop in when he thinks you are just seated.” Spectator. 7. To fall or be depressed; to lower; as the point of the spear dropped a little. 8. To fall short of a mark. [R.] “Often it drops or overshoots by the disproportion of distance.” Collier. 9. To be deep in extent; to descend perpendicularly; as her main topsail drops seventeen yards. To drop astern (Naut.), to go astern of another vessel; to be left behind; to slacken the speed of a vessel so as to fall behind and to let another pass a head. — To drop down (Naut.), to sail, row, or move down a river, or toward the sea. — To drop off, to fall asleep gently; also to die. [Colloq.]

Drop´let , n. A little drop; a tear. Shak.

Drop´light , n. An apparatus for bringing artificial light down from a chandelier nearer to a table or desk; a pendant. { Drop´meal• , Drop´mele• } , adv. [AS. drop-maelum; dropa drop + mael portion. Cf. Piecemeal.] By drops or small portions. [Obs.] “Distilling dropmeal, a little at once.” Holland.

Drop´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, drops. Specif.: (Fishing) A fly that drops from the leader above the bob or end fly. 2. A dropping tube. 3. (Mining) A branch vein which drops off from, or leaves, the main lode. 4. (Zoöl.) A dog which suddenly drops upon the ground when it sights game, — formerly a common, and still an occasional, habit of the setter.

Drop´ping , n. 1. The action of causing to drop or of letting drop; falling. 2. pl. That which falls in drops; the excrement or dung of animals. Dropping bottle, an instrument used to supply small quantities of a fluid to a test tube or other vessel. — Dropping fire, a continued irregular discharge of firearms. — Dropping tube, a tube for ejecting any liquid in drops.

Drop´ping•ly, adv. In drops.

Drop´si•cal , a. [From Dropsy.] 1. Diseased with dropsy; hydropical; tending to dropsy; as a dropsical patient. 2. Of or pertaining to dropsy.

Drop´si•cal•ness, n. State of being dropsical.

Drop´sied , a. Diseased with drops. Shak.

Drop´sy , n.; pl. Dropsies (#). [OE. dropsie, dropesie, OF. idropisie, F. hydropisie, L. hydropisis, fr. Gr. dropsy, fr. water. See Water, and cf. Hydropsy.] (Med.) An unnatural collection of serous fluid in any serous cavity of the body, or in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. Dunglison.

Dropt , imp. & p. p. of Drop, v. G. Eliot.

Drop´wise , adv. After the manner of a drop; in the form of drops. “Trickling dropwise from the cleft.” Tennyson.

Drop´worm (drop´wûrm•), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any geometrid moth, which drops from trees by means of a thread of silk, as the cankerworm.

Drop´wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) An Old World species of Spiraea (S. filipendula), with finely cut leaves.

Dros´e•ra (dros´e•ra), n. [NL., fr. Gr. drosero•s dewy.] (Bot.) A genus of low perennial or biennial plants, the leaves of which are beset with gland-tipped bristles. See Sundew. Gray.

Dros´ky (dros´ky), n.; pl. Droskies (-kiz). [Russ. drojki, dim. of drogi a kind of carriage, prop. pl. of droga shaft or pole of a carriage.] A low, four-wheeled, open carriage, used in Russia, consisting of a kind of long, narrow bench, on which the passengers ride as on a saddle, with their feet reaching nearly to the ground. Other kinds of vehicles are now so called, esp. a kind of victoria drawn by one or two horses, and used as a public carriage in German cities. [Written also droitzschka, and droschke.]

Dro•som´e•ter , n. [Gr. dro•sos dew + -meter: cf. F. drosometre.] (Meteorol.) An instrument for measuring the quantity of dew on the surface of a body in the open air. It consists of a balance, having a plate at one end to receive the dew, and at the other a weight protected from the deposit of dew.

Dross , n. [AS. dros, fr. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] 1. The scum or refuse matter which is thrown off, or falls from, metals in smelting the ore, or in the process of melting; recrement. 2. Rust of metals. [R.] Addison. 3. Waste matter; any worthless matter separated from the better part; leavings; dregs; refuse. “All world’s glory is but dross unclean.” Spenser. “At the devil’s booth are all things sold,
Each ounce of dross coats its ounce of gold.” Lowell.

Dros´sel , n. [Cf. Drazel.] A slut; a hussy; a drazel. [Obs.] Warner.

Dross´less, a. Free from dross. Stevens.

Dross´y , a. [Compar. Drossier superl. Drossiest ] Of, pertaining to, resembling, dross; full of dross; impure; worthless. ´ Drossy gold.´ Dryden. ´Drossy rhymes.´ Donne. — Dross´i•ness, n.

Drotch´el , n. See Drossel. [Obs.]

Drough , imp. of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drought (drout), n. [OE. droght, drougth, dru&yogh;ð, AS. drugað, from drugian to dry. See Dry, and cf. Drouth, which shows the original final sound.] 1. Dryness; want of rain or of water; especially, such dryness of the weather as affects the earth, and prevents the growth of plants; aridity. “The drought of March hath pierced to the root.” Chaucer. “In a drought the thirsty creatures cry.” Dryden. 2. Thirst; want of drink. Johnson. 3. Scarcity; lack. “A drought of Christian writers caused a dearth of all history.” Fuller.

Drought´i•ness , n. A state of dryness of the weather; want of rain.

Drought´y , a. 1. Characterized by drought; wanting rain; arid; adust. “Droughty and parched countries.” Ray. 2. Dry; thirsty; wanting drink. “Thy droughty throat.” Philips.

Drou´my , a. [Cf. Scot. drum, dram, melancholy, Icel prumr a moper, W. trwm heavy, sad.] Troubled; muddy. [Obs.] Bacon.

Drouth , n. Same as Drought. Sandys. “Another ill accident is drouth at the spindling of corn.” Bacon. “One whose drouth [thirst],
Yet scarce allayed, still eyes the current stream.” Milton. “In the dust and drouth of London life.” Tennyson.

Drouth´y , a. Droughty.

Drove , imp. of Drive.

Drove, n. [AS. draf, fr. drifan to drive. See Drive.] 1. A collection of cattle driven, or cattle collected for driving; a number of animals, as oxen, sheep, or swine, driven in a body. 2. Any collection of irrational animals, moving or driving forward; as a finny drove. Milton. 3. A crowd of people in motion. “Where droves, as at a city gate, may pass.” Dryden. 4. A road for driving cattle; a driftway. [Eng.] 5. (Agric.) A narrow drain or channel used in the irrigation of land. Simmonds. 6. (Masonry) (a) A broad chisel used to bring stone to a nearly smooth surface; — called also drove chisel. (b) The grooved surface of stone finished by the drove chisel; — called also drove work.

Dro´ven , p. p. of Drive. [Obs.]

Dro´ver , n. 1. One who drives cattle or sheep to market; one who makes it his business to purchase cattle, and drive them to market. “Why, that’s spoken like an honest drover; so they sell bullocks.” Shak. 2. A boat driven by the tide. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dro´vy , a. [AS. drf dirty; cf. D. droef, G. trübe, Goth. drbjan to trouble.] Turbid; muddy; filthy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drow , imp. of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drown , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drowned p. pr. & vb. n. Drowning.] [OE. drunen, drounen, earlier drunknen, druncnien, AS. druncnian to be drowned, sink, become drunk, fr. druncen drunken. See Drunken, Drink.] To be suffocated in water or other fluid; to perish in water. “Methought, what pain it was to drown.” Shak.

Drown, v. t. 1. To overwhelm in water; to submerge; to inundate. ´They drown the land.´ Dryden. 2. To deprive of life by immersion in water or other liquid. 3. To overpower; to overcome; to extinguish; — said especially of sound. “Most men being in sensual pleasures drowned.” Sir J. Davies. “My private voice is drowned amid the senate.” Addison. To drown up, to swallow up. [Obs.] Holland.

Drown´age , n. The act of drowning. [R.]

Drown´er , n. One who, or that which, drowns.

Drowse , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drowsed p. pr. & vb. n. Drowsing.] [AS. drsian, drsan, to sink, become slow or inactive; cf. OD. droosen to be sleepy, fall asleep, LG. drsen, druusken, to slumber, fall down with a noise; prob, akin to AS. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] To sleep imperfectly or unsoundly; to slumber; to be heavy with sleepiness; to doze. ´He drowsed upon his couch.´ South. “In the pool drowsed the cattle up to their knees.” Lowell.

Drowse, v. t. To make heavy with sleepiness or imperfect sleep; to make dull or stupid. Milton.

Drowse, n. A slight or imperfect sleep; a doze. “But smiled on in a drowse of ecstasy.” Mrs. Browning.

Drow´si•head , n. Drowsiness. Thomson.

Drow´si•hed, n. Drowsihead. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drow´si•ly, adv. In a drowsy manner.

Drow´si•ness, n. State of being drowsy. Milton.

Drow´sy , a. [Compar. Drowsier superl. Drowsiest.] 1. Inclined to drowse; heavy with sleepiness; lethargic; dozy. ´When I am drowsy.´ Shak. “Dapples the drowsy east with spots of gray.” Shak. “To our age’s drowsy blood
Still shouts the inspiring sea.” Lowell. 2. Disposing to sleep; lulling; soporific. “The drowsy hours, dispensers of all good.” Tennyson. 3. Dull; stupid. ´ Drowsy reasoning.´ Atterbury. Syn. — Sleepy; lethargic; dozy; somnolent; comatose; dull heavy; stupid.

Drowth , n. See Drought. Bacon.

Droyle , v. i. See Droil. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drub , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Drubbing.] [Cf. Prov. E. drab to beat, Icel. & Sw. drabba to hit, beat, Dan. draebe to slay, and perh. OE. drepen to strike, kill, AS. drepan to strike, G. & D. freffen to hit, touch, Icel. drepa to strike, kill.] To beat with a stick; to thrash; to cudgel. “Soundly Drubbed with a good honest cudgel.” L’Estrange.

Drub, n. A blow with a cudgel; a thump. Addison.

Drub´ber , n. One who drubs. Sir W. Scott.

Drudge , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drudged p. pr. & vb. n. Drudging.] [OE. druggen; prob not akin to E. drag, v. t., but fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. drugaire a slave or drudge.] To perform menial work; to labor in mean or unpleasant offices with toil and fatigue. “He gradually rose in the estimation of the booksellers for whom he drudged.” Macaulay.

Drudge, v. t. To consume laboriously; — with away. “Rise to our toils and drudge away the day.” Otway.

Drudge, n. One who drudges; one who works hard in servile employment; a mental servant. Milton.

Drudg´er , n. 1. One who drudges; a drudge. 2. A dredging box.

Drudg´er•y , n. The act of drudging; disagreeable and wearisome labor; ignoble or slavish toil. “The drudgery of penning definitions.” Macaulay. “Paradise was a place of bliss … without drudgery and with out sorrow.” Locke. Syn. — See Toll.

Drudg´ing box See Dredging box.

Drudg´ing•ly, adv. In a drudging manner; laboriously.

Dru´er•y , n. [OF. druerie.] Courtship; gallantry; love; an object of love. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drug , v. i. [See 1st Drudge.] To drudge; to toil laboriously. [Obs.] ´To drugge and draw.´ Chaucer.

Drug, n. A drudge Shak. (Timon iv. 3, 253).

Drug, n. [F. drogue, prob. fr. D. droog; akin to E. dry; thus orig., dry substance, hers, plants, or wares. See Dry.] 1. Any animal, vegetable, or mineral substance used in the composition of medicines; any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. “Whence merchants bring” “Their spicy drugs.” Milton. 2. Any commodity that lies on hand, or is not salable; an article of slow sale, or in no demand. ´But sermons are mere drugs.´ Fielding. “And virtue shall a drug become.” Dryden.

Drug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drugged p. pr. & vb. n. Drugging.] [Cf. F. droguer.] To prescribe or administer drugs or medicines. B. Jonson.

Drug, v. t. 1. To affect or season with drugs or ingredients; esp., to stupefy by a narcotic drug. Also Fig. “The laboring masses … [were] drugged into brutish good humor by a vast system of public spectacles.” C. Kingsley. “Drug thy memories, lest thou learn it.” Tennyson. 2. To tincture with something offensive or injurious. “Drugged as oft,
With hatefullest disrelish writhed their jaws.” Milton. 3. To dose to excess with, or as with, drugs. “With pleasure drugged, he almost longed for woe.” Byron.

Drug´ger , n. A druggist. [Obs.] Burton.

Drug´get , n. [F. droguet, prop. dim. of drogue trash, stuff, perh, the same word as drogue drug, but cf. also W. drwg evil, bad, Ir. & Gael. droch, Arm. droug, drouk. See 3d Drug.] (a) A coarse woolen cloth dyed of one color or printed on one side; generally used as a covering for carpets. (b) By extension, any material used for the same purpose.

Drug´gist , n. [F. droguiste, fr. drogue. See 3d Drug.] One who deals in drugs; especially, one who buys and sells drugs without compounding them; also a pharmaceutist or apothecary. The same person often carries on the business of the druggist and the apothecary. See the Note under Apothecary.

Drug´ster , n. A druggist. [Obs.] Boule.

Dru´id , n. [L. Druides; of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. draoi, druidh, magician, Druid, W. derwydd Druid.] 1. One of an order of priests which in ancient times existed among certain branches of the Celtic race, especially among the Gauls and Britons. The Druids superintended the affairs of religion and morality, and exercised judicial functions. They practiced divination and magic, and sacrificed human victims as a part of their worship. They consisted of three classes; the bards, the vates or prophets, and the Druids proper, or priests. Their most sacred rites were performed in the depths of oak forests or of caves. 2. A member of a social and benevolent order, founded in London in 1781, and professedly based on the traditions of the ancient Druids. Lodges or groves of the society are established in other countries. Druid stones, a name given, in the south of England, to weatherworn, rough pillars of gray sandstone scattered over the chalk downs, but in other countries generally in the form of circles, or in detached pillars.

Dru´id•ess, n. A female Druid; a prophetess. { Dru•id´ic , Dru•id´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Druids. Druidical circles. See under Circle.

Dru´id•ish , a. Druidic.

Dru´id•ism , n. The system of religion, philosophy, and instruction, received and taught by the Druids; the rites and ceremonies of the Druids.

Drum , n. [Cf. D. trom, trommel, LG. trumme, G. trommel, Dan. tromme, Sw. trumma, OHG. trumba a trumpet, Icel. pruma a clap of thunder, and as a verb, to thunder, Dan. drum a booming sound, drumme to boom; prob. partly at least of imitative origin; perh. akin to E. trum, or trumpet.] 1. (Mus.) An instrument of percussion, consisting either of a hollow cylinder, over each end of which is stretched a piece of skin or vellum, to be beaten with a stick; or of a metallic hemisphere (kettledrum) with a single piece of skin to be so beaten; the common instrument for marking time in martial music; one of the pair of tympani in an orchestra, or cavalry band. “The drums cry bud-a-dub.” Gascoigne. 2. Anything resembling a drum in form; as: (a) A sheet iron radiator, often in the shape of a drum, for warming an apartment by means of heat received from a stovepipe, or a cylindrical receiver for steam, etc. (b) A small cylindrical box in which figs, etc., are packed. (c) (Anat.) The tympanum of the ear; — often, but incorrectly, applied to the tympanic membrane. (d) (Arch.) One of the cylindrical, or nearly cylindrical, blocks, of which the shaft of a column is composed; also a vertical wall, whether circular or polygonal in plan, carrying a cupola or dome. (e) (Mach.) A cylinder on a revolving shaft, generally for the purpose of driving several pulleys, by means of belts or straps passing around its periphery; also the barrel of a hoisting machine, on which the rope or chain is wound. 3. (Zoöl.) See Drumfish. 4. A noisy, tumultuous assembly of fashionable people at a private house; a rout. [Archaic] “Not unaptly styled a drum, from the noise and emptiness of the entertainment.” Smollett. There were also drum major, rout, tempest, and hurricane, differing only in degrees of multitude and uproar, as the significant name of each declares. 5. A tea party; a kettledrum. G. Eliot. Bass drum. See in the Vocabulary. — Double drum. See under Double.

Drum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drummed p. pr. & vb. n. Drumming.] 1. To beat a drum with sticks; to beat or play a tune on a drum. 2. To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes; to make a noise like that of a beaten drum; as the ruffed grouse drums with his wings. “Drumming with his fingers on the arm of his chair.” W. Irving. 3. To throb, as the heart. [R.] Dryden. 4. To go about, as a drummer does, to gather recruits, to draw or secure partisans, customers, etc,; — with for.

Drum, v. t. 1. To execute on a drum, as a tune. 2. (With out) To expel ignominiously, with beat of drum; as to drum out a deserter or rogue from a camp, etc. 3. (With up) To assemble by, or as by, beat of drum; to collect; to gather or draw by solicitation; as to drum up recruits; to drum up customers.

Drum´beat , n. The sound of a beaten drum; drum music. “Whose morning drumbeat, following the sun, and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England.” D. Webster.

Drum´ble , v. i. [See Drumly.] 1. To be sluggish or lazy; to be confused. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To mumble in speaking. [Obs.]

Drum´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Sciaenidae, which makes a loud noise by means of its air bladder; — called also drum. The common drumfish (Pogonias chromis) is a large species, common south of New Jersey. The southern red drum or red horse (Sciaena ocellata), and the fresh-water drum or croaker (Aplodionotus grunniens), are related species.

Drum´head , n. 1. The parchment or skin stretched over one end of a drum. 2. The top of a capstan which is pierced with sockets for levers used in turning it. See Illust. of Capstan. Drumhead court-martial (Mil.), a summary court-martial called to try offenses on the battlefield or the line of march, when, sometimes, a drumhead has to do service as a writing table.

Drum´lin , n. [Gael. druim the ridge of a hill.] (Geol.) A hill of compact, unstratified, glacial drift or till, usually elongate or oval, with the larger axis parallel to the former local glacial motion.

Drum´ly, a. [Cf. Droumy.] Turbid; muddy. [Scot. & Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wodroephe (1623). Burns.

Drum´ ma´jor . 1. The chief or first drummer of a regiment; an instructor of drummers. 2. The marching leader of a military band. [U.S.] 3. A noisy gathering. [R.] See under Drum, n., 4.

Drum´mer , n. 1. One whose office is to best the drum, as in military exercises and marching. 2. One who solicits custom; a commercial traveler. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. 3. (Zoöl.) A fish that makes a sound when caught; as: (a) The squeteague. (b) A California sculpin. 4. (Zoöl.) A large West Indian cockroach (Blatta gigantea) which drums on woodwork, as a sexual call.

Drum´ming , n. The act of beating upon, or as if upon, a drum; also the noise which the male of the ruffed grouse makes in spring, by beating his wings upon his sides.

Drum´mond light [From Thomas Drummond, a British naval officer.] A very intense light, produced by turning two streams of gas one oxygen and the other hydrogen, or coal gas in a state of ignition, upon a ball of lime; or a stream of oxygen gas through a flame of alcohol upon a ball or disk of lime; — called also oxycalcium light, or lime light. The name is also applied sometimes to a heliostat, invented by Drummond, for rendering visible a distant point, as in geodetic surveying, by reflecting upon it a beam of light from the sun.

Drum´stick , n. 1. A stick with which a drum is beaten. 2. Anything resembling a drumstick in form, as the tibiotarsus, or second joint, of the leg of a fowl.

Drunk , a. [OE. dronke, drunke, dronken, drunken, AS. druncen. Orig. the same as drunken, p. p. of drink. See Drink.] 1. Intoxicated with, or as with, strong drink; inebriated; drunken; — never used attributively, but always predicatively; as the man is drunk (not, a drunk man). “Be not drunk with wine, where in is excess.” Eph. v. 18. “Drunk with recent prosperity.” Macaulay. 2. Drenched or saturated with moisture or liquid. “I will make mine arrows drunk with blood.” Deut. xxxii. 42.

Drunk, n. A drunken condition; a spree. [Slang]

Drunk´ard , n. [Drunk + - ard.] One who habitually drinks strong liquors immoderately; one whose habit it is to get drunk; a toper; a sot. “The drunkard and glutton shall come to poverty.” Prov. xxiii. 21.

Drunk´en , a. [AS. druncen, prop., that has drunk, p. p. of drincan, taken as active. See Drink, v. i., and cf. Drunk.] 1. Overcome by strong drink; intoxicated by, or as by, spirituous liquor; inebriated. “Drunken men imagine everything turneth round.” Bacon. 2. Saturated with liquid or moisture; drenched. “Let the earth be drunken with our blood.” Shak. 3. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, intoxication. “The drunken quarrels of a rake.” Swift.

Drunk´en•head , n. Drunkenness. [Obs.]

Drunk´en•ly, adv. In a drunken manner. [R.] Shak.

Drunk´en•ness, n. 1. The state of being drunken with, or as with, alcoholic liquor; intoxication; inebriety; — used of the casual state or the habit. “The Lacedemonians trained up their children to hate drunkenness by bringing a drunken man into their company.” I. Watts. 2. Disorder of the faculties, resembling intoxication by liquors; inflammation; frenzy; rage. “Passion is the drunkenness of the mind.” South. Syn. — Intoxication; inebriation; inebriety. — Drunkenness, Intoxication, Inebriation. Drunkenness refers more to the habit; intoxication and inebriation, to specific acts. The first two words are extensively used in a figurative sense; a person is intoxicated with success, and is drunk with joy. ´This plan of empire was not taken up in the first intoxication of unexpected success.´ Burke. { Drunk´en•ship , Drunk´ship } n. The state of being drunk; drunkenness. [Obs.] Gower.

Dru•pa´ceous , a. [Cf. F. drupace.] (Bot.) Producing, or pertaining to, drupes; having the form of drupes; as drupaceous trees or fruits.

Drup´al , a. (Bot.) Drupaceous.

Drupe , n. [F. drupe, L. drupa an overripe, wrinkled olive, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) A fruit consisting of pulpy, coriaceous, or fibrous exocarp, without valves, containing a nut or stone with a kernel. The exocarp is succulent in the plum, cherry, apricot, peach, etc.; dry and subcoriaceous in the almond; and fibrous in the cocoanut. { Drup´el , Drupe´let } n. [Dim. of Drupe.] (Bot.) A small drupe, as one of the pulpy grains of the blackberry.

Druse , n. [Cf. G. druse bonny, crystallized piece of ore, Bohem. druza. Cf. Dross.] (Min.) A cavity in a rock, having its interior surface studded with crystals and sometimes filled with water; a geode.

Druse , n. One of a people and religious sect dwelling chiefly in the Lebanon mountains of Syria. “The Druses separated from the Mohammedan Arabs in the 9th century. Their characteristic dogma is the unity of God.” Am. Cyc. { Dru´sy , Drused } a. (Min.) Covered with a large number of minute crystals. { Drux´ey , Drux´y } , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Having decayed spots or streaks of a whitish color; — said of timber. Weale.

Dry , a. [Compar. Drier superl. Driest.] [OE. drue, druye, drie, AS. dryge; akin to LG. dröge, D. droog, OHG. trucchan, G. trocken, Icel. draugr a dry log. Cf. Drought, Drouth, 3d Drug.] 1. Free from moisture; having little humidity or none; arid; not wet or moist; deficient in the natural or normal supply of moisture, as rain or fluid of any kind; — said especially: (a) Of the weather: Free from rain or mist. “The weather, we agreed, was too dry for the season.” Addison. (b) Of vegetable matter: Free from juices or sap; not succulent; not green; as dry wood or hay. (c) Of animals: Not giving milk; as the cow is dry. (d) Of persons: Thirsty; needing drink. “Give the dry fool drink.” Shak (e) Of the eyes: Not shedding tears. “Not a dry eye was to be seen in the assembly.” Prescott. (f) (Med.) Of certain morbid conditions, in which there is entire or comparative absence of moisture; as dry gangrene; dry catarrh. 2. Destitute of that which interests or amuses; barren; unembellished; jejune; plain. “These epistles will become less dry, more susceptible of ornament.” Pope. 3. Characterized by a quality somewhat severe, grave, or hard; hence, sharp; keen; shrewd; quaint; as a dry tone or manner; dry wit. “He was rather a dry, shrewd kind of body.” W. Irving. 4. (Fine Arts) Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness of execution, or the want of a delicate contour in form, and of easy transition in coloring. Dry area (Arch.), a small open space reserved outside the foundation of a building to guard it from damp. — Dry blow. (a) (Med.) A blow which inflicts no wound, and causes no effusion of blood. (b) A quick, sharp blow. — Dry bone (Min.), Smithsonite, or carbonate of zinc; — a miner’s term. — Dry castor (Zoöl.) a kind of beaver; — called also parchment beaver. — Dry cupping. (Med.) See under Cupping. - - Dry dock. See under Dock. — Dry fat. See Dry vat (below). — Dry light, pure unobstructed light; hence, a clear, impartial view. Bacon. “The scientific man must keep his feelings under stern control, lest they obtrude into his researches, and color the dry light in which alone science desires to see its objects.” J. C. Shairp. — Dry masonry. See Masonry. — Dry measure, a system of measures of volume for dry or coarse articles, by the bushel, peck, etc. — Dry pile (Physics), a form of the Voltaic pile, constructed without the use of a liquid, affording a feeble current, and chiefly useful in the construction of electroscopes of great delicacy; — called also Zamboni’s , from the names of the two earliest constructors of it. — Dry pipe (Steam Engine), a pipe which conducts dry steam from a boiler. — Dry plate (Photog.), a glass plate having a dry coating sensitive to light, upon which photographic negatives or pictures can be made, without moistening. — Dry-plate process, the process of photographing with dry plates. — Dry point. (Fine Arts) (a) An engraving made with the needle instead of the burin, in which the work is done nearly as in etching, but is finished without the use acid. (b) A print from such an engraving, usually upon paper. (c) Hence: The needle with which such an engraving is made. — Dry rent (Eng. Law), a rent reserved by deed, without a clause of distress. Bouvier. — Dry rot, a decay of timber, reducing its fibers to the condition of a dry powdery dust, often accompanied by the presence of a peculiar fungus (Merulius lacrymans), which is sometimes considered the cause of the decay; but it is more probable that the real cause is the decomposition of the wood itself. D. C. Eaton. Called also sap rot, and, in the United States, powder post. Hebert. — Dry stove, a hothouse adapted to preserving the plants of arid climates. Brande & C. — Dry vat, a vat, basket, or other receptacle for dry articles. — Dry wine, that in which the saccharine matter and fermentation were so exactly balanced, that they have wholly neutralized each other, and no sweetness is perceptible; — opposed to sweet wine, in which the saccharine matter is in excess.

Dry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dried p. pr. & vb. n. Drying.] [AS. drygan; cf. drugian to grow dry. See Dry, a.] To make dry; to free from water, or from moisture of any kind, and by any means; to exsiccate; as to dry the eyes; to dry one’s tears; the wind dries the earth; to dry a wet cloth; to dry hay. To dry up. (a) To scorch or parch with thirst; to deprive utterly of water; to consume. “Their honorable men are famished, and their multitude dried up with thirst.” Is. v. 13. “The water of the sea, which formerly covered it, was in time exhaled and dried up by the sun.” Woodward. (b) To make to cease, as a stream of talk. “Their sources of revenue were dried up.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) — To dry, or dry up, a cow, to cause a cow to cease secreting milk. Tylor.

Dry, v. i. 1. To grow dry; to become free from wetness, moisture, or juice; as the road dries rapidly. 2. To evaporate wholly; to be exhaled; — said of moisture, or a liquid; — sometimes with up; as the stream dries, or dries up. 3. To shrivel or wither; to lose vitality. “And his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he could not pull it in again to him.” I Kings xiii. 4.

Dry´ad , n. [L. dryas, pl. dryades, Gr. , pl. , fr. oak, tree. See Tree.] (Class. Myth.) A wood nymph; a nymph whose life was bound up with that of her tree.

Dry•an´dra , n. [NL. Named after J. Dryander.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs growing in Australia, having beautiful, hard, dry, evergreen leaves.

Dry´as , n.; pl. Dryades (#). [L. See Dryad.] (Class. Myth.) A dryad.

Dry´-beat , v. t. To beat severely. Shak.

Dry´-boned , a. Having dry bones, or bones without flesh.

Dry´ dock (Naut.) See under Dock.

Dry´er , n. See Drier. Sir W. Temple.

Dry´-eyed , a. Not having tears in the eyes.

Dry´-fist•ed , a. Niggardly.

Dry´foot , n. The scent of the game, as far as it can be traced. [Obs.] Shak.

Dry´ goods A commercial name for textile fabrics, cottons, woolens, linen, silks, laces, etc., — in distinction from groceries. [U.S.]

Dry´ing, a. 1. Adapted or tending to exhaust moisture; as a drying wind or day; a drying room. 2. Having the quality of rapidly becoming dry. Drying oil, an oil which, either naturally or after boiling with oxide of lead, absorbs oxygen from the air and dries up rapidly. Drying oils are used as the bases of many paints and varnishes.

Dry´ly, adv. In a dry manner; not succulently; without interest; without sympathy; coldly.

Dry´ness, n. The state of being dry. See Dry.

Dry´ nurse A nurse who attends and feeds a child by hand; — in distinction from a wet nurse, who suckles it.

Dry´nurse, v. t. To feed, attend, and bring up without the breast. Hudibras.

Dry•o•bal´a•nops , n. [NL., fr. Gr. dry^s oak + ba•lanos acorn + ’o•psis appearance. The fruit remotely resembles an acorn in its cup.] (Bot.) The genus to which belongs the single species D. Camphora, a lofty resinous tree of Borneo and Sumatra, yielding Borneo camphor and camphor oil.

Dry´-rub , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dry-rubbed p. pr. & vb. n. Dry-rubbing.] To rub and cleanse without wetting. Dodsley.

Dry´salt•er , n. A dealer in salted or dried meats, pickles, sauces, etc., and in the materials used in pickling, salting, and preserving various kinds of food Hence drysalters usually sell a number of saline substances and miscellaneous drugs. Brande & C.

Dry´salt•er•y , n. The articles kept by a drysalter; also the business of a drysalter.

Dry´-shod , a. Without wetting the feet.

Dry´-stone , a. Constructed of uncemented stone. ´Dry-stone walls.´ Sir W. Scott. { Dryth , or Drith }, n. Drought. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Du´ad , n. [See Dyad.] A union of two; duality. [R.] Harris.

Du´al , a. [L. dualis, fr. duo two. See Two.] Expressing, or consisting of, the number two; belonging to two; as the dual number of nouns, etc. , in Greek. “Here you have one half of our dual truth.” Tyndall.

Du´a•lin , n. (Chem.) An explosive substance consisting essentially of sawdust or wood pulp, saturated with nitroglycerin and other similar nitro compounds. It is inferior to dynamite, and is more liable to explosion.

Du´al•ism , n. [Cf. F. dualisme.] State of being dual or twofold; a twofold division; any system which is founded on a double principle, or a twofold distinction; as: (a) (Philos.) A view of man as constituted of two original and independent elements, as matter and spirit. (Theol.) (b) A system which accepts two gods, or two original principles, one good and the other evil. (c) The doctrine that all mankind are divided by the arbitrary decree of God, and in his eternal foreknowledge, into two classes, the elect and the reprobate. (d) (Physiol.) The theory that each cerebral hemisphere acts independently of the other. “An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole.” Emerson.

Du´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. dualiste.] 1. One who believes in dualism; a ditheist. 2. One who administers two offices. Fuller.

Du•al•is´tic , a. Consisting of two; pertaining to dualism or duality. Dualistic system or theory (Chem.), the theory, originated by Lavoisier and developed by Berzelius, that all definite compounds are binary in their nature, and consist of two distinct constituents, themselves simple or complex, and possessed of opposite chemical or electrical affinities.

Du´al´i•ty , n. [L. dualitas: cf. F. dualite.] The quality or condition of being two or twofold; dual character or usage.

Du´an , n. [Gael. & Ir.] A division of a poem corresponding to a canto; a poem or song. [R.]

Du´ar•chy , n. [Gr. two + - archy.] Government by two persons.

Dub (dub), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dubbed (dubd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dubbing.] [AS. dubban to strike, beat (´dubbade his sunu … to ridere.´ AS. Chron. an. 1086); akin to Icel. dubba; cf. OF. adouber (prob. fr. Icel.) a chevalier, Icel. dubba til riddara.] 1. To confer knighthood upon; as the king dubbed his son Henry a knight. The conclusion of the ceremony was marked by a tap on the shoulder with the sword. 2. To invest with any dignity or new character; to entitle; to call. “A man of wealth is dubbed a man of worth.” Pope. 3. To clothe or invest; to ornament; to adorn. [Obs.] “His diadem was dropped down
Dubbed with stones.” Morte d’Arthure. 4. To strike, rub, or dress smooth; to dab; as: (a) To dress with an adz; as to dub a stick of timber smooth. (b) To strike cloth with teasels to raise a nap. Halliwell. (c) To rub or dress with grease, as leather in the process of cyrrying it. Tomlinson. (d) To prepare for fighting, as a gamecock, by trimming the hackles and cutting off the comb and wattles. To dub a fly, to dress a fishing fly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — To dub out (Plastering), to fill out, as an uneven surface, to a plane, or to carry out a series of small projections.

Dub , v. i. To make a noise by brisk drumbeats. ´Now the drum dubs.´ Beau. & Fl.

Dub, n. A blow. [R.] Hudibras.

Dub, n. [Cf. Ir. dób mire, stream, W. dwvr water.] A pool or puddle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dubb , n. [Ar.] (Zoöl.) The Syrian bear. See under Bear. [Written also dhubb, and dub.]

Dub´ber , n. One who, or that which, dubs.

Dub´ber, n. [Hind. dabbah.] A globular vessel or bottle of leather, used in India to hold ghee, oil, etc. [Also written dupper.] M’Culloch.

Dub´bing , n. 1. The act of dubbing, as a knight, etc. 2. The act of rubbing, smoothing, or dressing; a dressing off smooth with an adz. 3. A dressing of flour and water used by weavers; a mixture of oil and tallow for dressing leather; daubing. 4. The body substance of an angler’s fly. Davy.

Du•bi´e•ty , n.; pl. Dubieties (#). [L. dubietas, fr. dubius. See Dubious.] Doubtfulness; uncertainty; doubt. [R.] Lamb. ´The dubiety of his fate.´ Sir W. Scott.

Du•bi•os´i•ty , n.; pl. Dubiosities (#). [L. dubiosus.] The state of being doubtful; a doubtful statement or thing. [R.] “Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for certainties, possibilities for feasibilities.” Sir T. Browne.

Du´bi•ous , a. [L. dubius, dubiosus, fr. duo two. See Two, and cf. Doubt.] 1. Doubtful or not settled in opinion; being in doubt; wavering or fluctuating; undetermined. ´Dubious policy.´ Sir T. Scott. “A dubious, agitated state of mind.” Thackeray. 2. Occasioning doubt; not clear, or obvious; equivocal; questionable; doubtful; as a dubious answer. “Wiping the dingy shirt with a still more dubious pocket handkerchief.” Thackeray. 3. Of uncertain event or issue; as in dubious battle. Syn. — Doubtful; doubting; unsettled; undetermined; equivocal; uncertain. Cf. Doubtful.

Du´bi•ous•ly, adv. In a dubious manner.

Du´bi•ous•ness, n. State of being dubious.

Du´bi•ta•ble , a. [L. dubitabilis. Cf. Doubtable.] Liable to be doubted; uncertain. [R.] Dr. H. More. — Du´bi•ta•bly, adv. [R.]

Du´bi•tan•cy , n. [LL. dubitantia.] Doubt; uncertainty. [R.] Hammond.

Du´bi•tate , v. i. [L. dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare. See Doubt.] To doubt. [R.] “If he … were to loiter dubitating, and not come.” Carlyle.

Du•bi•ta´tion , n. [L. dubitatio.] Act of doubting; doubt. [R.] Sir T. Scott.

Du´bi•ta•tive , a. [L. dubitativus: cf. F. dubitatif.] Tending to doubt; doubtful. [R.] — Du´bi•ta•tive•ly, adv. [R.] . Eliot.

Du•bois´i•a , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Duboisine.

Du•bois´ine , n. (Med.) An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of an Australian tree (Duboisia myoporoides), and regarded as identical with hyoscyamine. It produces dilation of the pupil of the eye.

Du´cal , a. [F. ducal. See Duke.] Of or pertaining to a duke. “His ducal cap was to be exchanged for a kingly crown.” Motley.

Du´cal•ly, adv. In the manner of a duke, or in a manner becoming the rank of a duke.

Duc´at , n. [F. ducat, It. ducato, LL. ducatus, fr. dux leader or commander. See Duke.] A coin, either of gold or silver, of several countries in Europe; originally, one struck in the dominions of a duke. The gold ducat is generally of the value of nine shillings and four pence sterling, or somewhat more that two dollars. The silver ducat is of about half this value.

Duc•a•toon´ , n. [F. or Sp. ducaton, fr. ducat.] A silver coin of several countries of Europe, and of different values.

Du´ces te´cum [L., bring with thee.] A judicial process commanding a person to appear in court and bring with him some piece of evidence or other thing to be produced to the court.

Duch´ess , n. [F. duchesse, fr. duc duke.] The wife or widow of a duke; also a lady who has the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right.

Du•chesse´ d’An•gou•lême´ [F.] (Bot.) A variety of pear of large size and excellent flavor.

Duch´y (duch´y), n.; pl. Duchies (#). [F. duche, OF. duchee, (assumed) LL. ducitas, fr. L. dux. See Duke.] The territory or dominions of a duke; a dukedom.

Duck (duk), n. [Cf. Dan. dukke, Sw. docka, OHG. doccha, G. docke. Cf. Doxy.] A pet; a darling. Shak.

Duck, n. [D. doek cloth, canvas or Icel. dukr cloth; akin to OHG. tuoh, G. tuch, Sw. duk, Dan. dug.] 1. A linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric, finer and lighter than canvas — used for the lighter sails of vessels, the sacking of beds, and sometimes for men’s clothing. 2. (Naut.) pl. The light clothes worn by sailors in hot climates. [Colloq.]

Duck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ducked p. pr. & vb. n. Ducking.] [OE. duken, douken, to dive; akin to D. duiken, OHG. thhan, MHG. tucken, tücken, tchen, G. tuchen. Cf. 5th Duck.] 1. To thrust or plunge under water or other liquid and suddenly withdraw. “Adams, after ducking the squire twice or thrice, leaped out of the tub.” Fielding. 2. To plunge the head of under water, immediately withdrawing it; as duck the boy. 3. To bow; to bob down; to move quickly with a downward motion. ´ Will duck his head aside.´ Swift.

Duck (duk), v. i. 1. To go under the surface of water and immediately reappear; to dive; to plunge the head in water or other liquid; to dip. “In Tiber ducking thrice by break of day.” Dryden. 2. To drop the head or person suddenly; to bow. “The learned pate
Ducks to the golden fool.” Shak.

Duck, n. [OE. duke, doke. See Duck, v. t. ] 1. (Zool.) Any bird of the subfamily Anatinae, family Anatidae. The genera and species are numerous. They are divided into river ducks and sea ducks. Among the former are the common domestic duck (Anas boschas); the wood duck (Aix sponsa); the beautiful mandarin duck of China (Dendronessa galeriliculata); the Muscovy duck, originally of South America (Cairina moschata). Among the sea ducks are the eider, canvasback, scoter, etc. 2. A sudden inclination of the bead or dropping of the person, resembling the motion of a duck in water. “Here be, without duck or nod,
Other trippings to be trod.” Milton. Bombay duck (Zoöl.), a fish. See Bummalo. — Buffel duck, or Spirit duck. See Buffel duck. — Duck ant (Zoöl.), a species of white ant in Jamaica which builds large nests in trees. — Duck barnacle. (Zoöl.) See Goose barnacle. — Duck hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) In the United States: The peregrine falcon. (b) In England: The marsh harrier or moor buzzard. — Duck mole (Zoöl.), a small aquatic mammal of Australia, having webbed feet and a bill resembling that of a duck (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). It belongs the subclass Monotremata and is remarkable for laying eggs like a bird or reptile; — called also duckbill, platypus, mallangong, mullingong, tambreet, and water mole. — To make ducks and drakes, to throw a flat stone obliquely, so as to make it rebound repeatedly from the surface of the water, raising a succession of jets; hence: To play at ducks and drakes, with property, to throw it away heedlessly or squander it foolishly and unprofitably. — Lame duck. See under Lame.

Duck´bill, n. (Zoöl.) See Duck mole, under Duck, n.

Duck´-billed , a. Having a bill like that of a duck..

Duck´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, ducks; a plunger; a diver. 2. A cringing, servile person; a fawner.

Duck´ing, n. & a., from Duck, v. t. & i. Ducking stool, a stool or chair in which common scolds were formerly tied, and plunged into water, as a punishment. See Cucking stool. The practice of ducking began in the latter part of the 15th century, and prevailed until the early part of the 18th, and occasionally as late as the 19th century. Blackstone. Chambers.

Duck´-legged , a. Having short legs, like a waddling duck; short-legged. Dryden.

Duck´ling , n. A young or little duck. Gay. { Duck´meat• , or Duck’s´-meat• }, n. (Bot.) Duckweed.

Duck’s´-bill, a. Having the form of a duck’s bill. Duck’s-bill limpet (Zoöl.), a limpet of the genus Parmaphorus; — so named from its shape.

Duck’s´-foot , n. (Bot.) The May apple (Podophyllum peltatum).

Duck´weed , n. (Bot.) A genus (Lemna) of small plants, seen floating in great quantity on the surface of stagnant pools fresh water, and supposed to furnish food for ducks; — called also duckmeat.

Duct , n. [L. ductus a leading, conducting, conduit, fr. ducere, ductum, to lead. See Duke, and cf. Douche.] 1. Any tube or canal by which a fluid or other substance is conducted or conveyed. 2. (Anat.) One of the vessels of an animal body by which the products of glandular secretion are conveyed to their destination. 3. (Bot.) A large, elongated cell, either round or prismatic, usually found associated with woody fiber. Ducts are classified, according to the character of the surface of their walls, or their structure, as annular, spiral, scalariform, etc. 4. Guidance; direction. [Obs.] Hammond.

Duc´ti•ble , a. Capable of being drawn out [R.] Feltham.

Duc´tile , a. [L. ductilis, fr. ducere to lead: cf. F. ductile. See Duct.] 1. Easily led; tractable; complying; yielding to motives, persuasion, or instruction; as a ductile people. Addison. “Forms their ductile minds
To human virtues.” Philips. 2. Capable of being elongated or drawn out, as into wire or threads. “Gold … is the softest and most ductile of all metals.” Dryden. — Duc´tile•ly (#), adv. — Duc´tile•ness, n.

Duc•ti•lim´e•ter , n. [Ductile + -meter.] An instrument for accurately determining the ductility of metals.

Duc•til´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. ductilite.] 1. The property of a metal which allows it to be drawn into wires or filaments. 2. Tractableness; pliableness. South.

Duc´tion , n. [L. ductio, fr. ducere to lead.] Guidance. [Obs.] Feltham.

Duct´less , a. Having to duct or outlet; as a ductless gland.

Duc´tor , n. [L., fr. ducere to lead.] 1. One who leads. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Mach.) A contrivance for removing superfluous ink or coloring matter from a roller. See Doctor, 4. Knight. Ductor roller (Printing), the roller which conveys or supplies ink to another roller. Knight.

Duc´ture , n. Guidance. [Obs.] South.

Dud´der , v. t. [In Suffolk, Eng., to shiver, shake, tremble; also written dodder.] To confuse or confound with noise. Jennings.

Dud´der, v. i. To shiver or tremble; to dodder. “I dudder and shake like an aspen leaf.” Ford.

Dud´der, n. [From Duds.] A peddler or hawker, especially of cheap and flashy goods pretended to be smuggled; a duffer. [Eng.]

Dud´der•y , n. A place where rags are bought and kept for sale. [Eng.]

Dude , n. A kind of dandy; especially, one characterized by an ultrafashionable style of dress and other affectations. [Recent] “The social dude who affects English dress and English drawl.” The American.

Du•deen´ , n. A short tobacco pipe. [Written also dudheen.] [Irish]

Dudg´eon , n. 1. The root of the box tree, of which hafts for daggers were made. Gerarde (1597). 2. The haft of a dagger. Shak. 3. A dudgeon-hafted dagger; a dagger. Hudibras.

Dudg´eon, n. [W. dygen anger, grudge.] Resentment; ill will; anger; displeasure. “I drink it to thee in dudgeon and hostility.” “Sir T. Scott.”

Dudg´eon, a. Homely; rude; coarse. [Obs.] “By my troth, though I am plain and dudgeon,
I would not be an ass.” Beau. & Fl.

Dud´ish , a. Like, or characterized of, a dude.

Duds , n. pl. [Scot. dud rag, pl. duds clothing of inferior quality.] 1. Old or inferior clothes; tattered garments. [Colloq.] 2. Effects, in general.[Slang]

Due , a. [OF. deu, F. dû, p. p. of devoir to owe, fr. L. debere. See Debt, Habit, and cf. Duty.] 1. Owed, as a debt; that ought to be paid or done to or for another; payable; owing and demandable. 2. Justly claimed as a right or property; proper; suitable; becoming; appropriate; fit. “Her obedience, which is due to me.” Shak. “With dirges due, in sad array,
Slow through the churchway path we saw him borne.” Gray. 3. Such as (a thing) ought to be; fulfilling obligation; proper; lawful; regular; appointed; sufficient; exact; as due process of law; due service; in due time. 4. Appointed or required to arrive at a given time; as the steamer was due yesterday. 5. Owing; ascribable, as to a cause. “This effect is due to the attraction of the sun.” J. D. Forbes.

Due, adv. Directly; exactly; as a due east course.

Due, n. 1. That which is owed; debt; that which one contracts to pay, or do, to or for another; that which belongs or may be claimed as a right; whatever custom, law, or morality requires to be done; a fee; a toll. “He will give the devil his due.” Shak. “Yearly little dues of wheat, and wine, and oil.” Tennyson. 2. Right; just title or claim. “The key of this infernal pit by due … I keep.” Milton.

Due, v. t. To endue. [Obs.] Shak.

Due´bill , n. (Com.) A brief written acknowledgment of a debt, not made payable to order, like a promissory note. Burrill.

Due´ful , a. Fit; becoming. [Obs.] Spenser.

Du´el , n. [It. duello, fr. L. duellum, orig., a contest between two, which passed into the common form bellum war, fr. duo two: cf. F. duel. See Bellicose, Two, and cf. Duello.] A combat between two persons, fought with deadly weapons, by agreement. It usually arises from an injury done or an affront given by one to the other. Trial by duel (Old Law), a combat between two persons for proving a cause; trial by battel.

Du´el, v. i. & t. To fight in single combat. [Obs.]

Du´el•er, n. One who engages in a duel. [R.] [Written also dueller.] South.

Du´el•ing, n. The act or practice of fighting in single combat. Also adj. [Written also duelling.]

Du´el•ist , n. [F. duelliste.] One who fights in single combat. [Written also duellist.] “A duelist … always values himself upon his courage, his sense of honor, his fidelity and friendship.” Hume.

Du•e´lo , n. [It. See Duel.] A duel; also the rules of dueling. [Obs.] Shak.

Du•e´ña , n. [Sp.] See Doña.

Due´ness , n. Quality of being due; debt; what is due or becoming. T. Goodwin.

Du•en´na , n.; pl. Duennas (#). [Sp. dueña, doña, fr. L. domina. See Dame.] 1. The chief lady in waiting on the queen of Spain. Brande. 2. An elderly lady holding a station between a governess and companion, and appointed to have charge over the younger ladies in a Spanish or a Portuguese family. Brande & C. 3. Any old woman who is employed to guard a younger one; a governess. Arbuthnot.

Du•et´ , n. [Duetto.] (Mus.) A composition for two performers, whether vocal or instrumental.

Du•et•ti´no , n. [It ., dim. fr. duetto a duet.] A duet of short extent and concise form.

Du•et´to , n. [It., fr. It & L. duo two. See Two.] See Duet.

Duff (duf), n. [From OE. dagh. rad.67. See Dough.] 1. Dough or paste. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A stiff flour pudding, boiled in a bag; — a term used especially by seamen; as plum duff.

Duf´fel , n. [D. duffel, from Duffel, a town not far from Antwerp.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth, having a thick nap or frieze. [Written also duffle.] “Good duffel gray and flannel fine.” Wordsworth.

Duf´fer , n. 1. A peddler or hawker, especially of cheap, flashy articles, as sham jewelry; hence, a sham or cheat. [Slang, Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A stupid, awkward, inefficient person.[Slang]

Duf´fle , n. See Duffel.

Du•fren´ite , n. [From ierre Armand Dufrenoy, a French geologist.] (Min.) A mineral of a blackish green color, commonly massive or in nodules. It is a hydrous phosphate of iron.

Dug (dug), n. [Akin to Sw. dägga to suckle (a child), Dan. daegge, and prob. to Goth. daddjan. rad.66.] A teat, pap, or nipple; — formerly that of a human mother, now that of a cow or other beast. “With mother’s dug between its lips.” Shak.

Dug, imp. & p. p. of Dig.

Du•gong´ (du•gog´), n. [Malayan dyng, or Javan. duyung.] (Zoöl.) An aquatic herbivorous mammal (Halicore dugong), of the order Sirenia, allied to the manatee, but with a bilobed tail. It inhabits the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, East Indies, and Australia. [Written also duyong.]

Dug´out (dug´out), n. 1. A canoe or boat dug out from a large log. [U.S.] “A man stepped from his slender dugout.” G. W. Cable. 2. A place dug out. 3. A house made partly in a hillside or slighter elevation. [Western U.S.] Bartlett.

Dug´way , n. A way or road dug through a hill, or sunk below the surface of the land. [U.S.]

Duke n. [F. duc, fr. L. dux, ducis, leader, commander, fr. ducere to lead; akin to AS. teón to draw; cf. AS. heretoga (here army) an army leader, general, G. herzog duke. See Tue, and cf. Doge, Duchess, Ducat, Duct, Adduce, Deduct.] 1. A leader; a chief; a prince. [Obs.] “Hannibal, duke of Carthage.” Sir T. Elyot. “All were dukes once, who were ´duces´ — captains or leaders of their people.” Trench. 2. In England, one of the highest order of nobility after princes and princesses of the royal blood and the four archbishops of England and Ireland. 3. In some European countries, a sovereign prince, without the title of king. Duke’s coronet. See Illust. of Coronet. — To dine with Duke Humphrey, to go without dinner. See under Dine.

Duke, v. i. To play the duke. [Poetic] “Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence.” Shak.

Duke´dom , n. 1. The territory of a duke. 2. The title or dignity of a duke. Shak.

Duke´ling, n. A little or insignificant duke. Ford.

Duke´ship, n. The quality or condition of being a duke; also the personality of a duke. Massinger.

Dul•ca•ma´ra , n. [NL., fr. L. dulcis sweet + amarus bitter.] (Bot.) A plant (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet, n., 3 (a).

Dul•ca•ma´rin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara), as a yellow amorphous substance. It probably occasions the compound taste. See Bittersweet, 3(a).

Dulce , v. t. To make sweet; to soothe. [Obs.]

Dulce´ness, n. Sweetness. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dul´cet , a. [OF. doucet, dim. of dous sweet, F. doux, L. dulcis; akin to Gr. . Cf. Doucet.] 1. Sweet to the taste; luscious. [Obs.] “She tempers dulcet creams.” Milton. 2. Sweet to the ear; melodious; harmonious. “Their dainty lays and dulcet melody.” Spenser.

Dul•ci•an´a , n. [NL., fr. L. dulcis sweet.] (Mus.) A sweet-toned stop of an organ.

Dul•ci•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. dulcification.] The act of dulcifying or sweetening. Boyle.

Dul´ci•fied , a. Sweetened; mollified. Dulcified spirit or spirits, a compound of alcohol with mineral acids; as dulcified spirits of niter.

Dul•cif´lu•ous , a. [L. dulcis sweet + fluere to flow.] Flowing sweetly. [R.]

Dul´ci•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dulcified p. pr. & vb. n. Dulcifying.] [L. dulcis sweet + -fy: cf. F. dulcifier.] 1. (Pharm.) To sweeten; to free from acidity, saltness, or acrimony. Wiseman. 2. Fig. : To mollify; to sweeten; to please. “As she … was further dulcified by her pipe of tobacco.” Hawthorne.

Dul•cil´o•quy , n. [L. dulcis sweet + loqui to speak.] A soft manner of speaking.

Dul´ci•mer , n. [It. dolcemele,r Sp. dulcemele, fr. L. dulcis sweet + melos song, melody, Gr. ; cf. OF. doulcemele. See Dulcet, and Melody.] (Mus.) (a) An instrument, having stretched metallic wires which are beaten with two light hammers held in the hands of the performer. (b) An ancient musical instrument in use among the Jews. Dan. iii. 5. It is supposed to be the same with the psaltery.

Dul•cin´e•a , n. [Sp., from Dulcinea del Toboso the mistress of the affections of Don Quixote.] A mistress; a sweetheart. “I must ever have some Dulcinea in my head.” Sterne.

Dul´ci•ness , n. See Dulceness. [Obs.]

Dul•ci´no , n. (Mus.) See Dolcino.

Dul´cite , n. [Cf. F. dulcite, fr. L. dulcis sweet.] (Chem.) A white, sugarlike substance, C_6H_8.(OH)2, occurring naturally in a manna from Madagascar, and in certain plants, and produced artificially by the reduction of galactose and lactose or milk sugar.

Dul´ci•tude , n. [L. dulcitudo, fr. dulcis sweet. Sweetness. [R.] Cockeram.

Dul´co•rate , v. t. [L. dulcoratus, p. p. of dulcorare, fr. dulcor sweetness, fr. dulcis sweet.] To sweeten; to make less acrimonious. [R.] Bacon.

Dul•co•ra´tion , n. [LL. dulcoratio.] The act of sweetening. [R.] Bacon.

Du´ledge , n. (Mil.) One of the dowels joining the ends of the fellies which form the circle of the wheel of a gun carriage. Wilhelm.

Du•li´a , n. [LL., fr. Gr. servitude, fr. slave.] (R. C. Ch.) An inferior kind of veneration or worship, given to the angels and saints as the servants of God.

Dull , a. [Compar. Duller superl. Dullest.] [AS. dol foolish; akin to gedwelan to err, D. dol mad, dwalen to wander, err, G. toll mad, Goth. dwals foolish, stupid, cf. Gr. turbid, troubled, Skr. dhvr to cause to fall. Cf. Dolt, Dwale, Dwell, Fraud.] 1. Slow of understanding; wanting readiness of apprehension; stupid; doltish; blockish. ´Dull at classical learning.´ Thackeray. “She is not bred so dull but she can learn.” Shak. 2. Slow in action; sluggish; unready; awkward. “This people’s heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing.” Matt. xiii. 15. “O, help my weak wit and sharpen my dull tongue.” Spenser. 3. Insensible; unfeeling. “Think me not
So dull a devil to forget the loss
Of such a matchless wife.” Beau. & Fl. 4. Not keen in edge or point; lacking sharpness; blunt. ´Thy scythe is dull.´ Herbert. 5. Not bright or clear to the eye; wanting in liveliness of color or luster; not vivid; obscure; dim; as a dull fire or lamp; a dull red or yellow; a dull mirror. 6. Heavy; gross; cloggy; insensible; spiritless; lifeless; inert. ´The dull earth.´ Shak. “As turning the logs will make a dull fire burn, so changes of study a dull brain.” Longfellow. 7. Furnishing little delight, spirit, or variety; uninteresting; tedious; cheerless; gloomy; melancholy; depressing; as a dull story or sermon; a dull occupation or period; hence, cloudy; overcast; as a dull day. “Along life’s dullest, dreariest walk.” Keble. Syn. — Lifeless; inanimate; dead; stupid; doltish; heavy; sluggish; sleepy; drowsy; gross; cheerless; tedious; irksome; dismal; dreary; clouded; tarnished; obtuse. See Lifeless.

Dull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duller p. pr. & vb. n. Dulling.] 1. To deprive of sharpness of edge or point. ´This … dulled their swords.´ Bacon. “Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.” Shak. 2. To make dull, stupid, or sluggish; to stupefy, as the senses, the feelings, the perceptions, and the like. “Those [drugs] she has
Will stupefy and dull the sense a while.” Shak. “Use and custom have so dulled our eyes.” Trench. 3. To render dim or obscure; to sully; to tarnish. ´Dulls the mirror.´ Bacon. 4. To deprive of liveliness or activity; to render heavy; to make inert; to depress; to weary; to sadden. “Attention of mind … wasted or dulled through continuance.” Hooker.

Dull, v. i. To become dull or stupid. Rom. of R.

Dull´ard , n. [Dull + - ard.] A stupid person; a dunce. Shak. — a. Stupid. Bp. Hall.

Dull´-brained , a. Stupid; doltish. Shak.

Dull´-browed , a. Having a gloomy look.

Dull´er , n. One who, or that which, dulls.

Dull´-eyed , a. Having eyes wanting brightness, liveliness, or vivacity. Shak.

Dull´head , n. A blockhead; a dolt. Ascham.

Dull´ish, a. Somewhat dull; uninteresting; tiresome. ´A series of dullish verses.´ Prof. Wilson.

Dull´ness, n. The state of being dull; slowness; stupidity; heaviness; drowsiness; bluntness; obtuseness; dimness; want of luster; want of vividness, or of brightness. [Written also dulness.] “And gentle dullness ever loves a joke.” Pope.

Dull´-sight•ed , a. Having poor eyesight.

Dull´some , a. Dull. [R.] Gataker.

Dull´-wit•ted , a. Stupid.

Dul´ly , adv. In a dull manner; stupidly; slowly; sluggishly; without life or spirit. “Supinely calm and dully innocent.” G. Lyttelton.

Du•loc´ra•cy , n. See Doulocracy.

Dulse (duls), n. [Cf. Gael. duileasg; duille leaf + uisge water. Cf. Whisky.] (Bot.) A seaweed of a reddish brown color, which is sometimes eaten, as in Scotland. The true dulse is Sarcophyllis edulis; the common is Rhodymenia. [Written also dillisk.] “The crimson leaf of the dulse is seen
To blush like a banner bathed in slaughter.” Percival.

Dul´wil•ly , n. [Prob. imitative.] (Zoöl.) The ring plover. [Prov. Eng.]

Du´ly , adv. In a due, fit, or becoming manner; as it (anything) ought to be; properly; regularly.

Du´mal , a. [L. dumus bramble.] Pertaining to, or set with, briers or bushes; brambly. [R.]

Dumb , a. [AS. dumb; akin to D. dom stupid, dumb, Sw. dumb, Goth. dumbs; cf. Gr. blind. See Deaf, and cf. Dummy.] 1. Destitute of the power of speech; unable; to utter articulate sounds; as the dumb brutes. “To unloose the very tongues even of dumb creatures.” Hooker. 2. Not willing to speak; mute; silent; not speaking; not accompanied by words; as dumb show. “This spirit, dumb to us, will speak to him.” Shak. “To pierce into the dumb past.” J. C. Shairp. 3. Lacking brightness or clearness, as a color. [R.] “Her stern was painted of a dumb white or dun color.” De Foe. Deaf and dumb. See Deaf-mute. — Dumb ague, or Dumb chill, a form of intermittent fever which has no well-defined ´chill.´ [U.S.] — Dumb animal, any animal except man; - - usually restricted to a domestic quadruped; — so called in contradistinction to man, who is a ´speaking animal.´ — Dumb cake, a cake made in silence by girls on St. Mark’s eve, with certain mystic ceremonies, to discover their future husbands. Halliwell. — Dumb cane (Bot.), a west Indian plant of the Arum family (Dieffenbachia seguina), which, when chewed, causes the tongue to swell, and destroys temporarily the power of speech. - - Dumb crambo. See under crambo. — Dumb show. (a) Formerly, a part of a dramatic representation, shown in pantomime. ´Inexplicable dumb shows and noise.´ Shak. (b) Signs and gestures without words; as to tell a story in dumb show. — To strike dumb, to confound; to astonish; to render silent by astonishment; or, it may be, to deprive of the power of speech. Syn. — Silent; speechless; noiseless. See Mute.

Dumb, v. t. To put to silence. [Obs.] Shak.

Dumb´-bell , n. A weight, consisting of two spheres or spheroids, connected by a short bar for a handle; used (often in pairs) for gymnastic exercise.

Dum´ble•dor , n. [The first part is prob. of imitative origin. See Dor a beetle.] (Zoöl.) A bumblebee; also a cockchafer. [Prov. Eng.]

Dumb´ly , adv. In silence; mutely.

Dumb´ness, n. The quality or state of being dumb; muteness; silence; inability to speak.

Dumb´-wait•er , n. A framework on which dishes, food, etc., are passed from one room or story of a house to another; a lift for dishes, etc.; also a piece of furniture with movable or revolving shelves.

Du´me•tose , a. [From L. dumetum a thicket.] (Bot.) Dumose.

Dum´found , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dumfounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dumfounding.] To strike dumb; to confuse with astonishment. [Written also dumbfound.] Spectator.

Dum´found•er , v. t. To dumfound; to confound. [Written also dumbfounder.]

Dum´ma•dor , n. A dumbledor.

Dum´mer•er , n. One who feigns dumbness. [Obs.] Burton.

Dum´my , a. [See Dumb.] 1. Silent; mute; noiseless; as a dummy engine. 2. Fictitious or sham; feigned; as a dummy watch. Dummy car. See under Car.

Dum´my, n.; pl. Dummies . 1. One who is dumb. H. Smith. 2. A sham package in a shop, or one which does not contain what its exterior indicates. 3. An imitation or copy of something, to be used as a substitute; a model; a lay figure; as a figure on which clothing is exhibited in shop windows; a blank paper copy used to show the size of the future book, etc. 4. (Drama) One who plays a merely nominal part in any action; a sham character. 5. A thick-witted person; a dolt. [Colloq.] 6. (Railroad) A locomotive with condensing engines, and, hence, without the noise of escaping steam; also a dummy car. 7. (Card Playing) The fourth or exposed hand when three persons play at a four-handed game of cards. 8. A floating barge connected with a pier. Knight. To play dummy, to play the exposed or dummy hand in cards. The partner of the dummy plays it. { Du•mose´ , Du´mous } a. [L. dumosus, fr. dumus a thornbush, a bramble.] 1. Abounding with bushes and briers. 2. (Bot.) Having a compact, bushy form.

Dump , n. [See Dumpling.] A thick, ill-shapen piece; a clumsy leaden counter used by boys in playing chuck farthing. [Eng.] Smart.

Dump, n. [Cf. dial. Sw. dumpin melancholy, Dan. dump dull, low, D. dompig damp, G. dumpf damp, dull, gloomy, and E. damp, or rather perh. dump, v. t. Cf. Damp, or Dump, v. t.] 1. A dull, gloomy state of the mind; sadness; melancholy; low spirits; despondency; ill humor; — now used only in the plural. “March slowly on in solemn dump.” Hudibras. “Doleful dumps the mind oppress.” Shak. “I was musing in the midst of my dumps.” Bunyan. The ludicrous associations now attached to this word did not originally belong to it. ´Holland’s translation of Livy represents the Romans as being •in the dumps’ after the battle of Cannae.´ Trench. 2. Absence of mind; revery. Locke. 3. A melancholy strain or tune in music; any tune. [Obs.] ´Tune a deploring dump.´ ´Play me some merry dump.´ Shak. 4. An old kind of dance. [Obs.] Nares.

Dump , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dumped p. pr. & vb. n. Dumping.] [OE. dumpen to throw down, fall down, cf. Icel. dumpa to thump, Dan. dumpe to fall suddenly, rush, dial. Sw. dimpa to fall down plump. Cf. Dump sadness.] 1. To knock heavily; to stump. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. To put or throw down with more or less of violence; hence, to unload from a cart by tilting it; as to dump sand, coal, etc. [U.S.] Bartlett. Dumping car or cart, a railway car, or a cart, the body of which can be tilted to empty the contents; — called also dump car, or dump cart.

Dump, n. 1. A car or boat for dumping refuse, etc. 2. A ground or place for dumping ashes, refuse, etc. 3. That which is dumped. 4. (Mining) A pile of ore or rock.

Dump´age , n. 1. The act of dumping loads from carts, especially loads of refuse matter; also a heap of dumped matter. 2. A fee paid for the privilege of dumping loads.

Dump´i•ness , n. The state of being dumpy.

Dump´ish, a. Dull; stupid; sad; moping; melancholy. ´ A … dumpish and sour life.´ Lord Herbert. — Dump´ish•ly, adv. — Dump´ish•ness, n.

Dum´ple , v. t. [See Dumpling.] To make dumpy; to fold, or bend, as one part over another. [R.] “He was a little man, dumpled up together.” Sir W. Scott.

Dump´ling , n. [Dimin. of dump an illshapen piece; cf. D. dompelen to plunge, dip, duck, Scot. to dump in to plunge into, and E. dump, v. t.] A roundish mass of dough boiled in soup, or as a sort of pudding; often, a cover of paste inclosing an apple or other fruit, and boiled or baked; as an apple dumpling.

Dump´y , a. [Compar. Dumpier superl. Dumpiest.] [1. From Dump a short ill-shapen piece. 2. From Dump sadness.] 1. Short and thick; of low stature and disproportionately stout. 2. Sullen or discontented. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dun , n. [See Dune.] A mound or small hill.

Dun, v. t. To cure, as codfish, in a particular manner, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with salt grass or some like substance.

Dun (dun), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dunned (dund); p. pr. & vb. n. Dunning (dun´ning).] [AS. dyne noise, dynian to make a noise, or fr. Icel. dynr, duna, noise, thunder, duna to thunder; the same word as E. din. rad.74. See Din.] To ask or beset, as a debtor, for payment; to urge importunately. “Hath she sent so soon to dun?” Swift.

Dun, n. 1. One who duns; a dunner. “To be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun.” Arbuthnot. 2. An urgent request or demand of payment; as he sent his debtor a dun.

Dun, a. [AS. dunn, of Celtic origin; cf. W. dwn, Ir. & Gael. donn.] Of a dark color; of a color partaking of a brown and black; of a dull brown color; swarthy. “Summer’s dun cloud comes thundering up.” Pierpont. “Chill and dun
Falls on the moor the brief November day.” Keble. Dun crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow; — so called from its color; — also called hoody, and hoddy. — Dun diver (Zoöl.), the goosander or merganser.

Dun´bird , n. [Named from its color.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pochard; — called also dunair, and dunker, or dun- curre. (b) An American duck; the ruddy duck.

Dunce , n. [From Joannes Duns Scotus, a schoolman called the Subtle Doctor, who died in 1308. Originally in the phrase ´a Duns man´. See Note below.] One backward in book learning; a child or other person dull or weak in intellect; a dullard; a dolt. “I never knew this town without dunces of figure.” Swift. The schoolmen were often called, after their great leader Duns Scotus, Dunsmen or Duncemen. In the revival of learning they were violently opposed to classical studies; hence, the name of Dunce was applied with scorn and contempt to an opposer of learning, or to one slow at learning, a dullard.

Dunce´dom , n. The realm or domain of dunces. [Jocose] Carlyle.

Dun´cer•y , n. Dullness; stupidity.

Dun´ci•cal , a. Like a dunce; duncish. “The most dull and duncical commissioner.” Fuller.

Dun´ci•fy , v. t. [Dunce + -fy.] To make stupid in intellect. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Dun´cish , a. Somewhat like a dunce. [R.] — Dun´cish•ness, n. [R.]

Dun´der , n. [Cf. Sp. redundar to overflow.] The lees or dregs of cane juice, used in the distillation of rum. [West Indies] “The use of dunder in the making of rum answers the purpose of yeast in the fermentation of flour.” B. Edwards.

Dun´der•head , n. [Prov. Eng. also dunderpoll, from dunder, same as thunder.] A dunce; a numskull; a blockhead. Beau. & Fl.

Dun´der-head•ed, a. Thick-headed; stupid.

Dun´der•pate , n. See Dunderhead.

Dune , n. [The same word as down: cf. D. duin. See Down a bank of sand.] A low hill of drifting sand usually formed on the coats, but often carried far inland by the prevailing winds. [Written also dun.] “Three great rivers, the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheldt, had deposited their slime for ages among the dunes or sand banks heaved up by the ocean around their mouths.” Motley.

Dun´fish , n. Codfish cured in a particular manner, so as to be of a superior quality.

Dung , n. [AS. dung; akin to G. dung, dünger, OHG. tunga, Sw. dynga; cf. Icel. dyngja heap, Dan. dynge, MHG. tunc underground dwelling place, orig., covered with dung. Cf. Dingy.] The excrement of an animal. Bacon.

Dung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dunged p. pr. & vb. n. Dunging.] 1. To manure with dung. Dryden. 2. (Calico Print.) To immerse or steep, as calico, in a bath of hot water containing cow dung; — done to remove the superfluous mordant.

Dung, v. i. To void excrement. Swift.

Dun•ga•ree´ , n. A coarse kind of unbleached cotton stuff. [Written also dungari.] [India]

Dun´geon , n. [OE. donjoun highest tower of a castle, tower, prison, F. donjon tower or platform in the midst of a castle, turret, or closet on the top of a house, a keep of a castle, LL. domnio, the same word as LL. dominus lord. See Dame, Don, and cf. Dominion, Domain, Demesne, Danger, Donjon.] A close, dark prison, common, under ground, as if the lower apartments of the donjon or keep of a castle, these being used as prisons. “Down with him even into the deep dungeon.” Tyndale. “Year after year he lay patiently in a dungeon.” Macaulay.

Dun´geon, v. t. To shut up in a dungeon. Bp. Hall.

Dung´fork , n. A fork for tossing dung.

Dung´hill , n. 1. A heap of dung. 2. Any mean situation or condition; a vile abode. “He … lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill.” 1. Sam. ii. 8. Dunghill fowl, a domestic fowl of common breed.

Dung´meer , n. [Dung + (prob.) meer a pool.] A pit where dung and weeds rot for manure.

Dung´y , a. Full of dung; filthy; vile; low. Shak.

Dung´yard , n. A yard where dung is collected.

Dun´ker , n. [G. tunken to dip.] One of a religious denomination whose tenets and practices are mainly those of the Baptists, but partly those of the Quakers; — called also Tunkers, Dunkards, Dippers, and, by themselves, Brethren, and German Baptists. The denomination was founded in Germany in 1708, but after a few years the members emigrated to the United States. Seventh-day Dunkers, a sect which separated from the Dunkers and formed a community, in 1728. They keep the seventh day or Saturday as the Sabbath.

Dun´lin , n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. dun hill (E. dune), and linne pool, pond, lake, E. lin.] (Zoöl.) A species of sandpiper (Tringa alpina); — called also churr, dorbie, grass bird, and red-backed sandpiper. It is found both in Europe and America.

Dun´nage , n. [Cf. Dun a mound.] (Naut.) Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind, laid on the bottom of the hold for the cargo to rest upon to prevent injury by water, or stowed among casks and other cargo to prevent their motion.

Dun´ner , n. [From Dun to ask payment from.] One employed in soliciting the payment of debts.

Dun´nish , a. Inclined to a dun color. Ray.

Dun´nock , n. [Cf. Dun,a.] (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow or hedge accentor. [Local, Eng.]

Dun´ny , a. Deaf; stupid.[Prov. Eng.] “My old dame Joan is something dunny, and will scarce know how to manage.” Sir W. Scott.

Dunt , n. [Dint.] A blow. [Obs.] R. of Glouc.

Dunt´ed, a. Beaten; hence, blunted. [Obs.] “Fencer’s swords … having the edge dunted.” Fuller.

Dun´ter , n. (Zoöl.) A porpoise. [Scott.] Dunter goose (Zoöl.) the eider duck. J. Brand.

Du´o , n. [It. duo, fr. L. duo two. See Duet.] (Mus.) A composition for two performers; a duet.

Du•o•dec•a•he´dral a. Du•o•dec•a•he´dron n. See Dodecahedral and Dodecahedron.

Du•o•de•cen´ni•al , a. [L. duodecennis; duodecim twelve + annus year.] Consisting of twelve years. [R.] Ash.

Du•o•dec´i•mal , a. [L. duodecim twelve. See Dozen.] Proceeding in computation by twelves; expressed in the scale of twelves. — Du•o•dec´i•mal•ly, adv.

Du•o•dec´i•mal, n. 1. A twelfth part; as the duodecimals of an inch. 2. pl. (Arch.) A system of numbers, whose denominations rise in a scale of twelves, as of feet and inches. The system is used chiefly by artificers in computing the superficial and solid contents of their work.

Du•o•dec´im•fid , a. [L. duodecim twelve + findere to cleave.] Divided into twelve parts.

Du•o•dec´i•mo , a. [L. in duodecimo in twelfth, fr. duodecimus twelfth, fr. duodecim twelve. See Dozen.] Having twelve leaves to a sheet; as a duodecimo from, book, leaf, size, etc.

Du•o•dec´i•mo, n.; pl. Duodecimos . A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into twelve leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; — usually written 12mo or 12°.

Du•o•dec´u•ple , a. [L. duo two + decuple.] Consisting of twelves. Arbuthnot.

Du•o•de´nal , a. [Cf. F. duodenal.] Of or pertaining to the duodenum; as duodenal digestion.

Du•o•den´a•ry , a. [L. duodenarius, fr. duodeni twelve each: cf. F. duodenaire.] Containing twelve; twelvefold; increasing by twelves; duodecimal.

Du•o•de´num , n. [NL., fr. duodeni twelve each: cf. F. duodenum. So called because its length is about twelve fingers’ breadth.] (Anat.) The part of the small intestines between the stomach and the jejunum. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus, under Digestive.

Du•o•lit´er•al , a. [L. duo two + E. literal.] Consisting of two letters only; biliteral. Stuart.

Duo´mo , n. [It. See Done.] A cathedral. See Dome, 2. “Of tower or duomo, sunny sweet.” Tennyson.

Dup , v. t. [Contr. fr. do up, that is, to lift up the latch. Cf. Don, Doff.] To open; as to dup the door. [Obs.] Shak.

Dup´a•ble , a. Capable of being duped.

Dupe (dup), n. [F., prob. from Prov. F. dupe, dube; of unknown origin; equiv. to F. huppe hoopoe, a foolish bird, easily caught. Cf. Armor. houperik hoopoe, a man easily deceived. Cf. also Gull, Booby.] One who has been deceived or who is easily deceived; a gull; as the dupe of a schemer.

Dupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duped (dupt); p. pr. & vb. n. Duping.] [Cf. F. duper, fr. dupe. See Dupe, n.] To deceive; to trick; to mislead by imposing on one’s credulity; to gull; as dupe one by flattery. “Ne’er have I duped him with base counterfeits.” Coleridge.

Dup´er , n. One who dupes another.

Dup´er•y , n. [F. duperie, fr. duper.] The act or practice of duping. [R.]

Du´pi•on , n. [F. doupion, It. doppione, fr. doppio double, L. duplus. See Double, and cf. Doubloon.] A double cocoon, made by two silkworms.

Du´ple , a. [L. duplus. See Double.] Double. Duple ratio (Math.), that in which the antecedent term is double the consequent, as of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, etc.

Du´plex , a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See Two, and Complex.] Double; twofold. Duplex escapement, a peculiar kind of watch escapement, in which the scape-wheel has two sets of teeth. See Escapement. — Duplex lathe, one for turning off, screwing, and surfacing, by means of two cutting tools, on opposite sides of the piece operated upon. — Duplex pumping engine, a steam pump in which two steam cylinders are placed side by side, one operating the valves of the other. — Duplex querela [L., double complaint] (Eccl. Law), a complaint in the nature of an appeal from the ordinary to his immediate superior, as from a bishop to an archbishop. Mozley & W. — Duplex telegraphy, a system of telegraphy for sending two messages over the same wire simultaneously. — Duplex watch, one with a duplex escapement.

Du´pli•cate , a. [L. duplicatus, p. p. of duplicare to double, fr. duplex double, twofold. See Duplex.] Double; twofold. Duplicate proportion or ratio (Math.), the proportion or ratio of squares. Thus, in geometrical proportion, the first term to the third is said to be in a duplicate ratio of the first to the second, or as its square is to the square of the second. Thus, in 2, 4, 8, 16, the ratio of 2 to 8 is a duplicate of that of 2 to 4, or as the square of 2 is to the square of 4.

Du´pli•cate, n. 1. That which exactly resembles or corresponds to something else; another, correspondent to the first; hence, a copy; a transcript; a counterpart. “I send a duplicate both of it and my last dispatch.” Sir W. Temple. 2. (Law) An original instrument repeated; a document which is the same as another in all essential particulars, and differing from a mere copy in having all the validity of an original. Burrill.

Du´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duplicated p. pr. & vb. n. Duplicating.] 1. To double; to fold; to render double. 2. To make a duplicate of (something); to make a copy or transcript of. Glanvill. 3. (Biol.) To divide into two by natural growth or spontaneous action; as infusoria duplicate themselves.

Du•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. duplicatio: cf. F. duplication.] 1. The act of duplicating, or the state of being duplicated; a doubling; a folding over; a fold. 2. (Biol.) The act or process of dividing by natural growth or spontaneous action; as the duplication of cartilage cells. Carpenter. Duplication of the cube (Math.), the operation of finding a cube having a volume which is double that of a given cube.

Du´pli•ca•tive , a. 1. Having the quality of duplicating or doubling. 2. (Biol.) Having the quality of subdividing into two by natural growth. ´Duplicative subdivision.´ Carpenter.

Du´pli•ca•ture , n. [Cf. F. duplicature.] A doubling; a fold, as of a membrane.

Du•plic´i•ty , n.; pl. Duplicities (#). [F. duplicite, L. duplicitas, fr. duplex double. See Duplex.] 1. Doubleness; a twofold state. [Archaic] “Do not affect duplicities nor triplicities, nor any certain number of parts in your division of things.” I. Watts. 2. Doubleness of heart or speech; insincerity; a sustained form of deception which consists in entertaining or pretending to entertain one set of feelings, and acting as if influenced by another; bad faith. “Far from the duplicity wickedly charged on him, he acted his part with alacrity and resolution.” Burke. 3. (Law) (a) The use of two or more distinct allegations or answers, where one is sufficient. Blackstone. (b) In indictments, the union of two incompatible offenses. Wharton. Syn. — Double dealing; dissimulation; deceit; guile; deception; falsehood.

Dup´per , n. See 2d Dubber.

Dur , a. [G., fr. L. durus hard, firm, vigorous.] (Mus.) Major; in the major mode; as C dur, that is, C major.

Du´ra , n. Short form for Dura mater.

Du•ra•bil´i•ty, n. [L. durabilitas.] The state or quality of being durable; the power of uninterrupted or long continuance in any condition; the power of resisting agents or influences which tend to cause changes, decay, or dissolution; lastingness. “A Gothic cathedral raises ideas of grandeur in our minds by the size, its height, … its antiquity, and its durability.” Blair.

Du´ra•ble , a. [L. durabilis, fr. durare to last: cf. F. durable. See Dure.] Able to endure or continue in a particular condition; lasting; not perishable or changeable; not wearing out or decaying soon; enduring; as durable cloth; durable happiness. “Riches and honor are with me; yea, durable riches and righteousness.” Prov. viii. 18. “An interest which from its object and grounds must be so durable.” De Quincey. Syn. — Lasting; permanent; enduring; firm; stable; continuing; constant; persistent. See Lasting.

Du´ra•ble•ness, n. Power of lasting, enduring, or resisting; durability. “The durableness of the metal that supports it.” Addison.

Du´ra•bly, adv. In a lasting manner; with long continuance.

Du´ral , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the dura, or dura mater.

Du´ra ma´ter [L., lit., hard mother. The membrane was called mater, or mother, because it was formerly thought to give rise to every membrane of the body.] (Anat.) The tough, fibrous membrane, which lines the cavity of the skull and spinal column, and surrounds the brain and spinal cord; — frequently abbreviated to dura.

Du•ra´men , n. [L., hardness, a hardened, i. e., ligneous, vine branch, fr. durare to harden. See Dure.] (Bot.) The heartwood of an exogenous tree.

Dur´ance , n. [OF. durance duration, fr. L. durans, -antis, p. pr. durare to endure, last. See Dure, and cf. Durant.] 1. Continuance; duration. See Endurance. [Archaic] “Of how short durance was this new-made state!” Dryden. 2. Imprisonment; restraint of the person; custody by a jailer; duress. Shak. ´Durance vile.´ Burns. “In durance, exile, Bedlam or the mint.” Pope. 3. (a) A stout cloth stuff, formerly made in imitation of buff leather and used for garments; a sort of tammy or everlasting. “Where didst thou buy this buff? let me not live but I will give thee a good suit of durance.” J. Webster. (b) In modern manufacture, a worsted of one color used for window blinds and similar purposes.

Dur´an•cy , n. Duration. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dur´ant , n. [F. durant, p. pr. of durer to last. Cf. Durance.] See Durance, 3.

Du•ran´te , prep. [L., abl. case of the p. pr. of durare to last.] (Law) During; as durante vita, during life; durante bene placito, during pleasure.

Du•ra´tion , n. [OF. duration. See Dure.] The state or quality of lasting; continuance in time; the portion of time during which anything exists. “It was proposed that the duration of Parliament should be limited.” Macaulay. “Soon shall have passed our own human duration.” D. Webster.

Dur´a•tive , a. Continuing; not completed; implying duration. “Its durative tense, which expresses the thought of it as going on.” J. Byrne.

Dur´bar , n. [Hind. darbar, fr. Per darar house, court, hall of audience; dar door, gate + bar court, assembly.] An audience hall; the court of a native prince; a state levee; a formal reception of native princes, given by the governor general of India. [India] [Written also darbar.]

Dure , a. [L. durus; akin to Ir. & Gael. dur , stubborn, W. dir certain, sure, cf. Gr. force.] Hard; harsh; severe; rough; toilsome. [R.] “The winter is severe, and life is dure and rude.” W. H. Russell.

Dure, v. i. [F. durer, L. durare to harden, be hardened, to endure, last, fr. durus hard. See Dure, a.] To last; to continue; to endure. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. “Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while.” Matt. xiii. 21.

Dure´ful , a. Lasting. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dure´less, a. Not lasting. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Du´rene , n. [L. durus hard; — so called because solid at ordinary temperatures.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon, C_6H_2(CH_3)4, off artificial production, with an odor like camphor.

Du´ress , n. [OF. duresse, du, hardship, severity, L. duritia, durities, fr. durus hard. See Dure.] 1. Hardship; constraint; pressure; imprisonment; restraint of liberty. “The agreements … made with the landlords during the time of slavery, are only the effect of duress and force.” Burke. 2. (Law) The state of compulsion or necessity in which a person is influenced, whether by the unlawful restrain of his liberty or by actual or threatened physical violence, to incur a civil liability or to commit an offense.

Du•ress´ , v. t. To subject to duress. ´The party duressed.´ Bacon.

Du•ress´or , n. (Law) One who subjects another to duress Bacon.

Dur´ga , n. (Myth.) Same as Doorga.

Dur´ham , n. One or a breed of short-horned cattle, originating in the county of Durham, England. The Durham cattle are noted for their beef-producing quality. { Du´ri•an , or Du´ri•on }, n. (Bot.) The fruit of the durio. It is oval or globular, and eight or ten inches long. It has a hard prickly rind, containing a soft, cream-colored pulp, of a most delicious flavor and a very offensive odor. The seeds are roasted and eaten like chestnuts.

Dur´ing , prep. [Orig., p. pr. of dure.] In the time of; as long as the action or existence of; as during life; during the space of a year.

Du´ri•o , n. [NL., fr. Malay dri thorn.] (Bot.) A fruit tree (D. zibethinus, the only species known) of the Indian Archipelago. It bears the durian.

Du´ri•ty , n. [L. duritas, fr. durus hard.] [Obs.] 1. Hardness; firmness. Sir T. Browne. 2. Harshness; cruelty. Cockeram.

Du•rom´e•ter , n. [L. durus hard + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the degree of hardness; especially, an instrument for testing the relative hardness of steel rails and the like.

Du´rous , a. [L. durus.] Hard. [Obs. & R.]

Dur´ra , n. [Ar. dhorra.] (Bot.) A kind of millet, cultivated throughout Asia, and introduced into the south of Europe; a variety of Sorghum vulgare; — called also Indian millet, and Guinea corn. [Written also dhoorra, dhurra, doura, etc.]

Durst , imp. of Dare. See Dare, v. i.

Du•ru•ku´li , n. (Zoöl.) A small, nocturnal, South American monkey (Nyctipthecus trivirgatus). [Written also douroucouli.]

Du•ryl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, allied to, or derived from, durene; as durylic acid.

Duse , n. A demon or spirit. See Deuce.

Dusk , a. [OE. dusc, dosc, deosc; cf. dial. Sw. duska to drizzle, dusk a slight shower. .] Tending to darkness or blackness; moderately dark or black; dusky. “A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades.” Milton.

Dusk, n. 1. Imperfect obscurity; a middle degree between light and darkness; twilight; as the dusk of the evening. 2. A darkish color. “Whose duck set off the whiteness of the skin.” Dryden.

Dusk, v. t. To make dusk. [Archaic] “After the sun is up, that shadow which dusketh the light of the moon must needs be under the earth.” Holland.

Dusk, v. i. To grow dusk. [R.] Chaucer.

Dusk´en , v. t. To make dusk or obscure. [R.] “Not utterly defaced, but only duskened.” Nicolls.

Dusk´i•ly , adv. In a dusky manner. Byron.

Dusk´i•ness, n. The state of being dusky.

Dusk´ish, a. Somewhat dusky. ´ Duskish smoke.´ Spenser. — Dusk´ish•ly, adv. — Dusk´ish•ness, n.

Dusk´ness, n. Duskiness. [R.] Sir T. Elyot.

Dusk´y , a. 1. Partially dark or obscure; not luminous; dusk; as a dusky valley. “Through dusky lane and wrangling mart.” Keble. 2. Tending to blackness in color; partially black; dark-colored; not bright; as a dusky brown. Bacon. “When Jove in dusky clouds involves the sky.” Dryden. “The figure of that first ancestor invested by family tradition with a dim and dusky grandeur.” Hawthorne. 3. Gloomy; sad; melancholy. “This dusky scene of horror, this melancholy prospect.” Bentley. 4. Intellectually clouded. “Though dusky wits dare scorn astrology.” Sir P. Sidney.

Dust (dust), n. [AS. dust; cf. LG. dust, D. duist meal dust, OD. doest, donst, and G. dunst vapor, OHG. tunist, dunist, a blowing, wind, Icel. dust dust, Dan. dyst mill dust; perh. akin to L. fumus smoke, E. fume. rad.71.] 1. Fine, dry particles of earth or other matter, so comminuted that they may be raised and wafted by the wind; that which is crumbled to minute portions; fine powder; as clouds of dust; bone dust. “Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.” Gen. iii. 19. “Stop! — for thy tread is on an empire’s dust.” Byron. 2. A single particle of earth or other matter. [R.] ´To touch a dust of England’s ground.´ Shak. 3. The earth, as the resting place of the dead. “For now shall sleep in the dust.” Job vii. 21. 4. The earthy remains of bodies once alive; the remains of the human body. “And you may carve a shrine about my dust.” Tennyson. 5. Figuratively, a worthless thing. “And by the merit of vile gold, dross, dust.” Shak. 6. Figuratively, a low or mean condition. “[God] raiseth up the poor out of the dust.” 1 Sam. ii. 8. 7. Gold dust; hence: (Slang) Coined money; cash. Down with the dust, deposit the cash; pay down the money. [Slang] ´My lord, quoth the king, presently deposit your hundred pounds in gold, or else no going hence all the days of your life… . The Abbot down with his dust, and glad he escaped so, returned to Reading.´ Fuller. — Dust brand (Bot.), a fungous plant (Ustilago Carbo); — called also smut. — Gold dust, fine particles of gold, such as are obtained in placer mining; — often used as money, being transferred by weight. — In dust and ashes. See under Ashes. — To bite the dust. See under Bite, v. t. — To raise, or kick up, dust, to make a commotion. [Colloq.] — To throw dust in one’s eyes, to mislead; to deceive. [Colloq.]

Dust , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dusting.] 1. To free from dust; to brush, wipe, or sweep away dust from; as to dust a table or a floor. 2. To sprinkle with dust. 3. To reduce to a fine powder; to levigate. Sprat. To dyst one’s jacket, to give one a flogging. [Slang.]

Dust´brush , n. A brush of feathers, bristles, or hair, for removing dust from furniture.

Dust´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, dusts; a utensil that frees from dust. Specifically: (a) (Paper Making) A revolving wire-cloth cylinder which removes the dust from rags, etc. (b) (Milling) A blowing machine for separating the flour from the bran. 2. A light over-garment, worn in traveling to protect the clothing from dust. [U.S.]

Dust´i•ness , n. The state of being dusty.

Dust´less, a. Without dust; as a dustless path.

Dust´man (-man), p.; pl. Dustmen (-men). One whose employment is to remove dirt and refuse. Gay.

Dust´pan (-pan•), n. A shovel-like utensil for conveying away dust brushed from the floor.

Dust´-point , n. An old rural game. “With any boy at dust-point they shall play.” Peacham (1620).

Dust´y (-y), a. [Compar. Dustier (-i•er); superl. Dustiest (-i•est).] [AS. dystig. See Dust.] 1. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust; clouded with dust; as a dusty table; also reducing to dust. “And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death.” Shak. 2. Like dust; of the color of dust; as a dusty white. Dusty miller (Bot.), a plant (Cineraria maritima); — so called because of the ashy-white coating of its leaves.

Dutch , a. [D. duitsch German; or G. deutsch, orig., popular, national, OD. dietsc, MHG. diutsch, tiutsch, OHG. diutisk, fr. diot, diota, a people, a nation; akin to AS. peód, OS. thiod, thioda, Goth. piuda; cf. Lith. tauta land, OIr. tuath people, Oscan touto. The English have applied the name especially to the Germanic people living nearest them, the Hollanders. Cf. Derrick, Teutonic.] Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhabitants. Dutch auction. See under Auction. — Dutch cheese, a small, pound, hard cheese, made from skim milk. — Dutch clinker, a kind of brick made in Holland. It is yellowish, very hard, and long and narrow in shape. — Dutch clover (Bot.), common white clover (Trifolium repens), the seed of which was largely imported into England from Holland. — Dutch concert, a so-called concert in which all the singers sing at the same time different songs. [Slang] — Dutch courage, the courage of partial intoxication. [Slang] Marryat. — Dutch door, a door divided into two parts, horizontally, so arranged that the lower part can be shut and fastened, while the upper part remains open. — Dutch foil, Dutch leaf, or Dutch gold, a kind of brass rich in copper, rolled or beaten into thin sheets, used in Holland to ornament toys and paper; — called also Dutch mineral, Dutch metal, brass foil, and bronze leaf. — Dutch liquid (Chem.), a thin, colorless, volatile liquid, C_2H_4Cl_2, of a sweetish taste and a pleasant ethereal odor, produced by the union of chlorine and ethylene or olefiant gas; — called also Dutch oil. It is so called because discovered (in 1795) by an association of four Hollandish chemists. See Ethylene, and Olefiant. - - Dutch oven, a tin screen for baking before an open fire or kitchen range; also in the United States, a shallow iron kettle for baking, with a cover to hold burning coals. — Dutch pink, chalk, or whiting dyed yellow, and used in distemper, and for paper staining. etc. Weale. — Dutch rush (Bot.), a species of horsetail rush or Equisetum (E. hyemale) having a rough, siliceous surface, and used for scouring and polishing; — called also scouring rush, and shave grass. See Equisetum. — Dutch tile, a glazed and painted ornamental tile, formerly much exported, and used in the jambs of chimneys and the like. Dutch was formerly used for German. “Germany is slandered to have sent none to this war [the Crusades] at this first voyage; and that other pilgrims, passing through that country, were mocked by the Dutch, and called fools for their pains.” Fuller.

Dutch, n. 1. pl. The people of Holland; Dutchmen. 2. The language spoken in Holland.

Dutch´man , n.; pl. Dutchmen . A native, or one of the people, of Holland. Dutchman’s breeches (Bot.), a perennial American herb (Dicentra cucullaria), with peculiar double-spurred flowers. See Illust. of Dicentra. - - Dutchman’s laudanum (Bot.), a West Indian passion flower (Passiflora Murucuja); also its fruit. — Dutchman’s pipe (Bot.), an American twining shrub (Aristolochia Sipho). Its flowers have their calyx tubes curved like a tobacco pipe.

Du´te•ous , a. [From Duty.] 1. Fulfilling duty; dutiful; having the sentiments due to a superior, or to one to whom respect or service is owed; obedient; as a duteous son or daughter. 2. Subservient; obsequious. “Duteous to the vices of thy mistress.” Shak. — Du´te•ous•ly, adv. — Du´te•ous•ness, n.

Du´ti•a•ble , a. [From Duty.] Subject to the payment of a duty; as dutiable goods. [U.S.] “All kinds of dutiable merchandise.” Hawthorne.

Du´tied , a. Subjected to a duty. Ames.

Du´ti•ful , a. 1. Performing, or ready to perform, the duties required by one who has the right to claim submission, obedience, or deference; submissive to natural or legal superiors; obedient, as to parents or superiors; as a dutiful son or daughter; a dutiful ward or servant; a dutiful subject. 2. Controlled by, proceeding from, a sense of duty; respectful; deferential; as dutiful affection. Syn. — Duteous; obedient; reverent; reverential; submissive; docile; respectful; compliant. — Du´ti•ful•ly, adv. — Du´ti•ful•ness, n.

Du´ty , n.; pl. Duties (#). [From Due.] 1. That which is due; payment. [Obs. as signifying a material thing.] “When thou receivest money for thy labor or ware, thou receivest thy duty.” Tyndale. 2. That which a person is bound by moral obligation to do, or refrain from doing; that which one ought to do; service morally obligatory. “Forgetting his duty toward God, his sovereign lord, and his country.” Hallam. 3. Hence, any assigned service or business; as the duties of a policeman, or a soldier; to be on duty. “With records sweet of duties done.” Keble. “To employ him on the hardest and most imperative duty.” Hallam. “Duty is a graver term than obligation. A duty hardly exists to do trivial things; but there may be an obligation to do them.” C. J. Smith. 4. Specifically, obedience or submission due to parents and superiors. Shak. 5. Respect; reverence; regard; act of respect; homage. ´My duty to you.´ Shak. 6. (Engin.) The efficiency of an engine, especially a steam pumping engine, as measured by work done by a certain quantity of fuel; usually, the number of pounds of water lifted one foot by one bushel of coal (94 lbs. old standard), or by 1 cwt. (112 lbs., England, or 100 lbs., United States). 7. (Com.) Tax, toll, impost, or customs; excise; any sum of money required by government to be paid on the importation, exportation, or consumption of goods. An impost on land or other real estate, and on the stock of farmers, is not called a duty, but a direct tax. [U.S.] Ad valorem duty, a duty which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of the article taxed. See Ad valorem. — Specific duty, a duty of a specific sum assessed on an article without reference to its value or market. — On duty, actually engaged in the performance of one’s assigned task.

Du•um´vir , n.; pl. E. Duumvirs (#), L. Duumviri (#). [L., fr. duo two + vir man.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of two Roman officers or magistrates united in the same public functions.

Du•um´vi•ral , a. [L. duumviralis.] Of or belonging to the duumviri or the duumvirate.

Du•um´vi•rate , n. [L. duumviratus, fr. duumvir.] The union of two men in the same office; or the office, dignity, or government of two men thus associated, as in ancient Rome.

Dux , n. [L., leader.] (Mus.) The scholastic name for the theme or subject of a fugue, the answer being called the comes, or companion.

Duy´ker•bok , n. [D. duiker diver + bok a buck, lit., diver buck. So named from its habit of diving suddenly into the bush.] (Zoöl.) A small South African antelope (Cephalous mergens); — called also impoon, and deloo.

Du•young´ , n. (Zoöl.) See Dugong.

D´ valve (Mech.) A kind of slide valve. See Slide valve, under Slide.

Dver´gr , n.; pl. Dvergar (#). [See Dwarf.] (Scand. Myth.) A dwarf supposed to dwell in rocks and hills and to be skillful in working metals.

Dwale , n. [OE. dwale, dwole, deception, deadly nightshade, AS. dwala, dwola, error, doubt; akin to E. dull. See Dull, a.] 1. (Bot.) The deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladonna), having stupefying qualities. 2. (Her.) The tincture sable or black when blazoned according to the fantastic system in which plants are substituted for the tinctures. 3. A sleeping potion; an opiate. Chaucer.

Dwang , n. [Cf. D. dwingen to force, compel.] 1. (Carp.) A piece of wood set between two studs, posts, etc., to stiffen and support them. 2. (Mech.) (a) A kind of crowbar. (b) A large wrench. Knight.

Dwarf , n.; pl. Dwarfs (#). [OE. dwergh, dwerf, dwarf, AS. dweorg, dweorh; akin to D. dwerg, MHG. twerc, G. zwerg, Icel. dvergr, Sw. & Dan. dverg; of unknown origin.] An animal or plant which is much below the ordinary size of its species or kind; especially, a diminutive human being. During the Middle Ages dwarfs as well as fools shared the favor of courts and the nobility. Dwarf is used adjectively in reference to anything much below the usual or normal size; as dwarf tree; dwarf honeysuckle. Dwarf elder (Bot.), danewort. — Dwarf wall (Arch.), a low wall, not as high as the story of a building, often used as a garden wall or fence. Gwilt.

Dwarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dwarfed p. pr. & vb. n. Dwarfing.] To hinder from growing to the natural size; to make or keep small; to stunt. Addison. “Even the most common moral ideas and affections … would be stunted and dwarfed, if cut off from a spiritual background.” J. C. Shairp.

Dwarf, v. i. To become small; to diminish in size. “Strange power of the world that, the moment we enter it, our great conceptions dwarf.” Beaconsfield.

Dwarf´ish, a. Like a dwarf; below the common stature or size; very small; petty; as a dwarfish animal, shrub. — Dwarf´ish•ly, adv. — Dwarf´ish•ness, n.

Dwarf´ling , n. A diminutive dwarf.

Dwarf´y , a. Much undersized. [R.] Waterhouse. { Dwaul , Dwaule } , v. i. [See Dull, Dwell.] To be delirious. [Obs.] Junius.

Dwell , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwelled , usually contracted into Dwelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dwelling.] [OE. dwellen, dwelien, to err, linger, AS. dwellan to deceive, hinder, delay, dwelian to err; akin to Icel. dvelja to delay, tarry, Sw. dväljas to dwell, Dan. dvaele to linger, and to E. dull. See Dull, and cf. Dwale.] 1. To delay; to linger. [Obs.] 2. To abide; to remain; to continue. “I ’ll rather dwell in my necessity.” Shak. “Thy soul was like a star and dwelt apart.” Wordsworth. 3. To abide as a permanent resident, or for a time; to live in a place; to reside. “The parish in which I was born, dwell, and have possessions.” Peacham. “The poor man dwells in a humble cottage near the hall where the lord of the domain resides.” C. J. Smith. To dwell in, to abide in (a place); hence, to depend on. ´My hopes in heaven to dwell.´ Shak. — To dwell on or upon, to continue long on or in; to remain absorbed with; to stick to; to make much of; as to dwell upon a subject; a singer dwells on a note. “They stand at a distance, dwelling on his looks and language, fixed in amazement.” Buckminster. Syn. — To inhabit; live; abide; sojourn; reside; continue; stay; rest.

Dwell , v. t. To inhabit. [R.] Milton.

Dwell´er , n. An inhabitant; a resident; as a cave dweller. ´Dwellers at Jerusalem.´ Acts i. 19.

Dwell´ing, n. Habitation; place or house in which a person lives; abode; domicile. “Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons.” Jer. xlix. 33. “God will deign
To visit oft the dwellings of just men.” Milton. “Philip’s dwelling fronted on the street.” Tennyson. Dwelling house, a house intended to be occupied as a residence, in distinction from a store, office, or other building. — Dwelling place, place of residence.

Dwelt , imp. & p. p.of Dwell.

Dwin´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwindled p. pr. & vb. n. Dwindling ] [From OE. dwinen to languish, waste away, AS. dwinan; akin to LG. dwinen, D. dwijnen to vanish, Icel. dvina to cease, dwindle, Sw. tvina; of uncertain origin. The suffix -le, preceded by d excrescent after n, is added to the root with a diminutive force.] To diminish; to become less; to shrink; to waste or consume away; to become degenerate; to fall away. “Weary sennights nine times nine
Shall he dwindle, peak and pine.” Shak. “Religious societies, though begun with excellent intentions,
are said to have dwindled into factious clubs.” Swift.

Dwin´dle, v. t. 1. To make less; to bring low. “Our drooping days are dwindled down to naught.” Thomson. 2. To break; to disperse. [R.] Clarendon.

Dwin´dle, n. The process of dwindling; dwindlement; decline; degeneracy. [R.] Johnson.

Dwin´dle•ment , n. The act or process of dwindling; a dwindling. [R.] Mrs. Oliphant.

Dwine , v. i. [See Dwindle.] To waste away; to pine; to languish. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Gower.

Dy´ad , n. [L. dyas, dyadis, the number two. Gr. : cf. F. dyade. See two, and cf. Duad.] 1. Two units treated as one; a couple; a pair. 2. (Chem.) An element, atom, or radical having a valence or combining power of two.

Dy´ad, a. (Chem.) Having a valence or combining power of two; capable of being substituted for, combined with, or replaced by, two atoms of hydrogen; as oxygen and calcium are dyad elements. See Valence.

Dy•ad´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. two.] Pertaining to the number two; of two parts or elements. Dyadic arithmetic, the same as binary arithmetic.

Dy´aks , n. pl.; sing. Dyak. (Ethnol.) The aboriginal and most numerous inhabitants of Borneo. They are partially civilized, but retain many barbarous practices.

Dy´as , n. [L. dyas the number two.] (Geol.) A name applied in Germany to the Permian formation, there consisting of two principal groups.

Dye , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dyed p. pr. & vb. n. Dyeing.] [OE. deyan, dyen, AS. deágian.] To stain; to color; to give a new and permanent color to, as by the application of dyestuffs. “Cloth to be dyed of divers colors.” Trench. “The soul is dyed by its thoughts.” Lubbock. To dye in the grain, To dye in the wool (Fig.), to dye firmly; to imbue thoroughly. “He might truly be termed a legitimate son of the revenue system dyed in the wool.” Hawthorne. Syn. — See Stain.

Dye, n. 1. Color produced by dyeing. 2. Material used for dyeing; a dyestuff.

Dye, n. Same as Die, a lot. Spenser.

Dye´house , n. A building in which dyeing is carried on.

Dye´ing , n. The process or art of fixing coloring matters permanently and uniformly in the fibers of wool, cotton, etc.

Dy´er , n. One whose occupation is to dye cloth and the like. Dyer’s broom, Dyer’s rocket, Dyer’s weed. See Dyer’s broom, under Broom.

Dye´stuff , n. A material used for dyeing.

Dye´wood , n. Any wood from which coloring matter is extracted for dyeing.

Dy´ing , a. 1. In the act of dying; destined to death; mortal; perishable; as dying bodies. 2. Of or pertaining to dying or death; as dying bed; dying day; dying words; also simulating a dying state.

Dy´ing, n. The act of expiring; passage from life to death; loss of life.

Dy´ing•ly, adv. In a dying manner; as if at the point of death. Beau. & Fl.

Dy´ing•ness, n. The state of dying or the stimulation of such a state; extreme languor; languishment. [R.] “Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of dyingness; you see that picture, Foible, — a swimmingness in the eyes; yes, I’ll look so.” Congreve.

Dyke , n. See Dike. The spelling dyke is restricted by some to the geological meaning.

Dy•nac•ti•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. power + E. actinometer.] An instrument for measuring the intensity of the photogenic (light-producing) rays, and computing the power of object glasses.

Dy´nam , n. [Cf. F. dyname. See Dynamic.] A unit of measure for dynamical effect or work; a foot pound. See Foot pound. Whewell.

Dy•nam´e•ter , n. [Gr. power + -meter: cf. F. dynamètre. Cf. Dynamometer.] 1. A dynamometer. 2. (Opt.) An instrument for determining the magnifying power of telescopes, consisting usually of a doubleimage micrometer applied to the eye end of a telescope for measuring accurately the diameter of the image of the object glass there formed; which measurement, compared with the actual diameter of the glass, gives the magnifying power.

Dy•na•met´ric•al , a. Pertaining to a dynameter. { Dy•nam´ic , Dy•nam´ic•al } a. [Gr. powerful, fr. power, fr. to be able; cf. L. durus hard, E. dure: cf. F. dynamique.] 1. Of or pertaining to dynamics; belonging to energy or power; characterized by energy or production of force. “Science, as well as history, has its past to show, — a past indeed, much larger; but its immensity is dynamic, not divine.” J. Martineau. “The vowel is produced by phonetic, not by dynamic, causes.” J. Peile. 2. Relating to physical forces, effects, or laws; as dynamical geology. “As natural science has become more dynamic, so has history.” Prof. Shedd. Dynamical electricity. See under Electricity.

Dy•nam´ic•al•ly, adv. In accordance with the principles of dynamics or moving forces. J. Peile.

Dy•nam´ics , n. 1. That branch of mechanics which treats of the motion of bodies (kinematics) and the action of forces in producing or changing their motion (kinetics). Dynamics is held by some recent writers to include statics and not kinematics. 2. The moving moral, as well as physical, forces of any kind, or the laws which relate to them. 3. (Mus.) That department of musical science which relates to, or treats of, the power of tones.

Dy´na•mism , n. [Cf. F. dynamisme. See Dynamics.] The doctrine of Leibnitz, that all substance involves force.

Dy´na•mist , n. One who accounts for material phenomena by a theory of dynamics. “Those who would resolve matter into centers of force may be said to constitute the school of dynamists.” Ward (Dyn. Sociol. ).

Dy´na•mi•tard , n. A political dynamiter. [A form found in some newspapers.]

Dy´na•mite , n. [Gr. power. See Dynamic.] (Chem.) An explosive substance consisting of nitroglycerin absorbed by some inert, porous solid, as infusorial earth, sawdust, etc. It is safer than nitroglycerin, being less liable to explosion from moderate shocks, or from spontaneous decomposition.

Dy´na•mi•ter , n. One who uses dynamite; esp., one who uses it for the destruction of life and property.

Dy´na•mi•ting , n. Destroying by dynamite, for political ends. “Dynamiting is not the American way.” The Century.

Dy´na•mi•tism , n. The work of dynamiters.

Dy´na•mi•za•tion , [Gr. power. See Dynamic.] (Homeop.) The act of setting free the dynamic powers of a medicine, as by shaking the bottle containing it.

Dy´na•mo , n. A dynamo-electric machine.

Dy•na•mo-e•lec´tric , a. [Gr. power + E. electric. See Dynamic.] Pertaining to the development of electricity, especially electrical currents, by power; producing electricity or electrical currents by mechanical power.

Dy•nam´o•graph , n. [Gr. power + -graph. See Dynamic.] (Physiol.) A dynamometer to which is attached a device for automatically registering muscular power.

Dy•na•mom´e•ter , n. [Cf. F. dynamomètre. See Dynameter.] An apparatus for measuring force or power; especially, muscular effort of men or animals, or the power developed by a motor, or that required to operate machinery. It usually embodies a spring to be compressed or weight to be sustained by the force applied, combined with an index, or automatic recorder, to show the work performed. { Dy•na•mo•met´ric , Dy•na•mo•met´ric•al , } a. Relating to a dynamometer, or to the measurement of force doing work; as dynamometrical instruments.

Dy•na•mom´e•try , n. The art or process of measuring forces doing work.

Dy´nast , n. [L. dynastes, Gr. , fr. to be able or strong: cf. F. dynaste. See Dynamic.] 1. A ruler; a governor; a prince. 2. A dynasty; a government. [Obs.]

Dy•nas´ta , n. [NL. See Dynast.] A tyrant. [Obs.] Milton.

Dy•nas´tic , a. [Gr. of a dynast, fr. : cf. F. dunastique.] Of or relating to a dynasty or line of kings. Motley.

Dy•nas´tic•al , a. Dynastic.

Dy•nas´ti•dan , n. [Gr. , fem. of . See Dynast. The name alludes to the immense size of some species.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of gigantic, horned beetles, including Dynastus Neptunus, and the Hercules beetle (D. Hercules) of tropical America, which grow to be six inches in length.

Dy´nas•ty (di´nas•ty or din´as•ty; 277), n.; pl. Dynasties (-tiz). [Gr. dynastei•a lordship, fr. dynastey•ein to hold power or lordship, fr. dyna•sths: cf. F. dynastie dynasty. See Dynast.] 1. Sovereignty; lordship; dominion. Johnson. 2. A race or succession of kings, of the same line or family; the continued lordship of a race of rulers.

Dyne , n. [Formed fr. Gr. power. See Dynamic.] (Physics) The unit of force, in the C. G. S. (Centimeter Gram Second) system of physical units; that is, the force which, acting on a gram for a second, generates a velocity of a centimeter per second.

Dys- An inseparable prefix, fr. the Greek hard, ill, and signifying ill, bad, hard, difficult, and the like; cf. the prefixes, Skr. dus-, Goth. tuz-, OHG. zur-, G. zer-, AS. to-, Icel. tor-, Ir. do-.

Dys•aes•the´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. dys- ill, bad + to perceive, to feel.] (Med.) Impairment of any of the senses, esp. of touch.

Dys•cra´si•a , n. [NL. dyscrasia, fr. Gr. dyskrasi•a; dys- bad + kra^sis mixture, fr. keranny•nai to mix: cf. F. dycrasie.] (Med.) An ill habit or state of the constitution; — formerly regarded as dependent on a morbid condition of the blood and humors.

Dys´cra•site , n. [Gr. dys- bad + compound.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of antimony and silver.

Dys´cra•sy , n.; pl. Discrasies . Dycrasia. “Sin is a cause of dycrasies and distempers.” Jer. Taylor. { Dys•en•ter´ic , Dys•en•ter´ic•al } a. [L. dysentericus, Gr. ; cf. F. dysenterigue.] Of or pertaining to dysentery; having dysentery; as a dysenteric patient. ´Dysenteric symptoms.´ Copland.

Dys´en•ter•y , n. [L. dysenteria, Gr. ; dys- ill, bad + , pl. , intestines, fr. ’ento•s within, fr. in, akin to E. in: cf. F. dysenterie. See Dys, and In.] (Med.) A disease attended with inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum, and characterized by griping pains, constant desire to evacuate the bowels, and the discharge of mucus and blood. When acute, dysentery is usually accompanied with high fevers. It occurs epidemically, and is believed to be communicable through the medium of the alvine discharges.

Dys•ge•nes´ic , a. Not procreating or breeding freely; as one race may be dysgenesic with respect to another. Darwin.

Dys•gen´e•sis , n. [Pref. dys- + genesis.] (Biol.) A condition of not generating or breeding freely; infertility; a form of homogenesis in which the hybrids are sterile among themselves, but are fertile with members of either parent race.

Dys•lo•gis´tic , a. [Gr. dys- ill, bad, + discourse, fr. to speak.] Unfavorable; not commendatory; — opposed to eulogistic. “There is no course of conduct for which dyslogistic or eulogistic epithets may be found.” J. F. Stephen. “The paternity of dyslogistic — no bantling, but now almost a centenarian — is adjudged to that genius of common sense, Jeremy Bentham.” Fitzed. Hall.

Dys´lu•ite , n. [Gr. dys- ill, hard + to loose, dissolve.] (Min.) A variety of the zinc spinel or gahnite.

Dys´ly•sin , n. [Gr. dys- ill, hard + a loosing.] (Physiol. Chem.) A resinous substance formed in the decomposition of cholic acid of bile; — so called because it is difficult to solve.

Dys•men•or•rhe´a , n. [Gr. dys- ill, hard + month + to flow.] (Med.) Difficult and painful menstruation.

Dys´no•my , n. [Gr. ; dys- ill, bad + law.] Bad legislation; the enactment of bad laws. Cockeram.

Dys´o•dile , n. [Gr. ill smell, from ill-smelling; dys- ill, bad + to smell.] (Min.) An impure earthy or coaly bitumen, which emits a highly fetid odor when burning. { Dys•pep´si•a , Dys•pep´sy ( 277), }[L. dyspepsia, Gr. , fr. hard to digest; dys- ill, hard + to cook, digest; akin to E. cook: cf. F. dyspepsie. See Dys-, and 3d Cook.] (Med.) A kind of indigestion; a state of the stomach in which its functions are disturbed, without the presence of other diseases, or, if others are present, they are of minor importance. Its symptoms are loss of appetite, nausea, heartburn, acrid or fetid eructations, a sense of weight or fullness in the stomach, etc. Dunglison. { Dys•pep´tic , Dys•pep´tic•al } a. Pertaining to dyspepsia; having dyspepsia; as a dyspeptic or dyspeptical symptom.

Dys•pep´tic, n. A person afflicted with dyspepsia.

Dys•pep´tone , n. [Pref. dys- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) An insoluble albuminous body formed from casein and other proteid substances by the action of gastric juice. Meissner. { Dys•pha´gi•a , Dys´pha•gy } n. [NL. dysphagia, fr. Gr. dys- ill, hard + to eat.] (Med.) Difficulty in swallowing. { Dys•pho´ni•a , Dys´pho•ny } n. [NL. dysphonia, Gr. ; dys- ill, hard + sound, voice: cf. F. dysphonie.] (Med.) A difficulty in producing vocal sounds; enfeebled or depraved voice.

Dys•pho´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. hard to bear; dys- ill, hard + fe•rein to bear: cf. F. dysphorie.] (Med.) Impatience under affliction; morbid restlessness; dissatisfaction; the fidgets.

Dysp•nœ´a , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. short of breath; pref. dys- ill, hard + , , breathing, to blow, breathe: cf. F. dyspnee.] (Med.) Difficulty of breathing.

Dysp•no´ic , a. (Med.) Affected with shortness of breath; relating to dyspnœa.

Dys•te•le•ol´o•gy , n. [Pref. dys- + teleology.] (Biol.) The doctrine of purposelessness; a term applied by Haeckel to that branch of physiology which treats of rudimentary organs, in view of their being useless to the life of the organism. “To the doctrine of dysteleology, or the denial of final causes, a proof of the real existence of such a thing as instinct must necessarily be fatal.” Word (Dynamic Sociology).

Dys•to´ci•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; dys- ill, hard + to•kos delivery.] (Med.) Difficult delivery pr parturition.

Dys´tome , a. [Gr. dys- ill, hard + tomo•s cutting, diate•mnein to cut.] (Min.) Cleaving with difficulty. Datolite was called dystome spar by Mohs. { Dys•u´ri•a , Dys´u•ry } n. [L. dysuria, Gr. ; dys- + urine: cf. F. dysurie.] (Med.) Difficult or painful discharge of urine.

Dys•u´ric , a. [Gr. : cf. F. dysurique.] Pertaining to, or afflicted with, dysury. { Dze´ren , Dze´ron } n. (Zoöl.) The Chinese yellow antelope (Procapra gutturosa), a remarkably swift-footed animal, inhabiting the deserts of Central Asia, Thibet, and China.

Dzig´ge•tai , n. (Zoöl.) The kiang, a wild horse or wild ass of Thibet (Asinus hemionus). The name is sometimes applied also to the koulan or onager. See Koulan. E.

E (e). 1. The fifth letter of the English alphabet. It derives its form, name, and value from the Latin, the form and value being further derived from the Greek, into which it came from the Phœnician, and ultimately, probably, from the Egyptian. Its etymological relations are closest with the vowels i, a, and o, as illustrated by to fall, to fell; man, pl. men; drink, drank, drench; dint, dent; doom, deem; goose, pl. geese; beef, OF. boef, L. bos; and E. cheer, OF. chiere, LL. cara. The letter e has in English several vowel sounds, the two principal being its long or name sound, as in eve, me, and the short, as in end, best. Usually at the end of words it is silent, but serves to indicate that the preceding vowel has its long sound, where otherwise it would be short, as in mane, cane, mete, which without the final e would be pronounced man, can, met. After c and g, the final e indicates that these letters are to be pronounced as s and j; respectively, as in lace, rage. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 74-97. 2. (Mus.) E is the third tone of the model diatonic scale. E&flat; (E flat) is a tone which is intermediate between D and E.

E-. A Latin prefix meaning out, out of, from; also without. See Ex-.

Each (ech), a. or a. pron. [OE. eche, aelc, elk, ilk, AS. aelc; a always + gelic like; akin to OD. iegelik, OHG. eogilih, MHG. iegelich, G. jeglich. rad.209. See 3d Aye, Like, and cf. Either, Every, Ilk.] 1. Every one of the two or more individuals composing a number of objects, considered separately from the rest. It is used either with or without a following noun; as each of you or each one of you. ´Each of the combatants.´ Fielding. To each corresponds other. ´Let each esteem other better than himself.´ Each other, used elliptically for each the other. It is our duty to assist each other; that is, it is our duty, each to assist the other, each being in the nominative and other in the objective case. “It is a bad thing that men should hate each other; but it is far worse that they should contract the habit of cutting one another’s throats without hatred.” Macaulay. “Let each
His adamantine coat gird well.” Milton. “In each cheek appears a pretty dimple.” Shak. “Then draw we nearer day by day,
Each to his brethren, all to God.” Keble. “The oak and the elm have each a distinct character.” Gilpin. 2. Every; — sometimes used interchangeably with every. Shak. “I know each lane and every alley green.” Milton. “In short each man’s happiness depends upon himself.” Sterne. This use of each for every, though common in Scotland and in America, is now un-English. Fitzed. Hall. Syn. — See Every.

Each´where , adv. Everywhere. [Obs.] “The sky eachwhere did show full bright and fair.” Spenser.

Ead´ish , n. See Eddish.

Ea´ger , a. [OE. egre sharp, sour, eager, OF. agre, aigre, F. aigre, fr. L. acer sharp, sour, spirited, zealous; akin to Gr. highest, extreme, Skr. ara point; fr. a root signifying to be sharp. Cf. Acrid, Edge.] 1. Sharp; sour; acid. [Obs.] ´Like eager droppings into milk.´ Shak. 2. Sharp; keen; bitter; severe. [Obs.] ´A nipping and an eager air.´ ´Eager words.´ Shak. 3. Excited by desire in the pursuit of any object; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain; keenly desirous; hotly longing; earnest; zealous; impetuous; vehement; as the hounds were eager in the chase. “And gazed for tidings in my eager eyes.” Shak. “How eagerly ye follow my disgraces!” Shak. “When to her eager lips is brought
Her infant’s thrilling kiss.” Keble. “A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys.” Hawthorne. “Conceit and grief an eager combat fight.” Shak. 4. Brittle; inflexible; not ductile. [Obs.] “Gold will be sometimes so eager, as artists call it, that it will as little endure the hammer as glass itself.” Locke. Syn. — Earnest; ardent; vehement; hot; impetuous; fervent; intense; impassioned; zealous; forward. See Earnest. — Eager, Earnest. Eager marks an excited state of desire or passion; thus, a child is eager for a plaything, a hungry man is eager for food, a covetous man is eager for gain. Eagerness is liable to frequent abuses, and is good or bad, as the case may be. It relates to what is praiseworthy or the contrary. Earnest denotes a permanent state of mind, feeling, or sentiment. It is always taken in a good sense; as a preacher is earnest in his appeals to the conscience; an agent is earnest in his solicitations.

Ea´ger, n. Same as Eagre.

Ea´ger•ly, adv. In an eager manner.

Ea´ger•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being eager; ardent desire. ´The eagerness of love.´ Addison. 2. Tartness; sourness. [Obs.] Syn. — Ardor; vehemence; earnestness; impetuosity; heartiness; fervor; fervency; avidity; zeal; craving; heat; passion; greediness.

Ea´gle , n. [OE. egle, F. aigle, fr. L. aquila; prob. named from its color, fr. aquilus dark-colored, brown; cf. Lith. aklas blind. Cf. Aquiline.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any large, rapacious bird of the Falcon family, esp. of the genera Aquila and Haliaeetus. The eagle is remarkable for strength, size, graceful figure, keenness of vision, and extraordinary flight. The most noted species are the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaëtus); the imperial eagle of Europe (A. mogilnik or imperialis); the American bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus); the European sea eagle (H. albicilla); and the great harpy eagle (Thrasaetus harpyia). The figure of the eagle, as the king of birds, is commonly used as an heraldic emblem, and also for standards and emblematic devices. See Bald eagle, Harpy, and Golden eagle. 2. A gold coin of the United States, of the value of ten dollars. 3. (Astron.) A northern constellation, containing Altair, a star of the first magnitude. See Aquila. 4. The figure of an eagle borne as an emblem on the standard of the ancient Romans, or so used upon the seal or standard of any people. “Though the Roman eagle shadow thee.” Tennyson. Some modern nations, as the United States, and France under the Bonapartes, have adopted the eagle as their national emblem. Russia, Austria, and Prussia have for an emblem a double-headed eagle. Bald eagle. See Bald eagle. — Bold eagle. See under Bold. — Double eagle, a gold coin of the United States worth twenty dollars. — Eagle hawk (Zoöl.), a large, crested, South American hawk of the genus Morphnus. — Eagle owl (Zoöl.), any large owl of the genus Bubo, and allied genera; as the American great horned owl (Bubo Virginianus), and the allied European species (B. maximus). See Horned owl. — Eagle ray (Zoöl.), any large species of ray of the genus Myliobatis (esp. M. aquila). — Eagle vulture (Zoöl.), a large West African bid (Gypohierax Angolensis), intermediate, in several respects, between the eagles and vultures.

Ea´gle-eyed , a. Sharp-sighted as an eagle. ´Inwardly eagle-eyed.´ Howell.

Ea´gle-sight•ed , a. Farsighted and strong-sighted; sharp-sighted. Shak.

Ea´gless , n. [Cf. OF. aiglesse.] (Zoöl.) A female or hen eagle. [R.] Sherwood.

Ea´gle•stone , n. (Min.) A concretionary nodule of clay ironstone, of the size of a walnut or larger, so called by the ancients, who believed that the eagle transported these stones to her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs; aëtites.

Ea´glet , n. [Cf. OF. aiglet.] (Zoöl.) A young eagle, or a diminutive eagle.

Ea´gle-winged , a. Having the wings of an eagle; swift, or soaring high, like an eagle. Shak.

Ea´gle•wood , n. [From Skr. aguru, through Pg. aguila; cf. F. bois d’aigle.] A kind of fragrant wood. See Agallochum.

Ea´grass , n. See Eddish. [Obs.]

Ea´gre , n. [AS. eágor, gor, in comp., water, sea, eágor-streám water stream, sea.] A wave, or two or three successive waves, of great height and violence, at flood tide moving up an estuary or river; — commonly called the bore. See Bore. { Eal´der•man , Eal´dor•man }, n. An alderman. [Obs.]

Eale , n. [See Ale.] Ale. [Obs.] Shak.

Eame , n. [AS. eám; akin to D. oom, G. ohm, oheim; cf. L. avunculus.] Uncle. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ean , v. t. & i. [AS. eánian. See Yean.] To bring forth, as young; to yean. ´In eaning time.´ Shak.

Ean´ling , n. [See Ean, Yeanling.] A lamb just brought forth; a yeanling. Shak.

Ear , n. [AS. eáre; akin to OFries. áre, ár, OS. ra, D. oor, OHG. ra, G. ohr, Icel. eyra, Sw. öra, Dan. öre, Goth. auso, L. auris, Lith. ausis, Russ. ukho, Gr. ; cf. L. audire to hear, Gr. , Skr. av to favor , protect. Cf. Auricle, Orillon.] 1. The organ of hearing; the external ear. In man and the higher vertebrates, the organ of hearing is very complicated, and is divisible into three parts: the external ear, which includes the pinna or auricle and meatus or external opening; the middle ear, drum, or tympanum; and the internal ear, or labyrinth. The middle ear is a cavity connected by the Eustachian tube with the pharynx, separated from the opening of the external ear by the tympanic membrane, and containing a chain of three small bones, or ossicles, named malleus, incus, and stapes, which connect this membrane with the internal ear. The essential part of the internal ear where the fibers of the auditory nerve terminate, is the membranous labyrinth, a complicated system of sacs and tubes filled with a fluid (the endolymph), and lodged in a cavity, called the bony labyrinth, in the periotic bone. The membranous labyrinth does not completely fill the bony labyrinth, but is partially suspended in it in a fluid (the perilymph). The bony labyrinth consists of a central cavity, the vestibule, into which three semicircular canals and the canal of the cochlea (spirally coiled in mammals) open. The vestibular portion of the membranous labyrinth consists of two sacs, the utriculus and sacculus, connected by a narrow tube, into the former of which three membranous semicircular canals open, while the latter is connected with a membranous tube in the cochlea containing the organ of Corti. By the help of the external ear the sonorous vibrations of the air are concentrated upon the tympanic membrane and set it vibrating, the chain of bones in the middle ear transmits these vibrations to the internal ear, where they cause certain delicate structures in the organ of Corti, and other parts of the membranous labyrinth, to stimulate the fibers of the auditory nerve to transmit sonorous impulses to the brain. 2. The sense of hearing; the perception of sounds; the power of discriminating between different tones; as a nice ear for music; — in the singular only. “Songs … not all ungrateful to thine ear.” Tennyson. 3. That which resembles in shape or position the ear of an animal; any prominence or projection on an object, — usually one for support or attachment; a lug; a handle; as the ears of a tub, a skillet, or dish. The ears of a boat are outside kneepieces near the bow. See Illust. of Bell. 4. (Arch.) (a) Same as Acroterium. (b) Same as Crossette. 5. Privilege of being kindly heard; favor; attention. “Dionysius … would give no ear to his suit.” Bacon. “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” Shak. About the ears, in close proximity to; near at hand. — By the ears, in close contest; as to set by the ears; to fall together by the ears; to be by the ears. — Button ear (in dogs), an ear which falls forward and completely hides the inside. — Ear finger, the little finger. — Ear of Dionysius, a kind of ear trumpet with a flexible tube; — named from the Sicilian tyrant, who constructed a device to overhear the prisoners in his dungeons. — Ear sand (Anat.), otoliths. See Otolith. — Ear snail (Zoöl.), any snail of the genus Auricula and allied genera. — Ear stones (Anat.), otoliths. See Otolith. — Ear trumpet, an instrument to aid in hearing. It consists of a tube broad at the outer end, and narrowing to a slender extremity which enters the ear, thus collecting and intensifying sounds so as to assist the hearing of a partially deaf person. - - Ear vesicle (Zoöl.), a simple auditory organ, occurring in many worms, mollusks, etc. It consists of a small sac containing a fluid and one or more solid concretions or otocysts. — Rose ear (in dogs), an ear which folds backward and shows part of the inside. — To give ear to, to listen to; to heed, as advice or one advising. ´Give ear unto my song.´ Goldsmith. — To have one’s ear, to be listened to with favor. — Up to the ears, deeply submerged; almost overwhelmed; as to be in trouble up to one’s ears. [Colloq.]

Ear , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eared p. pr. & vb. n. Earing.] To take in with the ears; to hear. [Sportive] ´I eared her language.´ Two Noble Kinsmen.

Ear, n. [AS. ear; akin to D. aar, OHG. ahir, G. ähre, Icel., Sw., & Dan. ax, Goth. ahs. . Cf. Awn, Edge.] The spike or head of any cereal (as wheat, rye, barley, Indian corn, etc.), containing the kernels. “First the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear.” Mark iv. 28.

Ear, v. i. To put forth ears in growing; to form ears, as grain; as this corn ears well.

Ear, v. t. [OE. erien, AS. erian; akin to OFries. era, OHG. erran, MHG. eren, ern, Prov. G. aren, ären, Icel. erja, Goth. arjan, Lith. arti, OSlav. orati, L. arare, Gr. . Cf. Arable.] To plow or till; to cultivate. ´To ear the land.´ Shak.

Ear´a•ble , a. Arable; tillable. [Archaic]

Ear´ache , n. Ache or pain in the ear.

Ear´al , a. Receiving by the ear. [Obs.] Hewyt.

Ear´-bored , a. Having the ear perforated.

Ear´cap , n. A cap or cover to protect the ear from cold.

Ear´coc•kle , n. (Bot.) A disease in wheat, in which the blackened and contracted grain, or ear, is filled with minute worms.

Ear´drop , n. 1. A pendant for the ear; an earring; as a pair of eardrops. 2. (Bot.) A species of primrose. See Auricula.

Ear´drum , n. (Anat.) The tympanum. See Illust. of Ear.

Eared , a. 1. Having (such or so many) ears; — used in composition; as long- eared-eared; sharp-eared; full-eared; ten- eared. 2. (Zoöl.) Having external ears; having tufts of feathers resembling ears. Eared owl (Zoöl.), an owl having earlike tufts of feathers, as the long-eared owl, and short-eared owl. — Eared seal (Zoöl.), any seal of the family Otariidae, including the fur seals and hair seals. See Seal.

Ear´i•ness , n. [Scotch ery or eiry affected with fear.] Fear or timidity, especially of something supernatural. [Written also eiryness.] “The sense of eariness, as twilight came on.” De Quincey.

Ear´ing, n. (Naut.) (a) A line used to fasten the upper corners of a sail to the yard or gaff; — also called head earing. (b) A line for hauling the reef cringle to the yard; — also called reef earing. (c) A line fastening the corners of an awning to the rigging or stanchions.

Ear´ing, n. Coming into ear, as corn.

Ear´ing, n. A plowing of land. [Archaic] “Neither earing nor harvest.” Gen. xlv. 6.

Earl , n. [OE. eorl, erl, AS. eorl man, noble; akin to OS. erl boy, man, Icel. jarl nobleman, count, and possibly to Gr. male, Zend arshan man. Cf. Jarl.] A nobleman of England ranking below a marquis, and above a viscount. The rank of an earl corresponds to that of a count (comte) in France, and graf in Germany. Hence the wife of an earl is still called countess. See Count.

Earl, n. (Zoöl.) The needlefish. [Ireland]

Ear´lap , n. The lobe of the ear.

Earl´dom , n. [AS. eorl- dm; eorl man, noble + -dm -dom.] 1. The jurisdiction of an earl; the territorial possessions of an earl. 2. The status, title, or dignity of an earl. “He [Pulteney] shrunk into insignificancy and an earldom.” Chesterfield.

Earl´dor•man , n. Alderman. [Obs.]

Earl´duck , n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted merganser (Merganser serrator).

Earles´ pen•ny [Cf. Arles, 4th Earnest.] Earnest money. Same as Arles penny. [Obs.]

Ear´less , a. Without ears; hence, deaf or unwilling to hear. Pope.

Ear´let , n. [Ear + - let.] An earring. [Obs.] “The Ismaelites were accustomed to wear golden earlets.” Judg. viii. 24 (Douay version).

Ear´li•ness , n. The state of being early or forward; promptness.

Earl´ mar´shal An officer of state in England who marshals and orders all great ceremonials, takes cognizance of matters relating to honor, arms, and pedigree, and directs the proclamation of peace and war. The court of chivalry was formerly under his jurisdiction, and he is still the head of the herald’s office or college of arms.

Ear´lock , n. [AS. eár- locca.] A lock or curl of hair near the ear; a lovelock. See Lovelock.

Ear´ly (er´ly), adv. [OE. erli, erliche, AS. aerlice; aer sooner + lic like. See Ere, and Like.] Soon; in good season; seasonably; betimes; as come early. “Those that me early shall find me.” Prov. viii. 17. “You must wake and call me early.” Tennyson.

Ear´ly, a. [Compar. Earlier (er´li•er); superl. Earliest.] [OE. earlich. rad.204. See Early, adv.] 1. In advance of the usual or appointed time; in good season; prior in time; among or near the first; — opposed to late; as the early bird; an early spring; early fruit. “Early and provident fear is the mother of safety.” Burke. “The doorsteps and threshold with the early grass springing up about them.” Hawthorne. 2. Coming in the first part of a period of time, or among the first of successive acts, events, etc. “Seen in life’s early morning sky.” Keble. “The forms of its earlier manhood.” Longfellow. “The earliest poem he composed was in his seventeenth summer.” J. C. Shairp. Early English (Philol.) See the Note under English. — Early English architecture, the first of the pointed or Gothic styles used in England, succeeding the Norman style in the 12th and 13th centuries. Syn. — Forward; timely; not late; seasonable.

Ear´mark , n. 1. A mark on the ear of sheep, oxen, dogs, etc., as by cropping or slitting. 2. A mark for identification; a distinguishing mark. “Money is said to have no earmark.” Wharton. “Flying, he [a slave] should be described by the rounding of his head, and his earmark.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “A set of intellectual ideas … have earmarks upon them, no tokens of a particular proprietor.” Burrow.

Ear´mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earmarked p. pr. & vb. n. Earmarking.] To mark, as sheep, by cropping or slitting the ear.

Earn , n. (Zoöl.) See Ern, n. Sir W. Scott.

Earn , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earned p. pr. & vb. n. Earning.] [AS. earnian; akin to OHG. arnn to reap, aran harvest, G. ernte, Goth. asans harvest, asneis hireling, AS. esne; cf. Icel. önn working season, work.] 1. To merit or deserve, as by labor or service; to do that which entitles one to (a reward, whether the reward is received or not). “The high repute
Which he through hazard huge must earn.” Milton. 2. To acquire by labor, service, or performance; to deserve and receive as compensation or wages; as to earn a good living; to earn honors or laurels. “I earn that [what] I eat.” Shak. “The bread I have earned by the hazard of my life or the sweat of my brow.” Burke. Earned run (Baseball), a run which is made without the assistance of errors on the opposing side. Syn. — See Obtain.

Earn , v. t. & i. [See 1st Yearn.] To grieve. [Obs.]

Earn, v. i. [See 4th Yearn.] To long; to yearn. [Obs.] “And ever as he rode, his heart did earn
To prove his puissance in battle brave.” Spenser.

Earn, v. i. [AS. irnan to run. rad.11. See Rennet, and cf. Yearnings.] To curdle, as milk. [Prov. Eng.]

Ear´nest , n. [AS. eornost, eornest; akin to OHG. ernust, G. ernst; cf. Icel. orrosta battle, perh. akin to Gr. to excite, L. oriri to rise.] Seriousness; reality; fixed determination; eagerness; intentness. “Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to earnest.” Sir P. Sidney. “And given in earnest what I begged in jest.” Shak. In earnest, serious; seriously; not in jest; earnestly.

Ear´nest, a. 1. Ardent in the pursuit of an object; eager to obtain or do; zealous with sincerity; with hearty endeavor; heartfelt; fervent; hearty; — used in a good sense; as earnest prayers. “An earnest advocate to plead for him.” Shak. 2. Intent; fixed closely; as earnest attention. 3. Serious; important. [Obs.] “They whom earnest lets do often hinder.” Hooker. Syn. — Eager; warm; zealous; ardent; animated; importunate; fervent; sincere; serious; hearty; urgent. See Eager.

Ear´nest, v. t. To use in earnest. [R.] “To earnest them [our arms] with men.” Pastor Fido (1602).

Ear´nest, n. [Prob. corrupted fr. F. arrhes, L. arra, arrha, arrhabo, Gr. ’arrabw•n, of Semitic origin, cf. Heb. eravon; or perh. fr. W. ernes, akin to Gael. earlas, perh. fr. L. arra. Cf. Arles, Earles penny.] 1. Something given, or a part paid beforehand, as a pledge; pledge; handsel; a token of what is to come. “Who hath also sealed us, and given the earnest of the Spirit in our hearts.” 2 Cor. i. 22. “And from his coffers
Received the golden earnest of our death.” Shak. 2. (Law) Something of value given by the buyer to the seller, by way of token or pledge, to bind the bargain and prove the sale. Kent. Ayliffe. Benjamin. Earnest money (Law), money paid as earnest, to bind a bargain or to ratify and prove a sale. Syn. — Earnest, Pledge. These words are here compared as used in their figurative sense. Earnest is not so strong as pledge. An earnest, like first fruits, gives assurance, or at least a high probability, that more is coming of the same kind; a pledge, like money deposited, affords security and ground of reliance for the future. Washington gave earnest of his talent as commander by saving his troops after Braddock’s defeat; his fortitude and that of his soldiers during the winter at Valley Forge might rightly be considered a pledge of their ultimate triumph.

Ear´nest•ful , a. Serious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ear´nest•ly, adv. In an earnest manner.

Ear´nest•ness, n. The state or quality of being earnest; intentness; anxiety. “An honest earnestness in the young man’s manner.” W. Irving.

Earn´ful , a. [From Earn to yearn.] Full of anxiety or yearning. [Obs.] P. Fletcher.

Earn´ing, n.; pl. Earnings . That which is earned; wages gained by work or services; money earned; — used commonly in the plural. “As to the common people, their stock is in their persons and in their earnings.” Burke.

Ear´pick , n. An instrument for removing wax from the ear.

Ear´-pier•cer , n. (Zoöl.) The earwig.

Ear´reach , n. Earshot. Marston.

Ear´ring , n. An ornament consisting of a ring passed through the lobe of the ear, with or without a pendant.

Earsh , n. See Arrish.

Ear´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) A flattened marine univalve shell of the genus Haliotis; — called also sea-ear. See Abalone.

Ear´shot , n. Reach of the ear; distance at which words may be heard. Dryden.

Ear´shrift , n. A nickname for auricular confession; shrift. [Obs.] Cartwright.

Ear´sore , n. An annoyance to the ear. [R.] “The perpetual jangling of the chimes … is no small earsore s.” Sir T. Browne.

Ear´-split•ting , a. Deafening; disagreeably loud or shrill; as ear-splitting strains.

Earst , adv. See Erst. [Obs.] Spenser.

Earth , n. [AS. eore; akin to OS. ertha, OFries. irthe, D. aarde, OHG. erda, G. erde, Icel. jör, Sw. & Dan. jord, Goth. airpa, OHG. ero, Gr. , adv., to earth, and perh. to E. ear to plow.] 1. The globe or planet which we inhabit; the world, in distinction from the sun, moon, or stars. also this world as the dwelling place of mortals, in distinction from the dwelling place of spirits. “That law preserves the earth a sphere
And guides the planets in their course.” S. Rogers. “In heaven, or earth, or under earth, in hell.” Milton. 2. The solid materials which make up the globe, in distinction from the air or water; the dry land. “God called the dry land earth.” Gen. i. 10. “He is pure air and fire, and the dull elements of earth and water never appear in him.” Shak. 3. The softer inorganic matter composing part of the surface of the globe, in distinction from the firm rock; soil of all kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, and the like; sometimes, soil favorable to the growth of plants; the visible surface of the globe; the ground; as loose earth; rich earth. “Give him a little earth for charity.” Shak. 4. A part of this globe; a region; a country; land. “Would I had never trod this English earth.” Shak. 5. Worldly things, as opposed to spiritual things; the pursuits, interests, and allurements of this life. “Our weary souls by earth beguiled.” Keble. 6. The people on the globe. “The whole earth was of one language.” Gen. xi. 1. 7. (Chem.) (a) Any earthy-looking metallic oxide, as alumina, glucina, zirconia, yttria, and thoria. (b) A similar oxide, having a slight alkaline reaction, as lime, magnesia, strontia, baryta. 8. A hole in the ground, where an animal hides himself; as the earth of a fox. Macaulay. “They [ferrets] course the poor conies out of their earths.” Holland. Earth is used either adjectively or in combination to form compound words; as earth apple or earth-apple; earth metal or earth-metal; earth closet or earth-closet. Adamic earth, Bitter earth, Bog earth, Chian earth, etc. See under Adamic, Bitter, etc. — Alkaline earths. See under Alkaline. — Earth apple. (Bot.) (a) A potato. (b) A cucumber. — Earth auger, a form of auger for boring into the ground; — called also earth borer. — Earth bath, a bath taken by immersing the naked body in earth for healing purposes. — Earth battery (Physics), a voltaic battery the elements of which are buried in the earth to be acted on by its moisture. — Earth chestnut, the pignut. — Earth closet, a privy or commode provided with dry earth or a similar substance for covering and deodorizing the faecal discharges. — Earth dog (Zoöl.), a dog that will dig in the earth, or enter holes of foxes, etc. — Earth hog, Earth pig (Zoöl.), the aard- vark. — Earth hunger, an intense desire to own land, or, in the case of nations, to extend their domain. — Earth light (Astron.), the light reflected by the earth, as upon the moon, and corresponding to moonlight; — called also earth shine. Sir J. Herschel. — Earth metal. See 1st Earth, 7. (Chem.) — Earth oil, petroleum. — Earth pillars or pyramids (Geol.), high pillars or pyramids of earth, sometimes capped with a single stone, found in Switzerland. Lyell. — Earth pitch (Min.), mineral tar, a kind of asphaltum. — Earth quadrant, a fourth of the earth’s circumference. — Earth table (Arch.), the lowest course of stones visible in a building; the ground table. — On earth, an intensive expression, oftenest used in questions and exclamations; as What on earth shall I do? Nothing on earth will satisfy him. [Colloq.]

Earth , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earthed p. pr. & vb. n. Earthing.] 1. To hide, or cause to hide, in the earth; to chase into a burrow or den. ´The fox is earthed.´ Dryden. 2. To cover with earth or mold; to inter; to bury; — sometimes with up. “The miser earths his treasure, and the thief,
Watching the mole, half beggars him ere noon.” Young. “Why this in earthing up a carcass?” R. Blair.

Earth, v. i. To burrow. Tickell.

Earth, n. [From Ear to plow.] A plowing. [Obs.] “Such land as ye break up for barley to sow,
Two earths at the least, ere ye sow it, bestow.” Tusser.

Earth´bag , n. (Mil.) A bag filled with earth, used commonly to raise or repair a parapet.

Earth´bank , n. A bank or mound of earth.

Earth´board , n. (Agric.) The part of a plow, or other implement, that turns over the earth; the moldboard.

Earth´born , a. 1. Born of the earth; terrigenous; springing originally from the earth; human. “Some earthborn giant.” Milton. 2. Relating to, or occasioned by, earthly objects. “All earthborn cares are wrong.” Goldsmith.

Earth´bred , a. Low; grovelling; vulgar.

Earth´din , n. An earthquake. [Obs.]

Earth´drake , n. A mythical monster of the early Anglo-Saxon literature; a dragon. W. Spalding.

Earth´en , a. Made of earth; made of burnt or baked clay, or other like substances; as an earthen vessel or pipe.

Earth´en-heart•ed , a. Hard- hearted; sordid; gross. [Poetic] Lowell.

Earth´en•ware , n. Vessels and other utensils, ornaments, or the like, made of baked clay. See Crockery, Pottery, Stoneware, and Porcelain.

Earth´ flax (Min.) A variety of asbestus. See Amianthus.

Earth´fork , n. A pronged fork for turning up the earth.

Earth´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being earthy, or of containing earth; hence, grossness.

Earth´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being earthly; worldliness; grossness; perishableness.

Earth´ling , n. [Earth + - ling.] An inhabitant of the earth; a mortal. “Earthlings oft her deemed a deity.” Drummond.

Earth´ly, a. 1. Pertaining to the earth; belonging to this world, or to man’s existence on the earth; not heavenly or spiritual; carnal; worldly; as earthly joys; earthly flowers; earthly praise. “This earthly load
Of death, called life.” Milton. “Whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.” Phil. iii. 19. 2. Of all things on earth; possible; conceivable. “What earthly benefit can be the result?” Pope. 3. Made of earth; earthy. [Obs.] Holland. Syn. — Gross; material; sordid; mean; base; vile; low; unsubstantial; temporary; corrupt; groveling.

Earth´ly, adv. In the manner of the earth or its people; worldly. “Took counsel from his guiding eyes
To make this wisdom earthly wise.” Emerson.

Earth´ly-mind•ed , a. Having a mind devoted to earthly things; worldly-minded; — opposed to spiritual-minded. — Earth´ly-mind•ed•ness, n.

Earth´mad , n. [Earth + mad an earthworm.] (Zoöl.) The earthworm. [Obs.] “The earthmads and all the sorts of worms … are without eyes.” Holland.

Earth´nut , n. (Bot.) A name given to various roots, tubers, or pods grown under or on the ground; as to: (a) The esculent tubers of the umbelliferous plants Bunium flexuosum and Carum Bulbocastanum. (b) The peanut. See Peanut.

Earth´pea , n. (Bot.) A species of pea (Amphicarpaea monoica). It is a climbing leguminous plant, with hairy underground pods.

Earth´quake , n. A shaking, trembling, or concussion of the earth, due to subterranean causes, often accompanied by a rumbling noise. The wave of shock sometimes traverses half a hemisphere, destroying cities and many thousand lives; — called also earthdin, earthquave, and earthshock. Earthquake alarm, a bell signal constructed to operate on the theory that a few seconds before the occurrence of an earthquake the magnet temporarily loses its power.

Earth´quake, a. Like, or characteristic of, an earthquake; loud; startling. “The earthquake voice of victory.” Byron.

Earth´quave , n. An earthquake.

Earth´ shine See Earth light, under Earth.

Earth´shock , n. An earthquake.

Earth´star , n. (Bot.) A curious fungus of the genus Geaster, in which the outer coating splits into the shape of a star, and the inner one forms a ball containing the dustlike spores.

Earth´-tongue , n. (Bot.) A fungus of the genus Geoglossum. { Earth´ward , Earth´wards } adv. Toward the earth; — opposed to heavenward or skyward.

Earth´work , n. 1. (Mil.) Any construction, whether a temporary breastwork or permanent fortification, for attack or defense, the material of which is chiefly earth. 2. (Engin.) (a) The operation connected with excavations and embankments of earth in preparing foundations of buildings, in constructing canals, railroads, etc. (b) An embankment or construction made of earth.

Earth´worm , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any worm of the genus Lumbricus and allied genera, found in damp soil. One of the largest and most abundant species in Europe and America is L. terrestris; many others are known; — called also angleworm and dewworm. 2. A mean, sordid person; a niggard. Norris.

Earth´y , a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, earth; terrene; earthlike; as earthy matter. “How pale she looks,
And of an earthy cold!” Shak. “All over earthy, like a piece of earth.” Tennyson. 2. Of or pertaining to the earth or to, this world; earthly; terrestrial; carnal. [R.] ´Their earthy charge.´ Milton. “The first man is of the earth, earthy; the second man is from heaven. As is the earthy, such are they also that are earthy.” 1 Cor. xv. 47, 48 (Rev. Ver. ) “Earthy spirits black and envious are.” Dryden. 3. Gross; low; unrefined. ´Her earthy and abhorred commands.´ Shak. 4. (Min.) Without luster, or dull and roughish to the touch; as an earthy fracture.

Ear´wax , n. (Anat.) See Cerumen.

Ear´wig , n. [AS. eárwicga; eáre ear + wicga beetle, worm: cf. Prov. E. erri-wiggle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any insect of the genus Forticula and related genera, belonging to the order Euplexoptera. 2. (Zoöl.) In America, any small chilopodous myriapod, esp. of the genus Geophilus. Both insects are so called from the supposition that they creep into the human ear. 3. A whisperer of insinuations; a secret counselor. Johnson.

Ear´wig , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earwigged p. pr. & vb. n. Earwigging ] To influence, or attempt to influence, by whispered insinuations or private talk. ´No longer was he earwigged by the Lord Cravens.´ Lord Campbell.

Ear´wit•ness , n. A witness by means of his ears; one who is within hearing and does hear; a hearer. Fuller.

Ease , n. [OE. ese, eise, F. aise; akin to Pr. ais, aise, OIt. asio, It. agio; of uncertain origin; cf. L. ansa handle, occasion, opportunity. Cf. Agio, Disease.] 1. Satisfaction; pleasure; hence, accommodation; entertainment. [Obs.] “They him besought
Of harbor and or ease as for hire penny.” Chaucer. 2. Freedom from anything that pains or troubles; as: (a) Relief from labor or effort; rest; quiet; relaxation; as ease of body. “Usefulness comes by labor, wit by ease.” Herbert. “Give yourself ease from the fatigue of watching.” Swift. (b) Freedom from care, solicitude, or anything that annoys or disquiets; tranquillity; peace; comfort; security; as ease of mind. “Among these nations shalt thou find no ease.” Deut. xxviii. 65. “Take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry.” Luke xii. 19. (c) Freedom from constraint, formality, difficulty, embarrassment, etc.; facility; liberty; naturalness; — said of manner, style, etc.; as ease of style, of behavior, of address. “True ease in writing comes from art, not chance.” Pope. “Whate’er he did was done with so much ease,
In him alone ’t was natural to please.” Dryden. At ease, free from pain, trouble, or anxiety. ´His soul shall dwell at ease.´ Ps. xxv. 12. — Chapel of ease. See under Chapel. — Ill at ease, not at ease, disquieted; suffering; anxious. — To stand at ease (Mil.), to stand in a comfortable attitude in one’s place in the ranks. — With ease, easily; without much effort. Syn. — Rest; quiet; repose; comfortableness; tranquillity; facility; easiness; readiness.

Ease (ez), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Eased (ezd); p. pr. & vb. n. Easing.] [OE. esen, eisen, OF. aisier. See Ease, n.] 1. To free from anything that pains, disquiets, or oppresses; to relieve from toil or care; to give rest, repose, or tranquillity to; — often with of; as to ease of pain; to ease the body or mind. “Eased [from] the putting off
These troublesome disguises which we wear.” Milton. “Sing, and I ’ll ease thy shoulders of thy load.” Dryden. 2. To render less painful or oppressive; to mitigate; to alleviate. “My couch shall ease my complaint.” Job vii. 13. 3. To release from pressure or restraint; to move gently; to lift slightly; to shift a little; as to ease a bar or nut in machinery. 4. To entertain; to furnish with accommodations. [Obs.] Chaucer. To ease off, To ease away (Naut.), to slacken a rope gradually. — To ease a ship (Naut.), to put the helm hard, or regulate the sail, to prevent pitching when closehauled. — To ease the helm (Naut.), to put the helm more nearly amidships, to lessen the effect on the ship, or the strain on the wheel rope. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Syn. — To relieve; disburden; quiet; calm; tranquilize; assuage; alleviate; allay; mitigate; appease; pacify.

Ease´ful , a. Full of ease; suitable for affording ease or rest; quiet; comfortable; restful. Shak. — Ease´ful•ly, adv. — Ease´ful•ness, n.

Ea´sel , n. [D. ezel ass, donkey, hence, easel, or G. esel; akin to E. ass. See Ass.] A frame (commonly) of wood serving to hold a canvas upright, or nearly upright, for the painter’s convenience or for exhibition. Easel picture, Easel piece, a painting of moderate size such as is made while resting on an easel, as distinguished from a painting on a wall or ceiling.

Ease´less , a. Without ease. Donne.

Ease´ment , n. [OF. aisement. See Ease, n.] 1. That which gives ease, relief, or assistance; convenience; accommodation. “In need of every kind of relief and easement.” Burke. 2. (Law) A liberty, privilege, or advantage, which one proprietor has in the estate of another proprietor, distinct from the ownership of the soil, as a way, water course, etc. It is a species of what the civil law calls servitude. Kent. 3. (Arch.) A curved member instead of an abrupt change of direction, as in a baseboard, hand rail, etc.

Eas´i•ly , adv. [From Easy.] 1. With ease; without difficulty or much effort; as this task may be easily performed; that event might have been easily foreseen. 2. Without pain, anxiety, or disturbance; as to pass life well and easily. Sir W. Temple. 3. Readily; without reluctance; willingly. “Not soon provoked, she easily forgives.” Prior. 4. Smoothly; quietly; gently; gracefully; without umult or discord. 5. Without shaking or jolting; commodiously; as a carriage moves easily.

Eas´i•ness , n. 1. The state or condition of being easy; freedom from distress; rest. 2. Freedom from difficulty; ease; as the easiness of a task. 3. Freedom from emotion; compliance; disposition to yield without opposition; unconcernedness. “Give to him, and he shall but laugh at your easiness.” South. 4. Freedom from effort, constraint, or formality; — said of style, manner, etc. “With painful care, but seeming easiness.” Roscommon. 5. Freedom from jolting, jerking, or straining.

East (est), n. [OE. est, east, AS. eást; akin to D. oost, oosten, OHG. ostan, G. ost, osten, Icel. austr, Sw. ost, Dan. öst, östen, Lith. auszra dawn, L. aurora (for ausosa), Gr. ’hw•s, ´e•os, ’a•yws, Skr. ushas; cf. Skr. ush to burn, L. urere. rad.149, 288. Cf. Aurora, Easter, Sterling.] 1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen to rise at the equinox, or the corresponding point on the earth; that one of the four cardinal points of the compass which is in a direction at right angles to that of north and south, and which is toward the right hand of one who faces the north; the point directly opposite to the west. “The east began kindle.” E. Everett. 2. The eastern parts of the earth; the regions or countries which lie east of Europe; the orient. In this indefinite sense, the word is applied to Asia Minor, Syria, Chaldea, Persia, India, China, etc.; as the riches of the East; the diamonds and pearls of the East; the kings of the East. “The gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.” Milton. 3. (U. S. Hist. and Geog.) Formerly, the part of the United States east of the Alleghany Mountains, esp. the Eastern, or New England, States; now, commonly, the whole region east of the Mississippi River, esp. that which is north of Maryland and the Ohio River; — usually with the definite article; as the commerce of the East is not independent of the agriculture of the West. East by north, East by south, according to the notation of the mariner’s compass, that point which lies 11¼° to the north or south, respectively, of the point due east. — East-northeast, East-southeast, that which lies 22½° to the north or south of east, or half way between east and northeast or southeast, respectively. See Illust. of Compass.

East , a. Toward the rising sun; or toward the point where the sun rises when in the equinoctial; as the east gate; the east border; the east side; the east wind is a wind that blows from the east.

East, adv. Eastward.

East, v. i. To move toward the east; to veer from the north or south toward the east; to orientate.

Eas´ter , n. [AS. eáster, eástran, paschal feast, Easter; akin to G. ostern; fr. AS. Eástre, a goddess of light or spring, in honor of whom a festival was celebrated in April; whence this month was called in AS. Eástermonað. From the root of E. east. See East.] 1. An annual church festival commemorating Christ’s resurrection, and occurring on Sunday, the second day after Good Friday. It corresponds to the pascha or passover of the Jews, and most nations still give it this name under the various forms of pascha, pasque, pâque, or pask. 2. The day on which the festival is observed; Easter day. Easter is used either adjectively or as the first element of a compound; as Easter day or Easter-day, Easter Sunday, Easter week, Easter gifts. “Sundays by thee more glorious break,
An Easter day in every week.” Keble. Easter day, on which the rest of the movable feasts depend, is always the first Sunday after the fourteenth day of the calendar moon which (fourteenth day) falls on, or next after, the 21st of March, according to the rules laid down for the construction of the calendar; so that if the fourteenth day happen on a Sunday, Easter day is the Sunday after. Eng. Cyc. Easter dues (Ch. of Eng.), money due to the clergy at Easter, formerly paid in communication of the tithe for personal labor and subject to exaction. For Easter dues, Easter offerings, voluntary gifts, have been substituted. — Easter egg. (a) A painted or colored egg used as a present at Easter. (b) An imitation of an egg, in sugar or some fine material, sometimes made to serve as a box for jewelry or the like, used as an Easter present.

East´er , v. i. (Naut.) To veer to the east; — said of the wind. Russell.

East´er•ling , n. [Cf. Sterling.] 1. A native of a country eastward of another; — used, by the English, of traders or others from the coasts of the Baltic. “Merchants of Norway, Denmark, … called … Easterlings because they lie east in respect of us.” Holinshed. 2. A piece of money coined in the east by Richard II. of England. Crabb. 3. (Zoöl.) The smew.

East´er•ling, a. Relating to the money of the Easterlings, or Baltic traders. See Sterling.

East´er•ly, a. 1. Coming from the east; as it was easterly wind. 2. Situated, directed, or moving toward the east; as the easterly side of a lake; an easterly course or voyage.

East´er•ly, adv. Toward, or in the direction of, the east.

East´ern , a. [AS. eástern.] 1. Situated or dwelling in the east; oriental; as an eastern gate; Eastern countries. “Eastern churches first did Christ embrace.” Stirling. 2. Going toward the east, or in the direction of east; as an eastern voyage. Eastern Church. See Greek Church, under Greek.

East´ern•most , a. Most eastern.

East´ In´di•an ( see Indian). Belonging to, or relating to, the East Indies. — n. A native of, or a dweller in, the East Indies.

East´ing, n. (Naut. & Surv.) The distance measured toward the east between two meridians drawn through the extremities of a course; distance of departure eastward made by a vessel.

East•-in´su•lar , a. Relating to the Eastern Islands; East Indian. [R.] Ogilvie. { East´ward , East´wards } adv. Toward the east; in the direction of east from some point or place; as New Haven lies eastward from New York.

Eas´y (ez´y), a. [Compar. Easier (-i•er); superl. Easiest.] [OF. aisie, F. aise, prop. p. p. of OF. aisier. See Ease, v. t.] 1. At ease; free from pain, trouble, or constraint; as: (a) Free from pain, distress, toil, exertion, and the like; quiet; as the patient is easy. (b) Free from care, responsibility, discontent, and the like; not anxious; tranquil; as an easy mind. (c) Free from constraint, harshness, or formality; unconstrained; smooth; as easy manners; an easy style. ´The easy vigor of a line.´ Pope. 2. Not causing, or attended with, pain or disquiet, or much exertion; affording ease or rest; as an easy carriage; a ship having an easy motion; easy movements, as in dancing. ´Easy ways to die.´ Shak. 3. Not difficult; requiring little labor or effort; slight; inconsiderable; as an easy task; an easy victory. “It were an easy leap.” Shak. 4. Causing ease; giving freedom from care or labor; furnishing comfort; commodious; as easy circumstances; an easy chair or cushion. 5. Not making resistance or showing unwillingness; tractable; yielding; complying; ready. “He gained their easy hearts.” Dryden. “He is too tyrannical to be an easy monarch.” Sir W. Scott. 6. Moderate; sparing; frugal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. (Com.) Not straitened as to money matters; as the market is easy; — opposed to tight. Honors are easy (Card Playing), said when each side has an equal number of honors, in which case they are not counted as points. Syn. — Quiet; comfortable; manageable; tranquil; calm; facile; unconcerned.

Eas´y-chair (ez´y•châr•), n. An armchair for ease or repose. ´Laugh … in Rabelais’ easy-chair.´ Pope.

Eas´y-go•ing (-go•ing), a. Moving easily; hence, mild-tempered; ease-loving; inactive.

Eat (et), v. t. [imp. Ate (at; 277), Obsolescent & Colloq. Eat (et); p. p. Eaten (et´’n), Obs. or Colloq. Eat (et); p. pr. & vb. n. Eating.] [OE. eten, AS. etan; akin to OS. etan, OFries. eta, D. eten, OHG. ezzan, G. essen, Icel. eta, Sw. äta, Dan. aede, Goth. itan, Ir. & Gael. ith, W. ysu, L. edere, Gr. ’e•dein, Skr. ad. rad.6. Cf. Etch, Fret to rub, Edible.] 1. To chew and swallow as food; to devour; — said especially of food not liquid; as to eat bread. ´To eat grass as oxen.´ Dan. iv. 25. “They … ate the sacrifices of the dead.” Ps. cvi. 28. “The lean … did eat up the first seven fat kine.” Gen. xli. 20. “The lion had not eaten the carcass.” 1 Kings xiii. 28. “With stories told of many a feat,
How fairy Mab the junkets eat.” Milton. “The island princes overbold
Have eat our substance.” Tennyson. “His wretched estate is eaten up with mortgages.” Thackeray. 2. To corrode, as metal, by rust; to consume the flesh, as a cancer; to waste or wear away; to destroy gradually; to cause to disappear. To eat humble pie. See under Humble. — To eat of (partitive use). ´Eat of the bread that can not waste.´ Keble. — To eat one’s words, to retract what one has said. (See the Citation under Blurt.) — To eat out, to consume completely. ´Eat out the heart and comfort of it.´ Tillotson. — To eat the wind out of a vessel (Naut.), to gain slowly to windward of her. Syn. — To consume; devour; gnaw; corrode.

Eat, v. i. 1. To take food; to feed; especially, to take solid, in distinction from liquid, food; to board. “He did eat continually at the king’s table.” 2 Sam. ix. 13. 2. To taste or relish; as it eats like tender beef. 3. To make one’s way slowly. To eat, To eat in or into, to make way by corrosion; to gnaw; to consume. ´A sword laid by, which eats into itself.´ Byron. — To eat to windward (Naut.), to keep the course when closehauled with but little steering; — said of a vessel.

Eat´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being eaten; fit to be eaten; proper for food; esculent; edible. — n. Something fit to be eaten.

Eat´age (-aj; 48), n. Eatable growth of grass for horses and cattle, esp. that of aftermath.

Eat´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, eats.

Eath (eth), a. & adv. [AS. eáðe.] Easy or easily. [Obs.] ´Eath to move with plaints.´ Fairfax.

Eat´ing , n. 1. The act of tasking food; the act of consuming or corroding. 2. Something fit to be eaten; food; as a peach is good eating. [Colloq.] Eating house, a house where cooked provisions are sold, to be eaten on the premises.

Eau• de Co•logne´ [F. eau water (L. aqua) + de of + Cologne.] Same as Cologne.

Eau• de vie´ [F., water of life; eau (L. aqua) water + de of + vie (L. vita) life.] French name for brandy. Cf. Aqua vitae, under Aqua. Bescherelle.

Eave´drop , n. A drop from the eaves; eavesdrop. [R.] Tennyson.

Eaves , n. pl. [OE. evese, pl. eveses, AS. efese eaves, brim, brink; akin to OHG. obisa, opasa, porch, hall, MHG. obse eaves, Icel. ups, Goth. ubizwa porch; cf. Icel. upsar- dropi, OSw. opsä-drup water dropping from the eaves. Probably from the root of E. over. The s of eaves is in English regarded as a plural ending, though not so in Saxon. See Over, and cf. Eavesdrop.] 1. (Arch.) The edges or lower borders of the roof of a building, which overhang the walls, and cast off the water that falls on the roof. 2. Brow; ridge. [Obs.] ´Eaves of the hill.´ Wyclif. 3. Eyelids or eyelashes. “And closing eaves of wearied eyes.” Tennyson. Eaves board (Arch.), an arris fillet, or a thick board with a feather edge, nailed across the rafters at the eaves of a building, to raise the lower course of slates a little, or to receive the lowest course of tiles; — called also eaves catch and eaves lath. — Eaves channel, Eaves gutter, Eaves trough. Same as Gutter, 1. — Eaves molding (Arch.), a molding immediately below the eaves, acting as a cornice or part of a cornice. — Eaves swallow (Zoöl.). (a) The cliff swallow; — so called from its habit of building retort-shaped nests of mud under the eaves of buildings. See Cliff swallow, under Cliff. (b) The European swallow.

Eaves´drop (evz´drop•), v. i. [Eaves + drop.] To stand under the eaves, near a window or at the door, of a house, to listen and learn what is said within doors; hence, to listen secretly to what is said in private. “To eavesdrop in disguises.” Milton.

Eaves´drop, n. The water which falls in drops from the eaves of a house.

Eaves´drop•per , n. One who stands under the eaves, or near the window or door of a house, to listen; hence, a secret listener.

Eaves´drop•ping , n. (Law) The habit of lurking about dwelling houses, and other places where persons meet for private intercourse, secretly listening to what is said, and then tattling it abroad. The offense is indictable at common law. Wharton.

Ebb (eb), n. (Zoöl.) The European bunting.

Ebb, n. [AS. ebba; akin to Fries. ebba, D. eb, ebbe, Dan. & G. ebbe, Sw. ebb, cf. Goth. ibuks backward; prob. akin to E. even.] 1. The reflux or flowing back of the tide; the return of the tidal wave toward the sea; — opposed to flood; as the boats will go out on the ebb. “Thou shoreless flood which in thy ebb and flow
Claspest the limits of morality!” Shelley. 2. The state or time of passing away; a falling from a better to a worse state; low state or condition; decline; decay. ´Our ebb of life.´ Roscommon. “Painting was then at its lowest ebb.” Dryden. Ebb and flow, the alternate ebb and flood of the tide; often used figuratively. “This alternation between unhealthy activity and depression, this ebb and flow of the industrial.” A. T. Hadley.

Ebb , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ebbed p. pr. & vb. n. Ebbing.] [AS. ebbian; akin to D. & G. ebben, Dan. ebbe. See 2d Ebb.] 1. To flow back; to return, as the water of a tide toward the ocean; — opposed to flow. “That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow.” Pope. 2. To return or fall back from a better to a worse state; to decline; to decay; to recede. “The hours of life ebb fast.” Blackmore. Syn. — To recede; retire; withdraw; decay; decrease; wane; sink; lower.

Ebb, v. t. To cause to flow back. [Obs.] Ford.

Ebb, a. Receding; going out; falling; shallow; low. “The water there is otherwise very low and ebb.” Holland.

Ebb´ tide The reflux of tide water; the retiring tide; — opposed to flood tide.

E´bi•o•nite , n. [Heb. ebyonim poor people.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of heretics, in the first centuries of the church, whose doctrine was a mixture of Judaism and Christianity. They denied the divinity of Christ, regarding him as an inspired messenger, and rejected much of the New Testament.

E´bi•o•ni•tism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The system or doctrine of the Ebionites.

Eb´la•nin , n. (Chem.) See Pyroxanthin.

Eb´lis , n. [Ar. iblis.] (Moham. Myth.) The prince of the evil spirits; Satan. [Written also Eblees.]

Eb´on , a. 1. Consisting of ebony. 2. Like ebony, especially in color; black; dark. “Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne.” Young.

Eb´on, n. Ebony. [Poetic] ´Framed of ebon and ivory.´ Sir W. Scott.

Eb´on•ist , n. One who works in ebony.

Eb´on•ite , n. (Chem.) A hard, black variety of vulcanite. It may be cut and polished, and is used for many small articles, as combs and buttons, and for insulating material in electric apparatus.

Eb´on•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ebonized p. pr. & vb. n. Ebonizing.] To make black, or stain black, in imitation of ebony; as to ebonize wood.

Eb´on•y , n.; pl. Ebonies (#). [F. ebène, L. ebenus, fr. Gr. ; prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. hobnim, pl. Cf. Ebon.] A hard, heavy, and durable wood, which admits of a fine polish or gloss. The usual color is black, but it also occurs red or green. The finest black ebony is the heartwood of Diospyros reticulata, of the Mauritius. Other species of the same genus (D. Ebenum, Melanoxylon, etc.), furnish the ebony of the East Indies and Ceylon. The West Indian green ebony is from a leguminous tree (Brya Ebenus), and from the Excaecaria glandulosa.

Eb´on•y, a. Made of ebony, or resembling ebony; black; as an ebony countenance. “This ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling.” Poe.

E•brac´te•ate , a. [Pref. e- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Without bracts.

E•brac´te•o•late , a. [Pref. e- + bracteolate.] (Bot.) Without bracteoles, or little bracts; — said of a pedicel or flower stalk.

E•brau´ke , a. [L. Hebraicus: cf. F. Hebraïque.] Hebrew. [Obs.] Chaucer.

E•bri´e•ty , n.; pl. Ebrieties (#). [L. ebrietas, from. ebrius intoxicated: cf. F. ebriete. Cf. Soer.] Drunkenness; intoxication by spirituous liquors; inebriety. ´Ruinous ebriety.´ Cowper.

E•bril´lade (e•bril´lad), n. [F.] (Man.) A bridle check; a jerk of one rein, given to a horse when he refuses to turn.

E•bri•os´i•ty (e•bri•os´i•ty), n. [L. ebriositas, from ebriousus given to drinking, fr. ebrius. See Ebriety.] Addiction to drink; habitual drunkenness.

E´bri•ous (e•bri•us), a. [L. ebrius.] Inclined to drink to excess; intoxicated; tipsy. [R.] M. Collins.

E•bul´li•ate , v. i. To boil or bubble up. [Obs.] Prynne. { E•bul´lience ( 106), E•bul´lien•cy } n. A boiling up or over; effervescence. Cudworth.

E•bul´lient , a. [L. ebulliens, -entis, p. pr. of ebullire to boil up, bubble up; e out, from + bullire to boil. See 1st Boil.] Boiling up or over; hence, manifesting exhilaration or excitement, as of feeling; effervescing. ´Ebullient with subtlety.´ De Quincey. “The ebullient enthusiasm of the French.” Carlyle.

E•bul´li•o•scope , n. [L. ebullire to boil up + -scope.] (Phys. Chem.) An instrument for observing the boiling point of liquids, especially for determining the alcoholic strength of a mixture by the temperature at which it boils.

Eb•ul•li´tion , n. [F. ebullition, L. ebullitio, fr. ebullire. See Ebullient.] 1. A boiling or bubbling up of a liquid; the motion produced in a liquid by its rapid conversion into vapor. 2. Effervescence occasioned by fermentation or by any other process which causes the liberation of a gas or an aëriform fluid, as in the mixture of an acid with a carbonated alkali. [Formerly written bullition.] 3. A sudden burst or violent display; an outburst; as an ebullition of anger or ill temper.

Eb´ur•in , n. A composition of dust of ivory or of bone with a cement; — used for imitations of valuable stones and in making moldings, seals, etc. Knight.

E•bur•na´tion , n. [L. eburnus of ivory, fr. ebur ivory: cf. F. eburnation. See Ivory.] (Med.) A condition of bone cartilage occurring in certain diseases of these tissues, in which they acquire an unnatural density, and come to resemble ivory.

E•bur´ne•an , a. [L. eburneus, fr. ebur ivory. See Ivory.] Made of or relating to ivory.

E•bur•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. eburnus of ivory (fr. ebur ivory) + facere to make.] The conversion of certain substances into others which have the appearance or characteristics of ivory.

Eb´ur•nine , a. Of or pertaining to ivory. ´[She] read from tablet eburnine.´ Sir W. Scott.

E•car´di•nes , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. e out, without + cardo a hinge.] (Zoöl.) An order of Brachiopoda; the Lyopomata. See Brachiopoda.

e•car•te´ , n. [F., prop. fr. ecarter to reject, discard.] A game at cards, played usually by two persons, in which the players may discard any or all of the cards dealt and receive others from the pack.

E•cau´date , a. [Pref. e- + caudate.] 1. (Bot.) Without a tail or spur. 2. (Zoöl.) Tailless.

Ec•bal´li•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Ecbole.] (Bot.) A genus of cucurbitaceous plants consisting of the single species Ecballium agreste (or Elaterium), the squirting cucumber. Its fruit, when ripe, bursts and violently ejects its seeds, together with a mucilaginous juice, from which elaterium, a powerful cathartic medicine, is prepared.

Ec´ba•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. a going out, issue, or event; out + to go.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the orator treats of things according to their events consequences.

Ec•bat´ic , a. [See Ecbasis.] (Gram.) Denoting a mere result or consequence, as distinguished from telic, which denotes intention or purpose; thus the phrase , if rendered ´so that it was fulfilled,´ is ecbatic; if rendered ´in order that it might be.´ etc., is telic.

Ec´bo•le , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a throwing out, a digression, fr. to throw out; out of + to throw.] (Rhet.) A digression in which a person is introduced speaking his own words.

Ec•bol´ic , n. [See Ecbole.] (Med.) A drug, as ergot, which by exciting uterine contractions promotes the expulsion of the contents of the uterus.

Ec´bo•line ( 104), n. [Gr. a throwing out; out + to throw.] (Chem.) An alkaloid constituting the active principle of ergot; — so named from its power of producing abortion.

Ec•ca•le•o´bi•on , n. [Gr. to call out ( out of + to call) + life.] A contrivance for hatching eggs by artificial heat.

Ec´ce ho´mo [L., behold the man. See John xix. 5.] (Paint.) A picture which represents the Savior as given up to the people by Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns.

Ec•cen´tric , a. [F. excentrique, formerly also spelled eccentrique, fr. LL. eccentros out of the center, eccentric, Gr. ; out of + center. See Ex-, and Center, and cf. Excentral.] 1. Deviating or departing from the center, or from the line of a circle; as an eccentric or elliptical orbit; pertaining to deviation from the center or from true circular motion. 2. Not having the same center; — said of circles, ellipses, spheres, etc., which, though coinciding, either in whole or in part, as to area or volume, have not the same center; — opposed to concentric. 3. (Mach.) Pertaining to an eccentric; as the eccentric rod in a steam engine. 4. Not coincident as to motive or end. “His own ends, which must needs be often eccentric to those of his master.” Bacon. 5. Deviating from stated methods, usual practice, or established forms or laws; deviating from an appointed sphere or way; departing from the usual course; irregular; anomalous; odd; as eccentric conduct. ´This brave and eccentric young man.´ Macaulay. “He shines eccentric, like a comet’s blaze.” Savage. Eccentric anomaly. (Astron.) See Anomaly. — Eccentric chuck (Mach.), a lathe chuck so constructed that the work held by it may be altered as to its center of motion, so as to produce combinations of eccentric combinations of eccentric circles. — Eccentric gear. (Mach.) (a) The whole apparatus, strap, and other parts, by which the motion of an eccentric is transmitted, as in the steam engine. (b) A cogwheel set to turn about an eccentric axis used to give variable rotation. — Eccentric hook or gab, a hook-shaped journal box on the end of an eccentric rod, opposite the strap. — Eccentric rod, the rod that connects as eccentric strap with any part to be acted upon by the eccentric. — Eccentric sheave, or Eccentric pulley, an eccentric. — Eccentric strap, the ring, operating as a journal box, that encircles and receives motion from an eccentric; — called also eccentric hoop. Syn. — Irregular; anomalous; singular; odd; peculiar; erratic; idiosyncratic; strange; whimsical.

Ec•cen´tric , n. 1. A circle not having the same center as another contained in some measure within the first. 2. One who, or that which, deviates from regularity; an anomalous or irregular person or thing. 3. (Astron.) (a) In the Ptolemaic system, the supposed circular orbit of a planet about the earth, but with the earth not in its center. (b) A circle described about the center of an elliptical orbit, with half the major axis for radius. Hutton. 4. (Mach.) A disk or wheel so arranged upon a shaft that the center of the wheel and that of the shaft do not coincide. It is used for operating valves in steam engines, and for other purposes. The motion derived is precisely that of a crank having the same throw. Back eccentric, the eccentric that reverses or backs the valve gear and the engine. — Fore eccentric, the eccentric that imparts a forward motion to the valve gear and the engine.

Ec•cen´tric•al , a. See Eccentric.

Ec•cen´tric•al•ly, adv. In an eccentric manner. “Drove eccentrically here and there.” Lew Wallace.

Ec•cen•tric´i•ty , n.; pl. Eccentricities (#). [Cf. F. excentricite.] 1. The state of being eccentric; deviation from the customary line of conduct; oddity. 2. (Math.) The ratio of the distance between the center and the focus of an ellipse or hyperbola to its semi-transverse axis. 3. (Astron.) The ratio of the distance of the center of the orbit of a heavenly body from the center of the body round which it revolves to the semi-transverse axis of the orbit. 4. (Mech.) The distance of the center of figure of a body, as of an eccentric, from an axis about which it turns; the throw.

Ec´chy•mose , v. t. (Med.) To discolor by the production of an ecchymosis, or effusion of blood, beneath the skin; — chiefly used in the passive form; as the parts were much ecchymosed.

Ec•chy•mo´sis , n.; pl. Ecchymoses . [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to extravasate; out of + to pour.] (Med.) A livid or black and blue spot, produced by the extravasation or effusion of blood into the areolar tissue from a contusion.

Ec•chy•mot´ic , a. Pertaining to ecchymosis.

Ec´cle , n. (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker; — also called ecall, eaquall, yaffle. [Prov. Eng.]

Ec•cle´si•a , n.; pl. Ecclesiae . [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) The public legislative assembly of the Athenians. 2. (Eccl.) A church, either as a body or as a building.

Ec•cle´si•al , a. Ecclesiastical. [Obs.] Milton.

Ec•cle´si•arch , n. [LL. ecclesiarcha, fr. Gr. church + to rule: cf. F. ecclesiarque.] An official of the Eastern Church, resembling a sacrist in the Western Church.

Ec•cle´si•ast , n. 1. An ecclesiastic. Chaucer. 2. The Apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus. [Obs.]

Ec•cle•si•as´tes , n. [L., fr. Gr. a preacher. See Ecclesiastic, a.] One of the canonical books of the Old Testament.

Ec•cle•si•as´tic ( 277), a. [L. ecclesiasticus, Gr. , fr. an assembly of citizens called out by the crier; also the church, fr. called out, fr. to call out; out + to call. See Ex-, and Hale, v. t., Haul.] Of or pertaining to the church. See Ecclesiastical. ´Ecclesiastic government.´ Swift.

Ec•cle•si•as´tic, n. A person in holy orders, or consecrated to the service of the church and the ministry of religion; a clergyman; a priest. “From a humble ecclesiastic, he was subsequently preferred to the highest dignities of the church.” Prescott.

Ec•cle•si•as´tic•al , a. [See Ecclesiastical, a.] Of or pertaining to the church; relating to the organization or government of the church; not secular; as ecclesiastical affairs or history; ecclesiastical courts. “Every circumstance of ecclesiastical order and discipline was an abomination.” Cowper. Ecclesiastical commissioners for England, a permanent commission established by Parliament in 1836, to consider and report upon the affairs of the Established Church. — Ecclesiastical courts, courts for maintaining the discipline of the Established Church; — called also Christian courts. [Eng.] — Ecclesiastical law, a combination of civil and canon law as administered in ecclesiastical courts. [Eng.] — Ecclesiastical modes (Mus.), the church modes, or the scales anciently used. — Ecclesiastical States, the territory formerly subject to the Pope of Rome as its temporal ruler; — called also States of the Church.

Ec•cle•si•as´tic•al•ly , adv. In an ecclesiastical manner; according ecclesiastical rules.

Ec•cle•si•as´ti•cism , n. Strong attachment to ecclesiastical usages, forms, etc.

Ec•cle•si•as´ti•cus , n. [L.] A book of the Apocrypha.

Ec•cle•si•o•log´ic•al , a. Belonging to ecclesiology.

Ec•cle•si•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in ecclesiology.

Ec•cle•si•ol´o•gy , n. [Ecclesia + -logy.] The science or theory of church building and decoration.

Ec•crit´ic , n. [Gr. secretive, fr. to choose out.] (Med.) A remedy which promotes discharges, as an emetic, or a cathartic.

Ec´der•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. out + skin.] (Anat.) See Ecteron. — Ec•der•on´ic (#), a.

Ec´dy•sis , n.; pl. Ecdyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•kdysis a getting out, fr. ’ekdy•ein, to put off; ’ek out + dy•ein to enter.] (Biol.) The act of shedding, or casting off, an outer cuticular layer, as in the case of serpents, lobsters, etc.; a coming out; as the ecdysis of the pupa from its shell; exuviation.

Ec´go•nine ( 104), n. [Gr. ’e•kgonos sprung from.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline, nitrogenous base, obtained by the decomposition of cocaine.

e•chau•guette´ , n. [F.] A small chamber or place of protection for a sentinel, usually in the form of a projecting turret, or the like. See Castle.

Ech´e (esh´e), a. or a. pron. Each. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ech´e•lon (esh´e•lon), n. [F., fr. echelle ladder, fr. L. scala.] 1. (Mil.) An arrangement of a body of troops when its divisions are drawn up in parallel lines each to the right or the left of the one in advance of it, like the steps of a ladder in position for climbing. Also used adjectively; as echelon distance. Upton (Tactics). 2. (Naval) An arrangement of a fleet in a wedge or V formation. Encyc. Dict. Echelon lens (Optics), a large lens constructed in several parts or layers, extending in a succession of annular rings beyond the central lens; — used in lighthouses.

Ech´e•lon , v. t. (Mil.) To place in echelon; to station divisions of troops in echelon.

Ech´e•lon, v. i. To take position in echelon. “Change direction to the left, echelon by battalion from the right.” Upton (Tactics).

E•chid´na (e•kid´na), n. [L., a viper, adder, Gr. ’e•chidna.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A monster, half maid and half serpent. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of Monotremata found in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. They are toothless and covered with spines; — called also porcupine ant-eater, and Australian ant-eater.

E•chid´nine ( 104), n. [See Echidna.] (Chem.) The clear, viscid fluid secreted by the poison glands of certain serpents; also a nitrogenous base contained in this, and supposed to be the active poisonous principle of the virus. Brande & C. { Ech´i•nate , Ech´i•na•ted } a. [L. echinatus. See Echinus.] Set with prickles; prickly, like a hedgehog; bristled; as an echinated pericarp.

E•chi´nid , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Echinoid.

E•chin´i•dan , n. [Cf. F. echinide.] (Zoöl.) One the Echinoidea.

E•chin´i•tal , a. Of, or like, an echinite.

Ech´i•nite , n. [Cf. F. echinite. See Echinus.] (Paleon.) A fossil echinoid.

E•chi•no•coc´cus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hedgehog, sea urchin + grain, seed. So called because forming little granular bodies, each armed with hooklets and disposed upon the inner wall of the hydatid cysts.] (Zoöl.) A parasite of man and of many domestic and wild animals, forming compound cysts or tumors (called hydatid cysts) in various organs, but especially in the liver and lungs, which often cause death. It is the larval stage of the Taenia echinococcus, a small tapeworm peculiar to the dog.

E•chin´o•derm , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Echinodermata.

E•chi•no•der´mal , a. (Zoöl.) Relating or belonging to the echinoderms.

E•chi•no•der´ma•ta (e•ki•no•der´ma•ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’echi^nos hedgehog, sea urchin + de•rma, -atos, skin.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. By many writers it was formerly included in the Radiata. [Written also Echinoderma.] The species usually have an exterior calcareous skeleton, or shell, made of many pieces, and often covered with spines, to which the name. They may be star-shaped, cylindrical, disk-shaped, or more or less spherical. The body consists of several similar parts (spheromeres) repeated symmetrically around a central axis, at one end of which the mouth is situated. They generally have suckers for locomotion. The group includes the following classes: Crinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothurioidea. See these words in the Vocabulary, and also Ambulacrum.

E•chi•no•der´ma•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Relating to Echinodermata; echinodermal.

E•chi´noid , a. [Echinus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Echinoidea. — n. One of the Echinoidea.

Ech•i•noi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Echinus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) The class Echinodermata which includes the sea urchins. They have a calcareous shell, usually more or less spheroidal or disk-shaped, composed of many united plates, and covered with movable spines. See Spatangoid, Clypeastroid. [Written also Echinidea, and Echinoida.]

E•chi•no•zo´a (e•ki•no•zo´a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’echi^nos an echinus + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Echinodermata.

E•chin´u•late , a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Set with small spines or prickles.

E•chi´nus , n.; pl. Echini (#). [L., a hedgehog, sea urchin, Gr. ’echi^nos.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hedgehog. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of echinoderms, including the common edible sea urchin of Europe. 3. (Arch.) (a) The rounded molding forming the bell of the capital of the Grecian Doric style, which is of a peculiar elastic curve. See Entablature. (b) The quarter-round molding (ovolo) of the Roman Doric style. See Illust. of Column (c) A name sometimes given to the egg and anchor or egg and dart molding, because that ornament is often identified with the Roman Doric capital. The name probably alludes to the shape of the shell of the sea urchin.

Ech•i•u•roi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. echiurus, the name of one genus (Gr. ’e•chis an adder + o’yra• tail) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of Annelida which includes the genus Echiurus and allies. They are often classed among the Gephyrea, and called the armed Gephyreans.

Ech´o (ek´o), n.; pl. Echoes (ek´oz). [L. echo, Gr. ’hchw• echo, sound, akin to ’hchh•, ’h^chos, sound, noise; cf. Skr. vaç to sound, bellow; perh. akin to E. voice: cf. F. echo.] 1. A sound reflected from an opposing surface and repeated to the ear of a listener; repercussion of sound; repetition of a sound. “The babbling echo mocks the hounds.” Shak. “The woods shall answer, and the echo ring.” Pope. 2. Fig.: Sympathetic recognition; response; answer. “Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them.” Fuller. “Many kind, and sincere speeches found an echo in his heart.” R. L. Stevenson. 3. (a) (Myth. & Poetic) A wood or mountain nymph, regarded as repeating, and causing the reverberation of them. “Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv’st unseen
Within thy airy shell.” Milton. (b) (Gr. Myth.) A nymph, the daughter of Air and Earth, who, for love of Narcissus, pined away until nothing was left of her but her voice. “Compelled me to awake the courteous Echo
To give me answer from her mossy couch.” Milton. Echo organ (Mus.), a set organ pipes inclosed in a box so as to produce a soft, distant effect; — generally superseded by the swell. — Echo stop (Mus.), a stop upon a harpsichord contrived for producing the soft effect of distant sound. — To applaud to the echo, to give loud and continuous applause. M. Arnold. “I would applaud thee to the very echo,
That should applaud again.” Shak.

Ech´o, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Echoed p. pr. & vb. n. Echoing. — 3d pers. sing. pres. Echoes .] 1. To send back (a sound); to repeat in sound; to reverberate. “Those peals are echoed by the Trojan throng.” Dryden. “The wondrous sound
Is echoed on forever.” Keble. 2. To repeat with assent; to respond; to adopt. “They would have echoed the praises of the men whom they nvied, and then have sent to the newspaper anonymous libels upon them.” Macaulay.

Ech´o, v. i. To give an echo; to resound; to be sounded back; as the hall echoed with acclamations. ´Echoing noise.´ Blackmore.

Ech´o•er , n. One who, or that which, echoes.

Ech´o•less, a. Without echo or response.

E•chom´e•ter , n. [Gr. , , sound + -meter: cf. F. echomètre.] (Mus) A graduated scale for measuring the duration of sounds, and determining their different, and the relation of their intervals. J. J. Rousseau.

E•chom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. echometrie.] 1. The art of measuring the duration of sounds or echoes. 2. The art of constructing vaults to produce echoes. { Ech•on´ , Ech•oon´ }, pron. Each one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ech´o•scope , n. [Gr. , , sound + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for intensifying sounds produced by percussion of the thorax. Knight.

e•clair´ , n. [F.] (Cookery) A kind of frosted cake, containing flavored cream.

E•clair´cise , v. t. [F. eclaircir; pref. es- (L. ex) + clair clear, L. clarus.] To make clear; to clear up what is obscure or not understood; to explain.

E•clair´cisse•ment , n. [F., fr. eclaircir. See Eclaircise, v. t.] The clearing up of anything which is obscure or not easily understood; an explanation. “The eclaircissement ended in the discovery of the informer.” Clarendon.

Ec•lamp´si•a , n. [NL., from Gr. a shining forth, fr. to shine forth; out + to shine.] (Med.) A fancied perception of flashes of light, a symptom of epilepsy; hence, epilepsy itself; convulsions. The term is generally restricted to a convulsive affection attending pregnancy and parturition, and to infantile convulsions.

Ec•lamp´sy , n. (Med.) Same as Eclampsia.

E•clat´ , n. [F. eclat a fragment, splinter, explosion, brilliancy, splendor, fr. eclater to splinter, burst, explode, shine brilliantly, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. sleizan to slit, split, fr. slizan, G. schleissen; akin to E. slit.] 1. Brilliancy of success or effort; splendor; brilliant show; striking effect; glory; renown. ´The eclat of Homer’s battles.´ Pope. 2. Demonstration of admiration and approbation; applause. Prescott.

Ec•lec´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to pick out, choose out: cf. F. eclectique. See Eclogue, and cf. Elect.] 1. Selecting; choosing (what is true or excellent in doctrines, opinions, etc.) from various sources or systems; as an eclectic philosopher. 2. Consisting, or made up, of what is chosen or selected; as an eclectic method; an eclectic magazine. Eclectic physician, one of a class of practitioners of medicine, who select their modes of practice and medicines from all schools; formerly, sometimes the same as botanic physician. [U.S.] — Eclectic school. (Paint.) See Bolognese school, under Bolognese.

Ec•lec´tic , n. One who follows an eclectic method.

Ec•lec´tic•al•ly , adv. In an eclectic manner; by an eclectic method.

Ec•lec´ti•cism , n. [Cf. F. eclecticisme. Cf. Electicism.] Theory or practice of an eclectic.

Ec•legm´ , n. [F. eclegme, L. ecligma, fr. Gr. , fr. to lick up.] (Med.) A medicine made by mixing oils with sirups. John Quincy.

E•clipse´ (e•klips´), n. [F. eclipse, L. eclipsis, fr. Gr. ’e•kleipsis, prop., a forsaking, failing, fr. ’eklei•pein to leave out, forsake; ’ek out + lei•pein to leave. See Ex-, and Loan.] 1. (Astron.) An interception or obscuration of the light of the sun, moon, or other luminous body, by the intervention of some other body, either between it and the eye, or between the luminous body and that illuminated by it. A lunar eclipse is caused by the moon passing through the earth’s shadow; a solar eclipse, by the moon coming between the sun and the observer. A satellite is eclipsed by entering the shadow of its primary. The obscuration of a planet or star by the moon or a planet, though of the nature of an eclipse, is called an occultation. The eclipse of a small portion of the sun by Mercury or Venus is called a transit of the planet. In ancient times, eclipses were, and among unenlightened people they still are, superstitiously regarded as forerunners of evil fortune, a sentiment of which occasional use is made in literature. “That fatal and perfidious bark,
Built in the eclipse, and rigged with curses dark.” Milton. 2. The loss, usually temporary or partial, of light, brilliancy, luster, honor, consciousness, etc.; obscuration; gloom; darkness. “All the posterity of our fist parents suffered a perpetual eclipse of spiritual life.” Sir W. Raleigh. “As in the soft and sweet eclipse,
When soul meets soul on lovers’ lips.” Shelley. Annular eclipse. (Astron.) See under Annular. — Cycle of eclipses. See under Cycle.

E•clipse´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eclipsed (e•klipst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Eclipsing.] 1. To cause the obscuration of; to darken or hide; — said of a heavenly body; as the moon eclipses the sun. 2. To obscure, darken, or extinguish the beauty, luster, honor, etc., of; to sully; to cloud; to throw into the shade by surpassing. ´His eclipsed state.´ Dryden. “My joy of liberty is half eclipsed.” Shak.

E•clipse´, v. i. To suffer an eclipse. “While the laboring moon
Eclipses at their charms.” Milton.

E•clip´tic (e•klip´tik), n. [Cf. F. ecliptique, L. linea ecliptica, Gr. ’ekleiptiko•s, prop. adj., of an eclipse, because in this circle eclipses of the sun and moon take place. See Ecliptic, a.] 1. (Astron.) A great circle of the celestial sphere, making an angle with the equinoctial of about 23° 28′. It is the apparent path of the sun, or the real path of the earth as seen from the sun. 2. (Geog.) A great circle drawn on a terrestrial globe, making an angle of 23° 28′ with the equator; — used for illustrating and solving astronomical problems.

E•clip´tic, a. [L. eclipticus belonging to an eclipse, Gr. ’ekleiptiko•s. See Eclipse.] 1. Pertaining to the ecliptic; as the ecliptic way. 2. Pertaining to an eclipse or to eclipses. Lunar ecliptic limit (Astron.), the space of 12° on the moon’s orbit from the node, within which, if the moon happens to be at full, it will be eclipsed. — Solar ecliptic limit, the space of 17° from the lunar node, within which, if a conjunction of the sun and moon occur, the sun will be eclipsed.

Ec´lo•gite , n. [See Ecloque.] (Min.) A rock consisting of granular red garnet, light green smaragdite, and common hornblende; — so called in reference to its beauty.

Ec´logue , n. [L. ecloga, Gr. a selection, choice extracts, fr. to pick out, choose out; out + to gather, choose: cf. F. egloque, ecloque. See Ex-, and Legend.] A pastoral poem, in which shepherds are introduced conversing with each other; a bucolic; an idyl; as the Ecloques of Virgil, from which the modern usage of the word has been established. { E•co•nom´ic ( 277), E•co•nom´ic•al } a. [F. economique, L. oeconomicus orderly, methodical, Gr. economical. See Economy.] 1. Pertaining to the household; domestic. ´In this economical misfortune [of ill- assorted matrimony.]´ Milton. 2. Relating to domestic economy, or to the management of household affairs. “And doth employ her economic art
And busy care, her household to preserve.” Sir J. Davies. 3. Managing with frugality; guarding against waste or unnecessary expense; careful and frugal in management and in expenditure; — said of character or habits. “Just rich enough, with economic care,
To save a pittance.” Harte. 4. Managed with frugality; not marked with waste or extravagance; frugal; — said of acts; saving; as an economical use of money or of time. 5. Relating to the means of living, or the resources and wealth of a country; relating to political economy; as economic purposes; economical truths. “These matters economical and political.” J. C. Shairp. “There was no economical distress in England to prompt the enterprises of colonization.” Palfrey. “Economic questions, such as money, usury, taxes, lands, and the employment of the people.” H. C. Baird. 6. Regulative; relating to the adaptation of means to an end. Grew. Economical is the usual form when meaning frugal, saving; economic is the form commonly used when meaning pertaining to the management of a household, or of public affairs.

E•co•nom´ic•al•ly , adv. With economy; with careful management; with prudence in expenditure.

E•co•nom´ics (e•k&ocr•;nom´iks), n. [Gr. ta• o’ikonomika•, equiv. to ´h o’ikonomi•a. See Economic.] 1. The science of household affairs, or of domestic management. 2. Political economy; the science of the utilities or the useful application of wealth or material resources. See Political economy, under Political. ´In politics and economics.´ V. Knox.

E•con´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. economiste.] 1. One who economizes, or manages domestic or other concerns with frugality; one who expends money, time, or labor, judiciously, and without waste. ´Economists even to parsimony.´ Burke. 2. One who is conversant with political economy; a student of economics.

E•con•o•mi•za´tion , n. The act or practice of using to the best effect. [R.] H. Spenser.

E•con´o•mize (e•kon´o•miz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Economized p. pr. & vb. n. Economizing.] [Cf. F. economiser.] To manage with economy; to use with prudence; to expend with frugality; as to economize one’s income. [Written also economise.] “Expenses in the city were to be economized.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “Calculating how to economize time.” W. Irving.

E•con´o•mize, v. i. To be prudently sparing in expenditure; to be frugal and saving; as to economize in order to grow rich. [Written also economise.] Milton.

E•con´o•mi•zer , n. 1. One who, or that which, economizes. 2. Specifically: (Steam Boilers) An arrangement of pipes for heating feed water by waste heat in the gases passing to the chimney.

E•con´o•my (-my), n.; pl. Economies (#). [F. economie, L. oeconomia household management, fr. Gr. o’ikonomi•a, fr. o’ikono•mos one managing a household; o’i^kos house (akin to L. vicus village, E. vicinity) + no•mos usage, law, rule, fr. ne•mein to distribute, manage. See Vicinity, Nomad.] 1. The management of domestic affairs; the regulation and government of household matters; especially as they concern expense or disbursement; as a careful economy. “Himself busy in charge of the household economies.” Froude. 2. Orderly arrangement and management of the internal affairs of a state or of any establishment kept up by production and consumption; esp., such management as directly concerns wealth; as political economy. 3. The system of rules and regulations by which anything is managed; orderly system of regulating the distribution and uses of parts, conceived as the result of wise and economical adaptation in the author, whether human or divine; as the animal or vegetable economy; the economy of a poem; the Jewish economy. “The position which they [the verb and adjective] hold in the general economy of language.” Earle. “In the Greek poets, as also in Plautus, we shall see the economy … of poems better observed than in Terence.” B. Jonson. “The Jews already had a Sabbath, which, as citizens and subjects of that economy, they were obliged to keep.” Paley. 4. Thrifty and frugal housekeeping; management without loss or waste; frugality in expenditure; prudence and disposition to save; as a housekeeper accustomed to economy but not to parsimony. Political economy. See under Political. Syn. — Economy, Frugality, Parsimony. Economy avoids all waste and extravagance, and applies money to the best advantage; frugality cuts off indulgences, and proceeds on a system of saving. The latter conveys the idea of not using or spending superfluously, and is opposed to lavishness or profusion. Frugality is usually applied to matters of consumption, and commonly points to simplicity of manners; parsimony is frugality carried to an extreme, involving meanness of spirit, and a sordid mode of living. Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a vice. “I have no other notion of economy than that it is the parent to liberty and ease.” Swift. “The father was more given to frugality, and the son to riotousness [luxuriousness].” Golding.

e•cor•che´ , n. [F.] (Fine Arts) A manikin, or image, representing an animal, especially man, with the skin removed so that the muscles are exposed for purposes of study.

e•cos•saise´ , n. [F.] (Mus.) A dancing tune in the Scotch style.

E•cos´tate , a. [Pref. e- + costate.] (Bot.) Having no ribs or nerves; — said of a leaf.

e•coute´ , n. [F., a listening place.] (Mil.) One of the small galleries run out in front of the glacis. They serve to annoy the enemy’s miners.

Ec´pha•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to speak out.] (Rhet.) An explicit declaration.

Ec•pho•ne´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a thing called out, fr. to cry out; ’ek out + voice.] (Rhet.) A breaking out with some interjectional particle.

Ec´pho•neme , n. [See Ecphonema.] A mark (!) used to indicate an exclamation. G. Brown.

Ec•pho•ne´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Ecphonema.] (Rhet.) An animated or passionate exclamation. “The feelings by the ecphonesis are very various.” Gibbs.

Ec•phrac´tic , a. [Gr. , from to open; ’ek out + to block up: cf. F. ecphractique.] (Med.) Serving to dissolve or attenuate viscid matter, and so to remove obstructions; deobstruent. — n. An ecphractic medicine. Harvey.

e•crase•ment´ , n. [F.] (Surg.) The operation performed with an ecraseur.

e•cra•seur´ , n. [F., fr. ecraser to crush.] (Surg.) An instrument intended to replace the knife in many operations, the parts operated on being severed by the crushing effect produced by the gradual tightening of a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows.

e•cru´ , a. [F., fr. L. crudus raw.] Having the color or appearance of unbleached stuff, as silk, linen, or the like.

Ec´sta•sy , n.; pl. Ecstasies (#). [F. extase, L. ecstasis, fr. Gr. , fr. to put out of place, derange; = ’ek out + to set, stand. See Ex-, and Stand.] [Also written extasy.] 1. The state of being beside one’s self or rapt out of one’s self; a state in which the mind is elevated above the reach of ordinary impressions, as when under the influence of overpowering emotion; an extraordinary elevation of the spirit, as when the soul, unconscious of sensible objects, is supposed to contemplate heavenly mysteries. “Like a mad prophet in an ecstasy.” Dryden. “This is the very ecstasy of love.” Shak. 2. Excessive and overmastering joy or enthusiasm; rapture; enthusiastic delight. “He on the tender grass
Would sit, and hearken even to ecstasy.” Milton. 3. Violent distraction of mind; violent emotion; excessive grief of anxiety; insanity; madness. [Obs.] “That unmatched form and feature of blown youth
Blasted with ecstasy.” Shak. “Our words will but increase his ecstasy.” Marlowe. 4. (Med.) A state which consists in total suspension of sensibility, of voluntary motion, and largely of mental power. The body is erect and inflexible; the pulsation and breathing are not affected. Mayne.

Ec´sta•sy, v. t. To fill ecstasy, or with rapture or enthusiasm. [Obs.] “The most ecstasied order of holy … spirits.” Jer. Taylor.

Ec•stat´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. extatique. See Ecstasy, n.] 1. Pertaining to, or caused by, ecstasy or excessive emotion; of the nature, or in a state, of ecstasy; as ecstatic gaze; ecstatic trance. “This ecstatic fit of love and jealousy.” Hammond. 2. Delightful beyond measure; rapturous; ravishing; as ecstatic bliss or joy.

Ec•stat´ic, n. An enthusiast. [R.] Gauden.

Ec•stat´ic•al , a. 1. Ecstatic. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. Tending to external objects. [R.] Norris.

Ec•stat´ic•al•ly, adv. Rapturously; ravishingly. { Ect , Ec´to }. [Gr. outside.] A combining form signifying without, outside, external.

Ec´tad , adv. [Ect- + L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Toward the outside or surface; — opposed to entad. B. G. Wilder.

Ec´tal , a. [See Ect-.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the surface; outer; — opposed to ental. B. G. Wilder.

Ec•ta´si•a , n. [NL. See Ectasis.] (Med.) A dilatation of a hollow organ or of a canal.

Ec´ta•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ’ek out + to stretch.] (Pros.) The lengthening of a syllable from short to long.

Ec•ten´tal , a. [Gr. outside + inside.] (Biol.) Relating to, or connected with, the two primitive germ layers, the ectoderm and ectoderm; as the ´ectental line´ or line of juncture of the two layers in the segmentation of the ovum. C. S. Minot.

Ec´ter•on , n. [See Ect-.] (Anat.) The external layer of the skin and mucous membranes; epithelium; ecderon. — Ec•ter•on´ic (#), a.

Ec•teth´moid , a. [Ect- + ethmoid.] (Anat.) External to the ethmoid; prefrontal.

Ec•thlip´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to squeeze out.] 1. The dropping out or suppression from a word of a consonant, with or without a vowel. 2. (Lat. Pros.) The elision of a final m, with the preceding vowel, before a word beginning with a vowel.

Ec•tho•re´um , n.; pl. Ecthorea (#). [NL., fr. Gr. to leap out; ek out + , , to leap, dart.] (Zoöl.) The slender, hollow thread of a nettling cell or cnida. See Nettling cell. [Written also ecthoraeum.]

Ec•thy´ma , n.; pl. Ecthymata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. pimple, fr. to break out.] (Med.) A cutaneous eruption, consisting of large, round pustules, upon an indurated and inflamed base. Dunglison.

Ec´to- See Ect-.

Ec´to•blast , n. [Ecto- + Gr. bud, germ.] (Biol.) (a) The outer layer of the blastoderm; the epiblast; the ectoderm. (b) The outer envelope of a cell; the cell wall. Agassiz.

Ec•to•bron´chi•um , n.; pl. Ectobronchia (#). [NL. See Ecto-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) One of the dorsal branches of the main bronchi in the lungs of birds. { Ec•to•cu•ne´ri•form , Ec•to•cu´ni•form , } n. [Ecto- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) One of the bones of the tarsus. See Cuneiform.

Ec´to•cyst , n. [Ecto- + Gr. bladder.] (Zoöl.) The outside covering of the Bryozoa.

Ec´to•derm , n. [Ecto- + - derm.] (Biol.) (a) The outer layer of the blastoderm; epiblast. (b) The external skin or outer layer of an animal or plant, this being formed in an animal from the epiblast. See Illust. of Blastoderm. { Ec•to•der´mal , Ec•to•der´mic } a. (Biol.) Of or relating to the ectoderm.

Ec•to•lec´i•thal , a. [Ecto- + Gr. the yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Having the food yolk, at the commencement of segmentation, in a peripheral position, and the cleavage process confined to the center of the egg; as ectolecithal ova.

Ec´to•mere , n. [Ecto- + - mere.] (Biol.) The more transparent cells, which finally become external, in many segmenting ova, as those of mammals.

Ec•to•par´a•site , n. (Zoöl.) Any parasite which lives on the exterior of animals; — opposed to endoparasite. — Ec•to•par•a•sit´ic (#), a.

Ec•to´pi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ek out + place.] (Med.) A morbid displacement of parts, especially such as is congenial; as ectopia of the heart, or of the bladder.

Ec•top´ic , a. (Med.) Out of place; congenitally displaced; as an ectopic organ.

Ec´to•plasm , n. [Ecto- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) (a) The outer transparent layer of protoplasm in a developing ovum. (b) The outer hyaline layer of protoplasm in a vegetable cell. (c) The ectosarc of protozoan.

Ec•to•plas´tic , a. [Ecto- + Gr. to mold.] Pertaining to, or composed of, ectoplasm.

Ec•to•proc´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. outside + the anus.] (Zoöl.) An order of Bryozoa in which the anus lies outside the circle of tentacles.

Ec´to•py , n. (Med.) Same as Ectopia.

Ect•or´gan•ism , n. [Ect- + organism.] (Biol.) An external parasitic organism.

Ec´to•sarc , n. [Ecto- + Gr. , , flesh.] (Biol.) The semisolid external layer of protoplasm in some unicellular organisms, as the amœba; ectoplasm; exoplasm.

Ec•tos´te•al , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to ectostosis; as ectosteal ossification.

Ec•tos•to´sis , n. [NL. See Ect-, and Ostosis.] (Physiol.) A process of bone formation in which ossification takes place in the perichondrium and either surrounds or gradually replaces the cartilage.

Ec•to•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) See Epizoic.

Ec•to•zo´ön , n.; pl. Ectozoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’ekto•s outside outside + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) See Epizoön.

Ec•tro´pi•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. a turning aside; from + to turn.] (Med.) An unnatural eversion of the eyelids.

Ec•tro´pi•um , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Ectropion.

Ec•trot´ic , a. [Gr. for abortion; ’ek out + to wound, cause mischief to.] (Med.) Having a tendency to prevent the development of anything, especially of a disease.

Ec´ty•pal , a. [L. ectypus worked in high relief, Gr. ; ’ek out + stamp, figure. See Type.] Copied, reproduced as a molding or cast, in contradistinction from the original model.

Ec´type , n. [Cf. F. ectype. See Ectypal.] 1. (Classical Archaeol.) (a) A copy, as in pottery, of an artist’s original work. Hence: (b) A work sculptured in relief, as a cameo, or in bas-relief (in this sense used loosely). 2. A copy from an original; a type of something that has previously existed. “Some regarded him [Klopstock] as an ectype of the ancient prophets.” Eng. Cyc. .

Ec•ty•pog´ra•phy , n. [Ectype + -graphy.] A method of etching in which the design upon the plate is produced in relief. { Ec•u•men´ic , Ec•u•men´ic•al } a. [L. oecumenicus, Gr. (sc. ) the inhabited world, fr. to inhabit, from house, dwelling. See Economy.] General; universal; in ecclesiastical usage, that which concerns the whole church; as an ecumenical council. [Written also œcumenical.] Ecumenical Bishop, a title assumed by the popes. — Ecumenical council. See under Council.

Ec´u•rie , n. [F. See Equerry.] A stable.

Ec´ze•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•kzema; ´ek out + zei^n to boil.] (Med.) An inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by the presence of redness and itching, an eruption of small vesicles, and the discharge of a watery exudation, which often dries up, leaving the skin covered with crusts; — called also tetter, milk crust, and salt rheum.

Ec•zem´a•tous , a. (Med.) Pertaining to eczema; having the characteristic of eczema.

-ed The termination of the past participle of regular, or weak, verbs; also of analogous participial adjectives from nouns; as pigmented; talented.

E•da´cious , a. [L. edax, edacis, fr. edere to eat.] Given to eating; voracious; devouring. “Swallowed in the depths of edacious Time.” Carlyle. — E•da´cious•ly, adv. — E•da´cious•ness, n.

E•dac´i•ty , n. [L. edacitas.] Greediness; voracity; ravenousness; rapacity. Bacon.

Ed´da , n.; pl. Eddas (#). [Icel., lit. great-grandmother (i. e., of Scandinavian poetry), so called by Bishop Brynjúlf Sveinsson, who brought it again to light in 1643.] The religious or mythological book of the old Scandinavian tribes of German origin, containing two collections of Sagas (legends, myths) of the old northern gods and heroes. There are two Eddas. The older, consisting of 39 poems, was reduced to writing from oral tradition in Iceland between 1050 and 1133. The younger or prose Edda, called also the Edda of Snorri, is the work of several writers, though usually ascribed to Snorri Sturleson, who was born in 1178. { Ed•da´ic , Ed´dic }, a. Relating to the Eddas; resembling the Eddas.

Ed´der , n. [See Adder.] (Zoöl.) An adder or serpent. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ed´der, n. [AS. edor hedge, fence; akin to etar.] Flexible wood worked into the top of hedge stakes, to bind them together. [Obs.] Tusser.

Ed´der, v. t. To bind the top interweaving edder; as to edder a hedge. [Obs.]

Ed´dish , n. [AS. edisc; cf. AS. pref. ed- again, anew. Cf. Eddy, and Arrish.] Aftermath; also stubble and stubble field. See Arrish. [Eng.]

Ed´does , n. pl. (Bot.) The tubers of Colocasia antiquorum. See Taro.

Ed´dy (ed´dy), n.; pl. Eddies (-diz). [Prob. fr. Icel. iða; cf. Icel. pref. ið- back, AS. ed-, OS. idug-, OHG. ita-; Goth. id-.] 1. A current of air or water running back, or in a direction contrary to the main current. 2. A current of water or air moving in a circular direction; a whirlpool. “And smiling eddies dimpled on the main.” Dryden. “Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play.” Addison. Used also adjectively; as eddy winds. Dryden.

Ed´dy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eddied p. pr. & vb. n. Eddying.] To move as an eddy, or as in an eddy; to move in a circle. “Eddying round and round they sink.” Wordsworth.

Ed´dy, v. t. To collect as into an eddy. [R.] “The circling mountains eddy in
From the bare wild the dissipated storm.” Thomson.

E´del•weiss , n. [G., fr. edel noble + weiss white.] (Bot.) A little, perennial, white, woolly plant (Leontopodium alpinum), growing at high elevations in the Alps.

E•de´ma , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as œdema. { E•de´ma•tous , or E•de´ma•tose• }, a. (Med.) Same as œdematous.

E´den , n. [Heb. eden delight, pleasure; also a place of pleasure, Eden.] The garden where Adam and Eve first dwelt; hence, a delightful region or residence.

E•den´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Eden; paradisaic. ´Edenic joys.´ Mrs. Browning.

E´den•ite , n. [From Edenville, N. Y.] (Min.) A variety of amphibole. See Amphibole.

E´den•ized , a. Admitted to a state of paradisaic happiness. [R.] Davies (Wit’s Pilgr. ).

E•den´tal , a. See Edentate, a. — n. (Zoöl.) One of the Edentata.

E•den´tal•ous , a. See Edentate, a.

E•den•ta´ta , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from L. edentatus, p. p. of edentare to render toothless; e out + dens, dentis, tooth.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammals including the armadillos, sloths, and anteaters; — called also Bruta. The incisor teeth are rarely developed, and in some groups all the teeth are lacking.

E•den´tate , a. 1. Destitute of teeth; as an edentate quadruped; an edentate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Edentata.

E•den´tate , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Edentata.

E•den•ta•ted , a. Same as Edentate, a.

E•den•ta´tion , n. A depriving of teeth. [R.] Cockeram.

E•den´tu•lous ( 135), a. [L. edentulus; e out + dens, dentis, tooth.] Toothless.

Edge (ej), n. [OE. eg, egge, AS. ecg; akin to OHG. ekka, G. ecke, Icel. & Sw. egg, Dan. eg, and to L. acies, Gr. ’akh• point, Skr. açri edge. rad.1. Cf. Egg, v. t., Eager, Ear spike of corn, Acute.] 1. The thin cutting side of the blade of an instrument; as the edge of an ax, knife, sword, or scythe. Hence, figuratively, that which cuts as an edge does, or wounds deeply, etc. “He which hath the sharp sword with two edges.” Rev. ii. 12. “Slander,
Whose edge is sharper than the sword.” Shak. 2. Any sharp terminating border; a margin; a brink; extreme verge; as the edge of a table, a precipice. “Upon the edge of yonder coppice.” Shak. “In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge
Of battle.” Milton. “Pursue even to the very edge of destruction.” Sir W. Scott. 3. Sharpness; readiness or fitness to cut; keenness; intenseness of desire. “The full edge of our indignation.” Sir W. Scott. “Death and persecution lose all the ill that they can have, if we do not set an edge upon them by our fears and by our vices.” Jer. Taylor. 4. The border or part adjacent to the line of division; the beginning or early part; as in the edge of evening. ´On the edge of winter.´ Milton. Edge joint (Carp.), a joint formed by two edges making a corner. — Edge mill, a crushing or grinding mill in which stones roll around on their edges, on a level circular bed; — used for ore, and as an oil mill. Called also Chilian mill. — Edge molding (Arch.), a molding whose section is made up of two curves meeting in an angle. — Edge plane. (a) (Carp.) A plane for edging boards. (b) (Shoemaking) A plane for edging soles. — Edge play, a kind of swordplay in which backswords or cutlasses are used, and the edge, rather than the point, is employed. — Edge rail. (Railroad) (a) A rail set on edge; — applied to a rail of more depth than width. (b) A guard rail by the side of the main rail at a switch. Knight. — Edge railway, a railway having the rails set on edge. — Edge stone, a curbstone. — Edge tool. (a) Any tool or instrument having a sharp edge intended for cutting. (b) A tool for forming or dressing an edge; an edging tool. — To be on edge, to be eager, impatient, or anxious. — To set the teeth on edge, to cause a disagreeable tingling sensation in the teeth, as by bringing acids into contact with them. Bacon.

Edge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edged p. pr. & vb. n. Edging.] 1. To furnish with an edge as a tool or weapon; to sharpen. “To edge her champion’s sword.” Dryden. 2. To shape or dress the edge of, as with a tool. 3. To furnish with a fringe or border; as to edge a dress; to edge a garden with box. “Hills whose tops were edged with groves.” Pope. 4. To make sharp or keen, figuratively; to incite; to exasperate; to goad; to urge or egg on. [Obs.] “By such reasonings, the simple were blinded, and the malicious edged.” Hayward. 5. To move little by little or cautiously, as by pressing forward edgewise; as edging their chairs forwards. Locke.

Edge, v. i. 1. To move sideways; to move gradually; as edge along this way. 2. To sail close to the wind. “I must edge up on a point of wind.” Dryden. To edge away or To edge off (Naut.), to increase the distance gradually from the shore, vessel, or other object. — To edge down (Naut.), to approach by slow degrees, as when a sailing vessel approaches an object in an oblique direction from the windward. — To edge in, to get in edgewise; to get in by degrees. — To edge in with, as with a coast or vessel (Naut.), to advance gradually, but not directly, toward it.

Edge´bone , n. Same as Aitchbone.

Edge´less, a. Without an edge; not sharp; blunt; obtuse; as an edgeless sword or weapon.

Edge´long ( 115), adv. In the direction of the edge. [Obs.] “Three hundred thousand pieces have you stuck
Edgelong into the ground.” B. Jonson.

Edge´shot , a. (Carp.) Having an edge planed, — said of a board. Knight. { Edge´ways , Edge´wise } adv. With the edge towards anything; in the direction of the edge. “Glad to get in a word, as they say, edgeways.” Sir W. Scott.

Edg´ing , n. 1. That which forms an edge or border, as the fringe, trimming, etc., of a garment, or a border in a garden. Dryden. 2. The operation of shaping or dressing the edge of anything, as of a piece of metal. Edging machine, a machine tool with a revolving cutter, for dressing edges, as of boards, or metal plates, to a pattern or templet.

Edg´ing•ly, adv. Gradually; gingerly. [R.]

Edg´y , a. [From Edge.] 1. Easily irritated; sharp; as an edgy temper. 2. (Fine Arts) Having some of the forms, such as drapery or the like, too sharply defined. ´An edgy style of sculpture.´ Hazlitt.

Edh , n. The name of the Anglo- Saxon letter ð, capital form Ð. It is sounded as ´English th in a similar word: oðer, other, dôð, doth.´ March.

Ed•i•bil´i•ty , n. Suitableness for being eaten; edibleness.

Ed´i•ble , a. [L. edibilis, fr. edere to eat. See Eat.] Fit to be eaten as food; eatable; esculent; as edible fishes. Bacon. — n. Anything edible. Edible bird’s nest. See Bird’s nest, 2. — Edible crab (Zoöl.), any species of crab used as food, esp. the American blue crab (Callinectes hastatus). See Crab. — Edible frog (Zoöl.), the common European frog (Rana esculenta), used as food. — Edible snail (Zoöl.), any snail used as food, esp. Helix pomatia and H. aspersa of Europe.

Ed´i•ble•ness, n. Suitableness for being eaten.

E´dict , n. [L. edictum, fr. edicere, edictum, to declare, proclaim; e out + dicere to say: cf. F. edit. See Diction.] A public command or ordinance by the sovereign power; the proclamation of a law made by an absolute authority, as if by the very act of announcement; a decree; as the edicts of the Roman emperors; the edicts of the French monarch. “It stands as an edict in destiny.” Shak. Edict of Nantes (French Hist.), an edict issued by Henry IV. (A. D. 1598), giving toleration to Protestants. Its revocation by Louis XIV. (A. D. 1685) was followed by terrible persecutions and the expatriation of thousands of French Protestants. Syn. — Decree; proclamation; law; ordinance; statute; rule; order; manifesti; command. See Law.

E•dic´tal , a. Relating to, or consisting of, edicts; as the Roman edictal law.

Ed´i•fi•cant , a. [L. aedificans, -antis, p. pr. of aedificare. See Edify.] Building; constructing. [R.] Dugard.

Ed•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. aedificatio: cf. F. edification. See Edify.] 1. The act of edifying, or the state of being edified; a building up, especially in a moral or spiritual sense; moral, intellectual, or spiritual improvement; instruction. “The assured edification of his church.” Bp. Hall. “Out of these magazines I shall supply the town with what may tend to their edification.” Addison. 2. A building or edifice. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Ed´i•fi•ca•to•ry , a. Tending to edification. Bp. Hall.

Ed´i•fice , n. [L. aedificium, fr. aedificare: cf. F. edifice. See Edify.] A building; a structure; an architectural fabric; — chiefly applied to elegant houses, and other large buildings; as a palace, a church, a statehouse.

Ed•i•fi´cial , a. [L. aedificialis.] Pertaining to an edifice; structural.

Ed´i•fi•er , n. 1. One who builds. [Obs.] 2. One who edifies, builds up, or strengthens another by moral or religious instruction.

Ed´i•fy , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Edified p. pr. & vb. n. Edifying.] [F. edifier, L. aedificare; aedes a building, house, orig., a fireplace (akin to Gr. to burn, Skr. idh to kindle, OHG. eit funeral pile, AS. ad, OIr. aed fire) + facere to make. See Fact, -fy.] 1. To build; to construct. [Archaic] “There was a holy chapel edified.” Spenser. 2. To instruct and improve, especially in moral and religious knowledge; to teach. “It does not appear probable that our dispute [about miracles] would either edify or enlighten the public.” Gibbon. 3. To teach or persuade. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ed´i•fy, v. i. To improve. [R.] Swift.

Ed´i•fy•ing , a. Instructing; improving; as an edifying conversation. — Ed´i•fy•ing•ly, adv. — Ed´i•fy•ing•ness, n.

E´dile , n. [L. aedilis: cf. F. edile. Cf. AEdile.] (Rom. Antiq.) See AEdile.

E´dile•ship, n. The office of aedile. T. Arnold.

Ed´ing•ton•ite , n. (Min.) A grayish white zeolitic mineral, in tetragonal crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta.

Ed´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edited; p. pr. & vb. n. Editing.] [F. editer, or L. editus, p. p. of edere to give out, put forth, publish; e out + dare to give. See Date a point of time.] To superintend the publication of; to revise and prepare for publication; to select, correct, arrange, etc., the matter of, for publication; as to edit a newspaper. “Philosophical treatises which have never been edited.” Enfield.

E•di´tion , n. [L. editio, fr. edere to publish; cf. F. edition. See Edit.] 1. A literary work edited and published, as by a certain editor or in a certain manner; as a good edition of Chaucer; Chalmers’ edition of Shakespeare. 2. The whole number of copies of a work printed and published at one time; as the first edition was soon sold.

e•di•tion´ de luxe´ [F.] See Luxe.

E•di•tion•er , n. An editor. [Obs.]

Ed´i•tor , n. [L., that which produces, from edere to publish: cf. F. editeur.] One who edits; esp., a person who prepares, superintends, revises, and corrects a book, magazine, or newspaper, etc., for publication.

Ed•i•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an editor; written or sanctioned by an editor; as editorial labors; editorial remarks.

Ed•i•to´ri•al, n. A leading article in a newspaper or magazine; an editorial article; an article published as an expression of the views of the editor.

Ed•i•to´ri•al•ly , adv. In the manner or character of an editor or of an editorial article.

Ed´i•tor•ship , n. The office or charge of an editor; care and superintendence of a publication.

Ed´i•tress , n. A female editor.

E•dit´u•ate , v. t. [LL. aedituatus, p. p. of aedituare, fr. L. aedituus a temple warden; aedes building, temple + tueri to guard.] To guard as a churchwarden does. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

E´dom•ite , n. One of the descendants of Esau or Edom, the brother of Jacob; an Idumean.

Ed•ri•oph•thal´ma , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´edrai^os steadfast + ’ofqalmo•s the eye.] (Zoöl.) A group of Crustacea in which the eyes are without stalks; the Arthrostraca. [Written also Edriophthalmata.]

Ed•ri•oph•thal´mous , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Edriophthalma.

Ed•u•ca•bil´i•ty (ed•u•ka•bil´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. educabilite.] Capability of being educated.

Ed´u•ca•ble (ed´u•ka•b’l; 135), a. [Cf. F. educable.] Capable of being educated. ´Men are educable.´ M. Arnold.

Ed´u•cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Educated (- ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Educating (-ka•ting).] [L. educatus, p. p. of educare to bring up a child physically or mentally, to educate, fr. educere to lead forth, bring up (a child). See Educe.] To bring up or guide the powers of, as a child; to develop and cultivate, whether physically, mentally, or morally, but more commonly limited to the mental activities or senses; to expand, strengthen, and discipline, as the mind, a faculty, etc.; to form and regulate the principles and character of; to prepare and fit for any calling or business by systematic instruction; to cultivate; to train; to instruct; as to educate a child; to educate the eye or the taste. Syn. — To develop; instruct; teach; inform; enlighten; edify; bring up; train; breed; rear; discipline; indoctrinate.

Ed´u•ca•ted , a. Formed or developed by education; as an educated man.

Ed•u•ca´tion ( 135), n. [L. educatio; cf. F. education.] The act or process of educating; the result of educating, as determined by the knowledge skill, or discipline of character, acquired; also the act or process of training by a prescribed or customary course of study or discipline; as an education for the bar or the pulpit; he has finished his education. “To prepare us for complete living is the function which education has to discharge.” H. Spenser. Syn. — Education, Instruction, Teaching, Training, Breeding. Education, properly a drawing forth, implies not so much the communication of knowledge as the discipline of the intellect, the establishment of the principles, and the regulation of the heart. Instruction is that part of education which furnishes the mind with knowledge. Teaching is the same, being simply more familiar. It is also applied to practice; as teaching to speak a language; teaching a dog to do tricks. Training is a department of education in which the chief element is exercise or practice for the purpose of imparting facility in any physical or mental operation. Breeding commonly relates to the manners and outward conduct.

Ed•u•ca´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to education. ´His educational establishment.´ J. H. Newman.

Ed•u•ca´tion•ist, n. One who is versed in the theories of, or who advocates and promotes, education.

Ed´u•ca•tive ( 135), a. [Cf. F. educatif.] Tending to educate; that gives education; as an educative process; an educative experience.

Ed´u•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who educates; a teacher.

E•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Educed p. pr. & vb. n. Educing ] [L. educere; e out + ducere to lead. See Duke.] To bring or draw out; to cause to appear; to produce against counter agency or influence; to extract; to evolve; as to educe a form from matter. “The eternal art educing good from ill.” Pope. “They want to educe and cultivate what is best and noblest in themselves.” M. Arnold.

E•du´ci•ble , a. Capable of being educed.

E´duct , n. [L. eductum, fr. educere.] That which is educed, as by analysis. Sir W. Hamilton.

E•duc´tion , n. [L. eductio.] The act of drawing out or bringing into view. Eduction pipe, ∧ Eduction port. See Exhaust pipe and Exhaust port, under Exhaust, a.

E•duc´tive , a. Tending to draw out; extractive.

E•duc´tor , n. [L., tutor.] One who, or that which, brings forth, elicits, or extracts. “Stimulus must be called an eductor of vital ether.” E. Darwin.

E•dul´co•rant , a. [See Edulcorate.] Having a tendency to purify or to sweeten by removing or correcting acidity and acrimony.

E•dul´co•rant, n. An edulcorant remedy.

E•dul´co•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edulcorated p. pr. & vb. n. Edulcorating.] [L. e out + dulcoratus, p. p. of dulcorare to sweeten, fr. dulcor sweetness, fr. dulcis sweet: cf. F. edulcorer.] 1. To render sweet; to sweeten; to free from acidity. “Succory … edulcorated with sugar and vinegar.” Evelyn. 2. (Chem.) To free from acids, salts, or other soluble substances, by washing; to purify. [R.]

E•dul•co•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. edulcoration.] 1. The act of sweetening or edulcorating. 2. (Chem.) The act of freeing from acids or any soluble substances, by affusions of water. [R.] Ure.

E•dul´co•ra•tive , a. Tending to weeten or purify by affusions of water.

E•dul´co•ra•tor , n. A contrivance used to supply small quantities of sweetened liquid, water, etc., to any mixture, or to test tubes, etc.; a dropping bottle.

E•du´li•ous , a. [L. edulis, fr. edere to eat.] Edible. [Obs.] ´Edulious pulses.´ Sir T. Browne.

-ee [Formed on the F. p. p. ending -e, masc.] A suffix used, chiefly in law terms, in a passive signification, to indicate the direct or indirect object of an action, or the one to whom an act is done or on whom a right is conferred; as in assignee, donee, alienee, grantee, etc. It is correlative to -or, the agent or doer. { Eek , Eeke }, v. t. See Eke. [Obs.] Spenser.

Eel , n. [AS. l; akin to D., G., & Dan. aal, Icel. all, Sw. ål.] (Zoöl.) An elongated fish of many genera and species. The common eels of Europe and America belong to the genus Anguilla. The electrical eel is a species of Gymnotus. The so called vinegar eel is a minute nematode worm. See Conger eel, Electric eel, and Gymnotus.

Eel´buck , n. An eelpot or eel basket.

Eel´fare , n. [Eel + fare a journey or passage.] (Zoöl.) A brood of eels. [Prov. Eng.]

Eel´grass , n. (Bot.) A plant (Zostera marina), with very long and narrow leaves, growing abundantly in shallow bays along the North Atlantic coast.

Eel´-moth•er , n. (Zoöl.) The eelpout.

Eel´pot , n. A boxlike structure with funnel-shaped traps for catching eels; an eelbuck.

Eel´pout , n. [AS. lepute.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish (Zoarces viviparus), remarkable for producing living young; — called also greenbone, guffer, bard, and Maroona eel. also an American species (Z. anguillaris), — called also mutton fish, and, erroneously, congo eel, ling, and lamper eel. Both are edible, but of little value. (b) A fresh-water fish, the burbot.

Eel´spear , n. A spear with barbed forks for spearing eels.

E’en , adv. A contraction for even. See Even. “I have e’en done with you.” L’Estrange.

Een , n. The old plural of Eye. “And eke with fatness swollen were his een.” Spenser.

E’er ( 277), adv. A contraction for ever. See Ever. { Ee´rie , Ee´ry } , a. [Scotch, fr. AS. earh timid.] 1. Serving to inspire fear, esp. a dread of seeing ghosts; wild; weird; as eerie stories. “She whose elfin prancer springs
By night to eery warblings.” Tennyson. 2. Affected with fear; affrighted. Burns.

Ee´ri•ly , adv. In a strange, unearthly way.

Ee´ri•some , a. Causing fear; eerie. [Scot.]

Eet , obs. imp. of Eat. Chaucer.

Ef´fa•ble , a. [L. effabilis; ex out + fari to speak.] Capable of being uttered or explained; utterable. Barrow.

Ef•face´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effaced p. pr. & vb. n. Effacing ] [F. effacer; pref. es- (L. ex) + face face; prop., to destroy the face or form. See Face, and cf. Deface.] 1. To cause to disappear (as anything impresses or inscribed upon a surface) by rubbing out, striking out, etc.; to erase; to render illegible or indiscernible; as to efface the letters on a monument, or the inscription on a coin. 2. To destroy, as a mental impression; to wear away. “Efface from his mind the theories and notions vulgarly received.” Bacon. Syn. — To blot out; expunge; erase; obliterate; cancel; destroy. — Efface, Deface. To deface is to injure or impair a figure; to efface is to rub out or destroy, so as to render invisible.

Ef•face´a•ble , a. Capable of being effaced.

Ef•face´ment , n. [Cf. F. effacement.] The act if effacing; also the result of the act.

Ef•fas´ci•nate , v. t. [L. effascinare.] To charm; to bewitch. [Obs.] Heywood.

Ef•fas•ci•na´tion , n. [L. effascinatio.] A charming; state of being bewitched or deluded. [Obs.]

Ef•fect´ , n. [L. effectus, fr. efficere, effectum, to effect; ex + facere to make: cf. F. effet, formerly also spelled effect. See Fact.] 1. Execution; performance; realization; operation; as the law goes into effect in May. “That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between
The effect and it.” Shak. 2. Manifestation; expression; sign. “All the large effects
That troop with majesty.” Shak. 3. In general: That which is produced by an agent or cause; the event which follows immediately from an antecedent, called the cause; result; consequence; outcome; fruit; as the effect of luxury. “The effect is the unfailing index of the amount of the cause.” Whewell. 4. Impression left on the mind; sensation produced. “Patchwork … introduced for oratorical effect.” J. C. Shairp. “The effect was heightened by the wild and lonely nature of the place.” W. Irving. 5. Power to produce results; efficiency; force; importance; account; as to speak with effect. 6. Consequence intended; purpose; meaning; general intent; — with to. “They spake to her to that effect.” 2 Chron. xxxiv. 22. 7. The purport; the sum and substance. ´The effect of his intent.´ Chaucer. 8. Reality; actual meaning; fact, as distinguished from mere appearance. “No other in effect than what it seems.” Denham. 9. pl. Goods; movables; personal estate; — sometimes used to embrace real as well as personal property; as the people escaped from the town with their effects. For effect, for an exaggerated impression or excitement. — In effect, in fact; in substance. See 8, above. — Of no effect, Of none effect, To no effect, or Without effect, destitute of results, validity, force, and the like; vain; fruitless. ´Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition.´ Mark vii. 13. ´All my study be to no effect.´ Shak. — To give effect to, to make valid; to carry out in practice; to push to its results. — To take effect, to become operative, to accomplish aims. Shak. Syn. — Effect, Consequence, Result. These words indicate things which arise out of some antecedent, or follow as a consequent. Effect, which may be regarded as the generic term, denotes that which springs directly from something which can properly be termed a cause. A consequence is more remote, not being strictly caused, nor yet a mere sequence, but following out of and following indirectly, or in the train of events, something on which it truly depends. A result is still more remote and variable, like the rebound of an elastic body which falls in very different directions. We may foresee the effects of a measure, may conjecture its consequences, but can rarely discover its final results. “Resolving all events, with their effects
And manifold results, into the will
And arbitration wise of the Supreme.” Cowper. “Shun the bitter consequence, for know,
The day thou eatest thereof, … thou shalt die.” Milton.

Ef•fect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effected; p. pr. & vb. n. Effecting.] 1. To produce, as a cause or agent; to cause to be. “So great a body such exploits to effect.” Daniel. 2. To bring to pass; to execute; to enforce; to achieve; to accomplish. “To effect that which the divine counsels had decreed.” Bp. Hurd. “They sailed away without effecting their purpose.” Jowett (Th. ). Syn. — To accomplish; fulfill; achieve; complete; execute; perform; attain. See Accomplish.

Ef•fect´er , n. One who effects.

Ef•fect´i•ble , a. Capable of being done or achieved; practicable; feasible. Sir T. Browne.

Ef•fec´tion , n. [L. effectio: cf. F. effection.] Creation; a doing. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ef•fect´ive , a. [L. effectivus: cf. F. effectif.] Having the power to produce an effect or effects; producing a decided or decisive effect; efficient; serviceable; operative; as an effective force, remedy, speech; the effective men in a regiment. “They are not effective of anything, nor leave no work behind them.” Bacon. “Whosoever is an effective, real cause of doing his heighbor wrong, is criminal.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Efficient; forcible; active; powerful; energetic; competent. See Effectual.

Ef•fect´ive, n. 1. That which produces a given effect; a cause. Jer. Taylor. 2. One who is capable of active service. “He assembled his army — 20,000 effectives — at Corinth.” W. P. Johnston. 3. [F. effectif real, effective, real amount.] (Com.) Specie or coin, as distinguished from paper currency; — a term used in many parts of Europe. Simmonds.

Ef•fect´ive•ly, adv. With effect; powerfully; completely; thoroughly.

Ef•fect´ive•ness, n. The quality of being effective.

Ef•fect´less , a. Without effect or advantage; useless; bootless. Shak. — Ef•fect´less•ly, adv.

Ef•fect´or , n. [L.] An effecter. Derham.

Ef•fec´tu•al ( 135), a. [See Effect, n.] Producing, or having adequate power or force to produce, an intended effect; adequate; efficient; operative; decisive. Shak. “Effectual steps for the suppression of the rebellion.” Macaulay. Effectual calling (Theol.), a doctrine concerning the work of the Holy Spirit in producing conviction of sin and acceptance of salvation by Christ, — one of the five points of Calvinism. See Calvinism. Syn. — Effectual, Efficacious, Effective. An efficacious remedy is had recourse to, and proves effective if it does decided good, effectual if it does all the good desired. C. J. Smith.

Ef•fec´tu•al•ly, adv. 1. With effect; efficaciously. 2. Actually; in effect. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ef•fec´tu•al•ness, n. The quality of being effectual.

Ef•fec´tu•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effectuated p. pr. & vb. n. Effectuating.] [Cf. F. effectuer. See Effect, n. & v. t.] To bring to pass; to effect; to achieve; to accomplish; to fulfill. “A fit instrument to effectuate his desire.” Sir P. Sidney. “In order to effectuate the thorough reform.” G. T. Curtis.

Ef•fec•tu•a´tion , n. Act of effectuating. { Ef•fec´tu•ose• , Ef•fec´tu•ous } a. Effective. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ef•fec´tu•ous•ly, adv. Effectively. [Obs.]

Ef•fem´i•na•cy , n.; pl. Effeminacies (#). [From Effeminate.] Characteristic quality of a woman, such as softness, luxuriousness, delicacy, or weakness, which is unbecoming a man; womanish delicacy or softness; — used reproachfully of men. Milton.

Ef•fem´i•nate , a. [L. effeminatus, p. p. of effeminare to make a woman of; ex out + femina a woman. See Feminine, a.] 1. Having some characteristic of a woman, as delicacy, luxuriousness, etc.; soft or delicate to an unmanly degree; womanish; weak. “The king, by his voluptuous life and mean marriage, became effeminate, and less sensible of honor.” Bacon. “An effeminate and unmanly foppery.” Bp. Hurd. 2. Womanlike; womanly; tender; — in a good sense. “Gentle, kind, effeminate remorse.” Shak. Effeminate and womanish are generally used in a reproachful sense; feminine and womanly, applied to women, are epithets of propriety or commendation.

Ef•fem´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effeminated p. pr. & vb. n. Effeminating ] To make womanish; to make soft and delicate; to weaken. “It will not corrupt or effeminate children’s minds.” Locke.

Ef•fem´i•nate, v. i. To grow womanish or weak. “In a slothful peace both courage will effeminate and manners corrupt.” Pope.

Ef•fem´i•nate•ly , adv. 1. In an effeminate or womanish manner; weakly; softly; delicately. ´Proud and effeminately gay.´ Fawkes. 2. By means of a woman; by the power or art of a woman. [R.] ´Effeminately vanquished.´ Milton.

Ef•fem´i•nate•ness, n. The state of being effeminate; unmanly softness. Fuller.

Ef•fem•i•na´tion , n. [L. effeminatio.] Effeminacy; womanishness. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ef•fem´i•nize , v. t. To make effeminate. [Obs.]

Ef•fen´di , n. [Turk. efendi, fr. Modern Gr. , fr. Gr. a chief. See Authentic.] Master; sir; — a title of a Turkish state official and man of learning, especially one learned in the law.

Ef´fe•rent , a. [L. efferens, -entis, p. pr. of effere to bear out; ex out + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) (a) Conveying outward, or discharging; — applied to certain blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, etc. (b) Conveyed outward; as efferent impulses, i. e., such as are conveyed by the motor or efferent nerves from the central nervous organ outwards; — opposed to afferent.

Ef´fe•rent , n. An efferent duct or stream.

Ef´fer•ous , a. [L. efferus savage; ex (intens.) + ferus wild.] Like a wild beast; fierce. [Obs.]

Ef•fer•vesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Effervesced p. pr. & vb. n. Effervescing ] [L. effervescere; ex + fervescere to begin boiling, incho., fr. fervere to boil. See Fervent.] 1. To be in a state of natural ebullition; to bubble and hiss, as fermenting liquors, or any fluid, when some part escapes in a gaseous form. 2. To exhibit, in lively natural expression, feelings that can not be repressed or concealed; as to effervesce with joy or merriment. { Ef•fer•ves´cence , Ef•fer•ves´cen•cy } n. [Cf. F. effervescence.] A kind of natural ebullition; that commotion of a fluid which takes place when some part of the mass flies off in a gaseous form, producing innumerable small bubbles; as the effervescence of a carbonate with citric acid.

Ef•fer•ves´cent , a. [L. effervescences, p. pr. of effervescere: cf. F. effervescent.] Gently boiling or bubbling, by means of the disengagement of gas

Ef•fer•ves´ci•ble , a. Capable of effervescing.

Ef•fer•ves´cive , a. Tending to produce effervescence. ´An effervescive force.´ Hickok.

Ef´fet , n. [See Eft, n.] (Zoöl.) The common newt; — called also asker, eft, evat, and ewt.

Ef•fete´ , a. [L. effetus that has brought forth, exhausted; ex + fetus that has brought forth. See Fetus.] No longer capable of producing young, as an animal, or fruit, as the earth; hence, worn out with age; exhausted of energy; incapable of efficient action; no longer productive; barren; sterile. “Effete results from virile efforts.” Mrs. Browning “If they find the old governments effete, worn out, … they may seek new ones.” Burke.

Ef•fi•ca´cious , a. [L. eficax, -acis, fr. efficere. See Effect, n.] Possessing the quality of being effective; productive of, or powerful to produce, the effect intended; as an efficacious law. Syn. — See Effectual. — Ef•fi•ca´cious•ly, adv. — Ef•fi•ca´cious•ness, n.

Ef•fi•cac´i•ty , n. [L. efficacitas: cf. F. efficacite.] Efficacy. [R.] J. Fryth.

Ef´fi•ca•cy , n. [L. efficacia, fr. efficax. See Efficacious.] Power to produce effects; operation or energy of an agent or force; production of the effect intended; as the efficacy of medicine in counteracting disease; the efficacy of prayer. ´Of noxious efficacy.´ Milton. Syn. — Virtue; force; energy; potency; efficiency. { Ef•fi´cience , Ef•fi´cien•cy } n. [L. efficientia.] 1. The quality of being efficient or producing an effect or effects; efficient power; effectual agency. “The manner of this divine efficiency being far above us.” Hooker. 2. (Mech.) The ratio of useful work to energy expended. Rankine. Efficiency of a heat engine, the ratio of the work done by an engine, to the work due to the heat supplied to it.

Ef•fi´cient (-ent), a. [L. efficiens, -entis, p. pr. of efficere to effect: cf. F. efficient. See Effect, n.] Causing effects; producing results; that makes the effect to be what it is; actively operative; not inactive, slack, or incapable; characterized by energetic and useful activity; as an efficient officer, power. “The efficient cause is the working cause.” Wilson. Syn. — Effective; effectual; competent; able; capable; material; potent.

Ef•fi´cient , n. An efficient cause; a prime mover. “God … moveth mere natural agents as an efficient only.” Hooker.

Ef•fi´cient•ly, adv. With effect; effectively.

Ef•fierce´ , v. t. [Pref. ex- (intens.) + fierce.] To make fierce. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ef•fig´i•al , a. Relating to an effigy.

Ef•fig´i•ate , v. t. [L. effigiatus, p. p. of effigiare to form, fr. effigies. See Effigy.] To form as an effigy; hence, to fashion; to adapt. “[He must] effigiate and conform himself to those circumstances.” Jer. Taylor.

Ef•fig•i•a´tion , n. [Cf. LL. effigiatio.] The act of forming in resemblance; an effigy. Fuller.

Ef•fig´i•es , n. [L.] See Effigy. Dryden.

Ef´fi•gy , n.; pl. Effigies (#). [L. effigies, fr. effingere to form, fashion; ex + fingere to form, shape, devise. See Feign.] The image, likeness, or representation of a person, whether a full figure, or a part; an imitative figure; — commonly applied to sculptured likenesses, as those on monuments, or to those of the heads of princes on coins and medals, sometimes applied to portraits. To burn, or To hang, in effigy, to burn or to hang an image or picture of a person, as a token of public odium.

Ef•flag´i•tate , v. t. [L. efflagitatus, p. p. of efflagitare.] To ask urgently. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ef•flate´ , v. t. [L. efflatus, p. p. of efflare to blow or breathe out; ex + flare to blow.] To fill with breath; to puff up. Sir T. Herbert.

Ef•fla´tion , n. The act of filling with wind; a breathing or puffing out; a puff, as of wind. “A soft efflation of celestial fire.” Parnell.

Ef•flo•resce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Effloresced p. pr. & vb. n. Efflorescing ] [L. efflorescere to bloom, blossom; ex + florescere to begin to blossom, incho., fr. florere to blossom, fr. flos a flower. See Flower.] 1. To blossom forth. Carlyle. 2. (Chem.) To change on the surface, or throughout, to a whitish, mealy, or crystalline powder, from a gradual decomposition, esp. from the loss of water, on simple exposure to the air; as Glauber’s salts, and many others, effloresce. 3. To become covered with a whitish crust or light crystallization, from a slow chemical change between some of the ingredients of the matter covered and an acid proceeding commonly from an external source; as the walls of limestone caverns sometimes effloresce with nitrate of calcium in consequence of the action in consequence of nitric acid formed in the atmosphere.

Ef•flo•res´cence , n. [F. efflorescence.] 1. (Bot.) Flowering, or state of flowering; the blooming of flowers; blowth. 2. (Med.) A redness of the skin; eruption, as in rash, measles, smallpox, scarlatina, etc. 3. (Chem.) (a) The formation of the whitish powder or crust on the surface of efflorescing bodies, as salts, etc. (b) The powder or crust thus formed.

Ef•flo•res´cen•cy , n. The state or quality of being efflorescent; efflorescence.

Ef•flo•res´cent , a. [F. efflorescent, L. efflorescens, -entis, blooming, p. pr. of efflorescere. See Effloresce, v. i.] 1. That effloresces, or is liable to effloresce on exposure; as an efflorescent salt. 2. Covered with an efflorescence.

Ef•flow´er , v. t. [Cf. F. effleurer.] (Leather Making) To remove the epidermis of (a skin) with a concave knife, blunt in its middle part, — as in making chamois leather.

Ef´flu•ence , n. [Cf. F. effluence.] 1. A flowing out, or emanation. 2. That which flows or issues from any body or substance; issue; efflux. “Bright effluence of bright essence increate!” Milton. “And, as if the gloom of the earth and sky had been but the effluence of these two mortal hearts, it vanished with their sorrow.” Hawthorne.

Ef´flu•en•cy , n. Effluence.

Ef´flu•ent , a. [L. effluens, -entis, p. pr. of effluere to flow out; ex + fluere to flow: cf. F. effluent. See Fluent.] Flowing out; as effluent beams. Parnell.

Ef´flu•ent, n. (Geog.) A stream that flows out of another stream or lake.

Ef•flu´vi•a•ble , a. Capable of being given off as an effluvium. ´Effluviable matter.´ Boyle.

Ef•flu´vi•al , a. Belonging to effluvia.

Ef•flu´vi•ate , v. i. To give forth effluvium. [R.] ´An effluviating power.´ Boyle.

Ef•flu´vi•um , n.; pl. Effluvia (#). [L., a flowing out, fr. effluere to flow out. See Effluent, a.] Subtile or invisible emanation; exhalation perceived by the sense of smell; especially, noisome or noxious exhalation; as the effluvium from diseased or putrefying bodies, or from ill drainage.

Ef´flux , n. [See Effluent, Flux.] 1. The act or process of flowing out, or issuing forth; effusion; outflow; as the efflux of matter from an ulcer; the efflux of men’s piety. “It is then that the devout affections … are incessantly in efflux.” I. Taylor. 2. That which flows out; emanation; effluence. “Prime cheerer, light! …
Efflux divine.” Thomson.

Ef•flux´ , v. i. To run out; to flow forth; to pass away. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ef•flux´ion , n. [From Efflux.] 1. The act of flowing out; effusion. 2. That which flows out; effluvium; emanation. “Some light effluxions from spirit to spirit.” Bacon.

Ef•fo´di•ent , a. [L. effodiens, p. pr. of effodere to dig out; ex + fodere to dig.] Digging up.

Ef•force , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Efforced p. pr. & vb. n. Efforcing ] [OF. esforcier (F. s’efforcer to exert one’s self), LL. exforciare; L. ex + fortis strong. See Force.] To force; to constrain; to compel to yield. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ef•form´ , v. t. [Pref. ex- + form.] To form; to shape. [Obs.] “Efforming their words within their lips.” Jer. Taylor.

Ef•for•ma´tion , n. The act of giving shape or form. [Obs.] Ray.

Ef´fort , n. [F. effort, OF. esfort, for esfors, esforz, fr. esforcier. See Efforce.] 1. An exertion of strength or power, whether physical or mental, in performing an act or aiming at an object; more or less strenuous endeavor; struggle directed to the accomplishment of an object; as an effort to scale a wall. “We prize the stronger effort of his power.” Pope. 2. (Mech.) A force acting on a body in the direction of its motion. Rankine. Syn. — Endeavor; exertion; struggle; strain; straining; attempt; trial; essay. See Attempt.

Ef´fort, v. t. To stimulate. [Obs.] ´He efforted his spirits.´ Fuller.

Ef´fort•less, a. Making no effort. Southey.

Ef•fos´sion , n. [L. effossio. See Effodient.] A digging out or up. [R.] ´The effossion of coins.´ Arbuthnot.

Ef•fran´chise , v. t. [Pref. ex- + franchise: cf. OF. esfranchir.] To enfranchise.

Ef•fray´ , v. t. [F. effrayer. See Affray.] To frighten; to scare. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ef•fray´a•ble , a. Frightful. [Obs.] Harvey.

Ef•fre•na´tion , n. [L. effrenatio, fr. effrenare to unbridle; ex + frenum a bridle.] Unbridled license; unruliness. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ef•front´ , v. t. To give assurance to. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ef•front´er•y , n.; pl. Effronteries (#). [F. effronterie, fr. effronte shameless, fr. L. effrons, - ontis, putting forth the forehead, i. e., barefaced, shameless; ex + frons the forehead. See Front.] Impudence or boldness in confronting or in transgressing the bounds of duty or decorum; insulting presumptuousness; shameless boldness; barefaced assurance. “Corruption lost nothing of its effrontery.” Bancroft. Syn. — Impudence; sauciness. See Impudence.

Ef•front´it , a. [F. effronte.] Marked by impudence. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ef•fron´tu•ous•ly ( 135), adv. Impudently. [Obs.] R. North.

Ef•fulge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effulged p. pr. & vb. n. Effulging ] [L. effulgere to shine forth; ex + fulgere to flash, shine. See Fulgent.] To cause to shine with abundance of light; to radiate; to beam. [R.] “His eyes effulging a peculiar fire.” Thomson.

Ef•fulge´, v. i. To shine forth; to beam.

Ef•ful´gence , n. The state of being effulgent; extreme brilliancy; a flood of light; great luster or brightness; splendor. “The effulgence of his glory abides.” Milton. “The bright and the balmy effulgence of morn.” Beattie.

Ef•ful´gent , a. [L. effulgens, -entis, p. pr. of effulgere.] Diffusing a flood of light; shining; luminous; beaming; bright; splendid. ´Effulgent rays of light.´ Cowper.

Ef•ful´gent•ly, adv. In an effulgent manner.

Ef•fu•ma•bil´i•ty , n. The capability of flying off in fumes or vapor. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ef•fume´ , v. t. [L. effumare to emit smoke; ex + fumare to smoke, fr. fumus smoke.] To breathe or puff out. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ef•fund´ , v. t. [L. effundere. See Effuse.] To pour out. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ef•fuse´ , a. [L. effusus, p. p. of effundere to pour out; ex + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] 1. Poured out freely; profuse. [Obs.] “So should our joy be very effuse.” Barrow. 2. Disposed to pour out freely; prodigal. [Obs.] Young. 3. (Bot.) Spreading loosely, especially on one side; as an effuse inflorescence. Loudon. 4. (Zoöl.) Having the lips, or edges, of the aperture abruptly spreading; — said of certain shells.

Ef•fuse´, n. Effusion; loss. ´Much effuse of blood.´ Shak.

Ef•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effused p. pr. & vb. n. Effusing.] To pour out like a stream or freely; to cause to exude; to shed. [R.] “With gushing blood effused.” Milton.

Ef•fuse´, v. i. To emanate; to issue. Thomson.

Ef•fu´sion , n. [L. effusio: cf. F. effusion.] 1. The act of pouring out; as effusion of water, of blood, of grace, of words, and the like. “To save the effusion of my people’s blood.” Dryden. 2. That which is poured out, literally or figuratively. “Wash me with that precious effusion, and I shall be whiter than sow.” Eikon Basilike. “The light effusions of a heedless boy.” Byron. 3. (Pathol.) (a) The escape of a fluid out of its natural vessel, either by rupture of the vessel, or by exudation through its walls. It may pass into the substance of an organ, or issue upon a free surface. (b) The liquid escaping or exuded.

Ef•fu´sive , a. Pouring out; pouring forth freely. ´Washed with the effusive wave.´ Pope. Effusive rocks (Geol.), volcanic rocks, in distinction from so-called intrusive, or plutonic, rocks. — Ef•fu´sive•ly, adv. — Ef•fu´sive•ness, n.

Ef´reet , n. See Afrit.

Eft , n. [AS. efete lizard. See Newt.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European lizard of the genus Seps. (b) A salamander, esp. the European smooth newt (Triton punctatus).

Eft, adv. [AS. eft, aeft, again, back, afterward. See Aft, After.] Again; afterwards; soon; quickly. [Obs.] “I wold never eft comen into the snare.” Spenser. { Eft•soon´ , Eft•soons´ } adv. [OE. eftsone, eftsones; AS. eft + sna soon. See Eft, and Soon.] Again; anew; a second time; at once; speedily. [Archaic] “And, if he fall from his capel [horse] eftsone.” Chaucer. “The champion stout eftsoons dismounted.” Spenser.

E•gad´ , interj. [Euphemistic corruption of the oath, ´by God.´] An exclamation expressing exultation or surprise, etc.

E´gal , a. [F. egal. See Equal.] Equal; impartial. [Obs.] Shak.

E•gal´i•ty , n. [OE. egalite, F. egalite.] Equality. Chaucer. Tennyson.

E•ge´an , a. See AEgean.

E´gence , n. [L. egens, - entis, p. pr. of egere to be needy, suffer want.] The state of needing, or of suffering a natural want. [R.] J. Grote. { E´ger , E´gre }, a. [See Eager.] Sharp; bitter; acid; sour. [Obs.] “The egre words of thy friend.” Chaucer.

E´ger, n. An impetuous flood; a bore. See Eagre.

E•ger´mi•nate , v. i. [From L. egerminare to sprout.] To germinate. [Obs.]

E•gest´ , v. t. [L. egestus, p. p. of egerere to carry out, to discharge; e out + gerere to carry.] (Physiol.) To cast or throw out; to void, as excrement; to excrete, as the indigestible matter of the food; in an extended sense, to excrete by the lungs, skin, or kidneys.

E•ges´ta , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from p. p. of L. egere. See Egest.] (Physiol.) That which is egested or thrown off from the body by the various excretory channels; excrements; — opposed to ingesta.

E•ges´tion , n. [L. egestio.] Act or process of egesting; a voiding. Sir M. Hale.

Egg , n. [OE., fr. Icel. egg; akin to AS. aeg (whence OE. ey), Sw. ägg, Dan. aeg, G. & D. ei, and prob. to OSlav. aje, jaje, L. ovum, Gr. ’w,o•n, Ir. ugh, Gael. ubh, and perh. to L. avis bird. Cf. Oval.] 1. (Popularly) The oval or roundish body laid by domestic poultry and other birds, tortoises, etc. It consists of a yolk, usually surrounded by the ´white´ or albumen, and inclosed in a shell or strong membrane. 2. (Biol.) A simple cell, from the development of which the young of animals are formed; ovum; germ cell. 3. Anything resembling an egg in form. Egg is used adjectively, or as the first part of self-explaining compounds; as egg beater or egg- beater, egg case, egg ladle, egg-shaped, etc. Egg and anchor (Arch.), an egg-shaped ornament, alternating with another in the form of a dart, used to enrich the ovolo; — called also egg and dart, and egg and tongue. See Anchor, n., 5. Ogilvie. — Egg cleavage (Biol.), a process of cleavage or segmentation, by which the egg undergoes endogenous division with formation of a mass of nearly similar cells, from the growth and differentiation of which the new organism is ultimately formed. See Segmentation of the ovum, under Segmentation. — Egg development (Biol.), the process of the development of an egg, by which the embryo is formed. — Egg mite (Zoöl.), any mite which devours the eggs of insects, as Nothrus ovivorus, which destroys those of the canker worm. — Egg parasite (Zoöl.), any small hymenopterous insect, which, in the larval stage, lives within the eggs of other insects. Many genera and species are known.

Egg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Egged p. pr. & vb. n. Egging ] [OE. eggen, Icel. eggja, fr. egg edge. . See Edge.] To urge on; to instigate; to incite “Adam and Eve he egged to ill.” Piers Plowman. “[She] did egg him on to tell
How fair she was.” Warner.

Eg´gar , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Any bombycid moth of the genera Eriogaster and Lasiocampa; as the oak eggar (L. roboris) of Europe.

Egg´-bird , n. (Zoöl.) A species of tern, esp. the sooty tern (Sterna fuliginosa) of the West Indies. In the Bahama Islands the name is applied to the tropic bird, Phaëthon flavirostris.

Egg´-cup , n. A cup used for holding an egg, at table.

Eg´ge•ment , n. [Egg, v. t. + -ment.] Instigation; incitement. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Egg´er , n. [See Egg, n.] One who gathers eggs; an eggler.

Egg´er, n. [See Egg, v. t.] One who eggs or incites.

Egg´er•y , n. A place where eggs are deposited (as by sea birds) or kept; a nest of eggs. [R.]

Egg´-glass , n. A small sandglass, running about three minutes, for marking time in boiling eggs; also a small glass for holding an egg, at table.

Egg´hot , n. A kind of posset made of eggs, brandy, sugar, and ale. Lamb.

Egg´ler , n. One who gathers, or deals in, eggs.

Egg•nog´ , n. A drink consisting of eggs beaten up with sugar, milk, and (usually) wine or spirits.

Egg´plant , n. (Bot.) A plant (Solanum Melongena), of East Indian origin, allied to the tomato, and bearing a large, smooth, edible fruit, shaped somewhat like an egg; mad-apple.

Egg´-shaped , a. Resembling an egg in form; ovoid.

Egg´shell , n. 1. The shell or exterior covering of an egg. Also used figuratively for anything resembling an eggshell. 2. (Zoöl.) A smooth, white, marine, gastropod shell of the genus Ovulum, resembling an egg in form.

Egg´ squash A variety of squash with small egg-shaped fruit.

E´ghen , n. pl. Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Eg•i•lop´ic•al , a. [See AEgilops.] (Med.) Pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with, an aegilops, or tumor in the corner of the eye.

Eg´i•lops , n. See AEgilops. { E•glan´du•lose• ( 135), E•glan´du•lous , } a. [Pref. e- + glandulose, glandulosus.] Destitute of glands.

Eg´lan•tine , n. [F. eglantine, fr. OF. aiglent brier, hip tree, fr. (assumed) LL. acuculentus, fr. a dim. of L. acus needle; cf. F. aiguille needle. Cf. Aglet.] (Bot.) (a) A species of rose (Rosa Eglanteria), with fragrant foliage and flowers of various colors. (b) The sweetbrier (R. rubiginosa). Milton, in the following lines, has applied the name to some twining plant, perhaps the honeysuckle. “Through the sweetbrier, or the vine,
Or the twisted eglantine.” L’Allegro, 47. ´In our early writers and in Gerarde and the herbalists, it was a shrub with white flowers.´ Dr. Prior.

Eg´la•tere , n. Eglantine. [Obs. or R.] [Written also eglantere.] Tennyson.

Eg´ling , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European perch when two years old. [Prov. Eng.]

E•glom´er•ate , v. t. [Pref. e- + glomerate.] To unwind, as a thread from a ball. [R.]

E´go , n. [L., I.] (Met.) The conscious and permanent subject of all psychical experiences, whether held to be directly known or the product of reflective thought; — opposed to non-ego.

E•go´i•cal , a. Pertaining to egoism. [R.]

E´go•ism , n. [F. egoïsme, fr. L. -ego I. See I, and cf. Egotism.] 1. (Philos.) The doctrine of certain extreme adherents or disciples of Descartes and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, which finds all the elements of knowledge in the ego and the relations which it implies or provides for. 2. Excessive love and thought of self; the habit of regarding one’s self as the center of every interest; selfishness; — opposed to altruism.

E´go•ist, n. [F. egoïste. See Egoism.] 1. One given overmuch to egoism or thoughts of self. “I, dullard egoist, taking no special recognition of such nobleness.” Carlyle. 2. (Philos.) A believer in egoism. { E•go•is´tic , E•go•is´tic•al } a. Pertaining to egoism; imbued with egoism or excessive thoughts of self; self-loving. “Ill-natured feeling, or egoistic pleasure in making men miserable.” G. Eliot.

E•go•is´tic•al•ly, adv. In an egoistic manner.

E•go´i•ty , n. Personality. [R.] Swift.

E´go•mism , n. Egoism. [R.] A. Baxter.

E•go•phon´ic , a. Belonging to, or resembling, egophony.

E•goph´o•ny , n. [Gr. , , goat + voice.] (Med.) The sound of a patient’s voice so modified as to resemble the bleating of a goat, heard on applying the ear to the chest in certain diseases within its cavity, as in pleurisy with effusion.

E´go•the•ism , n. [Gr. ’egw• I + qeo•s God.] The deification of self. [R.]

E´go•tism ( 277), n. [L. ego I + ending -tism for -ism, prob. influenced by other English words in -tism fr. the Greek, where t is not part of the ending, as baptism. See Egoism.] The practice of too frequently using the word I; hence, a speaking or writing overmuch of one’s self; self-exaltation; self-praise; the act or practice of magnifying one’s self or parading one’s own doings. The word is also used in the sense of egoism. “His excessive egotism, which filled all objects with himself.” Hazlitt. Syn. — Egotism, Self-conceit, Vanity, Egoism. Self-conceit is an overweening opinion of one’s talents, capacity, attractions, etc.; egotism is the acting out of self-conceit, or self-importance, in words and exterior conduct; vanity is inflation of mind arising from the idea of being thought highly of by others. It shows itself by its eagerness to catch the notice of others. Egoism is a state in which the feelings are concentrated on one’s self. Its expression is egotism.

E´go•tist , n. [L. ego I + ending -tist for -ist. See Egotism, and cf. Egoist.] One addicted to egotism; one who speaks much of himself or magnifies his own achievements or affairs. { E•go•tis´tic , E•go•tis´tic•al } a. Addicted to, or manifesting, egotism. Syn. — Conceited; vain; self-important; opinionated.

E•go•tis´tic•al•ly, adv. With egotism.

E´go•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Egotized p. pr. & vb. n. Egotizing ] [See Egotism.] To talk or write as an egotist. Cowper.

E•gran´u•lose , a. [Pref. e- + granule.] (Bot.) Having no granules, as chlorophyll in certain conditions. R. Brown.

E´gre , a. & n. See Eager, and Eagre. [Obs.]

E•gre´gious ( 277), a. [L. egregius; lit., separated or chosen from the herd, i. e., distinguished, excellent; e out + grex, gregis, herd. See Gregarious.] Surpassing; extraordinary; distinguished (in a bad sense); — formerly used with words importing a good quality, but now joined with words having a bad sense; as an egregious rascal; an egregious ass; an egregious mistake. “The egregious impudence of this fellow.” Bp. Hall. “His [Wyclif’s] egregious labors are not to be neglected.” Milton.

E•gre´gious•ly , adv. Greatly; enormously; shamefully; as egregiously cheated.

E•gre´gious•ness ( 277), n. The state of being egregious.

Eg´re•moin , n. [See Agrimony.] Agrimony (Agrimonia Eupatoria). [Obs.] Chaucer.

E´gress , n. [L. egressus, fr. egredi to go out; e out + gradi to go. See Grade.] 1. The act of going out or leaving, or the power to leave; departure. “Embarred from all egress and regress.” Holland. “Gates of burning adamant,
Barred over us, prohibit all egress.” Milton. 2. (Astron.) The passing off from the sun’s disk of an inferior planet, in a transit.

E•gress´ , v. i. To go out; to depart; to leave.

E•gres´sion , n. [L. egressio.] The act of going; egress. [R.] B. Jonson.

E•gress´or , n. One who goes out. [R.]

E´gret , n. [See Aigret, Heron.] 1. (Zoöl.) The name of several species of herons which bear plumes on the back. They are generally white. Among the best known species are the American egret (Ardea, or Herodias egretta); the great egret (A. alba); the little egret (A. garzetta), of Europe; and the American snowy egret (A. candidissima). “A bunch of egrets killed for their plumage.” G. W. Cable. 2. A plume or tuft of feathers worn as a part of a headdress, or anything imitating such an ornament; an aigrette. 3. (Bot.) The flying feathery or hairy crown of seeds or achenes, as the down of the thistle. 4. (Zoöl.) A kind of ape.

E•grette´ , n. [See Aigrette.] Same as Egret, n., 2.

Eg´ri•mo•ny , [Corrupted fr. agrimony.] (Bot.) The herb agrimony. [Obs.]

Eg´ri•mo•ny, n. [L. aegrimonia.] Sorrow. [Obs.]

E´gri•ot , n. [F. aigrette, griotte, formerly agriote; cf. aigre sour.] A kind of sour cherry. Bacon.

E´gri•tude , n. [L. aegritudo, fr. aeger sick.] Sickness; ailment; sorrow. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

E•gyp´tian , a. [L. Aegyptius, Gr. , fr. (L. Aegyptus) Egypt: cf. F. egyptien. Cf. Gypsy.] Pertaining to Egypt, in Africa. Egyptian bean. (Bot.) (a) The beanlike fruit of an aquatic plant (Nelumbium speciosum), somewhat resembling the water lily. (b) See under Bean, 1. — Egyptian cross. See Illust. (No. 6) of Cross. — Egyptian thorn (Bot.), a medium-sized tree (Acacia vera). It is one of the chief sources of the best gum arabic.

E•gyp´tian, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Egypt; also the Egyptian language. 2. A gypsy. [Obs.] Shak.

E´gypt•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Egyptized p. pr. & vb. n. Egyptizing ] To give an Egyptian character or appearance to. Fairbairn. { E•gyp•tol´o•ger , E•gyp•tol´o•gist } n. One skilled in the antiquities of Egypt; a student of Egyptology.

E•gyp•to•log´ic•al , a. Of, pertaining to, or devoted to, Egyptology.

E•gyp•tol´o•gy , n. [Egypt + -logy.] The science or study of Egyptian antiquities, esp. the hieroglyphics.

Eh , interj. [OE. ei, ey.] An expression of inquiry or slight surprise.

Eh´lite , n. [From Ehl near Linz, where it occurs.] (Min.) A mineral of a green color and pearly luster; a hydrous phosphate of copper.

Ei´der , n. [Of Scand. origin, cf. Icel aer; akin to Sw. eider, Dan. ederfugl.] (Zoöl.) Any species of sea duck of the genus Somateria, esp. Somateria mollissima, which breeds in the northern parts of Europe and America, and lines its nest with fine down (taken from its own body) which is an article of commerce; — called also eider duck. The American eider (S. Dresseri), the king eider (S. spectabilis), and the spectacled eider (Arctonetta Fischeri) are related species. Eider down. [Cf. Icel. aeðardun, Sw. eiderdun, Dan. ederduun.] Down of the eider duck, much sought after as an article of luxury.

Ei´do•graph , n. [Gr. form + graph.] An instrument for copying drawings on the same or a different scale; a form of the pantograph.

Ei•do´lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. image. See Idol.] An image or representation; a form; a phantom; an apparition. Sir W. Scott.

Eigh , interj. An exclamation expressing delight.

Eight (at), n. [See Ait.] An island in a river; an ait. [Obs.] ´Osiers on their eights.´ Evelyn.

Eight, a. [AS. eahta; akin to OS. ahto, OFries. achta, D. & G. acht, OHG. ahto, Icel. atta, Sw. åtta, Dan. otte, Goth. ahtau, Lith. aszt&uring;ni, Ir. & Gael. ochd, W. wyth, Armor. eich, eiz, L. octo, Gr. ’oktw•, Skr. ashtan. rad.306. Cf. Octave.] Seven and one; as eight years.

Eight (at), n. 1. The number greater by a unit than seven; eight units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eight units, as 8 or viii.

Eight´een (a´ten•), a. [AS. eahtatyne, eahtatene. See Eight, and Ten, and cf. Eighty.] Eight and ten; as eighteen pounds.

Eight´een, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than seventeen; eighteen units or objects. 2. A symbol denoting eighteen units, as 18 or xviii.

Eight•een´mo , a. & n. See Octodecimo.

Eight´eenth , a. [From Eighteen.] 1. Next in order after the seventeenth. 2. Consisting of one of eighteen equal parts or divisions of a thing.

Eight´eenth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eighteen; one of eighteen equal parts or divisions. 2. The eighth after the tenth.

Eight´e•teth•e , a. [OE., fr. AS. eahtateóða; eahta eight + teóða tenth. Cf. Eighteenth, Tenth.] Eighteenth. [Obs.]

Eight´fold , a. Eight times a quantity.

Eighth (atth), a. [AS. eahtoða.] 1. Next in order after the seventh. 2. Consisting of one of eight equal divisions of a thing. Eighth note (Mus.), the eighth part of a whole note, or semibreve; a quaver.

Eighth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eight; one of eight equal parts; an eighth part. 2. (Mus.) The interval of an octave.

Eighth´ly, adv. As the eighth in order.

Eight´i•eth , a. [From Eighty.] 1. The next in order after seventy-ninth. 2. Consisting of one of eighty equal parts or divisions.

Eight´i•eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by eighty; one of eighty equal parts.

Eight´ling , n. [Eight + - ling.] (Crystallog.) A compound or twin crystal made up of eight individuals.

Eight´score , a. & n. Eight times twenty; a hundred and sixty.

Eight´y , a. [AS. eahtatig, where the ending -tig is akin to English ten; cf. G. achtzig. See Eight, and Ten.] Eight times ten; fourscore.

Eight´y, n. 1. The sum of eight times ten; eighty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eighty units, or ten eight times repeated, as 80 or lxxx.

Eigne , a. [OF. aisne, ainsne, F. aîne, fr. L. ante natus born before. Cf. Esnecy.] 1. (Law) Eldest; firstborn. Blackstone. 2. Entailed; belonging to the eldest son. [Obs.] Bastard eigne, a bastard eldest son whose parents afterwards intermarry.

Eik´ing , n. (Naut.) See Eking.

Ei´kon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. e’ikw•n.] An image or effigy; — used rather in an abstract sense, and rarely for a work of art.

Ei´ko•sane , n. [Gr. e’i•kosi.] (Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon, C_20H_42, of the paraffine series, of artificial production, and also probably occurring in petroleum.

Ei•kos´y•lene , n. [Gr. e’i•kosi twenty + acetylene.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C_20H_38, of the acetylene series, obtained from brown coal.

Eild , n. [See Eld.] Age. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Eire , n. Air. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ei•re•narch , n. [See Irenarch.] (Gr. Antiq.) A justice of the peace; irenarch.

Ei•ren´ic , a. Pacific. See Irenic.

Ei´rie , n. See Aerie, and Eyrie.

Ei´sel , n. [OF. aisil, aissil, fr. L. acetum. Cf. Acetic.] Vinegar; verjuice. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Eis•tedd´fod (as•teth´vod), n. [W., session, fr. eistedd to sit.] An assembly or session of the Welsh bards; an annual congress of bards, minstrels and literati of Wales, — being a patriotic revival of the old custom.

Ei´ther (e´ther or i´ther; 277), a. & pron. [OE. either, aither, AS. aegðer, aeghwaeðer (akin to OHG. eogiwedar, MHG. iegeweder); a + ge + hwaeðer whether. See Each, and Whether, and cf. Or, conj.] 1. One of two; the one or the other; — properly used of two things, but sometimes of a larger number, for any one. “Lepidus flatters both,
Of both is flattered; but he neither loves,
Nor either cares for him.” Shak. “Scarce a palm of ground could be gotten by either of the three.” Bacon. “There have been three talkers in Great British, either of whom would illustrate what I say about dogmatists.” Holmes. 2. Each of two; the one and the other; both; — formerly, also each of any number. “His flowing hair
In curls on either cheek played.” Milton. “On either side … was there the tree of life.” Rev. xxii. 2. “The extreme right and left of either army never engaged.” Jowett (Thucyd).

Ei´ther, conj. Either precedes two, or more, coördinate words or phrases, and is introductory to an alternative. It is correlative to or. “Either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth.” 1 Kings xviii. 27. “Few writers hesitate to use either in what is called a triple alternative; such as We must either stay where we are, proceed, or recede.” Latham. Either was formerly sometimes used without any correlation, and where we should now use or. “Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear olive berries? either a vine, figs?” James iii. 12.

E•jac´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ejaculated p. pr. & vb. n. Ejaculating.] [L. ejaculatus, p. p. of ejaculari to throw out; e out + ejaculari to throw, fr. jaculum javelin, dart, fr. jacere to throw. See Eject.] 1. To throw out suddenly and swiftly, as if a dart; to dart; to eject. [Archaic or Technical] “Its active rays ejaculated thence.” Blackmore. 2. To throw out, as an exclamation; to utter by a brief and sudden impulse; as to ejaculate a prayer.

E•jac´u•late , v. i. To utter ejaculations; to make short and hasty exclamations. [R.] ´Ejaculating to himself.´ Sir W. Scott.

E•jac•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. ejaculation.] 1. The act of throwing or darting out with a sudden force and rapid flight. [Archaic or Technical] ´An ejaculation or irradiation of the eye.´ Bacon. 2. The uttering of a short, sudden exclamation or prayer, or the exclamation or prayer uttered. “In your dressing, let there be jaculations fitted to the several actions of dressing.” Jer. Taylor. 3. (Physiol.) The act of ejecting or suddenly throwing, as a fluid from a duct.

E•jac´u•la•tor , n. [NL. See Ejaculate.] (Anat.) A muscle which helps ejaculation.

E•jac´u•la•to•ry , a. 1. Casting or throwing out; fitted to eject; as ejaculatory vessels. 2. Suddenly darted out; uttered in short sentences; as an ejaculatory prayer or petition. 3. Sudden; hasty. [Obs.] ´Ejaculatory repentances, that take us by fits and starts.´ L’Estrange.

E•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ejected; p. pr. & vb. n. Ejecting.] [L. ejectus, p. p. of ejicere; e out + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To expel; to dismiss; to cast forth; to thrust or drive out; to discharge; as to eject a person from a room; to eject a traitor from the country; to eject words from the language. ´Eyes ejecting flame.´ H. Brooke. 2. (Law) To cast out; to evict; to dispossess; as to eject tenants from an estate. Syn. — To expel; banish; drive out; discharge; oust; evict; dislodge; extrude; void.

E•jec´tion , n. [L. ejectio: cf. F. ejection.] 1. The act of ejecting or casting out; discharge; expulsion; evacuation. ´Vast ejection of ashes.´ Eustace. ´The ejection of a word.´ Johnson. 2. (Physiol.) The act or process of discharging anything from the body, particularly the excretions. 3. The state of being ejected or cast out; dispossession; banishment.

E•ject´ment , n. 1. A casting out; a dispossession; an expulsion; ejection; as the ejectment of tenants from their homes. 2. (Law) A species of mixed action, which lies for the recovery of possession of real property, and damages and costs for the wrongful withholding of it. Wharton.

E•ject´or , n. 1. One who, or that which, ejects or dispossesses. 2. (Mech.) A jet jump for lifting water or withdrawing air from a space. Ejector condenser (Steam Engine), a condenser in which the vacuum is maintained by a jet pump.

E´joo (e´joo), n. [Malay iju or hiju.] Gomuti fiber. See Gomuti.

Ej•u•la´tion , n. [L. ejulatio, fr. ejulare to wail, lament.] A wailing; lamentation. [Obs.] ´Ejulation in the pangs of death.´ Philips. { Ek´a•bor• (ek´a•bor•), Ek´a•bo´ron (-bo´ron), } n. [G., fr. Skr. eka one + G. bor, boron, E. boron.] (Chem.) The name given by Mendelejeff in accordance with the periodic law, and by prediction, to a hypothetical element then unknown, but since discovered and named scandium; — so called because it was a missing analogue of the boron group. See Scandium.

Ek•al•u•min´i•um , n. [Skr. eka one + E. aluminium.] (Chem.) The name given to a hypothetical element, — later discovered and called gallium. See Gallium, and cf. Ekabor.

Ek•a•sil´i•con , n. [Skr. eka one + E. silicon.] (Chem.) The name of a hypothetical element predicted and afterwards discovered and named germanium; — so called because it was a missing analogue of the silicon group. See Germanium, and cf. Ekabor.

Eke (ek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eked p. pr. & vb. n. Eking.] [AS. ekan, ykan; akin to OFries, aka, OS. kian, OHG. ouhhon to add, Icel. auka to increase, Sw. öka, Dan. öge, Goth. aukan, L. augere, Skr. jas strength, ugra mighty, and probably to English wax, v. i. Cf. Augment, Nickname.] To increase; to add to; to augment; — now commonly used with out, the notion conveyed being to add to, or piece out by a laborious, inferior, or scanty addition; as to eke out a scanty supply of one kind with some other. ´To eke my pain.´ Spenser. “He eked out by his wits an income of barely fifty pounds.” Macaulay.

Eke, adv. [AS. eác; akin to OFries. ák, OS. k, D. ok, OHG. ouh, G. auch, Icel. auk, Sw. och and, Dan. og, Goth. auk for, but. Prob. from the preceding verb.] In addition; also; likewise. [Obs. or Archaic] “’T will be prodigious hard to prove
That this is eke the throne of love.” Prior. “A trainband captain eke was he
Of famous London town.” Cowper. Eke serves less to unite than to render prominent a subjoined more important sentence or notion. Mätzner.

Eke, n. An addition. [R.] “Clumsy ekes that may well be spared.” Geddes.

Ek´e•berg•ite , n. [From Ekeberg, a German.] (Min.) A variety of scapolite.

Eke´name , n. [See Nickname.] An additional or epithet name; a nickname. [Obs.]

Ek´ing , n. [From Eke, v. t.] (Shipbuilding) (a) A lengthening or filling piece to make good a deficiency in length. (b) The carved work under the quarter piece at the aft part of the quarter gallery. [Written also eiking.]

E´-la , n. Originally, the highest note in the scale of Guido; hence, proverbially, any extravagant saying. ´Why, this is above E-la!´ Beau. & Fl.

E•lab´o•rate , a. [L. elaboratus, p. p. of elaborare to work out; e out + laborare to labor, labor labor. See Labor.] Wrought with labor; finished with great care; studied; executed with exactness or painstaking; as an elaborate discourse; an elaborate performance; elaborate research. “Drawn to the life in each elaborate page.” Waller. Syn. — Labored; complicated; studied; perfected; high- wrought. — E•lab´o•rate•ly, adv. — E•lab´o•rate•ness, n.

E•lab´o•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elaborated p. pr. & vb. n. Elaborating ] 1. To produce with labor “They in full joy elaborate a sigh,” Young. 2. To perfect with painstaking; to improve or refine with labor and study, or by successive operations; as to elaborate a painting or a literary work. “The sap is … still more elaborated and exalted as it circulates through the vessels of the plant.” Arbuthnot.

elaborated adj. developed or executed with care and in minute detail; as the carefully elaborated theme.
Syn. — detailed, elaborate.
[WordNet 1.5]

E•lab•o•ra´tion , n. [L. elaboratio: cf. F. elaboration.] 1. The act or process of producing or refining with labor; improvement by successive operations; refinement. 2. (Physiol.) The natural process of formation or assimilation, performed by the living organs in animals and vegetables, by which a crude substance is changed into something of a higher order; as the elaboration of food into chyme; the elaboration of chyle, or sap, or tissues.

E•lab´o•ra•tive , a. Serving or tending to elaborate; constructing with labor and minute attention to details. Elaborative faculty (Metaph.), the intellectual power of discerning relations and of viewing objects by means of, or in, relations; the discursive faculty; thought.

E•lab´o•ra•tor , n. One who, or that which, elaborates.

E•lab´o•ra•to•ry , a. Tending to elaborate.

E•lab´o•ra•to•ry, n. A laboratory. [Obs.]

E•lae•ag´nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a Bœotian marsh plant; olive + sacred, pure.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or small trees, having the foliage covered with small silvery scales; oleaster.

E•lae´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. olive tree.] (Bot.) A genus of palms. Elaeis Guineensis, the African oil palm, is a tree twenty or thirty feet high, with immense pinnate leaves and large masses of fruit. The berries are rather larger than olives, and when boiled in water yield the orange-red palm oil.

E•lae´o•lite , n. [Gr. olive oil, oil + -lite.] (Min.) A variety of hephelite, usually massive, of greasy luster, and gray to reddish color. Elaeolite syenite, a kind of syenite characterized by the presence of elaeolite.

E•lae•op´tene , n. [Gr. olive oil, oil + winged, fleeting.] (Chem.) The more liquid or volatile portion of certain oily substance, as distinguished from stearoptene, the more solid parts. [Written also elaoptene.]

E•la´i•date , n. (Chem.) A salt of elaidic acid.

E•la•id´ic , a. [Cf. F. elaïdique. See Elaine.] Relating to oleic acid, or elaine. Elaidic acid (Chem.), a fatty acid isomeric with oleic acid, and obtained from it by the action of nitrous acid.

E•la´i•din , n. [Cf. F. elaïdine.] (Chem.) A solid isomeric modification of olein. { E•la´ine , or E•la´in }, n. [Gr. olive oil, oil, from the olive tree: cf. F. elaïne.] (Chem.) Same as Olein.

E•lai•od´ic , a. [Gr. olive oil, oil + form.] (Chem.) Derived from castor oil; ricinoleic; as elaiodic acid. [R.]

E•lai•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. olive oil, oil + -meter.] (Chem.) An apparatus for determining the amount of oil contained in any substance, or for ascertaining the degree of purity of oil.

E´lam•ite , n. A dweller in Flam (or Susiana), an ancient kingdom of Southwestern Asia, afterwards a province of Persia.

E•lamp´ing , a. [See Lamp.] Shining. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

e•lan´ , n. [F., fr. elancer to dart.] Ardor inspired by passion or enthusiasm.

E•lance´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elanced p. pr. & vb. n. Elancing ] [F. elancer, OF. eslancier; pref. es- (L. ex) + F. lancer to dart, throw, fr. lance.] To throw as a lance; to hurl; to dart. [R.] “While thy unerring hand elanced … a dart.” Prior.

E´land , n. [D. eland elk, of Slav. origin; cf. Pol. jelen stag, Russ. olene, Lith. elnis; perh. akin to E. elk.] 1. (Zoöl.) A species of large South African antelope (Oreas canna). It is valued both for its hide and flesh, and is rapidly disappearing in the settled districts; — called also Cape elk. 2. (Zoöl.) The elk or moose.

E•la´net , n. (Zoöl.) A kite of the genus Elanus.

E•la´o•lite , n. (Min.) See Elaeolite.

E•la•op´tene , n. (Chem.) See Elaeoptene.

El´a•phine , a. [Gr. stag.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, resembling, or characteristic of, the stag, or Cervus elaphus.

El´a•phure , n. (Zoöl.) A species of deer (Elaphurus Davidianus) found in china. It is about four feet high at the shoulder and has peculiar antlers.

E•lap•i•da´tion , n. [L. elapidatus cleared from stones; e out + lapis stone.] A clearing away of stones. [R.]

El´a•pine , a. [See Elaps.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Elapidae, a family of poisonous serpents, including the cobras. See Ophidia.

E´laps , n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of venomous snakes found both in America and the Old World. Many species are known. See Coral snake, under Coral.

E•lapse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Elapsed p. pr. & vb. n. Elapsing.] [L. elapsus, p. p. of elabi to glide away; e out + labi to fall, slide. See Lapse.] To slip or glide away; to pass away silently, as time; — used chiefly in reference to time. “Eight days elapsed; at length a pilgrim came.” Hoole.

E•lap´sion , n. The act of elapsing. [R.]

E•la´que•ate , v. t. [L. elaqueatus, p. p. of elaqueare to unfetter.] To disentangle. [R.]

El•a•sip´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. metal beaten out, metal plate + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of holothurians mostly found in the deep sea. They are remarkable for their bilateral symmetry and curious forms. [Written also Elasmopoda.]

E•las´mo•branch , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Elasmobranchii. — n. One of the Elasmobranchii.

E•las•mo•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Elasmobranchii. — n. One of the Elasmobranchii.

E•las•mo•bran´chi•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a metal plate + L. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of fishes, comprising the sharks, the rays, and the Chimaera. The skeleton is mainly cartilaginous.

E•las•mo•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a metal plate + a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct, long-necked, marine, cretaceous reptile from Kansas allied to Plesiosaurus.

E•las´tic , a. [Formed fr. Gr. to drive; prob. akin to L. alacer lively, brisk, and E. alacrity: cf. F. elastique.] 1. Springing back; having a power or inherent property of returning to the form from which a substance is bent, drawn, pressed, or twisted; springy; having the power of rebounding; as a bow is elastic; the air is elastic; India rubber is elastic. “Capable of being drawn out by force like a piece of elastic gum, and by its own elasticity returning, when the force is removed, to its former position.” Paley. 2. Able to return quickly to a former state or condition, after being depressed or overtaxed; having power to recover easily from shocks and trials; as elastic spirits; an elastic constitution. Elastic bitumen. (Min.) See Elaterite. — Elastic curve. (a) (Geom.) The curve made by a thin elastic rod fixed horizontally at one end and loaded at the other. (b) (Mech.) The figure assumed by the longitudinal axis of an originally straight bar under any system of bending forces. Rankine. — Elastic fluids, those which have the property of expanding in all directions on the removal of external pressure, as the air, steam, and other gases and vapors. — Elastic limit (Mech.), the limit of distortion, by bending, stretching, etc., that a body can undergo and yet return to its original form when relieved from stress; also the unit force or stress required to produce this distortion. Within the elastic limit the distortion is directly proportional to the stress producing it. — Elastic tissue (Anat.), a variety of connective tissue consisting of a network of slender and very elastic fibers which are but slightly affected by acids or alkalies. — Gum elastic, caoutchouc.

E•las´tic, n. An elastic woven fabric, as a belt, braces or suspenders, etc., made in part of India rubber. [Colloq.]

E•las´tic•al , a. Elastic. [R.] Bentley.

E•las´tic•al•ly, adv. In an elastic manner; by an elastic power; with a spring.

E•las•tic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. elasticite.] 1. The quality of being elastic; the inherent property in bodies by which they recover their former figure or dimensions, after the removal of external pressure or altering force; springiness; tendency to rebound; as the elasticity of caoutchouc; the elasticity of the air. 2. Power of resistance to, or recovery from, depression or overwork. Coefficient of elasticity, the quotient of a stress (of a given kind), by the strain (of a given kind) which it produces; — called also coefficient of resistance. — Surface of elasticity (Geom.), the pedal surface of an ellipsoid (see Pedal); a surface used in explaining the phenomena of double refraction and their relation to the elastic force of the luminous ether in crystalline media.

E•las´tic•ness , n. The quality of being elastic; elasticity.

E•las´tin , n. [Elastic + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, somewhat resembling albumin, which forms the chemical basis of elastic tissue. It is very insoluble in most fluids, but is gradually dissolved when digested with either pepsin or trypsin.

E•late´ , a. [L. elatus elevated, fig., elated, proud (the figure, perh., being borrowed from a prancing horse); e out + latus (used as p. p. of ferre to bear), for tlatus, and akin to E. tolerate. See Tolerate, and cf. Extol.] 1. Lifted up; raised; elevated. “With upper lip elate.” Fenton. “And sovereign law, that State’s collected will,
O’er thrones and globes, elate,
Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill.” Sir W. Jones. 2. Having the spirits raised by success, or by hope; flushed or exalted with confidence; elated; exultant. “O, thoughtless mortals! ever blind to fate,
Too soon dejected, and dejected, and too soon elate.” Pope. “Our nineteenth century is wonderfully set up in its own esteem, wonderfully elate at its progress.” Mrs. H. H. Jackson. Syn. — Puffed up; lofty; proud; haughty; exalted; inspirited; transported; delighted; overjoyed.

E•late´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elated; p. pr. & vb. n. Elating.] 1. To raise; to exalt. [R.] “By the potent sun elated high.” Thomson. 2. To exalt the spirit of; to fill with confidence or exultation; to elevate or flush with success; to puff up; to make proud. “Foolishly elated by spiritual pride.” Warburton. “You ought not be elated at the chance mishaps of your enemies.” Jowett (Thucyd. ).

E•lat´ed•ly , adv. With elation.

E•lat´ed•ness, n. The state of being elated.

E•lat´er , n. One who, or that which, elates.

El´a•ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. driver, fr. to drive.] 1. (Bot.) An elastic spiral filament for dispersing the spores, as in some liverworts. 2. (Zoöl.) Any beetle of the family Elateridae, having the habit, when laid on the back, of giving a sudden upward spring, by a quick movement of the articulation between the abdomen and thorax; — called also click beetle, spring beetle, and snapping beetle. 3. (Zoöl.) The caudal spring used by Podura and related insects for leaping. See Collembola.

El´a•ter , n. (Chem.) The active principle of elaterium, being found in the juice of the wild or squirting cucumber (Ecballium agreste, formerly Motordica Elaterium) and other related species. It is extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance, which is a violent purgative.

El´a•ter•ite , n. (Min.) A mineral resin, of a blackish brown color, occurring in soft, flexible masses; — called also mineral caoutchouc, and elastic bitumen.

El•a•te´ri•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , neut. of driving. See 2d Elater.] A cathartic substance obtained, in the form of yellowish or greenish cakes, as the dried residue of the juice of the wild or squirting cucumber (Ecballium agreste, formerly called Momordica Elaterium).

El•a•ter•om´e•ter , n. Same as Elatrometer.

El´a•ter•y , n. [See 2d Elater.] Acting force; elasticity. [Obs.] Ray.

E•la´tion , n. [L. elatio. See Elate.] A lifting up by success; exaltation; inriation with pride of prosperity. ´Felt the elation of triumph.´ Sir W. Scott.

E•la´tive , a. (Gram.) Raised; lifted up; — a term applied to what is also called the absolute superlative, denoting a high or intense degree of a quality, but not excluding the idea that an equal degree may exist in other cases.

El•a•trom´e•ter , n. [Gr. a driver + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the degree of rarefaction of air contained in the receiver of an air pump. [Spelt also elaterometer.]

E•la´yl , n. [Gr. olive oil, oil + yl.] (Chem.) Olefiant gas or ethylene; — so called by Berzelius from its forming an oil combining with chlorine. [Written also elayle.] See Ethylene.

El´bow , n. [AS. elboga, elnboga (akin to D. elleboga, OHG. elinbogo, G. ellbogen, ellenbogen, Icel. lnbogi; prop.; arm-bend); eln ell (orig., forearm) + boga a bending. See 1st Ell, and 4th Bow.] 1. The joint or bend of the arm; the outer curve in the middle of the arm when bent. “Her arms to the elbows naked.” R. of Gloucester. 2. Any turn or bend like that of the elbow, in a wall, building, and the like; a sudden turn in a line of coast or course of a river; also an angular or jointed part of any structure, as the raised arm of a chair or sofa, or a short pipe fitting, turning at an angle or bent. 3. (Arch.) A sharp angle in any surface of wainscoting or other woodwork; the upright sides which flank any paneled work, as the sides of windows, where the jamb makes an elbow with the window back. Gwilt. Elbow is used adjectively or as part of a compound, to denote something shaped like, or acting like, an elbow; as elbow joint; elbow tongs or elbow-tongs; elbowroom, elbow-room, or elbow room. At the elbow, very near; at hand. — Elbow grease, energetic application of force in manual labor. [Low] — Elbow in the hawse (Naut.), the twisting together of two cables by which a vessel rides at anchor, caused by swinging completely round once. Totten. — Elbow scissors (Surg.), scissors bent in the blade or shank for convenience in cutting. Knight. — Out at elbow, with coat worn through at the elbows; shabby; in needy circumstances.

El´bow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elbowed p. pr. & vb. n. Elbowing.] To push or hit with the elbow, as when one pushes by another. “They [the Dutch] would elbow our own aldermen off the Royal Exchange.” Macaulay. To elbow one’s way, to force one’s way by pushing with the elbows; as to elbow one’s way through a crowd.

El´bow , v. i. 1. To jut into an angle; to project or to bend after the manner of an elbow. 2. To push rudely along; to elbow one’s way. ´Purseproud, elbowing Insolence.´ Grainger.

El´bow•board , n. The base of a window casing, on which the elbows may rest.

El´bow•chair , n. A chair with arms to support the elbows; an armchair. Addison.

El´bow•room , n. Room to extend the elbows on each side; ample room for motion or action; free scope. ´My soul hath elbowroom.´ Shak. “Then came a stretch of grass and a little more elbowroom.” W. G. Norris.

El•ca´ja , n. [Ar.] (Bot.) An Arabian tree (Trichilia emetica). The fruit, which is emetic, is sometimes employed in the composition of an ointment for the cure of the itch.

El•ce´sa•ite , n. [From Elcesai, the leader of the sect.] (Eccl.) One of a sect of Asiatic Gnostics of the time of the Emperor Trajan.

Eld , a. [AS. eald.] Old. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Eld, n. [AS. yldu, yldo, eldo, old age, fr. ald, eald, old. See Old.] 1. Age; esp., old age. [Obs. or Archaic] “As sooth is said, eelde hath great avantage.” Chaucer. “Great Nature, ever young, yet full of eld.” Spenser. 2. Old times; former days; antiquity. [Poetic] “Astrologers and men of eld.” Longfellow.

Eld, v. i. To age; to grow old. [Obs.]

Eld, v. t. To make old or ancient. [Obs.] “Time, that eldeth all things.” Rom. of R.

Eld´er , a. [AS. yldra, compar. of eald old. See Old.] 1. Older; more aged, or existing longer. “Let the elder men among us emulate their own earlier deeds.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) 2. Born before another; prior in years; senior; earlier; older; as his elder brother died in infancy; — opposed to younger, and now commonly applied to a son, daughter, child, brother, etc. “The elder shall serve the younger.” Gen. xxv. 23. “But ask of elder days, earth’s vernal hour.” Keble. Elder hand (Card Playing), the hand playing, or having the right to play, first. Hoyle.

Eld´er, n. [AS. ealdor an elder, prince, fr. eald old. See Old, and cf. Elder, a., Alderman.] 1. One who is older; a superior in age; a senior. 1 Tim. v. 1. 2. An aged person; one who lived at an earlier period; a predecessor. “Carry your head as your elders have done.” L’Estrange. 3. A person who, on account of his age, occupies the office of ruler or judge; hence, a person occupying any office appropriate to such as have the experience and dignity which age confers; as the elders of Israel; the elders of the synagogue; the elders in the apostolic church. In the modern Presbyterian churches, elders are lay officers who, with the minister, compose the church session, with authority to inspect and regulate matters of religion and discipline. In some churches, pastors or clergymen are called elders, or presbyters. 4. (M. E. Ch.) A clergyman authorized to administer all the sacraments; as a traveling elder. Presiding elder (Meth. Ch.), an elder commissioned by a bishop to have the oversight of the churches and preachers in a certain district. — Ruling elder, a lay presbyter or member of a Presbyterian church session. Schaff.

El´der , n. [OE. ellern, eller, AS. ellen, cf. LG. elloorn; perh. akin to OHG. holantar, holuntar, G. holunder; or perh. to E. alder, n.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs (Sambucus) having broad umbels of white flowers, and small black or red berries. The common North American species is Sambucus Canadensis; the common European species (S. nigra) forms a small tree. The red-berried elder is S. pubens. The berries are diaphoretic and aperient. Box elder. See under 1st Box. — Dwarf elder. See Danewort. — Elder tree. (Bot.) Same as Elder. Shak. — Marsh elder, the cranberry tree Viburnum Opulus).

Eld´er•ish , a. Somewhat old; elderly. [R.]

Eld´er•ly, a. Somewhat old; advanced beyond middle age; bordering on old age; as elderly people.

El´dern , a. Made of elder. [Obs.] “He would discharge us as boys do eldern guns.” Marston.

Eld´er•ship , n. 1. The state of being older; seniority. ´Paternity an eldership.´ Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Office of an elder; collectively, a body of elders.

El´der•wort , n. (Bot.) Danewort.

Eld´est , a. [AS. yldest, superl. of eald old. See Elder, a.] 1. Oldest; longest in duration. Shak. 2. Born or living first, or before the others, as a son, daughter, brother, etc.; first in origin. See Elder. ´My lady’s eldest son.´ Shak. “Their eldest historians are of suspected credit.” Bp. Stillingfleet. Eldest hand (Card Playing), the player on the dealer’s left hand. R. A. Proctor.

El´ding , n. [Icel. elding, fr. elda to kindle, eldr fire; akin to AS. aeld fire, aelan to burn.] Fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

El• Do•ra´do , pl. El Doradoes . [Sp., lit., the gilt (sc. land); el the + dorado gilt, p. p. of dorare to gild. Cf. Dorado.] 1. A name given by the Spaniards in the 16th century to an imaginary country in the interior of South America, reputed to abound in gold and precious stones. 2. Any region of fabulous wealth; exceeding richness. “The whole comedy is a sort of El Dorado of wit.” T. Moore.

El´dritch , a. Hideous; ghastly; as an eldritch shriek or laugh. [Local, Eng.]

E•le•at´ic , a. [L. eleaticus, from Elea (or Velia) in Italy.] Of or pertaining to a certain school of Greek philosophers who taught that the only certain science is that which owes nothing to the senses, and all to the reason. — n. A philosopher of the Eleatic school.

E•le•at´i•cism , n. The Eleatic doctrine.

El•e•cam•pane´ , n. [F. enulecampane, NL. inula campana; L. inula elecampane + LL. campana a bell; cf. G. glockenwurz, i. e., ´bellwort.´] 1. (Bot.) A large, coarse herb (Inula Helenium), with composite yellow flowers. The root, which has a pungent taste, is used as a tonic, and was formerly of much repute as a stomachic. 2. A sweetmeat made from the root of the plant.

E•lect´ , a. [L. electus, p. p. of eligere to elect; e out + legere to choose. See Legend, and cf. Elite, Eclectic.] 1. Chosen; taken by preference from among two or more. ´Colors quaint elect.´ Spenser. 2. (Theol.) Chosen as the object of mercy or divine favor; set apart to eternal life. ´The elect angels.´ 1 Tim. v. 21. 3. Chosen to an office, but not yet actually inducted into it; as bishop elect; governor or mayor elect.

E•lect´, n. 1. One chosen or set apart. “Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth.” Is. xlii. 1. 2. pl. (Theol.) Those who are chosen for salvation. “Shall not God avenge his won elect?” Luke xviii. 7.

E•lect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elected; p. pr. & vb. n. Electing.] 1. To pick out; to select; to choose. “The deputy elected by the Lord.” Shak. 2. To select or take for an office; to select by vote; as to elect a representative, a president, or a governor. 3. (Theol.) To designate, choose, or select, as an object of mercy or favor. Syn. — To choose; prefer; select. See Choose.

E•lect´ant , n. [L. electans, p. pr. of electare.] One who has the power of choosing; an elector. [R.]

E•lec´ta•ry , n. (Med.) See Electuary.

E•lec´tic , a. See Eclectic.

E•lec´ti•cism , n. See Eclecticism.

E•lec´tion , n. [F. election, L. electio, fr. eligere to choose out. See Elect, a.] 1. The act of choosing; choice; selection. 2. The act of choosing a person to fill an office, or to membership in a society, as by ballot, uplifted hands, or viva voce; as the election of a president or a mayor. “Corruption in elections is the great enemy of freedom.” J. Adams. 3. Power of choosing; free will; liberty to choose or act. ´By his own election led to ill.´ Daniel. 4. Discriminating choice; discernment. [Obs.] “To use men with much difference and election is good.” Bacon. 5. (Theol.) Divine choice; predestination of individuals as objects of mercy and salvation; — one of the ´five points´ of Calvinism. “There is a remnant according to the election of grace.” Rom. xi. 5. 6. (Law) The choice, made by a party, of two alternatives, by taking one of which, the chooser is excluded from the other. 7. Those who are elected. [Obs.] “The election hath obtained it.” Rom. xi. 7. To contest an election. See under Contest. — To make one’s election, to choose. “He has made his election to walk, in the main, in the old paths.” Fitzed. Hall.

E•lec•tion•eer´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Electionered p. pr. & vb. n. Electioneering.] To make interest for a candidate at an election; to use arts for securing the election of a candidate. “A master of the whole art of electioneering.” Macaulay.

E•lec•tion•eer´er , n. One who electioneers.

E•lect´ive , a. [Cf. F. electif.] 1. Exerting the power of choice; selecting; as an elective act. 2. Pertaining to, or consisting in, choice, or right of choosing; electoral. “The independent use of their elective franchise.” Bancroft. 3. Dependent on choice; bestowed or passing by election; as an elective study; an elective office. “Kings of Rome were at first elective; … for such are the conditions of an elective kingdom.” Dryden. Elective affinity or attraction (Chem.), a tendency to unite with certain things; chemism.

E•lect´ive, n. In an American college, an optional study or course of study. [Colloq.]

E•lect´ive•ly, adv. In an elective manner; by choice.

E•lect´or , n. [L., fr. eligere: cf. F. electeur.] 1. One who elects, or has the right of choice; a person who is entitled to take part in an election, or to give his vote in favor of a candidate for office. 2. Hence, specifically, in any country, a person legally qualified to vote. 3. In the old German empire, one of the princes entitled to choose the emperor. 4. One of the persons chosen, by vote of the people in the United States, to elect the President and Vice President.

E•lect´or , a. [Cf. F. electoral.] Pertaining to an election or to electors. “In favor of the electoral and other princes.” Burke. Electoral college, the body of princes formerly entitled to elect the Emperor of Germany; also a name sometimes given, in the United States, to the body of electors chosen by the people to elect the President and Vice President.

E•lect•or•al´i•ty , n. The territory or dignity of an elector; electorate. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

E•lect´or•ate , n. [Cf. F. electorat.] 1. The territory, jurisdiction, or dignity of an elector, as in the old German empire. 2. The whole body of persons in a nation or state who are entitled to vote in an election, or any distinct class or division of them. “The middle-class electorate of Great Britain.” M. Arnold.

E•lect´or•ess , n. [Fem. of Elector.] An electress. Bp. Burnet.

E•lec•to´ri•al , a. Electoral. Burke.

E•lect´or•ship , n. The office or status of an elector. { E•lec´tre , E•lec´ter } , n. [L. electrum: cf. F. electre mixture of gold and silver. See Electrum.] 1. Amber. See Electrum. [Obs.] 2. A metallic substance compounded of gold and silver; an alloy. [Obs.] Wyclif.

E•lec•trep´e•ter (e•lek•trep´e•ter), n. [Electro + Gr. tre•pein to turn.] An instrument used to change the direction of electric currents; a commutator. [R.]

E•lect´ress (e•lek´tres), n. [Cf. F. electrice. Cf. Electoress.] The wife or widow of an elector in the old German empire. Burke. { E•lec´tric (e•lek´trik), E•lec´tric•al (-tri•kal), } a. [L. electrum amber, a mixed metal, Gr. ’h•lektron; akin to ’hle•ktwr the beaming sun, cf. Skr. arc to beam, shine: cf. F. electrique. The name came from the production of electricity by the friction of amber.] 1. Pertaining to electricity; consisting of, containing, derived from, or produced by, electricity; as electric power or virtue; an electric jar; electric effects; an electric spark. 2. Capable of occasioning the phenomena of electricity; as an electric or electrical machine or substance. 3. Electrifying; thrilling; magnetic. ´Electric Pindar.´ Mrs. Browning. Electric atmosphere, or Electric aura. See under Aura. — Electrical battery. See Battery. — Electrical brush. See under Brush. — Electric cable. See Telegraph cable, under Telegraph. — Electric candle. See under Candle. — Electric cat (Zoöl.), one of three or more large species of African catfish of the genus Malapterurus (esp. M. electricus of the Nile). They have a large electrical organ and are able to give powerful shocks; — called also sheathfish. — Electric clock. See under Clock, and see Electro-chronograph. — Electric current, a current or stream of electricity traversing a closed circuit formed of conducting substances, or passing by means of conductors from one body to another which is in a different electrical state. — Electric, or Electrical, eel, (Zoöl.), a South American eel-like fresh-water fish of the genus Gymnotus (G. electricus), from two to five feet in length, capable of giving a violent electric shock. See Gymnotus. — Electrical fish (Zoöl.), any fish which has an electrical organ by means of which it can give an electrical shock. The best known kinds are the torpedo, the gymnotus, or electrical eel, and the electric cat. See Torpedo, and Gymnotus. — Electric fluid, the supposed matter of electricity; lightning. — Electrical image (Elec.), a collection of electrical points regarded as forming, by an analogy with optical phenomena, an image of certain other electrical points, and used in the solution of electrical problems. Sir W. Thomson. — Electrical light, the light produced by a current of electricity which in passing through a resisting medium heats it to incandescence or burns it. See under Carbon. — Electric, or Electrical, machine, an apparatus for generating, collecting, or exciting, electricity, as by friction. — Electric motor. See Electro-motor, 2. — Electric osmose. (Physics) See under Osmose. — Electric pen, a hand pen for making perforated stencils for multiplying writings. It has a puncturing needle driven at great speed by a very small magneto-electric engine on the penhandle. — Electric railway, a railway in which the machinery for moving the cars is driven by an electric current. — Electric ray (Zoöl.), the torpedo. — Electric telegraph. See Telegraph.

E•lec´tric , n. (Physics) A nonconductor of electricity, as amber, glass, resin, etc., employed to excite or accumulate electricity.

E•lec´tric•al•ly , adv. In the manner of electricity, or by means of it; thrillingly.

E•lec´tric•al•ness, a. The state or quality of being electrical.

E•lec•tri´cian (e•lek•trish´an), n. An investigator of electricity; one versed in the science of electricity.

E•lec•tric´i•ty (-tris´i•ty), n.; pl. Electricities (- tiz). [Cf. F. electricite. See Electric.] 1. A power in nature, a manifestation of energy, exhibiting itself when in disturbed equilibrium or in activity by a circuit movement, the fact of direction in which involves polarity, or opposition of properties in opposite directions; also by attraction for many substances, by a law involving attraction between surfaces of unlike polarity, and repulsion between those of like; by exhibiting accumulated polar tension when the circuit is broken; and by producing heat, light, concussion, and often chemical changes when the circuit passes between the poles or through any imperfectly conducting substance or space. It is generally brought into action by any disturbance of molecular equilibrium, whether from a chemical, physical, or mechanical, cause.
[1913 Webster] Electricity is manifested under following different forms: (a) Statical electricity, called also Frictional or Common, electricity, electricity in the condition of a stationary charge, which may be produced by friction, as of glass, amber, etc., or by induction. (b) Dynamical electricity, called also Voltaic electricity, electricity in motion, or as a current produced by chemical decomposition, as by means of a voltaic battery, or by mechanical action, as by dynamo-electric machines. (c) Thermoelectricity, in which the disturbing cause is heat (attended possibly with some chemical action). It is developed by uniting two pieces of unlike metals in a bar, and then heating the bar unequally. (d) Atmospheric electricity, any condition of electrical disturbance in the atmosphere or clouds, due to some or all of the above mentioned causes. (e) Magnetic electricity, electricity developed by the action of magnets. (f) Positive electricity, the electricity that appears at the positive pole or anode of a battery, or that is produced by friction of glass; — called also vitreous electricity. (g) Negative electricity, the electricity that appears at the negative pole or cathode, or is produced by the friction of resinous substance; — called also resinous electricity. (h) Organic electricity, that which is developed in organic structures, either animal or vegetable, the phrase animal electricity being much more common. 2. The science which unfolds the phenomena and laws of electricity; electrical science. 3. Fig.: Electrifying energy or characteristic.
[1913 Webster]

E•lec´tri•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of receiving electricity, or of being charged with it.

E•lec•tri•fi•ca´tion , n. (Physics) The act of electrifying, or the state of being charged with electricity.

E•lec´tri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrified p. pr. & vb. n. Electrifying.] [Electric + -fy.] 1. To communicate electricity to; to charge with electricity; as to electrify a jar. 2. To cause electricity to pass through; to affect by electricity; to give an electric shock to; as to electrify a limb, or the body. 3. To excite suddenly and violently, esp. by something highly delightful or inspiriting; to thrill; as this patriotic sentiment electrified the audience. “If the sovereign were now to immure a subject in defiance of the writ of habeas corpus … the whole nation would be instantly electrified by the news.” Macaulay. “Try whether she could electrify Mr. Grandcourt by mentioning it to him at table.” G. Eliot.

E•lec´tri•fy, v. i. To become electric.

E•lec´trine , a. [L. electrinus of amber. See Electric.] 1. Belonging to, or made of, amber. 2. Made of electrum, an alloy used by the ancients.

E•lec•tri´tion , n. (Physiol.) The recognition by an animal body of the electrical condition of external objects.

E•lec•tri•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. electrisation.] The act of electrizing; electrification.

E•lec´trize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrized p. pr. & vb. n. Electrizing ] [Cf. F. electriser.] To electricity. Eng. Cyc.

E•lec´tri•zer , n. One who, or that which, electrizes.

E•lec´tro- [L. electrum amber. See Electric.] A prefix or combining form signifying pertaining to electricity, produced by electricity, producing or employing electricity, etc.; as electro-negative; electro-dynamic; electro- magnet.

E•lec´tro, n. An electrotype.

E•lec•tro-bal•lis´tic , a. Pertaining to electro-ballistics.

E•lec•tro-bal•lis´tics , n. The art or science of measuring the force or velocity of projectiles by means of electricity.

E•lec•tro-bi•ol´o•gist , n. (Biol.) One versed in electro-biology.

E•lec•tro-bi•ol´o•gy , n. (Biol.) 1. That branch of biology which treats of the electrical phenomena of living organisms. 2. That phase of mesmerism or animal magnetism, the phenomena of which are supposed to be produced by a form of electricity.

E•lec•tro-bi•os´co•py , n. [Electro- + Gr. life + -scopy.] (Biol.) A method of determining the presence or absence of life in an animal organism with a current of electricity, by noting the presence or absence of muscular contraction.

E•lec•tro-cap•il•lar´i•ty , n. (Physics) The occurrence or production of certain capillary effects by the action of an electrical current or charge.

E•lec•tro-cap´il•la•ry , a. (Physics) Pert. to, or caused by, electro- capillarity.

E•lec•tro-chem´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to electro-chemistry. Ure.

E•lec•tro-chem´is•try , n. That branch of science which treats of the relation of electricity to chemical changes.

E•lec•tro-chron´o•graph , n. (Astron. Physics) An instrument for obtaining an accurate record of the time at which any observed phenomenon occurs, or of its duration. It has an electro-magnetic register connected with a clock. See Chronograph.

E•lec•tro-chron•o•graph´ic , a. Belonging to the electro-chronograph, or recorded by the aid of it.

E•lec´tro•cute , v. t. [Electro- + cute in execute.] To execute or put to death by electricity. — E•lec•tro•cu´tion, n. [Recent; Newspaper words]

E•lec´trode (e•lek´trod), n. [Electro- + Gr. ´odo•s way, path: cf. F. electrode.] (Elec.) The path by which electricity is conveyed into or from a solution or other conducting medium; esp., the ends of the wires or conductors, leading from source of electricity, and terminating in the medium traversed by the current. { E•lec•tro-dy•nam´ic , E•lec•tro- dy•nam´ic•al } a. (Physics) Pertaining to the movements or force of electric or galvanic currents; dependent on electric force.

E•lec•tro-dy•nam´ics , n. 1. The phenomena of electricity in motion. 2. The branch of science which treats of the properties of electric currents; dynamical electricity.

E•lec•tro-dy•na•mom´e•ter , n. An instrument for measuring the strength of electro-dynamic currents.

E•lec•tro-en•grav´ing , n. The art or process of engraving by means of electricity.

E•lec•tro-etch´ing , n. A mode of etching upon metals by electrolytic action.

E•lec•tro•gen´e•sis , n. [Electro- + genesis.] (Physiol.) Same as Electrogeny.

E•lec•tro•gen´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to electrogenesis; as an electrogenic condition.

E•lec•trog´e•ny , n. [Electro- + Gr. to produce.] (Physiol.) A term sometimes applied to the effects (tetanus) produced in the muscles of the limbs, when a current of electricity is passed along the spinal cord or nerves.

E•lec•tro-gild´ing , n. The art or process of gilding copper, iron, etc., by means of voltaic electricity.

E•lec´tro-gilt , a. Gilded by means of voltaic electricity.

E•lec´tro•graph , n. [Electro- + -graph.] A mark, record, or tracing, made by the action of electricity.

E•lec•tro-ki•net´ic , a. Of or pertaining to electro-kinetics.

E•lec•tro-ki•net´ics , n. That branch of electrical science which treats of electricity in motion.

E•lec•tro•lier´ , n. [Formed from electric in imitation of chandelier.] A branching frame, often of ornamental design, to support electric illuminating lamps.

E•lec•trol´o•gy , n. [Electro- + -logy.] That branch of physical science which treats of the phenomena of electricity and its properties.

E•lec•trol´y•sis , n. [Electro- + Gr. a loosing, dissolving, fr. to loose, dissolve.] (Physics & Chem.) The act or process of chemical decomposition, by the action of electricity; as the electrolysis of silver or nickel for plating; the electrolysis of water.

E•lec´tro•lyte , n. [Electro- + Gr. a dissoluble: cf. F. electrolyte.] (Physics & Chem.) A compound decomposable, or subjected to decomposition, by an electric current. { E•lec•tro•lyt´ic , E•lec•tro•lyt´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. electrolytique.] Pertaining to electrolysis; as electrolytic action. — E•lec•tro•lyt´ic•al•ly, adv.

E•lec´tro•ly•za•ble , a. Capable of being electrolyzed, or decomposed by electricity.

E•lec•tro•ly•za´tion , n. The act or the process of electrolyzing.

E•lec´tro•lyze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrolyzed p. pr. & vb. n. Electrolyzing ] [Cf. F. electrolyser. See Electrolysis.] To decompose by the direct action of electricity. Faraday.

E•lec•tro-mag´net , n. A mass, usually of soft iron, but sometimes of some other magnetic metal, as nickel or cobalt, rendered temporarily magnetic by being placed within a coil of wire through which a current of electricity is passing. The metal is generally in the form of a bar, either straight, or bent into the shape of a horseshoe.

E•lec•tro-mag•net´ic , a. Of, Pertaining to, or produced by, magnetism which is developed by the passage of an electric current. Electro-magnetic engine, an engine in which the motive force is electro-magnetism. — Electro- magnetic theory of light (Physics), a theory of light which makes it consist in the rapid alternation of transient electric currents moving transversely to the direction of the ray.

E•lec•tro-mag´net•ism , n. The magnetism developed by a current of electricity; the science which treats of the development of magnetism by means of voltaic electricity, and of the properties or actions of the currents evolved.

E•lec•tro-met´al•lur•gy , n. The act or art precipitating a metal electro-chemical action, by which a coating is deposited, on a prepared surface, as in electroplating and electrotyping; galvanoplasty.

E•lec•trom´e•ter , n. [Electro- + -meter: cf. F. electromètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the quantity or intensity of electricity; also sometimes, and less properly, applied to an instrument which indicates the presence of electricity (usually called an electroscope). Balance electrometer. See under Balance. { E•lec•tro-met´ric , E•lec•tro-met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. electrometrique.] Pertaining to electrometry; made by means of an electrometer; as an electrometrical experiment.

E•lec•trom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. electrometrie.] (Physics) The art or process of making electrical measurements.

E•lec•tro-mo´tion , n. The motion of electricity or its passage from one metal to another in a voltaic circuit; mechanical action produced by means of electricity.

E•lec•tro-mo´tive , a. Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects. Electro-motive force (Physics), the force which produces, or tends to produce, electricity, or an electric current; sometimes used to express the degree of electrification as equivalent to potential, or more properly difference of potential.

E•lec•tro•mo´tor , n. [Cf. F. electromoteur.] 1. (Physics) A mover or exciter of electricity; as apparatus for generating a current of electricity. 2. (Mech.) An apparatus or machine for producing motion and mechanical effects by the action of electricity; an electro-magnetic engine.

E•lec•tro-mus´cu•lar , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining the reaction (contraction) of the muscles under electricity, or their sensibility to it.

E•lec´tron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’h•lektron. See Electric.] Amber; also the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum.

E•lec•tro-neg´a•tive , a. (Chem. & Physics) (a) Having the property of being attracted by an electro-positive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis, by the law that opposite electricities attract each other. (b) Negative; nonmetallic; acid; — opposed to positive, metallic, or basic.

E•lec•tro-neg´a•tive, n. (Chem. & Physics) A body which passes to the positive pole in electrolysis.

E•lec•trop´a•thy , n. [Electro- + Gr. pa•qos suffering.] (Med.) The treatment of disease by electricity.

E•lec´tro•phone , n. [Electro- + Gr. fwnh• sound.] (Physics) An instrument for producing sound by means of electric currents.

E•lec•troph´o•rus , n.; pl. Electrophori (#). [NL., fr. combining form electro- + Gr. fe•rein to bear.] (Physics) An instrument for exciting electricity, and repeating the charge indefinitely by induction, consisting of a flat cake of resin, shellac, or ebonite, upon which is placed a plate of metal.

E•lec•tro-phys•i•o•log´ic•al , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to electrical results produced through physiological agencies, or by change of action in a living organism.

E•lec•tro-phys•i•ol´o•gy , n. (Physiol.) That branch of physiology which treats of electric phenomena produced through physiological agencies.

E•lec´tro•plate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electroplating.] (Mech.) To plate or cover with a coating of metal, usually silver, nickel, or gold, by means of electrolysis.

E•lec´tro•pla•ter , n. One who electroplates.

E•lec´tro•pla•ting , n. The art or process of depositing a coating (commonly) of silver, gold, or nickel on an inferior metal, by means of electricity.

E•lec•tro-po´lar , a. (Physics) Possessing electrical polarity; positively electrified at one end, or on one surface, and negatively at the other; — said of a conductor.

E•lec•tro-pos´i•tive , a. 1. (Physics) Of such a nature relatively to some other associated body or bodies, as to tend to the negative pole of a voltaic battery, in electrolysis, while the associated body tends to the positive pole; — the converse or correlative of electro-negative. An element that is electro-positive in one compound may be electro-negative in another, and vice versa. 2. (Chem.) Hence: Positive; metallic; basic; — distinguished from negative, nonmetallic, or acid.

E•lec•tro-pos´i•tive, n. (Chem. & Physics) A body which passes to the negative pole in electrolysis. { E•lec•tro-punc•tu•ra´tion , E•lec•tro- punc•tur•ing ( 135) }, n. (Med.) See Electropuncture.

E•lec•tro-punc•ture ( 135), n. (Med.) An operation that consists in inserting needless in the part affected, and connecting them with the poles of a galvanic apparatus.

E•lec´tro•scope , n. [Electro- + -scope: cf. F. electroscope.] (Physics) An instrument for detecting the presence of electricity, or changes in the electric state of bodies, or the species of electricity present, as by means of pith balls, and the like. Condensing electroscope (Physics), a form of electroscope in which an increase of sensibility is obtained by the use of a condenser.

E•lec•tro•scop´ic , a. Relating to, or made by means of, the electroscope.

E•lec•tro•stat´ic , a. Pertaining to electrostatics.

E•lec•tro•stat´ics , n. (Physics) That branch of science which treats of statical electricity or electric force in a state of rest.

E•lec•tro-ste´re•o•type , n. Same as Electrotype.

E•lec•tro-tel•e•graph´ic , a. Pertaining to the electric telegraph, or by means of it.

E•lec•tro-te•leg´ra•phy , n. The art or science of constructing or using the electric telegraph; the transmission of messages by means of the electric telegraph.

E•lec•tro-ther•a•peu´tics , n. (Med.) The branch of medical science which treats of the applications agent.

E•lec•tro-ther´man•cy , n. That branch of electrical science which treats of the effect of an electric current upon the temperature of a conductor, or a part of a circuit composed of two different metals.

E•lec´tro-tint , n. (Fine Arts) A style of engraving in relief by means of voltaic electricity. A picture is drawn on a metallic plate with some material which resists the fluids of a battery; so that, in electro- typing, the parts not covered by the varnish, etc., receive a deposition of metal, and produce the required copy in intaglio. A cast of this is then the plate for printing.

E•lec•tro•ton´ic , a. 1. (Physics) Of or pertaining to electrical tension; — said of a supposed peculiar condition of a conducting circuit during its exposure to the action of another conducting circuit traversed by a uniform electric current when both circuits remain stationary. Faraday. 2. (Physiol.) Relating to electrotonus; as the electrotonic condition of a nerve.

E•lec•trot´o•nize , v. t. (Physiol.) To cause or produce electrotonus.

E•lec•trot´o•nous , a. Electrotonic.

E•lec•trot´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. combining form electro- + Gr. tension.] (Physiol.) The modified condition of a nerve, when a constant current of electricity passes through any part of it. See Anelectrotonus, and Catelectrotonus.

E•lec´tro•type , n. [Electro- + -type.] A facsimile plate made by electrotypy for use in printing; also an impression or print from such plate. Also used adjectively. The face of an electrotype consists of a shell of copper, silver, or the like, produced by the action of an electrical current upon a plate of metal and a wax mold suspended in an acid bath and connected with opposite poles of the battery. It is backed up with a solid filling of type metal.

E•lec´tro•type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrotyped p. pr. & vb. n. Electrotyping ] To make facsimile plates of by the electrotype process; as to electrotype a page of type, a book, etc. See Electrotype, n.

E•lec´tro•ty•per , n. One who electrotypes.

E•lec•tro•typ´ic , a. Pertaining to, or effected by means of, electrotypy.

E•lec´tro•ty•ping , n. The act or the process of making electrotypes.

E•lec´tro•ty•py , n. The process of producing electrotype plates. See Note under Electrotype, n.

E•lec•tro-vi´tal , a. Derived from, or dependent upon, vital processes; — said of certain electric currents supposed by some physiologists to circulate in the nerves of animals.

E•lec•tro-vi´tal•ism , n. (Physiol.) The theory that the functions of living organisms are dependent upon electricity or a kindred force.

E•lec´trum , n. [L., fr. Gr. . See Electric, and cf. Electre, Electron.] 1. Amber. 2. An alloy of gold and silver, of an amber color, used by the ancients. 3. German-silver plate. See German silver, under German.

E•lec´tu•a•ry ( 135), n.; pl. Electuaries (#). [OE. letuaire, OF. lettuaire, electuaire, F. electuaire, L. electuarium, electarium. prob. fr. Gr. , a medicine that is licked away, fr. Gr. to lick up; ’ek out + to lick. See Lick, and cf. Eclegm.] (Med.) A medicine composed of powders, or other ingredients, incorporated with some convserve, honey, or sirup; a confection. See the note under Confection.

El•ee•mos´y•na•ri•ly , adv. In an eleemosynary manner; by charity; charitably.

El•ee•mos´y•na•ry ( 277), a. [LL. eleemosynarius, fr. eleemosyna alms, Gr. alms. See Alms.] 1. Relating to charity, alms, or almsgiving; intended for the distribution of charity; as an eleemosynary corporation. 2. Given in charity or alms; having the nature of alms; as eleemosynary assistance. ´Eleemosynary cures.´ Boyle. 3. Supported by charity; as eleemosynary poor.

El•ee•mos´y•na•ry, n.; pl. Eleemosynaries . One who subsists on charity; a dependent. South. { El´e•gance , El´e•gan•cy } n. [L. elegantia, fr. elegans, - antis, elegant: cf. F. elegance.] 1. The state or quality of being elegant; beauty as resulting from choice qualities and the complete absence of what deforms or impresses unpleasantly; grace given by art or practice; fine polish; refinement; — said of manners, language, style, form, architecture, etc. “That grace that elegance affords.” Drayton. “The endearing elegance of female friendship.” Johnson. “A trait of native elegance, seldom seen in the masculine character after childhood or early youth, was shown in the General’s fondness for the sight and fragrance of flowers.” Hawthorne. 2. That which is elegant; that which is tasteful and highly attractive. “The beautiful wildness of nature, without the nicer elegancies of art.” Spectator. Syn. — Elegance, Grace. Elegance implies something of a select style of beauty, which is usually produced by art, skill, or training; as elegance of manners, composition, handwriting, etc.; elegant furniture; an elegant house, etc. Grace, as the word is here used, refers to bodily movements, and is a lower order of beauty. It may be a natural gift; thus, the manners of a peasant girl may be graceful, but can hardly be called elegant.

El´e•gant , a. [L. elegans, -antis; akin to eligere to pick out, choose, select: cf. F. elegant. See Elect.] 1. Very choice, and hence, pleasing to good taste; characterized by grace, propriety, and refinement, and the absence of every thing offensive; exciting admiration and approbation by symmetry, completeness, freedom from blemish, and the like; graceful; tasteful and highly attractive; as elegant manners; elegant style of composition; an elegant speaker; an elegant structure. “A more diligent cultivation of elegant literature.” Prescott. 2. Exercising a nice choice; discriminating beauty or sensitive to beauty; as elegant taste. Syn. — Tasteful; polished; graceful; refined; comely; handsome; richly ornamental.

El´e•gant•ly, adv. In a manner to please nice taste; with elegance; with due symmetry; richly.

E•le´gi•ac ( 277), a. [L. elegiacus, Gr. : cf. F. elegiaque. See Elegy.] 1. Belonging to elegy, or written in elegiacs; plaintive; expressing sorrow or lamentation; as an elegiac lay; elegiac strains. “Elegiac griefs, and songs of love.” Mrs. Browning. 2. Used in elegies; as elegiac verse; the elegiac distich or couplet, consisting of a dactylic hexameter and pentameter.

E•le´gi•ac , n. Elegiac verse.

El•e•gi´a•cal , a. Elegiac.

E•le´gi•ast , n. One who composes elegies. Goldsmith.

El•e•gi•og´ra•pher , n. [Gr. an elegy + -graph + -er.] An elegist. [Obs.]

El´e•gist , n. A write of elegies. T. Warton.

E•le´git , n. [L., he has chosen, fr. eligere to choose. See Elect.] (Law) A judicial writ of execution, by which a defendant’s goods are appraised and delivered to the plaintiff, and, if not sufficient to satisfy the debt, all of his lands are delivered, to be held till the debt is paid by the rents and profits, or until the defendant’s interest has expired.

El´e•gize , v. t. To lament in an elegy; to celebrate in elegiac verse; to bewail. Carlyle.

El´e•gy , n.; pl. Elegies (#). [L. elegia, Gr. , fem. sing. (cf. , prop., neut. pl. of a distich in elegiac verse), fr. elegiac, fr. a song of mourning.] A mournful or plaintive poem; a funereal song; a poem of lamentation. Shak.

E•le´i•din , n. (Biol.) Lifeless matter deposited in the form of minute granules within the protoplasm of living cells.

El´e•ment , n. [F. element, L. elementum.] 1. One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based. 2. One of the ultimate, undecomposable constituents of any kind of matter. Specifically: (Chem.) A substance which cannot be decomposed into different kinds of matter by any means at present employed; as the elements of water are oxygen and hydrogen. The elements are naturally classified in several families or groups, as the group of the alkaline elements, the halogen group, and the like. They are roughly divided into two great classes, the metals, as sodium, calcium, etc., which form basic compounds, and the nonmetals or metalloids, as oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, which form acid compounds; but the distinction is only relative, and some, as arsenic, tin, aluminium, etc., form both acid and basic compounds. The essential fact regarding every element is its relative atomic weight or equivalent. When the elements are tabulated in the order of their ascending atomic weights, the arrangement constitutes the series of the Periodic law of Mendelejeff. See Periodic law, under Periodic. This Periodic law enables us to predict the qualities of unknown elements. The number of elements known is about seventy-five, but the gaps in the Periodic law indicate the possibility of many more. Many of the elements with which we are familiar, as hydrogen, carbon, iron, gold, etc., have been recognized, by means of spectrum analysis, in the sun and the fixed stars. From certain evidence (as that afforded by the Periodic law, spectrum analysis, etc.) it appears that the chemical elements probably may not be simple bodies, but only very stable compounds of some simpler body or bodies. In formulas the elements are designated by abbreviations of their names in Latin or New Latin. The Elements
——————————————————————————————
Name |Sym-|Atomic Weight|
|bol | O=16 | H=1 |
——————————————————————————————
Aluminum | Al | 27.1 | 26.9|
Antimony(Stibium)
Argon
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium (see Glucinum)
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium
Calcium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Columbium
Copper (Cuprum)
Erbium
Fluorine
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Glucinum
Gold
Helium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron (Ferrum)
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lead (Plumbum)
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury (Hydrargyrum)
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Nickel
Niobium (see Columbium)
Nirogen
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium (Kalium)
Praseodymium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
—————————————————————————————-
The Elements — continued
——————————————————————————————
Name
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver (Argentum)
Sodium (Natrium)
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin (Stannum)
Titanium
Tungsten (Wolframium)
Uranium
Vanadium
Wolfranium (see Tungsten)
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
——————————————————————————————
Several other elements have been announced, as holmium, vesbium, austrium, etc., but their properties, and in some cases their existence, have not yet been definitely established. 3. One of the ultimate parts which are variously combined in anything; as letters are the elements of written language; hence, also a simple portion of that which is complex, as a shaft, lever, wheel, or any simple part in a machine; one of the essential ingredients of any mixture; a constituent part; as quartz, feldspar, and mica are the elements of granite. “The simplicity which is so large an element in a noble nature was laughed to scorn.” Jowett (Thucyd.). 4. (a) One out of several parts combined in a system of aggregation, when each is of the nature of the whole; as a single cell is an element of the honeycomb. (b) (Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of the organism, as a blood corpuscle, a muscular fiber. 5. (Biol.) One of the simplest essential parts, more commonly called cells, of which animal and vegetable organisms, or their tissues and organs, are composed. 6. (Math.) (a) An infinitesimal part of anything of the same nature as the entire magnitude considered; as in a solid an element may be the infinitesimal portion between any two planes that are separated an indefinitely small distance. In the calculus, element is sometimes used as synonymous with differential. (b) Sometimes a curve, or surface, or volume is considered as described by a moving point, or curve, or surface, the latter being at any instant called an element of the former. (c) One of the terms in an algebraic expression. 7. One of the necessary data or values upon which a system of calculations depends, or general conclusions are based; as the elements of a planet’s orbit. 8. pl. The simplest or fundamental principles of any system in philosophy, science, or art; rudiments; as the elements of geometry, or of music. 9. pl. Any outline or sketch, regarded as containing the fundamental ideas or features of the thing in question; as the elements of a plan. 10. One of the simple substances, as supposed by the ancient philosophers; one of the imaginary principles of matter. (a) The four elements were, air, earth, water, and fire; whence it is said, water is the proper element of fishes; air is the element of birds. Hence, the state or sphere natural to anything or suited for its existence. “Of elements
The grosser feeds the purer: Earth the Sea;
Earth and the Sea feed Air; the Air those Fires
Ethereal.” Milton. “Does not our life consist of the four elements?” Shak. “And the complexion of the element [i. e.,the sky or air]
In favor’s like the work we have in hand,
Most bloody, fiery, and most terrible.” Shak. “About twelve ounces [of food], with mere element for drink.” Cheyne. “They show that they are out of their element.” T. Baker. Esp., the conditions and movements of the air. ´The elements be kind to thee.´ (b) The elements of the alchemists were salt, sulphur, and mercury. Brande & C. 11. pl. The whole material composing the world. “The elements shall melt with fervent heat.” 2 Peter iii. 10. 12. pl. (Eccl.) The bread and wine used in the eucharist or Lord’s supper. Magnetic element, one of the hypothetical elementary portions of which a magnet is regarded as made up.

El´e•ment (el´e•ment), v. t. 1. To compound of elements or first principles. [Obs.] ´[Love] being elemented too.´ Donne. 2. To constitute; to make up with elements. “His very soul was elemented of nothing but sadness.” Walton.

El•e•men´tal (el•e•men´tal), a. 1. Pertaining to the elements, first principles, and primary ingredients, or to the four supposed elements of the material world; as elemental air. ´Elemental strife.´ Pope. 2. Pertaining to rudiments or first principles; rudimentary; elementary. ´The elemental rules of erudition.´ Cawthorn.

El•e•men´tal•ism (-iz’m), a. The theory that the heathen divinities originated in the personification of elemental powers.

E•le•men•tal´i•ty (- men•tal´i•ty), n. The condition of being composed of elements, or a thing so composed.

El•e•men´tal•ly , adv. According to elements; literally; as the words, ´Take, eat; this is my body,´ elementally understood.

El•e•men´tar , a. Elementary. [Obs.] Skelton.

El•e•men´ta•ri•ness , n. The state of being elementary; original simplicity; uncompounded state.

El•e•men•tar´i•ty , n. Elementariness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

El•e•men´ta•ry , a. [L. elementarius: cf. F. elementaire.] 1. Having only one principle or constituent part; consisting of a single element; simple; uncompounded; as an elementary substance. 2. Pertaining to, or treating of, the elements, rudiments, or first principles of anything; initial; rudimental; introductory; as an elementary treatise. 3. Pertaining to one of the four elements, air, water, earth, fire. ´Some luminous and fiery impressions in the elementary region.´ J. Spencer.

El•e•men•ta´tion , n. Instruction in the elements or first principles. [R.]

El´e•men•toid , a. [Element + -oid.] Resembling an element.

El´e•mi , n. [Cf. F. elemi, It. elemi, Sp. elemi; of American or Oriental. origin.] A fragrant gum resin obtained chiefly from tropical trees of the genera Amyris and Canarium. A. elemifera yields Mexican elemi; C. commune, the Manila elemi. It is used in the manufacture of varnishes, also in ointments and plasters.

El´e•min , n. (Chem.) A transparent, colorless oil obtained from elemi resin by distillation with water; also a crystallizable extract from the resin.

E•lench´ (e•lenk´), n.; pl. Elenchs (#). [L. elenchus, Gr. , fr. to convict, confute, prove: cf. OF. elenche.] (Logic) (a) That part of an argument on which its conclusiveness depends; that which convinces of refutes an antagonist; a refutation. (b) A specious but fallacious argument; a sophism.

E•len´chic•al , a. Pertaining to an elench.

E•len´chic•al•ly, adv. By means of an elench.

E•len´chize , v. i. To dispute. [R.] B. Jonson. { E•lench´tic , E•lench´tic•al }, a. Same as Elenctic.

E•len´chus , n. [L.] Same as Elench. { E•lenc´tic , E•lenc´tic•al } a. [Gr..] (Logic) Serving to refute; refutative; — applied to indirect modes of proof, and opposed to deictic.

El´enge , a. [Cf. AS. ellende foreign, strange, G. elend miserable.] Sorrowful; wretched; full of trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

El´enge•ness, n. Loneliness; misery. [Obs.]

El´e•phan•sy , n. [L. elephantia.] Elephantiasis. [Obs.] Holland.

El´e•phant (el´e•fant), n. [OE. elefaunt, olifant, OF. olifant, F. elephant, L. elephantus, elephas, -antis, fr. Gr. ’ele•fas, -fantos; of unknown origin; perh. fr. Skr. ibha, with the Semitic article al, el, prefixed, or fr. Semitic Aleph hindi Indian bull; or cf. Goth. ulbandus camel, AS. olfend.] 1. (Zoöl.) A mammal of the order Proboscidia, of which two living species, Elephas Indicus and E. Africanus, and several fossil species, are known. They have a proboscis or trunk, and two large ivory tusks proceeding from the extremity of the upper jaw, and curving upwards. The molar teeth are large and have transverse folds. Elephants are the largest land animals now existing. 2. Ivory; the tusk of the elephant. [Obs.] Dryden. Elephant apple (Bot.), an East Indian fruit with a rough, hard rind, and edible pulp, borne by Feronia elephantum, a large tree related to the orange. — Elephant bed (Geol.), at Brighton, England, abounding in fossil remains of elephants. Mantell. — Elephant beetle (Zoöl.), any very large beetle of the genus Goliathus (esp. G. giganteus), of the family Scarabaeidae. They inhabit West Africa. — Elephant fish (Zoöl.), a chimaeroid fish (Callorhynchus antarcticus), with a proboscis-like projection of the snout. — Elephant paper, paper of large size, 23 × 28 inches. — Double elephant paper, paper measuring 26¾ × 40 inches. See Note under Paper. — Elephant seal (Zoöl.), an African jumping shrew (Macroscelides typicus), having a long nose like a proboscis. — Elephant’s ear (Bot.), a name given to certain species of the genus Begonia, which have immense one-sided leaves. — Elephant’s foot (Bot.) (a) A South African plant (Testudinaria Elephantipes), which has a massive rootstock covered with a kind of bark cracked with deep fissures; — called also tortoise plant. The interior part is barely edible, whence the plant is also called Hottentot’s bread. (b) A genus (Elephantopus) of coarse, composite weeds. — Elephant’s tusk (Zoöl.), the tooth shell. See Dentalium.

El•e•phan´ti•ac , a. (Med.) Affected with elephantiasis; characteristic of elephantiasis.

El•e•phan•ti´a•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , from ’ele•fas, -fantos, an elephant.] (Med.) A disease of the skin, in which it become enormously thickened, and is rough, hard, and fissured, like an elephant’s hide.

El•e•phan´tine , a. [L. elephantinus of ivory, Gr. : cf. F. elephantin.] Pertaining to the elephant, or resembling an elephant (commonly, in size); hence, huge; immense; heavy; as of elephantine proportions; an elephantine step or tread. Elephantine epoch (Geol.), the epoch distinguished by the existence of large pachyderms. Mantell. — Elephantine tortoise (Zoöl.), a huge land tortoise; esp., Testudo elephantina, from islands in the Indian Ocean; and T. elephantopus, from the Galapagos Islands. { El´e•phan•toid• ( 277), El•e•phan•toid´al } a. [Elephant + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an elephant in form or appearance.

El•eu•sin´i•an , a. [L. Eleusinius, Gr. .] Pertaining to Eleusis, in Greece, or to secret rites in honor of Ceres, there celebrated; as Eleusinian mysteries or festivals.

E•leu•ther•o•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. ’eleu•qeros free + E. mania.] A mania or frantic zeal for freedom. [R.] Carlyle.

E•leu•ther•o•ma´ni•ac, a. Mad for freedom. [R.]

E•leu•ther•o-pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. ’eleu•qeros free + E. petal.] (Bot.) Having the petals free, that is, entirely separate from each other; — said of both plant and flower.

El´e•vate , a. [L. elevatus, p. p.] Elevated; raised aloft. [Poetic] Milton.

El´e•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elevated p. pr. & vb. n. Elevating ] [L. elevatus, p. p. of elevare; e + levare to lift up, raise, akin to levis light in weight. See Levity.] 1. To bring from a lower place to a higher; to lift up; to raise; as to elevate a weight, a flagstaff, etc. 2. To raise to a higher station; to promote; as to elevate to an office, or to a high social position. 3. To raise from a depressed state; to animate; to cheer; as to elevate the spirits. 4. To exalt; to ennoble; to dignify; as to elevate the mind or character. 5. To raise to a higher pitch, or to a greater degree of loudness; — said of sounds; as to elevate the voice. 6. To intoxicate in a slight degree; to render tipsy. [Colloq. & Sportive] ´The elevated cavaliers sent for two tubs of merry stingo.´ Sir W. Scott. 7. To lessen; to detract from; to disparage. [A Latin meaning] [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. To elevate a piece (Gun.), to raise the muzzle; to lower the breech. Syn. — To exalt; dignify; ennoble; erect; raise; hoist; heighten; elate; cheer; flush; excite; animate.

El´e•va•ted , a. Uplifted; high; lofty; also animated; noble; as elevated thoughts. Elevated railway, one in which the track is raised considerably above the ground, especially a city railway above the line of street travel.

El´e•va•ted•ness, n. The quality of being elevated.

El•e•va´tion , n. [L. elevatio: cf. F. elevation.] 1. The act of raising from a lower place, condition, or quality to a higher; — said of material things, persons, the mind, the voice, etc.; as the elevation of grain; elevation to a throne; elevation of mind, thoughts, or character. 2. Condition of being elevated; height; exaltation. ´Degrees of elevation above us.´ Locke. “His style … wanted a little elevation.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. That which is raised up or elevated; an elevated place or station; as an elevation of the ground; a hill. 4. (Astron.) The distance of a celestial object above the horizon, or the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between it and the horizon; altitude; as the elevation of the pole, or of a star. 5. (Dialing) The angle which the style makes with the substylar line. 6. (Gunnery) The movement of the axis of a piece in a vertical plane; also the angle of elevation, that is, the angle between the axis of the piece and the line o sight; — distinguished from direction. 7. (Drawing) A geometrical projection of a building, or other object, on a plane perpendicular to the horizon; orthographic projection on a vertical plane; — called by the ancients the orthography. Angle of elevation (Geodesy), the angle which an ascending line makes with a horizontal plane. — Elevation of the host (R. C. Ch.), that part of the Mass in which the priest raises the host above his head for the people to adore.

El´e•va•tor , n. [L., one who raises up, a deliverer: cf. F. elevateur.] One who, or that which, raises or lifts up anything; as: (a) A mechanical contrivance, usually an endless belt or chain with a series of scoops or buckets, for transferring grain to an upper loft for storage. (b) A cage or platform and the hoisting machinery in a hotel, warehouse, mine, etc., for conveying persons, goods, etc., to or from different floors or levels; — called in England a lift; the cage or platform itself. (c) A building for elevating, storing, and discharging, grain. (d) (Anat.) A muscle which serves to raise a part of the body, as the leg or the eye. (e) (Surg.) An instrument for raising a depressed portion of a bone. Elevator head, leg, ∧ boot, the boxes in which the upper pulley, belt, and lower pulley, respectively, run in a grain elevator.

El´e•va•to•ry , a. Tending to raise, or having power to elevate; as elevatory forces.

El´e•va•to•ry, n. [Cf. F. elevatoire.] (Surg.) See Elevator, n. (e). Dunglison.

e•lève´ (a•lav´), n. [F., fr. elever to raise, bring up.] A pupil; a student.

E•lev´en (e•lev´’n), a. [OE. enleven, AS. endleofan, endlufon, for nleofan; akin to LG. eleve, ölwe, ölwen, D. elf, G. elf, eilf, OHG. einlif, Icel. ellifu, Sw. elfva, Dan. elleve, Goth. ainlif, cf. Lith. vënolika; and fr. the root of E. one + (prob.) a root signifying ´to be left over, remain,´ appearing in E. loan, or perh. in leave, v. t., life. See One, and cf. Twelve.] Ten and one added; as eleven men.

E•lev´en, n. 1. The sum of ten and one; eleven units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. 3. (Cricket & American Football) The eleven men selected to play on one side in a match, as the representatives of a club or a locality; as the all-England eleven.

E•lev´enth , a. [Cf. AS. endlyfta. See Eleven.] 1. Next after the tenth; as the eleventh chapter. 2. Constituting one of eleven parts into which a thing is divided; as the eleventh part of a thing. 3. (Mus.) Of or pertaining to the interval of the octave and the fourth.

E•lev´enth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eleven; one of eleven equal parts. 2. (Mus.) The interval consisting of ten conjunct degrees; the interval made up of an octave and a fourth.

Elf (elf), n.; pl. Elves (elvz). [AS. aelf, ylf; akin to MHG. alp, G. alp nightmare, incubus, Icel. alfr elf, Sw. alf, elfva; cf. Skr. rbhu skillful, artful, rabh to grasp. Cf. Auf, Oaf.] 1. An imaginary supernatural being, commonly a little sprite, much like a fairy; a mythological diminutive spirit, supposed to haunt hills and wild places, and generally represented as delighting in mischievous tricks. “Every elf, and fairy sprite,
Hop as light as bird from brier.” Shak. 2. A very diminutive person; a dwarf. Elf arrow, a flint arrowhead; — so called by the English rural folk who often find these objects of prehistoric make in the fields and formerly attributed them to fairies; — called also elf bolt, elf dart, and elf shot. — Elf child, a child supposed to be left by elves, in room of one they had stolen. See Changeling. — Elf fire, the ignis fatuus. Brewer. — Elf owl (Zoöl.), a small owl (Micrathene Whitneyi) of Southern California and Arizona.

Elf, v. t. To entangle mischievously, as an elf might do. “Elf all my hair in knots.” Shak.

Elf´in (-in), a. Relating to elves.

Elf´in, n. A little elf or urchin. Shenstone.

Elf´ish, a. Of or relating to the elves; elflike; implike; weird; scarcely human; mischievous, as though caused by elves. ´Elfish light.´ Coleridge. “The elfish intelligence that was so familiar an expression on her small physiognomy.” Hawthorne.

Elf´ish•ly, adv. In an elfish manner.

Elf´ish•ness, n. The quality of being elfish.

Elf´kin , n. A little elf.

Elf´land , n. Fairyland. Tennyson.

Elf´lock , n. Hair matted, or twisted into a knot, as if by elves.

El´gin mar´bles Greek sculptures in the British Museum. They were obtained at Athens, about 1811, by Lord Elgin.

E•lic´it , a. [L. elictus, p. p. of elicere to elicit; e + lacere to entice. Cf. Delight, Lace.] Elicited; drawn out; made real; open; evident. [Obs.] ´An elicit act of equity.´ Jer. Taylor.

E•lic´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elicited; p. pr. & vb. n. Eliciting.] To draw out or entice forth; to bring to light; to bring out against the will; to deduce by reason or argument; as to elicit truth by discussion.

E•lic´i•tate , v. t. To elicit. [Obs.]

E•lic•i•ta´tion , n. The act of eliciting. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

E•lide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elided; p. pr. & vb. n. Eliding.] [L. elidere to strike out or off; e + laedere to hurt by striking: cf. F. elider. See Lesion.] 1. To break or dash in pieces; to demolish; as to elide the force of an argument. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. (Gram.) To cut off, as a vowel or a syllable, usually the final one; to subject to elision.

El•i•gi•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. eligibilite.] The quality of being eligible; eligibleness; as the eligibility of a candidate; the eligibility of an offer of marriage.

El´i•gi•ble , a. [F. eligible, fr. L. eligere. See Elect.] 1. That may be selected; proper or qualified to be chosen; legally qualified to be elected and to hold office. 2. Worthy to be chosen or selected; suitable; desirable; as an eligible situation for a house. “The more eligible of the two evils.” Burke.

El´i•gi•ble•ness, n. The quality of being worthy or qualified to be chosen; suitableness; desirableness.

El´i•gi•bly, adv. In an eligible manner.

El´i•mate , v. t. [L. elimatus, p. p. of elimare to file up; e out + limare to file, fr. lima file.] To render smooth; to polish. [Obs.]

E•lim´i•nant , n. (Math.) The result of eliminating n variables between n homogeneous equations of any degree; — called also resultant.

E•lim´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eliminated p. pr. & vb. n. Eliminating ] [L. eliminatus, p. p. of eliminare; e out + limen threshold; prob. akin to limes boundary. See Limit.] 1. To put out of doors; to expel; to discharge; to release; to set at liberty. “Eliminate my spirit, give it range
Through provinces of thought yet unexplored.” Young. 2. (Alg.) To cause to disappear from an equation; as to eliminate an unknown quantity. 3. To set aside as unimportant in a process of inductive inquiry; to leave out of consideration. “Eliminate errors that have been gathering and accumulating.” Lowth. 4. To obtain by separating, as from foreign matters; to deduce; as to eliminate an idea or a conclusion. [Recent, and not well authorized] 5. (Physiol.) To separate; to expel from the system; to excrete; as the kidneys eliminate urea, the lungs carbonic acid; to eliminate poison from the system.

E•lim•i•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. elimination.] 1. The act of expelling or throwing off; (Physiol.) the act of discharging or excreting waste products or foreign substances through the various emunctories. 2. (Alg.) Act of causing a quantity to disappear from an equation; especially, in the operation of deducing from several equations containing several unknown quantities a less number of equations containing a less number of unknown quantities. 3. The act of obtaining by separation, or as the result of eliminating; deduction. [See Eliminate, 4.]

E•lim´i•na•tive , a. (Physiol.) Relating to, or carrying on, elimination.

E•lin´guate , v. t. [L. elinguare.] To deprive of the tongue. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode).

E•lin•gua´tion , n. [L. elinguatio. See Elinguid.] (O. Eng. Law) Punishment by cutting out the tongue.

E•lin´guid , a. [L. elinguis, prop., deprived of the tongue; hence, speechless; e + lingua tongue.] Tongue-tied; dumb. [Obs.]

E•liq´ua•ment , n. A liquid obtained from fat, or fat fish, by pressure.

El•i•qua´tion , n. [L. eliquatio, fr. eliquare to clarify, strain; e + liquare to make liquid, melt.] (Metallurgy) The process of separating a fusible substance from one less fusible, by means of a degree of heat sufficient to melt the one and not the other, as an alloy of copper and lead; liquation. Ure.

E•li´son , n. [L. elisio, fr. elidere, elisum, to strike out: cf. F. elision. See Elide.] 1. Division; separation. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Gram.) The cutting off or suppression of a vowel or syllable, for the sake of meter or euphony; esp., in poetry, the dropping of a final vowel standing before an initial vowel in the following word, when the two words are drawn together.

E•li´sor , n. [F. eliseur, fr. elire to choose, L. eligere. See Elect.] (Eng. Law) An elector or chooser; one of two persons appointed by a court to return a jury or serve a writ when the sheriff and the coroners are disqualified.

e•lite´ , n. [F., fr. elire to choose, L. eligere. See Elect.] A choice or select body; the flower; as the elite of society.

E•lix´ , v. t. [See Elixate.] To extract. [Obs.] Marston.

E•lix´ate , v. t. [L. elixatus, p. p. of elixare to seethe, fr. elixus thoroughly boiled; e + lixare to boil, lix ashes.] To boil; to seethe; hence, to extract by boiling or seething. [Obs.] Cockeram.

El•ix•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. elixation.] A seething; digestion. [Obs.] Burton.

E•lix´ir , n. [F. elixir, Sp. elixir, Ar. eliksir the philosopher’s stone, prob. from Gr. dry, (hence probably) a dry powder; cf. Skr. ksha to burn.] 1. (Med.) A tincture with more than one base; a compound tincture or medicine, composed of various substances, held in solution by alcohol in some form. 2. (Alchemy) An imaginary liquor capable of transmuting metals into gold; also one for producing life indefinitely; as elixir vitae, or the elixir of life. 3. The refined spirit; the quintessence. “The … elixir of worldly delights.” South. 4. Any cordial or substance which invigorates. “The grand elixir, to support the spirits of human nature.” Addison.

E•liz´a•beth•an , a. Pertaining to Queen Elizabeth or her times, esp. to the architecture or literature of her reign; as the Elizabethan writers, drama, literature. — n. One who lived in England in the time of Queen Elizabeth. Lowell.

Elk , n. [Icel. elgr; akin to Sw. elg, AS. eolh, OHG. elaho, MHG. elch, cf. L. alces; perh. akin to E. eland.] (Zoöl.) A large deer, of several species. The European elk (Alces machlis or Cervus alces) is closely allied to the American moose. The American elk, or wapiti (Cervus Canadensis), is closely related to the European stag. See Moose, and Wapiti. Irish elk (Paleon.), a large, extinct, Quaternary deer (Cervus giganteus) with widely spreading antlers. Its remains have been found beneath the peat of swamps in Ireland and England. See Illustration in Appendix; also Illustration of Antler. — Cape elk (Zoöl.), the eland. { Elk , Elke } , n. (Zoöl.) The European wild or whistling swan (Cygnus ferus).

Elk´nut , n. (Bot.) The buffalo nut. See under Buffalo.

Elk´wood , n. The soft, spongy wood of a species of Magnolia (M. Umbrella).

Ell , n. [AS. eln; akin to D. el, elle, G. elle, OHG. elina, Icel. alin, Dan. alen, Sw. aln, Goth. alenia, L. ulna elbow, ell, Gr. elbow. Cf. Elbow, Alnage.] A measure for cloth; — now rarely used. It is of different lengths in different countries; the English ell being 45 inches, the Dutch or Flemish ell 27, the Scotch about 37.

Ell, n. (Arch.) See L.

El´la•chick , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water tortoise (Chelopus marmoratus) of California; — used as food.

El•lag´ic , a. [F., fr. galle gall (with the letters reversed).] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gallnuts or gallic acid; as ellagic acid. Ellagic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C_14H_8O_9, found in bezoar stones, and obtained by the oxidation of gallic acid.

El´le•bore , n. Hellebore. [Obs.] Chaucer.

El•leb´o•rin , n. See Helleborin.

El´leck , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The red gurnard or cuckoo fish. [Prov. Eng.] {El´lenge , El´linge , a., El´lenge•ness , El´linge•ness, n }. See Elenge, Elengeness. [Obs.]

El´les , adv. & conj. See Else. [Obs.]

El•lipse´ (el•lips´), n. [Gr. ’e•lleipsis, prop., a defect, the inclination of the ellipse to the base of the cone being in defect when compared with that of the side to the base: cf. F. ellipse. See Ellipsis.] 1. (Geom.) An oval or oblong figure, bounded by a regular curve, which corresponds to an oblique projection of a circle, or an oblique section of a cone through its opposite sides. The greatest diameter of the ellipse is the major axis, and the least diameter is the minor axis. See Conic section, under Conic, and cf. Focus. 2. (Gram.) Omission. See Ellipsis. 3. The elliptical orbit of a planet. “The Sun flies forward to his brother Sun;
The dark Earth follows wheeled in her ellipse.” Tennyson.

El•lip´sis (el•lip´sis), n.; pl. Ellipses (- sez). [L., fr. Gr. ’e•lleipsis a leaving, defect, fr. ’ellei•pein to leave in, fall short; ’en in + lei•pein to leave. See In, and Loan, and cf. Ellipse.] 1. (Gram.) Omission; a figure of syntax, by which one or more words, which are obviously understood, are omitted; as the virtues I admire, for, the virtues which I admire. 2. (Geom.) An ellipse. [Obs.]

El•lip´so•graph , n. [Ellipse + graph: cf. F. ellipsographe.] An instrument for describing ellipses; — called also trammel.

El•lip´soid , n. [Ellipse + -oid: cf. F. ellipsoide.] (Geom.) A solid, all plane sections of which are ellipses or circles. See Conoid, n., 2 (a). The ellipsoid has three principal plane sections, a, b, and c, each at right angles to the other two, and each dividing the solid into two equal and symmetrical parts. The lines of meeting of these principal sections are the axes, or principal diameters of the ellipsoid. The point where the three planes meet is the center. Ellipsoid of revolution, a spheroid; a solid figure generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. It is called a prolate spheroid, or prolatum, when the ellipse is revolved about the major axis, and an oblate spheroid, or oblatum, when it is revolved about the minor axis. { El•lip´soid , El•lip•soi´dal } a. Pertaining to, or shaped like, an ellipsoid; as ellipsoid or ellipsoidal form. { El•lip´tic , El•lip´tic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. elliptique. See Ellipsis.] 1. Of or pertaining to an ellipse; having the form of an ellipse; oblong, with rounded ends. “The planets move in elliptic orbits.” Cheyne. 2. Having a part omitted; as an elliptical phrase. Elliptic chuck. See under Chuck. — Elliptic compasses, an instrument arranged for drawing ellipses. — Elliptic function. (Math.) See Function. — Elliptic integral. (Math.) See Integral. — Elliptic polarization. See under Polarization.

El•lip´tic•al•ly, adv. 1. In the form of an ellipse. 2. With a part omitted; as elliptically expressed.

El•lip•tic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. ellipticite.] Deviation of an ellipse or a spheroid from the form of a circle or a sphere; especially, in reference to the figure of the earth, the difference between the equatorial and polar semidiameters, divided by the equatorial; thus, the ellipticity of the earth is &frac1x29966;. Some writers use ellipticity as the ratio of the difference of the two semiaxes to the minor axis, instead of the major. Nichol.

El•lip´tic-lan´ce•o•late , a. (Bot.) Having a form intermediate between elliptic and lanceolate.

El•lip´to•graph , n. Same as Ellipsograph.

Ell´wand , n. Formerly, a measuring rod an ell long.

Elm , n. [AS. elm; akin to D. olm, OHG. elm, G. ulme, Icel. almr, Dan. & Sw. alm, L. ulmus, and E. alder. Cf. Old.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Ulmus, of several species, much used as a shade tree, particularly in America. The English elm is Ulmus campestris; the common American or white elm is U. Americana; the slippery or red elm, U. fulva. Elm beetle (Zoöl.), one of several species of beetles (esp. Galeruca calmariensis), which feed on the leaves of the elm. — Elm borer (Zoöl.), one of several species of beetles of which the larvae bore into the wood or under the bark of the elm (esp. Saperda tridentata). — Elm butterfly (Zoöl.), one of several species of butterflies, which, in the caterpillar state, feed on the leaves of the elm (esp. Vanessa antiopa and Grapta comma). See Comma butterfly, under Comma. — Elm moth (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of moths of which the larvae destroy the leaves of the elm (esp. Eugonia subsignaria, called elm spanworm). — Elm sawfly (Zoöl.), a large sawfly (Cimbex Americana). The larva, which is white with a black dorsal stripe, feeds on the leaves of the elm.

Elm´en , a. Belonging to elms. [Obs.]

El´mo’s fire See Corposant; also Saint Elmo’s Fire, under Saint.

Elm´y , a. Abounding with elms. “The simple spire and elmy grange.” T. Warton.

El•o•ca´tion , n. [Pref. e- + locate.] 1. A removal from the usual place of residence. [Obs.] 2. Departure from the usual state; an ecstasy. [Obs.]

E•loc´u•lar (e•lok´u•ler), a. [Pref. e- + locular.] Having but one cell, or cavity; not divided by a septum or partition.

El•o•cu´tion , n. [L. elocutio, fr. eloqui, elocutus, to speak out: cf. F. elocution. See Eloquent.] 1. Utterance by speech. [R.] “[Fruit] whose taste …
Gave elocution to the mute, and taught
The tongue not made for speech to speak thy praise.” Milton. 2. Oratorical or expressive delivery, including the graces of intonation, gesture, etc.; style or manner of speaking or reading in public; as clear, impressive elocution. ´The elocution of a reader.´ Whately 3. Suitable and impressive writing or style; eloquent diction. [Obs.] “To express these thoughts with elocution.” Dryden.

El•o•cu´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to elocution.

El•o•cu´tion•ist, n. One who is versed in elocution; a teacher of elocution.

El´o•cu•tive , a. Pertaining to oratorical expression. [Obs.] Feltham.

E•lo´di•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of tortoises, including the terrapins, etc., in which the head and neck can be withdrawn.

e•loge´ , n. [F. See Elogium.] A panegyrical funeral oration.

El´o•gist , n. [F. elogiste.] One who pronounces an eloge. { E•lo´gi•um (e•lo´ji•um), El´o•gy (el´o•jy), } n. [L. elogium a short saying, an inscription, fr. Gr. lo•gos speech, fr. le•gein to speak. Cf. eloge.] The praise bestowed on a person or thing; panegyric; eulogy.

E•lo´him (e•lo´him), n. [Heb.] One of the principal names by which God is designated in the Hebrew Scriptures.

E•lo´hist , n. The writer, or one of the writers, of the passages of the Old Testament, notably those of the Pentateuch, which are characterized by the use of Elohim instead of Jehovah, as the name of the Supreme Being; — distinguished from Jehovist. S. Davidson.

El•o•his´tic , a. Relating to Elohim as a name of God; — said of passages in the Old Testament.

E•loign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eloigned p. pr. & vb. n. Eloigning.] [F. eloigner, OF. esloignier; pref. es- (L. ex) + OF. & F. loin far, far off, L. longe, fr. longus long. See Elongate.] [Written also eloin.] 1. To remove afar off; to withdraw. [Obs.] “From worldly cares he did himself eloign.” Spenser. 2. (Law) To convey to a distance, or beyond the jurisdiction, or to conceal, as goods liable to distress. “The sheriff may return that the goods or beasts are eloigned.” Blackstone.

E•loign´ate , v. t. To remove. [Obs.] Howell.

E•loign´ment , n. [F. eloignement.] Removal to a distance; withdrawal. [Obs.]

E•loin´ , v. t. See Eloign.

E•loin´ate , v. t. See Eloignate.

E•loin´ment , n. See Eloignment.

E•long´ ( 115), v. t. [See Eloign, Elongate.] 1. To lengthen out; to prolong. [Obs.] 2. To put away; to separate; to keep off. [Obs.] Wyatt.

E•lon´gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elongated p. pr. & vb. n. Elongating.] [LL. elongatus, p. p. of elongare to remove, to prolong; e + L. longus long. See Long, a., and cf. Eloign.] 1. To lengthen; to extend; to stretch; as to elongate a line. 2. To remove further off. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

E•lon´gate, v. i. To depart to, or be at, a distance; esp., to recede apparently from the sun, as a planet in its orbit. [R.]

E•lon´gate , a. [LL. elongatus.] Drawn out at length; elongated; as an elongate leaf. ´An elongate form.´ Earle.

E•lon•ga´tion ( 277), n. [LL. elongatio: cf. F. elongation.] 1. The act of lengthening, or the state of being lengthened; protraction; extension. ´Elongation of the fibers.´ Arbuthnot. 2. That which lengthens out; continuation. “May not the mountains of Westmoreland and Cumberland be considered as elongations of these two chains?” Pinkerton. 3. Removal to a distance; withdrawal; a being at a distance; distance. “The distant points in the celestial expanse appear to the eye in so small a degree of elongation from one another, as bears no proportion to what is real.” Glanvill. 4. (Astron.) The angular distance of a planet from the sun; as the elongation of Venus or Mercury.

E•lope´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eloped p. pr. & vb. n. Eloping.] [D. ontloopen to run away; pref. ont- (akin to G. ent-, AS. and-, cf. E. answer) + loopen to run; akin to E. leap. See Leap, v. t.] To run away, or escape privately, from the place or station to which one is bound by duty; — said especially of a woman or a man, either married or unmarried, who runs away with a paramour or a sweetheart. “Great numbers of them [the women] have eloped from their allegiance.” Addison.

E•lope´ment , n. The act of eloping; secret departure; — said of a woman and a man, one or both, who run away from their homes for marriage or for cohabitation.

E•lop´er , n. One who elopes.

E´lops , n. [L. elops, helops, a kind of sea fish, Gr. .] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes. See Saury. 2. A mythical serpent. [Obs.] Milton.

El´o•quence , n. [F. eloquence, L. eloquentia, fr. eloquens. See Eloquent.] 1. Fluent, forcible, elegant, and persuasive speech in public; the power of expressing strong emotions in striking and appropriate language either spoken or written, thereby producing conviction or persuasion. “Eloquence is speaking out … out of the abundance of the heart.” Hare. 2. Fig.: Whatever produces the effect of moving and persuasive speech. “Silence that spoke and eloquence of eyes.” Pope. “The hearts of men are their books; events are their tutors; great actions are their eloquence.” Macaulay. 3. That which is eloquently uttered or written. “O, let my books be then the eloquence
And dumb presagers of my speaking breast.” Shak. Syn. — Oratory; rhetoric.

El´o•quent , a. [F. eloquent, L. eloquens, -entis, p. pr. of eloqui to speak out, declaim; e + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] 1. Having the power of expressing strong emotions or forcible arguments in an elevated, impassioned, and effective manner; as an eloquent orator or preacher. “O Death, all-eloquent! You only prove
What dust we dote on when ’t is man we love.” Pope. 2. Adapted to express strong emotion or to state facts arguments with fluency and power; as an eloquent address or statement; an eloquent appeal to a jury.

El´o•quent•ly, adv. In an eloquent manner. { El´rich or El´ritch }, a. Ghastly; preternatural. Same as Eldritch. [Scot. & Local, Eng.]

Else , a. & pron. [OE. & AS. elles otherwise, gen. sing. of an adj. signifying other; akin to OHG. elles otherwise, OSw. äljes, Sw. eljest, Goth. aljis, adj., other, L. alius, Gr. . Cf. Alias, Alien.] Other; one or something beside; as Who else is coming? What else shall I give? Do you expect anything else? ´Bastards and else.´ Shak. This word always follows its noun. It is usual to give the possessive form to else rather than to the substantive; as somebody else’s; no one else’s. ´A boy who is fond of somebody else’s pencil case.´ G. Eliot. ´A suit of clothes like everybody else’s.´ Thackeray.

Else, adv. & conj. 1. Besides; except that mentioned; in addition; as nowhere else; no one else. 2. Otherwise; in the other, or the contrary, case; if the facts were different. “For thou desirest not sacrifice; else would I give it.” Ps. li. 16. After •or’, else is sometimes used expletively, as simply noting an alternative. ´Will you give thanks, … or else shall I?´ Shak.

Else´where , adv. 1. In any other place; as these trees are not to be found elsewhere. 2. In some other place; in other places, indefinitely; as it is reported in town and elsewhere.

Else´whith•er , adv. To some, or any, other place; as you will have to go elsewhither for it. R. of Gloucester. ´For elsewhither was I bound.´ Carlyle.

Else´wise , adv. Otherwise. [R.]

El´sin , n. A shoemaker’s awl. [Prov. Eng.]

E•lu´ci•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elucidated p. pr. & vb. n. Elucidating ] [LL. elucidatus, p. p. of elucidare; e + lucidus full of light, clear. See Lucid.] To make clear or manifest; to render more intelligible; to illustrate; as an example will elucidate the subject.

E•lu•ci•da´tion , n. [Cf. F. elucidation.] A making clear; the act of elucidating or that which elucidates, as an explanation, an exposition, an illustration; as one example may serve for further elucidation of the subject.

E•lu´ci•da•tive , a. Making clear; tending to elucidate; as an elucidative note.

E•lu´ci•da•tor , n. One who explains or elucidates; an expositor.

E•lu´ci•da•to•ry , a. Tending to elucidate; elucidative. [R.]

E•luc´tate , v. i. [L. eluctatus, p. p. of eluctari to struggle out; e + luctari to wrestle.] To struggle out; — with out. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

E•luc•ta´tion , n. [L. eluctatio.] A struggling out of any difficulty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

E•lu´cu•brate , v. i. [L. elucubratus, p. p. of elucubrare to compose by lamplight.] See Lucubrate. [Obs.] Blount.

E•lu•cu•bra´tion , n. [Cf. F. elucubration.] See Lucubration. [Obs.] Evelyn.

E•lude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Eluding.] [L. eludere, elusum; e + ludere to play: cf. F. eluder. See Ludicrous.] To avoid slyly, by artifice, stratagem, or dexterity; to escape from in a covert manner; to mock by an unexpected escape; to baffle; as to elude an officer; to elude detection, inquiry, search, comprehension; to elude the force of an argument or a blow. “Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain,
Then, hid in shades, eludes he eager swain.” Pope. “The transition from fetichism to polytheism seems a gradual process of which the stages elude close definition.” Tylor. Syn. — To evade; avoid; escape; shun; eschew; flee; mock; baffle; frustrate; foil.

E•lud´i•ble , a. Capable of being eluded; evadible.

E´lul , n. [Heb.] The sixth month of the Jewish year, by the sacred reckoning, or the twelfth, by the civil reckoning, corresponding nearly to the month of September.

E•lum´ba•ted , a. [L. elumbis; e + lumbus loin.] Weak or lame in the loins. [Obs.]

E•lu´sion , n. [LL. elusio, fr. L. eludere, elusum. See Elude.] Act of eluding; adroit escape, as by artifice; a mockery; a cheat; trickery.

E•lu´sive , a. Tending to elude; using arts or deception to escape; adroitly escaping or evading; eluding the grasp; fallacious. “Elusive of the bridal day, she gives
Fond hopes to all, and all with hopes deceives.” Pope. — E•lu´sive•ly, adv. — E•lu´sive•ness, n.

E•lu´so•ry , a. [LL. elusorius.] Tending to elude or deceive; evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful; deceptive. — E•lu´so•ri•ness (#), n.

E•lute´ , v. t. [L. elutus, p. p. of eluers to elute; e + luere to wash.] To wash out. [R.] Arbuthnot.

E•lu´tri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elutriated p. pr. & vb. n. Elutriating ] [L. elutriatus, p. p. of elutriare.] To wash or strain out so as to purify; as to elutriate the blood as it passes through the lungs; to strain off or decant, as a powder which is separated from heavier particles by being drawn off with water; to cleanse, as by washing.

E•lu•tri•a´tion , n. The process of elutriating; a decanting or racking off by means of water, as finer particles from heavier.

E•lux´ate , v. t. [Pref. e- + luxate.] To dislocate; to luxate.

E•lux•a´tion , n. Dislocation; luxation.

Elv´an , a. 1. Pertaining to elves; elvish. 2. (Mining) Of or pertaining to certain veins of feldspathic or porphyritic rock crossing metalliferous veins in the mining districts of Cornwall; as an elvan course. { Elv´an , Elv´an•ite }, n. The rock of an elvan vein, or the elvan vein itself; an elvan course.

Elve , n. An old form of Elf.

El´ver , n. (Zoöl.) A young eel; a young conger or sea eel; — called also elvene.

Elves , n.; pl. of Elf.

Elv´ish , a. 1. Pertaining to elves; implike; mischievous; weird; also vacant; absent in demeanor. See Elfish. “He seemeth elvish by his countenance.” Chaucer. 2. Mysterious; also foolish. [Obs.]

Elv´ish•ly, adv. In an elvish manner. Sir W. Scott.

El´wand , n. [Obs.] See Ellwand.

E•ly´sian , a. [L. Elysius, fr. Elysium.] Pertaining, or the abode of the blessed after death; hence, yielding the highest pleasures; exceedingly delightful; beatific. ´Elysian shades.´ Massinger. ´Elysian age.´ Beattie. “This life of mortal breath
Is but a suburb of the life elysian.” Longfellow.

E•ly´sium , n.; pl. E. Elysiums (#), L. Elysia (#). [L., fr. Gr. , , Elysian field.] (Anc. Myth.) 1. A dwelling place assigned to happy souls after death; the seat of future happiness; Paradise. 2. Hence, any delightful place. “An Elysian more pure and bright than that pf the Greeks.” I. Taylor.

E•lyt´ri•form , a. [Elytrum + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form, or structure, of an elytron.

El´y•trin , n. [From Elytrum.] (Chem.) See Chitin.

El´y•troid , a. [Gr. sheath, a wing case + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling a beetle’s wing case.

El´y•tron ( 277), El´y•trum (-trm) n.; pl. Elytra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to roll round.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the anterior pair of wings in the Coleoptera and some other insects, when they are thick and serve only as a protection for the posterior pair. See Coleoptera. (b) One of the shieldlike dorsal scales of certain annelids. See Chaetopoda.

El´ze•vir , a. (Bibliog.) Applied to books or editions (esp. of the Greek New Testament and the classics) printed and published by the Elzevir family at Amsterdam, Leyden, etc., from about 1592 to 1680; also applied to a round open type introduced by them. “The Elzevir editions are valued for their neatness, and the elegant small types used.” Brande & C.

’Em An obsolete or colloquial contraction of the old form hem, them. Addison.

Em , n. (Print.) The portion of a line formerly occupied by the letter m, then a square type, used as a unit by which to measure the amount of printed matter on a page; the square of the body of a type.

Em-. A prefix. See En-.

E•mac´er•ate , v. t. & i. [L. emaceratus emaciated; e + macerare to make soft.] To make lean or to become lean; to emaciate. [Obs.] Bullokar.

E•mac•er•a´tion , n. Emaciation. [Obs.]

E•ma´ci•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emaciated p. pr. & vb. n. Emaciating.] [L. emaciatus, p. p. of emaciare to make lean; e + maciare to make lean or meager, fr. macies leanness, akin to macer lean. See Meager.] To lose flesh gradually and become very lean; to waste away in flesh. ´He emaciated and pined away.´ Sir T. Browne.

E•ma´ci•ate, v. t. To cause to waste away in flesh and become very lean; as his sickness emaciated him.

E•ma´ci•ate , a. [L. emaciatus, p. p.] Emaciated. ´Emaciate steeds.´ T. Warton.

E•ma•ci•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. emaciation.] 1. The act of making very lean. 2. The state of being emaciated or reduced to excessive leanness; an excessively lean condition.

E•mac´u•late , v. t. [L. emaculatus, p. p. of emaculare to clear from spots. See Maculate.] To clear from spots or stains, or from any imperfection. [Obs.] Hales.

E•mac•u•la´tion , n. The act of clearing from spots. [Obs.] Johnson.

AE•mail• om•brant´ [F., shaded enamel.] (Fine Arts) An art or process of flooding transparent colored glaze over designs stamped or molded on earthenware or porcelain. Ure.

Em´a•nant , a. [L. emanans, -antis, p. pr. of emanare. See Emanate.] Issuing or flowing forth; emanating; passing forth into an act, or making itself apparent by an effect; — said of mental acts; as an emanant volition.

Em´a•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emanated p. pr. & vb. n. Emanating.] [L. emanare, emanatum, to emanate; e out + manare to flow, prob. for madnare, and akin to madere to be wet, drip, madidus wet, drenched, drunk, Gr. , , wet, to be wet, Skr. mad to boil, matta drunk. Cf. Emane.] 1. To issue forth from a source; to flow out from more or less constantly; as fragrance emanates from flowers. 2. To proceed from, as a source or fountain; to take origin; to arise, to originate. “That subsisting from of government from which all special laws emanate.” De Quincey. Syn. — To flow; arise; proceed; issue; originate.

Em´a•nate , a. Issuing forth; emanant. [R.]

Em•a•na´tion , n. [L. emanatio: cf. F. emanation.] 1. The act of flowing or proceeding from a fountain head or origin. South. “Those profitable and excellent emanations from God.” Jer. Taylor. 2. That which issues, flows, or proceeds from any object as a source; efflux; an effluence; as perfume is an emanation from a flower. “An emanation of the indwelling life.” Bryant.

Em´a•na•tive , a. Issuing forth; effluent.

Em´a•na•tive•ly, adv. By an emanation.

Em´a•na•to•ry , a. Emanative; of the nature of an emanation. Dr. H. More.

E•man´ci•pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emancipated p. pr. & vb. n. Emancipating.] [L. emancipatus, p. p. of emancipare to emancipate; e + mancipare to transfer ownership in, fr. manceps purchaser, as being one who laid his hand on the thing bought; manus hand + capere to take. See Manual, and Capable.] To set free from the power of another; to liberate; as: (a) To set free, as a minor from a parent; as a father may emancipate a child. (b) To set free from bondage; to give freedom to; to manumit; as to emancipate a slave, or a country. “Brasidas … declaring that he was sent to emancipate Hellas.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). (c) To free from any controlling influence, especially from anything which exerts undue or evil influence; as to emancipate one from prejudices or error. “From how many troublesome and slavish impertinences … he had emancipated and freed himself.” Evelyn. “To emancipate the human conscience.” A. W. Ward.

E•man´ci•pate , a. [L. emancipatus, p. p.] Set at liberty.

E•man•ci•pa´tion , n. [L. emancipatio: cf. F. emancipation.] The act of setting free from the power of another, from slavery, subjection, dependence, or controlling influence; also the state of being thus set free; liberation; as the emancipation of slaves; the emancipation of minors; the emancipation of a person from prejudices; the emancipation of the mind from superstition; the emancipation of a nation from tyranny or subjection. Syn. — Deliverance; liberation; release; freedom; manumission; enfranchisement.

E•man•ci•pa´tion•ist, n. An advocate of emancipation, esp. the emancipation of slaves.

E•man´ci•pa•tor , n. [L.] One who emancipates.

E•man´ci•pa•to•ry , a. Pertaining to emancipation, or tending to effect emancipation. ´Emancipatory laws.´ G. Eliot.

E•man´ci•pist , n. A freed convict. [Australia]

E•mar´gi•nate , v. t. [L. emarginare; e out + marginare to furnish with a margin, fr. margo margin.] To take away the margin of. { E•mar´gi•nate , E•mar´gi•na•ted } a. 1. Having the margin interrupted by a notch or shallow sinus. 2. (Bot.) Notched at the summit. 3. (Cryst.) Having the edges truncated.

E•mar´gi•nate•ly, adv. In an emarginate manner.

E•mar•gi•na´tion , n. The act of notching or indenting the margin, or the state of being so notched; also a notch or shallow sinus in a margin.

E•mas´cu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emasculated p. pr. & vb. n. Emasculating ] [L. emasculare; e + masculus male, masculine. See Male masculine.] 1. To deprive of virile or procreative power; to castrate power; to castrate; to geld. 2. To deprive of masculine vigor or spirit; to weaken; to render effeminate; to vitiate by unmanly softness. “Luxury had not emasculated their minds.” V. Knox.

E•mas´cu•late , a. Deprived of virility or vigor; unmanned; weak. ´Emasculate slave.´ Hammond.

E•mas•cu•la´tion , n. 1. The act of depriving of virility, or the state of being so deprived; castration. 2. The act of depriving, or state of being deprived, of vigor or strength; unmanly weakness.

E•mas´cu•la•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, emasculates.

E•mas´cu•la•to•ry , a. Serving or tending to emasculate.

Em•bace´ , v. t. See Embase. [Obs.]

Em•bale´ , v. t. [F. emballer; pref. em- (L. in) + balle bale. See 1st Bale.] [Obs.] 1. To make up into a bale or pack. Johnson. 2. To bind up; to inclose. “Legs … embaled in golden buskins.” Spenser.

Em•ball´ , v. t. [See Embale.] To encircle or embrace. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Em•balm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embalmed p. pr. & vb. n. Embalming.] [F. embaumer; pref. em- (L. in) + baume balm. See Balm.] 1. To anoint all over with balm; especially, to preserve from decay by means of balm or other aromatic oils, or spices; to fill or impregnate (a dead body), with aromatics and drugs that it may resist putrefaction. “Joseph commanded his servants, the physicians, to embalm is father; and the physicians embalmed Israel.” Gem. l. 2. 2. To fill or imbue with sweet odor; to perfume. “With fresh dews embalmed the earth.” Milton. 3. To preserve from decay or oblivion as if with balm; to perpetuate in remembrance. “Those tears eternal that embalm the dead.” Pope.

Em•balm´er , n. One who embalms.

Em•balm´ment , n. [Cf. F. embaumement.] The act of embalming. [R.] Malone.

Em•bank´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embanked p. pr. & vb. n. Embanking.] [Pref. em- + bank. Cf. Imbank.] To throw up a bank so as to confine or to defend; to protect by a bank of earth or stone.

Em•bank´ment , n. 1. The act of surrounding or defending with a bank. 2. A structure of earth, gravel, etc., raised to prevent water from overflowing a level tract of country, to retain water in a reservoir, or to carry a roadway, etc.

Em•bar´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarred p. pr. & vb. n. Embanking.] [Pref. em- + bar: cf. F. embarrer. Cf. Embargo.] 1. To bar or shut in; to inclose securely, as with bars. “Where fast embarred in mighty brazen wall.” Spenser. 2. To stop; to hinder by prohibition; to block up. “He embarred all further trade.” Bacon.

Em•bar•ca´tion , n. Same as Embarkation.

Em•barge´ , v. t. To put in a barge. [Poetic] Drayton.

Em•bar´go , n.; pl. Embargoes (#). [Sp., fr. embargar to arrest, restrain; pref. em- (L. in) + Sp. barra bar, akin to F. barre bar. See Bar.] An edict or order of the government prohibiting the departure of ships of commerce from some or all of the ports within its dominions; a prohibition to sail. If the embargo is laid on an enemy’s ships, it is called a hostile embargo; if on the ships belonging to citizens of the embargoing state, it is called a civil embargo.

Em•bar´go, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embargoed p. pr. & vb. n. Embargoing.] To lay an embargo on and thus detain; to prohibit from leaving port; — said of ships, also of commerce and goods.

Em•bark´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarked p. pr. & vb. n. Embarking.] [F. embarquer; pref. em- (L. in) + barque bark: cf. Sp. embarcar, It. imbarcare. See Bark. a vessel.] 1. To cause to go on board a vessel or boat; to put on shipboard. 2. To engage, enlist, or invest (as persons, money, etc.) in any affair; as he embarked his fortune in trade. “It was the reputation of the sect upon which St. Paul embarked his salvation.” South.

Em•bark´, v. i. 1. To go on board a vessel or a boat for a voyage; as the troops embarked for Lisbon. 2. To engage in any affair. “Slow to embark in such an undertaking.” Macaulay.

Em•bar•ka´tion , n. 1. The act of putting or going on board of a vessel; as the embarkation of troops. 2. That which is embarked; as an embarkation of Jesuits. Smollett.

Em•bark´ment , n. [Cf. F. embarquement.] Embarkation. [R.] Middleton.

Em•bar´rass (em•bar´ras), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarrassed (- rast); p. pr. & vb. n. Embarrassing.] [F. embarrasser (cf. Sp. embarazar, Pg. embaraçar, Pr. barras bar); pref. em- (L. in) + LL. barra bar. See Bar.] 1. To hinder from freedom of thought, speech, or action by something which impedes or confuses mental action; to perplex; to discompose; to disconcert; as laughter may embarrass an orator. 2. To hinder from liberty of movement; to impede; to obstruct; as business is embarrassed; public affairs are embarrassed. 3. (Com.) To involve in difficulties concerning money matters; to incumber with debt; to beset with urgent claims or demands; — said of a person or his affairs; as a man or his business is embarrassed when he can not meet his pecuniary engagements. Syn. — To hinder; perplex; entangle; confuse; puzzle; disconcert; abash; distress. — To Embarrass, Puzzle, Perplex. We are puzzled when our faculties are confused by something we do not understand. We are perplexed when our feelings, as well as judgment, are so affected that we know not how to decide or act. We are embarrassed when there is some bar or hindrance upon us which impedes our powers of thought, speech, or motion. A schoolboy is puzzled by a difficult sum; a reasoner is perplexed by the subtleties of his opponent; a youth is sometimes so embarrassed before strangers as to lose his presence of mind.

Em•bar´rass, n. [F. embarras. See Embarrass, v. t.] Embarrassment. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

Em•bar´rass•ment , n. [F. embarrassement.] 1. A state of being embarrassed; perplexity; impediment to freedom of action; entanglement; hindrance; confusion or discomposure of mind, as from not knowing what to do or to say; disconcertedness. “The embarrassment which inexperienced minds have often to express themselves upon paper.” W. Irving. “The embarrassments tom commerce growing out of the late regulations.” Bancroft. 2. Difficulty or perplexity arising from the want of money to pay debts.

Em•base´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + base, a. or v. t.: cf. OF. embaissier.] To bring down or lower, as in position, value, etc.; to debase; to degrade; to deteriorate. [Obs.] “Embased the valleys, and embossed the hills.” Sylvester. “Alloy in coin of gold … may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it.” Bacon. “Such pitiful embellishments of speech as serve for nothing but to embase divinity.” South.

Em•base´ment , n. [From Embase, v. t.] Act of bringing down; depravation; deterioration. South.

Em´bas•sade , n. [F. ambassade. See Embassy.] An embassy. See Ambassade. [Obs.] Shak.

Em•bas´sa•dor , n. [F. ambassadeur, Sp. embajador, LL. ambassiator, ambasciator. See Embassy, and cf. Ambassador.] Same as Ambassador. “Stilbon, that was a wise embassadour,
Was sent to Corinth.” Chaucer. “Myself my king’s embassador will go.” Dryden.

Em•bas•sa•do´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. ambassadorial.] Same as Ambassadorial.

Em•bas´sa•dress , n. [Cf. F. ambassadrice.] Same as Ambassadress.

Em•bas´sa•dry , n. [Cf. OF. ambassaderie.] Embassy. [Obs.] Leland.

Em´bas•sage ( 48), n. 1. An embassy. ´He sent a solemn embassage.´ Bacon. “Except your embassages have better success.” Motley. 2. Message; errand. Shak.

Em´bas•sy , n.; pl. Embassies (#). [OF. ambassee, embascee, LL. ambasciata, fr. ambasciare for ambactiare to go on a mission, fr. L. ambactus vassal, dependent, of Celtic or German origin; cf. W. amaeth husbandman, Goth. andbahts servant, G. amt office, OHG. ambaht. Cf. Ambassador.] 1. The public function of an ambassador; the charge or business intrusted to an ambassador or to envoys; a public message to; foreign court concerning state affairs; hence, any solemn message. “He sends the angels on embassies with his decrees.” Jer. Taylor. 2. The person or persons sent as ambassadors or envoys; the ambassador and his suite; envoys. 3. The residence or office of an ambassador. Sometimes, but rarely, spelled ambassy.

Em•bas´tard•ize , v. t. [Pref. em- + bastardize.] To bastardize. [Obs.]

Em•bathe´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + bathe. Cf. Imbathe.] To bathe; to imbathe.

Em•bat´tail , v. t. [See Embattle.] To furnish with battlements; to fortify as with battlements. [Archaic] “To embattail and to wall about thy cause
With iron-worded proof.” Tennyson.

Em•bat´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embattled p. pr. & vb. n. Embattling ] [OF. embataillier; pref. em- (L. in) + F. bataille battle. See Battle, and cf. Battlement.] To arrange in order of battle; to array for battle; also to prepare or arm for battle; to equip as for battle. “One in bright arms embattled full strong.” Spenser. “Here once the embattled farmers stood
And fired the shot heard round the world.” Emerson.

Em•bat´tle, v. i. To be arrayed for battle. [Obs.]

Em•bat´tle, v. t. [See Battlement.] To furnish with battlements. ´Embattled house.´ Wordsworth.

Em•bat´tled , a. 1. Having indentations like a battlement. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Her.) Having the edge broken like battlements; — said of a bearing such as a fess, bend, or the like. 3. Having been the place of battle; as an embattled plain or field. J. Baillie.

Em•bat´tle•ment , n. 1. An intended parapet; a battlement. 2. The fortifying of a building or a wall by means of battlements.

Em•bay´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + bay to bathe.] To bathe; to soothe or lull as by bathing. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•bay´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embayed p. pr. & vb. n. Embaying.] [Pref. em- + 1st bay.] To shut in, or shelter, as in a bay. “If that the Turkish fleet
Be not ensheltered and embayed, they are drowned.” Shak.

Em•bay´ment , n. A bay. [R.] “The embayment which is terminated by the land of North Berwick.” Sir W. Scott.

Em•beam´ , v. t. To make brilliant with beams. [R.] G. Fletcher.

Em•bed´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Embedding.] [Pref. em- + bed. Cf. Imbed.] To lay as in a bed; to lay in surrounding matter; to bed; as to embed a thing in clay, mortar, or sand.

Em•bed´ment , n. The act of embedding, or the state of being embedded.

Em•bel´lish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embellished p. pr. & vb. n. Embellishing.] [OE. embelisen, embelisshen, F. embellir; pref. em- (L. in) + bel, beau, beautiful. See Beauty.] To make beautiful or elegant by ornaments; to decorate; to adorn; as to embellish a book with pictures, a garden with shrubs and flowers, a narrative with striking anecdotes, or style with metaphors. Syn. — To adorn; beautify; deck; bedeck; decorate; garnish; enrich; ornament; illustrate. See Adorn.

Em•bel´lish•er , n. One who embellishes.

Em•bel´lish•ment , n. [Cf. F. embellissement.] 1. The act of adorning, or the state of being adorned; adornment. “In the selection of their ground, as well as in the embellishment of it.” Prescott. 2. That which adds beauty or elegance; ornament; decoration; as pictorial embellishments. “The graces and embellishments of the exterior man.” I. Taylor.

Em´ber , n. [OE. emmeres, emeres, AS. myrie; akin to Icel. eimyrja, Dan. emmer, MHG. eimere; cf. Icel. eimr vapor, smoke.] A lighted coal, smoldering amid ashes; — used chiefly in the plural, to signify mingled coals and ashes; the smoldering remains of a fire. ´He rakes hot embers.´ Dryden. “He takes a lighted ember out of the covered vessel.” Colebrooke.

Em´ber, a. [OE. ymber, AS. ymbren, ymbryne, prop., running around, circuit; ymbe around + ryne a running, fr. rinnan to run. See Amb-, and Run.] Making a circuit of the year of the seasons; recurring in each quarter of the year; as ember fasts. Ember days (R. C. & Eng. Ch.), days set apart for fasting and prayer in each of the four seasons of the year. The Council of Placentia [a. d. 1095] appointed for ember days the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, Whitsuntide, the 14th of September, and the 13th of December. The weeks in which these days fall are called ember weeks.

Em´ber-goose , n. [Cf. Norw. embergaas, hav-imber, hav-immer, Icel. himbrin, himbrimi.] (Zoöl.) The loon or great northern diver. See Loon. [Written also emmer-goose and imber-goose.]

Em´ber•ings , n. pl. Ember days. [Obs.]

Emberizidae n. a natural subfamily including buntings and some New World sparrows.
Syn. — subfamily Emberizidae, subfamily Emberizinae.
[WordNet 1.5]

Em•bet´ter , v. t. To make better. [Obs.]

Em•bez´zle (em•bez´z’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embezzled (- z’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Embezzling ] [Norm. F. embeseiller to destroy; cf. OF. besillier to ill treat, ravage, destroy. Cf. Bezzle.] 1. To appropriate fraudulently to one’s own use, as property intrusted to one’s care; to apply to one’s private uses by a breach of trust; as to embezzle money held in trust. 2. To misappropriate; to waste; to dissipate in extravagance. [Obs.] “To embezzle our money in drinking or gaming.” Sharp.

Em•bez´zle•ment , n. The fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom it has been intrusted; as the embezzlement by a clerk of his employer’s money; embezzlement of public funds by the public officer having them in charge. Larceny denotes a taking, by fraud or stealth, from another’s possession; embezzlement denotes an appropriation, by fraud or stealth, of property already in the wrongdoer’s possession. In England and in most of the United States embezzlement is made indictable by statute.

Em•bez´zler , n. One who embezzles.

Em•bil´low , v. i. To swell or heave like a wave of the sea. [R.] Lisle.

Em•bi•ot´o•coid , a. [NL. Embiotoca, the name of one genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Embiotocidae. — n. One of a family of fishes (Embiotocidae) abundant on the coast of California, remarkable for being viviparous; — also called surf fishes and viviparous fishes. See Illust. in Append.

Em•bit´ter , v. t. To make bitter or sad. See Imbitter.

Em•bit´ter•ment , n. The act of embittering; also that which embitters.

Em•blanch´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + 1st blanch.] To whiten. See Blanch. [Obs.] Heylin.

Em•blaze´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblazed p. pr. & vb. n. Emblazing.] [Pref. em- + 1st blaze.] 1. To adorn with glittering embellishments. “No weeping orphan saw his father’s stores
Our shrines irradiate, or emblaze the floors.” Pope. 2. To paint or adorn with armorial figures; to blazon, or emblazon. [Archaic] “The imperial ensign, … streaming to the wind,
With gems and golden luster rich emblazed.” Milton.

Em•bla´zon , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblazoned p. pr. & vb. n. Emblazoning.] [Pref. em- + blazon. Cf. Emblaze.] 1. To depict or represent; — said of heraldic bearings. See Blazon. 2. To deck in glaring colors; to set off conspicuously; to display pompously; to decorate. “The walls were … emblazoned with legends in commemoration of the illustrious pair.” Prescott.

Em•bla´zon•er , n. One who emblazons; also one who publishes and displays anything with pomp.

Em•bla´zon•ing, n. The act or art of heraldic decoration; delineation of armorial bearings.

Em•bla´zon•ment , n. An emblazoning.

Em•bla´zon•ry , n.; pl. Emblazonries . The act or art of an emblazoner; heraldic or ornamental decoration, as pictures or figures on shields, standards, etc.; emblazonment. “Thine ancient standard’s rich emblazonry.” Trench.

Em´blem , n. [F. emblème, L. emblema, -atis, that which is put in or on, inlaid work, fr. Gr. a thing put in or on, fr. to throw, lay, put in; in + to throw. See In, and Parable.] 1. Inlay; inlaid or mosaic work; something ornamental inserted in a surface. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A visible sign of an idea; an object, or the figure of an object, symbolizing and suggesting another object, or an idea, by natural aptness or by association; a figurative representation; a typical designation; a symbol; as a balance is an emblem of justice; a scepter, the emblem of sovereignty or power; a circle, the emblem of eternity. ´His cicatrice, an emblem of war, here on his sinister cheek.´ Shak. 3. A picture accompanied with a motto, a set of verse, or the like, intended as a moral lesson or meditation. Writers and artists of the 17th century gave much attention and study to the composition of such emblems, and many collections of them were published. Syn. — Sign; symbol; type; device; signal; token. — Sign, Emblem, Symbol, Type. Sign is the generic word comprehending all significant representations. An emblem is a visible object representing another by a natural suggestion of characteristic qualities, or an habitual and recognized association; as a circle, having no apparent beginning or end, is an emblem of eternity; a particular flag is the emblem of the country or ship which has adopted it for a sign and with which it is habitually associated. Between emblem and symbol the distinction is slight, and often one may be substituted for the other without impropriety. See Symbol. Thus, a circle is either an emblem or a symbol of eternity; a scepter, either an emblem or a symbol of authority; a lamb, either an emblem or a symbol of meekness. ´An emblem is always of something simple; a symbol may be of something complex, as of a transaction … In consequence we do not speak of actions emblematic.´ C. J. Smith. A type is a representative example, or model, exhibiting the qualities common to all individuals of the class to which it belongs; as the Monitor is a type of a class of war vessels.

Em´blem , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblemed p. pr. & vb. n. Embleming.] To represent by an emblem; to symbolize. [R.] “Emblemed by the cozening fig tree.” Feltham. { Em•blem•at´ic , Em•blem•at´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. emblematique.] Pertaining to, containing, or consisting in, an emblem; symbolic; typically representative; representing as an emblem; as emblematic language or ornaments; a crown is emblematic of royalty; white is emblematic of purity. — Em•blem•at´ic•al•ly, adv.

Em•blem•at´ic•cize , v. t. To render emblematic; as to emblematicize a picture. [R.] Walpole.

Em•blem´a•tist , n. A writer or inventor of emblems. Sir T. Browne.

Em•blem´a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblematized p. pr. & vb. n. Emblematizing ] To represent by, or as by, an emblem; to symbolize. “Anciently the sun was commonly emblematized by a starry or radiate figure.” Bp. Hurd.

Em´ble•ment , n. [OF. embleer to sow with corn, F. emblaver, fr. LL. imbladare; pref. in- + LL. bladum grain, F. ble.] (Law) The growing crop, or profits of a crop which has been sown or planted; — used especially in the plural. The produce of grass, trees, and the like, is not emblement. Wharton’s Law Dict.

Em´blem•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblemized p. pr. & vb. n. Emblemizing ] To represent by an emblem; to emblematize. [R.]

Em•bloom´ , v. t. To emblossom. Savage.

Em•blos´som , v. t. To cover or adorn with blossoms. “On the white emblossomed spray.” J. Cunningham.

Em•bod´i•er , n. One who embodies.

Em•bod´i•ment , n. 1. The act of embodying; the state of being embodied. 2. That which embodies or is embodied; representation in a physical body; a completely organized system, like the body; as the embodiment of courage, or of courtesy; the embodiment of true piety.

Em•bod´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embodied p. pr. & vb. n. Embodying.] To form into a body; to invest with a body; to collect into a body, a united mass, or a whole; to incorporate; as to embody one’s ideas in a treatise. [Written also imbody.] “Devils embodied and disembodied.” Sir W. Scott. “The soul, while it is embodied, can no more be divided from sin.” South.

Em•bod´y, v. i. To unite in a body, a mass, or a collection; to coalesce. [Written also imbody.] “Firmly to embody against this court party.” Burke.

Em•bogue´ , v. i. [See Disembogue.] To disembogue; to discharge, as a river, its waters into the sea or another river. [R.]

Em•bo´guing , n. The mouth of a river, or place where its waters are discharged. [R.]

Em•boil´ , v. i. To boil with anger; to effervesce. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•boil´, v. t. To cause to boil with anger; to irritate; to chafe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•boîte´ment , n. [F., fr. emboîter to fit in, insert; en in + boîte box.] (Biol.) The hypothesis that all living things proceed from preëxisting germs, and that these encase the germs of all future living things, inclosed one within another. Buffon.

Em•bold´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emboldened p. pr. & vb. n. Emboldening ] To give boldness or courage to; to encourage. Shak. “The self-conceit which emboldened him to undertake this dangerous office.” Sir W. Scott.

Em•bold´en•er , n. One who emboldens.

Em•bol´ic , a. [Gr. to throw in. See Embolism.] 1. Embolismic. 2. (Med.) Pertaining to an embolism; produced by an embolism; as an embolic abscess. 3. (Biol.) Pushing or growing in; — said of a kind of invagination. See under Invagination.

Em´bo•lism , n. [L. embolismus, from Gr. to throw or put in, insert; cf. intercalated: cf. F. embolisme. See Emblem.] 1. Intercalation; the insertion of days, months, or years, in an account of time, to produce regularity; as the embolism of a lunar month in the Greek year. 2. Intercalated time. Johnson. 3. (Med.) The occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus. Embolism in the brain often produces sudden unconsciousness and paralysis.

Em•bo•lis´mal , a. Pertaining to embolism; intercalary; as embolismal months. { Em•bo•lis•mat´ic , Em•bo•lis•mat´ic•al , } a. Embolismic. { Em•bo•lis´mic , Em•bo•lis´mic•al } a. [Cf. F. embolismique.] Pertaining to embolism or intercalation; intercalated; as an embolismic year, i. e., the year in which there is intercalation.

Em´bo•lite , n. [From Gr. something thrown in between.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of both the chloride and the bromide of silver.

Em´bo•lus , n.; pl. Emboli (#). [L., fr. Gr. pointed so as to be put or thrust in, fr. to throw, thrust, or put in. See Emblem.] 1. Something inserted, as a wedge; the piston or sucker of a pump or syringe. 2. (Med.) A plug of some substance lodged in a blood vessel, being brought thither by the blood current. It consists most frequently of a clot of fibrin, a detached shred of a morbid growth, a globule of fat, or a microscopic organism.

Em´bo•ly , n. [Gr. a putting into.] (Biol.) Embolic invagination. See under Invagination.

Em•bon•point´ , n. [F., fr. en bon point in good condition. See Bon, and Point.] Plumpness of person; — said especially of persons somewhat corpulent.

Em•bor´der , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + border: cf. OF. emborder.] To furnish or adorn with a border; to imborder.

Em•bos´om , v. t. [Written also imbosom.] 1. To take into, or place in, the bosom; to cherish; to foster. “Glad to embosom his affection.” Spenser. 2. To inclose or surround; to shelter closely; to place in the midst of something. “His house embosomed in the grove.” Pope. “Some tender flower … .
Embosomed in the greenest glade.” Keble.

Em•boss´ ( 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embossed ( 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Embossing.] [Pref. em- (L. in) + boss: cf. OF. embosser to swell in bunches.] 1. To raise the surface of into bosses or protuberances; particularly, to ornament with raised work. “Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss.” Milton. 2. To raise in relief from a surface, as an ornament, a head on a coin, or the like. “Then o’er the lofty gate his art embossed
Androgeo’s death.” Dryden. “Exhibiting flowers in their natural color embossed upon a purple ground.” Sir W. Scott.

Em•boss´, v. t. [Etymology uncertain.] To make to foam at the mouth, like a hunted animal. [Obs.]

Em•boss´, v. t. [Cf. Pr. & Sp. emboscar, It. imboscare, F. embusquer, and E. imbosk.] 1. To hide or conceal in a thicket; to imbosk; to inclose, shelter, or shroud in a wood. [Obs.] “In the Arabian woods embossed.” Milton. 2. To surround; to ensheath; to immerse; to beset. “A knight her met in mighty arms embossed.” Spenser.

Em•boss´, v. i. To seek the bushy forest; to hide in the woods. [Obs.] S. Butler.

Em•bossed´ ( 115), a. 1. Formed or covered with bosses or raised figures. 2. Having a part projecting like the boss of a shield. 3. Swollen; protuberant. [Obs.] ´An embossed carbuncle.´ Shak.

Em•boss´er ( 115), n. One who embosses.

Em•boss´ment , n. 1. The act of forming bosses or raised figures, or the state of being so formed. 2. A bosslike prominence; figure in relief; raised work; jut; protuberance; esp., a combination of raised surfaces having a decorative effect. ´The embossment of the figure.´ Addison.

Em•bot´tle , v. t. To bottle. [R.] Phillips.

Em•bou•chure´ , n. [F., fr. emboucher to put to the mouth; pref. em- (L. in) + bouche the mouth. Cf. Embouge, Debouch.] 1. The mouth of a river; also the mouth of a cannon. 2. (Mus.) (a) The mouthpiece of a wind instrument. (b) The shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece; as a flute player has a good embouchure.

Em•bow´ , v. t. To bend like a bow; to curve. ´Embowed arches.´ [Obs. or R.] Sir W. Scott. “With gilded horns embowed like the moon.” Spenser.

Em•bow´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emboweled or Embowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Emboweling or Embowelling.] 1. To disembowel. “The barbarous practice of emboweling.” Hallam. “The boar … makes his trough
In your emboweled bosoms.” Shak. Disembowel is the preferable word in this sense. 2. To imbed; to hide in the inward parts; to bury. “Or deep emboweled in the earth entire.” Spenser.

Em•bow´el•er , n. One who takes out the bowels. [Written also emboweller.]

Em•bow´el•ment , n. Disembowelment.

Em•bow´er , v. t. To cover with a bower; to shelter with trees. [Written also imbower.] [Poetic] Milton. — v. i. To lodge or rest in a bower. [Poetic] ´In their wide boughs embow’ring. ´ Spenser.

Em•bowl´ , v. t. To form like a bowl; to give a globular shape to. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Em•box´ , v. t. To inclose, as in a box; to imbox.

Em•boysse´ment , n. [See Embushment.] An ambush. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Em•brace´ (em•bras´), v. t. [Pref. em- (intens.) + brace, v. t.] To fasten on, as armor. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•brace´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embraced (-brast´); p. pr. & vb. n. Embracing (-bra´sing).] [OE. embracier, F. embrasser; pref. em- (L. in) + F. bras arm. See Brace, n.] 1. To clasp in the arms with affection; to take in the arms; to hug. “I will embrace him with a soldier’s arm,
That he shall shrink under my courtesy.” Shak. “Paul called unto him the disciples, and embraced them.” Acts xx. 1. 2. To cling to; to cherish; to love. Shak. 3. To seize eagerly, or with alacrity; to accept with cordiality; to welcome. ´I embrace these conditions.´ ´You embrace the occasion.´ Shak. “What is there that he may not embrace for truth?” Locke. 4. To encircle; to encompass; to inclose. “Low at his feet a spacious plain is placed,
Between the mountain and the stream embraced.” Denham. 5. To include as parts of a whole; to comprehend; to take in; as natural philosophy embraces many sciences. “Not that my song, in such a scanty space,
So large a subject fully can embrace.” Dryden. 6. To accept; to undergo; to submit to. ´I embrace this fortune patiently.´ Shak. 7. (Law) To attempt to influence corruptly, as a jury or court. Blackstone. Syn. — To clasp; hug; inclose; encompass; include; comprise; comprehend; contain; involve; imply.

Em•brace´ , v. i. To join in an embrace.

Em•brace´, n. Intimate or close encircling with the arms; pressure to the bosom; clasp; hug. “We stood tranced in long embraces,
Mixed with kisses.” Tennyson.

Em•brace´ment , n. [Cf. F. embrassement.] 1. A clasp in the arms; embrace. “Dear though chaste embracements.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. State of being contained; inclosure. [Obs.] “In the embracement of the parts hardly reparable, as bones.” Bacon. 3. Willing acceptance. [Obs.] “A ready embracement of … his kindness.” Barrow.

Em•brace´or , n. (Law) One guilty of embracery.

Em•bra´cer , n. One who embraces.

Em•bra´cer•y , n. (Law) An attempt to influence a court, jury, etc., corruptly, by promises, entreaties, money, entertainments, threats, or other improper inducements.

Em•bra´cive , a. Disposed to embrace; fond of caressing. [R.] Thackeray.

Em•braid´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + 1st braid.] 1. To braid up, as hair. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To upbraid. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Em•branch´ment , n. [Cf. F. embranchement.] The branching forth, as of trees.

Em•bran´gle , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + brangle.] To confuse; to entangle. “I am lost and embrangled in inextricable difficulties.” Berkeley.

Em•bra´sure ( 135), n. [See Embrace.] An embrace. [Obs.] ´Our locked embrasures.´ Shak.

Em•bra´sure (277), n. [F., fr. embraser, perh. equiv. to ebraser to widen an opening; of unknown origin.] 1. (Arch.) A splay of a door or window. “Apart, in the twilight gloom of a window’s embrasure,
Sat the lovers.” Longfellow. 2. (Fort.) An aperture with slant sides in a wall or parapet, through which cannon are pointed and discharged; a crenelle. See Illust. of Casemate.

Em•brave´ , v. t. 1. To inspire with bravery. [Obs.] Beaumont. 2. To decorate; to make showy and fine. [Obs.] “And with sad cypress seemly it embraves.” Spenser.

Em•brawn´ , v. t. To harden. [Obs.] “It will embrawn and iron-crust his flesh.” Nash.

Em•bread´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + bread = 1st braid.] To braid. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•breathe´ment , n. The act of breathing in; inspiration. [R.] “The special and immediate suggestion, embreathement, and dictation of the Holy Ghost.” W. Lee.

Em•brew´ , v. t. To imbrue; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•bright´ , v. t. To brighten. [Obs.]

Em´bro•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embrocated p. pr. & vb. n. Embrocating.] [NL. embrocatus, p. p. of embrocare; cf. Gr. lotion, fomentation, fr. to foment; in + to wet.] (Med.) To moisten and rub (a diseased part) with a liquid substance, as with spirit, oil, etc., by means of a cloth or sponge.

Em•bro•ca´tion , n. [NL. embrocatio: cf. F. embrocation.] (Med.) (a) The act of moistening and rubbing a diseased part with spirit, oil, etc. (b) The liquid or lotion with which an affected part is rubbed.

Em•brogl´io , n. See Imbroglio.

Em•broid´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embroidered p. pr. & vb. n. Embroidering.] [OE. embrouden. See Broider.] To ornament with needlework; as to embroider a scarf. “Thou shalt embroider the coat of fine linen.” Ex. xxviii. 39.

Em•broid´er•er , n. One who embroiders.

Em•broid´er•y , n.; pl. Embroideries . 1. Needlework used to enrich textile fabrics, leather, etc.; also the art of embroidering. 2. Diversified ornaments, especially by contrasted figures and colors; variegated decoration. “Fields in spring’s embroidery are dressed.” Addison. “A mere rhetorical embroidery of phrases.” J. A. Symonds.

Em•broil´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embroiled p. pr. & vb. n. Embroiling.] [F. embrouiller; pref. em- (L. in) + brouiller. See 1st Broil, and cf. Imbroglio.] 1. To throw into confusion or commotion by contention or discord; to entangle in a broil or quarrel; to make confused; to distract; to involve in difficulties by dissension or strife. “The royal house embroiled in civil war.” Dryden. 2. To implicate in confusion; to complicate; to jumble. “The Christian antiquities at Rome … are so embroiled with able and legend.” Addison. Syn. — To perplex; entangle; distract; disturb; disorder; trouble; implicate; commingle.

Em•broil´, n. See Embroilment.

Em•broil´er , n. One who embroils.

Em•broil´ment , n. [Cf. F. embrouillement.] The act of embroiling, or the condition of being embroiled; entanglement in a broil. Bp. Burnet.

Em•bronze´ , v. t. 1. To embody in bronze; to set up a bronze representation of, as of a person. [Poetic] 2. To color in imitation of bronze. See Bronze, v. t.

Em•broth´el , v. t. To inclose in a brothel. [Obs.] Donne. { Em•broud´e , Em•browd´e, Em•broyd´e }, v. t. To embroider; to adorn. [Obs.] “Embrowded was he, as it were a mead
All full of fresshe flowers, white and red.” Chaucer.

Em•brown´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + brown.] To give a brown color to; to imbrown. “Summer suns embrown the laboring swain.” Fenton.

Em•brue´ , v. t. See Imbrue, Embrew. [Obs.]

Em•brute´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + brute. Cf. Imbrute.] To brutify; to imbrute. “All the man embruted in the swine.” Cawthorn.

Em´bry•o , n.; pl. Embryos (#). [F. embryon, Gr. ’e•mbryon, perh. fr. in (akin to L. E. in) + to be full of, swell with; perh. akin to E. brew.] (Biol.) The first rudiments of an organism, whether animal or plant; as: (a) The young of an animal in the womb, or more specifically, before its parts are developed and it becomes a fetus (see Fetus). (b) The germ of the plant, which is inclosed in the seed and which is developed by germination. In embryo, in an incipient or undeveloped state; in conception, but not yet executed. ´The company little suspected what a noble work I had then in embryo.´ Swift.

Em´bry•o, a. Pertaining to an embryo; rudimentary; undeveloped; as an embryo bud.

Em•bry•o•gen´ic , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to the development of an embryo.

Em•bry•og´e•ny , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + root of to produce: cf. F. embryogenie.] (Biol.) The production and development of an embryo.

Em•bry•og´o•ny , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + gonh• generation.] (Biol.) The formation of an embryo.

Em•bry•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + -graphy.] (Biol.) The general description of embryos. { Em•bry•o•log´ic , Em•bry•o•log´ic•al } a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to embryology.

Em•bry•ol´o•gist , n. One skilled in embryology.

Em•bry•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + -logy: cf. F. embryologie.] (Biol.) The science which relates to the formation and development of the embryo in animals and plants; a study of the gradual development of the ovum until it reaches the adult stage.

Em´bry•on , n. & a. [NL.] See Embryo.

Em´bry•o•nal , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to an embryo, or the initial state of any organ; embryonic.

Em´bry•o•na•ry , a. (Biol.) Embryonic. { Em´bry•o•nate , Em´bry•o•na•ted } a. (Biol.) In the state of, or having, an embryonal.

Em•bry•on´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to an embryo; embryonal; rudimentary. Embryonic sac or vesicle (Bot.), the vesicle within which the embryo is developed in the ovule; — sometimes called also amnios sac, and embryonal sac.

Em•bry•o•nif´er•ous , a. [Embryo + -ferous.] (Biol.) Having an embryo.

Em•bry•on´i•form , a. [Embryo + -form.] (Biol.) Like an embryo in form.

Em•bry•o•plas´tic , n. [Embryo + plastic.] (Biol.) Relating to, or aiding in, the formation of an embryo; as embryoplastic cells.

Em´bry•o sac (Bot.) See under Embryonic.

Em•bry•ot´ic , a. (Biol.) Embryonic.

Em•bry•ot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. embryotomie.] (Med.) The cutting a fetus into pieces within the womb, so as to effect its removal.

Em´bry•o•troph , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + trofh• nourishment.] (Biol.) The material from which an embryo is formed and nourished.

Em´bry•ous , a. Embryonic; undeveloped. [R.]

Em•bulk´ , v. t. To enlarge in the way of bulk. [R.] Latham.

Em•burse´ , v. t. [See Imburse.] To furnish with money; to imburse. [Obs.]

Em•bush´ , v. t. [Cf. Ambush, Imbosk.] To place or hide in a thicket; to ambush. [Obs.] Shelton.

Em•bush´ment , n. [OE. embusshement, OF. embuschement, F. embûchement.] An ambush. [Obs.]

Em•bus´y , v. t. To employ. [Obs.] Skelton.

Eme , n. [See Eame.] An uncle. [Obs.] Spenser.

E•meer´ , n. Same as Emir.

E•men´a•gogue , n. See Emmenagogue.

E•mend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emended; p. pr. & vb. n. Emending.] [L. emendare; e out + menda, mendum, fault, blemish: cf. F. emender. Cf. Amend, Mend.] To purge of faults; to make better; to correct; esp., to make corrections in (a literary work); to alter for the better by textual criticism, generally verbal. Syn. — To amend; correct; improve; better; reform; rectify. See Amend.

E•mend´a•ble , a. [L. emendabilis. Cf. Amendable.] Corrigible; amendable. [R.] Bailey.

Em´en•date•ly , adv. Without fault; correctly. [Obs.]

Em•en•da´tion , n. [L. emendatio: cf. F. emendation.] 1. The act of altering for the better, or correcting what is erroneous or faulty; correction; improvement. ´He lies in his sin without repentance or emendation.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. Alteration by editorial criticism, as of a text so as to give a better reading; removal of errors or corruptions from a document; as the book might be improved by judicious emendations.

Em´en•da•tor , n. [L.] One who emends or critically edits.

E•mend´a•to•ry , a. [L. emendatorius.] Pertaining to emendation; corrective. ´Emendatory criticism.´ Johnson.

E•mend´er , n. One who emends.

E•men´di•cate , v. t. [L. emendicatus, p. p. of emendicare to obtain by begging. See Mendicate.] To beg. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Em´er•ald , n. [OE. emeraude, OF. esmeraude, esmeralde, F. emeraude, L. smaragdus, fr. Gr. ; cf. kr. marakata.] 1. (Min.) A precious stone of a rich green color, a variety of beryl. See Beryl. 2. (Print.) A kind of type, in size between minion and nonparel. It is used by English printers. This line is printed in the type called emerald.

Em´er•ald, a. Of a rich green color, like that of the emerald. ´Emerald meadows.´ Byron. Emerald fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the Gulf of Mexico (Gobionellus oceanicus), remarkable for the brilliant green and blue color of the base of the tongue; — whence the name; — called also esmeralda. — Emerald green, a very durable pigment, of a vivid light green color, made from the arseniate of copper; green bice; Scheele’s green; — also used adjectively; as emerald green crystals. — Emerald Isle, a name given to Ireland on account of the brightness of its verdure. — Emerald spodumene, or Lithia emerald. (Min.) See Hiddenite. — Emerald nickel. (Min.) See Zaratite.

Em´er•ald•ine ( 104), n. A green compound used as a dyestuff, produced from aniline blue when acted upon by acid.

Em´er•aud , n. [See Emerald, n.] An emerald. [Obs.] Spenser.

E•merge´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emerged p. pr. & vb. n. Emerging ] [L. emergere, emersum; e out + mergere to dip, plunge. See Merge.] To rise out of a fluid; to come forth from that in which anything has been plunged, enveloped, or concealed; to issue and appear; as to emerge from the water or the ocean; the sun emerges from behind the moon in an eclipse; to emerge from poverty or obscurity. ´Thetis … emerging from the deep.´ Dryden. “Those who have emerged from very low, some from the lowest, classes of society.” Burke.

E•mer´gence , n.; pl. Emergences . The act of rising out of a fluid, or coming forth from envelopment or concealment, or of rising into view; sudden uprisal or appearance. “The white color of all refracted light, at its very first emergence … is compounded of various colors.” Sir I. Newton. “When from the deep thy bright emergence sprung.” H. Brooke.

E•mer´gen•cy , n.; pl. Emergencies (#). [See Emergence.] 1. Sudden or unexpected appearance; an unforeseen occurrence; a sudden occasion. “Most our rarities have been found out by casual emergency.” Glanvill. 2. An unforeseen occurrence or combination of circumstances which calls for immediate action or remedy; pressing necessity; exigency. “To whom she might her doubts propose,
On all emergencies that rose.” Swift. “A safe counselor in most difficult emergencies.” Brougham. Syn. — Crisis; conjuncture; exigency; pinch; strait; necessity.

E•mer´gent , a. [L. emergens, p. pr. of emergere.] 1. Rising or emerging out of a fluid or anything that covers or conceals; issuing; coming to light. “The mountains huge appear emergent.” Milton. 2. Suddenly appearing; arising unexpectedly; calling for prompt action; urgent. “Protection granted in emergent danger.” Burke. Emergent year (Chron.), the epoch or date from which any people begin to compute their time or dates; as the emergent year of Christendom is that of the birth of Christ; the emergent year of the United States is that of the declaration of their independence. — E•mer´gent•ly, adv. — E•mer´gent•ness, n. [R.]

Em´er•il , n. 1. Emery. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. A glazier’s diamond. Crabb.

Em´er•it•ed , a. [See Emeritus.] Considered as having done sufficient public service, and therefore honorably discharged. [Obs.] Evelyn.

E•mer´i•tus , a. [L., having served out his time, p. p. of emerere, emereri, to obtain by service, serve out one’s term; e out + merere, mereri, to merit, earn, serve.] Honorably discharged from the performance of public duty on account of age, infirmity, or long and faithful services; — said of an officer of a college or pastor of a church.

E•mer´i•tus, n.; pl. Emeriti (#). [L.] A veteran who has honorably completed his service. { Em´er•ods , Em´er•oids } n. pl. [OF. emmeroides. See Hemorrhoids.] Hemorrhoids; piles; tumors; boils. [R.] Deut. xxviii. 27.

E•mersed´ , a. [L. emersus, p. p. See Emerge.] (Bot.) Standing out of, or rising above, water. Gray.

E•mer´sion , n. [Cf. F. emersion. See Emerge.] 1. The act of emerging, or of rising out of anything; as emersion from the sea; emersion from obscurity or difficulties. “Their immersion into water and their emersion out of the same.” Knatchbull. 2. (Astron.) The reappearance of a heavenly body after an eclipse or occultation; as the emersion of the moon from the shadow of the earth; the emersion of a star from behind the moon.

Em´er•y , n. [F. emeri, earlier emeril, It. smeriglio, fr. Gr. , , , cf. to wipe; perh. akin to E. smear. Cf. Emeril.] (Min.) Corundum in the form of grains or powder, used in the arts for grinding and polishing hard substances. Native emery is mixed with more or less magnetic iron. See the Note under Corundum. Emery board, cardboard pulp mixed with emery and molded into convenient. — Emery cloth or paper, cloth or paper on which the powder of emery is spread and glued for scouring and polishing. — Emery wheel, a wheel containing emery, or having a surface of emery. In machine shops, it is sometimes called a buff wheel, and by the manufacturers of cutlery, a glazer.

Em´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Emetic.] (Med.) A vomiting.

E•met´ic , a. [L. emeticus, Gr. , fr. to vomit, akin to L. vomere: cf. F. emetique. See Vomit.] (Med.) Inducing to vomit; exciting the stomach to discharge its contents by the mouth. — n. A medicine which causes vomiting.

E•met´ic•al , a. Inducing to vomit; producing vomiting; emetic. — E•met´ic•al•ly, adv.

Em´e•tine ( 104), n. [See Emetic.] (Chem.) A white crystalline bitter alkaloid extracted from ipecacuanha root, and regarded as its peculiar emetic principle.

Em•e•to-ca•thar´tic , a. [Gr. vomiting + E. cathartic.] (Med.) Producing vomiting and purging at the same time. { E´meu, or E´mew }, n. (Zoöl.) See Emu.

e•meute´ , n. [F.] A seditious tumult; an outbreak.

Em•forth´ , prep. [AS. em-, emn-, in comp. equiv. to efen equal + forð forth.] According to; conformably to. [Obs.] Chaucer. Emforth my might, so far as lies in my power. [Obs.]

Em•gal´la , n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The South African wart hog. See Wart hog.

Em´i•cant , a. [L. emicans, p. pr. of emicare. See Emication.] Beaming forth; flashing. [R.] “Which emicant did this and that way dart.” Blackmore.

Em•i•ca´tion , n. [L. emicatio, fr. emicare to spring out or forth; e out + micare to move quickly to and fro, to sparkle.] A flying off in small particles, as heated iron or fermenting liquors; a sparkling; scintillation. Sir T. Browne.

E•mic´tion , n. [L. e out + mingere, mictum, to make water.] 1. The voiding of urine. 2. What is voided by the urinary passages; urine.

E•mic´to•ry , a. & n. (Med.) Diuretic.

Em´i•grant , a. [L. emigrans, -antis, p. pr. of emigrare to emigrate: cf. F. emigrant. See Emigrate, v. i.] 1. Removing from one country to another; emigrating; as an emigrant company or nation. 2. Pertaining to an emigrant; used for emigrants; as an emigrant ship or hospital.

Em´i•grant, n. One who emigrates, or quits one country or region to settle in another. Syn. — Emigrant, Immigrant. Emigrant and emigration have reference to the country from which the migration is made; the correlative words immigrant and immigration have reference to the country into which the migration is made, the former marking the going out from a country, the latter the coming into it.

Em´i•grate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emigrated p. pr. & vb. n. Emigrating.] [L. emigratus, p. p. of emigrare to remove, emigrate; e out + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] To remove from one country or State to another, for the purpose of residence; to migrate from home. “Forced to emigrate in a body to America.” Macaulay. “They [the Huns] were emigrating from Tartary into Europe in the time of the Goths.” J. H. Newman.

Em´i•grate , a. Migratory; roving. [Obs.]

Em•i•gra´tion , n. [L. emigratio: cf. F. emigration.] 1. The act of emigrating; removal from one country or state to another, for the purpose of residence, as from Europe to America, or, in America, from the Atlantic States to the Western. 2. A body emigrants; emigrants collectively; as the German emigration.

Em•i•gra´tion•al , a. Relating to emigration.

Em•i•gra´tion•ist, n. An advocate or promoter of emigration.

Em´i•gra•tor , n. One who emigrates; am emigrant. [R.]

e•mi•gre´ , n. [F., emigrant.] One of the natives of France who were opposed to the first Revolution, and who left their country in consequence.

Em´i•nence , n. [L. eminentia, fr. eminens eminent: cf. F. eminence.] 1. That which is eminent or lofty; a high ground or place; a height. “Without either eminences or cavities.” Dryden. “The temple of honor ought to be seated on an eminence.” Burke. 2. An elevated condition among men; a place or station above men in general, either in rank, office, or celebrity; social or moral loftiness; high rank; distinction; preferment. Milton. “You ’ve too a woman’s heart, which ever yet
Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty.” Shak. 3. A title of honor, especially applied to a cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church.

Em´i•nen•cy , n.; pl. Eminences . State of being eminent; eminence. ´Eminency of estate.´ Tillotson.

Em´i•nent , a. [L. eminens, -entis, p. pr. of eminere to stand out, be prominent; e out + minere (in comp.) to project; of uncertain origin: cf. F. eminent. Cf. Menace.] 1. High; lofty; towering; prominent. ´A very eminent promontory.´ Evelyn 2. Being, metaphorically, above others, whether by birth, high station, merit, or virtue; high in public estimation; distinguished; conspicuous; as an eminent station; an eminent historian, statements, statesman, or saint. Right of eminent domain. (Law) See under Domain. Syn. — Lofty; elevated; exalted; conspicuous; prominent; remarkable; distinguished; illustrious; famous; celebrated; renowned; well-known. See Distinguished.

Em´i•nent•ly, adv. In an eminent manner; in a high degree; conspicuously; as to be eminently learned. { E´mir , E•meer´ }, n. [Ar. emir, amir, commander: cf. F. emir. Cf. Admiral, Ameer.] An Arabian military commander, independent chieftain, or ruler of a province; also an honorary title given to the descendants of Mohammed, in the line of his daughter Fatima; among the Turks, likewise, a title of dignity, given to certain high officials. { E•mir•ship , E•meer´ship }, n. The rank or office of an Emir.

Em´is•sa•ry , n.; pl. Emissaries (#). [L. emissarius, fr. emittere, emissum, to send out: cf. F. emissaire. See Emit.] An agent employed to advance, in a covert manner, the interests of his employers; one sent out by any power that is at war with another, to create dissatisfaction among the people of the latter. “Buzzing emissaries fill the ears
Of listening crowds with jealousies and fears.” Dryden. Syn. — Emissary, Spy. A spy is one who enters an enemy’s camp or territories to learn the condition of the enemy; an emissary may be a secret agent appointed not only to detect the schemes of an opposing party, but to influence their councils. A spy must be concealed, or he suffers death; an emissary may in some cases be known as the agent of an adversary without incurring similar hazard.

Em´is•sa•ry, a. 1. Exploring; spying. B. Jonson. 2. (Anat.) Applied to the veins which pass out of the cranium through apertures in its walls.

Em´is•sa•ry•ship, n. The office of an emissary.

E•mis´sion , n. [L. emissio: cf. F. emission. See Emit.] 1. The act of sending or throwing out; the act of sending forth or putting into circulation; issue; as the emission of light from the sun; the emission of heat from a fire; the emission of bank notes. 2. That which is sent out, issued, or put in circulation at one time; issue; as the emission was mostly blood. Emission theory (Physics), the theory of Newton, regarding light as consisting of emitted particles or corpuscles. See Corpuscular theory, under Corpuscular.

Em•is•si´tious , a. [L. emissitius, fr. emittere.] Looking, or narrowly examining; prying. [Obs.] ´Those emissitious eyes.´ Bp. Hall.

E•mis´sive , a. Sending out; emitting; as emissive powers.

Em•is•siv´i•ty , n. Tendency to emission; comparative facility of emission, or rate at which emission takes place, as of heat from the surface of a heated body.

E•mis´so•ry , a. (Anat.) Same as Emissary, a., 2.

E•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emitted p. pr. & vb. n. Emitting.] [L. emittere to send out; e out + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. To send forth; to throw or give out; to cause to issue; to give vent to; to eject; to discharge; as fire emits heat and smoke; boiling water emits steam; the sun emits light. “Lest, wrathful, the far-shooting god emit
His fatal arrows.” Prior. 2. To issue forth, as an order or decree; to print and send into circulation, as notes or bills of credit. “No State shall … emit bills of credit.” Const. of the U. S.

E•mit´tent , a. [L. emittens, p. pr. emittere.] Sending forth; emissive. Boyle.

Em•man´tle , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + mantle: cf. F. emmanteler. Cf. Inmantle.] To cover over with, or as with, a mantle; to put about as a protection. [Obs.] Holland.

Em•man´u•el , n. See Immanuel. Matt. i. 23.

Em•mar´ble , v. t. To turn to marble; to harden. [Obs.] “Thou dost emmarble the proud heart.” Spenser.

Em•men´a•gogue , n. [Gr. , n. pl., menses ( in + month) + leading, fr. to lead: cf. F. emmenagogue.] (Med.) A medicine that promotes the menstrual discharge.

Em´met (em´met), n. [OE. emete, amete, AS. aemete. See Ant.] (Zoöl.) An ant. Emmet hunter (Zoöl.), the wryneck.

Em•me•tro´pi•a (-me•tro´pi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•mmetros in measure, proportioned, suitable (’en in + me•tron measure) + ’w•ps, ’wpo•s, eye.] (Med.) That refractive condition of the eye in which the rays of light are all brought accurately and without undue effort to a focus upon the retina; — opposed to hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism.

Em•me•trop´ic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, emmetropia. “The normal or emmetropic eye adjusts itself perfectly for all distances.” J. Le Conte.

Em•met´ro•py , n. (Med.) Same as Emmetropia.

Em•mew´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + mew. Cf. Immew.] To mew or coop up. [Obs.] Shak.

Em•move´ , v. t. [For emove: cf. F. emouvoir, L. emovere. See Emotion.] To move; to rouse; to excite. [Obs.]

Em´o•din , n. (Chem.) An orange-red crystalline substance, C_15H_10O_5, obtained from the buckthorn, rhubarb, etc., and regarded as a derivative of anthraquinone; — so called from a species of rhubarb (Rheum emodei).

Em•ol•les´cence , n. [L. e out + mollescere, incho. fr. mollere to be soft, mollis soft.] That degree of softness in a body beginning to melt which alters its shape; the first or lowest degree of fusibility.

E•mol´li•ate ( 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emolliated p. pr. & vb. n. Emolliating.] [See Emollient, a.] To soften; to render effeminate. “Emolliated by four centuries of Roman domination, the Belgic colonies had forgotten their pristine valor.” Pinkerton.

E•mol´lient ( 106), a. [L. emolliens, -entis, p. pr. of emollire to soften; e out + mollire to soften, mollis soft: cf. F. emollient. See Mollify.] Softening; making supple; acting as an emollient. ´Emollient applications.´ Arbuthnot.

E•mol´lient ( 105), n. (Med.) An external something or soothing application to allay irritation, soreness, etc.

Em•ol•li´tion , n. The act of softening or relaxing; relaxation. Bacon.

E•mol´u•ment , n. [L. emolumentum, lit., a working out, fr. emoliri to move out, work out; e out + moliri to set in motion, exert one’s self, fr. moles a huge, heavy mass: cf. F. emolument. See Mole a mound.] The profit arising from office, employment, or labor; gain; compensation; advantage; perquisites, fees, or salary. “A long … enjoyment of the emoluments of office.” Bancroft.

E•mol•u•men´tal , a. Pertaining to an emolument; profitable. [R.] Evelyn. { E•mong´ , E•mongst´ }, prep. Among. [Obs.]

E•mo´tion , n. [L. emovere, emotum, to remove, shake, stir up; e out + movere to move: cf. F. emotion. See Move, and cf. Emmove.] A moving of the mind or soul; excitement of the feelings, whether pleasing or painful; disturbance or agitation of mind caused by a specific exciting cause and manifested by some sensible effect on the body. “How different the emotions between departure and return!” W. Irving. “Some vague emotion of delight.” Tennyson. Syn. — Feeling; agitation; tremor; trepidation; perturbation; passion; excitement. — Emotion, Feeling, Agitation. Feeling is the weaker term, and may be of the body or the mind. Emotion is of the mind alone, being the excited action of some inward susceptibility or feeling; as an emotion of pity, terror, etc. Agitation may be bodily or mental, and usually arises in the latter case from a vehement struggle between contending desires or emotions. See Passion. ´Agitations have but one character, viz., that of violence; emotions vary with the objects that awaken them. There are emotions either of tenderness or anger, either gentle or strong, either painful or pleasing.´ Crabb.

E•mo´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, emotion; excitable; easily moved; sensational; as an emotional nature.

E•mo´tion•al•ism , n. The cultivation of an emotional state of mind; tendency to regard things in an emotional manner.

E•mo´tion•al•ize , v. t. To give an emotional character to. “Brought up in a pious family where religion was not talked about emotionalized, but was accepted as the rule of thought and conduct.” Froude.

E•mo´tioned , a. Affected with emotion. [R.] ´The emotioned soul.´ Sir W. Scott.

E•mo´tive , a. Attended by, or having the character of, emotion. H. Brooke. — E•mo´tive•ly, adv.

E•mo´tive•ness, n. Susceptibility to emotion. G. Eliot.

E•mo•tiv´i•ty , n. Emotiveness. Hickok.

E•move´ , v. t. To move. [Obs.] Thomson.

Em•pair´ , v. t. To impair. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•pais´tic , a. [Gr. (sc. ), fr. to stamp in; in + to strike.] (Fine Arts) Having to do with inlaid work; — especially used with reference to work of the ancient Greeks.

Em•pale´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + pale: cf. OF. empalir.] To make pale. [Obs.] “No bloodless malady empales their face.” G. Fletcher.

Em•pale´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empaled p. pr. & vb. n. Empaling.] [OF. empaler to palisade, pierce, F. empaler to punish by empalement; pref. em- (L. in) + OF. & F. pal a pale, stake. See Pale a stake, and cf. Impale.] [Written also impale.] 1. To fence or fortify with stakes; to surround with a line of stakes for defense; to impale. “All that dwell near enemies empale villages, to save themselves from surprise.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. To inclose; to surround. See Impale. 3. To put to death by thrusting a sharpened stake through the body. 4. (Her.) Same as Impale.

Em•pale´ment , n. [Cf. F. empalement, fr. empaler. See Empale.] [Written also impalement.] 1. A fencing, inclosing, or fortifying with stakes. 2. A putting to death by thrusting a sharpened stake through the body. 3. (Her.) Same as Impalement.

Em•pan´el , n. [Pref. em- (L. in) + panel.] (Law) A list of jurors; a panel. [Obs.] Cowell.

Em•pan´el, v. t. See Impanel.

Em•pan´o•plied , a. [Pref. em- + panoply.] Completely armed; panoplied. Tennyson.

Em•par´a•dise , v. t. Same as Imparadise.

Em•park´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + park: cf. OF. emparchier, emparkier. Cf. Impark.] To make a park of; to inclose, as with a fence; to impark. [Obs.]

Em•par´lance , n. Parley; imparlance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•pasm´ , n. [F. empasme, fr. Gr. to sprinkle in or on; in + to sprinkle.] A perfumed powder sprinkled upon the body to mask the odor of sweat.

Em•pas´sion , v. t. To move with passion; to affect strongly. See Impassion. [Obs.] “Those sights empassion me full near.” Spenser.

Em•pas´sion•ate , a. Strongly affected. [Obs.] “The Briton Prince was sore empassionate.” Spenser.

Em•pawn´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + pawn. Cf. Impawn.] To put in pawn; to pledge; to impawn. “To sell, empawn, and alienate the estates.” Milman.

Em•peach´ , v. t. To hinder. See Impeach. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•pearl´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + pearl. Cf. Impearl.] To form like pearls; to decorate with, or as with, pearls; to impearl.

Em•peo´ple , v. t. To form into a people or community; to inhabit; to people. [Obs.] “We now know ’t is very well empeopled.” Sir T. Browne.

Em´per•ess , n. See Empress. [Obs.]

Em´per•ice , n. An empress. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Em•per´il , v. t. To put in peril. See Imperil. Spenser.

Em•per´ished , a. Perished; decayed. [Obs.] “I deem thy brain emperished be.” Spenser.

Em´per•or , n. [OF. empereor, empereour, F. empereur, L. imperator, fr. imperare to command; in in + parare to prepare, order. See Parade, and cf. Imperative, Empress.] The sovereign or supreme monarch of an empire; — a title of dignity superior to that of king; as the emperor of Germany or of Austria; the emperor or Czar of Russia. Emperor goose (Zoöl.), a large and handsome goose (Philacte canagica), found in Alaska. — Emperor moth (Zoöl.), one of several large and beautiful bombycid moths, with transparent spots on the wings; as the American Cecropia moth (Platysamia cecropia), and the European species (Saturnia pavonia). — Emperor paper. See under Paper. — Purple emperor (Zoöl.), a large, strong British butterfly (Apatura iris).

Em´per•or•ship, n. The rank or office of an emperor.

Em´per•y , n. [L. imperium, influenced by OF. emperie, empire. See Empire.] Empire; sovereignty; dominion. [Archaic] Shak. “Struggling for my woman’s empery.” Mrs. Browning.

Em´pha•sis (em´fa•sis), n.; pl. Emphases (- sez). [L., fr. Gr. ’e•mfasis significance, force of expression, fr. ’emfai•nein to show in, indicate; ’en in + fai•nein to show. See In, and Phase.] 1. (Rhet.) A particular stress of utterance, or force of voice, given in reading and speaking to one or more words whose signification the speaker intends to impress specially upon his audience. “The province of emphasis is so much more important than accent, that the customary seat of the latter is changed, when the claims of emphasis require it.” E. Porter. 2. A peculiar impressiveness of expression or weight of thought; vivid representation, enforcing assent; as to dwell on a subject with great emphasis. “External objects stand before us … in all the life and emphasis of extension, figure, and color.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Em´pha•size , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emphasized p. pr. & vb. n. Emphasizing ] To utter or pronounce with a particular stress of voice; to make emphatic; as to emphasize a word or a phrase. { Em•phat´ic , Em•phat´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. emphatique. See Emphasis.] 1. Uttered with emphasis; made prominent and impressive by a peculiar stress of voice; laying stress; deserving of stress or emphasis; forcible; impressive; strong; as to remonstrate in an emphatic manner; an emphatic word; an emphatic tone; emphatic reasoning. 2. Striking the sense; attracting special attention; impressive; forcible. ´Emphatical colors.´ Boyle. ´Emphatical evils.´ Bp. Reynolds. Syn. — Forcible; earnest; impressive; energetic; striking; positive; important; special; significant.

Em•phat´ic•al•ly, adv. 1. With emphasis; forcibly; in a striking manner or degree; preëminently. “He was indeed emphatically a popular writer.” Macaulay. 2. Not really, but apparently. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Em•phat´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being emphatic; emphasis.

Em•phrac´tic , a. [Gr. obstructing, fr. to block up.] (Med.) Having the quality of closing the pores of the skin.

Em•phren´sy , v. t. To madden. [Obs.]

Em•phy•se´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. inflation, fr. to inflate; in + to blow: cf. F. emphysème.] (Med.) A swelling produced by gas or air diffused in the cellular tissue. Emphysema of the lungs, Pulmonary emphysema (Med.), a common disease of the lungs in which the air cells are distended and their partition walls ruptured by an abnormal pressure of the air contained in them.

Em•phy•sem´a•tous , a. [Cf. F. emphysemateux.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, emphysema; swelled; bloated.

Em•phy•teu´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., an implanting, fr. to plant or improve land; in + to plant.] (Rom. Law) A real right, susceptible of assignment and of descent, charged on productive real estate, the right being coupled with the enjoyment of the property on condition of taking care of the estate and paying taxes, and sometimes a small rent. Heumann.

Em•phy•teu´tic , a. [L. emphyteuticus.] Of or pertaining to an emphyteusis; as emphyteutic lands.

Em•phy•teu´ti•ca•ry , n. [L. emphyteuticarius, a.] One who holds lands by emphyteusis.

Em•pierce´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + pierce. Cf. Impierce.] To pierce; to impierce. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•pight´ , a. [Pref. em- + pight pitched, fixed.] Fixed; settled; fastened. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em´pire , n. [F., fr. L. imperium a command, sovereignty, dominion, empire, fr. imperare. See Emperor; cf. Imperial.] 1. Supreme power; sovereignty; sway; dominion. ´The empire of the sea.´ Shak. “Over hell extend
His empire, and with iron scepter rule.” Milton. 2. The dominion of an emperor; the territory or countries under the jurisdiction and dominion of an emperor (rarely of a king), usually of greater extent than a kingdom, always comprising a variety in the nationality of, or the forms of administration in, constituent and subordinate portions; as the Austrian empire. “Empire carries with it the idea of a vast and complicated government.” C. J. Smith. 3. Any dominion; supreme control; governing influence; rule; sway; as the empire of mind or of reason. ´Under the empire of facts.´ M. Arnold. “Another force which, in the Middle Ages, shared with chivalry the empire over the minds of men.” A. W. Ward. Celestial empire. See under Celestial. — Empire City, a common designation of the city of New York. — Empire State, a common designation of the State of New York. Syn. — Sway; dominion; rule; control; reign; sovereignty; government; kingdom; realm; state.

Em•pir´ic ( 277), n. [L. empiricus an empiric, Gr. experienced, equiv. to ; in + a trial, experiment; akin to ford, way, and E. fare: cf. F. empirique. See In, and Fare.] 1. One who follows an empirical method; one who relies upon practical experience. 2. One who confines himself to applying the results of mere experience or his own observation; especially, in medicine, one who deviates from the rules of science and regular practice; an ignorant and unlicensed pretender; a quack; a charlatan. “Among the Greek physicians, those who founded their practice on experience called themselves empirics.” Krauth-Fleming. “Swallow down opinions as silly people do empirics’ pills.” Locke. { Em•pir´ic , Em•pir´ic•al } a. 1. Pertaining to, or founded upon, experiment or experience; depending upon the observation of phenomena; versed in experiments. “In philosophical language, the term empirical means simply what belongs to or is the product of experience or observation.” Sir W. Hamilton. “The village carpenter … lays out his work by empirical rules learnt in his apprenticeship.” H. Spencer. 2. Depending upon experience or observation alone, without due regard to science and theory; — said especially of medical practice, remedies, etc.; wanting in science and deep insight; as empiric skill, remedies. Empirical formula. (Chem.) See under Formula. Syn. — See Transcendental.

Em•pir´ic•al•ly, adv. By experiment or experience; without science; in the manner of quacks.

Em•pir´i•cism , n. 1. The method or practice of an empiric; pursuit of knowledge by observation and experiment. 2. Specifically, a practice of medicine founded on mere experience, without the aid of science or a knowledge of principles; ignorant and unscientific practice; charlatanry; quackery. 3. (Metaph.) The philosophical theory which attributes the origin of all our knowledge to experience.

Em•pir´i•cist , n. An empiric.

Em•pi•ris´tic , a. (Physics) Relating to, or resulting from, experience, or experiment; following from empirical methods or data; — opposed to nativistic.

Em•plas´ter , n. [OF. emplastre, F. emplâtre, L. emplastrum a plaster or salve, fr. Gr. , fr. to plaster up, daub over; in + to form, mold, apply as a plaster.] See Plaster. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Em•plas´ter, v. t. [Cf. OF. emplastrer, F. emplâtrer. See Emplaster, n.] To plaster over; to cover over so as to present a good appearance. [Obs.] ´Fair as ye his name emplaster.´ Chaucer.

Em•plas´tic , a. [Cf. F. emplastique, fr. Gr. clogging. See Emplaster.] Fit to be applied as a plaster; glutinous; adhesive; as emplastic applications.

Em•plas´tic, n. A medicine causing constipation.

Em•plas•tra´tion , n. [L. emplastratio a budding.] 1. The act or process of grafting by inoculation; budding. [Obs.] Holland. 2. [See 1st Emplaster.] (Med.) The application of a plaster or salve.

Em•plead´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + plead: cf. F. emplaidier. Cf. Implead.] To accuse; to indict. See Implead.

Em•plec´tion , n. See Emplecton.

Em•plec´ton , n. [F. or L. emplecton, fr. Gr. , fr. interwoven, fr. to plait or weave in; in + to twist, weave.] A kind of masonry in which the outer faces of the wall are ashlar, the space between being filled with broken stone and mortar. Cross layers of stone are interlaid as binders. [R.] Weale.

Em•plore´ , v. t. See Implore. [Obs.]

Em•ploy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Employed p. pr. & vb. n. Employing.] [F. employer, fr. L. implicare to fold into, infold, involve, implicate, engage; in + plicare to fold. See Ply, and cf. Imply, Implicate.] 1. To inclose; to infold. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To use; to have in service; to cause to be engaged in doing something; — often followed by in, about, on, or upon, and sometimes by to; as: (a) To make use of, as an instrument, a means, a material, etc., for a specific purpose; to apply; as to employ the pen in writing, bricks in building, words and phrases in speaking; to employ the mind; to employ one’s energies. “This is a day in which the thoughts … ought to be employed on serious subjects.” Addison. (b) To occupy; as to employ time in study. (c) To have or keep at work; to give employment or occupation to; to intrust with some duty or behest; as to employ a hundred workmen; to employ an envoy. “Jonathan … and Jahaziah … were employed about this matter.” Ezra x. 15. “Thy vineyard must employ the sturdy steer
To turn the glebe.” Dryden. To employ one’s self, to apply or devote one’s time and attention; to busy one’s self. Syn. — To use; busy; apply; exercise; occupy; engross; engage. See Use.

Em•ploy´, n. [Cf. F. emploi.] That which engages or occupies a person; fixed or regular service or business; employment. “The whole employ of body and of mind.” Pope. In one’s employ, in one’s service.

Em•ploy´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. employable.] Capable of being employed; capable of being used; fit or proper for use. Boyle.

Em•ploy•e´ , n. [F., p. p. of employer.] One employed by another; a clerk or workman in the service of an employer.

Em•ploy•ee´ , n. [The Eng. form of employe.] One employed by another.

Em•ploy´er , n. One who employs another; as an employer of workmen.

Em•ploy´ment , n. 1. The act of employing or using; also the state of being employed. 2. That which engages or occupies; that which consumes time or attention; office or post of business; service; as agricultural employments; mechanical employments; public employments; in the employment of government. “Cares are employments, and without employ
The soul is on a rack.” Young. Syn. — Work; business; occupation; vocation; calling; office; service; commission; trade; profession.

Em•plumed´ , a. Plumed. [R.]

Em•plunge´ , v. t. [Cf. Implunge.] To plunge; to implunge. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•poi´son , v. t. [F. empoisonner; pref. em- + F. poison. See Poison, and cf. Impoison.] To poison; to impoison. Shak.

Em•poi´son, n. Poison. [Obs.] Remedy of Love.

Em•poi´son•er , n. Poisoner. [Obs.] Bacon.

Em•poi´son•ment , n. [F. empoisonnement.] The act of poisoning. Bacon. { Em•po•ret´ic , Em•po•ret´ic•al } a. [L. emporeticus, Gr. . See Emporium.] Pertaining to an emporium; relating to merchandise. [Obs.] Johnson.

Em•po´ri•um , n.; pl. Emporiums (#), L. Emporia (#). [L., fr. Gr. , fr. belonging to commerce, fr. traveler, trader; in + way through and over, path. See In, and Empiric, Fare.] 1. A place of trade; a market place; a mart; esp., a city or town with extensive commerce; the commercial center of a country. “That wonderful emporium [Manchester] … was then a mean and ill-built market town.” Macaulay. “It is pride … which fills our streets, our emporiums, our theathers.” Knox. 2. (Physiol.) The brain. [Obs.]

Em•pov´er•ish , v. t. See Impoverish.

Em•pow´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empowered p. pr. & vb. n. Empowering.] 1. To give authority to; to delegate power to; to commission; to authorize (having commonly a legal force); as the Supreme Court is empowered to try and decide cases, civil or criminal; the attorney is empowered to sign an acquittance, and discharge the debtor. 2. To give moral or physical power, faculties, or abilities to. ´These eyes … empowered to gaze.´ Keble.

Em´press , n. [OE. empress, emperice, OF. empereis, empereris, fr. L. imperatrix, fem. of imperator. See Emperor.] 1. The consort of an emperor. Shak. 2. A female sovereign. 3. A sovereign mistress. ´Empress of my soul.´ Shak. Empress cloth, a cloth for ladies’ dresses, either wholly of wool, or with cotton warp and wool weft. It resembles merino, but is not twilled.

Em•print´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Imprint.

Em•prise´ , n. [OF. emprise, fr. emprendre to undertake; pref. em- (L. in) + F. prendre to take, L. prehendere, prendere; prae before + a verb akin to E. get. See Get, and cf. Enterprise, Impresa.] [Archaic] 1. An enterprise; endeavor; adventure. Chaucer. “In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise.” Spenser. “The deeds of love and high emprise.” Longfellow. 2. The qualifies which prompt one to undertake difficult and dangerous exploits. “I love thy courage yet and bolt emprise;
But here thy sword can do thee little stead.” Milton.

Em•prise´, v. t. To undertake. [Obs.] Sackville.

Em•pris´ing , a. [From Emprise, v. t.] Full of daring; adventurous. [Archaic] T. Campbell.

Em•pris´on , v. t. [Obs.] See Imprison.

Em•pros•thot´o•nos , n. [NL., fr. Gr. forward + to draw.] (Med.) A drawing of the body forward, in consequence of the spasmodic action of some of the muscles. Gross.

Emp´te , v. t. To empty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Emp´ti•er ( 215), n. One who, or that which, empties.

Emp´ti•er, compar. of Empty.

Emp´ti•ness, n. [From Empty.] 1. The state of being empty; absence of contents; void space; vacuum; as the emptiness of a vessel; emptiness of the stomach. 2. Want of solidity or substance; unsatisfactoriness; inability to satisfy desire; vacuity; hollowness; the emptiness of earthly glory. 3. Want of knowledge; lack of sense; vacuity of mind. “Eternal smiles his emptiness betray.” Pope. “The sins of emptiness, gossip, and spite.” Tennyson.

Emp´tion , n. [L. emptio, fr. emere to buy.] The act of buying. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Emp´tion•al , a. Capable of being purchased.

Emp´ty ( 215), a. [Compar. Emptier superl. Emptiest.] [AS. emtig, aemtig, aemetig, fr. aemta, aemetta, quiet, leisure, rest; of uncertain origin; cf. G. emsig busy.] 1. Containing nothing; not holding or having anything within; void of contents or appropriate contents; not filled; — said of an inclosure, as a box, room, house, etc.; as an empty chest, room, purse, or pitcher; an empty stomach; empty shackles. 2. Free; clear; devoid; — often with of. ´That fair female troop … empty of all good.´ Milton. “I shall find you empty of that fault.” Shak. 3. Having nothing to carry; unburdened. ´An empty messenger.´ Shak. “When ye go ye shall not go empty.” Ex. iii. 21. 4. Destitute of effect, sincerity, or sense; — said of language; as empty words, or threats. “Words are but empty thanks.” Cibber. 5. Unable to satisfy; unsatisfactory; hollow; vain; — said of pleasure, the world, etc. “Pleas’d in the silent shade with empty praise.” Pope. 6. Producing nothing; unfruitful; — said of a plant or tree; as an empty vine. “Seven empty ears blasted with the east wind.” Gen. xli. 27. 7. Destitute of, or lacking, sense, knowledge, or courtesy; as empty brains; an empty coxcomb. “That in civility thou seem’st so empty.” Shak. 8. Destitute of reality, or real existence; unsubstantial; as empty dreams. Empty is used as the first element in a compound; as empty-handed, having nothing in the hands, destitute; empty-headed, having few ideas; empty-hearted, destitute of feeling. Syn. — See Vacant.

Emp´ty , n.; pl. Empties . An empty box, crate, cask, etc.; — used in commerce, esp. in transportation of freight; as ´special rates for empties.´

Emp´ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emptied p. pr. & vb. n. Emptying.] To deprive of the contents; to exhaust; to make void or destitute; to make vacant; to pour out; to discharge; as to empty a vessel; to empty a well or a cistern. “The clouds … empty themselves upon the earth.” Eccl. xi. 3.

Emp´ty, v. i. 1. To discharge itself; as a river empties into the ocean. 2. To become empty. ´The chapel empties.´ B. Jonson.

Emp´ty•ing, n. 1. The act of making empty. Shak. 2. pl. The lees of beer, cider, etc.; yeast. [U.S.]

Em•pugn´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Impugn.

Em•pur´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empurpled p. pr. & vb. n. Empurpling ] [Pref. em- + purple. Cf. Impurple.] To tinge or dye of a purple color; to color with purple; to impurple. ´The deep empurpled ran.´ Philips.

Em•puse´ , n. [LL. empusa, Gr. .] A phantom or specter. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Em•puz´zle , v. t. [Pref. em- + puzzle.] To puzzle. [Archaic] Sir T. Browne.

Em•py•e´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , from to suppurate; in + pus.] (Med.) A collection of blood, pus, or other fluid, in some cavity of the body, especially that of the pleura. Dunglison. The term empyema is now restricted to a collection of pus in the cavity of the pleura.

Em•py•e´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. suppuration.] (Med.) An eruption of pustules.

Em•pyr´e•al , a. [L. empyrius, empyreus, fiery, Gr. , , in fire, fiery; in + fire. See In, and Fire.] Formed of pure fire or light; refined beyond aërial substance; pertaining to the highest and purest region of heaven. “Go, soar with Plato to the empyreal sphere.” Pope. Empyreal air, oxygen gas.

Em•pyr´e•al, n. Empyrean. Mrs. Browning.

Em•py•re´an ( 277), n. [See Empyreal.] The highest heaven, where the pure element of fire was supposed by the ancients to subsist. “The empyrean rung
With hallelujahs.” Milton.

Em•py•re´an, a. Empyreal. Akenside.

Em•py•reu´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. a live coal covered with ashes, fr. to set on fire, fr. : cf. F. empyreume. See Empyreal.] (Chem.) The peculiar smell and taste arising from products of decomposition of animal or vegetable substances when burnt in close vessels. { Em•py•reu•mat´ic , Em•py•reu•mat´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. empyreumatique.] Of or pertaining to empyreuma; as an empyreumatic odor. Empyreumatic oils, oils obtained by distilling various organic substances at high temperatures. Brande & C.

Em•py•reu´ma•tize , v. t. To render empyreumatic. [R.]

Em•pyr´ic•al , a. [Gr. in fire. See Empyreal.] Containing the combustible principle of coal. Kirwan.

Em´py•ro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; in + to burn.] A general fire; a conflagration. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Em´rods , n. pl. See Emerods. [Obs.]

E´mu , n. [Cf. Pg. ema ostrich, F. emou, emeu, emu.] (Zoöl.) A large Australian bird, of two species (Dromaius Novae-Hollandiae and D. irroratus), related to the cassowary and the ostrich. The emu runs swiftly, but is unable to fly. [Written also emeu and emew.] The name is sometimes erroneously applied, by the Brazilians, to the rhea, or South American ostrich. Emu wren. See in the Vocabulary.

Em´u•la•ble , a. [L. aemulari to emulate + -able.] Capable of being emulated. [R.] “Some imitable and emulable good.” Abp. Leighton.

Em´u•late , a. [L. aemulatus, p. p. of aemulari, fr. aemulus emulous; prob. akin to E. imitate.] Striving to excel; ambitious; emulous. [Obs.] ´A most emulate pride.´ Shak.

Em´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emulated p. pr. & vb. n. Emulating ] To strive to equal or to excel in qualities or actions; to imitate, with a view to equal or to outdo, to vie with; to rival; as to emulate the good and the great. “Thine eye would emulate the diamond.” Shak.

Em•u•la´tion , n. [L. aemulatio: cf. F. emulation.] 1. The endeavor to equal or to excel another in qualities or actions; an assiduous striving to equal or excel another; rivalry. “A noble emulation heats your breast.” Dryden. 2. Jealous rivalry; envy; envious contention. “Such factious emulations shall arise.” Shak. Syn. — Competition; rivalry; contest; contention; strife. — Emulation, Competition, Rivalry. Competition is the struggle of two or more persons for the same object. Emulation is an ardent desire for superiority, arising from competition, but now implying, of necessity, any improper feeling. Rivalry is a personal contest, and, almost of course, has a selfish object and gives rise to envy. ´Competition and emulation have honor for their basis; rivalry is but a desire for selfish gratification. Competition and emulation animate to effort; rivalry usually produces hatred. Competition and emulation seek to merit success; rivalry is contented with obtaining it.´ Crabb.

Em´u•la•tive , a. Inclined to emulation; aspiring to competition; rivaling; as an emulative person or effort. ´Emulative zeal.´ Hoole.

Em´u•la•tive•ly, adv. In an emulative manner; with emulation.

Em´u•la•tor , n. [L. aemulator.] One who emulates, or strives to equal or surpass. “As Virgil rivaled Homer, Milton was the emulator of both.” Bp. Warburton.

Em´u•la•to•ry , a. Pertaining to emulation; connected with rivalry. [R.] ´Emulatory officiousness.´ Bp. Hall.

Em´u•la•tress , n. A female emulator. [R.]

Em´ule , v. t. [F. emuler. See Emulate.] To emulate. [Obs.] ´Emuled of many.´ Spenser.

E•mulge´ , v. t. [L. emulgere, emulsum; e out + mulgere to milk; akin to E. milk. See Milk.] To milk out; to drain. [Obs.] Bailey.

E•mul´gent , a. [L. emulgens, p. pr. of emulgere to milk out: cf. F. emulgent. So called because regarded by the ancients as straining out the serum, as if by milking, and so producing the urine.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the kidneys; renal; as emulgent arteries and veins. — n. An emulgent vessel, as a renal artery or vein.

E•mul´gent, n. (Med.) A medicine that excites the flow of bile. [Obs.] Hoblyn.

Em´u•lous , a. [L. aemulus. See Emulate.] 1. Ambitiously desirous to equal or even to excel another; eager to emulate or vie with another; desirous of like excellence with another; — with of; as emulous of another’s example or virtues. 2. Vying with; rivaling; hence, contentious, envious. ´Emulous Carthage.´ B. Jonson. “Emulous missions ’mongst the gods.” Shak.

Em´u•lous•ly, adv. In an emulous manner.

Em´u•lous•ness, n. The quality of being emulous.

E•mul´sic , a. Pertaining to, or produced from, emulsin; as emulsic acid. Hoblyn.

E•mul´si•fy , v. t. [Emulsion + -fy.] To convert into an emulsion; to form an emulsion; to reduce from an oily substance to a milky fluid in which the fat globules are in a very finely divided state, giving it the semblance of solution; as the pancreatic juice emulsifies the oily part of food.

E•mul´sin , n. [See Emulsion, Emulge.] (Chem.) (a) The white milky pulp or extract of bitter almonds. [R.] (b) An unorganized ferment (contained in this extract and in other vegetable juices), which effects the decomposition of certain glucosides.

E•mul´sion , n. [From L. emulgere, emulsum: cf. F. emulsion. See Emulge.] Any liquid preparation of a color and consistency resembling milk; as: (a) In pharmacy, an extract of seeds, or a mixture of oil and water united by a mucilaginous substance. (b) In photography, a liquid preparation of collodion holding salt of silver, used in the photographic process.

E•mul´sive , a. [Cf. F. emulsif.] 1. Softening; milklike. 2. Yielding oil by expression; as emulsive seeds. 3. Producing or yielding a milklike substance; as emulsive acids.

E•munc´to•ry , n.; pl. Emunctories (#). [L. emunctorium a pair of snuffers, fr. emungere, emunctum, to blow the nose, hence, to wipe, cleanse; e out + mungere to blow the nose: cf. F. emonctoire, formerly spelled also emonctoire.] (Physiol.) Any organ or part of the body (as the kidneys, skin, etc.,) which serves to carry off excrementitious or waste matter.

Em•us•ca´tion , n. [L. emuscare to clear from moss; e out + muscus moss.] A freeing from moss. [Obs.]

E´mu wren (Zoöl.) A small wrenlike Australian bird (Stipiturus malachurus), having the tail feathers long and loosely barbed, like emu feathers.

E´myd , n.; pl. E. Emyds (#), E. Emyd (#). [See Emydea.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water tortoise of the family Emydidae.

E•myd´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Emys a genus of tortoises, L. emys a kind of fresh- water tortoise, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A group of chelonians which comprises many species of fresh-water tortoises and terrapins.

En- 1. [F. en-, L. in.] A prefix signifying in or into, used in many English words, chiefly those borrowed from the French. Some English words are written indifferently with en-or in-. For ease of pronunciation it is commonly changed to em-before p, b, and m, as in employ, embody, emmew. It is sometimes used to give a causal force, as in enable, enfeeble, to cause to be, or to make, able, or feeble; and sometimes merely gives an intensive force, as in enchasten. See In-. 2. A prefix from Gr. in, meaning in; as encephalon, entomology. See In- .

-en. 1. A suffix from AS. - an, formerly used to form the plural of many nouns, as in ashen, eyen, oxen, all obs. except oxen. In some cases, such as children and brethren, it has been added to older plural forms. 2. A suffix corresponding to AS. -en and -on, formerly used to form the plural of verbs, as in housen, escapen. 3. A suffix signifying to make, to cause, used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives; as in strengthen, quicken, frighten. This must not be confused with -en corresponding in Old English to the AS. infinitive ending -an. 4. [AS. -en; akin to Goth. -eins, L. -inus, Gr. .] An adjectival suffix, meaning made of; as in golden, leaden, wooden. 5. [AS. -en; akin to Skr. -na.] The termination of the past participle of many strong verbs; as in broken, gotten, trodden.

En , n. (Print.) Half an em, that is, half of the unit of space in measuring printed matter. See Em.

En•a´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enabled p. pr. & vb. n. Enabling ] 1. To give strength or ability to; to make firm and strong. [Obs.] ´Who hath enabled me.´ 1 Tim. i. 12. “Receive the Holy Ghost, said Christ to his apostles, when he enabled them with priestly power.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To make able (to do, or to be, something); to confer sufficient power upon; to furnish with means, opportunities, and the like; to render competent for; to empower; to endow. “Temperance gives Nature her full play, and enables her to exert herself in all her force and vigor.” Addison.

En•a´ble•ment , n. The act of enabling, or the state of being enabled; ability. Bacon.

En•act´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enacting.] 1. To decree; to establish by legal and authoritative act; to make into a law; especially, to perform the legislative act with reference to (a bill) which gives it the validity of law. 2. To act; to perform; to do; to effect. [Obs.] “The king enacts more wonders than a man.” Shak. 3. To act the part of; to represent; to play. “I did enact Julius Caesar.” Shak. Enacting clause, that clause of a bill which formally expresses the legislative sanction.

En•act´, n. Purpose; determination. [Obs.]

En•act´ive , a. Having power to enact or establish as a law. Abp. Bramhall.

En•act´ment , n. 1. The passing of a bill into a law; the giving of legislative sanction and executive approval to a bill whereby it is established as a law. 2. That which is enacted or passed into a law; a law; a decree; a statute; a prescribed requirement; as a prohibitory enactment; a social enactment.

En•act´or , n. One who enacts a law; one who decrees or establishes as a law. Atterbury.

En•ac´ture ( 135), n. Enactment; resolution. [Obs.] Shak.

En•al´i•o•saur , n. (Paleon.) One of the Enaliosauria.

En•al•i•o•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. marine ( in + the sea) + a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct group of marine reptiles, embracing both the Ichthyosauria and the Plesiosauria, now regarded as distinct orders.

En•al•i•o•sau´ri•an , a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to the Enaliosauria. — n. One of the Enaliosauria.

E•nal´la•ge , n. [L., fr. Gr. an exchange, fr. to exchange; in + to change.] (Gram.) A substitution, as of one part of speech for another, of one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice, of the same word, for another.

En•am´bush , v. t. To ambush. [Obs.]

En•am´el , n. [Pref. en- + amel. See Amel, Smelt, v. t.] 1. A variety of glass, used in ornament, to cover a surface, as of metal or pottery, and admitting of after decoration in color, or used itself for inlaying or application in varied colors. 2. (Min.) A glassy, opaque bead obtained by the blowpipe. 3. That which is enameled; also any smooth, glossy surface, resembling enamel, especially if variegated. 4. (Anat.) The intensely hard calcified tissue entering into the composition of teeth. It merely covers the exposed parts of the teeth of man, but in many animals is intermixed in various ways with the dentine and cement. Enamel painting, painting with enamel colors upon a ground of metal, porcelain, or the like, the colors being afterwards fixed by fire. — Enamel paper, paper glazed a metallic coating.

En•am´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enameled or Enamelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Enameling or Enamelling.] 1. To lay enamel upon; to decorate with enamel whether inlaid or painted. 2. To variegate with colors as if with enamel. “Oft he [the serpent]bowed
His turret crest and sleek enameled neck.” Milton. 3. To form a glossy surface like enamel upon; as to enamel card paper; to enamel leather or cloth. 4. To disguise with cosmetics, as a woman’s complexion.

En•am´el , v. i. To practice the art of enameling.

En•am´el, a. Relating to the art of enameling; as enamel painting. Tomlinson.

En•am´el•ar , a. Consisting of enamel; resembling enamel; smooth; glossy. [R.] Craig.

En•am´eled , a. Coated or adorned with enamel; having a glossy or variegated surface; glazed. [Written also enamelled.] { En•am´el•er , En•am´el•ist } n. One who enamels; a workman or artist who applies enamels in ornamental work. [Written also enameller, enamellist.]

En•am´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enamored p. pr. & vb. n. Enamoring.] [OF. enamourer, enamorer; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. & F. amour love, L. amor. See Amour, and cf. Inamorato.] To inflame with love; to charm; to captivate; — with of, or with, before the person or thing; as to be enamored with a lady; to be enamored of books or science. [Written also enamour.] “Passionately enamored of this shadow of a dream.” W. Irving.

En•am´or•ment , n. The state of being enamored. [R.]

E•nan•ti•o•mor´phous , a. [Gr. ’enanti•os opposite + morfh• form.] (Crystallog.) Similar, but not superposable, i. e., related to each other as a right-handed to a left-handed glove; — said of certain hemihedral crystals.

E•nan•ti•o•path´ic , a. (Med.) Serving to palliate; palliative. Dunglison.

E•nan•ti•op´a•thy , n. [Gr. of contrary properties or affections; ’enanti•os opposite + suffering, affection, fr. , , to suffer.] 1. An opposite passion or affection. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Med.) Allopathy; — a term used by followers of Hahnemann, or homeopathists.

E•nan•ti•o´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. contradiction, fr. ’enanti•os opposite.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which what is to be understood affirmatively is stated negatively, and the contrary; affirmation by contraries.

En•arch´ , v. t. To arch. [Obs.] Lydgate.

En•arched´ , a. (Her.) Bent into a curve; — said of a bend or other ordinary.

En•ar´gite , n. (Min.) An iron-black mineral of metallic luster, occurring in small orthorhombic crystals, also massive. It contains sulphur, arsenic, copper, and often silver.

En•armed´ , a. (Her.) Same as Armed, 3.

En•ar•ra´tion , n. [L. enarratio. See Narration.] A detailed exposition; relation. [Obs.] Hakewill.

En•ar•thro´di•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. in + . See Arthrodia.] (Anat.) See Enarthrosis. — En•ar•thro´di•al, a.

En•ar•thro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. jointed; in + joint.] (Anat.) A ball and socket joint, or the kind of articulation represented by such a joint. See Articulation.

E•nas´cent , a. [L. enascens, p. pr. of enasci to spring up; e out + nasci to be born.] Coming into being; nascent. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

E•na•ta´tion , n. [L. enatare to swim out. See Natation.] A swimming out. [Obs.] Bailey.

E•nate´ , a. [L. enatus, p. p. of enasci. See Enascent.] Growing out.

E•na´tion , n. (Bot.) Any unusual outgrowth from the surface of a thing, as of a petal; also the capacity or act of producing such an outgrowth.

E•naun´ter , adv. [Pref. en- + aunter.] Lest that. [Obs.] Spenser.

E•nav´i•gate , v. t. [L. enavigatus, p. p. of enavigare.] To sail away or over. [Obs.] Cockeram.

En•bat´tled , a. Embattled. [Obs.]

En•bibe´ , v. t. To imbibe. [Obs.] Skelton.

En•broud´e , v. t. See Embroude.

En•cage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encaged p. pr. & vb. n. Engaging.] [Pref. en- + cage: cf. F. encager.] To confine in a cage; to coop up. Shak.

En•cal´en•dar , v. t. To register in a calendar; to calendar. Drayton.

En•camp´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Encamped ( 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Encamping.] To form and occupy a camp; to prepare and settle in temporary habitations, as tents or huts; to halt on a march, pitch tents, or form huts, and remain for the night or for a longer time, as an army or a company traveling. “The host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim.” 1 Chron. xi. 15.

En•camp´, v. t. To form into a camp; to place in a temporary habitation, or quarters. “Bid him encamp his soldiers.” Shak.

En•camp´ment , n. 1. The act of pitching tents or forming huts, as by an army or traveling company, for temporary lodging or rest. 2. The place where an army or a company is encamped; a camp; tents pitched or huts erected for temporary lodgings. “A square of about seven hundred yards was sufficient for the encampment of twenty thousand Romans.” Gibbon. “A green encampment yonder meets the eye.” Guardian.

En•can´ker , v. t. To canker. [Obs.]

En•cap•su•la´tion , n. (Physiol.) The act of inclosing in a capsule; the growth of a membrane around (any part) so as to inclose it in a capsule.

En•car´nal•ize , v. t. To carnalize; to make gross. [R.] ´Encarnalize their spirits.´ Tennyson.

En•car´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. containing fruit; in + fruit; cf. L. encarpa, pl., Gr. .] (Arch.) An ornament on a frieze or capital, consisting of festoons of fruit, flowers, leaves, etc. [Written also encarpa.]

En•case´ , v. t. [Cf. Enchase.] To inclose as in a case. See Incase. Beau. & Fl.

En•case´ment , n. [Cf. Casement.] 1. The act of encasing; also that which encases. 2. (Biol.) An old theory of generation similar to emboîtement. See Ovulist.

En•cash´ , v. t. (Eng. Banking) To turn into cash; to cash. Sat. Rev.

En•cash´ment , n. (Eng. Banking) The payment in cash of a note, draft, etc.

En•cau´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. mark caused by burning, fr. . See Encaustic.] (Med.) An ulcer in the eye, upon the cornea, which causes the loss of the humors. Dunglison.

En•caus´tic , a. [L. encausticus, Gr. , fr. to burn in; in + to burn: cf. F. encaustique. See Caustic, and cf. Ink.] (Fine Arts) Prepared by means of heat; burned in. Encaustic painting (Fine Arts), painting by means of wax with which the colors are combined, and which is afterwards fused with hot irons, thus fixing the colors. — Encaustic tile (Fine Arts), an earthenware tile which has a decorative pattern and is not wholly of one color.

En•caus´tic, n. [L. encaustica, Gr. (sc. ): cf. F. encaustique. See Encaustic, a.] The method of painting in heated wax, or in any way where heat is used to fix the colors.

En•cave´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + cave: cf. F. encaver. Cf. Incavated.] To hide in, or as in, a cave or recess. ´Do but encave yourself.´ Shak.

-ence [F. -ence, L. -entia.] A noun suffix signifying action, state, or quality; also that which relates to the action or state; as in emergence, diffidence, diligence, influence, difference, excellence. See - ance.

En•ceinte´ , n. [F., fr. enceindre to gird about, surround, L. incingere; in (intens). + cingere to gird. See Cincture.] 1. (Fort.) The line of works which forms the main inclosure of a fortress or place; — called also body of the place. 2. The area or town inclosed by a line of fortification. “The suburbs are not unfrequently larger than their enceinte.” S. W. Williams.

En•ceinte´, a. [F., fr. L. in not + cinctus, p. p. of cingere to gird about.] Pregnant; with child.

En•ce´ni•a , n. pl. [LL. encaenia, fr. Gr. a feast of dedication; in + new.] A festival commemorative of the founding of a city or the consecration of a church; also the ceremonies (as at Oxford and Cambridge, England) commemorative of founders or benefactors.

En•cense´ , v. t. & i. [F. encenser, fr. encens. See Incense, n.] To offer incense to or upon; to burn incense. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•ce•phal´ic , a. [See Encephalon.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the encephalon or brain.

En•ceph•a•li´tis , n. [NL., from Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the brain. — En•ceph•a•lit´ic (#), a.

En•ceph´a•lo•cele , n. [Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + kh•lh tumor.] (Med.) Hernia of the brain.

En•ceph´a•loid , a. [Gr. ’egke•falos + -oid.] Resembling the material of the brain; cerebriform. Encephaloid cancer (Med.), a very malignant form of cancer of brainlike consistency. See under Cancer.

En•ceph´a•loid, n. An encephaloid cancer.

En•ceph•a•lol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + -logy.] The science which treats of the brain, its structure and functions.

En•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL. See Encephalos.] (Anat.) The contents of the cranium; the brain.

En•ceph•a•lop´a•thy , n. [Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + pa•schein, paqei^n, to suffer.] (Med.) Any disease or symptoms of disease referable to disorders of the brain; as lead encephalopathy, the cerebral symptoms attending chronic lead poisoning.

En•ceph´a•los , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’egke•falos; ’en in + kefalh• head.] (Anat.) The encephalon. “In man the encephalos reaches its full size about seven years of age.” Sir W. Hamilton.

En•ceph•a•lot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + a cutting.] (Surg.) The act or art of dissecting the brain.

En•ceph´a•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Having a head; — said of most Mollusca; — opposed to acephalous.

En•chafe´ , v. t. To chafe; to enrage; to heat. [Obs.] Shak.

En•chaf´ing, n. Heating; burning. [Obs.] “The wicked enchaufing or ardure of this sin [lust].” Chaucer.

En•chain´ , v. t. [F. enchaîner; pref. en- (L. in) chaîne chain. See Chain, and cf. Incatenation.] 1. To bind with a chain; to hold in chains. 2. To hold fast; to confine; as to enchain attention. 3. To link together; to connect. Howell.

En•chain´ment , n. [Cf. F. enchaînement.] The act of enchaining, or state of being enchained.

En•chair´ , v. t. To seat in a chair. Tennyson.

En•chan´nel , v. t. To make run in a channel. ´Its waters were enchanneled.´ Sir D. Brewster.

En•chant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enchanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enchanting.] [F. enchanter, L. incantare to chant or utter a magic formula over or against one, to bewitch; in in, against + cantare to sing. See Chant, and cf. Incantation.] 1. To charm by sorcery; to act on by enchantment; to get control of by magical words and rites. “And now about the caldron sing,
Like elves and fairies in a ring,
Enchanting all that you put in.” Shak. “He is enchanted, cannot speak.” Tennyson. 2. To delight in a high degree; to charm; to enrapture; as music enchants the ear. “Arcadia was the charmed circle where all his spirits forever should be enchanted.” Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — To charm; bewitch; fascinate. Cf. Charm.

En•chant´ed , a. Under the power of enchantment; possessed or exercised by enchanters; as an enchanted castle.

En•chant´er , n. [Cf. F. enchanteur.] One who enchants; a sorcerer or magician; also one who delights as by an enchantment. “Like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing.” Shelley. Enchanter’s nightshade (Bot.), a genus (Circaea) of low inconspicuous, perennial plants, found in damp, shady places.

En•chant´ing, a. Having a power of enchantment; charming; fascinating. — En•chant´ing•ly, adv.

En•chant´ment , n. [F. enchantement.] 1. The act of enchanting; the production of certain wonderful effects by the aid of demons, or the agency of supposed spirits; the use of magic arts, spells, or charms; incantation. “After the last enchantment you did here.” Shak. 2. The effect produced by the act; the state of being enchanted; as to break an enchantment. 3. That which captivates the heart and senses; an influence or power which fascinates or highly delights. “Such an enchantment as there is in words.” South. Syn. — Incantation; necromancy; magic; sorcery; witchcraft; spell; charm; fascination; witchery.

En•chant´ress , n. [Cf. F. enchanteresse.] A woman versed in magical arts; a sorceress; also a woman who fascinates. Shak.

En•charge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encharged p. pr. & vb. n. Encharging ] [OF. enchargier, F. encharger; pref. en- (L. in) + F. charger. See Charge.] To charge (with); to impose (a charge) upon. “His countenance would express the spirit and the passion of the part he was encharged with.” Jeffrey.

En•charge´, n. A charge. [Obs.] A. Copley.

En•chase´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enchased p. pr. & vb. n. Enchasing.] [F. enchâsser; pref. en- (L. in) + châsse box containing relics, frame, case, the same word as caisse case. See 1st Case, and cf. Chase, Encase, Incase.] 1. To incase or inclose in a border or rim; to surround with an ornamental casing, as a gem with gold; to encircle; to inclose; to adorn. “Enchased with a wanton ivy twine.” Spenser. “An precious stones, in studs of gold enchased,
The shaggy velvet of his buskins graced.” Mickle. 2. To chase; to ornament by embossing or engraving; as to enchase a watch case. “With golden letters … well enchased.” Spenser. 3. To delineate or describe, as by writing. [Obs.] “All which … for to enchase,
Him needeth sure a golden pen, I ween.” Spenser.

En•chas´er , n. One who enchases.

En•chas´ten , v. t. To chasten. [Obs.] { En•che´son , En•chea´son }, n. [OF. enchaison, fr. L. incidere to happen; in + cadere to fall.] Occasion, cause, or reason. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•chest´ , v. t. [Cf. Inchest.] To inclose in a chest. Vicars.

En•chi•rid´i•on , n. [L., from Gr. ; in + hand.] Handbook; a manual of devotions. Evelyn.

En•chis´el , v. t. To cut with a chisel.

En´cho•dus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a spear + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct Cretaceous fishes; — so named from their spear-shaped teeth. They were allied to the pike (Esox).

En•chon•dro´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. in + cartilage + -oma.] (Med.) A cartilaginous tumor growing from the interior of a bone. Quain. { En•cho´ri•al , En•chor´ic } a. [Gr. domestic, native; in + place, country.] Belonging to, or used in, a country; native; domestic; popular; common; — said especially of the written characters employed by the common people of ancient Egypt, in distinction from the hieroglyphics. See Demotic.

En•chy•lem´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to pour in + anything received.] (Biol.) The basal substance of the cell nucleus; a hyaline or granular substance, more or less fluid during life, in which the other parts of the nucleus are imbedded.

En´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•gchyma an infusion; ’en in + chei^n to pour.] (Biol.) The primitive formative juice, from which the tissues, particularly the cellular tissue, are formed.

En•cinc´ture , n. A cincture. [Poetic] “The vast encincture of that gloomy sea.” Wordsworth.

En•cin´dered , a. Burnt to cinders. [R.]

En•cir´cle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encircled p. pr. & vb. n. Encircling ] [Pref. en- + circle: cf. OF. encercler.] To form a circle about; to inclose within a circle or ring; to surround; as to encircle one in the arms; the army encircled the city. “Her brows encircled with his serpent rod.” Parnell. Syn. — To encompass; surround; environ; inclose.

En•cir´clet , n. [Encircle + -let.] A small circle; a ring. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

En•clasp´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + clasp. Cf. Inclasp.] To clasp. See Inclasp.

En•clave´ , n. [F., fr. L. in + clavus a nail.] A tract of land or a territory inclosed within another territory of which it is independent. See Exclave. [Recent]

En•clave´, v. t. [Cf. F. enclaver.] To inclose within an alien territory. [Recent]

En•clave´ment , n. [F.] The state of being an enclave. [Recent] { En•clit´ic (en•klit´ik), En•clit´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [L. encliticus, Gr. ’egkli•tikos, fr. ’egkli•nein to incline; ’en in + kli•nein to bend. See In, and Lean, v. i.] (Gram.) Affixed; subjoined; — said of a word or particle which leans back upon the preceding word so as to become a part of it, and to lose its own independent accent, generally varying also the accent of the preceding word.

En•clit´ic, n. (Gram.) A word which is joined to another so closely as to lose its proper accent, as the pronoun thee in prithee (pray thee).

En•clit´ic•al•ly, adv. In an enclitic manner; by throwing the accent back. Walker.

En•clit´ics , n. (Gram.) The art of declining and conjugating words.

En•clois´ter , v. t. [Cf. Incloister.] To shut up in a cloister; to cloister.

En•close´ , v. t. [F. enclos, p. p. of enclore to enclose; pref. en- (L. in) + clore to close. See Close, and cf. Inclose, Include.] To inclose. See Inclose.

En•clo´sure ( 135), n. Inclosure. See Inclosure. The words enclose and enclosure are written indiscriminately enclose or inclose and enclosure or inclosure.

En•clothe´ , v. t. To clothe.

En•cloud´ , v. t. [Cf. Incloud.] To envelop in clouds; to cloud. [R.] Spenser.

En•coach´ , v. t. [Cf. Incoach.] To carry in a coach. [R.] Davies (Wit’s Pilgr.)

En•cof´fin , v. t. To put in a coffin. [R.]

En•cold´en , v. t. To render cold. [Obs.]

En•col´lar , v. t. To furnish or surround with a collar. [R.]

En•col´or , v. t. To color. [R.]

En•co•lure´ , n. [F.] The neck of horse. R. Browning.

En•com´ber , v. t. See Encumber. [Obs.]

En•com´ber•ment , n. [See Encumberment.] Hindrance; molestation.[Obs.] Spenser.

En•co´mi•ast , n. [Gr. , fr. to praise, fr. encomium: cf. F. encomiaste. See Encomium.] One who praises; a panegyrist. Locke. { En•co•mi•as´tic , En•co•mi•as´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Bestowing praise; praising; eulogistic; laudatory; as an encomiastic address or discourse. — En•co•mi•as´tic•al•ly, adv.

En•co•mi•as´tic, n. A panegyric. B. Jonson.

En•co´mi•on , n. [NL.] Encomium; panegyric. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

En•co´mi•um , n.; pl. Encomiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. (a song) chanted in a Bacchic festival in praise of the god; in + a jovial festivity, revel. See Comedy.] Warm or high praise; panegyric; strong commendation. “His encomiums awakened all my ardor.” W. Irving. Syn. — See Eulogy.

En•com´pass , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encompassed p. pr. & vb. n. Encompassing.] To circumscribe or go round so as to surround closely; to encircle; to inclose; to environ; as a ring encompasses the finger; an army encompasses a city; a voyage encompassing the world. Shak. “A question may be encompassed with difficulty.” C. J. Smith. “The love of all thy sons encompass thee.” Tennyson. Syn. — To encircle; inclose; surround; include; environ; invest; hem in; shut up.

En•com´pass•ment , n. The act of surrounding, or the state of being surrounded; circumvention. “By this encompassment and drift of question.” Shak.

En•core´ , adv. or interj. [F. The last part of the word is fr. L. hora hour. See Hour.] Once more; again; — used by the auditors and spectators of plays, concerts, and other entertainments, to call for a repetition of a particular part.

En•core´, n. A call or demand (as by continued applause) for a repetition; as the encores were numerous.

En•core´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encored p. pr. & vb. n. Encoring.] To call for a repetition or reappearance of; as to encore a song or a singer. “[Rebecca] insisted upon encoring one of the duets.” Thackeray.

En•cor´po•ring , n. [Pref. en- + L. corpus body.] Incorporation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•cou•bert´ , n. [F., Pg. encorberto, encuberto, lit., covered.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of armadillos of the genera Dasypus and Euphractus, having five toes both on the fore and hind feet.

En•coun´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encountered p. pr. & vb. n. Encountering.] [OF. encontrer; pref. en- (L. in) + contre against, L. contra. See Counter, adv.] To come against face to face; to meet; to confront, either by chance, suddenly, or deliberately; especially, to meet in opposition or with hostile intent; to engage in conflict with; to oppose; to struggle with; as to encounter a friend in traveling; two armies encounter each other; to encounter obstacles or difficulties, to encounter strong evidence of a truth. “Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him.” Acts xvii. 18. “I am most fortunate thus accidentally to encounter you.” Shak.

En•coun´ter, v. i. To meet face to face; to have a meeting; to meet, esp. as enemies; to engage in combat; to fight; as three armies encountered at Waterloo. “I will encounter with Andronicus.” Shak. “Perception and judgment, employed in the investigation of all truth, have in the first place to encounter with particulars.” Tatham.

En•coun´ter, n. [OF. encontre, fr. encontrer. See Encounter, v. t.] 1. A meeting face to face; a running against; a sudden or incidental meeting; an interview. “To shun the encounter of the vulgar crowd.” Pope. 2. A meeting, with hostile purpose; hence, a combat; a battle; as a bloody encounter. “As one for … fierce encounters fit”. Spenser. “To join their dark encounter in mid- air”. Milton. Syn. — Contest; conflict; fight; combat; assault; rencounter; attack; engagement; onset. See Contest.

En•coun´ter•er , n. One who encounters; an opponent; an antagonist. Atterbury.

En•cour´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encouraged ( 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Encouraging ] [F. encourager; pref. en- (L. in) + courage courage. See Courage.] To give courage to; to inspire with courage, spirit, or hope; to raise, or to increase, the confidence of; to animate; enhearten; to incite; to help forward; — the opposite of discourage. “David encouraged himself in the Lord.” 1 Sam. xxx. 6. Syn. — To embolden; inspirit; animate; enhearten; hearten; incite; cheer; urge; impel; stimulate; instigate; countenance; comfort; promote; advance; forward; strengthen.

En•cour´age•ment , n. [Cf. F. encouragement.] 1. The act of encouraging; incitement to action or to practice; as the encouragement of youth in generosity. “All generous encouragement of arts.” Otway. 2. That which serves to incite, support, promote, or advance, as favor, countenance, reward, etc.; incentive; increase of confidence; as the fine arts find little encouragement among a rude people. “To think of his paternal care,
Is a most sweet encouragement to prayer.” Byron.

En•cour´a•ger , n. One who encourages, incites, or helps forward; a favorer. “The pope is … a great encourager of arts.” Addison.

En•cour´a•ging , a. Furnishing ground to hope; inspiriting; favoring. — En•cour´a•ging•ly, adv.

En•cowl´ , v. t. To make a monk (or wearer of a cowl) of. [R.] Drayton.

En•cra´dle , v. t. To lay in a cradle.

En´cra•tite , n. [L. Encratitae, pl., fr. Gr. self-disciplined; in + strength.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the 2d century who abstained from marriage, wine, and animal food; — called also Continent.

En•crease´ , v. t. & i. [Obs.] See Increase.

En•crim´son , v. t. To give a crimson or red color to; to crimson. Shak. { En•crin´ic , En•cri´nal , En•crin´i•tal } a. (Paleon.) Relating to encrinites; containing encrinites, as certain kinds of limestone.

En´cri•nite , n. [Gr. in + a lily: cf. F. encrinite.] (Paleon.) A fossil crinoid, esp. one belonging to, or resembling, the genus Encrinus. Sometimes used in a general sense for any crinoid. { En•cri•nit´ic , En•cri•nit´ic•al } a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to encrinites; encrinal.

En•cri•noid´e•a , n. pl. [NL. See Encrinus and -oid.] (Zoöl.) That order of the Crinoidea which includes most of the living and many fossil forms, having jointed arms around the margin of the oral disk; — also called Brachiata and Articulata. See Illusts. under Comatula and Crinoidea.

En´cri•nus , n.; pl. Encrini (#). [NL. See Encrinite.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil encrinoidea, from the Mesozoic rocks.

En•crisped´ , a. Curled. [Obs.] Skelton.

En•croach´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Encroached p. pr. & vb. n. Encroaching.] [OF. encrochier to perch, prop., to hook, fasten a hook (perh. confused with acrochier, F. accrocher, to hook, get hold of, E. accroach); pref. en- (L. in) + F. croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Accroach.] To enter by gradual steps or by stealth into the possessions or rights of another; to trespass; to intrude; to trench; — commonly with on or upon; as to encroach on a neighbor; to encroach on the highway. “No sense, faculty, or member must encroach upon or interfere with the duty and office of another.” South. “Superstition, … a creeping and encroaching evil.” Hooker. “Exclude the encroaching cattle from thy ground.” Dryden. Syn. — To intrude; trench; infringe; invade; trespass.

En•croach´, n. Encroachment. [Obs.] South.

En•croach´er , n. One who by gradual steps enters on, and takes possession of, what is not his own.

En•croach´ing•ly, adv. By way of encroachment.

En•croach´ment , n. 1. The act of entering gradually or silently upon the rights or possessions of another; unlawful intrusion. “An unconstitutional encroachment of military power on the civil establishment.” Bancroft. 2. That which is taken by encroaching on another. 3. (Law) An unlawful diminution of the possessions of another.

En•crust´ , v. t. To incrust. See Incrust.

En•crust´ment , n. That which is formed as a crust; incrustment; incrustation. “Disengaging truth from its encrustment of error.” I. Taylor.

En•cum´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Encumbering.] [F. encombrer; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. combrer to hinder. See Cumber, and cf. Incumber.] [Written also incumber.] 1. To impede the motion or action of, as with a burden; to retard with something superfluous; to weigh down; to obstruct or embarrass; as his movements were encumbered by his mantle; his mind is encumbered with useless learning. “Not encumbered with any notable inconvenience.” Hooker. 2. To load with debts, or other legal claims; as to encumber an estate with mortgages. Syn. — To load; clog; oppress; overload; embarrass; perplex; hinder; retard; obstruct; check; block.

En•cum´ber•ment , n. [Cf. F. encombrement.] Encumbrance. [R.]

En•cum´brance , n. [Cf. OF. encombrance. Cf. Incumbrance.] 1. That which encumbers; a burden which impedes action, or renders it difficult and laborious; a clog; an impediment. See Incumbrance. 2. (Law) Same as Incumbrance. Syn. — Burden; clog; impediment; check; hindrance.

En•cum´bran•cer , n. (Law) Same as Incumbrancer.

En•cur´tain , v. t. To inclose with curtains.

-en•cy [L. -entia.] A noun suffix having much the same meaning as -ence, but more commonly signifying the quality or state; as emergency, efficiency. See -ancy. { En•cyc´lic , En•cyc´li•cal } a. [L. encyclios of a circle, general, Gr. ; in + circle: cf. F. encyclique. See Cycle.] Sent to many persons or places; intended for many, or for a whole order of men; general; circular; as an encyclical letter of a council, of a bishop, or the pope. { En•cyc´lic , En•cyc´li•cal } n. An encyclical letter, esp. one from a pope. Shipley. { En•cy•clo•pe´di•a , En•cy•clo•pae´di•a } , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , for , instruction in the circle of arts and sciences: cf. F. encyclopedie. See Cyclopedia, and Encyclical.] [Formerly written encyclopaedy and encyclopedy.] The circle of arts and sciences; a comprehensive summary of knowledge, or of a branch of knowledge; esp., a work in which the various branches of science or art are discussed separately, and usually in alphabetical order; a cyclopedia.

En•cy•clo•pe•di´a•cal , a. Encyclopedic.

En•cy•clo•pe´di•an , a. Embracing the whole circle of learning, or a wide range of subjects. { En•cy•clo•ped´ic , En•cy•clo•ped´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. encyclopedique.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, an encyclopedia; embracing a wide range of subjects.

En•cy•clo•pe´dism , n. The art of writing or compiling encyclopedias; also possession of the whole range of knowledge; encyclopedic learning.

En•cy•clo•pe´dist , n. [Cf. F. encyclopediste.] The compiler of an encyclopedia, or one who assists in such compilation; also one whose knowledge embraces the whole range of the sciences. The Encyclopedists, the writers of the great French encyclopedia which appeared in 1751-1772. The editors were Diderot and D’Alembert. Among the contributors were Voltaire and Rousseau.

En•cyst´ , v. t. To inclose in a cyst.

En•cys•ta´tion , n. Encystment.

En•cyst´ed , a. Inclosed in a cyst, or a sac, bladder, or vesicle; as an encysted tumor. “The encysted venom, or poison bag, beneath the adder’s fang.” Coleridge.

En•cyst´ment , n. 1. (Biol.) A process which, among some of the lower forms of life, precedes reproduction by budding, fission, spore formation, etc. The animal (a) first contracts its body to a globular mass (b) and then secretes a transparent cyst (c), after which the mass divides into two or more parts (as in d e), each of which attains freedom by the bursting of the cyst, and becomes an individual animal. 2. (Zoöl.) A process by which many internal parasites, esp. in their larval states, become inclosed within a cyst in the muscles, liver, etc. See Trichina.

End (end), n. [OE. & AS. ende; akin to OS. endi, D. einde, eind, OHG. enti, G. ende, Icel. endir, endi, Sw. ände, Dan. ende, Goth. andeis, Skr. anta. rad.208. Cf. Ante-, Anti-, Answer.] 1. The extreme or last point or part of any material thing considered lengthwise (the extremity of breadth being side); hence, extremity, in general; the concluding part; termination; close; limit; as the end of a field, line, pole, road; the end of a year, of a discourse; put an end to pain; — opposed to beginning, when used of anything having a first part. “Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof.” Eccl. vii. 8. 2. Point beyond which no procession can be made; conclusion; issue; result, whether successful or otherwise; conclusive event; consequence. “My guilt be on my head, and there an end.” Shak. “O that a man might know
The end of this day’s business ere it come!” Shak. 3. Termination of being; death; destruction; extermination; also cause of death or destruction. “Unblamed through life, lamented in thy end.” Pope. “Confound your hidden falsehood, and award
Either of you to be the other’s end.” Shak. “I shall see an end of him.” Shak. 4. The object aimed at in any effort considered as the close and effect of exertion; ppurpose; intention; aim; as to labor for private or public ends. “Losing her, the end of living lose.” Dryden. “When every man is his own end, all things will come to a bad end.” Coleridge. 5. That which is left; a remnant; a fragment; a scrap; as odds and ends. “I clothe my naked villainy
With old odd ends stolen out of holy writ,
And seem a saint, when most I play the devil.” Shak. 6. (Carpet Manuf.) One of the yarns of the worsted warp in a Brussels carpet. An end. (a) On end; upright; erect; endways. Spenser (b) To the end; continuously. [Obs.] Richardson. — End bulb (Anat.), one of the bulblike bodies in which some sensory nerve fibers end in certain parts of the skin and mucous membranes; — also called end corpuscles. — End fly, a bobfly. — End for end, one end for the other; in reversed order. — End man, the last man in a row; one of the two men at the extremities of a line of minstrels. — End on (Naut.), bow foremost. — End organ (Anat.), the structure in which a nerve fiber ends, either peripherally or centrally. — End plate (Anat.), one of the flat expansions in which motor nerve fibers terminate on muscular fibers. — End play (Mach.), movement endwise, or room for such movement. — End stone (Horol.), one of the two plates of a jewel in a timepiece; the part that limits the pivot’s end play. — Ends of the earth, the remotest regions of the earth. — In the end, finally. Shak. — On end, upright; erect. — To the end, in order. Bacon. — To make both ends meet, to live within one’s income. Fuller. — To put an end to, to destroy.

End , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ending.] 1. To bring to an end or conclusion; to finish; to close; to terminate; as to end a speech. ´I shall end this strife.´ Shak. “On the seventh day God ended his work.” Gen. ii. 2. 2. To form or be at the end of; as the letter k ends the word back. 3. To destroy; to put to death. ´This sword hath ended him.´ Shak. To end up, to lift or tilt, so as to set on end; as to end up a hogshead.

End, v. i. To come to the ultimate point; to be finished; to come to a close; to cease; to terminate; as a voyage ends; life ends; winter ends.

End´a•ble , a. That may be ended; terminable.

End´-all , n. Complete termination. [R.] “That but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all here.” Shak.

En•dam´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endamaged ( 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Endamaging ] [Pref. en- + damage: cf. F. endommager.] To bring loss or damage to; to harm; to injure. [R.] “The trial hath endamaged thee no way.” Milton.

En•dam´age•a•ble , a. Capable of being damaged, or injured; damageable. [Obs.]

En•dam´age•ment , n. [Cf. F. endommagement.] Damage; injury; harm. [Obs.] Shak.

En•dam´ni•fy , v. t. To damnify; to injure. [R.] Sandys.

En•dan´ger , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endangered p. pr. & vb. n. Endangering.] 1. To put to hazard; to bring into danger or peril; to expose to loss or injury; as to endanger life or peace. “All the other difficulties of his reign only exercised without endangering him.” Burke. 2. To incur the hazard of; to risk. [Obs.] “He that turneth the humors back … endangereth malign ulcers.” Bacon.

En•dan´ger•ment , n. Hazard; peril. Milton.

En•dark´ , v. t. To darken. [Obs.] Feltham.

En•das•pid´e•an , a. [Endo- + Gr. , , a shield.] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior scutes extending around the tarsus on the inner side; — said of certain birds.

En•daz´zle , v. t. To dazzle. [Obs.] ´Endazzled eyes.´ Milton.

En•dear´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeared p. pr. & vb. n. Endearing.] 1. To make dear or beloved. ´To be endeared to a king.´ Shak. 2. To raise the price or cost of; to make costly or expensive. [R.] King James I. (1618).

En•dear´ed•ly , adv. With affection or endearment; dearly.

En•dear´ed•ness, n. State of being endeared.

En•dear´ing, a. Making dear or beloved; causing love. — En•dear´ing•ly, adv.

En•dear´ment , n. The act of endearing or the state of being endeared; also that which manifests, excites, or increases, affection. ´The great endearments of prudent and temperate speech.´ Jer. Taylor. “Her first endearments twining round the soul.” Thomson.

En•deav´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeavored p. pr. & vb. n. Endeavoring.] [OE. endevor; pref. en- + dever, devoir, duty, F. devoir: cf. F. se mettre en devoir de faire quelque chose to try to do a thing, to go about it. See Devoir, Debt.] [Written also endeavour.] To exert physical or intellectual strength for the attainment of; to use efforts to effect; to strive to achieve or reach; to try; to attempt. “It is our duty to endeavor the recovery of these beneficial subjects.” Ld. Chatham. To endeavor one’s self, to exert one’s self strenuously to the fulfillment of a duty. [Obs.] ´A just man that endeavoreth himself to leave all wickedness.´ Latimer.

En•deav´or, v. i. To exert one’s self; to work for a certain end. “And such were praised who but endeavored well.” Pope. Usually with an infinitive; as to endeavor to outstrip an antagonist. “He had … endeavored earnestly to do his duty.” Prescott. Syn. — To attempt; try; strive; struggle; essay; aim; seek.

En•deav´or, n. [Written also endeavour.] An exertion of physical or intellectual strength toward the attainment of an object; a systematic or continuous attempt; an effort; a trial. “To employ all my endeavor to obey you.” Sir P. Sidney. To do one’s endeavor, to do one’s duty; to put forth strenuous efforts to attain an object; — a phrase derived from the Middle English phrase ´to do one’s dever´ (duty). ´Mr. Prynne proceeded to show he had done endeavor to prepare his answer.´ Fuller. Syn. — Essay; trial; effort; exertion. See Attempt.

En•deav´or•er , n. One who makes an effort or attempt. [Written also endeavourer.]

En•deav´or•ment , n. Act of endeavoring; endeavor. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•dec´a•gon , n. [See Hendecagon.] (Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and angles.

En•de•cag´y•nous , a. [Gr. eleven + female.] (Bot.) Having eleven pistils; as an endecagynous flower.

En´de•cane , n. [Gr. eleven.] (Chem.) One of the higher hydrocarbons of the paraffin series, C_11H_24, found as a constituent of petroleum. [Written also hendecane.]

En•de•caph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. eleven + leaf.] (Bot.) Composed of eleven leaflets; - - said of a leaf.

En•deic´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to point out, show; in + to show.] Serving to show or exhibit; as an endeictic dialogue, in the Platonic philosophy, is one which exhibits a specimen of skill. Enfield.

En•deix´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. indication. See Endeictic.] (Med.) An indication.

En•de´mi•al , a. Endemic. [R.] { En•de´mic , En•de´mic•al } a. [Gr. , ; + the people: cf. F. endemique.] (Med.) Peculiar to a district or particular locality, or class of persons; as an endemic disease. An endemic disease is one which is constantly present to a greater or less degree in any place, as distinguished from an epidemic disease, which prevails widely at some one time, or periodically, and from a sporadic disease, of which a few instances occur now and then.

En•dem´ic, n. (Med.) An endemic disease. “Fear, which is an endemic latent in every human heart, sometimes rises into an epidemic.” J. B. Heard.

En•dem´ic•al•ly, adv. In an endemic manner.

En•dem•i•ol´o•gy , n. The science which treats of endemic affections.

En•den•i•za´tion , n. The act of naturalizing. [R.]

En•den´ize , v. t. To endenizen. [Obs.]

En•den´i•zen , v. t. [Pref. en- + denizen. Cf. Indenizen.] To admit to the privileges of a denizen; to naturalize. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

End´er , n. One who, or that which, makes an end of something; as the ender of my life.

En•der•mat´ic , a. Endermic.

En•der´mic , a. [Gr. in + skin.] (Med.) Acting through the skin, or by direct application to the skin. Endermic method, that in which the medicine enters the system through the skin, being applied either to the sound skin, or to the surface denuded of the cuticle by a blister.

En•der´mic•al•ly , adv. By the endermic method; as applied endermically.

En´de•ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. in + skin.] (Anat.) The deep sensitive and vascular layer of the skin and mucous membranes. — En•de•ron´ic, a.

En•di´a•demed , a. Diademed. [R.]

En•di´a•per , v. t. [See Diaper.] To decorate with a diaper pattern.

En•dict´ , v. t. See Indict.

En•dict´ment , n. See Indictment.

End´ing , n. 1. Termination; concluding part; result; conclusion; destruction; death. 2. (Gram.) The final syllable or letter of a word; the part joined to the stem. See 3d Case, 5. Ending day, day of death. Chaucer.

En•dite , v. t. See Indite. Spenser.

En´dive , n. [F. endive (cf. Pr., Sp. Pg., & It. endivia), fr. a deriv. of L. intibus, intybus, endive.] (Bot.) A composite herb (Cichorium Endivia). Its finely divided and much curled leaves, when blanched, are used for salad. Wild endive (Bot.), chicory or succory.

End´less , a. [AS. endeleás. See End.] 1. Without end; having no end or conclusion; perpetual; interminable; — applied to length, and to duration; as an endless line; endless time; endless bliss; endless praise; endless clamor. 2. Infinite; excessive; unlimited. Shak. 3. Without profitable end; fruitless; unsatisfying. [R.] ´All loves are endless.´ Beau. & Fl. 4. Void of design; objectless; as an endless pursuit. Endless chain, a chain which is made continuous by uniting its two ends. — Endless screw. (Mech.) See under Screw. Syn. — Eternal; everlasting; interminable; infinite; unlimited; incessant; perpetual; uninterrupted; continual; unceasing; unending; boundless; undying; imperishable.

End´less•ly, adv. In an endless manner.

End´less•ness, n. [AS. endeleásnys.] The quality of being endless; perpetuity.

End´long ( 115), adv. & prep. [Cf. Along.] Lengthwise; along. [Archaic] “The doors were all of adamants eterne,
I-clenched overthwart and endelong
With iron tough.” Chaucer. “He pricketh endelong the large space.” Chaucer. “To thrust the raft endlong across the moat.” Sir W. Scott.

End´most , a. Farthest; remotest; at the very end. Tylor. { En´do- , End- }. [Gr. ’e•ndon within, fr. in. See In.] A combining form signifying within; as endocarp, endogen, endocuneiform, endaspidean.

En´do•blast , n. [Endo- + -blast.] (Biol.) Entoblast; endoplast. See Nucleus,

En•do•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Relating to the endoblast; as the endoblastic layer. { En•do•car´di•ac , En•do•car´di•al } a. 1. Pertaining to the endocardium. 2. (Med.) Seated or generated within the heart; as endocardial murmurs.

En•do•car•di´tis , n. [NL. See -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the endocardium.

En•do•car´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + kardi•a heart.] (Anat.) The membrane lining the cavities of the heart.

En´do•carp , n. [Endo- + Gr. fruit: cf. F. endocarpe.] (Bot.) The inner layer of a ripened or fructified ovary.

En•do•chon´dral , a. [Endo- + Gr. cartilage.] (Physiol.) Growing or developing within cartilage; — applied esp. to developing bone.

En´do•chrome , n. [Endo- + Gr. color.] (Bot.) The coloring matter within the cells of plants, whether green, red, yellow, or any other color.

En•doc´trine , v. t. [Pref. en- + doctrine.] To teach; to indoctrinate. [Obs.] Donne.

En´do•cyst , n. [Endo- + Gr. bladder, a bag.] (Zoöl.) The inner layer of the cells of Bryozoa.

En´do•derm , n. [Endo- + Gr. skin.] (Biol.) (a) The inner layer of the skin or integument of an animal. (b) The innermost layer of the blastoderm and the structures derived from it; the hypoblast; the entoblast. See Illust. of Ectoderm. { En•do•der´mal , En•do•der´mic } a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the endoderm.

En•do•der´mis , n. [NL. See Endoderm.] (Bot.) A layer of cells forming a kind of cuticle inside of the proper cortical layer, or surrounding an individual fibrovascular bundle.

En•dog´a•mous , a. [Endo- + Gr. marriage.] Marrying within the same tribe; — opposed to exogamous.

En•dog´a•my , n. Marriage only within the tribe; a custom restricting a man in his choice of a wife to the tribe to which he belongs; — opposed to exogamy.

En´do•gen , n. [Endo- + - gen: cf. F. endogène.] (Bot.) A plant which increases in size by internal growth and elongation at the summit, having the wood in the form of bundles or threads, irregularly distributed throughout the whole diameter, not forming annual layers, and with no distinct pith. The leaves of the endogens have, usually, parallel veins, their flowers are mostly in three, or some multiple of three, parts, and their embryos have but a single cotyledon, with the first leaves alternate. The endogens constitute one of the great primary classes of plants, and included all palms, true lilies, grasses, rushes, orchids, the banana, pineapple, etc. See Exogen.

En•do•gen´e•sis , n. [Endo- + genesis.] (Biol.) Endogeny.

En•do•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Endogenous.

En•dog´e•nous , a. 1. (Bot.) Increasing by internal growth and elongation at the summit, instead of externally, and having no distinction of pith, wood, and bark, as the rattan, the palm, the cornstalk. 2. (Biol.) Originating from within; increasing by internal growth. Endogenous multiplication (Biol.), a method of cell formation, seen in cells having a cell wall. The nucleus and protoplasm divide into two distinct masses; these in turn become divided and subdivided, each division becoming a new cell, until finally the original cell wall is ruptured and the new cells are liberated (see Segmentation, and Illust. of Cell Division, under Division). This mode of growth is characteristic of many forms of cells, both animal and vegetable.

En•dog´e•nous•ly, adv. By endogenous growth.

En•dog´e•ny , n. [See Endogenesis.] (Biol.) Growth from within; multiplication of cells by endogenous division, as in the development of one or more cells in the interior of a parent cell.

En´dog•nath , n. [Endo- + Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) The inner or principal branch of the oral appendages of Crustacea. See Maxilla.

En•dog´na•thal , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the endognath.

En´do•lymph , n. [Endo- + lymph: cf. F. endolymphe.] (Anat.) The watery fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear.

En´do•lym•phan´gi•al , a. [Endo- + lymphangial.] (Anat.) Within a lymphatic vessel.

En´do•lym•phat´ic , a. [Endo- + lymphatic.] (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or containing, endolymph; as the endolymphatic duct. (b) Within a lymphatic vessel; endolymphangial.

En•dome´ , v. t. To cover as with a dome.

En•do•me•tri´tis , n. [NL. See Endometrium, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the endometrium.

En•do•me´tri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + mh•tra the womb.] (Anat.) The membrane lining the inner surface of the uterus, or womb.

En´do•morph , n. [Endo- + Gr. form.] (Min.) A crystal of one species inclosed within one of another, as one of rutile inclosed in quartz.

En•do•my´si•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + my^s a muscle.] (Anat.) The delicate bands of connective tissue interspersed among muscular fibers.

En•do•neu´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + a sinew, nerve.] (Anat.) The delicate bands of connective tissue among nerve fibers.

En•do•par´a•site , n. [Endo- + parasite.] (Zoöl.) Any parasite which lives in the internal organs of an animal, as the tapeworms, Trichina, etc.; — opposed to ectoparasite. See Entozoön. — En•do•par•a•sit´ic (#), a.

En•do•phlœ´um (en•do•fle´um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + floio•s bark.] (Bot.) The inner layer of the bark of trees.

En•do•phrag´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon + fra•gma a fence.] (Zoöl.) A chitinous structure above the nervous cord in the thorax of certain Crustacea.

En•do•phrag´mal , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the endophragma.

En•doph´yl•lous , a. [Endo- + Gr. fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) Wrapped up within a leaf or sheath.

En´do•plasm , n. [Endo- + Gr. anything formed or molded.] (Biol.) The protoplasm in the interior of a cell.

En•do•plas´ma , n. [NL. See Endoplasm.] (Biol.) Same as Entoplasm and Endosarc.

En´do•plast , n. [Endo- + Gr. to form.] (Biol.) See Nucleus.

En•do•plas´ti•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. within + plastic.] (Zoöl.) A group of Rhizopoda having a distinct nucleus, as the amœba.

En•do•plas´tule ( 135), n. [A dim. fr. endo- + Gr. to mold.] (Biol.) See Nucleolus.

En•do•pleu´ra, n. [NL., fr. Gr. within + rib, side. See Pleura.] (Bot.) The inner coating of a seed. See Tegmen.

En•do•pleu´rite , n. [Endo- + Gr. a rib.] (Zoöl.) The portion of each apodeme developed from the interepimeral membrane in certain crustaceans.

En•dop´o•dite , n. [Endo- + Gr. , , a foot.] (Zoöl.) The internal or principal branch of the locomotive appendages of Crustacea. See Maxilliped.

En•do•rhi´za , n.; pl. Endorhizae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. within + root.] (Bot.) Any monocotyledonous plant; — so named because many monocotyledons have an endorhizal embryo. Endorhiza was proposed by Richard as a substitute for the term endogen, and exorhiza as a substitute for the term exogen; but they have not been generally adopted. { En•do•rhi´zal , En•do•rhi´zous } a. (Bot.) Having the radicle of the embryo sheathed by the cotyledon, through which the embryo bursts in germination, as in many monocotyledonous plants.

En•dorse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endorsed p. pr. & vb. n. Endorsing.] [Formerly endosse, fr. F. endosser to put on the back, to endorse; pref. en- (L. in) + dos back, L. dorsum. See Dorsal, and cf. Indorse.] Same as Indorse. Both endorse and indorse are used by good writers; but the tendency is to the more general use of indorse and its derivatives indorsee, indorser, and indorsement.

En•dorse´, n. (Her.) A subordinary, resembling the pale, but of one fourth its width (according to some writers, one eighth).

En•dor•see´ , n. Same as Indorsee.

En•dorse´ment , n. [Cf. F. endossement.] Same as Indorsement.

En•dors´er , n. Same as Indorser.

En´do•sarc , n. [Endo- + Gr. , , flesh.] (Biol.) The semifluid, granular interior of certain unicellular organisms, as the inner layer of sarcode in the amœba; entoplasm; endoplasta.

En´do•scope , n. [Endo- + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for examining the interior of the rectum, the urethra, and the bladder.

En•dos´co•py , n. (Med.) The art or process of examining by means of the endoscope.

En•do•skel´e•tal , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or connected with, the endoskeleton; as endoskeletal muscles.

En•do•skel´e•ton , n. [Endo- + skeleton.] (Anat.) The bony, cartilaginous, or other internal framework of an animal, as distinguished from the exoskeleton.

En•dos•mom´e•ter , n. [Endosmose + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the force or amount of endosmotic action.

En•dos•mo•met´ric , a. Pertaining to, or designed for, the measurement of endosmotic action. { En´dos•mose• , En•dos•mo´sis } n. [NL. endosmosis, fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + a thrusting, impulsion, fr. to push: cf. F. endosmose.] (Physics) The transmission of a fluid or gas from without inward in the phenomena, or by the process, of osmose.

En•dos•mos´mic , a. Endosmotic.

En•dos•mot´ic , a. Pertaining to endosmose; of the nature endosmose; osmotic. Carpenter.

En´do•sperm , n. [Endo- + Gr. seed.] (Bot.) The albumen of a seed; — limited by recent writers to that formed within the embryo sac.

En•do•sper´mic , a. (Bot.) Relating to, accompanied by, or containing, endosperm.

En´do•spore , n. [Endo- + spore.] (Bot.) The thin inner coat of certain spores.

En•do•spor´ous , a. (Bot.) Having the spores contained in a case; — applied to fungi.

En•doss´ ( 115), v. t. [F. endosser. See Endorse.] To put upon the back or outside of anything; — the older spelling of endorse. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•dos´te•al , a. (Physiol.) Relating to endostosis; as endosteal ossification.

En•do•ster´nite , n. [Endo- + sternum.] (Zoöl.) The part of each apodeme derived from the intersternal membrane in Crustacea and insects.

En•dos´te•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + a bone.] (Anat.) The layer of vascular connective tissue lining the medullary cavities of bone.

En•dos´to•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + , , the mouth.] (Zoöl.) A plate which supports the labrum in certain Crustacea.

En´do•stome , n. [See Endostoma.] 1. (Bot.) The foramen or passage through the inner integument of an ovule. 2. (Zoöl.) And endostoma.

En•dos•to´sis , n. [NL. See Endo- , and Ostosis.] (Physiol.) A process of bone formation in which ossification takes place within the substance of the cartilage.

En´do•style , n. [Endo- + Gr. a pillar.] (Zoöl.) A fold of the endoderm, which projects into the blood cavity of ascidians. See Tunicata.

En•do•the´ca , n. [NL., from Gr. ’e•ndon within + qh•kh a case, box, fr. to place.] (Zoöl.) The tissue which partially fills the interior of the interseptal chambers of most madreporarian corals. It usually consists of a series of oblique tranverse septa, one above another. — En•do•the´cal (#), a.

En•do•the´ci•um , n. [NL. See Endotheca.] (Bot.) The inner lining of an anther cell.

En•do•the´li•al , a. (Anat.) Of, or relating to, endothelium.

En•do•the´li•um , n.; pl. Endothelia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + nipple.] (Anat.) The thin epithelium lining the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities. See Epithelium.

En•do•the´loid , a. [Endothelium + -oid.] (Anat.) Like endothelium.

En•do•tho´rax , n. [Endo- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) An internal process of the sternal plates in the thorax of insects.

En•dow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endowed p. pr. & vb. n. Endowing.] [OF. endouer; pref. en- (L. in) + F. douer to endow, L. dotare. See Dower, and cf. 2d Endue.] 1. To furnish with money or its equivalent, as a permanent fund for support; to make pecuniary provision for; to settle an income upon; especially, to furnish with dower; as to endow a wife; to endow a public institution. “Endowing hospitals and almshouses.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To enrich or furnish with anything of the nature of a gift (as a quality or faculty); — followed by with, rarely by of; as man is endowed by his Maker with reason; to endow with privileges or benefits.

En•dow´er , v. t. [Cf. OF. endouairer. See Dower, Endow.] To endow. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

En•dow´er, n. One who endows.

En•dow´ment , n. 1. The act of bestowing a dower, fund, or permanent provision for support. 2. That which is bestowed or settled on a person or an institution; property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated to any object; as the endowment of a church, a hospital, or a college. 3. That which is given or bestowed upon the person or mind; gift of nature; accomplishment; natural capacity; talents; — usually in the plural. “His early endowments had fitted him for the work he was to do.” I. Taylor.

En•do•zo´a (en•do•zo´a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) See Entozoa.

En•drudge´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + drudge.] To make a drudge or slave of. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

En•due´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endued p. pr. & vb. n. Enduing.] [L. induere, prob. confused with E. endow. See Indue.] To invest. Latham. “Tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high.” Luke xxiv. 49. “Endue them … with heavenly gifts.” Book of Common Prayer.

En•due´, v. t. An older spelling of Endow. Tillotson.

En•due´ment , n. Act of enduing; induement.

En•dur´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. endurable. See Endure.] Capable of being endured or borne; sufferable. Macaulay. — En•dur´a•ble•ness, n.

En•dur´a•bly, adv. In an endurable manner.

En•dur´ance , n. [Cf. OF. endurance. See Endure.] 1. A state or quality of lasting or duration; lastingness; continuance. “Slurring with an evasive answer the question concerning the endurance of his own possession.” Sir W. Scott. 2. The act of bearing or suffering; a continuing under pain or distress without resistance, or without being overcome; sufferance; patience. “Their fortitude was most admirable in their patience and endurance of all evils, of pain and of death.” Sir W. Temple. Syn. — Suffering; patience; fortitude; resignation.

En•dur´ant , a. Capable of enduring fatigue, pain, hunger, etc. “The ibex is a remarkably endurant animal.” J. G. Wood.

En•dure´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Endured p. pr. & vb. n. Enduring ] [F. endurer; pref. en- (L. in) + durer to last. See Dure, v. i., and cf. Indurate.] 1. To continue in the same state without perishing; to last; to remain. “Their verdure still endure.” Shak. “He shall hold it [his house] fast, but it shall not endure.” Job viii. 15. 2. To remain firm, as under trial or suffering; to suffer patiently or without yielding; to bear up under adversity; to hold out. “Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong in the days that I shall deal with thee?” Ezek. xxii. 14.

En•dure´, v. t. 1. To remain firm under; to sustain; to undergo; to support without breaking or yielding; as metals endure a certain degree of heat without melting; to endure wind and weather. “Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure,
As might the strokes of two such arms endure.” Dryden. 2. To bear with patience; to suffer without opposition or without sinking under the pressure or affliction; to bear up under; to put up with; to tolerate. “I will no longer endure it.” Shak. “Therefore I endure all things for the elect’s sake.” 2 Tim. ii. 10. “How can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people?” Esther viii. 6. 3. To harden; to toughen; to make hardy. [Obs.] “Manly limbs endured with little ease.” Spenser. Syn. — To last; remain; continue; abide; brook; submit to; suffer.

En•dure´ment , n. [Cf. OF. endurement.] Endurance. [Obs.] South.

En•dur´er , n. One who, or that which, endures or lasts; one who bears, suffers, or sustains.

En•dur´ing, a. Lasting; durable; long-suffering; as an enduring disposition. ´A better and enduring substance.´ Heb. x. 34. — En•dur´ing•ly, adv. T. Arnold. — En•dur´ing•ness, n. { End´ways• , End´wise } adv. 1. On end; erectly; in an upright position. 2. With the end forward.

En´dy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a garment.] (Anat.) See Ependyma.

En´dy•sis , n.; pl. Endyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a putting on, fr. to put on.] (Biol.) The act of developing a new coat of hair, a new set of feathers, scales, etc.; — opposed to ecdysis.

En´e•cate , v. t. [L. enecatus, p. p. of enecare; e out, utterly + necare to kill.] To kill off; to destroy. [Obs.] Harvey.

E•ne´id , n. Same as AEneid.

En´e•ma , n.; pl. L. Enemata (#). [L. enema, Gr. , fr. to send in; in + to send.] (Med.) An injection, or clyster, thrown into the rectum as a medicine, or to impart nourishment. Hoblyn.

En´e•my , n.; pl. Enemies (#). [OF. enemi, F. ennemi, from L. inimicus; in- (negative) + amicus friend. See Amicable.] One hostile to another; one who hates, and desires or attempts the injury of, another; a foe; an adversary; as an enemy of or to a person; an enemy to truth, or to falsehood. “To all good he enemy was still.” Spenser. “I say unto you, Love your enemies.” Matt. v. 44. The enemy (Mil.), the hostile force. In this sense it is construed with the verb and pronoun either in the singular or the plural, but more commonly in the singular; as we have met the enemy and he is ours or they are ours. “It was difficult in such a country to track the enemy. It was impossible to drive him to bay.” Macaulay. Syn. — Foe; antagonist; opponent. See Adversary.

En´e•my, a. Hostile; inimical. [Obs.] “They … every day grow more enemy to God.” Jer. Taylor.

En•ep•i•der´mic , a. [Pref. en- (Gr. ) + epidermic.] (Med.) Applied to the skin without friction; — said of medicines. { En•er•get´ic , En•er•get´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to work, be active, fr. active. See Energy.] 1. Having energy or energies; possessing a capacity for vigorous action or for exerting force; active. ´A Being eternally energetic.´ Grew. 2. Exhibiting energy; operating with force, vigor, and effect; forcible; powerful; efficacious; as energetic measures; energetic laws. Syn. — Forcible; powerful; efficacious; potent; vigorous; effective; strenuous. — En•er•get´ic•al•ly, adv. — En•er•get´ic•al•ness, n.

En•er•get´ics , n. That branch of science which treats of the laws governing the physical or mechanical, in distinction from the vital, forces, and which comprehends the consideration and general investigation of the whole range of the forces concerned in physical phenomena. [R.] { En•er´gic , En•er´gic•al } a. [Cf. F. energique.] 1. In a state of action; acting; operating. 2. Having energy or great power; energetic. “The energic faculty that we call will.” Blackw. Mag.

En´er•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Energized p. pr. & vb. n. Energizing ] [From Energy.] To use strength in action; to act or operate with force or vigor; to act in producing an effect. “Of all men it is true that they feel and energize first, they reflect and judge afterwards.” J. C. Shairp.

En´er•gize, v. t. To give strength or force to; to make active; to alacrify; as to energize the will.

En´er•gi•zer , n. One who, or that which, gives energy, or acts in producing an effect.

En´er•gi•zing , a. Capable of imparting or exercising energy. “Those nobler exercises of energizing love.” Bp. Horsley.

En•er•gu´men , n. [L. energumenos, fr. Gr. possessed by an evil spirit, from : cf. F. energumène. See Energetic.] (Eccl. Antiq.) One possessed by an evil spirit; a demoniac.

En´er•gy , n.; pl. Energies (#). [F. energie, LL. energia, fr. Gr., fr. active; in + work. See In, and Work.] 1. Internal or inherent power; capacity of acting, operating, or producing an effect, whether exerted or not; as men possessing energies may suffer them to lie inactive. “The great energies of nature are known to us only by their effects.” Paley. 2. Power efficiently and forcibly exerted; vigorous or effectual operation; as the energy of a magistrate. 3. Strength of expression; force of utterance; power to impress the mind and arouse the feelings; life; spirit; — said of speech, language, words, style; as a style full of energy. 4. (Physics) Capacity for performing work. The kinetic energy of a body is the energy it has in virtue of being in motion. It is measured by one half of the product of the mass of each element of the body multiplied by the square of the velocity of the element, relative to some given body or point. The available kinetic energy of a material system unconnected with any other system is that energy which is due to the motions of the parts of the system relative to its center of mass. The potential energy of a body or system is that energy which is not kinetic; — energy due to configuration. Kinetic energy is sometimes called actual energy. Kinetic energy is exemplified in the vis viva of moving bodies, in heat, electric currents, etc.; potential energy, in a bent spring, or a body suspended a given distance above the earth and acted on by gravity. Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, ∧ Degradation of energy, etc. (Physics) See under Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, etc. Syn. — Force; power; potency; vigor; strength; spirit; efficiency; resolution.

E•ner´vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enervated p. pr. & vb. n. Enervating.] [L. enervatus, p. p. of enervare, fr. enervis nerveless, weak; e out + nervus nerve. See Nerve.] To deprive of nerve, force, strength, or courage; to render feeble or impotent; to make effeminate; to impair the moral powers of. “A man … enervated by licentiousness.” Macaulay. “And rhyme began t’ enervate poetry.” Dryden. Syn. — To weaken; enfeeble; unnerve; debilitate.

E•ner´vate , a. [L. enervatus, p. p.] Weakened; weak; without strength of force. Pope.

En•er•va´tion , n. [L. enervatio: cf. F. enervation.] 1. The act of weakening, or reducing strength. 2. The state of being weakened; effeminacy. Bacon.

E•ner´va•tive , a. Having power, or a tendency, to enervate; weakening. [R.]

E•nerve´ , v. t. [Cf. F. enerver. See Enervate.] To weaken; to enervate. [Obs.] Milton.

E•nerv´ous , a. [L. enervis, enervus.] Lacking nerve or force; enervated. [R.]

En•fam´ish , v. t. To famish; to starve.

En•fect´ , a. [See Infect, a.] Contaminated with illegality. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•fee´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeebled p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeebling ] [OF. enfeblir, enfeiblir; pref. en- (L. in) + feble, F. faible, feeble. See Feeble.] To make feeble; to deprive of strength; to reduce the strength or force of; to weaken; to debilitate. “Enfeebled by scanty subsistence and excessive toil.” Prescott. Syn. — To weaken; debilitate; enervate.

En•fee´ble•ment , n. The act of weakening; enervation; weakness.

En•fee´bler , n. One who, or that which, weakens or makes feeble.

En•fee´blish, v. i. To enfeeble. [Obs.] Holland.

En•fel´oned , a. [Pref. en- + felon: cf. OF. enfelonner.] Rendered fierce or frantic. [Obs.] ´Like one enfeloned or distraught.´ Spenser.

En•feoff´ ( see Feoff, 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeoffed p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeoffing.] [Pref. en- + feoff, fief: cf. LL. infeofare, OF. enfeffer, enfeofer.] 1. (Law) To give a feud, or right in land, to; to invest with a fief or fee; to invest (any one) with a freehold estate by the process of feoffment. Mozley & W. 2. To give in vassalage; to make subservient. [Obs.] “[The king] enfeoffed himself to popularity.” Shak.

En•feoff´ment , n. (Law) (a) The act of enfeoffing. (b) The instrument or deed by which one is invested with the fee of an estate.

En•fes´ter , v. t. To fester. [Obs.] ´Enfestered sores.´ Davies (Holy Roode).

En•fet´ter , v. t. To bind in fetters; to enchain. ´Enfettered to her love.´ Shak.

En•fe´ver , v. t. [Pref. en- + fever: cf. F. enfievrer.] To excite fever in. [R.] A. Seward.

En•fierce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfierced p. pr. & vb. n. Enfiercing ] To make fierce. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•fi•lade´ ( 277), n. [F., fr. enfiler to thread, go trough a street or square, rake with shot; pref. en- (L. in) + fil thread. See File a row.] 1. A line or straight passage, or the position of that which lies in a straight line. [R.] 2. (Mil.) A firing in the direction of the length of a trench, or a line of parapet or troops, etc.; a raking fire.

En•fi•lade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfiladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfilading.] (Mil.) To pierce, scour, or rake with shot in the direction of the length of, as a work, or a line of troops. Campbell.

En•filed´ , p. a. [F. enfiler to pierce, thread.] (Her.) Having some object, as the head of a man or beast, impaled upon it; as a sword which is said to be ´enfiled of´ the thing which it pierces.

En•fire´ , v. t. To set on fire. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•flesh´ , v. t. To clothe with flesh. [Obs.] “Vices which are … enfleshed in him.” Florio.

En•flow´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enflowered p. pr. & vb. n. Enflowering.] To cover or deck with flowers. [Poetic] “These odorous and enflowered fields.” B. Jonson.

En•fold´ , v. t. To infold. See Infold.

En•fold´ment , n. The act of infolding. See Infoldment.

En•force´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enforced p. pr. & vb. n. Enforcing ] [OF. enforcier to strengthen, force, F. enforcir; pref. en- (L. in) + F. force. See Force.] 1. To put force upon; to force; to constrain; to compel; as to enforce obedience to commands. “Inward joy enforced my heart to smile.” Shak. 2. To make or gain by force; to obtain by force; as to enforce a passage. ´Enforcing furious way.´ Spenser. 3. To put in motion or action by violence; to drive. “As swift as stones
Enforced from the old Assyrian slings.” Shak. 4. To give force to; to strengthen; to invigorate; to urge with energy; as to enforce arguments or requests. “Enforcing sentiment of the thrust humanity.” Burke. 5. To put in force; to cause to take effect; to give effect to; to execute with vigor; as to enforce the laws. 6. To urge; to ply hard; to lay much stress upon. “Enforce him with his envy to the people.” Shak.

En•force , v. i. 1. To attempt by force. [Obs.] 2. To prove; to evince. [R.] Hooker. 3. To strengthen; to grow strong. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•force´, n. Force; strength; power. [Obs.] “A petty enterprise of small enforce.” Milton.

En•force´a•ble , a. Capable of being enforced.

En•forced´ , a. Compelled; forced; not voluntary. ´Enforced wrong.´ ´Enforced smiles.´ Shak. — En•for´ced•ly, adv. Shak.

En•force´ment , n. [Cf. OF. enforcement.] 1. The act of enforcing; compulsion. “He that contendeth against these enforcements may easily master or resist them.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Confess ’t was hers, and by what rough enforcement
You got it from her.” Shak. 2. A giving force to; a putting in execution. “Enforcement of strict military discipline.” Palfrey. 3. That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied. “The rewards and punishment of another life, which the Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law.” Locke.

En•for´cer , n. One who enforces.

En•for´ci•ble , a. That may be enforced.

En•for´cive , a. Serving to enforce or constrain; compulsive. Marsion. — En•for´cive•ly, adv.

En•for´est , v. t. To turn into a forest.

En•form´ , v. t. [F. enformer. See Inform.] To form; to fashion. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•foul´dred , a. [Pref. en- + OF. fouldre, foldre, lightning, F. foudre, L. fulgur.] Mixed with, or emitting, lightning. [Obs.] ´With foul enfouldred smoke.´ Spenser.

En•frame´ , v. t. To inclose, as in a frame.

En•fran´chise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfranchised p. pr. & vb. n. Enfranchising ] [Pref. en- + franchise: cf. F. enfranchir.] 1. To set free; to liberate from slavery, prison, or any binding power. Bacon. 2. To endow with a franchise; to incorporate into a body politic and thus to invest with civil and political privileges; to admit to the privileges of a freeman. 3. To receive as denizens; to naturalize; as to enfranchise foreign words. I. Watts.

En•fran´chise•ment , n. 1. Releasing from slavery or custody. Shak. 2. Admission to the freedom of a corporation or body politic; investiture with the privileges of free citizens. Enfranchisement of copyhold (Eng. Law), the conversion of a copyhold estate into a freehold. Mozley & W.

En•fran´chis•er , n. One who enfranchises.

En•free´ , v. t. To set free. [Obs.] ´The enfreed Antenor.´ Shak.

En•free´dom , v. t. To set free. [Obs.] Shak.

En•freeze´ , v. t. To freeze; to congeal. [Obs.] “Thou hast enfrozened her disdainful breast.” Spenser.

En•fro´ward , v. t. To make froward, perverse, or ungovernable. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

En•gage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engaged p. pr. & vb. n. Engaging ] [F. engager; pref. en- (L. in) + gage pledge, pawn. See Gage.] 1. To put under pledge; to pledge; to place under obligations to do or forbear doing something, as by a pledge, oath, or promise; to bind by contract or promise. ´I to thee engaged a prince’s word.´ Shak. 2. To gain for service; to bring in as associate or aid; to enlist; as to engage friends to aid in a cause; to engage men for service. 3. To gain over; to win and attach; to attract and hold; to draw. “Good nature engages everybody to him.” Addison. 4. To employ the attention and efforts of; to occupy; to engross; to draw on. “Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage.” Pope. “Taking upon himself the difficult task of engaging him in conversation.” Hawthorne. 5. To enter into contest with; to encounter; to bring to conflict. “A favorable opportunity of engaging the enemy.” Ludlow. 6. (Mach.) To come into gear with; as the teeth of one cogwheel engage those of another, or one part of a clutch engages the other part.

En•gage´, v. i. 1. To promise or pledge one’s self; to enter into an obligation; to become bound; to warrant. “How proper the remedy for the malady, I engage not.” Fuller. 2. To embark in a business; to take a part; to employ or involve one’s self; to devote attention and effort; to enlist; as to engage in controversy. 3. To enter into conflict; to join battle; as the armies engaged in a general battle. 4. (Mach.) To be in gear, as two cogwheels working together.

En•gaged´ , a. 1. Occupied; employed; busy. 2. Pledged; promised; especially, having the affections pledged; promised in marriage; affianced; betrothed. 3. Greatly interested; of awakened zeal; earnest. 4. Involved; esp., involved in a hostile encounter; as the engaged ships continued the fight. Engaged column. (Arch.) Same as Attached column. See under Attach, v. t.

En•ga´ged•ly , adv. With attachment; with interest; earnestly.

En•ga´ged•ness, n. The state of being deeply interested; earnestness; zeal.

En•gage´ment , n. [Cf. F. engagement.] 1. The act of engaging, pledging, enlisting, occupying, or entering into contest. 2. The state of being engaged, pledged or occupied; specif., a pledge to take some one as husband or wife. 3. That which engages; engrossing occupation; employment of the attention; obligation by pledge, promise, or contract; an enterprise embarked in; as his engagements prevented his acceptance of any office. “Religion, which is the chief engagement of our league.” Milton. 4. (Mil.) An action; a fight; a battle. “In hot engagement with the Moors.” Dryden. 5. (Mach.) The state of being in gear; as one part of a clutch is brought into engagement with the other part. Syn. — Vocation; business; employment; occupation; promise; stipulation; betrothal; word; battle; combat; fight; contest; conflict. See Battle.

En•ga´ger , n. One who enters into an engagement or agreement; a surety. “Several sufficient citizens were engagers.” Wood.

En•ga´ging , a. Tending to draw the attention or affections; attractive; as engaging manners or address. — En•ga´ging•ly, adv. - - En•ga´ging•ness, n. Engaging and disengaging gear or machinery, that in which, or by means of which, one part is alternately brought into gear or out of gear with another part, as occasion may require.

En•gal´lant , v. t. To make a gallant of. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

En•gaol´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + gaol: cf. OF. engaoler, engeoler. See Gaol, and cf. Enjail.] To put in jail; to imprison. [Obs.] Shak.

En•gar´boil , v. t. [Pref. en- + garboil.] To throw into disorder; to disturb. [Obs.] ´To engarboil the church.´ Bp. Montagu.

En•gar´land , v. t. [Pref. en- + garland: cf. F. enguirlander.] To encircle with a garland, or with garlands. Sir P. Sidney.

En•gar´ri•son , v. t. To garrison; to put in garrison, or to protect by a garrison. Bp. Hall.

En•gas´tri•muth , n. [Gr. ; in + belly + to speak: cf. F. engastrimythe.] An ventriloquist. [Obs.]

En•gen´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engendered p. pr. & vb. n. Engendering.] [F. engender, L. ingenerare; in + generare to beget. See Generate, and cf. Ingenerate.] 1. To produce by the union of the sexes; to beget. [R.] 2. To cause to exist; to bring forth; to produce; to sow the seeds of; as angry words engender strife. “Engendering friendship in all parts of the common wealth.” Southey. Syn. — To breed; generate; procreate; propagate; occasion; call forth; cause; excite; develop.

En•gen´der, v. i. 1. To assume form; to come into existence; to be caused or produced. “Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there.” Dryden. 2. To come together; to meet, as in sexual embrace. ´I saw their mouths engender.´ Massinger.

En•gen´der , n. One who, or that which, engenders.

En•gen•drure´ , n. [OF. engendreure.] The act of generation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•gild´ , v. t. To gild; to make splendent. “Fair Helena, who most engilds the night.” Shak.

En´gine , n. [F. engin skill, machine, engine, L. ingenium natural capacity, invention; in in + the root of gignere to produce. See Genius, and cf. Ingenious, Gin a snare.] 1. (Pronounced, in this sense, .) Natural capacity; ability; skill. [Obs.] “A man hath sapiences three,
Memory, engine, and intellect also.” Chaucer. 2. Anything used to effect a purpose; any device or contrivance; an agent. Shak. “You see the ways the fisherman doth take
To catch the fish; what engines doth he make?” Bunyan. “Their promises, enticements, oaths, tokens, and all these engines of lust.” Shak. 3. Any instrument by which any effect is produced; especially, an instrument or machine of war or torture. ´Terrible engines of death.´ Sir W. Raleigh. 4. (Mach.) A compound machine by which any physical power is applied to produce a given physical effect. Engine driver, one who manages an engine; specifically, the engineer of a locomotive. — Engine lathe. (Mach.) See under Lathe. — Engine tool, a machine tool. J. Whitworth. — Engine turning (Fine Arts), a method of ornamentation by means of a rose engine. The term engine is more commonly applied to massive machines, or to those giving power, or which produce some difficult result. Engines, as motors, are distinguished according to the source of power, as steam engine, air engine, electro- magnetic engine; or the purpose on account of which the power is applied, as fire engine, pumping engine, locomotive engine; or some peculiarity of construction or operation, as single-acting or double-acting engine, high- pressure or low-pressure engine, condensing engine, etc.

En´gine, v. t. 1. To assault with an engine. [Obs.] “To engine and batter our walls.” T. Adams. 2. To equip with an engine; — said especially of steam vessels; as vessels are often built by one firm and engined by another. 3. (Pronounced, in this sense, .) To rack; to torture. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•gi•neer´ , n. [OE. enginer: cf. OF. engignier, F. ingenieur. See Engine, n.] 1. A person skilled in the principles and practice of any branch of engineering. See under Engineering, n. 2. One who manages as engine, particularly a steam engine; an engine driver. 3. One who carries through an enterprise by skillful or artful contrivance; an efficient manager. [Colloq.] Civil engineer, a person skilled in the science of civil engineering. — Military engineer, one who executes engineering works of a military nature. See under Engineering.

En•gi•neer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engineered p. pr. & vb. n. Engineering.] 1. To lay out or construct, as an engineer; to perform the work of an engineer on; as to engineer a road. J. Hamilton. 2. To use contrivance and effort for; to guide the course of; to manage; as to engineer a bill through Congress. [Colloq.]

En•gi•neer´ing, n. Originally, the art of managing engines; in its modern and extended sense, the art and science by which the mechanical properties of matter are made useful to man in structures and machines; the occupation and work of an engineer. In a comprehensive sense, engineering includes architecture as a mechanical art, in distinction from architecture as a fine art. It was formerly divided into military engineering, which is the art of designing and constructing offensive and defensive works, and civil engineering, in a broad sense, as relating to other kinds of public works, machinery, etc. — Civil engineering, in modern usage, is strictly the art of planning, laying out, and constructing fixed public works, such as railroads, highways, canals, aqueducts, water works, bridges, lighthouses, docks, embankments, breakwaters, dams, tunnels, etc. — Mechanical engineering relates to machinery, such as steam engines, machine tools, mill work, etc. — Mining engineering deals with the excavation and working of mines, and the extraction of metals from their ores, etc. Engineering is further divided into steam engineering, gas engineering, agricultural engineering, topographical engineering, electrical engineering, etc.

En´gine•man , n.; pl. Enginemen . A man who manages, or waits on, an engine.

En´gin•er , n. [See Engineer.] A contriver; an inventor; a contriver of engines. [Obs.] Shak.

En´gine•ry , n. 1. The act or art of managing engines, or artillery. Milton. 2. Engines, in general; instruments of war. “Training his devilish enginery.” Milton. 3. Any device or contrivance; machinery; structure or arrangement. Shenstone.

En´gine-sized , a. Sized by a machine, and not while in the pulp; — said of paper. Knight.

En´gi•nous , a. [OF. engignos. See Ingenious.] 1. Pertaining to an engine. [Obs.] “That one act gives, like an enginous wheel,
Motion to all.” Decker. 2. Contrived with care; ingenious. [Obs.] “The mark of all enginous drifts.” B. Jonson.

En•gird´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engirded or Engirt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Engirding.] [Pref. en- + gird. Cf. Ingirt.] To gird; to encompass. Shak.

En•gir´dle , v. t. To surround as with a girdle; to girdle.

En•girt´ , v. t. To engird. [R.] Collins.

En´gi•scope , n. [Gr. near + -scope.] (Opt.) A kind of reflecting microscope. [Obs.]

En•glaimed´ , a. [OE. engleimen to smear, gleim birdlime, glue, phlegm.] Clammy. [Obs.]

En´gle , n. [OE. enghle to coax or cajole. Cf. Angle a hook, one easily enticed, a gull, Ingle.] A favorite; a paramour; an ingle. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

En´gle, v. t. To cajole or coax, as favorite. [Obs.] “I ’ll presently go and engle some broker.” B. Jonson.

Eng´lish , a. [AS. Englisc, fr. Engle, Angle, Engles, Angles, a tribe of Germans from the southeast of Sleswick, in Denmark, who settled in Britain and gave it the name of England. Cf. Anglican.] Of or pertaining to England, or to its inhabitants, or to the present so-called Anglo-Saxon race. English bond (Arch.) See 1st Bond, n., 8. — English breakfast tea. See Congou. — English horn. (Mus.) See Corno Inglese. — English walnut. (Bot.) See under Walnut.

Eng´lish, n. 1. Collectively, the people of England; English people or persons. 2. The language of England or of the English nation, and of their descendants in America, India, and other countries. The English language has been variously divided into periods by different writers. In the division most commonly recognized, the first period dates from about 450 to 1150. This is the period of full inflection, and is called Anglo-Saxon, or, by many recent writers, Old English. The second period dates from about 1150 to 1550 (or, if four periods be recognized, from about 1150 to 1350), and is called Early English, Middle English, or more commonly (as in the usage of this book), Old English. During this period most of the inflections were dropped, and there was a great addition of French words to the language. The third period extends from about 1350 to 1550, and is Middle English. During this period orthography became comparatively fixed. The last period, from about 1550, is called Modern English. 3. A kind of printing type, in size between Pica and Great Primer. See Type. The type called English. 4. (Billiards) A twist or spinning motion given to a ball in striking it that influences the direction it will take after touching a cushion or another ball. The King’s, or Queen’s, English. See under King.

Eng´lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englished p. pr. & vb. n. Englishing.] 1. To translate into the English language; to Anglicize; hence, to interpret; to explain. “Those gracious acts … may be Englished more properly, acts of fear and dissimulation.” Milton. “Caxton does not care to alter the French forms and words in the book which he was Englishing.” T. L. K. Oliphant. 2. (Billiards) To strike (the cue ball) in such a manner as to give it in addition to its forward motion a spinning motion, that influences its direction after impact on another ball or the cushion. [U.S.]

Eng´lish•a•ble , a. Capable of being translated into, or expressed in, English.

Eng´lish•ism , n. 1. A quality or characteristic peculiar to the English. M. Arnold. 2. A form of expression peculiar to the English language as spoken in England; an Anglicism.

Eng´lish•man (-man), n.; pl. Englishmen (-men). A native or a naturalized inhabitant of England.

Eng´lish•ry , n. 1. The state or privilege of being an Englishman. [Obs.] Cowell. 2. A body of English or people of English descent; — commonly applied to English people in Ireland. “A general massacre of the Englishry.” Macaulay.

Eng´lish•wom•an , n.; pl. Englishwomen . Fem. of Englishman. Shak.

En•gloom´ , v. t. To make gloomy. [R.]

En•glue´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + glue: cf. F. engluer to smear with birdlime.] To join or close fast together, as with glue; as a coffer well englued. Gower.

En•glut´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englutted p. pr. & vb. n. Englutting ] [Pref. en- + glut: cf. F. engloutir.] 1. To swallow or gulp down. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To glut. [Obs.] ´Englutted with vanity.´ Ascham.

En•gore´ , v. t. 1. To gore; to pierce; to lacerate. [Obs.] “Deadly engored of a great wild boar.” Spenser. 2. To make bloody. [Obs.] Chapman.

En•gorge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engorged p. pr. & vb. n. Engorging ] [Pref. en- + gorge: cf. F. engorger to obstruct, cram.] 1. To gorge; to glut. Mir. for Mag. 2. To swallow with greediness or in large quantities; to devour. Spenser.

En•gorge´, v. i. To feed with eagerness or voracity; to stuff one’s self with food. Beaumont.

En•gorged´ , p. a. 1. Swallowed with greediness, or in large draughts. 2. (Med.) Filled to excess with blood or other liquid; congested.

En•gorge´ment , n. [Cf. F. engorgement.] 1. The act of swallowing greedily; a devouring with voracity; a glutting. 2. (Med.) An overfullness or obstruction of the vessels in some part of the system; congestion. Hoblyn. 3. (Metal.) The clogging of a blast furnace.

En•gouled´ , a. (Her.) Partly swallowed; disappearing in the jaws of anything; as an infant engouled by a serpent; said also of an ordinary, when its two ends to issue from the mouths of lions, or the like; as a bend engouled.

En•gou•lee´ , a. [F., p. p. of engouler to swallow up; pref. en- (L. in) + gueule mouth.] (Her.) Same as Engouled.

En•graff´ , v. t. [See Ingraft.] To graft; to fix deeply. [Obs.]

En•graff´ment , n. See Ingraftment. [Obs.]

En•graft´ , v. t. See Ingraft. Shak. { En•graf•ta´tion , En•graft´ment } n. The act of ingrafting; ingraftment. [R.]

En•grail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrailed p. pr. & vb. n. Engrailing.] [F. engrêler; pref. en- (L. in) + grêle hail. See Grail gravel.] 1. To variegate or spot, as with hail. “A caldron new engrailed with twenty hues.” Chapman. 2. (Her.) To indent with small curves. See Engrailed.

En•grail´, v. i. To form an edging or border; to run in curved or indented lines. Parnell.

En•grailed´ , a. (Her.) Indented with small concave curves, as the edge of a bordure, bend, or the like.

En•grail´ment , n. 1. The ring of dots round the edge of a medal, etc. Brande & C. 2. (Her.) Indentation in curved lines, as of a line of division or the edge of an ordinary.

En•grain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrained p. pr. & vb. n. Engraining.] [Pref. en- + grain. Cf. Ingrain.] 1. To dye in grain, or of a fast color. See Ingrain. “Leaves engrained in lusty green.” Spenser. 2. To incorporate with the grain or texture of anything; to infuse deeply. See Ingrain. “The stain hath become engrained by time.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To color in imitation of the grain of wood; to grain. See Grain, v. t., 1.

En•grap´ple , v. t. & i. To grapple. [Obs.]

En•grasp´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrasped p. pr. & vb. n. Engrasping.] To grasp; to grip. [R.] Spenser.

En•grave´, v. t. [Pref. en- + grave a tomb. Cf. Engrave to carve.] To deposit in the grave; to bury. [Obs.] ´Their corses to engrave.´ Spenser.

En•grave´ , v. t. [imp. Engraved p. p. Engraved or Engraven ; p. pr. & vb. n. Engraving.] [Pref. en- + grave to carve: cf. OF. engraver.] 1. To cut in; to make by incision. [Obs.] “Full many wounds in his corrupted flesh
He did engrave.” Spenser. 2. To cut with a graving instrument in order to form an inscription or pictorial representation; to carve figures; to mark with incisions. “Like … . a signet thou engrave the two stones with the names of the children of Israel.” Ex. xxviii. 11. 3. To form or represent by means of incisions upon wood, stone, metal, or the like; as to engrave an inscription. 4. To impress deeply; to infix, as if with a graver. “Engrave principles in men’s minds.” Locke.

En•graved´ , a. 1. Made by engraving or ornamented with engraving. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface covered with irregular, impressed lines.

En•grave´ment , n. 1. Engraving. 2. Engraved work. [R.] Barrow.

En•grav´er , n. One who engraves; a person whose business it is to produce engraved work, especially on metal or wood.

En•grav´er•y , n. The trade or work of an engraver. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

En•grav´ing, n. 1. The act or art of producing upon hard material incised or raised patterns, characters, lines, and the like; especially, the art of producing such lines, etc., in the surface of metal plates or blocks of wood. Engraving is used for the decoration of the surface itself; also for producing an original, from which a pattern or design may be printed on paper. 2. That which is engraved; an engraved plate. 3. An impression from an engraved plate, block of wood, or other material; a print. Engraving on wood is called xylography; on copper, chalcography; on stone lithography. Engravings or prints take from wood blocks are usually called wood cuts, those from stone, lithographs.

En•greg´ge , v. t. [OF. engregier, from (assumed) LL. ingreviare; in + (assumed) grevis heavy, for L. gravis. Cf. Aggravate.] To aggravate; to make worse; to lie heavy on. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•grieve´ , v. t. To grieve. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•gross´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrossed p. pr. & vb. n. Engrossing.] [F., fr. pref. en- (L. in) + gros gross, grosse, n., an engrossed document: cf. OF. engrossir, engroissier, to make thick, large, or gross. See Gross.] 1. To make gross, thick, or large; to thicken; to increase in bulk or quantity. [Obs.] “Waves … engrossed with mud.” Spenser. “Not sleeping, to engross his idle body.” Shak. 2. To amass. [Obs.] “To engross up glorious deeds on my behalf.” Shak. 3. To copy or write in a large hand (en gross, i. e., in large); to write a fair copy of in distinct and legible characters; as to engross a deed or like instrument on parchment. “Some period long past, when clerks engrossed their stiff and formal chirography on more substantial materials.” Hawthorne. “Laws that may be engrossed on a finger nail.” De Quincey. 4. To seize in the gross; to take the whole of; to occupy wholly; to absorb; as the subject engrossed all his thoughts. 5. To purchase either the whole or large quantities of, for the purpose of enhancing the price and making a profit; hence, to take or assume in undue quantity, proportion, or degree; as to engross commodities in market; to engross power. Engrossed bill (Legislation), one which has been plainly engrossed on parchment, with all its amendments, preparatory to final action on its passage. — Engrossing hand (Penmanship), a fair, round style of writing suitable for engrossing legal documents, legislative bills, etc. Syn. — To absorb; swallow up; imbibe; consume; exhaust; occupy; forestall; monopolize. See Absorb.

En•gross´er , n. 1. One who copies a writing in large, fair characters. 2. One who takes the whole; a person who purchases such quantities of articles in a market as to raise the price; a forestaller. Locke.

En•gross´ment , n. 1. The act of engrossing; as the engrossment of a deed. “Engrossments of power and favor.” Swift. 2. That which has been engrossed, as an instrument, legislative bill, goods, etc.

En•guard´ , v. t. To surround as with a guard. [Obs.] Shak.

En•gulf´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engulfed p. pr. & vb. n. Engulfing.] [Pref. en- + gulf: cf. OF. engolfer. Cf. Ingulf.] To absorb or swallow up as in a gulf. “It quite engulfs all human thought.” Young. Syn. — See Absorb.

En•gulf´ment , n. A swallowing up as if in a gulf. [R.]

En•gyn´ Variant of Engine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•ha´lo , v. t. To surround with a halo.

En•hance´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enhanced p. pr. & vb. n. Enhancing ] [Norm. F. enhauncer, enhaucer, OF. enhaleier, enhaucier; pref. en- (L. in) + haucier to lift, raise up, from an assumed L. altiare, fr. L. altus high; cf. Pr. enansar, enanzar, to advance, exalt, and E. advance. See Altitude, and cf. Hawser.] 1. To raise or lift up; to exalt. [Obs.] Wyclif. “Who, naught aghast, his mighty hand enhanced.” Spenser. 2. To advance; to augment; to increase; to heighten; to make more costly or attractive; as to enhance the price of commodities; to enhance beauty or kindness; hence, also to render more heinous; to aggravate; as to enhance crime. “The reputation of ferocity enhanced the value of their services, in making them feared as well as hated.” Southey.

En•hance´, v. i. To be raised up; to grow larger; as a debt enhances rapidly by compound interest.

En•hance´ment , n. The act of increasing, or state of being increased; augmentation; aggravation; as the enhancement of value, price, enjoyments, crime.

En•han´cer , n. One who enhances; one who, or that which, raises the amount, price, etc.

En•har´bor , v. t. To find harbor or safety in; to dwell in or inhabit. W. Browne.

En•hard´en , v. t. [Pref. en- + harden: cf. F. enhardir to embolden.] To harden; to embolden. [Obs.] Howell. { En•har•mon´ic (en•har•mon´ik), En•har•mon´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Gr. ’enarmoniko•s, ’enarmo•nios fitting, accordant; ’en in + ´armoni•a harmony: cf. F. enharmonique.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) Of or pertaining to that one of the three kinds of musical scale (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic) recognized by the ancient Greeks, which consisted of quarter tones and major thirds, and was regarded as the most accurate. 2. (Mus.) (a) Pertaining to a change of notes to the eye, while, as the same keys are used, the instrument can mark no difference to the ear, as the substitution of A&flat; for G&sharp;. (b) Pertaining to a scale of perfect intonation which recognizes all the notes and intervals that result from the exact tuning of diatonic scales and their transposition into other keys.

En•har•mon´ic•al•ly , adv. In the enharmonic style or system; in just intonation.

En•heart´en , v. t. To give heart to; to fill with courage; to embolden. “The enemy exults and is enheartened.” I. Taylor.

En•hedge´ , v. t. To surround as with a hedge. [R.] Vicars.

En•hort´ , v. t. [OF. enhorter, enorter, L. inhortari. Cf. Exhort.] To encourage. [Obs.] ´To enhort the people.´ Chaucer.

En•hun´ger , v. t. To make hungry. “Those animal passions which vice had … enhungered to feed on innocence and life.” J. Martineau.

En•hy´dros , n. [NL. See Enhydrous.] (Min.) A variety of chalcedony containing water.

En•hy´drous , a. [Gr. ; in + water.] Having water within; containing fluid drops; — said of certain crystals.

E•nig´ma (e•nig´ma), n.; pl. enigmas (- maz). [L. aenigma, Gr. a’i•nigma, fr. a’ini•ssesqai to speak darkly, fr. a’i^nos tale, fable.] 1. A dark, obscure, or inexplicable saying; a riddle; a statement, the hidden meaning of which is to be discovered or guessed. “A custom was among the ancients of proposing an enigma at festivals.” Pope. 2. An action, mode of action, or thing, which cannot be satisfactorily explained; a puzzle; as his conduct is an enigma. { E•nig•mat´ic ( 277), E•nig•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. enigmatique.] Relating to or resembling an enigma; not easily explained or accounted for; darkly expressed; obscure; puzzling; as an enigmatical answer.

E•nig•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. Darkly; obscurely.

E•nig´ma•tist , n. [Gr. .] One who makes, or talks in, enigmas. Addison.

E•nig´ma•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Enigmatized p. pr. & vb. n. Enigmatizing ] To make, or talk in, enigmas; to deal in riddles. { E•nig•ma•tog´ra•phy , E•nig•ma•tol´o•gy } n. [Gr. , , an enigma + - graphy, -logy.] The art of making or of solving enigmas.

En•isled´ , p. a. Placed alone or apart, as if on an island; severed, as an island. [R.] ´In the sea of life enisled.´ M. Arnold.

En•jail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjailed p. pr. & vb. n. Enjailing.] [Pref. en- + jail. Cf. Engaol.] To put into jail; to imprison. [R.] Donne.

En•join´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjoined p. pr. & vb. n. Enjoining.] [F. enjoindre, L. injungere to join into, charge, enjoin; in + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Injunction.] 1. To lay upon, as an order or command; to give an injunction to; to direct with authority; to order; to charge. “High matter thou enjoin’st me.” Milton. “I am enjoined by oath to observe three things.” Shak. 2. (Law) To prohibit or restrain by a judicial order or decree; to put an injunction on. “This is a suit to enjoin the defendants from disturbing the plaintiffs.” Kent. Enjoin has the force of pressing admonition with authority; as a parent enjoins on his children the duty of obedience. But it has also the sense of command; as the duties enjoined by God in the moral law. ´This word is more authoritative than direct, and less imperious than command.´ Johnson.

En•join´, v. t. To join or unite. [Obs.] Hooker.

En•join´er , n. One who enjoins.

En•join´ment , n. Direction; command; authoritative admonition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

En•joy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjoyed p. pr. & vb. n. Enjoying.] [OF. enjoier to receive with joy; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. & F. joie joy: cf. OF. enjoir to enjoy. See Joy.] 1. To take pleasure or satisfaction in the possession or experience of; to feel or perceive with pleasure; to be delighted with; as to enjoy the dainties of a feast; to enjoy conversation. 2. To have, possess, and use with satisfaction; to occupy or have the benefit of, as a good or profitable thing, or as something desirable; as to enjoy a free constitution and religious liberty. “That the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers.” Num. xxxvi. 8. “To enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season.” Heb. xi. 25. 3. To have sexual intercourse with. Milton. To enjoy one’s self, to feel pleasure; to be happy.

En•joy´, v. i. To take satisfaction; to live in happiness. [R.] Milton.

En•joy´a•ble , a. Capable of being enjoyed or of giving joy; yielding enjoyment. Milton.

En•joy´er , n. One who enjoys.

En•joy´ment , n. 1. The condition of enjoying anything; pleasure or satisfaction, as in the possession or occupancy of anything; possession and use; as the enjoyment of an estate. 2. That which gives pleasure or keen satisfaction. “The hope of everlasting enjoyments.” Glanvill. Syn. — Pleasure; satisfaction; gratification; fruition; happiness; felicity; delight.

En•ken´nel , v. t. To put into a kennel.

En•ker´chiefed , a. Bound with a kerchief; draped; hooded; covered. Milton. “That soft, enkerchiefed hair.” M. Arnold.

En•kin´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enkindled p. pr. & vb. n. Enkindling ] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle. Shak. 2. To excite; to rouse into action; to incite. “To enkindle the enthusiasm of an artist.” Talfourd.

En•lace´ , v. t. To bind or encircle with lace, or as with lace; to lace; to encircle; to enfold; hence, to entangle. “Ropes of pearl her neck and breast enlace.” P. Fletcher.

En•lace´ment , n. The act of enlacing, or state of being enlaced; a surrounding as with a lace.

En•lard´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + lard: cf. OF. enlarder to put on the spit, Pr. & Sp. enlardar to rub with grease, baste.] To cover or dress with lard or grease; to fatten. Shak.

En•large´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlarged p. pr. & vb. n. Enlarging ] [OF. enlargier; pref. en- (L. in) + F. large wide. See Large.] 1. To make larger; to increase in quantity or dimensions; to extend in limits; to magnify; as the body is enlarged by nutrition; to enlarge one’s house. “To enlarge their possessions of land.” Locke. 2. To increase the capacity of; to expand; to give free scope or greater scope to; also to dilate, as with joy, affection, and the like; as knowledge enlarges the mind. “O ye Corinthians, our … heart is enlarged.” 2 Cor. vi. 11. 3. To set at large or set free. [Archaic] “It will enlarge us from all restraints.” Barrow. Enlarging hammer, a hammer with a slightly rounded face of large diameter; — used by gold beaters. Knight. — To enlarge an order or rule (Law), to extend the time for complying with it. Abbott. — To enlarge one’s self, to give free vent to speech; to spread out discourse. ´They enlarged themselves on this subject.´ Clarendon. — To enlarge the heart, to make free, liberal, and charitable. Syn. — To increase; extend; expand; spread; amplify; augment; magnify. See Increase.

En•large´, v. i. 1. To grow large or larger; to be further extended; to expand; as a plant enlarges by growth; an estate enlarges by good management; a volume of air enlarges by rarefaction. 2. To speak or write at length; to be diffuse in speaking or writing; to expatiate; to dilate. “To enlarge upon this theme.” M. Arnold. 3. (Naut.) To get more astern or parallel with the vessel’s course; to draw aft; — said of the wind.

En•larged´ , a. Made large or larger; extended; swollen. — En•lar´ged•ly (#), adv. — En•lar´ged•ness, n.

En•large´ment , n. 1. The act of increasing in size or bulk, real or apparent; the state of being increased; augmentation; further extension; expansion. 2. Expansion or extension, as of the powers of the mind; ennoblement, as of the feelings and character; as an enlargement of views, of knowledge, of affection. 3. A setting at large, or being set at large; release from confinement, servitude, or distress; liberty. “Give enlargement to the swain.” Shak. 4. Diffusiveness of speech or writing; expatiation; a wide range of discourse or argument. “An enlargement upon the vices and corruptions that were got into the army.” Clarendon.

En•lar´ger , n. One that enlarges.

En•lay´ , v. t. See Inlay.

En•length´en , v. t. To lengthen. [Obs.]

En•lev´en , n. Eleven. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•light´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + light. Cf. Enlighten.] To illumine; to enlighten. [R.] “Which from the first has shone on ages past,
Enlights the present, and shall warm the last.” Pope.

En•light´en , v. t. [Pref. en- + lighten: cf. AS. inlihtan. Cf. Enlight.] 1. To supply with light; to illuminate; as the sun enlightens the earth. “His lightnings enlightened the world.” Ps. xcvii. 4. 2. To make clear to the intellect or conscience; to shed the light of truth and knowledge upon; to furnish with increase of knowledge; to instruct; as to enlighten the mind or understanding. “The conscience enlightened by the Word and Spirit of God.” Trench.

En•light´en•er , n. One who enlightens or illuminates; one who, or that which, communicates light to the eye, or clear views to the mind.

En•light´en•ment , n. Act of enlightening, or the state of being enlightened or instructed.

En•limn´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + limn. Cf. Enlumine, Illuminate.] To adorn by illuminating or ornamenting with colored and decorated letters and figures, as a book or manuscript. [R.] Palsgrave.

En•link´ , v. t. To chain together; to connect, as by links. Shak.

En•list´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enlisting.] 1. To enter on a list; to enroll; to register. 2. To engage for military or naval service, the name being entered on a list or register; as to enlist men. 3. To secure the support and aid of; to employ in advancing interest; as to enlist persons in the cause of truth, or in a charitable enterprise.

En•list´, v. i. 1. To enroll and bind one’s self for military or naval service; as he enlisted in the regular army; the men enlisted for the war. 2. To enter heartily into a cause, as if enrolled.

En•list´ment , n. 1. The act or enlisting, or the state of being enlisted; voluntary enrollment to serve as a soldier or a sailor. 2. The writing by which an enlisted man is bound.

En•live´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + live, a.] To enliven. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

En•liv´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlivened p. pr. & vb. n. Enlivening ] [Pref. en- + liven.]. 1. To give life, action, or motion to; to make vigorous or active; to excite; to quicken; as fresh fuel enlivens a fire. “Lo! of themselves th’ enlivened chessmen move.” Cowley. 2. To give spirit or vivacity to; to make sprightly, gay, or cheerful; to animate; as mirth and good humor enliven a company; enlivening strains of music. Syn. — To animate; rouse; inspire; cheer; encourage; comfort; exhilarate; inspirit; invigorate.

En•liv´en•er , n. One who, or that which, enlivens, animates, or invigorates.

En•lock´ , v. t. To lock; to inclose.

En•lu´mine , v. t. [F. enluminer; pref. en- (L. in) + L. luminare to light up, illumine. See Illuminate, and cf. Limn.] To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•lute´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + L. lutum mud, clay.] To coat with clay; to lute. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•man•che´ , a. [F.; pref. en- (L. in) + manche sleeve.] (Her.) Resembling, or covered with, a sleeve; — said of the chief when lines are drawn from the middle point of the upper edge upper edge to the sides.

En•mar´ble , v. t. [Pref. en- + marble.] To make hard as marble; to harden. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•mesh´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + mesh. Cf. Inmesh.] To catch or entangle in, or as in, meshes. Shak. “My doubts enmesh me if I try.” Lowell.

En•mew´ , v. t. See Emmew.

En•mist´ , v. t. To infold, as in a mist.

En´mi•ty , n.; pl. Enmities (#). [OE. enemyte, fr. enemy: cf. F. inimitie, OF. enemistie. See Enemy, and cf. Amity.] 1. The quality of being an enemy; hostile or unfriendly disposition. “No ground of enmity between us known.” Milton. 2. A state of opposition; hostility. “The friendship of the world is enmity with God.” James iv. 4. Syn. — Rancor; hostility; hatred; aversion; antipathy; repugnance; animosity; ill will; malice; malevolence. See Animosity, Rancor.

En•mossed´ ( 115), a. [Pref. en- + moss.] Covered with moss; mossed. Keats.

En•move´ , v. t. See Emmove. [Obs.]

En•muf´fle , v. t. To muffle up.

En•mure´ , v. t. To immure. [Obs.]

En•na´tion , n. [Gr. ’enne•a nine.] (Zoöl.) The ninth segment in insects.

En´ne•ad , n. [Gr. , , fr. ’enne•a nine.] The number nine or a group of nine. The Enneads, the title given to the works of the philosopher Plotinus, published by his pupil Porphyry; — so called because each of the six books into which it is divided contains nine chapters.

En´ne•a•gon ( 277), n. [Gr. ’enne•a nine + gwni•a corner, angle: cf. enneagone.] (Geom.) A polygon or plane figure with nine sides and nine angles; a nonagon.

En•ne•ag´o•nal , a. (Geom.) Belonging to an enneagon; having nine angles.

En•ne•ag´y•nous , a. [Gr. ’enne•a nine + woman, female.] (Bot.) Having or producing nine pistils or styles; — said of a flower or plant.

En•ne•a•he´dral , a. [Gr. ’enne•a nine + side.] (Geom.) Having nine sides. { En•ne•a•he´dri•a , En•ne•a•he´dron } n. (Geom.) A figure having nine sides; a nonagon.

En•ne•an´dri•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’enne•a nine + ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man, male: cf. F. enneandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having nine stamens. { En•ne•an´dri•an , En•ne•an´drous } a. (Bot.) Having nine stamens.

En•ne•a•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. ’enne•a nine + E. petalous: cf. F. enneapetale.] (Bot.) Having nine petals, or flower leaves.

En•ne•a•sper´mous , a. [Gr. ’enne•a + spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) Having nine seeds; — said of fruits. { En•ne•at´ic , En•ne•at´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’enne•a nine.] Occurring once in every nine times, days, years, etc.; every ninth. Enneatical day, every ninth day of a disease. — Enneatical year, every ninth year of a man’s life.

En•new´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + new. Cf. Innovate.] To make new. [Obs.] Skelton.

En•niche´ , v. t. To place in a niche. Sterne.

En•no´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ennobled p. pr. & vb. n. Ennobling ] [Pref. en- + noble: cf. F. ennoblir.] 1. To make noble; to elevate in degree, qualities, or excellence; to dignify. ´Ennobling all that he touches.´ Trench. “What can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards?
Alas! not all the blood of all the Howards.” Pope. 2. To raise to the rank of nobility; as to ennoble a commoner. Syn. — To raise; dignify; exalt; elevate; aggrandize.

En•no´ble•ment, n. 1. The act of making noble, or of exalting, dignifying, or advancing to nobility. Bacon. 2. That which ennobles; excellence; dignity.

En•no´bler , n. One who ennobles.

En•nui´ , n. [F., fr. L. in odio in hatred. See Annoy.] A feeling of weariness and disgust; dullness and languor of spirits, arising from satiety or want of interest; tedium. T. Gray.

En•nuy•e´ , a. [F., p. p. of ennuyer. See Ennui.] Affected with ennui; weary in spirits; emotionally exhausted.

En•nuy•e´, n. [F.] One who is affected with ennui.

En•nuy•ee´ , n. [F.] A woman affected with ennui. Mrs. Jameson.

E•nod´al , a. (Bot.) Without a node. Gray.

En•o•da´tion , n. [L. enodatio explanation, fr. enodare to free from knots. See Enode.] The act or operation of clearing of knots, or of untying; hence, also the solution of a difficulty. [R.] Bailey.

E•node´ , v. t. [L. enodare; e out + nodare to fill with knots, nodus a knot.] To clear of knots; to make clear. [Obs.] Cockeram.

E•noint´ , a. Anointed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

E•nom´o•tarch , n. [Gr. ; + leader. See Enomoty.] (Gr. Antiq.) The commander of an enomoty. Mitford.

E•nom´o•ty , n. [Gr. , fr. sworn; in + to swear.] (Gr. Antiq.) A band of sworn soldiers; a division of the Spartan army ranging from twenty- five to thirty-six men, bound together by oath.

En´o•pla , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. armed; in + , pl., armor.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Nemertina, characterized by the presence of a peculiar armature of spines or plates in the proboscis.

En•op´to•man•cy , n. [Gr. visible in (a thing) + -mancy.] Divination by the use of a mirror.

E•norm´ , a. [Cf. F. enorme. See Enormous.] Enormous. [Obs.] Spenser.

E•nor´mi•ty , n.; pl. Enormities (#). [L. enormitas, fr. enormis enormous: cf. F. enormite. See Enormous.] 1. The state or quality of exceeding a measure or rule, or of being immoderate, monstrous, or outrageous. “The enormity of his learned acquisitions.” De Quincey. 2. That which is enormous; especially, an exceeding offense against order, right, or decency; an atrocious crime; flagitious villainy; an atrocity. “These clamorous enormities which are grown too big and strong for law or shame.” South.

E•nor´mous , a. [L. enormis enormous, out of rule; e out + norma rule: cf. F. enorme. See Normal.] 1. Exceeding the usual rule, norm, or measure; out of due proportion; inordinate; abnormal. ´Enormous bliss.´ Milton. ´This enormous state.´ Shak. ´The hoop’s enormous size.´ Jenyns. “Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait.” Milton. 2. Exceedingly wicked; outrageous; atrocious; monstrous; as an enormous crime. “That detestable profession of a life so enormous.” Bale. Syn. — Huge; vast; immoderate; immense; excessive; prodigious; monstrous. — Enormous, Immense, Excessive. We speak of a thing as enormous when it overpasses its ordinary law of existence or far exceeds its proper average or standard, and becomes — so to speak — abnormal in its magnitude, degree, etc.; as a man of enormous strength; a deed of enormous wickedness. Immense expresses somewhat indefinitely an immeasurable quantity or extent. Excessive is applied to what is beyond a just measure or amount, and is always used in an evil; as enormous size; an enormous crime; an immense expenditure; the expanse of ocean is immense. ´Excessive levity and indulgence are ultimately excessive rigor.´ V. Knox. ´Complaisance becomes servitude when it is excessive.´ La Rochefoucauld (Trans).

E•nor´mous•ly, adv. In an enormous degree.

E•nor´mous•ness, n. The state of being enormous.

En•or´tho•trope , n. [Gr. in + upright, correct + to turn.] An optical toy; a card on which confused or imperfect figures are drawn, but which form to the eye regular figures when the card is rapidly revolved. See Thaumatrope.

E•nough´ (e•nuf´), a. [OE. inoh, inow, enogh, AS. genoh, genog, a. & adv. (akin to OS. ginog, D. genoeg, OHG. ginoug, G. genug, Icel. gnogr, Sw. nog, Dan. nok, Goth. ganohs), fr. geneah it suffices (akin to Goth. ganah); pref. ge- + a root akin to L. nancisci to get, Skr. naç, Gr. ’enegkei^n to carry.] Satisfying desire; giving content; adequate to meet the want; sufficient; — usually, and more elegantly, following the noun to which it belongs. “How many hired servants of my father’s have bread enough and to spare!” Luke xv. 17.

E•nough´, adv. 1. In a degree or quantity that satisfies; to satisfaction; sufficiently. 2. Fully; quite; — used to express slight augmentation of the positive degree, and sometimes equivalent to very; as he is ready enough to embrace the offer. “I know you well enough; you are Signior Antonio.” Shak. “Thou knowest well enough … that this is no time to lend money.” Shak. 3. In a tolerable degree; — used to express mere acceptableness or acquiescence, and implying a degree or quantity rather less than is desired; as the song was well enough. Enough usually follows the word it modifies.

E•nough´, n. A sufficiency; a quantity which satisfies desire, is adequate to the want, or is equal to the power or ability; as he had enough to do take care of himself. ´Enough is as good as a feast.´ “And Esau said, I have enough, my brother.” Gen. xxxiii. 9.

E•nough´, interj. An exclamation denoting sufficiency, being a shortened form of it is enough.

E•nounce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enounced p. pr. & vb. n. Enouncing ] [F. enoncer, L. enuntiare; e out + nuntiare to announce, fr. nuntius messenger. See Nuncio, and cf. Enunciate.] 1. To announce; to declare; to state, as a proposition or argument. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. To utter; to articulate. “The student should be able to enounce these [sounds] independently.” A. M. Bell.

E•nounce´ment , n. Act of enouncing; that which is enounced.

E•now´ A form of Enough. [Archaic] Shak.

En•pa´tron , v. t. To act the part of a patron towards; to patronize. [Obs.] Shak.

En•pierce´ , v. t. [See Empierce.] To pierce. [Obs.] Shak.

En•quere´ , v. i. To inquire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•quick´en , v. t. To quicken; to make alive. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

En•quire´ , v. i. & t. See Inquire.

En•quir´er , n. See Inquirer.

En•quir´y , n. See Inquiry.

En•race´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + race lineage.] To enroot; to implant. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•rage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enraged p. pr. & vb. n. Enraging ] [F. enrager to be enraged; pref. en- (L. in) + rage rage. See Rage.] To fill with rage; to provoke to frenzy or madness; to make furious. Syn. — To irritate; incense; inflame; exasperate; provoke; anger; madden; infuriate.

En•rage´ment , n. Act of enraging or state of being enraged; excitement. [Obs.]

En•range´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + range. Cf. Enrank, Arrange.] 1. To range in order; to put in rank; to arrange. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To rove over; to range. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•rank´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + rank.] To place in ranks or in order. [R.] Shak.

En•rapt´ , p. a. [Pref. en- + rapt. Cf. Enravish.] Thrown into ecstasy; transported; enraptured. Shak.

En•rap´ture ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enraptured ( 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Enrapturing.] To transport with pleasure; to delight beyond measure; to enravish. Shenstone.

En•rav´ish , v. t. To transport with delight; to enrapture; to fascinate. Spenser.

En•rav´ish•ing•ly, adv. So as to throw into ecstasy.

En•rav´ish•ment , n. The state of being enravished or enraptured; ecstasy; rapture. Glanvill.

En•reg´is•ter , v. t. [Pref. en- + register: cf. F. enregistrer. Cf. Inregister.] To register; to enroll or record; to inregister. “To read enregistered in every nook
His goodness, which His beauty doth declare.” Spenser.

En•rheum´ , v. i. [Pref. en- + rheum: cf. F. s’enrhumer.] To contract a rheum. [Obs.] Harvey.

En•rich´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enriched p. pr. & vb. n. Enriching.] [F. enrichir; pref. en- (L. in) + riche rich. See Rich.] 1. To make rich with any kind of wealth; to render opulent; to increase the possessions of; as to enrich the understanding with knowledge. “Seeing, Lord, your great mercy
Us hath enriched so openly.” Chaucer’s Dream. 2. To supply with ornament; to adorn; as to enrich a ceiling by frescoes. 3. To make rich with manure; to fertilize; — said of the soil; as to enrich land by irrigation. 4. To supply with knowledge; to instruct; to store; — said of the mind. Sir W. Raleigh.

En•rich´er , n. One who enriches.

En•rich´ment , n. The act of making rich, or that which enriches; increase of value by improvements, embellishment, etc.; decoration; embellishment.

En•ridge´ , v. t. To form into ridges. Shak.

En•ring´ , v. t. To encircle. [R.] “The Muses and the Graces, grouped in threes,
Enringed a billowing fountain in the midst.” Tennyson.

En•rip´en , v. t. To ripen. [Obs.] Donne.

En•rive´ , v. t. To rive; to cleave. [Obs.]

En•robe´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + robe: cf. OF. enrober.] To invest or adorn with a robe; to attire.

En•rock´ment , n. [Pref. en- + rock.] A mass of large stones thrown into water at random to form bases of piers, breakwaters, etc.

En•roll´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enrolled p. pr. & vb. n. Enrolling.] [Pref. en- + roll: cf. F. enrôler; pref. en- (L. in) + rôle roll or register. See Roll, n.] [Written also enrol.] 1. To insert in a roil; to register or enter in a list or catalogue or on rolls of court; hence, to record; to insert in records; to leave in writing; as to enroll men for service; to enroll a decree or a law; also reflexively, to enlist. “An unwritten law of common right, so engraven in the hearts of our ancestors, and by them so constantly enjoyed and claimed, as that it needed not enrolling.” Milton. “All the citizen capable of bearing arms enrolled themselves.” Prescott. 2. To envelop; to inwrap; to involve. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•roll´er , n. One who enrolls or registers.

En•roll´ment , n. [Cf. F. enrôlement.] [Written also enrolment.] 1. The act of enrolling; registration. Holland. 2. A writing in which anything is enrolled; a register; a record. Sir J. Davies.

En•root´ , v. t. To fix by the root; to fix fast; to implant deep. Shak.

En•round´ , v. t. To surround. [Obs.] Shak.

En• route´ [F.] On the way or road.

Ens , n. [L., ens, entis, a thing. See Entity.] 1. (Metaph.) Entity, being, or existence; an actually existing being; also God, as the Being of Beings. 2. (Chem.) Something supposed to condense within itself all the virtues and qualities of a substance from which it is extracted; essence. [Obs.]

En•safe´ (en•saf´), v. t. To make safe. [Obs.] Hall.

En•sam´ple , n. [OF. ensample, essample, F. exemple. See Example.] An example; a pattern or model for imitation. [Obs.] Tyndale. “Being ensamples to the flock.” 1 Pet. v. 3.

En•sam´ple , v. t. To exemplify, to show by example. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•san´guine , v. t. To stain or cover with blood; to make bloody, or of a blood-red color; as an ensanguined hue. ´The ensanguined field.´ Milton.

En´sate , a. [NL. ensatus, fr. L. ensis sword.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having sword-shaped leaves, or appendages; ensiform.

En•scale´ , v. t. To cover with scales.

En•sched´ule ( 135), v. t. To insert in a schedule. See Schedule. [R.] Shak.

En•sconce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensconced imp. & p. p. Ensconcing ] To cover or shelter, as with a sconce or fort; to place or hide securely; to conceal. “She shall not see me: I will ensconce me behind the arras.” Shak.

En•seal´ (en•sel´), v. t. To impress with a seal; to mark as with a seal; hence, to ratify. [Obs.] “This deed I do enseal.” Piers Plowman.

En•seam´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + seam suture. Cf. Inseam.] To sew up; to inclose by a seam; hence, to include; to contain. Camden.

En•seam´, v. t. [Pref. en- + seam grease.] To cover with grease; to defile; to pollute. [Obs.] “In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed.” Shak.

En•sear´ , v. t. To sear; to dry up. [Obs.] “Ensear thy fertile and conceptious womb.” Shak.

En•search´ , v. i. [OF. encerchier. See Search.] To make search; to try to find something. [Obs.] — v. t. To search for. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

En•seel´ (en•sel´), v. t. To close eyes of; to seel; — said in reference to a hawk. [Obs.]

En•seint´ (en•sant´), a. (Law) With child; pregnant. See Enceinte. [Obs.]

En•sem´ble , n. [F.] The whole; all the parts taken together.

En•sem´ble, adv. [F.] All at once; together.

En•shel´ter , v. t. To shelter. [Obs.]

En•shield´ , v. t. To defend, as with a shield; to shield. [Archaic] Shak.

En•shield´, a. Shielded; enshielded. [Obs.] Shak.

En•shrine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enshrined p. pr. & vb. n. Enshrining.] To inclose in a shrine or chest; hence, to preserve or cherish as something sacred; as to enshrine something in memory. “We will enshrine it as holy relic.” Massinger.

En•shroud´ , v. t. To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to shroud. Churchill.

En•sif´er•ous , a. [L. ensifer; ensis sword + ferre to bear: cf. F. ensifère.] Bearing a sword.

En´si•form , a. [L. ensis sword + -form: cf. F. ensiforme.] Having the form of a sword blade; sword-shaped; as an ensiform leaf. Ensiform cartilage, ∧ Ensiform process. (Anat.) See Xiphisternum.

En´sign , n. [L. enseigne, L. insignia, pl. of insigne a distinctive mark, badge, flag; in + signum mark, sign. See Sign, and cf. Insignia, 3d Ancient.] 1. A flag; a banner; a standard; esp., the national flag, or a banner indicating nationality, carried by a ship or a body of soldiers; — as distinguished from flags indicating divisions of the army, rank of naval officers, or private signals, and the like. “Hang up your ensigns, let your drums be still.” Shak. 2. A signal displayed like a standard, to give notice. “He will lift an ensign to the nations from far.” Is. v. 26. 3. Sign; badge of office, rank, or power; symbol. “The ensigns of our power about we bear.” Waller. 4. (a) Formerly, a commissioned officer of the army who carried the ensign or flag of a company or regiment. (b) A commissioned officer of the lowest grade in the navy, corresponding to the grade of second lieutenant in the army. Ham. Nav. Encyc. In the British army the rank of ensign was abolished in 1871. In the United States army the rank is not recognized; the regimental flags being carried by a sergeant called the color sergeant. Ensign bearer, one who carries a flag; an ensign.

En´sign, v. t. 1. To designate as by an ensign. [Obs.] “Henry but joined the roses that ensigned
Particular families.” B. Jonson. 2. To distinguish by a mark or ornament; esp. (Her.), by a crown; thus, any charge which has a crown immediately above or upon it, is said to be ensigned.

En´sign•cy ( 277), n.; pl. Ensigncies . The rank or office of an ensign.

En´sign•ship, n. The state or rank of an ensign.

En´si•lage , n. [F.; pref. en- (L. in) + silo. See Silo.] 1. The process of preserving fodder (such as cornstalks, rye, oats, millet, etc.) by compressing it while green and fresh in a pit or vat called a silo, where it is kept covered from the air; as the ensilage of fodder. 2. The fodder preserved in a silo.

En´si•lage , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensilaged p. pr. & vb. n. Ensilaging ] To preserve in a silo; as to ensilage cornstalks.

En•sky´ , v. t. To place in the sky or in heaven. [R.] ´A thing enskied and sainted.´ Shak.

En•slave´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enslaved p. pr. & vb. n. Enslaving.] To reduce to slavery; to make a slave of; to subject to a dominant influence. “The conquer’d, also and enslaved by war,
Shall, with their freedom lost, all virtue lose.” Milton. “Pleasure admitted in undue degree
Enslaves the will.” Cowper.

En•slav´ed•ness , n. State of being enslaved.

En•slave´ment , n. The act of reducing to slavery; state of being enslaved; bondage; servitude. “A fresh enslavement to their enemies.” South.

En•slav´er , n. One who enslaves. Swift.

En•snare´ , v. t. To catch in a snare. See Insnare.

En•snarl´ , v. t. To entangle. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•so´ber , v. t. To make sober. [Obs.] “Sad accidents to ensober his spirits.” Jer. Taylor.

En•soul´ , v. t. To indue or imbue (a body) with soul. [R.] Emerson.

En•sphere´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + sphere. Cf. Insphere.] 1. To place in a sphere; to envelop. “His ample shoulders in a cloud ensphered.” Chapman. 2. To form into a sphere.

En•stamp´ , v. t. To stamp; to mark as with a stamp; to impress deeply. “It is the motive … which enstamps the character.” Gogan.

En•state´ , v. t. See Instate.

En´sta•tite , n. [Named fr. Gr. an adversary, because infusible before the blowpipe.] (Min.) A mineral of the pyroxene group, orthorhombic in crystallization; often fibrous and massive; color grayish white or greenish. It is a silicate of magnesia with some iron. Bronzite is a ferriferous variety.

En•sta•tit´ic , a. Relating to enstatite.

En•store´ , v. t. [See Instaurate.] To restore. [Obs.] Wyclif.

En•style´ , v. t. To style; to name. [Obs.]

En•su´a•ble , a. Ensuing; following.

En•sue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensued p. pr. & vb. n. Ensuing.] [OF. ensevre, OF. & F. ensuivre, fr. L. insequi; in + sequi to pursue. See Sue.] To follow; to pursue; to follow and overtake. [Obs.] ´Seek peace, and ensue it.´ 1 Pet. iii. 11. “To ensue his example in doing the like mischief.” Golding.

En•sue´, v. i. To follow or come afterward; to follow as a consequence or in chronological succession; to result; as an ensuing conclusion or effect; the year ensuing was a cold one. “So spoke the Dame, but no applause ensued.” Pope. “Damage to the mind or the body, or to both, ensues, unless the exciting cause be presently removed.” I. Taylor. Syn. — To follow; pursue; succeed. See Follow.

En•sure´ , v. t. 1. To make sure. See Insure. 2. To betroth. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

En•sur´er , n. See Insurer.

En•swathe´ , v. t. To swathe; to envelop, as in swaddling clothes. Shak.

En•swathe´ment , n. The act of enswathing, or the state of being enswathed.

En•sweep´ , v. t. To sweep over or across; to pass over rapidly. [R.] Thomson.

Ent- A prefix signifying within. See Ento-.

-ent [F. -ent, L. -ens, - entis.] An adjective suffix signifying action or being; as corrodent, excellent, emergent, continent, quiescent. See - ant.

En•tab´la•ture ( 135), n. [OF. entablature: cf. It intavolatura, fr. LL. intabulare to construct a basis; L. in + tabulatum board work, flooring, fr. tabula. See Table.] (Arch.) The superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns. See Illust. of Column, Cornice. It is commonly divided into architrave, the part immediately above the column; frieze, the central space; and cornice, the upper projecting moldings. Parker.

En•tab´le•ment , n. [F. entablement, LL. intabulamentum.] See Entablature. [R.] Evelyn.

En•tac´kle , v. t. To supply with tackle. [Obs.] Skelton.

En´tad , adv. [Ent- + L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Toward the inside or central part; away from the surface; — opposed to ectad. B. G. Wilder.

En•tail´ , n. [OE. entaile carving, OF. entaille, F., an incision, fr. entailler to cut away; pref. en- (L. in) + tailler to cut; LL. feudum talliatum a fee entailed, i. e., curtailed or limited. See Tail limitation, Tailor.] 1. That which is entailed. Hence: (Law) (a) An estate in fee entailed, or limited in descent to a particular class of issue. (b) The rule by which the descent is fixed. “A power of breaking the ancient entails, and of alienating their estates.” Hume. 2. Delicately carved ornamental work; intaglio. [Obs.] ´A work of rich entail.´ Spenser.

En•tail´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Entailing.] [OE. entailen to carve, OF. entailler. See Entail, n.] 1. To settle or fix inalienably on a person or thing, or on a person and his descendants or a certain line of descendants; — said especially of an estate; to bestow as an heritage. “Allowing them to entail their estates.” Hume. “I here entail
The crown to thee and to thine heirs forever.” Shak. 2. To appoint hereditary possessor. [Obs.] “To entail him and his heirs unto the crown.” Shak. 3. To cut or carve in an ornamental way. [Obs.] “Entailed with curious antics.” Spenser.

En•tail´ment, n. 1. The act of entailing or of giving, as an estate, and directing the mode of descent. 2. The condition of being entailed. 3. A thing entailed. “Brutality as an hereditary entailment becomes an ever weakening force.” R. L. Dugdale.

En´tal , a. [See Ent-.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, central or deep parts; inner; — opposed to ectal. B. G. Wilder.

En•tame´ , v. t. To tame. [Obs.] Shak.

En•tan´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entangled p. pr. & vb. n. Entangling ] 1. To twist or interweave in such a manner as not to be easily separated; to make tangled, confused, and intricate; as to entangle yarn or the hair. 2. To involve in such complications as to render extrication a bewildering difficulty; hence, metaphorically, to insnare; to perplex; to bewilder; to puzzle; as to entangle the feet in a net, or in briers. ´Entangling alliances.´ Washington. “The difficulties that perplex men’s thoughts and entangle their understandings.” Locke. “Allowing her to entangle herself with a person whose future was so uncertain.” Froude.

En•tan´gle•ment , n. State of being entangled; intricate and confused involution; that which entangles; intricacy; perplexity.

En•tan´gler , n. One that entangles.

En•ta´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Entasis.] (Med.) Tonic spasm; — applied generically to denote any disease characterized by tonic spasms, as tetanus, trismus, etc.

En´ta•sis , n. [NL., from Gr. a stretching; fr. ; in + to extend.] 1. (Arch.) A slight convex swelling of the shaft of a column. 2. (Med.) Same as Entasia.

En•tass´ment , n. [F. entassement, fr. entasser to heap up.] A heap; accumulation. [R.]

En•tas´tic , a. [Formed as if fr. (assumed) Gr. . See Entasis.] (Med.) Relating to any disease characterized by tonic spasms.

En•tel´e•chy , n. [L. entelechia, Gr. , prob. fr. to be complete; + completion, end + to have or hold.] (Peripatetic Philos.) An actuality; a conception completely actualized, in distinction from mere potential existence.

En•tel´lus , n. [NL., the specific name, fr. Gr. to command.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian long-tailed bearded monkey (Semnopithecus entellus) regarded as sacred by the natives. It is remarkable for the caplike arrangement of the hair on the head. Called also hoonoomaun and hungoor.

En•tend´ , v. i. [F. entendre, fr. L. intendere. See Intend.] To attend to; to apply one’s self to. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•ten´der , v. t. 1. To make tender. [R.] Jer. Taylor. 2. To treat with tenderness. [R.] Young.

En•ten´tive , a. [OF. ententif.] Attentive; zealous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En´ter- [F. entre between, fr. L. inter. See Inter-] A prefix signifying between, among, part.

En´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entered p. pr. & vb. n. Entering.] [OE. entren, enteren, F. entrer, fr. L. intrare, fr. intro inward, contr. fr. intero (sc. loco), fr. inter in between, between. See Inter-, In, and cf. Interior.] 1. To come or go into; to pass into the interior of; to pass within the outer cover or shell of; to penetrate; to pierce; as to enter a house, a closet, a country, a door, etc.; the river enters the sea. “That darksome cave they enter.” Spenser. “I, … with the multitude of my redeemed,
Shall enter heaven, long absent.” Milton. 2. To unite in; to join; to be admitted to; to become a member of; as to enter an association, a college, an army. 3. To engage in; to become occupied with; as to enter the legal profession, the book trade, etc. 4. To pass within the limits of; to attain; to begin; to commence upon; as to enter one’s teens, a new era, a new dispensation. 5. To cause to go (into), or to be received (into); to put in; to insert; to cause to be admitted; as to enter a knife into a piece of wood, a wedge into a log; to enter a boy at college, a horse for a race, etc. 6. To inscribe; to enroll; to record; as to enter a name, or a date, in a book, or a book in a catalogue; to enter the particulars of a sale in an account, a manifest of a ship or of merchandise at the customhouse. 7. (Law) (a) To go into or upon, as lands, and take actual possession of them. (b) To place in regular form before the court, usually in writing; to put upon record in proper from and order; as to enter a writ, appearance, rule, or judgment. Burrill. 8. To make report of (a vessel or her cargo) at the customhouse; to submit a statement of (imported goods), with the original invoices, to the proper officer of the customs for estimating the duties. See Entry, 4. 9. To file or inscribe upon the records of the land office the required particulars concerning (a quantity of public land) in order to entitle a person to a right pf preëmption. [U.S.] Abbott. 10. To deposit for copyright the title or description of (a book, picture, map, etc.); as ´entered according to act of Congress.´ 11. To initiate; to introduce favorably. [Obs.] Shak.

En´ter, v. i. 1. To go or come in; — often with in used pleonastically; also to begin; to take the first steps. ´The year entering.´ Evelyn. “No evil thing approach nor enter in.” Milton. “Truth is fallen in the street, and equity can not enter.” Is. lix. 14. “For we which have believed do enter into rest.” Heb. iv. 3. 2. To get admission; to introduce one’s self; to penetrate; to form or constitute a part; to become a partaker or participant; to share; to engage; — usually with into; sometimes with on or upon; as a ball enters into the body; water enters into a ship; he enters into the plan; to enter into a quarrel; a merchant enters into partnership with some one; to enter upon another’s land; the boy enters on his tenth year; to enter upon a task; lead enters into the composition of pewter. 3. To penetrate mentally; to consider attentively; — with into. “He is particularly pleased with … Sallust for his entering into internal principles of action.” Addison.

En•ter•ad•e•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + a gland + -graphy.] A treatise upon, or description of, the intestinal glands.

En•ter•ad•e•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + a gland + -logy.] The science which treats of the glands of the alimentary canal.

En•ter•al´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + pain: cf. F. enteralgie.] (Med.) Pain in the intestines; colic.

En´ter•deal , n. [Enter- + deal.] Mutual dealings; intercourse. [Obs.] “The enterdeal of princes strange.” Spenser.

En´ter•er , n. One who makes an entrance or beginning. A. Seward.

En•ter´ic , a. [Gr. . See Enteritis.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the enteron, or alimentary canal; intestinal. Enteric fever (Med.), typhoid fever.

En•te•ri´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of the intestines. Hoblyn.

En•ter•lace´ , v. t. See Interlace.

En•ter•mete´ , v. i. [F. s’entremettre; entre between + mettre to place.] To interfere; to intermeddle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En´ter•mew•er , n. [Enter- + mew to molt.] (Zoöl.) A hawk gradually changing the color of its feathers, commonly in the second year.

En•ter•mise´ , n. [F. entremise, fr. s’entremettre. See Entermete.] Mediation. [Obs.]

En´ter•o•cele , n. [Gr. ’enterokh•lh; ’e•nteron an intestine + kh•lh tumor, hernia.] (Med.) A hernial tumor whose contents are intestine.

En´ter•o•cœle , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + koi^lon a hollow.] (Anat.) A perivisceral cavity which arises as an outgrowth or outgrowths from the digestive tract; distinguished from a schizocœle, which arises by a splitting of the mesoblast of the embryo.

En•ter•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. an intestine + -graphy.] (Anat.) A treatise upon, or description of, the intestines; enterology.

En´ter•o•lith , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + -lith.] (Med.) An intestinal concretion.

En•ter•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + -logy: cf. F. enterologie.] The science which treats of the viscera of the body.

En´te•ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine, fr. ’ento•s within.] (Anat.) The whole alimentary, or enteric, canal.

En•ter•op´a•thy , n. [Gr. intestine + suffering.] (Med.) Disease of the intestines.

En•te•rop•neus´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + to breathe.] (Zoöl.) A group of wormlike invertebrates having, along the sides of the body, branchial openings for the branchial sacs, which are formed by diverticula of the alimentary canal. Balanoglossus is the only known genus. See Illustration in Appendix.

En•ter•or´rha•phy , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + a sewing.] (Med.) The operation of sewing up a rent in the intestinal canal.

En´ter•o•tome , n. [F. enterotome. See Enterotomy.] (Med.) A kind of scissors used for opening the intestinal canal, as in post-mortem examinations.

En•ter•ot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + te•mnein to cut.] (Med.) Incision of the intestines, especially in reducing certain cases of hernia.

En•ter•par´lance , n. Mutual talk or conversation; conference. [Obs.] Sir J. Hayward.

En•ter•plead´ , v. i. Same as Interplead.

En´ter•prise , n. [F. enterprise, fr. entreprendre to undertake; entre between (L. inter) + prendre to take. See Inter, and Emprise.] 1. That which is undertaken; something attempted to be performed; a work projected which involves activity, courage, energy, and the like; a bold, arduous, or hazardous attempt; an undertaking; as a manly enterprise; a warlike enterprise. Shak. “Their hands can not perform their enterprise.” Job v. 12. 2. Willingness or eagerness to engage in labor which requires boldness, promptness, energy, and like qualities; as a man of great enterprise.

En´ter•prise, v. t. 1. To undertake; to begin and attempt to perform; to venture upon. [R.] “The business must be enterprised this night.” Dryden. “What would I not renounce or enterprise for you!” T. Otway. 2. To treat with hospitality; to entertain. [Obs.] “Him at the threshold met, and well did enterprise.” Spenser.

En´ter•prise, v. i. To undertake an enterprise, or something hazardous or difficult. [R.] Pope.

En´ter•pri•ser , n. One who undertakes enterprises. Sir J. Hayward.

En´ter•pri•sing , a. Having a disposition for enterprise; characterized by enterprise; resolute, active or prompt to attempt; as an enterprising man or firm. — En´ter•pri•sing•ly, adv.

En•ter•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entertained p. pr. & vb. n. Entertaining.] [F. entretenir; entre between (L. inter) + tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Tenable.] 1. To be at the charges of; to take or keep in one’s service; to maintain; to support; to harbor; to keep. “You, sir, I entertain for one of my hundred.” Shak. 2. To give hospitable reception and maintenance to; to receive at one’s board, or into one’s house; to receive as a guest. “Be not forgetful to entertain strangers; for thereby some have entertained unawares.” Heb. xiii. 2. 3. To engage the attention of agreeably; to amuse with that which makes the time pass pleasantly; to divert; as to entertain friends with conversation, etc. “The weary time she can not entertain.” Shak. 4. To give reception to; to receive, in general; to receive and take into consideration; to admit, treat, or make use of; as to entertain a proposal. “I am not here going to entertain so large a theme as the philosophy of Locke.” De Quincey. “A rumor gained ground, — and, however absurd, was entertained by some very sensible people.” Hawthorne. 5. To meet or encounter, as an enemy. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To keep, hold, or maintain in the mind with favor; to keep in the mind; to harbor; to cherish; as to entertain sentiments. 7. To lead on; to bring along; to introduce. [Obs.] “To baptize all nations, and entertain them into the services institutions of the holy Jesus.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To amuse; divert; maintain. See Amuse.

En•ter•tain´ , v. i. To receive, or provide entertainment for, guests; as he entertains generously.

En•ter•tain´, n. [Cf. F. entretien, fr. entretenir.] Entertainment. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•ter•tain´er , n. One who entertains.

En•ter•tain´ing, a. Affording entertainment; pleasing; amusing; diverting. — En•ter•tain´ing•ly, adv. — En•ter•tain´ing•ness, n.

En•ter•tain´ment , n. [Cf. OF. entretenement.] 1. The act of receiving as host, or of amusing, admitting, or cherishing; hospitable reception; also reception or treatment, in general. “The entertainment of Christ by faith.” Baxter. “The sincere entertainment and practice of the precepts of the gospel.” Bp. Sprat. 2. That which entertains, or with which one is entertained; as: (a) Hospitality; hospitable provision for the wants of a guest; especially, provision for the table; a hospitable repast; a feast; a formal or elegant meal. (b) That which engages the attention agreeably, amuses or diverts, whether in private, as by conversation, etc., or in public, by performances of some kind; amusement. “Theatrical entertainments conducted with greater elegance and refinement.” Prescott. 3. Admission into service; service. “Some band of strangers in the adversary’s entertainment.” Shak. 4. Payment of soldiers or servants; wages. [Obs.] “The entertainment of the general upon his first arrival was but six shillings and eight pence.” Sir J. Davies. Syn. — Amusement; diversion; recreation; pastime; sport; feast; banquet; repast; carousal.

En•ter•take´ , v. t. To entertain. [Obs.]

En•ter•tis´sued , a. Same as Intertissued. { En´the•al , En´the•an } a. [Gr. full of the god, inspired; in + god.] Divinely inspired; wrought up to enthusiasm. [Obs.]

En´the•asm , n. Inspiration; enthusiasm. [R.] ´Religious entheasm.´ Byron.

En•the•as´tic , a. [Gr. inspired, fr. , fr. . See Entheal.] Of godlike energy; inspired. — En•the•as´tic•al•ly (#), adv.

En´the•at , a. [Cf. L. entheatus, fr. Gr. .] Divinely inspired. [Obs.] Drummond. { En•thel•min´tha , En•thel•min´thes } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. within + , , worm.] (Zoöl.) Intestinal worms. See Helminthes.

En•thet´ic (en•thet´ik), a. [Gr. ’enqetiko•s fit for inserting; ’en in + tiqe•nai to place.] (Med.) Caused by a morbific virus implanted in the system; as an enthetic disease like syphilis.

En•thrall´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + thrall. Cf. Inthrall.] [Written also enthral.] To hold in thrall; to enslave. See Inthrall. “The bars survive the captive they enthrall.” Byron.

En•thrall´ment , n. The act of enthralling, or state of being enthralled. See Inthrallment.

En•thrill´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + thrill.] To pierce; to thrill. [Obs.] Sackville.

En•throne´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + throne: cf. OF. enthroner. Cf. Inthronize.] 1. To seat on a throne; to exalt to the seat of royalty or of high authority; hence, to invest with sovereign authority or dignity. “Beneath a sculptured arch he sits enthroned.” Pope. “It [mercy] is enthroned in the hearts of kings.” Shak. 2. (Eccl.) To induct, as a bishop, into the powers and privileges of a vacant see.

En•throne´ment , n. The act of enthroning, or state of being enthroned. [Recent]

En•thron•i•za´tion , n. The act of enthroning; hence, the admission of a bishop to his stall or throne in his cathedral.

En•thron´ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enthronized p. pr. & vb. n. Enthronizing ] [See Inthronize.] To place on a throne; hence, to induct into office, as a bishop. “There openly enthronized as the very elected king.” Knolles.

En•thuse´ , v. t. & i. To make or become enthusiastic. [Slang]

En•thu´si•asm , n. [Gr. , fr. to be inspired or possessed by the god, fr. , , inspired: cf. enthousiasme. See Entheal, Theism.] 1. Inspiration as if by a divine or superhuman power; ecstasy; hence, a conceit of divine possession and revelation, or of being directly subject to some divine impulse. “Enthusiasm is founded neither on reason nor divine revelation, but rises from the conceits of a warmed or overweening imagination.” Locke. 2. A state of impassioned emotion; transport; elevation of fancy; exaltation of soul; as the poetry of enthusiasm. “Resolutions adopted in enthusiasm are often repented of when excitement has been succeeded by the wearing duties of hard everyday routine.” Froude. “Exhibiting the seeming contradiction of susceptibility to enthusiasm and calculating shrewdness.” Bancroft. 3. Enkindled and kindling fervor of soul; strong excitement of feeling on behalf of a cause or a subject; ardent and imaginative zeal or interest; as he engaged in his profession with enthusiasm. “Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.” Emerson. 4. Lively manifestation of joy or zeal. “Philip was greeted with a tumultuous enthusiasm.” Prescott.

En•thu´si•ast , n. [Gr. : cf. F. enthousiaste.] One moved or actuated by enthusiasm; as: (a) One who imagines himself divinely inspired, or possessed of some special revelation; a religious madman; a fanatic. (b) One whose mind is wholly possessed and heated by what engages it; one who is influenced by a peculiar; fervor of mind; an ardent and imaginative person. “Enthusiasts soon understand each other.” W. Irving. Syn. — Visionary; fanatic; devotee; zealot. { En•thu•si•as´tic , En•thu•si•as´tic•al , } a. [Gr. .] Filled with enthusiasm; characterized by enthusiasm; zealous; as an enthusiastic lover of art. ´Enthusiastical raptures.´ Calamy. — En•thu•si•as´tic•al•ly, adv. “A young man … of a visionary and enthusiastic character.” W. Irving.

En•thu•si•as´tic, n. An enthusiast; a zealot. [Obs.] { En•thy•me•mat´ic , En•thy•me•mat´ic•al , } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to, or of the form of, an enthymeme.

En´thy•meme , n. [Gr. , fr. to keep in mind, consider; in + mind, soul.] (Logic) An argument consisting of only two propositions, an antecedent and consequent deduced from it; a syllogism with one premise omitted; as We are dependent; therefore we should be humble. Here the major proposition is suppressed. The complete syllogism would be, Dependent creatures should be humble; we are dependent creatures; therefore we should be humble.

En•tice´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enticed p. pr. & vb. n. Enticing ] [OE. entisen, enticen, OF. enticier, entichier; pref. en- (L. in) + a word of uncertain origin, cf. OF. atisier to stir a fire, provoke, L. titio firebrand, or MHG. zicken to push.] To draw on, by exciting hope or desire; to allure; to attract; as the bait enticed the fishes. Often in a bad sense: To lead astray; to induce to evil; to tempt; as the sirens enticed them to listen. “Roses blushing as they blow,
And enticing men to pull.” Beau. & Fl. “My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not.” Prov. i. 10. “Go, and thine erring brother gain,
Entice him home to be forgiven.” Keble. Syn. — To allure; lure; coax; decoy; seduce; tempt; inveigle; incite; persuade; prevail on. See Allure.

En•tice´a•ble , a. Capable of being enticed.

En•tice´ment , n. [OF. enticement.] 1. The act or practice of alluring or tempting; as the enticements of evil companions. 2. That which entices, or incites to evil; means of allurement; alluring object; as an enticement to sin. Syn. — Allurement; attraction; temptation; seduction; inveiglement; persuasion; inducement.

En•ti´cer , n. One who entices; one who incites or allures to evil. Burton.

En•ti´cing , a. That entices; alluring.

En•ti´cing•ly, adv. In an enticing manner; charmingly. ´She … sings most enticingly.´ Addison.

En•tier´ty , n. See Entirety. [Obs.]

En•tire´ , a. [F. entier, L. integer untouched, undiminished, entire; pref. in-, negative + the root of tangere to touch. See Tangent, and cf. Integer.] 1. Complete in all parts; undivided; undiminished; whole; full and perfect; not deficient; as the entire control of a business; entire confidence, ignorance. “That ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing.” James i. 4. “With strength entire and free will armed.” Milton. “One entire and perfect chrysolite.” Shak. 2. Without mixture or alloy of anything; unqualified; morally whole; pure; faithful. “Pure fear and entire cowardice.” Shak. “No man had ever a heart more entire to the king.” Clarendon. 3. (Bot.) (a) Consisting of a single piece, as a corolla. (b) Having an evenly continuous edge, as a leaf which has no kind of teeth. 4. Not gelded; — said of a horse. 5. Internal; interior. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — See Whole, and Radical.

En•tire´, n. 1. Entirely. ´Too long to print in entire.´ Thackeray. 2. (Brewing) A name originally given to a kind of beer combining qualities of different kinds of beer. [Eng.] ´Foker’s Entire.´ Thackeray.

En•tire´ly, adv. 1. In an entire manner; wholly; completely; fully; as the trace is entirely lost. “Euphrates falls not entirely into the Persian Sea.” Raleigh. 2. Without alloy or mixture; truly; sincerely. “To highest God entirely pray.” Spenser.

En•tire´ness , n. 1. The state or condition of being entire; completeness; fullness; totality; as the entireness of an arch or a bridge. “This same entireness or completeness.” Trench. 2. Integrity; wholeness of heart; honesty. [R.] “Entireness in preaching the gospel.” Udall. 3. Oneness; unity; — applied to a condition of intimacy or close association. [Obs.] “True Christian love may be separated from acquaintance, and acquaintance from entireness.” Bp. Hall.

En•tire´ty , n.; pl. Entireness (#). [OF. entierete. Cf. Integrity.] 1. The state of being entire; completeness; as entirely of interest. Blackstone. 2. That which is entire; the whole. Bacon.

En´ti•ta•tive , a. [See Entity.] Considered as pure entity; abstracted from all circumstances. Ellis. — En´ti•ta•tive•ly, adv.

En•ti´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entitled p. pr. & vb. n. Entitling ] [OF. entituler, F. intituler, LL. intitulare, fr. L. in + titulus title. See Title, and cf. Intitule.] 1. To give a title to; to affix to as a name or appellation; hence, also to dignify by an honorary designation; to denominate; to call; as to entitle a book ´Commentaries;´ to entitle a man ´Honorable.´ “That which … we entitle patience.” Shak. 2. To give a claim to; to qualify for, with a direct object of the person, and a remote object of the thing; to furnish with grounds for seeking or claiming with success; as an officer’s talents entitle him to command. 3. To attribute; to ascribe. [Obs.] “The ancient proverb … entitles this work … peculiarly to God himself.” Milton. Syn. — To name; designate; style; characterize; empower; qualify; enable; fit.

En•tit´ule , v. t. [See Entitle.] To entitle. B. Jonson.

En´ti•ty , n.; pl. Entities (#). [LL. entitas, fr. L. ens, entis, thing, prop. p. pr. of esse to be: cf. F. entite. See Essence, Is.] A real being, whether in thought (as an ideal conception) or in fact; being; essence; existence. “Self-subsisting entities, such as our own personality.” Shairp. “Fortune is no real entity, … but a mere relative signification.” Bentley.

En´to- [Gr. within, fr. in. See In.] A combining form signifying within; as entoblast.

En´to•blast , n. [Ento- + -blast.] (Biol.) The inner germ layer; endoderm. See Nucleolus.

En•to•bron´chi•um , n.; pl. Entobronchia (#). [See Ento-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) One of the main bronchi in the lungs of birds. { En•to•cu•ne´i•form , En•to•cu´ni•form , } n. [Ento- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) One of the bones of the tarsus. See Cuneiform.

En´to•derm , n. [Ento- + Gr. skin.] (Biol.) See Endoderm, and Illust. of Blastoderm. { En•to•der´mal , En•to•der´mic } a. (Biol.) Relating to the entoderm.

En•to•gas´tric , a. [Ento- + Gr. the stomach.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the interior of the stomach; — applied to a mode of budding from the interior of the gastric cavity, in certain hydroids.

En•tog´e•nous , a. [Ento- + -genous.] (Biol.) See Endogenous.

En•to•glos´sal , a. [Ento- + Gr. the tongue.] (Anat.) Within the tongue; — applied to the glossohyal bone.

En•toil´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entoiled p. pr. & vb. n. Entoiling.] To take with toils or bring into toils; to insnare. [R.] “Entoiled in woofed phantasies.” Keats.

En•tomb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entombed p. pr. & vb. n. Entombing.] [Pref. en- + tomb: cf. OF. entomber.] To deposit in a tomb, as a dead body; to bury; to inter; to inhume. Hooker.

En•tomb´ment , n. The act of entombing or burying, or state of being entombed; burial. Barrow.

En´to•mere , n. [Ento- + - mere.] (Biol.) The more granular cells, which finally become internal, in many segmenting ova, as those of mammals. { En•tom´ic , En•tom´ic•al } a. [Gr. insect. See Entomology.] (Zoöl.) Relating to insects; entomological.

En´to•moid , a. [Gr. insect + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an insect. — n. An object resembling an insect.

En•tom´o•lin , n. [Gr. insect.] (Chem.) See Chitin.

En•tom´o•lite , n. [Gr. insect + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil insect. { En•to•mo•log´ic , En•to•mo•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. entomologique.] Of or relating to entomology. — En•to•mo•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

En•to•mol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. entomologiste.] One versed in entomology.

En•to•mol´o•gize , v. i. To collect specimens in the study of entomology. C. Kingsley.

En•to•mol´o•gy , n.; pl. Entomologies (#). [Gr. ’e•ntomon insect (so called because nearly cut in two, fr. ’e•ntomos cut in; ’en in + te•mnein to cut) + -logy: cf. F. entomologie. See In, and Tome, and cf. Insect.] 1. That part of zoölogy which treats of insects. 2. A treatise on the science of entomology.

En•to•moph´a•ga , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ntomon an insect + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of a group of hymenopterous insects whose larvae feed parasitically upon living insects. See Ichneumon, 2. 2. A group of marsupials which are partly insectivorous, as the opossum. 3. A group of edentates, including the ant- eaters.

En•to•moph´a•gan , a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Entomophaga. — n. One of the Entomophaga.

En•to•moph´a•gous , a. (Zoöl.) Feeding on insects; insectivorous.

En•to•moph´i•lous , a. [Gr. insect + a lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of insects; — said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by insects.

En•to•mos´tra•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. cut in pieces + burnt clay, the hard shell of Testacea.] (Zoöl.) One of the subclasses of Crustacea, including a large number of species, many of them minute. The group embraces several orders; as the Phyllopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, and Pectostraca. See Copepoda, Phyllopoda, and Cladocera.

En•to•mos´tra•can , a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Entomostraca. — n. One of the Entomostraca.

En•to•mos´tra•cous , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Entomostracans.

En•to•mot´o•mist , n. One who practices entomotomy.

En•to•mot´o•my , n. [Gr. insect + te•mnein to cut.] The science of the dissection of insects.

En•ton´ic , a. [Gr. strained, fr. to strain. See Entasis.] (Med.) Having great tension, or exaggerated action. Dunglison.

En•to•pe•riph´er•al , a. [Ento- + peripheral.] (Physiol.) Being, or having its origin, within the external surface of the body; — especially applied to feelings, such as hunger, produced by internal disturbances. Opposed to epiperipheral.

En´to•phyte , n. [Ento- + Gr. a plant.] (Med.) A vegetable parasite subsisting in the interior of the body.

En•to•phyt´ic , a. Of or pertaining to entophytes; as an entophytic disease.

En´to•plasm , n. [Ento- + Gr. anything formed.] (Biol.) (a) The inner granular layer of protoplasm in a developing ovum. (b) Endosarc.

En•to•plas´tic , a. [Ento- + Gr. to mold.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or composed of, entoplasm; as the entoplastic products of some Protozoa, or the entoplastic modification of the cell protoplasm, by which a nucleus is produced.

En•to•plas´tron , n.; pl. Entoplastra (#). [Ento- + plastron.] (Anat.) The median plate of the plastron of turtles; — called also entosternum.

En•to•proc´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. within + the anus.] (Zoöl.) A group of Bryozoa in which the anus is within the circle of tentacles. See Pedicellina.

Ent•op´tic , a. [Ent- + optic.] (Physiol.) Relating to objects situated within the eye; esp., relating to the perception of objects in one’s own eye.

Ent•or´gan•ism , n. [Ent- + organism.] (Biol.) An internal parasitic organism.

En•tor•ti•la´tion , n. [F. entortiller to twist; pref. en- (L. in) + tortiller to twist.] A turning into a circle; round figures. [Obs.] Donne.

En•to•ster´num , n.; pl. Entosterna (#). [NL. See Ento-, and Sternum.] (Anat.) See Entoplastron. - - En•to•ster´nal (#), a.

En•tos´tho•blast , n. [Gr. ’e•ntosthe from within + -blast.] (Biol.) The granule within the nucleolus or entoblast of a nucleated cell. Agassiz.

En•to•tho´rax , n. [Ento- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) See Endothorax.

Ent•ot´ic , a. [Ent- + Gr. , , the ear.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the interior of the ear.

En•to•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. within + an animal.] (Zoöl.) 1. A group of worms, including the tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, etc., most of which live parasitically in the interior of other animals; the Helminthes. 2. An artificial group, including all kinds of animals living parasitically in others. { En•to•zo´al , En•to•zo´ic } a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or consisting of, the Entozoa.

En•to•zo•öl´o•gist , n. [Entozoön + -logy + -ist.] One versed in the science of the Entozoa.

En•to•zo´ön , n.; pl. Entozoa (#). [NL. See Entozoa.] (Zoöl.) One of the Entozoa.

En•tr’acte´ , n. [F. Cf. Interact.] 1. The interval of time which occurs between the performance of any two acts of a drama. 2. A dance, piece of music, or interlude, performed between two acts of a drama.

En•trail´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + OF. treiller to grate, lattice, F. treille vine, arbor. See Trellis.] To interweave; to intertwine. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•trail´, n. Entanglement; fold. [Obs.] Spenser.

En´trails , n. pl. [F. entrailles, LL. intralia, intranea, fr. interaneum, pl. interanea, intestine, interaneus inward, interior, fr. inter between, among, within. See Internal.] 1. The internal parts of animal bodies; the bowels; the guts; viscera; intestines. 2. The internal parts; as the entrails of the earth. “That treasure … hid the dark entrails of America.” Locke.

En•train´ , v. t. [F. entrainer.] To draw along as a current does; as water entrained by steam.

En•train´, v. t. [Pref. en- + train.] To put aboard a railway train; as to entrain a regiment. [Recent, Eng.]

En•train´, v. i. To go aboard a railway train; as the troops entrained at the station. [Recent, Eng.]

En•tram´mel , v. t. [See Trammel.] To trammel; to entangle. Bp. Hacket.

En´trance , n. [OF. entrance, fr. OF. & F. entrant, p. pr. of entrer to enter. See Enter.] 1. The act of entering or going into; ingress; as the entrance of a person into a house or an apartment; hence, the act of taking possession, as of property, or of office; as the entrance of an heir upon his inheritance, or of a magistrate into office. 2. Liberty, power, or permission to enter; as to give entrance to friends. Shak. 3. The passage, door, or gate, for entering. “Show us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city.” Judg. i. 24. 4. The entering upon; the beginning, or that with which the beginning is made; the commencement; initiation; as a difficult entrance into business. ´Beware of entrance to a quarrel.´ Shak. “St. Augustine, in the entrance of one of his discourses, makes a kind of apology.” Hakewill. 5. The causing to be entered upon a register, as a ship or goods, at a customhouse; an entering; as his entrance of the arrival was made the same day. 6. (Naut.) (a) The angle which the bow of a vessel makes with the water at the water line. Ham. Nav. Encyc. (b) The bow, or entire wedgelike forepart of a vessel, below the water line. Totten.

En•trance´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entranced p. pr. & vb. n. Entrancing ] [Pref. en- + trance.] 1. To put into a trance; to make insensible to present objects. “Him, still entranced and in a litter laid,
They bore from field and to the bed conveyed.” Dryden. 2. To put into an ecstasy; to ravish with delight or wonder; to enrapture; to charm. “And I so ravished with her heavenly note,
I stood entranced, and had no room for thought.” Dryden.

En•trance´ment , n. The act of entrancing, or the state of trance or ecstasy. Otway.

En´trant , n. [See Entrance, n.] 1. One who enters; a beginner. ´The entrant upon life.´ Bp. Terrot. 2. An applicant for admission. Stormonth.

En•trap´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entrapped p. pr. & vb. n. Entrapping.] [Pref. en- + trap: cf. OF. entraper.] To catch in a trap; to insnare; hence, to catch, as in a trap, by artifices; to involve in difficulties or distresses; to catch or involve in contradictions; as to be entrapped by the devices of evil men. “A golden mesh, to entrap the hearts of men.” Shak. Syn. — To insnare; inveigle; tangle; decoy; entangle.

En•treat´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Entreating.] [OE. entreten to treat, request, OF. entraiter to treat of; pref. en- (L. in) + traitier to treat. See Treat.] 1. To treat, or conduct toward; to deal with; to use. [Obs.] “Fairly let her be entreated.” Shak. “I will cause the enemy to entreat thee well.” Jer. xv. 11. 2. To treat with, or in respect to, a thing desired; hence, to ask earnestly; to beseech; to petition or pray with urgency; to supplicate; to importune. ´Entreat my wife to come.´ ´I do entreat your patience.´ Shak. “I must entreat of you some of that money.” Shak. “Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door.” Poe. “Isaac entreated the Lord for his wife.” Gen. xxv. 21. 3. To beseech or supplicate successfully; to prevail upon by prayer or solicitation; to persuade. “It were a fruitless attempt to appease a power whom no prayers could entreat.” Rogers. 4. To invite; to entertain. [Obs.] ´Pleasures to entreat.´ Spenser. Syn. — To beseech; beg; solicit; crave; implore; supplicate. See Beseech.

En•treat´, v. i. 1. To treat or discourse; hence, to enter into negotiations, as for a treaty. [Obs.] “Of which I shall have further occasion to entreat.” Hakewill. “Alexander … was first that entreated of true peace with them.” 1 Mac. x. 47. 2. To make an earnest petition or request. “The Janizaries entreated for them as valiant men.” Knolles.

En•treat´, n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Ford.

En•treat´a•ble , a. That may be entreated.

En•treat´ance , n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Fairfax.

En•treat´er , n. One who entreats; one who asks earnestly; a beseecher.

En•treat´ful , a. Full of entreaty. [R.] See Intreatful.

En•treat´ing•ly, adv. In an entreating manner.

En•treat´ive , a. Used in entreaty; pleading. [R.] ´Entreative phrase.´ A. Brewer.

En•treat´ment , n. Entreaty; invitation. [Obs.] Shak.

En•treat´y, n.; pl. Entreaties . 1. Treatment; reception; entertainment. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. The act of entreating or beseeching; urgent prayer; earnest petition; pressing solicitation. “Fair entreaty, and sweet blandishment.” Spenser. Syn. — Solicitation; request; suit; supplication; importunity.

En•tree´ , n. [F. See Entry.] 1. A coming in, or entrance; hence, freedom of access; permission or right to enter; as to have the entree of a house. 2. (Cookery) In French usage, a dish served at the beginning of dinner to give zest to the appetite; in English usage, a side dish, served with a joint, or between the courses, as a cutlet, scalloped oysters, etc.

En•tre•mets´ , n. sing. & pl. [F., fr. entre between + mets a dish, mess.] 1. (Cookery) A side dish; a dainty or relishing dish usually eaten after the joints or principal dish; also a sweetmeat, served with a dinner. 2. Any small entertainment between two greater ones. [R.]

En•trench´ , v. t. See Intrench.

En•tre•pôt´ , n. [F.] A warehouse; a magazine for depositing goods, stores, etc.; a mart or place where merchandise is deposited; as an entrepôt for shipping goods in transit.

En•tre•pre•neur´ , n. [F. See Enterprise.] (Polit. Econ.) One who creates a product on his own account; whoever undertakes on his own account an industrial enterprise in which workmen are employed. F. A. Walker.

En•tre•sol´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) A low story between two higher ones, usually between the ground floor and the first story; mezzanine. Parker.

En•trick´ , v. t. [Cf. OE. entriken to perplex, OF. entriquer. Cf. Trick, Intrigue.] To trick, to perplex. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

En´tro•chal , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, entrochites, or the joints of encrinites; — used of a kind of stone or marble.

En´tro•chite , n. [Pref. en- + Gr. wheel.] (Paleon.) A fossil joint of a crinoid stem.

En•tro´pi•on , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Entropium.

En•tro´pi•um , n. [NL. See Entropy.] (Med.) The inversion or turning in of the border of the eyelids.

En´tro•py , n. [Gr. a turning in; in + a turn, fr. to turn.] (Thermodynamics) A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h t. The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the thermodynamic function. “The entropy of the universe tends towards a maximum.” Clausius.

En•trust´ , v. t. See Intrust.

En´try , n.; pl. Entries (#). [OE. entree, entre, F. entree, fr. entrer to enter. See Enter, and cf. Entree.] 1. The act of entering or passing into or upon; entrance; ingress; hence, beginnings or first attempts; as the entry of a person into a house or city; the entry of a river into the sea; the entry of air into the blood; an entry upon an undertaking. 2. The act of making or entering a record; a setting down in writing the particulars, as of a transaction; as an entry of a sale; also that which is entered; an item. “A notary made an entry of this act.” Bacon. 3. That by which entrance is made; a passage leading into a house or other building, or to a room; a vestibule; an adit, as of a mine. “A straight, long entry to the temple led.” Dryden. 4. (Com.) The exhibition or depositing of a ship’s papers at the customhouse, to procure license to land goods; or the giving an account of a ship’s cargo to the officer of the customs, and obtaining his permission to land the goods. See Enter, v. t., 8, and Entrance, n., 5. 5. (Law) (a) The actual taking possession of lands or tenements, by entering or setting foot on them. (b) A putting upon record in proper form and order. (c) The act in addition to breaking essential to constitute the offense or burglary. Burrill. Bill of entry. See under Bill. - - Double entry, Single entry. See Bookkeeping. — Entry clerk (Com.), a clerk who makes the original entries of transactions in a business. — Writ of entry (Law), a writ issued for the purpose of obtaining possession of land from one who has unlawfully entered and continues in possession. Bouvier.

En´tryng , n. Am entrance. [Obs.] “So great an entryng and so large.” Chaucer.

En•tune´ , v. t. To tune; to intone. Chaucer.

En•twine´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + twine. Cf. Intwine.] To twine, twist, or wreathe together or round. [Written also intwine.] “Entwined in duskier wreaths her braided locks.” Shelley. “Thy glorious household stuff did me entwine.” Herbert.

En•twine´, v. i. To be twisted or twined. “With whose imperial laurels might entwine no cypress.” De Quincey.

En•twine´ment , n. A twining or twisting together or round; union. Bp. Hacket.

En•twist´ , v. t. To twist or wreathe round; to intwine. Shak.

E•nu´bi•late , v. t. [L. enubilatus, p. p. of enubilare to enubilate; e out + nubila clouds, fr. nubilis cloudy, nubes cloud.] To clear from mist, clouds, or obscurity. [R.] Bailey.

E•nu´bi•lous , a. [See Enubilate.] Free from fog, mist, or clouds; clear. [R.]

E•nu´cle•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enucleated p. pr. & vb. n. Enucleating ] [L. enucleatus, p. p. of enucleare to enucleate; e out + nucleus kernel.] 1. To bring or peel out, as a kernel from its enveloping husks its enveloping husks or shell. 2. (Med.) To remove without cutting (as a tumor). 3. To bring to light; to make clear. Sclater (1654).

E•nu•cle•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. enucleation.] The act of enucleating; elucidation; exposition. “Neither sir, nor water, nor food, seem directly to contribute anything to the enucleation of this disease.” Tooke.

E•nu´mer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enumerated p. pr. & vb. n. Enumerating ] [L. enumeratus, p. p. of enumerare to count out, enumerate; e out + numerare to count, fr. numerus number. See Number.] To count; to tell by numbers; to count over, or tell off one after another; to number; to reckon up; to mention one by one; to name over; to make a special and separate account of; to recount; as to enumerate the stars in a constellation. “Enumerating the services he had done.” Ludlow. Syn. — To reckon; compute; calculate; count; estimate; relate; rehearse; recapitulate; detail.

E•nu•mer•a´tion , n. [L. enumeratio: cf. F. enumeration.] 1. The act of enumerating, making separate mention, or recounting. 2. A detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed. “Because almost every man we meet possesses these, we leave them out of our enumeration.” Paley. 3. (Rhet.) A recapitulation, in the peroration, of the heads of an argument.

E•nu´mer•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. enumeratif.] Counting, or reckoning up, one by one. “Enumerative of the variety of evils.” Jer. Taylor.

E•nu´mer•a•tor , n. One who enumerates.

E•nun´ci•a•ble , a. Capable of being enunciated or expressed.

E•nun´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enunciated p. pr. & vb. n. Enunciating ] [L. enuntiatus, - ciatus, p. p. of enuntiare, -ciare. See Enounce.] 1. To make a formal statement of; to announce; to proclaim; to declare, as a truth. “The terms in which he enunciates the great doctrines of the gospel.” Coleridge. 2. To make distinctly audible; to utter articulately; to pronounce; as to enunciate a word distinctly.

E•nun´ci•ate, v. i. To utter words or syllables articulately.

E•nun•ci•a´tion ( 277), n. [L. enuntiatio, -ciatio.] 1. The act of enunciating, announcing, proclaiming, or making known; open attestation; declaration; as the enunciation of an important truth. “By way of interpretation and enunciation.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Mode of utterance or pronunciation, especially as regards fullness and distinctness or articulation; as to speak with a clear or impressive enunciation. 3. That which is enunciated or announced; words in which a proposition is expressed; an announcement; a formal declaration; a statement. “Every intelligible enunciation must be either true or false.” A. Clarke.

E•nun´ci•a•tive , a. [L. enuntiativus, -ciativus.] Pertaining to, or containing, enunciation; declarative. Ayliffe. — E•nun´ci•a•tive•ly, adv.

E•nun´ci•a•tor , n. [L. enuntiator, enunciator.] One who enunciates or proclaims.

E•nun´ci•a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or containing, enunciation or utterance.

En•ure´ , v. t. See Inure.

En•u•re´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to urinate in; + urine.] (Med.) An involuntary discharge of urine; incontinence of urine.

En•vas´sal , v. t. To make a vassal of. [Obs.]

En•vault´ , v. t. To inclose in a vault; to entomb. [R.] Swift.

En•vei´gle , v. t. To entice. See Inveigle.

En•vel´op , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enveloped p. pr. & vb. n. Enveloping.] [OE. envolupen, envolipen, OF. envoluper, envoleper, F. envelopper; pref. en- (L. in) + voluper, voleper. See Develop.] To put a covering about; to wrap up or in; to inclose within a case, wrapper, integument or the like; to surround entirely; as to envelop goods or a letter; the fog envelops a ship. “Nocturnal shades this world envelop.” J. Philips. { En´vel•ope ( 277), En•vel´op ( 277), } n. [F. enveloppe.] 1. That which envelops, wraps up, encases, or surrounds; a wrapper; an inclosing cover; esp., the cover or wrapper of a document, as of a letter. 2. (Astron.) The nebulous covering of the head or nucleus of a comet; — called also coma. 3. (Fort.) A work of earth, in the form of a single parapet or of a small rampart. It is sometimes raised in the ditch and sometimes beyond it. Wilhelm. 4. (Geom.) A curve or surface which is tangent to each member of a system of curves or surfaces, the form and position of the members of the system being allowed to vary according to some continuous law. Thus, any curve is the envelope of its tangents.

En•vel´op•ment , n. [Cf. F. enveloppement.] 1. The act of enveloping or wrapping; an inclosing or covering on all sides. 2. That which envelops or surrounds; an envelop.

En•ven´ime , v. t. To envenom. [Obs.]

En•ven´om , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envenomed p. pr. & vb. n. Envenoming.] [OE. envenimen, F. envenimer; pref. en- (L. in) + F. venin poison. See Venom.] 1. To taint or impregnate with venom, or any substance noxious to life; to poison; to render dangerous or deadly by poison, as food, drink, a weapon; as envenomed meat, wine, or arrow; also to poison (a person) by impregnating with venom. “Alcides … felt the envenomed robe.” Milton. “O, what a world is this, when what is comely
Envenoms him that bears it!” Shak. 2. To taint or impregnate with bitterness, malice, or hatred; to imbue as with venom; to imbitter. “The envenomed tongue of calumny.” Smollett. “On the question of slavery opinion has of late years been peculiarly envenomed.” Sir G. C. Lewis.

En•ver´meil , v. t. [Pref. en- + vermeil: cf. OF. envermeiller. See Vermil.] To color with, or as with, vermilion; to dye red. [Obs.] Milton.

En´vi•a•ble , a. [From Envy.] Fitted to excite envy; capable of awakening an ardent desire to posses or to resemble. “One of most enviable of human beings.” Macaulay. — En´vi•a•ble•ness, n. — En´vi•a•bly, adv.

En•vie´ , v. i. [See Vie.] To vie; to emulate; to strive. [Obs.] Spenser.

En´vi•er , n. One who envies; one who desires inordinately what another possesses.

En•vig´or , v. t. To invigorate. [Obs.]

En´vi•ous , a. [OF. envios, F. envieux, fr. L. invidiosus, fr. invidia envy. See Envy, and cf. Invidious.] 1. Malignant; mischievous; spiteful. [Obs.] “Each envious brier his weary legs doth scratch.” Shak. 2. Feeling or exhibiting envy; actuated or directed by, or proceeding from, envy; — said of a person, disposition, feeling, act, etc.; jealously pained by the excellence or good fortune of another; maliciously grudging; — followed by of, at, and against; as an envious man, disposition, attack; envious tongues. “My soul is envious of mine eye.” Keble. “Neither be thou envious at the wicked.” Prov. xxiv. 19. 3. Inspiring envy. [Obs. or Poetic] “He to him leapt, and that same envious gage
Of victor’s glory from him snatched away.” Spenser. 4. Excessively careful; cautious. [Obs.] “No men are so envious of their health.” Jer. Taylor. — En´vi•ous•ly, adv. — En´vi•ous•ness, n.

En•vi´ron , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Environed p. pr. & vb. n. Environing.] [F. environner, fr. environ about, thereabout; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. viron circle, circuit, fr. OF. & F. virer to turn, LL. virare to turn up and down, topsy-turvy. Cf. Veer.] To surround; to encompass; to encircle; to hem in; to be round about; to involve or envelop. “Dwelling in a pleasant glade,
With mountains round about environed.” Spenser. “Environed he was with many foes.” Shak. “Environ me with darkness whilst I write.” Donne.

En•vi´ron, adv. [F.] About; around. [Obs.] “Lord Godfrey’s eye three times environ goes.” Fairfax.

En•vi´ron•ment , n. [Cf. F. environnement.] 1. Act of environing; state of being environed. 2. That which environs or surrounds; surrounding conditions, influences, or forces, by which living forms are influenced and modified in their growth and development. “It is no friendly environment, this of thine.” Carlyle.

En•vi´rons ( 277), n. pl. [F.] The parts or places which surround another place, or lie in its neighborhood; suburbs; as the environs of a city or town. Chesterfield.

En•vis´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envisaged ( 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Envisaging ] [F. envisager; pref. en- (L. in) + visage face, visage. See Visage.] To look in the face of; to apprehend; to regard. [R.] Keats. “From the very dawn of existence the infant must envisage self, and body acting on self.” McCosh.

En•vis´age•ment , n. The act of envisaging.

En•vol´ume , v. t. To form into, or incorporate with, a volume. [R.]

En•vol´up , v. t. [See Envelop.] To wrap up; to envelop. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En´voy , n. [F. envoye envoy, fr. envoyer to send; pref. en- (L. in) + voie way, L. via: cf. F. envoi an envoy (in sense 2). See Voyage, and cf. Invoice.] 1. One dispatched upon an errand or mission; a messenger; esp., a person deputed by a sovereign or a government to negotiate a treaty, or transact other business, with a foreign sovereign or government; a minister accredited to a foreign government. An envoy’s rank is below that of an ambassador. 2. [F. envoi, fr. envoyer to send.] An explanatory or commendatory postscript to a poem, essay, or book; — also in the French from, l’envoi. “The envoy of a ballad is the ´sending´ of it forth.” Skeat.

En´voy•ship, n. The office or position of an envoy.

En´vy , n.; pl. Envies (#). [F. envie, L. invidia envious; akin to invidere to look askance at, to look with enmity; in against + videre to see. See Vision.] 1. Malice; ill will; spite. [Obs.] “If he evade us there,
Enforce him with his envy to the people.” Shak. 2. Chagrin, mortification, discontent, or uneasiness at the sight of another’s excellence or good fortune, accompanied with some degree of hatred and a desire to possess equal advantages; malicious grudging; — usually followed by of; as they did this in envy of Caesar. “Envy is a repining at the prosperity or good of another, or anger and displeasure at any good of another which we want, or any advantage another hath above us.” Ray. “No bliss
Enjoyed by us excites his envy more.” Milton. “Envy, to which the ignoble mind’s a slave,
Is emulation in the learned or brave.” Pope. 3. Emulation; rivalry. [Obs.] “Such as cleanliness and decency
Prompt to a virtuous envy.” Ford. 4. Public odium; ill repute. [Obs.] “To lay the envy of the war upon Cicero.” B. Jonson. 5. An object of envious notice or feeling. “This constitution in former days used to be the envy of the world.” Macaulay.

En´vy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envied p. pr. & vb. n. Envying.] [F. envier.] 1. To feel envy at or towards; to be envious of; to have a feeling of uneasiness or mortification in regard to (any one), arising from the sight of another’s excellence or good fortune and a longing to possess it. “A woman does not envy a man for his fighting courage, nor a man a woman for her beauty.” Collier. “Whoever envies another confesses his superiority.” Rambler. 2. To feel envy on account of; to have a feeling of grief or repining, with a longing to possess (some excellence or good fortune of another, or an equal good fortune, etc.); to look with grudging upon; to begrudge. “I have seen thee fight,
When I have envied thy behavior.” Shak. “Jeffrey … had actually envied his friends their cool mountain breezes.” Froude. 3. To long after; to desire strongly; to covet. “Or climb his knee the envied kiss to share.” T. Gray. 4. To do harm to; to injure; to disparage. [Obs.] “If I make a lie
To gain your love and envy my best mistress,
Put me against a wall.” J. Fletcher. 5. To hate. [Obs.] Marlowe. 6. To emulate. [Obs.] Spenser.

En´vy , v. i. 1. To be filled with envious feelings; to regard anything with grudging and longing eyes; — used especially with at. “Who would envy at the prosperity of the wicked?” Jer. Taylor. 2. To show malice or ill will; to rail. [Obs.] ´He has … envied against the people.´ Shak.

En•vyned´ , a. [OF. enviner to store with wine; pref. en- (L. in) + vin wine. See Vine.] Stored or furnished with wine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•wall´ , v. t. See Inwall. Sir P. Sidney.

En•wal´low , v. t. To plunge into, or roll in, flith; to wallow. “So now all three one senseless lump remain,
Enwallowed in his own black bloody gore.” Spenser.

En•wheel´ , v. t. To encircle. Shak.

En•wid´en , v. t. To widen. [Obs.]

En•wind´ , v. t. To wind about; to encircle. “In the circle of his arms
Enwound us both.” Tennyson.

En•wom´an , v. t. To endow with the qualities of a woman. [R.] Daniel.

En•womb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enwombed p. pr. & vb. n. Enwombing.] 1. To conceive in the womb. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To bury, as it were in a womb; to hide, as in a gulf, pit, or cavern. Donne.

En•wrap´ , v. t. To envelop. See Inwrap.

En•wrap´ment , n. Act of enwrapping; a wrapping or an envelope. Shuckford.

En•wreathe´ , v. t. See Inwreathe. Shelton.

En•zo•öt´ic (en•zo•ot´ik), a. [Gr. ’en in + zw^,on an animal: cf. F. enzoötique.] Afflicting animals; — used of a disease affecting the animals of a district. It corresponds to an endemic disease among men.

En´zyme (en´zim), n. [Pref. en- (Gr. ’en in) + Gr. zy•mh leaven.] (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized or unformed ferment, in distinction from an organized or living ferment; a soluble, or chemical, ferment. Ptyalin, pepsin, diastase, and rennet are good examples of enzymes.

E´o•cene , a. [Gr. daybreak, dawn + new, recent.] (Geol.) Pertaining to the first in time of the three subdivisions into which the Tertiary formation is divided by geologists, and alluding to the approximation in its life to that of the present era; as Eocene deposits. — n. The Eocene formation. Lyell.

E•o´li•an , a. [See AEolian.] 1. AEolian. 2. (Geol.) Formed, or deposited, by the action of wind, as dunes. Eolian attachment, Eolian harp. See AEolian.

E•ol´ic , a. & n. See AEolic.

E•ol´i•pile , n. [Cf. F. eolipyle.] Same as AEolipile.

E´o•lis , n. [L. Aeolis a daughter of AEolus, Gr. A’ioli•s.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nudibranch mollusks having clusters of branchial papillae along the back. See Ceratobranchia. [Written also AEolis.] { E´on , AE´on } n. [L. aeon, fr. Gr. a’iwn space or period of time, lifetime, age; akin to L. aevum. See Age.] 1. An immeasurable or infinite space of time; eternity; a long space of time; an age. “The eons of geological time.” Huxley. 2. (Gnostic Philos.) One of the embodiments of the divine attributes of the Eternal Being. “Among the higher AEons are Mind, Reason, Power, Truth, and Life.” Am. Cyc. Eons were considered to be emanations sent forth by God from the depths of His grand solitude to fulfill various functions in the material and spiritual universe.

E´o•phyte , n. [Gr. dawn + a plant.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant which is found in the lowest beds of the Silurian age.

E•o•phyt´ic , a. Of or pertaining to eophytes.

E´os , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’Hw•s.] (Gr. Myth.) Aurora, the goddess of morn.

E•o•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’hw•s dawn + say^ros lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct marine reptile from the coal measures of Nova Scotia; — so named because supposed to be of the earliest known reptiles.

E´o•sin , n. [Gr. dawn.] (Chem.) A yellow or brownish red dyestuff obtained by the action of bromine on fluoresceïn, and named from the fine rose- red which it imparts to silk. It is also used for making a fine red ink. Its solution is fluorescent.

E•os´pho•rite , n. [From Gr. Bringer of morn.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of alumina and manganese. It is generally of a rose-pink color, — whence the name.

E•o•zo´ic , a. [See Eozoön.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to rocks or strata older than the Paleozoic, in many of which the eozoön has been found. This term has been proposed for the strata formerly called Azoic, and is preferred especially by those geologists who regard the eozoön as of organic origin. See Archaean.

E•o•zo´ön , n.; pl. Eozoöns (#), L. Eozoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’hw•s dawn + zw^,on an animal.] (Paleon.) A peculiar structure found in the Archaean limestones of Canada and other regions. By some geologists it is believed to be a species of gigantic Foraminifera, but others consider it a concretion, without organic structure.

E•o•zo´ön•al (e•o•zo´on•al), a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to the eozoön; containing eozoöns; as eozoönal limestone.

Ep- (ep-). [Gr. ’epi•.] See Epi-.

Ep´a•cris (ep´a•kris), n. [NL., from Gr. ’e•pakros pointed at the end. So called in allusion to the sharply pointed leaves.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs, natives of Australia, New Zealand, etc., having pretty white, red, or purple blossoms, and much resembling heaths.

E´pact (e´pakt), n. [F. epacte, fr. Gr. ’epakto•s brought on or in, added, fr. ’epa•gein to bring on or in; ’epi• on, in + ’a•gein to bring or lead. See Epi-, and Act.] (Chron.) The moon’s age at the beginning of the calendar year, or the number of days by which the last new moon has preceded the beginning of the year. Annual epact, the excess of the solar year over the lunar year, — being eleven days. — Menstrual epact, or Monthly epact, the excess of a calendar month over a lunar.

Ep•a•go´ge , n. [L., from Gr. ’epagwgh• a bringing in, fr. ’epa•gein. See Epact.] (Logic) The adducing of particular examples so as to lead to a universal conclusion; the argument by induction.

Ep•a•gog´ic , a. Inductive. Latham.

E•pal´ate , a. [Pref. e- + palpus.] (Zoöl.) Without palpi.

Ep•an•a•di•plo´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• + to make double.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the same word is used both at the beginning and at the end of a sentence; as ´Rejoice in the Lord always: and again I say, Rejoice.´ Phil. iv. 4.

Ep•an•a•lep´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• + to take up.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the same word or clause is repeated after intervening matter. Gibbs.

Ep•a•naph´o•ra , n. [L., fr. Gr. a recurrence; ’epi• + to bring or carry back.] (Rhet.) Same as Anaphora. Gibbs.

Ep•a•nas´tro•phe , n. [NL., from Gr. a return, epanastrophe; ’epi• + to return.] (Rhet.) Same as Anadiplosis. Gibbs.

E•pan´o•dos , n. [L., fr. Gr. a rising, return; ’epi• + a way up, rising; up + way.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the parts of a sentence or clause are repeated in inverse order, as in the following: — “O more exceeding love, or law more just?
Just law, indeed, but more exceeding love!” Milton.

E•pan´o•dy , n. [See Epanodos.] (Bot.) The abnormal change of an irregular flower to a regular form; — considered by evolutionists to be a reversion to an ancestral condition.

Ep•an•or•tho´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• + to set right again; again + to set straight.] A figure by which a speaker recalls a word or words, in order to substitute something else stronger or more significant; as Most brave! Brave, did I say? most heroic act!

Ep•an´thous , a. [Pref. ep- + Gr. ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) Growing upon flowers; — said of certain species of fungi.

Ep´arch , n. [Gr. ; ’epi• over + chief, supreme power, dominion.] In ancient Greece, the governor or perfect of a province; in modern Greece, the ruler of an eparchy.

Ep´arch•y , n. [Gr. the post or office of an .] A province, prefecture, or territory, under the jurisdiction of an eparch or governor; esp., in modern Greece, one of the larger subdivisions of a monarchy or province of the kingdom; in Russia, a diocese or archdiocese.

Ep•ar•te´ri•al , a. [Pref. ep- + arterial.] (Anat.) Situated upon or above an artery; — applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off above the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus.

E•paule´ , n. [F. epaule shoulder, shoulder of a bastion. See Epaulet, and cf. Spall the shoulder.] (Fort.) The shoulder of a bastion, or the place where its face and flank meet and form the angle, called the angle of the shoulder.

E•paule´ment , n. [F. epaulement.] (Fort.) A side work, made of gabions, fascines, or bags, filled with earth, or of earth heaped up, to afford cover from the flanking fire of an enemy. { Ep´au•let• , Ep´au•lette•} , n. [F. epaulette, dim. of epaule shoulder, fr. L. spatula a broad piece (LL., shoulder), dim. of spatha abroad, flat instrument, fr. Gr. , also a broad rib, shoulder blade. See Spade the instrument, and cf. Epaule, Spatula.] (Mil.) A shoulder ornament or badge worn by military and naval officers, differences of rank being marked by some peculiar form or device, as a star, eagle, etc.; a shoulder knot. In the United States service the epaulet is reserved for full dress uniform. Its use was abolished in the British army in 1855. { Ep´au•let•ed , Ep´au•let•ted } a. Wearing epaulets; decorated with epaulets.

Ep•ax´i•al , a. [Pref. ep- + axial.] (Anat.) Above, or on the dorsal side of, the axis of the skeleton; episkeletal.

E•pei´ra , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of spiders, including the common garden spider (E. diadema). They spin geometrical webs. See Garden spider.

Ep´en , n. (Anat.) See Epencephalon.

Ep•en•ce•phal´ic , a. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to the epencephalon. (b) Situated on or over the brain.

Ep•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon, near + brain.] (Anat.) The segment of the brain next behind the midbrain, including the cerebellum and pons; the hindbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to epen.

Ep•en´dy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. an upper garment; ’epi• upon + a garment; in + to put on.] (Anat.) The epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and the canal of the spinal cord; endyma; ependymis.

Ep•en´dy•mis , n. [NL.] See Ependyma.

Ep•e•net´ic , a. [Gr. , from to praise; ’epi• + to praise.] Bestowing praise; eulogistic; laudatory. [Obs.] E. Phillips.

E•pen´the•sis , n.; pl. Epentheses (#). [L., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• + to put or set in.] (Gram.) The insertion of a letter or a sound in the body of a word; as the b in ´nimble´ from AS. nemol.

Ep•en•thet´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. epenthetique.] (Gram.) Inserted in the body of a word; as an epenthetic letter or sound.

e•pergne´ , n. [F. epargne a sparing or saving; a treasury. ´Our epergne is a little treasury of sweetmeats, fruits, and flowers.´ Brewer.] A centerpiece for table decoration, usually consisting of several dishes or receptacles of different sizes grouped together in an ornamental design.

e•per•lan´ , n. [F. eperlan, fr. G. spierling. See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) The European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus).

Ep•ex•e•ge´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. detailed narrative, fr. to recount in detail; ’epi• + to lead, point out. See Exegesis.] A full or additional explanation; exegesis.

Ep•ex•e•get´ic•al , a. Relating to epexegesis; explanatory; exegetical. { E´phah , or E´pha}, n. [Heb. ’ephah.] A Hebrew dry measure, supposed to be equal to two pecks and five quarts. ten ephahs make one homer.

E•phem´e•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a day fly, fr. daily, lasting but a day; over + day.] 1. (Med.) A fever of one day’s continuance only. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of insects including the day flies, or ephemeral flies. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral.

E•phem´er•al , a. 1. Beginning and ending in a day; existing only, or no longer than, a day; diurnal; as an ephemeral flower. 2. Short-lived; existing or continuing for a short time only. ´Ephemeral popularity.´ V. Knox. “Sentences not of ephemeral, but of eternal, efficacy.” Sir J. Stephen. Ephemeral fly (Zoöl.), one of a group of neuropterous insects, belonging to the genus Ephemera and many allied genera, which live in the adult or winged state only for a short time. The larvae are aquatic; — called also day fly and May fly.

E•phem´er•al, n. Anything lasting but a day, or a brief time; an ephemeral plant, insect, etc.

E•phem´er•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the ephemeral flies.

E•phem´e•ric , a. Ephemeral.

E•phem´e•ris , n.; pl. Ephemerides (#). [L., a diary, Gr. , also a calendar, fr. . See Ephemera.] 1. A diary; a journal. Johnson. 2. (Anat.) (a) A publication giving the computed places of the heavenly bodies for each day of the year, with other numerical data, for the use of the astronomer and navigator; an astronomical almanac; as the ´American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac.´ (b) Any tabular statement of the assigned places of a heavenly body, as a planet or comet, on several successive days. 3. (Literature) A collective name for reviews, magazines, and all kinds of periodical literature. Brande & C.

E•phem´er•ist , n. 1. One who studies the daily motions and positions of the planets. Howell. 2. One who keeps an ephemeris; a journalist.

E•phem´e•ron , n.; pl. Ephemera (#). [NL. See Ephemera.] (Zoöl.) One of the ephemeral flies.

E•phem´er•ous , a. Ephemeral. [R.] Burke.

E•phe´sian ( 106), a. [L. Ephesius: cf. F. ephesien.] Of or pertaining to Ephesus, an ancient city of Ionia, in Asia Minor.

E•phe´sian, n. 1. A native of Ephesus. 2. A jolly companion; a roisterer. [Obs.] Shak.

Eph•i•al´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , lit., one who leaps upon.] The nightmare. Brande & C.

E•phip´pi•al , a. Saddle- shaped; occupying an ephippium. Dana.

E•phip´pi•um , n. [L., saddle cloth, fr. Gr. ; ’epi• on + ´i•ppos horse.] 1. (Anat.) A depression in the sphenoid bone; the pituitary fossa. 2. (Zoöl.) A saddle-shaped cavity to contain the winter eggs, situated on the back of Cladocera.

Eph´od , n. [Heb. ’ephod, fr. ’aphad to put on.] (Jew. Antiq.) A part of the sacerdotal habit among Jews, being a covering for the back and breast, held together on the shoulders by two clasps or brooches of onyx stones set in gold, and fastened by a girdle of the same stuff as the ephod. The ephod for the priests was of plain linen; that for the high priest was richly embroidered in colors. The breastplate of the high priest was worn upon the ephod in front. Exodus xxviii. 6-12.

Eph´or , n.; pl. Ephors (#), L. Ephori (#). [L. ephorus, Gr. , fr. to oversee; + to see: cf. F. ephore.] (Gr. Antiq.) A magistrate; one of a body of five magistrates chosen by the people of ancient Sparta. They exercised control even over the king.

Eph´or•al , a. Pertaining to an ephor.

Eph´or•al•ty , n. The office of an ephor, or the body of ephors.

E´phra•im , n. [The proper name.] (Zoöl.) A hunter’s name for the grizzly bear.

Eph´y•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , an old name of Corinth.] (Zoöl.) A stage in the development of discophorous medusae, when they first begin to swim about after being detached from the strobila. See Strobila.

Ep´i- [Gr. ’epi• on, upon, to; akin to Skr. api besides, and prob. to L. ob to, before, on account of, and perh. to E. of, off.] A prefix, meaning upon, beside, among, on the outside, above, over. It becomes ep-before a vowel, as in epoch, and eph-before a Greek aspirate, as in ephemeral.

Ep´i•blast , n. [Pref. epi- + -blast.] (Biol.) The outer layer of the blastoderm; the ectoderm. See Blastoderm, Delamination.

Ep•i•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Of or relating to, or consisting of, the epiblast.

Ep•i•ble´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a cover; over + to throw.] (Bot.) The epidermal cells of rootlets, specially adapted to absorb liquids. Goodale.

Ep•i•bol´ic , a. [Gr. to throw upon, add to; ’epi• upon + to throw.] (Biol.) Growing or covering over; — said of a kind of invagination. See under Invagination.

E•pib´o•ly , n. [Cf. Gr. a throwing upon.] (Biol.) Epibolic invagination. See under Invagination.

Ep•i•bran´chi•al , a. [Pref. epi- + branchial.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the segment between the ceratobranchial and pharyngobranchial in a branchial arch. — n. An epibranchial cartilage or bone.

Ep´ic , a. [L. epicus, Gr. , from a word, speech, tale, song; akin to L. vox voice: cf. F. epique. See Voice.] Narrated in a grand style; pertaining to or designating a kind of narrative poem, usually called an heroic poem, in which real or fictitious events, usually the achievements of some hero, are narrated in an elevated style. “The epic poem treats of one great, complex action, in a grand style and with fullness of detail.” T. Arnold.

Ep´ic, n. An epic or heroic poem. See Epic, a.

Ep´ic•al , a. Epic. — Ep´ic•al•ly, adv. “Poems which have an epical character.” Brande & C. “His [Wordsworth’s] longer poems (miscalled epical).” Lowell.

Ep•i•car´di•ac , a. (Anat.) Of or relating to the epicardium.

Ep•i•car´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + kardi•a heart.] (Anat.) That part of the pericardium which forms the outer surface of the heart; the cardiac pericardium.

Ep•i•car´i•dan , n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. , , a shrimp.] (Zoöl.) An isopod crustacean, parasitic on shrimps.

Ep´i•carp , [Pref. epi- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) The external or outermost layer of a fructified or ripened ovary. See Illust. under Endocarp.

Ep´i•cede , n. [L. epicedion, Gr. dirge, elegy, fr. funereal; + care, sorrow: cf. F. epicède.] A funeral song or discourse; an elegy. [R.] Donne.

Ep•i•ce´di•al , a. Elegiac; funereal.

Ep•i•ce´di•an , a. Epicedial. — n. An epicede.

Ep•i•ce´di•um , n. [L.] An epicede.

Ep´i•cene , a. & n. [L. epicoenus, Gr. ; fr. ’epi• + common; cf. F. epicène.] 1. Common to both sexes; — a term applied, in grammar, to such nouns as have but one form of gender, either the masculine or feminine, to indicate animals of both sexes; as boy^s, bos, for the ox and cow; sometimes applied to eunuchs and hermaphrodites. 2. Fig.: Sexless; neither one thing nor the other. “The literary prigs epicene.” Prof. Wilson. “He represented an epicene species, neither churchman nor layman.” J. A. Symonds.

Ep•i•cen´tral , a. [Pref. epi- + centrum.] (Anat.) Arising from the centrum of a vertebra. Owen.

Ep•i•ce•ras´tic , a. [Gr. tempering the humors; ’epi• + to mix: cf. F. epicerastique.] (Med.) Lenient; assuaging. [Obs.]

Ep•i•chi•re´ma , n.; pl. Epichiremata (#). [L., fr. Gr. , from to attempt to prove.] (Rhet. & Logic) A syllogism in which the proof of the major or minor premise, or both, is introduced with the premises themselves, and the conclusion is derived in the ordinary manner. [Written also epicheirema.]

Ep•i•chor´dal , a. [Pref. epi- + chordal.] (Anat.) Upon or above the notochord; — applied esp. to a vertebral column which develops upon the dorsal side of the notochord, as distinguished from a perichordal column, which develops around it.

Ep•i•cho´ri•al , a. [Gr. ; over + country.] In or of the country. [R.] “Epichorial superstitions from every district of Europe.” De Quincey.

Ep•i•clei´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + a little key.] (Anat.) A projection, formed by a separate ossification, at the scapular end of the clavicle of many birds.

Ep•i•cli´nal , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. a couch.] (Bot.) Situated on the receptacle or disk of a flower.

Ep´i•c/’d2le (ep´i•sel), n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. koi^lon a hollow.] (Anat.) A cavity formed by the invagination of the outer wall of the body, as the atrium of an amphioxus and possibly the body cavity of vertebrates.

Ep´i•cœne , a. Epicene. [R.] Hadley.

Ep•i•col´ic , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. colon.] (Anat.) Situated upon or over the colon; — applied to the region of the abdomen adjacent to the colon.

Ep•i•con´dy•lar , n. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or resembling, an epicondyle.

Ep•i•con´dyle , n. [Pref. epi- + condyle.] (Anat.) A projection on the inner side of the distal end of the humerus; the internal condyle.

Ep•i•cor´a•coid , n. [Pref. epi- + coracoid.] (Anat.) A ventral cartilaginous or bony element of the coracoid in the shoulder girdle of some vertebrates.

Ep•i•cra´ni•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the epicranium; as epicranial muscles.

Ep•i•cra´ni•um , n. [NL. See Epi-, and Cranium.] 1. (Anat.) The upper and superficial part of the head, including the scalp, muscles, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) The dorsal wall of the head of insects.

Ep•ic•te´tian , a. [Gr. , fr. Epictetus.] Pertaining to Epictetus, the Roman Stoic philosopher, whose conception of life was to be passionless under whatever circumstances.

Ep´i•cure , n. [L. Epicurus, Gr. , a famous Greek philosopher, who has been regarded, but erroneously, as teaching a doctrine of refined voluptuousness.] 1. A follower of Epicurus; an Epicurean. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. One devoted to dainty or luxurious sensual enjoyments, esp. to the luxuries of the table. Syn. — Voluptuary; sensualist.

Ep•i•cu•re´an ( 277), a. [L. Epicureus, Gr. : cf. epicurien.] 1. Pertaining to Epicurus, or following his philosophy. ´The sect Epicurean.´ Milton. 2. Given to luxury; adapted to luxurious tastes; luxurious; pertaining to good eating. “Courses of the most refined and epicurean dishes.” Prescott. Epicurean philosophy. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.

Ep•i•cu•re´an, n. 1. A follower or Epicurus. 2. One given to epicurean indulgence.

Ep•i•cu•re´an•ism , n. Attachment to the doctrines of Epicurus; the principles or belief of Epicurus.

Ep´i•cure•ly , adv. Luxuriously. Nash.

Ep•i•cu•re´ous , a. Epicurean. [Obs.]

Ep´i•cu•rism , n. [Cf. F. epicurisme.] 1. The doctrines of Epicurus. 2. Epicurean habits of living; luxury.

Ep´i•cu•rize , v. i. 1. To profess or tend towards the doctrines of Epicurus. Cudworth. 2. To feed or indulge like an epicure. Fuller.

Ep´i•cy•cle , n. [L. epicyclus, Gr. ; ’epi• upon + circle. See Cycle.] 1. (Ptolemaic Astron.) A circle, whose center moves round in the circumference of a greater circle; or a small circle, whose center, being fixed in the deferent of a planet, is carried along with the deferent, and yet, by its own peculiar motion, carries the body of the planet fastened to it round its proper center. “The schoolmen were like astronomers which did feign eccentrics, and epicycles, and such engines of orbs.” Bacon. 2. (Mech.) A circle which rolls on the circumference of another circle, either externally or internally.

Ep•i•cyc´lic , a. Pertaining to, resembling, or having the motion of, an epicycle. Epicyclic train (Mach.), a train of mechanism in which epicyclic motion is involved; esp., a train of spur wheels, bevel wheels, or belt pulleys, in which an arm, carrying one or more of the wheels, sweeps around a center lying in an axis common to the other wheels.

Ep•i•cy´cloid , n. [Epicycle + -oid: cf. F. epicycloïde.] (Geom.) A curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which rolls on the convex side of a fixed circle. Any point rigidly connected with the rolling circle, but not in its circumference, traces a curve called an epitrochoid. The curve traced by a point in the circumference of the rolling circle when it rolls on the concave side of a fixed circle is called a hypocycloid; the curve traced by a point rigidly connected with the rolling circle in this case, but not its circumference, is called a hypotrochoid. All the curves mentioned above belong to the class class called roulettes or trochoids. See Trochoid.

Ep•i•cy•cloid´al , a. Pertaining to the epicycloid, or having its properties. Epicycloidal wheel, a device for producing straight-line motion from circular motion, on the principle that a pin fastened in the periphery of a gear wheel will describe a straight line when the wheel rolls around inside a fixed internal gear of twice its diameter.

Ep•i•deic´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to show forth, display; ’epi• + to show. Cf. Epidictic.] Serving to show forth, explain, or exhibit; - - applied by the Greeks to a kind of oratory, which, by full amplification, seeks to persuade. { Ep•i•dem´ic , Ep•i•dem´ic•al } a. [L. epidemus, Gr. , , among the people, epidemic; in + people: cf. F. epidemique. Cf. Demagogue.] 1. (Med.) Common to, or affecting at the same time, a large number in a community; — applied to a disease which, spreading widely, attacks many persons at the same time; as an epidemic disease; an epidemic catarrh, fever, etc. See Endemic. 2. Spreading widely, or generally prevailing; affecting great numbers, as an epidemic does; as epidemic rage; an epidemic evil. “It was the epidemical sin of the nation.” Bp. Burnet.

Ep•i•dem´ic , n. [Cf. Epidemy.] 1. (Med.) An epidemic disease. 2. Anything which takes possession of the minds of people as an epidemic does of their bodies; as an epidemic of terror.

Ep•i•dem´ic•al•ly, adv. In an epidemic manner.

Ep•i•de•mi•og´ra•phy , n. [Epidemy + -graphy.] (Med.) A treatise upon, or history of, epidemic diseases.

Ep•i•de•mi•o•log´ic•al , a. Connected with, or pertaining to, epidemiology.

Ep•i•de•mi•ol´o•gist , n. A person skilled in epidemiology.

Ep•i•de•mi•ol´o•gy , n. [Epidemy + -logy.] (Med.) That branch of science which treats of epidemics.

Ep´i•dem•y , n. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. epidemie. See Epidemic.] (Med.) An epidemic disease. Dunglison.

Ep´i•derm , n. [Cf. F. epiderme. See Epidermis.] (Anat.) The epidermis.

Ep•i•der´mal , a. Of or pertaining to the epidermis; epidermic; cuticular.

Ep•i•der•mat´ic , a. Epidermal. [R.]

Ep•i•der´ma•toid , a. [Gr. ’epi• upon + de•rma, -atos, skin + -oid. Cf. Epidermoid.] (Anat.) Epidermoid. Owen.

Ep•i•der´me•ous , a. Epidermal. [R.]

Ep•i•der´mic , a. [Cf. F. epidermique.] Epidermal; connected with the skin or the bark. Epidermic administration of medicine (Med.), the application of medicine to the skin by friction.

Ep•i•der´mic•al , a. Epidermal. [R.]

Ep•i•der´mi•dal , a. Epidermal. [R.]

Ep•i•der´mis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; over + skin, fr. to skin. See Tear, v. t.] 1. (Anat.) The outer, nonsensitive layer of the skin; cuticle; scarfskin. See Dermis. 2. (Bot.) The outermost layer of the cells, which covers both surfaces of leaves, and also the surface of stems, when they are first formed. As stems grow old this layer is lost, and never replaced.

Ep•i•der´moid , a. [Cf. F. epidermoïde.] (Anat.) Like epidermis; pertaining to the epidermis.

Ep•i•der´mose , n. [See Epidermis.] (Physiol. Chem.) Keratin. { Ep•i•dic´tic , Ep•i•dic´tic•al } a. [L. epidictius. See Epideictic.] Serving to explain; demonstrative.

Ep•i•did´y•mis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• upon + testicle.] (Anat.) An oblong vermiform mass on the dorsal side of the testicle, composed of numerous convolutions of the excretory duct of that organ. — Ep•i•did´y•mal (#), a.

Ep•i•did•y•mi´tis , n. [NL. See Epididymis, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the epididymis, one of the common results of gonorrhea.

Ep´i•dote , n. [Gr. to give besides; over + to give: cf. F. epidote. So named from the enlargement of the base of the primary, in some of the secondary forms.] (Min.) A mineral, commonly of a yellowish green (pistachio) color, occurring granular, massive, columnar, and in monoclinic crystals. It is a silicate of alumina, lime, and oxide of iron, or manganese. The Epidote group includes ordinary epidote, zoisite or lime epidote, piedmontite or manganese epidote, allanite or cerium epidote.

Ep•i•dot´ic ,, a. Related to, resembling, or containing epidote; as an epidotic granite.

Ep•i•gae´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + earth.] (Bot.) An American genus of plants, containing but a single species (E. repens), the trailing arbutus.

Ep•i•gae´ous , a. [Gr. . See Epigaea, and cf. Epigee.] (Bot.) Growing on, or close to, the ground.

Ep•i•gas´tri•al , a. (Anat.) Epigastric.

Ep•i•gas´tric , a. [Gr. over the belly; ’epi• upon + belly: cf. F. epigastrique.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the epigastrium, or to the epigastric region. 2. (Zoöl.) Over the stomach; — applied to two of the areas of the carapace of crabs. Epigastric region. (Anat.) (a) The whole upper part of the abdomen. (b) An arbitrary division of the abdomen above the umbilical and between the two hypochondriac regions.

Ep•i•gas´tri•um , n. [NL., from Gr. .] (Anat.) The upper part of the abdomen.

Ep•i•ge´al , a. (Bot.) Epigaeous. [R.]

Ep´i•gee , n. [NL. epigeum, fr. Gr. upon the earth. See Epigaea.] See Perigee. [Obs.]

Ep´i•gene , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. to be born, grow.] 1. (Crystallog.) Foreign; unnatural; unusual; — said of forms of crystals not natural to the substances in which they are found. 2. (Geol.) Formed originating on the surface of the earth; — opposed to hypogene; as epigene rocks.

Ep•i•gen´e•sis , n. [Pref. epi- + genesis.] (Biol.) The theory of generation which holds that the germ is created entirely new, not merely expanded, by the procreative power of the parents. It is opposed to the theory of evolution, also to syngenesis.

Ep•i•gen´e•sist , n. (Biol.) One who believes in, or advocates the theory of, epigenesis.

Ep•i•ge•net´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the epigenesis; produced according to the theory of epigenesis.

Ep•i•ge´ous , a. Same as Epigaeous.

Ep•i•ge´um , n. [NL. See Epigee.] See Perigee. [Obs.]

Ep•i•glot´tic , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or connected with, the epiglottis.

Ep•i•glot•tid´e•an , a. (Anat.) Same as Epiglottic.

Ep•i•glot´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• upon + , , tongue. See Glottis.] (Anat.) A cartilaginous lidlike appendage which closes the glottis while food or drink is passing while food or drink is passing through the pharynx.

E•pig´na•thous , a. [Epi- + Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Hook- billed; having the upper mandible longer than the lower.

Ep´i•gram , n. [L. epigramma, fr. Gr. inscription, epigram, fr. to write upon, ’epi• upon + to write: cf. F. epigramme. See Graphic.] 1. A short poem treating concisely and pointedly of a single thought or event. The modern epigram is so contrived as to surprise the reader with a witticism or ingenious turn of thought, and is often satirical in character. “Dost thou think I care for a satire or an epigram?” Shak. Epigrams were originally inscription on tombs, statues, temples, triumphal arches, etc. 2. An effusion of wit; a bright thought tersely and sharply expressed, whether in verse or prose. 3. The style of the epigram. “Antithesis, i. e., bilateral stroke, is the soul of epigram in its later and technical signification.” B. Cracroft. { Ep•i•gram•mat´ic , Ep•i•gram•mat´ic•al , }[L. epigrammaticus: cf. F. epigrammatique.] 1. Writing epigrams; dealing in epigrams; as an epigrammatical poet. 2. Suitable to epigrams; belonging to epigrams; like an epigram; pointed; piquant; as epigrammatic style, wit, or sallies of fancy.

Ep•i•gram•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In the way of epigram; in an epigrammatic style.

Ep•i•gram´ma•tist , n. [L. epigrammatista: cf. F. epigrammatiste.] One who composes epigrams, or makes use of them. “The brisk epigrammatist showing off his own cleverness.” Holmes.

Ep•i•gram´ma•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Epigrammatized p. pr. & vb. n. Epigrammatizing ] To represent by epigrams; to express by epigrams.

Ep•i•gram´ma•ti•zer , n. One who writes in an affectedly pointed style. “Epigrammatizers of our English prose style.” Coleridge.

Ep´i•gram•mist , n. An epigrammatist. Jer. Taylor.

Ep´i•graph , n. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. epigraphe. See Epigram.] 1. Any inscription set upon a building; especially, one which has to do with the building itself, its founding or dedication. 2. (Literature) A citation from some author, or a sentence framed for the purpose, placed at the beginning of a work or of its separate divisions; a motto. { Ep•i•graph´ic , Ep•i•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to epigraphs or to epigraphy; as an epigraphic style; epigraphical works or studies.

Ep•i•graph´ics , n. The science or study of epigraphs.

E•pig´ra•phist , n. A student of, or one versed in, epigraphy.

E•pig´ra•phy , n. The science of inscriptions; the art of engraving inscriptions or of deciphering them.

E•pig´y•nous , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. woman, female: cf. F. epigyne.] (Bot.) Adnate to the surface of the ovary, so as to be apparently inserted upon the top of it; — said of stamens, petals, sepals, and also of the disk.

Ep•i•hy´al , n. [Pref. epi- + the Greek letter .] (Anat.) A segment next above the ceratohyal in the hyoidean arch.

Ep´i•lep•sy , n. [L. epilepsia, Gr. a seizure, the ´falling sickness,´ fr. to take besides, seize, attack; ’epi• upon, besides + to take: cf. F. epilepsie. Cf. Catalepsy.] (Med.) The ´falling sickness,´ so called because the patient falls suddenly to the ground; a disease characterized by paroxysms (or fits) occurring at interval and attended by sudden loss of consciousness, and convulsive motions of the muscles. Dunglison.

Ep•i•lep´tic , a. [L. epilepticus, Gr. : cf. F. epileptique.] Pertaining to, affected with, or of the nature of, epilepsy.

Ep•i•lep´tic, n. 1. One affected with epilepsy. 2. A medicine for the cure of epilepsy.

Ep•i•lep´tic•al , a. Epileptic.

Ep•i•lep´ti•form , a. Resembling epilepsy.

Ep•i•lep•tog´e•nous , a. [Gr. ’epi•lhptos epileptic + -genous.] (Med.) Producing epilepsy or epileptoid convulsions; — applied to areas of the body or of the nervous system, stimulation of which produces convulsions.

Ep•i•lep´toid , a. [Gr. ’epi•lhptos + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling epilepsy; as epileptoid convulsions.

Ep•i•lo•ga´tion , n. [LL. epilogatio.] A summing up in a brief account. [Obs.] Udall. { Ep•i•log´ic , Ep•i•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’epilogiko•s.] Of or pertaining to an epilogue.

E•pil´o•gism , n. [Gr. , fr. to reckon over, to deliver an epilogue; ’epi• upon + to count, reckon. See Epilogue.] Enumeration; computation. [R.] J. Gregory.

Ep•i•lo•gis´tic , a. [Cf. Gr. calculating. See Epilogism.] Of or pertaining to epilogue; of the nature of an epilogue. T. Warton.

E•pil´o•gize , v. i. & t. [See Epilogism.] To speak an epilogue to; to utter as an epilogue.

Ep´i•logue ( 115), n. [F. epilogue, L. epilogus, fr. Gr. conclusion, fr. to say in addition; ’epi• upon, besides + to say. See Legend.] 1. (Drama) A speech or short poem addressed to the spectators and recited by one of the actors, after the conclusion of the play. “A good play no epilogue, yet … good plays prove the better by the help of good epilogues.” Shak. 2. (Rhet.) The closing part of a discourse, in which the principal matters are recapitulated; a conclusion.

Ep´i•lo•guize , v. i. & t. Same as Epilogize.

E•pim´a•chus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. equipped for battle; for + battle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of highly ornate and brilliantly colored birds of Australia, allied to the birds of Paradise.

E•pim´e•ra , n. pl. See Epimeron.

E•pim´er•al , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the epimera.

Ep´i•mere , n. [Epi- + - mere.] (Biol.) One of the segments of the transverse axis, or the so called homonymous parts; as for example, one of the several segments of the extremities in vertebrates, or one of the similar segments in plants, such as the segments of a segmented leaf. Syd. Soc. Lex.

E•pim´e•ron , n.; pl. Epimera (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + a part.] (Zoöl.) (a) In crustaceans: The part of the side of a somite external to the basal joint of each appendage. See Illust. under Crustacea. (b) In insects: The lateral piece behind the episternum. [Written also epimerum.]

Ep•i•nas´tic , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. pressed close.] (Physiol.) A term applied to that phase of vegetable growth in which an organ grows more rapidly on its upper than on its under surface. See Hyponastic.

Ep•i•neu´ral , a. [Pref. epi- + neural.] (Anat.) Arising from the neurapophysis of a vertebra.

Ep•i•neu´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + a nerve.] (Anat.) The connective tissue framework and sheath of a nerve which bind together the nerve bundles, each of which has its own special sheath, or perineurium.

Ep•in•glette´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) An iron needle for piercing the cartridge of a cannon before priming.

Ep•i•ni´cial , a. [See Epinicion.] Relating to victory. ´An epinicial song.´ T. Warton.

Ep•i•ni´cion , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. belonging to victory; ’epi• upon, to + victory: cf. L. epinicium.] A song of triumph. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Ep•i•nik´i•an , a. Epinicial.

Ep•i•or´nis , n. [NL.: cf. F. epiornis. See AEpyornis.] (Zoöl.) One of the gigantic ostrichlike birds of the genus AEpiornis, only recently extinct. Its remains have been found in Madagascar. [Written also AEpyornis.]

Ep•i•o´tic , n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. , gen. , ear.] (Anat.) The upper and outer element of periotic bone, — in man forming a part of the temporal bone.

Ep•i•pe•dom´e•try , n. [Gr. ’epi•pedos on the ground, level (’epi• + pe•don ground) + -metry.] (Geom.) The mensuration of figures standing on the same base. [Obs.]

Ep•i•pe•riph´er•al , a. [Pref. epi- + peripheral.] (Physiol.) Connected with, or having its origin upon, the external surface of the body; — especially applied to the feelings which originate at the extremities of nerves distributed on the outer surface, as the sensation produced by touching an object with the finger; — opposed to entoperipheral. H. Spenser.

Ep•i•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. epi- + petal.] (Bot.) Borne on the petals or corolla.

E•piph´a•ny , n. [F. epiphanie, L. epiphania, Gr. ’epifa•nia (sc. ), for ’epifa•neia appearance, fr. ’epifai•nein to show forth; ’epi• + fai•nein to show. See Fancy.] 1. An appearance, or a becoming manifest. “Whom but just before they beheld transfigured and in a glorious epiphany upon the mount.” Jer. Taylor. “An epic poet, if ever such a difficult birth should make its epiphany in Paris.” De Quincey. 2. (Eccl.) A church festival celebrated on the 6th of January, the twelfth day after Christmas in commemoration of the visit of the Magi of the East to Bethlehem, to see and worship the child Jesus; or, as others maintain, to commemorate the appearance of the star to the Magi, symbolizing the manifestation of Christ to the Gentles; Twelfthtide.

Ep•i•phar•yn•ge´al , a. [Pref. epi- + pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the segments above the epibranchial in the branchial arches of fishes. — n. An epipharyngeal bone or cartilage.

Ep•i•phar´ynx , n. [Epi- + pharynx.] (Zoöl.) A structure which overlaps the mouth of certain insects.

Ep•i•pho•ne´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’epifw•nhma, fr. ’epifwnei^n to mention; ’epi• + fwnei^n to speak.] (Rhet.) An exclamatory sentence, or striking reflection, which sums up or concludes a discourse.

E•piph´o•neme , n. Epiphonema. [R.]

E•piph´o•ra , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’epifora•, fr. ’epife•rein to bring to or upon; ’epi• + fe•rein to bring.] 1. (Med.) The watery eye; a disease in which the tears accumulate in the eye, and trickle over the cheek. 2. (Rhet.) The emphatic repetition of a word or phrase, at the end of several sentences or stanzas.

Ep´i•phragm , n. [Gr. a covering, lid, fr. to block up.] (Zoöl.) A membranaceous or calcareous septum with which some mollusks close the aperture of the shell during the time of hibernation, or aestivation.

Ep•i•phyl•lo•sper´mous , a. [Gr. ’epi• + fy•llon leaf + spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit on the back of the leaves, as ferns. Harris (1710).

E•piph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. ’epi• + fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) Growing upon, or inserted into, the leaf.

Ep•i•phyl´lum , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of cactaceous plants having flattened, jointed stems, and petals united in a tube. The flowers are very showy, and several species are in cultivation. { Ep•i•phys´e•al , Ep•i•phys´i•al } (Anat.) Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an epiphysis.

E•piph´y•sis , n.; pl. Epiphyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi•fysis, fr. ’epify•ein to grow upon; ’epi• upon + fy•ein to grow.] (Anat.) (a) The end, or other superficial part, of a bone, which ossifies separately from the central portion, or diaphysis. (b) The cerebral epiphysis, or pineal gland. See Pineal gland, under Pineal.

E•piph´y•tal , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to an epiphyte.

Ep´i•phyte , n. [Gr. ’epi• upon + fyto•n plant, to grow: cf. F. epiphyte.] 1. (Bot.) An air plant which grows on other plants, but does not derive its nourishment from them. See Air plant. 2. (Med.) A vegetable parasite growing on the surface of the body. { Ep•i•phyt´ic , Ep•i•phyt´ic•al } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an epiphyte. — Ep•i•phyt´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ep•i•plas´tron , n.; pl. Epiplastra (#). [Pref. epi- + plastron.] (Anat.) One of the first pair of lateral plates in the plastron of turtles.

Ep•i•pleu´ral , a. [Pref. epi- + pleural.] (Anat.) Arising from the pleurapophysis of a vertebra. Owen.

Ep•i•plex´is , n. [L., reproof, fr. Gr. , fr. to strike at, reprove; ’epi• + to strike.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a person seeks to convince and move by an elegant kind of upbraiding.

E•pip´lo•ce , n. [L., connection, from Gr. a plaiting together, fr. to plait or braid in; ’epi• upon + to twist, plait.] (Rhet.) A figure by which one striking circumstance is added, in due gradation, to another; climax; e. g., ´He not only spared his enemies, but continued them in employment; not only continued, but advanced them.´ Johnson.

Ep•i•plo´ic , a. Relating to the epiploön.

E•pip´lo•ön , n.; pl. Epiploa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Anat.) See Omentum.

Ep•i•po´di•al , a. 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the epipodialia or the parts of the limbs to which they belong. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the epipodium of Mollusca.

Ep•i•po•di•a´le , n.; pl. Epipodialia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + , dim. of , , foot.] (Anat.) One of the bones of either the forearm or shank, the epipodialia being the radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula.

E•pip´o•dite , n. [See Epipodium.] (Zoöl.) The outer branch of the legs in certain Crustacea. See Maxilliped.

Ep•i•po´di•um , n.; pl. Epipodia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) One of the lateral lobes of the foot in certain gastropods.

Ep•i•pol´ic , a. (Opt.) Producing, or relating to, epipolism or fluorescence. [R.]

E•pip´o•lism , n. [Gr. a surface; ’epi• + pe•lein to be.] (Opt.) See Fluorescence. [R.] Sir J. Herschel.

E•pip´o•lized , a. Changed to the epipolic condition, or that in which the phenomenon of fluorescence is presented; produced by fluorescence; as epipolized light. [R.] Stokes.

Ep•ip•ter´ic , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. wing. So called because above the wing of the sphenoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to a small Wormian bone sometimes present in the human skull between the parietal and the great wing of the sphenoid. — n. The epipteric bone.

Ep•ip•ter´y•goid , a. [Pref. epi- + pterygoid.] (Anat.) Situated upon or above the pterygoid bone. — n. An epipterygoid bone or cartilage; the columella in the skulls of many lizards.

Ep•i•pu´bic , a. Relating to the epipubis.

Ep•i•pu´bis , n.; pl. Epipubes (#). [NL., epi- + pubis.] (Anat.) A cartilage or bone in front of the pubis in some amphibians and other animals.

E•pis´co•pa•cy , n. [See Episcopate.] Government of the church by bishops; church government by three distinct orders of ministers — bishops, priests, and deacons — of whom the bishops have an authority superior and of a different kind.

E•pis´co•pal , a. [L. episcopalis, fr. episcopus: cf. F. episcopal. See Bishop.] 1. Governed by bishops; as an episcopal church. 2. Belonging to, or vested in, bishops; as episcopal jurisdiction or authority; the episcopal system.

E•pis•co•pa´li•an , a. Pertaining to bishops, or government by bishops; episcopal; specifically, of or relating to the Protestant Episcopal Church.

E•pis•co•pa´li•an, n. One who belongs to an episcopal church, or adheres to the episcopal form of church government and discipline; a churchman; specifically, in the United States, a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

E•pis•co•pa´li•an•ism , n. The doctrine and usages of Episcopalians; episcopacy.

E•pis´co•pal•ly , adv. By episcopal authority; in an episcopal manner.

E•pis´co•pant , n. A bishop. [Obs.] Milton.

E•pis•co•pa´ri•an , a. Episcopal. [R.] Wood.

E•pis´co•pate , n. [L. episcopatus, fr. episcopus: cf. F. episcopat. See Bishop.] 1. A bishopric; the office and dignity of a bishop. 2. The collective body of bishops. 3. The time of a bishop’s rule.

E•pis´co•pate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Episcopated p. pr. & vb. n. Episcopating.] To act as a bishop; to fill the office of a prelate. [Obs.] “Feeding the flock episcopating.” Milton.

E•pis´co•pi•cide , n. [L. episcopus bishop + caedere to kill.] The killing of a bishop.

E•pis´co•pize , v. t. To make a bishop of by consecration. Southey.

E•pis´co•pize, v. i. To perform the duties of a bishop.

E•pis´co•py , n. [Gr. , fr. . See Bishop.] 1. Survey; superintendence. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Episcopacy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ep•i•sep´al•ous , a. [Pref. epi- + sepal.] (Bot.) Growing on the sepals or adnate to them.

Ep•i•skel´e•tal , a. [Pref. epi- + skeleletal.] (Anat.) Above or outside of the endoskeleton; epaxial.

Ep•i•so´dal , a. Same as Episodic.

Ep´i•sode , n. [Gr. a coming in besides, episode; into, besides + a coming in, into + way, cf. Skr. sad to go: cf. F. episode.] (Rhet.) A separate incident, story, or action, introduced for the purpose of giving a greater variety to the events related; an incidental narrative, or digression, separable from the main subject, but naturally arising from it.

Ep•i•so´di•al , a. Pertaining to an episode; by way of episode; episodic. { Ep•i•so´dic , Ep•i•so´dic•al } a. [Cf. F. episodique. See Episode.] Of or pertaining to an episode; adventitious. — Ep•i•so´dic•al•ly, adv. “Such a figure as Jacob Brattle, purely episodical though it be, is an excellent English portrait.” H. James.

Ep•i•spa´di•as , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + to draw, rend.] (Med.) A deformity in which the urethra opens upon the top of the penis, instead of at its extremity.

Ep´i•spas´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to draw to, attract; to + to draw: cf. F. epispastique.] (Med.) Attracting the humors to the skin; exciting action in the skin; blistering.

Ep´i•spas´tic, n. (Med.) An external application to the skin, which produces a puriform or serous discharge by exciting inflammation; a vesicatory.

Ep´i•sperm , n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. seed: cf. F. episperme.] (Bot.) The skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. See Testa.

Ep•i•sper´mic , a. (Bot.) Pertaining, or belonging, to the episperm, or covering of a seed.

Ep´i•spore , n. [Pref. epi- + spore.] (Bot.) The thickish outer coat of certain spores.

Ep•i•stax´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + to drop.] (Med.) Bleeding at the nose.

E•pis•te•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. knowledge + -logy.] The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge.

Ep•i•ster´nal , a. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the episternum.

Ep•i•ster´num , n.; pl. Episterna (#). [NL. See Epi-, and Sternum.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A median bone connected with the sternum, in many vertebrates; the interclavicle. (b) Same as Epiplastron. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the lateral pieces next to the sternum in the thorax of insects.

Ep•i•stil´bite , n. [Pref. epi- + stilbite.] (Min.) A crystallized, transparent mineral of the Zeolite family. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime.

E•pis´tle , n. [OE. epistle, epistel, AS. epistol, pistol, L. epistola, fr. Gr. anything sent by a messenger, message, letter, fr. to send to, tell by letter or message; ’epi• upon, to + to dispatch, send; cf. OF. epistle, epistre, F. epître. See Stall.] 1. A writing directed or sent to a person or persons; a written communication; a letter; — applied usually to formal, didactic, or elegant letters. “A madman’s epistles are no gospels.” Shak. 2. (Eccl.) One of the letters in the New Testament which were addressed to their Christian brethren by Apostles. Epistle side, the right side of an altar or church to a person looking from the nave toward the chancel. “One sees the pulpit on the epistle side.” R. Browning.

E•pis´tle, v. t. To write; to communicate in a letter or by writing. [Obs.] Milton.

E•pis´tler , n. 1. A writer of epistles, or of an epistle of the New Testament. M. Arnold. 2. (Eccl.) The ecclesiastic who reads the epistle at the communion service.

E•pis´to•lar , a. Epistolary. Dr. H. More.

E•pis´to•la•ry , a. [L. epistolaris, fr. epistola: cf. F. epistolaire.] 1. Pertaining to epistles or letters; suitable to letters and correspondence; as an epistolary style. 2. Contained in letters; carried on by letters. ´Epistolary correspondence.´ Addison.

Ep•is•to´le•an (ep•is•to´le•an), n. One who writes epistles; a correspondent. Mary Cowden Clarke.

E•pis´to•ler (e•pis´to•ler), n. (Eccl.) One of the clergy who reads the epistle at the communion service; an epistler.

E•pis´to•let (-let), n. A little epistle. Lamb. { Ep•is•tol´ic , Ep•is•tol´ic•al } a. [L. epistolicus, Gr. .] Pertaining to letters or epistles; in the form or style of letters; epistolary.

E•pis´to•lize , v. i. To write epistles.

E•pis´to•li•zer , n. A writer of epistles.

E•pis•to•lo•graph´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. epistolographique.] Pertaining to the writing of letters; used in writing letters; epistolary. Epistolographic character or mode of writing, the same as Demotic character. See under Demotic.

E•pis•to•log´ra•phy , n. [Gr. epistle + -graphy: cf. F. epistolographie.] The art or practice of writing epistles. { E•pis´to•ma , Ep´i•stome } n. [NL. epistoma, fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + , , mouth.] (Zoöl.) (a) The region between the antennae and the mouth, in Crustacea. (b) A liplike organ that covers the mouth, in most Bryozoa. See Illust., under Entoprocta.

E•pis´tro•phe , n. [L., from Gr. a turning toward, return, fr. to turn toward; ’epi• upon, to + to turn.] (Rhet.) A figure in which successive clauses end with the same word or affirmation; e. g., ´Are they Hebrews? so am I. Are they Israelites? so am I.´ 2 Cor. xi. 22.

Ep´i•style , n. [L. epistylium, Gr. ; ’epi• upon + column: cf. F. epistyle.] (Anc. Arch.) A massive piece of stone or wood laid immediately on the abacus of the capital of a column or pillar; — now called architrave.

Ep•i•syl´lo•gism , n. [Pref. epi- + syllogism.] (Logic) A syllogism which assumes as one of its premises a proposition which was the conclusion of a preceding syllogism, called, in relation to this, the prosyllogism.

Ep´i•taph , n. [F. epitaphe, L. epitaphium a funeral oration, fr. Gr. , orig. an adj., over or at a tomb; ’epi• upon + tomb. Cf. Cenotaph.] 1. An inscription on, or at, a tomb, or a grave, in memory or commendation of the one buried there; a sepulchral inscription. “Hang her an epitaph upon her tomb.” Shak. 2. A brief writing formed as if to be inscribed on a monument, as that concerning Alexander: ´Sufficit huic tumulus, cui non sufficeret orbis.´

Ep´i•taph, v. t. To commemorate by an epitaph. [R.] “Let me be epitaphed the inventor of English hexameters.” G. Harvey.

Ep´i•taph, v. i. To write or speak after the manner of an epitaph. [R.] “The common in their speeches epitaph upon him … ´He lived as a wolf and died as a dog.´” Bp. Hall.

Ep´i•taph•er , n. A writer of epitaphs. Nash. { Ep•i•taph´i•al , Ep•i•taph´i•an } a. Relating to, or of the nature of, an epitaph. “The noble Pericles in his epitaphian speech.” Milton. “Epitaphial Latin verses are not to be taken too literally.” Lowell.

Ep•i•taph´ic , a. Pertaining to an epitaph; epitaphian. — n. An epitaph. Udall.

Ep´i•taph•ist , n. An epitapher.

E•pit´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a stretching, fr. to stretch upon or over; ’epi• upon + to stretch.] 1. That part which embraces the main action of a play, poem, and the like, and leads on to the catastrophe; — opposed to protasis. 2. (Med.) The period of violence in a fever or disease; paroxysm. Dunglison.

Ep•i•tha•lam´ic , a. Belonging to, or designed for, an epithalamium.

Ep•i•tha•la´mi•um , n.; pl. Epithalamiums (#), L. Epithalamia (#). [L., fr. Gr. , orig. an adj., nuptial; ’epi• upon, at + bride chamber.] A nuptial song, or poem in honor of the bride and bridegroom. “The kind of poem which was called epithalamium … sung when the bride was led into her chamber.” B. Jonson.

Ep•i•thal´a•my , n.; pl. Epithalamies . Epithalamium. [R.] Donne.

Ep•i•the´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + a case, box, fr. to place.] (Zoöl.) A continuous and, usually, structureless layer which covers more or less of the exterior of many corals.

Ep•i•the´li•al , a. Of or pertaining to epithelium; as epithelial cells; epithelial cancer.

Ep•i•the´li•oid , a. [Epithelium + -oid.] (Anat.) Like epithelium; as epithelioid cells.

Ep•i•the•li•o´ma , n. [NL. See Epithelium, and -oma.] (Med.) A malignant growth containing epithelial cells; — called also epithelial cancer.

Ep•i•the´li•um , n.; pl. E. Epitheliums (#), L. Epithelia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + nipple.] (Anat.) The superficial layer of cells lining the alimentary canal and all its appendages, all glands and their ducts, blood vessels and lymphatics, serous cavities, etc. It often includes the epidermis (i. e., keratin-producing epithelial cells), and it is sometimes restricted to the alimentary canal, the glands and their appendages, — the term endothelium being applied to the lining membrane of the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities.

Ep•i•the´loid , a. (Anat.) Epithelioid.

Ep´i•them , n. [L. epithema, Gr. , fr. to lay or put on: cf. F. epithème. See Epithet.] (Med.) Any external topical application to the body, except ointments and plasters, as a poultice, lotion, etc.

Ep•i•the´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. ’epi• upon + a case, box, fr. to place.] (Zoöl.) A horny excrescence upon the beak of birds.

E•pith´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a putting on; ’epi• upon + to place.] The addition of a letter at the end of a word, without changing its sense; as numb for num, whilst for whiles.

Ep´i•thet , n. [L. epitheton, Gr. , fr. added, fr. to add; ’epi• upon, to + to put, place: cf. F. epithète. See Do.] 1. An adjective expressing some quality, attribute, or relation, that is properly or specially appropriate to a person or thing; as a just man; a verdant lawn. “A prince [Henry III.] to whom the epithet ´worthless´ seems best applicable.” Hallam. 2. Term; expression; phrase. ´Stuffed with epithets of war.´ Shak. Syn. — Epithet, Title. The name epithet was formerly extended to nouns which give a title or describe character (as the ´epithet of liar´), but is now confined wholly to adjectives. Some rhetoricians, as Whately, restrict it still further, considering the term epithet as belonging only to a limited class of adjectives, viz., those which add nothing to the sense of their noun, but simply hold forth some quality necessarily implied therein; as the bright sun, the lofty heavens, etc. But this restriction does not prevail in general literature. Epithet is sometimes confounded with application, which is always a noun or its equivalent.

Ep´i•thet, v. t. To describe by an epithet. [R.] “Never was a town better epitheted.” Sir H. Wotton. { Ep•i•thet´ic , Ep•i•thet´ic•al } a. [Gr. added.] Pertaining to, or abounding with, epithets. ´In epithetic measured prose.´ Lloyd.

Ep´i•thite , n. [Gr. impostor.] A lazy, worthless fellow; a vagrant. [Obs.] Mason.

Ep•i•thu•met´ic , a. Epithumetical. [Obs.]

Ep•i•thu•met´ic•al , a. [Gr. , fr. to long for, lust after; ’epi• + qymo•s soul, heart, desire.] Pertaining to sexual desire; sensual. Sir T. Browne.

Ep•i•tith´i•des , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to place upon. See Epithet.] (Arch.) The uppermost member of the cornice of an entablature.

E•pit´o•ma•tor , n. [LL.] An epitomist. Sir W. Hamilton.

E•pit´o•me , n.; pl. Epitomes (#). [L., fr. Gr. a surface incision, also and abridgment, fr. to cut into, cut short; ’epi• upon + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. epitome. See Tome.] 1. A work in which the contents of a former work are reduced within a smaller space by curtailment and condensation; a brief summary; an abridgement. “[An] epitome of the contents of a very large book.” Sydney Smith. 2. A compact or condensed representation of anything. “An epitome of English fashionable life.” Carlyle. “A man so various that he seemed to be
Not one, but all mankind’s epitome.” Dryden. Syn. — Abridgement; compendium; compend; abstract; synopsis; abbreviature. See Abridgment.

E•pit´o•mist , n. One who makes an epitome; one who abridges; an epitomizer. Milton.

E•pit´o•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Epitomized p. pr. & vb. n. Epitomizing.] 1. To make an epitome of; to shorten or abridge, as a writing or discourse; to reduce within a smaller space; as to epitomize the works of Justin. 2. To diminish, as by cutting off something; to curtail; as to epitomize words. [Obs.] Addison.

E•pit´o•mi•zer , n. An epitomist. Burton.

Ep´i•trite , n. [Gr. containing an integer and one third (i. e., &frac43;, or in the ratio of 4 to 3); ’epi• upon, over + the third: cf. L. epitritos, F. epitrite.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A foot consisting of three long syllables and one short syllable. It is so called from being compounded of a spondee (which contains 4 times) with an iambus or a trochee (which contains 3 times). It is called 1st, 2d, 3d, or 4th epitrite according as the short syllable stands 1st, 2d, etc.

Ep•i•troch´le•a , n. [NL. See Epi-, and Trochlea.] (Anat.) A projection on the outer side of the distal end of the humerus; the external condyle.

Ep•i•troch´le•ar , a. Relating to the epitrochlea.

Ep•i•tro´choid , n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. wheel + -oid.] (Geom.) A kind of curve. See Epicycloid, any Trochoid.

E•pit´ro•pe , n. [L., fr. Gr. reference, arbitration, fr. to turn over, to give up, yield; ’epi• upon, over + to turn.] (Rhet.) A figure by which permission is either seriously or ironically granted to some one, to do what he proposes to do; e. g., ´He that is unjust, let him be unjust still.´

Ep•i•zeux´is , n. [L., fr. Gr. a fastening together, repetition, fr. to fasten to or upon; ’epi• upon + to join, yoke.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a word is repeated with vehemence or emphasis, as in the following lines: - “Alone, alone, all all alone,
Alone on a wide wide sea.” Coleridge.

Ep•i•zo´an , n. (Zoöl.) An epizoön.

Ep•i•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Living upon the exterior of another animal; ectozoic; — said of external parasites.

Ep•i•zo´ön , n.; pl. Epizoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) One of the artificial group of invertebrates of various kinds, which live parasitically upon the exterior of other animals; an ectozoön. Among them are the lice, ticks, many acari, the lerneans, or fish lice, and other crustaceans.

Ep•i•zo•öt´ic , a. [Cf. F. epizoötique.] 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to an epizoön. 2. (Geol.) Containing fossil remains; — said of rocks, formations, mountains, and the like. [Obs.] “Epizoötic mountains are of secondary formation.” Kirwan. 3. Of the nature of a disease which attacks many animals at the same time; — corresponding to epidemic diseases among men. { Ep•i•zo´ö•ty , Ep•i•zo•öt´ic }, n. [F. epizoötie.] An epizoötic disease; a murrain; an epidemic influenza among horses.

Ep´och (ep´ok or e´pok; 277), n. [LL. epocha, Gr. ’epochh• check, stop, an epoch of a star, an historical epoch, fr. ’epe•chein to hold on, check; ’epi• upon + ’e•chein to have, hold; akin to Skr. sah to overpower, Goth. sigis victory, AS. sigor, sige, G. sieg: cf. F. epoque. See Scheme.] 1. A fixed point of time, established in history by the occurrence of some grand or remarkable event; a point of time marked by an event of great subsequent influence; as the epoch of the creation; the birth of Christ was the epoch which gave rise to the Christian era. “In divers ages, … divers epochs of time were used.” Usher. “Great epochs and crises in the kingdom of God.” Trench. “The acquittal of the bishops was not the only event which makes the 30th of June, 1688, a great epoch in history.” Macaulay. Epochs mark the beginning of new historical periods, and dates are often numbered from them. 2. A period of time, longer or shorter, remarkable for events of great subsequent influence; a memorable period; as the epoch of maritime discovery, or of the Reformation. ´So vast an epoch of time.´ F. Harrison. “The influence of Chaucer continued to live even during the dreary interval which separates from one another two important epochs of our literary history.” A. W. Ward. 3. (Geol.) A division of time characterized by the prevalence of similar conditions of the earth; commonly a minor division or part of a period. “The long geological epoch which stored up the vast coal measures.” J. C. Shairp. 4. (Astron.) (a) The date at which a planet or comet has a longitude or position. (b) An arbitrary fixed date, for which the elements used in computing the place of a planet, or other heavenly body, at any other date, are given; as the epoch of Mars; lunar elements for the epoch March 1st, 1860. Syn. — Era; time; date; period; age. — Epoch, Era. We speak of the era of the Reformation, when we think of it as a period, during which a new order of things prevailed; so also the era of good feeling, etc. Had we been thinking of the time as marked by certain great events, or as a period in which great results were effected, we should have called the times when these events happened epochs, and the whole period an epoch. “The capture of Constantinople is an epoch in the history of Mahometanism; but the flight of Mahomet is its era.” C. J. Smith.

Ep´o•cha , n. [L.] See Epoch. J. Adams.

Ep´o•chal , a. Belonging to an epoch; of the nature of an epoch. ´Epochal points.´ Shedd.

Ep´ode , n. [L. epodos, Gr. , fr. , adj., singing to, sung or said after, fr. to sing to; ’epi• upon, to + to sing: cf. F. epode. See Ode.] (Poet.) (a) The after song; the part of a lyric ode which follows the strophe and antistrophe, — the ancient ode being divided into strophe, antistrophe, and epode. (b) A species of lyric poem, invented by Archilochus, in which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one; as the Epodes of Horace. It does not include the elegiac distich.

E•pod´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to, or resembling, an epode. { Ep´o•nym , Ep´o•nyme } , n. [Cf. F. eponyme. See Eponymous.] 1. The hypothetical individual who is assumed as the person from whom any race, city, etc., took its name; as Hellen is an eponym of the Hellenes. 2. A name, as of a people, country, and the like, derived from that of an individual.

Ep•o•nym´ic , a. Same as Eponymous. “Tablets … which bear eponymic dates.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

E•pon´y•mist , n. One from whom a race, tribe, city, or the like, took its name; an eponym.

E•pon´y•mous , a. [Gr. ; ’epi• upon, to + for name.] Relating to an eponym; giving one’s name to a tribe, people, country, and the like. “What becomes … of the Herakleid genealogy of the Spartan kings, when it is admitted that eponymous persons are to be canceled as fictions?” Grote.

E•pon´y•my , n. [Gr. a surname given after some person or thing.] The derivation of the name of a race, tribe, etc., from that of a fabulous hero, progenitor, etc.

Ep•o•öph´o•ron , n. [NL., from Gr. ’epi• upon + egg + fe•rein to bear.] (Anat.) See Parovarium. { Ep´o•pee• , Ep•o•pœ´ia } n. [F. epopee, Gr. ; ’e•pos song + to make. See Epos.] An epic poem; epic poetry.

Ep´opt , n. [Gr. one initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries.] One instructed in the mysteries of a secret system. Carlyle.

Ep´os , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] An epic.

Ep•o•ta´tion , n. [L. epotare, epotatum, to drink; e out + potare to drink.] A drinking up; a quaffing. [Obs.] Feltham.

e•prou•vette´ , n. [F.] (Gun.) An apparatus for testing or proving the strength of gunpowder.

Ep´som•ite , n. Native sulphate of magnesia or Epsom salt. { Ep´som salts• salt• }. (Med.) Sulphate of magnesia having cathartic qualities; — originally prepared by boiling down the mineral waters at Epsom, England, — whence the name; afterwards prepared from sea water; but now from certain minerals, as from siliceous hydrate of magnesia.

Ep´u•la•ry , a. [L. epularis, fr. epulum a feast: cf. F. epulaire.] Of or pertaining to a feast or banquet. [Obs.] Smart.

Ep•u•la´tion , n. [L. epulatio.] A feasting or feast; banquet. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

E•pu´lis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a gumboil; Gr. ’epi• upon + gums.] (Med.) A hard tumor developed from the gums.

Ep´u•lose , a. [L. epulum a feast.] Feasting to excess. [Obs.]

Ep•u•los´i•ty , n. A feasting to excess. [Obs.]

Ep•u•lot´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. to scar over or heal; ’epi• upon, over + whole.] Promoting the skinning over or healing of sores; as an epulotic ointment. — n. An epulotic agent.

Ep•u•ra´tion , n. [L. e out, quite + purare to purify, purus pure.] Purification.

e•pure´ , n. [F.] (Fine Arts) A draught or model from which to build; especially, one of the full size of the work to be done; a detailed drawing.

E•qua•bil´i•ty , n. [L. aequabilitas, fr. aequabilis. See Equable.] The quality or condition of being equable; evenness or uniformity; as equability of temperature; the equability of the mind. “For the celestial bodies, the equability and constancy of their motions argue them ordained by wisdom.” Ray.

E´qua•ble ( 277), a. [L. aequabilis, fr. aequare to make level or equal, fr. aequus even, equal. See Equal.] 1. Equal and uniform; continuing the same at different times; — said of motion, and the like; uniform in surface; smooth; as an equable plain or globe. 2. Uniform in action or intensity; not variable or changing; — said of the feelings or temper.

E´qua•ble•ness, n. Quality or state of being equable.

E´qua•bly, adv. In an equable manner.

E´qual , a. [L. aequalis, fr. aequus even, equal; akin to Skr. ka, and perh. to L. unus for older oinos one, E. one.] 1. Agreeing in quantity, size, quality, degree, value, etc.; having the same magnitude, the same value, the same degree, etc.; — applied to number, degree, quantity, and intensity, and to any subject which admits of them; neither inferior nor superior, greater nor less, better nor worse; corresponding; alike; as equal quantities of land, water, etc. ; houses of equal size; persons of equal stature or talents; commodities of equal value. 2. Bearing a suitable relation; of just proportion; having competent power, abilities, or means; adequate; as he is not equal to the task. “The Scots trusted not their own numbers as equal to fight with the English.” Clarendon. “It is not permitted to me to make my commendations equal to your merit.” Dryden. “Whose voice an equal messenger
Conveyed thy meaning mild.” Emerson. 3. Not variable; equable; uniform; even; as an equal movement. ´An equal temper.´ Dryden. 4. Evenly balanced; not unduly inclining to either side; characterized by fairness; unbiased; impartial; equitable; just. “Are not my ways equal?” Ezek. xviii. 29. “Thee, O Jove, no equal judge I deem.” Spenser. “Nor think it equal to answer deliberate reason with sudden heat and noise.” Milton. 5. Of the same interest or concern; indifferent. “They who are not disposed to receive them may let them alone or reject them; it is equal to me.” Cheyne. 6. (Mus.) Intended for voices of one kind only, either all male or all female; — opposed to mixed. [R.] 7. (Math.) Exactly agreeing with respect to quantity. Equal temperament. (Mus.) See Temperament. Syn. — Even; equable; uniform; adequate; proportionate; commensurate; fair; just; equitable.

E´qual, n. 1. One not inferior or superior to another; one having the same or a similar age, rank, station, office, talents, strength, or other quality or condition; an equal quantity or number; as ´If equals be taken from equals the remainders are equal.´ “Those who were once his equals envy and defame him.” Addison. 2. State of being equal; equality. [Obs.] Spenser.

E´qual, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equaled or Equalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Equaling or Equalling.] 1. To be or become equal to; to have the same quantity, the same value, the same degree or rank, or the like, with; to be commenurate with. “On me whose all not equals Edward’s moiety.” Shak. 2. To make equal return to; to recompense fully. “Who answered all her cares, and equaled all her love.” Dryden. 3. To make equal or equal to; to equalize; hence, to compare or regard as equals; to put on equality. “He would not equal the mind that he found in himself to the infinite and incomprehensible.” Berkeley.

E•qual•i•ta´ri•an , n. One who believes in equalizing the condition of men; a leveler.

E•qual´i•ty , n.; pl. Equalities (#). [L. aequalitas, fr. aequalis equal. See Equal.] 1. The condition or quality of being equal; agreement in quantity or degree as compared; likeness in bulk, value, rank, properties, etc.; as the equality of two bodies in length or thickness; an equality of rights. “A footing of equality with nobles.” Macaulay. 2. Sameness in state or continued course; evenness; uniformity; as an equality of temper or constitution. 3. Evenness; uniformity; as an equality of surface. 4. (Math.) Exact agreement between two expressions or magnitudes with respect to quantity; — denoted by the symbol =; thus, a = x signifies that a contains the same number and kind of units of measure that x does. Confessional equality. See under Confessional.

E•qual•i•za´tion , n. The act of equalizing, or state of being equalized. “Their equalization with the rest of their fellow subjects.” Burke.

E´qual•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equalized p. pr. & vb. n. Equalizing ] [Cf. F. egaliser.] 1. To make equal; to cause to correspond, or be like, in amount or degree as compared; as to equalize accounts, burdens, or taxes. “One poor moment can suffice
To equalize the lofty and the low.” Wordsworth. “No system of instruction will completely equalize natural powers.” Whately. 2. To pronounce equal; to compare as equal. “Which we equalize, and perhaps would willingly prefer to the Iliad.” Orrery. 3. To be equal to; equal; to match. [Obs.] “It could not equalize the hundredth part
Of what her eyes have kindled in my heart.” Waller. Equalizing bar (Railroad Mach.), a lever connecting two axle boxes, or two springs in a car truck or locomotive, to equalize the pressure on the axles.

E´qual•i•zer , n. One who, or that which, equalizes anything.

E´qual•ly, adv. In an equal manner or degree in equal shares or proportion; with equal and impartial justice; without difference; alike; evenly; justly; as equally taxed, furnished, etc.

E´qual•ness, n. Equality; evenness. Shak.

E•quan´gu•lar , a. [See Equiangular.] Having equal angles; equiangular. [R.] Johnson.

E•qua•nim´i•ty , n. [L. aequanimitas, fr. aequanimus: cf. F. equanimite. See Equanimous.] Evenness of mind; that calm temper or firmness of mind which is not easily elated or depressed; patience; calmness; composure; as to bear misfortunes with equanimity.

E•quan´i•mous , a. [L. aequanimus, fr. aequus equal + animus mind.] Of an even, composed frame of mind; of a steady temper; not easily elated or depressed. Bp. Gauden.

E´quant , n. [L. aequans, -antis, p. pr. of aequare: cf. F. equant. See Equate.] (Ptolemaic Astron.) A circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of ann epicycle was conceived to move uniformly; — called also eccentric equator.

E•quate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equated; p. pr. & vb. n. Equating.] [L. aequatus, p. p. of aequare to make level or equal, fr. aequus level, equal. See Equal.] To make equal; to reduce to an average; to make such an allowance or correction in as will reduce to a common standard of comparison; to reduce to mean time or motion; as to equate payments; to equate lines of railroad for grades or curves; equated distances. “Palgrave gives both scrolle and scrowe and equates both to F[rench] rolle.” Skeat (Etymol. Dict. ). Equating for grades (Railroad Engin.), adding to the measured distance one mile for each twenty feet of ascent. — Equating for curves, adding half a mile for each 360 degrees of curvature.

E•qua´tion , n. [L. aequatio an equalizing: cf. F. equation equation. See Equate.] 1. A making equal; equal division; equality; equilibrium. “Again the golden day resumed its right,
And ruled in just equation with the night.” Rowe. 2. (Math.) An expression of the condition of equality between two algebraic quantities or sets of quantities, the sign = being placed between them; as a binomial equation; a quadratic equation; an algebraic equation; a transcendental equation; an exponential equation; a logarithmic equation; a differential equation, etc. 3. (Astron.) A quantity to be applied in computing the mean place or other element of a celestial body; that is, any one of the several quantities to be added to, or taken from, its position as calculated on the hypothesis of a mean uniform motion, in order to find its true position as resulting from its actual and unequal motion. Absolute equation. See under Absolute. — Equation box, or Equational box, a system of differential gearing used in spinning machines for regulating the twist of the yarn. It resembles gearing used in equation clocks for showing apparent time. — Equation of the center (Astron.), the difference between the place of a planet as supposed to move uniformly in a circle, and its place as moving in an ellipse. — Equations of condition (Math.), equations formed for deducing the true values of certain quantities from others on which they depend, when different sets of the latter, as given by observation, would yield different values of the quantities sought, and the number of equations that may be found is greater than the number of unknown quantities. — Equation of a curve (Math.), an equation which expresses the relation between the coördinates of every point in the curve. — Equation of equinoxes (Astron.), the difference between the mean and apparent places of the equinox. — Equation of payments (Arith.), the process of finding the mean time of payment of several sums due at different times. — Equation of time (Astron.), the difference between mean and apparent time, or between the time of day indicated by the sun, and that by a perfect clock going uniformly all the year round. — Equation clock or watch, a timepiece made to exhibit the differences between mean solar and apparent solar time. Knight. — Normal equation. See under Normal. — Personal equation (Astron.), the difference between an observed result and the true qualities or peculiarities in the observer; particularly the difference, in an average of a large number of observation, between the instant when an observer notes a phenomenon, as the transit of a star, and the assumed instant of its actual occurrence; or, relatively, the difference between these instants as noted by two observers. It is usually only a fraction of a second; — sometimes applied loosely to differences of judgment or method occasioned by temperamental qualities of individuals. — Theory of equations (Math.), the branch of algebra that treats of the properties of a single algebraic equation of any degree containing one unknown quantity.

E•qua´tor , n. [L. aequator one who equalizes: cf. F. equateur equator. See Equate.] 1. (Geog.) The imaginary great circle on the earth’s surface, everywhere equally distant from the two poles, and dividing the earth’s surface into two hemispheres. 2. (Astron.) The great circle of the celestial sphere, coincident with the plane of the earth’s equator; - - so called because when the sun is in it, the days and nights are of equal length; hence called also the equinoctial, and on maps, globes, etc., the equinoctial line. Equator of the sun or of a planet (Astron.), the great circle whose plane passes through through the center of the body, and is perpendicular to its axis of revolution. — Magnetic equator. See Aclinic.

E•qua•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. equatorial.] Of or pertaining to the equator; as equatorial climates; also pertaining to an equatorial instrument.

E•qua•to´ri•al, n. (Astron.) An instrument consisting of a telescope so mounted as to have two axes of motion at right angles to each other, one of them parallel to the axis of the earth, and each carrying a graduated circle, the one for measuring declination, and the other right ascension, or the hour angle, so that the telescope may be directed, even in the daytime, to any star or other object whose right ascension and declination are known. The motion in right ascension is sometimes communicated by clockwork, so as to keep the object constantly in the field of the telescope. Called also an equatorial telescope. The term equatorial, or equatorial instrument, is sometimes applied to any astronomical instrument which has its principal axis of rotation parallel to the axis of the earth.

E•qua•to´ri•al•ly, adv. So as to have motion or direction parallel to the equator.

Eq´uer•ry ( 277), n.; pl. Equerries (#). [F. ecurie stable, for older escurie, escuirie (confused somewhat with F. ecuyer, OF. escuyer, squire), LL. scuria, OHG. skiura, scra, barn, shed, G. scheuer, from a root meaning to cover, protect, and akin to L. scutum shield. See Esquire, and cf. Ecurie, Querry.] 1. A large stable or lodge for horses. Johnson. 2. An officer of princes or nobles, charged with the care of their horses. In England equerries are officers of the royal household in the department of the Master of the Horse.

Eq´ue•ry , n. Same as Equerry.

E•ques´tri•an , a. [L. equester, from eques horseman, fr. equus horse: cf. F. equestre. See Equine.] 1. Of or pertaining to horses or horsemen, or to horsemanship; as equestrian feats, or games. 2. Being or riding on horseback; mounted; as an equestrian statue. “An equestrian lady appeared upon the plains.” Spectator. 3. Belonging to, or composed of, the ancient Roman equities or knights; as the equestrian order. Burke.

E•ques´tri•an, n. One who rides on horseback; a horseman; a rider.

E•ques´tri•an•ism , n. The art of riding on horseback; performance on horseback; horsemanship; as feats equestrianism.

E•ques´tri•enne , n. [Formed after analogy of the French language.] A woman skilled in equestrianism; a horsewoman.

E´qui- [L. aequus equal. See Equal.] A prefix, meaning equally; as equidistant; equiangular.

E´qui•an•gled , a. [Equi- + angle.] Equiangular. [Obs.] Boyle.

E•qui•an´gu•lar , a. [Equi- + angular. Cf. Equangular.] Having equal angles; as an equiangular figure; a square is equiangular. Equiangular spiral. (Math.) See under Spiral, n. — Mutually equiangular, applied to two figures, when every angle of the one has its equal among the angles of the other.

E•qui•bal´ance , n. [Equi- + balance.] Equal weight; equiponderance.

E•qui•bal´ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equibalanced p. pr. & vb. n. Equibalancing ] To make of equal weight; to balance equally; to counterbalance; to equiponderate.

E•qui•cres´cent , a. [Equi- + crescent.] (Math.) Increasing by equal increments; as an equicrescent variable.

E•qui•cru´ral , a. [L. aequicrurius; aequus equal + crus, cruris, leg.] Having equal legs or sides; isosceles. [R.] ´Equicrural triangles.´ Sir T. Browne.

E´qui•crure , a. Equicrural. [Obs.]

E•qui•dif´fer•ent , a. [Equi- + different: cf. F. equidifferent.] Having equal differences; as the terms of arithmetical progression are equidifferent.

E•qui•dis´tance , n. Equal distance.

E•qui•dis´tant , a. [L. aequidistans, -antis; aequus equal + distans distant: cf. F. equidistant.] Being at an equal distance from the same point or thing. — E•qui•dis´tant•ly, adv. Sir T. Browne.

E•qui•di•ur´nal , a. [Equi- + diurnal.] Pertaining to the time of equal day and night; — applied to the equinoctial line. Whewell.

E´qui•form , a. [L. aequiformis; aequus equal + forma form.] Having the same form; uniform. — E•qui•for´mi•ty (#), n. Sir T. Browne.

E•qui•lat´er•al , a. [L. aequilateralis; aequus equal + latus, lateris, side: cf. F. equilateral.] Having all the sides equal; as an equilateral triangle; an equilateral polygon. Equilateral hyperbola (Geom.), one whose axes are equal. — Equilateral shell (Zoöl.), one in which a transverse line drawn through the apex of the umbo bisects the valve, or divides it into two equal and symmetrical parts. — Mutually equilateral, applied to two figures, when every side of the one has its equal among the sides of the other.

E•qui•lat´er•al, n. A side exactly corresponding, or equal, to others; also a figure of equal sides.

E•qui•li´brate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equilibrated p. pr. & vb. n. Equilibrating ] [L. aequilibratus in equilibrium; aequus equal + libra balance. See Equilibrium.] To balance two scales, sides, or ends; to keep even with equal weight on each side; to keep in equipoise. H. Spenser.

E•qui•li•bra´tion , n. 1. Act of keeping a balance, or state of being balanced; equipoise. “In … running, leaping, and dancing, nature’s laws of equilibration are observed.” J. Denham. 2. (Biol.) The process by which animal and vegetable organisms preserve a physiological balance. H. Spenser.

E•qui•lib´ri•ous , a. Evenly poised; balanced. Dr. H. More. — E•qui•lib´ri•ous•ly, adv.

E•quil´i•brist , n. One who balances himself in unnatural positions and hazardous movements; a balancer. “When the equilibrist balances a rod upon his finger.” Stewart.

E•qui•lib´ri•ty , n. [L. aequilibritas equal distribution. See Equilibrium.] The state of being balanced; equality of weight. [R.] J. Gregory.

E•qui•lib´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Equilibriums (#), L. Equilibria (#). [L. aequilibrium, fr. aequilibris in equilibrium, level; aequus equal + libra balance. See Equal, and Librate.] 1. Equality of weight or force; an equipoise or a state of rest produced by the mutual counteraction of two or more forces. 2. A level position; a just poise or balance in respect to an object, so that it remains firm; equipoise; as to preserve the equilibrium of the body. “Health consists in the equilibrium between those two powers.” Arbuthnot. 3. A balancing of the mind between motives or reasons, with consequent indecision and doubt. Equilibrium valve (Steam Engine), a balanced valve. See under Valve.

E•qui•mo•men´tal , a. [Equi- + momental.] (Mech.) Having equal moments of inertia. Two bodies or systems of bodies are said to be equimomental when their moments of inertia about all straight lines are equal each to each. Equimomental cone of a given rigid body, a conical surface that has any given vertex, and is described by a straight line which moves in such manner that the moment of inertia of the given rigid body about the line is in all its positions the same.

E•qui•mul´ti•ple , a. [Equi- + multiple: cf. F. equimultiple.] Multiplied by the same number or quantity.

E•qui•mul´ti•ple, n. (Math.) One of the products arising from the multiplication of two or more quantities by the same number or quantity. Thus, seven times 2, or 14, and seven times 4, or 28, are equimultiples of 2 and 4.

E•qui´nal , a. See Equine. ´An equinal shape.´ Heywood.

E´quine , a. [L. equinus, fr. equus horse; akin to Gr. , Skr. ava, OS. ehu, AS. eh, eoh, Icel. jr, OIr. ech, cf. Skr. a to reach, overtake, perh. akin to E. acute, edge, eager, a. Cf. Hippopotamus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a horse. “The shoulders, body, things, and mane are equine; the head completely bovine.” Sir J. Barrow.

E•quin´i•a , n. [NL. See Equine.] (Med.) Glanders.

E•qui•noc´tial , a. [L. aequinoctials, fr. aequinoctium equinox: cf. F. equinoxial. See Equinox.] 1. Pertaining to an equinox, or the equinoxes, or to the time of equal day and night; as the equinoctial line. 2. Pertaining to the regions or climate of the equinoctial line or equator; in or near that line; as equinoctial heat; an equinoctial sun. 3. Pertaining to the time when the sun enters the equinoctial points; as an equinoctial gale or storm, that is, one happening at or near the time of the equinox, in any part of the world. Equinoctial colure (Astron.), the meridian passing through the equinoctial points. — Equinoctial line (Astron.), the celestial equator; — so called because when the sun is on it, the nights and days are of equal length in all parts of the world. See Equator. “Thrice the equinoctial line
He circled.” Milton. — Equinoctial points (Astron.), the two points where the celestial and ecliptic intersect each other; the one being in the first point of Aries, the other in the first point of Libra. — Equinoctial time (Astron.) reckoned in any year from the instant when the mean sun is at the mean vernal equinoctial point.

E•qui•noc´tial, n. The equinoctial line.

E•qui•noc´tial•ly, adv. Towards the equinox.

E´qui•nox , n. [OE. equinoxium, equenoxium, L. aequinoctium; aequus equal + nox, noctis, night: cf. F. equinoxe. See Equal, and Night.] 1. The time when the sun enters one of the equinoctial points, that is, about March 21 and September 22. See Autumnal equinox, Vernal equinox, under Autumnal and Vernal. “When descends on the Atlantic
The gigantic
Stormwind of the equinox.” Longfellow. 2. Equinoctial wind or storm. [R.] Dryden.

E•qui•nu´mer•ant , a. [Equi- + L. numerans, p. pr. of numerare to number.] Equal as to number. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

E•quip´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equipped p. pr. & vb. n. Equipping.] [F. equiper to supply, fit out, orig. said of a ship, OF. esquiper to embark; of German origin; cf. OHG. scif, G. schiff, Icel. skip, AS. scip. See Ship.] 1. To furnish for service, or against a need or exigency; to fit out; to supply with whatever is necessary to efficient action in any way; to provide with arms or an armament, stores, munitions, rigging, etc.; — said esp. of ships and of troops. Dryden. “Gave orders for equipping a considerable fleet.” Ludlow. 2. To dress up; to array; accouter. “The country are led astray in following the town, and equipped in a ridiculous habit, when they fancy themselves in the height of the mode.” Addison.

Eq´ui•page ( 48), n. [F. equipage, fr. equiper. See Equip.] 1. Furniture or outfit, whether useful or ornamental; especially, the furniture and supplies of a vessel, fitting her for a voyage or for warlike purposes, or the furniture and necessaries of an army, a body of troops, or a single soldier, including whatever is necessary for efficient service; equipments; accouterments; habiliments; attire. “Did their exercises on horseback with noble equipage.” Evelyn. “First strip off all her equipage of Pride.” Pope. 2. Retinue; train; suite. Swift. 3. A carriage of state or of pleasure with all that accompanies it, as horses, liveried servants, etc., a showy turn-out. “The rumbling equipages of fashion … were unknown in the settlement of New Amsterdam.” W. Irving.

Eq´ui•paged , a. Furnished with equipage. “Well dressed, well bred.
Well equipaged, is ticket good enough.” Cowper.

E•quip´a•ra•ble a. [L. aequiparabilis.] Comparable. [Obs. or R.]

E•quip´a•rate v. t. [L. aequiparatus, p. p. of aequiparare.] To compare. [R.]

E•quip´e•dal , a. [Equi- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Equal- footed; having the pairs of feet equal.

E•qui•pend´en•cy , n. [Equi- + pendency.] The act or condition of hanging in equipoise; not inclined or determined either way. South.

E•qui•pen´sate , v. t. [Equi- + pensatus, p. p. of pensare to weigh. Cf. Equipoise.] To weigh equally; to esteem alike. [Obs.]

E•quip´ment , n. [Cf. F. equipement. See Equip.] 1. The act of equipping, or the state of being equipped, as for a voyage or expedition. Burke. “The equipment of the fleet was hastened by De Witt.” Hume. 2. Whatever is used in equipping; necessaries for an expedition or voyage; the collective designation for the articles comprising an outfit; equipage; as a railroad equipment (locomotives, cars, etc. ; for carrying on business); horse equipments; infantry equipments; naval equipments; laboratory equipments. “Armed and dight,
In the equipments of a knight.” Longfellow.

E´qui•poise , n. [Equi- + poise.] 1. Equality of weight or force; hence, equilibrium; a state in which the two ends or sides of a thing are balanced, and hence equal; state of being equally balanced; — said of moral, political, or social interests or forces. “The means of preserving the equipoise and the tranquillity of the commonwealth.” Burke. “Our little lives are kept in equipoise
By opposite attractions and desires.” Longfellow. 2. Counterpoise. “The equipoise to the clergy being removed.” Buckle. { E•qui•pol´lence , E•qui•pol´len•cy }, n. [Cf. F. equipollence. See Equipollent.] 1. Equality of power, force, signification, or application. Boyle. 2. (Logic) Sameness of signification of two or more propositions which differ in language.

E•qui•pol´lent , a. [L. aequipollens; aequus equal + pollens, - entis, p. pr. of pollere to be strong, able: cf. F. equipollent.] 1. Having equal power or force; equivalent. Bacon. 2. (Logic) Having equivalent signification and reach; expressing the same thing, but differently.

E•qui•pol´lent•ly, adv. With equal power. Barrow. { E•qui•pon´der•ance , E•qui•pon´der•an•cy }, n. [Equi- + ponderance: cf. F. equiponderance.] Equality of weight; equipoise.

E•qui•pon´der•ant , a. [Cf. F. equiponderant.] Being of the same weight. “A column of air … equiponderant to a column of quicksilver.” Locke.

E•qui•pon´der•ate , v. i. [Equi- + L. ponderare to weigh. See Ponderate.] To be equal in weight; to weigh as much as another thing. Bp. Wilkins.

E•qui•pon´der•ate, v. t. To make equal in weight; to counterbalance. ´More than equiponderated the declension in that direction.´ De Quincey.

E•qui•pon´der•ous , a. [Equi- + L. pondus, ponderis, weight.] Having equal weight. Bailey.

E•qui•pon´di•ous , a. [L. aequipondium an equal weight; aequus equal + pondus weight.] Of equal weight on both sides; balanced. [Obs.] Glanvill.

E•qui•po•ten´tial , a. [Equi- + potential.] (Mech. & Physics) Having the same potential. Equipotential surface, a surface for which the potential is for all points of the surface constant. Level surfaces on the earth are equipotential.

E•qui•rad´i•cal a. [Equi- + radical.] Equally radical. [R.] Coleridge.

E•qui•ro´tal , a. [Equi- + L. rota wheel.] Having wheels of the same size or diameter; having equal rotation. [R.]

E•qui•se•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the Equisetaceae, or Horsetail family.

E•qui•set´i•form , a. [Equisetum- + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of the equisetum.

Eq•ui•se´tum , n.; pl. Equiseta (#). [L., the horsetail, fr. equus horse + seta a thick,, stiff hair, bristle.] (Bot.) A genus of vascular, cryptogamic, herbaceous plants; — also called horsetails. The Equiseta have hollow jointed stems and no true leaves. The cuticle often contains siliceous granules, so that one species (E. hyemale) is used for scouring and polishing, under the name of Dutch rush or scouring rush.

E•quis´o•nance , n. [Equi- + L. sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound: cf. F. equisonnance. See Sonant.] (Mus.) An equal sounding; the consonance of the unison and its octaves.

E•quis´o•nant a. Of the same or like sound.

Eq´ui•ta•ble , a. [F. equitable, from equite. See Equity.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting equity; according to natural right or natural justice; marked by a due consideration for what is fair, unbiased, or impartial; just; as an equitable decision; an equitable distribution of an estate; equitable men. “No two … had exactly the same notion of what was equitable.” Macaulay. 2. (Law) That can be sustained or made available or effective in a court of equity, or upon principles of equity jurisprudence; as an equitable estate; equitable assets, assignment, mortgage, etc. Abbott. Syn. — Just; fair; reasonable; right; honest; impartial; candid; upright.

Eq´ui•ta•ble•ness, n. The quality of being equitable, just, or impartial; as the equitableness of a judge, a decision, or distribution of property.

Eq´ui•ta•bly, adv. In an equitable manner; justly; as the laws should be equitably administered.

Eq´ui•tan•cy , n. [Cf. LL. equitantia. See Equitant.] Horsemanship.

Eq´ui•tant , a. [L. equitans, -antis, p. pr. of equitare to ride, fr. eques horseman, fr. equus horse.] 1. Mounted on, or sitting upon, a horse; riding on horseback. 2. (Bot.) Overlapping each other; — said of leaves whose bases are folded so as to overlap and bestride the leaves within or above them, as in the iris.

Eq•ui•ta´tion , n. [L. equitatio, fr. equitare: cf. F. equitation.] A riding, or the act of riding, on horseback; horsemanship. “The pretender to equitation mounted.” W. Irving.

E•qui•tem•po•ra´ne•ous , a. [L. aequus equal + tempus, temporis, time.] Contemporaneous. [Obs.] Boyle.

Eq´ui•tes n. pl [L., pl. of eques a horseman.] (Rom. Antiq.) An order of knights holding a middle place between the senate and the commonalty; members of the Roman equestrian order.

Eq´ui•ty , n.; pl. Equities (#). [F. equite, L. aequitas, fr. aequus even, equal. See Equal.] 1. Equality of rights; natural justice or right; the giving, or desiring to give, to each man his due, according to reason, and the law of God to man; fairness in determination of conflicting claims; impartiality. “Christianity secures both the private interests of men and the public peace, enforcing all justice and equity.” Tillotson. 2. (Law) An equitable claim; an equity of redemption; as an equity to a settlement, or wife’s equity, etc. “I consider the wife’s equity to be too well settled to be shaken.” Kent. 3. (Law) A system of jurisprudence, supplemental to law, properly so called, and complemental of it. “Equity had been gradually shaping itself into a refined science which no human faculties could master without long and intense application.” Macaulay. Equitable jurisprudence in England and in the United States grew up from the inadequacy of common-law forms to secure justice in all cases; and this led to distinct courts by which equity was applied in the way of injunctions, bills of discovery, bills for specified performance, and other processes by which the merits of a case could be reached more summarily or more effectively than by common-law suits. By the recent English Judicature Act (1873), however, the English judges are bound to give effect, in common-law suits, to all equitable rights and remedies; and when the rules of equity and of common law, in any particular case, conflict, the rules of equity are to prevail. In many jurisdictions in the United States, equity and common law are thus blended; in others distinct equity tribunals are still maintained. See Chancery. Equity of redemption (Law), the advantage, allowed to a mortgageor, of a certain or reasonable time to redeem lands mortgaged, after they have been forfeited at law by the nonpayment of the sum of money due on the mortgage at the appointed time. Blackstone. Syn. — Right; justice; impartiality; rectitude; fairness; honesty; uprightness. See Justice.

E•quiv´a•lence , n. [Cf. F. equivalence, LL. aequivalentia.] 1. The condition of being equivalent or equal; equality of worth, value, signification, or force; as an equivalence of definitions. 2. Equal power or force; equivalent amount. 3. (Chem.) (a) The quantity of the combining power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units; the number of hydrogen atoms can combine with, or be exchanged for; valency. See Valence. (b) The degree of combining power as determined by relative weight. See Equivalent, n., 2. [R.]

E•quiv´a•lence, v. t. To be equivalent or equal to; to counterbalance. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

E•quiv´a•len•cy , n. Same as Equivalence.

E•quiv´a•lent , a. [L. aequivalens, -entis, p. pr. of aequivalere to have equal power; aequus equal + valere to be strong, be worth: cf. F. equivalent. See Equal, and Valiant.] 1. Equal in worth or value, force, power, effect, import, and the like; alike in significance and value; of the same import or meaning. “For now to serve and to minister, servile and ministerial, are terms equivalent.” South. 2. (Geom.) Equal in measure but not admitting of superposition; — applied to magnitudes; as a square may be equivalent to a triangle. 3. (Geol.) Contemporaneous in origin; as the equivalent strata of different countries.

E•quiv´a•lent , n. 1. Something equivalent; that which is equal in value, worth, weight, or force; as to offer an equivalent for damage done. “He owned that, if the Test Act were repealed, the Protestants were entitled to some equivalent… . During some weeks the word equivalent, then lately imported from France, was in the mouths of all the coffeehouse orators.” Macaulay. 2. (Chem.) That comparative quantity by weight of an element which possesses the same chemical value as other elements, as determined by actual experiment and reference to the same standard. Specifically: (a) The comparative proportions by which one element replaces another in any particular compound; thus, as zinc replaces hydrogen in hydrochloric acid, their equivalents are 32.5 and 1. (b) The combining proportion by weight of a substance, or the number expressing this proportion, in any particular compound; as the equivalents of hydrogen and oxygen in water are respectively 1 and 8, and in hydric dioxide 1 and 16. This term was adopted by Wollaston to avoid using the conjectural expression atomic weight, with which, however, for a time it was practically synonymous. The attempt to limit the term to the meaning of a universally comparative combining weight failed, because of the possibility of several compounds of the substances by reason of the variation in combining power which most elements exhibit. The equivalent was really identical with, or a multiple of submultiple of, the atomic weight. 3. (Chem.) A combining unit, whether an atom, a radical, or a molecule; as in acid salt two or more equivalents of acid unite with one or more equivalents of base. Mechanical equivalent of heat (Physics), the number of units of work which the unit of heat can perform; the mechanical energy which must be expended to raise the temperature of a unit weight of water from 0° C. to 1° C., or from 32° F. to 33° F. The term was introduced by Dr. Mayer of Heilbronn. Its value was found by Joule to be 1390 foot pounds upon the Centigrade, or 772 foot pounds upon the Fahrenheit, thermometric scale, whence it is often called Joule’s equivalent, and represented by the symbol J. This is equal to 424 kilogram meters (Centigrade scale). A more recent determination by Professor Rowland gives the value 426.9 kilogram meters, for the latitude of Baltimore.

E•quiv´a•lent, v. t. To make the equivalent to; to equal; equivalence. [R.]

E•quiv´a•lent•ly, adv. In an equal manner.

E•qui•val´ue , v. t. To put an equal value upon; to put (something) on a par with another thing. W. Taylor. { E´qui•valve , E´qui•valved } a. [Equi- + valve.] (Zoöl.) Having the valves equal in size and from, as in most bivalve shells.

E•qui•val´vu•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Equivalve or Equivalved.

E•quiv´o•ca•cy , n. Equivocalness.

E•quiv´o•cal , a. [L. aequivocus: aequus equal + vox, vocis, word. See Equal, and Voice, and cf. Equivoque.] 1. (Literally, called equally one thing or the other; hence:) Having two significations equally applicable; capable of double interpretation; of doubtful meaning; ambiguous; uncertain; as equivocal words; an equivocal sentence. “For the beauties of Shakespeare are not of so dim or equivocal a nature as to be visible only to learned eyes.” Jeffrey. 2. Capable of being ascribed to different motives, or of signifying opposite feelings, purposes, or characters; deserving to be suspected; as his actions are equivocal. ´Equivocal repentances.´ Milton. 3. Uncertain, as an indication or sign; doubtful. ´How equivocal a test.´ Burke. Equivocal chord (Mus.), a chord which can be resolved into several distinct keys; one whose intervals, being all minor thirds, do not clearly indicate its fundamental tone or root; the chord of the diminished triad, and the diminished seventh. Syn. — Ambiguous; doubtful; uncertain; indeterminate. — Equivocal, Ambiguous. We call an expression ambiguous when it has one general meaning, and yet contains certain words which may be taken in two different senses; or certain clauses which can be so connected with other clauses as to divide the mind between different views of part of the meaning intended. We call an expression equivocal when, taken as a whole, it conveys a given thought with perfect clearness and propriety, and also another thought with equal propriety and clearness. Such were the responses often given by the Delphic oracle; as that to Crsus when consulting about a war with Persia: ´If you cross the Halys, you will destroy a great empire.´ This he applied to the Persian empire, which lay beyond that river, and, having crossed, destroyed his own, empire in the conflict. What is ambiguous is a mere blunder of language; what is equivocal is usually intended to deceive, though it may occur at times from mere inadvertence. Equivocation is applied only to cases where there is a design to deceive.

E•quiv´o•cal, n. A word or expression capable of different meanings; an ambiguous term; an equivoque. “In languages of great ductility, equivocals like that just referred to are rarely found.” Fitzed. Hall.

E•quiv´o•cal•ly, adv. In an equivocal manner.

E•quiv´o•cal•ness, n. The state of being equivocal.

E•quiv´o•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Equivocated p. pr. & vb. n. Equivocating.] [L. aequivocatus, p. p. of aequivocari to be called by the same name, fr. L. aequivocus: cf. F. equivoquer. See Equivocal, a.] To use words of equivocal or doubtful signification; to express one’s opinions in terms which admit of different senses, with intent to deceive; to use ambiguous expressions with a view to mislead; as to equivocate is the work of duplicity. “All that Garnet had to say for him was that he supposed he meant to equivocate.” Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. — To prevaricate; evade; shuffle; quibble. See Prevaricate.

E•quiv´o•cate , v. t. To render equivocal or ambiguous. “He equivocated his vow by a mental reservation.” Sir G. Buck.

E•quiv•o•ca´tion , n. The use of expressions susceptible of a double signification, with a purpose to mislead. “There being no room for equivocations, there is no need of distinctions.” Locke. Syn. — Prevarication; ambiguity; shuffling; evasion; guibbling. See Equivocal, a., and Prevaricate, v. i.

E•quiv´o•ca•tor , n. One who equivocates. “Here’s an equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale, yet could not equivocate to heaven.” Shak.

E•quiv´o•ca•to•ry , a. Indicating, or characterized by, equivocation. { Eq´ui•voque , Eq´ui•voke } , n. [F. equivoque. See Equivocal.] 1. An ambiguous term; a word susceptible of different significations. Coleridge. 2. An equivocation; a guibble. B. Jonson.

E•quiv´o•rous , a. [L. equus horse + vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding on horseflesh; as equivorous Tartars.

E´quus , n. [L., horse.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mammals, including the horse, ass, etc.

-er . 1. [AS. -ere; akin to L. -arius.] The termination of many English words, denoting the agent; — applied either to men or things; as in hater, farmer, heater, grater. At the end of names of places, -er signifies a man of the place; as Londoner, i. e., London man. 2. [AS. -ra; akin to G. -er, Icel. -are, -re, Goth. -iza, -za, L. - ior, Gr. , Skr. -iyas.] A suffix used to form the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; as warmer, sooner, lat(e)er, earl(y)ier.

E´ra , n.; pl. Eras (#). [LL. aera an era, in earlier usage, the items of an account, counters, pl. of aes, aeris, brass, money. See Ore.] 1. A fixed point of time, usually an epoch, from which a series of years is reckoned. “The foundation of Solomon’s temple is conjectured by Ideler to have been an era.” R. S. Poole. 2. A period of time reckoned from some particular date or epoch; a succession of years dating from some important event; as the era of Alexander; the era of Christ, or the Christian era (see under Christian). “The first century of our era.” M. Arnold. 3. A period of time in which a new order of things prevails; a signal stage of history; an epoch. “Painting may truly be said to have opened the new era of culture.” J. A. Symonds. Syn. — Epoch; time; date; period; age; dispensation. See Epoch.

E•ra´di•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eradiated p. pr. & vb. n. Eradiating ] [Pref. e- + radiate.] To shoot forth, as rays of light; to beam; to radiate. Dr. H. More.

E•ra•di•a´tion , n. Emission of radiance.

E•rad´i•ca•ble , a. Capable of being eradicated.

E•rad´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eradicated p. pr. & vb. n. Eradicating ] [L. eradicatus, p. p. of eradicare to eradicate; e out + radix, radicis, root. See Radical.] 1. To pluck up by the roots; to root up; as an oak tree eradicated. 2. To root out; to destroy utterly; to extirpate; as to eradicate diseases, or errors. “This, although now an old an inveterate evil, might be eradicated by vigorous treatment.” Southey. Syn. — To extirpate; root out; exterminate; destroy; annihilate.

E•rad•i•ca´tion , n. [L. eradicatio: cf. F. eradication.] 1. The act of plucking up by the roots; a rooting out; extirpation; utter destruction. 2. The state of being plucked up by the roots.

E•rad´i•ca•tive , a. [Cf. eradicatif.] Tending or serving to eradicate; curing or destroying thoroughly, as a disease or any evil.

E•rad´i•ca•tive, n. (Med.) A medicine that effects a radical cure. Whitlock.

E•ras´a•ble , a. Capable of being erased.

E•rase´ (e•ras´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erased (-rast´); p. pr. & vb. n.. Erasing.] [L. erasus, p. p. of eradere to erase; e out + radere to scrape, scratch, shave. See Rase.] 1. To rub or scrape out, as letters or characters written, engraved, or painted; to efface; to expunge; to cross out; as to erase a word or a name. 2. Fig.: To obliterate; to expunge; to blot out; — used of ideas in the mind or memory. Burke.

E•rased´ (e•rast´), p. p. & a. 1. Rubbed or scraped out; effaced; obliterated. 2. (Her.) Represented with jagged and uneven edges, as is torn off; — used esp. of the head or limb of a beast. Cf. Couped.

E•rase´ment (ras´ment), n. The act of erasing; a rubbing out; expunction; obliteration. Johnson.

E•ras´er , n. One who, or that which, erases; esp., a sharp instrument or a piece of rubber used to erase writings, drawings, etc.

E•ra´sion , n. The act of erasing; a rubbing out; obliteration.

E•ras´tian ( 106), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the followers of Thomas Erastus, a German physician and theologian of the 16th century. He held that the punishment of all offenses should be referred to the civil power, and that holy communion was open to all. In the present day, an Erastian is one who would see the church placed entirely under the control of the State. Shipley.

E•ras´tian•ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The principles of the Erastains.

E•ra´sure ( 135), n. [From Erase.] The act of erasing; a scratching out; obliteration.

Er´a•tive , a. Pertaining to the Muse Erato who presided over amatory poetry. Stormonth.

Er´a•to , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to love.] (Class. Myth.) The Muse who presided over lyric and amatory poetry.

Er´bi•um , n. [NL. from Ytterby, in Sweden, where gadolinite is found. Cf. Terbium, Yttrium, Ytterbium.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden. Symbol Er. Atomic weight 165.9. Its salts are rose-colored and give characteristic spectra. Its sesquioxide is called erbia.

Er•ce•de´ken , n. [OE., fr. pref. erce- = archi- + deken a deacon.] An archdeacon. [Obs.]

Erd , n. [OE. erd, eard, earth, land, country, AS. eard; akin to OS. ard dwelling place, OHG. art plowing, tillage, Icel. örð crop, and to L. arare to plow, E. ear to plow.] The earth. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Erd shrew (Zoöl.), the common European shrew (Sorex vulgaris); the shrewmouse.

Ere (ar or âr; 277), prep. & adv. [AS. aer, prep., adv., & conj.; akin to OS., OFries., & OHG. er, G. eher, D. eer, Icel. ar, Goth. air. rad.204. Cf. Early, Erst, Or, adv.] 1. Before; sooner than. [Archaic or Poetic] “Myself was stirring ere the break of day.” Shak. “Ere sails were spread new oceans to explore.” Dryden. “Sir, come down ere my child die.” John iv. 49. 2. Rather than. “I will be thrown into Etna, … ere I will leave her.” Shak. Ere long, before, shortly. Shak. — Ere now, formerly, heretofore. Shak. — Ere that, ∧ Or are. Same as Ere. Shak.

Ere , v. t. To plow. [Obs.] See Ear, v. t. Chaucer.

Er´e•bus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Greek Myth.) A place of nether darkness, being the gloomy space through which the souls passed to Hades. See Milton’s ´Paradise Lost,´ Book II., line 883. 2. (Greek Myth.) The son of Chaos and brother of Nox, who dwelt in Erebus. “To the infernal deep, with Erebus and tortures vile.” Shak.

E•rect´ , a. [L. erectus, p. p. of erigere to erect; e out + regere to lead straight. See Right, and cf. Alert.] 1. Upright, or having a vertical position; not inverted; not leaning or bent; not prone; as to stand erect. “Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall.” Milton. “Among the Greek colonies and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect — a column of ruins.” Gibbon. 2. Directed upward; raised; uplifted. “His piercing eyes, erect, appear to view
Superior worlds, and look all nature through.” Pope. 3. Bold; confident; free from depression; undismayed. “But who is he, by years
Bowed, but erect in heart?” Keble. 4. Watchful; alert. “Vigilant and erect attention of mind.” Hooker. 5. (Bot.) Standing upright, with reference to the earth’s surface, or to the surface to which it is attached. 6. (Her.) Elevated, as the tips of wings, heads of serpents, etc.

E•rect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erected; p. pr. & vb. n. Erecting.] 1. To raise and place in an upright or perpendicular position; to set upright; to raise; as to erect a pole, a flagstaff, a monument, etc. 2. To raise, as a building; to build; to construct; as to erect a house or a fort; to set up; to put together the component parts of, as of a machine. 3. To lift up; to elevate; to exalt; to magnify. “That didst his state above his hopes erect.” Daniel. “I, who am a party, am not to erect myself into a judge.” Dryden. 4. To animate; to encourage; to cheer. “It raiseth the dropping spirit, erecting it to a loving complaisance.” Barrow. 5. To set up as an assertion or consequence from premises, or the like. ´To erect conclusions.´ Sir T. Browne. ´Malebranche erects this proposition.´ Locke. 6. To set up or establish; to found; to form; to institute. ´To erect a new commonwealth.´ Hooker. Erecting shop (Mach.), a place where large machines, as engines, are put together and adjusted. Syn. — To set up; raise; elevate; construct; build; institute; establish; found.

E•rect´, v. i. To rise upright. [Obs.] “By wet, stalks do erect.” Bacon.

E•rect´a•ble a. Capable of being erected; as an erectable feather. Col. G. Montagu.

E•rect´er , n. An erector; one who raises or builds.

E•rect´ile , a. [Cf. F. erectile.] Capable of being erected; susceptible of being erected of dilated. Erectile tissue (Anat.), a tissue which is capable of being greatly dilated and made rigid by the distension of the numerous blood vessels which it contains.

E•rec•til´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being erectile.

E•rec´tion , n. [L. erectio: cf. F. erection.] 1. The act of erecting, or raising upright; the act of constructing, as a building or a wall, or of fitting together the parts of, as a machine; the act of founding or establishing, as a commonwealth or an office; also the act of rousing to excitement or courage. 2. The state of being erected, lifted up, built, established, or founded; exaltation of feelings or purposes. “Her peerless height my mind to high erection draws up.” Sidney 3. State of being stretched to stiffness; tension. 4. Anything erected; a building of any kind. 5. (Physiol.) The state of a part which, from having been soft, has become hard and swollen by the accumulation of blood in the erectile tissue.

E•rect´ive , a. Making erect or upright; raising; tending to erect.

E•rect´ly, adv. In an erect manner or posture.

E•rect´ness, n. Uprightness of posture or form.

E•rec´to-pat´ent , a. 1. (Bot.) Having a position intermediate between erect and patent, or spreading. 2. (Zoöl.) Standing partially spread and erect; — said of the wings of certain insects.

E•rec´tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, erects. 2. (Anat.) A muscle which raises any part. 3. (Physics) An attachment to a microscope, telescope, or other optical instrument, for making the image erect instead of inverted.

Ere•long´ ( 115), adv. Before the apse of a long time; soon; — usually separated, ere long. “A man, … following the stag, erelong slew him.” Spenser. “The world, erelong, a world of tears must weep.” Milton.

Er•e•ma•cau´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. quietly + burning, fr. to burn.] A gradual oxidation from exposure to air and moisture, as in the decay of old trees or of dead animals.

Er´e•mit•age , n. See Hermitage.

Er´e•mite , n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. “Thou art my heaven, and I thy eremite.” Keats. { Er•e•mit´ic , Er•e•mit´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to an eremite; hermitical; living in solitude. ´An eremitical life in the woods.´ Fuller. ´The eremitic instinct.´ Lowell.

Er´e•mi•tish , a. Eremitic. Bp. Hall.

Er´e•mit•ism , n. The state of a hermit; a living in seclusion from social life.

E•rep•ta´tion , n. [L. erepere to creep out; e out + repere to creep.] A creeping forth. [Obs.]

E•rep´tion , n. [L. ereptio, fr. eripere to snatch away; e out + rapere to snatch.] A snatching away. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Er´e•thism , n. [Gr. irritation, fr. to stir, rouse, fr. to stir: cf. F. erethisme.] (Med.) A morbid degree of excitement or irritation in an organ. Hoblyn.

Er•e•this´tic , a. [Gr. irritating.] Relating to erethism. { Ere•while´ , Ere•whiles´ } adv. Some time ago; a little while before; heretofore. [Archaic] “I am as fair now as I was erewhile.” Shak.

Erf , n.; pl. Erven (#). [D.] A garden plot, usually about half an acre. [Cape Colony]

Erg , n. [Gr. work.] (Physics) The unit of work or energy in the C. G. S. system, being the amount of work done by a dyne working through a distance of one centimeter; the amount of energy expended in moving a body one centimeter against a force of one dyne. One foot pound is equal to 13,560,000 ergs.

Er´gat , v. t. [L. ergo therefore.] To deduce logically, as conclusions. [Obs.] Hewyt.

Er´go , conj. or adv. [L.] Therefore; consequently; — often used in a jocular way. Shak.

Er´got , n. [F. ergot, argot, lit., a spur.] 1. A diseased condition of rye and other cereals, in which the grains become black, and often spur-shaped. It is caused by a parasitic fungus, Claviceps purpurea. 2. The mycelium or spawn of this fungus infecting grains of rye and wheat. It is a powerful remedial agent, and also a dangerous poison, and is used as a means of hastening childbirth, and to arrest bleeding. 3. (Far.) A stub, like soft horn, about the size of a chestnut, situated behind and below the pastern joint. 4. (Anat.) See 2d Calcar, 3 (b).

Er•got´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, ergot; as ergotic acid.

Er´go•tin , n. (Med.) An extract made from ergot.

Er´go•tine (Chem.) A powerful astringent alkaloid extracted from ergot as a brown, amorphous, bitter substance. It is used to produce contraction of the uterus.

Er´go•tism , n. [F. ergotisme, fr. L. ergo.] A logical deduction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Er´got•ism , n. [From Ergot, n.; cf. F. ergotisme.] (Med.) A diseased condition produced by eating rye affected with the ergot fungus.

Er´got•ized , a. Affected with the ergot fungus; as ergotized rye. { Er´i•ach , Er´ic } n. [Ir. eiric.] (Old Irish Law) A recompense formerly given by a murderer to the relatives of the murdered person.

E•ri´ca , n. [NL., fr. L. erice heath, Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of shrubby plants, including the heaths, many of them producing beautiful flowers.

Er•i•ca´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the Heath family, or resembling plants of that family; consisting of heats.

E•ric´i•nol (e•ris´i•nol), n. [NL. ericaceae the Heath family + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A colorless oil (quickly becoming brown), with a pleasant odor, obtained by the decomposition of ericolin.

E•ri´ci•us , n. [L., a hedgehog.] The Vulgate rendering of the Hebrew word qipod, which in the ´Authorized Version´ is translated bittern, and in the Revised Version, porcupine. “I will make it [Babylon] a possession for the ericius and pools of waters.” Is. xiv. 23 (Douay version).

E•ric´o•lin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bearberry (and others of the Ericaceae), and extracted as a bitter, yellow, amorphous mass.

E•rid´a•nus , n. [L., fr. Gr. , the Greek name of the River Po.] (Anat.) A long, winding constellation extending southward from Taurus and containing the bright star Achernar.

Er´i•gi•ble (er´i•ji•b’l), a. [See Erect.] Capable of being erected. [Obs.]

E´rin (e´rin), n. [Ir. Cf. Aryan.] An early, and now a poetic, name of Ireland.

Er•i•na´ceous , a. [L. erinaceus hedgehog.] (Zoöl.) Of the Hedgehog family; like, or characteristic of, a hedgehog.

E•rin´go , n. The sea holly. See Eryngo.

Er´i•nite , n. (Min.) A hydrous arseniate of copper, of an emerald-green color; — so called from Erin, or Ireland, where it occurs.

E•rin´ys , n.; pl. Erinyes (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) An avenging deity; one of the Furies; sometimes, conscience personified. [Written also Erinnys.]

E•ri•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. wool + -meter.] (Opt.) An instrument for measuring the diameters of minute particles or fibers, from the size of the colored rings produced by the diffraction of the light in which the objects are viewed.

E•ris´ta•lis , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects whose young (called rat-tailed larvae) are remarkable for their long tapering tail, which spiracles at the tip, and for their ability to live in very impure and salt waters; — also called drone fly. { E•ris´tic , E•ris´tic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to strive, wrangle, strife.] Controversial. [Archaic] “A specimen of admirable special pleading in the court of eristic logic.” Coleridge.

Erke , a. [Cf. Irk.] Slothful. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Erl´king , n. [G. erlkönig, fr. Dan. ellekonge elfking.] A personification, in German and Scandinavian mythology, of a spirit or natural power supposed to work mischief and ruin, esp. to children.

Erme , v. i. [OE. ermen, AS. yrman. Cf. Yearn.] To grieve; to feel sad. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Er´me•lin , Er´mi•lin }, n. (Zoöl.) See Ermine. Shenstone.

Er´min , n. [OF. Ermin, L. Armenius.] An Armenian. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Er´mine , n. [OF. ermine, F. hermine, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. harmo, G. hermelin, akin to Lith. szarm, szarmonys, weasel, cf. AS. hearma; but cf. also LL. armelinus, armellina, hermellina, and pellis Armenia, the fur of the Armenian rat, mus Armenius, the animal being found also in Armenia.] 1. (Zoöl.) A valuable fur-bearing animal of the genus Mustela (M. erminea), allied to the weasel; the stoat. It is found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. In summer it is brown, but in winter it becomes white, except the tip of the tail, which is always black. 2. The fur of the ermine, as prepared for ornamenting garments of royalty, etc., by having the tips of the tails, which are black, arranged at regular intervals throughout the white. 3. By metonymy, the office or functions of a judge, whose state robe, lined with ermine, is emblematical of purity and honor without stain. Chatham. 4. (Her.) One of the furs. See Fur (Her.) Ermine is represented by an argent field, tufted with black. Ermines is the reverse of ermine, being black, spotted or timbered with argent. Erminois is the same as ermine, except that or is substituted for argent. Ermine moth (Zoöl.), a white moth with black spots (esp. Yponomeuta padella of Europe); — so called on account of the resemblance of its covering to the fur of the ermine; also applied to certain white bombycid moths of America.

Er´mine, v. t. To clothe with, or as with, ermine. “The snows that have ermined it in the winter.” Lowell.

Er´mined , a. Clothed or adorned with the fur of the ermine. Pope.

Er´mines , n., Er´min•ois , n. (Her.) See Note under Ermine, n., 4.

Er´mit , n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. [Obs.] { Ern , Erne } , n. [AS. earn eagle; akin to D. arend, OHG. aro, G. aar, Icel., Sw., & Dan. örn, Goth. ara, and to Gr. bird. rad.11. Cf. Ornithology.] (Zoöl.) A sea eagle, esp. the European white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla).

Ern , v. i. [Cf. Erme.] To stir with strong emotion; to grieve; to mourn. [Corrupted into yearn in modern editions of Shakespeare.] [Obs.]

Er´nest , n. See Earnest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Er´nest•ful , a. [See Earnest, a.] Serious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

E•rode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eroded; p. pr. & vb. n. Eroding.] [L. erodere, erosum; e out + rodere to gnaw. See Rodent.] To eat into or away; to corrode; as canker erodes the flesh. ´The blood … erodes the vessels.´ Wiseman. “The smaller charge is more apt to … erode the gun.” Am. Cyc.

E•rod´ed, p. p. & a. 1. Eaten away; gnawed; irregular, as if eaten or worn away. 2. (Bot.) Having the edge worn away so as to be jagged or irregularly toothed.

E•rod´ent , n. [L. erodens, -entis, p. pr. of erodere. See Erode.] (Med.) A medicine which eats away extraneous growths; a caustic.

Er´o•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erogated p. pr. & vb. n. Erogating ] [L. erogatus, p. p. of erogare; e out + rogare to ask.] To lay out, as money; to deal out; to expend. [Obs.]

Er•o•ga´tion , n. [L. erogatio.] The act of giving out or bestowing. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

E´ros , n. [L., fr. Gr. love, (personified) Eros, fr. to love.] (Greek Myth.) Love; the god of love; — by earlier writers represented as one of the first and creative gods, by later writers as the son of Aphrodite, equivalent to the Latin god Cupid.

E•rose´ , a. [L. erosus, p. p. See Erode.] 1. Irregular or uneven as if eaten or worn away. 2. (Bot.) Jagged or irregularly toothed, as if nibbled out or gnawed. — E•rose´ly, adv.

E•ro´sion , n. [L. erosio. See Erode.] 1. The act or operation of eroding or eating away. 2. The state of being eaten away; corrosion; canker.

E•ro´sive , a. That erodes or gradually eats away; tending to erode; corrosive. Humble.

E•ros´trate , a. [Pref. e- out + rostrate.] (Bot.) Without a beak.

Er´o•teme , n. [Gr. question.] A mark indicating a question; a note of interrogation.

Er•o•te´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a questioning, fr. to ask.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which a strong affirmation of the contrary, is implied under the form of an earnest interrogation, as in the following lines; - “Must I give way and room to your rash choler?
Shall I be frighted when a madman stares?” Shak. { E•rot´ic , E•rot´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. erotique. See Eros.] Of or pertaining to the passion of love; treating of love; amatory.

E•rot´ic, n. An amorous composition or poem.

E•rot´i•cism , n. Erotic quality.

Er•pe•tol´o•gist , n. Herpetologist.

Er•pe•tol´o•gy , n. [Cf. F. erpetologie.] (Zoöl.) Herpetology.

Err , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Erred p. pr. & vb. n. Erring ( 277, 85).] [F. errer, L. errare; akin to G. irren, OHG. irran, v. t., irrn, v. i., OS. irrien, Sw. irra, Dan. irre, Goth, aírzjan to lead astray, airzise astray.] 1. To wander; to roam; to stray. [Archaic] ´Why wilt thou err from me?´ Keble. “What seemeth to you, if there were to a man an hundred sheep and one of them hath erred.” Wyclif (Matt. xviii. 12). 2. To deviate from the true course; to miss the thing aimed at. ´My jealous aim might err.´ Shak. 3. To miss intellectual truth; to fall into error; to mistake in judgment or opinion; to be mistaken. “The man may err in his judgment of circumstances.” Tillotson. 4. To deviate morally from the right way; to go astray, in a figurative sense; to do wrong; to sin. “Do they not err that devise evil?” Prov. xiv. 22. 5. To offend, as by erring.

Er´ra•ble , a. Liable to error; fallible.

Er´ra•ble•ness, n. Liability to error. Dr. H. More.

Er´ra•bund , a. [L. errabundus.] Erratic. ´Errabund guesses.´ Southey.

Er´ran•cy , n. [L. errantia.] A wandering; state of being in error.

Er´rand , n. [OE. erende, erande, message, business, AS. aerende, aerend; akin to OS. arundi, OHG. arunti, Icel. eyrendi, örendi, erendi, Sw. ärende, Dan. aerende; perh. akin to AS. earu swift, Icel. örr, and to L. oriri to rise, E. orient.] A special business intrusted to a messenger; something to be told or done by one sent somewhere for the purpose; often, a verbal message; a commission; as the servant was sent on an errand; to do an errand. also one’s purpose in going anywhere. “I have a secret errand to thee, O king.” Judg. iii. 19. “I will not eat till I have told mine errand.” Gen. xxiv. 33.

Er´rant , a. [F. errant, p. pr. fr. OF. errer to travel, LL. iterare, fr. L. iter journey; confused somewhat with L. errare to err. See Eyre, and cf. Arrant, Itinerant.] 1. Wandering; deviating from an appointed course, or from a direct path; roving. “Seven planets or errant stars in the lower orbs of heaven.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Notorious; notoriously bad; downright; arrant. “Would make me an errant fool.” B. Jonson. 3. (Eng. Law) Journeying; itinerant; - - formerly applied to judges who went on circuit and to bailiffs at large. Mozley & W.

Er´rant, n. One who wanders about. [Obs.] Fuller.

Er•ran´ti•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. errare to wander. See Err.] (Zoöl.) A group of chaetopod annelids, including those that are not confined to tubes. See Chaetopoda. [Written also Errantes.]

Er´rant•ry , n. 1. A wandering; a roving; esp., a roving in quest of adventures. Addison. 2. The employment of a knight-errant. Johnson.

Er•ra´ta , n. pl. [L.] See Erratum.

Er•rat´ic , a. [L. erraticus, fr. errare to wander: cf. F. erratique. See Err.] 1. Having no certain course; roving about without a fixed destination; wandering; moving; — hence, applied to the planets as distinguished from the fixed stars. “The earth and each erratic world.” Blackmore. 2. Deviating from a wise of the common course in opinion or conduct; eccentric; strange; queer; as erratic conduct. 3. Irregular; changeable. ´Erratic fever.´ Harvey. Erratic blocks, gravel, etc. (Geol.), masses of stone which have been transported from their original resting places by the agency of water, ice, or other causes. — Erratic phenomena, the phenomena which relate to transported materials on the earth’s surface.

Er•rat´ic, n. 1. One who deviates from common and accepted opinions; one who is eccentric or preserve in his intellectual character. 2. A rogue. [Obs.] Cockeram. 3. (Geol.) Any stone or material that has been borne away from its original site by natural agencies; esp., a large block or fragment of rock; a bowlder. In the plural the term is applied especially to the loose gravel and stones on the earth’s surface, including what is called drift.

Er•rat´ic•al , a. Erratic. — Er•rat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Er•rat´ic•al•ness, n.

Er•ra´tion , n. [L. erratio. See Err.] A wandering; a roving about. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Er•ra´tum , n.; pl. Errata (#). [L., fr. errare, erratum, to wander, err. See Err.] An error or mistake in writing or printing. “A single erratum may knock out the brains of a whole passage.” Cowper.

Er´rhine , n. [Gr. ; in + , , nose: cf. F. errhin.] (Med.) A medicine designed to be snuffed up the nose, to promote discharges of mucus; a sternutatory. Coxe. — a. Causing or increasing secretion of nasal mucus.

Er•ro´ne•ous , a. [L. erroneus, fr. errare to err. See Err.] 1. Wandering; straying; deviating from the right course; — hence, irregular; unnatural. [Obs.] ´Erroneous circulation.´ Arbuthnot. “Stopped much of the erroneous light, which otherwise would have disturbed the vision.” Sir I. Newman. 2. Misleading; misled; mistaking. [Obs.] “An erroneous conscience commands us to do what we ought to omit.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Containing error; not conformed to truth or justice; incorrect; false; mistaken; as an erroneous doctrine; erroneous opinion, observation, deduction, view, etc. — Er•ro´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Er•ro´ne•ous•ness, n.

Er´ror , n. [OF. error, errur, F. erreur, L. error, fr. errare to err. See Err.] 1. A wandering; a roving or irregular course. [Obs.] “The rest of his journey, his error by sea.” B. Jonson. 2. A wandering or deviation from the right course or standard; irregularity; mistake; inaccuracy; something made wrong or left wrong; as an error in writing or in printing; a clerical error. 3. A departing or deviation from the truth; falsity; false notion; wrong opinion; mistake; misapprehension. “H judgment was often in error, though his candor remained unimpaired.” Bancroft. 4. A moral offense; violation of duty; a sin or transgression; iniquity; fault. Ps. xix. 12. 5. (Math.) The difference between the approximate result and the true result; — used particularly in the rule of double position. 6. (Mensuration) (a) The difference between an observed value and the true value of a quantity. (b) The difference between the observed value of a quantity and that which is taken or computed to be the true value; — sometimes called residual error. 7. (Law.) A mistake in the proceedings of a court of record in matters of law or of fact. 8. (Baseball) A fault of a player of the side in the field which results in failure to put out a player on the other side, or gives him an unearned base. Law of error, or Law of frequency of error (Mensuration), the law which expresses the relation between the magnitude of an error and the frequency with which that error will be committed in making a large number of careful measurements of a quantity. — Probable error. (Mensuration) See under Probable. — Writ of error (Law), an original writ, which lies after judgment in an action at law, in a court of record, to correct some alleged error in the proceedings, or in the judgment of the court. Bouvier. Burrill. Syn. — Mistake; fault; blunder; failure; fallacy; delusion; hallucination; sin. See Blunder.

Er´ror•ful , a. Full of error; wrong. Foxe.

Er´ror•ist, n. One who encourages and propagates error; one who holds to error.

Ers (ers), n. [F., fr. L. ervum a kind of pulse, bitter vetch.] (Bot.) The bitter vetch (Ervum Ervilia).

Erse (ers), n. [A modification of Irish, OE. Irishe.] A name sometimes given to that dialect of the Celtic which is spoken in the Highlands of Scotland; — called, by the Highlanders, Gaelic.

Erse, a. Of or pertaining to the Celtic race in the Highlands of Scotland, or to their language.

Ersh (ersh), n. See Arrish.

Erst (erst), adv. [Orig. superlative of ere; AS. aerest. See Ere.] [Archaic] 1. First. Chaucer. 2. Previously; before; formerly; heretofore. Chaucer. “Tityrus, with whose style he had erst disclaimed all ambition to match his pastoral pipe.” A. W. Ward. At erst, at first; at the beginning. — Now at erst, at this present time. Chaucer.

Erst•while´ (-hwil´), adv. Till then or now; heretofore; formerly. [Archaic] { Er•u•bes´cence ( 135), Er•u•bes´cen•cy , } n. [L. erubescentia: cf. F. erubescence.] The act of becoming red; redness of the skin or surface of anything; a blushing.

Er•u•bes´cent , a. [L. erubescens, p. pr. erubescere to grow red; e out + rubescere. See Rubescent.] Red, or reddish; blushing. Johnson.

Er•u•bes´cite , n. (Min.) See Bornite.

E•ru´ca , n.; pl. Erucae (#). [L., a caterpillar, also a sort of colewort.] (Zoöl.) An insect in the larval state; a caterpillar; a larva.

E•ru´cic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a genus of cruciferous Mediterranean herbs (Eruca or Brassica); as erucic acid, a fatty acid resembling oleic acid, and found in colza oil, mustard oil, etc.

E•ru´ci•from , a. [Eruca + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form of a caterpillar; — said of insect larvae. { E•ruct´ , E•ruc´tate }, v. t. [L. eructare; e out + ructare to belch: cf. F. eructer.] To eject, as wind, from the stomach; to belch. [R.] Howell.

Er•uc•ta´tion , n. [L. eructatio: cf. F. eructation.] 1. The act of belching wind from the stomach; a belch. 2. A violent belching out or emitting, as of gaseous or other matter from the crater of a volcano, geyser, etc.

E•ru´di•ate , v. t. [L. erudire.] To instruct; to educate; to teach. [Obs.] “The skillful goddess there erudiates these
In all she did.” Fanshawe.

Er´u•dite (er´u•dit; 135), a. [L. eruditus, p. p. of erudire to free from rudeness, to polish, instruct; e out + rudis rude: cf. F. erudit. See Rude.] Characterized by extensive reading or knowledge; well instructed; learned. ´A most erudite prince.´ Sir T. More. ´Erudite … theology.´ I. Taylor. — Er´u•dite•ly, adv. — Er´u•dite•ness, n.

Er•u•di´tion (-dish´un), n. [L. eruditio: cf. F. erudition.] The act of instructing; the result of thorough instruction; the state of being erudite or learned; the acquisitions gained by extensive reading or study; particularly, learning in literature or criticism, as distinct from the sciences; scholarship. “The management of a young lady’s person is not be overlooked, but the erudition of her mind is much more to be regarded.” Steele. “The gay young gentleman whose erudition sat so easily upon him.” Macaulay. Syn. — Literature; learning. See Literature.

Er´u•gate , a. [L. erugatus, p. p. of erugare to smooth; e out + ruga wrinkle.] Freed from wrinkles; smooth.

E•ru´gi•nous , a. [Cf. F. erugineux. See AEruginous.] Partaking of the substance or nature of copper, or of the rust copper; resembling the trust of copper or verdigris; aeruginous.

E•rum´pent , a. [L. erumpens, -entis, p. pr. of erumpere.] (Bot.) Breaking out; — said of certain fungi which burst through the texture of leaves.

E•rupt´ , v. t. [See Eruption.] To cause to burst forth; to eject; as to erupt lava. Huxley.

E•rup´tion , n. [L. eruptio, fr. erumpere, eruptum, to break out; e out + rumpere, to break: cf. F. eruption. See Rupture.] 1. The act of breaking out or bursting forth; as: (a) A violent throwing out of flames, lava, etc., as from a volcano of a fissure in the earth’s crust. (b) A sudden and overwhelming hostile movement of armed men from one country to another. Milton. (c) A violent commotion. “All Paris was quiet … to gather fresh strength for the next day’s eruption.” W. Irving. 2. That which bursts forth. 3. A violent exclamation; ejaculation. “He would … break out into bitter and passionate eruditions.” Sir H. Wotton. 4. (Med.) The breaking out of pimples, or an efflorescence, as in measles, scarlatina, etc.

E•rup´tion•al , a. Eruptive. [R.] R. A. Proctor.

E•rup´tive , a. [Cf. F. eruptif.] 1. Breaking out or bursting forth. “The sudden glance
Appears far south eruptive through the cloud.” Thomson. 2. (Med.) Attended with eruption or efflorescence, or producing it; as an eruptive fever. 3. (Geol.) Produced by eruption; as eruptive rocks, such as the igneous or volcanic.

E•rup´tive, n. (Geol.) An eruptive rock.

E•ryn´gi•um (e•rin´ji•um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’hry•ggion, dim. of ’h•ryggos eryngo; cf. L. eryngion, erynge.] (Bot.) A genus of umbelliferous plants somewhat like thistles in appearance. Eryngium maritimum, or sea holly, has been highly esteemed as an aphrodisiac, the roots being formerly candied.

E•ryn´go , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Eryngium.

Er•y•sip´e•las , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’erysi•pelas; ’eryqro•s red + pe•lla hide, skin. See Red, and Pell, n.] (Med.) St. Anthony’s fire; a febrile disease accompanied with a diffused inflammation of the skin, which, starting usually from a single point, spreads gradually over its surface. It is usually regarded as contagious, and often occurs epidemically.

Er•y•si•pel´a•toid , a. [Gr. ’erysi•pelas erysipelas + -oid.] Resembling erysipelas.

Er•y•si•pel´a•tous , a. [Cf. F. erysipelateux.] Resembling erysipelas or partaking of its nature.

Er•y•sip´e•lous , a. Erysipelatous.

Er•y•the´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to redden, fr. ’eryqro•s red.] (Med.) A disease of the skin, in which a diffused inflammation forms rose-colored patches of variable size.

Er•y•the•mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. erythematique.] (Med.) Characterized by, or causing, a morbid redness of the skin; relating to erythema.

Er•y•them´a•tous , a. (Med.) Relating to, or causing, erythema. { Er•y•thre´an , Er•y•thrae´an }, a. [L. erythraeus; Gr. , fr. ’eryqro•s red.] Red in color. ´The erythrean main.´ Milton.

E•ryth´ric , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, erythrin. { E•ryth´rin , E•ryth´rine }, n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red.] 1. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, C_20H_22O_10, extracted from certain lichens, as the various species of Rocella. It is a derivative of orsellinic acid. So called because of certain red compounds derived from it. Called also erythric acid. 2. (Min.) See Erythrite, 2.

Er•y•thri´na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’eryqro•s red.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants growing in the tropics; coral tree; — so called from its red flowers.

E•ryth´rism , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red: cf. F. erythrisme.] (Zoöl.) A condition of excessive redness. See Erythrochroism.

E•ryth´rite , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red.] 1. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, C_4H_6.(OH)4, of a sweet, cooling taste, extracted from certain lichens, and obtained by the decomposition of erythrin; — called also erythrol, erythroglucin, erythromannite, pseudorcin, cobalt bloom, and under the name phycite obtained from the alga Protococcus vulgaris. It is a tetrabasic alcohol, corresponding to glycol and glycerin. 2. (Min.) A rose-red mineral, crystallized and earthy, a hydrous arseniate of cobalt, known also as cobalt bloom; — called also erythrin or erythrine.

E•ryth•ro•chro´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having, or subject to, erythrochroism.

E•ryth´ro•chro•ism , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + color.] (Zoöl.) An unusual redness, esp. in the plumage of birds, or hair of mammals, independently of age, sex, or season.

E•ryth•ro•dex´trin , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + E. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A dextrin which gives a red color with iodine. See Dextrin.

E•ryth´ro•gen , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + -gen.] (Chem.) (a) Carbon disulphide; — so called from certain red compounds which it produces in combination with other substances. (b) A substance reddened by acids, which is supposed to be contained in flowers. (c) A crystalline substance obtained from diseased bile, which becomes blood-red when acted on by nitric acid or ammonia.

E•ryth•ro•gran´u•lose , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + E. granulose.] (Physiol. Chem.) A term applied by Brücke to a substance present in small amount in starch granules, colored red by iodine.

Er´y•throid , a. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + -oid: cf. Gr. .] Of a red color; reddish; as the erythroid tunic (the cremaster muscle).

Er•y•thro´le•ic , a. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Having a red color and oily appearance; — applied to a purple semifluid substance said to be obtained from archil.

Er•y•thro´le•in , n. [See Erythroleic.] (Chem.) A red substance obtained from litmus.

E•ryth•ro•lit´min , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + E. litmus.] (Chem.) Erythrolein.

Er•y•thro´ni•um , n. [NL., from Gr. a kind of plant, fr. ’eryqro•s red.] (Chem.) A name originally given (from its red acid) to the metal vanadium. [R.]

E•ryth•ro•phle´ine ( 104), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline alkaloid, extracted from sassy bark (Erythrophleum Guineense). { E•ryth´ro•phyll , Er•y•throph´yl•lin }, n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + leaf.] (Physiol. Bot.) The red coloring matter of leaves, fruits, flowers, etc., in distinction from chlorophyll.

E•ryth´ro•sin , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red.] (Chem.) (a) A red substance formed by the oxidation of tyrosin. (b) A red dyestuff obtained from fluoresceïn by the action of iodine.

Er•y•throx´y•lon , n. [NL., from Gr. ’eryqro•s red + wood. So named from the red wood of some species.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or small trees of the Flax family, growing in tropical countries. E. Coca is the source of cocaine. See Coca.

E•ryth´ro•zyme , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + leaven.] (Physiol. Chem.) A ferment extracted from madder root, possessing the power of inducing alcoholic fermentation in solutions of sugar.

Es•ca•lade´ , n. [F., Sp. escalada (cf. It. scalata), fr. Sp. escalar to scale, LL. scalare, fr. L. scala ladder. See Scale, v. t.] (Mil.) A furious attack made by troops on a fortified place, in which ladders are used to pass a ditch or mount a rampart. “Sin enters, not by escalade, but by cunning or treachery.” Buckminster.

Es•ca•lade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escaladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Escalading.] (Mil.) To mount and pass or enter by means of ladders; to scale; as to escalate a wall.

Es•cal´lop , n. See Escalop.

Es•cal´loped , a. See Escaloped.

Es•cal´op ( 277), n. [OF. escalope shell, F. escalope a sort of cut of meat. See Scallop.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bivalve shell of the genus Pecten. See Scallop. 2. A regular, curving indenture in the margin of anything. See Scallop. ´So many jags or escalops.´ Ray. 3. (a) The figure or shell of an escalop, considered as a sign that the bearer had been on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Hence: (b) (Her.) A bearing or a charge consisting of an escalop shell.

Es•cal´oped , a. 1. Cut or marked in the form of an escalop; scalloped. 2. (Her.) Covered with a pattern resembling a series of escalop shells, each of which issues from between two others. Its appearance is that of a surface covered with scales. Escaloped oysters (Cookery). See under Scalloped.

Es•cam´bi•o , n. [LL. escambium, excambium. See Excamb.] (Eng. Law) A license formerly required for the making over a bill of exchange to another over sea. Cowell.

Es•cap´a•ble , a. Avoidable.

Es•ca•pade´ , n. [F., fr. Sp. escapada escape, fr. escapar to escape; or F., fr. It. scappata escape, escapade, fr. scappare to escape. see Escape.] 1. The fling of a horse, or ordinary kicking back of his heels; a gambol. 2. Act by which one breaks loose from the rules of propriety or good sense; a freak; a prank. Carlyle.

Es•cape´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escaped p. pr. & vb. n. Escaping.] [OE. escapen, eschapen, OF. escaper, eschaper, F. echapper, fr. LL. ex cappa out of one’s cape or cloak; hence, to slip out of one’s cape and escape. See 3d Cape, and cf. Scape, v.] 1. To flee from and avoid; to be saved or exempt from; to shun; to obtain security from; as to escape danger. ´Sailors that escaped the wreck.´ Shak. 2. To avoid the notice of; to pass unobserved by; to evade; as the fact escaped our attention. “They escaped the search of the enemy.” Ludlow.

Es•cape´, v. i. 1. To flee, and become secure from danger; — often followed by from or out of. “Haste, for thy life escape, nor look behind” Keble. 2. To get clear from danger or evil of any form; to be passed without harm. “Such heretics … would have been thought fortunate, if they escaped with life.” Macaulay. 3. To get free from that which confines or holds; — used of persons or things; as to escape from prison, from arrest, or from slavery; gas escapes from the pipes; electricity escapes from its conductors. “To escape out of these meshes.” Thackeray.

Es•cape´, n. 1. The act of fleeing from danger, of evading harm, or of avoiding notice; deliverance from injury or any evil; flight; as an escape in battle; a narrow escape; also the means of escape; as a fire escape. “I would hasten my escape from the windy storm.” Ps. lv. 8. 2. That which escapes attention or restraint; a mistake; an oversight; also transgression. [Obs.] “I should have been more accurate, and corrected all those former escapes.” Burton. 3. A sally. ´Thousand escapes of wit.´ Shak. 4. (Law) The unlawful permission, by a jailer or other custodian, of a prisoner’s departure from custody. Escape is technically distinguishable from prison breach, which is the unlawful departure of the prisoner from custody, escape being the permission of the departure by the custodian, either by connivance or negligence. The term escape, however, is applied by some of the old authorities to a departure from custody by stratagem, or without force. Wharton. 5. (Arch.) An apophyge. 6. Leakage or outflow, as of steam or a liquid. 7. (Elec.) Leakage or loss of currents from the conducting wires, caused by defective insulation. Escape pipe (Steam Boilers), a pipe for carrying away steam that escapes through a safety valve. — Escape valve (Steam Engine), a relief valve; a safety valve. See under Relief, and Safety. — Escape wheel (Horol.), the wheel of an escapement.

Es•cape´ment , n. [Cf. F. echappement. See Escape.] 1. The act of escaping; escape. [R.] 2. Way of escape; vent. [R.] “An escapement for youthful high spirits.” G. Eliot. 3. The contrivance in a timepiece which connects the train of wheel work with the pendulum or balance, giving to the latter the impulse by which it is kept in vibration; — so called because it allows a tooth to escape from a pallet at each vibration. Escapements are of several kinds, as the vertical, or verge, or crown, escapement, formerly used in watches, in which two pallets on the balance arbor engage with a crown wheel; the anchor escapement, in which an anchor-shaped piece carries the pallets; — used in common clocks (both are called recoil escapements, from the recoil of the escape wheel at each vibration); the cylinder escapement, having an open-sided hollow cylinder on the balance arbor to control the escape wheel; the duplex escapement, having two sets of teeth on the wheel; the lever escapement, which is a kind of detached escapement, because the pallets are on a lever so arranged that the balance which vibrates it is detached during the greater part of its vibration and thus swings more freely; the detent escapement, used in chronometers; the remontoir escapement, in which the escape wheel is driven by an independent spring or weight wound up at intervals by the clock train, — sometimes used in astronomical clocks. When the shape of an escape- wheel tooth is such that it falls dead on the pallet without recoil, it forms a deadbeat escapement.

Es•cap´er , n. One who escapes.

Es•car´bun•cle , n. [OF. escarbuncle, F. escaboucle.] (Her.) See Carbuncle, 3.

Es•car•ga•toire´ , n. [F. escargotière, fr. escargot snail.] A nursery of snails. [Obs.] Addison.

Es•carp´ , n. [F. escarpe (cf. Sp. escarpa, It. scarpa), fr. escarper to cut steep, cut to a slope, prob. of German origin: cf. G. scharf sharp,, E. sharp, or perh. scrape.] (Fort.) The side of the ditch next the parapet; — same as scarp, and opposed to counterscarp.

Es•carp´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escarped p. pr. & vb. n. Escarping.] (Mil.) To make into, or furnish with, a steep slope, like that of a scrap. Carleton.

Es•carp´ment , n. [Cf. F. escarpement.] A steep descent or declivity; steep face or edge of a ridge; ground about a fortified place, cut away nearly vertically to prevent hostile approach. See Scarp.

-es´cent [From the ending -escens, - entis, of the p. pr. of inchoative verbs in Latin.] A suffix signifying beginning, beginning to be; as adolescent, effervescent, etc.

Esch•a•lot´ , n. (Bot.) See Shallot.

Es´char , n. [L. eschara, Gr. : cf. F. eschare. See Scar.] (Med.) A dry slough, crust, or scab, which separates from the healthy part of the body, as that produced by a burn, or the application of caustics.

Es´char , n. [Ir.] (Geol.) In Ireland, one of the continuous mounds or ridges of gravelly and sandy drift which extend for many miles over the surface of the country. Similar ridges in Scotland are called kames or kams. [Written also eskar and esker.]

Es´cha•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a grate, a pan of coals.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Bryozoa which produce delicate corals, often incrusting like lichens, but sometimes branched.

Es´cha•rine , a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Eschara, or family Escharidae.

Es•cha•rot´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. an eschar: cf. F. escharotique.] (Med.) Serving or tending to form an eschar; producing a scar; caustic.

Es•cha•rot´ic, n. (Med.) A substance which produces an eschar; a caustic, esp., a mild caustic.

Es•cha•to•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to the last or final things.

Es•cha•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. the furthest, last + -logy.] The doctrine of the last or final things, as death, judgment, and the events therewith connected.

Es•chaunge´ , n. Exchange. [Obs.]

Es•cheat´ , n. [OE. eschete, escheyte, an escheat, fr. OF. escheit, escheoit, escheeite, esheoite, fr. escheoir (F. echoir) to fall to, fall to the lot of; pref. es- (L. ex) + cheoir, F. choir, to fall, fr. L. cadere. See Chance, and cf. Cheat.] 1. (Law) (a) (Feud. & Eng. Law) The falling back or reversion of lands, by some casualty or accident, to the lord of the fee, in consequence of the extinction of the blood of the tenant, which may happen by his dying without heirs, and formerly might happen by corruption of blood, that is, by reason of a felony or attainder. Tomlins. Blackstone. (b) (U. S. Law) The reverting of real property to the State, as original and ultimate proprietor, by reason of a failure of persons legally entitled to hold the same. A distinction is carefully made, by English writers, between escheat to the lord of the fee and forfeiture to the crown. But in this country, where the State holds the place of chief lord of the fee, and is entitled to take alike escheat and by forfeiture, this distinction is not essential. Tomlins. Kent. (c) A writ, now abolished, to recover escheats from the person in possession. Blackstone. 2. Lands which fall to the lord or the State by escheat. 3. That which falls to one; a reversion or return “To make me great by others’ loss is bad escheat.” Spenser.

Es•cheat´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Esheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Escheating.] (Law) To revert, or become forfeited, to the lord, the crown, or the State, as lands by the failure of persons entitled to hold the same, or by forfeiture. In this country it is the general rule that when the title to land fails by defect of heirs or devisees, it necessarily escheats to the State; but forfeiture of estate from crime is hardly known in this country, and corruption of blood is universally abolished. Kent. Bouvier.

Es•cheat´, v. t. (Law) To forfeit. Bp. Hall.

Es•cheat´a•ble , a. Liable to escheat.

Es•cheat´age ( 48), n. The right of succeeding to an escheat. Sherwood.

Es•cheat´or , n. (Law) An officer whose duty it is to observe what escheats have taken place, and to take charge of them. Burrill.

Es´che•vin , n. [OF. eschevin, a sort of magistrate, alderman, F. echevin.] The alderman or chief officer of an ancient guild. [Obs.]

Es•chew´ (es•chu´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eshewed (-chu´d); p. pr. & vb. n. Eshewing.] [OF. eschever, eschiver, eskiver, F. esquiver, fr. OHG. sciuhen, G. scheuen; akin to E. sky. See Shy, a.] 1. To shun; to avoid, as something wrong, or from a feeling of distaste; to keep one’s self clear of. “They must not only eschew evil, but do good.” Bp. Beveridge. 2. To escape from; to avoid. [Obs.] “He who obeys, destruction shall eschew.” Sandys.

Es•chew´er , n. One who eschews.

Es•chew´ment , n. The act of eschewing. [R.]

Esch•scholtz´i•a , n. [NL. Named after Dr. Eschscholtz, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of papaveraceous plants, found in California and upon the west coast of North America, some species of which produce beautiful yellow, orange, rose-colored, or white flowers; the California poppy.

Es´chy•nite , n. [Gr. shame.] (Min.) A rare mineral, containing chiefly niobium, titanium, thorium, and cerium. It was so called by Berzelius on account of the inability of chemical science, at the time of its discovery, to separate some of its constituents.

Es•coch´eon , n. Escutcheon. [Obs.] { Es•co•pet´ , Es•co•pette´ }, n. [Sp. escopeta, F. escopette.] A kind of firearm; a carbine.

Es•co´ri•al , n. [Sp.] See Escurial.

Es´cort , n. [F. escorte, It. scorta a guard or guide, fr. scorgere to perceive, discern, lead, fr. L. ex out, quite + corrigere to correct, set right. See Correct.] 1. A body of armed men to attend a person of distinction for the sake of affording safety when on a journey; one who conducts some one as an attendant; a guard, as of prisoners on a march; also a body of persons, attending as a mark of respect or honor; — applied to movements on land, as convoy is to movements at sea. “The troops of my escort marched at the ordinary rate.” Burke. 2. Protection, care, or safeguard on a journey or excursion; as to travel under the escort of a friend.

Es•cort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Escorting.] [Cf. F. escorter, It. scortare. See Escort, n.] To attend with a view to guard and protect; to accompany as safeguard; to give honorable or ceremonious attendance to; — used esp. with reference to journeys or excursions on land; as to escort a public functionary, or a lady; to escort a baggage wagon. Syn. — To accompany; attend. See Accompany.

Es•cot´ , n. [OF.] See Scot, a tax. [Obs.]

Es•cot´, v. t. To pay the reckoning for; to support; to maintain. [Obs.] Shak.

Es•couade´ , n. See Squad,

Es•cout´ , n. See Scout. [Obs.] Hayward.

Es•cribed´ , a. [L. e out, out of + scribere to write.] Drawn outside of; — used to designate a circle that touches one of the sides of a given triangle, and also the other two sides produced.

Es´cript , n. [OF.] A writing. [Obs.]

Es•cri•toire´ , n. [OF. escritoire, F. ecritoire, LL. scriptorium, fr. L. scriptorius belonging to writing, fr. sribere to write. See Script, and cf. Scrutoire.] A piece of furniture used as a writing table, commonly with drawers, pigeonholes, and the like; a secretary or writing desk.

Es•cri•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an escritoire.

Es•crod´ , n. See Scrod, a young cod. { Es•crol´ , Es•croll´ } , n. [See Escrow, Scroll.] 1. A scroll. [Obs.] 2. (Her.) (a) A long strip or scroll resembling a ribbon or a band of parchment, or the like, anciently placed above the shield, and supporting the crest. (b) In modern heraldry, a similar ribbon on which the motto is inscribed.

Es´crow , n. [OF. escroe, escroue, a roll of writings, bond. See Scroll.] (Law) A deed, bond, or other written engagement, delivered to a third person, to be held by him till some act is done or some condition is performed, and then to be by him delivered to the grantee. Blackstone.

Es´cu•age ( 48), n. [OF. escuage, F. ecuage, from OF. escu shield, F. ecu. See Esquire.] (Feud. Law) Service of the shield, a species of knight service by which a tenant was bound to follow his lord to war, at his own charge. It was afterward exchanged for a pecuniary satisfaction. Called also scutage. Blackstone.

Es•cu•la´pi•an , n. AEsculapian.

Es•cu•la´pi•us , n. Same as AEsculapius.

Es´cu•lent , a. [L. esculentus, fr. escare to eat, fr. esca food, fr. edere to eat: cf. F. esculent. See Eat.] Suitable to be used by man for food; eatable; edible; as esculent plants; esculent fish. “Esculent grain for food.” Sir W. Jones. Esculent swallow (Zoöl.), the swallow which makes the edible bird’s-nest. See Edible bird’s- nest, under Edible.

Es´cu•lent, n. Anything that is fit for eating; that which may be safely eaten by man.

Es•cu´lic , a. [From NL. Aesculus, the generic name of the horse-chestnut, fr. L. aesculus a kind of oak.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the horse-chestnut; as esculic acid.

Es•cu´lin , n. [See Esculic.] (Chem.) A glucoside obtained from the AEsculus hippocastanum, or horse-chestnut, and characterized by its fine blue fluorescent solutions. [Written also aesculin.]

Es•cu´ri•al , n. [Prop. Sp. escorial, i. e., a hill or heap of rubbish, earth, and stones brought out of a mine, fr. escoria dross of metal, L. scoria, fr. Gr. . Cf. Scoria.] A palace and mausoleum of the kings of Spain, being a vast and wonderful structure about twenty-five miles northwest of Madrid. The ground plan is said to be in the form of a gridiron, the structure being designed in honor of St. Lawrence, who suffered martyrdom by being broiled on a gridiron; but the resemblance is very slight. It is nearly square, inclosing several courts, and has a projecting mass which stands for the handle.

Es•cutch´eon , n. [OF. escusson, F. ecusson, from OF. escu shield, F. ecu. See Esquire, Scutcheon.] 1. (Her.) The surface, usually a shield, upon which bearings are marshaled and displayed. The surface of the escutcheon is called the field, the upper part is called the chief, and the lower part the base (see Chiff, and Field.). That side of the escutcheon which is on the right hand of the knight who bears the shield on his arm is called dexter, and the other side sinister. The two sides of an escutcheon are respectively designated as dexter and sinister, as in the cut, and the different parts or points by the following names: A, Dexter chief point; B, Middle chief point; C, Sinister chief point; D, Honor or color point; E, Fesse or heart point; F, Nombrill or navel point; G, Dexter base point; H, Middle base point; I, base point. 2. A marking upon the back of a cow’s udder and the space above it (the perineum), formed by the hair growing upward or outward instead of downward. It is esteemed an index of milking qualities. C. L. Flint. 3. (Naut.) That part of a vessel’s stern on which her name is written. R. H. Dane, Jr. 4. (Carp.) A thin metal plate or shield to protect wood, or for ornament, as the shield around a keyhole. 5. (Zoöl.) The depression behind the beak of certain bivalves; the ligamental area. Escutcheon of pretense, an escutcheon used in English heraldry to display the arms of the bearer’s wife; — not commonly used unless she an heiress. Cf. Impalement.

Es•cutch´eoned , a. Having an escutcheon; furnished with a coat of arms or ensign. Young.

Ese , n. Ease; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Es•em•plas´tic , a. [Gr. ’es into, to + ´en one + plastiko•s molded, formed. See Plastic.] Shaped into one; tending to, or formative into, unity. [R.] Coleridge.

Es´er•ine ( 104), n. [From native name of the Calabar bean: cf. F. eserine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean, and the seed of Physostigma venenosum; physostigmine. It is used in ophthalmic surgery for its effect in contracting the pupil.

E•sex´u•al , a. [Pref. e- + sexual.] (Biol.) Sexless; asexual.

Es•guard´ , n. [Cf. OF. esgart regard, F. egard. See Guard.] Guard. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. { Es´kar , or Es´ker }, n. (Geol.) See Eschar.

Es´ki•mo , n.; pl. Eskimos (#). [Originally applied by the Algonquins to the Northern Indians, and meaning eaters of raw flesh.] (Ethnol.) One of a peculiar race inhabiting Arctic America and Greenland. In many respects the Eskimos resemble the Mongolian race. [Written also Esquimau.] Eskimo dog (Zoöl.), one of a breed of large and powerful dogs used by the Eskimos to draw sledges. It closely resembles the gray wolf, with which it is often crossed. Eskimo dog

Es•loin´ , v. t. [See Eloign.] To remove; to banish; to withdraw; to avoid; to eloign. [Obs.] “From worldly cares he did himself esloin.” Spenser.

Es´ne•cy , n. [See Eigne.] (Eng. Law) A prerogative given to the eldest coparcener to choose first after an inheritance is divided. Mozley & W.

E•sod´ic , a. [Gr. within + way.] (Physiol.) Conveying impressions from the surface of the body to the spinal cord; — said of certain nerves. Opposed to exodic.

E•soph´a•gal , a. (Anat.) Esophageal.

E•so•phag´e•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the esophagus. [Written also œsophageal.]

E•so•phag´e•an , a. (Anat.) Esophageal.

E•soph•a•got´o•my , n. [Gr. o’isofa•gos the esophagus + te•mnein to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of making an incision into the esophagus, for the purpose of removing any foreign substance that obstructs the passage. [Written also œsophagotomy.]

E•soph´a•gus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. o’isofa•gos; root of o’i•sw which is used as future of fe•rein to bear, carry (cf. Skr. vi to go, drive) + fagei^n to eat.] (Anat.) That part of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach; the gullet. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus, under Digestive. [Written also œsophagus.] { E•so´pi•an , E•so´pic } a. Same as AEsopian, AEsopic.

Es•o•ter´ic (es•o•te´ik), a. [Gr. ’eswteriko•s, fr. ’esw•teros inner, interior, comp. fr. ’e•sw in, within, fr. ’es, e’is, into, fr. ’en in. See In.] Designed for, and understood by, the specially initiated alone; not communicated, or not intelligible, to the general body of followers; private; interior; acroamatic; — said of the private and more recondite instructions and doctrines of philosophers. Opposed to exoteric. “Enough if every age produce two or three critics of this esoteric class, with here and there a reader to understand them.” De Quincey.

Es•o•ter´ic•al , a. Esoteric.

Es•o•ter´ic•al•ly, adv. In an esoteric manner.

Es•o•ter´i•cism , n. Esoteric doctrine or principles.

Es•o•ter´ics , n. Mysterious or hidden doctrines; secret science.

Es´o•ter•y , n. Mystery; esoterics; — opposed to exotery. A. Tucker.

E´sox , n. [L., a kind of pike.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water fishes, including pike and pickerel.

Es•pace´ , n. Space. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Es´pa•don , n. [F. espadon, fr. Sp. espadon, fr. espada sword; or fr. It. spadone an espadon, spada sword.] A long, heavy, two-handed and two-edged sword, formerly used by Spanish foot soldiers and by executioners. Wilhelm.

Es•pal´ier , n. [F. espalier, fr. It. spalliera, fr. spalla shoulder, the same word as F. epaule. See Epaulet.] (Hort.) A railing or trellis upon which fruit trees or shrubs are trained, as upon a wall; a tree or row of trees so trained. “And figs from standard and espalier join.” Pope.

Es•pal´ier, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espaliered p. pr. & vb. n. Espaliering.] To form an espalier of, or to protect by an espalier.

Es•par´cet , n. [F. esparcet, esparcette, eparcet, fr. Sp. esparceta, esparcilla.] (Bot.) The common sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), an Old World leguminous forage plant.

Es•par´to , n. [Sp.; cf. L. spartum Spanish broom, Gr. .] (Bot.) A species of Spanish grass (Macrochloa tenacissima), of which cordage, shoes, baskets, etc., are made. It is also used for making paper.

Es•pau•liere´ , n. [OF. & F. epaulière. See Espalier.] A defense for the shoulder, composed of flexible overlapping plates of metal, used in the 15th century; — the origin of the modern epaulette. Fairholt.

Es•pe´cial , a. [OF. especial, F. special, L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality. See Species, and cf. Special.] Distinguished among others of the same class or kind; special; concerning a species or a single object; principal; particular; as in an especial manner or degree. Syn. — Peculiar; special; particular; uncommon; chief. See Peculiar.

Es•pe´cial•ly, adv. In an especial manner; chiefly; particularly; peculiarly; in an uncommon degree.

Es•pe´cial•ness , n. The state of being especial.

Es´pe•rance , n. [F. esperance, fr. L. sperans, p. pr. of sperare to hope.] Hope. [Obs.] Shak.

Es•pi•aille´ , n. Espial. [Obs.]

Es•pi´al , n. [OE. & Norm. F. espiaille. See Espy.] 1. The act of espying; notice; discovery. “Screened from espial by the jutting cape.” Byron. 2. One who espies; a spy; a scout. [Obs.] ´Their espials … brought word.´ Holland.

Es•pi´er , n. One who espies. Harmar.

Es´pi•nel , n. A kind of ruby. See Spinel.

Es´pi•o•nage ( 277), n. [F. espionnage, fr. espionner to spy, fr. espion spy, OF. espie. See Espy.] The practice or employment of spies; the practice of watching the words and conduct of others, to make discoveries, as spies or secret emissaries; secret watching.

Es•pla•nade´ , n. [F. esplanade, Sp. esplanada, explanada, cf. It. spianata; fr. Sp. explanar to level, L. explanare to flatten or spread out. See Explain.] 1. (Fort.) (a) A clear space between a citadel and the nearest houses of the town. Campbell (Mil. Dict. ). (b) The glacis of the counterscarp, or the slope of the parapet of the covered way toward the country. 2. (Hort.) A grass plat; a lawn. Simmonds. 3. Any clear, level space used for public walks or drives; esp., a terrace by the seaside.

Es•plees´ , n. pl. [LL. expletia, OF. espleit. Cf. Exploit.] (Old Eng. Law) The full profits or products which ground or land yields, as the hay of the meadows, the feed of the pasture, the grain of arable fields, the rents, services, and the like. Cowell.

Es•pous´age , n. Espousal. [Obs.] Latimer.

Es•pous´al , n. [OF. espousailles, pl., F. epousailles, L. sponsalia, fr. sponsalis belonging to betrothal or espousal. See Espouse, and cf. Sponsal, Spousal.] 1. The act of espousing or betrothing; especially, in the plural, betrothal; plighting of the troths; a contract of marriage; sometimes, the marriage ceremony. 2. The uniting or allying one’s self with anything; maintenance; adoption; as the espousal of a quarrel. “The open espousal of his cause.” Lord Orford.

Es•pouse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espoused p. pr. & vb. n. Espousing.] [OF. espouser, esposer, F. epouser, L. sponsare to betroth, espouse, fr. sponsus betrothed, p. p. of spondere to promise solemnly or sacredly. Cf. Spouse.] 1. To betroth; to promise in marriage; to give as spouse. “A virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph.” Luke i. 27. 2. To take as spouse; to take to wife; to marry. “Lavinia will I make my empress, …
And in the sacred Pantheon her espouse.” Shak. 3. To take to one’s self with a view to maintain; to make one’s own; to take up the cause of; to adopt; to embrace. ´He espoused that quarrel.´ Bacon. “Promised faithfully to espouse his cause as soon as he got out of the war.” Bp. Burnet.

Es•pouse´ment , n. [Cf. OF. espousement.] The act of espousing, or the state of being espoused.

Es•pous´er , n. One who espouses; one who embraces the cause of another or makes it his own.

Es•pres•si´vo , a. [It.] (Mus.) With expression.

Es•prin´gal , n. [See Springal.] (Mil. Antiq.) An engine of war used for throwing viretons, large stones, and other missiles; a springal.

Es•prit´ , n. [F. See Spirit.] Spirit. Esprit de corps , a French phrase much used by English writers to denote the common spirit pervading the members of a body or association of persons. It implies sympathy, enthusiasm, devotion, and jealous regard for the honor of the body as a whole.

Es•py´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espied p. pr. & vb. n. Espying.] [OF. espier, F. epier, from OHG. spehn to watch, spy, G. spähen; akin to L. specere to look, species sight, shape, appearance, kind. See Spice, Spy, and cf. Espionage.] 1. To catch sight of; to perceive with the eyes; to discover, as a distant object partly concealed, or not obvious to notice; to see at a glance; to discern unexpectedly; to spy; as to espy land; to espy a man in a crowd. “As one of them opened his sack to give his ass provender in the inn, … he espied his money.” Gen. xlii. 27. “A goodly vessel did I then espy
Come like a giant from a haven broad.” Wordsworth. 2. To inspect narrowly; to examine and keep watch upon; to watch; to observe. “He sends angels to espy us in all our ways.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To discern; discover; detect; descry; spy.

Es•py´, v. i. To look or search narrowly; to look about; to watch; to take notice; to spy. “Stand by the way, and espy.” Jer. xlviii. 19.

Es•py´, n.; pl. Espies (#). [OF. espie. See Espy, v., Spy.] A spy; a scout. [Obs.] Huloet.

-esque [F., fr. It. -isco. Cf. -ish.] A suffix of certain words from the French, Italian, and Spanish. It denotes manner or style; like; as arabesque, after the manner of the Arabs.

Es´qui•mau , n.; pl. Esquimaux (#). [F.] Same as Eskimo. “It is … an error to suppose that where an Esquimau can live, a civilized man can live also.” McClintock.

Es•quire´ , n. [OF. escuyer, escuier, properly, a shield-bearer, F. ecuyer shield-bearer, armor-bearer, squire of a knight, esquire, equerry, rider, horseman, LL. scutarius shield-bearer, fr. L. scutum shield, akin to Gr. skin, hide, from a root meaning to cover; prob. akin to E. hide to cover. See Hide to cover, and cf. Equerry, Escutcheon.] Originally, a shield-bearer or armor-bearer, an attendant on a knight; in modern times, a title of dignity next in degree below knight and above gentleman; also a title of office and courtesy; — often shortened to squire. In England, the title of esquire belongs by right of birth to the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons in perpetual succession; to the eldest sons of younger sons of peers and their eldest sons in perpetual succession. It is also given to sheriffs, to justices of the peace while in commission, to those who bear special office in the royal household, to counselors at law, bachelors of divinity, law, or physic, and to others. In the United States the title is commonly given in courtesy to lawyers and justices of the peace, and is often used in the superscription of letters instead of Mr.

Es•quire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esquired p. pr. & vb. n. Esquiring.] To wait on as an esquire or attendant in public; to attend. [Colloq.]

Es•quisse´ , n. [F. See Sketch.] (Fine Arts) The first sketch of a picture or model of a statue.

-ess [OF. -esse, LL. -issa, Gr. .] A suffix used to form feminine nouns; as actress, deaconess, songstress.

Es´say , n.; pl. Essays (#). [F. essai, fr. L. exagium a weighing, weight, balance; ex out + agere to drive, do; cf. examen, exagmen, a means of weighing, a weighing, the tongue of a balance, exigere to drive out, examine, weigh, Gr. ’exa•gion a weight, ’exagia•zein to examine, ’exa•gein to drive out, export. See Agent, and cf. Exact, Examine, Assay.] 1. An effort made, or exertion of body or mind, for the performance of anything; a trial; attempt; as to make an essay to benefit a friend. ´The essay at organization.´ M. Arnold. 2. (Lit.) A composition treating of any particular subject; — usually shorter and less methodical than a formal, finished treatise; as an essay on the life and writings of Homer; an essay on fossils, or on commerce. 3. An assay. See Assay, n. [Obs.] Syn. — Attempt; trial; endeavor; effort; tract; treatise; dissertation; disquisition.

Es•say´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essayed p. pr. & vb. n. Essaying.] [F. essayer. See Essay, n.] 1. To exert one’s power or faculties upon; to make an effort to perform; to attempt; to endeavor; to make experiment or trial of; to try. “What marvel if I thus essay to sing?” Byron. “Essaying nothing she can not perform.” Emerson. “A danger lest the young enthusiast … should essay the impossible.” J. C. Shairp. 2. To test the value and purity of (metals); to assay. See Assay. [Obs.] Locke.

Es•say´er , n. One who essays. Addison.

Es´say•ist ( 277), n. A writer of an essay, or of essays. B. Jonson.

Es´sence , n. [F. essence, L. essentia, formed as if fr. a p. pr. of esse to be. See Is, and cf. Entity.] 1. The constituent elementary notions which constitute a complex notion, and must be enumerated to define it; sometimes called the nominal essence. 2. The constituent quality or qualities which belong to any object, or class of objects, or on which they depend for being what they are (distinguished as real essence); the real being, divested of all logical accidents; that quality which constitutes or marks the true nature of anything; distinctive character; hence, virtue or quality of a thing, separated from its grosser parts. “The laws are at present, both in form and essence, the greatest curse that society labors under.” Landor. “Gifts and alms are the expressions, not the essence of this virtue [charity].” Addison. “The essence of Addison’s humor is irony.” Courthope. 3. Constituent substance. “And uncompounded is their essence pure.” Milton. 4. A being; esp., a purely spiritual being. “As far as gods and heavenly essences
Can perish.” Milton. “He had been indulging in fanciful speculations on spiritual essences, until … he had and ideal world of his own around him.” W. Irving. 5. The predominant qualities or virtues of a plant or drug, extracted and refined from grosser matter; or, more strictly, the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil; as the essence of mint, and the like. “The … word essence … scarcely underwent a more complete transformation when from being the abstract of the verb ´to be,´ it came to denote something sufficiently concrete to be inclosed in a glass bottle.” J. S. Mill. 6. Perfume; odor; scent; or the volatile matter constituting perfume. “Nor let the essences exhale.” Pope.

Es´sence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essenced p. pr. & vb. n. Essencing ] To perfume; to scent. ´Essenced fops.´ Addison.

Es•sene´ , n.; pl. Essenes (#). [Gr. , lit., physicians, because they practiced medicine, fr. Chald asaya to heal, cf. Heb. asa.] One of a sect among the Jews in the time of our Savior, remarkable for their strictness and abstinence.

Es´se•nism , n. The doctrine or the practices of the Essenes. De Quincey.

Es•sen´tial (es•sen´sjal), a. [Cf. F. essentiel. See Essence.] 1. Belonging to the essence, or that which makes an object, or class of objects, what it is. “Majestic as the voice sometimes became, there was forever in it an essential character of plaintiveness.” Hawthorne. 2. Hence, really existing; existent. “Is it true, that thou art but a name,
And no essential thing?” Webster (1623). 3. Important in the highest degree; indispensable to the attainment of an object; indispensably necessary. “Judgment’s more essential to a general
Than courage.” Denham. “How to live? — that is the essential question for us.” H. Spencer. 4. Containing the essence or characteristic portion of a substance, as of a plant; highly rectified; pure; hence, unmixed; as an essential oil. ´Mine own essential horror.´ Ford. 5. (Mus.) Necessary; indispensable; — said of those tones which constitute a chord, in distinction from ornamental or passing tones. 6. (Med.) Idiopathic; independent of other diseases. Essential character (Biol.), the prominent characteristics which serve to distinguish one genus, species, etc., from another. — Essential disease, Essential fever (Med.), one that is not dependent on another. — Essential oils (Chem.), a class of volatile oils, extracted from plants, fruits, or flowers, having each its characteristic odor, and hot burning taste. They are used in essences, perfumery, etc., and include many varieties of compounds; as lemon oil is a terpene, oil of bitter almonds an aldehyde, oil of wintergreen an ethereal salt, etc.; — called also volatile oils in distinction from the fixed or nonvolatile.

Es•sen´tial (es•sen´sjal), n. 1. Existence; being. [Obs.] Milton. 2. That which is essential; first or constituent principle; as the essentials of religion.

Es•sen•ti•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being essential; the essential part. Jer. Taylor.

Es•sen´tial•ly , adv. In an essential manner or degree; in an indispensable degree; really; as essentially different.

Es•sen´tial•ness, n. Essentiality. Ld. Digby.

Es•sen´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essentiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Essentiating.] To form or constitute the essence or being of. [Obs.] Boyle.

Es•sen´ti•ate, v. i. To become assimilated; to be changed into the essence. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Es•soin´ or Es•soign }, n. [OF. essoine, essoigne, F. exoine, L. essonia, exonia; pref. ex- (L. ex from) + sunnis, sunnia, sonia, hindrance, excuse. Cf. Icel. syn refusal, synja to deny, refuse, Goth. sunja truth, sunjon to justify, OS. sunnea impediment, OHG. sunna.] 1. (Eng. Law) An excuse for not appearing in court at the return of process; the allegation of an excuse to the court. 2. Excuse; exemption. [Obs.] “From every work he challenged essoin.” Spenser. Essoin day (Eng. Law), the first general return day of the term, on which the court sits to receive essoins. Blackstone.

Es•soin´, v. t. [OF. essoinier, essoignier, essonier, LL. essoniare, exoniare. See Essoin, n.] (Eng. Law) To excuse for nonappearance in court. ´I ’ll not essoin thee.´ Quarles.

Es•soin´er , n. (Eng. Law) An attorney who sufficiently excuses the absence of another.

Es´so•nite , n. [Named from Gr. inferior, because not so hard as some minerals it resembles, e. g., hyacinth.] (Min.) Cinnamon stone, a variety of garnet. See Garnet.

Es´so•rant , a. [F.] (Her.) Standing, but with the wings spread, as if about to fly; — said of a bird borne as a charge on an escutcheon.

Est , n. & adv. East. [Obs.] Chaucer.

-est (-est). [AS. -ost, -est; akin to G. -est, -ist, Icel. -astr, -str, Goth. -ists, -osts, Skr. -ishtha.] A suffix used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs; as smoothest; earl(y)iest.

Es•tab´lish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Established p. pr. & vb. n. Establishing.] [OE. establissen, OF. establir, F. etablir, fr. L. stabilire, fr. stabilis firm, steady, stable. See Stable, a., -ish, and cf. Stablish.] 1. To make stable or firm; to fix immovably or firmly; to set (a thing) in a place and make it stable there; to settle; to confirm. “So were the churches established in the faith.” Acts xvi. 5. “The best established tempers can scarcely forbear being borne down.” Burke. “Confidence which must precede union could be established only by consummate prudence and self- control.” Bancroft. 2. To appoint or constitute for permanence, as officers, laws, regulations, etc.; to enact; to ordain. “By the consent of all, we were established
The people’s magistrates.” Shak. “Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing, that it be not changed.” Dan. vi. 8. 3. To originate and secure the permanent existence of; to found; to institute; to create and regulate; — said of a colony, a state, or other institutions. “He hath established it [the earth], he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited.” Is. xlv. 18. “Woe to him that buildeth a town with blood, and establisheth a city by iniquity!” Hab. ii. 12. 4. To secure public recognition in favor of; to prove and cause to be accepted as true; as to establish a fact, usage, principle, opinion, doctrine, etc. “At the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.” Deut. xix. 15. 5. To set up in business; to place advantageously in a fixed condition; — used reflexively; as he established himself in a place; the enemy established themselves in the citadel.

Es•tab´lish•er , n. One who establishes.

Es•tab´lish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. establissement, F. etablissement.] 1. The act of establishing; a ratifying or ordaining; settlement; confirmation. 2. The state of being established, founded, and the like; fixed state. 3. That which is established; as: (a) A form of government, civil or ecclesiastical; especially, a system of religion maintained by the civil power; as the Episcopal establishment of England. (b) A permanent civil, military, or commercial, force or organization. (c) The place in which one is permanently fixed for residence or business; residence, including grounds, furniture, equipage, etc.; with which one is fitted out; also any office or place of business, with its fixtures; that which serves for the carrying on of a business; as to keep up a large establishment; a manufacturing establishment. “Exposing the shabby parts of the establishment.” W. Irving. Establishment of the port (Hydrography), a datum on which the tides are computed at the given port, obtained by observation, viz., the interval between the moon’s passage over the meridian and the time of high water at the port, on the days of new and full moon.

Es•tab•lish•men•ta´ri•an , n. One who regards the Church primarily as an establishment formed by the State, and overlooks its intrinsic spiritual character. Shipley.

Es•ta•cade´ , n. [F.; cf. It. steccata, Sp. estacada. Cf. Stake.] (Mil.) A dike of piles in the sea, a river, etc., to check the approach of an enemy. { Es•ta•fet´ , Es•ta•fette´ } , n. [F. estafette, cf. Sp. estafeta; fr. It. stafetta, fr. staffa stirrup, fr. OHG. stapho footstep, footprint, G. stapfe; akin to E. step.] A courier who conveys messages to another courier; a military courier sent from one part of an army to another.

Es•tan´ci•a (as•tan´the•a), n. [Sp. See Stanza.] A grazing farm; a country house. [Spanish America]

Es•tate´ (es•tat´), n. [OF. estat, F. etat, L. status, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. State.] 1. Settled condition or form of existence; state; condition or circumstances of life or of any person; situation. ´When I came to man’s estate.´ Shak. “Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate.” Romans xii. 16. 2. Social standing or rank; quality; dignity. “God hath imprinted his authority in several parts, upon several estates of men.” Jer. Taylor. 3. A person of high rank. [Obs.] “She’s a duchess, a great estate.” Latimer. “Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee.” Mark vi. 21. 4. A property which a person possesses; a fortune; possessions, esp. property in land; also property of all kinds which a person leaves to be divided at his death. “See what a vast estate he left his son.” Dryden. 5. The state; the general body politic; the common-wealth; the general interest; state affairs. [Obs.] “I call matters of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever … concerneth manifestly any great portion of people.” Bacon. 6. pl. The great classes or orders of a community or state (as the clergy, the nobility, and the commonalty of England) or their representatives who administer the government; as the estates of the realm (England), which are (1) the lords spiritual, (2) the lords temporal, (3) the commons. 7. (Law) The degree, quality, nature, and extent of one’s interest in, or ownership of, lands, tenements, etc.; as an estate for life, for years, at will, etc. Abbott. The fourth estate, a name often given to the public press.

Es•tate´, v. t. 1. To establish. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. Tom settle as a fortune. [Archaic] Shak. 3. To endow with an estate. [Archaic] “Then would I …
Estate them with large land and territory.” Tennyson. { Es•tat´lich , Es´tat•ly } a. [OE.] Stately; dignified. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Es•teem´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esteemed p. pr. & vb. n. Esteeming.] [F. estimer, L. aestimare, aestumare, to value, estimate; perh. akin to Skr. ish to seek, strive, and E. ask. Cf. Aim, Estimate.] 1. To set a value on; to appreciate the worth of; to estimate; to value; to reckon. “Then he forsook God, which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.” Deut. xxxii. 15. “Thou shouldst (gentle reader) esteem his censure and authority to be of the more weighty credence.” Bp. Gardiner. “Famous men, — whose scientific attainments were esteemed hardly less than supernatural.” Hawthorne. 2. To set a high value on; to prize; to regard with reverence, respect, or friendship. “Will he esteem thy riches?” Job xxxvi. 19. “You talk kindlier: we esteem you for it.” Tennyson. Syn. — To estimate; appreciate; regard; prize; value; respect; revere. See Appreciate, Estimate.

Es•teem´, v. i. To form an estimate; to have regard to the value; to consider. [Obs.] “We ourselves esteem not of that obedience, or love, or gift, which is of force.” Milton.

Es•teem´, n. [Cf. F. estime. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. Estimation; opinion of merit or value; hence, valuation; reckoning; price. “Most dear in the esteem
And poor in worth!” Shak. “I will deliver you, in ready coin,
The full and dear’st esteem of what you crave.” J. Webster. 2. High estimation or value; great regard; favorable opinion, founded on supposed worth. “Nor should thy prowess want praise and esteem.” Shak. Syn. — See Estimate, n.

Es•teem´a•ble , a. Worthy of esteem; estimable. [R.] ´Esteemable qualities.´ Pope.

Es•teem´er , n. One who esteems; one who sets a high value on any thing. “The proudest esteemer of his own parts.” Locke.

Es´ter , n. [A word invented by L. Gmelin, a German chemist.] (Chem.) An ethereal salt, or compound ether, consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic; thus the natural fats are esters of glycerin and the fatty acids, oleic, etc.

Es•the•si•om´e•ter , n. Same as AEsthesiometer.

Es´thete , n.; Es•thet´ic , a., Es•thet´ic•al , a., Es•thet´ics , n. etc. Same as AEsthete, AEsthetic, AEsthetical, AEsthetics, etc.

Es•tif´er•ous , a. [L. aestifer; aestus fire + ferre to bear.] Producing heat. [R.] Smart.

Es´ti•ma•ble , a. [F. estimable, or L. aestimabilis. See Esteem.] 1. Capable of being estimated or valued; as estimable damage. Paley. . 2. Valuable; worth a great price. [R.] “A pound of man’s flesh, taken from a man,
Is not so estimable, profitable neither,
As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats.” Shak. 3. Worth of esteem or respect; deserving our good opinion or regard. “A lady said of her two companions, that one was more amiable, the other more estimable.” Sir W. Temple.

Es´ti•ma•ble , n. A thing worthy of regard. [R.] “One of the peculiar estimables of her country.” Sir T. Browne.

Es´ti•ma•ble•ness, n. The quality of deserving esteem or regard.

Es´ti•ma•bly, adv. In an estimable manner.

Es´ti•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estimated p. pr. & vb. n. Estimating ] [L. aestimatus, p. p. of aestimare. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. To judge and form an opinion of the value of, from imperfect data, — either the extrinsic (money), or intrinsic (moral), value; to fix the worth of roughly or in a general way; as to estimate the value of goods or land; to estimate the worth or talents of a person. “It is by the weight of silver, and not the name of the piece, that men estimate commodities and exchange them.” Locke. “It is always very difficult to estimate the age in which you are living.” J. C. Shairp. 2. To from an opinion of, as to amount,, number, etc., from imperfect data, comparison, or experience; to make an estimate of; to calculate roughly; to rate; as to estimate the cost of a trip, the number of feet in a piece of land. Syn. — To appreciate; value; appraise; prize; rate; esteem; count; calculate; number. — To Estimate, Esteem. Both these words imply an exercise of the judgment. Estimate has reference especially to the external relations of things, such as amount, magnitude, importance, etc. It usually involves computation or calculation; as to estimate the loss or gain of an enterprise. Esteem has reference to the intrinsic or moral worth of a person or thing. Thus, we esteem a man for his kindness, or his uniform integrity. In this sense it implies a mingled sentiment of respect and attachment. We esteem it an honor to live in a free country. See Appreciate.

Es´ti•mate , n. A valuing or rating by the mind, without actually measuring, weighing, or the like; rough or approximate calculation; as an estimate of the cost of a building, or of the quantity of water in a pond. “Weigh success in a moral balance, and our whole estimate is changed.” J. C. Shairp. Syn. — Estimate, Estimation, Esteem. The noun estimate, like its verb, supposes chiefly an exercise of judgment in determining the amount, importance, or magnitude of things, with their other exterior relations; as an estimate of expenses incurred; a true estimate of life, etc. Esteem is a moral sentiment made up of respect and attachment, — the valuation of a person as possessing useful qualities or real worth. Thus we speak of the esteem of the wise and good as a thing greatly to be desired. Estimation seems to waver between the two. In our version of the Scriptures it is used simply for estimate; as ´If he be poorer than thy estimation.´ Lev. xxvii. 8. In other cases, it verges toward esteem; as ´I know him to be of worth and worthy estimation.´ Shak. It will probably settle down at last on this latter sense. ´Esteem is the value we place upon some degree of worth. It is higher than simple approbation, which is a decision of judgment. It is the commencement of affection.´ Gogan. “No; dear as freedom is, and in my heart’s
Just estimation prized above all price.” Cowper.

Es•ti•ma´tion , n. [L. aestimatio, fr. aestimare: cf. F. estimation. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. The act of estimating. Shak. 2. An opinion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything, formed without using precise data; valuation; as estimations of distance, magnitude, amount, or moral qualities. “If he be poorer that thy estimation, then he shall present himself before the priest, and the priest, and the priest shall value him.” Lev. xxvii. 8. 3. Favorable opinion; esteem; regard; honor. “I shall have estimation among multitude, and honor with the elders.” Wisdom viii. 10. 4. Supposition; conjecture. “I speak not this in estimation,
As what I think might be, but what I know.” Shak. Syn. — Estimate; calculation; computation; appraisement; esteem; honor; regard. See Estimate, n.

Es´ti•ma•tive , a. [Cf. F. estimatif.] 1. Inclined, or able, to estimate; serving for, or capable of being used in, estimating. “We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty.” Sir M. Hale. 2. Pertaining to an estimate. [R.]

Es´ti•ma•tor , n. [L. aestimator.] One who estimates or values; a valuer. Jer. Taylor.

Es´ti•val , a., Es´ti•vate , v. i., Es•ti•va´tion , n. Same as AEstival, AEstivate, etc.

Es•toile´ , n. [OF.] (Her.) A six-pointed star whose rays are wavy, instead of straight like those of a mullet. [Written also etoile.] Estoile of eight points, a star which has four straight and four wavy rays. — Estoile of four points. Same as Cross estoile, under Cross.

Es•top´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estophed p. pr. & vb. n. Estopping.] [OF. estoper to stop, plug, close, F. etouper, LL. stuppare to close with tow, obstruct, fr. L. stuppa tow, oakum, cf. Gr. sty•pph. Cf. Stop.] (Law) To impede or bar by estoppel. “A party will be estopped by his admissions, where his intent is to influence another, or derive an advantage to himself.” Abbott.

Es•top´pel , n. [From Estop.] (Law) (a) A stop; an obstruction or bar to one’s alleging or denying a fact contrary to his own previous action, allegation, or denial; an admission, by words or conduct, which induces another to purchase rights, against which the party making such admission can not take a position inconsistent with the admission. (b) The agency by which the law excludes evidence to dispute certain admissions, which the policy of the law treats as indisputable. Wharton. Stephen. Burrill.

Es•to´vers (es•to´verz), n. pl. [OF. estoveir, estovoir, necessary, necessity, need, prop. an infin. meaning to suit, be fit, be necessary. See Stover.] (Law) Necessaries or supplies; an allowance to a person out of an estate or other thing for support; as of wood to a tenant for life, etc., of sustenance to a man confined for felony out of his estate, or alimony to a woman divorced out of her husband’s estate. Blackstone. Common of estovers. See under Common, n.

Es•trade´ (as•trad´), n. [F., fr. Sp. estrado, orig., a carpet on the floor of a room, also a carpeted platform, fr. L. stratum bed covering. See Stratum.] (Arch.) A portion of the floor of a room raised above the general level, as a place for a bed or a throne; a platform; a dais. “He [the teacher] himself should have his desk on a mounted estrade or platform.” J. G. Fitch.

Es•tra•ma•con´ , n. [F.] 1. A straight, heavy sword with two edges, used in the 16th and 17th centuries. 2. A blow with edge of a sword. Farrow.

Es•trange´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estranged p. pr. & vb. n. Estranging.] [OF. estrangier to remove, F. etranger, L. extraneare to treat as a stranger, from extraneus strange. See Strange.] 1. To withdraw; to withhold; hence, reflexively, to keep at a distance; to cease to be familiar and friendly with. “We must estrange our belief from everything which is not clearly and distinctly evidenced.” Glanvill. “Had we … estranged ourselves from them in things indifferent.” Hooker. 2. To divert from its original use or purpose, or from its former possessor; to alienate. “They … have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods.” Jer. xix. 4. 3. To alienate the affections or confidence of; to turn from attachment to enmity or indifference. “I do not know, to this hour, what it is that has estranged him from me.” Pope. “He … had pretended to be estranged from the Whigs, and had promised to act as a spy upon them.” Macaulay.

Es•tran´ged•ness , n. State of being estranged; estrangement. Prynne.

Es•trange´ment , n. [Cf. OF. estrangement.] The act of estranging, or the state of being estranged; alienation. “An estrangement from God.” J. C. Shairp. “A long estrangement from better things.” South.

Es•tran´ger , n. One who estranges.

Es•tran´gle , v. t. To strangle. [Obs.]

Es•tra•pade´ , n. [F.] (Man.) The action of a horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rears, plunges, and kicks furiously.

Es•tray´ , v. i. To stray. [Obs.] Daniel.

Es•tray´ n. (Law) Any valuable animal, not wild, found wandering from its owner; a stray. Burrill.

Es´tre , n. [OF. estre state, plan.] The inward part of a building; the interior. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Es•treat´ , n. [OF. estraite, prop., an extract, fr. p. p. of estraire to extract, F. extraire, fr. L. extrahere. See Extract.] (Law) A true copy, duplicate, or extract of an original writing or record, esp. of amercements or penalties set down in the rolls of court to be levied by the bailiff, or other officer. Cowell. Estreat of a recognizance, the extracting or taking out a forfeited recognizance from among the other records of the court, for the purpose of a prosecution in another court, or it may be in the same court. Burrill.

Es•treat´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Estreating.] (Law) (a) To extract or take out from the records of a court, and send up to the court of exchequer to be enforced; — said of a forfeited recognizance. (b) To bring in to the exchequer, as a fine.

Es•trepe´ , v. t. [OF. estreper.] (Law) To strip or lay bare, as land of wood, houses, etc.; to commit waste.

Es•trepe´ment , n. [OF., damage, waste.] (Law) A destructive kind of waste, committed by a tenant for life, in lands, woods, or houses. Cowell.

Es´trich , n. 1. Ostrich. [Obs.] Massinger. 2. (Com.) The down of the ostrich. Brande & C.

Es´tu•ance , n. [From L. aestuans, p. pr. of aestuare. See Estuate.] Heat. [Obs.]

Es´tu•a•rine , a. Pertaining to an estuary; estuary.

Es´tu•a•ry , n.; pl. Estuaries (#). [L. aestuarium, from aestuare to surge. See Estuate.] [Written also aestuary.] 1. A place where water boils up; a spring that wells forth. [Obs.] Boyle. 2. A passage, as the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the current; an arm of the sea; a frith. “it to the sea was often by long and wide estuaries.” Dana.

Es´tu•a•ry, a. Belonging to, or formed in, an estuary; as estuary strata. Lyell.

Es´tu•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Estuated p. pr. & vb. n. Estuating.] [L. aestuare to be in violent motion, to boil up, burn, fr. aestus boiling or undulating motion, fire, glow, heat; akin to Gr. to burn. See Ether.] To boil up; to swell and rage; to be agitated. Bacon.

Es•tu•a´tion , n. [L. aestuatio.] The act of estuating; commotion, as of a fluid; agitation. “The estuations of joys and fears.” W. Montagu.

Es•tu´fa , n.; pl. Estufas (#). [Sp., a stove, a warm room. Cf. Stove.] An assembly room in dwelling of the Pueblo Indians. L. H. Morgan.

Es´ture ( 135), n. [See Estuate.] Commotion. [Obs.] Chapman.

E•su´ri•ent , a. [L. esuriens, p. pr. of ensurire, fr. edere to eat.] Inclined to eat; hungry; voracious. [R.] Bailey. ´Poor, but esurient.´ Carlyle.

E•su´ri•ent, n. One who is hungry or greedy. [R.] “An insatiable esurient after riches.” Wood.

Es´u•rine , a. [See Esurient.] Causing hunger; eating; corroding. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Es´u•rine, n. (Med.) A medicine which provokes appetites, or causes hunger. [Obs.]

-et [F. -et, masc., -ette, fem. Cf. -let.] A noun suffix with a diminutive force; as in baronet, pocket, facet, floweret, latchet.

E•taac´ , n. (Zoöl.) The blue buck.

E´ta•cism , n. [Gr. the letter , . Cf. Itacism.] (Greek Gram.) The pronunciation of the Greek η (eta) like the Italian e long, that is like a in the English word ate. See Itacism.

E´ta•cist , n. One who favors etacism.

e•ta•gère´ , n. [F., fr. etager to arrange on shelves, fr. etage story, floor. See Stage.] A piece of furniture having a number of uninclosed shelves or stages, one above another, for receiving articles of elegance or use. Fairholt.

e•tat´ Ma•jor´ [F., fr. etat state + L. major greater.] (Mil.) The staff of an army, including all officers above the rank of colonel, also all adjutants, inspectors, quartermasters, commissaries, engineers, ordnance officers, paymasters, physicians, signal officers, judge advocates; also the noncommissioned assistants of the above officers. { Et• cet´e•ra , Et• caet´e•ra } [L. et and + caetera other things.] Others of the like kind; and the rest; and so on; — used to point out that other things which could be mentioned are to be understood. Usually abbreviated into etc. or &c. (&c). Shak.

Etch , n. A variant of Eddish. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Etch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etched p. pr. & vb. n. Etching.] [D. etsen, G. ätzen to feed, corrode, etch. MHG. etzen, causative of ezzen to eat, G. essen . See Eat.] 1. To produce, as figures or designs, on mental, glass, or the like, by means of lines or strokes eaten in or corroded by means of some strong acid. The plate is first covered with varnish, or some other ground capable of resisting the acid, and this is then scored or scratched with a needle, or similar instrument, so as to form the drawing; the plate is then covered with acid, which corrodes the metal in the lines thus laid bare. 2. To subject to etching; to draw upon and bite with acid, as a plate of metal. “I was etching a plate at the beginning of 1875.” Hamerton. 3. To sketch; to delineate. [R.] “There are many empty terms to be found in some learned writes, to which they had recourse to etch out their system.” Locke.

Etch, v. i. To practice etching; to make etchings.

Etch´er , n. One who etches.

Etch´ing, n. 1. The act, art, or practice of engraving by means of acid which eats away lines or surfaces left unprotected in metal, glass, or the like. See Etch, v. t. 2. A design carried out by means of the above process; a pattern on metal, glass, etc., produced by etching. 3. An impression on paper, parchment, or other material, taken in ink from an etched plate. Etching figures (Min.), markings produced on the face of a crystal by the action of an appropriate solvent. They have usually a definite form, and are important as revealing the molecular structure. — Etching needle, a sharp-pointed steel instrument with which lines are drawn in the ground or varnish in etching. — Etching stitch (Needlework), a stitch used outline embroidery.

E•te•os´tic , n. [Gr. , , year + row.] A kind of chronogram. [R.] B. Jonson.

E•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [Pref. e- + terminable.] Interminable. [Obs.] Skelton. { E•tern´ E•terne´ }, a. [OF. eterne, L. aeternus, for aeviturnus, fr. aevum age. See Age, and cf. Eternal.] Eternal. [Poetic] Shak. “Built up to eterne significance.” Mrs. Browning.

E•ter´nal , a. [F. eternel, L. aeternalis, fr. aeternus. See Etern.] 1. Without beginning or end of existence; always existing. “The eternal God is thy refuge.” Deut. xxxiii. 27. “To know wether there were any real being, whose duration has been eternal.” Locke. 2. Without end of existence or duration; everlasting; endless; immortal. “That they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus, with eternal glory.” 2 Tim. ii. 10. 3. Continued without intermission; perpetual; ceaseless; constant. “And fires eternal in thy temple shine.” Dryden. 4. Existing at all times without change; immutable. “Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed.” Dryden. “What are the eternal objects of poetry among all nations, and at all times?” M. Arnold. 5. Exceedingly great or bad; — used as a strong intensive. ´Some eternal villain.´ The Eternal City, an appellation of Rome. Syn. — Everlasting; endless; infinite; ceaseless; perpetual; interminable. See Everlasting.

E•ter´nal, n. 1. One of the appellations of God. “Law whereby the Eternal himself doth work.” Hooker. 2. That which is endless and immortal. Young.

E•ter´nal•ist, n. One who holds the existence of matter to be from eternity. T. Burnet.

E•ter´nal•ize , v. t. To make eternal. Shelton.

E•ter´nal•ly, adv. In an eternal manner. “That which is morally good or evil at any time or in any case, must be also eternally and unchangeably so.” South. “Where western gales eternally reside.” Addison.

E•terne´ , a. See Etern.

E•ter´ni•fy , v. t. To make eternal. [Obs.] “Fame … eternifies the name.” Mir. for Mag.

E•ter´ni•ty , n.; pl. Eternities (#). [F. eternite, L. aeternitas, fr. aeternus. See Etern.] 1. Infinite duration, without beginning in the past or end in the future; also duration without end in the future; endless time. “The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.” Is. lvii. 15. 2. Condition which begins at death; immortality. “Thou know’st ’t is common; all that lives must die,
Passing through nature to eternity.” Shak.

E•ter•ni•za´tion , n. The act of eternizing; the act of rendering immortal or famous.

E•ter´nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eternized p. pr. & vb. n. Eterniziing.] [Cf. F. eterniser.] 1. To make eternal or endless. “This other [gift] served but to eternize woe.” Milton. 2. To make forever famous; to immortalize; as to eternize one’s self, a name, exploits. “St. Alban’s battle won by famous York,
Shall be eternized in all age to come.” Shak.

E•te´sian , a. [L. etesiae, pl., periodic winds, Gr. , fr. year: cf. F. etesien.] Periodical; annual; — applied to winds which annually blow from the north over the Mediterranean, esp. the eastern part, for an irregular period during July and August.

Eth´al , n. [Ether + alcohol: cf. F. ethal.] (Chem.) A white waxy solid, C_16H_33.OH; — called also cetylic alcohol. See Cetylic alcohol, under Cetylic.

Eth´ane , n. [From Ether.] (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, C_2H_6, forming a constituent of ordinary illuminating gas. It is the second member of the paraffin series, and its most important derivatives are common alcohol, aldehyde, ether, and acetic acid. Called also dimethyl.

Ethe , a. [See Eath.] Easy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Eth´el , a. [AS. eele, aeele. See Atheling.] Noble. [Obs.]

Eth´ene , n. (Chem.) Ethylene; olefiant gas.

E•then´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from. or resembling, ethene or ethylene; as ethenic ether.

Eth´e•nyl , n. [Ethene + - yl.] (Chem.) (a) A trivalent hydrocarbon radical, CH_3.C. (b) A univalent hydrocarbon radical of the ethylene series, CH_2:CH; — called also vinyl. See Vinyl.

E•the•os´to•moid , a. [NL. etheostoma name of a genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, the genus Etheostoma. — n. Any fish of the genus Etheostoma and related genera, allied to the perches; — also called darter. The etheostomoids are small and often bright-colored fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of North America. About seventy species are known. See Darter.

E´ther (e´ther), n. [L. aether, Gr. a’iqh•r, fr. a’i•qein to light up, kindle, burn, blaze; akin to Skr. idh, indh, and prob. to E. idle: cf. F. ether.] [Written also aether.] 1. (Physics) A medium of great elasticity and extreme tenuity, supposed to pervade all space, the interior of solid bodies not excepted, and to be the medium of transmission of light and heat; hence often called luminiferous ether. 2. Supposed matter above the air; the air itself. 3. (Chem.) (a) A light, volatile, mobile, inflammable liquid, (C_2H_5)2O, of a characteristic aromatic odor, obtained by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid, and hence called also sulphuric ether. It is powerful solvent of fats, resins, and pyroxylin, but finds its chief use as an anaesthetic. Called also ethyl oxide. (b) Any similar oxide of hydrocarbon radicals; as amyl ether; valeric ether. Complex ether, Mixed ether (Chem.), an oxide of two different radicals in the same molecule; as ethyl methyl ether, C_2H_5.O.CH_3. — Compound ether (Chem.), an ethereal salt or a salt of some hydrocarbon as the base; an ester. — Ether engine (Mach.), a condensing engine like a steam engine, but operated by the vapor of ether instead of by steam.

E•the´re•al , a. 1. Pertaining to the hypothetical upper, purer air, or to the higher regions beyond the earth or beyond the atmosphere; celestial; as ethereal space; ethereal regions. “Go, heavenly guest, ethereal messenger.” Milton. 2. Consisting of ether; hence, exceedingly light or airy; tenuous; spiritlike; characterized by extreme delicacy, as form, manner, thought, etc. “Vast chain of being, which from God began,
Natures ethereal, human, angel, man.” Pope. 3. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, ether; as ethereal salts. Ethereal oil. (Chem.) See Essential oil, under Essential. — Ethereal oil of wine (Chem.), a heavy, yellow, oily liquid consisting essentially of etherin, etherol, and ethyl sulphate. It is the oily residuum left after etherification. Called also heavy oil of wine (distinguished from oil of wine, or œnanthic ether). — Ethereal salt (Chem.), a salt of some organic radical as a base; an ester.

E•the´re•al•ism , n. Ethereality.

E•the•re•al´i•ty , n. The state of being ethereal; etherealness. “Something of that ethereality of thought and manner which belonged to Wordsworth’s earlier lyrics.” J. C. Shairp.

E•the•re•al•i•za´tion , n. An ethereal or spiritlike state. J. H. Stirling.

E•the´re•al•ize , v. t. 1. To convert into ether, or into subtile fluid; to saturate with ether. 2. To render ethereal or spiritlike. “Etherealized, moreover, by spiritual communications with the other world.” Hawthorne.

E•the´re•al•ly, adv. In an ethereal manner.

E•the´re•al•ness , n. Ethereality.

E•the´re•ous , a. [L. aethereus, Gr. See Ether.] 1. Formed of ether; ethereal. [Obs.] “This ethereous mold whereon we stand.” Milton. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or resembling, ether. Ethereous oil. See Ethereal oil, under Ethereal.

E•ther•i•fi•ca´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of making ether; specifically, the process by which a large quantity of alcohol is transformed into ether by the agency of a small amount of sulphuric, or ethyl sulphuric, acid.

E•ther´i•form , a. [Ether + form.] Having the form of ether.

E´ther•in, n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline hydrocarbon, regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, obtained in heavy oil of wine, the residue left after making ether; — formerly called also concrete oil of wine.

E•ther•i•za´tion n. (Med.) (a) The administration of ether to produce insensibility. (b) The state of the system under the influence of ether.

E´ther•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etherized p. pr. & vb. n. Etherizing ] [Cf. F. etheriser.] 1. To convert into ether. 2. To render insensible by means of ether, as by inhalation; as to etherize a patient.

E´ther•ol , n. [Ether + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An oily hydrocarbon regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, produced with etherin. { Eth´ic , Eth´ic•al } a. [L. ethicus, Gr. , fr. custom, usage, character, dwelling; akin to custom, Goth. sidus, G. sitte, Skr. svadh, prob. orig., one’s own doing; sva self + dh to set: cf. F. ethique. See So, Do.] Of, or belonging to, morals; treating of the moral feelings or duties; containing percepts of morality; moral; as ethic discourses or epistles; an ethical system; ethical philosophy. “The ethical meaning of the miracles.” Trench. Ethical dative (Gram.), a use of the dative of a pronoun to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by some one; as Quid mihi Celsus agit? How does my friend Celsus do?

Eth´ic•al•ly, adv. According to, in harmony with, moral principles or character.

Eth´i•cist , n. One who is versed in ethics, or has written on ethics.

Eth´ics , n. [Cf. F. ethique. See Ethic.] The science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science; a particular system of principles and rules concerting duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as political or social ethics; medical ethics. “The completeness and consistency of its morality is the peculiar praise of the ethics which the Bible has taught.” I. Taylor.

Eth´ide , n. (Chem.) Any compound of ethyl of a binary type; as potassium ethide.

Eth´i•dene , n. [From Ether.] (Chem.) Ethylidene. [Obs.]

Eth´ine , n. (Chem.) Acetylene.

Eth•i•on´ic , a. [Ethyl + thionic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid so called. Ethionic acid (Chem.), a liquid derivative of ethylsulphuric and sulphuric (thionic) acids, obtained by the action of sulphur trioxide on absolute alcohol. { E´thi•op , E•thi•o´pi•an }, n. [L. Aethiops, Gr. ; to burn + face.] A native or inhabitant of Ethiopia; also in a general sense, a negro or black man. { E•thi•o´pi•an , E•thi•op´ic } a. Of or relating to Ethiopia or the Ethiopians.

E•thi•op´ic, n. The language of ancient Ethiopia; the language of the ancient Abyssinian empire (in Ethiopia), now used only in the Abyssinian church. It is of Semitic origin, and is also called Geez.

E´thi•ops n. [NL. See Ethiop.] (Old Chem.) A black substance; — formerly applied to various preparations of a black or very dark color. [Written also AEthiops.] [Obs.] Ethiops martial (Old Chem.), black oxide of iron. — Ethiops mineral (Old Chem.), black sulphide of mercury, obtained by triturating mercury with sulphur. — Ethiops per se (Old Chem.), mercury in finely divided state, having the appearance of a dark powder, obtained by shaking it up or by exposure to the air. { Eth´moid , Eth•moid´al } a. [Gr. like a sieve; sieve + from: cf. F. ethmoïde, ethmoïdal.] (Anat.) (a) Like a sieve; cribriform. (b) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ethmoid bone. Ethmoid bone (Anat.), a bone of complicated structure through which the olfactory nerves pass out of the cranium and over which they are largely distributed.

Eth´moid n. (Anat.) The ethmoid bone.

Eth•mo•tru´bi•nal , a. [Ethmoid + turbinal.] See Turbinal. - - n. An ethmoturbinal bone.

Eth•mo•vo´mer•ine , n. [Ethmoid + vomerine.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the region of the vomer and the base of the ethmoid in the skull. Ethmovomerine plate (Anat.), a cartilaginous plate beneath the front of the fetal brain which the ethmoid region of the skull is developed.

Eth´narch , n. [Gr. ; nation + leader, commander. See -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.) The governor of a province or people. Lew Wallace.

Eth´narch•y n. [Gr. .] The dominion of an ethnarch; principality and rule. Wright. { Eth´nic , Eth´nic•al } a. [L. ethnicus, Gr. , fr. nation, the nations, heathens, gentiles: cf. F. ethnique.] 1. Belonging to races or nations; based on distinctions of race; ethnological. 2. Pertaining to the gentiles, or nations not converted to Christianity; heathen; pagan; — opposed to Jewish and Christian.

Eth´nic n. A heathen; a pagan. [Obs.] “No better reported than impure ethnic and lay dogs.” Milton.

Eth´nic•al•ly , adv. In an ethnical manner.

Eth´ni•cism n. Heathenism; paganism; idolatry. [Obs.] ´Taint of ethnicism.´ B. Jonson.

Eth•nog´ra•pher n. One who investigates ethnography. { Eth•no•graph´ic , Eth•no•graph´ic•al , }. a. [Cf. F. ethnographique.] pertaining to ethnography.

Eth•no•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In an ethnographical manner.

Eth•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. nation + -graphy: cf. F. ethnographie.] That branch of knowledge which has for its subject the characteristics of the human family, developing the details with which ethnology as a comparative science deals; descriptive ethnology. See Ethnology. { Eth•no•log´ic , Eth•no•log´ic•al } a Of or pertaining to ethnology.

Eth•no•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In an ethnological manner; by ethnological classification; as one belonging ethnologically to an African race.

Eth•nol´o•gist , n. One versed in ethnology; a student of ethnology.

Eth•nol´o•gy n. [Gr. nation + -logy.] The science which treats of the division of mankind into races, their origin, distribution, and relations, and the peculiarities which characterize them. { Eth•o•log´ic , Eth•o•log´ic•al } a [See Ethology.] treating of, or pertaining to, ethnic or morality, or the science of character. J. S. Mill.

E•thol´o•gist n. One who studies or writes upon ethology.

E•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a depicting of character; custom, moral nature + to speak.] 1. A treatise on morality; ethics. 2. The science of the formation of character, national and collective as well as individual. J. S. Mill.

Eth´o•po•et´ic [Gr. ; custom, manners + to make or form.] Expressing character. [Obs.] Urquhart.

Eth´ule [Ether + Gr. substance, base. Cf. Ethyl, and see -yl.] (Chem.) Ethyl. [Obs.]

Eth´yl , n. [Ether + - yl.] (Chem.) A monatomic, hydrocarbon radical, C_2H_5 of the paraffin series, forming the essential radical of ethane, and of common alcohol and ether. Ethyl aldehyde. (Chem.) See Aldehyde.

Eth•yl•am´ine , n. [Ethyl + amine.] (Chem.) A colorless, mobile, inflammable liquid, C_2H_5.NH_2, very volatile and with an ammoniacal odor. It is a strong base, and is a derivative of ammonia. Called also ethyl carbamine, and amido ethane.

Eth´yl•ate (-at), n. [From Ethyl.] (Chem.) A compound derived from ethyl alcohol by the replacement of the hydroxyl hydrogen, after the manner of a hydrate; an ethyl alcoholate; as potassium ethylate, C_2H_5.O.K.

Eth´yl•ene (-en), n. [From Ethyl.] (Chem.) A colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon, C_2H_4, forming an important ingredient of illuminating gas and also obtained by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid in alcohol. It is an unsaturated compound and combines directly with chlorine and bromine to form oily liquids (Dutch liquid), — hence called olefiant gas. Called also ethene, elayl, and formerly, bicarbureted hydrogen. Ethylene series (Chem.), the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons of which ethylene is the type, and represented by the general formula CnH_2n.

E•thyl´ic (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, ethyl; as ethylic alcohol.

E•thyl´i•dene (Chem.) An unsymmetrical, divalent, hydrocarbon radical, C_2H_4 metameric with ethylene but written thus, CH_3.CH to distinguish it from the symmetrical ethylene, CH_2.CH_2. Its compounds are derived from aldehyde. Formerly called also ethidene.

Eth´yl•in (Chem.) Any one of the several complex ethers of ethyl and glycerin.

Eth•yl•sul•phu´ric a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, ethyl and sulphuric acid. Ethylsulphuric acid (Chem.), an acid sulphate of ethyl, H.C_2H_5.SO_4, produced as a thick liquid by the action of sulphiric acid on alcohol. It appears to be the active catalytic agent in the process of etherification.

E´ti•o•late v. i. [imp. & p. p. Etiolated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Etiolating.] [F. etioler to blanch.] 1. To become white or whiter; to be whitened or blanched by excluding the light of the sun, as plants. 2. (Med.) To become pale through disease or absence of light.

E´ti•o•late, v. t. 1. To blanch; to bleach; to whiten by depriving of the sun’s rays. 2. (Med.) To cause to grow pale by disease or absence of light. { E´ti•o•late , E´ti•o•la•ted } a. Having a blanched or faded appearance, as birds inhabiting desert regions.

E•ti•o•la´tion , n. 1. The operation of blanching plants, by excluding the light of the sun; the condition of a blanched plant. 2. (Med.) Paleness produced by absence of light, or by disease. Dunglison.

E´ti•o•lin , n. [See Etiolate.] (Bot.) A yellowish coloring matter found in plants grown in darkness, which is supposed to be an antecedent condition of chlorophyll. Encyc. Brit.

E•ti•o•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or inquiring into, causes; aetiological.

E•ti•ol´o•gy , n. [Cf. F. etiologie.] The science of causes. Same as tiology.

Et´i•quette , n. [F. prop., a little piece of paper, or a mark or title, affixed to a bag or bundle, expressing its contents, a label, ticket, OF. estiquete, of German origin; cf. LG. stikke peg, pin, tack, stikken to stick, G. stecken. See Stick, and cf. Ticket.] The forms required by good breeding, or prescribed by authority, to be observed in social or official life; observance of the proprieties of rank and occasion; conventional decorum; ceremonial code of polite society. “The pompous etiquette to the court of Louis the Fourteenth.” Prescott.

Et´na , n. A kind of small, portable, cooking apparatus for which heat is furnished by a spirit lamp. “There should certainly be an etna for getting a hot cup of coffee in a hurry.” V. Baker.

Et•ne´an , a. [L. Aetnaeus, Gr. , fr. (L. Aetna, Aetne).] Pertaining to Etna, a volcanic mountain in Sicily.

e•toile´ (a•twäl´), n. [F.] (Her.) See Estoile.

E•tru´ri•an , a. Of or relating to ancient Etruria, in Italy. ´Etrurian Shades.´ Milton, — n. A native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria.

E•trus´can , n. [L. Etruscus.] Of or relating to Etruria. — n. A native or inhabitant of Etruria.

Et´ter pike , n. [Cf. Atter.] (Zoöl.) The stingfish, or lesser weever (Tranchinus vipera).

Et´tin , n. [SA. eten, eoten, orig., gluttonous, fr. etan to eat.] A giant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Et´tle , v. t. [Perh. the same word as addle to earn; bur cf. OE. atlien, etlien, to intend, prepare, Icel. aetla to think, suppose, mean.] To earn. [Obs.] See Addle, to earn. Boucher.

e•tude´ (a•tud´), n. [F. See Study.] 1. A composition in the fine arts which is intended, or may serve, for a study. 2. (Mus.) A study; an exercise; a piece for practice of some special point of technical execution.

e•tui´ (a•twe´), n. [F.] A case for one or several small articles; esp., a box in which scissors, tweezers, and other articles of toilet or of daily use are carried.

Et•wee´ (et•ee´), n. See etui. Shenstone.

Et´ym (et´im), n. See Etymon. H. F. Talbot.

E•tym´ic (e•tim´ik), a. Relating to the etymon; as an etymic word.

Et•y•mol´o•ger (et•i•mol´o•jer), n. An etymologist.

Et•y•mo•log´ic•al (- mo•loj´i•kal), a. [L. etymologicus, Gr. ’etymologiko•s: cf. F. etymologique. See Etymology.] Pertaining to etymology, or the derivation of words. — Et•y•mo•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Et•y•mo•log´i•con (-i•kon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’etymologiko•n, prop. neut. sing. from ’etymologiko•s.] An etymological dictionary or manual.

Et•y•mol´o•gist (et•i•mol´o•jist), n. [Cf. F. etymologiste.] One who investigates the derivation of words.

Et•y•mol´o•gize (-jiz), v. t. [Cf. F. etymologiser.] To give the etymology of; to trace to the root or primitive, as a word. Camden

Et•y•mol´o•gize, v. t. To search into the origin of words; to deduce words from their simple roots. “How perilous it is to etymologize at random.” Trench.

Et•y•mol´o•gy (-jy), n.; pl. Etymologies (-jiz). [L. etymologia, Gr. ’etymologi•a; ’e•tymon etymon + lo•gos discourse, description: cf. F. etymologie. See Etymon, and -logy.] 1. That branch of philological science which treats of the history of words, tracing out their origin, primitive significance, and changes of form and meaning. 2. That part of grammar which relates to the changes in the form of the words in a language; inflection.

Et´y•mon , n.; pl. E. Etymons (#), Gr. Etyma (#). [L., fr. Gr. ’e•tymon the true literal sense of a word according to its derivation, an etymon, fr. true, real, prob, akin to Skr. sotya, E. sooth. See Sooth.] 1. An original form; primitive word; root. 2. Original or fundamental signification. [R.] “Given as the etymon or genuine sense of the word.” Coleridge.

E•typ´ic•al , a. [Pref. e- + typical.] (Biol.) Diverging from, or lacking conformity to, a type.

Eu [Gr. well, orig. neut. of good; prob. connected with Skr. su, from the same root as E. is; or with Skr. vasu good, prob. fr. the same root as E. was.] A prefix used frequently in composition, signifying well, good, advantageous; — the opposite of dys-.

Eu•cai´rite , n. [Gr. seasonable, opportune; well, good + season.] (Min.) A metallic mineral, a selenide of copper and silver; — so called by Berzelius on account of its being found soon after the discovery of the metal selenium.

Eu´ca•lyn (u´ka•lin), n. (Chem.) An unfermentable sugar, obtained as an uncrystallizable sirup by the decomposition of melitose; also obtained from a Tasmanian eucalyptus, — whence its name.

Eu•ca•lyp•tol , n. [Eucalyptus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A volatile, terpenelike oil extracted from the eucalyptus, and consisting largely of cymene.

Eu•ca•lyp´tus , n. [NL., from GR. well, good + covered. The buds of Eucalyptus have a hemispherical or conical covering, which falls off at anthesis.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous genus of trees, mostly Australian. Many of them grow to an immense height, one or two species exceeding the height even of the California Sequoia. They have rigid, entire leaves with one edge turned toward the zenith. Most of them secrete resinous gums, whence they called gum trees, and their timber is of great value. Eucalyptus Globulus is the blue gum; E. gigantea, the stringy bark: E. amygdalina, the peppermint tree. E. Gunnii, the Tasmanian cider tree, yields a refreshing drink from wounds made in the bark in the spring. Other species yield oils, tars, acids, dyes and tans. It is said that miasmatic valleys in Algeria and Portugal, and a part of the unhealthy Roman Campagna, have been made more salubrious by planting groves of these trees.

Eu´cha•ris , n. [NL., fr. L. eucharis agreeable, Gr. e’y•charis See Eucharist.] (Bot.) A genus of South American amaryllidaceous plants with large and beautiful white blossoms.

Eu´cha•rist , n. [L. eucharistia, Gr. e’ycharisti•a, lit., a giving of thanks; e’y^ + cha•ris favor, grace, thanks; akin to chai•rein to rejoice, and prob. to yearn: cf. F. eucharistie.] 1. The act of giving thanks; thanksgiving. [Obs.] “Led through the vale of tears to the region of eucharist and hallelujahs.” South. 2. (Eccl.) The sacrament of the Lord’s Supper; the solemn act of ceremony of commemorating the death of Christ, in the use of bread and wine, as the appointed emblems; the communion. — See Sacrament. { Eu•cha•ris´tic , Eu•cha•ris´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. eucharistie.] 1. Giving thanks; expressing thankfulness; rejoicing. [Obs.] “The eucharistical part of our daily devotions.” Ray. 2. Pertaining to the Lord’s Supper. ´The eucharistic sacrament.´ Sir. G. C. Lewis.

Eu´chite , n. [From Gr. to pray.] One who resolves religion into prayer. [Obs.] Gauden.

Eu•chlo´ric , a. [Gr. e’y•chlwro•s fresh and green; e’y^ well + chlwro•s pale green.] (Chem.) Relating to, or consisting of, euchlorine; as euchloric gas. Davy.

Eu•chlo´rine , n. [Cf. F. euchlorine. See Euchloric.] (Chem.) A yellow or greenish yellow gas first prepared by Davy, evolved from potassium chlorate and hydrochloric acid. It is supposed to consist of chlorine tetroxide with some free chlorine. { Eu•cho•lo´gi•on , Eu•chol´o•gy } n. [NL. euchologion, Gr. prayer book; prayer, vow (fr. to pray) + to say, speak.] (Eccl.) A formulary of prayers; the book of offices in the Greek Church, containing the liturgy, sacraments, and forms of prayers.

Eu´cho•logue, n. [F. euchologe.] Euchology. [R.]

Eu´chre , n. [Perh. from F. ecarte.] A game at cards, that may be played by two, three, or four persons, the highest card (except when an extra card called the Joker is used) being the knave of the same suit as the trump, and called right bower, the lowest card used being the seven, or frequently, in two-handed euchre, the nine spot. See Bower.

Eu´chre, v. t. 1. To defeat, in a game of euchre, the side that named the trump. 2. To defeat or foil thoroughly in any scheme. [Slang.]

Eu•chro´ic , a. [Gr. well- colored; well + color.] (Chem.) Having a fine color. Euchroic acid (Chem.), an organic, imide acid, obtained as a colorless crystalline substance, C_12H_4N_2O_8 by heating an ammonium salt of mellitic acid. By reduction it is changed to a dark blue substance (euchrone), — hence its name.

Eu´chro•ite , n. [See Euchroic.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in transparent emerald green crystals. It is hydrous arseniate of copper.

Eu´chrone n. (Chem.) A substance obtained from euchroic acid. See Eychroic.

Eu´chy•my , n. [Gr. well + juice liquid. See Chyme.] (Med.) A good state of the blood and other fluids of the body.

Eu´clase n. [Gr. well, easily + to break. Cf. F. euclase, G. euklas. See named from its brittleness.] (Min.) A brittle gem occurring in light green, transparent crystals, affording a brilliant clinodiagonal cleavage. It is a silicate of alumina and glucina.

Eu´clid , n. A Greek geometer of the 3d century b. c.; also his treatise on geometry, and hence, the principles of geometry, in general.

Eu•clid´i•an , n. Related to Euclid, or to the geometry of Euclid. Euclidian space (Geom.), the kind of space to which the axioms and definitions of Euclid, relative to straight lines and parallel lines, apply; — called also flat space, and homaloidal space.

Eu•co•pep´o•da , n. pl. [NL. See Eu- and Copepoda.] (Zoöl.) A group which includes the typical copepods and the lerneans.

Eu´cra•sy [Gr. ; , well-tempered; e’y^ well + to mix, temper: cf. F. eucrasie.] (Med.) Such a due mixture of qualities in bodies as constitutes health or soundness. Quincy.

Euc´tic•al [Gr. , fr. to pray, wish.] Expecting a wish; supplicatory. [R.] “Sacrifices … distinguished into expiatory, euctical, and eucharistical.” Bp. Law. { Eu•de´mon , Eu•dae´mon }, n. [Gr. e’y^ well, good + one’s demon.] A good angel. Southey. { Eu•de•mon´ics , Eu•dae•mon´ics }, n. [Gr. conducive to happiness. See Eudemonism.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of happiness; the science of happiness; — contrasted with aretaics. J. Grote. { Eu•de´mon•ism , Eu•dae´mon•ism }, n. [Gr. a thinking happy, fr, blessed with a good genius, happy; e’y^ well, good + one’s demon of genius. See Demon.] That system of ethics which defines and enforces moral obligation by its relation to happiness or personal well-being. { Eu•de´mon•ist , Eu•dae´mon•ist }, n. One who believes in eudemonism. “I am too much of a eudaemonist; I hanker too much after a state of happiness both for myself and others.” De Quincey. { Eu•de•mon•is´tic , Eu•dae•mon•is´tic }, a. Of or pertaining to eudemonism. { Eu•de•mon•is´tic•al , Eu•dae•mon•is´tic•al }, a. Eudemonistic.

Eu•di´a•lyte , n. [Gr. e’y^ well, easily + to dissolve. So called because easily dissolvable in acids.] (Min.) A mineral of a brownish red color and vitreous luster, consisting chiefly of the silicates of iron, zirconia, and lime.

Eu•di•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. fair, clear weather, fr. fine, clear ( said of the air or weather) + -meter: cf. F. ediomètre.] (Chem.) An instrument for the volumetric measurement of gases; — so named because frequently used to determine the purity of the air. It usually consists of a finely graduated and calibrated glass tube, open at one end, the bottom; and having near the top a pair of platinum wires fused in, to allow the passage of an electric spark, as the process involves the explosion and combustion of one of the ingredients to be determined. The operation is conducted in a trough of mercury, or sometimes over water. Cf. Burette. Ure’s eudiometer has the tube bent in the form of the letter. U. { Eu•di•o•met´ric , Eu•di•o•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to a eudiometer; as eudiometrical experiments or results.

Eu•di•om´e•try , n. [Cf. F. eudiometrie.] (Chem.) The art or process of determining the constituents of a gaseous mixture by means of the eudiometer, or for ascertaining the purity of the air or the amount of oxygen in it.

Eu•di•pleu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. e’y^ well + double + rib,, pl.,side.] (Biol.) The fundamental forms of organic life, that are composed of two equal and symmetrical halves. Syd. Soc. Lex.

Eu•dox´i•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eudoxius, patriarch of Antioch and Constantinople in the 4th century, and a celebrated defender of the doctrines of Arius.

Eu•ga•noi´de•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. e’y^ well + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl) A group which includes the bony ganoids, as the gar pikes.

Eu´ge , n. [L., well done! bravo! Gr. .] Applause. [Obs.] Hammond.

Eu•ge´ni•a (u•je´ni•a), n. [NL. Named in honor of Prince Eugene of Savoy.] (Bot.) A genus of myrtaceous plants, mostly of tropical countries, and including several aromatic trees and shrubs, among which are the trees which produce allspice and cloves of commerce.

Eu•gen´ic (u•jen´ik), a. [See Eugenia.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cloves; as eugenic acid.

Eu•gen´ic (u•jen´ik), a. [Gr. e’ygenh•s.] Well-born; of high birth. Atlantic Monthly.

Eu•gen´ics , n. The science of improving stock, whether human or animal. F. Galton.

Eu´ge•nin , n. (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline substance extracted from oil of cloves; — called also clove camphor.

Eu´ge•nol , n. [Eugenia + -ol.] (Chem.) A colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon, C_10H_12O_2 resembling the phenols, and hence also called eugenic acid. It is found in the oils of pimento and cloves.

Eu´ge•ny [Gr. , fr. e’ygenh•s well born; e’y^ well + race.] Nobleness of birth. [Obs.] { Eu•get´ic , Eu•ge•tin´ic } a. (Chem) Pertaining to, or derived from, eugenol; as eugetic acid.

Eugh , n. [See Yew.] The yew. [Obs.] Dryden. { Eu•gu´bi•an , Eu´gu•bine } a. Of or pertaining to the ancient town of Eugubium (now Gubbio); as the Eugubine tablets, or tables, or inscriptions.

Eu•har•mon´ic , a. [Pref. -eu + harmonic.] (Mus.) Producing mathematically perfect harmony or concord; sweetly or perfectly harmonious.

Eu•hem´er•ism n. [L. Euhemerus, Gr. a philosopher, about 300 .] The theory, held by Euhemerus, that the gods of mythology were but deified mortals, and their deeds only the amplification in imagination of human acts.

Eu•hem´er•ist, n. One who advocates euhemerism.

Eu•hem•er•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to euhemerism.

Eu•hem´er•ize v. t. To interpret (mythology) on the theory of euhemerism.

Eu•i•sop´o•da pl. [NL. See Eu- and Isopoda.] (Zoöl.) A group which includes the typical Isopoda.

Eu´la•chon , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The candlefish. [Written also oulachan, oolacan, and ulikon.] See Candlefish.

Eu•le´ri•an a. Pertaining to Euler, a German mathematician of the 18th century. Eulerian integrals, certain definite integrals whose properties were first investigated by Euler. { Eu•log´ic , Eu•log´ic•al } a. [See Eulogy.] Bestowing praise of eulogy; commendatory; eulogistic. [R.] — Eu•log´ic•al•ly, adv. [R.]

Eu´lo•gist n. One who eulogizes or praises; panegyrist; encomiast. Buckle. { Eu•lo•gis´tic , Eu•lo•gis´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to eulogy; characterized by eulogy; bestowing praise; panegyrical; commendatory; laudatory; as eulogistic speech or discourse. — Eu´lo•gis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Eu•lo´gi•um n.; pl. Eulogiums (#). [LL., fr. Gr. eulogy.] A formal eulogy. Smollett.

Eu´lo•gize v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eulogized. ; p. pr. & vb. n. Eulogizing ] To speak or write in commendation of (another); to extol in speech or writing; to praise.

Eu´lo•gy , n.; pl. Eulogies (#). [Gr. , from well speaking; e’y^ well + to speak. Cf. Eulogium, and see Legend.] A speech or writing in commendation of the character or services of a person; as a fitting eulogy to worth. “Eulogies turn into elegies.” Spenser. Syn. — Encomium; praise; panegyric; applause. — Eulogy, Eulogium, Encomium, Panegyric. The idea of praise is common to all these words. The word encomium is used of both persons and things which are the result of human action, and denotes warm praise. Eulogium and eulogy apply only to persons and are more studied and of greater length. A panegyric was originally a set speech in a full assembly of the people, and hence denotes a more formal eulogy, couched in terms of warm and continuous praise, especially as to personal character. We may bestow encomiums on any work of art, on production of genius, without reference to the performer; we bestow eulogies, or pronounce a eulogium, upon some individual distinguished for his merit public services; we pronounce a panegyric before an assembly gathered for the occasion.

Eu´ly•tite , n. [Gr. e’y^ well + to dissolve.] (Min.) A mineral, consisting chiefly of the silicate of bismuth, found at Freiberg; — called also culytine.

Eu•men´i•des , n. pl. [L., from Gr. lit., gracious goddesses.] (Class. Myth.) A euphemistic name for the Furies of Erinyes.

Eu•mol´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sweetly singing.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles, one species of which (E. viti) is very injurious to the vines in the wine countries of Europe.

Eu•no´mi•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eunomius, bishop of Cyzicus (4th century A. D.), who held that Christ was not God but a created being, having a nature different from that of the Father. — a. Of or pertaining to Eunomius or his doctrine.

Eu´no•my , n. [Gr. ; e’y^ well + law.] Equal law, or a well-adjusted constitution of government. [R.] Mitford.

Eu´nuch , n. [L. eunuchus, Gr. , prop., keeping or guarding the couch; couch, bed, + to have, hold, keep.] A male of the human species castrated; commonly, one of a class of such persons, in Oriental countries, having charge of the women’s apartments. Some of them, in former times, gained high official rank. { Eu´nuch , Eu´nuch•ate } v. t. [L. eunuchare.] To make a eunuch of; to castrate. as a man. Creech. Sir. T. Browne.

Eu´nuch•ism , n. [L. eunuchismus an unmanning, Gr. : cf. F. eunuchisme eunuchism.] The state of being eunuch. Bp. Hall.

Eu•on´y•min , n. (Med.) A principle or mixture of principles derived from Euonymus atropurpureus, or spindle tree.

Eu•on´y•mus , n. [NL. (cf. L. euonymos). fr. Gr. , lit., of good name.] (Bot.) A genus of small European and American trees; the spindle tree. The bark is used as a cathartic.

Eu•or•ni´thes , n. pl. [NL., fr., Gr. e’y^ well + , a bird.] (Zoöl.) The division of Aves which includes all the typical birds, or all living birds except the penguins and birds of ostrichlike form.

Eu•os´mitte , n. [Gr. e’y^ well + a smell.] (Min.) A fossil resin, so called from its strong, peculiar, pleasant odor.

Eu´pa•thy , n. [Gr. comfort, happy condition of the soul. See Eu-, and Pathetic.] Right feeling. [R.] Harris. { Eu•pat´o•rin , Eu•pat´o•rine } , n. (Med.) A principle or mixture of principles extracted from various species of Eupatorium.

Eu•pa•to´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Eupator, king of Pontus, said to have used it as a medicine.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial, composite herbs including hemp agrimony, boneset, throughwort, etc.

Eu´pa•trid , n. [Gr. e’y^ well + father.] One well born, or of noble birth. { Eu•pep´si•a , Eu•pep´sy } n. [NL. eupepsia, Fr. Gr. , fr. easy of digestion; e’y^ well + to cook, digest.] (Med.) Soundness of the nutritive or digestive organs; good concoction or digestion; — opposed to dyspepsia.

Eu•pep´tic , a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to good digestion; easy of digestion; having a good digestion; as eupeptic food; an eupeptic man. “Wrapt in lazy eupeptic fat.” Carlyle.

Eu´phe•mism (u´fe•miz’m), n. [Gr. fr. to use word of a good omen; e’y^ well + to speak: cf. F. euphemisme. See Fame.] (Rhet.) A figure in which a harsh or indelicate word or expression is softened; a way of describing an offensive thing by an inoffensive expression; a mild name for something disagreeable. { Eu•phe•mis´tic , Eu•phe•mis´tic•al } a. Pertaining to euphemism; containing a euphemism; softened in expression. — Eu•phe•mis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Eu´phe•mize , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Euphemized p. pr. & vb. n. Euphemizing.] [Gr. .] To express by a euphemism, or in delicate language; to make use of euphemistic expressions.

Eu•pho´ni•ad , n. [See Euphony.] (Mus.) An instrument in which are combined the characteristic tones of the organ and various other instruments. [R.] { Eu•phon´ic , Eu•phon´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, euphony; agreeable in sound; pleasing to the ear; euphonious; as a euphonic expression; euphonical orthography.

Eu•phon´i•con (u•fon´i•kon), n. [See Euphony.] (Mus.) A kind of upright piano.

Eu•pho´ni•ous , a. Pleasing or sweet in sound; euphonic; smooth-sounding. Hallam. — Eu•pho´ni•ous•ly, adv.

Eu´pho•nism , n. An agreeable combination of sounds; euphony.

Eu•pho´ni•um , n. [NL. See Euphony.] (Mus.) A bass instrument of the saxhorn family.

Eu´pho•nize , v. t. To make euphonic. [R.]

Eu´pho•non , n. [See Euphony.] (Mus.) An instrument resembling the organ in tone and the upright piano in form. It is characterized by great strength and sweetness of tone.

Eu´pho•nous , n. Euphonious. [R.]

Eu´pho•ny , n.; pl. Euphonies (#). [L. euphonia, Gr. , fr. sweet-voiced; e’y^ well + sound, voice; akin to to speak: cf. F. euphonie.] A pleasing or sweet sound; an easy, smooth enunciation of sounds; a pronunciation of letters and syllables which is pleasing to the ear.

Eu•phor´bi•a , n. [NL., fr. L. euphorbea. See Euphorrium.] (Bot.) Spurge, or bastard spurge, a genus of plants of many species, mostly shrubby, herbaceous succulents, affording an acrid, milky juice. Some of them are armed with thorns. Most of them yield powerful emetic and cathartic products. { Eu•phor•bi•a´ceous , Eu•phor´bi•al } a. (Bot.) Of, relating to, or resembling, the Euphorbia family. { Eu•phor´bin , Eu•phor´bine } , n. (Med.) A principle, or mixture of principles, derived from various species of Euphorbia.

Eu•phor´bi•um , n. [NL., fr. L. euphorbeum, from Gr. ; — so called after Euphorbus, a Greek physician.] (Med.) An inodorous exudation, usually in the form of yellow tears, produced chiefly by the African Euphorbia resinifera. It was formerly employed medicinally, but was found so violent in its effects that its use is nearly abandoned.

Eu´pho•tide , n. [Gr. e’y^ well + , , light. So called because of its pleasing combination of white and green.] (Min.) A rock occurring in the Alps, consisting of saussurite and smaragdite; — sometimes called gabbro.

Eu´phra•sy (u´fra•sy), n. [NL. euphrasia, fr. Gr. e’yfrasi•a delight, fr. e’yfrai•nein to delight; e’y^ well + frh•n heart, mind: cf. LL. eufrasia, F. eufraise.] (Bot.) The plant eyebright (Euphrasia officionalis), formerly regarded as beneficial in disorders of the eyes. “Then purged with euphrasy and rue
The visual nerve, for he had much to see.” Milton.

Eu´phroe , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A block or long slat of wood, perforated for the passage of the crowfoot, or cords by which an awning is held up. [Written also uphroe and uvrou.] Knight.

Eu´phu•ism (u´fu•iz’m), n. [Gr. e’yfyh•s well grown, graceful; e’y^ well + fyh• growth, fr. fy•ein to grow. This affected style of conversation and writing, fashionable for some time in the court of Elizabeth, had its origin from the fame of Lyly’s books, ´Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit,´ and ´Euphues and his England.´] (Rhet.) An affectation of excessive elegance and refinement of language; high-flown diction.

Eu´phu•ist, n. One who affects excessive refinement and elegance of language; — applied esp. to a class of writers, in the age of Elizabeth, whose productions are marked by affected conceits and high-flown diction.

Eu•phu•is´tic , a. Belonging to the euphuists, or euphuism; affectedly refined.

Eu´phu•ize , v. t. To affect excessive refinement in language; to be overnice in expression.

Eu´pi•one , n. [Gr. very fat; e’y^ well + fat.] (Chem.) A limpid, oily liquid obtained by the destructive distillation of various vegetable and animal substances; — specifically, an oil consisting largely of the higher hydrocarbons of the paraffin series. [Written also eupion.]

Eu•pit´tone , n. [Pref. eu- + pittacal + -one.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline substance, resembling aurin, and obtained by the oxidation of pittacal; — called also eupittonic acid. [Written also eupitton.]

Eu•pit•ton´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, eupittone.

Eu•plas´tic , a. [Pref. eu- + -plastic.] (Med.) Having the capacity of becoming organizable in a high degree, as the matter forming the false membranes which sometimes result from acute inflammation in a healthy person. Dunglison.

Eu•plas´tic, n. (Med.) Organizable substance by which the tissues of an animal body are renewed.

Eu•plec•tel´la , n. [NL., fr. Gr. well plaited; e’y^ well + plaited.] (Zoöl) A genus of elegant, glassy sponges, consisting of interwoven siliceous fibers, and growing in the form of a cornucopia; — called also Venus’s flower-basket.

Eu•plex•op´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. e’y^ well + to plait + a wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects, including the earwig. The anterior wings are short, in the form of elytra, while the posterior wings fold up beneath them. See Earwig.

Eup•nae´a , n. [NL., fr. gr. easy breathing; well + to breathe.] (Physiol.) Normal breathing where arterialization of the blood is normal, in distinction from dyspnaea, in which the blood is insufficiently arterialized. Foster.

Eu•pyr´i•on , n. [Gr. well + fire.] A contrivance for obtaining a light instantaneously, as a lucifer match. Brande & C.

Eu•ra´sian , n. [European + Asian.] 1. A child of a European parent on the one side and an Asiatic on the other. 2. One born of European parents in Asia.

Eu•ra´sian , a. Of European and Asiatic descent; of or pertaining to both Europe and Asia; as the great Eurasian plain.

Eu•ra•si•at´io , a. (Geog.) Of or pertaining to the continents of Europe and Asia combined.

Eu•re´ka [Gr. I have found, perfect indicative of to find.] The exclamation attributed to Archimedes, who is said to have cried out ´Eureka! eureka!´ (I have found it! I have found it!), upon suddenly discovering a method of finding out how much the gold of King Hiero’s crown had been alloyed. Hence, an expression of triumph concerning a discovery.

Eu•rhip•i•du´rous , a. [Gr. well + a fan + a tail.] (Zoöl.) Having a fanlike tail; belonging to the Eurhipidurae, a division of Aves which includes all living birds.

Eu´ri•pize , v. t. [See Euripus.] To whirl hither and thither. [Obs.]

Eu•ri´pus , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; well + a rushing motion.] A strait; a narrow tract of water, where the tide, or a current, flows and reflows with violence, as the ancient frith of this name between Eubœa and Bœotia. Hence, a flux and reflux. Burke.

Eu´rite (u´rit), n. [Cf. F. eurite.] (Min.) A compact feldspathic rock; felsite. See Felsite.

Eu•rit´ic , a. Of or relating to eurite.

Eu•roc´ly•don , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; the southeast wind + wave, billow; according to another reading, , i. e. a north-east wind, as in the Latin Vulgate Euro-aquilo.] A tempestuous northeast wind which blows in the Mediterranean. See Levanter. “A tempestuous wind called Euroclydon.” Acts xxvii. 14.

Eu•ro•pe´an , a. [L. europeaus, Gr. , fr. Gr. (L. europa.)] Of or pertaining to Europe, or to its inhabitants. On the European plan, having rooms to let, and leaving it optional with guests whether they will take meals in the house; — said of hotels. [U. S.]

Eu•ro•pe´an, n. A native or an inhabitant of Europe.

Eu•ro•pe´an•ize , v. t. To cause to become like the Europeans in manners or character; to habituate or accustom to European usages. “A state of society … changed and Europeanized.” Lubbock.

Eu´rus , n. [L., gr. .] The east wind.

Eu•ry´a•le , n. [NL., fr. Euryale, one of the Gorgons.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of water lilies, growing in India and China. The only species (E. ferox) is very prickly on the peduncles and calyx. The rootstocks and seeds are used as food. 2. (Zoöl) A genus of ophiurans with much-branched arms.

Eu•ry•al´i•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of Ophiuroidea, including the genera Euryale, Astrophyton, etc. They generally have the arms branched. See Astrophyton.

Eu•ryc´er•ous , a. [Gr. broad + ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) Having broad horns.

Eu•ryp´ter•oid , a. [Eurypterus + -oid.] (Paleon.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Euryperus.

Eu•ryp•te•roi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Eurypteroid.] (Paleont.) An extinct order of Merostomata, of which the genus Eurypterus is the type. They are found only in Paleozoic rocks. [Written also Eurypterida.]

Eu•ryp´te•rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. broad + a wing.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct Merostomata, found in Silurian rocks. Some of the species are more than three feet long.

Eu´ryth•my , n. [L. eurythmia, Gr. ; well + rhythm, measure, proportion, symmetry: cf. F. eurythmie.] 1. (Fine Arts) Just or harmonious proportion or movement, as in the composition of a poem, an edifice, a painting, or a statue. 2. (Med.) Regularly of the pulse.

Eu•se´bi•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, who was a friend and protector of Arius.

Eu•sta´chi•an , a. [From Eustachi, a learned Italian physician who died in Rome, 1574.] (Anat.) (a) Discovered by Eustachius. (b) Pertaining to the Eustachian tube; as Eustachian catheter. Eustachian catheter, a tubular instrument to be introduced into the Eustachian tube so as to allow of inflation of the middle ear through the nose or mouth. — Eustrachian tube (Anat.), a passage from the tympanum of the ear to the pharynx. See Ear. — Eustachian valve (Anat.), a crescent-shaped fold of the lining membrane of the heart at the entrance of the vena cava inferior. It directs the blood towards the left auricle in the fetus, but is rudimentary and functionless in the adult.

Eu´style , n. [Gr. , neut. of with pillars at the best distances; well + pillar: cf. F. eustyle.] (Arch.) See Intercolumnlation.

Eu´tax•y , n. [Gr. ; well + arrangement: cf. F. eutaxie.] Good or established order or arrangement. [R.] E. Waterhouse.

Eu•ter´pe [L., fr. Gr. , fr. delightful; well + to delight.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Muse who presided over music. 2. (Bot.) A genus of palms, some species of which are elegant trees.

Eu•ter´pe•an a. Of or pertaining to Euterpe or to music.

Eu•tha•na´si•a n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; well + death, , , to die: cf. F. euthanasie.] An easy death; a mode of dying to be desired. ´An euthanasia of all thought.´ Hazlitt. “The kindest wish of my friends is euthanasia.” Arbuthnot.

Eu•than´a•sy , n. Same as Euthanasia.

Eu•thi•o•chro´ic , a. [Gr. well + sulphur + color.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, an acid so called. Euthiochroic acid (Chem.), a complex derivative of hydroquinone and sulphonic (thionic) acid. — so called because it contains sulphur, and forms brilliantly colored (yellow) salts.

Eu•thy•neu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. straight + a nerve.] (Zoöl.) A large division of gastropod molluske, including the Pulmonifera and Opisthobranchiata.

Eu´tro•phy , n. [Gr. , fr. nourishing, healthy; well + to nourish.] (Med.) Healthy nutrition; soundless as regards the nutritive functions.

Eu•tych´i•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eutyches [5th century], who held that the divine and the human in the person of Christ were blended together as to constitute but one nature; a monophysite; — opposed to Nestorian.

Eu•tych´i•an•ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of Eutyches and his followers.

Eux•an´thic a. (Chem.) Having a yellow color; pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, euxanthin. Euxanthic acid (Chem.), a yellow, crystalline, organic acid, extracted from euxanthin.

Eux•an´thin , n. [Gr. well + yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow pigment imported from India and China. It has a strong odor, and is said to be obtained from the urine of herbivorous animals when fed on the mango. It consists if a magnesium salt of euxanthic acid. Called also puri, purree, and Indian yellow.

Eux´e•nite , n. [Gr. hospitable. So named because it contains a number of rare elements.] (Min.) A brownish black mineral with a metallic luster, found in Norway. It contains niobium, titanium, yttrium, and uranium, with some other metals.

E•va´cate , v. t. [Pref. e- + vacate.] To empty. [Obs.] Harvey.

E•vac´u•ant , a. [L. evacuans, -antis, p. pr. of evacuare: cf. F. evacuant.] Emptying; evacuative; purgative; cathartic. — n. (Med.) A purgative or cathartic.

E•vac´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evacuated p. pr. & vb. n. Evacuating.] [l. evacuatus, p. p. of evacuare to empty, nullify; e out + vacuus empty, vacare to be empty. See Vacate.] 1. To make empty; to empty out; to remove the contents of; as to evacuate a vessel or dish. 2. Fig.: To make empty; to deprive. [R.] “Evacuate the Scriptures of their most important meaning.” Coleridge. 3. To remove; to eject; to void; to discharge, as the contents of a vessel, or of the bowels. 4. To withdraw from; to quit; to retire from; as soldiers from a country, city, or fortress. “The Norwegians were forced to evacuate the country.” Burke. 5. To make void; to nullify; to vacate; as to evacuate a contract or marriage. [Obs.] Bacon.

E•vac´u•ate, v. i. To let blood [Obs.] Burton.

E•vac•u•a´tion , n. [L. evacuatio: cf. F. evacuation.] 1. The act of emptying, clearing of the contents, or discharging. Specifically: (a) (Mil.) Withdrawal of troops from a town, fortress, etc. (b) (Med.) Voidance of any matter by the natural passages of the body or by an artificial opening; defecation; also a diminution of the fluids of an animal body by cathartics, venesection, or other means. 2. That which is evacuated or discharged; especially, a discharge by stool or other natural means. Quincy. 3. Abolition; nullification. [Obs.] Hooker. Evacuation day, the anniversary of the day on which the British army evacuated the city of New York, November 25, 1783.

E•vac´u•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. evacuatif.] Serving of tending to evacuate; cathartic; purgative.

E•vac´u•a•tor , n. One who evacuates; a nullifier. ´Evacuators of the law.´ Hammond.

E•vac´u•a•to•ry , n. A purgative.

E•vade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evaded; p. pr. & vb. n.. Evading.] [L. evadere, evasum, e out + vadere to go, walk: cf. F. s’evader. See Wade.] To get away from by artifice; to avoid by dexterity, subterfuge, address, or ingenuity; to elude; to escape from cleverly; as to evade a blow, a pursuer, a punishment; to evade the force of an argument. “The heathen had a method, more truly their own, of evading the Christian miracles.” Trench.

E•vade´, v. t. 1. To escape; to slip away; — sometimes with from. ´Evading from perils.´ Bacon. “Unarmed they might
Have easily, as spirits evaded swift
By quick contraction or remove.” Milton. 2. To attempt to escape; to practice artifice or sophistry, for the purpose of eluding. “The ministers of God are not to evade and take refuge any of these … ways.” South. Syn. — To equivocate; shuffle. See Prevaricate.

E•vad´i•ble , a. Capable of being evaded. [R.]

Ev•a•ga´tion , n. [L. evagatio, fr. evagari to wander forth: cf. F. evagation. See Vagary.] A wandering about; excursion; a roving. [R.] Ray.

E•vag•i•na´tion , n. [L. evaginatio an extending, evaginare to unsheathe; e out + vagina sheath.] The act of unsheathing.

E´val (e´val), a. [L. aevum lifetime, age, eternity.] Relating to time or duration. [Obs.]

E•val´u•ate (e•val´u•at), v. t. [See Evaluation.] To fix the value of; to rate; to appraise.

E•val•u•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. evaluation, LL. evaluatio.] Valuation; appraisement. J. S. Mill.

Ev•a•nesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Evanesced p. pr. & vb. n. Evanescing. .] [L. evanescere; e out + vanescere to vanish, fr. vanus empty, vain. See Vain, and cf. Evanish.] To vanish away; to become dissipated and disappear, like vapor. “I believe him to have evanesced or evaporated.” De Quincey.

Ev•a•nes´cence , n. The act or state of vanishing away; disappearance; as the evanescence of vapor, of a dream, of earthly plants or hopes. Rambler.

Ev•a•nes´cent , a. [L. evanescens, -entis, p. pr. of evanescere.] 1. Liable to vanish or pass away like vapor; vanishing; fleeting; as evanescent joys. “So evanescent are the fashions of the world in these particulars.” Hawthorne. 2. Vanishing from notice; imperceptible. “The difference between right and wrong, is some petty cases, is almost evanescent.” Wollaston.

Ev•a•nes´cent•ly, adv. In a vanishing manner; imperceptibly. Chalmers.

E•van´gel , n. [F. evangile, L. evangelium, Gr. good news, glad tidings, gospel, fr. bringing good news; well + to bear a message. See Eu-, and cf. Evangely.] Good news; announcement of glad tidings; especially, the gospel, or a gospel. Milton. “Her funeral anthem is a glad evangel.” Whittier.

E•van•ge´li•an , a. Rendering thanks for favors.

E•van•gel´ic , a. [L. evangelicus, Gr. : cf. F. evangelique. See Evangel.] Belonging to, or contained in, the gospel; evangelical. ´Evangelic truth.´ J. Foster.

E•van•gel´ic•al , a. 1. Contained in, or relating to, the four Gospels; as the evangelical history. 2. Belonging to, agreeable or consonant to, or contained in, the gospel, or the truth taught in the New Testament; as evangelical religion. 3. Earnest for the truth taught in the gospel; strict in interpreting Christian doctrine; preëminently orthodox; — technically applied to that party in the Church of England, and in the Protestant Episcopal Church, which holds the doctrine of ´Justification by Faith alone;´ the Low Church party. The term is also applied to other religious bodies not regarded as orthodox. Evangelical Alliance, an alliance for mutual strengthening and common work, comprising Christians of different denominations and countries, organized in Liverpool, England, in 1845. — Evangelical Church. (a) The Protestant Church in Germany. (b) A church founded by a fusion of Lutherans and Calvinists in Germany in 1817. — Evangelical Union, a religious sect founded in Scotland in 1843 by the Rev. James Morison; — called also Morisonians.

E•van•gel´ic•al, n. One of evangelical principles.

E•van•gel´ic•al•ism , n. Adherence to evangelical doctrines; evangelism. G. Eliot.

E•van•gel´ic•al•ly, adv. In an evangelical manner.

E•van•gel´ic•al•ness, n. State of being evangelical.

E•van•gel´i•cism n. Evangelical principles; evangelism.

E•van•ge•lic´i•ty , n. Evangelicism.

E•van´gel•ism n. The preaching or promulgation of the gospel. Bacon.

E•van´gel•ist, n. [F. evangeliste, L. evangelista, fr. Gr. .] A bringer of the glad tidings of Church and his doctrines. Specifically: (a) A missionary preacher sent forth to prepare the way for a resident pastor; an itinerant missionary preacher. (b) A writer of one of the four Gospels (With the definite article); as the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. (c) A traveling preacher whose efforts are chiefly directed to arouse to immediate repentance. “The Apostles, so far as they evangelized, might claim the title though there were many evangelists who were not Apostles.” Plumptre.

E•van•gel•is´ta•ry , n. [LL. evangelistarium.] A selection of passages from the Gospels, as a lesson in divine service. Porson.

E•van•gel•is´tic , a. Pertaining to the four evangelists; designed or fitted to evangelize; evangelical; as evangelistic efforts.

E•van•gel•i•za´tion n. The act of evangelizing; the state of being evangelized. “The work of Christ’s ministers is evangelization.” Hobbes.

E•van´gel•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evangelized p. pr. & vb. n. Evangelizing ]. [F. evangelisre, LL. evangelizare, fr. Gr. .] To instruct in the gospel; to preach the gospel to; to convert to Christianity; as to evangelize the world. “His apostles whom he sends
To evangelize the nations.” Milton.

E•van´gel•ize, v. i. To preach the gospel.

E•van´ge•ly , n. Evangel. [Obs.] “The sacred pledge of Christ’s evangely.” Spenser.

E•van´gile , n. [F. evangile. See Evangel.] Good tidings; evangel. [R.] “Above all, the Servians … read, with much avidity, the evangile of their freedom.” Landor.

E•van´id , a. [L. evanidus, fr. evanescere. See Evanesce.] Liable to vanish or disappear; faint; weak; evanescent; as evanid color. [Obs.] “They are very transitory and evanid.” Barrow.

E•van´ish , v. i. [Pref. e- + vanish: cf. L. evanescere. See Evanesce, vanish.] To vanish. “Or like the rainbow’s lovely form,
Evanishing amid the storm.” Burns.

E•van´ish•ment , n. A vanishing; disappearance. [R.] T. Jefferson.

E•vap´o•ra•ble , a. Capable of being converted into vapor, or dissipated by evaporation.

E•vap´o•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evaporated p. pr. & vb. n. Evaporating ] [L. evaporatus, p. p. of evaporare; e out + vapor steam or vapor. See Vapor.] 1. To pass off in vapor, as a fluid; to escape and be dissipated, either in visible vapor, or in particles too minute to be visible. 2. To escape or pass off without effect; to be dissipated; to be wasted, as the spirit of a writer often evaporates in the process of translation. “To give moderate liberty for griefs and discontents to evaporate … is a safe way.” Bacon.

E•vap´o•rate, v. t. 1. To convert from a liquid or solid state into vapor (usually) by the agency of heat; to dissipate in vapor or fumes. 2. To expel moisture from (usually by means of artificial heat), leaving the solid portion; to subject to evaporation; as to evaporate apples. 3. To give vent to; to dissipate. [R.] “My lord of Essex evaporated his thoughts in a sonnet.” Sir. H. Wotton. Evaporating surface (Steam Boilers), that part of the heating surface with which water is in contact.

E•vap´o•rate , a. [L. evaporatus, p. p.] Dispersed in vapors. Thomson.

E•vap•o•ra´tion , n. [L. evaporatio: cf. F. evaporation.] 1. The process by which any substance is converted from a liquid state into, and carried off in, vapor; as the evaporation of water, of ether, of camphor. 2. The transformation of a portion of a fluid into vapor, in order to obtain the fixed matter contained in it in a state of greater consistence. 3. That which is evaporated; vapor. 4. (Steam Engine) See Vaporization.

E•vap´o•ra•tive , a. [L. evaporatius: cf. F. evaporatif.] Pertaining to, or producing, evaporation; as the evaporative process.

E•vap´o•ra•tor , n. An apparatus for condensing vegetable juices, or for drying fruit by heat.

E•vap•o•rom´e•ter , n. [L. evaporare to evaporate + -meter: cf. F. evapormètre.] (Physics) An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of a fluid evaporated in a given time; an atmometer.

E•va´si•ble , a. That may be evaded. [R.]

E•va´sion , n. [L. evasio: cf. F. evasion. See Evade.] The act of eluding or avoiding, particularly the pressure of an argument, accusation, charge, or interrogation; artful means of eluding. “Thou … by evasions thy crime uncoverest more.” Milton. Syn. — Shift; subterfuge; shuffling; prevarication; equivocation.

E•va´sive , a. [Cf. F. evasif. See Evade.] Tending to evade, or marked by evasion; elusive; shuffling; avoiding by artifice. “Thus he, though conscious of the ethereal guest,
Answered evasive of the sly request.” Pope. “Stammered out a few evasive phrases.” Macaulay. — E•va´sive•ly , adv. — E•va´sive•ness, n.

Eve , n. [See Even, n.] 1. Evening. [Poetic] “Winter oft, at eve resumes the breeze.” Thomson. 2. The evening before a holiday, — from the Jewish mode of reckoning the day as beginning at sunset, not at midnight; as Christians eve is the evening before Christmas; also the period immediately preceding some important event. ´On the eve of death.´ Keble. Eve churr (Zoöl), the European goatsucker or nightjar; — called also night churr, and churr owl.

E•vec´tics , n. [Gr. healthy.] The branch of medical science which teaches the method of acquiring a good habit of body. [Obs.]

E•vec´tion [L. evectio a going up, fr. evehere to carry out; e out + vehere to carry: cf. F evection.] 1. The act of carrying up or away; exaltation. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 2. (Astron.) (a) An inequality of the moon’s motion is its orbit to the attraction of the sun, by which the equation of the center is diminished at the syzygies, and increased at the quadratures by about 1° 20′. (b) The libration of the moon. Whewell.

E´ven (ev´’n) n. [OE. eve, even, efen, aefen. AS. aefen; akin to OS. aband, OFries, avend, D. avond, OHG. aband, Icel. aptan, Sw. afton, Dan. aften; of unknown origin. Cf. Eve, Evening.] Evening. See Eve, n. 1. [Poetic.] Shak.

E´ven, a. [AS. efen. efn; akin to OS. eban, D. even, OHG. eban, G. efen, Icel. jafn, Dan. jevn, Sw. jämn, Goth. ibns. Cf. Anent, Ebb.] 1. Level, smooth, or equal in surface; not rough; free from irregularities; hence uniform in rate of motion of action; as even ground; an even speed; an even course of conduct. 2. Equable; not easily ruffed or disturbed; calm; uniformly self-possessed; as an even temper. 3. Parallel; on a level; reaching the same limit. “And shall lay thee even with the ground.” Luke xix. 44. 4. Balanced; adjusted; fair; equitable; impartial; just to both side; owing nothing on either side; — said of accounts, bargains, or persons indebted; as our accounts are even; an even bargain. “To make the even truth in pleasure flow.” Shak. 5. Without an irregularity, flaw, or blemish; pure. ´I know my life so even.´ Shak. 6. Associate; fellow; of the same condition. [Obs.] ´His even servant.´ Wyclif (Matt. xviii. 29). 7. Not odd; capable of division by two without a remainder; — said of numbers; as 4 and 10 are even numbers. “Whether the number of the stars is even or odd.” Jer. Taylor. On even ground, with equal advantage. - - On even keel (Naut.), in a level or horizontal position.

E´ven , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evened p. pr. & vb. n. Evening ] 1. To make even or level; to level; to lay smooth. “His temple Xerxes evened with the soil.” Sir. W. Raleigh. “It will even all inequalities” Evelyn. 2. To equal. [Obs.] ´To even him in valor.´ Fuller. 3. To place in an equal state, as to obligation, or in a state in which nothing is due on either side; to balance, as accounts; to make quits. Shak. 4. To set right; to complete. 5. To act up to; to keep pace with. Shak.

E´ven , v. i. To be equal. [Obs.] R. Carew.

E´ven, adv. [AS. efne. See Even, a., and cf. E’en.] 1. In an equal or precisely similar manner; equally; precisely; just; likewise; as well. ´Is it even so?´ Shak. “Even so did these Gauls possess the coast.” Spenser. 2. Up to, or down to, an unusual measure or level; so much as; fully; quite. “Thou wast a soldier
Even to Cato’s wish.” Shak. “Without … making us even sensible of the change.” Swift. 3. As might not be expected; — serving to introduce what is unexpected or less expected. “I have made several discoveries, which appear new, even to those who are versed in critical learning.” Addison. 4. At the very time; in the very case. “I knew they were bad enough to please, even when I wrote them.” Dryden. Even is sometimes used to emphasize a word or phrase. ´I have debated even in my soul.´ Shak. “By these presence, even the presence of Lord Mortimer.” Shak.

E•vene´ , v. i. [L. evenire. See Event.] To happen. [Obs.] Hewyt.

E´ven•er , n. 1. One who, or that which makes even. 2. In vehicles, a swinging crossbar, to the ends of which other crossbars, or whiffletrees, are hung, to equalize the draught when two or three horses are used abreast.

E´ven•fall , n. Beginning of evening. ´At the quiet evenfall.´ Tennyson.

E´ven•hand , n. Equality. [Obs.] Bacon.

E´ven•hand•ed, a. Fair or impartial; unbiased. ´Evenhanded justice.´ Shak. — E´ven•hand•ed•ly, adv. — E´ven•hand•ed•ness, n. .

E´ven•ing , n. [AS. aefnung. See even, n., and cf. Eve.] 1. The latter part and close of the day, and the beginning of darkness or night; properly, the decline of the day, or of the sun. “In the ascending scale
Of heaven, the stars that usher evening rose.” Milton. Sometimes, especially in the Southern parts of the United States, the afternoon is called evening. Bartlett. 2. The latter portion, as of life; the declining period, as of strength or glory. Sometimes used adjectively; as evening gun. ´Evening Prayer.´ Shak. Evening flower (Bot.), a genus of iridaceous plants (Hesperantha) from the Cape of Good Hope, with sword-shaped leaves, and sweet-scented flowers which expand in the evening. — Evening grosbeak (Zoöl.), an American singing bird (Coccothraustes vespertina) having a very large bill. Its color is olivaceous, with the crown, wings, and tail black, and the under tail coverts yellow. So called because it sings in the evening. — Evening primrose. See under Primrose. — The evening star, the bright star of early evening in the western sky, soon passing below the horizon; specifically, the planet Venus; — called also Vesper and Hesperus. During portions of the year, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are also evening stars. See Morning Star.

E´ven•ly , adv. With an even, level, or smooth surface; without roughness, elevations, or depression; uniformly; equally; comfortably; impartially; serenely.

E´ven•mind•ed , a. Having equanimity.

E´ven•ness, n. The state of being ven, level, or disturbed; smoothness; horizontal position; uniformity; impartiality; calmness; equanimity; appropriate place or level; as evenness of surface, of a fluid at rest, of motion, of dealings, of temper, of condition. “It had need be something extraordinary, that must warrant an ordinary person to rise higher than his own evenness.” Jer. Taylor.

E´ven•song , n. [AS. aefensang.] A song for the evening; the evening service or form of worship (in the Church of England including vespers and compline); also the time of evensong. Wyclif. Milton.

E•vent´ , n. [L. eventus, fr. evenire to happen, come out; e out + venire to come. See Come.] 1. That which comes, arrives, or happens; that which falls out; any incident, good or bad. ´The events of his early years.´ Macaulay. “To watch quietly the course of events.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) “There is one event to the righteous, and to the wicked.” Eccl. ix. 2. 2. An affair in hand; business; enterprise. [Obs.] ´Leave we him to his events.´ Shak. 3. The consequence of anything; the issue; conclusion; result; that in which an action, operation, or series of operations, terminates. “Dark doubts between the promise and event.” Young. Syn. — Incident; occurrence; adventure; issue; result; termination; consequence; conclusion. — Event, Occurrence, Incident, Circumstance. An event denotes that which arises from a preceding state of things. Hence we speak or watching the event; of tracing the progress of events. An occurrence has no reference to any antecedents, but simply marks that which meets us in our progress through life, as if by chance, or in the course of divine providence. The things which thus meet us, if important, are usually connected with antecedents; and hence event is the leading term. In the ´Declaration of Independence´ it is said, ´When, in the cource of human events, it becomes necessary.´ etc. Here, occurrences would be out of place. An incident is that which falls into a state of things to which is does not primarily belong; as the incidents of a journey. The term is usually applied to things of secondary importance. A circumstance is one of the things surrounding us in our path of life. These may differ greatly in importance; but they are always outsiders, which operate upon us from without, exerting greater or less influence according to their intrinsic importance. A person giving an account of a campaign might dwell on the leading events which it produced; might mention some of its striking occurrences; might allude to some remarkable incidents which attended it; and might give the details of the favorable or adverse circumstances which marked its progress.

E•vent´ , v. t. [F. eventer to fan, divulge, LL. eventare to fan, fr., L. e out + ventus wind.] To break forth. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

E•ven´ter•ate , v. t. [L. e out + venter the belly: cf. F. eventer.] To rip open; to disembowel. [Obs.] Sir. T. Brown.

E•vent´ful a. Full of, or rich in, events or incidents; as an eventful journey; an eventful period of history; an eventful period of life.

E´ven•tide n. [AS. aefentid. See Tide.] The time of evening; evening. [Poetic.] Spenser.

E•ven´ti•late , v. t. [L. eventilatus, p. p. of eventilare to fan. See Ventilate.] 1. To winnow out; to fan. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. To discuss; to ventilate. [Obs.] Johnson.

E•ven•ti•la´tion , n. The act of eventilating; discussion. [Obs.] Bp. Berkely.

E•vent´less , a. Without events; tame; monotonous; marked by nothing unusual; uneventful.

Ev•en•tog´na•thi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Dr. well + within gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including a vast number of freshwater species such as the carp, loach, chub, etc.

E•ven•tra•tion , n. [L. e out + venter belly.] (Med.) (a) A tumor containing a large portion of the abdominal viscera, occasioned by relaxation of the walls of the abdomen. (b) A wound, of large extent, in the abdomen, through which the greater part of the intestines protrude. (c) The act of disemboweling.

E•ven´tu•al , a. [Cf. F. eventiel. See Event.] 1. Coming or happening as a consequence or result; consequential. Burke. 2. Final; ultimate. ´Eventual success.´ Cooper. 3. (Law) Dependent on events; contingent. Marshall.

E•ven•tu•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Eventualities (#). [Cf. F. eventualite.] 1. The coming as a consequence; contingency; also an event which comes as a consequence. 2. (Phren.) Disposition to take cognizance of events.

E•ven´tu•al•ly , adv. In an eventual manner; finally; ultimately.

E•ven´tu•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eventuated p. pr. & vb. n. Eventuating.] To come out finally or in conclusion; to result; to come to pass.

E•ven•tu•a´tion , n. The act of eventuating or happening as a result; the outcome. R. W. Hamilton.

Ev´er adv. [OE. ever, aefre, AS. aefre; perh. akin to AS. a always. Cf. Aye, Age,Evry, Never.] [Sometimes contracted into e’er.] 1. At any time; at any period or point of time. “No man ever yet hated his own flesh.” Eph. v. 29. 2. At all times; through all time; always; forever. “He shall ever love, and always be
The subject of by scorn and cruelty.” Dryder. 3. Without cessation; continually. Ever is sometimes used as an intensive or a word of enforcement. ´His the old man e’er a son?´ Shak. “To produce as much as ever they can.” M. Arnold. Ever and anon, now and then; often. See under Anon. — Ever is one, continually; constantly. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Ever so, in whatever degree; to whatever extent; — used to intensify indefinitely the meaning of the associated adjective or adverb. See Never so, under Never. ´Let him be ever so rich.´ Emerson. “And all the question (wrangle e’er so long),
Is only this, if God has placed him wrong.” Pope. “You spend ever so much money in entertaining your equals and betters.” Thackeray. — For ever, eternally. See Forever. — For ever and a day, emphatically forever. Shak. “She [Fortune] soon wheeled away, with scornful laughter, out of sight for ever and day.” Prof. Wilson. — Or ever (for or ere), before. See Or, ere. [Archaic] “Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven
Or ever I had seen that day, Horatio!” Shak. Ever is sometimes joined to its adjective by a hyphen, but in most cases the hyphen is needless; as ever memorable, ever watchful, ever burning.

Ev•er•dur´ing a. Everlasting. Shak.

Ev•er•glade , n. A swamp or low tract of land inundated with water and interspersed with hummocks, or small islands, and patches of high grass; as the everglades of Florida. [U. S.]

Ev´er•green a. (Bot.) Remaining unwithered through the winter, or retaining unwithered leaves until the leaves of the next year are expanded, as pines cedars, hemlocks, and the like.

Ev´er•green, n. 1. (Bot.) An evergreen plant. 2. pl. Twigs and branches of evergreen plants used for decoration. ´The funeral evengreens entwine.´ Keble. { Ev´er•ich , Ev´er•ych }, a. [OE. see Every.] each one; every one; each of two. See Every. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Ev•er•ich•on´ , Ev•er•ych•on´ } , pron. [OE. everich + oon, on, one. See Every, and One.] Every one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ever•last´ing a. 1. Lasting or enduring forever; exsisting or continuing without end; immortal; eternal. ´The Everlasting God.´ Gen. xx1. 33. 2. Continuing indefinitely, or during a long period; perpetual; sometimes used, colloquially, as a strong intensive; as this everlasting nonsence. “I will give to thee, and to thy seed after thee … the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession.” Gen xvii. 8. “And heard thy everlasting yawn confess
The pains and penalties of idleness.” Pope. Syn. — Eternal; immortal, interminable; endless; never- ending; infinite; unceasing; uninterrupted; continual; unintermitted; incessant. — Everlasting, Eternal. Eternal denotes (when taken strictly) without beginning or end of duration; everlasting is sometimes used in our version of the Scriptures in the sense of eternal, but in modern usage is confined to the future, and implies no intermission as well as no end. “Whether we shall meet again I know not;
Therefore our everlasting farewell take;
Forever, and forever farewell, Cassius.” Shak. Everlasting flower. Sane as Everlasting, n., 3. — Everlasting pea, an ornamental plant (Lathyrus latifolius) related to the pea; — so called because it is perennial.

Ev•er•last´ing, n. 1. Eternal duration, past or future; eternity. “From everlasting to everlasting, thou art God.” Ps. xc. 2. 2. (With the definite article) The Eternal Being; God. 3. (Bot.) A plant whose flowers may be dried without losing their form or color, as the pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), the immortelle of the French, the cudweeds, etc. 4. A cloth fabric for shoes, etc. See Lasting.

Ev•er•last´ing•ly, adv. In an everlasting manner.

Ev•er•last´ing•ness, n. The state of being everlasting; endless duration; indefinite duration.

Ev•er•liv´ing , a. 1. Living always; immoral; eternal; as the everliving God. 2. Continual; incessant; unintermitted.

Ev•er•more´ , adv. During eternity; always; forever; for an indefinite period; at all times; — often used substantively with for. “Seek the Lord … Seek his face evermore.” Ps. cv. 4. “And, behold, I am alive for evermore.” Rev. i. 18. “Which flow from the presence of God for evermore.” Tillotson. “I evermore did love you, Hermia.” Shak.

E•ver´nic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to Evernia, a genus of lichens; as evernic acid.

E•verse´ , v. t. [L. eversus, p. p. of evertere to turn out, overthrow; e out + vertere to turn. Cf. Evert.] To overthrow or subvert. [Obs.] Glanvill.

E•ver´sion , n. [L. eversio: cf. F. eversion.] 1. The act of eversing; destruction. Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being turned back or outward; as eversion of eyelids; ectropium.

E•ver´sive , a. Tending to evert or overthrow; subversive; with of. “A maxim eversive … of all justice and morality.” Geddes.

E•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Everted; p. pr. & vb. n. Everting.] [L. evertere. See Everse.] 1. To overthrow; to subvert. [R.] Ayliffe. 2. To turn outwards, or inside out, as an intestine.

Ev´er•y , a. & a. pron. [OE. everich, everilk; AS. aefre ever + aelc each. See Ever, each.] 1. All the parts which compose a whole collection or aggregate number, considered in their individuality, all taken separately one by one, out of an indefinite number. “Every man at his best state is altogether vanity.” Ps. xxxix. 5. “Every door and window was adorned with wreaths of flowers.” Macaulay. 2. Every one. Cf. Each. [Obs.] ´Every of your wishes.´ Shak. “Daily occasions given to every of us.” Hooker. Every each, every one. [Obs.] ´Every each of them hath some vices.´ Burton.. — Every now and then, at short intervals; occasionally; repeatedly; frequently. [Colloq.] Every may, by way of emphasis, precede the article the with a superlative adjective; as every, the least variation. Locke. Syn. — Every, Each, Any. Any denotes one, or some, taken indifferently from the individuals which compose a class. Every differs from each in giving less prominence to the selection of the individual. Each relates to two or more individuals of a class. It refers definitely to every one of them, denoting that they are considered separately, one by one, all being included; as each soldier was receiving a dollar per day. Every relates to more than two and brings into greater prominence the notion that not one of all considered is excepted; as every soldier was on service, except the cavalry, that is, all the soldiers, etc. “In each division there were four pentecosties, in every pentecosty four enomoties, and of each enomoty there fought in the front rank four [soldiers].” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “If society is to be kept together and the children of Adam to be saved from setting up each for himself with every one else his foe.” J. H. Newman.

Ev´er•y•bod•y , n. Every person.

Ev´er•y•day , a. Used or fit for every day; common; usual; as an everyday suit of clothes. “The mechanical drudgery of his everyday employment.” Sir. J. Herchel.

Ev´er•y•one , n. [OE. everychon.] Everybody; — commonly separated, every one.

Ev´er•y•thing , n. Whatever pertains to the subject under consideration; all things. “More wise, more learned, more just, more everything.” Pope.

Ev´er•y•when , adv. At any or all times; every instant. [R.] ´Eternal law is silently present everywhere and everywhen.´ Carlyle.

Ev´er•y•where , adv. In every place; in all places; hence, in every part; thoroughly; altogether.

Ev´er•y•where•ness , n. Ubiquity; omnipresence. [R.] Grew.

Eves´drop , v. i. See Eavesdrop.

Eves´drop•per , n. See Eavesdropper.

E•ves´ti•gate , v. t. [L. evestigatus traced out; e out + vestigatus, p. p. of vestigare. See Vestigate.] To investigate. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ev´et , n. [See Eft, n.] (Zoöl.) The common newt or eft. In America often applied to several species of aquatic salamanders. [Written also evat.]

E•vi´brate , v. t. & i. [L. evibrare. See Vibrate.] To vibrate. [Obs.] Cockeram.

E•vict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Evicting.] [L. evictus, p. p. of evincere to overcome completely, evict. See Evince.] 1. (Law) To dispossess by a judicial process; to dispossess by paramount right or claim of such right; to eject; to oust. “The law of England would speedily evict them out of their possession.” Sir. J. Davies. 2. To evince; to prove. [Obs.] Cheyne.

E•vic´tion , n. [L. evictio: cf. F. eviction.] 1. The act or process of evicting; or state of being evicted; the recovery of lands, tenements, etc., from another’s possession by due course of law; dispossession by paramount title or claim of such title; ejectment; ouster. 2. Conclusive evidence; proof. [Obs.] “Full eviction of this fatal truth.” South.

Ev´i•dence , n. [F. evidence, L. Evidentia. See Evident.] 1. That which makes evident or manifest; that which furnishes, or tends to furnish, proof; any mode of proof; the ground of belief or judgement; as the evidence of our senses; evidence of the truth or falsehood of a statement. “Faith is … the evidence of things not seen.” Heb. xi. 1. “O glorious trial of exceeding love
Illustrious evidence, example high.” Milton. 2. One who bears witness. [R.] ´Infamous and perjured evidences.´ Sir W. Scott. 3. (Law) That which is legally submitted to competent tribunal, as a means of ascertaining the truth of any alleged matter of fact under investigation before it; means of making proof; — the latter, strictly speaking, not being synonymous with evidence, but rather the effect of it. Greenleaf. Circumstantial evidence, Conclusive evidence, etc. See under Circumstantial, Conclusive, etc. — Crown’s, King’s, or Queen’s evidence, evidence for the crown. [Eng.] — State’s evidence, evidence for the government or the people. [U. S. ] — To turn King’s, Queen’s or State’s evidence, to confess a crime and give evidence against one’s accomplices. Syn. — Testimony; proof. See Testimony.

Ev´i•dence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evidenced p, pr. & vb. n. Evidencing ] To render evident or clear; to prove; to evince; as to evidence a fact, or the guilt of an offender. Milton.

Ev´i•den•cer , n. One who gives evidence.

Ev´i•dent , a. [F. evinent, l. evidens, -entis; e out + videns, p. pr. of videre to see. See Vision.] Clear to the vision; especially, clear to the understanding, and satisfactory to the judgment; as the figure or color of a body is evident to the senses; the guilt of an offender can not always be made evident. “Your honor and your goodness is so evident.” Shak. “And in our faces evident the signs
Of foul concupiscence.” Milton. Syn. — Manifest; plain; clear; obvious; visible; apparent; conclusive; indubitable; palpable; notorious. See Manifest.

Ev•i•den´tial , a. Relating to, or affording, evidence; indicative; especially, relating to the evidences of Christianity. Bp. Fleetwood. ´Evidential tracks.´ Earle.. — Ev•i•den´tial•ly, adv.

Ev•i•den´ti•a•ry , a. Furnishing evidence; asserting; proving; evidential. “When a fact is supposed, although incorrectly, to be evidentiary of, or a mark of, some other fact.” J. S. Mill.

Ev´i•dent•ly , adv. In an evident manner; clearly; plainly. “Before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth.” Gal. iii. 1. “He was evidently in the prime of youth.” W. Irving.

Ev´i•dent•ness, n. State of being evident.

E•vig•i•la´tion , n. [L. evigilatio; e out + vigilare to be awake. See Vigilant.] A waking up or awakening. [Obs.]

E•vil (e´v’l) a. [OE. evel, evil, ifel, uvel, AS. yfel; akin to OFries, evel, D. euvel, OS. & OHG. ubil, G. übel, Goth. ubils, and perh. to E. over.] 1. Having qualities tending to injury and mischief; having a nature or properties which tend to badness; mischievous; not good; worthless or deleterious; poor; as an evil beast; and evil plant; an evil crop. “A good tree can not bring forth evil fruit.” Matt. vii. 18. 2. Having or exhibiting bad moral qualities; morally corrupt; wicked; wrong; vicious; as evil conduct, thoughts, heart, words, and the like. “Ah, what a sign it is of evil life,
When death’s approach is seen so terrible.” Shak. 3. Producing or threatening sorrow, distress, injury, or calamity; unpropitious; calamitous; as evil tidings; evil arrows; evil days. “Because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel.” Deut. xxii. 19. “The owl shrieked at thy birth — an evil sign.” Shak. “Evil news rides post, while good news baits.” Milton. Evil eye, an eye which inflicts injury by some magical or fascinating influence. It is still believed by the ignorant and superstitious that some persons have the supernatural power of injuring by a look. “It almost led him to believe in the evil eye.” J. H. Newman. — Evil speaking, speaking ill of others; calumny; censoriousness. — The evil one, the Devil; Satan. Evil is sometimes written as the first part of a compound (with or without a hyphen). In many cases the compounding need not be insisted on. Examples: Evil doer or evildoer, evil speaking or evil-speaking, evil worker, evil wishing, evil-hearted, evil-minded. Syn. — Mischieveous; pernicious; injurious; hurtful; destructive; wicked; sinful; bad; corrupt; perverse; wrong; vicious; calamitous.

E´vil (e´v’l) n. 1. Anything which impairs the happiness of a being or deprives a being of any good; anything which causes suffering of any kind to sentient beings; injury; mischief; harm; — opposed to good. “Evils which our own misdeeds have wrought.” Milton. “The evil that men do lives after them.” Shak. 2. Moral badness, or the deviation of a moral being from the principles of virtue imposed by conscience, or by the will of the Supreme Being, or by the principles of a lawful human authority; disposition to do wrong; moral offence; wickedness; depravity. “The heart of the sons of men is full of evil.” Eccl. ix. 3. 3. malady or disease; especially in the phrase king’s evil, the scrofula. [R.] Shak. “He [Edward the Confessor] was the first that touched for the evil.” Addison.

E´vil, adv. In an evil manner; not well; ill; badly; unhappily; injuriously; unkindly. Shak. “It went evil with his house.” 1 Chron. vii. 23. “The Egyptians evil entreated us, and affected us.” Deut. xxvi. 6.

E´vil eye See Evil eye under Evil, a.

E´vil-eyed a. Possessed of the supposed evil eye; also looking with envy, jealousy, or bad design; malicious. Shak.

E´vil-fa•vored , a. Having a bad countenance or appearance; ill-favored; blemished; deformed. Bacon. — E´vil-fa•vored•ness, n. Deut. xvi. 1.

E´vil•ly , adv. In an evil manner; not well; ill. [Obs.] ´Good deeds evilly bestowed.´ Shak.

E´vil-mind•ed , a. Having evil dispositions or intentions; disposed to mischief or sin; malicious; malignant; wicked. — E´vil-mind•ed•ness, n.

E´vil•ness, n. The condition or quality of being evil; badness; viciousness; malignity; vileness; as evilness of heart; the evilness of sin.

E•vince´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evinced p. pr. & vb. n. Evincing ] [L. evincere vanquish completely, prevail, succeed in proving; e out + vincere to vanquish. See Victor, and cf. Evict.] 1. To conquer; to subdue. [Obs.] “Error by his own arms is best evinced.” Milton. 2. To show in a clear manner; to prove beyond any reasonable doubt; to manifest; to make evident; to bring to light; to evidence. “Common sense and experience must and will evince the truth of this.” South.

E•vince´ment , n. The act of evincing or proving, or the state of being evinced.

E•vin´ci•ble , a. Capable of being proved or clearly brought to light; demonstrable. Sir. M. Hale. —E•vin´ci•bly, adv.

E•vin´cive , a. Tending to prove; having the power to demonstrate; demonstrative; indicative.

E´vi•rate , v. t. [L. eviratus, p. p. of evirare to castrate; e out + vir man.] To emasculate; to dispossess of manhood. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ev•i•ra´tion , n. [L. eviratio.] Castration. [Obs.]

E•vis´cer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eviscerated p. pr. & vb. n. Eviscerating ] [L. evisceratus, p. p. of eviscerare to eviscerate; e out + viscera the bowels. See Viscera.] To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; to gut.

E•vis•cer•a´tion , a. A disemboweling.

Ev´i•ta•ble , a. [L. evitabilis: cf. F. evitable.] Avoidable. [R.] Hooker.

Ev´i•tate , v. t. [L. evitatus, p. p. of evitare to shun; e out + vitare to shun.] To shun; to avoid. [Obs.] Shak.

Ev•i•ta´tion , n. [L. evitatio.] A shunning; avoidance. [Obs.] Bacon.

E•vite´ , v. t. [Cf. F. eviter. See Evitate.] To shun. [Obs.] Dryton.

Ev•i•ter´nal , a. [L. eviternus, aeternus. See Etern.] Eternal; everlasting. [Obs.] — Ev•i•ter´nal•ly, adv. Bp. Hall.

Ev•i•ter´ni•ty , n. Eternity. [Obs.]

Ev´o•cate , v. t. [L. evocatus, p. p. of evocare. See Evoke.] To call out or forth; to summon; to evoke. [R.] Stackhouse.

Ev•o•ca´tion , n. [L. evocatio: cf. F. evocation.] The act of calling out or forth. Sir. T. Browne. “The evocation of that better spirit.” M. Arnold.

E•vo´ca•tive , a. Calling forth; serving to evoke; developing. “Evocative power over all that is eloquent and expressive in the better soul of man.” W. Pater.

Ev´o•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who calls forth. [R.]

E•voke´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evoked p. pr. & vb. n. Evoking.] [L. evocare; e out + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice: cf. F evoquer. See Voice, and cf. Evocate.] 1. To call out; to summon forth. “To evoke the queen of the fairies.” T. Warton. “A requlating discipline of exercise, that whilst evoking the human energies, will not suffer them to be wasted.” De Quincey. 2. To call away; to remove from one tribunal to another. [R.] ´The cause was evoked to Rome.´ Hume. { Ev•o•lat´ic , Ev•o•lat´ic•al } a. [L. evolare to fly away; e out + volare to fly.] Apt to fly away. [Obs. or R.] Blount.

Ev•o•la´tion , n. [L. evolatio.] A flying out or up. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ev´o•lute , n. [L. evolutus unrolled, p. p. of evolvere. See Evolve.] (Geom.) A curve from which another curve, called the involute or evolvent, is described by the end of a thread gradually wound upon the former, or unwound from it. See Involute. It is the locus of the centers of all the circles which are osculatory to the given curve or evolvent. Any curve may be an evolute, the term being applied to it only in its relation to the involute.

Ev•o•lu•til´i•ty , n. [See Evolution.] (Biol.) The faculty possessed by all substances capable of self-nourishment of manifesting the nutritive acts by changes of form, of volume, or of structure. Syd. Soc. Lex.

Ev•o•lu´tion , n. [L. evolutio an unrolling: cf. F. evolution evolution. See Evolve.] 1. The act of unfolding or unrolling; hence, in the process of growth; development; as the evolution of a flower from a bud, or an animal from the egg. 2. A series of things unrolled or unfolded. ´The whole evolution of ages.´ Dr. H. More. 3. (Geom.) The formation of an involute by unwrapping a thread from a curve as an evolute. Hutton. 4. (Arith. & Alg.) The extraction of roots; — the reverse of involution. 5. (Mil. & Naval) A prescribed movement of a body of troops, or a vessel or fleet; any movement designed to effect a new arrangement or disposition; a maneuver. “Those evolutions are best which can be executed with the greatest celerity, compatible with regularity.” Campbell. 6. (Biol.) (a) A general name for the history of the steps by which any living organism has acquired the morphological and physiological characters which distinguish it; a gradual unfolding of successive phases of growth or development. (b) That theory of generation which supposes the germ to preëxist in the parent, and its parts to be developed, but not actually formed, by the procreative act; — opposed to epigenesis. 7. (Metaph.) That series of changes under natural law which involves continuous progress from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous in structure, and from the single and simple to the diverse and manifold in quality or function. The pocess is by some limited to organic beings; by others it is applied to the inorganic and the psychical. It is also applied to explain the existence and growth of institutions, manners, language, civilization, and every product of human activity. The agencies and laws of the process are variously explained by different philosophers. “Evolution is to me series with development.” Gladstone.

Ev•o•lu´tion•al , a. Relating to evolution. ´Evolutional changes.´ H. Spenser.

Ev•o•lu´tion•a•ry , a. Relating to evolution; as evolutionary discussions.

Ev•o•lu´tion•ism , n. The theory of, or belief in, evolution. See Evolution, 6 and 7.

Ev•o•lu´tion•ist , n. 1. One skilled in evolutions. 2. one who holds the doctrine of evolution, either in biology or in metaphysics. Darwin.

E•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evolved p. pr. & vb. n. Evolving.] [L. evolvere, evolutum; e out + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] 1. To unfold or unroll; to open and expand; to disentangle and exhibit clearly and satisfactorily; to develop; to derive; to educe. “The animal soul sooner evolves itself to its full orb and extent than the human soul.” Sir. M. Hale. “The principles which art involves, science alone evolves.” Whewell. “Not by any power evolved from man’s own resources, but by a power which descended from above.” J. C. Shairp. 2. To throw out; to emit; as to evolve odors.

E•volve´, v. i. To become open, disclosed, or developed; to pass through a process of evolution. Prior.

E•volve´ment , n. The act of evolving, or the state of being evolved; evolution.

E•volv´ent , n. [L. evolvents. -entis, unrolling, p. pr. of evolvere.] (Geom.) The involute of a curve. See Involute, and Evolute.

E•vom´it , v. t. [L. evomitus, p. p. of evomere to vomit forth; e out + vomere.] To vomit. [Obs.]

Ev•o•mi´tion , n. The act of vomiting. [Obs.] Swift.

E•vul´gate v. t. [L. evulgatus, p. p. of evulgare to publish.] To publish abroad. [Obs.]

Ev•ul•ga´tion , n. A divulging. [Obs.]

E•vul´sion , n. [L. evulsio, fr. evellere, evulsum, to pluck out; e out + vellere to pluck; cf. F. evulsion.] The act of plucking out; a rooting out.

Ew , n. [See Yew.] A yew. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ewe (u), n. [AS. eówu; akin to D. ooi, OHG. awi, ouwi, Icel. aer, Goth. aweþi a flock of sheep, awistr a sheepfold, Lith. avis a sheep, L. ovis, Gr. , Skr. avi. rad.231.] (Zoöl.) The female of the sheep, and of sheeplike animals.

Ewe´-necked , a. Having a neck like a ewe; — said of horses in which the arch of the neck is deficent, being somewhat hollowed out. Youwatt.

Ew´er , n. [OF. ewer, euwier, prop. a water carrier, F. evier a washing place, sink, aiguière ewer, L. aquarius, adj., water carrying, n., a water carrier, fr. aqua water; akin to Goth. ahwa water, river, OHG, aha, G. au, aue, meadow. rad.219. Cf. Aquarium, Aquatic, Island.] A kind of widemouthed pitcher or jug; esp., one used to hold water for the toilet. “Basins and ewers to lave her dainty hands.” Shak. { Ew´er•y , Ew´ry } n. [From Ewer.] An office or place of household service where the ewers were formerly kept. [Enq.] Parker.

Ewt , n. [See Newt.] (Zoöl.) The newt.

Ex- A prefix from the latin preposition, ex, akin to Gr. ’ex or ’ek signifying out of, out, proceeding from. Hence, in composition, it signifies out of, as in exhale, exclude; off, from, or out. as in exscind; beyond, as in excess, exceed, excel; and sometimes has a privative sense of without, as in exalbuminuos, exsanguinous. In some words, it intensifies the meaning; in others, it has little affect on the signification. It becomes ef- before f, as in effuse. The form e- occurs instead of ex- before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, and v, as in ebullient, emanate, enormous, etc. In words from the French it often appears as es-, sometimes as s- or e-; as escape, scape, elite. Ex-, prefixed to names implying office, station, condition, denotes that the person formerly held the office, or is out of the office or condition now; as ex-president, ex-governor, ex-mayor, ex-convict. The Greek form ’ex becomes ex in English, as in exarch; ’ek becomes ec, as in eccentric.

Ex•ac´er•bate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exacerrated p. pr. & vb. n. Exacerrating ] [L. exacerbatus, p. p. of exacerbare; ex out (intens.) + acerbare. See Acerbate.] To render more violent or bitter; to irritate; to exasperate; to imbitter, as passions or disease. Broughman.

Ex•ac•er•ba´tion n. [Cf. F. exacerbation.] 1. The act rendering more violent or bitter; the state of being exacerbated or intensified in violence or malignity; as exacerbation of passion. 2. (Med.) A periodical increase of violence in a disease, as in remittent or continious fever; an increased energy of diseased and painful action.

Ex•ac•er•bes´cence , n. [L. exacerbescens, -entis, p. pr. of exacerbescere, incho. of exacerbare.] Increase of irritation or violence, particularly the increase of a fever or disease.

Ex•ac•er•va´tion , n. [L. exacervare to heap up exceedingly. See Ex-, and Acervate.] The act of heaping up. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•ac´i•nate , v. t. [L. ex out + acinus kernel.] To remove the kernel form.

Ex•ac•i•na´tion , n. Removal of the kernel.

Ex•act´ , a. [L. exactus precise, accurate, p. p. of exigere to drive out, to demand, enforce, finish, determine, measure; ex out + agere to drive; cf. F. exact. See Agent, Act.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a standard, a fact, or the truth; perfectly conforming; neither exceeding nor falling short in any respect; true; correct; precise; as the clock keeps exact time; he paid the exact debt; an exact copy of a letter; exact accounts. “I took a great pains to make out the exact truth.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) 2. Habitually careful to agree with a standard, a rule, or a promise; accurate; methodical; punctual; as a man exact in observing an appointment; in my doings I was exact. ´I see thou art exact of taste.´ Milton. 3. Precisely or definitely conceived or stated; strict. “An exact command,
Larded with many several sorts of reason.” Shak.

Ex•act´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exacting.] [From L. exactus, p. p. of exigere; or fr. LL. exactare: cf. OF. exacter. See Exact, a.] To demand or require authoritatively or peremptorily, as a right; to enforce the payment of, or a yielding of; to compel to yield or to furnish; hence, to wrest, as a fee or reward when none is due; — followed by from or of before the one subjected to exaction; as to exact tribute, fees, obedience, etc., from or of some one. “He said into them, Exact no more than that which is appointed you.” Luke. iii. 13. “Years of servise past
From grateful souls exact reward at last” Dryden. “My designs
Exact me in another place.” Massinger.

Ex•act´, v. i. To practice exaction. [R.] “The anemy shall not exact upon him.” Ps. lxxxix. 22.

Ex•act´er , n. An exactor. [R.]

Ex•act´ing, a. Oppressive or unreasonably severe in making demands or requiring the exact fulfillment of obligations; harsh; severe. ´A temper so exacting.´ T. Arnold — Ex•act´ing•ly, adv. — Ex•act´ing•ness, n.

Ex•ac´tion , n. [L. exactio: cf. F. exaction.] 1. The act of demanding with authority, and compelling to pay or yield; compulsion to give or furnish; a levying by force; a driving to compliance; as the exaction to tribute or of obedience; hence, extortion. “Take away your exactions from my people.” Ezek. xlv. 9. “Daily new exactions are devised.” Shak. “Illegal exactions of sheriffs and officials.” Bancroft. 2. That which is exacted; a severe tribute; a fee, reward, or contribution, demanded or levied with severity or injustice. Daniel.

Ex•act´i•tude , n. [Cf. F. exactitude.] The quality of being exact; exactness.

Ex•act´ly, adv. In an exact manner; precisely according to a rule, standard, or fact; accurately; strictly; correctly; nicely. ´Exactly wrought.´ Shak. “His enemies were pleased, for he had acted exactly as their interests required.” Bancroft.

Ex•act´ness, n. 1. The condition of being exact; accuracy; nicety; precision; regularity; as exactness of judgement or deportment. 2. Careful observance of method and conformity to truth; as exactness in accounts or business. “He had … that sort of exactness which would have made him a respectable antiquary.” Macaulay.

Ex•act´or , n. [L.: cf. F. exacteur.] One who exacts or demands by authority or right; hence, an extortioner; also one unreasonably severe in injunctions or demands. Jer. Taylor.

Ex•act´ress , n. [Cf. L. exactrix.] A woman who is an exactor. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ex•ac´u•ate , v. t. [L. exacure; ex out (intens.) + acuere to make sharp.] To whet or sharpen. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Ex•ac•u•a´tion (#), n. [Obs.]

Ex•aer´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a taking away.] (Surg.) In old writers, the operations concerned in the removal of parts of the body.

Ex•ag´ger•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exaggerated p. pr. & vb. n. Exaggerating . ] [L. exaggeratus , p. p. of exaggerare to heap up; ex out + aggerare to heap up, fr. agger heap, aggerere to bring to; ad to + gerere to bear. See Jest. ] 1. To heap up; to accumulate. [Obs.] ´Earth exaggerated upon them [oaks and firs].´ Sir M. Hale. 2. To amplify; to magnify; to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth ; to delineate extravagantly ; to overstate the truth concerning. “A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues.” Addison.

Ex•ag´ger•a•ted , a. Enlarged beyond bounds or the truth. — Ex•ag´ger•a•ted•ly, adv.

Ex•ag´ger•a•ting a. That exaggerates; enlarging beyond bounds. — Ex•ag´ger•a•ting•ly, adv.

Ex•ag•ger•a´tion , n. [L. exaggeratio : cf. F. exageration.] 1. The act of heaping or piling up. [Obs.] ´Exaggeration of sand.´ Sir M. Hale. 2. The act of exaggerating; the act of doing or representing in an excessive manner; a going beyond the bounds of truth reason, or justice; a hyperbolical representation; hyperbole; overstatement. “No need of an exaggeration of what they saw.” I. Taylor. 3. (Paint.) A representation of things beyond natural life, in expression, beauty, power, vigor.

Ex•ag´ger•a•tive , a. Tending to exaggerate; involving exaggeration. ´Exaggerative language.´ Geddes. ´Exaggerative pictures.´ W. J. Linton. — Ex•ag´ger•a•tive•ly, adv. Carlyle.

Ex•ag´ger•a•tor , n. [L.] One who exaggerates; one addicted to exaggeration. L. Horner.

Ex•ag´ger•a•to•ry , a. Containing, or tending to, exaggeration; exaggerative. Johnson.

Ex•ag´i•tate , v. t. [L. exagitatus, p. p. of exagitare. See Ex-, and Agitate.] 1. To stir up; to agitate. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. 2. To satirize; to censure severely. [Obs.] Hooker.

Ex•ag•i•ta´tion , n. [L. exagitatio : cf. OF. exagitation.] Agitation. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•al•bu´mi•nous , a. [Pref. ex- + albumen.] (Bot.) Having no albumen about the embryo; — said of certain seeds.

Ex•alt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exalted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exalting.] [L. exaltare; ex out (intens.) + altare to make high, altus high: cf.F. exalter. See Altitude.] 1. To raise high; to elevate; to lift up. “I will exalt my throne above the stars of God.” Is. xiv. 13. “Exalt thy towery head, and lift thine eyes” Pope. 2. To elevate in rank, dignity, power, wealth, character, or the like; to dignify; to promote; as to exalt a prince to the throne, a citizen to the presidency. “Righteousness exalteth a nation.” Prov. xiv. 34. “He that humbleth himself shall be exalted.” Luke xiv. 11. 3. To elevate by prise or estimation; to magnify; to extol; to glorify. ´Exalt ye the Lord.´ Ps. xcix. 5. “In his own grace he doth exalt himself.” Shak. 4. To lift up with joy, pride, or success; to inspire with delight or satisfaction; to elate. “They who thought they got whatsoever he lost were mightily exalted.” Dryden. 5. To elevate the tone of, as of the voice or a musical instrument. Is. xxxvii. 23. “Now Mars, she said, let Fame exalt her voice.” Prior. 6. (Alchem.) To render pure or refined; to intensify or concentrate; as to exalt the juices of bodies. “With chemic art exalts the mineral powers.” Pope.

Ex´al•tate , a. [L. exaltatus, p. p. of exaltare to exalt.] (Astrol.) Exercising its highest influence; — said of a planet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ex•al•ta´tion , n. [L. exaltatio: cf. F. exaltation.] 1. The act of exalting or raising high; also the state of being exalted; elevation. “Wondering at my flight, and change
To this high exaltation.” Milton. 2. (Alchem.) The refinement or subtilization of a body, or the increasing of its virtue or principal property. 3. (Astrol.) That place of a planet in the zodiac in which it was supposed to exert its strongest influence.

Ex•alt´ed , a. Raised to lofty height; elevated; extolled; refined; dignified; sublime. “Wiser far than Solomon,
Of more exalted mind.” Milton. “Time never fails to bring every exalted reputation to a strict scrutiny.” Ames. — Ex•alt´ed•ly, adv. — Ex•alt´ed•ness, n. ´The exaltedness of some minds.´ T. Gray.

Ex•alt´er , n. One who exalts or raises to dignity.

Ex•alt´ment , n. Exaltation. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ex•a´men , n. [L., the tongue of a balance, examination; for exagmen, fr. exigere to weigh accurately, to treat: cf. F. examen. See Exact, a.] Examination; inquiry. [R.] ´A critical examen of the two pieces.´ Cowper.

Ex•am´e•tron , n. [NL. See Hexameter.] An hexameter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ex•am´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being examined or inquired into. Bacon.

Ex•am´i•nant , n. [L. examinans, -antis, examining.] 1. One who examines; an examiner. Sir W. Scott. 2. One who is to be examined. [Obs.] H. Prideaux.

Ex•am´i•nate , n. [L. examinatus, p. p. of examinare. See Examine. ] A person subjected to examination. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•am•i•na´tion , n. [L. examinatio: cf. F. examination.] 1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by study or experiment. 2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; as the examination of a student, or of a candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry. “He neglected the studies, … stood low at the examinations.” Macaulay. Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that examination which is made of a witness by a party calling him. — Cross- examination, that made by the opposite party. — Reëxamination, or Re-direct examination, that made by a party calling a witness, after, and upon matters arising out of, the cross- examination. Syn. — Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny; inquisition; inspection; exploration.

Ex•am´i•na•tor (#), n. [L.: cf. F. examinateur.] An examiner. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•am´ine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Examined p. pr. & vb. n. Examining.] [L. examinare, examinatum, fr. examen, examinis: cf. F. examiner. See Examen.] 1. To test by any appropriate method; to inspect carefully with a view to discover the real character or state of; to subject to inquiry or inspection of particulars for the purpose of obtaining a fuller insight into the subject of examination, as a material substance, a fact, a reason, a cause, the truth of a statement; to inquire or search into; to explore; as to examine a mineral; to examine a ship to know whether she is seaworthy; to examine a proposition, theory, or question. “Examine well your own thoughts.” Chaucer. “Examine their counsels and their cares.” Shak. 2. To interrogate as in a judicial proceeding; to try or test by question; as to examine a witness in order to elicit testimony, a student to test his qualifications, a bankrupt touching the state of his property, etc. “The offenders that are to be examined.” Shak. Syn. — To discuss; debate; scrutinize; search into; investigate; explore. See Discuss.

Ex•am•i•nee´ , n. A person examined.

Ex•am´in•er , n. One who examines, tries, or inspects; one who interrogates; an officer or person charged with the duty of making an examination; as an examiner of students for a degree; an examiner in chancery, in the patent office, etc.

Ex•am´in•er•ship, n. The office or rank of an examiner.

Ex•am´in•ing, a. Having power to examine; appointed to examine; as an examining committee.

Ex´am•pla•ry , a. [From Example, cf. Exemplary.] Serving for example or pattern; exemplary. [Obs.] Hooker.

Ex•am´ple , n. [A later form for ensample, fr. L. exemplum, orig., what is taken out of a larger quantity, as a sample, from eximere to take out. See Exempt, and cf. Ensample, Sample.] 1. One or a portion taken to show the character or quality of the whole; a sample; a specimen. 2. That which is to be followed or imitated as a model; a pattern or copy. “For I have given you an example, that ye should do as I have done to you.” John xiii. 15. “I gave, thou sayest, the example; I led the way.” Milton. 3. That which resembles or corresponds with something else; a precedent; a model. “Such temperate order in so fierce a cause
Doth want example.” Shak. 4. That which is to be avoided; one selected for punishment and to serve as a warning; a warning. “Hang him; he’ll be made an example.” Shak. “Now these things were our examples, to the intent that we should not lust after evil things, as they also lusted.” 1 Cor. x. 6. 5. An instance serving for illustration of a rule or precept, especially a problem to be solved, or a case to be determined, as an exercise in the application of the rules of any study or branch of science; as in trigonometry and grammar, the principles and rules are illustrated by examples. Syn. — Precedent; case; instance. — Example, Instance. The discrimination to be made between these two words relates to cases in which we give ´instances´ or ´examples´ of things done. An instance denotes the single case then ´standing´ before us; if there be others like it, the word does not express this fact. On the contrary, an example is one of an entire class of like things, and should be a true representative or sample of that class. Hence, an example proves a rule or regular course of things; an instance simply points out what may be true only in the case presented. A man’s life may be filled up with examples of the self-command and kindness which marked his character, and may present only a solitary instance of haste or severity. Hence, the word ´example´ should never be used to describe what stands singly and alone. We do, however, sometimes apply the word instance to what is really an example, because we are not thinking of the latter under this aspect, but solely as a case which ´stands before us.´ See Precedent.

Ex•am´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exampled p. pr. & vb. n. Exampling ] To set an example for; to give a precedent for; to exemplify; to give an instance of; to instance. [Obs.] ´I may example my digression by some mighty precedent.´ Shak. “Burke devoted himself to this duty with a fervid assiduity that has not often been exampled, and has never been surpassed.” J. Morley.

Ex•am´ple•less , a. Without or above example. [R.]

Ex•am´pler , n. [See Exemplar, Example, and cf. Sampler.] A pattern; an exemplar. [Obs.]

Ex•am´pless , a. Exampleless. [Wrongly formed.] B. Jonson.

Ex•an´gui•ous , a. Bloodless. [Obs.] See Exsanguious. Sir T. Browne.

Ex•an´gu•lous , a. [Pref ex- + angulous.] Having no corners; without angles. [R.]

Ex•an´i•mate , a. [L. exanimatus, p. p. of exanimare to deprive of life or spirit; ex out + anima air, breath, life, spirit.] 1. Lifeless; dead. [R.] ´Carcasses exanimate.´ Spenser. 2. Destitute of animation; spiritless; disheartened. [R.] ´Pale … wretch, exanimate by love.´ Thomson.

Ex•an´i•mate , v. t. To deprive of animation or of life. [Obs.]

Ex•an•i•ma´tion , n.[L. exanimatio.] Deprivation of life or of spirits. [R.] Bailey.

Ex•an´i•mous , a. [L. exanimus, exanimis; ex out, without + anima life.] Lifeless; dead. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•an´nu•late , a. [Pref. ex- + annulate.] (Bot.) Having the sporangium destitute of a ring; — said of certain genera of ferns.

Ex•an´them , n. Same as Exanthema.

Ex•an•the´ma , n.; pl. Exanthemata (#). [L., fr. Gr., fr. to burst forth as flowers, break out, as ulcers; , , out + ’anqei^n to bloom, ’a•nqos flower: cf. F. exanthème.] (Med.) An efflorescence or discoloration of the skin; an eruption or breaking out, as in measles, smallpox, scarlatina, and the like diseases; — sometimes limited to eruptions attended with fever. Dunglison. { Ex•an•the•mat´ic , Ex•an•them´a•tous } a. Of, relating to, or characterized by, exanthema; efflorescent; as an exanthematous eruption.

Ex•an•the´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. . See Exanthema. ] (Med.) An eruption of the skin; cutaneous efflorescence.

Ex•ant´late , v. t. [L. exantlatus, p. p. of exantlare, exanclare, to endure.] To exhaust or wear out. [Obs.] ´Seeds … wearied or exantlated.´ Boyle.

Ex•ant•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. exantlation.] Act of drawing out ; exhaustion. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex´a•rate , v. t. [L. exaratus, p. p. of exarare to plow up, to write; ex out + arare to plow.] To plow up; also to engrave; to write. [Obs.] Blount.

Ex•a•ra´tion , n. [L. exaratio.] Act of plowing; also act of writing. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex´arch , n. [L. exarchus, Gr. commander; ,, out + to lead, rule: cf. F. exarque.] A viceroy; in Ravenna, the title of the viceroys of the Byzantine emperors; in the Eastern Church, the superior over several monasteries; in the modern Greek Church, a deputy of the patriarch , who visits the clergy, investigates ecclesiastical cases, etc.

Ex•ar´chate , n. [LL. exarchatus, fr. L. exarchus: cf. F. exarchat.] The office or the province of an exarch. Jer. Taylor.

Ex•ar´il•late , a. [Pref. ex- + arillate.] (Bot.) Having no aril; — said of certain seeds, or of the plants producing them.

Ex•ar•tic´u•late , a. [Pref. ex- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Having but one joint; — said of certain insects.

Ex•ar•tic•u•la´tion , n. [Pref. ex- + articulation.] Luxation; the dislocation of a joint. Bailey.

Ex•as´per•ate , a. [L. exasperatus, p. p. of exsasperare to roughen, exasperate; ex out (intens.) + asperare to make rough, asper rough. See Asperity.] Exasperated; imbittered. [Obs.] Shak. “Like swallows which the exasperate dying year
Sets spinning.” Mrs. Browning.

Ex•as´per•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exsasperated p. pr. & vb. n. Exasperating ] 1. To irritate in a high degree; to provoke; to enrage; to excite or to inflame the anger of; as to exasperate a person or his feelings. “To exsasperate them against the king of France.” Addison. 2. To make grievous, or more grievous or malignant; to aggravate; to imbitter; as to exasperate enmity. “To exasperate the ways of death.” Sir T. Browne. Syn. — To irritate; provoke. See Irritate.

Ex•as´per•a•ter , n. One who exasperates or inflames anger, enmity, or violence.

Ex•as•per•a´tion , n. [L. exasperatio: cf. F. exasperation.] 1. The act of exasperating or the state of being exasperated; irritation; keen or bitter anger. “Extorted from him by the exasperation of his spirits.” South. 2. Increase of violence or malignity; aggravation; exacerbation. ´Exasperation of the fits.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Ex•as•pid´e•an , a. [Gr. out + , , a shield.] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior scutes extending around the tarsus on the outer side, leaving the inner side naked; — said of certain birds.

Ex•auc´tor•ate , v. t. See Exauthorate. [Obs.]

Ex•auc•tor•a´tion , n. See Exauthoration.

Ex•au´gu•rate , v. t. [L. exauguratus, p. p. of exaugurare to profane; ex out + augurari to act as an augur, fr. augur. ] To annul the consecration of; to secularize; to unhellow. [Obs.] Holland.

Ex•au•gu•ra´tion , n. [L. exauguratio desecration.] The act of exaugurating; desecration. [Obs.]

Ex•au´thor•ate , v. t. [L. exauctoratus, p. p. of exauctorare to dismiss; ex out + auctorare to bind to something, to hire, fr. auctor. See Author.] To deprive of authority or office; to depose; to discharge. [Obs.] “Exauthorated for their unworthiness.” Jer. Taylor.

Ex•au•thor•a´tion , n. Deprivation of authority or dignity; degration. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ex•au´thor•ize , v. t. [Pref. ex- + authorize.] To deprive of uthority. [Obs.] Selden.

Ex•au´thor•ize , v. t. [Pref. ex- + authorize.] To deprive of authority. [Obs.] Selden.

Ex•cal´ce•ate , v. t. [L. excalceatus, p. p. of excalceare to unshoe. See Calceated.] To deprive of shoes. [Obs.] Chambers.

Ex•cal•ce•a´tion , n. The act of depriving or divesting of shoes. [Obs.] Chambers.

Ex•cal•fac´tion , n. [L. excalfactio.] A heating or warming; calefaction. [Obs.] Blount.

Ex•cal•fac´tive , a. [L. excalfacere to warm; ex out (intens.) + calfacere to warm.] Serving to heat; warming. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Ex•cal•fac´to•ry , a. [L. excalfactorius.] Heating; warming. [Obs.] Holland.

Ex•cal´i•bur , n. The name of King Arthur’s mythical sword. [Written also Excalibar, Excalibor, Escalibar, and Caliburn.] Tennyson. { Ex•camb´ , Ex•cam´bie } v. t. [LL. excambiare, excambire; L. ex out + cambire. See Change, and cf. Exchange.] (Scots Law) To exchange; — used with reference to transfers of land. { Ex•cam´bi•on , Ex•cam´bi•um } n. [LL. excambium. See Excamb.] (Scots Law) Exchange; barter; — used commonly of lands.

Ex•can•des´cence , n. [L. excandescentia.] 1. A growing hot; a white or glowing heat; incandescence. [R.] 2. Violent anger; a growing angry. [Obs.] Blount.

Ex•can•des´cent , a. [L. excandescens, p. pr. of excandescere to take fire, glow; ex out (intens.) + candescere to begin to glisten or glow, fr. candere. See Candid.] White or glowing with heat. [R.] Ure.

Ex•can•ta´tion , n. [L. excantare to charm out. See Ex, and Chant.] Disenchantment by a countercharm. [Obs.] Gayton.

Ex•car´nate , v. t. [LL. excarnatus, p. p. of excarnare; L. ex out + caro, carnis, flesh.] To deprive or clear of flesh. Grew.

Ex•car•na´tion , n. The act of depriving or divesting of flesh; excarnification; — opposed to incarnation.

Ex•car´ni•fi•cate , v. t. [L. ex out + LL. carnificatus, p. p. carnificare to carnify; cf. L. excarnificare to tear to pieces, torment. See Carnify.] To clear of flesh; to excarnate. Dr. H. More.

Ex•car•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. The act of excarnificating or of depriving of flesh; excarnation. Johnson.

Ex´ca•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excavated p. pr. & vb. n. Excavating] [L. excavatus, p. p. of excavare to excavate; ex out + cavare to make hollow, cavus hollow. See Cave.] 1. To hollow out; to form cavity or hole in; to make hollow by cutting, scooping, or digging; as to excavate a ball; to excavate the earth. 2. To form by hollowing; to shape, as a cavity, or anything that is hollow; as to excavate a canoe, a cellar, a channel. 3. (Engin.) To dig out and remove, as earth. “The material excavated was usually sand.” E. L. Corthell. Excavating pump, a kind of dredging apparatus for excavating under water, in which silt and loose material mixed with water are drawn up by a pump. Knight.

Ex•ca•va´tion , n. [L. excavatio: cf. F. excavation.] 1. The act of excavating, or of making hollow, by cutting, scooping, or digging out a part of a solid mass. 2. A cavity formed by cutting, digging, or scooping. ´A winding excavation.´ Glover. 3. (Engin.) (a) An uncovered cutting in the earth, in distinction from a covered cutting or tunnel. (b) The material dug out in making a channel or cavity. “The delivery of the excavations at a distance of 250 feet.” E. L. Corthell.

Ex´ca•va•tor , n. One who, or that which, excavates or hollows out; a machine, as a dredging machine, or a tool, for excavating.

Ex•cave´ , v. t. [L. excavare.] To excavate. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•ce´cate , v. t. [L. excaecatus, p. p. of excaecare to blind; ex (intens.) + caecare to blind, caecus blind.] To blind. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•ce•ca´tion , n. The act of making blind. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson.

Ex•ced´ent , n. [L. excedens, -entis, p. pr. of excedere. See Exceed, v. t.] Excess. [R.]

Ex•ceed´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exceeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exceeding.] [L. excedere, excessum, to go away or beyond; ex out + cedere to go, to pass: cf. F. exceder. See Cede.] To go beyond; to proceed beyond the given or supposed limit or measure of; to outgo; to surpass; — used both in a good and a bad sense; as one man exceeds another in bulk, stature, weight, power, skill, etc.; one offender exceeds another in villainy; his rank exceeds yours. “Name the time, but let it not
Exceed three days.” Shak. “Observes how much a chintz exceeds mohair.” Pope. Syn. — To outdo; surpass; excel; transcend; outstrip; outvie; overtop.

Ex•ceed´, v. i. 1. To go too far; to pass the proper bounds or measure. ´In our reverence to whom, we can not possibly exceed.´ Jer. Taylor. “Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed.” Deut. xxv. 3. 2. To be more or greater; to be paramount. Shak.

Ex•ceed´a•ble , a. Capable of exceeding or surpassing. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Ex•ceed´er , n. One who exceeds. Bp. Montagu.

Ex•ceed´ing, a. More than usual; extraordinary; more than sufficient; measureless. ´The exceeding riches of his grace.´ Eph. ii. 7. — Ex•ceed´ing•ness, n. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ex•ceed´ing, adv. In a very great degree; extremely; exceedingly. [Archaic. It is not joined to verbs.] ´The voice exceeding loud.´ Keble. “His raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow.” Mark ix. 3. “The Genoese were exceeding powerful by sea.” Sir W. Raleigh.

Ex•ceed´ing•ly , adv. To a very great degree; beyond what is usual; surpassingly. It signifies more than very.

Ex•cel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excelled p. pr. & vb. n. Excelling.] [L. excellere, excelsum; ex out + a root found in culmen height, top; cf. F. exceller. See Culminate, Column.] 1. To go beyond or surpass in good qualities or laudable deeds; to outdo or outgo, in a good sense. “Excelling others, these were great;
Thou, greater still, must these excel.” Prior. “I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness.” Eccl. ii. 13. 2. To exceed or go beyond; to surpass. “She opened; but to shut
Excelled her power; the gates wide open stood.” Milton.

Ex•cel´, v. i. To surpass others in good qualities, laudable actions, or acquirements; to be distinguished by superiority; as to excel in mathematics, or classics. “Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel.” Gen. xlix. 4. “Then peers grew proud in horsemanship t’ excel.” Pope.

Ex´cel•lence , n. [F. excellence, L. excellentia.] 1. The quality of being excellent; state of possessing good qualities in an eminent degree; exalted merit; superiority in virtue. “Consider first that great
Or bright infers not excellence.” Milton. 2. An excellent or valuable quality; that by which any one excels or is eminent; a virtue. “With every excellence refined.” Beattie. 3. A title of honor or respect; — more common in the form excellency. “I do greet your excellence
With letters of commission from the king.” Shak. Syn. — Superiority; preëminence; perfection; worth; goodness; purity; greatness.

Ex´cel•len•cy , n.; pl. Excellencies . 1. Excellence; virtue; dignity; worth; superiority. “His excellency is over Israel.” Ps. lxviii. 34. “Extinguish in men the sense of their own excellency.” Hooker. 2. A title of honor given to certain high dignitaries, esp. to viceroys, ministers, and ambassadors, to English colonial governors, etc. It was formerly sometimes given to kings and princes.

Ex´cel•lent , a. [F. excellent, L. excellens, -entis, p. pr. of excellere. See Excel.] 1. Excelling; surpassing others in some good quality or the sum of qualities; of great worth; eminent, in a good sense; superior; as an excellent man, artist, citizen, husband, discourse, book, song, etc.; excellent breeding, principles, aims, action. “To love …
What I see excellent in good or fair.” Milton. 2. Superior in kind or degree, irrespective of moral quality; — used with words of a bad significance. [Obs. or Ironical] ´An excellent hypocrite.´ Hume. “Their sorrows are most excellent.” Beau. & Fl. Syn. — Worthy; choice; prime; valuable; select; exquisite; transcendent; admirable; worthy.

Ex´cel•lent, adv. Excellently; eminently; exceedingly. [Obs.] ´This comes off well and excellent.´ Shak.

Ex´cel•lent•ly, adv. 1. In an excellent manner; well in a high degree. 2. In a high or superior degree; — in this literal use, not implying worthiness. [Obs.] “When the whole heart is excellently sorry.” J. Fletcher.

Ex•cel´si•or, a. [L., compar. of excelsus elevated, lofty, p. p. of excellere. See Excel, v. t.] More lofty; still higher; ever upward.

Ex•cel´si•or, n. A kind of stuffing for upholstered furniture, mattresses, etc., in which curled shreds of wood are substituted for curled hair.

Ex•cen´tral , a. [Pref. ex- + central.] (Bot.) Out of the center. { Ex•cen´tric , Ex•cen´tric•al } a. 1. Same as Eccentric, Eccentrical. 2. (Bot.) One-sided; having the normally central portion not in the true center. Gray.

Ex•cen•tric´i•ty (Math.) Same as Eccentricity.

Ex•cept´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excepting.] [L. exceptus, p. p. of excipere to take or draw out, to except; ex out + capere to take: cf. F. excepter. See Capable.] 1. To take or leave out (anything) from a number or a whole as not belonging to it; to exclude; to omit. “Who never touched
The excepted tree.” Milton. “Wherein (if we only except the unfitness of the judge) all other things concurred.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To object to; to protest against. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•cept´, v. i. To take exception; to object; — usually followed by to, sometimes by against; as to except to a witness or his testimony. “Except thou wilt except against my love.” Shak.

Ex•cept´, prep. [Originally past participle, or verb in the imperative mode.] With exclusion of; leaving or left out; excepting. “God and his Son except,
Created thing naught valued he nor … shunned.” Milton. Syn. — Except, Excepting, But, Save, Besides. Excepting, except, but, and save are exclusive. Except marks exclusion more pointedly. ´I have finished all the letters except one,´ is more marked than ´I have finished all the letters but one.´ Excepting is the same as except, but less used. Save is chiefly found in poetry. Besides (lit., by the side of) is in the nature of addition. ´There is no one here except or but him,´ means, take him away and there is nobody present. ´There is nobody here besides him,´ means, he is present and by the side of, or in addition to, him is nobody. ´Few ladies, except her Majesty, could have made themselves heard.´ In this example, besides should be used, not except.

Ex•cept´ , conj. Unless; if it be not so that. “And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me.” Gen. xxxii. 26. “But yesterday you never opened lip,
Except, indeed, to drink.” Tennyson. As a conjunction unless has mostly taken the place of except.

Ex•cept´ant , a. Making exception.

Ex•cept´ing, prep. & conj., but properly a participle. With rejection or exception of; excluding; except. ´Excepting your worship’s presence.´ Shak. “No one was ever yet made utterly miserable, excepting by himself.” Lubbock.

Ex•cep´tion , n. [L. exceptio: cf. F. exception.] 1. The act of excepting or excluding; exclusion; restriction by taking out something which would otherwise be included, as in a class, statement, rule. 2. That which is excepted or taken out from others; a person, thing, or case, specified as distinct, or not included; as almost every general rule has its exceptions. “Such rare exceptions, shining in the dark,
Prove, rather than impeach, the just remark.” Cowper. Often with to. “That proud exception to all nature’s laws.” Pope. 3. (Law) An objection, oral or written, taken, in the course of an action, as to bail or security; or as to the decision of a judge, in the course of a trail, or in his charge to a jury; or as to lapse of time, or scandal, impertinence, or insufficiency in a pleading; also as in conveyancing, a clause by which the grantor excepts something before granted. Burrill. 4. An objection; cavil; dissent; disapprobation; offense; cause of offense; — usually followed by to or against. “I will never answer what exceptions they can have against our account [relation].” Bentley. “He … took exception to the place of their burial.” Bacon. “She takes exceptions at your person.” Shak. Bill of exceptions (Law), a statement of exceptions to the decision, or instructions of a judge in the trial of a cause, made for the purpose of putting the points decided on record so as to bring them before a superior court or the full bench for review.

Ex•cep´tion•a•ble , a. Liable to exception or objection; objectionable. — Ex•cep´tion•a•ble•ness, n. “This passage I look upon to be the most exceptionable in the whole poem.” Addison.

Ex•cep´tion•al , a. [Cf. F. exceptionnel.] Forming an exception; not ordinary; uncommon; rare; hence, better than the average; superior. Lyell. “This particular spot had exceptional advantages.” Jowett (Th. ) — Ex•cep´tion•al•ly(#), adv.

Ex•cep´tion•er , n. One who takes exceptions or makes objections. [Obs.] Milton.

Ex•cep´tion•less, a. Without exception. “A universal, … exceptionless disqualification.” Bancroft.

Ex•cep´tious , a. Disposed or apt to take exceptions, or to object; captious. [Obs.] “At least effectually silence the doubtful and exceptious.” South. — Ex•cep´tious•ness, n. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ex•cept´ive , a. That excepts; including an exception; as an exceptive proposition. I. Watts. “A particular and exceptive law.” Milton.

Ex•cept´less, a. Not exceptional; usual. [Obs.] “My general and exceptless rashness.” Shak.

Ex•cept´or , n. [L., a scribe.] One who takes exceptions. T. Burnet.

Ex•cer•e•bra´tion , n. [L. excerebratus deprived of brains; ex out + cerebrum brain.] The act of removing or beating out the brains.

Ex•cer´e•brose , a. [See Excerebration.] Brainless. [R.]

Ex•cern´ , v. t. [L. excernere. See Excrete.] To excrete; to throw off through the pores; as fluids are excerned in perspiration. [R.] Bacon.

Ex•cern´ent , a. [See Excern.] (Physiol.) Connected with, or pertaining to, excretion.

Ex•cerp´ , v. t. [L. excerpere, excerptum; ex out + carpere to pick, gather. See Harvest, and cf. Scarce, a.] To pick out. [Obs.] Hales.

Ex•cerpt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excerpted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excerpting.] [From L. excerptus, p. p. See Excerp.] To select; to extract; to cite; to quote. “Out of which we have excerpted the following particulars.” Fuller.

Ex•cerp´t (277), n. An extract; a passage selected or copied from a book or record.

Ex•cerp´tion , n. [L. excerptio.] 1. The act of excerpting or selecting. [R.] 2. That which is selected or gleaned; an extract. [R.] “His excerptions out of the Fathers.” Fuller.

Ex•cerp´tive , a. That excerpts, selects, or chooses. D. L. Mackenzie.

Ex•cerp´tor , n. One who makes excerpts; a picker; a culler.

Ex•cess´ , n. [OE. exces, excess, ecstasy, L. excessus a going out, loss of self- possession, fr. excedere, excessum, to go out, go beyond: cf. F. excès. See Exceed.] 1. The state of surpassing or going beyond limits; the being of a measure beyond sufficiency, necessity, or duty; that which exceeds what is usual or proper; immoderateness; superfluity; superabundance; extravagance; as an excess of provisions or of light. “To gild refined gold, to paint the lily,
To throw a perfume on the violet, …
Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.” Shak. “That kills me with excess of grief, this with excess of joy.” Walsh. 2. An undue indulgence of the appetite; transgression of proper moderation in natural gratifications; intemperance; dissipation. “Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess.” Eph. v. 18. “Thy desire … leads to no excess
That reaches blame.” Milton. 3. The degree or amount by which one thing or number exceeds another; remainder; as the difference between two numbers is the excess of one over the other. Spherical excess (Geom.), the amount by which the sum of the three angles of a spherical triangle exceeds two right angles. The spherical excess is proportional to the area of the triangle.

Ex•cess´ive (ek•ses´iv), a. [Cf. F. excessif.] Characterized by, or exhibiting, excess; overmuch. “Excessive grief [is] the enemy to the living.” Shak. Syn. — Undue; exorbitant; extreme; overmuch; enormous; immoderate; monstrous; intemperate; unreasonable. See Enormous —Ex•cess•ive•ly, adv. - Ex•cess´ive•ness, n.

Ex•change´ (eks•chanj´), n. [OE. eschange, eschaunge, OF. eschange, fr. eschangier, F. echanger, to exchange; pref. ex- out + F. changer. See Change, and cf. Excamb.] 1. The act of giving or taking one thing in return for another which is regarded as an equivalent; as an exchange of cattle for grain. 2. The act of substituting one thing in the place of another; as an exchange of grief for joy, or of a scepter for a sword, and the like; also the act of giving and receiving reciprocally; as an exchange of civilities or views. 3. The thing given or received in return; esp., a publication exchanged for another. Shak. 4. (Com.) The process of setting accounts or debts between parties residing at a distance from each other, without the intervention of money, by exchanging orders or drafts, called bills of exchange. These may be drawn in one country and payable in another, in which case they are called foreign bills; or they may be drawn and made payable in the same country, in which case they are called inland bills. The term bill of exchange is often abbreviated into exchange; as to buy or sell exchange. A in London is creditor to B in New York, and C in London owes D in New York a like sum. A in London draws a bill of exchange on B in New York; C in London purchases the bill, by which A receives his debt due from B in New York. C transmits the bill to D in New York, who receives the amount from B. 5. (Law) A mutual grant of equal interests, the one in consideration of the other. Estates exchanged must be equal in quantity, as fee simple for fee simple. Blackstone. 6. The place where the merchants, brokers, and bankers of a city meet at certain hours, to transact business. In this sense often contracted to ’Change. Arbitration of exchange. See under Arbitration. — Bill of exchange. See under Bill. — Exchange broker. See under Broker. — Par of exchange, the established value of the coin or standard of value of one country when expressed in the coin or standard of another, as the value of the pound sterling in the currency of France or the United States. The par of exchange rarely varies, and serves as a measure for the rise and fall of exchange that is affected by the demand and supply. Exchange is at par when, for example, a bill in New York, for the payment of one hundred pounds sterling in London, can be purchased for the sum. Exchange is in favor of a place when it can be purchased there at or above par. — Telephone exchange, a central office in which the wires of any two telephones or telephone stations may be connected to permit conversation. Syn. — Barter; dealing; trade; traffic; interchange.

Ex•change´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exchanged p. pr. & vb. n. Exchanging ] [Cf.OF. eschangier, F. echanger. See Exchange, n.] 1. To part with give, or transfer to another in consideration of something received as an equivalent; — usually followed by for before the thing received. “Exchange his sheep for shells, or wool for a sparking pebble or a diamond.” Locke. 2. To part with for a substitute; to lay aside, quit, or resign (something being received in place of the thing parted with); as to exchange a palace for cell. “And death for life exchanged foolishly.” Spenser. “To shift his being
Is to exchange one misery with another.” Shak. 3. To give and receive reciprocally, as things of the same kind; to barter; to swap; as to exchange horses with a neighbor; to exchange houses or hats. “Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet.” Shak. Syn. — To barter; change; commute; interchange; bargain; truck; swap; traffic.

Ex•change´, v. i. To be changed or received in exchange for; to pass in exchange; as dollar exchanges for ten dimes.

Ex•change•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being exchangeable. “The law ought not be contravened by an express article admitting the exchangeability of such persons.” Washington.

Ex•change´a•ble , a. [Cf.F. echangeable.] 1. Capable of being exchanged; fit or proper to be exchanged. “The officers captured with Burgoyne were exchangeable within the powers of General Howe.” Marshall. 2. Available for making exchanges; ratable. ´An exchangeable value.´ J. S. Mill.

Ex•change´a•bly, adv. By way of exchange.

Ex•chan´ger , n. One who exchanges; one who practices exchange. Matt. xxv. 27.

Ex•cheat´ , n. See Escheat. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•cheat´or , n. See Escheator. [Obs.]

Ex•cheq´uer , n. [OE. escheker, OF. eichekier, fr. LL. scaccarium. See Checker, Chess, Check.] 1. One of the superior courts of law; — so called from a checkered cloth, which covers, or formerly covered, the table. [Eng.] The exchequer was a court of law and equity. In the revenue department, it had jurisdiction over the proprietary rights of the crown against subjects; in the common law department, it administered justice in personal actions between subject and subject. A person proceeding against another in the revenue department was said to exchequer him. The judges of this court were one chief and four puisne barons, so styled. The Court of Exchequer Chamber sat as court of error in which the judgments of each of the superior courts of common law, in England, were subject to revision by the judges of the other two sitting collectively. Causes involving difficult questions of law were sometimes after argument, adjourned into this court from the other courts, for debate before judgment in the court below. Recent legislation in England (1880) has abolished the Court of Exchequer and the Court of Exchequer Chamber, as distinct tribunals, a single board of judiciary, the High Court of Justice, being established for the trial of all classes of civil cases. Wharton. 2. The department of state having charge of the collection and management of the royal revenue. [Eng.] Hence, the treasury; and, colloquially, pecuniary possessions in general; as the company’s exchequer is low. Barons of the exchequer. See under Baron. — Chancellor of the exchequer. See under Chancellor. — Exchequer bills or bonds (Eng.), bills of money, or promissory bills, issued from the exchequer by authority of Parliament; a species of paper currency emitted under the authority of the government, and bearing interest.

Ex•cheq´uer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exchequered p. pr. & vb. n. Exchequering.] To institute a process against (any one) in the Court of Exchequer.

Ex•cide´ , v. t. [L. excidere, excisum; ex out + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Excise to cut off.] To cut off. [R.]

Ex•cip´i•ent , a. [L. excipients, -entis, p. pr. of exipere. See Except, v. t.] Taking an exception.

Ex•cip´i•ent, n. 1. An exceptor. [R.] 2. (Med.) An inert or slightly active substance used in preparing remedies as a vehicle or medium of administration for the medicinal agents. Chambers. { Ex´ci•ple , Ex•cip´u•lum } n. [NL. excipulum, fr. L. excipere. See Except.] (Bot.) The outer part of the fructification of most lichens.

Ex•cis´a•ble , a. Liable or subject to excise; as tobacco in an excisable commodity.

Ex•cise´ , n. [Apparently fr. L. excisum cut off, fr. excidere to cut out or off; ex out, off + caedere to cut; or, as the word was formerly written accise, fr. F. accise, LL. accisia, as if fr. L. accidere, accisum, to cut into; ad + caedere to cut; but prob. transformed fr. OF. assise, LL. assisa, assisia, assize. See Assize, Concise.] 1. In inland duty or impost operating as an indirect tax on the consumer, levied upon certain specified articles, as tobacco, ale, spirits, etc., grown or manufactured in the country. It is also levied to pursue certain trades and deal in certain commodities. Certain direct taxes (as in England, those on carriages, servants, plate, armorial bearings, etc.), are included in the excise. Often used adjectively; as excise duties; excise law; excise system. “The English excise system corresponds to the internal revenue system in the United States.” Abbot. “An excise … is a fixed, absolute, and direct charge laid on merchandise, products, or commodities.” 11 Allen’s (Mass. ) Rpts. 2. That department or bureau of the public service charged with the collection of the excise taxes. [Eng.]

Ex•cise´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excised p. pr. & vb. n. Excising.] 1. To lay or impose an excise upon. 2. To impose upon; to overcharge. [Prov. Eng.]

Ex•cise´, v. t. [See Excide.] To cut out or off; to separate and remove; as to excise a tumor.

Ex•cise´man , n.; pl. Excisemen . An officer who inspects and rates articles liable to excise duty. Macaulay.

Ex•ci´sion , n. [L. excisio: cf. F. excision. See Excide.] 1. The act of excising or cutting out or off; extirpation; destruction. “Such conquerors are the instruments of vengeance on those nations that have … grown ripe for excision.” Atterbury. 2. (Eccl.) The act of cutting off from the church; excommunication. 3. (Surg.) The removal, especially of small parts, with a cutting instrument. Dunglison.

Ex•cit´a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. excitabilite.] 1. The quality of being readily excited; proneness to be affected by exciting causes. 2. (Physiol.) The property manifested by living organisms, and the elements and tissues of which they are constituted, of responding to the action of stimulants; irritability; as nervous excitability.

Ex•cit´a•ble , a. [L. excitabilis inciting: cf. F. excitable.] Capable of being excited, or roused into action; susceptible of excitement; easily stirred up, or stimulated.

Ex•cit´ant , a. [L. excitans, -antis, p. pr. of excitare: cf. F. excitant.] Tending to excite; exciting.

Ex•cit´ant, n. (Physiol.) An agent or influence which arouses vital activity, or produces increased action, in a living organism or in any of its tissues or parts; a stimulant.

Ex•cit´ate , v. t. [L. excitatus, p. p. of excitare. See Excite.] To excite. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•ci•ta´tion n. [L. excitatio: cf. F. excitation.] 1. The act of exciting or putting in motion; the act of rousing up or awakening. Bacon. 2. (Physiol.) The act of producing excitement (stimulation); also the excitement produced.

Ex•cit´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. excitatif.] Having power to excite; tending or serving to excite; excitatory. Barrow.

Ex´ci•ta•tor , n. [L., one who rouses.] (Elec.) A kind of discarder.

Ex•cit´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. excitatoire.] Tending to excite; containing excitement; excitative.

Ex•cite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excited; p. pr. & vb. n. exciting.] [L. excitare; ex out + citare to move rapidly, to rouse: cf. OF. esciter, exciter, F. exciter. See Cite.] 1. To call to activity in any way; to rouse to feeling; to kindle to passionate emotion; to stir up to combined or general activity; as to excite a person, the spirits, the passions; to excite a mutiny or insurrection; to excite heat by friction. 2. (Physiol.) To call forth or increase the vital activity of an organism, or any of its parts. Syn. — To incite; awaken; animate; rouse or arouse; stimulate; inflame; irritate; provoke. — To Excite, Incite. When we excite we rouse into action feelings which were less strong; when we incite we spur on or urge forward to a specific act or end. Demosthenes excited the passions of the Athenians against Philip, and thus incited the whole nation to unite in the war against him. Antony, by his speech over the body of Caesar, so excited the feelings of the populace, that Brutus and his companions were compelled to flee from Rome; many however, were incited to join their standard, not only by love of liberty, but hopes of plunder.

Ex•cite´ful , n. Full of exciting qualities; as an exciteful story; exciteful players. Chapman.

Ex•cite´ment n. [Cf. OF. excitement, escitement.] 1. The act of exciting, or the state of being roused into action, or of having increased action; impulsion; agitation; as an excitement of the people. 2. That which excites or rouses; that which moves, stirs, or induces action; a motive. “The cares and excitements of a season of transition and struggle.” Talfowrd. 3. (Physiol.) A state of aroused or increased vital activity in an organism, or any of its organs or tissues.

Ex•cit´er , n. One who, or that which, excites. “Hope is the grand exciter of industry.” Dr. H. More.

Ex•cit´ing, a. Calling or rousing into action; producing excitement; as exciting events; an exciting story. — Ex•cit´ing•ly, adv. Exciting causes (Med.), those which immediately produce disease, or those which excite the action of predisposing causes.

Ex•cit´ive , a. Serving or tending to excite; excitative. [R.] Bamfield.

Ex•cit´ive, n. That which excites; an excitant. [R.]

Ex•ci•to-mo´tion , n. (Physiol.) Motion excited by reflex nerves. See Excito-motory.

Ex•ci•to-mo´tor , a. (Physiol.) Excito-motory; as excito-motor power or causes.

Ex•ci•to-mo´to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Exciting motion; — said of that portion of the nervous system concerned in reflex actions, by which impressions are transmitted to a nerve center and then reflected back so as to produce muscular contraction without sensation or volition.

Ex•ci•to-nu´tri•ent , a (Physiol.) Exciting nutrition; said of the reflex influence by which the nutritional processes are either excited or modified.

Ex•ci•to-se•cre´to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Exciting secretion; — said of the influence exerted by reflex action on the function of secretion, by which the various glands are excited to action.

Ex•claim´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Exclaimed p. pr. & vb. n. Exclaiming.] [L. exclamare, exclamatum; ex + clamare to cry out; cf. OF. exclamer. See Clam.] To cry out from earnestness or passion; to utter with vehemence; to call out or declare loudly; to protest vehemently; to vociferate; to shout; as to exclaim against oppression with wonder or astonishment; ´The field is won!´ he exclaimed.

Ex•claim´, n. Outcry; clamor. [Archaic] “Cursing cries and deep exclaims.” Shak.

Ex•claim´er, n. One who exclaims.

Ex•cla•ma´tion , n. [L. exclamatio: cf. F. exclamation.] 1. A loud calling or crying out; outcry; loud or emphatic utterance; vehement vociferation; clamor; that which is cried out, as an expression of feeling; sudden expression of sound or words indicative of emotion, as in surprise, pain, grief, joy, anger, etc. “Exclamations against abuses in the church.” Hooker. “Thus will I drown your exclamations.” Shak. “A festive exclamation not unsuited to the occasion.” Trench. 2. (Rhet.) A word expressing outcry; an interjection; a word expressing passion, as wonder, fear, or grief. 3. (Print.) A mark or sign by which outcry or emphatic utterance is marked; thus [!]; — called also exclamation point.

Ex•clam´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. exclamatif.] Exclamatory. Earle. — Ex•clam´a•tive•ly, adv.

Ex•clam´a•to•ry , a. Containing, expressing, or using exclamation; as an exclamatory phrase or speaker. South. — Ex•clam´a•to•ti•ly (#), adv.

Ex•clave´ , n. [Formed fr. enclave by substitution of ex- for en-] A portion of a country which is separated from the main part and surrounded by politically alien territory. [Recent.] The same territory is an enclave in respect to the surrounding country and an exclave with respect to the country to which it is politically attached.

Ex•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Excluding.] [L. excludere, exclusum; ex out + claudere to shut. See Close.] 1. To shut out; to hinder from entrance or admission; to debar from participation or enjoyment; to deprive of; to except; — the opposite to admit; as to exclude a crowd from a room or house; to exclude the light; to exclude one nation from the ports of another; to exclude a taxpayer from the privilege of voting. “And none but such, from mercy I exclude.” Milton. 2. To thrust out or eject; to expel; as to exclude young animals from the womb or from eggs. Excluded middle. (logic) The name given to the third of the ´three logical axioms,´ so-called, namely, to that one which is expressed by the formula: ´Everything is either A or Not-A.´ no third state or condition being involved or allowed. See Principle of contradiction, under Contradiction.

Ex•clu´sion , n. [L. exclusio: cf. F. exclusion. See Exclude.] 1. The act of excluding, or of shutting out, whether by thrusting out or by preventing admission; a debarring; rejection; prohibition; the state of being excluded. “His sad exclusion from the doors of bliss.” Milton. “The exclusion of the duke from the crown of England and Ireland.” Hume. 2. (Physiol.) The act of expelling or ejecting a fetus or an egg from the womb. 3. Thing emitted. Sir T. Browne.

Ex•clu´sion•a•ry , a. Tending to exclude; causing exclusion; exclusive.

Ex•clu´sion•ism , n. The character, manner, or principles of an exclusionist.

Ex•clu´sion•ist, n. One who would exclude another from some right or privilege; esp., one of the anti- popish politicians of the time of Charles II.

Ex•clu´sive a. [Cf. F. exclusif.] 1. Having the power of preventing entrance; debarring from participation or enjoyment; possessed and enjoyed to the exclusion of others; as exclusive bars; exclusive privilege; exclusive circles of society. 2. Not taking into the account; excluding from consideration; — opposed to inclusive; as five thousand troops, exclusive of artillery.

Ex•clu´sive, n. One of a coterie who exclude others; one who from real of affected fastidiousness limits his acquaintance to a select few.

Ex•clu´sive•ness, n. Quality of being exclusive.

Ex•clu´siv•ism , n. The act or practice of excluding being exclusive; exclusiveness.

Ex•clu´siv•ist, n. One who favor or practices any from of exclusiveness or exclusivism. “The field of Greek mythology … the favorite sporting ground of the exclusivists of the solar theory.” Gladstone.

Ex•clu´so•ry , a. [L. exclusorius.] Able to exclude; excluding; serving to exclude.

Ex•coct´ v. t. [L. excoctus, p. p. of excoquere to excoct. See 3d Cook.] To boil out; to produce by boiling. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•coc´tion [L. excoctio.] The act of excocting or boiling out. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•cog´i•tate v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excogitated (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Excogitating.] [L. excogitatus, p. p. of excogitare to excogitate; ex out + cogitare to think. See Cogitate.] To think out; to find out or discover by thinking; to devise; to contrive. ´Excogitate strange arts.´ Stirling. “This evidence … thus excogitated out of the general theory.” Whewell.

Ex•cog´i•tate, v. i. To cogitate. [R.] Bacon.

Ex•cog•i•ta´tion , n. [L. excogitatio: cf. F. excogitation.] The act of excogitating; a devising in the thoughts; invention; contrivance.

Ex•com•mune´ v. t. [Cf. F. excommuier. See Excommunicate.] To exclude from participation in; to excommunicate. [Obs.] “Poets … were excommuned Plato’s common wealth” Gayton.

Ex•com•mu´ni•ca•ble , a. [See Excommunicate.] Liable or deserving to be excommunicated; making excommunication possible or proper. ´Persons excommunicable .´ Bp. Hall. “What offenses are excommunicable ?” Kenle.

Ex•com•mu´ni•cant , n. One who has been excommunicated.

Ex´com•mu´ni•cate , a. [L. excommunicatus, p. p. of communicare to excommunicate; ex out + communicare. See Communicate.] Excommunicated; interdicted from the rites of the church. — n. One excommunicated. “Thou shalt stand cursed and excommunicate.” Shak.

Ex•com•mu´ni•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excommunicated p. pr. & vb. n. Excommunicating ] 1. To put out of communion; especially, to cut off, or shut out, from communion with the church, by an ecclesiastical sentence. 2. To lay under the ban of the church; to interdict. “Martin the Fifth … was the first that excommunicated the reading of heretical books.” Miltin.

Ex•com•mu•ni•ca´tion , n. [L. excommunicatio: cf. F. excommunication.] The act of communicating or ejecting; esp., an ecclesiastical censure whereby the person against whom it is pronounced is, for the time, cast out of the communication of the church; exclusion from fellowship in things spiritual. excommunication is of two kinds, the lesser and the greater; the lesser excommunication is a separation or suspension from partaking of the Eucharist; the greater is an absolute execution of the offender from the church and all its rights and advantages, even from social intercourse with the faithful.

Ex•com•mu´ni•ca•tor n. [Cf. LL. excommunicator.] One who excommunicates.

Ex•com•mun´ion A shutting out from communion; excommunication. [Obs.] “Excommunication is the utmost of ecclesiastical judicature.” Milton.

Ex•co´ri•a•ble Capable of being excoriated. “ The scaly covering of fishes, … even in such as are excoriatable.” Sir T. Browne.

Ex•co´ri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excoriated p. pr. & vb. n. excoriating ] [L. excoriare; ex out + corium hide. cf. Scourge; see Cuirass.] To strip or wear off the skin of; to abrade; to gall; to break and remove the cuticle of, in any manner, as by rubbing, beating, or by the action of acrid substances.

Ex•co•ri•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. excoriation.] 1. The act of excoriating or flaying, or state of being excoriated, or stripped of the skin; abrasion. 2. Stripping of possession; spoliation. [Obs.] “A pitiful excoriation of the poorer sort.” Howell.

Ex•cor´ti•cate , v. t. [L. ex out, from + cortex, corticis, bark.] To strip of bark or skin; to decorticate. [Obs.] ´Excorticate the tree.´ Evelyn.

Ex•cor•ti•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. excortication.] The act of stripping off bark, or the state of being thus stripped; decortication.

Ex´cre•a•ble , a. [L. excreabilis, exscreabilis, fr. exscreare. See Excreate.] Capable of being discharged by spitting. [Obs.] Swift.

Ex´cre•ate , v. t. [L. excreare, exsreare; ex out + screare to hawk.] To spit out; to discharge from the throat by hawking and spitting. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•cre•a´tion , n. [L. excreatio, exscreatio.] Act of spitting out. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex´cre•ment , n. [L. excrementum, fr. excernere, excretum, to skin out, discharge: cf. F. excrement. See Excrete.] Matter excreted and ejected; that which is excreted or cast out of the animal body by any of the natural emunctories; especially, alvine, discharges; dung; ordure.

Ex´cre•ment, n. [L. excrementum, fr. excrescere, excretum, to grow out. See Excrescence.] An excrescence or appendage; an outgrowth. [Obs.] ´Ornamental excrements.´ Fuller. “Living creatures put forth (after their period of growth) nothing that is young but hair and nails, which are excrements and no parts.” Bacon.

Ex•cre•men´tal , a. Of or pertaining to excrement. { Ex•cre•men•ti´tial , Ex•cre•men•ti´tious } a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or consisting of, excrement; of the nature of excrement.

Ex•cre•men´tive , a. Serving to excrete; connected with excretion or excrement. [R.] ´The excrementive parts.´ Felthman.

Ex´cre•ment•ize v. i. To void excrement. [R.] Life of A. Wood .

Ex•cres´cence n. [F. excrescence, excroissanse, L. excrescentia excrescences, neut. pl. of p. pr. of excrescere. See Excrescent.] An excrescent appendage, as a wart or tumor; anything growing out unnaturally from anything else; a preternatural or morbid development; hence, a troublesome superfluity; an incumbrance; as an excrescence on the body, or on a plant. ´Excrescences of joy.´ Jer. Taylor. “The excrescences of the Spanish monarchy.” Addison.

Ex•cres´cen•cy , n. Excrescence. [Obs.]

Ex•cres´cent , a. [L. excresens, -entis, p. pr. of excrescere to grow out ; ex out + crescere to grow. See Crescent.] Growing out in an abnormal or morbid manner or as a superfluity. “Expunge the whole, or lip the excrescent parts.” Pope. Excrescent letter (Philol.), a letter which has been added to a root; as the d in alder (AS. alr) is an excrescent letter.

Ex•cres•cen´tial a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an excrescence. [R.] Hawthorne.

Ex•cre´ta , n. pl. [L.] Matters to be excreted.

Ex•crete´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excreting.] [L. excretus, p. p. of excernere to sift out, discharge; ex out + cernere to sift, separate. See Crisis.] To separate and throw off; to excrete urine. ´The mucus thus excreted.´ Hooper.

Ex´cre•tin , n. [From Excrete.] (physiol. Chem.) A nonnitrogenous, crystalline body, present in small quantity in human faeces.

Ex•cre´tion , n. [Cf. F. excretion.] 1. The act of excreting. “To promote secretion and excretion.” Pereira. 2. That which is excreted; excrement. Bacon.

Ex•cre´tive , a. Having the power of excreting, or promoting excretion. Harvey.

Ex•cre´to•ry , a. [Cf. F. excretoire.] Having the quality of excreting, or throwing off excrementitious matter.

Ex•cru´ci•a•ble , a. [L. excruciabilis.] Liable to torment. [R.] Bailey.

Ex•cru´ci•ate , a. [L. excruciatus, p. p. of excruciare to excruciate; ex out + cruciare to put to death on a cross, to torment. See Cruciate, Cross.] Excruciated; tortured. “And here my heart long time excruciate.” Chapman.

Ex•cru´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excruciated p. pr. & vb. n. Excruciating ] To inflict agonizing pain upon; to torture; to torment greatly; to rack; as to excruciate the heart or the body. “Their thoughts, like devils, them excruciate.” Drayton.

Ex•cru´ci•a•ting Torturing; racking. ´Excruciating pain.´ V. Knox. ´Excruciating fears.´ Bentley — Ex•cru´ci•a•ting•ly, adv.

Ex•cru•ci•a´tion n. [L. excruciatio.] The act of inflicting agonizing pain, or the state of being thus afflicted; that which excruciates; torture. Feltham.

Ex•cu•ba´tion n. [L. excubatio, fr. excubare to lie out on guard; ex out on guard; ex out + cubare to lie down.] A keeping watch. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•cu•bi•to´ri•um , n. [LL. excubitorium; ex out + cubare, cubitum, to lie.] (Eccl. Antiq.) A gallery in a church, where persons watched all night.

Ex•cul´pa•ble Capable of being exculpated; deserving exculpation. Sir G. Buck.

Ex•cul´pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exculpated , p. pr. & vb. n.. Exculpating .] [L. ex out + culpatus, p. p. of culpare to find fault with, to blame, culpa fault. See Culpable.] To clear from alleged fault or guilt; to prove to be guiltless; to relieve of blame; to acquit. “He exculpated himself from being the author of the heroic epistle.” Mason. “I exculpate him further for his writing against me.” Milman. Syn. — To exonerate; absolve; clear; acquit; excuse; vindicate; justify.

Ex•cul•pa´tion , n. [Cf. LL. exculpatio.] The act of exculpating from alleged fault or crime; that which exculpates; excuse. “These robbers, however, were men who might have made out a strong case in exculpation of themselves.” Southey.

Ex•cul´pa•to•ry Clearing, or tending to clear, from alleged fault or guilt; excusing. ´An exculpatory letter.´ Johnson.

Ex•cur´ v. i. [L. excurrere. See Excurrent.] To run out or forth; to extend. [Obs.] Harvey.

Ex•cur´rent , a. [L. excurrens, p. p. of excurrere, excursum, to run out; ex out + currere to run. See Current.] 1. Running or flowing out; as: (Bot.) Running or extending out; as an excurrent midrib, one which projects beyond the apex of a leaf; an excurrent steam or trunk, one which continues to the top. 2. (Zoöl) Characterized by a current which flows outward; as an excurrent orifice or tube.

Ex•curse´ , v. t. [See excurrent.] To journey or pass thought. [R.]

Ex•cur´sion [L. excursio: cf. F. excursion. See Excurrent.] 1. A running or going out or forth; an expedition; a sally. “Far on excursion toward the gates of hell.” Milton. “They would make excursions and waste the country.” Holland. 2. A journey chiefly for recreation; a pleasure trip; a brief tour; as an excursion into the country. 3. A wandering from a subject; digression. “I am not in a scribbling mood, and shall therefore make no excursions.” Cowper. 4. (Mach.) Length of stroke, as of a piston; stroke. [An awkward use of the word.] Syn. — Journey; tour; ramble; jaunt. See Journey.

Ex•cur´sion•ist, n. One who goes on an excursion, or pleasure trip.

Ex•cur´sive , a. Prone to make excursions; wandering; roving; exploring; as an excursive fancy. “The course of excursive … understandings.” I. Taylor. — Ex•cur´sive•ly, adv. — Ex•cur´sive•ness, , n.

Ex•cur´sus , n. [L., fr. excurrere, excursum. See Excurrent.] A dissertation or digression appended to a work, and containing a more extended exposition of some important point or topic.

Ex•cus´a•ble a. [L. excusabilis: cf. F. excusable. See Excuse.] That may be excused, forgiven, justified, or acquitted of blame; pardonable; as the man is excusable; an excusable action. — Ex•cus´a•ble•ness, n. — Ex•cus´a•bly, adv. “The excusableness of my dissatisfaction.” Boyle.

Ex•cu•sa´tion , n. [L. excusatio: cf. F. excusation.] Excuse; apology. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•cu•sa´tor , n. [L.] One who makes, or is authorized to make, an excuse; an apologist. [Obs.] Hume.

Ex•cus´a•to•ry , a. Making or containing excuse or apology; apologetical; as an excusatory plea.

Ex•cuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excused p. pr. & vb. n. Excusing.] [OE. escusen, cusen, OF. escuser, excuser, F. excuser, fr. L. excusare; ex out + causa cause, causari to plead. See Cause.] 1. To free from accusation, or the imputation of fault or blame; to clear from guilt; to release from a charge; to justify by extenuating a fault; to exculpate; to absolve; to acquit. “A man’s persuasion that a thing is duty, will not excuse him from guilt in practicing it, if really and indeed it be against Gog’s law.” Abp. Sharp. 2. To pardon, as a fault; to forgive entirely, or to admit to be little censurable, and to overlook; as we excuse irregular conduct, when extraordinary circumstances appear to justify it. “I must excuse what can not be amended.” Shak. 3. To regard with indulgence; to view leniently or to overlook; to pardon. “And in our own (excuse some courtly stains.)
No whiter page than Addison remains.” Pope. 4. To free from an impending obligation or duty; hence, to disengage; to dispense with; to release by favor; also to remit by favor; not to exact; as to excuse a forfeiture. “I pray thee have me excused.” xiv. 19. 5. To relieve of an imputation by apology or defense; to make apology for as not seriously evil; to ask pardon or indulgence for. “Think ye that we excuse ourselves to you?” 2 Cor. xii. 19. Syn. — To vindicate; exculpate; absolve; acquit. - To Pardon, Excuse, Forgive. A superior pardons as an act of mercy or generosity; either a superior or an equal excuses. A crime, great fault, or a grave offence, as one against law or morals, may be pardoned; a small fault, such as a failure in social or conventional obligations, slight omissions or neglects may be excused. Forgive relates to offenses against one’s self, and punishment foregone; as to forgive injuries or one who has injured us; to pardon grave offenses, crimes, and criminals; to excuse an act of forgetfulness, an unintentional offense. Pardon is also a word of courtesy employed in the sense of excuse.

Ex•cuse´ , n. [Cf. F. excuse. See Excuse, v. t.] 1. The act of excusing, apologizing, exculpating, pardoning, releasing, and the like; acquittal; release; absolution; justification; extenuation. “Pleading so wisely in excuse of it.” Shak. 2. That which is offered as a reason for being excused; a plea offered in extenuation of a fault or irregular deportment; apology; as an excuse for neglect of duty; excuses for delay of payment. “Hence with denial vain and coy excuse.” Milton. 3. That which excuses; that which extenuates or justifies a fault. ´It hath the excuse of youth.´ Shak. “If eyes were made for seeing.
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.” Emerson. Syn. — See Apology.

Ex•cuse´less, a. Having no excuse; not admitting of excuse or apology. Whillock.

Ex•cuse´ment , n. [Cf. OF. excusement.] Excuse. [Obs.] Gower.

Ex•cus´er , n. 1. One who offers excuses or pleads in extenuation of the fault of another. Swift. 2. One who excuses or forgives another. Shelton.

Ex•cuss´ , v. t. [L. excussus. p. p. of excutere to shake off; ex out, from + quatere to shake. Cf. Quash.] 1. To shake off; to discard. [R.] “To excuss the notation of a Geity out of their minds.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To inspect; to investigate; to decipher. [R.] “To take some pains in excusing some old monuments.” F. Junius (1654). 3. To seize and detain by law, as goods. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Ex•cus´sion , n. [L. excussio a shaking down; LL., a threshing of corn: cf. F. excussion.] The act of excusing; seizure by law. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Ex´e•at , n. [L., let him go forth.] 1. A license for absence from a college or a religious house. [Eng.] Shipley. 2. A permission which a bishop grants to a priest to go out of his diocese. Wharton.

Ex´e•cra•ble , a. [L. execrabilis, exsecrabilis: cf. F. execrable. See Execrate.] Deserving to be execrated; accursed; damnable; detestable; abominable; as an execrable wretch. ´Execrable pride.´ Hooker. — Ex´e•cra•ble•ness, n. — Ex´e•cra•bly, adv.

Ex´e•crate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Execrated p. pr. & vb. n. Execrating ] [L. execratus, exsecratus, p. p. of execrare, exsecrare, to execrate; ex out + sacer holy, sacred. See Sacred.] To denounce evil against, or to imprecate evil upon; to curse; to protest against as unholy or detestable; hence, to detest utterly; to abhor; to abominate. ´They … execrate their lct.´ Cowper.

Ex•e•cra´tion , n. [L. execratio, exsecratio: cf. F. execration.] 1. The act of cursing; a curse dictated by violent feelings of hatred; imprecation; utter detestation expressed. “Cease, gentle, queen, these execrations.” Shak. 2. That which is execrated; a detested thing. “Ye shall be an execration and … a curse.” Jer. xlii. 18. Syn. — See Malediction.

Ex´e•cra•tive , a. Cursing; imprecatory; vilifying. Carlyle. — Ex´e•cra•tive•ly, adv.

Ex´e•cra•tive, n. A word used for cursing; an imprecatory word or expression. Earle.

Ex´e•cra•to•ry , a. Of the nature of execration; imprecatory; denunciatory. C. Kingsley. — n. A formulary of execrations. L. Addison.

Ex•ect´ , v. t. [See Exsect.] To cut off or out. [Obs.] See Exsect. Harvey.

Ex•ec´tion , n. [Obs.] See Exsection.

Ex´e•cu•ta•ble , a. Capable of being executed; feasible; as an executable project. [R.]

Ex•ec´u•tant , n. One who executes or performs; esp., a performer on a musical instrument. “Great executants on the organ.” De Quincey.

Ex´e•cute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Executed p. pr. & vb. n. Executing ] [F. executer, L. executus, exsecutus, p. p. of exequi to follow to the end, pursue; ex out + sequi to follow. See Second, Sue to follow up, and cf. Exequy.] 1. To follow out or through to the end; to carry out into complete effect; to complete; to finish; to effect; to perform. “Why delays
His hand to execute what his decree
Fixed on this day?” Milton. 2. To complete, as a legal instrument; to perform what is required to give validity to, as by signing and perhaps sealing and delivering; as to execute a deed, lease, mortgage, will, etc. 3. To give effect to; to do what is provided or required by; to perform the requirements or stipulations of; as to execute a decree, judgment, writ, or process. 4. To infect capital punishment on; to put to death in conformity to a legal sentence; as to execute a traitor. 5. To put to death illegally; to kill. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Mus.) To perform, as a piece of music, either on an instrument or with the voice; as to execute a difficult part brilliantly. Syn. — To accomplish; effect; fulfill; achieve; consummate; finish; complete. See Accomplish.

Ex´e•cute, v. i. 1. To do one’s work; to act one’s part or purpose. [R.] Hayward. 2. To perform musically.

Ex´e•cu•ter , n. One who performs or carries into effect. See Executor.

Ex•e•cu´tion , n. [F. execution, L. executio, exsecutio.] 1. The act of executing; a carrying into effect or to completion; performance; achievement; consummation; as the execution of a plan, a work, etc. “The excellence of the subject contributed much to the happiness of the execution.” Dryden. 2. A putting to death as a legal penalty; death lawfully inflicted; as the execution of a murderer. “A warrant for his execution.” Shak. 3. The act of the mode of performing a work of art, of performing on an instrument, of engraving, etc.; as the execution of a statue, painting, or piece of music. “The first quality of execution is truth.” Ruskin. 4. (Law) (a) The carrying into effect the judgment given in a court of law. (b) A judicial writ by which an officer is empowered to carry a judgment into effect; final process. (c) The act of signing, and delivering a legal instrument, or giving it the forms required to render it valid; as the execution of a deed, or a will. 5. That which is executed or accomplished; effect; effective work; — usually with do. “To do some fatal execution.” Shak. 6. The act of sacking a town. [Obs.] Beau. & FL.

Ex•e•cu´tion•er , n. 1. One who executes; an executer. Bacon. 2. One who puts to death in conformity to legal warrant, as a hangman.

Ex•ec´u•tive , a. [Cf.F. executif.] Designed or fitted for execution, or carrying into effect; as executive talent; qualifying for, concerned with, or pertaining to, the execution of the laws or the conduct of affairs; as executive power or authority; executive duties, officer, department, etc. In government, executive is distinguished from legislative and judicial; legislative being applied to the organ or organs of government which make the laws; judicial, to that which interprets and applies the laws; executive, to that which carries them into effect or secures their due performance.

Ex•ec´u•tive, n. An impersonal title of the chief magistrate or officer who administers the government, whether king, president, or governor; the governing person or body.

Ex•ec´u•tive•ly, adv. In the way of executing or performing.

Ex•ec´u•tor , n. [L. executor, exsecutor: cf. F. executeur. Cf. Executer.] 1. One who executes or performs; a doer; as an executor of baseness. Shak. 2. An executioner. [Obs.] “Delivering o’er to executors paw
The lazy, yawning drone.” Shak. 3. (Law) The person appointed by a testator to execute his will, or to see its provisions carried into effect, after his decease. Executor de son tort [Of., executor of his own wrong] (Law), a stranger who intermeddles without authority in the distribution of the estate of a deceased person.

Ex•ec•u•to´ri•al , a. [LL. executorialis.] Of or pertaining to an executive.

Ex•ec´u•tor•ship , n. The office of an executor.

Ex•ec´u•to•ry , a. [LL. executorius, L. exsecutorius: cf.F. executoire.] 1. Pertaining to administration, or putting the laws in force; executive. “The official and executory duties of government.” Burke. 2. (Law) Designed to be executed or carried into effect in time to come, or to take effect on a future contingency; as an executory devise, reminder, or estate; an executory contract. Blackstone.

Ex•ec´u•tress , n. [Cf.F. executrice.] An executrix.

Ex•ec´u•trix , n. [LL.] (Law) A woman exercising the functions of an executor.

Ex´e•dent , a. [L. exedent, -entis, p. pr. of exedere. See Exesion.] Eating out; consuming. [R.]

Ex´e•dra (eks´e•dra), n.; pl. Exedrae (- dre). [L., fr. Gr ’exe•dra; ’ex out + ´e•dra seat.] 1. (Class. Antiq.) A room in a public building, furnished with seats. 2. (Arch.) (a) The projection of any part of a building in a rounded form. (b) Any out-of-door seat in stone, large enough for several persons; esp., one of curved form.

Ex•e•ge´sis , n.; pl. Exegeses (#). [NL., fr.Gr. ,fr. to explain, interpret; out + to guide, lead, akin, to to lead. See Agent.] 1. Exposition; explanation; especially, a critical explanation of a text or portion of Scripture. 2. (Math.) The process of finding the roots of an equation. [Obs.]

Ex´e•gete , n. [Gr. : cf.F. exegète. See Exegesis.] An exegetist. { Ex•e•get´ic , Ex•e•get´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. exegetique.] Pertaining to exegesis; tending to unfold or illustrate; explanatory; expository. Walker. Ex•e•get´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ex•e•get´ics , n. The science of interpretation or exegesis.

Ex•e•ge´tist , n. One versed in the science of exegesis or interpretation; — also called exegete.

Ex•em´plar , n. [L. exemplar, exemplum: cf. F. exemplaire. See Example, and cf. Examper, Sampler.] 1. A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or imitated; a specimen; sometimes; an ideal model or type, as that which an artist conceives. “Such grand exemplar as make their own abilities the sole measure of what is fit or unfit.” South. 2. A copy of a book or writing. [Obs.] Udall.

Ex•em´plar, a. Exemplary. [Obs.] “The exemplar piety of the father of a family.” Jer. Taylor.

Ex´em•pla•ri•ly , adv. In a manner fitted or designed to be an example for imitation or for warning; by way of example. “She is exemplarily loyal.” Howell. “Some he punisheth exemplarily.” Hakewill.

Ex´em•pla•ri•ness, n. The state or quality of being exemplary; fitness to be an example.

Ex•em•plar´i•ty , n. [Cf. LL. exemplaritas.] Exemplariness. [R.] “The exemplarity of Christ’s life.” Abp. Sharp.

Ex´em•pla•ry , a. [L. exemplaris, fr. exemplar: cf. F. exemplaire. See Exemplar.] 1. Serving as a pattern; deserving to be proposed for imitation; commendable; as an exemplary person; exemplary conduct. “[Bishops’] lives and doctrines ought to be exemplary.” Bacon. 2. Serving as a warning; monitory; as exemplary justice, punishment, or damages. 3. Illustrating as the proof of a thing. Fuller. Exemplary damages. (Law) See under Damage.

Ex´em•pla•ry, n. An exemplar; also a copy of a book or writing. [Obs.] Donne.

Ex•em´pli•fi•a•ble , a. That can be exemplified.

Ex•em•pli•fi•ca´tion , n. 1. The act of exemplifying; a showing or illustrating by example. 2. That which exemplifies; a case in point; example. 3. (Law) A copy or transcript attested to be correct by the seal of an officer having custody of the original.

Ex•em´pli•fi•er , n. One who exemplifies by following a pattern.

Ex•em´pli•fy v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exemplified p. pr. &. vb. n. Exemplifying.] [L. exemplum example + - fy: cf. LL. exemplificare to copy, serve as an example.] 1. To show or illustrate by example. “He did but … exemplify the principles in which he had been brought up.” Cowper. 2. To copy; to transcribe; to make an attested copy or transcript of, under seal, as of a record. Holland. 3. To prove or show by an attested copy.

Ex•empt´ , a. [F. exempt, L. exemptus, p. p. of eximere to take out, remove, free; ex out + emere to buy, take. Cf. Exon, Redeem.] 1. Cut off; set apart. [Obs.] “Corrupted, and exempt from ancient gentry.” Shak. 2. Extraordinary; exceptional. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. Free, or released, from some liability to which others are subject; excepted from the operation or burden of some law; released; free; clear; privileged; — (with from): not subject to; not liable to; as goods exempt from execution; a person exempt from jury service. “True nobility is exempt from fear.” Shak. “T is laid on all, not any one exempt.” Dryden.

Ex•empt´, n. 1. One exempted or freed from duty; one not subject. 2. One of four officers of the Yeomen of the Royal Guard, having the rank of corporal; an Exon. [Eng.]

Ex•empt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exempting.] [F. exempter. See Exempt, a.] 1. To remove; to set apart. [Obs.] Holland. 2. To release or deliver from some liability which others are subject to; to except or excuse from he operation of a law; to grant immunity to; to free from obligation; to release; as to exempt from military duty, or from jury service; to exempt from fear or pain. “Death
So snatched will not exempt us from the pain
We are by doom to pay.” Milton.

Ex•empt´i•ble , a. That may be exempted.

Ex•emp´tion , n. [L. exenptio a removing: cf. F. exemption exemption.] The act of exempting; the state of being exempt; freedom from any charge, burden, evil, etc., to which others are subject; immunity; privilege; as exemption of certain articles from seizure; exemption from military service; exemption from anxiety, suffering, etc.

Ex•emp•ti´tious , a. Separable. [Obs.] ´Exemptitious from matter.´ Dr. H. More.

Ex•en´ter•ate , v. t. [L. exenteratus, p. p. of exenterare; cf. Gr. ; out + intestine.] To take out the bowels or entrails of; to disembowel; to eviscerate; as exenterated fishes. [R.] “Exenterated rule-mongers and eviscerated logicians.” Hare.

Ex•en•ter•a´tion , n. [LL. exenteratio.] Act of exenterating. [R.]

Ex•e•qua´tur , n. [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of exequi, exsequi, to perform, execute.] 1. A written official recognition of a consul or commercial agent, issued by the government to which he is accredited, and authorizing him to exercise his powers in the place to which he is assigned. 2. Official recognition or permission. Prescott.

Ex•e´qui•al , a. [L. exequialis, exsequialis, fr. exsequiae exequies.] Of or pertaining to funerals; funereal.

Ex•e´qui•ous , a. Funereal. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ex´e•quy , n.; pl. Exequies (#). [L. exequiae, exsequiae, a funeral procession, fr. exsequi to follow out: cf. OF. exeques. See Exequte.] A funeral rite (usually in the plural); the ceremonies of burial; obsequies; funeral procession. “But see his exequies fulfilled in Rouen.” Shak.

Ex•er´cent , a. [L. exercents, -entis, p. pr. of exercere. See Exercise.] Practicing; professional. [Obs.] ´Every exercent advocate.´ Ayliffe.

Ex´er•ci•sa•ble a. That may be exercised, used, or exerted.

Ex´er•cise , n. [F. exercice, L. exercitium, from exercere, exercitum, to drive on, keep, busy, prob. orig., to thrust or drive out of the inclosure; ex out + arcere to shut up, inclose. See Ark.] 1. The act of exercising; a setting in action or practicing; employment in the proper mode of activity; exertion; application; use; habitual activity; occupation, in general; practice. “exercise of the important function confided by the constitution to the legislature.” Jefferson. “O we will walk this world,
Yoked in all exercise of noble end.” Tennyson. 2. Exertion for the sake of training or improvement whether physical, intellectual, or moral; practice to acquire skill, knowledge, virtue, perfectness, grace, etc. ´Desire of knightly exercise.´ Spenser. “An exercise of the eyes and memory.” Locke. 3. Bodily exertion for the sake of keeping the organs and functions in a healthy state; hygienic activity; as to take exercise on horseback. “The wise for cure on exercise depend.” Dryden. 4. The performance of an office, a ceremony, or a religious duty. “Lewis refused even those of the church of England … the public exercise of their religion.” Addison. “To draw him from his holy exercise.” Shak. 5. That which is done for the sake of exercising, practicing, training, or promoting skill, health, mental, improvement, moral discipline, etc.; that which is assigned or prescribed for such ends; hence, a disquisition; a lesson; a task; as military or naval exercises; musical exercises; an exercise in composition. “The clumsy exercises of the European tourney.” Prescott. “He seems to have taken a degree, and performed public exercises in Cambridge, in 1565.” Brydges. 6. That which gives practice; a trial; a test. “Patience is more oft the exercise
Of saints, the trial of their fortitude.” Milton. Exercise bone (Med.), a deposit of bony matter in the soft tissues, produced by pressure or exertion.

Ex´er•cise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exercised p. pr. & vb. n. Exercising ] 1. To set in action; to cause to act, move, or make exertion; to give employment to; to put in action habitually or constantly; to school or train; to exert repeatedly; to busy. “Herein do I Exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offence.” Acts xxiv. 16. 2. To exert for the sake of training or improvement; to practice in order to develop; hence, also to improve by practice; to discipline, and to use or to for the purpose of training; as to exercise arms; to exercise one’s self in music; to exercise troops. “About him exercised heroic games
The unarmed youth.” Milton. 3. To occupy the attention and effort of; to task; to tax, especially in a painful or vexatious manner; harass; to vex; to worry or make anxious; to affect; to discipline; as exercised with pain. “Where pain of unextinguishable fire
Must exercise us without hope of end.” Milton. 4. To put in practice; to carry out in action; to perform the duties of; to use; to employ; to practice; as to exercise authority; to exercise an office. “I am the Lord which exercise loving-kindness, judgment, and righteousness in the earth.” Jer. ix. 24. “The people of the land have used oppression and exercised robbery.” Ezek. xxii. 29.

Ex´er•cise, v. i. To exercise one’s self, as under military training; to drill; to take exercise; to use action or exertion; to practice gymnastics; as to exercise for health or amusement. “I wear my trusty sword,
When I do exercise.” Cowper.

Ex´er•ci•ser , n. One who exercises.

Ex´er•ci•si•ble , a. Capable of being exercised, employed, or enforced; as the authority of a magistrate is exercisible within his jurisdiction.

Ex•er•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. exercitatio, fr. exercitare, intense., fr. exercere to exercise: Cf. f. exercitation.] exercise; practice; use. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•ergue´ , n. [F., fr. Gr. out + work; lit., out work, i. e., accessory work. See Work.] (Numis.) The small space beneath the base line of a subject engraved on a coin or medal. It usually contains the date, place, engraver’s name, etc., or other subsidiary matter. Fairholt.

Ex•ert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exerting.] [L. exertus, exsertus, p. p. of exerere, exserere, to thrust out; ex out + serere to join or bind together. See Series, and cf. Exsert.] 1. To thrust forth; to emit; to push out. [Obs.] “So from the seas exerts his radiant head
The star by whom the lights of heaven are led.” Dryden. 2. To put force, ability, or anything of the nature of an active faculty; to put in vigorous action; to bring into active operation; as to exert the strength of the body, limbs, faculties, or imagination; to exert the mind or the voice. 3. To put forth, as the result or exercise of effort; to bring to bear; to do or perform. “When we will has exerted an act of command on any faculty of the soul or member of the body.” South. To exert one’s self, to use efforts or endeavors; to strive; to make an attempt.

Ex•er´tion , n. The act of exerting, or putting into motion or action; the active exercise of any power or faculty; an effort, esp. a laborious or perceptible effort; as an exertion of strength or power; an exertion of the limbs or of the mind; it is an exertion for him to move, to-day. Syn. — Attempt; endeavor; effort; essay; trial. See Attempt.

Ex•ert´ive , a. Having power or a tendency to exert; using exertion.

Ex•ert´ment , n. Exertion. [R.]

Ex•e´sion , n. [L. exedere, exesum, to eat up; ex out + edere to eat.] The act of eating out or through. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•es´tu•ate , v. i. [L. exaestuatus,p. p. of exaestuare to boil up. See Estuate.] To be agitated; to boil up; to effervesce. [Obs.]

Ex•es•tu•a´tion , n. [L. exaestuatio.] A boiling up; effervescence. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ex´e•unt [L., 3d pers. pl. pres. of exire to go out.] They go out, or retire from the scene; as exeunt all except Hamlet. See 1st Exit.

Ex•fe•ta´tion , n [Pref. ex- + fetation.] (Med.) Imperfect fetation in some organ exterior to the uterus; extra-uterine fetation. Hoblyn.

Ex•fo´li•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exfoliated p. pr. & vb. n. Exfoliating ] [L. exfoliare to strip of leaves; ex out, from + folium leaf.] 1. To separate and come off in scales or laminae, as pieces of carious bone or of bark. 2. (Min.) To split into scales, especially to become converted into scales at the result of heat or decomposition.

Ex•fo´li•ate v. t. To remove scales, laminae, or splinters from the surface of.

Ex•fo•li•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. exfoliation.] The scaling off of a bone, a rock, or a mineral, etc.; the state of being exfoliated.

Ex•fo´li•a´tive , a. [Cf.F. exfoliatif.] Having the power of causing exfoliation. — n. An exfoliative agent. Wiseman.

Ex•hal´a•ble , a. Capable of being exhaled or evaporated. Boyle.

Ex•hal´ant , a. [Cf. F. exhalant.] Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating.

Ex•ha•la´tion , n. [L. exhalatio: cf. F. exhalaison, exhalation.] 1. The act or process of exhaling, or sending forth in the form of steam or vapor; evaporation. 2. That which is exhaled, or which rises in the form of vapor, fume, or steam; effluvium; emanation; as exhalations from the earth or flowers, decaying matter, etc. “Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise
From hill or steaming lake.” Milton. 3. A bright phenomenon; a meteor. “I shall fall
Like a bright exhalation in the evening.” Shak.

Ex•hale´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exaled , p. pr. & vb. n.. Exaling.] [L. exhalare; ex out + halare to breathe; cf.F. exhaler. Cf. Inhale.] 1. To breathe out. Hence: To emit, as vapor; to send out, as an odor; to evaporate; as the earth exhales vapor; marshes exhale noxious effluvia. “Less fragrant scents the unfolding rose exhales.” Pope. 2. To draw out; to cause to be emitted in vapor; as the sun exhales the moisture of the earth.

Ex•hale´, v. i. To rise or be given off, as vapor; to pass off, or vanish. “Their inspiration exhaled in elegies.” Prescott.

Ex•hale´ment , n. Exhalation. [Obs.]

Ex•hal´ence , n. Exhalation. [R.]

Ex•haust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhausted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhausting.] [L. exhaustus, p. p. of exhaurire; ex out + haurire, haustum, to draw, esp. water; perhaps akin to Icel. asua to sprinkle, pump.] 1. To draw or let out wholly; to drain off completely; as to exhaust the water of a well; the moisture of the earth is exhausted by evaporation. 2. To empty by drawing or letting out the contents; as to exhaust a well, or a treasury. 3. To drain, metaphorically; to use or expend wholly, or till the supply comes to an end; to deprive wholly of strength; to use up; to weary or tire out; to wear out; as to exhaust one’s strength, patience, or resources. “A decrepit, exhausted old man at fifty- five.” Motley. 4. To bring out or develop completely; to discuss thoroughly; as to exhaust a subject. 5. (Chem.) To subject to the action of various solvents in order to remove all soluble substances or extractives; as to exhaust a drug successively with water, alcohol, and ether. Exhausted receiver. (Physics) See under Receiver. Syn. — To spend; consume; tire out; weary.

Ex•haust´, a. [L. exhaustus, p. p.] 1. Drained; exhausted; having expended or lost its energy. 2. Pertaining to steam, air, gas etc., that is released from the cylinder of an engine after having preformed its work. Exhaust draught, a forced draught produced by drawing air through a place, as through a furnace, instead of blowing it through. — Exhaust fan, a fan blower so arranged as to produce an exhaust draught, or to draw air or gas out of a place, as out of a room in ventilating it. — Exhaust nozzle, Exhaust orifice (Steam Engine), the blast orifice or nozzle. — Exhaust pipe (Steam Engine), the pipe that conveys exhaust steam from the cylinder to the atmosphere or to the condenser. Exhaust port (Steam Engine), the opening, in the cylinder or valve, by which the exhaust steam escapes. — Exhaust purifier (Milling), a machine for sorting grains, or purifying middlings by an exhaust draught. Knight. — Exhaust steam (Steam Engine), steam which is allowed to escape from the cylinder after having been employed to produce motion of the piston. — Exhaust valve (Steam Engine), a valve that lets exhaust steam escape out of a cylinder.

Ex•haust´, n. (Steam Engine) 1. The steam let out of a cylinder after it has done its work there. 2. The foul air let out of a room through a register or pipe provided for the purpose.

Ex•haust´er n. One who, or that which, exhausts or draws out.

Ex•haust•i•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being exhausted. “I was seriously tormented by the thought of the exhaustibility of musical combinations.” J. S. Mill.

Ex•haust´i•ble , a. Capable of being exhausted, drained off, or expended. Johnson.

Ex•haust´ing, a. Producing exhaustion; as exhausting labors. — Ex•haust´ing, adv.

Ex•haus´tion , n. [Cf. F. exhaustion.] 1. The act of draining out or draining off; the act of emptying completely of the contents. 2. The state of being exhausted or emptied; the state of being deprived of strength or spirits. 3. (Math.) An ancient geometrical method in which an exhaustive process was employed. It was nearly equivalent to the modern method of limits. The method of exhaustions was applied to great variety of propositions, pertaining to rectifications and quadratures, now investigated by the calculus.

Ex•haust´ive , a. Serving or tending to exhaust; exhibiting all the facts or arguments; as an exhaustive method. Ex•haust´ive•ly, adv.

Ex•haust´less, a. Not be exhausted; inexhaustible; as an exhaustless fund or store.

Ex•haust´ment , n. Exhaustion; drain. [Obs.]

Ex•haus´ture , n. Exhaustion. Wraxall.

Ex´he•dra , n. [NL.] See Exedra.

Ex•her´e•date , v. t. [L., exheredatus, p. p. of exheredare to disinherit; ex out + heres, heredis, heir.] To disinherit. [R.] Huloet.

Ex•her•e•da´tion , n. [L., exheredatio: cf. F. exheredation.] A disinheriting; disherison. [R.]

Ex•he•red•i•ta´tion , n. [LL. exhereditare, exhereditatum, disinherit.] A disinheriting; disherison. [R.] E. Waterhouse.

Ex•hib´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhibiting.] [L. exhibitus, p. p. of exhibere to hold forth, to tender, exhibit; ex out + habere to have or hold. See Habit.] 1. To hold forth or present to view; to produce publicly, for inspection; to show, especially in order to attract notice to what is interesting; to display; as to exhibit commodities in a warehouse, a picture in a gallery. “Exhibiting a miserable example of the weakness of mind and body.” Pope. 2. (Law) To submit, as a document, to a court or officer, in course of proceedings; also to present or offer officially or in legal form; to bring, as a charge. “He suffered his attorney-general to exhibit a charge of high treason against the earl.” Clarendon. 3. (Med.) To administer as a remedy; as to exhibit calomel. To exhibit a foundation or prize, to hold it forth or to tender it as a bounty to candidates. — To exibit an essay, to declaim or otherwise present it in public. [Obs.]

Ex•hib´it, n. 1. Any article, or collection of articles, displayed to view, as in an industrial exhibition; a display; as this exhibit was marked A; the English exhibit. 2. (Law) A document produced and identified in court for future use as evidence.

Ex•hib´it•er , n. [Cf. Exhibitor.] One who exhibits; one who presents a petition, charge or bill. Shak.

Ex•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. exhibitio a delivering: cf. F. exhibition.] 1. The act of exhibiting for inspection, or of holding forth to view; manifestation; display. 2. That which is exhibited, held forth, or displayed; also any public show; a display of works of art, or of feats of skill, or of oratorical or dramatic ability; as an exhibition of animals; an exhibition of pictures, statues, etc.; an industrial exhibition. 3. Sustenance; maintenance; allowance, esp. for meat and drink; pension. Specifically: (Eng. Univ.) Private benefaction for the maintenance of scholars. “What maintenance he from his friends receives,
Like exhibition thou shalt have from me.” Shak. “I have given more exhibitions to scholars, in my days, than to the priests.” Tyndale. 4. (Med.) The act of administering a remedy.

Ex•hi•bi´tion•er , n. (Eng. Univ.) One who has a pension or allowance granted for support. “A youth who had as an exhibitioner from Christ’s Hospital.” G. Eliot.

Ex•hib´it•ive , a. Serving for exhibition; representative; exhibitory. Norris. — Ex•hib´it•ive•ly, adv.

Ex•hib´it•or , n. [Cf. L. exhibitor a giver.] One who exhibits.

Ex•hib´it•o•ry , a. [L. exhibitorius relating to giving up: cf. F. exhibitoire exhibiting.] Exhibiting; publicly showing. J. Warton.

Ex•hil´a•rant , a. [L. exhilarans. -antis, p. pr. See Exhilarate.] Exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. — n. That which exhilarates.

Ex•hil´a•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhilarated p. pr. & vb. n. Exilarating.] [L. exhilaratus, p. p. of exhilarare to gladden; ex out + hilarare to make merry, hilaris merry, cheerful. See Hilarious.] To make merry or jolly; to enliven; to animate; to gladden greatly; to cheer; as good news exhilarates the mind; wine exhilarates a man.

Ex•hil´a•rate, v. i. To become joyous. [R.] Bacon.

Ex•hil´a•ra•ting , a. That exhilarates; cheering; gladdening. — Ex•hil´a•ra•ting•ly, adv.

Ex•hil•a•ra´tion , n. [L., exhilaratio.] 1. The act of enlivening the spirits; the act of making glad or cheerful; a gladdening. 2. The state of being enlivened or cheerful. “Exhilaration hath some affinity with joy, though it be a much lighter motion.” Bacon. Syn. — Animation; joyousness; gladness; cheerfulness; gayety; hilarity; merriment; jollity.

Ex•hort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhorting.] [L. exhortari; ex out + hortari to incite, encourage; cf. F. exhorter. See Hortative.] To incite by words or advice; to animate or urge by arguments, as to a good deed or laudable conduct; to address exhortation to; to urge strongly; hence, to advise, warn, or caution. “Examples gross as earth exhort me.” Shak. “Let me exhort you to take care of yourself.” J. D. Forbes.

Ex•hort´, v. i. To deliver exhortation; to use words or arguments to incite to good deeds. “With many other words did he testify and exhort.” Acts ii. 40.

Ex•hort´, n. Exhortation. [Obs.] Pope.

Ex•hor•ta´tion , n. [L. exhortatio: cf. F. exhortation.] 1. The act of practice of exhorting; the act of inciting to laudable deeds; incitement to that which is good or commendable. 2. Language intended to incite and encourage; advice; counsel; admonition. “I’ll end my exhortation after dinner.” Shak.

Ex•hor´ta•tive , a. [L. exhortativus: cf. F. exhortatif.] Serving to exhort; exhortatory; hortative. Barrow.

Ex•hor´ta•to•ry a. [L. exhortatorius: cf. F. exhortatoire.] Of or pertaining to exhortation; hortatory. Holinshed.

Ex•hort´er , n. One who exhorts or incites.

Ex•hu´ma•ted , a. Disinterred. [Obs.]

Ex•hu•ma´tion , n. [Cf. LL. exhumatio, F. exhumation.] The act of exhuming that which has been buried; as the exhumation of a body.

Ex•hume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhumed p. pr. & vb. n.. Exhuming.] [LL. exhumare; L. ex out + humus ground, soil: cf. F. exhumer. See Humble.] To dig out of the ground; to take out of a place of burial; to disinter. Mantell.

Ex´ic•cate , v. t. See Exsiccate. [Obs.] Holland.

Ex•ic•ca´tion , n. See Exsiccation. [Obs.]

Ex´i•gence , n. [F.] Exigency. Hooker.

Ex´i•gen•cy , n.; pl. Exigencies (#). [LL. exigentia: cf. F. exigence.] The state of being exigent; urgent or exacting want; pressing necessity or distress; need; a case demanding immediate action, supply, or remedy; as an unforeseen exigency. ´The present exigency of his affairs.´ Ludlow. Syn. — Demand; urgency; distress; pressure; emergency; necessity; crisis.

Ex•i•gen´da•ry , n. See Exigenter.

Ex•i•gent, a. [L. exigens, - entis, p. pr. of exigere to drive out or forth, require, exact. See Exact.] Exacting or requiring immediate aid or action; pressing; critical. ´At this exigent moment.´ Burke.

Ex´i•gent, n. 1. Exigency; pressing necessity; decisive moment. [Obs.] “Why do you cross me in this exigent?” Shak. 2. (o. Eng. Law) The name of a writ in proceedings before outlawry. Abbott.

Ex´i•gent•er , n. (O. Eng. Law) An officer in the Court of King’s Bench and Common Pleas whose duty it was to make out exigents. The office is now abolished. Cowell.

Ex´i•gi•ble , a. [Cf. F. exigible. See Exigent.] That may be exacted; repairable. [R.] A. Smith.

Ex•i•gu´i•ty , n. [L. exiguitas, fr. exiguus small: cf. F. exiguite.] Scantiness; smallness; thinness. [R.] Boyle.

Ex•ig´u•ous , a. [L. exiguus.] Scanty; small; slender; diminutive. [R.] ´Exiguous resources.´ Carlyle. — Ex•ig´uous•ness, n. [R.]

Ex´ile , n. [OE. exil, fr. L. exilium, exsilium, fr. exsuil one who quits, or is banished from, his native soil; ex out + solum ground, land, soil, or perh. fr.the root of salire to leap, spring; cf. F. exil. Cf. Sole of the foot, Saltation.] 1. Forced separation from one’s native country; expulsion from one’s home by the civil authority; banishment; sometimes, voluntary separation from one’s native country. “Let them be recalled from their exile.” Shak. 2. The person expelled from his country by authority; also one who separates himself from his home. “Thou art in exile, and thou must not stay.” Shak. Syn. — Banishment; proscription; expulsion.

Ex´ile v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exiled p. pr. & vb. n. Exiling.] To banish or expel from one’s own country or home; to drive away. ´Exiled from eternal God.´ Tennyson. “Calling home our exiled friends abroad.” Shak. Syn. — See Banish.

Ex•ile´ , a. [L. exilis.] Small; slender; thin; fine. [Obs.] ´An exile sound.´ Bacon.

Ex´ile•ment , n. [Cf. OF. exilement.] Banishment. [R.] Sir. H. Wotton.

Ex•il´ic , a. Pertaining to exile or banishment, esp. to that of the Jews in Babylon. Encyc. Dict.

Ex•i•li´tion , n. [L. exsilire to spring from; ex out + salire to spring, leap.] A sudden springing or leaping out. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•il´ity , n. [L. exilitas: cf. F. exilite. See Exile, a.] Smallness; meagerness; slenderness; fineness, thinness. [R.] Paley.

Ex•im´ious a. [L. eximius taken out, i. e. select, fr. eximere to take out. See Exempt.] Select; choice; hence, extraordinary, excellent. [Obs.] “The eximious and arcane science of physic.” Fuller.

Ex•in´a•nite , v. t. [L. exinanitus, p. p. of exinanire; ex out (intens.) + inanire to make empty, inanis, empty.] To make empty; to render of no effect; to humble. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Ex•in•a•ni´tion n. [L. exinanitio.] An emptying; an enfeebling; exhaustion; humiliation. [Obs.] “Fastings to the exinanition of spirits.” Jer. Taylor.

Ex•ist´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Existed; p. pr. & vb. n. Existing.] [L. existere, exsistere, to step out or forth, emerge, appear, exist; ex out + sistere to cause to stand, to set, put, place, stand still, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. exister. See Stand.] 1. To be as a fact and not as a mode; to have an actual or real being, whether material or spiritual. “Who now, alas! no more is missed
Than if he never did exist.” Swift. “To conceive the world … to have existed from eternity.” South. 2. To be manifest in any manner; to continue to be; as great evils existed in his reign. 3. To live; to have life or the functions of vitality; as men can not exist in water, nor fishes on land. Syn. — See Be.

Ex•ist´ence , n. [Cf. F. existence.] 1. The state of existing or being; actual possession of being; continuance in being; as the existence of body and of soul in union; the separate existence of the soul; immortal existence. “The main object of our existence.” Lubbock. 2. Continued or repeated manifestation; occurrence, as of events of any kind; as the existence of a calamity or of a state of war. “The existence therefore, of a phenomenon, is but another word for its being perceived, or for the inferred possibility of perceiving it.” J. S. Mill. 3. That which exists; a being; a creature; an entity; as living existences.

Ex•ist´en•cy , n. Existence. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ex•ist´ent , a. [L. existens, -entis, p. pr. of existere. See Exist.] Having being or existence; existing; being; occurring now; taking place. “The eyes and mind are fastened on objects which have no real being, as if they were truly existent.” Dryden.

Ex•is•ten´tial , a. Having existence. [Archaic] Bp. Barlow. — Ex•is•ten´tial•ly, adv. [Archaic] “Existentially as well as essentially intelligent.” Colerige.

Ex•ist´er , n. One who exists.

Ex•ist´i•ble , a. Capable of existence. Grew.

Ex•is•ti•ma´tion , n. [L. existimatio judgment, opinion, fr. existimare to estimate. See Estimate.] Esteem; opinion; reputation. [Obs.] Steele.

Ex´it [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. of exire to go out. See Exeunt, Issue.] He (or she ) goes out, or retires from view; as exit Macbeth. The Latin words exit (he or she goes out), and exeunt ( they go out), are used in dramatic writings to indicate the time of withdrawal from the stage of one or more of the actors.

Ex´it, n. [See 1st Exit.] 1. The departure of a player from the stage, when he has performed his part. “They have their exits and their entrances.” Shak. 2. Any departure; the act of quitting the stage of action or of life; death; as to make one’s exit. “Sighs for his exit, vulgarly called death.” Cowper. 3. A way of departure; passage out of a place; egress; way out. “Forcing the water forth through its ordinary exits.” Woodward. { Ex•i´tial , Ex•i´tious } a. [L. exitialis, exitious, fr. exitium a going out, a going to naught, i. e., ruin, fr. exire to go out: cf. F. exitial.] Destructive; fatal. [Obs.] ´Exitial fevers.´ Harvey.

Ex´o- [Gr. out of, outside, fr. out. See Ex-.] A prefix signifying out of, outside; as in exocarp, exogen, exoskeleton. { Ex•o•car´di•ac , Ex•o•car´di•al } a. [Exo- + Gr. kardi•a heart.] (Anat.) Situated or arising outside of the heart; as exocardial murmurs; — opposed to endocardiac.

Ex´o•carp , n. [Exo- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) The outer portion of a fruit, as the flesh of a peach or the rind of an orange. See Illust. of Drupe.

Ex•oc•cip´i•tal , a. [Pref. ex- + occipital.] (Anat.) Pertaining to a bone or region on each side of the great foremen of the skull. — n. The exoccipital bone, which often forms a part of the occipital in the adult, but is usually distinct in the young.

Ex•o•ce´tus Ex•ocœ´tus, n. [NL. exocetus, L. exocoetus a fish that sleeps on the shore Gr. ’exw•koitos lit. sleeping out ’e•xw outside of + koi•th bed.] (Zoöl) A genus of fishes including the common flying fishes. See Flying fish.

Ex•oc´u•late , v. t. [L. exoculatus, p. p. of exoculare to exoculate; ex out + oculus an eye.] To deprive of eyes. [R.] W. C. Hazlitt.

Ex´ode n. [L. exodium, Gr. (sc. song) fr. belonging to an exit, or to the finale of a tragedy, fr. : cf. F. exode. See Exodus.] 1. Departure; exodus; esp., the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. [Obs.] L. Coleman. Bolingbroke. 2. (Gr. Drama) The final chorus; the catastrophe. 3. (Rom. Antiq.) An afterpiece of a comic description, either a farce or a travesty.

Ex•od´ic , a. [Gr. belonging to departure. See Exodus.] (Physiol.) Conducting influences from the spinal cord outward; — said of the motor or efferent nerves. Opposed to esodic.

Ex•o´di•um , n. [L.] See Exode.

Ex´o•dus , n. [L., the book of Exodus, Gr. a going or marching out; out + way, cf. Skr. a-sad to approach.] 1. A going out; particularly (the Exodus), the going out or journey of the Israelites from Egypt under the conduct of Moses; and hence, any large migration from a place. 2. The second of the Old Testament, which contains the narrative of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt.

Ex´o•dy , n. Exodus; withdrawal. [Obs.] “The time of the Jewish exody.” Sir M. Hale.

Ex•-of•fi´cial , a. Proceeding from office or authority.

Ex• of•fi´ci•o pl. Ex officiis (#). [L.] From office; by virtue, or as a consequence, of an office; officially.

Ex•og´a•mous , a. [Exo- + Gr. marriage.] Relating to exogamy; marrying outside of the limits of one’s own tribe; — opposed to endogenous.

Ex•og´a•my , n. The custom, or tribal law, which prohibits marriage between members of the same tribe; marriage outside of the tribe; — opposed to endogamy. Lubbock.

Ex´o•gen , n. [Exo- + - gen: cf. F. exogène.] (Bot.) A plant belonging to one of the greater part of the vegetable kingdom, and which the plants are characterized by having c wood bark, and pith, the wood forming a layer between the other two, and increasing, if at all, by the animal addition of a new layer to the outside next to the bark. The leaves are commonly netted-veined, and the number of cotyledons is two, or, very rarely, several in a whorl. Cf. Endogen. Gray.

Ex•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Arising or growing from without; exogenous.

Ex•og´e•nous , a. 1. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or having the character of, an exogen; — the opposite of endogenous. 2. (Biol.) Growing by addition to the exterior. 3. (Anat.) Growing from previously ossified parts; — opposed to autogenous. Owen. Exogenous aneurism (Med.), an aneurism which is produced by causes acting from without, as from injury.

Ex•o•gy´ra n. [NL., fr. Gr. out, outside + circle.] (Paleon.) A genus of Cretaceous fossil shells allied to oysters.

Ex´o•lete , a. [L. exoletus, p. p. of exolescere to grow out, grow out of use; ex out + olescere to grow.] Obsolete; out of use; state; insipid. [Obs.]

Ex•o•lu´tion , n. [L. exolutio a release. See Exolve.] See Exsolution. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•olve´ , v. t. [L. exolvere, exsolutum; ex out + solvere.] To loose; to pay. [Obs.]

Ex´on , n. [NL., from E. Exe (Celt. uisge water) the name of a river.] A native or inhabitant of Exeter, in England.

Ex´on, n. [F. expect an under officer.] An officer of the Yeomen of the Guard; an Exempt. [Eng.]

Ex•on´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exonerated p. pr. & vb. n. Exonerating ] [L. exoneratus, p. p. of exonerare to free from a burden; ex out, from onerare to load, onus load. See Onerous.] 1. To unload; to disburden; to discharge. [Obs.] “All exonerate themselves into one common duct.” Ray. 2. To relieve, in a moral sense, as of a charge, obligation, or load of blame resting on one; to clear of something that lies upon oppresses one, as an accusation or imputation; as to exonerate one’s self from blame, or from the charge of avarice. Burke. 3. To discharge from duty or obligation, as a bail. Syn. — To absolve; acquit; exculpate. See Absolve.

Ex•on•er•a´tion , n. [L. exoneratio: cf. F. Exoneration.] The act of disburdening, discharging, or freeing morally from a charge or imputation; also the state of being disburdened or freed from a charge.

Ex•on´er•a•tive , a. Freeing from a burden or obligation; tending to exonerate.

Ex•on´er•a•tor , n. [L., an unloader.] One who exonerates or frees from obligation.

Ex•oph•thal´mi•a , n. [Nl.,fr. Gr. with prominent eyes; out + the eye.] (Med.) The protrusion of the eyeball so that the eyelids will not cover it, in consequence of disease.

Ex•oph•thal´mic , a. Of or pertaining to, or characterized by, exophthalmia. Exophthalmic golter. Same as Rasedow’s disease.

Ex•oph•thal´mos , Ex•oph•thal´mus , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Exophthalmia.

Ex•oph•thal´my , n. (Med.) Exophthalmia.

Ex•oph´yl•lous , a. [Exo- + Gr. .] (Bot.) Not sheathed in another leaf.

Ex´o•plasm , n. [Exo- + Gr. from, fr. to mold.] (Biol.) See Ectosarc, and Ectoplasm.

Ex•op´o•dite , n. [Exo- + Gr. , foot.] (Zoöl) The external branch of the appendages of Crustacea.

Ex•op´ta•ble , a. [L. exoptabilis.] Very desirable. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•op´tile , n. [F., fr.Gr. without + feather, plumage.] (Bot.) A name given by Lestiboudois to dicotyledons; — so called because the plumule is naked.

Ex´o•ra•ble , a. [L. exorabilis: cf. F. exorable. See Exorate.] Capable of being moved by entreaty; pitiful; tender. Milton.

Ex´o•rate , v. t. [L. exoratus, p. p. of exorare to gain by entreaty; ex out, from + orare to pay.] To persuade, or to gain, by entreaty. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•o•ra´tion , n. [L. exoratio.] Entreaty. [R.] Beau. & Fl. { Ex•or´bi•tance , Ex•or´bi•tan•cy }, n. A going out of or beyond the usual or due limit; hence, enormity; extravagance; gross deviation from rule, right, or propriety; as the exorbitances of the tongue or of deportment; exorbitance of demands. ´A curb to your exorbitancies.´ Dryden. “The lamentable exorbitances of their superstitions.” Bp. Hall.

Ex•or´bi•tant , a. [L. exorbitans, -antis, p. pr. of exorbitare to go out of the track; ex out + orbita track: cf. F. exorbitant. See Orbit.] 1. Departing from an orbit or usual track; hence, deviating from the usual or due course; going beyond the appointed rules or established limits of right or propriety; excessive; extravagant; enormous; inordinate; as exorbitant appetites and passions; exorbitant charges, demands, or claims. “Foul exorbitant desires.” Milton. 2. Not comprehended in a settled rule or method; anomalous. “The Jews … [were] inured with causes exorbitant, and such as their laws had not provided for.” Hooker.

Ex•or´bi•tant•ly, adv. In an exorbitant, excessive, or irregular manner; enormously.

Ex•or´bi•tate , v. i. [L. exorbitatus, p. p. of exorbitare. See Exorbitant.] To go out of the track; to deviate. [Obs.] Bentley.

Ex´or•cise (eks´or•siz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exorcised (- sizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Exorcising (- si•zing).] [L. exorcizare, Gr. ’exorki•zein; ’ex out + ´orki•zein to make one swear, bind by an oath, fr. ´o•rkos oath: cf. F. exorciser.] 1. To cast out, as a devil, evil spirits, etc., by conjuration or summoning by a holy name, or by certain ceremonies; to expel (a demon) or to conjure (a demon) to depart out of a person possessed by one. “He impudently excorciseth devils in the church.” Prynne. 2. To deliver or purify from the influence of an evil spirit or demon. “Exorcise the beds and cross the walls.” Dryden. “Mr. Spectator … do all you can to exorcise crowds who are … processed as I am.” Spectator.

Ex´or•ci•ser (-si•zer), n. An exorcist.

Ex´or•cism (-siz’m), n. [L. exorcismus, Gr. ’exorkizmo•s; cf. F. exorcisme.] 1. The act of exorcising; the driving out of evil spirits from persons or places by conjuration; also the form of conjuration used. 2. Conjuration for raising spirits. [R.] Shak.

Ex´or•cist (-sist), n. [L. exorcista, Gr. ’exorkisth•s: cf. F. exorciste.] 1. One who expels evil spirits by conjuration or exorcism. “Certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists.” Acts xix. 13. 2. A conjurer who can raise spirits. [R.] “Thou, like an exorcist, hast conjured up
My mortified spirit.” Shak.

Ex•or´di•al (egz•ôr´di•al), a. Pertaining to the exordium of a discourse: introductory. “The exordial paragraph of the second epistle.” I. Taylor.

Ex•or´di•um (-um), n.; pl. E. Exordiums (-umz), L. Exordia (-a). [L. fr. exordiri to begin a web, lay a warp, begin; ex out + ordiri to begin a web, begin; akin to E. order. See Order.] A beginning; an introduction; especially, the introductory part of a discourse or written composition, which prepares the audience for the main subject; the opening part of an oration. ´The exordium of repentance.´ Jer. Taylor. ´Long prefaces and exordiums. ´ Addison.

Ex•o•rhi´za (eks•o•ri´za), n.; pl. Exorhizae (- ze). [NL. fr. Gr. ’e•xw outside + ’ri•za root.] (Bot.) A plant Whose radicle is not inclosed or sheathed by the cotyledons or plumule. Gray. { Ex•o•rhi´zal , Ex•o•rhi•zous } a. (Bot.) Having a radicle which is not inclosed by the cotyledons or plumule; of or relating to an exorhiza.

Ex•or•na´tion , n. [L. exornatio, fr. exornare. See Ornate.] Ornament; decoration; embellishment. [Obs.] “Hyperbolical exornations … many much affect.” Burton.

Ex•or•tive , a. [L. exortivus, fr. exortus a coming forth, rising; ex out + orivi to rise, come forth.] Rising; relating to the east. [R.]

Ex•os´cu•late , v. t. [L. exosculatus, p. p. of exosculari to kiss. See Osculate.] To kiss; especially, to kiss repeatedly or fondly. [Obs.]

Ex•o•skel´e•tal , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the exoskeleton; as exoskeletal muscles.

Ex•o•skel´e•ton , n. [Exo- + skeleton] (Anat.) The hardened parts of the external integument of an animal, including hair, feathers, nails, horns, scales, etc.,as well as the armor of armadillos and many reptiles, and the shells or hardened integument of numerous invertebrates; external skeleton; dermoskeleton.

Ex´os•mose , n. [Exo+osmose: cf. F. ezosmose.] (Physics) The passage of gases, vapors, or liquids through membranes or porous media from within outward, in the phenomena of osmose; — opposed to endosmose. See Osmose.

Ex•os•mo´sis , n. [NL. See Exo- , and Osmose.] (Physics) See Exosmose.

Ex•os•mot•ic , a. Pertaining to exosmose.

Ex•o•spore , n. [Exo + spore.] (Biol.) The extreme outer wall of a spore; the epispore.

Ex•os´sate , v. t. [L. exossatus, p. p. of exossare to bone , fr. exos without bones; ex out + os, ossis, bone.] To deprive of bones; to take out the bones of; to bone. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•os•sa´tion , n. A depriving of bone or of fruit stones. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•os´se•ous , a. [Ex + osseous.] Boneless. ´Exosseous animals. ´ Sir T. Browne.

Ex´o•stome , n. [Exo- + Gr. mouth: cf. F. exostome.] (Bot.) The small aperture or foremen in the outer coat of the ovule of a plant.

Ex•os•to´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; out + bone: cf. F. exostose.] 1. (Med.) Any protuberance of a bone which is not natural; an excrescence or morbid enlargement of a bone. Coxe. 2. (Bot.) A knot formed upon or in the wood of trees by disease. { Ex•o•ter´ic , Ex•o•ter´ic•al } a. [L. exotericus, Gr. fr. out: cf. F. exoterique. See Ex-] External; public; suitable to be imparted to the public; hence, capable of being readily or fully comprehended; — opposed to esoteric, or secret. “The foppery of an exoteric and esoteric doctrine.” De Quincey.

Ex•o•ter•ics , n. pl. (Philos.) The public lectures or published writings of Aristotle. See Esoterics.

Ex´o•ter•y , n.; pl. Exoteries (-). That which is obvious, public, or common. “Dealing out exoteries only to the vulgar.” A. Tucker.

Ex•o•the´ca , n. [Nl., fr. Gr. ’e•xw outside + a case, box.] (Zoöl.) The tissue which fills the interspaces between the costae of many madreporarian corals, usually consisting of small transverse or oblique septa.

Ex•o•the´ci•um , n. [NL. See Exotheca.] (Bot.) The outer coat of the anther.

Ex•ot´ic , a. [L. exoticus, Gr. fr. ’e•xw outside: cf. F. exotique. See Exoteric.] Introduced from a foreign country; not native; extraneous; foreign; as an exotic plant; an exotic term or word. “Nothing was so splendid and exotic as the ambassador.” Evelyn.

Ex•ot´ic , n. Anything of foreign origin; something not of native growth, as a plant, a word, a custom. “Plants that are unknown to Italy, and such as the gardeners call exotics.” Addison.

Ex•ot´ic•al , a. Foreign; not native; exotic. [R.] — Ex•ot´ic•al•ness, n.

Ex•ot´i•cism , n. The state of being exotic; also anything foreign, as a word or idiom; an exotic.

Ex•pand´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Expanding.] [L. expandere, expansum; ex out + pandere to spread out, to throw open; perh. akin to E. patent. Cf. Spawn.] 1. To lay open by extending; to open wide; to spread out; to diffuse; as a flower expands its leaves. “Then with expanded wings he steers his flight.” Milton. 2. To cause the particles or parts of to spread themselves or stand apart, thus increasing bulk without addition of substance; to make to occupy more space; to dilate; to distend; to extend every way; to enlarge; — opposed to contract; as to expand the chest; heat expands all bodies; to expand the sphere of benevolence. 3. (Math.) To state in enlarged form; to develop; as to expand an equation. See Expansion, 5.

Ex•pand´, v. i. To become widely opened, spread apart, dilated, distended, or enlarged; as flowers expand in the spring; metals expand by heat; the heart expands with joy. Dryden.

Ex•pand´er , n. Anything which causes expansion esp. (Mech.) a tool for stretching open or expanding a tube, etc.

Ex•pand´ing, a. That expands, or may be expanded; extending; spreading; enlarging. Expanding bit, Expanding drill (Mech.), a bit or drill made adjustable for holes of various sizes; one which can be expanded in diameter while boring. — Expanding pulley (Mach.), a pulley so made, as in sections, that its diameter can be increased or diminished.

Ex•panse´ , n. [From L. expansus, p. p. of expandere. See Expand.] That which is expanded or spread out; a wide extent of space or body; especially, the arch of the sky. ´The green expanse.´ Savage. “Lights … high in the expanse of heaven.” Milton. “The smooth expanse of crystal lakes.” Pope.

Ex•panse´, v. t. To expand. [Obs.] “That lies expansed unto the eyes of all.” Sir. T. Browne.

Ex•pan•si•bil´i•ty , n. The capacity of being expanded; as the expansibility of air.

Ex•pan´si•ble , a. [Cf. F. expansible.] Capable of being expanded or spread out widely. “Bodies are not expansible in proportion to their weight.” Grew. — Ex•pan´si•ble•ness ,n. - Ex•pan´si•bly ,adv.

Ex•pan´sile , a. Expansible. “Ether and alcohol are more expansile than water.” Brande & C.

Ex•pan´sion , n. [L. expansio: cf. F. expansion.] 1. The act of expanding or spreading out; the condition of being expanded; dilation; enlargement. 2. That which is expanded; expanse; extend surface; as the expansion of a sheet or of a lake; the expansion was formed of metal. “The starred expansion of the skies.” Beattie. 3. Space through which anything is expanded; also pure space. “Lost in expansion, void and infinite.” Blackmore. 4. (Com.) Enlargement or extension of business transactions; esp., increase of the circulation of bank notes. 5. (Math.) The developed result of an indicated operation; as the expansion of (a + b)2 is a^2 + 2ab + b^2. 6. (Steam Engine) The operation of steam in a cylinder after its communication with the boiler has been cut off, by which it continues to exert pressure upon the moving piston. 7. (Nav. Arch.) The enlargement of the ship mathematically from a model or drawing to the full or building size, in the process of construction. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Expansion is also used adjectively, as in expansion joint, expansion gear, etc. Expansion curve, a curve the coördinates of which show the relation between the pressure and volume of expanding gas or vapor; esp. (Steam engine), that part of an indicator diagram which shows the declining pressure of the steam as it expands in the cylinder. — Expansion gear (Steam Engine). a cut-off gear. See Illust. of Link motion. — Automatic expansion gear or cut-off, one that is regulated by the governor, and varies the supply of steam to the engine with the demand for power. — Fixed expansion gear, or Fixed cut-off, one that always operates at the same fixed point of the stroke. — Expansion joint, or Expansion coupling (Mech. & Engin.), a yielding joint or coupling for so uniting parts of a machine or structure that expansion, as by heat, is prevented from causing injurious strains; as: (a) A slide or set of rollers, at the end of bridge truss, to support it but allow end play. (b) A telescopic joint in a steam pipe, to permit one part of the pipe to slide within the other. (c) A clamp for holding a locomotive frame to the boiler while allowing lengthwise motion. — Expansion valve (Steam Engine), a cut-off valve, to shut off steam from the cylinder before the end of each stroke.

Ex•pan´sive (eks•pan´siv), a. [Cf. F. expansif.] Having a capacity or tendency to expand or dilate; diffusive; of much expanse; wide- extending; as the expansive force of heat; the expansive quality of air. “A more expansive and generous compassion.” Eustace. “His forehead was broad and expansive.” Prescott. — Ex•pan´sive•ly, adv. - Ex•pan´sive•ness, n.

Ex•pan´sure (?shur; 135), n. Expanse. [Obs.] ´Night’s rich expansure.´

Ex• par´te [L. See Ex-, and Part.] Upon or from one side only; one-sided; partial; as an ex parte statement. Ex parte application, one made without notice or opportunity to oppose. — Ex parte council, one that assembles at the request of only one of the parties in dispute. — Ex parte hearing or evidence (Law), that which is had or taken by one side or party in the absence of the other. Hearings before grand juries, and affidavits, are ex parte. Wharton’s Law Dict. Burrill.

Ex•pa´ti•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Expatiated p. pr. & vb. n. Expariating ] [L. expatiatus, exspatiatus, p. p. of expatiari, exspatiari, to expatiate; ex out + spatiari to walk about spread out, fr. spatium space. See Space.] 1. To range at large, or without restraint. “Bids his free soul expatiate in the skies.” Pope. 2. To enlarge in discourse or writing; to be copious in argument or discussion; to descant. “He expatiated on the inconveniences of trade.” Addison.

Ex•pa´ti•ate, v. t. To expand; to spread; to extend; to diffuse; to broaden. “Afford art an ample field in which to expatiate itself.” Dryden.

Ex•pa•ti•a´tion , n. Act of expatiating.

Ex•pa´ti•a•to•ry , a. Expansive; diffusive. [R.]

Ex•pa´tri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expatriated p. pr. & vb. n. Expatriating ] [LL. expatriatus, p. p. of expatriare; L. ex out + patria fatherland, native land, fr. pater father. See Patriot.] 1. To banish; to drive or force (a person) from his own country; to make an exile of. “The expatriated landed interest of France.” Burke. 2. Reflexively, as To expatriate one’s self: To withdraw from one’s native country; to renounce the rights and liabilities of citizenship where one is born, and become a citizen of another country.

Ex•pa•tri•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. expatriation.] The act of banishing, or the state of banishment; especially, the forsaking of one’s own country with a renunciation of allegiance. “Expatriation was a heavy ransom to pay for the rights of their minds and souls.” Palfrey.

Ex•pect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expected; p. pr. & vb. n. Expecting.] [L. expectatum, to look out for, await, expect; ex + out spectare to look at. See Spectacle.] 1. To wait for; to await. [Obs.] “Let’s in, and there expect their coming.” Shak. 2. To look for (mentally); to look forward to, as to something that is believed to be about to happen or come; to have a previous apprehension of, whether of good or evil; to look for with some confidence; to anticipate; — often followed by an infinitive, sometimes by a clause (with, or without, that); as I expect to receive wages; I expect that the troops will be defeated. ´Good: I will expect you.´ Shak. ´Expecting thy reply.´ Shak. “The Somersetshire or yellow regiment … was expected to arrive on the following day.” Macaulay. Syn. — To anticipate; look for; await; hope. — To Expect, Think, Believe, Await. Expect is a mental act and has aways a reference to the future, to some coming event; as a person expects to die, or he expects to survive. Think and believe have reference to the past and present, as well as to the future; as I think the mail has arrived; I believe he came home yesterday, that he is he is at home now. There is a not uncommon use of expect, which is a confusion of the two; as I expect the mail has arrived; I expect he is at home. This misuse should be avoided. Await is a physical or moral act. We await that which, when it comes, will affect us personally. We expect what may, or may not, interest us personally. See Anticipate.

Ex•pect´, v. t. To wait; to stay. [Obs.] Sandys.

Ex•pect´, n. Expectation. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•pect´a•ble , a. [L. expectabilis.] That may be expected or looked for. Sir T. Browne. { Ex•pect´ance , Ex•pect´an•cy } n. 1. The act of expecting ; expectation. Milton. 2. That which is expected, or looked or waited for with interest; the object of expectation or hope. “The expectancy and rose of the fair state.” Shak. Estate in expectancy (Law), one the possession of which a person is entitled to have at some future time, either as a remainder or reversion, or on the death of some one. Burrill.

Ex•pect´ant , a. [L. expectans, exspectans, p. pr. of expectare, exspectare: cf. F. expectant.] Waiting in expectation; looking for; (Med.) waiting for the efforts of nature, with little active treatment. Expectant estate (Law), an estate in expectancy. See under Expectancy.

Ex•pect´ant, n. One who waits in expectation; one held in dependence by hope of receiving some good. “An expectant of future glory.” South. “Those who had employments, or were expectants.” Swift.

Ex•pec•ta´tion n. [L. expectio. exspectio: cf. F. expectation.] 1. The act or state of expecting or looking forward to an event as about to happen. ´In expectation of a guest.´ Tennyson. “My soul, wait thou only upon God, for my expectation is from him.” Ps. lxii. 5. 2. That which is expected or looked for. “Why our great expectation should be called
The seed of woman.” Milton. 3. The prospect of the future; grounds upon which something excellent is expected to happen; prospect of anything good to come, esp. of property or rank. “His magnificent expectations made him, in the opinion of the world, the best match in Europe.” Prescott. “By all men’s eyes a youth of expectation.” Otway. 4. The value of any chance (as the prospect of prize or property) which depends upon some contingent event. Expectations are computed for or against the occurrence of the event. 5. (Med.) The leaving of the disease principally to the efforts of nature to effect a cure. Expectation of life, the mean or average duration of the life individuals after any specified age. Syn. — Anticipation; confidence; trust.

Ex•pect´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. expectatif.] Constituting an object of expectation; contingent. Expectative grace, a mandate given by the pope or a prince appointing a successor to any benefice before it becomes vacant. Foxe.

Ex•pect´a•tive, n. [F. expectative, fr. expectatif expectant.] Something in expectation; esp., an expectative grace. Milman.

Ex•pect´ed•ly, adv. In conformity with expectation. [R.] Walpole.

Ex•pect´er , n. One who expects.

Ex•pect´ing•ly, adv. In a state of expectation.

Ex•pect´ive , a. Expectative. [R.] Shipley.

Ex•pec´to•rant , a. [L. expectorans, p. pr. of expectorare to drive from the breast: cf. F. expectorant.] (Med.) Tending to facilitate expectoration or to promote discharges of mucus, etc., from the lungs or throat. — n. An expectorant medicine.

Ex•pec´to•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expectorated p. pr. & vb. n. Expectorating ] [L. expecrorare to drive from the breast; ex out + pectus, pectiris, breast. See Pectoral.] To eject from the trachea or lungs; to discharge, as phlegm or other matter, by coughing, hawking, and spitting; to spit forth.

Ex•pec´to•rate, v. i. To discharge matter from the lungs or throat by hawking and spitting; to spit.

Ex•pec•to•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. expectoration.] 1. The act of ejecting phlegm or mucus from the throat or lungs, by coughing, hawking, and spitting. 2. That which is expectorated, as phlegm or mucus.

Ex•pec´to•ra•tive , a. & n. Same as Expectorant. Harvey.

Ex•pede´ v. t. To expedite; to hasten. [Obs.]

Ex•pe´di•ate , v. t. [Cf. F. expedier. See Expedite.] To hasten; to expedite. [Obs.] ´To expediate their business.´ Sir E. Sandys. { Ex•pe´di•ence , Ex•pe´di•en•cy }, n. 1. The quality of being expedient or advantageous; fitness or suitableness to effect a purpose intended; adaptedness to self-interest; desirableness; advantage; advisability; — sometimes contradistinguished from moral rectitude. “Divine wisdom discovers no expediency in vice.” Cogan. “To determine concerning the expedience of action.” Sharp. “Much declamation may be heard in the present day against expediency, as if it were not the proper object of a deliberative assembly, and as if it were only pursued by the unprincipled.” Whately. 2. Expedition; haste; dispatch. [Obs.] “Making hither with all due expedience.” Shak. 3. An expedition; enterprise; adventure. [Obs.] “Forwarding this dear expedience.” Shak.

Ex•pe´di•ent a. [L. expediens, -entis, p. pr. of expedire to be expedient, release, extricate: cf. F. expedient. See Expedite.] 1. Hastening or forward; hence, tending to further or promote a proposed object; fit or proper under the circumstances; conducive to self-interest; desirable; advisable; advantageous; — sometimes contradistinguished from right. “It is expedient for you that I go away.” John xvi. 7. “Nothing but the right can ever be expedient, since that can never be true expediency which would sacrifice a greater good to a less.” Whately. 2. Quick; expeditious. [Obs.] “His marches are expedient to this town.” Shak.

Ex•pe´di•ent, n. 1. That which serves to promote or advance; suitable means to accomplish an end. “What sure expedient than shall Juno find,
To calm her fears and ease her boding mind?” Philips. 2. Means devised in an exigency; shift. Syn. — Shift; contrivance; resource; substitute.

Ex•pe•di•en´tial Governed by expediency; seeking advantage; as an expediential policy. ´Calculating, expediential understanding.´ Hare. — Ex•pe•di•en´tial•ly , adv. .

Ex•pe´di•ent•ly adv. 1. In an expedient manner; fitly; suitably; conveniently. 2. With expedition; quickly. [Obs.]

Ex•ped´i•ment n. An expedient. [Obs.] “A like expediment to remove discontent.” Barrow.

Ex•ped´i•tate , v. t. [LL. expeditatus, p. p. of expeditare to expeditate; ex out + pes, pedis, foot.] (Eng. Forest Laws) To deprive of the claws or the balls of the fore feet; as to expeditate a dog that he may not chase deer.

Ex´pe•dite , a. [L. expeditus, p. p. of expedire to free one caught by the foot, to extricate, set free, bring forward, make ready; ex out + pes, prdis, t. See Foot.] 1. Free of impediment; unimpeded. “To make the way plain and expedite.” Hooker. 2. Expeditious; quick; speedily; prompt. “Nimble and expedite … in its operation.” Tollotson. “Speech is a very short and expedite way of conveying their thoughts.” Locke.

Ex´pe•dite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expedited p. pr. & vb. n. Expediting ] 1. To relieve of impediments; to facilitate; to accelerate the process or progress of; to hasten; to quicken; as to expedite the growth of plants. “To expedite your glorious march.” Milton. 2. To despatch; to send forth; to issue officially. “Such charters be expedited of course.” Bacon.

Ex´pe•dite•ly , adv. In expedite manner; expeditiously.

Ex´pe•dite•ness, n. Quality of being expedite.

Ex•pe•di´tion , n. [L. expeditio: cf.F. expedition.] 1. The quality of being expedite; efficient promptness; haste; dispatch; speed; quickness; as to carry the mail with expedition. “With winged expedition” “Swift as the lightning glance. ” 2. A sending forth or setting forth the execution of some object of consequence; progress. “Putting it straight in expedition. ” 3. An important enterprise, implying a change of place; especially, a warlike enterprise; a march or a voyage with martial intentions; an excursion by a body of persons for a valuable end; as a military, naval, exploring, or scientific expedition; also the body of persons making such excursion. “The expedition miserably failed.” Prescott. “Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains.” J. C. Fremont.

Ex•pe•di´tion•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to an expedition; as an expeditionary force.

Ex•pe•di´tion•ist, n. One who goes upon an expedition. [R].

Ex•pe•di´tious , a. Possessed of, or characterized by, expedition, or efficiency and rapidity in action; performed with, or acting with, expedition; quick; having celerity; speedily; as an expeditious march or messenger. — Ex•pe•di´tious•ly, adv. — Ex•pe•di´tious•ness, n. Syn. — Prompt; ready; speedy; alert. See Prompt.

Ex•ped´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. expeditif.] Performing with speed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expelled , p. pr. & vb. n.. Expelling.] [L. expellere, expulsum; ex out + pellere to drive: cf.F. expeller. See Pulse a beat.] 1. To drive or force out from that within which anything is contained, inclosed, or situated; to eject; as to expel air from a bellows. “Did not ye … expel me out of my father’s house?” Judg. xi. 7. 2. To drive away from one’s country; to banish. “Forewasted all their land, and them expelled.” Spenser.. “He shall expel them from before you … and ye shall possess their land.” Josh. xxiii. 5. 3. To cut off from further connection with an institution of learning, a society, and the like; as to expel a student or member. 4. To keep out, off, or away; to exclude. ´To expel the winter’s flaw.´ Shak. 5. To discharge; to shoot. [Obs.] “Then he another and another [shaft] did expel.” Spenser.. Syn. — To banish; exile; eject; drive out. See Banish.

Ex•pel´la•ble , a. Capable of being expelled or driven out. ´Expellable by heat.´ Kirwan.

Ex•pel´ler , n. One who, or that which, expels.

Ex•pend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expended; p. pr. & vb. n. Expending.] [L. expendere, expensum, to weigh out, pay out, lay out, lay out; ex out + pendere to weigh. See Poise, and cf. Spend.] To lay out, apply, or employ in any way; to consume by use; to use up or distribute, either in payment or in donations; to spend; as they expend money for food or in charity; to expend time labor, and thought; to expend hay in feeding cattle, oil in a lamp, water in mechanical operations. “If my death might make this island happy …
I would expend it with all willingness.” Shak.

Ex•pend´, v. i. 1. To be laid out, used, or consumed. 2. To pay out or disburse money. “They go elsewhere to enjoy and to expend.” Macaulay.

Ex•pend´i•tor , n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) A disburser; especially, one of the disbursers of taxes for the repair of sewers. Mozley & W.

Ex•pend´iture , n. 1. The act of expending; a laying out, as of money; disbursement. “Our expenditure purchased commerce and conquest.” Burke. 2. That which is expended or paid out; expense. “The receipts and expenditures of this extensive country.” A. Hamilton.

Ex•pense´ , n. [L. expensa (sc. pecunia), or expensum, fr. expensus, p. p. of expendere. See Expend.] 1. A spending or consuming; disbursement; expenditure. “Husband nature’s riches from expense.” Shak. 2. That which is expended, laid out, or consumed; cost; outlay; charge; — sometimes with the notion of loss or damage to those on whom the expense falls; as the expenses of war; an expense of time. “Courting popularity at his party’s expense.” Brougham. 3. Loss. [Obs.] Shak. “And moan the expense of many a vanished sight.” Spenser. Expense magazine (Mil.), a small magazine containing ammunition for immediate use. H. L. Scott.

Ex•pense´full , a. Full of expense; costly; chargeable. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. — Ex•pense´ful•ly, adv. [R.] — Ex•pense´ful•ness, n. [R.]

Ex•pense´less, a. Without cost or expense.

Ex•pen´sive , a. 1. Occasioning expense; calling for liberal outlay; costly; dear; liberal; as expensive dress; an expensive house or family. “War is expensive, and peace desirable.” Burke. 2. Free in expending; very liberal; especially, in a bad sense: extravagant; lavish. [R.] “An active, expensive, indefatigable goodness.” Sprat. “The idle and expensive are dangerous.” Sir W. Temple. Syn. — Costly; dear; high-priced; lavish; extravagant. — Ex•pen´sive•ly, adv. — Ex•pen´sive•ness, n.

Ex•pe´ri•ence , n. [F. experience, L. experientia, tr. experiens, -entis, p. pr. of experiri, expertus, to try; ex out + the root of pertus experienced. See Peril, and cf. Expert.] 1. Trial, as a test or experiment. [Obs.] “She caused him to make experience
Upon wild beasts.” Spenser. 2. The effect upon the judgment or feelings produced by any event, whether witnessed or participated in; personal and direct impressions as contrasted with description or fancies; personal acquaintance; actual enjoyment or suffering. ´Guided by other’s experiences.´ Shak. “I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience.” P. Henry “To most men experience is like the stern lights of a ship, which illumine only the track it has passed.” Coleridge. “When the consuls … came in … they knew soon by experience how slenderly guarded against danger the majesty of rulers is where force is wanting.” Holland. “Those that undertook the religion of our Savior upon his preaching, had no experience of it.” Sharp. 3. An act of knowledge, one or more, by which single facts or general truths are ascertained; experimental or inductive knowledge; hence, implying skill, facility, or practical wisdom gained by personal knowledge, feeling or action; as a king without experience of war. “Whence hath the mind all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer in one word, from experience.” Locke. “Experience may be acquired in two ways; either, first by noticing facts without any attempt to influence the frequency of their occurrence or to vary the circumstances under which they occur; this is observation; or, secondly, by putting in action causes or agents over which we have control, and purposely varying their combinations, and noticing what effects take place; this is experiment.” Sir J. Herschel.

Ex•pe´ri•ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Experienced (-enst); p. pr. & vb. n. Experiencing (-en-s?ng).] 1. To make practical acquaintance with; to try personally; to prove by use or trial; to have trial of; to have the lot or fortune of; to have befall one; to be affected by; to feel; as to experience pain or pleasure; to experience poverty; to experience a change of views. “The partial failure and disappointment which he had experienced in India.” Thirwall. 2. To exercise; to train by practice. “The youthful sailors thus with early care
Their arms experience, and for sea prepare.” Harte. To experience religion (Theol.), to become a convert to the doctrines of Christianity; to yield to the power of religious truth.

Ex•pe´ri•enced (-enst), p. p. & a. Taught by practice or by repeated observations; skillful or wise by means of trials, use, or observation; as an experienced physician, workman, soldier; an experienced eye. “The ablest and most experienced statesmen.” Bancroft.

Ex•pe´ri•en•cer (-en-s?r), n. 1. One who experiences. 2. An experimenter. [Obs.] Sir. K. Gigby.

Ex•pe´ri•ent (-ent), a. Experienced. [Obs.] “The prince now ripe and full experient.” Beau. & Fl.

Ex•pe•ri•en´tial , a. Derived from, or pertaining to, experience. Coleridge. “It is called empirical or experiential … because it is divan to us by experience or observation, and not obtained as the result of inference or reasoning.” Sir. W. Hamiltion. — Ex•pe•ri•en´tial•ly, adv. DR. H. More.

Ex•pe•ri•en´tial•ism , n. (Philos.) The doctrine that experience, either that ourselves or of others, is the test or criterion of general knowledge; — opposed to intuitionalism. “Experientialism is in short, a philosophical or logical theory, not a psychological one.” G. C. Robertson.

Ex•pe•ri•en´tial•ist, n. One who accepts the doctrine of experientialism. Also used adjectively.

Ex•per´i•ment , n. [L. experimentum, fr. experiri to try: cf. OF. esperiment, experiment. See Experience.] 1. A trial or special observation, made to confirm or disprove something doubtful; esp., one under conditions determined by the experimenter; an act or operation undertaken in order to discover some unknown principle or effect, or to test, establish, or illustrate some suggested or known truth; practical test; proof. “A political experiment can not be made in a laboratory, nor determined in a few hours.” J. Adams. 2. Experience. [Obs.] “Adam, by sad experiment I know
How little weight my words with thee can find.” Milton.

Ex•per´i•ment , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Experimented; p. pr. & vb. n. Experinenting.] To make experiment; to operate by test or trial; — often with on, upon, or in, referring to the subject of an experiment; with, referring to the instrument; and by, referring to the means; as to experiment upon electricity; he experimented in plowing with ponies, or by steam power.

Ex•per´i•ment, v. t. To try; to know, perceive, or prove, by trial or experience. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Ex•per•i•men´tal , a. [Cf.F. experimental.] 1. Pertaining to experiment; founded on, or derived from, experiment or trial; as experimental science; given to, or skilled in, experiment; as an experimental philosopher. 2. Known by, or derived from, experience; as experimental religion.

Ex•per•i•men´tal•ist, n. One who makes experiments; an experimenter. Whaterly.

Ex•per•i•men´tal•ize , v. i. To make experiments (upon); to experiment. J. S. Mill.

Ex•per•i•men´tal•ly , adv. By experiment; by experience or trial. J. S. Mill.

Ex•per•i•men•ta´ri•an , a. Relying on experiment or experience. ´an experimentarian philosopher.´ Boyle. — n. One who relies on experiment or experience. [Obs.]

Ex•per•i•men•ta´tion , n. The act of experimenting; practice by experiment. J. S. Mill.

Ex•per•i•men´ta•tive , a. Experimental; of the nature of experiment. [R.]

Ex•per´i•men•ta•tor , n. [LL.] An experimenter. [R.]

Ex•per´i•men•ter , n. One who makes experiments; one skilled in experiments. Faraday.

Ex•per´i•men•tist , n. An experimenter.

Ex•per•rec´tion , n. [L. expergisci, p. p. experrectus, to rouse up; ex out + pergere to wake up.] A waking up or arousing. [Obs.] Holland

Ex•pert´ , a. [F. expert, L. expertus, p. p. of experiri to try. See Experience.] Taught by use, practice, or experience, experienced; having facility of operation or performance from practice; knowing and ready from much practice; clever; skillful; as an expert surgeon; expert in chess or archery. “A valiant and most expert gentleman.” Shak. “What practice, howsoe’er expert
In fitting aptest words to things …
Hath power to give thee as thou wert?” Tennyson. Syn. — Adroit; dexterous; clever; ready; prompt.

Ex´pert , n. 1. An expert or experienced person; one instructed by experience; one who has skill, experience, or extensive knowledge in his calling or in any special branch of learning. 2. (Law) (a) A specialist in a particular profession or department of science requiring for its mastery peculiar culture and erudition. Such specialists may be witnesses in matters as to which ordinary observers could not without such aid form just conclusions, and are liable for negligence in case they injure another from want of proper qualifications or proper care in the exercise of their specialty. (b) A sworn appraiser.

Ex•pert´ , v. t. To experience. [Obs.] “Die would we daily, once it to expert.” Spencer.

Ex•pert´ly, adv. In a skillful or dexterous manner; adroitly; with readiness and accuracy.

Ex•pert´ness, n. Skill derived from practice; readiness; as expertness in seamanship, or in reasoning. Syn. — Facility; readiness; dexterity; adroitness; skill. See Facility.

Ex•pet´ible , a. [L., expetibilis, fr. expetere to wish for; ex out + petere to seek.] Worthy of being wished for; desirable. [Obs.] Puller.

Ex´pi•a•ble , a. [See Expiate.] Capable of being expiated or atoned for; as an expiable offense; expiable guilt. Bp. Hall.

Ex´pi•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expiated p. pr. & vb. n. Expiating] [L. expiatus, p. p. of expiare to expiate; ex out + piare to seek to appease, to purify with sacred rites, fr. pius pious. See Pious.] 1. To extinguish the guilt of by sufferance of penalty or some equivalent; to make complete satisfaction for; to atone for; to make amends for; to make expiation for; as to expiate a crime, a guilt, or sin. “To expiate his treason, hath naught left.” Milton. “The Treasurer obliged himself to expiate the injury.” Clarendon. 2. To purify with sacred rites. [Obs.] “Neither let there be found among you any one that shall expiate his son or daughter, making them to pass through the fire.” Deut. xviii. 10 (Douay version)

Ex´pi•ate , a. [L. expiatus,p. p] Terminated. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•pi•a´tion , n. [L. expiatio: cf.F. expiation] 1. The act of making satisfaction or atonement for any crime or fault; the extinguishing of guilt by suffering or penalty. “His liberality seemed to have something in it of self- abasement and expiation.” W. Irving. 2. The means by which reparation or atonement for crimes or sins is made; an expiatory sacrifice or offering; an atonement. “Those shadowy expiations weak,
The blood of bulls and goats.” Milton. 3. An act by which the threats of prodigies were averted among the ancient heathen. [Obs.] Hayward.

Ex´pi•a•tist , n. An expiator. [R.]

Ex´pi•a•tor , n. [L.] One who makes expiation or atonement.

Ex•pi•a•to´ri•ous , a. Of an expiatory nature; expiatory. Jer. Taylor.

Ex´pi•a•to•ry , a. [L. expiatorius: cf. F. expiatoire.] Having power, or intended, to make expiation; atoning; as an expiatory sacrifice.

Ex•pi•la´tion , n. [L. expiatio.] The act of expilating or stripping off; plunder; pillage. [Obs.] “This ravenous expilation of the state.” Daniel.

Ex´pi•la•tor , n. [L.] One who pillages; a plunderer; a pillager. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•pir´a•ble , a. That may expire; capable of being brought to an end.

Ex•pir´ant , n. One who expires or is expiring.

Ex•pi•ra´tion , n. [L. expiratio,exspiratio: cf. F. expiration. See Expire.] 1. The act of expiring; as: (a)(Physiol.) The act or process of breathing out, or forcing air from the lungs through the nose or mouth; as respiration consists of inspiration and expiration; — opposed to inspiration. (b) Emission of volatile matter; exhalation. “The true cause of cold is an expiration from the globe of the earth.” Bacon. (c) The last emission of breath; death. ´The groan of expiration.´ Rambler. (d) A coming to a close; cessation; extinction; termination; end. “Before the expiration of thy time.” Shak. 2. That which is expired; matter breathed forth; that which is produced by breathing out, as a sound. “The aspirate ´he,´ which is … a gentle expiration.” G. Sharp.

Ex•pir´a•to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or employed in, the expiration or emission of air from the lungs; as the expiratory muscles.

Ex•pire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expired p. pr & vb. n. Expiring.] [L. expirare, exspirare, expiratum, exspiratum; ex out + spirare to breathe: cf. F. expirer. See Spirit.] 1. To breathe out; to emit from the lungs; to throw out from the mouth or nostrils in the process of respiration; - - opposed to inspire. “Anatomy exhibits the lungs in a continual motion of inspiring and expiring air.” Harvey. “This chafed the boar; his nostrils flames expire.” Dryden. 2. To give forth insensibly or gently, as a fluid or vapor; to emit in minute particles; to exhale; as the earth expires a damp vapor; plants expire odors. “The expiring of cold out of the inward parts of the earth in winter.” Bacon. 3. To emit; to give out. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. To bring to a close; to terminate. [Obs.] “Expire the term
Of a despised life.” Shak.

Ex•pire´, v. i. 1. To emit the breath. 2. To emit the last breath; to breathe out the life; to die; as to expire calmly; to expire in agony. 3. To come to an end; to cease; to terminate; to perish; to become extinct; as the flame expired; his lease expires to-day; the month expired on Saturday. 4. To burst forth; to fly out with a blast. [Obs.] ´The ponderous ball expires.´ Dryden.

Ex•pir´ing , a. 1. Breathing out air from the lungs; emitting fluid or volatile matter; exhaling; breathing the last breath; dying; ending; terminating. 2. Pertaining to, or uttered at, the time of dying; as expiring words; expiring groans.

Ex´pi•ry , n. Expiration. “He had to leave at the expiry of the term.” Lamb. “The Parliament … now approaching the expiry of its legal term.” J. Morley.

Ex•pis´cate , v. t. [L. expiscatus, p. p. of expiscari to fish out; ex out+piscari to fish, piscis fish.] To fish out; to find out by skill or laborious investigation; to search out. ´To expiscate principles.´ [R.] Nichol. “Dr. Burton has with much ingenuity endeavored to expiscate the truth which may be involved in them.” W. L. Alexander.

Ex•pis•ca´tion , n. The act of expiscating; a fishing. [R.] Chapman.

Ex•pis´ca•to•ry , a. Tending to fish out; searching out [R.] Carlyle.

Ex•plain´ (eks•plan´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explained(- pland´); p. pr. & vb. n. Explaining.] [L. explandare to flatten, spread out, explain; ex out + plandare to make level or plain, planus plain: cf. OF. esplaner, explaner. See Plain,a., and cf. Esplanade.] 1. To flatten; to spread out; to unfold; to expand. [Obs.] “The horse-chestnut is … ready to explain its leaf.” Evelyn. 2. To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to clear of obscurity; to expound; to unfold and illustrate the meaning of; as to explain a chapter of the Bible. “Commentators to explain the difficult passages to you.” Gay. To explain away, to get rid of by explanation. ´Those explain the meaning quite away.´ Pope. Syn. — To expound; interpret; elucidate; clear up.

Ex•plain´, v. i. To give an explanation.

Ex•plain´a•ble , a. [L. explainabilis.] Capable of being explained or made plain to the understanding; capable of being interpreted. Sir. T. Browne.

Ex•plain´er , n. One who explains; an expounder or expositor; a commentator; an interpreter.

Ex´pla•nate, a. [L. explanatus, p. p. of explanare. See Explain.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Spreading or extending outwardly in a flat form.

Ex•pla•na´tion , n. [L. explanatio: cf. OF. esplanation.] 1. The act of explaining, expounding, or interpreting; the act of clearing from obscurity and making intelligible; as the explanation of a passage in Scripture, or of a contract or treaty. 2. That which explains or makes clear; as a satisfactory explanation. 3. The meaning attributed to anything by one who explains it; definition; interpretation; sense. “Different explanations [of the Trinity].” Bp. Burnet. 4. A mutual exposition of terms, meaning, or motives, with a view to adjust a misunderstanding, and reconcile differences; reconciliation; agreement; as to come to an explanation. Syn. — Definition; description; explication; exposition; interpretation; detail. See Definition.

Ex•plan´a•tive , a. Explanatory.

Ex•plan´a•to•ri•ness , n. The quality of being explanatory.

Ex•plan´a•to•ry , a. [L. explanatorius.] Serving to explain; containing explanation; as explanatory notes. Swift. { Ex•plat´ , Ex•plate´ } v. t. [Pref. ex- + plat or plait.] To explain; to unfold. [Obs.] “Like Solon’s self explatest the knotty laws.” B. Jonson.

Ex•ple´tion , n. [L. expletio a satisfying. See Expletive.] Accomplishment; fulfillment. [Obs.] Killingbeck.

Ex´ple•tive , a. [L. expletivus, from expletus, p. p. of explere to fill up; ex out+plere to fill, akin to plenus full: cf. F. expletif. See Full.] Filling up; hence, added merely for the purpose of filling up; superfluous. ´Expletive imagery.´ Hallam. “Expletive phrases to plump his speech.” Barrow.

Ex´ple•tive, n. A word, letter, or syllable not necessary to the sense, but inserted to fill a vacancy; an oath. “While explectives their feeble aid to join,
And ten low words oft creep in one dull line.” Pope.

Ex´ple•tive•ly, adv. In the manner of an expletive.

Ex´ple•to•ry , a. Serving to fill up; expletive; superfluous; as an expletory word. Bp. Burnet.

Ex´pli•ca•ble , a. [L. explicabilis: cf. F. explicable.] Capable of being explicated; that may be explained or accounted for; admitting explanation. “It is not explicable upon any grounds.” Burke.

Ex´pli•ca•ble•ness, n. Quality of being explicable.

Ex´pli•cate , a. [L. explicatus, p. p. of explicare.] Evolved; unfolded. Jer. Taylor.

Ex´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explicated p. pr. & vb. n. Explicating] 1. To unfold; to expand; to lay open. [Obs.] ´They explicate the leaves.´ Blackmore. 2. To unfold the meaning or sense of; to explain; to clear of difficulties or obscurity; to interpret. “The last verse of his last satire is not yet sufficiently explicated.” Dryden.

Ex•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. explicatio: cf. F. explication.] 1. The act of opening, unfolding, or explaining; explanation; exposition; interpretation. “The explication of our Savior’s parables.” Atterbury. 2. The sense given by an expositor. Bp. Burnet.

Ex´pli•ca•tive , a. [Cf. F. explicatif.] Serving to unfold or explain; tending to lay open to the understanding; explanatory. Sir W. Hamilton.

Ex´pli•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who unfolds or explains; an expounder; an explainer.

Ex´pli•ca•to•ry , a. Explicative. Barrow.

Ex´pli•cit [LL., an abbreviation of explicitus (est liber) the book (which anciently was a roll of parchment) is unfolded (and, of course, ´finished´). See Explicit, a.] A word formerly used (as finis is now) at the conclusion of a book to indicate the end.

Ex•plic´it , a. [L. explicitus; p. p. of explicare to unfold: cf. F. explicite. See Explicate, Exploit.] 1. Not implied merely, or conveyed by implication; distinctly stated; plain in language; open to the understanding; clear; not obscure or ambiguous; express; unequivocal; as an explicit declaration. “The language of the charter was too explicit to admit of a doubt.” Bancroft. 2. Having no disguised meaning or reservation; unreserved; outspoken; — applied to persons; as he was earnest and explicit in his statement. Explicit function. (Math.) See under Function. Syn. — Express; clear; plain; open; unreserved; unambiguous. — Explicit, Express. Explicit denotes a setting forth in the plainest language, so that the meaning can not be misunderstood; as an explicit promise. Express is stronger than explicit: it adds force to clearness. An express promise or engagement is not only unambiguous, but stands out in bold relief, with the most binding hold on the conscience. An explicit statement; a clear and explicit notion; explicit direction; no words can be more explicit. An explicit command; an express prohibition. ´An express declaration goes forcibly and directly to the point. An explicit declaration leaves nothing ambiguous.´ C. J. Smith.

Ex•plic´it•ly , adv. In an explicit manner; clearly; plainly; without disguise or reservation of meaning; not by inference or implication; as he explicitly avows his intention.

Ex•plic´it•ness, n. The quality of being explicit; clearness; directness. Jer. Taylor.

Ex•plode´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exploded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exploding.] [L. explodere, explosum, to drive out, drive out a player by clapping; ex out+plaudere, plodere, to clap, strike, applaud: cf. OF. exploder. See Plausible.] 1. To become suddenly expanded into a great volume of gas or vapor; to burst violently into flame; as gunpowder explodes. 2. To burst with force and a loud report; to detonate, as a shell filled with powder or the like material, or as a boiler from too great pressure of steam. 3. To burst forth with sudden violence and noise; as at this, his wrath exploded.

Ex•plode´, v. t. 1. To drive from the stage by noisy expressions of disapprobation; to hoot off; to drive away or reject noisily; as to explode a play. [Obs.] “Him old and young
Exploded, and seized with violent hands.” Milton. 2. To bring into disrepute, and reject; to drive from notice and acceptance; as to explode a scheme, fashion, or doctrine. “Old exploded contrivances of mercantile fraud.” Burke. “To explode and exterminate dark atheism.” Bently. 3. To cause to explode or burst noisily; to detonate; as to explode powder by touching it with fire. 4. To drive out with violence and noise, as by powder. “But late the kindled powder did explode
The massy ball and the brass tube unload.” Blackmore.

Ex•plod´ent , n. 1. An instrument or agent causing explosion; an exploder; also an explosive. 2. See Explosive, n., 2.

Ex•plod´er , n. 1. One who or that which explodes. 2. One who rejects an opinion or scheme with open contempt. South.

Ex•ploit´ , n. [OE. esploit success, OF. esploit, espleit,revenue, product, vigor, force, exploit, F. exploit exploit, fr. L. explicitum, prop. p. p. neut. of explicare to unfold, display, exhibit; ex + plicare to fold. See Ply, and cf. Explicit, Explicate.] 1. A deed or act; especially, a heroic act; a deed of renown; an adventurous or noble achievement; as the exploits of Alexander the Great. “Ripe for exploits and mighty enterprises.” Shak. 2. Combat; war. [Obs.] “He made haste to exploit some warlike service.” Holland. 2. [F. exploiter.] To utilize; to make available; to get the value or usefulness out of; as to exploit a mine or agricultural lands; to exploit public opinion. [Recent] 3. Hence: To draw an illegitimate profit from; to speculate on; to put upon. [Recent] “In no sense whatever does a man who accumulates a fortune by legitimate industry exploit his employes or make his capital ´out of´ anybody else.” W. G. Sumner.

Ex•ploi•ta´tion , n. [F.] The act of exploiting or utilizing. J. D. Whitney.

Ex•ploi´ture ( 135), n. 1. The act of exploiting or accomplishing; achievement. [Obs.] Udall. 2. Exploitation. Harper’s Mag.

Ex•plor´a•ble , a. That may be explored; as an explorable region.

Ex•plo´rate , v. t. [L. explorare, exploratum.] To explore. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne.

Ex•plo•ra´tion , n. [L. exploratio: cf. F. exploration.] The act of exploring, penetrating, or ranging over for purposes of discovery, especially of geographical discovery; examination; as the exploration of unknown countries; (Med.) physical examination. “´An exploration of doctrine.´” Bp. Hall.

Ex•plor´a•tive , a. Exploratory.

Ex´plo•ra•tor , n. [L.] One who explores; one who examines closely; a searcher.

Ex•plor´a•to•ry , a. [L. exploratorius.] Serving or intended to explore; searching; examining; explorative. Sir H. Wotton.

Ex•plore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explored p. pr. & vb. n. Exploring.] [L. explorare to explore; ex out+plorare to cry out aloud,prob. orig., to cause to flow; perh. akin to E. flow: cf. F. explorer.] 1. To seek for or after; to strive to attain by search; to look wisely and carefully for. [Obs.] “Explores the lost, the wandering sheep directs.” Pope. 2. To search through or into; to penetrate or range over for discovery; to examine thoroughly; as to explore new countries or seas; to explore the depths of science. ´Hidden frauds [to] explore.´ Dryden.

Ex•plore´ment, n. The act of exploring; exploration. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•plor´er , n. One who explores; also an apparatus with which one explores, as a diving bell.

Ex•plor´ing, a. Employed in, or designed for, exploration. ´Exploring parties.´ Bancroft.

Ex•plo´sion , n. [L. explosio a driving off by clapping: cf. F. explosion explosion. See Explode.] 1. The act of exploding; detonation; a chemical action which causes the sudden formation of a great volume of expanded gas; as the explosion of gunpowder, of fire damp,etc. 2. A bursting with violence and loud noise, because of internal pressure; as the explosion of a gun, a bomb, a steam boiler, etc. 3. A violent outburst of feeling, manifested by excited language, action, etc.; as an explosion of wrath. “A formidable explosion of high-church fanaticism.” Macaulay.

Ex•plo´sive , a. [Cf. F. explosif.] Driving or bursting out with violence and noise; causing explosion; as the explosive force of gunpowder.

Ex•plo´sive, n. 1. An explosive agent; a compound or mixture susceptible of a rapid chemical reaction, as gunpowder, or nitro-glycerine. 2. A sound produced by an explosive impulse of the breath; (Phonetics) one of consonants p, b, t, d, k, g, which are sounded with a sort of explosive power of voice. [See Guide to Pronunciation, rad. 155-7, 184.]

Ex•plo´sive•ly, adv. In an explosive manner.

Ex•po•li•a´tion , n. See Exspoliation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ex•pol´ish , v. t. [Cf. L. expolire. See Polish.] To polish thoroughly. [Obs.] Heywood.

Ex•pone´ , v. t. [OE. exponen. See Expound.] To expound; to explain; also to expose; to imperil. [Old Eng. & Scotch] Drummond.

Ex•po´nent , n. [L. exponens, -entis, p. pr. of exponere to put out, set forth, expose. See Expound.] 1. (Alg.) A number, letter, or any quantity written on the right hand of and above another quantity, and denoting how many times the latter is repeated as a factor to produce the power indicated; thus a^2 denotes the second power, and ax the xth power, of a (2 and x being the exponents). A fractional exponent, or index, is used to denote the root of a quantity. Thus, a&frac13; denotes the third or cube root of a. 2. One who, or that which, stands as an index or representative; as the leader of a party is the exponent of its principles. Exponent of a ratio, the quotient arising when the antecedent is divided by the consequent; thus, 6 is the exponent of the ratio of 30 to 5. [R.]

Ex•po•nen´tial , a. [Cf. F. exponentiel.] Pertaining to exponents; involving variable exponents; as an exponential expression; exponential calculus; an exponential function. Exponential curve, a curve whose nature is defined by means of an exponential equation. — Exponential equation, an equation which contains an exponential quantity, or in which the unknown quantity enters as an exponent. — Exponential quantity (Math.), a quantity whose exponent is unknown or variable, as ax. — Exponential series, a series derived from the development of exponential equations or quantities.

Ex•port´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exported; p. pr. & vb. n. Exporting.] [L. exportare, exportatum; ex out+portare to carry : cf. F. exporter. See Port demeanor.] 1. To carry away; to remove. [Obs.] “[They] export honor from a man, and make him a return in envy.” Bacon. 2. To carry or send abroad, or out of a country, especially to foreign countries, as merchandise or commodities in the way of commerce; — the opposite of import; as to export grain, cotton, cattle, goods, etc.

Ex´port , n. 1. The act of exporting; exportation; as to prohibit the export of wheat or tobacco. 2. That which is exported; a commodity conveyed from one country or State to another in the way of traffic; — used chiefly in the plural, exports. “The ordinary course of exchange … between two places must likewise be an indication of the ordinary course of their exports and imports.” A. Smith.

Ex•port•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being suitable for exportation. “To increase the exportability of native goods.” J. P. Peters.

Ex•port´a•ble , a. Suitable for exportation; as exportable products.

Ex•por•ta´tion , n. [L. exportatio: cf. F. exporation.] 1. The act of exporting; the act of conveying or sending commodities abroad or to another country, in the course of commerce. 2. Commodity exported; an export. 3. The act of carrying out. [R.] Bourne.

Ex•port´er , n. One who exports; the person who sends goods or commodities to a foreign country, in the way of commerce; — opposed to importer.

Ex•pos´al , n. Exposure. Swift.

Ex•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exposed p. pr. & vb. n. Exposing.] [F. exposer; pref. ex- (L. ex out)+poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To set forth; to set out to public view; to exhibit; to show; to display; as to expose goods for sale; to expose pictures to public inspection. “Those who seek truth only, freely expose their principles to the test, and are pleased to have them examined.” Locke. 2. To lay bare; to lay open to attack, danger, or anything objectionable; to render accessible to anything which may affect, especially detrimentally; to make liable; as to expose one’s self to the heat of the sun, or to cold, insult, danger, or ridicule; to expose an army to destruction or defeat. “Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel.” Shak. 3. To deprive of concealment; to discover; to lay open to public inspection, or bring to public notice, as a thing that shuns publicity, something criminal, shameful, or the like; as to expose the faults of a neighbor. “You only expose the follies of men, without arraigning their vices.” Dryden. 4. To disclose the faults or reprehensible practices of; to lay open to general condemnation or contempt by making public the character or arts of; as to expose a cheat, liar, or hypocrite.

Ex•po•se´ , n. [F., prop. p. p. of exposer. See Expose, v. t.] A formal recital or exposition of facts; exposure, or revelation, of something which some one wished to keep concealed.

Ex•pos´ed•ness , n. The state of being exposed, laid open, or unprotected; as an exposedness to sin or temptation.

Ex•pos´er , n. One who exposes or discloses.

Ex•po•si´tion , n. [L. expositio, fr. exponere, expositum: cf. F. exposition. See Expound.] 1. The act of exposing or laying open; a setting out or displaying to public view. 2. The act of expounding or of laying open the sense or meaning of an author, or a passage; explanation; interpretation; the sense put upon a passage; a law, or the like, by an interpreter; hence, a work containing explanations or interpretations; a commentary. “You know the law; your exposition
Hath been most sound.” Shak. 3. Situation or position with reference to direction of view or accessibility to influence of sun, wind, etc.; exposure; as an easterly exposition; an exposition to the sun. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. 4. A public exhibition or show, as of industrial and artistic productions; as the Paris Exposition of 1878. [A Gallicism]

Ex•pos´i•tive , a. Serving to explain; expository. Bp. Pearson.

Ex•pos´i•tor , n. [L. See Expound.] One who, or that which, expounds or explains; an expounder; a commentator. Bp. Horsley.

Ex•pos´i•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or containing, exposition; serving to explain; explanatory; illustrative; exegetical. “A glossary or expository index to the poetical writers.” Johnson. { Ex´ post• fac´to, or Ex´ post•fac´to (eks´ post´ fak´to) }. [L., from what is done afterwards.] (Law) From or by an after act, or thing done afterward; in consequence of a subsequent act; retrospective. Ex post facto law, a law which operates by after enactment. The phrase is popularly applied to any law, civil or criminal, which is enacted with a retrospective effect, and with intention to produce that effect; but in its true application, as employed in American law, it relates only to crimes, and signifies a law which retroacts, by way of criminal punishment, upon that which was not a crime before its passage, or which raises the grade of an offense, or renders an act punishable in a more severe manner that it was when committed. Ex post facto laws are held to be contrary to the fundamental principles of a free government, and the States are prohibited from passing such laws by the Constitution of the United States. Burrill. Kent.

Ex•pos´tu•late ( 135), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Expostulated p. pr. & vb. n. Expostulating.] [L. expostulatus, p. p. of expostulare to demand vehemently; ex out + postulare to ask, require. See Postulate.] To reason earnestly with a person on some impropriety of his conduct, representing the wrong he has done or intends, and urging him to make redress or to desist; to remonstrate; — followed by with. “Men expostulate with erring friends; they bring accusations against enemies who have done them a wrong.” Jowett (Thuc. ). Syn. — To remonstrate; reason. See Remonstrate.

Ex•pos´tu•late, v. t. To discuss; to examine. [Obs.] “To expostulate
What majesty should be, what duty is.” Shak.

Ex•pos•tu•la´tion , n. [L. expostulatio.] The act of expostulating or reasoning with a person in opposition to some impropriety of conduct; remonstrance; earnest and kindly protest; dissuasion. “We must use expostulation kindly.” Shak.

Ex•pos´tu•la•tor (135), n. One who expostulates. Lamb.

Ex•pos´tu•la•to•ry , a. Containing expostulation or remonstrance; as an expostulatory discourse or letter.

Ex•pos´ture (135), n. [Cf. Imposture.] Exposure. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•po´sure (135), n. [From Expose.] 1. The act of exposing or laying open, setting forth, laying bare of protection, depriving of care or concealment, or setting out to reprobation or contempt. “The exposure of Fuller … put an end to the practices of that vile tribe.” Macaulay. 2. The state of being exposed or laid open or bare; openness to danger; accessibility to anything that may affect, especially detrimentally; as exposure to observation, to cold, to inconvenience. “When we have our naked frailties hid,
That suffer in exposure.” Shak. 3. Position as to points of compass, or to influences of climate, etc. ´Under a southern exposure.´ Evelyn. “The best exposure of the two for woodcocks.” Sir. W. Scott. 4. (Photog.) The exposing of a sensitized plate to the action of light.

Ex•pound´ (eks•pound´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Expounding.] [OE. exponen, expounen, expounden, fr. L. exponere to set out, expose, expound; ex out + ponere to put: cf. OE. expondre, expondre. See Position.] 1. To lay open; to expose to view; to examine. [Obs.] “He expounded both his pockets.” Hudibras. 2. To lay open the meaning of; to explain; to clear of obscurity; to interpret; as to expound a text of Scripture, a law, a word, a meaning, or a riddle. “Expound this matter more fully to me.” Bunyan.

Ex•pound´er (-er), n. One who expounds or explains; an interpreter.

Ex•press´ (eks•pres´), a. [F. exprès, L. expressus, p. p. of exprimere to express; ex. out + premere To press. See Press.] 1. Exactly representing; exact. “Their human countenance
The express resemblance of the gods.” Milton. 2. Directly and distinctly stated; declared in terms; not implied or left to inference; made unambiguous by intention and care; clear; not dubious; as express consent; an express statement. “I have express commandment.” Shak. 3. Intended for a particular purpose; relating to an express; sent on a particular errand; dispatched with special speed; as an express messenger or train. Also used adverbially. “ A messenger sent express from the other world.” Atterbury. Express color. (Law) See the Note under Color, n., 8. Syn. — Explicit; clear; unambiguous. See Explicit.

Ex•press´, n. [Cf. F. exprès a messenger.] 1. A clear image or representation; an expression; a plain declaration. [Obs.] “The only remanent express of Christ’s sacrifice on earth.” Jer. Taylor. 2. A messenger sent on a special errand; a courier; hence, a regular and fast conveyance; commonly, a company or system for the prompt and safe transportation of merchandise or parcels; also a railway train for transporting passengers or goods with speed and punctuality. 3. An express office. “She charged him … to ask at the express if anything came up from town.” E. E. Hale. 4. That which is sent by an express messenger or message. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike. Express office, an office where packages for an express are received or delivered.

Ex•press´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expressed p. pr. & vb. n. Expressing.] [Cf. OF. espresser, expresser, L. exprimere, expressum. See Express, a.; cf. Sprain.] 1. To press or squeeze out; as to express the juice of grapes, or of apples; hence, to extort; to elicit. “All the fruits out of which drink is expressed.” Bacon. “And th’idle breath all utterly expressed.” Spenser. “Halters and racks can not express from thee
More than by deeds.” B. Jonson. 2. To make or offer a representation of; to show by a copy or likeness; to represent; to resemble. “Each skillful artist shall express thy form.” E. Smith. “So kids and whelps their sires and dams express.” Dryden. 3. To give a true impression of; to represent and make known; to manifest plainly; to show in general; to exhibit, as an opinion or feeling, by a look, gesture, and esp. by language; to declare; to utter; to tell. “My words express my purpose.” Shak. “They expressed in their lives those excellent doctrines of morality.” Addison. 4. To make known the opinions or feelings of; to declare what is in the mind of; to show (one’s self); to cause to appear; — used reflexively. “Mr. Phillips did express with much indignation against me, one evening.” Pope. 5. To denote; to designate. “Moses and Aaron took these men, which are expressed by their names.” Num. i. 17. 6. To send by express messenger; to forward by special opportunity, or through the medium of an express; as to express a package. Syn. — To declare; utter; signify; testify; intimate.

Ex•press´age (eks•pres´aj; 48), n. The charge for carrying a parcel by express.

Ex•press´i•ble (-i•b’l), a. Capable of being expressed, squeezed out, shown, represented, or uttered. — Express´i•bly,adv.

Ex•pres´sion (eks•presh´un), n. [L. expressio: cf. F. expression.] 1. The act of expressing; the act of forcing out by pressure; as the expression of juices or oils; also of extorting or eliciting; as a forcible expression of truth. 2. The act of declaring or signifying; declaration; utterance; as an expression of the public will. “With this tone of philosophy were mingled expressions of sympathy.” Prescott. 3. Lively or vivid representation of meaning, sentiment, or feeling, etc.; significant and impressive indication, whether by language, appearance, or gesture; that manner or style which gives life and suggestive force to ideas and sentiments; as he reads with expression; her performance on the piano has expression. “The imitators of Shakespeare, fixing their attention on his wonderful power of expression, have directed their imitation to this.” M. Arnold. 4. That which is expressed by a countenance, a posture, a work of art, etc.; look, as indicative of thought or feeling. ´The expression of an eye.´ Tennyson. “It still wore the majesty of expression so conspicuous in his portraits by the inimitable pencil of Titian.” Prescott. 5. A form of words in which an idea or sentiment is conveyed; a mode of speech; a phrase; as a common expression; an odd expression. 6. (Math.) The representation of any quantity by its appropriate characters or signs. Past expression, Beyond expression, beyond the power of description. ´Beyond expression bright.´ Milton.

Ex•pres´sion•al (-al), a. Of, or relating to, expression; phraseological; also vividly representing or suggesting an idea or sentiment. Fitzed. Hall. Ruskin.

Ex•pres´sion•less, a. Destitute of expression.

Ex•press´ive , a. [Cf. F. expressif.] 1. Serving to express, utter, or represent; indicative; communicative; — followed by of; as words expressive of his gratitude. “Each verse so swells expressive of her woes.” Tickell. 2. Full of expression; vividly representing the meaning or feeling meant to be conveyed; significant; emphatic; as expressive looks or words. “You have restrained yourself within the list of too cold an adieu; be more expressive to them.” Shak. “Through her expressive eyes her soul distinctly spoke.” Littelton. — Ex•press´ive•ly,adv. — Ex•press´ive•ness,n.

Ex•press´ly, adv. In an express manner; in direct terms; with distinct purpose; particularly; as a book written expressly for the young. “The word of the Lord came expressly unto Ezekiel.” Ezek. i. 3. “I am sent expressly to your lordship.” Shak.

Ex•press´man (-man), n.; pl. Expressmen (-men). A person employed in the express business; also the driver of a job wagon. W. D. Howells.

Ex•press´ness, n. The state or quality of being express; definiteness. [Obs.] Hammond.

Ex•pres´sure (135), n. The act of expressing; expression; utterance; representation. [Obs.] “An operation more divine
Than breath or pen can give expressure to.” Shak.

Ex´pro•brate , v. t. [L. exprobratus, p. p. of exprobrare; ex out + probrum a shameful or disgraceful act.] To charge upon with reproach; to upbraid. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•pro•bra´tion , n. [L. exprobration: cf. F. exprobration.] Reproachful accusation; upbraiding. [Obs.] “A fearful exprobration of our unworthiness.” Jer. Taylor. { Ex•pro´bra•tive , Ex•pro´bra•to•ry } a. Expressing reproach; upbraiding; reproachful. [R.] Sir A. Shirley.

Ex•pro´pri•ate , v. t. [L. ex out, from + proprius one’s own: cf. F. exproprier.] To put out of one’s possession; to surrender the ownership of; also to deprive of possession or proprietary rights. Boyle. “Expropriate these [bad landlords] as the monks were expropriated by Act of Parliament.” M. Arnold.

Ex•pro•pri•a´tion, n. [Cf. F. expropriation.] The act of expropriating; the surrender of a claim to exclusive property; the act of depriving of ownership or proprietary rights. W. Montagu. “The expropriation of bad landlords.” M. Arnold.

Ex•pugn´ (eks•pun´), v. t. [L. expugnare; ex out + pugnare to fight, pugna fight. Cf. Impugn.] To take by assault; to storm; to overcome; to vanquish; as to expugn cities; to expugn a person by arguments.

Ex•pug´nable (eks•pug´na•b’l), a. [L. expugnabilis.] Capable of being expugned.

Ex•pug•na´tion , n. [L. expugnatio.] The act of taking by assault; conquest. [R.] Sandys.

Ex•pugn´er , n. One who expugns.

Ex•pulse´ , v. t. [F. expulser or L. expulsare, intens. fr. expellere. See Expel.] To drive out; to expel. [Obs.] “If charity be thus excluded and expulsed.” Milton.

Ex•puls´er , n. An expeller. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Ex•pul´sion , n. [L. expulsio, fr. expellere: cf. F. expulsion. See Expel.] 1. The act of expelling; a driving or forcing out; summary removal from membership, association, etc. “The expulsion of the Tarquins.” Shak. 2. The state of being expelled or driven out.

Ex•pul´sive , a. [Cf. F. expulsif.] Having the power of driving out or away; serving to expel. “The expulsive power of a new affection.” Chalmers.

Ex•punc´tion , n. [L. expunctio execution, performance, from expungere. See Expunge.] The act of expunging or erasing; the condition of being expunged. Milton.

Ex•punge´ (eks•punj´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expunged (- punjd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Expunging (- pun´jing).] [L. expungere, expunctum, prick out, expunge, settle an account, execute; ex out + pungere to prick, puncture. See Pungent.] 1. To blot out, as with pen; to rub out; to efface designedly; to obliterate; to strike out wholly; as to expunge words, lines, or sentences. 2. To strike out; to wipe out or destroy; to annihilate; as to expunge an offense. Sandys. “Expunge the whole, or lop th’ excrescent parts.” Pope. Syn. — To efface; erase; obliterate; strike out; destroy; annihilate; cancel.

Ex´pur•gate (eks´pur•gat or eks•pûr´gat; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expurgated (- ga´ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Expurgating (-ga´ting).] [L. expurgatus, p. p. of expurgare to purge, purify; ex out, from + purgare to cleanse, purify, purge. See Purge, and cf. Spurge.] To purify; to clear from anything noxious, offensive, or erroneous; to cleanse; to purge; as to expurgate a book.

Ex•pur•ga´tion , n. [L. expurgatio justification, excuse: cf. F. expurgation.] The act of expurgating, purging, or cleansing; purification from anything noxious, offensive, sinful, or erroneous. Milton.

Ex´pur•ga•tor ( 277), n. One who expurgates or purifies.

Ex•pur•ga•to´ri•al , a. Tending or serving to expurgate; expurgatory. Milman.

Ex•pur•ga•to´ri•ous , a. Expurgatory. [Obs.] ´Expurgatorious indexes.´ Milton.

Ex•pur´ga•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. expurgatoire.] Serving to purify from anything noxious or erroneous; cleansing; purifying. ´Expurgatory animadversions.´ Sir T. Browne. Expurgatory Index. See Index Expurgatorius, under Index.

Ex•purge´ , v. t. [Cf. OF. espurgier. See Expurgate.] To purge away. [Obs.] Milton.

Ex•quire´ , v. t. [L. exquirere. See Exquisite.] To search into or out. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ex´qui•site , a. [L. exquisitus, p. p. of exquirere to search out; ex out + quarere to seek, search. See Quest.] 1. Carefully selected or sought out; hence, of distinguishing and surpassing quality; exceedingly nice; delightfully excellent; giving rare satisfaction; as exquisite workmanship. “Plate of rare device, and jewels
Of reach and exquisite form.” Shak. “I have no exquisite reason for ’t, but I have reason good enough.” Shak. 2. Exceeding; extreme; keen; — used in a bad or a good sense; as exquisite pain or pleasure. 3. Of delicate perception or close and accurate discrimination; not easy to satisfy; exact; nice; fastidious; as exquisite judgment, taste, or discernment. “His books of Oriental languages, wherein he was exquisite.” Fuller. Syn. — Nice; delicate; exact; refined; choice; rare; matchless; consummate; perfect.

Ex´qui•site, n. One who manifests an exquisite attention to external appearance; one who is overnice in dress or ornament; a fop; a dandy.

Ex´qui•site•ly, adv. In an exquisite manner or degree; as lace exquisitely wrought. “To a sensitive observer there was something exquisitely painful in it.” Hawthorne.

Ex´qui•site•ness, n. Quality of being exquisite.

Ex•quis´i•tive , a. Eager to discover or learn; curious. [Obs.] Todd. — Ex•quis´i•tive•ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ex•san´guine , a. Bloodless. [R.]

Ex•san•guin´e•ous , a. Destitute of blood; anaemic; exsanguious.

Ex•san•guin´i•ty , n. (Med.) Privation or destitution of blood; — opposed to plethora. Dunglison.

Ex•san´gui•nous , a. See Exsanguious.

Ex•san´gui•ous , a. [L. exsanguis; ex out + sanguis, sanguinis, blood. Cf. Exsanguineous.] 1. Destitute of blood. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) Destitute of true, or red, blood, as insects.

Ex•scind´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exscinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exscinding.] [L. exscindere; ex out, from + scindere to cut.] To cut off; to separate or expel from union; to extirpate. Barrow. “The second presbytery of Philadelphia was also exscinded by that Assembly.” Am. Cyc.

Ex•scribe´ , v. t. [L. excribere; ex out, from + scribere to write.] To copy; to transcribe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ex´script , n. [L. exscriptus, p. p. of exscribere.] A copy; a transcript. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•scrip´tur•al ( 135), a. [Pref. ex-+scriptural.] Not in accordance with the doctrines of Scripture; unscriptural.

Ex•scu´tel•late , a. [Pref. ex- + scutellate.] (Zoöl.) Without, or apparently without, a scutellum; — said of certain insects.

Ex•sect´ , v. t. [L. exsectio.] 1. A cutting out or away. E. Darwin. 2. (Surg.) The removal by operation of a portion of a limb; particularly, the removal of a portion of a bone in the vicinity of a joint; the act or process of cutting out. { Ex•sert´ , Ex•sert´ed } a. [L. exsertus, p. p. of exserere to stretch out or forth. See Exert.] Standing out; projecting beyond some other part; as exsert stamens. “A small portion of the basal edge of the shell exserted.” D. H. Barnes.

Ex•sert´ile , a. (Biol.) Capable of being thrust out or protruded. J. Fleming.

Ex•sic´cant , a. [L. exsiccans, p. pr. of exsiccare. See Exsiccate.] Having the quality of drying up; causing a drying up. — n. (Med.) An exsiccant medicine.

Ex´sic•cate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exsiccated p. pr. & vb. n. Exsiccating.] [L. exsiccatus, p. p. of exsiccare to dry up; ex out + siccare to make dry, siccus dry.] To exhaust or evaporate moisture from; to dry up. Sir T. Browne.

Ex•sic•ca´tion , n. [L. exsiccatio: cf. F. exsiccation.] The act of operation of drying; evaporation or expulsion of moisture; state of being dried up; dryness. Sir T. Browne.

Ex•sic´ca•tive , a. Tending to make dry; having the power of drying.

Ex´sic•ca•tor , n. (Chem.) An apparatus for drying substances or preserving them from moisture; a desiccator; also less frequently, an agent employed to absorb moisture, as calcium chloride, or concentrated sulphuric acid.

Ex•sil´i•en•cy ( 106), n. [L. exsiliens leaping out, p. pr. of exsilire; ex out + salire to leap.] A leaping out. [R.] Latham.

Ex•so•lu´tion , n. [L. exsolutio a release.] Relaxation. [R.] Richardson (Dict. ).

Ex•spo•li•a´tion , n. [L. exspoliatio, fr. exspoliare to spoil, to plunder; ex out, from + spoliare. See Spoliate.] Spoliation. [Obs. or R.] Bp. Hall.

Ex•spu•i´tion , n. [L. exspuitio; ex out + spuere to spit: cf. F. exspuition.] A discharge of saliva by spitting. [R.] E. Darwin.

Ex•spu´to•ry , a. Spit out, or as if spit out. ´Exsputory lines.´ Cowper.

Ex•stip´u•late , a. [Pref. ex- + stipulate.] (Bot.) Having no stipules. Martyn.

Ex´stro•phy , n. [Gr. to turn inside out; = out + to turn.] (Med.) The eversion or turning out of any organ, or of its inner surface; as exstrophy of the eyelid or of the bladder.

Ex•suc´cous , a. [L. exsuccus; ex out + succus juice.] Destitute of juice; dry; sapless. Latham.

Ex•suc´tion , n. [L. exsugere, exsuctum, to suck out; ex out + sugere to suck: cf. F. exsuccion.] The act of sucking out.

Ex•su•da´tion , n. Exudation.

Ex•suf•flate´ , v. t. [L. exsufflare to blow at or upon; ex out + sufflare. See Sufflate.] (Eccles.) To exorcise or renounce by blowing.

Ex•suf•fla´tion , n. [Cf. LL. exsufflatio.] 1. A blast from beneath. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Eccles.) A kind of exorcism by blowing with the breath. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Physiol.) A strongly forced expiration of air from the lungs.

Ex•suf´fli•cate , a. Empty; frivolous. [A Shakespearean word only once used.] “Such exsufflicate and blown surmises.” Shak. (Oth. iii. 3, 182).

Ex•sus´ci•tate , v. t. [L. exsuscitatus, p. p. of exsuscitare; ex out + suscitare. See Suscitate.] To rouse; to excite. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•sus•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. exsuscitatio.] A stirring up; a rousing. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Ex´ta•cy , n. See Ecstasy. [Obs.]

Ex´tance , n. [L. extantia, exstantia, a standing out, fr. exstans, p. pr. See Extant.] Outward existence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex´tan•cy , n. [L. extantia, exstantia.] The state of rising above others; a projection. Evelyn. Boyle.

Ex´tant , a. [L. extans, - antis, or exstans, -antis, p. pr. of extare, exstare, to stand out or forth; ex out + stare to stand: cf. F. extant. See Stand.] 1. Standing out or above any surface; protruded. “That part of the teeth which is extant above the gums.” Ray. “A body partly immersed in a fluid and partly extant.” Bentley. 2. Still existing; not destroyed or lost; outstanding. “Writings that were extant at that time.” Sir M. Hale. “The extant portraits of this great man.” I. Taylor. 3. Publicly known; conspicuous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ex´ta•sy , n. & v. t. See Ecstasy, n. & v. t.

Ex•tat´ic , a. See Ecstatic, a.

Ex•tem´po•ral , a. [L. extemporalis, from ex tempore.] Extemporaneous; unpremeditated. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Ex•tem´po•ral•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Ex•tem•po•ra´ne•an , a. Extemporaneous. [Obs] Burton.

Ex•tem•po•ra´ne•ous , a. [See Extempore.] Composed, performed, or uttered on the spur of the moment, or without previous study; unpremeditated; off-hand; extempore; extemporary; as an extemporaneous address or production. — Ex•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Ex•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ness,n.

Ex•tem´po•ra•ri•ly , adv. Extemporaneously.

Ex•tem´po•ra•ry , a. 1. Extemporaneous. ´In extemporary prayer.´ Fuller. 2. Made for the occasion; for the time being. [Obs.] ´Extemporary habitations.´ Maundrell.

Ex•tem´po•re , adv. [L. ex out + tempus, temporis, time. See Temporal.] Without previous study or meditation; without preparation; on the spur of the moment; suddenly; extemporaneously; as to write or speak extempore. Shak. — a. Done or performed extempore. ´Extempore dissertation.´ Addison. ´Extempore poetry.´ Dryden. — n. Speaking or writing done extempore. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.

Ex•tem´po•ri•ness , n. The quality of being done or devised extempore [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•tem•po•ri•za´tion , n. The act of extemporizing; the act of doing anything extempore.

Ex•tem´po•rize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Extemporized p. pr. & vb. n. Extemporizing] To speak extempore; especially, to discourse without special preparation; to make an offhand address.

Ex•tem´po•rize, v. t. To do, make, or utter extempore or off-hand; to prepare in great haste, under urgent necessity, or with scanty or unsuitable materials; as to extemporize a dinner, a costume, etc. “Themistocles … was of all men the best able to extemporize the right thing to be done.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “Pitt, of whom it was said that he could extemporize a Queen’s speech” Lord Campbell.

Ex•tem´po•ri•zer , n. One who extemporizes.

Ex•tend´ (eks•tend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extended; p. pr. & vb. n. Extending.] [L. extendere, extentum, extensum; ex out + tendere to stretch. See Trend.] 1. To stretch out; to prolong in space; to carry forward or continue in length; as to extend a line in surveying; to extend a cord across the street. “Few extend their thoughts toward universal knowledge.” Locke. 2. To enlarge, as a surface or volume; to expand; to spread; to amplify; as to extend metal plates by hammering or rolling them. 3. To enlarge; to widen; to carry out further; as to extend the capacities, the sphere of usefulness, or commerce; to extend power or influence; to continue, as time; to lengthen; to prolong; as to extend the time of payment or a season of trial. 4. To hold out or reach forth, as the arm or hand. “His helpless hand extend.” Dryden. 5. To bestow; to offer; to impart; to apply; as to extend sympathy to the suffering. 6. To increase in quantity by weakening or adulterating additions; as to extend liquors. G. P. Burnham. 7. (Eng. Law) To value, as lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt; to assign by writ of extent. Extended letter (Typog.), a letter, or style of type, having a broader face than is usual for a letter or type of the same height. This is extended type. Syn. — To increase; enlarge; expand; widen; diffuse. See Increase.

Ex•tend´ant , a. (Her.) Displaced. Ogilvie.

Ex•tend´ed•ly , adv. In an extended manner.

Ex•tend´er , n. One who, or that which, extends or stretches anything.

Ex•tend´i•ble , a. 1. Capable of being extended, susceptible of being stretched, extended, enlarged, widened, or expanded. 2. (Law) Liable to be taken by a writ of extent.

Ex•tend´less•ness, n. Unlimited extension. [Obs.] “An … extendlessness of excursions.” Sir. M. Hale.

Ex•tense´ , a. [L. extensus, p. p. See Extend, v. t.] Outreaching; expansive; extended, superficially or otherwise. “Men and gods are too extense;
Could you slacken and condense?” Emerson.

Ex•ten•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being extensible; the capacity of being extended; as the extensibility of a fiber, or of a plate of metal.

Ex•ten´si•ble , a. [Cf. F. extensible. See Extend.] Capable of being extended, whether in length or breadth; susceptible of enlargement; extensible; extendible; — the opposite of contractible or compressible. ´An extensible membrane´ Holder.

Ex•ten´si•ble•ness, n. Extensibility.

Ex•ten´sile a. Suited for, or capable of, extension; extensible. Owen.

Ex•ten´sion , n. [L. extensio: cf. F. extension. See Extend, v. t.] 1. The act of extending or the state of being extended; a stretching out; enlargement in breadth or continuation of length; increase; augmentation; expansion. 2. (Physics) That property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space. 3. (Logic & Metaph.) Capacity of a concept or general term to include a greater or smaller number of objects; — correlative of intension. “The law is that the intension of our knowledge is in the inverse ratio of its extension.” Sir W. Hamilton. “The extension of [the term] plant is greater than that of geranium, because it includes more objects.” Abp. Thomson. 4. (Surg.) The operation of stretching a broken bone so as to bring the fragments into the same straight line. 5. (Physiol.) The straightening of a limb, in distinction from flexion. 6. (Com.) A written engagement on the part of a creditor, allowing a debtor further time to pay a debt. Counter extension. (Surg.) See under Counter. — Extension table, a table so constructed as to be readily extended or contracted in length.

Ex•ten´sion•al , a. Having great extent.

Ex•ten´sion•ist, n. One who favors or advocates extension.

Ex•ten´sive , a. [L. extensivus: cf. F. extensif. See Extend.] 1. Having wide extent; of much superficial extent; expanded; large; broad; wide; comprehensive; as an extensive farm; an extensive lake; an extensive sphere of operations; extensive benevolence; extensive greatness. 2. Capable of being extended. [Obs.] “Silver beaters choose the finest coin, as that which is most extensive under the hammer.” Boyle.

Ex•ten´sive•ly, adv. To a great extent; widely; largely; as a story is extensively circulated.

Ex•ten´sive•ness , n. The state of being extensive; wideness; largeness; extent; diffusiveness.

Ex•ten•som´e•ter , n. [Extension + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the extension of a body, especially for measuring the elongation of bars of iron, steel, or other material, when subjected to a tensile force.

Ex•ten´sor , n. [L., one who stretches. See Extend.] (Anat.) A muscle which serves to extend or straighten any part of the body, as an arm or a finger; — opposed to flexor.

Ex•ten´sure , n. Extension. [R.] Drayton.

Ex•tent´ , a. [L. extentus, p. p. of extendere. See Extend.] Extended. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•tent´, n. [L. extentus, fr. extendere. See Extend.] 1. Space or degree to which a thing is extended; hence, superficies; compass; bulk; size; length; as an extent of country or of line; extent of information or of charity. “Life in its large extent is scare a span.” Cotton. 2. Degree; measure; proportion. ´The extent to which we can make ourselves what we wish to be.´ Lubbock. 3. (Eng. Law) (a) A peculiar species of execution upon debts due to the crown, under which the lands and goods of the debtor may be seized to secure payment. (b) A process of execution by which the lands and goods of a debtor are valued and delivered to the creditor.

Ex•ten´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extenuated p. pr. & vb. n. Extenuating] [L. extenuatus, p. p. of extenuare to make thin, loosen, weaken; ex out + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin. See Tenuity.] 1. To make thin or slender; to draw out so as to lessen the thickness. “His body behind the head becomes broad, from whence it is again extenuated all the way to the tail.” Grew. 2. To lessen; to palliate; to lessen or weaken the force of; to diminish the conception of, as crime, guilt, faults, ills, accusations, etc.; — opposed to aggravate. “But fortune there extenuates the crime.” Dryden. “Let us extenuate, conceal, adorn the unpleasing reality.” I. Taylor. 3. To lower or degrade; to detract from. [Obs.] “Who can extenuate thee?” Milton. Syn. — To palliate; to mitigate. See Palliate.

Ex•ten´u•ate, v. i. To become thinner; to make excuses; to advance palliating considerations. Burke.

Ex•ten´u•ate , a. [L. extenuatus, p. p.] Thin; slender. [Obs.] Huloet.

Ex•ten•u•a´tion , n. [L. extenuatio: cf. F. extenuation.] The act of axtenuating or the state of being extenuated; the act of making thin, slender, or lean, or of palliating; diminishing, or lessening; palliation, as of a crime; mitigation, as of punishment. “To listen … to every extenuation of what is evil.” I. Taylor.

Ex•ten´u•a•tor , n. One who extenuates.

Ex•ten´u•a•to•ry , a. [Cf. L. extenuatorius attenuating.] Tending to extenuate or palliate. Croker.

Ex•te´ri•or, a. [L. exterior, compar. of exter or exterus on the outside, outward, foreign, strange, a compar. fr. ex: cf. F. exterieur. See Ex, and cf. Extreme, Interior.] 1. External; outward; pertaining to that which is external; — opposed to interior; as the exterior part of a sphere. “Sith nor the exterior nor the inward man
Resemble that it was.” Shak. 2. External; on the outside; without the limits of; extrinsic; as an object exterior to a man, opposed to what is within, or in his mind. “Without exterior help sustained.” Milton. 3. Relating to foreign nations; foreign; as the exterior relations of a state or kingdom. Exterior angle (Geom.), the angle included between any side of a triangle or polygon and the prolongation of the adjacent side; also an angle included between a line crossing two parallel lines and either of the latter on the outside. — Exterior side (Fort.), the side of the polygon upon which a front of fortification is formed. Wilhelm. See Illust. of Ravelin.

Ex•te´ri•or, n. 1. The outward surface or part of a thing; that which is external; outside. 2. Outward or external deportment, form, or ceremony; visible act; as the exteriors of religion.

Ex•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. exteriorite.] Surface; superficies; externality.

Ex•te´ri•or•ly , adv. Outwardly; externally; on the exterior. Shak. “They are exteriorly lifelike.” J. H. Morse.

Ex•ter´mi•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exterminated p. pr. & vb. n. Exterminating] [L. exterminatus, p. p. of exterminare to abolish, destroy, drive out or away; ex out + terminus boundary, limit. See Term.] 1. To drive out or away; to expel. “They deposed, exterminated, and deprived him of communion.” Barrow. 2. To destroy utterly; to cut off; to extirpate; to annihilate; to root out; as to exterminate a colony, a tribe, or a nation; to exterminate error or vice. “To explode and exterminate rank atheism.” Bentley. 3. (Math.) To eliminate, as unknown quantities. [R.]

Ex•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. extermination.] 1. The act of exterminating; total destruction; eradication; excision; as the extermination of inhabitants or tribes, of error or vice, or of weeds from a field. 2. (Math.) Elimination. [R.]

Ex•ter´mi•na•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, exterminates. Buckle.

Ex•ter´mi•na•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to extermination; tending to exterminate. ´Exterminatory war.´ Burke.

Ex•ter´mine , v. t. [F. exterminer.] To exterminate; to destroy. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•tern´ , a. [Cf. F. externe. See External.] External; outward; not inherent. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•tern´, n. [Cf. F. externe.] 1. A pupil in a seminary who lives without its walls; a day scholar. 2. Outward form or part; exterior. [R.]

Ex•ter´nal , a. [L. externus, fr. exter, exterus, on the outside, outward. See Exterior.] 1. Outward; exterior; relating to the outside, as of a body; being without; acting from without; — opposed to internal; as the external form or surface of a body. “Of all external things, …
She [Fancy] forms imaginations, aery shapes.” Milton. 2. Outside of or separate from ourselves; (Metaph.) separate from the perceiving mind. 3. Outwardly perceptible; visible; physical or corporeal, as distinguished from mental or moral. “Her virtues graced with external gifts.” Shak. 4. Not intrinsic nor essential; accidental; accompanying; superficial. “The external circumstances are greatly different.” Trench. 5. Foreign; relating to or connected with foreign nations; as external trade or commerce; the external relations of a state or kingdom. 6. (Anat.) Away from the mesial plane of the body; lateral. External angles. (Geom.) See under Angle.

Ex•ter´nal, n. Something external or without; outward part; that which makes a show, rather than that which is intrinsic; visible form; — usually in the plural. “Adam was then no less glorious in his externals” South. “God in externals could not place content.” Pope.

Ex•ter´nal•ism n. 1. The quality of being manifest to the senses; external acts or appearances; regard for externals. “This externalism gave Catholicism a great advantage on all sides.” E. Eggleston. 2. (Metaph.) That philosophy or doctrine which recognizes or deals only with externals, or objects of sense perception; positivism; phenomenalism.

Ex•ter•nal•is´tic , a. Pertaining to externalism. North Am. Rev.

Ex•ter•nal´i•ty , n. State of being external; exteriority; (Metaph.) separation from the perceiving mind. “Pressure or resistance necessarily supposes externality in the thing which presses or resists.” A. Smith.

Ex•ter´nal•ize , v. t. To make external; to manifest by outward form. “Thought externalizes itself in language.” Soyce.

Ex•ter´nal•ly, adv. In an external manner; outwardly; on the outside; in appearance; visibly.

Ex•terne´ , n. [F. Cf. Extern.] (med.) An officer in attendance upon a hospital, but not residing in it; esp., one who cares for the out- patients.

Ex•ter•ra´ne•ous , a. [L. exterraneus; es out + terra land.] Foreign; belonging to, or coming from, abroad.

Ex•ter•ri•to´ri•al , a. [Pref. ex + territorial.] Beyond the territorial limits; foreign to, or exempt from, the territorial jurisdiction. — Ex•ter•ri•to´ri•al•ly(#),adv.

Ex•ter•ri•to•ri•al´i•ty , n. 1. The state of being beyond the limits of a country. 2. The state of being free from the jurisdiction of a country when within its territorial limits.

Ex•ter´sion , n. [L. extergere, extersum, to wipe out; ex out + tergere to wipe or rub off.] The act of wiping or rubbing out. [Obs.]

Ex•till´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Extilled p. pr. & vb. n. Extilling.] [L. extillare, exstillare; ex out + stillare to drop, stilla drop.] To drop or distill. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•til•la´tion , n. Distillation. [Obs.] “An exudation or extillation of petrifying juices.” Derham.

Ex•tim´u•late , v. t. [L. extimulatus, exstimulatus, p. p. of extimulare, exstimulare, to goad. See Stimulate.] To stimulate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•tim•u•la´tion , n. Stimulation. [Obs.] “Things insipid, and without any extimulation.” Bacon.

Ex•tinct´ , a. [L. extinctus, exstinctus, p. p. of extinguere, exstinguere. See Extinguish.] 1. Extinguished; put out; quenched; as a fire, a light, or a lamp, is extinct; an extinct volcano. “Light, the prime work of God, to me is extinct.” Milton. 2. Without a survivor; without force; dead; as a family becomes extinct; an extinct feud or law.

Ex•tinct´, v. t. To cause to be extinct. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•tinc´tion , n. [L. extinctio, exstinction: cf. F. extinction.] 1. The act of extinguishing or making extinct; a putting an end to; the act of putting out or destroying light, fire, life, activity, influence, etc. 2. State of being extinguished or of ceasing to be; destruction; suppression; as the extinction of life, of a family, of a quarrel, of claim.

Ex´tine ( 104), n. [L. exter on the outside. Cf. Intine.] (bot.) The outer membrane of the grains of pollen of flowering plants.

Ex•tin´guish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extinguished p pr. & vb. n. Extinguishing.] [L. extinguere, exstinguere; ex out + stinguere to quench. See Distinguish, Finish.] 1. To quench; to put out, as a light or fire; to stifle; to cause to die out; to put an end to; to destroy; as to extinguish a flame, or life, or love, or hope, a pretense or a right. “A light which the fierce winds have no power to extinguish.” Prescott. “This extinguishes my right to the reversion.” Blackstone. 2. To obscure; to eclipse, as by superior splendor. “Natural graces that extinguish art.” Shak.

Ex•tin´guish•a•ble , a. Capable of being quenched, destroyed, or suppressed.

Ex•tin´guish•er , n. One who, or that which, extinguishes; esp., a hollow cone or other device for extinguishing a flame, as of a torch or candle.

Ex•tin´guish•ment , n. 1. The act of extinguishing, putting out, or quenching, or the state of being extinguished; extinction; suppression; destruction; nullification; as the extinguishment of fire or flame, of discord, enmity, or jealousy, or of love or affection. 2. (Law) The annihilation or extinction of a right or obligation. Abbott.

Ex•tirp´ , v. t. [Cf. F. extirper.] To extirpate. [Obs.] “It is impossible to extirp it quite, friar.” Shak.

Ex•tir´pa•ble , a. Capable of being extirpated or eradicated; as an extirpable plant. Evelyn.

Ex´tir•pate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extirpated p. pr. & vb. n. Extirpating] [L. extirpatus, exstirpatus, p. p. of extirpare, exstirpare; ex out + strips stock, stem, root.] To pluck up by the stem or root; to root out; to eradicate, literally or figuratively; to destroy wholly; as to extirpate weeds; to extirpate a tumor; to extirpate a sect; to extirpate error or heresy. Syn. — To eradicate; root out; destroy; exterminate; annihilate; extinguish.

Ex•tir•pa´tion , n. [L. extirpatio, exstirpatio: cf. F. extirpation.] The act of extirpating or rooting out, or the state of being extirpated; eradication; excision; total destruction; as the extirpation of weeds from land, of evil from the heart, of a race of men, of heresy.

Ex´tir•pa•tive , a. Capable of rooting out, or tending to root out. Cheyne.

Ex´tir•pa•tor ( 277), n. [L. extirpator, exstirpator: cf. F. extirpateur.] One who extirpates or roots out; a destroyer.

Ex•tir´pa•to•ry , a. Extirpative.

Ex•tirp´er , n. Extirpator. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•ti•spi´cious , a. [L. extispicium an inspection of the inwards for divination; extra the entrails + specer to look at.] Relating to the inspection of entrails for prognostication. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•tog´e•nous , a. [L. exter outward + genous.] (Biol.) Exogenous.

Ex•tol´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extolled p. pr. & vb. n. Extolling.] [L. extollere; ex out + tollere to lift, take up, or raise: cf. OF. extoller. See Tollerate, and cf. Flate.] 1. To place on high; to lift up; to elevate. [Obs.] “Who extolled you in the half-crown boxes,
Where you might sit and muster all the beauties.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To elevate by praise; to eulogize; to praise; to magnify; as to extol virtue; to extol an act or a person. “Wherein have I so deserved of you,
That you extol me thus?” Shak. Syn. — To praise; applaud; commend; magnify; celebrate; laud; glorify. See Praise.

Ex•tol´ler , n.One who extols; one who praises.

Ex•tol´ment , n. Praise. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•tor´sive , a. [See Extort.] Serving or tending to extort. [R.] Johnson. — Ex•tor´sive•ly, adv. [R.]

Ex•tort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Extorting.] [L. extortus, p. p. of extorquere to twist or wrench out, to extort; ex out + torquere to turn about, twist. See Torsion.] 1. To wrest from an unwilling person by physical force, menace, duress, torture, or any undue or illegal exercise of power or ingenuity; to wrench away (from); to tear away; to wring (from); to exact; as to extort contributions from the vanquished; to extort confessions of guilt; to extort a promise; to extort payment of a debt. 2. (Law) To get by the offense of extortion. See Extortion, 2.

Ex•tort´, v. i. To practice extortion. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•tort´, p. p. & a. [L. extortus. p. p.] Extorted. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•tort´er , n. One who practices extortion.

Ex•tor´tion , n. [F. extorsion.] 1. The act of extorting; the act or practice of wresting anything from a person by force, by threats, or by any undue exercise of power; undue exaction; overcharge. 2. (Law) The offense committed by an officer who corruptly claims and takes, as his fee, money, or other thing of value, that is not due, or more than is due, or before it is due. Abbott. 3. That which is extorted or exacted by force. Syn. — Oppression; rapacity; exaction; overcharge.

Ex•tor´tion•a•ry , a. Extortionate.

Ex•tor´tion•ate , a. Characterized by extortion; oppressive; hard.

Ex•tor´tion•er , n. One who practices extortion.

Ex•tor´tious , a. Extortionate. [Obs.] ´Extortious cruelties.´ Bp. Hall — Ex•tor´tious•ly, adv. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex´tra- [L., fr. exter. See Exterior.] A Latin preposition, denoting beyond, outside of; — often used in composition as a prefix signifying outside of, beyond, besides, or in addition to what is denoted by the word to which it is prefixed.

Ex´tra, a. Beyond what is due, usual, expected, or necessary; additional; supernumerary; also extraordinarily good; superior; as extra work; extra pay. ´By working extra hours.´ H. Spencer.

Ex´tra , n.; pl. Extras . Something in addition to what is due, expected, or customary; something in addition to the regular charge or compensation, or for which an additional charge is made; as at European hotels lights are extras. [Colloq.]

Ex•tra•ar•tic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Situated outside of a joint. { Ex•tra•ax´il•lar , Ex•tra•ax´il•la•ry } a. (Bot.) Growing outside of the axils; as an extra-axillary bud.

Ex•tra•bran´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Outside of the branchial arches; — said of the cartilages thus placed in some fishes.

Ex•tra•cap´su•lar , a. (Anat.) Situated outside of a capsule, esp. outside the capsular ligament of a joint.

Ex•tract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Extracting.] [L. extractus, p. p. of extrahere to extract; ex out + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Estreat.] 1. To draw out or forth; to pull out; to remove forcibly from a fixed position, as by traction or suction, etc.; as to extract a tooth from its socket, a stump from the earth, a splinter from the finger. “The bee
Sits on the bloom extracting liquid sweet.” Milton. 2. To withdraw by expression, distillation, or other mechanical or chemical process; as to extract an essence. Cf. Abstract, v. t., 6. “Sunbeams may be extracted from cucumbers, but the process is tedious.” 3. To take by selection; to choose out; to cite or quote, as a passage from a book. “I have extracted out of that pamphlet a few notorious falsehoods.” Swift. To extract the root (Math.), to ascertain the root of a number or quantity.

Ex´tract , n. 1. That which is extracted or drawn out. 2. A portion of a book or document, separately transcribed; a citation; a quotation. 3. A decoction, solution, or infusion made by drawing out from any substance that which gives it its essential and characteristic virtue; essence; as extract of beef; extract of dandelion; also any substance so extracted, and characteristic of that from which it is obtained; as quinine is the most important extract of Peruvian bark. 4. (Med.) A solid preparation obtained by evaporating a solution of a drug, etc., or the fresh juice of a plant; — distinguished from an abstract. See Abstract, n., 4. 5. (Old Chem.) A peculiar principle once erroneously supposed to form the basis of all vegetable extracts; — called also the extractive principle. [Obs.] 6. Extraction; descent. [Obs.] South. 7. (Scots Law) A draught or copy of writing; certified copy of the proceedings in an action and the judgement therein, with an order for execution. Tomlins. Fluid extract (Med.), a concentrated liquid preparation, containing a definite proportion of the active principles of a medicinal substance. At present a fluid gram of extract should represent a gram of the crude drug. { Ex•tract´a•ble , Ex•tract´i•ble } a. Capable of being extracted.

Ex•tract´i•form , a. (Chem.) Having the form, appearance, or nature, of an extract.

Ex•trac´tion , n. [Cf. F. extraction.] 1. The act of extracting, or drawing out; as the extraction of a tooth, of a bone or an arrow from the body, of a stump from earth, of a passage from a book, of an essence or tincture. 2. Derivation from a stock or family; lineage; descent; birth; the stock from which one has descended. ´A family of ancient extraction.´ Clarendon. 3. That which is extracted; extract; essence. “They [books] do preserve as in a vial the purest efficacy and extraction of that living intellect that bred them.” Milton. The extraction of roots. (Math.) (a) The operation of finding the root of a given number or quantity. (b) The method or rule by which the operation is performed; evolution.

Ex•tract´ive , a. [Cf. F. extractif.] 1. Capable of being extracted. ´Thirty grains of extractive matter.´ Kirwan. 2. Tending or serving to extract or draw out. “Certain branches of industry are conveniently designated extractive: e.g., agriculture, pastoral and mining pursuits, cutting of lumber, etc.” Cairnes.

Ex•tract´ive, n. 1. Anything extracted; an extract. “Extractives, of which the most constant are urea, kreatin, and grape sugar.” H. N. Martin. 2. (Chem.) (a) A chemical principle once supposed to exist in all extracts. [Obs.] (b) Any one of a large class of substances obtained by extraction, and consisting largely of nitrogenous hydrocarbons, such as xanthin, hypoxanthin, and creatin extractives from muscle tissue.

Ex•tract´or , n. One who, or that which, extracts; as: (a) (Surg.) A forceps or instrument for extracting substances. (b) (Breech-loading Firearms) A device for withdrawing a cartridge or spent cartridge shell from the chamber of the barrel.

Ex•tra•dic´tion•a•ry , a. [Pref. extra- + L. dictio a saying. See Diction.] Consisting not in words, but in realities. [Obs.] “Of these extradictionary and real fallacies, Aristotle and logicians make in number six.” Sir T. Browne.

Ex´tra•di•ta•ble , a. 1. Subject, or liable, to extradition, as a fugitive from justice. 2. Making liable to extradition; as extraditable offenses.

Ex´tra•dite , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extradited p. pr. & vb. n. Extraditing] To deliver up by one government to another, as a fugitive from justice. See Extradition.

Ex•tra•di´tion , n. [L. ex out + traditio a delivering up: cf. F. extradition. See Tradition.] The surrender or delivery of an alleged criminal by one State or sovereignty to another having jurisdiction to try charge.

Ex•tra´dos , n. [F.; pref. extra- outside + dos (L. dorsum) the back.] (Arch.) The exterior curve of an arch; esp., the upper curved face of the whole body of voussoirs. See Intrados.

Ex•tra•do´tal , a. [Pref. extra- + dotal.] Forming no part of the dowry; as extradotal property.

Ex•tra•fo•li•a´ceous , a. [Pref. extra + foliaceous.] (Bot.) Away from the leaves, or inserted in a different place from them; as extrafoliaceous prickles. Loudon.

Ex•tra•fo•ra´ne•ous , a. [Pref. extra- + L. foras out of doors.] Pertaining to that which is out of doors. ´Extraforaneous occupations.´ Cowper.

Ex•tra•ge´ne•ous , a. [Pref. extra- + L. genus race.] Belonging to another race or kind.

Ex•tra•ju•di´cial , a. Out of or beyond the proper authority of a court or judge; beyond jurisdiction; not legally required. ´An extrajudicial opinion.´ Hallam. — Ex•tra•ju•di´cial•ly, adv.

Ex•tra•lim´it•a•ry , a. Being beyond the limit or bounds; as extraliminary land. Mitford.

Ex•tra•log´ic•al , a. Lying outside of the domain of logic. — Ex•tra•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ex•tra•mis´sion , n. A sending out; emission. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•tra•mun´dane , a. [L. extramundanus; extra + mundus world.] Beyond the material world. ´An extramundane being.´ Bp. Warburton.

Ex•tra•mu´ral , a. Outside of the walls, as of a fortified or walled city.

Ex•tra•ne´i•ty , n. State of being without or beyond a thing; foreignness. [Obs.]

Ex•tra´ne•ous , a. [L. extraneus, from extra. See Extra-, Strange.] Not belonging to, or dependent upon, a thing; without or beyond a thing; not essential or intrinsic; foreign; as to separate gold from extraneous matter. “Nothing is admitted extraneous from the indictment.” Landor. — Ex•tra´ne•ous•ly, adv.

Ex•tra-oc´u•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Inserted exterior to the eyes; — said of the antennae of certain insects.

Ex•tra-of•fi´cial , a. Not prescribed by official duty.

Ex•traor´di•na•ri•ly , adv. In an extraordinary manner or degree.

Ex•traor´di•na•ri•ness, n. The quality of being extraordinary. [R.] Gov. of the Tongue.

Ex•traor´di•na•ry , a. [L. extraordinarius; extra on the outside + ordinarius: cf. F. extraordinaire. See Ordinary.] 1. Beyond or out of the common order or method; not usual, customary, regular, or ordinary; as extraordinary evils; extraordinary remedies. “Which dispose
To something extraordinary my thoughts.” Milton. 2. Exceeding the common degree, measure. or condition; hence, remarkable; uncommon; rare; wonderful; as extraordinary talents or grandeur. 3. Employed or sent upon an unusual or special service; as an ambassador extraordinary.

Ex•traor´di•na•ry, n.; pl. Extraordinaries . That which is extraordinary; — used especially in the plural; as extraordinaries excepted, there is nothing to prevent success. “Their extraordinary did consist especially in the matter of prayers and devotions.” Jer. Taylor.

Ex•tra•pa•ro´chi•al , a. Beyond the limits of a parish. — Ex•tra•pa•ro´chi•al•ly, adv.

Ex•tra•phys´i•cal , a. Not subject to physical laws or methods.

Ex•tra•pro•fes´sion•al , a. Foreign to a profession; not within the ordinary limits of professional duty or business.

Ex•tra•pro•vin´cial , a. Not within of pertaining to the same province or jurisdiction. Ayliffe.

Ex•tra•reg´u•lar , a. Not comprehended within a rule or rules. Jer. Taylor.

Ex•tra•sta•pe´di•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, which, in many animals, projects beyond the connection with the stapes. — n. The extrastapedial part of columella.

Ex•tra•ter•ri•to´ri•al , a. Beyond the limits of a territory or particular jurisdiction; exterritorial. — Ex•tra•ter•ri•to´ri•al•ly(#), adv.

Ex•tra•ter•ri•to•ri•al´i•ty , n. The state of being beyond the limits of a particular territory; esp. (Internat. Law), A fiction by which a public minister, though actually in a foreign country, is supposed still to remain within the territory of his own sovereign or nation. Wheaton.

Ex•tra•trop´ic•al , a. Beyond or outside of the tropics. Whewell.

Ex•traught´ , p. p. of Extract. [Cf. Distraught.] Extracted; descended. [Obs.] “Knowing whence thou art extraught” Shak.

Ex•tra-u´ter•ine , a. (Anat. & Med.) Outside of the uterus, or womb. Extra-uterine pregnancy (Med.), a condition of pregnancy in which the fetus is not in the uterus, but in the Fallopian tube or in the abdominal cavity.

Ex•trav´a•gance , n. [Cf. F. extravagance. See Extravagant, and cf. Extravaganza.] 1. A wandering beyond proper limits; an excursion or sally from the usual way, course, or limit. 2. The state of being extravagant, wild, or prodigal beyond bounds of propriety or duty; want of moderation; excess; especially, undue expenditure of money; vaid and superfluous expense; prodigality; as extravagance of anger, love, expression, imagination, demands. “Some verses of my own, Maximin and Almanzor, cry vengeance on me for their extravagance.” Dryden. “The income of three dukes was enough to supply her extravagance.” Arbuthnot. Syn. — Wildness; irregularity; excess; prodigality; profusion; waste; lavishness; unreasonableness; recklessness.

Ex•trav´a•gan•cy , n.; pl. Extravagancies . Extravagance.

Ex•trav´a•gant , a. [F. extravagant, fr. L. extra on the outside + vagans, -antis, p. pr. of vagari to wander, from vagus wandering, vague. See Vague.] 1. Wandering beyond one’s bounds; roving; hence, foreign. [Obs.] “The extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine.” Shak. 2. Exceeding due bounds; wild; excessive; unrestrained; as extravagant acts, wishes, praise, abuse. “There appears something nobly wild and extravagant in great natural geniuses.” Addison. 3. Profuse in expenditure; prodigal; wasteful; as an extravagant man. ´Extravagant expense.´ Bancroft.

Ex•trav´a•gant, n. 1. One who is confined to no general rule. L’Estrange. 2. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) Certain constitutions or decretal epistles, not at first included with others, but subsequently made a part of the canon law.

Ex•trav´a•gant•ly, adv. In an extravagant manner; wildly; excessively; profusely.

Ex•trav´a•gant•ness, n. The state of being extravagant or in excess; excess; extravagance.

Ex•trav•a•gan´za , n. [Extravagance with an Italian ending: cf. It. stravaganza.] 1. A composition, as in music, or in the drama, designed to produce effect by its wild irregularity; esp., a musical caricature. 2. An extravagant flight of sentiment or language.

Ex•trav´a•gate , v. i. [Pref. extra- + L. vagatus, p. p. of vagari to rove. See Extravagant.] To rove. Bp. Warburton.

Ex•trav•a•ga´tion , n. A wandering beyond limits; excess. [Obs.] Smollett.

Ex•trav´a•sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extravasated p. pr. & vb. n. Extravasating] [Pref. extra- + L. vas vessel: cf. F. extravaser. See Vase.] To force or let out of the proper vessels or arteries, as blood.

Ex•trav•a•sa´tion , n. [Cf. F. extravasation.] The act of forcing or letting out of its proper vessels or ducts, as a fluid; effusion; as an extravasation of blood after a rupture of the vessels.

Ex•tra•vas´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) (a) Outside the vessels; — said of the substance of all the tissues. (b) Destitute of vessels; non-vascular.

Ex•trav´e•nate , a. [Pref. extra- + L. vena vein.] Let out of the veins. [Obs.] ´Extravenate blood.´ Glanvill.

Ex•tra•ver´sion , n. [Pref. extra- + L. vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. extraversion.] The act of throwing out; the state of being turned or thrown out. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ex•treat´ , n. [See Estreat, Extract.] Extraction. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•treme´ , a. [L. extremus, superl. of exter, extrus, on the outside, outward: cf. F. extrême. See Exterior.] 1. At the utmost point, edge, or border; outermost; utmost; farthest; most remote; at the widest limit. 2. Last; final; conclusive; — said of time; as the extreme hour of life. 3. The best of worst; most urgent; greatest; highest; immoderate; excessive; most violent; as an extreme case; extreme folly. ´The extremest remedy.´ Dryden. ´Extreme rapidity.´ Sir W. Scott. “Yet extreme gusts will blow out fire.” Shak. 4. Radical; ultra; as extreme opinions. “The Puritans or extreme Protestants.” Gladstone. 5. (Mus.) Extended or contracted as much as possible; — said of intervals; as an extreme sharp second; an extreme flat forth. Extreme and mean ratio (Geom.), the relation of a line and its segments when the line is so divided that the whole is to the greater segment is to the less. — Extreme distance. (Paint.) See Distance., n., 6. — Extreme unction. See under Unction. Although this adjective, being superlative in signification, is not properly subject to comparison, the superlative form not unfrequently occurs, especially in the older writers. ´Tried in his extremest state.´ Spenser. ´Extremest hardships.´ Sharp. ´Extremest of evils.´ Bacon. ´Extremest verge of the swift brook.´ Shak. ´The sea’s extremest borders.´ Addison.

Ex•treme´, n. 1. The utmost point or verge; that part which terminates a body; extremity. 2. Utmost limit or degree that is supposable or tolerable; hence, furthest degree; any undue departure from the mean; — often in the plural: things at an extreme distance from each other, the most widely different states, etc.; as extremes of heat and cold, of virtue and vice; extremes meet. “His parsimony went to the extreme of meanness.” Bancroft. 3. An extreme state or condition; hence, calamity, danger, distress, etc. ´Resolute in most extremes.´ Shak. 4. (Logic) Either of the extreme terms of a syllogism, the middle term being interposed between them. 5. (Math.) The first or the last term of a proportion or series. In the extreme as much as possible. ´The position of the Port was difficult in the extreme.´ J. P. Peters.

Ex•treme´less , a. Having no extremes; infinite.

Ex•treme´ly, adv. In an extreme manner or state; in the utmost degree; to the utmost point; exceedingly; as extremely hot or cold.

Ex•trem´ist , n. A supporter of extreme doctrines or practice; one who holds extreme opinions.

Ex•trem´i•ty , n.; pl. Extremities. [L. extremitas: cf. F. extremite.] 1. The extreme part; the utmost limit; the farthest or remotest point or part; as the extremities of a country. “They sent fleets … to the extremities of Ethiopia.” Arbuthnot. 2. (Zoöl.) One of locomotive appendages of an animal; a limb; a leg or an arm of man. 3. The utmost point; highest degree; most aggravated or intense form. ´The extremity of bodily pain.´ Ray. 4. The highest degree of inconvenience, pain, or suffering; greatest need or peril; extreme need; necessity. “Divers evils and extremities that follow upon such a compulsion shall here be set in view.” Milton. “Upon mere extremity he summoned this last Parliament.” Milton. Syn. — Verge; border; extreme; end; termination.

Ex´tri•ca•ble , a. Capable of being extricated. Sir W. Jones.

Ex´tri•cate (eks´tri•kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extricated(- ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Extricating(-ka•ting).] [L. extricatus, p. p. of extricare to extricate; ex out + tricae trifles, impediments, perplexities. Cf. Intricate.] 1. To free, as from difficulties or perplexities; to disentangle; to disembarrass; as to extricate a person from debt, peril, etc. “We had now extricated ourselves from the various labyrinths and defiles.” Eustace. 2. To cause to be emitted or evolved; as to extricate heat or moisture. Syn. — To disentangle; disembarrass; disengage; relieve; evolve; set free; liberate.

Ex•tri•ca´tion , n. 1. The act or process of extricating or disentangling; a freeing from perplexities; disentanglement. 2. The act of sending out or evolving.

Ex•trin´sic , a. [L. extrinsecus; exter on the outside + secus otherwise, beside; akin to E. second: cf. F. extrinsèque. See Exterior, Second.] 1. Not contained in or belonging to a body; external; outward; unessential; — opposed to intrinsic. “The extrinsic aids of education and of artificial culture.” I. Taylor. 2. (Anat.) Attached partly to an organ or limb and partly to some other part; — said of certain groups of muscles. Opposed to intrinsic.

Ex•trin´sic•al , a. Extrinsic. — Ex•trin´sic•al•ly(#), adv. { Ex•trin•si•cal´i•ty , Ex•trin´sic•al•ness } n. The state or quality of being extrinsic.

Ex•tro´i•tive , a. [L. extra on the outside + ire, itum, to go.] Seeking or going out after external objects. [R.] “Their natures being almost wholly extroitive.” Coleridge.

Ex•tror´sal , a. (Bot.) Extrorse.

Ex•trorse´ , a. [As if from an assumed L. extrorsus, for extroversus; extra on the outside + vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. extrorse.] (Bot.) Facing outwards, or away from the axis of growth; — said esp. of anthers occupying the outer side of the filament.

Ex•tro•ver´sion , n. [See Extrorse.] The condition of being turned wrong side out; as extroversion of the bladder. Dunglison.

Ex•truct´ , v. t. [L. extructus, exstructus, p. p. of extruere, exstruere, to build up; ex out + struere to build.] To construct. [Obs.] Byrom.

Ex•truc´tion , n. [L. exstructio.] A building up; construction. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•truct´ive , a. Constructive. [Obs.] Fulke.

Ex•truct´or , n. [L.] A builder. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•trude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Extruding.] [L. extrudere, extrusum; ex out + trudere to thrust, akin to E. threat. See Threat.] To thrust out; to force, press, or push out; to expel; to drive off or away. ´Parentheses thrown into notes or extruded to the margin.´ Coleridge.

Ex•tru´sion , n. The act of thrusting or pushing out; a driving out; expulsion.

Ex•tu´ber•ance , n. A swelling or rising; protuberance. [R.] Moxon.

Ex•tu´ber•an•cy , n. Extuberance. [R.]

Ex•tu´ber•ant , a. [L. extuberare.] Swollen out; protuberant. [R.] ´Extuberant lips.´ Gayton.

Ex•tu´ber•ate , v. i. [L. extuberatus, p. pr. of extuberare to swell; ex out + tuber a swelling.] To swell out. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•tu•ber•a´tion , n. [L. extuberatio.] Protuberance. [Obs.] Farindon.

Ex•tu•mes´cence , n. [L. ex. + tumescens, p. pr. of tumescere, incho. fr. tumere to swell: cf. F. extumescence.] A swelling or rising. [R.] Cotgrave.

Ex•u´ber•ance , n. [L. exuberantia: cf. F. exuberance.] The state of being exuberant; an overflowing quantity; a copious or excessive production or supply; superabundance; richness; as an exuberance of joy, of fancy, or of foliage. Syn. — Abundance; superabundance; excess; plenty; copiousness; profusion; richness; overflow; overgrowth; rankness; wantonness. See Abundance.

Ex•u´ber•an•cy , n. Exuberance.

Ex•u´ber•ant , a. [L. exuberans, exuberantis, p. pr. of exuberare to be abundant; ex + uberare to be fruitful, fr. uber fruitful, fertile, uber udder: cf. F. exuberant. See Udder.] Characterized by abundance or superabundance; plenteous; rich; overflowing; copious or excessive in production; as exuberant goodness; an exuberant intellect; exuberant foliage. ´Exuberant spring.´ Thomson. — Ex•u´ber•ant•ly, adv.

Ex•u´ber•ate , v. i. [L. exuberatus, p. p. of exuberare. See Exuberant, n.] To abound; to be in great abundance. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ex•uc´cous , a. See Exsuccous. [Obs.]

Ex•u´date , v. t. & i. [See Exude.] To exude. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•u•da´tion , n. The act of exuding; sweating; a discharge of humors, moisture, juice, or gum, as through pores or incisions; also the substance exuded. “Resins, a class of proximate principles, existing in almost all plants and appearing on the external surface of many of them in the form of exudations.” Am. Cyc.

Ex•ude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exuded; p. pr. & vb. n. exuding.] [L. exudare, exsudare, exudatum, exsudatum, to sweat out; ex out + sudare to sweat: cf. F. exuder, exsuder. See Sweat.] To discharge through pores or incisions, as moisture or other liquid matter; to give out. “Our forests exude turpentine in … abundance.” Dr. T. Dwight.

Ex•ude´, v. i. To flow from a body through the pores, or by a natural discharge, as juice.

Ex•ul´cer•ate , v. t. & i. [L. exulceratus, p. p. of exulcerare to make sore; ex out + ulcerare. See Ulcerate.] 1. To ulcerate. [Obs.] ´To exulcerate the lungs.´ Evelyn. 2. To corrode; to fret; to chafe; to inflame. [Obs.] “Minds exulcerated in themselves.” Hooker.

Ex•ul´cer•ate , a. [L. exulceratus, p. p.] Very sore; ulcerated. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•ul•cer•a´tion , n. [L. exulceratio: cf. F. exulceration.] [Obs. or R.] 1. Ulceration. Quincy. 2. A fretting; a festering; soreness. Hooker.

Ex•ul´cer•a•tive , a. Tending to cause ulcers; exulceratory. Holland.

Ex•ul´cer•a•to•ry , a. [L. exulceratorius: cf. F. exulceratoire.] Having a tendency to form ulcers; rendering ulcerous.

Ex•ult´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exulting.] [L. exultare, exsultare, exultatum, exsultatum, to leap vigorously, to exult, intens. fr. exsilire to spring out or up; ex out + salire to spring, leap: cf. F. exulter. See Salient.] To be in high spirits; figuratively, to leap for joy; to rejoice in triumph or exceedingly; to triumph; as an exulting heart. ´An exulting countenance.´ Bancroft. “The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego,
And leap exulting like the bounding roe.” Pope. { Ex•ult´ance , Ex•ult´an•cy } n. [L. exsultantia.] Exultation. [Obs.] Burton. Hammond.

Ex•ult´ant , a. [L. exsultans, exsultantis, p. pr. of exsultare. See Exult.] Inclined to exult; characterized by, or expressing, exultation; rejoicing triumphantly. “Break away, exultant, from every defilement.” I. Tay;or.

Ex•ul•ta´tion ( 277), n. [L. exsultatio: cf. F. exultation.] The act of exulting; lively joy at success or victory, or at any advantage gained; rapturous delight; triumph. “His bosom swelled with exultation.” Prescott.

Ex•ult´ing, a. Rejoicing triumphantly or exceedingly; exultant. — Ex•ult´ing•ly, adv.

Ex•un´date , v. i. [L. exundatus, p. p. of exundare to overflow; ex out + undare. See Undated waved.] To overflow; to inundate. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•un•da´tion , n. [L. exundatio.] An overflow, or overflowing abundance. [R.] Ray.

Ex•un´gu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exungulated p. pr. & vb. n. Exungulating] [L. exungulare to lose the hoof, ex out, from + ungula. See Ungula.] To pare off, as nails, the hoof, etc. [R.]

Ex•u´per•a•ble , a. [L. exuperabilis, exsuperabilis. See Exuperate.] Surmountable; superable. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•u´per•ance , n. [L. exuperantia, exsuperantia.] Superiority; superfluity. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

Ex•u´per•ant , a. [L. exuperans, exsuperans, p. pr.] Surpassing; exceeding; surmounting. [Obs.]

Ex•u´per•ate , v. t. [L. exuperatus, exsuperatus, p. p. of exuperare, exsuperare to excel; ex out + superare to go over, super above, over.] To excel; to surmount. [Obs.]

Ex•u•per•a´tion , n. [See Exurgent.] The act of rising or coming into view. [Obs.] Baxter.

Ex•ur´gent , a. [L. exurgens, exsurgens, p. pr. of exurgere, exsurgere, to rise up; ex out + surgere to rise.] Arising; coming to light. [Obs.]

Ex•us´ci•tate , v. t. See Exsuscitate [Obs.] T. Adams.

Ex•us´tion ( 106), n. [L. exustio, fr. exurere, exustum, to burn up; ex out + urere to burn.] The act or operation of burning up. Bailey.

Ex•u´to•ry , n. [Cf. F. exutoire. See Exuve.] (Med.) An issue.

Ex•u´vi•a , n. sing. of Exuviae.

Ex•u•vi•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of shedding the skin periodically. Craig.

Ex•u´vi•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. exuviable.] Capable of being cast off in the form of exuviae.

Ex•u´vi•ae, n. pl. [L., fr. exuere to draw out or off, to pull off.] 1. (Zoöl) Cast skins, shells, or coverings of animals; any parts of animals which are shed or cast off, as the skins of snakes, the shells of lobsters, etc. 2. (Geol.) The fossil shells and other remains which animals have left in the strata of the earth.

Ex•u´vi•al , a. Of or pertaining to exuviae. ´Exuvial layers.´ ´Exuvial deposits.´

Ex•u´vi•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exuviated, p. pr. & vb. n. Exuviating.] [From Exuviae.] (Zoöl.) To shed an old covering or condition preliminary to taking on a new one; to molt. “There is reason to suppose that very old crayfish do not exuviate every year.” Huxley.

Ex•u•vi•a´tion , n. (Zoöl.) The rejecting or casting off of some part, more particularly, the outer cuticular layer, as the shells of crustaceans, skins of snakes, etc.; molting; ecdysis.

Ex•-vo´to , n.; pl. Ex-votos (-töz). [L. ex out of, in accordance with + voto, abl. of votum a vow.] An offering to a church in fulfillment of a vow.

Ey , n.[AS. ig. Cf.Eyot.] An island. [Obs.]

Ey, n.; pl. Eyren . See Egg. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ey, An interj. of wonder or inquiry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

E•ya•let´ , n. [Turk., fr. Ar. iyalah.] Formerly, one of the administrative divisions or provinces of the Ottoman Empire; — now called a vilayet.

Ey•as , n. [F. niais fresh from the nest, a derivative fr. L. nidus nest. E. an eyas for a nias. See Nest, and cf. Nias, Jashawk.] (Zoöl.) A nesting or unfledged bird; in falconry, a young hawk from the nest, not able to prey for itself. Shak J. H. Walsh

Ey´as, a. Unfledged, or newly fledged. [Obs.] “Like eyas hawk up mounts unto the skies,
His newly budded pinions to assay.” Spebser.

Ey´as•mus•ket , n. [Eyas + muske the brid.] An unfledged or young male sparrow hawk. [Obs.] Shak.

Eye (i), n. [Prob. fr. nye, an eye being for a nye. See Nye.] (Zoöl.) A brood; as an eye of pheasants.

Eye (i), n. [OE. eghe, eighe, eie, eye, AS. eáge; akin to OFries. age, OS. oga, D. oog, Ohg. ouga, G. auge, Icel. auga, Sw. öga, Dan. öie, Goth. augo; cf. OSlav. oko, Lith. akis, L. okulus, Gr. ’o•kkos, eye, ’o•sse, the two eyes, Skr. akshi. rad.10, 212. Cf. Diasy, Ocular, Optic, Eyelet, Ogle.] 1. The organ of sight or vision. In man, and the vertebrates generally, it is properly the movable ball or globe in the orbit, but the term often includes the adjacent parts. In most invertebrates the eyes are immovable ocelli, or compound eyes made up of numerous ocelli. See Ocellus. Description of illustration: a b Conjunctiva; c Cornea; d Sclerotic; e Choroid; f Cillary Muscle; g Cillary Process; h Iris; i Suspensory Ligament; k Prosterior Aqueous Chamber between h and i; l Anterior Aqueous Chamber; m Crystalline Lens; n Vitreous Humor; o Retina; p Yellow spot; q Center of blind spot; r Artery of Retina in center of the Optic Nerve. The essential parts of the eye are inclosed in a tough outer coat, the sclerotic, to which the muscles moving it are attached, and which in front changes into the transparent cornea. A little way back of cornea, the crystalline lens is suspended, dividing the eye into two unequal cavities, a smaller one in front filled with a watery fluid, the aqueous humor, and larger one behind filled with a clear jelly, the vitreous humor. The sclerotic is lined with a highly pigmented membrane, the choroid, and this is turn is lined in the back half of the eyeball with the nearly transparent retina, in which the fibers of the optic nerve ramify. The choroid in front is continuous with the iris, which has a contractile opening in the center, the pupil, admitting light to the lens which brings the rays to a focus and forms an image upon the retina, where the light, falling upon delicate structures called rods and cones, causes them to stimulate the fibres of the optic nerve to transmit visual impressions to the brain. 2. The faculty of seeing; power or range of vision; hence, judgment or taste in the use of the eye, and in judging of objects; as to have the eye of a sailor; an eye for the beautiful or picturesque. 3. The action of the organ of sight; sight, look; view; ocular knowledge; judgment; opinion. “In my eye, she is the sweetest lady that I looked on.” Shak. 4. The space commanded by the organ of sight; scope of vision; hence, face; front; the presence of an object which is directly opposed or confronted; immediate presence. “We shell express our duty in his eye.” Shak. “Her shell your hear disproved to her eyes.” Shak. 5. Observation; oversight; watch; inspection; notice; attention; regard. ´Keep eyes upon her.´ Shak. “Booksellers … have an eye to their own advantage.” Addison. 6. That which resembles the organ of sight, in form, position, or appearance; as: (a) (Zoöl.) The spots on a feather, as of peacock. (b) The scar to which the adductor muscle is attached in oysters and other bivalve shells; also the adductor muscle itself, esp. when used as food, as in the scallop. (c) The bud or sprout of a plant or tuber; as the eye of a potato. (d) The center of a target; the bull’s-eye. (e) A small loop to receive a hook; as hooks and eyes on a dress. (f) The hole through the head of a needle. (g) A loop forming part of anything, or a hole through anything, to receive a rope, hook, pin, shaft, etc.; as an eye at the end of a tie bar in a bridge truss; an eye through a crank; an eye at the end of rope. (h) The hole through the upper millstone. 7. That which resembles the eye in relative importance or beauty. ´The very eye of that proverb.´ Shak. “Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts.” Milton. 8. Tinge; shade of color. [Obs.] “Red with an eye of blue makes a purple.” Boyle. By the eye, in abundance. [Obs.] Marlowe. — Elliott eye (Naut.), a loop in a hemp cable made around a thimble and served. — Eye agate, a kind of circle agate, the central parts of which are of deeper tints than the rest of the mass. Brande & C. — Eye animalcule (Zoöl), a flagellate infusorian belonging to Euglena and related genera; — so called because it has a colored spot like an eye at one end. — Eye doctor, an oculist. — Eye of a volute (Arch.), the circle in the center of volute. — Eye of day, Eye of the morning, Eye of heaven, the sun. ´So gently shuts the eye of day.´ Mrs. Barbauld. — Eye of a ship, the foremost part in the bows of a ship, where, formerly, eyes were painted; also the hawser holes. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Half an eye, very imperfect sight; a careless glance; as to see a thing with half an eye; often figuratively. ´Those who have but half an eye.´ B. Jonson. — To catch one’s eye, to attract one’s notice. — To find favor in the eyes (of), to be graciously received and treated. — To have an eye to, to pay particular attention to; to watch. ´Have an eye to Cinna.´ Shak. — To keep an eye on, to watch. — To set the eyes on, to see; to have a sight of. — In the eye of the wind (Naut.), in a direction opposed to the wind; as a ship sails in the eye of the wind.

Eye , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Eying or Eyeing.] To fix the eye on; to look on; to view; to observe; particularly, to observe or watch narrowly, or with fixed attention; to hold in view. “Eye me, blest Providence, and square my trial
To my proportioned strength.” Milton.

Eye, v. i. To appear; to look. [Obs.] “My becomings kill me, when they do not
Eye well to you.” Shak.

Eye´ball , n. The ball or globe of the eye.

Eye´bar , n. (Engin.) A bar with an eye at one or both ends.

Eye´beam , n. A glance of the eye. Shak.

Eye´bolt , n. (Mach.) A bolt with a looped head, or an opening in the head.

Eye´bright , n. (Bot.) A small annual plant (Euphrasia officinalis), formerly much used as a remedy for diseases of the eye.

Eye´brow , n. The brow or hairy arch above the eye. Shak.

Eye´cup , n. A small oval porcelain or glass cup, having a rim curved to fit the orbit of the eye. it is used in the application of liquid remedies to eyes; — called also eyeglass.

Eyed , a. Heaving (such or so many) eyes; — used in composition; as sharp-eyed; dull- eyed; sad-eyed; ox-eyed Juno; myriad- eyed.

Eye´drop´ , n. A tear. [Poetic] Shak.

Eye´flap´ , n. A blinder on a horse’s bridle.

Eye´ful , a. Filling or satisfying the eye; visible; remarkable. [Obs.] ´Eyeful trophies.´ Chapman.

Eye´glance , n. A glance of eye.

Eye´glass , n. 1. A lens of glass to assist the sight. Eyeglasses are used singly or in pairs. 2. Eyepiece of a telescope, microscope, etc. 3. The retina. [Poetic] 4. A glass eyecup. See Eyecup.

Eye´hole , n. A circular opening to recive a hook, cord, ring, or rope; an eyelet.

Eye´lash , n. 1. The fringe of hair that edges the eyelid; — usually in the pl. 2. A hair of the fringe on the edge of the eyelid.

Eye´less , a. Without eyes; blind. ´Eyeless rage.´ Shak.

Eye´let , n. [F. œillet, dim. of œil eye, fr. L. oculus. See Eye, and cf. Oillet.] 1. A small hole or perforation to receive a cord or fastener, as in garments, sails, etc. 2. A metal ring or grommet, or short metallic tube, the ends of which can be bent outward and over to fasten it in place; — used to line an eyelet hole. Eyelet hole, a hole made for an eyelet. — Eyelet punch, a machine for punching eyelet holes and fastening eyelets, as in paper or cloth. — Eyelet ring. See Eyelet, 2.

Eye•let•eer´ , n. A small, sharp-pointed instrument used in piercing eyelet holes; a stiletto.

Eye•lid´ , n. (Anat.) The cover of the eye; that portion of movable skin with which an animal covers or uncovers the eyeball at pleasure.

Ey´en , n. pl. Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Eye´piece , n. (Opt.) The lens, or combination of lenses, at the eye end of a telescope or other optical instrument, through which the image formed by the mirror or object glass is viewed. Collimating eyepiece. See under Collimate. — Negative, or Huyghenian, eyepiece, an eyepiece consisting of two plano-convex lenses with their curved surfaces turned toward the object glass, and separated from each other by about half the sum of their focal distances, the image viewed by the eye being formed between the two lenses. it was devised by Huyghens, who applied it to the telescope. Campani applied it to the microscope, whence it is sometimes called Campani’s eyepiece. — Positive eyepiece, an eyepiece consisting of two plano-convex lenses placed with their curved surfaces toward each other, and separated by a distance somewhat less than the focal distance of the one nearest eye, the image of the object viewed being beyond both lenses; — called also from the name of the inventor, Ramsden’s eyepiece. — terrestrial, or Erecting eyepiece, an eyepiece used in telescopes for viewing terrestrial objects, consisting of three, or usually four, lenses, so arranged as to present the image of the object viewed in an erect position.

Ey´er , n. One who eyes another. Gayton.

Eye´reach , n. The range or reach of the eye; eyeshot. ´A seat in eyereach of him.´ B. Jonson.

Eye´-saint , n. An object of interest to the eye; one worshiped with the eyes. [Obs.] “That’s the eye-saint, I know,
Among young gallants.” Beau. & Fl.

Eye´salve , n. Ointment for the eye.

Eye´serv•ant , n. A servant who attends faithfully to his duty only when watched.

Eye´serv•ice , n. Service performed only under inspection, or the eye of an employer. “Not with eyeservice, as menpleasers.” Col. iii. 22.

Eye´shot , n. Range, reach, or glance of the eye; view; sight; as to be out of eyeshot. Dryden.

Eye´sight , n. Sight of the eye; the sense of seeing; view; observation. “Josephus sets this down from his own eyesight.” Bp. Wilkins.

Eye´sore , n. Something offensive to the eye or sight; a blemish. “Mordecai was an eyesore to Haman.” L’Estrange.

Eye´-splice , n. (Naut.) A splice formed by bending a rope’s end back, and fastening it into the rope, forming a loop or eye. See Illust. under Splice.

Eye´-spot , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A simple visual organ found in many invertebrates, consisting of pigment cells covering a sensory nerve termination. (b) An eyelike spot of color.

Eye´-spot•ted , a. Marked with spots like eyes. “Juno’s bird, in her eye-spotted train.” Spenser.

Eye´stalk , n. (Zoöl.) One of the movable peduncles which, in the decapod Crustacea, bear the eyes at the tip.

Eye´stone (i´ston•), n. 1. A small, lenticular, calcareous body, esp. an operculum of a small marine shell of the family Turbinidae, used to remove a foreign substance from the eye. It is put into the inner corner of the eye under the lid, and allowed to work its way out at the outer corner, bringing with it the substance. 2. (Min.) Eye agate. See under Eye.

Eye´string , n. The tendon by which the eye is moved. Shak.

Ey´et , n. An island. See Eyot.

Eye´tooth (i´tooth•), n.; pl. Eyeteeth (i´teth•) (Anat.) A canine tooth of the upper jaw. See Teeth. To cut one’s eyeteeth, to become acute or knowing. [Colloq.]

Eye´wash , n. See Eyewater.

Eye´wa•ter , n. (Med.) A wash or lotion for application to the eyes.

Eye´wink , n. A wink; a token. Shak.

Eye´wink•er , n. An eyelash. [A child’s word.]

Eye´wit•ness , n. One who sees a thing done; one who has ocular view of anything. “We … were eyewitnesses of his majesty.” 2 Pet. i. 16.

Ey´ghen , n. pl. Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Eyght (at), n. An island. See Eyot.

Eyle (al) v. t. & i. To ail. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ey´li•ad , n. See Œiliad. { Eyne , or Ey´en }, n. Plural of eye; — now obsolete, or used only in poetry. Shak. “With such a plaintive gaze their eyne
Are fastened upwardly on mine.” Mrs. Browning.

Ey´ot (i´ot or at), n. [Ey (AS. ig or Icel. ey) + F. dim. termination -ot; cf. AS. igeoð. See Island, and cf. Ait.] A little island in a river or lake. See Ait. [Written also ait, ayt, ey, eyet, and eyght.] Blackstone.

Eyr (âr), n. [See Air.] Air. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ey´ra , n. [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) A wild cat (Felis eyra) ranging from southern Brazil to Texas. It is reddish yellow and about the size of the domestic cat, but with a more slender body and shorter legs.

Eyre (âr), n. [OF. erre journey, march, way, fr. L. iter, itineris, a going, way, fr. the root of ire to go. Cf. Errant, Itinerant, Issue.] (O. Eng. Law) A journey in circuit of certain judges called justices in eyre (or in itinere). They were itinerant judges, who rode the circuit, holding courts in the different counties.

Ey´ren , n. pl. See Ey, an egg. { Ey´rie , Ey´ry (a´ry or e´ry; 277) }, n.; pl. Ey´ries (-riz). [See Aerie] The nest of a bird of prey or other large bird that builds in a lofty place; aerie. “The eagle and the stork
On cliffs and cedar tops their eyries build.” Milton.

Ey´sell , n. Same as Eisel. [Obs.] Shak.

F (ef). 1. F is the sixth letter of the English alphabet, and a nonvocal consonant. Its form and sound are from the Latin. The Latin borrowed the form from the Greek digamma , which probably had the value of English w consonant. The form and value of Greek letter came from the Phœnician, the ultimate source being probably Egyptian. Etymologically f is most closely related to p, k, v, and b; as in E. five, Gr. pe•nte; E. wolf, L. lupus, Gr. ly•kos; E. fox, vixen ; fragile, break; fruit, brook, v. t.; E. bear, L. ferre. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178, 179, 188, 198, 230. 2. (Mus.) The name of the fourth tone of the model scale, or scale of C. F sharp (F &sharp;) is a tone intermediate between F and G. F clef, the bass clef. See under Clef.

Fa (fä), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic scale in solmization. (b) The tone F.

Fa•ba´ceous (fa•ba´shus), a. [L. fabaceus, fr. faba bean.] Having the nature of a bean; like a bean.

Fa•bel´la , n.; pl. Fabellae (-l). [NL., dim. of L. faba a bean.] (Anat.) One of the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur, in some mammals.

Fa´bi•an , a. [L. Fabianus, Fabius, belonging to Fabius.] Of, pertaining to, or in the manner of, the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; cautious; dilatory; avoiding a decisive contest. Fabian policy, a policy like that of Fabius Maximus, who, by carefully avoiding decisive contests, foiled Hannibal, harassing his army by marches, countermarches, and ambuscades; a policy of delays and cautions.

Fa´ble (fa´b’l), n. [F., fr. L. fabula, fr. fari to speak, say. See Ban, and cf. Fabulous, Fame.] 1. A Feigned story or tale, intended to instruct or amuse; a fictitious narration intended to enforce some useful truth or precept; an apologue. See the Note under Apologue. “Jotham’s fable of the trees is the oldest extant.” Addison. 2. The plot, story, or connected series of events, forming the subject of an epic or dramatic poem. “The moral is the first business of the poet; this being formed, he contrives such a design or fable as may be most suitable to the moral.” Dryden. 3. Any story told to excite wonder; common talk; the theme of talk. ´Old wives’ fables. ´ 1 Tim. iv. 7. “We grew
The fable of the city where we dwelt.” Tennyson. 4. Fiction; untruth; falsehood. “It would look like a fable to report that this gentleman gives away a great fortune by secret methods.” Addison.

Fa´ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabled p. pr. & vb. n. Fabling ] To compose fables; hence, to write or speak fiction ; to write or utter what is not true. ´He Fables not.´ Shak. “Vain now the tales which fabling poets tell.” Prior. “He fables, yet speaks truth.” M. Arnold.

Fa´ble, v. t. To feign; to invent; to devise, and speak of, as true or real; to tell of falsely. “The hell thou fablest.” Milton.

Fa´bler (fa´bler), n. A writer of fables; a fabulist; a dealer in untruths or falsehoods. Bp. Hall.

Fa•bli•au´ , n.; pl. Fabliaux (-o´). [F., fr. OF. fablel, dim. of fable a fable.] (Fr. Lit.) One of the metrical tales of the Trouvères, or early poets of the north of France.

Fab´ric , n. [L. fabrica fabric, workshop: cf. F. fabrique fabric. See Forge.] 1. The structure of anything; the manner in which the parts of a thing are united; workmanship; texture; make; as cloth of a beautiful fabric. 2. That which is fabricated; as: (a) Framework; structure; edifice; building. “Anon out of the earth a fabric huge
Rose like an exhalation.” Milton. (b) Cloth of any kind that is woven or knit from fibers, either vegetable or animal; manufactured cloth; as silks or other fabrics. 3. The act of constructing; construction. [R.] “Tithe was received by the bishop, … for the fabric of the churches for the poor.” Milman. 4. Any system or structure consisting of connected parts; as the fabric of the universe. “The whole vast fabric of society.” Macaulay.

Fab´ric, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabricked p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricking.] To frame; to build; to construct. [Obs.] ´Fabric their mansions.´ J. Philips.

Fab´ri•cant , n. [F.] One who fabricates; a manufacturer. Simmonds.

Fab´ri•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabricated p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricating ] [L. fabricatus, p. p. of fabricari, fabricare, to frame, build, forge, fr. fabrica. See Fabric, Farge.] 1. To form into a whole by uniting its parts; to frame; to construct; to build; as to fabricate a bridge or ship. 2. To form by art and labor; to manufacture; to produce; as to fabricate woolens. 3. To invent and form; to forge; to devise falsely; as to fabricate a lie or story. “Our books were not fabricated with an accomodation to prevailing usages.” Paley.

Fab•ri•ca´tion , n. [L. fabricatio; cf. F. fabrication.] 1. The act of fabricating, framing, or constructing; construction; manufacture; as the fabrication of a bridge, a church, or a government. Burke. 2. That which is fabricated; a falsehood; as the story is doubtless a fabrication. Syn. — See Fiction.

Fab´ri•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who fabricates; one who constructs or makes. “The fabricator of the works of Ossian.” Mason.

Fab´ri•ca•tress , n. A woman who fabricates.

Fab´rile , a. [L. fabrilis, fr. faber workman. See Forge.] Pertaining to a workman, or to work in stone, metal, wood etc.; as fabrile skill.

Fab´u•list , n. [Cf. F. fabuliste, fr. L. fabula. See Fable.] One who invents or writes fables.

Fab´u•lize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabulized p. pr. & vb. n. Fabulizing ] [Cf. F. fabuliser. See Fable.] To invent, compose, or relate fables or fictions. G. S. Faber.

Fab•u•los´i•ty , n. [L. fabulositas: cf. F. fabulosite.] 1. Fabulousness. [R.] Abp. Abbot. 2. A fabulous or fictitious story. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Fab´u•lous (fab´u•lus), a. [L. fabulosus; cf. F. fabuleux. See Fable.] 1. Feigned, as a story or fable; related in fable; devised; invented; not real; fictitious; as a fabulous description; a fabulous hero. “The fabulous birth of Minerva.” Chesterfield. 2. Passing belief; exceedingly great; as a fabulous price. Macaulay. Fabulous age, that period in the history of a nation of which the only accounts are myths and unverified legends; as the fabulous age of Greece and Rome. — Fab´u•lous•ly (#), adv. — Fab´u•lous•ness, n.

Fab´ur•den (fab´ur•den), n. [F. faux bourdon. See False, and Burden a verse.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A species of counterpoint with a drone bass. (b) A succession of chords of the sixth. [Obs.] 2. A monotonous refrain. [Obs.] Holland.

Fac (fak), n. [Abbrev. of facsimile.] A large ornamental letter used, esp. by the early printers, at the commencement of the chapters and other divisions of a book. Brande & C.

Fa•çade´ (fa•sad´ or fa•sad´), n. [F., fr. It. facciata, fr. faccia face, L. facies. See Face.] (Arch.) The front of a building; esp., the principal front, having some architectural pretensions. Thus a church is said to have its façade unfinished, though the interior may be in use.

Face , n. [F., from L. facies form, shape, face, perh. from facere to make (see Fact); or perh. orig. meaning appearance, and from a root meaning to shine, and akin to E. fancy. Cf. Facetious.] 1. The exterior form or appearance of anything; that part which presents itself to the view; especially, the front or upper part or surface; that which particularly offers itself to the view of a spectator. “A mist … watered the whole face of the ground.” Gen. ii. 6. “Lake Leman wooes me with its crystal face.” Byron. 2. That part of a body, having several sides, which may be seen from one point, or which is presented toward a certain direction; one of the bounding planes of a solid; as a cube has six faces. 3. (Mach.) (a) The principal dressed surface of a plate, disk, or pulley; the principal flat surface of a part or object. (b) That part of the acting surface of a cog in a cog wheel, which projects beyond the pitch line. (c) The width of a pulley, or the length of a cog from end to end; as a pulley or cog wheel of ten inches face. 4. (Print.) (a) The upper surface, or the character upon the surface, of a type, plate, etc. (b) The style or cut of a type or font of type. 5. Outside appearance; surface show; look; external aspect, whether natural, assumed, or acquired. “To set a face upon their own malignant design.” Milton. “This would produce a new face of things in Europe.” Addison. “We wear a face of joy, because
We have been glad of yore.” Wordsworth. 6. That part of the head, esp. of man, in which the eyes, cheeks, nose, and mouth are situated; visage; countenance. “In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.” Gen. iii. 19. 7. Cast of features; expression of countenance; look; air; appearance. “We set the best faceon it we could.” Dryden. 8. (Astrol.) Ten degrees in extent of a sign of the zodiac. Chaucer. 9. Maintenance of the countenance free from abashment or confusion; confidence; boldness; shamelessness; effrontery. “This is the man that has the face to charge others with false citations.” Tillotson. 10. Presence; sight; front; as in the phrases, before the face of, in the immediate presence of; in the face of, before, in, or against the front of; as to fly in the face of danger; to the face of, directly to; from the face of, from the presence of. 11. Mode of regard, whether favorable or unfavorable; favor or anger; mostly in Scriptural phrases. “The Lord make his face to shine upon thee.” Num. vi. 25. “My face [favor] will I turn also from them.” Ezek. vii. 22. 12. (Mining) The end or wall of the tunnel, drift, or excavation, at which work is progressing or was last done. 13. (Com.) The exact amount expressed on a bill, note, bond, or other mercantile paper, without any addition for interest or reduction for discount. McElrath. Face is used either adjectively or as part of a compound; as face guard or face-guard; face cloth; face plan or face-plan; face hammer. Face ague (Med.), a form of neuralgia, characterized by acute lancinating pains returning at intervals, and by twinges in certain parts of the face, producing convulsive twitches in the corresponding muscles; — called also tic douloureux. — Face card, one of a pack of playing cards on which a human face is represented; the king, queen, or jack. — Face cloth, a cloth laid over the face of a corpse. — Face guard, a mask with windows for the eyes, worn by workman exposed to great heat, or to flying particles of metal, stone, etc., as in glass works, foundries, etc. — Face hammer, a hammer having a flat face. — Face joint (Arch.), a joint in the face of a wall or other structure. — Face mite (Zoöll.), a small, elongated mite (Demdex folliculorum), parasitic in the hair follicles of the face. — Face mold, the templet or pattern by which carpenters, ect., outline the forms which are to be cut out from boards, sheet metal, ect. — Face plate. (a) (Turning) A plate attached to the spindle of a lathe, to which the work to be turned may be attached. (b) A covering plate for an object, to receive wear or shock. (c) A true plane for testing a dressed surface. Knight. — Face wheel. (Mach.) (a) A crown wheel. (b) A Wheel whose disk face is adapted for grinding and polishing; a lap. Cylinder face (Steam Engine), the flat part of a steam cylinder on which a slide valve moves. — Face of an anvil, its flat upper surface. — Face of a bastion (Fort.), the part between the salient and the shoulder angle. — Face of coal (Mining), the principal cleavage plane, at right angles to the stratification. — Face of a gun, the surface of metal at the muzzle. — Face of a place (Fort.), the front comprehended between the flanked angles of two neighboring bastions. Wilhelm. — Face of a square (Mil.), one of the sides of a battalion when formed in a square. — Face of a watch, clock, compass, card etc., the dial or graduated surface on which a pointer indicates the time of day, point of the compass, etc. — Face to face. (a) In the presence of each other; as to bring the accuser and the accused face to face. (b) Without the interposition of any body or substance. ´Now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to face.´ 1 Cor. xiii. 12. (c) With the faces or finished surfaces turned inward or toward one another; vis à vis; — opposed to back to back. — To fly in the face of, to defy; to brave; to withstand. — To make a face, to distort the countenance; to make a grimace. Shak.

Face , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faced p. pr. & vb. n. Facing ] 1. To meet in front; to oppose with firmness; to resist, or to meet for the purpose of stopping or opposing; to confront; to encounter; as to face an enemy in the field of battle. “I’ll face
This tempest, and deserve the name of king.” Dryden. 2. To Confront impudently; to bully. “I will neither be facednor braved.” Shak. 3. To stand opposite to; to stand with the face or front toward; to front upon; as the apartments of the general faced the park. “He gained also with his forces that part of Britain which faces Ireland.” Milton. 4. To cover in front, for ornament, protection, etc.; to put a facing upon; as a building faced with marble. 5. To line near the edge, esp. with a different material; as to face the front of a coat, or the bottom of a dress. 6. To cover with better, or better appearing, material than the mass consists of, for purpose of deception, as the surface of a box of tea, a barrel of sugar, etc. 7. (Mach.) To make the surface of (anything) flat or smooth; to dress the face of (a stone, a casting, etc.); esp., in turning, to shape or smooth the flat surface of, as distinguished from the cylindrical surface. 8. To cause to turn or present a face or front, as in a particular direction. To face down, to put down by bold or impudent opposition. ´He faced men down.´ Prior. — To face (a thing) out, to persist boldly or impudently in an assertion or in a line of conduct. ´That thinks with oaths to face the matter out.´ Shak.

Face, v. i. 1. To carry a false appearance; to play the hypocrite. ´To lie, to face, to forge.´ Spenser. 2. To turn the face; as to face to the right or left. “Face about, man; a soldier, and afraid!” Dryden. 3. To present a face or front.

Faced (fast), a. Having (such) a face, or (so many) faces; as smooth-faced, two- faced.

Fa´cer (fa´ser), n. 1. One who faces; one who puts on a false show; a bold-faced person. [Obs.] “There be no greater talkers, nor boasters, nor fasers.” Latimer. 2. A blow in the face, as in boxing; hence, any severe or stunning check or defeat, as in controversy. [Collog.] “I should have been a stercoraceous mendicant if I had hollowed when I got a facer.” C. Kingsley.

Fac´et , n. [F. facette, dim. of face face. See Face.] 1. A little face; a small, plane surface; as the facets of a diamond. [Written also facette.] 2. (Anat.) A smooth circumscribed surface; as the articular facet of a bone. 3. (Arch.) The narrow plane surface between flutings of a column. 4. (Zoöl.) One of the numerous small eyes which make up the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans.

Fac´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faceted; p. pr. & vb. n. Faceting.] To cut facets or small faces upon; as to facet a diamond.

Fa•cete´ , a. [L. facetus elegant, fine, facetious; akin to facies. See Face, and cf. Facetious.] Facetious; witty; humorous. [Archaic] ´A facete discourse.´ Jer. Taylor. “´How to interpose´ with a small, smart remark, sentiment facete, or unctuous anecdote.” Prof. Wilson. — Fa•cete´ly, adv. — Fa•cete´ness, n.

Fac´et•ed , a. Having facets.

Fa•ce´ti•ae , n. pl. [L., fr. facetus. See Facete.] Witty or humorous writings or saying; witticisms; merry conceits.

Fa•ce´tious , a. [Cf. F. facetieux. See Facetiae.] 1. Given to wit and good humor; merry; sportive; jocular; as a facetious companion. 2. Characterized by wit and pleasantry; exciting laughter; as a facetious story or reply. — Fa•ce´tious•ly, adv. — Fa•ce´tious•ness, n.

Fa•cette´ , n. [F.] See Facet, n.

Face´work , n. The material of the outside or front side, as of a wall or building; facing.

Fa´ci•a , n. (Arch.) See Fascia.

Fa´cial , a. [LL. facialis, fr. L. facies face : cf. F. facial.] Of or pertaining to the face; as the facial artery, vein, or nerve. — Fa´cial•ly, adv. Facial angle (Anat.), the angle, in a skull, included between a straight line (ab, in the illustrations), from the most prominent part of the forehead to the front efge of the upper jaw bone, and another (cd) from this point to the center of the external auditory opening. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic.

Fa´ci•end , n. [From neut. of L. faciendus, gerundive of facere to do.] (Mach.) The multiplicand. See Facient, 2.

Fa´cient , n. [L. faciens, — entis, p. pr. of facere to make, do. See Fact.] 1. One who does anything, good or bad; a doer; an agent. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. 2. (Mach.) (a) One of the variables of a quantic as distinguished from a coefficient. (b) The multiplier. The terms facient, faciend, and factum, may imply that the multiplication involved is not ordinary multiplication, but is either some specified operation, or, in general, any mathematical operation. See Multiplication.

Fa´ci•es , n. [L., from, face. See Face.] 1. The anterior part of the head; the face. 2. (Biol.) The general aspect or habit of a species, or group of species, esp. with reference to its adaptation to its environment. 3. (Zoöl.) The face of a bird, or the front of the head, excluding the bill. Facies Hippocratica. (Med.) See Hippocratic.

Fac´ile a. [L. facilis, prop., capable of being done or made, hence, facile, easy, fr. facere to make, do: cf. F. facile. Srr Fact, and cf. Faculty.] 1. Easy to be done or performed: not difficult; performable or attainable with little labor. “Order … will render the work facile and delightful.” Evelyn. 2. Easy to be surmounted or removed; easily conquerable; readily mastered. “The facile gates of hell too slightly barred.” Milton. 3. Easy of access or converse; mild; courteous; not haughty, austere, or distant; affable; complaisant. “I meant she should be courteous, facile, sweet.” B. Jonson. 4. Easily persuaded to good or bad; yielding; ductile to a fault; pliant; flexible. “Since Adam, and his facile consort Eve,
Lost Paradise, deceived by me.” Milton. “This is treating Burns like a child, a person of so facile a disposition as not to be trusted without a keeper on the king’s highway.” Prof. Wilson. 5. Ready; quick; expert; as he is facile in expedients; he wields a facile pen. — Fac´ile•ly, adv. — Fac´ile•ness, n.

Fa•cil´i•tate (fa•sil´i•tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Facilitated (-ta•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Facilitating (-ta•ting).] [Cf. F. faciliter. See Facility.] To make easy or less difficult; to free from difficulty or impediment; to lessen the labor of; as to facilitate the execution of a task. “To invite and facilitate that line of proceeding which the times call for.” I. Taylor.

Fa•cil•i•ta´tion , n. The act of facilitating or making easy.

Fa•cil´i•ty (fa•sil´i•ty), n.; pl. Facilities (- tiz). [L. facilitas, fr. facilis easy: cf. F. facilite. See Facile.] 1. The quality of being easily performed; freedom from difficulty; ease; as the facility of an operation. “The facility with which government has been overturned in France.” Burke. 2. Ease in performance; readiness proceeding from skill or use; dexterity; as practice gives a wonderful facility in executing works of art. 3. Easiness to be persuaded; readiness or compliance; — usually in a bad sense; pliancy. “It is a great error to take facility for good nature.” L’Estrange. 4. Easiness of access; complaisance; affability. “Offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility.” South. 5. That which promotes the ease of any action or course of conduct; advantage; aid; assistance; — usually in the plural; as special facilities for study. Syn. — Ease; expertness; readiness; dexterity; complaisance; condescension; affability. — Facility, Expertness, Readiness. These words have in common the idea of performing any act with ease and promptitude. Facility supposes a natural or acquired power of dispatching a task with lightness and ease. Expertness is the kind of facility acquired by long practice. Readiness marks the promptitude with which anything is done. A merchant needs great facility in dispatching business; a banker, great expertness in casting accounts; both need great readiness in passing from one employment to another. ´The facility which we get of doing things by a custom of doing, makes them often pass in us without our notice.´ Locke. ´The army was celebrated for the expertness and valor of the soldiers.´ ´A readiness to obey the known will of God is the surest means to enlighten the mind in respect to duty.´

Fa´cing , n. 1. A covering in front, for ornament or other purpose; an exterior covering or sheathing; as the facing of an earthen slope, sea wall, etc. , to strengthen it or to protect or adorn the exposed surface. 2. A lining placed near the edge of a garment for ornament or protection. 3. (Arch.) The finishing of any face of a wall with material different from that of which it is chiefly composed, or the coating or material so used. 4. (Founding) A powdered substance, as charcoal, bituminous coal, ect., applied to the face of a mold, or mixed with the sand that forms it, to give a fine smooth surface to the casting. 5. (Mil.) (a) pl. The collar and cuffs of a military coat; — commonly of a color different from that of the coat. (b) The movement of soldiers by turning on their heels to the right, left, or about; — chiefly in the pl. Facing brick, front or pressed brick.

Fa´cing•ly, adv. In a facing manner or position.

Fa•cin´o•rous , a. [L. facinorous, from facinus deed, bad deed, from facere to make, do.] Atrociously wicked. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Fa•cin´o•rous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Fac´ound , n. [F. faconde, L. facundia. See Facund.] Speech; eloquence. [Obs.] “Her facound eke full womanly and plain.” Chaucer.

Fac•sim´i•le , n.; pl. Facsimiles (-lz). [L. fac simile make like; or an abbreviation of factum simile made like; facere to make + similes like. See Fact, and Simile.] A copy of anything made, either so as to be deceptive or so as to give every part and detail of the original; an exact copy or likeness. Facsimile telegraph, a telegraphic apparatus reproducing messages in autograph.

Fac•sim´i•le, , v. t. To make a facsimile of.

Fact (fakt), n. [L. factum, fr. facere to make or do. Cf. Feat, Affair, Benefit, Defect, Fashion, and -fy.] 1. A doing, making, or preparing. [Obs.] “A project for the fact and vending
Of a new kind of fucus, paint for ladies.” B. Jonson. 2. An effect produced or achieved; anything done or that comes to pass; an act; an event; a circumstance. “What might instigate him to this devilish fact, I am not able to conjecture.” Evelyn. “He who most excels in fact of arms.” Milton. 3. Reality; actuality; truth; as he, in fact, excelled all the rest; the fact is, he was beaten. 4. The assertion or statement of a thing done or existing; sometimes, even when false, improperly put, by a transfer of meaning, for the thing done, or supposed to be done; a thing supposed or asserted to be done; as history abounds with false facts. “I do not grant the fact.” De Foe. “This reasoning is founded upon a fact which is not true.” Roger Long. The term fact has in jurisprudence peculiar uses in contrast with law; as attorney at law, and attorney in fact; issue in law, and issue in fact. There is also a grand distinction between law and fact with reference to the province of the judge and that of the jury, the latter generally determining the fact, the former the law. Burrill Bouvier.
[1913 Webster] Accessary before, or after, the fact. See under Accessary. — Matter of fact, an actual occurrence; a verity; used adjectively: of or pertaining to facts; prosaic; unimaginative; as a matter-of-fact narration. Syn. — Act; deed; performance; event; incident; occurrence; circumstance.

Fac´tion (fak´shun), n. [L. factio a doing, a company of persons acting together, a faction: cf. F. faction See Fashion.] 1. (Anc. Hist.) One of the divisions or parties of charioteers (distinguished by their colors) in the games of the circus. 2. A party, in political society, combined or acting in union, in opposition to the government, or state; — usually applied to a minority, but it may be applied to a majority; a combination or clique of partisans of any kind, acting for their own interests, especially if greedy, clamorous, and reckless of the common good. 3. Tumult; discord; dissension. “They remained at Newbury in great faction among themselves.” Clarendon. Syn. — Combination; clique; junto. See Cabal.

Fac´tion•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. factionnaire, L. factionarius the head of a company of charioteers.] Belonging to a faction; being a partisan; taking sides. [Obs.] “Always factionary on the party of your general.” Shak.

Fac´tion•er (-?r), n. One of a faction. Abp. Bancroft.

Fac´tion•ist, n. One who promotes faction.

Fac´tious a. [L. factiosus: cf. F. factieux.] 1. Given to faction; addicted to form parties and raise dissensions, in opposition to government or the common good; turbulent; seditious; prone to clamor against public measures or men; — said of persons. “Factious for the house of Lancaster.” Shak. 2. Pertaining to faction; proceeding from faction; indicating, or characterized by, faction; — said of acts or expressions; as factious quarrels. “Headlong zeal or factious fury.” Burke. — Fac´tious•ly, adv. — Fac´tious- ness, n.

Fac•ti´tious , a. [L. factitius, fr. facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Fetich.] Made by art, in distinction from what is produced by nature; artificial; sham; formed by, or adapted to, an artificial or conventional, in distinction from a natural, standard or rule; not natural; as factitious cinnabar or jewels; a factitious taste. — Fac-ti´tious•ly, adv. — Fac•ti´tious-ness, n. “He acquires a factitious propensity, he forms an incorrigible habit, of desultory reading.” De Quincey. Syn. — Unnatural. — Factitious, Unnatural. Anything is unnatural when it departs in any way from its simple or normal state; it is factitious when it is wrought out or wrought up by labor and effort, as a factitious excitement. An unnatural demand for any article of merchandise is one which exceeds the ordinary rate of consumption; a factitious demand is one created by active exertions for the purpose. An unnatural alarm is one greater than the occasion requires; a factitious alarm is one wrought up with care and effort.

Fac´ti•tive a. [See Fact.] 1. Causing; causative. 2. (Gram.) Pertaining to that relation which is proper when the act, as of a transitive verb, is not merely received by an object, but produces some change in the object, as when we say, He made the water wine. “Sometimes the idea of activity in a verb or adjective involves in it a reference to an effect, in the way of causality, in the active voice on the immediate objects, and in the passive voice on the subject of such activity. This second object is called the factitive object.” J. W. Gibbs.

Fac´tive , a. Making; having power to make. [Obs.] ´You are … factive, not destructive.´ Bacon.

Fac´to , adv. [L., ablative of factum deed, fact.] (Law) In fact; by the act or fact. De facto. (Law) See De facto.

Fac´tor , n. [L. factor a doer: cf. F. facteur a factor. See Fact.] 1. (Law) One who transacts business for another; an agent; a substitute; especially, a mercantile agent who buys and sells goods and transacts business for others in commission; a commission merchant or consignee. He may be a home factor or a foreign factor. He may buy and sell in his own name, and he is intrusted with the possession and control of the goods; and in these respects he differs from a broker. Story. Wharton. “My factor sends me word, a merchant’s fled
That owes me for a hundred tun of wine.” Marlowe. 2. A steward or bailiff of an estate. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. 3. (Math.) One of the elements or quantities which, when multiplied together, form a product. 4. One of the elements, circumstances, or influences which contribute to produce a result; a constituent. “The materal and dynamical factors of nutrition.” H. Spencer.

Fac´tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factored (-t?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factoring.] (Mach.) To resolve (a quantity) into its factors.

Fac´tor•age , n. [Cf. F. factorage.] The allowance given to a factor, as a compensation for his services; — called also a commission.

Fac´tor•ess , n. A factor who is a woman. [R.]

Fac•to´ri•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a factory. Buchanan. 2. (Math.) Related to factorials.

Fac•to´ri•al, n. (Math.) (a) pl. A name given to the factors of a continued product when the former are derivable from one and the same function F(x) by successively imparting a constant increment or decrement h to the independent variable. Thus the product F(x).F(x + h).F(x + 2h) … F[x + (n-1)h] is called a factorial term, and its several factors take the name of factorials. Brande & C. (b) The product of the consecutive numbers from unity up to any given number.

Fac´tor•ing , n. (Math.) The act of resolving into factors.

Fac´tor•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factorized (-?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factorizing (-?´z?ng).] (Law) (a) To give warning to; — said of a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, the warning being to the effect that he shall not pay the money or deliver the property of the defendant in his hands to him, but appear and answer the suit of the plaintiff. (b) To attach (the effects of a debtor) in the hands of a third person ; to garnish. See Garnish. [Vt. & Conn.]

Fac´tor•ship, n. The business of a factor.

Fac´to•ry , n.; pl. Factories (-rz). [Cf. F. factorerie.] 1. A house or place where factors, or commercial agents, reside, to transact business for their employers. ´The Company’s factory at Madras.´ Burke. 2. The body of factors in any place; as a chaplain to a British factory. W. Guthrie. 3. A building, or collection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture of goods; the place where workmen are employed in fabricating goods, wares, or utensils; a manufactory; as a cotton factory. Factory leg (Med.), a variety of bandy leg, associated with partial dislocation of the tibia, produced in young children by working in factories.

Fac•to´tum (fak•to´tum), n.; pl. Factotums (- tumz). [L., do everything; facere to do + totus all : cf. F. factotum. See Fact, and Total.] A person employed to do all kinds of work or business. B. Jonson.

Fac´tu•al (fak•tu´al), a. Relating to, or containing, facts. [R.]

Fac´tum (fak´tum), n.; pl. Facta (#). [L. See Fact.] 1. (Law) A man’s own act and deed; particularly: (a) (Civil Law) Anything stated and made certain. (b) (Testamentary Law) The due execution of a will, including everything necessary to its validity. 2. (Mach.) The product. See Facient, 2.

Fac´ture , n. [F. facture a making, invoice, L. factura a making. See Fact.] 1. The act or manner of making or doing anything; — now used of a literary, musical, or pictorial production. Bacon. 2. (Com.) An invoice or bill of parcels.

Fac´u•lae , n. pl. [L., pl. of facula a little torch.] (Astron.) Groups of small shining spots on the surface of the sun which are brighter than the other parts of the photosphere. They are generally seen in the neighborhood of the dark spots, and are supposed to be elevated portions of the photosphere. Newcomb.

Fac´u•lar a. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the faculae. R. A. Proctor.

Fac´ul•ty , n.; pl. Faculties (#). [F. facult, L. facultas, fr. facilis easy (cf. facul easily), fr. fecere to make. See Fact, and cf. Facility.] 1. Ability to act or perform, whether inborn or cultivated; capacity for any natural function; especially, an original mental power or capacity for any of the well-known classes of mental activity; psychical or soul capacity; capacity for any of the leading kinds of soul activity, as knowledge, feeling, volition; intellectual endowment or gift; power; as faculties of the mind or the soul. “But know that in the soul
Are many lesser faculties that serve
Reason as chief.” Milton. “What a piece of work is a man ! how noble in reason ! how infinite in faculty !” Shak. 2. Special mental endowment; characteristic knack. “He had a ready faculty, indeed, of escaping from any topic that agitated his too sensitive and nervous temperament.” Hawthorne. 3. Power; prerogative or attribute of office. [R.] “This Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek.” Shak. 4. Privilege or permission, granted by favor or indulgence, to do a particular thing; authority; license; dispensation. “The pope … granted him a faculty to set him free from his promise.” Fuller. “It had not only faculty to inspect all bishops’ dioceses, but to change what laws and statutes they should think fit to alter among the colleges.” Evelyn. 5. A body of a men to whom any specific right or privilege is granted; formerly, the graduates in any of the four departments of a university or college (Philosophy, Law, Medicine, or Theology), to whom was granted the right of teaching (profitendi or docendi) in the department in which they had studied; at present, the members of a profession itself; as the medical faculty; the legal faculty, ect. 6. (Amer. Colleges) The body of person to whom are intrusted the government and instruction of a college or university, or of one of its departments; the president, professors, and tutors in a college. Dean of faculty. See under Dean. — Faculty of advocates. (Scot.) See under Advocate. Syn. — Talent; gift; endowment; dexterity; expertness; cleverness; readiness; ability; knack.

Fac´und , a. [L. facundus, fr. fari to speak.] Eloquent. [Archaic]

Fa•cun´di•ous , a. [L. facundiosus.] Eloquement; full of words. [Archaic]

Fa•cun´di•ty , n. [L. facunditas.] Eloquence; readiness of speech. [Archaic]

Fad , n. [Cf. Faddle.] A hobby ; freak; whim. — Fad´dist, n. “It is your favorite fad to draw plans.” G. Eliot.

Fad´dle , v. i. [Cf. Fiddle, Fiddle-faddle.] To trifle; to toy. — v. t. To fondle; to dandle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fade a. [F., prob. fr. L. vapidus vapid, or possibly fr,fatuus foolish, insipid.] Weak; insipid; tasteless; commonplace. [R.] ´Passages that are somewhat fade.´ Jeffrey. “His masculine taste gave him a sense of something fade and ludicrous.” De Quincey.

Fade , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fading.] [OE. faden, vaden, prob. fr. fade, a.; cf. Prov. D. vadden to fade, wither, vaddigh languid, torpid. Cf. Fade, a., Vade.] 1. To become fade; to grow weak; to lose strength; to decay; to perish gradually; to wither, as a plant. “The earth mourneth and fadeth away.” Is. xxiv. 4. 2. To lose freshness, color, or brightness; to become faint in hue or tint; hence, to be wanting in color. ´Flowers that never fade.´ Milton. 3. To sink away; to disappear gradually; to grow dim; to vanish. “The stars shall fade away.” Addison “He makes a swanlike end,
Fading in music.” Shak.

Fade, v. t. To cause to wither; to deprive of freshness or vigor; to wear away. “No winter could his laurels fade.” Dryden.

Fad´ed , a. That has lost freshness, color, or brightness; grown dim. ´His faded cheek.´ Milton. “Where the faded moon
Made a dim silver twilight.” Keats.

Fad´ed•ly, adv. In a faded manner. “A dull room fadedly furnished.” Dickens.

Fade´less, a. Not liable to fade; unfading.

Fa´der , n. Father. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fadge , v. i. [Cf. OE. faden to flatter, and AS. fgan to join, unit, G. fügen, or AS. afaegian to depict; all perh. form the same root as E. fair. Cf. Fair, a., Fay to fit.] To fit; to suit; to agree. “They shall be made, spite of antipathy, to fadge together.” Milton. “Well, Sir, how fadges the new design ?” Wycherley.

Fadge , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A small flat loaf or thick cake; also a fagot. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fad´ing , a. Losing freshness, color, brightness, or vigor. — n. Loss of color, freshness, or vigor. — Fad´ing•ly, adv. — Fad´ing•ness, n.

Fad´ing, n. An Irish dance; also the burden of a song. ´Fading is a fine jig.´ [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fad´me , n. A fathom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fad´y , a. Faded. [R.] Shenstone.

Fae´cal , a. See Fecal.

Fae´ces , n. pl. [L. faex, pl. faeces, dregs.] Excrement; ordure; also settlings; sediment after infusion or distillation. [Written also feces.]

Faec´u•la , n. [L.] See Fecula.

Fa´ër•y , n. & a. Fairy. [Archaic] Spenser.

Faf´fle , v. i. [Cf. Famble, Maffle.] To stammer. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fag (fag) n. A knot or coarse part in cloth. [Obs.]

Fag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fagged (fagd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fagging (fag´ging).] [Cf. LG. fakk wearied, weary, vaak slumber, drowsiness, OFries. fai, equiv. to fach devoted to death, OS. fegi, OHG. feigi, G. feig, feige, cowardly, Icel. feigr fated to die, AS. faege, Scot. faik, to fail, stop, lower the price; or perh. the same word as E. flag to droop.] 1. To become weary; to tire.
[1913 Webster] “Creighton withheld his force till the Italian began to fag.” G. Mackenzie. 2. To labor to wearness; to work hard; to drudge. “Read, fag, and subdue this chapter.” Coleridge. 3. To act as a fag, or perform menial services or drudgery, for another, as in some English schools. To fag out, to become untwisted or frayed, as the end of a rope, or the edge of canvas.

Fag, v. t. 1. To tire by labor; to exhaust; as he was almost fagged out. 2. Anything that fatigues. [R.] “It is such a fag, I came back tired to death.” Miss Austen. Brain fag. (Med.) See Cerebropathy.

Fag´-end´ , n. 1. An end of poorer quality, or in a spoiled condition, as the coarser end of a web of cloth, the untwisted end of a rope, ect. 2. The refuse or meaner part of anything. “The fag-end of business.” Collier.

Fag´ging (fag´ging), n. Laborious drudgery; esp., the acting as a drudge for another at an English school.

Fag´ot (fag´ut) n. [F., prob. aug. of L. fax, facis, torch, perh. orig., a bundle of sticks; cf. Gr. fa•kelos bundle, fagot. Cf. Fagotto.] 1. A bundle of sticks, twigs, or small branches of trees, used for fuel, for raising batteries, filling ditches, or other purposes in fortification; a fascine. Shak. 2. A bundle of pieces of wrought iron to be worked over into bars or other shapes by rolling or hammering at a welding heat; a pile. 3. (Mus.) A bassoon. See Fagotto. 4. A person hired to take the place of another at the muster of a company. [Eng.] Addison. 5. An old shriveled woman. [Slang, Eng.] Fagot iron, iron, in bars or masses, manufactured from fagots. — Fagot vote, the vote of a person who has been constituted a voter by being made a landholder, for party purposes. [Political cant, Eng.]

Fag´ot v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fagoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fagoting.] To make a fagot of; to bind together in a fagot or bundle; also to collect promiscuously. Dryden.

Fa•got´to , n. [It. See Fagot.] (Mus.) The bassoon; — so called from being divided into parts for ease of carriage, making, as it were, a small fagot.

Fa´ham , n. The leaves of an orchid (Angraecum fragrans), of the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius, used (in France) as a substitute for Chinese tea.

Fahl´band , n. [G., fr. fahl dun-colored + band a band.] (Mining) A stratum in crystalline rock, containing metallic sulphides. Raymond. { Fahl´erz , Fahl´band } n. [G. fahlerz; fahl dun-colored, fallow + erz ore.] (Min.) Same as Tetrahedrite.

Fah´lun•ite (fä´lun•it), n. [From Fahlun, a place in Sweden.] (Min.) A hydrated silica of alumina, resulting from the alteration of iolite.
[1913 Webster]

Fah´ren•heit a. [G.] Conforming to the scale used by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in the graduation of his thermometer; of or relating to Fahrenheit’s thermometric scale. — n. The Fahrenheit thermometer or scale. The Fahrenheit thermometer is so graduated that the freezing point of water is at 32 degrees above the zero of its scale, and the boiling point at 212 degrees above. It is commonly used in the United States and in England.

Fa•ï•ence´ , n. [F., fr. Faenza, a town in Italy, the original place of manufacture.] Glazed earthenware; esp., that which is decorated in color.

Fail (fal) v. i. [imp. & p. p. Failed (fald); p. pr. & vb. n. Failing.] [F. failir, fr. L. fallere, falsum, to deceive, akin to E. fall. See Fail, and cf. Fallacy, False, Fault.] 1. To be wanting; to fall short; to be or become deficient in any measure or degree up to total absence; to cease to be furnished in the usual or expected manner, or to be altogether cut off from supply; to be lacking; as streams fail; crops fail. “As the waters fail from the sea.” Job xiv. 11. “Till Lionel’s issue fails, his should not reign.” Shak. 2. To be affected with want; to come short; to lack; to be deficient or unprovided; — used with of. “If ever they fail of beauty, this failure is not be attributed to their size.” Berke. 3. To fall away; to become diminished; to decline; to decay; to sink. “When earnestly they seek
Such proof, conclude they then begin to fail.” Milton. 4. To deteriorate in respect to vigor, activity, resources, etc.; to become weaker; as a sick man fails. 5. To perish; to die; — used of a person. [Obs.] “Had the king in his last sickness failed.” Shak. 6. To be found wanting with respect to an action or a duty to be performed, a result to be secured, etc.; to miss; not to fulfill expectation. “Take heed now that ye fail not to do this.” Ezra iv. 22. “Either my eyesight fails, or thou look’st pale.” Shak. 7. To come short of a result or object aimed at or desired ; to be baffled or frusrated. “Our envious foe hath failed.” Milton. 8. To err in judgment; to be mistaken. “Which ofttimes may succeed, so as perhaps
Shall grieve him, if I fail not.” Milton. 9. To become unable to meet one’s engagements; especially, to be unable to pay one’s debts or discharge one’s business obligation; to become bankrupt or insolvent.

Fail , v. t. 1. To be wanting to ; to be insufficient for; to disappoint; to desert. “There shall not fail thee a man on the throne.” 1 Kings ii. 4. 2. To miss of attaining; to lose. [R.] “Though that seat of earthly bliss be failed.” Milton.

Fail, n. [OF. faille, from failir. See Fail, v. i.] 1. Miscarriage; failure; deficiency; fault; — mostly superseded by failure or failing, except in the phrase without fail. ´His highness’ fail of issue.´ Shak. 2. Death; decease. [Obs.] Shak.

Fail´ance , n. [Of. faillance, fr. faillir.] Fault; failure; omission. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.

Fail´ing, n. 1. A failing short; a becoming deficient; failure; deficiency; imperfection; weakness; lapse; fault; infirmity; as a mental failing. “And ever in her mind she cast about
For that unnoticed failing in herself.” Tennyson. 2. The act of becoming insolvent of bankrupt. Syn. — See Fault.

Faille , n. [F.] A soft silk, heavier than a foulard and not glossy.

Fail´ure , n. [From Fail.] 1. Cessation of supply, or total defect; a failing; deficiency; as failure of rain; failure of crops. 2. Omission; nonperformance; as the failure to keep a promise. 3. Want of success; the state of having failed. 4. Decay, or defect from decay; deterioration; as the failure of memory or of sight. 5. A becoming insolvent; bankruptcy; suspension of payment; as failure in business. 6. A failing; a slight fault. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fain , a. [OE. fain, fagen, AS. faegen; akin to OS. fagan, Icel. faginn glad; AS. faegnian to rejoice, OS. faganon, Icel. fagna, Goth. faginon, cf. Goth. faheds joy; and fr. the same root as E. fair. Srr Fair, a., and cf. Fawn to court favor.] 1. Well-pleased; glad; apt; wont; fond; inclined. “Men and birds are fain of climbing high.” Shak. “To a busy man, temptation is fainto climb up together with his business.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Satisfied; contented; also constrained. Shak. “The learned Castalio was fain to make trechers at Basle to keep himself from starving.” Locke.

Fain, adv. With joy; gladly; — with wold. “He would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat.” Luke xv. 16. “Fain Would I woo her, yet I dare not.” Shak.

Fain, v. t. & i. To be glad ; to wish or desire. [Obs.] “Whoso fair thing does fain to see.” Spencer.

Fai•ne•ant´ (fa•na•äN´), a. [F.; fait he does + neant nothing.] Doing nothing; shiftless. — n. A do-nothing; an idle fellow; a sluggard. Sir W. Scott.

Faint (fant), a. [Compar. Fainter (-er); superl. Faintest.] [OE. feint, faint, false, faint, F. feint, p. p. of feindre to feign, suppose, hesitate. See Feign, and cf. Feint.] 1. Lacking strength; weak; languid; inclined to swoon; as faint with fatigue, hunger, or thirst. 2. Wanting in courage, spirit, or energy; timorous; cowardly; dejected; depressed; as ´Faint heart ne’er won fair lady.´ Old Proverb. 3. Lacking distinctness; hardly perceptible; striking the senses feebly; not bright, or loud, or sharp, or forcible; weak; as a faint color, or sound. 4. Performed, done, or acted, in a weak or feeble manner; not exhibiting vigor, strength, or energy; slight; as faint efforts; faint resistance. “The faint prosecution of the war.” Sir J. Davies.

Faint, n. The act of fainting, or the state of one who has fainted; a swoon. [R.] See Fainting, n. “The saint,
Who propped the Virgin in her faint.” Sir W. Scott.

Faint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fainting.] 1. To become weak or wanting in vigor; to grow feeble; to lose strength and color, and the control of the bodily or mental functions; to swoon; — sometimes with away. See Fainting, n. “Hearing the honor intended her, she fainted away.” Guardian. “If I send them away fasting … they will faint by the way.” Mark viii. 8. 2. To sink into dejection; to lose courage or spirit; to become depressed or despondent. “If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small.” Prov. xxiv. 10. 3. To decay; to disappear; to vanish. “Gilded clouds, while we gaze upon them, faint before the eye.” Pope.

Faint , v. t. To cause to faint or become dispirited; to depress; to weaken. [Obs.] “It faints me to think what follows.” Shak.

Faint´-heart•ed , a. Wanting in courage; depressed by fear; easily discouraged or frightened; cowardly; timorous; dejected. “Fear not, neither be faint- hearted.” Is. vii. 4. — Faint´-heart•ed•ly, adv. — Faint´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Faint´ing , n. Syncope, or loss of consciousness owing to a sudden arrest of the blood supply to the brain, the face becoming pallid, the respiration feeble, and the heat’s beat weak. Fainting fit, a fainting or swoon; syncope. [Colloq.]

Faint´ish, a. Slightly faint; somewhat faint. — Faint´ish•ness, n.

Faint´ling , a. Timorous; feeble-minded. [Obs.] ´A fainting, silly creature.´ Arbuthnot.

Faint´ly, adv. In a faint, weak, or timidmanner.

Faint´ness, n. 1. The state of being faint; loss of strength, or of consciousness, and self-control. 2. Want of vigor or energy. Spenser. 3. Feebleness, as of color or light; lack of distinctness; as faintness of description. 4. Faint-heartedness; timorousness; dejection. “I will send a faintness into their hearts.” Lev. xxvi. 36.

Faints , n. pl. The impure spirit which comes over first and last in the distillation of whisky; — the former being called the strong faints, and the latter, which is much more abundant, the weak faints. This crude spirit is much impregnated with fusel oil. Ure.

Faint´y , a. Feeble; languid. [R.] Dryden.

Fair (fâr), a. [Compar. Fairer superl. Fairest.] [OE. fair, fayer, fager, AS. faeger; akin to OS. & OHG. fagar, Icel. fagr, Sw. fager, Dan. faver, Goth. fagrs fit, also to E. fay, G. fügen, to fit. fegen to sweep, cleanse, and prob. also to E. fang, peace, pact, Cf. Fang, Fain, Fay to fit.] 1. Free from spots, specks, dirt, or imperfection; unblemished; clean; pure. “A fair white linen cloth.” Book of Common Prayer. 2. Pleasing to the eye; handsome; beautiful. “Who can not see many a fair French city, for one fair French made.” Shak. 3. Without a dark hue; light; clear; as a fair skin. “The northern people large and fair- complexioned.” Sir M. Hale. 4. Not overcast; cloudless; clear; pleasant; propitious; favorable; — said of the sky, weather, or wind, etc.; as a fair sky; a fair day. “You wish fair winds may waft him over.” Prior. 5. Free from obstacles or hindrances; unobstructed; unincumbered; open; direct; — said of a road, passage, etc.; as a fair mark; in fair sight; a fair view. “The caliphs obtained a mighty empire, which was in a fair way to have enlarged.” Sir W. Raleigh. 6. (Shipbuilding) Without sudden change of direction or curvature; smooth; flowing; — said of the figure of a vessel, and of surfaces, water lines, and other lines. 7. Characterized by frankness, honesty, impartiality, or candor; open; upright; free from suspicion or bias; equitable; just; — said of persons, character, or conduct; as a fair man; fair dealing; a fair statement. ´I would call it fair play.´ Shak. 8. Pleasing; favorable; inspiring hope and confidence; — said of words, promises, etc. “When fair words and good counsel will not prevail on us, we must be frighted into our duty.” L’ Estrange. 9. Distinct; legible; as fair handwriting. 10. Free from any marked characteristic; average; middling; so-so; as a fair specimen. “The news is very fair and good, my lord.” Shak. Fair ball. (Baseball) (a) A ball passing over the home base at the height called for by the batsman, and delivered by the pitcher while wholly within the lines of his position and facing the batsman. (b) A batted ball that falls inside the foul lines; — called also a fair hit. — Fair maid. (Zoöl.) (a) The European pilchard (Clupea pilchardus) when dried. (b) The southern scup (Stenotomus Gardeni). [Virginia] — Fair one, a handsome woman; a beauty, — Fair play, equitable or impartial treatment; a fair or equal chance; justice. — From fair to middling, passable; tolerable. [Colloq.] — The fair sex, the female sex. Syn. — Candid; open; frank; ingenuous; clear; honest; equitable; impartial; reasonable. See Candid.

Fair, adv. Clearly; openly; frankly; civilly; honestly; favorably; auspiciously; agreeably. Fair and square, justly; honestly; equitably; impartially. [Colloq.] — To bid fair. See under Bid. — To speak fair, to address with courtesy and frankness. [Archaic]

Fair, n. 1. Fairness, beauty. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A fair woman; a sweetheart. “I have found out a gift for my fair.” Shenstone. 3. Good fortune; good luck. “Now fair befall thee !” Shak. The fair, anything beautiful; women, collectively. ´For slander’s mark was ever yet the fair.´ Shak.

Fair, v. t. 1. To make fair or beautiful. [Obs.] “Fairing the foul.” Shak. 2. (Shipbuilding) To make smooth and flowing, as a vessel’s lines.

Fair, n. [OE. feire, OF. feire, F. foire, fr. L. fariae, pl., days of rest, holidays, festivals, akin to festus festal. See Feast.] 1. A gathering of buyers and sellers, assembled at a particular place with their merchandise at a stated or regular season, or by special appointment, for trade. 2. A festival, and sale of fancy articles. erc., usually for some charitable object; as a Grand Army fair. 3. A competitive exhibition of wares, farm products, etc., not primarily for purposes of sale; as the Mechanics’ fair; an agricultural fair. After the fair, Too late. [Colloq.]

Fair´-haired , a. Having fair or light-colored hair.

Fair´hood , n. Fairness; beauty. [Obs.] Foxe.

Fair´i•ly , adv. In the manner of a fairy. “Numerous as shadows haunting fairily
The brain.” Keats.

Fair´ing, n. A present; originally, one given or purchased at a fair. Gay. Fairing box, a box receiving savings or small sums of money. Hannah More.

Fair´ish, a. Tolerably fair. [Colloq.] W. D. Howells.

Fair´-lead•er , n. (Naut.) A block, or ring, serving as a guide for the running rigging or for any rope.

Fair´ly, adv. 1. In a fair manner; clearly; openly; plainly; fully; distinctly; frankly. “Even the nature of Mr. Dimmesdale’s disease had never fairly been revealed to him.” Hawthorne. 2. Favorably; auspiciously; commodiously; as a town fairly situated for foreign trade. 3. Honestly; properly. “Such means of comfort or even luxury, as lay fairly within their grasp.” Hawthorne. 4. Softly; quietly; gently. [Obs.] Milton.

Fair´-mind•ed , a. Unprejudiced; just; judicial; honest. — Fair´- mind•ed•ness, n.

Fair´-na•tured , a. Well- disposed. ´A fair-natured prince.´ Ford.

Fair´ness, n. The state of being fair, or free form spots or stains, as of the skin; honesty, as of dealing; candor, as of an argument, etc.

Fair´-spo•ken , a. Using fair speech, or uttered with fairness; bland; civil; courteous; plausible. ´A marvelous fair-spoken man.´ Hooker.

Fair´way , n. The navigable part of a river, bay, etc., through which vessels enter or depart; the part of a harbor or channel ehich is kept open and unobstructed for the passage of vessels. Totten.

Fair´-weath•er , a. 1. Made or done in pleasant weather, or in circumstances involving but little exposure or sacrifice; as a fair-weather voyage. Pope. 2. Appearing only when times or circumstances are prosperous; as a fair-weather friend. Fair-weather sailor, a make-believe or inexperienced sailor; — the nautical equivalent of carpet knight.

Fair´-world n. State of prosperity. [Obs.] “They think it was never fair-world with them since.” Milton.

Fair´y , n.; pl. Fairies (#). [OE. fairie, faierie, enchantment, fairy folk, fairy, OF. faerie enchantment, F. feer, fr. LL. Fata one of the goddesses of fate. See Fate, and cf. Fay a fairy.] [Written also faëry.] 1. Enchantment; illusion. [Obs.] Chaucer. “The God of her has made an end,
And fro this worlde’s fairy
Hath taken her into company.” Gower. 2. The country of the fays; land of illusions. [Obs.] “He [Arthur] is a king y-crowned in Fairy.” Lydgate. 3. An imaginary supernatural being or spirit, supposed to assume a human form (usually diminutive), either male or female, and to meddle for good or evil in the affairs of mankind; a fay. See Elf, and Demon. “The fourth kind of spirit [is] called the Fairy.” K. James. “And now about the caldron sing,
Like elves and fairies in a ring.” Shak. 5. An enchantress. [Obs.] Shak. Fairy of the mine, an imaginary being supposed to inhabit mines, etc. German folklore tells of two species; one fierce and malevolent, the other gentle, See Kobold. “No goblin or swart fairy of the mine
Hath hurtful power over true virginity.” Milton.

Fair´y, a. 1. Of or pertaining to fairies. 2. Given by fairies; as fairy money. Dryden. Fairy bird (Zoöl.), the Euoropean little tern (Sterna minuta); — called also sea swallow, and hooded tern. — Fairy bluebird. (Zoöl.) See under Bluebird. — Fairy martin (Zoöl.), a European swallow (Hirrundo ariel) that builds flask-shaped nests of mud on overhanging cliffs. — Fairy rings or circles, the circles formed in grassy lawns by certain fungi (as Marasmius Oreades), formerly supposed to be caused by fairies in their midnight dances. — Fairy shrimp (Zoöl.), a European fresh-water phyllopod crustacean (Chirocephalus diaphanus); — so called from its delicate colors, transparency, and graceful motions. The name is sometimes applied to similar American species. — Fairy stone (Paleon.), an echinite.

Fair´y•land n. The imaginary land or abode of fairies.

Fair´y•like , a. Resembling a fairy, or what is made or done be fairies; as fairylike music.

Faith (fath), n. [OE. feith, fayth, fay, OF. feid, feit, fei, F. foi, fr. L. fides; akin to fidere to trust, Gr. pei•qein to persuade. The ending th is perhaps due to the influence of such words as truth, health, wealth. See Bid, Bide, and cf. Confide, Defy, Fealty.] 1. Belief; the assent of the mind to the truth of what is declared by another, resting solely and implicitly on his authority and veracity; reliance on testimony. 2. The assent of the mind to the statement or proposition of another, on the ground of the manifest truth of what he utters; firm and earnest belief, on probable evidence of any kind, especially in regard to important moral truth. “Faith, that is, fidelity, — the fealty of the finite will and understanding to the reason.” Coleridge. 3. (Theol.) (a) The belief in the historic truthfulness of the Scripture narrative, and the supernatural origin of its teachings, sometimes called historical and speculative faith. (b) The belief in the facts and truth of the Scriptures, with a practical love of them; especially, that confiding and affectionate belief in the person and work of Christ, which affects the character and life, and makes a man a true Christian, — called a practical, evangelical, or saving faith. “Without faith it is impossible to please him [God].” Heb. xi. 6. “The faith of the gospel is that emotion of the mind which is called ´trust´ or ´confidence´ exercised toward the moral character of God, and particularly of the Savior.” Dr. T. Dwight. “Faith is an affectionate, practical confidence in the testimony of God.” J. Hawes. 4. That which is believed on any subject, whether in science, politics, or religion; especially (Theol.), a system of religious belief of any kind; as the Jewish or Mohammedan faith; and especially, the system of truth taught by Christ; as the Christian faith; also the creed or belief of a Christian society or church. “Which to believe of her,
Must be a faith that reason without miracle
Could never plant in me.” Shak. “Now preacheth the faith which once he destroyed.” Gal. i. 23. 5. Fidelity to one’s promises, or allegiance to duty, or to a person honored and beloved; loyalty. “Children in whom is no faith.” Deut. xxvii. 20. “Whose failing, while her faith to me remains,
I should conceal.” Milton. 6. Word or honor pledged; promise given; fidelity; as he violated his faith. “For you alone
I broke me faith with injured Palamon.” Dryden. 7. Credibility or truth. [R.] “The faith of the foregoing narrative.” Mitford. Act of faith. See Auto-da- fe. — Breach of faith, Confession of faith, etc. See under Breach, Confession, etc. — Faith cure, a method or practice of treating diseases by prayer and the exercise of faith in God. — In good faith, with perfect sincerity.

Faith , interj. By my faith; in truth; verily.

Faithed , a. Having faith or a faith; honest; sincere. [Obs.] ´Make thy words faithed.´ Shak.

Faith´ful , a. 1. Full of faith, or having faith; disposed to believe, especially in the declarations and promises of God. “You are not faithful, sir.” B. Jonson. 2. Firm in adherence to promises, oaths, contracts, treaties, or other engagements. “The faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him.” Deut. vii. 9. 3. True and constant in affection or allegiance to a person to whom one is bound by a vow, by ties of love, gratitude, or honor, as to a husband, a prince, a friend; firm in the observance of duty; loyal; of true fidelity; as a faithful husband or servant. “So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found,
Among the faithless, faithful only he.” Milton. 4. Worthy of confidence and belief; conformable to truth ot fact; exact; accurate; as a faithful narrative or representation. “It is a faithful saying.” 2 Tim. ii. 11. The Faithful, the adherents of any system of religious belief; esp. used as an epithet of the followers of Mohammed. Syn. — Trusty; honest; upright; sincere; veracious; trustworthy. — Faith´ful•ly, adv. - Faith´ful•ness, n.

Faith´less, a. 1. Not believing; not giving credit. “Be not faithless, but believing.” John xx. 27. 2. Not believing on God or religion; specifically, not believing in the Christian religion. Shak. 3. Not observant of promises or covenants. 4. Not true to allegiance, duty, or vows; perfidious; trecherous; disloyal; not of true fidelity; inconstant, as a husband or a wife. “A most unnatural and faithless service.” Shak. 5. Serving to disappoint or deceive; delusive; unsatisfying. ´Yonder faithless phantom.´ Goldsmith. — Faith´less•ly, adv.Faith´less•ness, n.

Fai´tour , n. [OF. faitor a doer, L. factor. See Factor.] A doer or actor; particularly, an evil doer; a scoundrel. [Obs.] “Lo! faitour, there thy meed unto thee take.” Spenser.

Fake , n. [Cf. Scot. faik fold, stratum of stone, AS. faec space, interval, G. fach compartment, partition, row, and E. fay to fit.] (Naut.) One of the circles or windings of a cable or hawser, as it lies in a coil; a single turn or coil.

Fake, v. t. (Naut.) To coil (a rope, line, or hawser), by winding alternately in opposite directions, in layers usually of zigzag or figure of eight form,, to prevent twisting when running out. Faking box, a box in which a long rope is faked; used in the life-saving service for a line attached to a shot.

Fake, v. t. [Cf. Gael. faigh to get, acquire, reach, or OD. facken to catch or gripe.] [Slang in all its senses.] 1. To cheat; to swindle; to steal; to rob. 2. To make; to construct; to do. 3. To manipulate fraudulently, so as to make an object appear better or other than it really is; as to fake a bulldog, by burning his upper lip and thus artificially shortening it.

Fake, n. A trick; a swindle. [Slang]

Fa´kir , n. [Ar. faqir poor.] An Oriental religious ascetic or begging monk. [Written also faquir anf fakeer.]

Fa´la•na´ka , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A viverrine mammal of Madagascar (Eupleres Goudotii), allied to the civet; — called also Falanouc.

Fal•cade´ (fal•kad´), n. [F., ultimately fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe.] (Man.) The action of a horse, when he throws himself on his haunches two or three times, bending himself, as it were, in very quick curvets. Harris. { Fal´cate , Fal´ca•ted } a. [L. falcatus, fr. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe.] Hooked or bent like a sickle; as a falcate leaf; a falcate claw; — said also of the moon, or a planet, when horned or crescent- formed.

Fal•ca´tion , n. The state of being falcate; a bend in the form of a sickle. Sir T. Browne.

Fal´cer , n. [From L. falx, falcis, a sickle.] (Zoöl.) One of the mandibles of a spider.

Fal´chion , n. [OE. fauchon, OF. fauchon, LL. fälcio, fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle, cf. Gr. a ship’s rib, bandy-legged; perh, akin to E. falcon; cf. It. falcione. Cf. Defalcation.] 1. A broad-bladed sword, slightly curved, shorter and lighter than the ordinary sword; — used in the Middle Ages. 2. A name given generally and poetically to a sword, especially to the swords of Oriental and fabled warriors.

Fal•cid´i•an , a. [L. Falcidius.] Of or pertaining to Publius Falcidius, a Roman tribune. Falcidian law (Civil Law), a law by which a testator was obliged to leave at least a fourth of his estate to the heir. Burrill.

Fal´ci•form , a. [L. falx, falcis, a sickle + -form: cf. F. falciforme.] Having the shape of a scithe or sickle; resembling a reaping hook; as the falciform ligatment of the liver.

Fal´con , n. [OE. faucon, faucoun, OF. faucon, falcon, . faucon, fr. LL. falco, perh. from L. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe, and named from its curving talons. Cf. Falchion.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a family (Falconidae) of raptorial birds, characterized by a short, hooked beak, strong claws, and powerful flight. (b) Any species of the genus Falco, distinguished by having a toothlike lobe on the upper mandible; especially, one of this genus trained to the pursuit of other birds, or game. “In the language of falconry, the female peregrine (Falco peregrinus) is exclusively called the falcon.” Yarrell. 2. (Gun.) An ancient form of cannon. Chanting falcon. (Zoöl.) See under Chanting.

Fal´con•er , n. [OE. fauconer, OF. falconier, fauconier, F. fauconnier. See Falcon.] A person who breeds or trains hawks for taking birds or game; one who follows the sport of fowling with hawks. Johnson.

Fal´co•net , n. [Dim. of falcon: cf. F. fauconneau, LL. falconeta, properly, a young falcon.] 1. One of the smaller cannon used in the 15th century and later. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several very small Asiatic falcons of the genus Microhierax. (b) One of a group of Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, resembling shrikes and titmice.

Fal´con•gen•til , n. [F. faucon- gentil. See Falcon, and Genteel.] (Zoöl.) The female or young of the goshawk (Astur palumbarius).

Fal´co•nine , a. (Zoöl.) Like a falcon or hawk; belonging to the Falconidae

Fal´con•ry , n. [Cf. F. fauconnerie. See Falcon.] 1. The art of training falcons or hawks to pursue and attack wild fowl or game. 2. The sport of taking wild fowl or game by means of falcons or hawks.

Fal´cu•la , n. [L., a small sickle, a billhook.] (Zoöl.) A curved and sharp- pointed claw.

Fal´cu•late , a. (Zoöl.) Curved and sharppointed, like a falcula, or claw of a falcon.

Fald´age , n. [LL. faldagium, fr. AS. fald, E. fold. Cf. Foldage.] (O. Eng. Law) A privilege of setting up, and moving about, folds for sheep, in any fields within manors, in order to manure them; — often reserved to himself by the lord of the manor. Spelman.

Fald´fee , n. [AS. fald (E. fold) + E. fee. See Faldage.] (O. Eng. Law) A fee or rent paid by a tenant for the privilege of faldage on his own ground. Blount.

Fald´ing, n. A frieze or rough- napped cloth. [Obs.]

Fal´dis•to•ry , n. [LL. faldistorium, faldestorium, from OHG. faldstuol; faldan, faltan, to fold (G. falten) + stuol stool. So called because it could be folded or laid together. See Fold, and Stool, and cf. Faldstool, Fauteuil.] The throne or seat of a bishop within the chancel. [Obs.]

Fald´stool , n. [See Faldistory.] A folding stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the manner of a camo stool. It was formerly placed in the choir for a bishop, when he offciated in any but his own cathedral church. Fairholt. In the modern practice of the Church of England, the term faldstool is given to the reading desk from which the litany is read. This esage is a relic of the ancient use of a lectern folding like a camp stool.

Fa•ler´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Mount Falernus, in Italy; as Falernianwine.

Falk (fak), n. (Zoöl.) The razorbill. [Written also falc, and faik.] [Prov. Eng.]

Fall (fal), v. i. [imp. Fell (fel); p. p. Fallen p. pr. & vb. n. Falling.] [AS. feallan; akin to D. vallen, OS. & OHG. fallan, G. fallen, Icel. Falla, Sw. falla, Dan. falde, Lith. pulti, L. fallere to deceive, Gr. sfa•llein to cause to fall, Skr. sphal, sphul, to tremble. Cf. Fail, Fell, v. t., to cause to fall.] 1. To Descend, either suddenly or gradually; particularly, to descend by the force of gravity; to drop; to sink; as the apple falls; the tide falls; the mercury falls in the barometer. “I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven.” Luke x. 18. 2. To cease to be erect; to take suddenly a recumbent posture; to become prostrate; to drop; as a child totters and falls; a tree falls; a worshiper falls on his knees. “I fell at his feet to worship him.” Rev. xix. 10. 3. To find a final outlet; to discharge its waters; to empty; — with into; as the river Rhone falls into the Mediterranean. 4. To become prostrate and dead; to die; especially, to die by violence, as in battle. “A thousand shall fall at thy side.” Ps. xci. 7. “He rushed into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell.” Byron. 5. To cease to be active or strong; to die away; to lose strength; to subside; to become less intense; as the wind falls. 6. To issue forth into life; to be brought forth; — said of the young of certain animals. Shak. 7. To decline in power, glory, wealth, or importance; to become insignificant; to lose rank or position; to decline in weight, value, price etc.; to become less; as the price falls; stocks fell two points. “I am a poor fallen man, unworthy now
To be thy lord and master.” Shak. “The greatness of these Irish lords suddenly fell and vanished.” Sir J. Davies. 8. To be overthrown or captured; to be destroyed. “Heaven and earth will witness,
If Rome must fall, that we are innocent.” Addison. 9. To descend in character or reputation; to become degraded; to sink into vice, error, or sin; to depart from the faith; to apostatize; to sin. “Let us labor therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief.” Heb. iv. 11. 10. To become insnared or embarrassed; to be entrapped; to be worse off than before; as to fall into error; to fall into difficulties. 11. To assume a look of shame or disappointment; to become or appear dejected; — said of the countenance. “Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.” Gen. iv. 5. “I have observed of late thy looks are fallen.” Addison. 12. To sink; to languish; to become feeble or faint; as our spirits rise and fall with our fortunes. 13. To pass somewhat suddenly, and passively, into a new state of body or mind; to become; as to fall asleep; to fall into a passion; to fall in love; to fall into temptation. 14. To happen; to to come to pass; to light; to befall; to issue; to terminate. “The Romans fell on this model by chance.” Swift. “Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the matter will fall.” Ruth. iii. 18. “They do not make laws, they fall into customs.” H. Spencer. 15. To come; to occur; to arrive. “The vernal equinox, which at the Nicene Council fell on the 21st of March, falls now [1694] about ten days sooner.” Holder. 16. To begin with haste, ardor, or vehemence; to rush or hurry; as they fell to blows. “They now no longer doubted, but fell to work heart and soul.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). 17. To pass or be transferred by chance, lot, distribution, inheritance, or otherwise; as the estate fell to his brother; the kingdom fell into the hands of his rivals. 18. To belong or appertain. “If to her share some female errors fall,
Look on her face, and you’ll forget them all.” Pope. 19. To be dropped or uttered carelessly; as an unguarded expression fell from his lips; not a murmur fell from him. To fall abroad of (Naut.), to strike against; — applied to one vessel coming into collision with another. — To fall among, to come among accidentally or unexpectedly. — To fall astern (Naut.), to move or be driven backward; to be left behind; as a ship falls astern by the force of a current, or when outsailed by another. — To fall away. (a) To lose flesh; to become lean or emaciated; to pine. (b) To renounce or desert allegiance; to revolt or rebel. (c) To renounce or desert the faith; to apostatize. ´These … for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away.´ Luke viii. 13. (d) To perish; to vanish; to be lost. ´How … can the soul … fall away into nothing?´ Addison. (e) To decline gradually; to fade; to languish, or become faint. ´One color falls away by just degrees, and another rises insensibly.´ Addison. — To fall back. (a) To recede or retreat; to give way. (b) To fail of performing a promise or purpose; not to fulfill. — To fall back upon. (a) (Mil.) To retreat for safety to (a stronger position in the rear, as to a fort or a supporting body of troops). (b) To have recourse to (a reserved fund, or some available expedient or support). — To fall calm, to cease to blow; to become calm. — To fall down. (a) To prostrate one’s self in worship. ´All kings shall fall down before him.´ Ps. lxxii. 11. (b) To sink; to come to the ground. ´Down fell the beauteous youth.´ Dryden. (c) To bend or bow, as a suppliant. (d) (Naut.) To sail or drift toward the mouth of a river or other outlet. — To fall flat, to produce no response or result; to fail of the intended effect; as his speech fell flat. — To fall foul of. (a) (Naut.) To have a collision with; to become entangled with (b) To attack; to make an assault upon. — To fall from, to recede or depart from; not to adhere to; as to fall from an agreement or engagement; to fall from allegiance or duty. — To fall from grace (M. E. Ch.), to sin; to withdraw from the faith. — To fall home (Ship Carp.), to curve inward; — said of the timbers or upper parts of a ship’s side which are much within a perpendicular. — To fall in. (a) To sink inwards; as the roof fell in. (b) (Mil.) To take one’s proper or assigned place in line; as to fall in on the right. (c) To come to an end; to terminate; to lapse; as on the death of Mr. B., the annuuity, which he had so long received, fell in. (d) To become operative. ´The reversion, to which he had been nominated twenty years before, fell in.´ Macaulay. — To fall into one’s hands, to pass, often suddenly or unexpectedly, into one’s ownership or control; as to spike cannon when they are likely to fall into the hands of the enemy. — To fall in with. (a) To meet with accidentally; as to fall in with a friend. (b) (Naut.) To meet, as a ship; also to discover or come near, as land. (c) To concur with; to agree with; as the measure falls in with popular opinion. (d) To comply; to yield to. ´You will find it difficult to persuade learned men to fall in with your projects.´ Addison. — To fall off. (a) To drop; as fruits fall off when ripe. (b) To withdraw; to separate; to become detached; as friends fall off in adversity. ´Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide.´ Shak. (c) To perish; to die away; as words fall off by disuse. (d) To apostatize; to forsake; to withdraw from the faith, or from allegiance or duty. “Those captive tribes … fell off
From God to worship calves.” Milton. (e) To forsake; to abandon; as his customers fell off. (f) To depreciate; to change for the worse; to deteriorate; to become less valuable, abundant, or interesting; as a falling off in the wheat crop; the magazine or the review falls off. ´O Hamlet, what a falling off was there!´ Shak. (g) (Naut.) To deviate or trend to the leeward of the point to which the head of the ship was before directed; to fall to leeward. — To fall on. (a) To meet with; to light upon; as we have fallen on evil days. (b) To begin suddenly and eagerly. ´Fall on, and try the appetite to eat.´ Dryden. (c) To begin an attack; to assault; to assail. ´Fall on, fall on, and hear him not.´ Dryden. (d) To drop on; to descend on. — To fall out. (a) To quarrel; to begin to contend. “A soul exasperated in ills falls out
With everything, its friend, itself.” Addison. (b) To happen; to befall; to chance. ´There fell out a bloody quarrel betwixt the frogs and the mice.´ L’Estrange. (c) (Mil.) To leave the ranks, as a soldier. — To fall over. (a) To revolt; to desert from one side to another. (b) To fall beyond. Shak. — To fall short, to be deficient; as the corn falls short; they all fall short in duty. — To fall through, to come to nothing; to fail; as the engageent has fallen through. - - To fall to, to begin. ´Fall to, with eager joy, on homely food.´ Dryden. — To fall under. (a) To come under, or within the limits of; to be subjected to; as they fell under the jurisdiction of the emperor. (b) To come under; to become the subject of; as this point did not fall under the cognizance or deliberations of the court; these things do not fall under human sight or observation. (c) To come within; to be ranged or reckoned with; to be subordinate to in the way of classification; as these substances fall under a different class or order. — To fall upon. (a) To attack. [See To fall on.] (b) To attempt; to have recourse to. ´I do not intend to fall upon nice disquisitions.´ Holder. (c) To rush against. Fall primarily denotes descending motion, either in a perpendicular or inclined direction, and, in most of its applications, implies, literally or figuratively, velocity, haste, suddenness, or violence. Its use is so various, and so mush diversified by modifying words, that it is not easy to enumerate its senses in all its applications.

Fall , v. t. 1. To let fall; to drop. [Obs.] “For every tear he falls, a Trojan bleeds.” Shak. 2. To sink; to depress; as to fall the voice. [Obs.] 3. To diminish; to lessen or lower. [Obs.] “Upon lessening interest to four per cent, you fall the price of your native commodities.” Locke. 4. To bring forth; as to fall lambs. [R.] Shak. 5. To fell; to cut down; as to fall a tree. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Fall, n. 1. The act of falling; a dropping or descending be the force of gravity; descent; as a fall from a horse, or from the yard of ship. 2. The act of dropping or tumbling from an erect posture; as he was walking on ice, and had a fall. 3. Death; destruction; overthrow; ruin. “They thy fall conspire.” Denham. “Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.” Prov. xvi. 18. 4. Downfall; degradation; loss of greatness or office; termination of greatness, power, or dominion; ruin; overthrow; as the fall of the Roman empire. “Beholds thee glorious only in thy fall.” Pope. 5. The surrender of a besieged fortress or town ; as the fall of Sebastopol. 6. Diminution or decrease in price or value; depreciation; as the fall of prices; the fall of rents. 7. A sinking of tone; cadence; as the fall of the voice at the close of a sentence. 8. Declivity; the descent of land or a hill; a slope. 9. Descent of water; a cascade; a cataract; a rush of water down a precipice or steep; — usually in the plural, sometimes in the singular; as the falls of Niagara. 10. The discharge of a river or current of water into the ocean, or into a lake or pond; as the fall of the Po into the Gulf of Venice. Addison. 11. Extent of descent; the distance which anything falls; as the water of a stream has a fall of five feet. 12. The season when leaves fall from trees; autumn. “What crowds of patients the town doctor kills,
Or how, last fall, he raised the weekly bills.” Dryden. 13. That which falls; a falling; as a fall of rain; a heavy fall of snow. 14. The act of felling or cutting down. ´The fall of timber.´ Johnson. 15. Lapse or declension from innocence or goodness. Specifically: The first apostasy; the act of our first parents in eating the forbidden fruit; also the apostasy of the rebellious angels. 16. Formerly, a kind of ruff or band for the neck; a falling band; a faule. B. Jonson. 17. That part (as one of the ropes) of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting. Fall herring (Zoöl.), a herring of the Atlantic (Clupea mediocris); — also called tailor herring, and hickory shad. — To try a fall, to try a bout at wrestling. Shak.

Fal•la´cious , a. [L. fallaciosus, fr. fallacia: cf. F. fallacieux. See Fallacy.] Embodying or pertaining to a fallacy; illogical; fitted to deceive; misleading; delusive; as fallacious arguments or reasoning. — Fal•la´cious•ly, adv. - Fal•la´cious•ness, n.

Fal´la•cy (fal´la•sy), n.; pl. Fallacies (- siz). [OE. fallace, fallas, deception, F. fallace, fr. L. fallacia, fr. fallax deceitful, deceptive, fr. fallere to deceive. See Fail.] 1. Deceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness; that which misleads the eye or the mind; deception. “Winning by conquest what the first man lost,
By fallacy surprised.” Milton. 2. (Logic) An argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not; a sophism. Syn. — Deception; deceit; mistake. — Fallacy, Sophistry. A fallacy is an argument which professes to be decisive, but in reality is not; sophistry is also false reasoning, but of so specious and subtle a kind as to render it difficult to expose its fallacy. Many fallacies are obvious, but the evil of sophistry lies in its consummate art. ´Men are apt to suffer their minds to be misled by fallacies which gratify their passions. Many persons have obscured and confounded the nature of things by their wretched sophistry; though an act be never so sinful, they will strip it of its guilt.´ South.

Fal´-lals , n. pl. Gay ornaments; frippery; gewgaws. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Fal´lax , n. [L. fallax deceptive. See Fallacy.] Cavillation; a caviling. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Fall´en , a. Dropped; prostrate; degraded; ruined; decreased; dead. “Some ruined temple or fallen monument.” Rogers.

Fal´len•cy , n. [LL. fallentia, L. fallens p. pr of fallere.] An exception. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Fall´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, falls. 2. (Mach.) A part which acts by falling, as a stamp in a fulling mill, or the device in a spinning machine to arrest motion when a thread breaks.

Fall´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A fresh-water fish of the United States (Semotilus bullaris); — called also silver chub, and Shiner. The name is also applied to other allied species.

Fal•li•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being fallible; liability to deceive or to be deceived; as the fallibity of an argument or of an adviser.

Fal´li•ble , a. [LL. fallibilis, fr. L. fallere to deceive: cf. F. faillible. See Fail.] Liable to fail, mistake, or err; liable to deceive or to be deceived; as all men are fallible; our opinions and hopes are fallible.

Fal´li•bly, adv. In a fallible manner.

Fall´ing , a. & n. from Fall, v. i. Falling away, Falling off, etc. See To fall away, To fall off, etc., under Fall, v. i. — Falling band, the plain, broad, linen collar turning down over the doublet, worn in the early part of the 17th century. — Falling sickness (Med.), epilepsy. Shak. — Falling star. (Astron.) See Shooting star. — Falling stone, a stone falling through the atmosphere; a meteorite; an aërolite. — Falling tide, the ebb tide. — Falling weather, a rainy season. [Colloq.] Bartlett.

Fal•lo´pi•an , a. [From Fallopius, or Fallopio, a physician of Modena, who died in 1562.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, Fallopius; as the Fallopian tubes or oviducts, the ducts or canals which conduct the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.

Fal´low , a. [AS. fealu, fealo, pale yellow or red; akin to D. vaal fallow, faded, OHG. falo, G. falb, fahl, Icel. fölr, and prob. to Lith. palvas, OSlav. plavu white, L. pallidus pale, pallere to be pale, Gr. polio•s gray, Skr. palita. Cf. Pale, Favel, a., Favor.] 1. Pale red or pale yellow; as a fallow deer or greyhound. Shak. 2. [Cf. Fallow, n.] Left untilled or unsowed after plowing; uncultivated; as fallow ground. Fallow chat, Fallow finch (Zoöl.), a small European bird, the wheatear (Saxicola œnanthe). See Wheatear.

Fal´low, n. [So called from the fallow, or somewhat yellow, color of naked ground; or perh. akin to E. felly, n., cf. MHG. valgen to plow up, OHG. felga felly, harrow.] 1. Plowed land. [Obs.] “Who … pricketh his blind horse over the fallows.” Chaucer. 2. Land that has lain a year or more untilled or unseeded; land plowed without being sowed for the season. “The plowing of fallows is a benefit to land.” Mortimer. 3. The plowing or tilling of land, without sowing it for a season; as summer fallow, properly conducted, has ever been found a sure method of destroying weeds. “Be a complete summer fallow, land is rendered tender and mellow. The fallow gives it a better tilth than can be given by a fallow crop.” Sinclair. Fallow crop, the crop taken from a green fallow. [Eng.] — Green fallow, fallow whereby land is rendered mellow and clean from weeds, by cultivating some green crop, as turnips, potatoes, etc. [Eng.]

Fal´low , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fallowed p. pr. & vb. n. Fallowing.] [From Fallow, n.] To plow, harrow, and break up, as land, without seeding, for the purpose of destroying weeds and insects, and rendering it mellow; as it is profitable to fallow cold, strong, clayey land.

Fal´low deer [So called from its fallow or pale yellow color.] (Zoöl.) A European species of deer (Cervus dama), much smaller than the red deer. In summer both sexes are spotted with white. It is common in England, where it is often domesticated in the parks.

Fal´low•ist , n. One who favors the practice of fallowing land. [R.] Sinclair.

Fal´low•ness, n. A well or opening, through the successive floors of a warehouse or manufactory, through which goods are raised or lowered. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Fal´sa•ry , n. [L. falsarius, fr. falsus. See False, a.] A falsifier of evidence. [Obs.] Sheldon.

False , a. [Compar. Falser superl. Falsest.] [L. falsus, p. p. of fallere to deceive; cf. OF. faus, fals, F. faux, and AS. fals fraud. See Fail, Fall.] 1. Uttering falsehood; unveracious; given to deceit; dishnest; as a false witness. 2. Not faithful or loyal, as to obligations, allegiance, vows, etc.; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; as a false friend, lover, or subject; false to promises. “I to myself was false, ere thou to me.” Milton. 3. Not according with truth or reality; not true; fitted or likely to deceive or disappoint; as a false statement. 4. Not genuine or real; assumed or designed to deceive; counterfeit; hypocritical; as false tears; false modesty; false colors; false jewelry. “False face must hide what the false heart doth know.” Shak. 5. Not well founded; not firm or trustworthy; erroneous; as a false claim; a false conclusion; a false construction in grammar. “Whose false foundation waves have swept away.” Spenser. 6. Not essential or permanent, as parts of a structure which are temporary or supplemental. 7. (Mus.) Not in tune. False arch (Arch.), a member having the appearance of an arch, though not of arch construction. — False attic, an architectural erection above the main cornice, concealing a roof, but not having windows or inclosing rooms. — False bearing, any bearing which is not directly upon a vertical support; thus, the weight carried by a corbel has a false bearing. — False cadence, an imperfect or interrupted cadence. — False conception (Med.), an abnormal conception in which a mole, or misshapen fleshy mass, is produced instead of a properly organized fetus. — False croup (Med.), a spasmodic affection of the larynx attended with the symptoms of membranous croup, but unassociated with the deposit of a fibrinous membrane. — False door or window (Arch.), the representation of a door or window, inserted to complete a series of doors or windows or to give symmetry. — False fire, a combustible carried by vessels of war, chiefly for signaling, but sometimes burned for the purpose of deceiving an enemy; also a light on shore for decoying a vessel to destruction. — False galena. See Blende. — False imprisonment (Law), the arrest and imprisonment of a person without warrant or cause, or contrary to law; or the unlawful detaining of a person in custody. — False keel (Naut.), the timber below the main keel, used to serve both as a protection and to increase the shio’s lateral resistance. — False key, a picklock. — False leg. (Zoöl.) See Proleg. — False membrane (Med.), the fibrinous deposit formed in croup and diphtheria, and resembling in appearance an animal membrane. — False papers (Naut.), documents carried by a ship giving false representations respecting her cargo, destination, ect., for the purpose of deceiving. — False passage (Surg.), an unnatural passage leading off from a natural canal, such as the urethra, and produced usually by the unskillful introduction of instruments. — False personation (Law), the intentional false assumption of the name and personality of another. — False pretenses (Law), false representations concerning past or present facts and events, for the purpose of defrauding another. — False rail (Naut.), a thin piece of timber placed on top of the head rail to strengthen it. — False relation (Mus.), a progression in harmony, in which a certain note in a chord appears in the next chord prefixed by a flat or sharp. — False return (Law), an untrue return made to a process by the officer to whom it was delivered for execution. — False ribs (Anat.), the asternal rebs, of which there are five pairs in man. — False roof (Arch.), the space between the upper ceiling and the roof. Oxford Gloss. — False token, a false mark or other symbol, used for fraudulent purposes. — False scorpion (Zoöl.), any arachnid of the genus Chelifer. See Book scorpion. — False tack (Naut.), a coming up into the wind and filling away again on the same tack. — False vampire (Zoöl.), the Vampyrus spectrum of South America, formerly erroneously supposed to have blood-sucking habits; — called also vampire, and ghost vampire. The genuine blood-sucking bats belong to the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. See Vampire. — False window. (Arch.) See False door, above. — False wing. (Zoöl.) See Alula, and Bastard wing, under Bastard. — False works (Civil Engin.), construction works to facilitate the erection of the main work, as scaffolding, bridge centering, etc.

False, adv. Not truly; not honestly; falsely. ´You play me false.´ Shak.

False, v. t. [L. falsare to falsify, fr. falsus: cf. F. fausser. See False, a.] 1. To report falsely; to falsify. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To betray; to falsify. [Obs.] “[He] hath his truthe falsed in this wise.” Chaucer. 3. To mislead by want of truth; to deceive. [Obs.] “In his falsed fancy.” Spenser. 4. To feign; to pretend to make. [Obs.] ´And falsed oft his blows.´ Spenser.

False´-faced , a. Hypocritical. Shak.

False´-heart , a. False- hearted. Shak.

False´-heart•ed, a. Hollow or unsound at the core; treacherous; deceitful; perfidious. Bacon. — False´-heart•ed•ness, n. Bp. Stillingfleet.

False´hood , n. [False + - hood] 1. Want of truth or accuracy; an untrue assertion or representation; error; misrepresentation; falsity. “Though it be a lie in the clock, it is but a falsehood in the hand of the dial when pointing at a wrong hour, if rightly following the direction of the wheel which moveth it.” Fuller. 2. A deliberate intentional assertion of what is known to be untrue; a departure from moral integrity; a lie. 3. Treachery; deceit; perfidy; unfaithfulness. “Betrayed by falsehood of his guard.” Shak. 4. A counterfeit; a false appearance; an imposture. “For his molten image is falsehood.” Jer. x. 14. “No falsehood can endure
Touch of celestial temper.” Milton. Syn. — Falsity; lie; untruth; fiction; fabrication. See Falsity.

False´ly , adv. In a false manner; erroneously; not truly; perfidiously or treacherously. ´O falsely, falsely murdered.´ Shak. “Oppositions of science, falsely so called.” 1 Tim. vi. 20. “Will ye steal, murder … and swear falsely ?” Jer. vii. 9.

False´ness, n. The state of being false; contrariety to the fact; inaccuracy; want of integrity or uprightness; double dealing; unfaithfulness; treachery; perfidy; as the falseness of a report, a drawing, or a singer’s notes; the falseness of a man, or of his word.

Fals´er , n. A deceiver. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fal•set´to , n.; pl. Falsettos (#). [It. falsetto, dim. fr. L. falsus. See False.] A false or artificial voice; that voice in a man which lies above his natural voice; the male counter tenor or alto voice. See Head voice, under Voice.

Fal´si•cri´men [L.] (Civ. Law) The crime of falsifying. This term in the Roman law included not only forgery, but every species of fraud and deceit. It never has been used in so extensive a sense in modern common law, in which its predominant significance is forgery, though it also includes perjury and offenses of a like character. Burrill. Greenleaf.

Fal´si•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. falsifiable.] Capable of being falsified, counterfeited, or corrupted. Johnson.

Fal•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. falsification.] 1. The act of falsifying, or making false; a counterfeiting; the giving to a thing an appearance of something which it is not. “To counterfeit the living image of king in his person exceedeth all falsifications.” Bacon. 2. Willful misstatement or misrepresentation. “Extreme necessity … forced him upon this bold and violent falsification of the doctrine of the alliance.” Bp. Warburton. 3. (Equity) The showing an item of charge in an account to be wrong. Story.

Fal´si•fi•ca•tor , n. [Cf. F. falsificateur.] A falsifier. Bp. Morton.

Fal´si•fi•er , n. One who falsifies, or gives to a thing a deceptive appearance; a liar.

Fal´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Falsified p. pr. & vb. n. Falsifying.] [L. falsus false + -ly: cf. F. falsifier. See False, a.] 1. To make false; to represent falsely. “The Irish bards use to forge and falsify everything as they list, to please or displease any man.” Spenser. 2. To counterfeit; to forge; as to falsify coin. 3. To prove to be false, or untrustworthy; to confute; to disprove; to nullify; to make to appear false. “By how much better than my word I am,
By so much shall I falsify men’s hope.” Shak. “Jews and Pagans united all their endeavors, under Julian the apostate, to baffie and falsify the prediction.” Addison. 4. To violate; to break by falsehood; as to falsify one’s faith or word. Sir P. Sidney. 5. To baffle or escape; as to falsify a blow. Butler. 6. (Law) To avoid or defeat; to prove false, as a judgment. Blackstone. 7. (Equity) To show, in accounting, (an inem of charge inserted in an account) to be wrong. Story. Daniell. 8. To make false by multilation or addition; to tamper with; as to falsify a record or document.

Fal´si•fy, v. i. To tell lies; to violate the truth. “It is absolutely and universally unlawful to lie and falsify.” “South.”

Fals´ism , n. That which is evidently false; an assertion or statement the falsity of which is plainly apparent; — opposed to truism.

Fal´si•ty , n.;pl. Falsities (#). [L. falsitas: cf. F. faussete, OF. also falsite. See False, a.] 1. The quality of being false; coutrariety or want of conformity to truth. “Probability does not make any alteration, either in the truth or falsity of things.” South. 2. That which is false; falsehood; a lie; a false assertion. “Men often swallow falsities for truths.” Sir T. Brown. Syn. — Falsehood; lie; deceit. — Falsity, Falsehood, Lie. Falsity denotes the state or quality of being false. A falsehood is a false declaration designedly made. A lie is a gross, unblushing falsehood. The falsity of a person’s assertion may be proved by the evidence of others and thus the charge of falsehood be fastened upon him.

Fal´ter , v. t. To thrash in the chaff; also to cleanse or sift, as barley. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fal´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faltered p. pr. & vb. n. Faltering.] [OE. falteren, faltren, prob. from fault. See Fault, v. & n.] 1. To hesitate; to speak brokenly or weakly; to stammer; as his tongue falters. “With faltering speech and visage incomposed.” Milton. 2. To tremble; to totter; to be unsteady. ´He found his legs falter.´ Wiseman. 3. To hesitate in purpose or action. “Ere her native king
Shall falter under foul rebellion’s arms.” Shak. 4. To fail in distinctness or regularity of exercise; — said of the mind or of thought. “Here indeed the power of disinct conception of space and distance falters.” I. Taylor.

Fal´ter, v. t. To utter with hesitation, or in a broken, trembling, or weak manner. “And here he faltered forth his last farewell.” Byron. “Mde me most happy, faltering ´I am thine.´” Tennyson.

Fal´ter , n. [See Falter, v. i.] Hesitation; trembling; feebleness; an uncertain or broken sound; as a slight falter in her voice. “The falter of an idle shepherd’s pipe.” Lowell.

Fal´ter•ing, a. Hesitating; trembling. ´With faltering speech.´ Milton. — n. Falter; halting; hesitation. — Fal´ter•ing•ly, adv.

Fa•luns´ , n. [F.] (Geol.) A series of strata, of the Middle Tertiary period, of France, abounding in shells, and used by Lyell as the type of his Miocene subdivision.

Fal´we , a. & n. Fallow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Falx , n. [L., a sickle.] (Anat.) A curved fold or process of the dura mater or the peritoneum; esp., one of the partitionlike folds of the dura mater which extend into the great fissures of the brain.

Fam´ble , v. i. [OE. falmelen; cf. SW. famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, falter, hesitate, Icel. falma to grope. Cf. Famble.] To stammer. [Obs.] Nares.

Fam´ble, n. [Cf. Famble, v.] A hand. [Slang & Obs.] ´We clap our fambles.´ Beau. & Fl.

Fame , n. [OF. fame, L. fama, fr. fari to speak, akin to Gr. a saying, report, to speak. See Ban, and cf. Fable, Fate, Euphony, Blame.] 1. Public report or rumor. “The fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh’s house.” Gen. xlv. 16. 2. Report or opinion generally diffused; renown; public estimation; celebrity, either favorable or unfavorable; as the fame of Washington. “I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited.” Shak. Syn. — Notoriety; celebrity; renown; reputation.

Fame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famed ,; p. pr. & vb. n. Faming.] 1. To report widely or honorably. “The field where thou art famed
To have wrought such wonders.” Milton. 2. To make famous or renowned. “Those Hesperian gardens famed of old.” Milton.

Fame´less, a. Without fame or renown. — Fame´less•ly, adv.

Fa•mil•iar , a. [OE. familer, familier, F. familier, fr. L. familiaris, fr. familia family. See Family.] 1. Of or pertaining to a family; domestic. ´Familiar feuds.´ Byron. 2. Closely acquainted or intimate, as a friend or companion; well versed in, as any subject of study; as familiar with the Scriptures. 3. Characterized by, or exhibiting, the manner of an intimate friend; not formal; unconstrained; easy; accessible. ´In loose, familiar strains.´ Addison. “Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.” Shak. 4. Well known; well understood; common; frequent; as a familiar illustration. “That war, or peace, or both at once, may be
As things acquainted and familiar to us.” Shak. “There is nothing more familiar than this.” Locke. 5. Improperly acquainted; wrongly intimate. Camden. Familiar spirit, a demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at call. 1 Sam. xxviii. 3, 7-9.

Fa•mil´iar, n. 1. An intimate; a companion. “All my familiars watched for my halting.” Jer. xx. 10. 2. An attendant demon or evil spirit. Shak. 3. (Court of Inquisition) A confidential officer employed in the service of the tribunal, especially in apprehending and imprisoning the accused.

Fa•mil•iar´i•ty , n.; pl. Familiarities (#). [OE. familarite, F. familiaritefr. L. faniliaritas. See Familiar.] 1. The state of being familiar; intimate and frequent converse, or association; unconstrained intercourse; freedom from ceremony and constraint; intimacy; as to live in remarkable familiarity. 2. Anything said or done by one person to another unceremoniously and without constraint; esp., in the pl., such actions and words as propriety and courtesy do not warrant; liberties. Syn. — Acquaintance; fellowship; affability; intimacy. See Acquaintance.

Fa•mil•iar•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of making familiar; the result of becoming familiar; as familiarization with scenes of blood.

Fa•mil´iar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Familiarized p. pr. & vb. n. Familiarizing ] [Cf. F. familiariser.] 1. To make familiar or intimate; to habituate; to accustom; to make well known by practice or converse; as to familiarize one’s self with scenes of distress. 2. To make acquainted, or skilled, by practice or study; as to familiarize one’s self with a business, a book, or a science.

Fa´mil´iar•ly, adv. In a familiar manner.

Fa•mil´iar•ness, n. Familiarity. [R.]

Fa•mil´ia•ry , a. [L. familiaris. See Familiar.] Of or pertaining to a family or household; domestic. [Obs.] Milton.

Fam´i•lism , n. The tenets of the Familists. Milton.

Fam´i•list , n. [From Family.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of afanatical Antinomian sect originating in Holland, and existing in England about 1580, called the Family of Love, who held that religion consists wholly in love.

Fam´i•lis•ter•y , n.; pl. Familisteries . [F. familistère.] A community in which many persons unite as in one family, and are regulated by certain communistic laws and customs. { Fam•i•listic , Fam•i•lis´tic•al } a. Pertaining to Familists. Baxter.

Fam´i•ly , n.; pl. Families (#). [L. familia, fr. famulus servant; akin to Oscan famel servant, cf. faamat he dwells, Skr. dhaman house, fr. dhato set, make, do: cf. F. famille. Cf. Do, v. t., Doom, Fact, Feat.] 1. The collective body of persons who live in one house, and under one head or manager; a household, including parents, children, and servants, and, as the case may be, lodgers or boarders. 2. The group comprising a husband and wife and their dependent children, constituting a fundamental unit in the organization of society. “The welfare of the family underlies the welfare of society.” H. Spencer. 3. Those who descend from one common progenitor; a tribe, clan, or race; kindred; house; as the human family; the family of Abraham; the father of a family. “Go ! and pretend your family is young.” Pope. 4. Course of descent; genealogy; line of ancestors; lineage. 5. Honorable descent; noble or respectable stock; as a man of family. 6. A group of kindred or closely related individuals; as a family of languages; a family of States; the chlorine family. 7. (Biol.) A group of organisms, either animal or vegetable, related by certain points of resemblance in structure or development, more comprehensive than a genus, because it is usually based on fewer or less pronounced points of likeness. In zoölogy a family is less comprehesive than an order; in botany it is often considered the same thing as an order. Family circle. See under Circle. — Family man. (a) A man who has a family; esp., one who has a wife and children living with him andd dependent upon him. (b) A man of domestic habits. ´The Jews are generally, when married, most exemplary family men.´ Mayhew. — Family of curves or surfaces (Geom.), a group of curves or surfaces derived from a single equation. — In a family way, like one belonging to the family. ´Why don’t we ask him and his ladies to come over in a family way, and dine with some other plain country gentlefolks?´ Thackeray. — In the family way, pregnant. [Colloq.]

Fam´ine , n. [F. famine, fr. L. fames hunger; cf. Gr. want, need, Skr. hani loss, lack, ha to leave.] General scarcity of food; dearth; a want of provisions; destitution. ´Worn with famine.´ Milton. “There was a famine in the land.” Gen. xxvi. 1. Famine fever (Med.), typhus fever.

Fam´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famished p. pr. & vb. n. Famishing.] [OE. famen; cf. OF. afamer, L. fames. See Famine, and cf. Affamish.] 1. To starve, kill, or destroy with hunger. Shak. 2. To exhaust the strength or endurance of, by hunger; to distress with hanger. “And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread.” Cen. xli. 55. “The pains of famished Tantalus he’ll feel.” Dryden. 3. To kill, or to cause to suffer extremity, by deprivation or denial of anything necessary. “And famish him of breath, if not of bread.” Milton. 4. To force or constrain by famine. “He had famished Paris into a surrender.” Burke.

Fam´ish, v. i. 1. To die of hunger; to starve. 2. To suffer extreme hunger or thirst, so as to be exhausted in strength, or to come near to perish. “You are all resolved rather to die than to famish?” Shak. 3. To suffer extremity from deprivation of anything essential or necessary. “The Lord will not suffer the soul of the righteous to famish.” Prov. x. 3.

Fam´ish•ment , n. State of being famished.

Fa•mos´i•ty , n. [L. famositas infamy: cf. F. famosite. See Famous.] The state or quality of being famous. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fa´mous , a. [L. famosus, fr. fama fame: cf. F. fameux. See Fame.] Celebrated in fame or public report; renowned; mach talked of; distinguished in story; — used in either a good or a bad sense, chiefly the former; often followed by for; as famous for erudition, for eloquence, for military skill; a famous pirate. “Famous for a scolding tongue.” Shak. Syn. — Noted; remarkable; signal; conspicuous; celebrated; renowned; illustrious; eminent; transcendent; excellent. — Famous, Renowned, Illustrious. Famous is applied to a person or thing widely spoken of as extraordinary; renowned is applied to those who are named again and again with honor; illustrious, to those who have dazzled the world by the splendor of their deeds or their virtues. See Distinguished.

Fa´moused , a. Renowned. [Obs.] Shak.

Fa´mous•ly , adv. In a famous manner; in a distinguished degree; greatly; splendidly. “Then this land was famously enriched
With politic grave counsel.” Shak.

Fa´mous•ness, n. The state of being famous.

Fam´u•lar , n. [Cf. L. famularis of servants.] Domestic; familiar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fam´u•late , v. i. [L. famulatus, p. p. of famulari to serve, fr. famulus servant.] To serve. [Obs.]

Fam´u•list , n. [L. famulus servant.] A collegian of inferior rank or position, corresponding to the sizar at Cambridge. [Oxford Univ., Eng.]

Fan , n. [AS. fann, fr. L. vannus fan, van for winnowing grain; cf. F. van. Cf. Van a winnowing machine, Winnow.] 1. An instrument used for producing artificial currents of air, by the wafting or revolving motion of a broad surface; as: (a) An instrument for cooling the person, made of feathers, paper, silk, etc., and often mounted on sticks all turning about the same pivot, so as when opened to radiate from the center and assume the figure of a section of a circle. (b) (Mach.) Any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air, in winnowing grain, blowing a fire, ventilation, etc., or for checking rapid motion by the resistance of the air; a fan blower; a fan wheel. (c) An instrument for winnowing grain, by moving which the grain is tossed and agitated, and the chaff is separated and blown away. (d) Something in the form of a fan when spread, as a peacock’s tail, a window, etc. (e) A small vane or sail, used to keep the large sails of a smock windmill always in the direction of the wind. “Clean provender, which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan.” Is. xxx. 24. 2. That which produces effects analogous to those of a fan, as in exciting a flame, etc.; that which inflames, heightens, or strengthens; as it served as a fan to the flame of his passion. 3. A quintain; — from its form. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fan blower, a wheel with vanes fixed on a rotating shaft inclosed in a case or chamber, to create a blast of air (fan blast) for forge purposes, or a current for draft and ventilation; a fanner. — Fan cricket (Zoöl.), a mole cricket. — Fan light (Arch.), a window over a door; — so called from the semicircular form and radiating sash bars of those windows which are set in the circular heads of arched doorways. — Fan shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the family Pectinidae. See Scallop, n., 1. — Fan tracery (Arch.), the decorative tracery on the surface of fan vaulting. — Fan vaulting (Arch.), an elaborate system of vaulting, in which the ribs diverge somewhat like the rays of a fan, as in Henry VII.’s chapel in Westminster Abbey. It is peculiar to English Gothic. — Fan wheel, the wheel of a fan blower. — Fan window. Same as Fan light (above).

Fan , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanned p. pr. & vb. n. Fanning ] [Cf. OF. vanner, L. vannere. See Fan, n., Van a winnowing machine.] 1. To move as with a fan. “The air … fanned with unnumbered plumes.” Milton. 2. To cool and refresh, by moving the air with a fan; to blow the air on the face of with a fan. 3. To ventilate; to blow on; to affect by air put in motion. “Calm as the breath which fans our eastern groves.” Dryden. 4. To winnow; to separate chaff from, and drive it away by a current of air; as to fan wheat. Jer. li. 2. 5. To excite or stir up to activity, as a fan excites a flame; to stimulate; as this conduct fanned the excitement of the populace. Fanning machine, or Fanning mill, a machine for separating seed from chaff, etc., by a blast of air; a fanner.

Fa•nal´ , n. [F.] A lighthouse, or the apparatus placed in it for giving light.

Fa•nat´ic , a. [L. fanaticus inspired by divinity, enthusiastic, frantic, fr. fanum fane: cf. F. fanatique. See Fane.] Pertaining to, or indicating, fanaticism; extravagant in opinions; ultra; unreasonable; excessively enthusiastic, especially on religious subjects; as fanatic zeal; fanatic notions. “But Faith, fanatic Faith, once wedded fast
To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last.” T. Moore.

Fa•nat´ic, n. A person affected by excessive enthusiasm, particularly on religious subjects; one who indulges wild and extravagant notions of religion. “There is a new word, coined within few months, called fanatics, which, by the close stickling thereof, seemeth well cut out and proportioned to signify what is meant thereby, even the sectaries of our age.” Fuller (1660). “Fanatics are governed rather by imagination than by judgment.” Stowe.

Fa•nat´ic•al , a. Characteristic of, or relating to, fanaticism; fanatic. - Fa•nat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Fa•nat´ic•al•ness, n.

Fa•nat´i•cism , n. [Cf. Fanatism.] Excessive enthusiasm, unreasoning zeal, or wild and extravagant notions, on any subject, especially religion; religious frenzy. Syn. — See Superstition.

Fa•nat´i•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanaticized p. pr. & vb. n. Fanaticizing ] To cause to become a fanatic.

Fan´a•tism , n. [Cf. F. fanatisme. Cf. Fanaticism.] Fanaticism. [R.] Gibbon.

Fan´cied , a. [From Fancy, v. t.] Formed or conceived by the fancy; unreal; as a fancied wrong.

Fan´ci•er , n. 1. One who is governed by fancy. ´Not reasoners, but fanciers.´ Macaulay. 2. One who fancies or has a special liking for, or interest in, a particular object or class or objects; hence, one who breeds and keeps for sale birds and animals; as bird fancier, dog fancier, etc.

Fan´ci•ful , a. 1. Full of fancy; guided by fancy, rather than by reason and experience; whimsical; as a fanciful man forms visionary projects. 2. Conceived in the fancy; not consistent with facts or reason; abounding in ideal qualities or figures; as a fanciful scheme; a fanciful theory. 3. Curiously shaped or constructed; as she wore a fanciful headdress. “Gather up all fancifullest shells.” Keats. Syn. — Imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; chimerical; whimsical; fantastical; wild. — Fanciful, Fantastical, Visionary. We speak of that as fanciful which is irregular in taste and judgment; we speak of it as fantastical when it becomes grotesque and extravagant as well as irregular; we speak of it as visionary when it is wholly unfounded in the nature of things. Fanciful notions are the product of a heated fancy, without any tems are made up of oddly assorted fancies, aften of the most whimsical kind; visionary expectations are those which can never be realized in fact. — Fan´ci•ful•ly, adv. - Fan´ci•ful•ness, n.

Fan´ci•less , a. Having no fancy; without ideas or imagination. [R.] “A pert or bluff important wight,
Whose brain is fanciless, whose blood is white.” Armstrong.

Fan´cy , n.; pl. Fancies (#). [Contr. fr. fantasy, OF. fantasie, fantaisie, F. fantaisie, L. phantasia, fr. Gr. appearance, imagination, the power of perception and presentation in the mind, fr. to make visible, to place before one’s mind, fr. to show; akin to , , light, Skr. bhato shine. Cf. Fantasy, Fantasia, Epiphany, Phantom.] 1. The faculty by which the mind forms an image or a representation of anything perceived before; the power of combining and modifying such objects into new pictures or images; the power of readily and happily creating and recalling such objects for the purpose of amusement, wit, or embellishment; imagination. “In the soul
Are many lesser faculties, that serve
Reason as chief. Among these fancy next
Her office holds.” Milton. 2. An image or representation of anything formed in the mind; conception; thought; idea; conceit. “How now, my lord ! why do you keep alone,
Of sorriest fancies your companoins making ?” Shak. 3. An opinion or notion formed without much reflection; caprice; whim; impression. “I have always had a fancy that learning might be made a play and recreation to children.” Locke. 4. Inclination; liking, formed by caprice rather than reason; as to strike one’s fancy; hence, the object of inclination or liking. “To fit your fancies to your father’s will.” Shak. 5. That which pleases or entertains the taste or caprice without much use or value. “London pride is a pretty fancy for borders.” Mortimer. 6. A sort of love song or light impromptu ballad. [Obs.] Shak. The fancy, all of a class who exhibit and cultivate any peculiar taste or fancy; hence, especially, sporting characters taken collectively, or any specific class of them, as jockeys, gamblers, prize fighters, etc. “At a great book sale in London, which had congregated all the fancy.” De Quincey. Syn. — Imagination; conceit; taste; humor; inclination; whim; liking. See Imagination.

Fan´cy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fancied , p. pr. & vb. n. Fancying .] 1. To figure to one’s self; to believe or imagine something without proof. “If our search has reached no farther than simile and metaphor, we rather fancy than know.” Locke. 2. To love. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan´cy, v. t. 1. To form a conception of; to portray in the mind; to imagine. “He whom I fancy, but can ne’er express.” Dryden. 2. To have a fancy for; to like; to be pleased with, particularly on account of external appearance or manners. ´We fancy not the cardinal.´ Shak. 3. To believe without sufficient evidence; to imagine (something which is unreal). “He fancied he was welcome, because those arounde him were his kinsmen.” Thackeray.

Fan´cy, a. 1. Adapted to please the fancy or taste; ornamental; as fancy goods. 2. Extravagant; above real value. “This anxiety never degenerated into a monomania, like that which led his [Frederick the Great’s] father to pay fancy prices for giants.” Macaulay. Fancy ball, a ball in which porsons appear in fanciful dresses in imitation of the costumes of different persons and nations. — Fancy fair, a fair at which articles of fancy and ornament are sold, generally for some charitable purpose. — Fancy goods, fabrics of various colors, patterns, etc., as ribbons, silks, laces, etc., in distinction from those of a simple or plain color or make. — Fancy line (Naut.), a line rove through a block at the jaws of a gaff; — used to haul it down. — Fancy roller (Carding Machine), a clothed cylinder (usually having straight teeth) in front of the doffer. — Fancy stocks, a species of stocks which afford great opportunity for stock gambling, since they have no intrinsic value, and the fluctuations in their prices are artificial. — Fancy store, one where articles of fancy and ornament are sold. — Fancy woods, the more rare and expensive furniture woods, as mahogany, satinwood, rosewood, etc.

Fan´cy-free , a. Free from the power of love. ´In maiden meditation, fancy-free.´ Shak.

Fan´cy•mon•ger , n. A lovemonger; a whimsical lover. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan´cy-sick , a. Love- sick. Shak.

Fan´cy•work , n. Ornamental work with a needle or hook, as embroidery, crocheting, netting, etc.

Fand , obs. imp. of Find. Spenser.

Fan•dan´go , n.; pl. Fandangoes (#). [Sp. A name brought, together with the dance, from the West Indies to Spain.] 1. A lively dance, in 3-8 or 6-8 time, much practiced in Spain and Spanish America. also the tune to which it is danced. 2. A ball or general dance, as in Mexico. [Colloq.]

Fane , n. [L. fanum a place dedicated to some deity, a sanctuary, fr. fari to speak. See Fame.] A temple; a place consecrated to religion; a church. [Poet.] “Such to this British Isle, her Christian fanes.” Wordsworth.

Fane, n. [See Vane.] A weathercock. [Obs.]

Fa•ne´ga , n. [Sp.] A dry measure in Spain and Spanish America, varying from 1 to 2 bushels; also a measure of land. De Colange.

Fan´fare , n. [F. Cf. Fanfaron.] A flourish of trumpets, as in coming into the lists, etc.; also a short and lively air performed on hunting horns during the chase. “The fanfare announcing the arrival of the various Christian princes.” Sir W. Scott.

Fan´fa•ron , n. [F., fr. Sp. fanfarron; cf. It. fanfano, and OSp. fanfa swaggering, boasting, also Ar. farfar talkative.] A bully; a hector; a swaggerer; an empty boaster. [R.] Dryden.

Fan•far•on•ade´ , n. [F. fanfaronnade, fr. Sp. fanfarronada. See Fanfaron.] A swaggering; vain boasting; ostentation; a bluster. Swift.

Fan´foot , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of gecko having the toes expanded into large lobes for adhesion. The Egyptian fanfoot (Phyodactylus gecko) is believed, by the natives, to have venomous toes. (b) Any moth of the genus Polypogon.

Fang (fang), v. t. [OE. fangen, fongen, fon (g orig. only in p. p. and imp. tense), AS. fon; akin to D. vangen, OHG. fahan, G. fahen, fangen, Icel. fa, Sw. få, fånga, Dan. fange, faae, Goth. fahan, and prob. to E. fair, peace, pact. Cf. Fair, a.] 1. To catch; to seize, as with the teeth; to lay hold of; to gripe; to clutch. [Obs.] Shak. “He’s in the law’s clutches; you see he’s fanged.” J. Webster. 2. To enable to catch or tear; to furnish with fangs. ´Chariots fanged with scythes.´ Philips.

Fang, n. [From Fang, v. t.; cf. AS. fang a taking, booty, G. fang.] 1. (Zoöl.) The tusk of an animal, by which the prey is seized and held or torn; a long pointed tooth; esp., one of the usually erectile, venomous teeth of serpents. also one of the falcers of a spider. “Since I am a dog, beware my fangs.” Shak. 2. Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. “The protuberant fangs of the yucca.” Evelyn. 3. (Anat.) The root, or one of the branches of the root, of a tooth. See Tooth. 4. (Mining) A niche in the side of an adit or shaft, for an air course. Knight. 5. (Mech.) A projecting tooth or prong, as in a part of a lock, or the plate of a belt clamp, or the end of a tool, as a chisel, where it enters the handle. 6. (Naut.) (a) The valve of a pump box. (b) A bend or loop of a rope. In a fang, fast entangled. — To lose the fang, said of a pump when the water has gone out; hence: To fang a pump, to supply it with the water necessary to make it operate. [Scot.]

Fanged , a. Having fangs or tusks; as a fanged adder. Also used figuratively.

Fan´gle , n. [From Fang, v. t.; hence, prop., a taking up a new thing.] Something new-fashioned; a foolish innovation; a gewgaw; a trifling ornament.

Fan´gle, v. t. To fashion. [Obs.] “To control and new fangle the Scripture.” Milton.

Fan´gled , a. New made; hence, gaudy; showy; vainly decorated. [Obs., except with the prefix new.] See Newfangled. ´Our fangled world.´ Shak.

Fan´gle•ness , n. Quality of being fangled. [Obs.] “He them in new fangleness did pass.” Spenser.

Fang´less , a. Destitute of fangs or tusks. ´A fangless lion.´ Shak.

Fan´got , n. [Cf. It. fagotto, fangotto, a bundle. Cf. Fagot.] A quantity of wares, as raw silk, etc., from one hundred weight.

Fan´ion , n. [See Fanon.] 1. (Mil.) A small flag sometimes carried at the head of the baggage of a brigade. [Obs.] 2. A small flag for marking the stations in surveying.

Fan´like , a. Resembling a fan; — specifically (Bot.), folded up like a fan, as certain leaves; plicate.

Fan´nel , n. [Dim., from same source as fanon.] Same as Fanon.

Fan´ner , n. 1. One who fans. Jer. li. 2. 2. A fan wheel; a fan blower. See under Fan.

Fan´-nerved , a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having the nerves or veins arranged in a radiating manner; — said of certain leaves, and of the wings of some insects.

Fan´on , n. [F. fanon, LL. fano, fr. OHG. fano banner cloth, G. fahne banner. See Vane, and cf. Fanion, Gonfalon.] (Eccl.) A term applied to various articles, as: (a) A peculiar striped scarf worn by the pope at mass, and by eastern bishops. (b) A maniple. [Written also fannel, phanon, etc.]

Fan´ palm (Bot.) Any palm tree having fan-shaped or radiate leaves; as the Chamaerops humilis of Southern Europe; the species of Sabal and Thrinax in the West Indies, Florida, etc.; and especially the great talipot tree (Corypha umbraculifera) of Ceylon and Malaya. The leaves of the latter are often eighteen feet long and fourteen wide, and are used for umbrellas tents, and roofs. When cut up, they are used for books and manuscripts.

Fan´tail (fan´tal•), n. (Zool.) (a) A variety of the domestic pigeon, so called from the shape of the tail. (b) Any bird of the Australian genus Rhipidura, in which the tail is spread in the form of a fan during flight. They belong to the family of flycatchers.

Fan´-tailed , a. (Zoöl.) Having an expanded, or fan-shaped, tail; as the fan-tailed pigeon.

Fan•ta´si•a , n. [It. See Fancy.] (Mus.) A continuous composition, not divided into what are called movements, or governed by the ordinary rules of musical design, but in which the author’s fancy roves unrestricted by set form.

Fan´ta•sied , a. [From Fantasy.] Filled with fancies or imaginations. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan´tasm , n. [See Phantasm, Fancy.] Same as Phantasm.

Fan´tast , n. One whose manners or ideas are fantastic. [R.] Coleridge.

Fan•tas´tic , a. [F. fantastique, fr. Gr. able to represent, fr. to make visible. See Fancy.] 1. Existing only in imagination; fanciful; imaginary; not real; chimerical. 2. Having the nature of a phantom; unreal. Shak. 3. Indulging the vagaries of imagination; whimsical; full of absurd fancies; capricious; as fantastic minds; a fantastic mistress. 4. Resembling fantasies in irregularity, caprice, or eccentricity; irregular; oddly shaped; grotesque. “There at the foot of yonder nodding beech,
That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high.” T. Gray. Syn. — Fanciful; imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; chimerical; whimsical; queer. See Fanciful.

Fan•tas´tic, n. A person given to fantastic dress, manners, etc.; an eccentric person; a fop. Milton. “Our fantastics, who, having a fine watch, take all ocasions to draw it out to be seen.” Fuller.

Fan•tas´tic•al , a. Fanciful; unreal; whimsical; capricious; fantastic.

Fan•tas•ti•cal´i•ty , n. Fantastically. [Obs.]

Fan•tas´tic•al•ly , adv. In a fantastic manner. “the letter A, in scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold thread, upon her bosom.” Hawthorne.

Fan•tas´tic-al•ness, n. The quality of being fantastic.

Fan•tas´ti•cism , n. The quality of being fantastical; fancifulness; whimsicality. Ruskin.

Fan•tas´tic•ly , adv. Fantastically. [Obs.]

Fan•tas´tic•ness, n. Fantasticalness. [Obs.]

Fan•tas´ti•co , n. [It.] A fantastic. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan´ta•sy , n.; pl. Fantasies (#). [See Fancy.] 1. Fancy; imagination; especially, a whimsical or fanciful conception; a vagary of the imagination; whim; caprice; humor. “Is not this something more than fantasy ?” Shak. “A thousand fantasies
Begin to throng into my memory.” Milton. 2. Fantastic designs. “Embroidered with fantasies and flourishes of gold thread.” Hawthorne.

Fan´ta•sy, v. t. To have a fancy for; to be pleased with; to like; to fancy. [Obs.] Cavendish. “Which he doth most fantasy.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Fan•toc•ci´ni , n. pl. [It., dim. fr. fante child.] Puppets caused to perform evolutions or dramatic scenes by means of machinery; also the representations in which they are used.

Fan´tom , n. See Phantom. Fantom corn, phantom corn. Grose.

Fap , a. Fuddled. [Obs.] Shak.

Fa•quir´ , n. See Fakir.

Far , n. [See Farrow.] (Zoöl.) A young pig, or a litter of pigs.

Far, a. [Farther (#) and Farthest (#) are used as the compar. and superl. of far, although they are corruptions arising from confusion with further and furthest. See Further.] [OE. fer, feor, AS. feor; akin to OS. fer, D. ver, OHG. ferro, adv., G. fern, a., Icel. fjarri, Dan. fjirn, Sw. fjerran, adv., Goth. fairra, adv., Gr. beyond, Skr. paras, adv., far, and prob. to L. per through, and E. prefix for-, as in forgive, and also to fare. Cf. Farther, Farthest.] 1. Distant in any direction; not near; remote; mutually separated by a wide space or extent. “They said, … We be come from a far country.” Josh. ix. 6. “The nations far and near contend in choice.” Dryden. 2. Remote from purpose; contrary to design or wishes; as far be it from me to justify cruelty. 3. Remote in affection or obedience; at a distance, morally or spiritually; t enmity with; alienated. “They that are far from thee ahsll perish.” Ps. lxxiii. 27. 4. Widely different in nature or quality; opposite in character. “He was far from ill looking, though he thought himself still farther.” F. Anstey. 5. The more distant of two; as the far side (called also off side) of a horse, that is, the right side, or the one opposite to the rider when he mounts. The distinction between the adjectival and adverbial use of far is sometimes not easily discriminated. By far, by much; by a great difference. — Far between, with a long distance (of space or time) between; at long intervals. ´The examinations are few and far between.´ Farrar.

Far, adv. 1. To a great extent or distance of space; widely; as we are separated far from each other. 2. To a great distance in time from any point; remotely; as he pushed his researches far into antiquity. 3. In great part; as the day is far spent. 4. In a great proportion; by many degrees; very much; deeply; greatly. “Who can find a virtuous woman ? for her price is far above rubies.” Prov. xxxi. 10. As far as, to the extent, or degree, that. See As far as, under As. — Far off. (a) At a great distance, absolutely or relatively. (b) Distant in sympathy or affection; alienated. ´But now, in Christ Jesus, ye who some time were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ.´ Eph. ii. 13. — Far other, different by a great degree; not the same; quite unlike. Pope. — Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. — Far and wide, distantly and broadly; comprehensively. ´Far and wide his eye commands.´ Milton. — From far, from a great distance; from a remote place. Far often occurs in self-explaining compounds, such as far-extended, far-reaching, far-spread.

Far´-a•bout , n. A going out of the way; a digression. [Obs.] Fuller.

Far´ad , n. [From Michael Faraday, the English electrician.] (Elec.) The standard unit of electrical capacity; the capacity of a condenser whose charge, having an electro-motive force of one volt, is equal to the amount of electricity which, with the same electromotive force, passes through one ohm in one second; the capacity, which, charged with one coulomb, gives an electro-motive force of one volt.

Far•ad´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Michael Faraday, the distinguished electrician; — applied especially to induced currents of electricity, as produced by certain forms of inductive apparatus, on account of Faraday’s investigations of their laws. { Far´a•dism , Far•a•di•za´tion } n. (Med.) The treatment with faradic or induced currents of electricity for remedial purposes.

Far´and , n. See Farrand, n.

Far´an•dams , n. A fabrik made of silk and wool or hair. Simmonds.

Far´ant•ly , a. [See Farrand.] Orderly; comely; respectable. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Farce , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farced , p. pr. & vb. n. Farcing .] [F. Farcir, L. farcire; akin to Gr. to fence in, stop up. Cf. Force to stuff, Diaphragm, Frequent, Farcy, Farse.] 1. To stuff with forcemeat; hence, to fill with mingled ingredients; to fill full; to stuff. [Obs.] “The first principles of religion should not be farced with school points and private tenets.” Bp. Sanderson. “His tippet was aye farsed full of knives.” Chaucer. 2. To render fat. [Obs.] “If thou wouldst farce thy lean ribs.” B. Jonson. 3. To swell out; to render pompous. [Obs.] “Farcing his letter with fustian.” Sandys.

Farce, n. [F. farce, from L. farsus (also sometimes farctus), p. p. pf farcire. See Farce, v. t.] 1. (Cookery) Stuffing, or mixture of viands, like that used on dressing a fowl; forcemeat. 2. A low style of comedy; a dramatic composition marked by low humor, generally written with little regard to regularity or method, and abounding with ludicrous incidents and expressions. “Farce is that in poetry which ´grotesque´ is in a picture: the persons and action of a farce are all unnatural, and the manners false.” Dryden. 3. Ridiculous or empty show; as a mere farce. ´The farce of state.´ Pope.

Farce´ment , n. Stuffing; forcemeat. [Obs.] “They spoil a good dish with … unsavory farcements.” Feltham.

Far´ci•cal , a. Pertaining to farce; appropriated to farce; ludicrous; unnatural; unreal. “They deny the characters to be farcical, because they are tually in in nature.” Gay. — Far´ci•cal•ly, adv. - Far´ci•cal•ness, n.

Far´ci•cal, a. Of or pertaining to the disease called farcy. See Farcy, n.

Far´ci•lite , n. [Farce+- lite.] (Min.) Pudding stone. [Obs.] Kirwan. { Far´ci•men , Far´cin } n. (Far.) Same as Farcy.

Far´cing , n. (Cookery) Stuffing; forcemeat.

Farc´tate , a. [L. farctus, p. p. of farcire. See Farce, v. t.] (Bot.) Stuffed; filled solid; as a farctate leaf, stem, or pericarp; — opposed to tubular or hollow. [Obs.]

Far´cy , n. [F. farcin; cf. L. farciminum a disease of horses, fr. farcire. See Farce.] (Far.) A contagious disease of horses, associated with painful ulcerating enlargements, esp. upon the head and limbs. It is of the same nature as glanders, and is often fatal. Called also farcin, and farcimen. Farcy, although more common in horses, is communicable to other animals and to human beings. Farcy bud, a hard, prominent swelling occurring upon the cutaneous surface in farcy, due to the obstruction and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, and followed by ulceration. Youatt.

Fard , n. [F., prob. fr. OHG. gifarit, gifarwit p. p. of farwjan to color, tinge, fr. farawa color, G. farbe.] Paint used on the face. [Obs.] ´Painted with French fard.´ J. Whitaker.

Fard, v. t. [F. farder to paint one’s face.] To paint; — said esp. of one’s face. [Obs.] Shenstone.

Far•dage´ , n. [F. See Fardel.] (Naut.) See Dunnage.

Far´del , n. [OF. fardel, F. fardeau; cf. Sp. fardel, fardillo, fardo, LL. fardellus; prob. fr. Ar. fard one of the two parts of an object divisible into two, hence, one of the two parts of a camel’s load. Cf. Furl.] A bundle or little pack; hence, a burden. [Obs.] Shak. “A fardel of never-ending misery and suspense.” Marryat.

Far´del, v. t. To make up in fardels. [Obs.] Fuller.

Far´ding-bag , n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. Fardel.] The upper stomach of a cow, or other ruminant animal; the rumen.

Far´ding•dale , n. A farthingale. [Obs.]

Far´ding•deal , n. [See Farthing, and Deal a part.] The fourth part of an acre of land. [Obs.] [Written also farding dale, fardingale, etc.]

Fare , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fared p. pr. & vb. n. Faring.] [AS. faran to travel, fare; akin to OS., Goth., & OHG. faran to travel, go, D. varen, G. fahren, OFries., Icel., & Sw. fara, Dan. fare, Gr. a way through, a ferry, strait, to convey, to go, march, beyond, on the other side, to pass through, L. peritus experienced, portus port, Skr. par to bring over. rad.78. Cf. Chaffer, Emporium, Far, Ferry, Ford, Peril, Port a harbor, Pore, n.] 1. To go; to pass; to journey; to travel. “So on he fares, and to the border comes
Of Eden.” Milton. 2. To be in any state, or pass through any experience, good or bad; to be attended with any circummstances or train of events, fortunate or unfortunate; as he fared well, or ill. “So fares the stag among the enraged hounds.” Denham. “I bid you most heartily well to fare.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “So fared the knight between two foes.” Hudibras. 3. To be treated or entertained at table, or with bodily or social comforts; to live. “There was a certain rich man which … fared sumptuously every day.” Luke xvi. 19. 4. To happen well, or ill; — used impersonally; as we shall see how it will fare with him. “So fares it when with truth falsehood contends.” Milton. 5. To behave; to conduct one’s self. [Obs.] “She ferde [fared] as she would die.” Chaucer.

Fare , n. [AS. faru journey, fr. faran. See Fare, v.] 1. A journey; a passage. [Obs.] “That nought might stay his fare.” Spenser. 2. The price of passage or going; the sum paid or due for conveying a person by land or water; as the fare for crossing a river; the fare in a coach or by railway. 3. Ado; bustle; business. [Obs.] “The warder chid and made fare.” Chaucer. 4. Condition or state of things; fortune; hap; cheer. “What fare? what news abroad ?” Shak. 5. Food; provisions for the table; entertainment; as coarse fare; delicious fare. ´Philosophic fare.´ Dryden. 6. The person or persons conveyed in a vehicle; as a full fare of passengers. A. Drummond. 7. The catch of fish on a fishing vessel. Bill of fare. See under Bill. — Fare indicator or register, a device for recording the number of passengers on a street car, etc. — Fare wicket. (a) A gate or turnstile at the entrance of toll bridges, exhibition grounds, etc., for registering the number of persons passing it. (b) An opening in the door of a street car for purchasing tickets of the driver or passing fares to the conductor. Knight.

Far´en , obs. p. p. of Fare, v. i. Chaucer.

Fare•well´ , interj. [Fare (thou, you) + well.] Go well; good-by; adieu; — originally applied to a person departing, but by custom now applied both to those who depart and those who remain. It is often separated by the pronoun; as fare you well; and is sometimes used as an expression of separation only; as farewell the year; farewell, ye sweet groves; that is, I bid you farewell. “So farewell hope, and with hope, farewell fear.” Milton. “Fare thee well! and if forever,
Still forever fare thee well.” Byron. The primary accent is sometimes placed on the first syllable, especially in poetry.

Fare•well´ , n. 1. A wish of happiness or welfare at parting; the parting compliment; a good-by; adieu. 2. Act of departure; leave-taking; a last look at, or reference to something. “And takes her farewell of the glorious sun.” Shak. “Before I take my farewell of the subject.” Addison.

Fare´well , a. Parting; valedictory; final; as a farewell discourse; his farewell bow. “Leans in his spear to take his farewell view.” Tickell. Farewell rock (Mining), the Millstone grit; — so called because no coal is found worth working below this stratum. It is used for hearths of furnaces, having power to resist intense heat. Ure.

Far´fet , a. [Far + fet, p. p. of Fette.] Farfetched. [Obs.] “York with his farfet policy.” Shak.

Far´fetch , v. t. [Far + fetch.] To bring from far; to seek out studiously. [Obs.] “To farfetch the name of Tartar from a Hebrew word.” Fuller.

Far´fetch, n. Anything brought from far, or brought about with studious care; a deep strategem. [Obs.] ´Politic farfetches.´ Hudibras.

Far´fetched , a. 1. Brought from far, or from a remote place. “Every remedy contained a multitude of farfetched and heterogeneous ingredients.” Hawthorne. 2. Studiously sought; not easily or naturally deduced or introduced; forced; strained.

Fa•ri´na (fa•ri´na or fa•re´na), n. [L., meal, flour, fr. far a sort of grain, spelt; akin to E. barley.] 1. A fine flour or meal made from cereal grains or from the starch or fecula of vegetables, extracted by various processes, and used in cookery. 2. (Bot.) Pollen. [R.] Craig.

Far•i•na´ceous , a. [L. farinaceus.] 1. Consisting or made of meal or flour; as a farinaceous diet. 2. Yielding farina or flour; as ffarinaceous seeds. 3. Like meal; mealy; pertaining to meal; as a farinaceous taste, smell, or appearance.

Far•i•nose´ , a. [L. farinosus: cf. F. farineux.] 1. Yielding farina; as farinose substances. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Covered with a sort of white, mealy powder, as the leaves of some poplars, and the body of certain insects; mealy.

Farl , v. t. Same as Furl. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Far´lie , n. [OE. ferlish wonder, as adj., strange, sudden, fearful, AS. faerlic sudden. See Fear.] An unusual or unexpected thing; a wonder. See Fearly. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drayton.

Farm , n. [OE. ferme rent, lease, F. ferme, LL. firma, fr. L. firmus firm, fast, firmare to make firm or fast. See Firm, a. & n.] 1. The rent of land, — originally paid by reservation of part of its products. [Obs.] 2. The term or tenure of a lease of land for cultivation; a leasehold. [Obs.] “It is great willfulness in landlords to make any longer farms to their tenants.” Spenser. 3. The land held under lease and by payment of rent for the purpose of cultivation. 4. Any tract of land devoted to agricultural purposes, under the management of a tenant or the owner. In English the ideas of a lease, a term, and a rent, continue to be in a great degree inseparable, even from the popular meaning of a farm, as they are entirely so from the legal sense. Burrill. 5. A district of country leased (or farmed) out for the collection of the revenues of government. “The province was devided into twelve farms.” Burke. 6. (O. Eng. Law) A lease of the imposts on particular goods; as the sugar farm, the silk farm. “Whereas G. H. held the farm of sugars upon a rent of 10,000 marks per annum.” State Trials (1196).

Farm , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farmed p. pr. & vb. n. Farming.] 1. To lease or let for an equivalent, as land for a rent; to yield the use of to proceeds. “We are enforced to farm our royal realm.” Shak. 2. To give up to another, as an estate, a business, the revenue, etc., on condition of receiving in return a percentage of what it yields; as to farm the taxes. “To farm their subjects and their duties toward these.” Burke. 3. To take at a certain rent or rate. 4. To devote (land) to agriculture; to cultivate, as land; to till, as a farm. To farm let, To let to farm, to lease on rent.

Farm, v. i. To engage in the business of tilling the soil; to labor as a farmer.

Farm´a•ble , a. Capable of being farmed.

Farm´er , n. [Cf. F. fermier.] One who farms; as: (a) One who hires and cultivates a farm; a cultivator of leased ground; a tenant. Smart. (b) One who is devoted to the tillage of the soil; one who cultivates a farm; an agriculturist; a husbandman. (c) One who takes taxes, customs, excise, or other duties, to collect, either paying a fixed annuual rent for the privilege; as a farmer of the revenues. (d) (Mining) The lord of the field, or one who farms the lot and cope of the crown. Farmer-general [F. fermier-general], one to whom the right of levying certain taxes, in a particular district, was farmed out, under the former French monarchy, for a given sum paid down. — Farmers’ satin, a light material of cotton and worsted, used for coat linings. McElrath. — The king’s farmer (O. Eng. Law), one to whom the collection of a royal revenue was farmed out. Burrill.

Farm´er•ess, n. A woman who farms.

Farm´er•ship, n. Skill in farming.

Farm´er•y , n. The buildings and yards necessary for the business of a farm; a homestead. [Eng.]

Farm´house, n. A dwelling house on a farm; a farmer’s residence.

Farm´ing, a. Pertaining to agriculture; devoted to, adapted to, or engaged in, farming; as farming tools; farming land; a farming community.

Farm´ing, n. The business of cultivating land.

Far´most , a. Most distant; farthest. “A spacious cave within its farmost part.” Dryden.

Farm´stead , n. A farm with the building upon it; a homestead on a farm. Tennyson. “With its pleasant groves and farmsteads.” Carlyle.

Farm´stead•ing, n. A farmstead. [Scot.] Black.

Farm´yard , n. The yard or inclosure attached to a barn, or the space inclosed by the farm buildings.

Far´ness , n. [From Far, a.] The state of being far off; distance; remoteness. [R.] Grew.

Far´o , n. [Said to be so called because the Egyptian king Pharaoh was formerly represented upon one of the cards.] A gambling game at cards, in which all the other players play against the dealer or banker, staking their money upon the order in which the cards will lie and be dealt from the pack. Faro bank, the capital which the proprietor of a faro table ventures in the game; also the place where a game of faro is played. Hoyle.

Fa•ro•ese , n. sing. & pl. An inhabitant, or, collectively, inhabitants, of the Faroe islands.

Far´-off , a. Remote; as the far-off distance. Cf. Far-off, under Far, adv.

Far•rag•i•nous , a. [See Farrago.] Formed of various materials; mixed; as a farraginous mountain. [R.] Kirwan. “A farraginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers, sexes, and ages.” Sir T. Browne.

Far•ra´go , n. [L. farrago, -aginis, mixed fodder for cattle, mash, medley, fr. far a sort of grain. See Farina.] A mass composed of various materials confusedly mixed; a medley; a mixture. “A confounded farrago of doubts, fears, hopes, wishes, and all the flimsy furniture of a country miss’s brain.” Sheridan.

Far´rand , n. [OE. farand beautiful; cf. Gael. farranta neat, stout, stately; or perh. akin to E. fare.] Manner; custom; fashion; humor. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also farand.] Grose.

Far•re•a´tion , n. [L. farreatio.] Same as Confarreation.

Far´ri•er , n. [OE. farrour, ferrer, OF. ferreor, ferrier, LL. Ferrator, ferrarius equorum, from ferrare to shoe a horse, ferrum a horseshoe, fr. L. ferrum iron. Cf. Ferreous.] 1. A shoer of horses; a veterinary surgeon.

Far´ri•er, v. i. To practice as a farrier; to carry on the trade of a farrier. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Far´ri•er•y , n. 1. The art of shoeing horses. 2. The art of preventing, curing, or mitigating diseases of horses and cattle; the veterinary art. 3. The place where a smith shoes horses.

Far´row (far´ro), n. [AS. fearh a little pig; a akin to OHG. farh, farah, pig, dim. farheli little pig, G. fercel, D. varken pig, Lith. parszas OIr. orc, L. porcus, Gr. po•rkos. Cf. Pork.] A litter of pigs. Shak.

Far´row, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Farrowed p. pr. & vb. n. Farrowing.] To bring forth (young); — said only of swine. Tusser.

Far´row, a. [Cf. Scot. ferry cow a cow that is not with calf, D. vaarkoe, vaars, heifer, G. färse, AS. fearr bull, G. farre. Cf. Heifer.] Not producing young in a given season or year; - - said only of cows. If a cow has had a calf, but fails in a subsequent year, she is said to be farrow, or to go farrow.

Far´ry , n. A farrow. [Obs.] Perry.

Farse , n. [See Farce, n.] (Eccl.) An addition to, or a paraphrase of, some part of the Latin service in the vernacular; — common in English before the Reformation.

Far´see•ing , a. 1. Able to see to a great distance; farsighted. 2. Having foresight as regards the future.

Far´sight•ed , a. 1. Seeing to great distance; hence, of good judgment regarding the remote effects of actions; sagacious. 2. (Med.) Hypermetropic.

Far´sight•ed•ness, n. 1. Quality of bbeing farsighted. 2. (Med.) Hypermetropia.

Far´-stretched , a. Stretched beyond ordinary limits.

Far´ther (fär´ther), a., compar. of Far. [superl. Farthest (-thest). See Further.] [For farrer, OE. ferrer, compar. of far; confused with further. Cf. Farthest.] 1. More remote; more distant than something else. 2. Tending to a greater distance; beyond a certain point; additional; further. “Before our farther way the fates allow.” Dryden. “Let me add a farther Truth.” Dryden. “Some farther change awaits us.” MIlton.

Far´ther, adv. 1. At or to a greater distance; more remotely; beyond; as let us rest with what we have, without looking farther. 2. Moreover; by way of progress in treating a subject; as farther, let us consider the probable event. No farther, (used elliptically for) go no farther; say no more, etc. “It will be dangerous to go on. No farther !” Shak.

Far´ther, v. t. To help onward. [R.] See Further.

Far´ther•ance , n. [Obs.] See Furtherance.

Far´ther•more , adv. [Obs.] See Furthermore.

Far´ther•most , a. Most remote; farthest.

Far´thest (fär´thest), a. Superl. of far. [See Farther and cf. Furthest] Most distant or remote; as the farthest degree. See Furthest.

Far´thest adv. At or to the greatest distance. See Furthest.

Far´thing , n. [OE. furthing, AS. feórðung, fr. feórða fourth, feór, feówer, four. See Four.] 1. The fourth of a penny; a small copper coin of Great Britain, being a cent in United States currency. 2. A very small quantity or value. [Obs.] “In her cup was no farthing seen of grease.” Chaucer. 3. A division of land. [Obs.] “Thirty acres make a farthing land; nine farthings a Cornish acre; and four Cornish acres a knight’s fee.” R. Carew.

Far´thin•gale , n. [OE. vardingale, fardingale, fr. OF. vertugale, verdugade, F. vertugade, vertugadin, from Sp. verdugado, being named from its hoops, fr. verdugo a young shoot of tree, fr. verde green, fr. L. viridis. See Verdant.] A hoop skirt or hoop petticoat, or other light, elastic material, used to extend the petticoat. “We’ll revel it as bravely as the best, …
With ruffs and cuffs, and farthingales and things.” Shak.

Fas´ces , n. pl. [L., pl. of fascis bundle; cf. fascia a band, and Gr. fa•kelos a bundle.], (Rom. Antiq.) A bundle of rods, having among them an ax with the blade projecting, borne before the Roman magistrates as a badge of their authority.

Fas´cet , n. (Glass Making) A wire basket on the end of a rod to carry glass bottles, etc., to the annealing furnace; also an iron rod to be thrust into the mouths of bottles, and used for the same purpose; — called also pontee and punty.

Fas´ci•a , n.; pl. Fasciae (#). [L., a band: cf. It. fascia. See Fasces, and cf. Fess.] 1. A band, sash, or fillet; especially, in surgery, a bandage or roller. 2. (Arch.) A flat member of an order or building, like a flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands which make up the architrave, in the Ionic order. See Illust. of Column. 3. (Anat.) The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing all muscles; an aponeurosis. 4. (Zoöl.) A broad well-defined band of color.

Fas´ci•al , a. 1. Pertaining to the fasces. 2. (Anat.) Relating to a fascia. { Fas´ci•ate , Fas´ci•a•ted } a. [L. fasciatus, p. p. of fasciare to envelop with bands, fr. fascia band. See Fasces.] 1. Bound with a fillet, sash, or bandage. 2. (Bot.) (a) Banded or compacted together. (b) Flattened and laterally widened, as are often the stems of the garden cockscomb. 3. (Zoöl.) Broadly banded with color.

Fas•ci•a´tion, n. The act or manner of binding up; bandage; also the condition of being fasciated.

Fas´ci•cle , n. [L. fasciculus, dim. of fascis. See Fasces.] A small bundle or collection; a compact cluster; as a fascicle of fibers; a fascicle of flowers or roots.

Fas´ci•cled , a. Growing in a bundle, tuft, or close cluster; as the fascicled leaves of the pine or larch; the fascicled roots of the dahlia; fascicled muscle fibers; fascicled tufts of hair.

Fas•cic´u•lar , a. Pertaining to a fascicle; fascicled; as a fascicular root.

Fas•cic´u•lar•ly, adv. In a fascicled manner. Kirwan. { Fas•cic´u•late , Fas•cic´u•la•ted ,} a. Grouped in a fascicle; fascicled.

Fas•cic´u•lus , n.; pl. Fasciculi (#). [L. See Fascicle.] 1. A little bundle; a fascicle. 2. A division of a book.

Fas´ci•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fascinated , p. pr. & vb. n.. Fascinating .] [L. fascinare; cf. Gr. to slander, bewitch.] 1. To influence in an uncontrollable manner; to operate on by some powerful or irresistible charm; to bewitch; to enchant. “It has been almost universally believed that … serpents can stupefy and fascinate the prey which they are desirous to obtain.” Griffith (Cuvier). 2. To excite and allure irresistibly or powerfully; to charm; to captivate, as by physical or mental charms. “There be none of the passions that have been noted to fascinate or bewitch but love and envy.” Bacon. Syn. — To charm; enrapture; captivate; enchant; bewitch; attract.

Fas•ci•na´tion , n. [L. fascinatio; cf. F. fascination.] 1. The act of fascinating, bewitching, or enchanting; enchantment; witchcraft; the exercise of a powerful or irresistible influence on the affections or passions; unseen, inexplicable influence. “The Turks hang old rags … upon their fairest horses, and other goodly creatures, to secure them against fascination.” Waller. 2. The state or condition of being fascinated. 3. That which fascinates; a charm; a spell. “There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words.” South.

Fas•cine´ , n. [F., fr. L. fascina a bundle of sticks, fr. fascis. See Fasces.] (Fort. & Engin.) A cylindrical bundle of small sticks of wood, bound together, used in raising batteries, filling ditches, strengthening ramparts, and making parapets; also in revetments for river banks, and in mats for dams, jetties, etc.

Fas´ci•nous , a. [L. fascinum witchcraft, akin to fascinare. See Fascinate.] Caused or acting by witchcraft. [Obs.] ´Fascinous diseases.´ Harvey.

Fas•ci´o•la , n.;pl. Fasciolae (#). [See Fasciole.] (Anat.) A band of gray matter bordering the fimbria in the brain; the dentate convolution. Wilder.

Fas´ci•ole , n. [L. fasciola a little bandage. See Fascia.] (Zoöl.) A band of minute tubercles, bearing modified spines, on the shells of spatangoid sea urchins. See Spatangoidea.

Fash , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashed p. pr. & vb. n. Fashing.] [OF. faschier, F. fcher, to anger, vex; cf. Pr. fasticar, fastigar, fr. L. fastidium dilike. See Fastidious.] To vex; to tease; to trouble. [Scot.]

Fash, n. Vexation; anxiety; care. [Scot.] “Without further fash on my part.” De Quincey.

Fash´ion , n. [OE. fasoun, facioun, shape, manner, F. facon, orig., a making, fr. L. factio a making, fr. facere to make. See Fact, Feat, and cf. Faction.] 1. The make or form of anything; the style, shape, appearance, or mode of structure; pattern, model; as the fashion of the ark, of a coat, of a house, of an altar, etc.; workmanship; execution. “The fashion of his countenance was altered.” Luke ix. 29. “I do not like the fashion of your garments.” Shak. 2. The prevailing mode or style, especially of dress; custom or conventional usage in respect of dress, behavior, etiquette, etc.; particularly, the mode or style usual among persons of good breeding; as to dress, dance, sing, ride, etc., in the fashion. “The innocent diversions in fashion.” Locke. “As now existing, fashion is a form of social regulation analogous to constitutional government as a form of political regulation.” H. Spencer. 3. Polite, fashionable, or genteel life; social position; good breeding; as men of fashion. 4. Mode of action; method of conduct; manner; custom; sort; way. ´After his sour fashion.´ Shak. After a fashion, to a certain extent; in a sort. — Fashion piece (Naut.), one of the timbers which terminate the transom, and define the shape of the stern. — Fashion plate, a pictorial design showing the prevailing style or a new style of dress.

Fash´ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashioned p. pr. & vb. n. Fashioning.] [Cf. F. faconner.] 1. To form; to give shape or figure to; to mold. “Here the loud hammer fashions female toys.” Gay. “Ingenious art …
Steps forth to fashion and refine the age.” Cowper. 2. To fit; to adapt; to accommodate; — with to. “Laws ought to be fashioned to the manners and conditions of the people.” Spenser. 3. To make according to the rule prescribed by custom. “Fashioned plate sells for more than its weight.” Locke. 4. To forge or counterfeit. [Obs.] Shak. Fashioning needle (Knitting Machine), a needle used for widening or narrowing the work and thus shaping it.

Fash´ion•a•ble , a. 1. Conforming to the fashion or established mode; according with the prevailing form or style; as a fashionable dress. 2. Established or favored by custom or use; current; prevailing at a particular time; as the fashionable philosophy; fashionable opinions. 3. Observant of the fashion or customary mode; dressing or behaving according to the prevailing fashion; as a fashionable man. 4. Genteel; well-bred; as fashionable society. “Time is like a fashionable host
That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand.” Shak.

Fash´ion•a•ble, n. A person who conforms to the fashions; — used chiefly in the plural.

Fash´ion•a•ble•ness, n. State of being fashionable.

Fash´ion•a•bly, adv. In a fashionable manner.

Fash´ioned , a. Having a certain style or fashion; as old-fashioned; new- fashioned.

Fash´ion•er , n. One who fashions, forms, ar gives shape to anything. [R.] “The fashioner had accomplished his task, and the dresses were brought home.” Sir W. Scott.

Fash´ion•ist , n. An obsequious follower of the modes and fashions. [R.] Fuller.

Fash´ion•less, a. Having no fashion.

Fash´ion-mon•ger , n. One who studies the fashions; a fop; a dandy. Marston.

Fash´ion-mon•ger•ing, a. Behaving like a fashion-monger. [R.] Shak.

Fas´sa•ite , n. (Min.) A variety of pyroxene, from the valley of Fassa, in the Tyrol.

Fast , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fasting.] [AS. faestan; akin to D. vasten, OHG. fasten, G. fasten, Icel. & Sw. fasta, Dan. faste, Goth. fastan to keep, observe, fast, and prob. to E. fast firm.] 1. To abstain from food; to omit to take nourishment in whole or in part; to go hungry. “Fasting he went to sleep, and fasting waked.” Milton. 2. To practice abstinence as a religious exercise or duty; to abstain from food voluntarily for a time, for the mortification of the body or appetites, or as a token of grief, or humiliation and penitence. “Thou didst fast and weep for the child.” 2 Sam. xii. 21. Fasting day, a fast day; a day of fasting.

Fast, n. [OE. faste, fast; cf. AS. faesten, OHG. fasta, G. faste. See Fast, v. i.] 1. Abstinence from food; omission to take nourishment. “Surfeit is the father of much fast.” Shak. 2. Voluntary abstinence from food, for a space of time, as a spiritual discipline, or as a token of religious humiliation. 3. A time of fasting, whether a day, week, or longer time; a period of abstinence from food or certain kinds of food; as an annual fast. Fast day, a day appointed for fasting, humiliation, and religious offices as a means of invoking the favor of God. — To break one’s fast, to put an end to a period of abstinence by taking food; especially, to take one’s morning meal; to breakfast. Shak.

Fast, a. [Compar. Faster superl. Fastest ] [OE., firm, strong, not loose, AS. fst; akin to OS. fast, D. vast, OHG. fasti, festi, G. fest, Icel. fastr, Sw. & Dan. fast, and perh. to E. fetter. The sense swift comes from the idea of keeping close to what is pursued; a Scandinavian use. Cf. Fast, adv., Fast, v., Avast.] 1. Firmly fixed; closely adhering; made firm; not loose, unstable, or easily moved; immovable; as to make fast the door. “There is an order that keeps things fast.” Burke. 2. Firm against attack; fortified by nature or art; impregnable; strong. “Outlaws … lurking in woods and fast places.” Spenser. 3. Firm in adherence; steadfast; not easily separated or alienated; faithful; as a fast friend. 4. Permanent; not liable to fade by exposure to air or by washing; durable; lasting; as fast colors. 5. Tenacious; retentive. [Obs.] “Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells.” Bacon. 6. Not easily disturbed or broken; deep; sound. “All this while in a most fast sleep.” Shak. 7. Moving rapidly; quick in mition; rapid; swift; as a fast horse. 8. Given to pleasure seeking; disregardful of restraint; reckless; wild; dissipated; dissolute; as a fast man; a fast liver. Thackeray. Fast and loose, now cohering, now disjoined; inconstant, esp. in the phrases to play at fast and loose, to play fast and loose, to act with giddy or reckless inconstancy or in a tricky manner; to say one thing and do another. ´Play fast and loose with faith.´ Shak. - - Fast and loose pulleys (Mach.), two pulleys placed side by side on a revolving shaft, which is driven from another shaft by a band, and arranged to disengage and reëngage the machinery driven thereby. When the machinery is to be stopped, the band is transferred from the pulley fixed to the shaft to the pulley which revolves freely upon it, and vice versa. — Hard and fast (Naut.), so completely aground as to be immovable. — To make fast (Naut.), to make secure; to fasten firmly, as a vessel, a rope, or a door.

Fast , adv. [OE. faste firmly, strongly, quickly, AS. faeste. See Fast, a.] 1. In a fast, fixed, or firmly established manner; fixedly; firmly; immovably. “We will bind thee fast.” Judg. xv. 13. 2. In a fast or rapid manner; quickly; swiftly; extravagantly; wildly; as to run fast; to live fast. Fast by, or Fast beside, close or near to; near at hand. “He, after Eve seduced, unminded slunk
Into the wood fast by.” Milton. “Fast by the throne obsequious Fame resides.” Pope.

Fast, n. That which fastens or holds; especially, (Naut.) a mooring rope, hawser, or chain; - - called, according to its position, a bow, head, quarter, breast, or stern fast; also a post on a pier around which hawsers are passed in mooring.

Fas´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fastened p. pr. & vb. n. Fastening ] [AS. faestnian; akin to OHG. festinon. See Fast, a.] 1. To fix firmly; to make fast; to secure, as by a knot, lock, bolt, etc.; as to fasten a chain to the feet; to fasten a door or window. 2. To cause to hold together or to something else; to attach or unite firmly; to cause to cleave to something , or to cleave together, by any means; as to fasten boards together with nails or cords; to fasten anything in our thoughts. “The words Whig and Tory have been pressed to the service of many successions of parties, with very different ideas fastened to them.” Swift. 3. To cause to take close effect; to make to tell; to lay on; as to fasten a blow. [Obs.] Dryden. “If I can fasten but one cup upon him.” Shak. To fasten a charge, or a crime, upon, to make his guilt certain, or so probable as to be generally believed. — To fasten one’s eyes upon, to look upon steadily without cessation. Acts iii. 4. Syn. — To fix; cement; stick; link; affix; annex.

Fas´ten, v. i. To fix one’s self; to take firm hold; to clinch; to cling. “A horse leech will hardly fasten on a fish.” Sir T. Browne.

Fas´ten•er , n. One who, or that which, makes fast or firm.

Fas´ten•ing , n. Anything that binds and makes fast, as a lock, catch, bolt, bar, buckle, etc.

Fast´er , n. One who abstains from food.

Fast´-hand•ed , a. Close- handed; close-fisted; covetous; avaricious. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fas´ti , n. pl. [L.] 1. The Roman calendar, which gave the days for festivals, courts, etc., corresponding to a modern almanac. 2. Records or registers of important events.

Fas•tid•i•os´i•ty , n. Fastidiousness; squeamishness. [Obs.] Swift.

Fas•tid´i•ous , a. [L. fastidiosus disdainful, fr. fastidium loathing, aversion, perh. fr. fastus arrogance (of uncertain origin) + taedium loathing. Cf. Tedious, Fash.] Difficult to please; delicate to a fault; suited with difficulty; squeamish; as a fastidious mind or ear; a fastidious appetite. “Proud youth ! fastidious of the lower world.” Young. Syn. — Squeamish; critical; overnice; difficult; punctilious. — Fastidious, Squeamish. We call a person fastidious when his taste or feelings are offended by trifling defects or errors; we call him squeamish when he is excessively nice or critical on minor points, and also when he is overscrupulous as to questions of duty. ´Whoever examines his own imperfections will cease to be fastidious; whoever restrains his caprice and scrupulosity will cease to be squeamish.´ Crabb. — Fas•tid´i•ous•ly, adv. — Fas•tid´i•ous•ness, n. { Fas•tig´i•ate , Fas•tig´i•a•ted } a. [L. fastigium gable end, top, height, summit.] 1. Narrowing towards the top. 2. (Bot.) Clustered, parallel, and upright, as the branches of the Lombardy poplar; pointed. 3. (Zoöl.) United into a conical bundle, or into a bundle with an enlarged head, like a sheaf of wheat.

Fast´ish , a. Rather fast; also somewhat dissipated. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Fast´ly, adv. Firmly; surely.

Fast´ness, n. [AS. faestnes, fr. faest fast. See Fast, a.] 1. The state of being fast and firm; firmness; fixedness; security; faithfulness. “All … places of fastness [are] laid open.” Sir J. Davies. 2. A fast place; a stronghold; a fortress or fort; a secure retreat; a castle; as the enemy retired to their fastnesses in the mountains. 3. Conciseness of style. [Obs.] Ascham. 4. The state of being fast or swift.

Fas´tu•ous , a. [L. fastuosus, from fastus haughtiness, pride: cf. F. fastueux.] Proud; haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Barrow. — Fas´tu•ous•ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Fat , n. [See Vat, n.] 1. A large tub, cistern, or vessel; a vat. [Obs.] “The fats shall overflow with wine and oil.” Joel ii. 24. 2. A measure of quantity, differing for different commodities. [Obs.] Hebert.

Fat, a. [Compar. Fatter superl. Fattest ] [AS. faett; akin to D. vet, G. fett, feist, Icel. feitr, Sw. fet, Dan. fed, and perh. to Gr. pi^dax spring, fountain, pidy•ein to gush forth, pi•wn fat, Skr. pi to swell.] 1. Abounding with fat; as: (a) Fleshy; characterized by fatness; plump; corpulent; not lean; as a fat man; a fat ox. (b) Oily; greasy; unctuous; rich; — said of food. 2. Exhibiting the qualities of a fat animal; coarse; heavy; gross; dull; stupid. “Making our western wits fat and mean.” Emerson. “Make the heart of this people fat.” Is. vi. 10. 3. Fertile; productive; as a fat soil; a fat pasture. 4. Rich; producing a large income; desirable; as a fat benefice; a fat office; a fat job. “Now parson of Troston, a fat living in Suffolk.” Carlyle. 5. Abounding in riches; affluent; fortunate. [Obs.] “Persons grown fat and wealthy by long impostures.” Swift. 6. (Typog.) Of a character which enables the compositor to make large wages; — said of matter containing blank, cuts, or many leads, etc.; as a fat take; a fat page. Fat lute, a mixture of pipe clay and oil for filling joints.

Fat , n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) An oily liquid or greasy substance making up the main bulk of the adipose tissue of animals, and widely distributed in the seeds of plants. See Adipose tissue, under Adipose. Animal fats are composed mainly of three distinct fats, tristearin, tripalmitin, and triolein, mixed in varying proportions. As olein is liquid at ordinary temperatures, while the other two fats are solid, it follows that the consistency or hardness of fats depends upon the relative proportion of the three individual fats. During the life of an animal, the fat is mainly in a liquid state in the fat cells, owing to the solubility of the two solid fats in the more liquid olein at the body temperature. Chemically, fats are composed of fatty acid, as stearic, palmitic, oleic, etc., united with glyceryl. In butter fat, olein and palmitin predominate, mixed with another fat characteristic of butter, butyrin. In the vegetable kingdom many other fats or glycerides are to be found, as myristin from nutmegs, a glyceride of lauric acid in the fat of the bay tree, etc. 2. The best or richest productions; the best part; as to live on the fat of the land. 3. (Typog.) Work. containing much blank, or its equivalent, and, therefore, profitable to the compositor. Fat acid. (Chem.) See Sebacic acid, under Sebacic. — Fat series, Fatty series (Chem.), the series of the paraffine hydrocarbons and their derivatives; the marsh gas or methane series. — Natural fats (Chem.), the group of oily substances of natural occurrence, as butter, lard, tallow, etc., as distinguished from certain fatlike substance of artificial production, as paraffin. Most natural fats are essentially mixtures of triglycerides of fatty acids.

Fat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatted p. pr. & vb. n. atting ] [OE. fatten, AS. faettian. See Fat, a., and cf. Fatten.] To make fat; to fatten; to make plump and fleshy with abundant food; as to fat fowls or sheep. “We fat all creatures else to fat us.” Shak.

Fat, v. i. To grow fat, plump, and fleshy. “An old ox fats as well, and is as good, as a young one.” Mortimer.

Fa´tal, a. [L. fatalis, fr. fatum: cf. F. fatal. See Fate.] 1. Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate or destiny; necessary; inevitable. [R.] “These thing are fatal and necessary.” Tillotson. “It was fatal to the king to fight for his money.” Bacon. 2. Foreboding death or great disaster. [R.] “That fatal screech owl to our house
That nothing sung but death to us and ours.” Shak. 3. Causing death or destruction; deadly; mortal; destructive; calamitous; as a fatal wound; a fatal disease; a fatal day; a fatal error.

Fa´tal•ism , n. [Cf. F. fatalisme.] The doctrine that all things are subject to fate, or that they take place by inevitable necessity.

Fa´tal•ist , n. [Cf. F. fataliste.] One who maintains that all things happen by inevitable necessity.

Fa•tal•is´tic , a. Implying, or partaking of the nature of, fatalism.

Fa•tal´i•ty , n.;pl. Fatalities (#). [L. fatalitas: cf. F. fatalite] 1. The state of being fatal, or proceeding from destiny; invincible necessity, superior to, and independent of, free and rational control. “The Stoics held a fatality, and a fixed, unalterable course of events.” South. 2. The state of being fatal; tendency to destruction or danger, as if by decree of fate; mortaility. “The year sixty-three is conceived to carry with it the most considerable fatality.” Ser T. Browne. “By a strange fatality men suffer their dissenting.” Eikon Basilike. 3. That which is decreed by fate or which is fatal; a fatal event. Dryden.

Fa´tal•ly , adv. 1. In a manner proceeding from, or determined by, fate. Bentley. 2. In a manner issuing in death or ruin; mortally; destructively; as fatally deceived or wounded.

Fa´tal•ness, n. Quality of being fatal. Johnson.

Fa´ta Mor•ga´na [It.; — so called because this phenomenon was looked upon as the work of a fairy (It. fata) of the name of Morgána. See Fairy.] A kind of mirage by which distant objects appear inverted, distorted, displaced, or multiplied. It is noticed particularly at the Straits of Messina, between Calabria and Sicily.

Fat´back , n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden.

Fat´-brained , a. Dull of apprehension.

Fate , n. [L. fatum a prophetic declaration, oracle, what is ordained by the gods, destiny, fate, fr. fari to speak: cf. OF. fat. See Fame, Fable, Ban, and cf. 1st Fay, Fairy.] 1. A fixed decree by which the order of things is prescribed; the immutable law of the universe; inevitable necessity; the force by which all existence is determined and conditioned. “Necessity and chance
Approach not me; and what I will is fate.” Milton. “Beyond and above the Olympian gods lay the silent, brooding, everlasting fate of which victim and tyrant were alike the instruments.” Froude. 2. Appointed lot; allotted life; arranged or predetermined event; destiny; especially, the final lot; doom; ruin; death. “The great, th’important day, big with the fate
Of Cato and of Rome.” Addison. “Our wills and fates do so contrary run
That our devices still are overthrown.” Shak. “The whizzing arrow sings,
And bears thy fate, Antinous, on its wings.” Pope. 3. The element of chance in the affairs of life; the unforeseen and unestimated conitions considered as a force shaping events; fortune; esp., opposing circumstances against which it is useless to struggle; as fate was or the fates were, against him. “A brave man struggling in the storms of fate.” Pope. “Sometimes an hour of Fate’s serenest weather strikes through our changeful sky its coming beams.” B. Taylor. 4. pl. [L. Fata, pl. of fatum.] (Myth.) The three goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, sometimes called the Destinies, or Parcaewho were supposed to determine the course of human life. They are represented, one as holding the distaff, a second as spinning, and the third as cutting off the thread. Among all nations it has been common to speak of fate or destiny as a power superior to gods and men — swaying all things irresistibly. This may be called the fate of poets and mythologists. Philosophical fate is the sum of the laws of the universe, the product of eternal intelligence and the blind properties of matter. Theological fate represents Deity as above the laws of nature, and ordaining all things according to his will — the expression of that will being the law. Krauth- Fleming. Syn. — Destiny; lot; doom; fortune; chance.

Fat´ed , p. p. & a. 1. Decreed by fate; destined; doomed; as he was fated to rule a factious people. “One midnight
Fated to the purpose.” Shak. 2. Invested with the power of determining destiny. [Obs.] ´The fated sky.´ Shak. 3. Exempted by fate. [Obs. or R.] Dryden.

Fate´ful , a. . Having the power of serving or accomplishing fate. ´The fateful steel.´ J. Barlow. 2. Significant of fate; ominous. “The fateful cawings of the crow.” Longfellow. — Fate´ful•ly, adv.- Fate´ful•ness, n.

Fat´head , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A cyprinoid fish of the Mississippi valley (Pimephales promelas); — called also black-headed minnow. (b) A labroid food fish of California; the redfish.

Fa´ther (fä´ther), n. [OE. fader, AS. faeder; akin to OS. fadar, D. vader, OHG. fatar, G. vater, Icel. faðir Sw. & Dan. fader, OIr. athir, L. pater, Gr. path•r, Skr. pitr, perh. fr. Skr. pa protect. rad.75, 247. Cf. Papa, Paternal, Patriot, Potential, Pablum.] 1. One who has begotten a child, whether son or daughter; a generator; a male parent. “A wise son maketh a glad father.” Prov. x. 1. 2. A male ancestor more remote than a parent; a progenitor; especially, a first ancestor; a founder of a race or family; — in the plural, fathers, ancestors. “David slept with his fathers.” 1 Kings ii. 10. “Abraham, who is the father of us all.” Rom. iv. 16. 3. One who performs the offices of a parent by maintenance, affetionate care, counsel, or protection. “I was a father to the poor.” Job xxix. 16. “He hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house.” Gen. xiv. 8. 4. A respectful mode of address to an old man. “And Joash the king of Israel came down unto him [Elisha], … and said, O my father, my father!” 2 Kings xiii. 14. 5. A senator of ancient Rome. 6. A dignitary of the church, a superior of a convent, a confessor (called also father confessor), or a priest; also the eldest member of a profession, or of a legislative assembly, etc. “Bless you, good father friar !” Shak. 7. One of the chief ecclesiastical authorities of the first centuries after Christ; — often spoken of collectively as the Fathers; as the Latin, Greek, or apostolic Fathers. 8. One who, or that which, gives origin; an originator; a producer, author, or contriver; the first to practice any art, profession, or occupation; a distinguished example or teacher. “The father of all such as handle the harp and organ.” Gen. iv. 21. “Might be the father, Harry, to that thought.” Shak. “The father of good news.” Shak. 9. The Supreme Being and Creator; God; in theology, the first person in the Trinity. “Our Father, which art in heaven.” Matt. vi. 9. “Now had the almighty Father from above …
Bent down his eye.” Milton. Adoptive father, one who adopts the child of another, treating it as his own. — Apostolic father, Conscript fathers, etc. See under Apostolic, Conscript, etc. — Father in God, a title given to bishops. — Father of lies, the Devil. — Father of the bar, the oldest practitioner at the bar. — Fathers of the city, the aldermen. — Father of the Faithful. (a) Abraham. Rom. iv. Gal. iii. 6- 9. (b) Mohammed, or one of the sultans, his successors. — Father of the house, the member of a legislative body who has had the longest continuous service. — Most Reverend Father in God, a title given to archbishops and metropolitans, as to the archbishops of Canterbury and York. — Natural father, the father of an illegitimate child. — Putative father, one who is presumed to be the father of an illegitimate child; the supposed father. — Spiritual father. (a) A religious teacher or guide, esp. one instrumental in leading a soul to God. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A priest who hears confession in the sacrament of penance. — The Holy Father (R. C. Ch.), the pope.

Fa´ther , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fathered p. pr. & vb. n. Fathering.] 1. To make one’s self the father of; to beget. “Cowards father cowards, and base things sire base.” Shak. 2. To take as one’s own child; to adopt; hence, to assume as one’s own work; to acknowledge one’s self author of or responsible for (a statement, policy, etc.). “Men of wit
Often fathered what he writ.” Swift. 3. To provide with a father. [R.] “Think you I am no stronger than my sex,
Being so fathered and so husbanded ?” Shak. To father on or upon, to ascribe to, or charge upon, as one’s offspring or work; to put or lay upon as being responsible. ´Nothing can be so uncouth or extravagant, which may not be fathered on some fetch of wit, or some caprice of humor.´ Barrow.

Fa´ther•hood , n. The state of being a father; the character or authority of a father; paternity.

Fa´ther-in-law , n.; pl. Fathers-in-law . The father of one’s husband or wife; — correlative to son-in-law and daughter- in-law. A man who marries a woman having children already, is sometimes, though erroneously, called their father-in-law.

Fa´ther•land´ , n. [Imitated fr. D. vaderland. See Father, and Land.] One’s native land; the native land of one’s fathers or ancestors.

Fa´ther-lash•er , n. (Zoöl.) A European marine fish (Cottus bubalis), allied to the sculpin; — called also lucky proach.

Fa´ther•less, a. 1. Destitute of a living father; as a fatherless child. 2. Without a known author. Beau. & Fl.

Fa´ther•less•ness, n. The state of being without a father.

Fa´ther•li•ness , n. [From Fatherly.] The qualities of a father; parantal kindness, care, etc.

Fa´ther long´legs (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs, 2.

Fa´ther•ly, a. 1. Like a father in affection and care; paternal; tender; protecting; careful. “You have showed a tender, fatherly regard.” Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to a father.

Fa´ther•ship, n. The state of being a father; fatherhood; paternity.

Fath´om (fath´um), n. [OE. fadme, faðme, AS. faeðm fathom, the embracing arms; akin to OS. faðmos the outstretched arms, D. vadem, vaam, fathom, OHG. fadom, fadum, G. faden fathom, thread, Icel. faðmr fathom, Sw. famn, Dan. favn; cf. Gr. to spread out, outspread, flat, L. patere to lie open, extend. Cf. Patent, Petal.] 1. A measure of length, containing six feet; the space to which a man can extend his arms; — used chiefly in measuring cables, cordage, and the depth of navigable water by soundings. 2. The measure or extant of one’s capacity; depth, as of intellect; profundity; reach; penetration. [R.] “Another of his fathom they have none
To lead their business.” Shak.

Fath´om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fathomed p. pr. & vb. n. Fathoming.] 1. To encompass with the arms extended or encircling; to measure by throwing the arms about; to span. [Obs.] Purchas. 2. To measure by a sounding line; especially, to sound the depth of; to penetrate, measure, and comprehend; to get to the bottom of. Dryden. “The page of life that was spread out before me seemed dull and commonplace, only because I had not fathomed its deeper import.” Hawthotne.

Fath´om•a•ble , a. Capable of being fathomed.

Fath´om•er , n. One who fathoms.

Fath´om•less, a. 1. Incapable of being fathomed; immeasurable; that can not be sounded. “And buckle in a waist most fathomless.” Shak. 2. Incomprehensible. “The fathomless absurdity.” Milton.

Fa•tid´i•cal , a. [L. fatidicus; fatum fate + dicere to say, tell.] Having power to foretell future events; prophetic; fatiloquent; as the fatidical oak. [R.] Howell. — Fa•tid´i•cal•ly, adv.

Fa•tif´er•ous , a. [L. fatifer; fatum fate + ferre to bear, bring.] Fate-bringing; deadly; mortal; destructive. [R.] Johnson.

Fat´i•ga•ble , a. [L. fatigabilis: cf. F. fatigable. See Fatigue.] Easily tired. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fat´i•gate , a. [L. fatigatus, p. p. of fatigare. See Fatigue.] Wearied; tired; fatigued. [Obs.] “Requickened what in flesh was fatigate.” Shak.

Fat´i•gate , v. t. To weary; to tire; to fatigue. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Fat•i•ga´tion , n. [L. fatigatio: cf. OF. fatigation.] Weariness. [Obs.] W. Montaqu.

Fa•tigue´ , n. [F., fr. fatiguer to fatigue, L. fatigare; cf. L. affatim sufficiently.] 1. Weariness from bodily labor or mental exertion; lassitude or exhaustion of strength. 2. The cause of weariness; labor; toil; as the fatigues of war. Dryden. 3. The weakening of a metal when subjected to repeated vibrations or strains. Fatigue call (Mil.), a summons, by bugle or drum, to perform fatigue duties. — Fatigue dress, the working dress of soldiers. — Fatigue duty (Mil.), labor exacted from soldiers aside from the use of arms. Farrow. — Fatigue party, a party of soldiers on fatigue duty.

Fa•tigue´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatigued p. pr. & vb. n. Fatiguing, n.] [Cf. F. fatiguer. See Fatigue, n.] To weary with labor or any bodily or mental exertion; to harass with toil; to exhaust the strength or endurance of; to tire. Syn. — To jade; tire; weary; bore. See Jade.

Fa•til´o•quent , a. [See Fatiloquist.] Prophetic; fatidical. [Obs.] Blount.

Fa•til´o•quist , n. [L. fatiloquus declaring fate; fatum fate+ Loqui to speak.] A fortune teller. { Fat´i•mite , Fat´i•mide }, a. (Hist.) Descended from Fatima, the daughter and only child of Mohammed. — n. A descendant of Fatima.

Fa•tis´cence , n. [L. fatiscense, p. pr. of fatiscere to gape or crack open.] A gaping or opening; state of being chinky, or having apertures. Kirwan.

Fat´-kid•neyed , a. Gross; lubberly. “Peace, ye fat-kidneyed rascal !” Shak.

Fat´ling , n. [Fat + - ling.] A calf, lamb, kid, or other young animal fattened for slaughter; a fat animal; — said of such animals as are used for food. “He sacrificed oxen and fatlings.” 2 Sam. vi. 13.

Fat´ly, adv. Grossly; greasily.

Fat´ner , n. One who fattens. [R.] See Fattener. Arbuthnit.

Fat´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fat, plump, or full-fed; corpulency; fullness of flesh. “Their eyes stand out with fatness.” Ps. lxxiii. 7. 2. Hence; Richness; fertility; fruitfulness. “Rich in the fatness of her plenteous soil.” Rowe. 3. That which makes fat or fertile. “The clouds drop fatness.” Philips.

Fat´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fattened p. pr. & vb. n. Fattening ] [See Fat, v. t.] 1. To make fat; to feed for slaughter; to make fleshy or plump with fat; to fill full; to fat. 2. To make fertile and fruitful; to enrich; as to fatten land; to fatten fields with blood. Dryden.

Fat´ten, v. i. To grow fat or corpulent; to grow plump, thick, or fleshy; to be pampered. “And villains fatten with the brave man’s labor.” Otway.

Fat´ten•er , n. One who, or that which, fattens; that which gives fatness or fertility.

Fat´ti•ness , n. State or quality of being fatty.

Fat´tish , a. Somewhat fat; inclined to fatness. “Coleridge, a puffy, anxious, obstructed-looking, fattish old man.” Carlyle.

Fat´ty , a. Containing fat, or having the qualities of fat; greasy; gross; as a fatty substance. Fatty acid (Chem.), any one of the paraffin series of monocarbonic acids, as formic acid, acetic, etc.; — so called because the higher members, as stearic and palmitic acids, occur in the natural fats, and are themselves fatlike substances. — Fatty clays. See under Clay. — Fatty degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition, in which the oil globules, naturally present in certain organs, are so multiplied as gradually to destroy and replace the efficient parts of these organs. — Fatty heart, Fatty liver, etc. (Med.), a heart, liver, etc., which have been the subjects of fatty degeneration or infiltration. — Fatty infiltration (Med.), a condition in which there is an excessive accumulation of fat in an organ, without destruction of any essential parts of the latter. — Fatty tumor (Med.), a tumor consisting of fatty or adipose tissue; lipoma.

Fa•tu´i•tous , a. Stupid; fatuous.

Fa•tu´i•ty , n. [L. fatuitas, fr. fatuus foolish: cf. F. fatuite Cf. Fatuous.] Weakness or imbecility of mind; stupidity. “Those many forms of popular fatuity.” I Taylor.

Fat´u•ous , a. [L. fatuus.] 1. Feeble in mind; weak; silly; stupid; foolish; fatuitous. Glanvill. 2. Without reality; illusory, like the ignis fatuus. “Thence fatuous fires and meteors take their birth.” Danham.

Fat´-wit•ted , a. Dull; stupid. Shak.

Fau•bourg´ (fo•boor´; E. fo´boorg), n. [F.] A suburb of a French city; also a district now within a city, but formerly without its walls.

Fau´cal , a. [L. fauces throat.] Pertaining to the fauces, or opening of the throat; faucial; esp., (Phon.) produced in the fauces, as certain deep guttural sounds found in the Semitic and some other languages. “Ayin is the most difficult of the faucals.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Fau´ces , n. pl. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx, situated between the soft palate and the base of the tongue; — called also the isthmus of the fauces. On either side of the passage two membranous folds, called the pillars of the fauces, inclose the tonsils. 2. (Bot.) The throat of a calyx, corolla, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) That portion of the interior of a spiral shell which can be seen by looking into the aperture.

Fau´cet , n. [F. fausset, perh. fr. L. fauces throat.] 1. A fixture for drawing a liquid, as water, molasses, oil, etc., from a pipe, cask, or other vessel, in such quantities as may be desired; — called also tap, and cock. It consists of a tubular spout, stopped with a movable plug, spigot, valve, or slide. 2. The enlarged end of a section of pipe which receives the spigot end of the next section.

Fau´chion , n. See Falchion. [Obs.]

Fau´cial , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the fauces; pharyngeal.

Faugh , interj. [Cf. Foh.] An exclamation of contempt, disgust, or abhorrence.

Faul´chion , n. See Falchion.

Faul´con , n. (Zoöl.) See Falcon.

Fauld , n. The arch over the dam of a blast furnace; the tymp arch.

Faule , n. A fall or falling band. [Obs.] “These laces, ribbons, and these faules.” Herrick.

Fault , n. [OE. faut, faute, F. faute (cf. It., Sp., & Pg. falta), fr. a verb meaning to want, fail, freq., fr. L. fallere to deceive. See Fail, and cf. Default.] 1. Defect; want; lack; default. “One, it pleases me, for fault of a better, to call my friend.” Shak. 2. Anything that fails, that is wanting, or that impairs excellence; a failing; a defect; a blemish. “As patches set upon a little breach
Discredit more in hiding of the fault.” Shak. 3. A moral failing; a defect or dereliction from duty; a deviation from propriety; an offense less serious than a crime. 4. (Geol. & Mining) (a) A dislocation of the strata of the vein. (b) In coal seams, coal rendered worthless by impurities in the seam; as slate fault, dirt fault, etc. Raymond. 5. (Hunting) A lost scent; act of losing the scent. “Ceasing their clamorous cry till they have singled,
With much ado, the cold fault cleary out.” Shak. 6. (Tennis) Failure to serve the ball into the proper court. At fault, unable to find the scent and continue chase; hence, in trouble or embarrassment, and unable to proceed; puzzled; thrown off the track. — To find fault, to find reason for blaming or complaining; to express dissatisfaction; to complain; — followed by with before the thing complained of; but formerly by at. ´Matter to find fault at.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). Syn. — — Error; blemish; defect; imperfection; weakness; blunder; failing; vice. — Fault, Failing, Defect, Foible. A fault is positive, something morally wrong; a failing is negative, some weakness or falling short in a man’s character, disposition, or habits; a defect is also negative, and as applied to character is the absence of anything which is necessary to its completeness or perfection; a foible is a less important weakness, which we overlook or smile at. A man may have many failings, and yet commit but few faults; or his faults and failings may be few, while his foibles are obvious to all. The faults of a friend are often palliated or explained away into mere defects, and the defects or foibles of an enemy exaggerated into faults. ´I have failings in common with every human being, besides my own peculiar faults; but of avarice I have generally held myself guiltless.´ Fox. ´Presumption and self-applause are the foibles of mankind.´ Waterland.

Fault , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Faulting.] 1. To charge with a fault; to accuse; to find fault with; to blame. [Obs.] “For that I will not fault thee.” Old Song. 2. (Geol.) To interrupt the continuity of (rock strata) by displacement along a plane of fracture; — chiefly used in the p. p.; as the coal beds are badly faulted.

Fault, v. i. To err; to blunder, to commit a fault; to do wrong. [Obs.] “If after Samuel’s death the people had asked of God a king, they had not faulted.” Latimer.

Fault´er , n. One who commits a fault. [Obs.] “Behold the faulter here in sight.” Fairfax.

Fault´-find•er , n. One who makes a practice of discovering others’ faults and censuring them; a scold.

Fault´-find•ing, n. The act of finding fault or blaming; — used derogatively. Also Adj.

Fault´ful , a. Full of faults or sins. Shak.

Fault´i•ly , adv. In a faulty manner.

Fault´i•ness, n. Quality or state of being faulty. “Round, even to faultiness.” Shak.

Fault´ing, n. (Geol.) The state or condition of being faulted; the process by which a fault is produced.

Fault´less, a. Without fault; not defective or imperfect; free from blemish; free from incorrectness, vice, or offense; perfect; as a faultless poem. “Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see,
Thinks what ne’er was nor is, nor e’er shall be.” Pope. Syn. — Blameless; spotless; perfect. See Blameless. — Fault´less•ly, adv.- Fault´less•ness, n.

Fault´y , a. 1. Containing faults, blemishes, or defects; imperfect; not fit for the use intended. “Created once
So goodly and erect, though faulty since.” Milton. 2. Guilty of a fault, or of faults; hence, blamable; worthy of censure. Shak. “The king doth speak … as one which is faulty.” 2 Sam. xiv. 13.

Faun , n. [L. Faunus, fr. favere to be favorable. See Favor.] (Rom. Myth.) A god of fields and shipherds, diddering little from the satyr. The fauns are usually represented as half goat and half man. “Satyr or Faun, or Sylvan.” Milton.

Fau´na , n. [NL.: cf. F. faune. See Faun.] (Zoöl.) The animals of any given area or epoch; as the fauna of America; fossil fauna; recent fauna.

Fau´nal , a. Relating to fauna.

Fau´nist , n. One who describes the fauna of country; a naturalist. Gilbert White.

Fau´nus , n.;pl. Fauni (#). [L.] (Myth.) See Faun.

Fau´sen , n. [Cf. W. llysowen eel, ll sounding in Welsh almost like fl.] (Zoöl.) A young eel. [Prov. Eng.]

Fausse•-braye´ , n. [F. fausse- braie.] (Mil.) A second rampart, exterior to, and parallel to, the main rampart, and considerably below its level.

Fau•teuil´ , n. [F. See Faldistory.] 1. An armchair; hence (because the members sit in fauteuils or armchairs), membership in the French Academy. 2. Chair of a presiding officer.

Fau´tor , n. [L., contr. fr. favitor, fr. favere to be favorable: cf. F. fauteur. See Favor.] A favorer; a patron; one who gives countenance or support; an abettor. [Obs.] “The king and the fautors of his proceedings.” Latimer.

Fau´tress , n. [L. fauutrix: cf. F. fautrice.] A patroness. [Obs.] Chapman.

Fau•vette´ , n. [F., dim. fr. fauve fawn-colored.] (Zoöl.) A small singing bird, as the nightingale and warblers.

Faux , n.; pl. Fauces (#). [L.] See Fauces. faux• pas´ [F. See False and Pas] A false step a mistake or wrong measure.

Fa•vag´i•nous , a. [L. favus a honeycomb.] Formed like, or resembling, a honeycomb.

Fa´vas , n. See Favus, n., 2. Fairholt.

Fa´vel , a. [OF. fauvel, favel, dim. of F. fauve; of German oigin. See Fallow, a.] Yellow; falow; dun. [Obs.] Wright.

Fa´vel, n. A horse of a favel or dun color. To curry favel. See To curry favor, under Favor, n.

Fa´vel, n. [OF. favele, fr. L. fabella short fable, dim. of fabula. See Fable.] Flattery; cajolery; deceit. [Obs.] Skeat.

Fa•vel´la , n. [NL., prob. from L. favus a honeycomb.] (Bot.) A group of spores arranged without order and covered with a thin gelatinous envelope, as in certain delicate red algae.

Fa•ve´o•late , a. [L. favus honeycomb.] Honeycomb; having cavities or cells, somewhat resembling those of a honeycomb; alveolate; favose.

Fa•vil´lous , a. [L. favilla sparkling or glowing ashes.] Of or pertaining to ashes. [Obs.] “Light and favillous particles.” Sir T. Browne.

Fa•vo´ni•an , a. [L. Favonius the west wind.] Pertaining to the west wind; soft; mild; gentle.

Fa´vor , n. [Written also favour.] [OF. favor, F. faveur, L. favor, fr. favere to be favorable, cf. Skr. bhavaya to further, foster, causative of bhu to become, be. Cf. Be. In the phrase to curry favor, favor is prob. for favel a horse. See 2d Favel.] 1. Kind regard; propitious aspect; countenance; friendly disposition; kindness; good will. “Hath crawled into the favor of the king.” Shak. 2. The act of countenancing, or the condition of being countenanced, or regarded propitiously; support; promotion; befriending. “But found no favor in his lady’s eyes.” Dryden. “And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man.” Luke ii. 52. 3. A kind act or office; kindness done or granted; benevolence shown by word or deed; an act of grace or good will, as distinct from justice or remuneration. “Beg one favor at thy gracious hand.” Shak. 4. Mildness or mitigation of punishment; lenity. “I could not discover the lenity and favor of this sentence.” Swift. 5. The object of regard; person or thing favored. “All these his wondrous works, but chiefly man,
His chief delight and favor.” Milton. 6. A gift or represent; something bestowed as an evidence of good will; a token of love; a knot of ribbons; something worn as a token of affection; as a marriage favor is a bunch or knot of white ribbons or white flowers worn at a wedding. “Wear thou this favor for me, and stick it in thy cap.” Shak. 7. Appearance; look; countenance; face. [Obs.] “This boy is fair, of female favor.” Shak. 8. (Law) Partiality; bias. Bouvier. 9. A letter or epistle; — so called in civility or compliment; as your favor of yesterday is received. 10. pl. Love locks. [Obs.] Wright. Challenge to the favor or for favor (Law), the challenge of a juror on grounds not sufficient to constitute a principal challenge, but sufficient to give rise to a probable suspicion of favor or bias such as acquaintance, business relation, etc. See Principal challenge, under Challenge. — In favor of, upon the side of; favorable to; for the advantage of. — In favor with, favored, countenanced, or encouraged by. — To curry favor [see the etymology of Favor, above], to seek to gain favor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious civilities. — With one’s favor, or By one’s favor, with leave; by kind permission. “But, with your favor, I will treat it here.” Dryden. Syn. — Kindness; countenance; patronage; support; lenity; grace; gift; present; benefit.

Fa´vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Favored p. pr. & vb. n. Favoring.] [Written also favour.] [Cf. OF. favorer, favorir. See Favor, n.] 1. To regard with kindness; to support; to aid, or to have the disposition to aid, or to wish success to; to be propitious to; to countenance; to treat with consideration or tenderness; to show partiality or unfair bias towards. “O happy youth! and favored of the skies.” Pope. “He that favoreth Joab, … let him go after Joab.” 2 Sam. xx. 11. “[The painter] has favored her squint admirably.” Swift. 2. To afford advantages for success to; to facilitate; as a weak place favored the entrance of the enemy. 3. To resemble in features; to have the aspect or looks of; as the child favors his father. “The porter owned that the gentleman favored his master.” Spectator.

Fa´vor•a•ble , a. [Written also favourable.] [F. favorable, L. favorabilis favored, popular, pleasing, fr. favor. See Favor, n.] 1. Full of favor; favoring; manifesting partiality; kind; propitious; friendly. “Lend favorable ears to our request.” Shak. “Lord, thou hast been favorable unto thy land.” Ps. lxxxv. 1. 2. Conducive; contributing; tending to promote or facilitate; advantageous; convenient. “A place very favorable for the making levies of men.” Clarendon. “The temper of the climate, favorable to generation, health, and long life.” Sir W. Temple. 3. Beautiful; well-favored. [Obs.] Spenser. — Fa´vora•ble•ness, n. — Fa´vor•a•bly, sdv. “The faborableness of the present times to all extertions in the cause of liberty.” Burke.

Fa´vored , a. 1. Countenanced; aided; regarded with kidness; as a favored friend. 2. Having a certain favor or appearance; featured; as well-favored; hard-favored, etc.

Fa´vored•ly , adv. In a favored or a favorable manner; favorably. [Obs.] Deut. xvii. 1. Arscham.

Fa´vored•ness, n. Appearance. [Obs.]

Fa´vor•er , n. One who favors; one who regards with kindness or friendship; a well-wisher; one who assists or promotes success or prosperity. [Written also favourer.] “And come to us as favorers, not as foes.” Shak.

Fa´vor•ess , n. A woman who favors or gives countenance. [Written also fovouress.]

Fa´vor•ing, a. That favors. — Fa´vor•ing•ly, adv.

Fa´vor•ite , n. [OF. favorit favored, F. favori, fem. favorite, p. p. of OF. favorir, cf. It. favorito, frm. favorita, fr. favorire to favor. See Favor.] 1. A person or thing regarded with peculiar favor; one treated with partiality; one preferred above others; especially, one unduly loved, trusted, and enriched with favors by a person of high rank or authority. “Committing to a wicked favorite
All public cares.” Milton. 2. pl. Short curls dangling over the temples; — fashionable in the reign of Charles II. [Obs.] Farquhar. 3. (Sporting) The competitor (as a horse in a race) that is judged most likely to win; the competitor standing highest in the betting.

Fa´vor•ite, a. Regarded with particular affection, esteem, or preference; as a favorite walk; a favorite child. ´His favorite argument.´ Macaulay.

Fa´vor•it•ism , n. [Cf. F. favoritisme.] The disposition to favor and promote the interest of one person or family, or of one class of men, to the neglect of others having equal claims; partiality. “A spirit of favoritism to the Bank of the United States.” A. Hamilton.

Fa´vor•less, a. 1. Unfavored; not regarded with favor; having no countenance or support. 2. Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] ´Fortune favorless.´ Spenser.

Fa•vose´ , a. [L. favus honeycomb.] 1. (Bot.) Honeycombed. See Faveolate. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the disease called favus.

Fav´o•site , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Favosites.

Fav•o•si´tes , n. [NL. See Favose.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil corals abundant in the Silurian and Devonian rocks, having polygonal cells with perforated walls.

Fa´vus , n. [L., honeycomb.] 1. (Med.) A disease of the scalp, produced by a vegetable parasite. 2. A tile or flagstone cut into an hexagonal shape to produce a honeycomb pattern, as in a pavement; — called also favas and sectila. Mollett.

Fawe , a. [See Fain.] Fain; glad; delighted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fawk´ner , n. [See Falconer.] A falconer. [Obs.] Donne.

Fawn , n. [OF. faon the young one of any beast, a fawn, F. faon a fawn, for fedon, fr. L. fetus. See Fetus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A young deer; a buck or doe of the first year. See Buck. 2. The young of an animal; a whelp. [Obs.] “[The tigress] … followeth … after her fawns.” Holland. 3. A fawn color.

Fawn, a. Of the color of a fawn; fawn-colored.

Fawn, v. i. [Cf. F. faonner.] To bring forth a fawn.

Fawn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fawned p. pr. & vb. n. Fawning.] [OE. fawnen, fainen, fagnien, to rejoice, welcome, flatter, AS. faegnian to rejoice; akin to Icel. fagna to rejoice, welcome. See Fain.] To court favor by low cringing, frisking, etc., as a dog; to flatter meanly; — often followed by on or upon. “You showed your teeth like apes, and fawned like hounds.” Shak. “Thou with trembling fear,
Or like a fawning parasite, obeyest.” Milton. “Courtiers who fawn on a master while they betray him.” Macaulay.

Fawn, n. A servile cringe or bow; mean flattery; sycophancy. Shak.

Fawn´-col•ored , a. Of the color of a fawn; light yellowish brown.

Fawn´er , n. One who fawns; a sycophant.

Fawn´ing•ly, adv. In a fawning manner.

Faxed , a. [AS. feaxede haired, fr. feax hair. Cf. Paxwax.] Hairy. [Obs.] amden.

Fay , n. [F. fee. See Fate, and cf. Fairy.] A fairy; an elf. ´Yellow-skirted fays.´ Milton.

Fay, n. [OF. fei, F. foi. See Faith.] Faith; as by my fay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fay (fa), v. t. [imp. & p. p. fayed p. pr. & vb. n. Faying.] [OE. feien, v.t. & i., AS. fegan to join, unite; akin to OS. fogian, D. voegen, OHG. fuogen, G. fügen, Sw. foga. See Fair, and cf. Fadge.] (Shipbuilding) To fit; to join; to unite closely, as two pieces of wood, so as to make the surface fit together.

Fay, v. i. (Shipbuilding) To lie close together; to fit; to fadge; — often with in, into, with, or together. Faying surface, that surface of an object which comes with another object to which it is fastened; — said of plates, angle irons, etc., that are riveted together in shipwork.

Fay´al•ite , n. [So called from the island Fayal.] (Min.) A black, greenish, or brownish mineral of the chrysolite group. It is a silicate of iron.

Fa•y•ence´ , n. See Faence.

Fay´tour , n. See Faitour. [Obs.] Spenser.

Faze , v. t. See Feeze.

Faz´zo•let , n. [It. fazzoletto.] A handkerchief. [R.] percival.

Fea´ber•ry , n. [Cf. Prov. E. feabe, theabe, thape.] (Bot.) A gooseberry. [Prov. Eng.] Prior.

Feague , v. t. [Cf. G. fegen to sweep, Icel. faegia to cleanse, polish, E. fair, fay, to fit, fey to cleanse.] To beat or whip; to drive. [Obs.] Otway.

Fe´al , a. [OF. feal, feel, feeil, fedeil, F. fidèle, L. fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith. See Faith.] Faithful; loyal. [Obs.] Wright.

Fe´al•ty , n. [OE. faute, OF. faute, fealte, feele, feelteit, fr. L. fidelitas, fr. fidelis faithful. See Feal, and cf. Fidelity.] 1. Fidelity to one’s lord; the feudal obligation by which the tenant or vassal was bound to be faithful to his lord; the special oath by which this obligation was assumed; fidelity to a superior power, or to a government; loyality. It is no longer the practice to exact the performance of fealty, as a feudal obligation. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Tomlins. 2. Fidelity; constancy; faithfulness, as of a friend to a friend, or of a wife to her husband. “He should maintain fealty to God.” I. Taylor. “Makes wicked lightnings of her eyes, and saps
The fealty of our friends.” tennyson. “Swore fealty to the new government.” Macaulay. Fealty is distinguished from homage, which is an acknowledgment of tenure, while fealty implies an oath. See Homage. Wharton. Syn. — Homage; loyality; fidelity; constancy.

Fear , n. A variant of Fere, a mate, a companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fear, n. [OE. fer, feer, fere, AS. fr a coming suddenly upon, fear, danger; akin to D. vaar, OHG. fara danger, G. gefahr, Icel. far harm, mischief, plague, and to E. fare, peril. See Fare.] 1. A painful emotion or passion excited by the expectation of evil, or the apprehension of impending danger; apprehension; anxiety; solicitude; alarm; dread. The degrees of this passion, beginning with the most moderate, may be thus expressed, — apprehension, fear, dread, fright, terror. “Fear is an uneasiness of the mind, upon the thought of future evil likely to befall us.” Locke. “Where no hope is left, is left no fear.” Milton. 2. (Script.) (a) Apprehension of incurring, or solicitude to avoid, God’s wrath; the trembling and awful reverence felt toward the Supreme Belng. (b) Respectful reverence for men of authority or worth. “I will put my fear in their hearts.” Jer. xxxii. 40. “I will teach you the fear of the Lord.” Ps. xxxiv. 11. “render therefore to all their dues; tribute to whom tribute is due … fear to whom fear.” Rom. xiii. 7. 3. That which causes, or which is the object of, apprehension or alarm; source or occasion of terror; danger; dreadfulness. “There were they in great fear, where no fear was.” Ps. liii. 5. “The fear of your adventure would counsel you to a more equal enterprise.” Shak. For fear, in apprehension lest. ´For fear you ne’er see chain nor money more.´ Shak.

Fear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feared p. pr. & vb. n. Fearing.] [OE. feren, faeren, to frighten, to be afraid, AS. fran to terrify. See Fear, n.] 1. To feel a painful apprehension of; to be afraid of; to consider or expect with emotion of alarm or solicitude. “I will fear no evil, for thou art with me.” Ps. xxiii. 4. With subordinate clause. “I greatly fear my money is not safe.” Shak. “I almost fear to quit your hand.” D. Jerrold. 2. To have a reverential awe of; to solicitous to avoid the displeasure of. “Leave them to God above; him serve and fear.” Milton. 3. To be anxious or solicitous for. [R.] “The sins of the father are to be laid upon the children, therefore … I fear you.” Shak. 4. To suspect; to doubt. [Obs.] “Ay what else, fear you not her courage?” Shak. 5. To affright; to terrify; to drive away or prevent approach of by fear. [Obs.] “fear their people from doing evil.” Robynsin (More’s utopia). “Tush, tush! fear boys with bugs.” Shak. Syn. — To apprehend; dread; reverence; venerate.

Fear, v. i. To be in apprehension of evil; to be afraid; to feel anxiety on account of some expected evil. “I exceedingly fear and quake.” Heb. xii. 21.

Fear´er , n. One who fars. Sir P. Sidney.

Fear´ful , a. 1. Full of fear, apprehension, or alarm; afraid; frightened. “Anxious amidst all their success, and fearful amidat all their power.” Bp. Warburton. 2. inclined to fear; easily frightened; without courage; timid. “What man is there that is fearful and faint- hearted?” Deut. xx. 8. 3. Indicating, or caused by, fear. “Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.” Shak. 4. Inspiring fear or awe; exciting apprehension or terror; terrible; frightful; dreadful. “This glorious and fearful name, The Lord thy God.” Deut. xxviii. 58. “Death is a fearful thing.” Shak. “In dreams they fearful precipices tread.” Dryden. Syn. — Apprehensive; afraid; timid; timorous; horrible; distressing; shocking; frightful; dreadful; awful.

Fear´ful•ly, adv. In a fearful manner.

Fear´ful•ness, n. The state of being fearful.

Fear´less, a. Free from fear. Syn. — Bold; courageous; intrepid; valorous; valiant; brave; undaunted; dauntless; heroic. — Fear´less•ly, adv. — Fear´less•ness, n.

Fear´naught , n. 1. A fearless person. 2. A stout woolen cloth of great thickness; dreadnaught; also a warm garment.

Fear´some a. 1. Frightful; causing fear. [Scotch] ´This fearsome wind.´ Sir W. Scott 2. Easily frightened; timid; timorous. ´A silly fearsome thing.´ B. Taylor

Fea´si•bil•ity n.; pl. Feasibilities (-tiz). [from Feasible] The quality of being feasible; practicability; also that which is feasible; as before we adopt a plan, let us consider its feasibility. “Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for certainties, possibilities for feasibilities.” Sir T. Browne.

Fea´si•ble a. [F. faisable, fr. faire to make or do, fr. L. facere. See Fact, Feat.] 1. Capable of being done, executed, or effected; practicable. “Always existing before their eyes as a thing feasible in practice.” Burke. “It was not feasible to gratify so many ambitions.” Beaconsfield. 2. Fit to be used or tailed, as land. [R.] R. Trumbull. Fea´si•ble•ness, n. — Fea´si•bly, adv.

Feast (fest), n. [OE. feste festival, holiday, feast, OF. feste festival, F. fête, fr. L. festum, pl. festa, fr. festus joyful, festal; of uncertain origin. Cf. Fair, n., Festal, Fête.] 1. A festival; a holiday; a solemn, or more commonly, a joyous, anniversary. “The seventh day shall be a feast to the Lord.” Ex. xiii. 6. “Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the passover.” Luke ii. 41. Ecclesiastical feasts are called immovable when they always occur on the same day of the year; otherwise they are called movable. 2. A festive or joyous meal; a grand, ceremonious, or sumptuous entertainment, of which many guests partake; a banquet characterized by tempting variety and abundance of food. “Enough is as good as a feast.” Old Proverb. “Belshazzar the King made a great feast to a thousand of his lords.” Dan. v. 1. 3. That which is partaken of, or shared in, with delight; something highly agreeable; entertainment. “The feast of reason, and the flow of soul.” Pope. Feast day, a holiday; a day set as a solemn commemorative festival. Syn. — Entertainment; regale; banquet; treat; carousal; festivity; festival. — Feast, Banquet, Festival, Carousal. A feast sets before us viands superior in quantity, variety, and abundance; a banquet is a luxurious feast; a festival is the joyful celebration by good cheer of some agreeable event. Carousal is unrestrained indulgence in frolic and drink.

Feast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Feasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Feasting.] [OE. festen, cf. OF. fester to rest from work, F. fêter to celebrate a holiday. See Feast, n.] 1. To eat sumptuously; to dine or sup on rich provisions, particularly in large companies, and on public festivals. “And his sons went and feasted in their houses.” Job. i. 4. 2. To be highly gratified or delighted. “With my love’s picture then my eye doth feast.” Shak.

Feast, v. t. 1. To entertain with sumptuous provisions; to treat at the table bountifully; as he was feasted by the king. Hayward. 2. To delight; to gratify; as to feast the soul. “Feast your ears with the music a while.” Shak.

Feast´er , n. 1. One who fares deliciously. 2. One who entertains magnificently. Johnson.

Feast´ful , a. Festive; festal; joyful; sumptuous; luxurious. ´Feastful days.´ Milton. — Feast´ful•ly, adv.

Feat , n. [OE. fet, OF. fet, fait, F. fait, factum, fr. L. facere, factum, to make or do. Cf. Fact, Feasible, Do.] 1. An act; a deed; an exploit. “The warlike feats I have done.” Shak. 2. A striking act of strength, skill, or cunning; a trick; as feats of horsemanship, or of dexterity.

Feat, v. t. To form; to fashion. [Obs.] “To the more mature,
A glass that feated them.” Shak.

Feat, a. [Compar. Feater superl. Featest.] [F. fait made, shaped, fit, p. p. of faire to make or do. See Feat, n.] Dexterous in movements or service; skillful; neat; nice; pretty. [Archaic] “Never master had a page … so feat.” Shak. “And look how well my garments sit upon me —
Much feater than before.” Shak.

Feat´-bod•ied , a. Having a feat or trim body. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Feat´e•ous , a. [Cf. OF. faitis, faitice, fetis, well made, fine, L. facticius made by art.] Dexterous; neat. [Obs.] Johnson. — Feat´e•ous•ly, adv.

Feath´er (feth´er), n. [OE. fether, AS. feðer; akin to D. veder, OHG. fedara, G. feder, Icel. fjöðr, Sw. fjäder, Dan. fjaeder, Gr. ptero•n wing, feather, pe•tesqai to fly, Skr. pattra wing, feather, pat to fly, and prob. to L. penna feather, wing. rad.76, 248. Cf. Pen a feather.] 1. One of the peculiar dermal appendages, of several kinds, belonging to birds, as contour feathers, quills, and down. An ordinary feather consists of the quill or hollow basal part of the stem; the shaft or rachis, forming the upper, solid part of the stem; the vanes or webs, implanted on the rachis and consisting of a series of slender laminae or barbs, which usually bear barbules, which in turn usually bear barbicels and interlocking hooks by which they are fastened together. See Down, Quill, Plumage. 2. Kind; nature; species; — from the proverbial phrase, ´Birds of a feather,´ that is, of the same species. [R.] “I am not of that feather to shake off
My friend when he must need me.” Shak. 3. The fringe of long hair on the legs of the setter and some other dogs. 4. A tuft of peculiar, long, frizzly hair on a horse. 5. One of the fins or wings on the shaft of an arrow. 6. (Mach. & Carp.) A longitudinal strip projecting as a fin from an object, to strengthen it, or to enter a channel in another object and thereby prevent displacement sidwise but permit motion lengthwise; a spline. 7. A thin wedge driven between the two semicylindrical parts of a divided plug in a hole bored in a stone, to rend the stone. Knight. 8. The angular adjustment of an oar or paddle-wheel float, with reference to a horizontal axis, as it leaves or enters the water. Feather is used adjectively or in combination, meaning composed of, or resembling, a feather or feathers; as feather fan, feather-heeled, feather duster. Feather alum (Min.), a hydrous sulphate of alumina, resulting from volcanic action, and from the decomposition of iron pyrites; — called also halotrichite. Ure. — Feather bed, a bed filled with feathers. — Feather driver, one who prepares feathers by beating. — Feather duster, a dusting brush of feathers. — Feather flower, an artifical flower made of feathers, for ladies’ headdresses, and other ornamental purposes. — Feather grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Stipa pennata) which has a long feathery awn rising from one of the chaffy scales which inclose the grain. — Feather maker, one who makes plumes, etc., of feathers, real or artificial. — Feather ore (Min.), a sulphide of antimony and lead, sometimes found in capillary forms and like a cobweb, but also massive. It is a variety of Jamesonite. — Feather shot, or Feathered shot (Metal.), copper granulated by pouring into cold water. Raymond. — Feather spray (Naut.), the spray thrown up, like pairs of feathers, by the cutwater of a fast-moving vessel. — Feather star. (Zoöl.) See Comatula. — Feather weight. (Racing) (a) Scrupulously exact weight, so that a feather would turn the scale, when a jockey is weighed or weighted. (b) The lightest weight that can be put on the back of a horse in racing. Youatt. (c) In wrestling, boxing, etc., a term applied to the lightest of the classes into which contestants are divided; — in contradistinction to light weight, middle weight, and heavy weight. — A feather in the cap an honour, trophy, or mark of distinction. [Colloq.] — To be in full feather, to be in full dress or in one’s best clothes. [Collog.] — To be in high feather, to be in high spirits. [Collog.] — To cut a feather. (a) (Naut.) To make the water foam in moving; in allusion to the ripple which a ship throws off from her bows. (b) To make one’s self conspicuous. [Colloq.] — To show the white feather, to betray cowardice, — a white feather in the tail of a cock being considered an indication that he is not of the true game breed.

Feath´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feathered (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Feathering.] 1. To furnish with a feather or feathers, as an arrow or a cap. “An eagle had the ill hap to be struck with an arrow feathered from her own wing.” L’Estrange. 2. To adorn, as with feathers; to fringe. “A few birches and oaks still feathered the narrow ravines.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To render light as a feather; to give wings to.[R.] “The Polonian story perhaps may feather some tedious hours.” Loveday. 4. To enrich; to exalt; to benefit. “They stuck not to say that the king cared not to plume his nobility and people to feather himself.” Bacon. Dryden. 5. To tread, as a cock. Dryden. To feather one’s nest, to provide for one’s self especially from property belonging to another, confided to one’s care; — an expression taken from the practice of birds which collect feathers for the lining of their nests. — To feather an oar (Naut), to turn it when it leaves the water so that the blade will be horizontal and offer the least resistance to air while reaching for another stroke. — To tar and feather a person, to smear him with tar and cover him with feathers, as a punishment or an indignity.

Feath´er, v. i. 1. To grow or form feathers; to become feathered; — often with out; as the birds are feathering out. 2. To curdle when poured into another liquid, and float about in little flakes or ´feathers;´ as the cream feathers. [Colloq.] 3. To turn to a horizontal plane; — said of oars. “The feathering oar returns the gleam.” Tickell. “Stopping his sculls in the air to feather accurately.” Macmillan’s Mag. 4. To have the appearance of a feather or of feathers; to be or to appear in feathery form. “A clump of ancient cedars feathering in evergreen beauty down to the ground.” Warren. “The ripple feathering from her bows.” Tennyson.

Feath´er-brained , a. Giddy; frivolous; feather-headed. [Colloq.]

Feath´ered , a. 1. Clothed, covered, or fitted with (or as with) feathers or wings; as a feathered animal; a feathered arrow. “Rise from the ground like feathered Mercury.” Shak. “Nonsense feathered with soft and delicate phrases and pointed with pathetic accent.” Dr. J. Scott. 2. Furnished with anything featherlike; ornamented; fringed; as land feathered with trees. 3. (Zoöl.) Having a fringe of feathers, as the legs of certian birds; or of hairs, as the legs of a setter dog. 4. (Her.) Having feathers; — said of an arrow, when the feathers are of a tincture different from that of the shaft.

Feath´er-edge , n. 1. (Zoöl.) The thin, new growth around the edge of a shell, of an oyster. 2. Any thin, as on a board or a razor.

Feath´er-edged , a. Having a feather-edge; also having one edge thinner than the other, as a board; — in the United States, said only of stuff one edge of which is made as thin as practicable.

Feath´er-few , n. (Bot.) Feverfew.

Feath´er-foil , n. [Feather + foil a leaf.] (Bot.) An aquatic plant (Hottonia palustris), having finely divided leaves.

Feath´er-head , n. A frivolous or featherbrained person. [Colloq.] H. James.

Feath´er-head•ed , a. Giddy; frivolous; foolish. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Feath´er-heeled , a. Light- heeled; gay; frisky; frolicsome. [Colloq.]

Feath´er•i•ness , n. The state or condition of being feathery.

Feath´er•ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Same as Foliation. 2. The act of turning the blade of the oar, as it rises from the water in rowing, from a vertical to a horizontal position. See To feather an oar, under Feather, v. t. 3. A covering of feathers. Feathering float (Naut.), the float or paddle of a feathering wheel. — Feathering screw (Naut.), a screw propeller, of which the blades may be turned so as to move edgewise through the water when the vessel is moving under sail alone. — Feathering wheel (Naut.), a paddle wheel whose floats turn automatically so as to dip about perpendicularly into the water and leave in it the same way, avoiding beating on the water in the descent and lifting water in the ascent.

Feath´er•less, a. Destitute of feathers.

Feath´er•ly, a. Like feathers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Feath´er-pat´ed , a. Feather- headed; frivolous. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Feath´er-veined , a. (Bot.) Having the veins (of a leaf) diverging from the two sides of a midrib.

Feath´er•y , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, feathers; covered with, or as with, feathers; as feathery spray or snow. Milton. “Ye feathery people of mid air.” Barry Cornwall.

Feat´ly , adv. [From Feat, a.] Neatly; dexterously; nimbly. [Archaic] “Foot featly here and there.” Shak.

Feat´ness, n. Skill; adroitness. [Archaic] Johnson.

Fea´ture ( 135), n. [OE. feture form, shape, feature, OF. faiture fashion, make, fr. L. factura a making, formation, fr. facere, factum, to make. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Facture.] 1. The make, form, or outward appearance of a person; the whole turn or style of the body; esp., good appearance. “What needeth it his feature to descrive?” Chaucer. “Cheated of feature by dissembling nature.” Shak. 2. The make, cast, or appearance of the human face, and especially of any single part of the face; a lineament. (pl.) The face, the countenance. “It is for homely features to keep home.” Milton. 3. The cast or structure of anything, or of any part of a thing, as of a landscape, a picture, a treaty, or an essay; any marked peculiarity or characteristic; as one of the features of the landscape. “And to her service bind each living creature
Through secret understanding of their feature.” Spenser. 4. A form; a shape. [R.] “So scented the grim feature, and upturned
His nostril wide into the murky air.” Milton.

Fea´tured ( 135), a. 1. Shaped; fashioned. “How noble, young, how rarely featured!” Shak. 2. Having features; formed into features. “The well-stained canvas or the featured stone.” Young.

Fea´ture•less ( 135), a. Having no distinct or distinctive features.

Fea´ture•ly, a. Having features; showing marked peculiarities; handsome. [R.] “Featurely warriors of Christian chivalry.” Coleridge.

Feaze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feazed p. pr. & vb. n. Feazing.] [Cf. OE. faseln to ravel, fr. AS. faes fringe; akin to G. fasen to separate fibers or threads, fasen, faser, thread, filament, OHG. faso.] To untwist; to unravel, as the end of a rope. Johnson.

Feaze, v. t. [See Feese.] To beat; to chastise; also to humble; to harass; to worry. [Obs.] insworth.

Feaze, n. A state of anxious or fretful excitement; worry; vexation. [Obs.]

Feaz´ings , n. pl. [See Feaze, v. t.] (Naut.) The unlaid or ragged end of a rope. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fe•bric´i•tate , v. i. [L. febricitare, fr. febris. See Febrile.] To have a fever. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fe•bric´u•lose , a. [L. febriculosus.] Somewhat feverish. [Obs.] Johnson.

Feb•ri•fa´cient , a. [L. febris fever + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Febrific. Dunglison. — n. That which causes fever. Beddoes.

Fe•brif´er•ous , a. [L. febris fever + -ferous.] Causing fever; as a febriferous locality.

Fe•brif´ic , a. [L. febris fever + ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy-.] Producing fever. Dunglison.

Fe•brif´u•gal , a. [See Febrifuge.] Having the quality of mitigating or curing fever. Boyle.

Feb´ri•fuge , n. [L. febris fever + fugare to put to flight, from fugere to flee: cf. F. febrifuge. see Febrile, Feverfew.] (Med.) A medicine serving to mitigate or remove fever. — a. Antifebrile.

Fe´brile ( 277), a. [F. febrile, from L. febris fever. See Fever.] Pertaining to fever; indicating fever, or derived from it; as febrile symptoms; febrile action. Dunglison.

Feb´ru•a•ry , n. [L. Februarius, orig., the month of expiation, because on the fifteenth of this month the great feast of expiation and purification was held, fr. februa, pl., the Roman festival or purification; akin to februare to purify, expiate.] The second month in the year, said to have been introduced into the Roman calendar by Numa. In common years this month contains twenty-eight days; in the bissextile, or leap year, it has twenty-nine days.

Feb•ru•a´tion , n. [L. februatio. See february.] Purification; a sacrifice. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fe´cal (fe´kal), a. [Cf. F. fecal. See Feces.] relating to, or containing, dregs, feces, or ordure; faecal.

Fec´che , v. t. To fetch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe´ces , n. pl. dregs; sediment; excrement. See FAEces.

Fe´cial , a. [L. fetialis belonging to the fetiales, the Roman priests who sanctioned treaties and demanded satisfaction from the enemy before a formal declaration of war.] Pertaining to heralds, declarations of war, and treaties of peace; as fecial law. Kent.

Fe´ci•fork , n. [Feces + fork.] (Zoöl.) The anal fork on which the larvae of certain insects carry their faeces.

Feck´less , a. [Perh. a corruption of effectless.] Spiritless; weak; worthless. [Scot]

feck´less•ness n. absence of merit.
[WordNet 1.5]

Fecks , n. A corruption of the word faith. Shak.

Fec´u•la , n.; pl. FeculAE [L. faecula burnt tartar or salt of tartar, dim. of faex, faecis, sediment, dregs: cf. F. fecule.] Any pulverulent matter obtained from plants by simply breaking down the texture, washing with water, and subsidence. Especially: (a) The nutritious part of wheat; starch or farina; — called also amylaceous fecula. (b) The green matter of plants; chlorophyll.

Fec´u•lence , n. [L. faeculentia dregs, filth: cf. F. feculence.] 1. The state or quality of being feculent; muddiness; foulness. 2. That which is feculent; sediment; lees; dregs.

Fec´u•len•cy , n. Feculence.

Fec´u•lent , a. [L. faeculentus, fr. faecula: cf. F. feculent. See Fecula.] Foul with extraneous or impure substances; abounding with sediment or excrementitious matter; muddy; thick; turbid. “Both his hands most filthy feculent.” Spenser.

Fec´und , a. [L. fecundus, from the root of fetus: cf. F. fecond. see Fetus.] Fruitful in children; prolific. Graunt.

Fec´un•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fecundated p. pr. & vb. n. Fecundating ] [L. fecundare, fr. fecundus. See Fecund.] 1. To make fruitful or prolific. W. Montagu. 2. (Biol.) To render fruitful or prolific; to impregnate; as in flowers the pollen fecundates the ovum through the stigma.

Fec•un•da´tion , n. [Cf. F. fecondation.] (Biol.) The act by which, either in animals or plants, material prepared by the generative organs the female organism is brought in contact with matter from the organs of the male, so that a new organism results; impregnation; fertilization.

Fe•cun´di•fy , v. t. [Fecund + -fy.] To make fruitful; to fecundate. Johnson.

Fe•cun´di•ty , n. [L. fecunditas: cf. F. fecondite. See Fecund.] 1. The quality or power of producing fruit; fruitfulness; especially (Biol.), the quality in female organisms of reproducing rapidly and in great numbers. 2. The power of germinating; as in seeds. 3. The power of bringing forth in abundance; fertility; richness of invention; as the fecundity of God’s creative power. Bentley.

Fed , imp. & p. p. of Feed.

Fed´a•ry , n. A feodary. [Obs.] Shak.

Fed´er•al , a. [L. foedus league, treaty, compact; akin to fides faith: cf. F. federal. see Faith.] 1. Pertaining to a league or treaty; derived from an agreement or covenant between parties, especially between nations; constituted by a compact between parties, usually governments or their representatives. “The Romans compelled them, contrary to all federal right, … to part with Sardinia.” Grew. 2. Specifically: (a) Composed of states or districts which retain only a subordinate and limited sovereignty, as the Union of the United States, or the Sonderbund of Switzerland. (b) Consisting or pertaining to such a government; as the Federal Constitution; a Federal officer. (c) Friendly or devoted to such a government; as the Federal party. see Federalist. Federal Congress. See under Congress.

Fed´er•al, n. See Federalist.

Fed´er•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. federalisme.] The principles of Federalists or of federal union.

Fed´er•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. federaliste.] An advocate of confederation; specifically (Amer. Hist.), a friend of the Constitution of the United States at its formation and adoption; a member of the political party which favored the administration of president Washington.

Fed´er•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Federalized p. pr. & vb. n. Federalizing ] [Cf. F. federaliser.] To unite in compact, as different States; to confederate for political purposes; to unite by or under the Federal Constitution. Barlow.

Fed´er•a•ry , n. [See Federal.] A partner; a confederate; an accomplice. [Obs.] hak.

Fed´er•ate , a. [L. foederatus, p. p. of foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus. See Federal.] United by compact, as sovereignties, states, or nations; joined in confederacy; leagued; confederate; as federate nations.

Fed•er•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. federation.] 1. The act of uniting in a league; confederation. 2. A league; a confederacy; a federal or confederated government. Burke.

Fed´er•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. federatif.] Uniting in a league; forming a confederacy; federal. ´A federative society.´ Burke.

Fed´i•ty , n. [L. foeditas, fr. foedus foul, filthy.] Turpitude; vileness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fee (fe), n. [OE. fe, feh, feoh, cattle, property, money, fief, AS. feoh cattle, property, money; the senses of ´property, money,´ arising from cattle being used in early times as a medium of exchange or payment, property chiefly consisting of cattle; akin to OS. fehu cattle, property, D. vee cattle, OHG. fihu, fehu, G. vieh, Icel. fe cattle, property, money, Goth. faíhu, L. pecus cattle, pecunia property, money, Skr. paçu cattle, perh. orig., ´a fastened or tethered animal,´ from a root signifying to bind, and perh. akin to E. fang, fair, a.; cf. OF. fie, flu, feu, fleu, fief, F. fief, from German, of the same origin. the sense fief is due to the French. rad.249. Cf. Feud, Fief, Fellow, Pecuniary.] 1. property; possession; tenure. ´Laden with rich fee.´ Spenser. “Once did she hold the gorgeous East in fee.” Wordsworth. 2. Reward or compensation for services rendered or to be rendered; especially, payment for professional services, of optional amount, or fixed by custom or laws; charge; pay; perquisite; as the fees of lawyers and physicians; the fees of office; clerk’s fees; sheriff’s fees; marriage fees, etc. “To plead for love deserves more fee than hate.” Shak. 3. (Feud. Law) A right to the use of a superior’s land, as a stipend for services to be performed; also the land so held; a fief. 4. (Eng. Law) An estate of inheritance supposed to be held either mediately or immediately from the sovereign, and absolutely vested in the owner. All the land in England, except the crown land, is of this kind. An absolute fee, or fee simple, is land which a man holds to himself and his heirs forever, who are called tenants in fee simple. In modern writers, by fee is usually meant fee simple. A limited fee may be a qualified or base fee, which ceases with the existence of certain conditions; or a conditional fee, or fee tail, which is limited to particular heirs. Blackstone. 5. (Amer. Law) An estate of inheritance belonging to the owner, and transmissible to his heirs, absolutely and simply, without condition attached to the tenure. Fee estate (Eng. Law), land or tenements held in fee in consideration or some acknowledgment or service rendered to the lord. — Fee farm (Law), land held of another in fee, in consideration of an annual rent, without homage, fealty, or any other service than that mentioned in the feoffment; an estate in fee simple, subject to a perpetual rent. Blackstone. — Fee farm rent (Eng. Law), a perpetual rent reserved upon a conveyance in fee simple. — Fee fund (Scot. Law), certain court dues out of which the clerks and other court officers are paid. — Fee simple (Law), an absolute fee; a fee without conditions or limits. “Buy the fee simple of my life for an hour and a quarter.” Shak. — Fee tail (Law), an estate of inheritance, limited and restrained to some particular heirs. Burill.

Fee (fe), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feed (fed); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeing.] To reward for services performed, or to be performed; to recompense; to hire or keep in hire; hence, to bribe. “The patient … fees the doctor.” Dryden. “There’s not a one of them but in his house
I keep a servant feed.” Shak.

Fee´ble (fe´b’l), a. [Compar. Feebler (-bler); superl. Feeblest (-blest).] [OE. feble, OF. feble, flebe, floibe, floible, foible, F. faible, L. flebilis to be wept over, lamentable, wretched, fr. flere to weep. Cf. Foible.] 1. Deficient in physical strength; weak; infirm; debilitated. “Carried all the feeble of them upon asses.” 2 Chron. xxviii. 15. 2. Wanting force, vigor, or efficiency in action or expression; not full, loud, bright, strong, rapid, etc.; faint; as a feeble color; feeble motion. ´A lady’s feeble voice.´ Shak.

Fee´ble, v. t. To make feble; to enfeeble. [Obs.] “Shall that victorious hand be feebled here?” Shak.

Fee´ble-mind´ed , a. Weak in intellectual power; wanting firmness or constancy; irresolute; vacillating; imbecile. ´comfort the feeble-minded.´ 1 Thess. v. 14. — Fee´ble-mind´ed•ness, n.

Fee´ble•ness, n. The quality or condition of being feeble; debility; infirmity. “That shakes for age and feebleness.” Shak.

Fee´bly , adv. In a feeble manner. “The restored church … contended feebly, and with half a heart.” Macaulay.

Feed (fed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fed (fed); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeding.] [AS. fedan, fr. foda food; akin to OS. fodian, OFries. feda, foda, D. voeden, OHG. fuottan, Icel. faeða, Sw. föda, Dan. föde. rad.75. See Food.] 1. To give food to; to supply with nourishment; to satisfy the physical huger of. “If thine enemy hunger, feed him.” Rom. xii. 20. “Unreasonable creatures feed their young.” Shak. 2. To satisfy; gratify or minister to, as any sense, talent, taste, or desire. “I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.” Shak. “Feeding him with the hope of liberty.” Knolles. 3. To fill the wants of; to supply with that which is used or wasted; as springs feed ponds; the hopper feeds the mill; to feed a furnace with coal. 4. To nourish, in a general sense; to foster, strengthen, develop, and guard. “Thou shalt feed my people Israel.” 2 Sam. v. 2. “Mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed.” B. Cornwall. 5. To graze; to cause to be cropped by feeding, as herbage by cattle; as if grain is too forward in autumn, feed it with sheep. “Once in three years feed your mowing lands.” Mortimer. 6. To give for food, especially to animals; to furnish for consumption; as to feed out turnips to the cows; to feed water to a steam boiler. 7. (Mach.) (a) To supply (the material to be operated upon) to a machine; as to feed paper to a printing press. (b) To produce progressive operation upon or with (as in wood and metal working machines, so that the work moves to the cutting tool, or the tool to the work).

Feed, v. i. 1. To take food; to eat. “Her kid … which I afterwards killed because it would not feed.” De Foe. 2. To subject by eating; to satisfy the appetite; to feed one’s self (upon something); to prey; — with on or upon. “Leaving thy trunk for crows to feed upon.” Shak. 3. To be nourished, strengthened, or satisfied, as if by food. ´He feeds upon the cooling shade.´ Spenser. 4. To place cattle to feed; to pasture; to graze. “If a man … shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man’s field.” Ex. xxii. 5.

Feed , n. 1. That which is eaten; esp., food for beasts; fodder; pasture; hay; grain, ground or whole; as the best feed for sheep. 2. A grazing or pasture ground. Shak. 3. An allowance of provender given to a horse, cow, etc.; a meal; as a feed of corn or oats. 4. A meal, or the act of eating. [R.] “For such pleasure till that hour
At feed or fountain never had I found.” Milton. 5. The water supplied to steam boilers. 6. (Mach.) (a) The motion, or act, of carrying forward the stuff to be operated upon, as cloth to the needle in a sewing machine; or of producing progressive operation upon any material or object in a machine, as in a turning lathe, by moving the cutting tool along or in the work. (b) The supply of material to a machine, as water to a steam boiler, coal to a furnace, or grain to a run of stones. (c) The mechanism by which the action of feeding is produced; a feed motion. Feed bag, a nose bag containing feed for a horse or mule. — Feed cloth, an apron for leading cotton, wool, or other fiber, into a machine, as for carding, etc. — Feed door, a door to a furnace, by which to supply coal. — Feed head. (a) A cistern for feeding water by gravity to a steam boiler. (b) (Founding) An excess of metal above a mold, which serves to render the casting more compact by its pressure; — also called a riser, deadhead, or simply feed or head Knight. — Feed heater. (a) (Steam Engine) A vessel in which the feed water for the boiler is heated, usually by exhaust steam. (b) A boiler or kettle in which is heated food for stock. — Feed motion, or Feed gear (Mach.), the train of mechanism that gives motion to the part that directly produces the feed in a machine. — Feed pipe, a pipe for supplying the boiler of a steam engine, etc., with water. — Feed pump, a force pump for supplying water to a steam boiler, etc. — Feed regulator, a device for graduating the operation of a feeder. Knight. — Feed screw, in lathes, a long screw employed to impart a regular motion to a tool rest or tool, or to the work. — Feed water, water supplied to a steam boiler, etc. — Feed wheel (Mach.), a kind of feeder. See Feeder, n., 8.

Feed´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, gives food or supplies nourishment; steward. “A couple of friends, his chaplain and feeder.” Goldsmith. 2. One who furnishes incentives; an encourager. ´The feeder of my riots.´ Shak. 3. One who eats or feeds; specifically, an animal to be fed or fattened. “With eager feeding, food doth choke the feeder.” Shak. 4. One who fattens cattle for slaughter. 5. A stream that flows into another body of water; a tributary; specifically (Hydraulic Engin.), a water course which supplies a canal or reservoir by gravitation or natural flow. 6. A branch railroad, stage line, or the like; a side line which increases the business of the main line. 7. (Mining) (a) A small lateral lode falling into the main lode or mineral vein. Ure. (b) A strong discharge of gas from a fissure; a blower. Raymond. 8. (Mach.) An auxiliary part of a machine which supplies or leads along the material operated upon. 9. (Steam Engine) A device for supplying steam boilers with water as needed.

Feed´ing, n. 1. the act of eating, or of supplying with food; the process of fattening. 2. That which is eaten; food. 3. That which furnishes or affords food, especially for animals; pasture land. Feeding bottle. See under Bottle.

Fee•-faw•-fum´ , n. A nonsensical exclamation attributed to giants and ogres; hence, any expression calculated to impose upon the timid and ignorant. ´Impudent fee-faw-fums.´ J. H. Newman.

Fee´jee , a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Fijian.

Feel (fel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felt (felt); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeling.] [AS. felan; akin to OS. gifolian to perceive, D. voelen to feel, OHG. fuolen, G. fühlen, Icel. falma to grope, and prob. to AS. folm palm of the hand, L. palma. Cf. Fumble, Palm.] 1. To perceive by the touch; to take cognizance of by means of the nerves of sensation distributed all over the body, especially by those of the skin; to have sensation excited by contact of (a thing) with the body or limbs. “Who feel
Those rods of scorpions and those whips of steel.” Creecn. 2. To touch; to handle; to examine by touching; as feel this piece of silk; hence, to make trial of; to test; often with out. “Come near, … that I may feel thee, my son.” Gen. xxvii. 21. “He hath this to feel my affection to your honor.” Shak. 3. To perceive by the mind; to have a sense of; to experience; to be affected by; to be sensible of, or sensitive to; as to feel pleasure; to feel pain. “Teach me to feel another’s woe.” Pope. “Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no evil thing.” Eccl. viii. 5. “He best can paint them who shall feel them most.” Pope. “Mankind have felt their strength and made it felt.” Byron. 4. To take internal cognizance of; to be conscious of; to have an inward persuasion of. “For then, and not till then, he felt himself.” Shak. 5. To perceive; to observe. [Obs.] Chaucer. To feel the helm (Naut.), to obey it.

Feel , v. i. 1. To have perception by the touch, or by contact of anything with the nerves of sensation, especially those upon the surface of the body. 2. To have the sensibilities moved or affected. “[She] feels with the dignity of a Roman matron”. Burke. “And mine as man, who feel for all mankind.” Pope. 3. To be conscious of an inward impression, state of mind, persuasion, physical condition, etc.; to perceive one’s self to be; — followed by an adjective describing the state, etc.; as to feel assured, grieved, persuaded. “I then did feel full sick.” Shak. 4. To know with feeling; to be conscious; hence, to know certainly or without misgiving. “Garlands … which I feel
I am not worthy yet to wear.” Shak. 5. To appear to the touch; to give a perception; to produce an impression by the nerves of sensation; — followed by an adjective describing the kind of sensation. “Blind men say black feels rough, and white feels smooth.” Dryden. To feel after, to search for; to seek to find; to seek as a person groping in the dark. ´If haply they might feel after him, and find him.´ Acts xvii. 27. — To feel of, to examine by touching.

Feel , n. 1. Feeling; perception. [R.] “To intercept and have a more kindly feel of its genial warmth.” Hazlitt. 2. A sensation communicated by touching; impression made upon one who touches or handles; as this leather has a greasy feel. “The difference between these two tumors will be distinguished by the feel.” S. Sharp.

Feel´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, feels. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the sense organs or certain animals (as insects), which are used in testing objects by touch and in searching for food; an antenna; a palp. “Insects … perpetually feeling and searching before them with their feelers or antennae.” Derham. 3. Anything, as a proposal, observation, etc., put forth or thrown out in order to ascertain the views of others; something tentative.

Feel´ing, a. 1. Possessing great sensibility; easily affected or moved; as a feeling heart. 2. Expressive of great sensibility; attended by, or evincing, sensibility; as he made a feeling representation of his wrongs.

Feel´ing, n. 1. The sense by which the mind, through certain nerves of the body, perceives external objects, or certain states of the body itself; that one of the five senses which resides in the general nerves of sensation distributed over the body, especially in its surface; the sense of touch; nervous sensibility to external objects. “Why was the sight
To such a tender ball as the eye confined, …
And not, as feeling, through all parts diffused?” Milton. 2. An act or state of perception by the sense above described; an act of apprehending any object whatever; an act or state of apprehending the state of the soul itself; consciousness. “The apprehension of the good
Gives but the greater feeling to the worse.” Shak. 3. The capacity of the soul for emotional states; a high degree of susceptibility to emotions or states of the sensibility not dependent on the body; as a man of feeling; a man destitute of feeling. 4. Any state or condition of emotion; the exercise of the capacity for emotion; any mental state whatever; as a right or a wrong feeling in the heart; our angry or kindly feelings; a feeling of pride or of humility. “A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind.” Garrick. “Tenderness for the feelings of others.” Macaulay. 5. That quality of a work of art which embodies the mental emotion of the artist, and is calculated to affect similarly the spectator. Fairholt. Syn. — Sensation; emotion; passion; sentiment; agitation; opinion. See Emotion, Passion, Sentiment.

Feel´ing•ly, adv. In a feeling manner; pathetically; sympathetically.

Feere , n. [See Fere, n.] A consort, husband or wife; a companion; a fere. [Obs.]

Feese , n. [Cf. OE. fesien to put to flight, AS. fesian, fysian, fysan, fr. fus, prompt, willing.] The short run before a leap. [Obs.] Nares.

Feet , n. pl. See Foot.

Feet, n. [See Feat, n.] Fact; performance. [Obs.]

Feet´less, a. Destitute of feet; as feetless birds.

Feeze , v. t. [For sense 1, cf. F. visser to screw, vis screw, or 1st E. feaze, v.t.: for sense 2, see Feese.] 1. To turn, as a screw. [Scot] Jamieson. 2. To beat; to chastise; to humble; to worry. [Obs.] [Written also feaze, feize, pheese.] Beau. & Fl. To feeze up, to work into a passion. [Obs.]

Feeze, n. Fretful excitement. [Obs.] See Feaze.

Feh´ling , n. (Chem.) See Fehling’s solution, under Solution.

Feh´mic , a. See Vehmic.

Feign , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feigned p. pr. & vb. n. Feigning.] [OE. feinen, F. feindre (p. pr. feignant), fr. L. fingere; akin to L. figura figure,and E. dough. See Dough, and cf. Figure, Faint, Effigy, Fiction.] 1. To give a mental existence to, as to something not real or actual; to imagine; to invent; hence, to pretend; to form and relate as if true. “There are no such things done as thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own heart.” Neh. vi. 8. “The poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods.” Shak. 2. To represent by a false appearance of; to pretend; to counterfeit; as to feign a sickness. Shak. 3. To dissemble; to conceal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Feigned , a. Not real or genuine; pretended; counterfeit; insincere; false. ´A feigned friend.´ Shak. “Give ear unto my prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips.” Ps. xvii. 1. — Feign´ed•ly (#), adv. — Feign´ed•ness, n. “Her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned unto me with her whole heart, but feignedly.” Jer. iii. 10. Feigned issue (Law), an issue produced in a pretended action between two parties for the purpose of trying before a jury a question of fact which it becomes necessary to settle in the progress of a cause. Burill. Bouvier.

Feign´er , n. One who feigns or pretends.

Feign´ing, a. That feigns; insincere; not genuine; false. — Feign´ing•ly, adv.

Feine , v. t. & i. To feign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Feint , a. [F. feint, p. p. of feindre to feign. See Feign.] Feigned; counterfeit. [Obs.] “Dressed up into any feint appearance of it.” Locke.

Feint, n. [F. feinte, fr. feint. See Feint, a.] 1. That which is feigned; an assumed or false appearance; a pretense; a stratagem; a fetch. “Courtley’s letter is but a feint to get off.” Spectator. 2. A mock blow or attack on one part when another part is intended to be struck; — said of certain movements in fencing, boxing, war, etc.

Feint, v. i. To make a feint, or mock attack.

Fei•tsui´ , n. (Min.) The Chinese name for a highly prized variety of pale green jade. See Jade.

Feize , v. t. See Feeze, v. t.

Fel´an•ders , n. pl. See Filanders. { Feld´spar• , Feld´spath• }, n. [G. feldspath; feld field + spath spar.] (Min.) A name given to a group of minerals, closely related in crystalline form, and all silicates of alumina with either potash, soda, lime, or, in one case, baryta. They occur in crystals and crystalline masses, vitreous in luster, and breaking rather easily in two directions at right angles to each other, or nearly so. The colors are usually white or nearly white, flesh-red, bluish, or greenish. The group includes the monoclinic (orthoclastic) species orthoclase or common potash feldspar, and the rare hyalophane or baryta feldspar; also the triclinic species (called in general plagioclase) microcline, like orthoclase a potash feldspar; anorthite or lime feldspar; albite or soda feldspar; also intermediate between the last two species, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, containing both lime and soda in varying amounts. The feldspars are essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks, as granite, gneiss, mica, slate, most kinds of basalt and trachyte, etc. The decomposition of feldspar has yielded a large part of the clay of the soil, also the mineral kaolin, an essential material in the making of fine pottery. Common feldspar is itself largely used for the same purpose. { Feld•spath´ic , Feld•spath´ose }, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, feldspar.

Fele , a. [AS. fela, feola; akin to G. viel, gr. . See Full, a.] Many. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe•lic´ify , v. t. [L. felix happy + -fy.] To make happy; to felicitate. [Obs.] Quarles.

Fe•lic´i•tate , a. [L. felicitatus, p. p. of felicitare to felicitate, fr. felix, -icis, happy. See felicity.] Made very happy. [Archaic] “I am alone felicitate
In your dear highness’ love.” Shak.

Fe•lic´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felicitated p. pr. & vb. n. felicitating.] [Cf. F. feliciter.] 1. To make very happy; to delight. “What a glorious entertainment and pleasure would fill and felicitate his spirit.” I. Watts. 2. To express joy or pleasure to; to wish felicity to; to call or consider (one’s self) happy; to congratulate. “Every true heart must felicitate itself that its lot is cast in this kingdom.” W. Howitt. Syn. — See Congratulate.

Fe•lic•i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. felicitation.] The act of felicitating; a wishing of joy or happiness; congratulation.

Fe•lic´i•tous , a. Characterized by felicity; happy; prosperous; delightful; skillful; successful; happily applied or expressed; appropriate. “Felicitous words and images.” M. Arnold. — Fe•lic´i•tous•ly, adv. — Fe•lic´i•tous•ness, n.

Fe•lic´i•ty , n.; pl. Felicities (#). [OE. felicite, F. felicite, fr. L. felicitas, fr. felix, -icis, happy, fruitful; akin to fetus.] 1. The state of being happy; blessedness; blissfulness; enjoyment of good. “Our own felicity we make or find.” Johnson. “Finally, after this life, to attain everlasting joy and felicity.” Book of Common Prayer. 2. That which promotes happiness; a successful or gratifying event; prosperity; blessing. “the felicities of her wonderful reign.” Atterbury. 3. A pleasing faculty or accomplishment; as felicity in painting portraits, or in writing or talking. ´Felicity of expression.´ Bp. Warburton. Syn. — Happiness; bliss; beatitude; blessedness; blissfulness. See Happiness.

Fe´line , a. [L. felinus, fr. feles, felis, cat, prob. orig., the fruitful: cf. F. felin. See Fetus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Catlike; of or pertaining to the genus Felis, or family Felidae; as the feline race; feline voracity. 2. Characteristic of cats; sly; stealthy; treacherous; as a feline nature; feline manners.

Fe´lis , n. [L., cat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of carnivorous mammals, including the domestic cat, the lion, tiger, panther, and similar animals.

Fell , imp. of Fall.

Fell, a. [OE. fel, OF. fel cruel, fierce, perfidious; cf. AS. fel (only in comp.) OF. fel, as a noun also accus. felon, is fr. LL. felo, of unknown origin; cf. Arm fall evil, Ir. feal, Arm. falloni treachery, Ir. & Gael. feall to betray; or cf. OHG. fillan to flay, torment, akin to E. fell skin. Cf. Felon.] 1. Cruel; barbarous; inhuman; fierce; savage; ravenous. “While we devise fell tortures for thy faults.” Shak. 2. Eager; earnest; intent. [Obs.] “I am so fell to my business.” Pepys.

Fell, n. [Cf. L. fel gall, bile, or E. fell, a.] Gall; anger; melancholy. [Obs.] “Untroubled of vile fear or bitter fell.” Spenser.

Fell, n. [AS. fell; akin to D. vel, OHG. fel, G. fell, Icel. fell (in comp.), Goth fill in þrutsfill leprosy, L. pellis skin, G. . Cf. Film, Peel, Pell, n.] A skin or hide of a beast with the wool or hair on; a pelt; — used chiefly in composition, as woolfell. “We are still handling our ewes, and their fells, you know, are greasy.” Shak.

Fell , n. [Icel. fell, fjally; akin to Sw. fjäll a ridge or chain of mountains, Dan. fjeld mountain, rock and prob. to G. fels rock, or perh. to feld field, E. field.] 1. A barren or rocky hill. T. Gray. 2. A wild field; a moor. Dryton.

Fell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felled p. pr. & vb. n. Felling.] [AS. fellan, a causative verb fr. feallan to fall; akin to D. vellen, G. fällen, Icel. fella, Sw. fälla, Dan. faelde. See Fall, v. i.] To cause to fall; to prostrate; to bring down or to the ground; to cut down. “Stand, or I’ll fell thee down.” Shak.

Fell, n. (Mining) The finer portions of ore which go through the meshes, when the ore is sorted by sifting.

Fell, v. t. [Cf. Gael. fill to fold, plait, Sw. fåll a hem.] To sew or hem; — said of seams.

Fell, n. 1. (Sewing) A form of seam joining two pieces of cloth, the edges being folded together and the stitches taken through both thicknesses. 2. (Weaving) The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft.

Fell´a•ble , a. Fit to be felled.

Fel´lah , n.; pl. Ar. Fellahin (#), E. Fellahs (#). [Ar.] A peasant or cultivator of the soil among the Egyptians, Syrians, etc. W. M. Thomson.

Fell´er , n. One who, or that which, fells, knocks or cuts down; a machine for felling trees.

Fell´er, n. An appliance to a sewing machine for felling a seam.

Fell´fare , n. [Cf. AS. fealafor, and E. fieldfare.] (Zoöl.) The fieldfare.

Fel•lif´lu•ous , a. [L. fellifuus; fel gall + fluere to flow.] Flowing with gall. [R.] Johnson.

Fel•lin´ic , a. [L. fel, fellis, gall.] Of, relating to, or derived from, bile or gall; as fellinic acid.

Fell´mon•ger , n. A dealer in fells or sheepskins, who separates the wool from the pelts.

Fell´ness, n. [See Fell cruel.] The quality or state of being fell or cruel; fierce barbarity. Spenser.

Fel´loe , n. See Felly.

Fel´lon , n. Variant of Felon. [Obs.] “Those two were foes the fellonest on ground.” Spenser.

Fel´low , n. [OE. felawe, felaghe, Icel. felagi, fr. felag companionship, prop., a laying together of property; fe property + lag a laying, pl. lög law, akin to liggja to lie. See Fee, and Law, Lie to be low.] 1. A companion; a comrade; an associate; a partner; a sharer. “The fellows of his crime.” Milton. “We are fellows still,
Serving alike in sorrow.” Shak. “That enormous engine was flanked by two fellows almost of equal magnitude.” Gibbon. Commonly used of men, but sometimes of women. Judges xi. 37. 2. A man without good breeding or worth; an ignoble or mean man. “Worth makes the man, and want of it, the fellow.” Pope. 3. An equal in power, rank, character, etc. “It is impossible that ever Rome
Should breed thy fellow.” Shak. 4. One of a pair, or of two things used together or suited to each other; a mate; the male. “When they be but heifers of one year, … they are let go to the fellow and breed.” Holland. “This was my glove; here is the fellow of it.” Shak. 5. A person; an individual. “She seemed to be a good sort of fellow.” Dickens. 6. In the English universities, a scholar who is appointed to a foundation called a fellowship, which gives a title to certain perquisites and privileges. 7. In an American college or university, a member of the corporation which manages its business interests; also a graduate appointed to a fellowship, who receives the income of the foundation. 8. A member of a literary or scientific society; as a Fellow of the Royal Society. Fellow is often used in compound words, or adjectively, signifying associate, companion, or sometimes equal. Usually, such compounds or phrases are self- explanatory; as fellow-citizen, or fellow citizen; fellow-student, or fellow student; fellow- workman, or fellow workman; fellow-mortal, or fellow mortal; fellow-sufferer; bedfellow; playfellow; workfellow. “Were the great duke himself here, and would lift up
My head to fellow pomp amongst his nobles.” Ford.

Fel´low , v. t. To suit with; to pair with; to match. [Obs.] Shak.

Fel´low-com´mon•er , n. A student at Cambridge University, England, who commons, or dines, at the Fellow’s table.

Fel´low-crea´ture ( 135), n. One of the same race or kind; one made by the same Creator. “Reason, by which we are raised above our fellow- creatures, the brutes.” I. Watts.

Fel´low•feel´ , v. t. To share through sympathy; to participate in. [R.] D. Rodgers.

Fel´low-feel´ing, n. 1. Sympathy; a like feeling. 2. Joint interest. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Fel´low•less, a. Without fellow or equal; peerless. “Whose well-built walls are rare and fellowless.” Chapman.

Fel´low•like , a. Like a companion; companionable; on equal terms; sympathetic. [Obs.] Udall.

Fel´low•ly, a. Fellowlike. [Obs.] Shak.

Fel´low•ship , n. [Fellow + -ship.] 1. The state or relation of being or associate. 2. Companionship of persons on equal and friendly terms; frequent and familiar intercourse. “In a great town, friends are scattered, so that there is not that fellowship which is in less neighborhods.” Bacon. “Men are made for society and mutual fellowship.” Calamy. 3. A state of being together; companionship; partnership; association; hence, confederation; joint interest. “The great contention of the sea and skies
Parted our fellowship.” Shak. “Fellowship in pain divides not smart”. Milton. “Fellowship in woe doth woe assuage”. Shak. “The goodliest fellowship of famous knights,
Whereof this world holds record.” Tennyson. 4. Those associated with one, as in a family, or a society; a company. “The sorrow of Noah with his fellowship.” Chaucer. “With that a joyous fellowship issued
Of minstrels.” Spenser. 5. (Eng. & Amer. Universities) A foundation for the maintenance, on certain conditions, of a scholar called a fellow, who usually resides at the university. 6. (Arith.) The rule for dividing profit and loss among partners; — called also partnership, company, and distributive proportion. Good fellowship, companionableness; the spirit and disposition befitting comrades. “There’s neither honesty, manhood, nor good fellowship in thee.” Shak.

Fel´low•ship , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fellowshiped ; p. pr. & vb. n.. Fellowshiping.] (Eccl.) To acknowledge as of good standing, or in communion according to standards of faith and practice; to admit to Christian fellowship.

Fel´ly , adv. In a fell or cruel manner; fiercely; barbarously; savagely. Spenser.

Fel´ly, n.; pl. Fellies . [OE. feli, felwe, felow, AS. felg, felge; akin to D. velg, G. felge, OHG. felga felly (also a harrow, but prob. a different word), Dan. felge.] The exterior wooden rim, or a segment of the rim, of a wheel, supported by the spokes. [Written also felloe.] “Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel.” Shak.

Fe´lo-de-se , n.; pl. Felos-de-se (#). [LL. felo, E. felon + de of, concerning + se self.] (Law) One who deliberately puts an end to his own existence, or loses his life while engaged in the commission of an unlawful or malicious act; a suicide. Burrill.

Fel´on , n. [OE., adj., cruel, n., villain, ruffian, traitor, whitlow, F. felon traitor, in OF. also villain, fr. LL. felo. See Fell, a.] 1. (Law) A person who has committed a felony. 2. A person guilty or capable of heinous crime. 3. (Med.) A kind of whitlow; a painful imflammation of the periosteum of a finger, usually of the last joint. Syn. — Criminal; convict; malefactor; culprit.

Fel´on, a. Characteristic of a felon; malignant; fierce; malicious; cruel; traitorous; disloyal. “Vain shows of love to vail his felon hate.” Pope.

Fe•lo´ni•ous , a. Having the quality of felony; malignant; malicious; villainous; traitorous; perfidious; in a legal sense, done with intent to commit a crime; as felonious homicide. “O thievish Night,
Why should’st thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars?” Milton. — Fe•lo´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Fe•lo´ni•ous•ness, n.

Fel´o•nous , a. [Cf. OF. feloneus. Cf. Felonious.] Wicked; felonious. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fel´on•ry , n. A body of felons; specifically, the convict population of a penal colony. Howitt.

Fel´on•wort , n. (Bot.) The bittersweet nightshade (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet.

Fel´o•ny , n.; pl. Felonies (#). [OE. felonie cruelty, OF. felonie, F. felonie treachery, malice. See Felon, n.] 1. (Feudal Law) An act on the part of the vassal which cost him his fee by forfeiture. Burrill. 2. (O. Eng. Law) An offense which occasions a total forfeiture either lands or goods, or both, at the common law, and to which capital or other punishment may be added, according to the degree of guilt. 3. A heinous crime; especially, a crime punishable by death or imprisonment. Forfeiture for crime having been generally abolished in the United States, the term felony, in American law, has lost this point of distinction; and its meaning, where not fixed by statute, is somewhat vague and undefined; generally, however, it is used to denote an offense of a high grade, punishable either capitally or by a term of imprisonment. In Massachusetts, by statute, any crime punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison, and no other, is a felony; so in New York. the tendency now is to obliterate the distinction between felonies and misdemeanors; and this has been done partially in England, and completely in some of the States of the Union. The distinction is purely arbitrary, and its entire abolition is only a question of time. There is no lawyer who would undertake to tell what a felony is, otherwise than by enumerating the various kinds of offenses which are so called. originally, the word felony had a meaning: it denoted all offenses the penalty of which included forfeiture of goods; but subsequent acts of Parliament have declared various offenses to be felonies, without enjoining that penalty, and have taken away the penalty from others, which continue, nevertheless, to be called felonies, insomuch that the acts so called have now no property whatever in common, save that of being unlawful and purnishable. J. S. Mill. To compound a felony. See under Compound, v. t.

Fel´site , n. [Cf. Feldspar.] (Min.) A finegrained rock, flintlike in fracture, consisting essentially of orthoclase feldspar with occasional grains of quartz.

Fel•sit´ic , a. relating to, composed of, or containing, felsite. { Fel´spar• , Fel´spath• }, n. (Min.) See Feldspar.

Fel•spath´ic , a. See Feldspathic.

Fel´stone , n. [From G. feldstein, in analogy with E. felspar.] (Min.) See Felsite.

Felt , imp. & p. p. or a. from Feel.

Felt , n. [AS. felt; akin to D. vilt, G. filz, and possibly to Gr. hair or wool wrought into felt, L. pilus hair, pileus a felt cap or hat.] 1. A cloth or stuff made of matted fibers of wool, or wool and fur, fulled or wrought into a compact substance by rolling and pressure, with lees or size, without spinning or weaving. “It were a delicate stratagem to shoe
A troop of horse with felt.” Shak. 2. A hat made of felt. Thynne. 3. A skin or hide; a fell; a pelt. [Obs.] “To know whether sheep are sound or not, see that the felt be loose.” Mortimer. Felt grain, the grain of timber which is transverse to the annular rings or plates; the direction of the medullary rays in oak and some other timber. Knight.

Felt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felted; p. pr. & vb. n. Felting.] 1. To make into felt, or a feltike substance; to cause to adhere and mat together. Sir M. Hale. 2. To cover with, or as with, felt; as to felt the cylinder of a steam engine.

Felt´er , v. t. To clot or mat together like felt. “His feltered locks that on his bosom fell.” Fairfax.

Felt´ing, n. 1. The material of which felt is made; also felted cloth; also the process by which it is made. 2. The act of splitting timber by the felt grain.

Fel´try , n. [OF. feltre.] See Felt, n. [Obs.]

Fe•luc´ca , n. [It. feluca (cf. Sp. faluca, Pg. falua), fr. Ar. fulk ship, or harraqah a sort of ship.] (Naut.) A small, swift-sailing vessel, propelled by oars and lateen sails, — once common in the Mediterranean. Sometimes it is constructed so that the helm may be used at either end.

Fel´wort , n. [Probably a corruption of fieldwort.] (Bot.) A European herb (Swertia perennis) of the Gentian family.

Fe´male , n. [OE. femel, femal, F. femelle, fr. L. femella, dim. of femina woman. See Feminine.] 1. An individual of the sex which conceives and brings forth young, or (in a wider sense) which has an ovary and produces ova. “The male and female of each living thing.” Drayton. 2. (Bot.) A plant which produces only that kind of reproductive organs which are capable of developing into fruit after impregnation or fertilization; a pistillate plant.

Fe´male, a. 1. Belonging to the sex which conceives and gives birth to young, or (in a wider sense) which produces ova; not male. “As patient as the female dove
When that her golden couplets are disclosed.” Shak. 2. Belonging to an individual of the female sex; characteristic of woman; feminine; as female tenderness. ´Female usurpation.’b8 Milton. “To the generous decision of a female mind, we owe the discovery of America.” Belknap. 3. (Bot.) Having pistils and no stamens; pistillate; or, in cryptogamous plants, capable of receiving fertilization. Female rhymes (Pros.), double rhymes, or rhymes (called in French feminine rhymes because they end in e weak, or feminine) in which two syllables, an accented and an unaccented one, correspond at the end of each line. A rhyme, in which the final syllables only agree (strain, complain) is called a male rhyme; one in which the two final syllables of each verse agree, the last being short (motion, ocean), is called female. Brande & C. — Female screw, the spiral-threaded cavity into which another, or male, screw turns. Nicholson. — Female fern (Bot.), a common species of fern with large decompound fronds (Asplenium Filixfaemina), growing in many countries; lady fern. The names male fern and female fern were anciently given to two common ferns; but it is now understood that neither has any sexual character. Syn. — Female, Feminine. We apply female to the sex or individual, as opposed to male; also to the distinctive belongings of women; as female dress, female form, female character, etc.; feminine, to things appropriate to, or affected by, women; as feminine studies, employments, accomplishments, etc. ´Female applies to sex rather than gender, and is a physiological rather than a grammatical term. Feminine applies to gender rather than sex, and is grammatical rather than physiological.´ Latham.

Fe´mal•ist , n. A gallant. [Obs.] “Courting her smoothly like a femalist.” Marston.

Fe´mal•ize , v. t. To make, or to describe as female or feminine. Shaftesbury.

Feme (fem or fam), n. [OF. feme, F. femme.] (Old Law) A woman. Burrill. Feme covert (Law), a married woman. See Covert, a., 3. — Feme sole (Law), a single or unmarried woman; a woman who has never been married, or who has been divorced, or whose husband is dead. — Feme sole trader or merchant (Eng. Law), a married woman, who, by the custom of London, engages in business on her own account, inpendently of her husband.

Fem´er•al , n. (Arch.) See Femerell.

Fem´er•ell , n. [OF. fumeraille part of a chimney. See Fume.] (Arch.) A lantern, or louver covering, placed on a roof, for ventilation or escape of smoke.

Fem´i•nal , a. Feminine. [Obs.] West.

Fem•i•nal´i•ty , n. Feminity.

Fem´i•nate , a. [L. feminatus effeminate.] Feminine. [Obs.]

Fem•i•ne´i•ty , n. [L. femineus womanly.] Womanliness; femininity. C. Reade.

Fem´i•nine , a. [L. femininus, fr. femina woman; prob. akin to L. fetus, or to Gr. qh^sqai to suck, qh^sai to suckle, Skr. dha to suck; cf. AS. faemme woman, maid: cf. F. feminin. See Fetus.] 1. Of or pertaining to a woman, or to women; characteristic of a woman; womanish; womanly. “Her letters are remarkably deficient in feminine ease and grace.” Macaulay. 2. Having the qualities of a woman; becoming or appropriate to the female sex; as in a good sense, modest, graceful, affectionate, confiding; or, in a bad sense, weak, nerveless, timid, pleasure-loving, effeminate. “Her heavenly form
Angelic, but more soft and feminine.” Milton. “Ninus being esteemed no man of war at all, but altogether feminine, and subject to ease and delicacy.” Sir W. Raleigh. Feminine rhyme. (Pros.) See Female rhyme, under Female, a. Syn. — See Female, a.

Fem´i•nine, n. 1. A woman. [Obs. or Colloq.] “They guide the feminines toward the palace.” Hakluyt. 2. (Gram.) Any one of those words which are the appellations of females, or which have the terminations usually found in such words; as actress, songstress, abbess, executrix. “There are but few true feminines in English.” Latham.

Fem´i•nine•ly, adv. In a feminine manner. Byron.

Fem´i•nine•ness, n. The quality of being feminine; womanliness; womanishness.

Fem•i•nin´i•ty , n. 1. The quality or nature of the female sex; womanliness. 2. The female form. [Obs.] “O serpent under femininitee.” Chaucer.

Fe•min´i•ty , n. Womanliness; femininity. [Obs.] ´Trained up in true feminity.´ Spenser.

Fem•i•ni•za´tion , n. The act of feminizing, or the state of being feminized.

Fem´i•nize , v. t. [Cf. F. feminiser.] To make womanish or effeminate. Dr. H. More.

Fem´i•nye , n. [OF. femenie, feminie, the female sex, realm of women.] The people called Amazons. [Obs.] ´[The reign of] feminye.´ Chaucer.

Femme , n. [F.] A woman. See Feme, n. Femme de chambre [F.] A lady’s maid; a chambermaid.

Fem´o•ral , a. [L. femur, femoris, thigh: cf. F. femoral.] Pertaining to the femur or thigh; as the femoral artery. ´Femoral habiliments.´ Sir W. Scott.

Fe´mur (fe´mur), n.; pl. Femora (fem´o•ra). [L. thigh.] (Anat.) (a) The thigh bone. (b) The proximal segment of the hind limb containing the thigh bone; the thigh. See Coxa.

Fen , n. [AS. fen, fenn, marsh, mud, dirt; akin to D. veen, OFries. fenne, fene, OHG. fenna, G. fenn, Icel. fen, Goth. fani mud.] Low land overflowed, or covered wholly or partially with water, but producing sedge, coarse grasses, or other aquatic plants; boggy land; moor; marsh. “’Mid reedy fens wide spread.” Wordsworth. Fen is used adjectively with the sense of belonging to, or of the nature of, a fen or fens. Fen boat, a boat of light draught used in marshes. — Fen duck (Zoöl.), a wild duck inhabiting fens; the shoveler. [Prov. Eng.] — Fen fowl (Zoöl.), any water fowl that frequent fens. — Fen goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose of Europe. [Prov. Eng.] — Fen land, swamp land.

Fence , n. [Abbrev. from defence.] 1. That which fends off attack or danger; a defense; a protection; a cover; security; shield. “Let us be backed with God and with the seas
Which he hath given for fence impregnable.” Shak. “A fence betwixt us and the victor’s wrath.” Addison. 2. An inclosure about a field or other space, or about any object; especially, an inclosing structure of wood, iron, or other material, intended to prevent intrusion from without or straying from within. “Leaps o’er the fence with ease into the fold.” Milton. In England a hedge, ditch, or wall, as well as a structure of boards, palings, or rails, is called a fence. 3. (Locks) A projection on the bolt, which passes through the tumbler gates in locking and unlocking. 4. Self-defense by the use of the sword; the art and practice of fencing and sword play; hence, skill in debate and repartee. See Fencing. “Enjoy your dear wit, and gay rhetoric,
That hath so well been taught her dazzing fence.” Milton. “Of dauntless courage and consummate skill in fence.” Macaulay. 5. A receiver of stolen goods, or a place where they are received. [Slang] Mayhew. Fence month (Forest Law), the month in which female deer are fawning, when hunting is prohibited. Bullokar. — Fence roof, a covering for defense. ´They fitted their shields close to one another in manner of a fence roof.´ Holland. — Fence time, the breeding time of fish or game, when they should not be killed. — Rail fence, a fence made of rails, sometimes supported by posts. — Ring fence, a fence which encircles a large area, or a whole estate, within one inclosure. — Worm fence, a zigzag fence composed of rails crossing one another at their ends; — called also snake fence, or Virginia rail fence. — To be on the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in respect to two opposing parties or policies. [Colloq.]

Fence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fenced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fencing ] 1. To fend off danger from; to give security to; to protect; to guard. “To fence my ear against thy sorceries.” Milton. 2. To inclose with a fence or other protection; to secure by an inclosure. “O thou wall! … dive in the earth,
And fence not Athens.” Shak. “A sheepcote fenced about with olive trees.” Shak. To fence the tables (Scot. Church), to make a solemn address to those who present themselves to commune at the Lord’s supper, on the feelings appropriate to the service, in order to hinder, so far as possible, those who are unworthy from approaching the table. McCheyne.

Fence , v. i. 1. To make a defense; to guard one’s self of anything, as against an attack; to give protection or security, as by a fence. “Vice is the more stubborn as well as the more dangerous evil, and therefore, in the first place, to be fenced against.” Locke. 2. To practice the art of attack and defense with the sword or with the foil, esp. with the smallsword, using the point only. “He will fence with his own shadow.” Shak. 3. Hence, to fight or dispute in the manner of fencers, that is, by thrusting, guarding, parrying, etc. “They fence and push, and, pushing, loudly roar;
Their dewlaps and their sides are bated in gore.” Dryden. “As when a billow, blown against,
Falls back, the voice with which I fenced
A little ceased, but recommenced.” Tennyson.

Fence´ful , a. Affording defense; defensive. [Obs.] Congreve.

Fence´less, a. Without a fence; uninclosed; open; unguarded; defenseless. Milton.

Fen´cer , n. One who fences; one who teaches or practices the art of fencing with sword or foil. “As blunt as the fencer’s foils.” Shak.

Fen´ci-ble , a. Capable of being defended, or of making or affording defense. [Obs.] “No fort so fencible, nor walls so strong.” Spenser.

Fen´ci•ble, n. (Mil.) A soldier enlisted for home service only; — usually in the pl.

Fen´cing , n. 1. The art or practice of attack and defense with the sword, esp. with the smallsword. See Fence, v. i., 2. 2. Disputing or debating in a manner resembling the art of fencers. Shak. 3. The materials used for building fences. [U.S.] 4. The act of building a fence. 5. The aggregate of the fences put up for inclosure or protection; as the fencing of a farm.

Fen´ crick•et (Zoöl.) The mole cricket. [Prov. Eng.]

Fend , n. A fiend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fended; p. pr. & vb. n. Fending.] [Abbrev. fr. defend.] To keep off; to prevent from entering or hitting; to ward off; to shut out; — often with off; as to fend off blows. “With fern beneath to fend the bitter cold.” Dryden. To fend off a boat or vessel (Naut.), to prevent its running against anything with too much violence.

Fend, v. i. To act on the defensive, or in opposition; to resist; to parry; to shift off. “The dexterous management of terms, and being able to fend … with them, passes for a great part of learning.” Locke.

Fen´der , n. [From Fend, v. t. & i., cf. Defender.] One who or that which defends or protects by warding off harm; as: (a) A screen to prevent coals or sparks of an open fire from escaping to the floor. (b) Anything serving as a cushion to lessen the shock when a vessel comes in contact with another vessel or a wharf. (c) A screen to protect a carriage from mud thrown off the wheels: also a splashboard. (d) Anything set up to protect an exposed angle, as of a house, from damage by carriage wheels.

Fend´liche , a. Fiendlike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fen´er•ate , v. i. [L. faeneratus, p. p. of faenerari lend on interest, fr. faenus interest.] To put money to usury; to lend on interest. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Fen•er•a´tion , n. [L. faeneratio.] The act of fenerating; interest. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fen•es-tel´la , n. [L., dim. of fenestra window.] (Arch.) Any small windowlike opening or recess, esp. one to show the relics within an altar, or the like.

Fe•nes´tra , n.; pl. Fenestrae (#). [L., a window.] (Anat.) A small opening; esp., one of the apertures, closed by membranes, between the tympanum and internal ear.

Fe•nes´tral , a. [L. fenestra a window.] 1. (Arch.) Pertaining to a window or to windows. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a fenestra.

Fe•nes´tral, n. (Arch.) A casement or window sash, closed with cloth or paper instead of glass. Weale.

Fe•nes´trate , a. [L. fenestratus, p. p. of fenestrare to furnish with openings and windows.] 1. Having numerous openings; irregularly reticulated; as fenestrate membranes; fenestrate fronds. 2. (Zoöl.) Having transparent spots, as the wings of certain butterflies.

Fe•nes´tra•ted , a. 1. (Arch.) Having windows; characterized by windows. 2. Same as Fenestrate.

Fen•es•tra´tion , n. 1. (Arch.) The arrangement and proportioning of windows; — used by modern writers for the decorating of an architectural composition by means of the window (and door) openings, their ornaments, and proportions. 2. (Anat.) The state or condition of being fenestrated.

Fe•nes´trule , n. [L. fenestrula a little window, dim. of fenestra a window.] (Zoöl.) One of the openings in a fenestrated structure.

Fen´gite , n. (Min.) A kind of marble or alabaster, sometimes used for windows on account of its transparency.

Fe´ni•an , n. [From the Finians or Fenii, the old militia of Ireland, who were so called from Fin or Finn, Fionn, or Fingal, a popular hero of Irish traditional history.] A member of a secret organization, consisting mainly of Irishmen, having for its aim the overthrow of English rule in Ireland.

Fe´ni•an , a. Pertaining to Fenians or to Fenianism.

Fe´ni•an•ism , n. The principles, purposes, and methods of the Fenians.

Fenks (fenks), n. The refuse whale blubber, used as a manure, and in the manufacture of Prussian blue. Ure.

Fen´nec (fen´nek), n. [Ar. fanek.] (Zoöl.) A small, African, foxlike animal (Vulpes zerda) of a pale fawn color, remarkable for the large size of its ears.

Fen´nel (fen´nel), n. [AS. fenol, finol, from L. feniculum, faeniculum, dim. of fenum, faenum, hay: cf. F. fenouil. Cf. Fenugreek. Finochio.] (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Faeniculum (F. vulgare), having very finely divided leaves. It is cultivated in gardens for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds. “Smell of sweetest fennel.” Milton. “A sprig of fennel was in fact the theological smelling bottle of the tender sex.” S. G. Goodrich. Azorean, or Sweet, fennel, (Faeniculum dulce). It is a smaller and stouter plant than the common fennel, and is used as a pot herb. — Dog’s fennel (Anthemis Cotula), a foul- smelling European weed; — called also mayweed. — Fennel flower (Bot.), an herb (Nigella) of the Buttercup family, having leaves finely divided, like those of the fennel. N. Damascena is common in gardens. N. sativa furnishes the fennel seed, used as a condiment, etc., in India. These seeds are the ´fitches´ mentioned in Isaiah (xxviii. 25). — Fennel water (Med.), the distilled water of fennel seed. It is stimulant and carminative. — Giant fennel (Ferula communis), has stems full of pith, which, it is said, were used to carry fire, first, by Prometheus. — Hog’s fennel, a European plant (Peucedanum officinale) looking something like fennel.

Fen´nish , a. Abounding in fens; fenny.

Fen´ny , a. [AS. fennig.] Pertaining to, or inhabiting, a fen; abounding in fens; swampy; boggy. ´Fenny snake.´ Shak.

Fen´owed , a. [AS. fynig musty, fynegean to become musty or filthy: cf. fennig fenny, muddy, dirty, fr. fen fen. Cf. Finew.] Corrupted; decayed; moldy. See Vinnewed. [Obs.] Dr. Favour.

Fen´si-ble , a. Fencible. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fen´-sucked , a. Sucked out of marches. ´Fen-sucked fogs.´ Shak.

Fen´u•greek , n. [L. faenum Graecum, lit., Greek hay: cf. F. fenugrec. Cf. Fennel.] (Bot.) A plant (trigonella Fœnum Graecum) cultivated for its strong-smelling seeds, which are ´now only used for giving false importance to horse medicine and damaged hay.´ J. Smith (Pop. Names of Plants, 1881).

Feod , n. A feud. See 2d Feud. Blackstone.

Feod´al , a. Feudal. See Feudal.

Feo•dal´i•ty , n. Feudal tenure; the feudal system. See Feudality. Burke.

Feod´a•ry , n. 1. An accomplice. “Art thou a feodary for this act?” Shak. 2. (Eng. Law) An ancient officer of the court of wards. Burrill.

Feod´a•to•ry , n. See Feudatory.

Feoff ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feoffed (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Feoffing.] [OE. feffen, OF. feffer, fieffer, F. fieffer, fr. fief fief; cf. LL. feoffare, fefare. See Fief.] (Law) To invest with a fee or feud; to give or grant a corporeal hereditament to; to enfeoff.

Feoff, n. (Law) A fief. See Fief.

Feof•fee´ ( 277), n. [OF. feoffe.] (Law) The person to whom a feoffment is made; the person enfeoffed.

Feoff´ment , n. [OF. feoffement, fieffement; cf. LL. feoffamentum.] (Law) (a) The grant of a feud or fee. (b) (Eng. Law) A gift or conveyance in fee of land or other corporeal hereditaments, accompanied by actual delivery of possession. Burrill. (c) The instrument or deed by which corporeal hereditaments are conveyed. [Obs. in the U.S., Rare in Eng.] { Feo´for , Feof´fer }, n. [OF. feoour.] (Law) One who enfeoffs or grants a fee.

Fer , a. & adv. Far. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe•ra´cious , a. [L. ferax, -acis, fr. ferre to bear.] Fruitful; producing abundantly. [R.] Thomson.

Fe•rac´i•ty , n. [L. feracitas.] The state of being feracious or fruitful. [Obs.] Beattie.

Fe´rae , n. pl. [L., wild animals, fem. pl. of ferus wild.] (Zoöl.) A group of mammals which formerly included the Carnivora, Insectivora, Marsupialia, and lemurs, but is now often restricted to the Carnivora. Fe´rae na•tu´rae [L.] Of a wild nature; — applied to animals, as foxes, wild ducks, etc., in which no one can claim property.

Fe´ral , a. [L. ferus. See Fierce.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Wild; untamed; ferine; not domesticated; — said of beasts, birds, and plants.

Fe´ral, a. [L. feralis, belonging to the dead.] Funereal; deadly; fatal; dangerous. [R.] ´Feral accidents.´ Burton.

Ferde , obs. imp. of Fare. Chaucer.

Fer•-de-lance´ , n. [F., the iron of a lance, lance head.] (Zoöl.) A large, venomous serpent (Trigonocephalus lanceolatus) of Brazil and the West Indies. It is allied to the rattlesnake, but has no rattle.

Fer´ding , n. [See Farthing.] A measure of land mentioned in Domesday Book. It is supposed to have consisted of a few acres only. [Obs.]

Ferd´ness , n. [OE. ferd fear. See Fear.] Fearfulness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere , n. [OE. fere companion, AS. gefera, from feran to go, travel, faran to travel. rad.78. See Fare.] A mate or companion; — often used of a wife. [Obs.] [Written also fear and feere.] Chaucer. “And Cambel took Cambrina to his fere.” Spenser. In fere, together; in company. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, a. [Cf. L. ferus wild.] Fierce. [Obs.]

Fere, n. [See Fire.] Fire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, n. [See Fear.] Fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, v. t. & i. To fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer•e•to•ry , n. [L. feretrum bier, Gr. , fr. to bear, akin to L. ferre, E. bear to support.] A portable bier or shrine, variously adorned, used for containing relics of saints. Mollett.

Fer´forth , adv. Far forth. [Obs.] As ferforth as, as far as. — So ferforth, to such a degree.

Fer´forth•ly, adv. Ferforth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer´gu•son•ite , n. (Min.) A mineral of a brownish black color, essentially a tantalo- niobate of yttrium, erbium, and cerium; — so called after Robert Ferguson.

Fe´ri•a , n.; pl. Feriae . (Eccl.) A week day, esp. a day which is neither a festival nor a fast. Shipley.

Fe´ri•al , n. Same as Feria.

Fe´ri•al, a. [LL. ferialis, fr. L. ferie holidays: cf. F. ferial. See 5th Fair.] 1. Of or pertaining to holidays. [Obs.] J. Gregory. 2. Belonging to any week day, esp. to a day that is neither a festival nor a fast.

Fe•ri•a´tion , n. [L. feriari to keep holiday, fr. ferie holidays.] The act of keeping holiday; cessation from work. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fe´rie , n. [OF. ferie, fr. L. ferie holidays. See 5th Fair.] A holiday. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Fe´ri•er , a., compar. of Fere, fierce. [Obs.] “Rhenus ferier than the cataract.” Marston.

Fe´rine , a. [L. ferinus, fr. ferus wild. See Fierce.] Wild; untamed; savage; as lions, tigers, wolves, and bears are ferine beasts. Sir M. Hale. — n. A wild beast; a beast of prey. — Fe´rine•ly, adv. - - Fe´rine•ness, n.

Fer•in´gee , n. [Per. Farangi, or Ar. Firanji, properly, a Frank.] The name given to Europeans by the Hindos. [Written also Feringhee.]

Fer´i•ty , n. [L. feritas, from ferus wild.] Wildness; savageness; fierceness. [Obs.] Woodward.

Fer´ly , a. [AS. frlic sudden, unexpected. See Fear, n.] Singular; wonderful; extraordinary. [Obs.] — n. A wonder; a marvel. [Obs.] “Who hearkened ever such a ferly thing.” Chaucer. { Ferm , Ferme , n. }[See Farm.] Rent for a farm; a farm; also an abode; a place of residence; as he let his land to ferm. [Obs.] “Out of her fleshy ferme fled to the place of pain.” Spenser.

Fer´ma•cy , n. [OE. See Pharmacy.] Medicine; pharmacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer´ment , n. [L. fermentum ferment (in senses 1 & 2), perh. for fervimentum, fr. fervere to be boiling hot, boil, ferment: cf. F. ferment. Cf. 1st Barm, Fervent.] 1. That which causes fermentation, as yeast, barm, or fermenting beer. Ferments are of two kinds: (a) Formed or organized ferments. (b) Unorganized or structureless ferments. The latter are also called soluble or chemical ferments, and enzymes. Ferments of the first class are as a rule simple microscopic vegetable organisms, and the fermentations which they engender are due to their growth and development; as the acetic ferment, the butyric ferment, etc. See Fermentation. Ferments of the second class, on the other hand, are chemical substances, as a rule soluble in glycerin and precipitated by alcohol. In action they are catalytic and, mainly, hydrolytic. Good examples are pepsin of the dastric juice, ptyalin of the salvia, and disease of malt. 2. Intestine motion; heat; tumult; agitation. “Subdue and cool the ferment of desire.” Rogers. “the nation is in a ferment.” Walpole. 3. A gentle internal motion of the constituent parts of a fluid; fermentation. [R.] “Down to the lowest lees the ferment ran.” Thomson. ferment oils, volatile oils produced by the fermentation of plants, and not originally contained in them. These were the quintessences of the alchenists. Ure.

Fer•ment´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fermented; p. pr. & vb. n. Fermenting.] [L. fermentare, fermentatum: cf. F. fermenter. See Ferment, n.] To cause ferment of fermentation in; to set in motion; to excite internal emotion in; to heat. “Ye vigorous swains! while youth ferments your blood.” Pope.

Fer•ment´, v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation; to be in motion, or to be excited into sensible internal motion, as the constituent particles of an animal or vegetable fluid; to work; to effervesce. 2. To be agitated or excited by violent emotions. “But finding no redress, ferment and rage.” Milton. “The intellect of the age was a fermenting intellect.” De Quincey.

Fer•ment•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of fermentation.

Fer•ment´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. fermentable.] Capable of fermentation; as cider and other vegetable liquors are fermentable.

Fer•ment´al , a. Fermentative. [Obs.]

Fer•men•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. fermentation.] 1. The process of undergoing an effervescent change, as by the action of yeast; in a wider sense (Physiol. Chem.), the transformation of an organic substance into new compounds by the action of a ferment, either formed or unorganized. It differs in kind according to the nature of the ferment which causes it. 2. A state of agitation or excitement, as of the intellect or the feelings. “It puts the soul to fermentation and activity.” Jer. Taylor. “A univesal fermentation of human thought and faith.” C. Kingsley. Acetous, or Acetic, fermentation, a form of oxidation in which alcohol is converted into vinegar or acetic acid by the agency of a specific fungus or ferment (Mycoderma aceti). The process involves two distinct reactions, in which the oxygen of the air is essential. An intermediate product, aldehyde, is formed in the first process. 1. C2H6O + O = H2O + C2H4O Alcohol. Water. Aldehyde. 2. C2H4O + O = C2H4O2 Aldehyde. Acetic acid. — Alcoholic fermentation, the fermentation which saccharine bodies undergo when brought in contact with the yeast plant or Torula. The sugar is converted, either directly or indirectly, into alcohol and carbonic acid, the rate of action being dependent on the rapidity with which the Torulae develop. - - Ammoniacal fermentation, the conversion of the urea of the urine into ammonium carbonate, through the growth of the special urea ferment. CON2H4 + 2H2O = (NH4)2CO3 Urea. Water. Ammonium carbonate. Whenever urine is exposed to the air in open vessels for several days it undergoes this alkaline fermentation. — Butyric fermentation, the decomposition of various forms of organic matter, through the agency of a peculiar worm-shaped vibrio, with formation of more or less butyric acid. It is one of the many forms of fermentation that collectively constitute putrefaction. See Lactic fermentation. — Fermentation by an unorganized ferment or enzyme. Fermentations of this class are purely chemical reactions, in which the ferment acts as a simple catalytic agent. Of this nature are the decomposition or inversion of cane sugar into levulose and dextrose by boiling with dilute acids, the conversion of starch into dextrin and sugar by similar treatment, the conversion of starch into like products by the action of diastase of malt or ptyalin of saliva, the conversion of albuminous food into peptones and other like products by the action of pepsin-hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice or by the ferment of the pancreatic juice. — Fermentation theory of disease (Biol. & Med.), the theory that most if not all, infectious or zymotic disease are caused by the introduction into the organism of the living germs of ferments, or ferments already developed (organized ferments), by which processes of fermentation are set up injurious to health. See Germ theory. — Glycerin fermentation, the fermentation which occurs on mixing a dilute solution of glycerin with a peculiar species of schizomycetes and some carbonate of lime, and other matter favorable to the growth of the plant, the glycerin being changed into butyric acid, caproic acid, butyl, and ethyl alcohol. With another form of bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) ethyl alcohol and butyric acid are mainly formed. — Lactic fermentation, the transformation of milk sugar or other saccharine body into lactic acid, as in the souring of milk, through the agency of a special bacterium (Bacterium lactis of Lister). In this change the milk sugar, before assuming the form of lactic acid, presumably passes through the stage of glucose. C12H22O11.H2O = 4C3H6O3 Hydrated milk sugar. Lactic acid. In the lactic fermentation of dextrose or glucose, the lactic acid which is formed is very prone to undergo butyric fermentation after the manner indicated in the following equation: 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) = C4H8O2 (butyric acid) + 2CO2 (carbonic acid) + 2H2 (hydrogen gas). — Putrefactive fermentation. See Putrefaction.

Fer•ment´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. fermentatif.] Causing, or having power to cause, fermentation; produced by fermentation; fermenting; as a fermentative process. — Fer•ment´a•tive•ly, adv. — Fer•ment´a•tive•ness, n.

Fer´mer•ere , n. [OF. enfermerier, fr. enfermerie infirmary. See Infirmary.] The officer in a religious house who had the care of the infirmary. [Obs.]

Fer´mil•let , n. [OF., dim. of fermeil, fermail, clasp, prob. fr. OF. & F. fermer to make fast, fr. ferme fast. See Firm.] A buckle or clasp. [Obs.] Donne.

Fern , adv. Long ago. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fern, a. [AS. fyrn.] Ancient; old. [Obs.] ´Pilgrimages to … ferne halwes.´ [saints]. Chaucer.

Fern (fern), n. [AS. fearn; akin to D. varen, G. farn, farnkraut; cf. Skr. parn.a wing, feather, leaf, sort of plant, or Lith. papartis fern.] (Bot.) An order of cryptogamous plants, the Filices, which have their fructification on the back of the fronds or leaves. They are usually found in humid soil, sometimes grow epiphytically on trees, and in tropical climates often attain a gigantic size. The plants are asexual, and bear clustered sporangia, containing minute spores, which germinate and form prothalli, on which are borne the true organs of reproduction. The brake or bracken, the maidenhair, and the polypody are all well known ferns. Christmas fern. See under Christmas. — Climbing fern (Bot.), a delicate North American fern (Lygodium palmatum), which climbs several feet high over bushes, etc., and is much sought for purposes of decoration. — Fern owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The European goatsucker. (b) The short-eared owl. [Prov. Eng.] — Fern shaw, a fern thicket. [Eng.] R. Browning.

Fern´er•y , n. A place for rearing ferns.

Fern´ti•cle , n. A freckle on the skin, resembling the seed of fern. [Prov. Eng.]

Fern´y , a. Abounding in ferns.

Fe•ro´cious , a. [L. ferox, -ocis, fierce: cf. F. feroce. See Ferocity.] Fierce; savage; wild; indicating cruelty; ravenous; rapacious; as ferocious look or features; a ferocious lion. “The humbled power of a ferocious enemy.” Lowth. Syn. — Ferocious, Fierce, Savage, Barbarous. When these words are applied to human feelings or conduct, ferocious describes the disposition; fierce, the haste and violence of an act; barbarous, the coarseness and brutality by which it was marked; savage, the cruel and unfeeling spirit which it showed. A man is ferocious in his temper, fierce in his actions, barbarous in the manner of carrying out his purposes, savage in the spirit and feelings expressed in his words or deeds. — Fe•ro´cious•ly, adv. — Fe•ro´cious•ness, n. “It [Christianity] has adapted the ferociousness of war.” Blair.

Fe•roc´i•ty , n. [L. ferocitas, fr. ferox, -ocis, fierce, kin to ferus wild: cf. F. ferocite. See Fierce.] Savage wildness or fierceness; fury; cruelty; as ferocity of countenance. “The pride and ferocity of a Highland chief.” Macaulay.

Fer•o´her , n. (Archaeol.) A symbol of the solar deity, found on monuments exhumed in Babylon, Nineveh, etc.

Fe´rous , a. [L. ferus. See Fierce.] Wild; savage. [R.] Arthur Wilson.

-fer•ous [L. -fer. fr. ferre to bear. See Bear to support.] A suffix signifying bearing, producing, yielding; as auriferous, yielding gold; chyliferous, producing chyle.

Fer•ran´dine , n. [F.; cf. OF. ferrant iron-gray, from L. ferrum iron.] A stuff made of silk and wool. “I did buy a colored silk ferrandine.” Pepys.

Fer•ra´ra , n. A sword bearing the mark of one of the Ferrara family of Italy. These swords were highly esteemed in England and Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Fer•ra•rese´ , a. Pertaining to Ferrara, in Italy. — n., sing. & pl. A citizen of Ferrara; collectively, the inhabitants of Ferrara.

Fer´ra•ry , n. [L. ferraria iron works. See Ferreous.] The art of working in iron. [Obs.] Chapman.

Fer´rate , n. [L. ferrum iron.] (Chem.) A salt of ferric acid. { Fer´re , Fer´rer , a. & adv. } Obs. compar. of Fer.

Fer´re•ous , a. [L. ferreus, fr. ferrum iron. Cf. Farrier, Ferrous.] Partaking of, made of, or pertaining to, iron; like iron. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fer´rest , a. & adv. Obs. superl. of Fer. Chaucer.

Fer´ret , n. [F. furet, cf. LL. furo; prob. fr. L. fur thief (cf. Furtive); cf. Arm. fur wise, sly.] (Zoöl.) An animal of the Weasel family (Mustela or Putorius furo), about fourteen inches in length, of a pale yellow or white color, with red eyes. It is a native of Africa, but has been domesticated in Europe. Ferrets are used to drive rabbits and rats out of their holes.

Fer´ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ferreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ferreting.] [Cf. F. fureter. See Ferret, n.] To drive or hunt out of a lurking place, as a ferret does the cony; to search out by patient and sagacious efforts; — often used with out; as to ferret out a secret. “Master Fer! I’ll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him.” Shak.

Fer´ret, n. [Ital. foretto, dim. of fiore flower; or F. fleuret. Cf. Floret.] A kind of narrow tape, usually made of woolen; sometimes of cotton or silk; — called also ferreting.

Fer´ret, n. [F. feret, dim. or fer iron, L. ferrum.] (Glass Making) The iron used for trying the melted glass to see if is fit to work, and for shaping the rings at the mouths of bottles.

Fer´ret•er , n. One who ferrets. Johnson.

Fer´ret-eye , n. (Zoöl.) The spur-winged goose; — so called from the red circle around the eyes.

Fer•ret´to , n. [It. ferretto di Spagna, dim. of ferro iron, fr. L. ferrum.] Copper sulphide, used to color glass. Hebert.

Fer´ri- . (Chem.) A combining form indicating ferric iron as an ingredient; as ferricyanide.

Fer´ri•age ( 48), n. [From Ferry.] The price or fare to be paid for passage at a ferry.

Fer´ric , a. [L. ferrum iron: cf. F. ferrique. See Ferrous.] Pertaining to, derived from, or containing iron. Specifically (Chem.), denoting those compounds in which iron has a higher valence than in the ferrous compounds; as ferric oxide; ferric acid. Ferric acid (Chem.), an acid, H_2FeO_4, which is not known in the free state, but forms definite salts, analogous to the chromates and sulphates. — Ferric oxide (Chem.), sesquioxide of iron, Fe_2O_3; hematite. See Hematite.

Fer•ri•cy´a•nate , n. [Ferri- + cyanate.] (Chem.) A salt of ferricyanic acid; a ferricyanide.

Fer•ri•cy•an´ic , a. [Ferri- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a ferricyanide. Ferricyanic acid (Chem.), a brown crystalline substance, H_6(CN)12Fe_2, obtained from potassium ferricyanide, and regarded as the type of the ferricyanides; — called also hydro-ferricyanic acid, hydrogen ferricyanide, etc.

Fer•ri•cy´a•nide ( 104), n. [Ferri- + cyanide.] (Chem.) One of a complex series of double cyanides of ferric iron and some other base. Potassium ferricyanide (Chem.), red prussiate of potash; a dark, red, crystalline salt, K_6(CN)12Fe_2, consisting of the double cyanide of potassium and ferric iron. From it is derived the ferrous ferricyanate, Turnbull’s blue.

Fer´ri•er , n. A ferryman. Calthrop.

Fer•rif´er•ous , a. [L. ferrum iron + -ferous: cf. F. ferrifère.] Producing or yielding iron.

Fer•ri•prus´si•ate (? or see Prussiate, 277), n. [Ferri- + prussiate.] (Chem.) A ferricyanate; a ferricyanide. [R.]

Fer•ri•prus´sic (? or see Prussik, 277), a. [Ferri- + prussic.] (Chem.) Ferricyanic. [R.]

Fer´ro- . (Chem.) A prefix, or combining form, indicating ferrous iron as an ingredient; as ferrocyanide.

Fer•ro•cal´cite , n. [Ferro- + calcite.] Limestone containing a large percentage of iron carbonate, and hence turning brown on exposure.

Fer•ro•cy´a•nate , n. [Ferro- + cyanate: cf. F. ferrocyanate.] (Chem.) A salt of ferrocyanic acid; a ferrocyanide.

Fer•ro•cy•an´ic , a. [Ferro- + cyanic: cf. F. ferrocyanique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a ferrocyanide. ferrocyanic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, H_4(CN)6Fe, of strong acid properties, obtained from potassium ferrocyanide, and regarded as the type of the ferrocyanides; — called also hydro-ferrocyanic acid, hydrogen ferrocyanide. etc.

Fer•ro•cy´a•nide (? or 104), n. [Ferro- + cyanide.] (Chem.) One of a series of complex double cyanides of ferrous iron and some other base. Potassium ferrocyanide (Chem.), yellow prussiate of potash; a tough, yellow, crystalline salt, K_4(CN)6Fe, the starting point in the manufacture of almost all cyanogen compounds, and the basis of the ferric ferrocyanate, prussian blue. It is obtained by strongly heating together potash, scrap iron, and animal matter containing nitrogen, as horn, leather, blood, etc., in iron pots.

Fer•ro•prus´si•ate ( or or ; see Prussiate, 277), n. [Ferro- + prussiate.] (Chem.) A ferrocyanate; a ferocyanide. [R.]

Fer•ro•prus´sic (? or see Prussic, 277), a. [Ferro- + prussic.] (Chem.) Ferrocyanic.

Fer•ro´so- . (Chem.) See Ferro- .

Fer´ro•type , n. [L. ferrum iron + -type.] A photographic picture taken on an iron plate by a collodion process; — familiarly called tintype.

Fer´rous , a. [Cf. F. ferreux. See Ferreous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, iron; — especially used of compounds of iron in which the iron has its lower valence; as ferrous sulphate.

Fer•ru´gi•na•ted , a. [See Ferrugo.] Having the color or properties of the rust of iron.

Fer•ru•gin´e•ous , a. Ferruginous. [R.]

Fer•ru´gi•nous , a. [L. ferruginus, ferrugineus, fr. ferrugo, - ginis, iron rust: cf. F. ferrugineux. See Ferrugo.] 1. Partaking of iron; containing particles of iron. Boyle. 2. Resembling iron rust in appearance or color; brownish red, or yellowish red.

Fer•ru´go , n. [L., iron rust, fr. ferrum iron.] A disease of plants caused by fungi, commonly called the rust, from its resemblance to iron rust in color.

Fer´rule (? or 277), n. [Formerly verrel, F. virole, fr. L. viriola little bracelet, dim. of viriae, pl., bracelets; prob. akin to viere to twist, weave, and E. withe. The spelling with f is due to confusion with L. ferrum iron.] 1. A ring or cap of metal put round a cane, tool, handle, or other similar object, to strengthen it, or prevent splitting and wearing. 2. (Steam Boilers) A bushing for expanding the end of a flue to fasten it tightly in the tube plate, or for partly filling up its mouth.

Fer•ru´mi•nate , v. t. [L. ferruminatus, p. p. of ferruminare to cement, solder, fr. ferrumen cement, fr. ferrum iron.] To solder or unite, as metals. [R.] Coleridge.

Fer•ru•mi•na´tion , n. [L. ferruminatio: cf. F. ferrumination.] The soldering or uniting of metals. [R.] Coleridge.

Fer´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ferried p. pr. & vb. n. Ferrying.] [OE. ferien to convey, AS. ferian, from faran to go; akin to Icel. ferja to ferry, Goth. farjan to sail. See Fare.] To carry or transport over a river, strait, or other narrow water, in a boat.

Fer´ry, v. i. To pass over water in a boat or by a ferry. “They ferry over this Lethean sound
Both to and fro.” Milton.

Fer´ry, n.; pl. Ferries (#). [OE. feri; akin to Icel. ferja, Sw. färja, Dan. faerge, G. fähre. See Ferry, v. t.] 1. A place where persons or things are carried across a river, arm of the sea, etc., in a ferryboat. “It can pass the ferry backward into light.” Milton. “To row me o’er the ferry.” Campbell. 2. A vessel in which passengers and goods are conveyed over narrow waters; a ferryboat; a wherry. 3. A franchise or right to maintain a vessel for carrying passengers and freight across a river, bay, etc., charging tolls. Ferry bridge, a ferryboat adapted in its structure for the transfer of railroad trains across a river or bay. — Ferry railway. See under Railway.

Fer´ry•boat , n. A vessel for conveying passengers, merchandise, etc., across streams and other narrow waters.

Fer´ry•man , n.; pl. Ferrymen . One who maintains or attends a ferry.

Fers , a. Fierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ferthe , a. Fourth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer´tile (? or 277), a. [L. fertilis, fr. ferre to bear, produce: cf. F. fertile. See Bear to support.] 1. Producing fruit or vegetation in abundance; fruitful; able to produce abundantly; prolific; fecund; productive; rich; inventive; as fertile land or fields; a fertile mind or imagination. “Though he in a fertile climate dwell.” Shak. 2. (Bot.) (a) Capable of producing fruit; fruit-bearing; as fertile flowers. (b) Containing pollen; — said of anthers. 3. produced in abundance; plenteous; ample. “Henceforth, my early care …
Shall tend thee, and the fertile burden ease
Of thy full branches.” Milton. Syn. — Fertile, Fruitful. Fertile implies the inherent power of production; fruitful, the act. The prairies of the West are fertile by nature, and are turned by cultivation into fruitful fields. The same distinction prevails when these words are used figuratively. A man of fertile genius has by nature great readiness of invention; one whose mind is fruitful has resources of thought and a readiness of application which enable him to think and act effectively.

Fer´tile•ly (? or 277), adv. In a fertile or fruitful manner.

fer´tile•ness, n. Fertility. Sir P. Sidney.

Fer•til´i•tate , v. t. To fertilize; to fecundate. Sir T. Browne.

Fer•til´i•ty , n. [L. fertilitas: cf. F. fertilite.] The state or quality of being fertile or fruitful; fruitfulness; productiveness; fecundity; richness; abundance of resources; fertile invention; quickness; readiness; as the fertility of soil, or of imagination. ´fertility of resource.´ E. Everett. “And all her husbandry doth lie on heaps
Corrupting in its own fertility.” Shak. “Thy very weeds are beautiful; thy waste
More rich than other climes’ fertility.” Byron.

Fer•ti•li•za´tion , n. 1. The act or process of rendering fertile. 2. (Biol.) The act of fecundating or impregnating animal or vegetable germs; esp., the process by which in flowers the pollen renders the ovule fertile, or an analogous process in flowerless plants; fecundation; impregnation. Close fertilization (Bot.), the fertilization of pistils by pollen derived from the stamens of the same blossom. — Cross fertilization, fertilization by pollen from some other blossom. See under Cross, a.

Fer´ti•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fertilized p. pr. & vb. n. Fertilizing ] [Cf. F. fertiliser.] 1. To make fertile or enrich; to supply with nourishment for plants; to make fruitful or productive; as to fertilize land, soil, ground, and meadows. “And fertilize the field that each pretends to gain.” Byron. 2. To fecundate; as to fertilize flower. A. R. Wallace.

Fer´ti•lizer , n. 1. One who fertilizes; the agent that carries the fertilizing principle, as a moth to an orchid. A. R. Wallace. 2. That which renders fertile; a general name for commercial manures, as guano, phosphate of lime, etc.

Fer´u•la , n. [L. ferula giant fennel (its stalks were used in punishing schoolboys), rod, whip, fr. ferire to strike; akin to OHG. berjan, Icel. berja. Cf. Ferule.] 1. A ferule. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. The imperial scepter in the Byzantine or Eastern Empire.

Fer•u•la´ceous , a. [L. ferulaceus, fr. ferula rod: cf. F. ferulace.] Pertaining to reeds and canes; having a stalk like a reed; as ferulaceous plants.

Fer´u•lar , n. A ferule. [Obs.] Milton.

Fer´ule (? or 277), n. [L. ferula: cf. F. ferule. See Ferula.] A flat piece of wood, used for striking, children, esp. on the hand, in punishment.

Fer´ule , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feruled p. pr. & vb. n. Feruling.] To punish with a ferule.

Fe•ru´lic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, asafetida (Ferula asafœtida); as ferulic acid. [Written also ferulaic.]

Fer´vence , n. Heat; fervency. [Obs.]

Fer´ven•cy , n. [Cf. OF. fervence. See Fervent.] The state of being fervent or warm; ardor; warmth of feeling or devotion; eagerness. “When you pray, let it be with attention, with fervency, and with perseverance.” Wake.

Fer´vent , a. [F. fervent, L. fervens, -entis. p. pr. of fervere o the boiling hot, to boil, glow.] 1. Hot; glowing; boiling; burning; as a fervent summer. “The elements shall melt with fervent heat.” 2 Pet. iii. 10. 2. Warm in feeling; ardent in temperament; earnest; full of fervor; zealous; glowing. “Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit.” Rom. iii. 11. “So spake the fervent angel.” Milton. “A fervent desire to promote the happiness of mankind.” Macaulay. — Fer´vent•ly, adv. — Fer´vent•ness, n. “Laboring fervently for you in prayers.” Col. iv. 12.

Fer•ves´cent , a. [L. fervescens, p. pr. of fervescere to become boiling hot, incho., fr. fervere. See Fervent.] Growing hot.

Fer´vid , a. [L. fervidus, fr. fervere. See Fervent.] 1. Very hot; burning; boiling. “The mounted sun
Shot down direct his fervid rays.” Milton. 2. Ardent; vehement; zealous. “The fervid wishes, holy fires.” Parnell. — Fer´vid•ly, adv. — Fer´vid•ness, n.

Fer´vor , n. [Written also fervour.] [OF. fervor, fervour, F. ferveur, L. fervor, fr. fervere. See Fervent.] 1. Heat; excessive warmth. “The fevor of ensuing day.” Waller. 2. Intensity of feeling or expression; glowing ardor; passion; holy zeal; earnestness. Hooker. “Winged with fervor of her love.” Shak. Syn. — Fervor, Ardor. Fervor is a boiling heat, and ardor is a burning heat. Hence, in metaphor, we commonly use fervor and its derivatives when we conceive of thoughts or emotions under the image of ebullition, or as pouring themselves forth. Thus we speak of the fervor of passion, fervid declamation, fervid importunity, fervent supplication, fervent desires, etc. Ardent is used when we think of anything as springing from a deepseated glow of soul; as ardent friendship, ardent zeal, ardent devotedness; burning with ardor for the fight.

Fes´cen•nine , a. [L. Fescenninus, fr. Fescennia, a city of Etruria.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the Fescennines. — n. A style of low, scurrilous, obscene poetry originating in fescennia.

Fes´cue (fes´ku), n. [OE. festu, OF. festu, F. fetu, fr. L. festuca stalk, straw.] 1. A straw, wire, stick, etc., used chiefly to point out letters to children when learning to read. ´Pedantic fescue.´ Sterne. “To come under the fescue of an imprimatur.” Milton. 2. An instrument for playing on the harp; a plectrum. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. The style of a dial. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Festuca. Fescue grass (Bot.), a genus of grasses (Festuca) containing several species of importance in agriculture. Festuca ovina is sheep’s fescue; F. elatior is meadow fescue.

Fes´cue (fes´ku), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Fescued p. pr. & vb. n. Fescuing.] To use a fescue, or teach with a fescue. Milton.

Fes´els , n. pl. [Written also fasels.] See Phasel. [Obs.] May (Georgics). { Fess , Fesse } , n. [OF. fesse, faisse, F. fasce, fr. L. fascia band. See Fascia.] (Her.) A band drawn horizontally across the center of an escutcheon, and containing in breadth the third part of it; one of the nine honorable ordinaries. Fess point (Her.), the exact center of the escutcheon. See Escutcheon.

Fes´si•tude , n. [L. fessus wearied, fatigued.] Weariness. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fess´wise , adv. In the manner of fess.

Fest , n. [See Fist.] The fist. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Fest , Fes´te , n. } A feast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fes´tal , a. [L. festum holiday, feast. See feast.] Of or pertaining to a holiday or a feast; joyous; festive. “You bless with choicer wine the festal day.” Francis.

Fes´tal•ly, adv. Joyously; festively; mirthfully.

Fes´ten•nine , n. A fescennine.

Fes´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Festered p. pr. & vb. n. Festering.] [OE. festern, fr. fester, n.; or fr. OF. festrir, fr. festre, n. See Fester, n.] 1. To generate pus; to become imflamed and suppurate; as a sore or a wound festers. “Wounds immedicable
Rankle, and fester, and gangrene.” Milton. “Unkindness may give a wound that shall bleed and smart, but it is treachery that makes it fester.” South. “Hatred … festered in the hearts of the children of the soil.” Macaulay. 2. To be inflamed; to grow virulent, or malignant; to grow in intensity; to rankle.

Fes•ter, v. t. To cause to fester or rankle. “For which I burnt in inward, swelt’ring hate,
And festered ranking malice in my breast.” Marston.

Fes´ter, n. [OF. festre, L. fistula a sort of ulcer. Cf. Fistula.] 1. A small sore which becomes inflamed and discharges corrupt matter; a pustule. 2. A festering or rankling. “The fester of the chain their necks.” I. Taylor.

Fes´ter•ment , n. A festering. [R.] Chalmers.

Fest´eye , v. t. [OF. festier, festeer, F. festoyer.] To feast; to entertain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fes´ti•nate , a. [L. festinatus, p. p. of festinare to hasten.] Hasty; hurried. [Obs.] — Fes´ti•nate•ly, adv. [Obs.] Shak.

Fes•ti•na´tion , n. [L. festinatio.] Haste; hurry. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fes´ti•val , a. [OF. festival, fr. L. festivum festive jollity, fr. festivus festive, gay. See Festive.] Pertaining to a fest; festive; festal; appropriate to a festival; joyous; mirthful. “I cannot woo in festival terms.” Shak.

Fes´ti-val, n. A time of feasting or celebration; an anniversary day of joy, civil or religious. “The morning trumpets festival proclaimed.” Milton. Syn. — Feast; banquet; carousal. See Feast.

Fes´tive , a. [L. festivus, fr. festum holiday, feast. See feast, and cf. Festivous.] Pertaining to, or becoming, a feast; festal; joyous; gay; mirthful; sportive. — Fes´tive•ly, adv. “The glad circle round them yield their souls
To festive mirth and wit that knows no gall.” Thomson.

Fes•tiv´i•ty , n.; pl. Festivities (#). [L. festivitas: cf. F. festivite.] 1. The condition of being festive; social joy or exhilaration of spirits at an entertaintment; joyfulness; gayety. “The unrestrained festivity of the rustic youth.” Bp. Hurd. 2. A festival; a festive celebration. Sir T. Browne.

Fes´ti•vous , a. [See Festive.] Pertaining to a feast; festive. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Fest´lich , a. [See Feast, n.] Festive; fond of festive occasions. [Obs.] ´A festlich man.´ Chaucer.

Fes•toon´ , n. [F. feston (cf. Sp. feston, It. festone), prob. fr. L. festum festival. See Feast.] 1. A garland or wreath hanging in a depending curve, used in decoration for festivals, etc.; anything arranged in this way. 2. (Arch. & Sculp.) A carved ornament consisting of flowers, and leaves, intermixed or twisted together, wound with a ribbon, and hanging or depending in a natural curve. See Illust. of Bucranium.

Fes•toon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Festooned p. pr. & vb. n. Festooning.] To form in festoons, or to adorn with festoons.

Fes•toon´y , a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, festoons. Sir J. Herschel.

Fes•tu•cine , a. [L. festula stalk, straw. Cf. Fescue.] Of a straw color; greenish yellow. [Obs.] “A little insect of a festucine or pale green.” Sir T. Browne.

Fes´tu•cous , a. Formed or consisting of straw. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fes´tue , n. [See Fescue.] A straw; a fescue. [Obs.] Holland.

Fet , n. [Cf. feat, F. fait, and It. fett slice, G. fetzen rag, Icel. fat garment.] A piece. [Obs.] Dryton.

Fet, v. t. [OE. fetten, feten, AS. fetian; akin to AS. faet a journey, and to E. foot; cf. G. fassen to seize. rad. 77. See Foot, and cf. Fetch.] To fetch. [Obs.] “And from the other fifty soon the prisoner fet.” Spenser.

Fet, p. p. of Fette. Fetched. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe´tal , a. [From Fetus.] Pertaining to, or connected with, a fetus; as fetal circulation; fetal membranes.

Fe•ta´tion , n. The formation of a fetus in the womb; pregnancy.

Fetch (fech; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fetched 2; p. pr. & vb. n.. Fetching.] [OE. fecchen, AS. feccan, perh. the same word as fetian; or cf. facian to wish to get, OFries. faka to prepare. rad. 77. Cf. Fet, v. t.] 1. To bear toward the person speaking, or the person or thing from whose point of view the action is contemplated; to go and bring; to get. “Time will run back and fetch the age of gold.” Milton. “He called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I may drink. And as she was going to fetch it he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bred in thine hand.” 1 Kings xvii. 11, 12. 2. To obtain as price or equivalent; to sell for. “Our native horses were held in small esteem, and fetched low prices.” Macaulay. 3. To recall from a swoon; to revive; — sometimes with to; as to fetch a man to. “Fetching men again when they swoon.” Bacon. 4. To reduce; to throw. “The sudden trip in wrestling that fetches a man to the ground.” South. 5. To bring to accomplishment; to achieve; to make; to perform, with certain objects; as to fetch a compass; to fetch a leap; to fetch a sigh. “I’ll fetch a turn about the garden.” Shak. “He fetches his blow quick and sure.” South. 6. To bring or get within reach by going; to reach; to arrive at; to attain; to reach by sailing. “Meantine flew our ships, and straight we fetched
The siren’s isle.” Chapman. 7. To cause to come; to bring to a particular state. “They could n’t fetch the butter in the churn.” W. Barnes. To fetch a compass (Naut.), to make a sircuit; to take a circuitious route going to a place. — To fetch a pump, to make it draw water by pouring water into the top and working the handle. — To fetch headway or sternway (Naut.), to move ahead or astern. — To fetch out, to develop. ´The skill of the polisher fetches out the colors [of marble]´ Addison. — To fetch up. (a) To overtake. [Obs.] ´Says [the hare], I can fetch up the tortoise when I please.´ L’Estrange. (b) To stop suddenly.

fetch, v. i. To bring one’s self; to make headway; to veer; as to fetch about; to fetch to windward. Totten. To fetch away (Naut.), to break loose; to roll slide to leeward. — To fetch and carry, to serve obsequiously, like a trained spaniel.

Fetch, n. 1. A stratagem by which a thing is indirectly brought to pass, or by which one thing seems intended and another is done; a trick; an artifice. “Every little fetch of wit and criticism.” South. 2. The apparation of a living person; a wraith. “The very fetch and ghost of Mrs. Gamp.” Dickens. Fetch candle, a light seen at night, superstitiously believed to portend a person’s death.

Fetch´er , n. One who fetches or brings.

Fete (fet), n. [See feat.] A feat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fete, n. pl. [See Foot.] Feet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fête (fat), n. [F. See Feast.] A festival. Fête champêtre [F.], a festival or entertainment in the open air; a rural festival.

Fête , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fêted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fêting.] [Cf. F. fêter.] To feast; to honor with a festival. { Fe´tich , Fe´tish , n. }[F. fetiche, from Pg. feitiço, adj., n., sorcery, charm, fr. L. facticius made by art, artifical, factitious. See Factitious.] 1. A material object supposed among certain African tribes to represent in such a way, or to be so connected with, a supernatural being, that the possession of it gives to the possessor power to control that being. 2. Any object to which one is excessively devoted. { fe´tich•ism , Fe´tish•ism ; 277), n. }[Cf. F. fetichisme.] [Written also feticism.] 1. The doctrine or practice of belief in fetiches. 2. Excessive devotion to one object or one idea; abject superstition; blind adoration. “The real and absolute worship of fire falls into two great divisions, the first belonging rather to fetichism, the second to polytheism proper.” Tylor. { Fe´tich•ist , Fe´tish•ist, n. } A believer in fetiches. “He was by nature a fetichist.” H. Holbeach. { Fe•tich•is´tic , Fe•tish•is´tic, a.} Pertaining to, or involving, fetichism. “A man of the fifteenth century, inheriting its strange web of belief and unbelief, of epicurean levity and fetichistic dread.” G. Eliot.

Fe´ti•cide , n. [Written also fœticide.] [Fetus + L. caedere to kill.] (Med. & Law) The act of killing the fetus in the womb; the offense of procuring an abortion.

Fe´ti•cism , n. See Fetichism.

Fet´id (? or 277), a. [L. fetidus, foetidus, fr. fetere, foetere, to have an ill smell, to stink: cf. F. fetide.] Having an offensive smell; stinking. “Most putrefactions … smell either fetid or moldy.” Bacon.

Fet•id´i•ty , n. Fetidness.

Fet´id•ness, n. The quality or state of being fetid.

Fe•tif´er•ous , a. [Fetus + -ferous.] Producing young, as animals.

Fe´tis , a. [OF. fetis, faitis. Cf. Factitious.] Neat; pretty; well made; graceful. [Obs.] “Full fetis was her cloak, as I was ware.” Chaucer.

Fe´tise•ly , adv. Neatly; gracefully; properly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe´tish , n., Fe´tish•ism ( or ; 277), n., Fe•tish•is´tic , a. See Fetich, n., Fetichism, n., Fetichistic, a.

Fet´lock , n. [OE. fetlak, fitlock, cf. Icel. fet pace, step, fit webbed foot of water birds, akin to E. foot. rad.77. See Foot.] The cushionlike projection, bearing a tuft of long hair, on the back side of the leg above the hoof of the horse and similar animals. also the joint of the limb at this point (between the great pastern bone and the metacarpus), or the tuft of hair. “Their wounded steeds
Fret fetlock deep in gore.” Shak.

Fe´tor , n. [L. fetor, foetor. See Fetid.] A strong, offensive smell; stench; fetidness. Arbuthnot.

Fet´te , v. t. [imp. Fette, p. p. Fet.] [See Fet, v. t.] To fetch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fet´ter (fet´ter), n. [AS. fetor, feter; akin to OS. feteros, pl., OD. veter, OHG. fezzera, Icel. fjöturr, L. pedica, Gr. pe•dh, and to E. foot. rad. 77. See Foot.] [Chiefly used in the plural, fetters.] 1. A chain or shackle for the feet; a chain by which an animal is confined by the foot, either made fast or disabled from free and rapid motion; a bond; a shackle. “[They] bound him with fetters of brass.” Judg. xvi. 21. 2. Anything that confines or restrains; a restraint. “Passion’s too fierce to be in fetters bound.” Dryden.

Fet´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fettered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fettering.] 1. To put fetters upon; to shackle or confine the feet of with a chain; to bind. “My heels are fettered, but my fist is free.” Milton. 2. To restrain from motion; to impose restraints on; to confine; to enchain; as fettered by obligations. “My conscience! thou art fettered
More than my shanks and wrists.” Shak.

Fet´tered , a. (Zoöl.) Seeming as if fettered, as the feet of certain animals which bend backward, and appear unfit for walking.

Fet´ter•er , n. One who fetters. Landor.

Fet´ter•less, a. Free from fetters. Marston.

Fet´tle , v. t. [OE. & Prov. E., to fettle (in sense 1), fettle, n., order, repair, preparation, dress; prob. akin to E. fit. See Fit, a.] 1. To repair; to prepare; to put in order. [Prov. Eng.] Carlyle. 2. (Metal.) To cover or line with a mixture of ore, cinders, etc., as the hearth of a puddling furnace.

Fet´tle, v. i. To make preparations; to put things in order; to do trifling business. [Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall.

Fet´tle, n. The act of fettling. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. In fine fettle, in good spirits.

Fet´tling , n. 1. (Metal.) A mixture of ore, cinders, etc., used to line the hearth of a puddling furnace. [Eng.] [It is commonly called fix in the United States.] 2. (Pottery) The operation of shaving or smoothing the surface of undried clay ware.

Fet´u•ous , a. Neat; feat. [Obs.] Herrick.

Fe´tus , n.; pl. Fetuses (#). [L. fetus, foetus, a bringing forth, brood, offspring, young ones, cf. fetus fruitful, fructified, that is or was filled with young; akin to E. fawn a deer, fecundity, felicity, feminine, female, and prob. to do, or according to others, to be.] The young or embryo of an animal in the womb, or in the egg; often restricted to the later stages in the development of viviparous and oviparous animals, embryo being applied to the earlier stages. [Written also fœtus.]

Fet´wah , n. [Ar.] A written decision of a Turkish mufti on some point of law. Whitworth.

Feu , n. [See 2d Feud, and Fee.] (Scots Law) A free and gratuitous right to lands made to one for service to be performed by him; a tenure where the vassal, in place of military services, makes a return in grain or in money. Burrill.

Feu´ar , n. [From Feu.] (Scots Law) One who holds a feu. Sir W. Scott.

Feud (fud), n. [OE. feide, AS. faehð, fr. fah hostile; akin to OHG. fehida, G. fehde, Sw. fejd, D. feide; prob. akin to E. fiend. See Foe.] 1. A combination of kindred to avenge injuries or affronts, done or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all his race. 2. A contention or quarrel; especially, an inveterate strife between families, clans, or parties; deadly hatred; contention satisfied only by bloodshed. “Mutual feuds and battles betwixt their several tribes and kindreds.” Purchas. Syn. — Affray; fray; broil; contest; dispute; strife.

Feud, n. [LL. feudum, feodum prob. of same origin as E. fief. See Fief, Fee.] (Law) A stipendiary estate in land, held of superior, by service; the right which a vassal or tenant had to the lands or other immovable thing of his lord, to use the same and take the profists thereof hereditarily, rendering to his superior such duties and services as belong to military tenure, etc., the property of the soil always remaining in the lord or superior; a fief; a fee.

Feu´dal , a. [F. feodal, or LL. feudalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or feels; as feudal rights or services; feudal tenures. 2. Consisting of, or founded upon, feuds or fiefs; embracing tenures by military services; as the feudal system.

Feu´dal•ism , n. [Cf. F. feodalisme.] The feudal system; a system by which the holding of estates in land is made dependent upon an obligation to render military service to the kind or feudal superior; feudal principles and usages.

Feu´dal•ist, n. An upholder of feudalism.

Feu•dal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. feodalite.] The state or quality of being feudal; feudal form or constitution. Burke.

Feu•dal•i•za´tion , n. The act of reducing to feudal tenure.

Feu´dal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feudalized p. pr. & vb. n. Feudalizing ] To reduce to a feudal tenure; to conform to feudalism.

Feu´dal•ly, adv. In a feudal manner.

Feu´da•ry , a. [LL. feudarius, fr. feudum. See 2d Feud.] Held by, or pertaining to, feudal tenure.

Feu´da•ry, n. 1. A tenant who holds his lands by feudal service; a feudatory. Foxe. 2. A feodary. See Feodary.

Feu´da•ta•ry , a. & n. [LL. feudatarius: cf. F. feudataire.] See Feudatory.

Feu´da•to•ry , n.; pl. Feudatories . A tenant or vassal who held his lands of a superior on condition of feudal service; the tenant of a feud or fief. “The grantee … was styled the feudatory or vassal.” Blackstone. “[He] had for feudatories great princes.” J. H. Newman.

Feu´da•to•ry, a. Held from another on some conditional tenure; as a feudatory title. Bacon.

Feu• de joie´ [F., lit., fire of joy.] A fire kindled in a public place in token of joy; a bonfire; a firing of guns in token of joy.

Feud´ist , n. [Cf. F. feudiste.] A writer on feuds; a person versed in feudal law. Spelman.

Feu•illants´ , n. pl. A reformed branch of the Bernardines, founded in 1577 at Feuillans, near Toulouse, in France.

Feuille´mort , a. [F. feuille morte a dead leaf.] Having the color of a faded leaf. Locke.

Feu•ille•ton´ , n. [F., from feulle leaf.] A part of a French newspaper (usually the bottom of the page), devoted to light literature, criticism, etc.; also the article or tale itself, thus printed.

Feuill´ton•ist , n. [F. feuilletoniste.] A writer of feuilletons. F. Harrison.

feu´ter , v. t. [OE. feutre rest for a lance, OF. feutre, fautre, feltre, felt, cushion, rest for a lance, fr. LL. filtrum, feltrum; of German origin, and akin to E. felt. See Felt, and cf. Filter.] To set close; to fix in rest, as a spear. Spenser.

Feu´ter•er , n. [Either fr. G. fütterer feeder, or corrupted fr. OF. vautrier, vaultrier; fr. vaultre, viautre, a kind of hound, fr. L. vertragus, vertraga, a greyhound. The last is of Celtic origin.] A dog keeper. [Obs.] Massinger.

Fe´ver , n. [OE. fever, fefer, AS. fefer, fefor, L. febris: cf. F. fièvre. Cf. Febrile.] 1. (Med.) A diseased state of the system, marked by increased heat, acceleration of the pulse, and a general derangement of the functions, including usually, thirst and loss of appetite. Many diseases, of which fever is the most prominent symptom, are denominated fevers; as typhoid fever; yellow fever. Remitting fevers subside or abate at intervals; intermitting fevers intermit or entirely cease at intervals; continued or continual fevers neither remit nor intermit. 2. Excessive excitement of the passions in consequence of strong emotion; a condition of great excitement; as this quarrel has set my blood in a fever. “An envious fever
Of pale and bloodless emulation.” Shak. “After life’s fitful fever he sleeps well.” Shak. Brain fever, Continued fever, etc. See under Brain, Continued, etc. — Fever and ague, a form of fever recurring in paroxysms which are preceded by chills. It is of malarial origin. — Fever blister (Med.), a blister or vesicle often found about the mouth in febrile states; a variety of herpes. — Fever bush (Bot.), the wild allspice or spice bush. See Spicewood. — Fever powder. Same as Jame’s powder. — Fever root (Bot.), an American herb of the genus Triosteum (T. perfoliatum); — called also feverwort amd horse gentian. — Fever sore, a carious ulcer or necrosis. Miner.

Fe´ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fevered p. pr. & vb. n. Fevering.] To put into a fever; to affect with fever; as a fevered lip. [R.] “The white hand of a lady fever thee.” Shak.

Fe´ver•et , n. A slight fever. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Fe´ver•few , n. [AS. feferfuge, fr. L. febrifugia. See fever, Fugitive, and cf. Febrifuge.] (Bot.) A perennial plant (Pyrethrum, or Chrysanthemum, Parthenium) allied to camomile, having finely divided leaves and white blossoms; — so named from its supposed febrifugal qualities.

Fe´ver•ish, a. 1. Having a fever; suffering from, or affected with, a moderate degree of fever; showing increased heat and thirst; as the patient is feverish. 2. Indicating, or pertaining to, fever; characteristic of a fever; as feverish symptoms. 3. Hot; sultry. ´The feverish north.´ Dryden. 4. Disordered as by fever; excited; restless; as the feverish condition of the commercial world. “Strive to keep up a frail and feverish bing.” Milton. — Fe´ver•ish•ly, adv. — Fe´ver•ish•ness, n.

Fe´ver•ous , a. [Cf.F. fievreux.] 1. Affected with fever or ague; feverish. “His heart, love’s feverous citadel.” Keats. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fever; as a feverous pulse. “All maladies … all feverous kinds.” Milton. 3. Having the tendency to produce fever; as a feverous disposition of the year. [R.] Bacon.

Fe´ver•ous•ly, adv. Feverishly. [Obs.] Donne.

Fe´ver•wort , n. See Fever root, under Fever.

Fe´ver•y , a. Feverish. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Few (fu), a. [Compar. Fewer superl. Fewest.] [OE. fewe, feawe, AS. feá, pl. feáwe; akin to OS. fah, OHG. fo fao, Icel. far, Sw. få, pl., Dan. faa, pl., Goth. faus, L. paucus, cf. Gr. pay^ros. Cf. Paucity.] Not many; small, limited, or confined in number; — indicating a small portion of units or individuals constituing a whole; often, by ellipsis of a noun, a few people. ´Are not my days few?´ Job x. 20. “Few know and fewer care.” Proverb. Few is often used partitively; as few of them. A few, a small number. — In few, in a few words; briefly. Shak. — No few, not few; more than a few; many. Cowper. — The few, the minority; — opposed to the many or the majority.

Fe´wel , n. [See Fuel.] Fuel. [Obs.] Hooker.

Few´met , n. See Fumet. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Few´ness, n. 1. The state of being few; smallness of number; paucity. Shak. 2. Brevity; conciseness. [Obs.] Shak.

Fey , a. [AS. fga, Icel. feigr, OHG. feigi.] Fated; doomed. [Old Eng. & Scot.]

Fey , n. [See Fay faith.] Faith. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fey , v. t. [Cf. Feague.] To cleanse; to clean out. [Obs.] Tusser.

Feyne , v. t. To feign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Feyre , n. A fair or market. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fez , n. [F., fr. the town of Fez in Morocco.] A felt or cloth cap, usually red and having a tassel, — a variety of the tarboosh. See Tarboosh. B. Taylor.

Fia´cre , n. [F.] A kind of French hackney coach.

Fi´ance , v. t. [F. fiancer. See Affiance.] To betroth; to affiance. [Obs.] Harmar.

Fi•an•ce´ , n. [F.] A betrothed man.

Fi•an•cee´ , n. [F.] A betrothed woman.

Fi´ants , n. [F. fiente dung.] The dung of the fox, wolf, boar, or badger.

Fi´ar , n. [See Feuar.] 1. (Scots Law) One in whom the property of an estate is vested, subject to the estate of a life renter. “I am fiar of the lands; she a life renter.” Sir W. Scott. 2. pl. The price of grain, as legally fixed, in the counties of Scotland, for the current year.

Fi•as´co , n.; pl. Fiascoes (#). [It.] A complete or ridiculous failure, esp. of a musical performance, or of any pretentious undertaking.

Fi´at , n. [L., let it be done, 3d pers. sing., subj. pres., fr. fieri, used as pass. of facere to make. Cf. Be.] 1. An authoritative command or order to do something; an effectual decree. “His fiat laid the corner stone.” Willis. 2. (Eng. Law) (a) A warrant of a judge for certain processes. (b) An authority for certain proceedings given by the Lord Chancellor’s signature. Fiat money, irredeemable paper currency, not resting on a specie basis, but deriving its purchasing power from the declaratory fiat of the government issuing it.

Fi•aunt´ , n. Commission; fiat; order; decree. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fib , n. [Prob. fr. fable; cf. Prov. E. fibble-fabble nonsense.] A falsehood; a lie; — used euphemistically. “They are very serious; they don’t tell fibs.” H. James.

Fib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fibbed p. pr. & vb. n. Fibbing ] To speak falsely. [Colloq.]

Fib, v. t. To tell a fib to. [R.] De Quincey.

Fib´ber , n. One who tells fibs. { Fi´ber , Fi´bre }, , n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as the fiber of flax or of muscle. 2. Any fine, slender thread, or threadlike substance; as a fiber of spun glass; especially, one of the slender rootlets of a plant. 3. Sinew; strength; toughness; as a man of real fiber. “Yet had no fibers in him, nor no force.” Chapman. 4. A general name for the raw material, such as cotton, flax, hemp, etc., used in textile manufactures. Fiber gun, a kind of steam gun for converting, wood, straw, etc., into fiber. The material is shut up in the gun with steam, air, or gas at a very high pressure which is afterward relieved suddenly by letting a lid at the muzzle fly open, when the rapid expansion separates the fibers. — Fiber plants (Bot.), plants capable of yielding fiber useful in the arts, as hemp, flax, ramie, agave, etc. { Fi´bered , Fi´bred } , a. Having fibers; made up of fibers. { Fi´ber-faced• , Fi´bre-faced• } , a. Having a visible fiber embodied in the surface of; — applied esp. to a kind of paper for checks, drafts, etc. { Fi´ber•less , Fi´bre•less }, a. Having no fibers; destitute of fibers or fiber.

Fi´bri•form , a. [L. fibra a fiber + -form.] (Biol.) Having the form of a fiber or fibers; resembling a fiber.

Fi´bril , n. [F. fibrille, dim. of fibre, L. fibra.] A small fiber; the branch of a fiber; a very slender thread; a fibrilla. Cheyne.

Fi•bril´la , n.; pl. FibrillAE (#). [NL. See Fibril.] A minute thread or fiber, as one of the fibrous elements of a muscular fiber; a fibril.

Fi´bril•lar , a. Of or pertaining to fibrils or fibers; as fibrillar twitchings.

Fi´bril•la•ry , a. Of of pertaining to fibrils.

Fi´bril•la•ted , a. Furnished with fibrils; fringed.

Fi•bril•la´tion , n. The state of being reduced to fibers. Carpenter.

Fi•bril´lose , a. Covered with hairlike appendages, as the under surface of some lichens; also composed of little strings or fibers; as fibrillose appendages.

Fi•bril´lous , a. [Cf. F. fibraleux.] Pertaining to, or composed of, fibers.

Fi´brin , n. [Cf. F. fibrine. See Fiber.] (Physiol. Chem.) 1. A white, albuminous, fibrous substance, formed in the coagulation of the blood either by decomposition of fibrinogen, or from the union of fibrinogen and paraglobulin which exist separately in the blood. It is insoluble in water, but is readily digestible in gastric and pancreatic juice. 2. The white, albuminous mass remaining after washing lean beef or other meat with water until all coloring matter is removed; the fibrous portion of the muscle tissue; flesh fibrin. 3. An albuminous body, resembling animal fibrin in composition, found in cereal grains and similar seeds; vegetable fibrin. Fibrin factors (Physiol.), the albuminous bodies, paraglobulin and fibrinigen in the blood, which, by the action of the fibrin ferment, are changed into fibrin, in coagulation. — Fibrin ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment which makes its appearance in the blood shortly after it is shed, and is supposed to be the active agent in causing coagulation of the blood, with formation of fibrin.

Fi•bri•na´tion , n. (Med.) The state of acquiring or having an excess of fibrin.

Fi´brine , a. Belonging to the fibers of plants.

Fi•brin´o•gen , n. [Fibrin + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance existing in the blood, and in other animal fluids, which either alone or with fibrinoplastin or paraglobulin forms fibrin, and thus causes coagulation.

Fi•bri•nog´e•nous , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Possessed of properties similar to fibrinogen; capable of forming fibrin.

Fi•bri•no•plas´tic , a. (Physiol.Chem.) Like fibrinoplastin; capable of forming fibrin when brought in contact with fibrinogen.

Fi•bri•no•plas´tin , n. [Fibrin + Gr. to form, mold.] (Physiol.Chem.) An albuminous substance, existing in the blood, which in combination with fibrinogen forms fibrin; — called also paraglobulin.

Fi´bri•nous (? or 277), a. Having, or partaking of the properties of, fibrin; as fibrious exudation.

Fi•bro•car´ti•lage , n. [L. fibra a fiber + E. cartilage.] (Anat.) A kind of cartilage with a fibrous matrix and approaching fibrous connective tissue in structure. — Fi•bro•car•ti•lag´i•nous (#), a.

Fi•bro•chon•dros´te•al , a. [L. fibra a fiber + gr. cartilage + bone.] (Anat.) Partly fibrous, partly cartilaginous, and partly osseous. St. George Mivart.

Fi´broid , a. [L. fibra a fiber + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling or forming fibrous tissue; made up of fibers; as fibroid tumors. - - n. A fibroid tumor; a fibroma. Fibroid degeneration, a form of degeneration in which organs or tissues are converted into fibroid tissue. — Fibroid phthists, a form of pulmonary consumption associated with the formation of fibrous tissue in the lungs, and the gradual atrophy of the lungs, from the pressure due to the contraction of this tissue.

Fi´bro•in , n. [L. fibra a fiber.] (Chem.) A variety of gelatin; the chief ingredient of raw silk, extracted as a white amorphous mass.

Fi´bro•lite , n. [L. fibra a fiber + -lite: cf. F. fibrolithe.] (Min.) A silicate of alumina, of fibrous or columnar structure. It is like andalusite in composition; — called also sillimanite, and bucholizite.

Fi•bro´ma , n. [NL. See Fiber, and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor consisting mainly of fibrous tissue, or of same modification of such tissue.

Fi•bro•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fibra a fiber + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges having a fibrous skeleton, including the commercial sponges.

Fi´brous , a. [Cf. F. fibreux.] Containing, or consisting of, fibers; as the fibrous coat of the cocoanut; the fibrous roots of grasses. — Fi´brous•ness, n.

Fi•bro•vas´cu•lar , a. [L. fibra a fiber + E. vascular.] (Bot.) Containing woody fiber and ducts, as the stems of all flowering plants and ferns; — opposed to cellular.

Fib´ster , n. One who tells fibs. [Jocular]

Fib´u•la , n.; pl. FibulAE (#). [L., clasp, buckle.] 1. A brooch, clasp, or buckle. “Mere fibulae, without a robe to clasp.” Wordsworth. 2. (Anat.) The outer and usually the smaller of the two bones of the leg, or hind limb, below the knee. 3. (Surg.) A needle for sewing up wounds.

Fib´u-lar , a. Pertaining to the fibula.

Fib•u•la´re , n.; pl. Fibularia (#). [NL. See Fibula.] (Anat.) The bone or cartilage of the tarsus, which articulates with the fibula, and corresponds to the calcaneum in man and most mammals.

Fice , n. A small dog; — written also fise, fyce, fiste, etc. [Southern U.S.]

Fi•che , a. (Her.) See Fitche.

Fich´tel•ite , n. (Min.) A white crystallized mineral resin from the Fichtelgebirge, Bavaria.

Fich´u , n. [F., neckerchief.] A light cape, usually of lace, worn by women, to cover the neck and throat, and extending to the shoulders.

Fic´kle , a. [OE. fikel untrustworthy, deceitful, AS. ficol, fr. fic, gefic, fraud, deceit; cf. facen deceit, OS. fkn, OHG. feichan, Icel. feikn portent. Cf. Fidget.] Not fixed or firm; liable to change; unstable; of a changeable mind; not firm in opinion or purpose; inconstant; capricious; as Fortune’s fickle wheel. Shak. “They know how fickle common lovers are.” Dryden. Syn. — Wavering; irresolute; unsettled; vacillating; unstable; inconsonant; unsteady; variable; mutable; changeful; capricious; veering; shifting.

Fic´kle•ness , n. The quality of being fickle; instability; inconsonancy. Shak.

Fic´kly , adv. In a fickle manner. [Obs.] Pepys.

Fi´co , n.; pl. Ficoes (#). [It., a fig, fr. L. ficus. See Fig.] A fig; an insignificant trifle, no more than the snap of one’s thumb; a sign of contempt made by the fingers, expressing. A fig for you. “Steal! foh, a fico for the phrase.” Shak.

Fic´tile , a. [L. fictilis. See Fiction.] Molded, or capable of being molded, into form by art; relating to pottery or to molding in any soft material. “Fictile earth is more fragile than crude earth.” Bacon. “The earliest specimens of Italian fictile art.” C. Wordsworth. Fictile ware, ware made of any material which is molded or shaped while soft; hence, pottery of any sort. — Fic´tile•ness, n. — Fic•til´i•ty (#), n.

Fic´tion , n. [F. fiction, L. fictio, fr. fingere, fictum to form, shape, invent, feign. See Feign.] 1. The act of feigning, inventing, or imagining; as by a mere fiction of the mind. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. That which is feigned, invented, or imagined; especially, a feigned or invented story, whether oral or written. Hence: A story told in order to deceive; a fabrication; — opposed to fact, or reality. “The fiction of those golden apples kept by a dragon.” Sir W. Raleigh. “When it could no longer be denied that her flight had been voluntary, numerous fictions were invented to account for it.” Macaulay. 3. Fictitious literature; comprehensively, all works of imagination; specifically, novels and romances. “The office of fiction as a vehicle of instruction and moral elevation has been recognized by most if not all great educators.” Dict. of Education. 4. (Law) An assumption of a possible thing as a fact, irrespective of the question of its truth. Wharton. 5. Any like assumption made for convenience, as for passing more rapidly over what is not disputed, and arriving at points really at issue. Syn. — Fabrication; invention; fable; falsehood. — Fiction, Fabrication. Fiction is opposed to what is real; fabrication to what is true. Fiction is designed commonly to amuse, and sometimes to instruct; a fabrication is always intended to mislead and deceive. In the novels of Sir Walter Scott we have fiction of the highest order. The poems of Ossian, so called, were chiefly fabrications by Macpherson.

Fic´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, fiction; fictitious; romantic.´Fictional rather than historical.´ Latham.

Fic´tion•ist, n. A writer of fiction. [R.] Lamb.

Fic´tious , a. Fictitious. [R.] Prior.

Fic•ti´tious , a. [L. fictitius. See Fiction.] Feigned; imaginary; not real; fabulous; counterfeit; false; not genuine; as fictitious fame. “The human persons are as fictitious as the airy ones.” Pope. — Fic•ti´tious•ly, adv. — Fic•ti´tious•ness, n.

Fic´tive , a. [Cf. F. fictif.] Feigned; counterfeit. ´The fount of fictive tears.´ Tennyson.

Fic´tor , n. [L.] An artist who models or forms statues and reliefs in any plastic material. [R.] Elmes.

Fi´cus , n. [L., a fig.] A genus of trees or shrubs, one species of which (F. Carica) produces the figs of commerce; the fig tree. Ficus Indica is the banyan tree; F. religiosa, the peepul tree; F. elastica, the India-rubber tree.

Fid , n. [Prov. E. fid a small, thick lump.] 1. (Naut.) A square bar of wood or iron, used to support the topmast, being passed through a hole or mortise at its heel, and resting on the trestle trees. 2. A wooden or metal bar or pin, used to support or steady anything. 3. A pin of hard wood, tapering to a point, used to open the strands of a rope in splicing. There are hand fids and standing fids (which are larger than the others, and stand upon a flat base). An iron implement for this purpose is called a marline spike. 4. (Mil.) A block of wood used in mounting and dismounting heavy guns.

Fi•dal´go , n. [Pg. See Hidalgo.] The lowest title of nobility in Portugal, corresponding to that of Hidalgo in Spain.

Fid´dle (fid´d’l), n. [OE. fidele, fithele, AS. fiðele; akin to D. vedel, OHG. fidula, G. fiedel, Icel. fiðla, and perh. to E. viol. Cf. Viol.] 1. (Mus.) A stringed instrument of music played with a bow; a violin; a kit. 2. (Bot.) A kind of dock (Rumex pulcher) with fiddle-shaped leaves; — called also fiddle dock. 3. (Naut.) A rack or frame of bars connected by strings, to keep table furniture in place on the cabin table in bad weather. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Fiddle beetle (Zoöl.), a Japanese carabid beetle (Damaster blaptoides); — so called from the form of the body. — Fiddle block (Naut.), a long tackle block having two sheaves of different diameters in the same plane, instead of side by side as in a common double block. Knight. — Fiddle bow, fiddlestick. — Fiddle fish (Zoöl.), the angel fish. — Fiddle head, an ornament on a ship’s bow, curved like the volute or scroll at the head of a violin. — Fiddle pattern, a form of the handles of spoons, forks, etc., somewhat like a violin. — Scotch fiddle, the itch. (Low) — To play first, or second, fiddle, to take a leading or a subordinate part. [Colloq.]

Fid´dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fiddled p. pr. & vb. n. Fiddling ] 1. To play on a fiddle. “Themistocles … said he could not fiddle, but he could make a small town a great city.” Bacon. 2. To keep the hands and fingers actively moving as a fiddler does; to move the hands and fingers restlessy or in busy idleness; to trifle. “Talking, and fiddling with their hats and feathers.” Pepys.

Fid´dle , v. t. To play (a tune) on a fiddle.

Fid´dle•dee•dee , interj. An exclamatory word or phrase, equivalent to nonsense! [Colloq.]

Fid´dle-fad•dle , n. A trifle; trifling talk; nonsense. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Fid´dle-fad•dle, v. i. To talk nonsense. [Colloq.] Ford.

Fid´dler , n. [AS. fiðelere.] 1. One who plays on a fiddle or violin. 2. (Zoöl.) A burrowing crab of the genus Gelasimus, of many species. The male has one claw very much enlarged, and often holds it in a position similar to that in which a musician holds a fiddle, hence the name; — called also calling crab, soldier crab, and fighting crab. 3. (Zoöl.) The common European sandpiper (Tringoides hypoleucus); — so called because it continually oscillates its body. Fiddler crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler, n., 2.

Fid´dle-shaped , a. (Bot.) Inversely ovate, with a deep hollow on each side. Gray.

Fid´dle•stick , n. The bow, strung with horsehair, used in playing the fiddle; a fiddle bow.

Fid´dle•string , n. One of the catgut strings of a fiddle.

Fid´dle•wood , n. [Corrupted fr. F. bois-fidèle, lit., faithful wood; — so called from its durability.] The wood of several West Indian trees, mostly of the genus Citharexylum.

Fi•de•jus´sion , n. [L. fidejussio, from fidejubere to be surety or bail; fides faith + jubere to order: cf. F. fidejussion.] (Civil Law) The act or state of being bound as surety for another; suretyship.

Fi•de•jus´sor , n. [L.: cf. F. fidejusseur.] (Civil Law) A surety; one bound for another, conjointly with him; a guarantor. Blackstone.

Fi•del´i•ty , n. [L. fidelitas: cf. F. fidelite. See Fealty.] Faithfulness; adherence to right; careful and exact observance of duty, or discharge of obligations. Especially: (a) Adherence to a person or party to which one is bound; loyalty. “Whose courageous fidelity was proof to all danger.” Macaulay. “The best security for the fidelity of men is to make interest coincide with duty.” A. Hamilton. (b) Adherence to the marriage contract. (c) Adherence to truth; veracity; honesty. “The principal thing required in a witness is fidelity.” Hooker. Syn. — Faithfulness; honesty; integrity; faith; loyalty; fealty.

Fi´des , n. [L., faith.] (Roman Muth.) Faith personified as a goddess; the goddess of faith.

Fidge (fij), n. & v. i. See Fidget. [R.] Swift.

Fidg´et , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fidgeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fodgeting.] [From Fidge; cf. OE. fiken to fidget, to flatter, Icel. fika to hasten, Sw. fika to hunt after, AS. befician to deceive. Cf. Fickle.] To move uneasily one way and the other; to move irregularly, or by fits and starts. Moore.

Fidg´et, n. 1. Uneasiness; restlessness. Cowper. 2. pl. A general nervous restlessness, manifested by incessant changes of position; dysphoria. Dunglison.

Fidg´et•i•ness , n. Quality of being fidgety.

Fidg´et•y , a. Restless; uneasy. Lowell.

Fid´i•a , n. [NL., prob. fr. L. fidus trusty.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles, of which one species (the grapevine Fidia, F. longipes) is very injurious to vines in America.

Fi•dic´i•nal , a. [L. fidicinus, fr. fidicen, -inis, a lute player.] (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a stringed instrument.

Fi•du´cial , a. [L. fiducia trust, confidence; akin to fides faith. See Faith.] 1. Having faith or trust; confident; undoubting; firm. ´Fiducial reliance on the promises of God.´ Hammond. 2. Having the nature of a trust; fiduciary; as fiducial power. Spelman. Fiducial edge (Astron. & Surv.), the straight edge of the alidade or ruler along which a straight line is to be drawn. — Fiducial line or point (Math. & Physics.), a line or point of reference, as for setting a graduated circle or scale used for measurments.

Fi•du´cial•ly, adv. With confidence. South. Fi•du´ci•a•ry a. [L. fiduciarus fr. fiducia: cf. F. fiduciaire. See Fiducial.] 1. Involving confidence or trust; confident; undoubting; faithful; firm; as in a fiduciary capacity. ´Fiduciary obedience.´ Howell. 2. Holding, held, or founded, in trust. Spelman.

Fi•du´ci•a•ry, n. 1. One who holds a thing in trust for another; a trustee. “Instrumental to the conveying God’s blessing upon those whose fiduciaries they are.” Jer. Taylor. 2. (Theol.) One who depends for salvation on faith, without works; an Antinomian. Hammond.

Fie , interj. [OE. fi; cf. D. fif. G. pfui, Icel. f, Sw. & Dan. fy, F. fi, L. fi, phy.] An exclamation denoting contempt or dislike. See Fy. Fuller.

Fief , n. [F. fief; of German origin, and the same word as E. fee. See Fee, and cf. Feud, a tief.] (Law) An estate held of a superior on condition of military service; a fee; a feud. See under Benefice, n., 2.

Field (feld), n. [OE. feld, fild, AS. feld; akin to D. veld, G. feld, Sw. fält, Dan. felt, Icel. fold field of grass, AS. folde earth, land, ground, OS. folda.] 1. Cleared land; land suitable for tillage or pasture; cultivated ground; the open country. 2. A piece of land of considerable size; esp., a piece inclosed for tillage or pasture. “Fields which promise corn and wine.” Byron. 3. A place where a battle is fought; also the battle itself. “In this glorious and well-foughten field.” Shak. “What though the field be lost?” Milton. 4. An open space; an extent; an expanse. Esp.: (a) Any blank space or ground on which figures are drawn or projected. (b) The space covered by an optical instrument at one view. “Without covering, save yon field of stars.” Shak. “Ask of yonder argent fields above.” Pope. 5. (Her.) The whole surface of an escutcheon; also so much of it is shown unconcealed by the different bearings upon it. See Illust. of Fess, where the field is represented as gules (red), while the fess is argent (silver). 6. An unresticted or favorable opportunity for action, operation, or achievement; province; room. “Afforded a clear field for moral experiments.” Macaulay. 7. A collective term for all the competitors in any outdoor contest or trial, or for all except the favorites in the betting. 8. (Baseball) That part of the grounds reserved for the players which is outside of the diamond; — called also outfield. Field is often used adjectively in the sense of belonging to, or used in, the fields; especially with reference to the operations and equipments of an army during a campaign away from permanent camps and fortifications. In most cases such use of the word is sufficiently clear; as field battery; field fortification; field gun; field hospital, etc. A field geologist, naturalist, etc., is one who makes investigations or collections out of doors. A survey uses a field book for recording field notes, i.e., measurment, observations, etc., made in field work (outdoor operations). A farmer or planter employs field hands, and may use a field roller or a field derrick. Field sports are hunting, fishing, athletic games, etc. Coal field (Geol.) See under Coal. — Field artillery, light ordnance mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army. — Field basil (Bot.), a plant of the Mint family (Calamintha Acinos); — called also basil thyme. — Field colors (Mil.), small flags for marking out the positions for squadrons and battalions; camp colors. — Field cricket (Zoöl.), a large European cricket (Gryllus campestric), remarkable for its loud notes. — Field day. (a) A day in the fields. (b) (Mil.) A day when troops are taken into the field for instruction in evolutions. Farrow. (c) A day of unusual exertion or display; a gala day. — Field driver, in New England, an officer charged with the driving of stray cattle to the pound. - - Field duck (Zoöl.), the little bustard (Otis tetrax), found in Southern Europe. — Field glass. (Optics) (a) A binocular telescope of compact form; a lorgnette; a race glass. (b) A small achromatic telescope, from 20 to 24 inches long, and having 3 to 6 draws. (c) See Field lens. — Field lark. (Zoöl.) (a) The skylark. (b) The tree pipit. — Field lens (Optics), that one of the two lenses forming the eyepiece of an astronomical telescope or compound microscope which is nearer the object glass; — called also field glass. — Field madder (Bot.), a plant (Sherardia arvensis) used in dyeing. — Field marshal (Mil.), the highest military rank conferred in the British and other European armies. — Field mouse (Zoöl.), a mouse inhabiting fields, as the campagnol and the deer mouse. See Campagnol, and Deer mouse. — Field officer (Mil.), an officer above the rank of captain and below that of general. — Field officer’s court (U.S.Army), a court-martial consisting of one field officer empowered to try all cases, in time of war, subject to jurisdiction of garrison and regimental courts. Farrow. — Field plover (Zoöl.), the black-bellied plover (Charadrius squatarola); also sometimes applied to the Bartramian sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). — Field spaniel (Zoöl.), a small spaniel used in hunting small game. — Field sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American sparrow (Spizella pusilla). (b) The hedge sparrow. [Eng.] — Field staff> (Mil.), a staff formerly used by gunners to hold a lighted match for discharging a gun. — Field vole (Zoöl.), the European meadow mouse. — Field of ice, a large body of floating ice; a pack. — Field, or Field of view, in a telescope or microscope, the entire space within which objects are seen. — Field magnet. see under Magnet. — Magnetic field. See Magnetic. — To back the field, or To bet on the field. See under Back, v. t. — To keep the field. (a) (Mil.) To continue a campaign. (b) To maintain one’s ground against all comers. — To lay, or back, against the field, to bet on (a horse, etc.) against all comers. — To take the field (Mil.), to enter upon a campaign.

Field , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fielding.] 1. To take the field. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Ball Playing) To stand out in the field, ready to catch, stop, or throw the ball.

Field, v. t. (Ball Playing) To catch, stop, throw, etc. (the ball), as a fielder.

Field´ed, a. Engaged in the field; encamped. [Obs.] “To help fielded friends.” Shak.

Field´en , a. Consisting of fields. [Obs.] “The fielden country also and plains.” Holland.

Field´er , n. (Ball Playing) A ball payer who stands out in the field to catch or stop balls.

Field´fare ( 277), n. [OE. feldfare, AS. feldfare; field + faran to travel.] (Zoöl.) a small thrush (Turdus pilaris) which breeds in northern Europe and winters in Great Britain. The head, nape, and lower part of the back are ash-colored; the upper part of the back and wing coverts, chestnut; — called also fellfare.

Field´ing, n. (Ball Playing) The act of playing as a fielder.

Field´piece , n. A cannon mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army; a piece of field artillery; — called also field gun.

Field´work , n. (Mil.) Any temporary fortification thrown up by an army in the field; - - commonly in the plural. “All works which do not come under the head of permanent fortification are called fieldworks.” Wilhelm.

Field´y , a. Open, like a field. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Fiend , n. [OE. fend, find, fiend, feond, fiend, foe, AS. feónd; akin to OS. fiond, D. vijand enemy, OHG. fiant, G. feind, Icel. fjand, Sw. & Dan. fiende, Goth. fijands; orig. p. pr. of a verb meaning to hate, AS. feón, feógan, OHG. fin, Goth. fijan, Skr. piy to scorn; prob. akin to E. feud a quarrel. rad.81. Cf. Foe, Friend.] An implacable or malicious foe; one who is diabolically wicked or cruel; an infernal being; — applied specifically to the devil or a demon. “Into this wild abyss the wary fiend
Stood on the brink of Hell and looked a while.” Milton. “O woman! woman! when to ill thy mind
Is bent, all hell contains no fouler fiend.” Pope.

Fiend´ful , a. Full of fiendish spirit or arts. Marlowe. — Fiend´ful•ly, adv.

Fiend´ish , a. Like a fiend; diabolically wicked or cruel; infernal; malignant; devilish; hellish. — Fiend´ish•ly, adv. — Fiend´ish•ness, n.

Fiend´like , a. Fiendish; diabolical. Longfellow.

Fiend´ly, a. [AS. feóndlic.] Fiendlike; monstrous; devilish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fi•e•ras´fer , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, slender fishes, remarkable for their habit of living as commensals in other animals. One species inhabits the gill cavity of the pearl oyster near Panama; another lives within an East Indian holothurian.

Fierce , a. [Compar. Fiercer superl. Fiercest ] [OE. fers, fiers, OF. fier, nom. fiers, fierce, savage, cruel, F. fier proud, from L. ferus wild, savage, cruel; perh. akin to E. bear the animal. Cf. Feral, Ferocity.] 1. Furious; violent; unrestrained; impetuous; as a fierce wind. “His fierce thunder drove us to the deep.” Milton. 2. Vehement in anger or cruelty; ready or eager to kill or injure; of a nature to inspire terror; ferocious. ´A fierce whisper.´ Dickens. ´A fierce tyrant.´ Pope. “The fierce foe hung upon our broken rear.” Milton. “Thou huntest me as a fierce lion.” Job. x. 16. 3. Excessively earnest, eager, or ardent. Syn. — Ferocious; savage; cruel; vehement; impetuous; barbarous; fell. See Ferocious. — Fierce´ly, adv. — Fierce´ness, n.

Fi´e•ri fa´ci•as [L., cause it to be done.] (Law) A judicial writ that lies for one who has recovered in debt or damages, commanding the sheriff that he cause to be made of the goods, chattels, or real estate of the defendant, the sum claimed. Blackstone. Cowell.

Fi´er•i•ness , n. The quality of being fiery; heat; acrimony; irritability; as a fieriness of temper. Addison.

Fi´er•y , a. [Formerly written firy, fr. fire.] 1. Consisting of, containing, or resembling, fire; as the fiery gulf of Etna; a fiery appearance. “And fiery billows roll below.” I. Watts. 2. Vehement; ardent; very active; impetuous. “Hath thy fiery heart so parched thine entrails?” Shak. “The fiery spirit of his forefathers.” W. Irwing. 3. Passionate; easily provoked; irritable. “You know the fiery quality of the duke.” Shak. 4. Unrestrained; fierce; mettlesome; spirited. “One curbed the fiery steed.” Dryden. 5. heated by fire, or as if by fire; burning hot; parched; feverish. Pope. “The sword which is made fiery.” Hooker. Fiery cross, a cross constructed of two firebrands, and pitched upon the point of a spear; formerly in Scotland borne by a runner as a signal for the clan to take up arms. Sir W. Scott.

Fife , n. [F. fifre, OHG. pfifa, LL. pipa pipe, pipare to play on the pipe, fr. L. pipire, pipare, to peep, pip, chirp, as a chiken. See Pipe.] (Mus.) A small shrill pipe, resembling the piccolo flute, used chiefly to accompany the drum in military music. Fife major (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer who superintends the fifers of a regiment. — Fife rail. (Naut.) (a) A rail about the mast, at the deck, to hold belaying pins, etc. (b) A railing around the break of a poop deck.

Fife, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fifed p. pr. & vb. n. fifing.] To play on a fife.

Fif´er , n. One who plays on a fife.

Fif´teen , a. [OE. fiftene, AS. fiftyne, fiftene. See Five, and Ten, and cf. Fifty.] Five and ten; one more than fourteen.

Fif´teen, n. 1. The sum of five and ten; fifteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fifteen units, as 15, or xv.

Fif´teenth , a. [OE. fiftenthe; cf. fiftethe, AS. fifteoða. See Fifteen.] 1. Next in order after the fourteenth; — the ordinal of fifteen. 2. Consisting of one of fifteen equal parts or divisions of a thing.

Fif´teenth, n. 1. One of fifteen equal parts or divisions; the quotient of a unit divided by fifteen. 2. A species of tax upon personal property formerly laid on towns, boroughs, etc., in England, being one fifteenth part of what the personal property in each town, etc., had been valued at. Burrill. 3. (Mus.) (a) A stop in an organ tuned two octaves above the diaposon. (b) An interval consisting of two octaves.

Fifth , a. [OE. fifte, fifthe, AS. fifta. See Five.] 1. Next in order after the fourth; — the ordinal of five. 2. Consisting of one of five equal divisions of a thing. Fifth monarchy men (Hist.), a fanatical sect in England, of the time of the commonwealth, who maintained that there would be a fifth universal monarchy, during which Christ would reign on earth a thousand years. — Fifth wheel, a horizontal wheel or segment above the fore axle of a carriage and beneath the body, forming an extended support to prevent careening.

Fifth , n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by five; one of five equal parts; a fifth part. 2. (Mus.) The interval of three tones and a semitone, embracing five diatonic degrees of the scale; the dominant of any key.

Fifth´ly, adv. In the fifth place; as the fifth in order.

Fif´ti•eth , a. [AS. fiftigoða. See Fifty.] 1. Next in order after the forty-ninth; — the ordinal of fifty. 2. Consisting of one of fifty equal parts or divisions.

Fif´ti•eth, n. One of fifty equal parts; the quotient of a unit divided by fifty.

Fif´ty , a. [AS. fiftig; akin to OHG. finfzug, fimfzuc, G. fünfzig, funfzig, Goth. fimftigjus. See Five, and Ten, and cf. Fifteen.] Five times ten; as fifty men.

Fif´ty, n.; pl. Fifties . 1. The sum of five tens; fifty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fifty units, as 50, or l.

Fig , n. [F. figue the fruit of the tree, Pr. figa, fr. L. ficus fig tree, fig. Cf. Fico.] 1. (Bot.) A small fruit tree (Ficus Carica) with large leaves, known from the remotest antiquity. It was probably native from Syria westward to the Canary Islands. 2. The fruit of a fig tree, which is of round or oblong shape, and of various colors. The fruit of a fig tree is really the hollow end of a stem, and bears numerous achenia inside the cavity. Many species have little, hard, inedible figs, and in only a few does the fruit become soft and pulpy. The fruit of the cultivated varieties is much prized in its fresh state, and also when dried or preserved. See Caprification. 3. A small piece of tobacco. [U.S.] 4. The value of a fig, practically nothing; a fico; — used in scorn or contempt. ´A fig for Peter.´ Shak. Cochineal fig. See Conchineal fig. — Fig dust, a preparation of fine oatmeal for feeding caged birds. — Fig faun, one of a class of rural deities or monsters supposed to live on figs. ´Therefore shall dragons dwell there with the fig fauns.´ Jer. i. 39. (Douay version). — Fig gnat (Zoöl.), a small fly said to be injurious to figs. — Fig leaf, the leaf tree; hence, in allusion to the first clothing of Adam and Eve (Genesis iii.7), a covering for a thing that ought to be concealed; esp., an inadequate covering; a symbol for affected modesty. — Fig marigold (Bot.), the name of several plants of the genus Mesembryanthemum, some of which are prized for the brilliancy and beauty of their flowers. — Fig tree (Bot.), any tree of the genus Ficus, but especially F. Carica which produces the fig of commerce.

Fig, v. t. [See Fico, Fig, n.] 1. To insult with a fico, or contemptuous motion. See Fico. [Obs.] “When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like
The bragging Spaniard.” Shak. 2. To put into the head of, as something useless o contemptible. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Fig, n. Figure; dress; array. [Colloq.] “Were they all in full fig, the females with feathers on their heads, the males with chapeaux bras?” Prof. Wilson.

Fi•ga•ro´ , n. [From the name of the barber in Beaumarchais’ ´Barber of Seville.´] An adroit and unscrupulous intriguer.

Fig´a•ry , n. [Corrupted fr. vagary.] A frolic; a vagary; a whim. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fig´eat•er , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large beetle (Allorhina nitida) which in the Southern United States destroys figs. The elytra are velvety green with pale borders. (b) A bird. See Figpecker.

Fig´ent , a. Fidgety; restless. [Obs.] “Such a little figent thing.” Beau. & Fl.

Fig´gum , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A juggler’s trick; conjuring. [Obs.] “The devil is the author of wicked figgum.” B. Jonson.

Fight (fit), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fought (fat); p. pr. & vb. n. Fighting.] [OE. fihten, fehten, AS. feohtan; akin to D. vechten, OHG. fehtan, G. fechten, Sw. fäkta, Dan. fegte, and perh. to E. fist; cf. L. pugnare to fight, pugnus fist.] 1. To strive or contend for victory, with armies or in single combat; to attempt to defeat, subdue, or destroy an enemy, either by blows or weapons; to contend in arms; — followed by with or against. “You do fight against your country’s foes.” Shak. “To fight with thee no man of arms will deign.” Milton. 2. To act in opposition to anything; to struggle against; to contend; to strive; to make resistance. To fight shy, to avoid meeting fairly or at close quarters; to keep out of reach.

Fight, v. t. 1. To carry on, or wage, as a conflict, or battle; to win or gain by struggle, as one’s way; to sustain by fighting, as a cause. “He had to fight his way through the world.” Macaulay. “I have fought a good fight.” 2 Tim. iv. 7. 2. To contend with in battle; to war against; as they fought the enemy in two pitched battles; the sloop fought the frigate for three hours. 3. To cause to fight; to manage or maneuver in a fight; as to fight cocks; to fight one’s ship. To fight it out, to fight until a decisive and conclusive result is reached.

Fight, n. [OE. fight, feht, AS. feoht. See Fight, v. i.] 1. A battle; an engagement; a contest in arms; a combat; a violent conflict or struggle for victory, between individuals or between armies, ships, or navies, etc. “Who now defies thee thrice to single fight.” Milton. 2. A struggle or contest of any kind. 3. Strength or disposition for fighting; pugnacity; as he has a great deal of fight in him. [Colloq.] 4. A screen for the combatants in ships. [Obs.] “Up with your fights, and your nettings prepare.” Dryden. Running fight, a fight in which the enemy is continually chased; also one which continues without definite end or result. Syn. — Combat; engagement; contest; struggle; encounter; fray; affray; action; conflict. See Battle.

Fight´er , n. [AS. feohtere.] One who fights; a combatant; a warrior. Shak.

Fight´ing, a. 1. Qualified for war; fit for battle. “An host of fighting men.” 2 Chron. xxvi. 11. 2. Occupied in war; being the scene of a battle; as a fighting field. Pope. A fighting chance, one dependent upon the issue of a struggle. [Colloq.] — Fighting crab (Zoöl.), the fiddler crab. — Fighting fish (Zoöl.), a remarkably pugnacious East Indian fish (Betta pugnax), reared by the Siamese for spectacular fish fights.

Fight´ing•ly, adv. Pugnaciously.

Fight´wite , n. [Fight + wite.] (O.Eng. Law) A mulct or fine imposed on a person for making a fight or quarrel to the disturbance of the peace.

Fig´ment , n. [L. figmentum, fr. fingere to form, shape, invent, feign. See Feign.] An invention; a fiction; something feigned or imagined. “Social figments, feints, and formalism.” Mrs. Browning. “It carried rather an appearance of figment and invention … than of truth and reality.” Woodward.

Fig´peck•er , n. (Zoöl.) The European garden warbler (Sylvia, or Currica, hortensis); — called also beccafico and greater pettychaps.

Fig´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) A marine univalve shell of the genus Pyrula, or Ficula, resembling a fig in form. { Fig´u•late , Fig´u•la•ted }, a. [L. figulatus, p. p. of figulare to shape, fr. figulus potter, fr. fingere to shape.] Made of potter’s clay; molded; shaped. [R.] Johnson.

Fig´u•line , n. [F., fr. L. figulina pottery, fr. figulus. See Figulate.] A piece of pottery ornamented with representations of natural objects. “Whose figulines and rustic wares
Scarce find him bread from day to day.” Longfellow.

Fig•ur•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. figurabilite.] The quality of being figurable. Johnson.

Fig•ur•a•ble , a. [L. figurare to form, shape, fr. figura figure: cf. F. figurable. See Figure.] Capable of being brought to a fixed form or shape. “Lead is figurable, but water is not.” Johnson.

Fig´ur•al , a. [From Figure.] 1. Represented by figure or delineation; consisting of figures; as figural ornaments. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Mus.) Figurate. See Figurate. Figural numbers. See Figurate numbers, under Figurate.

Fig´u•rant , n. masc. [F., prop. p. pr. of figurer figure, represent, make a figure.] One who dances at the opera, not singly, but in groups or figures; an accessory character on the stage, who figures in its scenes, but has nothing to say; hence, one who figures in any scene, without taking a prominent part.

Fig´u•rante , n. fem. [F.] A female figurant; esp., a ballet girl.

Fig´ur•ate , a. [L. figuratus, p. p. of figurare. See Figure.] 1. Of a definite form or figure. “Plants are all figurate and determinate, which inanimate bodies are not.” Bacon. 2. Figurative; metaphorical. [Obs.] Bale. 3. (Mus.) Florid; figurative; involving passing discords by the freer melodic movement of one or more parts or voices in the harmony; as figurate counterpoint or descant. Figurate counterpoint or descant (Mus.), that which is not simple, or in which the parts do not move together tone for tone, but in which freer movement of one or more parts mingles passing discords with the harmony; — called also figural, figurative, and figured counterpoint or descant (although the term figured is more commonly applied to a bass with numerals written above or below to indicate the other notes of the harmony). — Figurate numbers (Math.), numbers, or series of numbers, formed from any arithmetical progression in which the first term is a unit, and the difference a whole number, by taking the first term, and the sums of the first two, first three, first four, etc., as the successive terms of a new series, from which another may be formed in the same manner, and so on, the numbers in the resulting series being such that points representing them are capable of symmetrical arrangement in different geometrical figures, as triangles, squares, pentagons, etc. In the following example, the two lower lines are composed of figurate numbers, those in the second line being triangular, and represented thus: — . 1, 2, 3, 4, etc… . 1, 3, 6, 10, etc… … . . etc. 1, 4, 10, 20, etc … … … …

Fig´ur•a•ted , a. Having a determinate form.

Fig´ur•ate•ly , adv. In a figurate manner.

Fig•u•ra´tion , n. [L. figuratio.] 1. The act of giving figure or determinate form; determination to a certain form. Bacon. 2. (Mus.) Mixture of concords and discords.

Fig´ur•a•tive , a. [L. figurativus: cf. F. figuratif. See Figurative.] 1. Representing by a figure, or by resemblance; typical; representative. “This, they will say, was figurative, and served, by God’s appointment, but for a time, to shadow out the true glory of a more divine sanctity.” Hooker. 2. Used in a sense that is tropical, as a metaphor; not literal; — applied to words and expressions. 3. Abounding in figures of speech; flowery; florid; as a highly figurative description. 4. Relating to the representation of form or figure by drawing, carving, etc. See Figure, n., 2. “They belonged to a nation dedicated to the figurative arts, and they wrote for a public familiar with painted form.” J. A. Symonds. Figurative counterpoint or descant. See under Figurate. — Fig´ur•a•tive•ly, adv. — Fig´ur•a•tive•ness, n.

Fig´ure (fig´ur; 135), n. [F., figure, L. figura; akin to fingere to form, shape, feign. See Feign.] 1. The form of anything; shape; outline; appearance. “Flowers have all exquisite figures.” Bacon. 2. The representation of any form, as by drawing, painting, modeling, carving, embroidering, etc.; especially, a representation of the human body; as a figure in bronze; a figure cut in marble. “A coin that bears the figure of an angel.” Shak. 3. A pattern in cloth, paper, or other manufactured article; a design wrought out in a fabric; as the muslin was of a pretty figure. 4. (Geom.) A diagram or drawing; made to represent a magnitude or the relation of two or more magnitudes; a surface or space inclosed on all sides; — called superficial when inclosed by lines, and solid when inclosed by surfaces; any arrangement made up of points, lines, angles, surfaces, etc. 5. The appearance or impression made by the conduct or career of a person; as a sorry figure. “I made some figure there.” Dryden. “Gentlemen of the best figure in the county.” Blackstone. 6. Distinguished appearance; magnificence; conspicuous representation; splendor; show. “That he may live in figure and indulgence.” Law. 7. A character or symbol representing a number; a numeral; a digit; as 1, 2,3, etc. 8. Value, as expressed in numbers; price; as the goods are estimated or sold at a low figure. [Colloq.] “With nineteen thousand a year at the very lowest figure.” Thackeray. 9. A person, thing, or action, conceived of as analogous to another person, thing, or action, of which it thus becomes a type or representative. “Who is the figure of Him that was to come.” Rom. v. 14. 10. (Rhet.) A mode of expressing abstract or immaterial ideas by words which suggest pictures or images from the physical world; pictorial language; a trope; hence, any deviation from the plainest form of statement. “To represent the imagination under the figure of a wing.” Macaulay. 11. (Logic) The form of a syllogism with respect to the relative position of the middle term. 12. (Dancing) Any one of the several regular steps or movements made by a dancer. 13. (Astrol.) A horoscope; the diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses. Johnson. 14. (Music) (a) Any short succession of notes, either as melody or as a group of chords, which produce a single complete and distinct impression. Grove. (b) A form of melody or accompaniment kept up through a strain or passage; a musical phrase or motive; a florid embellishment. Figures are often written upon the staff in music to denote the kind of measure. They are usually in the form of a fraction, the upper figure showing how many notes of the kind indicated by the lower are contained in one measure or bar. Thus, 2/4 signifies that the measure contains two quarter notes. The following are the principal figures used for this purpose: — 2/22/42/8 4/22/44/8 3/23/43/8 6/46/46/8 Academy figure, Canceled figures, Lay figure, etc. See under Academy, Cancel, Lay, etc. — Figure caster, or Figure flinger, an astrologer. ´This figure caster.´ Milton. - - Figure flinging, the practice of astrology. — Figure-of-eight knot, a knot shaped like the figure 8. See Illust. under Knot. — Figure painting, a picture of the human figure, or the act or art of depicting the human figure. — Figure stone (Min.), agalmatolite. — Figure weaving, the art or process of weaving figured fabrics. — To cut a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Fig´ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Figured p. pr. & vb. n. Figuring.] [F. figurer, L. figurare, fr. figura. See Figure, n.] 1. To represent by a figure, as to form or mold; to make an image of, either palpable or ideal; also to fashion into a determinate form; to shape. “If love, alas! be pain I bear,” “No thought can figure, and no tongue declare.Prior.” 2. To embellish with design; to adorn with figures. “The vaulty top of heaven
Figured quite o’er with burning meteors.” Shak. 3. To indicate by numerals; also to compute. “As through a crystal glass the figured hours are seen.” Dryden. 4. To represent by a metaphor; to signify or symbolize. “Whose white vestments figure innocence.” Shak. 5. To prefigure; to foreshow. “In this the heaven figures some event.” Shak. 6. (Mus.) (a) To write over or under the bass, as figures or other characters, in order to indicate the accompanying chords. (b) To embellish. To figure out, to solve; to compute or find the result of. — To figure up, to add; to reckon; to compute the amount of.

Fig´ure, v. i. 1. To make a figure; to be distinguished or conspicious; as the envoy figured at court. “Sociable, hospitable, eloquent, admired, figuring away brilliantly.” M. Arnold. 2. To calculate; to contrive; to scheme; as he is figuring to secure the nomination. [Colloq.]

Fig´ured , a. 1. Adorned with figures; marked with figures; as figured muslin. 2. Not literal; figurative. [Obs.] Locke. 3. (Mus.) (a) Free and florid; as a figured descant. See Figurate, 3. (b) Indicated or noted by figures. Figured bass. See Continued bass, under Continued.

Fig´ure•head , n. 1. (Naut.) The figure, statue, or bust, on the prow of a ship. 2. A person who allows his name to be used to give standing to enterprises in which he has no responsible interest or duties; a nominal, but not real, head or chief.

Fi•gu´ri•al , a. Represented by figure or delineation. [R.] Craig.

Fi•gu•rine´ , n. [F., dim. of figure.] A very small figure, whether human or of an animal; especially, one in terra cotta or the like; — distinguished from statuette, which is applied to small figures in bronze, marble, etc.

Fig´ur•ist , n. One who uses or interprets figurative expressions. Waterland.

Fig´wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants (Scrophularia), mostly found in the north temperate zones. See Brownwort.

Fi´ji•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Fiji islands or their inhabitants. — n. A native of the Fiji islands. [Written also Feejeean, Feejee.]

Fike , n. See Fyke.

Fil , obs. imp. of Fall, v. i. Fell. Chaucer.

Fi•la´ceous , a. [L. filum thread.] Composed of threads. Bacon.

Fil´a•cer , n. [OE. filace a file, or thread, on which the records of the courts of justice were strung, F. filasse tow of flax or hemp, fr. L. filum thread.] (Eng. Law) A former officer in the English Court of Common Pleas; — so called because he filed the writs on which he made out process. [Obs.] Burrill.

Fil´a•ment , n. [F. filament, fr. L. filum thread. See File a row.] A thread or threadlike object or appendage; a fiber; esp. (Bot.), the threadlike part of the stamen supporting the anther.

Fil•a•men´ta•ry , a. Having the character of, or formed by, a filament.

Fil´a•men•toid , a. [Filament + -oid.] Like a filament.

Fil•a•men´tous , a. [Cf. F. filamenteux.] Like a thread; consisting of threads or filaments. Gray.

Fil´an•der , n. (Zoöl.) A species of kangaroo (Macropus Brunii), inhabiting New Guinea.

Fil´an•ders , n. pl. [F. filandres, fr. L. filum thread.] (Falconry) A disease in hawks, characterized by the presence of small threadlike worms, also of filaments of coagulated blood, from the rupture of a vein; — called also backworm. Sir T. Browne.

Fi´lar , a. [L. filum a thread.] Of or pertaining to a thread or line; characterized by threads stretched across the field of view; as a filar microscope; a filar micrometer.

Fi•la´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. filum a thread.] (Zoöl.) A genus of slender, nematode worms of many species, parasitic in various animals. See Guinea worm.

Fil´a•to•ry , n. [LL. filatorium place for spinning, fr. filare to spin, fr. L. filum a thread.] A machine for forming threads. [Obs.] W. Tooke.

Fil´a•ture ( 135), n. [LL. filatura, fr. filare to spin: cf. F. filature. See Filatory.] 1. A drawing out into threads; hence, the reeling of silk from cocoons. Ure. 2. A reel for drawing off silk from cocoons; also an establishment for reeling silk.

Fil´bert , n. [Perh. fr. fill + bread, as filling the bread or husk; cf. G. bartnuss (lit., bread nut) filbert; or perh. named from a St. Philibert, whose day, Aug. 22, fell in the nutting season.] (Bot.) The fruit of the Corylus Avellana or hazel. It is an oval nut, containing a kernel that has a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to the palate. In England filberts are usually large hazelnuts, especially the nuts from selected and cultivated trees. The American hazelnuts are of two other species. Filbert gall (Zoöl.), a gall resembling a filbert in form, growing in clusters on grapevines. It is produced by the larva of a gallfly (Cecidomyia).

Filch (filch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filched (filcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Filching.] [Cf. AS. feolan to stick to, OHG. felhan, felahan, to hide, Icel. fela, Goth. filhan to hide, bury, Prov. E. feal to hide slyly, OE. felen.] To steal or take privily (commonly, that which is of little value); to pilfer. “Fain would they filch that little food away.” Dryden. “But he that filches from me my good name,
Robs me of that which not enriches him,
And makes me poor indeed.” Shak.

Filch´er (filch´er), n. One who filches; a thief.

Filch´ing•ly, adv. By pilfering or petty stealing.

File (fil), n. [F. file row (cf. Pr., Sp., Pg., & It. fila), LL. fila, fr. L. filum a thread. Cf. Enfilade, Filament, Fillet.] 1. An orderly succession; a line; a row; as: (a) (Mil) A row of soldiers ranged one behind another; — in contradistinction to rank, which designates a row of soldiers standing abreast; a number consisting the depth of a body of troops, which, in the ordinary modern formation, consists of two men, the battalion standing two deep, or in two ranks. The number of files in a company describes its width, as the number of ranks does its depth; thus, 100 men in ´fours deep´ would be spoken of as 25 files in 4 ranks. Farrow. (b) An orderly collection of papers, arranged in sequence or classified for preservation and reference; as files of letters or of newspapers; this mail brings English files to the 15th instant. (c) The line, wire, or other contrivance, by which papers are put and kept in order. “It is upon a file with the duke’s other letters.” Shak. (d) A roll or list. ´A file of all the gentry.´ Shak. 2. Course of thought; thread of narration. [Obs.] “Let me resume the file of my narration.” Sir H. Wotton. File firing, the act of firing by file, or each file independently of others. — File leader, the soldier at the front of any file, who covers and leads those in rear of him. — File marching, the marching of a line two deep, when faced to the right or left, so that the front and rear rank march side by side. Brande & C. —Indian file, or Single file, a line of men marching one behind another; a single row. — On file, preserved in an orderly collection. — Rank and file. (a) The body of soldiers constituing the mass of an army, including corporals and privates. Wilhelm. (b) Those who constitute the bulk or working members of a party, society, etc., in distinction from the leaders.

File , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filed p. pr. & vb. n. Filing.] 1. To set in order; to arrange, or lay away, esp. as papers in a methodical manner for preservation and reverence; to place on file; to insert in its proper place in an arranged body of papers. “I would have my several courses and my dishes well filed.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To bring before a court or legislative body by presenting proper papers in a regular way; as to file a petition or bill. Burrill. 3. (Law) To put upon the files or among the records of a court; to note on (a paper) the fact date of its reception in court. “To file a paper, on the part of a party, is to place it in the official custody of the clerk. To file, on the part of the clerk, is to indorse upon the paper the date of its reception, and retain it in his office, subject to inspection by whomsoever it may concern.” Burrill.

File, v. i. [Cf. F. filer.] (Mil.) To march in a file or line, as soldiers, not abreast, but one after another; — generally with off. To file with, to follow closely, as one soldier after another in file; to keep pace. “My endeavors
Have ever come too short of my desires,
Yet filed with my abilities.” Shak.

File (fil), n. [AS. feól; akin to D. viji, OHG. fila, fihala, G. feile, Sw. fil, Dan. fiil, cf. Icel. þel, Russ. pila, and Skr. piç to cut out, adorn; perh. akin to E. paint.] 1. A steel instrument, having cutting ridges or teeth, made by indentation with a chisel, used for abrading or smoothing other substances, as metals, wood, etc. A file differs from a rasp in having the furrows made by straight cuts of a chisel, either single or crossed, while the rasp has coarse, single teeth, raised by the pyramidal end of a triangular punch. 2. Anything employed to smooth, polish, or rasp, literally or figuratively. “Mock the nice touches of the critic’s file.” Akenside. 3. A shrewd or artful person. [Slang] Fielding. “Will is an old file in spite of his smooth face.” Thackeray. Bastard file, Cross file, etc. See under Bastard, Cross, etc. — Cross-cut file, a file having two sets of teeth crossing obliquely. — File blank, a steel blank shaped and ground ready for cutting to form a file. — File cutter, a maker of files. — Second-cut file, a file having teeth of a grade next finer than bastard. — Single-cut file, a file having only one set of parallel teeth; a float. — Smooth file, a file having teeth so fine as to make an almost smooth surface.

File, v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, with a file; to sharpen with a file; as to file a saw or a tooth. 2. To smooth or polish as with a file. Shak. “File your tongue to a little more courtesy.” Sir W. Scott.

File, v. t. [OE. fulen, filen, foulen, AS. flan, fr. fl foul. See Foul, and cf. Defile, v. t.] To make foul; to defile. [Obs.] “All his hairy breast with blood was filed.” Spenser. “For Banquo’s issue have I filed my mind.” Shak.

File´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any plectognath fish of the genera Monacanthus, Alutera, balistes, and allied genera; — so called on account of the roughly granulated skin, which is sometimes used in place of sandpaper.

Fil´e•mot , n. See Feullemort. Swift.

Fil´er , n. One who works with a file.

Fil´ial , a. [L. filialis, fr. filius son, filia daughter; akin to e. female, feminine. Cf. Fitz.] 1. Of or pertaining to a son or daughter; becoming to a child in relation to his parents; as filial obedience. 2. Bearing the relation of a child. “And thus the filial Godhead answering spoke.” Milton.

Fil´ial•ly , adv. In a filial manner.

Fil´i•ate , v. t. To adopt as son or daughter; to establish filiation between. [R.] Southey.

Fil•i•a´tion , n. [LL. filiatio, fr. L. filius son: cf. F. filiation. See Filial.] 1. The relationship of a son or child to a parent, esp. to a father. “The relation of paternity and filiation.” Sir M. Hale. 2. (Law) The assignment of a bastard child to some one as its father; affiliation. Smart.

Fil´i•beg , n. [Gael. feileadhbeag, i. e., little kilt; feileadh kilt + beag little, small; cf. filleadh a plait, fold.] Same as Kilt. [Written also philibeg.]

Fil´i•bus•ter , n. [Sp. flibuster, flibustero, corrupted fr. E. freebooter. See Freebooter.] A lawless military adventurer, especially one in quest of plunder; a freebooter; — originally applied to buccaneers infesting the Spanish American coasts, but introduced into common English to designate the followers of Lopez in his expedition to Cuba in 1851, and those of Walker in his expedition to Nicaragua, in 1855.

Fil´i•bus•ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fillibustered p. pr. & vb. n. Filibustering.] 1. To act as a filibuster, or military freebooter. Bartlett. 2. To delay legislation, by dilatory motions or other artifices. [political cant or slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Fil´i•bus•ter•ism , n. The characteristics or practices of a filibuster. Bartlett.

Fil´i•cal , a. Belonging to the Filices, r ferns.

Fi•lic´ic , a. [L. filix, -icis, a fern.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ferns; as filicic acid.

Fil´i•cide , n. [L. filius son, filia daughter + caedere to kill.] The act of murdering a son or a daughter; also parent who commits such a murder.

Fi•lic´i•form , a. [L. filix, -icis, fern + -form: cf. F. filiciforme] Shaped like a fern or like the parts of a fern leaf. Smart.

Fil´i•coid , a. [L. filix, -icis, fern + -oid: cf. F. filicoiïde.] (Bot.) Fernlike, either in form or in the nature of the method of reproduction.

Fil´i•coid, n. (Bot.) A fernlike plant. Lindley.

Fi•li´e•ty , n. [L. filietas.] The relation of a son to a father; sonship; — the correlative of paternity. J. S. Mill.

Fi•lif´er•ous , a. [L. filum a thread + -ferous.] Producing threads. Carpenter.

Fil´i•form , a. [L. filum thread + -form: cf. F. filiforme.] Having the shape of a thread or filament; as the filiform papillae of the tongue; a filiform style or peduncle. See Illust. of AntennAE. { Fil´i•grain , Fil´i•grane } , n. [Sp. filigrana (cf. It. filigrana, E. filigrane), fr. L. filuma thread + granum grain. See File a row, and Grain, and cf. Filigree.] Filigree. [Archaic] “With her head … touches the crown of filigrane.” Longfellow.

Fil´i•graned , a. See Filigreed. [Archaic]

Fil´i•gree , n. [Corrupted fr. filigrane.] Ornamental work, formerly with grains or breads, but now composed of fine wire and used chiefly in decorating gold and silver to which the wire is soldered, being arranged in designs frequently of a delicate and intricate arabesque pattern.

Fil´i•gree, a. Relating to, composed of, or resembling, work in filigree; as a filigree basket. Hence: Fanciful; unsubstantial; merely decorative. “You ask for reality, not fiction and filigree work.” J. C. Shairp.

Fil´i•greed , a. Adorned with filigree. Tatler.

Fil´ing , n. A fragment or particle rubbed off by the act of filing; as iron filings.

Fil•i•pen´du•lous ( 135), a. [L. filum a thread + pendulus hanging, fr. pendre to hang.] (Bot.) Suspended by, or strung upon, a thread; — said of tuberous swellings in the middle or at the extremities of slender, threadlike rootlets.

Fill , n. [See Thill.] One of the thills or shafts of a carriage. Mortimer. Fill horse, a thill horse. Shak.

Fill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filled p. pr. & vb. n. Filling.] [OE. fillen, fullen, AS. fyllan, fr. full full; akin to D. vullen, G. füllen, Icel. fylla, Sw. fylla, Dan. fylde, Goth. fulljan. See Full, a.] 1. To make full; to supply with as much as can be held or contained; to put or pour into, till no more can be received; to occupy the whole capacity of. “The rain also filleth the pools.” Ps. lxxxiv. 6. “Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. Anf they filled them up to the brim.” John ii. 7. 2. To furnish an abudant supply to; to furnish with as mush as is desired or desirable; to occupy the whole of; to swarm in or overrun. “And God blessed them, saying. Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas.” Gen. i. 22. “The Syrians filled the country.” 1 Kings xx. 27. 3. To fill or supply fully with food; to feed; to satisfy. “Whence should we have so much bread in the wilderness, as to fillso great a multitude?” Matt. xv. 33. “Things that are sweet and fat are more filling.” Bacon. 4. To possess and perform the duties of; to officiate in, as an incumbent; to occupy; to hold; as a king fills a throne; the president fills the office of chief magistrate; the speaker of the House fills the chair. 5. To supply with an incumbent; as to fill an office or a vacancy. A. Hamilton. 6. (Naut.) (a) To press and dilate, as a sail; as the wind filled the sails. (b) To trim (a yard) so that the wind shall blow on the after side of the sails. 7. (Civil Engineering) To make an embankment in, or raise the level of (a low place), with earth or gravel. To fill in, to insert; as he filled in the figures. — To fill out, to extend or enlarge to the desired limit; to make complete; as to fill out a bill. — To fill up, to make quite full; to fill to the brim or entirely; to occupy completely; to complete. ´The bliss that fills up all the mind.´ Pope. ´And fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ.´ Col. i. 24.

Fill , v. i. 1. To become full; to have the whole capacity occupied; to have an abundant supply; to be satiated; as corn fills well in a warm season; the sail fills with the wind. 2. To fill a cup or glass for drinking. “Give me some wine; fill full.” Shak. To back and fill. See under Back, v. i. — To fill up, to grow or become quite full; as the channel of the river fills up with sand.

Fill, n. [AS. fyllo. See Fill, v. t.] A full supply, as much as supplies want; as much as gives complete satisfaction. ´Ye shall eat your fill.´ Lev. xxv. 19. “I’ll bear thee hence, where I may weep my fill.” Shak.

Fill´er , n. One who, or that which, fills; something used for filling. “’T is mere filler, to stop a vacancy in the hexameter.” Dryden. “They have six diggers to four fillers, so as to keep the fillers always at work.” Mortimer.

Fill´er, n. [From 1st Fill.] A thill horse. [Prov. Eng.]

Fil´let , n. [OE. filet, felet, fr. OF. filet thread, fillet of meat, dim. of fil a thread, fr. L. filum. See Fille a row.] 1. A little band, especially one intended to encircle the hair of the head. “A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair.” Pope. 2. (Cooking) A piece of lean meat without bone; sometimes, a long strip rolled together and tied. A fillet of beef is the under side of the sirlom; also called tenderloin. A fillet of veal or mutton is the fleshy part of the thigh. A fillet of fish is a slice of flat fish without bone. ´Fillet of a fenny snake.´ Shak. 3. A thin strip or ribbon; esp.: (a) A strip of metal from which coins are punched. (b) A strip of card clothing. (c) A thin projecting band or strip. 4. (Mach.) A concave filling in of a reëntrant angle where two surfaces meet, forming a rounded corner. 5. (Arch.) A narrow flat member; especially, a flat molding separating other moldings; a reglet; also the space between two flutings in a shaft. See Illust. of Base, and Column. 6. (Her.) An ordinary equaling in breadth one fourth of the chief, to the lowest portion of which it corresponds in position. 7. (Mech.) The thread of a screw. 8. A border of broad or narrow lines of color or gilt. 9. The raised molding about the muzzle of a gun. 10. Any scantling smaller than a batten. 11. (Anat.) A fascia; a band of fibers; applied esp. to certain bands of white matter in the brain. 12. (Man.) The loins of a horse, beginning at the place where the hinder part of the saddle rests. Arris fillet. See under Arris.

Fil´let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Filleting.] To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet.

Fil´let•ing, n. 1. (Arch.) The protecting of a joint, as between roof and parapet wall, with mortar, or cement, where flashing is employed in better work. 2. The material of which fillets are made; also fillets, collectively.

Fil´li•beg , n. A kilt. See Filibeg.

Fil´li•bus•ter , n. See Filibuster.

Fill´ing , n. 1. That which is used to fill a cavity or any empty space, or to supply a deficiency; as filling for a cavity in a tooth, a depression in a roadbed, the space between exterior and interior walls of masonry, the pores of open-grained wood, the space between the outer and inner planks of a vessel, etc. 2. The woof in woven fabrics. 3. (Brewing) Prepared wort added to ale to cleanse it. Back filling. (Arch.) See under Back, a.

Fil´lip , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filliped p. pr. & vb. n. Filliping.] [For filp, flip. Cf. Flippant.] 1. To strike with the nail of the finger, first placed against the ball of the thumb, and forced from that position with a sudden spring; to snap with the finger. ´You filip me o’ the head.´ Shak. 2. To snap; to project quickly. “The use of the elastic switch to fillip small missiles with.” Tylor.

Fil´lip, n. 1. A jerk of the finger forced suddenly from the thumb; a smart blow. 2. Something serving to rouse or excite. “I take a glass of grog for a filip.” Dickens.

Fil´li•peen , n. See Philopena.

Fil´lis•ter , n. 1. The rabbet on the outer edge of a sash bar to hold the glass and the putty. Knight. 2. A plane for making a rabbet. Fillister screw had, a short cylindrical screw head, having a convex top.

Fil´ly , n.; pl. Fillies (#). [Cf. Icel. fylia, fr. foli foal. See Foal.] 1. (Zoöl.) A female foal or colt; a young mare. Cf. Colt, Foal. “Neighing in likeness of a filly foal.” Shak. 2. A lively, spirited young girl. [Colloq.] Addison.

Film , n. [AS. film skin, fr. fell skin; akin to fylmen membrane, OFries. filmene skin. See Fell skin.] 1. A thin skin; a pellicle; a membranous covering, causing opacity; hence, any thin, slight covering. “He from thick films shall purge the visual ray.” Pope. 2. A slender thread, as that of a cobweb. “Her whip of cricket’s bone, the lash of film.” Shak.

Film, v. t. To cover with a thin skin or pellicle. “It will but skin and film the ulcerous place.” Shak.

Film´i•ness , n. State of being filmy.

Film´y , a. Composed of film or films. “Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly.” Dryden.

Fil•o•plu•ma´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Having the structure of a filoplume.

Fil´o•plume , n. [L. filum a thread pluma a soft feather.] (Zoöl.) A hairlike feather; a father with a slender scape and without a web in most or all of its length.

Fi´lose , a. [L. filum a thread.] Terminating in a threadlike process.

Fil´ter , n. [F. filtre, the same word as feutre felt, LL. filtrum, feltrum, felt, fulled wool, this being used for straining liquors. See Feuter.] Any porous substance, as cloth, paper, sand, or charcoal, through which water or other liquid may passed to cleanse it from the solid or impure matter held in suspension; a chamber or device containing such substance; a strainer; also a similar device for purifying air. Filter bed, a pond, the bottom of which is a filter composed of sand gravel. — Filter gallery, an underground gallery or tunnel, alongside of a stream, to collect the water that filters through the intervening sand and gravel; — called also infiltration gallery.

Fil´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtered p. pr. & vb. n. Filtering] [Cf. F. filter. See Filter, n., and cf. Filtrate.] To purify or defecate, as water or other liquid, by causing it to pass through a filter. Filtering paper, or Filter paper, a porous unsized paper, for filtering.

Fil´ter, v. i. To pass through a filter; to percolate.

Fil´ter, n. Same as Philter.

Filth , n. [OE. filthe, fulðe, AS. flð, fr. ful foul; akin to OHG. fulida. See Foul, and cf. File.] 1. Foul matter; anything that soils or defiles; dirt; nastiness. 2. Anything that sullies or defiles the moral character; corruption; pollution. “To purify the soul from the dross and filth of sensual delights.” Tillotson. Filth disease (Med.), a disease supposed to be due to pollution of the soil or water.

Filth´i•ly , adv. In a filthy manner; foully.

Filth´i•ness, n. 1. The state of being filthy. “Let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit.” 2 Cor. vii. 1. 2. That which is filthy, or makes filthy; foulness; nastiness; corruption; pollution; impurity. “Carry forth the filthiness out of the holy place.” 2 Chron. xxix. 5.

Filth´y , a. [Compar. Filthier superl. Filthiest.] Defiled with filth, whether material or moral; nasty; dirty; polluted; foul; impure; obscene. ´In the filthy-mantled pool.´ Shak. “He which is filthy let him be filthy still.” Rev. xxii. 11. Syn. — Nasty; foul; dirty; squalid; unclean; sluttish; gross; vulgar; licentious. See Nasty.

Fil´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtrated p. pr. & vb. n. Filtrating. ] [Cf. LL. filtrare. See Filter.] To filter; to defecate; as liquid, by straining or percolation. Arbuthnot.

Fil´trate , n. That which has been filtered; the liquid which has passed through the filter in the process of filtration.

Fil•tra´tion , n. [Cf. F. filtration.] The act or process of filtering; the mechanical separation of a liquid from the undissolved particles floating in it. { Fim´ble, n., or Fim´ble hemp• (fim´b’l hemp•). }[Corrupted from female hemp.] Light summer hemp, that bears no seed.

Fim´bri•a , n.; pl. Fimbriae (#). [L., fringe. See Fringle.] (Anat.) (a) pl. A fringe, or fringed border. (b) A band of white matter bordering the hippocampus in the brain. — Fim´bri•al (#), a.

Fim•bri•ate , a. [L. fimbriatus fibrous, fringed, fr. fimbria fiber, fringe. See Fringe.] Having the edge or extremity bordered by filiform processes thicker than hairs; fringed; as the fimbriate petals of the pink; the fimbriate end of the Fallopian tube.

Fim´bri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fimbriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fimbriating.] To hem; to fringe. Fuller.

Fim´bri•a•ted , a. 1. Having a fringed border; fimbriate. 2. (Her.) Having a very narrow border of another tincture; — said esp. of an ordinary or subordinary.

Fim´bri•cate , a. 1. Fringed; jagged; fimbriate. 2. (Zoöl.) fringed, on one side only, by long, straight hairs, as the antennae of certain insects.

Fin , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finned p. pr. & vb. n. Finning.] [Cf. Fin of a fish.] To carve or cut up, as a chub.

Fin, n. [See Fine, n.] End; conclusion; object. [Obs.] ´She knew eke the fin of his intent.´ Chaucer.

Fin, n.[OE. finne, fin, AS. finn; akin to D. vin, G. & Dan. finne, Sw. fena, L. pinna, penna, a wing, feather. Cf. pen a feather.] 1. (Zoöl.) An organ of a fish, consisting of a membrane supported by rays, or little bony or cartilaginous ossicles, and serving to balance and propel it in the water. Fishes move through the water chiefly by means of the caudal fin or tail, the principal office of the other fins being to balance or direct the body, though they are also to a certain extent, employed in producing motion. 2. (Zoöl.) A membranous, finlike, swimming organ, as in pteropod and heteropod mollusks. 3. A finlike organ or attachment; a part of an object or product which protrudes like a fin, as: (a) The hand. [Slang] (b) (Com.) A blade of whalebone. [Eng.] McElrath. (c) (Mech.) A mark or ridge left on a casting at the junction of the parts of a mold. (d) (Mech.) The thin sheet of metal squeezed out between the collars of the rolls in the process of rolling. Raymond. (e) (Mech.) A feather; a spline. 4. A finlike appendage, as to submarine boats. Apidose fin. (Zoöl.) See under Adipose, a. — Fin ray (Anat.), one of the hornlike, cartilaginous, or bony, dermal rods which form the skeleton of the fins of fishes. — Fin whale (Zoöl.), a finback. — Paired fins (Zoöl.), the pectoral and ventral fins, corresponding to the fore and hind legs of the higher animals. — Unpaired, or Median, fins (Zoöl.), the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins.

Fin´a•ble , a. [From Fine.] Liable or subject to a fine; as a finable person or offense. Bacon.

Fi´nal (fi´nal), a. [F., fr. L. finalis, fr. finis boundary, limit, end. See Finish.] 1. Pertaining to the end or conclusion; last; terminating; ultimate; as the final day of a school term. “Yet despair not of his final pardon.” Milton. 2. Conclusive; decisive; as a final judgment; the battle of Waterloo brought the contest to a final issue. 3. Respecting an end or object to be gained; respecting the purpose or ultimate end in view. Final cause. See under Cause. Syn. — Final, Conclusive, Ultimate. Final is now appropriated to that which brings with it an end; as a final adjustment; the final judgment, etc. Conclusive implies the closing of all discussion, negotiation, etc.; as a conclusive argument or fact; a conclusive arrangement. In using ultimate, we have always reference to something earlier or proceeding; as when we say, a temporary reverse may lead to an ultimate triumph. The statements which a man finally makes at the close of a negotiation are usually conclusive as to his ultimate intentions and designs.

Fi•na´le (fe•nä´la), n. [It. See Final.] Close; termination; as: (a) (Mus.) The last movement of a symphony, sonata, concerto, or any instrumental composition. (b) The last composition performed in any act of an opera. (c) The closing part, piece, or scene in any public performance or exhibition.

Fi•nal´i•ty , n.; pl. Finalities (#). [L. finalitas the being last.] 1. The state of being final, finished, or complete; a final or conclusive arrangement; a settlement. Baxter. 2. The relation of end or purpose to its means. Janet.

Fi´nal•ly , adv. 1. At the end or conclusion; ultimately; lastly; as the contest was long, but the Romans finally conquered. “Whom patience finally must crown.” Milton. 2. Completely; beyond recovery. “Not any house of noble English in Ireland was utterly destroyed or finally rooted out.” Sir J. Davies.

Fi•nance´ , n. [F., fr. LL. financia payment of money, money, fr. finare to pay a fine or subsidy (cf. OF. finer to finish, pay), fr. L. finis end. See Fine, n., Finish.] 1. The income of a ruler or of a state; revenue; public money; sometimes, the income of an individual; often used in the plural for funds; available money; resources. “All the finances or revenues of the imperial crown.” Bacon. 2. The science of raising and expending the public revenue. ´Versed in the details of finance.´ Macaulay.

Fi•nan´cial , a. Pertaining to finance. ´Our financial and commercial system.´ Macaulay.

Fi•nan´cial•ist, n. A financier.

Fi•nan´cial•ly, adv. In a financial manner. Burke.

Fin•an•cier´ ( 277), n. [Cf. F. financier.] 1. One charged with the administration of finance; an officer who administers the public revenue; a treasurer. Burke. 2. One skilled in financial operations; one acquainted with money matters.

Fin•an•cier´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Financiered p. pr. & vb. n. Financiering.] To conduct financial operations.

Fin´a•ry , n. (Iron Works) See Finery.

Fi´na•tive , a. Conclusive; decisive; definitive; final. [Obs.] Greene (1593).

Fin´back , n. (Zoöl.) Any whale of the genera Sibbaldius, Balaenoptera, and allied genera, of the family Balaenopteridae, characterized by a prominent fin on the back. The common finbacks of the New England coast are Sibbaldius tectirostris and S. tuberosus.

Finch (finch), n.; pl. Finches (-ez). [AS. finc; akin to D. vink, OHG. fincho, G. fink; cf. W. pinc a finch; also E. spink.] (Zoöl.) A small singing bird of many genera and species, belonging to the family Fringillidae. The word is often used in composition, as in chaffinch, goldfinch, grassfinch, pinefinch, etc. Bramble finch. See Brambling. — Canary finch, the canary bird. — Copper finch. See Chaffinch. — Diamond finch. See under Diamond. - - Finch falcon (Zoöl.), one of several very small East Indian falcons of the genus Hierax. — To pull a finch, to swindle an ignorant or unsuspecting person. [Obs.] ´Privily a finch eke could he pull.´ Chaucer.

Finch´backed , a. Streaked or spotted on the back; — said of cattle.

Finched , a. Same as Finchbacked.

Find (find), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Found (found); p. pr. & vb. n. Finding.] [AS. findan; akin to D. vinden, OS. & OHG. findan, G. finden, Dan. finde, icel. & Sw. finna, Goth. finþan; and perh. to L. petere to seek, Gr. pi•ptein to fall, Skr. pat to fall, fly, E. petition.] 1. To meet with, or light upon, accidentally; to gain the first sight or knowledge of, as of something new, or unknown; hence, to fall in with, as a person. “Searching the window for a flint, I found
This paper, thus sealed up.” Shak. “In woods and forests thou art found.” Cowley. 2. To learn by experience or trial; to perceive; to experience; to discover by the intellect or the feelings; to detect; to feel. ´I find you passing gentle.´ Shak. “The torrid zone is now found habitable.” Cowley. 3. To come upon by seeking; as to find something lost. (a) To discover by sounding; as to find bottom. (b) To discover by study or experiment direct to an object or end; as water is found to be a compound substance. (c) To gain, as the object of desire or effort; as to find leisure; to find means. (d) To attain to; to arrive at; to acquire. “Seek, and ye shall find.” Matt. vii. 7. “Every mountain now hath found a tongue.” Byron. 4. To provide for; to supply; to furnish; as to find food for workemen; he finds his nephew in money. “Wages £14 and all found.” London Times. “Nothing a day and find yourself.” Dickens. 5. To arrive at, as a conclusion; to determine as true; to establish; as to find a verdict; to find a true bill (of indictment) against an accused person. “To find his title with some shows of truth.” Shak. To find out, to detect (a thief); to discover (a secret) — to solve or unriddle (a parable or enigma); to understand. ´Canst thou by searching find out God?´ Job. xi. 7. ´We do hope to find out all your tricks.´ Milton. — To find fault with, to blame; to censure. — To find one’s self, to be; to fare; — often used in speaking of health; as how do you find yourself this morning?

Find , v. i. (Law) To determine an issue of fact, and to declare such a determination to a court; as the jury find for the plaintiff. Burrill.

Find, n. Anything found; a discovery of anything valuable; especially, a deposit, discovered by archaeologists, of objects of prehistoric or unknown origin.

Find´a•ble , a. Capable of being found; discoverable. Fuller.

Find´er , n. One who, or that which, finds; specifically (Astron.), a small telescope of low power and large field of view, attached to a larger telescope, for the purpose of finding an object more readily.

Find´fault , n. A censurer or caviler. [Obs.]

Find´fault•ing, a. Apt to censure or cavil; faultfinding; captious. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Find´ing, n. 1. That which is found, come upon, or provided; esp. (pl.), that which a journeyman artisan finds or provides for himself; as tools, trimmings, etc. “When a man hath been laboring … in the deep mines of knowledge, hath furnished out his findings in all their equipage.” Milton. 2. Support; maintenance; that which is provided for one; expence; provision. 3. (Law) The result of a judicial examination or inquiry, especially into some matter of fact; a verdict; as the finding of a jury. Burrill. “After his friends finding and his rent.” Chaucer.

Fin´dy , a. [AS. finding heavy; cf. Dan. fyndig strong, energetical, fynd strength, energy, emphasis.] Full; heavy; firm; solid; substantial. [Obs.] “A cold May and a windy
Makes the barn fat amd findy.” Old Proverb.

Fine (fin), a. [Compar. Finer superl. Finest.] [F. fin, LL. finus fine, pure, fr. L. finire to finish; cf. finitus, p. p., finished, completed (hence the sense accomplished, perfect.) See Finish, and cf. Finite.] 1. Finished; brought to perfection; refined; hence, free from impurity; excellent; superior; elegant; worthy of admiration; accomplished; beautiful. “The gain thereof [is better] than fine gold.” Prov. iii. 14. “A cup of wine that’s brisk and fine.” Shak. “Not only the finest gentleman of his time, but one of the finest scholars.” Felton. “To soothe the sick bed of so fine a being [Keats].” Leigh Hunt. 2. Aiming at show or effect; loaded with ornament; overdressed or overdecorated; showy. “He gratified them with occasional … fine writing.” M. Arnold. 3. Nice; delicate; subtle; exquisite; artful; skillful; dexterous. “The spider’s touch, how exquisitely fine!” Pope. “The nicest and most delicate touches of satire consist in fine raillery.” Dryden. “He has as fine a hand at picking a pocket as a woman.” T. Gray. 4. Not coarse, gross, or heavy; as: (a) Not gross; subtile; thin; tenous. “The eye standeth in the finer medium and the object in the grosser.” Bacon. (b) Not coarse; comminuted; in small particles; as fine sand or flour. (c) Not thick or heavy; slender; filmy; as a fine thread. (d) Thin; attenuate; keen; as a fine edge. (e) Made of fine materials; light; delicate; as fine linen or silk. 5. Having (such) a proportion of pure metal in its composition; as coins nine tenths fine. 6. (Used ironically.) “Ye have made a fine hand, fellows.” Shak. Fine is often compounded with participles and adjectives, modifying them adverbially; a, fine-drawn, fine-featured, fine-grained, fine-spoken, fine-spun, etc. Fine arch (Glass Making), the smaller fritting furnace of a glasshouse. Knight. — Fine arts. See the Note under Art. — Fine cut, fine cut tobacco; a kind of chewing tobacco cut up into shreds. — Fine goods, woven fabrics of fine texture and quality. McElrath. — Fine stuff, lime, or a mixture of lime, plaster, etc., used as material for the finishing coat in plastering. — To sail fine (Naut.), to sail as close to the wind as possible. Syn. — Fine, Beautiful. When used as a word of praise, fine (being opposed to coarse) denotes no ´ordinary thing of its kind.´ It is not as strong as beautiful, in reference to the single attribute implied in the latter term; but when we speak of a fine woman, we include a greater variety of particulars, viz., all the qualities which become a woman, — breeding, sentiment, tact, etc. The term is equally comprehensive when we speak of a fine garden, landscape, horse, poem, etc.; and, though applied to a great variety of objects, the word has still a very definite sense, denoting a high degree of characteristic excellence.

Fine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fined (find); p. pr. & vb. n. Fining.] [From Fine, a.] 1. To make fine; to refine; to purify, to clarify; as to fine gold. “It hath been fined and refined by … learned men.” Hobbes. 2. To make finer, or less coarse, as in bulk, texture, etc.; as. to fine the soil. L. H. Bailey. 3. To change by fine gradations; as (Naut.), to fine down a ship’s lines, to diminish her lines gradually. “I often sate at home
On evenings, watching how they fined themselves
With gradual conscience to a perfect night.” Browning.

Fine , n. [OE. fin, L. finis end, also in LL., a final agreement or concord between the lord and his vassal; a sum of money paid at the end, so as to make an end of a transaction, suit, or prosecution; mulct; penalty; cf. OF. fin end, settlement, F. fin end. See Finish, and cf. Finance.] 1. End; conclusion; termination; extinction. [Obs.] ´To see their fatal fine.´ Spenser. “Is this the fine of his fines?” Shak. 2. A sum of money paid as the settlement of a claim, or by way of terminating a matter in dispute; especially, a payment of money imposed upon a party as a punishment for an offense; a mulct. 3. (Law) (a) (Feudal Law) A final agreement concerning lands or rents between persons, as the lord and his vassal. Spelman. (b) (Eng. Law) A sum of money or price paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or privilege, as for admission to a copyhold, or for obtaining or renewing a lease. Fine for alienation (Feudal Law), a sum of money paid to the lord by a tenant whenever he had occasion to make over his land to another. Burrill. — Fine of lands, a species of conveyance in the form of a fictitious suit compromised or terminated by the acknowledgment of the previous owner that such land was the right of the other party. Burrill. See Concord, n., 4. — In fine, in conclusion; by way of termination or summing up.

Fine, v. t. [From Fine, n.] To impose a pecuniary penalty upon for an offense or breach of law; to set a fine on by judgment of a court; to punish by fine; to mulct; as the trespassers were fined ten dollars.

Fine, v. i. To pay a fine. See Fine, n., 3 (b). [R.] “Men fined for the king’s good will; or that he would remit his anger; women fined for leave to marry.” Hallam.

Fine, v. t. & i. [OF. finer, F. finir. See Finish, v. t.] To finish; to cease; or to cause to cease. [Obs.]

Fine´draw , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finedrawn p. pr. & vb. n. Finedrawing.] To sew up, so nicely that the seam is not perceived; to renter. Marryat.

Fine´draw•er , n. One who finedraws.

Fine´drawn , a. Drawn out with too much subtilty; overnice; as finedrawn speculations.

Fi•neer´ , v. i. To run in debt by getting goods made up in a way unsuitable for the use of others, and then threatening not to take them except on credit. [R.] Goldsmith.

Fi•neer´, v. t. To veneer.

Fine´less , a. [Fine end + -less.] Endless; boundless. [Obs.] Shak.

Fine´ly, adv. In a fine or finished manner.

Fine´ness, n. [From Fine, a.] 1. The quality or condition of being fine. 2. Freedom from foreign matter or alloy; clearness; purity; as the fineness of liquor. “The fineness of the gold, and chargeful fashion.” Shak. 3. The proportion of pure silver or gold in jewelry, bullion, or coins. The fineness of United States coin is nine tenths, that of English gold coin is eleven twelfths, and that of English silver coin is &frac925x1000;. 4. Keenness or sharpness; as the fineness of a needle’s point, or of the edge of a blade.

Fin´er , n. One who fines or purifies.

Fin´er•y , n. 1. Fineness; beauty. [Obs.] “Don’t choose your place of study by the finery of the prospects.” I. Watts. 2. Ornament; decoration; especially, excecially decoration; showy clothes; jewels. “Her mistress’ cast-off finery.” F. W. Robertson. 3. [Cf. Refinery.] (Iron Works) A charcoal hearth or furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, or into iron suitable for puddling.

Fine´spun , a. Spun so as to be fine; drawn to a fine thread; attenuated; hence, unsubstantial; visionary; as finespun theories.

Fi•nesse´ , n. [F., fr. fin fine. See Fine, a.] 1. Subtilty of contrivance to gain a point; artifice; stratagem. “This is the artificialest piece of finesse to persuade men into slavery.” Milton. 2. (Whist Playing) The act of finessing. See Finesse, v. i., 2.

Fi•nesse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Finessed p. pr. & vb. n. Finessing.] 1. To use artifice or stratagem. Goldsmith. 2. (Whist Playing) To attempt, when second or third player, to make a lower card answer the purpose of a higher, when an intermediate card is out, risking the chance of its being held by the opponent yet to play.

Fine´still , v. t. To distill, as spirit from molasses or some saccharine preparation.

Fine´still•er , n. One who finestills.

Fin´ew , n. [See Fenowed.] Moldiness. [R.]

Fin´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A finback whale. (b) (pl.) True fish, as distinguished from shellfish.

Fin´foot , n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird (Heliornis fulica) allied to the grebes. The name is also applied to several related species of the genus Podica.

Fin´-foot•ed, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having palmate feet. (b) Having lobate toes, as the coot and grebe.

Fin´ger (fin´ger), n. [AS. finger; akin to D. vinger, OS. & OHG. fingar, G. finger, Icel. fingr, Sw. & Dan. finger, Goth. figgrs; of unknown origin; perh. akin to E. fang.] 1. One of the five terminating members of the hand; a digit; esp., one of the four extremities of the hand, other than the thumb. 2. Anything that does the work of a finger; as the pointer of a clock, watch, or other registering machine; especially (Mech.) a small projecting rod, wire, or piece, which is brought into contact with an object to effect, direct, or restrain a motion. 3. The breadth of a finger, or the fourth part of the hand; a measure of nearly an inch; also the length of finger, a measure in domestic use in the United States, of about four and a half inches or one eighth of a yard. “A piece of steel three fingers thick.” Bp. Wilkins. 4. Skill in the use of the fingers, as in playing upon a musical instrument. [R.] “She has a good finger.” Busby. Ear finger, the little finger. — Finger alphabet. See Dactylology. - - Finger bar, the horizontal bar, carrying slotted spikes, or fingers, through which the vibratory knives of mowing and reaping machines play. — Finger board (Mus.), the part of a stringed instrument against which the fingers press the strings to vary the tone; the keyboard of a piano, organ, etc.; manual. — Finger bowl or glass, a bowl or glass to hold water for rinsing the fingers at table. — Finger flower (Bot.), the foxglove. — Finger grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Panicum sanguinale) with slender radiating spikes; common crab grass. See Crab grass, under Crab. — Finger nut, a fly nut or thumb nut. — Finger plate, a strip of metal, glass, etc., to protect a painted or polished door from finger marks. — Finger post, a guide post bearing an index finger. — Finger reading, reading printed in relief so as to be sensible to the touch; — so made for the blind. — Finger shell (Zoöl.), a marine shell (Pholas dactylus) resembling a finger in form. — Finger sponge (Zoöl.), a sponge having finger-shaped lobes, or branches. — Finger stall, a cover or shield for a finger. — Finger steel, a steel instrument for whetting a currier’s knife. To burn one’s fingers. See under Burn. — To have a finger in, to be concerned in. [Colloq.] — To have at one’s fingers’ ends, to be thoroughly familiar with. [Colloq.]

Fin´ger , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fingered p. pr. & vb. n. Fingering.] 1. To touch with the fingers; to handle; to meddle with. “Let the papers lie;
You would be fingering them to anger me.” Shak. 2. To touch lightly; to toy with. 3. (Mus.) (a) To perform on an instrument of music. (b) To mark the notes of (a piece of music) so as to guide the fingers in playing. 4. To take thievishly; to pilfer; to purloin. Shak. 5. To execute, as any delicate work.

Fin´ger, v. i. (Mus.) To use the fingers in playing on an instrument. Busby.

Fin´gered , a. 1. Having fingers. 2. (Bot.) Having leaflets like fingers; digitate. 3. (Mus.) Marked with figures designating which finger should be used for each note.

Fin´ger•er , n. One who fingers; a pilferer.

Fin´ger•ing, n. 1. The act or process of handling or touching with the fingers. “The mere sight and fingering of money.” Grew. 2. The manner of using the fingers in playing or striking the keys of an instrument of music; movement or management of the fingers in playing on a musical instrument, in typewriting, etc. 3. The marking of the notes of a piece of music to guide or regulate the action or use of the fingers. 4. Delicate work made with the fingers. Spenser.

Fin´ger•ling , n. [Finger + -ling.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon. See Parr.

Fin´gle-fan•gle , n. [From fangle.] A trifle. [Low] Hudibras.

Fin´gri•go , n.; pl. Fingrigos (#). [So called in Jamaica.] (Bot.) A prickly, climbing shrub of the genus Pisonia. The fruit is a kind of berry.

Fin´i•al , n. [L. finire to finish, end. See Finish.] (Arch.) The knot or bunch of foliage, or foliated ornament, that forms the upper extremity of a pinnacle in Gothic architecture; sometimes, the pinnacle itself.

Fin´i•cal , a. [From Fine, a.] Affectedly fine; overnice; unduly particular; fastidious. ´Finical taste.´ Wordsworth. “The gross style consists in giving no detail, the finical in giving nothing else.” Hazlitt. Syn. — Finical, Spruce, Foppish. These words are applied to persons who are studiously desirous to cultivate finery of appearance. One who is spruce is elaborately nice in dress; one who is finical shows his affectation in language and manner as well as in dress; one who is foppish distinguishes himself by going to the extreme of the fashion in the cut of his clothes, by the tawdriness of his ornaments, and by the ostentation of his manner. ´A finical gentleman clips his words and screws his body into as small a compass as possible, to give himself the air of a delicate person; a spruce gentleman strives not to have a fold wrong in his frill or cravat, nor a hair of his head to lie amiss; a foppish gentleman seeks … to render himself distinguished for finery.´ Crabb. — Fin´i•cal•ly, adv. — Fin´i•cal•ness, n.

Fin•i•cal´i•ty , n. The quality of being finical; finicalness. { Fin´ick•ing , Fin´ick•y, a. } Finical; unduly particular. [Colloq.]

Fi•nif´ic , n. [L. finis end + facere to make.] A limiting element or quality. [R.] “The essential finific in the form of the finite.” Coleridge.

Fin´i•fy , v. t. [Fine, a. + -fy.] To make fine; to dress finically. [Obs.] “Hath so pared and finified them [his feet.]” B. Jonson.

Fin´i•kin , a. [Fine, a. + -kin.] Precise in trifles; idly busy. [Colloq.] Smart.

Fin´ing , n. 1. The act of imposing a fin. 2. The process of fining or refining; clarification; also (Metal.), the conversion of cast iron into suitable for puddling, in a hearth or charcoal fire. 3. That which is used to refine; especially, a preparation of isinglass, gelatin, etc., for clarifying beer. Fining pot, a vessel in which metals are refined. Prov. xvii. 3.

Fi´nis , n. [L.] An end; conclusion. It is often placed at the end of a book.

Fin´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finished p. pr. & vb. n. Finishing.] [F. finir (with a stem finiss- in several forms, whence E. -ish: see -ish.),fr. L. finire to limit, finish, end, fr. finis boundary, limit, end; perh. for fidnis, and akin findere to cleave, E. fissure.] 1. To arrive at the end of; to bring to an end; to put an end to; to make an end of; to terminate. “And heroically hath finished
A life heroic.” Milton. 2. To bestow the last required labor upon; to complete; to bestow the utmost possible labor upon; to perfect; to accomplish; to polish. Syn. — To end; terminate; close; conclude; complete; accomplish; perfect.

Fin´ish, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to terminate. “His days may finish ere that hapless time.” Shak. 2. To end; to die. [R.] Shak.

Fin´ish, n. 1. That which finishes, puts an end to or perfects. 2. (Arch.) The joiner work and other finer work required for the completion of a building, especially of the interior. See Inside finish, and Outside finish. 3. (Fine Arts) (a) The labor required to give final completion to any work; hence, minute detail, careful elaboration, or the like. (b) See Finishing coat, under Finishing. 4. The result of completed labor, as on the surface of an object; manner or style of finishing; as a rough, dead, or glossy finish given to cloth, stone, metal, etc. 5. Completion; — opposed to start, or beginning.

Fin´ished , a. Polished to the highest degree of excellence; complete; perfect; as a finished poem; a finished education. Finished work (Mach.), work that is made smooth or polished, though not necessarily completed.

Fin´ish•er , n. 1. One who finishes, puts an end to, completes, or perfects; esp. used in the trades, as in hatting, weaving, etc., for the workman who gives a finishing touch to the work, or any part of it, and brings it to perfection. “O prophet of glad tidings, finisher
Of utmost hope!” Milton. 2. Something that gives the finishing touch to, or settles, anything. [Colloq.]

Fin´ish•ing, n. The act or process of completing or perfecting; the final work upon or ornamentation of a thing.

Fin´ish•ing, a. Tending to complete or to render fit for the market or for use. Finishing coat. (a) (Plastering) the final coat of plastering applied to walls and ceilings, usually white and rubbed smooth. (b) (Painting) The final coat of paint, usually differently mixed applied from the others. — Finishing press, a machine for pressing fabrics. — Finishing rolls (Iron Working), the rolls of a train which receive the bar from roughing rolls, and reduce it to its finished shape. Raymond.

Fi´nite , a. [L. finitus, p. p. of finire. See Finish, and cf. Fine, a.] Having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded; — opposed to infinite; as finite number; finite existence; a finite being; a finite mind; finite duration.

Fi´nite•less, a. Infinite. [Obs.] Sir T. browne.

Fi´nite•ly, adv. In a finite manner or degree.

Fi´nite•ness, n. The state of being finite.

Fin´i•tude , n. [L. finire. See Finish.] Limitation. Cheyne.

Fin´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of Finland.

Fin´less, a. (Zoöl.) destitute of fins.

Fin´let , n. [Fin + - let.] A little fin; one of the parts of a divided fin.

Fin´like , a. Resembling a fin.

Finn , a. A native of Finland; one of the Finn in the ethnological sense. See Finns.

Fin´nan had´die [See Haddock.] Haddock cured in peat smoke, originally at Findon (pron. fin´an), Scotland. the name is also applied to other kinds of smoked haddock. [Written also finnan haddock.]

Finned , a. Having a fin, or fins, or anything resembling a fin. Mortimer.

Fin´ner , n. (Zoöl.) A finback whale.

Finn´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Finns.

Fin´ni•kin , n. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon, with a crest somewhat resembling the mane of a horse. [Written also finikin.]

Finn´ish , a. Of or pertaining to Finland, to the Finns, or to their language. — n. A Northern Turanian group of languages; the language of the Finns.

Finns , n. pl.; sing. Finn. (Ethnol.) (a) Natives of Finland; Finlanders. (b) A branch of the Mongolian race, inhabiting Northern and Eastern Europe, including the Magyars, Bulgarians, Permians, Lapps, and Finlanders. [Written also Fins.]

Fin´ny , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having, or abounding in, fins, as fishes; pertaining to fishes. 2. Abounding in fishes. “With patient angle trolls the finny deep.” Goldsmoth.

Fi•no´chi•o ( 277), n. [It. finocchio fennel, LL. fenuclum. See Fennel.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Fœniculum dulce) having a somewhat tuberous stem; sweet fennel. The blanched stems are used in France and Italy as a culinary vegetable.

Fi´nos , n. pl. [Sp., pl., fr. fino fine.] Second best wool from Merino sheep. Gardner.

Fin´pike , n. (Zoöl.) The bichir. See Crossopterygii.

Fint , 3d pers. sing. pr. of Find, for findeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fin´-toed , a. (Zoöl.) Having toes connected by a membrane; palmiped; palmated; also lobate.

Fiord (fyrd; i or y consonant, § 272), n. [Dan. & Norw. fiord. See Frith.] A narrow inlet of the sea, penetrating between high banks or rocks, as on the coasts of Norway and Alaska. [Written also fjord.]

Fi´o•rin , n. [Cf. Ir. fiothran a sort of grass.] (Bot.) A species of creeping bent grass (Agrostis alba); — called also fiorin grass.

Fi´o•rite , n. (Min.) A variety of opal occuring in the cavities of volcanic tufa, in smooth and shining globular and botryoidal masses, having a pearly luster; - - so called from Fiora, in Ischia.

Fio•ri•tu´re , n. pl. [It., pl. of fioritura a flowering.] (Mus.) Little flowers of ornament introduced into a melody by a singer or player.

Fip´pen•ny bit . [Corruption of five penny bit.] The Spanish half real, or one sixteenth of a dollar, - - so called in Pennsylvania and the adjacent States. [Obs.] Before the act of Congress, Feb. 21, 1857, caused the adoption of decimal coins and the withdrawal of foreign coinage from circulation, this coin passed currently for 6¼ cents, and was called in New England a fourpence ha’penny or fourpence; in New York a sixpence; in Pennsylvania, Virginia, etc., a fip; and in Louisiana, a picayune.

Fip´ple (fer), n. [perh. fr. L. fibula a clasp, a pin; cf. Prov. E. fible a stick used to stir pottage.] A stopper, as in a wind instrument of music. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fir (fer), n. [Dan. fyr, fyrr; akin to Sw. furu, Icel. fura, AS. furh in furhwudu fir wood, G. föhre, OHG. forha pine, vereheih a sort of oak, L. quercus oak.] (Bot.) A genus (Abies) of coniferous trees, often of large size and elegant shape, some of them valued for their timber and others for their resin. The species are distinguished as the balsam fir, the silver fir, the red fir, etc. The Scotch fir is a Pinus. Fir in the Bible means any one of several coniferous trees, including, cedar, cypress, and probably three species of pine. J. D. Hooker.

Fire (fir), n. [OE. fir, fyr, fur AS. fyr; akin to D. vuur, OS. & OHG. fiur, G. feuer, Icel. fyri, furr, Gr. py^r, and perh. to L. purus pure, E. pure Cf. Empyrean, Pyre.] 1. The evolution of light and heat in the combustion of bodies; combustion; state of ignition. The form of fire exhibited in the combustion of gases in an ascending stream or current is called flame. Anciently, fire, air, earth, and water were regarded as the four elements of which all things are composed. 2. Fuel in a state of combustion, as on a hearth, or in a stove or a furnace. 3. The burning of a house or town; a conflagration. 4. Anything which destroys or affects like fire. 5. Ardor of passion, whether love or hate; excessive warmth; consuming violence of temper. “he had fire in his temper.” Atterbury. 6. Liveliness of imagination or fancy; intellectual and moral enthusiasm; capacity for ardor and zeal. “And bless their critic with a poet’s fire.” Pope. 7. Splendor; brilliancy; luster; hence, a star. “Stars, hide your fires.” Shak. “As in a zodiac
representing the heavenly fires.” Milton. 8. Torture by burning; severe trial or affliction. 9. The discharge of firearms; firing; as the troops were exposed to a heavy fire. Blue fire, Red fire, Green fire (Pyrotech.), compositions of various combustible substances, as sulphur, niter, lampblack, etc., the flames of which are colored by various metallic salts, as those of antimony, strontium, barium, etc. — Fire alarm (a) A signal given on the breaking out of a fire. (b) An apparatus for giving such an alarm. — Fire annihilator, a machine, device, or preparation to be kept at hand for extinguishing fire by smothering it with some incombustible vapor or gas as carbonic acid. — Fire balloon. (a) A balloon raised in the air by the buoyancy of air heated by a fire placed in the lower part. (b) A balloon sent up at night with fireworks which ignite at a regulated height. Simmonds. — Fire bar, a grate bar. — Fire basket, a portable grate; a cresset. Knight. — Fire beetle. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. — Fire blast, a disease of plants which causes them to appear as if burnt by fire. — Fire box, the chamber of a furnace, steam boiler, etc., for the fire. — Fire brick, a refractory brick, capable of sustaining intense heat without fusion, usually made of fire clay or of siliceous material, with some cementing substance, and used for lining fire boxes, etc. — Fire brigade, an organized body of men for extinguished fires. — Fire bucket. See under Bucket. — Fire bug, an incendiary; one who, from malice or through mania, persistently sets fire to property; a pyromaniac. [U.S.] — Fire clay. See under Clay. — Fire company, a company of men managing an engine in extinguishing fires. — Fire cross. See Fiery cross. [Obs.] Milton. — Fire damp. See under Damp. — Fire dog. See Firedog, in the Vocabulary. — Fire drill. (a) A series of evolutions performed by fireman for practice. (b) An apparatus for producing fire by friction, by rapidly twirling a wooden pin in a wooden socket; — used by the Hindoos during all historic time, and by many savage peoples. — Fire eater. (a) A juggler who pretends to eat fire. (b) A quarrelsome person who seeks affrays; a hotspur. [Colloq.] — Fire engine, a portable forcing pump, usually on wheels, for throwing water to extinguish fire. — Fire escape, a contrivance for facilitating escape from burning buildings. — Fire gilding (Fine Arts), a mode of gilding with an amalgam of gold and quicksilver, the latter metal being driven off afterward by heat. — Fire gilt (Fine Arts), gold laid on by the process of fire gilding. — Fire insurance, the act or system of insuring against fire; also a contract by which an insurance company undertakes, in consideration of the payment of a premium or small percentage — usually made periodically — to indemnify an owner of property from loss by fire during a specified period. — Fire irons, utensils for a fireplace or grate, as tongs, poker, and shovel. — Fire main, a pipe for water, to be used in putting out fire. — Fire master (Mil), an artillery officer who formerly supervised the composition of fireworks. — Fire office, an office at which to effect insurance against fire. — Fire opal, a variety of opal giving firelike reflections. — Fire ordeal, an ancient mode of trial, in which the test was the ability of the accused to handle or tread upon red-hot irons. Abbot. — Fire pan, a pan for holding or conveying fire, especially the receptacle for the priming of a gun. — Fire plug, a plug or hydrant for drawing water from the main pipes in a street, building, etc., for extinguishing fires. — Fire policy, the writing or instrument expressing the contract of insurance against loss by fire. — Fire pot. (a) (Mil.) A small earthen pot filled with combustibles, formerly used as a missile in war. (b) The cast iron vessel which holds the fuel or fire in a furnace. (c) A crucible. (d) A solderer’s furnace. — Fire raft, a raft laden with combustibles, used for setting fire to an enemy’s ships. — Fire roll, a peculiar beat of the drum to summon men to their quarters in case of fire. — Fire setting (Mining), the process of softening or cracking the working face of a lode, to facilitate excavation, by exposing it to the action of fire; — now generally superseded by the use of explosives. Raymond. — Fire ship, a vessel filled with combustibles, for setting fire to an enemy’s ships. — Fire shovel, a shovel for taking up coals of fire. — Fire stink, the stench from decomposing iron pyrites, caused by the formation of sulphureted hydrogen. Raymond. — Fire surface, the surfaces of a steam boiler which are exposed to the direct heat of the fuel and the products of combustion; heating surface. — Fire swab, a swab saturated with water, for cooling a gun in action and clearing away particles of powder, etc. Farrow. — Fire teaser, in England, the fireman of a steam emgine. — Fire water, ardent spirits; — so called by the American Indians. — Fire worship, the worship of fire, which prevails chiefly in Persia, among the followers of Zoroaster, called Chebers, or Guebers, and among the Parsees of India. — Greek fire. See under Greek. — On fire, burning; hence, ardent; passionate; eager; zealous. — Running fire, the rapid discharge of firearms in succession by a line of troops. — St. Anthony’s fire, erysipelas; — an eruptive fever which St. Anthony was supposed to cure miraculously. Hoblyn. — St. Elmo’s fire. See under Saint Elmo. — To set on fire, to inflame; to kindle. — To take fire, to begin to burn; to fly into a passion.

Fire , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fired p. pr. & vb. n. Fring.] 1. To set on fire; to kindle; as to fire a house or chimney; to fire a pile. 2. To subject to intense heat; to bake; to burn in a kiln; as to fire pottery. 3. To inflame; to irritate, as the passions; as to fire the soul with anger, pride, or revenge. “Love had fired my mind.” Dryden. 4. To animate; to give life or spirit to; as to fire the genius of a young man. 5. To feed or serve the fire of; as to fire a boiler. 6. To light up as if by fire; to illuminate. “[The sun] fires the proud tops of the eastern pines.” Shak. 7. To cause to explode; as to fire a torpedo; to disharge; as to fire a musket or cannon; to fire cannon balls, rockets, etc. 8. To drive by fire. [Obs.] “Till my bad angel fire my good one out.” Shak. 9. (Far.) To cauterize. To fire up, to light up the fires of, as of an engine.

Fire, v. i. 1. To take fire; to be kindled; to kindle. 2. To be irritated or inflamed with passion. 3. To discharge artillery or firearms; as they fired on the town. To fire up, to grow irritated or angry. ´He … fired up, and stood vigorously on his defense.´ Macaulay.

Fire´arm (-ärm•), n. A gun, pistol, or any weapon from which a shot is discharged by the force of an explosive substance, as gunpowder.

Fire´back , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of pheasants of the genus Euplocamus, having the lower back a bright, fiery red. They inhabit Southern Asia and the East Indies.

Fire´ball , n. (a) (Mil.) A ball filled with powder or other combustibles, intended to be thrown among enemies, and to injure by explosion; also to set fire to their works and light them up, so that movements may be seen. (b) A luminous meteor, resembling a ball of fire passing rapidly through the air, and sometimes exploding.

Fire´bare , n. A beacon. [Obs.] Burrill.

Fire´ bee•tle (Zoöl.) A very brilliantly luminous beetle (Pyrophorus noctilucus), one of the elaters, found in Central and South America; — called also cucujo. The name is also applied to other species. See Firefly.

Fire´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The Baltimore oriole.

Fire´board , n. A chimney board or screen to close a fireplace when not in use.

Fire´bote , n. (O. Eng. Law) An allowance of fuel. See Bote.

Fire´brand , n. 1. A piece of burning wood. L’Estrange. 2. One who inflames factions, or causes contention and mischief; an incendiary. Bacon.

Fire´crack•er , n. See Cracker., n., 3.

Fire´crest , n. (Zoöl.) A small European kinglet (Regulus ignicapillus), having a bright red crest; — called also fire-crested wren.

Fire´dog , n. A support for wood in a fireplace; an andiron.

Fire´drake , n. [AS. fyrdraca; fyr fire + draca a dragon. See Fire, and Drake a dragon.] [Obs.] 1. A fiery dragon. Beau. & Fl. 2. A fiery meteor; an ignis fatuus; a rocket. 3. A worker at a furnace or fire. B. Jonson.

Fire´-fanged , a. [Fire + fanged seized.] Injured as by fire; burned; — said of manure which has lost its goodness and acquired an ashy hue in consequence of heat generated by decomposition.

Fire´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A singular marine fish of the genus Pterois, family Scorpaenidae, of several species, inhabiting the Indo-Pacific region. They are usually red, and have very large spinose pectoral and dorsal fins.

Fire´flaire , n. [Fire + Prov. E. flaire a ray.] (Zoöl.) A European sting ray of the genus Trygon (T. pastinaca); — called also fireflare and fiery flaw.

Fire´flame , n. (Zoöl.) The European band fish (Cepola rubescens).

Fire´fly , n.; pl. Fireflies . (Zoöl.) Any luminous winged insect, esp. luminous beetles of the family Lampyridae. The common American species belong to the genera Photinus and Photuris, in which both sexes are winged. The name is also applied to luminous species of Elateridae. See Fire beetle.

Fire´less, a. Destitute of fire.

Fire´lock, n. An old form of gunlock, as the flintlock, which ignites the priming by a spark; perhaps originally, a matchlock. Hence, a gun having such a lock.

Fire´man , n.; pl. Firemen (-men). 1. A man whose business is to extinguish fires in towns; a member of a fire company. 2. A man who tends the fires, as of a steam engine; a stocker.

Fire´-new , a. Fresh from the forge; bright; quite new; brand-new. Charles reade. “Your fire-new stamp of honor is scarce current.” Shak.

Fire´place , n. The part a chimney appropriated to the fire; a hearth; — usually an open recess in a wall, in which a fire may be built.

Fire´proof , a. Proof against fire; incombustible.

Fire´proof•ing , n. The act or process of rendering anything incombustible; also the materials used in the process.

Fir´er , n. One who fires or sets fire to anything; an incendiary. [R.] R. Carew.

Fire´-set , n. A set of fire irons, including, commonly, tongs, shovel, and poker.

Fire´side , n. A place near the fire or hearth; home; domestic life or retirement.

Fire´stone ( 110), n. [AS. fyrstan flint; fyr fire + stan stone.] 1. Iron pyrites, formerly used for striking fire; also a flint. 2. A stone which will bear the heat of a furnace without injury; — especially applied to the sandstone at the top of the upper greensand in the south of England, used for lining kilns and furnaces. Ure.

Fire´tail , n. (Zoöl.) The European redstart; — called also fireflirt. [prov. Eng.]

Fire´ward•en , n. An officer who has authority to direct in the extinguishing of fires, or to order what precautions shall be taken against fires; — called also fireward.

Fire´weed , n. (Bot.) (a) An American plant (Erechthites hiercifolia), very troublesome in spots where brushwood has been burned. (b) The great willow-herb (Epilobium spicatum).

Fire´wood , n. Wood for fuel.

Fire´work , n. 1. A device for producing a striking display of light, or a figure or figures in plain or colored fire, by the combustion of materials that burn in some peculiar manner, as gunpowder, sulphur, metallic filings, and various salts. The most common feature of fireworks is a paper or pasteboard tube filled with the combustible material. A number of these tubes or cases are often combined so as to make, when kindled, a great variety of figures in fire, often variously colored. The skyrocket is a common form of firework. The name is also given to various combustible preparations used in war.
[1913 Webster] 2. pl. A pyrotechnic exhibition. [Obs. in the sing.] “Night before last, the Duke of Richmond gave a firework.” Walpole.

Fire´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a small tortricid moth which eats the leaves of the cranberry, so that the vines look as if burned; — called also cranberry worm.

Fir´ing, n. 1. The act of discharging firearms. 2. The mode of introducing fuel into the furnace and working it. Knight. 3. The application of fire, or of a cautery. Dunglison. 4. The process of partly vitrifying pottery by exposing it to intense heat in a kiln. 5. Fuel; firewood or coal. [Obs.] Mortimer. Firing iron, an instrument used in cauterizing.

Firk , v. t. [Cf. OE. ferken to proceed, hasten, AS. fercian to bring, assist; perh. akin to faran to go, E. fare.] To beat; to strike; to chastise. [Obs.] “I’ll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him.” Shak.

Firk, v. i. To fly out; to turn out; to go off. [Obs.] “A wench is a rare bait, with which a man” “No sooner’s taken but he straight firks mad.B.Jonson.”

Firk, n. A freak; trick; quirk. [Obs.] Ford.

Fir´kin , n. [From AS. feówer four (or an allied word, perh. Dutch or Danish) + -kin. See Four.] 1. A varying measure of capacity, usually being the fourth part of a barrel; specifically, a measure equal to nine imperial gallons. [Eng.] 2. A small wooden vessel or cask of indeterminate size, — used for butter, lard, etc. [U.S.]

Fir´lot , n. [Scot., the fourth part of a boll of grain, from a word equiv. to E. four + lot part, portion. See Firkin.] A dry measure formerly used in Scotland; the fourth part of a boll of grain or meal. The Linlithgow wheat firlot was to the imperial bushel as 998 to 1000; the barley firlot as 1456 to 1000. Brande & C.

Firm , a. [Compar. Firmer superl. Firmest.] [OE. ferme, F. ferme, fr.L. firmus; cf. Skr. dharman support, law, order, dh to hold fast, carry. Cf. Farm, Throne.] 1. Fixed; hence, closely compressed; compact; substantial; hard; solid; — applied to the matter of bodies; as firm flesh; firm muscles, firm wood. 2. Not easily excited or disturbed; unchanging in purpose; fixed; steady; constant; stable; unshaken; not easily changed in feelings or will; strong; as a firm believer; a firm friend; a firm adherent. “Under spread ensigns, moving nigh, in slow
But firm battalion.” Milton. “By one man’s firm obediency fully tried.” Milton. 3. Solid; — opposed to fluid; as firm land. 4. Indicating firmness; as a firm tread; a firm countenance. Syn. — Compact; dense; hard; solid; stanch; robust; strong; sturdly; fixed; steady; resolute; constant.

Firm, n. [It. firma the (firm, sure, or confirming) signature or subscription, or Pg. firma signature, firm, cf. Sp. firma signature; all fr. L. firmus, adj., firm. See Firm, a.] The name, title, or style, under which a company transacts business; a partnership of two or more persons; a commercial house; as the firm of Hope & Co.

Firm, v. t. [OE. fermen to make firm, F. fermer, fr. L. firmare to make firm. See Firm, a.] 1. To fix; to settle; to confirm; to establish. [Obs.] “And Jove has firmed it with an awful nod.” Dryden. 2. To fix or direct with firmness. [Obs.] “He on his card and compass firms his eye.” Spenser.

Fir´ma•ment , n. [L. firmamentum, fr. firmare to make firm: cf. F. firmament. See Firm, v. & a.] 1. Fixed foundation; established basis. [Obs.] “Custom is the … firmament of the law.” Jer. Taylor. 2. The region of the air; the sky or heavens. “And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.” Gen. i. 6. “And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament.” Gen. i. 14. In Scripture, the word denotes an expanse, a wide extent; the great arch or expanse over out heads, in which are placed the atmosphere and the clouds, and in which the stars appear to be placed, and are really seen. 3. (Old Astron.) The orb of the fixed stars; the most rmote of the celestial spheres.

Fir•ma•men´tal , a. Pertaining to the firmament; celestial; being of the upper regions. Dryden.

Fir´man , n.; pl. Firmans (#) or (#). [Pers. ferman.] In Turkey and some other Oriental countries, a decree or mandate issued by the sovereign; a royal order or grant; — generally given for special objects, as to a traveler to insure him protection and assistance. [Written also firmaun.]

Firm´er-chis´el , n. A chisel, thin in proportion to its width. It has a tang to enter the handle instead of a socket for receiving it. Knight.

Firm´i•tude , n. [L. firmitudo. See Firm.] Strength; stability. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Firm´i•ty , n. [L. firmitas.] Strength; firmness; stability. [Obs.] Chillingworth.

Firm´less, a. 1. Detached from substance. [Obs.] “Does passion still the firmless mind control?” Pope. 2. Infirm; unstable. ´Firmless sands.´ Sylvester.

Firm´ly, adv. In a firm manner.

Firm´ness, n. The state or quality of being firm. Syn. — Firmness, Constancy. Firmness belongs to the will, and constancy to the affections and principles; the former prevents us from yielding, and the latter from fluctuating. Without firmness a man has no character; ´without constancy,´ says Addison, ´there is neither love, friendship, nor virtue in the world.´

Firms , n. pl. [From Firm, a.] (Arch.) The principal rafters of a roof, especially a pair of rafters taken together. [Obs.]

Fir´ring , n. (Arch.) See Furring.

Fir´ry , a. Made of fir; abounding in firs. “In firry woodlands making moan.” Tennyson.

First , a. [OE. first, furst, AS. fyrst; akin to Icel. fyrstr, Sw. & Dan. förste, OHG. furist, G. fürst prince; a superlatiye form of E. for, fore. See For, Fore, and cf. Formeer, Foremost.] 1. Preceding all others of a series or kind; the ordinal of one; earliest; as the first day of a month; the first year of a reign. 2. Foremost; in front of, or in advance of, all others. 3. Most eminent or exalted; most excellent; chief; highest; as Demosthenes was the first orator of Greece. At first blush. See under Blush. — At first hand, from the first or original source; without the intervention of any agent. “It is the intention of the person to reveal it at first hand, by way of mouth, to yourself.” Dickens. — First coat (Plastering), the solid foundation of coarse stuff, on which the rest is placed; it is thick, and crossed with lines, so as to give a bond for the next coat. — First day, Sunday; — so called by the Friends. — First floor. (a) The ground floor. [U.S.] (b) The floor next above the ground floor. [Eng.] — First fruit or fruits. (a) The fruits of the season earliest gathered. (b) (Feudal Law) One year’s profits of lands belonging to the king on the death of a tenant who held directly from him. (c) (Eng. Eccl. Law) The first year’s whole profits of a benefice or spiritual living. (d) The earliest effects or results. “See, Father, what first fruits on earth are sprung
From thy implanted grace in man!” Milton. — First mate, an officer in a merchant vessel next in rank to the captain. — First name, same as Christian name. See under Name, n. — First officer (Naut.), in the merchant service, same as First mate (above). — First sergeant (Mil.), the ranking non-commissioned officer in a company; the orderly sergeant. Farrow. — First watch (Naut.), the watch from eight to twelve at midnight; also the men on duty during that time. — First water, the highest quality or purest luster; — said of gems, especially of diamond and pearls. Syn. — Primary; primordial; primitive; primeval; pristine; highest; chief; principal; foremost.

First , adv. Before any other person or thing in time, space, rank, etc.; — much used in composition with adjectives and participles. “Adam was first formed, then Eve.” 1 Tim. ii. 13. At first, At the first, at the beginning or origin. — First or last, at one time or another; at the beginning or end. “And all are fools and lovers first or last.” Dryden.

First, n. (Mus.) The upper part of a duet, trio, etc., either vocal or instrumental; — so called because it generally expresses the air, and has a preëminence in the combined effect.

First´born , a. First brought forth; first in the order of nativity; eldest; hence, most excellent; most distinguished or exalted.

First´-class , a. Of the best class; of the highest rank; in the first division; of the best quality; first-rate; as a first-class telescope. First-class car or First-class railway carriage, any passenger car of the highest regular class, and intended for passengers who pay the highest regular rate; — distinguished from a second-class car.

First´-hand , a. Obtained directly from the first or original source; hence, without the intervention of an agent. “One sphere there is … where the apprehension of him is first-hand and direct; and that is the sphere of our own mind.” J. Martineau.

First´ling , n. [First + - ling.] 1. The first produce or offspring; — said of animals, especially domestic animals; as the firstlings of his flock. Milton. 2. The thing first thought or done. “The very firstlings of my heart shall be
The firstlings of my hand.” Shak.

First´ling, a. Firstborn. “All the firstling males.” Deut. xv. 19.

First´ly, adv. In the first place; before anything else; — sometimes improperly used for first.

First´-rate , a. Of the highest excellence; preëminent in quality, size, or estimation. “Our only first-rate body of contemporary poetry is the German.” M. Arnold. “Hermocrates … a man of first-rate ability.” Jowett (Thucyd).

First´-rate, n. (Naut.) A war vessel of the highest grade or the most powerful class.

Firth , n. [Scot. See Frith.] (geog.) An arm of the sea; a frith.

Fir´ tree See Fir.

Fisc , n. [F. fisc, fr. L. fiscus basket, money basket, treasury; prob. akin to fascis bundle. See Fasces.] A public or state treasury. Burke.

Fis´cal , a. [F. fiscal, L. fiscalis, fr. fiscus. See Fisc.] Pertaining to the public treasury or revenue. “The fiscal arreangements of government.” A>Hamilton.

Fis´cal, n. 1. The income of a prince or a state; revenue; exhequer. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A treasurer. H. Swinburne. 3. A public officer in Scotland who prosecutes in petty criminal cases; — called also procurator fiscal. 4. The solicitor in Spain and Portugal; the attorney-general.

Fi•set´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to fustet or fisetin.

Fis´e•tin , n. [G. fisettholz a species of fustic.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance extracted from fustet, and regarded as its essential coloring principle; — called also fisetic acid.

Fish , n. [F. fiche peg, mark, fr. fisher to fix.] A counter, used in various games.

Fish, n.; pl. Fishes (#), or collectively, Fish. [OE. fisch, fisc, fis, AS. fisc; akin to D. visch, OS. & OHG. fisk, G. fisch, Icel. fiskr, Sw. & Dan. fisk, Goth. fisks, L. piscis, Ir. iasg. Cf. Piscatorial. In some cases, such as fish joint, fish plate, this word has prob. been confused with fish, fr. F. fichea peg.] 1. A name loosely applied in popular usage to many animals of diverse characteristics, living in the water. 2. (Zoöl.) An oviparous, vertebrate animal usually having fins and a covering scales or plates. It breathes by means of gills, and lives almost entirely in the water. See Pisces. The true fishes include the Teleostei (bony fishes), Ganoidei, Dipnoi, and Elasmobranchii or Selachians (sharks and skates). Formerly the leptocardia and Marsipobranciata were also included, but these are now generally regarded as two distinct classes, below the fishes. 3. pl. The twelfth sign of the zodiac; Pisces. 4. The flesh of fish, used as food. 5. (Naut.) (a) A purchase used to fish the anchor. (b) A piece of timber, somewhat in the form of a fish, used to strengthen a mast or yard. Fish is used adjectively or as part of a compound word; as fish line, fish pole, fish spear, fish-bellied. Age of Fishes. See under Age, n., 8. — Fish ball, fish (usually salted codfish) shared fine, mixed with mashed potato, and made into the form of a small, round cake. [U.S.] — Fish bar. Same as Fish plate (below). — Fish beam (Mech.), a beam one of whose sides (commonly the under one) swells out like the belly of a fish. Francis. — Fish crow (Zoöl.), a species of crow (Corvus ossifragus), found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It feeds largely on fish. — Fish culture, the artifical breeding and rearing of fish; pisciculture. — Fish davit. See Davit. — Fish day, a day on which fish is eaten; a fast day. — Fish duck (Zoöl.), any species of merganser. — Fish fall, the tackle depending from the fish davit, used in hauling up the anchor to the gunwale of a ship. — Fish garth, a dam or weir in a river for keeping fish or taking them easily. - - Fish glue. See Isinglass. — Fish joint, a joint formed by a plate or pair of plates fastened upon two meeting beams, plates, etc., at their junction; — used largely in connecting the rails of railroads. — Fish kettle, a long kettle for boiling fish whole. — Fish ladder, a dam with a series of steps which fish can leap in order to ascend falls in a river. — Fish line, or Fishing line, a line made of twisted hair, silk, etc., used in angling. — Fish louse (Zoöl.), any crustacean parasitic on fishes, esp. the parasitic Copepoda, belonging to Caligus, Argulus, and other related genera. See Branchiura. — Fish maw (Zoöl.), the stomach of a fish; also the air bladder, or sound. — Fish meal, fish desiccated and ground fine, for use in soups, etc. — Fish oil, oil obtained from the bodies of fish and marine animals, as whales, seals, sharks, from cods’ livers, etc. — Fish owl (Zoöl.), a fish-eating owl of the Old World genera Scotopelia and Ketupa, esp. a large East Indian species (K. Ceylonensis). — Fish plate, one of the plates of a fish joint. — Fish pot, a wicker basket, sunk, with a float attached, for catching crabs, lobsters, etc. — Fish pound, a net attached to stakes, for entrapping and catching fish; a weir. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. — Fish slice, a broad knife for dividing fish at table; a fish trowel. — Fish slide, an inclined box set in a stream at a small fall, or ripple, to catch fish descending the current. Knight. — Fish sound, the air bladder of certain fishes, esp. those that are dried and used as food, or in the arts, as for the preparation of isinglass. — Fish story, a story which taxes credulity; an extravagant or incredible narration. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. — Fish strainer. (a) A metal colander, with handles, for taking fish from a boiler. (b) A perforated earthenware slab at the bottom of a dish, to drain the water from a boiled fish. — Fish trowel, a fish slice. — Fish weir or wear, a weir set in a stream, for catching fish. — Neither fish nor flesh (Fig.), neither one thing nor the other.

Fish , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fished p. pr. & vb. n. Fishing.] 1. To attempt to catch fish; to be employed in taking fish, by any means, as by angling or drawing a net. 2. To seek to obtain by artifice, or indirectly to seek to draw forth; as to fish for compliments. “Any other fishing question.” Sir W. Scott.

Fish, v. t. [OE. fischen, fisken, fissen, AS. fiscian; akin to G. fischen, OHG. fiscn, Goth. fiskn. See Fish the animal.] 1. To catch; to draw out or up; as to fish up an anchor. 2. To search by raking or sweeping. Swift. 3. To try with a fishing rod; to catch fish in; as to fish a stream. Thackeray. 4. To strengthen (a beam, mast, etc.), or unite end to end (two timbers, railroad rails, etc.) by bolting a plank, timber, or plate to the beam, mast, or timbers, lengthwise on one or both sides. See Fish joint, under Fish, n. To fish the anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor.

Fish´-bel•lied , a. Bellying or swelling out on the under side; as a fish-bellied rail. Knight.

Fish´-block , n. See Fish- tackle.

Fish´er , n. [AS. fiscere.] 1. One who fishes. 2. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela Canadensis); the pekan; the ´black cat.´

Fish´er•man , n.; pl. Fishermen . 1. One whose occupation is to catch fish. 2. (Naut.) A ship or vessel employed in the business of taking fish, as in the cod fishery.

Fish´er•y , n.; pl. Fisheries . 1. The business or practice of catching fish; fishing. Addison. 2. A place for catching fish. 3. (Law) The right to take fish at a certain place, or in particular waters. Abbott.

Fish´ful , a. Abounding with fish. [R.] ´My fishful pond.´ R. Carew.

Fish´gig , n. A spear with barbed prongs used for harpooning fish. Knight.

Fish´hawk , n. (Zoöl.) The osprey (Pandion haliaëtus), found both in Europe and America; — so called because it plunges into the water and seizes fishes in its talons. Called also fishing eagle, and bald buzzard.

Fish´hook , n. 1. A hook for catching fish. 2. (Naut.) A hook with a pendant, to the end of which the fish-tackle is hooked. Dana.

Fish´i•fy , v. t. To change to fish. [R.] Shak.

Fish´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being fishy or fishlike. Pennant.

Fish´ing, n. 1. The act, practice, or art of one who fishes. 2. A fishery. Spenser.

Fish´ing, a. [From Fishing, n.] Pertaining to fishing; used in fishery; engaged in fishing; as fishing boat; fishing tackle; fishing village. Fishing fly, an artificial fly for fishing. — Fishing line, a line used in catching fish. — Fishing net, a net of various kinds for catching fish; including the bag net, casting net, drag net, landing net, seine, shrimping net, trawl, etc. — Fishing rod, a long slender rod, to which is attached the line for angling. — Fishing smack, a sloop or other small vessel used in sea fishing. — Fishing tackle, apparatus used in fishing, as hook, line, rod, etc. — Fishing tube (Micros.), a glass tube for selecting a microscopic object in a fluid.

Fish´like , a. Like fish; suggestive of fish; having some of the qualities of fish. “A very ancient and fishlike smell.” Shak.

Fish´mon•ger , n. A dealer in fish.

Fish´skin , n. 1. The skin of a fish (dog fish, shark, etc.) 2. (Med.) See Ichthyosis.

Fish´-tac•kle , n. A tackle or purchase used to raise the flukes of the anchor up to the gunwale. The block used is called the fish-block.

Fish´-tail , a. Like the of a fish; acting, or producing something, like the tail of a fish. Fish-tail burner, a gas burner that gives a spreading flame shaped somewhat like the tail of a fish. — Fish-tail propeller (Steamship), a propeller with a single blade that oscillates like the tail of a fish when swimming.

Fish´wife , n. A fishwoman.

Fish´wom•an , n.; pl. Fishwomen . A woman who retails fish.

Fish´y , a. 1. Consisting of fish; fishlike; having the qualities or taste of fish; abounding in fish. Pope. 2. Extravagant, like some stories about catching fish; improbable; also rank or foul. [Colloq.]

Fisk , v. i. [Cf. Sw. fjeska to bustle about.] To run about; to frisk; to whisk. [Obs.] “He fisks abroad, and stirreth up erroneous opinions.” Latimer.

Fis•si•gem•ma´tion , n. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + E. gemmation.] (Biol.) A process of reproduction intermediate between fission and gemmation.

Fis´sile , a. [L. fissilis, fr. fissus, p. p. of findere to split. See Fissure.] Capable of being split, cleft, or divided in the direction of the grain, like wood, or along natural planes of cleavage, like crystals. “This crystal is a pellucid, fissile stone.” Sir I. Newton.

Fis•si•lin´gual , a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + E. lingual.] (Zoöl.) Having the tongue forked.

Fis•si•lin´gui•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. o f findere to split) + lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) A group of Lacertilia having the tongue forked, including the common lizards. [Written also Fissilingues.]

Fis•sil´i•ty , n. Quality of being fissile.

Fis´sion , n. [L. fissio. See Fissure.] 1. A cleaving, splitting, or breaking up into parts. 2. (Biol.) A method of asexual reproduction among the lowest (unicellular) organisms by means of a process of self-division, consisting of gradual division or cleavage of the into two parts, each of which then becomes a separate and independent organisms; as when a cell in an animal or plant, or its germ, undergoes a spontaneous division, and the parts again subdivide. See Segmentation, and Cell division, under Division. 3. (Zoöl.) A process by which certain coral polyps, echinoderms, annelids, etc., spontaneously subdivide, each individual thus forming two or more new ones. See Strobilation.

Fis•si•pal´mate , a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + palma palm.] (Zoöl.) Semipalmate and loboped, as a grebe’s foot. See Illust. under Aves.

Fis•sip´a•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Fissiparous.] (Zoöl.) Animals which reproduce by fission.

Fis•sip´a•rism , n. [See Fissiparous.] (Biol.) Reproduction by spontaneous fission.

Fis•si•par´i•ty , n. (Biol.) Quality of being fissiparous; fissiparism.

Fis•sip´a•rous , a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf. F. fissipare.] (Biol.) Reproducing by spontaneous fission. See Fission. — Fis•sip´a•rous•ly, adv.

Fis•si•pa´tion , n. (Biol.) Reproduction by fission; fissiparism. { Fis´si•ped , Fis•sip´e•dal }, a. [Cf. F. fissipède.] (Zoöl.) Having the toes separated to the base. [See Aves.]

Fis´si•ped, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fissipedia.

Fis•si•pe´di•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. of findere to cleave) + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Carnivora, including the dogs, cats, and bears, in which the feet are not webbed; — opposed to Pinnipedia.

Fis•si•ros´tral , a. [Cf. F. fissirostre.] (Zoöl.) Having the bill cleft beyond the horny part, as in the case of swallows and goatsuckers.

Fis•si•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. of findere to cleave) + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds having the bill deeply cleft.

Fis´sur•al , a. Pertaining to a fissure or fissures; as the fissural pattern of a brain.

Fis•su•ra´tion , n. (Anat.) The act of dividing or opening; the state of being fissured.

Fis´sure , n. [L. fissura, fr. findere, fissum, to cleave, split; akin to E. bite: cf. F. fissure.] A narrow opening, made by the parting of any substance; a cleft; as the fissure of a rock. Cerebral fissures (Anat.), the furrows or clefts by which the surface of the cerebrum is divided; esp., the furrows first formed by the infolding of the whole wall of the cerebrum. — Fissure needle (Surg.), a spiral needle for catching together the gaping lips of wounds. Knight. — Fissure of rolando (Anat.), the furrow separating the frontal from the parietal lobe in the cerebrum. — Fissure of Sylvius (Anat.), a deep cerebral fissure separating the frontal from the temporal lobe. See Illust. under Brain. — Fissure vein (Mining), a crack in the earth’s surface filled with mineral matter. Raymond.

Fis´sure , v. t. To cleave; to divide; to crack or fracture.

Fis•su•rel´la , n. [NL., dim. of L. fissura a fissure.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropod mollusks, having a conical or limpetlike shell, with an opening at the apex; — called also keyhole limpet.

Fist (fist), n. [OE. fist, fust, AS. fyst; akin to D. vuist, OHG. fust, G. faust, and prob. to L. pugnus, Gr. pygmh• fist, py•x with the fist. Cf. Pugnacious, Pigmy.] 1. The hand with the fingers doubled into the palm; the closed hand, especially as clinched tightly for the purpose of striking a blow. “Who grasp the earth and heaven with my fist.” Herbert. 2. The talons of a bird of prey. [Obs.] “More light than culver in the falcon’s fist.” Spenser. 3. (print.) the index mark [], used to direct special attention to the passage which follows. Hand over fist (Naut.), rapidly; hand over hand.

Fist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fisting.] 1. To strike with the fist. Dryden. 2. To gripe with the fist. [Obs.] Shak.

Fist´ic , a. [From Fist.] Pertaining to boxing, or to encounters with the fists; puglistic; as fistic exploits; fistic heroes. [Colloq.]

Fist´i•cuff , n. A cuff or blow with the fist or hand; (pl.) a fight with the fists; boxing. Swift.

Fis´ti•nut , n. [Cf. Fr. fistinq, fistuq. See Pistachio.] A pistachio nut. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fis•tu´ca , n. [L.] An instrument used by the ancients in driving piles.

Fis´tu•la ( 135), n.; pl. Fistulae (#). [L.] 1. A reed; a pipe. 2. A pipe for convejing water. [Obs.] Knight. 3. (Med.) A permanent abnormal opening into the soft parts with a constant discharge; a deep, narrow, chronic abscess; an abnormal opening between an internal cavity and another cavity or the surface; as a salivary fistula; an anal fistula; a recto-vaginal fistula. Incomplete fistula (Med.), a fistula open at one end only.

Fis´tu•lar , a. [L. fistularis: cf. F. fistulaire.] Hollow and cylindrical, like a pipe or reed. Johnson.

Fis•tu•la´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. fistula pipe.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, having the head prolonged into a tube, with the mouth at the extremity.

Fis•tu•la´ri•oid , a. [Fistularia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Fistularia.

Fis´tu•late ( 135), v. t. & i. [Cf. L. fistulatus furnished with pipes.] To make hollow or become hollow like a fistula, or pipe. [Obs.] ´A fistulated ulcer.´ Fuller.

Fis´tule ( 135), n. A fistula.

Fis´tu•li•form , a. [Fistula + -form.] Of a fistular form; tubular; pipe-shaped. “Stalactite often occurs fistuliform.” W. Philips.

Fis´tu•lose ( 135), a. [L. fistulosus.] Formed like a fistula; hollow; reedlike. Craig.

Fis´tu•lous , a. [Cf. F. fistuleux.] 1. Having the form or nature of a fistula; as a fistulous ulcer. 2. Hollow, like a pipe or reed; fistulose. Lindley.

Fit , imp. & p. p. of Fight. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Fit, n. [AS. fitt a song.] In Old English, a song; a strain; a canto or portion of a ballad; a passus. [Written also fitte, fytte, etc.] “To play some pleasant fit.” Spenser.

Fit, a. [Compar. Fitter superl. Fittest ] [OE. fit, fyt; cf. E. feat neat, elegant, well made, or icel. fitja to web, knit, OD. vitten to suit, square, Goth. fetjan to adorn. rad.77.] 1. Adapted to an end, object, or design; suitable by nature or by art; suited by character, qualitties, circumstances, education, etc.; qualified; competent; worthy. “That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in.” Shak. “Fit audience find, though few.” Milton. 2. Prepared; ready. [Obs.] “So fit to shoot, she singled forth among
her foes who first her quarry’s strength should feel.” Fairfax. 3. Conformed to a standart of duty, properiety, or taste; convenient; meet; becoming; proper. “Is it fit to say a king, Thou art wicked?” Job xxxiv. 18. Syn. — Suitable; proper; appropriate; meet; becoming; expedient; congruous; correspondent; apposite; apt; adapted; prepared; qualified; competent; adequate.

Fit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fitted p. pr. & vb. n. Fitting ] 1. To make fit or suitable; to adapt to the purpose intended; to qualify; to put into a condition of readiness or preparation. “The time is fitted for the duty.” Burke. “The very situation for which he was peculiarly fitted by nature.” Macaulay. 2. To bring to a required form and size; to shape aright; to adapt to a model; to adjust; — said especially of the work of a carpenter, machinist, tailor, etc. “The carpenter … marketh it out with a line; he fitteth it with planes.” Is. xliv. 13. 3. To supply with something that is suitable or fit, or that is shaped and adjusted to the use required. “No milliner can so fit his customers with gloves.” Shak. 4. To be suitable to; to answer the requirements of; to be correctly shaped and adjusted to; as if the coat fits you, put it on. “That’s a bountiful answer that fits all questions.” Shak. “That time best fits the work.” Shak. To fit out, to supply with necessaries or means; to furnish; to equip; as to fit out a privateer. — To fit up, to furnish with things suitable; to make proper for the reception or use of any person; to prepare; as to fit up a room for a guest.

Fit , v. i. 1. To be proper or becoming. “Nor fits it to prolong the feast.” Pope. 2. To be adjusted to a particular shape or size; to suit; to be adapted; as his coat fits very well.

Fit, n. 1. The quality of being fit; adjustment; adaptedness; as of dress to the person of the wearer. 2. (Mach.) (a) The coincidence of parts that come in contact. (b) The part of an object upon which anything fits tightly. Fit rod (Shipbuilding), a gauge rod used to try the depth of a bolt hole in order to determine the length of the bolt required. Knight.

Fit, n. [AS. fit strife, fight; of uncertain origin. rad. 77.] 1. A stroke or blow. [Obs. or R.] “Curse on that cross, quoth then the Sarazin,
That keeps thy body from the bitter fit.” Spenser. 2. A sudden and violent attack of a disorder; a stroke of disease, as of epilepsy or apoplexy, which produces convulsions or unconsciousness; a convulsion; a paroxysm; hence, a period of exacerbation of a disease; in general, an attack of disease; as a fit of sickness. “And when the fit was on him, I did mark
How he did shake.” Shak. 3. A mood of any kind which masters or possesses one for a time; a temporary, absorbing affection; a paroxysm; as a fit of melancholy, of passion, or of laughter. “All fits of pleasure we balanced by an equal degree of pain.” Swift. “The English, however, were on this subject prone to fits of jealously.” Macaulay. 4. A passing humor; a caprice; a sudden and unusual effort, activity, or motion, followed by relaxation or inaction; an impulsive and irregular action. “The fits of the season.” Shak. 5. A darting point; a sudden emission. [R.] “A tongue of light, a fit of flame.” Coleridge. By fits, By fits and starts, by intervals of action and repose; impulsively and irregularly; intermittently.

Fitch ( 224), n.; pl. Fitches (#). [See Vetch.] 1. (Bot.) A vetch. [Obs.] 2. pl. (Bot.) A word found in the Authorized Version of the Bible, representing different Hebrew originals. In Isaiah xxviii. 25, 27, it means the black aromatic seeds of Nigella sativa, still used as a flavoring in the East. In Ezekiel iv. 9, the Revised Version now reads spelt.

Fitch, n. [Contr. of fitched.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; also its fur.

Fitch´e , a. [Cf. F. fiche, lit. p. p. of ficher to fasten, OF. fichier to pierce. Cf. 1st Fish.] (Her.) Sharpened to a point; pointed. Cross fitche, a cross having the lower arm pointed.

Fitched , a. (her.) Fitche. [Also fiched.] { Fitch´et , Fitch´ew }, n. [Cf. OF. fisseau, fissel, OD. fisse, visse, vitsche, D. vies nasty, loathsome, E. fizz.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat (Putorius fœtidus). See Polecat.

Fitch´y , a. Having fitches or vetches.

Fitch´y, a. [See Fitche.] (Her.) Fitche.

Fit´ful , a. [From 7th Fit.] Full of fits; irregularly variable; impulsive and unstable. “After life’s fitful fever, he sleeps well.” Shak. — Fit´ful•ly, adv. — Fit´ful•ness, n. “The victorious trumpet peal
Dies fitfully away.” Macaulay. { Fith´el , Fith´ul }, n. [OE. See Fiddle.] A fiddle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fit´ly , adv. In a fit manner; suitably; properly; conveniently; as a maxim fitly applied.

Fit´ment , n. The act of fitting; that which is proper or becoming; equipment. [Obs.] Shak.

Fit´ness, n. The state or quality of being fit; as the fitness of measures or laws; a person’s fitness for office.

Fitt , n. See 2d Fit.

Fit´ta•ble , a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Fit´ted•ness , n. The state or quality of being fitted; adaptation. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Fit´ter , n. 1. One who fits or makes to fit; esp.: (a) One who tries on, and adjusts, articles of dress. (b) One who fits or adjusts the different parts of machinery to each other. 2. A coal broker who conducts the sales between the owner of a coal pit and the shipper. [Eng.] Simmonds.

Fit´ter, n. A little piece; a flitter; a flinder. [Obs.] “Where’s the Frenchman? Alas he’s all fitters.” Beau. & Fl.

Fit´ting , n. Anything used in fitting up; especially (pl.), necessary fixtures or apparatus; as the fittings of a church or study; gas fittings.

Fit´ting, a. Fit; appropriate; suitable; proper. — Fit´ting•ly, adv. — Fit´ting•ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

Fit´weed , n. (Bot.) A plant (Eryngium fœtidum) supposed to be a remedy for fits.

Fitz , n. [OF. fils, filz, fiz, son, F. fils, L. filius. See Filial.] A son; — used in compound names, to indicate paternity, esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and princes of the blood; as Fitzroy, the son of the king; Fitzclarence, the son of the duke of Clarence.

Five , a. [OE. fif, five, AS. fif, fife; akin to D. vijf, OS. fif, OHG. finf, funf, G. fünf, Icel. fimm, Sw. & Sw. Dan. fem, Goth. fimf, Lith. penki, W. pump, OIr. cóic, L. quinque, Gr. , AEol. , Skr. pacan. rad.303. Cf. Fifth, Cinque, Pentagon, Punch the drink, Quinary.] Four and one added; one more than four. Five nations (Ethnol.), a confederacy of the Huron-Iroquois Indians, consisting of five tribes: Mohawks, Onondagas Cayugas Oneidas and Senecas. They inhabited the region which is now the State of new York.

Five (fiv), n. 1. The number next greater than four, and less than six; five units or objects. “Five of them were wise, and five were foolish.” Matt. xxv. 2. 2. A symbol representing this number, as 5, or V.

Five´-fin•ger , n. 1. (Bot.) See Cinquefoil. 2. (Zoöl.) A starfish with five rays, esp. Asterias rubens.

Five´fold , a. & adv. In fives; consisting of five in one; five repeated; quintuple.

Five´-leaf , n. Cinquefoil; five-finger. { Five´-leafed• , Five´-leaved• }, a. (Bot.) Having five leaflets, as the Virginia creeper.

Five´ling , n. (Min.) A compound or twin crystal consisting of five individuals.

Fives (fivz), n. pl. A kind of play with a ball against a wall, resembling tennis; — so named because three fives, or fifteen, are counted to the game. Smart. Fives court, a place for playing fives.

Fives, n. [See Vives.] A disease of the glands under the ear in horses; the vives. Shak.

Five•-twen´ties , n. pl. Five- twenty bonds of the United States (bearing six per cent interest), issued in 1862, ’64, and ’65, redeemable after five and payable in twenty years.

Fix (fiks), a. [OE., fr. L. fixus, p. p. of figere to fix; cf. F. fixe.] Fixed; solidified. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fix, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fixed (fikst); p. pr. & vb. n. Fixing.] [Cf. F. fixer.] 1. To make firm, stable, or fast; to set or place permanently; to fasten immovably; to establish; to implant; to secure; to make definite. “An ass’s nole I fixed on his head.” Shak. “O, fix thy chair of grace, that all my powers
May also fix their reverence.” Herbert. “His heart is fixed, trusting in the Lord.” Ps. cxii. 7. “And fix far deeper in his head their stings.” Milton. 2. To hold steadily; to direct unwaveringly; to fasten, as the eye on an object, the attention on a speaker. “Sat fixed in thought the mighty Stagirite.” Pope. “One eye on death, and one full fix’d on heaven.” Young. 3. To transfix; to pierce. [Obs.] Sandys. 4. (Photog.) To render (an impression) permanent by treating with such applications as will make it insensible to the action of light. Abney. 5. To put in order; to arrange; to dispose of; to adjust; to set to rights; to set or place in the manner desired or most suitable; hence, to repair; as to fix the clothes; to fix the furniture of a room. [Colloq. U.S.] 6. (Iron Manuf.) To line the hearth of (a puddling furnace) with fettling. Syn. — To arrange; prepare; adjust; place; establish; settle; determine.

Fix, v. i. 1. To become fixed; to settle or remain permanently; to cease from wandering; to rest. “Your kindness banishes your fear,
Resolved to fix forever here.” Waller. 2. To become firm, so as to resist volatilization; to cease to flow or be fluid; to congeal; to become hard and malleable, as a metallic substance. Bacon. To fix on, to settle the opinion or resolution about; to determine regarding; as the contracting parties have fixed on certain leading points.

Fix, n. 1. A position of difficulty or embarassment; predicament; dilemma. [Colloq.] “Is he not living, then? No. is he dead, then? No, nor dead either. Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, — so that he is in an almighty fix.” De Quincey. 2. (Iron Manuf.) fettling. [U.S.]

Fix´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being fixed.

Fix•a´tion (fiks•a´shun), n. [Cf. F. fixation.] 1. The act of fixing, or the state of being fixed. “An unalterable fixation of resolution.” Killingbeck. “To light, created in the first day, God gave no proper place or fixation.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Marked stiffness or absolute fixation of a joint.” Quain. “A fixation and confinement of thought to a few objects.” Watts. 2. The act of uniting chemically with a solid substance or in a solid form; reduction to a non-volatile condition; — said of gaseous elements. 3. The act or process of ceasing to be fluid and becoming firm. Glanvill. 4. A state of resistance to evaporation or volatilization by heat; — said of metals. Bacon.

Fix´a•tive , n. That which serves to set or fix colors or drawings, as a mordant.

Fixed (fikst), a. 1. Securely placed or fastened; settled; established; firm; imovable; unalterable. 2. (Chem.) Stable; non- volatile. Fixed air (Old Chem.), carbonic acid or carbon dioxide; — so called by Dr. Black because it can be absorbed or fixed by strong bases. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. — Fixed alkali (Old Chem.), a non-volatile base, as soda, or potash, in distinction from the volatile alkali ammonia. — Fixed ammunition (Mil.), a projectile and powder inclosed together in a case ready for loading. — Fixed battery (Mil.), a battery which contains heavy guns and mortars intended to remain stationary; — distinguished from movable battery. — Fixed bodies, those which can not be volatilized or separated by a common menstruum, without great difficulty, as gold, platinum, lime, etc. — Fixed capital. See the Note under Capital, n., 4. — Fixed fact, a well established fact. [Colloq.] — Fixed light, one which emits constant beams; — distinguished from a flashing, revolving, or intermittent light. — Fixed oils (Chem.), non-volatile, oily substances, as stearine and olein, which leave a permanent greasy stain, and which can not be distilled unchanged; — distinguished from volatile or essential oils. — Fixed pivot (Mil.), the fixed point about which any line of troops wheels. — Fixed stars (Astron.), such stars as always retain nearly the same apparent position and distance with respect to each other, thus distinguished from planets and comets.

Fix´ed•ly (fiks´ed•ly), adv. In a fixed, stable, or constant manner.

Fix´ed•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being fixed; stability; steadfastness. 2. The quality of a body which resists evaporation or volatilization by heat; solidity; cohesion of parts; as the fixedness of gold.

Fix•id´i•ty (fiks•id´i•ty), n. Fixedness. [Obs.] Boyle.

Fix´ing (fiks´ing), n. 1. The act or process of making fixed. 2. That which is fixed; a fixture. 3. pl. Arrangements; embellishments; trimmings; accompaniments. [Colloq. U.S.]

Fix´i•ty (-i•ty), n. [Cf. F. fixite.] 1. Fixedness; as fixity of tenure; also that which is fixed. 2. Coherence of parts. Sir I. Newton.

Fix´ture (fiks´tur; 135), n. [Cf. Fixure.] 1. That which is fixed or attached to something as a permanent appendage; as the fixtures of a pump; the fixtures of a farm or of a dwelling, that is, the articles which a tenant may not take away. 2. State of being fixed; fixedness. “The firm fixture of thy foot.” Shak. 3. (Law) Anything of an accessory character annexed to houses and lands, so as to constitute a part of them. This term is, however, quite frequently used in the peculiar sense of personal chattels annexed to lands and tenements, but removable by the person annexing them, or his personal representatives. In this latter sense, the same things may be fixtures under some circumstances, and not fixtures under others. Wharton (Law Dict.). Bouvier. This word is frequently substituted for fixure (formerly the word in common use) in new editions of old works.

Fix´ure (-ur), n. [L. fixura a fastening, fr. figere to fix. See Fix, and cf. Fixture.] Fixed position; stable condition; firmness. [Obs.] Shak.

Fiz´gig (fiz´gig), n. A fishgig. [Obs.] Sandys.

Fiz´gig, n. [Fizz + gig whirling thing.] A firework, made of damp powder, which makes a fizzing or hissing noise when it explodes.

Fiz´gig, n. [See Gig a flirt.] A gadding, flirting girl. Gosson.

Fizz (fiz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzed (fizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzing.] [Cf. Icel. fisa to break wind, Dan. fise to foist, fizzle, OSw. fisa, G. fisten, feisten. Cf. Foist.] To make a hissing sound, as a burning fuse.

Fizz, n. A hissing sound; as the fizz of a fly.

Fiz´zle (fiz´z’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzled (-z’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzling (-zling).] [See Fizz.] 1. To make a hissing sound. “It is the easiest thing, sir, to be done,
As plain as fizzling.” B. Jonson. 2. To make a ridiculous failure in an undertaking. [Colloq. or Low] To fizzle out, to burn with a hissing noise and then go out, like wet gunpowder; hence, to fail completely and ridiculously; to prove a failure. [Colloq.]

Fiz´zle, n. A failure or abortive effort. [Colloq.]

Fjord (fyôrd), n. See Fiord.

Flab´ber•gast , v. t. [Cf. Flap, and Aghast.] To astonish; to strike with wonder, esp. by extraordinary statements. [Jocular] Beaconsfield.

Flab•ber•gas•ta´tion , n. The state of being flabbergasted. [Jocular] London Punch.

Flab´bi•ly , adv. In a flabby manner.

Flab´bi•ness, n. Quality or state of being flabby.

Flab´by , a. [See Flap.] Yielding to the touch, and easily moved or shaken; hanging loose by its own weight; wanting firmness; flaccid; as flabby flesh.

Fla´bel , n. [L. flabellum a fan, dim. of flabrum a breeze, fr. flare to blow.] A fan. [Obs.] Huloet.

Fla•bel´late , a. [L. flabellatus, p. p. of flabellare to fan, fr. flabellum. See Flabbel.] (Bot.) Flabelliform.

Flab•el•la´tion , n. The act of keeping fractured limbs cool by the use of a fan or some other contrivance. Dunglison.

Fla•bel´li•form , a. [L. flabellum a fan + -form: cf. F. flabeliforme.] Having the form of a fan; fan-shaped; flabellate.

Fla•bel´li•nerved , a. [L. flabellum a fan + E. nerve.] (Bot.) Having many nerves diverging radiately from the base; — said of a leaf.

Fla•bel´lum , n. [L. See Flabel.] (Eccl.) A fan; especially, the fan carried before the pope on state occasions, made in ostrich and peacock feathers. Shipley.

Flab´ile , a. [L. flabilis.] Liable to be blown about. Bailey.

Flac´cid , a. [L. flaccidus, fr. flaccus flabby: cf. OF. flaccide.] Yielding to pressure for want of firmness and stiffness; soft and weak; limber; lax; drooping; flabby; as a flaccid muscle; flaccid flesh. “Religious profession … has become flacced.” I. Taylor. — Flac´cid•ly (#), adv. — Flac´cid•ness, n.

Flac•cid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. flaccidite.] The state of being flaccid.

Flack´er , v. i. [OE. flakeren, fr. flacken to move quickly to and fro; cf. icel. flakka to rove about, AS. flacor fluttering, flying, G. flackern to flare, flicker.] To flutter, as a bird. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Flack´et , n. [OF. flasquet little flask, dim. of flasque a flask.] A barrel-shaped bottle; a flagon.

Flag (flag), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flagged p. pr. & vb. n. Flagging ] [Cf. Icel. flaka to droop, hang loosely. Cf. Flacker, Flag an ensign.] 1. To hang loose without stiffness; to bend down, as flexible bodies; to be loose, yielding, limp. “As loose it [the sail] flagged around the mast.” T. Moore. 2. To droop; to grow spiritless; to lose vigor; to languish; as the spirits flag; the streugth flags. “The pleasures of the town begin to flag.” Swift. Syn. — To droop; decline; fail; languish; pine.

Flag (flag), v. t. 1. To let droop; to suffer to fall, or let fall, into feebleness; as to flag the wings. prior. 2. To enervate; to exhaust the vigor or elasticity of. “Nothing so flags the spirits.” Echard.

Flag, n. [Cf. LG. & G. flagge, Sw. flagg, Dan. flag, D. vlag. See Flag to hang loose.] 1. That which flags or hangs down loosely. 2. A cloth usually bearing a device or devices and used to indicate nationality, party, etc., or to give or ask information; — commonly attached to a staff to be waved by the wind; a standard; a banner; an ensign; the colors; as the national flag; a military or a naval flag. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A group of feathers on the lower part of the legs of certain hawks, owls, etc. (b) A group of elongated wing feathers in certain hawks. (c) The bushy tail of a dog, as of a setter. Black flag. See under Black. — Flag captain, Flag leutenant, etc., special officers attached to the flagship, as aids to the flag officer. — Flag officer, the commander of a fleet or squadron; an admiral, or commodore. — Flag of truse, a white flag carried or displayed to an enemy, as an invitation to conference, or for the purpose of making some communication not hostile. — Flag share, the flag officer’s share of prize money. — Flag station (Railroad), a station at which trains do not stop unless signaled to do so, by a flag hung out or waved. — National flag, a flag of a particular country, on which some national emblem or device, is emblazoned. — Red flag, a flag of a red color, displayed as a signal of danger or token of defiance; the emblem of anarchists. — To dip, the flag, to mlower it and quickly restore it to its place; — done as a mark of respect. — To hang out the white flag, to ask truce or quarter, or, in some cases, to manifest a friendly design by exhibiting a white flag. — To hang the flag half-mast high or half- staff, to raise it only half way to the mast or staff, as a token or sign of mourning. — To strike, or lower, the flag, to haul it down, in token of respect, submission, or, in an engagement, of surrender. — Yellow flag, the quarantine flag of all nations; also carried at a vessel’s fore, to denote that an infectious disease is on board.

Flag, v. t. [From Flag an ensign.] 1. To signal to with a flag; as to flag a train. 2. To convey, as a message, by means of flag signals; as to flag an order to troops or vessels at a distance.

Flag, n. [From Flag to hang loose, to bend down.] (Bot.) An aquatic plant, with long, ensiform leaves, belonging to either of the genera Iris and Acorus. Cooper’s flag, the cat-tail (Typha latifolia), the long leaves of which are placed between the staves of barrels to make the latter water-tight. — Corn flag. See under 2d Corn. — Flag broom, a coarse of broom, originally made of flags or rushes. — Flag root, the root of the sweet flag. — Sweet flag. See Calamus, n., 2.

Flag, v. t. To furnish or deck out with flags.

Flag, n. [Icel. flaga, cf. Icel. flag spot where a turf has been cut out, and E. flake layer, scale. Cf. Floe.] 1. A flat stone used for paving. Woodward. 2. (Geol.) Any hard, evenly stratified sandstone, which splits into layers suitable for flagstones.

Flag, v. t. To lay with flags of flat stones. “The sides and floor are all flagged with … marble.” Sandys.

Flag´el•lant , n. [L. flagellans, p. p. of flagellare: cf.F. flagellant. See Flagellate.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a fanatical sect which flourished in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries, and maintained that flagellation was of equal virtue with baptism and the sacrament; — called also disciplinant.

Flag•el•la´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr.L. flagellatus, p. p. See Flagellate, v. t.] (Zoöl.) An order of Infusoria, having one or two long, whiplike cilia, at the anterior end. It includes monads. See Infusoria, and Monad.

Flag´el•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flagellated p. pr. & vb. n. Flagellating ] [L. flagellatus, p. p. of flagellare to scoure, fr. flagellum whip, dim. of flagrum whip, scoure; cf. fligere to strike. Cf. Flall.] To whip; to scourge; to flog.

Fla•gel´late , a. 1. Flagelliform. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Flagellata.

Flag•el•la´tion , n. [L. flagellatio: cf. F. flagellation.] A beating or flogging; a whipping; a scourging. Garth.

Flag´el•la•tor , n. One who practices flagellation; one who whips or scourges.

Fla•gel´li•form , a. [L. flagellum a whip + -form.] Shaped like a whiplash; long, slender, round, flexible, and (comming) tapering.

Fla•gel´lum , n.; pl. E. Flagellums (#), L. Flagella (#). [L., a whip. See Flagellate, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) A young, flexible shoot of a plant; esp., the long trailing branch of a vine, or a slender branch in certain mosses. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A long, whiplike cilium. See Flagellata. (b) An appendage of the reproductive apparatus of the snail. (c) A lashlike appendage of a crustacean, esp. the terminal ortion of the antennae and the epipodite of the maxilipeds. See Maxilliped.

Flag´eo•let , n. [F. flageolet, dim. of OF. flajl (as if fr. a LL. flautio;us), of flaüte, flahute, F. flte. See Flute.] (Mus.) A small wooden pipe, having six or more holes, and a mouthpiece inserted at one end. It produces a shrill sound, softer than of the piccolo flute, and is said to have superseded the old recorder. Flageolet tones (Mus.), the naturel harmonics or overtones of stringed instruments.

Flag´gi•ness , n. The condition of being flaggy; laxity; limberness. Johnson.

Flag´ging , n. A pavement or sidewalk of flagstones; flagstones, collectively.

Flag´ging, a. Growing languid, weak, or spiritless; weakening; delaying. — Flag´ging•ly, adv.

Flag´gy , a. 1. Weak; flexible; limber. ´Flaggy wings.´ Spenser. 2. Tasteless; insipid; as a flaggy apple. [Obs.] Bacon.

Flag´gy, a. [From 5th Flag.] Abounding with the plant called flag; as a flaggy marsh.

Flag´i•tate , v. t. [L. flagitatus, p. p. of flagitare to demand. See Flagitious.] To importune; to demand fiercely or with passion. [Archaic] Carcyle.

Flag•i•ta´tion , n. [L. flagitatio.] Importunity; urgent demand. [Archaic] Carlyle.

Fla•gi´tious , a. [L. flagitiosus, fr. flagitium a shameful or disgraceful act, orig., a burning desire, heat of passion, from flagitare to demand hotly, fiercely; cf. flagrare to burn, E. flagrant.] 1. Disgracefully or shamefully criminal; grossly wicked; scandalous; shameful; — said of acts, crimes, etc. “Debauched principles and flagitious practices.” I. Taylor. 2. Guilty of enormous crimes; corrupt; profligate; — said of persons. Pope. 3. Characterized by scandalous crimes or vices; as flagitious times. Pope. Syn. — Atrocious; villainous; flagrant; heinous; corrupt; profligate; abandoned. See Atrocious. — Fla•gi´tious•ly, adv. — Fla•gi´tious•ness, n. “A sentence so flagitiously unjust.” Macaulay.

Flag´man , n.; pl. Flagmen . One who makes signals with a flag.

Flag´on , n. [F. flacon, for flascon, fr. OF. flasche, from LL. flasco. See Flask.] A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for holding and conveying liquors. It is generally larger than a bottle, and of leather or stoneware rather than of glass. “A trencher of mutton chops, and a flagon of ale.” Macaulay.

Fla´grance , n. Flagrancy. Bp. Hall.

Fla´gran•cy , n.; pl. Flagrancies (#). [L. flagrantia a burning. See Flagrant.] 1. A burning; great heat; inflammation. [Obs.] “Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes.” Bacon. 2. The condition or quality of being flagrant; atrocity; heiniousness; enormity; excess. Steele.

Fla´grant , a. [L. flagrans, -antis, p. pr. of flagrate to burn, akin to Gr. : cf. F. flagrant. Cf. Flame, Phlox.] 1. Flaming; inflamed; glowing; burning; ardent. “The beadle’s lash still flagrant on their back.” Prior. “A young man yet flagrant from the lash of the executioner or the beadle.” De Quincey. “Flagrant desires and affections.” Hooker. 2. Actually in preparation, execution, or performance; carried on hotly; raging. “A war the most powerful of the native tribes was flagrant.” Palfrey. 3. Flaming into notice; notorious; enormous; heinous; glaringly wicked. Syn. — Atrocious; flagitious; glaring. See Atrocious.

Fla´grant•ly, adv. In a flagrant manner.

Fla´grate , v. t. [L. flagrare, flagratum, v.i. & t., to burn.] To burn. [Obs.] Greenhill.

Fla•gra´tion , n. A conflagration. [Obs.]

Flag´ship , n. (Naut.) The vessel which carries the commanding officer of a fleet or squadron and flies his distinctive flag or pennant.

Flag´staff , n.; pl. -staves or -staffs. A staff on which a flag is hoisted.

Flag´stone , n. A flat stone used in paving, or any rock which will split into such stones. See Flag, a stone.

Flag´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub found among flags and sedge.

Flail , n. [L. flagellum whip, scourge, in LL., a threshing flail: cf. OF. flael, flaiel, F. fleau. See Flagellum.] 1. An instrument for threshing or beating grain from the ear by hand, consisting of a wooden staff or handle, at the end of which a stouter and shorter pole or club, called a swipe, is so hung as to swing freely. “His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn.” Milton. 2. An ancient military weapon, like the common flail, often having the striking part armed with rows of spikes, or loaded. Fairholt. “No citizen thought himself safe unless he carried under his coat a small flail, loaded with lead, to brain the Popish assassins.” Macaulay.

Flail´y , a. Acting like a flail. [Obs.] Vicars.

Flain , obs. p. p. of Flay. Chaucer.

Flake (flak), n. [Cf. Icel. flaki, fleki, Dan. flage, D. vlaak.] 1. A paling; a hurdle. [prov. Eng.] 2. A platform of hurdles, or small sticks made fast or interwoven, supported by stanchions, for drying codfish and other things. “You shall also after they be ripe, neither suffer them to have straw nor fern under them, but lay them either upon some smooth table, boards, or flakes of wands, and they will last the longer.” English Husbandman. 3. (Naut.) A small stage hung over a vessel’s side, for workmen to stand on in calking, etc.

Flake (flak), n. [Cf. Icel. flakna to flake off, split, flagna to flake off, Sw. flaga flaw, flake, flake plate, Dan. flage snowflake. Cf. Flag a flat stone.] 1. A loose filmy mass or a thin chiplike layer of anything; a film; flock; lamina; layer; scale; as a flake of snow, tallow, or fish. ´Lottle flakes of scurf.´ Addison. “Great flakes of ice encompassing our boat.” Evelyn. 2. A little particle of lighted or incandescent matter, darted from a fire; a flash. “With flakes of ruddy fire.” Somerville. 3. (Bot.) A sort of carnation with only two colors in the flower, the petals having large stripes. Flake knife (Archaeol.), a cutting instrument used by savage tribes, made of a flake or chip of hard stone. Tylor. — Flake stand, the cooling tub or vessel of a still worm. Knight. — Flake white. (Paint.) (a) The purest white lead, in the form of flakes or scales. (b) The trisnitrate of bismuth. Ure.

Flake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flaked p. pr. & vb. n. Flaking.] To form into flakes. Pope.

Flake, v. i. To separate in flakes; to peel or scale off.

Flak´i•ness , n. The state of being flaky.

Flak´y , a. Consisting of flakes or of small, loose masses; lying, or cleaving off, in flakes or layers; flakelike. “What showers of mortal hail, what flaky fires!” Watts. “A flaky weight of winter’s purest snows.” Wordsworth.

Flam (flam), n. [Cf. AS. fleám, flaem, flight. rad. 84 . Cf. Flimflam.] A freak or whim; also a falsehood; a lie; an illusory pretext; deception; delusion. [Obs.] “A perpetual abuse and flam upon posterity.” South.

Flam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flammed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flamming.] To deceive with a falsehood. [Obs.] “God is not to be flammed off with lies.” South.

Flam´beau n.; pl. Flambeaux (#) or Flambeaus (#). [F., fr. OF. flambe flame, for flamble, from L. flammula a little flame, dim. of flamma flame. See Flame.] A flaming torch, esp. one made by combining together a number of thick wicks invested with a quick-burning substance (anciently, perhaps, wax; in modern times, pitch or the like); hence, any torch.

Flam•boy´ant , a. [F.] (Arch.) Characterized by waving or flamelike curves, as in the tracery of windows, etc.; — said of the later (15th century) French Gothic style.

Flam•boy´er , n. [F. flamboyer to be bright.] (Bot.) A name given in the East and West Indies to certain trees with brilliant blossoms, probably species of Caesalpinia.

Flame (flam), n. [OE. flame, flaume, flaumbe, OF. flame, flambe, F. flamme, fr. L. flamma, fr. flamma, fr. flagrare to burn. See Flagrant, and cf. Flamneau, Flamingo.] 1. A stream of burning vapor or gas emitting light and heat; darting or streaming fire; a blaze; a fire. 2. Burning zeal or passion; elevated and noble enthusiasm; glowing imagination; passionate excitement or anger. ´In a flame of zeal severe.´ Milton. “Where flames refin’d in breasts seraphic glow.” Pope. “Smit with the love of sister arts we came,
And met congenial, mingling flame with flame.” Pope. 3. Ardor of affection; the passion of love. Coleridge. 4. A person beloved; a sweetheart. Thackeray. Syn. — Blaze; brightness; ardor. See Blaze. Flame bridge, a bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. — Flame color, brilliant orange or yellow. B. Jonson. — Flame engine, an early name for the gas engine. — Flame manometer, an instrument, invented by Koenig, to obtain graphic representation of the action of the human vocal organs. See Manometer. — Flame reaction (Chem.), a method of testing for the presence of certain elements by the characteristic color imparted to a flame; as sodium colors a flame yellow, potassium violet, lithium crimson, boracic acid green, etc. Cf. Spectrum analysis, under Spectrum. — Flame tree (Bot.), a tree with showy scarlet flowers, as the Rhododendron arboreum in India, and the Brachychiton acerifolium of Australia.

Flame, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flamed p. pr. & vb. n. Flaming.] [OE. flamen, flaumben, F. flamber, OF. also flamer. See Flame, n.] 1. To burn with a flame or blaze; to burn as gas emitted from bodies in combustion; to blaze. “The main blaze of it is past, but a small thing would make it flame again.” Shak. 2. To burst forth like flame; to break out in violence of passion; to be kindled with zeal or ardor. “He flamed with indignation.” Macaulay.

Flame, v. t. To kindle; to inflame; to excite. “And flamed with zeal of vengeance inwardly.” Spenser.

Flame´-col•ored , a. Of the color of flame; of a bright orange yellow color. Shak.

Flame´less, a. Destitute of flame. Sandys.

Flame´let , n. [Flame + - let.] A small flame. “The flamelets gleamed and flickered.” Longfellow.

Fla´men , n.; pl. E. Flammens (#), L. Flamines (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A priest devoted to the service of a particular god, from whom he received a distinguishing epithet. The most honored were those of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, called respectively Flamen Dialis, Flamen Martialis, and Flamen Quirinalis. “Affrights the flamens at their service quaint.” Milton.

Fla•min´e•ous , a. Pertaining to a flamen; flaminical.

Flam´ing , a. 1. Emitting flames; afire; blazing; consuming; illuminating. 2. Of the color of flame; high-colored; brilliant; dazzling. ´In flaming yellow bright.´ Prior. 3. Ardent; passionate; burning with zeal; irrepressibly earnest; as a flaming proclomation or harangue.

Flam´ing•ly, adv. In a flaming manner.

Fla•min´go , n.; pl. Flamingoes (#). [Sp. flamenco, cf. Pg. flamingo, Prov. flammant, F. flamant; prop. a p. pr. meaning flaming. So called in allusion to its color. See Flame.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Phœnicopterus. The flamingoes have webbed feet, very long legs, and a beak bent down as if broken. Their color is usually red or pink. The American flamingo is P. ruber; the European is P. antiquorum.

Fla•min´i•cal , a. Pertaining to a flamen. Milton.

Flam•ma•bil´ity , n. The quality of being flammable; inflammability. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Flam´ma•ble , a. Inflammable. [Obs.]

Flam•ma´tion , n. The act of setting in a flame or blaze. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne.

Flam´me•ous , a. [L. flammeus from flamma flame.] Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, flame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Flam•mif´er•ous , a. [L. flammifer; flamma flame + ferre to bear.] Producing flame.

Flam•miv´o•mous , a. [L. flammivomus; flamma flame + vomere to vomit.] Vomiting flames, as a volcano. W. Thompson. (1745).

Flam´mu•la•ted , a. [L. flammula little flame, dim. fr. flamma flame.] Of a reddish color.

Flam´y , a. [From Flame.] Flaming; blazing; flamelike; flame-colored; composed of flame. Pope.

Flanch , n.; pl. Flanches (#). [Prov. E., a projection, OF. flanche flank. See Flank.] 1. A flange. [R.]. (Her.) A bearing consisting of a segment of a circle encroaching on the field from the side. Flanches are always in pairs. A pair of flanches is considered one of the subordinaries.

Flanched , a. (Her.) Having flanches; — said of an escutcheon with those bearings.

Flan•co•nade´ , n. [F.] (Fencing) A thrust in the side.

Fla•neur´ , n. [F., fr. flâner to stroll.] One who strolls about aimlessly; a lounger; a loafer.

Flang , n. A miner’s two- pointed pick.

Flange (flanj), n. [Prov. E. flange to project, flanch a projection. See Flanch, Flank.] 1. An external or internal rib, or rim, for strength, as the flange of an iron beam; or for a guide, as the flange of a car wheel (see Car wheel.); or for attachment to another object, as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc. Knight. 2. A plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe. Blind flange, a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. — Flange joint, a joint, as that of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Knight. - - Flange rail, a rail with a flange on one side, to keep wheels, etc. from running off. — Flange turning, the process of forming a flange on a wrought iron plate by bending and hammering it when hot.

Flange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanged (flanjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flanging (flan´jing).] (Mach.) To make a flange on; to furnish with a flange.

Flange, v. i. To be bent into a flange.

Flanged (flanjd), a. Having a flange or flanges; as a flanged wheel.

Flank (flank), n. [F. flanc, prob. fr. L. flaccus flabby, with n inserted. Cf. Flaccid, Flanch, Flange.] 1. The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an animal, between the ribs and the hip. See Illust. of Beef. 2. (Mil.) (a) The side of an army, or of any division of an army, as of a brigade, regiment, or battalion; the extreme right or left; as to attack an enemy in flank is to attack him on the side. “When to right and left the front” “Divided, and to either flank retired.” Milton. (b) (Fort.) That part of a bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the curtain, the flank and face of the opposite bastion; any part of a work defending another by a fire along the outside of its parapet. See Illust. of Bastion. 3. (Arch.) The side of any building. Brands. 4. That part of the acting surface of a gear wheel tooth that lies within the pitch line. Flank attack (Mil.), an attack upon the side of an army or body of troops, distinguished from one upon its front or rear. — Flank company (Mil.), a certain number of troops drawn up on the right or left of a battalion; usually grenadiers, light infantry, or riflemen. — Flank defense (Fort.), protection of a work against undue exposure to an enemy’s direct fire, by means of the fire from other works, sweeping the ground in its front. — Flank en potence (Mil.), any part of the right or left wing formed at a projecting angle with the line. — Flank files, the first men on the right, and the last on the left, of a company, battalion, etc. — Flank march, a march made parallel or obliquely to an enemy’s position, in order to turn it or to attack him on the flank. — Flank movement, a change of march by an army, or portion of one, in order to turn one or both wings of the enemy, or to take up a new position. — Flanks of a frontier, salient points in a national boundary, strengthened to protect the frontier against hostile incursion. — Flank patrol, detachments acting independently of the column of an army, but patrolling along its flanks, to secure it against surprise and to observe the movements of the enemy.

Flank (flank), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanked (flankt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flanking.] [Cf. F. flanquer. See Flank, n., and cf. Flanker, v. t.] 1. To stand at the flank or side of; to border upon. “Stately colonnades are flanked with trees.” Pitt. 2. To overlook or command the flank of; to secure or guard the flank of; to pass around or turn the flank of; to attack, or threaten to attack; the flank of.

Flank, v. i. 1. To border; to touch. Bp. Butler. 2. To be posted on the side.

Flank´er , n. One who, or that which, flanks, as a skirmisher or a body of troops sent out upon the flanks of an army toguard a line of march, or a fort projecting so as to command the side of an assailing body. “They threw out flankers, and endeavored to dislodge their assailants.” W. Irwing.

Flank´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flankered p. pr. & vb. n. Flankering.] [See Flank, v. t.] 1. To defend by lateral fortifications. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. To attack sideways. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Flan´nel (flan´nel), n. [F. flanelle, cf. OF. flaine a pillowcase, a mattress fr. W. gwlanen flannel, fr. gwlan wool; prob. akin to E. wool. Cf. Wool.] A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, of loose texture. Shak. Adam’s flannel. (Bot.) See under Adam. — Canton flannel, Cotton flannel. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton.

Flan´neled , a. Covered or wrapped in flannel.

Flan´nen , a. Made or consisting of flannel. [Obs.] ´Flannen robes.´ Dryden.

Flap , n. [OE. flappe, flap, blow, bly-flap; cf. D. flap, and E. flap, v.] Anything broad and limber that hangs loose, or that is attached by one side or end and is easily moved; as the flap of a garment. “A cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larynx.” Sir T. Browne. 2. A hinged leaf, as of a table or shutter. 3. The motion of anything broad and loose, or a stroke or sound made with it; as the flap of a sail or of a wing. 4. pl. (Far.) A disease in the lips of horses. Flap tile, a tile with a bent up portion, to turn a corner or catch a drip. — Flap valve (Mech.), a valve which opens and shuts upon one hinged side; a clack valve.

Flap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flapped p. pr. & vb. n. Flapping ] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. flappen, E. flap, n., flop, flippant, fillip.] 1. To beat with a flap; to strike. “Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings.” Pope. 2. To move, as something broad and flaplike; as to flap the wings; to let fall, as the brim of a hat. To flap in the mouth, to taunt. [Obs.] W. Cartwright.

Flap, v. i. 1. To move as do wings, or as something broad or loose; to fly with wings beating the air. “The crows flapped over by twos and threes.” Lowell. 2. To fall and hang like a flap, as the brim of a hat, or other broad thing. Gay.

Flap´drag•on , n. 1. A game in which the players catch raisins out burning brandy, and swallow them blazing. Johnson. 2. The thing thus caught and eaten. Johnson. “Cakes and ale, and flapdragons and mummer’s plays, and all the happy sports of Christians night.” C. Kingsley.

Flap´drag•on, v. t. To swallow whole, as a flapdragon; to devour. [Obs.] “See how the sea flapdragoned it.” Shak.

Flap´-eared , a. Having broad, loose, dependent ears. Shak.

Flap´jack , n. 1. A fklat cake turned on the griddle while cooking; a griddlecake or pacake. 2. A fried dough cake containing fruit; a turnover. [Prov. Eng.]

Flap´-mouthed , a. Having broad, hangling lips. [R.] Shak.

Flap´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, flaps. 2. See Flipper. ´The flapper of a porpoise.´ Buckley. Flapper skate (Zoöl.), a European skate (Raia intermedia).

Flare , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flared p. pr. & vb. n. Flaring.] [Cf. Norw. flara to blaze, flame, adorn with tinsel, dial. Sw. flasa upp, and E. flash, or flacker.] 1. To burn with an unsteady or waving flame; as the candle flares. 2. To shine out with a sudden and unsteady light; to emit a dazzling or painfully bright light. 3. To shine out with gaudy colors; to flaunt; to be offensively bright or showy. “With ribbons pendant, flaring about her head.” Shak. 4. To be exposed to too much light. [Obs.] “Flaring in sunshine all the day.” Prior. 5. To open or spread outwards; to project beyond the perpendicular; as the sides of a bowl flare; the bows of a ship flare. To flare up, to become suddenly heated or excited; to burst into a passion. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Flare, n. 1. An unsteady, broad, offensive light. 2. A spreading outward; as the flare of a fireplace.

Flare, n. Leaf of lard. ´Pig’s flare.´ Dunglison.

Flare´-up , n. A sudden burst of anger or passion; an angry dispute. [Colloq.]

Flar´ing , a. 1. That flares; flaming or blazing unsteadily; shining out with a dazzling light. “His [the sun’s] flaring beams.” Milton. 2. Opening or speading outwards.

Flar´ing•ly, adv. In a flaring manner.

Flash (flash), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flashed (flasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Flashing.] [Cf. OE. flaskien, vlaskien to pour, sprinkle, dial. Sw. flasa to blaze, E. flush, flare.] 1. To burst or break forth with a sudden and transient flood of flame and light; as the lighting flashes vividly; the powder flashed. 2. To break forth, as a sudden flood of light; to burst instantly and brightly on the sight; to show a momentary brilliancy; to come or pass like a flash. “Names which have flashed and thundered as the watch words of unnumbered struggles.” Talfourd. “The object is made to flash upon the eye of the mind.” M. Arnold. “A thought flashed through me, which I clothed in act.” Tennyson. 3. To burst forth like a sudden flame; to break out violently; to rush hastily. “Every hour
He flashes into one gross crime or other.” Shak. To flash in the pan, to fail of success. [Colloq.] See under Flash, a burst of light. Bartlett. Syn. — Flash, Glitter, Gleam, Glisten, Glister. Flash differs from glitter and gleam, denoting a flood or wide extent of light. The latter words may express the issuing of light from a small object, or from a pencil of rays. Flash differs from other words, also in denoting suddenness of appearance and disappearance. Flashing differs from exploding or disploding in not being accompanied with a loud report. To glisten, or glister, is to shine with a soft and fitful luster, as eyes suffused with tears, or flowers wet with dew.

Flash (flash), v. t. 1. To send out in flashes; to cause to burst forth with sudden flame or light. “The chariot of paternal Deity,
Flashing thick flames.” Milton. 2. To convey as by a flash; to light up, as by a sudden flame or light; as to flash a message along the wires; to flash conviction on the mind. 3. (Glass Making) To cover with a thin layer, as objects of glass with glass of a different color. See Flashing, n., 3 (b). 4. To trick up in a showy manner. “Limning and flashing it with various dyes.” A. Brewer. 5. [Perh. due to confusion between flash of light and plash, splash.] To strike and throw up large bodies of water from the surface; to splash. [Obs.] “He rudely flashed the waves about.” Spenser. Flashed glass. See Flashing, n., 3.

Flash, n.; pl. Flashes . 1. A sudden burst of light; a flood of light instantaneously appearing and disappearing; a momentary blaze; as a flash of lightning. 2. A sudden and brilliant burst, as of wit or genius; a momentary brightness or show. “The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind.” Shak. “No striking sentiment, no flash of fancy.” Wirt. 3. The time during which a flash is visible; an instant; a very brief period. “The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash.” Bacon. 4. A preparation of capsicum, burnt sugar, etc., for coloring and giving a fictitious strength to liquors. Flash light, or Flashing light, a kind of light shown by lighthouses, produced by the revolution of reflectors, so as to show a flash of light every few seconds, alternating with periods of dimness. Knight. — Flash in the pan, the flashing of the priming in the pan of a flintlock musket without discharging the piece; hence, sudden, spasmodic effort that accomplishes nothing.

Flash, a. 1. Showy, but counterfeit; cheap, pretentious, and vulgar; as flash jewelry; flash finery. 2. Wearing showy, counterfeit ornaments; vulgarly pretentious; as flash people; flash men or women; — applied especially to thieves, gamblers, and prostitutes that dress in a showy way and wear much cheap jewelry. Flash house, a house frequented by flash people, as thieves and whores; hence, a brothel. ´A gang of footpads, reveling with their favorite beauties at a flash house.´ Macaulay.

Flash, n. Slang or cant of thieves and prostitutes.

Flash, n. [OE. flasche, flaske; cf. OF. flache, F. flaque.] 1. A pool. [Prov. Eng.] Haliwell. 2. (Engineering) A reservoir and sluiceway beside a navigable stream, just above a shoal, so that the stream may pour in water as boats pass, and thus bear them over the shoal. Flash wheel (Mech.), a paddle wheel made to revolve in a breast or curved water way, by which water is lifted from the lower to the higher level.

Flash´board , n. A board placed temporarily upon a milldam, to raise the water in the pond above its usual level; a flushboard. [U.S.]

Flash´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, flashes. 2. A man of more appearance of wit than reality. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A large sparoid fish of the Atlantic coast and all tropical seas (Lobotes Surinamensis). (b) The European red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio); — called also flusher.

Flash´i•ly , adv. In a flashy manner; with empty show.

Flash´i•ness, n. The quality of being flashy.

Flash´ing, n. 1. (Engineering) The creation of an artifical flood by the sudden letting in of a body of water; — called also flushing. 2. (Arch.) Pieces of metal, built into the joints of a wall, so as to lap over the edge of the gutters or to cover the edge of the roofing; also similar pieces used to cover the valleys of roofs of slate, shingles, or the like. By extension, the metal covering of ridges and hips of roofs; also in the United States, the protecting of angles and breaks in walls of frame houses with waterproof material, tarred paper, or the like. Cf. Filleting. 3. (Glass Making) (a) The reheating of an article at the furnace aperture during manufacture to restore its plastic condition; esp., the reheating of a globe of crown glass to allow it to assume a flat shape as it is rotated. (b) A mode of covering transparent white glass with a film of colored glass. Knight. Flashing point (Chem.), that degree of temperature at which a volatile oil gives off vapor in sufficient quantity to burn, or flash, on the approach of a flame, used as a test of the comparative safety of oils, esp. kerosene; a flashing point of 100° F. is regarded as a fairly safe standard. The burning point of the oil is usually from ten to thirty degree above the flashing point of its vapor.

Flash´y , a. 1. Dazzling for a moment; making a momentary show of brilliancy; transitorily bright. “A little flashy and transient pleasure.” Barrow. 2. Fiery; vehement; impetuous. “A temper always flashy.” Burke. 3. Showy; gay; gaudy; as a flashy dress. 4. Without taste or spirit. “Lean and flashy songs.” Milton.

Flask , n. [AS. flasce, flaxe; akin to D. flesch, OHG. flasca, G. flasche, Icel. & Sw. flaska, Dan. flaske, OF. flasche, LL. flasca, flasco; of uncertain origin; cf. L. vasculum, dim. of vas a vessel, Gr. , , . Cf. Flagon, Flasket.] 1. A small bottle-shaped vessel for holding fluids; as a flask of oil or wine. 2. A narrow-necked vessel of metal or glass, used for various purposes; as of sheet metal, to carry gunpowder in; or of wrought iron, to contain quicksilver; or of glass, to heat water in, etc. 3. A bed in a gun carriage. [Obs.] Bailey. 4. (Founding) The wooden or iron frame which holds the sand, etc., forming the mold used in a foundry; it consists of two or more parts; viz., the cope or top; sometimes, the cheeks, or middle part; and the drag, or bottom part. When there are one or more cheeks, the flask is called a three part flask, four part flask, etc. Erlenmeyer flask, a thin glass flask, flat- bottomed and cone-shaped to allow of safely shaking its contents laterally without danger of spilling; — so called from Erlenmeyer, a German chemist who invented it. — Florence flask. [From Florence in Italy.] (a) Same as Betty, n., 3. (b) A glass flask, round or pear-shaped, with round or flat bottom, and usually very thin to allow of heating solutions. — Pocket flask, a kind of pocket dram bottle, often covered with metal or leather to protect it from breaking.

Flask´et , n. [Cf. W. fflasged a vessel of straw or wickerwork, fflasg flask, basket, and E. flask.] 1. A long, shallow basket, with two handles. [Eng.] “In which they gathered flowers to fill their flasket.” Spenser. 2. A small flask. 3. A vessel in which viands are served. [Obs.] Pope.

Flat , a. [Compar. Flatter superl. Flattest ] [Akin to Icel. flatr, Sw. flat, Dan. flad, OHG. flaz, and AS. flet floor, G. flötz stratum, layer.] 1. Having an even and horizontal surface, or nearly so, without prominences or depressions; level without inclination; plane. “Though sun and moon
Were in the flat sea sunk.” Milton. 2. Lying at full length, or spread out, upon the ground; level with the ground or earth; prostrate; as to lie flat on the ground; hence, fallen; laid low; ruined; destroyed. “What ruins kingdoms, and lays cities flat!” Milton. “I feel … my hopes all flat.” Milton. 3. (Fine Arts) Wanting relief; destitute of variety; without points of prominence and striking interest. “A large part of the work is, to me, very flat.” Coleridge. 4. Tasteless; stale; vapid; insipid; dead; as fruit or drink flat to the taste. 5. Unanimated; dull; uninteresting; without point or spirit; monotonous; as a flat speech or composition. “How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world.” Shak. 6. Lacking liveliness of commercial exchange and dealings; depressed; dull; as the market is flat. 7. Clear; unmistakable; peremptory; absolute; positive; downright. “Flat burglary as ever was committed.” Shak. “A great tobacco taker too, — that’s flat.” Marston. 8. (Mus.) (a) Below the true pitch; hence, as applied to intervals, minor, or lower by a half step; as a flat seventh; A flat. (b) Not sharp or shrill; not acute; as a flat sound. 9. (Phonetics) Sonant; vocal; — applied to any one of the sonant or vocal consonants, as distinguished from a nonsonant (or sharp) consonant. Flat arch. (Arch.) See under Arch, n., 2. (b). — Flat cap, cap paper, not folded. See under Paper. — Flat chasing, in fine art metal working, a mode of ornamenting silverware, etc., producing figures by dots and lines made with a punching tool. Knight. — Flat chisel, a sculptor’s chisel for smoothing. — Flat file, a file wider than its thickness, and of rectangular section. See File. — Flat nail, a small, sharp- pointed, wrought nail, with a flat, thin head, larger than a tack. Knight. — Flat paper, paper which has not been folded. — Flat rail, a railroad rail consisting of a simple flat bar spiked to a longitudinal sleeper. — Flat rods (Mining), horizontal or inclined connecting rods, for transmitting motion to pump rods at a distance. Raymond. — Flat rope, a rope made by plaiting instead of twisting; gasket; sennit. Some flat hoisting ropes, as for mining shafts, are made by sewing together a number of ropes, making a wide, flat band. Knight. — Flat space. (Geom.) See Euclidian space. — Flat stitch, the process of wood engraving. [Obs.] — Flat tint (Painting), a coat of water color of one uniform shade. — To fall flat (Fig.), to produce no effect; to fail in the intended effect; as his speech fell flat. “Of all who fell by saber or by shot,
Not one fell half so flat as Walter Scott.” Lord Erskine.

Flat , adv. 1. In a flat manner; directly; flatly. “Sin is flat opposite to the Almighty.” Herbert. 2. (Stock Exchange) Without allowance for accrued interest. [Broker’s Cant]

Flat, n. 1. A level surface, without elevation, relief, or prominences; an extended plain; specifically, in the United States, a level tract along the along the banks of a river; as the Mohawk Flats. “Envy is as the sunbeams that beat hotter upon a bank, or steep rising ground, than upon a flat.” Bacon. 2. A level tract lying at little depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide; a shoal; a shallow; a strand. “Half my power, this night
Passing these flats, are taken by the tide.” Shak. 3. Something broad and flat in form; as: (a) A flat-bottomed boat, without keel, and of small draught. (b) A straw hat, broad- brimmed and low-crowned. (c) (Railroad Mach.) A car without a roof, the body of which is a platform without sides; a platform car. (d) A platform on wheel, upon which emblematic designs, etc., are carried in processions. 4. The flat part, or side, of anything; as the broad side of a blade, as distinguished from its edge. 5. (Arch.) A floor, loft, or story in a building; especially, a floor of a house, which forms a complete residence in itself. 6. (Mining) A horizontal vein or ore deposit auxiliary to a main vein; also any horizontal portion of a vein not elsewhere horizontal. Raymond. 7. A dull fellow; a simpleton; a numskull. [Colloq.] “Or if you can not make a speech,
Because you are a flat.” Holmes. 8. (Mus.) A character [&flat;] before a note, indicating a tone which is a half step or semitone lower. 9. (Geom.) A homaloid space or extension.

Flat , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flatted p. pr. & vb. n. Flatting ] 1. To make flat; to flatten; to level. 2. To render dull, insipid, or spiritless; to depress. “Passions are allayed, appetites are flatted.” Barrow. 3. To depress in tone, as a musical note; especially, to lower in pitch by half a tone.

Flat, v. i. 1. To become flat, or flattened; to sink or fall to an even surface. Sir W. Temple. 2. (Mus.) To fall form the pitch. To flat out, to fail from a promising beginning; to make a bad ending; to disappoint expectations. [Colloq.]

Flat´bill , n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Flatyrynchus. They belong to the family of flycatchers.

Flat´boat , n. A boat with a flat bottom and square ends; — used for the transportation of bulky freight, especially in shallow waters.

Flat´-bot•tomed , a. Having an even lower surface or bottom; as a flat-bottomed boat.

Flat´-cap , n. A kind of low- crowned cap formerly worn by all classes in England, and continued in London after disuse elsewhere; — hence, a citizen of London. Marston.

Flat´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Pleuronectidae; esp., the winter flounder (Pleuronectes Americanus). The flatfishes have the body flattened, swim on the side, and have eyes on one side, as the flounder, turbot, and halibut. See Flounder.

Flat´ foot (Med.) A foot in which the arch of the instep is flattened so that the entire sole of the foot rests upon the ground; also the deformity, usually congential, exhibited by such a foot; splayfoot.

Flat´-foot•ed, a. 1. Having a flat foot, with little or no arch of the instep. 2. Firm-footed; determined. [Slang, U.S.]

Flat´head , a. Characterized by flatness of head, especially that produced by artificial means, as a certain tribe of American Indians.

Flat´head, n. (Ethnol.) A Chinook Indian. See Chinook, n., 1.

Flat´-head•ed , a. Having a head with a flattened top; as a flat-headed nail.

Flat´i•ron , n. An iron with a flat, smooth surface for ironing clothes.

Fla´tive , a. [L. flare, flatum to blow.] Producing wind; flatulent. [Obs.] A. Brewer.

Flat´ling , adv. [Flat, a. + adverbial suff. -ling.] With the flat side, as of a sword; flatlong; in a prostrate position. [Obs.] Spenser.

Flat´long ( 115), adv. With the flat side downward; not edgewise. Shak.

Flat´ly, adv. In a flat manner; evenly; horizontally; without spirit; dully; frigidly; peremptorily; positively; plainly. ´He flatly refused his aid.´ Sir P. Sidney. “He that does the works of religion slowly, flatly, and without appetite.” Jer. Taylor.

Flat´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being flat. 2. Eveness of surface; want of relief or prominence; the state of being plane or level. 3. Want of vivacity or spirit; prostration; dejection; depression. 4. Want of variety or flavor; dullness; insipidity. 5. Depression of tone; the state of being below the true pitch; — opposed to sharpness or acuteness.

Fla•tour´ , n. [OF.] A flatterer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flat´ten (flat´t’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flattened p. pr. & vb. n. Flattening.] [From Flat, a.] 1. To reduce to an even surface or one approaching evenness; to make flat; to level; to make plane. 2. To throw down; to bring to the ground; to prostrate; hence, to depress; to deject; to dispirit. 3. To make vapid or insipid; to render stale. 4. (Mus.) To lower the pitch of; to cause to sound less sharp; to let fall from the pitch. To flatten a sail (Naut.), to set it more nearly fore-and-aft of the vessel. — Flattening oven, in glass making, a heated chamber in which split glass cylinders are flattened for window glass.

Flat´ten, v. i. To become or grow flat, even, depressed, dull, vapid, spiritless, or depressed below pitch.

Flat´ter (flat´ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, makes flat or flattens. 2. (Metal Working) (a) A flat-faced fulling hammer. (b) A drawplate with a narrow, rectangular orifice, for drawing flat strips, as watch springs, etc.

Flat´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flattered p. pr. & vb. n. Flattering.] [OE. flateren, cf. OD. flatteren; akin to G. flattern to flutter, Icel. flara to fawn, flatter: cf. F. flatter. Cf. Flitter, Flutter, Flattery.] 1. To treat with praise or blandishments; to gratify or attempt to gratify the self-love or vanity of, esp. by artful and interested commendation or attentions; to blandish; to cajole; to wheedle. “When I tell him he hates flatterers,
He says he does, being then most flattered.” Shak. “A man that flattereth his neighbor, spreadeth a net for his feet.” Prov. xxix. 5. “Others he flattered by asking their advice.” Prescott. 2. To raise hopes in; to encourage or favorable, but sometimes unfounded or deceitful, representations. 3. To portray too favorably; to give a too favorable idea of; as his portrait flatters him.

Flat´ter, v. i. To use flattery or insincere praise. “If it may stand him more in stead to lie,
Say and unsay, feign, flatter, or adjure.” Milton.

Flat´ter•er , n. One who flatters. “The most abject flaterers degenerate into the greatest tyrants.” Addison.

Flat´ter•ing, a. That flatters (in the various senses of the verb); as a flattering speech. “Lay not that flattering unction to your soul.” Shak. “A flattering painter, who made it his care,
To draw men as they ought be, not as they are.” Goldsmith.

Flat´ter•ing•ly, adv. With flattery.

Flat´ter•y , n.; pl. Flatteries (#). [OE. flaterie, OF. flaterie, F. flaterie, fr. flater to flatter, F. flatter; of uncertain origin. See Flatter, v. t.] The act or practice of flattering; the act of pleasing by artful commendation or compliments; adulation; false, insincere, or excessive praise. “Just praise is only a debt, but flattery is a present.” Rambler. “Flattery corrupts both the receiver and the giver.” Burke. Syn. — Adulation; compliment; obsequiousness. See Adulation.

Flat´ting , n. 1. The process or operation of making flat, as a cylinder of glass by opening it out. 2. A mode of painting,in which the paint, being mixed with turpentine, leaves the work without gloss. Gwilt. 3. A method of preserving gilding unburnished, by touching with size. Knolles. 4. The process of forming metal into sheets by passing it between rolls. Flatting coat, a coat of paint so put on as to have no gloss. — Flatting furnace. Same as flattening oven, under Flatten. — Flatting mill. (a) A rolling mill producing sheet metal; esp., in mints, the ribbon from which the planchets are punched. (b) A mill in which grains of metal are flatted by steel rolls, and reduced to metallic dust, used for purposes of ornamentation.

Flat´tish , a. Somewhat flat. Woodward. { Flat´u•lence , Flat´u•len•cy }, n. [Cf. F. flatulence.] The state or quality of being flatulent.

Flat´u•lent , a. [L. flatus a blowing, flatus ventris windiness, flatulence, fr. flare to blow: cf. F. flatulent. See Blow.] 1. Affected with flatus or gases generated in the alimentary canal; windy. 2. Generating, or tending to generate, wind in the stomach. “Vegetables abound more with aërial particles than animal substances, and therefore are more flatulent.” Arbuthnot. 3. Turgid with flatus; as a flatulent tumor. Quincy. 4. Pretentious without substance or reality; puffy; empty; vain; as a flatulent vanity. “He is too flatulent sometimes, and sometimes too dry.” Dryden.

Flat´u•lent•ly, adv. In a flatulent manner; with flatulence.

Flat•u•os´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. flatuosite.] Flatulence. [Obs.] Bacon.

Flat´u•ous , a. [Cf. F. flatueux.] Windy; generating wind. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fla´tus , n.; pl. E. Flatuses (#), L. Flatus. [L., fr. flare to blow.] 1. A breath; a puff of wind. Clarke. 2. Wind or gas generated in the stomach or other cavities of the body. Quincy.

Flat´ware , n. Articles for the table, as china or silverware, that are more or less flat, as distinguished from hollow ware.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Flat´wise , a. or adv. With the flat side downward, or next to another object; not edgewise.

Flat´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Any worm belonging to the Plathelminthes; also sometimes applied to the planarians.

Flaun´drish , a. Flemish. [Obs.]

Flaunt (flänt or flant; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flaunted; p. pr. & vb. n.. Flaunting.] [Cf. dial. G. flandern to flutter, wave; perh. akin to E. flatter, flutter.] To throw or spread out; to flutter; to move ostentatiously; as a flaunting show. “You flaunt about the streets in your new gilt chariot.” Arbuthnot. “One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade.” Pope.

Flaunt, v. t. To display ostentatiously; to make an impudent show of.

Flaunt, n. Anything displayed for show. [Obs.] “In these my borrowed flaunts.” Shak.

Flaunt´ing•ly, adv. In a flaunting way.

Flau´tist , n. [It. flauto a flute See Flute.] A player on the flute; a flutist.

Flau´to (flou´to), n. [It.] A flute. Flaute piccolo [It., little flute], an octave flute. — Flauto traverso [It., transverse flute], the German flute, held laterally, instead of being played, like the old flûte à bec, with a mouth piece at the end.

Fla•van´i•line (? or 104), n. [L. flavus yellow + E. aniline.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, organic dyestuff, C_16H_14N_2, of artifical production. It is a strong base, and is a complex derivative of aniline and quinoline.

Fla•ves´cent , a. [L. flavescens, p. pr. of flavescere to turn yellow.] Turning yellow; yellowish.

Fla•vic´o•mous , a. [L. flavicomus; flavus yellow + coma hair.] Having yellow hair. [R.]

Fla´vin , n. [L. flavus yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow, vegetable dyestuff, resembling quercitron.

Fla´vine ( 104), n. (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, organic base, C_13H_12N_2O, obtained artificially.

Fla´vol , n. [L. flavus yellow + -oil.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline substance, obtained from anthraquinone, and regarded as a hydroxyl derivative of it.

Fla´vor , n. [OF. fleur, flaur (two syllables), odor, cf. F. fleurer to emit an odor, It. flatore a bad odor, prob. fr. L. flare to bow, whence the sense of exhalation. Cf. Blow.] [Written also flavour.] 1. That quality of anything which affects the smell; odor; fragrances; as the flavor of a rose. 2. That quality of anything which affects the taste; that quality which gratifies the palate; relish; zest; savor; as the flavor of food or drink. 3. That which imparts to anything a peculiar odor or taste, gratifying to the sense of smell, or the nicer perceptions of the palate; a substance which flavors. 4. That quality which gives character to any of the productions of literature or the fine arts.

Fla´vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flavored p. pr. & vb. n. Flavoring.] To give flavor to; to add something (as salt or a spice) to, to give character or zest.

Fla´vored , a. Having a distinct flavor; as high-flavored wine.

Fla´vor•less , a. Without flavor; tasteless.

Fla´vor•ous , a. Imparting flavor; pleasant to the taste or smell; sapid. Dryden.

Fla´vous , a. [L. flavus.] Yellow. [Obs.]

Flaw (fla), n. [OE. flai, flaw flake; cf. Sw. flaga flaw, crack, breach, flake, D. vlaag gust of wind, Norw. flage, flaag, and E. flag a flat stone.] 1. A crack or breach; a gap or fissure; a defect of continuity or cohesion; as a flaw in a knife or a vase. “This heart
Shall break into a hundered thousand flaws.” Shak. 2. A defect; a fault; as a flaw in reputation; a flaw in a will, in a deed, or in a statute. “Has not this also its flaws and its dark side?” South. 3. A sudden burst of noise and disorder; a tumult; uproar; a quarrel. [Obs.] “And deluges of armies from the town
Came pouring in; I heard the mighty flaw.” Dryden. 4. A sudden burst or gust of wind of short duration. “Snow, and hail, and stormy gust and flaw.” Milton. “Like flaws in summer laying lusty corn.” Tennyson. Syn. — Blemish; fault; imperfection; spot; speck.

Flaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flawed (flad); p. pr. & vb. n. Flawing.] 1. To crack; to make flaws in. “The brazen caldrons with the frosts are flawed.” Dryden. 2. To break; to violate; to make of no effect. [Obs.] “France hath flawed the league.” Shak.

Flaw´less, a. Free from flaws. Boyle.

Flawn (flan), n. [OF. flaon, F. flan, LL. flado, fr. OHG. flado, G. fladen, a sort of pancake; cf. Gr. broad. See Place.] A sort of flat custard or pie. [Obs.] Tusser.

Flaw´ter , v. t. [Cf. Flay.] To scrape or pare, as a skin. [Obs.] Johnson.

Flaw´y , a. 1. Full of flaws or cracks; broken; defective; faulty. Johnson. 2. Subject to sudden flaws or gusts of wind.

Flax (flaks), n. [AS. fleax; akin to D. vlas, OHG. flahs, G. flachs, and prob. to flechten to braid, plait,m twist, L. plectere to weave, plicare to fold, Gr. to weave, plait. See Ply.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Linum, esp. the L. usitatissimum, which has a single, slender stalk, about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers. The fiber of the bark is used for making thread and cloth, called linen, cambric, lawn, lace, etc. Linseed oil is expressed from the seed. 2. The skin or fibrous part of the flax plant, when broken and cleaned by hatcheling or combing. Earth flax (Min.), amianthus. — Flax brake, a machine for removing the woody portion of flax from the fibrous. — Flax comb, a hatchel, hackle, or heckle. — Flax cotton, the fiber of flax, reduced by steeping in bicarbonate of soda and acidulated liquids, and prepared for bleaching and spinning like cotton. Knight. — Flax dresser, one who breaks and swingles flax, or prepares it for the spinner. — Flax mill, a mill or factory where flax is spun or linen manufactured. — Flax puller, a machine for pulling flax plants in the field. — Flax wench. (a) A woman who spins flax. [Obs.] (b) A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. — Mountain flax (Min.), amianthus. — New Zealand flax (Bot.) See Flax- plant.

Flax´en , a. Made of flax; resembling flax or its fibers; of the color of flax; of a light soft straw color; fair and flowing, like flax or tow; as flaxen thread; flaxen hair.

Flax´-plant , n. (Bot.) A plant in new Zealand (Phormium tenax), allied to the lilies and aloes. The leaves are two inches wide and several feet long, and furnish a fiber which is used for making ropes, mats, and coarse cloth.

Flax´seed , n. The seed of the flax; linseed.

Flax´weed , n. (Bot.) See Toadflax.

Flax´y , a. Like flax; flaxen. Sir M. Sandys.

Flay (fla), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flayed (flad); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaying.] [OE. flean, flan, AS. fleán; akin to D. vlaen, Icel. fla, Sw. flå, Dan. flaae, cf. Lith. pleszti to tear, plyszti, v.i., to burst, tear; perh. akin to E. flag a flat stone, flaw.] To skin; to strip off the skin or surface of; as to flay an ox; to flay the green earth. “With her nails
She ’ll flay thy wolfish visage.” Shak.

Flay´er , n. One who strips off the skin.

Flea (fle), v. t. [See Flay.] To flay. [Obs.] “He will be fleaed first
And horse collars made of’s skin.” J. Fletcher.

Flea, n. [OE. fle, flee, AS. fleá, fleáh; akin to D. vtoo, OHG. floh, G. floh, Icel. flo, Russ. blocha; prob. from the root of E. flee. rad.84. See Flee.] (Zoöl.) An insect belonging to the genus Pulex, of the order Aphaniptera. Fleas are destitute of wings, but have the power of leaping energetically. The bite is poisonous to most persons. The human flea (Pulex irritans), abundant in Europe, is rare in America, where the dog flea (P. canis) takes its place. See Aphaniptera, and Dog flea. See Illustration in Appendix. A flea in the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected reply, annoying like a flea; an irritating repulse; as to put a flea in one’s ear; to go away with a flea in one’s ear. — Beach flea, Black flea, etc. See under Beach, etc.

Flea´bane , n. (Bot.) One of various plants, supposed to have efficacy in driving away fleas. They belong, for the most part, to the genera Conyza, Erigeron, and Pulicaria.

Flea´-bee•tle , n. (Zoöl.) A small beetle of the family Halticidae, of many species. They have strong posterior legs and leap like fleas. The turnip flea-beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) and that of the grapevine (Graptodera chalybea) are common injurious species.

Flea´-bite , n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the red spot caused by the bite. 2. A trifling wound or pain, like that of the bite of a flea. Harvey.

Flea´-bit•ten , a. 1. Bitten by a flea; as a flea-bitten face. 2. White, flecked with minute dots of bay or sorrel; — said of the color of a horse.

Fleagh (fle), obs. imp. of Fly.

Fleak (flek), n. A flake; a thread or twist. [Obs.] “Little long fleaks or threads of hemp.” Dr. H. More.

Fleak´ing, n. A light covering of reeds, over which the main covering is laid, in thatching houses. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Flea´-louse , n. (Zoöl.) A jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidae, of many species. That of the pear tree is Psylla pyri.

Fleam , n. [F. flamme, OF. flieme, fr. LL. flevotomum, phlebotomum; cf. D. vlijm. See Phlebotomy.] (Surg. & Far.) A sharp instrument used for opening veins, lancing gums, etc.; a kind of lancet. Fleam tooth, a tooth of a saw shaped like an isosceles triangle; a peg tooth. Knight.

Fleam´y , a. Bloody; clotted. [Obs. or Prov.] “Foamy bubbling of a fleamy brain.” Marston.

Flear , v. t. & i. See Fleer.

Flea´wort , n. (Bot.) An herb used in medicine (Plantago Psyllium), named from the shape of its seeds. Loudon.

Flèche , n. [F. flèche, prop., an arrow.] (Fort.) A simple fieldwork, consisting of two faces forming a salient angle pointing outward and open at the gorge.

Fleck (flek), n. A flake; also a lock, as of wool. [Obs.] J. Martin.

Fleck , n. [Cf. Icel. flekkr; akin to Sw. fläck, D. vlek, G. fleck, and perh. to E. flitch.] A spot; a streak; a speckle. ´A sunny fleck.´ Longfellow. “Life is dashed with flecks of sin.” tennyson.

Fleck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flecked p. pr. & vb. n. Flecking.] [Cf. Icel. flekka, Sw. fläcka, D. vlekken, vlakken, G. flecken. See Fleck, n.] To spot; to streak or stripe; to variegate; to dapple. “Both flecked with white, the true Arcadian strain.” Dryden. “A bird, a cloud, flecking the sunny air.” Trench.

Fleck´er , v. t. To fleck. Johnson.

Fleck´less, a. Without spot or blame. [R.] “My consnience will not count me fleckless.” Tennyson.

Flec´tion , n. [See Flexion.] 1. The act of bending, or state of being bent. 2. The variation of words by declension, comparison, or conjugation; inflection.

Flec´tion•al , a. Capable of, or pertaining to, flection or inflection. “A flectional word is a phrase in the bud.” Earle.

Flec´tor , n. A flexor.

Fled , imp. & p. p. of Flee.

Fledge , a. [OE. flegge, flygge; akin to D. vlug, G. flügge, flücke, OHG. flucchi, Icel. fleygr, and to E. fly. rad.84. See Fly, v. i.] Feathered; furnished with feathers or wings; able to fly. “His shoulders, fledge with wings.” Milton.

Fledge, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fledged p. pr. & vb. n. Fledging.] 1. To furnish with feathers; to supply with the feathers necessary for flight. “The birds were not as yet fledged enough to shift for themselves.” L’Estrange. 2. To furnish or adorn with any soft covering. “Your master, whose chin is not yet fledged.” Shak.

Fledge´ling , n. A young bird just fledged.

Flee (fle), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fled (fled); p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeing.] [OE. fleon, fleen, AS. fleón (imperf. fleáh); akin to D. vlieden, OHG. & OS. fliohan, G. fliehen, Icel. flyja (imperf. flyði), Dan. flye, Sw. fly (imperf. flydde), Goth. þliuhan. rad.84. Cf. Flight.] To run away, as from danger or evil; to avoid in an alarmed or cowardly manner; to hasten off; — usually with from. This is sometimes omitted, making the verb transitive. “[He] cowardly fled, not having struck one stroke.” Shak. “Flee fornication.” 1 Cor. vi. 18. “So fled his enemies my warlike father.” Shak. When great speed is to be indicated, we commonly use fly, not flee; as fly hence to France with the utmost speed. ´Whither shall I fly to ’scape their hands?´ Shak. See Fly, v. i., 5.

Fleece (fles), n. [OE. flees, AS. fleós; akin to D. flies, vlies .] 1. The entire coat of wool that covers a sheep or other similar animal; also the quantity shorn from a sheep, or animal, at one time. “Who shore me
Like a tame wether, all my precious fleece.” Milton. 2. Any soft woolly covering resembling a fleece. 3. (Manuf.) The fine web of cotton or wool removed by the doffing knife from the cylinder of a carding machine. Fleece wool, wool shorn from the sheep. — Golden fleece. See under Golden.

Fleece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleeced p. pr. & vb. n. Fleecing.] 1. To deprive of a fleece, or natural covering of wool. 2. To strip of money or other property unjustly, especially by trickery or fraud; to bring to straits by oppressions and exactions. “Whilst pope and prince shared the wool betwixt them, the people were finely fleeced.” Fuller. 3. To spread over as with wool. [R.] Thomson.

Fleeced , a. 1. Furnished with a fleece; as a sheep is well fleeced. Spenser. 2. Stripped of a fleece; plundered; robbed.

Fleece´less , a. Without a fleece.

Flee´cer , n. One who fleeces or strips unjustly, especially by trickery or fraund. Prynne.

Flee´cy , a. Covered with, made of, or resembling, a fleece. ´Fleecy flocks.´ Prior.

Fleen , n. pl. Obs. pl. of Flea. Chaucer.

Fle´er , n. One who flees. Ld. Berners.

Fleer , [imp. & p. p. Fleered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleering.] [OE. flerien; cf. Scot. fleyr, Norw. flira to titter, giggle, laugh at nothing, MHG. vlerre, vlarre, a wide wound.] 1. To make a wry face in contempt, or to grin in scorn; to deride; to sneer; to mock; to gibe; as to fleer and flout. “To fleer and scorn at our solemnity.” Shak. 2. To grin with an air of civility; to leer. [Obs.] “Grinning and fleering as though they went to a bear baiting.” Latimer.

Fleer, v. t. To mock; to flout at. Beau. & Fl.

Fleer, n. 1. A word or look of derision or mockery. “And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorn.” Shak. 2. A grin of civility; a leer. [Obs.] “A sly, treacherous fleer on the face of deceivers.” South.

Fleer´er , n. One who fleers. Beau. & Fl.

Fleer´ing•ly, adv. In a fleering manner.

Fleet , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeting.] [OE. fleten, fleoten, to swim, AS. fleótan to swim, float; akin to D. vlieten to flow, OS. fliotan, OHG. fliozzan, G. fliessen, Icel. fljota to float, flow, Sw. flyta, D. flyde, L. pluere to rain, Gr. to sail, swim, float, Skr. plu to swim, sail. rad.84. Cf. Fleet, n. & a., Float, Pluvial, Flow.] 1. To sail; to float. [Obs.] “And in frail wood on Adrian Gulf doth fleet.” Spenser. 2. To fly swiftly; to pass over quickly; to hasten; to flit as a light substance. “All the unaccomplished works of Nature’s hand, …
Dissolved on earth, fleet hither.” Milton. 3. (Naut.) To slip on the whelps or the barrel of a capstan or windlass; — said of a cable or hawser.

Fleet, v. t. 1. To pass over rapidly; to skin the surface of; as a ship that fleets the gulf. Spenser. 2. To hasten over; to cause to pass away lighty, or in mirth and joy. “Many young gentlemen flock to him, and fleet the time carelessly.” Shak. 3. (Naut.) (a) To draw apart the blocks of; — said of a tackle. Totten. (b) To cause to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain.

Fleet, a. [Compar. Fleeter superl. Fleetest.] [Cf. Icel. fljtr quick. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. Swift in motion; moving with velocity; light and quick in going from place to place; nimble. “In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong.” Milton. 2. Light; superficially thin; not penetrating deep, as soil. [Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

Fleet, n. [OE. flete, fleote, AS. fleót ship, fr. fleótan to float, swim. See Fleet, v. i. and cf. Float.] A number of vessels in company, especially war vessels; also the collective naval force of a country, etc. Fleet captain, the senior aid of the admiral of a fleet, when a captain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fleet, n. [AS. fleót a place where vessels float, bay, river; akin to D. vliet rill, brook, G. fliess. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. A flood; a creek or inlet; a bay or estuary; a river; — obsolete, except as a place name, — as Fleet Street in London. “Together wove we nets to entrap the fish
In floods and sedgy fleets.” Matthewes. 2. A former prison in London, which originally stood near a stream, the Fleet (now filled up). Fleet parson, a clergyman of low character, in, or in the vicinity of, the Fleet prison, who was ready to unite persons in marriage (called Fleet marriage) at any hour, without public notice, witnesses, or consent of parents.

Fleet , v. t. [AS. flet cream, fr. fleótan to float. See Fleet, v. i.] To take the cream from; to skim. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Fleet´en , n. Fleeted or skimmed milk. [Obs.] Fleeten face, a face of the color of fleeten, i. e., blanched; hence, a coward. ´You know where you are, you fleeten face.´ Beau. & Fl.

Fleet´-foot , a. Swift of foot. Shak.

Fleet´ing, a. Passing swiftly away; not durable; transient; transitory; as the fleeting hours or moments. Syn. — Evanescent; ephemeral. See Transient.

Fleet´ing•ly, adv. In a fleeting manner; swiftly.

Fleet´ings , n. pl. A mixture of buttermilk and boiling whey; curds. [prov. Eng.] Wright.

Fleet´ly, adv. In a fleet manner; rapidly.

Fleet´ness, n. Swiftness; rapidity; velocity; celerity; speed; as the fleetness of a horse or of time.

Fleigh , obs. imp. of Fly. Chaucer.

Fleme , v. t. [AS. fleman, flyman.] To banish; to drive out; to expel. [Obs.] ´Appetite flemeth discretion.´ Chaucer.

Flem´er , n. One who, or that which, banishes or expels. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flem´ing , n. A native or inhabitant of Flanders.

Flem´ish , a. Pertaining to Flanders, or the Flemings. — n. The language or dialect spoken by the Flemings; also collectively, the people of Flanders. Flemish accounts (Naut.), short or deficient accounts. [Humorous] Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Flemish beauty (Bot.), a well known pear. It is one of few kinds which have a red color on one side. — Flemish bond. (Arch.) See Bond, n., 8. — Flemish brick, a hard yellow paving brick. — Flemish coil, a flat coil of rope with the end in the center and the turns lying against, without riding over, each other. — Flemish eye (Naut.), an eye formed at the end of a rope by dividing the strands and lying them over each other. — Flemish horse (Naut.), an additional footrope at the end of a yard.

Flench , v. t. Same as Flence.

Flense , v. t. [Cf. Dan. flense, D. vlensen, vlenzen, Scot. flinch.] To strip the blubber or skin from, as from a whale, seal, etc. “the flensed carcass of a fur seal.” U. S. Census (1880).

Flesh , n. [OE. flesch, flesc, AS. flsc; akin to OFries. flask, D. vleesch, OS. flsk, OHG. fleisc, G. fleisch, Icel. & Dan. flesk lard, bacon, pork, Sw. fläsk.] 1. The aggregate of the muscles, fat, and other tissues which cover the framework of bones in man and other animals; especially, the muscles. In composition it is mainly albuminous, but contains in adition a large number of crystalline bodies, such as creatin, xanthin, hypoxanthin, carnin, etc. It is also rich in phosphate of potash. 2. Animal food, in distinction from vegetable; meat; especially, the body of beasts and birds used as food, as distinguished from fish. “With roasted flesh, or milk, and wastel bread.” Chaucer. 3. The human body, as distinguished from the soul; the corporeal person. “As if this flesh, which walls about our life,
Were brass impregnable.” Shak. 4. The human eace; mankind; humanity. “All flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.” Gen. vi. 12. 5. Human nature: (a) In a good sense, tenderness of feeling; gentleness. “There is no flesh in man’s obdurate heart.” Cowper. (b) In a bad sense, tendency to transient or physical pleasure; desire for sensual gratification; carnality. (c) (Theol.) The character under the influence of animal propensities or selfish passions; the soul unmoved by spiritual influences. 6. Kindred; stock; race. “He is our brother and our flesh.” Gen. xxxvii. 27. 7. The soft, pulpy substance of fruit; also that part of a root, fruit, and the like, which is fit to be eaten. Flesh is often used adjectively or self-explaining compounds; as flesh broth or flesh-broth; flesh brush or fleshbrush; flesh tint or flesh-tint; flesh wound. After the flesh, after the manner of man; in a gross or earthly manner. ´Ye judge after the flesh.´ John viii. 15. — An arm of flesh, human strength or aid. — Flesh and blood. See under Blood. — Flesh broth, broth made by boiling flesh in water. — Flesh fly (Zoöl.), one of several species of flies whose larvae or maggots feed upon flesh, as the bluebottle fly; — called also meat fly, carrion fly, and blowfly. See Blowly. — Flesh meat, animal food. Swift. — Flesh side, the side of a skin or hide which was next to the flesh; — opposed to grain side. — Flesh tint (Painting), a color used in painting to imitate the hue of the living body. — Flesh worm (Zoöl.), any insect larva of a flesh fly. See Flesh fly (above). — Proud flesh. See under Proud. — To be one flesh, to be closely united as in marriage; to become as one person. Gen. ii. 24.

Flesh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleshed p. pr. & vb. n. Fleshing.] 1. To feed with flesh, as an incitement to further exertion; to initiate; — from the practice of training hawks and dogs by feeding them with the first game they take, or other flesh. Hence, to use upon flesh (as a murderous weapon) so as to draw blood, especially for the first time. “Full bravely hast thou fleshed
Thy maiden sword.” Shak. “The wild dog
Shall flesh his tooth on every innocent.” Shak. 2. To glut; to satiate; hence, to harden, to accustom. ´Fleshed in triumphs.´ Glanvill. “Old soldiers
Fleshed in the spoils of Germany and France.” Beau. & Fl. 3. (Leather Manufacture) To remove flesh, membrance, etc., from, as from hides.

Fleshed , a. 1. Corpulent; fat; having flesh. 2. Glutted; satiated; initiated. “Fleshed with slaughter.” Dryden.

Flesh´er , n. 1. A butcher. “A flesher on a block had laid his whittle down.” Macaulay. 2. A two-handled, convex, blunt-edged knife, for scraping hides; a fleshing knife.

Flesh´hood , n. The state or condition of having a form of flesh; incarnation. [R.] “Thou, who hast thyself
Endured this fleshhood.” Mrs. Browning.

Flesh´i•ness , n. The state of being fleshy; plumpness; corpulence; grossness. Milton.

Flesh´ings , n. pl. Flesh- colored tights, worn by actors and dancers. D. Jerrold.

Flesh´less, a. Destitute of flesh; lean. Carlyle.

Flesh´li•ness , n. The state of being fleshly; carnal passions and appetites. Spenser.

Flesh´ling , n. A person devoted to fleshly things. [Obs.] Spenser.

Flesh´ly (-ly), a. [AS. flaesclic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the flesh; corporeal. ´Fleshly bondage.´ Denham. 2. Animal; not vegetable. Dryden. 3. Human; not celestial; not spiritual or divine. ´Fleshly wisdom.´ 2 Cor. i. 12. “Much ostentation vain of fleshly arm
And fragile arms.” Milton. 4. Carnal; wordly; lascivious. “Abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul.” 1 Pet. ii. 11.

Flesh´ly, adv. In a fleshly manner; carnally; lasciviously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flesh´ment , n. The act of fleshing, or the excitement attending a successful beginning. [R.] Shak.

Flesh´mon•ger , n. [AS. flaesc mangere.] One who deals in flesh; hence, a pimp; a procurer; a pander. [R.] Shak.

Flesh´pot , n. A pot or vessel in which flesh is cooked; hence (pl.), plenty; high living. “In the land of Egypt … we sat by the fleshpots, and … did eat bread to the full.” Ex. xvi. 3.

Flesh´quake , n. A quaking or trembling of the flesh; a quiver. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Flesh´y , a. [Compar. Fleshier superl. Fleshiest ] 1. Full of, or composed of, flesh; plump; corpulent; fat; gross. “The sole of his foot is fleshy.” Ray. 2. Human. [Obs.] ´Fleshy tabernacle.´ Milton. 3. (Bot.) Composed of firm pulp; succulent; as the houseleek, cactus, and agave are fleshy plants.

Flet , p. p. of Fleet. Skimmed. [Obs.]

Fletch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fletched p. pr. & vb. n. Fletching.] [F. flèche arrow.] To feather, as an arrow. Bp. Warburton. “[Congress] fletched their complaint, by adding: ´America loved his brother.´” Bancroft.

Fletch´er , n. [OF. flechier.] One who fletches or feathers arrows; a manufacturer of bows and arrows. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Flete , v. i. [See Fleet, v. i.] To float; to swim. [Obs.] ´Whether I sink or flete.´ Chaucer.

Fle•tif´er•ous , a. [L. fletifer; fletus a weeping (from flere, fletum, to weep) + ferre to bear.] Producing tears. [Obs.] Blount.

Fleur•-de-lis , n.; pl. Fleurs-de-lis (#). [F., flower of the lily. Cf. Flower-de-luce, Lily.] 1. (Bot.) The iris. See Flower-de-luce. 2. A conventional flower suggested by the iris, and having a form which fits it for the terminal decoration of a scepter, the ornaments of a crown, etc. It is also a heraldic bearing, and is identified with the royal arms and adornments of France.

Fleur´y , a. [F. fleuri covered with flowers, p. p. of fleurir. See Flourish.] (Her.) Finished at the ends with fleurs-de-lis; — said esp. of a cross so decorated.

Flew , imp. of Fly.

Flewed , a. Having large flews. Shak.

Flews , n. pl. The pendulous or overhanging lateral parts of the upper lip of dogs, especially prominent in hounds; — called also chaps. See Illust. of Bloodhound.

Flex , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flexed p. pr. & vb. n. Flexing.] [L. flexus, p. p. of flectere to bend, perh. flectere and akin to falx sickle, E. falchion. Cf. Flinch.] To bend; as to flex the arm.

Flex, n. Flax. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flex•an´i•mous , a. [L. flexanimus; flectere, flexum, to bend + animus mind.] Having power to change the mind. [Obs.] Howell.

Flex•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. flexibilitas: cf. F. flexibilite.] The state or quality of being flexible; flexibleness; pliancy; pliability; as the flexibility of strips of hemlock, hickory, whalebone or metal, or of rays of light. Sir I. Newton. “All the flexibility of a veteran courtier.” Macaulay.

Flex´i•ble , a. [L. flexibilis: cf. F. flexible.] 1. Capable of being flexed or bent; admitting of being turned, bowed, or twisted, without breaking; pliable; yielding to pressure; not stiff or brittle. “When the splitting wind
Makes flexible the knees of knotted oaks.” Shak. 2. Willing or ready to yield to the influence of others; not invincibly rigid or obstinate; tractable; manageable; ductile; easy and compliant; wavering. “Phocion was a man of great severity, and no ways flexible to the will of the people.” Bacon. “Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible.” Shak. 3. Capable or being adapted or molded; plastic,; as a flexible language. “This was a principle more flexible to their purpose.” Rogers. Syn. — Pliant; pliable; supple; tractable; manageable; ductile; obsequious; inconstant; wavering. — Flex´i•ble•ness, n. — Flex´i•bly, adv.

Flex•i•cos´tate , a. [L. flexus bent + E. costate.] (Anat.) Having bent or curved ribs.

Flex´ile , a. [L. flexilis.] Flexible; pliant; pliable; easily bent; plastic; tractable. Wordsworth.

Flex´ion , n. [L. flexio: cf. F. flexion.] 1. The act of flexing or bending; a turning. 2. A bending; a part bent; a fold. Bacon. 3. (Gram.) Syntactical change of form of words, as by declension or conjugation; inflection. “Express the syntactical relations by flexion.” Sir W. Hamilton. 4. (Physiol.) The bending of a limb or joint; that motion of a joint which gives the distal member a continually decreasing angle with the axis of the proximal part; — distinguished from extension.

Flex´or , n. [NL.] (Anat.) A muscle which bends or flexes any part; as the flexors of the arm or the hand; — opposed to extensor.

Flex´u•ose ( 135), a. Flexuous.

Flex´u•ous , a. [L. flexuosus, fr. flexus a bending, turning.] 1. Having turns, windings, or flexures. 2. (Bot.) Having alternate curvatures in opposite directions; bent in a zigzag manner. 3. Wavering; not steady; flickering. Bacon.

Flex´u•ral , a. [From Flexure.] Of, pertaining to, or resulting from, flexure; of the nature of, or characterized by, flexure; as flexural elasticity.

Flex´ure ( 135), n. [L. flexura.] 1. The act of flexing or bending; a turning or curving; flexion; hence, obsequious bowing or bending. “Will it give place to flexure and low bending?” Shak. 2. A turn; a bend; a fold; a curve. “Varying with the flexures of the valley through which it meandered.” British Quart. Rev. 3. (Zoöl.) The last joint, or bend, of the wing of a bird. 4. (Astron.) The small distortion of an astronomical instrument caused by the weight of its parts; the amount to be added or substracted from the observed readings of the instrument to correct them for this distortion. The flexure of a curve (Math.), the bending of a curve towards or from a straight line.

Flib´ber•gib , n. A sycophant. [Obs. & Humorous.] ´Flatterers and flibbergibs.´ Latimer.

Flib´ber•ti•gib•bet , n. An imp. Shak.

Fli•bus•tier´ , n. [F.] A buccaneer; an American pirate. See Filibuster. [Obs.]

Flick (flik), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flicked (flikt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flicking.] [Cf. Flicker.] To whip lightly or with a quick jerk; to flap; as to flick a horse; to flick the dirt from boots. Thackeray.

Flick, n. A flitch; as a flick of bacon.

Flick´er (-er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flickered (-erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flickering.] [OE. flikeren, flekeren, to flutter, AS. flicerian, flicorian, cf. D. flikkeren to sparkle. rad.84. Cf. Flacker.] 1. To flutter; to flap the wings without flying. “And flickering on her nest made short essays to sing.” Dryden. 2. To waver unsteadily, like a flame in a current of air, or when about to expire; as the flickering light. “The shadows flicker to fro.” Tennyson.

Flick´er, n. 1. The act of wavering or of fluttering; fluctuation; sudden and brief increase of brightness; as the last flicker of the dying flame. 2. (Zoöl.) The golden-winged woodpecker (Colaptes aurutus); — so called from its spring note. Called also yellow-hammer, high-holder, pigeon woodpecker, and yucca. “The cackle of the flicker among the oaks.” Thoureau.

Flick´ering•ly, adv. In a flickering manner.

Flick´er•mouse , n. (Zoöl.) See Flittermouse.

Flidge , a. Fledged; fledge. [Obs.] Holland.

Flidge, v. i. To become fledged; to fledge. [Obs.] “Every day build their nests, every hour flidge.” R. Greene.

Fli´er (fli´er), n. [Form Fly, v.; cf. Flyer] 1. One who flies or flees; a runaway; a fugitive. Shak. 2. (Mach.) A fly. See Fly, n., 9, and 13 (b). 3. (Spinning) See Flyer, n., 5. 4. (Arch.) See Flyer, n., 4.

Flight (flit), n. [AS. fliht, flyht, a flying, fr. fleógan to fly; cf. flyht a fleeing, fr. fleón to flee, G. flucht a fleeing, Sw. flykt, G. flug a flying, Sw. flygt, D. vlugt a fleeing or flying, Dan. flugt. rad.84. See Flee, Fly.] 1. The act of flying; a passing through the air by the help of wings; volitation; mode or style of flying. “Like the night owl’s lazy flight.” Shak. 2. The act of fleeing; the act of running away, to escape danger or expected evil; hasty departure. “Pray ye that your flight be not in the winter.” Matt. xxiv. 20. “Fain by flight to save themselves.” Shak. 3. Lofty elevation and excursion; a mounting; a soaring; as a flight of imagination, ambition, folly. “Could he have kept his spirit to that flight,
He had been happy.” Byron. “His highest flights were indeed far below those of Taylor.” Macaulay. 4. A number of beings or things passing through the air together; especially, a flock of birds flying in company; the birds that fly or migrate together; the birds produced in one season; as a flight of arrows. Swift. “Swift flights of angels ministrant.” Milton. “Like a flight of fowl
Scattered winds and tempestuous gusts.” Shak. 5. A series of steps or stairs from one landing to another. Parker. 6. A kind of arrow for the longbow; also the sport of shooting with it. See Shaft. [Obs.] “Challenged Cupid at the flight.” Shak. “Not a flight drawn home
E’er made that haste that they have.” Beau. & Fl. 7. The husk or glume of oats. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Flight feathers (Zoöl.), the wing feathers of a bird, including the quills, coverts, and bastard wing. See Bird. — To put to flight, To turn to flight, to compel to run away; to force to flee; to rout. Syn. — Pair; set. See Pair.

Flight´ed , a. 1. Taking flight; flying; — used in composition. ´Drowsy- flighted steeds.´ Milton. 2. (Her.) Feathered; — said of arrows.

Flight´er , n. (Brewing) A horizontal vane revolving over the surface of wort in a cooler, to produce a circular current in the liquor. Knight.

Flight´i•ly , adv. In a flighty manner.

Flight´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being flighty. “The flightness of her temper.” Hawthorne. Syn. — Levity; giddiness; volatility; lightness; wildness; eccentricity. See Levity.

Flight´-shot , n. The distance to which an arrow or flight may be shot; bowshot, — about the fifth of a mile. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] “Within a flight-shot it inthe valley.” Evelyn. “Half a flight-shot from the king’s oak.” Sir W. Scott.

Flight´y , a. 1. Fleeting; swift; transient. “The flighty purpose never is o’ertook,
Unless the deed go with it.” Shak. 2. Indulging in flights, or wild and unrestrained sallies, of imagination, humor, caprice, etc.; given to disordered fancies and extravagant conduct; volatile; giddy; eccentric; slighty delirious. “Proofs of my flighty and paradoxical turn of mind.” Coleridge. “A harsh disciplinarian and a flighty enthusiast.” J. S. Harford.

Flim´flam , n. [Cf. Flam.] A freak; a trick; a lie. Beau. & Fl.

Flim´si•ly , adv. In a flimsy manner.

Flim´si•ness, n. The state or quality of being flimsy.

Flim´sy , a. [Compar. Flimsier superl. Flimsiest.] [Cf. W. llymsi naked, bare, empty, sluggish, spiritless. Cf. Limsy.] Weak; feeble; limp; slight; vain; without strength or solidity; of loose and unsubstantial structure; without reason or plausibility; as a flimsy argument, excuse, objection. “Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines.” Pope. “All the flimsy furniture of a country miss’s brain.” Sheridan. Syn. — Weak; feeble; superficial; shallow; vain.

Flim´sy, n. 1. Thin or transfer paper. 2. A bank note. [Slang, Eng.]

Flinch , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flinched p. pr. & vb. n. Flinching.] [Prob. fr. OE. flecchen to waver, give way, F. flechir, fr. L. flectere to bend; but prob. influenced by E. blench. Cf. Flex.] 1. To withdraw from any suffering or undertaking, from pain or danger; to fail in doing or perserving; to show signs of yielding or of suffering; to shrink; to wince; as one of the parties flinched from the combat. “A child, by a constant course of kindness, may be accustomed to bear very rough usage without flinching or complaining.” Locke. 2. (Croquet) To let the foot slip from a ball, when attempting to give a tight croquet.

Flinch, n. The act of flinching.

Flinch´er , n. One who flinches or fails.

Flinch´ing•ly, adv. In a flinching manner.

Flin´der•mouse , n.[OE. vlindre moth (cf. D. vlinder butterfly) + E. mouse. Cf. Flittermouse, Flinders.] (Zoöl.) A bat; a flittermouse.

Flin´ders , n. pl. [Scot. flenders, flendris; perh. akin to E. flutter; cf. D. flenters rags, broken pieces.] Small pieces or splinters; fragments. “The tough ash spear, so stout and true,
Into a thousand flinders flew.” Sir W. Scott.

Fling (fling), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flung (flung); p. pr. & vb. n. Flinging.] [OE. flingen, flengen, to rush, hurl; cf. Icel. flengia to whip, ride furiously, OSw. flenga to strike, Sw. flänga to romp, Dan. flenge to slash.] 1. To cast, send, to throw from the hand; to hurl; to dart; to emit with violence as if thrown from the hand; as to fing a stone into the pond. “’T is Fate that flings the dice: and, as she flings,
Of kings makes peasants, and of peasants kings.” Dryden. “He … like Jove, his lighting flung.” Dryden. “I know thy generous temper well.
Fling but the appearance of dishonor on it,
It straight takes fire.” Addison. 2. To shed forth; to emit; to scatter. “The sun begins to fling
His flaring beams.” Milton. “Every beam new transient colors flings.” Pope. 3. To throw; to hurl; to throw off or down; to prostrate; hence, to baffle; to defeat; as to fling a party in litigation. “His horse started, flung him, and fell upon him.” Walpole. To fling about, to throw on all sides; to scatter. — To fling away, to reject; to discard. “Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition.” Shak. —To fling down. (a) To throw to the ground; esp., to throw in defiance, as formerly knights cast a glove into the arena as a challenge. “This question so flung down before the guests, …
Was handed over by consent of all
To me who had not spoken.” Tennyson. (b) To overturn; to demolish; to ruin. — To fling in, to throw in; not to charge in an account; as in settling accounts, one party flings in a small sum, or a few days’ work. — To fling off, to baffle in the chase; to defeat of prey; also to get rid of. Addison. — To fling open, to throw open; to open suddenly or with violence; as to fling open a door. — To fling out, to utter; to speak in an abrupt or harsh manner; as to fling out hard words against another. — To fling up, to relinquish; to abandon; as to fling up a design.

Fling , v. i. 1. To throw; to wince; to flounce; as the horse began to kick and fling. 2. To cast in the teeth; to utter abusive language; to sneer; as the scold began to flout and fling. 3. To throw one’s self in a violent or hasty manner; to rush or spring with violence or haste. “And crop-full, out of doors he flings.” Milton. “I flung closer to his breast,
As sword that, after battle, flings to sheath.” Mrs. Browning. To fling out, to become ugly and intractable; to utter sneers and insinuations.

Fling, n. 1. A cast from the hand; a throw; also a flounce; a kick; as the fling of a horse. 2. A severe or contemptuous remark; an expression of sarcastic scorn; a gibe; a sarcasm. “I, who love to have a fling,
Both at senate house and king.” Swift. 3. A kind of dance; as the Highland fling. 4. A trifing matter; an object of contempt. [Obs.] “England were but a fling
Save for the crooked stick and the gray goose wing.” Old Proverb. To have one’s fling, to enjoy one’s self to the full; to have a season of dissipation. J. H. Newman. ´When I was as young as you, I had my fling. I led a life of pleasure.´ D. Jerrold.

Fling´dust , n. One who kicks up the dust; a streetwalker; a low manner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fling´er , n. One who flings; one who jeers.

Flint , n. [AS. flint, akin to Sw. flinta, Dan. flint; cf. OHG. flins flint, G. flinte gun (cf. E. flintlock), perh. akin to Gr. brick. Cf. Plinth.] 1. (Min.) A massive, somewhat impure variety of quartz, in color usually of a gray to brown or nearly black, breaking with a conchoidal fracture and sharp edge. It is very hard, and strikes fire with steel. 2. A piece of flint for striking fire; — formerly much used, esp. in the hammers of gun locks. 3. Anything extremely hard, unimpressible, and unyielding, like flint. ´A heart of flint.´ Spenser. Flint age. (Geol.) Same as Stone age, under Stone. — Flint brick, a fire made principially of powdered silex. — Flint glass. See in the Vocabulary. — Flint implements (Archaeol.), tools, etc., employed by men before the use of metals, such as axes, arrows, spears, knives, wedges, etc., which were commonly made of flint, but also of granite, jade, jasper, and other hard stones. — Flint mill. (a) (Pottery) A mill in which flints are ground. (b) (Mining) An obsolete appliance for lighting the miner at his work, in which flints on a revolving wheel were made to produce a shower of sparks, which gave light, but did not inflame the fire damp. Knight. — Flint stone, a hard, siliceous stone; a flint. — Flint wall, a kind of wall, common in England, on the face of which are exposed the black surfaces of broken flints set in the mortar, with quions of masonry. — Liquor of flints, a solution of silica, or flints, in potash. — To skin a flint, to be capable of, or guilty of, any expedient or any meanness for making money. [Colloq.]

Flint´ glass (Chem.) A soft, heavy, brilliant glass, consisting essentially of a silicate of lead and potassium. It is used for tableware, and for optical instruments, as prisms, its density giving a high degree of dispersive power; — so called, because formerly the silica was obtained from pulverized flints. Called also crystal glass. Cf. Glass. The concave or diverging half on an achromatic lens is usually made of flint glass.

Flint´-heart•ed , a. Hard- hearted. Shak.

Flint´i•ness , n. The state or quality of being flinty; hardness; cruelty. Beau. & Fl.

Flint´lock , n. 1. A lock for a gun or pistol, having a flint fixed in the hammer, which on striking the steel ignites the priming. 2. A hand firearm fitted with a flintlock; esp., the old-fashioned musket of European and other armies.

Flint´ware , n. A superior kind of earthenware into whose composition flint enters largely. Knight.

Flint´wood , n. (Bot.) An Australian name for the very hard wood of the Eucalyptus piluralis.

Flint´y , a. [Compar. Flintier superl. Flintiest.] Consisting of, composed of, abounding in, or resembling, flint; as a flinty rock; flinty ground; a flinty heart. Flinty rock, or Flinty state, a siliceous slate; — basanite is here included. See Basanite.

Flip , n. [Cf. Prov. E. flip nimble, flippant, also a slight blow. Cf. Flippant.] A mixture of beer, spirit, etc., stirred and heated by a hot iron. Flip dog, an iron used, when heated, to warm flip.

Flip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flipped p. pr. & vb. n. Flipping.] To toss or fillip; as to flip up a cent. “As when your little ones
Do ’twixt their fingers flip their cherry stones.” W. Browne.

Flipe , v. t. To turn inside out, or with the leg part back over the foot, as a stocking in pulling off or for putting on. [Scot.]

Flip´-flap , n. [See Flip, and Flap.] The repeated stroke of something long and loose. Johnson.

Flip´-flap, adv. With repeated strokes and noise, as of something long and loose. Ash.

Flip´pan•cy , n.[See Flippant.] The state or quality of being flippant. “This flippancy of language.” Bp. Hurd.

Flip´pant , a. [Prov. E. flip to move nimbly; cf. W. llipa soft, limber, pliant, or Icel. fleipa to babble, prattle. Cf. Flip, Fillip, Flap, Flipper.] 1. Of smooth, fluent, and rapid speech; speaking with ease and rapidity; having a voluble tongue; talkative. “It becometh good men, in such cases, to be flippant and free in their speech.” Barrow. 2. Speaking fluently and confidently, without knowledge or consideration; empty; trifling; inconsiderate; pert; petulant. ´Flippant epilogues.´ Thomson. “To put flippant scorn to the blush.” I. Taylor. “A sort of flippant, vain discourse.” Burke.

Flip´pant, n. A flippant person. [R.] Tennyson.

Flip´pant•ly, adv. In a flippant manner.

Flip´pant•ness, n. State or quality of being flippant.

Flip´per , n. [Cf. Flip, Flippant.] 1. (Zoöl.) A broad flat limb used for swimming, as those of seals, sea turtles, whales, etc. 2. (Naut.) The hand. [Slang]

Flirt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flirting.] [Cf. AS. fleard trifle, folly, fleardian to trifle.] 1. To throw with a jerk or quick effort; to fling suddenly; as they flirt water in each other’s faces; he flirted a glove, or a handkerchief. 2. To toss or throw about; to move playfully to and fro; as to flirt a fan. 3. To jeer at; to treat with contempt; to mock. [Obs.] “I am ashamed; I am scorned; I am flirted.” Beau. & Fl.

Flirt, v. i. 1. To run and dart about; to act with giddiness, or from a desire to attract notice; especially, to play the coquette; to play at courtship; to coquet; as they flirt with the young men. 2. To utter contemptuous language, with an air of disdain; to jeer or gibe. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Flirt, n. 1. A sudden jerk; a quick throw or cast; a darting motion; hence, a jeer. “Several little flirts and vibrations.” Addison. “With many a flirt and flutter.” E. A. Poe. 2. [Cf. LG. flirtje, G. flirtchen. See Flirt, v. t.] One who flirts; esp., a woman who acts with giddiness, or plays at courtship; a coquette; a pert girl. “Several young flirts about town had a design to cast us out of the fashionable world.” Addison.

Flirt, a. Pert; wanton. [Obs.]

Flir•ta´tion , n. 1. Playing at courtship; coquetry. “The flirtations and jealousies of our ball rooms.” Macaulay.

Flirt´-gill , n. A woman of light behavior; a gill-flirt. [Obs.] Shak. “You heard him take me up like a flirt- gill.” Beau. & Fl.

Flirt´i•gig , n. A wanton, pert girl. [Obs.]

Flirt´ing•ly, adv. In a flirting manner.

Flisk , v. i. To frisk; to skip; to caper. [Obs. Scot.] ´The flisking flies.´ Gosson.

Flisk, n. A caper; a spring; a whim. [Scot.]

Flit , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flitted p. pr. & vb. n. Flitting ] [OE. flitten, flutten, to carry away; cf. Icel. flytja, Sw. flytta, Dan. flytte. rad.84. Cf. Fleet, v. i.] 1. To move with celerity through the air; to fly away with a rapid motion; to dart along; to fleet; as a bird flits away; a cloud flits along. “A shadow flits before me.” Tennyson. 2. To flutter; to rove on the wing. Dryden. 3. To pass rapidly, as a light substance, from one place to another; to remove; to migrate. “It became a received opinion, that the souls of men, departing this life, did flit out of one body into some other.” Hooker. 4. To remove from one place or habitation to another. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Wright. Jamieson. 5. To be unstable; to be easily or often moved. “And the free soul to flitting air resigned.” Dryden.

Flit, a. Nimble; quick; swift. [Obs.] See Fleet.

Flitch , n.; pl. Flitches (#). [OE. flicche, flikke, AS. flicce, akin to Icel. flikki; cf. Icel. flik flap, tatter; perh. akin to E. fleck. Cf. Flick, n.] 1. The side of a hog salted and cured; a side of bacon. Swift. 2. One of several planks, smaller timbers, or iron plates, which are secured together, side by side, to make a large girder or built beam. 3. The outside piece of a sawed log; a slab. [Eng.]

Flite , v. i. [AS. flitan to strive, contend, quarrel; akin to G. fleiss industry.] To scold; to quarrel. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Flit´ter , v. i. To flutter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flit´ter, v. t. To flutter; to move quickly; as to flitter the cards. [R.] Lowell.

Flit´ter, n. [Cf. G. flitter spangle, tinsel, flittern to make a tremulous motion, to glitter. Cf. Flitter, v. i.] A rag; a tatter; a small piece or fragment.

Flit´ter•mouse , n. [Flitter, v.i. + mouse; cf. G. fledermaus, OHG. fledarmus. Cf. Flickermouse, Flindermouse.] (Zoöl.) A bat; — called also flickermouse, flindermouse, and flintymouse.

Flit´tern , a. A term applied to the bark obtained from young oak trees. McElrath.

Flit´ti•ness , n. [From Flitty.] Unsteadiness; levity; lightness. [Obs.] Bp. Hopkins.

Flit´ting , n. 1. A flying with lightness and celerity; a fluttering. 2. A removal from one habitation to another. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] “A neighbor had lent his cart for the flitting, and it was now standing loaded at the door, ready to move away.” Jeffrey.

Flit´ting•ly, adv. In a flitting manner.

Flit´ty , a. [From Flit.] Unstable; fluttering. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Flix , n. [Cf. Flax.] Down; fur. [Obs. or Eng.] J. Dyer.

Flix, n. The flux; dysentery. [Obs.] Udall. Flix weed (Bot.), the Sisymbrium Sophia, a kind of hedge mustard, formerly used as a remedy for dysentery.

Flo (flo), n.; pl. Flon (flon). [AS. fla, flan.] An arrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Float (flot), n.[OE. flote ship, boat, fleet, AS. flota ship, fr. fleótan to float; akin to D. vloot fleet, G. floss raft, Icel. floti float, raft, fleet, Sw. flotta. rad. 84. See Fleet, v. i., and cf. Flotilla, Flotsam, Plover.] 1. Anything which floats or rests on the surface of a fluid, as to sustain weight, or to indicate the height of the surface, or mark the place of, something. Specifically: (a) A mass of timber or boards fastened together, and conveyed down a stream by the current; a raft. (b) The hollow, metallic ball of a self-acting faucet, which floats upon the water in a cistern or boiler. (c) The cork or quill used in angling, to support the bait line, and indicate the bite of a fish. (d) Anything used to buoy up whatever is liable to sink; an inflated bag or pillow used by persons learning to swim; a life preserver. “This reform bill … had been used as a float by the conservative ministry.” J. P. Peters. 2. A float board. See Float board (below). 3. (Tempering) A contrivance for affording a copious stream of water to the heated surface of an object of large bulk, as an anvil or die. Knight. 4. The act of flowing; flux; flow. [Obs.] Bacon. 5. A quantity of earth, eighteen feet square and one foot deep. [Obs.] Mortimer. 6. (Plastering) The trowel or tool with which the floated coat of plastering is leveled and smoothed. 7. A polishing block used in marble working; a runner. Knight. 8. A single-cut file for smoothing; a tool used by shoemakers for rasping off pegs inside a shoe. 9. A coal cart. [Eng.] Simmonds. 10. The sea; a wave. See Flote, n. Float board, one of the boards fixed radially to the rim of an undershot water wheel or of a steamer’s paddle wheel; — a vane. — Float case (Naut.), a caisson used for lifting a ship. — Float copper or gold (Mining), fine particles of metallic copper or of gold suspended in water, and thus liable to be lost. — Float ore, water-worn particles of ore; fragments of vein material found on the surface, away from the vein outcrop. Raymond. — Float stone (Arch.), a siliceous stone used to rub stonework or brickwork to a smooth surface. — Float valve, a valve or cock acted upon by a float. See Float, 1 (b).

Float, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floated; p. pr. & vb. n. Floating.] [OE. flotien, flotten, AS. flotian to float, swim, fr. fleótan. See Float, n.] 1. To rest on the surface of any fluid; to swim; to be buoyed up. “The ark no more now floats, but seems on ground.” Milton. “Three blustering nights, borne by the southern blast,
I floated.” Dryden. 2. To move quietly or gently on the water, as a raft; to drift along; to move or glide without effort or impulse on the surface of a fluid, or through the air. “They stretch their broad plumes and float upon the wind.” Pope. “There seems a floating whisper on the hills.” Byron.

Float, v. t. 1. To cause to float; to cause to rest or move on the surface of a fluid; as the tide floated the ship into the harbor. “Had floated that bell on the Inchcape rock.” Southey. 2. To flood; to overflow; to cover with water. “Proud Pactolus floats the fruitful lands.” Dryden. 3. (Plastering) To pass over and level the surface of with a float while the plastering is kept wet. 4. To support and sustain the credit of, as a commercial scheme or a joint-stock company, so as to enable it to go into, or continue in, operation.

Float´a•ble , a. That may be floated.

Float´age ( 48), n. Same as Flotage.

Float•a´tion , n. See Flotation.

Float´er , n. 1. One who floats or swims. 2. A float for indicating the height of a liquid surface.

Float´ing, a. 1. Buoyed upon or in a fluid; a, the floating timbers of a wreck; floating motes in the air. 2. Free or lose from the usual attachment; as the floating ribs in man and some other animals. 3. Not funded; not fixed, invested, or determined; as floating capital; a floating debt. “Trade was at an end. Floating capital had been withdrawn in great masses from the island.” Macaulay. Floating anchor (Naut.), a drag or sea anchor; drag sail. — Floating battery (Mil.), a battery erected on rafts or the hulls of ships, chiefly for the defense of a coast or the bombardment of a place. — Floating bridge. (a) A bridge consisting of rafts or timber, with a floor of plank, supported wholly by the water; a bateau bridge. See Bateau. (b) (Mil.) A kind of double bridge, the upper one projecting beyond the lower one, and capable of being moved forward by pulleys; — used for carrying troops over narrow moats in attacking the outworks of a fort. (c) A kind of ferryboat which is guided and impelled by means of chains which are anchored on each side of a stream, and pass over wheels on the vessel, the wheels being driven by stream power. (d) The landing platform of a ferry dock. — Floating cartilage (Med.), a cartilage which moves freely in the cavity of a joint, and often interferes with the functions of the latter. — Floating dam. (a) An anchored dam. (b) A caisson used as a gate for a dry dock. — Floating derrick, a derrick on a float for river and harbor use, in raising vessels, moving stone for harbor improvements, etc. — Floating dock. (Naut.) See under Dock. — Floating harbor, a breakwater of cages or booms, anchored and fastened together, and used as a protection to ships riding at anchor to leeward. Knight. — Floating heart (Bot.), a small aquatic plant (Limnanthemum lacunosum) whose heart-shaped leaves float on the water of American ponds. — Floating island, a dish for dessert, consisting of custard with floating masses of whipped cream or white of eggs. — Floating kidney. (Med.) See Wandering kidney, under Wandering. — Floating light, a light shown at the masthead of a vessel moored over sunken rocks, shoals, etc., to warn mariners of danger; a light-ship; also a light erected on a buoy or floating stage. — Floating liver. (Med.) See Wandering liver, under Wandering. — Floating pier, a landing stage or pier which rises and falls with the tide. — Floating ribs (Anat.), the lower or posterior ribs which are not connected with the others in front; in man they are the last two pairs. — Floating screed (Plastering), a strip of plastering first laid on, to serve as a guide for the thickness of the coat. — Floating threads (Weaving), threads which span several other threads without being interwoven with them, in a woven fabric.

Float´ing , n. 1. (Weaving) Floating threads. See Floating threads, above. 2. The second coat of three-coat plastering. Knight.

Float´ing•ly, adv. In a floating manner.

Float´y , a. Swimming on the surface; buoyant; light. Sir W. Raleigh.

Flo´bert , n. (Gun.) A small cartridge designed for target shooting; — sometimes called ball cap. Flobert rifle, a rifle adapted to the use of floberts.

Floc•cil•la´tion , n. [L. floccus a flock of wool. Cf. Flock of wool.] (Med.) A delirious picking of bedclothes by a sick person, as if to pick off flocks of wool; carphology; — an alarming symptom in acute diseases. Dunglison.

Floc•cose´ , a. [L. floccosus. Cf. 2d Flock, n.] 1. Spotted with small tufts like wool. Wright. 2. (Bot.) Having tufts of soft hairs, which are often deciduous.

Floc´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the flocculus.

Floc´cu•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Flocculating.] (Geol.) To aggregate into small lumps.

Floc´cu•late , a. (Zoöl.) Furnished with tufts of curly hairs, as some insects.

Floc•cu•la´tion , n. (Geol.) The process by which small particles of fine soils and sediments aggregate into larger lumps.

Floc´cu•lence , n. The state of being flocculent.

Floc´cu•lent , a. [See Flock of wool.] 1. Clothed with small flocks or flakes; woolly. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Applied to the down of newly hatched or unfledged birds.

Floc´cu•lus , n.; pl. Flocculi (#). [NL., dim. of L. floccus a lock or flock of wool.] (Anat.) A small lobe in the under surface of the cerebellum, near the middle peduncle; the subpeduncular lobe.

Floc´cus , n.; pl. Flocci (#). [L., a flock of wool.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The tuft of hair terminating the tail of mammals. (b) A tuft of feathers on the head of young birds. 2. (Bot.) A woolly filament sometimes occuring with the sporules of certain fungi.

Flock , n. [AS. flocc flock, company; akin to Icel. flokkr crowd, Sw. flock, Dan. flok; prob. orig. used of flows, and akin to E. fly. See Fly.] 1. A company or collection of living creatures; — especially applied to sheep and birds, rarely to persons or (except in the plural) to cattle and other large animals; as a flock of ravenous fowl. Milton. “The heathen … came to Nicanor by flocks.” 2 Macc. xiv. 14. 2. A Christian church or congregation; considered in their relation to the pastor, or minister in charge. “As half amazed, half frighted all his flock.” Tennyson.

Flock, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocked p. pr. & vb. n. Flocking.] To gather in companies or crowds. “Friends daily flock.” Dryden. Flocking fowl (Zoöl.), the greater scaup duck.

Flock, v. t. To flock to; to crowd. [Obs.] “Good fellows, trooping, flocked me so.” Taylor (1609).

Flock, n. [OE. flokke; cf. D. vlok, G. flocke, OHG. floccho, Icel. floki, perh. akin to E. flicker, flacker, or cf. L. floccus, F. floc.] 1. A lock of wool or hair. “I prythee, Tom, beat Cut’s saddle, put a few flocks in the point [pommel].” Shak. 2. Woolen or cotton refuse (sing. or pl.), old rags, etc., reduced to a degree of fineness by machinery, and used for stuffing unpholstered furniture. 3. Very fine, sifted, woolen refuse, especially that from shearing the nap of cloths, used as a coating for wall paper to give it a velvety or clothlike appearance; also the dust of vegetable fiber used for a similar purpose. Flock bed, a bed filled with flocks or locks of coarse wool, or pieces of cloth cut up fine. ´Once a flock bed, but repaired with straw.´ Pope. — Flock paper, paper coated with flock fixed with glue or size.

Flock, v. t. To coat with flock, as wall paper; to roughen the surface of (as glass) so as to give an appearance of being covered with fine flock.

Flock´ling, n. A lamb. [Obs.] Brome (1659).

Flock´ly, adv. In flocks; in crowds. [Obs.]

Flock´mel , adv. [AS. flocmlum. See Meal part.] In a flock; in a body. [Obs.] “That flockmel on a day they to him went.” Chaucer.

Flock´y, a. Abounding with flocks; floccose.

Floe (flo), n. [Cf. Dan. flag af iis, iisflage, Sw. flaga, flake, isflaga, isflake. See Flag a flat stone.] A low, flat mass of floating ice. Floe rat (Zoöl.), a seal (Phoca fœtida).

Flog (flog), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flogged (flogd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flogging (-ging).] [Cf. Scot. fleg blow, stroke, kick, AS. flocan to strike, or perh. fr. L. flagellare to whip. Cf. Flagellate.] To beat or strike with a rod or whip; to whip; to lash; to chastise with repeated blows.

Flog´ger , n. 1. One who flogs. 2. A kind of mallet for beating the bung stave of a cask to start the bung. Knight.

Flog´ging , a. & n. from Flog, v. t. Flogging chisel (Mach.), a large cold chisel, used in chipping castings. — Flogging hammer, a small sledge hammer used for striking a flogging chisel.

Flon , n. pl. See Flo. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flong , obs. imp. & p. p. of Fling.

Flood , n. [OE. flod a flowing, stream, flood, AS. flod; akin to D. vloed, OS. flod, OHG. fluot, G. flut, Icel. floð, Sw. & Dan. flod, Goth. flodus; from the root of E. flow. rad.80. See Flow, v. i.] 1. A great flow of water; a body of moving water; the flowing stream, as of a river; especially, a body of water, rising, swelling, and overflowing land not usually thus covered; a deluge; a freshet; an inundation. “A covenant never to destroy
The earth again by flood.” Milton. 2. The flowing in of the tide; the semidiurnal swell or rise of water in the ocean; — opposed to ebb; as young flood; high flood. “There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.” Shak. 3. A great flow or stream of any fluid substance; as a flood of light; a flood of lava; hence, a great quantity widely diffused; an overflowing; a superabundance; as a flood of bank notes; a flood of paper currency. 4. Menstrual disharge; menses. Harvey. Flood anchor (Naut.) , the anchor by which a ship is held while the tide is rising. — Flood fence, a fence so secured that it will not be swept away by a flood. — Flood gate, a gate for shutting out, admitting, or releasing, a body of water; a tide gate. — Flood mark, the mark or line to which the tide, or a flood, rises; high-water mark. — Flood tide, the rising tide; — opposed to ebb tide. — The Flood, the deluge in the days of Noah.

Flood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Flooding.] 1. To overflow; to inundate; to deluge; as the swollen river flooded the valley. 2. To cause or permit to be inundated; to fill or cover with water or other fluid; as to flood arable land for irrigation; to fill to excess or to its full capacity; as to flood a country with a depreciated currency.

Flood´age ( 48), n. Inundation. [R.] Carlyle.

Flood´er , n. One who floods anything.

Flood´ing, n. The filling or covering with water or other fluid; overflow; inundation; the filling anything to excess. 2. (Med.) An abnormal or excessive discharge of blood from the uterus. Dunglison.

Flook , n. A fluke of an anchor. { Flook´an , Flu´kan }, n. (Mining) See Flucan.

Flook´y , a. Fluky.

Floor , n. [AS. flr; akin to D. vloer, G. flur field, floor, entrance hall, Icel. flr floor of a cow stall, cf. Ir. & Gael. lar floor, ground, earth, W. llawr, perh. akin to L. planus level. Cf. Plain smooth.] 1. The bottom or lower part of any room; the part upon which we stand and upon which the movables in the room are supported. 2. The structure formed of beams, girders, etc., with proper covering, which divides a building horizontally into stories. Floor in sense 1 is, then, the upper surface of floor in sense 2. 3. The surface, or the platform, of a structure on which we walk or travel; as the floor of a bridge. 4. A story of a building. See Story. 5. (Legislative Assemblies) (a) The part of the house assigned to the members. (b) The right to speak. [U.S.] Instead of he has the floor, the English say, he is in possession of the house. 6. (Naut.) That part of the bottom of a vessel on each side of the keelson which is most nearly horizontal. 7. (Mining) (a) The rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit. (b) A horizontal, flat ore body. Raymond. Floor cloth, a heavy fabric, painted, varnished, or saturated, with waterproof material, for covering floors; oilcloth. — Floor cramp, an implement for tightening the seams of floor boards before nailing them in position. — Floor light, a frame with glass panes in a floor. — Floor plan. (a) (Shipbuilding) A longitudinal section, showing a ship as divided at the water line. (b) (Arch.) A horizontal section, showing the thickness of the walls and partitions, arrangement of passages, apartments, and openings at the level of any floor of a house.

Floor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Floored p. pr. & vb. n. Flooring.] 1. To cover with a floor; to furnish with a floor; as to floor a house with pine boards. 2. To strike down or lay level with the floor; to knock down; hence, to silence by a conclusive answer or retort; as to floor an opponent. “Floored or crushed by him.” Coleridge. 3. To finish or make an end of; as to floor a college examination. [Colloq.] “I’ve floored my little-go work.” T. Hughes.

Floor´age ( 48), n. Floor space.

Floor´er , n. Anything that floors or upsets a person, as a blow that knocks him down; a conclusive answer or retort; a task that exceeds one’s abilities. [Colloq.]

Floor´heads, n. pl. (Naut.) The upper extermities of the floor of a vessel.

Floor´ing, n. A platform; the bottom of a room; a floor; pavement. See Floor, n. Addison. 2. Material for the construction of a floor or floors.

Floor´less, a. Having no floor.

Floor´walk•er , n. One who walks about in a large retail store as an overseer and director. [U.S.]

Flop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flopped p. pr. & vb. n. Flopping.] [A variant of flap.] 1. To clap or strike, as a bird its wings, a fish its tail, etc.; to flap. 2. To turn suddenly, as something broad and flat. [Colloq.] Fielding.

Flop , v. i. 1. To strike about with something broad and flat, as a fish with its tail, or a bird with its wings; to rise and fall; as the brim of a hat flops. 2. To fall, sink, or throw one’s self, heavily, clumsily, and unexpectedly on the ground. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Flop, n. Act of flopping. [Colloq.] W. H. Russell.

Flop´py , n. Having a tendency to flop or flap; as a floppy hat brim. G. Eliot.

Flop´wing , n. (Zoöl.) The lapwing.

Flo´ra , n. [L., the goddess of flowers, from flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of flowers and spring. 2. (Bot.) The complete system of vegetable species growing without cultivation in a given locality, region, or period; a list or description of, or treatise on, such plants.

Flo´ral , a. [L. Floralis belonging to Flora: cf. F. floral. See Flora.] 1. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers; made of flowers; as floral games, wreaths. 2. (Bot.) Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters. Martyn. Floral envelope (Bot.), the calyx and corolla, one or the other of which (mostly the corolla) may be wanting.

Flo´ral•ly, adv. In a floral manner.

Flo´ra•mour , n.[L. flos, floris, flower + amorlove.] The plant love-lies- bleeding. [Obs.] Prior.

Flo´ran , n. (Mining) Tin ore scarcely perceptible in the stone; tin ore stamped very fine. Pryce.

Flo•real´ , n. [F. floreal, fr. L. flos, floris, flower.] The eight month of the French republican calendar. It began April 20, and ended May 19. See Vendemiare.

Flor´en , n. [LL. florenus. See Florin.] A cerain gold coin; a Florence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flor´ence , n. [From the city of Florence: cf. F. florence a kind of cloth, OF. florin.] 1. An ancient gold coin of the time of Edward III., of six shillings sterling value. Camden. 2. A kind of cloth. Johnson. Florence flask. See under Flask. — Florence oil, olive oil prepared in Florence.

Flor´en•tine (? or 277), a. [L. Florentinus, fr. Florentia Florence: cf. F. florentin.] Belonging or relating to Florence, in Italy. Florentine mosaic, a mosaic of hard or semiprecious stones, often so chosen and arranged that their natural colors represent leaves, flowers, and the like, inlaid in a background, usually of black or white marble.

Flor´en•tine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Florence, a city in Italy. 2. A kind of silk. Knight. 3. A kind of pudding or tart; a kind of meat pie. [Obs.] “Stealing custards, tarts, and florentines.” Beau. & Fl.

Flo•res´cence , n. [See Florescent.] (Bot.) A bursting into flower; a blossoming. Martyn.

Flo•res´cent , a. [L. florescens, p. pr. of florescere begin to blossom, incho. fr. florere to blossom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] Expanding into flowers; blossoming.

Flo´ret , n. [OF. florete, F. fleurette, dim. of OF. lor, F. fleur. See Flower, and cf. Floweret, 3d Ferret.] 1. (Bot.) A little flower; one of the numerous little flowers which compose the head or anthodium in such flowers as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Gray. 2. [F. fleuret.] A foil; a blunt sword used in fencing. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Flo´ri•age , n. [L. flos, floris, flower.] Bloom; blossom. [Obs.] J. Scott.

Flo´ri•a•ted , a. (Arch.) Having floral ornaments; as floriated capitals of Gothic pillars.

Flo•ric´o•mous , a. [L. flos, floris, flower + coma hair.] Having the head adorned with flowers. [R.]

Flo•ri•cul´tur•al (? or 135), a. Pertaining to the cultivation of flowering plants.

Flo´ri•cul•ture (? or 135, 277), n. [L. flos, floris, flower + cultura culture.] The cultivation of flowering plants.

Flo•ri•cul´tur•ist , n. One skilled in the cultivation of flowers; a florist.

Flor´id , a. [L. floridus, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. Covered with flowers; abounding in flowers; flowery. [R.] “Fruit from a pleasant and florid tree.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Bright in color; flushed with red; of a lively reddish color; as a florid countenance. 3. Embellished with flowers of rhetoric; enriched to excess with figures; excessively ornate; as a florid style; florid eloquence. 4. (Mus.) Flowery; ornamental; running in rapid melodic figures, divisions, or passages, as in variations; full of fioriture or little ornamentations.

Flor´i•da bean´ (Bot.) (a) The large, roundish, flattened seed of Mucuna urens. See under Bean. (b) One of the very large seeds of the Entada scandens.

Flo•rid´e•ae , n. pl. [NL., from L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) A subclass of algae including all the red or purplish seaweeds; the Rhodospermeae of many authors; — so called from the rosy or florid color of most of the species.

Flo•rid´i•ty , n. The quality of being florid; floridness. Floyer.

Flor´id•ly , adv. In a florid manner.

Flor´id•ness, n. The quality of being florid. Boyle.

Flo•rif´er•ous , a. [L. florifer; flos, floris, flower + ferre to bear; cf. F. florifère.] Producing flowers. Blount.

Flo•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. flos, floris, flower + facere to make.] The act, process, or time of flowering; florescence.

Flo´ri•form , a. [L. flos, floris, flower + -form: cf. F. floriforme.] Having the form of a flower; flower- shaped.

Flo´ri•ken , n. (Zoöl.) An Indian bustard (Otis aurita). The Bengal floriken is Sypheotides Bengalensis. [Written also florikan, florikin, florican.]

Flo´ri•lege , n. [L. florilegus flower-culling; flos, floris, flower + legere to gather: cf. F. florilège.] The act of gathering flowers.

Flo´ri•mer , n. (Bot.) See Floramour. [Obs.]

Flor´in , n. [F. florin, It. florino, orig., a Florentine coin, with a lily on it, fr. flore a flower, fr. L. flos. See Flower, and cf. Floren.] A silver coin of Florence, first struck in the twelfth century, and noted for its beauty. The name is given to different coins in different countries. The florin of England, first minted in 1849, is worth two shillings, or about 48 cents; the florin of the Netherlands, about 40 cents; of Austria, about 36 cents.

Flo´rist (? or 277), n. [Cf. F. fleuriste, floriste, fr. F. fleur flower. See Flower.] 1. A cultivator of, or dealer in, flowers. 2. One who writes a flora, or an account of plants.

Flo•roon´ , n. [F. fleuron. See Flower.] A border worked with flowers. Wright.

Flor´u•lent , a. [L. florulentus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] Flowery; blossoming. [Obs.] Blount.

Flos´cu•lar , a. (Bot.) Flosculous.

Flos•cu•la´ri•an , n. [From L. flosculus a floweret.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of stalked rotifers, having ciliated tentacles around the lobed disk.

Flos•cule , n. [L. flosculus, dim. of flos flower: cf. F. floscule.] (Bot.) A floret.

Flos´cu•lous , a. (Bot.) Consisting of many gamopetalous florets.

Flos•-fer´ri , n.[L., flower of iron.] (Min.) A variety of aragonite, occuring in delicate white coralloidal forms; — common in beds of iron ore.

Flosh , n. [Cf. G. flösse a trough in which tin ore is washed.] (Metallurgy) A hopper-shaped box or nortar in which ore is placed for the action of the stamps. Knight.

Floss ( 195), n. [It. floscio flabby, soft, fr. L. fluxus flowing, loose, slack. See Flux, n.] 1. (Bot.) The slender styles of the pistillate flowers of maize; also called silk. 2. Untwisted filaments of silk, used in embroidering. Floss silk, silk that has been twisted, and which retains its loose and downy character. It is much used in embroidery. Called also floxed silk. — Floss thread, a kind of soft flaxen yarn or thread, used for embroidery; — called also linen floss, and floss yarn. McElrath.

Floss, n. [Cf. G. floss a float.] 1. A small stream of water. [Eng.] 2. Fluid glass floating on iron in the puddling furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxides and earths which are present. Floss hole. (a) A hole at the back of a puddling furnace, at which the slags pass out. (b) The tap hole of a melting furnace. Knight.

Flos•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. Florification.] A flowering; florification. [R.] Craig.

Floss´y ( 115), a. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, floss; hence, light; downy.

Flo´ta , n. [Sp. See Flotilla.] A fleet; especially, a eet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, in Mexico, to transport to Spain the production of Spanish America.

Flo´tage , n. [OF. flotage, F. flottage, fr. flotter to float.] 1. The state of floating. 2. That which floats on the sea or in rivers. [Written also floatage.]

Flo´tant , a. [OF. flotant, F. flottant, p. pr. of flotter to float.] (Her.) Represented as flying or streaming in the air; as a banner flotant.

Flo•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. flottation a floating, flottaison water line, fr. flotter to float. See Flotilla.] 1. The act, process, or state of floating. 2. The science of floating bodies. Center of flotation. (Shipbuilding) (a) The center of any given plane of flotation. (b) More commonly, the middle of the length of the load water line. Rankine. — Plane, or Line, of flotation, the plane or line in which the horizontal surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it. See Bearing, n., 9 (c). — Surface of flotation (Shipbuilding), the imaginary surface which all the planes of flotation touch when a vessel rolls or pitches; the envelope of all such planes.

Flote , v. t. To fleet; to skim. [Obs.] Tusser.

Flote, n. [Cf. F. flot, L. fluctus; also cf. Float, n.] A wave. [Obs.] ´The Mediterranean flote.´ Shak.

Flot´er•y , a. Wavy; flowing. [Obs.] “With flotery beard.” Chaucer.

Flo•til´la , n. [Sp. flotilla, dim. of flota fleet; akin to F. flotte, It. flotta, and F. flot wave, fr. L. fluctus, but prob. influenced by words akin to E. float. See Fluctuate, and cf. Float, n.] A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels. { Flot´sam , Flot´son }, n. [F. flotter to float. See FFlotilla, and cf. Jetsam.] (Law) Goods lost by shipwreck, and floating on the sea; — in distinction from jetsam or jetson. Blackstone.

Flot´ten , p. p. of Flote, v. t. Skimmed. [Obs.]

Flounce , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flounced (flounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Flouncing ] [Cf. OSw. flunsa to immerge.] To throw the limbs and body one way and the other; to spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence; to struggle, as a horse in mire; to flounder; to throw one’s self with a jerk or spasm, often as in displeasure. “To flutter and flounce will do nothing but batter and bruise us.” Barrow. “With his broad fins and forky tail he laves
The rising sirge, and flounces in the waves.” Addison.

Flounce , n. The act of floucing; a sudden, jerking motion of the body.

Flounce, n. [Cf. G. flaus, flausch, a tuft of wool or hair; akin to vliess, E. fleece; or perh. corrupted fr. rounce.] An ornamental appendage to the skirt of a woman’s dress, consisting of a strip gathered and sewed on by its upper edge around the skirt, and left hanging.

Flounce, v. t. To deck with a flounce or flounces; as to flounce a petticoat or a frock.

Floun´der , n. [Cf. Sw. flundra; akin to Dan. flynder, Icel. flyra, G. flunder, and perh. to E. flounder, v.i.] 1. (Zoöl.) A flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae, of many species. The common English flounder is Pleuronectes flesus. There are several common American species used as food; as the smooth flounder (P. glabra); the rough or winter flounder (P. Americanus); the summer flounder, or plaice (Paralichthys dentatus), Atlantic coast; and the starry flounder (Pleuronectes stellatus). 2. (Bootmaking) A tool used in crimping boot fronts.

Floun´der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floundered p. pr. & vb. n. Floundering.] [Cf. D. flodderen to flap, splash through mire, E. flounce, v.i., and flounder the fish.] To fling the limbs and body, as in making efforts to move; to struggle, as a horse in the mire, or as a fish on land; to roll, toss, and tumble; to flounce. “They have floundered on from blunder to blunder.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Floun´der, n. The act of floundering.

Flour , n. [F. fleur de farine the flower (i.e., the best) of meal, cf. Sp. flor de la harina superfine flour, Icel. flür flower, flour. See Flower.] The finely ground meal of wheat, or of any other grain; especially, the finer part of meal separated by bolting; hence, the fine and soft powder of any substance; as flour of emery; flour of mustard. Flour bolt, in milling, a gauze-covered, revolving, cylindrical frame or reel, for sifting the flour from the refuse contained in the meal yielded by the stones. — Flour box a tin box for scattering flour; a dredging box. — Flour dredge or dredger, a flour box. — Flour dresser, a mashine for sorting and distributing flour according to grades of fineness. — Flour mill, a mill for grinding and sifting flour.

Flour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Floured p. pr. & vb. n. Flouring.] 1. To grind and bolt; to convert into flour; as to flour wheat. 2. To sprinkle with flour.

Floured , p. a. Finely granulated; — said of quicksilver which has been granulated by agitation during the amalgamation process. Raymond.

Flour´ish , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flourished p. pr. & vb. n. Flourishing.] [OE. florisshen, flurisshen, OF. flurir, F. fleurir, fr. L. florere to bloom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower, and - ish.] 1. To grow luxuriantly; to increase and enlarge, as a healthy growing plant; a thrive. “A tree thrives and flourishes in a kindly … soil.” Bp. Horne. 2. To be prosperous; to increase in wealth, honor, comfort, happiness, or whatever is desirable; to thrive; to be prominent and influental; specifically, of authors, painters, etc., to be in a state of activity or production. “When all the workers of iniquity do flourish.” Ps. xcii 7 “Bad men as frequently prosper and flourish, and that by the means of their wickedness.” Nelson. “We say
Of those that held their heads above the crowd,
They flourished then or then.” Tennyson. 3. To use florid language; to indulge in rhetorical figures and lofty expressions; to be flowery. “They dilate … and flourish long on little incidents.” J. Watts. 4. To make bold and sweeping, fanciful, or wanton movements, by way of ornament, parade, bravado, etc.; to play with fantastic and irregular motion. “Impetuous spread
The stream, and smoking flourished o’er his head.” Pope. 5. To make ornamental strokes with the pen; to write graceful, decorative figures. 6. To execute an irregular or fanciful strain of music, by way of ornament or prelude. “Why do the emperor’s trumpets flourish thus?” Shak. 7. To boast; to vaunt; to brag. Pope.

Flour´ish, v. t. 1. To adorn with flowers orbeautiful figures, either natural or artificial; to ornament with anything showy; to embellish. [Obs.] Fenton. 2. To embellish with the flowers of diction; to adorn with rhetorical figures; to grace with ostentatious eloquence; to set off with a parade of words. [Obs.] “Sith that the justice of your title to him
Doth flourish the deceit.” Shak. 3. To move in bold or irregular figures; to swing about in circles or vibrations by way of show or triumph; to brandish. “And flourishes his blade in spite of me.” Shak. 4. To develop; to make thrive; to expand. [Obs.] “Bottoms of thread … which with a good needle, perhaps may be flourished into large works.” Bacon.

Flour´ish , n.; pl. Flourishes . 1. A flourishing condition; prosperity; vigor. [Archaic] “The Roman monarchy, in her highest flourish, never had the like.” Howell. 2. Decoration; ornament; beauty. “The flourish of his sober youth
Was the pride of naked truth.” Crashaw. 3. Something made or performed in a fanciful, wanton, or vaunting manner, by way of ostentation, to excite admiration, etc.; ostentatious embellishment; ambitious copiousness or amplification; parade of words and figures; show; as a flourish of rhetoric or of wit. “He lards with flourishes his long harangue.” Dryden. 4. A fanciful stroke of the pen or graver; a merely decorative figure. “The neat characters and flourishes of a Bible curiously printed.” Boyle. 5. A fantastic or decorative musical passage; a strain of triumph or bravado, not forming part of a regular musical composition; a cal; a fanfare. “A flourish, trumpets! strike alarum, drums!” Shak. 6. The waving of a weapon or other thing; a brandishing; as the flourish of a sword.

Flour´ish•er , n. One who flourishes.

Flour´ish•ing•ly, adv. In a flourishing manner; ostentatiously.

Flour´y , a. Of or resembling flour; mealy; covered with flour. Dickens.

Flout , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flouting.] [OD. fluyten to play the flute, to jeer, D. fluiten, fr. fluit, fr. French. See Flute.] To mock or insult; to treat with contempt. “Phillida flouts me.” Walton. “Three gaudy standards flout the pale blue sky.” Byron.

Flout, v. i. To practice mocking; to behave with contempt; to sneer; to fleer; — often with at. “Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout.” Swift.

Flout, n. A mock; an insult. “Who put your beauty to this flout and scorn.” Tennyson.

Flout´er , n. One who flouts; a mocker.

Flout´ing•ly, adv. With flouting; insultingly; as to treat a lover floutingly.

Flow (flo), obs. imp. sing. of Fly, v. i. Chaucer.

Flow (flo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowed (flod); p. pr. & vb. n. Flowing.] [AS. flowan; akin to D. vloeijen, OHG. flawen to wash, Icel. floa to deluge, Gr. plw•ein to float, sail, and prob. ultimately to E. float, fleet. rad.80. Cf. Flood.] 1. To move with a continual change of place among the particles or parts, as a fluid; to change place or circulate, as a liquid; as rivers flow from springs and lakes; tears flow from the eyes. 2. To become liquid; to melt. “The mountains flowed down at thy presence.” Is. lxiv. 3. 3. To proceed; to issue forth; as wealth flows from industry and economy. “Those thousand decencies that daily flow
From all her words and actions.” Milton. 4. To glide along smoothly, without harshness or asperties; as a flowing period; flowing numbers; to sound smoothly to the ear; to be uttered easily. “Virgil is sweet and flowingin his hexameters.” Dryden. 5. To have or be in abundance; to abound; to full, so as to run or flow over; to be copious. “In that day … the hills shall flow with milk.” Joel iii. 18. “The exhilaration of a night that needed not the influence of the flowing bowl.” Prof. Wilson. 6. To hang loose and waving; as a flowing mantle; flowing locks. “The imperial purple flowing in his train.” A. Hamilton. 7. To rise, as the tide; — opposed to ebb; as the tide flows twice in twenty-four hours. “The river hath thrice flowed, no ebb between.” Shak. 8. To discharge blood in excess from the uterus.

Flow, v. t. 1. To cover with water or other liquid; to overflow; to inundate; to flood. 2. To cover with varnish.

Flow, n. 1. A stream of water or other fluid; a current; as a flow of water; a flow of blood. 2. A continuous movement of something abundant; as a flow of words. 3. Any gentle, gradual movement or procedure of thought, diction, music, or the like, resembling the quiet, steady movement of a river; a stream. “The feast of reason and the flow of soul.” Pope. 4. The tidal setting in of the water from the ocean to the shore. See Ebb and flow, under Ebb. 5. A low-lying piece of watery land; — called also flow moss and flow bog. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Flow´age ( 48), n. An overflowing with water; also the water which thus overflows.

Flow´en , obs. imp. pl. of Fly, v. i. Chaucer.

Flow´er , n. [OE. flour, OF. flour, flur, flor, F. fleur, fr. L. flos, floris. Cf. Blossom, Effloresce, Floret, Florid, Florin, Flour, Flourish.] 1. In the popular sense, the bloom or blossom of a plant; the showy portion, usually of a different color, shape, and texture from the foliage. 2. (Bot.) That part of a plant destined to produce seed, and hence including one or both of the sexual organs; an organ or combination of the organs of reproduction, whether inclosed by a circle of foliar parts or not. A complete flower consists of two essential parts, the stamens and the pistil, and two floral envelopes, the corolla and callyx. In mosses the flowers consist of a few special leaves surrounding or subtending organs called archegonia. See Blossom, and Corolla. If we examine a common flower, such for instance as a geranium, we shall find that it consists of: First, an outer envelope or calyx, sometimes tubular, sometimes consisting of separate leaves called sepals; secondly, an inner envelope or corolla, which is generally more or less colored, and which, like the calyx, is sometimes tubular, sometimes composed of separate leaves called petals; thirdly, one or more stamens, consisting of a stalk or filament and a head or anther, in which the pollen is produced; and fourthly, a pistil, which is situated in the center of the flower, and consists generally of three principal parts; one or more compartments at the base, each containing one or more seeds; the stalk or style; and the stigma, which in many familiar instances forms a small head, at the top of the style or ovary, and to which the pollen must find its way in order to fertilize the flower. Sir J. Lubbock. 3. The fairest, freshest, and choicest part of anything; as the flower of an army, or of a family; the state or time of freshness and bloom; as the flower of life, that is, youth. “The choice and flower of all things profitable the Psalms do more briefly contain.” Hooker. “The flower of the chivalry of all Spain.” Southey. “A simple maiden in her flower
Is worth a hundred coats of arms.” Tennyson. 4. Grain pulverized; meal; flour. [Obs.] “The flowers of grains, mixed with water, will make a sort of glue.” Arbuthnot. 5. pl. (Old Chem.) A substance in the form of a powder, especially when condensed from sublimation; as the flowers of sulphur. 6. A figure of speech; an ornament of style. 7. pl. (Print.) Ornamental type used chiefly for borders around pages, cards, etc. W. Savage. 8. pl. Menstrual discharges. Lev. xv. 24. Animal flower (Zoöl.) See under Animal. — Cut flowers, flowers cut from the stalk, as for making a bouquet. — Flower bed, a plat in a garden for the cultivation of flowers. — Flower beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds upon flowers, esp. any one of numerous small species of the genus Meligethes, family Nitidulidae, some of which are injurious to crops. - - Flower bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bird of the genus Anthornis, allied to the honey eaters. — Flower bud, an unopened flower. — Flower clock, an assemblage of flowers which open and close at different hours of the day, thus indicating the time. — Flower head (Bot.), a compound flower in which all the florets are sessile on their receptacle, as in the case of the daisy. — Flower pecker (Zoöl.), one of a family (Dicaeidae) of small Indian and Australian birds. They resemble humming birds in habits. — Flower piece. (a) A table ornament made of cut flowers. (b) (Fine Arts) A picture of flowers. — Flower stalk (Bot.), the peduncle of a plant, or the stem that supports the flower or fructification.

Flow´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowered p. pr. & vb. n. Flowering.] [From the noun. Cf. Flourish.] 1. To blossom; to bloom; to expand the petals, as a plant; to produce flowers; as this plant flowers in June. 2. To come into the finest or fairest condition. “Their lusty and flowering age.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “When flowered my youthful spring.” Spenser. 3. To froth; to ferment gently, as new beer. “That beer did flower a little.” Bacon. 4. To come off as flowers by sublimation. [Obs.] “Observations which have flowered off.” Milton.

Flow´er, v. t. To embellish with flowers; to adorn with imitated flowers; as flowered silk.

Flow´er•age ( 48), n. State of flowers; flowers, collectively or in general. Tennyson.

Flow´er-de-luce´ , n. [Corrupted fr. fleur-de-lis.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Iris) with swordlike leaves and large three-petaled flowers often of very gay colors, but probably white in the plant first chosen for the royal French emblem. There are nearly one hundred species, natives of the north temperate zone. Some of the best known are Iris Germanica, I. Florentina, I. Persica, I. sambucina, and the American I. versicolor, I. prismatica, etc.

Flow´er•er , n. A plant which flowers or blossoms. “Many hybrids are profuse and persistent flowerers.” Darwin.

Flow´er•et , n. A small flower; a floret. Shak.

Flow´er-fence , n. (Bot.) A tropical leguminous bush (Poinciana, or Caesalpinia, pulcherrima) with prickly branches, and showy yellow or red flowers; — so named from its having been sometimes used for hedges in the West Indies. Baird.

Flow´er•ful , a. Abounding with flowers. Craig.

Flow´er-gen•tle , n. (Bot.) A species of amaranth (Amarantus melancholicus).

Flow´er•i•ness , n. The state of being flowery.

Flow´er•ing, a. (Bot.) Having conspicuous flowers; — used as an epithet with many names of plants; as flowering ash; flowering dogwood; flowering almond, etc. Flowering fern, a genus of showy ferns (Osmunda), with conspicuous bivalvular sporangia. They usually grow in wet places. — Flowering plants, plants which have stamens and pistils, and produce true seeds; phenogamous plants; — distinguished from flowerless plants. — Flowering rush, a European rushlike plant (Butomus umbellatus), with an umbel of rosy blossoms.

Flow´er•ing, n. 1. The act of blossoming, or the season when plants blossom; florification. 2. The act of adorning with flowers.

Flow´er•less, a. Having no flowers. Flowerless plants, plants which have no true flowers, and produce no seeds; cryptogamous plants.

Flow´er•less•ness, n. State of being without flowers.

Flow´er•pot , n. A vessel, commonly or earthenware, for earth in which plants are grown.

Flow´er•y , a. 1. Full of flowers; abounding with blossoms. 2. Highly embellished with figurative language; florid; as a flowery style. Milton. The flowery kingdom, China.

Flow´er•y-kir•tled , a. Dressed with garlands of flowers. [Poetic & Rare] Milton.

Flow´ing, a. That flows or for flowing (in various sense of the verb); gliding along smoothly; copious. Flowing battery (Elec.), a battery which is kept constant by the flowing of the exciting liquid through the cell or cells. Knight. — Flowing furnace, a furnace from which molten metal, can be drawn, as through a tap hole; a foundry cupola. — Flowing sheet (Naut.), a sheet when eased off, or loosened to the wind, as when the wind is abaft the beam. Totten.

Flow´ing , a. & n. from Flow, v. i. & t.

Flow´ing•ly, adv. In a flowing manner.

Flow´ing•ness, n. Flowing tendency or quality; fluency. [R.] W. Nichols.

Flowk , n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Fluke.

Flown , p. p. of Fly; — often used with the auxiliary verb to be; as the birds are flown.

Flown, a. Flushed, inflated. [Supposed by some to be a mistake for blown or swoln.] Pope. “Then wander forth the sons
Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.” Milton.

Floxed´ silk See Floss silk, under Floss.

Floyte , n. & v. A variant of Flute. [Obs.]

Flu´ate , n. [Cf. F. fluate. See Fluor.] (Chem.) A fluoride. [Obs.]

Flu´a•vil , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon extracted from gutta-percha, as a yellow, resinous substance; — called also fluanil.

Flu´can , n. (Mining) Soft clayey matter in the vein, or surrounding it. [Written also flookan, flukan, and fluccan.]

Fluc•tif´er•ous , a. [L. fluctus wave + -ferous.] Tending to produce waves. Blount.

Fluc•tis´o•nous , a. [L. fluctisonus; fluctus wave + sonus sound.] Sounding like waves.

Fluc•tu•a•bil´i•ty ( 135), n. The capacity or ability to fluctuate. [R.] H. Walpole.

Fluc´tu•ant ( 135), a. [L. fluctuans, p. pr. of fluctuare. See Fluctuate.] 1. Moving like a wave; wavering; (Med.) showing undulation or fluctuation; as a fluctuant tumor. 2. Floating on the waves. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fluc´tu•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fluctuated p. pr. & vb. n. Fluctuating ] [L. fluctuatus, p. p. of fluctuare, to wave, fr. fluctus wave, fr. fluere, fluctum, to flow. See Fluent, and cf. Flotilla.] 1. To move as a wave; to roll hither and thither; to wave; to float backward and forward, as on waves; as a fluctuating field of air. Blackmore. 2. To move now in one direction and now in another; to be wavering or unsteady; to be irresolute or undetermined; to vacillate. Syn. — To waver; vacillate; hesitate; scruple. — To Fluctuate, Vacillate, Waver. — Fluctuate is applied both to things and persons and denotes that they move as they are acted upon. The stocks fluctuate; a man fluctuates between conflicting influences. Vacillate and waver are applied to persons to represent them as acting themselves. A man vacillates when he goes backward and forward in his opinions and purposes, without any fixity of mind or principles. A man wavers when he shrinks back or hesitates at the approach of difficulty or danger. One who is fluctuating in his feelings is usually vacillating in resolve, and wavering in execution.

Fluc´tu•ate, v. t. To cause to move as a wave; to put in motion. [R.] “And fluctuate all the still perfume.” Tennyson.

Fluc•tu•a´tion , n. [L. fluctuatio; cf. F. fluctuation.] 1. A motion like that of waves; a moving in this and that direction; as the fluctuations of the sea. 2. A wavering; unsteadiness; as fluctuations of opinion; fluctuations of prices. 3. (Med.) The motion or undulation of a fluid collected in a natural or artifical cavity, which is felt when it is subjected to pressure or percussion. Dunglison.

Flue , n. [Cf. OF. flue a flowing, fr. fluer to flow, fr. L. fluere (cf. Fluent); a perh. a corruption of E. flute.] An inclosed passage way for establishing and directing a current of air, gases, etc.; an air passage; esp.: (a) A compartment or division of a chimney for conveying flame and smoke to the outer air. (b) A passage way for conducting a current of fresh, foul, or heated air from one place to another. (c) (Steam Boiler) A pipe or passage for conveying flame and hot gases through surrounding water in a boiler; — distinguished from a tube which holds water and is surrounded by fire. Small flues are called fire tubes or simply tubes. Flue boiler. See under Boiler. - - Flue bridge, the separating low wall between the flues and the laboratory of a reverberatory furnace. — Flue plate (Steam Boiler), a plate to which the ends of the flues are fastened; — called also flue sheet, tube sheet, and tube plate. — Flue surface (Steam Boiler), the aggregate surface of flues exposed to flame or the hot gases.

Flue , n. [Cf. F. flou light, tender, G. flau weak, W. llwch dust. rad.84.] Light down, such as rises from cotton, fur, etc.; very fine lint or hair. Dickens.

Flu´ence , n. Fluency. [Obs.] Milton.

Flu´en•cy , n. [L. fluentia: cf. F. fluence. See Fluent.] The quality of being fluent; smoothness; readiness of utterance; volubility. “The art of expressing with fluency and perspicuity.” Macaulay.

Flu´ent , a. [L. fluens, - entis, p. pr. of fluere to flow; cf. Gr. to boil over. Cf. Fluctuate, Flux.] 1. Flowing or capable of flowing; liquid; glodding; easily moving. 2. Ready in the use of words; voluble; copious; having words at command; and uttering them with facility and smoothness; as a fluent speaker; hence, flowing; voluble; smooth; — said of language; as fluent speech. “With most fluent utterance.” Denham. “Fluent as the flight of a swallow is the sultan’s letter.” De Quincey.

Flu´ent, n. 1. A current of water; a stream. [Obs.] 2. [Cf. F. fluente.] (Math.) A variable quantity, considered as increasing or diminishing; — called, in the modern calculus, the function or integral.

Flu´ent•ly, adv. In a fluent manner.

Flu´ent•ness, n. The quality of being fluent.

Flue´work , n. (Mus.) A general name for organ stops in which the sound is caused by wind passing through a flue or fissure and striking an edge above; — in distinction from reedwork.

Flue´y , a. [2d Flue.] Downy; fluffy. [R.]

Fluff , n. [Cf. 2d Flue. rad.84.] Nap or down; flue; soft, downy feathers.

Fluff´y , a. [Compar. Fluffier superl. Fluffiest.] Pertaining to, or resembling, fluff or nap; soft and downy. ´The carpets were fluffy.´ Thackeray. “The present Barnacle … had a youthful aspect, and the fluffiest little whisker, perhaps, that ever was seen.” Dickens. — Fluff´i•ness, n.

Flü´gel , n. [G., a wing.] (Mus.) A grand piano or a harpsichord, both being wing- shaped.

Flu´gel•man , n. [G. flügelman.] (Mil.) Same as Fugleman.

Flu´id (fluid), a. [L. fluidus, fr. fluere to flow: cf. F. fluide. See Fluent.] Having particles which easily move and change their relative position without a separation of the mass, and which easily yield to pressure; capable of flowing; liquid or gaseous.

Flu´id, n. A fluid substance; a body whose particles move easily among themselves. Fluid is a generic term, including liquids and gases as species. Water, air, and steam are fluids. By analogy, the term is sometimes applied to electricity and magnetism, as in phrases electric fluid, magnetic fluid, though not strictly appropriate. Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm, a measure of capacity equal to one eighth of a fluid ounce. — Fluid ounce. (a) In the United States, a measure of capacity, in apothecaries’ or wine measure, equal to one sixteenth of a pint or 29.57 cubic centimeters. This, for water, is about 1.04158 ounces avoirdupois, or 455.6 grains. (b) In England, a measure of capacity equal to the twentieth part of an imperial pint. For water, this is the weight of the avoirdupois ounce, or 437.5 grains. — Fluids of the body. (Physiol.) The circulating blood and lymph, the chyle, the gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices, the saliva, bile, urine, aqueous humor, and muscle serum are the more important fluids of the body. The tissues themselves contain a large amount of combined water, so much, that an entire human body dried in vacuo with a very moderate degree of heat gives about 66 per cent of water. — Burning fluid, Elastic fluid, Electric fluid, Magnetic fluid, etc. See under Burning, Elastic, etc.

Flu´id•al , a. Pertaining to a fluid, or to its flowing motion. Fluidal structure (Geol.), the structure characteristic of certain volcanic rocks in which the arrangement of the minute crystals shows the lines of flow of thew molten material before solidification; — also called fluxion structure.

Flu•id´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fluidite.] The quality of being fluid or capable of flowing; a liquid, aëriform, or gaseous state; — opposed to solidity. “It was this want of organization, this looseness and fluidity of the new movement, that made it penetrate through every class of society.” J. R. Green.

Flu´id•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluidized p. pr. & vb. n. Fluidizing.] To render fluid.

Flu´id•ness, n. The state of being fluid; fluidity.

Flu´id•ounce, n. See Fluid ounce, under Fluid.

Flu´i•drachm , n. See Fluid dram, under Fluid. Pharm. of the U. S.

Flu´kan , n. (Mining) Flucan.

Fluke (fluk), n. [Cf. AS. floc a kind of flatfish, Icel. floki a kind of halibut.] 1. (Zoöl.) The European flounder. See Flounder. [Written also fleuk, flook, and flowk].
[1913 Webster] 2. (Zoöl.) A parasitic trematode worm of several species, having a flat, lanceolate body and two suckers. Two species (Fasciola hepatica and Distoma lanceolatum) are found in the livers of sheep, and produce the disease called rot.
[1913 Webster]

Fluke (fluk), n. [Cf. LG. flunk, flunka wing, the palm of an anchor; perh. akin to E. fly.] 1. The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground; a flook. See Anchor. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the lobes of a whale’s tail, so called from the resemblance to the fluke of an anchor. 3. An instrument for cleaning out a hole drilled in stone for blasting. 4. An accidental and favorable stroke at billiards (called a scratch in the United States); hence, any accidental or unexpected advantage; as he won by a fluke. [Cant, Eng.] A. Trollope.

Fluke´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Same as 1st Fluke, 2.

Fluk´y , a. Formed like, or having, a fluke.

Flume , n. [Cf. OE. flum river, OF, flum, fr. L. flumen, fr. fluere to flow. rad.84. See Fluent.] A stream; especially, a passage channel, or conduit for the water that drives a mill wheel; or an artifical channel of water for hydraulic or placer mining; also a chute for conveying logs or lumber down a declivity.

Flu´mi•nous , a. [L. flumen, fluminis, river.] Pertaining to rivers; abounding in streama.

Flum´mer•y , n. [W. llumru, or llumruwd, a kind of food made of oatmeal steeped in water until it has turned sour, fr. llumrig harsh, raw, crude, fr. llum sharp, severe.] 1. A light kind of food, formerly made of flour or meal; a sort of pap. “Milk and flummery are very fit for children.” Locke. 2. Something insipid, or not worth having; empty compliment; trash; unsubstantial talk of writing. “The flummery of modern criticism.” J. Morley.

Flung , imp. & p. p. of Fling.

Flunk (flunk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flunked (flunkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flunking.] [Cf. Funk.] To fail, as on a lesson; to back out, as from an undertaking, through fear.

Flunk, v. t. To fail in; to shirk, as a task or duty. [Colloq. U.S.]

Flunk, n. A failure or backing out; specifically (College cant), a total failure in a recitation. [U.S.]

Flun´ky (flun´ky), n.; pl. Flunkies (- kiz). [Prob. fr. or akin to flank.] [Written also flunkey.] 1. A contemptuous name for a liveried servant or a footman. 2. One who is obsequious or cringing; a snob. 3. One easily deceived in buying stocks; an inexperienced and unwary jobber. [Cant, U.S.]

Flun´ky•dom , n. The place or region of flunkies. C. Kingsley.

Flun´ly•ism , n. The quality or characteristics of a flunky; readiness to cringe to those who are superior in wealth or position; toadyism. Thackeray.

Flu´o- . (Chem.) A combining form indicating fluorine as an ingredient; as in fluosilicate, fluobenzene.

Flu•o•bo´rate , n. [Cf. F. fluoborate.] (Chem.) A salt of fluoboric acid; a fluoboride.

Flu•o•bo´ric , a. [Fluo- boric: cf. F. fluoborique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or consisting of, fluorine and boron. Fluoridic acid (Chem.), a double fluoride, consisting essentially of a solution of boron fluoride, in hydrofluoric acid. It has strong acid properties, and is the type of the borofluorides. Called also borofluoric acid.

Flu•o•bo´ride , n. (Chem.) See Borofluoride. { Flu•o•ce´rine , Flu•o•ce´rite }, n. [Fluo- + cerium.] (Min.) A fluoride of cerium, occuring near Fahlun in Sweden. Tynosite, from Colorado, is probably the same mineral.

Flu•o•hy´dric , a. [Fluo- + hydrogen.] (Chem.) See Hydrofluoric.

Flu•o•phos´phate , n. [Fluo- + phosphate.] (Chem.) A double salt of fluoric and phosphoric acids.

Flu´or , n. [L., a flowing, fr. fluere to flow. See Fluent.] 1. A fluid state. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 2. Menstrual flux; catamenia; menses. [Obs.] 3. (Min.) See Fluorite.

Flu´or albus [L., white flow.] (Med.) The whites; leucorrhaea.

Flu•or•an´thene , n. [Fluorene + anthracene.] (Chem.) A white crystalline hydrocarbon C_15H_10, of a complex structure, found as one ingredient of the higher boiling portion of coal tar.

Flu´or•a•ted , a. (Chem.) Combined with fluorine; subjected to the action of fluoride. [R.]

Flu•or•ene , n. (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline hydrocarbon, C_13H_10 having a beautiful violet fluorescence; whence its name. It occurs in the higher boiling products of coal tar, and is obtained artificially.

Flu•o•res´ce•in , n. (Chem.) A yellowish red, crystalline substance, C_20H_12O_5, produced by heating together phthalic anhydride and resorcin; — so called, from the very brilliant yellowish green fluorescence of its alkaline solutions. It has acid properties, and its salts of the alkalies are known to the trade under the name of uranin.

Flu•o•res´cence , n. [From Fluor.] (Opt.) That property which some transparent bodies have of producing at their surface, or within their substance, light different in color from the mass of the material, as when green crystals of fluor spar afford blue reflections. It is due not to the difference in the color of a distinct surface layer, but to the power which the substance has of modifying the light incident upon it. The light emitted by fluorescent substances is in general of lower refrangibility than the incident light. Stockes.

Flu•o•res´cent , a. Having the property of fluorescence.

Flu•o•res´cin , n. (Chem.) A colorless, amorphous substance which is produced by the reduction of fluoresceïn, and from which the latter may be formed by oxidation.

Flu•or´ic , a. [Cf. F. fluorique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, obtained from, or containing, fluorine.

Flu´or•ide (? or 104), n. [Cf. F. fluoride.] (Chem.) A binary compound of fluorine with another element or radical. Calcium fluoride (Min.), fluorite, CaF_2. See Fluorite.

Flu´or•ine (flu´or•in or -en; 104), n. [NL. fluorina: cf. G. fluorin, F. fluorine. So called from its occurrence in the mineral fluorite.] (Chem.) A non-metallic, gaseous element, strongly acid or negative, and associated with chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in the halogen group of which it is the first member. It always occurs combined, is very active chemically, and possesses such an avidity for most elements, and silicon especially, that it can neither be prepared nor kept in glass vessels. If set free it immediately attacks the containing material, so that it was not isolated until 1886. It is a pungent, corrosive, colorless gas. Symbol F. Atomic weight 19. Fluorine unites with hydrogen to form hydrofluoric acid, which is the agent employed in etching glass. It occurs naturally, principally combined as calcium fluoride in fluorite, and as a double fluoride of aluminium and sodium in cryolite.

Flu´or•ite , n. (Min.) Calcium fluoride, a mineral of many different colors, white, yellow, purple, green, red, etc., often very beautiful, crystallizing commonly in cubes with perfect octahedral cleavage; also massive. It is used as a flux. Some varieties are used for ornamental vessels. Also called fluor spar, or simply fluor.

Flu´or•oid , n. [Fluor + - oid.] (Crystallog.) A tetrahexahedron; — so called because it is a common form of fluorite.

Flu•or´o•scope , n. [Fluorescence + -scope.] (Phys.) An instrument for observing or exhibiting fluorescence.

Flu´or•ous , a. Pertaining to fluor.

Flu´or spar (Min.) See Fluorite.

Flu•o•sil´i•cate , n. [Cf. F. fluosilicate.] (Chem.) A double fluoride of silicon and some other (usually basic) element or radical, regarded as a salt of fluosilicic acid; — called also silicofluoride.

Flu•o•si•lic´ic , a. [Fluo- + silicic: cf. F. fluosilicique.] (Chem.) Composed of, or derived from, silicon and fluorine. Fluosilicic acid, a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon, H_2F_6Si, obtained in solution in water as a sour fuming liquid, and regarded as the type of the fluosilicates; — called also silicofluoric acid, and hydrofluosilicic acid.

Flur´ried , a. Agitated; excited. — Flur´ried•ly adv.

Flur´ry , n.; pl. Flurries (#). [Prov. E. flur to ruffle.] 1. A sudden and brief blast or gust; a light, temporary breeze; as a flurry of wind. 2. A light shower or snowfall accompanied with wind. “Like a flurry of snow on the whistling wind.” Longfellow. 3. Violent agitation; commotion; bustle; hurry. “The racket and flurry of London.” Blakw. Mag. 4. The violent spasms of a dying whale.

Flur´ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flurried p. pr. & vb. n. Flurrying.] To put in a state of agitation; to excite or alarm. H. Swinburne.

Flurt , n. A flirt. [Obs.] Quarles.

Flush , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flushed p. pr. & vb. n. Flushing.] [Cf. OE. fluschen to fly up, penetrate, F. fluz a flowing, E. flux, dial. Sw. flossa to blaze, and E. flash; perh. influenced by blush. rad.84.] 1. To flow and spread suddenly; to rush; as blood flushes into the face. “The flushing noise of many waters.” Boyle. “It flushes violently out of the cock.” Mortimer. 2. To become suddenly suffused, as the cheeks; to turn red; to blush. 3. To snow red; to shine suddenly; to glow. “In her cheek, distemper flushing glowed.” Milton. 4. To start up suddenly; to take wing as a bird. “Flushing from one spray unto another.” W. Browne.

Flush, v. t. 1. To cause to be full; to flood; to overflow; to overwhelm with water; as to flush the meadows; to flood for the purpose of cleaning; as to flush a sewer. 2. To cause the blood to rush into (the face); to put to the blush, or to cause to glow with excitement. “Nor flush with shame the passing virgin’s cheek.” Gay. “Sudden a thought came like a full-blown rose,
Flushing his brow.” Keats. 3. To make suddenly or temporarily red or rosy, as if suffused with blood. “How faintly flushed. how phantom fair,
Was Monte Rosa, hanging there!” Tennyson. 4. To excite; to animate; to stir. “Such things as can only feed his pride and flush his ambition.” South. 5. To cause to start, as a hunter a bird. Nares. To flush a joints (Masonry), to fill them in; to point the level; to make them flush.

Flush, n. 1. A sudden flowing; a rush which fills or overflows, as of water for cleansing purposes. “In manner of a wave or flush.” Ray. 2. A suffusion of the face with blood, as from fear, shame, modesty, or intensity of feeling of any kind; a blush; a glow. “The flush of angered shame.” Tennyson. 3. Any tinge of red color like that produced on the cheeks by a sudden rush of blood; as the flush on the side of a peach; the flush on the clouds at sunset. 4. A sudden flood or rush of feeling; a thrill of excitement. animation, etc.; as a flush of joy. 5. A flock of birds suddenly started up or flushed. 6. [From F. or Sp. flux. Cf. Flux.] A hand of cards of the same suit.

Flush, a. 1. Full of vigor; fresh; glowing; bright. “With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May.” Shak. 2. Affluent; abounding; well furnished or suppled; hence, liberal; prodigal. “Lord Strut was not very flush in ready.” Arbuthnot. 3. (Arch. & Mech.) Unbroken or even in surface; on a level with the adjacent surface; forming a continuous surface; as a flush panel; a flush joint. 4. (Card Playing) Consisting of cards of one suit. Flush bolt. (a) A screw bolt whose head is countersunk, so as to be flush with a surface. (b) A sliding bolt let into the face or edge of a door, so as to be flush therewith. — Flush deck. (Naut.) See under Deck, n., 1. — Flush tank, a water tank which can be emptied rapidly for flushing drainpipes, etc.

Flush , adv. So as to be level or even.

Flush´board , n. Same as Flashboard.

Flush´er , n. 1. A workman employed in cleaning sewers by flushing them with water. 2. (Zoöl.) The red-backed shrike. See Flasher.

Flush´ing, n. 1. A heavy, coarse cloth manufactured from shoddy; — commonly in the [Eng.] 2. (Weaving) A surface formed of floating threads.

Flush´ing•ly, adv. In a flushing manner.

Flush´ness, n. The state of being flush; abundance.

Flus´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Flustering.] [Cf. Icel. flaustra to be flustered, flaustr a fluster.] To make hot and rosy, as with drinking; to heat; hence, to throw into agitation and confusion; to confuse; to muddle. “His habit or flustering himself daily with claret.” Macaulay.

Flus´ter, v. i. To be in a heat or bustle; to be agitated and confused. “The flstering, vainglorious Greeks.” South.

Flus´ter, n. Heat or glow, as from drinking; agitation mingled with confusion; disorder.

Flus•ter•a´tion , n. The act of flustering, or the state of being flustered; fluster. [Colloq.]

Flus´trate , v. t. [See Fluster, v. t.] To fluster. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Flus•tra´tion , n. The act of flustrating; confusion; flurry. [Colloq.] Richardson.

Flute , n. [OE. floute, floite, fr. OF. flaüte, flahute, flahuste, F. flte; cf. LL. flauta, D. fluit. See Flute, v. i.] 1. A musical wind instrument, consisting of a hollow cylinder or pipe, with holes along its length, stopped by the fingers or by keys which are opened by the fingers. The modern flute is closed at the upper end, and blown with the mouth at a lateral hole. “The breathing flute’s soft notes are heard around.” Pope. 2. (Arch.) A channel of curved section; — usually applied to one of a vertical series of such channels used to decorate columns and pilasters in classical architecture. See Illust. under Base, n. 3. A similar channel or groove made in wood or other material, esp. in plaited cloth, as in a lady’s ruffle. 4. A long French breakfast roll. Simonds. 5. A stop in an organ, having a flutelike sound. Flute bit, a boring tool for piercing ebony, rosewood, and other hard woods. — Flute pipe, an organ pipe having a sharp lip or wind-cutter which imparts vibrations to the column of air in the pipe. Knight.
[1913 Webster]

Flute (flut), n. [Cf. F. flûte a transport, D. fluit.] A kind of flyboat; a storeship. Armed en flûte (Nav.), partially armed.

Flute , v. i. [OE. flouten, floiten, OF. flaüter, fleüter, flouster, F. flûter, cf. D. fluiten; ascribed to an assumed LL. flautare, flatuare, fr. L. flatus a blowing, fr. flare to blow. Cf. Flout, Flageolet, Flatulent.] To play on, or as on, a flute; to make a flutelike sound.

Flute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluted p. pr. & vb. n. Fluting ] 1. To play, whistle, or sing with a clear, soft note, like that of a flute. “Knaves are men,
That lute and flute fantastic tenderness.” Tennyson. “ The redwing flutes his o-ka-lee.” Emerson. 2. To form flutes or channels in, as in a column, a ruffle, etc.

Flûte• à bec´ [F.] (Mus.) A beak flute, an older form of the flute, played with a mouthpiece resembling a beak, and held like a flageolet.

Flut´ed , a. 1. Thin; fine; clear and mellow; flutelike; as fluted notes. Busby. 2. Decorated with flutes; channeled; grooved; as a fluted column; a fluted ruffle; a fluted spectrum.

Flute´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Aulostoma, having a much elongated tubular snout.

Flut´er , n. 1. One who plays on the flute; a flutist or flautist. 2. One who makes grooves or flutings.

Flut´ing, n. Decoration by means of flutes or channels; a flute, or flutes collectively; as the fluting of a column or pilaster; the fluting of a lady’s ruffle. Fluting iron, a laundry iron for fluting ruffles; — called also Italian iron, or gaufering iron. Knight. — Fluting lathe, a machine for forming spiral flutes, as on balusters, table legs, etc.

Flut´ist , n. [Cf. F. flûtiste.] A performer on the flute; a flautist. Busby. 2. To move with quick vibrations or undulations; as a sail flutters in the wind; a fluttering fan. 3. To move about briskly, irregularly, or with great bustle and show, without much result. “ No rag, no scrap, of all the beau, or wit,
That once so fluttered, and that once so writ.” Pope. 4. To be in agitation; to move irregularly; to flucttuate; to be uncertainty. “ Long we fluttered on the wings of doubtful success.” Howell. “ His thoughts are very fluttering and wandering.” I. Watts.

Flut´ter , v. t. 1. To vibrate or move quickly; as a bird flutters its wings. 2. To drive in disorder; to throw into confusion. “ Like an eagle in a dovecote, I
Fluttered your Volscians in Corioli.” Shak.

Flut´ter, n. 1. The act of fluttering; quick and irregular motion; vibration; as the flutter of a fan. “ The chirp and flutter of some single bird” Milnes. . 2. Hurry; tumult; agitation of the mind; confusion; disorder. Pope. Flutter wheel, a water wheel placed below a fall or in a chute where rapidly moving water strikes the tips of the floats; — so called from the spattering, and the fluttering noise it makes.

Flut´ter•er , n. One who, or that which, flutters.

Flut´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a fluttering manner.

Flut´y , a. Soft and clear in tone, like a flute.

Flu´vi•al , a. [L. fluvialis, from fluvius river, fr. fluere to flow: cf.F. fluvial. See Fluent.] Belonging to rivers; growing or living in streams or ponds; as a fluvial plant.

Flu´vi•al•ist, n. One who exlpains geological phenomena by the action of streams. [R.]

Flu•vi•at´ic , a. [L. fluviaticus. See Fluvial.] Belonging to rivers or streams; fluviatile. Johnson.

Flu´vi•a•tile , a. [L. fluviatilis, fr. fluvius river: cf. F. fluviatile.] Belonging to rivers or streams; existing in or about rivers; produced by river action; fluvial; as fluviatile starta, plants. Lyell.

Flu•vi•o-ma•rine´ , a. [L. fluvius river + E. marine.] (Geol.) Formed by the joint action of a river and the sea, as deposits at the mouths of rivers.

Flux (fluks), n. [L. fluxus, fr. fluere, fluxum, to flow: cf.F. flux. See Fluent, and cf. 1st & 2d Floss, Flush, n., 6.] 1. The act of flowing; a continuous moving on or passing by, as of a flowing stream; constant succession; change. “ By the perpetual flux of the liquids, a great part of them is thrown out of the body.” Arbuthnot. “Her image has escaped the flux of things,
And that same infant beauty that she wore
Is fixed upon her now forevermore.” Trench. “ Languages, like our bodies, are in a continual flux.” Felton. 2. The setting in of the tide toward the shore, — the ebb being called the reflux. 3. The state of being liquid through heat; fusion. 4. (Chem. & Metal.) Any substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or minerals, as alkalies, borax, lime, fluorite. White flux is the residuum of the combustion of a mixture of equal parts of niter and tartar. It consists chiefly of the carbonate of potassium, and is white. — Black flux is the ressiduum of the combustion of one part of niter and two of tartar, and consists essentially of a mixture of potassium carbonate and charcoal. 5. (Med.) (a) A fluid discharge from the bowels or other part; especially, an excessive and morbid discharge; as the bloody flux or dysentery. See Bloody flux. (b) The matter thus discharged. 6. (Physics) The quantity of a fluid that crosses a unit area of a given surface in a unit of time.

Flux, a. [L. fluxus, p. p. of fluere. See Flux, n.] Flowing; unstable; inconstant; variable. “The flux nature of all things here.” Barrow.

Flux, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluxed (flukst); p. pr. & vb. n. Fluxing.] 1. To affect, or bring to a certain state, by flux. “He might fashionably and genteelly … have been dueled or
fluxed into another world.” South. 2. To cause to become fluid; to fuse. Kirwan. 3. (Med.) To cause a discharge from; to purge.

Flux•a´tion , n. The act of fluxing.

Flux•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. LL. fluxibilitas fluidity.] The quality of being fluxible. Hammond.

Flux´i•ble , a. [Cf.LL. fluxibilis fluid, OF. fluxible.] Capable of being melted or fused, as a mineral. Holland. — Flux´i•ble•ness, n.

Flux´ile , a. [L. fluxilis, a., fluid.] Fluxible. [R.]

Flux•il´i•ty , n. State of being fluxible.[Obs.]

Flux´ion , n. [Cf. F. fluxion.] The act of flowing. Cotgrave. 2. The matter that flows. Wiseman. 3. Fusion; the running of metals into a fluid state. 4. (Med.) An unnatural or excessive flow of blood or fluid toward any organ; a determination. 5. A constantly varying indication. “Less to be counted than the fluxions of sun dials.” De Quincey. 6. (Math.) (a) The infinitely small increase or decrease of a variable or flowing quantity in a certain infinitely small and constant period of time; the rate of variation of a fluent; an incerement; a differential. (b) pl. A method of analysis developed by Newton, and based on the conception of all magnitudes as generated by motion, and involving in their changes the notion of velocity or rate of change. Its results are the same as those of the differential and integral calculus, from which it differs little except in notation and logical method.

Flux´ion•al , a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fluxion or fluxions; variable; inconstant. “ The merely human,the temporary and fluxional.” Coleridge. Fluxional structure (Geol.), fluidal structure.

Flux´ion•a•ry , a. 1. Fluxional. Berkeley. 2. (Med.) Pertaining to, or caused by, an increased flow of blood to a part; congestive; as a fluxionary hemorrhage.

Flux´ion•ist, n. One skilled in fluxions. Berkeley.

Flux´ions , n. pl. (Math.) See Fluxion, 6(b).

Flux´ive , a. Flowing; also wanting solidity. B. Jonson.

Flux´ure ( 138), n. [L. fluxura a flowing.] 1. The quality of being fluid. [Obs.] Fielding. 2. Fluid matter. [Obs.] Drayton.

Fly (fli), v. i. [imp. Flew (flu); p. p. Flown (flon); p. pr. & vb. n. Flying.] [OE. fleen, fleen, fleyen, flegen, AS. fleógan; akin to D. vliegen, OHG. fliogan, G. fliegen, Icel. fljuga, Sw. flyga, Dan. flyve, Goth. us-flaugjan to cause to fly away, blow about, and perh. to L. pluma feather, E. plume. rad.84. Cf. Fledge, Flight, Flock of animals.] 1. To move in or pass through the air with wings, as a bird. 2. To move through the air or before the wind; esp., to pass or be driven rapidly through the air by any impulse. 3. To float, wave, or rise in the air, as sparks or a flag. “ Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward.” Job v. 7. 4. To move or pass swiftly; to hasten away; to circulate rapidly; as a ship flies on the deep; a top flies around; rumor flies. “Fly, envious Time, till thou run out thy race.” Milton. “The dark waves murmured as the ships flew on.” Bryant. 5. To run from danger; to attempt to escape; to flee; as an enemy or a coward flies. See Note under Flee. “Fly, ere evil intercept thy flight.” Milton. “Whither shall I fly to escape their hands ?” Shak. 6. To move suddenly, or with violence; to do an act suddenly or swiftly; — usually with a qualifying word; as a door flies open; a bomb flies apart. To fly about (Naut.), to change frequently in a short time; — said of the wind. — To fly around, to move about in haste. [Colloq.] — To fly at, to spring toward; to rush on; to attack suddenly. — To fly in the face of, to insult; to assail; to set at defiance; to oppose with violence; to act in direct opposition to; to resist. — To fly off, to separate, or become detached suddenly; to revolt. — To fly on, to attack. — To fly open, to open suddenly, or with violence. — To fly out. (a) To rush out. (b) To burst into a passion; to break out into license. — To let fly. (a) To throw or drive with violence; to discharge. ´A man lets fly his arrow without taking any aim.´ Addison. (b) (Naut.) To let go suddenly and entirely; as to let fly the sheets.

Fly, v. t. 1. To cause to fly or to float in the air, as a bird, a kite, a flag, etc. “The brave black flag I fly.” W. S. Gilbert. 2. To fly or flee from; to shun; to avoid. “Sleep flies the wretch.” Dryden. “To fly the favors of so good a king.” Shak. 3. To hunt with a hawk. [Obs.] Bacon. To fly a kite (Com.), to raise money on commercial notes. [Cant or Slang]

Fly, n.; pl. Flies (fliz). [OE. flie, flege, AS. flyge, fleóge, fr. fleógan to fly; akin to D. vlieg, OHG. flioga, G. fliege, Icel. & Sw. fluga, Dan. flue. rad. 84. See Fly, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any winged insect; esp., one with transparent wings; as the Spanish fly; firefly; gall fly; dragon fly. (b) Any dipterous insect; as the house fly; flesh fly; black fly. See Diptera, and Illust. in Append. 2. A hook dressed in imitation of a fly, — used for fishing. ´The fur-wrought fly.´ Gay. 3. A familiar spirit; a witch’s attendant. [Obs.] “A trifling fly, none of your great familiars.” B. Jonson. 4. A parasite. [Obs.] Massinger. 5. A kind of light carriage for rapid transit, plying for hire and usually drawn by one horse. [Eng.] 6. The length of an extended flag from its staff; sometimes, the length from the ´union´ to the extreme end. 7. The part of a vane pointing the direction from which the wind blows. 8. (Naut.) That part of a compass on which the points are marked; the compass card. Totten. 9. (Mech.) (a) Two or more vanes set on a revolving axis, to act as a fanner, or to equalize or impede the motion of machinery by the resistance of the air, as in the striking part of a clock. (b) A heavy wheel, or cross arms with weights at the ends on a revolving axis, to regulate or equalize the motion of machinery by means of its inertia, where the power communicated, or the resistance to be overcome, is variable, as in the steam engine or the coining press. See Fly wheel (below). 10. (Knitting Machine) The piece hinged to the needle, which holds the engaged loop in position while the needle is penetrating another loop; a latch. Knight. 11. The pair of arms revolving around the bobbin, in a spinning wheel or spinning frame, to twist the yarn. 12. (Weaving) A shuttle driven through the shed by a blow or jerk. Knight. 13. (a) Formerly, the person who took the printed sheets from the press. (b) A vibrating frame with fingers, attached to a power to a power printing press for doing the same work. 14. The outer canvas of a tent with double top, usually drawn over the ridgepole, but so extended as to touch the roof of the tent at no other place. 15. One of the upper screens of a stage in a theater. 16. The fore flap of a bootee; also a lap on trousers, overcoats, etc., to conceal a row of buttons. 17. (Baseball) A batted ball that flies to a considerable distance, usually high in the air, also called a fly ball; also the flight of a ball so struck; as it was caught on the fly. Black fly, Cheese fly, Dragon fly, etc. See under Black, Cheese, etc. — Fly agaric (Bot.), a mushroom (Agaricus muscarius), having a narcotic juice which, in sufficient quantities, is poisonous. — Fly block (Naut.), a pulley whose position shifts to suit the working of the tackle with which it is connected; — used in the hoisting tackle of yards. — Fly board (Printing Press), the board on which printed sheets are deposited by the fly. — Fly book, a case in the form of a book for anglers’ flies. Kingsley. — Fly cap, a cap with wings, formerly worn by women. — Fly drill, a drill having a reciprocating motion controlled by a fly wheel, the driving power being applied by the hand through a cord winding in reverse directions upon the spindle as it rotates backward and forward. Knight. — Fly fishing, the act or art of angling with a bait of natural or artificial flies. Walton. — Fly flap, an implement for killing flies. — Fly governor, a governor for regulating the speed of an engine, etc., by the resistance of vanes revolving in the air. — Fly honeysuckle (Bot.), a plant of the honeysuckle genus (Lonicera), having a bushy stem and the flowers in pairs, as L. ciliata and L. Xylosteum. — Fly hook, a fishhook supplied with an artificial fly. — Fly leaf, an unprinted leaf at the beginning or end of a book, circular, programme, etc. — Fly maggot, a maggot bred from the egg of a fly. Ray. — Fly net, a screen to exclude insects. — Fly nut (Mach.), a nut with wings; a thumb nut; a finger nut. — Fly orchis (Bot.), a plant (Ophrys muscifera), whose flowers resemble flies. - - Fly paper, poisoned or sticky paper for killing flies that feed upon or are entangled by it. — Fly powder, an arsenical powder used to poison flies. — Fly press, a screw press for punching, embossing, etc., operated by hand and having a heavy fly. — Fly rail, a bracket which turns out to support the hinged leaf of a table. — Fly rod, a light fishing rod used in angling with a fly. — Fly sheet, a small loose advertising sheet; a handbill. — Fly snapper (Zoöl.), an American bird (Phainopepla nitens), allied to the chatterers and shrikes. The male is glossy blue-black; the female brownish gray. — Fly wheel (Mach.), a heavy wheel attached to machinery to equalize the movement (opposing any sudden acceleration by its inertia and any retardation by its momentum), and to accumulate or give out energy for a variable or intermitting resistance. See Fly, n., 9. — On the fly (Baseball), still in the air; — said of a batted ball caught before touching the ground..

Fly , a. Knowing; wide awake; fully understanding another’s meaning. [Slang] Dickens.

flyaway adj. 1. frivolous; — of people. serious
Syn. — flighty.
[WordNet 1.5] 2. Tending to move away from a center, rather than remain in a compact group; — used of hair or clothing or of small particles of matter. Light objects or particles readily taking a static electric charge may be moved apart by acquisition of a charge, or by approach of a charged object. Such a property is called flyaway.
Syn. — fluttering.
[WordNet 1.5]

Fly´bane , n. (Bot.) A kind of catchfly of the genus Silene; also a poisonous mushroom (Agaricus muscarius); fly agaric.

Fly´-bit•ten , a. Marked by, or as if by, the bite of flies. Shak.

Fly´blow , v. t. To deposit eggs upon, as a flesh fly does on meat; to cause to be maggoty; hence, to taint or contaminate, as if with flyblows. Bp. Srillingfleet.

Fly´blow, n. (Zoöl.) One of the eggs or young larvae deposited by a flesh fly, or blowfly.

Fly´blown , a. Tainted or contaminated with flyblows; damaged; foul. “ Wherever flyblown reputations were assembled.” Thackeray.

Fly´boat , n. [Fly + boat: cf. D. vlieboot.] 1. (Naut.) A large Dutch coasting vessel. “ Captain George Weymouth made a voyage of discovery to the northwest with two flyboats.” Purchas. 2. A kind of passenger boat formerly used on canals.

Fly´-case , n. (Zoöl.) The covering of an insect, esp. the elytra of beetles.

Fly´catch•er , n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of birds that feed upon insects, which they take on the wing. The true flycatchers of the Old World are Oscines, and belong to the family Muscicapidae, as the spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola). The American flycatchers, or tyrant flycatchers, are Clamatores, and belong to the family Tyrannidae, as the kingbird, pewee, crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), and the vermilion flycatcher or churinche (Pyrocephalus rubineus). Certain American flycatching warblers of the family Sylvicolidae are also called flycatchers, as the Canadian flycatcher (Sylvania Canadensis), and the hooded flycatcher (S. mitrata). See Tyrant flycatcher.

Fly´-catch•ing, a. (Zoöl.) Having the habit of catching insects on the wing.

Fly´er , n. [See Flier.] 1. One that uses wings. 2. The fly of a flag: See Fly, n., 6. 3. Anything that is scattered abroad in great numbers as a theatrical programme, an advertising leaf, etc. 4. (Arch.) One in a flight of steps which are parallel to each other(as in ordinary stairs), as distinguished from a winder. 5. The pair of arms attached to the spindle of a spinning frame, over which the thread passes to the bobbin; — so called from their swift revolution. See Fly, n., 11. 6. The fan wheel that rotates the cap of a windmill as the wind veers. Internat. Cyc. 7. (Stock Jobbing) A small operation not involving ? considerable part of one’s capital, or not in the line of one’s ordinary business; a venture. [Cant] Bartlett.

Fly´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A California scorpaenoid fish (Sebastichthys rhodochloris), having brilliant colors.

Fly´-fish, v. i. To angle, using flies for bait. Walton.

Fly´ing , a. [From Fly, v. i.] Moving in the air with, or as with, wings; moving lightly or rapidly; intended for rapid movement. Flying army (Mil.) a body of cavalry and infantry, kept in motion, to cover its own garrisons and to keep the enemy in continual alarm. Farrow. —Flying artillery (Mil.), artillery trained to rapid evolutions, — the men being either mounted or trained to spring upon the guns and caissons when they change position. — Flying bridge, Flying camp. See under Bridge, and Camp. — Flying buttress (Arch.), a contrivance for taking up the thrust of a roof or vault which can not be supported by ordinary buttresses. It consists of a straight bar of masonry, usually sloping, carried on an arch, and a solid pier or buttress sufficient to receive the thrust. The word is generally applied only to the straight bar with supporting arch. — Flying colors, flags unfurled and waving in the air; hence: To come off with flying colors, to be victorious; to succeed thoroughly in an undertaking. — Flying doe (Zoöl.), a young female kangaroo. — Flying dragon. (a) (Zoöl.) See Dragon, 6. (b) A meteor. See under Dragon. — Flying Dutchman. (a) A fabled Dutch mariner condemned for his crimes to sail the seas till the day of judgment. (b) A spectral ship. — Flying fish. (Zoöl.) See Flying fish, in the Vocabulary. — Flying fox (Zoöl.), the colugo. — Flying frog (Zoöl.), an East Indian tree frog of the genus Rhacophorus, having very large and broadly webbed feet, which serve as parachutes, and enable it to make very long leaps. — Flying gurnard (Zoöl.), a species of gurnard of the genus Cephalacanthus or Dactylopterus, with very large pectoral fins, said to be able to fly like the flying fish, but not for so great a distance. Three species are known; that of the Atlantic is Cephalacanthus volitans. — Flying jib (Naut.), a sail extended outside of the standing jib, on the flying-jib boom. — Flying-jib boom (Naut.), an extension of the jib boom. — Flying kites (Naut.), light sails carried only in fine weather. — Flying lemur. (Zoöl.) See Colugo. — Flying level (Civil Engin.), a reconnoissance level over the course of a projected road, canal, etc. — Flying lizard. (Zoöl.) See Dragon, n. 6. — Flying machine, an apparatus for navigating the air; a form of balloon. — Flying mouse (Zoöl.), the opossum mouse (Acrobates pygmaeus), of Australia. It has lateral folds of skin, like the flying squirrels. — Flying party (Mil.), a body of soldiers detailed to hover about an enemy. — Flying phalanger (Zoöl.), one of several species of small marsuupials of the genera Petaurus and Belideus, of Australia and New Guinea, having lateral folds like those of the flying squirrels. The sugar squirrel (B. sciureus), and the ariel (B. ariel), are the best known; — called also squirrel petaurus and flying squirrel. See Sugar squirrel. — Flying pinion, the fly of a clock. — Flying sap (Mil.), the rapid construction of trenches (when the enemy’s fire of case shot precludes the method of simple trenching), by means of gabions placed in juxtaposition and filled with earth. — Flying shot, a shot fired at a moving object, as a bird on the wing. — Flying spider. (Zoöl.) See Ballooning spider. — Flying squid (Zoöl.), an oceanic squid (Ommastrephes, or Sthenoteuthis, Bartramii), abundant in the Gulf Stream, which is able to leap out of the water with such force that it often falls on the deck of a vessel. — Flying squirrel (Zoöl.) See Flying squirrel, in the Vocabulary. — Flying start, a start in a sailing race in which the signal is given while the vessels are under way. — Flying torch (Mil.), a torch attached to a long staff and used for signaling at night.

Fly´ing fish (Zoöl.) A fish which is able to leap from the water, and fly a considerable distance by means of its large and long pectoral fins. These fishes belong to several species of the genus Exocœtus, and are found in the warmer parts of all the oceans.

Fly´ing squir´rel . (Zoöl.) One of a group of squirrels, of the genera Pteromus and Sciuropterus, having parachute-like folds of skin extending from the fore to the hind legs, which enable them to make very long leaps. The species of Pteromys are large, with bushy tails, and inhabit southern Asia and the East Indies; those of Sciuropterus are smaller, with flat tails, and inhabit the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. The American species (Sciuropterus volucella) is also called Assapan. The Australian flying squirrels, or flying phalangers, are marsupials. See Flying phalanger (above).

Fly´man , n.; pl. Flymen (-men). The driver of a fly, or light public carriage.

Flysch (flesh), n. [A Swiss word, fr. G. fliessen to flow, melt.] (Geol.) A name given to the series of sandstones and schists overlying the true nummulitic formation in the Alps, and included in the Eocene Tertiary.

Fly´speck (fl?’sp?k), n. A speck or stain made by the excrement of a fly; hence, any insignificant dot.

Fly´speck , v. t. To soil with flyspecks.

Fly´trap , n. 1. A trap for catching flies. 2. (Bot.) A plant (Dionaea muscipula), called also Venus’s flytrap, the leaves of which are fringed with stiff bristles, and fold together when certain hairs on their upper surface are touched, thus seizing insects that light on them. The insects so caught are afterwards digested by a secretion from the upper surface of the leaves.

Fnese , v. i. [AS. fnsan, gefnsan.] To breathe heavily; to snort. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fo , n. The Chinese name of Buddha.

Foal (fol), n. [OE. fole, AS. fola; akin to OHG. folo, G. fohlen, Goth. fula, Icel. foli, Sw. fåle, Gr. pw^los, L. pullus a young animal. Cf. Filly, Poultry, Pullet.] (Zoö.) The young of any animal of the Horse family (Equidae); a colt; a filly. Foal teeth (Zoöl.), the first set of teeth of a horse. — In foal, With foal, being with young; pregnant; — said of a mare or she ass.

Foal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foaled (fold); p. pr. & vb. n. Foaling.] To bring forth (a colt); — said of a mare or a she ass.

Foal, v. i. To bring forth young, as an animal of the horse kind.

Foal´foot (-foot•), n. (Bot.) See Coltsfoot.

Foam (fom), n. [OE. fam, fom, AS. fam; akin to OHG. & G. feim.] The white substance, consisting of an aggregation of bubbles, which is formed on the surface of liquids, or in the mouth of an animal, by violent agitation or fermentation; froth; spume; scum; as the foam of the sea. Foam cock, in steam boilers, a cock at the water level, to blow off impurities.

Foam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foamed (fomd); p. pr. & vb. n. Foaming.] [AS. f?man. See Foam, n.] 1. To gather foam; to froth; as the billows foam. “He foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth.” Mark ix. 18. 2. To form foam, or become filled with foam; — said of a steam boiler when the water is unduly agitated and frothy, as because of chemical action.

Foam, v. t. To cause to foam; as to foam the goblet; also (with out), to throw out with rage or violence, as foam. ´Foaming out their own shame.´ Jude 13.

Foam´ing•ly , adv. With foam; frothily.

Foam´less, a. Having no foam.

Foam´y (-&tcr;), a. Covered with foam; frothy; spumy. “Behold how high the foamy billows ride!” Dryden.

Fob (fob), n. [Cf. Prov. G. fuppe pocket.] A little pocket for a watch. Fob chain, a short watch chain worn with a watch carried in the fob.

Fob , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fobbed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Fobbing.] [Cf.Fop.] 1. To beat; to maul. [Obs.] 2. To cheat; to trick; to impose on. Shak. To fob off, to shift off by an artifice; to put aside; to delude with a trick.´A conspiracy of bishops could prostrate and fob off the right of the people.´ Milton.

Fo´cal , a. [Cf. F. focal. See Focus.] Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as a focal point. Focal distance, or length, of a lens or mirror (Opt.), the distance of the focus from the surface of the lens or mirror, or more exactly, in the case of a lens, from its optical center. —Focal distance of a telescope, the distance of the image of an object from the object glass.

Fo•cal•i•za´tion , n. The act of focalizing or bringing to a focus, or the state of being focalized.

Fo´cal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focalized p. pr. & vb. n. Focalizing ] To bring to a focus; to focus; to concentrate. “Light is focalized in the eye, sound in the ear.” De Quincey.

Foc´il•late , v. t. [L. focilatus, p. p. of focillare.] To nourish. [Obs.] Blount.

Foc•il•la´tion , n. Comfort; support. [Obs.]

Fo•cim´e•ter , n. [Focus + -meter.] (Photog.) An assisting instrument for focusing an object in or before a camera. Knight.

Fo´cus , n.; pl. E. Focuses (#), L. Foci (#). [L. focus hearth, fireplace; perh. akin to E. bake. Cf. Curfew, Fuel, Fusil the firearm.] 1. (Opt.) A point in which the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refracted, and at which the image is formed; as the focus of a lens or mirror. 2. (Geom.) A point so related to a conic section and certain straight line called the directrix that the ratio of the distance between any point of the curve and the focus to the distance of the same point from the directrix is constant. Thus, in the ellipse FGHKLM, A is the focus and CD the directrix, when the ratios FA:FE, GA:GD, MA:MC, etc., are all equal. So in the hyperbola, A is the focus and CD the directrix when the ratio HA:HK is constant for all points of the curve; and in the parabola, A is the focus and CD the directrix when the ratio BA:BC is constant. In the ellipse this ratio is less than unity, in the parabola equal to unity, and in the hyperbola greater than unity. The ellipse and hyperbola have each two foci, and two corresponding directrixes, and the parabola has one focus and one directrix. In the ellipse the sum of the two lines from any point of the curve to the two foci is constant; that is: AG+GB=AH+HB; and in the hyperbola the difference of the corresponding lines is constant. The diameter which passes through the foci of the ellipse is the major axis. The diameter which being produced passes through the foci of the hyperbola is the transverse axis. The middle point of the major or the transverse axis is the center of the curve. Certain other curves, as the lemniscate and the Cartesian ovals, have points called foci, possessing properties similar to those of the foci of conic sections. In an ellipse, rays of light coming from one focus, and reflected from the curve, proceed in lines directed toward the other; in an hyperbola, in lines directed from the other; in a parabola, rays from the focus, after reflection at the curve, proceed in lines parallel to the axis. Thus rays from A in the ellipse are reflected to B; rays from A in the hyperbola are reflected toward L and M away from B. 3. A central point; a point of concentration. Aplanatic focus. (Opt.) See under Aplanatic. — Conjugate focus (Opt.), the focus for rays which have a sensible divergence, as from a near object; — so called because the positions of the object and its image are interchangeable. — Focus tube (Phys.), a vacuum tube for Rœntgen rays in which the cathode rays are focused upon the anticathode, for intensifying the effect. — Principal, or Solar, focus (Opt.), the focus for parallel rays.

Fo´cus , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focused p. pr. & vb. n. Focusing.] To bring to a focus; to focalize; as to focus a camera. R. Hunt.

Fod´der (fod´der), n. [See 1st Fother.] A weight by which lead and some other metals were formerly sold, in England, varying from 19½ to 24 cwt.; a fother. [Obs.]

Fod´der, n. [AS. fodder, foddor, fodder (also sheath case), fr. foda food; akin to D. voeder, OHG. fuotar, G. futter, Icel. foðr, Sw. & Dan. foder. rad.75. See Food and cf. Forage, Fur.] That which is fed out to cattle horses, and sheep, as hay, cornstalks, vegetables, etc.

Fod´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foddered (-derd); p. pr. & vb. n. Foddering.] To feed, as cattle, with dry food or cut grass, etc.; to furnish with hay, straw, oats, etc.

Fod´der•er , n. One who fodders cattle.

Fo´di•ent , a. [L. fodiens, p. pr. of fodere to dig.] Fitted for, or pertaining to, digging.

Fo´di•ent , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fodientia.

Fo•di•en´ti•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fodiens p. pr., digging.] (Zoöl.) A group of African edentates including the aard-vark.

Foe (fo), n. [OE. fo, fa, AS. fah hostile; prob. akin to E. fiend. rad.81. See Fiend, and cf. Feud a quarrel.] 1. One who entertains personal enmity, hatred, grudge, or malice, against another; an enemy. “A man’s foes shall be they of his own household.” Matt. x. 36 2. An enemy in war; a hostile army. 3. One who opposes on principle; an opponent; an adversary; an ill-wisher; as a foe to religion. “A foe to received doctrines.” I. Watts

Foe , v. t. To treat as an enemy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Foe´hood , n. Enmity. Bp. Bedell.

Foe´man (fo´man), n.; pl. Foemen (-men). [AS. fahman.] An enemy in war. “And the stern joy which warriors feel
In foemen worthy of their steel.” Sir W. Scott

Fœ´tal , a. Same as Fetal.

Fœ•ta´tion , n. Same as Fetation.

Fœ´ti•cide , n. Same as Feticide.

Fœ´tor , n. Same as Fetor.

Fœ´tus , n. Same as Fetus.

Fog (fog), n. [Cf. Scot. fog, fouge, moss, foggage rank grass, LL. fogagium, W. ffwg dry grass.] (Agric.) (a) A second growth of grass; aftergrass. (b) Dead or decaying grass remaining on land through the winter; — called also foggage. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. Sometimes called, in New England, old tore. In Scotland, fog is a general name for moss.

Fog v. t. (Agric.) To pasture cattle on the fog, or aftergrass, of; to eat off the fog from.

Fog v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To practice in a small or mean way; to pettifog. [Obs.] “Where wouldst thou fog to get a fee?” Dryden.

Fog n. [Dan. sneefog snow falling thick, drift of snow, driving snow, cf. Icel. fok spray, snowdrift, fjuk snowstorm, fjuka to drift.] 1. Watery vapor condensed in the lower part of the atmosphere and disturbing its transparency. It differs from cloud only in being near the ground, and from mist in not approaching so nearly to fine rain. See Cloud. 2. A state of mental confusion. Fog alarm, Fog bell, Fog horn, etc., a bell, horn, whistle or other contrivance that sounds an alarm, often automatically, near places of danger where visible signals would be hidden in thick weather. - - Fog bank, a mass of fog resting upon the sea, and resembling distant land. — Fog ring, a bank of fog arranged in a circular form, — often seen on the coast of Newfoundland.

Fog , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fogged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Fogging (#).] To envelop, as with fog; to befog; to overcast; to darken; to obscure.

Fog , v. i. (Photog.) To show indistinctly or become indistinct, as the picture on a negative sometimes does in the process of development.

Foge , n. The Cornish name for a forge used for smelting tin. Raymond

Fo’gey , n. See Fogy.

Fog’gage ( 48), n. (Agric.) See 1st Fog.

Fog’ger , n. One who fogs; a pettifogger. [Obs.] “A beggarly fogger.” Terence in English(1614)

Fog´gi•ly , adv. In a foggy manner; obscurely. Johnson.

Fog´gi•ness , n. The state of being foggy. Johnson.

Fog´gy , a. [Compar. Foggier superl. Foggiest.] [From 4th Fog.] 1. Filled or abounding with fog, or watery exhalations; misty; as a foggy atmosphere; a foggy morning. Shak. 2. Beclouded; dull; obscure; as foggy ideas. “Your coarse, foggy, drowsy conceit.” Hayward.

Fo´gie , n. See Fogy.

Fog´less , a. Without fog; clear. Kane.

Fo´gy , n.; pl. Fogies . A dull old fellow; a person behind the times, over-conservative, or slow; — usually preceded by old. [Written also fogie and fogey.] [Colloq.] “Notorious old bore; regular old fogy.” Thackeray. The word is said to be connected with the German vogt, a guard or protector. By others it is regarded as a diminutive of folk (cf. D. volkje). It is defined by Jamieson, in his Scottish Dictionary, as ´an invalid or garrison soldier,´ and is applied to the old soldiers of the Royal Hospital at Dublin, which is called the Fogies’ Hospital. In the fixed habits of such persons we see the origin of the present use of the term. Sir F. Head.

Fo´gy•ism , n. The principles and conduct of a fogy. [Colloq.]

Foh , interj. [Cf. Faugh.] An exclamation of abhorrence or contempt; poh; fie. Shak.

Fo´hist , n. A Buddhist priest. See Fo.

Foi´ble , a. [OF. foible. See Feeble.] Weak; feeble. [Obs.] Lord Herbert.

Foi´ble , n. 1. A moral weakness; a failing; a weak point; a frailty. “ A disposition radically noble and generous, clouded and overshadowed by superficial foibles.” De Quincey. 2. The half of a sword blade or foil blade nearest the point; — opposed to forte. [Written also faible.] Syn. — Fault; imperfection; failing; weakness; infirmity; frailty; defect. See Fault.

Foil (foil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foiled (foild); p. pr. & vb. n. Foiling.] [F. fouler to tread or trample under one’s feet, to press, oppress. See Full, v. t.] 1. To tread under foot; to trample. “ King Richard … caused the ensigns of Leopold to be pulled down and foiled under foot.” Knoless. “ Whom he did all to pieces breake and foyle,
In filthy durt, and left so in the loathely soyle.” Spenser. 2. To render (an effort or attempt) vain or nugatory; to baffle; to outwit; to balk; to frustrate; to defeat. “ And by mortal man at length am foiled.” Dryden. “ Her long locks that foil the painter’s power.” Byron. 3. To blunt; to dull; to spoil; as to foil the scent in chase. Addison.

Foil, v. t. [See 6th File.] To defile; to soil. [Obs.]

Foil, n. 1. Failure of success when on the point of attainment; defeat; frustration; miscarriage. Milton. “ Nor e’er was fate so near a foil.” Dryden. 2. A blunt weapon used in fencing, resembling a smallsword in the main, but usually lighter and having a button at the point. “ Blunt as the fencer’s foils, which hit, but hurt not.” Shak. “ Isocrates contended with a foil against Demosthenes with a word.” Mitford. 3. The track or trail of an animal. To run a foil,to lead astray; to puzzle; — alluding to the habits of some animals of running back over the same track to mislead their pursuers. Brewer.

Foil, n. [OE. foil leaf, OF. foil, fuil, fueil, foille, fueille, F. feuille, fr. L. folium, pl. folia; akin to Gr. , and perh. to E. blade. Cf. Foliage, Folio.] 1. A leaf or very thin sheet of metal; as brass foil; tin foil; gold foil. 2. (Jewelry) A thin leaf of sheet copper silvered and burnished, and afterwards coated with transparent colors mixed with isinglass; — employed by jewelers to give color or brilliancy to pastes and inferior stones. Ure. 3. Anything that serves by contrast of color or quality to adorn or set off another thing to advantage. “As she a black silk cap on him began
To set, for foil of his milk-white to serve.” Sir P. Sidney. “Hector has a foil to set him off.” Broome. 4. A thin coat of tin, with quicksilver, laid on the back of a looking-glass, to cause reflection. 5. (Arch.) The space between the cusps in Gothic architecture; a rounded or leaflike ornament, in windows, niches, etc. A group of foils is called trefoil, quatrefoil, quinquefoil, etc., according to the number of arcs of which it is composed. Foil stone, an imitation of a jewel or precious stone.

Foil´a•ble , a. Capable of being foiled.

Foil´er , n. One who foils or frustrates. Johnson.

Foil´ing, n. (Arch.) A foil. Simmonds.

Foil´ing, n. [Cf. F. foulees. See 1st Foil.] (Hunting) The track of game (as deer) in the grass.

Foin (foin), n. [F. fouine a marten.] 1. (Zoöl.) The beech marten (Mustela foina). See Marten. 2. A kind of fur, black at the top on a whitish ground, taken from the ferret or weasel of the same name.[Obs.] “ He came to the stake in a fair black gown furred and faced with foins.” Fuller.

Foin, v. i. [OE. foinen, foignen; of uncertain origin; cf. dial. F. fouiner to push for eels with a spear, fr. F. fouine an eelspear, perh. fr. L. fodere to dig, thrust.] To thrust with a sword or spear; to lunge. [Obs.] “ He stroke, he soused, he foynd, he hewed, he lashed.” Spenser. “They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore
Their corselets, and the thinnest parts explore.” Dryden.

Foin, v. t. To prick; to st?ng. [Obs.] Huloet.

Foin, n. A pass in fencing; a lunge. [Obs.] Shak.

Foin´er•y , n. Thrusting with the foil; fencing with the point, as distinguished from broadsword play. [Obs.] Marston.

Foin´ing•ly , adv. With a push or thrust. [Obs.]

Foi´son , n. [F. foison, fr. L. fusio a pouring, effusion. See Fusion.] Rich harvest; plenty; abundance. [Archaic] Lowell. “ That from the seedness the bare fallow brings
To teeming foison.” Shak.

Foist (foist), n. [OF. fuste stick, boat, fr. L. fustis cudgel. Cf. 1st Fust.] A light and fast-sailing ship. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Foist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Foisting.] [Cf. OD. vysten to fizzle, D. veesten, E. fizz, fitchet, bullfist.] To insert surreptitiously, wrongfully, or without warrant; to interpolate; to pass off (something spurious or counterfeit) as genuine, true, or worthy; — usually followed by in. “ Lest negligence or partiality might admit or foist in abuses and corruption.” R. Carew. “ When a scripture has been corrupted … by a supposititious foisting of some words in.” South.

Foist, n. 1. A foister; a sharper. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A trick or fraud; a swindle. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Foist´er , n. One who foists something surreptitiously; a falsifier. Mir. for Mag.

Foist´ied , a. [See 2d Fust.] Fusty. [Obs.]

Foist´i•ness , n. Fustiness; mustiness. [Obs.]

Foist´y , a. Fusty; musty. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fold (fold), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Folded; p. pr. & vb. n. Folding.] [OE. folden, falden, AS. fealdan; akin to OHG. faltan, faldan, G. falten, Icel. falda, Dan. folde, Sw. fålla, Goth. falþan, cf. Gr. di- pla•sios twofold, Skr. puta a fold. Cf. Fauteuil.] 1. To lap or lay in plaits or folds; to lay one part over another part of; to double; as to fold cloth; to fold a letter.
[1913 Webster] “As a vesture shalt thou fold them up.” Heb. i. 12. 2. To double or lay together, as the arms or the hands; as he folds his arms in despair. 3. To inclose within folds or plaitings; to envelop; to infold; to clasp; to embrace. “A face folded in sorrow.” J. Webster. “We will descend and fold him in our arms.” Shak. 4. To cover or wrap up; to conceal. “Nor fold my fault in cleanly coined excuses.” Shak.

Fold, v. i. To become folded, plaited, or doubled; to close over another of the same kind; to double together; as the leaves of the door fold. 1 Kings vi. 34.

Fold, n. [From Fold, v. In sense 2 AS. -feald, akin to fealdan to fold.] 1. A doubling,esp. of any flexible substance; a part laid over on another part; a plait; a plication. “Mummies … shrouded in a number of folds of linen.” Bacon. “ Folds are most common in the rocks of mountainous regions.” J. D. Dana. 2. Times or repetitions; — used with numerals, chiefly in composition, to denote multiplication or increase in a geometrical ratio, the doubling, tripling, etc., of anything; as fourfold, four times, increased in a quadruple ratio, multiplied by four. 3. That which is folded together, or which infolds or envelops; embrace. “Shall from your neck unloose his amorous fold.” Shak. Fold net, a kind of net used in catching birds.

Fold, n. [OE. fald, fold, AS. fald, falod.] 1. An inclosure for sheep; a sheep pen. “ Leaps o’er the fence with ease into the fold.” Milton. 2. A flock of sheep; figuratively, the Church or a church; as Christ’s fold. “ There shall be one fold and one shepherd.” John x. 16. “ The very whitest lamb in all my fold.” Tennyson. 3. A boundary; a limit. [Obs.] Creech. Fold yard, an inclosure for sheep or cattle.

Fold, v. t. To confine in a fold, as sheep.

Fold, v. i. To confine sheep in a fold. [R.] “ The star that bids the shepherd fold.” Milton.

Fold´age, n. [See Fold inclosure, Faldage.] (O.Eng.Law.) See Faldage.

Fold´er , n. One who, or that which, folds; esp., a flat, knifelike instrument used for folding paper.

Fol´de•rol , n. Nonsense. [Colloq.]

Fold´ing , n. 1. The act of making a fold or folds; also a fold; a doubling; a plication. “The lower foldings of the vest.” Addison. 2. (Agric.) The keepig of sheep in inclosures on arable land, etc. Folding boat, a portable boat made by stretching canvas etc., over jointed framework, used in campaigning, and by tourists, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Folding chair, a chair which may be shut up compactly for carriage or stowage; a camp chair. — Folding door, one of two or more doors filling a single and hung upon hinges.

Fold´less, a. Having no fold. Milman.

Fo•li•a´ceous , a. [L. foliaceus, fr. folium leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Belonging to, or having the texture or nature of, a leaf; having leaves intermixed with flowers; as a foliaceous spike. 2. (Min.) Consisting of leaves or thin laminae; having the form of a leaf or plate; as foliaceous spar. 3. (Zoöl.) Leaflike in form or mode of growth; as a foliaceous coral.

Fo´li•age , n. [OF. foillage, fueillage, F. feuillage, fr. OF. foille, fueille, fueil, F. feulle, leaf, L. folium. See 3d Foil, and cf. Foliation, Filemot.] 1. Leaves, collectively, as produced or arranged by nature; leafage; as a tree or forest of beautiful foliage. 2. A cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches; especially, the representation of leaves, flowers, and branches, in architecture, intended to ornament and enrich capitals, friezes, pediments, etc. Foliage plant (Bot.), any plant cultivated for the beauty of its leaves, as many kinds of Begonia and Coleus.

Fo´li•age , v. t. To adorn with foliage or the imitation of foliage; to form into the representation of leaves. [R.] Drummond.

Fo´li•aged , a. Furnished with foliage; leaved; as the variously foliaged mulberry.

Fo´li•ar , a. (Bot.) Consisting of, or pertaining to, leaves; as foliar appendages. Foliar gap (Bot.), an opening in the fibrovascular system of a stem at the point of origin of a leaf. — Foliar trace (Bot.), a particular fibrovascular bundle passing down into the stem from a leaf.

Fo´li•ate , a. [L. foliatus leaved, leafy, fr. folium leaf. See Foliage.] (Bot.) Furnished with leaves; leafy; as a foliate stalk. Foliate curve. (Geom.) Same as Folium.

Fo´li•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foliated p. pr. & vb. n. Foliating ] 1. To beat into a leaf, or thin plate. Bacon. 2. To spread over with a thin coat of tin and quicksilver; as to foliate a looking-glass.

Fo´li•a•ted , a. 1. Having leaves, or leaflike projections; as a foliated shell. 2. (Arch.) Containing, or consisting of, foils; as a foliated arch. 3. (Min.) Characterized by being separable into thin plates or folia; as graphite has a foliated structure. 4. (Geol.) Laminated, but restricted to the variety of laminated structure found in crystalline schist, as mica schist, etc.; schistose. 5. Spread over with an amalgam of tin and quicksilver. Foliated telluium. (Min.) See Nagyagite.

Fo´li•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. foliation.] 1. The process of forming into a leaf or leaves. 2. The manner in which the young leaves are dispoed within the bud. “ The … foliation must be in relation to the stem.” De Quincey. 3. The act of beating a metal into a thin plate, leaf, foil, or lamina. 4. The act of coating with an amalgam of tin foil and quicksilver, as in making looking-glasses. 5. (Arch.) The enrichment of an opening by means of foils, arranged in trefoils, quatrefoils, etc.; also one of the ornaments. See Tracery. 6. (Geol.) The property, possessed by some crystalline rocks, of dividing into plates or slabs, which is due to the cleavage structure of one of the constituents, as mica or hornblende. It may sometimes include slaty structure or cleavage, though the latter is usually independent of any mineral constituent, and transverse to the bedding, it having been produced by pressure.

Fo´li•a•ture , n. [L. foliatura foliage.] 1. Foliage; leafage. [Obs.] Shuckford. 2. The state of being beaten into foil. Johnson.

Fo´li•er , n. Goldsmith’s foil. [R.] Sprat.

Fo•lif´er•ous , a. [L. folium leaf+ -ferous: cf. F. foliifère.] Producing leaves. [Written also foliiferous.]

Fol´i•ly , a. Foolishly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fol´io , n.; pl. Folios (#). [Ablative of L. folium leaf. See 4th Foil.] 1. A leaf of a book or manuscript. 2. A sheet of paper once folded. 3. A book made of sheets of paper each folded once (four pages to the sheet); hence, a book of the largest kind. See Note under Paper. 4. (Print.) The page number. The even folios are on the left-hand pages and the odd folios on the right- hand. 5. A page of a book; (Bookkeeping) a page in an account book; sometimes, two opposite pages bearing the same serial number. 6. (Law) A leaf containing a certain number of words, hence, a certain number of words in a writing, as in England, in law proceedings 72, and in chancery, 90; in New York, 100 words. Folio post, a flat writing paper, usually 17 by 24 inches.

Fol´io, v. t. To put a serial number on each folio or page of (a book); to page.

Fol´io, a. Formed of sheets each folded once, making two leaves, or four pages; as a folio volume. See Folio, n., 3.

Fo´li•o•late , a. Of or pertaining to leaflets; — used in composition; as bi- foliolate. Gray.

Fo´li•ole , n. [Dim. of L. folium leaf: cf. F. foliole.] (Bot.) One of the distinct parts of a compound leaf; a leaflet.

Fo•li•o•mort´ , a. See Feuillemort.

Fo•li•ose´ , a. [L. foliosus, fr. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having many leaves; leafy.

Fo•li•os´i•ty , n. The ponderousness or bulk of a folio; voluminousness. [R.] De Quincey.

Fo´li•ous , a. [See Foliose.] 1. Like a leaf; thin; unsubstantial. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Bot.) Foliose. [R.]

Fo´li•um , n.; pl. E. Foliums (#), L. Folia (#). [L., a leaf.] 1. A leaf, esp. a thin leaf or plate. 2. (Geom.) A curve of the third order, consisting of two infinite branches, which have a common asymptote. The curve has a double point, and a leaf-shaped loop; whence the name. Its equation is x^3 + y^3 = axy. { Folk (fok), Folks (foks) }, n. collect. & pl. [AS. folc; akin to D. volk, OS. & OHG. folk, G. volk, Icel. folk, Sw. & Dan. folk, Lith. pulkas crowd, and perh. to E. follow.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) In Anglo-Saxon times, the people of a group of townships or villages; a community; a tribe. [Obs.] “The organization of each folk, as such, sprang mainly from war.” J. R. Green. 2. People in general, or a separate class of people; — generally used in the plural form, and often with a qualifying adjective; as the old folks; poor folks. [Colloq.] “In winter’s tedious nights, sit by the fire
With good old folks, and let them tell thee tales.” Shak. 3. The persons of one’s own family; as our folks are all well. [Colloq. New Eng.] Bartlett. Folk song, one of a class of songs long popular with the common people. — Folk speech, the speech of the common people, as distinguished from that of the educated class.

Folk´land , n. [AS. folcland.] (O.Eng. Law) Land held in villenage, being distributed among the folk, or people, at the pleasure of the lord of the manor, and resumed at his discretion. Not being held by any assurance in writing, it was opposed to bookland or charter land, which was held by deed. Mozley & W. { Folk´lore• , n., or Folk´ lore• }. Tales, legends, or superstitions long current among the people. Trench.

Folk´mote , n. [AS. folcmot folk meeting.] An assembly of the people; esp. (Sax. Law), a general assembly of the people to consider and order matters of the commonwealth; also a local court. [Hist.] “To which folkmote they all with one consent
Agreed to travel.” Spenser.

Folk´mot•er , n. One who takes part in a folkmote, or local court. [Obs.] Milton.

Fol´li•cle , n. [L. folliculus a small bag, husk, pod, dim of follis bellows, an inflated ball, a leathern money bag, perh. akin to E. bellows: cf. F. follicule. Cf. 2d Fool.] 1. (Bot.) A simple podlike pericarp which contains several seeds and opens along the inner or ventral suture, as in the peony, larkspur and milkweed. 2. (Anat.) (a) A small cavity, tubular depression, or sac; as a hair follicle. (b) A simple gland or glandular cavity; a crypt. (c) A small mass of adenoid tissue; as a lymphatic follicle.

Fol•lic´u•lar , a. 1. Like, pertaining to, or consisting of, a follicles or follicles. 2. (Med.) Affecting the follicles; as follicular pharyngitis.

Fol•lic´u•la•ted , a. Having follicles.

Fol•lic´u•lous , a. [L. folliculosus full of husks: cf. F. folliculeux.] Having or producing follicles.

Fol´li•ful , a. Full of folly. [Obs.]

Fol´low , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Followed p. pr. & vb. n. Following.][OE. foluwen, folwen, folgen, AS. folgian, fylgean, fylgan; akin to D. volgen, OHG. folgn, G. folgen, Icel. fylgja, Sw. följa, Dan. fölge, and perh. to E. folk.] 1. To go or come after; to move behind in the same path or direction; hence, to go with (a leader, guide, etc.); to accompany; to attend. “ It waves me forth again; I’ll follow it.” Shak. 2. To endeavor to overtake; to go in pursuit of; to chase; to pursue; to prosecute. “ I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and they shall follow them.” Ex. xiv. 17. 3. To accept as authority; to adopt the opinions of; to obey; to yield to; to take as a rule of action; as to follow good advice. “Approve the best, and follow what I approve”. Milton. “Follow peace with all men.” Heb. xii. 14. “ It is most agreeable to some men to follow their reason; and to others to follow their appetites.” J. Edwards. 4. To copy after; to take as an example. “ We had rather follow the perfections of them whom we like not, than in defects resemble them whom we love.” Hooker. 5. To succeed in order of time, rank, or office. 6. To result from, as an effect from a cause, or an inference from a premise. 7. To watch, as a receding object; to keep the eyes fixed upon while in motion; to keep the mind upon while in progress, as a speech, musical performance, etc.; also to keep up with; to understand the meaning, connection, or force of, as of a course of thought or argument. “ He followed with his eyes the flitting shade.” Dryden. 8. To walk in, as a road or course; to attend upon closely, as a profession or calling. “O, had I but followed the arts!” Shak. “O Antony! I have followed thee to this.” Shak. Follow board (Founding), a board on which the pattern and the flask lie while the sand is rammed into the flask. Knight. — To follow the hounds, to hunt with dogs. — To follow suit (Card Playing), to play a card of the same suit as the leading card; hence, colloquially, to follow an example set. — To follow up, to pursue indefatigably. Syn.- To pursue; chase; go after; attend; accompany; succeed; imitate; copy; embrace; maintain. - To Follow, Pursue. To follow (v.t.) denotes simply to go after; to pursue denotes to follow with earnestness, and with a view to attain some definite object; as a hound pursues the deer. So a person follows a companion whom he wishes to overtake on a journey; the officers of justice pursue a felon who has escaped from prison.

Fol´low, v. i. To go or come after; — used in the various senses of the transitive verb: To pursue; to attend; to accompany; to be a result; to imitate. Syn.- To Follow, Succeed, Ensue. To follow (v.i.) means simply to come after; as a crowd followed. To succeed means to come after in some regular series or succession; as day succeeds to day, and night to night. To ensue means to follow by some established connection or principle of sequence. As wave follows wave, revolution succeeds to revolution; and nothing ensues but accumulated wretchedness.

Fol´low•er , n. [OE. folwere, AS. folgere.] 1. One who follows; a pursuer; an attendant; a disciple; a dependent associate; a retainer. 2. A sweetheart; a beau. [Colloq.] A. Trollope. 3. (Steam Engine) (a) The removable flange, or cover, of a piston. See Illust. of Piston. (b) A gland. See Illust. of Stuffing box. 4. (Mach.) The part of a machine that receives motion from another part. See Driver. 5. Among law stationers, a sheet of parchment or paper which is added to the first sheet of an indenture or other deed. Syn. — Imitator; copier; disciple; adherent; partisan; dependent; attendant.

Fol´low•ing , n. 1. One’s followers, adherents, or dependents, collectively. Macaulay. 2. Vocation; business; profession.

Fol´low•ing, a. 1. Next after; succeeding; ensuing; as the assembly was held on the following day. 2. (Astron.) (In the field of a telescope) In the direction from which stars are apparently moving (in consequence of the earth’s rotation); as a small star, north following or south following. In the direction toward which stars appear to move is called preceding. The four principal directions in the field of a telescope are north, south, following, preceding.

Fol´ly , n.; pl. Follies (#). [OE. folie, foli, F. folie, fr. fol, fou, foolish, mad. See Fool.] 1. The state of being foolish; want of good sense; levity, weakness, or derangement of mind. 2. A foolish act; an inconsiderate or thoughtless procedure; weak or light-minded conduct; foolery. “ What folly ’tis to hazard life for ill.” Shak. 3. Scandalous crime; sin; specifically, as applied to a woman, wantonness. “[Achan] wrought folly in Israel.” Josh. vii. 15. “When lovely woman stoops to folly.” Goldsmith. 4. The result of a foolish action or enterprise. “ It is called this man’s or that man’s ´folly,´ and name of the foolish builder is thus kept alive for long after years.” Trench.

Fol´we , v. t. To follow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fo´mal•haut , n. [Ar., prop., mouth of the large fish: cf. F. Fomalhaut.] (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude, in the constellation Piscis Australis, or Southern Fish.

Fo•ment´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fomented; p. pr. & vb. n. Fomenting.] [F. fomenter, fr. L. fomentare, fr. fomentum (for fovimentum) a warm application or lotion, fr. fovere to warm or keep warm; perh. akin to Gr. to roast, and E. bake.] 1. To apply a warm lotion to; to bathe with a cloth or sponge wet with warm water or medicated liquid. 2. To cherish with heat; to foster. [Obs.] “Which these soft fires … foment and warm.” Milton. 3. To nurse to life or activity; to cherish and promote by excitements; to encourage; to abet; to instigate; — used often in a bad sense; as to foment ill humors. Locke. “ But quench the choler you foment in vain.” Dryden. “ Exciting and fomenting a religious rebellion.” Southey.

Fo•men•ta´tion , n. [. fomentatio: cf. F. fomentation.] 1. (Med.) (a) The act of fomenting; the application of warm, soft, medicinal substances, as for the purpose of easing pain, by relaxing the skin, or of discussing tumors. (b) The lotion applied to a diseased part. 2. Excitation; instigation; encouragement. “Dishonest fomentation of your pride.” Young.

Fo•ment´er , n. One who foments; one who encourages or instigates; as a fomenter of sedition.

Fo´mes (fo´mez), n.; pl. Fomites (fom´i•tez). [L. fomes, -itis, touch-wood, tinder.] (Med.) Any substance supposed to be capable of absorbing, retaining, and transporting contagious or infectious germs; as woolen clothes are said to be active fomites.

Fon (fon), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fani silly, fana to act silly, Sw. fåne fool. Cf. Fond, a.] A fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fond , obs. imp. of Find. Found. Chaucer.

Fond, a. [Compar. Fonder superl. Fondest.] [For fonned, p. p. of OE. fonnen to be foolish. See Fon.] 1. Foolish; silly; simple; weak. [Archaic] “Grant I may never prove so fond
To trust man on his oath or bond.” Shak. 2. Foolishly tender and loving; weakly indulgent; over-affectionate. 3. Affectionate; loving; tender; — in a good sense; as a fond mother or wife. Addison. 4. Loving; much pleased; affectionately regardful, indulgent, or desirous; longing or yearning; — followed by of (formerly also by on). “ More fond on her than she upon her love.” Shak. “ You are as fond of grief as of your child.” Shak. “ A great traveler, and fond of telling his adventures.” Irving. 5. Doted on; regarded with affection. [R.] “ Nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe thy prayer.” Byron. 6. Trifling; valued by folly; trivial. [Obs.] Shak.

Fond, v. t. To caress; to fondle. [Obs.] “ The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast.” Dryden.

Fond, v. i. To be fond; to dote. [Obs.] Shak.

Fond´e , v. t. & i. [AS. fandian to try.] To endeavor; to strive; to try. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fon´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fondled p. pr. & vb. n. Fondling ] [From Fond, v.] To treat or handle with tenderness or in a loving manner; to caress; as a nurse fondles a child. Syn. — See Caress.

Fon´dler , n. One who fondles. Johnson.

Fon´dling , n. [From Fondle.] The act of caressing; manifestation of tenderness. “ Cyrus made no … amorous fondling
To fan her pride, or melt her guardless heart.” Mickle.

Fond´ling , n. [Fond + - ling.] 1. A person or thing fondled or caressed; one treated with foolish or doting affection. “Fondlings are in danger to be made fools.” L’Estrange. 2. A fool; a simpleton; a ninny. [Obs.] Chapman.

Fond´ly , adv. 1. Foolishly. [Archaic] Verstegan (1673). “ Make him speak fondly like a frantic man.” Shak. 2. In a fond manner; affectionately; tenderly. “ My heart, untraveled, fondly turns to thee.” Goldsmith.

Fond´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fond; foolishness. [Obs.] “Fondness it were for any, being free,
To covet fetters, though they golden be.” Spenser. 2. Doting affection; tender liking; strong appetite, propensity, or relish; as he had a fondness for truffles. “ My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee.” Addison. Syn. — Attachment; affection; love; kindness.

Fon´don , n. [Cf. F. fondant flux.] (Metal.) A large copper vessel used for hot amalgamation.

Fon•dus´ , n. [F. fondu, prop. p. p. of fondre to melt, blend. See Found to cast.] A style of printing calico, paper hangings, etc., in which the colors are in bands and graduated into each other. Ure.

Fone , n.; pl. of Foe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fong´e , v. t. [See Fang, v. t.] To take; to receive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fon´ly , adv. [See Fon.] Foolishly; fondly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fon´ne , n. A fon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Font , n. [F. fonte, fr. fondre to melt or cast. See Found to cast, and cf. Fount a font.] (Print.) A complete assortment of printing type of one size, including a due proportion of all the letters in the alphabet, large and small, points, accents, and whatever else is necessary for printing with that variety of types; a fount.

Font, n. [AS. font, fant, fr. L. fons, fontis, spring, fountain; cf. OF. font, funt, F. fonts, fonts baptismaux, pl. See Fount.] 1. A fountain; a spring; a source. “ Bathing forever in the font of bliss.” Young. 2. A basin or stone vessel in which water is contained for baptizing. “ That name was given me at the font.” Shak.

Font´al , a. Pertaining to a font, fountain, source, or origin; original; primitive. [R.] “ From the fontal light of ideas only can a man draw intellectual power.” Coleridge.

Fon´ta•nel , n. [F. fontanelle, prop., a little fountain, fr. fontaine fountain. See Fountain.] 1. (Med.) An issue or artificial ulcer for the discharge of humors from the body.[Obs.] Wiseman. 2. (Anat.) One of the membranous intervals between the incompleted angles of the parietal and neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull; — so called because it exhibits a rhythmical pulsation. In the human fetus there are six fontanels, of which the anterior, or bregmatic, situated at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, is much the largest, and remains open a considerable time after birth.

Fon•ta•nelle´ , n. [F.] (Anat.) Same as Fontanel, 2.

Fon•tange´ , n. [F., from the name of the first wearer, Mlle. de Fontanges, about 1679.] A kind of tall headdress formerly worn. Addison.

Food , n. [OE. fode, AS. foda; akin to Icel. faeða, faeði, Sw. föda, Dan. & LG. föde, OHG. fatunga, Gr. patei^sthai to eat, and perh. to Skr. pa to protect, L. pascere to feed, pasture, pabulum food, E. pasture. rad.75. Cf. Feed, Fodder food, Foster to cherish.] 1. What is fed upon; that which goes to support life by being received within, and assimilated by, the organism of an animal or a plant; nutriment; aliment; especially, what is eaten by animals for nourishment. In a physiological sense, true aliment is to be distinguished as that portion of the food which is capable of being digested and absorbed into the blood, thus furnishing nourishment, in distinction from the indigestible matter which passes out through the alimentary canal as faeces. Foods are divided into two main groups: nitrogenous, or proteid, foods, i.e., those which contain nitrogen, and nonnitrogenous, i.e., those which do not contain nitrogen. The latter group embraces the fats and carbohydrates, which collectively are sometimes termed heat producers or respiratory foods, since by oxidation in the body they especially subserve the production of heat. The proteids, on the other hand, are known as plastic foods or tissue formers, since no tissue can be formed without them. These latter terms, however, are misleading, since proteid foods may also give rise to heat both directly and indirectly, and the fats and carbohydrates are useful in other ways than in producing heat. 2. Anything that instructs the intellect, excites the feelings, or molds habits of character; that which nourishes. “This may prove food to my displeasure.” Shak. “In this moment there is life and food
For future years.” Wordsworth. Food is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds, as in food fish or food-fish, food supply. Food vacuole (Zoöl.), one of the spaces in the interior of a protozoan in which food is contained, during digestion. — Food yolk. (Biol.) See under Yolk. Syn. — Aliment; sustenance; nutriment; feed; fare; victuals; provisions; meat.

Food, v. t. To supply with food. [Obs.] Baret.

Food´ful , a. Full of food; supplying food; fruitful; fertile. ´The foodful earth.´ Dryden. “Bent by its foodful burden [the corn].” Glover.

Food´less, a. Without food; barren. Sandys.

Food´y , a. Eatable; fruitful. [R.] Chapman.

Fool , n. [Cf. F. fouler to tread, crush. Cf. 1st Foil.] A compound of gooseberries scalded and crushed, with cream; — commonly called gooseberry fool.

Fool, n. [OE. fol, n. & adj., F. fol, fou, foolish, mad; a fool, prob. fr. L. follis a bellows, wind bag, an inflated ball; perh. akin to E. bellows. Cf. Folly, Follicle.] 1. One destitute of reason, or of the common powers of understanding; an idiot; a natural. 2. A person deficient in intellect; one who acts absurdly, or pursues a course contrary to the dictates of wisdom; one without judgment; a simpleton; a dolt. “ Extol not riches, then, the toil of fools.” Milton. “ Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other.” Franklin. 3. (Script.) One who acts contrary to moral and religious wisdom; a wicked person. “ The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God.” Ps. xiv. 1. 4. One who counterfeits folly; a professional jester or buffoon; a retainer formerly kept to make sport, dressed fantastically in motley, with ridiculous accouterments. “ Can they think me … their fool or jester?” Milton. April fool, Court fool, etc. See under April, Court, etc. — Fool’s cap, a cap or hood to which bells were usually attached, formerly worn by professional jesters. — Fool’s errand, an unreasonable, silly, profitless adventure or undertaking. — Fool’s gold, iron or copper pyrites, resembling gold in color. — Fool’s paradise, a name applied to a limbo (see under Limbo) popularly believed to be the region of vanity and nonsense. Hence, any foolish pleasure or condition of vain self-satistaction. — Fool’s parsley (Bot.), an annual umbelliferous plant (AEthusa Cynapium) resembling parsley, but nauseous and poisonous. — To make a fool of, to render ridiculous; to outwit; to shame. [Colloq.] — To play the fool, to act the buffoon; to act a foolish part. ´I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly.´ 1 Sam. xxvi. 21.

Fool, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fooled p. pr. & vb. n. Fooling.] To play the fool; to trifle; to toy; to spend time in idle sport or mirth. “Is this a time for fooling?” Dryden.

Fool, v. t. 1. To infatuate; to make foolish. Shak. “For, fooled with hope, men favor the deceit.” Dryden. 2. To use as a fool; to deceive in a shameful or mortifying manner; to impose upon; to cheat by inspiring foolish confidence; as to fool one out of his money. “You are fooled, discarded, and shook off
By him for whom these shames ye underwent.” Shak. To fool away, to get rid of foolishly; to spend in trifles, idleness, folly, or without advantage.

Foo´lahs , n. pl.; sing. Foolah. (Ethnol.) Same as Fulahs.

Fool´-born , a. Begotten by a fool. Shak.

Fool´er•y , n.; pl. Fooleries . 1. The practice of folly; the behavior of a fool; absurdity. “Folly in fools bears not so strong a note,
As foolery in the wise, when wit doth dote.” Shak. 2. An act of folly or weakness; a foolish practice; something absurd or nonsensical. “That Pythagoras Plato, or Orpheus, believed in any of these fooleries, it can not be suspected.” Sir W. Raleigh.

Fool´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The orange filefish. See Filefish. (b) The winter flounder. See Flounder.

Fool´-hap•py , a. Lucky, without judgment or contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fool´har•di•hood , n. The state of being foolhardy; foolhardiness.

Fool´har•di•ly, adv. In a foolhardy manner.

Fool´har•di•ness, n. Courage without sense or judgment; foolish rashness; recklessness. Dryden.

Fool´har•dise , n. [Fool, F. fol, fou + F. hardiesse boldness.] Foolhardiness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fool´har•dy , a. [OF. folhardi. See Fool idiot, and Hardy.] Daring without judgment; foolishly adventurous and bold. Howell. Syn. — Rash; venturesome; venturous; precipitate; reckless; headlong; incautious. See Rash.

Fool´-has•ty , a. Foolishly hasty. [R.]

Fool´i•fy , v. t. [Fool + -fy.] To make a fool of; to befool. [R.] Holland.

Fool´ish, a. 1. Marked with, or exhibiting, folly; void of understanding; weak in intellect; without judgment or discretion; silly; unwise. “ I am a very foolish fond old man.” Shak. 2. Such as a fool would do; proceeding from weakness of mind or silliness; exhibiting a want of judgment or discretion; as a foolish act. 3. Absurd; ridiculous; despicable; contemptible. “ A foolish figure he must make.” Prior. Syn. — Absurd; shallow; shallow-brained; brainless; simple; irrational; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; incautious; silly; ridiculous; vain; trifling; contemptible. See Absurd.

Fool´ish•ly, adv. In a foolish manner.

Fool´ish•ness, n. 1. The quality of being foolish. 2. A foolish practice; an absurdity. “ The preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness.” 1 Cor. i. 18.

Fool´-large , a. [OF. follarge. See Fool, and Large.] Foolishly liberal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fool´-lar•gesse , n. [See Fool- large, Largess.] Foolish expenditure; waste. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fools´cap , n. [So called from the watermark of a fool’s cap and bells used by old paper makers. See Fool’s cap, under Fool.] A writing paper made in sheets, ordinarily 16 x 13 inches, and folded so as to make a page 13 x 8 inches. See Paper.

Foot (foot), n.; pl. Feet (fet). [OE. fot, foot, pl. fet, feet. AS. fot, pl. fet; akin to D. voet, OHG. fuoz, G. fuss, Icel. fotr, Sw. fot, Dan. fod, Goth. fotus, L. pes, Gr. poy•s, Skr. pad, Icel. fet step, pace measure of a foot, feta to step, find one’s way. rad.77, 250. Cf. Antipodes, Cap-a-pie, Expedient, Fet to fetch, Fetlock, Fetter, Pawn a piece in chess, Pedal.] 1. (Anat.) The terminal part of the leg of man or an animal; esp., the part below the ankle or wrist; that part of an animal upon which it rests when standing, or moves. See Manus, and Pes. 2. (Zoöl.) The muscular locomotive organ of a mollusk. It is a median organ arising from the ventral region of body, often in the form of a flat disk, as in snails. See Illust. of Buccinum. 3. That which corresponds to the foot of a man or animal; as the foot of a table; the foot of a stocking. 4. The lowest part or base; the ground part; the bottom, as of a mountain or column; also the last of a row or series; the end or extremity, esp. if associated with inferiority; as the foot of a hill; the foot of the procession; the foot of a class; the foot of the bed. “ And now at foot
Of heaven’s ascent they lift their feet.” Milton. 5. Fundamental principle; basis; plan; — used only in the singular. “ Answer directly upon the foot of dry reason.” Berkeley. 6. Recognized condition; rank; footing; — used only in the singular. [R.] “ As to his being on the foot of a servant.” Walpole. 7. A measure of length equivalent to twelve inches; one third of a yard. See Yard. This measure is supposed to be taken from the length of a man’s foot. It differs in length in different countries. In the United States and in England it is 304.8 millimeters. 8. (Mil.) Soldiers who march and fight on foot; the infantry, usually designated as the foot, in distinction from the cavalry. ´Both horse and foot.´ Milton. 9. (Pros.) A combination of syllables consisting a metrical element of a verse, the syllables being formerly distinguished by their quantity or length, but in modern poetry by the accent. 10. (Naut.) The lower edge of a sail. Foot is often used adjectively, signifying of or pertaining to a foot or the feet, or to the base or lower part. It is also much used as the first of compounds. Foot artillery. (Mil.) (a) Artillery soldiers serving in foot. (b) Heavy artillery. Farrow. — Foot bank (Fort.), a raised way within a parapet. — Foot barracks (Mil.), barracks for infantery. — Foot bellows, a bellows worked by a treadle. Knight. — Foot company (Mil.), a company of infantry. Milton. — Foot gear, covering for the feet, as stocking, shoes, or boots. — Foot hammer (Mach.), a small tilt hammer moved by a treadle. — Foot iron. (a) The step of a carriage. (b) A fetter. — Foot jaw. (Zoöl.) See Maxilliped. — Foot key (Mus.), an organ pedal. — Foot level (Gunnery), a form of level used in giving any proposed angle of elevation to a piece of ordnance. Farrow. — Foot mantle, a long garment to protect the dress in riding; a riding skirt. [Obs.] — Foot page, an errand boy; an attendant. [Obs.] — Foot passenger, one who passes on foot, as over a road or bridge. — Foot pavement, a paved way for foot passengers; a footway; a trottoir. — Foot poet, an inferior poet; a poetaster. [R.] Dryden. — Foot post. (a) A letter carrier who travels on foot. (b) A mail delivery by means of such carriers. — Fot pound, ∧ Foot poundal. (Mech.) See Foot pound and Foot poundal, in the Vocabulary. — Foot press (Mach.), a cutting, embossing, or printing press, moved by a treadle. — Foot race, a race run by persons on foot. Cowper. — Foot rail, a railroad rail, with a wide flat flange on the lower side. — Foot rot, an ulcer in the feet of sheep; claw sickness. — Foot rule, a rule or measure twelve inches long. — Foot screw, an adjusting screw which forms a foot, and serves to give a machine or table a level standing on an uneven place. — Foot secretion. (Zoöl.) See Sclerobase. — Foot soldier, a soldier who serves on foot. — Foot stick (Printing), a beveled piece of furniture placed against the foot of the page, to hold the type in place. — Foot stove, a small box, with an iron pan, to hold hot coals for warming the feet. — Foot tubercle. (Zoöl.) See Parapodium. — Foot valve (Steam Engine), the valve that opens to the air pump from the condenser. — Foot vise, a kind of vise the jaws of which are operated by a treadle. — Foot waling (Naut.), the inside planks or lining of a vessel over the floor timbers. Totten. — Foot wall (Mining), the under wall of an inclosed vein. By foot, or On foot, by walking; as to pass a stream on foot. — Cubic foot. See under Cubic. — Foot and mouth disease, a contagious disease (Eczema epizoötica) of cattle, sheep, swine, etc., characterized by the formation of vesicles and ulcers in the mouth and about the hoofs. — Foot of the fine (Law), the concluding portion of an acknowledgment in court by which, formerly, the title of land was conveyed. See Fine of land, under Fine, n.; also Chirograph. (b). — Square foot. See under Square. — To be on foot, to be in motion, action, or process of execution. — To keep the foot (Script.), to preserve decorum. ´Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of God.´ Eccl. v. 1. — To put one’s foot down, to take a resolute stand; to be determined. [Colloq.] — To put the best foot foremost, to make a good appearance; to do one’s best. [Colloq.] — To set on foot, to put in motion; to originate; as to set on foot a subscription. — To put, or set, one on his feet, to put one in a position to go on; to assist to start. — Under foot. (a) Under the feet; (Fig.) at one’s mercy; as to trample under foot. Gibbon. (b) Below par. [Obs.] ´They would be forced to sell … far under foot.´ Bacon.

Foot , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Footed; p. pr. & vb. n. Footing.] 1. To tread to measure or music; to dance; to trip; to skip. Dryden. 2. To walk; — opposed to ride or fly. Shak.

Foot, v. t. 1. To kick with the foot; to spurn. Shak. 2. To set on foot; to establish; to land. [Obs.] “What confederacy have you with the traitors
Late footed in the kingdom?” Shak. 3. To tread; as to foot the green. Tickell. 4. To sum up, as the numbers in a column; — sometimes with up; as to foot (or foot up) an account. 5. To seize or strike with the talon. [Poet.] Shak. 6. To renew the foot of, as of a stocking. Shak. To foot a bill, to pay it. [Colloq.] — To foot it, to walk; also to dance. “If you are for a merry jaunt, I’ll try, for once, who can foot it farthest.” Dryden.

Foot´ball , n. An inflated ball to be kicked in sport, usually made in India rubber, or a bladder incased in Leather. Waller. 2. The game of kicking the football by opposing parties of players between goals. Arbuthnot.

Foot´band , n. A band of foot soldiers. [Obs.]

Foot´bath , n. A bath for the feet; also a vessel used in bathing the feet.

Foot´board , n. 1. A board or narrow platfrom upon which one may stand or brace his feet; as: (a) The platform for the engineer and fireman of a locomotive. (b) The foot-rest of a coachman’s box. 2. A board forming the foot of a bedstead. 3. A treadle.

Foot´boy , n. A page; an attendant in livery; a lackey. Shak.

Foot´breadth , n. The breadth of a foot; — used as a measure. Longfellow. “Not so much as a footbreadth.” Deut. ii. 5.

Foot´bridge , n. A narrow bridge for foot passengers only.

Foot´cloth , n. Formerly, a housing or caparison for a horse. Sir W. Scott.

Foot´ed, a. 1. Having a foot or feet; shaped in the foot. ´Footed like a goat.´ Grew. Footed is often used in composition in the sense of having (such or so many) feet; as fourfooted beasts. 2. Having a foothold; established. “Our king … is footed in this land already.” Shak.

Foot´fall , n. A setting down of the foot; a footstep; the sound of a footstep. Shak. “Seraphim, whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor.” Poe.

Foot´fight , n. A conflict by persons on foot; — distinguished from a fight on horseback. Sir P. Sidney.

Foot´glove , n. A kind of stocking. [Obs.]

Foot´ Guards , pl. Infantry soldiers belonging to select regiments called the Guards. [Eng.]

Foot´halt , n. A disease affecting the feet of sheep.

Foot´hill , n. A low hill at the foot of higher hills or mountains.

Foot´hold , n. A holding with the feet; firm standing; that on which one may tread or rest securely; footing. L’Estrange.

Foot´hook , n. (Naut.) See Futtock.

Foot´hot , adv. Hastily; immediately; instantly; on the spot; hotfoot. Gower. “Custance have they taken anon, foothot.” Chaucer.

Foot´ing, n. 1. Ground for the foot; place for the foot to rest on; firm foundation to stand on. “In ascent, every step gained is a footing and help to the next.” Holder. 2. Standing; position; established place; basis for operation; permanent settlement; foothold. “As soon as he had obtained a footing at court, the charms of his manner … made him a favorite.” Macaulay. 3. Relative condition; state. “Lived on a footing of equality with nobles.” Macaulay. 4. Tread; step; especially, measured tread. “Hark, I hear the footing of a man.” Shak. 5. The act of adding up a column of figures; the amount or sum total of such a column. 6. The act of putting a foot to anything; also that which is added as a foot; as the footing of a stocking. 7. A narrow cotton lace, without figures. 8. The finer refuse part of whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. Simmonds. 9. (Arch. & Enging.) The thickened or sloping portion of a wall, or of an embankment at its foot. Footing course (Arch.), one of the courses of masonry at the foot of a wall, broader than the courses above. — To pay one’s footing, to pay a fee on first doing anything, as working at a trade or in a shop. Wright. — Footing beam, the tie beam of a roof.

Foot´less, a. Having no feet.

Foot´lick•er , n. A sycophant; a fawner; a toady. Cf. Bootlick. Shak.

Foot´light , n. One of a row of lights in the front of the stage in a theater, etc., and on a level therewith. Before the footlights, upon the stage; — hence, in the capacity of an actor.

Foot´man , n.; pl. Footmen . 1. A soldier who marches and fights on foot; a foot soldier. 2. A man in waiting; a male servant whose duties are to attend the door, the carriage, the table, etc. 3. Formerly, a servant who ran in front of his master’s carriage; a runner. Prior. 4. A metallic stand with four feet, for keeping anything warm before a fire. 5. (Zoöl.) A moth of the family Lithosidae; — so called from its livery-like colors.

Foot´man•ship, n. Art or skill of a footman.

Foot´mark , n. A footprint; a track or vestige. Coleridge.

Foot´note , n. A note of reference or comment at the foot of a page.

Foot´pace , n. 1. A walking pace or step. 2. A dais, or elevated platform; the highest step of the altar; a landing in a staircase. Shipley.

Foot´pad , n. A highwayman or robber on foot.

Foot´path , n.; pl. Footpaths . A narrow path or way for pedestrains only; a footway.

Foot´plate , n. (Locomotives) See Footboard (a).

Foot´ pound (Mech.) A unit of energy, or work, being equal to the work done in raising one pound avoirdupois against the force of gravity the height of one foot.

Foot´ pound•al (Mech.) A unit of energy or work, equal to the work done in moving a body through one foot against the force of one poundal.

Foot´print , n. The impression of the foot; a trace or footmark; as ´Footprints of the Creator.´

Foot´rope , n. (Aut.) (a) The rope rigged below a yard, upon which men stand when reefing or furling; — formerly called a horse. (b) That part of the boltrope to which the lower edge of a sail is sewed.

Foots , n. pl. The settlings of oil, molasses, etc., at the bottom of a barrel or hogshead. Simmonds.

Foot´-sore , a. Having sore or tender feet, as by reason of much walking; as foot-sore cattle.

Foot´stalk , n. 1. (Bot.) The stalk of a leaf or of flower; a petiole, pedicel, or reduncle. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The peduncle or stem by which various marine animals are attached, as certain brachiopods and goose barnacles. (b) The stem which supports which supports the eye in decapod Crustacea; eyestalk. 3. (Mach.) The lower part of a millstone spindle. It rests in a step. Knight.

Foot´stall , n. [Cf. Pedestal.] 1. The stirrup of a woman’s saddle. 2. (Arch.) The plinth or base of a pillar.

Foot´step , n. 1. The mark or impression of the foot; a track; hence, visible sign of a course pursued; token; mark; as the footsteps of divine wisdom. “How on the faltering footsteps of decay
Youth presses.” Bryant. 2. An inclined plane under a hand printing press.

Foot´stone ( 110), n. The stone at the foot of a grave; — opposed to headstone.

Foot´stool , n. A low stool to support the feet of one when sitting.

Foot´way , n. A passage for pedestrians only.

Foot´worn , a. Worn by, or weared in, the feet; as a footworn path; a footworn traveler.

Foot´y , a. 1. Having foots, or settlings; as footy oil, molasses, etc. [Eng.] 2. Poor; mean. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Fop , n. [OE. foppe, fop, fool; cf. E. fob to cheat, G. foppen to make a fool of one, jeer, D. foppen.] One whose ambition it is to gain admiration by showy dress; a coxcomb; an inferior dandy.

Fop´-doo•dle , n. A stupid or insignificant fellow; a fool; a simpleton. [R.] Hudibras.

Fop´ling , n. A petty fop. Landor.

Fop´per•y , n.; pl. Fopperies (#). [From Fop.] 1. The behavior, dress, or other indication of a fop; coxcombry; affectation of show; showy folly. 2. Folly; foolery. “Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter
My sober house.” Shak.

Fop´pish , a. Foplike; characteristic of a top in dress or manners; making an ostentatious display of gay clothing; affected in manners. Syn. — Finical; spruce; dandyish. See Finical. — Fop´pish•ly, adv. — Fop´pish•ness, n.

For- . [AS. for-; akin to D. & G. ver- , OHG. fir-, Icel. for-, Goth. fra-, cf. Skr. para- away, Gr. beside, and E. far, adj. Cf. Fret to rub.] A prefix to verbs, having usually the force of a negative or privative. It often implies also loss, detriment, or destruction, and sometimes it is intensive, meaning utterly, quite thoroughly, as in forbathe.

For , prep. [AS. for, fore; akin to OS. for, fora, furi, D. voor, OHG. fora, G. vor, OHG. furi, G. für, Icel. fyrir, Sw. för, Dan. for, adv. för, Goth. faúr, faúra, L. pro, Gr. , Skr. pra-. rad. 202. Cf. Fore, First, Foremost, Forth, Pro-.] In the most general sense, indicating that in consideration of, in view of, or with reference to, which anything is done or takes place. 1. Indicating the antecedent cause or occasion of an action; the motive or inducement accompanying and prompting to an act or state; the reason of anything; that on account of which a thing is or is done. “With fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath.” Shak. “How to choose dogs for scent or speed.” Waller. “Now, for so many glorious actions done,
For peace at home, and for the public wealth,
I mean to crown a bowl for Caesar’s health.” Dryden. “That which we, for our unworthiness, are afraid to crave, our prayer is, that God, for the worthiness of his Son, would, notwithstanding, vouchsafe to grant.” Hooker. 2. Indicating the remoter and indirect object of an act; the end or final cause with reference to which anything is, acts, serves, or is done. “The oak for nothing ill,
The osier good for twigs, the poplar for the mill.” Spenser. “It was young counsel for the persons, and violent counsel for the matters.” Bacon. “Shall I think the worls was made for one,
And men are born for kings, as beasts for men,
Not for protection, but to be devoured?” Dryden. “For he writes not for money, nor for praise.” Denham. 3. Indicating that in favor of which, or in promoting which, anything is, or is done; hence, in behalf of; in favor of; on the side of; — opposed to against. “We can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth.” 2 Cor. xiii. 8. “It is for the general good of human society, and consequently of particular persons, to be true and just; and it is for men’s health to be temperate.” Tillotson. “Aristotle is for poetical justice.” Dennis. 4. Indicating that toward which the action of anything is directed, or the point toward which motion is made; ntending to go to. “We sailed from Peru for China and Japan.” Bacon. 5. Indicating that on place of or instead of which anything acts or serves, or that to which a substitute, an equivalent, a compensation, or the like, is offered or made; instead of, or place of. “And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” Ex. xxi. 23, 24. 6. Indicating that in the character of or as being which anything is regarded or treated; to be, or as being. “We take a falling meteor for a star.” Cowley. “If a man can be fully assured of anything for a truth, without having examined, what is there that he may not embrace for tru?” Locke. “Most of our ingenious young men take up some cried- up English poet for their model.” Dryden. “But let her go for an ungrateful woman.” Philips. 7. Indicating that instead of which something else controls in the performing of an action, or that in spite of which anything is done, occurs, or is; hence, equivalent to notwithstanding, in spite of; — generally followed by all, aught, anything, etc. “The writer will do what she please for all me.” Spectator. “God’s desertion shall, for aught he knows, the next minute supervene.” Dr. H. More. “For anything that legally appears to the contrary, it may be a contrivance to fright us.” Swift. 8. Indicating the space or time through which an action or state extends; hence, during; in or through the space or time of. “For many miles about
There ’s scarce a bush.” Shak. “Since, hired for life, thy servile muse sing.” prior. “To guide the sun’s bright chariot for a day.” Garth. 9. Indicating that in prevention of which, or through fear of which, anything is done. [Obs.] “We ’ll have a bib, for spoiling of thy doublet.” Beau. & Fl. For, or As for, so far as concerns; as regards; with reference to; — used parenthetically or independently. See under As. “As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.” Josh. xxiv. 15. “For me, my stormy voyage at an end,
I to the port of death securely tend.” Dryden. — For all that, notwithstanding; in spite of. — For all the world, wholly; exactly. ´Whose posy was for all the world, like cutlers’ poetry.´ Shak. — For as much as, or Forasmuch as, in consideration that; seeing that; since. — For by. See Forby, adv. — For ever, eternally; at all times. See Forever. — For me, or For all me, as far as regards me. — For my life, or For the life of me, if my life depended on it. [Colloq.] T. Hook. — For that, For the reason that, because; since. [Obs.] ´For that I love your daughter.´ Shak. — For thy, or Forthy [AS. for.], for this; on this account. [Obs.] ´Thomalin, have no care for thy.´ Spenser. — For to, as sign of infinitive, in order to; to the end of. [Obs., except as sometimes heard in illiterate speech.] — ´What went ye out for to see?´ Luke vii. 25. See To, prep., 4. — O for, would that I had; may there be granted; — elliptically expressing desire or prayer. ´O for a muse of fire.´ Shak. — Were it not for, or If it were not for, leaving out of account; but for the presence or action of. ´Moral consideration can no way move the sensible appetite, were it not for the will.´ Sir M. Hale.

For , conj. 1. Because; by reason that; for that; indicating, in Old English, the reason of anything. “And for of long that way had walked none,
The vault was hid with plants and bushes hoar.” Fairfax. “And Heaven defend your good souls, that you think
I will your serious and great business scant,
For she with me.” Shak. 2. Since; because; introducing a reason of something before advanced, a cause, motive, explanation, justification, or the like, of an action related or a statement made. It is logically nearly equivalent to since, or because, but connects less closely, and is sometimes used as a very general introduction to something suggested by what has gone before. “Give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good; for his mercy endureth forever.” Ps. cxxxvi. 1. “Heaven doth with us as we with torches do,
Not light them for themselves; for if our virtues
Did not go forth of us, ’t were all alike
As if we had them not.” Shak. For because, because. [Obs.] ´Nor for because they set less store by their own citizens.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). — For why. (a) Why; for that reason; wherefore. [Obs.] (b) Because. [Obs.] See Forwhy. Syn. — See Because.

For, n. One who takes, or that which is said on, the affrimative side; that which is said in favor of some one or something; — the antithesis of against, and commonly used in connection with it. The fors and against. those in favor and those opposed; the pros and the cons; the advantages and the disadvantages. Jane Austen.

For´age ( 48), n. [OF. fourage, F. fourrage, fr. forre, fuerre, fodder, straw, F. feurre, fr. LL. foderum, fodrum, of German or Scand, origin; cf. OHG. fuotar, G. futter. See Fodder food, and cf. Foray.] 1. The act of foraging; search for provisions, etc. “He [the lion] from forage will incline to play.” Shak. “One way a band select from forage drives
A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine.” Milton. “Mawhood completed his forage unmolested.” Marshall. 2. Food of any kind for animals, especially for horses and cattle, as grass, pasture, hay, corn, oats. Dryden. Forage cap. See under Cap. — Forage master (Mil.), a person charged with providing forage and the means of transporting it. Farrow.

For´age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foraged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Foraging ] To wander or rove in search of food; to collect food, esp. forage, for horses and cattle by feeding on or stripping the country; to ravage; to feed on spoil. “His most mighty father on a hill
Stood smiling to behold his lion’s whelp
Forage in blood of French nobility.” Shak. Foraging ant (Zoöl.), one of several species of ants of the genus Eciton, very abundant in tropical America, remarkable for marching in vast armies in search of food. — Foraging cap, a forage cap. — Foraging party, a party sent out after forage.

For´age , v. t. To strip of provisions; to supply with forage; as to forage steeds. Pope.

For´a•ger , n. One who forages.

For´a•lite , n. [L. forare to bore + -lite.] (Geol.) A tubelike marking, occuring in sandstone and other strata.

Fo•ra´men , n.; pl. L. Foramina (#), E. Foramines (#). [L., fr. forare to bore, pierce.] A small opening, perforation, or orifice; a fenestra. Foramen of Monro (Anat.), the opening from each lateral into the third ventricle of the brain. — Foramen of Winslow (Anat.), the opening connecting the sac of the omentum with the general cavity of the peritoneum.

Fo•ram´i•na•ted , a. [L. foraminatus.] Having small opening, or foramina.

For•a•min´i•fer , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Foraminifera.

Fo•ram•i•nif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. foramen, -aminis, a foramen + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of rhizopods which generally have a chambered calcareous shell formed by several united zooids. Many of them have perforated walls, whence the name. Some species are covered with sand. See Rhizophoda.

Fo•ram•i•nif´er•ous , a. 1. Having small openings, or foramina. 2. Pertaining to, or composed of, Foraminifera; as foraminiferous mud.

Fo•ram´i•nous , a. [L. foraminosus.] Having foramina; full of holes; porous. Bacon.

For•as•much´ , conj. In consideration that; seeing that; since; because that; — followed by as. See under For, prep.

For´ay (for´a or fo•ra´; 277), n. [Another form of forahe. Cf. Forray.] A sudden or irregular incursion in border warfare; hence, any irregular incursion for war or spoils; a raid. Spenser. “The huge Earl Doorm, …
Bound on a foray, rolling eyes of prey.” Tennyson.

For´ay, v. t. To pillage; to ravage. “He might foray our lands.” Sir W. Scott.

For´ay•er , n. One who makes or joins in a foray. “They might not choose the lowland road,
For the Merse forayers were abroad.” Sir W. Scott.

For•bade´ , imp. of Forbid.

For•bathe´, v. t. To bathe. [Obs.]

For•bear´ (for•bâr´), n. [See Fore, and Bear to produce.] An ancestor; a forefather; — usually in the plural. [Scot.] ´Your forbears of old.´ Sir W. Scott.

For•bear´ (for•bâr´), v. i. [imp. Forbore (Forbare , [Obs.]); p. p. Forborne p. pr. & vb. n. Forbearing.] [OE. forberen, AS. forberan; pref. for- + beran to bear. See Bear to support.] 1. To refrain from proceeding; to pause; to delay. “Shall I go against Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall I forbear?” 1 Kings xxii. 6. 2. To refuse; to decline; to give no heed. “Thou shalt speak my words unto them, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear.” Ezek. ii. 7. 3. To control one’s self when provoked. “The kindest and the happiest pair
Will find occasion to forbear.” Cowper. “Both bear and forbear.” Old Proverb.

For•bear´, v. t. 1. To keep away from; to avoid; to abstain from; to give up; as to forbear the use of a word of doubtful propriety. “But let me that plunder forbear.” Shenstone. “The King
In open battle or the tilting field
Forbore his own advantage.” Tennyson. 2. To treat with consideration or indulgence. “Forbearing one another in love.” Eph. iv. 2. 3. To cease from bearing. [Obs.] “Whenas my womb her burden would forbear.” Spenser.

For•bear´ance , n. The act of forbearing or waiting; the exercise of patience. “He soon shall find
Forbearance no acquittance ere day end.” Milton. 2. The quality of being forbearing; indulgence toward offenders or enemies; long-suffering. “Have a continent forbearance, till the speed of his rage goes slower.” Shak. Syn. — Abstinence; refraining; lenity; mildness.

For•bear´ant , a. Forbearing. [R.] Carlyle.

For•bear´er , n. One who forbears. Tusser.

For•bear´ing, a. Disposed or accustomed to forbear; patient; long-suffering. — For•bear´ing•ly, adv.

For•bid´ (for•bid´), v. t. [imp. Forbade (-bad´); p. p. Forbidden (-bid´d’n) (Forbid, [Obs.]); p. pr. & vb. n. Forbidding ] [OE. forbeden, AS. forbeódan; pref. for- + beódan to bid; akin to D. verbieden, G. verbieten, Icel. fyrirbjoða, forboða, Sw. förbjuda, Dan. forbyde. See Bid, v. t.] 1. To command against, or contrary to; to prohibit; to interdict. “More than I have said …
The leisure and enforcement of the time
Forbids to dwell upon.” Shak. 2. To deny, exclude from, or warn off, by express command; to command not to enter. “Have I not forbid her my house?” Shak. 3. To oppose, hinder, or prevent, as if by an effectual command; as an impassable river forbids the approach of the army. “A blaze of glory that forbids the sight.” Dryden. 4. To accurse; to blast. [Obs.] “He shall live a man forbid.” Shak. 5. To defy; to challenge. [Obs.] L. Andrews. Syn. — To prohibit; interdict; hinder; preclude; withhold; restrain; prevent. See Prohibit.

For•bid´ , v. i. To utter a prohibition; to prevent; to hinder. ´I did not or forbid.´ Milton.

For•bid´dance , n. The act of forbidding; prohibition; command or edict against a thing. [Obs.] “How hast thou yield to transgress
The strict forbiddance.” Milton.

For•bid´den , a. Prohibited; interdicted. “I know no spells, use no forbidden arts.” Milton. Forbidden fruit. (a) Any coveted unlawful pleasure, — so called with reference to the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden. (b) (Bot.) A small variety of shaddock (Citrus decumana). The name is given in different places to several varieties of Citrus fruits.

For•bid´den•ly, adv. In a forbidden or unlawful manner. Shak.

For•bid´der , n. One who forbids. Milton.

For•bid´ding , a. Repelling approach; repulsive; raising abhorrence, aversion, or dislike; disagreeable; prohibiting or interdicting; as a forbidding aspect; a forbidding formality; a forbidding air. Syn. — Disagreeable; unpleasant; displeasing; offensive; repulsive; odious; abhorrent. — For•bid´ding•ly, adv. — For•bid´ding•ness, n.

For•black´ , a. Very black. [Obs.] “As any raven’s feathers it shone forblack.” Chaucer.

For•bo´den , obs. p. p. of Forbid. Chaucer.

For•bore´ , imp. of Forbear.

For•borne´ , p. p. of Forbear.

For•bruise´ , v. t. To bruise sorely or exceedingly. [Obs.] “All forbrosed, both back and side.” Chaucer.

For•by´ , adv. & prep. [See Foreby.] Near; hard by; along; past. [Obs.] “To tell her if her child went ought forby.” Chaucer. “To the intent that ships may pass along forby all the sides of the city without let.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

For•carve´ , v. t. To cut completely; to cut off. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Force , v. t. [See Farce to stuff.] To stuff; to lard; to farce. [R.] “Wit larded with malice, and malice forced with wit.” Shak.

Force, n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fors, foss, Dan. fos.] A waterfall; a cascade. [Prov. Eng.] “To see the falls for force of the river Kent.” T. Gray.

Force, n. [F. force, LL. forcia, fortia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort, n.] 1. Strength or energy of body or mind; active power; vigor; might; often, an unusual degree of strength or energy; capacity of exercising an influence or producing an effect; especially, power to persuade, or convince, or impose obligation; pertinency; validity; special signification; as the force of an appeal, an argument, a contract, or a term. “He was in the full force of the words, a good man.” Macaulay. 2. Power exerted against will or consent; compulsory power; violence; coercion. “Which now they hold by force, and not by right.” Shak. 3. Strength or power for war; hence, a body of land or naval combatants, with their appurtenances, ready for action; — an armament; troops; warlike array; — often in the plural; hence, a body of men prepared for action in other ways; as the laboring force of a plantation. “Is Lucius general of the forces?” Shak. 4. (Law) (a) Strength or power exercised without law, or contrary to law, upon persons or things; violence. (b) Validity; efficacy. Burrill. 5. (Physics) Any action between two bodies which changes, or tends to change, their relative condition as to rest or motion; or, more generally, which changes, or tends to change, any physical relation between them, whether mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic, or of any other kind; as the force of gravity; cohesive force; centrifugal force. Animal force (Physiol.), muscular force or energy. — Catabiotic force [Gr. down (intens.) + life.] (Biol.), the influence exerted by living structures on adjoining cells, by which the latter are developed in harmony with the primary structures. — Centrifugal force, Centripetal force, Coercive force, etc. See under Centrifugal, Centripetal, etc. — Composition of forces, Correlation of forces, etc. See under Composition, Correlation, etc. — Force and arms [trans. of L. vi et armis] (Law), an expression in old indictments, signifying violence. — In force, or Of force, of unimpaired efficacy; valid; of full virtue; not suspended or reversed. ´A testament is of force after men are dead.´ Heb. ix. 17. — Metabolic force (Physiol.), the influence which causes and controls the metabolism of the body. — No force, no matter of urgency or consequence; no account; hence, to do no force, to make no account of; not to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Of force, of necessity; unavoidably; imperatively. ´Good reasons must, of force, give place to better.´ Shak. — Plastic force (Physiol.), the force which presumably acts in the growth and repair of the tissues. — Vital force (Physiol.), that force or power which is inherent in organization; that form of energy which is the cause of the vital phenomena of the body, as distinguished from the physical forces generally known. Syn. — Strength; vigor; might; energy; stress; vehemence; violence; compulsion; coaction; constraint; coercion. — Force, Strength. Strength looks rather to power as an inward capability or energy. Thus we speak of the strength of timber, bodily strength, mental strength, strength of emotion, etc. Force, on the other hand, looks more to the outward; as the force of gravitation, force of circumstances, force of habit, etc. We do, indeed, speak of strength of will and force of will; but even here the former may lean toward the internal tenacity of purpose, and the latter toward the outward expression of it in action. But, though the two words do in a few cases touch thus closely on each other, there is, on the whole, a marked distinction in our use of force and strength. ´Force is the name given, in mechanical science, to whatever produces, or can produce, motion.´ Nichol. “Thy tears are of no force to mollify
This flinty man.” Heywood. “More huge in strength than wise in works he was.” Spenser. “Adam and first matron Eve
Had ended now their orisons, and found
Strength added from above, new hope to spring
Out of despair.” Milton.

Force , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forced p. pr. & vb. n. Forcing ] [OF. forcier, F. forcer, fr. LL. forciare, fortiare. See Force, n.] 1. To constrain to do or to forbear, by the exertion of a power not resistible; to compel by physical, moral, or intellectual means; to coerce; as masters force slaves to labor. 2. To compel, as by strength of evidence; as to force conviction on the mind. 3. To do violence to; to overpower, or to compel by violence to one’s will; especially, to ravish; to violate; to commit rape upon. “To force their monarch and insult the court.” Dryden. “I should have forced thee soon wish other arms.” Milton. “To force a spotless virgin’s chastity.” Shak. 4. To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle; specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress. 5. To impel, drive, wrest, extort, get, etc., by main strength or violence; — with a following adverb, as along, away, from, into, through, out, etc. “It stuck so fast, so deeply buried lay
That scarce the victor forced the steel away.” Dryden. “To force the tyrant from his seat by war.” Sahk. “Ethelbert ordered that none should be forced into religion.” Fuller. 6. To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce. [Obs.] “What can the church force more?” J. Webster. 7. To exert to the utmost; to urge; hence, to strain; to urge to excessive, unnatural, or untimely action; to produce by unnatural effort; as to force a conceit or metaphor; to force a laugh; to force fruits. “High on a mounting wave my head I bore,
Forcing my strength, and gathering to the shore.” Dryden. 8. (Whist) To compel (an adversary or partner) to trump a trick by leading a suit of which he has none. 9. To provide with forces; to reënforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison. [Obs.] Shak. 10. To allow the force of; to value; to care for. [Obs.] “For me, I force not argument a straw.” Shak. Syn. — To compel; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce; drive; press; impel.

Force, v. i. [Obs. in all the senses.] 1. To use violence; to make violent effort; to strive; to endeavor. “Forcing with gifts to win his wanton heart.” Spenser. 2. To make a difficult matter of anything; to labor; to hesitate; hence, to force of, to make much account of; to regard. “Your oath once broke, you force not to forswear.” Shak. “I force not of such fooleries.” Camden. 3. To be of force, importance, or weight; to matter. “It is not sufficient to have attained the name and dignity of a shepherd, not forcing how.” Udall.

Forced , a. Done or produced with force or great labor, or by extraordinary exertion; hurried; strained; produced by unnatural effort or pressure; as a forced style; a forced laugh. Forced draught. See under Draught. — Forced march (Mil.), a march of one or more days made with all possible speed. — For´ced•ly (#), adv. — For´ced•ness, n.

Force´ful , a. Full of or processing force; exerting force; mighty. — Force´ful•ly, adv. “Against the steed he threw
His forceful spear.” Dryden.

Force´less, a. Having little or no force; feeble. “These forceless flowers like sturdy trees support me.” Shak.

Force´meat , n. [Corrupt. for farce-meat, fr. F. farce stuffing. See Farce, n.] (Cookery) Meat chopped fine and highly seasoned, either served up alone, or used as a stuffing. [Written also forced meat.]

Force´ment , n. The act of forcing; compulsion. [Obs.] “It was imposed upon us by constraint;
And will you count such forcement treachery?” J. Webster.

For´ceps , n. [L. forceps, -cipis, from the root of formus Hot + capere to take; akin to E. heave. Cf. Furnace.] 1. A pair of pinchers, or tongs; an instrument for grasping, holding firmly, or exerting traction upon, bodies which it would be inconvenient or impracticable to seize with the fingers, especially one for delicate operations, as those of watchmakers, surgeons, accoucheurs, dentists, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) The caudal forceps- shaped appendage of earwigs and some other insects. See Earwig. Dressing forceps. See under Dressing.

Force´ pump (Mach.) (a) A pump having a solid piston, or plunger, for drawing and forcing a liquid, as water, through the valves; in distinction from a pump having a bucket, or valved piston. (b) A pump adapted for delivering water at a considerable height above the pump, or under a considerable pressure; in distinction from one which lifts the water only to the top of the pump or delivers it through a spout. See Illust. of Plunger pump, under Plunger.

For´cer , n. 1. One who, or that which, forces or drives. 2. (Mech.) (a) The solid piston of a force pump; the instrument by which water is forced in a pump. (b) A small hand pump for sinking pits, draining cellars, etc.

For´ci•ble , a. [Cf. OF. forcible forcible, forceable that may be forced.] 1. Possessing force; characterized by force, efficiency, or energy; powerful; efficacious; impressive; influential. “How forcible are right words!” Job. vi. 2. “Sweet smells are most forcible in dry substances, when broken.” Bacon. “But I have reasons strong and forcible.” Shak. “That punishment which hath been sometimes forcible to bridle sin.” Hooker. “He is at once elegant and sublime, forcible and ornamented.” Lowth (Transl. ) 2. Violent; impetuous. “Like mingled streams, more forcible when joined.” Prior. 3. Using force against opposition or resistance; obtained by compulsion; effected by force; as forcible entry or abduction. “In embraces of King James … forcible and unjust.” Swift. Forcible entry and detainer (Law), the entering upon and taking and withholding of land and tenements by actual force and violence, and with a strong hand, to the hindrance of the person having the right to enter. Syn. — Violent; powerful; strong; energetic; mighty; potent; weighty; impressive; cogent; influential.

For´ci•ble-fee•ble , a. [From Feeble, a character in the Second Part of Shakespeare’s ´King Henry IV.,´ to whom Falstaff derisively applies the epithet ´forcible.´] Seemingly vigorous, but really weak or insipid. “He [Prof. Ayton] would purge his book of much offensive matter, if he struck out epithets which are in the bad taste of the forcible-feeble school.” N. Brit. Review.

For´ci•ble•ness, n. The quality of being forcible.

For´ci•bly, adv. In a forcible manner.

For´cing , n. 1. The accomplishing of any purpose violently, precipitately, prematurely, or with unusual expedition. 2. (Gardening) The art of raising plants, flowers, and fruits at an earlier season than the natural one, as in a hitbed or by the use of artificial heat. Forcing bed or pit, a plant bed having an under layer of fermenting manure, the fermentation yielding bottom heat for forcing plants; a hotbed. — Forcing engine, a fire engine. — Forcing fit (Mech.), a tight fit, as of one part into a hole in another part, which makes it necessary to use considerable force in putting the two parts together. — Forcing house, a greenhouse for the forcing of plants, fruit trees, etc. — Forcing machine, a powerful press for putting together or separating two parts that are fitted tightly one into another, as for forcing a crank on a shaft, or for drawing off a car wheel from the axle. — Forcing pump. See Force pump (b).

For´ci•pal , a. Forked or branched like a pair of forceps; constructed so as to open and shut like a pair of forceps. Sir T. Browne. { For´ci•pate , For´ci•pa•ted }, a. Like a pair of forceps; as a forcipated mouth.

For•ci•pa´tion , n. Torture by pinching with forceps or pinchers. Bacon.

For•cut´ , v. t. To cut completely; to cut off. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ford (ford), n. [AS. ford; akin to G. furt, Icel. fjörðr bay, and to E. fare. rad. 78. See Fare, v. i., and cf. Frith arm of the sea.] 1. A place in a river, or other water, where it may be passed by man or beast on foot, by wading. “He swam the Esk river where ford there was none.” Sir W. Scott. 2. A stream; a current. “With water of the ford
Or of the clouds.” Spenser. “Permit my ghost to pass the Stygian ford.” Dryden.

Ford, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fording.] To pass or cross, as a river or other water, by wading; to wade through. “His last section, which is no deep one, remains only to be forted.” Milton.

Ford´a•ble , a. Capable of being forded. — Ford´a•ble•ness, n.

Ford´less, a. Without a ford. “A deep and fordless river.” Mallock.

For•do´ , v. t. [OE. fordon, AS. fordn; pref. for- + dn to do. See For-, and Do, v. i.] 1. To destroy; to undo; to ruin. [Obs.] “This is the night
That either makes me or fordoes me quite.” Shak. 2. To overcome with fatigue; to exhaust. M. Arnold. “All with weary task fordone.” Shak.

For•done´ , a. [See Fordo.] Undone; ruined. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•drive´ , v. t. To drive about; to drive here and there. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

For•drunk´en , a. Utterly drunk; very drunk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•dry´ , a. Entirely dry; withered. [Obs.] ´A tree fordry.´ Chaucer.

For•dwine´ , v. i. To dwindle away; to disappear. [Obs.] Rom of R.

Fore, n. [AS. fr, fr. faran to go. See Fare, v. i.] Journey; way; method of proceeding. [Obs.] ´Follow him and his fore.´ Chaucer.

Fore, adv. [AS. fore, adv. & prep., another form of for. See For, and cf. Former, Foremost.] 1. In the part that precedes or goes first; — opposed to aft, after, back, behind, etc. 2. Formerly; previously; afore. [Obs. or Colloq.] “The eyes, fore duteous, now converted are.” Shak. 3. (Naut.) In or towards the bows of a ship. Fore and aft (Naut.), from stem to stern; lengthwise of the vessel; — in distinction from athwart. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Fore-and-aft rigged (Naut.), not rigged with square sails attached to yards, but with sails bent to gaffs or set on stays in the midship line of the vessel. See Schooner, Sloop, Cutter.

Fore , a. [See Fore, adv.] Advanced, as compared with something else; toward the front; being or coming first, in time, place, order, or importance; preceding; anterior; antecedent; earlier; forward; — opposed to back or behind; as the fore part of a garment; the fore part of the day; the fore and of a wagon. “The free will of the subject is preserved, while it is directed by the fore purpose of the state.” Southey. Fore is much used adjectively or in composition. Fore bay, a reservoir or canal between a mill race and a water wheel; the discharging end of a pond or mill race. — Fore body (Shipbuilding), the part of a ship forward of the largest cross-section, distinguished from middle body and after body. — Fore boot, a receptacle in the front of a vehicle, for stowing baggage, etc. — Fore bow, the pommel of a saddle. Knight. — Fore cabin, a cabin in the fore part of a ship, usually with inferior accommodations. — Fore carriage. (a) The forward part of the running gear of a four-wheeled vehicle. (b) A small carriage at the front end of a plow beam. — Fore course (Naut.), the lowermost sail on the foremost of a square-rigged vessel; the foresail. See Illust. under Sail. — Fore door. Same as Front door. — Fore edge, the front edge of a book or folded sheet, etc. — Fore elder, an ancestor. [Prov. Eng.] — Fore end. (a) The end which precedes; the earlier, or the nearer, part; the beginning. “I have … paid
More pious debts to heaven, than in all
The fore end of my time.” Shak. (b) In firearms, the wooden stock under the barrel, forward of the trigger guard, or breech frame. — Fore girth, a girth for the fore part (of a horse, etc.); a martingale. — Fore hammer, a sledge hammer, working alternately, or in time, with the hand hammer. — Fore leg, one of the front legs of a quadruped, or multiped, or of a chair, settee, etc. — Fore peak (Naut.), the angle within a ship’s bows; the portion of the hold which is farthest forward. — Fore piece, a front piece, as the flap in the fore part of a sidesaddle, to guard the rider’s dress. — Fore plane, a carpenter’s plane, in size and use between a jack plane and a smoothing plane. Knight. — Fore reading, previous perusal. [Obs.] Hales. — Fore rent, in Scotland, rent payable before a crop is gathered. — Fore sheets (Naut.), the forward portion of a rowboat; the space beyond the front thwart. See Stern sheets. — Fore shore. (a) A bank in advance of a sea wall, to break the force of the surf. (b) The seaward projecting, slightly inclined portion of a breakwater. Knight. (c) The part of the shore between high and low water marks. — Fore sight, that one of the two sights of a gun which is near the muzzle. — Fore tackle (Naut.), the tackle on the foremast of a ship. — Fore topmast. (Naut.) See Fore-topmast, in the Vocabulary. - - Fore wind, a favorable wind. [Obs.] “Sailed on smooth seas by fore winds borne.” Sandys. — Fore world, the antediluvian world. [R.] Southey.

Fore, n. The front; hence, that which is in front; the future. At the fore (Naut.), at the fore royal masthead; — said of a flag, so raised as a signal for sailing, etc. — To the fore. (a) In advance; to the front; to a prominent position; in plain sight; in readiness for use. (b) In existence; alive; not worn out, lost, or spent, as money, etc. [Irish] ´While I am to the fore.´ W. Collins. ´How many captains in the regiment had two thousand pounds to the fore?´ Thackeray.

Fore, prep. Before; — sometimes written ’fore as if a contraction of afore or before. [Obs.]

Fore•ad•mon´ish , v. t. To admonish beforehand, or before the act or event. Bp. Hall.

Fore•ad•vise´ , v. t. To advise or counsel before the time of action, or before the event. Shak.

Fore•al•lege´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forealleged p. pr. & vb. n. Forealleging ] To allege or cite before. Fotherby.

Fore•ap•point´ , v. t. To set, order, or appoint, beforehand. Sherwood.

Fore•ap•point´ment , n. Previous appointment; preordinantion. Sherwood.

Fore•arm´ , v. t. To arm or prepare for attack or resistance before the time of need. South.

Fore´arm , n. (Anat.) That part of the arm or fore limb between the elbow and wrist; the antibrachium.

Fore´beam , n. The breast beam of a loom.

Fore•bear´ , n. An ancestor. See Forbear.

Fore•bode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foreboded; p. pr. & vb. n. Foreboding.] [AS. forebodian; fore + bodian to announce. See Bode v. t.] 1. To foretell. 2. To be prescient of (some ill or misfortune); to have an inward conviction of, as of a calamity which is about to happen; to augur despondingly. “His heart forebodes a mystery.” Tennyson. “Sullen, desponding, and foreboding nothing but wars and desolation, as the certain consequence of Caesar’s death.” Middleton. “I have a sort of foreboding about him.” H. James. Syn. — To foretell; predict; prognosticate; augur; presage; portend; betoken.

Fore•bode´, v. i. To foretell; to presage; to augur. “If I forebode aright.” Hawthorne.

Fore•bode´, n. Prognostication; presage. [Obs.]

Fore•bode´ment , n. The act of foreboding; the thing foreboded.

Fore•bod´er , n. One who forebodes.

Fore•bod´ing, n. Presage of coming ill; expectation of misfortune.

Fore•bod´ing•ly, adv. In a foreboding manner.

Fore´brace , n. (Naut.) A rope applied to the fore yardarm, to change the position of the foresail.

Fore´brain , n. (Anat.) The anterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the prosencephalon and thalamencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the prosencephalon only. See Brain.

Fore•by´ , prep. [Fore + by.] Near; hard by; along; past. See Forby. Spenser.

Fore•cast´ , v. t. 1. To plan beforehand; to scheme; to project. “He shall forecast his devices against the strongholds.” Dan. xi. 24. 2. To foresee; to calculate beforehand, so as to provide for. “It is wisdom to consider the end of things before we embark, and to forecast consequences.” L’Estrange.

Fore•cast´, v. i. To contrive or plan beforehand. “If it happen as I did forecast.” Milton.

Fore´cast , n. Previous contrivance or determination; predetermination. “He makes this difference to arise from the forecast and predetermination of the gods themselves.” Addison. 2. Foresight of consequences, and provision against them; prevision; premeditation. “His calm, deliberate forecast better fitted him for the council than the camp.” Prescott.

Fore•cast´er , n. One who forecast. Johnson.

Fore´cas•tle ( sailors say ), n. (Naut.) (a) A short upper deck forward, formerly raised like a castle, to command an enemy’s decks. (b) That part of the upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the after part of the fore channels. (c) In merchant vessels, the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, where the sailors live.

Fore•cho´sen , a. Chosen beforehand.

Fore´cit•ed , a. Cited or quoted before or above. Arbuthnot.

Fore•close´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foreclosed p. pr. & vb. n. Foreclosing ] [F. forclos, p. p. of forclore to exclude; OF. fors, F. hors, except, outside (fr. L. foris outside) + F. clore to close. See Foreign, and Close, v. t.] To shut up or out; to preclude; to stop; to prevent; to bar; to exclude. “The embargo with Spain foreclosed this trade.” Carew. To foreclose a mortgager (Law), to cut him off by a judgment of court from the power of redeeming the mortgaged premises, termed his equity of redemption. — To foreclose a mortgage, (not technically correct, but often used to signify) the obtaining a judgment for the payment of an overdue mortgage, and the exposure of the mortgaged property to sale to meet the mortgage debt. Wharton.

Fore•clo´sure ( 135), n. The act or process of foreclosing; a proceeding which bars or extinguishes a mortgager’s right of redeeming a mortgaged estate.

Fore•con•ceive´ , v. t. To preconceive; to imagine beforehand. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fore•date´ , v. t. To date before the true time; to antedate.

Fore´deck , n. (Naut.) The fore part of a deck, or of a ship.

Fore•deem´ , v. t. To recognize or judge in advance; to forebode. [Obs.] Udall. “Laugh at your misery, as foredeeming you
An idle meteor.” J. Webster.

Fore•deem´, v. i. [Cf. Foredoom.] To know or discover beforehand; to foretell. [Obs.] “Which [maid] could guess and foredeem of things past, present, and to come.” Genevan Test.

Fore•de•sign´ , v. t. To plan beforehand; to intend previously. Cheyne.

Fore•de•ter´mine , v. t. To determine or decree beforehand. Bp. Hopkins.

Fore•dis•pose´ , v. t. To bestow beforehand. [R.] “King James had by promise foredisposed the place on the Bishop of Meath.” Fuller.

Fore•doom´ , v. t. [Cf. Foredeem.] To doom beforehand; to predestinate. “Thou art foredoomed to view the Stygian state.” Dryden.

Fore´doom , n. Doom or sentence decreed in advance. ´A dread foredoom ringing in the ears of the guilty adult.´ Southey.

Fore´fa•ther ( 277), n. One who precedes another in the line of genealogy in any degree, but usually in a remote degree; an ancestor. “Respecting your forefathers, you would have been taught to respect yourselves.” Burke. Forefathers’ Day, the anniversary of the day (December 21) on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620). On account of a mistake in reckoning the change from Old Style to New Style, it has generally been celebrated on the 22d.

Fore•feel´ , v. t. To feel beforehand; to have a presentiment of. [Obs.] “As when, with unwieldy waves, the great sea forefeels winds.” Chapman.

Fore•fence´ , n. Defense in front. [Obs.]

Fore•fend´ , v. t. [OE. forfenden; pref. for- + fenden to fend. See Fend, v. t.] To hinder; to fend off; to avert; to prevent the approach of; to forbid or prohibit. See Forfend. “God forefend it should ever be recorded in our history.” Landor. “It would be a far better work … to forefend the cruelty.” I. Taylor.

Fore´fin•ger , n. The finger next to the thumb; the index.

Fore•flow´ , v. t. To flow before. [Obs.]

Fore´foot , n. 1. One of the anterior feet of a quadruped or multiped; — usually written fore foot. 2. (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end, connecting it with the lower end of the stem.

Fore´front , n. Foremost part or place. “Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle.” 2 Sam. xi. 15. “Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, standing in the forefront for all time, the masters of those who know.” J. C. Shairp.

Fore´game , n. A first game; first plan. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Fore´gang•er , n. [Prop., a goer before cf. G. voregänger. See Fore, and Gang.] (Naut.) A short rope grafted on a harpoon, to which a longer line may be attached. Totten.

Fore•gath´er , v. i. Same as Forgather.

Fore´gift , n. (Law) A premium paid by a lessee when taking his lease.

Fore´gleam , n. An antecedent or premonitory gleam; a dawning light. “The foregleams of wisdom.” Whittier.

Fore•go´ , v. t. [imp. Forewent 2; p. p. Foregone ( 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Foregoing.] [See Forgo.] 1. To quit; to relinquish; to leave. “Stay at the third cup, or forego the place.” Herbert. 2. To relinquish the enjoyment or advantage of; to give up; to resign; to renounce; — said of a thing already enjoyed, or of one within reach, or anticipated. “All my patrimony,,
If need be, I am ready to forego.” Milton. “Thy lovers must their promised heaven forego.” Keble. “[He] never forewent an opportunity of honest profit.” R. L. Stevenson. Forgo is the better spelling etymologically, but the word has been confused with Forego, to go before.

Fore•go´, v. t. [AS. foregan; fore + gan to go; akin to G. vorgehen to go before, precede. See Go, v. i.] To go before; to precede; — used especially in the present and past participles. “Pleasing remembrance of a thought foregone.” Wordsworth. “For which the very mother’s face forewent
The mother’s special patience.” Mrs. Browning. Foregone conclusion, one which has preceded argument or examination; one predetermined.

Fore•go´er , n. 1. One who goes before another; a predecessor; hence, an ancestor; a progenitor. 2. A purveyor of the king; — so called, formerly, from going before to provide for his household. [Obs.]

Fore•go´er, n. [Etymologically forgoer.] One who forbears to enjoy.

Fore´ground , n. On a painting, and sometimes in a bas-relief, mosaic picture, or the like, that part of the scene represented, which is nearest to the spectator, and therefore occupies the lowest part of the work of art itself. Cf. Distance, n., 6.

Fore•guess´ , v. t. To conjecture. [Obs.]

Fore´gut , n. (Anat.) The anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, or to the entrance of the bile duct.

Fore´hand , n. 1. All that part of a horse which is before the rider. Johnson. 2. The chief or most important part. Shak. 3. Superiority; advantage; start; precedence. “And, but for ceremony, such a wretch …
Had the forehand and vantage of a king.” Shak.

Fore´hand, a. Done beforehand; anticipative. “And so extenuate the forehand sin.” Shak.

Fore´hand•ed, a. 1. Early; timely; seasonable. ´Forehanded care.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. Beforehand with one’s needs, or having resources in advance of one’s necessities; in easy circumstances; as a forehanded farmer. [U.S.] 3. Formed in the forehand or fore parts. “A substantial, true-bred beast, bravely forehanded.” Dryden.

Fore´head ( 277), n. 1. The front of that part of the head which incloses the brain; that part of the face above the eyes; the brow. 2. The aspect or countenance; assurance. “To look with forehead bold and big enough
Upon the power and puissance of the king.” Shak. 3. The front or fore part of anything. “Flames in the forehead of the morning sky.” Milton. “So rich advantage of a promised glory
As smiles upon the forehead of this action.” Shak.

Fore•hear´ , v. i. & t. To hear beforehand.

Fore´hearth , n. (Metal.) The forward extension of the hearth of a blast furnace under the tymp.

Fore•hend´ , v. t. See Forhend. [Obs.]

Fore•hew´ , v. t. To hew or cut in front. [Obs.] Sackville.

Fore´hold , n. (Naut.) The forward part of the hold of a ship.

Fore•hold´ing , n. Ominous foreboding; superstitious prognostication. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Fore´hook , n. (Naut.) A piece of timber placed across the stem, to unite the bows and strengthen the fore part of the ship; a breast hook.

For´eign , a. [OE. forein, F. forain, LL. foraneus, fr. L. foras, foris, out of doors, abroad, without; akin to fores doors, and E. door. See Door, and cf. Foreclose, Forfeit, Forest, Forum.] 1. Outside; extraneous; separated; alien; as a foreign country; a foreign government. ´Foreign worlds.´ Milton. 2. Not native or belonging to a certain country; born in or belonging to another country, nation, sovereignty, or locality; as a foreign language; foreign fruits. ´Domestic and foreign writers.´ Atterbury. “Hail, foreign wonder!
Whom certain these rough shades did never breed.” Milton. 3. Remote; distant; strange; not belonging; not connected; not pertaining or pertient; not appropriate; not harmonious; not agreeable; not congenial; — with to or from; as foreign to the purpose; foreign to one’s nature. “This design is not foreign from some people’s thoughts.” Swift. 4. Held at a distance; excluded; exiled. [Obs.] “Kept him a foreign man still; which so grieved him,
That he ran mad and died.” Shak. Foreign attachment (Law), a process by which the property of a foreign or absent debtor is attached for the satisfaction of a debt due from him to the plaintiff; an attachment of the goods, effects, or credits of a debtor in the hands of a third person; — called in some States trustee, in others factorizing, and in others garnishee process. Kent. Tomlins. Cowell. — Foreign bill, a bill drawn in one country, and payable in another, as distinguished from an inland bill, which is one drawn and payable in the same country. In this latter, as well as in several other points of view, the different States of the United States are foreign to each other. See Exchange, n., 4. Kent. Story. — Foreign body (Med.), a substance occurring in any part of the body where it does not belong, and usually introduced from without. - - Foreign office, that department of the government of Great Britain which has charge British interests in foreign countries. Syn. — Outlandish; alien; exotic; remote; distant; extraneous; extrinsic.

For´eign•er , n. A person belonging to or owning allegiance to a foreign country; one not native in the country or jurisdiction under consideration, or not naturalized there; an alien; a stranger. “Joy is such a foreigner,
So mere a stranger to my thoughts.” Denham. “Nor could the majesty of the English crown appear in a greater luster, either to foreigners or subjects.” Swift.

For´eign•ism , n. Anything peculiar to a foreign language or people; a foreign idiom or custom. “It is a pity to see the technicalities of the so- called liberal professions distigured by foreignisms.” Fitzed. Hall.

For´eign•ness, n. The quality of being foreign; remoteness; want of relation or appropriateness. “Let not the foreignness of the subject hinder you from endeavoring to set me right.” Locke. “A foreignness of complexion.” G. Eliot.

For´ein , a. Foreign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fore•judge´ , v. t. [Fore + judge.] To judge beforehand, or before hearing the facts and proof; to prejudge.

Fore•judge´, v. t. [For forjudge, fr. F. forjuger; OF. fors outside, except + F. juger to judge.] (O. Eng. Law) To expel from court for some offense or misconduct, as an attorney or officer; to deprive or put out of a thing by the judgment of a court. Burrill.

Fore•judg´er , n. (Eng. Law) A judgment by which one is deprived or put out of a right or thing in question.

Fore•judg´ment , n. Prejudgment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore•know´ , v. t. [imp. Foreknew p. p. Foreknown p. pr. & vb. n. Foreknowing.] To have previous knowledge of; to know beforehand. “Who would the miseries of man foreknow?” Dryden.

Fore•know´a•ble , a. That may be foreknown. Dr. H. More.

Fore•know´er , n. One who foreknows.

Fore•know´ing•ly, adv. With foreknowledge. “He who … foreknowingly loses his life.” Jer. Taylor.

Fore•knowl´edge , n. Knowledge of a thing before it happens, or of whatever is to happen; prescience. “If I foreknew,
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault.” Milton.

For´el , n. [OE. forelcase, sheath, OF. forel, fourel, F. fourreau, LL. forellus, fr. OF. forre, fuerre, sheath, case, of German origin; cf. OHG. fuotar, akin to Goth. fodr; prob. not the same word as E. fodder food. Cf. Fur, Fodder food.] A kind of parchment for book covers. See Forrill.

For´el, v. t. To bind with a forel. [R.] Fuller.

Fore´land , n. 1. A promontory or cape; a headland; as the North and South Foreland in Kent, England. 2. (Fort.) A piece of ground between the wall of a place and the moat. Farrow. 3. (Hydraul. Engin.) That portion of the natural shore on the outside of the embankment which receives the stock of waves and deadens their force. Knight.

Fore•lay´ , v. t. 1. To lay down beforehand. “These grounds being forelaid and understood.” Mede. 2. To waylay. See Forlay. [Obs.]

Fore•lead´er , n. One who leads others by his example; a guide.

Fore•lend´ , v. t. See Forlend. [Obs.] “As if that life to losse they had forelent.” Spenser.

Fore•let´ , v. t. See Forlet. [Obs.] Holland.

Fore•lie´ , v. i. To lie in front of. [Obs.] “Which forelay
Athwart her snowy breast.” Spenser.

Fore•lift´ , v. t. To lift up in front. [Obs.]

Fore´lock , n. 1. The lock of hair that grows from the forepart of the head. 2. (Mech.) A cotter or split pin, as in a slot in a bolt, to prevent retraction; a linchpin; a pin fastening the cap-square of a gun. Forelock bolt, a bolt retained by a key, gib, or cotter passing through a slot. — Forelock hook (Rope Making), a winch or whirl by which a bunch of three yarns is twisted into a standard. Knight. — To take time, or occasion, by the forelock, to make prompt use of anything; not to let slip an opportunity. “Time is painted with a lock before and bald behind, signifying thereby that we must take time by the forelock; for when it is once past, there is no recalling it.” Swift. “On occasion’s forelock watchful wait.” Milton.

Fore•look´ , v. i. To look beforehand or forward. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore´man , n.; pl. Foremen . The first or chief man; as: (a) The chief man of a jury, who acts as their speaker. (b) The chief of a set of hands employed in a shop, or on works of any kind, who superintends the rest; an overseer.

Fore´mast , n. (Naut.) The mast nearest the bow. Foremast hand or man (Naut.), a common sailor; also a man stationed to attend to the gear of the foremast.

Fore•meant´ , a. Intended beforehand; premeditated. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore´men•tioned , a. Mentioned before; already cited; aforementioned. Addison.

Fore´milk , n. (Physiol.) The milk secreted just before, or directly after, the birth of a child or of the young of an animal; colostrum.

Fore´most , a. [OE. formest first, AS. formest, fyrmest, superl. of forma first, which is a superl. fr. fore fore; cf. Goth. frumist, fruma, first. See Fore, adv., and cf. First, Former, Frame, v. t., Prime, a.] First in time or place; most advanced; chief in rank or dignity; as the foremost troops of an army. “THat struck the foremost man of all this world.” Shak.

Fore´most•ly, adv. In the foremost place or order; among the foremost. J. Webster.

Fore´moth•er , n. A female ancestor.

Fore´name , n. A name that precedes the family name or surname; a first name. Selden.

Fore´name, v. t. To name or mention before. Shak.

Fore´named , a. Named before; aforenamed.

Fore•nenst´ , prep. [See Fore, and Anent.] Over against; opposite to. [Now dialectic] “The land forenenst the Greekish shore.” Fairfax.

Fore´-night , n. The evening between twilight and bedtime. [Scot.]

Fore´noon´ , n. The early part of the day, from morning to meridian, or noon.

Fore´no•tice , n. Notice or information of an event before it happens; forewarning. [R.] Rymer.

Fo•ren´sal , a. Forensic. [R.]

Fo•ren´sic , a. [L. forensis, fr. forum a public place, market place. See Forum.] Belonging to courts of judicature or to public discussion and debate; used in legal proceedings, or in public discussions; argumentative; rhetorical; as forensic eloquence or disputes. Forensic medicine, medical jurisprudence; medicine in its relations to law.

Fo•ren´sic, n. (Amer. Colleges) An exercise in debate; a forensic contest; an argumentative thesis.

Fo•ren´sic•al , a. Forensic. Berkley.

Fore•or•dain´ , v. t. To ordain or appoint beforehand; to preordain; to predestinate; to predetermine. Hooker.

Fore•or´di•nate , v. t. To foreordain.

Fore•or•di•na´tion , n. Previous ordination or appointment; predetermination; predestination. { Fore´ part• , or Fore´part• }, n. The part most advanced, or first in time or in place; the beginning.

Fore´past , a. Bygone. [Obs.] Shak.

Fore•pos•sessed´ , a. 1. Holding or held formerly in possession. [Obs.] 2. Preoccupied; prepossessed; preëngaged. [Obs.] “Not extremely forepossessed with prejudice.” Bp. Sanderson.

Fore•prize´ , v. t. To prize or rate beforehand. [Obs.] Hooker.

Fore•prom´ised , a. Promised beforehand; preëngaged. Bp. Hall.

Fore´quot•ed , a. Cited before; quoted in a foregoing part of the treatise or essay.

Fore•ran´ , imp. of Forerun.

Fore´rank , n. The first rank; the front.

Fore•reach´ , v. t. (Naut.) To advance or gain upon; — said of a vessel that gains upon another when sailing closehauled.

Fore•reach´, v. i. (Naut.) To shoot ahead, especially when going in stays. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Fore•read´ , v. t. To tell beforehand; to signify by tokens; to predestine. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore•re•cit´ed , a. Named or recited before. ´The forerecited practices.´ Shak.

Fore•re•mem´bered , a. Called to mind previously. Bp. Montagu.

Fore´right , a. Ready; directly forward; going before. [Obs.] ´A foreright wind.´ Chapman.

Fore´right, adv. Right forward; onward. [Obs.]

Fore•run´ , v. t. 1. To turn before; to precede; to be in advance of (something following). 2. To come before as an earnest of something to follow; to introduce as a harbinger; to announce. “These signs forerun the death or fall of kings.” Shak.

Fore•run´ner , n. 1. A messenger sent before to give notice of the approach of others; a harbinger; a sign foreshowing something; a prognostic; as the forerunner of a fever. “Whither the forerunner in for us entered, even Jesus.” Heb. vi. 20. “My elder brothers, my forerunners, came.” Dryden. 2. A predecessor; an ancestor. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Naut.) A piece of rag terminating the log line.

Fore´said , a. Mentioned before; aforesaid.

Fore´sail , n. (Naut.) (a) The sail bent to the foreyard of a square- rigged vessel, being the lowest sail on the foremast. (b) The gaff sail set on the foremast of a schooner. (c) The fore staysail of a sloop, being the triangular sail next forward of the mast.

Fore•say´ , v. t. [AS. foresecgan; fore + secgan to say. See Say, v. t.] To foretell. [Obs.] “Her danger nigh that sudden change foresaid.” Fairfax.

Fore•see´ , v. t. [AS. foreseón; fore + seón to see. See See, v. t.] 1. To see beforehand; to have prescience of; to foreknow. “A prudent man foreseeth the evil.” Prov. xxii. 3. 2. To provide. [Obs.] “Great shoals of people, which go on to populate, without foreseeing means of life.” Bacon.

Fore•see´, v. i. To have or exercise foresight. [Obs.]

Fore•seen´ , conj., or (strictly) p. p. Provided; in case that; on condition that. [Obs.] “One manner of meat is most sure to every complexion, foreseen that it be alway most commonly in conformity of qualities, with the person that eateth.” Sir T. Elyot.

Fore•se´er , n. One who foresees or foreknows.

Fore•seize´ , v. t. To seize beforehand.

Fore•shad´ow , v. t. To shadow or typiy beforehand; to prefigure. Dryden.

Fore•shew´ , v. t. See Foreshow.

Fore´ship , n. The fore part of a ship. [Obs.]

Fore•short´en , v. t. 1. (Fine Art) To represent on a plane surface, as if extended in a direction toward the spectator or nearly so; to shorten by drawing in perspective. 2. Fig.: To represent pictorially to the imagination. “Songs, and deeds, and lives that lie
Foreshortened in the tract of time.” Tennyson.

Fore•short´en•ing, n. (Fine Arts) Representation in a foreshortened mode or way.

Fore´shot , n. In distillation of low wines, the first portion of spirit that comes over, being a fluid abounding in fusel oil. Knight.

Fore•show´ , v. t. [AS. foresceáwian to foresee, provide; fore + sceáwian to see. See Show, v. t.] To show or exhibit beforehand; to give foreknowledge of; to prognosticate; to foretell. “Your looks foreshow
You have a gentle heart.” Shak. “Next, like Aurora, Spenser rose,
Whose purple blush the day foreshows.” Denham.

Fore•show´er , n. One who predicts.

Fore´side , n. 1. The front side; the front; esp., a stretch of country fronting the sea. 2. The outside or external covering. Spenser.

Fore´sight , n. 1. The act or the power of foreseeing; prescience; foreknowledge. Milton. 2. Action in reference to the future; provident care; prudence; wise forethought. “This seems an unseasonable foresight.” Milton. “A random expense, without plan or foresight.” Burke. 3. (Surv.) Any sight or reading of the leveling staff, except the backsight; any sight or bearing taken by a compass or theodolite in a forward direction. 4. (Gun.) Muzzle sight. See Fore sight, under Fore, a.

Fore´sight•ed , a. Sagacious; prudent; provident for the future. Bartram.

Fore´sight•ful , a. Foresighted. [Obs.]

Fore•sig´ni•fy , v. t. To signify beforehand; to foreshow; to typify. Milton.

Fore´skin , n. (Anat.) The fold of skin which covers the glans of the penis; the prepuce.

Fore´skirt , n. The front skirt of a garment, in distinction from the train. “Honor’s train
Is longer than his foreskirt.” Shak.

Fore•slack´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Forslack.

Fore´sleeve , n. The sleeve below the elbow.

Fore•slow´ , v. t. [See Forslow.] To make slow; to hinder; to obstruct. [Obs.] See Forslow, v. t. “No stream, no wood, no mountain could foreslow
Their hasty pace.” Fairfax.

Fore•slow´, v. i. To loiter. [Obs.] See Forslow, v. i.

Fore•speak´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Forspeak.

Fore•speak´, v. t. To foretell; to predict. [Obs.] “My mother was half a witch; never anything that she forespake but came to pass.” Beau. & Fl.

Fore´speak•ing, n. A prediction; also a preface. [Obs.] Camden. Huloet.

Fore´speech , n. A preface. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Fore•spent´ , a. [Fore + spent.] Already spent; gone by; past. [Obs.] Shak.

Fore•spent´, a. [Obs.] See Forspent.

Fore•spur´rer , n. One who rides before; a harbinger. [Obs.] Shak.

For´est , n. [OF. forest, F. forêt, LL. forestis, also forestus, forestum, foresta, prop., open ground reserved for the chase, fr. L. foris, foras, out of doors, abroad. See Foreign.] 1. An extensive wood; a large tract of land covered with trees; in the United States, a wood of native growth, or a tract of woodland which has never been cultivated. 2. (Eng. Law) A large extent or precinct of country, generally waste and woody, belonging to the sovereign, set apart for the keeping of game for his use, not inclosed, but distinguished by certain limits, and protected by certain laws, courts, and officers of its own. Burrill.

For´est, a. Of or pertaining to a forest; sylvan. Forest fly. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of blood-sucking flies, of the family Tabanidae, which attack both men and beasts. See Horse fly. (b) A fly of the genus Hippobosca, esp. H. equina. See Horse tick. — Forest glade, a grassy space in a forest. Thomson. — Forest laws, laws for the protection of game, preservation of timber, etc., in forests. — Forest tree, a tree of the forest, especially a timber tree, as distinguished from a fruit tree.

For´est, v. t. To cover with trees or wood.

Fore´staff , n. (Naut.) An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of heavenly bodies, now superseded by the sextant; — called also cross-staff. Brande & C.

For´est•age , n. [Cf. F. forestage.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A duty or tribute payable to the king’s foresters. (b) A service paid by foresters to the king.

For´est•al , a. Of or pertaining to forests; as forestal rights.

Fore•stall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forestalled p. pr. & vb. n. Forestalling.] [OE. forstallen to stop, to obstruct; to stop (goods) on the way to the market by buying them beforehand, from forstal obstruction, AS. forsteal, foresteall, prop., a placing one’s self before another. See Fore, and Stall.] 1. To take beforehand, or in advance; to anticipate. “What need a man forestall his date of grief,
And run to meet what he would most avoid?” Milton. 2. To take possession of, in advance of some one or something else, to the exclusion or detriment of the latter; to get ahead of; to preoccupy; also to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by prior occupation, or by measures taken in advance. “An ugly serpent which forestalled their way.” Fairfax. “But evermore those damsels did forestall
Their furious encounter.” Spenser. “To be forestalled ere we come to fall.” Shak. “Habit is a forestalled and obstinate judge.” Rush. 3. To deprive; — with of. [R.] “All the better; may
This night forestall him of the coming day!” Shak. 4. (Eng. Law) To obstruct or stop up, as a way; to stop the passage of on highway; to intercept on the road, as goods on the way to market. To forestall the market, to buy or contract for merchandise or provision on its way to market, with the intention of selling it again at a higher price; to dissuade persons from bringing their goods or provisions there; or to persuade them to enhance the price when there. This was an offense at law in England until 1844. Burrill. Syn. — To anticipate; monopolize; engross.

Fore•stall´er , n. One who forestalls; esp., one who forestalls the market. Locke.

Fore´stay , n. (Naut.) A large, strong rope, reaching from the foremast head to the bowsprit, to support the mast. See Illust. under Ship.

For´est•er , n. [F. forestier, LL. forestarius.] 1. One who has charge of the growing timber on an estate; an officer appointed to watch a forest and preserve the game. 2. An inhabitant of a forest. Wordsworth. 3. A forest tree. [R.] Evelyn. 4. (Zoöl.) A lepidopterous insect belonging to Alypia and allied genera; as the eight-spotted forester (A. octomaculata), which in the larval state is injurious to the grapevine.

Fore´stick , n. Front stick of a hearth fire.

For´est•ry , n. [Cf. OF. foresterie.] The art of forming or of cultivating forests; the management of growing timber. { Fore´swart• , Fore´swart• } a. [Obs.] See Forswat.

Fore´taste , n. A taste beforehand; enjoyment in advance; anticipation.

Fore•taste´ , v. t. 1. To taste before full possession; to have previous enjoyment or experience of; to anticipate. 2. To taste before another. ´Foretasted fruit.´ Milton.

Fore´tast•er , n. One who tastes beforehand, or before another.

Fore•teach´ , v. t. To teach beforehand. [Obs.]

Fore•tell´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foretold p. pr. & vb. n. Foretelling.] To predict; to tell before occurence; to prophesy; to foreshow. “Deeds then undone my faithful tongue foretold.” Pope. “Prodigies, foretelling the future eminence and luster of his character.” C. Middleton. Syn. — To predict; prophesy; prognosticate; augur.

Fore•tell´, v. i. To utter predictions. Acts iii. 24.

Fore•tell´er , n. One who predicts. Boyle.

Fore•think´ , v. t. 1. To think beforehand; to anticipate in the mind; to prognosticate. [Obs.] “The soul of every man
Prophetically doth forethink thy fall.” Shak. 2. To contrive (something) beforehend. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fore•think´, v. i. To contrive beforehand. [Obs.]

Fore´thought , a. Thought of, or planned, beforehand; aforethought; prepense; hence, deliberate. ´Forethought malice.´ Bacon.

Fore´thought, n. A thinking or planning beforehand; prescience; premeditation; forecast; provident care. “A sphere that will demand from him forethought, courage, and wisdom.” I. Taylor.

Fore´thought•ful , a. Having forethought. [R.]

Fore´time , n. The past; the time before the present. ´A very dim foretime.´ J. C. Shairp.

Fore´to•ken , n. [AS. foretacen. See Token.] Prognostic; previous omen. Sir P. Sidney.

Fore•to´ken , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foretokened p. pr. & vb. n. Foretokening ] [AS. foretacnian; fore + tacnian.] To foreshow; to presignify; to prognosticate. “Whilst strange prodigious signs foretoken blood.” Daniel.

Fore´ tooth , pl. Fore teeth . (Anat.) One of the teeth in the forepart of the mouth; an incisor.

Fore´top , n. 1. The hair on the forepart of the head; esp., a tuft or lock of hair which hangs over the forehead, as of a horse. 2. That part of a headdress that is in front; the top of a periwig. 3. (Naut.) The platform at the head of the foremast.

Fore•-top•gal´lant , a. (Naut.) Designating the mast, sail, yard, etc., above the topmast; as the fore-topgallant sail. See Sail.

Fore•-top´mast , n. (Naut.) The mast erected at the head of the foremast, and at the head of which stands the fore-topgallant mast. See Ship.

Fore•-top´sail , n. (Naut.) See Sail.

For•ev´er (for•ev´er), adv. [For, prep. + ever.] 1. Through eternity; through endless ages; eternally. 2. At all times; always. In England, for and ever are usually written and printed as two separate words; but, in the United States, the general practice is to make but a single word of them. Forever and ever, an emphatic ´forever.´ Syn. — Constantly; continually; invariably; unchangeably; incessantly; always; perpetually; unceasingly; ceaselessly; interminably; everlastingly; endlessly; eternally.

Fore•vouched´ (for•voucht´), a. Formerly vouched or avowed; affirmed in advance. [R.] Shak.

Fore´ward (for´ward•), n. The van; the front. [Obs.] “My foreward shall be drawn out all in length,
Consisting equally of horse and foot.” Shak.

Fore•warn´ (for•warn´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forewarned (-warnd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Forewarning.] To warn beforehand; to give previous warning, admonition, information, or notice to; to caution in advance. “We were forewarned of your coming.” Shak.

Fore•waste´ , v. t. See Forewaste. Gascoigne.

Fore•wend´ , v. t. [Fore + wend.] To go before. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore•wish´ , v. t. To wish beforehand.

Fore´wit , n. 1. A leader, or would-be leader, in matters of knowledge or taste. [Obs.] “Nor that the forewits, that would draw the rest unto their liking, always like the best.” B. Jonson. 2. Foresight; prudence. “Let this forewit guide thy thought.” Southwell.

Fore•wite´ , v. t. [pres. indic. sing., 1st & 3d pers. Forewot , 2d person Forewost , pl. Forewiten ; imp. sing. Forewiste , pl. Forewisten ; p. pr. & vb. n. Forewiting ] [AS. forewitan. See Wit to know.] To foreknow. [Obs.] [Written also forwete.] Chaucer.

Fore´wom•an , n.; pl. Forewomen . A woman who is chief; a woman who has charge of the work or workers in a shop or other place; a head woman. Tatler. W. Besant.

Fore´word , n. A preface. Furnvall.

Fore•worn´ , a. [See Forworn.] Worn out; wasted; used up. [Archaic] “Old foreworn stories almost forgotten.” Brydges.

Fore•wot´ , pres. indic., 1st & 3d pers. sing. of Forewite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fore´yard , n. (Naut.) The lowermost yard on the foremast. [See Illust. of Ship.]

For´fal•ture , n. Forfeiture. [Obs.]

For´feit , n. [OE. forfet crime, penalty, F. forfait crime (LL. forefactum, forifactum), prop. p. p. of forfaire to forfeit, transgress, fr. LL. forifacere, prop., to act beyond; L. foris out of doors, abroad, beyond + facere to do. See Foreign, and Fact.] 1. Injury; wrong; mischief. [Obs. & R.] “To seek arms upon people and country that never did us any forfeit.” Ld. Berners. 2. A thing forfeit or forfeited; what is or may be taken from one in requital of a misdeed committed; that which is lost, or the right to which is alienated, by a crime, offense, neglect of duty, or breach of contract; hence, a fine; a mulct; a penalty; as he who murders pays the forfeit of his life. “Thy slanders I forgive; and therewithal
Remit thy other forfeits.” Shak. 3. Something deposited and redeemable by a sportive fine; — whence the game of forfeits. “Country dances and forfeits shortened the rest of the day.” Goldsmith.

For´feit, a. [F. forfait, p. p. of forfaire. See Forfeit, n.] Lost or alienated for an offense or crime; liable to penal seizure. “Thy wealth being forfeit to the state.” Shak. “To tread the forfeit paradise.” Emerson.

For´feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Forfeiting.] [OE. forfeten. See Forfeit, n.] To lose, or lose the right to, by some error, fault, offense, or crime; to render one’s self by misdeed liable to be deprived of; to alienate the right to possess, by some neglect or crime; as to forfeit an estate by treason; to forfeit reputation by a breach of promise; — with to before the one acquiring what is forfeited. “[They] had forfeited their property by their crimes.” Burke. “Undone and forfeited to cares forever!” Shak.

For´feit, v. i. 1. To be guilty of a misdeed; to be criminal; to transgress. [Obs.] 2. To fail to keep an obligation. [Obs.] “I will have the heart of him if he forfeit.” Shak.

For´feit, p. p. or a. In the condition of being forfeited; subject to alienation. Shak. “Once more I will renew
His lapsèd powers, though forfeite.” Milton.

For´feit•a•ble , a. Liable to be forfeited; subject to forfeiture. “For the future, uses shall be subject to the statutes of mortmain, and forfeitable, like the lands themselves.” Blackstone.

For´feit•er , n. One who incurs a penalty of forfeiture.

For´fei•ture ( 135), n. [F. forfeiture, LL. forisfactura.] 1. The act of forfeiting; the loss of some right, privilege, estate, honor, office, or effects, by an offense, crime, breach of condition, or other act. “Under pain of foreiture of the said goods.” Hakluyt. 2. That which is forfeited; a penalty; a fine or mulct. “What should I gain
By the exaction of the forfeiture?” Shak. Syn. — Fine; mulct; amercement; penalty.

For•fend´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + fend. See Forewend.] To prohibit; to forbid; to avert. [Archaic] “Which peril heaven forefend!” Shak. This is etymologically the preferable spelling.

For•fer´ed , p. p. & a. [See For- , and Fear.] Excessively alarmed; in great fear. [Obs.] ´Forfered of his death.´ Chaucer.

For´fete , v. i. [See Forfeit.] To incur a penalty; to transgress. [Obs.] “And all this suffered our Lord Jesus Christ that never forfeted.” Chaucer.

For´fex , n. [L.] A pair of shears. Pope.

For´fi•cate , a. [L. forfex, forficis, shears.] (Zoöl.) Deeply forked, as the tail of certain birds.

For•fic´u•la , n. [L., small shears, scissors, dim. of forfex shears.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects including the earwigs. See Earwig, 1.

For•gath´er , v. i. To convene; to gossip; to meet accidentally. [Scot.] Jamieson. “Within that circle he forgathered with many a fool.” Wilson.

For•gave´ , imp. of Forgive.

Forge (forj), n. [F. forge, fr. L. fabrica the workshop of an artisan who works in hard materials, fr. faber artisan, smith, as adj., skillful, ingenious; cf. Gr. soft, tender. Cf. Fabric.] 1. A place or establishment where iron or other metals are wrought by heating and hammering; especially, a furnace, or a shop with its furnace, etc., where iron is heated and wrought; a smithy. “In the quick forge and working house of thought.” Shak. 2. The works where wrought iron is produced directly from the ore, or where iron is rendered malleable by puddling and shingling; a shingling mill. 3. The act of beating or working iron or steel; the manufacture of metallic bodies. [Obs.] “In the greater bodies the forge was easy.” Bacon. American forge, a forge for the direct production of wrought iron, differing from the old Catalan forge mainly in using finely crushed ore and working continuously. Raymond. — Catalan forge. (Metal.) See under Catalan. — Forge cinder, the dross or slag form a forge or bloomary. — Forge rolls, Forge train, the train of rolls by which a bloom is converted into puddle bars. — Forge wagon (Mil.), a wagon fitted up for transporting a blackmith’s forge and tools. — Portable forge, a light and compact blacksmith’s forge, with bellows, etc., that may be moved from place to place.

Forge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forged (forjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Forging ] [F. forger, OF. forgier, fr. L. fabricare, fabricari, to form, frame, fashion, from fabrica. See Forge, n., and cf. Fabricate.] 1. To form by heating and hammering; to beat into any particular shape, as a metal. “Mars’s armor forged for proof eterne.” Shak. 2. To form or shape out in any way; to produce; to frame; to invent. “Those names that the schools forged, and put into the mouth of scholars, could never get admittance into common use.” Locke. “Do forge a life-long trouble for ourselves.” Tennyson. 3. To coin. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. To make falsely; to produce, as that which is untrue or not genuine; to fabricate; to counterfeit, as a signature, or a signed document. “That paltry story is untrue,
And forged to cheat such gulls as you.” Hudibras. “Forged certificates of his … moral character.” Macaulay. Syn. — To fabricate; counterfeit; feign; falsify.

Forge, v. i. [See Forge, v. t., and for sense 2, cf. Forge compel.] 1. To commit forgery. 2. (Naut.) To move heavily and slowly, as a ship after the sails are furled; to work one’s way, as one ship in outsailing another; — used especially in the phrase to forge ahead. Totten. “And off she [a ship] forged without a shock.” De Quincey.

Forge, v. t. (Naut.) To impel forward slowly; as to forge a ship forward.

Forge´man , n.; pl. Forgemen . A skilled smith, who has a hammerer to assist him.

For´ger , n.[Cf. F. forgeur metal worker, L. fabricator artificer. See Forge, n. & v. t., and cf. Fabricator.] One who forges, makes, of forms; a fabricator; a falsifier. 2. Especially: One guilty of forgery; one who makes or issues a counterfeit document.

For´ger•y , n.; pl. Forgeries (#). [Cf. F. forgerie.] 1. The act of forging metal into shape. [Obs.] “Useless the forgery
Of brazen shield and spear.” Milton. 2. The act of forging, fabricating, or producing falsely; esp., the crime of fraudulently making or altering a writing or signature purporting to be made by another; the false making or material alteration of or addition to a written instrument for the purpose of deceit and fraud; as the forgery of a bond. Bouvier. 3. That which is forged, fabricated, falsely devised, or counterfeited. “These are the forgeries of jealously.” Shak. “The writings going under the name of Aristobulus were a forgery of the second century.” Waterland. Syn. — Counterfeit; Forgery. Counterfeit is chiefly used of imitations of coin, or of paper money, or of securities depending upon pictorial devices and engraved designs for identity or assurance of genuineness. Forgery is more properly applied to making a false imitation of an instrument depending on signatures to show genuineness and validity. Abbott.

For•get´ , v. t. [imp. Forgot (Forgat , Obs.); p. p. Forgotten , Forgot; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgetting.] [OE. forgeten, foryeten, AS. forgietan, forgitan; pref. for- + gietan, gitan (only in comp.), to get; cf. D. vergeten, G. vergessen, Sw. förgäta, Dan. forgiette. See For-, and Get, v. t.] 1. To lose the remembrance of; to let go from the memory; to cease to have in mind; not to think of; also to lose the power of; to cease from doing. “Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.” Ps. ciii. 2. “Let my right hand forget her cunning.” Ps. cxxxvii. 5. “Hath thy knee forget to bow?” Shak. 2. To treat with inattention or disregard; to slight; to neglect. “Can a woman forget her sucking child? … Yes, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee.” Is. xlix. 15. To forget one’s self. (a) To become unmindful of one’s own personality; to be lost in thought. (b) To be entirely unselfish. (c) To be guilty of what is unworthy of one; to lose one’s dignity, temper, or self-control.

For•get´ful , a. 1. Apt to forget; easily losing remembrance; as a forgetful man should use helps to strengthen his memory. 2. Heedless; careless; neglectful; inattentive. “Be not forgetful to entertain strangers.” Heb. xiii. 2. 3. Causing to forget; inducing oblivion; oblivious. [Archaic or Poetic] ´The forgetful wine.´ J. Webster.

For•get´ful•ly, adv. In a forgetful manner.

For•get´ful•ness, n. 1. The quality of being forgetful; prononess to let slip from the mind. 2. Loss of remembrance or recollection; a ceasing to remember; oblivion. “A sweet forgetfulness of human care.” Pope. 3. Failure to bear in mind; careless omission; inattention; as forgetfulness of duty. Syn. — Forgetfulnes, Oblivion. Forgetfulness is Anglo-Saxon, and oblivion is Latin. The former commonly has reference to persons, and marks a state of mind; the latter commonly has reference to things, and indicates a condition into which they are sunk. We blame a man for his forgetfulness; we speak of some old custom as buried in oblivion. But this discrimination is not strictly adhered to.

For´ge•tive , a. [From Forge.] Inventive; productive; capable. [Obs.] Shak.

For•get´-me-not , n. [Cf. G. vergissmeinnicht.] (Bot.) A small herb, of the genus Myosotis (M. palustris, incespitosa, etc.), bearing a beautiful blue flower, and extensively considered the emblem of fidelity. Formerly the name was given to the Ajuga Chamaepitus.

For•get´ta•ble , a. Liable to be, or that may be, forgotten. Carlyle.

For•get´ter , n. One who forgets; a heedless person. Johnson.

For•get´ting•ly, adv. By forgetting.

For´ging , n. 1. The act of shaping metal by hammering or pressing. 2. The act of counterfeiting. 3. (Mach.) A piece of forged work in metal; — a general name for a piece of hammered iron or steel. “There are very few yards in the world at which such forgings could be turned out.” London Times.

For•giv´a•ble , a. Capable of being forgiven; pardonable; venial. Sherwood.

For•give´ , v. t. [imp. Forgave p. p. Forgiven p. pr. & vb. n. Forgiving] [OE. forgiven, foryiven, foryeven, AS. forgiefan, forgifan; perh. for- + giefan, gifan to give; cf. D. vergeven, G. vergeben, Icel. fyrirgefa, Sw. frgifva, Goth. fragiban to give, grant. See For-, and Give, v. t.] 1. To give wholly; to make over without reservation; to resign. “To them that list the world’s gay shows I leave,
And to great ones such folly do forgive.” Spenser. 2. To give up resentment or claim to requital on account of (an offense or wrong); to remit the penalty of; to pardon; — said in reference to the act forgiven. “And their sins should be forgiven them.” Mark iv. 12. “He forgive injures so readily that he might be said to invite them.” Macaulay. 3. To cease to feel resentment against, on account of wrong committed; to give up claim to requital from or retribution upon (an offender); to absolve; to pardon; — said of the person offending. “Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.” Luke xxiii. 34. “I as free forgive you, as I would be fforgiven.” Shak. Sometimes both the person and the offense follow as objects of the verb, sometimes one and sometimes the other being the indirect object. ´Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors.´ Matt. vi. 12. ´Be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee.´ Matt. ix. 2. Syn. — See excuse.

For•give´ness, n. [AS. forgifnes.] 1. The act of forgiving; the state of being forgiven; as the forgiveness of sin or of injuries. “To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses.” Dan. ix. 9. “In whom we have … the forgiveness of sin.” Eph. i. 7. 2. Disposition to pardon; willingness to forgive. “If thou, Lord, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand? But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared.” Ps. cxxx. 3, 4. Syn. — Pardon, remission. — Forgiveness, Pardon. Forgiveness is Anglo-Saxon, and pardon Norman French, both implying a giving back. The word pardon, being early used in our Bible, has in religious matters, the same sense as forgiveness; but in the language of common life there is a difference between them, such as we often find between corresponding Anglo-Saxon and Norman words. Forgive points to inward feeling, and suppose alienated affection; when we ask forgiveness, we primarily seek the removal of anger. Pardon looks more to outward things or consequences, and is often applied to trifling matters, as when we beg pardon for interrupting a man, or for jostling him in a crowd. The civil magistrate also grants a pardon, and not forgiveness. The two words are, therefore, very clearly distinguished from each other in most cases which relate to the common concerns of life.

For•giv´er , n. One who forgives. Johnson.

For•giv´ing, a. Disposed to forgive; inclined to overlook offenses; mild; merciful; compassionate; placable; as a forgiving temper. — For•giv´ing•ly, adv. — For•giv´ing•ness, n. J. C. Shairp.

For•go´ , v. t. [imp. Forwent; p. p. Forgone; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgoing.] [OE. forgan, forgon, forgoon, AS. forgan, prop., to go past, hence, to abstain from; pref. for- + gan to go; akin to G. vergehen to pass away, to transgress. See Go, v. i.] To pass by; to leave. See 1st Forego. “For sith [since] I shall forgoon my liberty
At your request.” Chaucer. “And four [days] since Florimell the court forwent.” Spenser. This word in spelling has been confused with, and almost superseded by, forego to go before. Etymologically the form forgo is correct.

For•got´ , imp. & p. p. of Forget.

For•got´ten , p. p. of Forget.

For•hall´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + hale to draw.] To harass; to torment; to distress. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•hend´ , v. t. To seize upon. [Obs.]

Fo•rin´se•cal , a. [L. forinsecus from without.] Foreign; alien. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Fo•ris•fa•mil´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forisfamiliated p. pr. & vb. n. Forisfamiliating ] [LL. forisfamiliatus, p. p. of forisfamiliater to forisfamiliate; L. foris abroad, without + familia family.] (LAw) Literally, to put out of a family; hence, to portion off, so as to exclude further claim of inheritance; to emancipate (as a with his own consent) from paternal authority. Blackstone.

Fo•ris•fa•mil´i•ate, v. i. (Law) To renounce a legal title to a further share of paternal inheritance.

Fo•ris•fa•mil•i•a´tion , n. (Law) The act of forisfamiliating.

Fork (fôrk), n. [AS. forc, fr. L. furca. Cf. Fourche, Furcate.] 1. An instrument consisting of a handle with a shank terminating in two or more prongs or tines, which are usually of metal, parallel and slightly curved; — used for piercing, holding, taking up, or pitching anything. 2. Anything furcate or like a fork in shape, or furcate at the extremity; as a tuning fork. 3. One of the parts into which anything is furcated or divided; a prong; a branch of a stream, a road, etc.; a barbed point, as of an arrow. “Let it fall … though the fork invade
The region of my heart.” Shak. “A thunderbolt with three forks.” Addison. 4. The place where a division or a union occurs; the angle or opening between two branches or limbs; as the fork of a river, a tree, or a road. 5. The gibbet. [Obs.] Bp. Butler. Fork beam (Shipbuilding), a half beam to support a deck, where hatchways occur. — Fork chuck (Wood Turning), a lathe center having two prongs for driving the work. — Fork head. (a) The barbed head of an arrow. (b) The forked end of a rod which forms part of a knuckle joint. — In fork. (Mining) A mine is said to be in fork, or an engine to ´have the water in fork,´ when all the water is drawn out of the mine. Ure. — The forks of a river or a road, the branches into which it divides, or which come together to form it; the place where separation or union takes place.

Fork, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Forked p. pr. & vb. n. Forking.] 1. To shoot into blades, as corn. “The corn beginneth to fork.” Mortimer. 2. To divide into two or more branches; as a road, a tree, or a stream forks.

Fork, v. t. To raise, or pitch with a fork, as hay; to dig or turn over with a fork, as the soil. “Forking the sheaves on the high-laden cart.” Prof. Wilson. To fork over or out, to hand or pay over, as money. [Slang] G. Eliot.

Fork´beard , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish (Raniceps raninus), having a large flat head; — also called tadpole fish, and lesser forked beard. (b) The European forked hake or hake’s-dame (Phycis blennoides); — also called great forked beard.

Forked , a. 1. Formed into a forklike shape; having a fork; dividing into two or more prongs or branches; furcated; bifurcated; zigzag; as the forked lighting. “A serpent seen, with forked tongue.” Shak. 2. Having a double meaning; ambiguous; equivocal. Cross forked (Her.), a cross, the ends of whose arms are divided into two sharp points; — called also cross double fitche. A cross forked of three points is a cross, each of whose arms terminates in three sharp points. — Forked counsel, advice pointing more than one way; ambiguous advice. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Fork´ed•ly (#), adv. — Fork´ed•ness, n.

For•kerve , v. t. [Obs.] See Forcarve, v. t.

Fork´i•ness , n. The quality or state or dividing in a forklike manner.

Fork´less, a. Having no fork.

Fork´tail , n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several Asiatic and East Indian passerine birds, belonging to Enucurus, and allied genera. The tail is deeply forked. (b) A salmon in its fourth year’s growth. [Prov. Eng.]

Fork´-tailed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer tail feathers longer than the median ones; swallow-tailed; — said of many birds. Fork-tailed flycatcher (Zoöl.), a tropical American flycatcher (Milvulus tyrannus). - - Fork-tailed gull (Zoöl.), a gull of the genus Xema, of two species, esp. X. Sabinii of the Arctic Ocean. — Fork-tailed kite (Zoöl.), a graceful American kite (Elanoides forficatus); — called also swallow-tailed kite.

Fork´y , a. Opening into two or more parts or shoots; forked; furcated. ´Forky tongues.´ Pope.

For•laft´ , obs. p. p. of Forleave. Chaucer.

For•lay´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + lay.] To lie in wait for; to ambush. “An ambushed thief forlays a traveler.” Dryden.

For•leave´ , v. t. [OE. forleven; pref. for- + leven to leave.] To leave off wholly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•lend´ , v. t. To give up wholly. [Obs.]

For•lese´ , v. t. [p. p. Forlore , Forlorn .] [OE. forlesen. See Forlorn.] To lose utterly. [Obs.] haucer.

For•let´, v. t. [OE. forleten, AS. forlaetan; pref. for- + laetan to allow; akin to G. verlassen to leave. See Let to allow.] To give up; to leave; to abandon. [Obs.] ´To forlet sin.´ Chaucer.

For•lie´ , v. i. See Forelie.

For•lore´ , imp. pl. & p. p. of Forlese. [Obs.] “The beasts their caves, the birds their nests forlore.” Fairfax.

For•lorn´ , a. [OE., p. p. of forlesen to lose utterly, AS. forleósan (p. p. forloren); pref. for- + leósan (in comp.) to lose; cf. D. verliezen to lose, G. verlieren, Sw. förlora, Dan. forloren, Goth. fraliusan to lose. See For-, and Lorn, a., Lose, v. t.] 1. Deserted; abandoned; lost. “Of fortune and of hope at once forlorn.” Spenser. “Some say that ravens foster forlorn children.” Shak. 2. Destitute; helpless; in pitiful plight; wretched; miserable; almost hopeless; desperate. “For here forlorn and lost I tread.” Goldsmith. “The condition of the besieged in the mean time was forlorn in the extreme.” Prescott. “She cherished the forlorn hope that he was still living.” Thomson. A forlorn hope [D. verloren hoop, prop., a lost band or troop; verloren, p. p. of verliezen to lose + hoop band; akin to E. heap. See For-, and Heap.] (Mil.), a body of men (called in F. enfants perdus, in G. verlornen posten) selected, usually from volunteers, to attempt a breach, scale the wall of a fortress, or perform other extraordinarily perilous service; also a desperate case or enterprise. Syn. — Destitute, lost; abandoned; forsaken; solitary; helpless; friendless; hopeless; abject; wretched; miserable; pitiable.

For•lorn´, n. 1. A lost, forsaken, or solitary person. “Forced to live in Scotland a forlorn.” Shak. 2. A forlorn hope; a vanguard. [Obs.] “Our forlorn of horse marched within a mile of the enemy.” Oliver Cromvell.

For•lorn´ly, adv. In a forlorn manner. Pollok.

For•lorn´ness, n. State of being forlorn. Boyle.

For•lye´ , v. i. Same as Forlie. [Obs.]

-form (-fôrm). [See Form, n.] A suffix used to denote in the form or shape of, resembling, etc.; as valiform; oviform.

Form (form; in senses 8 & 9, often form in England), n. [OE. & F. forme, fr. L. forma; cf. Skr. dhariman. Cf. Firm.] 1. The shape and structure of anything, as distinguished from the material of which it is composed; particular disposition or arrangement of matter, giving it individuality or distinctive character; configuration; figure; external appearance. “The form of his visage was changed.” Dan. iii. 19. “And woven close close, both matter, form, and style.” Milton. 2. Constitution; mode of construction, organization, etc.; system; as a republican form of government. 3. Established method of expression or practice; fixed way of proceeding; conventional or stated scheme; formula; as a form of prayer. “Those whom form of laws
Condemned to die.” Dryden. 4. Show without substance; empty, outside appearance; vain, trivial, or conventional ceremony; conventionality; formality; as a matter of mere form. “Though well we may not pass upon his life
Without the form of justice.” Shak. 5. Orderly arrangement; shapeliness; also comeliness; elegance; beauty. “The earth was without form and void.” Gen. i. 2. “He hath no form nor comeliness.” Is. liii. 2. 6. A shape; an image; a phantom. 7. That by which shape is given or determined; mold; pattern; model. 8. A long seat; a bench; hence, a rank of students in a school; a class; also a class or rank in society. ´Ladies of a high form.´ Bp. Burnet. 9. The seat or bed of a hare. “As in a form sitteth a weary hare.” Chaucer. 10. (Print.) The type or other matter from which an impression is to be taken, arranged and secured in a chase. 11. (Fine Arts) The boundary line of a material object. In painting, more generally, the human body. 12. (Gram.) The particular shape or structure of a word or part of speech; as participial forms; verbal forms. 13. (Crystallog.) The combination of planes included under a general crystallographic symbol. It is not necessarily a closed solid. 14. (Metaph.) That assemblage or disposition of qualities which makes a conception, or that internal constitution which makes an existing thing to be what it is; — called essential or substantial form, and contradistinguished from matter; hence, active or formative nature; law of being or activity; subjectively viewed, an idea; objectively, a law. 15. Mode of acting or manifestation to the senses, or the intellect; as water assumes the form of ice or snow. In modern usage, the elements of a conception furnished by the mind’s own activity, as contrasted with its object or condition, which is called the matter; subjectively, a mode of apprehension or belief conceived as dependent on the constitution of the mind; objectively, universal and necessary accompaniments or elements of every object known or thought of. 16. (Biol.) The peculiar characteristics of an organism as a type of others; also the structure of the parts of an animal or plant. Good form or Bad form, the general appearance, condition or action, originally of horses, atterwards of persons; as the members of a boat crew are said to be in good form when they pull together uniformly. The phrases are further used colloquially in description of conduct or manners in society; as it is not good form to smoke in the presence of a lady.

Form (fôrm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formed (fôrmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Forming.] [F. former, L. formare, fr. forma. See Form, n.] 1. To give form or shape to; to frame; to construct; to make; to fashion. “God formed man of the dust of the ground.” Gen. ii. 7. “The thought that labors in my forming brain.” Rowe. 2. To give a particular shape to; to shape, mold, or fashion into a certain state or condition; to arrange; to adjust; also to model by instruction and discipline; to mold by influence, etc.; to train. “’T is education forms the common mind.” Pope. “Thus formed for speed, he challenges the wind.” Dryden. 3. To go to make up; to act as constituent of; to be the essential or constitutive elements of; to answer for; to make the shape of; — said of that out of which anything is formed or constituted, in whole or in part. “The diplomatic politicians … who formed by far the majority.” Burke. 4. To provide with a form, as a hare. See Form, n., 9. “The melancholy hare is formed in brakes and briers.” Drayton. 5. (Gram.) To derive by grammatical rules, as by adding the proper suffixes and affixes.

Form, v. i. 1. To take a form, definite shape, or arrangement; as the infantry should form in column. 2. To run to a form, as a hare. B. Jonson. To form on (Mil.), to form a lengthened line with reference to (any given object) as a basis.

For´mal (fôr´mal), n. [L. formic + alcohol.] (Chem.) See Methylal.

Form´al (fôrm´al), a. [L. formalis: cf. F. formel.] 1. Belonging to the form, shape, frame, external appearance, or organization of a thing. 2. Belonging to the constitution of a thing, as distinguished from the matter composing it; having the power of making a thing what it is; constituent; essential; pertaining to or depending on the forms, so called, of the human intellect. “Of [the sounds represented by] letters, the material part is breath and voice; the formal is constituted by the motion and figure of the organs of speech.” Holder. 3. Done in due form, or with solemnity; according to regular method; not incidental, sudden or irregular; express; as he gave his formal consent. “His obscure funeral …
No noble rite nor formal ostentation.” Shak. 4. Devoted to, or done in accordance with, forms or rules; punctilious; regular; orderly; methodical; of a prescribed form; exact; prim; stiff; ceremonious; as a man formal in his dress, his gait, his conversation. “A cold-looking, formal garden, cut into angles and rhomboids.” W. Irwing. “She took off the formal cap that confined her hair.” Hawthorne. 5. Having the form or appearance without the substance or essence; external; as formal duty; formal worship; formal courtesy, etc. 6. Dependent in form; conventional. “Still in constraint your suffering sex remains,
Or bound in formal or in real chains.” Pope. 7. Sound; normal. [Obs.] “To make of him a formal man again.” Shak. Formal cause. See under Cause. Syn. — Precise; punctilious; stiff; starched; affected; ritual; ceremonial; external; outward. — Formal, Ceremonious. When applied to things, these words usually denote a mere accordance with the rules of form or ceremony; as to make a formal call; to take a ceremonious leave. When applied to a person or his manners, they are used in a bad sense; a person being called formal who shapes himself too much by some pattern or set form, and ceremonious when he lays too much stress on the conventional laws of social intercourse. Formal manners render a man stiff or ridiculous; a ceremonious carriage puts a stop to the ease and freedom of social intercourse.

For•mal´de•hyde , n. [Formic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A colorless, volatile liquid, H_2CO, resembling acetic or ethyl aldehyde, and chemically intermediate between methyl alcohol and formic acid.

Form´al•ism (fôrm´al•iz’m), n. The practice or the doctrine of strict adherence to, or dependence on, external forms, esp. in matters of religion. “Official formalism.” Sir H. Rawlinson.

Form´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. formaliste.] One overattentive to forms, or too much confined to them; esp., one who rests in external religious forms, or observes strictly the outward forms of worship, without possessing the life and spirit of religion. “As far a formalist from wisdom sits,
In judging eyes, as libertines from wits.” Young.

For•mal´i•ty , n.; pl. Formalities (#). [Cf. F. formalite.] 1. The condition or quality of being formal, strictly ceremonious, precise, etc. 2. Form without substance. “Such [books] as are mere pieces of formality, so that if you look on them, you look though them.” Fuller. 3. Compliance with formal or conventional rules; ceremony; conventionality. “Nor was his attendance on divine offices a matter of formality and custom, but of conscience.” Atterbury. 4. An established order; conventional rule of procedure; usual method; habitual mode. “He was installed with all the usual formalities.” C. Middleton. 5. pl. The dress prescribed for any body of men, academical, municipal, or sacerdotal. [Obs.] “The doctors attending her in their formalities as far as Shotover.” Fuller. 6. That which is formal; the formal part. “It unties the inward knot of marriage, … while it aims to keep fast the outward formality.” Milton. 7. The quality which makes a thing what it is; essence. “The material part of the evil came from our father upon us, but the formality of it, the sting and the curse, is only by ourselves.” Jer. Taylor. “The formality of the vow lies in the promise made to God.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 8. (Scholastic. Philos.) The manner in which a thing is conceived or constituted by an act of human thinking; the result of such an act; as animality and rationality are formalities.

Form´al•ize (fôrm´al•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formalized p. pr. & vb. n. Formalizing ] 1. To give form, or a certain form, to; to model. [R.] 2. To render formal.

Form´al•ize, v. i. To affect formality. [Obs.] ales.

Form´al•ly, adv. In a formal manner; essentially; characteristically; expressly; regularly; ceremoniously; precisely. “That which formally makes this [charity] a Christian grace, is the spring from which it flows.” Smalridge. “You and your followers do stand formally divided against the authorized guides of the church and rest of the people.” Hooker.

For´mate , n. [See Formic.] (Chem.) A salt of formic acid. [Written also formiate.]

For•ma´tion (for•ma´shun), n. [L. formatio: cf. F. formation.] 1. The act of giving form or shape to anything; a forming; a shaping. Beattie. 2. The manner in which a thing is formed; structure; construction; conformation; form; as the peculiar formation of the heart. 3. A substance formed or deposited. 4. (Geol.) (a) Mineral deposits and rock masses designated with reference to their origin; as the siliceous formation about geysers; alluvial formations; marine formations. (b) A group of beds of the same age or period; as the Eocene formation. 5. (Mil.) The arrangement of a body of troops, as in a square, column, etc. Farrow.

Form´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. formatif.] 1. Giving form; having the power of giving form; plastic; as the formative arts. “The meanest plant can not be raised without seed, by any formative residing in the soil.” Bentley. 2. (Gram.) Serving to form; derivative; not radical; as a termination merely formative. 3. (Biol.) Capable of growth and development; germinal; as living or formative matter.

Form´a•tive, n. (Gram.) (a) That which serves merely to give form, and is no part of the radical, as the prefix or the termination of a word. (b) A word formed in accordance with some rule or usage, as from a root.

For•me´ , a. (Her.) Same as Pate or Patte.

For´me , a. [OE., fr. AS. forma. See Foremost.] First. [Obs.] ´Adam our forme father.´ Chaucer.

Formed , a. 1. (Astron.) Arranged, as stars in a constellation; as formed stars. [R.] 2. (Biol.) Having structure; capable of growth and development; organized; as the formed or organized ferments. See Ferment, n. Formed material (Biol.), a term employed by Beale to denote the lifeless matter of a cell, that which is physiologically dead, in distinction from the truly germinal or living matter.

For´me•don , n. [OF., fr. Latin. So called because the plaintiff claimed ´by the form of the gift,: L. per formam doni.] (O. Eng. Law) A writ of right for a tenant in tail in case of a discontinuance of the estate tail. This writ has been abolished.

For´mell , n. [Dim. of F. forme the female of a bird of prey.] (Zoöl.) The female of a hawk or falcon.

Form´er , n. 1. One who forms; a maker; a creator. 2. (Mech.) (a) A shape around which an article is to be shaped, molded, woven wrapped, pasted, or otherwise constructed. (b) A templet, pattern, or gauge by which an article is shaped. (c) A cutting die.

For´mer , a. [A compar. due to OE. formest. See Foremost.] 1. Preceding in order of time; antecedent; previous; prior; earlier; hence, ancient; long past. “For inquire, I pray thee, of the former age.” Job. viii. 8. “The latter and former rain.” Hosea vi. 3. 3. Near the beginning; preceeding; as the former part of a discourse or argument. 3. Earlier, as between two things mentioned together; first mentioned. “A bad author deserves better usage than a bad critic; a man may be the former merely through the misfortune of an ill judgment; but he can not be latter without both that and an ill temper.” Pope. Syn. — Prior; previous; anterior; antecedent; preceding; foregoing.

For•me•ret´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) One of the half ribs against the walls in a ceiling vaulted with ribs.

For´mer•ly , adv. In time past, either in time immediately preceding or at any indefinite distance; of old; heretofore.

Form´ful , a. Creative; imaginative. [R.] ´The formful brain.´ Thomson.

For´mic , a. [L. formica an ant: cf. F. formique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ants; as formic acid; in an extended sense, pertaining to, or derived from, formic acid; as formic ether. Amido formic acid, carbamic acid. — Formic acid, a colorless, mobile liquid, HCO.OH, of a sharp, acid taste, occurring naturally in ants, nettles, pine needles, etc., and produced artifically in many ways, as by the oxidation of methyl alcohol, by the reduction of carbonic acid or the destructive distillation of oxalic acid. It is the first member of the fatty acids in the paraffin series, and is homologous with acetic acid.

For•mi´ca , n. [L., an ant.] (Zoöl.) A Linnaean genus of hymenopterous insects, including the common ants. See Ant.

For•mi•ca´roid , a. [NL. Formicarius, the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the family Formicaridae or ant thrushes.

For´mi•ca•ry , n. [LL. formicarium, fr. L. formica an ant.] (Zoöl.) The nest or dwelling of a swarm of ants; an ant-hill.

For´mi•cate , a. [L. formica an ant.] (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, an ant or ants.

For•mi•ca´tion , n. [L. formicatio, fr. formicare to creep like an ant, to feel as if ants were crawling on one’s self, fr. formica ant: cf. F. formication.] (Med.) A sensation resembling that made by the creeping of ants on the skin. Dunglison.

For´mi•cid , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the ants. — n. One of the family Formicidae, or ants.

For•mi•da•bil´i•ty , n. Formidableness. Walpole.

For´mi•da•ble , a. [L. formidabilis, fr. formidare to fear, dread: cf. F. formidable.] Exciting fear or apprehension; impressing dread; adapted to excite fear and deter from approach, encounter, or undertaking; alarming. “They seemed to fear the formodable sight.” Dryden. “I swell my preface into a volume, and make it formidable, when you see so many pages behind.” Drydn. Syn. — Dreadful; fearful; terrible; frightful; shocking; horrible; terrific; tremendous.

For´mi•da•ble•ness, n. The quality of being formidable, or adapted to excite dread. Boyle.

For´mi•da•bly, adv. In a formidable manner.

For•mid´o•lose , a. [L. formidolosus, fr. formido fear.] Very much afraid. [Obs.] Bailey.

Form´ing , n. The act or process of giving form or shape to anything; as in shipbuilding, the exact shaping of partially shaped timbers.

Form´less, a. Shapeless; without a determinate form; wanting regularity of shape. — Form´less•ly, adv. — Form´less•ness, n.

For´mu•la , n.; pl. E. Formulas (#), L. Formulae (#). [L., dim. of forma form, model. SeeForm, n.] 1. A prescribed or set form; an established rule; a fixed or conventional method in which anything is to be done, arranged, or said. 2. (Eccl.) A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines. 3. (Math.) A rule or principle expressed in algebraic language; as the binominal formula. 4. (Med.) A prescription or recipe for the preparation of a medicinal compound. 5. (Chem.) A symbolic expression (by means of letters, figures, etc.) of the constituents or constitution of a compound. Chemical formulae consist of the abbreviations of the names of the elements, with a small figure at the lower right hand, to denote the number of atoms of each element contained. Empirical formula (Chem.), an expression which gives the simple proportion of the constituents; as the empirical formula of acetic acid is C_2H_4O_2. — Graphic formula, Rational formula (Chem.), an expression of the constitution, and in a limited sense of the structure, of a compound, by the grouping of its atoms or radicals; as a rational formula of acetic acid is CH_3.(C:O).OH; — called also structural formula, constitutional formula, etc. See also the formula of Benzene nucleus, under Benzene. — Molecular formula (Chem.), a formula indicating the supposed molecular constitution of a compound.

For•mu•la•ris´tic , a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, formularization. Emerson.

For•mu•lar•i•za´tion , n. The act of formularizing; a formularized or formulated statement or exhibition. C. Kingsley.

For´mu•lar•ize , v. t. To reduce to a forula; to formulate.

For´mu•la•ry , a. [Cf. F. formulaire. See Formula.] Stated; prescribed; ritual.

For´mu•la•ry, n.; pl. Formularies (#). [Cf. F. formulaire.] 1. A book containing stated and prescribed forms, as of oaths, declarations, prayers, medical formulaae, etc.; a book of precedents. 2. Prescribed form or model; formula.

For´mu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulated p. pr. & vb. n. Formulating ] To reduce to, or express in, a formula; to put in a clear and definite form of statement or expression. G. P. Marsh.

For•mu•la´tion , n. The act, process, or result of formulating or reducing to a formula.

For´mule , n. [F.] A set or prescribed model; a formula. [Obs.] Johnson.

For•mu•li•za´tion , n. The act or process of reducing to a formula; the state of being formulized.

For´mu•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulized p. pr. & vb. n. Formulizing ] To reduce to a formula; to formulate. Emerson.

For´myl , n. [Formic + - yl.] (Chem.) (a) A univalent radical, H.C:O, regarded as the essential residue of formic acid and aldehyde. (b) Formerly, the radical methyl, CH_3.

Forn•cast´ , p. p. [OE. foren + cast. See Forecast.] Predestined. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For´ni•cal , a. Relating to a fornix. { For´ni•cate , For´ni•ca•ted }, a. [L. fornicatus, fr. fornix, - icis, an arch, vault.] 1. Vaulted like an oven or furnace; arched. 2. (Bot.) Arching over; overarched. Gray.

For´ni•cate , v. i. [L. fornicatus, p. p. of fornicari to fornicate, fr. fornix, -icis, a vault, a brothel in an underground vault.] To commit fornication; to have unlawful sexual intercourse.

For•ni•ca´tion , n. [F. fornication, L. fornicatio.] 1. Unlawful sexual intercourse on the part of an unmarried person; the act of such illicit sexual intercourse between a man and a woman as does not by law amount to adultery. In England, the offense, though cognizable in the ecclesiastical courts, was not at common law subject to secular prosecution. In the United States it is indictable in some States at common law, in others only by statute. Whartyon. 2. (Script.) (a) Adultery. (b) Incest. (c) Idolatry.

For´ni•ca•tor , n. [F. fornicateur, OF. fornicator, from L. fornicator.] An unmarried person, male or female, who has criminal intercourse with the other sex; one guilty of fornication.

For´ni•ca•tress , n. [Cf. F. fornicatrice, L. fornicatrix.] A woman guilty of fornication. Shak.

For´nix , n.; pl. Fornices (#). [L., an arch.] (Anat.) (a) An arch or fold; as the fornix, or vault, of the cranium; the fornix, or reflection, of the conjuctiva. (b) Esp., two longitudinal bands of white nervous tissue beneath the lateral ventricles of the brain.

For•old´ , a. Very old. [Obs.] “A bear’s skin, coal-black, forold.” Chaucer.

For•pass´ , v. t. & i. To pass by or along; to pass over. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•pine´ , v. t. To waste away completely by suffering or torment. [Archaic] ´Pale as a forpined ghost.´ Chaucer.

For´ray , v. t. [OE. forrayen. See Foray.] To foray; to ravage; to pillage. “For they that morn had forrayed all the land.” Fairfax.

For´ray, n. The act of ravaging; a ravaging; a predatory excursion. See Foray.

For´rill , n. [See Forel.] Lambskin parchment; vellum; forel. McElrath.

For•sake´ , v. t. [imp. Forsook p. p. Forsaken p. pr. & vb. n. Forsaking.] [AS. forsacan to oppose, refuse; for- + sacan to contend, strive; akin to Goth. sakan. See For-, and Sake.] 1. To quit or leave entirely; to desert; to abandon; to depart or withdraw from; to leave; as false friends and flatterers forsake us in adversity. “If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments.” Ps. lxxxix. 30. 2. To renounce; to reject; to refuse. “If you forsake the offer of their love.” Shak. Syn. — To abandon; quit; desert; fail; relinquish; give up; renounce; reject. See Abandon.

For•sak´er , n. One who forsakes or deserts.

For•say´ , v. t. [AS. forsecgan to accuse; pref. for- + secgan to say.] To forbid; to renounce; to forsake; to deny. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•shape´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + shape, v.t.] To render misshapen. [Obs.] Gower.

For•slack´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + slack to neglect.] To neglect by idleness; to delay or to waste by sloth. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•slouth´e , v. t. [See For- , and Slouth.] To lose by sloth or negligence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•slow´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + slow.] To delay; to hinder; to neglect; to put off. [Obs.] Bacon.

For•slow´, v. i. To loiter. [Obs.] Shak.

For•slug´ge , v. t. [See Slug to be idle.] To lsoe by idleness or slotch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•sooth´ , adv. [AS. forsoð; for, prep. + soð sooth, truth. See For, prep., and Sooth.] In truth; in fact; certainly; very well; — formerly used as an expression of deference or respect, especially to woman; now used ironically or contemptuously. “A fit man, forsooth, to govern a realm!” Hayward. “Our old English word forsooth has been changed for the French madam.” Guardian.

For•sooth´, v. t. To address respectfully with the term forsooth. [Obs.] “The captain of the ´Charles´ had forsoothed her, though he knew her well enough and she him.” Pepys.

For•sooth´, n. A person who used forsooth much; a very ceremonious and deferential person. [R.] “You sip so like a forsooth of the city.” B. Jonson.

For•speak´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + speak.] 1. To forbid; to prohibit. Shak. 2. To bewitch. [Obs.] Drayton.

For•spent´ , a. [AS. forspendan to consume; pref. for- + spendan to spend.] Wasted in strength; tired; exhausted. [Archaic] “A gentleman almost forspent with speed.” Shak.

For•stall´ , v. t. To forestall. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fors´ter , n. A forester. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•straught´ , p. p. & a. [Pref. for- + straught; cf. distraught.] Distracted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•swat´ , a. [See Sweat.] Spent with heat; covered with sweat. [Obs.] P. Sidney.

For•swear´ , v. t. [imp. Forswore p. p. Forsworn p. pr. & vb. n. Forswearing.] [OE. forsweren, forswerien, AS. forswerian; pref. for- + swerian to swear. See For-, and Swear, v. i.] 1. To reject or renounce upon oath; hence, to renounce earnestly, determinedly, or with protestations. “I … do forswear her.” Shak. 2. To deny upon oath. “Like innocence, and as serenely bold
As truth, how loudly he forswears thy gold!” Dryden. To forswear one’s self, to swear falsely; to perjure one’s self. ´Thou shalt not forswear thyself.´ Matt. v. 33. Syn. — See Perjure.

For•swear´, v. i. To swear falsely; to commit perjury. Shak.

For•swear´er , n. One who rejects of renounces upon oath; one who swears a false oath.

For•swonk´ , a. [Pref. for- + swonk, p. p. of swinkto labor. See Swink.] Overlabored; exhausted; worn out. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•swore´ , imp. of Forswear.

For•sworn´ , p. p. of Forswear.

For•sworn´ness, n. State of being forsworn. [R.]

For•syth´i•a , a. [NL. Named after William Forsyth, who brought in from China.] (Bot.) A shrub of the Olive family, with yellow blossoms.

Fort , n. [F., from fort strong, L. fortis; perh. akin to Skr. darh to fix, make firm, and to E. firm Cf. Forte, Force, Fortalice, Comfort, Effort.] (Mil.) A strong or fortified place; usually, a small fortified place, occupied only by troops, surrounded with a ditch, rampart, and parapet, or with palisades, stockades, or other means of defense; a fortification. “Detached works, depending solely on their own strength, belong to the class of works termed forts.” Farrow.

Fort´a•lice , n. [LL. fortalitia, or OF. fortelesce. See Fortress.] (Mil.) A small outwork of a fortification; a fortilage; - - called also fortelace.

Forte (fort), n. [IT. forte: cf. F. fort. See Fort.] 1. The strong point; that in which one excels. “The construction of a fable seems by no means the forte of our modern poetical writers.” Jeffrey. 2. The stronger part of the blade of a sword; the part of half nearest the hilt; — opposed to foible.

For´te (fôr´ta or for´ta), adv. [It. forte, a. & adv., fr. L. fortis strong.] (Mus.) Loudly; strongly; powerfully.

Fort´ed , a. Furnished with, or guarded by, forts; strengthened or defended, as by forts. [R.] Shak.

Forth , v.[AS. forð, fr. for akin to D. voort, G. fort rad.78. See Fore, For, and cf. Afford, Further, adv.] 1. Forward; onward in time, place, or order; in advance from a given point; on to end; as from that day forth; one, two, three, and so forth. “Lucas was Paul’s companion, at the leastway from the sixteenth of the Acts forth.” Tyndale. “From this time forth, I never will speak word.” Shak. “I repeated the Ave Maria; the inquisitor bad me say forth; I said I was taught no more.” Strype. 2. Out, as from a state of concealment, retirement, confinement, nondevelopment, or the like; out into notice or view; as the plants in spring put forth leaves. “When winter past, and summer scarce begun,
Invites them forth to labor in the sun.” Dryden. 3. Beyond a (certain) boundary; away; abroad; out. “I have no mind of feasting forth to- night.” Shak. 4. Throughly; from beginning to end. [Obs.] Shak. And so forth, Back and forth, From forth. See under And, Back, and From. — Forth of, Forth from, out of. [Obs.] Shak. — To bring forth. See under Bring.

Forth, prep. Forth from; out of. [Archaic] “Some forth their cabins peep.” Donne.

Forth, n. [OE., a ford. 78. See Frith.] A way; a passage or ford. [Obs.] Todd.

Forth•by´ , adv. [Obs.] See Forby.

Forth´com•ing , a. Ready or about to appear; making appearance.

Forth´go•ing , n. A going forth; an utterance. A. Chalmers.

Forth´go•ing, a. Going forth.

For•think´ , v. t. To repent; to regret; to be sorry for; to cause regret. [Obs.] ´Let it forthink you.´ Tyndale. “That me forthinketh, quod this January.” Chaucer.

Forth´put•ing , a. Bold; forward; aggressive.

Forth´right , adv. [Forth, adv. + right, adv.] Straight forward; in a straight direction. [Archaic] Sir P. Sidney.

Forth´right, a. Direct; straightforward; as a forthright man. [Archaic] Lowell. “They were Night and Day, and Day and Night,
Piligrims wight with steps forthright.” Emerson.

Forth´right, n. A straight path. [Archaic] “Here’s a maze trod, indeed,
Through forthrights and meanders!” Shak.

Forth´right•ness, n. Straightforwardness; explicitness; directness. [Archaic] “Dante’s concise forthrightness of phrase.” Hawthorne.

Forth´ward , adv. [Forth, adv. + -ward.] Forward. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Forth•with´ (? or see With), adv. 1. Immediately; without delay; directly. “Immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales; and he received sight forthwith.” Acts ix. 18. 2. (Law) As soon as the thing required may be done by reasonable exertion confined to that object. Bouvier.

For•thy´ , adv. [AS. forðy; for, prep. + ðy, instrumental neut. of se, seó, ðaet, pron. demonstrative and article. See The.] Therefore. [Obs.] Spenser.

For´ties , n. pl. See Forty.

For´ti•eth , a. [AS. feówertigoa. See Forty.] 1. Following the thirty-ninth, or preceded by thirty-nine units, things, or parts. 2. Constituting one of forty equal parts into which anything is divided.

For´ti•eth, n. One of forty equal parts into which one whole is divided; the quotient of a unit divided by forty; one next in order after the thirty-ninth.

For´ti•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. fortifiable.] Capable of being fortified. Johnson.

For•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. fortificatio : cf. F. fortification.] 1. The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places in order to defend them against an enemy. 2. That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle. Fortification agate, Scotch pebble. Syn. — Fortress; citadel; bulwark. See Fortress.

For´ti•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, fortifies, strengthens, supports, or upholds.

For´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fortified p. pr. & vb. n. Fortifying.] [F. fortifier, L. fortificare; fortis strong + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Fort, and -fy.] 1. To add strength to; to strengthen; to confirm; to furnish with power to resist attack. “Timidity was fortified by pride.” Gibbon. “Pride came to the aid of fancy, and both combined to fortify his resolution.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To strengthen and secure by forts or batteries, or by surrounding with a wall or ditch or other military works; to render defensible against an attack by hostile forces.

For´ti•fy, v. i. To raise defensive works. Milton.

For´ti•lage ( 48), n. [Cf. Fortalice.] A little fort; a blockhouse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fort´in , n. [F. See Fort, n.] A little fort; a fortlet. [Obs.]

For•tis´si•mo , adv. [It., superl. of forte, adv. See Forte, adv.] (Mus.) Very loud; with the utmost strength or loudness.

For•ti´tion , n. [See Fortuitous.] Casual choice; fortuitous selection; hazard. [R.] “No mode of election operating in the spirit of fortition or rotation can be generally good.” Burke.

For´ti•tude , n. [L. fortitudo, fr. fortis strong. See Fort.] 1. Power to resist attack; strength; firmness. [Obs.] “The fortitude of the place is best known to you.” Shak. 2. That strength or firmness of mind which enables a person to encounter danger with coolness and courage, or to bear pain or adversity without murmuring, depression, or despondency; passive courage; resolute endurance; firmness in confronting or bearing up against danger or enduring trouble. “Extolling patience as the truest fortitude.” Milton. “Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues.” Locke. Syn. — Courage; resolution; resoluteness; endurance; bravery. See Courage, and Heroism.

For•ti•tu´di•nous , a. Having fortitude; courageous. [R.] Gibbon.

Fort´let , n. A little fort. [R.] Bailey.

Fort´night ( in U.S. often 277), n. [Contr. fr. fourteen nights, our ancestors reckoning time by nights and winters; so, also seven nights, sennight, a week.] The space of fourteen days; two weeks.

Fort´night•ly , a. Occurring or appearing once in a fortnight; as a fortnightly meeting of a club; a fortnightly magazine, or other publication. — adv. Once in a fortnight; at intervals of a fortnight.

For•tread´ , v. t. To tread down; to trample upon. [Obs.] “In hell shall they be all fortroden of devils.” Chaucer.

For´tress , n.; pl. Fortresses (#). [F. forteresse, OF. forteresce, fortelesce, LL. foralitia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort, and cf. Fortalice.] A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; a fort; a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security. Syn. — Fortress, Fortification, Castle, Citadel. A fortress is constructed for military purposes only, and is permanently garrisoned; a fortification is built to defend harbors, cities, etc.; a castle is a fortress of early times which was ordinarily a palatial dwelling; a citadel is the stronghold of a fortress or city, etc.

For´tress, v. t. To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard; to fortify. Shak.

For•tu´i•tous , a. [L. fortuitus; akin to forte, adv., by chance, prop. abl. of fors, fortis, chance. See Fortune.] 1. Happening by chance; coming or occuring unexpectedly, or without any known cause; chance; as the fortuitous concourse of atoms. “It was from causes seemingly fortuitous … that all the mighty effects of the Reformation flowed.” Robertson. “So as to throw a glancing and fortuitous light upon the whole.” Hazlitt. 2. (LAw) Happening independently of human will or means of foresight; resulting from unavoidable physical causes. Abbott. Syn. — Accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. See Accidental. — For•tu´i•tous•ly, adv. — For•tu´i•tous•ness, n.

For•tu´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fortuite.] Accident; chance; casualty. D. Forbes (1750).

For´tu•nate ( 135), a. [L. fortunatus, p. p. of fortunare to make fortunate or prosperous, fr. fortuna. See Fortune, n.] 1. Coming by good luck or favorable chance; bringing some good thing not foreseen as certain; presaging happiness; auspicious; as a fortunate event; a fortunate concurrence of circumstances; a fortunate investment. 2. Receiving same unforeseen or unexpected good, or some good which was not dependent on one’s own skill or efforts; favored with good forune; lucky. Syn. — Auspicious; lucky; prosperous; successful; favored; happy. — Fortunate, Successful, Prosperous. A man is fortunate, when he is favored of fortune, and has unusual blessings fall to his lot; successful when he gains what he aims at; prosperous when he succeeds in those things which men commonly desire. One may be fortunate, in some cases, where he is not successful; he may be successful, but, if he has been mistaken in the value of what he has aimed at, he may for that reason fail to be prosperous.

For´tu•nate•ly, adv. In a fortunate manner; luckily; successfully; happily.

For´tu•nate•ness, n. The condition or quality of being fortunate; good luck; success; happiness.

For´tune (fôr´tun; 135), n. [F. fortune, L. fortuna; akin to fors, fortis, chance, prob. fr. ferre to bear, bring. See Bear to support, and cf. Fortuitous.] 1. The arrival of something in a sudden or unexpected manner; chance; accident; luck; hap; also the personified or deified power regarded as determining human success, apportioning happiness and unhappiness, and distributing arbitrarily or fortuitously the lots of life. “’T is more by fortune, lady, than by merit.” Shak. “O Fortune, Fortune, all men call thee fickle.” Shak. 2. That which befalls or is to befall one; lot in life, or event in any particular undertaking; fate; destiny; as to tell one’s fortune. “You, who men’s fortunes in their faces read.” Cowley. 3. That which comes as the result of an undertaking or of a course of action; good or ill success; especially, favorable issue; happy event; success; prosperity as reached partly by chance and partly by effort. “Our equal crimes shall equal fortune give.” Dryden. “There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.” Shak. “His father dying, he was driven to seek his fortune.” Swift. 4. Wealth; large possessions; large estate; riches; as a gentleman of fortune. Syn. — Chance; accident; luck; fate. Fortune book, a book supposed to reveal future events to those who consult it. Crashaw. — Fortune hunter, one who seeks to acquire wealth by marriage. — Fortune teller, one who professes to tell future events in the life of another. — Fortune telling, the practice or art of professing to reveal future events in the life of another.

For´tune, v. t. [OF. fortuner, L. fortunare. See Fortune, n.] 1. To make fortunate; to give either good or bad fortune to. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To provide with a fortune. Richardson. 3. To presage; to tell the fortune of. [Obs.] Dryden.

For´tune, v. i. To fall out; to happen. “It fortuned the same night that a Christian, serving a Turk in the camp, secretely gave the watchmen warning.” Knolles.

For´tune•less, a. Luckless; also destitute of a fortune or portion. Spenser.

For´tun•ize , v. t. To regulate the fortune of; to make happy. [Obs.] Spenser.

For´ty (fôr´ty), a. [OE. forti, fourti, fowerti, AS. feówertig; feówer four + suff. - tig ten; akin to OS. fiwartig, fiartig, D. veertig, G. vierzig, Icel. fjörutiu, Sw. fyratio, Dan. fyrretyve, Goth. fidwor tigjus. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Fourteen.] Four times ten; thirty-nine and one more.

For´ty, n.; pl. Forties (-tiz). 1. The sum of four tens; forty units or objects. 2. A symbol expressing forty units; as 40, or xl.

For´ty-spot , n. (Zoöl.) The Tasmanian forty-spotted diamond bird (Pardalotus quadragintus).

Fo´rum , n.; pl. E. Forums (#), L. Fora (#). [L.; akin to foris, foras, out of doors. See Foreign.] 1. A market place or public place in Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people. 2. A tribunal; a court; an assembly empowered to hear and decide causes. “He [Lord Camden] was … more eminent in the senate than in the forum.” Brougham.

For•waked´ , p. p. & a. Tired out with excessive waking or watching. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•wan´der , v. i. To wander away; to go astray; to wander far and to weariness. [Obs.]

For´ward , n. [OE., fr. AS. foreweard; fore before + weard a ward. See Ward, n.] An agreement; a covenant; a promise. [Obs.] “Tell us a tale anon, as forward is.” Chaucer. { For´ward , For´wards }, adv. [AS. forweard, foreweard; for, fore + -weardes; akin to G. vorwärts. The s is properly a genitive ending. See For, Fore, and -ward, -wards.] Toward a part or place before or in front; onward; in advance; progressively; — opposed to backward.

For´ward, a. 1. Near, or at the fore part; in advance of something else; as the forward gun in a ship, or the forward ship in a fleet. 2. Ready; prompt; strongly inclined; in an ill sense, overready; too hasty. “Only they would that we should remember the poor; the same which I also was forward to do.” Gal. ii. 10. “Nor do we find him forward to be sounded.” Shak. 3. Ardent; eager; earnest; in an ill sense, less reserved or modest than is proper; bold; confident; as the boy is too forward for his years. “I have known men disagreeably forward from their shyness.” T. Arnold. 4. Advanced beyond the usual degree; advanced for the season; as the grass is forward, or forward for the season; we have a forward spring. “The most forward bud
Is eaten by the canker ere it blow.” Shak.

For´ward , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forwarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Forwarding.] 1. To help onward; to advance; to promote; to accelerate; to quicken; to hasten; as to forward the growth of a plant; to forward one in improvement. 2. To send forward; to send toward the place of destination; to transmit; as to forward a letter.

For´ward•er , n. 1. One who forwards or promotes; a promoter. Udall. 2. One who sends forward anything; (Com.) one who transmits goods; a forwarding merchant. 3. (Bookbinding) One employed in forwarding.

For´ward•ing, n. 1. The act of one who forwards; the act or occupation of transmitting merchandise or other property for others. 2. (Bookbinding) The process of putting a book into its cover, and making it ready for the finisher.

For´ward•ly , adv. Eagerly; hastily; obtrusively.

For´ward•ness, n. The quality of being forward; cheerful readiness; promtness; as the forwardness of Christians in propagating the gospel. 2. An advanced stage of progress or of preparation; advancement; as his measures were in great forwardness. Robertson. 3. Eagerness; ardor; as it is difficult to restrain the forwardness of youth. 3. Boldness; confidence; assurance; want of due reserve or modesty. “In France it is usual to bring children into company, and cherish in them, from their infancy, a kind of forwardness and assurance.” Addison. 5. A state of advance beyond the usual degree; prematureness; precocity; as the forwardnessof spring or of corn; the forwardness of a pupil. “He had such a dexterous proclivity, as his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness.” Sir H. Wotton. Syn. — Promptness; promptitude; eagerness; ardor; zeal; assurance; confidence; boldness; impudence; presumption.

For´wards , adv. Same as Forward.

For•waste´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + waste.] To desolate or lay waste utterly. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•wea´ry , v. t. To weary extremely; to dispirit. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•weep´ , v. i. To weep much. [Obs.]

For•wete´ , v. t. See Forewite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•why´ , conj. [For + why, AS. hw, instrumental case of hwa who.] Wherefore; because. [Obs.]

For•worn´ , a. Much worn. [Obs.] “A silly man, in simple weeds forworn.” Spenser.

For•wot´ , pres. indic. 1st & 3d pers. sing. of Forwete. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•wrap´ , v. t. To wrap up; to conceal. [Obs.] “All mote be said and nought excused, nor hid, nor forwrapped.” Chaucer.

For•yelde´ , v. t. [AS. forgieldan.] To repay; to requite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•yete´ , v. t. To forget. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•yet´ten , obs. p. p. of Foryete. Chaucer.

For•zan´do , adv. [It., prop. p. p. of forzare to force.] (Mus.) See Sforzato.

Fos´sa , n.; pl. FossAE (#). [L., a ditch. See Fosse.] (Anat.) A pit, groove, cavity, or depression, of greater or less depth; as the temporal fossa on the side of the skull; the nasal fossae containing the nostrils in most birds.

Fos´sane , n. [Cf. F. fossane.] (Zoöl.) A species of civet (Viverra fossa) resembling the genet.

Fosse , n. [F., fr. L. fossa, fr. fodere, fossum, to dig.] 1. (Fort.) A ditch or moat. 2. (Anat.) See Fossa. Fosse road. See Fosseway.

Fos´set , n. A faucet. [Obs.] Shak.

Fos•sette´ , n. [F., dim. of fosse a fosse.] 1. A little hollow; hence, a dimple. 2. (Med.) A small, deep-centered ulcer of the transparent cornea.

Fosse´way , n. One of the great military roads constructed by the Romans in England and other parts of Europe; — so called from the fosse or ditch on each side for keeping it dry.

Fos´sil , a. [L. fossilis, fr. fodere to dig: cf. F. fossile. See Fosse.] 1. Dug out of the earth; as fossil coal; fossil salt. 2. (Paleon.) Like or pertaining to fossils; contained in rocks, whether petrified or not; as fossil plants, shells. Fossil copal, a resinous substance, first found in the blue clay at Highgate, near London, and apparently a vegetable resin, partly changed by remaining in the earth. — Fossil cork, flax, paper, or wood, varieties of amianthus. — Fossil farina, a soft carbonate of lime. — Fossil ore, fossiliferous red hematite. Raymond.

Fos´sil, n. 1. A substance dug from the earth. [Obs.] Formerly all minerals were called fossils, but the word is now restricted to express the remains of animals and plants found buried in the earth. Ure. 2. (Paleon.) The remains of an animal or plant found in stratified rocks. Most fossils belong to extinct species, but many of the later ones belong to species still living. 3. A person whose views and opinions are extremely antiquated; one whose sympathies are with a former time rather than with the present. [Colloq.]

Fos•sil•if´er•ous , a. [Fossil + -ferous.] (Paleon.) Containing or composed of fossils.

Fos•sil•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Fossil + L. facere to make.] The process of becoming fossil.

Fos´sil•ism , n. 1. The science or state of fossils. Coleridge. 2. The state of being extremely antiquated in views and opinions.

Fos´sil•ist, n. One who is versed in the science of fossils; a paleontologist. Joseph Black.

Fos•sil•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. fossilisation.] The process of converting, or of being converted, into a fossil.

Fos´sil•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fossilized p. pr. & vb. n. Fossilizing ] [Cf. F. fossiliser.] 1. To convert into a fossil; to petrify; as to fossilize bones or wood. 2. To cause to become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, as by fossilization; to mummify; to deaden. “Ten layers of birthdays on a woman’s head
Are apt to fossilize her girlish mirth.” Mrs. Browning.

Fos´sil•ize, v. i. 1. To become fossil. 2. To become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, beyond the influence of change or progress.

Fos´sil•ized , a. Converted into a fossil; antiquated; firmly fixed in views or opinions. “A fossilized sample of confused provincialism.” Earle.

Fos•so´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fossor digger, fr. fodere to dig.] (Zoöl.) A group of hymenopterous insects including the sand wasps. They excavate cells in earth, where they deposit their eggs, with the bodies of other insects for the food of the young when hatched. [Written also Fossoria.]

Fos•so´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Fossores.

Fos•so´ri•al , a. [L. fossor a digger.] Fitted for digging, adapted for burrowing or digging; as a fossorial foot; a fossorial animal.

Fos•so´ri•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Adapted for digging; — said of the legs of certain insects.

Fos´su•late , a. [L. fossula little ditch, dim. of fossa. See Fosse.] Having, or surrounded by, long, narrow depressions or furrows.

Fos´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fostered , p. pr. & vb. n. Fostering.] [OE. fostren, fr. AS. foster, fostor, food, nourishment, fr. foda food. rad.75. See Food.] 1. To feed; to nourish; to support; to bring up. “Some say that ravens foster forlorn children.” Shak. 2. To cherish; to promote the growth of; to encourage; to sustain and promote; as to foster genius.

Fos´ter, v. i. To be nourished or trained up together. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fos´ter, a. [AS. foster, fostor, nourishment. See Foster, v. t.] Relating to nourishment; affording, receiving, or sharing nourishment or nurture; — applied to father, mother, child, brother, etc., to indicate that the person so called stands in the relation of parent, child, brother, etc., as regards sustenance and nurture, but not by tie of blood. Foster babe, or child, an infant of child nursed by a woman not its mother, or bred by a man not its father. — Foster brother, Foster sister, one who is, or has been, nursed at the same breast, or brought up by the same nurse as another, but is not of the same parentage. — Foster dam, one who takes the place of a mother; a nurse. Dryden. — Foster earth, earth by which a plant is nourished, though not its native soil. J. Philips. — Foster father, a man who takes the place of a father in caring for a child. Bacon. — Foster land. (a) Land allotted for the maintenance of any one. [Obs.] (b) One’s adopted country. — Foster lean [foster + AS. laen a loan See Loan.], remuneration fixed for the rearing of a foster child; also the jointure of a wife. [Obs.] Wharton. — Foster mother, a woman who takes a mother’s place in the nurture and care of a child; a nurse. — Foster nurse, a nurse; a nourisher. [R.] Shak. — Foster parent, a foster mother or foster father. — Foster son, a male foster child.

Fos´ter, n. A forester. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fos´ter•age ( 48), n. The care of a foster child; the charge of nursing. Sir W. Raleigh.

Fos´ter•er , n. One who, or that which, fosters.

Fos´ter•ling, n. [AS. fostorling.] A foster child.

Fos´ter•ment , n. Food; nourishment. [Obs.]

Fos´tress , n. [For fosteress.] A woman who feeds and cherishes; a nurse. B. Jonson.

Foth´er , n. [OE. fother, foder, AS. foer a cartload; akin to G. fuder a cartload, a unit of measure, OHG. fuodar, D. voeder, and perh. to E. fathom, or cf. Skr. patra vessel, dish. Cf. Fodder a fother.] 1. A wagonload; a load of any sort. [Obs.] “Of dung full many a fother.” Chaucer. 2. See Fodder, a unit of weight.

Foth´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fothered p. pr. & vb. n. Fothering.] [Cf. Fodder food, and G. füttern, futtern, to cover within or without, to line. rad.75.] To stop (a leak in a ship at sea) by drawing under its bottom a thrummed sail, so that the pressure of the water may force it into the crack. Totten.

Fo´tive , a. [L. fovere, fotum, to keep warm, to cherish.] Nourishing. [Obs.] T. Carew (1633).

Fot´mal , n. (Com.) Seventy pounds of lead. { Fou•gade´ , Fou•gasse´ }, n. (Mil.) A small mine, in the form of a well sunk from the surface of the ground, charged with explosive and projectiles. It is made in a position likely to be occupied by the enemy.

Fought , imp. & p. p. of Fight.

Fought´en , p. p. of Fight. [Archaic]

Foul (foul), n. [See Fowl.] A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Foul (foul), a. [Compar. Fouler (-er); superl. Foulest.] [OE. foul, ful, AS. ful; akin to D. vuil, G. faul rotten, OHG. ful, Icel. ful foul, fetid; Dan. fuul, Sw. ful foul, Goth. fuls fetid, Lith. puti to be putrid, L. putere to stink, be putrid, pus pus, Gr. py•on pus, to cause to rot, Skr. puy to stink. rad.82. Cf. Defile to foul, File to foul, Filth, Pus, Putrid.] 1. Covered with, or containing, extraneous matter which is injurious, noxious, offensive, or obstructive; filthy; dirty; not clean; polluted; nasty; defiled; as a foul cloth; foul hands; a foul chimney; foul air; a ship’s bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles; a gun becomes foul from repeated firing; a well is foul with polluted water. “My face is foul with weeping.” Job. xvi. 16. 2. Scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive; as foul words; foul language. 3. Hateful; detestable; shameful; odious; wretched. ´The foul with Sycorax.´ Shak. “Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?” Milton. 4. Loathsome; disgusting; as a foul disease. 5. Ugly; homely; poor. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.” Shak. 6. Not favorable; unpropitious; not fair or advantageous; as a foul wind; a foul road; cloudy or rainy; stormy; not fair; — said of the weather, sky, etc. “So foul a sky clears not without a storm.” Shak. 7. Not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating; as foul play. 8. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; — opposed to clear; as a rope or cable may get foul while paying it out. Foul anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor. — Foul ball (Baseball), a ball that first strikes the ground outside of the foul ball lines, or rolls outside of certain limits. — Foul ball lines (Baseball), lines from the home base, through the first and third bases, to the boundary of the field. — Foul berth (Naut.), a berth in which a ship is in danger of fouling another vesel. — Foul bill, or Foul bill of health, a certificate, duly authenticated, that a ship has come from a place where a contagious disorder prevails, or that some of the crew are infected. — Foul copy, a rough draught, with erasures and corrections; — opposed to fair or clean copy. ´Some writers boast of negligence, and others would be ashamed to show their foul copies.´ Cowper. — Foul proof, an uncorrected proof; a proof containing an excessive quantity of errors. — Foul strike (Baseball), a strike by the batsman when any part of his person is outside of the lines of his position. — To fall foul, to fall out; to quarrel. [Obs.] ´If they be any ways offended, they fall foul.´ Burton. — To fall, or run, foul of. See under Fall. — To make foul water, to sail in such shallow water that the ship’s keel stirs the mud at the bottom.

Foul , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fouled p. pr. & vb. n. Fouling.] 1. To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to soil; as to foul the face or hands with mire. 2. (Mil.) To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder in the process of firing. 3. To cover (a ship’s bottom) with anything that impered its sailing; as a bottom fouled with barnacles. 4. To entangle, so as to impede motion; as to foul a rope or cable in paying it out; to come into collision with; as one boat fouled the other in a race.

Foul, v. i. 1. To become clogged with burnt powder in the process of firing, as a gun. 2. To become entagled, as ropes; to come into collision with something; as the two boats fouled.

Foul, n. 1. An entanglement; a collision, as in a boat race. 2. (Baseball) See Foul ball, under Foul, a.

Fou•lard´ , n. [F.] A thin, washable material of silk, or silk and cotton, originally imported from India, but now also made elsewhere.

Foul´der , v. i. [OE. fouldre lightning, fr. F. foudre, OF. also fouldre, fr. L. fulgur. See Fulgor.] To flash, as lightning; to lighten; to gleam; to thunder. [Obs.] ´Flames of fouldering heat.´ Spenser.

Foul´e , adv. Foully. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Foul´ly , v. In a foul manner; filthily; nastily; shamefully; unfairly; dishonorably. “I foully wronged him; do forgive me, do.” Gay.

Foul´-mouthed , a. Using language scurrilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane; abusive. “So foul-mouthed a witness never appeared in any cause.” Addison.

Foul´ness, n. [AS. fulnes.] The quality or condition of being foul.

Foul´-spo•ken , a. Using profane, scurrilous, slanderous, or obscene language. Shak.

Fou´mart , n. [OE. folmard, fulmard; AS. fl foul + mearð, meard, marten: cf. F. marte, martre. See Foul, a., and Marten the quadruped.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; — called also European ferret, and fitchew. See Polecat. [Written also foulmart, foulimart, and fulimart.]

Found , imp. & p. p. of Find.

Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding.] [F. fondre, L. fundere to found, pour.] To form by melting a metal, and pouring it into a mold; to cast. ´Whereof to found their engines.´ Milton.

Found, n. A thin, single-cut file for combmakers.

Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding.] [F. fonder, L. fundare, fr. fundus bottom. See 1st Bottom, and cf. Founder, v. i., Fund.] 1. To lay the basis of; to set, or place, as on something solid, for support; to ground; to establish upon a basis, literal or figurative; to fix firmly. “I had else been perfect,
Whole as the marble, founded as the rock.” Shak. “A man that all his time
Hath founded his good fortunes on your love.” Shak. “It fell not, for it was founded on a rock.” Matt. vii. 25. 2. To take the ffirst steps or measures in erecting or building up; to furnish the materials for beginning; to begin to raise; to originate; as to found a college; to found a family. “There they shall found
Their government, and their great senate choose.” Milton. Syn. — To base; ground; institute; establish; fix. See Predicate.

Foun•da´tion , n. [F. fondation, L. fundatio. See Found to establish.] 1. The act of founding, fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect. 2. That upon which anything is founded; that on which anything stands, and by which it is supported; the lowest and supporting layer of a superstructure; groundwork; basis. “Behold, I lay in Zion, for a foundation, a stone … a precious corner stone, a sure foundation.” Is. xxviii. 16. “The foundation of a free common wealth.” Motley. 3. (Arch.) The lowest and supporting part or member of a wall, including the base course (see Base course (a), under Base, n.) and footing courses; in a frame house, the whole substructure of masonry. 4. A donation or legacy appropriated to support a charitable institution, and constituting a permanent fund; endowment. “He was entered on the foundation of Westminster.” Macaulay. 5. That which is founded, or established by endowment; an endowed institution or charity. “Against the canon laws of our foundation.” Milton. Foundation course. See Base course, under Base, n. — Foundation muslin, an open-worked gummed fabric used for stiffening dresses, bonnets, etc. — Foundation school, in England, an endowed school. — To be on a foundation, to be entitled to a support from the proceeds of an endowment, as a scholar or a fellow of a college.

Foun•da´tion•er , n. One who derives support from the funds or foundation of a college or school. [Eng.]

Foun•da´tion•less, a. Having no foundation.

Found´er , n. [Cf. OF. fondeor, F. fondateur, L. fundator.] One who founds, establishes, and erects; one who lays a foundation; an author; one from whom anything originates; one who endows.

Found´er, n. [From Found to cast.] One who founds; one who casts metals in various forms; a caster; as a founder of cannon, bells, hardware, or types. Fonder’s dust. Same as Facing, 4. — Founder’s sand, a kind of sand suitable for purposes of molding.

Found´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foundered p. pr. & vb. n. Foundering.] [OF. fondrer to fall in, cf. F. s’effondrer, fr. fond bottom, L. fundus. See Found to establish.] 1. (Naut.) To become filled with water, and sink, as a ship. 2. To fall; to stumble and go lame, as a horse. “For which his horse feare gan to turn,
And leep aside, and foundrede as he leep.” Chaucer. 3. To fail; to miscarry. ´All his tricks founder.´ Shak.

Found´er, v. t. To cause internal inflammation and soreness in the feet or limbs of (a horse), so as to disable or lame him.

Found´er, n. (Far.) (a) A lameness in the foot of a horse, occasioned by inflammation; closh. (b) An inflammatory fever of the body, or acute rheumatism; as chest founder. See Chest ffounder. James White.

Foun´der•ous , a. Difficult to travel; likely to trip one up; as a founderous road. [R.] Burke.

Found´er•shaft , n. (Mining) The first shaft sunk. Raymond.

Found´er•y , n.; pl. Founderies (#). [F. fonderie, fr. fondre. See Found to cast, and cf. Foundry.] Same as Foundry.

Found´ing, n. The art of smelting and casting metals.

Found´ling , n. [OE. foundling, fundling; finden to find + - ling; cf. fündling, findling. See Find, v. t., and -ling.] A deserted or exposed infant; a child found without a parent or owner. Foundling hospital, a hospital for foundlings.

Found´ress , n. A female founder; a woman who founds or establishes, or who endows with a fund.

Found´ry , n.; pl. Foundries (#). [See Foundery.] 1. The act, process, or art of casting metals. 2. The buildings and works for casting metals. Foundry ladle, a vessel for holding molten metal and conveying it from cupola to the molds.

Fount , n. [See Font.] (Print.) A font.

Fount, n. [OF. font, funt, fr. L. fons, fontis, a fountain; of uncertain origin, perh. akin to fundere to pour, E. found to cast. Cf. Font.] A fountain.

Foun´tain (foun´tin), n. [F. fontaine, LL. fontana, fr. L. fons, fontis. See 2d Fount.] 1. A spring of water issuing from the earth. 2. An artificially produced jet or stream of water; also the structure or works in which such a jet or stream rises or flows; a basin built and constantly supplied with pure water for drinking and other useful purposes, or for ornament. 3. A reservoir or chamber to contain a liquid which can be conducted or drawn off as needed for use; as the ink fountain in a printing press, etc. 4. The source from which anything proceeds, or from which anything is supplied continuously; origin; source. “Judea, the fountain of the gospel.” Fuller. “Author of all being,
Fountain of light, thyself invisible.” Milton. Air fountain. See under Air. — Fountain heead, primary source; original; first principle. Young. — Fountain inkstand, an inkstand having a continual supply of ink, as from elevated reservoir. — Fountain lamp, a lamp fed with oil from an elevated reservoir. — Fountain pen, a pen with a reservoir in the handle which furnishes a supply of ink. — Fountain pump. (a) A structure for a fountain, having the form of a pump. (b) A portable garden pump which throws a jet, for watering plants, etc. — Fountain shell (Zoöl.), the large West Indian conch shell (Strombus gigas). — Fountain of youth, a mythical fountain whose waters were fabled to have the property of renewing youth.

Foun´tain•less, a. Having no fountain; destitute of springs or sources of water. “Barren desert, fountainless and dry.” Milton.

Fount´ful , a. Full of fountains. Pope.

Four (for), a. [OE. four, fower, feower, AS. feówer; akin to OS. fiwar, D. & G. vier, OHG. fior, Icel. fjorir, Sw. fyra, Dan. fire, Goth. fidwor, Russ. chetuire, chetvero, W. pedwar, L. quatuor, Gr. te•ttares, te•ssares, pi•syres, Skr. catur. rad.302. Cf. Farthing, Firkin, Forty, Cater four, Quater-cousin, Quatuor, Quire of paper, tetrarch.] One more than three; twice two.

Four, n. 1. The sum of four units; four units or objects. 2. A symbol representing four units, as 4 or iv. 3. Four things of the same kind, esp. four horses; as a chariot and four. All fours. See All fours, in the Vocabulary. { Fourb , Fourbe }, n. [F.] A tricky fellow; a cheat. [Obs.] Evelyn. Denham.

Four•che´ (foor•sha´), a. [F. See Fork.] (Her.) Having the ends forked or branched, and the ends of the branches terminating abruptly as if cut off; — said of an ordinary, especially of a cross.

Four•chette´ (foor•shet´), n. [F., dim. of fourche. See Fork.] 1. A table fork. 2. (Anat.) (a) A small fold of membrane, connecting the labia in the posterior part of the vulva. (b) The wishbone or furculum of birds. (c) The frog of the hoof of the horse and allied animals. 3. (Surg.) An instrument used to raise and support the tongue during the cutting of the fraenum. 4. (Glove Making) The forked piece between two adjacent fingers, to which the front and back portions are sewed. Knight.

Four´-cor•nered , a. Having four corners or angles.

Four•dri•nier´ , n. A machine used in making paper; — so named from an early inventor of improvements in this class of machinery.

Four´fold , a. & adv. [AS. feówerfeold.] Four times; quadruple; as a fourfold division. “He shall restore the lamb fourfold.” 2 Sam. xii. 6.

Four´fold, n. Four times as many or as much.

Four´fold, v. t. To make four times as much or as many, as an assessment; to quadruple.

Four´foot•ed , a. Having four feet; quadruped; as fourfooted beasts.

Four•gon´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) (a) An ammunition wagon. (b) A French baggage wagon.

Four´hand•ed , a. 1. Having four hands; quadrumanous. Goldsmith. 2. Requiring four ´hands´ or players; as a fourhanded game at cards.

Fou´ri•er•ism , n. The coöperative socialistic system of Charles Fourier, a Frenchman, who recommended the reorganization of society into small communities, living in common. { Fou´ri•er•ist , Fou´ri•er•ite }, n. One who adopts the views of Fourier.

Four´-in-hand , a. Consisting of four horses controlled by one person; as a four-in-hand team; drawn by four horses driven by one person; as a four-in- hand coach. — n. A team of four horses driven by one person; also a vehicle drawn by such a team. “As quaint a four-in-hand
As you shall see.” Tennyson.

Four´ling, n. 1. One of four children born at the same time. 2. (Crystallog.) A compound or twin crystal consisting of four individuals.

Four•neau´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) The chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed.

Four´-o’clock , n. 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Mirabilis. There are about half a dozen species, natives of the warmer parts of America. The common four-o’clock is M. Jalapa. Its flowers are white, yellow, and red, and open toward sunset, or earlier in cloudy weather; hence the name. It is also called marvel of Peru, and afternoon lady. 2. (Zoöl.) The friar bird; — so called from its cry, which resembles these words.

Four´pence , n. 1. A British silver coin, worth four pence; a groat. 2. A name formerly given in New England to the Spanish half real, a silver coin worth six and a quarter cents.

Four´-post•er , n. A large bedstead with tall posts at the corners to support curtains. [Colloq.]

Four´rier ( F. ), n. [F., fr. OF. forre. See Forage, n.] A harbinger. [Obs.]

Four´score , a. [Four + core, n.] Four times twenty; eighty.

Four´score, n. The product of four times twenty; eighty units or objects.

Four´square , a. Having four sides and four equal angles. Sir W. Raleigh.

Four´teen , a. [OE. fourtene, feowertene, AS. feówertyne, feówertene. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Forty.] Four and ten more; twice seven.

Four´teen, n. 1. The sum of ten and four; forteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fourteen, as 14 or xiv.

Four´teenth , a. [Cf. OE. fourtende, fourtethe, AS. feówerteoða.] 1. Next in order after the thirteenth; as the fourteenth day of the month. 2. Making or constituting one of fourteen equal parts into which anything may be divided.

Four´teenth, n. 1. One of fourteen equal parts into which one whole may be divided; the quotient of a unit divided by fourteen; one next after the thirteenth. 2. (Mus.) The octave of the seventh.

Fourth , a. [OE. fourthe, ferthe, feorthe, AS. feórða, fr. feówer four.] 1. Next in order after the third; the ordinal of four. 2. Forming one of four equal parts into which anything may be divided.

Fourth, n. 1. One of four equal parts into which one whole may be divided; the quotient of a unit divided by four; one coming next in order after the third. 2. (Mus.) The interval of two tones and a semitone, embracing four diatonic degrees of the scale; the subdominant of any key. The Fourth, specifically, in the United States, the fourth day of July, the anniversary of the declaration of American independence; as to celebrate the Fourth.

Fourth´ly, adv. In the fourth place.

Four´-way , a. Allowing passage in either of four directions; as a four-way cock, or valve. Francis. Four-way cock, a cock connected with four pipes or ports, and having two or more passages in the plug, by which the adjacent pipes or ports may be made to communicate; formerly used as a valve in the steam engine, and now for various other purposes. In the illustration, a leads to the upper end of a steam engine cylinder, and b to the lower end; c is the steam pipe, and d the exhaust pipe.

Four´-wheeled , a. Having four wheels.

Four´-wheel•er , n. A vehicle having four wheels. [Colloq.]

Fous´sa , n. [Natibe name.] (Zoöl.) A viverrine animal of Madagascar (Cryptoprocta ferox). It resembles a cat in size and form, and has retractile claws.

Fou´ter , n. [F. foutre to lecher, L. futuere. Cf. Fouty.] A despicable fellow. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett.

Fou´tra , n. [See Fouter.] A fig; — a word of contempt. [Obs.] “A foutra for the world and wordlings base!” Shak.

Fou´ty , a. [Cf. F. foutu, p. p. of foutre; OF. foutu scoundrel. See Fouter.] Despicable. [Obs.]

Fo´ve•a , n.; pl. Foveae (#). [L., a small pit.] A slight depression or pit; a fossa.

Fo´ve•ate , a. [L. fovea a pit.] Having pits or depressions; pitted.

Fo•ve´o•la , n.; pl. Foveolae (#). [NL., dim. of L. fovea.] A small depression or pit; a fovea.

Fo´ve•o•late , a. Having small pits or depressions, as the receptacle in some composite flowers.

Fo´ve•o•la•ted , a. Foveolate.

Fo•vil´la , n.; pl. Fovillae (#). [Dim. fr. L. fovere to cherish.] (Bot.) One of the fine granules contained in the protoplasm of a pollen grain.

Fowl , n. Instead of the pl. Fowls the singular is often used collectively. [OE. foul, fowel, foghel, fuhel, fugel, AS. fugol; akin to OS. fugal D. & G. vogel, OHG. fogal, Icel. & Dan. fugl, Sw. fogel, fågel, Goth. fugls; of unknown origin, possibly by loss of l, from the root of E. fly, or akin to E. fox, as being a tailed animal.] 1. Any bird; esp., any large edible bird. “Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air.” Gen. i. 26. “Behold the fowls of the air; for they sow not.” Matt. vi. 26. “Like a flight of fowl
Scattered by winds and high tempestuous gusts.” Shak. 2. Any domesticated bird used as food, as a hen, turkey, duck; in a more restricted sense, the common domestic cock or hen (Gallus domesticus). Barndoor fowl, or Barnyard fowl, a fowl that frequents the barnyard; the common domestic cock or hen.

Fowl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fowled p. pr. & vb. n. Fowling.] To catch or kill wild fowl, for game or food, as by shooting, or by decoys, nets, etc. “Such persons as may lawfully hunt, fish, or fowl.” Blackstone. Fowling piece, a light gun with smooth bore, adapted for the use of small shot in killing birds or small quadrupeds.

Fowl´er , n. A sportsman who pursues wild fowl, or takes or kills for food.

Fow´ler•ite , n. [From Dr. Samuel Fowler.] (Min.) A variety of rhodonite, from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, containing some zinc.

Fow´ler’s so•lu´tion An aqueous solution of arsenite of potassium, of such strength that one hundred parts represent one part of arsenious acid, or white arsenic; — named from Fowler, an English physician who first brought it into use.

Fox , n.; pl. Foxes (#). [AS. fox; akin to D. vos, G. fuchs, OHG. fuhs, foha, Goth. faúh, Icel. fa fox, fox fraud; of unknown origin, cf. Skr. puccha tail. Cf. Vixen.] 1. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the genus Vulpes, family Canidae, of many species. The European fox (V. vulgaris or V. vulpes), the American red fox (V. fulvus), the American gray fox (V. Virginianus), and the arctic, white, or blue, fox (V. lagopus) are well-known species. The black or silver-gray fox is a variety of the American red fox, producing a fur of great value; the cross- gray and woods-gray foxes are other varieties of the same species, of less value. The common foxes of Europe and America are very similar; both are celebrated for their craftiness. They feed on wild birds, poultry, and various small animals. “Subtle as the fox for prey.” Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) The European dragonet. 3. (Zoöl.) The fox shark or thrasher shark; — called also sea fox. See Thrasher shark, under Shark. 4. A sly, cunning fellow. [Colloq.] “We call a crafty and cruel man a fox.” Beattie. 5. (Naut.) Rope yarn twisted together, and rubbed with tar; — used for seizings or mats. 6. A sword; — so called from the stamp of a fox on the blade, or perhaps of a wolf taken for a fox. [Obs.] “Thou diest on point of fox.” Shak. 7. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which, with the Sacs, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin; — called also Outagamies. Fox and geese. (a) A boy’s game, in which one boy tries to catch others as they run one goal to another. (b) A game with sixteen checkers, or some substitute for them, one of which is called the fox, and the rest the geese; the fox, whose first position is in the middle of the board, endeavors to break through the line of the geese, and the geese to pen up the fox. — Fox bat (Zoöl.), a large fruit bat of the genus Pteropus, of many species, inhabiting Asia, Africa, and the East Indies, esp. P. medius of India. Some of the species are more than four feet across the outspread wings. See Fruit bat. — Fox bolt, a bolt having a split end to receive a fox wedge. — Fox brush (Zoöl.), the tail of a fox. — Fox evil, a disease in which the hair falls off; alopecy. — Fox grape (Bot.), the name of two species of American grapes. The northern fox grape (Vitis Labrusca) is the origin of the varieties called Isabella, Concord, Hartford, etc., and the southern fox grape (Vitis vulpina) has produced the Scuppernong, and probably the Catawba. — Fox hunter. (a) One who pursues foxes with hounds. (b) A horse ridden in a fox chase. — Fox shark (Zoöl.), the thrasher shark. See Thrasher shark, under Thrasher. — Fox sleep, pretended sleep. — Fox sparrow (Zoöl.), a large American sparrow (Passerella iliaca); — so called on account of its reddish color. — Fox squirrel (Zoöl.), a large North American squirrel (Sciurus niger, or S. cinereus). In the Southern States the black variety prevails; farther north the fulvous and gray variety, called the cat squirrel, is more common. — Fox terrier (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar breed of terriers, used in hunting to drive foxes from their holes, and for other purposes. There are rough- and smooth-haired varieties. — Fox trot, a pace like that which is adopted for a few steps, by a horse, when passing from a walk into a trot, or a trot into a walk. — Fox wedge (Mach. & Carpentry), a wedge for expanding the split end of a bolt, cotter, dowel, tenon, or other piece, to fasten the end in a hole or mortise and prevent withdrawal. The wedge abuts on the bottom of the hole and the piece is driven down upon it. Fastening by fox wedges is called foxtail wedging. — Fox wolf (Zoöl.), one of several South American wild dogs, belonging to the genus Canis. They have long, bushy tails like a fox.

Fox , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foxed p. pr. & vb. n. Foxing.] [See Fox, n., cf. Icel. fox imposture.] 1. To intoxicate; to stupefy with drink. “I drank … so much wine that I was almost foxed.” Pepys. 2. To make sour, as beer, by causing it to ferment. 3. To repair the feet of, as of boots, with new front upper leather, or to piece the upper fronts of.

Fox, v. i. To turn sour; — said of beer, etc., when it sours in fermenting.

Fox´earth , n. A hole in the earth to which a fox resorts to hide himself.

Foxed , a. 1. Discolored or stained; — said of timber, and also of the paper of books or engravings. 2. Repaired by foxing; as foxed boots.

Fox´e•ry , n. Behavior like that of a fox; cunning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fox´es , n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Fox, n., 7.

Fox´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The fox shark; — called also sea fox. See Thrasher shark, under Shark. (b) The european dragonet. See Dragonet.

Fox´glove , n. [AS. foxes- glofa, foxes-clofa,foxes-clife.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Digitalis. The common English foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is a handsome perennial or biennial plant, whose leaves are used as a powerful medicine, both as a sedative and diuretic. See Digitalis. “Pan through the pastures oftentimes hath run
To pluck the speckled foxgloves from their stem.” W. Browne.

Fox´hound , n. (Zoöl.) One of a special breed of hounds used for chasing foxes.

Fox´-hunt•ing , a. Pertaining to or engaged in the hunting of foxes; fond of hunting foxes.

Fox´i•ness , n. 1. The state or quality of being foxy, or foxlike; craftiness; shrewdness. 2. The state of being foxed or discolored, as books; decay; deterioration. 3. A coarse and sour taste in grapes.

Fox´ish, a. Foxlike. [Obs.]

Fox´like , a. Resembling a fox in his characteristic qualities; cunning; artful; foxy.

Fox´ly, a. Foxlike. [Obs.] ´Foxly craft.´ Latimer.

Fox´ship, n. Foxiness; craftiness. [R.] Shak.

Fox´tail , n. 1. The tail or brush of a fox. 2. (Bot.) The name of several kinds of grass having a soft dense head of flowers, mostly the species of Alopecurus and Setaria. 3. (Metal.) The last cinders obtained in the fining process. Raymond. Foxtail saw, a dovetail saw. — Foxtail wedging. See Fox wedge, under Fox.

Fox´y , a. 1. Like or pertaining to the fox; foxlike in disposition or looks; wily. “Modred’s narrow, foxy face.” Tennyson. 2. Having the color of a fox; of a yellowish or reddish brown color; — applied sometimes to paintings when they have too much of this color. 3. Having the odor of a fox; rank; strong smeelling. 4. Sour; unpleasant in taste; — said of wine, beer, etc., not properly fermented; — also of grapes which have the coarse flavor of the fox grape.

Foy (foi), n. [F. foi, old spelling foy, faith. See Faith.] 1. Faith; allegiance; fealty. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A feast given by one about to leave a place. [Obs.] “He did at the Dog give me, and some other friends of his, his foy, he being to set sail to-day.” Pepys.

Foy•er´ , n. [F., fr. LL. focarium fireplace. See Focus, n.] 1. A lobby in a theater; a greenroom. 2. The crucible or basin in a furnace which receives the molten metal. Knight.

Foy´son , n. [Obs.] See Foison.

Fo´zi•ness , n. The state of being fozy; spiritlessness; dullness. [Scot.] “[The Whigs’] foziness can no longer be concealed.” Blackwood’s.

Fo´zy , a. Spongy; soft; fat and puffy. [Scot.]

Fra (fra), adv. & prep. [OE.] Fro. [Old Eng. & Scot.]

Fra (fra), n. [It., for frate. See Friar.] Brother; — a title of a monk or friar; as Fra Angelo. Longfellow.

Frab , v. i. & t. To scold; to nag. [Prov. Eng.]

Frab´bit , a. Crabbed; peevish. [Prov. Eng.]

Fra´cas (fra´kas; F. fra•kä´; 277), n. [F., crash, din, tumult, It. fracasso, fr. fracassare to break in pieces, perh. fr. fra within, among (L. infra) + cassare to annul, cashier. Cf. Cashier, v. t.] An uproar; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl.

Frache (frash), n. A shallow iron pan to hold glass ware while being annealed.

Frac´id , a. [L. fracidus mellow, soft.] Rotten from being too ripe; overripe. [Obs.] Blount.

Fract (frakt), v. t. [L. fractus, p. p. of frangere to break.] To break; to violate. [Obs.] Shak.

Frac´ted, a. (Her.) Having a part displaced, as if broken; — said of an ordinary. Macaulay.

Frac´tion , n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking, fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.] 1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially by violence. [Obs.] “Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to any fraction or breaking up.” Foxe. 2. A portion; a fragment. “Some niggard fractions of an hour.” Tennyson. 3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a unit or magnitude. Common, or Vulgar, fraction, a fraction in which the number of equal parts into which the integer is supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters, called the denominator, written below a line, over which is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts included in the fraction; as ½, one half, &frac25;, two fifths. — Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed number in the numerator or denominator, or in both. Davies & Peck. — Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more fractions connected by of. — Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction, etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc. — Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is greater than the denominator. — Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator.

Frac´tion, v. t. (Chem.) To separate by means of, or to subject to, fractional distillation or crystallization; to fractionate; — frequently used with out; as to fraction out a certain grade of oil from pretroleum.

Frac´tion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting a fraction; as fractional numbers. 2. Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as a fractional part of the population. Fractional crystallization (Chem.), a process of gradual and approximate purification and separation, by means of repeated solution and crystallization therefrom. — Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in circulation, of less value than the monetary unit. — Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing considerably from each other in their boiling points, can be separated into its constituents.

Frac´tion•al•ly, adv. By fractions or separate portions; as to distill a liquid fractionally, that is, so as to separate different portions.

Frac´tion•a•ry , a. Fractional. [Obs.]

Frac´tion•ate , v. t. To separate into different portions or fractions, as in the distillation of liquids.

Frac´tious , a. [Cf. Prov. E. frack forward, eager, E. freak, fridge; or Prov. E. fratch to squabble, quarrel.] Apt to break out into a passion; apt to scold; cross; snappish; ugly; unruly; as a fractious man; a fractious horse. Syn. — Snappish; peevish; waspish; cross; irritable; perverse; pettish. — Frac´tious•ly, v. — Frac´tious•ness, n.

Frac´tur•al ( 135), a. Pertaining to, or consequent on, a fracture. [R.]

Frac´ture ( 135), n. [L. fractura, fr. frangere, fractum, to break: cf. F. fracture. See Fraction.] 1. The act of breaking or snapping asunder; rupture; breach. 2. (Surg.) The breaking of a bone. 3. (Min.) The texture of a freshly broken surface; as a compact fracture; an even, hackly, or conchoidal fracture. Comminuted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone is broken into several parts. — Complicated fracture (Surg.), a fracture of the bone combined with the lesion of some artery, nervous trunk, or joint. — Compound fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which there is an open wound from the surface down to the fracture. — Simple fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone only is ruptured. It does not communicate with the surface by an open wound. Syn. — Fracture, Rupture. These words denote different kinds of breaking, according to the objects to which they are applied. Fracture is applied to hard substances; as the fracture of a bone. Rupture is oftener applied to soft substances; as the rupture of a blood vessel. It is also used figuratively. ´To be an enemy and once to have been a friend, does it not embitter the rupture?´ South.

Frac´ture ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fractured (#; 135); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fracturing.] [Cf. F. fracturer.] To cause a fracture or fractures in; to break; to burst asunder; to crack; to separate the continuous parts of; as to fracture a bone; to fracture the skull.

Fraen´u•lum , n.; pl. Fraenula (#). [NL., dim. of L. fraenum a bridle.] (Anat.) A fraenum. { Frae´num , or Fre´num }, n.; pl. E. Fraenums (#), L. Fraena (#). [L., a bridle.] (Anat.) A connecting fold of membrane serving to support or restrain any part; as the fraenum of the tongue.

Frag´ile , a. [L. fragilis, from frangere to break; cf. F. fragile. See Break, v. t., and cf. Frail, a.] Easily broken; brittle; frail; delicate; easily destroyed. “The state of ivy is tough, and not fragile.” Bacon. Syn. — Brittle; infirm; weak; frail; frangible; slight. — Frag´ile•ly, adv.

Fra•gil´i•ty , n. [L. fragilitas: cf. F. fragilite. Cf. Frailty.] 1. The condition or quality of being fragile; brittleness; frangibility. Bacon. 2. Weakness; feebleness. “An appearance of delicacy, and even of fragility, is almost essential to it [beauty].” Burke. 3. Liability to error and sin; frailty. [Obs.] “The fragility and youthful folly of Qu. Fabius.” Holland.

Frag´ment , n. [L. fragmentum, fr. frangere to break: cf. F. fragment. See Break, v. t.] A part broken off; a small, detached portion; an imperfect part; as a fragment of an ancient writing. “Gather up the fragments that remain.” John vi. 12.

Frag•men´tal , a. 1. Fragmentary. 2. (Geol.) Consisting of the pulverized or fragmentary material of rock, as conglomerate, shale, etc.

Frag•men´tal, n. (Geol.) A fragmentary rock.

Frag´men•ta•ri•ly , adv. In a fragmentary manner; piecemeal.

Frag´men•ta•ri•ness, n. The quality or property of being in fragments, or broken pieces; incompleteness; want of continuity. G. Eliot.

Frag´men•ta•ry , a. [Cf. F. fragmentaire.] 1. Composed of fragments, or broken pieces; disconnected; not complete or entire. Donne. 2. (Geol.) Composed of the fragments of other rocks.

Frag´ment•ed , a. Broken into fragments.

Frag´ment•ist, n. A writer of fragments; as the fragmentist of Wolfenbüttel. [R.]

Fra´gor , n. [L., a breaking to pieces, fr. frangere to break.] 1. A loud and sudden sound; the report of anything bursting; a crash. I. Watts. 2. [Due to confusion with fragrant.] A strong or sweet scent. [Obs. & Illegitimate.] Sir T. Herbert. { Fra´grance , Fra´gran•cy }, n. [L. fragrantia: cf. OF. fragrance.] The quality of being fragrant; sweetness of smell; a sweet smell; a pleasing odor; perfume. “Eve separate he spies,
Veiled in a cloud of fragrance.” Milton. “The goblet crowned,
Breathed aromatic fragrancies around.” Pope.

Fra´grant , a. [L. fragrans. -antis, p. pr. of fragrare to emit a smell of fragrance: cf. OF. fragrant.] Affecting the olfactory nerves agreeably; sweet of smell; odorous; having or emitting an agreeable perfume. “Fragrant the fertile earth
After soft showers.” Milton. Syn. — Sweet-smelling; odorous; odoriferous; sweet- scented; redolent; ambrosial; balmy; spicy; aromatic. — Fra´grant•ly, adv.

Fraight , a. Same as Fraught. [Obs.] Spenser.

Frail , n. [OE. fraiel, fraile, OF. fraiel, freel, frael, fr. LL. fraellum.] A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for containing figs and raisins. 2. The quantity of raisins — about thirty- two, fifty-six, or seventy-five pounds, — contained in a frail. 3. A rush for weaving baskets. Johnson.

Frail, a. [Compar. Frailer superl. Frailest.] [OE. frele, freile, OF. fraile, frele, F. frêle, fr. L. fragilis. See Fragile.] 1. Easily broken; fragile; not firm or durable; liable to fail and perish; easily destroyed; not tenacious of life; weak; infirm. “That I may know how frail I am.” Ps. xxxix. 4. “An old bent man, worn and frail.” Lowell. 2. Tender. [Obs.] “Deep indignation and compassion.” Spenser. 3. Liable to fall from virtue or be led into sin; not strong against temptation; weak in resolution; also unchaste; — often applied to fallen women. “Man is frail, and prone to evil.” Jer. Taylor.

Frail´ly, adv. Weakly; infirmly.

Frail´ness, n. Frailty.

Frail´ty (fral´ty), n.; pl. Frailties (-tiz). [OE. frelete, freilte, OF. frailete, fr. L. fragilitas. See Frail, a., and cf. Fragility.] 1. The condition or quality of being frail, physically, mentally, or morally; frailness; infirmity; weakness of resolution; liableness to be deceived or seduced. “God knows our frailty, [and] pities our weakness.” Locke. 2. A fault proceeding from weakness; foible; sin of infirmity. Syn. — Frailness; fragility; imperfection; failing.

Frai´scheur , n. [OF.; F fraicheur, fr. frais, fem. fraîche, fresh; of German origin. See Frash, a.] Freshness; coolness. [R.] Dryden.

Fraise , n. [See Froise.] A large and thick pancake, with slices of bacon in it. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fraise , n. [F. fraise, orig., a ruff, cf. F. frise frieze, E. frieze a coarse stuff.] 1. (Fort.) A defense consisting of pointed stakes driven into the ramparts in a horizontal or inclined position. 2. (Mech.) A fluted reamer for enlarging holes in stone; a small milling cutter.

Fraise, v. t. (Mil.) To protect, as a line of troops, against an onset of cavalry, by opposing bayonets raised obliquely forward. Wilhelm.

Fraised , a. Fortified with a fraise.

Frak´en , n. A freckle. [Obs.] “A few fraknes in his face.” Chaucer.

Fram´a•ble , a. Capable of being framed.

Fram•bae´si•a , n. [F. & NL., fr. F. framboise raspberry.] (Med.) The yaws. See Yaws.

Frame , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Framed p. pr. & vb. n. Framing.] [OE. framen, fremen, to execute, build, AS. fremman to further, perform, effect, fr. fram strong, valiant; akin to E. foremost, and prob. to AS. fram from, Icel. fremja, frama, to further, framr forward, G. fromm worthy, excellent, pious. See Foremost, From, and cf. Furnish.] 1. (Arch. & Engin.) To construct by fitting and uniting the several parts of the skeleton of any structure; specifically, in woodwork, to put together by cutting parts of one member to fit parts of another. See Dovetail, Halve, v. t., Miter, Tenon, Tooth, Tusk, Scarf, and Splice. 2. To originate; to plan; to devise; to contrive; to compose; in a bad sense, to invent or fabricate, as something false. “How many excellent reasonings are framed in the mind of a man of wisdom and study in a length of years.” I. Watts. 3. To fit to something else, or for some specific end; to adjust; to regulate; to shape; to conform. “And frame my face to all occasions.” Shak. “We may in some measure frame our minds for the reception of happiness.” Landor. “The human mind is framed to be influenced.” I. Taylor. 4. To cause; to bring about; to produce. [Obs.] “Fear frames disorder, and disorder wounds.” Shak. 5. To support. [Obs. & R.] “That on a staff his feeble steps did frame.” Spenser. 6. To provide with a frame, as a picture.

Frame, v. i. 1. To shape; to arrange, as the organs of speech. [Obs.] Judg. xii. 6. 2. To proceed; to go. [Obs.] “The bauty of this sinful dame
Made many princes thither frame.” Shak.

Frame, n. 1. Anything composed of parts fitted and united together; a fabric; a structure; esp., the constructional system, whether of timber or metal, that gives to a building, vessel, etc., its model and strength; the skeleton of a structure. “These are thy glorious works, Parent of good,
Almighty! thine this universal frame.” Milton. 2. The bodily structure; physical constitution; make or build of a person. “Some bloody passion shakes your very frame.” Shak. “No frames could be strong enough to endure it.” Prescott. 3. A kind of open case or structure made for admitting, inclosing, or supporting things, as that which incloses or contains a window, door, picture, etc.; that on which anything is held or stretched; as: (a) The skeleton structure which supports the boiler and machinery of a locomotive upon its wheels. (b) (Founding) A molding box or flask, which being filled with sand serves as a mold for castings. (c) The ribs and stretchers of an umbrella or other structure with a fabric covering. (d) A structure of four bars, adjustable in size, on which cloth, etc., is stretched for quilting, embroidery, etc. (e) (Hort.) A glazed portable structure for protecting young plants from frost. (f) (Print.) A stand to support the type cases for use by the compositor. 4. (Mach.) A term applied, especially in England, to certain machines built upon or within framework; as a stocking frame; lace frame; spinning frame, etc. 5. Form; shape; proportion; scheme; structure; constitution; system; as a frameof government. “She that hath a heart of that fine frame
To pay this debt of love but to a brother.” Shak. “Put your discourse into some frame.” Shak. 6. Particular state or disposition, as of the mind; humor; temper; mood; as to be always in a happy frame. 7. Contrivance; the act of devising or scheming. [Obs.] “John the bastard
Whose spirits toil in frame of villainies.” Shak. Balloon frame, Cant frames, etc. See under Balloon, Cant, etc. — Frame building or house, a building of which the form and support is made of framed timbers. [U.S.] — Frame level, a mason’s level. — Frame saw, a thin saw stretched in a frame to give it rigidity.

Fram´er , n. One who frames; as the framer of a building; the framers of the Constitution.

Frame´work , n. 1. The work of framing, or the completed work; the frame or constructional part of anything; as the framework of society. “A staunch and solid piece of framework.” Milton. 2. Work done in, or by means of, a frame or loom.

Fram´ing, n. 1. The act, process, or style of putting together a frame, or of constructing anything; a frame; that which frames. 2. (Arch. & Engin.) A framework, or a sy of frames. Framing chisel (Carp.), a heavy chisel with a socket shank for making mortises. { Fram´pel , Fram´poid }, a. [Also written frampul, frampled, framfold.] [Cf. W. fframfol passionate, ffrom angry, fretting; or perh. akin to E. frump.] Peevish; cross; vexatious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Shak. “Is Pompey grown so malapert, so frampel?” Beau. & Fl.

Franc , n. [F., fr. franc a Franc. See Frank, a.] A silver coin of France, and since 1795 the unit of the French monetary system. It has been adopted by Belgium and Swizerland. It is equivalent to about nineteen cents, or ten pence, and is divided into 100 centimes.

Fran´chise (? or 277), n. [F., fr. franc, fem. franche, free. See Frank, a.] 1. Exemption from constraint or oppression; freedom; liberty. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (LAw) A particular privilege conferred by grant from a sovereign or a government, and vested in individuals; an immunity or exemption from ordinary jurisdiction; a constitutional or statutory right or privilege, esp. the right to vote. “Election by universal suffrage, as modified by the Constitution, is the one crowning franchise of the American people.” W. H. Seward. 3. The district or jurisdiction to which a particular privilege extends; the limits of an immunity; hence, an asylum or sanctuary. “Churches and mobasteries in Spain are franchises for criminals.” London Encyc. 4. Magnanimity; generosity; liberality; frankness; nobility. ´Franchise in woman.´ [Obs.] Chaucer. Elective franchise, the privilege or right of voting in an election of public officers.

Fran´chise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franchised p. pr. & vb. n. Franchising.] [Cf. OF. franchir to free, F., to cross.] To make free; to enfranchise; to give liberty to. Shak.

Fran´chise•ment , n. [Cf. OF. franchissement.] Release; deliverance; freedom. Spenser.

Fran´cic , a. [See Frank, a.] Pertaining to the Franks, or their language; Frankish.

Fran•cis´can , a. [LL. Franciscus Francis: cf. F. franciscain.] (R. C. Ch.) Belonging to the Order of St. Francis of the Franciscans. Franciscan Brothers, pious laymen who devote themselves to useful works, such as manual labor schools, and other educational institutions; — called also Brothers of the Third Order of St. Francis. — Franciscan Nuns, nuns who follow the rule of St. Francis, esp. those of the Second Order of St. Francis, — called also Poor Clares or Minoresses. — Franciscan Tertiaries, the Third Order of St. Francis.

Fran•cis´can, n. (R.C.Ch.) A monk or friar of the Order of St. Francis, a large and zealous order of mendicant monks founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi. They are called also Friars Minor; and in England, Gray Friars, because they wear a gray habit.

Fran´co•lin , n. [F.; cf. It. francolino, Sp. francolin.] (Zoöl.) A spurred partidge of the genus Francolinus and allied genera, of Asia and Africa. The common species (F. vulgaris) was formerly common in southern Europe, but is now nearly restricted to Asia.

Fran´co•lite , n. (Min.) A variety of apatite from Wheal Franco in Devonshire.

Fran´gent , a. [L. frangens, p. pr. of frangere. See Fraction.] Causing fracture; breaking. [R.] H. Walpole.

Fran•gi•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. frangibilite.] The state or quality of being frangible. Fox.

Fran´gi•ble , a. [Cf. F. frangible.] Capable of being broken; brittle; fragile; easily broken.

Fran´gi•pane , n. [F. frangipane; supposed to be called so from the inventor, the Marquis Frangipani, major general under Louis XIV.] 1. A perfume of jasmine; frangipani. 2. A species of pastry, containing cream and almonds. { Fran•gi•pan´i , Fran•gi•pan´ni }, n. [Another spelling of frangipane.] A perfume derived from, or imitating the odor of, the flower of the red jasmine, a West Indian tree of the genus Plumeria. { Fran•gu´lic , Fran•gu•lin´ic }, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or drived from, frangulin, or a species (Rhamnus Frangula) of the buckthorn. Frangulinic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, resembling alizarin, and obtained by the decomposition of frangulin.

Fran´gu•lin , n. (Chem.) A yellow crystalline dyestuff, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from a species (Rhamnus Frangula) of the buckthorn; — called also rhamnoxanthin.

Fran´ion , n. [Perh. from F. faineant an idler.] A paramour; a loose woman; also a gay, idle fellow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Frank , n. [OF. franc.] A pigsty. [Obs.]

Frank, v. t. To shut up in a frank or sty; to pen up; hence, to cram; to fatten. [Obs.] Shak.

Frank, n. (Zoöl.) The common heron; — so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

Frank , a. [Compar Franker superl. Frankest.] [F. franc free, frank, L. Francus a Frank, fr. OHG. Franko the name of a Germanic people on the Rhine, who afterward founded the French monarchy; cf. AS. franca javelin, Icel. frakka. Cf. Franc, French, a., Franchise, n.] 1. Unbounded by restrictions, limitations, etc.; free. [R.] ´It is of frank gift.´ Spenser. 2. Free in uttering one’s real sentiments; not reserved; using no disguise; candid; ingenuous; as a frank nature, conversation, manner, etc. 3. Liberal; generous; profuse. [Obs.] “Frank of civilities that cost them nothing.” L’Estrange. 4. Unrestrained; loose; licentious; — used in a bad sense. Spenser. Syn. — Ingenuous; candid; artless; plain; open; unreserved; undisguised; sincere. See Candid, Ingenuous.

Frank , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franked p. pr. & vb. n. Franking.] 1. To send by public conveyance free of expense. Dickens. 2. To extempt from charge for postage, as a letter, package, or packet, etc.

Frank, n. [See Frank, a.] The privilege of sending letters or other mail matter, free of postage, or without charge; also the sign, mark, or signature denoting that a letter or other mail matter is to free of postage. “I have said so much, that, if I had not a frank, I must burn my letter and begin again.” Cowper.

Frank, n. [Cf. F. franc. See Frank, a.] 1. (Ethnol.) A member of one of the German tribes that in the fifth century overran and conquered Gaul, and established the kingdom of France. 2. A native or inhabitant of Western Europe; a European; — a term used in the Levant. 3. A French coin. See Franc.

Frank•al•moigne´ , n. [F. franc free + Norm. F. almoigne alma, for almosne, F. aumône. See Frank, a., and Almoner.] (Eng. Law) A tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands given to them and their successors forever, usually on condition of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs; — called also tenure by free alms. Burrill.

Frank´-chase , n. [Frank free + chase.] (Eng. Law) The liberty or franchise of having a chase; free chase. Burrill.

Frank´-fee , n. [Frank free + fee.] (Eng. Law) A species of tenure in fee simple, being the opposite of ancient demesne, or copyhold. Burrill.

Frank´fort black A black pigment used in copperplate printing, prepared by burning vine twigs, the lees of wine, etc. McElrath.

Frank´in•cense , n. [OF. franc free, pure + encens incense.] A fragrant, aromatic resin, or gum resin, burned as an incense in religious rites or for medicinal fumigation. The best kinds now come from East Indian trees, of the genus Boswellia; a commoner sort, from the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) and other coniferous trees. The frankincense of the ancient Jews is still unidentified.

Frank´ing , n. (Carp.) A method of forming a joint at the intersection of window-sash bars, by cutting away only enough wood to show a miter.

Frank´ish, a. Like, or pertaining to, the Franks.

Frank´-law , n. [Frank free + law.] (Eng. Law) The liberty of being sworn in courts, as a juror or witness; one of the ancient privileges of a freeman; free and common law; — an obsolete expression signifying substantially the same as the American expression civil rights. Abbot.

Frank´lin , n. [OE. frankelein; cf. LL. franchilanus. See Frank, a.] An English freeholder, or substantial householder. [Obs.] Chaucer. “The franklin, a small landholder of those days.” Sir J. Stephen.

Frank•lin´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Benjamin Franklin. Franklinic electricity, electricity produced by friction; called also statical electricity.

Frank´lin•ite , n. (Min.) A kind of mineral of the spinel group.

Frank´lin stove A kind of open stove introduced by Benjamin Franklin, the peculiar feature of which was that a current of heated air was directly supplied to the room from an air box; — now applied to other varieties of open stoves.

Frank´ly, adv. In a frank manner; freely. “Very frankly he confessed his treasons.” Shak. Syn. — Openly; ingenuously; plainly; unreservedly; undisguisedly; sincerely; candidly; artlessly; freely; readily; unhesitatingly; liberally; willingly.

Frank´-mar´riage , n. [Frank free + marriage.] (Eng. Law) A certain tenure in tail special; an estate of inheritance given to a man his wife (the wife being of the blood of the donor), and descendible to the heirs of their two bodies begotten. [Obs.] Blackstone.

Frank´ness, n. The quality of being frank; candor; openess; ingenuousness; fairness; liberality.

Frank´pledge , n. [Frank free + pledge.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A pledge or surety for the good behavior of freemen, — each freeman who was a member of an ancient decennary, tithing, or friborg, in England, being a pledge for the good conduct of the others, for the preservation of the public peace; a free surety. (b) The tithing itself. Bouvier. “The servants of the crown were not, as now, bound in frankpledge for each other.” Macaulay.

Fran´tic , a. [OE. frentik, frenetik, F. frentique, L. phreneticus, from Gr. . See Frenzy, and cf. Frenetic, Phrenetic.] Mad; raving; furious; violent; wild and disorderly; distracted. “Die, frantic wretch, for this accursed deed!” Shak. “Torrents of frantic abuse.” Macaulay. — Fran´tic•al•ly (#), adv. — Fran´tic•ly (#), adv. Shak. — Fran´tic•ness, n. Johnson.

Frap , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frapped p. pr. & vb. n. Frapping.] [Cf. F. frapper to strike, to seize ropes. Cf. Affrap.] 1. (Naut.) To draw together; to bind with a view to secure and strengthen, as a vessel by passing cables around it; to tighten; as a tackle by drawing the lines together. Tottem. 2. To brace by drawing together, as the cords of a drum. Knoght.

Frape , n. [Cf. frap, and Prov. E. frape to scold.] A crowd, a rabble. [Obs.] ares.

Frap´ler , n. A blusterer; a rowdy. [Obs.] “Unpolished, a frapler, and base.” B. Jonson.

Fra´ter, n. [L., a brother.] (Eccl.) A monk; also a frater house. [R.] Shipley. Frater house, an apartament in a convent used as an eating room; a refectory; — called also a fratery.

Fra•ter´nal , a.[F. fraternel, LL. fraternalis, fr. L. fraternus, fr. frater brother. See Brother.] Of, pertaining to, or involving, brethren; becoming to brothers; brotherly; as fraternal affection; a fraternal embrace. — Fra•ter´nal•ly, adv. “An abhorred, a cursed, a fraternal war.” Milton. “Fraternal love and friendship.” Addison.

Fra•ter´nate , v. i. To fraternize; to hold fellowship. Jefferson. { Fra•ter•na´tion , Fra´ter•nism }, n. Fraternization. [R.] Jefferson.

Fra•ter´ni•ty , n.; pl. Fraternities (#). [F. fraternite, L. fraternitas.] 1. The state or quality of being fraternal or brotherly; brotherhood. 2. A body of men associated for their common interest, business, or pleasure; a company; a brotherhood; a society; in the Roman Catholic Church, an association for special religious purposes, for relieving the sick and destitute, etc. 3. Men of the same class, profession, occupation, character, or tastes. “With what terms of respect knaves and sots will speak of their own fraternity!” South.

Fra•ter•ni•za´tion , n. The act of fraternizing or uniting as brothers. “I hope that no French fraternization … could so change the hearts of Englishmen.” Burke.

Fra´ter•nize (? or 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fraternized (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fraternizing (#).] [Cf. F. fraterniser.] To associate or hold fellowship as brothers, or as men of like occupation or character; to have brotherly feelings.

Fra´ter•nize, v. t. To bring into fellowship or brotherly sympathy. “Correspondence for fraternizing the two nations.” Burke.

Frat´er•ni•zer ( 277), n. One who fraternizes. Burke.

Fra´ter•y , n. [L. frater brother: cf. It. frateria a brotherhood of monks. See Friar.] A frater house. See under Frater.

Fra´trage (? or 48), n. [L. frater a brother.] (Law) A sharing among brothers, or brothers’ kin. [Obs.] Crabb.

Fra•tri•cel´li , n. pl. [It. fraticelli, lit., little brothers, dim. fr. frate brother, L. frater.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) The name which St. Francis of Assisi gave to his followers, early in the 13th century. (b) A sect which seceded from the Franciscan Order, chiefly in Italy and Sicily, in 1294, repudiating the pope as an apostate, maintaining the duty of celibacy and poverty, and discountenancing oaths. Called also Fratricellians and Fraticelli.

Frat´ri•ci•dal , a. Of or pertaining to fratricide; of the nature of fratricide.

Frat´ri•cide , n. [L. fratricidium a brother’s murder, fr. fratricida a brother’s murderer; frater, fratris, brother + caedere to kill: cf. F. fratricide.] 1. The act of one who murders or kills his own brother. 2. [L. fratricida: cf. F. fratricide.] One who murders or kills his own brother.

Fraud (frad), n. [F. fraude, L. fraus, fraudis; prob. akin to Skr. dhurv to injure, dhvr to cause to fall, and E. dull.] 1. Deception deliberately practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful or unfair advantage; artifice by which the right or interest of another is injured; injurious stratagem; deceit; trick. “If success a lover’s toil attends,
Few ask, if fraud or force attained his ends.” Pope. 2. (Law) An intentional perversion of truth for the purpose of obtaining some valuable thing or promise from another. 3. A trap or snare. [Obs.] “To draw the proud King Ahab into fraud.” Milton. Constructive fraud (Law), an act, statement, or omission which operates as a fraud, although perhaps not intended to be such. Mozley & W. — Pious fraud (Ch. Hist.), a fraud contrived and executed to benefit the church or accomplish some good end, upon the theory that the end justified the means. — Statute of frauds (Law), an English statute (1676), the principle of which is incorporated in the legislation of all the States of this country, by which writing with specific solemnities (varying in the several statutes) is required to give efficacy to certain dispositions of property. Wharton. Syn. — Deception; deceit; guile; craft; wile; sham; strife; circumvention; stratagem; trick; imposition; cheat. See Deception.

Fraud´ful , a. Full of fraud, deceit, or treachery; trickish; treacherous; fraudulent; — applied to persons or things. I. Taylor. — Fraud´ful•ly, adv.

Fraud´less, a. Free from fraud. — Fraud´less•ly, adv. — Fraud´less•ness, n. { Fraud´u•lence ( 135), Fraud´u•len•cy }, n. [L. fraudulentia.] The quality of being fraudulent; deliberate deceit; trickishness. Hooker.

Fraud´u•lent , a. [L. fraudulentus, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud: cf. F. fraudulent.] 1. Using fraud; tricky; deceitful; dishonest. 2. Characterized by, founded on, or proceeding from, fraud; as a fraudulent bargain. “He, with serpent tongue, …
His fraudulent temptation thus began.” Milton. 3. Obtained or performed by artifice; as fraudulent conquest. Milton. Syn. — Deceitful; fraudful; guileful; crafty; wily; cunning; subtle; deceiving; cheating; deceptive; insidious; treacherous; dishonest; designing; unfair.

Fraud´u•lent•ly , adv. In a fraudulent manner.

Fraught (frat), n. [OE. fraight, fraght; akin to Dan. fragt, Sw. frakt, D. vracht, G. fracht, cf. OHG. freht merit, reward; perh. from a pref. corresponding to E. for + The root of E. own. Cf. Freight.] A freight; a cargo. [Obs.] Shak.

Fraught, a. Freighted; laden; filled; stored; charged. “A vessel of our country richly fraught.” Shak. “A discourse fraught with all the commending excellences of speech.” South. “Enterprises fraught with world-wide benefits.” I. Taylor.

Fraught, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fraughted or Fraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Fraughting.] [Akin to Dan. fragte, Sw. frakta, D. bevrachten, G. frachten, cf. OHG. frehton to deserve. See Fraught, n.] To freight; to load; to burden; to fill; to crowd. [Obs.] “Upon the tumbling billows fraughted ride
The armed ships.” Fairfax.

Fraught´age ( 48), n. Freight; loading; cargo. [Obs.] Shak.

Fraught´ing, a. Constituting the freight or cargo. [Obs.] ´The fraughting souls within her.´ Shak.

Fraun´ho•fer lines (Physics.) The lines of the spectrum; especially and properly, the dark lines of the solar spectrum, so called because first accurately observed and interpreted by Fraunhofer, a German physicist.

Frax´in , n. [From Fraxinus.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and found in the bark of the ash (Fraxinus) and along with esculin in the bark of the horse-chestnut. It shows a delicate fluorescence in alkaline solutions; — called also paviin.

Frax´i•nus , n. [L., the ash tree.] (Bot.) A genus of deciduous forest trees, found in the north temperate zone, and including the true ash trees. Fraxinus excelsior is the European ash; F. Americana, the white ash; F. sambucifolia, the black ash or water ash.

Fray (fra), n. [Abbreviated from affray.] Affray; broil; contest; combat. “Who began this bloody fray?” Shak.

Fray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frayed (frad); p. pr. & vb. n. Fraying.] [See 1st Fray, and cf. Affray.] To frighten; to terrify; to alarm. I. Taylor. “What frays ye, that were wont to comfort me affrayed?” Spenser.

Fray, v. t. [Cf. OF. fraier. See Defray, v. t.] To bear the expense of; to defray. [Obs.] “The charge of my most curious and costly ingredients frayed, I shall acknowledge myself amply satisfied.” Massinger.

Fray, v. t. [OF. freier, fraier, froier, to rub. L. fricare; cf. friare to crumble, E. friable; perh. akin to Gr. chri•ein to anoint, chri^sma an anointing, Skr. ghrsh to rub, scratch. Cf. Friction.] To rub; to wear off, or wear into shreds, by rubbing; to fret, as cloth; as a deer is said to fray her head.

Fray, v. i. 1. To rub. “We can show the marks he made
When ’gainst the oak his antlers frayed.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To wear out or into shreads, or to suffer injury by rubbing, as when the threads of the warp or of the woof wear off so that the cross threads are loose; to ravel; as the cloth frays badly. “A suit of frayed magnificience.” tennyson.

Fray, n. A fret or chafe, as in cloth; a place injured by rubbing.

Fray´ing, n. (Zoöl.) The skin which a deer frays from his horns. B. Jonson.

Freak (frek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freaked (frekt); p. pr. & vb. n. Freaking.] [Akin to OE. frakin, freken, freckle, Icel. freknur, pl., Sw. fräkne, Dan. fregne, Gr. perkno•s dark- colored, Skr. prçni variegated. Cf. Freckle, Freck.] To variegate; to checker; to streak. [R.] “Freaked with many a mingled hue.” Thomson.

Freak, n. [Prob. from OE. frek bold, AS. frec bold, greedly; akin to OHG. freh greedly, G. frech insolent, Icel. frekr greedy, Goth. faíhufriks avaricious.] A sudden causeless change or turn of the mind; a whim of fancy; a capricious prank; a vagary or caprice. “She is restless and peevish, and sometimes in a freak will instantly change her habitation.” Spectator. Syn. — Whim; caprice; folly; sport. See Whim.

Freak´ing, a. Freakish. [Obs.] Pepys.

Freak´ish, a. Apt to change the mind suddenly; whimsical; capricious. “It may be a question whether the wife or the woman was the more freakish of the two.” L’Estrange. “Freakish when well, and fretful when she’s sick.” Pope. — Freak´ish•ly, adv. — Freak´ish•ness, n.

Freck , v. t. [Cf. Freak, v. t., Freckle.] To checker; to diversify. [R. & Poet.] “The painted windows, frecking gloom with glow.” Lowell.

Freck´le (frek´k’l), n. [Dim., from the same root as freak, v. t.] 1. A small yellowish or brownish spot in the skin, particularly on the face, neck, or hands. 2. Any small spot or discoloration.

Frec´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freckled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Freckling (-kling).] To sprinkle or mark with freckles or small discolored spots; to spot.

Frec´kle (frek´k’l), v. i. To become covered or marked with freckles; to be spotted.

Frec´kled (frek´k’ld), a. Marked with freckles; spotted. ´The freckled trout.´ Dryden. “The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover.” Shak.

Frec´kled•ness (-k’ld•nes), n. The state of being freckled.

Frec´kly (-kly), a. Full of or marked with freckles; sprinkled with spots; freckled.

Fred (fred), n. [AS. frið peace. See Frith inclosure.] Peace; — a word used in composition, especially in proper names; as Alfred; Frederic.

Fred´stole (-stol•), n. [Obs.] See Fridstol. Fuller.

Free (fre), a. [Compar. Freer (-er); superl. Freest (-est).] [OE. fre, freo, AS. freó, fri; akin to D. vrij, OS. & OHG. fri, G. frei, Icel. fri, Sw. & Dan. fri, Goth. freis, and also to Skr. prija beloved, dear, fr. pri to love, Goth. frijon. Cf. Affray, Belfry, Friday, Friend, Frith inclosure.] 1. Exempt from subjection to the will of others; not under restraint, control, or compulsion; able to follow one’s own impulses, desires, or inclinations; determining one’s own course of action; not dependent; at liberty. “That which has the power, or not the power, to operate, is that alone which is or is not free.” Locke. 2. Not under an arbitrary or despotic government; subject only to fixed laws regularly and fairly administered, and defended by them from encroachments upon natural or acquired rights; enjoying political liberty. 3. Liberated, by arriving at a certain age, from the control of parents, guardian, or master. 4. Not confined or imprisoned; released from arrest; liberated; at liberty to go. “Set an unhappy prisoner free.” Prior. 5. Not subjected to the laws of physical necessity; capable of voluntary activity; endowed with moral liberty; — said of the will. “Not free, what proof could they have given sincere
Of true allegiance, constant faith, or love.” Milton. 6. Clear of offense or crime; guiltless; innocent. “My hands are guilty, but my heart is free.” Dryden. 7. Unconstrained by timidity or distrust; unreserved; ingenuous; frank; familiar; communicative. “He was free only with a few.” Milward. 8. Unrestrained; immoderate; lavish; licentious; — used in a bad sense. “The critics have been very free in their censures.” Felton. “A man may live a free life as to wine or women.” Shelley. 9. Not close or parsimonious; liberal; open- handed; lavish; as free with his money. 10. Exempt; clear; released; liberated; not encumbered or troubled with; as free from pain; free from a burden; — followed by from, or, rarely, by of. “Princes declaring themselves free from the obligations of their treaties.” Bp. Burnet. 11. Characteristic of one acting without restraint; charming; easy. 12. Ready; eager; acting without spurring or whipping; spirited; as a free horse. 13. Invested with a particular freedom or franchise; enjoying certain immunities or privileges; admitted to special rights; — followed by of. “He therefore makes all birds, of every sect,
Free of his farm.” Dryden. 14. Thrown open, or made accessible, to all; to be enjoyed without limitations; unrestricted; not obstructed, engrossed, or appropriated; open; — said of a thing to be possessed or enjoyed; as a free school. “Why, sir, I pray, are not the streets as free
For me as for you?” Shak. 15. Not gained by importunity or purchase; gratuitous; spontaneous; as free admission; a free gift. 16. Not arbitrary or despotic; assuring liberty; defending individual rights against encroachment by any person or class; instituted by a free people; — said of a government, institutions, etc. 17. (O. Eng. Law) Certain or honorable; the opposite of base; as free service; free socage. Burrill. 18. (Law) Privileged or individual; the opposite of common; as a free fishery; a free warren. Burrill. 19. Not united or combined with anything else; separated; dissevered; unattached; at liberty to escape; as free carbonic acid gas; free cells. Free agency, the capacity or power of choosing or acting freely, or without necessity or constraint upon the will. — Free bench (Eng. Law), a widow’s right in the copyhold lands of her husband, corresponding to dower in freeholds. — Free board (Naut.), a vessel’s side between water line and gunwale. — Free bond (Chem.), an unsaturated or unemployed unit, or bond, of affinity or valence, of an atom or radical. — Free-borough men (O.Eng. Law). See Friborg. — Free chapel (Eccles.), a chapel not subject to the jurisdiction of the ordinary, having been founded by the king or by a subject specially authorized. [Eng.] Bouvier. — Free charge (Elec.), a charge of electricity in the free or statical condition; free electricity. — Free church. (a) A church whose sittings are for all and without charge. (b) An ecclesiastical body that left the Church of Scotland, in 1843, to be free from control by the government in spiritual matters. — Free city, or Free town, a city or town independent in its government and franchises, as formerly those of the Hanseatic league. — Free cost, freedom from charges or expenses. South. — Free and easy, unconventional; unrestrained; regardless of formalities. [Colloq.] ´Sal and her free and easy ways.´ W. Black. — Free goods, goods admitted into a country free of duty. — Free labor, the labor of freemen, as distinguished from that of slaves. — Free port. (Com.) (a) A port where goods may be received and shipped free of custom duty. (b) A port where goods of all kinds are received from ships of all nations at equal rates of duty. — Free public house, in England, a tavern not belonging to a brewer, so that the landlord is free to brew his own beer or purchase where he chooses. Simmonds. — Free school. (a) A school to which pupils are admitted without discrimination and on an equal footing. (b) A school supported by general taxation, by endowmants, etc., where pupils pay nothing for tuition; a public school. — Free services (O.Eng. Law), such feudal services as were not unbecoming the character of a soldier or a freemen to perform; as to serve under his lord in war, to pay a sum of money, etc. Burrill. — Free ships, ships of neutral nations, which in time of war are free from capture even though carrying enemy’s goods. — Free socage (O.Eng. Law), a feudal tenure held by certain services which, though honorable, were not military. Abbott. — Free States, those of the United States before the Civil War, in which slavery had ceased to exist, or had never existed. — Free stuff (Carp.), timber free from knots; clear stuff. — Free thought, that which is thought independently of the authority of others. — Free trade, commerce unrestricted by duties or tariff regulations. — Free trader, one who believes in free trade. — To make free with, to take liberties with; to help one’s self to. [Colloq.] — To sail free (Naut.), to sail with the yards not braced in as sharp as when sailing closehauled, or close to the wind.

Free , adv. 1. Freely; willingly. [Obs.] “I as free forgive you
As I would be forgiven.” Shak. 2. Without charge; as children admitted free.

Free, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freed p. pr. & vb. n. Freeing.] [OE. freen, freoien, AS. freógan. See Free, a.] 1. To make free; to set at liberty; to rid of that which confines, limits, embarrasses, oppresses, etc.; to release; to disengage; to clear; — followed by from, and sometimes by off; as to free a captive or a slave; to be freed of these inconveniences. Clarendon. “Our land is from the rage of tigers freed.” Dryden. “Arise, … free thy people from their yoke.” Milton. 2. To remove, as something that confines or bars; to relieve from the constraint of. “This master key
Frees every lock, and leads us to his person.” Dryden. 3. To frank. [Obs.] Johnson.

Free´boot•er , n. [D. vrijbuiter, fr. vrijbuiten to plunder; vrij free + buit booty, akin to E. booty. See Free, and Booty, and cf. Filibuster.] One who plunders or pillages without the authority of national warfare; a member of a predatory band; a pillager; a buccaneer; a sea robber. Bacon.

Free´boot•er•y , n. The act, practice, or gains of a freebooter; freebooting. Booth.

Free´boot•ing, n. Robbery; plunder; a pillaging.

Free´boot•ing, a. Acting the freebooter; practicing freebootery; robbing. “Your freebooting acquaintance.” Sir W. Scott.

Free´boot•y , n. Freebootery. [Obs.]

Free´born , a. Born free; not born in vassalage; inheriting freedom.

Free´-den•i•zen , v. t. To make free. [R.]

Freed´man , n.; pl. Freedmen . A man who has been a slave, and has been set free.

Free´dom (fre´dum), n. [AS. freódom; freófree + - dom. See Free, and -dom.] 1. The state of being free; exemption from the power and control of another; liberty; independence. “Made captive, yet deserving freedom more.” Milton. 2. Privileges; franchises; immunities. “Your charter and your caty’s freedom.” Shak. 3. Exemption from necessity, in choise and action; as the freedom of the will. 4. Ease; facility; as he speaks or acts with freedom. 5. Frankness; openness; unreservedness. “I emboldened spake and freedom used.” Milton. 6. Improper familiarity; violation of the rules of decorum; license. 7. Generosity; liberality. [Obs.] Chaucer. Freedom fine, a sum paid on entry to incorporations of trades. — Freedom of the city, the possession of the rights and privileges of a freeman of the city; formerly often, and now occasionally, conferred on one not a resident, as a mark of honorary distinction for public services. Syn. — See Liberty.

Freed´stool , n. [Obs.] See Fridstol.

Free´-hand , a. Done by the hand, without support, or the guidance of instruments; as free- hand drawing. See under Drawing.

Free´-hand•ed, a. Open-handed; liberal.

Free´-heart•ed , a. Open; frank; unreserved; liberal; generous; as free-hearted mirth. — Free´-heart•ed•ly, adv. — Free´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Free´hold , n. (LAw) An estate in real property, of inheritance (in fee simple or fee tail) or for life; or the tenure by which such estate is held. Kent. Burrill. To abate into a freehold. See under Abate.

Free´hold•er , n. (Law) The possessor of a freehold.

Free´-liv•er , n. One who gratifies his appetites without stint; one given to indulgence in eating and drinking.

Free´-liv•ing, n. Unrestrained indulgence of the appetites.

Free´-love , n. The doctrine or practice of consorting with the opposite sex, at pleasure, without marriage.

Free´-lov•er, n. One who believes in or practices free-love.

Freel´te , n. Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Free´ly, adv. [AS. freólice.] In a free manner; without restraint or compulsion; abundantly; gratuitously. “Of every tree of the garden thou mayst freely eat.” Gen. ii. 16. “Freely ye have received, freely give.” Matt. x. 8. “Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell.” Milton. “Freely we serve
Because we freely love.” Milton. Syn. — Independently; voluntarily; spontaneously; unconditionally; unobstructedly; willingly; readily; liberally; generously; bounteously; munificently; bountifully; abundantly; largely; copiously; plentifully; plenteously.

Free´man , n.; pl. Freemen (#). [AS. freóman; freófree + mann man.] 1. One who enjoys liberty, or who is not subject to the will of another; one not a slave or vassal. 2. A member of a corporation, company, or city, possessing certain privileges; a member of a borough, town, or State, who has the right to vote at elections. See Liveryman. Burrill. “Both having been made freemen on the same day.” Addison.

Free´-mar•tin , n. (Zoöl.) An imperfect female calf, twinborn with a male.

Free´ma•son , n. One of an ancient and secret association or fraternity, said to have been at first composed of masons or builders in stone, but now consisting of persons who are united for social enjoyment and mutual assistance.

Free•ma•son´ic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the institutions or the practices of freemasons; as a freemasonic signal.

Free´ma•son•ry , n. The institutions or the practices of freemasons.

Free´-mill•ing , a. Yielding free gold or silver; — said of certain ores which can be reduced by crushing and amalgamation, without roasting or other chemical treatment. Raymond.

Free´-mind•ed , a. Not perplexed; having a mind free from care. Bacon.

Free´ness, n. The state or quality of being free; freedom; liberty; openness; liberality; gratuitousness.

Fre´er , n. One who frees, or sets free.

Free´-soil , a. Pertaining to, or advocating, the non-extension of slavery; — esp. applied to a party which was active during the period 1846-1856. [U.S.] — Free´soil•er (#), n. [U.S.] — Free´-soil•ism (#), n. [U.S.]

Free´-spo•ken , a. Accustomed to speak without reserve. Bacon. — Free´-spo•ken-ness, n.

Free´stone , n. A stone composed of sand or grit; — so called because it is easily cut or wrought.

Free´stone, a. Having the flesh readily separating from the stone, as in certain kinds of peaches.

Free´-swim•ming , a. (Zoöl.) Swimming in the open sea; — said of certain marine animals.

Free´think•er , n. One who speculates or forms opinions independently of the authority of others; esp., in the sphere or religion, one who forms opinions independently of the authority of revelation or of the church; an unbeliever; — a term assumed by deists and skeptics in the eighteenth century. “Atheist is an old-fashioned word: I’m a freethinker, child.” Addison. Syn. — Infidel; skeptic; unbeliever. See Infidel.

Free´think•ing, n. Undue boldness of speculation; unbelief. Berkeley. — a. Exhibiting undue boldness of speculation; skeptical.

Free´-tongued , a. Speaking without reserve. Bp. Hall.

Free will 1. A will free from improper coercion or restraint. “To come thus was I not constrained, but did
On my free will.” Shak. 2. The power asserted of moral beings of willing or choosing without the restraints of physical or absolute necessity.

Free´will , a. Of or pertaining to free will; voluntary; spontaneous; as a freewill offering. Freewill Baptists. See under Baptist.

Freez´a•ble , a. Capable of being frozen.

Freeze , n. (Arch.) A frieze. [Obs.]

Freeze, v. i. [imp. Froze p. p. Frozen p. pr. & vb. n. Freezing.] [OE. fresen, freosen, AS. freósan; akin to D. vriezen, OHG. iosan, G. frieren, Icel. frjsa, Sw. frysa, Dan. fryse, Goth. frius cold, frost, and prob. to L. prurire to itch, E. prurient, cf. L. prna a burning coal, pruina hoarfrost, Skr. prushva ice, prush to spirt. 18. Cf. Frost.] 1. To become congealed by cold; to be changed from a liquid to a solid state by the abstraction of heat; to be hardened into ice or a like solid body. Water freezes at 32° above zero by Fahrenheit’s thermometer; mercury freezes at 40° below zero. 2. To become chilled with cold, or as with cold; to suffer loss of animation or life by lack of heat; as the blood freezes in the veins. To freeze up (Fig.), to become formal and cold in demeanor. [Colloq.]

Freeze, v. t. 1. To congeal; to harden into ice; to convert from a fluid to a solid form by cold, or abstraction of heat. 2. To cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat; to give the sensation of cold to; to chill. “A faint, cold fear runs through my veins,
That almost freezes up the heat of life.” Shak.

Freeze, n. The act of congealing, or the state of being congealed. [Colloq.]

Freez´er , n. One who, or that which, cools or freezes, as a refrigerator, or the tub and can used in the process of freezing ice cream.

Freez´ing, a. Tending to freeze; for freezing; hence, cold or distant in manner. — Frrez´ing•ly, adv. Freezing machine. See Ice machine, under Ice. — Freezing mixture, a mixture (of salt and snow or of chemical salts) for producing intense cold. — Freezing point, that degree of a thermometer at which a fluid begins to freeze; — applied particularly to water, whose freezing point is at 32° Fahr., and at 0° Centigrade.

Frei´es•le•ben•ite , n. [Named after the German chemist Freiesleben.] A sulphide of antimony, lead, and silver, occuring in monoclinic crystals.

Freight (frat), n. [F. fret, OHG. freht merit, reward. See Fraught, n.] 1. That with which anything is fraught or laden for transportation; lading; cargo, especially of a ship, or a car on a railroad, etc.; as a freight of cotton; a full freight. 2. (Law) (a) The sum paid by a party hiring a ship or part of a ship for the use of what is thus hired. (b) The price paid a common carrier for the carriage of goods. Wharton. 3. Freight transportation, or freight line.

Freight (frat), a. Employed in the transportation of freight; having to do with freight; as a freight car. Freight agent, a person employed by a transportation company to receive, forward, or deliver goods. — Freight car. See under Car. — Freight train, a railroad train made up of freight cars; — called in England goods train.

Freight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Freighting.] [Cf. F. freter.] To load with goods, as a ship, or vehicle of any kind, for transporting them from one place to another; to furnish with freight; as to freight a ship; to freight a car.

Freight´age (-aj; 48), n. 1. Charge for transportation; expense of carriage. 2. The transportation of freight. 3. Freight; cargo; lading. Milton.

Freight´er , n. 1. One who loads a ship, or one who charters and loads a ship. 2. One employed in receiving and forwarding freight. 3. One for whom freight is transported. 4. A vessel used mainly to carry freight.

Freight´less, a. Destitute of freight.

Frel´te , n. Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Fremd , Frem´ed } a. [OE., from AS. fremede, fremde; akin to G. fremd.] Strange; foreign. [Old Eng. & Scot.] Chaucer.

Fren (fren), n. [OE. frenne, contr. fr. forrene foreign. See Foreign, a.] A stranger. [Obs.] Spenser.

French (french), a. [AS. frencisc, LL. franciscus, from L. Francus a Frank: cf. OF. franceis, franchois, françois, F. français. See Frank, a., and cf. Frankish.] Of or pertaining to France or its inhabitants. French bean (Bot.), the common kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). — French berry (Bot.), the berry of a species of buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), which affords a saffron, green or purple pigment. — French casement (Arch.) See French window, under Window. — French chalk (Min.), a variety of granular talc; — used for drawing lines on cloth, etc. See under Chalk. — French cowslip (Bot.) The Primula Auricula. See Bear’s- ear. — French fake (Naut.), a mode of coiling a rope by running it backward and forward in parallel bends, so that it may run freely. — French honeysuckle (Bot.) a plant of the genus Hedysarum (H. coronarium); — called also garland honeysuckle. — French horn, a metallic wind instrument, consisting of a long tube twisted into circular folds and gradually expanding from the mouthpiece to the end at which the sound issues; — called in France cor de chasse. — French leave, an informal, hasty, or secret departure; esp., the leaving a place without paying one’s debts. — French pie [French (here used in sense of ´foreign´) + pie a magpie (in allusion to its black and white color)] (Zoöl.), the European great spotted woodpecker (Dryobstes major); — called also wood pie. — French polish. (a) A preparation for the surface of woodwork, consisting of gums dissolved in alcohol, either shellac alone, or shellac with other gums added. (b) The glossy surface produced by the application of the above. — French purple, a dyestuff obtained from lichens and used for coloring woolen and silken fabrics, without the aid of mordants. Ure. — French red rouge. — French rice, amelcorn. — French roof (Arch.), a modified form of mansard roof having a nearly flat deck for the upper slope. - - French tub, a dyer’s mixture of protochloride of tin and logwood; — called also plum tub. Ure. — French window. See under Window.

French, n. 1. The language spoken in France. 2. Collectively, the people of France.

French´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frenchified p. pr. & vb. n. Frenchifying.] [French + -fy.] To make French; to infect or imbue with the manners or tastes of the French; to Gallicize. Burke.

French´ism , n. A French mode or characteristic; an idiom peculiar to the French language. Earle.

French´man , n.; pl. Frenchmen . A native or one of the people of France.

Fre•net´ic , a. [See Frantic, a.] Distracted; mad; frantic; phrenetic. Milton.

Fre•net´ic•al , a. Frenetic; frantic; frenzied. — Frenet´ic•al•ly, adv.

Fre´num , n.; pl. E. Frenums (#), L. Frena (#). [L., a bridle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A cheek stripe of color. 2. (Anat.) Same as Fraenum.

Fren´zi•cal (fren´zi•kal), a. Frantic. [Obs.] Orrery.

Fren´zied , p. p. & a. Affected with frenzy; frantic; maddened. — Fren´zied•ly, adv. “The people frenzied by centuries of oppression.” Buckle. “Up starting with a frenzied look.” Sir W. Scott.

Fren´zy (-zy), n.; pl. Frenzies (-ziz). [OE. frenesie, fransey, F. frenesie, L. phrenesis, fr. Gr. fre•nhsis for freni^tis disease of the mind, phrenitis, fr. frhn mind. Cf. Frantic, Phrenitis.] Any violent agitation of the mind approaching to distraction; violent and temporary derangement of the mental faculties; madness; rage. “All else is towering frenzy and distraction.” Addison. “The poet’s eye in a fine frenzy rolling.” Shak. Syn. — Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; aberration; delirium. See Insanity.

Fren´zy, a. Mad; frantic. [R.] “They thought that some frenzy distemper had got into his head.” Bunyan.

Fren´zy, v. t. To affect with frenzy; to drive to madness [R.] ´Frenzying anguish.´ Southey.

Fre´quence , n. [See Frequency.] 1. A crowd; a throng; a concourse. [Archaic.] Tennyson. 2. Frequency; abundance. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Fre´quen•cy , n.; pl. Frequencies (#). [L. frequentia numerous attendance, multitude: cf. F. frequence. See Frequent.] 1. The condition of returning frequently; occurrence often repeated; common occurence; as the frequency of crimes; the frequency of miracles. “The reasons that moved her to remove were, because Rome was a place of riot and luxury, her soul being almost stifled with, the frequencies of ladies’ visits.” Fuller. 2. A crowd; a throng. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fre´quent , a. [L. frequens, -entis, crowded, frequent, akin to farcire to stuff: cf. F. frequent. Cf. Farce, n.] 1. Often to be met with; happening at short intervals; often repeated or occurring; as frequent visits. ´Frequent feudal towers.´ Byron. 2. Addicted to any course of conduct; inclined to indulge in any practice; habitual; persistent. “He has been loud and frequent in declaring himself hearty for the government.” Swift. 3. Full; crowded; thronged. [Obs.] “’T is Caesar’s will to have a frequent senate.” B. Jonson. 4. Often or commonly reported. [Obs.] “’T is frequent in the city he hath subdued
The Catti and the Daci.” Massinger.

Fre•quent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frequented; p. pr. & vb. n. Frequenting.] [L. frequentare: cf. F. frequenter. See Frequent, a.] 1. To visit often; to resort to often or habitually. “He frequented the court of Augustus.” Dryden. 2. To make full; to fill. [Obs.] “With their sighs the air
Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite.” Milton.

Fre•quent´a•ble , a. Accessible. [R.] Sidney.

Fre•quent´age , n. The practice or habit of frequenting. [R.] Southey.

Fre´quen•ta´tion , n. [L. frequentatio a crowding together, frequency: cf. F. frequentation.] The act or habit of frequenting or visiting often; resort. Chesterfield.

Fre•quent´a•tive , a. [L. frequentativus: cf. F. frequentatif.] (Gram.) Serving to express the frequent repetition of an action; as a frequentative verb. — n. A frequentative verb.

Fre•quent•er , n. One who frequents; one who often visits, or resorts to customarily.

Fre•quent•ly , adv. At frequent or short intervals; many times; often; repeatedly; commonly.

Fre´quent•ness, n. The quality of being frequent.

Frère , n. [F. See Friar.] A friar. Chaucer.

Fres´cade , n. [See Fresco, Fresh, a.] A cool walk; shady place. [R.] Maunder.

Fres´co , n.; pl. Frescoes or Frescos (#). [It., fr. fresco fresh; of German origin. See Fresh, a.] 1. A cool, refreshing state of the air; duskiness; coolness; shade. [R.] Prior. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) The art of painting on freshly spread plaster, before it dries. (b) In modern parlance, incorrectly applied to painting on plaster in any manner. (c) A painting on plaster in either of senses a and b.

Fres´co, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frescoed p. pr. & vb. n. Frescoing.] To paint in fresco, as walls.

Fresh (fresh), a. [Compar. Fresher (-er); superl. Freshest.] [OE. fresch, AS. fersc; akin to D. versch, G. frisch, OHG. frisc, Sw. frisk, Dan. frisk, fersk, Icel. friskr frisky, brisk, ferskr fresh; cf. It. fresco, OF. fres, freis, fem. freske, fresche, F. frais, fem. fraîche, which are of German origin. Cf. Fraischeur, Fresco, Frisk.] 1. Possessed of original life and vigor; new and strong; unimpaired; sound. 2. New; original; additional. ´Fear of fresh mistakes.´ Sir W. Scott. “A fresh pleasure in every fresh posture of the limbs.” Landor. 3. Lately produced, gathered, or prepared for market; not stale; not dried or preserved; not wilted, faded, or tainted; in good condition; as fresh vegetables, flowers, eggs, meat, fruit, etc.; recently made or obtained; occurring again; repeated; as a fresh supply of goods; fresh tea, raisins, etc.; lately come or made public; as fresh news; recently taken from a well or spring; as fresh water. 4. Youthful; florid; as these fresh nymphs. Shak. 5. In a raw, green, or untried state; uncultivated; uncultured; unpracticed; as a fresh hand on a ship. 6. Renewed in vigor, alacrity, or readiness for action; as fresh for a combat; hence, tending to renew in vigor; rather strong; cool or brisk; as a fresh wind. 7. Not salt; as fresh water, in distinction from that which is from the sea, or brackish; fresh meat, in distinction from that which is pickled or salted. Fresh breeze (Naut.), a breeze between a moderate and a strong breeze; one blowinq about twenty miles an hour. — Fresh gale, a gale blowing about forty-five miles an hour. — Fresh way (Naut.), increased speed. Syn. — Sound; unimpaired; recent; unfaded: ruddy; florid; sweet; good: inexperienced; unpracticed: unused; lively; vigorous; strong.

Fresh, n.; pl. Freshes . 1. A stream or spring of fresh water. “He shall drink naught but brine; for I’ll not show him
Where the quick freshes are.” Shak. 2. A flood; a freshet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. The mingling of fresh water with salt in rivers or bays, as by means of a flood of fresh water flowing toward or into the sea. Beverly.

Fresh, v. t. To refresh; to freshen. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Fresh´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freshened p. pr. & vb. n. Freshening ] 1. To make fresh; to separate, as water, from saline ingredients; to make less salt; as to freshen water, fish, or flesh. 2. To refresh; to revive. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. (Naut.) To relieve, as a rope, by change of place where friction wears it; or to renew, as the material used to prevent chafing; as to freshen a hawse. Totten. To freshen ballast (Naut.), to shift Or restore it. — To freshen the hawse, to pay out a little more cable, so as to bring the chafe on another part. — To freshen the way, to increase the speed of a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fresh´en , v. i. 1. To grow fresh; to lose saltness. 2. To grow brisk or strong; as the wind freshens.

Fresh´et , n. [OE. fresche flood + -et. See Fresh, a.] 1. A stream of fresh water. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A flood or overflowing of a stream caused by heavy rains or melted snow; a sudden inundation. “Cracked the sky, as ice in rivers
When the freshet is at highest.” Longfellow.

Fresh´ly, adv. In a fresh manner; vigorously; newly, recently; brightly; briskly; coolly; as freshly gathered; freshly painted; the wind blows freshly. “Looks he as freshly as he did?” Shak.

Fresh´man , n.; pl. Freshmen . A novice; one in the rudiments of knowledge; especially, a student during his first year in a college or university. “He drank his glass and cracked his joke,
And freshmen wondered as he spoke.” Goldsmith. Freshman class, the lowest of the four classes in an American college. [ U. S.]

Fresh´man•ship, n. The state of being a freshman.

Fresh´ment , n. Refreshment. [Obs.]

Fresh´ness, n. The state of being fresh. “The Scots had the advantage both for number and freshness
of men.” Hayward. “And breathe the freshness of the open air.” Dryden. “Her cheeks their freshness lose and wonted grace.” Granville.

Fresh´-new , a. Unpracticed. [Obs.] Shak.

Fresh´-wa•ter , a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or living in, water not salt; as fresh-water geological deposits; a fresh- water fish; fresh-water mussels. 2. Accustomed to sail on fresh water only; unskilled as a seaman; as a fresh-water sailor. 3. Unskilled; raw. [Colloq.] ´Fresh- water soldiers.´ Knolles. { Fres•nel´ lamp´ , Fres’nel’ lan’tern } [From Fresnel the inventor, a French physicist.] A lantern having a lamp surrounded by a hollow cylindrical Fresnel lens.

Fres•nel´ lens´ [See Fresnel lamp.] (Optics) See under Lens.

Fret (fret), n. [Obs.] See 1st Frith.

Fret (fret), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fretted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fretting.] [OE. freten to eat, consume; AS. fretan, for foretan; pref. for- + etan to eat; akin to D. vreten, OHG. frezzan, G. fressen, Sw. fräta, Goth. fra-itan. See For, and Eat, v. t.] 1. To devour. [Obs.] “The sow frete the child right in the cradle.” Chaucer. 2. To rub; to wear away by friction; to chafe; to gall; hence, to eat away; to gnaw; as to fret cloth; to fret a piece of gold or other metal; a worm frets the plants of a ship. “With many a curve my banks I fret.” Tennyson. 3. To impair; to wear away; to diminish. “By starts
His fretted fortunes give him hope and fear.” Shak. 4. To make rough, agitate, or disturb; to cause to ripple; as to fret the surface of water. 5. To tease; to irritate; to vex. “Fret not thyself because of evil doers.” Ps. xxxvii. 1.

Fret, v. i. 1. To be worn away; to chafe; to fray; as a wristband frets on the edges. 2. To eat in; to make way by corrosion. “Many wheals arose, and fretted one into another with great excoriation.” Wiseman. 3. To be agitated; to be in violent commotion; to rankle; as rancor frets in the malignant breast. 4. To be vexed; to be chafed or irritated; to be angry; to utter peevish expressions. “He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.” Dryden.

Fret, n. 1. The agitation of the surface of a fluid by fermentation or other cause; a rippling on the surface of water. Addison. 2. Agitation of mind marked by complaint and impatience; disturbance of temper; irritation; as he keeps his mind in a continual fret. “Yet then did Dennis rave in furious fret.” Pope. 3. Herpes; tetter. Dunglison. 4. pl. (Mining) The worn sides of river banks, where ores, or stones containing them, accumulate by being washed down from the hills, and thus indicate to the miners the locality of the veins.

Fret, v. t. [OE. fretten to adorn, AS. fraetwan, fraetwian; akin to OS. fratahon, cf. Goth. us-fratwjan to make wise, also AS. fraetwe ornaments, OS. fratahi adornment.] To ornament with raised work; to variegate; to diversify. “ Whose skirt with gold was fretted all about.” Spenser. “Yon gray lines,
That fret the clouds, are messengers of day.” Shak.

Fret, n. 1. Ornamental work in relief, as carving or embossing. See Fretwork. 2. (Arch.) An ornament consisting of small fillets or slats intersecting each other or bent at right angles, as in classical designs, or at oblique angles, as often in Oriental art. “His lady’s cabinet is a adorned on the fret, ceiling, and chimney-piece with … carving.” Evelyn. 3. The reticulated headdress or net, made of gold or silver wire, in which ladies in the Middle Ages confined their hair. “A fret of gold she had next her hair.” Chaucer. Fret saw, a saw with a long, narrow blade, used in cutting frets, scrolls, etc.; a scroll saw; a keyhole saw; a compass saw.

Fret , n. [F. frette a saltire, also a hoop, ferrule, prob. a dim. of L. ferrum iron. For sense 2, cf. also E. fret to rub.] 1. (Her.) A saltire interlaced with a mascle. 2. (Mus.) A short piece of wire, or other material fixed across the finger board of a guitar or a similar instrument, to indicate where the finger is to be placed.

Fret, v. t. To furnish with frets, as an instrument of music.

Fret´ful , a. [See 2d Fret.] Disposed to fret; ill-humored; peevish; angry; in a state of vexation; as a fretful temper. — Fret´ful•ly, adv. — Fret´ful•ness, n. Syn. — Peevish; ill-humored; ill-natured; irritable; waspish; captious; petulant; splenetic; spleeny; passionate; angry. - - Fretful, Peevish, Cross. These words all indicate an unamiable working and expression of temper. Peevish marks more especially the inward spirit: a peevish man is always ready to find fault. Fretful points rather to the outward act, and marks a complaining impatience: sickly children are apt to be fretful. Crossness is peevishness mingled with vexation or anger.

Frett , n. [See 2d Fret.] (Mining) The worn side of the bank of a river. See 4th Fret, n., 4.

Frett, n. [See Frit.] A vitreous compound, used by potters in glazing, consisting of lime, silica, borax, lead, and soda.

Fret´ted , p. p. & a. [From 2d Fret.] 1. Rubbed or worn away; chafed. 2. Agitated; vexed; worried.

Fret´ted, p. p. & a. [See 5th Fret.] 1. Ornamented with fretwork; furnished with frets; variegated; made rough on the surface. 2. (Her.) Interlaced one with another; — said of charges and ordinaries.

Fret´ten , a. [The old p. p. of fret to rub.] Rubbed; marked; as pock-fretten, marked with the smallpox. [Obs.] Wright.

Fret´ter , n. One who, or that which, frets.

Fret´ty, a. [See 5th Fret.] Adorned with fretwork.

Fre´tum , n.; pl. Freta (#). [L.] A strait, or arm of the sea.

Fret´work , n. [6th fret + work.] Work adorned with frets; ornamental openwork or work in relief, esp. when elaborate and minute in its parts. Hence, any minute play of light and shade, dark and light, or the like. “Banqueting on the turf in the fretwork of shade and sunshine.” Macaulay.

Frey´a (fri´a), n. [Icel. Freyja.] (Scand. Myth.) The daughter of Njörd, and goddess of love and beauty; the Scandinavian Venus; - - in Teutonic myths confounded with Frigga, but in Scandinavian, distinct. [Written also Frea, Freyia, and Freyja.]

Fri´a•bii´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. friabilite.] The quality of being friable; friableness. Locke.

Fri´a•ble , a. [L. friabilis, fr. friare to rub, break, or crumble into small pieces, cf. fricare to rub, E. fray: cf. F. friable.] Easily crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder. ´Friable ground.´ Evelyn. ´Soft and friable texture.´ Paley. — Fri’a•ble•ness, n.

Fri´ar , n. [OR. frere, F. frère brother, friar, fr. L. frater brother. See Brother.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A brother or member of any religious order, but especially of one of the four mendicant orders, viz: (a) Minors, Gray Friars, or Franciscans. (b) Augustines. (c) Dominicans or Black Friars. (d) White Friars or Carmelites. See these names in the Vocabulary. 2. (Print.) A white or pale patch on a printed page. 3. (Zoöl.) An American fish; the silversides. Friar bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bird (Tropidorhynchus corniculatus), having the head destitute of feathers; — called also coldong, leatherhead, pimlico; poor soldier, and four- o’clock. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus. — Friar’s balsam (Med.), a stimulating application for wounds and ulcers, being an alcoholic solution of benzoin, styrax, tolu balsam, and aloes; compound tincture of benzoin. Brande & C. — Friar’s cap (Bot.), the monkshood. — Friar’s cowl (Bot.), an arumlike plant (Arisarum vulgare) with a spathe or involucral leaf resembling a cowl. — Friar’s lantern, the ignis fatuus or Will-o’-the-wisp. Milton. — Friar skate (Zoöl.), the European white or sharpnosed skate (Raia alba); — called also Burton skate, border ray, scad, and doctor.

Fri´ar•ly, a. Like a friar; inexperienced. Bacon.

Fri´ar•y , a. [From Friar, n.] Like a friar; pertaining to friars or to a convent. [Obs.] Camden.

Fri´ar•y, n. [OF. frerie, frairie, fr. frère. See Friar.] 1. A monastery; a convent of friars. Drugdale. 2. The institution or practices of friars. Fuller.

Fri•a´tion , n. [See Friable.] The act of breaking up or pulverizing.

Frib´ble , a. [Cf. F. frivole, L. frivolus, or E. frippery.] Frivolous; trifling; silly.

Frib´ble, n. A frivolous, contemptible fellow; a fop. “A pert fribble of a peer.” Thackeray.

Frib´ble, v. i. 1. To act in a trifling or foolish manner; to act frivolously. “The fools that are fribbling round about you.” Thackeray. 2. To totter. [Obs.]

Frib´bler , n. A trifler; a fribble.

Frib´bling , a. Frivolous; trining; toolishly captious. { Fri´borg , Fri´borgh } , n. [AS. friðborh, lit., peace pledge; frið peace + borh, borg, pledge, akin to E. borrow. The first part of the word was confused with free, the last part, with borough.] (Old Eng. Law) The pledge and tithing, afterwards called by the Normans frankpledge. See Frankpledge. [Written also friburgh and fribourg.] Burril.

Fric´ace , n. [See Fricassee.] 1. Meat sliced and dressed with strong sauce. [Obs.] King. 2. An unguent; also the act of rubbing with the unguent.

Fri•can•deau´ , Fric•an•do´ , n. [F. fricandeau; cf. Sp. fricandó.] A ragout or fricassee of veal; a fancy dish of veal or of boned turkey, served as an entree, - - called also fricandel. A. J. Cooley.

Fric´as•see , n. [F. fricassee, fr. fricasser to fry, fricassee; cf. LL. fricare, perh. for frictare, fricare, frictum, to rub. Cf. Fry, Friction.] A dish made of fowls, veal, or other meat of small animals cut into pieces, and stewed in a gravy.

Fric´as•see, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fricasseed p. pr. &. vb. n. Fricasseeing.] To dress like a fricassee.

Fri•ca´tion , n. [L. fricatio, fr. fricare, fricatum, to rub. ] Friction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fric´a•tive , a. [See Frication.] (Phon.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow opening between two of the mouth organs; uttered through a close approach, but not with a complete closure, of the organs of articulation, and hence capable of being continued or prolonged; — said of certain consonantal sounds, as f, v, s, z, etc. — n. A fricative consonant letter or sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 197-206, etc.

Fric´a•trice , n. [Cf. L. frictrix, fr. fricare to rub.] A lewd woman; a harlot. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fric´kle , n. A bushel basket. [Obs.]

Fric´tion , n. [L. frictio, fr. fricare, frictum,to rub: cf. F. friction. See Fray to rub, arid cf. Dentifrice.] 1. The act of rubbing the surface of one body against that of another; attrition; in hygiene, the act of rubbing the body with the hand, with flannel, or with a brush etc., to excite the skin to healthy action. 2. (Mech.) The resistance which a body meets with from the surface on which it moves. It may be resistance to sliding motion, or to rolling motion. 3. A clashing between two persons or parties in opinions or work; a disagreement tending to prevent or retard progress. Angle of friction (Mech.), the angle which a plane onwhich a body is lying makes with a horizontal plane,when the hody is just ready to slide dewn the plane. This angle varies for different bodies, and for planes of different materials. — Anti-friction wheels (Mach.), wheels turning freely on small pivots, and sustaining, at the angle formed by their circumferences, the pivot or journal of a revolving shaft, to relieve it of friction; — called also friction wheels. — Friction balls, or Friction rollers, balls or rollers placed so as to receive the pressure or weight of bodies in motion, and relieve friction, as in the hub of a bicycle wheel. — Friction brake (Mach.), a form of dynamometer for measuring the power a motor exerts. A clamp around the revolving shaft or fly wheel of the motor resists the motion by its friction, the work thus absorbed being ascertained by observing the force required to keep the clamp from revolving with the shaft; a Prony brake. — Friction chocks, brakes attached to the common standing garrison carriages of guns, so as to raise the trucks or wheels off the platform when the gun begins to recoil, and prevent its running back. Earrow. — Friction clutch, Friction coupling, an engaging and disengaging gear for revolving shafts, pulleys, etc., acting by friction; esp.: (a) A device in which a piece on one shaft or pulley is so forcibly pressed against a piece on another shaft that the two will revolve together; as in the illustration, the cone a on one shaft, when thrust forcibly into the corresponding hollow cone b on the other shaft, compels the shafts to rotate together, by the hold the friction of the conical surfaces gives. (b) A toothed clutch, one member of which, instead of being made fast on its shaft, is held by friction and can turn, by slipping, under excessive strain or in starting. — Friction drop hammer, one in which the hammer is raised for striking by the friction of revolving rollers which nip the hammer rod. — Friction gear. See Frictional gearing, under Frictional. — Friction machine, an electrical machine, generating electricity by friction. — Friction meter, an instrument for measuring friction, as in testing lubricants. — Friction powder, Friction composition, a composition of chlorate of potassium, antimony, sulphide, etc, which readily ignites by friction. — Friction primer, Friction tube, a tube used for firing cannon by means of the friction of a roughened wire in the friction powder or composition with which the tube is filled. — Friction wheel (Mach.), one of the wheels in frictional gearing. See under Frictional.

Fric´tion•al , a. Relating to friction; moved by friction; produced by friction; as frictional electricity. Frictional gearing, wheels which transmit motion by surface friction instead of teeth. The faces are sometimes made more or less V-shaped to increase or decrease friction, as required.

Fric´tion•less, a. Having no friction.

Fri´day , n. [AS. frigedaeg, fr. Frigu, the gooddes of marriage; friqu love + daeg day; cf. Icel. Frigg name of a goddess, the wife of Odin or Wodan, OHG. Friatag, Icel. Frjadagr. AS. frigu is prob. from the root of E. friend, free. See Free, and Day.] The sixth day of the week, following Thursday and preceding Saturday.

Fridge , v. t. [AS. frician to dance, from free bold. Cf. Freak, n.] To rub; to fray. [Obs.] Sterne. { Frid´stol• (frid´stol•), Frith•stool´ (frith´stool•) }, n. [AS. friðstol. See Fred, and Stool.] A seat in churches near the altar, to which offenders formerly fled for sanctuary. [Written variously fridstool, freedstool, etc.] [Obs.]

Fried (frid), imp. & p. p. of Fry.

Friend (frend), n. [OR. frend, freond, AS. freónd, prop. p. pr. of freón, freógan, to love; akin to D. vriend friend, OS. friund friend, friohan to love, OHG. friunt friend, G. freund, Icel. fraendi kinsman, Sw. frände. Goth. frijonds friend, frijon to love. rad.83. See Free, and cf. Fiend.] 1. One who entertains for another such sentiments of esteem, respect, and affection that he seeks his society and welfare; a wellwisher; an intimate associate; sometimes, an attendant. “Want gives to know the flatterer from the friend.” Dryden. “A friend that sticketh closer than a brother.” Prov. xviii. 24. 2. One not inimical or hostile; one not a foe or enemy; also one of the same nation, party, kin, etc., whose friendly feelings may be assumed. The word is some times used as a term of friendly address. “Friend, how camest thou in hither?” Matt. xxii. 12. 3. One who looks propitiously on a cause, an institution, a project, and the like; a favorer; a promoter; as a friend to commerce, to poetry, to an institution. 4. One of a religious sect characterized by disuse of outward rites and an ordained ministry, by simplicity of dress and speech, and esp. by opposition to war and a desire to live at peace with all men. They are popularly called Quakers. “America was first visited by Friends in 1656.” T. Chase. 5. A paramour of either sex. [Obs.] Shak. A friend at court or in court, one disposed to act as a friend in a place of special opportunity or influence. — To be friends with, to have friendly relations with. ´He’s … friends with Caesar.´ Shak. — To make friends with, to become reconciled to or on friendly terms with. ´Having now made friends with the Athenians.´ Jowett (Thucyd.).

Friend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Friended; p. pr. & vb. n. Friending.] To act as the friend of; to favor; to countenance; to befriend. [Obs.] “Fortune friends the bold.” Spenser.

Friend´ed, a. 1. Having friends; [Obs.] 2. Inclined to love; well-disposed. [Obs.] Shak.

Friend´ing, n. Friendliness. [Obs.] Shak.

Friend´less, a. [AS. freóndleás.] Destitute of friends; forsaken. — Friend´less•ness, n.

Friend´li•ly , adv. In a friendly manner. Pope.

Friend´li•ness, n. The condition or quality of being friendly. Sir P. Sidney.

Friend´ly, a. [AS. freendlice.] 1. Having the temper and disposition of a friend; disposed to promote the good of another; kind; favorable. 2. Appropriate to, or implying, friendship; befitting friends; amicable. “In friendly relations with his moderate opponents.” Macaulay. 3. Not hostile; as a friendly power or state. 4. Promoting the good of any person; favorable; propitious; serviceable; as a friendly breeze or gale. “On the first friendly bank he throws him down.” Addison. Syn. — Amicable; kind; conciliatory; propitious; favorable. See Amicable.

Friend´ly, adv. In the manner of friends; amicably; like friends. [Obs.] Shak. “In whom all graces that can perfect beauty
Are friendly met.” Beau. & Fl.

Friend´ship, n. [AS. freóndscipe. See Friend, and -ship.] 1. The state of being friends; friendly relation, or attachment, to a person, or between persons; affection arising from mutual esteem and good will; friendliness; amity; good will. “There is little friendship in the world.” Bacon. “There can be no friendship without confidence, and no confidence without integrity.” Rambler. “Preferred by friendship, and not chosen by sufficiency.” Spenser. 2. Kindly aid; help; assistance, [Obs.] “Some friendship will it [a hovel] lend you gainst the tempest.” Shak. 3. Aptness to unite; conformity; affinity; harmony; correspondence. [Obs.] “Those colors … have a friendship with each other.” Dryden.

Fri´er , n. One who fries.

Friese , n. Same as Friesic, n.

Fries´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province in the northern part of the Netherlands.

Fries´ic, n. The language of the Frisians, a Teutonic people formerly occupying a large part of the coast of Holland and Northwestern Germany. The modern dialects of Friesic are spoken chiefly in the province of Friesland, and on some of the islands near the coast of Germany and Denmark.

Fries´ish, a. Friesic. [R.]

Frieze , n. [Perh. the same word as frieze a, kind of cloth. Cf. Friz.] (Arch.) (a) That part of the entablature of an order which is between the architrave and cornice. It is a flat member or face, either uniform or broken by triglyphs, and often enriched with figures and other ornaments of sculpture. (b) Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture. See Illust. of Column. “Cornice or frieze with bossy sculptures graven.” Milton.

Frieze , n. [F. frise, perh. originally a woolen cloth or stuff from Friesland (F. Frise); cf. LL. frisii panni and frissatus pannus, a shaggy woolen cloth, F. friser to friz, curl. Cf. Friz.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth or stuff with a shaggy or tufted (friezed) nap on one side. ´Robes of frieze.´ Goldsmith.

Frieze, v. t. To make a nap on (cloth); to friz. See Friz, v. t., 2. Friezing machine, a machine for friezing cloth; a friezing machine.

Friezed , a. Gathered, or having the map gathered, into little tufts, knots, or protuberances. Cf. Frieze, v. t., and Friz, v. t., 2.

Frie´zer , n. One who, or that which, friezes or frizzes.

Frig´ate , n. [F. fregate, It. fregata, prob. contracted fr. L. fabricata something constructed or built. See Fabricate.] 1. Originally, a vessel of the Mediterranean propelled by sails and by oars. The French, about 1650, transferred the name to larger vessels, and by 1750 it had been appropriated for a class of war vessels intermediate between corvettes and ships of the line. Frigates, from about 1750 to 1850, had one full battery deck and, often, a spar deck with a lighter battery. They carried sometimes as many as fifty guns. After the application of steam to navigation steam frigates of largely increased size and power were built, and formed the main part of the navies of the world till about 1870, when the introduction of ironclads superseded them. [Formerly spelled frigat and friggot.] 2. Any small vessel on the water. [Obs.] Spenser. Frigate bird (Zoöl.), a web- footed rapacious bird, of the genus Fregata; — called also man-of-war bird, and frigate pelican. Two species are known; that of the Southern United States and West Indies is F. aquila. They are remarkable for their long wings and powerful flight. Their food consists of fish which they obtain by robbing gulls, terns, and other birds, of their prey. They are related to the pelicans. — Frigate mackerel (Zoöl.), an oceanic fish (Auxis Rochei) of little or no value as food, often very abundant off the coast of the United States. — Frigate pelican. (Zoöl.) Same as Frigate bird.

Frig´ate-built´ , a. (Naut.) Built like a frigate with a raised quarter-deck and forecastle.

Frig´a•toon , n. [It. fregatone: cf. F. fregaton. See Frigate.] (Naut.) A Venetian vessel, with a square stern, having only a mainmast, jigger mast, and bowsprit; also a sloop of war ship- rigged.

Frig´e•fac•tion , n. [L. frigere to be cold + facere to make.] The act of making cold. [Obs.]

Frig´e•fac•tive , a. Cooling. [Obs.] Boyle.

Frig´er•ate , v. t. [L. frigerare, fr. frigus cold.] To make cool. [Obs.] Blount. { Frigg , Frig´ga } n. [Icel. Frigg. See Friday.] (Scand. Myth.) The wife of Odin and mother of the gods; the supreme goddess; the Juno of the Valhalla. Cf. Freya.

Fright (frit), n. [OE. frigt, freyht, AS. fyrhto, fyrhtu; akin to OS. forhta, OHG. forhta, forahta, G. furcht, Dan. frygt, Sw. fruktan, Goth. faúrhtei fear, faúrhts timid.] 1. A state of terror excited by the sudden appearance of danger; sudden and violent fear, usually of short duration; a sudden alarm. 2. Anything strange, ugly or shocking, producing a feeling of alarm or aversion. [Colloq.] Syn. — Alarm; terror; consternation. See Alarm.

Fright , v. t. [imp. Frighted; p. pr. & vb. n.. Frighting.] [OE. frigten to fear, frighten, AS. fyrhtan to frighten, forhtian to fear; akin to OS. forhtian, OHG. furihten, forahtan, G. fürchten, Sw. frukta, Dan. frygte, Goth. faurhtjan. See Fright, n., and cf. Frighten.] To alarm suddenly; to shock by causing sudden fear; to terrify; to scare. “Nor exile or danger can fright a brave spirit.” Dryden. Syn. — To affright; dismay; daunt; intimidate.

Fright´en , v. t. [imp. Frightened (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Frightening (#).] [See Fright, v. t.] To disturb with fear; to throw into a state of alarm or fright; to affright; to terrify. “More frightened than hurt.” Old Proverb.

Fright´ful , a. 1. Full of fright; affrighted; frightened. [Obs.] “See how the frightful herds run from the wood.” W. Browne. 2. Full of that which causes fright; exciting alarm; impressing terror; shocking; as a frightful chasm, or tempest; a frightful appearance. Syn. — Terrible; dreadful; alarming; fearful; terrific; awful; horrid; horrible; shocking. — Frightful, Dreadful, Awful. These words all express fear. In frightful, it is a sudden emotion; in dreadful, it is deeper and more prolonged; in awful, the fear is mingled with the emotion of awe, which subdues us before the presence of some invisible power. An accident may be frightful; the approach of death is dreadful to most men; the convulsions of the earthquake are awful.

Fright´ful•ly , adv. In a frightful manner; to a frightful dagree.

Fright´ful•ness, n. The quality of being frightful.

Fright´less, a. Free from fright; fearless. [Obs.]

Fright´ment , n. Fear; terror. [Obs.]

Frig´id , a. [L. frigidus, fr. frigere to be cold; prob. akin to Gr. to shudder, or perh. to cold. Cf. Frill.] 1. Cold; wanting heat or warmth; of low temperature; as a frigid climate. 2. Wanting warmth, fervor, ardor, fire, vivacity, etc.; unfeeling; forbidding in manner; dull and unanimated; stiff and formal; as a frigid constitution; a frigid style; a frigid look or manner; frigid obedience or service. 3. Wanting natural heat or vigor sufficient to excite the generative power; impotent. Johnson. Frigid zone, that part of the earth which lies between either polar circle and its pole. It extends 23 28 from the pole. See the Note under Arctic.

Frig´i•da•ri•um , n.; pl. Frigidaria (#). [L., neut. of frigidarium cooling.] The cooling room of the Roman thermae, furnished with a cold bath.

Fri•gid´i•ty , n. [L. frigiditas: cf. F. frigidite.] 1. The condition or quality of being frigid; coldness; want of warmth. “Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Want of ardor, animation, vivacity, etc.; coldness of affection or of manner; dullness; stiffness and formality; as frigidity of a reception, of a bow, etc. 3. Want of heat or vigor; as the frigidity of old age.

Frig´id•ly , adv. In a frigid manner; coldly; dully; without affection.

Frig´id•ness, n. The state of being frigid; want of heat, vigor, or affection; coldness; dullness. { Frig´o•rif´ic , Frig´o•rif•ic•al } a. [L. frigorificus; frigus, frigoris, cold + facere to make: cf. F. frigorifique.] Causing cold; producing or generating cold. Quincy.

Frill , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frilled p. pr. & vb. n. Frilling.] [OF. friller, fr. L. frigidulus somewhat cold, dim. of frigidus cold; akin to F. frileux chilly.] 1. To shake or shiver as with cold; as the hawk frills. Johnson. 2. (Photog.) To wrinkle; — said of the gelatin film.

Frill, v. t. To provide or decorate with a frill or frills; to turn back. in crimped plaits; as to frill a cap.

Frill, n. [See Frill, v. i.]. (Zoöl.) (a) A ruffing of a bird’s feathers from cold. (b) A ruffle, consisting of a fold of membrane, of hairs, or of feathers, around the neck of an animal. See Frilled lizard (below). (c) A similar ruffle around the legs or other appendages of animals. (d) A ruffled varex or fold on certain shells. 2. A border or edging secured at one edge and left free at the other, usually fluted or crimped like a very narrow flounce.

Frilled , a. Furnished with a frill or frills. Frilled lizard (Zoöl.), a large Australian lizard (Chlamydosaurus Kingii) about three feet long, which has a large, erectile frill on each side of the neck.

Frim , a. [Cf. AS. freme good, bold, and E. frame.] Flourishing; thriving; fresh; in good case; vigorous. [Obs.] ´Frim pastures.´ Drayton.

Fri´maire , n. [F., fr. frimas hoarfrost.] The third month of the French republican calendar. It commenced November 21, and ended December 20., See Vendemiaire.

Fringe , n. [OF, fringe, F. frange, prob. fr. L. fimbria fiber, thread, fringe, cf. fibra fiber, E. fiber, fimbriate.] 1. An ornamental appendage to the border of a piece of stuff, originally consisting of the ends of the warp, projecting beyond the woven fabric; but more commonly made separate and sewed on, consisting sometimes of projecting ends, twisted or plaited together, and sometimes of loose threads of wool, silk, or linen, or narrow strips of leather, or the like. 2. Something resembling in any respect a fringe; a line of objects along a border or edge; a border; an edging; a margin; a confine. “The confines of grace and the fringes of repentance.” Jer. Taylor. 3. (Opt.) One of a number of light or dark bands, produced by the interference of light; a diffraction band; — called also interference fringe. 4. (Bot.) The peristome or fringelike appendage of the capsules of most mosses. See Peristome. Fringe tree (Bot.), a small tree (Chionanthus Virginica), growing in the Southern United States, and having snow-white flowers, with long pendulous petals.

Fringe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fringed p. pr. & vb. a. Fringing.] To adorn the edge of with a fringe or as with a fringe. “Precipices fringed with grass.” Bryant. Fringing reef. See Coral reefs, under Coral.

Fringed , a. Furnished with a fringe. Fringed lear (Bot.), a leaf edged with soft parallel hairs.

Fringe´less, a. Having no fringe.

Frin´gent , a. Encircling like a fringe; bordering. [R.] ´The fringent air.´ Emerson.

Frin•gil´la , a. [NL., fr. L. fringilla a chaffinch.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds, with a short, conical, pointed bill. It formerly included all the sparrows and finches, but is now restricted to certain European finches, like the chaffinch and brambling.

Frin•gil•la´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Fringilline.

Frin•gil´line , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the family Fringillidae; characteristic of finches; sparrowlike.

Frin´gy , a. Aborned with fringes. Shak.

Frip´per , n. [F. fripier, fr. friper to rumple, fumble, waste.] One who deals in frippery or in old clothes. [Obs.] Bacon.

Frip´per•er , n. A fripper. [Obs.] Johnson.

Frip´per•y , n. [F. friperie, fr. fruper. See Fripper.] 1. Coast-off clothes. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. Hence: Secondhand finery; cheap and tawdry decoration; affected elegance. “Fond of gauze and French frippery.” Goldsmith. “The gauzy frippery of a French translation.” Sir W. Scott. 3. A place where old clothes are sold. Shak. 4. The trade or traffic in old clothes.

Frip´per•y , a. Trifling; contemptible.

Fri´seur’ , n. [F., fr. friser to curl, frizzle. See Frizzle.] A hairdresser.

Fri´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province of the Netherlands; Friesic.

Fri´sian, n. A native or inhabitant of Friesland; also the language spoken in Friesland. See Friesic, n.

Frisk , a. [OF. frieque, cf. OHG. frise lively, brisk, fresh, Dan. & Sw. frisk, Icel. friskr. See Fresh, a.] Lively; brisk; frolicsome; frisky. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Frisk, a. A frolic; a fit of wanton gayety; a gambol: a little playful skip or leap. Johnson.

Frisk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frisked p. pr. & vb. n. Frisking.] To leap, skip, dance, or gambol, in fronc and gayety. “The frisking satyrs on the summits danced.” Addison.

Frisk´al , n. A leap or caper. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Frisker , n. One who frisks; one who leaps of dances in gayety; a wanton; an inconstant or unsettled person. Camden.

Fris´ket , n. [F. frisguette. Perh. so named from the velocity or frequency of its motion. See Frisk a.] (Print.) The light frame which holds the sheet of paper to the tympan in printing.

Frisk´ful , a. Brisk; lively; frolicsome.

Frisk´i•ly’ , adv. In a frisky manner.

Frisk´i•ness, n. State or quality of being frisky.

Frisk´y, a. Inclined to frisk; frolicsome; gay. “He is too frisky for an old man.” Jeffrey.

Fris´let (friz´let), n. [Cf. Fraise a kind of defense; also Friz.] A kind of small ruffle. Halliwell.

Frist (frist), v. t. [OE. fristen, firsten, to lend, give respite, postpone, AS. firstan to give respite to; akin to first time, G. frist, Icel. frest delay.] To sell upon credit, as goods. [R.] Crabb.

Fri´sure , n. [F.] The dressing of the hair by crisping or curling. Smollett.

Frit , n. [F. fritte, fr. frit fried, p. p. of frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. (Glass Making) The material of which glass is made, after having been calcined or partly fused in a furnace, but before vitrification. It is a composition of silex and alkali, occasionally with other ingredients. Ure. 2. (Ceramics) The material for glaze of pottery. Frit brick, a lump of calcined glass materials, brought to a pasty condition in a reverberatory furnace, preliminary to the perfect vitrification in the melting pot.

Frit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fritted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fritting.] To prepare by heat (the materials for making glass); to fuse partially. Ure.

Frit, v. t. To fritter; — with away. [R.] Ld. Lytton.

Frith (frith), n. [OE. firth, Icel. fjörðr; akin to Sw. fjärd, Dan. fiord, E. ford. rad.78. See Ford, n., and cf. Firth, Fiord, Fret a frith, Port a harbor.] 1. (Geog.) A narrow arm of the sea; an estuary; the opening of a river into the sea; as the Frith of Forth. 2. A kind of weir for catching fish. [Eng.] Carew.

Frith, n. [OE. frith peace, protection, land inclosed for hunting, park, forest, AS. frið peace; akin to frenoð peace, protection, asylum, G. friede peace, Icel. friðr, and from the root of E. free, friend. See Free, a., and cf. Affray, Defray.] 1. A forest; a woody place. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. A small field taken out of a common, by inclosing it; an inclosure. [Obs.] Sir J. Wynne.

Frith´y , a. Woody. [Obs.] Skelton.

Frit´il•la•ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. fritillus dicebox: cf. F. fritillaire. So named from the checkered markings of the petals.] (Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants, of which the crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is one species, and the Guinea-hen flower (F. Meleagris) another. See Crown-imperial.

Frit´il•la•ry , n. 1. (Bot.) A plant with checkered petals, of the genus Fritillaria: the Guinea-hen flower. See Fritillaria. 2. (Zoöl.) One of several species of butterflies belonging to Argynnis and allied genera; — so called because the coloring of their wings resembles that of the common Fritillaria. See Aphrodite.

Frit´i•nan•cy , n. [L. fritinnire to twitter.] A chirping or creaking, as of a cricket. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Frit´ter , n. [OR. fritour, friture, pancake, F. friture frying, a thing fried, from frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. A small quantity of batter, fried in boiling lard or in a frying pan. Fritters are of various kinds, named from the substance inclosed in the batter; as apple fritters, clam fritters, oyster fritters. 2. A fragment; a shred; a small piece. “And cut whole giants into fritters.” Hudibras. Corn fritter. See under Corn.

Frit´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frittered p. pr. & vb. n. Frittering.] 1. To cut, as meat, into small pieces, for frying. 2. To break into small pieces or fragments. “Break all nerves, and fritter all their sense.” Pope. To fritter away, to diminish; to pare off; to reduce to nothing by taking away a little at a time; also to waste piecemeal; as to fritter away time, strength, credit, etc.

Frit´ting , n. [See Frit to expose to heat.] The formation of frit or slag by heat with but incipient fusion.

Friv´o•lism , n. Frivolity. [R.] Pristley.

Fri•vol´i•ty , n.; pl. Frivolities (#). [Cg. F. frivolite. See Frivolous.] The condition or quality of being frivolous; also acts or habits of trifling; unbecoming levity of disposition.

Friv´o•lous , a. [L. frivolus; prob. akin to friare to rub, crumble, E. friable: cf. F. frivole.] 1. Of little weight or importance; not worth notice; slight; as a frivolous argument. Swift. 2. Given to trifling; marked with unbecoming levity; silly; interested especially in trifling matters. “His personal tastes were low and frivolous.” Macaulay. Syn. — Trifling; trivial; slight; petty; worthless. — Friv´o•lous•ly, adv. — Friv´o•lous•ness, n.

Friz , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzed p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzing ] [Cf. F. friser to curl, crisp, frizzle, to raise the nap (on certain stuffs); prob.akin to OFries. frisle hair of the head. Cf. Frieze kind of cloth.] [Written also frizz.] 1. To curl or form into small curls, as hair, with a crisping pin; to crisp. “With her hair frizzed short up to her ears.” Pepys. 2. To form into little burs, prominences, knobs, or tufts, as the nap of cloth. 3. (Leather Manufacture) To soften and make of even thickness by rubbing, as with pumice stone or a blunt instrument. Frizzing machine. (a) (Fabrics) A machine for frizzing the surface of cloth. (b) (Wood Working) A bench with a revolving cutter head slightly protruding above its surface, for dressing boards.

Friz, n.; pl. Frizzes . That which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled, as a wig; a frizzle. [Written also frizz.] “He [Dr. Johnson], who saw in his glass how his wig became his face and head, might easily infer that a similar fullbottomed, well-curled friz of words would be no less becoming to his thoughts.” Hare.

Frize , n. (Arch.) See 1st Frieze.

Friz´el , a. (Firearms) A movable furrowed piece of steel struck by the flint, to throw sparks into the pan, in an early form of flintlock. Knight.

Fri•zette´ , n. [F. frisette curl.] A curl of hair or silk; a pad of frizzed hair or silk worn by women under the hair to stuff it out.

Frizz , v. t. & n. See Friz, v. t. & n.

Friz´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzled p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzling ] [Dim. of friz.] To curl or crisp, as hair; to friz; to crinkle. Gay. To frizzle up, to crinkle or crisp excessively.

Friz´zle, n. A curl; a lock of hair crisped. Milton.

Friz´zler , n. One who frizzles. { Friz´zly , Friz´zy } a. Curled or crisped; as frizzly, hair.

Fro (fro), adv. [OE. fra, fro, adv. & prep., Icel. fra, akin to Dan. fra from, E. from. See From.] From; away; back or backward; — now used only in opposition to the word to, in the phrase to and fro, that is, to and from. See To and fro under To. Milton.

Fro, prep. From. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Frock , n. [F. froc a monk’s cowl, coat, garment, LL. frocus, froccus, flocus, floccus, fr. L. floccus a flock of wool; hence orig., a flocky cloth or garment; cf. L. flaccus flabby, E. flaccid.] 1. A loose outer garment; especially, a gown forming a part of European modern costume for women and children; also a coarse shirtlike garment worn by some workmen over their other clothes; a smock frock; as a marketman’s frock. 2. A coarse gown worn by monks or friars, and supposed to take the place of all, or nearly all, other garments. It has a hood which can be drawn over the head at pleasure, and is girded by a cord. Frock coat, a body coat for men, usually double-breasted, the skirts not being in one piece with the body, but sewed on so as to be somewhat full. — Smock frock. See in the Vocabulary.

Frock, v. t. 1. To clothe in a frock. 2. To make a monk of. Cf. Unfrock.

Frocked , a. Clothed in a frock.

Frock´less , a. Destitute of a frock.

Froe (fro), n. [See Frow.] A dirty woman; a slattern; a frow. [Obs.] ´Raging frantic froes.´ Draylon.

Froe, n. [See Frow the tool] An iron cleaver or splitting tool; a frow. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Frog (frog), n. [AS. froggu, frocga a frog (in sensel); akin to D. vorsch, OHG. frosk, G. frosch, Icel. froskr, fraukr, Sw. & Dan. frö.] 1. (Zoöl.) An amphibious animal of the genus Rana and related genera, of many species. Frogs swim rapidly, and take long leaps on land. Many of the species utter loud notes in the springtime. The edible frog of Europe (Rana esculenta) is extensively used as food; the American bullfrog (R. Catesbiana) is remarkable for its great size and loud voice. 2. [Perh. akin to E. fork, cf. frush frog of a horse.] (Anat.) The triangular prominence of the hoof, in the middle of the sole of the foot of the horse, and other animals; the fourchette. 3. (Railroads) A supporting plate having raised ribs that form continuations of the rails, to guide the wheels where one track branches from another or crosses it. 4. [Cf. fraco of wool or silk, L. floccus, E. frock.] An oblong cloak button, covered with netted thread, and fastening into a loop instead of a button hole. 5. The loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or sword. Cross frog (Railroads), a frog adapted for tracks that cross at right angles. — Frog cheese, a popular name for a large puffball. — Frog eater, one who eats frogs; — a term of contempt applied to a Frenchman by the vulgar class of English. — Frog fly. (Zoöl.) See Frog hopper. — Frog hopper (Zoöl.), a small, leaping, hemipterous insect living on plants. The larvae are inclosed in a frothy liquid called cuckoo spit or frog spit. — Frog lily (Bot.), the yellow water lily (Nuphar). — Frog spit (Zoöl.), the frothy exudation of the frog hopper; — called also frog spittle. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo.

Frog , v. t. To ornament or fasten (a coat, etc.) with trogs. See Frog, n., 4.

Frog´bit , n. (Bot.) (a) A European plant (Hydrocharis Morsus- ranae), floating on still water and propagating itself by runners. It has roundish leaves and small white flowers. (b) An American plant (Limnobium Spongia), with similar habits.

Frog´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) See Angler, n., 2. (b) An oceanic fish of the genus Antennarius or Pterophrynoides; — called also mousefish and toadfish.

Frogged , a. Provided or ornamented with frogs; as a frogged coat. See Frog, n., 4. Ld. Lytton.

Frog´gy , a. Abounding in frogs. Sherwood.

Frog´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of Asiatic and East Indian birds of the genus Batrachostomus (family Podargidae); — so called from their very broad, flat bills.

Frog´s•-bit´ , n. (Bot.) Frogbit.

Frog´shell , n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of marine gastropod shells, belonging to Ranella and allied genera.

Froise , n. [OE. froise cf. F. froisser to bruise, E. frush to bruise,] A kind of pancake. See 1st Fraise. [Written also fraise.]

Frol´ic (frol´ik), a. [D. vroolijk; akin to G. frölich, fr. froh, OHG. fro, Dan. fro, OS. frah, cf. Icel. frar swift; all perh. akin to Skr. pru to spring up.] Full of levity; dancing, playing, or frisking about; full of pranks; frolicsome; gay; merry. “The frolic wind that breathes the spring.” Milton. “The gay, the frolic, and the loud.” Waller.

Frol´ic, n. 1. A wild prank; a flight of levity, or of gayety and mirth. “He would be at his frolic once again.” Roscommon. 2. A scene of gayety and mirth, as in lively play, or in dancing; a merrymaking.

Frol´ic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frolicked p. pr. & vb. n. Frolicking.] To play wild pranks; to play tricks of levity, mirth, and gayety; to indulge in frolicsome play; to sport. “Hither, come hither, and frolic and play.” Tennyson.

Frol´ic•ful , a. Frolicsome. [R.]

Frol´ick•y , a. Frolicsome. [Obs.] Richardson.

Frol´ic•ly, adv. In a frolicsome manner; with mirth and gayety. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Frol´ic•some , a. Full of gayety and mirth; given to pranks; sportive. “Old England, who takes a frolicsome brain fever once every two or three years, for the benefit of her doctors.” Sir W. Scott. — Frol´ic•some•ly, adv. — Frol´ic•some•ness, n.

From (from), prep. [AS. fram, from; akin to OS. fram out, OHG. & Icel. fram forward, Sw. fram, Dan. frem, Goth. fram from, prob. akin to E. forth. 202. Cf. Fro, Foremost.] Out of the neighborhood of; lessening or losing proximity to; leaving behind; by reason of; out of; by aid of; — used whenever departure, setting out, commencement of action, being, state, occurrence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, separation, etc., are to be expressed. It is construed with, and indicates, the point of space or time at which the action, state, etc., are regarded as setting out or beginning; also less frequently, the source, the cause, the occasion, out of which anything proceeds; — the antithesis and correlative of to; as it, is one hundred miles from Boston to Springfield; he took his sword from his side; light proceeds from the sun; separate the coarse wool from the fine; men have all sprung from Adam, and often go from good to bad, and from bad to worse; the merit of an action depends on the principle from which it proceeds; men judge of facts from personal knowledge, or from testimony. “Experience from the time past to the time present.” Bacon. “The song began from Jove.” Drpden. “From high Maeonia’s rocky shores I came.” Addison. “If the wind blow any way from shore.” Shak. From sometimes denotes away from, remote from, inconsistent with. ´Anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing.´ Shak. From, when joined with another preposition or an adverb, gives an opportunity for abbreviating the sentence. ´There followed him great multitudes of people … from [the land] beyond Jordan.´ Math. iv. 25. In certain constructions, as from forth, from out, etc., the ordinary and more obvious arrangment is inverted, the sense being more distinctly forth from, out from — from being virtually the governing preposition, and the word the adverb. See From off, under Off, adv., and From afar, under Afar, adv. “Sudden partings such as press
The life from out young hearts.” Byron. { From´ward , From´wards } prep. [AS. framweard about to depart. Cf. Froward] A way from; — the contrary of toward. [Obs.] “Towards or fromwards the zenith.” Cheyne.

Frond , n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch, foliage.] (Bot.) The organ formed by the combination or union into one body of stem and leaf, and often bearing the fructification; as the frond of a fern or of a lichen or seaweed; also the peculiar leaf of a palm tree.

Fron•da´tion , n. [L. frondatio, from frons. See Frond.] The act of stripping, as trees, of leaves or branches; a kind of pruning. Evelyn.

Fronde , n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A political party in France, during the minority of Louis XIV., who opposed the government, and made war upon the court party.

Frond´ed , a. Furnished with fronds. ´Fronded palms.´ Whittier.

Fron´dent , a. [L. frondens, p. pr. of frondere to put forth leaves. See Frond.] Covered with leaves; leafy; as a frondent tree. [R.]

Fron•desce´ , v. i. [L. frondescere, inchoative fr. frondere. See Frondent.] To unfold leaves, as plants.

Fron•des´cence , n. (Bot.) (a) The time at which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. (b) The act of bursting into leaf. Milne. Martyn.

Fron´deur , n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A member of the Fronde.

Fron•dif´er•ous , a. [L. frondifer frons a leafy branch + ferre to bear: cf. F. frondifere.] Producing fronds.

Frond´let , n. (Bot.) A very small frond, or distinct portion of a compound frond.

Fron•dose´ , a. [L. frondosus leafy.] (Bot.) (a) Frond bearing; resembling a frond; having a simple expansion not separable into stem and leaves. (b) Leafy. Gray.

Fron´dous , a. (Bot.) Frondose. [R.]

Frons , n. [L., front.] (Anal.) The forehead; the part of the cranium between the orbits and the vertex.

Front , n. [F. frant forehead, L. frons, frontis; perh. akin to E. brow.] 1. The forehead or brow, the part of the face above the eyes; sometimes, also the whole face. “Bless’d with his father’s front, his mother’s tongue.” Pope. “Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front.” Shak. “His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.” Prior. 2. The forehead, countenance, or personal presence, as expressive of character or temper, and especially, of boldness of disposition, sometimes of impudence; seeming; as a bold front; a hardened front. “With smiling fronts encountering.” Shak. “The inhabitants showed a bold front.” Macaulay. 3. The part or surface of anything which seems to look out, or to be directed forward; the fore or forward part; the foremost rank; the van; — the opposite to back or rear; as the front of a house; the front of an army. “Had he his hurts before?
Ay, on the front.” Shak. 4. A position directly before the face of a person, or before the foremost part of a thing; as in front of un person, of the troops, or of a house. 5. The most conspicuous part. “The very head and front of my offending.” Shak. 6. That which covers the foremost part of the head: a front piece of false hair worn by women. “Like any plain Miss Smith’s, who wears s front.” Mrs. Browning. 7. The beginning. ´Summer’s front.´ Shak. Bastioned front (Mil.), a curtain connerting two half bastions. — Front door, the door in the front wall of a building, usually the principal entrance. — Front of fortification, the works constructed upon any one side of a polygon. Farrow. — Front of operations, all that part of the field of operations in front of the successive positions occupied by the army as it moves forward. Farrow. — To come to the front, to attain prominence or leadership.

Front, a. Of or relating to the front or forward part; having a position in front; foremost; as a front view.

Front, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fronting.] 1. To oppose face to face; to oppose directly; to meet in a hostile manner. “You four shall front them in the narrow lane.” Shak. 2. To appear before; to meet. “[Enid] daily fronted him
In some fresh splendor.” Tennyson. 3. To face toward; to have the front toward; to confront; as the house fronts the street. “And then suddenly front the changed reality.” J. Morley. 4. To stand opposed or opposite to, or over against as his house fronts the church. 5. To adorn in front; to supply a front to; as to front a house with marble; to front a head with laurel. “Yonder walls, that pertly front your town.” Shak.

Front, v. t. To have or turn the face or front in any direction; as the house fronts toward the east.

Front´age , n. The front part of an edifice or lot; extent of front.

Fron´tal , a. [Cf. F. frontal.] Belonging to the front part; being in front; esp. (Anat.), Of or pertaining to the forehead or the anterior part of the roof of the brain case; as the frontal bones.

Fron´tal, n. [F. frontal, fronteau, OF. Frontel, frontal, L. frontale an ornament for the forehead, frontlet. See Front.] 1. Something worn on the forehead or face; a frontlet; as: (a) An ornamental band for the hair. (b) (Mil.) The metal face guard of a soldier. 2. (Arch.) A little pediment over a door or window. 3. (Eccl.) A movable, decorative member in metal, carved wood, or, commonly, in rich stuff or in embroidery, covering the front of the altar. Frontals are usually changed according to the different ceremonies. 4. (Med.) A medicament or application for the forehead. [Obs.] Quincy. 5. (Anat.) The frontal bone, or one of the two frontal bones, of the cranium. Frontal hammer or helve, a forge hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a ´tongue´ immediately in front of the hammer head. Raymond. { Fron´tate , Fron’ta•ted } a. Growing broader and broader, as a leaf; truncate.

Front´ed , a. Formed with a front; drawn up in line. ´Fronted brigades.´ Milton.

Fron´tier , n. [F. frontière, LL. frontaria. See Front.] 1. That part of a country which fronts or faces another country or an unsettled region; the marches; the border, confine, or extreme part of a country, bordering on another country; the border of the settled and cultivated part of a country; as the frontier of civilization. 2. (Fort.) An outwork. [Obs.] “Palisadoes, frontiers, parapets.” Shak.

Fron´tier, a. 1. Lying on the exterior part; bordering; conterminous; as a frontier town. 2. Of or relating to a frontier. ´Frontier experience.´ W. Irving.

Fron´tier, v. i. To constitute or form a frontier; to have a frontier; — with on. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Fron´tiered , p. a. Placed on the frontiers. [R.]

Fron´tiers•man , n.; pl. Frontiersmen . A man living on the frontier.

Fron•ti•gnac´ , Fron•ti•gnan´ , n. [So called from Frontignan, a town in Southern France.] 1. A sweet muscadine wine made in Frontignan (Languedoc), France. 2. (Bot.) A grape of many varieties and colors.

Front´ing•ly , adv. In a fronting or facing position; opposingly.

Fron•tin•iac´ , n. See Frontignac.

Fron´tis•piece , n. [F. frontispice, LL. frontispicium beginning, front of a church, fr. L. frons front + spicere, specere, to look at, view: cf. It. frontispizio. See Front and Spy.] The part which first meets the eye; as: (a) (Arch.) The principal front of a building. [Obs. or R.] (b) An ornamental figure or illustration fronting the first page, or titlepage, of a book; formerly, the titlepage itself.

Front´less , a. Without face or front; shameless; not diffident; impudent. [Obs.] ´Frontless vice.´ Dryden. ´Frontless flattery.´ Pope.

Front´less•ly, adv. Shamelessly; impudently. [Obs.]

Front´let , n. [OF. frontelet brow band, dim. of frontel, frontal. See Frontal, n.] 1. A frontal or brow band; a fillet or band worn on the forehead. “They shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.” Deut. vi. 8. 2. A frown (likened to a frontlet). [R. & Poetic] “What makes that frontlet on? Methinks you are too much of late i’ the frown.” Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) The margin of the head, behind the bill of birds, often bearing rigid bristles.

Fron´to- [L. frons, frontis, the forehead.] (Anat.) A combining form signifying relating to the forehead or the frontal bone; as fronto-parietal, relating to the frontal and the parietal bones; fronto-nasal, etc.

Fron•ton´ , n. [F., a pediment. See Front.] (Arch.) Same as Frontal, 2.

Frop´pish , a. [Cf. Frap, Frape.] Peevish; froward. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Frore , adv. [See Frorn.] Frostily. [Obs.] “The parching air
Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire.” Milton.

Frorn , p. a. [AS. froren, p. p. of freósun to freeze. See Freeze.] Frozen. [Obs.] “Well nigh frorn I feel.” Spenser.

Fro´ry , a. [AS. freórig. See Frorn.] 1. Frozen; stiff with cold. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Covered with a froth like hoarfrost. [Archaic] “The foaming steed with frory bit to steer.” Fairfax.

Frost (frost; 115), n. [OE. frost, forst, AS. forst, frost. fr. freósan to freeze; akin to D. varst, G., OHG., Icel., Dan., & Sw. frost. rad.18. See Freeze, v. i.] 1. The act of freezing; — applied chiefly to the congelation of water; congelation of fluids. 2. The state or temperature of the air which occasions congelation, or the freezing of water; severe cold or freezing weather. “The third bay comes a frost, a killing frost.” Shak. 3. Frozen dew; — called also hoarfrost or white frost. “He scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes.” Ps. cxlvii. 16. 4. Coldness or insensibility; severity or rigidity of character. [R.] “It was of those moments of intense feeling when the frost of the Scottish people melts like a snow wreath.” Sir W. Scott. Black frost, cold so intense as to freeze vegetation and cause it to turn black, without the formation of hoarfrost. — Frost bearer (Physics), a philosophical instrument illustrating the freezing of water in a vacuum; a cryophorus. — Frost grape (Bot.), an American grape, with very small, acid berries. — Frost lamp, a lamp placed below the oil tube of an Argand lamp to keep the oil limpid on cold nights; — used especially in lighthouses. Knight. — Frost nail, a nail with a sharp head driven into a horse’s shoe to keep him from slipping. — Frost smoke, an appearance resembling smoke, caused by congelation of vapor in the atmosphere in time of severe cold. “The brig and the ice round her are covered by a strange black
obscurity: it is the frost smoke of arctic winters.” Kane. — Frost valve, a valve to drain the portion of a pipe, hydrant, pump, etc., where water would be liable to freeze. — Jack Frost, a popular personification of frost.

Frost , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Frosting.] 1. To injure by frost; to freeze, as plants. 2. To cover with hoarfrost; to produce a surface resembling frost upon, as upon cake, metals, or glass. “While with a hoary light she frosts the ground.” Wordsworth. 3. To roughen or sharpen, as the nail heads or calks of horseshoes, so as to fit them for frosty weather.

Frost´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The golden plover.

Frost´bite , n. The freezing, or effect of a freezing, of some part of the body, as the ears or nose. Kane.
[1913 Webster]

Frost•bite´, v. t. To expose to the effect of frost, or a frosty air; to blight or nip with frost. “My wife up and with Mrs. Pen to walk in the fields to frostbite themselves.” Pepys.

Frost•-bit´ten , p. a. Nipped, withered, or injured, by frost or freezing.

Frost•-blite´ , n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Atriplex; orache. Gray. (b) The lamb’s- quarters (Chenopodium album). Dr. Prior.

Frost´ed, a. Covered with hoarfrost or anything resembling hoarfrost; ornamented with frosting; also frost-bitten; as a frosted cake; frosted glass. “Frosted work is introduced as a foil or contrast to burnished work.” Knight.

Frost•fish´ , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The tomcod; — so called because it is abundant on the New England coast in autumn at about the commencement of frost. See Tomcod. (b) The smelt. [Local, U. S.] (c) A name applied in New Zealand to the scabbard fish (Lepidotus) valued as a food fish.

Frost´i•ly , adv. In a frosty manner.

Frost´i•ness, n. State or quality of being frosty.

Frost´ing, n. 1. A composition of sugar and beaten egg, used to cover or ornament cake, pudding, etc. 2. A lusterless finish of metal or glass; the process of producing such a finish.

Frost´less, a. Free from frost; as a frostless winter.

Frost´weed , n. (Bot.) An American species of rockrose (Helianthemum Canadense), sometimes used in medicine as an astringent or aromatic tonic. It has large yellow flowers which are often sterile, and later it has abundant but inconspicuous flowers which bear seed. It is so called because, late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root; — called also frostwort.

Frost•work´ , n. The figurework, often fantastic and delicate, which moisture sometimes forms in freezing, as upon a window pane or a flagstone.

Frost•wort´ , n. (Bot.) Same as Frostweed.

Frost´y , a. [Cf. AS. fyrstig.] 1. Attended with, or producing, frost; having power to congeal water; cold; freezing; as a frosty night. 2. Covered with frost; as the grass is frosty. 3. Chill in affection; without warmth of affection or courage. Johnson. 4. Appearing as if covered with hoarfrost; white; gray-haired; as a frosty head. Shak.

Frote , v. t. [F. frotter.] To rub or wear by rubbing; to chafe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fro´ter•er , n. One who frotes; one who rubs or chafes. [Obs.] Marston.

Froth , n. [OE. frothe, Icel. froða; akin to Dan. fraade, Sw. fradga, AS. afreoðan to froth.] 1. The bubbles caused in fluids or liquors by fermentation or agitation; spume; foam; esp., a spume of saliva caused by disease or nervous excitement. 2. Any empty, senseless show of wit or eloquence; rhetoric without thought. Johnson. “It was a long speech, but all froth.” L’Estrange. 3. Light, unsubstantial matter. Tusser. Froth insect (Zoöl.), the cuckoo spit or frog hopper; — called also froth spit, froth worm, and froth fly. — Froth spit. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo.

Froth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frothed p. pr. & vb. n.. Frothing.] 1. To cause to foam. 2. To spit, vent, or eject, as froth. “He … froths treason at his mouth.” Dryden. “Is your spleen frothed out, or have ye more?” Tennyson. 3. To cover with froth; as a horse froths his chain.

Froth, v. i. To throw up or out spume, foam, or bubbles; to foam; as beer froths; a horse froths.

Froth´i•ly , adv. In a frothy manner.

Froth´i•ness, n. State or quality of being frothy.

Froth´ing, n. Exaggerated declamation; rant.

Froth´less, a. Free from froth.

Froth´y , a. [Compar. Frothier superl. Frothiest.] 1. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of froth or light bubbles; spumous; foamy. 2. Not firm or solid; soft; unstable. Bacon. 3. Of the nature of froth; light; empty; unsubstantial; as a frothy speaker or harangue. Tillotson.

Frounce , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frounced p. pr. & vb. n. Frouncing ] [OE. frouncen, fronsen, to told, wrinkle, OF. froncier, F. froncer, perh. fr. an assumed LL. frontiare to wrinkle the forehead, L. frons forehead. See Front, and cf. Flounce part of a dress.] To gather into or adorn with plaits, as a dress; to form wrinkles in or upon; to curl or frizzle, as the hair. “Not tricked and frounced, as she was wont.” Milton.

Frounce, v. i. To form wrinkles in the forehead; to manifest displeasure; to frown. [Obs.] “The Commons frounced and stormed.” Holland.

Frounce, n. 1. A wrinkle, plait, or curl; a flounce; — also a frown. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. An affection in hawks, in which white spittle gathers about the hawk’s bill. Booth.

Frounce´less, a. Without frounces. Rom. of R.

Frou´zy , a. [Prov. E. frouzy froward, peevish, offensive to the eye or smell; cf. froust a musty smell, frouse to rumple, frouze to curl, and E. frounce, frowy.] Fetid, musty; rank; disordered and offensive to the smell or sight; slovenly; dingy. See Frowzy. ´Petticoats in frouzy heaps.´ Swift.

Frow , n. [D. vrouw; akin to G. frau woman, wife, goth, fráuja master, lord, AS. freá.] 1. A woman; especially, a Dutch or German woman. Beau. & Fl. 2. A dirty woman; a slattern. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Frow , n. [Cf. Frower.] A cleaving tool with handle at right angles to the blade, for splitting cask staves and shingles from the block; a frower.

Frow , a. Brittle. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Fro´ward , a. [Fro + - ward. See Fro, and cf. Fromward.] Not willing to yield or compIy with what is required or is reasonable; perverse; disobedient; peevish; as a froward child. “A froward man soweth strife.” Prov. xvi. 28. “A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing as innovation.” Bacon. Syn. — Untoward; wayward; unyielding; ungovernable: refractory; obstinate; petulant; cross; peevish. See Perverse. — Fro´ward•ly, adv. — Fro´ward•ness, n.

Frow´er , n. [Cf. frow a frower, and Prov. E, frommard.] A tool. See 2d Frow. Tusser.

Frow´ey , a. [See Frow, a.] (Carp.) Working smoothly, or without splitting; — said of timber.

Frown , v. i. [imp. &, p. p. Frowned p. pr. & vb. n. Frowning.] [OF. froignier, F. frogner, in se refrogner, se renfrogner, to knit the brow, to frown; perh. of Teutonic origin; cf. It. in frigno wrinkled, frowning, Prov. It. frignare to cringe the face, to make a wry face, dial. Sw. fryna to make a wry face,] 1. To contract the brow in displeasure, severity, or sternness; to scowl; to put on a stern, grim, or surly look. “The frowning wrinkle of her brow.” Shak. 2. To manifest displeasure or disapprobation; to look with disfavor or threateningly; to lower; as polite society frowns upon rudeness. “The sky doth frown and lower upon our army.” Shak.

Frown, v. t. To repress or repel by expressing displeasure or disapproval; to rebuke with a look; as frown the impudent fellow into silence.

Frown, n. 1. A wrinkling of the face in displeasure, rebuke, etc.; a sour, severe, or stere look; a scowl. “His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.” Prior. “Her very frowns are fairer far
Than smiles of other maidens are.” H. Coleridge. 2. Any expression of displeasure; as the frowns of Providence; the frowns of Fortune.

Frown´ing•ly, adv. In a frowning manner.

Frown´y , a. Frowning; scowling. [Obs.] “Her frowny mother’s ragged shoulder.” Sir F. Palgrave.

Frow´y , a. [Cf. Frowzy, Frouzy.] Musty. rancid; as frowy butter. ´Frowy feed.´ Spenser

Frow´zy , a. [See Frouzy.] Slovenly; unkempt; untidy; frouzy. ´With head all frowzy.´ Spenser. “The frowzy soldiers’ wives hanging out clothes.” W. D. Howells.

Froze , imp. of Freeze.

Fro´zen , a. 1. Congealed with cold; affected by freezing; as a frozen brook. “They warmed their frozen feet.” Dryden. 2. Subject to frost, or to long and severe cold; chilly; as the frozen north; the frozen zones. 3. Cold-hearted; unsympathetic; unyielding. [R.] “Be not ever frozen, coy.” T. Carew.

Fro´zen•ness, n. A state of being frozen.

Frub´ish , v. t. [See Furbish.] To rub up: to furbish. [Obs.] Beau. c& Et.

Fruc´ted , a. [L. fructus fruit. See Fruit.] (Her.) Bearing fruit; — said of a tree or plant so represented upon an escutcheon. Cussans.

Fruc•tes´cence , n. [L. fructus fruit.] (Bot.) The maturing or ripening of fruit. [R.] Martyn.

Fruc•tic´u•lose , a. Fruitful; full of fruit.

Fruc•ti•dor´ , n. [F., fr. L. fructus fruit.] The twelfth month of the French republican calendar; — commencing August 18, and ending September 16. See Vendemiaire.

Fruc•tif´er•uos , a. [L. fructifer; fructus fruit + ferre to bear; cf. F. fructifère.] Bearing or producing fruit. Boyle.

Fruc•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. fructificatio: cf. F. fructification.] 1. The act of forming or producing fruit; the act of fructifying, or rendering productive of fruit; fecundation. “The prevalent fructification of plants.” Sir T. Brown. 2. (Bot.) (a) The collective organs by which a plant produces its fruit, or seeds, or reproductive spores. (b) The process of producing fruit, or seeds, or spores.

Fruc´ti•fy (fruk´ti•fi), v. i. [F. fructifier, L. fructificare; fructus fruit + -ficare (only in comp.), akin to L. facere to make. See Fruit, and Fact.] To bear fruit. ´Causeth the earth to fructify.´ Beveridge.

Fruc´ti•fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fructified p. pr. & vb. n. Fructifying.] To make fruitful; to render productive; to fertilize; as to fructify the earth.

Fruc•tose´ (fruk•tos´ or fruk´tos), n. [L. fructus fruit.] (Chem.) Fruit sugar; levulose. [R.]

Fruc´tu•a•ry (fruk´tu•a•ry), n.; pl. Fructuaries (- riz). [L. fructuarius.] One who enjoys the profits, income, or increase of anything. “Kings are not proprietors nor fructuaries.” Prynne.

Fruc´tu•a•tion (-a´shun), n. Produce; fruit. [R.]

Fruc´tu•ous , a. [L. fructuosus: cf, F. fructueux.] Fruitful; productive; profitable. [Obs.] “Nothing fructuous or profitable.” Chaucer. — Fruc´tu•ous•ly, adv. — Fruc´tu•ous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Fruc´ture , n. [L. frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy. See Fruit, n.] Use; fruition; enjoyment. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Frue´ van´ner [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mining) A moving, inclined, endless apron on which ore is concentrated by a current of water; a kind of buddle.

Fru´gal , a. [L. frugalis, fr. frugi, lit., for fruit; hence, fit for food, useful, proper, temperate, the dative of frux, frugis, fruit, akin to E. fruit: cf. F. frugal. See Fruit, n.] 1. Economical in the use or appropriation of resources; not wasteful or lavish; wise in the expenditure or application of force, materials, time, etc.; characterized by frugality; sparing; economical; saving; as a frugal housekeeper; frugal of time. “I oft admire
How Nature, wise and frugal, could commit
Such disproportions.” Milton. 2. Obtained by, or appropriate to, economy; as a frugal fortune. ´Frugal fare.´ Dryden.

Fru•gal´i•ty , n.; pl. Frugalities (#). [L. frugalitas: cf. F. frugalite.] 1. The quality of being frugal; prudent economy; that careful management of anything valuable which expends nothing unnecessarily, and applies what is used to a profitable purpose; thrift; —- opposed to extravagance. “Frugality is founded on the principle that all riches have
limits.” Burke. 2. A sparing use; sparingness; as frugality of praise. Syn. — Economy; parsimony. See Economy.

Fru´gal•ly , adv. Thriftily; prudently.

Fru´gal•ness, n. Quality of being frugal; frugality.

Fru•gif´er•ous , a. [L. frugifer; frux, frugis, fruit + ferre to bear: cf. F. frugifere.] Producing fruit; fruitful; fructiferous. Dr. H. More.

Fru•giv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Frugivorous.] (Zoöl.) The fruit bate; a group of the Cheiroptera, comprising the bats which live on fruits. See Eruit bat, under Fruit.

Fru•giv´o•rous , a. [L. frux, frugis, fruit + vorare to devour.: cf. F. frugivore.] Feeding on fruit, as birds and other animals. Pennant.

Fruit , n. [OE. fruit, frut, F. fruit, from L. fructus enjoyment, product, fruit, from frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy; akin to E. brook, v. t. See Brook, v. t., and cf. Fructify, Frugal.] 1. Whatever is produced for the nourishment or enjoyment of man or animals by the processes of vegetable growth, as corn, grass, cotton, flax, etc.; — commonly used in the plural. “Six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in the
fruits thereof.” Ex. xxiii. 10. 2. (Hort.) The pulpy, edible seed vessels of certain plants, especially those grown on branches above ground, as apples, oranges, grapes, melons, berries, etc. See 3. 3. (Bot.) The ripened ovary of a flowering plant, with its contents and whatever parts are consolidated with it. Fruits are classified as fleshy, drupaceous, and dry. Fleshy fruits include berries, gourds, and melons, orangelike fruits and pomes; drupaceous fruits are stony within and fleshy without, as peaches, plums, and cherries; and dry fruits are further divided into achenes, follicles, legumes, capsules, nuts, and several other kinds.
[1913 Webster] 4. (Bot.) The spore cases or conceptacles of flowerless plants, as of ferns, mosses, algae, etc., with the spores contained in them. 6. The produce of animals; offspring; young; as the fruit of the womb, of the loins, of the body. “King Edward’s fruit, true heir to the English crown.” Shak. 6. That which is produced; the effect or consequence of any action; advantageous or desirable product or result; disadvantageous or evil consequence or effect; as the fruits of labor, of self-denial, of intemperance. “The fruit of rashness.” Shak. “What I obtained was the fruit of no bargain.” Burke. “They shall eat the fruit of their doings.” Is. iii 10. “The fruits of this education became visible.” Macaulay. Fruit is frequently used adjectively, signifying of, for, or pertaining to a fruit or fruits; as fruit bud; fruit frame; fruit jar; fruit knife; fruit loft; fruit show; fruit stall; fruit tree; etc. Fruit bat (Zoöl.), one of the Frugivora; — called also fruit-eating bat. — Fruit bud (Bot.), a bud that produces fruit; — in most oplants the same as the power bud. Fruit dot (Bot.), a collection of fruit cases, as in ferns. See Sorus. — Fruit fly (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Drosophila, which lives in fruit, in the larval state. — Fruit jar, a jar for holding preserved fruit, usually made of glass or earthenware. — Fruit pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons of the family Carpophagidae, inhabiting India, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. They feed largely upon fruit. and are noted for their beautiful colors. — Fruit sugar (Chem.), a kind of sugar occurring, naturally formed, in many ripe fruits, and in honey; levulose. The name is also though rarely, applied to invert sugar, or to the natural mixture or dextrose and levulose resembling it, and found in fruits and honey. — Fruit tree (Hort.), a tree cultivated for its edible fruit. — Fruit worm (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of insect larvae: which live in the interior of fruit. They are mostly small species of Lepidoptera and Diptera. — Small fruits (Hort.), currants, raspberries, strawberries, etc.

Fruit , v. i. To bear fruit. Chesterfield.

Fruit´age , n. [F. fruitage.] 1. Fruit, collectively; fruit, in general; fruitery. “The trees … ambrosial fruitage bear.” Milton. 2. Product or result of any action; effect, good or ill.

Fruit´er , a. A ship for carrying fruit.

Fruit´er•er , n. [Cf. F. fruitier.] One who deals in fruit; a seller of fruits.

Fruit´er•ess, n. A woman who sells fruit.

Fruit´er•y , n.; pl. Fruiteries (#). [F. fruiterie place where fruit is kept, in OF. also fruitage.] 1. Fruit, taken collectively; fruitage. J. Philips. 2. A repository for fruit. Johnson.

Fruit´es•tere , n. A fruiteress. [Obs.]

Fruit´ful , a. Full of fruit; producing fruit abundantly; bearing results; prolific; fertile; liberal; bountiful; as a fruitful tree, or season, or soil; a fruitful wife. — Fruit´ful•ly, adv. — Fruit´ful•ness, n. “Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth.” Gen. i. 28. “[Nature] By disburdening grows
More fruitful.” Milton. “The great fruitfulness of the poet’s fancy.” Addison. Syn. — Fertile; prolific; productive; fecund; plentiful; rich; abundant; plenteous. See Fertile.

Fruit´ing, a. Pertaining to, or producing, fruit.

Fruit´ing, n. The bearing of fruit.

Fru•i´tion , n. [OF. fruition, L. fruitio, enjoyment, fr. L. frui, p. p. fruitus, to use or enjoy. See Fruit, n.] Use or possession of anything, especially such as is accompanied with pleasure or satisfaction; pleasure derived from possession or use. ´Capacity of fruition.´ Rogers. ´Godlike fruition.´ Milton. “Where I may have fruition of her love.” Shak.

Fru´i•tive , a. [See Fruition.] Enjoying; possessing. [Obs.] Boyle.

Fruit´less , a. 1. Lacking, or not bearing, fruit; barren; destitute of offspring; as a fruitless tree or shrub; a fruitless marriage. Shak. 2. Productive of no advantage or good effect; vain; idle; useless; unprofitable; as a fruitless attempt; a fruitless controversy. “They in mutual accusation spent
The fruitless hours.” Milton. Syn. — Useless; barren; unprofitable; abortive; ineffectual; vain; idle; profitless. See Useless. — Fruit´less•ly, adv. — Fruit´lness•ness, n.

Fruit’y , a. Having the odor, taste, or appearance of fruit; also fruitful. Dickens.

Fru´men•ta´ceous , a. [L. frumentaceus, fr. frumentum corn or grain, from the root of frux fruit: cf. F. frumentace. See Frugal.] Made of, or resembling, wheat or other grain.

Fru•men•ta´ri•ous , a. [L. frumentarius.] Of or pertaining to wheat or grain. [R.] Coles.

Fru•men•ta´tion , n. [L. frumentatio.] (Rom. Antiq.) A largess of grain bestowed upon the people, to quiet them when uneasy.

Fru´men•ty , n. [OF. fromentee, fr. L. frumentum. See Frumentaceous.] Food made of hulled wheat boiled in milk, with sugar, plums, etc. [Written also furmenty and furmity.] Halliwell.

Frump , v. t. [Cf. Prov. E. frumple to wrinkle, ruffle, D. frommelen.] To insult; to flout; to mock; to snub. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Frump, n. 1. A contemptuous speech or piece of conduct; a gibe or flout. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. A cross, old-fashioned person; esp., an old woman; a gossip. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Frump´er , n. A mocker. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Frump´ish, a. 1. Cross-tempered; scornful. [Obs.] 2. Old-fashioned, as a woman’s dress. “Our Bell … looked very frumpish.” Foote.

Frush , v. t. [F. froisser to bruise. Cf. Froise.] To batter; to break in pieces. [Obs.] “I like thine armor well;
I’ll frush it and unlock the rivets all.” Shak.

Frush, a. Easily broken; brittle; crisp.

Frush, n. Noise; clatter; crash. [R.] Southey.

Frush, n. [Cf. OE. frosch, frosk, a frog (the animal), G. frosch frog (the animal), also carney or lampass of horses. See Frog, n., 2.] 1. (Far.) The frog of a horse’s foot. 2. A discharge of a fetid or ichorous matter from the frog of a horse’s foot; — also caled thrush.

Frus´tra•ble , a. [L. frustrabilis: cf. F. frustable.] Capable of beeing frustrated or defeated.

Frus•tra´ne•ous , a. [See Frustrate, a.] Vain; useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] South.

Frus´trate , a. [L. frustratus, p. p. of frustrare, frustrari, to deceive, frustrate, fr. frustra in vain, witout effect, in erorr, prob. for frudtra and akin to fraus, E. fraud.] Vain; ineffectual; useless; unprofitable; null; voil; nugatory; of no effect. ´Our frustrate search.´ Shak.

Frus´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frustrated p. pr. & vb. n. Frustrating.] 1. To bring to nothing; to prevent from attaining a purpose; to disappoint; to defeat; to baffle; as to frustrate a plan, design, or attempt; to frustrate the will or purpose. “Shall the adversary thus obtain
His end and frustrate thine ?” Milton. 2. To make null; to nullifly; to render invalid or of no effect; as to frustrate a conveyance or deed. Syn. — To balk; thwart; foil; baffle; defeat.

Frus´trate•ly , adv. In vain. [Obs.] Vicars.

Frus•tra´tion , n. [L. frustratio: cf. OF. frustration.] The act of frustrating; disappointment; defeat; as the frustration of one’s designs

Frus´tra•tive , a. Tending to defeat; fallacious. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Frus´tra•to•ry , a. [L. frustratorius: cf. F. frustratoire.] Making void; rendering null; as a frustratory appeal. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Frus´tule , n. [L. frustulum, dim. fr. frustum a piece: cf. F. frustule.] (Bot.) The siliceous shell of a diatom. It is composed of two valves, one overlapping the other, like a pill box and its cover.

Frus´tu•lent , a. [L. frustulentus. See Frustule.] Abounding in fragments. [R.]

Frus´tum , n.; pl. L. Frusta (#), E. Frustums (#). [L. fruslum piece, bit.] 1. (Geom.) The part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the, top; or the part of any solid, as of a cone, pyramid, etc., between two planes, which may be either parallel or inclined to each other. 2. (Arch.) One of the drums of the shaft of a column.

Frut´age , n. [Cf. Fruitage.] 1. A picture of fruit; decoration by representation of fruit. “The cornices consist of frutages and festoons.” Evelyn. 2. A confection of fruit. [Obs.] Nares.

Fru•tes´cent , a. [L. frutex, fruticis, shrub, bush: cf. F. frutescent, L. fruticescens, p. pr.] (Bot.) Somewhat shrubby in character; imperfectly shrubby, as the American species of Wistaria.

Fru´tex , n. [L.] (Bot.) A plant having a woody, durable stem, but less than a tree; a shrub.

Fru´ti•cant , a. [L. fruticans, p. pr. of fruticare, to become bushy, fr. frutex, fruticis, shrub.] Full of shoots. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Fru´ti•cose , a. [L. fruticosus, from frutex, fruticis, shrub] (Bot.) Pertaining to a shrub or shrubs; branching like a shrub; shrubby; shrublike; as a fruticose stem. Gray.

Fru´ti•cous , a. (Bot.) Fruticose. [R.]

Fru•tic´u•lose , a. [Dim. fr. L. fruticosus bushy: cf. F. fruticuleux.] (Bot.) Like, or pertaining to, a small shrub. Gray.

Fry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fried p. pr. & vb. n. Frying.] [OE. frien, F. frire, fr. L. frigere to roast, parch, fry, cf. Gr. , Skr. bhrajj. Cf. Fritter.] To cook in a pan or on a griddle (esp. with the use of fat, butter, or olive oil) by heating over a fire; to cook in boiling lard or fat; as to fry fish; to fry doughnuts.

Fry, v. i. 1. To undergo the process of frying; to be subject to the action of heat in a frying pan, or on a griddle, or in a kettle of hot fat. 2. To simmer; to boil. [Obs.] “With crackling flames a caldron fries.” Dryden “The frothy billows fry.” Spenser. 3. To undergo or cause a disturbing action accompanied with a sensation of heat. “To keep the oil from frying in the stomach.” Bacon. 4. To be agitated; to be greatly moved. [Obs.] “What kindling motions in their breasts do fry.” Fairfax.

Fry, n. 1. A dish of anything fried. 2. A state of excitement; as to be in a fry. [Colloq.]

Fry, n. [OE. fri, fry, seed, descendants, cf. OF. froye spawning, spawn of. fishes, little fishes, fr. L. fricare tosub (see Friction), but cf. also Icel. frae, frjo, seed, Sw. & Dan. frö, Goth. fraiw seed, descendants.] 1. (Zoöl.) The young of any fish. 2. A swarm or crowd, especially of little fishes; young or small things in general. “The fry of children young.” Spenser. “To sever … the good fish from the other fry.” Milton. “We have burned two frigates, and a hundred and twenty small fry.” Walpole.

Fry´ing, n. The process denoted by the verb fry. Frying pan, an iron pan with a long handle, used for frying meat, vegetables, etc.

Fu´age , n. Same as Fumage.

Fu´ar , n. Same as Feuar.

Fub , Fubs , n. [Cf. Fob a pocket.] A plump young person or child. [Obs.] Smart.

Fub, v. t. [The same word as fob to cheat.] To put off by trickery; to cheat. [Obs.] “I have been fubbed off, and fubbed off, and fabbed off, from this day to that day.” Shak.

Fub´ber•y , n. Cheating; deception. Marston. { Fub´by , Fub´sy } a. Plump; chubby; short and stuffy; as a fubsy sofa. [Eng.] “A fubsy, good-humored, silly … old maid.” Mme. D’Arblay. { Fu´cate , Fu´ca•ted } a. [L. fucatus, p. p. of fucare to color, paint, fr. fucus.] Painted; disguised with paint, or with false show.

Fuchs , n. [G., prop., a fox.] (German Univ.) A student of the first year.

Fuch´si•a , n.; pl. E. Fuchsias (#), L. Fuchsiae (#). [NL. Named after Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of flowering plants having elegant drooping flowers, with four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a single pistil. They are natives of Mexico and South America. Double- flowered varieties are now common in cultivation.

Fuch´sine , n. [Named by the French inventor, from Fuchs a fox, the German equivalent of his own name, Renard.] (Chem.) Aniline red; an artificial coal-tar dyestuff, of a metallic green color superficially, resembling cantharides, but when dissolved forming a brilliant dark red. It consists of a hydrochloride or acetate of rosaniline. See Rosaniline.

Fu•civ´o•rous , a. [Fucus + L. vorare to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating fucus or other seaweeds.

Fu´coid , a. [Fucus + - oid.] (Bot.) (a) Properly, belonging to an order of alga: (Fucoideae) which are blackish in color, and produce oöspores which are not fertilized until they have escaped from the conceptacle. The common rockweeds and the gulfweed (Sargassum) are fucoid in character. (b) In a vague sense, resembling seaweeds, or of the nature of seaweeds.

Fu´coid, n. (Bot.) A plant, whether recent or fossil, which resembles a seaweed. See Fucoid, a.

Fu•coid´al , a. 1. (Bot.) Fucoid. 2. (Geol.) Containing impressions of fossil fucoids or seaweeds; as fucoidal sandstone.

Fu´cus , n.; pl. Fuci (#). [L. rock lichen, orchil, used as a red dye, red or purple color, disguise, deceit.] 1. A paint; a dye; also false show. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) A genus of tough, leathery seaweeds, usually of a dull brownish green color; rockweed. Formerly most marine algae were called fuci.

Fu´cu•sol , n. [Fucus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An oily liquid, resembling, and possibly identical with, furfurol, and obtained from fucus, and other seaweeds.

Fud , n. [Of uncertain origin.] 1. The tail of a hare, coney, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. 2. Woolen waste, for mixing with mungo and shoddy.

Fud´der , n. See Fodder, a weight.

Fud´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p., Fuddled p. pr. & vb. n. Fuddling ] [Perh. formed as a kind of dim. of full. Cf. Fuzzle.] To make foolish by drink; to cause to become intoxicated. [Colloq.] “I am too fuddled to take care to observe your orders.” Steele.

Fud´dle, v. i. To drink to excess. [Colloq.]

Fud´dler , n. A drunkard. [Colloq.] Baxter.

Fudge , n. [Cf. Prov. F. fuche, feuche, an interj. of contempt.] A made-up story; stuff; nonsense; humbug; — often an exclamation of contempt.

Fudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fudged p. pr. & vb. n. Fudging.] 1. To make up; to devise; to contrive; to fabricate; as he never did the experiment, and merely fudged the data. “Fudged up into such a smirkish liveliness.” N. Fairfax. 2. To foist; to interpolate. “That last ´suppose´ is fudged in.” Foote.

Fudge´ wheel´ (Shoemaking) A tool for ornamenting the edge of a sole.

Fu•e´gi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Terra del Fuego. — n. A native of Terra del Fuego.

Fu´el , n. [OF. fouail, fuail, or fouaille, fuaille, LL. focalium, focale, fr. L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL., fire. See Focus.] [Formerly written also fewel.] 1. Any matter used to produce heat by burning; that which feeds fire; combustible matter used for fires, as wood, coal, peat, etc. 2. Anything that serves to feed or increase passion or excitement. Artificial fuel, fuel consisting of small particles, as coal dust, sawdust, etc., consolidated into lumps or blocks.

Fu´el, v. t. 1. To feed with fuel. [Obs.] “Never, alas I the dreadful name,
That fuels the infernal flame.” Cowley. 2. To store or furnish with fuel or firing. [Obs.] “Well watered and well fueled.” Sir H. Wotton.

Fu´el•er , n. One who, or that which, supplies fuel. [R.] [Written also fueller.] Donne.

Fu•e´ro , n. [Sp., fr. L. forum.] (Sp. Law) (a) A code; a charter; a grant of privileges. (b) A custom having the force of law. (c) A declaration by a magistrate. (d) A place where justice is administered. (e) The jurisdiction of a tribunal. Burrill.

Fuff , v. t. & i. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Puff.] To puff. [Prov. Eng. A Local, U. S.] Halliwel.

Fuff´y, a. Light; puffy. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.]

Fu´ga , n. [It.] (Mus.) A fugue.

Fu•ga´cious , a. [L. fugax, fugacis, from fugere: cf. F. fugace. See Fugitive.] 1. Flying, or disposed to fly; fleeing away; lasting but a short time; volatile. “Much of its possessions is so hid, so fugacious, and of so uncertain purchase.” Jer. Taylor. 2. (Biol.) Fleeting; lasting but a short time; — applied particularly to organs or parts which are short-lived as compared with the life of the individual.

Fu•ga´cious•ness, n. Fugacity. [Obs.]

Fu•gac´i•ty , a. [L fugacitas: cf. F. fugacite.] 1. The quality of being fugacious; fugaclousness; volatility; as fugacity of spirits. Boyle. 2. Uncertainty; instability. Johnson.

Fu´ga•cy , n. Banishment. [Obs.] Milton.

Fu•ga´to , a. (Mus.) in the gugue style, but not strictly like a fugue. — n. A composition resembling a fugue.

Fugh , interj. An exclamation of disgust; foh; faugh. Dryden.

Fu•ghet´ta , n. [It.] (Mus.) a short, condensed fugue. Grove.

Fu´gi•tive , a. [OE. fugitif, F. fugitif, fr. L. fugitivus, fr. fugere to flee. See Bow to bend, and cf. Feverfew.] 1. Fleeing from pursuit, danger, restraint, etc., escaping, from service, duty etc.; as a fugitive solder; a fugitive slave; a fugitive debtor. “The fugitive Parthians follow.” Shak. “Can a fugitive daughter enjoy herself while her parents are in tear?” Richardson “A libellous pamphlet of a fugitive physician.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. Not fixed; not durable; liable to disappear or fall away; volatile; uncertain; evanescent; liable to fade; — applied to material and immaterial things; as fugitive colors; a fugitive idea. “The me more tender and fugitive parts, the leaves … of vegatables.” Woodward. Fugitive compositions, Such as are short and occasional, and so published that they quickly escape notice. Syn. — Fleeting; unstable; wandering; uncertain; volatile; fugacious; fleeing; evanescent.

Fu´gi•tive , n. 1. One who flees from pursuit, danger, restraint, service, duty, etc.; a deserter; as a fugitive from justice. 2. Something hard to be caught or detained. “Or Catch that airy fugitive called wit.” Harte. Fugitive from justice (Law), one who, having committed a crime in one jurisdiction, flees or escapes into another to avoid punishment.

Fu´gi•tive•ly, adv. In a fugitive manner.

Fu´gi•tive•ness, n. The quality or condition of being fugitive; evanescence; volatility; fugacity; instability.

Fu´gle , v. i. To maneuver; to move hither and thither. [Colloq.] “Wooden arms with elbow joints jerking and fugling in the
air.” Carlyle.

Fu´gle•man , n.; pl. Fuglemen (#). [G. flügelmann file leader; flügel wing (akin to E. fly) + mann man. Cf. Flugrelman.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier especially expert and well drilled, who takes his place in front of a military company, as a guide for the others in their exercises; a file leader. He originally stood in front of the right wing. [Written also flugelman.] 2. Hence, one who leads the way. [Jocose]

Fugue , n. [F., fr. It. fuga, fr. L. fuga a fleeing, flight, akin to fugere to fiee. See Fugitive.] (Mus.) A polyphonic composition, developed from a given theme or themes, according to strict contrapuntal rules. The theme is first given out by one voice or part, and then, while that pursues its way, it is repeated by another at the interval of a fifth or fourth, and so on, until all the parts have answered one by one, continuing their several melodies and interweaving them in one complex progressive whole, in which the theme is often lost and reappears. “All parts of the scheme are eternally chasing each other, like the parts of a fugue.” Jer. Taylor.

Fu´guist , n. (Mus.) A musician who composes or performs fugues. Busby.

-ful [See Full, a.] A suffix signifying full of, abounding with; as boastful, harmful, woeful.

Fu´lahs• , Foo´lahs , n. pl.; sing. Fulah, Foolah . (Ethnol.) A peculiar African race of uncertain origin, but distinct from the negro tribes, inhabiting an extensive region of Western Soudan. Their color is brown or yellowish bronze. They are Mohammedans. Called also Fellatahs, Foulahs, and Fellani. Fulah is also used adjectively; as Fulah empire, tribes, language.

Ful´be , n. (Ethnol.) Same as Fulahs.

Ful´ci•ble , a. [L. fulcire to prop.] Capable of being propped up. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ful´ci•ment , n. [L. fulcimentum, fr. fulcire to prop.] A prop; a fulcrum. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins.

Ful´cra , n. pl. See Fulcrum.

Ful´crate , a. [See Fulcrum.] 1. (Bot.) Propped; supported by accessory organs. [R.] Gray. 2. Furnished with fulcrums.

Ful´crum , n.; pl. L. Fulcra (#), E. Fulcrums (#). [L., bedpost, fr. fulcire to prop.] 1. A prop or support. 2. (Mech.) That by which a lever is sustained, or about which it turns in lifting or moving a body. 3. (Bot.) An accessory organ such as a tendril, stipule, spine, and the like. [R.] Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The horny inferior surface of the lingua of certain insects. (b) One of the small, spiniform scales found on the front edge of the dorsal and caudal fins of many ganoid fishes. 5. (Anat.) The connective tissue supporting the framework of the retina of the eye.

Ful•fill´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulfilled p. pr. & vb. n. Fulfilling.] [OE. fulfillen, fulfullen, AS. fulfyllan; ful full + fyllan to fill. See Full, a., and Fill, v. t.] [Written also fulfil.] 1. To fill up; to make full or complete. [>Obs.] ´Fulfill her week´ Gen. xxix. 27. “Suffer thou that the children be fulfilled first, for it is not good to take the bread of children and give to hounds.” Wyclif (Mark vii. 27). 2. To accomplish or carry into effect, as an intention, promise, or prophecy, a desire, prayer, or requirement, etc.; to complete by performance; to answer the requisitions of; to bring to pass, as a purpose or design; to effectuate. “He will, fulfill the desire of them fear him.” Ps. cxlv. 199. “Here Nature seems fulfilled in all her ends.” Milton. “Servants must their masters’ minds fulfill.” Shak.

Ful•fill´er , n. One who fulfills. South.

Ful•fill´ment , n. [Written also fulfilment.] 1. The act of fulfilling; accomplishment; completion; as the fulfillment of prophecy. 2. Execution; performance; as the fulfillment of a promise.

Fulgen•cy , n. [See fulgent.] Brightness; splendor; glitter; effulgence. Bailey.

Ful´gent , a. [L. fulgens, -entis, p. pr. of fulgere to flash, glitter, shine, akin to Gr. to burn. See Phlox, Flagrant.] Exquisitely bright; shining; dazzling; effulgent. “Other Thracians … fulgent morions wore.” Glower.

Ful´gent•ly, adv. Dazzlingly; glitteringly.

Ful´gid , a. [L. fulgidus. See Fulgent.] Shining; glittering; dazzling. [R.] Pope.

Ful•gid´i•ty , n. Splendor; resplendence; effulgence. [R.] Bailey.

Ful´gor , n. [L. fulgor, fr. fulgere to shine.] Dazzling brightness; splendor. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ful´gu•rant a. [L. fulgurans, p. pr. of fulgurare.] Lightening. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Ful´gu•ra´ta , n. [NL.] (Electricity) A spectro-electric tube in which the decomposition of a liquid by the passage of an electric spark is observed. Knight.

Ful´gu•rate , v. i. [L. fulguratus, p. p. of fulgurare to flash, fr. fulgur lightning, fr. fulgere to shine. See Fulgent.] To flash as lightning. [R.]

Ful´gu•ra•ting , a. (Med.) Resembling lightning; — used to describe intense lancinating pains accompanying locomotor ataxy.

Ful´gu•ra•tion , n. [L. fulguratio: cf. F. fulguration.] 1. The act of lightening. [R.] Donne. 2. (Assaying) The sudden brightening of a fused globule of gold or silver, when the last film of the oxide of lead or copper leaves its surface; — also called blick. “A phenomenon called, by the old chemists, fulguration.” Ure.

Ful´gu•rite , n. [L. fulguritus, p. p. of fulgurire to strike with lightning, fr. fulgur lightning: cf. F. fulgurite.] A vitrified sand tube produced by the striking of lightning on sand; a lightning tube; also the portion of rock surface fused by a lightning discharge.

Ful´gu•ry , n. [L. fulgur.] Lightning. [Obs.]

Ful´ham , n. [So named because supposed to have been chiefly made at Fulham, in Middlesex, Eng.] A false die. [Cant] [Written also fullam.] Shak.

Fu•lig´i•nos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fuliginosite.] The condition or quality of being fuliginous; sootiness; matter deposited by smoke. [R.]

Fu•lig´i•nous , a. [L. fuliginosus, from fuligo soot: cf. F. fuligineux. See Fume.] 1. Pertaining to soot; sooty; dark; dusky. 2. Pertaining to smoke; resembling smoke.

Fu•lig´i•nous•ly, adv. In a smoky manner.

Fu´li•mart , n. Same as Foumart.

Full (ful), a. [Compar. Fuller (-er); superl. Fullest.] [OE. & AS. ful; akin to OS. ful, D. vol, OHG. fol, G. voll, Icel. fullr, Sw. full, Dan. fuld, Goth. fulls, L. plenus, Gr. plh•rhs, Skr. purna full, pra to fill, also to Gr. poly•s much, E. poly-, pref., G. viel, AS. fela. rad.80. Cf. Complete, Fill, Plenary, Plenty.] 1. Filled up, having within its limits all that it can contain; supplied; not empty or vacant; — said primarily of hollow vessels, and hence of anything else; as a cup full of water; a house full of people. “Had the throne been full, their meeting would not have been regular.” Blackstone. 2. Abundantly furnished or provided; sufficient in quantity, quality, or degree; copious; plenteous; ample; adequate; as a full meal; a full supply; a full voice; a full compensation; a house full of furniture. 3. Not wanting in any essential quality; complete; entire; perfect; adequate; as a full narrative; a person of full age; a full stop; a full face; the full moon. “It came to pass, at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh
dreamed.” Gen. xii. 1. “The man commands
Like a full soldier.” Shak. “I can not
Request a fuller satisfaction
Than you have freely granted.” Ford. 4. Sated; surfeited. “I am full of the burnt offerings of rams.” Is. i. 11. 5. Having the mind filled with ideas; stocked with knowledge; stored with information. “Reading maketh a full man.” Bacon. 6. Having the attention, thoughts, etc., absorbed in any matter, and the feelings more or less excited by it, as to be full of some project. “Every one is full of the miracles done by cold baths on decayed and weak constitutions.” Locke. 7. Filled with emotions. “The heart is so full that a drop overfills it.” Lowell. 8. Impregnated; made pregnant. [Obs.] “Ilia, the fair, … full of Mars.” Dryden. At full, when full or complete. Shak. — Full age (Law) the age at which one attains full personal rights; majority; — in England and the United States the age of 21 years. Abbott. — Full and by (Naut.), sailing closehauled, having all the sails full, and lying as near the wind as poesible. — Full band (Mus.), a band in which all the instruments are employed. — Full binding, the binding of a book when made wholly of leather, as distinguished from half binding. — Full bottom, a kind of wig full and large at the bottom. — Full brother or sister, a brother or sister having the same parents as another. — Full cry (Hunting), eager chase; — said of hounds that have caught the scent, and give tongue together. — Full dress, the dress prescribed by authority or by etiquette to be worn on occasions of ceremony. — Full hand (Poker), three of a kind and a pair. — Full moon. (a) The moon with its whole disk illuminated, as when opposite to the sun. (b) The time when the moon is full. — Full organ (Mus.), the organ when all or most stops are out. — Full score (Mus.), a score in which all the parts for voices and instruments are given. — Full sea, high water. — Full swing, free course; unrestrained liberty; ´Leaving corrupt nature to … the full swing and freedom of its own extravagant actings.´ South (Colloq.) — In full, at length; uncontracted; unabridged; written out in words, and not indicated by figures. — In full blast. See under Blast.

Full , n. Complete measure; utmost extent; the highest state or degree. “The swan’s-down feather,
That stands upon the swell at full of tide.” Shak. Full of the moon, the time of full moon.

Full, adv. Quite; to the same degree; without abatement or diminution; with the whole force or effect; thoroughly; completely; exactly; entirely. “The pawn I proffer shall be full as good.” Dryden. “The diapason closing full in man.” Dryden. “Full in the center of the sacred wood.” Addison. Full is placed before adjectives and adverbs to heighten or strengthen their signification. ´Full sad.´ Milton. ´Master of a full poor cell.´ Shak. ´Full many a gem of purest ray serene.´ T. Gray. Full is also prefixed to participles to express utmost extent or degree; as full-bloomed, full-blown, full-crammed full-grown, full-laden, full-stuffed, etc. Such compounds, for the most part, are self-defining.

Full, v. i. To become full or wholly illuminated; as the moon fulls at midnight.

Full, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulled p. pr. & vb. n. Fulling.] [OE. fullen, OF. fuler, fouler, F. fouler, LL. fullare, fr. L. fullo fuller, cloth fuller, cf. Gr. shining, white, AS. fullian to whiten as a fuller, to baptize, fullere a fuller. Cf. Defile to foul, Foil to frustrate, Fuller. n. ] To thicken by moistening, heating, and pressing, as cloth; to mill; to make compact; to scour, cleanse, and thicken in a mill.

Full, v. i. To become fulled or thickened; as this material fulls well.

Full´age , n. The money or price paid for fulling or cleansing cloth. Johnson.

Ful´lam , n. A false die. See Fulham.

Full´-blood•ed , a. 1. Having a full supply of blood. 2. Of pure blood; thoroughbred; as a full-blooded horse.

Full´-bloomed , a. Like a perfect blossom. ´Full-bloomed lips.´ Crashaw.

Full´-blown , a. 1. Fully expanded, as a blossom; as a full-bloun rose. Denham. 2. Fully distended with wind, as a sail. Dryden.

Full´-bot´tomed , a. 1. Full and large at the bottom, as wigs worn by certain civil officers in Great Britain. 2. (Naut.) Of great capacity below the water line.

Full´-butt´ , adv. With direct and violent opposition; with sudden collision. [Colloq.] L’Estrange.

Full•-drive´ , adv. With full speed. [Colloq.]

Full´er , n. [AS. fullere, fr. L. fullo. See Full, v. t.] One whose occupation is to full cloth. Fuller’s earth, a variety of clay, used in scouring and cleansing cloth, to imbibe grease. — Fuller’s herb (Bot.), the soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), formerly used to remove stains from cloth. — Fuller’s thistle or weed (Bot.), the teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) whose burs are used by fullers in dressing cloth. See Teasel.

Full´er, n. [From Full, a.] (Blacksmith’s Work) A die; a half- round set hammer, used for forming grooves and spreading iron; — called also a creaser.

Full´er, v. t. To form a groove or channel in, by a fuller or set hammer; as to fuller a bayonet.

Full´er•y , n.; pl. Fulleries . The place or the works where the fulling of cloth is carried on.

Full´-formed , a. Full in form or shape; rounded out with flesh. “The full-formed maids of Afric.” Thomson.

Full´-grown , a. Having reached the limits of growth; mature. ´Full-grown wings.´ Lowell.

Full´-heart•ed , a. Full of courage or confidence. Shak.

Full´-hot , a. Very fiery. Shak.

Full´ing, n. The process of cleansing, shrinking, and thickening cloth by moisture, heat, and pressure. Fulling mill, a mill for fulling cloth as by means of pesties or stampers, which alternately fall into and rise from troughs where the cloth is placed with hot water and fuller’s earth, or other cleansing materials.

Full´-manned , a. Completely furnished wiith men, as a ship.

Full´mart´ , n. See Foumart. B. Jonson.

Full´ness, n. The state of being full, or of abounding; abundance; completeness. [Written also fulness.] “´In thy presence is fullness of joy.´” Ps. xvi. 11.

Ful•lon´i•cal , a. [L. fullonicus, from fullo a cloth fuller.] Pertaining to a fuller of cloth. [Obs.] Blount.

Full´-orbed , a. Having the orb or disk complete or fully illuminated; like the full moon.

Full´-sailed , a. Having all its sails set,; hence, without restriction or reservation. Massinger.

Full´-winged , a. 1. Having large and strong or complete wings. Shak. 2. Ready for flight; eager. [Archaic] Beau. & Fl.

Ful´ly , adv. In a full manner or degree; completely; entirely; without lack or defect; adequately; satisfactorily; as to be fully persuaded of the truth of a proposition. Fully committed (Law), committed to prison for trial, in distinction from being detained for examination. Syn. — Completely; entirely; maturely; plentifully; abundantly; plenteously; copiously; largely; amply; sufficiently; clearly; distinctly; perfectly.

Ful´mar (fulmär), n. [Icel. fulmar. See foul, and Man a gull.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds, of the family Procellariidae, allied to the albatrosses and petrels. Among the well-known species are the arctic fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) (called also fulmar petrel, malduck, and mollemock), and the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea).

Ful´mi•nant , a. [L. fulminans, p. pr. of fulminare to lighten: cf. F. fulminant.] Thundering; fulminating. [R.] Bailey.

Ful´mi•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fulminated p. pr. & vb. n. Fulminating.] [L. fulminatus, p. p. of fulminare to lighten, strike with lightning, fr. fulmen thunderbolt, fr. fulgere to shine. See Fulgent, and cf. Fulmine.] 1. To thunder; hence, to make a loud, sudden noise; to detonate; to explode with a violent report. 2. To issue or send forth decrees or censures with the assumption of supreme authority; to thunder forth menaces.

Ful´mi•nate, v. t. 1. To cause to explode. Sprat. 2. To utter or send out with denunciations or censures; — said especially of menaces or censures uttered by ecclesiastical authority. “They fulminated the most hostile of all decrees.” De Quincey.

Ful´mi•nate , n. [Cf. P. fulminate. See Fulminate, v. i.] (Chem.) (a) A salt of fulminic acid. See under Fulminic. (b) A fulminating powder. Fulminate of gold, an explosive compound of gold; — called also fulminating gold, and aurum fulminans.

Ful´mi•na´ting , a. 1. Thundering; exploding in a peculiarly sudden or violent manner. 2. Hurling denunciations, menaces, or censures. Fulminating oil, nitroglycerin. — Fulminating powder (Chem.) any violently explosive powder, but especially one of the fulminates, as mercuric fulminate.

Ful´mi•na•tion , n. [L. fulminatio a darting of lightning: cf. F. fulmination.] 1. The act of fulminating or exploding; detonation. 2. The act of thundering forth threats or censures, as with authority. 3. That which is fulminated or thundered forth; vehement menace or censure. “The fulminations from the Vatican were turned into ridicule.” Ayliffe.

Ful´mi•na•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. fulminatoire.] Thundering; striking terror. Cotgrave.

Ful´mine , v. i. [F. fulminer. See Fulminate, v.] To thunder. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton.

Ful´mine, v. t. To shoot; to dart like lightning; to fulminate; to utter with authority or vehemence. “She fulmined out her scorn of laws Salique.” Tennyson.

Ful•min´e•ous , a. [L. fulmen thunder.] Of, or concerning thunder.

Ful•min´ic , a. [Cf. F. fulminique.] Pertaining to fulmination; detonating; specifically (Chem.), pertaining to, derived from, or denoting, an acid, so called; as fulminic acid. Fulminic acid (Chem.), a complex acid, H_2C_2N_2O_2, isomeric with cyanic and cyanuric acids, and not known in the free state, but forming a large class of highly explosive salts, the fulminates. Of these, mercuric fulminate, the most common, is used, mixed with niter, to fill percussion caps, charge cartridges, etc. Fulminic acid is made by the action of nitric acid on alcohol.

Ful´mi•nu´ric , a. [Fulminic + cyanuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to fulminic and cyanuric acids, and designating an acid so called. Fulminuric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, explosive substance, H_3C_3N_3O_3, forming well known salts, and obtained from the fulminates. It is isomeric with cyanuric acid, and hence is also called isocyanuric acid.

Ful´ness , n. See Fullness.

Ful•sam´ic , a. [See Fulsome.] Fulsome. [Obs.]

Ful´some , a. [Full, a. + -some.] 1. Full; abundant; plenteous; not shriveled. [Obs.] “His lean, pale, hoar, and withered corpse grew fulsome, fair, and fresh.” Golding. 2. Offending or disgusting by overfullness, excess, or grossness; cloying; gross; nauseous; esp., offensive from excess of praise; as fulsome flattery. “And lest the fulsome artifice should fail
Themselves will hide its coarseness with a veil.” Cowper. 3. Lustful; wanton; obscene; also tending to obscenity. [Obs.] ´Fulsome ewes.´ Shak. — Ful´some•ly, adv. — Ful´some•ness, n. Dryden.

Ful´vid , a. [LL. fulvidus, fr. L. fulvus.] Fulvous. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Ful´vous , a. [L. fulvus.] Tawny; dull yellow, with a mixture of gray and brown. Lindley.

Fum , v. i. To play upon a fiddle. [Obs.] “Follow me, and fum as you go.” B. Jonson.

Fu•ma´cious , a. [From Fume.] Smoky; hence, fond of smoking; addicted to smoking tobacco.

Fu•made´ , Fu•ma´do , n.; pl. Fumades (#), Fumadoes (#). [Sp. fumodo smoked, p. p. of fumar to smoke, fr. L. fumare. See Fume, v. i.] A salted and smoked fish, as the pilchard.

Fu´mage , n. [OF. fumage, fumaige, fr. L. fumus smoke.] Hearth money. “Fumage, or fuage, vulgarly called smoke farthings.” Blackstone.

Fu´ma•rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of fumaric acid.

Fu•mar´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fumitory (Fumaria officinalis). Fumaric acid (Chem.), a widely occurring organic acid, extracted from fumitory as a white crystallline substance, C_2H_2(CO_2H)2, and produced artificially in many ways, as by the distillation of malic acid; boletic acid. It is found also in the lichen, Iceland moss, and hence was also called lichenic acid.

Fu´ma•rine , n. [L. fumus smoke, fume.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from fumitory, as a white crystalline substance.

Fu´ma•role , n. [It. fumaruola, fr. fumo smoke, L. fumus: cf. F. fumerolle, fumarolle.] A hole or spot in a volcanic or other region, from which fumes issue.

Fu´ma•to•ry , n. See Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fum´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumbled p. pr. & vb. n. Fumbling ] [Akin to D. fommelen to crumple, fumble, Sw. fumla to fusuble, famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, fumble, Icel. falme, AS. folm palm of the hand. See Feel, and cf. Fanble, Palm.] 1. To feel or grope about; to make awkward attempts to do or find something. “Adams now began to fumble in his pockets.” Fielding. 2. To grope about in perplexity; to seek awkwardly; as to fumble for an excuse. Dryden. “My understanding flutters and my memory fumbles.” Chesterfield. “Alas! how he fumbles about the domains.” Wordsworth. 3. To handle much; to play childishly; to turn over and over. “I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers.” Shak.

Fum´ble, v. t. To handle or manage awkwardly; to crowd or tumble together. Shak.

Fum´bler , n. One who fumbles.

Fum´bling•ly , adv. In the manner of one who fumbles.

Fume (fum), n. [L. fumus; akin to Skr. dhuma smoke, dhu to shake, fan a flame, cf. Gr. qy•ein to sacrifice, storm, rage, qy•mon, qy•mos, thyme, and perh. to E. dust: cf. OF. fum smoke, F. fumee. Cf. Dust, n., Femerell, Thyme.] 1. Exhalation; volatile matter (esp. noxious vapor or smoke) ascending in a dense body; smoke; vapor; reek; as the fumes of tobacco. “The fumes of new shorn hay.” T. Warton. “The fumes of undigested wine.” Dryden. 2. Rage or excitement which deprives the mind of self-control; as the fumes of passion. South. 3. Anything vaporlike, unsubstantial, or airy; idle conceit; vain imagination. “A show of fumes and fancies.” Bacon. 4. The incense of praise; inordinate flattery. “To smother him with fumes and eulogies.” Burton. In a fume, in ill temper, esp. from impatience.

Fume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumed p. pr. & vb. n. Fuming.] [Cf. F. fumer, L. fumare to smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To smoke; to throw off fumes, as in combustion or chemical action; to rise up, as vapor. “Where the golden altar fumed.” Milton. “Silenus lay,
Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain.” Roscommon. 2. To be as in a mist; to be dulled and stupefied. “Keep his brain fuming.” Shak. 3. To pass off in fumes or vapors. “Their parts are kept from fuming away by their fixity.” Cheyne. 4. To be in a rage; to be hot with anger. “He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.” Dryden. “While her mother did fret, and her father did fume.” Sir W. Scott. To fume away, to give way to excitement and displeasure; to storm; also to pass off in fumes.

Fume, v. t. 1. To expose to the action of fumes; to treat with vapors, smoke, etc.; as to bleach straw by fuming it with sulphur; to fill with fumes, vapors, odors, etc., as a room. “She fumed the temple with an odorous flame.” Dryden. 2. To praise inordinately; to flatter. “They demi-deify and fume him so.” Cowper. 3. To throw off in vapor, or as in the form of vapor. “The heat will fume away most of the scent.” Montimer. “How vicious hearts fume frenzy to the brain!” Young.

Fume´less, a. Free from fumes.

Fum´er , n. 1. One that fumes. 2. One who makes or uses perfumes. [Obs.] “Embroiderers, feather makers, fumers.” Beau. & Fl.

Fu´mer•ell , n. (Arch.) See Femerell.

Fu´met , n. [Cf. F. fumier dung, OF. femier, fr. L. fimus dung.] The dung of deer. B. Jonson. { Fu´met Fu•mette´ } n. [F. fumet odor, fume of wine or meat, fr. L. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] The stench or high flavor of game or other meat when kept long. Swift.

Fu´me•tere´ , n. Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fu´mid , a. [L. fumidus, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume.] Smoky; vaporous. Sir T. Broune. { Fu•mid´i•ty , Fu´mid•ness } n. The state of being fumid; smokiness.

Fu•mif´er•ous , a. [L. fumifer; fumus smoke + ferre to bear.] Producing smoke.

Fu•mif´u•gist , n. [L. fumus smoke + fugare to put to flight, fugere to flee.] One who, or that which, drives away smoke or fumes.

Fu´mi•fy , v. t. [Fume + - fy.] To subject to the action of smoke. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu´mi•gant , a. [L. fumigans, p. pr. of fumigare. See Fumigate.] Fuming. [R.]

Fu´mi•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fumigated p. pr. & vb. n. Fumigating ] [L. fumigate, p. p. of fumigare to fumigate, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To apply smoke to; to expose to smoke or vapor; to purify, or free from infection, by the use of smoke or vapors. 2. To smoke; to perfume. Dryden.

Fum•iga´tion , n. [Cf. F. fumigation.] 1. The act of fumigating, or applying smoke or vapor, as for disinfection. 2. Vapor raised in the process of fumigating.

Fu´mi•ga•tor , n. One who, or that which, fumigates; an apparattus for fumigating.

Fu´mi•ga•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. fumigatoire.] Having the quality of purifying by smoke. [R.]

Fum´i•ly , adv. Smokily; with fume.

Fum´ing, a. Producing fumes, or vapors. Cadet’s fuming liquid (Chem.), alkarsin. — Fuming liquor of Libavius (Old Chem.), stannic chloride; the chloride of tin, SnCl_4, forming a colorless, mobile liquid which fumes in the air. Mixed with water it solidifies to the so-called butter of tin. — Fuming sulphuric acid. (Chem.) Same as Disulphuric acid, uder Disulphuric.

Fum´ing•ly, adv. In a fuming manner; angrily. ´They answer fumingly.´ Hooker.

Fum´ish, a. Smoky; hot; choleric.

Fum´ish•ness, n. Choler; fretfulness; passion.

Fu´mi•ter , n. (Bot.) Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fu´mi•to•ry , n. [OE. fumetere, F. fumeterre, prop., smoke of the ground, fr. L. fumus smoke + terra earth. See Fume, and Terrace.] (Bot.) The common uame of several species of the genus Fumaria, annual herbs of the Old World, with finely dissected leaves and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. F. officinalis is a common species, and was formerly used as an antiscorbutic. Climbing fumitory (Bot.), the Alleghany vine (Adlumia cirrhosa); a biennial climbing plant with elegant feathery leaves and large clusters of pretty white or pinkish flowers looking like grains of rice.

Fum´mel , n. (Zoöl.) A hinny.

Fu•mos´i•ty , n. [Cf. OF. fumosite.] The fumes of drink. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fum´ous , a. [L. fumosus, fr. fumus smoke: cf. F. fumeux.] 1. Producing smoke; smoky. 2. Producing fumes; full of fumes. “Garlic, onions, mustard, and such-like fumous things.” Barough (1625).

Fum´y , a. Producing fumes; fumous. ´Drowned in fumy wine.´ H. Brooke.

Fun , n. [Perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. fonn pleasure.] Sport; merriment; frolicsome amusement. ´Oddity, frolic, and fun.´ Goldsmith. To make fun of, to hold up to, or turn into, ridicule.

Fu•nam´bu•late , v. i. [See Funambulo.] To walk or to dance on a rope.

Fu•nam´bu•la•tion , n. Ropedancing.

Fu•nam´bu•la•to•ry , a. 1. Performing like a ropedancer. Chambers. 2. Narrow, like the walk of a ropedancer. “This funambulatory track.” Sir T. Browne.

Fu•nam´bu•list , n. A ropewalker or ropedancer. { Fu•nam´bu•lo , Fu•nam´bu•lus } n. [Sp. funambulo, or It. funambolo, fr. L. funambulus; funis rope (perh. akin to E. bind) + ambulare to walk. See Amble, and cf. Funambulist.] A ropewalker or ropedancer. [Obs.] Bacon.

Func´tion , n. [L. functio, fr. fungi to perform, execute, akin to Skr. bhuj to enjoy, have the use of: cf. F. fonction. Cf. Defunct.] 1. The act of executing or performing any duty, office, or calling; performance. ´In the function of his public calling.´ Swift. 2. (Physiol.) The appropriate action of any special organ or part of an animal or vegetable organism; as the function of the heart or the limbs; the function of leaves, sap, roots, etc.; life is the sum of the functions of the various organs and parts of the body. 3. The natural or assigned action of any power or faculty, as of the soul, or of the intellect; the exertion of an energy of some determinate kind. “As the mind opens, and its functions spread.” Pope. 4. The course of action which peculiarly pertains to any public officer in church or state; the activity appropriate to any business or profession. “Tradesmen … going about their functions.” Shak. “The malady which made him incapable of performing his
regal functions.” Macaulay. 5. (Math.) A quantity so connected with another quantity, that if any alteration be made in the latter there will be a consequent alteration in the former. Each quantity is said to be a function of the other. Thus, the circumference of a circle is a function of the diameter. If x be a symbol to which different numerical values can be assigned, such expressions as x^2, 3x, Log. x, and Sin. x, are all functions of x. Algebraic function, a quantity whose connection with the variable is expressed by an equation that involves only the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a given power, and extracting a given root; — opposed to transcendental function. — Arbitrary function. See under Arbitrary. — Calculus of functions. See under Calculus. — Carnot’s function (Thermo-dynamics), a relation between the amount of heat given off by a source of heat, and the work which can be done by it. It is approximately equal to the mechanical equivalent of the thermal unit divided by the number expressing the temperature in degrees of the air thermometer, reckoned from its zero of expansion. — Circular functions. See Inverse trigonometrical functions (below). — Continuous function, a quantity that has no interruption in the continuity of its real values, as the variable changes between any specified limits. — Discontinuous function. See under Discontinuous. — Elliptic functions, a large and important class of functions, so called because one of the forms expresses the relation of the arc of an ellipse to the straight lines connected therewith. — Explicit function, a quantity directly expressed in terms of the independently varying quantity; thus, in the equations y = 6x^2, y = 10 - x^3, the quantity y is an explicit function of x. — Implicit function, a quantity whose relation to the variable is expressed indirectly by an equation; thus, y in the equation x^2 + y^2 = 100 is an implicit function of x. — Inverse trigonometrical functions, or Circular function, the lengths of arcs relative to the sines, tangents, etc. Thus, AB is the arc whose sine is BD, and (if the length of BD is x) is written sin -1x, and so of the other lines. See Trigonometrical function (below). Other transcendental functions are the exponential functions, the elliptic functions, the gamma functions, the theta functions, etc. — One- valued function, a quantity that has one, and only one, value for each value of the variable. — Transcendental functions, a quantity whose connection with the variable cannot be expressed by algebraic operations; thus, y in the equation y = 10x is a transcendental function of x. See Algebraic function (above). — Trigonometrical function, a quantity whose relation to the variable is the same as that of a certain straight line drawn in a circle whose radius is unity, to the length of a corresponding are of the circle. Let AB be an arc in a circle, whose radius OA is unity let AC be a quadrant, and let OC, DB, and AF be drawnpependicular to OA, and EB and CG parallel to OA, and let OB be produced to G and F. E Then BD is the sine of the arc AB; OD or EB is the cosine, AF is the tangent, CG is the cotangent, OF is the secant OG is the cosecant, AD is the versed sine, and CE is the coversed sine of the are AB. If the length of AB be represented by x (OA being unity) then the lengths of Functions. these lines (OA being unity) are the trigonometrical functions of x, and are written sin x, cos x, tan x (or tang x), cot x, sec x, cosec x, versin x, coversin x. These quantities are also considered as functions of the angle BOA. { Func´tion , Func´tion•ate } v. i. To execute or perform a function; to transact one’s regular or appointed business.

Func´tion•al , a. 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, a function or duty; official. 2. (Physiol.) Pertaining to the function of an organ or part, or to the functions in general. Functional disease (Med.), a disease of which the symptoms cannot be referred to any appreciable lesion or change of structure; the derangement of an organ arising from a cause, often unknown, external to itself opposed to organic disease, in which the organ itself is affected.

Func´tion•al•ize , v. t. To assign to some function or office. [R.]

Func´tion•al•ly, adv. In a functional manner; as regards normal or appropriate activity. “The organ is said to be functionally disordered.” Lawrence.

Func´tion•a•ry , n.; pl. Functionaries (#). [Cf. F. fonctionnaire.] One charged with the performance of a function or office; as a public functionary; secular functionaries.

Func´tion•less, a. Destitute of function, or of an appropriate organ. Darwin.

Fund , n. [OF. font, fond, nom. fonz, bottom, ground, F. fond bottom, foundation, fonds fund, fr. L. fundus bottom, ground, foundation, piece of land. See Found to establish.] 1. An aggregation or deposit of resources from which supplies are or may be drawn for carrying on any work, or for maintaining existence. 2. A stock or capital; a sum of money appropriated as the foundation of some commercial or other operation undertaken with a view to profit; that reserve by means of which expenses and credit are supported; as the fund of a bank, commercial house, manufacturing corporation, etc. 3. pl. The stock of a national debt; public securities; evidences (stocks or bonds) of money lent to government, for which interest is paid at prescribed intervals; — called also public funds. 4. An invested sum, whose income is devoted to a specific object; as the fund of an ecclesiastical society; a fund for the maintenance of lectures or poor students; also money systematically collected to meet the expenses of some permanent object. 5. A store laid up, from which one may draw at pleasure; a supply; a full provision of resources; as a fund of wisdom or good sense. “An inexhaustible fund of stories.” Macaulay. Sinking fund, the aggregate of sums of money set apart and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for the extinguishment of the debt of a government, or of a corporation, by the accumulation of interest.

Fund, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Funded; p. pr. & vb. n. Funding.] 1. To provide and appropriate a fund or permanent revenue for the payment of the interest of; to make permanent provision of resources (as by a pledge of revenue from customs) for discharging the interest of or principal of; as to fund government notes. 2. To place in a fund, as money. 3. To put into the form of bonds or stocks bearing regular interest; as to fund the floating debt.

Fund´a•ble , a. Capable of being funded, or converted into a fund; convertible into bonds.

Fun´da•ment , n. [OE. fundament, fundement, fondement, OF. fundement, fondement, F. fondement, fr. L. fundamentum foundation, fr. fundare to lay the bottom, to found, fr. fundus bottom. See Fund.] 1. Foundation. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The part of the body on which one sits; the buttocks; specifically (Anat.), the anus. Hume.

Fun•da•men´tal , a. [Cf. F. fondamental.] Pertaining to the foundation or basis; serving for the foundation. Hence: Essential, as an element, principle, or law; important; original; elementary; as a fundamental truth; a fundamental axiom. “The fundamental reasons of this war.” Shak. “Some fundamental antithesis in nature.” Whewell. Fundamental bass (Mus.), the root note of a chord; a bass formed of the roots or fundamental tones of the chords. — Fundamental chord (Mus.), a chord, the lowest tone of which is its root. — Fundamental colors, red, green, and violet-blue. See Primary colors, under Color.

Fun´da•men•tal, n. A leading or primary principle, rule, law, or article, which serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part, as the fundamentals of the Christian faith.

Fun•da•men´tal•ly, adv. Primarily; originally; essentially; radically; at the foundation; in origin or constituents. ´Fundamentally defective.´ Burke.

Fund´ed , a. 1. Existing in the form of bonds bearing regular interest; as funded debt. 2. Invested in public funds; as funded money.

Fund´hold´er , a. One who has money invested in the public funds. J. S. Mill.

Fund´ing, a. 1. Providing a fund for the payment of the interest or principal of a debt. 2. Investing in the public funds. Funding system, a system or scheme of finance or revenue by which provision is made for paying the interest or principal of a public debt.

Fund´less, a. Destitute of funds.

Fun´dus (fun´dus), n. [L., bottom.] (Anat.) The bottom or base of any hollow organ; as the fundus of the bladder; the fundus of the eye.

Fu•ne´bri•al (fu•ne´bri•al), a. [L. funebris belonging to a funeral, fr. funus funeral.] Pertaining to a funeral or funerals; funeral; funereal. [Obs.] [Written also funebral.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu•ne´bri•ous , a. Funebrial. [Obs.]

Fu´ner•al (fu´ner•al), n. [LL. funeralia, prop. neut. pl. of funeralis of a funeral, fr. L. funus, funeris, funeral: cf. F. funerailles.] 1. The solemn rites used in the disposition of a dead human body, whether such disposition be by interment, burning, or otherwise; esp., the ceremony or solemnization of interment; obsequies; burial; — formerly used in the plural. “King James his funerals were performed very solemnly in the collegiate church at Westminster.” Euller. 2. The procession attending the burial of the dead; the show and accompaniments of an interment. ´The long funerals.´ Pope. 3. A funeral sermon; — usually in the plural. [Obs.] “Mr. Giles Lawrence preached his funerals.” South.

Fu´ner•al, a. [LL. funeralis. See Funeral, n.] Per. taining to a funeral; used at the interment of the dead; as funeral rites, honors, or ceremonies. Shak. Funeral pile, a structure of combustible material, upon which a dead body is placed to be reduced to ashes, as part of a funeral rite; a pyre. — Fu´ner•al•ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu´ner•ate , v. t. [L. funeratus, p. p. of funerare to funerate, fr. funus. See Funeral.] To bury with funeral rites. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Fu•ner•a´tion , n. [L. funeratio.] The act of burying with funeral rites. [Obs.] Knatchbull.

Fu•ne´re•al , a. [L. funereus, fr. fentus a funeral.] Suiting a funeral; pertaining to burial; solemn. Hence: Dark; dismal; mournful. Jer. Taylor. “What seem to us but sad funereal tapers May be heaven’s distant lamps.” Longfellow. — Fu•ne´re•al•ly, adv.

Fu•nest´ , a. [L. funestus, fr. funus a funeral, destruction: cf. F. funeste.] Lamentable; doleful. [R.] ´Funest and direful deaths.´ Coleridge. “A forerunner of something very funest.” Evelyn.

Fun´gal , a. Of or pertaining to fungi.

Fun´gate , n. [Cf. F. fongate.] (Chem.) A salt of fungic acid. [Formerly written also fungiate.]

Funge , n. [L. fungus mushroom, dolt.] A blockhead; a dolt; a fool. [Obs.] Burton.

Fun´gi , n. pl. (Bot.) See Fungus.

Fun´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. fongie.] (Zoöl.) A genus of simple, stony corals; — so called because they are usually flat and circular, with radiating plates, like the gills of a mushroom. Some of them are eighteen inches in diameter.

Fun´gi•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Fungidae, a family of stony corals. — n. One of the Fungidae.

Fun´gi•bles , n. pl. [LL. (res) fungibiles, probably fr. L. fungi to discharge. ´A barbarous term, supposed to have originated in the use of the words functionem recipere in the Digeste.´ Bouvier. ´Called fungibiles, quia una alterius vice fungitur.´ John Taylor (1755). Cf. Function.] 1. (Civ. Law) Things which may be furnished or restored in kind, as distinguished from specific things; — called also fungible things. Burrill. 2. (Scots Law) Movable goods which may be valued by weight or measure, in contradistinction from those which must be judged of individually. Jamieson.

Fun´gic , a. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. fungique, fongique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, mushrooms; as fungic acid.

Fun´gi•cide , n. [Fungi + -cide, fr. L. caedere to kill.] Anything that kills fungi. — Fun•gi•ci´dal (#), n.

Fun´gi•form , a. [Eungus + -form: cf. F. fongiforme.] Shaped like a fungus or mushroom. Fungiform papillae (Anat.), numerous small, rounded eminences on the upper surface of the tongue.

Fun•gil´li•form , a. Shaped like a small fungus.

Fun´gin , n. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F, fongine, fungine.] (Chem.) A name formerly given to cellulose found in certain fungi and mushrooms.

Fun´gite , n. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. pongite.] (Paleon.) A fossil coral resembling Fungia.

Fun•giv´o•rous , a. [L. fungus + vorare to eat greedily: cf. F. fongivore.] (Zoöl.) Eating fungi; — said of certain insects and snails.

Fun´goid , a. [Fungus + - oil: cf. F. fongoïde.] Like a fungus; fungous; spongy.

Fun•gol´o•gist , n. A mycologist.

Fun•gol´o•gy , n. [Fungus + -logy.] Mycology.

Fun•gos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fungosite, fongosite.] The quality of that which is fungous; fungous excrescence. Dunglison.

Fun´gous , a. [L. fungosus: cf. F. fungueux.] 1. Of the nature of fungi; spongy. 2. Growing suddenly, but not substantial or durable.

Fun´gus , n.; pl. L. Fungi (#), E. Funguses (#). [L., a mushroom; perh. akin to a doubtful Gr. sponge, for ; if so, cf. E. sponge.] 1. (Bot.) Any one of the Fungi, a large and very complex group of thallophytes of low organization, — the molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, mushrooms, toadstools, puff balls, and the allies of each. The fungi are all destitute of chorophyll, and, therefore, to be supplied with elaborated nourishment, must live as saprophytes or parasites. They range in size from single microscopic cells to systems of entangled threads many feet in extent, which develop reproductive bodies as large as a man’s head. The vegetative system consists of septate or rarely unseptate filaments called hyphae; the aggregation of hyphae into structures of more or less definite form is known as the mycelium. See Fungi, in the Supplement. 2. (Med.) A spongy, morbid growth or granulation in animal bodies, as the proud flesh of wounds. Hoblyn.

Fu´nic , a. (Anat.) Funicular.

Fu´ni•cle , n. [L. funiculus, dim. of funis cord, rope: cf. F. funicule funicle (in sense 2). Cf. Funambulo.] (Bot.) 1. A small cord, ligature, or fiber. 2. (Bot.) The little stalk that attaches a seed to the placenta.

Fu•nic´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. funiculaire.] 1. Consisting of a small cord or fiber. 2. Dependent on the tension of a cord. 3. (Anat.) Pertaining to a funiculus; made up of, or resembling, a funiculus, or funiculi; as a funicular ligament. Funicular action (Mech.), the force or action exerted by a rope in drawing together the supports to which its ends are Fastened, when acted upon by forces applied in a direction transverse to the rope, as in the archer’s bow. — Funicular curve. Same as Catenary. — Funicular machine (Mech.), an apparatus for illustrating certain principles in statics, consisting of a cord or chain attached at one end to a fixed point, and having the other passed over a pulley and sustaining a weight, while one or more other weights are suspended from the cord at points between the fixed support and the pulley. — Funicular polygon (Mech.), the polygonal figure assumed by a cord fastened at its extremities, and sustaining weights at different points.

Fu•nic´u•late , a. Forming a narrow ridge.

Fu•nic´u•lus , n.; pl. Funiculi (#). [L., a little cord. See Funicle.] 1. (Anat.) A cord, baud, or bundle of fibers; esp., one of the small bundles of fibers, of which large nerves are made up; applied also to different bands of white matter in the brain and spinal cord. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A short cord which connects the embryo of some myriapods with the amnion. (b) In Bryozoa, an organ extending back from the stomach. See Bryozoa, and Phylactolema.

Fu•nil´i•form , a. [L. funis rope + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling a cord in toughness and flexibility, as the roots of some endogenous trees.

Fu´nis , n. [L., a rope. ] A cord; specifically, the umbilical cord or navel string.

Funk , n. [OE. funke a little fire; akin to Prov. E. funk touchwood, G. funke spark, and perh. to Goth. fn fire.] An offensive smell; a stench. [Low]

Funk, v. t. To envelop with an offensive smell or smoke. [Obs.] King.

Funk, v. i. 1. To emit an offensive smell; to stink. 2. To be frightened, and shrink back; to flinch; as to funk at the edge of a precipice. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley. To funk out, to back out in a cowardly fashion. [Colloq.] “To funk right out o’ political strife.” Lowell (Biglow Papers). { Funk , Funk´ing } n. A shrinking back through fear. [Colloq.] ´The horrid panic, or funk (as the men of Eton call it).´ De Quincey.

Funk´y , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, great fear, or funking. [Colloq. Eng.]

Fun´nel , n. [OE. funel, fonel, prob. through OF. fr, L. fundibulum, infundibulum, funnel, fr. infundere to pour in; in in + fundere to pour; cf. Armor. founil funnel, W. ffynel air hole, chimney. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. A vessel of the shape of an inverted hollow cone, terminating below in a pipe, and used for conveying liquids into a close vessel; a tunnel. 2. A passage or avenue for a fluid or flowing substance; specifically, a smoke flue or pipe; the iron chimney of a steamship or the like. Funnel box (Mining), an apparatus for collecting finely crushed ore from water. Knight. — Funnel stay (Naut.), one of the ropes or rods steadying a steamer’s funnel.

Fun´nel•form , a. (Bot.) Having the form of a funnel, or tunnel; that is, expanding gradually from the bottom upward, as the corolla of some flowers; infundibuliform.

Fun´ny , a. [Compar. Funnier superl. Funniest.] [From Fun.] Droll; comical; amusing; laughable. Funny bone. See crazy bone, under Crazy.

Fun´ny, n.; pl. Funnies . A clinkerbuit, narrow boat for sculling. [Eng.]

Fur (fûr), n. [OE. furre, OF. forre, fuerre, sheath, case, of German origin; cf. OHG. fuotar lining, case, G. futter; akin to Icel. foðr lining, Goth. fodr, scabbard; cf. Skr. patra vessel, dish. The German and Icel. words also have the sense, fodder, but this was probably a different word originally. Cf. Fodder food, Fother, v. t., Forel, n.] 1. The short, fine, soft hair of certain animals, growing thick on the skin, and distinguished from the hair, which is longer and coarser. 2. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur; peltry; as a cargo of furs. 3. Strips of dressed skins with fur, used on garments for warmth or for ornament. 4. pl. Articles of clothing made of fur; as a set of furs for a lady (a collar, tippet, or cape, muff, etc.). “Wrapped up in my furs.” Lady M. W. Montagu. 5. Any coating considered as resembling fur; as: (a) A coat of morbid matter collected on the tongue in persons affected with fever. (b) The soft, downy covering on the skin of a peach. (c) The deposit formed on the interior of boilers and other vessels by hard water. 6. (Her.) One of several patterns or diapers used as tinctures. There are nine in all, or, according to some writers, only six. See Tincture.

Fur , a. Of or pertaining to furs; bearing or made of fur; as a fur cap; the fur trade. Fur seal (Zoöl.) one of several species of seals of the genera Callorhinus and Arclocephalus, inhabiting the North Pacific and the Antarctic oceans. They have a coat of fine and soft fur which is highly prized. The northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) breeds in vast numbers on the Prybilov Islands, off the coast of Alaska; — called also sea bear.

Fur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furred p. pr. & vb. n. Furring.] 1. To line, face, or cover with fur; as furred robes. ´You fur your gloves with reason.´ Shak. 2. To cover with morbid matter, as the tongue. 3. (Arch.) To nail small strips of board or larger scantling upon, in order to make a level surface for lathing or boarding, or to provide for a space or interval back of the plastered or boarded surface, as inside an outer wall, by way of protection against damp. Gwill.

Fu•ra´cious , a. [L. furax, -racis thievish, from fur thief.] Given to theft; thievish. [Obs.]

Fu•rac´i•ty , n. [L. furacitas.] Addictedness to theft; thievishness. [Obs.]

Fur´be•low , n. [Prov. F. farbala, equiv. to F. falbala, It. falbalà .] A plaited or gathered flounce on a woman’s garment.

Fur´be•low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbelowed p. pr. & vb. n. Furbelowing.] To put a furbelow on; to ornament.

Fur´bish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbished p. pr. & vb. n. Furbishing.] [OE. forbischen, OF. forbir, furbir, fourbir, F. fourbir, fr. OHG. furban to clean. See -ish.] To rub or scour to brightness; to clean; to burnish; as to furbish a sword or spear. Shak. “Furbish new the name of John a Gaunt.” Shak.

Fur´bish•a•ble , a. Capable of being furbished.

Fur´bish•er , n. [Cf. F. fourbisseur.] One who furbishes; esp., a sword cutler, who finishes sword blades and similar weapons. { Fur´cate , Fur´ca•ted } a. [L. furca fork. See Fork.] Forked; branching like a fork; as furcate twigs.

Fur•ca´tion , n. A branching like a fork.

Fur•cif´er•ous , a. [L. furcifer yoke bearer, scoundrel; furca fork, yoke, fork-shaped instrument of punishment + ferre to bear.] Rascally; scandalous. [R.] ´Furciferous knaves.´ De Quincey.

Fur´cu•la , n. [L., a forked prop, dim. of furca a fork.] (Anat.) A forked process; the wishbone or furculum.

Fur´cu•lar , a. Shaped like a fork; furcate.

Fur´cu•lum , n. [NL., dim. of L. furca a fork.] (Anat.) The wishbone or merrythought of birds, formed by the united clavicles.

Fur´dle , v. t. [See Fardel, and cf. Furl.] To draw up into a bundle; to roll up. [Ods.]

Fur´fur , n. [L.] Scurf; dandruff.

Fur´fu•ra´ceous , a. [L. furfuraceus.] Made of bran; like bran; scurfy.

Fur´fu•ran , n. [L. furfur bran.] (Chem.) A colorless, oily substance, C_4H_4O, obtained by distilling certain organic substances, as pine wood, salts of pyromucic acid, etc.; — called also tetraphenol.

Fur´fu•ra´tion , n. [L. furfur bran, scurf.] Falling of scurf from the head; desquamation.

Fur´fu•rine , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline base, obtained indirectly from furfurol.

Fur´fu•rol , n. [L. furfur bran + oleum oil.] (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid, C_4H_3O.CHO, of a pleasant odor, obtained by the distillation of bran, sugar, etc., and regarded as an aldehyde derivative of furfuran; — called also furfural.

Fur´fu•rous , a. Made of bran; furfuraceous. [R.] ´Furfurous bread.´ Sydney Smith.

Fu´ri•al , a. [L. furialis: cf. OF. furial.] Furious; raging; tormenting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fu•ri•bun´dal , a. [L. furibundus, fr. furere to rage.] Full of rage. [Obs.] G. Harvey.

Fu´ries , n. pl. See Fury, 3.

Fu´rile , n. [Furfurol + benzile.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline substance, (C_4H_3O)2.C_2O_2, obtained by the oxidation of furoin. [Written also furil.]

Fu•ril´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, furile; as furilic acid.

Fu´ri•o´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) With great force or vigor; vehemently.

Fu´ri•ous , a. [L. furiosus, fr. furia rage, fury: cf. F. furieux. See Fury.] 1. Transported with passion or fury; raging; violent; as a furious animal. 2. Rushing with impetuosity; moving with violence; as a furious stream; a furious wind or storm. Syn. — Impetuous; vehement; boisterous; fierce; turbulent; tumultuous; angry; mad; frantic; frenzied. — Fu´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Fu´ri•ous•ness, n.

Furl (fûrl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furled (fûrl); p. pr. & vb. n. Furling.] [Contr. fr. furdle, fr. fardel bundle: cf. F. ferler to furl, OF. fardeler to pack. See Furdle, Fardel, and cf. Farl.] To draw up or gather into close compass; to wrap or roll, as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast, or, as a flag, close to or around its staff, securing it there by a gasket or line. Totten.

Fur´long , n. [OE. furlong, furlang, AS. furlang, furlung, prop., the length of a furrow; furh furrow + lang long. See Furrow, and Long, a.] A measure of length; the eighth part of a mile; forty rods; two hundred and twenty yards.

Fur´lough , n. [Prob. fr. D. verlof, fr. a prefix akin to E. for + the root of E. lief, and akin to Dan. forlov, Sw. förlof, G. verlaub permission. See Life, a.] (Mil.) Leave of absence; especially, leave given to an officer or soldier to be absent from service for a certain time; also the document granting leave of absence.

Fur´lough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furloughed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Furloughing.] (Mil.) To furnish with a furlough; to grant leave of absence to, as to an officer or soldier. { Fur´mon•ty , Fur´mi•ty } n. Same as Frumenty.

Fur´nace , n. [OE. fornais, forneis, OF. fornaise, F. fournaise, from L. fornax; akin to furnus oven, and prob. to E. forceps.] 1. An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc. Furnaces are classified as wind or air. furnaces when the fire is urged only by the natural draught; as blast furnaces, when the fire is urged by the injection artificially of a forcible current of air; and as reverberatory furnaces, when the flame, in passing to the chimney, is thrown down by a low arched roof upon the materials operated upon. 2. A place or time of punishment, affiction, or great trial; severe experience or discipline. Deut. iv. 20. Bustamente furnace, a shaft furnace for roasting quicksilver ores. — Furnace bridge, Same as Bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. — Furnace cadmiam or cadmia, the oxide of zinc which accumulates in the chimneys of furnaces smelting zinciferous ores. Raymond. — Furnace hoist (Iron Manuf.), a lift for raising ore, coal, etc., to the mouth of a blast furnace.

Fur´nace, n. 1. To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also to put into a furnace. [Obs. or R.] “He furnaces
The thick sighs from him.” Shak.

Fur´ni•ment , n. [Cf. F. fourniment. See Furnish.] Furniture. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fur´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furnished p. pr. & vb. n. Furnishing.] [OF. furnir, fornir, to furnish, finish, F. fournir; akin to Pr. formir, furmir, fromir, to accomplish, satisfy, fr. OHG. frumjan to further, execute, do, akin to E. frame. See Frame, v. t., and - ish.] 1. To supply with anything necessary, useful, or appropriate; to provide; to equip; to fit out, or fit up; to adorn; as to furnish a family with provisions; to furnish one with arms for defense; to furnish a Cable; to furnish the mind with ideas; to furnish one with knowledge or principles; to furnish an expedition or enterprise, a room or a house. “That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished
unto all good works.” 2 Tim. iii. 17, 2. To offer for use; to provide (something); to give (something); to afford; as to furnish food to the hungry: to furnish arms for defense. “Ye are they … that furnish the drink offering unto that number.” Is. lxv. 11. “His writings and his life furnish abundant proofs that he was not a man of strong sense.” Macaulay.

Fur´nish, n. That which is furnished as a specimen; a sample; a supply. [Obs.] Greene.

Fur´nish•er , n. One who supplies or fits out.

Fur´nish•ment , n. The act of furnishing, or of supplying furniture; also furniture. [Obs.] Daniel.

Fur´ni•ture , n. [F. fourniture. See Furnish, v. t.] 1. That with which anything is furnished or supplied; supplies; outfit; equipment. “The form and all the furniture of the earth.” Tillotson. “The thoughts which make the furniture of their minds.” M. Arnold. 2. Articles used for convenience or decoration in a house or apartment, as tables, chairs, bedsteads, sofas carpets, curtains, pictures, vases, etc. 3. The necessary appendages to anything, as to a machine, a carriage, a ship, etc. (a) (Naut.) The masts and rigging of a ship. (b) (Mil.) The mountings of a gun. (c) Builders’ hardware such as locks, door and window trimmings. (d) (Print) Pieces of wood or metal of a lesser height than the type, placed around the pages or other matter in a form, and, with the quoins, serving to secure the form in its place in the chase. 4. (Mus.) A mixed or compound stop in an organ; — sometimes called mixture.

Fu´ro•in , n. [See Furfurol.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline substance, C_10H_8O_4, from furfurol.

Fu•ro´re , n. [It.] Excitement; commotion; enthusiasm.

Fur´ri•er , n. [Cf. F. fourreur.] A dealer in furs; one who makes or sells fur goods.

Fur´ri•er•y , n. 1. Furs, in general. Tooke. 2. The business of a furrier; trade in furs.

Fur´ring , n. 1. (Carp.) (a) The leveling of a surface, or the preparing of an air space, by means of strips of board or of larger pieces. See Fur, v. t., 3. (b) The strips thus laid on. 2. (Shipbuilding) Double planking of a ship’s side. 3. A deposit from water, as on the inside of a boiler; also the operation of cleaning away this deposit.

Fur´row , n. [OE. forow, forgh, furgh, AS. furh; akin to D. voor, OHG. furuh, G. furche, Dan. fure, Sw. fra, Icel. for drain, L. porca ridge between two furrows.] 1. A trench in the earth made by, or as by, a plow. 2. Any trench, channel, or groove, as in wood or metal; a wrinkle on the face; as the furrows of age. Farrow weed a weed which grows on plowed land. Shak. — To draw a straight furrow, to live correctly; not to deviate from the right line of duty. Lowell.

Fur´row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furrowed p. pr. & vb. n. Furrowing.] [From Furrow, n.; cf. AS. fyrian.] 1. To cut a furrow in; to make furrows in; to plow; as to furrow the ground or sea. Shak. 2. To mark with channels or with wrinkles. “Thou canst help time to furrow me with age.” Shak. “Fair cheeks were furrowed with hot tears.” Byron.

Fur´row•y , a. Furrowed. [R.] Tennyson.

Fur´ry , a. [From Fur.] 1. Covered with fur; dressed in fur. ´Furry nations.´ Thomson. 2. Consisting of fur; as furry spoils. Dryden. 3. Resembling fur.

Fur´ther , adv. [A comparative of forth; OE. further, forther, AS. furor, farur; akin to G. fürder. See Forth, adv.] To a greater distance; in addition; moreover. See Farther. “Carries us, I know not how much further, into familiar company.” M. Arnold. “They sdvanced us far as Eleusis and Thria; but no further.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). Further off, not so near; apart by a greater distance.

Fur´ther, a. compar. [Positive wanting; superl. Furthest.] 1. More remote; at a greater distance; more in advance; farther; as the further end of the field. See Farther. 2. Beyond; additional; as a further reason for this opinion; nothing further to suggest. The forms further and farther are in general not differentiated by writers, but further is preferred by many when application to quantity or degree is implied.

Fur´ther´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furthered p. pr. & vb. n. Furthering.] [OE. furthren, forthren, AS. fyrðran, fyrðrian. See Further, adv.] To help forward; to promote; to advance; to forward; to help or assist. “This binds thee, then, to further my design.” Dryden. “I should nothing further the weal public.” Robynsom (More’s Utopia).

Fur´ther•ance , n. The act of furthering or helping forward; promotion; advancement; progress. “I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your
furthersnce and joy of faith.” Phil. i. 25. “Built of furtherance and pursuing, Not of spent deeds, but of doing.” Emerson.

Fur´ther•er , n. One who furthers. or helps to advance; a promoter. Shak.

Fur´ther•more´ , adv. or conj. Moreover; besides; in addition to what has been said.

Fur´ther•most´ , a. Most remote; furthest.

Fur´ther•some , a. Tending to further, advance, or promote; helpful; advantageous. [R.] “You will not find it furthersome.” Carlyle.

Fur´thest , a. superl. Most remote; most in advance; farthest. See Further, a.

Fur´thest, adv. At the greatest distance; farthest.

Fur´tive , a. [L. furtivus, fr. furtum theft, fr. fur thief, akin to ferre to bear: cf. F. furtif. See Fertile.] Stolen; obtained or characterized by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy; as a furtive look. Prior. “A hasty and furtive ceremony.” Hallam.

Fur´tive•ly, adv. Stealthily by theft. Lover.

Fu´run•cle , n. [L. furunculus a petty thief, a boil, dim. of fur thief: cf. F. furoncle.] (Med.) A superficial, inflammatory tumor, suppurating with a central core; a boil.

Fu•run´cu•lar , a. Of or pertaining to a furuncle; marked by the presence of furuncles.

Fu´ry , n. [L. fur.] A thief. [Obs.] “Have an eye to your plate, for there be furies.” J. Fleteher.

Fu´ry, n.; pl. Furies (#). [L. furia, fr. furere to rage: cf. F. furie. Cf. Furor.] 1. Violent or extreme excitement; overmastering agitation or enthusiasm. “Her wit began to be with a divine fury inspired.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. Violent anger; extreme wrath; rage; — sometimes applied to inanimate things, as the wind or storms; impetuosity; violence. ´Fury of the wind.´ Shak. “I do oppose my patience to his fury.” Shak. 3. pl. (Greek Myth.) The avenging deities, Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megaera; the Erinyes or Eumenides. “The Furies, they said, are attendants on justice, and if the sun in heaven should transgress his path would punish him.” Emerson. 4. One of the Parcae, or Fates, esp. Atropos. [R.] “Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears,
And slits the thin-spun life.” Milton. 5. A stormy, turbulent violent woman; a hag; a vixen; a virago; a termagant. Syn. — Anger; indignation; resentment; wrath; ire; rage; vehemence; violence; fierceness; turbulence; madness; frenzy. See Anger.

Furze , n. [OE. firs, As. fyrs.] (Bot.) A thorny evergreen shrub (Ulex Europaeus), with beautiful yellow flowers, very common upon the plains and hills of Great Britain; — called also gorse, and whin. The dwarf furze is Ulex nanus.

Furze´chat´ , n. (Zoöl.) The whinchat; — called also furzechuck.

Furze´ling , n. (Zoöl.) An English warbler (Melizophilus provincialis); — called also furze wren, and Dartford warbler.

Furz´en , a. Furzy; gorsy. [Obs.] Holland.

Furz´y , a. Abounding in, or overgrown with, furze; characterized by furze. Gay.

Fu´sain´ , n. [F., the spindle tree; also charcoal made from it.] (Fine Arts) (a) Fine charcoal of willow wood, used as a drawing implement. (b) A drawing made with it. See Charcoal, n. 2, and Charcoal drawing, under Charcoal.

Fu´sa•role , n. [F. fusarolle, fr. It. fusaruolo, fr. fuso spindle, shaft of a column. See Fusee a conical wheel.] (Arch.) A molding generally placed under the echinus or quarter round of capitals in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders of architecture.

Fus•ca´tion , n. [L. fuscare, fuscatum, to make dark, fr. fuscus dark.] A darkening; obscurity; obfuscation. [R.] Blount.

Fus´cin , n. [L. fuscus dark- colored, tawny.] (Physiol. Chem.) A brown, nitrogenous pigment contained in the retinal epithelium; a variety of melanin.

Fus´cine , n. (Chem.) A dark-colored substance obtained from empyreumatic animal oil. [R.]

Fus´cous , a. [L. fuscus.] Brown or grayish black; darkish. “Sad and fuscous colors, as black or brown, or deep purple
and the like.” Burke.

Fuse (fuz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fused (fuzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fusing.] [L. fusus, p. p. of fundere to pour, melt, cast. See Foundo to cast, and cf. Futile.] 1. To liquefy by heat; to render fluid; to dissolve; to melt. 2. To unite or blend, as if melted together. “Whose fancy fuses old and new.” Tennyson.

Fuse, v. i. 1. To be reduced from a solid to a fluid state by heat; to be melted; to melt. 2. To be blended, as if melted together. Fusing point, the degree of temperature at which a substance melts; the point of fusion.

Fuse, n. [For fusee, fusil. See 2d Fusil.] (Gunnery, Mining, etc.) A tube or casing filled with combustible matter, by means of which a charge of powder is ignited, as in blasting; — called also fuzee. See Fuze. Fuse hole, the hole in a shell prepared for the reception of the fuse. Farrow.

Fu•see´ , n. [See 2d Fusil, and cf. Fuse, n.] 1. A flintlock gun. See 2d Fusil. [Obs.] 2. A fuse. See Fuse, n. 3. A kind of match for lighting a pipe or cigar.

Fu•see´, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] The track of a buck. Ainsworth.

Fu•see´, n. [F. fusee a spindleful, fusee, LL. fusata, fr. fusare to use a spindle, L. fusus spindle.] (a) The cone or conical wheel of a watch or clock, designed to equalize the power of the mainspring by having the chain from the barrel which contains the spring wind in a spiral groove on the surface of the cone in such a manner that the diameter of the cone at the point where the chain acts may correspond with the degree of tension of the spring. (b) A similar wheel used in other machinery.

Fu´sel , n., Fu´sel oil. [G. fusel bad liquor.] (Chem.) A hot acrid oily liquid accompanying many alcoholic liquors (as potato whisky corn whisky etc.) as an undesirable ingredient and consisting of several of the higher alcohols and compound ethers but particularly of amyl alcohol hence specifically applied to amyl alcohol.

Fu´si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fusibilite.] The quality of being fusible.

Fu´si•ble , a. [F. fusible. See Fuse, v. t.] CapabIe of being melted or liquefied. Fusible metal, any alloy of different metals capable of being easily fused, especially an alloy of five parts of bismuth, three of lead, and two of tin, which melts at a temperature below that of boiling water. Ure. — Fusible plug (Steam Boiler), a piece of easily fusible alloy, placed in one of the sheets and intended to melt and blow off the steam in case of low water.

Fu´si•form , a. [L. fusus spindle + -form: cf. F. fusiforme.] Shaped like a spindle; tapering at each end; as a fusiform root; a fusiform cell.

Fu´sil , a. [L. fusilis molten, fluid, fr. fundere, fusum, to pour, cast. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. Capable of being melted or rendered fluid by heat; fusible. [R.] ´A kind of fusil marble´ Woodward. 2. Running or flowing, as a liquid. [R.] ´A fusil sea.´ J. Philips. 3. Formed by melting and pouring into a mold; cast; founded. [Obs.] Milton.

Fu´sil , n. [F. fusil, LL. fosile a steel for kindling fire, from L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL. fire. See Focus, and cf. Fusee a firelock.] A light kind of flintlock musket, formerly in use.

Fu´sil, n. [See 3d Fusee.] (Her.) A bearing of a rhomboidal figure; — named from its shape, which resembles that of a spindle. It differs from a lozenge in being longer in proportion to its width.

Fu´sile , a. Same as Fusil, a. { Fu´sil•eer´ , Fu´sil•ier´ } , n. [F. fusilier, fr. fusil.] (Mil.) (a) Formerly, a soldier armed with a fusil. Hence, in the plural: (b) A title now borne by some regiments and companies; as ´The Royal Fusiliers,´ etc.

Fu´sil•lade´ , n. [F. fusillade, cf. It. fucilata. See Fusil a firelock.] (Mil.) A simultaneous discharge of firearms.

Fu´sil•lade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fusillader; p. pr. & vb. n. Fusillading.] To shoot down of shoot at by a simultaneous discharge of firearms.

Fu´sion , n. [L. fusio, fr. fundere, fusum to pour, melt: cf. F. fusion. See Fuse, v. t., and cf. Foison.] 1. The act or operation of melting or rendering fluid by heat; the act of melting together; as the fusion of metals. 2. The state of being melted or dissolved by heat; a state of fluidity or flowing in consequence of heat; as metals in fusion. 3. The union or blending together of things, as melted together. “The universal fusion of races, languages, and customs …
had produced a corresponding fusion of creeds.” C. Kingsley. Watery fusion (Chem.) the melting of certain crystals by heat in their own water of crystallization. 4. (Biol.) The union, or binding together, of adjacent parts or tissues.

Fu´some , a. [AS. fsan to hasten, fr. fs ready, prompt, quick; akin to OS. fs, OHG. funs, Icel. fuss willing; prob. from the root of E. find.] Handy; reat; handsome; notable. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fuss , n. [Cf. Fusome.] 1. A tumult; a bustle; unnecessary or annoying ado about trifles. Byron. “Zealously, assiduously, and with a minimum of fuss or noise” Carlyle. 2. One who is unduly anxious about trifles. [R.] “I am a fuss and I don’t deny it.” W. D. Howell.

Fuss, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fussed p. pr. & vb. n. Fussing.] To be overbusy or unduly anxious about trifles; to make a bustle or ado. Sir W. Scott.

Fuss´i•ly , adv. In a fussy manner. Byron.

Fuss´i•ness, n. The quality of being fussy.

Fuss´y , a. [Compar. Fussier superl Fussiest.] Making a fuss; disposed to make an unnecessary ado about trifles; overnice; fidgety. “Not at all fussy about his personal appearance.” R. G. White.

Fust (fust), n. [OF. fust, F. fût, fr. L. fustis stick staff.] (Arch.) The shaft of a column, or trunk of a pilaster. Gwilt.

Fust, n. [OF. fust cask, F. fût cask, taste or smell of the cask, fustiness, cf. sentir le fût to taste of the cask. See 1st Fust.] A strong, musty smell; mustiness.

Fust, v. i. To become moldy; to smell ill. [Obs.]

Fust´ed, a. Moldy; ill- smelling. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fus´ter•ic , n. The coloring matter of fustet. Ure.

Fus´tet , n. [F. fustet (cf. Sp. & Pg. fustete), LL. fustetus, fr. L. fustis stick, in LL., tree, See 1st Fust, and cf. Fustic.] The wood of the Rhus Cotinus or Venice sumach, a shrub of Southern Europe, which yields a fine orange color, which, however, is not durable without a mordant. Ure.

Fus´tian , n. [OE. fustan, fustian, OF. fustaine, F. futaine, It. fustagno, fr. LL. fustaneum, fustanum; cf. Pr. fustani, Sp. fustan. So called from Fustat, i. e., Cairo, where it was made.] 1. A kind of coarse twilled cotton or cotton and linen stuff, including corduroy, velveteen, etc. 2. An inflated style of writing; a kind of writing in which high-sounding words are used, above the dignity of the thoughts or subject; bombast. “Claudius … has run his description into the most wretched
fustian.” Addison.

Fus´tian, a. 1. Made of fustian. 2. Pompous; ridiculously tumid; inflated; bombastic; as fustian history. Walpole.

Fus´tian•ist, n. A writer of fustian. [R.] Milton.

Fus´tic , n. [F. fustoc, Sp. fustoc. Cf. Fustet.] The wood of the Maclura tinctoria, a tree growing in the West Indies, used in dyeing yellow; — called also old fustic. [Written also fustoc.] Other kinds of yellow wood are often called fustic; as that of species of Xanthoxylum, and especially the Rhus Cotinus, which is sometimes called young fustic to distinguish it from the Maclura. See Fustet.

Fus´ti•gate , v. t. [L. fustigare, fr. fustis stick. See 1st Fust.] To cudgel. [R.] Bailey.

Fus´ti•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. fustigation.] A punishment by beating with a stick or club; cudgeling. “This satire, composed of actual fustigation.” Motley.

Fus´ti•la´ri•an , n. [From Fusty.] A low fellow; a stinkard; a scoundrel. [Obs.] Shak. { Fus´ti•lug• , Fus´ti•lugs• }, n. [Fusty + lug something heavy, to be drawn or carried.] A gross, fat, unwieldy person. [Obs.] F. Junius.

Fust´i•ness , n. A fusty state or quality; moldiness; mustiness; an ill smell from moldiness.

Fusty , a. [Compar. Fustier (#); superl Fustiest.] [See 2d Fust.] 1. Moldy; musty; ill-smelling; rank. ´A fusty nut.´ ´Fusty plebeians.´ Shak. 2. Moping. [Archaic] “A melancholy, fusty humor.” Pepys.

Fu´sure , n. [L. fusura, fr. fundere, fusum. See Fuse, v. t.] Act of fusing; fusion. [R.]

Futch´el , n. The jaws between which the hinder end of a carriage tongue is inserted. Knight.

Fu´tile ( 277), a. [L. futilis that easily pours out, that easily lets loose, vain, worthless, from the root of fundere to pour out: cf. F. futile. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. Talkative; loquacious; tattling. [Obs.] “Talkers and futile persons.” Bacon. 2. Of no importance; answering no useful end; useless; vain; worthless. ´Futile theories.´ I. Taylor. “His reasoning … was singularly futile.” Macaulay.

Fu´tile•ly, adv. In a futile manner.

Fu´til•i•ty , n. [L. futilitas: cf. F. futilite.] 1. The quality of being talkative; talkativeness; loquaciousness; loquacity. [Obs.] 2. The quality of producing no valuable effect, or of coming to nothing; uselessness. “The futility of this mode of philosophizing.” Whewell.

Fu´til•ous , a. Futile; trifling. [Obs.]

Fu´ttock , n. [Prob. corrupted fr. foothook.] (Naut.) One of the crooked timbers which are scarfed together to form the lower part of the compound rib of a vessel; one of the crooked transverse timbers passing across and over the keel. Futtock plates (Naut.), plates of iron to which the dead-eyes of the topmast rigging are secured. — Futtock shrouds, short iron shrouds leading from the upper part of the lower mast or of the main shrouds to the edge of the top, or through it, and connecting the topmast rigging with the lower mast. Totten.

Fu´tur•a•ble ( 135), a. Capable of being future; possible to occur. [R.] “Not only to things future, but futurable.” Fuller.

Fu´ture ( 135), a. [F. futur, L. futurus, used as fut. p. of esse to be, but from the same root as E. be. See Be, v. i.] That is to be or come hereafter; that will exist at any time after the present; as the next moment is future, to the present. Future tense (Gram.), the tense or modification of a verb which expresses a future act or event.

Fu´ture , n. [Cf. F. futur. See Future, a.] 1. Time to come; time subsequent to the present (as the future shall be as the present); collectively, events that are to happen in time to come. ´Lay the future open.´ Shak. 2. The possibilities of the future; — used especially of prospective success or advancement; as he had great future before him. 3. (Gram.) A future tense. To deal in futures, to speculate on the future values of merchandise or stocks. [Brokers’ cant]

Fu´ture•less, a. Without prospect of betterment in the future. W. D. Howells.

Fu´ture•ly, adv. In time to come. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Fu´tur•ist, n. 1. One whose chief interests are in what is to come; one who anxiously, eagerly, or confidently looks forward to the future; an expectant. 2. (Theol.) One who believes or maintains that the fulfillment of the prophecies of the Bible is to be in the future.

Fu•tu•ri´tial ( 135), a. Relating to what is to come; pertaining to futurity; future. [R.]

Fu•tu•ri´tion , n. [Cf. F. futurition.] The state of being future; futurity. [R.] “Nothing … can have this imagined futurition, but as it is decreed.” Coleridge.

Fu•tu´ri•ty , n.; pl. Futurities . 1. State of being that is yet to come; future state. 2. Future time; time to come; the future. 3. Event to come; a future event. “All futurities are naked before the All-seeing Eye.” South.

Fuze , n. A tube, filled with combustible matter, for exploding a shell, etc. See Fuse, n. Chemical fuze, a fuze in which substances separated until required for action are then brought into contact, and uniting chemically, produce explosion. — Concussion fuze, a fuze ignited by the striking of the projectile. — Electric fuze, a fuze which is ignited by heat or a spark produced by an electric current. - - Friction fuze, a fuze which is ignited by the heat evolved by friction. — Percussion fuze, a fuze in which the ignition is produced by a blow on some fulminating compound. — Time fuze, a fuze adapted, either by its length or by the character of its composition, to burn a certain time before producing an explosion.

Fuzz , v. t. To make drunk. [Obs.] Wood.

Fuzz, n. [Cf. Prov. E. fuzzy that ravels (of silk or cotton), D. voos spongy, fungous, G. faser filament. E. feaze to untwist.] Fine, light particles or fibers; loose, volatile matter. Fuzz ball, a kind of fungus or mushroom, which, when pressed, bursts and scatters a fine dust; a puffball.

Fuzz, v. i. To fly off in minute particles.

Fuz´zle , v. t. [Cf. LG. fuseln to drink common liquor, fr. fusel bad liquor.] To make drunk; to intoxicate; to fuddle. [Obs.] Burton.

Fuzz´y , a. [See Fuzz, n.] 1. Not firmly woven; that ravels. [Written also fozy.] [Prov. Eng.] 2. Furnished with fuzz; having fuzz; like fuzz; as the fuzzy skin of a peach.

-fy [Through French verbs in -fier, L. - ficare, akin to facere to do, make. See Fact.] A suffix signifying to make, to form into, etc.; as acetify, amplify, dandify, Frenchify, etc.

Fy , interj. [See Fie, interj.] A word which expresses blame, dislike, disapprobation, abhorrence, or contempt. See Fie.

Fyke , n. [D. fuik a bow net.] A long bag net distended by hoops, into which fish can pass easily, without being able to return; — called also fyke net. Cozzens.

Fyl´lot , n. [Prov. fr. AS. fyerfte, fierfte, feówerfte. See Four, and Foot, n.] A rebated cross, formerly used as a secret emblem, and a common ornament. It is also called gammadion, and swastika.

Fyrd , Fyr´dung , n. [AS.; akin to E. fare, v. i.] (Old. Eng. Hist.) The military force of the whole nation, consisting of all men able to bear arms. “The national fyrd or militia.” J. R. Green.

Fytte , n. See Fit a song. [Archaic] G.

G (je) 1. G is the seventh letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It has two sounds; one simple, as in gave, go, gull; the other compound (like that of j), as in gem, gin, dingy. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 231-6, 155, 176, 178, 179, 196, 211, 246. The form of G is from the Latin, in the alphabet which it first appeared as a modified form of C. The name is also from the Latin, and probably comes to us through the French. Etymologically it is most closely related to a c hard, k y, and w; as in corn, grain, kernel; kin L. genus, Gr. ; E. garden, yard; drag, draw; also to ch and h; as in get, prehensile; guest, host (an army); gall, choler; gust, choose. See C. 2. (Mus.) G is the name of the fifth tone of the natural or model scale; — called also sol by the Italians and French. It was also originally used as the treble clef, and has gradually changed into the character represented in the margin. See Clef. G&sharp; (G sharp) is a tone intermediate between G and A.

Gab , n. [Cf. Gaff.] (Steam Engine) The hook on the end of an eccentric rod opposite the strap. See. Illust. of Eccentric.

Gab, n. [OE. gabbe gabble, mocking, fr. Icel. gabb mocking, mockery, or OF. gab, gabe; perh. akin to E. gape, or gob. Cf. Gab, v. i., Gibber.] The mouth; hence, idle prate; chatter; unmeaning talk; loquaciousness. [Colloq.] Gift of gab, facility of expression. [Colloq.]

Gab, v. i. [OE. gabben to jest, lie, mock, deceive, fr. Icel. gabba to mock, or OF. gaber. See 2d Gab, and cf. Gabble.] 1. To deceive; to lie. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To talk idly; to prate; to chatter. Holinshed.

Gab´ar•age , n. A kind of coarse cloth for packing goods. [Obs.]

Gab•ar•dine´ , Gab•er•dine´ , n. [Sp. gabardina; cf. It. gavardina, OF. galvardine, calvardine, gavardine, galeverdine; perh. akin to Sp. & OF. gaban a sort of cloak or coat for rainy weather, F. caban great coat with a hood and sleeves, It. gabbano and perh. to E. cabin.] A coarse frock or loose upper garment formerly worn by Jews; a mean dress. Shak.

Gab´ber , n. 1. A liar; a deceiver. [Obs.] 2. One addicted to idle talk.

Gab´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gabbled p. pr. & vb. n. Gabbling ] [Freq. of gab. See Gab, v. i.] 1. To talk fast, or to talk without meaning; to prate; to jabber. Shak. 2. To utter inarticulate sounds with rapidity; as gabbling fowls. Dryden.

Gab´ble, n. 1. Loud or rapid talk without meaning. “Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud
Among the builders.” Milton. 2. Inarticulate sounds rapidly uttered; as of fowls.

Gab´bler , n. One who gabbles; a prater.

Gab´bro , n. [It.] (Geol.) A name originally given by the Italians to a kind of serpentine, later to the rock called euphotide, and now generally used for a coarsely crystalline, igneous rock consisting of lamellar pyroxene (diallage) and labradorite, with sometimes chrysolite (olivine gabbro).

Ga´bel , n. [F. gabelle, LL. gabella, gabulum, gablum; of uncertain origin. Cf.Gavel tribute.] (O. Eng. Law) A rent, service, tribute, custom, tax, impost, or duty; an excise. Burrill. “He enables St. Peter to pay his gabel by the ministry of a fish.” Jer. Taylor.

Ga´bel•er , n. (O. Eng. Law) A collector of gabels or taxes.

Ga•belle´ , n. [F. See Gabel.] A tax, especially on salt. [France] Brande & C.

Ga•belle´man , n. A gabeler. Carlyle.

Gab•er•dine´ , n. See Gabardine.

Gab´er-lun•zie , n. [Gael. gabair talker + lunndair idler.] A beggar with a wallet; a licensed beggar. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gab´ert , n. [Cf.F. gabare, Arm. kobar, gobar.] A lighter, or vessel for inland navigation. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Ga´bi•on , n.[F., from It. gabbione a large cage, gabion, from gabbia cage, L. cavea. See Cage.] 1. (Fort.) A hollow cylinder of wickerwork, like a basket without a bottom. Gabions are made of various sizes, and filled with earth in building fieldworks to shelter men from an enemy’s fire. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) An openwork frame, as of poles, filled with stones and sunk, to assist in forming a bar dyke, etc., as in harbor improvement.

Ga•bi•on•ade´ , n. [F. gabionnade.] 1. (Fort.) A traverse made with gabions between guns or on their flanks, protecting them from enfilading fire. 2. A structure of gabions sunk in lines, as a core for a sand bar in harbor improvements.

Ga´bi•on•age , n. [F. gabionnage.] (Mil.) The part of a fortification built of gabions.

Ga´bi•oned , p. a. Furnished with gabions.

Ga•bion•nade´ , n. See Gabionade.

Ga´ble , n. A cable. [Archaic] Chapman.

Ga´ble, n. [OE. gable, gabil, F. gable, fr. LL. gabalum front of a building, prob. of German or Scand. origin; cf. OHG. gibil, G. giebel gable, Icel. gafl, Goth. gibla pinnacle; perh. akin to Gr. head, and E. cephalic, or to G. gabel fork, AS. geafl, E. gaffle, L. gabalus a kind of gallows.] (Arch.) (a) The vertical triangular portion of the end of a building, from the level of the cornice or eaves to the ridge of the roof. also a similar end when not triangular in shape, as of a gambrel roof and the like. Hence: (b) The end wall of a building, as distinguished from the front or rear side. (c) A decorative member having the shape of a triangular gable, such as that above a Gothic arch in a doorway. Bell gable. See under Bell. — Gable roof, a double sloping roof which forms a gable at each end. — Gable wall. Same as Gable (b). — Gable window, a window in a gable.

Ga´blet , n. (Arch.) A small gable, or gable-shaped canopy, formed over a tabernacle, niche, etc.

Gab´lock , n. [See Gavelock.] A false spur or gaff, fitted on the heel of a gamecock. Wright.

Ga´by , n. [Icel. gapi a rash, reckless man. Cf. Gafe.] A simpleton; a dunce; a lout. [Colloq.]

Gad , n. [OE. gad, Icel. gaddr goad, sting; akin to Sw. gadd sting, Goth. gazds, G. gerte switch. See Yard a measure.] 1. The point of a spear, or an arrowhead. 2. A pointed or wedge-shaped instrument of metal, as a steel wedge used in mining, etc. “I will go get a leaf of brass,
And with a gad of steel will write these words.” Shak. 3. A sharp-pointed rod; a goad. 4. A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling. Fairholt. 5. A wedge-shaped billet of iron or steel. [Obs.] “Flemish steel … some in bars and some in gads.” Moxon. 6. A rod or stick, as a fishing rod, a measuring rod, or a rod used to drive cattle with. [Prov. Eng. Local, U.S.] Halliwell. Bartlett. Upon the gad, upon the spur of the moment; hastily. [Obs.] ´All this done upon the gad!´ Shak.

Gad, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gadded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gadding.] [Prob. fr. gad, n., and orig. meaning to drive about.] To walk about; to rove or go about, without purpose; hence, to run wild; to be uncontrolled. ´The gadding vine.´ Milton. “Why gaddest thou about so much to change thy way?” Jer. ii. 36.

Gad´a•bout , n. A gadder [Colloq.]

Gad´bee , n. (Zoöl.) The gadfly.

Gad´der , n. One who roves about idly, a rambling gossip.

Gad´ding, a. & n. Going about much, needlessly or without purpose. “Envy is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets.” Bacon. “The good nuns would check her gadding tongue.” Tennyson. Gadding car, in quarrying, a car which carries a drilling machine so arranged as to drill a line of holes.

Gad´ding•ly , adv. In a roving, idle manner.

Gad´dish , a. Disposed to gad. — Gad´dish•nes, n. ´Gaddishness and folly.´ Abp. Leighton.

Gade , n. [Cf. Cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small British fish (Motella argenteola) of the Cod family. (b) A pike, so called at Moray Firth; — called also gead. [Prov. Eng.]

Gad´er•e , Gad´re , v. t. & i. To gather. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gad´fly , n.; pl. Gadflies (#). [Gad + fly.] (Zoöl.) Any dipterous insect of the genus Oestrus, and allied genera of botflies. The sheep gadfly (Oestrus ovis) deposits its young in the nostrils of sheep, and the larvae develop in the frontal sinuses. The common species which infests cattle (Hypoderma bovis) deposits its eggs upon or in the skin where the larvae or bots live and produce sores called wormels. The gadflies of the horse produce the intestinal parasites called bots. See Botfly, and Bots. The true horseflies are often erroneously called gadflies, and the true gadflies are sometimes incorrectly called breeze flies. Gadfly petrel (Zoöl.), one of several small petrels of the genus Oestrelata.

Gadhel´ic (gal´ik), a. [See Gaelic.] Of or pertaining to that division of the Celtic languages, which includes the Irish, Gaelic, and Manx. J. Peile.

Gad´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the cod (Gadus); — applied to an acid obtained from cod-liver oil, viz., gadic acid.

Gad•i•ta•ni•an , a. [L. Gaditanus, fr. Gades Cadiz.] Of or relating to Cadiz, in Spain. — n. A native or inhabitant of Cadiz.

Gad´ling , n. [Gad, n. + - ling.] (Mediaeval Armor) [R.] See Gad, n., 4.

Gad´ling, a. [See Gad, v. i.] Gadding about. [Obs.]

Gad´ling, n. A roving vagabond. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Gadman , n. A gadsman.

Ga´doid ( 277), a. [NL. gadus cod + -oid: cf. F. gadoïde gadoid, Gr. a sort of fish, F. gade.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family of fishes (Gadidae) which includes the cod, haddock, and hake. — n. One of the Gadidae. [Written also gadid.]

Gad•o•lin´i•a , n. [NL. See Gadolinite.] (Chem.) A rare earth, regarded by some as an oxide of the supposed element gadolinium, by others as only a mixture of the oxides of yttrium, erbium, ytterbium, etc.

Gad•o•lin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to or containing gadolinium.

Gad´o•lin•ite , n. [Named after Gadolin, a Russian chemist.] (Min.) A mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of yttrium, cerium, and iron.

Gad•o•lin´i•um , n. [NL. See Gadolinite.] (Chem.) A supposed rare metallic element, with a characteristic spectrum, found associated with yttrium and other rare metals. Its individuality and properties have not yet been determined.

Gads´man , n. One who uses a gad or goad in driving.

Gad´u•in , n.[NL. gadus codfish.] (Chem.) A yellow or brown amorphous substance, of indifferent nature, found in cod-liver oil.

Gad´wall , n. [Gad to walk about + well.] (Zoöl.) A large duck (Anas strepera), valued as a game bird, found in the northern parts of Europe and America; — called also gray duck. [Written also gaddwell.]

Gael , n.sing. & pl. [See Gaelic.] (Ethnol.) A Celt or the Celts of the Scotch Highlands or of Ireland; now esp., a Scotch Highlander of Celtic origin.

Gael´ic ( 277), a. [Gael. Gàidhealach, Gaelach, from Gàidheal, Gael, a Scotch Highlander.] (Ethnol.) Of or pertaining to the Gael, esp. to the Celtic Highlanders of Scotland; as the Gaelic language.

Gael´ic , n. [Gael. Gaelig, Gàilig.] The language of the Gaels, esp. of the Highlanders of Scotland. It is a branch of the Celtic.

Gaff , n. [OE. gaffe, F. gaffe an iron hook with which seamen pull great fishes into their ships; cf. Ir. gaf, gafa hook; perh. akin to G. gabel fork, Skr. gabhasti. Cf. Gaffle, Gable.] 1. A barbed spear or a hook with a handle, used by fishermen in securing heavy fish. 2. (Naut.) The spar upon which the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail is extended. 3. Same as Gaffle, 1. Wright.

Gaff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaffed p. pr. & vb. n. Gaffing.] To strike with a gaff or barbed spear; to secure by means of a gaff; as to gaff a salmon.

Gaf´fer , n. [Possibly contr. fr. godfather; but prob. fr. gramfer for grandfather. Cf. Gammer.] 1. An old fellow; an aged rustic. “Go to each gaffer and each goody.” Fawkes. Gaffer was originally a respectful title, now degenerated into a term of familiarity or contempt when addressed to an aged man in humble life. 2. A foreman or overseer of a gang of laborers. [Prov. Eng.]

Gaf´fle , n. [Cf. AS. geafl fork, LG., D., Sw., & Dan. gaffel, G. gabel, W. gafl, Ir. & Gael. gabhal. Cf. Gaff.] 1. An artificial spur or gaff for gamecocks. 2. A lever to bend crossbows.

Gaff•-top´sail , n. (Naut.) A small triangular sail having its foot extended upon the gaff and its luff upon the topmast.

Gag , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gagged p. pr. & vb. n. Gagging ] [Prob. fr. W. cegio to choke or strangle, fr. ceg mouth, opening, entrance.] 1. To stop the mouth of, by thrusting sometimes in, so as to hinder speaking; hence, to silence by authority or by violence; not to allow freedom of speech to. Marvell. “The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hood winked.” Maccaulay. 2. To pry or hold open by means of a gag. “Mouths gagged to such a wideness.” Fortescue (Transl.). 3. To cause to heave with nausea.

Gag, v. i. 1. To heave with nausea; to retch. 2. To introduce gags or interpolations. See Gag, n., 3. [Slang] Cornill Mag.

Gag, n. 1. Something thrust into the mouth or throat to hinder speaking. 2. A mouthful that makes one retch; a choking bit; as a gag of mutton fat. Lamb. 3. A speech or phrase interpolated offhand by an actor on the stage in his part as written, usually consisting of some seasonable or local allusion. [Slang] Gag rein (Harness), a rein for drawing the bit upward in the horse’s mouth. — Gag runner (Harness), a loop on the throat latch guiding the gag rein.

Gag´ate ( 48), n. [L. gagates. See Jet a black mineral.] Agate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Gage , n. [F. gage, LL. gadium, wadium; of German origin; cf. Goth. wadi, OHG. wetti, weti, akin to E. wed. See Wed, and cf. Wage, n.] 1. A pledge or pawn; something laid down or given as a security for the performance of some act by the person depositing it, and forfeited by nonperformance; security. “Nor without gages to the needy lend.” Sandys. 2. A glove, cap, or the like, cast on the ground as a challenge to combat, and to be taken up by the accepter of the challenge; a challenge; a defiance. ´There I throw my gage.´ Shak.

Gage , n. [So called because an English family named Gage imported the greengage from France, in the last century.] A variety of plum; as the greengage; also the blue gage, frost gage, golden gage, etc., having more or less likeness to the greengage. See Greengage.

Gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaged p. pr & vb. n. Gaging ] [Cf. F. gager. See Gage, n., a pledge.] 1. To give or deposit as a pledge or security for some act; to wage or wager; to pawn or pledge. [Obs.] “A moiety competent
Was gaged by our king.” Shak. 2. To bind by pledge, or security; to engage. “Great debts
Wherein my time, sometimes too prodigal,
Hath left me gaged.” Shak.

Gage, n. A measure or standard. See Gauge, n.

Gage, v. t. To measure. See Gauge, v. t. “You shall not gage me
By what we do to-night.” Shak.

Ga´ger , n. A measurer. See Gauger.

Gag´ger , n. 1. One who gags. 2. (Founding) A piece of iron imbedded in the sand of a mold to keep the sand in place.

Gag´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaggled p. pr. & vb. n. Gaggling ] [Of imitative origin; cf. D. gaggelen, gagelen, G. gackeln, gackern, MHG. ggen, E. giggle, cackle.] To make a noise like a goose; to cackle. Bacon.

Gag´gle, n. [Cf. Gaggle v. i.] (Zoöl.) A flock of wild geese. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Gag´tooth , n.; pl. Gagteeth . A projecting tooth. [Obs.]

Gag´-toothed´ , a. Having gagteeth. [Obs.]

Gahn´ite , n. [Named after Gahn, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Zinc spinel; automolite.

Ga•id´ic , a. [Gr. earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to hypogeic acid; — applied to an acid obtained from hypogeic acid.

Gai´e•ty , n. Same as Gayety.

Gail´er , n. A jailer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gail•lard´ , a. [F. See Galliard.] Gay; brisk; merry; galliard. Chaucer.

Gail•liarde´ , n. [See Galliard a dance.] A lively French and Italian dance.

Gai´ly , adv. [From Gay.] Merrily; showily. See gaily.

Gain (gan), n. [Cf. W. gan a mortise.] (Arch.) A square or beveled notch cut out of a girder, binding joist, or other timber which supports a floor beam, so as to receive the end of the floor beam.

Gain, a. [OE. gein, gain, good, near, quick; cf. Icel. gegn ready, serviceable, and gegn, adv., against, opposite. Cf. Ahain.] Convenient; suitable; direct; near; handy; dexterous; easy; profitable; cheap; respectable. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gain (gan), n. [OE. gain, gein, ga&yogh;hen, gain, advantage, Icel. gagn; akin to Sw. gagn, Dan. gavn, cf. Goth. gageigan to gain. The word was prob. influenced by F. gain gain, OF. gaain. Cf. Gain, v. t.] 1. That which is gained, obtained, or acquired, as increase, profit, advantage, or benefit; — opposed to loss. “But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ.” Phil. iii. 7. “Godliness with contentment is great gain.” 1 Tim. vi. 6. “Every one shall share in the gains.” Shak. 2. The obtaining or amassing of profit or valuable possessions; acquisition; accumulation. ´The lust of gain.´ Tennyson.

Gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gained (gand); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaining.] [From gain, n. but. prob. influenced by F. gagner to earn, gain, OF. gaaignier to cultivate, OHG. weidinon, weidinen to pasture, hunt, fr. weida pasturage, G. weide, akin to Icel. veiðr hunting, AS. waðu, cf. L. venari to hunt, E. venison. See Gain, n., profit.] 1. To get, as profit or advantage; to obtain or acquire by effort or labor; as to gain a good living. “What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?” Matt. xvi. 26. “To gain dominion, or to keep it gained.” Milton. “For fame with toil we gain, but lose with ease.” Pope. 2. To come off winner or victor in; to be successful in; to obtain by competition; as to gain a battle; to gain a case at law; to gain a prize. 3. To draw into any interest or party; to win to one’s side; to conciliate. “If he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother.” Matt. xviii. 15. “To gratify the queen, and gained the court.” Dryden. 4. To reach; to attain to; to arrive at; as to gain the top of a mountain; to gain a good harbor. “Forded Usk and gained the wood.” Tennyson. 5. To get, incur, or receive, as loss, harm, or damage. [Obs. or Ironical] “Ye should … not have loosed from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss.” Acts xxvii. 21. Gained day, the calendar day gained in sailing eastward around the earth. — To gain ground, to make progress; to advance in any undertaking; to prevail; to acquire strength or extent. — To gain over, to draw to one’s party or interest; to win over. — To gain the wind (Naut.), to reach the windward side of another ship. Syn. — To obtain; acquire; get; procure; win; earn; attain; achieve. See Obtain. — To Gain, Win. Gain implies only that we get something by exertion; win, that we do it in competition with others. A person gains knowledge, or gains a prize, simply by striving for it; he wins a victory, or wins a prize, by taking it in a struggle with others.

Gain , v. i. To have or receive advantage or profit; to acquire gain; to grow rich; to advance in interest, health, or happiness; to make progress; as the sick man gains daily. “Thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbors by extortion.” Ezek. xxii. 12. Gaining twist, in rifled firearms, a twist of the grooves, which increases regularly from the breech to the muzzle. To gain on or upon. (a) To encroach on; as the ocean gains on the land. (b) To obtain influence with. (c) To win ground upon; to move faster than, as in a race or contest. (d) To get the better of; to have the advantage of. “The English have not only gained upon the Venetians in the Levant, but have their cloth in Venice itself.” Addison. “My good behavior had so far gained on the emperor, that I began to conceive hopes of liberty.” Swift.

Gain´a•ble , a. [CF. F. gagnable. See Gain, v. t.] Capable of being obtained or reached. Sherwood.

Gain´age (?, 48), n. [OF. gaignage pasturage, crop, F. gaignage pasturage. See Gain, v. t.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) The horses, oxen, plows, wains or wagons and implements for carrying on tillage. (b) The profit made by tillage; also the land itself. Bouvier.

Gain´er , n. One who gains. Shak.

Gain´ful , a. Profitable; advantageous; lucrative. ´A gainful speculation.´ Macaulay. — Gain´ful•ly, adv. — Gain´ful•ness, n.

Gain´giv•ing , n. [See Again, and Give.] A misgiving. [Obs.]

Gain´less, a. Not producing gain; unprofitable. Hammond. — Gain´less/ness, n.

Gain´ly, adv. [See Gain, a.] Handily; readily; dexterously; advantageously. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Gain´pain , n.[F. gagner to gain + pain bread.] Bread-gainer; — a term applied in the Middle Ages to the sword of a hired soldier.

Gain•say´ (? or 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainsaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gainsaying.] [OE. geinseien, ageinseien. See Again, and Say to utter.] To contradict; to deny; to controvert; to dispute; to forbid. “I will give you a mouth and wisdom which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist.” Luke xxi. 15. “The just gods gainsay
That any drop thou borrow’dst from thy mother,
My sacred aunt, should by my mortal sword
Be drained.” Shak.

Gain•say´er , n. One who gainsays, contradicts, or denies. ´To convince the gainsayers.´ Tit. i. 9.

Gain´some , a. 1. Gainful. 2. Prepossessing; well-favored. [Obs.] Massinger.

’Gainst , prep. A contraction of Against.

Gain´stand , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainstood; p. pr. & vb. n. gainstanding.] [See Again, and Stand.] To withstand; to resist. [Obs.] “Durst … gainstand the force of so many enraged desires.” Sir P. Sidney.

Gain´strive , v. t. & i. [See Again, and Strive.] To strive or struggle against; to withstand. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gair´fowl , n. (Zoöl.) See Garefowl.

Gair´ish , a., Gair´ish•ly, adv., Gair´ish/ness, n. Same as Garish, Garishly, Garishness.

Gait , n. [See Gate a way.] 1. A going; a walk; a march; a way. “Good gentleman, go your gait, and let poor folks pass.” Shak. 2. Manner of walking or stepping; bearing or carriage while moving. “’T is Cinna; I do know him by his gait.” Shak.

Gait´ed , a. Having (such) a gait; — used in composition; as slow-gaited; heavy- gaited.

Gait´er , n. [F. guêtre, cf. Armor. gweltren; or perh. of German origin, and akin to E. wear, v.] 1. A covering of cloth or leather for the ankle and instep, or for the whole leg from the knee to the instep, fitting down upon the shoe. 2. A kind of shoe, consisting of cloth, and covering the ankle.

Gai´ter , v. t. To dress with gaiters.

Gai´tre , Gay´tre , n. [OE. Cf. Gatten tree.] The dogwood tree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga´la , n. [F. gala show, pomp, fr. It. gala finery, gala; of German origin. See Gallant.] Pomp, show, or festivity. Macaulay. Gala day, a day of mirth and festivity; a holiday.

Ga•lac´ta-gogue , n. [Gr. , , milk + to lead.] (Med.) An agent exciting secretion of milk.

Ga•lac´tic , a. [Gr. milky, fr. , , milk. See Galaxy, and cf. Lactic.] 1. Of or pertaining to milk; got from milk; as galactic acid. 2. Of or pertaining to the galaxy or Milky Way. Galactic circle (Astron.), the great circle of the heavens, to which the course of the galaxy most nearly conforms. Herschel. — Galactic poles, the poles of the galactic circle.

Ga•lac´tin , n. [Gr. , , milk. Cf. Lactin.] (Chem.) (a) An amorphous, gelatinous substance containing nitrogen, found in milk and other animal fluids. It resembles peptone, and is variously regarded as a coagulating or emulsifying agent. (b) A white waxy substance found in the sap of the South American cow tree (Galactodendron). (c) An amorphous, gummy carbohydrate resembling gelose, found in the seeds of leguminous plants, and yielding on decomposition several sugars, including galactose.

Ga•lac•to•den•sim´e•ter , n. [Gr. , + E. densimeter.] Same as Galactometer.

Gal•ac•tom´e•ter , n. [Gr. , , milk + -meter: cf. F. galactomètre. Cf. Lactometer.] An instrument for ascertaining the quality of milk (i.e., its richness in cream) by determining its specific gravity; a lactometer.

Gal•ac•toph´a•gist , n. [Gr. , , milk + to eat: cf. to live on milk.] One who eats, or subsists on, milk.

Gal•ac•toph´a•gous , a. [Gr. : cf. F. galactophade.] Feeding on milk.

Gal•ac•toph´o•rous , a. [Gr. ; , , milk + to bear: cf. F. galactophore. Cf. Lactiferous.] (Anat.) Milk-carrying; lactiferous; — applied to the ducts of mammary glands.

Ga•lac•to•poi•et´ic , a. [Gr. , , milk + capable of making; fr. to make.] (Med.) Increasing the flow of milk; milk-producing. — n. A galactopoietic substance.

Ga•lac´tose , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline sugar, C_6H_12O_6, isomeric with dextrose, obtained by the decomposition of milk sugar, and also from certain gums. When oxidized it forms mucic acid. Called also lactose (though it is not lactose proper).

Ga•lage´ , n. (Obs.) See Galoche. Spenser.

Ga•la´go , n.; pl. Galagos (#). [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A genus of African lemurs, including numerous species. The grand galago (Galago crassicaudata) is about the size of a cat; the mouse galago (G. murinus)is about the size of a mouse. { Ga•lan´ga , Ga•lan´gal }, n.[OE. galingale, OF. galingal, garingal, F. galanga (cf. Sp. galanga), prob. fr. Ar. khalanjn. ] The pungent aromatic rhizome or tuber of certain East Indian or Chinese species of Alpinia (A. Galanga and A. officinarum) and of the Kaempferia Galanga), — all of the Ginger family.

Gal´an•tine , n. [F. galantine.] A dish of veal, chickens, or other white meat, freed from bones, tied up, boiled, and served cold. Smart.

Gal´a•pee• tree´ , (Bot.) The West Indian Sciadophyllum Brownei, a tree with very large digitate leaves.

Ga•la´tian , a. Of or pertaining to Galatia or its inhabitants. — A native or inhabitant of Galatia, in Asia Minor; a descendant of the Gauls who settled in Asia Minor.

Gal´ax•y , n.; pl. Galaxies (#). [F. galaxie, L. galaxias, fr. Gr. (sc. circle), fr. , , milk; akin to L. lac. Cf. Lacteal.] 1. (Astron.) The Milky Way; that luminous tract, or belt, which is seen at night stretching across the heavens, and which is composed of innumerable stars, so distant and blended as to be distinguishable only with the telescope. The term has recently been used for remote clusters of stars. Nichol. 2. A splendid assemblage of persons or things. { Gal´ban , Gal´ba•num } n. [L. galbanum, Gr. , prob. from Heb. klekb’nh: cf. F. galbanum.] A gum resin exuding from the stems of certain Asiatic umbelliferous plants, mostly species of Ferula. The Bubon Galbanum of South Africa furnishes an inferior kind of galbanum. It has an acrid, bitter taste, a strong, unpleasant smell, and is used for medical purposes, also in the arts, as in the manufacture of varnish.

Gale (gal), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. gal furious, Icel. galinn, cf. Icel. gala to sing, AS. galan to sing, Icel. galdr song, witchcraft, AS. galdor charm, sorcery, E. nightingale; also Icel. gjola gust of wind, gola breeze. Cf. Yell.] 1. A strong current of air; a wind between a stiff breeze and a hurricane. The most violent gales are called tempests. Gales have a velocity of from about eighteen (´moderate´) to about eighty (´very heavy´) miles an our. Sir. W. S. Harris. 2. A moderate current of air; a breeze. “A little gale will soon disperse that cloud.” Shak. “And winds of gentlest gale Arabian odors fanned
From their soft wings.” Milton. 3. A state of excitement, passion, or hilarity. “The ladies, laughing heartily, were fast getting into what, in New England, is sometimes called a gale.” Brooke (Eastford). Topgallant gale (Naut.), one in which a ship may carry her topgallant sails.

Gale , v. i. (Naut.) To sale, or sail fast.

Gale, n. [OE. gal. See Gale wind.] A song or story. [Obs.] Toone.

Gale, v. i. [AS. galan. See 1st Gale.] To sing. [Obs.] ´Can he cry and gale.´ Court of Love.

Gale, n. [AS. gagel, akin to D. gagel.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Myrica, growing in wet places, and strongly resembling the bayberry. The sweet gale (Myrica Gale) is found both in Europe and in America.

Gale, n. [Cf. Gabel.] The payment of a rent or annuity. [Eng.] Mozley & W. Gale day, the day on which rent or interest is due.

Ga´le•a , n. [L., a helmet.] 1. (Bot.) The upper lip or helmet-shaped part of a labiate flower. 2. (Surg.) A kind of bandage for the head. 3. (Pathol.) Headache extending all over the head. 4. (Paleon.) A genus of fossil echini, having a vaulted, helmet-shaped shell. 5. (Zoöl.) The anterior, outer process of the second joint of the maxillae in certain insects.

Gal´e•as , n. See Galleass. { Ga´le•ate , Ga´le•a•ted } a. [L. galeatus, p. p. of galeare helmet.] 1. Wearing a helmet; protected by a helmet; covered, as with a helmet. 2. (Biol.) Helmeted; having a helmetlike part, as a crest, a flower, etc.; helmet-shaped.

Ga´le•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Galeus, name of one genus, fr. Gr. a kind of shark.] (Zoöl.) That division of elasmobranch fishes which includes the sharks.

Ga•le´na , n.[L. galena lead ore, dross that remains after melting lead: cf. F. galène sulphide of lead ore, antidote to poison, stillness of the sea, calm, tranquility.] 1. (Med.) A remedy or antidote for poison; theriaca. [Obs.] Parr. 2. (Min.) Lead sulphide; the principal ore of lead. It is of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, and is cubic in crystallization and cleavage. False galena. See Blende.

Ga•len´ic , Ga•len´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or containing, galena.

Ga•len´ic , Ga•len´ic•al, a. [From Galen, the physician.] Relating to Galen or to his principles and method of treating diseases. Dunglison. Galenic pharmacy, that branch of pharmacy which relates to the preparation of medicines by infusion, decoction, etc., as distinguished from those which are chemically prepared.

Ga´len•ism , n. The doctrines of Galen.

Ga•len•ist, n. A follower of Galen.

Ga•le´nite , n. (Min.) Galena; lead ore.

Ga•le•o•pi•the´cus (ga•le•o•pi•the´kus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gale•h a weasel + pi•qhkos an ape.] (Zoöl.) A genus of flying Insectivora, formerly called flying lemurs. See Colugo.

Gal•er•ic´u•late , a. [L. galericulum, dim. of galerum a hat or cap, fr. galea helmet.] Covered as with a hat or cap. Smart.

Gal´er•ite , n. [L. galerum a hat, cap: cf. F. galerite.] (Paleon.) A cretaceous fossil sea urchin of the genus Galerites.

Ga•li´cian , a. [Cf. Sp. Galiciano, Gallego, fr. L. Gallaecus, Gallaicus, fr. Gallaeci a people in Western Spain.] Of or pertaining to Galicia, in Spain, or to Galicia, the kingdom of Austrian Poland. — n. A native of Galicia in Spain; — called also Gallegan.

Gal•i•le´an , a. Of or pertaining to Galileo; as the Galilean telescope. See Telescope.

Gal•i•le´an , a. [L. Galilaeus, fr. Galilaea Galilee, Gr. : cf. F. galileen.] Of or relating to Galilee.

Gal•i•le´an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Galilee, the northern province of Palestine under the Romans. 2. (Jewish Hist.) One of the party among the Jews, who opposed the payment of tribute to the Romans; — called also Gaulonite. 3. A Christian in general; — used as a term of reproach by Mohammedans and Pagans. Byron.

Gal´i•lee , n. [Supposed to have been so termed in allusion to the scriptural ´Galilee of the Gentiles.´ cf. OF. galilee.] (Arch.) A porch or waiting room, usually at the west end of an abbey church, where the monks collected on returning from processions, where bodies were laid previous to interment, and where women were allowed to see the monks to whom they were related, or to hear divine service. also frequently applied to the porch of a church, as at Ely and Durham cathedrals. Gwilt.

Gal•i•ma´tias , n. [F.] Nonsense; gibberish; confused and unmeaning talk; confused mixture. “Her dress, like her talk, is a galimatias of several countries.” Walpole.

Gal´in•gale , n. [See Galangal.] (Bot.) A plant of the Sedge family (Cyperus longus) having aromatic roots; also any plant of the same genus. Chaucer. “Meadow, set with slender galingale.” Tennyson.

Gal´i•ot , n. [OE. galiote, F. galiote. See Galley.] (Naut.) (a) A small galley, formerly used in the Mediterranean, built mainly for speed. It was moved both by sails and oars, having one mast, and sixteen or twenty seats for rowers. (b) A strong, light-draft, Dutch merchant vessel, carrying a mainmast and a mizzenmast, and a large gaff mainsail.

Gal´i•pot , n. [F. galipot; cf. OF. garipot the wild pine or pitch tree.] An impure resin of turpentine, hardened on the outside of pine trees by the spontaneous evaporation of its essential oil. When purified, it is called yellow pitch, white pitch, or Burgundy pitch.

Gall (gal), n.[OE. galle, gal, AS. gealla; akin to D. gal, OS. & OHG. galla, Icel. gall, SW. galla, Dan. galde, L. fel, Gr. , and prob. to E. yellow. rad.49. See Yellow, and cf. Choler] 1. (Physiol.) The bitter, alkaline, viscid fluid found in the gall bladder, beneath the liver. It consists of the secretion of the liver, or bile, mixed with that of the mucous membrane of the gall bladder. 2. The gall bladder. 3. Anything extremely bitter; bitterness; rancor. “He hath … compassed me with gall and travail.” Lam. iii. 5. “Comedy diverted without gall.” Dryden. 4. Impudence; brazen assurance. [Slang] Gall bladder (Anat.), the membranous sac, in which the bile, or gall, is stored up, as secreted by the liver; the cholecystis. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. — Gall duct, a duct which conveys bile, as the cystic duct, or the hepatic duct. — Gall sickness, a remitting bilious fever in the Netherlands. Dunglison. — Gall of the earth (Bot.), an herbaceous composite plant with variously lobed and cleft leaves, usually the Prenanthes serpentaria.

Gall , n. [F. galle, noix de galle, fr. L. galla.] (Zoöl.) An excrescence of any form produced on any part of a plant by insects or their larvae. They are most commonly caused by small Hymenoptera and Diptera which puncture the bark and lay their eggs in the wounds. The larvae live within the galls. Some galls are due to aphids, mites, etc. See Gallnut. The galls, or gallnuts, of commerce are produced by insects of the genus Cynips, chiefly on an oak (Quercus infectoria or Lusitanica) of Western Asia and Southern Europe. They contain much tannin, and are used in the manufacture of that article and for making ink and a black dye, as well as in medicine. Gall insect (Zoöl.), any insect that produces galls. — Gall midge (Zoöl.), any small dipterous insect that produces galls. — Gall oak, the oak (Quercus infectoria) which yields the galls of commerce. — Gall of glass, the neutral salt skimmed off from the surface of melted crown glass; — called also glass gall and sandiver. Ure. — Gall wasp. (Zoöl.) See Gallfly.

Gall, v. t. (Dyeing) To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts. Ure.

Gall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galled p. pr. & vb. n. Galling.] [OE. gallen; cf. F. galer to scratch, rub, gale scurf, scab, G. galle a disease in horses’ feet, an excrescence under the tongue of horses; of uncertain origin. Cf. Gall gallnut.] 1. To fret and wear away by friction; to hurt or break the skin of by rubbing; to chafe; to injure the surface of by attrition; as a saddle galls the back of a horse; to gall a mast or a cable. “I am loth to gall a new-healed wound.” Shak. 2. To fret; to vex; as to be galled by sarcasm. “They that are most galled with my folly,
They most must laugh.” Shak. 3. To injure; to harass; to annoy; as the troops were galled by the shot of the enemy. “In our wars against the French of old, we used to gall them with our longbows, at a greater distance than they could shoot their arrows.” Addison.

Gall, v. i. To scoff; to jeer. [R.] Shak.

Gall, n. A wound in the skin made by rubbing.

Gal´lant , a. [F. gallant, prop. p. pr. of OF. galer to rejoice, akin to OF. gale amusement, It. gala ornament; of German origin; cf. OHG. geil merry, luxuriant, wanton, G. geil lascivious, akin to AS. gl wanton, wicked, OS. gl merry, Goth. gailjan to make to rejoice, or perh. akin to E. weal. See Gala, Galloon.] 1. Showy; splendid; magnificent; gay; well- dressed. “The town is built in a very gallant place.” Evelyn. “Our royal, good and gallant ship.” Shak. 2. Noble in bearing or spirit; brave; high- spirited; courageous; heroic; magnanimous; as a gallant youth; a gallant officer. “That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds.” Shak. “The gay, the wise, the gallant, and the grave.” Waller. Syn. — Gallant, Courageous, Brave. Courageous is generic, denoting an inward spirit which rises above fear; brave is more outward, marking a spirit which braves or defies danger; gallant rises still higher, denoting bravery on extraordinary occasions in a spirit of adventure. A courageous man is ready for battle; a brave man courts it; a gallant man dashes into the midst of the conflict.

Gal•lant´ ( 277), a. Polite and attentive to ladies; courteous to women; chivalrous.

Gal•lant´ ( 277), n. 1. A man of mettle or spirit; a gay, fashionable man; a young blood. Shak. 2. One fond of paying attention to ladies. 3. One who wooes; a lover; a suitor; in a bad sense, a seducer. Addison. In the first sense it is by some orthoëpists (as in Shakespeare) accented on the first syllable.

Gal•lant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallanting.] 1. To attend or wait on, as a lady; as to gallant ladies to the play. 2. To handle with grace or in a modish manner; as to gallant a fan. [Obs.] Addison.

Gal•lant´ly , adv. In a polite or courtly manner; like a gallant or wooer.

Gal´lant•ly , adv. In a gallant manner.

Gal´lant•ness , n. The quality of being gallant.

Gal´lant•ry , n.; pl. Gallantries (#). [F. galanterie.] 1. Splendor of appearance; ostentatious finery. [Archaic] “Guess the gallantry of our church by this … when the desk whereon the priest read was inlaid with plates of silver.” Fuller. 2. Bravery; intrepidity; as the troops behaved with great gallantry. 3. Civility or polite attention to ladies; in a bad sense, attention or courtesy designed to win criminal favors from a female; freedom of principle or practice with respect to female virtue; intrigue. 4. Gallant persons, collectively. [R.] “Helenus, Antenor, and all the gallantry of Troy.” Shak. Syn. — See Courage, and Heroism.

Gal´late ( 277), n. [Cf. F. gallate. See Gall gallnut.] (Chem.) A salt of gallic acid.

Gal´la•ture ( 135), n. [From L. gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.) The tread, treadle, or chalasa of an egg.

Gal´le•ass ( 135), n. [F. galeasse, galeace; cf. It. galeazza, Sp. galeaza; LL. galea a galley. See Galley.] (Naut.) A large galley, having some features of the galleon, as broadside guns; esp., such a vessel used by the southern nations of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. See Galleon, and Galley. [Written variously galeas, gallias, etc.] ´The galleasses … were a third larger than the ordinary galley, and rowed each by three hundred galley slaves. They consisted of an enormous towering structure at the stern, a castellated structure almost equally massive in front, with seats for the rowers amidships.´ Motley. { Gal•le´gan (gal•le´gan), Gal•le´go (gal•le´go or ga•lya´go), } n. [Sp. Gallego.] A native or inhabitant of Galicia, in Spain; a Galician.

Gal´le•ïn , n. [Pyrogallol + phthaleïn.] (Chem.) A red crystalline dyestuff, obtained by heating together pyrogallic and phthalic acids.

Gal´le•on , n. [Sp. galeon, cf. F. galion; fr. LL. galeo, galio. See Galley.] (Naut.) A sailing vessel of the 15th and following centuries, often having three or four decks, and used for war or commerce. The term is often rather indiscriminately applied to any large sailing vessel. “The galleons … were huge, round-stemmed, clumsy vessels, with bulwarks three or four feet thick, and built up at stem and stern, like castles.” Motley.

Gal´le•ot , n. (Naut.) See Galiot.

Gal´ler•y , n.; pl. Galleries (#). [F. galerie, It. galleria, fr. LL. galeria gallery, perh. orig., a festal hall, banquetting hall; cf. OF. galerie a rejoicing, fr. galer to rejoice. Cf. Gallant, a.] 1. A long and narrow corridor, or place for walking; a connecting passageway, as between one room and another; also a long hole or passage excavated by a boring or burrowing animal. 2. A room for the exhibition of works of art; as a picture gallery; hence, also a large or important collection of paintings, sculptures, etc. 3. A long and narrow platform attached to one or more sides of public hall or the interior of a church, and supported by brackets or columns; — sometimes intended to be occupied by musicians or spectators, sometimes designed merely to increase the capacity of the hall. 4. (Naut.) A frame, like a balcony, projecting from the stern or quarter of a ship, and hence called stern gallery or quarter gallery, — seldom found in vessels built since 1850. 5. (Fort.) Any communication which is covered overhead as well as at the sides. When prepared for defense, it is a defensive gallery. 6. (Mining) A working drift or level. Whispering gallery. See under Whispering.

Gal´le•tyle , n. [OE. gallytile. Cf. Gallipot.] A little tile of glazed earthenware. [Obs.] ´The substance of galletyle.´ Bacon.

Gal´ley , n.; pl. Galleys (#). [OE. gale, galeie (cf. OF. galie, galee, LL. galea, LGr. ; of unknown origin.] 1. (Naut.) A vessel propelled by oars, whether having masts and sails or not; as: (a) A large vessel for war and national purposes; — common in the Middle Ages, and down to the 17th century. (b) A name given by analogy to the Greek, Roman, and other ancient vessels propelled by oars. (c) A light, open boat used on the Thames by customhouse officers, press gangs, and also for pleasure. (d) One of the small boats carried by a man-of- war. The typical galley of the Mediterranean was from one hundred to two hundred feet long, often having twenty oars on each side. It had two or three masts rigged with lateen sails, carried guns at prow and stern, and a complement of one thousand to twelve hundred men, and was very efficient in mediaeval warfare. Galleons, galliots, galleasses, half galleys, and quarter galleys were all modifications of this type. 2. The cookroom or kitchen and cooking apparatus of a vessel; — sometimes on merchant vessels called the caboose. 3. (Chem.) An oblong oven or muffle with a battery of retorts; a gallery furnace. 4. [F. galee; the same word as E. galley a vessel.] (Print.) (a) An oblong tray of wood or brass, with upright sides, for holding type which has been set, or is to be made up, etc. (b) A proof sheet taken from type while on a galley; a galley proof. Galley slave, a person condemned, often as a punishment for crime, to work at the oar on board a galley. ´To toil like a galley slave.´ Macaulay.— Galley slice (Print.), a sliding false bottom to a large galley. Knight.

Gal´ley-bird , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker; also the spotted woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.]

Gal´ley-worm , n. [Prob. so called because the numerous legs along the sides move rhythmically like the oars of a galley.] (Zoöl.) A chilognath myriapod of the genus Iulus, and allied genera, having numerous short legs along the sides; a milliped or ´thousand legs.´ See Chilognatha.

Gall´fly , n.; pl. Gallflies . (Zoöl.) An insect that deposits its eggs in plants, and occasions galls, esp. any small hymenopteran of the genus Cynips and allied genera. See Illust. of Gall.

Gal•li•am´bic , a. [L. galliambus a song used by the priests of Cybele; Gallus (a name applied to these priests) + iambus] (Pros.) Consisting of two iambic dimeters catalectic, the last of which lacks the final syllable; — said of a kind of verse.

Gal´li•an , a. [See Gallic.] Gallic; French. [Obs.] Shak.

Gal´liard , a. [OE., fr. F. gaillard, perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. galach valiant, or AS. gagol, geagl, wanton, lascivious.] Gay; brisk; active. [Obs.]

Gal´liard, n. A brisk, gay man. [Obs.] “Selden is a galliard by himself.” Cleveland.

Gal´liard, n. [F. gaillarde, cf. Sp. gallarda. See Galliard, a.] A gay, lively dance. Cf. Gailliarde. “Never a hall such a galliard did grace.” Sir. W. Scott.

Gal•liard•ise , n. [F. gaillardise. See Galliard, a.] Excessive gayety; merriment. [Obs.] “The mirth and galliardise of company.” Sir. T. Browne.

Gal´liard•ness, n. Gayety. [Obs.] Gayton.

Gal´li•ass , n. Same as Galleass.

Gal´lic , a. [From Gallium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, gallium.

Gal´lic (277), a. [From Gall the excrescence.] Pertaining to, or derived from, galls, nutgalls, and the like. Gallic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, very widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, being found in the free state in galls, tea, etc., and produced artificially. It is a white, crystalline substance, C_6H_2(HO)3.CO_2H, with an astringent taste, and is a strong reducing agent, as employed in photography. It is usually prepared from tannin, and both give a dark color with iron salts, forming tannate and gallate of iron, which are the essential ingredients of common black ink.

Gal´lic , a. [L. Gallicus belonging to the Gauls, fr. Galli the Gauls, Gallia Gaul, now France: cf. F. gallique.] Pertaining to Gaul or France; Gallican.

Gal´li•can , a. [L. Gallicanus: cf. F. gallican.] Of or pertaining to Gaul or France; Gallic; French; as the Gallican church or clergy.

Gal´li•can, n. An adherent to, and supporter of, Gallicanism. Shipley.

Gal´li•can•ism , n. The principles, tendencies, or action of those, within the Roman Catholic Church in France, who (esp. in 1682) sought to restrict the papal authority in that country and increase the power of the national church. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

Gal´li•cism , n. [F. gallicisme.] A mode of speech peculiar to the French; a French idiom; also in general, a French mode or custom.

Gal´li•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallicized p. pr. & vb. n. Gallicizing ] To conform to the French mode or idiom.

Gal´lied , p. p. & a. (Naut.) Worried; flurried; frightened. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Gal´li•form , a. (Zoöl.) Like the Gallinae (or Galliformes) in structure.

Gal•li•gas´kins , n. pl. [Prob. corrupted fr. It. Grechesco Grecian, a name which seems to have been given in Venice, and to have been afterwards confused with Gascony, as if they came from Gascony.] Loose hose or breeches; leather leg quards. The word is used loosely and often in a jocose sense.

Gal•li•ma´ti•a , n. Senseless talk. [Obs. or R.] See Galimatias.

Gal•li•mau´fry , n.; pl. Gallimaufries (#). [F. galimafree a sort of ragout or mixed hash of different meats.] 1. A hash of various kinds of meats, a ragout. “Delighting in hodge-podge, gallimaufries, forced meat.” King. 2. Any absurd medley; a hotchpotch. “The Mahometan religion, which, being a gallimaufry made up of many, partakes much of the Jewish.” South.

Gal´lin , n. (Chem.) A substance obtained by the reduction of galleïn.

Gal´li•nace•ae , n. pl. [NL. See Gallinaceous.] (Zoöl.) Same as Gallinae.

Gal•li•na´cean , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gallinae or gallinaceous birds.

Gal•li•na´ceous , a.[L. gallinaceus, fr. gallina hen, fr. gallus cock.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the domestic fowls and pheasants; of or pertaining to the Gallinae.

Gal•li´nae , n.; pl. [NL., fr. L. gallina a hen, gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the common domestic fowls, pheasants, grouse, quails, and allied forms; — sometimes called Rasores.

Gall´ing , a. Fitted to gall or chafe; vexing; harassing; irritating. — Gall´ing•ly, adv.

Gal´li•nip•per , n. A large mosquito.

Gal´li•nule , n. [L. gallinula chicken, dim. of gallina hen: cf. F. gallinule.] (Zoöl.) One of several wading birds, having long, webless toes, and a frontal shield, belonging to the family Rallidae. They are remarkable for running rapidly over marshes and on floating plants. The purple gallinule of America is Ionornis Martinica, that of the Old World is Porphyrio porphyrio. The common European gallinule (Gallinula chloropus) is also called moor hen, water hen, water rail, moor coot, night bird, and erroneously dabchick. Closely related to it is the Florida gallinule (Gallinula galeata). The purple gallinule of Southern Europe and Asia was formerly believed to be able to detect and report adultery, and for that reason, chiefly, it was commonly domesticated by the ancients.

Gal´li•ot , n. See Galiot.

Gal•lip´o•li oil An inferior kind of olive oil, brought from Gallipoli, in Italy.

Gal´li•pot , n. [Prob. fr. OD. gleypot, the first part of which is possibly akin to E. glad. See Glad, and Pot.] A glazed earthen pot or vessel, used by druggists and apothecaries for containing medicines, etc.

Gal´li•um , n. [NL., fr. L. Gallia France.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, found in certain zinc ores. It is white, hard, and malleable, resembling aluminium, and remarkable for its low melting point (86° F., 30° C). Symbol Ga. Atomic weight 69.9. The element was predicted with most of its properties, under the name ekaluminium, by the Russian chemist Mendelejeff, on the basis of the Periodic law. This prediction was verified in its discovery by the French chemist Lecoq de Boisbaudran by its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines), in an examination of a zinc blende from the Pyrenees.

Gal´li•vant , v. i. [From Gallant.] To play the beau; to wait upon the ladies; also to roam about for pleasure without any definite plan. [Slang] Dickens.

Gal´li•vat , n.[Prob. fr. Pg. galeota; cf. E. galiot, galley.] (Naut.) A small armed vessel, with sails and oars, — used on the Malabar coast. A. Chalmers.

Gal´li•wasp , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A West Indian lizard (Celestus occiduus), about a foot long, imagined by the natives to be venomous.

Gall´nut , n. (Zoöl.) A round gall produced on the leaves and shoots of various species of the oak tree. See Gall, and Nutgall.

Gal•lo•ma´ni•a , n. [L. Galli Gauls + mania madness.] An excessive admiration of what is French. — Gal•lo•ma´ni•ac (#), n.

Gal´lon , n. [OF galon, jalon, LL. galo, galona, fr. galum a liquid measure; cf. F. jale large bowl. Cf. Gill a measure.] A measure of capacity, containing four quarts; — used, for the most part, in liquid measure, but sometimes in dry measure. The standart gallon of the Unites States contains 231 cubic inches, or 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at its maximum density, and with the barometer at 30 inches. This is almost exactly equivalent to a cylinder of seven inches in diameter and six inches in height, and is the same as the old English wine gallon. The beer gallon, now little used in the United States, contains 282 cubic inches. The English imperial gallon contains 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at 62 of Fahrenheit, and barometer at 30 inches, equal to 277.274 cubic inches.

Gal•loon´ , n. [From F. or Sp. galon. See Gala. ] 1. A narrow tapelike fabric used for binding hats, shoes, etc., — sometimes made ornamental. 2. A similar bordering or binding of rich material, such as gold lace. “Silver and gold galloons, with the like glittering gewgaws.” Addison.

Gal•looned , a. Furnished or adorned with galloon.

Gal´lop , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Galloped p. pr. & vb. n. Galloping.] [OE. galopen, F. galoper, of German origin; cf. assumed Goth. ga-hlaupan to run, OHG. giloufen, AS. gehleápan to leap, dance, fr. root of E. leap, and a prefix; or cf. OFlem. walop a gallop. See Leap, and cf. 1st Wallop.] 1. To move or run in the mode called a gallop; as a horse; to go at a gallop; to run or move with speed. “But gallop lively down the western hill.” Donne. 2. To ride a horse at a gallop. 3. Fig.: To go rapidly or carelessly, as in making a hasty examination. “Such superficial ideas he may collect in galloping over it.” Locke.

Gal´lop , v. t. To cause to gallop.

Gal´lop, n. [Cf. F. galop. See Gallop, v. i., and cf. Galop.] A mode of running by a quadruped, particularly by a horse, by lifting alternately the fore feet and the hind feet, in successive leaps or bounds. Hand gallop, a slow or gentle gallop.

Gal´lo•pade , n. [F. galopade. See Gallop, n.] 1. I horsemanship, a sidelong or curveting kind of gallop. 2. A kind of dance; also music to the dance; a galop.

Gal•lo•pade´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gallopaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallopading.] 1. To gallop, as on horseback. 2. To perform the dance called gallopade.

Gal´lop•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, gallops. 2. (Mil.) A carriage on which very small guns were formerly mounted, the gun resting on the shafts, without a limber. Farrow. Galloper gun, a light gun, supported on a galloper, — formerly attached to British infantry regiments.

Gal´lo•pin , n.[F. galopin. See Gallop, v. i.] An under servant for the kitchen; a scullion; a cook’s errand boy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Gal´lop•ing , a. Going at a gallop; progressing rapidly; as a galloping horse.

Gal•lo•tan´nic , a. [Gall nutgall + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to the tannin or nutgalls. Gallotannic acid. See Tannic acid, under Tannic.

Gal´low , v. t. [Cf. AS. agelwan to stupefy.] To fright or terrify. See Gally, v. t. [Obs.] Shak.

Gal´lo•way , n. (Zoöl.) A small horse of a breed raised at Galloway, Scotland; — called also garran, and garron.

Gal´low•glass , n. [Ir. galloglach. Cf. Gillie.] A heavy-armed foot soldier from Ireland and the Western Isles in the time of Edward Shak.

Gal´lows , n. sing.; pl. Gallowses (#) or Gallows. [OE. galwes, pl., AS. galga, gealga, gallows, cross; akin to D. galg gallows, OS. & OHG. galgo, G. galgen, Icel. galgi, Sw. & Dan. galge, Goth. galga a cross. Etymologically and historically considered, gallows is a noun in the plural number, but it is used as a singular, and hence is preceded by a; as a gallows.] 1. A frame from which is suspended the rope with which criminals are executed by hanging, usually consisting of two upright posts and a crossbeam on the top; also a like frame for suspending anything. “So they hanged Haman on the gallows.” Esther vii. 10. “If I hang, I’ll make a fat pair of gallows.” Shak. “O, there were desolation of gaolers and gallowses!” Shak. 2. A wretch who deserves the gallows. [R.] Shak. 3. (Print.) The rest for the tympan when raised. 4. pl. A pair of suspenders or braces. [Colloq.] Gallows bird, a person who deserves the gallows. [Colloq.] — Gallows bitts (Naut.), one of two or more frames amidships on deck for supporting spare spars; — called also gallows, gallows top, gallows frame, etc. — Gallows frame. (a) The frame supporting the beam of an engine. (b) (Naut.) Gallows bitts. — Gallows, or Gallow tree, the gallows. “ At length him nailed on a gallow tree.” Spenser.

Gall´stone , n. A concretion, or calculus, formed in the gall bladder or biliary passages. See Calculus, n., 1.

Gal´ly , v. t. [See Gallow, v. t.] To frighten; to worry. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] T. Brown.

Gall´y , a. Like gall; bitter as gall. Cranmer.

Gal´ly , n. See Galley, n., 4.

Gal•ly•gas´kins, n. pl. See Galligaskins.

Ga•loche´ , Ga•loshe´ , [OE. galoche, galache, galage, shoe, F. galoche galoche, perh. altered fr. L. gallica a Gallic shoe, or fr. LL. calopedia wooden shoe, or shoe with a wooden sole, Gr. , dim. of , , a shoemaker’s last; wood + foot.] 1. A clog or patten. [Obs.] “Nor were worthy [to] unbuckle his galoche.” Chaucer. 2. Hence: An overshoe worn in wet weather. 3. A gaiter, or legging, covering the upper part of the shoe and part of the leg.

Ga•loot´ , n. A noisy, swaggering, or worthless fellow; a rowdy. [Slang, U. S.]

Gal´op , n. [F.] (Mus.) A kind of lively dance, in 2-4 time; also the music to the dance.

Ga•lore´ , n. & a. [Scot. gelore, gilore, galore, fr. Gael. gu leòr, enough; gu- to, also an adverbial prefix + leòr, leòir, enough; or fr. Ir. goleor, the same word.] Plenty; abundance; in abundance.

Ga•loshe´ , n. Same as Galoche.

Galpe , v. i. To gape,; to yawn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gal´some , a. [Gall bitterness + some.] Angry; malignant. [Obs.] Bp. Morton.

Galt , n. [See Gault.] Same as Gault.

Gal•van´ic , a. [From Galvani, a professor of physiology at Bologna, on account of his connection (about 1780) with the discovery of dynamical or current electricity: cf. F. galvanique.] Of or pertaining to, or exhibiting the phenomena of, galvanism; employing or producing electrical currents. Galvanic battery (Elec.), an apparatus for generating electrical currents by the mutual action of certain liquids and metals; — now usually called voltaic battery. See Battery. — Galvanic circuit or circle. (Elec.) See under Circuit. — Galvanic pile (Elec.), the voltaic pile. See under Voltaic.

Gal´va•nism , n. [From Galvani: cf. F. galvanisme. See Galvanic.] (Physics) (a) Electricity excited by the mutual action of certain liquids and metals; dynamical electricity. (b) The branch of physical science which treats of dynamical elecricity, or the properties and effects of electrical currents. The words galvanism and galvanic, formerly in very general use, are now rarely employed. For the latter, voltaic, from the name of Volta, is commonly used.

Gal´va•nist , n. One versed in galvanism.

Gal´va•niza•tion , n. The act of process of galvanizing.

Gal´va•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galvanized p pr. & vb. n. Galvanizing ] [Cf. F. galvaniser.] 1. To affect with galvanism; to subject to the action of electrical currents. 2. To plate, as with gold, silver, etc., by means of electricity. 3. To restore to consciousness by galvanic action (as from a state of suspended animation); hence, to stimulate or excite to a factitious animation or activity. 4. To coat, as iron, with zinc. See Galvanized iron. Galvanized iron, formerly, iron coated with zink by electrical deposition; now more commonly, iron coated with zink by plunging into a bath of melted zink, after its surface has been cleaned by friction with the aid of dilute acid.

Gal´va•ni•zer , n. One who, or that which, galvanize.

Gal•van•o•caus´tic , a. [Galvanic + caustic.] Relating to the use of galvanic heat as a caustic, especially in medicine.

Gal•van•o•cau´ter•y , n. (Med.) Cautery effected by a knife or needle heated by the passage of a galvanic current.

Gal•va•nog´ly•phy , n. [Galvanic + Gr. to engrave.] Same as Glyphography.

Gal•van´o•graph , n. [Galvanic + -graph.] (Engraving) A copperplate produced by the method of galvanography; also a picture printed from such a plate.

Gal•van•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to galvanography.

Gal•va•nog´ra•phy , n. [Galvanic + -graphy.] 1. The art or process of depositing metals by electricity; electrotypy. 2. A method of producing by means of electrotyping process (without etching) copperplates which can be printed from in the same manner as engraved plates.

Gal•va•nol´o•gist , n. One who describes the phenomena of galvanism; a writer on galvanism.

Gal•va•nol´o•gy n. [Galvanic + -logy.] A treatise on galvanism, or a description of its phenomena.

Gal•va•nom´e•ter , n. [Galvanic + -meter: cf. F. galvanomètre.] (Elec.) An instrument or apparatus for measuring the intensity of an electric current, usually by the deflection of a magnetic needle. Differential galvanometer. See under Differental, a. — Sine galvanometer, Cosine galvanometer, Tangent galvanometer (Elec.), a galvanometer in which the sine, cosine, or tangent respectively, of the angle through which the needle is deflected, is proportional to the strength of the current passed through the instrument.

Gal•van•o•met´ric , a. Of, pertaining to, or measured by, a galvanometer.

Gal•va•nom´e•try , n. The art or process of measuring the force of electric currents.

Gal•van•o•plas´tic , a. [Galvanic + -plastic.] Of or pertaining to the art or process of electrotyping; employing, or produced by, the process of electolytic deposition; as a galvano-plastic copy of a medal or the like.

Gal•van´o•plas•ty , n. [Cf. F. galanoplastie.] The art or process of electrotypy.

Gal•van•o•punc´ture , n. (Med.) Same as Electro-puncture.

Gal•van•o•scope , n. [Galvanic + -scope: cf. F. galvanoscope.] (Elec.) An instrument or apparatus for detecting the presence of electrical currents, especially such as are of feeble intensity.

Gal•van•o•scop´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a galvanoscope.

Gal•va•nos´co•py , n. (Physiol.) The use of galvanism in physiological experiments.

Gal•va•not´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. E. galvanic + Gr. to tone.] (Physiol.) Same as Electrotonus.

Gal•va•not´ro•pism , n. [Galvanic + Gr. to turn.] (Bot.) The tendency of a root to place its axis in the line of a galvanic current.

Gal´wes , n. Gallows. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga´ma grass [From Gama, a cluster of the Maldive Islands.] (Bot.) A species of grass (Tripsacum dactyloides) tall, stout, and exceedingly productive; cultivated in the West Indies, Mexico, and the Southern States of North America as a forage grass; — called also sesame grass.

Ga•mash´es , n. pl. [F. gamaches.] High boots or buskins; in Scotland, short spatterdashes or riding trousers, worn over the other clothing.

Gam´ba , n. A viola da gamba.

Gam•ba´does , n. pl. [I. or Sp. gamba leg. See Gambol, n.] Same as Gamashes. “His thin legs tenanted a pair of gambadoes fastened at the side with rusty clasps.” Sir W. Scott.

Gam´be•son , n. Same as Gambison.

Gam´bet , n. [Fr. gambette, or It. gambetta.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genuis Totanus. See Tattler.

Gam´bier , n. [Malayan.] (a) The inspissated juice of a plant (Uncaria Gambir) growing in Malacca. It is a powerful astringent, and, under the name of Terra Japonica, is used for chewing with the Areca nut, and is exported for tanning and dyeing. (b) Catechu. [Written also gambeer and gambir.]

Gam´bi•son , n. [OF. gambeson, gambaison, fr. gambais, wambais, of German origin: cf. MHG. wambeis, G. wams doublet, fr. OHG. wamba, stomach. See Womb.] A defensive garment formerly in use for the body, made of cloth stuffed and quilted.

Gam´bist , n. [It. gamba leg.] (Mus.) A performer upon the viola di gamba. See under Viola.

Gam´bit , n. [F. gambit, cf. It. gambitto gambit, a tripping up. See Gambol, n.] (Chess Playing) A mode of opening the game, in which a pawn is sacrificed to gain an attacking position.

Gam´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gambled p. pr. & vb. n. Gambling ] [Dim. of game. See 2d Game.] To play or game for money or other stake.

Gamble, v. t. To lose or squander by gaming; — usually with away. ´Bankrupts or sots who have gambled or slept away their estates.´ Ames.

Gam´bler , n. One who gambles.

Gam•boge´ , n. A concrete juice, or gum resin, produced by several species of trees in Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylindrical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, — whence its name. The best kind is of a dense, compact texture, and of a beatiful reddish yellow. Taken internally, it is a strong and harsh cathartic and emetic. [Written also camboge.] There are several kinds of gamboge, but all are derived from species of Garcinia, a genus of trees of the order Guttiferae. The best Siam gamboge is thought to come from Garcinia Hanburii. Ceylon gamboge is from G. Morella. G. pictoria, of Western India, yields gamboge, and also a kind of oil called gamboge butter. { Gam•bo´gi•an , Gambogic } a. Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, gamboge.

Gam´bol (gam´bol), n. [OE. gambolde, gambaulde, F. gambade, gambol, fr. It. gambata kick, fr. L. gamba leg, akin to F. jambe, OF. also gambe, fr. L. gamba, hoof or perh. joint: cf. Gr. kamph• a binding, winding, W., Ir. & Gael. cam crooked; perh. akin to E. chamber: cf.F. gambiller to kick about. Cf. Jamb, n., Gammon ham, Gambadoes.] A skipping or leaping about in frolic; a hop; a sportive prank. Dryden.

Gam´bol v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamboled , or Gambolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gamboling or Gambolling.] To dance and skip about in sport; to frisk; to skip; to play in frolic, like boys or lambs.

Gam´brel , n. [OF. gambe, jambe leg, F. jambe. Cf. Cambrel, Chambrel, and see Gambol. n.] 1. The hind leg of a horse. 2. A stick crooked like a horse’s hind leg; - - used by butchers in suspending slaughtered animals. Gambrel roof (Arch.), a curb roof having the same section in all parts, with a lower steeper slope and an upper and flatter one, so that each gable is pentagonal in form.

Gam´brel v. t. To truss or hang up by means of a gambrel. Beau. & Fl.

Gam•broon´ , n. A kind of twilled linen cloth for lining. Simmonds.

Game , a. [Cf. W. cam crooked, and E. gambol, n.] Crooked; lame; as a game leg. [Colloq.]

Game, n. [OE. game, gamen, AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport; akin to OS., OHG., & Icel. gaman, Dan. gammen mirth, merriment, OSw. gamman joy. Cf. Gammon a game, Backgammon, Gamble v. i.] 1. Sport of any kind; jest, frolic. “We have had pastimes here, and pleasant game.” Shak. 2. A contest, physical or mental, according to certain rules, for amusement, recreation, or for winning a stake; as a game of chance; games of skill; field games, etc. “But war’s a game, which, were their subject wise,
Kings would not play at.” Cowper. Among the ancients, especially the Greeks and Romans, there were regularly recurring public exhibitions of strength, agility, and skill under the patronage of the government, usually accompanied with religious ceremonies. Such were the Olympic, the Pythian, the Nemean, and the Isthmian games. 3. The use or practice of such a game; a single match at play; a single contest; as a game at cards. “Talk the game o’er between the deal.” Lloyd. 4. That which is gained, as the stake in a game; also the number of points necessary to be scored in order to win a game; as in short whist five points are game. 5. (Card Playing) In some games, a point credited on the score to the player whose cards counts up the highest. 6. A scheme or art employed in the pursuit of an object or purpose; method of procedure; projected line of operations; plan; project. “Your murderous game is nearly up.” Blackw. Mag. “It was obviously Lord Macaulay’s game to blacken the greatest literary champion of the cause he had set himself to attack.” Saintsbury. 7. Animals pursued and taken by sportsmen; wild meats designed for, or served at, table. “Those species of animals … distinguished from the rest by the well-known appellation of game.” Blackstone. Confidence game. See under Confidence. — To make game of, to make sport of; to mock. Milton.

Game, a. 1. Having a resolute, unyielding spirit, like the gamecock; ready to fight to the last; plucky. “I was game … .I felt that I could have fought even to the death.” W. Irving. 2. Of or pertaining to such animals as are hunted for game, or to the act or practice of hunting. Game bag, a sportsman’s bag for carrying small game captured; also the whole quantity of game taken. — Game bird, any bird commonly shot for food, esp. grouse, partridges, quails, pheasants, wild turkeys, and the shore or wading birds, such as plovers, snipe, woodcock, curlew, and sandpipers. The term is sometimes arbitrarily restricted to birds hunted by sportsmen, with dogs and guns. — Game egg, an egg producing a gamecock. — Game laws, laws regulating the seasons and manner of taking game for food or for sport. — Game preserver, a land owner who regulates the killing of game on his estate with a view to its increase. [Eng.] — To be game. (a) To show a brave, unyielding spirit. (b) To be victor in a game. [Colloq.] — To die game, to maintain a bold, unyielding spirit to the last; to die fighting.

Game (gam), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamed (gamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaming.] [OE. gamen, gameen, to rejoice, AS. gamenian to play. See Game, n.] 1. To rejoice; to be pleased; — often used, in Old English, impersonally with dative. [Obs.] “God loved he best with all his whole hearte
At alle times, though him gamed or smarte.” Chaucer. 2. To play at any sport or diversion. 3. To play for a stake or prize; to use cards, dice, billiards, or other instruments, according to certain rules, with a view to win money or other thing waged upon the issue of the contest; to gamble.

Game´cock (-kok•), n. (Zoöl.) The male game fowl.

Game´ fowl (-foul•). (Zoöl.) A handsome breed of the common fowl, remarkable for the great courage and pugnacity of the males.

Game´ful (-ful), a. Full of game or games.

Game´keep•er (-kep•er), n. One who has the care of game, especially in a park or preserve. Blackstone.

Game´less, a. Destitute of game.

Game´ly, adv. In a plucky manner; spiritedly.

Game´ness, n. Endurance; pluck.

Game´some , a. Gay; sportive; playful; frolicsome; merry. Shak. “Gladness of the gamesome crowd.” Byron. — Game´some•ly, adv. — Game´some•ness, n.

Game´ster , n. [Game + - ster.] 1. A merry, frolicsome person. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A person who plays at games; esp., one accustomed to play for a stake; a gambler; one skilled in games. “When lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentlest gamester is the soonest winner.” Shak. 3. A prostitute; a strumpet. [Obs.] Shak.

Gam´ic , a. [Gr. marriage.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or resulting from, sexual connection; formed by the union of the male and female elements.

Gam´in , n. [F.] A neglected and untrained city boy; a young street Arab. “In Japan, the gamins run after you, and say, ’Look at the Chinaman.’” L. Oliphant.

Gam´ing , n. The act or practice of playing games for stakes or wagers; gambling.

Gam´ma , n. The third letter (&GAMMA;, γ = Eng. G) of the Greek alphabet.

Gam•ma´di•on , n. A cross formed of four capital gammas formerly used as a mysterious ornament on ecclesiastical vestments, etc. See Fylfot.

Gam´mer (gam´mer), n. [Possibly contr. fr. godmother; but prob. fr. grammer for grandmother. Cf. Gaffer.] An old wife; an old woman; — correlative of gaffer, an old man.

Gam´mon (-mun), n. [OF. gambon, F. jambon, fr. OF. gambe leg, F. jambe. See Gambol, n., and cf. Ham.] The buttock or thigh of a hog, salted and smoked or dried; the lower end of a flitch. Goldsmith.

Gam´mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gammoned (-mund); p. pr. & vb. n. Gammoning.] To make bacon of; to salt and dry in smoke.
[1913 Webster]

Gam´mon, n. [See 2d Game.] 1. Backgammon. 2. An imposition or hoax; humbug. [Colloq.]

Gam´mon, v. t. 1. To beat in the game of backgammon, before an antagonist has been able to get his ´men´ or counters home and withdraw any of them from the board; as to gammon a person. 2. To impose on; to hoax; to cajole. [Colloq.] Hood.

Gam´mon, v. t. [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) To fasten (a bowsprit) to the stem of a vessel by lashings of rope or chain, or by a band of iron. Totten.

Gam´mon•ing, n. [From 5th Gammon.] (Naut.) The lashing or iron band by which the bowsprit of a vessel is secured to the stem to opposite the lifting action of the forestays. Gammoning fashion, in the style of gammoning lashing, that is, having the turns of rope crossed. — Gammoning hole (Naut.), a hole cut through the knee of the head of a vessel for the purpose of gammoning the bowsprit.

Gam´mon•ing, n. [From 4th Gammon.] The act of imposing upon or hoaxing a person. [Colloq.]

Gam•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. marriage + E. genesis.] (Biol.) The production of offspring by the union of parents of different sexes; sexual reproduction; — the opposite of agamogenesis.

Gam•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to gamogenesis. — Gam•o•ge•net´ic•al•ly, adv.

Gam•o•mor´phism , n. [Gr. marriage + form, shape.] (Biol.) That stage of growth or development in an organism, in which the reproductive elements are generated and matured in preparation for propagating the species.

Gam•o•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. marriage + E. petalous: cf. F. gamopetale.] (Bot.) Having the petals united or joined so as to form a tube or cup; monopetalous.

Ga•moph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. marriage + leaf.] (Bot.) Composed of leaves united by their edges (coalescent). Gray.

Gam•o•sep´al•ous , a. [Gr. marriage + E. sepal.] (Bot.) Formed of united sepals; monosepalous.

Gam´ut , n. [F. gamme + ut the name of a musical note. F. gamme is fr. the name of the Greek letter , which was used by Guido d’Arezzo to represent the first note of his model scale. See Gamma, and Ut.] (Mus.) The scale.

Gam´y , a. 1. (Cookery) Having the flavor of game, esp. of game kept uncooked till near the condition of tainting; high- flavored. 2. (Sporting) Showing an unyielding spirit to the last; plucky; furnishing sport; as a gamy trout.

Gan , imp. of Gin. [See Gin, v.] Began; commenced. Gan was formerly used with the infinitive to form compound imperfects, as did is now employed. Gan regularly denotes the singular; the plural is usually denoted by gunne or gonne. “This man gan fall (i.e., fell) in great suspicion.” Chaucer. “The little coines to their play gunne hie (i. e., hied).” Chaucer. Later writers use gan both for singular and plural. “Yet at her speech their rages gan relent.” Spenser.

Ganch , v. t. [Cf. F. ganche, n., also Sp. & Pg. gancho hook, It. gancio.] To drop from a high place upon sharp stakes or hooks, as the Turks dropped malefactors, by way of punishment. “Ganching, which is to let fall from on high upon hooks, and there to hang until they die.” Sandys.

Gan´der , n. [AS. gandra, ganra, akin to Prov. G. gander, ganter, and E. goose, gannet. See Goose.] The male of any species of goose.

Gane , v. i. [See Yawn.] To yawn; to gape. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga•ne´sa , n. (Hind. Myth.) The Hindoo god of wisdom or prudence. He is represented as a short, fat, red-colored man, with a large belly and the head of an elephant. Balfour.

Gang , v. i. [AS. gangan, akin to OS. & OHG. gangan, Icel. ganga, Goth. gaggan; cf. Lith. engti to walk, Skr. jagha leg. rad.48. Cf. Go.] To go; to walk. Obsolete in English literature, but still used in the North of England, and also in Scotland.

Gang, n. [Icel. gangr a going, gang, akin to AS., D., G., & Dan. gang a going, Goth. gaggs street, way. See Gang, v. i.] 1. A going; a course. [Obs.] 2. A number going in company; hence, a company, or a number of persons associated for a particular purpose; a group of laborers under one foreman; a squad; as a gang of sailors; a chain gang; a gang of thieves. 3. A combination of similar implements arranged so as by acting together, to save time or labor; a set; as a gang of saws, or of plows. 4. (Naut.) A set; all required for an outfit; as a new gang of stays. 5. [Cf. Gangue.] (Mining) The mineral substance which incloses a vein; a matrix; a gangue. Gang board, or Gang plank. (Naut.) (a) A board or plank, with cleats for steps, forming a bridge by which to enter or leave a vessel. (b) A plank within or without the bulwarks of a vessel’s waist, for the sentinel to walk on. — Gang cask, a small cask in which to bring water aboard ships or in which it is kept on deck. — Gang cultivator, Gang plow, a cultivator or plow in which several shares are attached to one frame, so as to make two or more furrows at the same time. — Gang days, Rogation days; the time of perambulating parishes. See Gang week (below). — Gang drill, a drilling machine having a number of drills driven from a common shaft. — Gang master, a master or employer of a gang of workmen. — Gang plank. See Gang board (above). — Gang plow. See Gang cultivator (above). — Gang press, a press for operating upon a pile or row of objects separated by intervening plates. — Gang saw, a saw fitted to be one of a combination or gang of saws hung together in a frame or sash, and set at fixed distances apart. — Gang tide. See Gang week (below). — Gang tooth, a projecting tooth. [Obs.] Halliwell. — Gang week, Rogation week, when formerly processions were made to survey the bounds of parishes. Halliwell. — Live gang, or Round gang, the Western and the Eastern names, respectively, for a gang of saws for cutting the round log into boards at one operation. Knight. — Slabbing gang, an arrangement of saws which cuts slabs from two sides of a log, leaving the middle part as a thick beam.

Gang´er , n. One who oversees a gang of workmen. [R.] Mayhew.

Gan•get´ic , a. Pertaining to, or inhabiting, the Ganges; as the Gangetic shark.

Gang´-flow•er , n. (Bot.) The common English milkwort (Polygala vulgaris), so called from blossoming in gang week. Dr. Prior.

Gan´gion , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A short line attached to a trawl. See Trawl, n. { Gan´gli•ac , Gan´gli•al } a. (Anat.) Relating to a ganglion; ganglionic. { Gan´gli•ate , Gan´gli•a•ted } a. (Anat.) Furnished with ganglia; as the gangliated cords of the sympathetic nervous system. { Gan´gli•form• , Gan´gli•o•form• } a. [Ganglion + -form.] (Anat.) Having the form of a ganglion.

Gan´gli•on , n.; pl. L. Ganglia (#), E. Ganglions (#). [L. ganglion a sort of swelling or excrescence, a tumor under the skin, Gr. : cf. F. ganglion.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A mass or knot of nervous matter, including nerve cells, usually forming an enlargement in the course of a nerve. (b) A node, or gland in the lymphatic system; as a lymphatic ganglion. 2. (Med.) A globular, hard, indolent tumor, situated somewhere on a tendon, and commonly formed by the effusion of a viscid fluid into it; — called also weeping sinew. Ganglion cell, a nerve cell. See Illust. under Bipolar.

Gan´gli•on•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. ganglionnarie.] (Anat.) Ganglionic.

Gan•gli•on´ic , a. [Cf. F. ganglionique.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, ganglia or ganglion cells; as a ganglionic artery; the ganglionic columns of the spinal cord.

Gan´grel , a. [Cf. Gang, v. i.] Wandering; vagrant. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gan´gre•nate , v. t. To gangrene. [Obs.]

Gan´grene , n. [F. gangrène, L. gangraena, fr. Gr. , fr. to gnaw, eat; cf. Skr. gras, gar, to devour, and E. voracious, also canker, n., in sense 3.] (Med.) A term formerly restricted to mortification of the soft tissues which has not advanced so far as to produce complete loss of vitality; but now applied to mortification of the soft parts in any stage.

Gan´grene, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gangrened p. pr. & vb. n. Gangrening.] [Cf. F. gangrener.] To produce gangrene in; to be affected with gangrene.

Gan•gre•nes´cent , a. Tending to mortification or gangrene.

Gan´gre•nous , a. [Cf. F. gangreneux.] Affected by, or produced by, gangrene; of the nature of gangrene.

Gangue , n. [F. gangue, fr. G. gang a metallic vein, a passage. See Gang, n.] (Mining) The mineral or earthy substance associated with metallic ore.

Gang´way , n. [See Gang, v. i.] 1. A passage or way into or out of any inclosed place; esp., a temporary way of access formed of planks. 2. In the English House of Commons, a narrow aisle across the house, below which sit those who do not vote steadly either with the government or with the opposition. 3. (Naut.) The opening through the bulwarks of a vessel by which persons enter or leave it. 4. (Naut.) That part of the spar deck of a vessel on each side of the booms, from the quarter-deck to the forecastle; — more properly termed the waist. Totten. Gangway ladder, a ladder rigged on the side of a vessel at the gangway. — To bring to the gangway, to punish (a seaman) by flogging him at the gangway.

Gan´il , n. [F.] A kind of brittle limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Kirwan.

Gan´is•ter , Gan´nis•ter , n. (Mech.) A refractory material consisting of crushed or ground siliceous stone, mixed with fire clay; — used for lining Bessemer converters; also used for macadamizing roads.

Gan´ja , n. [Hind. ganjha.] The dried hemp plant, used in India for smoking. It is extremely narcotic and intoxicating.

Gan´net , n. [OE. gant, AS. ganet, ganot, a sea fowl, a fen duck; akin to D. gent gander, OHG. ganazzo. See Gander, Goose.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds of the genus Sula, allied to the pelicans. The common gannet of Europe and America (S. bassana), is also called solan goose, chandel goose, and gentleman. In Florida the wood ibis is commonly called gannet. Booby gannet. See Sula.

Gan•o•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. brightness + head.] (Paleon.) A group of fossil amphibians allied to the labyrinthodonts, having the head defended by bony, sculptured plates, as in some ganoid fishes.

Gan•o•ceph´a•lous , a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Ganocephala.

Ga´noid , a. [Gr. brightness + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Ganoidei. — n. One of the Ganoidei. Ganoid scale (Zoöl.), one kind of scales of the ganoid fishes, composed of an inner layer of bone, and an outer layer of shining enamel. They are often so arranged as to form a coat of mail.

Ga•noid´al , a. (Zoöl.) Ganoid.

Ga•noi´de•i , n. pl. [NL. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) One of the subclasses of fishes. They have an arterial cone and bulb, spiral intestinal valve, and the optic nerves united by a chiasma. Many of the species are covered with bony plates, or with ganoid scales; others have cycloid scales. They were numerous, and some of them of large size, in early geological periods; but they are represented by comparatively few living species, most of which inhabit fresh waters, as the bowfin, gar pike, bichir, Ceratodus, paddle fish, and sturgeon.

Ga•noid´i•an , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Ganoid.

Ga´no•ine , n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar bony tissue beneath the enamel of a ganoid scale.

Gan´sa , n. Same as Ganza. Bp. Hall.

Gant´let , n. [Gantlet is corrupted fr. gantlope; gantlope is for gatelope, Sw. gatlopp, orig., a running down a lane; gata street, lane + lopp course, career, akin to löpa to run. See Gate a way, and Leap.] A military punishment formerly in use, wherein the offender was made to run between two files of men facing one another, who struck him as he passed. To run the gantlet, to suffer the punishment of the gantlet; hence, to go through the ordeal of severe criticism or controversy, or ill-treatment at many hands. “Winthrop ran the gantlet of daily slights.” Palfrey. Written also but less properly, gauntlet.

Gant´let, n. A glove. See Gauntlet.

Gant´line , n. A line rigged to a mast; — used in hoisting rigging; a girtline.

Gant´lope , n. See Gantlet. [Obs.]

Gan´try , n. See Gauntree.

Gan´za , n. [Sp. gansa, ganso, goose; of Gothic origin. See Gannet, Goose.] A kind of wild goose, by a flock of which a virtuoso was fabled to be carried to the lunar world. [Also gansa.] Johnson.

Gaol , n. [See Jail.] A place of confinement, especially for minor offenses or provisional imprisonment; a jail. [Preferably, and in the United States usually, written jail.] Commission of general gaol delivery, an authority conferred upon judges and others included in it, for trying and delivering every prisoner in jail when the judges, upon their circuit, arrive at the place for holding court, and for discharging any whom the grand jury fail to indict. [Eng.] — Gaol delivery. (Law) See Jail delivery, under Jail.

Gaol´er , n. The keeper of a jail. See Jailer.

Gap , n. [OE. gap; cf. Icel. gap an empty space, Sw. gap mouth, breach, abyss, Dan. gab mouth, opening, AS. geap expanse; as adj., wide, spacious. See Gape.] An opening in anything made by breaking or parting; as a gap in a fence; an opening for a passage or entrance; an opening which implies a breach or defect; a vacant space or time; a hiatus; a mountain pass. “Miseries ensued by the opening of that gap.” Knolles. “It would make a great gap in your own honor.” Shak. Gap lathe (Mach.), a turning lathe with a deep notch in the bed to admit of turning a short object of large diameter. — To stand in the gap, to expose one’s self for the protection of something; to make defense against any assailing danger; to take the place of a fallen defender or supporter. — To stop a gap, to secure a weak point; to repair a defect.

Gap, v. t. 1. To notch, as a sword or knife. 2. To make an opening in; to breach. “Their masses are gapp’d with our grape.” Tennyson.

Gape ( in Eng, commonly 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gaping] [OE. gapen, AS. geapan to open; akin to D. gapen to gape, G. gaffen, Icel. & Sw. gapa, Dan. gabe; cf. Skr. jabh to snap at, open the mouth. Cf. Gaby, Gap.] 1. To open the mouth wide; as: (a) Expressing a desire for food; as young birds gape. Dryden.(b) Indicating sleepiness or indifference; to yawn. “She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes,
And asks if it be time to rise.” Swift. (c) Showing self-forgetfulness in surprise, astonishment, expectation, etc. “With gaping wonderment had stared aghast.” Byron. (d) Manifesting a desire to injure, devour, or overcome. “They have gaped upon me with their mouth.” Job xvi. 10. 2. To pen or part widely; to exhibit a gap, fissure, or hiatus. “May that ground gape and swallow me alive!” Shak. 3. To long, wait eagerly, or cry aloud for something; — with for, after, or at. “The hungry grave for her due tribute gapes.” Denham. Syn. — To gaze; stare; yawn. See Gaze.

Gape, n. 1. The act of gaping; a yawn. Addison. 2. (Zoöl.) The width of the mouth when opened, as of birds, fishes, etc. The gapes. (a) A fit of yawning. (b) A disease of young poultry and other birds, attended with much gaping. It is caused by a parasitic nematode worm (Syngamus trachealis), in the windpipe, which obstructs the breathing. See Gapeworm.

Gap´er , n. 1. One who gapes. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish. See 4th Comber. (b) A large edible clam (Schizothaerus Nuttalli), of the Pacific coast; — called also gaper clam. (c) An East Indian bird of the genus Cymbirhynchus, related to the broadbills.

Gape´seed , n. Any strange sight. Wright.

Gapes´ing , n. Act of gazing about; sightseeing. [Prov. Eng.]

Gape´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The parasitic worm that causes the gapes in birds. See Illustration in Appendix.

Gap´ing•stock , n. One who is an object of open-mouthed wonder. “I was to be a gapingstock and a scorn to the young volunteers.” Godwin.

Gap´-toothed , a. Having interstices between the teeth. Dryden.

Gar , n. [Prob. AS. gar dart, spear, lance. The name is applied to the fish on account of its long and slender body and pointed head. Cf. Goad, Gore, v.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any slender marine fish of the genera Belone and Tylosurus. See Garfish. (b) The gar pike. See Alligator gar (under Alligator), and Gar pike. Gar pike, or Garpike (Zoöl.), a large, elongated ganoid fish of the genus Lepidosteus, of several species, inhabiting the lakes and rivers of temperate and tropical America.

Gar, v. t. [Of Scand. origin. See Gear, n.] To cause; to make. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser.

Gar´an•cin ( 104), n. [F. garance madder, LL. garantia.] (Chem.) An extract of madder by sulphuric acid. It consists essentially of alizarin.

Garb , n. [OF. garbe looks, countenance, grace, ornament, fr. OHG. garawi, garwi, ornament, dress. akin to E. gear. See Gear, n.] 1. (a) Clothing in general. (b) The whole dress or suit of clothes worn by any person, especially when indicating rank or office; as the garb of a clergyman or a judge. (c) Costume; fashion; as the garb of a gentleman in the 16th century. 2. External appearance, as expressive of the feelings or character; looks; fashion or manner, as of speech. “You thought, because he could not speak English in the native garb, he could not therefore handle an English cudgel.” Shak.

Garb , n. [F. gerbe, OF. also garbe, OHG. garba, G. garbe; cf. Skr. grbh to seize, E. grab.] (Her.) A sheaf of grain (wheat, unless otherwise specified).

Garb, v. t. To clothe; array; deck. “These black dog-Dons
Garb themselves bravely.” Tennyson.

Gar´bage ( 48), n. [OE. also garbash, perh. orig., that which is purged or cleansed away; cf. OF. garber to make fine, neat, OHG. garawan to make ready, prepare, akin to E. garb dress; or perh. for garbleage, fr. garble; or cf. OF. garbage tax on sheaves, E. garb sheaf.] Offal, as the bowels of an animal or fish; refuse animal or vegetable matter from a kitchen; hence, anything worthless, disgusting, or loathsome. Grainger.

Gar´bage, v. t. To strip of the bowels; to clean. ´Pilchards … are garbaged.´ Holland.

Garbed , a. Dressed; habited; clad.

Gar´bel , n. (Naut.) Same as Garboard.

Gar´bel, n. [Cf. Garble, v. t.] Anything sifted, or from which the coarse parts have been taken. [Obs.]

Gar´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garbled p. pr. & vb. n. Garbling.] [Formerly, to pick out, sort, OF. grabeler, for garbeler to examine precisely, garble spices, fr. LL. garbellare to sift; cf. Sp. garbillar to sift, garbillo a coarse sieve, L. cribellum, dim. of cribrum sieve, akin to cernere to separate, sift (cf. E. Discern); or perh. rather from Ar. gharbal, gharbil, sieve.] 1. To sift or bolt, to separate the fine or valuable parts of from the coarse and useless parts, or from dros or dirt; as to garble spices. [Obs.] 2. To pick out such parts of as may serve a purpose; to mutilate; to pervert; as to garble a quotation; to garble an account.

Gar´ble, n. 1. Refuse; rubbish. [Obs.] Wolcott. 2. pl. Impurities separated from spices, drugs, etc.; — also called garblings.

Gar´bler , n. One who garbles.

Gar´board , n. (Naut.) One of the planks next the keel on the outside, which form a garboard strake. Garboard strake or streak, the first range or strake of planks laid on a ship’s bottom next the keel. Totten.

Gar´boil , n. [OF. garbouil; cf. Sp. garbullo, It. garbuglio; of uncertain origin; the last part is perh. fr. L. bullire to boil, E. boil.] Tumult; disturbance; disorder. [Obs.] Shak.

Gar•cin´i•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including the mangosteen tree (Garcinia Mangostana), found in the islands of the Indian Archipelago; — so called in honor of Dr. Garcin.

Gard , n. [See Garde, Yard] Garden. [Obs.] ´Trees of the gard.´ F. Beaumont.

Gard, v. & n. See Guard.

Gar´dant , a. [F. See Guardant.] (Her.) Turning the head towards the spectator, but not the body; — said of a lion or other beast.

Gar´den (gär´d’n; 277), n. [OE. gardin, OF. gardin, jardin, F. jardin, of German origin; cf. OHG. garto, G. garten; akin to AS. geard. See Yard an inclosure.] 1. A piece of ground appropriated to the cultivation of herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables. 2. A rich, well-cultivated spot or tract of country. “I am arrived from fruitful Lombardy,
The pleasant garden of great Italy.” Shak. Garden is often used adjectively or in self- explaining compounds; as garden flowers, garden tools, garden walk, garden wall, garden house or gardenhouse. Garden balsam, an ornamental plant (Impatiens Balsamina). — Garden engine, a wheelbarrow tank and pump for watering gardens. — Garden glass. (a) A bell glass for covering plants. (b) A globe of dark-colored glass, mounted on a pedestal, to reflect surrounding objects; — much used as an ornament in gardens in Germany. — Garden house (a) A summer house. Beau. & Fl. (b) A privy. [Southern U.S.] — Garden husbandry, the raising on a small scale of seeds, fruits, vegetables, etc., for sale. — Garden mold or mould, rich, mellow earth which is fit for a garden. Mortimer. — Garden nail, a cast nail used, for fastening vines to brick walls. Knight. — Garden net, a net for covering fruits trees, vines, etc., to protect them from birds. — Garden party, a social party held out of doors, within the grounds or garden attached to a private residence. — Garden plot, a plot appropriated to a garden. Garden pot, a watering pot. — Garden pump, a garden engine; a barrow pump. — Garden shears, large shears, for clipping trees and hedges, pruning, etc. - - Garden spider, (Zoöl.), the diadem spider (Epeira diadema), common in gardens, both in Europe and America. It spins a geometrical web. See Geometric spider, and Spider web. — Garden stand, a stand for flower pots. — Garden stuff, vegetables raised in a garden. [Colloq.] — Garden syringe, a syringe for watering plants, sprinkling them with solutions for destroying insects, etc. — Garden truck, vegetables raised for the market. [Colloq.] — Garden ware, garden truck. [Obs.] Mortimer. — Bear garden, Botanic garden, etc. See under Bear, etc. — Hanging garden. See under Hanging. — Kitchen garden, a garden where vegetables are cultivated for household use. — Market garden, a piece of ground where vegetable are cultivated to be sold in the markets for table use.

Gar´den, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gardened p. pr. & vb. n. Gardening.] To lay out or cultivate a garden; to labor in a garden; to practice horticulture.

Gar´den, v. t. To cultivate as a garden.

Gar´den•er , n. One who makes and tends a garden; a horticulturist.

Garde´ni•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some species of which produce beautiful and fragrant flowers; Cape jasmine; — so called in honor of Dr. Alexander Garden.

Gar´den•ing , n. The art of occupation of laying out and cultivating gardens; horticulture.

Gar´den•less , a. Destitute of a garden. Shelley.

Gar´den•ly , a. Like a garden. [R.] W. Marshall.

Gar´den•ship, n. Horticulture. [Obs.]

Gar´don , n. [F] (Zoöl.) A European cyprinoid fish; the id.

Gar•dy•loo´ , n. [F. gare l’eau beware of the water.] An old cry in throwing water, slops, etc., from the windows in Edingburgh. Sir. W. Scott.

Gare , n. [Cf. Gear.] Coarse wool on the legs of sheep. Blount.

Gare´fowl , n. (Zoöl.) The great auk; also the razorbill. See Auk. [Written also gairfowl, and gurfel.]

Gar´fish , n. [See Gar, n.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European marine fish (Belone vulgaris); — called also gar, gerrick, greenback, greenbone, gorebill, hornfish, longnose, mackerel guide, sea needle, and sea pike. (b) One of several species of similar fishes of the genus Tylosurus, of which one species (T. marinus) is common on the Atlantic coast. T. Caribbaeus, a very large species, and T. crassus, are more southern; — called also needlefish. Many of the common names of the European garfish are also applied to the American species.

Gar´ga•lize , v. t. [Cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] To gargle; to rinse. [Obs.] Marston.

Gar´ga•ney , n. (Zoöl.) A small European duck (Anas querquedula); — called also cricket teal, and summer teal.

Gar•gan´tu•an ( 135), a. [From Gargantua, an allegorical hero of Rabelais.] Characteristic of Gargantua, a gigantic, wonderful personage; enormous; prodigious; inordinate.

Gar´ga•rism , n. [F. gargarisme, L. gargarisma. See Gargarize.] (Med.) A gargle.

Gar´ga•rize , v. t. [F. gargarizare, fr. Gr. .] To gargle; to rinse or wash, as the mouth and throat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Garget , n. [OE. garget, gargate, throat, OF. gargate. Cf. Gorge. The etymol. of senses 2, 3, & 4 is not certain.] 1. The throat. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A diseased condition of the udders of cows, etc., arising from an inflammation of the mammary glands. 3. A distemper in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appetite. Youatt. 4. (Bot.) See Poke.

Gar´gil , n. [Cf. Garget, Gargoyle.] A distemper in geese, affecting the head.

Gar´gle , n. (Arch.) See Gargoyle.

Gar´gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garggled , p. pr. & vb. n. Gargling .] [F. gargouiller to dabble, paddle, gargle. Cf. Gargoyle, Gurgle.] 1. To wash or rinse, as the mouth or throat, particular the latter, agitating the liquid (water or a medicinal preparation) by an expulsion of air from the lungs. 2. To warble; to sing as if gargling [Obs.] Waller.

Gar´gle, n. A liquid, as water or some medicated preparation, used to cleanse the mouth and throat, especially for a medical effect.

Gar´gol , n. [Cf. Gargil.] A distemper in swine; garget. Mortimer.

Gar•gou•lette´ , n. [F.] A water cooler or jug with a handle and spout; a gurglet. Mollett.

Gar´goyle , n. [OE. garguilie, gargouille, cf. Sp. gárgola, prob. fr. the same source as F. gorge throat, influenced by L. gargarizare to gargle. See Gorge and cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] (Arch.) A spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely. [Written also gargle, gargyle, and gurgoyle.]

Gar´gyle , n. (Arch.) See Gargoyle.

Ga•ri•bal´di , n. 1. A jacket worn by women; — so called from its resemblance in shape to the red shirt worn by the Italians patriot Garibaldi. 2. (Zoöl.) A California market fish (Pomancentrus rubicundus) of a deep scarlet color.

Gar´ish , a. [Cf. OE. gauren to stare; of uncertain origin. Cf. gairish.] 1. Showy; dazzling; ostentatious; attracting or exciting attention. ´The garish sun.´ ´A garish flag.´ Shak. ´In … garish colors.´ Asham. ´The garish day.´ J. H. Newman. “Garish like the laughters of drunkenness.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Gay to extravagance; flighty. “It makes the mind loose and garish.” South. — Gar´ish•ly, adv. — Garish•ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

Gar´land , n. [OE. garland, gerlond, OF. garlande, F. guirlande; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. wiara, wiera, crown, pure gold, MHG. wieren to adorn.] 1. The crown of a king. [Obs.] Graffon. 2. A wreath of chaplet made of branches, flowers, or feathers, and sometimes of precious stones, to be worn on the head like a crown; a coronal; a wreath. Pope. 3. The top; the thing most prized. Shak. 4. A book of extracts in prose or poetry; an anthology. “They [ballads] began to be collected into little miscellanies under the name of garlands.” Percy. 5. (Naut.) (a) A sort of netted bag used by sailors to keep provision in. (b) A grommet or ring of rope lashed to a spar for convenience in handling.

Gar´land , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garlanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Garlanding.] To deck with a garland. B. Jonson.

Gar´land•less, a. Destitute of a garland. Shelley.

Gar´lic , n. [OE. garlek, AS. garleác; gar spear, lance + leác leek. See Gar, n., and Leek.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Allium (A. sativum is the cultivated variety), having a bulbous root, a very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. Each root is composed of several lesser bulbs, called cloves of garlic, inclosed in a common membranous coat, and easily separable. 2. A kind of jig or farce. [Obs.] Taylor (1630). Garlic mustard, a European plant of the Mustard family (Alliaria officinalis) which has a strong smell of garlic. — Garlic pear tree, a tree in Jamaica (Crataeva gynandra), bearing a fruit which has a strong scent of garlic, and a burning taste.

Gar´lick•y , a. Like or containing garlic.

Gar´ment , n. [OE. garnement, OF. garnement, garniment, fr. garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] Any article of clothing, as a coat, a gown, etc. “No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto old garment.” Matt. ix. 16.

Gar´ment•ed, p. a. Having on a garment; attired; enveloped, as with a garment. [Poetic] “A lovely lady garmented in light
From her own beauty.” Shelley.

Gar´men•ture , n. Clothing; dress.

Gar´ner , n. [OE. garner, gerner, greiner, OF. gernier, grenier, F. grenier, fr. L. granarium, fr. granum. See 1st Grain, and cf. Granary.] A granary; a building or place where grain is stored for preservation.

Gar´ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnered p. pr. & vb. n. Garnering.] To gather for preservation; to store, as in a granary; to treasure. Shak.

Gar´net , n. [OE. gernet, grenat, OF. grenet,grenat, F. grenat, LL. granatus, fr. L. granatum pomegranate, granatus having many grains or seeds, fr. granum grain, seed. So called from its resemblance in color and shape to the grains or seeds of the pomegranate. See Grain, and cf. Grenade, Pomegranate.] (Min.) A mineral having many varieties differing in color and in their constituents, but with the same crystallization (isometric), and conforming to the same general chemical formula. The commonest color is red, the luster is vitreous, and the hardness greater than that of quartz. The dodecahedron and trapezohedron are the common forms. There are also white, green, yellow, brown, and black varieties. The garnet is a silicate, the bases being aluminia lime (grossularite, essonite, or cinnamon stone), or aluminia magnesia (pyrope), or aluminia iron (almandine), or aluminia manganese (spessartite), or iron lime (common garnet, melanite, allochroite), or chromium lime (ouvarovite, color emerald green). The transparent red varieties are used as gems. The garnet was in part, the carbuncle of the ancients. Garnet is a very common mineral in gneiss and mica slate. Garnet berry (Bot.), the red currant; — so called from its transparent red color. — Garnet brown (Chem.), an artificial dyestuff, produced as an explosive brown crystalline substance with a green or golden luster. It consists of the potassium salt of a complex cyanogen derivative of picric acid.

Gar´net, n. [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) A tackle for hoisting cargo in or out. Clew garnet. See under Clew.

Gar•net•if´er•ous , a. [1st garnet + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing garnets.

Gar´ni•er•ite , n. [Named after the French geologist Garnier.] (Min.) An amorphous mineral of apple-green color; a hydrous silicate of nickel and magnesia. It is an important ore of nickel.

Gar´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnished p. pr. & vb. n. Garnishing.] [OE. garnischen, garnissen, OF. garnir to provide, strengthen, prepare, garnish, warn, F. garnir to provide, furnish, garnish, — of German origin; cf. OHG. warnon to provide, equip; akin to G. wahren to watch, E. aware, ware, wary, and cf. also E. warn. See Wary, -ish, and cf. Garment, Garrison.] 1. To decorate with ornamental appendages; to set off; to adorn; to embellish. “All within with flowers was garnished.” Spenser. 2. (Cookery) To ornament, as a dish, with something laid about it; as a dish garnished with parsley. 3. To furnish; to supply. 4. To fit with fetters. [Cant] Johnson. 5. (Law) To warn by garnishment; to give notice to; to garnishee. See Garnishee, v. t. Cowell.

Gar´nish, n. 1. Something added for embellishment; decoration; ornament; also dress; garments, especially such as are showy or decorated. “So are you, sweet,
Even in the lovely garnish of a boy.” Shak. “Matter and figure they produce;
For garnish this, and that for use.” Prior. 2. (Cookery) Something set round or upon a dish as an embellishment. See Garnish, v. t., 2. Smart. 3. Fetters. [Cant] 4. A fee; specifically, in English jails, formerly an unauthorized fee demanded by the old prisoners of a newcomer. [Cant] Fielding. Garnish bolt (Carp.), a bolt with a chamfered or faceted head. Knight.

Gar•nish•ee´ , n. (Law) One who is garnished; a person upon whom garnishment has been served in a suit by a creditor against a debtor, such person holding property belonging to the debtor, or owing him money. The order by which warning is made is called a garnishee order.

Gar•nish•ee´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnisheed (-ed); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnisheeing.] (Law) (a) To make (a person) a garnishee; to warn by garnishment; to garnish. (b) To attach (the fund or property sought to be secured by garnishment); to trustee.

Gar´nish•er , n. One who, or that which, garnishes.

Gar´nish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. garnissement protection, guarantee, warning.] 1. Ornament; embellishment; decoration. Sir H. Wotton. 2. (Law) (a) Warning, or legal notice, to one to appear and give information to the court on any matter. (b) Warning to a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, not to pay the money or deliver the goods to the defendant, but to appear in court and give information as garnishee. 3. A fee. See Garnish, n., 4.

Gar´ni•ture , n. [F. garniture. See Garnish, v. t.] That which garnishes; ornamental appendage; embellishment; furniture; dress. “The pomp of groves and garniture of fields.” Beattie.

Ga•roo´kuh , n. A small fishing vessel met with in the Persian Gulf.

Ga´rous , a. [From Garum.] Pertaining to, or resembling, garum. Sir T. Browne.

Gar´ pike• Gar´pike. (Zoöl.) See under Gar.

Gar´ran , n. [Gael. garrán, gearrán, gelding, work horse, hack.] (Zoöl.) See Galloway. [Scot. garron or gerron. Jamieson.]

Gar´ret , n. [OE. garite, garette, watchtower, place of lookout, OF. garite, also meaning, a place of refuge, F. guerite a place of refuge, donjon, sentinel box, fr. OF. garir to preserve, save, defend, F. guerir to cure; of German origin; cf. OHG. werian to protect, defend, hinder, G. wehren, akin to Goth. warjan to hinder, and akin to E. weir, or perhaps to wary. See Weir, and cf. Guerite.] 1. A turret; a watchtower. [Obs.] “He saw men go up and down on the garrets of the gates and walls.” Ld. Berners. 2. That part of a house which is on the upper floor, immediately under or within the roof; an attic. “The tottering garrets which overhung the streets of Rome.” Macaulay.

Gar´ret•ed, a. Protected by turrets. [Obs.] R. Carew.

Gar•ret•eer´ , n. One who lives in a garret; a poor author; a literary hack. Macaulay.

Gar´ret•ing , n. Small splinters of stone inserted into the joints of coarse masonry. Weale.

Gar´ri•son , n. [OE. garnisoun, F. garnison garrison, in OF. & OE. also provision, munitions, from garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] (Mil.) (a) A body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified town. (b) A fortified place, in which troops are quartered for its security. In garrison, in the condition of a garrison; doing duty in a fort or as one of a garrison.

Gar´ri•son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garrisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Garrisoning.] (Mil.) (a) To place troops in, as a fortification, for its defense; to furnish with soldiers; as to garrison a fort or town. (b) To secure or defend by fortresses manned with troops; as to garrison a conquered territory.

Gar´ron , n. Same as Garran. [Scot.]

Gar´rot , n. [F. Cf. Garrote.] (Surg.) A stick or small wooden cylinder used for tightening a bandage, in order to compress the arteries of a limb.

Gar´rot, n. (Zoöl.) The European golden-eye.

Gar•rote´ , n. [Sp. garrote, from garra claw, talon, of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. & W. gar leg, ham, shank. Cf. Garrot stick, Garter.] A Spanish mode of execution by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post and tightened by a screw until life become extinct; also the instrument by means of which the punishment is inflicted.

Gar•rote´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garroted; p. pr. & vb. n. Garroting.] To strangle with the garrote; hence, to seize by the throat, from behind, with a view to strangle and rob.

Gar•rot´er , n. One who seizes a person by the throat from behind, with a view to strangle and rob him.

Gar•ru´li•ty , n. [L. garrulitas: cf. F. garrulite.] Talkativeness; loquacity.

Gar´ru•lous , a. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire to chatter, talk; cf. Gr. voice, to speak, sing. Cf. Call.] 1. Talking much, especially about commonplace or trivial things; talkative; loquacious. “The most garrulous people on earth.” De Quincey. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a loud, harsh note; noisy; — said of birds; as the garrulous roller. Syn. — Garrulous, Talkative, Loquacious. A garrulous person indulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetitions and lengthened details; talkative implies simply a great desire to talk; and loquacious a great flow of words at command. A child is talkative; a lively woman is loquacious; an old man in his dotage is garrulous. — Gar´ru•lous•ly, adv. — Gar´ru•lous•ness, n.

Gar•ru´pa , n. [Prob. fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Grouper the fish.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of California market fishes, of the genus Sebastichthys; — called also rockfish. See Rockfish.

Gar´ter , n. [OE. gartier, F. jarretière, fr. OF. garet bend of the knee, F. jarret; akin to Sp. garra claw, Prov. garra leg. See Garrote.] 1. A band used to prevent a stocking from slipping down on the leg. 2. The distinguishing badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter, instituted by Edward III.; also the Order itself. 3. (Her.) Same as Bendlet. Garter fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the genus Lepidopus, having a long, flat body, like the blade of a sword; the scabbard fish. — Garter king-at- arms, the chief of the official heralds of England, king-at-arms to the Order of the Garter; — often abbreviated to Garter. — Garter snake (Zoöl.), one of several harmless American snakes of the genus Eutaenia, of several species (esp. E. saurita and E. sirtalis); one of the striped snakes; — so called from its conspicuous stripes of color.

Gar´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gartered p. pr. & vb. n. Gartering.] 1. To bind with a garter. “He … could not see to garter his hose.” Shak. 2. To invest with the Order of the Garter. T. Warton.

Garth (gärth), n. [Icel. garðr yard. See Yard.] 1. A close; a yard; a croft; a garden; as a cloister garth. “A clapper clapping in a garth
To scare the fowl from fruit.” Tennyson. 2. A dam or weir for catching fish.

Garth, n. [Girth.] A hoop or band. [Prov. Eng.]

Ga´rum (ga´rum), n. [L., fr. Gr. ga•ros.] A sauce made of small fish. It was prized by the ancients.

Gar´vie , n. (Zoöl.) The sprat; — called also garvie herring, and garvock. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Gas (gas), n.; pl. Gases (-ez). [Invented by the chemist Van Helmont of Brussels, who died in 1644.] 1. An aëriform fluid; — a term used at first by chemists as synonymous with air, but since restricted to fluids supposed to be permanently elastic, as oxygen, hydrogen, etc., in distinction from vapors, as steam, which become liquid on a reduction of temperature. In present usage, since all of the supposed permanent gases have been liquified by cold and pressure, the term has resumed nearly its original signification, and is applied to any substance in the elastic or aëriform state. 2. (Popular Usage) (a) A complex mixture of gases, of which the most important constituents are marsh gas olefiant gas and hydrogen, artificially produced by the destructive distillation of gas coal, or sometimes of peat, wood, oil, resin, etc. It gives a brilliant light when burned, and is the common gas used for illuminating purposes. (b) Laughing gas. (c) Any irrespirable aëriform fluid. Gas is often used adjectively or in combination; as gas fitter or gasfitter; gas meter or gas-meter, etc. Air gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing air through some volatile hydrocarbon, as the lighter petroleums. The air is so saturated with combustible vapor as to be a convenient illuminating and heating agent. — Gas battery (Elec.), a form of voltaic battery, in which gases, especially hydrogen and oxygen, are the active agents. — Gas carbon, Gas coke, etc. See under Carbon, Coke, etc. — Gas coal, a bituminous or hydrogenous coal yielding a high percentage of volatile matters, and therefore available for the manufacture of illuminating gas. R. W. Raymond. — Gas engine, an engine in which the motion of the piston is produced by the combustion or sudden production or expansion of gas; — especially, an engine in which an explosive mixture of gas and air is forced into the working cylinder and ignited there by a gas flame or an electric spark. — Gas fitter, one who lays pipes and puts up fixtures for gas. — Gas fitting. (a) The occupation of a gas fitter. (b) pl. The appliances needed for the introduction of gas into a building, as meters, pipes, burners, etc. — Gas fixture, a device for conveying illuminating or combustible gas from the pipe to the gas- burner, consisting of an appendage of cast, wrought, or drawn metal, with tubes upon which the burners, keys, etc., are adjusted. — Gas generator, an apparatus in which gas is evolved; as: (a) a retort in which volatile hydrocarbons are evolved by heat; (b) a machine in which air is saturated with the vapor of liquid hydrocarbon; a carburetor; (c) a machine for the production of carbonic acid gas for aërating water, bread, etc. Knight. — Gas jet, a flame of illuminating gas. — Gas machine, an apparatus for carbureting air for use as illuminating gas. — Gas meter, an instrument for recording the quantity of gas consumed in a given time, at a particular place. — Gas retort, a retort which contains the coal and other materials, and in which the gas is generated, in the manufacture of gas. — Gas stove, a stove for cooking or other purposes, heated by gas. — Gas tar, coal tar. — Gas trap, a drain trap; a sewer trap. See 4th Trap, 5. — Gas washer (Gas Works), an apparatus within which gas from the condenser is brought in contact with a falling stream of water, to precipitate the tar remaining in it. Knight. — Gas water, water through which gas has been passed for purification; — called also gas liquor and ammoniacal water, and used for the manufacture of sal ammoniac, carbonate of ammonia, and Prussian blue. Tomlinson. — Gas well, a deep boring, from which natural gas is discharged. Raymond. — Gas works, a manufactory of gas with all the machinery and appurtenances; a place where gas is generated for lighting cities. — Laughing gas. See under Laughing. — Marsh gas (Chem.), a light, combustible, gaseous hydrocarbon, CH_4, produced artificially by the dry distillation of many organic substances, and occurring as a natural product of decomposition in stagnant pools, whence its name. It is an abundant ingredient of ordinary illuminating gas and is the first member of the paraffin series. Called also methane, and in coal mines, fire damp. — Natural gas, gas obtained from wells, etc., in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and elsewhere, and largely used for fuel and illuminating purposes. It is chiefly derived from the Coal Measures. — Olefiant gas (Chem.). See Ethylene. — Water gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing steam over glowing coals, whereby there results a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This gives a gas of intense heating power, but destitute of light-giving properties, and which is charged by passing through some volatile hydrocarbon, as gasoline.

Gas•a•lier´ , n. [Formed from gas, in imitation of chandelier.] A chandelier arranged to burn gas.

Gas´-burn•er , n. The jet piece of a gas fixture where the gas is burned as it escapes from one or more minute orifices.

Gas´coines , n. pl. See Gaskins, 1. Lyly.

Gas´con ( F. ?), a. [F.] Of or pertaining to Gascony, in France, or to the Gascons; also braggart; swaggering. — n. A native of Gascony; a boaster; a bully. See Gasconade.

Gas•con•ade´ , n. [F. gasconnade, from Gascon an inhabitant of Gascony, the people of which were noted for boasting.] A boast or boasting; a vaunt; a bravado; a bragging; braggodocio. Swift.

Gas•con•ade´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasconaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gasconading.] To boast; to brag; to bluster.

Gas•con•ad´er , n. A great boaster; a blusterer.

Gas´coynes , n. pl. Gaskins. Beau. & Fl.

Gas•e´i•ty , n. State of being gaseous. [R] Eng. Cyc.

Gas´e•ous (? or 277), a. [From Gas. Cf. F. gazeux.] 1. In the form, or of the nature, of gas or of an aëriform fluid. 2. Lacking substance or solidity; tenuous. ´Unconnected, gaseous information.´ Sir J. Stephen.

Gash (gash), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gashed (gasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Gashing.] [For older garth or garse, OF. garser to scarify, F. gercer to chap, perh. from an assumed LL. carptiare, fr. L. carpere, carptum, to pluck, separate into parts; cf. LL. carptare to wound. Cf. Carpet.] To make a gash, or long, deep incision in; — applied chiefly to incisions in flesh. “Grievously gashed or gored to death.” Hayward.

Gash, n. A deep and long cut; an incision of considerable length and depth, particularly in flesh.

Gash´ful , a. Full of gashes; hideous; frightful. [Obs.] ´A gashful, horrid, ugly shape.´ Gayton.

Gas•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Gasify.] The act or process of converting into gas.

Gas´i•form, a. Having a form of gas; gaseous.

Gas´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gasified p. pr. & vb. n. Gasifying.] [Gas + -fy.] To convert into gas or an aëriform fluid, as by the application of heat, or by chemical processes.

Gas´i•fy , v. i. To become gas; to pass from a liquid to a gaseous state. Scientific American.

Gas´ket , n. [Cf. F. garcette, It. gaschetta, Sp. cajeta caburn, garceta reef point.] 1. (Naut.) A line or band used to lash a furled sail securely. Sea gaskets are common lines; harbor gaskets are plaited and decorated lines or bands. Called also casket. 2. (Mech.) (a) The plaited hemp used for packing a piston, as of the steam engine and its pumps. (b) Any ring or washer of packing.

Gas´kins , n. pl. [Cf. Galligaskins.] 1. Loose hose or breeches; galligaskins. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Packing of hemp. Simmonds. 3. A horse’s thighs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Gas´light , n. 1. The light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas. 2. A gas jet or burner.

Gas´o•gen , n. [Gas + - gen.] 1. An apparatus for the generation of gases, or for impregnating a liquid with a gas or a gas with a volatile liquid. 2. A volatile hydrocarbon, used as an illuminant, or for charging illuminating gas.

Gas•o•lene , n. See Gasoline.

Gas•o•lier´ , n. Same as Gasalier.

Gas´o•line (? or 104), n. A highly volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, obtained from petroleum, as also by the distillation of bituminous coal. It is used in making air gas and in giving illuminating power to water gas. See Carburetor.

Gas•om´e•ter , n. [Gas + -meter. Cf. F. gazomètre.] An apparatus for holding and measuring of gas; in gas works, a huge iron cylinder closed at one end and having the other end immersed in water, in which it is made to rise or fall, according to the volume of gas it contains, or the pressure required. { Gas•o•met´ric , Gas•o•met´ric•al , } a. Of or pertaining to the measurement of gases; as gasometric analysis.

Gas•om´e•try , n. The art or practice of measuring gases; also the science which treats of the nature and properties of these elastic fluids. Coxe.

Gas´o•scope , n. [Gas + - scope.] An apparatus for detecting the presence of any dangerous gas from a gas leak in a coal mine or a dwelling house.

Gasp , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasped p. pr. & vb. n. Gasping.] [OE. gaspen, gaispen, to yawn, gasp, Icel. geispa to yawn; akin to Sw. gäspa, Dan. gispe to gasp.] 1. To open the mouth wide in catching the breath, or in laborious respiration; to labor for breath; to respire convulsively; to pant violently. “She gasps and struggles hard for life.” Lloyd. 2. To pant with eagerness; to show vehement desire. “Quenching the gasping furrows’ thirst with rain.” Spenser.

Gasp, v. t. To emit or utter with gasps; — with forth, out, away, etc. “And with short sobs he gasps away his breath.” Dryden.

Gasp, n. The act of opening the mouth convulsively to catch the breath; a labored respiration; a painful catching of the breath. At the last gasp, at the point of death. Addison.

Gas´per•eau , n. (Zoöl.) The alewife. [Local, Canada]

Gas•se´ri•an , a. Relating to Casserio (L. Gasserius), the discover of the Gasserian ganglion. Gasserian ganglion (Anat.), a large ganglion, at the root of the trigeminal, or fifth cranial, nerve.

Gas´sing , n. 1. (Manuf.) The process of passing cotton goods between two rollers and exposing them to numerous minute jets of gas to burn off the small fibers; any similar process of singeing. 2. Boasting; insincere or empty talk. [Slang]

Gas´sy , a. Full of gas; like gas. Hence: [Colloq.] Inflated; full of boastful or insincere talk.

Gast , v. t. [OE. gasten, gsten to frighten, akin to Goth. usgaisjan. See Aghast, Ghastly, and cf. Gaze.] To make aghast; to frighten; to terrify. See Aghast. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

Gast´er , v. t. To gast. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gas•te•ro•my•ce´tes , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. stomach + a mushroom.] (Bot.) An order of fungi, in which the spores are borne inside a sac called the peridium, as in the puffballs.

Gas´ter•o•pod , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropod.

Gas•te•rop•o•da , n. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropoda.

Gas•ter•op´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropodous.

Gast´ful , Gast´ly , a. [Obs.] See Ghastful, Ghastly.

Gas´tight , a. So tightly fitted as to preclude the escape of gas; impervious to gas.

Gast´ness , n. See Ghastness. [Obs.]

Gas•tor´nis , n. [NL., from Gaston M. Plante, the discover + Gr. bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of large eocene birds from the Paris basin.

Gas•trae´a , n. [NL., from Gr. , , the stomach.] (Biol.) A primeval larval form; a double-walled sac from which, according to the hypothesis of Haeckel, man and all other animals, that in the first stages of their individual evolution pass through a two-layered structural stage, or gastrula form, must have descended. This idea constitutes the Gastraea theory of Haeckel. See Gastrula.

Gas•tral´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + pain.] (Med.) Pain in the stomach or epigastrium, as in gastric disorders.

Gas´tric , a. [Gr. , , stomach: cf. F. gastrique.] Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the stomach; as the gastric artery. Gastric digestion (Physiol.), the conversion of the albuminous portion of food in the stomach into soluble and diffusible products by the solvent action of gastric juice. — Gastric fever (Med.), a fever attended with prominent gastric symptoms; — a name applied to certain forms of typhoid fever; also to catarrhal inflammation of the stomach attended with fever. — Gastric juice (Physiol.), a thin, watery fluid, with an acid reaction, secreted by a peculiar set of glands contained in the mucous membrane of the stomach. It consists mainly of dilute hydrochloric acid and the ferment pepsin. It is the most important digestive fluid in the body, but acts only on proteid foods. — Gastric remittent fever (Med.), a form of remittent fever with pronounced stomach symptoms.

Gas•tril´o•quist , n. [Gr. gasth•r, gastro•s, stomach + L. loqui to speak.] One who appears to speak from his stomach; a ventriloquist.

Gas•tril´o•quous , a. Ventriloquous. [R.]

Gas•tril´o•quy , n. A voice or utterance which appears to proceed from the stomach; ventriloquy.

Gas•tri´tis , n. [NL., from. Gr. , , stomach + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the stomach, esp. of its mucuos membrane.

Gas´tro- A combining form from the Gr. , , the stomach, or belly; as in gastrocolic, gastrocele, gastrotomy.

Gas•troc•ne´mi•us , n. [NL., from Gr. the calf of the leg.] (Anat.) The muscle which makes the greater part of the calf of the leg.

Gas•tro•col´ic , a. [Gastro- + colic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the stomach and the colon; as the gastrocolic, or great, omentum.

Gas•tro•disc , n. [Gastro- + disc.] (Biol.) That part of blastoderm where the hypoblast appears like a small disk on the inner face of the epibladst.

Gas•tro•du´o•de´nal , a. [Gastro- + -duodenal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and duodenum; as the gastroduodenal artery.

Gas•tro•du•o•de•ni´tis , n. [NL. See Gastroduodenal, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum. It is one of the most frequent causes of jaundice.

Gas•tro•el•y•trot´o•my , n. [Gastro- + Gr sheath + a cutting] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the upper part of the vagina, through the abdomen (without opening the peritoneum), for the purpose of removing a fetus. It is a substitute for the Caesarean operation, and less dangerous.

Gas•tro•en•te´ric , a. [Gastro- + -enteric.] (Anat. & Med.) Gastrointestinal.

Gas•tro•en•te•ri´tis , n. [NL. See Gastroenrteric, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lining membrane of the stomach and the intestines.

Gas•tro•ep•i•plo´ic , a. [Gastro- + -epiploic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the stomach and omentum.

Gas•tro•he•pat´ic , a. [Gastro- + -hepatic.] (Med.) Pertaining to the stomach and liver; hepatogastric; as the gastrohepatic, or lesser, omentum.

Gas•tro•hys•ter•ot´o•my , n. [Gastro- + Gr. womb + to cut.] (Surg.) Caesarean section. See under Caesarean.

Gas•tro•in•tes´ti•nal , a. [Gastro- + -intestinal.] (Anat. & Med.) Of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines; gastroenteric.

Gas•tro•lith , n. [Gastro- + -lith.] (Zoöl.) See Crab’s eyes, under Crab.

Gas•trol´o•gy , n. [Gr ; , , stomach + discourse: cf. F. gastrologie.] The science which treats of the structure and functions of the stomach; a treatise of the stomach.

Gas•tro•ma•la´ci•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + softness, fr. soft.] (Med.) A softening of the coats of the stomach; — usually a post- morten change.

Gas•tro•man´cy , n. [Gastro- + -mancy: cf. F. gastromancy.] (Antiq.) (a) A kind of divination, by means of words seemingly uttered from the stomach. (b) A species of divination, by means of glasses or other round, transparent vessels, in the center of which figures are supposed to appear by magic art.

Gas•tro•my´ces , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + , , a fungus.] (Biol.) The fungoid growths sometimes found in the stomach; such as Torula, etc.

Gas´tro•myth , n. [Gastro- + Gr. to say, speak.] One whose voice appears to proceed from the stomach; a ventriloquist. [Obs.] { Gas´tro•nome , Gas•tron´o•mer } n. [F. gastronome, fr. Gr. , , stomach + law, to distribute.] One fond of good living; an epicure. Sir W. Scott.

Gas•tro•nom´ic , Gas•tro•nom´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. gastronomique.] Pertaining to gastromony.

Gas•tron´o•mist , n. A gastromomer.

Gas•tron´o•my , n. [Gr. : cf. F. gastronomie.] The art or science of good eating; epicurism; the art of good cheer.

Gas•tro•phren´ic , a. [Gastro- + -phrenic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and diaphragm; as the gastrophrenic ligament.

Gas•tro•pneu•mat´ic , a. [Gastro- + pneumatic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the alimentary canal and air passages, and to the cavities connected with them; as the gastropneumatic mucuos membranes.

Gas´tro•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gastropoda. [Written also gasteropod.]

Gas•trop´o•da , n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + -poda.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Mollusca, of great extent. It includes most of the marine spiral shells, and the land and fresh-water snails. They generally creep by means of a flat, muscular disk, or foot, on the ventral side of the body. The head usually bears one or two pairs of tentacles. See Mollusca. [Written also Gasteropoda.] The Gastropoda are divided into three subclasses; viz.: (a) The Streptoneura or Dioecia, including the Pectinibranchiata, Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa, and Heteropoda. (b) The Euthyneura, including the Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia. (c) The Amphineura, including the Polyplacophora and Aplacophora.

Gas•trop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gastropoda.

Gas•tror´a•phy , n. [Gr.; , , stomach + a sewing, fr. to sew: cf. F. gastrorrhaphie.] (Surg.) The operation of sewing up wounds of the abdomen. Quincy.

Gas´tro•scope , n. [Gastro- + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for viewing or examining the interior of the stomach.

Gas•tro•scop´ic , a. Of or pertaining to gastroscopy.

Gas•tros´co•py , n. (Med.) Examination of the abdomen or stomach, as with the gastroscope.

Gas•tro•splen´ic , n. [Gastro- + splenic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and spleen; as the gastrosplenic ligament.

Gas•tros´tege , n. [Gastro- + Gr. roof.] (Zoöl.) One of the large scales on the belly of a serpent.

Gas•tros´to•my , n. [Gastro- + Gr. mouth.] (Surg.) The operation of making a permanent opening into the stomach, for the introduction of food.

Gas•trot´o•my , n. [Gastro + Gr. to cut: cf. F. gastrotomie.] (Surg.) A cutting into, or opening of, the abdomen or the stomach.

Gas•trot´ri•cha , n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. belly + , , hair.] (Zoöl.) A group of small wormlike animals, having cilia on the ventral side. The group is regarded as an ancestral or synthetic one, related to rotifers and annelids.

Gas•trot´ro•cha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + a wheel.] (Zoöl.) A form of annelid larva having cilia on the ventral side.

Gas•tro•vas´cu•lar , a. [Gastro- + -vascular.] (Zoöl.) Having the structure, or performing the functions, both of digestive and circulatory organs; as the gastrovascular cavity of cœlenterates.

Gas´tru•la , n.; pl. Gastrulae (#) [NL., dim. fr. Gr. the stomach.] (Biol.) An embryonic form having its origin in the invagination or pushing in of the wall of the planula or blastula (the blastosphere) on one side, thus giving rise to a double- walled sac, with one opening or mouth (the blastopore) which leads into the cavity (the archenteron) lined by the inner wall (the hypoblast). See Illust. under Invagination. In a more general sense, an ideal stage in embryonic development. See Gastraea. — a. Of or pertaining to a gastrula.

Gas•tru•la´tion (gas•tru•la´shun), n. (Biol.) The process of invagination, in embryonic development, by which a gastrula is formed.

Gas•tru´ra (gas•tru´ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gasth•r belly + o’yra• tail.] (Zoöl.) See Stomatopoda.

Gas•tru´rous (-rus), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gastrura.

Gat (gat), imp. of Get. [Obs.]

Gate (gat), n. [OE. &yogh;et, &yogh;eat, giat, gate, door, AS. geat, gat, gate, door; akin to OS., D., & Icel. gat opening, hole, and perh. to E. gate a way, gait, and get, v. Cf. Gate a way, 3d Get.] 1. A large door or passageway in the wall of a city, of an inclosed field or place, or of a grand edifice, etc.; also the movable structure of timber, metal, etc., by which the passage can be closed. 2. An opening for passage in any inclosing wall, fence, or barrier; or the suspended framework which closes or opens a passage. also figuratively, a means or way of entrance or of exit. “Knowest thou the way to Dover?
Both stile and gate, horse way and footpath.” Shak. “Opening a gate for a long war.” Knolles. 3. A door, valve, or other device, for stopping the passage of water through a dam, lock, pipe, etc. 4. (Script.) The places which command the entrances or access; hence, place of vantage; power; might. “The gates of hell shall not prevail against it.” Matt. xvi. 18. 5. In a lock tumbler, the opening for the stump of the bolt to pass through or into. 6. (Founding) (a) The channel or opening through which metal is poured into the mold; the ingate. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in the opening; a sprue or sullage piece. [Written also geat and git.] Gate chamber, a recess in the side wall of a canal lock, which receives the opened gate. — Gate channel. See Gate, 5. — Gate hook, the hook-formed piece of a gate hinge. — Gate money, entrance money for admission to an inclosure. — Gate tender, one in charge of a gate, as at a railroad crossing. — Gate valva, a stop valve for a pipe, having a sliding gate which affords a straight passageway when open. — Gate vein (Anat.), the portal vein. — To break gates (Eng. Univ.), to enter a college inclosure after the hour to which a student has been restricted. — To stand in the gate, or gates, to occupy places or advantage, power, or defense.

Gate, v. t. 1. To supply with a gate. 2. (Eng. Univ.) To punish by requiring to be within the gates at an earlier hour than usual.

Gate, n. [Icel. gata; akin to SW. gata street, lane, Dan. gade, Goth. gatwö, G. gasse. Cf. Gate a door, Gait.] 1. A way; a path; a road; a street (as in Highgate). [O. Eng. & Scot.] “I was going to be an honest man; but the devil has this very day flung first a lawyer, and then a woman, in my gate.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Manner; gait. [O. Eng. & Scot.]

Gat´ed , a. Having gates. Young.

Gate´house , n. A house connected or associated with a gate.

Gate´less, a. Having no gate.

Gate´man , n. A gate keeper; a gate tender.

Gate´post , n. 1. A post to which a gate is hung; — called also swinging or hinging post. 2. A post against which a gate closes; — called also shutting post.

Gate´way , n. A passage through a fence or wall; a gate; also a frame, arch, etc., in which a gate in hung, or a structure at an entrance or gate designed for ornament or defense.

Gate´wise , adv. In the manner of a gate. “Three circles of stones set up gatewise.” Fuller.

Gath´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gathered p. pr. & vb. n. Gathering.] [OE. gaderen, AS. gaderian, gadrian, fr. gador, geador, together, fr. gaed fellowship; akin to E. good, D. gaderen to collect, G. gatte husband, MHG. gate, also companion, Goth. gadiliggs a sister’s son. rad.29. See Good, and cf. Together.] 1. To bring together; to collect, as a number of separate things, into one place, or into one aggregate body; to assemble; to muster; to congregate. “And Belgium’s capital had gathered them
Her beauty and her chivalry.” Byron. “When he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together.” Matt. ii. 4. 2. To pick out and bring together from among what is of less value; to collect, as a harvest; to harvest; to cull; to pick off; to pluck. “A rose just gathered from the stalk.” Dryden. “Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?” Matt. vii. 16. “Gather us from among the heathen.” Ps. cvi. 47. 3. To accumulate by collecting and saving little by little; to amass; to gain; to heap up. “He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor.” Prov. xxviii. 8. “To pay the creditor … he must gather up money by degrees.” Locke. 4. To bring closely together the parts or particles of; to contract; to compress; to bring together in folds or plaits, as a garment; also to draw together, as a piece of cloth by a thread; to pucker; to plait; as to gather a ruffle. “Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand
In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand.” Pope. 5. To derive, or deduce, as an inference; to collect, as a conclusion, from circumstances that suggest, or arguments that prove; to infer; to conclude. “Let me say no more!
Gather the sequel by that went before.” Shak. 6. To gain; to win. [Obs.] “He gathers ground upon her in the chase.” Dryden. 7. (Arch.) To bring together, or nearer together, in masonry, as where the width of a fireplace is rapidly diminished to the width of the flue, or the like. 8. (Naut.) To haul in; to take up; as to gather the slack of a rope. To be gathered to one’s people, or to one’s fathers to die. Gen. xxv. 8. — To gather breath, to recover normal breathing after being out of breath; to get breath; to rest. Spenser. — To gather one’s self together, to collect and dispose one’s powers for a great effort, as a beast crouches preparatory to a leap. — To gather way (Naut.), to begin to move; to move with increasing speed.

Gath´er , v. i. 1. To come together; to collect; to unite; to become assembled; to congregate. “When small humors gather to a gout.” Pope. “Tears from the depth of some divine despair
Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes.” Tennyson. 2. To grow larger by accretion; to increase. “Their snowball did not gather as it went.” Bacon. 3. To concentrate; to come to a head, as a sore, and generate pus; as a boil has gathered. 4. To collect or bring things together. “Thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strewed.” Matt. xxv. 26.

Gath´er, n. 1. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing a thread through it; a pucker. 2. (Carriage Making) The inclination forward of the axle journals to keep the wheels from working outward. 3. (Arch.) The soffit or under surface of the masonry required in gathering. See Gather, v. t., 7.

Gath´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being gathered or collected; deducible from premises. [R.] Godwin.

Gath´er•er , n. 1. One who gathers or collects. 2. (Sewing Machine) An attachment for making gathers in the cloth.

Gath´er•ing, n. 1. The act of collecting or bringing together. 2. That which is gathered, collected, or brought together; as: (a) A crowd; an assembly; a congregation. (b) A charitable contribution; a collection. (c) A tumor or boil suppurated or maturated; an abscess.

Gath´er•ing, a. Assembling; collecting; used for gathering or concentrating. Gathering board (Bookbinding), a table or board on which signatures are gathered or assembled, to form a book. Knight. — Gathering coal, a lighted coal left smothered in embers over night, about which kindling wood is gathered in the morning. — Gathering hoop, a hoop used by coopers to draw together the ends of barrel staves, to allow the hoops to be slipped over them. — Gathering peat. (a) A piece of peat used as a gathering coal, to preserve a fire. (b) In Scotland, a fiery peat which was sent round by the Borderers as an alarm signal, as the fiery cross was by the Highlanders.

Gat´ling gun . [From the inventor, R.J. Gatling.] An American machine gun, consisting of a cluster of barrels which, being revolved by a crank, are automatically loaded and fired. The improved Gatling gun can be fired at the rate of 1,200 shots per minute. Farrow.

Gat´ten tree [Cf. Prov. E. gatter bush.] (Bot.) A name given to the small trees called guelder- rose (Viburnum Opulus), cornel (Cornus sanguinea), and spindle tree (Euonymus Europaeus).

Gat´-toothed , a. [OE. gat goat + tooth. See Goat the animal.] Goat-toothed; having a lickerish tooth; lustful; wanton. [Obs.]

Gauche (gosh), n. [F.] 1. Left handed; hence, awkward; clumsy. 2. (Geom.) Winding; twisted; warped; - - applied to curves and surfaces.

Gauche•rie´ , n. [F.] An awkward action; clumsiness; boorishness.

Gau´cho (gou´cho), n., pl. Gauchos (-choz) [Sp.] One of the native inhabitants of the pampas of Spanish-American descent. They live mostly by rearing cattle.

Gaud , n. [OE. gaude jest, trick, gaudi bead of a rosary, fr. L. gaudium joy, gladness. See Joy.] 1. Trick; jest; sport. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Deceit; fraud; artifice; device. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. An ornament; a piece of worthless finery; a trinket. ´An idle gaud.´ Shak.

Gaud, v. i. [Cf. F. se gaudir to rejoice, fr. L. gaudere. See Gaud, n.] To sport or keep festival. [Obs.] ´Gauding with his familiars. ´ [Obs.] Sir T. North.

Gaud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gauding.] To bedeck gaudily; to decorate with gauds or showy trinkets or colors; to paint. [Obs.] ´Nicely gauded cheeks.´ Shak.

Gaud´-day , n. See Gaudy, a feast.

Gaud´er•y , n. Finery; ornaments; ostentatious display. [R.] ´Tarnished gaudery.´ Dryden.

Gaud´ful , a. Joyful; showy. [Obs.]

Gaud´i•ly , adv. In a gaudy manner. Guthrie.

Gaud´i•ness, n. The quality of being gaudy. Whitlock.

Gaud´ish, a. Gaudy. ´Gaudish ceremonies.´ Bale.

Gaud´less, a. Destitute of ornament. [R.]

Gaud´y , a. [Compar. Gaudier superl. Gauidiest.] 1. Ostentatiously fine; showy; gay, but tawdry or meretricious. “Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy.” Shak. 2. Gay; merry; festal. Tennyson. “Let’s have one other gaudy night.” Shak.

Gaud´y, n.; pl. Gaudies (#) [See Gaud, n.] One of the large beads in the rosary at which the paternoster is recited. [Obs.] Gower.

Gaud´y, n. A feast or festival; — called also gaud-day and gaudy day. [Oxford Univ.] Conybeare.

Gaud´y•green , a. or n. [OE. gaude grene.] Light green. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gauf´fer , v. t. [F. gaufrer to figure cloth, velvet, and other stuffs, fr. gaufre honeycomb, waffle; of German origin. See Waffle, Wafer, and cf. Goffer, Gopher an animal.] To plait, crimp, or flute; to goffer, as lace. See Goffer.

Gauf´fer•ing , n. A mode of plaiting or fluting. Gauffering iron, a kind of fluting iron for fabrics. — Gauffering press (Flower Manuf.), a press for crimping the leaves and petals into shape.

Gauf´fre , n. [See Gopher.] (Zoöl.) A gopher, esp. the pocket gopher.

Gauge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauged p. pr. & vb. n. Gauging ] [OF. gaugier, F. jauger, cf. OF. gauge gauge, measuring rod, F. jauge; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an assumed L. qualificare to determine the qualities of a thing (see Qualify); but cf. also F. jalon a measuring stake in surveying, and E. gallon.] [Written also gage.] 1. To measure or determine with a gauge. 2. To measure or to ascertain the contents or the capacity of, as of a pipe, barrel, or keg. 3. (Mech.) To measure the dimensions of, or to test the accuracy of the form of, as of a part of a gunlock. “The vanes nicely gauged on each side.” Derham. 4. To draw into equidistant gathers by running a thread through it, as cloth or a garment. 5. To measure the capacity, character, or ability of; to estimate; to judge of. “You shall not gauge me
By what we do to-night.” Shak.

Gauge, n. [Written also gage.] 1. A measure; a standard of measure; an instrument to determine dimensions, distance, or capacity; a standard. “This plate must be a gauge to file your worm and groove to equal breadth by.” Moxon. “There is not in our hands any fixed gauge of minds.” I. Taylor. 2. Measure; dimensions; estimate. “The gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt.” Burke. 3. (Mach. & Manuf.) Any instrument for ascertaining or regulating the dimensions or forms of things; a templet or template; as a button maker’s gauge. 4. (Physics) Any instrument or apparatus for measuring the state of a phenomenon, or for ascertaining its numerical elements at any moment; — usually applied to some particular instrument; as a rain gauge; a steam gauge. 5. (Naut.) (a) Relative positions of two or more vessels with reference to the wind; as a vessel has the weather gauge of another when on the windward side of it, and the lee gauge when on the lee side of it. (b) The depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. Totten. 6. The distance between the rails of a railway. The standard gauge of railroads in most countries is four feet, eight and one half inches. Wide, or broad, gauge, in the United States, is six feet; in England, seven feet, and generally any gauge exceeding standard gauge. Any gauge less than standard gauge is now called narrow gauge. It varies from two feet to three feet six inches. 7. (Plastering) The quantity of plaster of Paris used with common plaster to accelerate its setting. 8. (Building) That part of a shingle, slate, or tile, which is exposed to the weather, when laid; also one course of such shingles, slates, or tiles. Gauge of a carriage, car, etc., the distance between the wheels; — ordinarily called the track. — Gauge cock, a stop cock used as a try cock for ascertaining the height of the water level in a steam boiler. — Gauge concussion (Railroads), the jar caused by a car-wheel flange striking the edge of the rail. — Gauge glass, a glass tube for a water gauge. — Gauge lathe, an automatic lathe for turning a round object having an irregular profile, as a baluster or chair round, to a templet or gauge. — Gauge point, the diameter of a cylinder whose altitude is one inch, and contents equal to that of a unit of a given measure; — a term used in gauging casks, etc. — Gauge rod, a graduated rod, for measuring the capacity of barrels, casks, etc. — Gauge saw, a handsaw, with a gauge to regulate the depth of cut. Knight. — Gauge stuff, a stiff and compact plaster, used in making cornices, moldings, etc., by means of a templet. — Gauge wheel, a wheel at the forward end of a plow beam, to determine the depth of the furrow. — Joiner’s gauge, an instrument used to strike a line parallel to the straight side of a board, etc. — Printer’s gauge, an instrument to regulate the length of the page. — Rain gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain at any given place. — Salt gauge, or Brine gauge, an instrument or contrivance for indicating the degree of saltness of water from its specific gravity, as in the boilers of ocean steamers. — Sea gauge, an instrument for finding the depth of the sea. — Siphon gauge, a glass siphon tube, partly filled with mercury, — used to indicate pressure, as of steam, or the degree of rarefaction produced in the receiver of an air pump or other vacuum; a manometer. — Sliding gauge. (Mach.) (a) A templet or pattern for gauging the commonly accepted dimensions or shape of certain parts in general use, as screws, railway-car axles, etc. (b) A gauge used only for testing other similar gauges, and preserved as a reference, to detect wear of the working gauges. (c) (Railroads) See Note under Gauge, n., 5. — Star gauge (Ordnance), an instrument for measuring the diameter of the bore of a cannon at any point of its length. — Steam gauge, an instrument for measuring the pressure of steam, as in a boiler. — Tide gauge, an instrument for determining the height of the tides. — Vacuum gauge, a species of barometer for determining the relative elasticities of the vapor in the condenser of a steam engine and the air. — Water gauge. (a) A contrivance for indicating the height of a water surface, as in a steam boiler; as by a gauge cock or glass. (b) The height of the water in the boiler. — Wind gauge, an instrument for measuring the force of the wind on any given surface; an anemometer. — Wire gauge, a gauge for determining the diameter of wire or the thickness of sheet metal; also a standard of size. See under Wire.

Gauge´a•ble , a. Capable of being gauged.

Gauged , p. a. Tested or measured by, or conformed to, a gauge. Gauged brick, brick molded, rubbed, or cut to an exact size and shape, for arches or ornamental work. — Gauged mortar. See Gauge stuff, under Gauge, n.

Gau´ger , n. One who gauges; an officer whose business it is to ascertain the contents of casks.

Gau´ger-ship, n. The office of a gauger.

Gau´ging rod. See Gauge rod, under Gauge, n.

Gaul , n. [F. Gaule, fr. L. Gallia, fr. Gallus a Gaul.] 1. The Anglicized form of Gallia, which in the time of the Romans included France and Upper Italy (Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul). 2. A native or inhabitant of Gaul.

Gaul´ish , a. Pertaining to ancient France, or Gaul; Gallic. [R.]

Gault , n. [Cf. Norw. gald hard ground, Icel. gald hard snow.] (Geol.) A series of beds of clay and marl in the South of England, between the upper and lower greensand of the Cretaceous period.

Gaul•the´ri•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of ericaceous shrubs with evergreen foliage, and, often, edible berries. It includes the American winter- green (Gaultheria procumbens), and the larger-fruited salal of Northwestern America (Gaultheria Shallon).

Gaunt , a. [Cf. Norw. gand a thin pointed stick, a tall and thin man, and W. gwan weak.] Attenuated, as with fasting or suffering; lean; meager; pinched and grim. ´The gaunt mastiff.´ Pope. “A mysterious but visible pestilence, striding gaunt and fleshless across our land.” Nichols.

Gaunt´let , n. (Mil.) See Gantlet.

Gaunt´let , n. [F. gantelet, dim. of gant glove, LL. wantus, of Teutonic origin; cf. D. want, Sw. & Dan. vante, Icel. vöttr, for vantr.] 1. A glove of such material that it defends the hand from wounds. The gauntlet of the Middle Ages was sometimes of chain mail, sometimes of leather partly covered with plates, scales, etc., of metal sewed to it, and, in the 14th century, became a glove of small steel plates, carefully articulated and covering the whole hand except the palm and the inside of the fingers. 2. A long glove, covering the wrist. 3. (Naut.) A rope on which hammocks or clothes are hung for drying. To take up the gauntlet, to accept a challenge. — To throw down the gauntlet, to offer or send a challenge. The gauntlet or glove was thrown down by the knight challenging, and was taken up by the one who accepted the challenge; — hence the phrases.

Gaunt´lett•ed, a. Wearing a gauntlet.

Gaunt´ly, adv. In a gaunt manner; meagerly. { Gaun´tree , Gaun´try } n. [F. chantier, LL. cantarium, fr. L. canterius trellis, sort of frame.] 1. A frame for supporting barrels in a cellar or elsewhere. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Engin.) A scaffolding or frame carrying a crane or other structure. Knight.

Gaur (gar or gour), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian species of wild cattle (Bibos gauris), of large size and an untamable disposition. [Spelt also gour.]

Gaure (gar), v. i. To gaze; to stare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gauze (gaz), n. [F. gaze; so called because it was first introduced from Gaza, a city of Palestine.] A very thin, slight, transparent stuff, generally of silk; also any fabric resembling silk gauze; as wire gauze; cotton gauze. Gauze dresser, one employed in stiffening gauze.

Gauze, a. Having the qualities of gauze; thin; light; as gauze merino underclothing.

Gauz´i•ness , n. The quality of being gauzy; flimsiness. Ruskin.

Gauz´y , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, gauze; thin and slight as gauze.

Gave (gav), imp. of Give.

Gav´el (gav´el), n. A gable. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Gav´el, n. [OF. gavelle, F. javelle, prob. dim. from L. capulus handle, fr. capere to lay hold of, seize; or cf. W. gafael hold, grasp. Cf. Heave.] A small heap of grain, not tied up into a bundle. Wright.

Gav´el, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. The mallet of the presiding officer in a legislative body, public assembly, court, masonic body, etc. 2. A mason’s setting maul. Knight.

Gav´el, n. [OF. gavel, AS. gafol, prob. fr. gifan to give. See Give, and cf. Gabel tribute.] (Law) Tribute; toll; custom. [Obs.] See Gabel. Cowell.

Gav´el•et , n. [From Gavel tribute.] (O. Eng. Law) An ancient special kind of cessavit used in Kent and London for the recovery of rent. [Obs.]

Gav´el•kind , n. [OE. gavelkynde, gavelkende. See Gavel tribute, and Kind, n.] (O. Eng. Law) A tenure by which land descended from the father to all his sons in equal portions, and the land of a brother, dying without issue, descended equally to his brothers. It still prevails in the county of Kent. Cowell.

Gav´e•loche , n. Same as Gavelock.

Gav´e•lock , n. [OE. gaveloc a dart, AS. gafeluc; cf. Icel. gaflok, MHG. gabilt, OF. gavelot, glavelot, F. javelot, Ir. gabhla spear, W. gaflach fork, dart, E. glave, gaff] 1. A spear or dart. [R. & Obs.] 2. An iron crow or lever. [Scot. & North of Eng.]

Ga´ver•ick , n. (Zoöl.) The European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). [Prov. Eng.]

Ga´viae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gavia a sea mew.] (Zoöl.) The division of birds which includes the gulls and terns.

Ga´vi•al (ga´vi•al), n. [Hind. ghariyal: cf. F. gavial.] (Zoöl.) A large Asiatic crocodilian (Gavialis Gangeticus); — called also nako, and Gangetic crocodile. The gavial has a long, slender muzzle, teeth of nearly uniform size, and feet completely webbed. It inhabits the Ganges and other rivers of India. The name is also applied to several allied fossil species.

Gav´ot (? or 277), n. [F. gavotte, fr. Gavots, a people inhabiting a mountainous district in France, called Gap.] (Mus.) A kind of difficult dance; a dance tune, the air of which has two brisk and lively, yet dignified, strains in common time, each played twice over. [Written also gavotte.]

Gaw´by (ga´by), n. A baby; a dunce. [Prov. Eng.]

Gawk (gak), n. [OE. gok, gowk, cuckoo, fool, Icel. gaukr cuckoo; akin to OHG. gouh, G. gauch cuckoo, fool, AS. geac cuckoo, Sw. gök, Dan. giög] 1. A cuckoo. Johnson. 2. A simpleton; a booby; a gawky. Carlyle.

Gawk, v. i. To act like a gawky.

Gawk´y , a. [Compar. Gawkier superl. Gawkiest.] Foolish and awkward; clumsy; clownish; as gawky behavior. — n. A fellow who is awkward from being overgrown, or from stupidity, a gawk.

Gawn , n. [Corrupted fr. gallon.] A small tub or lading vessel. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Gawn´tree , n. See Gauntree.

Gay , a. [Compar. Gayer superl. Gayest.] [F. gai, perhaps fr. OHG. ghi swift, rapid, G. gäh, jäh, steep, hasty; or cf. OHG. whi beatiful, good. Cf. Jay.] 1. Excited with merriment; manifesting sportiveness or delight; inspiring delight; livery; merry. “Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.” Pope. “Gay hope is theirs by fancy fed.” Gray. 2. Brilliant in colors; splendid; fine; richly dressed. “Why is my neighbor’s wife so gay?” Chaucer. “A bevy of fair women, richly gay
In gems and wanton dress!” Milton. 3. Loose; dissipated; lewd. [Colloq.] Syn. — Merry; gleeful; blithe; airy; lively; sprightly, sportive; light-hearted; frolicsome; jolly; jovial; joyous; joyful; glad; showy; splendid; vivacious.

Gay, n. An ornament [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Gay´al , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A Southern Asiatic species of wild cattle (Bibos frontalis).

Gay´di•ang , n. (Naut.) A vessel of Anam, with two or three masts, lofty triangular sails, and in construction somewhat resembling a Chinese junk.

Gay´e•ty , n.; pl. Gayeties . [Written also gaiety.] [F. gaiete. See Gay, a.] 1. The state of being gay; merriment; mirth; acts or entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry delight; — used often in the plural; as the gayeties of the season. 2. Finery; show; as the gayety of dress. Syn. — Liveliness; mirth; animation; vivacity; glee; blithesomeness; sprightliness; jollity. See Liveliness.

Gay´lus•site , n. [Named after Gay-Lussac, the French chemist.] (Min.) A yellowish white, translucent mineral, consisting of the carbonates of lime and soda, with water.

Gay´ly , adv. 1. With mirth and frolic; merrily; blithely; gleefully. 2. Finely; splendidly; showily; as ladies gayly dressed; a flower gayly blooming. Pope.

Gayne , v. i. [See Gain.] To avail. [Obs.]

Gay´ness , n. Gayety; finery. [R.]

Gay´some , a. Full of gayety. Mir. for Mag.

Gay´tre , n. [See Gaitre.] The dogwood tree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gaze (gaz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gazed (gazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gazing.] [OE. gasen, akin to dial. Sw. gasa, cf. Goth. us-gaisjan to terrify, us- geisnan to be terrified. Cf. Aghast, Ghastly, Ghost, Hesitate.] To fix the eyes in a steady and earnest look; to look with eagerness or curiosity, as in admiration, astonishment, or with studious attention. “Why stand ye gazing up into heaven?” Acts i. 11. Syn. — To gape; stare; look. — To Gaze, Gape, Stare. To gaze is to look with fixed and prolonged attention, awakened by excited interest or elevated emotion; to gape is to look fixedly, with open mouth and feelings of ignorant wonder; to stare is to look with the fixedness of insolence or of idiocy. The lover of nature gazes with delight on the beauties of the landscape; the rustic gapes with wonder at the strange sights of a large city; the idiot stares on those around with a vacant look.

Gaze, v. t. To view with attention; to gaze on. [R.] “And gazed a while the ample sky.” Milton.

Gaze, n. 1. A fixed look; a look of eagerness, wonder, or admiration; a continued look of attention. “With secret gaze
Or open admiration him behold.” Milton. 2. The object gazed on. “Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze.” Milton. At gaze (a) (Her.) With the face turned directly to the front; — said of the figures of the stag, hart, buck, or hind, when borne, in this position, upon an escutcheon. (b) In a position expressing sudden fear or surprise; — a term used in stag hunting to describe the manner of a stag when he first hears the hounds and gazes round in apprehension of some hidden danger; hence, standing agape; idly or stupidly gazing. “I that rather held it better men should perish one by one,
Than that earth should stand at gaze like Joshua’s moon in Ajalon!” Tennyson.

Ga•zee´bo , n. [Humorously formed from gaze.] A summerhouse so situated as to command an extensive prospect. [Colloq.]

Gaze´ful , a. Gazing. [R.] Spenser.

Gaze´hound , n. A hound that pursues by the sight rather than by the scent. Sir W. Scott.

Ga´zel , n. The black currant; also the wild plum. [Prov. Eng.]

Ga•zel´ , n. (Zoöl.) See Gazelle.

Ga•zelle´ , n. [F. gazelle, OF. also gazel; cf. Sp. gacela, Pr. gazella, It. gazella; all fr. Ar. ghazl a wild goat.] (Zoöl.) One of several small, swift, elegantly formed species of antelope, of the genus Gazella, esp. G. dorcas; — called also algazel, corinne, korin, and kevel. The gazelles are celebrated for the luster and soft expression of their eyes. [Written also gazel.] The common species of Northern Africa (Gazella dorcas); the Arabian gazelle, or ariel (G. Arabica); the mohr of West Africa (G. mohr); the Indian (G. Bennetti); the ahu or Persian (G. subgutturosa); and the springbok or tsebe (G. euchore) of South Africa, are the best known.

Gaze´ment , n. View. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gaz´er , n. One who gazes.

Ga•zet , n. [It. gazeta, gazzetta, prob. dim. of L. gaza royal treasure.] A Venetian coin, worth about three English farthings, or one and a half cents. [Obs.]

Ga•zette´ , n. [F. gazette, It. gazzetta, perh. from gazetta a Venetian coin (see Gazet), said to have been the price of the first newspaper published at Venice; or perh. dim. of gazza magpie, a name perh. applied to the first newspaper; cf. OHG. agalstra magpie, G. elster.] A newspaper; a printed sheet published periodically; esp., the official journal published by the British government, and containing legal and state notices.

Ga•zette´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gazetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gazetting.] To announce or publish in a gazette; to announce officially, as an appointment, or a case of bankruptcy.

Gaz•et•teer´ , n. [Cf. F. gazetier.] 1. A writer of news, or an officer appointed to publish news by authority. Johnson. 2. A newspaper; a gazette. [Obs.] Burke. 3. A geographical dictionary; a book giving the names and descriptions, etc., of many places. 4. An alphabetical descriptive list of anything.

Gaz´ing•stock , n. A person or thing gazed at with scorn or abhorrence; an object of curiosity or contempt. Bp. Hall.

Gaz´o•gene , n. [F. gazogène; gaz gas + -gène, E. - gen.] A portable apparatus for making soda water or aërated liquids on a small scale. Knight.

Ga•zon´ , n. [F. gazon turf, fr. OHG. waso, G. wasen.] (Fort.) One of the pieces of sod used to line or cover parapets and the faces of earthworks.

Ge- An Anglo-Saxon prefix. See Y- .

Geal , v. i. [F. geler, fr. L. gelare, fr. gelu. See Gelid.] To congeal. [Obs. or Scot.]

Gean , n. [F. guigne the fruit of the gean; cf. OHG. wihsila, G. weichsel.] (Bot.) A species of cherry tree common in Europe (Prunus avium); also the fruit, which is usually small and dark in color.

Ge•an•ti•cli´nal , n. [Gr. the earth + E. anticlinal.] (Geol.) An upward bend or flexure of a considerable portion of the earth’s crust, resulting in the formation of a class of mountain elevations called anticlinoria; — opposed to geosynclinal.

Gear , n. [OE. gere, ger, AS. gearwe clothing, adornment, armor, fr. gearo, gearu, ready, yare; akin to OHG. garawi, garwi ornament, dress. See Yare, and cf. Garb dress.] 1. Clothing; garments; ornaments. “Array thyself in thy most gorgeous gear.” Spenser. 2. Goods; property; household stuff. Chaucer. “Homely gear and common ware.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. Whatever is prepared for use or wear; manufactured stuff or material. “Clad in a vesture of unknown gear.” Spenser. 4. The harness of horses or cattle; trapping. 5. Warlike accouterments. [Scot.] Jamieson. 6. Manner; custom; behavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. Business matters; affairs; concern. [Obs.] “Thus go they both together to their gear.” Spenser. 8. (Mech.) (a) A toothed wheel, or cogwheel; as a spur gear, or a bevel gear; also toothed wheels, collectively. (b) An apparatus for performing a special function; gearing; as the feed gear of a lathe. (c) Engagement of parts with each other; as in gear; out of gear. 9. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b). 10. Anything worthless; stuff; nonsense; rubbish. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wright. “That servant of his that confessed and uttered this gear was an honest man.” Latimer. Bever gear. See Bevel gear. — Core gear, a mortise gear, or its skeleton. See Mortise wheel, under Mortise. — Expansion gear (Steam Engine), the arrangement of parts for cutting off steam at a certain part of the stroke, so as to leave it to act upon the piston expansively; the cut-off. See under Expansion. — Feed gear. See Feed motion, under Feed, n. — Gear cutter, a machine or tool for forming the teeth of gear wheels by cutting. — Gear wheel, any cogwheel. — Running gear. See under Running. — To throw in, or out of, gear (Mach.), to connect or disconnect (wheelwork or couplings, etc.); to put in, or out of, working relation.

Gear v. t. [imp. & p. p. Geared p. pr. & vb. n. Gearing.] 1. To dress; to put gear on; to harness. 2. (Mach.) To provide with gearing. Double geared, driven through twofold compound gearing, to increase the force or speed; — said of a machine.

Gear, v. i. (Mach.) To be in, or come into, gear.

Gear´ing, n. 1. Harness. 2. (Mach.) The parts by which motion imparted to one portion of an engine or machine is transmitted to another, considered collectively; as the valve gearing of locomotive engine; belt gearing; esp., a train of wheels for transmitting and varying motion in machinery. Frictional gearing. See under Frictional. — Gearing chain, an endless chain transmitted motion from one sprocket wheel to another. See Illust. of Chain wheel. — Spur gearing, gearing in which the teeth or cogs are ranged round either the concave or the convex surface (properly the latter) of a cylindrical wheel; — for transmitting motion between parallel shafts, etc.

Gea´son , a. [OE. gesen, geson, rare, scanty, AS. gsne barren, wanting. Cf. Geest.] Rare; wonderful. [Obs.] Spenser.

Geat (get), n. [See Gate a door.] (Founding) The channel or spout through which molten metal runs into a mold in casting. [Written also git, gate.]

Ge•car•cin´i•an (je•kär•sin´i•an), n. [Gr. gh^ earth + karki•nos crab.] (Zoöl.) A land crab of the genus Gecarcinus, or of allied genera.

Geck , n. [D. gek fool, fop; akin to G. geck; cf. Icel. gikkr a pert, rude person.] 1. Scorn, derision, or contempt. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An object of scorn; a dupe; a gull. [Obs.] “To become the geck and scorn
O’the other’s villainy.” Shak.

Geck, v. t. [Cf. OD. ghecken, G. gecken. See Geck, n.] 1. To deride; to scorn; to mock. [Prov. Eng.] 2. To cheat; trick, or gull. [Obs.] Johnson.

Geck, v. i. To jeer; to show contempt. Sir W. Scott.

Geck´o (gek´o), n.; pl. Geckoes (-oz). [Cf. F. & G. gecko; — so called from the sound which the animal utters.] (Zoöl.) Any lizard of the family Geckonidae. The geckoes are small, carnivorous, mostly nocturnal animals with large eyes and vertical, elliptical pupils. Their toes are generally expanded, and furnished with adhesive disks, by which they can run over walls and ceilings. They are numerous in warm countries, and a few species are found in Europe and the United States. See Wall gecko, Fanfoot.

Geck•o´tian , n. (Zoöl.) A gecko.

Ged , Gedd , n. The European pike.

Gee , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geed p. pr. & vb. n. Geeing.] 1. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq. or Prov. Eng.] Forby. 2. [Cf. G. jü, interj., used in calling to a horse, It. giò, F. dia, used to turn a horse to the left.] To turn to the off side, or from the driver (i.e., in the United States, to the right side); — said of cattle, or a team; used most frequently in the imperative, often with off, by drivers of oxen, in directing their teams, and opposed to haw, or hoi. [Written also jee.] In England, the teamster walks on the right-hand side of the cattle; in the United States, on the left-hand side. In all cases, however, gee means to turn from the driver, and haw to turn toward him. Gee ho, or Gee whoa. Same as Gee.

Gee, v. t. [See Gee to turn.] To cause (a team) to turn to the off side, or from the driver. [Written also jee.]

Geer , Geer´ing [Obs.] See Gear, Gearing.

Geese , n., pl. of Goose.

Geest , n. [Cf. LG. geest, geestland, sandy, dry and, OFries. gest, gast, gestlond, gastlond, fr. Fries. gast barren. Cf. Geason.] Alluvial matter on the surface of land, not of recent origin. R. Jameson.

Geet , n. [See Jet.] Jet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Geez , n. The original native name for the ancient Ethiopic language or people. See Ethiopic.

Ge•hen´na (ge•hen´na), n. [L. Gehenna, Gr. Ge•enna, Heb. Ge Hinnom.] (Jewish Hist.) The valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, where some of the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, which, on this account, was afterward regarded as a place of abomination, and made a receptacle for all the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential effluvia. In the New Testament the name is transferred, by an easy metaphor, to Hell. “The pleasant valley of Hinnom. Tophet thence
And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell.” Milton.

Ge´ic , a. [Gr. earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, earthy or vegetable mold. Geic acid. (Chem.) See Humin.

Ge´in , n. [Gr. earth.] (Chem.) See Humin.

Geis´sler tube (Elec.) A glass tube provided with platinum electrodes, and containing some gas under very low tension, which becomes luminous when an electrical discharge is passed through it; — so called from the name of a noted maker in germany. It is called also Plücker tube, from the German physicist who devised it.

Gei´to•nog´a•my , n. [Gr. neighbor + marriage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of flowers by pollen from other flowers on the same plant.

Gel´a•ble , a. [L. gelare to congeal: cf. F. gelable. See Geal.] Capable of being congealed; capable of being converted into jelly.

Gel´a•da , n. (Zoöl.) A baboon (Gelada Ruppelli) of Abyssinia, remarkable for the length of the hair on the neck and shoulders of the adult male.

Ge•las´tic , a. [Gr. inclined to laugh, from to laugh.] Pertaining to laughter; used in laughing. ´Gelastic muscles.´ Sir T. Browne.

Ge•lat´i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Gelatin + L. -ficare. (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] (Physiol. Chem.) The formation of gelatin.

Gel•a•tig´e•nous , n. [Gelatin + -genous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Producing, or yielding, gelatin; gelatiniferous; as the gelatigeneous tissues.

Gel´a•tin , Gel´a•tine , n. [F. gelatine, fr. L. gelare to congeal. See Geal.] (Chem.) Animal jelly; glutinous material obtained from animal tissues by prolonged boiling. Specifically (Physiol. Chem.), a nitrogeneous colloid, not existing as such in the animal body, but formed by the hydrating action of boiling water on the collagen of various kinds of connective tissue (as tendons, bones, ligaments, etc.). Its distinguishing character is that of dissolving in hot water, and forming a jelly on cooling. It is an important ingredient of calf’s- foot jelly, isinglass, glue, etc. It is used as food, but its nutritious qualities are of a low order. Both spellings, gelatin and gelatine, are in good use, but the tendency of writers on physiological chemistry favors the form in -in, as in the United States Dispensatory, the United States Pharmacopœia, Fownes’ Watts’ Chemistry, Brande & Cox’s Dictionary. Blasting gelatin, an explosive, containing about ninety-five parts of nitroglycerin and five of collodion. — Gelatin process, a name applied to a number of processes in the arts, involving the use of gelatin. Especially: (a) (Photog.) A dry-plate process in which gelatin is used as a substitute for collodion as the sensitized material. This is the dry-plate process in general use, and plates of extreme sensitiveness are produced by it. (b) (Print.) A method of producing photographic copies of drawings, engravings, printed pages, etc., and also of photographic pictures, which can be printed from in a press with ink, or (in some applications of the process) which can be used as the molds of stereotype or electrotype plates. (c) (Print. or Copying) A method of producing facsimile copies of an original, written or drawn in aniline ink upon paper, thence transferred to a cake of gelatin softened with glycerin, from which impressions are taken upon ordinary paper. — Vegetable gelatin. See Gliadin.

Ge•lat´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gelatinated p. pr. & vb. n. Gelatinating.] To convert into gelatin, or into a substance resembling jelly.

Ge•lat´i•nate, v. i. To be converted into gelatin, or into a substance like jelly. “Lapis lazuli, if calcined, does not effervesce, but gelatinates with the mineral acids.” Kirwan.

Ge•lat•i•na´tion , n. The act of process of converting into gelatin, or a substance like jelly.

Gel´a•tine , n. Same as Gelatin.

Gel•a•tin•if´er•ous , a. [Gelatin + -ferous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Yielding gelatin on boiling with water; capable of gelatination.

Gel•a•tin´i•form , a. Having the form of gelatin.

Ge•lat•i•ni•za´tion , n. Same as Gelatination.

Ge•lat´i•nize , v. t. 1. To convert into gelatin or jelly. Same as Gelatinate, v. t. 2. (Photog.) To coat, or otherwise treat, with gelatin.

Ge•lat´i•nize , v. i. Same as Gelatinate, v. i.

Ge•lat´i•nous , a. [Cf. F. gelatineux.] Of the nature and consistence of gelatin or the jelly; resembling jelly; viscous.

Ge•la´tion , n. [L. gelatio a freezing, fr. gelare to freeze.] (Astron.) The process of becoming solid by cooling; a cooling and solidifying.

Geld , n. [AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, payment, fr. gieldan to pay, render. See Yield.] Money; tribute; compensation; ransom.[Obs.] This word occurs in old law books in composition, as in danegeld, or danegelt, a tax imposed by the Danes; weregeld, compensation for the life of a man, etc.

Geld , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gelded or Gelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gelding.] [Icel. gelda to castrate; akin to Dan. gilde, Sw. gälla, and cf. AS. gilte a young sow, OHG. galt dry, not giving milk, G. gelt, Goth. gilpa siclke.] 1. To castrate; to emasculate. 2. To deprive of anything essential. “Bereft and gelded of his patrimony.” Shak. 3. To deprive of anything exceptionable; as to geld a book, or a story; to expurgate. [Obs.] Dryden.

Geld´a•ble , a. Capable of being gelded.

Geld´a•ble, a. [From Geld money.] Liable to taxation. [Obs.] Burrill.

Geld´er , n. One who gelds or castrates.

Gel´der-rose , n. Same as Guelder-rose.

Geld´ing , n. [Icel. gelding a gelding, akin to geldingr wether, eunuch, Sw. gälling gelding, Dan. gilding eunuch. See Geld, v. t.] A castrated animal; — usually applied to a horse, but formerly used also of the human male. “They went down both into the water, Philip and the gelding, and Philip baptized him.” Wyclif (Acts viii. 38).

Geld´ing, p. pr., a., & vb. n. from Geld, v. t.

Gel´id (jel´id), a. [L. gelidus, fr. gelu frost, cold. See Cold, and cf. Congeal, Gelatin, Jelly.] Cold; very cold; frozen. ´Gelid founts.´ Thompson.

Ge•lid´i•ty , n. The state of being gelid.

Gel´id•ly , adv. In a gelid manner; coldly.

Gel´id•ness, n. The state of being gelid; gelidity.

Gel´ly (jel´ly), n. Jelly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ge•los´copy , n. [Gr. to laugh + -scopy.] Divination by means of laughter.

Ge•lose´ , n. [See Gelatin.] (Chem.) An amorphous, gummy carbohydrate, found in Gelidium, agar-agar, and other seaweeds.

Gel•se´mic , a. Gelseminic.

Gel´se•mine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the yellow jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens), as a bitter white semicrystalline substance; — called also gelsemia.

Gel•se•min´ic , n. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the yellow jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens); as gelseminic acid, a white crystalline substance resembling esculin.

Gel•se´mium , n. [NL., fr. It. gelsomino jasmine.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants. The yellow (false) jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens) is a native of the Southern United States. It has showy and deliciously fragrant flowers. 2. (Med.) The root of the yellow jasmine, used in malarial fevers, etc.

Gelt , n. [See 1st Geld.] Trubute, tax. [Obs.] “All these the king granted unto them … free from all gelts and payments, in a most full and ample manner.” Fuller.

Gelt, n. [See Gelt, v. t.] A gelding. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Gelt, n. Gilding; tinsel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gem , n. [OE. gemme precious stone, F. gemme, fr. L. gemma a precious stone, bud.] 1. (Bot.) A bud. “From the joints of thy prolific stem
A swelling knot is raised called a gem.” Denham. 2. A precious stone of any kind, as the ruby, emerald, topaz, sapphire, beryl, spinel, etc., especially when cut and polished for ornament; a jewel. Milton. 3. Anything of small size, or expressed within brief limits, which is regarded as a gem on account of its beauty or value, as a small picture, a verse of poetry, a witty or wise saying. Artificial gem, an imitation of a gem, made of glass colored with metallic oxide. Cf. Paste, and Strass.

Gem v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gemmed p. pr. & vb. n. Gemming] 1. To put forth in the form of buds. ´Gemmed their blossoms.´ [R.] Milton. 2. To adorn with gems or precious stones. 3. To embellish or adorn, as with gems; as a foliage gemmed with dewdrops. “England is … gemmed with castles and palaces.” W. Irving.

Ge•ma´ra , n. [Heb.] (Jewish Law) The second part of the Talmud, or the commentary on the Mishna (which forms the first part or text).

Ge•mar´ic , a. Pertaining to the Gemara.

Ge•ma´rist , n. One versed in the Gemara, or adhering to its teachings.

Gem´el , a. [OF. gemel twin, F. jumeau, L. gemellus twin, doubled, dim. of geminus. See Gemini, and cf. Gimmal.] (Her.) Coupled; paired. Bars gemel (Her.), two barrulets placed near and parallel to each other.

Gem´el , n. 1. One of the twins. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. (Heb.) One of the barrulets placed parallel and closed to each other. Cf. Bars gemel, under Gemel, a. “Two gemels silver between two griffins passant.” Strype. Gemel hinge (Locksmithing), a hinge consisting of an eye or loop and a hook. — Gemel ring, a ring with two or more links; a gimbal. See Gimbal. — Gemel window, a window with two bays.

Gem•el•lip´a-rous , a. [L. gemellipara, fem., gemellus twin + parere to bear, produce.] Producing twins. [R.] Bailey.

Gem´i•nal , a. [L. geminus twin.] A pair. [Obs.] Drayton.

Gem´i•nate , a. [L. geminatus, p. p. of genimare to double. See Gemini.] (Bot.) In pairs or twains; two together; binate; twin; as geminate flowers. Gray.

Gem´i•nate , v. t. To double. [R.] B. Jonson.

Gem•i•na´tion , n. [L. geminatio.] A doubling; duplication; repetition. [R.] Boyle.

Gem´i•ni , n. pl. [L., twins, pl. of geminus; cf. Skr. jmi related as brother or sister.] (Astron.) A constellation of the zodiac, containing the two bright stars Castor and Pollux; also the third sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about May 20th.

Gem•i•ni•flo´rous , a. [L. geminus twin + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the flowers arranged in pairs.

Gem´i•nous , a. [L. geminus.] Double; in pairs. Sir T. Browne.

Gemi•ny , n. [See Gemini.] Twins; a pair; a couple. [Obs.] Shak.

Gem•i•to´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gemere, gemitum, to sign, moan.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the true pigeons.

Gem´ma , n.; pl. Gemmae (#). [L., a bud.] 1. (Bot.) A leaf bud, as distinguished from a flower bud. 2. (Biol.) A bud spore; one of the small spores or buds in the reproduction of certain Protozoa, which separate one at a time from the parent cell.

Gem•ma´ceous , a. Of or pertaining to gems or to gemmae; of the nature of, or resembling, gems or gemmae.

Gem´ma•ry , a. [L. gemmarius. See Gem.] Of or pertaining to gems.

Gem´ma•ry , n. A receptacle for jewels or gems; a jewel house; jewels or gems, collectively.

Gem´mate , a. [L. gemmatus, p. p. of gemmare to put forth buds, fr. gemma bud.] (Bot.) Having buds; reproducing by buds.

Gem´ma•ted , a. Having buds; adorned with gems or jewels.

Gem•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. gemmation.] 1. (Biol.) The formation of a new individual, either animal or vegetable, by a process of budding; an asexual method of reproduction; gemmulation; gemmiparity. See Budding. 2. (Bot.) The arrangement of buds on the stalk; also of leaves in the bud.

Gem´me•ous , a. [L. gemmeus. See Gem.] Pertaining to gems; of the nature of gems; resembling gems. Pennant.

Gem•mif´er•ous , a. [L. gemma bud + -ferous: cf. F. gemmifère.] Producing gems or buds; (Biol.) multiplying by buds.

Gem•mi•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. gemma bud + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] (Biol.) The production of a bud or gem.

Gem•mi•flo´rate , a. [L. gemma bud + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers like buds.

Gem´mi•ness , n. The state or quality of being gemmy; spruceness; smartness. { Gem•mip´a•ra Gem•mip´a•res } n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gemma bud + parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Animals which increase by budding, as hydroids.

Gem•mi•par´i•ty , n. (Biol.) Reproduction by budding; gemmation. See Budding.

Gem•mip´a•rous , a. [Cf. F. gemmipare.] (Biol.) Producing buds; reproducing by buds. See Gemmation, 1.

Gem•mos´i•ty , n. [L. gemmosus set with jewels. See Gem.] The quality or characteristics of a gem or jewel. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gem•mu•la´tion , n. [From L. gemmula, dim. of gemma bud.] (Biol.) See Gemmation.

Gem´mule , n. [L. gemmula, dim. of gemma: cf. F. gemmule. See Gem.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A little leaf bud, as the plumule between the cotyledons. (b) One of the buds of mosses. (c) One of the reproductive spores of algae. (d) An ovule. 2. (Biol.) (a) A bud produced in generation by gemmation. (b) One of the imaginary granules or atoms which, according to Darwin’s hypothesis of pangenesis, are continually being thrown off from every cell or unit, and circulate freely throughout the system, and when supplied with proper nutriment multiply by self-division and ultimately develop into cells like those from which they were derived. They are supposed to be transmitted from the parent to the offspring, but are often transmitted in a dormant state during many generations and are then developed. See Pangenesis.

Gem•mu•lif´er•ous , a. [Gemmule + -ferous.] Bearing or producing gemmules or buds.

Gem´my , a. [From Gem, n.] 1. Full of gems; bright; glittering like a gem. “The gemmy bridle glittered free.” Tennyson. 2. Spruce; smart. [Colloq. Eng.]

Ge•mote´ , n. [As. gemt an assembly. See Meet, v. t.] (AS. Hist.) A meeting; — used in combination, as Witenagemote, an assembly of the wise men.

Gems , n. [G.] (Zoöl.) The chamois.

Gems´bok , n. [D.; akin to G. gemsbock the male or buck of the chamois; gemse chamois, goat of the Alps + bock buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African antelope (Oryx Capensis), having long, sharp, nearly straight horns.

Gems´-horn , n. [G., prop., chamois horn.] (Mus.) An organ stop with conical tin pipes.

Ge•mul´ , n. (Zoöl.) A small South American deer (Furcifer Chilensis), with simple forked horns. [Written also guemul.]

-gen [(1) From Gr. -gen-, from the same root as ge•nos race, stock (see Genus). (2) From Gr. suffix -genh•s born. Cf. F. -gène.] 1. A suffix used in scientific words in the sense of producing, generating: as amphigen, amidogen, halogen. 2. A suffix meaning produced, generated; as exogen.

Ge´na , [L., the cheek.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cheek; the feathered side of the under mandible of a bird. (b) The part of the head to which the jaws of an insect are attached.

Ge•nappe´ , n. [From Genappe, in Belgium.] A worsted yarn or cord of peculiar smoothness, used in the manufacture of braid, fringe, etc. Simmonds.

Gen•darme´ , n.; pl. Gendarmes (#), or Gens d’armes. [F.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of heavy cavalry. [Obs.] [France] 2. An armed policeman in France. Thackeray.

Gen•darm´er•y , n. [F. gendarmerie.] The body of gendarmes.

Gen´der (jen´der), n. [OF. genre, gendre (with excrescent d.), F. genre, fr. L. genus, generis, birth, descent, race, kind, gender, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born, akin to E. kin. See Kin, and cf. Generate, Genre, Gentle, Genus.] 1. Kind; sort. [Obs.] ´One gender of herbs.´ Shak. 2. Sex, male or female. [Obs. or Colloq.] 3. (Gram.) A classification of nouns, primarily according to sex; and secondarily according to some fancied or imputed quality associated with sex. “Gender is a grammatical distinction and applies to words only. Sex is natural distinction and applies to living objects.” R. Morris. Adjectives and pronouns are said to vary in gender when the form is varied according to the gender of the words to which they refer.

Gen´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gendered p. pr. & vb. n. Gendering.] [OF. gendrer, fr. L. generare. See Gender, n.] To beget; to engender.

Gen´der, v. i. To copulate; to breed. [R.] Shak.

Gen´der•less, a. Having no gender.

Gen•e•a•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. race + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Alternate generation. See under Generation.

Gen•e•a•log´ic , a. Genealogical.

Gen•e•a•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. genealogique.] Of or pertaining to genealogy; as a genealogical table; genealogical order. — Gen•e•a•log´ic•al•ly, adv. Genealogical tree, a family lineage or genealogy drawn out under the form of a tree and its branches.

Gen•e•al´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. genealogiste.] One who traces genealogies or the descent of persons or families.

Gen•e•al´o•gize , v. i. To investigate, or relate the history of, descents.

Gen•e•al´o•gy , n.; pl. Genealogies (#). [OE. genealogi, genelogie, OF. genelogie, F. genealogie, L. genealogia, fr. Gr. ; birth, race, descent (akin to L. genus) + discourse.] 1. An account or history of the descent of a person or family from an ancestor; enumeration of ancestors and their children in the natural order of succession; a pedigree. 2. Regular descent of a person or family from a progenitor; pedigree; lineage.

Gen´e•arch , n. [Gr. ; race + a leader.] The chief of a family or tribe.

Gen´e•ra , n. pl. See Genus.

Gen•er•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being generated. Johnstone.

Gen´er•a•ble , a. [L. generabilis.] Capable of being generated or produced. Bentley.

Gen´er•al , a. [F. general, fr. L. generalis. See Genus.] 1. Relating to a genus or kind; pertaining to a whole class or order; as a general law of animal or vegetable economy. 2. Comprehending many species or individuals; not special or particular; including all particulars; as a general inference or conclusion. 3. Not restrained or limited to a precise import; not specific; vague; indefinite; lax in signification; as a loose and general expression. 4. Common to many, or the greatest number; widely spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; as a general opinion; a general custom. “This general applause and cheerful shout
Argue your wisdom and your love to Richard.” Shak. 5. Having a relation to all; common to the whole; as Adam, our general sire. Milton. 6. As a whole; in gross; for the most part. “His general behavior vain, ridiculous.” Shak. 7. Usual; common, on most occasions; as his general habit or method. The word general, annexed to a name of office, usually denotes chief or superior; as attorney- general; adjutant general; commissary general; quartermaster general; vicar-general, etc. General agent (Law), an agent whom a principal employs to transact all his business of a particular kind, or to act in his affairs generally. — General assembly. See the Note under Assembly. — General average, General Court. See under Average, Court. — General court-martial (Mil.), the highest military and naval judicial tribunal. — General dealer (Com.), a shopkeeper who deals in all articles in common use. — General demurrer (Law), a demurrer which objects to a pleading in general terms, as insufficient, without specifying the defects. Abbott. — General epistle, a canonical epistle. — General guides (Mil.), two sergeants (called the right, and the left, general guide) posted opposite the right and left flanks of an infantry battalion, to preserve accuracy in marching. Farrow. — General hospitals (Mil.), hospitals established to receive sick and wounded sent from the field hospitals. Farrow. General issue (Law), an issue made by a general plea, which traverses the whole declaration or indictment at once, without offering any special matter to evade it. Bouvier. Burrill. — General lien (Law), a right to detain a chattel, etc., until payment is made of any balance due on a general account. — General officer (Mil.), any officer having a rank above that of colonel. — General orders (Mil.), orders from headquarters published to the whole command. — General practitioner, in the United States, one who practices medicine in all its branches without confining himself to any specialty; in England, one who practices both as physician and as surgeon. — General ship, a ship not chartered or let to particular parties. — General term (Logic), a term which is the sign of a general conception or notion. — General verdict (Law), the ordinary comprehensive verdict in civil actions, ´for the plaintiff´ or ´for the defendant´. Burrill. — General warrant (Law), a warrant, now illegal, to apprehend suspected persons, without naming individuals. Syn. General, Common, Universal. Common denotes primarily that in which many share; and hence, that which is often met with. General is stronger, denoting that which pertains to a majority of the individuals which compose a genus, or whole. Universal, that which pertains to all without exception. To be able to read and write is so common an attainment in the United States, that we may pronounce it general, though by no means universal.

Gen´er•al , n. [F. general. See General., a.] 1. The whole; the total; that which comprehends or relates to all, or the chief part; — opposed to particular. “In particulars our knowledge begins, and so spreads itself by degrees to generals.” Locke. 2. (Mil.) One of the chief military officers of a government or country; the commander of an army, of a body of men not less than a brigade. In European armies, the highest military rank next below field marshal. In the United States the office of General of the Army has been created by temporary laws, and has been held only by Generals U. S. Grant, W. T. Sherman, and P. H. Sheridan. Popularly, the title General is given to various general officers, as General, Lieutenant general, Major general, Brigadier general, Commissary general, etc. See Brigadier general, Lieutenant general, Major general, in the Vocabulary. 3. (Mil.) The roll of the drum which calls the troops together; as to beat the general. 4. (Eccl.) The chief of an order of monks, or of all the houses or congregations under the same rule. 5. The public; the people; the vulgar. [Obs.] Shak. In general, in the main; for the most part.

Gen•e•ra´li•a , n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. L. generalis.] Generalities; general terms. J. S. Mill.

Gen•er•al•is´si•mo , n. [It., superl. of generale general. See General, a.] The chief commander of an army; especially, the commander in chief of an army consisting of two or more grand divisions under separate commanders; — a title used in most foreign countries.

Gen•er•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Generalities (#). [L. generalitas: cf. F. generalite. Cf. Generalty.] 1. The state of being general; the quality of including species or particulars. Hooker. 2. That which is general; that which lacks specificalness, practicalness, or application; a general or vague statement or phrase. “Let us descend from generalities to particulars.” Landor. “The glittering and sounding generalities of natural right which make up the Declaration of Independence.” R. Choate. 3. The main body; the bulk; the greatest part; as the generality of a nation, or of mankind.

Gen´er•al•i•za•ble , a. Capable of being generalized, or reduced to a general form of statement, or brought under a general rule. “Extreme cases are … not generalizable.” Coleridge

Gen•er•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. generalisation.] 1. The act or process of generalizing; the act of bringing individuals or particulars under a genus or class; deduction of a general principle from particulars. “Generalization is only the apprehension of the one in the many.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A general inference.

Gen´er•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generalized p. pr. & vb. n. Generalizing ] [Cf. F. generaliser.] 1. To bring under a genus or under genera; to view in relation to a genus or to genera. “Copernicus generalized the celestial motions by merely referring them to the moon’s motion. Newton generalized them still more by referring this last to the motion of a stone through the air.” W. Nicholson. 2. To apply to other genera or classes; to use with a more extensive application; to extend so as to include all special cases; to make universal in application, as a formula or rule. “When a fact is generalized, our discontent is quited, and we consider the generality itself as tantamount to an explanation.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To derive or deduce (a general conception, or a general principle) from particulars. “A mere conclusion generalized from a great multitude of facts.” Coleridge.

Gen´er•al•ize, v. i. To form into a genus; to view objects in their relations to a genus or class; to take general or comprehensive views.

Gen´er•al•ized , a. (Zoöl.) Comprising structural characters which are separated in more specialized forms; synthetic; as a generalized type.

Gen´er•al•i•zer , n. One who takes general or comprehensive views. Tyndall.

Gen´er•al•ly, adv. 1. In general; commonly; extensively, though not universally; most frequently. 2. In a general way, or in general relation; in the main; upon the whole; comprehensively. “Generally speaking, they live very quietly.” Addison. 3. Collectively; as a whole; without omissions. [Obs.] “I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee.” 2 Sam. xvii. ll.

Gen´er•al•ness, n. The condition or quality of being general; frequency; commonness. Sir P. Sidney.

Gen´er•al•ship, n. 1. The office of a general; the exercise of the functions of a general; — sometimes, with the possessive pronoun, the personality of a general. “Your generalship puts me in mind of Prince Eugene.” Goldsmith. 2. Military skill in a general officer or commander. 3. Fig.: Leadership; management. “An artful stroke of generalship in Trim to raise a dust.” Sterne.

Gen´er•al•ty , n. Generality. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Gen´er•ant , a. [L. generans, p. pr. of generare.] Generative; producing; esp. (Geom.), acting as a generant.

Gen´er•ant, n. 1. That which generates. Glanvill. 2. (Geom.) A generatrix.

Gen´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generated p. pr. & vb. n. Generating.] [L. generatus, p. p. of generare to generate, fr. genus. See Genus, Gender.] 1. To beget; to procreate; to propagate; to produce (a being similar to the parent); to engender; as every animal generates its own species. 2. To cause to be; to bring into life. Milton. 3. To originate, especially by a vital or chemical process; to produce; to cause. “Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle must likewise generate milk.” Arbuthnot. 4. (Math.) To trace out, as a line, figure, or solid, by the motion of a point or a magnitude of inferior order.

Gen•er•a´tion , n. [OE. generacioun, F. generation, fr.L. generatio.] 1. The act of generating or begetting; procreation, as of animals. 2. Origination by some process, mathematical, chemical, or vital; production; formation; as the generation of sounds, of gases, of curves, etc. 3. That which is generated or brought forth; progeny; offspiring. 4. A single step or stage in the succession of natural descent; a rank or remove in genealogy. Hence: The body of those who are of the same genealogical rank or remove from an ancestor; the mass of beings living at one period; also the average lifetime of man, or the ordinary period of time at which one rank follows another, or father is succeeded by child, usually assumed to be one third of a century; an age. “This is the book of the generations of Adam.” Gen. v. 1. “Ye shall remain there [in Babylon] many years, and for a long season, namely, seven generations.” Baruch vi. 3. “All generations and ages of the Christian church.” Hooker. 5. Race; kind; family; breed; stock. “Thy mother’s of my generation; what’s she, if I be a dog?” Shak. 6. (Geom.) The formation or production of any geometrical magnitude, as a line, a surface, a solid, by the motion, in accordance with a mathematical law, of a point or a magnitude; as the generation of a line or curve by the motion of a point, of a surface by a line, a sphere by a semicircle, etc. 7. (Biol.) The aggregate of the functions and phenomene which attend reproduction. There are four modes of generation in the animal kingdom: scissiparity or by fissiparous generation, gemmiparity or by budding, germiparity or by germs, and oviparity or by ova. Alternate generation (Biol.), alternation of sexual with asexual generation, in which the products of one process differ from those of the other, — a form of reproduction common both to animal and vegetable organisms. In the simplest form, the organism arising from sexual generation produces offspiring unlike itself, agamogenetically. These, however, in time acquire reproductive organs, and from their impregnated germs the original parent form is reproduced. In more complicated cases, the first series of organisms produced agamogenetically may give rise to others by a like process, and these in turn to still other generations. Ultimately, however, a generation is formed which develops sexual organs, and the original form is reproduced. — Spontaneous generation (Biol.), the fancied production of living organisms without previously existing parents from inorganic matter, or from decomposing organic matter, a notion which at one time had many supporters; abiogenesis.

Gen´er•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. generatif.] Having the power of generating, propagating, originating, or producing. ´That generative particle.´ Bentley.

Gen´er•a•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, generates, begets, causes, or produces. 2. An apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed from a liquid or solid by means of heat or chemical process, as a steam boiler, gas retort, or vessel for generating carbonic acid gas etc. 3. (Mus.) The principal sound or sounds by which others are produced; the fundamental note or root of the common chord — called also generating tone.

Gen•er•a´trix , n.; pl. L. Generatrices (#), E. Generatrixes (#). [L.] (Geom.) That which generates; the point, or the mathematical magnitude, which, by its motion, generates another magnitude, as a line, surface, or solid; — called also describent. { Ge•ner´ic , Ge•ner´ic•al } a. [L. genus, generis, race, kind: cf. F. generique. See Gender.] 1. (Biol.) Pertaining to a genus or kind; relating to a genus, as distinct from a species, or from another genus; as a generic description; a generic difference; a generic name. 2. Very comprehensive; pertaining or appropriate to large classes or their characteristics; — opposed to specific.

Ge•ner´ic•al•ly, adv. With regard to a genus, or an extensive class; as an animal generically distinct from another, or two animals or plants generically allied.

Ge•ner´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being generic.

Ge•ner•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. genus kind, class + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of generalizing. “Out of this the universal is elaborated by generification.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Gen•er•os´i•ty , n. [L. generositas: cf. F. generosite.] 1. Noble birth. [Obs.] Harris (Voyages). 2. The quality of being noble; noble- mindedness. “Generosity is in nothing more seen than in a candid estimation of other men’s virtues and good qualities.” Barrow. 3. Liberality in giving; munificence. Syn. — Magnanimity; liberality.

Gen´er•ous , a. [F. genereux, fr. L. generous of noble birth, noble, excellent, magnanimous, fr. genus birth, race: cf. It. generoso. See 2d Gender.] 1. Of honorable birth or origin; highborn. [Obs.] “The generous and gravest citizens.” Shak. 2. Exhibiting those qualities which are popularly reregarded as belonging to high birth; noble; honorable; magnanimous; spirited; courageous. ´The generous critic.´ Pope. ´His generous spouse.´ Pope. ´A generous pack [of hounds].´ Addison. 3. Open-handed; free to give; not close or niggardly; munificent; as a generous friend or father. 4. Characterized by generosity; abundant; overflowing; as a generous table. Swift. 5. Full of spirit or strength; stimulating; exalting; as generous wine. Syn. — Magnanimous; bountiful. See Liberal. — Gen´er•ous•ly, adv. — Gen´er•ous•ness, n.

Gen•e•see´ ep´och (Geol.) The closing subdivision of the Hamilton period in the American Devonian system; - - so called because the formations of this period crop out in Genesee, New York.

Ge•ne´sial , a. Of or relating to generation.

Ge•ne•si•ol´gy , n. [Gr. birth + -logy.] The doctrine or science of generation.

Gen´e•sis , n. [L., from Gr. ge•nesis, fr. the root of gi•gnesqai to beget, be born; akin to L. genus birth, race. See Gender.] 1. The act of producing, or giving birth or origin to anything; the process or mode of originating; production; formation; origination. “The origin and genesis of poor Sterling’s club.” Carlyle. 2. The first book of the Old Testament; — so called by the Greek translators, from its containing the history of the creation of the world and of the human race. 3. (Geom.) Same as Generation.

Gen´et (jen´et or je•net´) Ge•nette´ (je•net´), n. [F. genette Sp. gineta fr. Ar. jarneit.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of several species of small Carnivora of the genus Genetta allied to the civets but having the scent glands less developed and without a pouch. The common genet (Genetta vulgaris) of Southern Europe Asia Minor and North Africa is dark gray spotted with black. The long tail is banded with black and white. The Cape genet (G. felina) and the berbe (G. pardina) are related African species. 2. The fur of the common genet (Genetta vulgaris) also any skin dressed in imitation of this fur.

Gen´et , n. [See Jennet.] A small-sized, well-proportioned, Spanish horse; a jennet. Shak.

Ge•neth´li•ac , a. [L. genethliacus, Gr. , fr. belonging to one’s birth, gene•qlh birth, fr. gi•gnesqai to be born.] Pertaining to nativities; calculated by astrologers; showing position of stars at one’s birth. Howell.

Ge•neth´li•ac, n. 1. A birthday poem. 2. One skilled in genethliacs.

Gen•eth•li´a•cal , a. Genethliac.

Ge•neth´li•acs , n. The science of calculating nativities, or predicting the future events of life from the stars which preside at birth. Johnson.

Ge•neth•li•al´o•gy , n. [Gr. geneqlhalogi•a astrology; gene•qlh birth + lo•gos discourse.] Divination as to the destinies of one newly born; the act or art of casting nativities; astrology.

Ge•neth•li•at´ic , n. One who calculates nativities. Sir W. Drummond.

Ge•net´ic (je•net´ik), a. Same as Genetical.

Ge•net´ic•al (-i•kal), a. [See Genesis.] Pertaining to, concerned with, or determined by, the genesis of anything, or its natural mode of production or development. “This historical, genetical method of viewing prior systems of philosophy.” Hare.

Ge•net´ic•al•ly, adv. In a genetical manner.

Ge•ne´va , n. The chief city of Switzerland. Geneva Bible, a translation of the Bible into English, made and published by English refugees in Geneva (Geneva, 1560; London, 1576). It was the first English Bible printed in Roman type instead of the ancient black letter, the first which recognized the division into verses, and the first which omitted the Apocrypha. In form it was a small quarto, and soon superseded the large folio of Cranmer’s translation. Called also Genevan Bible. — Geneva convention (Mil.), an agreement made by representatives of the great continental powers at Geneva and signed in 1864, establishing new and more humane regulation regarding the treatment of the sick and wounded and the status of those who minister to them in war. Ambulances and military hospitals are made neutral, and this condition affects physicians, chaplains, nurses, and the ambulance corps. Great Britain signed the convention in 1865. — Geneva cross (Mil.), a red Greek cross on a white ground; — the flag and badge adopted in the Geneva convention.

Ge•ne´va , n. [F. genièvre juniper, juniper berry, gin, OF. geneivre juniper, fr. L. juniperus the juniper tree: cf. D. jenever, fr. F. genièvre. See Juniper, and cf. Gin a liquor.] A strongly alcoholic liquor, flavored with juniper berries; — made in Holland; Holland gin; Hollands.

Ge•ne´van , a. Of or pertaining to Geneva, in Switzerland; Genevese.

Ge•ne´van, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Geneva. 2. A supported of Genevanism.

Ge•ne´van•ism , n. [From Geneva, where Calvin resided.] Strict Calvinism. Bp. Montagu.

Gen•e•vese´ , a. [Cf. L. Genevensis, F. genevois.] Of or pertaining to Geneva, in Switzerland; Genevan. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Geneva; collectively, the inhabitants of Geneva; people of Geneva.

Ge•ni´al , a. (Anat.) Same as Genian.

Gen´ial , a. [L. genialis: cf. OF. genial. See Genius.] 1. Contributing to, or concerned in, propagation or production; generative; procreative; productive. ´The genial bed.´ Milton. “Creator Venus, genial power of love.” Dryden. 2. Contributing to, and sympathizing with, the enjoyment of life; sympathetically cheerful and cheering; jovial and inspiring joy or happiness; exciting pleasure and sympathy; enlivening; kindly; as she was of a cheerful and genial disposition. “So much I feel my genial spirits droop.” Milton. 3. Belonging to one’s genius or natural character; native; natural; inborn. [Obs.] “Natural incapacity and genial indisposition.” Sir T. Browne. 4. Denoting or marked with genius; belonging to the higher nature. [R.] “Men of genius have often attached the highest value to their less genial works.” Hare. Genial gods (Pagan Mythol.), the powers supposed to preside over marriage and generation.

Ge•ni•al´i•ty , n. [L. genialitas.] The quality of being genial; sympathetic cheerfulness; warmth of disposition and manners.

Gen´ial•ly , adv. 1. By genius or nature; naturally. [Obs.] “Some men are genially disposed to some opinions.” Glanvill. 2. Gayly; cheerfully. Johnson.

Gen´ial•ness, n. The quality of being genial.

Ge•ni´an , a. [Gr. chin; akin to under jaw. Cf. Chin.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin; mental; as the genian prominence.

Ge•nic´u•late , a. [L. geniculatus, fr. geniculum little knee, knot or joint, dim. of genu knee. See Knee.] Bent abruptly at an angle, like the knee when bent; as a geniculate stem; a geniculate ganglion; a geniculate twin crystal.

Ge•nic´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Geniculated p. pr. & vb. n. Geniculating.] To form joints or knots on. [R.] Cockeram.

Ge•nic´u•la•ted , a. Same as Geniculate.

Ge•nic•u•la´tion , n. [L. geniculatio a kneeling.] 1. The act of kneeling. [R.] Bp. Hall. 2. The state of being bent abruptly at an angle.

Ge•nie , n. [F.] See Genius.

Ge´ni•o , n. [It. See Genius.] A man of a particular turn of mind. [R.] Tatler.

Ge•ni•o•hy´oid , a. [Gr. the chin + E. hyoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin and hyoid bone; as the geniohyoid muscle.

Gen´i•pap , n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a West Indian tree (Genipa Americana) of the order Rubiaceae. It is oval in shape, as a large as a small orange, of a pale greenish color, and with dark purple juice.

Ge•nis´ta , n. [L., broom.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the common broom of Western Europe.

Gen´i•tal , a. [L. genitalis, fr. genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. genital. See Gender.] Pertaining to generation, or to the generative organs. Genital cord (Anat.), a cord developed in the fetus by the union of portions of the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts and giving rise to parts of the urogenital passages in both sexes.

Gen´i•tals , n. pl. [From Genital, a.: cf. L. genitalia.] The organs of generation; the sexual organs; the private parts.

Gen´i•ting , n. [See Jenneting.] A species of apple that ripens very early. Bacon.

Gen•i•ti´val , a. Possessing genitive from; pertaining to, or derived from, the genitive case; as a genitival adverb. — Gen•i•ti´val•ly, adv.

Gen´i•tive , a. [L. genitivus, fr. gignere, genitum, to beget: cf. F. genitif. See Gender.] (Gram.) Of or pertaining to that case (as the second case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses source or possession. It corresponds to the possessive case in English.

Gen´i•tive, n. (Gram.) The genitive case. Genitive absolute, a construction in Greek similar to the ablative absolute in Latin. See Ablative absolute.

Gen•i•to•cru´ral , a. [Genital + crural.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the genital organs and the thigh; — applied especially to one of the lumbar nerves.

Gen´i•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who begets; a generator; an originator. Sheldon. 2. pl. The genitals. [Obs.] Holland.

Gen•i•to•u´ri•na•ry , a. [Genital + urinary.] (Anat.) See Urogenital.

Gen´i•ture , n. [L. genitura: cf. F. geniture.] Generation; procreation; birth. Dryden.

Gen´ius , n.; pl. E. Geniuses (#); in sense 1, L. Genii (#). [L. genius, prop., the superior or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spirit, the tutelar deity or genius of a person or place, taste, talent, genius, from genere, gignere, to beget, bring forth. See Gender, and cf. Engine.] 1. A good or evil spirit, or demon, supposed by the ancients to preside over a man’s destiny in life; a tutelary deity; a supernatural being; a spirit, good or bad. Cf. Jinnee. “The unseen genius of the wood.” Milton. “We talk of genius still, but with thought how changed! The genius of Augustus was a tutelary demon, to be sworn by and to receive offerings on an altar as a deity.” Tylor. 2. The peculiar structure of mind with which each individual is endowed by nature; that disposition or aptitude of mind which is peculiar to each man, and which qualifies him for certain kinds of action or special success in any pursuit; special taste, inclination, or disposition; as a genius for history, for poetry, or painting. 3. Peculiar character; animating spirit, as of a nation, a religion, a language. 4. Distinguished mental superiority; uncommon intellectual power; especially, superior power of invention or origination of any kind, or of forming new combinations; as a man of genius. “Genius of the highest kind implies an unusual intensity of the modifying power.” Coleridge. 5. A man endowed with uncommon vigor of mind; a man of superior intellectual faculties; as Shakespeare was a rare genius. Syn. — Genius, Talent. Genius implies high and peculiar gifts of nature, impelling the mind to certain favorite kinds of mental effort, and producing new combinations of ideas imagery, etc. Talent supposes general strength of intellect, with a peculiar aptitude for being molded and directed to specific employments and valuable ends and purposes. Genius is connected more or less with the exercise of imagination, and reaches its ends by a kind of intuitive power. Talent depends more on high mental training, and a perfect command of all the faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, etc. Hence we speak of a genius for poetry, painting. etc., and a talent for business or diplomacy. Among English orators, Lord Chatham was distinguished for his genius; William Pitt for his preëminent talents, and especially his unrivaled talent for debate. Genius loci [L.], the genius or presiding divinity of a place; hence, the pervading spirit of a place or institution, as of a college, etc.

Gen•o•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Genoa, a city of Italy. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Genoa; collectively, the people of Genoa.

Ge•nouil•lère´ , n. [F.] 1. (Anc. Armor) A metal plate covering the knee. 2. (Fort.) That part of a parapet which lies between the gun platform and the bottom of an embrasure.

-ge•nous. [-gen + -ous.] A suffix signifying producing, yielding; as alkaligenous; endogenous.

Genre (zhäN´r’), n. [F. See Gender.] (Fine Arts) A style of painting, sculpture, or other imitative art, which illustrates everyday life and manners.

Gens (jenz), n.; pl. Gentes (jen´tez). [L. See Gentle, a.] (Rom. Hist.) 1. A clan or family connection, embracing several families of the same stock, who had a common name and certain common religious rites; a subdivision of the Roman curia or tribe. 2. (Ethnol.) A minor subdivision of a tribe, among American aborigines. It includes those who have a common descent, and bear the same totem.

Gent , a. [OF. gent, fr. L. genitus born, or (less prob.) fr. gentilis. See Genteel.] 1. Gentle; noble; of gentle birth. [Obs.] “All of a knight [who] was fair and gent.” Chaucer. 2. Neat; pretty; fine; elegant. [Obs.] Spenser. “Her body gent and small.” Chaucer.

Gen•teel´ , a. [F. gentil noble, pretty, graceful. See Gentle.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting the qualities popularly regarded as belonging to high birth and breeding; free from vulgarity, or lowness of taste or behavior; adapted to a refined or cultivated taste; polite; well-bred; as genteel company, manners, address. 2. Graceful in mien or form; elegant in appearance, dress, or manner; as the lady has a genteel person. Law. 3. Suited to the position of lady or a gentleman; as to live in a genteel allowance. Syn. — Polite; well-bred; refined; polished.

Gen•teel´ish, a. Somewhat genteel.

Gen•teel´ly, adv. In a genteel manner.

Gen•teel´ness, n. The quality of being genteel.

Gen´ter•ie , Gen´trie , n. [OE. See Gentry.] Nobility of birth or of character; gentility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen´tian (jen´shan or - shi•an), n. [OE. genciane, F. gentiane, L. gentiana, fr. Gentius, an Illyrian king, said to have discovered its properties.] (Bot.) Any one of a genus (Gentiana) of herbaceous plants with opposite leaves and a tubular four- or five-lobed corolla, usually blue, but sometimes white, yellow, or red. See Illust. of Capsule. Many species are found on the highest mountains of Europe, Asia, and America, and some are prized for their beauty, as the Alpine (Gentiana verna, Bavarica, and excisa), and the American fringed gentians (G. crinita and G. detonsa). Several are used as tonics, especially the bitter roots of Gentiana lutea, the officinal gentian of the pharmacopœias. Horse gentian, fever root. — Yellow gentian (Bot.), the officinal gentian (Gentiana lutea). See Bitterwort.

Gen•tian•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Gentianaceae) of which the gentian is the type.

Gen•tian•el´la , n. [See Gentian.] A kind of blue color. Johnson.

Gen•ti•an´ic , a. Pertaining to or derived from the gentian; as gentianic acid.

Gen´tian•ine , n. (Chem.) A bitter, crystallizable substance obtained from gentian.

Gen´tian•ose , n. (Chem.) A crystallizable, sugarlike substance, with a slightly sweetish taste, obtained from the gentian.

Gen´til , a. & n. Gentle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen´tile (jen´til), n. [L. gentilis belonging to the same clan, stock, race, people, or nation; in opposition to Roman, a foreigner; in opposition to Jew or Christian, a heathen: cf. F. gentil. See Gentle, a.] One of a non-Jewish nation; one neither a Jew nor a Christian; a worshiper of false gods; a heathen. The Hebrews included in the term goyim, or nations, all the tribes of men who had not received the true faith, and were not circumcised. The Christians translated goyim by the L. gentes, and imitated the Jews in giving the name gentiles to all nations who were neither Jews nor Christians. In civil affairs, the denomination was given to all nations who were not Romans. Syn. — Pagan; heathen. See Pagan.

Gen´tile, a. 1. Belonging to the nations at large, as distinguished from the Jews; ethnic; of pagan or heathen people. 2. (Gram.) Denoting a race or country; as a gentile noun or adjective.

Gen´tile-fal•con , n. (Zoöl.) See Falcon-gentil.

Gen•ti•lesse´ , n. [OF. gentilesse, gentelise, F. gentillesse. See Gentle. a.] Gentleness; courtesy; kindness; nobility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen´til•ish , a. Heathenish; pagan.

Gen´til•ism , n. [Cf. F. gentilisme.] 1. Hethenism; paganism; the worship of false gods. 2. Tribal feeling; devotion to one’s gens. { Gen•ti•li´tial , Gen•ti•li´tious } a. [L. gentilitius. See Gentile.] [Obs.] 1. Peculiar to a people; national. Sir T. Browne. 2. Hereditary; entailed on a family. Arbuthnot.

Gen•til´i•ty , n. [L. gentilitas the relationship of those who belong to the same clan, also heathenism: cf. F. gentilite heathenism. See Gentile.] 1. Good extraction; dignity of birth. Macaulay. “He … mines my gentility with my education.” Shak. 2. The quality or qualities appropriate to those who are well born, as self-respect, dignity, courage, courtesy, politeness of manner, a graceful and easy mien and behavior, etc.; good breeding. 3. The class in society who are, or are expected to be, genteel; the gentry. [R.] Sir J. Davies. 4. Paganism; heathenism. [Obs.] Hooker.

Gen´til•ize , v. i. [See Gentile.] 1. To live like a gentile or heathen. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To act the gentleman; — with it (see It, 5). [Obs.]

Gen´til•ize, v. i. To render gentile or gentlemanly; as to gentilize your unworthy sones. [R.] Sylvester.

Gen´til•ly , adv. [From Gentil, a.] In a gentle or hoble manner; frankly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen•ti•o•pi´krin , n. [Gentian + Gr. bitter.] (Chem.) A bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and obtained from the gentian.

Gen´ti•sin , n. (Chem.) A tasteless, yellow, crystalline substance, obtained from the gentian; — called also gentianin.

Gen´tle , a. [Compar. Gentler superl. Gentlest ] [OE. gentil, F. gentil noble, pretty, graceful, fr. L. gentilis of the same clan or race, fr. gens, gentis, tribe, clan, race, orig. that which belongs together by birth, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget; hence gentle, properly, of birth or family, that is, of good or noble birth. See Gender, and cf. Genteel, Gentil, Gentile, Gentoo, Jaunty.] 1. Well-born; of a good family or respectable birth, though not noble. “British society is divided into nobility, gentry, and yeomanry, and families are either noble, gentle, or simple.” Johnson’s Cyc. “The studies wherein our noble and gentle youth ought to bestow their time.” Milton. 2. Quiet and refined in manners; not rough, harsh, or stern; mild; meek; bland; amiable; tender; as a gentle nature, temper, or disposition; a gentle manner; a gentle address; a gentle voice. 3. A compellative of respect, consideration, or conciliation; as gentle reader. ´Gentle sirs.´ ´Gentle Jew.´ ´Gentle servant.´ Shak. 4. Not wild, turbulent, or refractory; quiet and docile; tame; peaceable; as a gentle horse. 5. Soft; not violent or rough; not strong, loud, or disturbing; easy; soothing; pacific; as a gentle touch; a gentle gallop . ´Gentle music.´ Sir J. Davies. “O sleep! it is a gentle thing.” Coleridge. The gentle craft, the art or trade of shoemaking. Syn. — Mild; meek; placid; dovelike; quiet; peaceful; pacific; bland; soft; tame; tractable; docile. — Gentle, Tame, Mild, Meek. Gentle describes the natural disposition; tame, that which is subdued by training; mild implies a temper which is, by nature, not easily provoked; meek, a spirit which has been schooled to mildness by discipline or suffering. The lamb is gentle; the domestic fowl is tame; John, the Apostle, was mild; Moses was meek.

Gen´tle, n. 1. One well born; a gentleman. [Obs.] “Gentles, methinks you frown.” Shak. 2. A trained falcon. See Falcon- gentil. 3. (Zoöl.) A dipterous larva used as fish bait.

Gent´le, v. t. 1. To make genteel; to raise from the vulgar; to ennoble. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make smooth, cozy, or agreeable. [R. or Poet.] “To gentle life’s descent,
We shut our eyes, and think it is a plain.” Young. 3. To make kind and docile, as a horse. [Colloq.]

Gen´tle•folk• , Gen´tle•folks , n. pl. Persons of gentle or good family and breeding. [Generally in the United States in the plural form.] Shak.

Gen´tle-heart•ed , a. Having a kind or gentle disposition. Shak. — Gen´tle- heart•ed•ness, n.

Gen´tle•man , n.; pl. Gentlemen (#). [OE. gentilman nobleman; gentil noble + man man; cf. F. gentilhomme.] 1. A man well born; one of good family; one above the condition of a yeoman. 2. One of gentle or refined manners; a well- bred man. 3. (Her.) One who bears arms, but has no title. 4. The servant of a man of rank. “The count’s gentleman, one Cesario.” Shak. 5. A man, irrespective of condition; — used esp. in the plural (= citizens; people), in addressing men in popular assemblies, etc. In Great Britain, the term gentleman is applied in a limited sense to those having coats of arms, but who are without a title, and, in this sense, gentlemen hold a middle rank between the nobility and yeomanry. In a more extended sense, it includes every man above the rank of yeoman, comprehending the nobility. In the United States, the term is applied to men of education and good breeding of every occupation. Gentleman commoner, one of the highest class of commoners at the University of Oxford. — Gentleman usher, one who ushers visitors into the presence of a sovereign, etc. — Gentleman usher of the black rod, an usher belonging to the Order of the Garter, whose chief duty is to serve as official messenger of the House of Lords. — Gentlemen-at-arms, a band of forty gentlemen who attend the sovereign on state occasions; formerly called gentlemen pensioners. [Eng.]

Gen´tle•man•hood , n. The qualities or condition of a gentleman. [R.] Thackeray. { Gen´tle•man•like• , Gen´tle•man•ly } a. Of, pertaining to, resembling, or becoming, a gentleman; well-behaved; courteous; polite.

Gen´tle•man•li•ness , n. The state of being gentlemanly; gentlemanly conduct or manners.

Gen´tle•man•ship, n. The carriage or quality of a gentleman.

Gen´tle•ness, n. The quality or state of being gentle, well-born, mild, benevolent, docile, etc.; gentility; softness of manners, disposition, etc.; mildness.

Gen´tle•ship, n. The deportment or conduct of a gentleman. [Obs.] Ascham.

Gent´lesse , n. Gentilesse; gentleness. [Obs.]

Gen´tle•wom•an , n.; pl. Gentlewomen . 1. A woman of good family or of good breeding; a woman above the vulgar. Bacon. 2. A woman who attends a lady of high rank. Shak.

Gen´tly , adv. In a gentle manner. “My mistress gently chides the fault I made.” Dryden.

Gen•too´ , n.; pl. Gentoos (#). [Pg. gentio gentile, heathen. See Gentile.] A native of Hindostan; a Hindoo. [Archaic]

Gen´try , n. [OE. genterie, gentrie, noble birth, nobility, cf. gentrise, and OF. gentelise, genterise, E. gentilesse, also OE. genteleri high-mindedness. See Gent, a., Gentle, a.] 1. Birth; condition; rank by birth. [Obs.] ´Pride of gentrie.´ Chaucer. “She conquers him by high almighty Jove,
By knighthood, gentry, and sweet friendship’s oath.” Shak. 2. People of education and good breeding; in England, in a restricted sense, those between the nobility and the yeomanry. Macaulay. 3. Courtesy; civility; complaisance. [Obs.] “To show us so much gentry and good will.” Shak.

Gen´ty , a. [From F. gentil. Cf. Jaunty.] Neat; trim. [Scot.] Burns.

Ge´nu , n.; pl. Genua (#). [L., the knee.] (Anat.) (a) The knee. (b) The kneelike bend, in the anterior part of the callosum of the brain.

Gen•u•flect´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Genuflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Genuflecting.] [See Genuflection.] To bend the knee, as in worship.

Gen•u•flec´tion , n. [F. genuflexion, fr. LL. genuflexio, fr. L. genu knee + flexio a bending, fr. flectere, flexum, to bend. See Knee, Flexible.] The act of bending the knee, particularly in worship. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Gen´u•ine , a. [L. genuinus, fr. genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born: cf. F. genuine. See Gender.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, the original stock; native; hence, not counterfeit, spurious, false, or adulterated; authentic; real; natural; true; pure; as a genuine text; a genuine production; genuine materials. ´True, genuine night.´ Dryden. Syn. — Authentic; real; true; pure; unalloyed; unadulterated. See Authentic. — Gen´u•ine•ly, adv. — Gen´u•ine•ness, n. “The evidence, both internal and external, against the genuineness of these letters, is overwhelming.” Macaulay.

Ge´nus (je´nus), n.; pl. Genera (#). [L., birth, race, kind, sort; akin to Gr. . See Gender, and cf. Benign.] 1. (Logic) A class of objects divided into several subordinate species; a class more extensive than a species; a precisely defined and exactly divided class; one of the five predicable conceptions, or sorts of terms. 2. (Biol.) An assemblage of species, having so many fundamental points of structure in common, that in the judgment of competent scientists, they may receive a common substantive name. A genus is not necessarily the lowest definable group of species, for it may often be divided into several subgenera. In proportion as its definition is exact, it is natural genus; if its definition can not be made clear, it is more or less an artificial genus. Thus in the animal kingdom the lion, leopard, tiger, cat, and panther are species of the Cat kind or genus, while in the vegetable kingdom all the species of oak form a single genus. Some genera are represented by a multitude of species, as Solanum (Nightshade) and Carex (Sedge), others by few, and some by only one known species. Subaltern genus (Logic), a genus which may be a species of a higher genus, as the genus denoted by quadruped, which is also a species of mammal. — Summum genus [L.] (Logic), the highest genus; a genus which can not be classed as a species, as being.

Ge´nys (je´nis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ge•nys the under jaw.] (Zoöl.) See Gonys. { Ge•o•cen´tric , Ge•o•cen´tric•al } a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + ke•ntron center: cf. F. geocentrique.] (Astron.) (a) Having reference to the earth as center; in relation to or seen from the earth, — usually opposed to heliocentric, as seen from the sun; as the geocentric longitude or latitude of a planet. (b) Having reference to the center of the earth. Geocentric latitude (of place) the angle included between the radius of the earth through the place and the plane of the equator, in distinction from geographic latitude. It is a little less than the geographic latitude.

Ge•o•cen´tric•al•ly, adv. In a geocentric manner.

Ge•oc´ro•nite , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + Kro•nos Saturn, the alchemistic name of lead: cf. G. geokronit.] (Min.) A lead-gray or grayish blue mineral with a metallic luster, consisting of sulphur, antimony, and lead, with a small proportion of arsenic.

Ge•o•cyc´lic , a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + ky•klos circle.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or illustrating, the revolutions of the earth; as a geocyclic machine. 2. Circling the earth periodically.

Ge´ode (je´od), n. [F. geode, L. geodes, fr. Gr. earthlike; ge•a, gh^, the earth + e’i^dos form.] (Min.) (a) A nodule of stone, containing a cavity, lined with crystals or mineral matter. (b) The cavity in such a nodule.

Ge•o•deph´a•gous (je•o•def´a•gus), a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, earth + ’adhfa•gos eating one’s fill; gluttonous.] (Zoöl.) Living in the earth; — applied to the ground beetles. { Ge•o•des´ic (je•o•des´ik), Ge•o•des´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Cf. F. geodesique.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to geodesy; geodetic.

Ge•o•des´ic, n. A geodetic line or curve.

Ge•od´e•sist , n. One versed in geodesy.

Ge•od´e•sy , n. [Gr. ; ge•a, gh^, the earth + to divide: cf. F. geodesie.] (Math.) That branch of applied mathematics which determines, by means of observations and measurements, the figures and areas of large portions of the earth’s surface, or the general figure and dimenshions of the earth; or that branch of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account, as in the surveys of States, or of long lines of coast. { Ge•o•det´ic , Ge•o•det´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to geodesy; obtained or determined by the operations of geodesy; engaged in geodesy; geodesic; as geodetic surveying; geodetic observers. Geodetic line or curve, the shortest line that can be drawn between two points on the elipsoidal surface of the earth; a curve drawn on any given surface so that the osculating plane of the curve at every point shall contain the normal to the surface; the minimum line that can be drawn on any surface between any two points.

Ge•o•det´ic•al•ly, adv. In a geodetic manner; according to geodesy.

Ge•o•det´ics , n. Same as Geodesy.

Ge•o•dif´er•ous , a. [Geode + -ferous.] (Min.) Producing geodes; containing geodes.

Ge´o•duck , n. [American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A gigantic clam (Glycimeris generosa) of the Pacific coast of North America, highly valued as an article of food.

Ge•og•no´sis , n. [See Geognosy.] Knowledge of the earth. [R.] G. Eliot.

Ge´og•nost , n. [Cf. F. geognoste.] One versed in geognosy; a geologist. [R.] { Ge•og•nos´tic , Ge•og•nos´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. geognostique.] Of or pertaining to geognosy, or to a knowledge of the structure of the earth; geological. [R.]

Ge•og´no•sy , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + gnw^sis knowing, knowledge, fr. gignw•skein to know: cf. F. geognosie.] That part of geology which treats of the materials of the earth’s structure, and its general exterior and interior constitution. { Ge•o•gon´ic , Ge•o•gon´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. geogonique.] Of or pertaining to geogony, or to the formation of the earth.

Ge•og´o•ny , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + generation, birth, fr. the root of to be born: cf. F. geogonie.] The branch of science which treats of the formation of the earth.

Ge•og´ra•pher , n. One versed in geography. { Ge•o•graph´ic , Ge•o•graph´ic•al } a. [L. geographicus, Gr. : cf. F. geographique.] Of or pertaining to geography. Geographical distribution. See under Distribution. — Geographic latitude (of a place), the angle included between a line perpendicular or normal to the level surface of water at rest at the place, and the plane of the equator; differing slightly from the geocentric latitude by reason of the difference between the earth’s figure and a true sphere. — Geographical mile. See under Mile. — Geographical variation, any variation of a species which is dependent on climate or other geographical conditions.

Ge•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In a geographical manner or method; according to geography.

Ge•og´ra•phy , n.; pl. Geographies (#). [F. geographie, l. geographia, fr. Gr. ; ge•a, gh^, the earth + description, fr. to write, describe. See Graphic.] 1. The science which treats of the world and its inhabitants; a description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure, features, products, political divisions, and the people by whom it is inhabited. 2. A treatise on this science. Astronomical, or Mathematical, geography treats of the earth as a planet, of its shape, its size, its lines of latitude and longitude, its zones, and the phenomena due to to the earth’s diurnal and annual motions. — Physical geography treats of the conformation of the earth’s surface, of the distribution of land and water, of minerals, plants, animals, etc., and applies the principles of physics to the explanation of the diversities of climate, productions, etc. — Political geography treats of the different countries into which earth is divided with regard to political and social and institutions and conditions.

Ge•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + worship.] The worship of the earth. G. W. Cox. The Geological Series. The science of geology, as treating of the history of the globe, involves a description of the different strata which compose its crust, their order of succession, characteristic forms of animal and vegetable life, etc. The principal subdivisions of geological time, and the most important strata, with their relative positions, are indicated in the following diagram. { Ge•ol´o•ger , Ge•o•lo´gi•an } n. A geologist. { Ge•o•log´ic , Ge•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. geologique.] Of or pertaining to geology, or the science of the earth.

Ge•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In a geological manner.

Ge•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. Geologiste.] One versed in the science of geology.

Ge•ol´o•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geologized p. pr. & vb. n. Geologizing ] To study geology or make geological investigations in the field; to discourse as a geologist. “During midsummer geologized a little in Shropshire.” Darwin.

Ge•ol´o•gy , n.; pl. Geologies (#). [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + -logy: cf. F. geologie.] 1. The science which treats: (a) Of the structure and mineral constitution of the globe; structural geology. (b) Of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys, mountains, climates, life, etc.; historical geology. (c) Of the causes and methods by which its structure, features, changes, and conditions have been produced; dynamical geology. See Chart of The Geological Series. 2. A treatise on the science.

Ge•om´a•lism , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + ´omalismo•s a leveling.] (Biol.) The tendency of an organism to respond, during its growth, to the force of gravitation.

Ge´o•man•cer , n. One who practices, or is versed in, geomancy.

Ge´o•man•cy , n. [OE. geomance, geomancie, F. geomance, geomancie, LL. geomantia, fr. Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + mantei•a divination.] A kind of divination by means of figures or lines, formed by little dots or points, originally on the earth, and latterly on paper. { Ge•o•man´tic , Ge•o•man´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. geomantique.] Pertaining or belonging to geomancy.

Ge•om´e•ter , n. [F. geomètre, L. geometres, geometra, fr. Gr. gewme•trhs, fr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + me•tron measure. See Meter measure.] 1. One skilled in geometry; a geometrician; a mathematician. I. Watts. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of geometrid moth; a geometrid.

Ge•om´e•tral , a. [Cf. F. geometral.] Pertaining to geometry. [Obs.] { Ge•o•met´ric , Ge•o•met´ric•al } a. [L. geometricus; Gr. : cf. F. geometrique.] Pertaining to, or according to the rules or principles of, geometry; determined by geometry; as a geometrical solution of a problem. Geometric is often used, as opposed to algebraic, to include processes or solutions in which the propositions or principles of geometry are made use of rather than those of algebra. Geometrical is often used in a limited or strictly technical sense, as opposed to mechanical; thus, a construction or solution is geometrical which can be made by ruler and compasses, i. e., by means of right lines and circles. Every construction or solution which requires any other curve, or such motion of a line or circle as would generate any other curve, is not geometrical, but mechanical. By another distinction, a geometrical solution is one obtained by the rules of geometry, or processes of analysis, and hence is exact; while a mechanical solution is one obtained by trial, by actual measurements, with instruments, etc., and is only approximate and empirical. Geometrical curve. Same as Algebraic curve; — so called because their different points may be constructed by the operations of elementary geometry. — Geometric lathe, an instrument for engraving bank notes, etc., with complicated patterns of interlacing lines; — called also cycloidal engine. — Geometrical pace, a measure of five feet. — Geometric pen, an instrument for drawing geometric curves, in which the movements of a pen or pencil attached to a revolving arm of adjustable length may be indefinitely varied by changing the toothed wheels which give motion to the arm. — Geometrical plane (Persp.), the same as Ground plane . — Geometrical progression, proportion, ratio. See under Progression, Proportion and Ratio. — Geometrical radius, in gearing, the radius of the pitch circle of a cogwheel. Knight. — Geometric spider (Zoöl.), one of many species of spiders, which spin a geometrical web. They mostly belong to Epeira and allied genera, as the garden spider. See Garden spider. — Geometric square, a portable instrument in the form of a square frame for ascertaining distances and heights by measuring angles. — Geometrical staircase, one in which the stairs are supported by the wall at one end only. — Geometrical tracery, in architecture and decoration, tracery arranged in geometrical figures.

Ge•o•met´ric•al•ly , adv. According to the rules or laws of geometry.

Ge•om•e•tri´cian , n. One skilled in geometry; a geometer; a mathematician.

Ge•om´e•trid , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining or belonging to the Geometridae.

Ge•om´e•trid, n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous genera and species of moths, of the family Geometridae; — so called because their larvae (called loopers, measuring worms, spanworms, and inchworms) creep in a looping manner, as if measuring. Many of the species are injurious to agriculture, as the cankerworms.

Ge•om´e•trize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geometrized p. pr. & vb. n. Geometrizing ] To investigate or apprehend geometrical quantities or laws; to make geometrical constructions; to proceed in accordance with the principles of geometry. “Nature geometrizeth, and observeth order in all things.” Sir T. Browne.

Ge•om´e•try , n.; pl. Geometries (#) [F. geometrie, L. geometria, fr. Gr. , fr. to measure land; ge•a, gh^, the earth + to measure. So called because one of its earliest and most important applications was to the measurement of the earth’s surface. See Geometer.] 1. That branch of mathematics which investigates the relations, properties, and measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles; the science which treats of the properties and relations of magnitudes; the science of the relations of space. 2. A treatise on this science. Analytical, or Coördinate, geometry, that branch of mathematical analysis which has for its object the analytical investigation of the relations and properties of geometrical magnitudes. — Descriptive geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the graphic solution of all problems involving three dimensions. — Elementary geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the simple properties of straight lines, circles, plane surface, solids bounded by plane surfaces, the sphere, the cylinder, and the right cone. — Higher geometry, that pert of geometry which treats of those properties of straight lines, circles, etc., which are less simple in their relations, and of curves and surfaces of the second and higher degrees.

Ge•oph´a•gism , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, earth + to eat.] The act or habit of eating earth. See Dirt eating, under Dirt. Dunglison.

Ge•oph´a•gist , n. One who eats earth, as dirt, clay, chalk, etc.

Ge•oph´a•gous , a. Earth- eating.

Ge•oph´i•la , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ge•a, gh^, earth + to love.] (Zoöl.) The division of Mollusca which includes the land snails and slugs. { Ge•o•pon´ic , Ge•o•pon´ic•al } a. [Gr. ; ge•a, gh^, earth + toilsome, fr. labor: cf. F. geoponique.] Pertaining to tillage of the earth, or agriculture.

Ge•o•pon´ics , n. [Gr. : cf. F. geoponique.] The art or science of cultivating the earth; agriculture. Evelin.

Ge•o•ra´ma , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + sight, view, to see, view: cf. F. georama.] A hollow globe on the inner surface of which a map of the world is depicted, to be examined by one standing inside.

Geor´die , n. A name given by miners to George Stephenson’s safety lamp. Raymond.

George (jôrj), n. [F. George, or Georges, a proper name, fr. Gr. gewrgo•s husbandman, laborer; ge•a, gh^, the earth + ’e•rgein to work; akin to E. work. See Work.] 1. A figure of St. George (the patron saint of England) on horseback, appended to the collar of the Order of the Garter. See Garter. 2. A kind of brown loaf. [Obs.] Dryden.

George´ no•ble [So called from the image of St. George on it.] A gold noble of the time of Henry VIII. See Noble, n.

Geor´gi•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Georgia, in Asia, or to Georgia, one of the United States. 2. Of or relating to the reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great Britan; as the Georgian era.

Geor´gi•an, n. A native of, or dweller in, Georgia.

Geor´gic (-jik), n. [L. georgicum (sc. carmen), and georgica, pl., Gr. bi•blion gewrgiko•n, and ta~ gewrgika•: cf. F. georgiques, pl. See Georgic, a.] A rural poem; a poetical composition on husbandry, containing rules for cultivating lands, etc.; as the Georgics of Virgil. { Geor´gic (jôr´jik), Geor´gic•al (-ji•kal), } a. [L. georgicus, Gr. gewrgiko•s, fr. gewrgi•a tillage, agriculture: cf. F. georgique. See George.] Relating to agriculture and rural affairs.

Geor´gi•um Si•dus [NL., the star of George (III. of England).] (Astron.) The planet Uranus, so named by its discoverer, Sir W. Herschel.

Ge•os´co•py , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + -scopy: cf. F. geoscopie.] Knowledge of the earth, ground, or soil, obtained by inspection. Chambers.

Ge•o•se•len´ic , a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + moon.] Pertaining to the earth and moon; belonging to the joint action or mutual relations of the earth and moon; as geoselenic phenomena.

Ge•o•stat´ic , a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, earth + E. static.] (Civil Engin.) Relating to the pressure exerted by earth or similar substance. Geostatic arch, an arch having a form adapted to sustain pressure similar to that exerted by earth. Rankine.

Ge•o•syn•cli´nal , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + E. synclinal.] (Geol.) the downward bend or subsidence of the earth’s crust, which allows of the gradual accumulation of sediment, and hence forms the first step in the making of a mountain range; — opposed to geanticlinal.

Ge•o•ther•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + E. thermometer.] (Physics) A thermometer specially constructed for measuring temperetures at a depth below the surface of the ground.

Ge•ot´ic a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth.] Belonging to earth; terrestrial. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ge•o•trop´ic , a. [See Geotropism.] (Biol.) Relating to, or showing, geotropism.

Ge•ot´ro•pism , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + to turn.] (Biol.) A disposition to turn or incline towards the earth; the influence of gravity in determining the direction of growth of an organ. In plants, organs which grow towards the center of the earth are said to be positively geotropic, and those growing in the opposite direction negatively geotropic. In animals, geotropism is supposed by some to have an influence either direct or indirect on the plane of division of the ovum.

Ge•phyr´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a dam, a bridge.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine Annelida, in which the body is imperfectly, or not at all, annulated externally, and is mostly without setae.

Ge•phyr´e•an , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Gephyrea. — n. One of the Gerphyrea.

Ge•phyr´e•oid , a. & n. [Gephyrea + -oid.] Gephyrean.

Ge•pound´ , n. See Gipoun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ge´rah , n. [Heb. grah, lit., a bean.] (Jewish Antiq.) A small coin and weight; 1-20th of a shekel. The silver gerah is supposed to have been worth about three cents; the gold about fifty-four cents; the weight equivalent to about thirteen grains.

Ge•ra•ni•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of pants (Geraniaceae) which includes the genera Geranium, Pelargonium, and many others. { Ge•ra´ni•ine , Ger´a•nine } n. [See Geranium.] 1. (Med.) A valuable astringent obtained from the root of the Geranium maculatum or crane’s- bill. 2. (Chem.) A liquid terpene, obtained from the crane’s-bill (Geranium maculatum), and having a peculiar mulberry odor. [Written also geraniin.]

Ge•ra´ni•um (je•ra´ni•um), n. [L., fr. Gr. gera•nion, from ge•ranos crane: cf. F. geranium. See Crane, n.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants having a beaklike torus or receptacle, around which the seed capsules are arranged, and membranous projections, or stipules, at the joints. Most of the species have showy flowers and a pungent odor. Called sometimes crane’s-bill. 2. (Floriculture) A cultivated pelargonium. Many plants referred to the genus Geranium by the earlier botanists are now separated from it under the name of Pelargonium, which includes all the commonly cultivated ´geraniums´, mostly natives of South Africa.

Ge´rant , n. [F. gerant.] The manager or acting partner of a company, joint-stock association, etc.

Gerbe , n. [F., prop. a sheaf.] (Pyrotechny) A kind of ornamental firework. Farrow. { Ger´bil (jer´bil), Ger•bille´ (zhar•bel´), } n. [F. gerbille. Cf. Jerboa.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small, jumping, murine rodents, of the genus Gerbillus. In their leaping powers they resemble the jerboa. They inhabit Africa, India, and Southern Europe.

Ger•bo´a , n. (Zoöl.) The jerboa.

Gere , n. Gear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ge´rent , a. [L. gerens, p. pr. of gerere to bear, manage.] Bearing; carrying. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ger´fal•con , n. (Zoöl.) See Gyrfalcon.

Ger´ful , a. [Cf. OF. girer to twirl, E. gyrate.] Changeable; capricious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ger´land , Ger´lond, n. A garland. [Obs.]

Ger´lind , n. (Zoöl.) A salmon returning from the sea the second time. [Prov. Eng.]

Germ , n. [F. germe, fr. L. germen, germinis, sprout, but, germ. Cf. Germen, Germane.] 1. (Biol.) That which is to develop a new individual; as the germ of a fetus, of a plant or flower, and the like; the earliest form under which an organism appears. “In the entire process in which a new being originates … two distinct classes of action participate; namely, the act of generation by which the germ is produced; and the act of development, by which that germ is evolved into the complete organism.” Carpenter. 2. That from which anything springs; origin; first principle; as the germ of civil liberty. Disease germ (Biol.), a name applied to certain tiny bacterial organisms or their spores, such as Anthrax bacillus and the Micrococcus of fowl cholera, which have been demonstrated to be the cause of certain diseases. See Germ theory (below). — Germ cell (Biol.), the germ, egg, spore, or cell from which the plant or animal arises. At one time a part of the body of the parent, it finally becomes detached,and by a process of multiplication and growth gives rise to a mass of cells, which ultimately form a new individual like the parent. See Ovum. — Germ gland. (Anat.) See Gonad. — Germ stock (Zoöl.), a special process on which buds are developed in certain animals. See Doliolum. — Germ theory (Biol.), the theory that living organisms can be produced only by the evolution or development of living germs or seeds. See Biogenesis, and Abiogenesis. As applied to the origin of disease, the theory claims that the zymotic diseases are due to the rapid development and multiplication of various bacteria, the germs or spores of which are either contained in the organism itself, or transferred through the air or water. See Fermentation theory.

Germ , v. i. To germinate. [R.] J. Morley.

Ger•main´ , a. [Obs.] See Germane.

Ger´man , a. [OE. german, germain, F. germain, fr. L. germanus full, own (said of brothers and sisters who have the same parents); akin to germen germ. Cf. Germ, Germane.] Nearly related; closely akin. “Wert thou a leopard, thou wert german to the lion.” Shak. Brother german. See Brother german. — Cousins german. See the Note under Cousin.

Ger´man, n.; pl. Germans (#) [L. Germanus, prob. of Celtis origin.] 1. A native or one of the people of Germany. 2. The German language. 3. (a) A round dance, often with a waltz movement, abounding in capriciosly involved figures. (b) A social party at which the german is danced. High German, the Teutonic dialect of Upper or Southern Germany, — comprising Old High German, used from the 8th to the 11th century; Middle H. G., from the 12th to the 15th century; and Modern or New H. G., the language of Luther’s Bible version and of modern German literature. The dialects of Central Germany, the basis of the modern literary language, are often called Middle German, and the Southern German dialects Upper German; but High German is also used to cover both groups. — Low German, the language of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, — including Friesic; Anglo-Saxon or Saxon; Old Saxon; Dutch or Low Dutch, with its dialect, Flemish; and Plattdeutsch (called also Low German), spoken in many dialects.

Ger´man, a. [L. Germanus. See German, n.] Of or pertaining to Germany. German Baptists. See Dunker. — German bit, a wood-boring tool, having a long elliptical pod and a scew point. — German carp (Zoöl.), the crucian carp. — German millet (Bot.), a kind of millet (Setaria Italica, var.), whose seed is sometimes used for food. — German paste, a prepared food for caged birds. — German process (Metal.), the process of reducing copper ore in a blast furnace, after roasting, if necessary. Raymond. — German sarsaparilla, a substitute for sarsaparilla extract. — German sausage, a polony, or gut stuffed with meat partly cooked. — German silver (Chem.), a silver-white alloy, hard and tough, but malleable and ductile, and quite permanent in the air. It contains nickel, copper, and zinc in varying proportions, and was originally made from old copper slag at Henneberg. A small amount of iron is sometimes added to make it whiter and harder. It is essentially identical with the Chinese alloy packfong. It was formerly much used for tableware, knife handles, frames, cases, bearings of machinery, etc., but is now largely superseded by other white alloys. — German steel (Metal.), a metal made from bog iron ore in a forge, with charcoal for fuel. — German text (Typog.), a character resembling modern German type, used in English printing for ornamental headings, etc., as in the words, This line is German Text. — German tinder. See Amadou.

Ger•man´der , n. [OE. germaunder, F. germandree, It. calamandrea, L. chamaedrys, fr. Gr.; on the earth or ground + tree. See Humble, and Tree.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Teucrium (esp. Teucrium Chamaedrys or wall germander), mintlike herbs and low shrubs. American germander, Teucrium Canadense. — Germander chickweed, Veronica agrestis. — Water germander, Teucrium Scordium. — Wood germander, Teucrium Scorodonia.

Ger•mane´ , a. [See German akin, nearly related.] Literally, near akin; hence, closely allied; appropriate or fitting; relevant. “The phrase would be more germane to the matter.” Shak. “[An amendment] must be germane.” Barclay (Digest).

Ger•man´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, germanium.

Ger•man´ic, a. [L. Germanicus: cf. F. germanique. See German, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Germany; as the Germanic confederacy. 2. Teutonic. [A loose sense]

Ger´man•ism , n. [Cf. F. germanisme.] 1. An idiom of the German language. 2. A characteristic of the Germans; a characteristic German mode, doctrine, etc.; rationalism. J. W. Alexander.

Ger•ma´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. L. Germania Germany.] (Chem.) A rare element, recently discovered (1885), in a silver ore (argyrodite) at Freiberg. It is a brittle, silver-white metal, chemically intermediate between the metals and nonmetals, resembles tin, and is in general identical with the predicted ekasilicon. Symbol Ge. Atomic weight 72.3.

Ger•man•i•za´tion , n. The act of Germanizing. M. Arnold.

Ger´man•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Germanized p. pr. & vb. n. Germanizing ] To make German, or like what is distinctively German; as to Germanize a province, a language, a society.

Ger´man•ize, v. i. To reason or write after the manner of the Germans.

Ger•ma´ri•um , n. [NL. See Germ.] (Zoöl.) An organ in which the ova are developed in certain Turbellaria.

Ger´men (jer´men), n.; pl. E. Germens (#), L. Germina (#). [L.] See Germ.

Ger´mi•ci•dal (jer´mi•si•dal), a. Germicide.

Ger´mi•cide (jer´mi•sid), a. [Germ + L. caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Destructive to germs; — applied to any agent which has a destructive action upon living germs, particularly bacteria, or bacterial germs, which are considered the cause of many infectious diseases. — n. A germicide agent.

Ger´mi•nal , a. [See Germ.] Pertaining or belonging to a germ; as the germinal vesicle. Germinal layers (Biol.), the two layers of cells, the ectoblast and entoblast, which form respectively the outer covering and inner wall of the gastrula. A third layer of cells, the mesoblast, which is formed later and lies between these two, is sometimes included. — Germinal membrane. (Biol.) Same as Blastoderm. — Germinal spot (Biol.), the nucleolus of the ovum. — Germinal vesicle, (Biol.) , the nucleus of the ovum of animals.

Ger•mi•nal´ , n. [F. See Germ .] The seventh month of the French republican calendar [1792 — 1806]. It began March 21 and ended April 19. See Vendemiaire.

Ger´mi•nant , a. [L. germinans, p. pr.] Sprouting; sending forth germs or buds.

Ger´mi•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Germinated p. pr. & vb. n. Germinating.] [L. germinatus, p. p. of germinare to sprout, fr. germen. See Germ.] To sprout; to bud; to shoot; to begin to vegetate, as a plant or its seed; to begin to develop, as a germ. Bacon.

Ger´mi•nate, v. t. To cause to sprout. Price (1610).

Ger•mi•na´tion , n. [L. germinatio: cf. F. germination.] The process of germinating; the beginning of vegetation or growth in a seed or plant; the first development of germs, either animal or vegetable. Germination apparatus, an apparatus for malting grain.

Ger´mi•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. germinatif.] Pertaining to germination; having power to bud or develop. Germinative spot, Germinative vesicle. (Biol.) Same as Germinal spot, Germinal vesicle, under Germinal.

Ger•mi•par´i•ty , n. [Germ + L. parere to produce.] (Biol.) Reproduction by means of germs.

Germ´less, a. Without germs.

Ger´mo•gen , n. [Germ + - gen.] (Biol.) (a) A polynuclear mass of protoplasm, not divided into separate cells, from which certain ova are developed. Balfour. (b) The primitive cell in certain embryonic forms. Balfour.

Germ´ plasm , (Biol.) See Plasmogen, and Idioplasm.

Germ´ule , n. [Dim. fr. germ.] (Biol.) A small germ.

Gern , v. t. [See Grin.] To grin or yawn. [Obs.] ´[/He] gaped like a gulf when he did gern.´ Spenser.

Ger´ner , n. A garner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ger•o•co´mi•a , n. [NL.] See Gerocomy.

Ger•o•com´ic•al , a. Pertaining to gerocomy. Dr. John Smith.

Ge•roc´o•my , n. [F. gerocomie, fr. Gr. an old man + to take care of.] That part of medicine which treats of regimen for old people.

Ge•ron´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , .] (Gr. Antiq.) Magistrates in Sparta, who with the ephori and kings, constituted the supreme civil authority.

Ger•on•toc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. , , an old man + to rule.] Government by old men. [R.] Gladstone.

Ger•o•pig´i•a , n. [Pg. geropiga.] A mixture composed of unfermented grape juice, brandy, sugar, etc., for adulteration of wines. [Written also jerupigia.]

-ger•ous [L. -ger, fr. gerere to bear, carry. See Jest.] A suffix signifying bearing, producing; as calcigerous; dentigerous.

Ger•ry•man´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gerrymandered p. pr. & vb. n. Gerrymandering.] To divide (a State) into districts for the choice of representatives, in an unnatural and unfair way, with a view to give a political party an advantage over its opponent. [Political Cant, U. S.] This was done in Massachusetts at a time when Elbridge Gerry was governor, and was attributed to his influence, hence the name; though it is now known that he was opposed to the measure. Bartlett.

Ger´und , n. [L. gerundium, fr. gerere to bear, carry, perform. See Gest a deed, Jest.] (Lat. Gram.) 1. A kind of verbal noun, having only the four oblique cases of the singular number, and governing cases like a participle. 2. (AS. Gram.) A verbal noun ending in -e, preceded by to and usually denoting purpose or end; — called also the dative infinitive; as ´Ic haebbe mete tô etanne´ (I have meat to eat.) In Modern English the name has been applied to verbal or participal nouns in -ing denoting a transitive action; e. g., by throwing a stone.

Ge•run´di•al , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a gerund; as a gerundial use.

Ge•run´dive , a. [L. gerundivus.] Pertaining to, or partaking of, the nature of the gerund; gerundial. — n. (Lat. Gram.) The future passive participle; as amandus, i. e., to be loved.

Ge•run´dive•ly, adv. In the manner of a gerund; as or in place of, a gerund.

Ger´y , a. [See Gerful.] Changeable; fickle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ges´ling , n. A gosling. [Prov. Eng.]

Gesse , v. t. & i. To guess. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gest , n. A guest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gest , n. [OF. geste exploit. See Jest.] 1. Something done or achieved; a deed or an action; an adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. An action represented in sports, plays, or on the stage; show; ceremony. [Obs.] Mede. 3. A tale of achievements or adventures; a stock story. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. 4. Gesture; bearing; deportment. [Archaic] “Through his heroic grace and honorable gest.” Spenser.

Gest , n. [Cf. Gist a resting place.] 1. A stage in traveling; a stop for rest or lodging in a journey or progress; a rest. [Obs.] Kersey. 2. A roll recting the several stages arranged for a royal progress. Many of them are extant in the herald’s office. [Obs.] Hanmer.

Ges´tant , a. [L. gestans, p. pr. of gestare.] Bearing within; laden; burdened; pregnant. [R.] ´Clouds gestant with heat.´ Mrs. Browning.

Ges•ta´tion , n. [L. gestatio a bearing, carrying, fr. gestare to bear, carry, intens. fr. gerere, gestum, to bear: cf. F. gestation. See Gest deed, Jest.] 1. The act of wearing (clothes or ornaments). [Obs.] 2. The act of carrying young in the womb from conception to delivery; pregnancy. 3. Exercise in which one is borne or carried, as on horseback, or in a carriage, without the exertion of his own powers; passive exercise. Dunglison.

Ges´ta•to•ry , a. [L. gestatorius that serves for carrying: cf. F. gestatoire.] 1. Pertaining to gestation or pregnancy. 2. Capable of being carried or worn. [Obs. or R.]

Geste , v. i. To tell stories or gests. [Obs.]

Ges´tic , a. [See Gest a deed, Gesture.] 1. Pertaining to deeds or feats of arms; legendary. “And the gay grandsire, skilled in gestic lore.” Goldsmith. 2. Relating to bodily motion; consisting of gestures; — said especially with reference to dancing. “Carried away by the enthusiasm of the gestic art.” Sir W. Scott.

Ges•tic´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gesticulated p. pr. & vb. n. Gesticulating.] [L. gesticulatus, p. p. of gesticulari to gesticulate, fr. gesticulus a mimic gesture, gesticulation, dim. of gestus gesture, fr. gerere, gestum, to bear, carry, peform. See Gestic.] To make gestures or motions, as in speaking; to use postures. Sir T. Herbert.

Ges•tic´u•late, v. t. To represent by gesture; to act. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ges•tic•u•la´tion , n. [L. gesticulatio: cf. F. gesticulation.] 1. The act of gesticulating, or making gestures to express passion or enforce sentiments. 2. A gesture; a motion of the body or limbs in speaking, or in representing action or passion, and enforcing arguments and sentiments. Macaulay. 3. Antic tricks or motions. B. Jonson.

Ges•tic´u•la•tor , n. [L.] One who gesticulates.

Ges•tic´u•la•to•ry , a. Representing by, or belonging to, gestures. T. Warton.

Ges´tour , n. [See Gest a deed.] A reciter of gests or legendary tales; a story- teller. [Obs.] “Minstrels and gestours for to tell tales.” Chaucer.

Ges´tur•al , a. Relating to gesture.

Ges´ture , n. [LL. gestura mode of action, fr. L. gerere, gestum, to bear, behave, perform, act. See Gest a deed.] 1. Manner of carrying the body; position of the body or limbs; posture. [Obs.] “Accubation, or lying down at meals, was a gesture used by many nations.” Sir T. Browne. 2. A motion of the body or limbs expressive of sentiment or passion; any action or posture intended to express an idea or a passion, or to enforce or emphasize an argument, assertion, or opinion. “Humble and reverent gestures.” Hooker. “Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye,
In every gesture dignity and love.” Milton.

Ges´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gestured p. pr. & vb. n. Gesturing.] To accompany or illustrate with gesture or action; to gesticulate. “It is not orderly read, nor gestured as beseemeth.” Hooker.

Ges´ture, v. i. To make gestures; to gesticulate. “The players … gestured not undecently withal.” Holland.

Ges´ture•less, a. Free from gestures.

Ges´ture•ment , n. Act of making gestures; gesturing. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Get , n. Jet, the mineral. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get , n. [OF. get.] 1. Fashion; manner; custom. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Artifice; contrivance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get (get), v. t. [imp. Got (got) (Obs. Gat (gat)); p. p. Got (Obsolescent Gotten (got´t’n)); p. pr. & vb. n. Getting.] [OE. geten, AS. gitan, gietan (in comp.); akin to Icel. geta, Goth. bigitan to find, L. prehendere to seize, take, Gr. chanda•nein to hold, contain. Cf. Comprehend, Enterprise, Forget, Impregnable, Prehensile.] 1. To procure; to obtain; to gain possession of; to acquire; to earn; to obtain as a price or reward; to come by; to win, by almost any means; as to get favor by kindness; to get wealth by industry and economy; to get land by purchase, etc. 2. Hence, with have and had, to come into or be in possession of; to have. Johnson. “Thou hast got the face of man.” Herbert. 3. To beget; to procreate; to generate. “I had rather to adopt a child than get it.” Shak. 4. To obtain mental possession of; to learn; to commit to memory; to memorize; as to get a lesson; also with out; as to get out one’s Greek lesson. “It being harder with him to get one sermon by heart, than to pen twenty.” Bp. Fell. 5. To prevail on; to induce; to persuade. “Get him to say his prayers.” Shak. 6. To procure to be, or to cause to be in any state or condition; — with a following participle. “Those things I bid you do; get them dispatched.” Shak. 7. To betake; to remove; — in a reflexive use. “Get thee out from this land.” Gen. xxxi. 13. “He … got himself … to the strong town of Mega.” Knolles. Get, as a transitive verb, is combined with adverbs implying motion, to express the causing to, or the effecting in, the object of the verb, of the kind of motion indicated by the preposition; thus, to get in, to cause to enter, to bring under shelter; as to get in the hay; to get out, to make come forth, to extract; to get off, to take off, to remove; to get together, to cause to come together, to collect. To get by heart, to commit to memory. - - To get the better of, To get the best of, to obtain an advantage over; to surpass; to subdue. — To get up, to cause to be established or to exit; to prepare; to arrange; to construct; to invent; as to get up a celebration, a machine, a book, an agitation. Syn. — To obtain; gain; win; acquire. See Obtain.

Get (get), v. i. 1. To make acquisition; to gain; to profit; to receive accessions; to be increased. “We mourn, France smiles; we lose, they daily get.” Shak. 2. To arrive at, or bring one’s self into, a state, condition, or position; to come to be; to become; — with a following adjective or past participle belonging to the subject of the verb; as to get sober; to get awake; to get beaten; to get elected. “To get rid of fools and scoundrels.” Pope. “His chariot wheels get hot by driving fast.” Coleridge. It [get] gives to the English language a middle voice, or a power of verbal expression which is neither active nor passive. Thus we say to get acquitted, beaten, confused, dressed. Earle. Get, as an intransitive verb, is used with a following preposition, or adverb of motion, to indicate, on the part of the subject of the act, movement or action of the kind signified by the preposition or adverb; or, in the general sense, to move, to stir, to make one’s way, to advance, to arrive, etc.; as to get away, to leave, to escape; to disengage one’s self from; to get down, to descend, esp. with effort, as from a literal or figurative elevation; to get along, to make progress; hence, to prosper, succeed, or fare; to get in, to enter; to get out, to extricate one’s self, to escape; to get through, to traverse; also to finish, to be done; to get to, to arrive at, to reach; to get off, to alight, to descend from, to dismount; also to escape, to come off clear; to get together, to assemble, to convene. To get ahead, to advance; to prosper. - - To get along, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. — To get a mile (or other distance), to pass over it in traveling. — To get among, to go or come into the company of; to become one of a number. — To get asleep, to fall asleep. — To get astray, to wander out of the right way. — To get at, to reach; to make way to. To get away with, to carry off; to capture; hence, to get the better of; to defeat. — To get back, to arrive at the place from which one departed; to return. — To get before, to arrive in front, or more forward. — To get behind, to fall in the rear; to lag. — To get between, to arrive between. — To get beyond, to pass or go further than; to exceed; to surpass. ´Three score and ten is the age of man, a few get beyond it.´ Thackeray. — To get clear, to disengage one’s self; to be released, as from confinement, obligation, or burden; also to be freed from danger or embarrassment. — To get drunk, to become intoxicated. — To get forward, to proceed; to advance; also to prosper; to advance in wealth. — To get home, to arrive at one’s dwelling, goal, or aim. — To get into. (a) To enter, as ´she prepared to get into the coach.´ Dickens. (b) To pass into, or reach; as ´ a language has got into the inflated state.´ Keary. — To get loose or free, to disengage one’s self; to be released from confinement. — To get near, to approach within a small distance. — To get on, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. — To get over. (a) To pass over, surmount, or overcome, as an obstacle or difficulty. (b) To recover from, as an injury, a calamity. — To get through. (a) To pass through something. (b) To finish what one was doing. — To get up. (a) To rise; to arise, as from a bed, chair, etc. (b) To ascend; to climb, as a hill, a tree, a flight of stairs, etc.

Get, n. Offspring; progeny; as the get of a stallion.

Get´en , obs. p. p. of Get. Chaucer.

Geth , the original third pers. sing. pres. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get´-pen•ny , n. Something which gets or gains money; a successful affair. [Colloq.] Chapman.

Get´ta•ble , a. That may be obtained. [R.]

Get´ter , n. One who gets, gains, obtains, acquires, begets, or procreates.

Get´ter•up, n. One who contrives, makes, or arranges for, anything, as a book, a machine, etc. [Colloq.] “A diligent getter-up of miscellaneous works.” W. Irving.

Get´ting , n. 1. The act of obtaining or acquiring; acquisition. “With all thy getting, get understanding.” Prov. iv. 7. 2. That which is got or obtained; gain; profit.

Get´-up , n. General composition or structure; manner in which the parts of a thing are combined; make-up; style of dress, etc. [Colloq.] H. Kingsley.

Gew´gaw , n. [OE. gigawe, gugawe, gewgaude, prob. the same word as OE. givegove gewgaw, apparently a reduplicated form fr. AS. gifan to give; cf. also F. joujou plaything, and E. gaud, n. See Give, and cf. Giffgaff.] A showy trifle; a toy; a splendid plaything; a pretty but worthless bauble. “A heavy gewgaw called a crown.” Dryden.

Gew´gaw, a. Showy; unreal; pretentious. “Seeing his gewgaw castle shine.” Tennyson.

Gey´ser , n. [Icel. geysir, fr. geysa to rush furiously, fr. gjosa to gush. Cf. Gush.] A boiling spring which throws forth at frequent intervals jets of water, mud, etc., driven up by the expansive power of steam. Geysers were first known in Iceland, and later in New Zealand. In the Yellowstone region in the United States they are numerous, and some of them very powerful, throwing jets of boiling water and steam to a height of 200 feet. They are grouped in several areas called geyser basins. The mineral matter, or geyserite, with which geyser water is charged, forms geyser cones about the orifice, often of great size and beauty.

Gey´ser•ite , n. [From Geyser.] (Min.) A loose hydrated form of silica, a variety of opal, deposited in concretionary cauliflowerlike masses, around some hot springs and geysers.

Ghar´ry , n. [Hind. gai.] Any wheeled cart or carriage. [India]

Ghast , v. t. [OE. gasten. See Ghastly, a.] To strike aghast; to affright. [Obs.] “Ghasted by the noise I made.
Full suddenly he fled.” Shak.

Ghast´ful , a. [See Ghastly, a.] Fit to make one aghast; dismal. [Obs.] — Ghast´ful•ly, adv.

Ghast´li•ness , n. The state of being ghastly; a deathlike look.

Ghast´ly , a. [Compar. Ghastlier superl. Ghastliest.] [OE. gastlich, gastli, fearful, causing fear, fr. gasten to terrify, AS. gaestan. Cf. Aghast, Gast, Gaze, Ghostly.] 1. Like a ghost in appearance; deathlike; pale; pallid; dismal. “Each turned his face with a ghastly pang.” Coleridge. “His face was so ghastly that it could scarcely be recognized.” Macaulay. 2. Horrible; shocking; dreadful; hideous. “Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail.” Milton.

Ghast´ly, adv. In a ghastly manner; hideously. “Staring full ghastly like a strangled man.” Shak.

Ghast´ness, n. Ghastliness. [Obs.] Shak. { Ghat Ghaut } , n. [Hind. ghat.] 1. A pass through a mountain. [India] J. D. Hooker. 2. A range of mountains. Balfour (Cyc. of Ind. ). 3. Stairs descending to a river; a landing place; a wharf. [India] Malcom.

Gha•wa´zi , n. pl. [Etymol. uncertain.] Egyptian dancing girls, of a lower sort than the almeh. { Ghe´ber , Ghe´bre } , n. [Pers. ghebr: cf. F. Guèbre. Cf. Giaour.] A worshiper of fire; a Zoroastrian; a Parsee.

Ghee (ge), n. [Hind. ghi clarified butter, Skr. ghrta.] Butter clarified by boiling, and thus converted into a kind of oil. [India] Malcom.

Gher´kin (ger´kin), n. [D. agurkje, a dim. akin to G. gurke, Dan. agurke; cf. Pol. ogórek, Bohem. okurka, LGr. ’aggoy•rion watermelon, Ar. al-khiyar, Per. khiyar.] 1. (Bot.) A kind of small, prickly cucumber, much used for pickles. 2. (Zoöl.) See Sea gherkin.

Ghess , v. t. & i. See Guess. [Obs.]

Ghet´to , n. [It.] The Jews’quarter in an Italian town or city. “I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell.” Evelyn.

Ghib´el•line , n. [It. Ghibellino; of German origin.] (It. Hist.) One of a faction in Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries, which favored the German emperors, and opposed the Guelfs, or adherents of the poses. Brande & C.

Ghole , n. See Ghoul.

Ghost , n. [OE. gast, gost, soul, spirit, AS. gast breath, spirit, soul; akin to OS. gst spirit, soul, D. geest, G. geist, and prob. to E. gaze, ghastly.] 1. The spirit; the soul of man. [Obs.] “Then gives her grieved ghost thus to lament.” Spenser. 2. The disembodied soul; the soul or spirit of a deceased person; a spirit appearing after death; an apparition; a specter. “The mighty ghosts of our great Harrys rose.” Shak. “I thought that I had died in sleep,
And was a blessed ghost.” Coleridge. 3. Any faint shadowy semblance; an unsubstantial image; a phantom; a glimmering; as not a ghost of a chance; the ghost of an idea. “Each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.” Poe. 4. A false image formed in a telescope by reflection from the surfaces of one or more lenses. Ghost moth (Zoöl.), a large European moth (Hepialus humuli); so called from the white color of the male, and the peculiar hovering flight; — called also great swift. — Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit; the Paraclete; the Comforter; (Theol.) the third person in the Trinity. — To give up or yield up the ghost, to die; to expire. “And he gave up the ghost full softly.” Chaucer. “Jacob … yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people”. Gen. xlix. 33.

Ghost, v. i. To die; to expire. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ghost, v. t. To appear to or haunt in the form of an apparition. [Obs.] Shak.

Ghost´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A pale unspotted variety of the wrymouth.

Ghost´less, a. Without life or spirit. [R.]

Ghost´like , a. Like a ghost; ghastly.

Ghost´li•ness, n. The quality of being ghostly.

Ghost´ly, a. [OE. gastlich, gostlich, AS. gastlic. See Ghost.] 1. Relating to the soul; not carnal or secular; spiritual; as a ghostly confessor. “Save and defend us from our ghostly enemies.” Book of Common Prayer [Ch. of Eng. ] “One of the gostly children of St. Jerome.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Of or pertaining to apparitions. Akenside.

Ghost´ly, adv. Spiritually; mystically. Chaucer.

Ghost•ol´o•gy , n. Ghost lore. [R.] “It seemed even more unaccountable than if it had been a thing of ghostology and witchcraft.” Hawthorne.

Ghoul (gool), n. [Per. ghol an imaginary sylvan demon, supposed to devour men and animals: cf. Ar. ghul, F. goule.] An imaginary evil being among Eastern nations, which was supposed to feed upon human bodies. [Written also ghole .] Moore.

Ghoul´ish, a. Characteristic of a ghoul; vampirelike; hyenalike.

Ghyll , n. A ravine. See Gill a woody glen. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wordsworth.

Gial•lo•li´no , n. [It., from giallo yellow, prob. fr. OHG. gelo, G. gelb; akin to E. yellow.] A term variously employed by early writers on art, though commonly designating the yellow oxide of lead, or massicot. Fairholt.

Giam´beux (zham´bu), n. pl. [See Jambeux.] Greaves; armor for the legs. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gi´ant , n. [OE. giant, geant, geaunt, OF. jaiant, geant, F. geant, L. gigas, fr. Gr. , , from the root of E. gender, genesis. See Gender, and cf. Gigantic.] 1. A man of extraordinari bulk and stature. “Giants of mighty bone and bold emprise.” Milton. 2. A person of extraordinary strength or powers, bodily or intellectual. 3. Any animal, plant, or thing, of extraordinary size or power. Giant’s Causeway, a vast collection of basaltic pillars, in the county of Antrim on the northern coast of Ireland.

Gi´ant, a. Like a giant; extraordinary in size, strength, or power; as giant brothers; a giant son. Giant cell. (Anat.) See Myeloplax. — Giant clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve shell of the genus Tridacna, esp. T. gigas, which sometimes weighs 500 pounds. The shells are sometimes used in churches to contain holy water. — Giant heron (Zoöl.), a very large African heron (Ardeomega goliath). It is the largest heron known. — Giant kettle, a pothole of very large dimensions, as found in Norway in connection with glaciers. See Pothole. — Giant powder. See Nitroglycerin. — Giant puffball (Bot.), a fungus (Lycoperdon giganteum), edible when young, and when dried used for stanching wounds. — Giant salamander (Zoöl.), a very large aquatic salamander (Megalobatrachus maximus), found in Japan. It is the largest of living Amphibia, becoming a yard long. — Giant squid (Zoöl.), one of several species of very large squids, belonging to Architeuthis and allied genera. Some are over forty feet long.

Gi´ant•ess, n. A woman of extraordinary size.

Gi´ant•ize , v. i. [Cf. F. geantiser.] To play the giant. [R.] Sherwood.

Gi´ant•ly, a. Appropriate to a giant. [Obs.] Usher.

Gi´ant•ry , n. The race of giants. [R.] Cotgrave.

Gi´ant•ship, n. The state, personality, or character, of a giant; — a compellation for a giant. “His giantship is gone somewhat crestfallen”. Milton.

Giaour , n. [Turk. giaur an infidel, Per. gawr, another form of ghebr fire worshiper. Cf. Kaffir, Gheber .] An infidel; — a term applied by Turks to disbelievers in the Mohammedan religion, especially Christrians. Byron.

Gib , n. [Abbreviated fr. Gilbert, the name of the cat in the old story of ´Reynard the Fox´. in the ´Romaunt of the Rose´, etc.] A male cat; a tomcat. [Obs.]

Gib, v. i. To act like a cat. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gib , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A piece or slip of metal or wood, notched or otherwise, in a machine or structure, to hold other parts in place or bind them together, or to afford a bearing surface; — usually held or adjusted by means of a wedge, key, or screw. Gib and key, or Gib and cotter (Steam Engine), the fixed wedge or gib, and the driving wedge,key, or cotter, used for tightening the strap which holds the brasses at the end of a connecting rod.

Gib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbed p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbing.] To secure or fasten with a gib, or gibs; to provide with a gib, or gibs. Gibbed lathe, an engine lathe in which the tool carriage is held down to the bed by a gib instead of by a weight.

Gib , v. i. To balk. See Jib, v. i. Youatt.

Gib•bar´tas , n. [Cf. Ar. jebbar giant; or L. gibber humpbacked: cf. F. gibbar.] (Zoöl.) One of several finback whales of the North Atlantic; — called also Jupiter whale. [Written also jubartas, gubertas, dubertus.]

Gib´ber , n. [From Gib to balk.] A balky horse. Youatt.

Gib´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibbered p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbering.] [Akin to jabber, and gabble.] To speak rapidly and inarticulately. Shak.

Gib´ber•ish , n. [From Gibber, v. i.] Rapid and inarticulate talk; unintelligible language; unmeaning words; jargon. “He, like a gypsy, oftentimes would go;
All kinds of gibberish he had learnt to know.” Drayton. “Such gibberish as children may be heard amusing themselves with.” Hawthorne.

Gib´ber•ish, a. Unmeaning; as gibberish language.

Gib´bet , n. [OE. gibet, F. gibet, in OF. also club, fr. LL. gibetum;; cf. OF. gibe sort of sickle or hook, It. giubbetto gibbet, and giubbetta, dim. of giubba mane, also an under waistcoat, doublet, Prov. It. gibba (cf. Jupon); so that it perhaps originally signified a halter, a rope round the neck of malefactors; or it is, perhaps, derived fr. L. gibbus hunched, humped, E. gibbous; or cf. E. jib a sail.] 1. A kind of gallows; an upright post with an arm projecting from the top, on which, formerly, malefactors were hanged in chains, and their bodies allowed to remain as a warning. 2. The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended; the jib.

Gib´bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbeted p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbeting.] 1. To hang and expose on a gibbet. 2. To expose to infamy; to blacken. “I’ll gibbet up his name.” Oldham.

Gib´bier , n. [F. gibier.] Wild fowl; game. [Obs.] Addison.

Gib´bon , n. [Cf. F. gibbon.] (Zoöl.) Any arboreal ape of the genus Hylobates, of which many species and varieties inhabit the East Indies and Southern Asia. They are tailless and without cheek pouches, and have very long arms, adapted for climbing. The white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), the crowned (H. pilatus), the wou-wou or singing gibbon (H. agilis), the siamang, and the hoolock. are the most common species.

Gib´ boom See Jib boom.

Gib•bose´ , a. [L. gibbosus, fr. gibbus, gibba, hunch, hump. Cf. Gibbous.] Humped; protuberant; — said of a surface which presents one or more large elevations. Brande & C.

Gib•bost´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. gibbosite.] The state of being gibbous or gibbose; gibbousness.

Gib´bous , a. [Cf. F. gibbeux. See Gibbose.] 1. Swelling by a regular curve or surface; protuberant; convex; as the moon is gibbous between the half- moon and the full moon. “The bones will rise, and make a gibbous member.” Wiseman. 2. Hunched; hump-backed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. — Gib´bous•ly, adv. — Gib´bous•ness, n.

Gibbs´ite , n. [Named after George Gibbs.] (Min.) A hydrate of alumina.

Gib´-cat , n. A male cat, esp. an old one. See lst Gib. n. [Obs.] Shak.

Gibe , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibed p. pr. & vb. n. Gibing.] [Cf. Prov. F. giber, equiv. to F. jouer to play, Icel. geipa to talk nonsense, E. jabber.] To cast reproaches and sneering expressions; to rail; to utter taunting, sarcastic words; to flout; to fleer; to scoff. “Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout.” Swift.

Gibe, v. i. To reproach with contemptuous words; to deride; to scoff at; to mock. “Draw the beasts as I describe them,
From their features, while I gibe them.” Swift.

Gibe, n. An expression of sarcastic scorn; a sarcastic jest; a scoff; a taunt; a sneer. “Mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns.” Shak. “With solemn gibe did Eustace banter me.” Tennyson.

Gib´el , n. [G. gibel, giebel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of carp (Cyprinus gibelio); — called also Prussian carp.

Gib´er n. One who utters gibes. B. Jonson.

Gib´fish , n. The male of the salmon. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Gib´ing•ly , adv. In a gibing manner; scornfully.

Gib´let , a. Made of giblets; as a giblet pie.

Gib´lets , n. pl. [OE. gibelet, OF. gibelet game: cf. F. gibelotte stewed rabbit. Cf. Gibbier.] The inmeats, or edible viscera (heart, gizzard, liver, etc.), of poultry.

Gib´staff , n. [Prov. E. gib a hooked stick + E. staff.] 1. A staff to guage water, or to push a boat. 2. A staff formerly used in fighting beasts on the stage. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gid , n. [Cf. Giddy, a.] A disease of sheep, characterized by vertigo; the staggers. It is caused by the presence of the Cnurus, a larval tapeworm, in the brain. See Cnurus.

Gid´di•ly , adv. In a giddy manner.

Gid´di•ness, n. The quality or state of being giddy.

Gid´dy , a. [Compar. Giddier superl. Giddiest.] [OE. gidi mad, silly, AS. gidig, of unknown origin, cf. Norw. gidda to shake, tremble.] 1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling or reeling about; having lost the power of preserving the balance of the body, and therefore wavering and inclined to fall; lightheaded; dizzy. “By giddy head and staggering legs betrayed.” Tate. 2. Promoting or inducing giddiness; as a giddy height; a giddy precipice. Prior. “Upon the giddy footing of the hatches.” Shak. 3. Bewildering on account of rapid turning; running round with celerity; gyratory; whirling. “The giddy motion of the whirling mill.” Pope. 4. Characterized by inconstancy; unstable; changeable; fickle; wild; thoughtless; heedless. ´Giddy, foolish hours.´ Rowe. ´Giddy chance.´ Dryden. “Young heads are giddy and young hearts are warm.” Cowper.

Gid´dy, v. i. To reel; to whirl. Chapman.

Gid´dy, v. t. To make dizzy or unsteady. [Obs.]

Gid´dy-head , n. A person without thought fulness, prudence, or judgment. [Colloq.] Burton.

Gid´dy-head•ed , a. Thoughtless; unsteady.

Gid´dy-paced , a. Moving irregularly; flighty; fickle. [R.] Shak.

Gie , v. t. To guide. See Gye . [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gie , v. t. To give. [Scot.] Burns.

Gier´-ea•gle , n. [Cf. D. gier vulture, G. gier, and E. gyrfalcon.] (Zoöl.) A bird referred to in the Bible (Lev. xi. 18and Deut. xiv. 17) as unclean, probably the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus).

Gier´-fal•con , n. [Cf. Gier- eagle, Gyrfalcon.] (Zoöl.) The gyrfalcon.

Gie´seck•ite , n. [Named after Karl Giesecke.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in greenish gray six-sided prisms, having a greasy luster. It is probably a pseudomorph after elaeolite.

Gif , conj. [AS. See If.] If. [Obs.] Gif is the old form of if, and frequently occurs in the earlier English writers. See If.

Gif´fard in•ject´or (Mach.) See under Injector.

Giff´gaff , n. [Reduplicated fr. give.] Mutual accommodation; mutual giving. [Scot.]

Gif´fy , n. [Obs.] See Jiffy.

Gift , n. [OE. gift, yift, yeft, AS. gift, fr. gifan to give; akin to D. & G. gift, Icel. gift, gipt, Goth. gifts (in comp.). See Give, v. t.] 1. Anything given; anything voluntarily transferred by one person to another without compensation; a present; an offering. “Shall I receive by gift, what of my own, …
I can command ?” Milton. 2. The act, right, or power of giving or bestowing; as the office is in the gift of the President. 3. A bribe; anything given to corrupt. “Neither take a gift, for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise.” Deut. xvi. 19. 4. Some quality or endowment given to man by God; a preëminent and special talent or aptitude; power; faculty; as the gift of wit; a gift for speaking. 5. (Law) A voluntary transfer of real or personal property, without any consideration. It can be perfected only by deed, or in case of personal property, by an actual delivery of possession. Bouvier. Burrill. Gift rope (Naut), a rope extended to a boat for towing it; a guest rope. Syn. — Present; donation; grant; largess; benefaction; boon; bounty; gratuity; endowment; talent; faculty. — Gift, Present, Donation. These words, as here compared, denote something gratuitously imparted to another out of one’s property. A gift is something given whether by a superior or an inferior, and is usually designed for the relief or benefit of him who receives it. A present is ordinarly from an equal or inferior, and is always intended as a compliment or expression of kindness. Donation is a word of more dignity, denoting, properly, a gift of considerable value, and ordinarly a gift made either to some public institution, or to an individual on account of his services to the public; as a donation to a hospital, a charitable society, or a minister.

Gift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gifting.] To endow with some power or faculty. “He was gifted … with philosophical sagacity.” I. Taylor.

Gift´ed•ness, n. The state of being gifted. Echard.

Gig (jig or gig), n. [Cf. OF. gigue. See Jig, n.] A fiddle. [Obs.]

Gig (gig), v. t. [Prob. fr. L. gignere to beget.] To engender. [Obs.] Dryden.

Gig, n. A kind of spear or harpoon. See Fishgig.

Gig, v. t. To fish with a gig.

Gig, n. [OE. gigge. Cf. Giglot.] A playful or wanton girl; a giglot.

Gig, n. [Cf. Icel. gigja fiddle, MHG. gige, G. geige, Icel. geiga to take a wrong direction, rove at random, and E. jig.] 1. A top or whirligig; any little thing that is whirled round in play. “Thou disputest like an infant; go, whip thy gig.” Shak. 2. A light carriage, with one pair of wheels, drawn by one horse; a kind of chaise. 3. (Naut.) A long, light rowboat, generally clinkerbuilt, and designed to be fast; a boat appropriated to the use of the commanding officer; as the captain’s gig. 4. (Mach.) A rotatory cylinder, covered with wire teeth or teasels, for teaseling woolen cloth. Gig machine, Gigging machine, Gig mill, or Napping machine. See Gig, 4. — Gig saw. See Jig saw.

Gi•gan•te´an , a. [L. giganteus, fr. gigas, antis. See Giant.] Like a giant; mighty; gigantic. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Gi•gan•tesque´ , a. [F.] Befitting a giant; bombastic; magniloquent. “The sort of mock-heroic gigantesque
With which we bantered little Lilia first.” Tennyson.

Gi•gan´tic , a. [L. gigas, -antis, giant. See Giant.] 1. Of extraordinary size; like a giant. 2. Such as a giant might use, make, or cause; immense; tremendous; extraordinarly; as gigantic deeds; gigantic wickedness. Milton. “When descends on the Atlantic
The gigantic
Strom wind of the equinox.” Longfellow.

Gi•gan´tic•al, a. Bulky, big. [Obs.] Burton. — Gi•gan´tic•al•ly, adv.

Gi•gan´ti•cide , n. [. gigas, -antis, giant + caedere to kill.] The act of killing, or one who kills, a giant. Hallam.

Gi•gan´tine , a. Gigantic. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Gi•gan•tol´og•y , n. [Gr. , , giant + -logy: cf. F. gigantologie.] An account or description of giants.

Gi•gan•tom´a•chy , n. [L. gigantomachia, fr. Gr. ; , , giant + battle: cf. F. gigantomachie.] A war of giants; especially, the fabulous war of the giants against heaven.

Gige (gij or gej), Guige, n. [OF. guide, guiche.] (Anc. Armor) The leather strap by which the shield of a knight was slung across the shoulder or across the neck and shoulder. Meyrick (Ancient Armor).

Gi•ge´ri•um , n.; pl. Gigeria (#). [NL., fr. L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry.] (Anat.) The muscular stomach, or gizzard, of birds.

Gig´get , n. Same as Gigot. “Cut the slaves to giggets.” Beau. & Fl.

Gig´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Giggled p. pr. & vb. n. Giggling ] [Akin to gaggle: cf. OD. ghichelen, G. kichern.] To laugh with short catches of the breath or voice; to laugh in a light, affected, or silly manner; to titter with childish levity. “Giggling and laughing with all their might
At the piteous hap of the fairy wight.” J. R. Drake.

Gig´gle , n. A kind of laugh, with short catches of the voice or breath; a light, silly laugh.

Gig´gler , n. One who giggles or titters.

Gig´gly , a. Prone to giggling. Carlyle.

Gig´got , n. See Gigot. [Obs.] Chapman.

Gig´gyng , n. [See Gige.] The act of fastending the gige or leather strap to the shield. [Obs.] ´Gigging of shields.´ Chaucer. { Gig´lot , Gig´let } n. [Cf. Icel. gikkr a pert, rude person, Dan. giek a fool, silly man, AS. gagol, gaegl, lascivious, wanton, MHG. gogel wanton, giege fool, and E. gig a wanton person.] A wanton; a lascivious or light, giddy girl. [Obs.] “The giglet is willful, and is running upon her fate.” Sir W. Scott.

Gig´lot , a. Giddi; light; inconstant; wanton. [Obs.] ´O giglot fortune!´ Shak.

Gig´ot , Gig´got , n. [F., fr. OF. gigue fiddle; — on account of the resemblance in shape. See Jig, n.] 1. A leg of mutton. 2. A small piece of flesh; a slice. [Obs.] “The rest in giggots cut, they spit.” Chapman.

Gi´la mon´ster (Zoöl.) A large tuberculated lizard (Heloderma suspectum) native of the dry plains of Arizona, New Mexico, etc. It is the only lizard known to have venomous teeth.

Gild , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gilded or Gilt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gilding.] [AS. gyldan, from gold gold. rad.234. See Gold.] 1. To overlay with a thin covering of gold; to cover with a golden color; to cause to look like gold. ´Gilded chariots.´ Pope. “No more the rising sun shall gild the morn.” Pope. 2. To make attractive; to adorn; to brighten. “Let oft good humor, mild and gay,
Gild the calm evening of your day.” Trumbull. 3. To give a fair but deceptive outward appearance to; to embellish; as to gild a lie. Shak. 4. To make red with drinking. [Obs.] “This grand liquior that hath gilded them.” Shak.

Gild´ale , n. [AS. gilgan to pay + E. ale. See Yield, v. t., and Ale.] A drinking bout in which every one pays an equal share. [Obs.]

Gild´en , a. Gilded. Holland.

Gild´er , n. One who gilds; one whose occupation is to overlay with gold.

Gil´der , n. A Dutch coin. See Guilder.

Gild´ing (gild´ing), n. 1. The art or practice of overlaying or covering with gold leaf; also a thin coating or wash of gold, or of that which resembles gold. 2. Gold in leaf, powder, or liquid, for application to any surface. 3. Any superficial coating or appearance, as opposed to what is solid and genuine. Gilding metal, a tough kind of sheet brass from which cartridge shells are made.

Gile , n. [See Guile.] Guile. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gill , n. [Dan. giaelle, gelle; akin to Sw. gäl, Icel. gjölnar gills; cf. AS. geagl, geahl, jaw.] 1. (Anat.) An organ for aquatic respiration; a branchia. “Fishes perform respiration under water by the gills.” Ray. Gills are usually lamellar or filamentous appendages, through which the blood circulates, and in which it is exposed to the action of the air contained in the water. In vertebrates they are appendages of the visceral arches on either side of the neck. In invertebrates they occupy various situations. 2. pl. (Bot.) The radiating, gill-shaped plates forming the under surface of a mushroom. 3. (Zoöl.) The fleshy flap that hangs below the beak of a fowl; a wattle. 4. The flesh under or about the chin. Swift. 5. (Spinning) One of the combs of closely ranged steel pins which divide the ribbons of flax fiber or wool into fewer parallel filaments. [Prob. so called from F. aiguilles, needles. Ure.] Gill arches, Gill bars. (Anat.) Same as Branchial arches. — Gill clefts. (Anat.) Same as Branchial clefts. See under Branchial. — Gill cover, Gill lid. See Operculum. — Gill frame, or Gill head (Flax Manuf.), a spreader; a machine for subjecting flax to the action of gills. Knight. — Gill net, a flat net so suspended in the water that its meshes allow the heads of fish to pass, but catch in the gills when they seek to extricate themselves. — Gill opening, or Gill slit (Anat.), an opening behind and below the head of most fishes, and some amphibians, by which the water from the gills is discharged. In most fishes there is a single opening on each side, but in the sharks and rays there are five, or more, on each side. — Gill rakes, or Gill rakers (Anat.), horny filaments, or progresses, on the inside of the branchial arches of fishes, which help to prevent solid substances from being carried into gill cavities.

Gill, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A two-wheeled frame for transporting timber. [Prov. Eng.]

Gill, n. A leech. [Also gell.] [Scot.] Jameison.

Gill, n. [Icel. gil.] A woody glen; a narrow valley containing a stream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Gill , n. [OF. gille, gelle, a sort of measure for wine, LL. gillo, gello., Cf. Gallon.] A measure of capacity, containing one fourth of a pint.

Gill , n. [Abbrev. from Gillian.] 1. A young woman; a sweetheart; a flirting or wanton girl. ´Each Jack with his Gill.´ B. Jonson. 2. (Bot.) The ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma); — called also gill over the ground, and other like names. 3. Malt liquor medicated with ground ivy. Gill ale. (a) Ale flavored with ground ivy. (b) (Bot.) Alehoof.

Gill´-flirt , n. A thoughtless, giddy girl; a flirt-gill. Sir W. Scott.

Gill´house, n. A shop where gill is sold. “Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gillhouse mourn.” Pope.

Gil´li•an , n. [OE. Gillian, a woman’s name, for Julian, Juliana. Cf. Gill a girl.] A girl; esp., a wanton; a gill. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. { Gil´lie , Gil´ly } , n. [Gael. gille, giolla, boy, lad.] A boy or young man; a manservant; a male attendant, in the Scottish Highlands. Sir W. Scott.

Gil´ly•flow•er , n. [OE. gilofre, gilofer, clove, OF. girofre, girofle, F. girofle: cf. F. giroflee gillyflower, fr. girofle, Gr. clove tree; nut + leaf, akin to E. foliage. Cf. Caryophyllus, July- flower.] (Bot.) 1. A name given by old writers to the clove pink (Dianthus Caryophyllus) but now to the common stock (Matthiola incana), a cruciferous plant with showy and fragrant blossoms, usually purplish, but often pink or white. 2. A kind of apple, of a roundish conical shape, purplish red color, and having a large core. [Written also gilliflower.] Clove gillyflower, the clove pink. — Marsh gillyflower, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi). — Queen’s, or Winter, gillyflower, damewort. — Sea gillyflower, the thrift (Armeria vulgaris). — Wall gillyflower, the wallflower (Cheiranthus Cheiri). — Water gillyflower, the water violet.

Gil´our , n. [OF.] A guiler; deceiver. [Obs.]

Gilse , n. [W. gleisiad, fr. glas blue.] (Zoöl.) See Grilse.

Gilt , n. [See Geld, v. t.] (Zoöl.) A female pig, when young.

Gilt, imp. & p. p. of Gild.

Gilt, p. p. & a. Gilded; covered with gold; of the color of gold; golden yellow. ´Gilt hair´ Chaucer.

Gilt, n. 1. Gold, or that which resembles gold, laid on the surface of a thing; gilding. Shak. 2. Money. [Obs.] ´The gilt of France.´ Shak. { Gilt´-edge• , Gilt´-edged• } a. 1. Having a gilt edge; as gilt-edged paper. 2. Of the best quality; — said of negotiable paper, etc. [Slang, U. S.]

Gilt´head , n. (Zoöl.) A marine fish. The name is applied to two species: (a) The Pagrus, or Chrysophrys, auratus, a valuable food fish common in the Mediterranean (so named from its golden-colored head); — called also giltpoll. (b) The Crenilabrus melops, of the British coasts; — called also golden maid, conner, sea partridge.

Gilt´if , a. [For gilti, by confusion with -if, -ive, in French forms. See Guilty.] Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gilt´tail , n. A yellow-tailed worm or larva.

Gim , a. [Cf. Gimp, a.] Neat; spruce. [Prov.]

Gim´bal , or Gim´bals , n. [See Gimmal, n.] A contrivance for permitting a body to incline freely in all directions, or for suspending anything, as a barometer, ship’s compass, chronometer, etc., so that it will remain plumb, or level, when its support is tipped, as by the rolling of a ship. It consists of a ring in which the body can turn on an axis through a diameter of the ring, while the ring itself is so pivoted to its support that it can turn about a diameter at right angles to the first. Gimbal joint (Mach.), a universal joint embodying the principle of the gimbal. — Gimbal ring, a single gimbal, as that by which the cockeye of the upper millstone is supported on the spindle.

Gim´blet , n. & v. See Gimlet.

Gim´crack , n. [OE., a spruce and pert pretender, also a spruce girl, prob. fr. gim + crack lad, boaster.] A trivial mechanism; a device; a toy; a pretty thing. Arbuthnot.

Gim´let , n. [Also written and pronounced gimbled ] [OF. guimbelet, guibelet, F. gibelet, prob. fr. OD. wimpel, weme, a bore, wemelen to bore, to wimble. See Wimble, n.] A small tool for boring holes. It has a leading screw, a grooved body, and a cross handle. Gimlet eye, a squint-eye. [Colloq.] Wright.

Gim´let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gimleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gimleting.] 1. To pierce or make with a gimlet. 2. (Naut.) To turn round (an anchor) by the stock, with a motion like turning a gimlet.

Gim´mal , n. [Prob. the same word as gemel. See Gemel, and cf. Gimbal.] 1. Joined work whose parts move within each other; a pair or series of interlocked rings. 2. A quaint piece of machinery; a gimmer. [Obs.]

Gim´mal, a. Made or consisting of interlocked rings or links; as gimmal mail. “In their pale dull mouths the gimmal bit
Lies foul with chewed grass.” Shak. Gimmal joint. See Gimbal joint, under Gimbal.

Gim´mer , Gim´mor , n. [Cf. Gimmal, n.] A piece of mechanism; mechanical device or contrivance; a gimcrack. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Shak.

Gimp , a. [W. gwymp fair, neat, comely.] Smart; spruce; trim; nice. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gimp, n. [OF. guimpe, guimple, a nun’s wimple, F. guimpe, OHG. wimpal a veil G. wimpel pennon, pendant. See Wimple, n.] A narrow ornamental fabric of silk, woolen, or cotton, often with a metallic wire, or sometimes a coarse cord, running through it; — used as trimming for dresses, furniture, etc. “Gimp nail, an upholsterer’s small nail.”

Gimp, v. t. To notch; to indent; to jag.

Gin , prep. [AS. geán. See Again.] Against; near by; towards; as gin night. [Scot.] A. Ross (1778).

Gin, conj. [See Gin, prep.] If. [Scotch] Jamieson.

Gin , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gan , Gon , or Gun ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] [OE. ginnen, AS. ginnan (in comp.), prob. orig., to open, cut open, cf. OHG. inginnan to begin, open, cut open, and prob. akin to AS. ginan to yawn, and E. yawn. See Yawn, v. i., and cf. Begin.] To begin; — often followed by an infinitive without to; as gan tell. See Gan. [Obs. or Archaic] ´He gan to pray.´ Chaucer.

Gin , n. [Contr. from Geneva. See 2d Geneva.] A strong alcoholic liquor, distilled from rye and barley, and flavored with juniper berries; — also called Hollands and Holland gin, because originally, and still very extensively, manufactured in Holland. Common gin is usually flavored with turpentine.

Gin , n. [A contraction of engine.] 1. Contrivance; artifice; a trap; a snare. Chaucer. Spenser. 2. (a) A machine for raising or moving heavy weights, consisting of a tripod formed of poles united at the top, with a windlass, pulleys, ropes, etc. (b) (Mining) A hoisting drum, usually vertical; a whim. 3. A machine for separating the seeds from cotton; a cotton gin. The name is also given to an instrument of torture worked with screws, and to a pump moved by rotary sails. Gin block, a simple form of tackle block, having one wheel, over which a rope runs; — called also whip gin, rubbish pulley, and monkey wheel. — Gin power, a form of horse power for driving a cotton gin. — Gin race, or Gin ring, the path of the horse when putting a gin in motion. Halliwell. — Gin saw, a saw used in a cotton gin for drawing the fibers through the grid, leaving the seed in the hopper. — Gin wheel. (a) In a cotton gin, a wheel for drawing the fiber through the grid; a brush wheel to clean away the lint. (b) (Mining) the drum of a whim.

Gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ginned p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] 1. To catch in a trap. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To clear of seeds by a machine; as to gin cotton.

Ging , n. Same as Gang, n., 2. [Obs.] “There is a knot, a ging, a pack, a conspiracy against me.” Shak.

Gin•gal´ , n. See Jingal.

Gin´ger , n. [OE. ginger, gingever, gingivere, OF. gengibre, gingimbre, F. gingembre, L. zingiber, zingiberi, fr. Gr. ; of Oriental origin; cf. Ar. & Pers. zenjebil, fr. Skr. gavëra, prop., hornshaped; ga horn + vëra body.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Zingiber, of the East and West Indies. The species most known is Z. officinale. 2. The hot and spicy rootstock of Zingiber officinale, which is much used in cookery and in medicine. Ginger beer or ale, a mild beer impregnated with ginger. — Ginger cordial, a liquor made from ginger, raisins, lemon rind, and water, and sometimes whisky or brandy. — Ginger pop. See Ginger beer (above). — Ginger wine, wine impregnated with ginger. — Wild ginger (Bot.), an American herb (Asarum Canadense) with two reniform leaves and a long, cordlike rootstock which has a strong taste of ginger.

Gin´ger•bread , n. A kind of plain sweet cake seasoned with ginger, and sometimes made in fanciful shapes. ´Gingerbread that was full fine.´ Chaucer. Gingerbread tree (Bot.), the doom palm; — so called from the resemblance of its fruit to gingerbread. See Doom Palm. — Gingerbread work, ornamentation, in architecture or decoration, of a fantastic, trivial, or tawdry character.

Gin´ger•ly, adv. [Prov. E. ginger brittle, tender; cf. dial. Sw. gingla, gängla, to go gently, totter, akin to E. gang.] Cautiously; timidly; fastidiously; daintily. “What is’t that you took up so gingerly ?” Shak.

Gin´ger•ness, n. Cautiousness; tenderness.

Ging´ham , n. [F. guingan; cf. Jav. ginggang; or perh. fr. Guingamp, in France.] A kind of cotton or linen cloth, usually in stripes or checks, the yarn of which is dyed before it is woven; — distinguished from printed cotton or prints.

Ging´ing , n. (Mining) The lining of a mine shaft with stones or bricks to prevent caving.

Gin´gi•val , a. [L. gingiva the gum.] Of or pertaining to the gums. Holder.

Gin´gle , n. & v. [Obs.] See Jingle.

Gin´gly•form , a. (Anat.) Ginglymoid.

Gin•gly•mo´di , n. [NL.; cf. Gr. ginglymoid. See Ginglymoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, including the modern gar pikes and many allied fossil forms. They have rhombic, ganoid scales, a heterocercal tail, paired fins without an axis, fulcra on the fins, and a bony skeleton, with the vertebrae convex in front and concave behind, forming a ball and socket joint. See Ganoidel. { Gin´gly•moid , Gin•gly•moid´al } a. [Gr. ; ginglymus + form: cf. F. ginglymoide, ginglymoïdal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a ginglymus, or hinge joint; ginglyform.

Gin´gly•mus , n.; pl. Ginglymi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a hingelike joint, a ball and socket joint.] (Anat.) A hinge joint; an articulation, admitting of flexion and extension, or motion in two directions only, as the elbow and the ankle.

Gin´house , n. A building where cotton is ginned.

Gink´go , n.; pl. Ginkgoes (#). [Chin., silver fruit.] (Bot.) A large ornamental tree (Ginkgo biloba) from China and Japan, belonging to the Yew suborder of Coniferae. Its leaves are so like those of some maidenhair ferns, that it is also called the maidenhair tree.

Gin´nee , n.; pl. Ginn . See Jinnee.

Gin´net , n. See Genet, a horse.

Gin´ning , n. [See Gin, v. i.] Beginning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gin´ny-car•riage , n. A small, strong carriage for conveying materials on a railroad. [Eng.]

Gin´seng , n. [Chinese.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Aralia, the root of which is highly valued as a medicine among the Chinese. The Chinese plant (Aralia Schinseng) has become so rare that the American (A. quinquefolia) has largely taken its place, and its root is now an article of export from America to China. The root, when dry, is of a yellowish white color, with a sweetness in the taste somewhat resembling that of licorice, combined with a slight aromatic bitterness.

Gin´shop , n. A shop or barroom where gin is sold as a beverage. [Colloq.]

Gip , v. t. To take out the entrails of (herrings).

Gip, n. A servant. See Gyp. Sir W. Scott.

Gi•poun´ , n. [See Jupon.] A short cassock. [Written also gepoun, gypoun, jupon, juppon.] [Obs.] { Gip´ser , Gip´sire } n. [F. gibecière a game pouch or game pocket. Cf. Gibbier.] A kind of pouch formerly worn at the girdle. Ld. Lytton. “A gipser all of silk,
Hung at his girdle, white as morne milk.” Chaucer.

Gip´sy (jip´sy), n. & a. See Gypsy.

Gip´sy•ism , n. See Gypsyism.

Gi•raffe´ , n. [F. girafe, Sp. girafa, from Ar. zurafa, zarafa.] (Zoöl.) An African ruminant (Camelopardalis giraffa) related to the deers and antelopes, but placed in a family by itself; the camelopard. It is the tallest of animals, being sometimes twenty feet from the hoofs to the top of the head. Its neck is very long, and its fore legs are much longer than its hind legs.

Gir´an•dole , n. [F. See Gyrate.] 1. An ornamental branched candlestick. 2. A flower stand, fountain, or the like, of branching form. 3. (Pyrotechny) A kind of revolving firework. 4. (Fort.) A series of chambers in defensive mines. Farrow. { Gir´a•sole Gir´a•sol } , n. [It. girasole, or F. girasol, fr. L. gyrare to turn around + sol sun.] 1. (Bot.) See Heliotrope. [Obs.] 2. (Min.) A variety of opal which is usually milk white, bluish white, or sky blue; but in a bright light it reflects a reddish color.

Gird (gerd), n. [See Yard a measure.] 1. A stroke with a rod or switch; a severe spasm; a twinge; a pang. “Conscience … is freed from many fearful girds and twinges which the atheist feels.” Tillotson. 2. A cut; a sarcastic remark; a gibe; a sneer. “I thank thee for that gird, good Tranio.” Shak.

Gird, v. t. [See Gird, n., and cf. Girde, v.] 1. To strike; to smite. [Obs.] “To slay him and to girden off his head.” Chaucer. 2. To sneer at; to mock; to gibe. “Being moved, he will not spare to gird the gods.” Shak.

Gird, v. i. To gibe; to sneer; to break a scornful jest; to utter severe sarcasms. “Men of all sorts take a pride to gird at me.” Shak.

Gird (gerd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girt or Girded; p. pr. & vb. n. Girding.] [OE. girden, gurden, AS. gyrdan; akin to OS. gurdian, D. gorden, OHG. gurten, G. gürten, Icel. gyrða, Sw. gjorda, Dan. giorde, Goth. bigaírdan to begird, and prob. to E. yard an inclosure. Cf. Girth, n. & v., Girt, v. t.] 1. To encircle or bind with any flexible band. 2. To make fast, as clothing, by binding with a cord, girdle, bandage, etc. 3. To surround; to encircle, or encompass. “That Nyseian isle,
Girt with the River Triton.” Milton. 4. To clothe; to swathe; to invest. “I girded thee about with fine linen.” Ezek. xvi. 10. “The Son … appeared
Girt with omnipotence.” Milton. 5. To prepare; to make ready; to equip; as to gird one’s self for a contest. “Thou hast girded me with strength.” Ps. xviii. 39. To gird on, to put on; to fasten around or to one securely, like a girdle; as to gird on armor or a sword. “Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off.” 1 Kings xx. 11. — To gird up, to bind tightly with a girdle; to support and strengthen, as with a girdle. “He girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab.” 1 Kings xviii. 46. “Gird up the loins of your mind.” 1 Pet. i. 13. — Girt up; prepared or equipped, as for a journey or for work, in allusion to the ancient custom of gathering the long flowing garments into the girdle and tightening it before any exertion; hence, adjectively, eagerly or constantly active; strenuous; striving. ´A severer, more girt-up way of living.´ J. C. Shairp.

Gird´er , n. [From Gird to sneer at.] One who girds; a satirist.

Gird´er, n. [From Gird to encircle.] 1. One who, or that which, girds. 2. (Arch. & Engin.) A main beam; a stright, horizontal beam to span an opening or carry weight, such as ends of floor beams, etc.; hence, a framed or built-up member discharging the same office, technically called a compound girder. See Illusts. of Frame, and Doubleframed floor, under Double. Bowstring girder, Box girder, etc. See under Bowstring, Box, etc. — Girder bridge. See under Bridge. — Lattice girder, a girder consisting of longitudinal bars united by diagonal crossing bars. — Half-lattice girder, a girder consisting of horizontal upper and lower bars connected by a series of diagonal bars sloping alternately in opposite directions so as to divide the space between the bars into a series of triangles. Knight. — Sandwich girder, a girder consisting of two parallel wooden beams, between which is an iron plate, the whole clamped together by iron bolts.

Gird´ing, n. That with which one is girded; a girdle. “Instead of a stomacher, a girding of sackcloth.” Is. iii. 24.

Gir´dle , n. A griddle. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Gir´dle, n. [OE. gurdel, girdel, AS. gyrdel, fr. gyrdan; akin to D. gordel, G. gürtel, Icel. gyrill. See Gird, v. t., to encircle, and cf. Girth, n.] 1. That which girds, encircles, or incloses; a circumference; a belt; esp., a belt, sash, or article of dress encircling the body usually at the waist; a cestus. “ Within the girdle of these walls.” Shak. “Their breasts girded with golden girdles.” Rev. xv. 6. 2. The zodiac; also the equator. [Poetic] Bacon. “From the world’s girdle to the frozen pole.” Cowper. “That gems the starry girdle of the year.” Campbell. 3. (Jewelry) The line ofgreatest circumference of a brilliant-cut diamond, at which it is grasped by the setting. See Illust. of Brilliant. Knight. 4. (Mining) A thin bed or stratum of stone. Raymond. 5. (Zoöl.) The clitellus of an earthworm. Girdle bone (Anat.), the sphenethmoid. See under Sphenethmoid. — Girdle wheel, a spinning wheel. — Sea girdle (Zoöl.), a ctenophore. See Venus’s girdle, under Venus. — Shoulder, Pectoral, ∧ Pelvic, girdle. (Anat.) See under Pectoral, and Pelvic. — To have under the girdle, to have bound to one, that is, in subjection.

Gir´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girdled p. pr. & vb. n. Girdling ] 1. To bind with a belt or sash; to gird. Shak. 2. To inclose; to environ; to shut in. “Those sleeping stones,
That as a waist doth girdle you about.” Shak. 3. To make a cut or gnaw a groove around (a tree, etc.) through the bark and alburnum, thus killing it. [U. S.]

Gir´dler , n. 1. One who girdles. 2. A maker of girdles. 3. (Zoöl.) An American longicorn beetle (Oncideres cingulatus) which lays its eggs in the twigs of the hickory, and then girdles each branch by gnawing a groove around it, thus killing it to provide suitable food for the larvae.

Gir´dle•stead , n. [Girdle + stead place.] 1. That part of the body where the girdle is worn. [Obs.] “Sheathed, beneath his girdlestead.” Chapman. 2. The lap. [R.] “There fell a flower into her girdlestead.” Swinburne.

Gire , n. [Obs.] See Gyre.

Gir´kin , n. [Obs.] See Gherkin.

Girl , n. [OE. girle, gerle, gurle, a girl (in sense 1): cf. LG. gör child.] 1. A young person of either sex; a child. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A female child, from birth to the age of puberty; a young maiden. 3. A female servant; a maidservant. [U. S.] 4. (Zoöl.) A roebuck two years old. [Prov. Eng.]

Girl´hood , n. State or time of being a girl.

Girl´ish, a. Like, or characteristic of, a girl; of or pertaining to girlhood; innocent; artless; immature; weak; as girlish ways; girlish grief. — Girl´ish•ly, adv. — Girl´ish•ness, n.

Gir´lond , n. [See Garland, n.] A garland; a prize. [Obs.] Chapman.

Girn , v. i. [See Grin, n.] To grin. [Obs.]

Gi•ron´dist , n. [F. Girondiste.] A member of the moderate republican party formed in the French legislative assembly in 1791. The Girondists were so called because their leaders were deputies from the department of La Gironde.

Gi•ron´dist, a. Of or pertaining to the Girondists. [Written also Girondin.]

Gir´rock , n. [Cf. Prov. F. chicarou.] (Zoöl.) A garfish. Johnson.

Girt , imp. & p. p. of Gird.

Girt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girted; p. pr. & vb. n. Girting.] [From Girt, n., cf. Girth, v.] To gird; to encircle; to invest by means of a girdle; to measure the girth of; as to girt a tree. “We here create thee the first duke of Suffolk,
And girt thee with the sword.” Shak.

Girt, a. (Naut.) Bound by a cable; — used of a vessel so moored by two anchors that she swings against one of the cables by force of the current or tide.

Girt (gert), n. Same as Girth.

Girth (gerth), n. [Icel. gjörð girdle, or gerð girth; akin to Goth. gaírda girdle. See Gird to girt, and cf. Girdle, n.] 1. A band or strap which encircles the body; especially, one by which a saddle is fastened upon the back of a horse. 2. The measure round the body, as at the waist or belly; the circumference of anything. “He’s a lu
sty, jolly fellow, that lives well, at least three yards in the girth.” Addison. 3. A small horizontal brace or girder.

Girth, v. t. [From Girth, n., cf. Girt, v. t.] To bind as with a girth. [R.] Johnson.

Girt´line , n. (Naut.) A gantline. Hammock girtline, a line rigged for hanging out hammocks to dry.

Gis•arm´ , n. [OF. gisarme, guisarme.] (Mediaeval Armor) A weapon with a scythe-shaped blade, and a separate long sharp point, mounted on a long staff and carried by foot soldiers.

Gise , v. t. [See Agist.] To feed or pasture. [Obs.]

Gise , n. Guise; manner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gis´le , n. [AS. gisel; akin to G. geisel, Icel. gisl.] A pledge. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson. { Gis•mon´dine , Gis•mon´dite } n. [From the name of the discoverer, Gismondi.] (Min.) A native hydrated silicate of alumina, lime, and potash, first noticed near Rome.

Gist , n. [OF. giste abode, lodgings, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, L. jacre, prop., to be thrown, hence, to lie, fr. jacre to throw. In the second sense fr. OF. gist, F. gît, 3d pers. sing. ind. of gesir to lie, used in a proverb, F., c’est là que gît le lièvre, it is there that the hare lies, i. e., that is the point, the difficulty. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Agist, Joist, n., Gest a stage in traveling.] 1. A resting place. [Obs.] “These quails have their set gists; to wit, ordinary resting and baiting places.” Holland. 2. The main point, as of a question; the point on which an action rests; the pith of a matter; as the gist of a question.

Git , n. (Founding) See Geat.

Gite , n. A gown. [Obs.] “She came often in a gite of red.” Chaucer.

Gith , n. [Prov. E., corn cockle; cf. W. gith corn cockle.] (Bot.) The corn cockle; also anciently applied to the Nigella, or fennel flower.

Git´tern , n. [OE. giterne, OF. guiterne, ultimately from same source as E. guitar. See Guitar, and cf. Cittern.] An instrument like a guitar. ´Harps, lutes, and giternes.´ Chaucer.

Git´tern, v. i. To play on gittern. Milton.

Git´tith , n. [Heb.] A musical instrument, of unknown character, supposed by some to have been used by the people of Gath, and thence obtained by David. It is mentioned in the title of Psalms viii., lxxxi., and lxxxiv. Dr. W. Smith.

Giust (just), n. [Obs.] Same as Joust. Spenser.

Gius´to , a. [It., fr. L. justus. See Just, a.] (Mus.) In just, correct, or suitable time.

Give (giv), v. t. [imp. Gave (gav); p. p. Given (giv´’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Giving.] [OE. given, yiven, yeven, AS. gifan, giefan; akin to D. geven, OS. geðan, OHG. geban, G. geben, Icel. gefa, Sw. gifva, Dan. give, Goth. giban. Cf. Gift, n.] 1. To bestow without receiving a return; to confer without compensation; to impart, as a possession; to grant, as authority or permission; to yield up or allow. “For generous lords had rather give than pay.” Young. 2. To yield possesion of; to deliver over, as property, in exchange for something; to pay; as we give the value of what we buy. “What shall a man give in exchange for his soul ?” Matt. xvi. 26. 3. To yield; to furnish; to produce; to emit; as flint and steel give sparks. 4. To communicate or announce, as advice, tidings, etc.; to pronounce; to render or utter, as an opinion, a judgment, a sentence, a shout, etc. 5. To grant power or license to; to permit; to allow; to license; to commission. “It is given me once again to behold my friend.” Rowe. “Then give thy friend to shed the sacred wine.” Pope. 6. To exhibit as a product or result; to produce; to show; as the number of men, divided by the number of ships, gives four hundred to each ship. 7. To devote; to apply; used reflexively, to devote or apply one’s self; as the soldiers give themselves to plunder; also in this sense used very frequently in the past participle; as the people are given to luxury and pleasure; the youth is given to study. 8. (Logic & Math.) To set forth as a known quantity or a known relation, or as a premise from which to reason; — used principally in the passive form given. 9. To allow or admit by way of supposition. “I give not heaven for lost.” Mlton. 10. To attribute; to assign; to adjudge. “I don’t wonder at people’s giving him to me as a lover.” Sheridan. 11. To excite or cause to exist, as a sensation; as to give offense; to give pleasure or pain. 12. To pledge; as to give one’s word. 13. To cause; to make; — with the infinitive; as to give one to understand, to know, etc. “But there the duke was given to understand
That in a gondola were seen together
Lorenzo and his amorous Jessica.” Shak. To give away, to make over to another; to transfer. “Whatsoever we employ in charitable uses during our lives, is given away from ourselves.” Atterbury. — To give back, to return; to restore. Atterbury. — To give the bag, to cheat. [Obs.] “I fear our ears have given us the bag.” J. Webster. — To give birth to. (a) To bear or bring forth, as a child. (b) To originate; to give existence to, as an enterprise, idea. — To give chase, to pursue. — To give ear to. See under Ear. — To give forth, to give out; to publish; to tell. Hayward. — To give ground. See under Ground, n. — To give the hand, to pledge friendship or faith. — To give the hand of, to espouse; to bestow in marriage. — To give the head. See under Head, n. — To give in. (a) To abate; to deduct. (b) To declare; to make known; to announce; to tender; as to give in one’s adhesion to a party. — To give the lie to (a person), to tell (him) that he lies. — To give line. See under Line. — To give off, to emit, as steam, vapor, odor, etc. — To give one’s self away, to make an inconsiderate surrender of one’s cause, an unintentional disclosure of one’s purposes, or the like. [Colloq.] — To give out. (a) To utter publicly; to report; to announce or declare. “One that gives out himself Prince Florizel.” Shak. “Give out you are of Epidamnum.” Shak. (b) To send out; to emit; to distribute; as a substance gives out steam or odors. — To give over. (a) To yield completely; to quit; to abandon. (b) To despair of. (c) To addict, resign, or apply (one’s self). “The Babylonians had given themselves over to all manner of vice.” Grew. — To give place, to withdraw; to yield one’s claim. — To give points. (a) In games of skill, to equalize chances by conceding a certain advantage; to allow a handicap. (b) To give useful suggestions. [Colloq.] — To give rein. See under Rein, n. — To give the sack. Same as To give the bag. — To give and take. (a) To average gains and losses. (b) To exchange freely, as blows, sarcasms, etc. — To give time (Law), to accord extension or forbearance to a debtor. Abbott. — To give the time of day, to salute one with the compliment appropriate to the hour, as ´good morning.´ ´good evening´, etc. — To give tongue, in hunter’s phrase, to bark; — said of dogs. — To give up. (a) To abandon; to surrender. ´Don’t give up the ship.´ “He has … given up
For certain drops of salt, your city Rome.” Shak. (b) To make public; to reveal. “I’ll not state them
By giving up their characters.” Beau. & Fl. (c) (Used also reflexively.) — To give up the ghost. See under Ghost. — To give one’s self up, to abandon hope; to despair; to surrender one’s self. — To give way. (a) To withdraw; to give place. (b) To yield to force or pressure; as the scaffolding gave way. (c) (Naut.) To begin to row; or to row with increased energy. (d) (Stock Exchange). To depreciate or decline in value; as railroad securities gave way two per cent. — To give way together, to row in time; to keep stroke. Syn. — To Give, Confer, Grant. To give is the generic word, embracing all the rest. To confer was originally used of persons in power, who gave permanent grants or privileges; as to confer the order of knighthood; and hence it still denotes the giving of something which might have been withheld; as to confer a favor. To grant is to give in answer to a petition or request, or to one who is in some way dependent or inferior.

Give , v. i. 1. To give a gift or gifts. 2. To yield to force or pressure; to relax; to become less rigid; as the earth gives under the feet. 3. To become soft or moist. [Obs.] Bacon . 4. To move; to recede. “Now back he gives, then rushes on amain.” Daniel. 5. To shed tears; to weep. [Obs.] “Whose eyes do never give
But through lust and laughter.” Shak. 6. To have a misgiving. [Obs.] “My mind gives ye’re reserved
To rob poor market women.” J. Webster. 7. To open; to lead. [A Gallicism] “This, yielding, gave into a grassy walk.” Tennyson. To give back, to recede; to retire; to retreat. “They gave back and came no farther.” Bunyan. — To give in, to yield; to succumb; to acknowledge one’s self beaten; to cease opposition. “The Scots battalion was enforced to give in.” Hayward. “This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those general phrases.” Pope. — To give off, to cease; to forbear. [Obs.] Locke. — To give on or upon. (a) To rush; to fall upon. [Obs.] (b) To have a view of; to be in sight of; to overlook; to look toward; to open upon; to front; to face. [A Gallicism: cf. Fr. donner sur.] “Rooms which gave upon a pillared porch.” Tennyson. “The gloomy staircase on which the grating gave.” Dickens. — To give out. (a) To expend all one’s strength. Hence: (b) To cease from exertion; to fail; to be exhausted; as my feet being to give out; the flour has given out. — To give over, to cease; to discontinue; to desist. “It would be well for all authors, if they knew when to give over, and to desist from any further pursuits after fame.” Addison. — To give up, to cease from effort; to yield; to despair; as he would never give up.

Giv´en , p. p. & a. from Give, v. 1. (Math. & Logic) Granted; assumed; supposed to be known; set forth as a known quantity, relation, or premise. 2. Disposed; inclined; — used with an adv.; as virtuously given. Shak. 3. Stated; fixed; as in a given time. Given name, the Christian name, or name given by one’s parents or guardians, as distinguished from the surname, which is inherited. [Colloq.]

Giv´er , n. One who gives; a donor; a bestower; a grantor; one who imparts or distributes. “It is the giver, and not the gift, that engrosses the heart of the Christian.” Kollock.

Gives , n. pl. [See Give, n.] Fetters.

Giv´ing , n. 1. The act of bestowing as a gift; a conferring or imparting. 2. A gift; a benefaction. [R.] Pope. 3. The act of softening, breaking, or yielding. ´Upon the first giving of the weather.´ Addison. Giving in, a falling inwards; a collapse. — Giving out, anything uttered or asserted; an outgiving. “His givings out were of an infinite distance
From his true meant design.” Shak.

Giz´zard , n. [F. gesier, L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry. Cf. Gigerium.] 1. (Anat.) The second, or true, muscular stomach of birds, in which the food is crushed and ground, after being softened in the glandular stomach (crop), or lower part of the esophagus; the gigerium. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A thick muscular stomach found in many invertebrate animals. (b) A stomach armed with chitinous or shelly plates or teeth, as in certain insects and mollusks. Gizzard shad (Zoöl.), an American herring (Dorosoma cepedianum) resembling the shad, but of little value. — To fret the gizzard, to harass; to vex one’s self; to worry. [Low] Hudibras. — To stick in one’s gizzard, to be difficult of digestion; to be offensive. [Low]

Gla•bel´la , n.; pl. Glabell (#). [NL., fr. L. glabellus hairless, fr. glaber bald.] (Anat.) The space between the eyebrows, also including the corresponding part of the frontal bone; the mesophryon. — Gla•bel´lar (#), a.

Gla•bel´lum , n.; pl. Glabella (#). [NL. See Glabella.] (Zoöl.) The median, convex lobe of the head of a trilobite. See Trilobite.

Gla´brate , a. [L. glabrare, fr. glaber smooth.] (Bot.) Becoming smooth or glabrous from age. Gray. { Gla´bre•ate , Gla´bri•ate } v. t. [See Glabrate.] To make smooth, plain, or bare. [Obs.]

Glab´ri•ty , n. [L. glabritas.] Smoothness; baldness. [R.]

Gla´brous , a. [L. glaber; cf. Gr. hollow, smooth, to hollow.] Smooth; having a surface without hairs or any unevenness.

Gla´cial , a. [L. glacialis, from glacies ice: cf. F. glacial.] 1. Pertaining to ice or to its action; consisting of ice; frozen; icy; esp., pertaining to glaciers; as glacial phenomena. Lyell. 2. (Chem.) Resembling ice; having the appearance and consistency of ice; — said of certain solid compounds; as glacial phosphoric or acetic acids. Glacial acid (Chem.), an acid of such strength or purity as to crystallize at an ordinary temperature, in an icelike form; as acetic or carbolic acid. — Glacial drift (Geol.), earth and rocks which have been transported by moving ice, land ice, or icebergs; bowlder drift. — Glacial epoch or period (Geol.), a period during which the climate of the modern temperate regions was polar, and ice covered large portions of the northern hemisphere to the mountain tops. — Glacial theory or hypothesis. (Geol.) See Glacier theory, under Glacier.

Gla´cial•ist, n. One who attributes the phenomena of the drift, in geology, to glaciers.

Gla´ci•ate , v. i. [L. glaciatus, p. p. of glaciare to freeze, fr. glacies ice.] To turn to ice.

Gla´ci•ate, v. t. 1. To convert into, or cover with, ice. 2. (Geol.) To produce glacial effects upon, as in the scoring of rocks, transportation of loose material, etc. Glaciated rocks, rocks whose surfaces have been smoothed, furrowed, or striated, by the action of ice.

Gla•ci•a´tion , n. 1. Act of freezing. 2. That which is formed by freezing; ice. 3. The process of glaciating, or the state of being glaciated; the production of glacial phenomena.

Gla´cier , n. [F. glacier, fr. glace ice, L. glacies.] An immense field or stream of ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down a mountain slope or valley, as in the Alps, or over an extended area, as in Greenland. The mass of compacted snow forming the upper part of a glacier is called the firn, or neve; the glacier proper consist of solid ice, deeply crevassed where broken up by irregularities in the slope or direction of its path. A glacier usually carries with it accumulations of stones and dirt called moraines, which are designated, according to their position, as lateral, medial, or terminal (see Moraine). The common rate of flow of the Alpine glaciers is from ten to twenty inches per day in summer, and about half that in winter. Glacier theory (Geol.), the theory that large parts of the frigid and temperate zones were covered with ice during the glacial, or ice, period, and that, by the agency of this ice, the loose materials on the earth’s surface, called drift or diluvium, were transported and accumulated.

Gla´cious , a. Pertaining to, consisting of or resembling, ice; icy. Sir T. Browne.

Gla´cis , n. [F. glacis; — so named from its smoothness. See Glacier.] A gentle slope, or a smooth, gently sloping bank; especially (Fort.), that slope of earth which inclines from the covered way toward the exterior ground or country (see Illust. of Ravelin).

Glad , a. [Compar. Gladder superl. Gladdest ] [AS. glaed bright, glad; akin to D. glad smooth, G. glatt, OHG. glat smooth, shining, Icel. glar glad, bright, Dan. & Sw. glad glad, Lith. glodas smooth, and prob. to L. glaber, and E. glide. Cf. Glabrous.] 1. Pleased; joyous; happy; cheerful; gratified; — opposed to sorry, sorrowful, or unhappy; — said of persons, and often followed by of, at, that, or by the infinitive, and sometimes by with, introducing the cause or reason. “A wise son maketh a glad father.” Prov. x. 1. “He that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished.” Prov. xvii. 5. “The Trojan, glad with sight of hostile blood.” Dryden. “He, glad of her attention gained.” Milton. “As we are now glad to behold your eyes.” Shak. “Glad am I that your highness is so armed.” Shak. Glad on ’t, glad of it. [Colloq.] Shak. 2. Wearing a gay or bright appearance; expressing or exciting joy; producing gladness; exhilarating. “Her conversation
More glad to me than to a miser money is.” Sir P. Sidney. “Glad evening and glad morn crowned the fourth day.” Milton. Syn. — Pleased; gratified; exhilarated; animated; delighted; happy; cheerful; joyous; joyful; cheering; exhilarating; pleasing; animating. — Glad, Delighted, Gratified. Delighted expresses a much higher degree of pleasure than glad. Gratified always refers to a pleasure conferred by some human agent, and the feeling is modified by the consideration that we owe it in part to another. A person may be glad or delighted to see a friend, and gratified at the attention shown by his visits.

Glad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gladding.] [AS. gladian. See Glad, a., and cf. Gladden, v. t.] To make glad; to cheer; to gladden; to exhilarate. Chaucer. “That which gladded all the warrior train.” Dryden. “Each drinks the juice that glads the heart of man.” Pope.

Glad, v. i. To be glad; to rejoice. [Obs.] Massinger.

Glad´den , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladdened p. pr. & vb. n. Gladdening ] [See Glad, v. t.] To make glad; to cheer; to please; to gratify; to rejoice; to exhilarate. “A secret pleasure gladdened all that saw him.” Addison.

Glad´den, v. i. To be or become glad; to rejoice. “The vast Pacific gladdens with the freight.” Wordsworth.

Glad´der , n. One who makes glad. Chaucer.

Glade , n. [Prob. of Scand. origin, and akin to glad, a.; cf. also W. golead, goleuad, a lighting, illumination, fr. goleu light, clear, bright, goleu fwlch glade, lit., a light or clear defile.] 1. An open passage through a wood; a grassy open or cleared space in a forest. “There interspersed in lawns and opening glades.” Pope. 2. An everglade. [Local, U. S.] 3. An opening in the ice of rivers or lakes, or a place left unfrozen; also smooth ice. [Local, U. S.] Bottom glade. See under Bottom. — Glade net, in England, a net used for catching woodcock and other birds in forest glades.

Gla´den , n. [AS. glaedene, cf. L. gladius a sword. Cf. Gladiole.] (Bot.) Sword grass; any plant with sword-shaped leaves, esp. the European Iris fœtidissima. [Written also gladwyn, gladdon, and glader.]

Glad´eye , n. (Zoöl.) The European yellow-hammer.

Glad´ful , a. Full of gladness; joyful; glad. [R.] — Glad´ful•ness, n. [R.] Spenser. “It followed him with gladful glee.” Spenser.

Glad´i•ate , a. [L. gladius sword.] (Bot.) Sword-shaped; resembling a sword in form, as the leaf of the iris, or of the gladiolus.

Glad´i•a•tor , n. [L., fr. gladius sword. See Glaive.] 1. Originally, a swordplayer; hence, one who fought with weapons in public, either on the occasion of a funeral ceremony, or in the arena, for public amusement. 2. One who engages in any fierce combat or controversy. { Glad•i•a•to´ri•al , Glad•i•a•to´ri•an , } a. Of or pertaining to gladiators, or to contests or combatants in general.

Glad´i•a•tor•ism , n. The art or practice of a gladiator.

Glad´i•a•tor•ship, n. Conduct, state, or art, of a gladiator.

Glad´i•a•to•ry , a. [L. gladiatorius.] Gladiatorial. [R.]

Glad´i•a•ture , n. [L. gladiatura.] Swordplay; fencing; gladiatorial contest. Gayton.

Glad´i•ole , n. [L. gladiolus a small sword, the sword lily, dim. of gladius sword. See Glaive.] (Bot.) A lilylike plant, of the genus Gladiolus; — called also corn flag.

Gla•di´o•lus , n.; pl. L. Gladioli (#), E. Gladioluses (#). [L. See Gladiole.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants having bulbous roots and gladiate leaves, and including many species, some of which are cultivated and valued for the beauty of their flowers; the corn flag; the sword lily. 2. (Anat.) The middle portion of the sternum in some animals; the mesosternum.

Gla´di•us , n.; pl. Gladii (#). [L., a sword.] (Zoöl.) The internal shell, or pen, of cephalopods like the squids.

Glad´ly , adv. [From Glad, a.] 1. Preferably; by choice. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. With pleasure; joyfully; cheerfully; eagerly. “The common people heard him gladly.” Mark xii. 37.

Glad´ness , n. [AS. glaednes.] State or quality of being glad; pleasure; joyful satisfaction; cheerfulness. “They … did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart.” Acts ii. 46. Gladness is rarely or never equivalent to mirth, merriment, gayety, and triumph, and it usually expresses less than delight. It sometimes expresses great joy. “The Jews had joy and gladness, a feast and a good day.” Esther viii. 17.

Glad´ship, n. [AS. glaedscipe.] A state of gladness. [Obs.] Gower.

Glad´some , a. 1. Pleased; joyful; cheerful. 2. Causing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness; having the appearance of gayety; pleasing. “Of opening heaven they sung, and gladsome day.” Prior. — Glad´some•ly, adv. — Glad´some•ness, n. “Hours of perfect gladsomeness.” Wordsworth.

Glad´stone , n. [Named after Wm. E. Gladstone.] A four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two inside seats, calash top, and seats for driver and footman.

Glad´wyn , n. (Bot.) See Gladen.

Glair , n. [F. glaire, glaire d’uf, the glair of an egg, prob. fr. L. clarus clear, bright. See Clear, a.] 1. The white of egg. It is used as a size or a glaze in bookbinding, for pastry, etc. 2. Any viscous, transparent substance, resembling the white of an egg. 3. A broadsword fixed on a pike; a kind of halberd.

Glair, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glaired p. pr. & vb. n. Glairing.] To smear with the white of an egg.

Glaire , n. See Glair.

Glair´e•ous , a. Glairy; covered with glair.

Glair´in , n. A glairy viscous substance, which forms on the surface of certain mineral waters, or covers the sides of their inclosures; — called also baregin.

Glair´y , a. Like glair, or partaking of its qualities; covered with glair; viscous and transparent; slimy. Wiseman.

Glaive , n. [F. glaive, L. gladius; prob. akin to E. claymore. Cf. Gladiator.] 1. A weapon formerly used, consisting of a large blade fixed on the end of a pole, whose edge was on the outside curve; also a light lance with a long sharp- pointed head. Wilhelm. 2. A sword; — used poetically and loosely. “The glaive which he did wield.” Spenser.

Gla´ma , n. [NL.; cf. Gr. , L. gramiae, Gr. blear-eyed.] (Med.) A copious gummy secretion of the humor of the eyelids, in consequence of some disorder; blearedness; lippitude.

Gla´mour , n. [Scot. glamour, glamer; cf. Icel. glámeggdr one who is troubled with the glaucoma or Icel. glam-syni weakness of sight, glamour; glamr name of the moon, also of a ghost + syni sight, akin to E. see. Perh., however, a corruption of E. gramarye.] 1. A charm affecting the eye, making objects appear different from what they really are. 2. Witchcraft; magic; a spell. Tennyson. 3. A kind of haze in the air, causing things to appear different from what they really are. “The air filled with a strange, pale glamour that seemed to lie over the broad valley.” W. Black. 4. Any artificial interest in, or association with, an object, through which it appears delusively magnified or glorified. 5. A quality of a person which allures and fascinates, usually by good looks and a charming manner; — of people; as the glamour of John F. Kennedy..
[PJC] 6. An attractive quality which provides excitement, adventure, the thrill of unusual activity, or the potential to become famous; — of activities; as the glamour of movie stardom.
[PJC] Glamour gift, Glamour might, the gift or power of producing a glamour. The former is used figuratively, of the gift of fascination peculiar to women. “It had much of glamour might
To make a lady seem a knight.” Sir W. Scott.

Glam´ou•rie , n. Glamour. [Scot.]

Glance , n. [Akin to D. glans luster, brightness, G. glanz, Sw. glans, D. glands brightness, glimpse. Cf. Gleen, Glint, Glitter, and Glance a mineral.] 1. A sudden flash of light or splendor. “Swift as the lightning glance.” Milton. 2. A quick cast of the eyes; a quick or a casual look; a swift survey; a glimpse. “Dart not scornful glances from those eyes.” Shak. 3. An incidental or passing thought or allusion. “How fleet is a glance of the mind.” Cowper. 4. (Min.) A name given to some sulphides, mostly dark-colored, which have a brilliant metallic luster, as the sulphide of copper, called copper glance. Glance coal, anthracite; a mineral composed chiefly of carbon. — Glance cobalt, cobaltite, or gray cobalt. — Glance copper, chalcocite. — Glance wood, a hard wood grown in Cuba, and used for gauging instruments, carpenters’ rules, etc. McElrath.

Glance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glanced p. pr. & vb. n. Glancing ] 1. To shoot or emit a flash of light; to shine; to flash. “From art, from nature, from the schools,
Let random influences glance,
Like light in many a shivered lance,
That breaks about the dappled pools.” Tennyson. 2. To strike and fly off in an oblique direction; to dart aside. ´Your arrow hath glanced´. Shak. “On me the curse aslope
Glanced on the ground.” Milton. 3. To look with a sudden, rapid cast of the eye; to snatch a momentary or hasty view. “The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven.” Shak. 4. To make an incidental or passing reflection; to allude; to hint; — often with at. “Wherein obscurely
Caesar\’b6s ambition shall be glanced at.” Shak. “He glanced at a certain reverend doctor.” Swift. 5. To move quickly, appearing and disappearing rapidly; to be visible only for an instant at a time; to move interruptedly; to twinkle. “And all along the forum and up the sacred seat,
His vulture eye pursued the trip of those small glancing feet.” Macaulay.

Glance , v. t. 1. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely; to cast for a moment; as to glance the eye. 2. To hint at; to touch lightly or briefly. [Obs.] “In company I often glanced it.” Shak.

Glan´cing , a. 1. Shooting, as light. “When through the gancing lightnings fly.” Rowe. 2. Flying off (after striking) in an oblique direction; as a glancing shot.

Glan´cing•ly, adv. In a glancing manner; transiently; incidentally; indirectly. Hakewill.

Gland , n. [F. glande, L. glans, glandis, acorn; akin to Gr. for , and to cast, throw, the acorn being the dropped fruit. Cf. Parable, n.] 1. (Anat.) (a) An organ for secreting something to be used in, or eliminated from, the body; as the sebaceous glands of the skin; the salivary glands of the mouth. (b) An organ or part which resembles a secreting, or true, gland, as the ductless, lymphatic, pineal, and pituitary glands, the functions of which are very imperfectly known. The true secreting glands are, in principle, narrow pouches of the mucous membranes, or of the integument, lined with a continuation of the epithelium, or of the epidermis, the cells of which produce the secretion from the blood. In the larger glands, the pouches are tubular, greatly elongated, and coiled, as in the sweat glands, or subdivided and branched, making compound and racemose glands, such as the pancreas. 2. (Bot.) (a) A special organ of plants, usually minute and globular, which often secretes some kind of resinous, gummy, or aromatic product. (b) Any very small prominence. 3. (Steam Mach.) The movable part of a stuffing box by which the packing is compressed; — sometimes called a follower. See Illust. of Stuffing box, under Stuffing. 4. (Mach.) The crosspiece of a bayonet clutch.

Glan´dage , n. [Cf. OF. glandage. See Gland.] A feeding on nuts or mast. [Obs.] Crabb.

Glan´dered , a. Affected with glanders; as a glandered horse. Yuatt.

Glan´der•ous , a. Of or pertaining to glanders; of the nature of glanders. Youatt.

Glan´ders , n. [From Gland.] (Far.) A highly contagious and very destructive disease of horses, asses, mules, etc., characterized by a constant discharge of sticky matter from the nose, and an enlargement and induration of the glands beneath and within the lower jaw. It may transmitted to dogs, goats, sheep, and to human beings.

Glan•dif´er•ous , a. [L. glandifer; glans, glandis, acorn + ferre to bear; cf. F. glandifère.] Bearing acorns or other nuts; as glandiferous trees.

Gland´i•form , a. [L. glans, glandis, acorn + -form: cf. F. glandiforme .] Having the form of a gland or nut; resembling a gland.

Glan´du•lar , a. [Cf. F. glandulaire. See Glandule.] Containing or supporting glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands.

Glan•du•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. glandulation.] (Bot.) The situation and structure of the secretory vessels in plants. Martyn. “Glandulation respects the secretory vessels, which are either glandules, follicles, or utricles.” J. Lee.

Glan´dule , n. [L. glandula, dim. of glans, glandis, acorn: cf. F. glandule. See Gland.] A small gland or secreting vessel.

Glan•du•lif´er•ous , a. [L. glandula gland + -ferous; cf. F. glandulifère.] Bearing glandules.

Glan´du•lose , a. Same as Glandulous.

Glan•du•los´i•ty , n. Quality of being glandulous; a collection of glands. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Glan´du•lous , a. [L. glandulosus: cf. F. glanduleux.] Containing glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands; resembling glands.

Glans n.; pl. Glandes (#). [L. See Gland.] 1. (Anat.) The vascular body which forms the apex of the penis, and the extremity of the clitoris. 2. (Bot.) The acorn or mast of the oak and similar fruits. Gray. 3. (Med.) (a) Goiter. (b) A pessary. [Obs.]

Glare (glâr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glared p. pr. & vb. n. Glaring.] [OE. glaren, gloren; cf. AS. glaer amber, LG. glaren to glow or burn like coals, D. gloren to glimmer; prob. akin to E. glass.] 1. To shine with a bright, dazzling light. “The cavern glares with new-admitted light.” Dryden. 2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes; to stare earnestly, angrily, or fiercely. “And eye that scorcheth all it glares upon.” Byron. 3. To be bright and intense, as certain colors; to be ostentatiously splendid or gay. “She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring.” Pope.

Glare, v. t. To shoot out, or emit, as a dazzling light. “Every eye
Glared lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire.” Milton.

Glare, n. 1. A bright, dazzling light; splendor that dazzles the eyes; a confusing and bewildering light. “The frame of burnished steel that cast a glare.” Dryden. 2. A fierce, piercing look or stare. “About them round,
A lion now he stalks with fiery glare.” Milton. 3. A viscous, transparent substance. See Glair. 4. A smooth, bright, glassy surface; as a glare of ice. [U. S. ]

Glare, a. [See Glary, and Glare, n.] Smooth and bright or translucent; — used almost exclusively of ice; as skating on glare ice. [U. S.]

Glar´e•ous (glâr´e•us), a. [Cf. F. glaireux. See Glair.] Glairy. John Gregory (1766). { Glar´i•ness , Glar´ing•ness } n. A dazzling luster or brilliancy.

Glar´ing, a. Clear; notorious; open and bold; barefaced; as a glaring crime; a glaring mistake. — Glar´ing•ly, adv.

Glar´y , a. Of a dazzling luster; glaring; bright; shining; smooth. “Bright, crystal glass is glary.” Boyle.

Glass (glas), n. [OE. glas, gles, AS. glaes; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. glas, Icel. glas, gler, Dan. glar; cf. AS. glaer amber, L. glaesum. Cf. Glare, n., Glaze, v. t.] 1. A hard, brittle, translucent, and commonly transparent substance, white or colored, having a conchoidal fracture, and made by fusing together sand or silica with lime, potash, soda, or lead oxide. It is used for window panes and mirrors, for articles of table and culinary use, for lenses, and various articles of ornament. Glass is variously colored by the metallic oxides; thus, manganese colors it violet; copper (cuprous), red, or (cupric) green; cobalt, blue; uranium, yellowish green or canary yellow; iron, green or brown; gold, purple or red; tin, opaque white; chromium, emerald green; antimony, yellow. 2. (Chem.) Any substance having a peculiar glassy appearance, and a conchoidal fracture, and usually produced by fusion. 3. Anything made of glass. Especially: (a) A looking-glass; a mirror. (b) A vessel filled with running sand for measuring time; an hourglass; and hence, the time in which such a vessel is exhausted of its sand. “She would not live
The running of one glass.” Shak. (c) A drinking vessel; a tumbler; a goblet; hence, the contents of such a vessel; especially; spirituous liquors; as he took a glass at dinner. (d) An optical glass; a lens; a spyglass; — in the plural, spectacles; as a pair of glasses; he wears glasses. (e) A weatherglass; a barometer. Glass is much used adjectively or in combination; as glass maker, or glassmaker; glass making or glassmaking; glass blower or glassblower, etc. Bohemian glass, Cut glass, etc. See under Bohemian, Cut, etc. — Crown glass, a variety of glass, used for making the finest plate or window glass, and consisting essentially of silicate of soda or potash and lime, with no admixture of lead; the convex half of an achromatic lens is composed of crown glass; — so called from a crownlike shape given it in the process of blowing. — Crystal glass, or Flint glass. See Flint glass, in the Vocabulary. — Cylinder glass, sheet glass made by blowing the glass in the form of a cylinder which is then split longitudinally, opened out, and flattened. — Glass of antimony, a vitreous oxide of antimony mixed with sulphide. — Glass blower, one whose occupation is to blow and fashion glass. — Glass blowing, the art of shaping glass, when reduced by heat to a viscid state, by inflating it through a tube. — Glass cloth, a woven fabric formed of glass fibers. — Glass coach, a coach superior to a hackney-coach, hired for the day, or any short period, as a private carriage; — so called because originally private carriages alone had glass windows. [Eng.] Smart. “Glass coaches are [allowed in English parks from which ordinary hacks are excluded], meaning by this term, which is never used in America, hired carriages that do not go on stands.” J. F. Cooper. — Glass cutter. (a) One who cuts sheets of glass into sizes for window panes, ets. (b) One who shapes the surface of glass by grinding and polishing. (c) A tool, usually with a diamond at the point, for cutting glass. — Glass cutting. (a) The act or process of dividing glass, as sheets of glass into panes with a diamond. (b) The act or process of shaping the surface of glass by appylying it to revolving wheels, upon which sand, emery, and, afterwards, polishing powder, are applied; especially of glass which is shaped into facets, tooth ornaments, and the like. Glass having ornamental scrolls, etc., cut upon it, is said to be engraved. — Glass metal, the fused material for making glass. — Glass painting, the art or process of producing decorative effects in glass by painting it with enamel colors and combining the pieces together with slender sash bars of lead or other metal. In common parlance, glass painting and glass staining (see Glass staining, below) are used indifferently for all colored decorative work in windows, and the like. — Glass paper, paper faced with pulvirezed glass, and used for abrasive purposes. — Glass silk, fine threads of glass, wound, when in fusion, on rapidly rotating heated cylinders. — Glass silvering, the process of transforming plate glass into mirrors by coating it with a reflecting surface, a deposit of silver, or a mercury amalgam. - - Glass soap, or Glassmaker’s soap, the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass. — Glass staining, the art or practice of coloring glass in its whole substance, or, in the case of certain colors, in a superficial film only; also decorative work in glass. Cf. Glass painting. — Glass tears. See Rupert’s drop. — Glass works, an establishment where glass is made. — Heavy glass, a heavy optical glass, consisting essentially of a borosilicate of potash. — Millefiore glass. See Millefiore. — Plate glass, a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, and flattened by heavy rollers, — used for mirrors and the best windows. — Pressed glass, glass articles formed in molds by pressure when hot. — Soluble glass (Chem.), a silicate of sodium or potassium, found in commerce as a white, glassy mass, a stony powder, or dissolved as a viscous, sirupy liquid; — used for rendering fabrics incombustible, for hardening artificial stone, etc.; — called also water glass. — Spun glass, glass drawn into a thread while liquid. — Toughened glass, Tempered glass, glass finely tempered or annealed, by a peculiar method of sudden cooling by plunging while hot into oil, melted wax, or paraffine, etc.; — called also from the name of the inventor of the process, Bastie glass. — Water glass. (Chem.) See Soluble glass, above. — Window glass, glass in panes suitable for windows.

Glass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glassed p. pr. & vb. n. Glassing.] 1. To reflect, as in a mirror; to mirror; — used reflexively. “Happy to glass themselves in such a mirror.” Motley. “Where the Almighty’s form glasses itself in tempests.” Byron. 2. To case in glass. [R.] Shak. 3. To cover or furnish with glass; to glaze. Boyle. 4. To smooth or polish anything, as leater, by rubbing it with a glass burnisher.

Glass´-crab , n. (Zoöl.) The larval state (Phyllosoma) of the genus Palinurus and allied genera. It is remarkable for its strange outlines, thinness, and transparency. See Phyllosoma.

Glass´en , a. Glassy; glazed. [Obs.] “And pursues the dice with glassen eyes.” B. Jonson.

Glass´eye , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A fish of the great lakes; the wall-eyed pike. 2. (Far.) A species of blindness in horses in which the eye is bright and the pupil dilated; a sort of amaurosis. Youatt.

Glass´-faced , a. Mirror- faced; reflecting the sentiments of another. [R.] ´The glass-faced flatterer.´ Shak.

Glass´ful , n.; pl. Glassfuls . The contents of a glass; as much of anything as a glass will hold.

Glass´ful, a. Glassy; shining like glass. [Obs.] ´Minerva’s glassful shield.´ Marston.

Glass´-gaz•ing , a. Given to viewing one’s self in a glass or mirror; finical. [Poetic] Shak.

Glass´house , n. A house where glass is made; a commercial house that deals in glassware.

Glass´i•ly , adv. So as to resemble glass.

Glass´i•ness, n. The quality of being glassy.

Glass´ite , n. A member of a Scottish sect, founded in the 18th century by John Glass, a minister of the Established Church of Scotland, who taught that justifying faith is ´no more than a simple assent to the divine testimone passively recived by the understanding.´ The English and American adherents of this faith are called Sandemanians, after Robert Sandeman, the son-in-law and disciple of Glass.

Glass´ mak•er or Glass´mak•er n. One who makes, or manufactures, glass. — Glass´ mak•ing, or Glass´mak•ing, n.

Glass´-rope , n. (Zoöl.) A remarkable vitreous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, first brought from Japan. It has a long stem, consisting of a bundle of long and large, glassy, siliceous fibers, twisted together.

Glass´-snail , n. (Zoöl.) A small, transparent, land snail, of the genus Vitrina.

Glass´-snake , n. (Zoöl.) A long, footless lizard (Ophiosaurus ventralis), of the Southern United States; — so called from its fragility, the tail easily breaking into small pieces. It grows to the length of three feet. The name is applied also to similar species found in the Old World.

Glass´-sponge , n. (Zoöl.) A siliceous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, and allied genera; — so called from their glassy fibers or spicules; — called also vitreous sponge. See Glass-rope, and Euplectella.

Glass´ware , n. Ware, or articles collectively, made of glass.

Glass´work , n. Manufacture of glass; articles or ornamentation made of glass.

Glass´wort , n. (Bot.) A seashore plant of the Spinach family (Salicornia herbacea), with succulent jointed stems; also a prickly plant of the same family (Salsola Kali), both formerly burned for the sake of the ashes, which yield soda for making glass and soap.

Glass´y , a. 1. Made of glass; vitreous; as a glassy substance. Bacon. 2. Resembling glass in its properties, as in smoothness, brittleness, or transparency; as a glassy stream; a glassy surface; the glassy deep. 3. Dull; wanting life or fire; lackluster; — said of the eyes. ´In his glassy eye.´ Byron. Glassy feldspar (Min.), a variety of orthoclase; sanidine.

Glas´ton•bur•y thorn (Bot.) A variety of the common hawthorn. Loudon.

Glas´ynge , n. Glazing or glass. [Obs.]

Glau´ber•ite , n. [From Glauber, a German chemist, died 1668: cf. F. glauberite, G. glauberit.] (Min.) A mineral, consisting of the sulphates of soda and lime.

Glau´ber’s salt or Glau´ber’s salts . [G. glaubersalz from Glauber a German chemist who discovered it. See Glauberite.] Sulphate of soda a well- known cathartic. It is a white crystalline substance with a cooling slightly bitter taste and is commonly called ´salts.´ It occurs naturally and abundantly in some mineral springs and in many salt deposits as the mineral mirabilite. It is manufactured in large quantities as an intermediate step in the ´soda process´ and also for use in glass making.

Glau•ces´cent , a. [See Glaucous.] Having a somewhat glaucous appearance or nature; becoming glaucous.

Glau´cic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to the Glaucium or horned poppy; — formerly applied to an acid derived from it, now known to be fumaric acid.

Glau´cine , a. Glaucous or glaucescent.

Glau´cine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the plant Glaucium, as a bitter, white, crystalline substance.

Glau´co•dot , n. [Gr. glayko•s silvery, gray + dido•nai to give.] (Min.) A metallic mineral having a grayish tin-white color, and containing cobalt and iron, with sulphur and arsenic.

Glau•co´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. glay•kwma, fr. glayko•s light gray, blue gray.] (Med.) Dimness or abolition of sight, with a diminution of transparency, a bluish or greenish tinge of the refracting media of the eye, and a hard inelastic condition of the eyeball, with marked increase of tension within the eyeball.

Glau•co´ma•tous , a. Having the nature of glaucoma.

Glau•com´e•ter , n. See Gleucometer.

Glau´co•nite , n. [Cf. F. glauconite, glauconie, fr. L. glaucus. See Glaucous.] (Min.) The green mineral characteristic of the greensand of the chalk and other formations. It is a hydrous silicate of iron and potash. See Greensand.

Glau´co•phane , n. [Gr. glayko•s silvery, gray + fai•nesqai to appear.] (Min.) A mineral of a dark bluish color, related to amphibole. It is characteristic of certain crystalline rocks.

Glau•co´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. glay•kwsis.] (Med.) Same as Glaucoma.

Glau´cous (gla´kus), a. [L. glaucus, Gr. glayko•s.] 1. Of a sea-green color; of a dull green passing into grayish blue. Lindley. 2. (Bot.) Covered with a fine bloom or fine white powder easily rubbed off, as that on a blue plum, or on a cabbage leaf. Gray.

Glau´cus , n. [L., sea green.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nudibranchiate mollusks, found in the warmer latitudes, swimming in the open sea. These mollusks are beautifully colored with blue and silvery white.

Glaum , v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To grope with the hands, as in the dark. [Scot.] To glaum at, to grasp or snatch at; to aspire to. “Wha glaum’d at kingdoms three.” Burns.

Glave , n. See Glaive.

Glav´er , v. i. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glafr flattery.] 1. To prate; to jabber; to babble. [Obs.] “Here many, clepid filosophirs, glavern diversely.” Wyclif. 2. To flatter; to wheedle. [Obs.] “Some slavish, glavering, flattering parasite.” South.

Glav´er•er , n. A flatterer. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Glay´more , n. A claymore. Johnson.

Glaze (glaz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glazed (glazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Glazing.] [OE. glasen, glazen, fr. glas. See Glass.] 1. To furnish (a window, a house, a sash, a case, etc.) with glass. “Two cabinets daintily paved, richly handed, and glazed with crystalline glass.” Bacon. 2. To incrust, cover, or overlay with a thin surface, consisting of, or resembling, glass; as to glaze earthenware; hence, to render smooth, glasslike, or glossy; as to glaze paper, gunpowder, and the like. “Sorrow’s eye glazed with blinding tears.” Shak. 3. (Paint.) To apply thinly a transparent or semitransparent color to (another color), to modify the effect.

Glaze, v. i. To become glazed of glassy.

Glaze, n. 1. The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain; anything used as a coating or color in glazing. See Glaze, v. t., 3. Ure. 2. (Cookery) Broth reduced by boiling to a gelatinous paste, and spread thinly over braised dishes. 3. A glazing oven. See Glost oven.

Glaz´en , a. [AS. glaesen.] Resembling glass; glasslike; glazed. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Glaz´er , n. 1. One who applies glazing, as in pottery manufacture, etc.; one who gives a glasslike or glossy surface to anything; a calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, and the like. 2. A tool or machine used in glazing, polishing, smoothing, etc.; amoung cutlers and lapidaries, a wooden wheel covered with emery, or having a band of lead and tin alloy, for polishing cutlery, etc.

Gla´zier , n. [From Glaze.] One whose business is to set glass. Glazier’s diamond. See under Diamond.

Glaz´ing , n. 1. The act or art of setting glass; the art of covering with a vitreous or glasslike substance, or of polishing or rendering glossy. 2. The glass set, or to be set, in a sash, frame. etc. 3. The glass, glasslike, or glossy substance with which any surface is incrusted or overlaid; as the glazing of pottery or porcelain, or of paper. 4. (Paint.) Transparent, or semitransparent, colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect.

Glaz´y , a. Having a glazed appearance; — said of the fractured surface of some kinds of pin iron.

Glead , n. A live coal. See Gleed. [Archaic]

Gleam , v. i. [Cf. OE. glem birdlime, glue, phlegm, and E. englaimed.] (Falconry) To disgorge filth, as a hawk.

Gleam, n. [OE. glem, gleam, AS. glaem, prob. akin to E. glimmer, and perh. to Gr. warm, to warm. Cf. Glitter.] 1. A shoot of light; a small stream of light; a beam; a ray; a glimpse. “Transient unexpected gleams of joi.” Addison. “At last a gleam
Of dawning light turned thitherward in haste
His [Satan’s] traveled steps.” Milton. “A glimmer, and then a gleam of light.” Longfellow. 2. Brightness; splendor. “In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen.” Pope.

Gleam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleamed p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaming.] 1. To shoot, or dart, as rays of light; as at the dawn, light gleams in the east. 2. To shine; to cast light; to glitter. Syn. — To Gleam, Glimmer, Glitter. To gleam denotes a faint but distinct emission of light. To glimmer describes an indistinct and unsteady giving of light. To glitter imports a brightness that is intense, but varying. The morning light gleams upon the earth; a distant taper glimmers through the mist; a dewdrop glitters in the sun. See Flash.

Gleam, v. t. To shoot out (flashes of light, etc.). “Dying eyes gleamed forth their ashy lights.” Shak.

Gleam´y, a. Darting beams of light; casting light in rays; flashing; coruscating. “In brazed arms, that cast a gleamy ray,
Swift through the town the warrior bends his way.” Pope.

Glean , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleaned p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaning.] [OE. glenen, OF. glener, glaner, F. glaner, fr. LL. glenare; cf. W. glan clean, glanhu to clean, purify, or AS. gelm, gilm, a handul.] 1. To gather after a reaper; to collect in scattered or fragmentary parcels, as the grain left by a reaper, or grapes left after the gathering. “To glean the broken ears after the man
That the main harvest reaps.” Shak. 2. To gather from (a field or vineyard) what is left. 3. To collect with patient and minute labor; to pick out; to obtain. “Content to glean what we can from … experiments.” Locke.

Glean, v. i. 1. To gather stalks or ears of grain left by reapers. “And she went, and came, and gleaned in the field after the reapers.” Ruth ii. 3. 2. To pick up or gather anything by degrees. “Piecemeal they this acre first, then that;
Glean on, and gather up the whole estate.” Pope.

Glean, n. A collection made by gleaning. “The gleans of yellow thyme distend his thighs.” Dryden.

Glean, n. Cleaning; afterbirth. [Obs.] Holland.

Glean´er , n. 1. One who gathers after reapers. 2. One who gathers slowly with labor. Locke.

Glean´ing, n. The act of gathering after reapers; that which is collected by gleaning. “Glenings of natural knowledge.” Cook.

Glebe , n. [F. glèbe, L. gleba, glaeba, clod, land, soil.] 1. A lump; a clod. 2. Turf; soil; ground; sod. “Fertile of corn the glebe, of oil, and wine.” Milton. 3. (Eccl. Law) The land belonging, or yielding revenue, to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice.

Glebe´less, a. Having no glebe.

Gle•bos´i•ty , n. The quality of being glebous. [R.] { Gleb´ous , Gleb´y } a. [Cf. L. glaebosus cloddy.] Pertaining to the glebe; turfy; cloddy; fertile; fruitful. ´Gleby land.´ Prior.

Glede (gled), n. [AS. glida, akin to Icel. gleða, Sw. glada. Cf. Glide, v. i.] (Zoöl.) The common European kite (Milvus ictinus). This name is also sometimes applied to the buzzard. [Written also glead, gled, gleed, glade, and glide.]

Glede, n. [See Gleed.] A live coal. [Archaic] “The cruel ire, red as any glede.” Chaucer.

Glee (gle), n. [OE. gle, gleo, AS. gleów, gleó, akin to Icel. gly: cf. Gr. chley•n joke, jest.] 1. Music; minstrelsy; entertainment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Joy; merriment; mirth; gayety; paricularly, the mirth enjoyed at a feast. Spenser. 3. (Mus.) An unaccompanied part song for three or more solo voices. It is not necessarily gleesome.

Gleed (gled), n. [AS. gled, fr. glowan to glow as a fire; akin to D. gloed, G. glut, Icel. gloð. See Glow, v. i.] A live or glowing coal; a glede. [Archaic] Chaucer. Longfellow.

Glee´ful , a. Merry; gay; joyous. Shak.

Gleek , n. [Prob. fr. Icel. leika to play, play a trick on, with the prefix ge-; akin to AS. gelacan, Sw. leka to play, Dan. lege.] 1. A jest or scoff; a trick or deception. [Obs.] “Where’s the Bastard’s braves, and Charles his gleeks ?” Shak. 2. [Cf. Glicke] An enticing look or glance. [Obs.] “A pretty gleek coming from Pallas’ eye.” Beau. & Fl.

Gleek, v. i. To make sport; to gibe; to sneer; to spend time idly. [Obs.] Shak.

Gleek, n. [OF. glic, G. glück, fortune. See Luck.] 1. A game at cards, once popular, played by three persons. [Obs.] Pepys. Evelyn. 2. Three of the same cards held in the same hand; — hence, three of anything. [Obs.]

Glee´man , n.; pl. Gleemen (#). [Glee + man; AS. gleóman.] A name anciently given to an itinerant minstrel or musician.

Gleen , v. i. [Cf. Glance, Glint.] To glisten; to gleam. [Obs.] Prior.

Glee´some , a. Merry; joyous; gleeful.

Gleet , n. [OE. glette, glet, glat, mucus, pus, filth, OF. glete.] (Med.) A transparent mucous discharge from the membrane of the urethra, commonly an effect of gonorrhea. Hoblyn.

Gleet, v. i. 1. To flow in a thin, limpid humor; to ooze, as gleet. Wiseman. 2. To flow slowly, as water. Cheyne.

Gleet´y , a. Ichorous; thin; limpid. Wiseman.

Gleg , a. [Icel. glöggr.] Quick of perception; alert; sharp. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gleire , Gleyre, n. See Glair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Glen , n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glyn a deep valley, Ir. & Gael. gleann valley, glen.] A secluded and narrow valley; a dale; a depression between hills. “And wooes the widow’s daughter of the glen.” Spenser. { Glen•liv´at , Glen•liv´et } n. A kind of Scotch whisky, named from the district in which it was first made. W. E. Aytoun.

Gle´noid , a. [Gr. ; socket of a joint + form; cf. F. glenoïde.] (Anat.) Having the form of a smooth and shallow depression; socketlike; — applied to several articular surfaces of bone; as the glenoid cavity, or fossa, of the scapula, in which the head of the humerus articulates.

Gle•noid´al , a. (Anat.) Glenoid.

Glent , n. & v. See Glint.

Gleu•com´e•ter , n. [Gr. must + -meter: cf. F. gleucomètre.] An instrument for measuring the specific gravity and ascertaining the quantity of sugar contained in must.

Glew , n. See Glue. [Obs.]

Gley , v. i. [OE. gli&yogh;en, glien, gleien, to shine, to squint; cf. Icel. glja to glitter.] To squint; to look obliquely; to overlook things. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gley , adv. Asquint; askance; obliquely.

Gli´a•din , n. [Gr. glue: cf. F. gliadine.] (Chem.) Vegetable glue or gelatin; glutin. It is one of the constituents of wheat gluten, and is a tough, amorphous substance, which resembles animal glue or gelatin.

Glib (glib), a. [Compar. Glibber superl. Glibbest ] [Prob. fr. D. glibberen, glippen, to slide, glibberig, glipperig, glib, slippery.] 1. Smooth; slippery; as ice is glib. [Obs.] 2. Speaking or spoken smoothly and with flippant rapidity; fluent; voluble; as a glib tongue; a glib speech. “I want that glib and oily art,
To speak and purpose not.” Shak. Syn. — Slippery; smooth; fluent; voluble; flippant.

Glib, v. t. To make glib. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Glib, n. [Ir. & Gael. glib a lock of hair.] A thick lock of hair, hanging over the eyes. [Obs.] “The Irish have, from the Scythians, mantles and long glibs, which is a thick curied bush of hair hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously disguising them.” Spenser. “Their wild costume of the glib and mantle.” Southey.

Glib, v. t. [Cf. O. & Prov. E. lib to castrate, geld, Prov. Dan. live, LG. & OD. lubben.] To castrate; to geld; to emasculate. [Obs.] Shak.

Glib´ber•y , a. 1. Slippery; changeable. [Obs.] “My love is glibbery; there is no hold on’t.” Marston. 2. Moving easily; nimble; voluble. [Obs.] “Thy lubrical and glibbery muse.” B. Jonson.

Glib´ly, adv. In a glib manner; as to speak glibly.

Glib´ness, n. The quality of being glib.

Glicke , n. [Cf. Gleek, n., 2, and Ir. & Gael. glic wise, cunning, crafty.] An ogling look. [Obs.]

Glid´den , obs. p. p. of Glide. Chaucer. { Glid´der , Glid´der•y } a. [Cf. Glide.] Giving no sure footing; smooth; slippery. [Prov. Eng.] “Shingle, slates, and gliddery stones.” R. D. Blackmore.

Glide , n. (Zoöl.) The glede or kite.

Glide, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glided; p. pr. & vb. n. Gliding.] [AS. glidan; akin to D. glijden, OHG. glitan, G. gleiten, Sw. glida, Dan. glide, and prob. to E. glad.] 1. To move gently and smoothly; to pass along without noise, violence, or apparent effort; to pass rapidly and easily, or with a smooth, silent motion, as a river in its channel, a bird in the air, a skater over ice. “The river glideth at his own sweet will.” Wordsworth. 2. (Phon.) To pass with a glide, as the voice.

Glide, n. 1. The act or manner of moving smoothly, swiftly, and without labor or obstruction. “They prey at last ensnared, he dreadful darts,
With rapid glide, along the leaning line.” Thomson. “Seeing Orlando, it unlink’d itself,
And with indented glides did slip away.” Shak. 2. (Phon.) A transitional sound in speech which is produced by the changing of the mouth organs from one definite position to another, and with gradual change in the most frequent cases; as in passing from the begining to the end of a regular diphthong, or from vowel to consonant or consonant to vowel in a syllable, or from one component to the other of a double or diphthongal consonant (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 19, 161, 162). Also (by Bell and others), the vanish (or brief final element) or the brief initial element, in a class of diphthongal vowels, or the brief final or initial part of some consonants (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 18, 97, 191). The on-glide of a vowel or consonant is the glidemade in passing to it, the off-glide, one made in passing from it. Glides of the other sort are distinguished as initial or final, or fore-glides and after-glides. For voice-glide, see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 17, 95.

Glid´en , obs. p. p. of Glide. Chaucer.

Glid´er , n. One who, or that which, glides.

Glid´ing•ly, adv. In a gliding manner.

Gliff , n. [Cf. OE. gliffen, gliften, to look with fear at.] 1. A transient glance; an unexpected view of something that startles one; a sudden fear. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. 2. A moment: as for a gliff. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Glike , n. [See Gleek a jest.] A sneer; a flout. [Obs.]

Glim , n. 1. Brightness; splendor. [Obs.] 2. A light or candle. [Slang] Dickens. Douse the glim, put out the light. [Slang]

Glim´mer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimmered p. pr. & vb. n. Glimmering.] [Akin to G. glimmer a faint, trembling light, mica, glimmern to glimmer, glimmen to shine faintly, glow, Sw. glimma, Dan. glimre, D. glimmen, glimpen. See Gleam a ray, and cf. Glimpse.] To give feeble or scattered rays of light; to shine faintly; to show a faint, unsteady light; as the glimmering dawn; a glimmering lamp. “The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day.” Shak. Syn. — To gleam; to glitter. See Gleam, Flash.

Glim´mer, n. 1. A faint, unsteady light; feeble, scattered rays of light; also a gleam. “Gloss of satin and glimmer of pearls.” Tennyson. 2. Mica. See Mica. Woodsward. Glimmer gowk, an owl. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.

Glim´mer•ing, n. 1. Faint, unsteady light; a glimmer. South. 2. A faint view or idea; a glimpse; an inkling.

Glimpse , n. [For glimse, from the root of glimmer.] 1. A sudden flash; transient luster. “LIght as the lightning glimpse they ran.” Milton. 2. A short, hurried view; a transitory or fragmentary perception; a quick sight. “Here hid by shrub wood, there by glimpses seen.” S. Rogers. 3. A faint idea; an inkling.

Glimpse , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimpsed p. pr. & vb. n. Glimpsing.] to appear by glimpses; to catch glimpses. Drayton.

Glimpse, v. t. To catch a glimpse of; to see by glimpses; to have a short or hurried view of. “Some glimpsing and no perfect sight.” Chaucer.

Glint , n. [OE. glent.] A glimpse, glance, or gleam. [Scot.] ´He saw a glint of light.´ Ramsay.

Glint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glinting.] [OE. glenten. Cf. Glance, v. i., Glitter, v. i.] To glance; to peep forth, as a flower from the bud; to glitter. Burns.

Glint, v. t. To glance; to turn; as to glint the eye.

Gli•o´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. glue + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor springing from the neuroglia or connective tissue of the brain, spinal cord, or other portions of the nervous system.

Gli´res , n. pl. [L., dormice.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammals; the Rodentia. — Gli´rine (#), a.

Glis•sade´ , n. [F., fr. glisser to slip.] A sliding, as down a snow slope in the Alps. Tyndall.

Glis•san´do , n. & a. [As if It. = Fr. glissant sliding.] (Mus.) A gliding effect; gliding.

Glis•sette´ , n. [F., fr. glisser to slip.] (Math.) The locus described by any point attached to a curve that slips continuously on another fixed curve, the movable curve having no rotation at any instant.

Glist , n. [From Glisten.] Glimmer; mica.

Glis´ten , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glistened p. pr. & vb. n. Glistening ] [OE. glistnian, akin to glisnen, glisien, AS. glisian, glisnian, akin to E. glitter. See Glitter, v. i., and cf. Glister, v. i.] To sparkle or shine; especially, to shine with a mild, subdued, and fitful luster; to emit a soft, scintillating light; to gleam; as the glistening stars. Syn. — See Flash.

Glis´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glistered p. pr. & vb. n. Glistering.] [OE. glistren; akin to G. glistern,glinstern, D. glinsteren, and E. glisten. See Glisten.] To be bright; to sparkle; to be brilliant; to shine; to glisten; to glitter. “All that glisters is not gold.” Shak.

Glis´ter, n. Glitter; luster.

Glis´ter, n. [Cf. OF. glistere.] Same as Clyster.

Glis´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a glistering manner.

Glit´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glittered p. pr. & vb. n. Glittering.] [OE. gliteren; akin to Sw. glittra, Icel. glitra, glita, AS. glitenian, OS. glitan, OHG. glizzan, G. gleissen, Goth. glitmunjan, and also to E. glint, glisten, and prob. glance, gleam.] 1. To sparkle with light; to shine with a brilliant and broken light or showy luster; to gleam; as a glittering sword. “The field yet glitters with the pomp of war.” Dryden. 2. To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attractive; as the glittering scenes of a court. Syn. — To gleam; to glisten; to shine; to sparkle; to glare. See Gleam, Flash.

Glit´ter, n. A bright, sparkling light; brilliant and showy luster; brilliancy; as the glitter of arms; the glitter of royal equipage. Milton.

Glit´ter•and , a. Glittering. [Obs.] Spenser.

Glit´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a glittering manner.

Gloam , v. i. [See Gloom, Glum.] 1. To begin to grow dark; to grow dusky. 2. To be sullen or morose. [Obs.]

Gloam, n. The twilight; gloaming. [R.] Keats.

Gloam´ing, n. [See Gloom.] 1. Twilight; dusk; the fall of the evening. [Scot. & North of Eng., and in poetry.] Hogg. 2. Sullenness; melancholy. [Obs.] J. Still.

Gloar , v. i. [OD. gloeren, glueren, gluyeren. Cf. Glower.] To squint; to stare. [Obs.]

Gloat , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gloating.] [Akin to Icel. glotta to smile scornfully, G. glotzen to gloat.] To look steadfastly; to gaze earnestly; — usually in a bad sense, to gaze with malignant satisfaction, passionate desire, lust, or avarice. “In vengeance gloating on another’s pain.” Byron.

Glo´bard , n. [OE. globerde, from glow.] A glowworm. [>Obs.] Holland. { Glo´bate , Glo´ba•ted } a. [L. globatus, p. p. of globare to make into a ball, fr. globus ball.] Having the form of a globe; spherical.

Globe , n. [L. globus, perh. akin to L. glomus a ball of yarn, and E. clump, golf: cf. F. globe.] 1. A round or spherical body, solid or hollow; a body whose surface is in every part equidistant from the center; a ball; a sphere. 2. Anything which is nearly spherical or globular in shape; as the globe of the eye; the globe of a lamp. 3. The earth; the terraqueous ball; — usually preceded by the definite article. Locke. 4. A round model of the world; a spherical representation of the earth or heavens; as a terrestrial or celestial globe; — called also artificial globe. 5. A body of troops, or of men or animals, drawn up in a circle; — a military formation used by the Romans, answering to the modern infantry square. “Him round
A globe of fiery seraphim inclosed.” Milton. Globe amaranth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gomphrena (G. globosa), bearing round heads of variously colored flowers, which long retain color when gathered. — Globe animalcule, a small, globular, locomotive organism (Volvox globator), once throught to be an animal, afterward supposed to be a colony of microscopic algae. — Globe of compression (Mil.), a kind of mine producing a wide crater; — called also overcharged mine. — Globe daisy (Bot.), a plant or flower of the genus Globularing, common in Europe. The flowers are minute and form globular heads. — Globe sight, a form of front sight placed on target rifles. — Globe slater (Zoöl.), an isopod crustacean of the genus Spheroma. — Globe thistle (Bot.), a thistlelike plant with the flowers in large globular heads (Cynara Scolymus); also certain species of the related genus Echinops. — Globe valve. (a) A ball valve. (b) A valve inclosed in a globular chamber. Knight. Syn. — Globe, Sphere, Orb, Ball. — Globe denotes a round, and usually a solid body; sphere is the term applied in astronomy to such a body, or to the concentric spheres or orbs of the old astronomers; orb is used, especially in poetry, for globe or sphere, and also for the pathway of a heavenly body; ball is applied to the heavenly bodies concieved of as impelled through space.

Globe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Globed p. pr. & vb. n. Globing.] To gather or form into a globe.

Globe´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A plectognath fish of the genera Diodon, Tetrodon, and allied genera. The globefishes can suck in water or air and distend the body to a more or less globular form. Called also porcupine fish, and sea hedgehog. See Diodon.

Globe´flow•er , n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Trollius (T. Europaeus), found in the mountainous parts of Europe, and producing handsome globe-shaped flowers. (b) The American plant Trollius laxus. Japan globeflower. See Corchorus.

Globe´-shaped , a. Shaped like a globe.

Glo•bif´er•ous , a. [Globe + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having a round or globular tip.

Glo•big•e•ri´na , n.; pl. Globigerinae (#). [NL., fr. L. globus a round body + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small Foraminifera, which live abundantly at or near the surface of the sea. Their dead shells, falling to the bottom, make up a large part of the soft mud, generally found in depths below 3,000 feet, and called globigerina ooze. See Illust. of Foraminifera.

Glo•bose´ , a. [L. globosus.] Having a rounded form resembling that of a globe; globular, or nearly so; spherical. Milton.

Glo•bose´ly, adv. In a globular manner; globularly.

Glo•bos´i•ty , n. [L. globositas: cf. F. globosite.] Sphericity. Ray.

Glo´bous , a. [See Globose.] Spherical. Milton.

Glob´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. globulaire.] Globe-shaped; having the form of a ball or sphere; spherical, or nearly so; as globular atoms. Milton. Globular chart, a chart of the earth’s surface constructed on the principles of the globular projection. — Globular projection (Map Projection), a perspective projection of the surface of a hemisphere upon a plane parallel to the base of the hemisphere, the point of sight being taken in the axis produced beyond the surface of the opposite hemisphere a distance equal to the radius of the sphere into the sine of 45°. — Globular sailing, sailing on the arc of a great circle, or so as to make the shortest distance between two places; circular sailing.

Glob•u•lar´i•ty , n. The state of being globular; globosity; sphericity.

Glob´u•lar•ly , adv. Spherically.

Glob´u•lar•ness, n. Sphericity; globosity.

Glob´ule , n. [L. globulus, dim. of globus globe: cf. F. globule.] 1. A little globe; a small particle of matter, of a spherical form. “Globules of snow.” Sir I. Newton. “These minute globules [a mole’s eyes] are sunk … deeply in the skull.” Paley. 2. (Biol.) A minute spherical or rounded structure; as blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles, minute fungi, spores, etc. 3. A little pill or pellet used by homeopathists.

Glob´u•let , n. A little globule. Crabb.

Glob•u•lif´er•ous , a. [Globule + -ferous.] Bearing globules; in geology, used of rocks, and denoting a variety of concretionary structure, where the concretions are isolated globules and evenly distributed through the texture of the rock.

Glob•u•lim´e•ter , n. [Globule + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood. The method depends on the differences of tint obtained by mixing a sample of the blood with sodium carbonate solution.

Glob´u•lin , n. [From Globule: cf. F. globuline.] (Phisiol. Chem.) An albuminous body, insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute solutions of salt. It is present in the red blood corpuscles united with haematin to form haemoglobin. It is also found in the crystalline lens of the eye, and in blood serum, and is sometimes called crystallin. In the plural the word is applied to a group of proteid substances such as vitellin, myosin, fibrinogen, etc., all insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute salt solutions.

Glob´u•lite , n. [See Globule.] (Min.) A rudimentary form of crystallite, spherical in shape.

Glob´u•lous , a. [Cf. F. globuleux.] Globular; spherical; orbicular. — Glob´u•lous•ness, n.

Glob´y , a. Resembling, or pertaining to, a globe; round; orbicular. ´The globy sea.´ Milton.

Glo•chid´i•ate , a. [Gr. point of an arrow.] (Bot.) Having barbs; as glochidiate bristles. Gray.

Glo•chid´i•um , n.; pl. Glochidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. the point of an arrow.] (Zoöl.) The larva or young of the mussel, formerly thought to be a parasite upon the parent’s gills.

Glode , obs. imp. of Glide. Chaucer. { Glombe , Glome } v. i. To gloom; to look gloomy, morose, or sullen. [Obs.] Surrey.

Glome , n. Gloom. [Obs.]

Glome , n. [L. glomus a ball. Cf. Globe.] (Anat.) One of the two prominences at the posterior extremity of the frog of the horse’s foot.

Glom´er•ate , a. [L. glomeratus, p. p. of glomerare to glomerate, from glomus. See 3d Glome.] Gathered together in a roundish mass or dense cluster; conglomerate.

Glom´er•ate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Glomerated p. pr. & vb. n. Glomerating ] To gather or wind into a ball; to collect into a spherical form or mass, as threads.

Glom•er•a´tion , n. [L. glomeratio.] 1. The act of forming or gathering into a ball or round mass; the state of being gathered into a ball; conglomeration. 2. That which is formed into a ball; a ball. Bacon.

Glom´er•ous , a. [L. glomerosus, fr. glomus. See 3d Glome.] Gathered or formed into a ball or round mass. [Obs.] Blount.

Glom´er•ule , n. [Dim. fr. L. glomus ball.] 1. (Bot.) A head or dense cluster of flowers, formed by condensation of a cyme, as in the flowering dogwood. 2. (Anat.) A glomerulus.

Glo•mer´u•lus , n.; pl. Glomeruli (#). [NL., dim. of L. glomus. See 3d Glome.] (Anat.) The bunch of looped capillary blood vessels in a Malpighian capsule of the kidney.

Glom•u•lif´er•ous , a. [L. glomus a ball + -ferous.] (Biol.) Having small clusters of minutely branched coral-like excrescences. M. C. Cooke. { Glon´o•in , Glon´o•ine } , n. [Glycerin + oxygen + nitrogen + -in, -ine.] 1. Same as Nitroglycerin; — called also oil of glonoin. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) A dilute solution of nitroglycerin used as a neurotic.

Gloom (gloom), n. [AS. glom twilight, from the root of E. glow. See Glow, and cf. Glum, Gloam.] 1. Partial or total darkness; thick shade; obscurity; as the gloom of a forest, or of midnight. 2. A shady, gloomy, or dark place or grove. “Before a gloom of stubborn-shafted oaks.” Tennyson . 3. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind; melancholy; aspect of sorrow; low spirits; dullness. “A sullen gloom and furious disorder prevailed by fits.” Burke. 4. In gunpowder manufacture, the drying oven. Syn. — Darkness; dimness; obscurity; heaviness; dullness; depression; melancholy; dejection; sadness. See Darkness.

Gloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloomed p. pr. & vb. n. Glooming.] 1. To shine or appear obscurely or imperfectly; to glimmer. 2. To become dark or dim; to be or appear dismal, gloomy, or sad; to come to the evening twilight. “The black gibbet glooms beside the way.” Goldsmith. “[This weary day] … at last I see it gloom.” Spenser.

Gloom, v. t. 1. To render gloomy or dark; to obscure; to darken. “A bow window … gloomed with limes.” Walpole. “A black yew gloomed the stagnant air.” Tennyson. 2. To fill with gloom; to make sad, dismal, or sullen. “Such a mood as that which lately gloomed
Your fancy.” Tennison. “What sorrows gloomed that parting day.” Goldsmith.

Gloom´i•ly , adv. In a gloomy manner.

Gloom´i•ness, n. State of being gloomy. Addison.

Gloom´ing, n. [Cf. Gloaming.] Twilight (of morning or evening); the gloaming. “When the faint glooming in the sky
First lightened into day.” Trench. “The balmy glooming, crescent-lit.” Tennyson.

Gloomth , n. Gloom. [R.] Walpole.

Gloom´y , a. [Compar. Gloomier superl. Gloomiest.] 1. Imperfectly illuminated; dismal through obscurity or darkness; dusky; dim; clouded; as the cavern was gloomy. ´Though hid in gloomiest shade.´ Milton. 2. Affected with, or expressing, gloom; melancholy; dejected; as a gloomy temper or countenance. Syn. — Dark; dim; dusky; dismal; cloudy; moody; sullen; morose; melancholy; sad; downcast; depressed; dejected; disheartened.

Glop´pen (glop´pen), v. t. & i. [OE. glopnen to be frightened, frighten: cf. Icel. glupna to look downcast.] To surprise or astonish; to be startled or astonished. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Glore , v. i. [See Gloar.] To glare; to glower. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Glo´ri•a , n. [L., glory.] (Eccl.) (a) A doxology (beginning Gloria Patri, Glory be to the Father), sung or said at the end of the Psalms in the service of the Roman Catholic and other churches. (b) A portion of the Mass (Gloria in Excelsis Deo, Glory be to God on high), and also of the communion service in some churches. In the Episcopal Church the version in English is used. (c) The musical setting of a gloria.

Glo•ri•a´tion , n. [L. gloriatio, from gloriari to glory, boast, fr. gloria glory. See Glory, n.] Boast; a triumphing. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson. “Internal gloriation or triumph of the mind.” Hobbes.

Glo´ried , a. [See Glory.] Illustrious; honorable; noble. [Obs.] Milton.

Glo•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. glorificatio: cf. F. glorification. See Glorify.] 1. The act of glorifying or of giving glory to. Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being glorifed; as the glorification of Christ after his resurrection.

Glo´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glorified p. pr. & vb. n. Glorifying.] [F. glorifier, L. glorificare; gloria glory + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] 1. To make glorious by bestowing glory upon; to confer honor and distinction upon; to elevate to power or happiness, or to celestial glory. “Jesus was not yet glorified.” John vii. 39. 2. To make glorious in thought or with the heart, by ascribing glory to; to acknowledge the excellence of; to render homage to; to magnify in worship; to adore. “That we for thee may glorify the Lord.” Shak.

Glo´ri•ole , n. [L. gloriola a small glory, dim. of gloria glory.] An aureole. [R.] Msr. Browning.

Glo•ri•o´sa , n. [Nl., fr. L. gloriosus. See Glorious.] (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants with very showy lilylike blossoms, natives of India.

Glo•ri•o´ser , n. [From L. gloriosus boastful.] A boaster. [Obs.] Greene.

Glo•ri•o´so , n. [It.] A boaster. [Obs.] Fuller.

Glo´ri•ous , a. [OF. glorios, glorious, F. glorieux, fr. L. gloriosus. See Glory, n.] 1. Exhibiting attributes, qualities, or acts that are worthy of or receive glory; noble; praiseworthy; excellent; splendid; illustrious; inspiring admiration; as glorious deeds. “These are thy glorious works, Parent of good !” Milton. 2. Eager for glory or distinction; haughty; boastful; ostentatious; vainglorious. [Obs.] “Most miserable
Is the desire that’s glorious.” Shak. 3. Ecstatic; hilarious; elated with drink. [Colloq.] “kings may be blest, but Tam was glorious,
O’er all the ills of life victorious.” Burns. “During his office treason was no crime,
The sons of Belial had a glorious time.” Dryden. Syn. — Eniment; noble; excellent; renowned; illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; grand; splendid. — Glo´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Glo´ri•ous•ness, n. Udall. “Sing ye to the Lord, for he hath triumphed gloriously.” Ex. xv. 21. “I speak it not gloriously, nor out of affectation.” B. Jonson.

Glo´ry (glo´ry; 111), n. [OE. glorie, OF. glorie, gloire, F. gloire, fr. L. gloria; prob. akin to Gr. kle•os, Skr. çravas glory, praise, çru to hear. See Loud.] 1. Praise, honor, admiration, or distinction, accorded by common consent to a person or thing; high reputation; honorable fame; renown. “Glory to God in the highest.” Luke ii. 14. “Spread his glory through all countries wide.” Spenser. 2. That quality in a person or thing which secures general praise or honor; that which brings or gives renown; an object of pride or boast; the occasion of praise; excellency; brilliancy; splendor. “Think it no glory to swell in tyranny.” Sir P. Sidney. “Jewels lose their glory if neglected.” Shak. “Your sex’s glory ’t is to shine unknown.” Young. 3. Pride; boastfulness; arrogance. “In glory of thy fortunes.” Chapman. 4. The presence of the Divine Being; the manifestations of the divine nature and favor to the blessed in heaven; celestial honor; heaven. “Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me to glory.” Ps. lxxiii. 24. 5. An emanation of light supposed to proceed from beings of peculiar sanctity. It is represented in art by rays of gold, or the like, proceeding from the head or body, or by a disk, or a mere line. This is the general term; when confined to the head it is properly called nimbus; when encircling the whole body, aureola or aureole. Glory hole, an opening in the wall of a glass furnace, exposing the brilliant white light of the interior. Knight. — Glory pea (Bot.), the name of two leguminous plants (Clianthus Dampieri and C. puniceus) of Australia and New Zeland. They have showy scarlet or crimson flowers. — Glory tree (Bot.), a name given to several species of the verbenaceous genus Clerodendron, showy flowering shrubs of tropical regions.

Glo´ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloried p. pr. & vb. n. Glorying.] [OE. glorien, OF. glorier, fr. L. gloriari, fr. gloria glory. See Glory, n.] 1. To exult with joy; to rejoice. “Glory ye in his holy name.” Ps. cv. 2. To boast; to be proud. “God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ.” Gal. vi. 14 “No one … should glory in his prosperity.” Richardson.

Glose , n. & v. See Gloze. Chaucer.

Glos´er , n. See Glosser.

Gloss (glos), n. [Cf. Icel. glossi a blaze, glys finery, MHG. glosen to glow, G. glosten to glimmer; perh. akin to E. glass.] 1. Brightness or luster of a body proceeding from a smooth surface; polish; as the gloss of silk; cloth is calendered to give it a gloss. “It is no part … to set on the face of this cause any fairer gloss than the naked truth doth afford.” Hooker. 2. A specious appearance; superficial quality or show. “To me more dear, congenial to my heart,
One native charm than all the gloss of art.” Goldsmith.

Gloss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glossed p. pr. & vb. n. Glossing.] To give a superficial luster or gloss to; to make smooth and shining; as to gloss cloth. “The glossed and gleamy wave.” J. R. Drake.

Gloss, n. [OE. glose, F. glose, L. glossa a difficult word needing explanation, fr. Gr. tongue, language, word needing explanation. Cf. Gloze, Glossary, Glottis.] 1. A foreign, archaic, technical, or other uncommon word requiring explanation. [Obs.] 2. An interpretation, consisting of one or more words, interlinear or marginal; an explanatory note or comment; a running commentary. “All this, without a gloss or comment,
He would unriddle in a moment.” Hudibras. “Explaining the text in short glosses.” T. Baker. 3. A false or specious explanation. Dryden.

Gloss (glos), v. t. 1. To render clear and evident by comments; to illustrate; to explain; to annotate. 2. To give a specious appearance to; to render specious and plausible; to palliate by specious explanation. “You have the art to gloss the foulest cause.” Philips.

Gloss , v. i. 1. To make comments; to comment; to explain. Dryden. 2. To make sly remarks, or insinuations. Prior.

Glos´sa , n.; pl. Glossae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. the tongue.] (Zoöl.) The tongue, or lingua, of an insect. See Hymenoptera.

Glos´sal , a. Of or pertaining to the tongue; lingual.

Glos•san´thrax , n. [Gr. tongue + E. anthrax: cf. F. glossanthrax.] A disease of horses and cattle accompanied by carbuncles in the mouth and on the tongue.

Glos•sa´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to glosses or to a glossary; containing a glossary.

Glos•sa´ri•al•ly, adv. In the manner of a glossary.

Glos´sa•rist , n. A writer of glosses or of a glossary; a commentator; a scholiast. Tyrwhitt.

Glos´sa•ry , n.; pl. Gossaries (#). [L. glossarium, fr. glossa: cf. F. glossaire. See 3d Gloss.] A collection of glosses or explanations of words and passages of a work or author; a partial dictionary of a work, an author, a dialect, art, or science, explaining archaic, technical, or other uncommon words.

Glos•sa´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Glossa.] (Zoöl.) The Lepidoptera.

Glos•sa´tor , n. [LL. See 3d Gloss.] A writer of glosses or comments; a commentator. [R.] ´The … glossators of Aristotle.´ Milman.

Gloss´er , n. [See lst Gloss.] A polisher; one who gives a luster.

Gloss´er, n. [See 3d Gloss.] A writer of glosses; a scholiast; a commentator. L. Addison.

Glos´sic (glos´sik), n. [L. glossa a word requiring a gloss. See 3d Gloss.] A system of phonetic spelling based upon the present values of English letters, but invariably using one symbol to represent one sound only. “Ingglish Glosik konvai·z hwotev·er proanusiai·shon iz inten·ded bei dhi reiter.” A. J. Ellis.

Gloss´i•ly , adv. In a glossy manner.

Gloss´i•ness, n. [From Glossy.] The condition or quality of being glossy; the luster or brightness of a smooth surface. Boyle.

Gloss´ist, n. A writer of comments. [Obs.] Milton.

Glos•si´tis , n. [NL., from Gr. tongue + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the tongue.

Gloss´ly , adv. Like gloss; specious. Cowley.

Glos•soc´o•mon , n.[NL., fr. Gr. a kind of case.] A kind of hoisting winch.

Glos•so•ep•i•glot´tic , a. [Gr. tongue + E. epiglottic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both tongue and epiglottis; as glossoepiglottic folds.

Glos´sog´ra•pher , n. [Gr. ; tongue + to write. See 3d Gloss.] A writer of a glossary; a commentator; a scholiast. Hayward.

Glos•so•graph´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to glossography.

Glos´sog´ra•phy , n. [See Glossographer.] The writing of glossaries, glosses, or comments for illustrating an author.

Glos•so•hy´al , a. [Gr. the tongue + the letter .] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the hyoidean arch and the tongue; — applied to the anterior segment of the hyoidean arch in many fishes. — n. The glossohyal bone or cartilage; lingual bone; entoglossal bone. { Glos•so•la´li•a , Glos•sol´a•ly } n. [NL., fr. Gr. tongue + talk: cf. F. glossolalie.] The gift of tongues. Farrar.

Glos•so•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to glossology.

Glos•sol´o•gist , n. One who defines and explains terms; one who is versed in glossology.

Glos•sol´o•gy , n. [Gr. tongue + -logy: cf. F. glossologie. See 3d Gloss.] 1. The definition and explanation of terms; a glossary. 2. The science of language; comparative philology; linguistics; glottology.

Glos•so•phar•yn•ge´al (glos´do•far•in•je´al or -fa•rin´je•al), a. [Gr. glw^ssa the tongue + E. pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the tongue and the pharynx; — applied especially to the ninth pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the pharynx and tongue. — n. One of the glossopharyngeal nerves.

Gloss´y (glos´y), a. [Compar. Glossier (-i•er); superl. Glossiest.] [See Gloss luster.] 1. Smooth and shining; reflecting luster from a smooth surface; highly polished; lustrous; as glossy silk; a glossy surface. 2. Smooth; specious; plausible; as glossy deceit.

Glost´ ov•en An oven in which glazed pottery is fired; — also called glaze kiln, or glaze.

Glot´tal , a. Of or pertaining to, or produced by, the glottis; glottic. Glottal catch, an effect produced upon the breath or voice by a sudden opening or closing of the glotts. Sweet. { Glot´tic , Glot•tid´e•an } a. Of or pertaining to the glottis; glottal.

Glot´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , from , , the tongue. See Gloss an explanatory remark.] (Anat.) The opening from the pharynx into the larynx or into the trachea. See Larynx.

Glot•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to glottology.

Glot•tol´o•gist , n. A linguist; a philologist.

Glot•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , the tongue + -logy.] The science of tongues or languages; comparative philology; glossology.

Glout , v. i. [Scot. Cf. Gloat.] To pout; to look sullen. [Obs.] Garth.

Glout , v. t. To view attentively; to gloat on; to stare at. [Obs.] Wright.

Glove (gluv), n. [OE. glove, glofe, AS. glof; akin to Icel. glofi, cf. Goth. lofa palm of the hand, Icel. lofi.] 1. A cover for the hand, or for the hand and wrist, with a separate sheath for each finger. The latter characteristic distinguishes the glove from the mitten. 2. A boxing glove. Boxing glove. See under Boxing. — Glove fight, a pugilistic contest in which the fighters wear boxing gloves. — Glove money or silver. (a) A tip or gratuity to servants, professedly to buy gloves with. (b) (Eng. Law.) A reward given to officers of courts; also a fee given by the sheriff of a county to the clerk of assize and judge’s officers, when there are no offenders to be executed. — Glove sponge (Zoöl.), a fine and soft variety of commercial sponges (Spongia officinalis). — To be hand and glove with, to be intimately associated or on good terms with. ´Hand and glove with traitors.´ J. H. Newman. — To handle without gloves, to treat without reserve or tenderness; to deal roughly with. [Colloq.] — To take up the glove, to accept a challenge or adopt a quarrel. — To throw down the glove, to challenge to combat.

Glove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gloved p. pr. & vb. n. Gloving.] To cover with, or as with, a glove.

Glov´er , n. One whose trade it is to make or sell gloves. Glover’s suture or stitch, a kind of stitch used in sewing up wounds, in which the thread is drawn alternately through each side from within outward.

Glow (glo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowed (glod); p. pr. & vb. n. Glowing.] [AS. glowan; akin to D. gloeijen, OHG. gluoen, G. glühen, Icel. gloa, Dan. gloende glowing. rad.94. Cf. Gloom.] 1. To shine with an intense or white heat; to give forth vivid light and heat; to be incandescent. “Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees.” Pope. 2. To exhibit a strong, bright color; to be brilliant, as if with heat; to be bright or red with heat or animation, with blushes, etc. “Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays.” Dryden. “And glow with shame of your proceedings.” Shak. 3. To feel hot; to have a burning sensation, as of the skin, from friction, exercise, etc.; to burn. “Did not his temples glow
In the same sultry winds and acrching heats?” Addison. “The cord slides swiftly through his glowing hands.” Gay. 4. To feel the heat of passion; to be animated, as by intense love, zeal, anger, etc.; to rage, as passior; as the heart glows with love, zeal, or patriotism. “With pride it mounts, and with revenge it glows.” Dryden. “Burns with one love, with one resentment glows.” Pope.

Glow, v. t. To make hot; to flush. [Poetic] “Fans, whose wind did seem
To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool.” Shak.

Glow, n. 1. White or red heat; incandscence. 2. Brightness or warmth of color; redness; a rosy flush; as the glow of health in the cheeks. 3. Intense excitement or earnestness; vehemence or heat of passion; ardor. “The red glow of scorn.” Shak. 4. Heat of body; a sensation of warmth, as that produced by exercise, etc.

Glow´bard , n. [See Globard.] The glowworm. [Obs.]

Glow´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowered p. pr. & vb. n. Glowering.] [Cf. Gloar.] to look intently; to stare angrily or with a scowl. Thackeray.

Glow´ing•ly , adv. In a glowing manner; with ardent heat or passion.

Glow´lamp , n. 1. (Chem.) An aphlogistic lamp. See Aphlogistic. 2. (Elect.) An incandescent lamp. See Incandescent, a.

Glow´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A coleopterous insect of the genus Lampyris; esp., the wingless females and larvae of the two European species (L. noctiluca, and L. splendidula), which emit light from some of the abdominal segments. “Like a glowworm in the night,
The which hath fire in darkness, none in light.” Shak. The male is winged, and is supposed to be attracted by the light of the female. In America, the luminous larvae of several species of fireflies and fire beetles are called glowworms. Both sexes of these are winged when mature. See Firefly.

Glox•in´i•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) American genus of herbaceous plants with very handsome bell-shaped blossoms; — named after B. P. Gloxin, a German botanist.

Gloze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glozed p. pr. & vb. n. Glozing.] [OE. glosen, F. gloser. See gloss explanation.] 1. To flatter; to wheedle; to fawn; to talk smoothly. Chaucer. “A false, glozing parasite.” South. “So glozed the tempter, and his proem tuned.” Milton. 2. To give a specious or false meaning; to ministerpret. Shak.

Gloze, v. t. To smooth over; to palliate. “By glozing the evil that is in the world.” I. Taylor.

Gloze, n. 1. Flattery; adulation; smooth speech. “Now to plain dealing; lay these glozes by.” Shak. 2. Specious show; gloss. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Gloz´er , n. A flatterer. [Obs.] Gifford (1580).

Glu´cic , a. [Gr. sweet.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar; as glucic acid.

Glu•ci´na , n. [Cf. F. glycine, glucine. So called because it forms sweet salts. See Glucinum.] (Chem.) A white or gray tasteless powder, the oxide of the element glucinum; — formerly called glucine.

Glu•cin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, glucinum; as glucinic oxide.

Glu•ci´num , n. [Cf. F. glucinium, glycium, fr. Gr. , sweet. Cf. Glycerin.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of a silver white color, and low specific gravity (2.1), resembling magnesium. It never occurs naturally in the free state, but is always combined, usually with silica or alumina, or both; as in the minerals phenacite, chrysoberyl, beryl or emerald, euclase, and danalite. It was named from its oxide glucina, which was known long before the element was isolated. Symbol Gl. Atomic weight 9.1. Called also beryllium. [Formerly written also glucinium.]

Glu´co•gen , n. [R.] See Glycogen.

Glu•co•gen´e•sis , n. Glycogenesis. [R.]

Glu•con´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, glucose. Gluconic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained as a colorless, sirupy liquid, by the oxidation of glucose; — called also maltonic acid, and dextronic acid.

Glu´cose , n. [Gr. sweet. Cf. Glycerin.] 1. A variety of sugar occurring in nature very abundantly, as in ripe grapes, and in honey, and produced in great quantities from starch, etc., by the action of heat and acids. It is only about half as sweet as cane sugar. Called also dextrose, grape sugar, diabetic sugar, and starch sugar. See Dextrose. 2. (Chem.) Any one of a large class of sugars, isometric with glucose proper, and including levulose, galactose, etc. 3. The trade name of a sirup, obtained as an uncrystallizable reside in the manufacture of glucose proper, and containing, in addition to some dextrose or glucose, also maltose, dextrin, etc. It is used as a cheap adulterant of sirups, beers, etc.

Glu´co•side , n. [See Glucose.] (Chem.) One of a large series of amorphous or crystalline substances, occurring very widely distributed in plants, rarely in animals, and regarded as influental agents in the formation and disposition of the sugars. They are frequently of a bitter taste, but, by the action of ferments, or of dilute acids and alkalies, always break down into some characteristic substance (acid, aldehyde, alcohol, phenole, or alkaloid) and glucose (or some other sugar); hence the name. They are of the nature of complex and compound ethers, and ethereal salts of the sugar carbohydrates.

Glu•co•su´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. E. glucose + Gr. urine.] (Med.) A condition in which glucose is discharged in the urine; diabetes mellitus.

Glue (glu), n. [F. glu, L. glus, akin to gluten, from gluere to draw together. Cf. Gluten.] A hard brittle brownish gelatin, obtained by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals. When gently heated with water, it becomes viscid and tenaceous, and is used as a cement for uniting substances. The name is also given to other adhesive or viscous substances. Bee glue. See under Bee. — Fish glue, a strong kind of glue obtained from fish skins and bladders; isinglass. — Glue plant (Bot.), a fucoid seaweed (Gloiopeltis tenax). — Liquid glue, a fluid preparation of glue and acetic acid or alcohol. — Marine glue, a solution of caoutchouc in naphtha, with shellac, used in shipbuilding.

Glue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glued p. pr. & vb. n. Gluing.] [F. gluer. See Glue, n.] To join with glue or a viscous substance; to cause to stick or hold fast, as if with glue; to fix or fasten. “This cold, congealed blood
That glues my lips, and will not let me speak.” Shak.

Glue´pot , n. A utensil for melting glue, consisting of an inner pot holding the glue, immersed in an outer one containing water which is heated to soften the glue.

Glu´er , n. One who cements with glue.

Glu´ey , a. Viscous; glutinous; of the nature of, or like, glue.

Glu´ey•ness, n. Viscidity.

Glu´ish, a. Somewhat gluey. Sherwood.

Glum , n. [See Gloom.] Sullenness. [Obs.] Skelton.

Glum, a. Moody; silent; sullen. “I frighten people by my glun face.” Thackeray.

Glum, v. i. To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum. [Obs.] Hawes.

Glu•ma´ceous , a. [Cf. F. glumance. See Glume.] Having glumes; consisting of glumes.

Glu´mal , a. (Bot.) Characterized by a glume, or having the nature of a glume.

Glume (glum), n. [L. gluma hull, husk, fr. glubere to bark or peel: cf. F. glume or gloume.] (Bot.) The bracteal covering of the flowers or seeds of grain and grasses; esp., an outer husk or bract of a spikelet. Gray. { Glu•mel´la , Glu´melle } n. [F. glumelle, dim. of glume.] (Bot.) One of the palets or inner chaffy scales of the flowers or spikelets of grasses.

Glum´ly , adv. In a glum manner; sullenly; moodily.

Glum´my , a. [See Gloom.] Dark; gloomy; dismal. [Obs.]

Glum´ness, n. Moodiness; sullenness.

Glump (glump), v. i. [See Glum.] To manifest sullenness; to sulk. [Colloq.]

Glump´y (glump´y), a. Glum; sullen; sulky. [Colloq.] ´He was glumpy enough.´ T. Hook.

Glunch (glunch), a. [Cf. Glump.] Frowning; sulky; sullen. Sir W. Scott. — n. A sullen, angry look; a look of disdain or dislike. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Glut (glut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glutting.] [OE. glotten, fr. OF. glotir, gloutir, L. glutire, gluttire; cf. Gr. to eat, Skr. gar. Cf. Gluttion, Englut.] 1. To swallow, or to swallow greedlly; to gorge. “Though every drop of water swear against it,
And gape at widest to glut him.” Shak. 2. To fill to satiety; to satisfy fully the desire or craving of; to satiate; to sate; to cloy. “His faithful heart, a bloody sacrifice,
Torn from his breast, to glut the tyrant’s eyes.” Dryden. “The realms of nature and of art were ransacked to glut the wonder, lust, and ferocity of a degraded populace.” C. Kingsley. To glut the market, to furnish an oversupply of any article of trade, so that there is no sale for it.

Glut, v. i. To eat gluttonously or to satiety. “Like three horses that have broken fence,
And glutted all night long breast-deep in corn.” Tennyson.

Glut, n. 1. That which is swallowed. Milton 2. Plenty, to satiety or repletion; a full supply; hence, often, a supply beyond sufficiency or to loathing; over abundance; as a glut of the market. “A glut of those talents which raise men to eminence.” Macaulay. 3. Something that fills up an opening; a clog. 4. (a) A wooden wedge used in splitting blocks. [Prov. Eng.] (b) (Mining) A piece of wood used to fill up behind cribbing or tubbing. Raymond. (c) (Bricklaying) A bat, or small piece of brick, used to fill out a course. Knight. (d) (Arch.) An arched opening to the ashpit of a kiln. (e) A block used for a fulcrum. 5. (Zoöl.) The broad-nosed eel (Anguilla latirostris), found in Europe, Asia, the West Indies, etc.

Glu•ta•con´ic , a. [Glutaric + aconitic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, an acid intermediate between glutaric and aconitic acids.

Glu•tae´us , n. [NL. See Gluteal.] (Anat.) The great muscle of the buttock in man and most mammals, and the corresponding muscle in many lower animals. In man, the glutaeus is composed of three distinct parts, which extend and abduct the thigh, and help support the body in standing.

Glu•tam´ic , a. [Gluten + -amic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to gluten. Glutamic acid, a nitrogenous organic acid obtained from certain albuminoids, as gluten; — called also amido-glutaric acid.

Glu•tar´ic , a. [Glutamic + tartaric.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid so called; as glutaric ethers. Glutaric acid, an organic acid obtained as a white crystalline substance, isomeric with pyrotartaric acid; — called also normal pyrotartaric acid.

Glu´ta•zine , n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, forming a heavy, sandy powder, white or nearly so. It is a derivative of pyridine.

Glu´te•al , a. [G. rump, pl., the buttocks.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the glutaeus.

Glu´ten , n. [L., glue: cf. F. gluten. See Glue.] (Chem.) The viscid, tenacious substance which gives adhesiveness to dough. Gluten is a complex and variable mixture of glutin or gliadin, vegetable fibrin, vegetable casein, oily material, etc., and is a very nutritious element of food. It may be separated from the flour of grain by subjecting this to a current of water, the starch and other soluble matters being thus washed out. Gluten bread, bread containing a large proportion of gluten; — used in cases of diabetes. — Gluten casein (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the seeds of grasses, and extracted as a dark, amorphous, earthy mass. — Gluten fibrin (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the cereal grains, and extracted as an amorphous, brownish yellow substance.

Glu•te´us , n. [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Glutaeus.

Glu´tin , n. [See Gluten.] (Chem.) 1. Same as Gliadin. 2. Sometimes synonymous with Gelatin. [R.]

Glu´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutinated p. pr. & vb. n. Glutinating.] [L. glutinatus, p. p. of glutinare to glue, fr. gluten glue.] To unite with glue; to cement; to stick together. Bailey.

Glu•ti•na´tion , n. [L. glutinatio: cf. F. glutination.] The act of uniting with glue; sticking together.

Glu´ti•na•tive , a. [L. glutinativus: cf. F. glutinatif.] Having the quality of cementing; tenacious; viscous; glutinous.

Glu•ti•nos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. glutinosite .] The quality of being glutinous; viscousness. [R.]

Glu´ti•nous , a. [L. glutinosus, fr. gluten glue: cf. F. glutineux. See Gluten.] 1. Of the nature of glue; resembling glue; viscous; viscid; adhesive; gluey. 2. (Bot.) Havig a moist and adhesive or sticky surface, as a leaf or gland.

Glu´ti•nous•ness , n. The quality of being glutinous.

Glut´ton , n. [OE. glotoun, glotun, F. glouton, fr. L. gluto, glutto. See Glut.] 1. One who eats voraciously, or to excess; a gormandizer. 2. Fig.: One who gluts himself. “Gluttons in murder, wanton to destroy.” Granville. 3. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous mammal (Gulo luscus), of the family Mustelidae, about the size of a large badger. It was formerly believed to be inordinately voracious, whence the name; the wolverene. It is a native of the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia. Glutton bird (Zoöl.), the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea); — called also Mother Carey’s goose, and mollymawk.

Glut´ton , a. Gluttonous; greedy; gormandizing. ´Glutton souls.´ Dryden. “A glutton monastery in former ages makes a hungry ministry in our days.” Fuller.

Glut´ton, v. t. & i. To glut; to eat voraciously. [Obs.] “Gluttoned at last, return at home to pine.” Lovelace. “Whereon in Egypt gluttoning they fed.” Drayton.

Glut´ton•ish, a. Gluttonous; greedy. Sir P. Sidney.

Glut´ton•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gluttonized p. pr. & vb. n. Gluttonizing ] To eat to excess; to eat voraciously; to gormandize. Hallywell.

Glut´ton•ous , a. Given to gluttony; eating to excess; indulging the appetite; voracious; as a gluttonous age. — Glut´ton•ous•ly, adv. — Glut´ton•ous•ness, n.

Glut´ton•y , n.; pl. Gluttonies (#). [OE. glotonie, OF. glotonie, gloutonnie.] Excess in eating; extravagant indulgence of the appetite for food; voracity. “Their sumptuous gluttonies, and gorgeous feasts.” Milton.

Glyc´er•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of glyceric acid.

Gly•cer´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycerin. Glyceric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycerin, as a thick liquid. It is a hydroxyl derivative of propionic acid, and has both acid and alcoholic properties.

Glyc´er•ide , n. [See Glycerin.] (Chem.) A compound ether (formed from glycerin). Some glycerides exist ready formed as natural fats, others are produced artificially.

Glyc´er•in , Glyc´er•ine , n. [F. glycerine, fr. Gr. glykero•s, glyky•s, sweet. Cf. Glucose, Licorice.] (Chem.) An oily, viscous liquid, C_3H_5(OH)3, colorless and odorless, and with a hot, sweetish taste, existing in the natural fats and oils as the base, combined with various acids, as oleic, margaric, stearic, and palmitic. It is a triatomic alcohol, and hence is also called glycerol. See Note under Gelatin. It is obtained from fats by saponification, or, on a large scale, by the action of superheated steam. It is used as an ointment, as a solvent and vehicle for medicines, and as an adulterant in wine, beer, etc.

Glyc´er•ite , n. (Med.) A medicinal preparation made by mixing or dissolving a substance in glycerin.

Glyc´er•ol , n. (Chem.) Same as Glycerin.

Glyc´er•ole , n. [F. glycerole.] (Med.) Same as Glycerite.

Glyc´er•yl , n. [Glycerin + -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C_3H_5, regarded as the essential radical of glycerin. It is metameric with allyl. Called also propenyl.

Glyc´ide , n. [Glyceric + anhydride.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, obtained from certain derivatives of glycerin, and regarded as a partially dehydrated glycerin; — called also glycidic alcohol.

Gly•cid´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycide; as glycidic acid.

Gly´cin , n. [Gr. glyky•s sweet.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Glycocoll.

Gly•co•cho´late , n. [Glycocoll + cholic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A salt of glycocholic acid; as sodium glycocholate.

Gly•co•chol´ic , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or composed of, glycocoll and cholic acid. Glycocholic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a conjugate acid, composed of glycocoll and cholic acid, present in bile in the form of a sodium salt. The acid commonly forms a resinous mass, but can be crystallized in long, white needles.

Gly´co•cin , n. [Glycocoll + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Glycocoll.

Gly´co•coll , n. [Gr. glyky•s sweet + ko•lla glue.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous substance, with a sweet taste, formed from hippuric acid by boiling with hydrochloric acid, and present in bile united with cholic acid. It is also formed from gelatin by decomposition with acids. Chemically, it is amido-acetic acid. Called also glycin, and glycocin.

Gly´co•gen , n. [Gr. sweet + -gen: cf. F. glycogène.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, amorphous, tasteless substance resembling starch, soluble in water to an opalescent fluid. It is found abundantly in the liver of most animals, and in small quantity in other organs and tissues, particularly in the embryo. It is quickly changed into sugar when boiled with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, and also by the action of amylolytic ferments.

Gly•co•gen´ic , a. Pertaining to, or caused by, glycogen; as the glycogenic function of the liver. { Gly•cog´e•ny , Gly•co•gen´e•sis } n. (Physiol.) The production or formation of sugar from gycogen, as in the liver.

Gly´col , n. [Glycerin + - ol. See Glycerin.] (Chem.) (a) A thick, colorless liquid, C_2H_4(OH)2, of a sweetish taste, produced artificially from certain ethylene compounds. It is a diacid alcohol, intermediate between ordinary ethyl alcohol and glycerin. (b) Any one of the large class of diacid alcohols, of which glycol proper is the type.

Gly•col´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycol; as glycolic ether; glycolic acid. Glycolic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, found naturally in unripe grapes and in the leaves of the wild grape (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), and produced artificially in many ways, as by the oxidation of glycol, — whence its name. It is a sirupy, or white crystalline, substance, HO.CH_2.CO_2H, has the properties both of an alcohol and an acid, and is a type of the hydroxy acids; — called also hydroxyacetic acid.

Gly´co•lide , n. [Glycol + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white amorphous powder, C_4H_4O, obtained by heating and dehydrating glycolic acid. [Written also glycollide.]

Gly•co•lu´ric , a. [Glycol + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, glycol and urea; as glycoluric acid, which is called also hydantoic acid.

Gly•co•lu´ril , n. [Glycolyl + uric.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, obtained by the reduction of allantoïn.

Gly´co•lyl , n. [Glycolic + -yl.] (Chem.) A divalent, compound radical, CO.CH_2, regarded as the essential radical of glycolic acid, and a large series of related compounds.

Gly•co´ni•an , a. & n. Glyconic.

Gly•con´ic , a. [Gr. a kind of verse, so called from its inventor, Glycon.] (Pros.) Consisting of a spondee, a choriamb, and a pyrrhic; — applied to a kind of verse in Greek and Latin poetry. — n. (Pros.) A glyconic verse.

Gly´co•nin , n. An emulsion of glycerin and the yolk of eggs, used as an ointment, as a vehicle for medicines, etc.

Gly´co•sine , n. (Chem.) An organic base, C_6H_6N_4, produced artificially as a white, crystalline powder, by the action of ammonia on glyoxal.

Gly•co•su´ri•a , n. (Med.) Same as Glucosuria.

Glyc•yr•rhi´za , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; sweet + root. Cf. Licorice.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of papilionaceous herbaceous plants, one species of which (G. glabra), is the licorice plant, the roots of which have a bittersweet mucilaginous taste. 2. (Med.) The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice root), used as a demulcent, etc.

Glyc•yr•rhi•zim´ic , a. (Chem.) From, or pertaining to, glycyrrhizin; as glycyrrhizimic acid.

Gly•cyr´rhi•zin , n. [Cf. F. glycyrrhizine. See Glycyrrhiza.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza), in monesia bark (Chrysophyllum), in the root of the walnut, etc., and extracted as a yellow, amorphous powder, of a bittersweet taste. { Glyn , Glynne } , n. A glen. See Glen. [Obs. singly, but occurring often in locative names in Ireland, as Glen does in Scotland.] “He could not beat out the Irish, yet he did shut them up within those narrow corners and glyns under the mountain’s foot.” Spenser.

Gly•ox´al , n. [Glycol + oxalic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A white, amorphous, deliquescent powder, (CO.H)2, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycol. It is a double aldehyde, between glycol and oxalic acid.

Gly•ox•al´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an aldehyde acid, intermediate between glycol and oxalic acid. [Written also glyoxylic.]

Gly•ox´a•line , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline, organic base, C_3H_4N_2, produced by the action of ammonia on glyoxal, and forming the origin of a large class of derivatives hence, any one of the series of which glyoxaline is a type; — called also oxaline.

Gly•ox´ime , n. [Glyoxal + oxime.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, produced by the action of hydroxylamine on glyoxal, and belonging to the class of oximes; also any one of a group of substances resembling glyoxime proper, and of which it is a type. See Oxime.

Glyph (glif), n. [Gr. glyfh• carving, fr. gly•fein to carve: cf. F. glyphe. Cf. Cleave to split.] (Arch.) A sunken channel or groove, usually vertical. See Triglyph.

Glyph´ic , a. [Gr. of or for carving.] (Fine Arts) Of or pertaining to sculpture or carving of any sort, esp. to glyphs.

Glyph´o•graph , n. A plate made by glyphography, or an impression taken from such a plate.

Glyph•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to glyphography.

Gly•phog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. to engrave + -graphy.] A process similar to etching, in which, by means of voltaic electricity, a raised copy of a drawing is made, so that it can be used to print from.

Glyp´tic , a. [See Glyph.] 1. Of or pertaining to gem engraving. 2. (Min.) Figured; marked as with figures.

Glyp´tics , n. [Cf. F. glyptique. See Glyph.] The art of engraving on precious stones.

Glyp´to•don , n. [Gr. carved, engraved + , , tooth. See Glyph.] (Paleon.) An extinct South American quaternary mammal, allied to the armadillos. It was as large as an ox, was covered with tessellated scales, and had fluted teeth. Owen.

Glyp´to•dont , n. (Paleon.) One of a family (Glyptodontidae) of extinct South American edentates, of which Glyptodon is the type. About twenty species are known.

Glyp•to•graph´ic , a. [Cf. F. glyptographique.] Relating to glyptography, or the art of engraving on precious stones. [R.]

Glyp•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. carved + -graphy: cf. F. glyptographie.] The art or process of engraving on precious stones. [R.]

Glyp•to•the´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. carved + case, box.] A building or room devoted to works of sculpture.

Glys´ter , n. (Med.) Same as Clyster.

Gmel´in•ite , n. [Named after the German chemist Gmelin.] (Min.) A rhombohedral zeolitic mineral, related in form and composition to chabazite.

Gna•pha´li•um , n. [Nl., from Gr. wool of the teasel.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants with white or colored dry and persistent involucres; a kind of everlasting.

Gnar , n. [OE. knarre, gnarre, akin to OD. knor, G. knorren. Cf. Knar, Knur, Gnarl.] A knot or gnarl in wood; hence, a tough, thickset man; — written also gnarr. [Archaic] “He was … a thick gnarre.” Chaucer.

Gnar , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarred p. pr. & vb. n. Gnarring.] [See Gnarl.] To gnarl; to snarl; to growl; — written also gnarr. [Archaic] “At them he gan to rear his bristles strong,
And felly gnarre.” Spenser. “A thousand wants
Gnarr at the heels of men.” Tennison.

Gnarl , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarled p. pr. & vb. n. Gnarling.] [From older gnar, prob. of imitative origin; cf. G. knarren, knurren. D. knorren, Sw. knorra, Dan. knurre.] To growl; to snarl. “And wolves are gnarling who shall gnaw thee first.” Shak.

Gnarl, n. [See Gnar, n.] a knot in wood; a large or hard knot, or a protuberance with twisted grain, on a tree.

Gnarled , a. Knotty; full of knots or gnarls; twisted; crossgrained. “The unwedgeable and gnarled oak.” Shak.

Gnarl´y , a. Full of knots; knotty; twisted; crossgrained.

Gnash , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnashed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gnashing.] [OE. gnasten, gnaisten, cf. Icel. gnastan a gnashing, gnsta to gnash, Dan. knaske, Sw. gnissla, D. knarsen, G. knirschen.] To strike together, as in anger or pain; as to gnash the teeth.

Gnash, v. i. To grind or strike the teeth together. “There they him laid,
Gnashing for anguish, and despite, and shame.” Milton.

Gnash´ing•ly, adv. With gnashing.

Gnat , n. [AS. gnaet.] 1. (Zoöl.) A blood-sucking dipterous fly, of the genus Culex, undergoing a metamorphosis in water. The females have a proboscis armed with needlelike organs for penetrating the skin of animals. These are wanting in the males. In America they are generally called mosquitoes. See Mosquito. 2. Any fly resembling a Culex in form or habits; esp., in America, a small biting fly of the genus Simulium and allies, as the buffalo gnat, the black fly, etc. Gnat catcher (Zoöl.), one of several species of small American singing birds, of the genus Polioptila, allied to the kinglets. — Gnat flower, the bee flower. — Gnat hawk (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; — called also gnat owl. — Gnat snapper (Zoöl.), a bird that catches gnats. — Gnat strainer, a person ostentatiously punctilious about trifles. Cf. Matt. xxiii. 24.

Gnath´ic , a. [Gr. the jaw.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the jaw. Gnathic index, in a skull, the ratio of the distance from the middle of the nasofrontal suture to the basion (taken equal to 100), to the distance from the basion to the middle of the front edge of the upper jaw; — called also alveolar index. “Skulls with the gnathic index below 98 are orthognathous, from 98 to 103 mesognathous, and above 103 are prognathous.” Flower.

Gna•thid´i•um , n.; pl. Gnathidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) The ramus of the lower jaw of a bird as far as it is naked; — commonly used in the plural.

Gnath´ite , n. [Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the mouth appendages of the Arthropoda. They are known as mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipeds. { Gna•thon´ic , Gna•thon´ic•al } a. [L. Gnatho, name of a parasite in the ´Eunuchus´ of Terence, Gr. ; hence, a parasite in general.] Flattering; deceitful. [Obs.]

Gnath´o•pod , n. [Gr. gna•qos the jaw + -pod.] (Zoöl.) A gnathopodite or maxilliped. See Maxilliped.

Gna•thop´o•dite , n. (Zoöl,) Any leglike appendage of a crustacean, when modified wholly, or in part, to serve as a jaw, esp. one of the maxillipeds.

Gna•thos´te•gite , n. [Gr. gna•qos the jaw + a roof.] (Zoöl.) One of a pair of broad plates, developed from the outer maxillipeds of crabs, and forming a cover for the other mouth organs.

Gna•thos´to•ma , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. gna•qos the jaw + , , the mouth.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of vertebrates, including all that have distinct jaws, in contrast with the leptocardians and marsipobranchs (Cyclostoma), which lack them. [Written also Gnathostomata.]

Gnath•o•the´ca , n.; pl. GnathothecAE (#). [NL., fr. Gr. gna•qos the jaw + a box.] (Zoöl.) The horney covering of the lower mandible of a bird.

Gnat´ling , n. (Zoöl.) A small gnat.

Gnat´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The aquatic larva of a gnat; — called also colloquially, wiggler.

Gnaw (na), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnawed (nad); p. pr. & vb. n. Gnawing.] [OE. gnawen, AS. gnagan; akin to D. knagen, OHG. gnagan, nagan, G. nagen, Icel. & Sw. gnaga, Dan. gnave, nage. Cf. Nag to tease.] 1. To bite, as something hard or tough, which is not readily separated or crushed; to bite off little by little, with effort; to wear or eat away by scraping or continuous biting with the teeth; to nibble at. “His bones clean picked; his very bones they gnaw.” Dryden. 2. To bite in agony or rage. “They gnawed their tongues for pain.” Rev. xvi. 10. 3. To corrode; to fret away; to waste.

Gnaw, v. i. To use the teeth in biting; to bite with repeated effort, as in eating or removing with the teethsomething hard, unwiedly, or unmanageable. “I might well, like the spaniel, gnaw upon the chain that ties me.” Sir P. Sidney.

Gnaw´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, gnaws. 2. (Zoöl.) A rodent.

Gneiss (nis), n. [G.] (Geol.) A crystalline rock, consisting, like granite, of quartz, feldspar, and mica, but having these materials, especially the mica, arranged in planes, so that it breaks rather easily into coarse slabs or flags. Hornblende sometimes takes the place of the mica, and it is then called hornblendic or syenitic gneiss. Similar varieties of related rocks are also called gneiss.

Gneis´sic (nis´sik), a. Relating to, or resembling, gneiss; consisting of gneiss.

Gneis´soid (-soid), a. [Gneiss + -oid.] Resembling gneiss; having some of the characteristics of gneiss; — applied to rocks of an intermediate character between granite and gneiss, or mica slate and gneiss.

Gneis´sose , a. Having the structure of gneiss.

Gnew (nu), obs. imp. of Gnaw. Chaucer.

Gnide (nid), v. t. [AS. gnidan.] To rub; to bruise; to break in pieces. [Obs.] This word is found in Tyrwhitt’s Chaucer, but improperly. The woed, though common in Old English, does not occur in Chaucer. T. R. Lounsbury.

Gnof (nof), n. Churl; curmudgeon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gnome , n. [F. gnome, prob. fr. Gr. gnw•mon one that knows, a guardian, i. e., of the treasures in the inner parts of the earth, or fr. intelligence, both fr. gnw^nai, gignw^skein, to know. See Know.] 1. An imaginary being, supposed by the Rosicrucians to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, etc. 2. A dwarf; a goblin; a person of small stature or misshapen features, or of strange appearance. 3. (Zoöl.) A small owl (Glaucidium gnoma) of the Western United States. 4. [Gr. .] A brief reflection or maxim. Peacham. { Gnom´ic , Gnom´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. gnomique. See Gnome maxim.] Sententious; uttering or containing maxims, or striking detached thoughts; aphoristic. “A city long famous as the seat of elegiac and gnomic poetry.” G. R. Lewes. Gnomic Poets, Greek poets, as Theognis and Solon, of the sixth century B. C., whose writings consist of short sententious precepts and reflections.

Gnom´ic•al, a. [See Gnomon.] Gnomonical. Boyle.

Gnom´ic•al•ly, adv. In a gnomic, didactic, or sententious manner. { Gno•mo•log´ic , Gno•mo•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or resembling, a gnomology.

Gno•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; judgment, maxim + discourse: cf. F. gnomologie.] A collection of, or a treatise on, maxims, grave sentences, or reflections. [Obs.] Milton.

Gno´mon , n. [L. gnomon, Gr. one that knows, the index of a sundial. See Gnome.] 1. (Dialing) The style or pin, which by its shadow, shows the hour of the day. It is usually set parallel to the earth’s axis. 2. (Astron.) A style or column erected perpendicularly to the horizon, formerly used in astronomocal observations. Its principal use was to find the altitude of the sun by measuring the length of its shadow. 3. (Geom.) The space included between the boundary lines of two similar parallelograms, the one within the other, with an angle in common; as the gnomon bcdefg of the parallelograms ac and af. The parallelogram bf is the complement of the parallelogram df. 4. The index of the hour circle of a globe. { Gno•mon´ic , Gno•mon´ic•al } a. [L. gnomonicus, Gr. : cf. F. gnomonique. See Gnomon.] Of or pertaining to the gnomon, or the art of dialing. Gnomonic projection, a projection of the circles of the sphere, in which the point of sight is taken at the center of the sphere, and the principal plane is tangent to the surface of the sphere. ´The gnomonic projection derives its name from the connection between the methods of describing it and those for the construction of a gnomon or dial.´ Cyc. of Arts & Sciences.

Gno•mon´ic•al•ly , adv. According to the principles of the gnomonic projection.

Gno•mon´ics , n. [See Gnomonic.] The art or science of dialing, or of constructing dials to show the hour of the day by the shadow of a gnomon.

Gno´mon•ist , n. One skilled in gnomonics. Boyle.

Gno•mon•ol´o•gy , n. [Gnomon + -logy. Cf. Gnomonology.] A treatise on gnomonics.

Gnos´co•pine , n. [Gr. gignw•skein to know + E. opium?] (Chem.) An alkaloid existing in small quantities in opium.

Gno´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. gnw^sis.] (Metaph.) The deeper wisdom; knowledge of spiritual truth, such as was claimed by the Gnostics.

Gnos´tic , a. 1. Knowing; wise; shrewd. [Old Slang] “I said you were a gnostic fellow.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining to Gnosticism or its adherents; as the Gnostic heresy.

Gnos´tic, n. [L. gnosticus, Gr. good at knowing, sagacious; as a n., man that claims to have a deeper wisdom, fr. gignw•skein to know: cf. F. gnostique. See Know.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the so-called philosophers in the first ages of Christianity, who claimed a true philosophical interpretation of the Christian religion. Their system combined Oriental theology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. They held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual, and material, are derived from the Deity by successive emanations, which they called Eons.

Gnos´ti•cism , n. The system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics.

Gnow , obs. imp. of Gnaw. Gnawed. Chaucer.

Gnu , n. [Hottentot gnu, or nju: cf. F. gnou.] (Zoöl.) One of two species of large South African antelopes of the genus Catoblephas, having a mane and bushy tail, and curved horns in both sexes. [Written also gnoo.] The common gnu or wildebeest (Catoblephas gnu) is plain brown; the brindled gnu or blue wildebeest (C. gorgon) is larger, with transverse stripes of black on the neck and shoulders.

Go (go), obs. p. p. of Go. Gone. Chaucer.

Go, v. i. [imp. Went (went); p. p. Gone (gon; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Going. Went comes from the as wendan. See Wend, v. i.] [OE. gan, gon, AS. gan, akin to D. gaan, G. gehn, gehen, OHG. gen, gan, SW. gå, Dan. gaae; cf. Gr. kicha•nai to reach, overtake, Skr. ha to go, AS. gangan, and E. gang. The past tense in AS., eode, is from the root i to go, as is also Goth. iddja went. rad.47a. Cf. Gang, v. i., Wend.] 1. To pass from one place to another; to be in motion; to be in a state not motionless or at rest; to proceed; to advance; to make progress; — used, in various applications, of the movement of both animate and inanimate beings, by whatever means, and also of the movements of the mind; also figuratively applied. 2. To move upon the feet, or step by step; to walk; also to walk step by step, or leisurely. In old writers go is much used as opposed to run, or ride. ´Whereso I go or ride.´ Chaucer. “You know that love
Will creep in service where it can not go.” Shak. “Thou must run to him; for thou hast staid so long that going will scarce serve the turn.” Shak. “He fell from running to going, and from going to clambering upon his hands and his knees.” Bunyan. In Chaucer go is used frequently with the pronoun in the objective used reflexively; as he goeth him home. 3. To be passed on fron one to another; to pass; to circulate; hence, with for, to have currency; to be taken, accepted, or regarded. “The man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul.” 1 Sa. xvii. 12. “[The money] should go according to its true value.” Locke. 4. To proceed or happen in a given manner; to fare; to move on or be carried on; to have course; to come to an issue or result; to succeed; to turn out. “How goes the night, boy ?” Shak. “I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of man enough.” Arbuthnot. “Whether the cause goes for me or against me, you must pay me the reward.” I Watts. 5. To proceed or tend toward a result, consequence, or product; to tend; to conduce; to be an ingredient; to avail; to apply; to contribute; — often with the infinitive; as this goes to show. “Against right reason all your counsels go.” Dryden. “To master the foul flend there goeth some complement knowledge of theology.” Sir W. Scott. 6. To apply one’s self; to set one’s self; to undertake. “Seeing himself confronted by so many, like a resolute orator, he went not to denial, but to justify his cruel falsehood.” Sir P. Sidney. Go, in this sense, is often used in the present participle with the auxiliary verb to be, before an infinitive, to express a future of intention, or to denote design; as I was going to say; I am going to begin harvest. 7. To proceed by a mental operation; to pass in mind or by an act of the memory or imagination; — generally with over or through. “By going over all these particulars, you may receive some tolerable satisfaction about this great subject.” South. 8. To be with young; to be pregnant; to gestate. “The fruit she goes with,
I pray for heartily, that it may find
Good time, and live.” Shak. 9. To move from the person speaking, or from the point whence the action is contemplated; to pass away; to leave; to depart; — in opposition to stay and come. “I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the Lord your God; … only ye shall not go very far away.” Ex. viii. 28. 10. To pass away; to depart forever; to be lost or ruined; to perish; to decline; to decease; to die. “By Saint George, he’s gone!
That spear wound hath our master sped.” Sir W. Scott. 11. To reach; to extend; to lead; as a line goes across the street; his land goes to the river; this road goes to New York. “His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may allow.” Dryden. 12. To have recourse; to resort; as to go to law. Go is used, in combination with many prepositions and adverbs, to denote motion of the kind indicated by the preposition or adverb, in which, and not in the verb, lies the principal force of the expression; as to go against to go into, to go out, to go aside, to go astray, etc. Go to, come; move; go away; — a phrase of exclamation, serious or ironical. — To go a- begging, not to be in demand; to be undesired. — To go about. (a) To set about; to enter upon a scheme of action; to undertake. ´They went about to slay him.´ Acts ix. 29. “They never go about … to hide or palliate their vices.” Swift. (b) (Naut.) To tack; to turn the head of a ship; to wear. — To go abraod. (a) To go to a foreign country. (b) To go out of doors. (c) To become public; to be published or disclosed; to be current. “Then went this saying abroad among the brethren.” John xxi. 23. — To go against. (a) To march against; to attack. (b) To be in opposition to; to be disagreeable to. — To go ahead. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on; to make progress; to proceed. — To go and come. See To come and go, under Come. — To go aside. (a) To withdraw; to retire. “He … went aside privately into a desert place.” Luke. ix. 10. (b) To go from what is right; to err. Num. v. 29.— To go back on. (a) To retrace (one’s path or footsteps). (b) To abandon; to turn against; to betray. [Slang, U. S.] — To go below (Naut), to go below deck. — To go between, to interpose or mediate between; to be a secret agent between parties; in a bad sense, to pander. — To go beyond. See under Beyond. — To go by, to pass away unnoticed; to omit. — To go by the board (Naut.), to fall or be carried overboard; as the mast went by the board. — To go down. (a) To descend. (b) To go below the horizon; as the sun has gone down. (c) To sink; to founder; — said of ships, etc. (d) To be swallowed; — used literally or figuratively. [Colloq.] “Nothing so ridiculous, … but it goes down whole with him for truth.” L’ Estrange. — To go far. (a) To go to a distance. (b) To have much weight or influence. — To go for. (a) To go in quest of. (b) To represent; to pass for. (c) To favor; to advocate. (d) To attack; to assault. [Low] (e) To sell for; to be parted with for (a price). — To go for nothing, to be parted with for no compensation or result; to have no value, efficacy, or influence; to count for nothing. — To go forth. (a) To depart from a place. (b) To be divulged or made generally known; to emanate. “The law shall go forth of Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.” Micah iv. 2. — To go hard with, to trouble, pain, or endanger. — To go in, to engage in; to take part. [Colloq.] — To go in and out, to do the business of life; to live; to have free access. John x. 9. — To go in for. [Colloq.] (a) To go for; to favor or advocate (a candidate, a measure, etc.). (b) To seek to acquire or attain to (wealth, honor, preferment, etc.) (c) To complete for (a reward, election, etc.). (d) To make the object of one’s labors, studies, etc. “He was as ready to go in for statistics as for anything else.” Dickens. — To go in to or unto. (a) To enter the presence of. Esther iv. 16. (b) To have sexual intercourse with. [Script.] — To go into. (a) To speak of, investigate, or discuss (a question, subject, etc.). (b) To participate in (a war, a business, etc.). — To go large. (Naut) See under Large. — To go off. (a) To go away; to depart. “The leaders … will not go off until they hear you.” Shak. (b) To cease; to intermit; as this sickness went off. (c) To die. Shak. (d) To explode or be discharged; — said of gunpowder, of a gun, a mine, etc. (e) To find a purchaser; to be sold or disposed of. (f) To pass off; to take place; to be accomplished. “The wedding went off much as such affairs do.” Mrs. Caskell. — To go on. (a) To proceed; to advance further; to continue; as to go on reading. (b) To be put or drawn on; to fit over; as the coat will not go on. — To go all fours, to correspond exactly, point for point. “It is not easy to make a simile go on all fours.” Macaulay. — To go out. (a) To issue forth from a place. (b) To go abroad; to make an excursion or expedition. “There are other men fitter to go out than I.” Shak. “What went ye out for to see ?” Matt. xi. 7, 8, 9. (c) To become diffused, divulged, or spread abroad, as news, fame etc. (d) To expire; to die; to cease; to come to an end; as the light has gone out. “Life itself goes out at thy displeasure.” Addison. — To go over. (a) To traverse; to cross, as a river, boundary, etc.; to change sides. “I must not go over Jordan.” Deut. iv. 22. “Let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan.” Deut. iii. 25. “Ishmael … departed to go over to the Ammonites.” Jer. xli. 10. (b) To read, or study; to examine; to review; as to go over one’s accounts. “If we go over the laws of Christianity, we shall find that … they enjoin the same thing.” Tillotson. (c) To transcend; to surpass. (d) To be postponed; as the bill went over for the session. (e) (Chem.) To be converted (into a specified substance or material); as monoclinic sulphur goes over into orthorhombic, by standing; sucrose goes over into dextrose and levulose. — To go through. (a) To accomplish; as to go through a work. (b) To suffer; to endure to the end; as to go through a surgical operation or a tedious illness. (c) To spend completely; to exhaust, as a fortune. (d) To strip or despoil (one) of his property. [Slang] (e) To botch or bungle a business. [Scot.] — To go through with, to perform, as a calculation, to the end; to complete. — To go to ground. (a) To escape into a hole; — said of a hunted fox. (b) To fall in battle. — To go to naught (Colloq.), to prove abortive, or unavailling. — To go under. (a) To set; — said of the sun. (b) To be known or recognized by (a name, title, etc.). (c) To be overwhelmed, submerged, or defeated; to perish; to succumb. — To go up, to come to nothing; to prove abortive; to fail. [Slang] — To go upon, to act upon, as a foundation or hypothesis. — To go with. (a) To accompany. (b) To coincide or agree with. (c) To suit; to harmonize with. — To go well, ill, or hard with, to affect (one) in such manner. — To go without, to be, or to remain, destitute of. — To go wrong. (a) To take a wrong road or direction; to wander or stray. (b) To depart from virtue. (c) To happen unfortunately. (d) To miss success. — To let go, to allow to depart; to quit one’s hold; to release.

Go , v. t. 1. To take, as a share in an enterprise; to undertake or become responsible for; to bear a part in. “They to go equal shares in the booty.” L’Estrange. 2. To bet or wager; as I’ll go you a shilling. [Colloq.] To go halves, to share with another equally. — To go it, to behave in a wild manner; to be uproarious; to carry on; also to proceed; to make progress. [Colloq.] — To go it alone (Card Playing), to play a hand without the assistance of one’s partner. — To go it blind. (a) To act in a rash, reckless, or headlong manner. [Slang] (b) (Card Playing) To bet without having examined the cards. — To go one’s way, to set forth; to depart.

Go, n. 1. Act; working; operation. [Obs.] “So gracious were the goes of marriage.” Marston. 2. A circumstance or occurrence; an incident. [Slang] “This is a pretty go.” Dickens. 3. The fashion or mode; as quite the go. [Colloq.] 4. Noisy merriment; as a high go. [Colloq.] 5. A glass of spirits. [Slang] 6. Power of going or doing; energy; vitality; perseverance; push; as there is no go in him. [Colloq.] 7. (Cribbage) That condition in the course of the game when a player can not lay down a card which will not carry the aggregate count above thirty-one. Great go, Little go, the final and the preliminary examinations for a degree. [Slang, Eng. Univ.] — No go, a failure; a fiasco. [Slang] Thackeray. — On the go, moving about; unsettled. [Colloq.]

Go´a , n. (Zoöl.) A species of antelope (Procapra picticauda), inhabiting Thibet.

Goad , n. [AS. gad; perh. akin to AS. gar a dart, and E. gore. See Gore, v. t.] A pointed instrument used to urge on a beast; hence, any necessity that urges or stimulates. “The daily goad urging him to the daily toil.” Macaulay.

Goad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Goading.] To prick; to drive with a goad; hence, to urge forward, or to rouse by anything pungent, severe, irritating, or inflaming; to stimulate. “That temptation that doth goad us on.” Shak. Syn. — To urge; stimulate; excite; arouse; irritate; incite; instigate.

Goaf n.; pl. Goafs (#) or Goaves (#). [Cf. lst Gob.] (Mining) That part of a mine from which the mineral has been partially or wholly removed; the waste left in old workings; — called also gob . To work the goaf or gob, to remove the pillars of mineral matter previously left to support the roof, and replace them with props. Ure.

Goal , n. [F. gaule pole, Prov. F. waule, of German origin; cf. Fries. walu staff, stick, rod, Goth. walus, Icel. völr a round stick; prob. akin to E. wale.] 1. The mark set to bound a race, and to or around which the constestants run, or from which they start to return to it again; the place at which a race or a journey is to end. “Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal
With rapid wheels.” Milton. 2. The final purpose or aim; the end to which a design tends, or which a person aims to reach or attain. “Each individual seeks a several goal.” Pope. 3. A base, station, or bound used in various games; in football, a line between two posts across which the ball must pass in order to score; also the act of kicking the ball over the line between the goal posts. Goal keeper, the player charged with the defense of the goal.

Go´a pow´der [So called from Goa, on the Malabar coast, whither it was shipped from Portugal.] A bitter powder (also called araroba) found in the interspaces of the wood of a Brazilian tree (Andira araroba) and used as a medicine. It is the material from which chrysarobin is obtained.

Goar , n. Same as lst Gore.

Goar´ish, a. Patched; mean. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Goat (got), n. [OE goot, got, gat, AS. gat; akin to D. geit, OHG. geiz, G. geiss, Icel. geit, Sw. get, Dan. ged, Goth. gaits, L. haedus a young goat, kid.] (Zoöl.) A hollow-horned ruminant of the genus Capra, of several species and varieties, esp. the domestic goat (C. hircus), which is raised for its milk, flesh, and skin. The Cashmere and Angora varieties of the goat have long, silky hair, used in the manufacture of textile fabrics. The wild or bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus), of Asia Minor, noted for the bezoar stones found in its stomach, is supposed to be one of the ancestral species of the domestic goat. The Rocky Mountain goat (Haplocercus montanus) is more nearly related to the antelopes. See Mazame. Goat antelope (Zoöl), one of several species of antelopes, which in some respects resemble a goat, having recurved horns, a stout body, large hoofs, and a short, flat tail, as the goral, thar, mazame, and chikara. — Goat fig (Bot.), the wild fig. — Goat house. (a) A place for keeping goats. (b) A brothel. [Obs.] — Goat moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Cossus, esp. the large European species (C. ligniperda), the larva of which burrows in oak and willow trees, and requires three years to mature. It exhales an odor like that of the he-goat. — Goat weed (Bot.), a scrophulariaceous plant, of the genus Capraria (C. biflora). — Goat’s bane (Bot.), a poisonous plant (Aconitum Lucoctonum), bearing pale yellow flowers, introduced from Switzerland into England; wolfsbane. — Goat’s beard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Tragopogon; — so named from the long silky beard of the seeds. One species is the salsify or oyster plant. — Goat’s foot (Bot.), a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis caprina) growing at the Cape of Good Hope. — Goat’s rue (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Galega officinalis of Europe, or Tephrosia Virginiana in the United States). — Goat’s thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Astragalus Tragacanthus), found in the Levant. — Goat’s wheat (Bot.), the genus Tragopyrum (now referred to Atraphaxis).

Goat•ee´ , n. A part of a man’s beard on the chin or lower lip which is allowed to grow, and trimmed so as to resemble the beard of a goat.

Goat´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Upeneus, inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico. It is allied to the surmullet.

Goat´herd , n. One who tends goats. Spenser.

Goat´ish, a. Characteristic of a goat; goatlike. “Give your chaste body up to the embraces
Of goatish lust.” Massinger. — Goat´ish•ly, adv. — Goat´ish•ness, n.

Goat´like , a. Like a goat; goatish.

Goat´skin , n. The skin of a goat, or leather made from it. — a. Made of the skin of a goat.

Goat´suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of insectivorous birds, belonging to Caprimulgus and allied genera, esp. the European species (Caprimulgus Europaeus); — so called from the mistaken notion that it sucks goats. The European species is also goat-milker, goat owl, goat chaffer, fern owl, night hawk, nightjar, night churr, churr-owl, gnat hawk, and dorhawk.

Goaves (govz), n. pl. [See Goaf, n.] (Mining) Old workings. See Goaf. Raymond.

Gob (gob), n. [Cf. Goaf.] (Mining) Same as Goaf.

Gob, n. [OF. gob morsel; cf. F. gobe, gobbe, a poisoned morsel, poison ball, gobet a piece swallowed, gober to swallow greedily and without tasting; cf. Gael. & Ir. gob mouth, snout, W. gwp a bird’s head and neck. Cf. Gobble, Job, n.] 1. A little mass or collection; a small quantity; a mouthful. [Low] L’Estrange. 2. The mouth. [Prov. Eng.or Low] Wright.

Gob´bet , n. [OE. & F. gobet. See 2d Gob.] A mouthful; a lump; a small piece. Spenser. “[He] had broken the stocks to small gobbets.” Wyclif.

Gob´bet, v. t. To swallow greedily; to swallow in gobbets. [Low] L’Estrange.

Gob´bet•ly, adv. In pieces. [Obs.] Huloet.

Gob´bing , n. [See lst Gob.] (Mining) (a) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal. It is called also gob stuff. Brande & C. (b) The process of packing with waste rock; stowing.

Gob´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gobbled p. pr. & vb. n. Gobbling ] [Freq. of 2d gob.] 1. To swallow or eat greedily or hastily; to gulp. “Supper gobbled up in haste.” Swift. 2. To utter (a sound) like a turkey cock. “He … gobbles out a note of self- approbation.” Goldsmith. To gobble up, to capture in a mass or in masses; to capture suddenly. [Slang]

Gob´ble, v. i. 1. To eat greedily. 2. To make a noise like that of a turkey cock. Prior.

Gob´ble, n. A noise made in the throat. “Ducks and geese … set up a discordant gobble.” Mrs. Gore.

Gob´bler , n. A turkey cock; a bubbling Jock.

Gob´e•lin , a. Pertaining to tapestry produced in the so-called Gobelin works, which have been maintained by the French Government since 1667.

Gobe•mouche´ , n. [F.] Literally, a fly swallower; hence, once who keeps his mouth open; a boor; a silly and credulous person.

Gob´et , n. See Gobbet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go´-be•tween , n. An intermediate agent; a broker; a procurer; — usually in a disparaging sense. Shak.

Go´bi•oid , a. [NL. Gobius + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the goby, or the genus Gobius. — n. A gobioid fish.

Gob´let , n. [F. gobelet, LL. gobeletus, gobellus; cf. L. cupa tub, cask. See Cupel.] A kind of cup or drinking vessel having a foot or standard, but without a handle. “We love not loaded boards and goblets crowned.” Denham.

Gob´lin , n. [OE. gobelin, F. gobelin, LL. gobelinus, fr. Gr. knave, a mischievous goblin; or cf. G. kobold, E. kobold, cobalt, Armor. gobilin an ignis fatuus, goblin.] An evil or mischievous spirit; a playful or malicious elf; a frightful phantom; a gnome. “To whom the goblin, full of wrath, replied.” Milton.

Gob´line , n. (Naut.) One of the ropes or chains serving as stays for the dolphin striker or the bowsprit; — called also gobrope and gaubline.

Gob´lin•ize , v. t. To transform into a goblin. [R.] Lowell.

Go´by , n.; pl. Gobies (#). [F. gobie, L. gobius, gobio, Gr. Cf. Gudgeon.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small marine fishes of the genus Gobius and allied genera.

Go´-by , n. A passing without notice; intentional neglect; thrusting away; a shifting off; adieu; as to give a proposal the go-by. “Some songs to which we have given the go- by.” Prof. Wilson.

Go´cart , n. A framework moving on casters, designed to support children while learning to walk.

God , a. & n. Good. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God (god), n. [AS. god; akin to OS. & D. god, OHG. got, G. gott, Icel. guð, goð, Sw. & Dan. gud, Goth. gup, prob. orig. a p. p. from a root appearing in Skr. hu, p. p. huta, to call upon, invoke, implore. rad.30. Cf. Goodbye, Gospel, Gossip.] 1. A being conceived of as possessing supernatural power, and to be propitiated by sacrifice, worship, etc.; a divinity; a deity; an object of worship; an idol. “He maketh a god, and worshipeth it.” Is. xliv. 15. “The race of Israel … bowing lowly down
To bestial gods.” Milton. 2. The Supreme Being; the eternal and infinite Spirit, the Creator, and the Sovereign of the universe; Jehovah. “God is a Spirit; and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth.” John iv. 24. 3. A person or thing deified and honored as the chief good; an object of supreme regard. “Whose god is their belly.” Phil. iii. 19. 4. Figuratively applied to one who wields great or despotic power. [R.] Shak. Act of God. (Law) See under Act. — Gallery gods, the occupants of the highest and cheapest gallery of a theater. [Colloq.] — God’s acre, God’s field, a burial place; a churchyard. See under Acre. — God’s house. (a) An almshouse. [Obs.] (b) A church. — God’s penny, earnest penny. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. — God’s Sunday, Easter.

God, v. t. To treat as a god; to idolize. [Obs.] Shak.

God´child , n. One for whom a person becomes sponsor at baptism, and whom he promises to see educated as a Christian; a godson or goddaughter. See Godfather.

God´daugh•ter , n. [AS. goddohtor.] A female for whom one becomes sponsor at baptism.

God´dess , n. 1. A female god; a divinity, or deity, of the female sex. “When the daughter of Jupiter presented herself among a crowd of goddesses, she was distinguished by her graceful stature and superior beauty.” Addison. 2. A woman of superior charms or excellence.

Gode , a. & n. Good. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gode´lich , a. Goodly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God´fa•ther , n. [AS. godfaeder. Cf. Gossip.] A man who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism, and makes himself a surety for its Christian training and instruction. “There shall be for every Male-child to be baptized, when they can be had, two Godfathers and one Godmother; and for every Female, one Godfather and two Godmothers; and Parents shall be admitted as Sponsors, if it is desired.” Book of Common Prayer (Prot. Episc. Ch., U. S. ).

God´fa•ther, v. t. To act as godfather to; to take under one’s fostering care. [R.] Burke.

God´-fear•ing , a. Having a reverential and loving feeling towards God; religious. “A brave god-fearing man.” Tennyson.

God´head , n. [OE. godhed. See -head, and cf. Godhood.] 1. Godship; deity; divinity; divine nature or essence; godhood. 2. The Deity; God; the Supreme Being. “The imperial throne
Of Godhead, fixed for ever.” Milton. 3. A god or goddess; a divinity. [Obs.] “Adoring first the genius of the place,
The nymphs and native godheads yet unknown.” Dryden.

God´hood , n. [God + - hood. Cf. Godhead.] Divine nature or essence; deity; godhead.

God´ild A corruption of God yield, i. e., God reward or bless. Shak.

God´less, a. Having, or acknowledging, no God; without reverence for God; impious; wicked. — God´less•ly, adv. — God´less•ness, n.

God´like , a. [God + like. Cf. Godly.] Resembling or befitting a god or God; divine; hence, preeminently good; as godlike virtue. — God´like•ness, n.

God´li•ly , adv. Righteously. H. Wharton.

God´li•ness, n. [From Godly.] Careful observance of, or conformity to, the laws of God; the state or quality of being godly; piety. “Godliness is profitable unto all things.” 1 Tim. iv. 8.

God´ling , n. A diminutive god. Dryden.

God´ly, a. [God, n. + -ly. Cf. Godlike, Like.] Pious; reverencing God, and his character and laws; obedient to the commands of God from love for, and reverence of, his character; conformed to God’s law; devout; righteous; as a godly life. “For godly sorrow worketh repentance.” 2 Cor. vii. 10.

God´ly , adv. Piously; devoutly; righteously. “All that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.” 2. Tim. iii. 12.

God´ly•head , n. [Cf. Goodlyhead.] Goodness. [Obs.] Spenser.

God´moth•er , n. [AS. godmdor.] A woman who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. See Godfather

Go•down´ , n. [Corruption of Malay gadong warehouse.] A warehouse. [East Indies]

Go•droon´ , n. [F. godron a round plait, godroon.] (Arch.) An ornament produced by notching or carving a rounded molding.

God´send , n. Something sent by God; an unexpected acquisiton or piece of good fortune.

God´ship, n. [God, n. + - ship.] The rank or character of a god; deity; divinity; a god or goddess. “O’er hills and dales their godships came.” Prior.

God´sib , n. A gossip. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God´son , n. [AS. godsunu.] A male for whom one has stood sponsor in baptism. See Godfather.

God´speed , n. Success; prosperous journeying; — a contraction of the phrase, ´God speed you.´ [Written also as two separate words.] “Receive him not into house, neither bid him God speed.” 2 John 10.

God´ward , adv. Toward God. 2 Cor. iii. 4.

God´wit , n. [Prob. from AS. gd good + wiht creature, wight.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of long-billed, wading birds of the genus Limosa, and family Tringidae. The European black- tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), the American marbled godwit (L. fedoa), the Hudsonian godwit (L. haemastica), and others, are valued as game birds. Called also godwin.

Go´el (go´el), a. [Cf. Yellow. rad.49.] Yellow. [Obs.] Tusser.

Go•ë•land´ , n. [F. goëland.] (Zoöl.) A white tropical tern (Cygis candida).

Go•ë•min´ , n. [F. goëmon seaweed.] A complex mixture of several substances extracted from Irish moss.

Go´en , p. p. of Go. [Obs.]

Go´er , n. [From Go.] One who, or that which, goes; a runner or walker; as: (a) A foot. [Obs.] Chapman. (b) A horse, considered in reference to his gait; as a good goer; a safe goer. “This antechamber has been filled with comers and goers.” Macaulay.

Go´e•ty , n. [Gr. witchcraft, from to bewitch, sorcerer: cf. F. goetie.] Invocation of evil spirits; witchcraft. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Goff , n. [Cf. F. goffe ill- made, awkward, It. goffo, Sp. gofo, Prov. G. goff a blockhead, Gr. stupid.] A silly clown. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Goff, n. A game. See Golf. [Scot.] Halliwell.

Gof´fer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goffered p. pr. & vb. n. Goffering.] [See Gauffer.] To plait, flute, or crimp. See Gauffer. Clarke.

Gog , n. [Cf. agog, F. gogue sprightliness, also W. gogi to agitate, shake.] Haste; ardent desire to go. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gog´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Goggled p. pr. & vb. n. Goggling ] [Cf. Ir. & Gael. gog a nod, slight motion.] To roll the eyes; to stare. “And wink and goggle like an owl.” Hudibras.

Gog´gle, a. Full and rolling, or staring; — said of the eyes. “The long, sallow vissage, the goggle eyes.” Sir W. Scott.

Gog´gle, n. [See Goggle, v. i.] 1. A strained or affected rolling of the eye. 2. pl. (a) A kind of spectacles with short, projecting eye tubes, in the front end of which are fixed plain glasses for protecting the eyes from cold, dust, etc. (b) Colored glasses for relief from intense light. (c) A disk with a small aperture, to direct the sight forward, and cure squinting. (d) Any screen or cover for the eyes, with or without a slit for seeing through.

Gog´gled , a. Prominent; staring, as the eye.

Gog´gle-eye , n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of two or more species of American fresh-water fishes of the family Centrarchidae, esp. Chaenobryttus antistius, of Lake Michigan and adjacent waters, and Ambloplites rupestris, of the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; — so called from their prominent eyes. (b) The goggler.

Gog´gle-eyed , a. Having prominent and distorted or rolling eyes. Ascham.

Gog´gler , n. (Zoöl.) A carangoid oceanic fish (Trachurops crumenophthalmus), having very large and prominent eyes; — called also goggle- eye, big-eyed scad, and cicharra.

Gog´let , n. [Pg. gorgoleta.] See Gurglet.

Go´ing , n. 1. The act of moving in any manner; traveling; as the going is bad. 2. Departure. Milton. 3. Pregnancy; gestation; childbearing. Crew. 4. pl. Course of life; behavior; doings; ways. “His eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings.” Job xxxiv. 21. Going barrel. (Horology) (a) A barrel containing the mainspring, and having teeth on its periphery to drive the train. (b) A device for maintaining a force to drive the train while the timepiece is being wound up. — Going forth. (Script.) (a) Outlet; way of exit. ´Every going forth of the sanctuary.´ Ezek. xliv. 5. (b) A limit; a border. ´The going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadesh-barnea.´ Num. xxxiv. 4. — Going out, or Goings out. (Script.) (a) The utmost extremity or limit. ´The border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea.´ Num. xxxiv. 12. (b) Departure or journeying. ´And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys.´ Num. xxxiii. 2. — Goings on, behavior; actions; conduct; — usually in a bad sense. { Goi´ter , Goi´tre } , n. [F. goître, L. guttur throat, cf. tumidum guttur goiter, gutturosus goitered. See Guttural.] (Med.) An enlargement of the thyroid gland, on the anterior part of the neck; bronchocele. It is frequently associated with cretinism, and is most common in mountainous regions, especially in certain parts of Switzerland. { Goi´tered , Goi´tred } , a. Affected with goiter.

Goi´trous , a. [F. goîtreux, L. gutturosus. See Goiter.] Pertaining to the goiter; affected with the goiter; of the nature of goiter or bronchocele. “Let me not be understood as insinuating that the inhabitants in general are either goitrous or idiots.” W. Coxe. { Gold (gold), Golde , Goolde (goold), } n. (Bot.) An old English name of some yellow flower, — the marigold (Calendula), according to Dr. Prior, but in Chaucer perhaps the turnsole.

Gold (gold), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gulþ, Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. rad.49, 234. See Yellow, and cf. Gild, v. t.] 1. (Chem.) A metallic element, constituting the most precious metal used as a common commercial medium of exchange. It has a characteristic yellow color, is one of the heaviest substances known (specific gravity 19.32), is soft, and very malleable and ductile. It is quite unalterable by heat, moisture, and most corrosive agents, and therefore well suited for its use in coin and jewelry. Symbol Au (Aurum). Atomic weight 196.7. Native gold contains usually eight to ten per cent of silver, but often much more. As the amount of silver increases, the color becomes whiter and the specific gravity lower. Gold is very widely disseminated, as in the sands of many rivers, but in very small quantity. It usually occurs in quartz veins (gold quartz), in slate and metamorphic rocks, or in sand and alluvial soil, resulting from the disintegration of such rocks. It also occurs associated with other metallic substances, as in auriferous pyrites, and is combined with tellurium in the minerals petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, etc. Pure gold is too soft for ordinary use, and is hardened by alloying with silver and copper, the latter giving a characteristic reddish tinge. [See Carat.] Gold also finds use in gold foil, in the pigment purple of Cassius, and in the chloride, which is used as a toning agent in photography. 2. Money; riches; wealth. “For me, the gold of France did not seduce.” Shak. 3. A yellow color, like that of the metal; as a flower tipped with gold. 4. Figuratively, something precious or pure; as hearts of gold. Shak. Age of gold. See Golden age, under Golden. — Dutch gold, Fool’s gold, Gold dust, etc. See under Dutch, Dust, etc. — Gold amalgam, a mineral, found in Columbia and California, composed of gold and mercury. — Gold beater, one whose occupation is to beat gold into gold leaf. — Gold beater’s skin, the prepared outside membrane of the large intestine of the ox, used for separating the leaves of metal during the process of gold-beating. — Gold beetle (Zoöl.), any small gold-colored beetle of the family Chrysomelidae; — called also golden beetle. — Gold blocking, printing with gold leaf, as upon a book cover, by means of an engraved block. Knight. — Gold cloth. See Cloth of gold, under Cloth. — Gold Coast, a part of the coast of Guinea, in West Africa. — Gold cradle. (Mining) See Cradle, n., 7. — Gold diggings, the places, or region, where gold is found by digging in sand and gravel from which it is separated by washing. — Gold end, a fragment of broken gold or jewelry. — Gold-end man. (a) A buyer of old gold or jewelry. (b) A goldsmith’s apprentice. (c) An itinerant jeweler. ´I know him not: he looks like a gold-end man.´ B. Jonson. — Gold fever, a popular mania for gold hunting. — Gold field, a region in which are deposits of gold. — Gold finder. (a) One who finds gold. (b) One who empties privies. [Obs. & Low] Swift. — Gold flower, a composite plant with dry and persistent yellow radiating involucral scales, the Helichrysum Stœchas of Southern Europe. There are many South African species of the same genus. — Gold foil, thin sheets of gold, as used by dentists and others. See Gold leaf. — Gold knobs or knoppes (Bot.), buttercups. — Gold lace, a kind of lace, made of gold thread. — Gold latten, a thin plate of gold or gilded metal. — Gold leaf, gold beaten into a film of extreme thinness, and used for gilding, etc. It is much thinner than gold foil. — Gold lode (Mining), a gold vein. — Gold mine, a place where gold is obtained by mining operations, as distinguished from diggings, where it is extracted by washing. Cf. Gold diggings (above). — Gold nugget, a lump of gold as found in gold mining or digging; — called also a pepito. — Gold paint. See Gold shell. — Gold or Golden, pheasant. (Zoöl.) See under Pheasant. — Gold plate, a general name for vessels, dishes, cups, spoons, etc., made of gold. — Gold of pleasure. [Name perhaps translated from Sp. oro-de-alegria.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Camelina, bearing yellow flowers. C. sativa is sometimes cultivated for the oil of its seeds. — Gold shell. (a) A composition of powdered gold or gold leaf, ground up with gum water and spread on shells, for artists’ use; — called also gold paint. (b) (Zoöl.) A bivalve shell (Anomia glabra) of the Atlantic coast; — called also jingle shell and silver shell. See Anomia. — Gold size, a composition used in applying gold leaf. — Gold solder, a kind of solder, often containing twelve parts of gold, two of silver, and four of copper. — Gold stick, the colonel of a regiment of English lifeguards, who attends his sovereign on state occasions; — so called from the gilt rod presented to him by the sovereign when he receives his commission as colonel of the regiment. [Eng.] — Gold thread. (a) A thread formed by twisting flatted gold over a thread of silk, with a wheel and iron bobbins; spun gold. Ure. (b) (Bot.) A small evergreen plant (Coptis trifolia), so called from its fibrous yellow roots. It is common in marshy places in the United States. — Gold tissue, a tissue fabric interwoven with gold thread. — Gold tooling, the fixing of gold leaf by a hot tool upon book covers, or the ornamental impression so made. — Gold washings, places where gold found in gravel is separated from lighter material by washing. — Gold worm, a glowworm. [Obs.] — Jeweler’s gold, an alloy containing three parts of gold to one of copper. — Mosaic gold. See under Mosaic.

Gold´-beat•en , a. Gilded. [Obs.]

Gold´-beat•ing , n. The art or process of reducing gold to extremely thin leaves, by beating with a hammer. Ure.

Gold´-bound , a. Encompassed with gold.

Gold´crest , n. (Zoöl.) The European golden-crested kinglet (Regulus cristatus, or R. regulus); — called also golden-crested wren, and golden wren. The name is also sometimes applied to the American golden-crested kinglet. See Kinglet.

Gold´cup , n. (Bot.) The cuckoobud.

Gold´en , a. [OE. golden; cf. OE. gulden, AS. gylden, from gold. See Gold, and cf. Guilder.] 1. Made of gold; consisting of gold. 2. Having the color of gold; as the golden grain. 3. Very precious; highly valuable; excellent; eminently auspicious; as golden opinions. Golden age. (a) The fabulous age of primeval simplicity and purity of manners in rural employments, followed by the silver, bronze, and iron ages. Dryden. (b) (Roman Literature) The best part (B. C. 81 — A. D. 14) of the classical period of Latinity; the time when Cicero, Caesar, Virgil, etc., wrote. Hence: (c) That period in the history of a literature, etc., when it flourishes in its greatest purity or attains its greatest glory; as the Elizabethan age has been considered the golden age of English literature. — Golden balls, three gilt balls used as a sign of a pawnbroker’s office or shop; — originally taken from the coat of arms of Lombardy, the first money lenders in London having been Lombards. — Golden bull. See under Bull, an edict. — Golden chain (Bot.), the shrub Cytisus Laburnum, so named from its long clusters of yellow blossoms. — Golden club (Bot.), an aquatic plant (Orontium aquaticum), bearing a thick spike of minute yellow flowers. — Golden cup (Bot.), the buttercup. — Golden eagle (Zoöl.), a large and powerful eagle (Aquila Chrysaëtos) inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. It is so called from the brownish yellow tips of the feathers on the head and neck. A dark variety is called the royal eagle; the young in the second year is the ring-tailed eagle. — Golden fleece. (a) (Mythol.) The fleece of gold fabled to have been taken from the ram that bore Phryxus through the air to Colchis, and in quest of which Jason undertook the Argonautic expedition. (b) (Her.) An order of knighthood instituted in 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy; - - called also Toison d’Or. — Golden grease, a bribe; a fee. [Slang] — Golden hair (Bot.), a South African shrubby composite plant with golden yellow flowers, the Chrysocoma Coma- aurea. — Golden Horde (Hist.), a tribe of Mongolian Tartars who overran and settled in Southern Russia early in the 18th century. — Golden Legend, a hagiology (the ´Aurea Legenda´) written by James de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, in the 13th century, translated and printed by Caxton in 1483, and partially paraphrased by Longfellow in a poem thus entitled. — Golden marcasite tin. [Obs.] — Golden mean, the way of wisdom and safety between extremes; sufficiency without excess; moderation. “Angels guard him in the golden mean.” Pope. — Golden mole (Zoöl), one of several South African Insectivora of the family Chrysochloridae, resembling moles in form and habits. The fur is tinted with green, purple, and gold. — Golden number (Chronol.), a number showing the year of the lunar or Metonic cycle. It is reckoned from 1 to 19, and is so called from having formerly been written in the calendar in gold. — Golden oriole. (Zoöl.) See Oriole. — Golden pheasant. See under Pheasant. — Golden pippin, a kind of apple, of a bright yellow color. — Golden plover (Zoöl.), one of several species of plovers, of the genus Charadrius, esp. the European (C. apricarius, or pluvialis; — called also yellow, black-breasted, hill, ∧ whistling, plover. The common American species (C. dominicus) is also called frostbird, and bullhead. — Golden robin. (Zoöl.) See Baltimore oriole, in Vocab. — Golden rose (R. C. Ch.), a gold or gilded rose blessed by the pope on the fourth Sunday in Lent, and sent to some church or person in recognition of special services rendered to the Holy See. — Golden rule. (a) The rule of doing as we would have others do to us. Cf. Luke vi. 31. (b) The rule of proportion, or rule of three. — Golden samphire (Bot.), a composite plant (Inula crithmoides), found on the seashore of Europe. — Golden saxifrage (Bot.), a low herb with yellow flowers (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium), blossoming in wet places in early spring. - - Golden seal (Bot.), a perennial ranunculaceous herb (Hydrastis Canadensis), with a thick knotted rootstock and large rounded leaves. — Golden sulphide, or sulphuret, of antimony (Chem.), the pentasulphide of antimony, a golden or orange yellow powder. — Golden warbler (Zoöl.), a common American wood warbler (Dendroica aestiva); — called also blue-eyed yellow warbler, garden warbler, and summer yellow bird. — Golden wasp (Zoöl.), a bright- colored hymenopterous insect, of the family Chrysididae. The colors are golden, blue, and green. — Golden wedding. See under Wedding.

Gold´en-eye , n. (Zoöl.) A duck (Glaucionetta clangula), found in Northern Europe, Asia, and America. The American variety (var. Americana) is larger. Called whistler, garrot, gowdy, pied widgeon, whiteside, curre, and doucker. Barrow’s golden-eye of America (G. Islandica) is less common.

God´en•ly, adv. In golden terms or a golden manner; splendidly; delightfully. [Obs.] Shak.

Gold´en-rod , n. (Bot.) A tall herb (Solidago Virga-aurea), bearing yellow flowers in a graceful elongated cluster. The name is common to all the species of the genus Solidago. Golden-rod tree (Bot.), a shrub (Bosea Yervamora), a native of the Canary Isles.

Gold´finch , n. [AS. goldfinc. See Gold, and Finch.] (Zoöl.) (a) A beautiful bright- colored European finch (Carduelis elegans). The name refers to the large patch of yellow on the wings. The front of the head and throat are bright red; the nape, with part of the wings and tail, black; — called also goldspink, goldie, fool’s coat, drawbird, draw-water, thistle finch, and sweet William. (b) The yellow- hammer. (c) A small American finch (Spinus tristis); the thistle bird. The name is also applied to other yellow finches, esp. to several additional American species of Spinus.

Gold´fin•ny , n. (Zoöl.) One of two or more species of European labroid fishes (Crenilabrus melops, and Ctenolabrus rupestris); — called also goldsinny, and goldney.

Gold´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small domesticated cyprinoid fish (Carassius auratus); — so named from its color. It is a native of China, and is said to have been introduced into Europe in 1691. It is often kept as an ornament, in small ponds or glass globes. Many varieties are known. Called also golden fish, and golden carp. See Telescope fish, under Telescope. (b) A California marine fish of an orange or red color; the garibaldi.

Gold´-ham•mer , n. The yellow- hammer.

Gold´ie , n. [From Gold.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European goldfinch. (b) The yellow- hammer.

Gold´i•locks , n. Same as Goldylocks. { Gold´in , Gold´ing } n. (Bot.) [From the golden color of the blossoms.] A conspicuous yellow flower, commonly the corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum). [This word is variously corrupted into gouland, gools, gowan, etc.]

Gold´less , a. Destitute of gold.

Gold´ney , n. (Zoöl.) See Gilthead.

Gold´seed , n. (Bot.) Dog’s-tail grass.

Gold´sin•ny , n. (Zoöl.) See Goldfinny.

Gold´smith , n. [AS. goldsmi. See Gold., and Smith.] 1. An artisan who manufactures vessels and ornaments, etc., of gold. 2. A banker. [Obs.] The goldsmiths of London formerly received money on deposit because they were prepared to keep it safely. Goldsmith beetle (Zoöl.), a large, bright yellow, American beetle (Cotalpa lanigera), of the family Scarabaeidae

Gold´tit , n. (Zoöl.) See Verdin.

Gold´y•locks , n. (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Chrysocoma; — so called from the tufts of yellow flowers which terminate the stems; also the Ranunculus auricomus, a kind of buttercup.

Go´let , n. The gullet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go´let, n. (Zoöl.) A California trout. See Malma.

Golf , n. [D. kolf club or bat, also a Dutch game played in an inclosed area with clubs and balls; akin to G. kolben club, but end, Icel. klfr tongue of a bell. bolt, Sw. kolf bolt, dart, but end, Dan. kolv bolt, arrow. Cf. Club, Globe.] A game played with a small ball and a bat or club crooked at the lower end. He who drives the ball into each of a series of small holes in the ground and brings it into the last hole with the fewest strokes is the winner. [Scot.] Strutt.

Golf´er , n. One who plays golf. [Scot.]

Gol´go•tha , n. Calvary. See the Note under Calvary.

Gol´iard (gol´yerd), n. [From OF. goliart glutton, buffoon, riotous student, Goliard, LL. goliardus, prob. fr. L. gula throat. Cf. Gules.] A buffoon in the Middle Ages, who attended rich men’s tables to make sport for the guests by ribald stories and songs.

Gol´iard•er•y , n. The satirical or ribald poetry of the Goliards. Milman.

Go•li´ath bee´tle [From Goliath, the Philistine giant.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Goliathus, a genus of very large and handsome African beetles.

Goll , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A hand, paw, or claw. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. B. Jonson.

Go•loe´-shoe , n. A galoche.

Go•lore´ , n. See Galore.

Go•loshe´ , n. See Galoche.

Golt´schut , n. 1. A small ingot of gold. 2. A silver ingot, used in Japan as money.

Gol´yard•eys , n. A buffoon. See Goliard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go´man , n. [Prob. fr. good man; but cf. also AS. gumman a man, OHG. gomman man, husband.] A husband; a master of a family. [Obs.] { Go´mar•ist , Go´mar•ite } n. (Eccl.-Hist.) One of the followers of Francis Gomar or Gomarus, a Dutch disciple of Calvin in the 17th century, who strongly opposed the Arminians.

Gom´bo , n. See Gumbo.

Gome , n. [AS. guma; akin to Goth. guma, L. homo. See Bridegroom.] A man. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Gome, n. [Cf. Icel. gormr ooze, mud.] The black grease on the axle of a cart or wagon wheel; — called also gorm. See Gorm. [Prov. Eng.]

Go´mer , n. A Hebrew measure. See Homer.

Go´mer, n. (Gun.) A conical chamber at the breech of the bore in heavy ordnance, especially in mortars; — named after the inventor.

Gom´me•lin , n. [F. gommeline, from gomme gum.] (Chem.) See Dextrin.

Gom•phi´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. toothache or gnashing of teeth, fr. a grinder tooth, from a bolt.] (Med.) A disease of the teeth, which causes them to loosen and fall out of their sockets.

Gom•pho´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , prop., a bolting together, fr. to fasten with bolts or nails, bolt, nail: cf. F. gomphose.] (Anat.) A form of union or immovable articulation where a hard part is received into the cavity of a bone, as the teeth into the jaws.

Go•mu´ti , n. [Malayan gumuti.] A black, fibrous substance resembling horsehair, obtained from the leafstalks of two kinds of palms, Metroxylon Sagu, and Arenga saccharifera, of the Indian islands. It is used for making cordage. Called also ejoo.

Gon , imp. & p. p. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gon´ad , n.; pl. Gonads (#). [Gr. that which generates.] (Anat.) One of the masses of generative tissue primitively alike in both sexes, but giving rise to either an ovary or a testis; a generative gland; a germ gland. Wiedersheim.

Go´na•kie , n. (Bot.) An African timber tree (Acacia Adansonii).

Go•nan•gi´um , n.; pl. L. Gonangia (#), E. Gonangiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. offspring + vessel.] (Zoöl.) See Gonotheca.

Gon´do•la , n. [It., dim. of gonda a gondola; cf. LL. gandeia a kind of boat, Gr. a drinking vessel; said to be a Persian word; cf. F. gondole gondola, cup.] 1. A long, narrow boat with a high prow and stern, used in the canals of Venice. A gondola is usually propelled by one or two oarsmen who stand facing the prow, or by poling. A gondola for passengers has a small open cabin amidships, for their protection against the sun or rain. A sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now. 2. A flat-bottomed boat for freight. [U. S.] 3. A long platform car, either having no sides or with very low sides, used on railroads. [U. S.]

Gon´do•let , n. [It. gondoletta, dim. of gondola.] A small gondola. T. Moore.

Gon•do•lier´ , n. [It. gondoliere: cf. F. gondolier.] A man who rows a gondola.

Gone , p. p. of Go.

Gone´ness, n. A state of exhaustion; faintness, especially as resulting from hunger. [Colloq. U. S.] { Gon´fa•lon , Gon´fa•non } n. [OE. gonfanoun, OF. gonfanon, F. gonfalon, the same word as F. confalon, name of a religious brotherhood, fr. OHG. gundfano war flag; gund war (used in comp., and akin to AS. guð) + fano cloth, flag; akin to E. vane; cf. AS. guðfana. See Vane, and cf. Confalon.] 1. The ensign or standard in use by certain princes or states, such as the mediaeval republics of Italy, and in more recent times by the pope. 2. A name popularly given to any flag which hangs from a crosspiece or frame instead of from the staff or the mast itself. “Standards and gonfalons, ’twixt van and rear,
Stream in the air.” Milton.

Gon•fa•lon•ier´ , n. [F. gonfalonier: cf. It. gonfaloniere.] He who bears the gonfalon; a standard bearer; as: (a) An officer at Rome who bears the standard of the Church. (b) The chief magistrate of any one of several republics in mediaeveal Italy. (c) A Turkish general, and standard keeper.

Gong , n. [AS. gong, gang, a going, passage, drain. See Gang.] A privy or jakes. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gong farmer, Gong man, a cleaner of privies. [Obs.]

Gong, n. 1. [Malayan (Jav.) gong.] An instrument, first used in the East, made of an alloy of copper and tin, shaped like a disk with upturned rim, and producing, when struck, a harsh and resounding noise. “O’er distant deserts sounds the Tartar gong.” Longfellow. 2. (Mach.) A flat saucerlike bell, rung by striking it with a small hammer which is connected with it by various mechanical devices; a stationary bell, used to sound calls or alarms; — called also gong bell. Gong metal, an alloy (78 parts of copper, 22 of tin), from which Oriental gongs are made.

Go´ni•a•tite , n. [Gr. angle.] (Paleon.) One of an extinct genus of fossil cephalopods, allied to the Ammonites. The earliest forms are found in the Devonian formation, the latest, in the Triassic.

Go•nid´i•al , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or containing, gonidia.

Go•nid´i•al, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the angles of the mouth; as a gonidial groove of an actinian.

Go•nid´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , dim. of angle.] (Zool.) A special groove or furrow at one or both angles of the mouth of many Anthozoa.

Go•nid´i•um, n.; pl. Gonidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. that which generates.] (Bot.) A component cell of the yellowish green layer in certain lichens.

Go•nim´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. productive, fr. that which generates.] (Bot.) Bluish green granules which occur in certain lichens, as Collema, Peltigera, etc., and which replace the more usual gonidia.

Gon´i•mous , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or containing, gonidia or gonimia, as that part of a lichen which contains the green or chlorophyll-bearing cells.

Go•ni•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. angle + -meter: cf. F. goniomètre.] An instrument for measuring angles, especially the angles of crystals, or the inclination of planes. Contact, or Hand, goniometer, a goniometer having two movable arms (ab, cd), between which (at ab) the faces of the crystals are placed. These arms turn about a fixed point, which is the center of the graduated circle or semicircle upon which the angle is read off. — Reflecting goniometer, an instrument for measuring the angles of crystals by determining through what angular space the crystal must be turned so that two rays reflected from two surfaces successively shall have the same direction; — called also Wollaston’s goniometer, from the inventor.

Go•ni•o•met´ric , Go•ni•o•met´ric•al , a. Pertaining to, or determined by means of, a goniometer; trigonometric.

Go•ni•om´e•try , n. [Cf. F. goniometrie.] (Math.) The art of measuring angles; trigonometry.

Gon•o•blas´tid , n. [See Gonoblastidium.] (Zoöl.) A reproductive bud of a hydroid; a simple gonophore.

Gon•o•blas•tid´i•um , n.; pl. Gonoblastidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. offspring + to bud.] (Zoöl.) A blastostyle.

Gon•o•ca´lyx , n. [Gr. offspring + E. calyx,] (Zoöl.) The bell of a sessile gonozooid.

Gon•o•cho´rism , n. [Gr. offspring + to separate.] (a) Separation of the sexes in different individuals; — opposed to hermaphroditism. (b) In ontogony, differentiation of male and female individuals from embryos having the same rudimentary sexual organs. (c) In phylogeny, the evolution of distinct sexes in species previously hermaphrodite or sexless.

Gon•o•coc´cus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. semen, the genitals + NL. & E. coccus.] (Med.) A vegetable microörganism of the genus Micrococcus, occurring in the secretion in gonorrhea. It is believed by some to constitute the cause of this disease.

Gon´oph , n. [Perh. fr. Heb. gannabh thief.] A pickpocket or thief. [Eng. Slang] Dickens.

Gon´o•phore , n. [Gr. offspring, seed + to bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) A sexual zooid produced as a medusoid bud upon a hydroid, sometimes becoming a free hydromedusa, sometimes remaining attached. See Hydroidea, and Illusts. of Athecata, Campanularian, and Gonosome. 2. (Bot.) A lengthened receptacle, bearing the stamens and carpels in a conspicuous manner. { Gon•or•rhe´a , Gon•or•rhœ´a } , n. [L. gonorrhoea, Gr. ; that which begets, semen, the genitals + to flow: cf. F. gonorrhee.] (Med.) A contagious inflammatory disease of the genitourinary tract, affecting especially the urethra and vagina, and characterized by a mucopurulent discharge, pain in urination, and chordee; clap. { Gon•or•rhe´al , Gon•or•rhœ´al } , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to gonorrhea; as gonorrheal rheumatism.

Gon´o•some , n. [Gr. offspring + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The reproductive zooids of a hydroid colony, collectively.

Gon•o•the´ca , n.; pl. Gonothec (#). [NL., fr. Gr. offspring + box.] (Zoöl.) A capsule developed on certain hydroids (Thecaphora), inclosing the blastostyle upon which the medusoid buds or gonophores are developed; — called also gonangium, and teleophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian.

Gon•o•zo´oid , n. [Gr. offspring + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) A sexual zooid, or medusoid bud of a hydroid; a gonophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian.

Go•nyd´i•al , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the gonys of a bird’s beak.

Go´nys , n. [Cf. Genys.] (Zoöl.) The keel or lower outline of a bird’s bill, so far as the mandibular rami are united.

Goo´ber , n. A peanut. [Southern U. S.]

Good , a. [Compar. Better superl. Best These words, though used as the comparative and superlative of good, are from a different root.] [AS. God, akin to D. goed, OS. god, OHG. guot, G. gut, Icel. goðr, Sw. & Dan. god, Goth. gods; prob. orig., fitting, belonging together, and akin to E. gather. rad.29 Cf. Gather.] 1. Possessing desirable qualities; adapted to answer the end designed; promoting success, welfare, or happiness; serviceable; useful; fit; excellent; admirable; commendable; not bad, corrupt, evil, noxious, offensive, or troublesome, etc. “And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good.” Gen. i. 31. “Good company, good wine, good welcome.” Shak. 2. Possessing moral excellence or virtue; virtuous; pious; religious; — said of persons or actions. “In all things showing thyself a pattern of good works.” Tit. ii. 7. 3. Kind; benevolent; humane; merciful; gracious; polite; propitious; friendly; well-disposed; — often followed by to or toward, also formerly by unto. “The men were very good unto us.” 1 Sam. xxv. 15. 4. Serviceable; suited; adapted; suitable; of use; to be relied upon; — followed especially by for. “All quality that is good for anything is founded originally in merit.” Collier. 5. Clever; skillful; dexterous; ready; handy; — followed especially by at. “He … is a good workman; a very good tailor.” Shak. “Those are generally good at flattering who are good for nothing else.” South. 6. Adequate; sufficient; competent; sound; not fallacious; valid; in a commercial sense, to be depended on for the discharge of obligations incurred; having pecuniary ability; of unimpaired credit. “My reasons are both good and weighty.” Shak. “My meaning in saying he is a good man is … that he is sufficient … I think I may take his bond.” Shak. 7. Real; actual; serious; as in the phrases in good earnest; in good sooth. “Love no man in good earnest.” Shak. 8. Not small, insignificant, or of no account; considerable; esp., in the phrases a good deal, a good way, a good degree, a good share or part, etc. 9. Not lacking or deficient; full; complete. “Good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running over.” Luke vi. 38. 10. Not blemished or impeached; fair; honorable; unsullied; as in the phrases a good name, a good report, good repute, etc. “A good name is better than precious ointment”. Eccl. vii. 1. As good as. See under As. — For good, or For good and all, completely and finally; fully; truly. “The good woman never died after this, till she came to die for good and all.” L’Estrange. — Good breeding, polite or polished manners, formed by education; a polite education. “Distinguished by good humor and good breeding.” Macaulay. — Good cheap, literally, good bargain; reasonably cheap. — Good consideration (Law). (a) A consideration of blood or of natural love and affection. Blackstone. (b) A valuable consideration, or one which will sustain a contract. — Good fellow, a person of companionable qualities. [Familiar] — Good folk, or Good people, fairies; brownies; pixies, etc. [Colloq. Eng. & Scot.] — Good for nothing. (a) Of no value; useless; worthless. (b) Used substantively, an idle, worthless person. “My father always said I was born to be a good for nothing.” Ld. Lytton. — Good Friday, the Friday of Holy Week, kept in some churches as a fast, in memoory of our Savior’s passion or suffering; the anniversary of the crucifixion. — Good humor, or Good-humor, a cheerful or pleasant temper or state of mind. — Good nature, or Good-nature, habitual kindness or mildness of temper or disposition; amiability; state of being in good humor. “The good nature and generosity which belonged to his character.” Macaulay. “The young count’s good nature and easy persuadability were among his best characteristics.” Hawthorne. — Good people. See Good folk (above). — Good speed, good luck; good success; godspeed; — an old form of wishing success. See Speed. — Good turn, an act of kidness; a favor. — Good will. (a) Benevolence; well wishing; kindly feeling. (b) (Law) The custom of any trade or business; the tendency or inclination of persons, old customers and others, to resort to an established place of business; the advantage accruing from tendency or inclination. “The good will of a trade is nothing more than the probability that the old customers will resort to the old place.” Lord Eldon. — In good time. (a) Promptly; punctually; opportunely; not too soon nor too late. (b) (Mus.) Correctly; in proper time. — To hold good, to remain true or valid; to be operative; to remain in force or effect; as his promise holds good; the condition still holds good. — To make good, to fulfill; to establish; to maintain; to supply (a defect or deficiency); to indemmify; to prove or verify (an accusation); to prove to be blameless; to clear; to vindicate. “Each word made good and true.” Shak. “Of no power to make his wishes good.” Shak. “I … would by combat make her good.” Shak. “Convenient numbers to make good the city.” Shak. — To think good, to approve; to be pleased or satisfied with; to consider expedient or proper. “If ye think good, give me my price; and if not, forbear.” Zech. xi. 12. Good, in the sense of wishing well, is much used in greeting and leave-taking; as good day, good night, good evening, good morning, etc.

Good , n. 1. That which possesses desirable qualities, promotes success, welfare, or happiness, is serviceable, fit, excellent, kind, benevolent, etc.; — opposed to evil. “There be many that say, Who will show us any good ?” Ps. iv. 6. 2. Advancement of interest or happiness; welfare; prosperity; advantage; benefit; — opposed to harm, etc. “The good of the whole community can be promoted only by advancing the good of each of the members composing it.” Jay. 3. pl. Wares; commodities; chattels; - - formerly used in the singular in a collective sense. In law, a comprehensive name for almost all personal property as distinguished from land or real property. Wharton. “He hath made us spend much good.” Chaucer. “Thy lands and goods
Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate
Unto the state of Venice.” Shak. Dress goods, Dry goods, etc. See in the Vocabulary. — Goods engine, a freight locomotive. [Eng.] — Goods train, a freight train. [Eng.] — Goods wagon, a freight car [Eng.] See the Note under Car, n., 2.

Good, adv. Well, — especially in the phrase as good, with a following as expressed or implied; equally well with as much advantage or as little harm as possible. “As good almost kill a man as kill a good book.” Milton. As good as, in effect; virtually; the same as. “They who counsel ye to such a suppressing, do as good as bid ye suppress yourselves.” Milton.

Good, v. t. 1. To make good; to turn to good. [Obs.] 2. To manure; to improve. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. { Good•-by´ , Good•-bye´ } , n. or interj. [A contraction of God be with ye (God be wi ye, God bw’ ye, God bwye).] Farewell; a form of address used at parting. See the last Note under By, prep. Shak.

Good•-den´ , interj. [Corrupt. of good e’en, for good evening.] A form of salutation. [Obs.] Shak.

Good•-fel´low•ship , n. Agreeable companionship; companionableness.

Good´geon , n. (Naut.) Same as Gudgeon, 5.

Good•-hu´mored , a. Having a cheerful spirit and demeanor; good-tempered. See Good- natured.

Good•-hu´mored•ly, adv. With a cheerful spirit; in a cheerful or good-tempered manner.

Good´ish , a. Rather good than the contrary; not actually bad; tolerable. “Goodish pictures in rich frames.” Walpole.

Good´less, a. Having no goods. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Good´lich , a. Goodly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Good´li•ness , n. [From Goodly.] Beauty of form; grace; elegance; comeliness. “Her goodliness was full of harmony to his eyes.” Sir P. Sidney.

Good´-look•ing , a. Handsome.

Good´ly, adv. Excellently. [Obs.] Spenser.

Good´ly, a. [Compar. Goodlier superl. Goodliest.] [OE. godlich, AS. godlic. See Good, and Like.] 1. Pleasant; agreeable; desirable. “We have many goodly days to see.” Shak. 2. Of pleasing appearance or character; comely; graceful; as a goodly person; goodly raiment, houses. “The goodliest man of men since born.” Milton. 3. Large; considerable; portly; as a goodly number. “Goodly and great he sails behind his link.” Dryden. { Good´ly•head , Good´ly•hood } n. Goodness; grace; goodliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Good´man , n. [Good + man] 1. A familiar appellation of civility, equivalent to ´My friend´, ´Good sir´, ´Mister;´ — sometimes used ironically. [Obs.] “With you, goodman boy, an you please.” Shak. 2. A husband; the master of a house or family; — often used in speaking familiarly. [Archaic] Chaucer. “Say ye to the goodman of the house, … Where is the guest-chamber ?” Mark xiv. 14. In the early colonial records of New England, the term goodman is frequently used as a title of designation, sometimes in a respectful manner, to denote a person whose first name was not known, or when it was not desired to use that name; in this use it was nearly equivalent to Mr. This use was doubtless brought with the first settlers from England.

Good•-na´tured , a. Naturally mild in temper; not easily provoked. Syn. — Good-natured, Good-tempered, Good- humored. Good-natured denotes a disposition to please and be pleased. Good-tempered denotes a habit of mind which is not easily ruffled by provocations or other disturbing influences. Good-humored is applied to a spirit full of ease and cheerfulness, as displayed in one’s outward deportment and in social intercourse. A good-natured man recommends himself to all by the spirit which governs him. A good-humored man recommends himself particularly as a companion. A good-tempered man is rarely betrayed into anything which can disturb the serenity of the social circle.

Good•-na´tured•ly, adv. With mildness of temper.

Good´ness , n. [AS. godnes.] The quality of being good in any of its various senses; excellence; virtue; kindness; benevolence; as the goodness of timber, of a soil, of food; goodness of character, of disposition, of conduct, etc.

Good´ now´ An exclamation of wonder, surprise, or entreaty. [Obs.] Shak.

Goods , n. pl. See Good, n., 3.

Good´ship, n. Favor; grace. [Obs.] Gower.

Good•-tem´pered , a. Having a good temper; not easily vexed. See Good-natured.

Good´wife , n. The mistress of a house. [Archaic] Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Good´y , n.; pl. goodies . 1. A bonbon, cake, or the like; — usually in the pl. [Colloq.] 2. (Zoöl.) An American fish; the lafayette or spot.

Good´y, n.; pl. Goodies (#). [Prob. contr. from goodwife.] Goodwife; — a low term of civility or sport.

Good´-year , n. [See Goujere.] The venereal disease; — often used as a mild oath. [Obs.] Shak.

Good´y-good•y, a. Mawkishly or weakly good; exhibiting goodness with silliness. [Colloq.]

Good´y•ship, n. The state or quality of a goody or goodwife [Jocose] Hudibraus.

Goo•roo´ , Gu•ru´ , n. [Hind. gur a spiritual parent or teacher, Skr. guru heavy, noble, venerable, teacher. Cf. Grief.] A spiritual teacher, guide, or confessor amoung the Hindoos. Malcom.

Goos´an•der , n. [OE. gossander, a tautological word formed fr. goose + gander. Cf. Merganser.] (Zoöl.) A species of merganser (M. merganser) of Northern Europe and America; — called also merganser, dundiver, sawbill, sawneb, shelduck, and sheldrake. See Merganser.

Goose (goos), n.; pl. Geese (ges). [OE. gos, AS. gos, pl. ges; akin to D. & G. gans, Icel. gas, Dan. gaas, Sw. gås, Russ. guse. OIr. geiss, L. anser, for hanser, Gr. chh•n, Skr. hamsa. rad.233. Cf. Gander, Gannet, Ganza, Gosling.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any large web-footen bird of the subfamily Anserinae, and belonging to Anser, Branta, Chen, and several allied genera. See Anseres. The common domestic goose is believed to have been derived from the European graylag goose (Anser anser). The bean goose (A. segetum), the American wild or Canada goose (Branta Canadensis), and the bernicle goose (Branta leucopsis) are well known species. The American white or snow geese and the blue goose belong to the genus Chen. See Bernicle, Emperor goose, under Emperor, Snow goose, Wild goose, Brant. 2. Any large bird of other related families, resembling the common goose. The Egyptian or fox goose (Alopochen AEgyptiaca) and the African spur-winged geese (Plectropterus) belong to the family Plectropteridae. The Australian semipalmated goose (Anseranas semipalmata) and Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis Novae-Hollandiae) are very different from northern geese, and each is made the type of a distinct family. Both are domesticated in Australia. 3. A tailor’s smoothing iron, so called from its handle, which resembles the neck of a goose. 4. A silly creature; a simpleton. 5. A game played with counters on a board divided into compartments, in some of which a goose was depicted. “The pictures placed for ornament and use,
The twelve good rules, the royal game of goose.” Goldsmith. A wild goose chase, an attempt to accomplish something impossible or unlikely of attainment. — Fen goose. See under Fen. — Goose barnacle (Zoöl.), any pedunculated barnacle of the genus Anatifa or Lepas; — called also duck barnacle. See Barnacle, and Cirripedia. — Goose cap, a silly person. [Obs.] Beau. & . — Goose corn (Bot.), a coarse kind of rush (Juncus squarrosus). — Goose feast, Michaelmas. [Colloq. Eng.] — Goose flesh, a peculiar roughness of the skin produced by cold or fear; — called also goose skin. — Goose grass. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Galium (G. Aparine), a favorite food of geese; — called also catchweed and cleavers. (b) A species of knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare). (c) The annual spear grass (Poa annua). — Goose neck, anything, as a rod of iron or a pipe, curved like the neck of a goose; specially (Naut.), an iron hook connecting a spar with a mast. — Goose quill, a large feather or quill of a goose; also a pen made from it. — Goose skin. See Goose flesh, above. — Goose tongue (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea ptarmica), growing wild in the British islands. — Sea goose. (Zoöl.) See Phalarope. — Solan goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet.

Goose´ber•ry , n.; pl. Gooseberries (#), [Corrupted for groseberry or groiseberry, fr. OF. groisele, F. groseille, — of German origin; cf. G. krausbeere, kräuselbeere (fr. kraus crisp), D. kruisbes, kruisbezie (as if crossberry, fr. kruis cross; for kroesbes, kroesbezie, fr. kroes crisp), Sw. krusbär (fr. krus, krusing, crisp). The first part of the word is perh. akin to E. curl. Cf. Grossular, a.] 1. (Bot.) Any thorny shrub of the genus Ribes; also the edible berries of such shrub. There are several species, of which Ribes Grossularia is the one commonly cultivated. 2. A silly person; a goose cap. Goldsmith. Barbadoes gooseberry, a climbing prickly shrub (Pereskia aculeata) of the West Indies, which bears edible berries resembling gooseberries. — Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. — Gooseberry fool. See lst Fool. — Gooseberry worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Dakruma convolutella). It destroys the gooseberry by eating the interior.

Goose´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Angler.

Goose´foot , n. (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Chenopodium) mostly annual weeds; pigweed.

Goos´er•y , n.; pl. Gooseries . 1. A place for keeping geese. 2. The characteristics or actions of a goose; silliness. “The finical goosery of your neat sermon actor.” Milton.

Goose´wing , n. (Naut.) One of the clews or lower corners of a course or a topsail when the middle part or the rest of the sail is furled.

Goose´winged , a. (Naut.) (a) Having a ´goosewing.´ (b) Said of a fore-and-aft rigged vessel with foresail set on one side and mainsail on the other; wing and wing.

Goos´ish, a. Like a goose; foolish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goost , n. Ghost; spirit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goot , n. A goat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go´-out , n. A sluice in embankments against the sea, for letting out the land waters, when the tide is out. [Written also gowt.]

Go´pher , n. [F. gaufre waffle, honeycomb. See Gauffer.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of several North American burrowing rodents of the genera Geomys and Thomomys, of the family Geomyidae; — called also pocket gopher and pouched rat. See Pocket gopher, and Tucan. The name was originally given by French settlers to many burrowing rodents, from their honeycombing the earth. 2. One of several western American species of the genus Spermophilus, of the family Sciuridae; as the gray gopher (Spermophilus Franklini) and the striped gopher (S. tridecemlineatus); — called also striped prairie squirrel, leopard marmot, and leopard spermophile. See Spermophile. 3. A large land tortoise (Testudo Carilina) of the Southern United States, which makes extensive burrows. 4. A large burrowing snake (Spilotes Couperi) of the Southern United States. Gopher drift (Mining), an irregular prospecting drift, following or seeking the ore without regard to regular grade or section. Raymond.

Go´pher wood [Heb. gopher.] A species of wood used in the construction of Noah’s ark. Gen. vi. 14.

Go•rac´co , n. A paste prepared from tobacco, and smoked in hookahs in Western India.

Go´ral , n. (Zoöl.) An Indian goat antelope (Nemorhedus goral), resembling the chamois.

Go´ra•my , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Gourami.

Gor´-bel•lied , a. Bog- bellied. [Obs.]

Gor´-bel•ly, n. [Gore filth, dirt + belly.] A prominent belly; a big-bellied person. [Obs.]

Gorce , n. [OF. gort, nom. gorz, gulf, L. gurges whirlpool, gulf, stream. See Gorge.] A pool of water to keep fish in; a wear. [Obs.]

Gor´cock , n. [Prob. from gore blood.] (Zoöl.) The moor cock, or red grouse. See Grouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor´crow , n. [AS. gor dung, dirt. See Gore blood, dirt.] (Zoöl.) The carrion crow; — called also gercrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Gord , n. [Written also gourd.] [Perh. hollow, and so named in allusion to a gourd.] An instrument of gaming; a sort of dice. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gor•di•a´ce•a , n. pl. [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) A division of nematoid worms, including the hairworms or hair eels (Gordius and Mermis). See Gordius, and Illustration in Appendix.

Gor´di•an , a. 1. Pertaining to Gordius, king of Phrygia, or to a knot tied by him; hence, intricate; complicated; inextricable. Gordian knot, an intricate knot tied by Gordius in the thong which connected the pole of the chariot with the yoke. An oracle having declared that he who should untie it should be master of Asia, Alexander the Great averted the ill omen of his inability to loosen it by cutting it with his sword. Hence, a Gordian knot is an inextricable difficulty; and to cut the Gordian knot is to remove a difficulty by bold and energetic measures. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gordiacea.

Gor´di•an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gordiacea.

Gor´di•us , n. [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) A genus of long, slender, nematoid worms, parasitic in insects until near maturity, when they leave the insect, and live in water, in which they deposit their eggs; — called also hair eel, hairworm, and hair snake, from the absurd, but common and widely diffused, notion that they are metamorphosed horsehairs.

Gore , n. [AS. gor dirt, dung; akin to Icel. gor, SW. gorr, OHG. gor, and perh. to E. cord, chord, and yarn; cf. Icel. görn, garnir, guts.] 1. Dirt; mud. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. 2. Blood; especially, blood that after effusion has become thick or clotted. Milton.

Gore, n. [OE. gore, gare, AS. gra angular point of land, fr. gr spear; akin to D. geer gore, G. gehre gore, ger spear, Icel. geiri gore, geir spear, and prob. to E. goad. Cf. Gar, n., Garlic, and Gore, v.] 1. A wedgeshaped or triangular piece of cloth, canvas etc., sewed into a garment, sail, etc., to give greater width at a particular part. 2. A small traingular piece of land. Cowell. 3. (Her.) One of the abatements. It is made of two curved lines, meeting in an acute angle in the fesse point. It is usually on the sinister side, and of the tincture called tenne. Like the other abatements it is a modern fancy and not actually used.

Gore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gored p. pr. & vb. n. Goring.] [OE. gar spear, AS. gr. See 2d Gore.] To pierce or wound, as with a horn; to penetrate with a pointed instrument, as a spear; to stab. “The low stumps shall gore
His daintly feet.” Coleridge.

Gore, v. t. To cut in a traingular form; to piece with a gore; to provide with a gore; as to gore an apron.

Gore´bill , n. [2d gore + bill.] (Zoöl.) The garfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor´fly , n.; pl. Gorflies (#). [Gore (AS. gor) dung + fly.] (Zoöl.) A dung fly.

Gorge , n. [F. gorge, LL. gorgia, throat, narrow pass, and gorga abyss, whirlpool, prob. fr. L. gurgea whirlpool, gulf, abyss; cf. Skr. gargara whirlpool, gr. to devour. Cf. Gorget.] 1. The throat; the gullet; the canal by which food passes to the stomach. “Wherewith he gripped her gorge with so great pain.” Spenser. “Now, how abhorred! … my gorge rises at it.” Shak. 2. A narrow passage or entrance; as: (a) A defile between mountains. (b) The entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort; — usually synonymous with rear. See Illust. of Bastion. 3. That which is gorged or swallowed, especially by a hawk or other fowl. “And all the way, most like a brutish beast,
e spewed up his gorge, that all did him detest.” Spenser. 4. A filling or choking of a passage or channel by an obstruction; as an ice gorge in a river. 5. (Arch.) A concave molding; a cavetto. Gwilt. 6. (Naut.) The groove of a pulley. Gorge circle (Gearing), the outline of the smallest cross section of a hyperboloid of revolution. — Gorge hook, two fishhooks, separated by a piece of lead. Knight.

Gorge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gorged p. pr. & vb. n. Gorging ] [F. gorger. See Gorge, n.] 1. To swallow; especially, to swallow with greediness, or in large mouthfuls or quantities. “The fish has gorged the hook.” Johnson. 2. To glut; to fill up to the throat; to satiate. “The giant gorged with flesh.” Addison. “Gorge with my blood thy barbarous appetite.” Dryden.

Gorge, v. i. To eat greedily and to satiety. Milton.

Gorged , a. 1. Having a gorge or throat. 2. (Her.) Bearing a coronet or ring about the neck. 3. Glutted; fed to the full.

Gor´ge•let , n. (Zoöl.) A small gorget, as of a humming bird.

Gor´geous , a. [OF. gorgias beautiful, glorious, vain, luxurious; cf. OF. gorgias ruff, neck handkerchief, and F. gorge throat, and se pengorger to assume airs. Cf. Gorge, n.] Imposing through splendid or various colors; showy; fine; magnificent. “Cloud-land, gorgeous land.” Coleridge. “Gorgeous as the sun at midsummer.” Shak. — Gor´geous•ly, adv. — Gor´geous•ness, n.

Gor•ge•rin´ , n. [F., fr. gorge neck.] (Arch.) In some columns, that part of the capital between the termination of the shaft and the annulet of the echinus, or the space between two neck moldings; — called also neck of the capital, and hypotrachelium. See Illust. of Column.

Gor´get , n. [OF. gorgete, dim. of gorge throat. See Gorge, n.] 1. A piece of armor, whether of chain mail or of plate, defending the throat and upper part of the breast, and forming a part of the double breastplate of the 14th century. 2. A piece of plate armor covering the same parts and worn over the buff coat in the 17th century, and without other steel armor. “Unfix the gorget’s iron clasp.” Sir W. Scott. 3. A small ornamental plate, usually crescent-shaped, and of gilded copper, formerly hung around the neck of officers in full uniform in some modern armies. 4. A ruff worn by women. [Obs.] 5. (Surg.) (a) A cutting instrument used in lithotomy. (b) A grooved instrunent used in performing various operations; — called also blunt gorget. Dunglison. 6. (Zoöl.) A crescent-shaped, colored patch on the neck of a bird or mammal. Gorget hummer (Zoöl.), a humming bird of the genus Trochilus. See Rubythroat.

Gor´gon (gôr´gon), n. [L. Gorgo, -onis, Gr. Gorgw•, fr. gorgo•s terrible.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) One of three fabled sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, with snaky hair and of terrific aspect, the sight of whom turned the beholder to stone. The name is particularly given to Medusa. 2. Anything very ugly or horrid. Milton. 3. (Zoöl.) The brindled gnu. See Gnu.

Gor´gon, a. Like a Gorgon; very ugly or terrific; as a Gorgon face. Dryden.

Gor•go•na´ce•a (gôr•go•na´she•a), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Gorgoniacea.

Gor•go´ne•an (gôr•go´ne•an), a. See Gorgonian, 1.

Gor•go•ne´ion (gôr•go•ne´yon), n.; pl. Gorgoneia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. Gorgo•neios, equiv. to Gorgei^os belonging to a Gorgon.] (Arch.) A mask carved in imitation of a Gorgon’s head. Elmes.

Gor•go´ni•a (gôr•go´ni•a), n. [L., a coral which hardens in the air.] (Zoöl.) 1. A genus of Gorgoniacea, formerly very extensive, but now restricted to such species as the West Indian sea fan (Gorgonia flabellum), sea plume (G. setosa), and other allied species having a flexible, horny axis. 2. Any slender branched gorgonian.

Gor•go•ni•a´ce•a , n. pl. [NL. See Gorgonia.] (Zoöl.) One of the principal divisions of Alcyonaria, including those forms which have a firm and usually branched axis, covered with a porous crust, or cœnenchyma, in which the polyp cells are situated. The axis is commonly horny, but it may be solid and stony (composed of calcium carbonate), as in the red coral of commerce, or it may be in alternating horny and stony joints, as in Isis. See Alcyonaria, Anthozoa, Cœnenchyma.

Gor•go´ni•an , a. [L. Gorgoneus.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a Gorgon; terrifying into stone; terrific. “The rest his look
Bound with Gorgonian rigor not to move.” Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gorgoniacea; as gorgonian coral.

Gor•go´ni•an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gorgoniacea.

Gor´gon•ize , v. t. To have the effect of a Gorgon upon; to turn into stone; to petrify. [R.]

Gor´hen , n. [Gor- as in gorcock + hen.] (Zoöl.) The female of the gorcock.

Go•ril´la , n. [An African word; found in a Greek translation of a treatise in Punic by Hanno, a Carthaginian.] (Zoöl.) A large, arboreal, anthropoid ape of West Africa. It is larger than a man, and is remarkable for its massive skeleton and powerful muscles, which give it enormous strength. In some respects its anatomy, more than that of any other ape, except the chimpanzee, resembles that of man.

Gor´ing , or Gor´ing cloth , n., (Naut.) A piece of canvas cut obliquely to widen a sail at the foot.

Gorm , n. Axle grease. See Gome. [Prov. Eng.]

Gorm, v. t. To daub, as the hands or clothing, with gorm; to daub with anything sticky. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor´ma , n. (Zoöl.) The European cormorant.

Gor´mand , n. [F. gourmand; cf. Prov. F. gourmer to sip, to lap, gourmacher to eat improperly, F. gourme mumps, glanders, Icel. gormr mud, mire, Prov. E. gorm to smear, daub; all perh. akin to E. gore blood, filth. Cf. Gourmand.] A greedy or ravenous eater; a luxurious feeder; a gourmand.

Gor´mand, a. Gluttonous; voracious. Pope.

Gor´mand•er , n. See Gormand, n. [Obs.]

Gor´mand•ism , n. Gluttony.

Gor´mand•ize , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Gormandized p. pr. & vb. n. Gormandizing ] [F. gourmandise gluttony. See Gormand.] To eat greedily; to swallow voraciously; to feed ravenously or like a glutton. Shak.

Gor´mand•i•zer , n. A greedy, voracious eater; a gormand; a glutton.

Go•roon´ shell (Zoöl.) A large, handsome, marine, univalve shell (Triton femorale).

Gorse , n. [OE. & AS. gorst; perh. akin to E. grow, grass.] (Bot.) Furze. See Furze. “The common, overgrown with fern, and rough
With prickly gorse.” Cowper. Gorse bird (Zoöl.), the European linnet; — called also gorse hatcher. [Prov. Eng.] — Gorse chat (Zoöl.), the winchat. — Gorse duck, the corncrake; — called also grass drake, land drake, and corn drake.

Gor´y , a. [From Gore.] 1. Covered with gore or clotted blood. “Thou canst not say I did it; never shake
Thy gory locks at me.” Shak. 2. Bloody; murderous. ´Gory emulation.´ Shak.

Gos´hawk , n. [AS. gshafuc, lit., goosehawk; or Icel. gashaukr. See Goose, and Hawk the bird.] (Zoöl.) Any large hawk of the genus Astur, of which many species and varieties are known. The European (Astur palumbarius) and the American (A. atricapillus) are the best known species. They are noted for their powerful flight, activity, and courage. The Australian goshawk (A. Novae-Hollandiae) is pure white.

Gos´herd , n. [OE. gosherde. See Goose, and Herd a herdsman.] One who takes care of geese.

Gos´let , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of pygmy geese, of the genus Nettepus. They are about the size of a teal, and inhabit Africa, India, and Australia.

Gos´ling , n. [AS. gs goose + -ling.] 1. A young or unfledged goose. 2. A catkin on nut trees and pines. Bailey.

Gos´pel , n. [OE. gospel, godspel, AS. godspell; god God + spell story, tale. See God, and Spell, v.] 1. Glad tidings; especially, the good news concerning Christ, the Kingdom of God, and salvation. “And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom.” Matt. iv. 23. “The steadfast belief of the promises of the gospel.” Bentley. It is probable that gospel is from. OE. godspel, God story, the narrative concerning God; but it was early confused with god spell, good story, good tidings, and was so used by the translators of the Authorized version of Scripture. This use has been retained in most cases in the Revised Version. “Thus the literal sense [of gospel] is the ´narrative of God,´ i. e., the life of Christ.” Skeat. 2. One of the four narratives of the life and death of Jesus Christ, written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. 3. A selection from one of the gospels, for use in a religious service; as the gospel for the day. 4. Any system of religious doctrine; sometimes, any system of political doctrine or social philosophy; as this political gospel. Burke. 5. Anything propounded or accepted as infallibly true; as they took his words for gospel. [Colloq.] “If any one thinks this expression hyperbolical, I shall only ask him to read Œdipus, instead of taking the traditional witticisms about Lee for gospel.” Saintsbury.

Gos´pel, a. Accordant with, or relating to, the gospel; evangelical; as gospel righteousness. Bp. Warburton.

Gos´pel, v. t. To instruct in the gospel. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos´pel•er , n. [AS. godspellere.] [Written also gospeller.] 1. One of the four evangelists. Rom. of R. “Mark the gospeler was the ghostly son of Peter in baptism.” Wyclif. 2. A follower of Wyclif, the first English religious reformer; hence, a Puritan. [Obs.] Latimer. “The persecution was carried on against the gospelers with much fierceness by those of the Roman persuasion.” Strype. 3. A priest or deacon who reads the gospel at the altar during the communion service. “The Archbishop of York was the celebrant, the epistoler being the dean, and the gospeler the Bishop of Sydney.” Pall Mall Gazette.

Gos´pel•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gospelized p. pr. & vb. n. Gospelizing ] [Written also gospellize.] 1. To form according to the gospel; as a command gospelized to us. Milton. 2. To instruct in the gospel; to evangelize; as to gospelize the savages. Boyle.

Goss , n. [See Gorse.] Gorse. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos´sa•mer , n. [OE. gossomer, gossummer, gosesomer, perh. for goose summer, from its downy appearance, or perh. for God’s summer, cf. G. mariengarr gossamer, properly Mary’s yarn, in allusion to the Virgin Mary. Perhaps the E. word alluded to a legend that the gossamer was the remnant of the Virgin Mary’s winding sheet, which dropped from her when she was taken up to heaven. For the use of summer in the sense of film or threads, cf. G. Mädchensommer, Altweibersommer, fliegender Sommer, all meaning, gossamer.] 1. A fine, filmy substance, like cobwebs, floating in the air, in calm, clear weather, especially in autumn. It is seen in stubble fields and on furze or low bushes, and is formed by small spiders. 2. Any very thin gauzelike fabric; also a thin waterproof stuff. 3. An outer garment, made of waterproof gossamer. Gossamer spider (Zoöl.), any small or young spider which spins webs by which to sail in the air. See Ballooning spider.

Gos´sa•mer•y , a. Like gossamer; flimsy. “The greatest master of gossamery affectation.” De Quincey.

Gos´san , n. (Geol.) Decomposed rock, usually reddish or ferruginous (owing to oxidized pyrites), forming the upper part of a metallic vein.

Gos•san•if´er•ous , a. [Gossan + -ferous.] Containing or producing gossan.

Gos´sat , n. (Zoöl.) A small British marine fish (Motella tricirrata); — called also whistler and three-bearded rockling. [Prov. Eng.]

Gos´sib , n. A gossip. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gos´sip , n. [OE. gossib, godsib, a relation or sponsor in baptism, a relation by a religious obligation, AS. godsibb, fr. god + sib alliance, relation; akin to G. sippe, Goth. sibja, and also to Skr. sabha assembly.] 1. A sponsor; a godfather or a godmother. “Should a great lady that was invited to be a gossip, in her place send her kitchen maid, ’t would be ill taken.” Selden. 2. A friend or comrade; a companion; a familiar and customary acquaintance. [Obs.] “My noble gossips, ye have been too prodigal.” Shak. 3. One who runs house to house, tattling and telling news; an idle tattler. “The common chat of gossips when they meet.” Dryden. 4. The tattle of a gossip; groundless rumor. “Bubbles o’er like a city with gossip, scandal, and spite.” Tennyson.

Gos´sip, v. t. To stand sponsor to. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos´sip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gossiped p. pr. & vb. n. Gossiping.] 1. To make merry. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To prate; to chat; to talk much. Shak. 3. To run about and tattle; to tell idle tales.

Gos´sip•er , n. One given to gossip. Beaconsfield.

Gos´sip•rede , n. [Cf. Kindred.] The relationship between a person and his sponsors. [Obs.]

Gos´sip•ry , n. 1. Spiritual relationship or affinity; gossiprede; special intimacy. Bale. 2. Idle talk; gossip. Mrs. Browning.

Gos´sip•y , a. Full of, or given to, gossip.

Gos•soon´ , n. [Scot. garson an attendant, fr. F. garçon, OF. gars.] A boy; a servant. [Ireland]

Gos•syp´i•um , n. [NL., fr. L. gossypion, gossipion.] (Bot.) A genus of plants which yield the cotton of the arts. The species are much confused. G. herbaceum is the name given to the common cotton plant, while the long-stapled sea-island cotton is produced by G. Barbadense, a shrubby variety. There are several other kinds besides these.

Got , imp. & p. p. of Get. See Get.

Gote , n. [Cf. LG. gote, gaute, canal, G. gosse; akin to giessen to pour, shed, AS. geótan, and E. fuse to melt.] A channel for water. [Prov. Eng.] Crose.

Go´ter , n. a gutter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goth , n. [L. Gothi, pl.; cf. Gr. ] 1. (Ethnol.) One of an ancient Teutonic race, who dwelt between the Elbe and the Vistula in the early part of the Christian era, and who overran and took an important part in subverting the Roman empire. Under the reign of Valens, they took possession of Dacia (the modern Transylvania and the adjoining regions), and came to be known as Ostrogoths and Visigoths, or East and West Goths; the former inhabiting countries on the Black Sea up to the Danube, and the latter on this river generally. Some of them took possession of the province of Moesia, and hence were called Moesogoths. Others, who made their way to Scandinavia, at a time unknown to history, are sometimes styled Suiogoths. 2. One who is rude or uncivilized; a barbarian; a rude, ignorant person. Chesterfield.

Go´tham•ist , n. A wiseacre; a person deficient in wisdom; — so called from Gotham, in Nottinghamshire, England, noted for some pleasant blunders. Bp. Morton.

Go´tham•ite , n. 1. A gothamist. 2. An inhabitant of New York city. [Jocular] Irving.

Goth´ic , a. [L. Gothicus: cf. F. gothique.] 1. Pertaining to the Goths; as Gothic customs; also rude; barbarous. 2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to a style of architecture with pointed arches, steep roofs, windows large in proportion to the wall spaces, and, generally, great height in proportion to the other dimensions — prevalent in Western Europe from about 1200 to 1475 a. d. See Illust. of Abacus, and Capital.

Goth´ic, n. 1. The language of the Goths; especially, the language of that part of the Visigoths who settled in Moesia in the 4th century. See Goth. Bishop Ulfilas or Walfila translated most of the Bible into Gothic about the Middle of the 4th century. The portion of this translaton which is preserved is the oldest known literary document in any Teutonic language. 2. A kind of square-cut type, with no hair lines. This is Nonpareil GOTHIC. 3. (Arch.) The style described in Gothic, a., 2.

Goth´i•cism , n. 1. A Gothic idiom. 2. Conformity to the Gothic style of architecture. 3. Rudeness of manners; barbarousness.

Goth´i•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gothicized p. pr. & vb. n. Gothicizing ] To make Gothic; to bring back to barbarism.

Gö´thite, or Goe´thite , n. [After the poet Göthe.] (Min.) A hydrous oxide of iron, occurring in prismatic crystals, also massive, with a fibrous, reniform, or stalactitic structure. The color varies from yellowish to blackish brown.

Got´ten , p. p. of Get.

Gouache (gwash), n. [F., It. guazzo.] A method of painting with opaque colors, which have been ground in water and mingled with a preparation of gum; also a picture thus painted.

Goud , n. [Cf. OF. gaide, F. guède, fr. OHG. weit; or cf. F. gaude weld. Cf. Woad.] Woad. [Obs.]

Gou•dron´ , n. [F., tar.] (Mil.) a small fascine or fagot, steeped in wax, pitch, and glue, used in various ways, as for igniting buildings or works, or to light ditches and ramparts. Farrow.

Gouge , n. [F. gouge. LL. gubia, guvia, gulbia, gulvia, gulvium; cf. Bisc. gubia bow, gubioa throat.] 1. A chisel, with a hollow or semicylindrical blade, for scooping or cutting holes, channels, or grooves, in wood, stone, etc.; a similar instrument, with curved edge, for turning wood. 2. A bookbinder’s tool for blind tooling or gilding, having a face which forms a curve. 3. An incising tool which cuts forms or blanks for gloves, envelopes, etc. from leather, paper, etc. Knight. 4. (Mining) Soft material lying between the wall of a vein and the solid vein. Raymond. 5. The act of scooping out with a gouge, or as with a gouge; a groove or cavity scooped out, as with a gouge. 6. Imposition; cheat; fraud; also an impostor; a cheat; a trickish person. [Slang, U. S.] Gouge bit, a boring bit, shaped like a gouge.

Gouge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gouged p. pr. & vb. n. Gouging ] 1. To scoop out with a gouge. 2. To scoop out, as an eye, with the thumb nail; to force out the eye of (a person) with the thumb. [K S.] A barbarity mentioned by some travelers as formerly practiced in the brutal frays of desperadoes in some parts of the United States. 3. To cheat in a bargain; to chouse. [Slang, U. S.]

Gou´ger , n. (Zoöl.) See Plum Gouger.

Gouge´shell , n. (Zoöl.) A sharp-edged, tubular, marine shell, of the genus Vermetus; also the pinna. See Vermetus.

Gou´jere , n. [F. gouge prostitute, a camp trull. Cf. Good-year.] The venereal disease. [Obs.]

Gou´land , n. See Golding.

Gou•lard´s´ ex´tract´ [Named after the introducer, Thomas Goulard, a French surgeon.] (Med.) An aqueous solution of the subacetate of lead, used as a lotion in cases of inflammation. Goulard’s cerate is a cerate containing this extract.

Gour , n. [See Giaour.] 1. A fire worshiper; a Gheber or Gueber. Tylor. 2. (Zoöl.) See Koulan.

Gou´ra , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of large, crested ground pigeons of the genus Goura, inhabiting New Guinea and adjacent islands. The Queen Victoria pigeon (Goura Victoria) and the crowned pigeon (G. coronata) are among the best known species.

Gou´ra•mi , n. (Zoöl.) A very largo East Indian freshwater fish (Osphromenus gorami), extensively reared in artificial ponds in tropical countries, and highly valued as a food fish. Many unsuccessful efforts have been made to introduce it into Southern Europe. [Written also goramy.]

Gourd , n. [F. gourde, OF. cougourde, gouhourde, fr. L. cucurbita gourd (cf. NPr. cougourdo); perh. akin to corbin basket, E. corb. Cf. Cucurbite.] 1. (Bot.) A fleshy, three-celled, many-seeded fruit, as the melon, pumpkin, cucumber, etc., of the order Cucurbitaceae; and especially the bottle gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris) which occurs in a great variety of forms, and, when the interior part is removed, serves for bottles, dippers, cups, and other dishes. 2. A dipper or other vessel made from the shell of a gourd; hence, a drinking vessel; a bottle. Chaucer. Bitter gourd, colocynth.

Gourd, n. A false die. See Gord. { Gourd , Gourde } n. [Sp. gordo large.] A silver dollar; — so called in Cuba, Hayti, etc. Simmonds.

Gourd´i•ness , n. [From Gourdy.] (Far.) The state of being gourdy.

Gourd´ tree´ (Bot.) A tree (the Crescentia Cujete, or calabash tree) of the West Indies and Central America.

Gourd´worm´ , n. (Zoöl.) The fluke of sheep. See Fluke.

Gourd´y , a. [Either fr. gourd, or fr. F. gourd benumbed.] (Far.) Swelled in the legs.

Gour´mand , n. [F.] A greedy or ravenous eater; a glutton. See Gormand. “That great gourmand, fat Apicius” B. Jonson.

Gour•met´ (goor•ma´), n. [F.] A connoisseur in eating and drinking; an epicure.

Gour´net (gûr´net), n. (Zoöl.) A fish. See Gurnet.

Gout (gout), n. [F. goutte a drop, the gout, the disease being considered as a defluxion, fr. L. gutta drop.] 1. A drop; a clot or coagulation. “On thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood.” Shak. 2. (Med.) A constitutional disease, occurring by paroxysms. It consists in an inflammation of the fibrous and ligamentous parts of the joints, and almost always attacks first the great toe, next the smaller joints, after which it may attack the greater articulations. It is attended with various sympathetic phenomena, particularly in the digestive organs. It may also attack internal organs, as the stomach, the intestines, etc. Dunglison. 3. A disease of cornstalks. See Corn fly, under Corn. Gout stones. See Chalkstone, n., 2.

Goût (goo), n. [F., fr. L. gustus taste. See Gusto.] Taste; relish.

Gout´i•ly , adv. In a gouty manner.

Gout´i•ness, n. The state of being gouty; gout. { Gout´weed• , Gout´wort• } n. [So called from having been formerly used in assuaging the pain of the gout.] (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (AEgopodium Podagraria); — called also bishop’s weed, ashweed, and herb gerard.

Gout´y , a. 1. Diseased with, or subject to, the gout; as a gouty person; a gouty joint. 2. Pertaining to the gout. ´Gouty matter.´ Blackmore. 3. Swollen, as if from gout. Derham. 4. Boggy; as gouty land. [Obs.] Spenser. Gouty bronchitis, bronchitis arising as a secondary disease during the progress of gout. — Gouty concretions, calculi (urate of sodium) formed in the joints, kidneys, etc., of sufferers from gout. — Gouty kidney, an affection occurring during the progress of gout, the kidney shriveling and containing concretions of urate of sodium.

Gove (gov), n. [Also goaf, goof, goff.] A mow; a rick for hay. [Obs.] Tusser.

Gov´ern , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Governed p. pr. & vb. n. Governing.] [OF. governer, F. gouverner, fr. L. gubernare to steer, pilot, govern, Gr. kyberna^n. Cf. Gubernatorial.] 1. To direct and control, as the actions or conduct of men, either by established laws or by arbitrary will; to regulate by authority. ´Fit to govern and rule multitudes.´ Shak. 2. To regulate; to influence; to direct; to restrain; to manage; as to govern the life; to govern a horse. “Govern well thy appetite.” Milton. 3. (Gram.) To require to be in a particular case; as a transitive verb governs a noun in the objective case; or to require (a particular case); as a transitive verb governs the objective case.

Gov´ern, v. i. To exercise authority; to administer the laws; to have the control. Dryden.

Gov´ern•a•bil´i•ty , n. Governableness.

Gov´ern•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. gouvernable.] Capable of being governed, or subjected to authority; controllable; manageable; obedient. Locke.

Gov´ern•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being governable; manageableness.

Gov´ern•al , Gov´ern•ail , n. [Cf. F. gouvernail helm, rudder, L. gubernaculum.] Management; mastery. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gov´ern•ance , n. [F. gouvernance.] Exercise of authority; control; government; arrangement. Chaucer. J. H. Newman.

Gov´ern•ante´ , n. [F. gouvernante. See Govern.] A governess. Sir W. Scott.

Gov´ern•ess , n. [Cf. OF. governeresse. See Governor.] A female governor; a woman invested with authority to control and direct; especially, one intrusted with the care and instruction of children, — usually in their homes.

Gov´ern•ing, a. 1. Holding the superiority; prevalent; controlling; as a governing wind; a governing party in a state. Jay. 2. (Gram.) Requiring a particular case.

Gov´ern•ment , n. [F. gouvernement. See Govern.] 1. The act of governing; the exercise of authority; the administration of laws; control; direction; regulation; as civil, church, or family government. 2. The mode of governing; the system of polity in a state; the established form of law. “That free government which we have so dearly purchased, free commonwealth.” Milton. 3. The right or power of governing; authority. “I here resign my government to thee.” Shak. 4. The person or persons authorized to administer the laws; the ruling power; the administration. “When we, in England, speak of the government, we generally understand the ministers of the crown for the time being.” Mozley & W. 5. The body politic governed by one authority; a state; as the governments of Europe. 6. Management of the limbs or body. Shak. 7. (Gram.) The influence of a word in regard to construction, requiring that another word should be in a particular case.

Gov´ern•men´tal , a. [Cf. F. gouvernemental.] Pertaining to government; made by government; as governmental duties.

Gov´ern•or , n. [OE. governor, governour, OF. governeor, F. gouverneur, fr. L. gubernator steersman, ruler, governor. See Govern.] 1. One who governs; especially, one who is invested with the supreme executive authority in a State; a chief ruler or magistrate; as the governor of Pennsylvania. ´The governor of the town.´ Shak. 2. One who has the care or guardianship of a young man; a tutor; a guardian. 3. (Naut.) A pilot; a steersman. [R.] 4. (Mach.) A contrivance applied to steam engines, water wheels, and other machinery, to maintain nearly uniform speed when the resistances and motive force are variable. The illustration shows a form of governor commonly used for steam engines, in wich a heavy sleeve (a) sliding on a rapidly revolving spindle (b), driven by the engine, is raised or lowered, when the speed varies, by the changing centrifugal force of two balls (c c) to which it is connected by links (d d), the balls being attached to arms (e e) which are jointed to the top of the spindle. The sleeve is connected with the throttle valve or cut-off through a lever (f), and its motion produces a greater supply of steam when the engine runs too slowly and a less supply when too fast. Governor cut-off (Steam Engine), a variable cut-off gear in which the governor acts in such a way as to cause the steam to be cut off from entering the cylinder at points of the stroke dependent upon the engine’s speed. — Hydraulic governor (Mach.), a governor which is operated by the action of a liquid in flowing; a cataract.

Gov´ern•or gen´er•al A governor who has lieutenant or deputy governors under him; as the governor general of Canada, of India.

Gov´ern•or•ship, n. The office of a governor.

Gow´an , n. [Scot., fr. Gael. gugan bud, flower, daisy.] 1. The daisy, or mountain daisy. [Scot.] “And pu’d the gowans fine.” Burns. 2. (Min.) Decomposed granite.

Gow´an•y , a. Having, abounding in, or decked with, daisies. [Scot.] “Sweeter than gowany glens or new-mown hay.” Ramsay.

Gowd , n. [Cf. Gold.] Gold; wealth. [Scot.] “The man’s the gowd for a’ that.” Burns.

Gowd´en , a. Golden. [Scot.]

Gow´die , n. (Zoöl.) See Dragont. [Scot.]

Gowd´nook´ , n. (Zoöl.) The saury pike; — called also gofnick.

Gowk , v. t. [See Gawk.] To make a, booby of one); to stupefy. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Gowk, n. [See Gawk.] (Zoöl.) 1. The European cuckoo; — called also gawky. 2. A simpleton; a gawk or gawky.

Gowl , v. i. [OE. gaulen, goulen. Cf. Yawl, v. i.] To howl. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Gown , n. [OE. goune, prob. from W. gwn gown, loose robe, akin to Ir. gunn, Gael. gùn; cf. OF. gone, prob. of the same origin.] 1. A loose, flowing upper garment; especially: (a) The ordinary outer dress of a woman; as a calico or silk gown. (b) The official robe of certain professional men and scholars, as university students and officers, barristers, judges, etc.; hence, the dress of peace; the dress of civil officers, in distinction from military. “He Mars deposed, and arms to gowns made yield.” Dryden. (c) A loose wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors; a dressing gown. 2. Any sort of dress or garb. “He comes … in the gown of humility.” Shak.

Gowned , p. a. Dressed in a gown; clad. “Gowned in pure white, that fitted to the shape.” Tennyson.

Gowns´man , Gown´man , n.; pl. -men (-men). One whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, and particularly a member of an English university; hence, a civilian, in distinction from a soldier.

Goz´zard , n. See Gosherd. [Prov. Eng.]

Graaf´i•an , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, Regnier de Graaf, a Dutch physician. Graafian follicles or vesicles, small cavities in which the ova are developed in the ovaries of mammals, and by the bursting of which they are discharged.

Graal (gral), n. See Grail, a dish.

Grab (grab), n. [Ar. & Hind. ghurab crow, raven, a kind of Arab ship.] (Naut.) A vessel used on the Malabar coast, having two or three masts.

Grab (grab), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbed (grabd); p. pr. & vb. n. Grabbing.] [Akin to Sw. grabba to grasp. Cf. Grabble, Grapple, Grasp.] To gripe suddenly; to seize; to snatch; to clutch.

Grab, n. 1. A sudden grasp or seizure. 2. An instrument for clutching objects for the purpose of raising them; — specially applied to devices for withdrawing drills, etc., from artesian and other wells that are drilled, bored, or driven. Grab bag, at fairs, a bag or box holding small articles which are to be drawn, without being seen, on payment of a small sum. [Colloq.] — Grab game, a theft committed by grabbing or snatching a purse or other piece of property. [Colloq.]

Grab´ber , n. One who seizes or grabs.

Grab´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbled p. pr. & vb. n. Grabbling .] [Freq. of grab; cf. D. grabbelen.] 1. To grope; to feel with the hands. “He puts his hands into his pockets, and keeps a grabbling and fumbling.” Selden. 2. To lie prostrate on the belly; to sprawl on the ground; to grovel. Ainsworth.

Grace , n. [F. grâce, L. gratia, from gratus beloved, dear, agreeable; perh. akin to Gr. to rejoice, favor, grace, Skr. hary to desire, and E. yearn. Cf. Grateful, Gratis.] 1. The exercise of love, kindness, mercy, favor; disposition to benefit or serve another; favor bestowed or privilege conferred. “To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee.” Milton. 2. (Theol.) The divine favor toward man; the mercy of God, as distinguished from His justice; also any benefits His mercy imparts; divine love or pardon; a state of acceptance with God; enjoyment of the divine favor. “And if by grace, then is it no more of works.” Rom. xi. 6. “My grace is sufficicnt for thee.” 2 Cor. xii. 9. “Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.” Rom. v. 20. “By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand.” Rom. v.2 3. (Law) (a) The prerogative of mercy execised by the executive, as pardon. (b) The same prerogative when exercised in the form of equitable relief through chancery. 4. Fortune; luck; — used commonly with hard or sorry when it means misfortune. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Inherent excellence; any endowment or characteristic fitted to win favor or confer pleasure or benefit. “He is complete in feature and in mind.
With all good grace to grace a gentleman.” Shak. “I have formerly given the general character of Mr. Addison’s style and manner as natural and unaffected, easy and polite, and full of those graces which a flowery imagination diffuses over writing.” Blair. 6. Beauty, physical, intellectual, or moral; loveliness; commonly, easy elegance of manners; perfection of form. “Grace in women gains the affections sooner, and secures them longer, than any thing else.” Hazlitt. “I shall answer and thank you again For the gift and the grace of the gift.” Longfellow. 7. pl. (Myth.) Graceful and beautiful females, sister goddesses, represented by ancient writers as the attendants sometimes of Apollo but oftener of Venus. They were commonly mentioned as three in number; namely, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, and were regarded as the inspirers of the qualities which give attractiveness to wisdom, love, and social intercourse. “The Graces love to weave the rose.” Moore. “The Loves delighted, and the Graces played.” Prior. 8. The title of a duke, a duchess, or an archbishop, and formerly of the king of England. “How fares your Grace !” Shak. 9. (Commonly pl.) Thanks. [Obs.] “Yielding graces and thankings to their lord Melibeus.” Chaucer. 10. A petition for grace; a blessing asked, or thanks rendered, before or after a meal. 11. pl. (Mus.) Ornamental notes or short passages, either introduced by the performer, or indicated by the composer, in which case the notation signs are called grace notes, appeggiaturas, turns, etc. 12. (Eng. Universities) An act, vote, or decree of the government of the institution; a degree or privilege conferred by such vote or decree. Walton. 13. pl. A play designed to promote or display grace of motion. It consists in throwing a small hoop from one player to another, by means of two sticks in the hands of each. Called also grace hoop or hoops. Act of grace. See under Act. — Day of grace (Theol.), the time of probation, when the offer of divine forgiveness is made and may be accepted. “That day of grace fleets fast away.” I. Watts. — Days of grace (Com.), the days immediately following the day when a bill or note becomes due, which days are allowed to the debtor or payer to make payment in. In Great Britain and the United States, the days of grace are three, but in some countries more, the usages of merchants being different. — Good graces, favor; friendship. — Grace cup. (a) A cup or vessel in which a health is drunk after grace. (b) A health drunk after grace has been said. “The grace cup follows to his sovereign’s health.” Hing. — Grace drink, a drink taken on rising from the table; a grace cup. “To [Queen Margaret, of Scotland] … we owe the custom of the grace drink, she having established it as a rule at her table, that whosoever staid till grace was said was rewarded with a bumper.” Encyc. Brit. — Grace hoop, a hoop used in playing graces. See Grace, n., 13. — Grace note (Mus.), an appoggiatura. See Appoggiatura, and def. 11 above. — Grace stroke, a finishing stoke or touch; a coup de grace. — Means of grace, means of securing knowledge of God, or favor with God, as the preaching of the gospel, etc. — To do grace, to reflect credit upon. “Content to do the profession some grace.” Shak. — To say grace, to render thanks before or after a meal. — With a good grace, in a fit and proper manner grace fully; graciously. — With a bad grace, in a forced, reluctant, or perfunctory manner; ungraciously. “What might have been done with a good grace would at least
be done with a bad grace.” Macaulay. Syn. — Elegance; comeliness; charm; favor; kindness; mercy. — Grace, Mercy. These words, though often interchanged, have each a distinctive and peculiar meaning. Grace, in the strict sense of the term, is spontaneous favor to the guilty or undeserving; mercy is kindness or compassion to the suffering or condemned. It was the grace of God that opened a way for the exercise of mercy toward men. See Elegance.

Grace , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graced p. pr. & vb. n. Gracing ] 1. To adorn; to decorate; to embellish and dignify. “Great Jove and Phoebus graced his noble line.” Pope. “We are graced with wreaths of victory.” Shak. 2. To dignify or raise by an act of favor; to honor. “He might, at his pleasure, grace or disgrace whom he would
in court.” Knolles. 3. To supply with heavenly grace. Bp. Hall. 4. (Mus.) To add grace notes, cadenzas etc., to.

Graced , a. Endowed with grace; beautiful; full of graces; honorable. Shak.

Grace´ful , a. Displaying grace or beauty in form or action; elegant; easy; agreeable in appearance; as a graceful walk, deportment, speaker, air, act, speech. “High o’er the rest in arms the graceful Turnus rode.” Dryden. — Grace´ful•ly, adv. Grace´ful•ness, n.

Grace´less, a. 1. Wanting in grace or excellence; departed from, or deprived of, divine grace; hence, depraved; corrupt. ´In a graceless age.´ Milton. 2. Unfortunate. Cf. Grace, n., 4. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Grace´less•ly, adv. — Grace´less-ness, n. { Grac´ile , Grac´il•lent } a. [L. gracilis, gracilentus.] Slender; thin. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gra•cil´i•ty , n. [L. gracilitas; cf. F. gracilite.] State of being gracilent; slenderness. Milman. ´Youthful gracility.´ W. D. Howells.

Gra´cious (gra´shus), a. [F. gracieux, L. gratiosus. See Grace.] 1. Abounding in grace or mercy; manifesting love, or bestowing mercy; characterized by grace; beneficent; merciful; disposed to show kindness or favor; condescending; as his most gracious majesty. “A god ready to pardon, gracious and merciful.” Neh. ix. 17. “So hallowed and so gracious in the time.” Shak. 2. Abounding in beauty, loveliness, or amiability; graceful; excellent. “Since the birth of Cain, the first male child, …
There was not such a gracious creature born.” Shak. 3. Produced by divine grace; influenced or controlled by the divine influence; as gracious affections. Syn. — Favorable; kind; benevolent; friendly; beneficent; benignant; merciful.

Gra´cious•ly , adv. 1. In a gracious manner; courteously; benignantly. Dryden. 2. Fortunately; luckily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gra´cious•ness, n. Quality of being gracious.

Grac´kle , n. [Cf. L. graculus jackdaw.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several American blackbirds, of the family Icteridae; as the rusty grackle (Scolecophagus Carolinus); the boat-tailed grackle (see Boat-tail); the purple grackle (Quiscalus quiscula, or Q. versicolor). See Crow blackbird, under Crow. (b) An Asiatic bird of the genus Gracula. See Myna.

Gra´date , v. t. [See Grade.] 1. To grade or arrange (parts in a whole, colors in painting, etc.), so that they shall harmonize. 2. (Chem.) To bring to a certain strength or grade of concentration; as to gradate a saline solution.

Gra•da´tion , n., [L. gradatio: cf. F. gradation. See Grade.] 1. The act of progressing by regular steps or orderly arrangement; the state of being graded or arranged in ranks; as the gradation of castes. 2. The act or process of bringing to a certain grade. 3. Any degree or relative position in an order or series. “The several gradations of the intelligent universe.” I. Taylor. 4. (Fine Arts) A gradual passing from one tint to another or from a darker to a lighter shade, as in painting or drawing. 6. (Mus.) A diatonic ascending or descending succession of chords.

Gra•da´tion, v. t. To form with gradations. [R.]

Gra•da´tion•al , a. By regular steps or gradations; of or pertaining to gradation.

Grad´a•to•ry , a. [See Grade.] 1. Proceeding step by step, or by gradations; gradual. “Could we have seen [Macbeth’s] crimes darkening on their progress … could this gradatory apostasy have been shown us.” A. Seward. 2. (Zoöl.) Suitable for walking; — said of the limbs of an animal when adapted for walking on land.

Grad´a•to•ry, n. [Cf. LL. gradatarium.] (Arch.) A series of steps from a cloister into a church.

Grade , n. [F. grade, L. gradus step, pace, grade, from gradi to step, go. Cf. Congress, Degree, Gradus.] 1. A step or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position or standing; as grades of military rank; crimes of every grade; grades of flour. “They also appointed and removed, at their own pleasure,
teachers of every grade.” Buckle. 2. In a railroad or highway: (a) The rate of ascent or descent; gradient; deviation from a level surface to an inclined plane; — usually stated as so many feet per mile, or as one foot rise or fall in so many of horizontal distance; as a heavy grade; a grade of twenty feet per mile, or of 1 in 264. (b) A graded ascending, descending, or level portion of a road; a gradient. 3. (Stock Breeding) The result of crossing a native stock with some better breed. If the crossbreed have more than three fourths of the better blood, it is called high grade. At grade, on the same level; — said of the crossing of a railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they are on the same level at the point of crossing. — Down grade, a descent, as on a graded railroad. — Up grade, an ascent, as on a graded railroad. — Equating for grades. See under Equate. — Grade crossing, a crossing at grade.

Grade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grading.] 1. To arrange in order, steps, or degrees, according to size, quality, rank, etc. 2. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive ascent, as the line of a canal or road. 3. (Stock Breeding) To cross with some better breed; to improve the blood of.

Grade´ly, a. [Cf. AS. grad grade, step, order, fr. L. gradus. See Grade.] Decent; orderly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — adv. Decently; in order. [Prov. Eng.]

Grad´er , n. One who grades, or that by means of which grading is done or facilitated.

Gra´di•ent , a. [L. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi to step, to go. See Grade.] 1. Moving by steps; walking; as gradient automata. Wilkins. 2. Rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination; as the gradient line of a railroad. 3. Adapted for walking, as the feet of certain birds.

Gra´di•ent, n. 1. The rate of regular or graded ascent or descent in a road; grade. 2. A part of a road which slopes upward or downward; a portion of a way not level; a grade. 3. The rate of increase or decrease of a variable magnitude, or the curve which represents it; as a thermometric gradient. Gradient post, a post or stake indicating by its height or by marks on it the grade of a railroad, highway, or embankment, etc., at that spot. { Gra´din , Gra•dine´ ,} n. [F. gradin, dim. of grade. See Grade.] (Arch.) Any member like a step, as the raised back of an altar or the like; a set raised over another. ´The gradines of the amphitheeater.´ Layard.

Gra•dine´ , n. [F. gradine.] A toothed chised by sculptors.

Grad´ing , n. The act or method of arranging in or by grade, or of bringing, as the surface of land or a road, to the desired level or grade.

Gra•di´no , n.; pl. Gradinos (#). [It.] (Arch.) A step or raised shelf, as above a sideboard or altar. Cf. Superaltar, and Gradin.

Grad´u•al´ a. [Cf; F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Gradual, n.] Proceeding by steps or degrees; advancing, step by step, as in ascent or descent or from one state to another; regularly progressive; slow; as a gradual increase of knowledge; a gradual decline. “Creatures animate with gradual life
Of growth, sense, reason, all summed up in man.” Milton.

Grad´u•al, n. [LL. graduale a gradual (in sense 1), fr. L. gradus step: cf. F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Grail a gradual.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An antiphon or responsory after the epistle, in the Mass, which was sung on the steps, or while the deacon ascended the steps. (b) A service book containing the musical portions of the Mass. 2. A series of steps. [Obs.] Dryden.

Grad´u•al´i•ty , n. The state of being gradual; gradualness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Grad´u•al•ly , adv. 1. In a gradual manner. 2. In degree. [Obs.] “Human reason doth not only gradually, but specifically, differ from the fantastic reason of brutes.” Grew.

Grad´u•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being gradual; regular progression or gradation; slowness. “The gradualness of this movement.” M. Arnold. “The gradualness of growth is a characteristic which strikes the simplest observer.” H. Drummond.

Grad´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graduated p. pr. & vb. n. Graduating .] [Cf. F. graduer. See Graduate, n., Grade.] 1. To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc. 2. To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as he was graduated at Yale College. 3. To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by degrees or to a certain degree; to determine the degrees of; as to graduate the heat of an oven. “Dyers advance and graduate their colors with salts.” Browne. 4. (Chem.) To bring to a certain degree of consistency, by evaporation, as a fluid. Graduating engine, a dividing engine. See Dividing engine, under Dividing.

Grad´u•ate, v. i. 1. To pass by degrees; to change gradually; to shade off; as sandstone which graduates into gneiss; carnelian sometimes graduates into quartz. 2. (Zoöl.) To taper, as the tail of certain birds. 3. To take a degree in a college or university; to become a graduate; to receive a diploma. “He graduated at Oxford.” Latham. “He was brought to their bar and asked where he had graduated.” Macaulay.

Grad´u•ate , n. [LL. graduatus, p. p. of graduare to admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade. See Grade, n.] 1. One who has received an academical or professional degree; one who has completed the prescribed course of study in any school or institution of learning. 2. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists. See under Graduated.

Grad´u•ate, a. [See Graduate, n. & v.] Arranged by successive steps or degrees; graduated. “Beginning with the genus, passing through all the graduate
and subordinate stages.” Tatham.

Grad´u•a´ted , a. 1. Marked with, or divided into, degrees; divided into grades. 2. (Zoöl.) Tapered; — said of a bird’s tail when the outer feathers are shortest, and the others successively longer. Graduated tube, bottle, cap, or glass, a vessel, usually of glass, having horizontal marks upon its sides, with figures, to indicate the amount of the contents at the several levels. — Graduated spring (Railroads), a combination of metallic and rubber springs.

Grad´u•ate•ship, n. State of being a graduate. Milton.

Grad´u•a´tion , n. [LL. graduatio promotion to a degree: cf. F. graduation division into degrees.] 1. The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated; as graduation of a scale; graduation at a college; graduation in color; graduation by evaporation; the graduation of a bird’s tail, etc. 2. The marks on an instrument or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity; a scale. 3. The exposure of a liquid in large surfaces to the air, so as to hasten its evaporation.

Grad´u•a´tor , n. 1. One who determines or indicates graduation; as a graduator of instruments. 2. An instrument for dividing any line, right or curve, into small, regular intervals. 3. An apparatus for diffusing a solution, as brine or vinegar, over a large surface, for exposure to the air.

Gra´dus , n. [From L. gradus ad Parnassum a step to Parnassus.] A dictionary of prosody, designed as an aid in writing Greek or Latin poetry. “He set to work … without gradus or other help.” T. Hughes.

Graf , n. [G. Cf. -grave.] A German title of nobility, equivalent to earl in English, or count in French. See Earl.

Graff , n. [OE. grafe, greife, greive. Cf. Margrave.] A steward; an overseer. “[A prince] is nothing but a servant, overseer, or graff, and not the head, which is a title belonging only to Christ.” John Knox.

Graff n. & v. See Graft.

Graff´age , n. [Cf. Grave, n.] The scarp of a ditch or moat. ´To clean the graffages.´ Miss Mitford.

Graf´fer , n. [See Greffier.] (Law.) a notary or scrivener. Bouvier.

Graf•fi´ti , n. pl. [It., pl. of graffito scratched] Inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs, or at Pompeii.

Graft , n. [OE. graff, F. greffe, originally the same word as OF. grafe pencil, L. graphium, Gr. , , fr. to write; prob. akin to E. carve. So named from the resemblance of a scion or shoot to a pointed pencil. Cf. Graphic, Grammar.] (a) A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree, the stock of which is to support and nourish it. The two unite and become one tree, but the graft determines the kind of fruit. (b) A branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot. (c) (Surg.) A portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty.

Graft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grafting.] [F. greffer. See Graft, n.] 1. To insert (a graft) in a branch or stem of another tree; to propagate by insertion in another stock; also to insert a graft upon. [Formerly written graff.] 2. (Surg.) To implant a portion of (living flesh or akin) in a lesion so as to form an organic union. 3. To join (one thing) to another as if by grafting, so as to bring about a close union. “And graft my love immortal on thy fame !” Pope. 4. (Naut.) To cover, as a ring bolt, block strap, splicing, etc., with a weaving of small cord or rope- yarns.

Graft, v. i. To insert scions from one tree, or kind of tree, etc., into another; to practice grafting.

Graft´er , n. 1. One who inserts scions on other stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting. 2. An instrument by which grafting is facilitated. 3. The original tree from which a scion has been taken for grafting upon another tree. Shak.

Graft´ing n. 1. (Hort.) The act, art, or process of inserting grafts. 2. (Naut.) The act or method of weaving a cover for a ring, rope end, etc. 3. (Surg.) The transplanting of a portion of flesh or skin to a denuded surface; autoplasty. 4. (Carp.) A scarfing or endwise attachment of one timber to another. Cleft grafting (Hort.) a method of grafting in which the scion is placed in a cleft or slit in the stock or stump made by sawing off a branch, usually in such a manaer that its bark evenly joins that of the stock. — Crown, or Rind, grafting, a method of grafting which the alburnum and inner bark are separated, and between them is inserted the lower end of the scion cut slantwise. — Saddle grafting, a mode of grafting in which a deep cleft is made in the end of the scion by two sloping cuts, and the end of the stock is made wedge-shaped to fit the cleft in the scion, which is placed upon it saddlewise. — Side grafting, a mode of grafting in which the scion, cut quite across very obliquely, so as to give it the form of a slender wedge, is thrust down inside of the bark of the stock or stem into which it is inserted, the cut side of the scion being next the wood of the stock. — Skin grafting. (Surg.) See Autoplasty. — Splice grafting (Hort.), a method of grafting by cutting the ends of the scion and stock completely across and obliquely, in such a manner that the sections are of the same shape, then lapping the ends so that the one cut surface exactly fits the other, and securing them by tying or otherwise. — Whip grafting, tongue grafting, the same as splice grafting, except that a cleft or slit is made in the end of both scion and stock, in the direction of the grain and in the middle of the sloping surface, forming a kind of tongue, so that when put together, the tongue of each is inserted in the slit of the other. — Grafting scissors, a surgeon’s scissors, used in rhinoplastic operations, etc. — Grafting tool. (a) Any tool used in grafting. (b) A very strong curved spade used in digging canals. — Grafting wax, a composition of rosin, beeswax tallow, etc., used in binding up the wounds of newly grafted trees.

Gra´ham bread´ [From Sylvester Graham, a lecturer on dietetics.] Bread made of unbolted wheat flour. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Gra´ham•ite , n. [See Graham bread.] One who follows the dietetic system of Graham. [U. S.]

Grail , n. [OF. greel, LL. gradale. See Gradual, n.] A book of offices in the Roman Catholic Church; a gradual. [Obs.] T. Warton. “Such as antiphonals, missals, grails, processionals, etc.” Strype.

Grail, n. [OF. graal, greal, greet, F. graal, greal, LL. gradalis, gradale, prob. derived fr. L. crater bowl, mixing vessel, Gr. krath•r. See Crater.] A broad, open dish; a chalice; — only used of the Holy Grail. The Holy Grail, according to some legends of the Middle Ages, was the cup used by our Savior in dispensing the wine at the last supper; and according to others, the platter on which the paschal lamb was served at the last Passover observed by our Lord. This cup, according to the legend, if appoached by any but a perfectly pure and holy person, would be borne away and vanish from the sight. The quest of the Holy Grail was to be undertaken only by a knight who was perfectly chaste in thought, word, and act.

Grail, n. [F. grêle hail, from gres grit, OHG. griex, grioz, G. gries, gravel, grit. See Grit.] Small particles of earth; gravel. [Obs.] “Lying down upon the sandy grail.” Spenser.

Grail (gr&mac;l), n. [Cf. OF. graite slender, F. grête.] One of the small feathers of a hawk.

Graille (gr&mac;l), n. [Cf. F. grêle a sort of file.] A halfround single-cut file or fioat, having one curved face and one straight face, — used by comb makers. Knight.

Grain, v. & n. See Groan. [Obs.]

Grain (gr&mac;n), n. [F. grain, L. granum, grain, seed, small kernel, small particle. See Corn, and cf. Garner, n., Garnet, Gram the chick-pea, Granule, Kernel.] 1. A single small hard seed; a kernel, especially of those plants, like wheat, whose seeds are used for food. 2. The fruit of certain grasses which furnish the chief food of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., or the plants themselves; — used collectively. “Storehouses crammed with grain.” Shak. 3. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.; hence, any minute portion or particle; as a grain of gunpowder, of pollen, of starch, of sense, of wit, etc. “I … with a grain of manhood well resolved.” Milton. 4. The unit of the English system of weights; — so called because considered equal to the average of grains taken from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains constitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the pound troy. A grain is equal to .0648 gram. See Gram. 5. A reddish dye made from the coccus insect, or kermes; hence, a red color of any tint or hue, as crimson, scarlet, etc.; sometimes used by the poets as equivalent to Tyrian purple. “All in a robe of darkest grain.” Milton. “Doing as the dyers do, who, having first dipped their silks in colors of less value, then give’ them the last tincture of crimson in grain.” Quoted by Coleridge, preface to Aids to Reflection. 6. The composite particles of any substance; that arrangement of the particles of any body which determines its comparative roughness or hardness; texture; as marble, sugar, sandstone, etc., of fine grain. “Hard box, and linden of a softer grain.” Dryden. 7. The direction, arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in wood, or of the strata in stone, slate, etc. “Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
Infect the sound pine and divert his grain
Tortive and errant from his course of growth.” Shak. 8. The fiber which forms the substance of wood or of any fibrous material. 9. The hair side of a piece of leather, or the marking on that side. Knight. 10. pl. The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff. 11. (Bot.) A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in the common dock. See Grained, a., 4. 12. Temper; natural disposition; inclination. [Obs.] “Brothers … not united in grain.” Hayward. 13. A sort of spice, the grain of paradise. [Obs.] “He cheweth grain and licorice,
To smellen sweet.” Chaucer. Against the grain, against or across the direction of the fibers; hence, against one’s wishes or tastes; unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly; with difficulty. Swift. Saintsbury.— A grain of allowance, a slight indulgence or latitude a small allowance. — Grain binder, an attachment to a harvester for binding the grain into sheaves. — Grain colors, dyes made from the coccus or kermes insect. — Grain leather. (a) Dressed horse hides. (b) Goat, seal, and other skins blacked on the grain side for women’s shoes, etc. — Grain moth (Zoöl.), one of several small moths, of the family Tineidae (as Tinea granella and Butalis cerealella), whose larvae devour grain in storehouses. — Grain side (Leather), the side of a skin or hide from which the hair has been removed; — opposed to flesh side. — Grains of paradise, the seeds of a species of amomum. — grain tin, crystalline tin ore metallic tin smelted with charcoal. — Grain weevil (Zoöl.), a small red weevil (Sitophilus granarius), which destroys stored wheat and other grain, by eating out the interior. — Grain worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grain moth. See grain moth, above. — In grain, of a fast color; deeply seated; fixed; innate; genuine. ´Anguish in grain.´ Herbert. — To dye in grain, to dye of a fast color by means of the coccus or kermes grain [see Grain, n., 5]; hence, to dye firmly; also to dye in the wool, or in the raw material. See under Dye. “The red roses flush up in her cheeks …
Likce crimson dyed in grain.” Spenser. — To go against the grain of (a person), to be repugnant to; to vex, irritate, mortify, or trouble.

Grain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grained (grand); p. pr. & vb. n. Graining.] 1. To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc. 2. To form (powder, sugar, etc.) into grains. 3. To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.).

Grain, v. i. [F. grainer, grener. See Grain, n.] 1. To yield fruit. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To form grains, or to assume a granular form, as the result of crystallization; to granulate.

Grain (gran), n. [See Groin a part of the body.] 1. A branch of a tree; a stalk or stem of a plant. [Obs.] G. Douglas. 2. A tine, prong, or fork. Specifically: (a) One the branches of a valley or of a river. (b) pl. An iron fish spear or harpoon, having four or more barbed points. 3. A blade of a sword, knife, etc. 4. (Founding) A thin piece of metal, used in a mold to steady a core.

Grained (grand), a. 1. Having a grain; divided into small particles or grains; showing the grain; hence, rough. 2. Dyed in grain; ingrained. “Persons lightly dipped, not grained, in generous honesty, are but pale in goodness. ” Sir T. Browne. 3. Painted or stained in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc. 4. (Bot.) Having tubercles or grainlike processes, as the petals or sepals of some flowers.

Grain´er (gran´er), n. 1. An infusion of pigeon’s dung used by tanners to neutralize the effects of lime and give flexibility to skins; — called also grains and bate. 2. A knife for taking the hair off skins. 3. One who paints in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.; also the brush or tool used in graining.

Grain´field (-feld•), n. A field where grain is grown.

Grain´ing, n. 1. Indentation; roughening; milling, as on edges of coins. Locke. 2. A process in dressing leather, by which the skin is softened and the grain raised. 3. Painting or staining, in imitation of the grain of wood, stone, etc. 4. (Soap Making) The process of separating soap from spent lye, as with salt.

Grain´ing, n. (Zoöl.) A small European fresh-water fish (Leuciscus vulgaris); - - called also dobule, and dace.

Grains (granz), n. pl. 1. See 5th Grain, n., 2 (b). 2. Pigeon’s dung used in tanning. See Grainer. n., 1.

Grain´y (gran´y), a. Resembling grains; granular.

Graip (grap), n. [Perh. akin to grope, gripe.] A dungfork. [Scot.] Burns.

Graith (grath), v. t. [Obs.] See Greith. Chaucer.

Graith, n. Furniture; apparatus or accouterments for work, traveling, war, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gra´kle (grak´’l), n. (Zoöl.) See Grackle.

Gral´lae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. grallae stilts, for gradulae, fr. gradus. See Grade.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds which formerly included all the waders. By later writers it is usually restricted to the sandpipers, plovers, and allied forms; — called also Grallatores.

Gral´la•to´res , n. pl. [NL. from L. grallator one who runs on stilts.] (Zo\94l.) See Grallae.

Gral•la•to´ri•al , Gral´la•to•ry , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Grallatores, or waders.

Gral´lic , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Grallae.

Gral´line (lin), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Grallae.

Gral´loch , n. Offal of a deer. — v. t. To remove the offal from (a deer).

-gram [Gr. ? a thing drawn or written, a letter, fr. gra•fein to draw, write. See Graphic.] A suffix indicating something drawn or written, a drawing, writing; — as monogram, telegram, chronogram.

Gram , a. [AS. gram; akin to E. grim. rad.35.] Angry. [Obs.] Havelok, the Dane.

Gram, n. [Pg. gr?o grain. See Grain.] (Bot.) The East Indian name of the chick- pea (Cicer arietinum) and its seeds; also other similar seeds there used for food.

Gram , Gramme , n. [F. gramme, from Gr. ? that which is written, a letter, a small weight, fr. ? to write. See Graphic.] The unit of weight in the metric system. It was intended to be exactly, and is very nearly, equivalent to the weight in a vacuum of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its maximum density. It is equal to 15.432 grains. See Grain, n., 4. Gram degree, or Gramme degree (Physics), a unit of heat, being the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree centigrade. — Gram equivalent (Electrolysis), that quantity of the metal which will replace one gram of hydrogen.

Gra´ma grass [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] (Bot.) The name of several kinds of pasture grasses found in the Western United States, esp. the Bouteloua oligostachya.

Gram´a•rye , n. [OE. gramer, grameri, gramori, grammar, magic, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire. See Grammar.] Necromancy; magic. Sir W. Scott.

Gra•mash´es , n. pl. [See Gamashes.] Gaiters reaching to the knee; leggings. “Strong gramashes, or leggings of thick gray cloth.” Sir W. Scott.

Grame , n. [See Gram, a.] 1. Anger; wrath; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Sorrow; grief; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gra•mer´cy , interj. [F. grand- merci. See Grand, and Mercy.] A word formerly used to express thankfulness, with surprise; many thanks. “Gramercy, Mammon, said the gentle knight.” Spenser.

Gram´i•na´ceous , a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the grasses; gramineous; as graminaceous plants.

Gra•min´e•al , a. Gramineous.

Gra•min´e•ous , a. [L. gramineus, fr. gramen, graminis, grass.] (Bot.) Like, Or pertaining to, grass. See Grass, n., 2.

Gram´i•ni•fo´li•ous , a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Bearing leaves resembling those of grass.

Gram´i•niv´o•rous , a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass + vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding or subsisting on grass, and the like food; — said of horses, cattle, and other animals.

Gram´ma•logue (gram´ma•log), n. [Gr. gra•mma letter + lo•gos word. Cf. Logogram.] (Phonography) Literally, a letter word; a word represented by a logogram; as it, represented by |, that is, t. Pitman.

Gram´mar , n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr , fem. of skilled in grammar, fr. letter. See Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical, Gramarye.] 1. The science which treats of the principles of language; the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one another; the art concerned with the right use and application of the rules of a language, in speaking or writing. The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying of words according to their function in the sentence. Bain. 2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or according to established usage; speech considered with regard to the rules of a grammar. “The original bad grammar and bad spelling.” Macaulay. 3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book containing the principles and rules for correctness in speaking or writing. 4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as a grammar of geography. Comparative grammar, the science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical forms. — Grammar school. (a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory to colleges or universities; as the famous Rugby Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in England than in the United States. “When any town shall increase to the number of a hundred
families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University.” Mass. Records (1647). (b) In the American system of graded common schools an intermediate grade between the primary school and the high school, in which the principles of English grammar are taught.

Gram´mar, v. i. To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gram•ma´ri•an , n. [Cf. F. grammairien.] 1. One versed in grammar, or the construction of languages; a philologist. ´The term was used by the classic ancients as a term of honorable distinction for all who were considered learned in any art or faculty whatever.´ Brande & C. 2. One who writes on, or teaches, grammar.

Gram•ma´ri•an•ism , n. The principles, practices, or peculiarities of grammarians. [R.]

Gram´mar•less , a. Without grammar.

Gram´mates , n. pl. [From Gr. letters, written rules.] Rudiments; first principles, as of grammar. [Obs.] Ford.

Gram•mat´ic , a. Grammatical.

Gram•mat´ic•al , a. [L. grammaticus, grammaticalis; Gr. skilled in grammar, knowing one’s letters, from a letter: cf. F. grammatical. See Grammar.] 1. Of or pertaining to grammar; of the nature of grammar; as a grammatical rule. 2. According to the rules of grammar; grammatically correct; as the sentence is not grammatical; the construction is not grammatical. —Gram•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Gram•mat´ic•al•ness, n.

Gram•mat´icas´ter , n. [LL.] A petty grammarian; a grammatical pedant or pretender. “My noble Neophite, my little grammaticaster.” B. Jonson.

Gram•mat´i•ca´tion , n. A principle of grammar; a grammatical rule. [Obs.] Dalgarno.

Gram•mat´i•cism , n. A point or principle of grammar. Abp. Leighton.

Gram•mat´i•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grammaticized p. pr. & vb. n. Grammaticizing ] To render grammatical. Fuller.

Gram´ma•tist , n. [L. grammatista schoolmaster, Gr. , from to teach the letters, to be a scribe: cf. F. grammatiste. See Grammatical.] A petty grammarian. [R] Tooke.

Gramme , n. Same as Gram the weight.

Gramme´ ma•chine´ (Elec.) A kind of dynamo-electric machine; — so named from its French inventor, M. Gramme. Knight.

Gram´pus , n.; pl. Grampuses (#). [Probably corrupted from It. gran pesce great fish, or Sp. gran pez, or Pg. gran peixe, all fr. L. grandis piscis. See Grand, and Fish. the animal.] 1. (Zoöl.) A toothed delphinoid cetacean, of the genus Grampus, esp. G. griseus of Europe and America, which is valued for its oil. It grows to be fifteen to twenty feet long; its color is gray with white streaks. Called also cowfish. The California grampus is G. Stearnsii. 2. A kind of tongs used in a bloomery. [U.S.] { Gra•nade´ , Gra•na´do } n. See Grenade.

Gran•a•dil´la , n. [Sp., dim. of granada pomegranate. See Grenade, Garnet.] (Bot.) The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. Passiflora quadrangularis) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is as large as a child’s head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices.

Gran´a•ry , n.; pl. Granaries (#). [L. granarium, fr. granum grain. See Garner.] A storehouse or repository for grain, esp. after it is thrashed or husked; a cornhouse; also (Fig.), a region fertile in grain. “The exhaustless granary of a world.” Thomson.

Gran´ate , n. See Garnet.

Gra•na´tin , n. [L. granatum the pomegranate.] (Chem.) Mannite; — so called because found in the pomegranate.

Gran´a•tite , n. See Staurolite.

Grand , a. [Compar. Grander superl. Grandest.] [OE. grant, grount, OF. grant, F. grand, fr. L. grandis; perh. akin to gravis heavy, E. grave, a. Cf. Grandee.] 1. Of large size or extent; great; extensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; chief; principal; as a grand mountain; a grand army; a grand mistake. ´Our grand foe, Satan.´ Milton. “Making so bold … to unseal
Their grand commission.” Shak. 2. Great in size, and fine or imposing in appearance or impression; illustrious, dignifled, or noble (said of persons); majestic, splendid, magnificent, or sublime (said of things); as a grand monarch; a grand lord; a grand general; a grand view; a grand conception. “They are the highest models of expression, the unapproached
masters of the grand style.” M. Arnold. 3. Having higher rank or more dignity, size, or importance than other persons or things of the same name; as a grand lodge; a grand vizier; a grand piano, etc. 4. Standing in the second or some more remote degree of parentage or descent; — generalIy used in composition; as grandfather, grandson, grandchild, etc. “What cause
Mov’d our grand parents, in that happy state,
Favor’d of Heaven so highly, to fall off
From their Creator.” Milton. Grand action, a pianoforte action, used in grand pianos, in which special devices are employed to obtain perfect action of the hammer in striking and leaving the string. — Grand Army of the Republic, an organized voluntary association of men who served in the Union army or navy during the civil war in the United States. The order has chapters, called Posts, throughout the country. — Grand cross. (a) The highest rank of knighthood in the Order of the Bath. (b) A knight grand cross. — Grand cordon, the cordon or broad ribbon, identified with the highest grade in certain honorary orders; hence, a person who holds that grade. — Grand days (Eng. Law), certain days in the terms which are observed as holidays in the inns of court and chancery (Candlemas Ascension, St. John Baptist’s, and All Saints’ Days); called also Dies non juridici. — Grand duchess. (a) The wife or widow of a grand duke. (b) A lady having the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. (c) In Russia, a daughter of the Czar. — Grand duke. (a) A sovereign duke, inferior in rank to a king; as the Grand Duke of Tuscany. (b) In Russia, a son of the Czar. (c) (Zoöl.) The European great horned owl or eagle owl (Bubo maximas). — Grand- guard, or Grandegarde, a piece of plate armor used in tournaments as an extra protection for the left shoulder and breast. — Grand juror, a member of a grand jury. — Grand jury (Law), a jury of not less than twelve men, and not more than twenty-three, whose duty it is, in private session, to examine into accusations against persons charged with crime, and if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment against them, to be presented to the court; — called also grand inquest. — Grand juryman, a grand juror. — Grand larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. — Grand lodge, the chief lodge, or governing body, among Freemasons and other secret orders. — Grand master. (a) The head of one of the military orders of knighthood, as the Templars, Hospitallers, etc. (b) The head of the order of Freemasons or of Good Templars, etc. — Grand paunch, a glutton or gourmand. [Obs.] Holland. — Grand pensionary. See under Pensionary. — Grand piano (Mus.), a large piano, usually harp-shaped, in which the wires or strings are generally triplicated, increasing the power, and all the mechanism is introduced in the most effective manner, regardless of the size of the instrument. — Grand relief (Sculp.), alto relievo. — Grand Seignior. See under Seignior. — Grand stand, the principal stand, or erection for spectators, at a, race course, etc. — Grand vicar (Eccl.), a principal vicar; an ecclesiastical delegate in France. — Grand vizier. See under Vizier. Syn. — Magnificent; sublime; majestic; dignified; elevated; stately; august; pompous; lofty; eralted; noble. — Grand, Magnificent, Sublime. Grand, in reference to objects of taste, is applied to that which expands the mind by a sense of vastness and majesty; magnificent is applied to anything which is imposing from its splendor; sublime describes that which is awful and elevating. A cataract is grand; a rich and varied landscape is magnificent; an overhanging precipice is sublime. ´Grandeur admits of degrees and modifications; but magnificence is that which has already reached the highest degree of superiority naturally belonging to the object in question.´ Crabb.

Gran´dam , n. [F. grande, fem. of grand + dame. See Grand, and Dame.] An old woman; specifically, a grandmother. Shak.

Grand´aunt´ , n. [Cf. F. grand’tante.] The aunt of one’s father or mother.

Grand´child´ , n. A son’s or daughter’s child; a child in the second degree of descent.

Grand´daugh´ter , n. The daughter of one’s son or daughter.

Grand´-du´cal , a. Of or pertaining to a grand duke. H. James.

Gran•dee´ , n. [Sp. grande. See Grand.] A man of elevated rank or station; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who may be covered in the king’s presence.

Gran•dee´ship, n. The rank or estate of a grandee; lordship. H. Swinburne.

Gran´deur , n. [F., fr. grand. See Grand.] The state or quality of being grand; vastness; greatness; splendor; magnificence; stateliness; sublimity; dignity; elevation of thought or expression; nobility of action. “Nor doth this grandeur and majestic show
Of luxury … allure mine eye.” Milton. Syn. — Sublimity; majesty; stateliness; augustness; loftiness. See Sublimity.

Gran•dev´i•ty , n. [L. grandaevitas.] Great age; long life. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Gran•de´vous , a. [L. grandaevus; grandig grand+ aevum lifetime, age.] Of great age; aged; longlived. [R.] Bailey.

Grand´fa´ther , n. A father’s or mother’s father; an ancestor in the next degree above the father or mother in lineal ascent. Grandfather longlegs. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs.

Grand´fa´ther•ly, a. Like a grandfather in age or manner; kind; benignant; indulgent. “He was a grandfatherly sort of personage.” Hawthorne.

Gran•dif´ic , a. [L. grandificus; grandis grand + facere to make.] Making great. [R.] Bailey.

Gran•dil´o•quence , n. The use of lofty words or phrases; bombast; — usually in a bad sense. “The sin of grandiloquence or tall talking.” Thackeray,

Gran•dil´o•quent , a. [L. grandis grand + logui to speak.] Speaking in a lofty style; pompous; bombastic.

Gran•dil´o•quous , a. [L. grandiloquus; grandis grand + loqui to apeak.] Grandiloquent.

Gran´di•nous , a. [L. grandinosus, fr. qrando, grandinis, hail.] Consisting of hail; abounding in hail. [R.] Bailey.

Gran´di•ose´ , a. [F. grandiose, It. grandioso. See Grand.] 1. Impressive or elevating in effect; imposing; splendid; striking; — in a good sense. “The tone of the parts was to be perpetually kept down in order not to impair the grandiose effect of the whole.” M. Arnold. “The grandiose red tulips which grow wild.” C. Kingsley. 2. Characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor; flaunting; turgid; bombastic; — in a bad sense; as a grandiose style.

Gran´di•os´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. grandiosite, It. grandiosità .] The state or quality of being grandiose,

Grand´i•ty , n. [L. granditas: cf. OF. granite. See Grand.] Grandness. [Obs.] Camden.

Grand´ly, adv. In a grand manner. { Grand´ma´ , Grand´mam•ma´ } n. A grandmother.

Grand´ mer´cy See Gramercy. [Obs.]

Grand´moth´er , n. The mother of one’s father or mother.

Grand´moth´er•ly, a. Like a grandmother in age or manner; kind; indulgent.

Grand´neph´ew , n. The grandson of one’s brother or sister.

Grand´ness, n. Grandeur. Wollaston.

Grand´niece´ , n. The granddaughter of one’s brother or sister. { Grand´pa´ , Grand´pa•pa´ } n. A grandfather.

Grand´sire´ , n. [OF. grantsire. See Grand, and Sire.] Specifically, a grandfather; more generally, any ancestor.

Grand´son´ , n. A son’s or daughter’s son.

Grand´un´cle , n. [Cf. F. grand- oncle.] A father’s or mother’s uncle.

Grane , v. & n. See Groan. [Obs.]

Grange , n. [F. grange barn, LL. granea, from L. granum grain. See Grain a kernel.] 1. A building for storing grain; a granary. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A farmhouse, with the barns and other buildings for farming purposes. “And eke an officer out for to ride,
To see her granges and her bernes wide.” Chaucer. “Nor burnt the grange, nor bussed the milking maid.” Tennyson. 3. A farmhouse of a monastery, where the rents and tithes, paid in grain, were deposited. [Obs.] 4. A farm; generally, a farm with a house at a distance from neighbors. 5. An association of farmers, designed to further their interests, and particularly to bring producers and consumers, farmers and manufacturers, into direct commercial relations, without intervention of middlemen or traders. The first grange was organized in 1867. [U. S.]

Gran´ger , n. 1. A farm steward. [Obs.] 2. A member of a grange. [U. S.]

Gran´ger•ism , n. [So called from the Rev. James Granger, whose ´Biographical History of England´ (1769) was a favorite book for illustration in this manner.] The practice of illustrating a particular book by engravings collected from other books.

Gran´ger•ite , n. One who collects illustrations from various books for the decoration of one book.

Gran´ger•ize , v. t. & i. To collect (illustrations from books) for decoration of other books. G. A. Sala.

Gra•nif´er•ous , a. [L. qranifer; granum grain + ferre to bear: cf. F. granifère.] Bearing grain, or seeds like grain. Humble.

Gran´i•form , a. [L. granum grain + -form; cf. F. graniforme.] Formed like of corn.

Gra•nil´la , n. [Sp., small seed.] Small grains or dust of cochineal or the coccus insect.

Gran´ite , n. [It. granito granite, adj., grainy, p. p. of granire to make grainy, fr. L. granum grain; cf. F. granit. See Grain.] (Geol.) A crystalline, granular rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and usually of a whitish, grayish, or flesh-red color. It differs from gneiss in not having the mica in planes, and therefore in being destitute of a schistose structure. Varieties containing hornblende are common. See also the Note under Mica. Gneissoid granite, granite in which the mica has traces of a regular arrangement. — Graphic granite, granite consisting of quartz and feldspar without mica, and having the quartz crystals so arranged in the transverse section like oriental characters. — Porphyritic granite, granite containing feldspar in distinct crystals. — Hornblende granite, or Syenitic granite, granite containing hornblende as well as mica, or, according to some authorities hornblende replacing the mica. — Granite ware. (a) A kind of stoneware. (b) A Kind of ironware, coated with an enamel resembling granite.

Gran´ite State. New Hampshire; — a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Gra•nit´ic , a. [Cf. F. granitique.] 1. Like granite in composition, color, etc.; having the nature of granite; as granitic texture. 2. Consisting of granite; as granitic mountains.

Gra•nit´ic•al , a. Granitic.

Gra•nit•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Granite + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act or the process of forming into granite. Humble.

Gra•nit´i•form , a. [Granite + -form.] (Geol.) Resembling granite in structure or shape.

Gran´i•toid , a. [Granite + -oid: cf. F. granitoïde.] Resembling granite in granular appearance; as granitoid gneiss; a granitoid pavement.

Gra•niv´o•rous , a. [L. granum grain + vorare to devour: cf. F. granivore.] Eating grain; feeding or subsisting on seeds; as granivorous birds. Gay.

Gran´nam , n. A grandam. [Colloq.]

Gran´ny , n. A grandmother; a grandam; familiarly, an old woman. Granny’s bend, or Granny’s knot (Naut.), a kind of insecure knot or hitch; a reef knot crossed the wrong way.

Gran•o•lith´ic , n. [L. granum a grain (or E. granite) + -lith + -ic.] A kind of hard artificial stone, used for pavements.

Grant , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granted; p. pr. & vb. n. Granting.] [OE. graunten, granten, OF. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, yield, LL. creantare to promise, assure, for (assumed LL.) credentare to make believe, fr. L. credens, p. pr. of credere to believe. See Creed, Credit.] 1. To give over; to make conveyance of; to give the possession or title of; to convey; — usually in answer to petition. “Grant me the place of this threshing floor.” 1 Chrcn. xxi. 22. 2. To bestow or confer, with or without compensation, particularly in answer to prayer or request; to give. “Wherefore did God grant me my request.” Milton. 3. To admit as true what is not yet satisfactorily proved; to yield belief to; to allow; to yield; to concede. “Grant that the Fates have firmed by their decree.” Dryden. Syn.— To give; confer; bestow; convey; transfer; admit; allow; concede. See Give.

Grant, v. i. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grant, n. [OE. grant, graunt, OF. graant, creant, promise, assurance. See Grant, v. t.] 1. The act of granting; a bestowing or conferring; concession; allowance; permission. 2. The yielding or admission of something in dispute. 3. The thing or property granted; a gift; a boon. 4. (Law) A transfer of property by deed or writing; especially, au appropriation or conveyance made by the government; as a grant of land or of money; also the deed or writing by which the transfer is made. Formerly, in English law, the term was specifically applied to transfrrs of incorporeal hereditaments, expectant estates, and letters patent from government and such is its present application in some of the United States. But now, in England the usual mode of transferring realty is by grant; and so, in some of the United States, the term grant is applied to conveyances of every kind of real property. Bouvier. Burrill.

Grant´a•ble , a. Capable of being granted.

Gran•tee´ , n. (Law) The person to whom a grant or conveyance is made. “His grace will not survive the poor grantee he despises.” Burke.

Grant´er , n. One who grants.

Grant´or , n. (Law) The person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.

Gran´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. granulaire. See Granule.] Consisting of, or resembling, grains; as a granular substance. Granular limestone, crystalline limestone, or marble, having a granular structure.

Gran´u•lar•ly , adv. In a granular form.

Gran´u•la•ry , a. Granular.

Gran´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granulated p. pr. & vb. n. Granulating ] [See Granule.] 1. To form into grains or small masses; as to granulate powder, sugar, or metal. 2. To raise in granules or small asperities; to make rough on the surface.

Gran´u•late, v. i. To collect or be formed into grains; as cane juice granulates into sugar. { Gran´u•late , Gran´u•la•ted } a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, grains; crystallized in grains; granular; as granulated sugar. 2. Having numerous small elevations, as shagreen. Granulated steel, a variety of steel made by a particular process beginning with the granulation of pig iron.

Gran•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. granulation.] 1. The act or process of forming or crystallizing into grains; as the granulation of powder and sugar. 2. The state of being granulated. 3. (Med.) (a) One of the small, red, grainlike prominences which form on a raw surface (that of wounds or ulcers), and are the efficient agents in the process of healing. (b) The act or process of the formation of such prominences.

Gran´ule , n. [L. granulum, dim. of granum grain: cf. F. granule. See Grain a kernel.] A little grain a small particle; a pellet.

Gran•u•lif´er•ous , a. [Granule + -ferous.] Full of granulations.

Gra•nu´li•form , a. [Granule + -form.] (Min.) Having a granular structure; granular; as granuliform limestone.

Gran´u•lite , n. [From Granule.] (Geol.) A whitish, granular rock, consisting of feldspar and quartz intimately mixed; — sometimes called whitestone, and leptynite.

Gran´u•lose , n. [From Granule.] (Physiol. Chem.) The main constituent of the starch grain or granule, in distinction from the framework of cellulose. Unlike cellulose, it is colored blue by iodine, and is converted into dextrin and sugar by boiling acids and amylolytic ferments.

Gran´u•lous , a. [Cf. F. granuleux.] Full of grains; abounding with granular substances; granular.

Grape , n. [OF. grape, crape, bunch or cluster of grapes, F. grappe, akin to F. grappin grapnel, hook; fr. OHG. chrapfo hook, G. krapfen, akin to E. cramp. The sense seems to have come from the idea of clutching. Cf. Agraffe, Cramp, Grapnel, Grapple.] 1. (Bot.) A well-known edible berry growing in pendent clusters or bunches on the grapevine. The berries are smooth-skinned, have a juicy pulp, and are cultivated in great quantities for table use and for making wine and raisins. 2. (Bot.) The plant which bears this fruit; the grapevine. 3. (Man.) A mangy tumor on the leg of a horse. 4. (Mil.) Grapeshot. Grape borer. (Zoöl.) See Vine borer. — Grape curculio (Zoöl.), a minute black weevil (Craponius inaequalis) which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes. — Grape flower, or Grape hyacinth (Bot.), a liliaceous plant (Muscari racemosum) with small blue globular flowers in a dense raceme. — Grape fungus (Bot.), a fungus (Oidium Tuckeri) on grapevines; vine mildew. — Grape hopper (Zoöl.), a small yellow and red hemipterous insect, often very injurious to the leaves of the grapevine. — Grape moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Eudemis botrana), which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes, and often binds them together with silk. — Grape of a cannon, the cascabel or knob at the breech. — Grape sugar. See Glucose. — Grape worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grape moth. — Sour grapes, things which persons affect to despise because they can not possess them; — in allusion to AEsop’s fable of the fox and the grapes.

Grape´ fruit. The shaddock.

Grape´less, a. Wanting grapes or the flavor of grapes.

Grap´er•y , n. A building or inclosure used for the cultivation of grapes.

Grape´shot , n. (Mil.) A cluster, usually nine in number, of small iron balls, put together by means of cast-iron circular plates at top and bottom, with two rings, and a central connecting rod, in order to be used as a charge for a cannon. Formerly grapeshot were inclosed in canvas bags.

Grape´stone , n. A seed of the grape.

Grape´vine , n. (Bot.) A vine or climbing shrub, of the genus Vitis, having small green flowers and lobed leaves, and bearing the fruit called grapes. The common grapevine of the Old World is Vitis vinifera, and is a native of Central Asia. Another variety is that yielding small seedless grapes commonly called Zante currants. The northern Fox grape of the United States is the V. Labrusca, from which, by cultivation, has come the Isabella variety. The southern Fox grape, or Muscadine, is the V. vulpina. The Frost grape is V. cordifolia, which has very fragrant flowers, and ripens after the early frosts.

-graph (-graf) [From Gr. gra•fein to write. See Graphic.] A suffix signifying something written, a writing; also a writer; as autograph, crystograph, telegraph, photograph. { Graph´ic (graf´ik), Graph´ic•al (-i•kal) }, a. [L. graphicus, Gr. grafiko•s, fr. gra•fein to write; cf. F. graphique. See Graft.] 1. Of or pertaining to the arts of painting and drawing. 2. Of or pertaining to the art of writing. 3. Written or engraved; formed of letters or lines. “The finger of God hath left an inscription upon all his works, not graphical, or composed of letters.” Sir T. Browne. 4. Well delineated; clearly and vividly described. 5. Having the faculty of, or characterized by, clear and impressive description; vivid; as a graphic writer. Graphic algebra, a branch of algebra in which, the properties of equations are treated by the use of curves and straight lines. — Graphic arts, a name given to those fine arts which pertain to the representation on a flat surface of natural objects; as distinguished from music, etc., and also from sculpture. — Graphic formula. (Chem.) See under Formula. — Graphic granite. See under Granite. — Graphic method, the method of scientific analysis or investigation, in which the relations or laws involved in tabular numbers are represented to the eye by means of curves or other figures; as the daily changes of weather by means of curves, the abscissas of which represent the hours of the day, and the ordinates the corresponding degrees of temperature. — Graphical statics (Math.), a branch of statics, in which the magnitude, direction, and position of forces are represented by straight lines — Graphic tellurium. See Sylvanite.>

Graph´ic•al•ly , adv. In a graphic manner; vividly. { Graph´ic•ness , Graph´ic•al•ness } n. The quality or state of being graphic.

Graph´ics , n. The art or the science of drawing; esp. of drawing according to mathematical rules, as in perspective, projection, and the like.

Graph´i•scope , n. See Graphoscope.

Graph´ite , n. [Gr. gra•fein to write: cf. F. graphite. See Graphic.] (Min.) Native carbon in hexagonal crystals, also foliated or granular massive, of black color and metallic luster, and so soft as to leave a trace on paper. It is used for pencils (improperly called lead pencils), for crucibles, and as a lubricator, etc. Often called plumbago or black lead. Graphite battery (Elec.), a voltaic battery consisting of zinc and carbon in sulphuric acid, or other exciting liquid.

Gra•phit´ic , a. Pertaining to, containing, derived from, or resembling, graphite. Graphitic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, so called because obtained by the oxidation of graphite; — usually called mellitic acid. — Graphitic carbon, in iron or steel, that portion of the carbon which is present as graphite. Raymond. { Graph´i•toid , Graph´i•toid´al } a. Resembling graphite or plumbago.

Graph´o•lite , n. [Gr. gra•fein to write + -lite: cf. F. grapholithe.] Any species of slate suitable to be written on.

Gra•phol´o•gy (gra•fol´o•jy), n. [Gr. gra•fein to write + - logy: cf. F. graphologie.] The art of judging of a person’s character, disposition, and aptitude from his handwriting.

Graph´o•scope , n. [Gr. gra•fein to write + -scope.] An optical instrument for magnifying engravings, photographs, etc., usually having one large lens and two smaller ones.

Graph´o•type , n. [Gr. gra•fein to write + -type.] (Engraving) A process for producing a design upon a surface in relief so that it can be printed from. Prepared chalk or oxide of zinc is pressed upon a smooth plate by a hydraulic press, and the design is drawn upon this in a peculiar ink which hardens the surface wherever it is applied. The surface is then carefully rubbed or brushed, leaving the lines in relief.

-gra•phy [Gr. , fr. write. See Graphic.] A suffix denoting the art of writing or describing; also the writing or description itself; a treatise; as calligraphy, biography, geography.

Grap´nel , n. [OE. grapenel, dim. fr. F. grappin the grapple of a ship; of German origin. See Grape.] (Naut.) A small anchor, with four or five flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels; hence, any instrument designed to grapple or hold; a grappling iron; a grab; — written also grapline, and crapnel.

Grap´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grappled p. pr. & vb. n. Grappling ] [F. grappiller, OF. graypil the grapple of a ship, fr. graper to pluck, prop., to seize, clutch; of German origin. See Grape.] 1. To seize; to lay fast hold of; to attack at close quarters: as to grapple an antagonist. 2. To fasten, as with a grapple; to fix; to join indissolubly. “The gallies were grappled to the Centurion.” Hakluyt. “Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel.” Shak.

Grap´ple, v. i. To use a grapple; to contend in close fight; to attach one’s self as if by a grapple, as in wrestling; to close; to seize one another. To grapple with, to enter into contest with, resolutely and courageously. “And in my standard bear the arms of York,
To grapple with the house of Lancaster.” Shak.

Grap´ple, n. [See Grapple, v. t., and cf. Crapple.] 1. A seizing or seizure; close hug in contest; the wrestler’s hold. Milton. 2. (a) An instrument, usually with hinged claws, for seizing and holding fast to an object; a grab. (b) (Naut.) A grappling iron. “The iron hooks and grapples keen.” Spenser. Grapple plant (Bot.), a South African herb (Herpagophytum leptocarpum) having the woody fruits armed with long hooked or barbed thorns by which they adhere to cattle, causing intense annoyance. — Grapple shot (Life-saving Service), a projectile, to which are attached hinged claws to catch in a ship’s rigging or to hold in the ground; - - called also anchor shot.

Grapple•ment , n. A grappling; close fight or embrace. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grap´pling , n. 1. A laying fast ho1d of; also that by which anything is seized and held, a grapnel. 2. A grapple; a struggle. A match for yards in fight, in grappling for the bear. Dryden. Grappling iron, a hooked iron used for grappling and holding fast a vessel or other object. — Grappling tongs, broad-mouthed tongs for gathering oysters.

Grap´soid , a. [NL. Grapsus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the genus Grapsus or the family Grapsidae. — n. A grapsoid crab.

Grap´to•lite , n. [NL, Graptolithus, from Gr. is engraved, written (gra•fein to write) + stone.] (Paleon.) One of numerous species of slender and delicate fossils, of the genus Graptolites and allied genera, found in the Silurian rocks. They belong to an extinct group (Graptolithina) supposed to be hydroids.

Grap´to•lit•ic , a. Of or pertaining to graptolites; containing graptolites; as a graptolitic slate.

Grap´y , a. Composed of, or resembling, grapes. “The grapy clusters.” Addison.

Grasp , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grasper p. pr. & vb. n. Qraspine.] [OE. graspen; prob. akin to LG. grupsen, or to E. grope. Cf. Grab, Grope.] 1. To seize and hold by clasping or embracing with the fingers or arms; to catch to take possession of. “Thy hand is made to grasp a palmer’s staff.” Shak. 2. To lay hold of with the mind; to become thoroughly acquainted or conversant with; to comprehend.

Grasp, v. i. To effect a grasp; to make the motion of grasping; to clutch; to struggle; to strive. “As one that grasped And tugged for life and was by strength subdued.” Shak. To grasp at, to catch at; to try to seize; as Alexander grasped at universal empire,

Grasp, n. 1. A gripe or seizure of the hand; a seizure by embrace, or infolding in the arms. ´The grasps of love.´ Shak. 2. Reach of the arms; hence, the power of seizing and holding; as it was beyond his grasp. 3. Forcible possession; hold. “The whole space that’s in the tyrant’s grasp.” Shak. 4. Wide-reaching power of intellect to comprehend subjects and hold them under survey. “The foremost minds of the next … era were not, in power of grasp, equal to their predecessors.” Z. Taylor. 5. The handle of a sword or of an oar.

Grasp´a•ble , a. Capable of being grasped.

Grasp´er , n. One who grasps or seizes; one who catches or holds.

Grasp´ing, a. 1. Seizing; embracing; catching. 2. Avaricious; greedy of gain; covetous; close; miserly; as he is a grasping man. — Grasp´ing•ly, adv. — Grasp´ing•ness, n.

Grasp´less, a. Without a grasp; relaxed. “From my graspless hand Drop friendship’s precious pearls.” Coleridge.

Grass , n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, as graes, gaers; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. graes, Sw. gräs, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. Graze.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other beasts; pasture. 2. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, the husks or glumes in pairs, and the seed single. This definition includes wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., and excludes clover and some other plants which are commonly called by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous family of plants. 3. The season of fresh grass; spring. [Colloq.] “Two years old next grass.” Latham. 4. Metaphorically used for what is transitory. “Surely the people is grass.” Is. xl. 7. The following list includes most of the grasses of the United States of special interest, except cereals. Many of these terms will be found with definitions in the Vocabulary. See Illustrations in Appendix. Barnyard grass, for hay. South. Panicum Grus- galli. Bent, pasture and hay. Agrostis, several species. Bermuda grass, pasture. South. Cynodon Dactylon. Black bent. Same as Switch grass (below). Blue bent, hay. North and West. Andropogon provincialis. Blue grass, pasture. Poa compressa. Blue joint, hay. Northwest. Aqropyrum glaucum. Buffalo grass, grazing. Rocky Mts., etc. (a) Buchloë dectyloides. (b) Same as Grama grass (below). Bunch grass, grazing. Far West. Eriocoma, Festuca, Stips, etc. Chess, or Cheat, a weed. Bromus secalinus, etc. Couch grass. Same as Quick grass (below). Crab grass, (a) Hay, in South. A weed, in North. Panicum sanguinale. (b) Pasture and hay. South. Eleusine Indica. Darnel (a) Bearded, a noxious weed. Lolium temulentum. (b) Common. Same as Rye grass (below). Drop seed, fair for forage and hay. Muhlenbergia, several species. English grass. Same as Redtop (below). Fowl meadow grass. (a) Pasture and hay. Poa serotina. (b) Hay, on moist land. Gryceria nervata. Gama grass, cut fodder. South. Tripsacum dactyloides. Grama grass, grazing. West and Pacific slope. Bouteloua oligostachya, etc. Great bunch grass, pasture and hay. Far West. Festuca scabrella. Guinea grass, hay. South. Panicum jumentorum. Herd’s grass, in New England Timothy, in Pennsylvania and South Redtop. Indian grass. Same as Wood grass (below). Italian rye grass, forage and hay. Lolium Italicum. Johnson grass, grazing and hay. South and Southwest. Sorghum Halepense. Kentucky blue grass, pasture. Poa pratensis. Lyme grass, coarse hay. South. Elymus, several species. Manna grass, pasture and hay. Glyceria, several species. Meadow fescue, pasture and hay. Festuca elatior. Meadow foxtail, pasture, hay, lawn. North. Alopecurus pratensis. Meadow grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Poa, several species. Mesquite, or Muskit grass. Same as Grama grass (above). Nimble Will, a kind of drop seed. Muhlenbergia diffsa. Orchard grass, pasture and hay. Dactylis glomerata. Porcupine grass, troublesome to sheep. Northwest. Stipa spartea. Quaking grass, ornamental. Briza media and maxima. Quitch, or Quick, grass, etc., a weed. Agropyrum repens. Ray grass. Same as Rye grass (below). Redtop, pasture and hay. Agrostis vulgaris. Red-topped buffalo grass, forage. Northwest. Poa tenuifolia. Reed canary grass, of slight value. Phalaris arundinacea. Reed meadow grass, hay. North. Glyceria aquatica. Ribbon grass, a striped leaved form of Reed canary grass. Rye grass, pasture, hay. Lolium perenne, var. Seneca grass, fragrant basket work, etc. North. Hierochloa borealis. Sesame grass. Same as Gama grass (above). Sheep’s fescue, sheep pasture, native in Northern Europe and Asia. Festuca ovina. Small reed grass, meadow pasture and hay. North. Deyeuxia Canadensis. Spear grass, Same as Meadow grass (above). Squirrel-tail grass, troublesome to animals. Seacoast and Northwest. Hordeum jubatum. Switch grass, hay, cut young. Panicum virgatum. Timothy, cut young, the best of hay. North. Phleum pratense. Velvet grass, hay on poor soil. South. Holcus lanatus. Vernal grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Anthoxanthum odoratum. Wire grass, valuable in pastures. Poa compressa. Wood grass, Indian grass, hay. Chrysopogon nutans. Many plants are popularly called grasses which are not true grasses botanically considered, such as black grass, goose grass, star grass, etc. Black grass, a kind of small rush (Juncus Gerardi), growing in salt marshes, used for making salt hay. — Grass of the Andes, an oat grass, the Arrhenatherum avenaceum of Europe.— Grass of Parnassus, a plant of the genus Parnassia growing in wet ground. The European species is P. palustris; in the United States there are several species. — Grass bass (Zoöl.), the calico bass. — Grass bird, the dunlin. — Grass cloth, a cloth woven from the tough fibers of the grass-cloth plant. — Grass-cloth plant, a perennial herb of the Nettle family (Bœhmeria nivea or Urtica nivea), which grows in Sumatra, China, and Assam, whose inner bark has fine and strong fibers suited for textile purposes. — Grass finch. (Zoöl.) (a) A common American sparrow (Poöcaetes gramineus); — called also vesper sparrow and bay-winged bunting. (b) Any Australian finch, of the genus Poëphila, of which several species are known. — Grass lamb, a lamb suckled by a dam running on pasture land and giving rich milk.— Grass land, land kept in grass and not tilled. — Grass moth (Zoöl.), one of many small moths of the genus Crambus, found in grass. — Grass oil, a fragrant essential volatile oil, obtained in India from grasses of the genus Andropogon, etc.; — used in perfumery under the name of citronella, ginger grass oil, lemon grass oil, essence of verbena etc. — Grass owl (Zoöl.), a South African owl (Strix Capensis). — Grass parrakeet (Zoöl.), any of several species of Australian parrots, of the genus Euphemia; — also applied to the zebra parrakeet. — Grass plover (Zoöl.), the upland or field plover. — Grass poly (Bot.), a species of willowwort (Lythrum Hyssopifolia). Johnson. — Crass quit (Zoöl.), one of several tropical American finches of the genus Euetheia. The males have most of the head and chest black and often marked with yellow. — Grass snake. (Zoöl.) (a) The common English, or ringed, snake (Tropidonotus natrix). (b) The common green snake of the Northern United States. See Green snake, under Green. — Grass snipe (Zoöl.), the pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata); — called also jacksnipe in America. — Grass spider (Zoöl.), a common spider (Agelena naevia), which spins flat webs on grass, conspicuous when covered with dew. — Grass sponge (Zoöl.), an inferior kind of commercial sponge from Florida and the Bahamas. — Grass table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. — Grass vetch (Bot.), a vetch (Lathyrus Nissolia), with narrow grasslike leaves. — Grass widow. [Cf. Prov. R. an unmarried mother, G. strohwittwe a mock widow, Sw. gräsenka a grass widow.] (a) An unmarried woman who is a mother. [Obs.] (b) A woman separated from her husband by abandonment or prolonged absence; a woman living apart from her husband. [Slang.] — Grass wrack (Bot.) eelgrass. — To bring to grass (Mining.), to raise, as ore, to the surface of the ground. — To put to grass, To put out to grass, to put out to graze a season, as cattle.

Grass , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grassed p. pr. & vb. n. Grassing.] 1. To cover with grass or with turf. 2. To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc. 3. To bring to the grass or ground; to land; as to grass a fish. [Colloq.]

Grass , v. i. To produce grass. [R.] Tusser.

Gras•sa´tion , n. [L. grassatio, from grassari to go about.] A wandering about with evil intentions; a rioting. [Obs. & R.] Feltham.

Grass´-green , a. 1. Green with grass. 2. Of the color of grass; clear and vivid green.

Grass´-grown , a. Overgrown with grass; as a grass-grown road.

Grass´hop•per , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any jumping, orthopterous insect, of the families Acrididae and Locustidae. The species and genera are very numerous. The former family includes the Western grasshopper or locust (Caloptenus spretus), noted for the great extent of its ravages in the region beyond the Mississippi. In the Eastern United States the red-legged (Caloptenus femurrubrum and C. atlanis) are closely related species, but their ravages are less important. They are closely related to the migratory locusts of the Old World. See Locust. The meadow or green grasshoppers belong to the Locustidae. They have long antennae, large ovipositors, and stridulating organs at the base of the wings in the male. The European great green grasshopper (Locusta viridissima) belongs to this family. The common American green species mostly belong to Xiphidium, Orchelimum, and Conocephalus. 2. In ordinary square or upright pianos of London make, the escapement lever or jack, so made that it can be taken out and replaced with the key; — called also the hopper. Grove. Grasshopper engine, a steam engine having a working beam with its fulcrum at one end, the steam cylinder at the other end, and the connecting rod at an intermediate point. — Grasshopper lobster (Zoöl.) a young lobster. [Local, U. S.] — Grasshopper warbler (Zoöl.), cricket bird.

Grass´i•ness , n. [From Grassy.] The state of abounding with grass; a grassy state.

Grass´less, a. Destitute of grass.

Grass´plot , n. A plot or space covered with grass; a lawn. ´Here on this grassplot.´ Shak.

Grass´ tree´ (Bot.) (a) An Australian plant of the genus Xanthorrhœa, having a thick trunk crowned with a dense tuft of pendulous, grasslike leaves, from the center of which arises a long stem, bearing at its summit a dense flower spike looking somewhat like a large cat-tail. These plants are often called ´blackboys´ from the large trunks denuded and blackened by fire. They yield two kinds of fragrant resin, called Botany-bay gum, and Gum Acaroides. (b) A similar Australian plant (Kingia australis).

Grass´y a. 1. Covered with grass; abounding with grass; as a grassy lawn. Spenser. 2. Resembling grass; green.

Grate , a. [L. gratus agreeable, grateful: cf. It. & Sp. grato. See Grace, and cf. Agree.] Serving to gratify; agreeable. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Grate, n. [LL. grata, fr. L. crates hurdle; or It. grata, of the same origin. Sae Crate, Hurdle.] 1. A structure or frame containing parallel or crosed bars, with interstices; a kind of latticework, such as is used ia the windows of prisons and cloisters. ´A secret grate of iron bars.´ Shak. 2. A frame or bed, or kind of basket, of iron bars, for holding fuel while burning. Grate surface (Steam, Boiler) the area of the surface of the grate upon which the fuel lies in the furnace.

Grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grated; p. pr. &. vb. n. Grating.] To furnish with grates; to protect with a grating or crossbars; as to grate a window.

Grate, v. t. [OF grater to scrape, scratch, F. gratter, LL. gratare, cratare; of German origin; cf. OHG. chrazzon G. kratzen, D. krassen, Sw. Kratta, and perh. E. scratch.] 1. To rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another, causing a harsh sound; as to grate the teeth; to produce (a harsh sound) by rubbing. “On their hinges grate
Harsh thunder.” Milton. 2. To reduce to small particles by rubbing with anything rough or indented; as to grate a nutmeg. 3. To fret; to irritate; to offend. “News, my good lord Rome … grates me.” Shak.

Grate, v. i. 1. To make a harsh sound by friction. “I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned,
Or a dry wheel grate on the exletree.” Shak. 2. To produce the effect of rubbing with a hard rough material; to cause wearing, tearing, or bruising. Hence; To produce exasperation, soreness, or grief; to offend by oppression or importunity. “This grated harder upon the hearts of men.” South. ! p. 647 this page badly done — in need of careful proofing !>

Grat´ed , a. [From 2d Grate.] Furnished with a grate or grating; as grated windows.

Grate´ful , a. [Grate, a. + full; cf. F. gre thanks, good will, fr. L. gratum, neut. of gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.] 1. Having a due sense of benefits received; kindly disposed toward one from whom a favor has been received; willing to acknowledge and repay, or give thanks for, benefits; as a grateful heart. “A grateful mind
By owing, owes not, but still pays.” Milton. 2. Affording pleasure; pleasing to the senses; gratifying; delicious; as a grateful present; food grateful to the palate; grateful sleep. “Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine,
And grateful clusters swell.” Pope. Syn. — Thankful; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; delightful; delicious. — Grate´ful•ly, adv. — Grate´ful•ness, n.

Grat´er , a. [From Qrate, v.] One who, or that which, grates; especially, an instrument or utensil with a rough, indented surface, for rubbing off small particles of any substance; as a grater for nutmegs.

Gra•tic´u•la´tion , n. [F. graticulation, craticulation, fr. graticuler, craticuler, to square, fr. graticule, craticule, graticule, L. craticula, dim. of crates wickerwork. See 2d Grate.] The division of a design or draught into squares, in order the more easily to reproduce it in larger or smaller dimensions.

Grat´i•cule , n. [F. See Graticulation.] A design or draught which has been divided into squares, in order to reproduce it in other dimensions.

Grat´i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. gratificatio: cf. F. gratification.] 1. The act of gratifying, or pleasing, either the mind, the taste, or the appetite; as the gratification of the palate, of the appetites, of the senses, of the desires, of the heart. 2. That which affords pleasure; satisfaction; enjoyment; fruition: delight. 3. A reward; a recompense; a gratuity. Bp. Morton.

Grat´i•fied , a. Pleased; indulged according to desire. Syn. — Glad; pleased. See Glad.

Grat´i•fi´er , n. One who gratifies or pleases.

Grat´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gratified (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gratifying (#).] [F. gratifier, L. gratificari; gratus pleasing + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] 1. To please; to give pleasure to; to satisfy; to soothe; to indulge; as to gratify the taste, the appetite, the senses, the desires, the mind, etc. “For who would die to gratify a foe?” Dryden. 2. To requite; to recompense. [Obs.] “It remains …
To gratify his noble service.” Shak. Syn. — To indulge; humor please; delight; requite; recompense. — To Gratify, Indulge, Humor. Gratify, is the generic term, and has reference simply to the pleasure communicated. To indulge a person implies that we concede something to his wishes or his weaknesses which he could not claim, and which had better, perhaps, be spared. To humor is to adapt ourselves to the varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices, of others. We gratify a child by showing him the sights of a large city; we indulge him in some extra expense on such an occasion; we humor him when he is tired and exacting.

Grat´ing , n. [See 2d Grate.] 1. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars; a latticework resembling a window grate; as the grating of a prison or convent. 2. (Optics) A system of close equidistant and parallel lines lines or bars, especially lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction; — called also diffraction grating. 3. pl. (Naut.) The strong wooden lattice used to cover a hatch, admitting light and air; also a movable Lattice used for the flooring of boats.
[1913 Webster]

Grat´ing, a. [See Grate to rub harshy.] That grates; making a harsh sound; harsh. — Grat´ing•ly, adv.

Grat´ing, n. A harsh sound caused by attrition.

Gra•ti´o•lin , n. (Chem.) One of the essential principles of the hedge hyssop (Gratiola officinalis).

Gra´tis , adv. [L., contr. fr. gratiis out of favor or kindness, without recompense, for nothing, fr. gratia favor. See Grace.] For nothing; without fee or recompense; freely; gratuitously.

Grat´i•tude , n. [F. gratitude, LL. gratitudo, from gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.] The state of being grateful; warm and friendly feeling toward a benefactor; kindness awakened by a favor received; thankfulness. “The debt immense of endless gratitude.” Milton.

Gra•tu´i•tous a. [L. gratuitus, from gratus pleasing. See Grate, a., Gratis.] 1. Given without an equivalent or recompense; conferred without valuable consideration; granted without pay, or without claim or merit; not required by justice. “We mistake the gratuitous blessings of Heaven for the fruits of our own industry.” L’Estrange. 2. Not called for by the circumstances; without reason, cause, or proof; adopted or asserted without any good ground; as a gratuitous assumption. “Acts of gratuitous self- humiliation.” De Quincye. — Gra•tu´i•tous•ly, adv. — Gra•tu´i•tous•ness, n.

Gra•tu´i•ty , n.; pl. Gratuities (#). [F. gratuite, or LL. gratuitas.] 1. Something given freely or without recompense; a free gift; a present. Swift. 2. Something voluntarily given in return for a favor or service, as a recompense or acknowledgment.

Grat´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grqatulated p. pr. & vb. n. Gratulating ] [L. gratulatus, p. p. of gratulari to congratulate, fr. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grate, a.] To salute with declaration of joy; to congratulate. [R.] Shak.

Grat´u•late , a. Worthy of gratulation. [Obs.] “There’s more behind that is more gratulate.” Shak.

Grat´u•la´tion , n. [L. gratulatio.] The act of gratulating or felicitating; congratulation. “I shall turn my wishes into gratulations.” South.

Grat´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. gratulatorius.] Expressing gratulation or joy; congratulatory. “The usual groundwork of such gratulatory odes.” Bp. Horsley.

Graunt , v. & n. [Obs.] See Grant. Chaucer.

Grau´wack•e , n. [G.] Graywacke.

Gra•va´men , n.; pl. L. Gravamina (#), E. Gravamens (#). [L., fr. gravare to load, burden, fr. gravis heavy, weighty. See Grave, a.] (Law) The grievance complained of; the substantial cause of the action; also in general, the ground or essence of a complaint. Bouvier.

-grave A final syllable signifying a ruler, as in landgrave, margrave. See Margrave.

Grave , v. t. (Naut.) To clean, as a vessel’s bottom, of barnacles, grass, etc., and pay it over with pitch; — so called because graves or greaves was formerly used for this purpose.

Grave, a. [Compar. Graver (grav´er); superl. Gravest.] [F., fr. L. gravis heavy; cf. It. & Sp. grave heavy, grave. See Grief.] 1. Of great weight; heavy; ponderous. [Obs.] “His shield grave and great.” Chapman. 2. Of importance; momentous; weighty; influential; sedate; serious; — said of character, relations, etc.; as grave deportment, character, influence, etc. “Most potent, grave, and reverend seigniors.” Shak. “A grave and prudent law, full of moral equity.” Milton. 3. Not light or gay; solemn; sober; plain; as a grave color; a grave face. 4. (Mus.) (a) Not acute or sharp; low; deep; — said of sound; as a grave note or key. “The thicker the cord or string, the more grave is the note or tone.” Moore (Encyc. of Music). (b) Slow and solemn in movement. Grave accent. (Pron.) See the Note under Accent, n., 2. Syn. — Solemn; sober; serious; sage; staid; demure; thoughtful; sedate; weighty; momentous; important. — Grave, Sober, Serious, Solemn. Sober supposes the absence of all exhilaration of spirits, and is opposed to gay or flighty; as sober thought. Serious implies considerateness or reflection, and is opposed to jocose or sportive; as serious and important concerns. Grave denotes a state of mind, appearance, etc., which results from the pressure of weighty interests, and is opposed to hilarity of feeling or vivacity of manner; as a qrave remark; qrave attire. Solemn is applied to a case in which gravity is carried to its highest point; as a solemn admonition; a solemn promise.

Grave, v. t. [imp. Graved (gravd); p. p. Graven (grav´’n) or Graved; p. pr. & vb. n. Graving.] [AS. grafan to dig, grave, engrave; akin to OFries. greva, D. graven, G. graben, OHG. & Goth. graban, Dan. grabe, Sw. gräfva, Icel. grafa, but prob. not to Gr. gra•fein to write, E. graphic. Cf. Grave, n., Grove, n.] 1. To dig. [Obs.] Chaucer. “He hath graven and digged up a pit.” Ps. vii. 16 (Book of Common Prayer). 2. To carve or cut, as letters or figures, on some hard substance; to engrave. “Thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel.” Ex. xxviii. 9. 3. To carve out or give shape to, by cutting with a chisel; to sculpture; as to grave an image. “With gold men may the hearte grave.” Chaucer. 4. To impress deeply (on the mind); to fix indelibly. “O! may they graven in thy heart remain.” Prior. 5. To entomb; to bury. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Lie full low, graved in the hollow ground.” Shak.

Grave, v. i. To write or delineate on hard substances, by means of incised lines; to practice engraving.

Grave, n. [AS. gr?f, fr. grafan to dig; akin to D. & OS. graf, G. grab, Icel. gröf, Russ. grob’ grave, coffin. See Grave to carve.] An excavation in the earth as a place of burial; also any place of interment; a tomb; a sepulcher. Hence: Death; destruction. “He bad lain in the grave four days.” John xi. 17. Grave wax, adipocere.

Grave´clothes , n. pl. The clothes or dress in which the dead are interred.

Grave´dig•ger , n. 1. A digger of graves. 2. (Zoöl.) See Burying beetle, under Bury, v. t.

Grav´el , n. [OF. gravele, akin to F. gr?ve a sandy shore, strand; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. grouan gravel, W. gro coarse gravel, pebbles, and Skr. gravan stone.] 1. Small stones, or fragments of stone; very small pebbles, often intermixed with particles of sand. 2. (Med.) A deposit of small calculous concretions in the kidneys and the urinary or gall bladder; also the disease of which they are a symptom. Gravel powder, a coarse gunpowder; pebble powder.

Grav´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graveled or Gravelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Graveling or Gravelling.] 1. To cover with gravel; as to gravel a walk. 2. To run (as a ship) upon the gravel or beach; to run aground; to cause to stick fast in gravel or sand. “When we were fallen into a place between two seas they graveled the ship.” Acts xxvii. 41 (Rhemish version). “Willam the Conqueror … chanced as his arrival to be graveled; and one of his feet stuck so fast in the sand that he fell to the ground.” Camden. 3. To check or stop; to embarrass; to perplex. [Colloq.] “When you were graveled for lack of matter.” Shak. “The physician was so graveled and amazed withal, that he had not a word more to say.” Sir T. North. 4. To hurt or lame (a horse) by gravel lodged between the shoe and foot.

Grave´less , a. Without a grave; unburied.

Grav´el•ing , or Grav´el•ling, n. 1. The act of covering with gravel. 2. A layer or coating of gravel (on a path, etc.).

Grav´el•ing, or Grav´el•ling, n. (Zoöl.) A salmon one or two years old, before it has gone to sea.

Grav´el•li•ness , n. State of being gravelly.

Grav´el•ly , a. Abounding with gravel; consisting of gravel; as a gravelly soil.

Grav´el-stone´ , n. A pebble, or small fragment of stone; a calculus.

Grave´ly , adv. In a grave manner.

Grav´en , p. p. of Grave, v. t. Carved. Graven image, an idol; an object of worship carved from wood, stone, etc. ´Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.´ Ex. xx. 4.

Grave´ness, n. The quality of being grave. “His sables and his weeds,
Importing health and graveness.” Shak.

Gra´ven•stein´ , n. [So called because it came from Gravenstein, a place in Schleswig. Downing.] A kind of fall apple, marked with streaks of deep red and orange, and of excellent flavor and quality.

Gra•ve´o•lence , n. [L. graveolentia: cf. F. graveolence. See Graveolent.] A strong and offensive smell; rancidity. [R.] Bailey.

Gra•ve´o•lent , a. [L. graveolens; gravis heavy + olere to smell.] Having a rank smell. [R.] Boyle.

Graver , n. 1. One who graves; an engraver or a sculptor; one whose occupation is te cut letters or figures in stone or other hard material. 2. An ergraving or cutting tool; a burin.

Grav´er•y , n. The act, process, or art, of graving or carving; engraving. “Either of picture or gravery and embossing.” Holland.

Graves , n. pl. The sediment of melted tallow. Same as Greaves.

Graves´’ dis•ease´ [So called after Dr. Graves, of Dublin.] Same as Basedow’s disease.

Grave´stone , n. A stone laid over, or erected near, a grave, usually with an inscription, to preserve the memory of the dead; a tombstone.

Grave´yard´ , n. A yard or inclosure for the interment of the dead; a cemetery.

Grav´ic , a. Pertaining to, or causing, gravitation; as gravic forces; gravic attraction. [R.]

Grav´id , a. [L. gravidus, fr. gravis heavy, loaded. See Grave, a.] Being with child; heavy with young; pregnant; fruitful; as a gravid uterus; gravid piety. ´ His gravid associate.´ Sir T. Herbert.

Grav´i•da´ted , a. [L. gravidatus, p. p. of gravidare to load, impregnate. See Gravid.] Made pregnant; big. [Obs.] Barrow.

Grav´i•da´tion , n. Gravidity. [Obs.]

Gra•vid´i•ty , n. [L. graviditas.] The state of being gravidated; pregnancy. [R.]

Grav´i•grade , a. [L. gravis heavy + gradus step.] (Zoöl.) Slow-paced. — n. One of the pachyderms.

Gra•vim´e•ter , n. [L. gravis heavy + -meter: cf. F. gravimètre.] (Physics) An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of bodies.

Grav´i•met´ric , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to measurement by weight; measured by weight. — Grav´i•met´ric•al•ly (#), adv. Gravimetric analysis (Chem.), analysis in which the amounts of the constituents are determined by weight; — in distinction from volumetric analysis.

Grav´ing , n. [From Grave to clean.] The act of cleaning a ship’s bottom. Graving dock. (Naut.) See under Dock.

Grav´ing, n. [From Grave to dig.] 1. The act or art of carving figures in hard substances, esp. by incision or in intaglio. 2. That which is graved or carved. [R.] “Skillful to … grave any manner of graving.” 2 Chron. ii. 14. 3. Impression, as upon the mind or heart. “New gravings upon their souls.” Eikon Basilike

Grav´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gravitated p. pr. & vb. n. Gravitating ] [Cf. F. graviter. See Gravity.] To obey the law of gravitation; to exert a force Or pressure, or tend to move, under the influence of gravitation; to tend in any direction or toward any object. “Why does this apple fall to the ground? Because all bodies gravitate toward each other.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Politicians who naturally gravitate towards the stronger party.” Macaulay.

Grav´i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. gravitation. See Gravity.] 1. The act of gravitating. 2. (Pysics) That species of attraction or force by which all bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each other; called also attraction of gravitation, universal gravitation, and universal gravity. See Attraction, and Weight. Law of gravitation, that law in accordance with which gravitation acts, namely, that every two bodies or portions of matter in the universe attract each other with a force proportional directly to the quantity of matter they contain, and inversely to the squares of their distances.

Grav•i•tation•al , a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the force of gravity; as gravitational units.

Gravi•ta•tive , a. Causing to gravitate; tending to a center. Coleridge.

Grav´i•ty , n.; pl. Gravities (#). [L. gravitas, fr. gravis heavy; cf. F. gravite. See Grave, a., Grief.] 1. The state of having weight; beaviness; as the gravity of lead. 2. Sobriety of character or demeanor. ´Men of gravity and learning.´ Shak. ! p. 648 needs proofing ##proof - especially italicized words (also in etymologies) are not properly marked !> 3. Importance, significance, dignity, etc; hence, seriousness; enormity; as the gravity of an offense. “They derive an importance from … the gravity of the place where they were uttered.” Burke. 4. (Physics) The tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction; esp., the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth; terrestrial gravitation. 5. (Mus.) Lowness of tone; — opposed to acuteness. Center of gravity See under Center. — Gravity battery, See Battery, n., 4. — Specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of some other body taken as the standard or unit. This standard is usually water for solids and liquids, and air for gases. Thus, 19, the specific gravity of gold, expresses the fact that, bulk for bulk, gold is nineteen times as heavy as water.

Gra´vy , n.; pl. Gravies (#). [OE. greavie; prob. fr. greaves, graves, the sediment of melted tallow. See Greaves.] 1. The juice or other liquid matter that drips from flesh in cooking, made into a dressing for the food when served up. 2. Liquid dressing for meat, fish, vegetables, etc.

Gray , a. [Compar. Grayer ; superl. Grayest.] [OE. gray, grey, AS. graeg, greg; akin to D. graauw, OHG. grao, G. grau, Dan. graa, Sw. grå, Icel. grar.] [Written also grey.] 1. White mixed with black, as the color of pepper and salt, or of ashes, or of hair whitened by age; sometimes, a dark mixed color; as the soft gray eye of a dove. “These gray and dun colors may be also produced by mixing whites and blacks.” Sir I. Newton. 2. Gray-haired; gray-headed; of a gray color; hoary. 3. Old; mature; as gray experience. Ames. Gray antimony (Min.), stibnite. — Gray buck (Zoöl.), the chickara. — Gray cobalt (Min.), smaltite. — Gray copper (Min.), tetrahedrite. — Gray duck (Zoöl.), the gadwall; also applied to the female mallard. — Gray falcon (Zoöl.) the peregrine falcon. — Gray Friar. See Franciscan, and Friar. — Gray hen (Zoöl.), the female of the blackcock or black grouse. See Heath grouse. — Gray mill or millet (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Lithospermum; gromwell. — Gray mullet (Zoöl.) any one of the numerous species of the genus Mugil, or family Mugilidae, found both in the Old World and America; as the European species (M. capito, and M. auratus), the American striped mullet (M. albula), and the white or silver mullet (M. Braziliensis). See Mullet. — Gray owl (Zoöl.), the European tawny or brown owl (Syrnium aluco). The great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) inhabits arctic America. — Gray parrot (Zoöl.), a parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly domesticated, and noted for its aptness in learning to talk. — Gray pike. (Zoöl.) See Sauger. — Gray snapper (Zoöl.), a Florida fish; the sea lawyer. See Snapper. — Gray snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher in winter plumage. — Gray whale (Zoöl.), a rather large and swift California whale (Rhachianectes glaucus), formerly taken in large numbers in the bays; — called also grayback, devilfish, and hardhead.

Gray, n. 1. A gray color; any mixture of white and black; also a neutral or whitish tint. 2. An animal or thing of gray color, as a horse, a badger, or a kind of salmon. “Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day.
That coats thy life, my gallant gray.” Sir W. Scott.

Gray´back , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The California gray whale. (b) The redbreasted sandpiper or knot. (c) The dowitcher. (d) The body louse.

Gray´beard , n. An old man. Shak.

Gray´fly , n. (Zoöl.) The trumpet fly. Milton.

Gray´hound (-hound•), n. (Zoöl.) See Greyhound.

Gray´ish, a. Somewhat gray.

Gray´lag , n. (Zoöl.) The common wild gray goose (Anser anser) of Europe, believed to be the wild form of the domestic goose. See Illust. of Goose.

Gray´ling , n. [From Gray, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European fish (Thymallus vulgaris), allied to the trout, but having a very broad dorsal fin; — called also umber. It inhabits cold mountain streams, and is valued as a game fish. “And here and there a lusty trout,
And here and there a grayling.” Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) An American fish of the genus Thymallus, having similar habits to the above; one species (T. Ontariensis), inhabits several streams in Michigan; another (T. montanus), is found in the Yellowstone region.

Gray´ness, n. The quality of being gray.

Gray´stone , n. (Geol.) A grayish or greenish compact rock, composed of feldspar and augite, and allied to basalt.

Gray´wacke , n. [G. grauwacke; grau gray + wacke wacke. See Gray, and Wacke, and cf. Grauwacke.] (Geol.) A conglomerate or grit rock, consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. This term, derived from the grauwacke of German miners, was formerly applied in geology to different grits and slates of the Silurian series; but it is now seldom used.

Graze (graz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grazed (grazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Grazing.] [OE. grasen, AS. grasian, fr. graes grass. See Grass.] 1. To feed or supply (cattle, sheep, etc.) with grass; to furnish pasture for. “A field or two to graze his cows.” Swift. 2. To feed on; to eat (growing herbage); to eat grass from (a pasture); to browse. “The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead.” Pope. 3. To tend (cattle, etc.) while grazing. “When Jacob grazed his uncle Laban’s sheep.” Shak. 4. To rub or touch lightly the surface of (a thing) in passing; as the bullet grazed the wall.

Graze, v. i. 1. To eat grass; to feed on growing herbage; as cattle graze on the meadows. 2. To yield grass for grazing. “The ground continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose.” Bacon. 3. To touch something lightly in passing.

Graze, n. 1. The act of grazing; the cropping of grass. [Colloq.] “Turning him out for a graze on the common.” T. Hughes. 2. A light touch; a slight scratch.

Graz´er , n. One that grazes; a creature which feeds on growing grass or herbage. “The cackling goose,
Close grazer, finds wherewith to ease her want.” J. Philips.

Gra´zier , n. One who pastures cattle, and rears them for market. “The inhabitants be rather … graziers than plowmen.” Stow.

Graz´ing , n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, grazes. 2. A pasture; growing grass.

Gra´zi•o´so , adv. [It., adj. See Gracious.] (Mus.) Gracefully; smoothly; elegantly.

Gre , n. See Gree, a step. [Obs.]

Gre, n. See Gree, good will. [Obs.]

Grease (gres), n. [OE. grese, grece, F. graisse; akin to gras fat, greasy, fr. LL. grassus thick, fat, gross, L. crassus. Cf. Crass.] 1. Animal fat, as tallow or lard, especially when in a soft state; oily or unctuous matter of any kind. 2. (Far.) An inflammation of a horse’s heels, suspending the ordinary greasy secretion of the part, and producing dryness and scurfiness, followed by cracks, ulceration, and fungous excrescences. Grease bush. (Bot.) Same as Grease wood (below). — Grease moth (Zoöl.), a pyralid moth (Aglossa pinguinalis) whose larva eats greasy cloth, etc. — Grease wood (Bot.), a scraggy, stunted, and somewhat prickly shrub (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) of the Spinach family, very abundant in alkaline valleys from the upper Missouri to California. The name is also applied to other plants of the same family, as several species of Atriplex and Obione.

Grease (grez or gres; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greased (grezd or gresd); p. pr. & vb. n. Greasing.] 1. To smear, anoint, or daub, with grease or fat; to lubricate; as to grease the wheels of a wagon. 2. To bribe; to corrupt with presents. “The greased advocate that grinds the poor.” Dryden. 3. To cheat or cozen; to overreach. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 4. (Far.) To affect (a horse) with grease, the disease. To grease in the hand, to corrupt by bribes. Usher.

Greas´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, greases; specifically, a person employed to lubricate the working parts of machinery, engines, carriages, etc. 2. A nickname sometimes applied in contempt to a Mexican of the lowest type. [Low, U. S.]

Greas´i•ly , adv. 1. In a greasy manner. 2. In a gross or indelicate manner. [Obs.] “You talk greasily; your lips grow foul.” Shak.

Greas´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being greasy, oiliness; unctuousness; grossness.

Greas´y , a. [Compar. Greasier ; superl. Greasiest.] 1. Composed of, or characterized by, grease; oily; unctuous; as a greasy dish. 2. Smeared or defiled with grease. “With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers.” Shak. 3. Like grease or oil; smooth; seemingly unctuous to the touch, as is mineral soapstone. 4. Fat of body; bulky. [R.] Shak. 5. Gross; indelicate; indecent. [Obs.] Marston. 6. (Far.) Affected with the disease called grease; as the heels of a horse. See Grease, n., 2.

Great , a. [Compar. Greater ; superl. Greatest.] [OE. gret, great, AS. greát; akin to OS. & LG. grot, D. groot, OHG. groz, G. gross. Cf. Groat the coin.] 1. Large in space; of much size; big; immense; enormous; expanded; — opposed to small and little; as a great house, ship, farm, plain, distance, length. 2. Large in number; numerous; as a great company, multitude, series, etc. 3. Long continued; lengthened in duration; prolonged in time; as a great while; a great interval. 4. Superior; admirable; commanding; — applied to thoughts, actions, and feelings. 5. Endowed with extraordinary powers; uncommonly gifted; able to accomplish vast results; strong; powerful; mighty; noble; as a great hero, scholar, genius, philosopher, etc. 6. Holding a chief position; elevated: lofty: eminent; distinguished; foremost; principal; as great men; the great seal; the great marshal, etc. “He doth object I am too great of birth.” Shak. 7. Entitled to earnest consideration; weighty; important; as a great argument, truth, or principle. 8. Pregnant; big (with young). “The ewes great with young.” Ps. lxxviii. 71. 9. More than ordinary in degree; very considerable in degree; as to use great caution; to be in great pain. “We have all
Great cause to give great thanks.” Shak. 10. (Genealogy) Older, younger, or more remote, by single generation; — often used before grand to indicate one degree more remote in the direct line of descent; as great-grandfather (a grandfather’s or a grandmother’s father), great- grandson, etc. Great bear (Astron.), the constellation Ursa Major. — Great cattle (Law), all manner of cattle except sheep and yearlings. Wharton. — Great charter (Eng. Hist.), Magna Charta. — Great circle of a sphere, a circle the plane of which passes through the center of the sphere. — Great circle sailing, the process or art of conducting a ship on a great circle of the globe or on the shortest arc between two places. — Great go, the final examination for a degree at the University of Oxford, England; — called also greats. T. Hughes. — Great guns. (Naut.) See under Gun. — The Great Lakes the large fresh-water lakes (Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) which lie on the northern borders of the United States. — Great master. Same as Grand master, under Grand. — Great organ (Mus.), the largest and loudest of the three parts of a grand organ (the others being the choir organ and the swell, and sometimes the pedal organ or foot keys), It is played upon by a separate keyboard, which has the middle position. — The great powers (of Europe), in modern diplomacy, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and Italy. — Great primer. See under Type. — Great scale (Mus.), the complete scale; — employed to designate the entire series of musical sounds from lowest to highest. — Great sea, the Mediterranean sea. In Chaucer both the Black and the Mediterranean seas are so called. — Great seal. (a) The principal seal of a kingdom or state. (b) In Great Britain, the lord chancellor (who is custodian of this seal); also his office. — Great tithes. See under Tithes. — The great, the eminent, distinguished, or powerful. — The Great Spirit, among the North American Indians, their chief or principal deity. — To be great (with one), to be intimate or familiar (with him). Bacon.

Great , n. The whole; the gross; as a contract to build a ship by the great.

Great´-bel•lied , a. Having a great belly; bigbellied; pregnant; teeming. Shak.

Great´coat´ , n. An overcoat.

Great´en , v. t. To make great; to aggrandize; to cause to increase in size; to expand. [R.] “A minister’s [business] is to greaten and exalt [his king].” Ken.

Great´en, v. i. To become large; to dilate. [R.] “My blue eyes greatening in the looking- glass.” Mrs. Browning.

Great´-grand´child , n. The child of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great´-grand´daugh•ter , n. [See Great, 10.] A daughter of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great´-grand´fa•ther , n. [See Great, 10.] The father of one’s grandfather or grandmother.

Great´-grand´moth•er , n. The mother of one’s grandfather or grandmother.

Great´-grand´son , n. [See Great, 10.] A son of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great´-heart•ed , a. 1. High-spirited; fearless. [Obs.] Clarendon. 2. Generous; magnanimous; noble.

Great´-heart•ed•ness, n. The quality of being greathearted; high-mindedness; magnanimity.

Great´ly, adv. 1. In a great degree; much. “I will greatly multiply thy sorrow.” Gen. iii. 16. 2. Nobly; illustriously; magnanimously. “By a high fate thou greatly didst expire.” Dryden.

Great´ness, n. [AS. greátnes.] 1. The state, condition, or quality of being great; as greatness of size, greatness of mind, power, etc. 2. Pride; haughtiness. [Obs.] “It is not of pride or greatness that he cometh not aboard your ships.” Bacon.

Greave , n. A grove. [Obs.] Spenser.

Greave, n. [OF. grees; cf. Sp. grevas.] Armor for the leg below the knee; — usually in the plural.

Greave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greaved (grevd); p. pr. & vb. n. Greaving.] [From Greaves.] (Naut.) To clean (a ship’s bottom); to grave.

Greaves (grevz), n. pl. [Cf. dial. Sw. grevar greaves, LG. greven, G. griebe, also AS. greofa pot. Cf. Gravy.] The sediment of melted tallow. It is made into cakes for dogs’ food. In Scotland it is called cracklings. [Written also graves.]

Grebe (greb), n. [F. grèbe, fr. Armor. krib comb; akin to kriben crest, W. crib comb, crest. So called in allusion to the crest of one species.] (Zoöl.) One of several swimming birds or divers, of the genus Colymbus (formerly Podiceps), and allied genera, found in the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia. They have strong, sharp bills, and lobate toes.

Gre´cian´ , a. [Cf. Greek.] Of or pertaining to Greece; Greek. Grecian bend, among women, an affected carriage of the body, the upper part being inclined forward. [Collog.] — Grecian fire. See Greek fire, under Greek.

Gre´cian, n. 1. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Greece; a Greek. 2. A jew who spoke Greek; a Hellenist. Acts vi. 1. The Greek word rendered Grecian in the Authorized Version of the New Testament is translated Grecian Jew in the Revised Version. 6. One well versed in the Greek language, literature, or history. De Quincey.

Gre´cism , n. [Cf. F. grecisme.] An idiom of the Greek language; a Hellenism. Addison. ! p. 649 most of page has no marks in etymology or in ´as´ sections (italics not marked) !>

Gre´cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grecized p. pr. & vb. n. Grecizing.] [Cf. F. greciser.] 1. To render Grecian; also to cause (a word or phrase in another language) to take a Greek form; as the name is Grecized. T. Warton. 2. To translate into Greek.

Gre´cize , Gre´cian•ize , v. i. To conform to the Greek custom, especially in speech.

Gre´co-Ro´man , a. Having characteristics that are partly Greek and partly Roman; as Greco- Roman architecture.

Grecque (grek), n. [F.] An ornament supposed to be of Greek origin, esp. a fret or meander.

Gree , n. [F. gre. See Grateful, and cf. Agree.] 1. Good will; favor; pleasure; satisfaction; — used esp. in such phrases as: to take in gree; to accept in gree; that is, to take favorably. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Accept in gree, my lord, the words I spoke.” Fairfax. 2. Rank; degree; position. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. “He is a shepherd great in gree.” Spenser. 3. The prize; the honor of the day; as to bear the gree, i. e., to carry off the prize. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

Gree, v. i. [From Agree.] To agree. [Obs.] Fuller.

Gree, n.; pl. Grees (grez); obs. plurals Greece (gres) Grice (gris or gres), Grise, Grize (griz or grez), etc. [OF. gre, F. grade. See Grade.] A step.

Greece , n. pl. See Gree a step. [Obs.]

Greed (gred´), n. [Akin to Goth. gredus hunger, Icel. graðr. rad.34. See Greedy.] An eager desire or longing; greediness; as a greed of gain.

Greed´i•ly , adv. In a greedy manner.

Greed´i•ness, n. [AS graedignes.] The quality of being greedy; vehement and selfish desire. “Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness.” Shak. Syn. — Ravenousness; voracity; eagerness; avidity.

Greed´y (-y), a. [Compar. Greedier (-i•er); superl. Greediest.] [OE. gredi, AS. graedig, gredig; akin to D. gretig, OS. gradag, OHG. gratag, Dan. graadig, OSw. gradig, grådig, Icel. graðugr, Goth. gredags greedy, greden to be hungry; cf. Skr. grdh to be greedy. Cf. Greed.] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink; ravenous; voracious; very hungry; — followed by of; as a lion that is greedy of his prey. 2. Having a keen desire for anything; vehemently desirous; eager to obtain; avaricious; as greedy of gain.

Greed´y-gut , n. A glutton. [Low] Todd.

Gree´gree• , Gri´gri , n. An African talisman or charm. A greegree man, an African magician or fetich priest.

Greek , a. [AS. grec, L. Graecus, Gr. ?: cf. F. grec. Cf. Grecian.] Of or pertaining to Greece or the Greeks; Grecian. Greek calends. See under Calends. — Greek Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Eastern Church; that part of Christendom which separated from the Roman or Western Church in the ninth century. It comprises the great bulk of the Christian population of Russia (of which this is the established church), Greece, Moldavia, and Wallachia. The Greek Church is governed by patriarchs and is called also the Byzantine Church. — Greek cross. See Illust. (10) Of Cross. — Greek Empire. See Byzantine Empire. — Greek fire, a combustible composition which burns under water, the constituents of which are supposed to be asphalt, with niter and sulphur. Ure. — Greek rose, the flower campion.

Greek, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Greece; a Grecian; also the language of Greece. 2. A swindler; a knave; a cheat. [Slang] “Without a confederate the … game of baccarat does not … offer many chances for the Greek.” Sat. Rev. 3. Something unintelligible; as it was all Greek to me. [Colloq.]

Greek´ess , n. A female Greek. [R.]

Greek´ish, a. [Cf. AS. Grecisc.] Peculiar to Greece.

Greek´ling , n. A little Greek, or one of small esteem or pretensions. B. Jonson.

Green , a. [Compar. Greener ; superl. Greenest.] [OE. grene, AS. gr?ne; akin to D. groen, OS. gr?ni, OHG. gruoni, G. gr?n, Dan. & Sw. gr?n, Icel. gr?nn; fr. the root of E. grow. See Grow.] 1. Having the color of grass when fresh and growing; resembling that color of the solar spectrum which is between the yellow and the blue; verdant; emerald. 2. Having a sickly color; wan. “To look so green and pale.” Shak. 3. Full of life and vigor; fresh and vigorous; new; recent; as a green manhood; a green wound. “As valid against such an old and beneficent government as against … the greenest usurpation.” Burke. 4. Not ripe; immature; not fully grown or ripened; as green fruit, corn, vegetables, etc. 5. Not roasted; half raw. [R.] “We say the meat is green when half roasted.” L. Watts. 6. Immature in age or experience; young; raw; not trained; awkward; as green in years or judgment. “I might be angry with the officious zeal which supposes that its green conceptions can instruct my gray hairs.” Sir W. Scott. 7. Not seasoned; not dry; containing its natural juices; as green wood, timber, etc. Shak. Green brier (Bot.), a thorny climbing shrub (Emilaz rotundifolia) having a yellowish green stem and thick leaves, with small clusters of flowers, common in the United States; — called also cat brier. — Green con (Zoöl.), the pollock. — Green crab (Zoöl.), an edible, shore crab (Carcinus menas) of Europe and America; — in New England locally named joe-rocker. — Green crop, a crop used for food while in a growing or unripe state, as distingushed from a grain crop, root crop, etc. — Green diallage. (Min.) (a) Diallage, a variety of pyroxene. (b) Smaragdite. — Green dragon (Bot.), a North American herbaceous plant (Arisaema Dracontium), resembling the Indian turnip; — called also dragon root. — Green earth (Min.), a variety of glauconite, found in cavities in amygdaloid and other eruptive rock, and used as a pigment by artists; — called also mountain green. — Green ebony. (a) A south American tree (Jacaranda ovalifolia), having a greenish wood, used for rulers, turned and inlaid work, and in dyeing. (b) The West Indian green ebony. See Ebony. — Green fire (Pyrotech.), a composition which burns with a green flame. It consists of sulphur and potassium chlorate, with some salt of barium (usually the nitrate), to which the color of the flame is due. — Green fly (Zoöl.), any green species of plant lice or aphids, esp. those that infest greenhouse plants. — Green gage, (Bot.) See Greengage, in the Vocabulary. — Green gland (Zoöl.), one of a pair of large green glands in Crustacea, supposed to serve as kidneys. They have their outlets at the bases of the larger antennae. — Green hand, a novice. [Colloq.] — Green heart (Bot.), the wood of a lauraceous tree found in the West Indies and in South America, used for shipbuilding or turnery. The green heart of Jamaica and Guiana is the Nectandra Rodiœi, that of Martinique is the Colubrina ferruginosa. — Green iron ore (Min.) dufrenite. — Green laver (Bot.), an edible seaweed (Ulva latissima); — called also green sloke. — Green lead ore (Min.), pyromorphite. — Green linnet (Zoöl.), the greenfinch. — Green looper (Zoöl.), the cankerworm. — Green marble (Min.), serpentine. — Green mineral, a carbonate of copper, used as a pigment. See Greengill. — Green monkey (Zoöl.) a West African long-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), very commonly tamed, and trained to perform tricks. It was introduced into the West Indies early in the last century, and has become very abundant there. — Green salt of Magnus (Old Chem.), a dark green crystalline salt, consisting of ammonia united with certain chlorides of platinum. — Green sand (Founding) molding sand used for a mold while slightly damp, and not dried before the cast is made. — Green sea (Naut.), a wave that breaks in a solid mass on a vessel’s deck. — Green sickness (Med.), chlorosis. — Green snake (Zoöl.), one of two harmless American snakes (Cyclophis vernalis, and C. aestivus). They are bright green in color. — Green turtle (Zoöl.), an edible marine turtle. See Turtle. — Green vitriol. (a) (Chem.) Sulphate of iron; a light green crystalline substance, very extensively used in the preparation of inks, dyes, mordants, etc. (b) (Min.) Same as copperas, melanterite and sulphate of iron. — Green ware, articles of pottery molded and shaped, but not yet baked. — Green woodpecker (Zoöl.), a common European woodpecker (Picus viridis); — called also yaffle.

Green (gren), n. 1. The color of growing plants; the color of the solar spectrum intermediate between the yellow and the blue. 2. A grassy plain or plat; a piece of ground covered with verdant herbage; as the village green. “O’er the smooth enameled green.” Milton. 3. Fresh leaves or branches of trees or other plants; wreaths; — usually in the plural. “In that soft season when descending showers
Call forth the greens, and wake the rising flowers.” Pope. 4. pl. Leaves and stems of young plants, as spinach, beets, etc., which in their green state are boiled for food. 5. Any substance or pigment of a green color. Alkali green (Chem.), an alkali salt of a sulphonic acid derivative of a complex aniline dye, resembling emerald green; — called also Helvetia green. — Berlin green. (Chem.) See under Berlin. — Brilliant green (Chem.), a complex aniline dye, resembling emerald green in composition. — Brunswick green, an oxychloride of copper. — Chrome green. See under Chrome. — Emerald green. (Chem.) (a) A complex basic derivative of aniline produced as a metallic, green crystalline substance, and used for dyeing silk, wool, and mordanted vegetable fiber a brilliant green; — called also aldehyde green, acid green, malachite green, Victoria green, solid green, etc. It is usually found as a double chloride, with zinc chloride, or as an oxalate. (b) See Paris green (below). — Gaignet’s green (Chem.) a green pigment employed by the French artist, Adrian Gusgnet, and consisting essentially of a basic hydrate of chromium. — Methyl green (Chem.), an artificial rosaniline dyestuff, obtained as a green substance having a brilliant yellow luster; — called also light-green. — Mineral green. See under Mineral. - - Mountain green. See Green earth, under Green, a. — Paris green (Chem.), a poisonous green powder, consisting of a mixture of several double salts of the acetate and arsenite of copper. It has found very extensive use as a pigment for wall paper, artificial flowers, etc., but particularly as an exterminator of insects, as the potato bug; — called also Schweinfurth green, imperial green, Vienna green, emerald qreen, and mitis green. — Scheele’s green (Chem.), a green pigment, consisting essentially of a hydrous arsenite of copper; — called also Swedish green. It may enter into various pigments called parrot green, pickel green, Brunswick green, nereid green, or emerald green.

Green, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greened (great): p. pr. & vb. n. Greening.] To make green. “Great spring before
Greened all the year.” Thomson.

Green, v. i. To become or grow green. Tennyson. “By greening slope and singing flood.” Whittier.

Green´back´ , n. One of the legal tender notes of the United States; — first issued in 1862, and having the devices on the back printed with green ink, to prevent alterations and counterfeits.

Green´back´er , n. One of those who supported greenback or paper money, and opposed the resumption of specie payments. [Colloq. U. S.]

Green´bone , n. [So named because the bones are green when boiled.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any garfish (Belone or Tylosurus). (b) The European eelpout.

Green´-broom , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Genista (G. tinctoria); dyer’s weed; — called also greenweed.

Green´cloth (-kloth•; 115), n. A board or court of justice formerly held in the counting house of the British sovereign’s household, composed of the lord steward and his officers, and having cognizance of matters of justice in the household, with power to correct offenders and keep the peace within the verge of the palace, which extends two hundred yards beyond the gates.

Green´er•y , n. Green plants; verdure. “A pretty little one-storied abode, so rural, so smothered in greenery.” J. Ingelow.

Green´-eyed , a. 1. Having green eyes. 2. Seeing everything through a medium which discolors or distorts. ´Green-eyed jealousy.´ Shak.

Green´finch , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A European finch (Ligurinus chloris); — called also green bird, green linnet, green grosbeak, green olf, greeny, and peasweep. 2. The Texas sparrow (Embernagra rufivirgata), in which the general color is olive green, with four rufous stripes on the head.

Green´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish, and Pollock.

Green´gage , n. (Bot.) A kind of plum of medium size, roundish shape, greenish flesh, and delicious flavor. It is called in France Reine Claude, after the queen of Francis I. See Gage.

Green´gill , n. (Zoöl.) An oyster which has the gills tinged with a green pigment, said to be due to an abnormal condition of the blood.

Green´gro•cer , n. A retailer of vegetables or fruits in their fresh or green state.

Green´head , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The mallard. (b) The striped bass. See Bass. { Green´head , Green´hood } n. A state of greenness; verdancy. Chaucer.

Green´horn , n. A raw, inexperienced person; one easily imposed upon. W. Irving.

Green´house , n. A house in which tender plants are cultivated and sheltered from the weather.

Green´ing, n. A greenish apple, of several varieties, among which the Rhode Island greening is the best known for its fine-grained acid flesh and its excellent keeping quality.

Green´ish, a. Somewhat green; having a tinge of green; as a greenish yellow. — Green´ish•ness, n.

Green´land•er , n. A native of Greenland.

Green´-leek , n. (Zoöl.) An Australian parrakeet (Polytelis Barrabandi); — called also the scarlet-breasted parrot.

Green´let , n. 1. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of small American singing birds, of the genus Vireo, as the solitary, or blue- headed (Vireo solitarius); the brotherly-love (V. Philadelphicus); the warbling greenlet (V. gilvus); the yellow-throated greenlet (V. flavifrons) and others. See Vireo. 2. (Zoöl,) Any species of Cyclorhis, a genus of tropical American birds allied to the tits.

Green´ly, adv. With a green color; newly; freshly, immaturely. — a. Of a green color. [Obs.]

Green´ness, n. [AS. grennes. See Green.] 1. The quality of being green; viridity; verdancy; as the greenness of grass, or of a meadow. 2. Freshness; vigor; newness. 3. Immaturity; unripeness; as the greenness of fruit; inexperience; as the greenness of youth.

Green´ock•ite , n. [Named after Lord Greenock.] (Min.) Native cadmium sulphide, a mineral occurring in yellow hexagonal crystals, also as an earthy incrustation.

Green´room (gren´room•), n. The retiring room of actors and actresses in a theater.

Green´sand (-snd•), n. (Geol.) A variety of sandstone, usually imperfectly consolidated, consisting largely of glauconite, a silicate of iron and potash of a green color, mixed with sand and a trace of phosphate of lime. Greensand is often called marl, because it is a useful fertilizer. The greensand beds of the American Cretaceous belong mostly to the Upper Cretaceous.

Green´shank , n. (Zoöl.) A European sandpiper or snipe (Totanus canescens); — called also greater plover.

Green´-stall , n. A stall at which greens and fresh vegetables are exposed for sale.

Green´stone (gren´ston•), n. [So called from a tinge of green in the color.] (Geol.) A name formerly applied rather loosely to certain dark-colored igneous rocks, including diorite, diabase, etc.

Green´sward (-sward’) n. Turf green with grass.

Greenth (grenth), n. [Cf. Growth.] The state or quality of being green; verdure. [R.] “The greenth of summer.” G. Eliot.

Green´weed , n. (Bot.) See Greenbroom.

Green´wood , n. A forest as it appears in spring and summer.

Green´wood, a. Pertaining to a greenwood; as a greenwood shade. Dryden.

Greet , a. Great. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Greet, v. i. [OE. greten, AS. graetan, gretan; akin to Icel. grata, Sw. gråta, Dan. graede, Goth. grectan; cf. Skr. hrad to sound, roar. rad.50.] To weep; to cry; to lament. [Obs. or Scot.] [Written also greit.] Spenser.

Greet, n. Mourning. [Obs.] Spenser.

Greet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Greeting.] [OE. greten, AS. gretan to address, approach; akin to OS. grotian, LG. gröten, D. groeten, OHG. gruozzen, G. grüssen. rad.50.] 1. To address with salutations or expressions of kind wishes; to salute; to hail; to welcome; to accost with friendship; to pay respects or compliments to, either personally or through the intervention of another, or by writing or token. “My lord, the mayor of London comes to greet you.” Shak. 2. To come upon, or meet, as with something that makes the heart glad. “In vain the spring my senses greets.” Addison. 3. To accost; to address. Pope. ! p. 650 Needs proof-reading … the etymologies and other italics are not marked !>

Greet , v. i. To meet and give salutations. “There greet in silence, as the dead are wont, And sleep in peace.” Shak.

Greet, n. Greeting. [Obs.] F. Beaumont.

Greet´er , n. One who greets or salutes another.

Greet´er, n. One who weeps or mourns. [Obs.]

Greet´ing, n. Expression of kindness or joy; salutation at meeting; a compliment from one absent. “Write to him … gentle adieus and greetings.” Shak. Syn. — Salutation; salute; compliment.

Greeve , n. See Grieve, an overseer.

Greeze , n. A step. See Gree, a step. [Obs.] “The top of the ladder, or first greeze, is this.” Latimer.

Gref´fi•er , n. [F., from LL. grafarius, graphiarius, fr. L. graphium, a writing style; cf. F. greffe a record office. See Graft, and cf. Graffer.] A registrar or recorder; a notary. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Gre´gal , a. [L. gregalis, fr. grex, gregis, herd.] Pertaining to, or like, a flock. “For this gregal conformity there is an excuse.” W. S. Mayo.

Gre•ga´ri•an , a. Gregarious; belonging to the herd or common sort; common. [Obs.] ´The gregarian soldiers.´ Howell.

Greg•a•ri´nae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gregarina the typical genus, fr. L. gregarius. See Gregarious.] (Zoöl.) An order of Protozoa, allied to the Rhizopoda, and parasitic in other animals, as in the earthworm, lobster, etc. When adult, they have a small, wormlike body inclosing a nucleus, but without external organs; in one of the young stages, they are amœbiform; — called also Gregarinida, and Gregarinaria.

Greg´a•rine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gregarinae. — n. One of the Gregarinae.

Greg•a•rin´i•da Gregarinae.

Gre•ga´ri•ous , a. [L. gregarius, fr. grex, gregis, herd; cf. Gr. to assemble, Skr. jar to approach. Cf. Congregate, Egregious.] Habitually living or moving in flocks or herds; tending to flock or herd together; not habitually solitary or living alone. Burke. “No birds of prey are gregarious.” Ray. — Gre•ga´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Gre•ga´ri•ous•ness, n.

Grege , Greg´ge , v. t. [OE. gregier to burden.] To make heavy; to increase. [Obs.] Wyclif. { Greg´goe , Gre´go } n. [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also griego.]

Gre•go´ri•an , a. [NL. Gregorianus, fr. Gregorius Gregory, Gr. : cf. F. gregorien.] Pertaining to, or originated by, some person named Gregory, especially one of the popes of that name. Gregorian calendar, the calendar as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582, including the method of adjusting the leap years so as to harmonize the civil year with the solar, and also the regulation of the time of Easter and the movable feasts by means of epochs. See Gregorian year (below). — Gregorian chant (Mus.), plain song, or canto fermo, a kind of unisonous music, according to the eight celebrated church modes, as arranged and prescribed by Pope Gregory I. (called ´the Great´) in the 6th century. — Gregorian modes, the musical scales ordained by Pope Gregory the Great, and named after the ancient Greek scales, as Dorian, Lydian, etc. — Gregorian telescope (Opt.), a form of reflecting telescope, named from Prof. James Gregory, of Edinburgh, who perfected it in 1663. A small concave mirror in the axis of this telescope, having its focus coincident with that of the large reflector, transmits the light received from the latter back through a hole in its center to the eyepiece placed behind it. — Gregorian year, the year as now reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar. Thus, every year, of the current reckoning, which is divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 and not by 400, has 366 days; all other years have 365 days. See Bissextile, and Note under Style, n., 7.

Greil´lade , n. (Metal.) Iron ore in coarse powder, prepared for reduction by the Catalan process.

Grei´sen , n. (Min.) A crystalline rock consisting of quarts and mica, common in the tin regions of Cornwall and Saxony.

Greit , v. i. See Greet, to weep.

Greith , v. t. [Icel. greiða: cf. AS. geraedan to arrange; pref. ge- + raede ready. Cf. Ready.] To make ready; — often used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Greith, n. [Icel. greiði. See Greith, v.] Goods; furniture. [Obs.] See Graith.

Gre´mi•al , a. [L. gremium lap, bosom.] Of or pertaining to the lap or bosom. [R.]

Gre´mi•al, n. 1. A bosom friend. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. (Ecol.) A cloth, often adorned with gold or silver lace, placed on the bishop’s lap while he sits in celebrating mass, or in ordaining priests.

Gre•nade´ , n. [F. grenade a pomegranate, a grenade, or Sp. granada; orig., filled with seeds. So called from the resemblance of its shape to a pomegranate. See Carnet, Grain a kernel, and cf. Pomegranate.] (Min.) A hollow ball or shell of iron filled with powder of other explosive, ignited by means of a fuse, and thrown from the hand among enemies. Hand grenade. (a) A small grenade of iron or glass, usually about two and a half inches in diameter, to be thrown from the hand into the head of a sap, trenches, covered way, or upon besiegers mounting a breach. (b) A portable fire extinguisher consisting of a glass bottle containing water and gas. It is thrown into the flames. Called also fire grenade. — Rampart grenades, grenades of various sizes, which, when used, are rolled over the pararapet in a trough.

Gren•a•dier´ , n. [F. grenadier. See Grenade.] 1. (Mil.) Originaly, a soldier who carried and threw grenades; afterward, one of a company attached to each regiment or battalion, taking post on the right of the line, and wearing a peculiar uniform. In modern times, a member of a special regiment or corps; as a grenadier of the guard of Napoleon I. one of the regiment of Grenadier Guards of the British army, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Any marine fish of the genus Macrurus, in which the body and tail taper to a point; they mostly inhabit the deep sea; — called also onion fish, and rat-tail fish. 3. (Zoöl.) A bright-colored South African grosbeak (Pyromelana orix), having the back red and the lower parts black.

Gren•a•dil´lo , n. [Sp. granadillo.] A handsome tropical American wood, much used for making flutes and other wind instruments; — called also Grenada cocos, or cocus, and red ebony.

Gren•a•dine´ , n. [F.] 1. A thin gauzelike fabric of silk or wool, for women’s wear. 2. A trade name for a dyestuff, consisting essentially of impure fuchsine.

Gre•na´do , n. Same as Grenade.

Grene , a. Green. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gres , n. Grass. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Gres•so´ri•al , Gres•so´ri•ous } a. [L. gressus, p. p. of gradi to step, go.] (Zool.) Adapted for walking; anisodactylous; as the feet of certain birds and insects. See Illust. under Aves.

Gret , Grete , a. Great. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gret´to , obs. imp. of Greet, to salute.

Greve , n. A grove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grew (gru), imp. of Grow.

Grew´some , Grue´some, a. [From a word akin to Dan. gru horror, terror + -some; cf. D. gruwzaam, G. grausam. Cf. Grisly.] Ugly; frightful. “Grewsome sights of war.” C. Kingsley.

Grey , a. See Gray (the correct orthography).

Grey´hound , n. [OE. graihund, greihound, greahund, grihond, Icel. greyhundr; grey greyhound + hundr dog; cf. AS. grighund. The origin of the first syllable is unknown.] A slender, graceful breed of dogs, remarkable for keen sight and swiftness. It is one of the oldest varieties known, and is figured on the Egyptian monuments. [Written also grayhound.]

Grey´lag , n. (Zoöl.) See Graylag.

Grib´ble , n. [Cf. Prov. E. grib to bite.] (Zoöl.) A small marine isopod crustacean (Limnoria lignorum or L. terebrans), which burrows into and rapidly destroys submerged timber, such as the piles of wharves, both in Europe and America.

Grice , n. [OE. gris, grise; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. gr?ss, Sw. gris, Dan. grus, also Gr. , Skr. ghrshvi, boar. Cf. Grise, Griskin.] A little pig. [Written also grise.] [Scot.]

Grice , n. See Gree, a step. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Grid , n. A grating of thin parallel bars, similar to a gridiron.

Grid´dle , n. [OE. gredil, gredl, gridel, of Celtic origin; cf. W. greidell, Ir. greideal, greideil, griddle, gridiron, greadaim I burn, scorch. Cf. Gridiron.] 1. An iron plate or pan used for cooking cakes. 2. A sieve with a wire bottom, used by miners.

Grid´dle•cake , n. A cake baked or fried on a griddle, esp. a thin batter cake, as of buckwheat or common flour.

Gride (grid), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grided; p. pr. & vb. n. Griding.] [For gird, properly, to strike with a rod. See Yard a measure, and cf. Grid to strike, sneer.] To cut with a grating sound; to cut; to penetrate or pierce harshly; as the griding sword. Milton. “That through his thigh the mortal steel did gride.” Spenser.

Gride, n. A harsh scraping or cutting; a grating. “The gride of hatchets fiercely thrown.
On wigwam log, and tree, and stone.” Whittier.

Grid´e•lin (grid´e•lin), n. [F. gris de lin gray of flax, flax gray.] A color mixed of white, and red, or a gray violet. [Written also gredaline, grizelin.] Dryden.

Grid´i•ron , n. [OE. gredire, gredirne, from the same source as E. griddle, but the ending was confused with E. iron. See Griddle.] 1. A grated iron utensil for broiling flesh and fish over coals. 2. (Naut.) An openwork frame on which vessels are placed for examination, cleaning, and repairs. Gridiron pendulum. See under Pendulum. — Gridiron valve (Steam Engine), a slide valve with several parallel perforations corresponding to openings in the seat on which the valve moves.

Grief (gref), n. [OE. grief, gref, OF. grief, gref, F. grief, L. gravis heavy; akin to Gr. bary•s, Skr. guru, Goth. kaúrus. Cf. Barometer, Grave, a., Grieve, Gooroo.] 1. Pain of mind on account of something in the past; mental suffering arising from any cause, as misfortune, loss of friends, misconduct of one’s self or others, etc.; sorrow; sadness. “The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine boy, … that she died for grief of it.” Addison. 2. Cause of sorrow or pain; that which afficts or distresses; trial; grievance. “Be factious for redress of all these griefs.” Shak. 3. Physical pain, or a cause of it; malady. [R.] “This grief (cancerous ulcers) hastened the end of that famous mathematician, Mr. Harriot.” Wood. To come to grief, to meet with calamity, accident, defeat, ruin, etc., causing grief; to turn out badly. [Colloq.] Syn. — Affiction; sorrow; distress; sadness; trial; grievance. Grief, Sorrow, Sadness. Sorrow is the generic term; grief is sorrow for some definite cause — one which commenced, at least, in the past; sadness is applied to a permanent mood of the mind. Sorrow is transient in many cases; but the grief of a mother for the loss of a favorite child too often turns into habitual sadness. ´Grief is sometimes considered as synonymous with sorrow; and in this case we speak of the transports of grief. At other times it expresses more silent, deep, and painful affections, such as are inspired by domestic calamities, particularly by the loss of friends and relatives, or by the distress, either of body or mind, experienced by those whom we love and value.´ Cogan. See Affliction.

Grief´ful , a. Full of grief or sorrow. Sackville.

Grief´less, a. Without grief. Huloet.

Grie´go , n. See Greggoe.

Griev´a•ble , a. Lamentable. [Obs.]

Griev´ance , n. [OF. grevance. See Grieve, v. t.] 1. A cause of uneasiness and complaint; a wrong done and suffered; that which gives ground for remonstrance or resistance, as arising from injustice, tyranny, etc.; injury. 2. Grieving; grief; affliction. “The … grievance of a mind unreasonably yoked.” Milton. Syn. — Burden; oppression; hardship; trouble.

Griev´an•cer , n. One who occasions a grievance; one who gives ground for complaint. [Obs.] “Petition … against the bishops as grand grievancers.” Fuller.

Grieve (grev), Greeve, n. [AS. gerefa. Cf. Reeve an officer.] A manager of a farm , or overseer of any work a reeve a manorial bailiff. [Scot.] “ Their children were horsewhipped by the grieve.” Sir W. Scott.

Grieve (grev), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grieved p. pr. & vb. n. Grieving.] [OE. greven, OF. grever, fr. L. gravare to burden, oppress, fr. gravis heavy. See Grief.] 1. To occasion grief to; to wound the sensibilities of; to make sorrowful; to cause to suffer; to afflict; to hurt; to try. “Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God.” Eph. iv. 30. “The maidens grieved themselves at my concern.” Cowper, 2. To sorrow over; as to grieve one’s fate. [R.]

Grieve, v. i. To feel grief; to be in pain of mind on account of an evil; to sorrow; to mourn; — often followed by at, for, or over. “Do not you grieve at this.” Shak.

Griev´er , n. One who, or that which, grieves.

Griev´ing, a. Sad; sorrowful; causing grief. — n. The act of causing grief; the state of being grieved. — Griev´ing•ly, adv. Shak.

Griev´ous , a. [OF. grevous, grevos, LL. gravosus. See Grief.] 1. Causing grief or sorrow; painful; afflictive; hard to bear; offensive; harmful. “The famine was grievous in the land.” Gen. xii. 10. “The thing was very grievous in Abraham’s sight.” Gen. xxi. 11. 2. Characterized by great atrocity; heinous; aggravated; flagitious; as a grievous sin. Gen. xviii. 20. 3. Full of, or expressing, grief; showing great sorrow or affliction; as a grievous cry. — Griev´ous•ly, adv. — Griev´ous•ness, n.

Griff , n. [Cf. Gripe.] 1. Grasp; reach. [Obs.] “A vein of gold ore within one spade’s griff.” Holland. 2. [Cf. F. griffe, G. griff, prop., a grasping.] (Weaving) An arrangement of parallel bars for lifting the hooked wires which raise the warp threads in a loom for weaving figured goods. Knight.

Griffe , n. [F.] The offspring of a mulatto woman and a negro; also a mulatto. [Local, U. S.]

Grif´fin , n. An Anglo-Indian name for a person just arrived from Europe. H. Kingsley. { Grif´fin , Grif´fon } n. [OE. griffin, griffon, griffoun, F. griffon, fr. L. gryphus, equiv to gryps, Gr. ; — so called because of the hooked beak, and akin to grypo•s curved, hook-nosed.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half lion and half eagle. It is often represented in Grecian and Roman works of art. 2. (Her.) A representation of this creature as an heraldic charge. 3. (Zoöl.) A species of large vulture (Gyps fulvus) found in the mountainous parts of Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor; — called also gripe, and grype. It is supposed to be the ´eagle´ of the Bible. The bearded griffin is the lammergeir. [Written also gryphon.] 4. An English early apple.

Grig (grig), n. [Cf. Sw. kräk little creature, reptile; or D. kriek cricket, E. cricket.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A cricket or grasshopper. [Prov. Eng.] (b) Any small eel. (c) The broad-nosed eel. See Glut. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Heath. [Prov. Eng.] Audrey. As merry as a grig [etymology uncertain], a saying supposed by some to be a corruption of ´As merry as a Greek; ´ by others, to be an allusion to the cricket.

Gril (gril), a. [OE. gril harsh; akin to G. grell offending the ear or eye, shrill, dazzling, MHG. grel angry; cf. AS. gallan to provoke.] Harsh; hard; severe; stern; rough. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Grill, n. [F. gril. See Grill, v. t.] 1. A gridiron. “[They] make grills of [wood] to broil their meat.” Cotton. 2. That which is broiled on a gridiron, as meat, fish, etc.

Grill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grilled p. pr. & vb. n. Grilling.] [F. griller, fr. gril gridiron, OF. graïl, L. craticulum for craticula fine hurdlework, a small gridiron, dim. of crates hurdle. See Grate, n.] 1. To broil on a grill or gridiron.
[1913 Webster] “Boiling of men in caldrons, grilling them on gridirons.” Marvell. 2. To torment, as if by broiling. Dickens.

Gril•lade´ , n. [F. See Grill, v. t.] The act of grilling; also that which is grilled.

Gril´lage , n. [F.] (Hydraulic Eagin.) A framework of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in marshy or treacherous soil.

Grille , a. [F. See Grill, v. t.] A lattice or grating. “The grille which formed part of the gate.” L. Oliphant.

Gril´ly , v. t. [See Grill, v. t.] To broil; to grill; hence, To harass. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Grilse , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon after its first return from the sea.

Grim , a. [Compar. Grimmer (-mer); superl. Grimmest .] [AS. grim; akin to G. grimm, equiv. to G. & D. grimmig, Dan. grim, grum, Sw. grym, Icel. grimmr, G. gram grief, as adj., hostile; cf. Gr. , a crushing sound, to neigh.] Of forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect; fierce; stern; surly; cruel; frightful; horrible. “Whose grim aspect sets every joint a- shaking.” Shak. “The ridges of grim war.” Milton. Syn.— Fierce; ferocious; furious; horrid; horrible; frightful; ghastly; grisly; hideous; stern; sullen; sour.

Gri•mace´ (gri•mas´), n. [F., prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. AS. grima mask, specter, Icel. grima mask, hood, perh. akin to E. grin.] A distortion of the countenance, whether habitual, from affectation, or momentary and occasional, to express some feeling, as contempt, disapprobation, complacency, etc.; a smirk; a made-up face.
[1913 Webster] “Moving his face into such a hideous grimace, that every feature of it appeared under a different distortion.” Addison.
[1913 Webster] ´Half the French words used affectedly by Melantha in Dryden’s ´Marriage a-la-Mode,´ as innovations in our language, are now in common use: chagrin, double-entendre, eclaircissement, embarras, equivoque, foible, grimace, naïvete, ridicule. All these words, which she learns by heart to use occasionally, are now in common use.´ I. Disraeli.
[1913 Webster]

Gri•mace´, v. i. To make grimaces; to distort one’s face; to make faces. H. Martineau.

Gri•maced´ , a. Distorted; crabbed.

Gri•mal´kin , n. [For graymalkin; gray + malkin.] An old cat, esp. a she-cat. J. Philips.

Grime , n. [Cf. Dan. grim, griim, lampblack, soot, grime, Icel. grima mask, sort of hood, OD. grijmsel, grimsel, soot, smut, and E. grimace.] Foul matter; dirt, rubbed in; sullying blackness, deeply ingrained.

Grime, v. t. To sully or soil deeply; to dirt. Shak.

Grim´i•ly , adv. In a grimy manner.

Grim´i•ness n. The state of being grimy.

Grim´ly , a. Grim; hideous; stern. [R.] “In glided Margaret’s grimly ghost,
And stood at William’s feet.” D. Mallet.

Grim´ly, adv. In a grim manner; fiercely. Shak.

Grimme , n. [Cf. F. grimme.] (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Cephalophus rufilotus) of a deep bay color, with a broad dorsal stripe of black; — called also conquetoon.

Grim´ness , n. [AS. grimnes.] Fierceness of look; sternness; crabbedness; forbiddingness.

Grim´sir , n. A stern man. [Obs.] Burton.

Grim´y , a. [Compar. Grimier superl. Grimiest.] Full of grime; begrimed; dirty; foul.

Grin (grin), n. [AS. grin.] A snare; a gin. [Obs.] “Like a bird that hasteth to his grin.” Remedy of Love.

Grin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grinned (grind); p. pr. & vb. n. Grinning.] [OE. grinnen, grennen, AS. grennian, Sw. grina; akin to D. grijnen, G. greinen, OHG. grinan, Dan. grine. rad.35. Cf. Groan.] 1. To show the teeth, as a dog; to snarl. 2. To set the teeth together and open the lips, or to open the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, so as to show them, as in laughter, scorn, or pain. “The pangs of death do make him grin.” Shak.

Grin, v. t. To express by grinning. “Grinned horrible a ghastly smile.” Milton.

Grin, n. The act of closing the teeth and showing them, or of withdrawing the lips and showing the teeth; a hard, forced, or sneering smile. I. Watts. “He showed twenty teeth at a grin.” Addison.

Grind , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ground p. pr. & vb. n. Grinding.] [AS. grindan; perh. akin to L. frendere to gnash, grind. Cf. Grist.] 1. To reduce to powder by friction, as in a mill, or with the teeth; to crush into small fragments; to produce as by the action of millstones. “Take the millstones, and grind meal.” Is. xivii. 2. 2. To wear down, polish, or sharpen, by friction; to make smooth, sharp, or pointed; to whet, as a knife or drill; to rub against one another, as teeth, etc. 3. To oppress by severe exactions; to harass. “To grind the subject or defraud the prince.” Dryden. 4. To study hard for examination. [College Slang]

Grind , v. i. 1. To perform the operation of grinding something; to turn the millstones. “Send thee
Into the common prison, there to grind.” Milton. 2. To become ground or pulverized by friction; as this corn grinds well. 3. To become polished or sharpened by friction; as glass grinds smooth; steel grinds to a sharp edge. 4. To move with much difficulty or friction; to grate. 5. To perform hard and distasteful service; to drudge; to study hard, as for an examination. Farrar.

Grind, n. 1. The act of reducing to powder, or of sharpening, by friction. 2. Any severe continuous work or occupation; esp., hard and uninteresting study. [Colloq.] T. Hughes. 3. A hard student; a dig. [College Slang]

Grind´ed, obs. p. p. of Grind. Ground. Sir W. Scott.

Grin•de´li•a , n. [NL. Named after D. H. Grindel, a Russian.] (Med.) The dried stems and leaves of tarweed (Grindelia), used as a remedy in asthma and bronchitis.

Grind´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, grinds. 2. One of the double teeth, used to grind or masticate the food; a molar. 3. (Zoöl.) The restless flycatcher (Seisura inquieta) of Australia; — called also restless thrush and volatile thrush. It makes a noise like a scissors grinder, to which the name alludes. Grinder’s asthma, phthisis, or rot (Med.), a lung disease produced by the mechanical irritation of the particles of steel and stone given off in the operation of grinding.

Grind´er•y , n. Leather workers’ materials. [Eng.] Grindery warehouse, a shop where leather workers’ materials and tools are kept on sale. [Eng.]

Grind´ing, a. & n. from Grind. Grinding frame, an English name for a cotton spinning machine. — Grinding mill. (a) A mill for grinding grain. (b) A lapidary’s lathe.

Grind´ing•ly, adv. In a grinding manner. [Colloq.]

Grin´dle , n. (Zoöl.) The bowfin; — called also Johnny Grindle. [Local, U. S.]

Grin´dle stone´ A grindstone. [Obs.]

Grind´let , n. A small drain.

Grind´stone , n. A flat, circular stone, revolving on an axle, for grinding or sharpening tools, or shaping or smoothing objects. To hold, pat, or bring one’s nose to the grindstone, to oppress one; to keep one in a condition of servitude. “They might be ashamed, for lack of courage, to suffer the Lacedaemonians to hold their noses to the grindstone.” Sir T. North.

Grin´ner , n. One who grins. Addison.

Grin´ning•ly, adv. In a grinning manner.

Grint , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Grind, contr. from grindeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grin´te , obs. imp. of Grin, v. i., 1. “[He] grinte with his teeth, so was he wroth.” Chaucer.

Grint´ing , n. Grinding. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grip , n. [L. gryps, gryphus. See Griffin, Grype.] (Zoöl.) The griffin. [Obs.]

Grip, n. [Cf. AS. grip furrow, hitch, D. greb.] A small ditch or furrow. Ray.

Grip, v. t. To trench; to drain.

Grip, n. [AS. gripe. Cf. Grip, v. t., Gripe, v. t.] 1. An energetic or tenacious grasp; a holding fast; strength in grasping. 2. A peculiar mode of clasping the hand, by which members of a secret association recognize or greet, one another; as a masonic grip. 3. That by which anything is grasped; a handle or gripe; as the grip of a sword. 4. A device for grasping or holding fast to something.

Grip, v. t. [From Grip a grasp; or P. gripper to seize; — of German origin. See Gripe, v. t.] To give a grip to; to grasp; to gripe.

Gripe , n. [See Grype.] (Zoöl.) A vulture; the griffin. [Obs.] “Like a white hind under the gripe’s sharp claws.” Shak. Gripe’s egg, an alchemist’s vessel. [Obs.] E. Jonson.

Gripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Griped p. pr. & vb. n. Griping.] [AS. gripan; akin to D. grijpen, G. greifen, OHG. grfan, Icel. gripa, Sw. gripe, Dan. gribe, Goth. greipan; cf. Lith. graibyti, Russ. grabite to plunder, Skr. grah, grabh, to seize. Cf. Grip, v. t., Grope.] 1. To catch with the hand; to clasp closely with the fingers; to clutch. 2. To seize and hold fast; to embrace closely. “Wouldst thou gripe both gain and pleasure ?” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. To pinch; to distress. Specifically, to cause pinching and spasmodic pain to the bowels of, as by the effects of certain purgative or indigestible substances. “How inly sorrow gripes his soul.” Shak.

Gripe, v. i. 1. To clutch, hold, or pinch a thing, esp. money, with a gripe or as with a gripe. 2. To suffer griping pains. Jocke. 3. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the wind, as a ship which, when sailing closehauled, requires constant labor at the helm. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Gripe, n. 1. Grasp; seizure; fast hold; clutch. “A barren scepter in my gripe.” Shak. 2. That on which the grasp is put; a handle; a grip; as the gripe of a sword. 3. (Mech.) A device for grasping or holding anything; a brake to stop a wheel. 4. Oppression; cruel exaction; affiction; pinching distress; as the gripe of poverty. 5. Pinching and spasmodic pain in the intestines; — chiefly used in the plural. 6. (Naut.) (a) The piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end; the forefoot. (b) The compass or sharpness of a ship’s stern under the water, having a tendency to make her keep a good wind. (c) pl. An assemblage of ropes, dead-eyes, and hocks, fastened to ringbolts in the deck, to secure the boats when hoisted; also broad bands passed around a boat to secure it at the davits and prevent swinging. Gripe penny, a miser; a niggard. D. L. Mackenzie.

Gripe´ful , a. Disposed to gripe; extortionate.

Grip´er , a. One who gripes; an oppressor; an extortioner. Burton.

Grip´ing•ly , adv. In a griping or oppressive manner. Bacon.

Grip´man , n. The man who manipulates a grip.

Grippe , n. [F.] (Med.) The influenza or epidemic catarrh. Dunglison.

Grip´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, grips or seizes. 2. pl. In printing presses, the fingers or nippers.

Grip´ple , n. A grasp; a gripe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grip´ple, a. [Dim. fr. gripe.] Griping; greedy; covetous; tenacious. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grip´ple•ness, n. The quality of being gripple. [Obs.]

Grip´sack , n. A traveler’s handbag. [Colloq.]

Gris , a. [OF. & F., fr. LL. griseus; of German origin; cf. MHG. gris, G. greis, hoary. Cf. Grizzle.] Gray. [R.] Chaucer.

Gris , n. [OF., fr. gris gray. Cf. G. grauwerk (lit. gray work) the gray skin of the Siberian squirrel. See Gris, a.] A costly kind of fur. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gris (gris), n. sing. & pl. [See Grice a pig.] A little pig. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Gri´saille , n. [F., from gris gray.] 1. (Fine Arts) Decorative painting in gray monochrome; — used in English especially for painted glass. 2. A kind of French fancy dress goods. Knight.

Gris´am•ber , n. [See Ambergris.] Ambergris. [Obs.] Milton.

Grise (gris), n. See Grice, a pig. [Prov. Eng.]

Grise (gris or gres), n. [Prop. pl. of gree a step.] A step (in a flight of stairs); a degree. [Obs.] “Every grise of fortune
Is smoothed by that below.” Shak.

Gris´e•ous , a. [LL. griseus. See Gris.] Of a light color, or white, mottled with black or brown; grizzled or grizzly. Maunder.

Gri•sette´ , n. [F., fr. grisette a gray woolen cloth, fr. gris gray. Grisettes were so called because they wore gray gowns made of this stuff. See Gars.] A French girl or young married woman of the lower class; more frequently, a young working woman who is fond of gallantry. Sterne.

Gris´kin , n. [Grise a pig + - kin.] The spine of a hog. [Obs.]

Gri´sled , a. [Obs.] See Grizzled.

Gris´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being grisly; horrid. Sir P. Sidney.

Gris´ly , a. [OE, grisly, grislich, AS. grislic, gryslic, fr. grsan to shudder; cf. OD. grijselick horrible, OHG. grisenl?ch, and also AS. gre?san to frighten, and E. gruesome.] Frightful; horrible; dreadful; harsh; as grisly locks; a grisly specter. ´Grisly to behold.´ Chaucer. “A man of grisly and stern gravity.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). Grisly bear. (Zoöl.) See under Grizzly.

Gri´son , n. [F., fr. grison gray, gray-haired, gris gray. See Gris.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American animal of the family Mustelidae (Galictis vittata). It is about two feet long, exclusive of the tail. Its under parts are black. Also called South American glutton. (b) A South American monkey (Lagothrix infumatus), said to be gluttonous.

Gri´sons , n. pl. [F.] (Geog.) (a) Inhabitants of the eastern Swiss Alps. (b) sing. The largest and most eastern of the Swiss cantons.

Grist , n. [AS. grist, fr. grindan. See Grind.] 1. Ground corn; that which is ground at one time; as much grain as is carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces. “Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store.” Tusser. Q. 2. Supply; provision. Swift. 3. In rope making, a given size of rope, common grist being a rope three inches in circumference, with twenty yarns in each of the three strands. Knight. All is grist that comes to his mill, all that he has anything to do with is a source of profit. [Colloq.] — To bring grist to the maill, to bring profitable business into one’s hands; to be a source of profit. [Colloq.] Ayliffe.

Gris´tle , n. [OE. gristel, gristil, AS. gristl; akin to OFries. gristel, grestel. Perh. a dim. of grist but cf. OHG. krustila, krostela. Cf. Grist.] (Anat.) Cartilage. See Cartilage. Bacon.

Gris´tly , a. (Anat.) Consisting of, or containing, gristle; like gristle; cartilaginous.

Grist´mill´ , n. A mill for grinding grain; especially, a mill for grinding grists, or portions of grain brought by different customers; a custom mill.

Grit , n. [OE, greet, greot, sand, gravel, AS. greót grit, sant, dust; akin to OS griott, OFries. gret gravel, OHG. grioz, G. griess, Icel. grjot, and to E. groats, grout. See Groats, Grout, and cf. Grail gravel.] 1. Sand or gravel; rough, hard particles. 2. The coarse part of meal. 3. pl. Grain, esp. oats or wheat, hulled and coarsely ground; in high milling, fragments of cracked wheat smaller than groats. 4. (Geol.) A hard, coarse-grained siliceous sandstone; as millstone grit; — called also gritrock and gritstone. The name is also applied to a finer sharp-grained sandstone; as grindstone grit. 5. Structure, as adapted to grind or sharpen; as a hone of good grit. 6. Firmness of mind; invincible spirit; unyielding courage; fortitude. C. Reade. E. P. Whipple.

Grit (grit), v. i. To give forth a grating sound, as sand under the feet; to grate; to grind. “The sanded floor that grits beneath the tread.” Goldsmith.

Grit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gritted; p. pr. &, vb. n. Gritting.] To grind; to rub harshly together; to grate; as to grit the teeth. [Collog.]

Grith (grith), n. [AS. grið peace; akin to Icel. grid.] Peace; security; agreement. [Obs.] Gower. { Grit´rock• (grit´rok•), Grit´stone• (-ston•) } n. (Geol.) See Grit, n., 4.

Grit´ti•ness (-ti•nes), n. The quality of being gritty.

Grit´ty (-ty), a. 1. Containing sand or grit; consisting of grit; caused by grit; full of hard particles. 2. Spirited; resolute; unyielding. [Colloq., U. S.]

Griv´et (griv´et), n. [Cf. F. grivet.] (Zoöl.) A monkey of the upper Nile and Abyssinia (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), having the upper parts dull green, the lower parts white, the hands, ears, and face black. It was known to the ancient Egyptians. Called also tota.

Grize (griz or grez), n. Same as 2d Grise. [Obs.]

Griz´e•lin (griz´e•lin), a. See Gridelin.

Griz´zle , n. [F. gris: cf. grisaille hair partly gray, fr. gris gray. See Gris, and cf. Grisaille.] Gray; a gray color; a mixture of white and black. Shak.

Griz´zled , a. Gray; grayish; sprinkled or mixed with gray; of a mixed white and black. “Grizzled hair flowing in elf locks.” Sir W. Scott.

Griz´zly , a. Somewhat gray; grizzled. “Old squirrels that turn grizzly.” Bacon. Grizzly bear (Zoöl.), a large and ferocious bear (Ursus horribilis) of Western North America and the Rocky Mountains. It is remarkable for the great length of its claws.

Griz´zly, n.; pl. Grizzlies . 1. (Zoöl.) A grizzly bear. See under Grizzly, a. 2. pl. In hydraulic mining, gratings used to catch and throw out large stones from the sluices. [Local, U. S.] Raymond.

Groan , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groaned p. pr. & vb. n. Groaning.] [OE. gronen, granen, granien, AS. grnian, fr. the root of grennian to grin. rad.35. See 2d Grin, and cf. Grunt.] 1. To give forth a low, moaning sound in breathing; to utter a groan, as in pain, in sorrow, or in derision; to moan. “For we … do groan, being burdened.” 2 Cor. v. 4. “He heard the groaning of the oak.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To strive after earnestly, as with groans. “Nothing but holy, pure, and clear,
Or that which groaneth to be so.” Herbert.

Groan, v. t. To affect by groans.

Groan, n. A low, moaning sound; usually, a deep, mournful sound uttered in pain or great distress; sometimes, an expression of strong disapprobation; as the remark was received with groans. “Such groans of roaring wind and rain.” Shak. “The wretched animal heaved forth such groans.” Shak.

Groan´ful , a. Agonizing; sad. [Obs.] Spenser.

Groat , n. [LG. grote, orig., great, that is, a great piece of coin, larger than other coins in former use. See Great.] 1. An old English silver coin, equal to four pence. 2. Any small sum of money.

Groats , n. pl. [OE. grot, AS. gratan; akin to Icel. grautr porridge, and to E. gritt, grout. See Grout.] Dried grain, as oats or wheat, hulled and broken or crushed; in high milling, cracked fragments of wheat larger than grits. Embden groats, crushed oats.

Gro´cer , n. [Formerly written grosser, orig., one who sells by the gross, or deals by wholesale, fr. F. grossier, marchand grossier, fr. gros large, great. See Gross.] A trader who deals in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, fruits, and various other commodities. Grocer’s itch (Med.), a disease of the skin, caused by handling sugar and treacle.

Gro´cer•y , n.; pl. Groceries (#). [F. grosserie wholesale. See Grocer.] 1. The commodities sold by grocers, as tea, coffee, spices, etc.; — in the United States almost always in the plural form, in this sense. “A deal box … to carry groceries in.” Goldsmith. “The shops at which the best families of the neighborhood bought grocery and millinery.” Macaulay. 2. A retail grocer’s shop or store. [U. S.]

Grog , n. [So named from ´Old Grog´ a nickname given to Admiral Vernon, in allusion to his wearing a grogram cloak in foul weather. He is said to have been the first to dilute the rum of the sailors (about 1745).] A mixture of spirit and water not sweetened; hence, any intoxicating liquor. Grog blossom, a redness on the nose or face of persons who drink ardent spirits to excess. [Collog.]

Grog´ger•y , n.; pl. Groggeries (#). A grogshop. [Slang, U. S.]

Grog´gi•ness , n. 1. State of being groggy. 2. (Man.) Tenderness or stiffness in the foot of a horse, which causes him to move in a hobbling manner.

Grog´gy , a. 1. Overcome with grog; tipsy; unsteady on the legs. [Colloq.] 2. Weakened in a fight so as to stagger; — said of pugilists. [Cant or Slang] 3. (Man.) Moving in a hobbling manner, owing to ten der feet; — said of a horse. Youatt. { Grog´ram , Grog´ran } n. [OF. gros-grain, lit., gros-grain, of a coarse texture. See Gross, and Grain a kernel, and cf. Grog.] A coarse stuff made of silk and mohair, or of coarse silk.

Grog´shop , n. A shop or room where strong liquors are sold and drunk; a dramshop.

Groin , n. [F. groin, fr. grogner to grunt, L. grunnire.] The snout of a swine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Groin, v. i. [F. grogner to grunt, grumble.] To grunt to growl; to snarl; to murmur. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Bears that groined coatinually.” Spenser.

Groin, n. [Icel. grein distinction, division, branch; akin to Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs, Icel. greina to distinguish, divide, Sw. grena to branch, straddle. Cf. Grain a branch.] 1. (Anat.) The line between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh, or the region of this line; the inguen. 2. (Arch.) The projecting solid angle formed by the meeting of two vaults, growing more obtuse as it approaches the summit. 3. (Math.) The surface formed by two such vaults. 4. A frame of woodwork across a beach to accumulate and retain shingle. [Eng.] Weale.

Groin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Groined p. pr. & vb. n. Groining.] (Arch.) To fashion into groins; to build with groins. “The hand that rounded Peter’s dome,
And groined the aisles of Christian Rome,
Wrought in a sad sincerity.” Emerson.

Groined , a. (Arch.) Built with groins; as a groined ceiling; a groined vault.

Grom´et , n. Same as Grommet.

Grom´ill , n. (Bot.) See Gromwell.

Grom´met , n. [F. gourmette curb, curb chain, fr. gourmer to curb, thump, beat; cf. Armor. gromm a curb, gromma to curb.] 1. A ring formed by twisting on itself a single strand of an unlaid rope; also a metallic eyelet in or for a sail or a mailbag. Sometimes written grummet. 2. (Mil.) A ring of rope used as a wad to hold a cannon ball in place.

Grom´well , n. [Called also gromel, grommel, graymill, and gray millet, all prob. fr. F. gr?mil, cf. W. cromandi.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lithospermum (L. arvense), anciently used, because of its stony pericarp, in the cure of gravel. The German gromwell is the Stellera. [Written also gromill.]

Grond , obs. imp. of Grind. Chaucer.

Gron´te , obs. imp. of Groan. Chaucer.

Groom , n. [Cf. Scot. grome, groyme, grume, gome, guym, man, lover, OD. grom boy, youth; perh. the r is an insertion as in E. bridegroom, and the word is the same as AS. guma man. See Bridegroom.] 1. A boy or young man; a waiter; a servant; especially, a man or boy who has charge of horses, or the stable. Spenser. 2. One of several officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain’s department; as the groom of the chamber; the groom of the stole. 3. A man recently married, or about to be married; a bridegroom. Dryden. Groom porter, formerly an officer in the English royal household, who attended to the furnishing of the king’s lodgings and had certain privileges.

Groom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groomed p. pr. & vb. n. Grooming.] To tend or care for, or to curry or clean, as a, horse.

Groom´er , n. One who, or that which, grooms horses; especially, a brush rotated by a flexible or jointed revolving shaft, for cleaning horses.

Grooms´man , n.; pl. Groomsmen . A male attendant of a bridegroom at his wedding; — the correlative of bridesmaid.

Groop´er , n. (Zoöl.) See Grouper.

Groove , n. [D. groef, groeve; akin to E. grove. See Grove.] 1. A furrow, channel, or long hollow, such as may be formed by cutting, molding, grinding, the wearing force of flowing water, or constant travel; a depressed way; a worn path; a rut. 2. Hence: The habitual course of life, work, or affairs; fixed routine. “The gregarious trifling of life in the social groove.” J. Morley. 3. [See Grove.] (Mining) A shaft or excavation. [Prov. Eng.]

Groove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grooved p. pr. & vb. n. Groving.] To cut a groove or channel in; to form into channels or grooves; to furrow.

Groov´er , n. 1. One who or that which grooves. 2. A miner. [Prov. Eng.] Holloway.

Groov´ing , n. The act of forming a groove or grooves; a groove, or collection of grooves.

Grope (grop), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groped (gropt); p. pr. & vb. n. Groping.] [OE. gropen, gropien, grapien, AS. grapian to touch, grope, fr. gripan to gripe. See Gripe.] 1. To feel with or use the hands; to handle. [Obs.] 2. To search or attempt to find something in the dark, or, as a blind person, by feeling; to move about hesitatingly, as in darkness or obscurity; to feel one’s way, as with the hands, when one can not see. “We grope for the wall like the blind.” Is. lix. 10. “To grope a little longer among the miseries and sensualities ot a worldly life.” Buckminster.

Grope, v. t. 1. To search out by feeling in the dark; as we groped our way at midnight. 2. To examine; to test; to sound. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Felix gropeth him, thinking to have a bribe.” Genevan Test. (Acts xxiv. ).

Grop´er , n. One who gropes; one who feels his way in the dark, or searches by feeling.

Grop´ing-ly, adv. In a groping manner.

Gros , n. [F. See Gross.] A heavy silk with a dull finish; as gros de Naples; gros de Tours.

Gros´beak , n. [Gross + beak: cf. F. gros-bec.] (Zoöl.) One of various species of finches having a large, stout beak. The common European grosbeak or hawfinch is Coccothraustes vulgaris. Among the best known American species are the rose-breasted (Habia Ludoviciana); the blue (Guiraca cœrulea); the pine (Pinicola enucleator); and the evening grosbeak. See Hawfinch, and Cardinal grosbeak, Evening grosbeak, under Cardinal and Evening. [Written also grossbeak.]

Grosch´en , n. [G.] A small silver coin and money of account of Germany, worth about two cents. It is not included in the new monetary system of the empire.

Gros´grain , a. [F. Cf. Grogram.] Of a coarse texture; — applied to silk with a heavy thread running crosswise.

Gross , a. [Compar. Grosser ; superl. Grossest.] [F. gros, L. grossus, perh. fr. L. crassus thick, dense, fat, E. crass, cf. Skr. grathita tied together, wound up, hardened. Cf. Engross, Grocer, Grogram.] 1. Great; large; bulky; fat; of huge size; excessively large. ´A gross fat man.´ Shak. “A gross body of horse under the Duke.” Milton. 2. Coarse; rough; not fine or delicate. 3. Not easily aroused or excited; not sensitive in perception or feeling; dull; witless. “Tell her of things that no gross ear can hear.” Milton. 4. Expressing, or originating in, animal or sensual appetites; hence, coarse, vulgar, low, obscene, or impure. “The terms which are delicate in one age become gross in the next.” Macaulay. 5. Thick; dense; not attenuated; as a gross medium. 6. Great; palpable; serious; vagrant; shameful; as a gross mistake; gross injustice; gross negligence. 7. Whole; entire; total; without deduction; as the gross sum, or gross amount, the gross weight; — opposed to net. Gross adventure (Law) the loan of money upon bottomry, i. e., on a mortgage of a ship. — Gross average (Law), that kind of average which falls upon the gross or entire amount of ship, cargo, and freight; — commonly called general average. Bouvier. Burrill. — Gross receipts, the total of the receipts, before they are diminished by any deduction, as for expenses; — distinguished from net profits. Abbott. — Gross weight the total weight of merchandise or goods, without deduction for tare, tret, or waste; — distinguished from neat, or net, weight.

Gross, n. [F. gros (in sense 1), grosse (in sense 2). See Gross, a.] 1. The main body; the chief part, bulk, or mass. ´The gross of the enemy.´ Addison. “For the gross of the people, they are considered as a mere herd of cattle.” Burke. 2. sing. & pl. The number of twelve dozen; twelve times twelve; as a gross of bottles; ten gross of pens. Advowson in gross (Law), an advowson belonging to a person, and not to a manor. — A great gross, twelve gross; one hundred and forty-four dozen. — By the gross, by the quantity; at wholesale. — Common in gross. (Law) See under Common, n. — In the gross, In gross, in the bulk, or the undivided whole; all parts taken together.

Gross´beak , n. (Zoöl.) See Grosbeak.

Gross´-head•ed , a. Thick- skulled; stupid.

Gross•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Gross + L. ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] 1. The act of making gross or thick, or the state of becoming so. 2. (Bot.) The swelling of the ovary of plants after fertilization. Henslow.

Gross´ly, adv. In a gross manner; greatly; coarsely; without delicacy; shamefully; disgracefully.

Gross´ness, n. The state or quality of being gross; thickness; corpulence; coarseness; shamefulness. “Abhor the swinish grossness that delights to wound the’ ear of delicacy.” Dr. T. Dwight.

Gros´su•lar , a. [NL. grossularius, from Grossularia a subgenus of Ribes, including the gooseberry, fr. F. groseille. See Gooseberry.] Pertaining too, or resembling, a gooseberry; as grossular garnet.

Gros´su•lar, n. [See Grossular, a.] (Min.) A translucent garnet of a pale green color like that of the gooseberry; — called also grossularite.

Gros•su•la´ria , n. [NL. See Grossular.] (Min.) Same as Grossular.

Gros´su•lin , n. [See Grossular.] (Chem.) A vegetable jelly, resembling pectin, found in gooseberries (Ribes Grossularia) and other fruits.

Grot (grot), n. [F. grotte, It. grotta. See Grotto.] A grotto. [Poetic] Milton.

Grot , Grote , n. A groat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gro•tesque´ (gro•tesk´), a. [F., fr. It. grottesco, fr. grotta grotto. See Grotto.] Like the figures found in ancient grottoes; grottolike; wildly or strangely formed; whimsical; extravagant; of irregular forms and proportions; fantastic; ludicrous; antic. ´Grotesque design.´ Dryden. ´Grotesque incidents.´ Macaulay.

Gro•tesque, n. 1. A whimsical figure, or scene, such as is found in old crypts and grottoes. Dryden. 2. Artificial grotto-work.

Gro•tesque´ly, adv. In a grotesque manner.

Gro•tesque´ness, n. Quality of being grotesque.

Grot´to (grot´to), n.; pl. Grottoes (-toz). [Formerly grotta, fr. It. grotta, LL. grupta, fr. L. crypta a concealed subterranean passage, vault, cavern, Gr. kry•pth, fr. krypto•s concealed, fr. kry•ptein to conceal. Cf. Grot, Crypt.] A natural covered opening in the earth; a cave; also an artificial recess, cave, or cavernlike apartment.

Grot´to-work , n. Artificial and ornamental rockwork in imitation of a grotto. Cowper.

Ground (ground), n. [OE. ground, grund, AS. grund; akin to D. grond, OS., G., Sw., & Dan. grund, Icel. grunnr bottom, Goth. grundus (in composition); perh. orig. meaning, dust, gravel, and if so perh. akin to E. grind.] 1. The surface of the earth; the outer crust of the globe, or some indefinite portion of it. “There was not a man to till the ground.” Gen. ii. 5. “The fire ran along upon the ground.” Ex. ix. 23. Hence: A floor or pavement supposed to rest upon the earth. 2. Any definite portion of the earth’s surface; region; territory; country. Hence: A territory appropriated to, or resorted to, for a particular purpose; the field or place of action; as a hunting or fishing ground; a play ground. “From … old Euphrates, to the brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground.” Milton. 3. Land; estate; possession; field; esp. (pl.), the gardens, lawns, fields, etc., belonging to a homestead; as the grounds of the estate are well kept. “Thy next design is on thy neighbor’s grounds.” Dryden. 4. 4. The basis on which anything rests; foundation. Hence: The foundation of knowledge, belief, or conviction; a premise, reason, or datum; ultimate or first principle; cause of existence or occurrence; originating force or agency; as the ground of my hope. 5. (Paint. & Decorative Art) (a) That surface upon which the figures of a composition are set, and which relieves them by its plainness, being either of one tint or of tints but slightly contrasted with one another; as crimson Bowers on a white ground. See Background, Foreground, and Middle-ground. (b) In sculpture, a flat surface upon which figures are raised in relief. (c) In point lace, the net of small meshes upon which the embroidered pattern is applied; as Brussels ground. See Brussels lace, under Brussels. 6. (Etching) A gummy composition spread over the surface of a metal to be etched, to prevent the acid from eating except where an opening is made by the needle. 7. (Arch.) One of the pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are attached; — usually in the plural. Grounds are usually put up first and the plastering floated flush with them. 8. (Mus.) (a) A composition in which the bass, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is continually repeated to a varying melody. (b) The tune on which descants are raised; the plain song. Moore (Encyc.). “On that ground I’ll build a holy descant.” Shak. 9. (Elec.) A conducting connection with the earth, whereby the earth is made part of an electrical circuit. 10. pl. Sediment at the bottom of liquors or liquids; dregs; lees; feces; as coffee grounds. 11. The pit of a theater. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Ground angling, angling with a weighted line without a float. — Ground annual (Scots Law), an estate created in land by a vassal who instead of selling his land outright reserves an annual ground rent, which becomes a perpetual charge upon the land. — Ground ash. (Bot.) See Groutweed. — Ground bailiff (Mining), a superintendent of mines. Simmonds. — Ground bait, bits of bread, boiled barley or worms, etc., thrown into the water to collect the fish, Wallon. — Ground bass or base (Mus.), fundamental base; a fundamental base continually repeated to a varied melody. — Ground beetle (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of carnivorous beetles of the family Carabidae, living mostly in burrows or under stones, etc. — Ground chamber, a room on the ground floor. — Ground cherry. (Bot.) (a) A genus (Physalis) of herbaceous plants having an inflated calyx for a seed pod: esp., the strawberry tomato (P. Alkekengi). See Alkekengl. (b) A European shrub (Prunus Chamaecerasus), with small, very acid fruit. — Ground cuckoo. (Zoöl.) See Chaparral cock. — Ground cypress. (Bot.) See Lavender cotton. — Ground dove (Zoöl.), one of several small American pigeons of the genus Columbigallina, esp. C. passerina of the Southern United States, Mexico, etc. They live chiefly on the ground. — Ground fish (Zoöl.), any fish which constantly lives on the botton of the sea, as the sole, turbot, halibut. — Ground floor, the floor of a house most nearly on a level with the ground; — called also in America, but not in England, the first floor. — Ground form (Gram.), the stem or basis of a word, to which the other parts are added in declension or conjugation. It is sometimes, but not always, the same as the root. — Ground furze (Bot.), a low slightly thorny, leguminous shrub (Ononis arvensis) of Europe and Central Asia,; — called also rest- harrow. — Ground game, hares, rabbits, etc., as distinguished from winged game. — Ground hele (Bot.), a perennial herb (Veronica officinalis) with small blue flowers, common in Europe and America, formerly thought to have curative properties. — Ground of the heavens (Astron.), the surface of any part of the celestial sphere upon which the stars may be regarded as projected. — Ground hemlock (Bot.), the yew (Taxus baccata var. Canadensisi) of eastern North America, distinguished from that of Europe by its low, straggling stems. — Ground hog. (Zoöl.) (a) The woodchuck or American marmot (Arctomys monax). See Woodchuck. (b) The aardvark. — Ground hold (Naut.), ground tackle. [Obs.] Spenser. — Ground ice, ice formed at the bottom of a body of water before it forms on the surface. — Ground ivy. (Bot.) A trailing plant; alehoof. See Gill. — Ground joist, a joist for a basement or ground floor; a. sleeper. — Ground lark (Zoöl.), the European pipit. See Pipit. - - Ground laurel (Bot.). See Trailing arbutus, under Arbutus. — Ground line (Descriptive Geom.), the line of intersection of the horizontal and vertical planes of projection. — Ground liverwort (Bot.), a flowerless plant with a broad flat forking thallus and the fruit raised on peduncled and radiated receptacles (Marchantia polymorpha). — Ground mail, in Scotland, the fee paid for interment in a churchyard. — Ground mass (Geol.), the fine-grained or glassy base of a rock, in which distinct crystals of its constituents are embedded. — Ground parrakeet (Zoöl.), one of several Australian parrakeets, of the genera Callipsittacus and Geopsittacus, which live mainly upon the ground. — Ground pearl (Zoöl.), an insect of the family Coccidae (Margarodes formicarum), found in ants’ nests in the Bahamas and having a shelly covering. They are strung like beads, and made into necklaces by the natives. — Ground pig (Zoöl.), a large, burrowing, African rodent (Aulacodus Swinderianus) about two feet long, allied to the porcupines but with harsh, bristly hair, and no spines; — called also ground rat. — Ground pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons which live largely upon the ground, as the tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris), of the Samoan Islands, and the crowned pigeon, or goura. See Goura, and Ground dove (above). — Ground pine. (Bot.) (a) A blue-flowered herb of the genus Ajuga (A. Chamaepitys), formerly included in the genus Teucrium or germander, and named from its resinous smell. Sir J. Hill. (b) A long, creeping, evergreen plant of the genus Lycopodium (L. clavatum); — called also club moss. (c) A tree-shaped evergreen plant about eight inches in height, of the same genus (L. dendroideum) found in moist, dark woods in the northern part of the United States. Gray. — Ground plan (Arch.), a plan of the ground floor of any building, or of any floor, as distinguished from an elevation or perpendicular section. — Ground plane, the horizontal plane of projection in perspective drawing. — Ground plate. (a) (Arch.) One of the chief pieces of framing of a building; a timber laid horizontally on or near the ground to support the uprights; a ground sill or groundsel. (b) (Railroads) A bed plate for sleepers or ties; a mudsill. (c) (Teleg.) A metallic plate buried in the earth to conduct the electric current thereto. Connection to the pipes of a gas or water main is usual in cities. Knight. — Ground plot, the ground upon which any structure is erected; hence, any basis or foundation; also a ground plan. — Ground plum (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Astragalus caryocarpus) occurring from the Saskatchewan to Texas and having a succulent plum-shaped pod. — Ground rat. (Zoöl.) See Ground pig (above). — Ground rent, rent paid for the privilege of building on another man’s land. — Ground robin. (Zoöl.) See Chewink. — Ground room, a room on the ground floor; a lower room. Tatler. — Ground sea, the West Indian name for a swell of the ocean, which occurs in calm weather and without obvious cause, breaking on the shore in heavy roaring billows; — called also rollers, and in Jamaica, the North sea. — Ground sill. See Ground plate (a) (above). — Ground snake (Zoöl.), a small burrowing American snake (Celuta amœna). It is salmon colored, and has a blunt tail. — Ground squirrel. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of burrowing rodents of the genera Tamias and Spermophilus, having cheek pouches. The former genus includes the Eastern striped squirrel or chipmunk and some allied Western species; the latter includes the prairie squirrel or striped gopher, the gray gopher, and many allied Western species. See Chipmunk, and Gopher. (b) Any species of the African genus Xerus, allied to Tamias. — Ground story. Same as Ground floor (above). — Ground substance (Anat.), the intercellular substance, or matrix, of tissues. — Ground swell. (a) (Bot.) The plant groundsel. [Obs.] Holland. (b) A broad, deep swell or undulation of the ocean, caused by a long continued gale, and felt even at a remote distance after the gale has ceased. — Ground table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. — Ground tackle (Naut.), the tackle necessary to secure a vessel at anchor. Totten. — Ground thrush (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of bright-colored Oriental birds of the family Pittidae. See Pitta. — Ground tier. (a) The lowest tier of water casks in a vessel’s hold. Totten. (b) The lowest line of articles of any kind stowed in a vessel’s hold. (c) The lowest range of boxes in a theater. — Ground timbers (Shipbuilding) the timbers which lie on the keel and are bolted to the keelson; floor timbers. Knight. — Ground tit. (Zoöl.) See Ground wren (below). - - Ground wheel, that wheel of a harvester, mowing machine, etc., which, rolling on the ground, drives the mechanism. — Ground wren (Zoöl.), a small California bird (Chamaea fasciata) allied to the wrens and titmice. It inhabits the arid plains. Called also ground tit, and wren tit. — To bite the ground, To break ground. See under Bite, Break. — To come to the ground, To fall to the ground, to come to nothing; to fail; to miscarry. — To gain ground. (a) To advance; to proceed forward in conflict; as an army in battle gains ground. (b) To obtain an advantage; to have some success; as the army gains ground on the enemy. (c) To gain credit; to become more prosperous or influential. — To get, or To gather, ground, to gain ground. [R.] ´Evening mist … gathers ground fast.´ Milton. “There is no way for duty to prevail, and get ground of them, but by bidding higher.” South. — To give ground, to recede; to yield advantage. “These nine … began to give me ground.” Shak. — To lose ground, to retire; to retreat; to withdraw from the position taken; hence, to lose advantage; to lose credit or reputation; to decline. — To stand one’s ground, to stand firm; to resist attack or encroachment. Atterbury. — To take the ground to touch bottom or become stranded; — said of a ship.

Ground (ground), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grounding.] 1. To lay, set, or run, on the ground. 2. To found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, reason, or principle; to furnish a ground for; to fix firmly. “Being rooted and grounded in love.” Eph. iii. 17. “So far from warranting any inference to the existence of a God, would, on the contrary, ground even an argument to his negation.” Sir W. Hamilton 3. To instruct in elements or first principles. 4. (Elec.) To connect with the ground so as to make the earth a part of an electrical circuit. 5. (Fine Arts) To cover with a ground, as a copper plate for etching (see Ground, n., 5); or as paper or other materials with a uniform tint as a preparation for ornament.

Ground, v. i. To run aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed; as the ship grounded on the bar.

Ground, imp. & p. p. of Grind. Ground cock, a cock, the plug of which is ground into its seat, as distinguished from a compression cock. Knight. — Ground glass, glass the transparency of which has been destroyed by having its surface roughened by grinding. — Ground joint, a close joint made by grinding together two pieces, as of metal with emery and oil, or of glass with fine sand and water.

Ground´age , n. A local tax paid by a ship for the ground or space it occupies while in port. Bouvier.

Ground´ed•ly, adv. In a grounded or firmly established manner. Glanvill.

Ground´en , obs. p. p. of Grind. Chaucer.

Ground´ing, n. The act, method, or process of laying a groundwork or foundation; hence, elementary instruction; the act or process of applying a ground, as of color, to wall paper, cotton cloth, etc.; a basis.

Ground´less, a. [AS. grundleás bottomless.] Without ground or foundation; wanting cause or reason for support; not authorized; false; as groundless fear; a groundless report or assertion. — Ground´less•ly, adv. — Ground´less•ness, n.

Ground´ling, n. [Ground + - ling.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish that keeps at the bottom of the water, as the loach. 2. A spectator in the pit of a theater, which formerly was on the ground, and without floor or benches. “No comic buffoon to make the groundlings laugh.” Coleridge.

Ground´ly, adv. Solidly; deeply; thoroughly. [Obs.] “Those whom princes do once groundly hate, Let them provide to die as sure us fate.” Marston.

Ground´nut (-nut•), n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the Arachis hypogaea (native country uncertain); the peanut; the earthnut. (b) A leguminous, twining plant (Apios tuberosa), producing clusters of dark purple flowers and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste. (c) The dwarf ginseng (Aralia trifolia). [U. S.] Gray. (d) A European plant of the genus Bunium (B. flexuosum), having an edible root of a globular shape and sweet, aromatic taste; — called also earthnut, earth chestnut, hawknut, and pignut.
[1913 Webster]

Ground´sel , n. [OE. grundswilie, AS. grundeswylige, grundeswelge, earlier gundiswilge; gund matter, pus + swelgan to swallow. So named as being good for a running from the eye. See Swallow, v.] (Bot.) An annual composite plant (Senecio vulgaris), one of the most common and widely distributed weeds on the globe.

Ground´sel , Ground´sill , n. [Ground + sill.] See Ground plate (a), under Ground

Ground´work (-wûrk•), n. That which forms the foundation or support of anything; the basis; the essential or fundamental part; first principle. Dryden.

Group (groop), n. [F groupe, It. gruppo, groppo, cluster, bunch, packet, group; of G. origin: cf. G. kropf craw, crop, tumor, bunch. See Crop, n.] 1. A cluster, crowd, or throng; an assemblage, either of persons or things, collected without any regular form or arrangement; as a group of men or of trees; a group of isles. 2. An assemblage of objects in a certain order or relation, or having some resemblance or common characteristic; as groups of strata. 3. (Biol.) A variously limited assemblage of animals or plants, having some resemblance, or common characteristics in form or structure. The term has different uses, and may be made to include certain species of a genus, or a whole genus, or certain genera, or even several orders. 4. (Mus.) A number of eighth, sixteenth, etc., notes joined at the stems; — sometimes rather indefinitely applied to any ornament made up of a few short notes.

Group, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grouped p. pr. & vb. n. Grouping.] [Cf. F. grouper. See Group, n.] To form a group of; to arrange or combine in a group or in groups, often with reference to mutual relation and the best effect; to form an assemblage of. “The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or, as the painters term it, in grouping such a multitude of different objects.” Prior. Grouped columns (Arch.), three or more columns placed upon the same pedestal.

Group´er , n. [Corrupted fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Garbupa.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of valuable food fishes of the genus Epinephelus, of the family Serranidae, as the red grouper, or brown snapper (E. morio), and the black grouper, or warsaw (E. nigritus), both from Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. (b) The tripletail (Lobotes). (c) In California, the name is often applied to the rockfishes. [Written also groper, gruper, and trooper.]

Group´ing , n. (Fine Arts) The disposal or relative arrangement of figures or objects, as in, drawing, painting, and sculpture, or in ornamental design.

Grouse , n. sing. & pl. [Prob. after the analogy of mouse, mice, fr. the earlier grice, OF. griesche meor hen: cf. F. piegrièche shrike.] (Zoöl.) Any of the numerous species of gallinaceous birds of the family Tetraonidae, and subfamily Tetraoninae, inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. They have plump bodies, strong, well-feathered legs, and usually mottled plumage. The group includes the ptarmigans (Lagopus), having feathered feet. Among the European species are the red grouse (Lagopus Scoticus) and the hazel grouse (Bonasa betulina). See Capercaidzie, Ptarmigan, and Heath grouse. Among the most important American species are the ruffed grouse, or New England partridge (Bonasa umbellus); the sharp-tailed grouse (Pediocaetes phasianellus) of the West; the dusky blue, or pine grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) of the Rocky Mountains; the Canada grouse, or spruce partridge (D. Canadensis). See also Prairie hen, and Sage cock. The Old World sand grouse (Pterocles, etc.) belong to a very different family. See Pterocletes, and Sand grouse.

Grouse, v. i. To seek or shoot grouse.

Grou´ser , n. (Dredging, Pile Driving, etc.) A pointed timber attached to a boat and sliding vertically, to thrust into the ground as a means of anchorage.

Grout (grout), n. [AS. grut; akin to grytt, G. grütze, griess, Icel. grautr, Lith. grudas corn, kernel, and E. groats.] 1. Coarse meal; ground malt; pl. groats. 2. Formerly, a kind of beer or ale. [Eng.] 3. pl. Lees; dregs; grounds. [Eng.] ´Grouts of tea.´ Dickens. 4. A thin, coarse mortar, used for pouring into the joints of masonry and brickwork; also a finer material, used in finishing the best ceilings. Gwilt.

Grout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grouting.] To fill up or finish with grout, as the joints between stones.

Grout´head , n. [Obs.] See Growthead.

Grout´ing, n. The process of filling in or finishing with grout; also the grout thus filled in. Gwilt.

Grout´nol , n. [See Groat, and Noll, n.] [Obs.] Same as Growthead. Beau. & Fl.

Grout´y , a. Cross; sulky; sullen. [Colloq.]

Grove (grov), n. [AS. graf, fr. grafan to dig. The original sense seems to have been a lane cut through trees. See Grave, v., and cf. Groove.] A smaller group of trees than a forest, and without underwood, planted, or growing naturally as if arranged by art; a wood of small extent. The Hebrew word Asherah, rendered grove in the Authorized Version of the Bible, is left untranslated in the Revised Version. Almost all modern interpreters agree that by Asherah an idol or image of some kind is intended.

Grov´el , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groveled or Grovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Groveling or Grovelling.] [From OE. grovelinge, grufelinge, adv., on the face, prone, which was misunderstood as a p. pr.; cf. OE. gruf, groff, in the same sense; of Scand. origin, cf. Icel. grufa, in a grufu on the face, prone, grufa to grovel.] 1. To creep on the earth, or with the face to the ground; to lie prone, or move uneasily with the body prostrate on the earth; to lie flat on one’s belly, expressive of abjectness; to crawl. “To creep and grovel on the ground.” Dryden. 2. To tend toward, or delight in, what is sensual or base; to be low, abject, or mean.

Grov´el•er , n. One who grovels; an abject wretch. [Written also groveller.]

Grov´el•ing, a. Lying prone; low; debased. [Written also grovelling.] ´A groveling creature.´ Cowper.

Grov´y , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a grove; situated in, or frequenting, groves. Dampier.

Grow (gro), v. i. [imp. Grew (gru); p. p. Grown (gron); p. pr. & vb. n. Growing.] [AS. growan; akin to D. groeijen, Icel. groa, Dan. groe, Sw. gro. Cf. Green, Grass.] 1. To increase in size by a natural and organic process; to increase in bulk by the gradual assimilation of new matter into the living organism; — said of animals and vegetables and their organs. 2. To increase in any way; to become larger and stronger; to be augmented; to advance; to extend; to wax; to accrue. “Winter began to grow fast on.” Knolles. “Even just the sum that I do owe to you
Is growing to me by Antipholus.” Shak. 3. To spring up and come to maturity in a natural way; to be produced by vegetation; to thrive; to flourish; as rice grows in warm countries. “Where law faileth, error groweth.” Gower. 4. To pass from one state to another; to result as an effect from a cause; to become; as to grow pale. “For his mind
Had grown Suspicion’s sanctuary.” Byron. 5. To become attached or fixed; to adhere. “Our knees shall kneel till to the ground they grow.” Shak. Growing cell, or Growing slide, a device for preserving alive a minute object in water continually renewed, in a manner to permit its growth to be watched under the microscope. — Grown over, covered with a growth. — To grow out of, to issue from, as plants from the soil, or as a branch from the main stem; to result from. “These wars have grown out of commercial considerations.” A. Hamilton. — To grow up, to arrive at full stature or maturity; as grown up children. — To grow together, to close and adhere; to become united by growth, as flesh or the bark of a tree severed. Howells. Syn. — To become; increase; enlarge; augment; improve; expand; extend.

Grow , v. t. To cause to grow; to cultivate; to produce; as to grow a crop; to grow wheat, hops, or tobacco. Macaulay. Syn. — To raise; to cultivate. See Raise, v. t., 3.

Grow´a•ble , a. Capable of growth.

Grow´an , n. [Cf. Arm. grouan gravel, Corn. grow gravel, sand.] (Mining.) A decomposed granite, forming a mass of gravel, as in tin lodes in Cornwall.

Grow´er , n. One who grows or produces; as a grower of corn; also that which grows or increases; as a vine may be a rank or a slow grower.

Growl (groul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Growled (grould); p. pr. & vb. n. Growling.] [D. grollen to grunt, murmur, be angry; akin to G. grollen to be angry.] To utter a deep guttural sound, as an angry dog; to give forth an angry, grumbling sound. Gay.

Growl, v. t. To express by growling. Thomson.

Growl, n. The deep, threatening sound made by a surly dog; a grumbling sound.

Growl´er , n. 1. One who growls. 2. (Zoöl.) The large-mouthed black bass. [Local] 3. A four-wheeled cab. [Slang, Eng.]

Growl´ing•ly, adv. In a growling manner.

Grown , p. p. of Grow.

Growse , v. i. [Cf. gruesome, grewsome, and G. grausen to make shudder, shiver.] To shiver; to have chills. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Growth (groth), n. [Icel. groðr, groði. See Grow.] 1. The process of growing; the gradual increase of an animal or a vegetable body; the development from a seed, germ, or root, to full size or maturity; increase in size, number, frequency, strength, etc.; augmentation; advancement; production; prevalence or influence; as the growth of trade; the growth of power; the growth of intemperance. Idle weeds are fast in growth. Shak. 2. That which has grown or is growing; anything produced; product; consequence; effect; result. “Nature multiplies her fertile growth.” Milton.

Growt´head , n. [Lit., greathead.] A lazy person; a blockhead. [Obs.] Tusser.

Growth´ful , a. Having capacity of growth. [R.] J. Hamilton.

Groyne , n. [Obs.] See Groin.

Gro´zing i´ron 1. A tool with a hardened steel point, formerly used instead of a diamond for cutting glass. 2. (Plumbing) A tool for smoothing the solder joints of lead pipe. Knight.

Grub , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grubbed , p. pr. & vb. n. Grubbing .] [OE. grubbin., cf. E. grab, grope.] 1. To dig in or under the ground, generally for an object that is difficult to reach or extricate; to be occupied in digging. 2. To drudge; to do menial work. Richardson.

Grub, v. t. 1. To dig; to dig up by the roots; to root out by digging; — followed by up; as to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge. “They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.” Hare. 2. To supply with food. [Slang] Dickens.

Grub, n. 1. (Zoöl.) The larva of an insect, especially of a beetle; — called also grubworm. See Illust. of Goldsmith beetle, under Goldsmith. “Yet your butterfly was a grub.” Shak. 2. A short, thick man; a dwarf. [Obs.] Carew. 3. Victuals; food. [Slang] Halliwell. Grub ax or axe, a kind of mattock used in grubbing up roots, etc. — Grub breaker. Same as Grub hook (below). — Grub hoe, a heavy hoe for grubbing. — Grub hook, a plowlike implement for uprooting stumps, breaking roots, etc. — Grub saw, a handsaw used for sawing marble. — Grub Street, a street in London (now called Milton Street), described by Dr. Johnson as ´much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems, whence any mean production is called grubstreet.´ As an adjective, suitable to, or resembling the production of, Grub Street. “I ’d sooner ballads write, and grubstreet lays.” Gap.

Grub´ber, n. One who, or that which, grubs; especially, a machine or tool of the nature of a grub ax, grub hook, etc.

Grub´ble , v. t. & i. [Freq. of grub, but cf. grabble.] To feel or grope in the dark. [Obs.] Dryden.

Grub´by, a. [From Grub.] Dirty; unclean. [Colloq.] “The grubby game of marbles.” Lond. Sat. Rev.

Grub´by, n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Cottus; a sculpin. [Local, U. S.]

Grub´worm , n. (Zoöl.) See Grub, n., 1. “And gnats and grubworms crowded on his view.” C. Smart.

Grucche (gruch), v. i. [See Grudge.] To murmur; to grumble. [Obs.] “What aileth you, thus for grucche and groan.” Chaucer.

Grudge (gruj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grudger p. pr. & vb. n. Grudging.] [OE. grutchen, gruchen, grochen, to murmur, grumble, OF. grochier, grouchier, grocier, groucier; cf. Icel. krytja to murmur, krutr a murmur, or E. grunt.] 1. To look upon with desire to possess or to appropriate; to envy (one) the possession of; to begrudge; to covet; to give with reluctance; to desire to get back again; — followed by the direct object only, or by both the direct and indirect objects. “Tis not in thee To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train.” Shak. “I have often heard the Presbyterians say, they did not grudge us our employments.” Swift. “They have grudged us contribution.” Shak. 2. To hold or harbor with malicious disposition or purpose; to cherish enviously. [Obs.] “Perish they
That grudge one thought against your majesty !” Shak.

Grudge (gruj), v. i. 1. To be covetous or envious; to show discontent; to murmur; to complain; to repine; to be unwilling or reluctant. “Grudge not one against another.” James v. 9. “He eats his meat without grudging.” Shak. 2. To feel compunction or grief. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Grudge, n. 1. Sullen malice or malevolence; cherished malice, enmity, or dislike; ill will; an old cause of hatred or quarrel. “Esau had conceived a mortal grudge and enmity against his brother Jacob.” South. “The feeling may not be envy; it may not be imbittered by a grudge.” I. Taylor. 2. Slight symptom of disease. [Obs.] “Our shaken monarchy, that now lies … struggling against the grudges of more dreaded calamities.” Milton. Syn. — Pique; aversion; dislike; ill will; hatred; spite. See Pique.

Grudge´ful , a. Full of grudge; envious. ´Grudgeful discontent.´ Spenser.

Grud´geons , Gur´geons , n. pl. [Prob. from P. grugir to craunch; cf. D. gruizen to crush, grind, and E. grout.] Coarse meal. [Obs.]

Grudg´er (gruj´er), n. One who grudges.

Grudg´ing•ly, adv. In a grudging manner.

Grudg´ing•ness, n. The state or quality of grudging, or of being full of grudge or unwillingness.

Gru´el , n. [OF. gruel, F. gruau; of German origin; cf. OHG. gruzzi groats, G. grütze, As. grut. See Grout.] A light, liquid food, made by boiling meal of maize, oatmeal, or flour in water or milk; thin porridge.

Gru´el•ly, a. Like gruel; of the consistence of gruel.

Grue´some , a. Same as Grewsome. [Scot.]

Gruf , adv. [Cf. Grovel.] Forwards; with one’s face to the ground. [Obs.] “They fellen gruf, and cryed piteously.” Chaucer.

Gruff , a. [Compar. Gruffer ; superl. Gruffest.] [D. grof; akin to G. grob, OHG. gerob, grob, Dan. grov, Sw. grof, perh. akin to AS. rcófan to break, Z. reavc, rupture, g- standing for the AS. prefix ge- , Goth. ga-.] Of a rough or stern manner, voice, or countenance; sour; surly; severe; harsh. Addison. “Gruff, disagreeable, sarcastic remarks.” Thackeray. — Gruff´ly, adv. — Gruff´ness, n.

Gru´gru palm´ (Bot.) A West Indian name for several kinds of palm. See Macaw tree, under Macaw. [Written also grigri palm.]

Gru´gru worm´ (Zoöl.) The larva or grub of a large South American beetle (Calandra palmarum), which lives in the pith of palm trees and sugar cane. It is eaten by the natives, and esteemed a delicacy.

Grum , a. [Cf. Dan. grum furious, Sw. grym, AS. gram, and E. grim, and grumble. rad.35.] 1. Morose; severe of countenance; sour; surly; glum; grim. ´Nick looked sour and grum.´ Arbuthnof. 2. Low; deep in the throat; guttural; rumbling; as a grum voice.

Grum´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grunbled p. pr. & vb. n. Grumbling ] [Cf. LG. grummeln, grumen, D. grommelen, grommen, and F. grommeler, of German origin; cf. W. grwm, murmur, grumble, surly. rad.35. Cf. Grum, Grim.] 1. To murmur or mutter with discontent; to make ill-natured complaints in a low voice and a surly manner. “L’Avare, not using half his store,
Still grumbles that he has no more.” Prior. 2. To growl; to snarl in deep tones; as a lion grumbling over his prey. 3. To rumble; to make a low, harsh, and heavy sound; to mutter; as the distant thunder grumbles.

Grum´ble, v. t. To express or utter with grumbling.

Grum´ble, n. 1. The noise of one that grumbles. 2. A grumbling, discontented disposition. “A bad case of grumble.” Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

Grum´bler , n. One who grumbles.

Grum´bling•ly, adv. In a grumbling manner.

Grume (grum), n. [OF. grume, cf. F. grumeau a little heap, clot of blood, dim. fr. L. grumus.] A thick, viscid fluid; a clot, as of blood. Quincy.

Grum´ly , adv. In a grum manner.

Gru•mose´ , a. (Bot.) Clustered in grains at intervals; grumous.

Gru´mous , a. [Cf. F. grumeleux. See Grume.] 1. Resembling or containing grume; thick; concreted; clotted; as grumous blood. 2. (Bot.) See Grumose.

Gru´mous•ness, n. The state of being grumous.

Grump´i•ly , adv. In a surly manner; sullenly. [Colloq.]

Grump´y , a. [Cf. Grumble, and Grum.] Surly; dissatisfied; grouty. [Collog.] Ferby.

Grun´del , n. [See Groundling.] (Zoöl.) A groundling (fish). [Prov. Eng.]

Grundsel , n. Groundsel. [Obs.]

Grunt (grunt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grunting.] [OE. grunten; akin to As. grunian, G. grunzen, Dan. grynte, Sw. grymta; all prob. of imitative; or perh. akin to E. groan.] To make a deep, short noise, as a hog; to utter a short groan or a deep guttural sound. “Who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life.” Shak. Grunting ox (Zoöl.), the yak.

Grunt (grunt), n. 1. A deep, guttural sound, as of a hog. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of American food fishes, of the genus Haemulon, allied to the snappers, as the black grunt (A. Plumieri), and the redmouth grunt (H. aurolineatus), of the Southern United States; — also applied to allied species of the genera Pomadasys, Orthopristis, and Pristopoma. Called also pigfish, squirrel fish, and grunter; — so called from the noise it makes when taken.

Grunt´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, grunts; specifically, a hog. ´Bristled grunters.´ Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) One of several American marine fishes. See Sea robin, and Grunt, n., 2. 3. (Brass Founding) A hook used in lifting a crucible.

Grunt´ing•ly, adv. In a grunting manner.

Grun´tle , v. i. [Freq. of grunt.] To grunt; to grunt repeatedly. [Obs.]

Grunt´ling , n. A young hog.

Grutch , v. See Grudge. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Gru´yère• cheese´ . A kind of cheese made at Gruyère, Switzerland. It is a firm cheese containing numerous cells, and is known in the United States as Schweitzerkäse.

Gry , n. [Gr syllable, bit.] 1. A measure equal to one tenth of a line. [Obs.] Locke. 2. Anything very small, or of little value. [R.]

Gryde , v. i. To gride. See Gride. Spenser.

Gryf´on , n. [Obs.] See Griffin. Spenser.

Gryl´lus , n. [L., locust.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects including the common crickets.

Grype , v. t. To gripe. [Obs.] See Gripe. Spenser.

Grype, n. [Gr. gry•f, grypo•s, griffin. See Griffin.] (Zoöl.) A vulture; the griffin. [Written also gripe.] [Obs.]

Gry•phae´a , n. [NL., fr. I gryphus, or qryps, gen. gryphis, a griffin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cretaceous fossil shells allied to the oyster.

Gryph´ite , n. [Cf. F. gryphite.] (Paleon.) A shell of the genus Gryphea.

Gryph´on , n. (Zoöl.) The griffin vulture.

Grys´bok n. [D. grijs gray + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A small South African antelope (Neotragus melanotis). It is speckled with gray and chestnut, above; the under parts are reddish fawn.

Gua•cha´ro , n. [Cf. Sp. guácharo sickly, dropsical, guacharaca a sort of bird.] (Zoöl.) A nocturnal bird of South America and Trinidad (Steatornis Caripensis, or S. steatornis); — called also oilbird. It resembles the goatsuckers and nighthawks, but feeds on fruits, and nests in caverns. A pure oil, used in place of butter, is extracted from the young by the natives.

Gua´cho , n.; pl. Guachos [Spanish American.] 1. One of the mixed-blood (Spanish-Indian) inhabitants of the pampas of South America; a mestizo. 2. An Indian who serves as a messenger.

Gua´co , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A plant (Aristolochia anguicida) of Carthagena, used as an antidote to serpent bites. Lindley. (b) The Mikania Guaco, of Brazil, used for the same purpose.

Gua´iac , a. [See Guaiacum.] Pertaining to, or resembling, guaiacum. — n. Guaiacum.

Gua´ia•cum , n. [NL., fr. Sp. guayaco, from native name in Hayti.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of small, crooked trees, growing in tropical America. 2. The heart wood or the resin of the Guaiacum officinale or lignum-vitae, a large tree of the West Indies and Central America. It is much used in medicine. [Written also guaiac.]

Guan (gwän), n. ((Zoöl.) Any one of many species of large gallinaceous birds of Central and South America, belonging to Penelope, Pipile, Ortalis, and allied genera. Several of the species are often domesticated.

Gua´na (gwä´na), n. (Zoöl.) See Iguana.

Gua•na´co (gwa•nä´ko), n.; pl. Guanacos (- koz). [Sp. guanaco, Peruv. huanacu. Cf. Huanaco.] (Zoöl.) A South American mammal (Auchenia huanaco), allied to the llama, but of larger size and more graceful form, inhabiting the southern Andes and Patagonia. It is supposed by some to be the llama in a wild state. [Written also huanaco.]

Gua´ni•dine , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A strongly alkaline base, CN_3H_5, formed by the oxidation of guanin, and also obtained combined with methyl in the decomposition of creatin. Boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, it yields urea and ammonia.

Gua•nif´er•ous , a. [Guano + -ferous.] Yielding guano. Ure.

Gua´nin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline substance (C_5H_5N_5O) contained in guano. It is also a constituent of the liver, pancreas and other glands in mammals.

Gua´no , n.; pl. Guanos (#). [Sp. guano, fr. Peruv. huanu dung.] A substance found in great abundance on some coasts or islands frequented by sea fowls, and composed chiefly of their excrement. It is rich in phosphates and ammonia, and is used as a powerful fertilizer.

Gua´ra , n. [Braz. guará.] (Zoöl.) (a) The scarlet ibis. See Ibis. (b) A large-maned wild dog of South America (Canis jubatus) - - named from its cry.

Gua´ra•na , n. [Pg.] (Med.) A preparation from the seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, a woody climber of Brazil, used in making an astringent drink, and also in the cure of headache.

Gua´ra•nine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from guarana. Same as Caffeine.

Guar•an•tee´ , n.; pl. Guarantees (#). [For guaranty, prob. influenced by words like assignee, lessee, etc. See Guaranty, and cf. Warrantee.] 1. In law and common usage: A promise to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some duty, in case of the failure of another person, who is, in the first instance, liable to such payment or performance; an engagement which secures or insures another against a contingency; a warranty; a security. Same as Guaranty. “His interest seemed to be a guarantee for his zeal.” Macaulay. 2. One who binds himself to see an undertaking of another performed; a guarantor. South. Guarantor is the correct form in this sense. 3. (Law) The person to whom a guaranty is made; — the correlative of guarantor. Syn. — Guarantee, Warranty. A guarantee is an engagement that a certain act will be done or not done in future. A warranty is an engagement as to the qualities or title of a thing at the time of the engagement.

Guar´an•tee, v. t. [imp. & p. p. guaranteed p, pr. & vb. n. Guaranteeing.] [From Guarantee, n.] In law and common usage: to undertake or engage for the payment of (a debt) or the performance of (a duty) by another person; to undertake to secure (a possession, right, claim, etc.) to another against a specified contingency, or at all events; to give a guarantee concerning; to engage, assure, or secure as a thing that may be depended on; to warrant; as to guarantee the execution of a treaty. “The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government.” Constitution of the U. S.

Guar´an•tor , n. [See Guaranty, and cf. Warrantor.] (Law) (a) One who makes or gives a guaranty; a warrantor; a surety. (b) One who engages to secure another in any right or possession.

Guar´an•ty , n.; pl. Guaranies (#). [OF. guarantie, garantie, F. garantie, OF. guarantir, garantir, to warrant, to guaranty, E. garantir, fr. OF. guarant, garant, a warranter, F. garant; of German origin, and from the same word as warranty. See Warrant, and cf. Warranty, Guarantee.] In law and common usage: An undertaking to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some contract or duty, of another, in case of the failure of such other to pay or perform; a guarantee; a warranty; a security.

Guar´an•ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarantied p. pr. & vb. n. Guarantying.] [From Guaranty, n.] In law and common usage: To undertake or engage that another person shall perform (what he has stipulated); to undertake to be answerable for (the debt or default of another); to engage to answer for the performance of (some promise or duty by another) in case of a failure by the latter to perform; to undertake to secure (something) to another, as in the case of a contingency. See Guarantee, v. t. Guaranty agrees in form with warranty. Both guaranty and guarantee are well authorized by legal writers in the United States. The prevailing spelling, at least for the verb, is guarantee.

Guard , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarded; p. pr. &, vb. n. Gurding.] [OF. guarder, garder, warder, F. garder, fr. OHG. wartn to be on the watch, await, G. marten. See Ward, v. & n., and cf. Guard, n.] 1. To protect from danger; to secure against surprise, attack, or injury; to keep in safety; to defend; to shelter; to shield from surprise or attack; to protect by attendance; to accompany for protection; to care for. “For Heaven still guards the right.” Shak. 2. To keep watch over, in order to prevent escape or restrain from acts of violence, or the like. 3. To protect the edge of, esp. with an ornamental border; hence, to face or ornament with lists, laces, etc. “The body of your discourse it sometime guarded with fragments, and the guards are but slightly basted on neither.” Shak. 4. To fasten by binding; to gird. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Syn. — To defend, protect, shield; keep; watch.

Guard (gärd), v. i. To watch by way of caution or defense; to be caution; to be in a state or position of defense or safety; as careful persons guard against mistakes.

Guard, n. [OF. guarde, F. garde; of German origin; cf. OHG. wart, marto, one who watches, mata a watching, Goth. wardja watchman. See Guard, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, guards from injury, danger, exposure, or attack; defense; protection. “His greatness was no guard to bar heaven’s shaft.” Shak. 2. A man, or body of men, stationed to protect or control a person or position; a watch; a sentinel. “The guard which kept the door of the king’s house.” Kings xiv. 27. 3. One who has charge of a mail coach or a railway train; a conductor. [Eng.] 4. Any fixture or attachment designed to protect or secure against injury, soiling, or defacement, theft or loss; as: (a) That part of a sword hilt which protects the hand. (b) Ornamental lace or hem protecting the edge of a garment. (c) A chain or cord for fastening a watch to one’s person or dress. (d) A fence or rail to prevent falling from the deck of a vessel. (e) An extension of the deck of a vessel beyond the hull; esp., in side-wheel steam vessels, the framework of strong timbers, which curves out on each side beyond the paddle wheel, and protects it and the shaft against collision. (f) A plate of metal, beneath the stock, or the lock frame, of a gun or pistol, having a loop, called a bow, to protect the trigger. (g) (Bookbinding) An interleaved strip at the back, as in a scrap book, to guard against its breaking when filled. 5. A posture of defense in fencing, and in bayonet and saber exercise. 6. An expression or admission intended to secure against objections or censure. “They have expressed themselves with as few guards and restrictions as I.” Atterbury. 7. Watch; heed; care; attention; as to keep guard. 8. (Zoöl.) The fibrous sheath which covers the phragmacone of the Belemnites. Guard is often used adjectively or in combination; as guard boat or guardboat; guardroom or guard room; guard duty. Advanced guard, Coast guard, etc. See under Advanced, Coast, etc. — Grand guard (Mil.), one of the posts of the second line belonging to a system of advance posts of an army. Mahan. — Guard boat. (a) A boat appointed to row the rounds among ships of war in a harbor, to see that their officers keep a good lookout. (b) A boat used by harbor authorities to enforce the observance of quarantine regulations. — Guard cells (Bot.), the bordering cells of stomates; they are crescent-shaped and contain chlorophyll. — Guard chamber, a guardroom. — Guard detail (Mil.), men from a company regiment etc., detailed for guard duty. - - Guard duty (Mil.), the duty of watching patrolling, etc., performed by a sentinel or sentinels. — Guard lock (Engin.), a tide lock at the mouth of a dock or basin. — Guard of honor (Mil.), a guard appointed to receive or to accompany eminent persons. — Guard rail (Railroads), a rail placed on the inside of a main rail, on bridges, at switches, etc., as a safeguard against derailment. — Guard ship, a war vessel appointed to superintend the marine affairs in a harbor, and also in the English service, to receive seamen till they can be distributed among their respective ships. — Life guard (Mil.), a body of select troops attending the person of a prince or high officer. — Off one’s guard, in a careless state; inattentive; unsuspicious of danger. — On guard, serving in the capacity of a guard; doing duty as a guard or sentinel; watching. — On one’s guard, in a watchful state; alert; vigilant. — To mount guard (Mil.), to go on duty as a guard or sentinel. — To run the guard, to pass the watch or sentinel without leave. Syn. — Defense; shield; protection; safeguard; convoy; escort; care; attention; watch; heed.

Guard´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. gardable. See Guard, v. t.] Capable of being guarded or protected.

Guard´age , n. [Cf. OF. wardage. See Guard, v. t.] Wardship [Obs.] Shak.

Guard´ant , a. [OF. guardant, p. pr. of guard. See Guard, v. t.] 1. Acting as guardian. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Her.) Same as Gardant.

Guard´ant, n. A guardian. [Obs.] Shak.

Guard´ed, a. Cautious; wary; circumspect; as he was guarded in his expressions; framed or uttered with caution; as his expressions were guarded. — Guard´edly, adv. — Guard´ed•ness, n.

Guard´en•age , n. Guardianship. [Obs. & R.] ´ His tuition and guardenage.´ Holland.

Guard´er , n. One who guards.

Guard´fish , n. (Zoöl.) The garfish.

Guard´ful , a. Cautious; wary; watchful. [Obs. or Poetic.] — Guard´ful•ly, adv.

Guard´house , n. (Mil.) A building which is occupied by the guard, and in which soldiers are confined for misconduct; hence, a lock-up.

Guard´i•an , n. [OF. guardain, gardien, F. gardien, LL. guardianus. See Guard, v. t., and cf. Wasden.] 1. One who guards, preserves, or secures; one to whom any person or thing is committed for protection, security, or preservation from injury; a warden. 2. (Law) One who has or is entitled to, the custody of the person or property of an infant, a minor without living parents, or a person incapable of managing his own affairs. “Of the several species of guardians, the first are guardians by nature. — viz., the father and (in some cases) the mother of the child.” Blackstone. Guardian ad litem (Law), a guardian appointed by a court of justice to conduct a particular suit. — Guardians of the poor, the members of a board appointed or elected to care for the relief of the poor within a township, or district.

Guard´i•an , a. Performing, or appropriate to, the office of a protector; as a guardian care. Feast of Guardian Angels (R. C. Ch.) a church festival instituted by Pope Paul V., and celebrated on October 2d. — Guardian angel. (a) The particular spiritual being believed in some branches of the Christian church to have guardianship and protection of each human being from birth. (b) Hence, a protector or defender in general. O. W. Holmes. — Guardian spirit, in the belief of many pagan nations, a spirit, often of a deceased relative or friend, that presides over the interests of a household, a city, or a region.

Guard´i•an•age , n. Guardianship. [Obs.]

Guard´i•ance , n. Guardianship. [Obs.]

Guard´i•an•ess , n. A female guardian. “I have placed a trusty, watchful guardianess.” Beau. & Fl.

Guard´i•an•less, a. Without a guardian. Marston.

Guard´i•an•ship, n. The office, duty, or care, of a guardian; protection; care; watch.

Guard´less , a. Without a guard or defense; unguarded. Chapman.

Guard´room , n. (Mil.) The room occupied by the guard during its term of duty; also a room where prisoners are confined.

Guards (gärdz), n. pl. A body of picked troops; as ´The Household Guards.´

Guard´ship, n. Care; protection. [Obs.] Swift.

Guards´man , n.; pl. Guardsmen . 1. One who guards; a guard. 2. A member, either officer or private, of any military body called Guards.

Guar´ish , v. t. [OF. guarir, garir, F. guerir.] To heal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gua•te•ma´la grass´ (Bot.) See Teosinte.

Gua´va , n. [Sp. guayaba the guava fruit, guayabo the guava tree; prob. fr. the native West Indian name.] A tropical tree, or its fruit, of the genus Psidium. Two varieties are well known, the P. pyriferum, or white guava, and P. pomiferum, or red guava. The fruit or berry is shaped like a pomegranate, but is much smaller. It is somewhat astringent, but makes a delicious jelly.

Gu´ber•nance , n. Government. [Obs.]

Gu´ber•nate , v. t. [L. gubernatus, p. p. of gubernare. See Govern.] To govern. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Gu´ber•na•tion , n. [L. gubernatio.] The act of governing; government [Obs.] I. Watts.

Gu´ber•na•tive , a. Governing. [Obs.]

Gu´ber•na•to•ri•al , a. [L. gubernator governor. See Gabernate.] Pertaining to a governor, or to government.

Gud´geon (guj´un), n. [OE. gojon, F. goujon, from L. gobio, or gobius, Gr. kwbio•s Cf. 1st Goby. ] 1. (Zoöl.) A small European freshwater fish (Gobio fluviatilis), allied to the carp. It is easily caught and often used for food and for bait. In America the killifishes or minnows are often called gudgeons. 2. What may be got without skill or merit. “Fish not, with this melancholy bait,
For this fool gudgeon, this opinion.” Shak. 3. A person easily duped or cheated. Swift. 4. (Mach.) The pin of iron fastened in the end of a wooden shaft or axle, on which it turns; formerly, any journal, or pivot, or bearing, as the pintle and eye of a hinge, but esp. the end journal of a horizontal. 6. (Naut.) A metal eye or socket attached to the sternpost to receive the pintle of the rudder. Ball gudgeon. See under Ball.

Gud´geon, v. t. To deprive fraudulently; to cheat; to dupe; to impose upon. [R.] “To be gudgeoned of the opportunities which had been given you.” Sir IV. Scott.

Gue , n. A sharper; a rogue. [Obs.] J. Webstar.

Gue´ber Gue´bre , n. Same as Gheber.

Guel´der•rose’ , n. [Supposed to be brought from Guelderland; hence, D. Geldersche roos, G. Gelderische rose, F. rose de Gueldre, It. rose di Gueldra, Sp. rosa de Gueldres.] (Bot.) A cultivated variety of a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), bearing large bunches of white flowers; — called also snowball tree. { Guelph , Guelf } (gwelf), n. [It. Guelfo, from Welf, the name of a German family.] (Hist.) One of a faction in Germany and Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries, which supported the House of Guelph and the pope, and opposed the Ghibellines, or faction of the German emperors. { Guelph´ic , Guelf´ic } , a. Of or pertaining to the family or the faction of the Guelphs.

Guenon´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) One of several long-tailed Oriental monkeys, of the genus Cercocebus, as the green monkey and grivet.

Gue•parde´ , n. [Cf. F. guepard.] (Zoöl.) The cheetah.

Guer´don , n. [OF. guerdon, guerredon, LL. widerdonum (influenced by L. donum gift, cf. Donation ), fr. OHG. widarlon; widar again, against (G. wider wieder) + lon reward, G. lohn, akin to AS. leán Goth. laun. See Withers.] A reward; requital; recompense; — used in both a good and a bad sense. Macaulay. “So young as to regard men’s frown or smile
As loss or guerdon of a glorious lot.” Byron. “He shall, by thy revenging hand, at once receive the just guerdon of all his former villainies.” Knolles.

Guer´don , v. t. [OF. guerdonner, guerredonner. See Guerdon, n.] To give guerdon to; to reward; to be a recompense for. [R.] “Him we gave a costly bribe
To guerdon silence.” Tennyson.

Guer´don•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. guerredonable.] Worthy of reward. Sir G. Buck.

Guer´don•less, a. Without reward or guerdon.

Gue•re´za , n. (Zoöl.) A beautiful Abyssinian monkey (Colobus guereza), having the body black, with a fringe of long, silky, white hair along the sides, and a tuft of the same at the end of the tail. The frontal band, cheeks, and chin are white.

Gue•ril´la , a. See Guerrilla.

Guer´ite , n. [F. guerite.] (Fort.) A projecting turret for a sentry, as at the salient angles of works, or the acute angles of bastions.

Guern´sey lil´y (Bot.) A South African plant (Nerine Sarniensis) with handsome lilylike flowers, naturalized on the island of Guernsey.

Guer•ril´la , n. [Sp., lit., a little war, skirmish, dim. of guerra war, fr. OHG. werra discord, strife. See War.] 1. An irregular mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of independent bands, adopted in the north of Spain during the Peninsular war. 2. One who carries on, or assists in carrying on, irregular warfare; especially, a member of an independent band engaged in predatory excursions in war time. The term guerrilla is the diminutive of the Spanish word guerra, war, and means petty war, that is, war carried on by detached parties; generally in the mountains… . A guerrilla party means, an irregular band of armed men, carrying on an irregular war, not being able, according to their character as a guerrilla party, to carry on what the law terms a regular war. F. Lieder.

Guer•ril´la, a. Pertaining to, or engaged in, warfare carried on irregularly and by independent bands; as a guerrilla party; guerrilla warfare.

Guess (ges), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guessed p. pr. & vb. n. Guessing.] [OE. gessen; akin to Dan. gisse, Sw. gissa, Icel. gizha, D. gissen: cf. Dan. giette to guess, Icel. geta to get, to guess. Probably originally, to try to get, and akin to E. get. See Get.] 1. To form an opinion concerning, without knowledge or means of knowledge; to judge of at random; to conjecture. “First, if thou canst, the harder reason guess.” Pope. 2. To judge or form an opinion of, from reasons that seem preponderating, but are not decisive. “We may then guess how far it was from his design.” Milton. “Of ambushed men, whom, by their arms and dress,
To be Taxallan enemies I guess.” Dryden. 3. To solve by a correct conjecture; to conjecture rightly; as he who guesses the riddle shall have the ring; he has guessed my designs. 4. To hit upon or reproduce by memory. [Obs.] “Tell me their words, as near as thou canst guess them.” Shak. 5. To think; to suppose; to believe; to imagine; — followed by an objective clause. “Not all together; better far, I guess,
That we do make our entrance several ways.” Shak. “But in known images of life I guess
The labor greater.” Pope. Syn. — To conjecture; suppose; surmise; suspect; divine; think; imagine; fancy. — To Guess, Think, Reckon. Guess denotes, to attempt to hit upon at random; as to guess at a thing when blindfolded; to conjecture or form an opinion on hidden or very slight grounds: as to guess a riddle; to guess out the meaning of an obscure passage. The use of the word guess for think or believe, although abundantly sanctioned by good English authors, is now regarded as antiquated and objectionable by discriminating writers. It may properly be branded as a colloguialism and vulgarism when used respecting a purpose or a thing about which there is no uncertainty; as I guess I ’ll go to bed.

Guess, v. i. To make a guess or random judgment; to conjecture; — with at, about, etc. “This is the place, as well as I may guess.” Milton.

Guess, n. An opinion as to anything, formed without sufficient or decisive evidence or grounds; an attempt to hit upon the truth by a random judgment; a conjecture; a surmise. “A poet must confess
His art ’s like physic — but a happy guess.” Dryden.

Guess´a•ble , a. Capable of being guessed.

Guess´er , n. One who guesses; one who forms or gives an opinion without means of knowing.

Guess´ing•ly, adv. By way of conjecture. Shak.

Guess´ive , a. Conjectural. [Obs.] Feltham.

Guess´ rope´ (Naut.) A guess warp.

Guess´ warp´ (Naut.) A rope or hawser by which a vessel is towed or warped along; — so called because it is necessary to guess at the length to be carried in the boat making the attachment to a distant object.

Guess´work , n. Work performed, or results obtained, by guess; conjecture.

Guest (gest), n. [OE. gest, AS. gaest, gest; akin to OS., D., & G. gast, Icel. gestr, Sw. gäst, Dan. Gjäst, Goth. gasts, Russ. goste, and to L. hostis enemy, stranger; the meaning stranger is the older one, but the root is unknown. Cf. Host an army, Hostile.] 1. A visitor; a person received and entertained in one’s house or at one’s table; a visitor entertained without pay. “To cheer his guests, whom he had stayed that night.” Spenser. “True friendship’s laws are by this rule exprest.
Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest.” Pope.

Guest , v. t. To receive or entertain hospitably. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Guest, v. i. To be, or act the part of, a guest. [Obs.] “And tell me, best of princes, who he was
That guested here so late.” Chapman.

Guest´ rope´ (Naut.) The line by which a boat makes fast to the swinging boom. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Guest´wise´ , adv. In the manner of a guest.

Gue´vi , n. (Zoöl.) One of several very small species and varieties of African antelopes, of the genus Cephalophus, as the Cape guevi or kleeneboc (Cephalophus pygmaea); — called also pygmy antelope.
[1913 Webster]

Guf•faw´ , n. A loud burst of laughter; a horse laugh. ´A hearty low guffaw.´ Carlyle.

Guf´fer , n. (Zoöl.) The eelpout; guffer eel.

Gug´gle , v. i. See Gurgle.

Guhr , n. [G.] A loose, earthy deposit from water, found in the cavities or clefts of rocks, mostly white, but sometimes red or yellow, from a mixture of clay or ocher. P. Cleaveland.

Gui´ac , n. Same as Guaiac.

Gui´a•col , n. [Guiac + - ol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, C_6H_4.OCH_3.OH, resembling the phenols, found as a constituent of woodtar creosote, and produced by the dry distillation of guaiac resin.

Gui´a•cum , n. Same as Guaiacum.

Guib , n. (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Tragelaphus scriptus), curiously marked with white stripes and spots on a reddish fawn ground, and hence called harnessed antelope; — called also guiba.

Gui´co•war , n. [Mahratta gaekwar, prop., a cowherd.] The title of the sovereign of Guzerat, in Western India; — generally called the Guicowar of Baroda, which is the capital of the country.

Guid´a•ble , a. Capable of being guided; willing to be guided or counseled. Sprat.

Guid´age , n. [See Guide.] 1. The reward given to a guide for services. [R.] Ainsworth. 2. Guidance; lead; direction. [R.] Southey.

Guid´ance , n. [See Guide.] The act or result of guiding; the superintendence or assistance of a guide; direction; government; a leading. “ His studies were without guidance and without plan.” Macaulay.

Guide , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guided; p. pr. & vb. n. Guiding.] [OE. guiden, gyden, F. guiaer, It. guidare; prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. ritan to watch over, give heed to, Icel. viti signal, AS. witan to know. The word prob. meant, to indicate, point to, and hence, to show the way. Cf. Wit, Guy a rope, Gye.] 1. To lead or direct in a way; to conduct in a course or path; to pilot; as to guide a traveler. “I wish … you ’ld guide me to your sovereign’s court.” Shak. 2. To regulate and manage; to direct; to order; to superintend the training or education of; to instruct and influence intellectually or morally; to train. “He will guide his affairs with discretion.” Ps. cxii. 5. “The meek will he guide in judgment.” Ps. xxv. 9.

Guide, n. [OE. giae, F. guide, It. guida. See Guide, v. t.] 1. A person who leads or directs another in his way or course, as in a strange land; one who exhibits points of interest to strangers; a conductor; also that which guides; a guidebook. 2. One who, or that which, directs another in his conduct or course of life; a director; a regulator. “He will be our guide, even unto death.” Ps. xlviii. 14. 3. Any contrivance, especially one having a directing edge, surface, or channel, for giving direction to the motion of anything, as water, an instrument, or part of a machine, or for directing the hand or eye, as of an operator; as: (a) (Water Wheels) A blade or channel for directing the flow of water to the wheel buckets. (b) (Surgery) A grooved director for a probe or knife. (c) (Printing) A strip or device to direct the compositor’s eye to the line of copy he is setting. 4. (Mil.) A noncommissioned officer or soldier placed on the directing flank of each subdivision of a column of troops, or at the end of a line, to mark the pivots, formations, marches, and alignments in tactics. Farrow. Guide bar (Mach.), the part of a steam engine on which the crosshead slides, and by which the motion of the piston rod is kept parallel to the cylinder, being a substitute for the parallel motion; — called also guide, and slide bar. — Guide block (Steam Engine), a block attached in to the crosshead to work in contact with the guide bar. — Guide meridian. (Surveying) See under Meridian. — Guide pile (Engin.), a pile driven to mark a place, as a point to work to. — Guide pulley (Mach.), a pulley for directing or changing the line of motion of belt; an idler. Knight. — Guide rail (Railroads), an additional rail, between the others, gripped by horizontal driving wheels on the locomotive, as a means of propulsion on steep gradients.

Guide´board , n. A board, as upon a guidepost having upon it directions or information as to the road. Lowell.

Guide´book , n. A book of directions and information for travelers, tourists, etc.

Guide´less, a. Without a guide. Dryden.

Guide´post , n. A post at the fork of a road, with a guideboard on it, to direct travelers.

Guid´er , n. A guide; a director. Shak.

Guid´er•ess , n. A female guide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Guid´guid , n. (Zoöl.) A South American ant bird of the genus Hylactes; — called also barking bird.

Gui´don , n. [F. guidon, It. guidone. See Guide, v. t.] 1. A small flag or streamer, as that carried by cavalry, which is broad at one end and nearly pointed at the other, or that used to direct the movements of a body of infantry, or to make signals at sea; also the flag of a guild or fraternity. In the United States service, each company of cavalry has a guidon. “The pendants and guidons were carried by the officer of the army.” Evelyn. 2. One who carries a flag. Johnson. 3. One of a community established at Rome, by Charlemagne, to guide pilgrims to the Holy Land.

Guige (gij or gej), n. [Obs.] See Gige.

Guild , n. [OE. gilds, AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, a society or company where payment was made for its charge and support, fr. AS. gildan, gieldan, to pay. See Yield, v. t.] 1. An association of men belonging to the same class, or engaged in kindred pursuits, formed for mutual aid and protection; a business fraternity or corporation; as the Stationers’ Guild; the Ironmongers’ Guild. They were originally licensed by the government, and endowed with special privileges and authority. 2. A guildhall. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A religious association or society, organized for charitable purposes or for assistance in parish work.

Guild´a•ble , a. Liable to a tax. [Obs.]

Guil´der , n. [D. gulden, orig., golden. Cf. Golden.] A Dutch silver coin worth about forty cents; — called also florin and gulden.

Guild´hall , n. The hall where a guild or corporation usually assembles; a townhall.

Guile , n. [OE. guile, gile, OF. guile; of German origin, and the same word as E. wile. See Wile.] Craft; deceitful cunning; artifice; duplicity; wile; deceit; treachery. “Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile.” John i. 47. “To wage by force or guile eternal war.” Milton.

Guile, v. t. [OF. guiler. See Guile, n.] To disguise or conceal; to deceive or delude. [Obs.] Spenser.

Guile´ful , a. Full of guile; characterized by cunning, deceit, or treachery; guilty. — Guile´ful•ly, adv. — Guile´ful•ness, n.

Guile´less, a. Free from guile; artless. — Guile´less•ly, adv. Guile´less•ness, n.

Guil´er (gil´er), n. [Cf. OF. guileor.] A deceiver; one who deludes, or uses guile. [Obs.] Spenser.

Guil´le•met , n. [F.] A quotation mark. [R.]

Guil´le•mot , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) One of several northern sea birds, allied to the auks. They have short legs, placed far back, and are expert divers and swimmers. The common guillemots, or murres, belong to the genus Uria (as U. troile); the black or foolish guillemot (Cepphus grylle, formerly Uria grylle), is called also sea pigeon and eligny. See Murre.

Guil•le•vat´ (-vat´), n. [F. guilloire (fr. guiller to work, ferment) + E. vat.] A vat for fermenting liquors.

Guil´loche , n. [F. guillochis; — said to be fr. Guillot, the inventor of a machine for carving it.] (Arch.) An ornament in the form of two or more bands or strings twisted over each other in a continued series, leaving circular openings which are filled with round ornaments.

Guil•loched´ , a. Waved or engine-turned. Mollett.

Guil´lo•tine (gil´lo•ten•), n. [F., from Guillotin, a French physician, who proposed, in the Constituent Assembly of 1789, to abolish decapitation with the ax or sword. The instrument was invented by Dr. Antoine Louis, and was called at first Louison or Louisette. Similar machines, however, were known earlier.] 1. A machine for beheading a person by one stroke of a heavy ax or blade, which slides in vertical guides, is raised by a cord, and let fall upon the neck of the victim. 2. Any machine or instrument for cutting or shearing, resembling in its action a guillotine.

Guil´lo•tine (gil•lo•ten´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guillotined p. pr. & vb. n. Guillotining.] [Cf. F. guillotiner.] To behead with the guillotine.

Guilt (gilt), n. [OE. gilt, gult, AS. gylt, crime; probably originally signifying, the fine or mulct paid for an offence, and afterward the offense itself, and akin to AS. gieldan to pay, E. yield. See Yield, v. t.] 1. The criminality and consequent exposure to punishment resulting from willful disobedience of law, or from morally wrong action; the state of one who has broken a moral or political law; crime; criminality; offense against right. “Satan had not answer, but stood struck
With guilt of his own sin.” Milton. 2. Exposure to any legal penalty or forfeiture. “A ship incurs guilt by the violation of a blockade.” Kent.

Guilt´i•ly (gilt´i•ly), adv. In a guilty manner.

Guilt´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being guilty.

Guilt´less, a. 1. Free from guilt; innocent. “The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.” Ex. xx. 7. 2. Without experience or trial; unacquainted (with). “Such gardening tools, as art, yet rude,
Guiltless of fire, had formed.” Milton. — Guilt´less•ly, adv. — Guilt´less•ness, n.

Guilt´-sick , a. Made sick by consciousness of guilt. ´A guilt-sick conscience.´ Beau. & Fl.

Guilt´y , a. [Compar. Gultier superl. Guiltiest.] [AS. gyltig liable. See Guilt.] 1. Having incurred guilt; criminal; morally delinquent; wicked; chargeable with, or responsible for, something censurable; justly exposed to penalty; — used with of, and usually followed by the crime, sometimes by the punishment. “They answered and said, He is guilty of death.” Matt. xxvi. 66. “Nor he, nor you, were guilty of the strife.” Dryden. 2. Evincing or indicating guilt; involving guilt; as a guilty look; a guilty act; a guilty feeling. 3. Conscious; cognizant. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. Condemned to payment. [Obs. & R.] Dryden.

Guilt´y•like (-lik•), adv. Guiltily. [Obs.] Shak.

Guin´ea (gin´e), n. 1. A district on the west coast of Africa (formerly noted for its export of gold and slaves) after which the Guinea fowl, Guinea grass, Guinea peach, etc., are named. 2. A gold coin of England current for twenty- one shillings sterling, or about five dollars, but not coined since the issue of sovereigns in 1817. “The guinea, so called from the Guinea gold out of which it
was first struck, was proclaimed in 1663, and to go for twenty shillings; but it never went for less than twenty-one shillings.” Pinkerton. Guinea corn. (Bot.) See Durra. — Guinea Current (Geog.), a current in the Atlantic Ocean setting southwardly into the Bay of Benin on the coast of Guinea. — Guinea dropper one who cheats by dropping counterfeit guineas. [Obs.] Gay. — Guinea fowl, Guinea hen (Zoöl.), an African gallinaceous bird, of the genus Numida, allied to the pheasants. The common domesticated species (N. meleagris), has a colored fleshy horn on each aide of the head, and is of a dark gray color, variegated with small white spots. The crested Guinea fowl (N. cristata) is a finer species. — Guinea grains (Bot.), grains of Paradise, or amomum. See Amomum. — Guinea grass (Bot.), a tall strong forage grass (Panicum jumentorum) introduced. from Africa into the West Indies and Southern United States. — Guinea-hen flower (Bot.), a liliaceous flower (Fritillaria Meleagris) with petals spotted like the feathers of the Guinea hen. — Guinea peach. See under Peach. — Guinea pepper (Bot.), the pods of the Xylopia aromatica, a tree of the order Anonaceae, found in tropical West Africa. They are also sold under the name of Piper AEthiopicum. —Guinea pig. [Prob. a mistake for Guiana pig.] (a) (Zoöl.) A small Brazilian rodent (Cavia cobaya), about seven inches in length and usually of a white color, with spots of orange and black. (b) A contemptuous sobriquet. Smollett — Guinea plum (Bot.), the fruit of Parinarium excelsum, a large West African tree of the order Chrysobalaneae, having a scarcely edible fruit somewhat resembling a plum, which is also called gray plum and rough-skin plum. — Guinea worm (Zoöl.), a long and slender African nematoid worm (Filaria Medinensis) of a white color. It lives in the cellular tissue of man, beneath the skin, and produces painful sores.

Gui•pure´ , n. [F.] A term used for lace of different kinds; most properly for a lace of large pattern and heavy material which has no ground or mesh, but has the pattern held together by connecting threads called bars or brides.

Guir´land , n. [Obs.] See Garland.

Guise , n. [OE. guise, gise, way, manner, F. guise, fr. OHG. wisa, G. weise. See Wise, n.] 1. Customary way of speaking or acting; custom; fashion; manner; behavior; mien; mode; practice; — often used formerly in such phrases as: at his own guise; that is, in his own fashion, to suit himself. Chaucer. “The swain replied, ´It never was our guise
To slight the poor, or aught humane despise.´” Pope. 2. External appearance in manner or dress; appropriate indication or expression; garb; shape. “As then the guise was for each gentle swain.” Spenser. “A … specter, in a far more terrific guise than any which
ever yet have overpowered the imagination.” Burke. 3. Cover; cloak; as under the guise of patriotism.

Guis´er , n. [From Guise.] A person in disguise; a masker; a mummer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gui•tar´ , n. [F. guitare; cf. Pr., Sp., & Pg. guitarra, It. chitarra; all fr. Gr. ; cf. L. cithara. Cf. Cittern, Gittern.] A stringed instrument of music resembling the lute or the violin, but larger, and having six strings, three of silk covered with silver wire, and three of catgut, — played upon with the fingers.

Guit´guit , n. [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small tropical American birds of the family Cœrebidae, allied to the creepers; — called also quit. See Quit.

Gu´la , n.; pl. L. GulAE (#), E. Gulas (#). [L., the throat, gullet.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The upper front of the neck, next to the chin; the upper throat. (b) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum. 2. (Arch.) A capping molding. Same as Cymatium.

Gu´lar , a. [Cf. F. gulaire.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the gula or throat; as gular plates. See Illust. of Bird, and Bowfin.

Gu´laund , n. [Icel. gul- önd.] An arctic sea bird.

Gulch , n. 1. Act of gulching or gulping. [Obs.] 2. A glutton. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. A ravine, or part of the deep bed of a torrent when dry; a gully.

Gulch, v. t. [OE. gulchen; cf. dial. Sw. gölka to gulch, D. gulzig greedy, or E. gulp.] To swallow greedily; to gulp down. [Obs.]

Guld (guld), n. A flower. See Gold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gul´den , n. See Guilder.

Gule , v. t. To give the color of gules to.

Gule , n. The throat; the gullet. [Obs.] “Throats so wide and gules so gluttonous.” Gauden.

Gules (gulz), n. [OE. goules, F. gueules, the same word as gueule throat, OF. gole, goule, L. gula. So named from the red color of the throat. See Gullet, and cf. Gula.] (Her.) The tincture red, indicated in seals and engraved figures of escutcheons by parallel vertical lines. Hence, used poetically for a red color or that which is red. “His sev’n-fold targe a field of gules did stain
In which two swords he bore; his word,
´Divide and reign.´” P. Fletcher. “Follow thy drum;
With man’s blood paint the ground; gules, gules.” Shak. “Let’s march to rest and set in gules, like suns.” Beau. & Fl.

Gulf , n. [F. golfe, It. golfo, fr. Gr. bosom, bay, gulf, LGr. .] 1. A hollow place in the earth; an abyss; a deep chasm or basin, “He then surveyed
Hell and the gulf between.” Milton. “Between us and you there is a great gulf fixed.” Luke xvi. 26. 2. That which swallows; the gullet. [Obs.] Shak. 3. That which swallows irretrievably; a whirlpool; a sucking eddy. Shak. “A gulf of ruin, swallowing gold.” Tennyson. 4. (Geog.) A portion of an ocean or sea extending into the land; a partially land-locked sea; as the Gulf of Mexico. 5. (Mining) A large deposit of ore in a lode. Gulf Stream (Geog.), the warm ocean current of the North Atlantic. It originates in the westward equatorial current, due to the trade winds, is deflected northward by Cape St. Roque through the Gulf of Mexico, and flows parallel to the coast of North America, turning eastward off the island of Nantucket. Its average rate of flow is said to be about two miles an hour. The similar Japan current, or Kuro-Siwo, is sometimes called the Gulf Stream of the Pacific. — Gulf weed (Bot.), a branching seaweed (Sargassum bacciferum, or sea grape), having numerous berrylike air vessels, — found in the Gulf Stream, in the Sargasso Sea, and elsewhere.

Gulf´y , a. Full of whirlpools or gulfs. Chapman.

Gul´gul , n. [Hind. galgal.] A cement made in India from sea shells, pulverized and mixed with oil, and spread over a ship’s bottom, to prevent the boring of worms.

Gu´list , n. [L. gulo.] A glutton. [Obs.]

Gull , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulled p. pr. & vb. n. Gulling.] [Prob. fr. gull the bird; but cf. OSw. gylla to deceive, D. kullen, and E. cullibility.] To deceive; to cheat; to mislead; to trick; to defraud. “The rulgar, gulled into rebellion, armed.” Dryden. “I’m not gulling him for the emperor’s service.” Coleridge.

Gull, n. 1. A cheating or cheat; trick; fraud. Shak. 2. One easily cheated; a dupe. Shak.

Gull, n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Corn. gullan, W. gwylan.] (Zoöl.) One of many species of long-winged sea birds of the genus Larus and allied genera. Among the best known American species are the herring gull (Larus argentatus), the great black-backed gull (L. murinus) the laughing gull (L. atricilla), and Bonaparte’s gull (L. Philadelphia). The common European gull is Larus canus. Gull teaser (Zoöl.), the jager; — also applied to certain species of terns.

Gull´age , n. Act of being gulled. [Obs.] “Had you no quirk.
To avoid gullage, sir, by such a creature?” B. Jonson

Gull´er , n. One who gulls; a deceiver.

Gull´er•y , n. An act, or the practice, of gulling; trickery; fraud. [R.] ´A mere gullery.´ Selden.

Gul´let , n. [OE. golet, OF. Goulet, dim. of gole, goule, throat, F. gueule, L. gula; perh. akin to Skr. gula, G. kenle; cf. F. goulet the neck of a bottle, goulotte channel gutter. Cf. Gules, Gully.] 1. (Anat.) The tube by which food and drink are carried from the pharynx to the stomach; the esophagus. 2. Something shaped like the food passage, or performing similar functions; as: (a) A channel for water. (b) (Engin.) A preparatory cut or channel in excavations, of sufficient width for the passage of earth wagons. (c) A concave cut made in the teeth of some saw blades.

Gul´let•ing , n. (Engin.) A system of excavating by means of gullets or channels.

Gul´li•ble , a. Easily gulled; that may be duped. — Gul´li•bii•i•ty (#), n. Burke.

Gull´ish , a. Foolish; stupid. [Obs.] Gull´ish•ness, n. [Obs.]

Gul´ly , n.; pl. Gulles (#). [Etymol. uncertain] A large knife. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gul´ly, n.; pl. Gullies (#). [Formerly gullet.] 1. A channel or hollow worn in the earth by a current of water; a short deep portion of a torrent’s bed when dry. 2. A grooved iron rail or tram plate. [Eng.] Gully gut, a glutton. [Obs.] Chapman. — Gully hole, the opening through which gutters discharge surface water.

Gul´ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gullied (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gullying.] To wear into a gully or into gullies.

Gul´ly, v. i. To flow noisily. [Obs.] Johnson.

Gu•los´i•ty , n. [L. gulositas, fr. gulosus gluttonous. See Gullet.] Excessive appetite; greediness; voracity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Gulp , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulped p. pr. & vb. n. Gulping.] [D. gulpen, cf. OD. golpe gulf.] To swallow eagerly, or in large draughts; to swallow up; to take down at one swallow. “He does not swallow, but he gulps it down.” Cowper. “The old man … glibly gulped down the whole narrative.” Fielding. To gulp up, to throw up from the stomach; to disgorge.

Gulp, n. 1. The act of taking a large mouthful; a swallow, or as much as is awallowed at once. 2. A disgorging. [Colloq.]

Gulph , n. [Obs.] See Gulf.

Gult , n. Guilt. See Guilt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gult´y , a. Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gul´y , a. Of or pertaining to gules; red. ´Those fatal guly dragons.´ Milton.

Gum , n. [OE. gome, AS. gama palate; akin Co G. gaumen, OHG. goumo, guomo, Icel. gmr, Sw. gom; cf. Gr. to gape.] The dense tissues which invest the teeth, and cover the adjacent parts of the jaws. Gum rash (Med.), strophulus in a teething child; red gum. — Gum stick, a smooth hard substance for children to bite upon while teething.

Gum, v. t. To deepen and enlarge the spaces between the teeth of (a worn saw). See Gummer.

Gum, n. [OE. gomme, gumme, F. gomme, L. gummi and commis, fr. Gr. , prob. from an Egyptian form kam; cf. It. gomma.] 1. A vegetable secretion of many trees or plants that hardens when it exudes, but is soluble in water; as gum arabic; gum tragacanth; the gum of the cherry tree. also with less propriety, exudations that are not soluble in water; as gum copal and gum sandarac, which are really resins. 2. (Bot.) See Gum tree, below. 3. A hive made of a section of a hollow gum tree; hence, any roughly made hive; also a vessel or bin made of a hollow log. [Southern U. S.] 4. A rubber overshoe. [Local, U. S.] Black gum, Blue gum, British gum, etc. See under Black, Blue, etc. — Gum Acaroidea, the resinous gum of the Australian grass tree (Xanlhorrhœa). — Gum animal (Zoöl.), the galago of West Africa; — so called because it feeds on gums. See Galago. — Gum animi or anime. See Anime. - - Gum arabic, a gum yielded mostly by several species of Acacia (chiefly A. vera and A. Arabica) growing in Africa and Southern Asia; — called also gum acacia. East Indian gum arabic comes from a tree of the Orange family which bears the elephant apple. — Gum butea, a gum yielded by the Indian plants Butea frondosa and B. superba, and used locally in tanning and in precipitating indigo. — Gum cistus, a plant of the genus Cistus (Cistus ladaniferus), a species of rock rose. — Gum dragon. See Tragacanth. — Gum elastic, Elastic gum. See Caoutchouc. — Gum elemi. See Elemi. — Gum juniper. See Sandarac. — Gum kino. See under Kino. — Gum lac. See Lac. — Gum Ladanum, a fragrant gum yielded by several Oriental species of Cistus or rock rose. — Gum passages, sap receptacles extending through the parenchyma of certain plants (Amygdalaceae, Cactaceae, etc.), and affording passage for gum. — Gum pot, a varnish maker’s utensil for melting gum and mixing other ingredients. — Gum resin, the milky juice of a plant solidified by exposure to air; one of certain inspissated saps, mixtures of, or having properties of, gum and resin; a resin containing more or less mucilaginous and gummy matter. — Gum sandarac. See Sandarac. — Gum Senegal, a gum similar to gum arabic, yielded by trees (Acacia Verek and A. Adansoniä) growing in the Senegal country, West Africa. — Gum tragacanth. See Tragacanth. — Gum tree, the name given to several trees in America and Australia: (a) The black gum (Nyssa multiflora), one of the largest trees of the Southern States, bearing a small blue fruit, the favorite food of the opossum. Most of the large trees become hollow. (b) A tree of the genus Eucalyptus. See Eucalpytus. (c) The sweet gum tree of the United States (Liquidambar styraciflua), a large and beautiful tree with pointedly lobed leaves and woody burlike fruit. It exudes an aromatic terebinthine juice. — Gum water, a solution of gum, esp. of gum arabic, in water. — Gum wood, the wood of any gum tree, esp. the wood of the Eucalyptus piperita, of New South Wales.

Gum, v. t. [imp. &. p. Gummed p. pr. & vb. n. Gumming.] To smear with gum; to close with gum; to unite or stiffen by gum or a gumlike substance; to make sticky with a gumlike substance. “He frets like a gummed velvet.” Shak.

Gum, v. i. To exude or from gum; to become gummy.

Gum´bo , n. [Written also gombo.] 1. A soup thickened with the mucilaginous pods of the okra; okra soup. 2. The okra plant or its pods.

Gum´boil , n. (Med.) A small suppurating inflamed spot on the gum.

Gum´ma , n.; pl. Gummata (#). [NL. So called from its gummy contents See Gum.] (Med.) A kind of soft tumor, usually of syphilitic origin.

Gum•ma´tous , a. (Med.) Belonging to, or resembling, gumma.

Gum´mer , n. [From 2d Gum.] A punch-cutting tool, or machine for deepening and enlarging the spaces between the teeth of a worn saw.

Gum•mif´er•ous , a. [L. gummi gum + -ferous.] Producing gum; gum- bearing.

Gum´mi•ness , n. The state or quality of being gummy; viscousness.

Gum´mite , n. [So called because it occurs in rounded or flattened pieces which look like gum.] (Min.) A yellow amorphous mineral, essentially a hydrated oxide of uranium derived from the alteration of uraninite.

Gum•mos´i•ty , n. Gumminess; a viscous or adhesive quality or nature. [R.] Floyer.

Gum´mous , a. [L. gummosus; cf. F. gommeux.] 1. Gumlike, or composed of gum; gummy. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a gumma.

Gum´my , a. [Compar. Gummer ; superl. Gummirst.] Consisting of gum; viscous; adhesive; producing or containing gum; covered with gum or a substance resembling gum. “Kindles the gummy bark of fir or pine.” Milton. “Then rubs his gummy eyes.” Dryden. Gummy tumor (Med.), a gumma.

Gump (gump), n. [Cf. Sw. & Dan. gump buttocks, rump, Icel. gumpr.] A dolt; a dunce. [Low.] Holloway.

Gump´tion , n. [OE. gom, gome, attention; akin to AS. geómian, gyman, to regard, observe, gyme care, OS. gomean to heed, Goth. gaumjan to see, notice.] 1. Capacity; shrewdness; common sense. [Colloq.] “One does not have gumption till one has been properly cheated.” Lord Lytton. 2. (Paint.) (a) The art of preparing colors. Sir W. Scott. (b) Megilp. Fairholt.

Gun (gun), n. [OE. gonne, gunne; of uncertain origin; cf. Ir., Gael., & LL. gunna, W. gum; possibly (like cannon) fr. L. canna reed, tube; or abbreviated fr. OF. mangonnel, E. mangonel, a machine for hurling stones.] 1. A weapon which throws or propels a missile to a distance; any firearm or instrument for throwing projectiles by the explosion of gunpowder, consisting of a tube or barrel closed at one end, in which the projectile is placed, with an explosive charge behind, which is ignited by various means. Muskets, rifles, carbines, and fowling pieces are smaller guns, for hand use, and are called small arms. Larger guns are called cannon, ordnance, fieldpieces, carronades, howitzers, etc. See these terms in the Vocabulary. “As swift as a pellet out of a gunne
When fire is in the powder runne.” Chaucer. “The word gun was in use in England for an engine to cast a thing from a man long before there was any gunpowder found out.” Selden. 2. (Mil.) A piece of heavy ordnance; in a restricted sense, a cannon. 3. pl. (Naut.) Violent blasts of wind. Guns are classified, according to their construction or manner of loading as rifled or smoothbore, breech- loading or muzzle-loading, cast or built-up guns; or according to their use, as field, mountain, prairie, seacoast, and siege guns. Armstrong gun, a wrought iron breech-loading cannon named after its English inventor, Sir William Armstrong. — Great gun, a piece of heavy ordnance; hence (Fig.), a person superior in any way. — Gun barrel, the barrel or tube of a gun. — Gun carriage, the carriage on which a gun is mounted or moved. — Gun cotton (Chem.), a general name for a series of explosive nitric ethers of cellulose, obtained by steeping cotton in nitric and sulphuric acids. Although there are formed substances containing nitric acid radicals, yet the results exactly resemble ordinary cotton in appearance. It burns without ash, with explosion if confined, but quietly and harmlessly if free and open, and in small quantity. Specifically, the lower nitrates of cellulose which are insoluble in ether and alcohol in distinction from the highest (pyroxylin) which is soluble. See Pyroxylin, and cf. Xyloidin. The gun cottons are used for blasting and somewhat in gunnery: for making celluloid when compounded with camphor; and the soluble variety (pyroxylin) for making collodion. See Celluloid, and Collodion. Gun cotton is frequenty but improperly called nitrocellulose. It is not a nitro compound, but an ethereal salt of nitric acid. — Gun deck. See under Deck. — Gun fire, the time at which the morning or the evening gun is fired. — Gun metal, a bronze, ordinarily composed of nine parts of copper and one of tin, used for cannon, etc. The name is also given to certain strong mixtures of cast iron. — Gun port (Naut.), an opening in a ship through which a cannon’s muzzle is run out for firing. — Gun tackle (Naut.), the blocks and pulleys affixed to the side of a ship, by which a gun carriage is run to and from the gun port. - - Gun tackle purchase (Naut.), a tackle composed of two single blocks and a fall. Totten. — Krupp gun, a wrought steel breech-loading cannon, named after its German inventor, Herr Krupp. — Machine gun, a breech-loading gun or a group of such guns, mounted on a carriage or other holder, and having a reservoir containing cartridges which are loaded into the gun or guns and fired in rapid succession, sometimes in volleys, by machinery operated by turning a crank. Several hundred shots can be fired in a minute with accurate aim. The Gatling gun, Gardner gun, Hotchkiss gun, and Nordenfelt gun, named for their inventors, and the French mitrailleuse, are machine guns. — To blow great guns (Naut.), to blow a gale. See Gun, n., 3.

Gun , v. i. To practice fowling or hunting small game; — chiefly in participial form; as to go gunning.

Gu´na (goo´na), n. [Skr. guna quality.] In Sanskrit grammar, a lengthening of the simple vowels a, i, e, by prefixing an a element. The term is sometimes used to denote the same vowel change in other languages.

Gu´nar•chy , n. See Gynarchy.

Gun´boat , n. (Nav.) A vessel of light draught, carrying one or more guns.

Gun´cot•ton See under Gun.

Gun´de•let , n. [Obs.] See Gondola. Marston.

Gun´flint , n. A sharpened flint for the lock of a gun, to ignite the charge. It was in common use before the introduction of percussion caps.

Gun´jah , n. (Bot.) See Ganja.

Gun´lock , n. The lock of a gun, for producing the discharge. See Lock.

Gun´nage , n. The number of guns carried by a ship of war.

Gun´nel , n. [See Gunwale.] 1. A gunwale. 2. (Zoöl.) A small, eel-shaped, marine fish of the genus Muraenoides; esp., M. gunnellus of Europe and America; — called also gunnel fish, butterfish, rock eel.

Gun´ner , n. 1. One who works a gun, whether on land or sea; a cannoneer. 2. A warrant officer in the navy having charge of the ordnance on a vessel. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The great northern diver or loon. See Loon. (b) The sea bream. [Prov. Eng. or Irish] Gunner’s daughter, the gun to which men or boys were lashed for punishment. [Sailor’s slang] W. C. Russell.

Gun´ner•y , n. That branch of military science which comprehends the theory of projectiles, and the manner of constructing and using ordnance.

Gun´nie , n. (Mining.) Space left by the removal of ore.

Gun´ning , n. The act or practice of hunting or shooting game with a gun. “The art of gunning was but little practiced.” Goldsmith.

Gun´ny , n., Gun´ny cloth . [Hind. gon, gon,, a sack, sacking.] A strong, coarse kind of sacking, made from the fibers (called jute) of two plants of the genus Corchorus (C. olitorius and C. capsularis), of India. The fiber is also used in the manufacture of cordage. Gunny bag a sack made of gunny used for coarse commodities.

Gu•noc´ra•cy , n. See Gyneocracy.

Gun´pow•der , n. (Chem.) A black, granular, explosive substance, consisting of an intimate mechanical mixture of niter, charcoal, and sulphur. It is used in gunnery and blasting. Gunpowder consists of from 70 to 80 per cent of niter, with 10 to 15 per cent of each of the other ingredients. Its explosive energy is due to the fact that it contains the necessary amount of oxygen for its own combustion, and liberates gases (chiefly nitrogen and carbon dioxide), which occupy a thousand or fifteen hundred times more space than the powder which generated them. Gunpowder pile driver, a pile driver, the hammer of which is thrown up by the explosion of gunpowder. — Gunpowder plot (Eng. Hist.), a plot to destroy the King, Lords, and Commons, in revenge for the penal laws against Catholics. As Guy Fawkes, the agent of the conspirators, was about to fire the mine, which was placed under the House of Lords, he was seized, Nov. 5, 1605. Hence, Nov. 5 is known in England as Guy Fawkes Day. — Gunpowder tea, a species of fine green tea, each leaf of which is rolled into a small ball or pellet.

Gun´reach , n. The reach or distance to which a gun will shoot; gunshot.

Gun´room , n. (Naut.) An apartment on the after end of the lower gun deck of a ship of war, usually occupied as a messroom by the commissioned officers, except the captain; — called wardroom in the United States navy.

Gun´shot , n. 1. Act of firing a gun; a shot. 2. The distance to which shot can be thrown from a gun, so as to be effective; the reach or range of a gun. “Those who are come over to the royal party are supposed to be out of gunshot.” Dryden.

Gun´shot, a. Made by the shot of a gun: as. a gunshot wound.

Gun´smith , n. One whose occupation is to make or repair small firearms; an armorer. { Gunsmith•er•y , Gun´smith• ing } n. The art or business of a gunsmith.

Gun´stick , n. A stick to ram down the charge of a musket, etc.; a rammer or ramrod. [R.]

Gun´stock , n. The stock or wood to which the barrel of a hand gun is fastened.

Gun´stome , n. A cannon ball; — so called because originally made of stone. [Obs.] Shak.

Gun´ter rig (Naut.) A topmast arranged with metal bands so that it will readily slide up and down the lower mast.

Gun´ter’s chain (Surveying) The chain ordinarily used in measuring land. See Chain, n., 4, and Gunter’s scale.

Gun´ter’s line A logarithmic line on Gunter’s scale, used for performing the multiplication and division of numbers mechanically by the dividers; — called also line of lines, and line of numbers.

Gun´ter’s quad•rant A thin quadrant, made of brass, wood, etc., showing a stereographic projection on the plane of the equator. By it are found the hour of the day, the sun’s azimuth, the altitude of objects in degrees, etc. See Gunter’s scale.

Gun´ter’s scale A scale invented by the Rev. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, who invented also Gunter’s chain, and Gunter’s quadrant. Gunter’s scale is a wooden rule, two feet long, on one side of which are marked scales of equal parts, of chords, sines, tangents, rhombs, etc., and on the other side scales of logarithms of these various parts, by means of which many problems in surveying and navigation may be solved, mechanically, by the aid of dividers alone.

Gun´wale , n. [Gun + wale. So named because the upper guns were pointed from it.] (Naut.) The upper edge of a vessel’s or boat’s side; the uppermost wale of a ship (not including the bulwarks); or that piece of timber which reaches on either side from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, being the uppermost bend, which finishes the upper works of the hull. [Written also gunnel.]

Gurge (gûrj), n. [L. gurges.] A whirlpool. [Obs.] “The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge
Boils out from under ground.” Milton.

Gurge, v. t. [See Gorge.] To swallow up. [Obs.]

Gur´geons , n. pl. [Obs.] See Grudgeons.

Gur´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gurgled p. pr. & vb. n. Gurgling ] [Cf. It. gorgogliare to gargle, bubble up, fr. L. gurgulio gullet. Cf. Gargle, Gorge.] To run or flow in a broken, irregular, noisy current, as water from a bottle, or a small stream among pebbles or stones. “Pure gurgling rills the lonely desert trace,
And waste their music on the savage race.” Young.

Gur´gle, n. The act of gurgling; a broken, bubbling noise. ´Tinkling gurgles.´ W. Thompson.

Gur´glet , n. [See Goglet.] A porous earthen jar for cooling water by evaporation.

Gur´gling•ly , adv. In a gurgling manner.

Gur´goyle , n. See Gargoyle.

Gur´jun , n. A thin balsam or wood oil derived from the Diptcrocarpus laevis, an East Indian tree. It is used in medicine, and as a substitute for linseed oil in the coarser kinds of paint.

Gurl , n. A young person of either sex. [Obs.] See Girl. Chaucer.

Gur´let , n. (Masonry) A pickax with one sharp point and one cutting edge. Knight.

Gur´my , n. (Mining) A level; a working. { Gur´nard , Gur´net } n. [OF. gornal, gournal, gornart, perh. akin to F. grogner to grunt; cf. Ir. guirnead gurnard.] (Zoöl.) One ofseveral European marine fishes, of the genus Trigla and allied genera, having a large and spiny head, with mailed cheeks. Some of the species are highly esteemed for food. The name is sometimes applied to the American sea robins. [Written also gournet.] Plyling gurnard. See under Flying.

Gur´ni•ad , n. (Zoöl.) See Gwiniad.

Gur´ry , n. An alvine evacuation; also refuse matter. [Obs. or Local] Holland.

Gur´ry, n. [Hind. garhi.] A small fort. [India]

Gurt (gûrt), n. (Mining) A gutter or channel for water, hewn out of the bottom of a working drift. Page.

Gurts (gûrts), n. pl. [Cf. Grout.] Groats. [Obs.]

Gush (gush), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gushed (gusht); p. pr. & vb. n. Gushing.] [OE. guschen, cf. Icel. gusa and gjsa, also D. gucsen; perh. akin to AS. geótan to pour, G. giessen, Goth. giutan, E. gut. Cf. Found to cast.] 1. To issue with violence and rapidity, as a fluid; to rush forth as a fluid from confinement; to flow copiously. “He smote the rock that the waters gushed out.” Ps ixxviii 20. “A sea of blood gushed from the gaping wound.” Spenser. 2. To make a sentimental or untimely exhibition of affection; to display enthusiasm in a silly, demonstrative manner. [Colloq.]

Gush, v. t. 1. A sudden and violent issue of a fluid from an inclosed plase; an emission of a liquid in a large quantity, and with force; the fluid thus emitted; a rapid outpouring of anything; as a gush of song from a bird. “The gush of springs,
An fall of lofty foundains.” Byron. 2. A sentimental exhibition of affection or enthusiasm, etc.; effusive display of sentiment. [Collog.]

Gush´er , n. One who gushes. [Colloq.]

Gush´ing, a. 1. Rushing forth with violence, as a fluid; flowing copiously; as gushing waters. ´Gushing blood.´ Milton. 2. Emitting copiously, as tears or words; weakly and unreservedly demonstrative in matters of affection; sentimental. [Colloq.]

Gush´ing•ly , adv. 1. In a gushing manner; copiously. Byron. 2. Weakly; sentimentally; effusively. [Colloq.]

Gus´set , n. [F. gousset armpit, fob, gusset, dim. of gousse pod, husk; cf. It. guscio shell, or W. cwysed gore, gusset.] 1. A small piece of cloth inserted in a garment, for the purpose of strengthening some part or giving it a tapering enlargement. “Seam and gusset and band.” Hood. 2. Anything resembling a gusset in a garment; as: (a) (Armor) A small piece of chain mail at the openings of the joints beneath the arms. (b) (Mach.) A kind of bracket, or angular piece of iron, fastened in the angles of a structure to give strength or stiffness; esp., the part joining the barrel and the fire box of a locomotive boiler. 3. (Her.) An abatement or mark of dishonor in a coat of arms, resembling a gusset.

Gust (g&uc;st), n. [Icel. gustr a cool breeze. Cf. Gush.] 1. A sudden squall; a violent blast of wind; a sudden and brief rushing or driving of the wind. “Snow, and hail, stormy gust and flaw.” Milton. 2. A sudden violent burst of passion. Bacon.

Gust, n. [L. gustus; cf. It. & Sp. gusto. rad.46.] 1. The sense or pleasure of tasting; relish; gusto. “An ox will relish the tender flesh of kids with as much gust and appetite.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Gratification of any kind, particularly that which is exquisitely relished; enjoyment. “Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust.” Pope. 3. Intellectual taste; fancy. “A choice of it may be made according to the gust and manner of the ancients.” Dryden.

Gust, v. t. [Cf. L. gustare, It. gustare, Sp. gustar. See GUST a relish.] To taste; to have a relish for. [Obs.]

Gust´a•ble , a. [See Gust, v.] [Obs.] 1. Capable of being tasted; tastable. “This position informs us of a vulgar error, terming the gall
bitter; whereas there is nothing gustable sweeter.” Harvey. 2. Pleasant to the taste; toothsome; savory. “A gustable thing, seen or smelt, excites the appetite, and affects the glands and parts of the mouth.” Derham.

Gust´a•ble, n. Anything that can be tasted. [Obs.]

Gus´tard , n. (Zoöl.) The great bustard.

Gus•ta´tion , n. [L. gustatio: cf. F. gustation.] The act of tasting. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Gust´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or subservient to, the sense of taste; as the gustatory nerve which supplies the front of the tongue.

Gust´ful , a. Tasteful; well- tasted. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. — Gust´ful•ness, n. [Obs.] Barrow.

Gust´ful, a. Gusty. [R.] “A gustful April morn.” Tennyson.

Gust´less, a. Tasteless; insipid. [R.]

Gus´to , n. [It. or Sp., fr. L. gustus; akin to E. choose. Cf. 2d GUST, GOUR.] Nice or keen appreciation or enjoyment; relish; taste; fancy. Dryden.

Gus•to´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Tasteful; in a tasteful, agreeable manner.

Gust´y , a. Subject to, or characterized by, gusts or squalls; windy; stormy; tempestuous. “Upon a raw and gusty day.” Shak.

Gut , n. [OE. gut, got, AS. gut, prob. orig., a channel, and akin to geótan to pour. See FOUND to cast.] 1. A narrow passage of water; as the Gut of Canso. 2. An intenstine; a bowel; the whole alimentary canal; the enteron; (pl.) bowels; entrails. 3. One of the prepared entrails of an animal, esp. of a sheep, used for various purposes. See Catgut. 4. The sac of silk taken from a silkworm (when ready to spin its cocoon), for the purpose of drawing it out into a thread. This, when dry, is exceedingly strong, and is used as the snood of a fish line. Blind gut. See CAEcum, n. (b).

Gut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gutted p. pr. & vb. n. Gutting.] 1. To take out the bowels from; to eviscerate. 2. To plunder of contents; to destroy or remove the interior or contents of; as a mob gutted the house. “Tom Brown, of facetious memory, having gutted a proper
name of its vowels, used it as freely as he pleased.” Addison.

Gut´ta , n.; pl. GuttAE (#). [L.] 1. A drop. 2. (Arch.) One of a series of ornaments, in the form of a frustum of a cone, attached to the lower part of the triglyphs, and also to the lower faces of the mutules, in the Doric order; — called also campana, and drop. Gutta serena [L., lit. serene or clear drop] (Med.), amaurosis. — Guttae band> (Arch.), the listel or band from which the guttae hang.

Gut´ta-per•cha , n. [Malay gutah gum + pertja the tree from which is it procured.] A concrete juice produced by various trees found in the Malayan archipelago, especially by the Isonandra, or Dichopsis, Gutta. It becomes soft, and unpressible at the tamperature of boiling water, and, on cooling, retains its new shape. It dissolves in oils and ethers, but not in water. In many of its properties it resembles caoutchouc, and it is extensively used for many economical purposes. The Mimusops globosa of Guiana also yields this material.

Gut´tate , a. [L. guttatus. Cf. Gutty.] Spotted, as if discolored by drops.

Gut´ta•ted , a. [See Guttate.] Besprinkled with drops, or droplike spots. Bailey.

Gut´ta•trap , n. The inspissated juice of a tree of the genus Artocarpus (A. incisa, or breadfruit tree), sometimes used in making birdlime, on account of its glutinous quality.

Gut´ter , n. [OE. gotere, OF. goutiere, F. gouttière, fr. OF. gote, goute, drop, F. goutte, fr. L. gutta.] 1. A channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away the rain; an eaves channel; an eaves trough. 2. A small channel at the roadside or elsewhere, to lead off surface water. “Gutters running with ale.” Macaulay. 3. Any narrow channel or groove; as a gutter formed by erosion in the vent of a gun from repeated firing. Gutter member (Arch.), an architectural member made by treating the outside face of the gutter in a decorative fashion, or by crowning it with ornaments, regularly spaced, like a diminutive battlement. — Gutter plane, a carpenter’s plane with a rounded bottom for planing out gutters. — Gutter snipe, a neglected boy running at large; a street Arab. [Slang] — Gutter stick (Printing), one of the pieces of furniture which separate pages in a form.

Gut•ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guttered (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Guttering.] 1. To cut or form into small longitudinal hollows; to channel. Shak. 2. To supply with a gutter or gutters. [R.] Dryden.

Gut´ter, v. i. To become channeled, as a candle when the flame flares in the wind.

Gut´ti•fer , n. [NL., fr. L. gutta drop+ ferre to bear.] (Bot.) A plant that exudes gum or resin.

Gut•tif´er•ous , a. (Bot.) (a) Yielding gum or resinous substances. (b) Pertaining to a natural order of trees and shrubs (Guttiferae) noted for their abounding in a resinous sap.

Gut´ti•form , a. [L. gutta a drop + -form.] Drop-shaped, as a spot of color.

Gut´tle , v. t. & i. [From GUT, n.] To put into the gut; to swallow greedily; to gorge; to gormandize. [Obs.] L’Estrange. Dryden.

Gut´tler , n. A greedy eater; a glutton. [Obs.]

Gut´tu•lous , a. [L. guttula a little drop, dim. of gutta drop.] In droplike form. [Obs.] “In its [hail’s] guttulous descent from the air.” Sir T. Browne.

Gut´tur•al , a. [L. guttur throat: cf. F. gutural.] Of or pertaining to the throat; formed in the throat; relating to, or characteristic of, a sound formed in the throat. “Children are occasionally born with guttural swellings.” W. Guthrie. “In such a sweet, guttural accent.” Landor.

Gut´tur•al, n. A sound formed in the throat; esp., a sound formed by the aid of the back of the tongue, much retracted, and the soft palate; also a letter representing such a sound.

Gut´tur•al•ism , n. The quality of being guttural; as the gutturalism of A [in the 16th cent.] Earle.

Gut´tur•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being guttural. [R.] ´The old gutturality of k.´ Earle.

Gut´tur•al•ize , v. t. To speak gutturally; to give a guttural sound to.

Gut´tur•al•ly, adv. In a guttural manner.

Gut´tur•al•ness, n. The quality of being guttural.

Gut´tur•ine , a. [L. guttur throat.] Pertaining to the throat. [Obs.] ´Gutturine tumor.´ Ray.

Gut´tur•ize , v. t. [L. guttur throat.] To make in the throat; to gutturalize. [R.] “For which the Germans gutturize a sound.” Coleridge.

Gut´tur•o- A combining form denoting relation to the throat; as gutturo-nasal, having both a guttural and a nasal character; gutturo-palatal.

Gut´ty , a. [L. gutta drop: cf. F. goutte. Cf. Guttated.] (Her.) Charged or sprinkled with drops.

Gut´wort , n. (Bot.) A plant, Globularia Alypum, a violent purgative, found in Africa.

Guy , n. [Sp. guia guide, a guy or small rope used on board of ships to keep weighty things in their places; of Teutonic origin, and the same word as E. guide. See Guide, and cf. Gye.] A rope, chain, or rod attached to anything to steady it; as: a rope to steady or guide an object which is being hoisted or lowered; a rope which holds in place the end of a boom, spar, or yard in a ship; a chain or wire rope connecting a suspension bridge with the land on either side to prevent lateral swaying; a rod or rope attached to the top of a structure, as of a derrick, and extending obliquely to the ground, where it is fastened.

Guy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guyed p. pr. & vb. n. Guying.] To steady or guide with a guy.

Guy, n. 1. A grotesque effigy, like that of Guy Fawkes, dressed up in England on the fifth of November, the day of the Gunpowder Plot. “The lady … who dresses like a guy.” W. S. Gilbert. 2. A person of queer looks or dress. Dickens.

Guy, v. t. To fool; to baffle; to make (a person) an object of ridicule. [Local & Collog U.S.]

Guyle , v. t. To guile. [Obs.] Spenser.

Guze (guz), n. [Cf. Gules.] (Her.) A roundlet of tincture sanguine, which is blazoned without mention of the tincture.

Guz´zle (gu´z’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Guzzled (-z’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Guzzling (-zling).] [OP. gosillier, prob. orig., to pass through the throat; akin to F. gosier throat; cf. It. gozzo a bird’s crop.] To swallow liquor greedily; to drink much or frequently. “Those that came to guzzle in his wine cellar.” Milton. “Well-seasoned bowls the gossip’s spirits raise,
Who, while she guzzles, chats the doctor’s praise.” Roscommon. “To fat the guzzling hogs with floods of whey.” Gay.

Guz´zle, v. t. To swallow much or often; to swallow with immoderate gust; to drink greedily or continually; as one who guzzles beer. Dryden.

Guz´zle, n. An insatiable thing or person. “That sink of filth, that guzzle most impure.” Marston.

Guz´zler (-zler), n. An immoderate drinker.

Gwin´i•ad (gwin´i•ad), n. [W. gwyniad a whiting, the name of various fishes, fr. gwyn white.] (Zoöl.) A fish (Coregonus ferus) of North Wales and Northern Europe, allied to the lake whitefish; — called also powan, and schelly. [Written also gwyniad, guiniad, gurniad.]

Gy´all (gi´al), n. (Zoöl.) See Gayal.

Gyb (jib), Gybe (jib), n. (Naut.) See Jib. [Obs.]

Gybe (jib), n. & v. See Gibe.

Gybe, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gybed (jibd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gybing.] [See Jibe.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of a vessel to the other; — said of the boom of a fore-and-aft sail when the vessel is steered off the wind until the sail fills on the opposite side. [Also jibe.]

Gye (gi or ge), v. t. [OF. guier; of German origin. See Guide, and cf. Guy.] To guide; to govern. [Obs.] “Discreet enough his country for to gye.” Chaucer.

Gyle (gil), n. [F. guiller to ferment. Cf. Guillevat.] Fermented wort used for making vinegar. Gyle tan (Brewing), a large vat in which wort ferments.

Gym´nal (gim´nal), a. & n. Same as Gimmal.

Gym•na´si•arch (jim•na´zi•ärk), n. [L. gymnasiarchus, Gr. gymnasi•archos; gymna•sion + ’a•rchein to govern: cf. F. gymnasiarque.] (Gr. Antiq.) An Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasia, and provided the oil and other necessaries at his own expense.

Gym•na´si•um (-zi•um or - zhi•um; 277) n.; pl. E. Gymnasiums (-umz), L. Gymnasia (-a). [L., fr. Gr. gymna•sion, fr. gymna•zein to exercise (naked), fr. gymno•s naked.] 1. A place or building where athletic exercises are performed; a school for gymnastics. 2. A school for the higher branches of literature and science; a preparatory school for the university; — used esp. of German schools of this kind. “More like ordinary schools of gymnasia than universities.” Hallam.

Gym´nast (jim´nast), n. [Gr. gymnasth•s a trainer of athletes: cf. F. gymnaste. See Gymnasium.] One who teaches or practices gymnastic exercises; the manager of a gymnasium; an athlete. { Gym•nas´tic (jim•nas´tik), Gym•nas´tic•al (-ti•kal), } a. [L. gymnasticus, Gr. gymnastiko•s: cf. F. gymnastique. See Gymnasium.] Pertaining to athletic exercises intended for health, defense, or diversion; — said of games or exercises, as running, leaping, wrestling, throwing the discus, the javelin, etc.; also pertaining to disciplinary exercises for the intellect; athletic; as gymnastic exercises, contests, etc.

Gym•nas´tic, n. A gymnast. [Obs.]

Gym•nas´tic•al•ly, adv. In a gymnastic manner.

Gym•nas´tics (-tiks), n. Athletic or disciplinary exercises; the art of performing gymnastic exercises; also disciplinary exercises for the intellect or character. { Gym´nic (jim´nik), Gym´nic•al (- ni•kal), } a. [L. gymnicus, Gr. gymniko•s: cf. F. gymnique. See Gymmasium.] Athletic; gymnastic. [Obs.] “Have they not swordplayers, and every sort
Of gymnic artists, wrestlers, riders, runners?” Milton.

Gym´nic, n. Athletic exercise. [Obs.] Burton.

Gym´nite (-nit), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked. So called as coming from the Bare Hills, Maryland.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesia.

Gym•no•blas´te•a (jim•no•blas´te•a), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + blasta•nein to sprout.] (Zoöl.) The Athecata; — so called because the medusoid buds are not inclosed in a capsule.

Gym•no•blas´tic (-tik), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gymnoblastea.

Gym•no•car´pous (-kär´pus), a. [Gr. gymno•s naked + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Naked-fruited, the fruit either smooth or not adherent to the perianth. Gray.

Gym•noch´ro•a (jim•nok´ro•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + chro•a skin, body.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea including the hydra. See Hydra.

Gym•noc´la•dus (jim•no´la•dus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + kla•dos a branch.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants; the Kentucky coffee tree. The leaves are cathartic, and the seeds a substitute for coffee.

Gym•no•co´pa (jim•no•ko´pa), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + kw•ph an oar.] (Zoöl.) A group of transparent, free-swimming Annelida, having setae only in the cephalic appendages.

Gym´no•cyte (jim´no•sit), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + ky•tos a hollow vessel.] (Biol.) A cytode without a proper cell wall, but with a nucleus. Haeckel.

Gym•no•cy´tode (jim•no•si´tod), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + E. cytode.] (Biol.) A cytode without either a cell wall or a nucleus. Haeckel.

Gym´no•dont (jim´no•dont), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of plectognath fishes (Gymnodontes), having the teeth and jaws consolidated into one or two bony plates, on each jaw, as the diodonts and tetradonts. See Bur fish, Globefish, Diodon.

Gym´no•gen (-jen), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + -gen.] (Bot.) One of a class of plants, so called by Lindley, because the ovules are fertilized by direct contact of the pollen. Same as Gymnosperm.

Gym•no•glos´sa (-glos´sa), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + glw^ssa tongue.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropods in which the odontophore is without teeth. { Gym•no•lae´ma (-le´ma), Gym•no•lae´ma•ta (-ma•ta), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + laimo•s the throat.] (Zoöl.) An order of Bryozoa, having no epistome.

Gym•no•no´ti (-no´ti), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + nw^tos the back.] (Zoöl.) The order of fishes which includes the Gymnotus or electrical eel. The dorsal fin is wanting.

Gym•no•paed´ic (-ped´ik or - pe´dik), a. [Gr. gymno•s naked + pai^s, paido•s, a child.] (Zoöl.) Having young that are naked when hatched; psilopaedic; — said of certain birds.

Gym•no•phi´o•na (-fi´o•na), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + ’ofio•neos serpentlike.] (Zoöl.) An order of Amphibia, having a long, annulated, snakelike body. See Ophiomorpha.

Gym•noph•thal´ma•ta (- nof•thal´ma•ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + ’ofqalmo•s the eye.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs, including the naked-eyed medusae; the hydromedusae. Most of them are known to be the free-swimming progeny (gonophores) of hydroids.

Gym´no•plast (jim´no•plast), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + pla•ssein to shape, mold.] (Biol.) A cell or mass of protoplasm devoid of an envelope, as a white blood corpuscle.

Gym’no•rhi´nal (-ri´nal), a. [Gr. gymno•s naked + ´ri•s, ´rino•s, the nose.] (Zoöl.) Having unfeathered nostrils, as certain birds.

Gym•no•so´ma•ta (-so´ma•ta or - som´a•ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + sw^ma, sw•matos, the body.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Pteropoda. They have no shell.

Gym•nos´o•phist (jim•nos´o•fist), n. [Gr. gymnosofisth•s; gymno•s naked + sofisth•s philosopher; cf. F. gymnosophiste.] One of a sect of philosophers, said to have been found in India by Alexander the Great, who went almost naked, denied themselves the use of flesh, renounced bodily pleasures, and employed themselves in the contemplation of nature.

Gym•nos´o•phy (-fy), n. The doctrines of the Gymnosophists. Good.

Gym´no•sperm (jim´no•sperm), n. (Bot.) A plant that bears naked seeds (i. e., seeds not inclosed in an ovary), as the common pine and hemlock. Cf. Angiosperm.

Gym•no•sper´mous (-sper´mus), a. [Gr. gymno•spermos; gymno•s naked + spe•rma seed: cf. F. gymnosperme.] (Bot.) (a) Having naked seeds, or seeds not inclosed in a capsule or other vessel. (b) Belonging to the class of plants consisting of gymnosperms.

Gym•not´o•ka (jim•not´o•ka), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + to•kos a bringing forth.] (Zoöl.) The Athecata.

Gym•no´tus (jim•no´tus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + nw^tos the back: cf. F. gymnote.] (Zoöl.) A genus of South American fresh-water fishes, including the Gymnotus electricus, or electric eel. It has a greenish, eel-like body, and is possessed of electric power. “One fearful shock, fearful but momentary, like that from the electric blow of the gymnotus.” De Quincey.

Gyn (gin), v. i. To begin. [Obs.] See Gin. { Gyn•ae•ce´um (jin•e•se´um), Gyn•ae•ci´um (jin•e•si´um), } n. [L., fr. Gr. gynaikei^on women’s apartments, fr. gynh• a woman.] That part of a large house, among the ancients, exclusively appropriated to women. [Written also gyneceum, gynecium.] Tennyson.

Gy•nae´cian (ji•ne´shan), a. The same as Gynecian.

Gy•nae´co•phore (ji•ne´ko•for), n. [Gr. gynaikei^on the women’s apartments + fe•rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A ventral canal or groove, in which the males of some diœcious trematodes carry the female. See Illust. of Haematozoa.

Gy•nan´der (ji•nan´der), n. [See Gynandrian.] (Bot.) A plant having the stamens inserted in the pistil.

Gy•nan´dri•a (-dri•a), n. pl. [NL. See Gynandrian.] (Bot.) A class of plants in the Linnaean system, whose stamens grow out of, or are united with, the pistil. { Gy•nan´dri•an (-an), Gy•nan´drous (- drus), } a. [Gr. gy•nandros of doubtful sex; gynh• a woman + ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man: cf. F. gynandre.] (Bot.) Having stamens inserted in the pistil; belonging to the class Gynandria.

Gy•nan´dro•morph (-dro•môrf), n. (Zoöl.) An animal affected with gynandromorphism.

Gy•nan•dro•mor´phism (- môr´fiz’m),n. [Gr. gynh• a woman, female + ’anh•r, ’andro•s, a man, male + morfh• form.] (Zoöl.) An abnormal condition of certain animals, in which one side has the external characters of the male, and the other those of the female.

Gy•nan•dro•mor´phous (-fus), a. (Zoöl.) Affected with gynandromorphism.

Gy•nan´ther•ous (-ther•us), a. [Gr. gynh• a woman + E. anther.] (Bot.) Pertaining to an abnormal condition of the flower, in which the stamens are converted into pistils. R. Brown.

Gyn´ar•chy (jin´ar•ky), n. [Gr. gynh• a woman + -archy.] Government by a woman. Chesterfield.

Gyn•e•ce´um (jin•e•se´um), n. See Gynaeceum.

Gy•ne´cian (ji•ne´shan), a. [Gr. gynaikei^os.] Of or relating to women.

Gyn•e•coc´ra•cy (jin•e•kok´ra•sy), n. [Gr. gynaikokrati•a; gynh•, gynaiko•s, a woman + kratei^n to rule: cf. F. gynecocratie. Cf. Gynocracy.] Government by a woman, female power; gyneocracy. Bailey.

Gyn•e•co•log´ic•al (jin•e•ko•loj´i•kal or gi•ne-), a. Of or pertaining to gynecology.

Gyn•e•col´o•gy (jin•e•kol´o•jy or gi•ne-), n. [Gr. gynh•, gynaiko•s, a woman + -logy.] The science which treats of the structure and diseases of women. — Gyn•e•col´o•gist.

Gyn´e•oc•ra•cy (jin•e•ok´ra•sy), n. See Gynecocracy.

Gyn•e•ol´a•try (-ol´a•try), n. [Gr. gynh• a woman + latrei•a worship.] The adoration or worship of woman. “The sentimental gyneolatry of chivalry, which was at best but skin-deep.” Lowell.

Gyn•e•pho´bi•a (-fo´bi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gynh• a woman + fo•bos fear.] Hatred of women; repugnance to the society of women. Holmes.

Gyn´ne (gin´ne), v. i. To begin. See Gin. [Obs.]

Gyn´o•base (jin´o•bas), n. [Gr. gynh• a woman, female + E. base.] (Bot.) A dilated base or receptacle, supporting a multilocular ovary.

Gyn•o•ba´sic (-ba´sik), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or having, a gynobase.

Gy•noc´ra•cy (ji•nok´ra•sy), n. [See Gynecocracy.] Female government; gynecocracy. “The aforesaid state has repeatedly changed from absolute despotism to republicanism, not forgetting the intermediate stages of oligarchy, limited monarchy, and even gynocracy; for I myself remember Alsatia governed for nearly nine months by an old fishwoman.” Sir W. Scott.

Gy•no•di•œ´cious (ji•no•di•e´shus), a. [Gr. gynh• a woman + E. diœcious.] (Bot.) Diœcious, but having some hermaphrodite or perfect flowers on an individual plant which bears mostly pistillate flowers.

Gy•nœ´ci•um (ji•ne´si•um or -shi•um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gynh• a woman + oi^kos house.] (Bot.) The pistils of a flower, taken collectively. See Illust. of Carpophore.

Gyn´o•phore (jin´o•for), n. [Gr. gynh• woman, female + fe•rein to bear, produce: cf. F. gynophore.] 1. (Bot.) The pedicel raising the pistil or ovary above the stamens, as in the passion flower. Lindley. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the branches bearing the female gonophores, in certain Siphonophora.

Gyp (jip), n. [Said to be a sportive application of Gr. gy•ps a vulture.] A college servant; — so called in Cambridge, England; at Oxford called a scout. [Cant]

Gypse (jips), n. [F.] See Gypsum. [Obs.] Pococke.

Gyp´se•ous (jip´se•us), a. [L. gypseus. See Gypsum.] Resembling or containing gypsum; partaking of the qualities of gypsum.

Gyp´sey (-sy), n. A gypsy. See Gypsy.

Gyp•sif´er•ous (jip•sif´er•us), a. [Gypsum + -ferous: cf. F. gypsifère.] Containing gypsum.

Gyp´sine (jip´sin), a. Gypseous. [R.] Chambers.

Gyp•sog´ra•phy (jip•sog´ra•fy), n. [Gypsum + -graphy.] The act or art of engraving on gypsum.

Gyp´so•plast (jip´so•plast), n. [Gypsum + Gr. pla•ssein to mold.] A cast taken in plaster of Paris, or in white lime.

Gyp´sum (jip´sum), n. [L. gypsum, Gr. gy•psos; cf. Ar. jibs plaster, mortar, Per. jabsin lime.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of lime (calcium). When calcined, stype forms plaster of Paris. Selenite is a transparent, crystalline variety; alabaster, a fine, white, massive variety.

Gyp´sy (jip´sy), n.; pl. Gypsies (-siz). [OE. Gypcyan, F. egyptien Egyptian, gypsy, L. Aegyptius. See Egyptian.] [Also spelled gipsy and gypsey.] 1. One of a vagabond race, whose tribes, coming originally from India, entered Europe in the 14th or 15th century, and are now scattered over Turkey, Russia, Hungary, Spain, England, etc., living by theft, fortune telling, horsejockeying, tinkering, etc. Cf. Bohemian, Romany. “Like a right gypsy, hath, at fast and loose,
Beguiled me to the very heart of loss.” Shak. 2. The language used by the gypsies. 3. A dark-complexioned person. Shak. 4. A cunning or crafty person [Colloq.] Prior.

Gyp´sy a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, gypsies. Gypsy hat, a woman’s or child’s broad-brimmed hat, usually of straw or felt. — Gypsy winch, a small winch, which may be operated by a crank, or by a ratchet and pawl through a lever working up and down.

Gyp´sy (jip´sy), v. i. To play the gypsy; to picnic in the woods. Mostly, Gyp´sy•ing, vb. n.

Gyp´sy•ism (jip´si•iz’m), n. 1. The arts and practices or habits of gypsies; deception; cheating; flattery. 2. The state of a gypsy.

Gyp´sy•wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) A labiate plant (the Lycopus Europaeus). Gypsies are said to stain their skin with its juice.

Gyr•a•can´thus (jir•a•kan´thus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro•s round + ’a•kanqa spine.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil fishes, found in Devonian and carboniferous strata; — so named from their round, sculptured spines.

Gy´ral (ji´ral), a. [See Gyre.] 1. Moving in a circular path or way; whirling; gyratory. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a gyrus, or convolution.

Gy´rant (-rant), a. Gyrating. [R.]

Gy´rate (-rat), a. [L. gyratus made in a circular form, p. p. of gyrare.] Winding or coiled round; curved into a circle; taking a circular course.

Gy´rate (-rat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gyrated (-ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Gyrating.] [L. gyratus, p. p. of gyrare to gyrate. See Gyre, n.] To revolve round a central point; to move spirally about an axis, as a tornado; to revolve.

Gy•ra´tion (ji•ra´shun), n. 1. The act of turning or whirling, as around a fixed center; a circular or spiral motion; motion about an axis; rotation; revolution. “The gyrations of an ascending balloon.” De Quincey. “If a burning coal be nimbly moved round in a circle, with gyrations continually repeated, the whole circle will appear like fire.” Sir I. Newton. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the whorls of a spiral univalve shell. Center of gyration. (Mech.) See under Center. — Radius of gyration, the distance between the axis of a rotating body and its center of gyration. Rankine.

Gy´ra•to•ry (ji´ra•to•ry), a. Moving in a circle, or spirally; revolving; whirling around.

Gyre (jir), n. [L. gyrus, Gr. gy^ros, cf. gyro•s round.] A circular motion, or a circle described by a moving body; a turn or revolution; a circuit. “Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres.” Dryden. “Still expanding and ascending gyres.” Mrs. Browning.

Gyre, v. t. & i. [Cf. OF. gyrer, girer. See Gyrate.] To turn round; to gyrate. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Drayton.

Gyre´ful (-ful), a. Abounding in gyres. [Obs.]

Gyr•en•ceph´a•la (jir•en•sef´a•la), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gyro•s round + ’egke•falos the brain.] (Zoöl.) The higher orders of Mammalia, in which the cerebrum is convoluted. — Gyr•en•ceph´a•lous (-lus), a.

Gyr´fal•con (jer´fa•k’n), n. [OE. gerfaucon, OF. gerfaucon, LL. gyrofalco, perh. fr. L. gyrus circle + falco falcon, and named from its circling flight; or cf. E. gier-eagle. See Gyre, n., Falcon.] (Zoöl.) One of several species and varieties of large Arctic falcons, esp. Falco rusticolus and the white species F. Islandicus, both of which are circumpolar. The black and the gray are varieties of the former. See Illust. of Accipiter. [Written also gerfalcon, gierfalcon, and jerfalcon.]

Gy´ri (ji´ri), n. pl. See Gyrus.

Gyr´land (ger´land), v. t. [See Garland.] To garland. [Obs.] “Their hair loose and flowing, gyrlanded with sea grass.” B. Jonson.

Gyr´o•dus (jir´o•dus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro•s round + ’odoy•s tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct oölitic fishes, having rounded teeth in several rows adapted for crushing.

Gy•rog´o•nite (ji•rog´o•nit), n. [Gr. gy^ros circle, ring + go•nos fruit.] (Paleon.) The petrified fruit of the Chara hispida, a species of stonewort. See Stonewort. Lyell.

Gy•roid´al (ji•roid´al), a. [Gr. gy^ros circle + -oid + -al.] 1. Spiral in arrangement or action. 2. (Crystallog.) Having the planes arranged spirally, so that they incline all to the right (or left) of a vertical line; — said of certain hemihedral forms. 3. (Opt.) Turning the plane of polarization circularly or spirally to the right or left.

Gy•rol´e•pis (ji•rol´e•pis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro•s round + lepi•s scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of ganoid fishes, found in strata of the new red sandstone, and the lias bone beds. Agassiz.

Gy•ro´ma (ji•ro´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyroy^n to round, bend, fr. gyro•s round.] A turning round. [R.]

Gyr´o•man•cy (jir´o•man•sy or ji´ro-), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + -mancy: cf. F. gyromancie.] A kind of divination performed by drawing a ring or circle, and walking in or around it. Brande & C.

Gy´ron (ji´ron), n. [F. giron; of German origin. See Gore a piece of cloth.] (Her.) A subordinary of triangular form having one of its angles at the fess point and the opposite side at the edge of the escutcheon. When there is only one gyron on the shield it is bounded by two lines drawn from the fess point, one horizontally to the dexter side, and one to the dexter chief corner.

Gy´ron•ny (ji´ron•ny), a. [F. gironne.] (Her.) Covered with gyrons, or divided so as to form several gyrons; — said of an escutcheon.

Gy´ro-pi•geon (ji´ro•pij•un), n. [L. gyrare to revolve + E. pigeon.] A flying object simulating a pigeon in flight, when projected from a spring trap. It is used as a flying target in shooting matches. Knight.

Gy´ro•scope (ji´ro•skop), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + - scope.] 1. A rotating wheel, mounted in a ring or rings, for illustrating the dynamics of rotating bodies, the composition of rotations, etc. It was devised by Professor W. R. Johnson, in 1832, by whom it was called the rotascope. 2. A form of the above apparatus, invented by M. Foucault, mounted so delicately as to render visible the rotation of the earth, through the tendency of the rotating wheel to preserve a constant plane of rotation, independently of the earth’s motion.

Gy•ro•scop´ic (-skop´ik), a. Pertaining to the gyroscope; resembling the motion of the gyroscope.

Gy•rose´ (ji•ros´ or ji´ros), a. [See Gyre.] (Bot.) Turned round like a crook, or bent to and fro. Loudon.

Gy´ro•stat (ji´ro•stat), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + ´ista•nai to cause to stand.] (Physics) A modification of the gyroscope, consisting essentially of a fly wheel fixed inside a rigid case to which is attached a thin flange of metal for supporting the instrument. It is used in studying the dynamics of rotating bodies.

Gy•ro•stat´ic (-stat´ik), a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the gyrostat or to gyrostatics.

Gy•ro•stat´ics (-iks), n. (Physics) The doctrine or theory of the gyrostat, or of the phenomena of rotating bodies.

Gy´rus (ji´rus), n.; pl. Gyri (-ri). [L. See Gyre, n.] A convoluted ridge between grooves; a convolution; as the gyri of the brain; the gyri of brain coral. See Brain.

Gyse (giz), n. Guise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gyte (git), a. Delirious; senselessly extravagant; as the man is clean gyte. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gyve (jiv), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. gefyn, Ir. geibhionn, Gael. geimheal.] A shackle; especially, one to confine the legs; a fetter. [Written also give.] “Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves.” Shak. “With gyves upon his wrist.” Hood.

Gyve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gyved (jivd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gyving.] To fetter; to shackle; to chain. Spenser. “I will gyve thee in thine own courtship.” Shak. H.

H (ach), the eighth letter of the English alphabet, is classed among the consonants, and is formed with the mouth organs in the same position as that of the succeeding vowel. It is used with certain consonants to form digraphs representing sounds which are not found in the alphabet, as sh, th, th, as in shall, thing, thine (for zh see §274); also to modify the sounds of some other letters, as when placed after c and p, with the former of which it represents a compound sound like that of tsh, as in charm (written also tch as in catch), with the latter, the sound of f, as in phase, phantom. In some words, mostly derived or introduced from foreign languages, h following c and g indicates that those consonants have the hard sound before e, i, and y, as in chemistry, chiromancy, chyle, Ghent, Ghibelline, etc.; in some others, ch has the sound of sh, as in chicane. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 153, 179, 181-3, 237-8. The name (aitch) is from the French ache; its form is from the Latin, and this from the Greek H, which was used as the sign of the spiritus asper (rough breathing) before it came to represent the long vowel, Gr. η. The Greek H is from Phœnician, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologically H is most closely related to c; as in E. horn, L. cornu, Gr. ke•ras; E. hele, v. t., conceal; E. hide, L. cutis, Gr. ky•tos; E. hundred, L. centum, Gr. ´e- kat-on, Skr. cata. H piece (Mining), the part of a plunger pump which contains the valve.

H (hä). (Mus.) The seventh degree in the diatonic scale, being used by the Germans for B natural. See B.

Ha (hä), interj. [AS.] An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or grief. Both as uttered and as written, it expresses a great variety of emotions, determined by the tone or the context. When repeated, ha, ha, it is an expression of laughter, satisfaction, or triumph, sometimes of derisive laughter; or sometimes it is equivalent to ´Well, it is so.´ “Ha-has, and inarticulate hootings of satirical rebuke.” Carlyle.

Haaf (häf), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & Sw. haf the sea, Dan. hav, perh. akin to E. haven.] The deepsea fishing for cod, ling, and tusk, off the Shetland Isles.

Haak (hak), n. (Zoöl.) A sea fish. See Hake. Ash.

Haar (här), n. [See Hoar.] A fog; esp., a fog or mist with a chill wind. [Scot.] T. Chalmers.

Ha´be•as cor´pus (ha´be•as kôr´pus). [L. you may have the body.] (Law) A writ having for its object to bring a party before a court or judge; especially, one to inquire into the cause of a person’s imprisonment or detention by another, with the view to protect the right to personal liberty; also one to bring a prisoner into court to testify in a pending trial. Bouvier.

Ha•ben´dum (ha•ben´dum), n. [L., that must be had.] (Law) That part of a deed which follows the part called the premises, and determines the extent of the interest or estate granted; — so called because it begins with the word Habendum. Kent.

Hab´er•dash (hab´er•dash), v. i. [See Haberdasher.] To deal in small wares. [R.] “To haberdash in earth’s base ware.” Quarles.

Hab´er•dash•er (-dash•er), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. hapurtask trumpery, trifles, perh. through French. It is possibly akin to E. haversack, and to Icel. taska trunk, chest, pocket, G. tasche pocket, and the orig. sense was perh., peddler’s wares.] 1. A dealer in small wares, as tapes, pins, needles, and thread; also a hatter. [Obs.] “The haberdasher heapeth wealth by hats.” Gascoigne. 2. A dealer in drapery goods of various descriptions, as laces, silks, trimmings, etc.

Hab´er•dash•er•y (-y), n. The goods and wares sold by a haberdasher; also (Fig.), trifles. Burke.

Hab•er•dine´ (hab•er•den´ or ha´ber•din), n. [D. abberdaan, labberdaan; or a French form, cf. OF. habordeau, from the name of a Basque district, cf. F. Labourd, adj. Labourdin. The l was misunderstood as the French article.] A cod salted and dried. Ainsworth.

Ha•ber´ge•on (ha•ber´je•on or hab´er•jun), n. [F. haubergeon a small hauberk, dim. of OF. hauberc, F. haubert. See Hauberk.] Properly, a short hauberk, but often used loosely for the hauberk. Chaucer.

Hab´i•la•to•ry (hab´i•la•to•ry), a. Of or pertaining to clothing; wearing clothes. Ld. Lytton.

Hab´ile (hab´il), a. [F. habile, L. habilis. See Able, Habit.] Fit; qualified; also apt. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ha•bil´i•ment (ha•bil´i•ment), n. [F. habillement, fr. habiller to dress, clothe, orig., to make fit, make ready, fr. habile apt, skillful, L. habilis. See Habile.] 1. A garment; an article of clothing. Camden. 2. pl. Dress, in general. Shak.

Ha•bil´i•ment•ed, a. Clothed. Taylor (1630).

Ha•bil´i•tate (-tat), a. [LL. habilitatus, p. p. of habilitare to enable.] Qualified or entitled. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ha•bil´i•tate (-tat), v. t. To fit out; to equip; to qualify; to entitle. Johnson.

Ha•bil•i•ta´tion (-ta´shun), n. [LL. habilitatio: cf. F. habilitation.] Equipment; qualification. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ha•bil´i•ty (ha•bil´i•ty), n. [See Ability.] Ability; aptitude. [Obs.] Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Hab´it (hab´it) n. [OE. habit, abit, F. habit fr. L. habitus state, appearance, dress, fr. habere to have, be in a condition; prob. akin to E. have. See Have, and cf. Able, Binnacle, Debt, Due, Exhibit, Malady.] 1. The usual condition or state of a person or thing, either natural or acquired, regarded as something had, possessed, and firmly retained; as a religious habit; his habit is morose; elms have a spreading habit; esp., physical temperament or constitution; as a full habit of body. 2. (Biol.) The general appearance and manner of life of a living organism. 3. Fixed or established custom; ordinary course of conduct; practice; usage; hence, prominently, the involuntary tendency or aptitude to perform certain actions which is acquired by their frequent repetition; as habit is second nature; also peculiar ways of acting; characteristic forms of behavior. “A man of very shy, retired habits.” W. Irving. 4. Outward appearance; attire; dress; hence, a garment; esp., a closely fitting garment or dress worn by ladies; as a riding habit. “Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy.” Shak. “There are, among the statues, several of Venus, in different habits.” Addison. Syn. — Practice; mode; manner; way; custom; fashion. — Habit, Custom. Habit is a disposition or tendency leading us to do easily, naturally, and with growing certainty, what we do often; custom is external, being habitual use or the frequent repetition of the same act. The two operate reciprocally on each other. The custom of giving produces a habit of liberality; habits of devotion promote the custom of going to church. Custom also supposes an act of the will, selecting given modes of procedure; habit is a law of our being, a kind of ´second nature´ which grows up within us. “How use doth breed a habit in a man !” Shak. “He who reigns … upheld by old repute,
Consent, or custom.” Milton.

Hab´it (hab´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Habited; p. pr. & vb. n. Habiting.] [OE. habiten to dwell, F. habiter, fr. L. habitare to have frequently, to dwell, intens. fr. habere to have. See Habit, n.] 1. To inhabit. [Obs.] “In thilke places as they [birds] habiten.” Rom. of R. 2. To dress; to clothe; to array. “They habited themselves like those rural deities.” Dryden. 3. To accustom; to habituate. [Obs.] Chapman.

Hab•it•a•bil´i•ty (- a•bil´i•ty), n. Habitableness.

Hab´it•a•ble (hab´it•a•b’l), a. [F. habitable, L. habitabilis.] Capable of being inhabited; that may be inhabited or dwelt in; as the habitable world. — Hab´it•a•ble•ness, n. — Hab´it•a•bly, adv.

Hab´it•a•cle (hab´it•a•k’l), n. [F. habitacle dwelling place, binnacle, L. habitaculum dwelling place. See Binnacle, Habit, v.] A dwelling place. Chaucer. Southey.

Ha•bi•tan´ (a•be•tä&nsc;´), n. Same as Habitant, 2. “General Arnold met an emissary … sent … to ascertain the feelings of the habitans or French yeomanry.” W. Irwing.

Hab´it•ance (hab´it•ans), n. [OF. habitance, LL. habitantia.] Dwelling; abode; residence. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hab´it•an•cy (-an•sy), n. Same as Inhabitancy.

Hab´it•ant (-ant), n. [F. habitant. See Habit, v. t.] 1. An inhabitant; a dweller. Milton. Pope. 2. [F. pron. a•be•tä&nsc;´] An inhabitant or resident; — a name applied to and denoting farmers of French descent or origin in Canada, especially in the Province of Quebec; — usually in the plural. “The habitants or cultivators of the soil.” Parkman.

Hab´i•tat (hab´i•tat), n. [L., it dwells, fr. habitare. See Habit, v. t.] 1. (Biol.) The natural abode, locality or region of an animal or plant. 2. Place where anything is commonly found. “This word has its habitat in Oxfordshire.” Earle.

Hab•i•ta´tion (-ta´shun), n. [F. habitation, L. habitatio.] 1. The act of inhabiting; state of inhabiting or dwelling, or of being inhabited; occupancy. Denham. 2. Place of abode; settled dwelling; residence; house. “The Lord … blesseth the habitation of the just.” Prov. iii. 33.

Hab´i•ta•tor (hab´i•ta•ter), n. [L.] A dweller; an inhabitant. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Hab´it•ed (-it•ed), p. p. & a. 1. Clothed; arrayed; dressed; as he was habited like a shepherd. 2. Fixed by habit; accustomed. [Obs.] “So habited he was in sobriety.” Fuller. 3. Inhabited. [Archaic] “Another world, which is habited by the ghosts of men and women.” Addison.

Ha•bit´u•al (ha•bit´u•al; 135), a. [Cf. F. habituel, LL. habitualis. See Habit, n.] 1. Formed or acquired by habit or use. “An habitual knowledge of certain rules and maxims.” South. 2. According to habit; established by habit; customary; constant; as the habitual practice of sin. “It is the distinguishing mark of habitual piety to be grateful for the most common and ordinary blessings.” Buckminster. Syn. — Customary; accustomed; usual; common; wonted; ordinary; regular; familiar. — Ha•bit´u•al•ly, adv. — Ha•bit´u•al•ness, n.

Ha•bit´u•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Habituated (- a•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Habituating (-a•ting).] [L. habituatus, p. p. of habituare to bring into a condition or habit of body: cf. F. habituer. See Habit.] 1. To make accustomed; to accustom; to familiarize. “Our English dogs, who were habituated to a colder clime.” Sir K. Digby. “Men are first corrupted … and next they habituate themselves to their vicious practices.” Tillotson. 2. To settle as an inhabitant. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Ha•bit´u•ate (-at), a. Firmly established by custom; formed by habit; habitual. [R.] Hammond.

Ha•bit•u•a´tion (-a´shun), n. [Cf. F. habituation.] The act of habituating, or accustoming; the state of being habituated.

Hab´i•tude (hab´i•tud), n. [F., fr. L. habitudo condition. See Habit.] 1. Habitual attitude; usual or accustomed state with reference to something else; established or usual relations. South. “The same ideas having immutably the same habitudes one to another.” Locke. “The verdict of the judges was biased by nothing else than their habitudes of thinking.” Landor. 2. Habitual association, intercourse, or familiarity. “To write well, one must have frequent habitudes with the best company.” Dryden. 3. Habit of body or of action. Shak. “It is impossible to gain an exact habitude without an infinite number of acts and perpetual practice.” Dryden.

Ha•bi•tu•e´ (a•be•tu•a´), n. [F., p. p. of habituer. See Habituate.] One who habitually frequents a place; as an habitue of a theater.

Hab´i•ture (hab´i•tur; 135), n. Habitude. [Obs.]

Hab´i•tus (-tus), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) Habitude; mode of life; general appearance.

Ha´ble (ha´b’l), a. See Habile. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hab´nab (hab´nab), adv. [Hobnob.] By chance. [Obs.]

Hach´ure (hach´ur), n. [F., fr. hacher to hack. See Hatching.] (Fine Arts) A short line used in drawing and engraving, especially in shading and denoting different surfaces, as in map drawing. See Hatching.

Ha•ci•en´da (ä•the•an´da or hä•si•en´da), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. facienda employment, estate, fr. L. facienda, pl. of faciendum what is to be done, fr. facere to do. See Fact.] A large estate where work of any kind is done, as agriculture, manufacturing, mining, or raising of animals; a cultivated farm, with a good house, in distinction from a farming establishment with rude huts for herdsmen, etc.; — a word used in Spanish-American regions.

Hack (hak), n. [See Hatch a half door.] 1. A frame or grating of various kinds; as a frame for drying bricks, fish, or cheese; a rack for feeding cattle; a grating in a mill race, etc. 2. Unburned brick or tile, stacked up for drying.

Hack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hacked (hakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hacking.] [OE. hakken, AS. haccian; akin to D. hakken, G. hacken, Dan. hakke, Sw. hacka, and perh. to E. hew. Cf. Hew to cut, Haggle.] 1. To cut irregulary, without skill or definite purpose; to notch; to mangle by repeated strokes of a cutting instrument; as to hack a post. “My sword hacked like a handsaw.” Shak. 2. Fig.: To mangle in speaking. Shak.

Hack, v. i. To cough faintly and frequently, or in a short, broken manner; as a hacking cough.

Hack, n. 1. A notch; a cut. Shak. 2. An implement for cutting a notch; a large pick used in breaking stone. 3. A hacking; a catch in speaking; a short, broken cough. Dr. H. More. 4. (Football) A kick on the shins. T. Hughes. Hack saw, a handsaw having a narrow blade stretched in an iron frame, for cutting metal.

Hack (hak), n. [Shortened fr. hackney. See Hackney.] 1. A horse, hackneyed or let out for common hire; also a horse used in all kinds of work, or a saddle horse, as distinguished from hunting and carriage horses. 2. A coach or carriage let for hire; particularly, a coach with two seats inside facing each other; a hackney coach. “On horse, on foot, in hacks and gilded chariots.” Pope. 3. A bookmaker who hires himself out for any sort of literary work; an overworked man; a drudge. “Here lies poor Ned Purdon, from misery freed,
Who long was a bookseller’s hack.” Goldsmith. 4. A procuress.

Hack, a. Hackneyed; hired; mercenary. Wakefield. Hack writer, a hack; one who writes for hire. ´A vulgar hack writer.´ Macaulay.

Hack, v. t. 1. To use as a hack; to let out for hire. 2. To use frequently and indiscriminately, so as to render trite and commonplace. “The word ´remarkable´ has been so hacked of late.” J. H. Newman.

Hack, v. i. 1. To be exposed or offered to common use for hire; to turn prostitute. Hanmer. 2. To live the life of a drudge or hack. Goldsmith.

Hack´a•more (-a•mor), n. [Cf. Sp. jaquima headstall of a halter.] A halter consisting of a long leather or rope strap and headstall, — used for leading or tieing a pack animal. [Western U. S.]

Hack´ber•ry (hak´ber•ry), n. (Bot.) A genus of trees (Celtis) related to the elm, but bearing drupes with scanty, but often edible, pulp. C. occidentalis is common in the Eastern United States. Gray.

Hack´bolt (-bolt•), n. (Zoöl.) The greater shearwater or hagdon. See Hagdon.

Hack´buss (-bus), n. Same as Hagbut.

Hack´ee (-e), n. (Zoöl.) The chipmunk; also the chickaree or red squirrel. [U. S.]

Hack´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, hacks. Specifically: A cutting instrument for making notches; esp., one used for notching pine trees in collecting turpentine; a hack.

Hack´er•y (-y), n. [Hind. chhakra.] A cart with wooden wheels, drawn by bullocks. [Bengal] Malcom.

Hac´kle (hak´k’l), n. [See Heckle, and cf. Hatchel.] 1. A comb for dressing flax, raw silk, etc.; a hatchel. 2. Any flimsy substance unspun, as raw silk. 3. One of the peculiar, long, narrow feathers on the neck of fowls, most noticeable on the cock, — often used in making artificial flies; hence, any feather so used. 4. An artificial fly for angling, made of feathers.

Hac´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Hackling (-kling).] 1. To separate, as the coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine, by drawing it through the teeth of a hackle or hatchel. 2. To tear asunder; to break in pieces. “The other divisions of the kingdom being hackled and torn to pieces.” Burke.

Hac´kly (hak´ly), a. [From Hackle.] 1. Rough or broken, as if hacked. 2. (Min.) Having fine, short, and sharp points on the surface; as the hackly fracture of metallic iron.

Hack´man (-man), n.; pl. Hackmen (-men). The driver of a hack or carriage for public hire.

Hack´ma•tack (-ma•tak•), n. [Of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) The American larch (Larix Americana), a coniferous tree with slender deciduous leaves; also its heavy, close-grained timber. Called also tamarack.

Hack´ney (-ny), n.; pl. Hackneys (-niz). [OE. hakeney, hakenay; cf. F. haquenee a pacing horse, an ambling nag, OF. also haguenee, Sp. hacanea, OSp. facanea, D. hakkenei, also OF. haque horse, Sp. haca, OSp. faca; perh. akin to E. hack to cut, and nag, and orig. meaning, a jolting horse. Cf. Hack a horse, Nag.] 1. A horse for riding or driving; a nag; a pony. Chaucer. 2. A horse or pony kept for hire. 3. A carriage kept for hire; a hack; a hackney coach. 4. A hired drudge; a hireling; a prostitute.

Hack´ney, a. Let out for hire; devoted to common use; hence, much used; trite; mean; as hackney coaches; hackney authors. ´Hackney tongue.´ Roscommon.

Hack´ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackneyed (-nid); p. pr. & vb. n. Hackneying.] 1. To devote to common or frequent use, as a horse or carriage; to wear out in common service; to make trite or commonplace; as a hackneyed metaphor or quotation. “Had I so lavish of my presence been,
So common-hackneyed in the eyes of men.” Shak. 2. To carry in a hackney coach. Cowper.

Hack´ney•man (-man), n.; pl. Hackneymen (-men). A man who lets horses and carriages for hire.

Hack´ster (-ster), n. [From Hack to cut.] A bully; a bravo; a ruffian; an assassin. [Obs.] Milton.

Hac´que•ton (hak´ke•ton), n. Same as Acton. [Obs.]

Had (had), imp. & p. p. of Have. [OE. had, hafde, hefde, AS. haefde.] See Have. Had as lief, Had rather, Had better, Had as soon, etc., with a nominative and followed by the infinitive without to, are well established idiomatic forms. The original construction was that of the dative with forms of be, followed by the infinitive. See Had better, under Better. “And lever me is be pore and trewe.
[And more agreeable to me it is to be poor and true.]” C. Mundi (Trans.). “Him had been lever to be syke.
[To him it had been preferable to be sick.]” Fabian. “For him was lever have at his bed’s head
Twenty bookes, clad in black or red, …
Than robes rich, or fithel, or gay sawtrie.” Chaucer. Gradually the nominative was substituted for the dative, and had for the forms of be. During the process of transition, the nominative with was or were, and the dative with had, are found. “Poor lady, she were better love a dream.” Shak. “You were best hang yourself.” Beau. & Fl. “Me rather had my heart might feel your love
Than my unpleased eye see your courtesy.” Shak. “I hadde levere than my scherte,
That ye hadde rad his legende, as have I.” Chaucer. “I had as lief not be as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.” Shak. “I had rather be a dog and bay the moon,
Than such a Roman.” Shak. “I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness.” Ps. lxxxiv. 10.

Had´der (had´der), n. Heather; heath. [Obs.] Burton.

Had´die (-di), n. (Zoöl.) The haddock. [Scot.]

Had´dock (-duk), n. [OE. hadok, haddok, of unknown origin; cf. Ir. codog, Gael. adag, F. hadot.] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), allied to the cod, inhabiting the northern coasts of Europe and America. It has a dark lateral line and a black spot on each side of the body, just back of the gills. Galled also haddie, and dickie. Norway haddock, a marine edible fish (Sebastes marinus) of Northern Europe and America. See Rose fish.

Hade (had), n. [Cf. AS. heald inclined, bowed down, G. halde declivity.] 1. The descent of a hill. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) The inclination or deviation from the vertical of any mineral vein.

Hade, v. i. (Mining) To deviate from the vertical; — said of a vein, fault, or lode.

Ha´des (ha´dez), n. [Gr. ´a’,dhs, ´A’idhs; ’a priv. + ’idei^n to see. Cf. Un-, Wit.] The nether world (according to classical mythology, the abode of the shades, ruled over by Hades or Pluto); the invisible world; the grave. “And death and Hades gave up the dead which were in them.” Rev. xx. 13 (Rev. Ver.). “Neither was he left in Hades, nor did his flesh see corruption.” Acts ii. 31 (Rev. Ver.). “And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torments.” Luke xvi. 23 (Rev. Ver.).

Hadj (haj), n. [Ar. hajj, fr. hajja to set out, walk, go on a pilgrimage.] The pilgrimage to Mecca, performed by Mohammedans.

Hadj´i (-i), n. [Ar. hajji. See Hadj.] 1. A Mohammedan pilgrim to Mecca; — used among Orientals as a respectful salutation or a title of honor. G. W. Curtis. 2. A Greek or Armenian who has visited the holy sepulcher at Jerusalem. Heyse.

Had•ro•sau´rus (had•ro•sa´rus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´adro•s thick + say^ros lizard.] (Paleon.) An American herbivorous dinosaur of great size, allied to the iguanodon. It is found in the Cretaceous formation.

Haec•ce´i•ty (hek•se´i•ty), [L. haecce this.] (Logic) Literally, this-ness. A scholastic term to express individuality or singleness; as this book.

Haem´a- (hem´a- or he´ma-), Haem´a•to- (hem´a•to- or he´ma•to-), Haem´o- (hem´o- or he´mo-). [Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood.] Combining forms indicating relation or resemblance to blood, association with blood; as haemapod, haematogenesis, haemoscope. Words from Gr. a´i^ma are written hema-, hemato-, hemo-, as well as haema-, haemato-, haemo-.

Haem´a•chrome (hem´a•krom or he´ma-), n. [Haema- + Gr. chrw^ma color.] (Physiol. Chem.) Hematin.

Haem•a•cy´a•nin (-si´a•nin), n. [Haema- + Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance found in the blood of the octopus, which gives to it its blue color. When deprived of oxygen it is colorless, but becomes quickly blue in contact with oxygen, and is then generally called oxyhaemacyanin. A similar blue coloring matter has been detected in small quantity in the blood of other animals and in the bile.

Haem•a•cy•tom´e•ter (- si•tom´e•ter), n. [Haema + Gr. ky•tos a hollow vessel + - meter.] (Physiol.) An apparatus for determining the number of corpuscles in a given quantity of blood.

Hae´mad (he´mad), adv. [Haema- + L. ad toward.] (Anat.) Toward the haemal side; on the haemal side of; — opposed to neurad. { Haem•a•drom´e•ter (hem•a•drom´e•ter or he•ma- ), Haem•a•dro•mom´e•ter (- dro•mom´e•ter), } n. Same as Hemadrometer. { Haem•a•drom´e•try (- drom´e•try),Haem•a•dro•mom´e•try (dro•mom´e•try), } n. Same as Hemadrometry.

Haem•a•drom´o•graph (-drom´o•graf), n. [Haema- + Gr. dro•mos course + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for registering the velocity of the blood.

Hae•ma•dy•nam´e•ter (he•ma•di•nam´e•ter or hem•a•di-) Hae•ma•dy•na•mom´e•ter (he•ma•di•na•mom´e•ter or hem•a•din•a-), Same as Hemadynamometer.

Haema•dy•nam´ics (he•ma•di•nam´iks or hem•a•di-), n. Same as Hemadynamics.

Hae´mal (he´mal), a. [Gr. a´i^ma blood.] Pertaining to the blood or blood vessels; also ventral. See Hemal.

Haem•a•phae´in (hem•a•fe´in or he•ma-), n. [Haema- + Gr. faio•s dusky.] (Physiol.) A brownish substance sometimes found in the blood, in cases of jaundice.

Haem´a•pod (hem´a•pod or he´ma•pod), n. [Haema + -pod.] (Zoöl.) An haemapodous animal. G. Rolleston.

Hae•map´o•dous (he•map´o•dus), a. (Anat.) Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the ventral or hemal side, as in vertebrates; — opposed to neuropodous.

Haem•a•poi•et´ic (hem•a•poi•et´ik or he•ma-), a. [Haema- + Gr. poihtiko•s productive.] (Physiol.) Blood-forming; as the haemapoietic function of the spleen.

Haem•a•poph´y•sis (- pof´i•sis), n. [NL.] Same as Hemapophysis. — Haem•a•po•phys´i•al (- po•fiz´i•al), a.

Haem•a•stat´ics, n. Same as Hemastatics.

Haem•a•ta•chom´e•ter (- ta•kom´e•ter), n. [Haema- + Gr. tachy•s swift + -meter.] (Physiol.) A form of apparatus (somewhat different from the hemadrometer) for measuring the velocity of the blood.

Haem•a•ta•chom´e•try (-try), n. (Physiol.) The measurement of the velocity of the blood.

Haem•a•tem´e•sis, n. Same as Hematemesis.

Hae•mat´ic (he•mat´ik), a. [Gr. a´imatiko•s] Of or pertaining to the blood; sanguine; brownish red. Haematic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a hypothetical acid, supposed to be formed from hemoglobin during its oxidation in the lungs, and to have the power of freeing carbonic acid from the sodium carbonate of the serum. Thudichum.

Haem´a•tin, n. Same as Hematin.

Haem•a•ti•nom´e•ter, n. Same as Hematinometer.

Haem•a•tin•o•met´ric, a. Same as Hematinometric.

Haem´a•tite, n. Same as Hematite.

Haem•a•tit´ic (hem•a•tit´ik), a. (Zoöl.) Of a blood-red color; crimson; (Bot.) brownish red.

Haem´a•to- (hem´a•to- or he´- ), prefix. See Haema-.

Haem´a•to•blast (-blast•), n. [Haemato- + -blast.] (Anat.) One of the very minute, disk-shaped bodies found in blood with the ordinary red corpuscles and white corpuscles; a third kind of blood corpuscle, supposed by some to be an early stage in the development of the red corpuscles; — called also blood plaque, and blood plate.

Haem•a•toc´ry•a (tok´ri•a), n. pl. (Zoöl.) The cold-blooded vertebrates. Same as Hematocrya.

Haem••a•toc´ry•al (-al), a. Cold-blooded.

Haem•a•to•crys´tal•lin, n. Same as Hematocrystallin.

Hae•ma•to•dy•na•mom´e•ter (he•ma•to•di•na•mom´e•ter or hem•a•to•din•a-), n. Same as Hemadynamometer.

Haem•a•to•gen´e•sis (hem•a•to•jen´e•sis or he•ma•to-), n. [Haemato- + genesis.] (Physiol.) (a) The origin and development of blood. (b) The transformation of venous into arterial blood by respiration; hematosis.

Haem•a•to•gen´ic (-jen´ik), a. (Physiol.) Relating to haematogenesis.

Haem•a•tog´e•nous (-toj´e•nus), a. (Physiol.) Originating in the blood.

Haem•a•to•glob´u•lin, n. Same as Hematoglobulin.

Haem´a•toid, a. Same as Hematoid.

Haem•a•toid´in, n. Same as Hematoidin.

Hae•mat´o•in (he•mat´o•in), n. [Haemato- + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance formed from the hematin of blood, by removal of the iron through the action of concentrated sulphuric acid. Two like bodies, called respectively haematoporphyrin and haematolin, are formed in a similar manner.

Hae•mat´o•lin (-lin), n. See Haematoin.

Haem•a•tol´o•gy (hem•a•tol´o•jy or he•ma-), n. The science which treats of the blood. Same as Hematology.

Haem•a•tom´e•ter (-tom´e•ter), n. [Haemato- + -meter.] (Physiol.) (a) Same as Hemadynamometer. (b) An instrument for determining the number of blood corpuscles in a given quantity of blood.

Haem•a•to•phi•li´na (- to•fi•li´na), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood +filei^n to love.] (Zoöl.) A division of Cheiroptera, including the bloodsucking bats. See Vampire.

Haem´a•to•plast (-plast•), n. [Haemato- + Gr. pla•ssein to mold.] (Anat.) Same as Haematoblast.

Haem•a•to•plas´tic (-plas´tik), a. [Haemato- + -plastic.] (Physiol.) Blood formative; — applied to a substance in early fetal life, which breaks up gradually into blood vessels.

Haem•a•to•por´phy•rin (- pôr´fi•rin), n. [Haemato- + Gr. porfy•ra purple.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Haematoin.

Haem´a•to•sac (-sak•), n. [Haemato- + sac.] (Anat.) A vascular sac connected, beneath the brain, in many fishes, with the infundibulum.

Haem´a•to•scope (-skop•), n. A haemoscope.

Haem•a•to´sin (hem•a•to´sin or he•mat´o•sin), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Hematin. [R.]

Haem•a•to´sis, n. Same as Hematosis.

Haem•a•to•ther´ma (hem•a•to•ther´ma or he•ma-), n. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Hematotherma.

Haem•a•to•ther´mal (-mal), a. Warm-blooded; homoiothermal.

Haem•a•to•tho´rax, n. Same as Hemothorax.

Haem•a•tox´y•lin (-toks´i•lin), n. [See Haematoxylon.] (Chem.) The coloring principle of logwood. It is obtained as a yellow crystalline substance, C_16H_14O_6, with a sweetish taste. Formerly called also hematin.

Haem•a•tox´y•lon (-lon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma blood + xy•lon wood.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants containing but a single species, the H. Campechianum or logwood tree, native in Yucatan.

Haem•a•to•zo´ön (-to•zo´on), n.; pl. Haematozoa (- a). [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) A parasite inhabiting the blood; esp.: (a) Certain species of nematodes of the genus Filaria, sometimes found in the blood of man, the horse, the dog, etc. (b) The trematode, Bilharzia haematobia, which infests the inhabitants of Egypt and other parts of Africa, often causing death.

Hae´mic (he´mik or hem´ik), a. Pertaining to the blood; hemal.

Hae´min (ha´min), n. Same as Hemin.

Haem´o- (hem´o- or he´mo-), prefix. See Haema-.

Haem´o•chrome (-krom), n. Same as Haemachrome.

Haem•o•chro´mo•gen (-kro´mo•jen), n. [Haemochrome + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body obtained from hemoglobin, by the action of reducing agents in the absence of oxygen.

Haem•o•chro•mom´e•ter (- kro•mom´e•ter), n. [Haemochrome + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) An apparatus for measuring the amount of hemoglobin in a fluid, by comparing it with a solution of known strength and of normal color.

Haem•o•cy´a•nin (-si´a•nin), n. Same as Haemacyanin.

Haem•o•cy•tol´y•sis (- si•tol´i•sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma blood + ky•tos hollow vessel + ly•ein to loosen, dissolve.] (Physiol.) See Haemocytotrypsis.

Haem•o•cy•tom´e•ter, n. See Haemacytometer.

Haem•o•cy•to•tryp´sis (- si•to•trip´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma blood + ky•tos hollow vessel + tri•bein to rub, grind.] (Physiol.) A breaking up of the blood corpuscles, as by pressure, in distinction from solution of the corpuscles, or haemocytolysis.

Haem•o•drom´o•graph, n. Same as Haemadromograph.

Haem•o•dro•mom´e•ter(- dro•mom´e•ter),n.Same as Hemadrometer.

Hae•mo•dy•nam´e•ter (he•mo•di•nam´e•ter or hem•o•di-), n. Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hae•mo•dy•nam´ics,n.Same as Hemadynamics.

Haem•o•glo´bin, n. Same as Hemoglobin.

Haem•o•glo•bin•om´e•ter (- om´e•ter), n. [Haemoglobin + -meter.] Same as Hemochromometer.

Haem•o•lu´te•in (-lu´te•in), n. [Haemo- + corpus luteum.] (Physiol.) See Hematoidin.

Haem•o•ma•nom´e•ter (- ma•nom´e•ter), n. [Haemo- + manometer.] Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hae•mom´e•ter (he•mom´e•ter), n. [Haemo- + -meter.] (Physiol.) Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hae´mo•ny (he´mo•ny), n. [L. Haemonia a name of Thessaly, the land of magic.] A plant described by Milton as ´of sovereign use against all enchantments.´

Haem•o•plas´tic, a. Same as Haematoplastic.

Haem´or•rhoid´al, a. Same as Hemorrhoidal.

Haem´o•scope (hem´o•skop or he´mo-), n. [Haemo- + - scope.] (Physiol.) An instrument devised by Hermann, for regulating and measuring the thickness of a layer of blood for spectroscopic examination.

Haem•o•stat´ic (-stat´ik), a. Same as Hemostatic.

Haem•o•ta•chom´e•ter (- ta•kom´e•ter), n. Same as Haematachometer.

Haem•o•ta•chom´e•try (-try), n. Same as Haematachometry.

Haf (häf), imp. of Heave. Hove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Haf´fle (haf´f’l), v. i. [Cf. G. haften to cling, stick to, Prov. G., to stop, stammer.] To stammer; to speak unintelligibly; to prevaricate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Haft (haft), n. [AS. haeft; akin to D. & G. heft, Icel. hepti, and to E. heave, or have. Cf. Heft.] 1. A handle; that part of an instrument or vessel taken into the hand, and by which it is held and used; — said chiefly of a knife, sword, or dagger; the hilt. “This brandish’d dagger
I’ll bury to the haft in her fair breast.” Dryden. 2. A dwelling. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Haft, v. t. To set in, or furnish with, a haft; as to haft a dagger.

Haft´er (-er), n. [Cf. G. haften to cling or stick to, and E. haffle.] A caviler; a wrangler. [Obs.] Baret.

Hag (hag), n. [OE. hagge, hegge, witch, hag, AS. haegtesse; akin to OHG. hagazussa, G. hexe, D. heks, Dan. hex, Sw. häxa. The first part of the word is prob. the same as E. haw, hedge, and the orig. meaning was perh., wood woman, wild woman. rad.12.] 1. A witch, sorceress, or enchantress; also a wizard. [Obs.] ´[Silenus] that old hag.´ Golding. 2. An ugly old woman.Dryden. 3. A fury; a she-monster. Crashaw. 4. (Zoöl.) An eel-like marine marsipobranch (Myxine glutinosa), allied to the lamprey. It has a suctorial mouth, with labial appendages, and a single pair of gill openings. It is the type of the order Hyperotreta. Called also hagfish, borer, slime eel, sucker, and sleepmarken. 5. (Zoöl.) The hagdon or shearwater. 6. An appearance of light and fire on a horse’s mane or a man’s hair. Blount. Hag moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Phobetron pithecium), the larva of which has curious side appendages, and feeds on fruit trees. — Hag’s tooth (Naut.), an ugly irregularity in the pattern of matting or pointing.

Hag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hagged (hagd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hagging.] To harass; to weary with vexation. “How are superstitious men hagged out of their wits with the fancy of omens.” L’Estrange.

Hag, n. [Scot. hag to cut; cf. E. hack.] 1. A small wood, or part of a wood or copse, which is marked off or inclosed for felling, or which has been felled. “This said, he led me over hoults and hags;
Through thorns and bushes scant my legs I drew.” Fairfax. 2. A quagmire; mossy ground where peat or turf has been cut. Dugdale.

Hag´ber•ry (hag´ber•ry), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Prunus (P. Padus); the bird cherry. [Scot.]

Hag´born (-bôrn•), a. Born of a hag or witch. Shak.

Hag´but (-but), n. [OF. haquebute, prob. a corruption of D. haakbus; haak hook + bus gun barrel. See Hook, and 2d Box, and cf. Arquebus.] A harquebus, of which the but was bent down or hooked for convenience in taking aim. [Written also haguebut and hackbuss.]

Hag´but•ter (hag´but•ter), n. A soldier armed with a hagbut or arquebus. [Written also hackbutter.] Froude.

Hag´don (hag´don), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds of the genus Puffinus; esp., P. major, the greater shearwarter, and P. Stricklandi, the black hagdon or sooty shearwater; — called also hagdown, haglin, and hag. See Shearwater.

Hag´fish(- fish•),n.(Zoöl.) See Hag, 4.

Hag•ga´da (hag•gä´da), n.; pl. Haggadoth (- doth). [Rabbinic haggadha, fr. Heb. higgidh to relate.] A story, anecdote, or legend in the Talmud, to explain or illustrate the text of the Old Testament. [Written also hagada.]

Hag´gard (hag´gerd), a. [F. hagard; of German origin, and prop. meaning, of the hegde or woods, wild, untamed. See Hedge, 1st Haw, and - ard.] 1. Wild or intractable; disposed to break away from duty; untamed; as a haggard or refractory hawk. [Obs.] Shak. 2. [For hagged, fr. hag a witch, influenced by haggard wild.] Having the expression of one wasted by want or suffering; hollow-eyed; having the features distorted or wasted by pain; wild and wasted, or anxious in appearance; as haggard features, eyes. “Staring his eyes, and haggard was his look.” Dryden.

Hag´gard, n. [See Haggard, a.] 1. (Falconry) A young or untrained hawk or falcon. 2. A fierce, intractable creature. “I have loved this proud disdainful haggard.” Shak. 3. [See Haggard, a., 2.] A hag. [Obs.] Garth.

Hag´gard, n. [See 1st Haw, Hedge, and Yard an inclosed space.] A stackyard. [Prov. Eng.] Swift.

Hag´gard•ly, adv. In a haggard manner. Dryden.

Hag´ged (-ged), a. Like a hag; lean; ugly. [R.]

Hag´gis (-gis), n. [Scot. hag to hack, chop, E. hack. Formed, perhaps, in imitation of the F. hachis (E. hash), fr. hacher.] A Scotch pudding made of the heart, liver, lights, etc., of a sheep or lamb, minced with suet, onions, oatmeal, etc., highly seasoned, and boiled in the stomach of the same animal; minced head and pluck. [Written also haggiss, haggess, and haggies.]

Hag´gish (-gish), a. Like a hag; ugly; wrinkled. “But on us both did haggish age steal on.” Shak.

Hag´gish•ly, adv. In the manner of a hag.

Hag´gle (hag´g’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haggled (-g’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Haggling (-gling).] [Freq. of Scot. hag, E. hack. See Hack to cut.] To cut roughly or hack; to cut into small pieces; to notch or cut in an unskillful manner; to make rough or mangle by cutting; as a boy haggles a stick of wood. “Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled o’er,
Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteeped.” Shak.

Hag´gle, v. i. To be difficult in bargaining; to stick at small matters; to chaffer; to higgle. “Royalty and science never haggled about the value of blood.” Walpole.

Hag´gle, n. The act or process of haggling. Carlyle.

Hag´gler (hag´gler), n. 1. One who haggles or is difficult in bargaining. 2. One who forestalls a market; a middleman between producer and dealer in London vegetable markets.

Ha´gi•ar•chy (ha´ji•är•ky), n. [Gr. ´a•gios sacred, holy + - archy.] A sacred government; government by holy orders of men. Southey.

Ha•gi•oc´ra•cy (-ok´ra•sy), n. [Gr. ´a•gios holy, and kratei^n to govern.] Government by a priesthood; hierarchy.

Ha•gi•og´ra•pha (-og´ra•fa), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. ´agio•grafa (sc. bibli•a), fr. ´agio•grafos written by inspiration; ´a•gios sacred, holy + gra•fein to write.] 1. The last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, or that portion not contained in the Law and the Prophets. It comprises Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The lives of the saints. Brande & C.

Ha•gi•og´ra•phal (-fal), Pertaining to the hagiographa, or to sacred writings.

Ha•gi•og´ra•pher (-fer), n. One of the writers of the hagiographa; a writer of lives of the saints. Shipley.

Ha•gi•og´ra•phy (-fy; 277), n. Same as Hagiographa.

Ha•gi•ol´a•try (-ol´a•try), n. [Gr. ´a•gios sacred + latrei•a worship.] The invocation or worship of saints.

Ha•gi•ol´o•gist (-o•jist), n. One who treats of the sacred writings; a writer of the lives of the saints; a hagiographer. Tylor. “Hagiologists have related it without scruple.” Southey.

Ha•gi•ol´o•gy (-jy), n. [Gr. ´a•gios sacred + -logy.] The history or description of the sacred writings or of sacred persons; a narrative of the lives of the saints; a catalogue of saints. J. H. Newman.

Ha´gi•o•scope (ha´ji•o•skop•), n. [Gr. ´a•gios sacred + -scope.] An opening made in the interior walls of a cruciform church to afford a view of the altar to those in the transepts; — called, in architecture, a squint. Hook.

Hag´-rid•den (hag´rid•d’n), a. Ridden by a hag or witch; hence, afflicted with nightmare. Beattie. Cheyne.

Hag´seed (hag´sed), n. The offspring of a hag. Shak.

Hag´ship, n. The state or title of a hag. Middleton.

Hag´-ta•per (-ta•per), n. [Cf. 1st Hag, and Hig-taper.] (Bot.) The great woolly mullein (Verbascum Thapsus).

Hague´but (hag´but), n. See Hagbut.

Hah (hä), interj. Same as Ha.

Ha-ha´ (hä•hä´), n. [See Haw-haw.] A sunk fence; a fence, wall, or ditch, not visible till one is close upon it. [Written also haw- haw.]

Hai´ding•er•ite (hi´ding•er•it), n. (Min.) A mineral consisting chiefly of the arseniate of lime; — so named in honor of W. Haidinger, of Vienna.

Hai´duck (hi´duk), n. [G. haiduck, heiduck, fr. Hung. hajdu.] Formerly, a mercenary foot soldier in Hungary, now, a halberdier of a Hungarian noble, or an attendant in German or Hungarian courts. [Written also hayduck, haiduk, heiduc, heyduck, and heyduk.]

Haik (hak; Ar. hä•ek), n. [Ar. haïk, fr. haka to weave.] A large piece of woolen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs as an outer garment. [Written also hyke.] Heyse.

Hai´kal (hi´kal), n. The central chapel of the three forming the sanctuary of a Coptic church. It contains the high altar, and is usually closed by an embroidered curtain.

Hail (hal), n. [OE. hail, ha&yogh;el, AS. haegel, hagol; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. hagel; Icel. hagl; cf. Gr. ka•chlhx pebble.] Small roundish masses of ice precipitated from the clouds, where they are formed by the congelation of vapor. The separate masses or grains are called hailstones. “Thunder mixed with hail,
Hail mixed with fire, must rend the Egyptian sky.” Milton.

Hail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hailed (hald); p. pr. & vb. n. Hailing.] [OE. hailen, AS. hagalian.] To pour down particles of ice, or frozen vapors.

Hail, v. t. To pour forcibly down, as hail. Shak.

Hail, a. Healthy. See Hale (the preferable spelling).

Hail, v. t. [OE. hailen, heilen, Icel. heill hale, sound, used in greeting. See Hale sound.] 1. To call loudly to, or after; to accost; to salute; to address. 2. To name; to designate; to call. “And such a son as all men hailed me happy.” Milton.

Hail, v. i. 1. To declare, by hailing, the port from which a vessel sails or where she is registered; hence, to sail; to come; — used with from; as the steamer hails from New York. 2. To report as one’s home or the place from whence one comes; to come; — with from. [Colloq.] C. G. Halpine.

Hail, interj. [See Hail, v. t.] An exclamation of respectful or reverent salutation, or, occasionally, of familiar greeting. ´Hail, brave friend.´ Shak. All hail. See in the Vocabulary. — Hail Mary, a form of prayer made use of in the Roman Catholic Church in invocation of the Virgin. See Ave Maria.

Hail, n. A wish of health; a salutation; a loud call. ´Their puissant hail.´ M. Arnold. “The angel hail bestowed.” Milton.

Hail´-fel•low (-fel•lo), n. An intimate companion. “Hail-fellow well met.” Lyly.

Hailse (hals), v. t. [OE. hailsen, Icel. heilsa. Cf. Hail to call to.] To greet; to salute. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Hail´shot (hal´shot•), n. pl. Small shot which scatter like hailstones. [Obs.] Hayward.

Hail´stone (-ston•), n. A single particle of ice falling from a cloud; a frozen raindrop; a pellet of hail.

Hail´storm (-stôrm•), n. A storm accompanied with hail; a shower of hail.

Hail´y (-y), a. Of hail. ´Haily showers.´ Pope.

Hain (han), v. t. [Cf. Sw. hägn hedge, inclosure, Dan. hegn hedge, fence. See Hedge.] To inclose for mowing; to set aside for grass. ´A ground … hained in.´ Holland.

Hain’t (hant). A contraction of have not or has not; as I hain’t, he hain’t, we hain’t. [Colloq. or illiterate speech.] [Written also han’t.]

Hair (hâr), n. [OE. her, heer, haer, AS. haer; akin to OFries. her, D. & G. haar, OHG. & Icel. har, Dan. haar, Sw. hår; cf. Lith. kasa.] 1. The collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. 2. One the above-mentioned filaments, consisting, in vertebrate animals, of a long, tubular part which is free and flexible, and a bulbous root imbedded in the skin. “Then read he me how Sampson lost his hairs.” Chaucer. “And draweth new delights with hoary hairs.” Spenser. 3. Hair (human or animal) used for various purposes; as hair for stuffing cushions. 4. (Zoöl.) A slender outgrowth from the chitinous cuticle of insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Such hairs are totally unlike those of vertebrates in structure, composition, and mode of growth. 5. (Bot.) An outgrowth of the epidermis, consisting of one or of several cells, whether pointed, hooked, knobbed, or stellated. Internal hairs occur in the flower stalk of the yellow frog lily (Nuphar). 6. A spring device used in a hair-trigger firearm. 7. A haircloth. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. Any very small distance, or degree; a hairbreadth. Hairs is often used adjectively or in combination; as hairbrush or hair brush, hair dye, hair oil, hairpin, hair powder, a brush, a dye, etc., for the hair. Against the hair, in a rough and disagreeable manner; against the grain. [Obs.] ´You go against the hair of your professions.´ Shak. — Hair bracket (Ship Carp.), a molding which comes in at the back of, or runs aft from, the figurehead. — Hair cells (Anat.), cells with hairlike processes in the sensory epithelium of certain parts of the internal ear. — Hair compass, Hair divider, a compass or divider capable of delicate adjustment by means of a screw. — Hair glove, a glove of horsehair for rubbing the skin. — Hair lace, a netted fillet for tying up the hair of the head. Swift. — Hair line, a line made of hair; a very slender line. — Hair moth (Zoöl.), any moth which destroys goods made of hair, esp. Tinea biselliella. — Hair pencil, a brush or pencil made of fine hair, for painting; — generally called by the name of the hair used; as a camel’s hair pencil, a sable’s hair pencil, etc. - - Hair plate, an iron plate forming the back of the hearth of a bloomery fire. — Hair powder, a white perfumed powder, as of flour or starch, formerly much used for sprinkling on the hair of the head, or on wigs. — Hair seal (Zoöl.), any one of several species of eared seals which do not produce fur; a sea lion. — Hair seating, haircloth for seats of chairs, etc. — Hair shirt, a shirt, or a band for the loins, made of horsehair, and worn as a penance. — Hair sieve, a strainer with a haircloth bottom. — Hair snake. See Gordius. — Hair space (Printing), the thinnest metal space used in lines of type. — Hair stroke, a delicate stroke in writing. — Hair trigger, a trigger so constructed as to discharge a firearm by a very slight pressure, as by the touch of a hair. Farrow. — Not worth a hair, of no value. — To a hair, with the nicest distinction. — To split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety.

Hair´bell (hâr´bel•), n. (Bot.) See Harebell.

Hair´bird (-berd), n. (Zoöl.) The chipping sparrow.

Hair´brained (-brand•), a. See Harebrained.

Hair´breadth (-bredth), Hair’s´ breadth (hârz´). The diameter or breadth of a hair; a very small distance; sometimes definitely the forty-eighth part of an inch. “Every one could sling stones at an hairbreadth and not miss.” Judg. xx. 16.

Hair´breadth, a. Having the breadth of a hair; very narrow; as a hairbreadth escape.

Hair´-brown (-broun•), a. Of a clear tint of brown, resembling brown human hair. It is composed of equal proportions of red and green.

Hair´brush (-brush•), n. A brush for cleansing and smoothing the hair.

Hair´cloth (-kloth•), n. Stuff or cloth made wholly or in part of hair.

Hair´dress•er (-dres•er), n. One who dresses or cuts hair; a barber.

Haired (hârd), a. 1. Having hair. ´A beast haired like a bear.´ Purchas. 2. In composition: Having (such) hair; as red-haired.

Hai´ren (hâr´en), a. [AS. haeren.] Hairy. [Obs.] “His hairen shirt and his ascetic diet.” J. Taylor.

Hair´ grass (gras•). (Bot.) A grass with very slender leaves or branches; as the Agrostis scabra, and several species of Aira or Deschampsia.

Hair´i•ness (-i•nes), n. The state of abounding, or being covered, with hair. Johnson.

Hair´less, a. Destitute of hair. Shak.

Hair´pin (-pin•), n. A pin, usually forked, or of bent wire, for fastening the hair in place, — used by women.

Hair´-salt (-salt•), n. [A translation of G. haarsalz.] (Min.) A variety of native Epsom salt occurring in silky fibers.

Hair´split•ter (-split•ter), n. One who makes excessively nice or needless distinctions in reasoning; one who quibbles. ´The caviling hairsplitter.´ De Quincey.

Hair´split•ting (-ting), a. Making excessively nice or trivial distinctions in reasoning; subtle. — n. The act or practice of making trivial distinctions. “The ancient hairsplitting technicalities of special pleading.” Charles Sumner.

Hair´spring (-spring•), n. (Horology) The slender recoil spring which regulates the motion of the balance in a timepiece.

Hair´streak (-strek•), n. A butterfly of the genus Thecla; as the green hairstreak (T. rubi).

Hair´tail (-tal•), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of marine fishes of the genus Trichiurus; esp., T. lepturus of Europe and America. They are long and like a band, with a slender, pointed tail. Called also bladefish.

Hair´ worm (wûrm•). (Zoöl.) A nematoid worm of the genus Gordius, resembling a hair. See Gordius.

Hair´y (-y), a. Bearing or covered with hair; made of or resembling hair; rough with hair; hirsute. “His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge.” Milton.

Hai´ti•an (ha´ti•an), a. & n. See Haytian.

Ha´je (hä´je), n. [Ar. hayya snake.] (Zoöl.) The Egyptian asp or cobra (Naja haje.) It is related to the cobra of India, and like the latter has the power of inflating its neck into a hood. Its bite is very venomous. It is supposed to be the snake by means of whose bite Cleopatra committed suicide, and hence is sometimes called Cleopatra’s snake or asp. See Asp.

Hake (hak), n. [See Hatch a half door.] A drying shed, as for unburned tile.

Hake, n. [Also haak.] [Akin to Norweg. hakefisk, lit., hook fish, Prov. E. hake hook, G. hecht pike. See Hook.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of marine gadoid fishes, of the genera Phycis, Merlucius, and allies. The common European hake is M. vulgaris; the American silver hake or whiting is M. bilinearis. Two American species (Phycis chuss and P. tenius) are important food fishes, and are also valued for their oil and sounds. Called also squirrel hake, and codling.

Hake (hak), v. i. To loiter; to sneak. [Prov. Eng.]

Hake’s´-dame (haks´dam•), n. See Forkbeard.

Hak´e•ton (hak´e•ton), n. Same as Acton. [Obs.]

Ha•kim´ (ha•kem´), n. [Ar. hakim.] A wise man; a physician, esp. a Mohammedan. [India]

Ha´kim (hä´kem), n. [Ar. hakim.] A Mohammedan title for a ruler; a judge. [India]

Ha•la´cha (ha•lä´ka), n.; pl. Halachoth (- koth). [Heb. halachah.] The general term for the Hebrew oral or traditional law; one of two branches of exposition in the Midrash. See Midrash.

Ha•la´tion (ha•la´shun), n. (Photog.) An appearance as of a halo of light, surrounding the edges of dark objects in a photographic picture.

Hal´berd (hol´berd; 277), n. [F. hallebarde; of German origin; cf. MHG. helmbarte, G. hellebarte; prob. orig., an ax to split a helmet, fr. G. barte a broad ax (orig. from the same source as E. beard; cf. Icel. barða, a kind of ax, skegg beard, skeggja a kind of halberd) + helm helmet; but cf. also MHG. helm, halm, handle, and E. helve. See Beard, Helmet.] (Mil.) An ancient long-handled weapon, of which the head had a point and several long, sharp edges, curved or straight, and sometimes additional points. The heads were sometimes of very elaborate form. [Written also halbert.]

Hal•berd•ier´ (ho•berd•er´), n. [F. hallebardier.] One who is armed with a halberd. Strype.

Hal´berd-shaped (-shapt•), a. Hastate.

Hal´cy•on (hal´si•on), n. [L. halcyon, alcyon, Gr. ´alkyw•n, ’alkyw•n: cf. F. halcyon.] (Zoöl.) A kingfisher. By modern ornithologists restricted to a genus including a limited number of species having omnivorous habits, as the sacred kingfisher (Halcyon sancta) of Australia. “Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be
As halcyons brooding on a winter sea.” Dryden.

Hal´cy•on, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, the halcyon, which was anciently said to lay her eggs in nests on or near the sea during the calm weather about the winter solstice. 2. Hence: Calm; quiet; peaceful; undisturbed; happy. ´Deep, halcyon repose.´ De Quincy.

Hal•cy•o´ni•an (hal•si•o´ni•an), a. Halcyon; calm.

Hal´cy•o•noid (hal´si•o•noid), a. & n. [Halcyon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) See Alcyonoid.

Hale (hal), a. [Written also hail.] [OE. heil, Icel. heill; akin to E. whole. See Whole.] Sound; entire; healthy; robust; not impaired; as a hale body. “Last year we thought him strong and hale.” Swift.

Hale, n. Welfare. [Obs.] “All heedless of his dearest hale.” Spenser.

Hale (hal or hal; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haled (hald or hald); p. pr. & vb. n. Haling.] [OE. halen, halien; cf. AS. holian, to acquire, get. See Haul.] To pull; to drag; to haul. See Haul. Chaucer. “Easier both to freight, and to hale ashore.” Milton. “As some dark priest hales the reluctant victim.” Shelley.

Ha•le´si•a (ha•le´zhi•a), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of American shrubs containing several species, called snowdrop trees, or silver-bell trees. They have showy, white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels.

Half (häf), a. [AS. healf, half, half; as a noun, half, side, part; akin to OS., OFries., & D. half, G. halb, Sw. half, Dan. halv, Icel. halfr, Goth. halbs. Cf. Halve, Behalf.] 1. Consisting of a moiety, or half; as a half bushel; a half hour; a half dollar; a half view. The adjective and noun are often united to form a compound. 2. Consisting of some indefinite portion resembling a half; approximately a half, whether more or less; partial; imperfect; as a half dream; half knowledge. “Assumed from thence a half consent.” Tennyson. Half ape (Zoöl.), a lemur. — Half back. (Football) See under 2d Back. — Half bent, the first notch, for the sear point to enter, in the tumbler of a gunlock; the halfcock notch. — Half binding, a style of bookbinding in which only the back and corners are in leather. — Half boarder, one who boards in part; specifically, a scholar at a boarding school who takes dinner only. — Half-breadth plan (Shipbuilding), a horizontal plan of one half a vessel, divided lengthwise, showing the lines. — Half cadence (Mus.), a cadence on the dominant. — Half cap, a slight salute with the cap. [Obs.] Shak. — At half cock, the position of the cock of a gun when retained by the first notch. — Half hitch, a sailor’s knot in a rope; half of a clove hitch. — Half hose, short stockings; socks. — Half measure, an imperfect or weak line of action. — Half note (Mus.), a minim, one half of a semibreve. — Half pay, half of the wages or salary; reduced pay; as an officer on half pay. — Half price, half the ordinary price; or a price much reduced. — Half round. (a) (Arch.) A molding of semicircular section. (b) (Mech.) Having one side flat and the other rounded; — said of a file. — Half shift (Mus.), a position of the hand, between the open position and the first shift, in playing on the violin and kindred instruments. See Shift. — Half step (Mus.), a semitone; the smallest difference of pitch or interval, used in music. — Half tide, the time or state of the tide equally distant from ebb and flood. — Half time, half the ordinary time for work or attendance; as the half-time system. — Half tint (Fine Arts), a middle or intermediate tint, as in drawing or painting. See Demitint. — Half truth, a statement only partially true, or which gives only a part of the truth. Mrs. Browning. — Half year, the space of six months; one term of a school when there are two terms in a year.

Half, adv. In an equal part or degree; in some part approximating a half; partially; imperfectly; as half-colored, half done, half-hearted, half persuaded, half conscious. ´Half loth and half consenting.´ Dryden. “Their children spoke halfin the speech of Ashdod.” Neh. xiii. 24.

Half (häf), n.; pl. Halves (hävz). [AS. healf. See Half, a.] 1. Part; side; behalf. [Obs.] Wyclif. “The four halves of the house.” Chaucer. 2. One of two equal parts into which anything may be divided, or considered as divided; — sometimes followed by of; as a half of an apple. “Not half his riches known, and yet despised.” Milton. “A friendship so complete
Portioned in halves between us.” Tennyson. Better half. See under Better. - - In half, in two; an expression sometimes used improperly instead of in or into halves; as to cut in half. [Colloq.] Dickens. — In, or On, one’s half, in one’s behalf; on one’s part. [Obs.] — To cry halves, to claim an equal share with another. — To go halves, to share equally between two.

Half, v. t. To halve. [Obs.] See Halve. Sir H. Wotton.

Half•-and-half´, n. A mixture of two malt liquors, esp. porter and ale, in about equal parts. Dickens.

Half´beak (häf´bek•), n. (Zoöl.) Any slender, marine fish of the genus Hemirhamphus, having the upper jaw much shorter than the lower; — called also balahoo.

Half´ blood (blud). 1. The relation between persons born of the same father or of the same mother, but not of both; as a brother or sister of the half blood. See Blood, n., 2 and 4. 2. A person so related to another. 3. A person whose father and mother are of different races; a half-breed. In the 2d and 3d senses usually with a hyphen.

Half´-blood•ed, a. 1. Proceeding from a male and female of different breeds or races; having only one parent of good stock; as a half-blooded sheep. 2. Degenerate; mean. Shak.

Half´-boot (-boot•), n. A boot with a short top covering only the ankle. See Cocker, and Congress boot, under Congress.

Half´-bound (-bound•), n. Having only the back and corners in leather, as a book.

Half´-bred (-bred•), a. 1. Half-blooded. [Obs.] 2. Imperfectly acquainted with the rules of good-breeding; not well trained. Atterbury.

Half´-breed (-bred•), a. Half-blooded.

Half´-breed, n. A person who is half-blooded; the offspring of parents of different races, especially of the American Indian and the white race.

Half´-broth•er (-bruth•er), n. A brother by one parent, but not by both.

Half´-caste (-kast), n. One born of a European parent on the one side, and of a Hindoo or Mohammedan on the other. Also adjective; as half-caste parents.

Half´-clammed (-klamd•), a. Half-filled. [Obs.] “Lions’ half-clammed entrails roar for food.” Marston.

Half´cock (-kok•), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halfcocked(-kokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Halfcocking.] To set the cock of (a firearm) at the first notch. To go off halfcocked. (a) To be discharged prematurely, or with the trigger at half cock; — said of a firearm. (b) To do or say something without due thought or care. [Colloq. or Low]

Half´-cracked (-krakt•), a. Half-demented; half-witted. [Colloq.]

Half´-deck (-dek•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A shell of the genus Crepidula; a boat shell. See Boat shell. 2. See Half deck, under Deck.

Half´-decked (-dekt), a. Partially decked. “The half-decked craft … used by the latter Vikings.” Elton.

Half´en (-’n), a. [From Half.] Wanting half its due qualities. [Obs.] Spenser.

Half´en•deal (-’n•del•), adv. [OE. halfendele. See Half, and Deal.] Half; by the half part. [Obs.] Chaucer. — n. A half part. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

Half´er (-er), n. 1. One who possesses or gives half only; one who shares. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. 2. A male fallow deer gelded. Pegge (1814).

Half´-faced (-fast•), a. Showing only part of the face; wretched looking; meager. Shak.

Half´-fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) A salmon in its fifth year of growth. [Prov. Eng.]

Half´-hatched (-hacht•), a. Imperfectly hatched; as half-hatched eggs. Gay.

Half´-heard (-herd•), a. Imperfectly or partly heard; not heard to the end. “And leave half-heard the melancholy tale.” Pope.

Half´-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. 1. Wanting in heart or spirit; ungenerous; unkind. B. Jonson. 2. Lacking zeal or courage; lukewarm. H. James.

Half´-hour•ly (-our•ly), a. Done or happening at intervals of half an hour.

Half´-learned (häf´lernd•), a. Imperfectly learned.

Half´-length (-length•), a. Of half the whole or ordinary length, as a picture.

Half´-mast (-mast•), n. A point some distance below the top of a mast or staff; as a flag a half-mast (a token of mourning, etc.).

Half´-moon (-moon•), n. 1. The moon at the quarters, when half its disk appears illuminated. 2. The shape of a half-moon; a crescent. “See how in warlike muster they appear,
In rhombs, and wedges, and half-moons, and wings.” Milton. 3. (Fort.) An outwork composed of two faces, forming a salient angle whose gorge resembles a half-moon; — now called a ravelin. 4. (Zoöl.) A marine, sparoid, food fish of California (Caesiosoma Californiense). The body is ovate, blackish above, blue or gray below. Called also medialuna.

Half´ness (häf´nes), n. The quality of being half; incompleteness. [R.] “As soon as there is any departure from simplicity, and attempt at halfness, or good for me that is not good for him, my neighbor feels the wrong.” Emerson.

Half´pace (-pas•), n. (Arch.) A platform of a staircase where the stair turns back in exactly the reverse direction of the lower flight. See Quarterpace. This term and quarterpace are rare or unknown in the United States, platform or landing being used instead.

Half´-pen•ny(ha´pen•ny or häf´-; 277),n.;pl. Half-pence (- pens) or Half-pennies(- pen•niz). An English coin of the value of half a penny; also the value of half a penny.

Half´-pike (häf´pik•), n. (Mil.) A short pike, sometimes carried by officers of infantry, sometimes used in boarding ships; a spontoon. Tatler.

Half´-port (-port•), n. (Naut.) One half of a shutter made in two parts for closing a porthole.

Half´-ray (-ra•), n. (Geom.) A straight line considered as drawn from a center to an indefinite distance in one direction, the complete ray being the whole line drawn to an indefinite distance in both directions.

Half´-read (-red•), a. Informed by insufficient reading; superficial; shallow. Dryden.

Half´ seas• o´ver (sez• o´ver). Half drunk. [Slang: used only predicatively.] Spectator.

Half´-sight•ed (-sit•ed), a. Seeing imperfectly; having weak discernment. Bacon.

Half´-sis•ter (-sis•ter), n. A sister by one parent only.

Half´-strained (-strand•), a. Half-bred; imperfect. [R.] ´A half-strained villain.´ Dryden.

Half´-sword (-sord•), n. Half the length of a sword; close fight. ´At half- sword.´ Shak.

Half´-tim•bered (-tim•berd), a. (Arch.) Constructed of a timber frame, having the spaces filled in with masonry; — said of buildings.

Half´-tongue (-tung•), n. (O. Law) A jury, for the trial of a foreigner, composed equally of citizens and aliens.

Half´way (häf´wa•), adv. In the middle; at half the distance; imperfectly; partially; as he halfway yielded. “Temples proud to meet their gods halfway.” Young.

Half´way, a. Equally distant from the extremes; situated at an intermediate point; midway. Halfway covenant, a practice among the Congregational churches of New England, between 1657 and 1662, of permitting baptized persons of moral life and orthodox faith to enjoy all the privileges of church membership, save the partaking of the Lord’s Supper. They were also allowed to present their children for baptism. — Halfway house, an inn or place of call midway on a journey.

Half´-wit (-wit•), n. A foolish person; a dolt; a blockhead; a dunce. Dryden.

Half´-wit•ted (-ted), a. Weak in intellect; silly.

Half´-year•ly (-yer•ly), a. Two in a year; semiannual. — adv. Twice in a year; semiannually.

Hal´i•but (hol´i•but; 277), n. [OE. hali holy + but, butte, flounder; akin to D. bot, G. butte; cf. D. heilbot, G. heilbutt. So named as being eaten on holidays. See Holy, Holiday.] (Zoöl.) A large, northern, marine flatfish (Hippoglossus vulgaris), of the family Pleuronectidae. It often grows very large, weighing more than three hundred pounds. It is an important food fish. [Written also holibut.]

Hal•i•chon´dri•ae (hal•i•kon´dri•e), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, sea + cho•ndros cartilage.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges, having simple siliceous spicules and keratose fibers; — called also Keratosilicoidea.

Hal´i•core (hal´i•kor; L. ha•lik´o•re), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•ls sea + ko•rh maiden.] Same as Dugong.

Hal´i•dom (hal´i•dum), n. [AS. haligdom holiness, sacrament, sanctuary, relics; halig holy + - dom, E. -dom. See Holy.] 1. Holiness; sanctity; sacred oath; sacred things; sanctuary; — used chiefly in oaths. [Archaic] “So God me help and halidom.” Piers Plowman. “By my halidom, I was fast asleep.” Shak. 2. Holy doom; the Last Day. [R.] Shipley.

Hal•i•eu´tics (-u´tiks), n. [L. halieuticus pertaining to fishing, Gr. ´alieytiko•s.] A treatise upon fish or the art of fishing; ichthyology.

Hal´i•mas (-mas), a. [See Hallowmas.] The feast of All Saints; Hallowmas. [Obs.]

Ha•li•og´ra•pher (ha•li•og´ra•fer or hal•i-), n. One who writes about or describes the sea.

Ha•li•og´ra•phy (-fy), n. [Gr. ´a•ls the sea + -graphy.] Description of the sea; the science that treats of the sea.

Ha•li•o´tis (ha•li•o´tis or hal•i-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•ls sea + o’y^s, ’wto•s, ear.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine shells; the ear-shells. See Abalone.

Ha´li•o•toid (ha´li•o•toid• or hal´i-), a. [Haliotis + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Haliotis; ear-shaped.

Hal•i•sau´ri•a (hal•i•sa´ri•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, sea + say^ros.] (Paleon.) The Enaliosauria.

Ha´lite (ha´lit or hal´it), n. [Gr. ´a•ls salt.] (Min.) Native salt; sodium chloride.

Ha•lit´u•ous (ha•lit´u•us; 135), a. [L. halitus breath, vapor, fr. halare to breathe: cf. F. halitueux.] Produced by, or like, breath; vaporous. Boyle.

Halk (hak), n. A nook; a corner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hall (hal), n. [OE. halle, hal, AS. heal, heall; akin to D. hal, OS. & OHG. halla, G. halle, Icel. höll, and prob. from a root meaning, to hide, conceal, cover. See Hell, Helmet.] 1. A building or room of considerable size and stateliness, used for public purposes; as Westminster Hall, in London. 2. (a) The chief room in a castle or manor house, and in early times the only public room, serving as the place of gathering for the lord’s family with the retainers and servants, also for cooking and eating. It was often contrasted with the bower, which was the private or sleeping apartment. “Full sooty was her bower and eke her hall.” Chaucer. Hence, as the entrance from outside was directly into the hall: (b) A vestibule, entrance room, etc., in the more elaborated buildings of later times. Hence: (c) Any corridor or passage in a building. 3. A name given to many manor houses because the magistrate’s court was held in the hall of his mansion; a chief mansion house. Cowell. 4. A college in an English university (at Oxford, an unendowed college). 5. The apartment in which English university students dine in common; hence, the dinner itself; as hall is at six o’clock. 6. Cleared passageway in a crowd; — formerly an exclamation. [Obs.] ´A hall! a hall!´ B. Jonson. Syn. — Entry; court; passage. See Vestibule.

Hall´age (-aj; 48), n. (O. Eng. Law) A fee or toll paid for goods sold in a hall. { Hal•le•lu´iah , Hal•le•lu´jah } (hal•le•lu´ya), n. & interj. [Heb. See Alleluia.] Praise ye Jehovah; praise ye the Lord; — an exclamation used chiefly in songs of praise or thanksgiving to God, and as an expression of gratitude or adoration. Rev. xix. 1 (Rev. Ver.) “So sung they, and the empyrean rung
With Hallelujahs.” Milton. “In those days, as St. Jerome tells us,´any one as he walked in the fields, might hear the plowman at his hallelujahs.´” Sharp.

Hal•le•lu•jat´ic (-lu•yat´ik), a. Pertaining to, or containing, hallelujahs. [R.]

Hal´liard (hal´yerd), n. See Halyard.

Hal´li•dome (hal´li•dom), n. Same as Halidom.

Hal´li•er (hal´li•er or hal´yer), n. [From Hale to pull.] A kind of net for catching birds.

Hall´-mark (hal´märk•), n. The official stamp of the Goldsmiths’ Company and other assay offices, in the United Kingdom, on gold and silver articles, attesting their purity. Also used figuratively; — as a word or phrase lacks the hall-mark of the best writers.

Hal•loa´ (hal•lo´). See Halloo.

Hal•loo´ (hal•loo´), n. [Perh. fr. ah + lo; cf. AS. eala, G. halloh, F. haler to set (a dog) on. Cf. Hollo, interj.] A loud exclamation; a call to invite attention or to incite a person or an animal; a shout. “List! List! I hear
Some far off halloo break the silent air.” Milton.

Hal•loo´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hallooed (-lood´); p. pr. & vb. n. Hallooing.] To cry out; to exclaim with a loud voice; to call to a person, as by the word halloo. “Country folks hallooed and hooted after me.” Sir P. Sidney.

Hal•loo´, v. t. 1. To encourage with shouts. “Old John hallooes his hounds again.” Prior. 2. To chase with shouts or outcries. “If I fly … Halloo me like a hare.” Shak. 3. To call or shout to; to hail. Shak.

Hal•loo´, interj. [OE. halow. See Halloo, n.] An exclamation to call attention or to encourage one.

Hal´low (hal´lo), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hallowed(-lod); p. pr. & vb. n. Hallowing.] [OE. halowen, halwien, halgien, AS. halgian, fr. halig holy. See Holy.] To make holy; to set apart for holy or religious use; to consecrate; to treat or keep as sacred; to reverence. ´Hallowed be thy name.´ Matt. vi. 9. “Hallow the Sabbath day, to do no work therein.” Jer. xvii. 24. “His secret altar touched with hallowed fire.” Milton. “In a larger sense … we can not hallow this ground [Gettysburg].” A. Lincoln.

Hal•low•een´ (hal•lo•en´), n. The evening preceding Allhallows or All Saints’ Day. [Scot.] Burns.

Hal´low•mas (hal´lo•mas), n. [See Mass the eucharist.] The feast of All Saints, or Allhallows. “To speak puling, like a beggar at Hallowmas.” Shak.

Hal•loy´site (hal•loi´sit), n. [Named after Omalius d’Halloy.] (Min.) A claylike mineral, occurring in soft, smooth, amorphous masses, of a whitish color.

Hal´lu•cal (hal´lu•kal), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hallux.

Hal•lu´ci•nate (hal•lu´si•nat), v. i. [L. hallucinatus, alucinatus, p. p. of hallucinari, alucinari, to wander in mind, talk idly, dream.] To wander; to go astray; to err; to blunder; — used of mental processes. [R.] Byron.

Hal•lu•ci•na´tion (-na´shun), n. [L. hallucinatio: cf. F. hallucination.] 1. The act of hallucinating; a wandering of the mind; error; mistake; a blunder. “This must have been the hallucination of the transcriber.” Addison. 2. (Med.) The perception of objects which have no reality, or of sensations which have no corresponding external cause, arising from disorder of the nervous system, as in delirium tremens; delusion. “Hallucinations are always evidence of cerebral derangement and are common phenomena of insanity.” W. A. Hammond.

Hal•lu´ci•na•tor (hal•lu´si•na•ter), n. [L.] One whose judgment and acts are affected by hallucinations; one who errs on account of his hallucinations. N. Brit. Rev.

Hal•lu´ci•na•to•ry (-na•to•ry), a. Partaking of, or tending to produce, hallucination.

Hal´lux (hal´luks), n. [NL., fr. L. hallex, allex.] (Anat.) The first, or preaxial, digit of the hind limb, corresponding to the pollux in the fore limb; the great toe; the hind toe of birds.

Halm (ham), n. (Bot.) Same as Haulm.

Hal´ma (hal´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•lma, fr. ´a•llesqai to leap.] (Greek Antiq.) The long jump, with weights in the hands, — the most important of the exercises of the Pentathlon.

Ha´lo (ha´lo), n.; pl. Halos (-loz). [L. halos, acc. halo, Gr. ´a•lws a thrashing floor, also (from its round shape) the disk of the sun or moon, and later a halo round it; cf. Gr. e’ily•ein to enfold, ’ely•ein to roll round, L. volvere, and E. voluble.] 1. A luminous circle, usually prismatically colored, round the sun or moon, and supposed to be caused by the refraction of light through crystals of ice in the atmosphere. Connected with halos there are often white bands, crosses, or arches, resulting from the same atmospheric conditions. 2. A circle of light; especially, the bright ring represented in painting as surrounding the heads of saints and other holy persons; a glory; a nimbus. 3. An ideal glory investing, or affecting one’s perception of, an object. 4. A colored circle around a nipple; an areola.

Ha´lo, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Haloed (-lod); p. pr. & vb. n. Haloing.] To form, or surround with, a halo; to encircle with, or as with, a halo. “The fire
That haloed round his saintly brow.” Southey.

Ha´loed (ha´lod), a. Surrounded with a halo; invested with an ideal glory; glorified. “Some haloed face bending over me.” C. Bronte.

Hal´o•gen (hal´o•jen), n. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, salt + -gen: cf. F. halogène.] (Chem.) An electro-negative element or radical, which, by combination with a metal, forms a haloid salt; especially, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; sometimes, also fluorine and cyanogen. See Chlorine family, under Chlorine.

Ha•log´e•nous (ha•loj´e•nus), a. Of the nature of a halogen.

Ha´loid (ha´loid or hal´oid), a. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s salt + -oid: cf. F. haloïde.] (Chem.) Resembling salt; — said of certain binary compounds consisting of a metal united to a negative element or radical, and now chiefly applied to the chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sometimes also to the fluorides and cyanides. — n. A haloid substance.

Hal´o•man•cy (hal´o•man•sy), n. See Alomancy.

Ha•lom´e•ter (ha•lom´e•ter), n. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, salt + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the forms and angles of salts and crystals; a goniometer.

Ha•lo´nes (ha•lo´nez), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•lwn, ´a•lwnos, a halo.] (Biol.) Alternating transparent and opaque white rings which are seen outside the blastoderm, on the surface of the developing egg of the hen and other birds.

Hal´o•phyte (hal´o•fit), n. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, salt + fyto•n a plant.] (Bot.) A plant found growing in salt marshes, or in the sea.

Ha´lo•scope (ha´lo•skop), n. [Halo + -scope.] An instrument for exhibition or illustration of the phenomena of halos, parhelia, and the like.

Hal•o•tri´chite (hal•o•tri´kit), n. [Gr. ´a•ls sea + qri•x, tricho•s, hair.] (Min.) An iron alum occurring in silky fibrous aggregates of a yellowish white color.

Ha•lox´y•line, n. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, salt + xy•lon wood.] An explosive mixture, consisting of sawdust, charcoal, niter, and ferrocyanide of potassium, used as a substitute for gunpowder.

Halp (hälp), imp. of Help. Helped. [Obs.]

Hal´pace (hal´pas), n. (Arch.) See Haut pas.

Hals (hals), n. [AS. heals; akin to D., G., & Goth. hals. See Collar.] The neck or throat. [Obs.] “Do me hangen by the hals.” Chaucer.

Halse (hals), v. t. [AS. healsian.] 1. To embrace about the neck; to salute; to greet. [Obs.] “Each other kissed glad
And lovely halst.” Spenser. 2. To adjure; to beseech; to entreat. [Obs.] “O dere child, I halse thee,
In virtue of the Holy Trinity.” Chaucer.

Halse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halsed (halst); p. pr. & vb. n. Halsing.] [Cf. Hawser.] To haul; to hoist. [Obs.] Grafton

Hal´sen•ing (hal´sen•ing), a. Sounding harshly in the throat; inharmonious; rough. [Obs.] Carew.

Hals´er (has´er), n. See Hawser. Pope.

Halt (halt), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hold, contraction for holdeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Halt (halt), n. [Formerly alt, It. alto, G. halt, fr. halten to hold. See Hold.] A stop in marching or walking, or in any action; arrest of progress. “Without any halt they marched.” Clarendon. “[Lovers] soon in passion’s war contest,
Yet in their march soon make a halt.” Davenant.

Halt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Halted; p. pr. & vb. n. Halting.] 1. To hold one’s self from proceeding; to hold up; to cease progress; to stop for a longer or shorter period; to come to a stop; to stand still. 2. To stand in doubt whether to proceed, or what to do; to hesitate; to be uncertain. “How long halt ye between two opinions?” 1 Kings xviii. 21.

Halt (halt), v. t. (Mil.) To cause to cease marching; to stop; as the general halted his troops for refreshment.

Halt, a. [AS. healt; akin to OS., Dan., & Sw. halt, Icel. haltr, halltr, Goth. halts, OHG. halz.] Halting or stopping in walking; lame. “Bring in hither the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind.” Luke xiv. 21.

Halt, n. The act of limping; lameness.

Halt, v. i. [OE. halten, AS. healtian. See Halt, a.] 1. To walk lamely; to limp. 2. To have an irregular rhythm; to be defective. “The blank verse shall halt for it.” Shak.

Halt´er (-er), n. One who halts or limps; a cripple.

Hal´ter (hal´ter), n. [OE. halter, helter, helfter, AS. haelftre; akin to G. halfter, D. halfter, halster, and also to E. helve. See Helve.] A strong strap or cord. Especially: (a) A rope or strap, with or without a headstall, for leading or tying a horse. (b) A rope for hanging malefactors; a noose. Shak. “No man e’er felt the halter draw
With good opinion of the law.” Trumbull.

Hal´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haltered (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Haltering.] To tie by the neck with a rope, strap, or halter; to put a halter on; to subject to a hangman’s halter. ´A haltered neck.´ Shak.

Hal•te´res (hal•te´rez), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´alth^res weights used in jumping, fr. ´a•llesqai to leap.] (Zoöl.) Balancers; the rudimentary hind wings of Diptera.

Hal´ter-sack (hal´ter•sak•), n. A term of reproach, implying that one is fit to be hanged. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Halt´ing•ly (halt´ing•ly), adv. In a halting or limping manner.

Hal´vans (hal´vanz), n. pl. (Mining) Impure ore; dirty ore. Raymond.

Hal´ve (häl´ve), n. A half. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Halve (häv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halved (hävd); p. pr. & vb. n. Halving.] [From Half.] 1. To divide into two equal parts; as to halve an apple; to be or form half of. “So far apart their lives are thrown
From the twin soul that halves their own.” M. Arnold. 2. (Arch.) To join, as two pieces of timber, by cutting away each for half its thickness at the joining place, and fitting together.

Halved (hävd), a. Appearing as if one side, or one half, were cut away; dimidiate.

Halves (hävz), n., pl. of Half. By halves, by one half at once; halfway; fragmentarily; partially; incompletely. “I can not believe by halves; either I have faith, or I have it not.” J. H. Newman. To go halves. See under Go.

Hal´we (häl´we), n. [OE., fr. AS. halga. See Holy.] A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hal´yard (hal´yerd), n. [Hale, v. t. + yard.] (Naut.) A rope or tackle for hoisting or lowering yards, sails, flags, etc. [Written also halliard, haulyard.]

Hal•y•si´tes (hal•i•si´tez), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•lysis a chain.] (Paleon.) A genus of Silurian fossil corals; the chain corals. See Chain coral, under Chain.

Ham (häm), n. Home. [North of Eng.] Chaucer.

Ham (ham), n. [AS. ham; akin to D. ham, dial. G. hamme, OHG. hamma. Perh. named from the bend at the ham, and akin to E. chamber. Cf. Gammon ham.] 1. (Anat.) The region back of the knee joint; the popliteal space; the hock. 2. The thigh of any animal; especially, the thigh of a hog cured by salting and smoking. “A plentiful lack of wit, together with most weak hams.” Shak.

Ham´a•dry•ad (ham´a•dri•ad), n.; pl. E. Hamadryads (- adz), L. Hamadryades (- dri´a•dez). [L. Hamadryas, -adis, Gr. ´Amadrya•s; ´a•ma together + dry^s oak, tree: cf. F. hamadryade. See Same, and Tree.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A tree nymph whose life ended with that of the particular tree, usually an oak, which had been her abode. 2. (Zoöl.) A large venomous East Indian snake (Ophiophagus bungarus), allied to the cobras.

Ha•ma´dry•as (ha•ma´dri•as), n. [L., a hamadryad. See Hamadryad.] (Zoöl.) The sacred baboon of Egypt (Cynocephalus Hamadryas).

Ham•a•me´lis (ham•a•me´lis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´amamhli•s a kind of medlar or service tree; ´a•ma at the same time + mh^lon an apple, any tree fruit.] (Bot.) A genus of plants which includes the witch-hazel (Hamamelis Virginica), a preparation of which is used medicinally.

Ha´mate (ha´mat), a. [L. hamatus, fr. hamus hook.] Hooked; bent at the end into a hook; hamous.

Ha´ma•ted (ha´ma•ted), a. Hooked, or set with hooks; hamate. Swift.

Ha•ma´tum (ha•ma´tum), n. [NL., fr. L. hamatus hooked.] (Anat.) See Unciform.

Ham´ble (ham´b’l), v. t. [OE. hamelen to mutilate, AS. hamelian; akin to OHG. hamalon to mutilate, hamal mutilated, ham mutilated, Icel. hamla to mutilate. Cf.Hamper to fetter.] To hamstring. [Obs.]

Ham´burg (-bûrg), n. A commercial city of Germany, near the mouth of the Elbe. Black Hamburg grape. See under Black. — Hamburg edging, a kind of embroidered work done by machinery on cambric or muslin; — used for trimming. — Hamburg lake, a purplish crimson pigment resembling cochineal.

Hame (ham), n. Home. [Scot. & O. Eng.]

Hame, n. [Scot. haims, hammys, hems, OE. ham; cf. D. haam.] One of the two curved pieces of wood or metal, in the harness of a draught horse, to which the traces are fastened. They are fitted upon the collar, or have pads fitting the horse’s neck attached to them.

Ham´el (ham´el), v. t. [Obs.] Same as Hamble. { Hame´seck•en (ham´sek•’n), Hame´suck•en (-suk•’n), } n. [AS. hamsocn. See Home, and Seek.] (Scots Law) The felonious seeking and invasion of a person in his dwelling house. Bouvier.

Ha´mi•form (ha´mi•fôrm), a. [L. hamus hook + -form.] Hook-shaped.

Ham´il•ton pe´ri•od (ham´il•tun pe´ri•ud). (Geol.) A subdivision of the Devonian system of America; — so named from Hamilton, Madison Co., New York. It includes the Marcellus, Hamilton, and Genesee epochs or groups. See the Chart of Geology.

Ham•i•nu´ra (ham•i•nu´ra), n. (Zoöl.) A large edible river fish (Erythrinus macrodon) of Guiana.

Ha´mite (ha´mit), n.[L. hamus hook.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod of the genus Hamites, related to the ammonites, but having the last whorl bent into a hooklike form.

Ham´ite (ham´it), n. A descendant of Ham, Noah’s second son. See Gen. x. 6- 20.

Ham•it´ic (ham•it´ik), a. Pertaining to Ham or his descendants. Hamitic languages, the group of languages spoken mainly in the Sahara, Egypt, Galla, and Somâli Land, and supposed to be allied to the Semitic. Keith Johnston.

Ham´let (ham´let), n. [OE. hamelet, OF. hamelet, dim. of hamel, F. hameau, LL. hamellum, a dim. of German origin; cf. G. heim home. rad.220. See Home.] A small village; a little cluster of houses in the country. “The country wasted, and the hamlets burned.” Dryden. Syn. — Village; neighborhood. See Village.

Ham´let•ed, p. a. Confined to a hamlet. Feltham.

Ham´mer (-mer), n. [OE. hamer, AS. hamer, hamor; akin to D. hamer, G. & Dan. hammer, Sw. hammare, Icel. hamarr, hammer, crag, and perh. to Gr. ’a•kmwn anvil, Skr. açman stone.] 1. An instrument for driving nails, beating metals, and the like, consisting of a head, usually of steel or iron, fixed crosswise to a handle. “With busy hammers closing rivets up.” Shak. 2. Something which in form or action resembles the common hammer; as: (a) That part of a clock which strikes upon the bell to indicate the hour. (b) The padded mallet of a piano, which strikes the wires, to produce the tones. (c) (Anat.) The malleus. See under Ear. (d) (Gun.) That part of a gunlock which strikes the percussion cap, or firing pin; the cock; formerly, however, a piece of steel covering the pan of a flintlock musket and struck by the flint of the cock to ignite the priming. (e) also a person or thing that smites or shatters; as St. Augustine was the hammer of heresies. “He met the stern legionaries [of Rome] who had been the ´massive iron hammers´ of the whole earth.” J. H. Newman. Atmospheric hammer, a dead-stroke hammer in which the spring is formed by confined air. — Drop hammer, Face hammer, etc. See under Drop, Face, etc. — Hammer fish. See Hammerhead. — Hammer hardening, the process of hardening metal by hammering it when cold. — Hammer shell (Zoöl.), any species of Malleus, a genus of marine bivalve shells, allied to the pearl oysters, having the wings narrow and elongated, so as to give them a hammer-shaped outline; — called also hammer oyster. — To bring to the hammer, to put up at auction.

Ham´mer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hammered (-merd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hammering.] 1. To beat with a hammer; to beat with heavy blows; as to hammer iron. 2. To form or forge with a hammer; to shape by beating. ´Hammered money.´ Dryden. 3. To form in the mind; to shape by hard intellectual labor; — usually with out. “Who was hammering out a penny dialogue.” Jeffry.

Ham´mer, v. i. 1. To be busy forming anything; to labor hard as if shaping something with a hammer. “Whereon this month I have been hammering.” Shak. 2. To strike repeated blows, literally or figuratively. “Blood and revenge are hammering in my head.” Shak.

Ham´mer•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being formed or shaped by a hammer. Sherwood.

Ham´mer-beam (-bem•), n. (Gothic Arch.) A member of one description of roof truss, called hammer-beam truss, which is so framed as not to have a tiebeam at the top of the wall. Each principal has two hammer-beams, which occupy the situation, and to some extent serve the purpose, of a tiebeam.

Ham´mer•cloth (-kloth; 115), n. [Prob. fr. D. hemel heaven, canopy, tester (akin to G. himmel, and perh. also to E. heaven) + E. cloth; or perh. a corruption of hamper cloth.] The cloth which covers a coach box.

Ham´mer-dressed (-drest•), a. Having the surface roughly shaped or faced with the stonecutter’s hammer; — said of building stone.

Ham´mer•er (-er), n. One who works with a hammer.

Ham´mer-hard•en (-härd•’n), v. t. To harden, as a metal, by hammering it in the cold state.

Ham´mer•head (-hed•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A shark of the genus Sphyrna or Zygaena, having the eyes set on projections from the sides of the head, which gives it a hammer shape. The Sphyrna zygaena is found in the North Atlantic. Called also hammer fish, and balance fish. 2. (Zoöl.) A fresh-water fish; the stone-roller. 3. (Zoöl.) An African fruit bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus); — so called from its large blunt nozzle.

Ham´mer•kop (ham´mer•kop), n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the Heron family; the umber.

Ham´mer-less, a. (Firearms) Without a visible hammer; — said of a gun having a cock or striker concealed from sight, and out of the way of an accidental touch.

Ham´mer•man (-man), n.; pl. Hammermen (-men). A hammerer; a forgeman.

Ham•mo•chry´sos (ham•mo•kri´sos), n. [L., fr. Gr. ´ammo•chrysos; ´a•mmos, ’a•mmos, sand + chryso•s gold.] A stone with spangles of gold color in it.

Ham´mock (ham´mok), n. [A word of Indian origin: cf. Sp. hamaca. Columbus, in the Narrative of his first voyage, says: ´A great many Indians in canoes came to the ship to-day for the purpose of bartering their cotton, and hamacas, or nets, in which they sleep.´] 1. A swinging couch or bed, usually made of netting or canvas about six feet long and three feet wide, suspended by clews or cords at the ends. 2. A piece of land thickly wooded, and usually covered with bushes and vines. Used also adjectively; as hammock land. [Southern U. S.] Bartlett. Hammock nettings (Naut.), formerly, nets for stowing hammocks; now, more often, wooden boxes or a trough on the rail, used for that purpose. { Ha•mose´ (ha•mos´), Ha´mous (ha´mus), }[L. hamus hook.] (Bot.) Having the end hooked or curved.

Ham´per (ham´per), n. [Contr. fr. hanaper.] A large basket, usually with a cover, used for the packing and carrying of articles; as a hamper of wine; a clothes hamper; an oyster hamper, which contains two bushels.

Ham´per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hampered (-perd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hampering.] To put in a hamper.

Ham´per, v. t. [OE. hamperen, hampren, prob. of the same origin as E. hamble.] To put a hamper or fetter on; to shackle; to insnare; to inveigle; to entangle; hence, to impede in motion or progress; to embarrass; to encumber. ´Hampered nerves.´ Blackmore. “A lion hampered in a net.” L’Estrange. “They hamper and entangle our souls.” Tillotson.

Ham´per, n. [See Hamper to shackle.] 1. A shackle; a fetter; anything which impedes. W. Browne. 2. (Naut.) Articles ordinarily indispensable, but in the way at certain times. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Top hamper (Naut.), unnecessary spars and rigging kept aloft.

Ham´shac•kle (ham´shak•’l), v. t. [Ham + shackle.] To fasten (an animal) by a rope binding the head to one of the fore legs; as to hamshackle a horse or cow; hence, to bind or restrain; to curb.

Ham´ster (-ster), n. [G. hamster.] (Zoöl.) A small European rodent (Cricetus frumentarius). It is remarkable for having a pouch on each side of the jaw, under the skin, and for its migrations.

Ham´string (ham´string•), n. (Anat.) One of the great tendons situated in each side of the ham, or space back of the knee, and connected with the muscles of the back of the thigh.

Ham´string, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hamstrung; p. pr. & vb. n. Hamstringing. See String.] To lame or disable by cutting the tendons of the ham or knee; to hough; hence, to cripple; to incapacitate; to disable. “So have they hamstrung the valor of the subject by seeking to effeminate us all at home.” Milton.

Ham´u•lar (ham´u•ler), a. Hooked; hooklike; hamate; as the hamular process of the sphenoid bone.

Ham´u•late (-lat), a. Furnished with a small hook; hook-shaped. Gray.

Ham´ule (-ul), n. [L. hamulus.] A little hook.

Ham´u•lose (-u•los•), a. [L. hamulus, dim. of hamus a hook.] Bearing a small hook at the end. Gray.

Ham´u•lus (-lus), n.; pl. Hamuli (-li). [L., a little hook.] 1. (Anat.) A hook, or hooklike process. 2. (Zoöl.) A hooked barbicel of a feather.

Han (han), contr. inf. & plural pres. of Haven. To have; have. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “Him thanken all, and thus they han an end.” Chaucer.

Han´ap (-ap), n. [F. hanap. See Hanaper.] A rich goblet, esp. one used on state occasions. [Obs.]

Han´a•per (-a•per), n. [LL. hanaperium a large vase, fr. hanapus vase, bowl, cup (whence F. hanap); of German origin; cf. OHG. hnapf, G. napf, akin to AS. hnaep cup, bowl. Cf. Hamper, Nappy, n.] A kind of basket, usually of wickerwork, and adapted for the packing and carrying of articles; a hamper. Hanaper office, an office of the English court of chancery in which writs relating to the business of the public, and the returns to them, were anciently kept in a hanaper or hamper. Blackstone.

Hance (hans), v. t. [See Enhance.] To raise; to elevate. [Obs.] Lydgate. { Hance (hans), Hanch (hanch), } n. [See Hanse.] 1. (Arch.) See Hanse. 2. (Naut.) A sudden fall or break, as the fall of the fife rail down to the gangway.

Hand (hand), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. hönd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hinþan to seize (in comp.). Cf. Hunt.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in man and monkeys, and the corresponding part in many other animals; manus; paw. See Manus. 2. That which resembles, or to some extent performs the office of, a human hand; as: (a) A limb of certain animals, as the foot of a hawk, or any one of the four extremities of a monkey. (b) An index or pointer on a dial; as the hour or minute hand of a clock. 3. A measure equal to a hand’s breadth, — four inches; a palm. Chiefly used in measuring the height of horses. 4. Side; part; direction, either right or left. “On this hand and that hand, were hangings.” Ex. xxxviii. 15. “The Protestants were then on the winning hand.” Milton. 5. Power of performance; means of execution; ability; skill; dexterity. “He had a great mind to try his hand at a Spectator.” Addison. 6. Actual performance; deed; act; workmanship; agency; hence, manner of performance. “To change the hand in carrying on the war.” Clarendon. “Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by my hand.” Judges vi. 36. 7. An agent; a servant, or laborer; a workman, trained or competent for special service or duty; a performer more or less skillful; as a deck hand; a farm hand; an old hand at speaking. “A dictionary containing a natural history requires too many hands, as well as too much time, ever to be hoped for.” Locke. “I was always reckoned a lively hand at a simile.” Hazlitt. 8. Handwriting; style of penmanship; as a good, bad, or running hand. Hence, a signature. “I say she never did invent this letter;
This is a man’s invention and his hand.” Shak. “Some writs require a judge’s hand.” Burril. 9. Personal possession; ownership; hence, control; direction; management; — usually in the plural. ´Receiving in hand one year’s tribute.´ Knolles. “Albinus … found means to keep in his hands the government of Britain.” Milton. 10. Agency in transmission from one person to another; as to buy at first hand, that is, from the producer, or when new; at second hand, that is, when no longer in the producer’s hand, or when not new. 11. Rate; price. [Obs.] ´Business is bought at a dear hand, where there is small dispatch.´ Bacon. 12. That which is, or may be, held in a hand at once; as: (a) (Card Playing) The quota of cards received from the dealer. (b) (Tobacco Manuf.) A bundle of tobacco leaves tied together. 13. (Firearms) The small part of a gunstock near the lock, which is grasped by the hand in taking aim. Hand is used figuratively for a large variety of acts or things, in the doing, or making, or use of which the hand is in some way employed or concerned; also as a symbol to denote various qualities or conditions, as: (a) Activity; operation; work; — in distinction from the head, which implies thought, and the heart, which implies affection. ´His hand will be against every man.´ Gen. xvi. 12.(b) Power; might; supremacy; — often in the Scriptures. ´With a mighty hand … will I rule over you.´ Ezek. xx. 33. (c) Fraternal feeling; as to give, or take, the hand; to give the right hand. (d) Contract; — commonly of marriage; as to ask the hand; to pledge the hand. Hand is often used adjectively or in compounds (with or without the hyphen), signifying performed by the hand; as hand blow or hand-blow, hand gripe or hand-gripe: used by, or designed for, the hand; as hand ball or handball, hand bow, hand fetter, hand grenade or hand-grenade, handgun or hand gun, handloom or hand loom, handmill or hand organ or handorgan, handsaw or hand saw, hand-weapon: measured or regulated by the hand; as handbreadth or hand’s breadth, hand gallop or hand-gallop. Most of the words in the following paragraph are written either as two words or in combination. Hand bag, a satchel; a small bag for carrying books, papers, parcels, etc. — Hand basket, a small or portable basket. — Hand bell, a small bell rung by the hand; a table bell. Bacon. — Hand bill, a small pruning hook. See 4th Bill. — Hand car. See under Car. — Hand director (Mus.), an instrument to aid in forming a good position of the hands and arms when playing on the piano; a hand guide. — Hand drop. See Wrist drop. — Hand gallop. See under Gallop. — Hand gear (Mach.), apparatus by means of which a machine, or parts of a machine, usually operated by other power, may be operated by hand. — Hand glass. (a) A glass or small glazed frame, for the protection of plants. (b) A small mirror with a handle. — Hand guide. Same as Hand director (above). — Hand language, the art of conversing by the hands, esp. as practiced by the deaf and dumb; dactylology. — Hand lathe. See under Lathe. — Hand money, money paid in hand to bind a contract; earnest money. — Hand organ (Mus.), a barrel organ, operated by a crank turned by hand. — Hand plant. (Bot.) Same as Hand tree (below). — Hand rail, a rail, as in staircases, to hold by. Gwilt. — Hand sail, a sail managed by the hand. Sir W. Temple. — Hand screen, a small screen to be held in the hand. — Hand screw, a small jack for raising heavy timbers or weights; (Carp.) a screw clamp. — Hand staff (pl. Hand staves), a javelin. Ezek. xxxix. 9. — Hand stamp, a small stamp for dating, addressing, or canceling papers, envelopes, etc. — Hand tree (Bot.), a lofty tree found in Mexico (Cheirostemon platanoides), having red flowers whose stamens unite in the form of a hand. — Hand vise, a small vise held in the hand in doing small work. Moxon. — Hand work, or Handwork, work done with the hands, as distinguished from work done by a machine; handiwork. — All hands, everybody; all parties. — At all hands, On all hands, on all sides; from every direction; generally. — At any hand, At no hand, in any (or no) way or direction; on any account; on no account. ´And therefore at no hand consisting with the safety and interests of humility.´ Jer. Taylor. — At first hand, At second hand. See def. 10 (above). — At hand. (a) Near in time or place; either present and within reach, or not far distant. ´Your husband is at hand; I hear his trumpet.´ Shak. (b) Under the hand or bridle. [Obs.] ´Horses hot at hand.´ Shak. — At the hand of, by the act of; as a gift from. ´Shall we receive good at the hand of God and shall we not receive evil?´ Job ii. 10. — Bridle hand. See under Bridle. — By hand, with the hands, in distinction from instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals; as to weed a garden by hand; to lift, draw, or carry by hand. — Clean hands, freedom from guilt, esp. from the guilt of dishonesty in money matters, or of bribe taking. ´He that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger.´ Job xvii. 9. — From hand to hand, from one person to another. — Hand in hand. (a) In union; conjointly; unitedly. Swift. (b) Just; fair; equitable.

“As fair and as good, a kind of hand in hand comparison.” Shak.

— Hand over hand, Hand over fist, by passing the hands alternately one before or above another; as to climb hand over hand; also rapidly; as to come up with a chase hand over hand. — Hand over head, negligently; rashly; without seeing what one does. [Obs.] Bacon. — Hand running, consecutively; as he won ten times hand running. — Hands off! keep off! forbear! no interference or meddling! — Hand to hand, in close union; in close fight; as a hand to hand contest. Dryden. — Heavy hand, severity or oppression. — In hand. (a) Paid down. ´A considerable reward in hand, and … a far greater reward hereafter.´ Tillotson. (b) In preparation; taking place. Chaucer. ´Revels … in hand.´ Shak. (c) Under consideration, or in the course of transaction; as he has the business in hand. — In one’s hand or hands. (a) In one’s possession or keeping. (b) At one’s risk, or peril; as I took my life in my hand. — Laying on of hands, a form used in consecrating to office, in the rite of confirmation, and in blessing persons. — Light hand, gentleness; moderation. — Note of hand, a promissory note. — Off hand, Out of hand, forthwith; without delay, hesitation, or difficulty; promptly. ´She causeth them to be hanged up out of hand.´ Spenser. — Off one’s hands, out of one’s possession or care. — On hand, in present possession; as he has a supply of goods on hand. — On one’s hands, in one’s possession care, or management. — Putting the hand under the thigh, an ancient Jewish ceremony used in swearing. — Right hand, the place of honor, power, and strength. — Slack hand, idleness; carelessness; inefficiency; sloth. — Strict hand, severe discipline; rigorous government. — To bear a hand (Naut.), to give help quickly; to hasten. — To bear in hand, to keep in expectation with false pretenses. [Obs.] Shak. — To be hand and glove, or in glove, with. See under Glove. — To be on the mending hand, to be convalescent or improving. — To bring up by hand, to feed (an infant) without suckling it. — To change hand. See Change. — To change hands, to change sides, or change owners. Hudibras. — To clap the hands, to express joy or applause, as by striking the palms of the hands together. — To come to hand, to be received; to be taken into possession; as the letter came to hand yesterday. — To get hand, to gain influence. [Obs.]

“Appetites have … got such a hand over them.” Baxter.

— To get one’s hand in, to make a beginning in a certain work; to become accustomed to a particular business. — To have a hand in, to be concerned in; to have a part or concern in doing; to have an agency or be employed in. — To have in hand. (a) To have in one’s power or control. Chaucer. (b) To be engaged upon or occupied with. — To have one’s hands full, to have in hand all that one can do, or more than can be done conveniently; to be pressed with labor or engagements; to be surrounded with difficulties. — To have, or get, the (higher) upper hand, to have, or get, the better of another person or thing. — To his hand, To my hand, etc., in readiness; already prepared. ´The work is made to his hands.´ Locke. — To hold hand, to compete successfully or on even conditions. [Obs.] Shak. — To lay hands on, to seize; to assault. — To lend a hand, to give assistance. — To lift, or put forth, the hand against, to attack; to oppose; to kill. — To live from hand to mouth, to obtain food and other necessaries as want compels, without previous provision. - - To make one’s hand, to gain advantage or profit. — To put the hand unto, to steal. Ex. xxii. 8.— To put the last, or finishing, hand to, to make the last corrections in; to complete; to perfect. — To set the hand to, to engage in; to undertake.

“That the Lord thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to.” Deut. xxiii. 20.

— To stand one in hand, to concern or affect one. — To strike hands, to make a contract, or to become surety for another’s debt or good behavior. — To take in hand. (a) To attempt or undertake. (b) To seize and deal with; as he took him in hand. — To wash the hands of, to disclaim or renounce interest in, or responsibility for, a person or action; as to wash one’s hands of a business. Matt. xxvii. 24. — Under the hand of, authenticated by the handwriting or signature of; as the deed is executed under the hand and seal of the owner.

Hand (hand), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handed; p. pr. & vb. n. Handing.] 1. To give, pass, or transmit with the hand; as he handed them the letter. 2. To lead, guide, or assist with the hand; to conduct; as to hand a lady into a carriage. 3. To manage; as I hand my oar. [Obs.] Prior. 4. To seize; to lay hands on. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To pledge by the hand; to handfast. [R.] 6. (Naut.) To furl; — said of a sail. Totten. To hand down, to transmit in succession, as from father to son, or from predecessor to successor; as fables are handed down from age to age; to forward to the proper officer (the decision of a higher court); as the Clerk of the Court of Appeals handed down its decision. — To hand over, to yield control of; to surrender; to deliver up.

Hand, v. i. To coöperate. [Obs.] Massinger.

Hand´bar•row (-bar•ro), n. A frame or barrow, without a wheel, carried by hand.

Hand´bill (-bil•), n. 1. A loose, printed sheet, to be distributed by hand. 2. A pruning hook. [Usually written hand bill.]

Hand´book (-book•), n. [Hand + book; cf. AS. handboc, or G. handbuch.] A book of reference, to be carried in the hand; a manual; a guidebook.

Hand´breadth (-bredth•), n. A space equal to the breadth of the hand; a palm. Ex. xxxvii. 12.

Hand´cart, n. A cart drawn or pushed by hand.

Hand´cloth (-kloth•; 115), n. A handkerchief.

Hand´craft (-kraft•), n. Same as Handicraft.

Hand´crafts•man (-man), n.; pl. -men (-men). A handicraftsman.

Hand´cuff (-kuf•), n. [AS. handcops; hand hand + cosp, cops, fetter. The second part was confused with E. cuffs,] A fastening, consisting of an iron ring around the wrist, usually connected by a chain with one on the other wrist; a manacle; — usually in the plural.

Hand´cuff (hand´kuf•), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handcuffed (- kuft•); p. pr. & vb. n. Handcuffing.] To apply handcuffs to; to manacle. Hay (1754).

Hand´ed, a. 1. With hands joined; hand in hand. “Into their inmost bower,
Handed they went.” Milton. 2. Having a peculiar or characteristic hand. “As poisonous tongued as handed.” Shak. Handed is used in composition in the sense of having (such or so many) hands; as bloody- handed; free-handed; heavy-handed; left- handed; single-handed.

Hand´er (-er), n. One who hands over or transmits; a conveyer in succession. Dryden.

Hand´fast (-fast•), n. 1. Hold; grasp; custody; power of confining or keeping. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Contract; specifically, espousal. [Obs.]

Hand´fast, a. Fast by contract; betrothed by joining hands. [Obs.] Bale.

Hand´fast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Handfasting.] To pledge; to bind; to betroth by joining hands, in order to permit cohabitation, before the celebration of marriage. [Obs.]

Hand´fast, a. [G. handfest; hand hand + fest strong. See Fast.] Strong; steadfast.[R.] Carlyle.

Hand´fast•ly, adv. In a handfast or publicly pledged manner. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Hand´fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) The frogfish.

Hand´ful (-ful), n.; pl. Handfuls (-fulz). [AS. handfull.] 1. As much as the hand will grasp or contain. Addison. 2. A hand’s breadth; four inches. [Obs.] “Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom.” Bacon. 3. A small quantity or number. “This handful of men were tied to very hard duty.” Fuller. To have one’s handful, to have one’s hands full; to have all one can do. [Obs.] “They had their handful to defend themselves from firing.” Sir. W. Raleigh.

Hand´-hole (-hol•), n. (Steam Boilers) A small hole in a boiler for the insertion of the hand in cleaning, etc. Hand-hole plate, the cover of a hand- hole.

Hand´i•cap (han´di•kap), n. [From hand in cap; — perh. in reference to an old mode of settling a bargain by taking pieces of money from a cap.] 1. An allowance of a certain amount of time or distance in starting, granted in a race to the competitor possessing inferior advantages; or an additional weight or other hindrance imposed upon the one possessing superior advantages, in order to equalize, as much as possible, the chances of success; as the handicap was five seconds, or ten pounds, and the like. 2. A race, for horses or men, or any contest of agility, strength, or skill, in which there is an allowance of time, distance, weight, or other advantage, to equalize the chances of the competitors. 3. An old game at cards. [Obs.] Pepys.

Hand´i•cap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handicapped (-kapt); p. pr. & vb. n. Handicapping.] To encumber with a handicap in any contest; hence, in general, to place at disadvantage; as the candidate was heavily handicapped.

Hand´i•cap•per (-kap•per), n. One who determines the conditions of a handicap.

Hand´i•craft (hand´i•kraft), n. [For handcraft, influenced by handiwork; AS. handcraeft.] 1. A trade requiring skill of hand; manual occupation; handcraft. Addison. 2. A man who earns his living by handicraft; a handicraftsman. [R.] Dryden.

Hand´i•crafts•man (-krafts•man), n.; pl. -men (- men). A man skilled or employed in handcraft. Bacon.

Hand´i•ly (-i•ly), adv. [See Handy.] In a handy manner; skillfully; conveniently.

Hand´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being handy.

Hand´i•ron (-i•urn), n. See Andiron. [Obs.]

Hand´i•work (-i•wûrk•), n. [OE. handiwerc, AS. handgeweorc; hand hand + geweorc work; prefix ge- + weorc. See Work.] Work done by the hands; hence, any work done personally. “The firmament showeth his handiwork.” Ps. xix. 1.

Hand´ker•cher (han´ker•cher), n. A handkerchief. [Obs. or Colloq.] Chapman (1654). Shak.

Hand´ker•chief (han´ker•chif; 277), n. [Hand + kerchief.] 1. A piece of cloth, usually square and often fine and elegant, carried for wiping the face or hands. 2. A piece of cloth shaped like a handkerchief to be worn about the neck; a neckerchief; a neckcloth.

Han´dle (han´d’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Handling(-dling).] [OE. handlen, AS. handlian; akin to D. handelen to trade, G. handeln. See Hand.] 1. To touch; to feel with the hand; to use or hold with the hand. “Handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh.” Luke xxiv. 39. “About his altar, handling holy things.” Milton. 2. To manage in using, as a spade or a musket; to wield; often, to manage skillfully. “That fellow handles his bow like a crowkeeper.” Shak. 3. To accustom to the hand; to work upon, or take care of, with the hands. “The hardness of the winters forces the breeders to house and handle their colts six months every year.” Sir W. Temple. 4. To receive and transfer; to have pass through one’s hands; hence, to buy and sell; as a merchant handles a variety of goods, or a large stock. 5. To deal with; to make a business of. “They that handle the law knew me not.” Jer. ii. 8. 6. To treat; to use, well or ill. “How wert thou handled being prisoner?” Shak. 7. To manage; to control; to practice skill upon. “You shall see how I will handle her.” Shak. 8. To use or manage in writing or speaking; to treat, as a theme, an argument, or an objection. “We will handle what persons are apt to envy others.” Bacon. To handle without gloves. See under Glove. [Colloq.]

Han´dle (han´d’l), v. i. To use the hands. “They have hands, but they handle not.” Ps. cxv. 7.

Han´dle, n. [AS. handle. See Hand.] 1. That part of vessels, instruments, etc., which is held in the hand when used or moved, as the haft of a sword, the knob of a door, the bail of a kettle, etc. 2. That of which use is made; the instrument for effecting a purpose; a tool. South. To give a handle, to furnish an occasion or means.

Han´dle•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being handled.

Hand´less (hand´les), a. Without a hand. Shak.

Han´dling (han´dling), n. [AS. handlung.] 1. A touching, controlling, managing, using, etc., with the hand or hands, or as with the hands. See Handle, v. t. “The heavens and your fair handling
Have made you master of the field this day.” Spenser. 2. (Drawing, Painting, etc.) The mode of using the pencil or brush, etc.; style of touch. Fairholt.

Hand´made (hand´mad•), a. Manufactured by hand; as handmade shoes. { Hand´maid• (-mad•), Hand´maiden (-’n), } n. A maid that waits at hand; a female servant or attendant.

Hand´saw (-sa•) n. A saw used with one hand.

Hand´sel (hand´sel), n. [Written also hansel.] [OE. handsal, hansal, hansel, AS. handselena giving into hands, or more prob. fr. Icel. handsal; hand hand + sal sale, bargain; akin to AS. sellan to give, deliver. See Sell, Sale. ] 1. A sale, gift, or delivery into the hand of another; especially, a sale, gift, delivery, or using which is the first of a series, and regarded as an omen for the rest; a first installment; an earnest; as the first money received for the sale of goods in the morning, the first money taken at a shop newly opened, the first present sent to a young woman on her wedding day, etc. “Their first good handsel of breath in this world.” Fuller. “Our present tears here, not our present laughter,
Are but the handsels of our joys hereafter.” Herrick. 2. Price; payment. [Obs.] Spenser. Handsel Monday, the first Monday of the new year, when handsels or presents are given to servants, children, etc.

Hand´sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handseled or Handselled (hand´seld); p. pr. & vb. n. Handseling or Handselling.] [Written also hansel.] [OE handsellen, hansellen; cf. Icel. hadsala, handselja. See Handsel, n.] 1. To give a handsel to. 2. To use or do for the first time, esp. so as to make fortunate or unfortunate; to try experimentally. “No contrivance of our body, but some good man in Scripture hath handseled it with prayer.” Fuller.

Hand´some (han´sum; 277), a. [Compar. Handsomer (- er); superl. Handsomest.] [Hand + -some. It at first meant, dexterous; cf. D. handzaam dexterous, ready, limber, manageable, and E. handy.] 1. Dexterous; skillful; handy; ready; convenient; — applied to things as persons. [Obs.] “That they [engines of war] be both easy to be carried and handsome to be moved and turned about.” Robynson (Utopia). “For a thief it is so handsome as it may seem it was first invented for him.” Spenser. 2. Agreeable to the eye or to correct taste; having a pleasing appearance or expression; attractive; having symmetry and dignity; comely; — expressing more than pretty, and less than beautiful; as a handsome man or woman; a handsome garment, house, tree, horse. 3. Suitable or fit in action; marked with propriety and ease; graceful; becoming; appropriate; as a handsome style, etc. “Easiness and handsome address in writing.” Felton. 4. Evincing a becoming generosity or nobleness of character; liberal; generous. “Handsome is as handsome does.” Old Proverb. 5. Ample; moderately large. “He … accumulated a handsome sum of money.” V. Knox. To do the handsome thing, to act liberally. [Colloq.] Syn. — Handsome, Pretty. Pretty applies to things comparatively small, which please by their delicacy and grace; as a pretty girl, a pretty flower, a pretty cottage. Handsome rises higher, and is applied to objects on a larger scale. We admire what is handsome, we are pleased with what is pretty. The word is connected with hand, and has thus acquired the idea of training, cultivation, symmetry, and proportion, which enters so largely into our conception of handsome. Thus Drayton makes mention of handsome players, meaning those who are well trained; and hence we speak of a man’s having a handsome address, which is the result of culture; of a handsome horse or dog, which implies well proportioned limbs; of a handsome face, to which, among other qualities, the idea of proportion and a graceful contour are essential; of a handsome tree, and a handsome house or villa. So, from this idea of proportion or suitableness, we have, with a different application, the expressions, a handsome fortune, a handsome offer.

Hand´some, v. t. To render handsome. [Obs.] Donne

Hand´some•ly, adv. 1. In a handsome manner. 2. (Naut.) Carefully; in shipshape style.

Hand´some•ness, n. The quality of being handsome. “Handsomeness is the mere animal excellence, beauty the mere imaginative.” Hare.

Hand´spike (hand´spik•), n. A bar or lever, generally of wood, used in a windlass or capstan, for heaving anchor, and, in modified forms, for various purposes.

Hand´spring (-spring), n. A somersault made with the assistance of the hands placed upon the ground.

Hand´-tight (-tit•), a. (Naut.) As tight as can be made by the hand. Totten.

Hand´wheel (-hwel), n. (Mach.) Any wheel worked by hand; esp., one the rim of which serves as the handle by which a valve, car brake, or other part is adjusted.

Hand´-winged (hand´wingd•), a. (Zoöl.) Having wings that are like hands in the structure and arrangement of their bones; — said of bats. See Cheiroptera.

Hand´writ•ing (-rit´ing), n. 1. The cast or form of writing peculiar to each hand or person; chirography. 2. That which is written by hand; manuscript. The handwriting on the wall, a doom pronounced; an omen of disaster. Dan. v. 5.

Hand´y (hand´y), a. [Compar. Handier (-i•er); superl. Handiest.] [OE. hendi, AS. hendig (in comp.), fr. hand hand; akin to D. handig, Goth. handugs clever, wise.] 1. Performed by the hand. [Obs.] “To draw up and come to handy strokes.” Milton. 2. Skillful in using the hand; dexterous; ready; adroit. ´Each is handy in his way.´ Dryden. 3. Ready to the hand; near; also suited to the use of the hand; convenient; valuable for reference or use; as my tools are handy; a handy volume. 4. (Naut.) Easily managed; obedient to the helm; — said of a vessel.

Hand´y-dan•dy (-dan•dy), n. A child’s play, one child guessing in which closed hand the other holds some small object, winning the object if right and forfeiting an equivalent if wrong; hence, forfeit. Piers Plowman.

Hand´y•fight (-fit), n. A fight with the hands; boxing. ´Pollux loves handyfights.´ B. Jonson.

Hand´y•gripe (-grip•), n. Seizure by, or grasp of, the hand; also close quarters in fighting. Hudibras.

Hand´y•stroke (-strok•), n. A blow with the hand.

Hand´y•work (-wûrk•), n. See Handiwork.

Hang (hang), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hanged (hangd) or Hung (hung); p. pr. & vb. n. Hanging. The use of hanged is preferable to that of hung, when reference is had to death or execution by suspension, and it is also more common.] [OE. hangen, hongien, v. t. & i., AS. hangian, v. i., fr. hon, v. t. (imp. heng, p. p. hongen); akin to OS. hangon, v. i., D. hangen, v. t. & i., G. hangen, v. i., hängen, v. t., Icel. hanga, v. i., Goth. hahan, v. t. (imp. haíhah), hahan, v. i. (imp. hahaida), and perh. to L. cunctari to delay. rad.37. ] 1. To suspend; to fasten to some elevated point without support from below; — often used with up or out; as to hang a coat on a hook; to hang up a sign; to hang out a banner. 2. To fasten in a manner which will allow of free motion upon the point or points of suspension; — said of a pendulum, a swing, a door, gate, etc. 3. To fit properly, as at a proper angle (a part of an implement that is swung in using), as a scythe to its snath, or an ax to its helve. [U. S.] 4. To put to death by suspending by the neck; — a form of capital punishment; as to hang a murderer. 5. To cover, decorate, or furnish by hanging pictures, trophies, drapery, and the like, or by covering with paper hangings; — said of a wall, a room, etc. “Hung be the heavens with black.” Shak. “And hung thy holy roofs with savage spoils.” Dryden. 6. To paste, as paper hangings, on the walls of a room. 7. To hold or bear in a suspended or inclined manner or position instead of erect; to droop; as he hung his head in shame. “Cowslips wan that hang the pensive head.” Milton. To hang down, to let fall below the proper position; to bend down; to decline; as to hang down the head, or, elliptically, to hang the head. — To hang fire (Mil.), to be slow in communicating fire through the vent to the charge; as the gun hangs fire; hence, to hesitate, to hold back as if in suspense.

Hang, v. i. 1. To be suspended or fastened to some elevated point without support from below; to dangle; to float; to rest; to remain; to stay. 2. To be fastened in such a manner as to allow of free motion on the point or points of suspension. 3. To die or be put to death by suspension from the neck. [R.] ´Sir Balaam hangs.´ Pope. 4. To hold for support; to depend; to cling; — usually with on or upon; as this question hangs on a single point. ´Two infants hanging on her neck.´ Peacham. 5. To be, or be like, a suspended weight. “Life hangs upon me, and becomes a burden.” Addison. 6. To hover; to impend; to appear threateningly; — usually with over; as evils hang over the country. 7. To lean or incline; to incline downward. “To decide which way hung the victory.” Milton. “His neck obliquely o’er his shoulder hung.” Pope. 8. To slope down; as hanging grounds. 9. To be undetermined or uncertain; to be in suspense; to linger; to be delayed. “A noble stroke he lifted high,
Which hung not, but so swift with tempest fell
On the proud crest of Satan.” Milton. To hang around, to loiter idly about. - - To hang back, to hesitate; to falter; to be reluctant. ´If any one among you hangs back.´ Jowett (Thucyd.). — To hang by the eyelids. (a) To hang by a very slight hold or tenure. (b) To be in an unfinished condition; to be left incomplete. — To hang in doubt, to be in suspense. — To hang on (with the emphasis on the preposition), to keep hold; to hold fast; to stick; to be persistent, as a disease. — To hang on the lips, words, etc., to be charmed by eloquence. — To hang out. (a) To be hung out so as to be displayed; to project. (b) To be unyielding; as the juryman hangs out against an agreement. [Colloq.] — To hang over. (a) To project at the top. (b) To impend over. — To hang to, to cling. — To hang together. (a) To remain united; to stand by one another. ´We are all of a piece; we hang together.´ Dryden. (b) To be self- consistent; as the story does not hang together. [Colloq.] — To hang upon. (a) To regard with passionate affection. (b) (Mil.) To hover around; as to hang upon the flanks of a retreating enemy.

Hang, n. 1. The manner in which one part or thing hangs upon, or is connected with, another; as the hang of a scythe. 2. Connection; arrangement; plan; as the hang of a discourse. [Colloq.] 3. A sharp or steep declivity or slope. [Colloq.] To get the hang of, to learn the method or arrangement of; hence, to become accustomed to. [Colloq.]

Hang´bird (hang´berd•), n. (Zoöl.) The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula); — so called because its nest is suspended from the limb of a tree. See Baltimore oriole.

Hang´-by (-bi•), n.; pl. Hang-bies (-biz•). A dependent; a hanger-on; — so called in contempt. B. Jonson.

Hang´dog (-dog•), n. A base, degraded person; a sneak; a gallows bird.

Hang´dog, a. Low; sneaking; ashamed. “The poor colonel went out of the room with a hangdog look.” Thackeray.

Hang´er (-er), n. 1. One who hangs, or causes to be hanged; a hangman. 2. That by which a thing is suspended. Especially: (a) A strap hung to the girdle, by which a dagger or sword is suspended. (b) (Mach.) A part that suspends a journal box in which shafting runs. See Illust. of Countershaft. (c) A bridle iron. 3. That which hangs or is suspended, as a sword worn at the side; especially, in the 18th century, a short, curved sword. 4. A steep, wooded declivity. [Eng.] Gilbert White.

Hang´er-on (-on•), n.; pl. Hangers-on (-erz-on•). One who hangs on, or sticks to, a person, place, or service; a dependent; one who adheres to others’ society longer than he is wanted. Goldsmith.

Hang´ing, a. 1. Requiring, deserving, or foreboding death by the halter. ´What a hanging face!´ Dryden. 2. Suspended from above; pendent; as hanging shelves. 3. Adapted for sustaining a hanging object; as the hanging post of a gate, the post which holds the hinges. Hanging compass, a compass suspended so that the card may be read from beneath. — Hanging garden, a garden sustained at an artificial elevation by any means, as by the terraces at Babylon. — Hanging indentation. See under Indentation. — Hanging rail (Arch.), that rail of a door or casement to which hinges are attached. — Hanging side (Mining), the overhanging side of an inclined or hading vein. — Hanging sleeves. (a) Strips of the same stuff as the gown, hanging down the back from the shoulders. (b) Loose, flowing sleeves. — Hanging stile. (Arch.) (a) That stile of a door to which hinges are secured. (b) That upright of a window frame to which casements are hinged, or in which the pulleys for sash windows are fastened. — Hanging wall (Mining), the upper wall of inclined vein, or that which hangs over the miner’s head when working in the vein.

Hang´ing, n. 1. The act of suspending anything; the state of being suspended. 2. Death by suspension; execution by a halter. 3. That which is hung as lining or drapery for the walls of a room, as tapestry, paper, etc., or to cover or drape a door or window; — used chiefly in the plural. “Now purple hangings clothe the palace walls.” Dryden.

Hang´man (hang´man), n.; pl. Hangmen(-men). One who hangs another; esp., one who makes a business of hanging; a public executioner; — sometimes used as a term of reproach, without reference to office. Shak.

Hang´man•ship, n. The office or character of a hangman.

Hang´nail (-nal•), n. [A corruption of agnail.] A small piece or sliver of skin which hangs loose, near the root of a finger nail. Holloway.

Hang´nest (-nest•), n. 1. A nest that hangs like a bag or pocket. 2. A bird which builds such a nest; a hangbird.

Hank (hank), n. [Cf. Dan. hank handle, Sw. hank a band or tie, Icel. hanki hasp, clasp, hönk, hangr, hank, coil, skein, G. henkel, henk, handle; all prob. akin to E. hang. See Hang.] 1. A parcel consisting of two or more skeins of yarn or thread tied together. 2. A rope or withe for fastening a gate. [Prov. Eng.] 3. Hold; influence. “When the devil hath got such a hank over him.” Bp. Sanderson. 4. (Naut.) A ring or eye of rope, wood, or iron, attached to the edge of a sail and running on a stay.

Hank, v. t. 1. [OE. hanken.] To fasten with a rope, as a gate. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. To form into hanks.

Han´ker (han´ker), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hankered (- kerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hankering.] [Prob. fr. hang; cf. D. hunkeren, hengelen.] 1. To long (for) with a keen appetite and uneasiness; to have a vehement desire; — usually with for or after; as to hanker after fruit; to hanker after the diversions of the town. Addison. “He was hankering to join his friend.” J. A. Symonds. 2. To linger in expectation or with desire. Thackeray.

Han´ker•ing•ly, adv. In a hankering manner.

Han´key-pan´key (han´ky•pan´ky), n. [Cf. Hocus-pocus.] Professional cant; the chatter of conjurers to divert attention from their tricks; hence, jugglery. [Colloq.]

Han•o•ve´ri•an (han•o•ve´ri•an), a. Of or pertaining to Hanover or its people, or to the House of Hanover in England.

Han•o•ve´ri•an, n. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Hanover; one of the House of Hanover.

Han´sa (han´sa), n. See 2d Hanse.

Han´sard (-serd), n. An official report of proceedings in the British Parliament; — so called from the name of the publishers.

Han´sard, n. A merchant of one of the Hanse towns. See the Note under 2d Hanse.

Hanse (hans), n. [Cf. F. anse handle, anse de panier surbased arch, flat arch, vault, and E. haunch hip.] (Arch.) That part of an elliptical or many-centered arch which has the shorter radius and immediately adjoins the impost.

Hanse, n. [G. hanse, or F. hanse (from German), OHG. & Goth. hansa; akin to AS. hos band, troop.] An association; a league or confederacy. Hanse towns (Hist.), certain commercial cities in Germany which associated themselves for the protection and enlarging of their commerce. The confederacy, called also Hansa and Hanseatic league, held its first diet in 1260, and was maintained for nearly four hundred years. At one time the league comprised eighty-five cities. Its remnants, Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen, are free cities, and are still frequently called Hanse towns.

Han•se•at´ic (han•se•at´ik), a. Pertaining to the Hanse towns, or to their confederacy. Hanseatic league. See under 2d Hanse.

Han´sel (han´sel), n. & v. See Handsel.

Han´sel•ines (hän´sel•inz), n. A sort of breeches. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Han´som (han´sum), n., Han´som cab (kab•). [From the name of the inventor.] A light, low, two-wheeled covered carriage with the driver’s seat elevated behind the reins being passed over the top. “He hailed a cruising hansom … ´ ’Tis the gondola of London´ said Lothair.” Beaconsfield.

Han’t (hant; in England, hänt). A contraction of have not, or has not, used in illiterate speech. In the United States the commoner spelling is hain’t.

Han´u•man (han´u•man), n. See Hoonoomaun.

Hap (hap), v. t. [OE. happen.] To clothe; to wrap. “The surgeon happed her up carefully.” Dr. J. Brown.

Hap, n. [Cf. Hap to clothe.] A cloak or plaid. [O. Eng. & Scot.]

Hap, n. [Icel. happ unexpected good luck. rad.39.] That which happens or comes suddenly or unexpectedly; also the manner of occurrence or taking place; chance; fortune; accident; casual event; fate; luck; lot. Chaucer. “Whether art it was or heedless hap.” Spenser. “Cursed be good haps, and cursed be they that build
Their hopes on haps.” Sir P. Sidney. “Loving goes by haps:
Some Cupid kills with arrows, some with traps.” Shak.

Hap, v. i. [OE. happen. See Hap chance, and cf. Happen.] To happen; to befall; to chance. Chaucer. “Sends word of all that haps in Tyre.” Shak.

Ha’´pen•ny (ha´pen•ny), n. A half-penny.

Hap´haz•ard (hap´haz•erd or hap•haz´-), n. [Hap + hazard.] Extra hazard; chance; accident; random. “We take our principles at haphazard, upon trust.” Locke.

Hap´less (hap´les), a. Without hap or luck; luckless; unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy; as hapless youth; hapless maid. Dryden.

Hap´less•ly, adv. In a hapless, unlucky manner.

Ha•plo´mi (ha•plo´mi), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´aplo•os simple + ’w^mos shoulder.] (Zoöl.) An order of freshwater fishes, including the true pikes, cyprinodonts, and blindfishes.

Hap•lo•stem´o•nous (hap•lo•stem´o•nus), a. [Gr. ´aplo•os simple + sth•mwn a thread.] (Bot.) Having but one series of stamens, and that equal in number to the proper number of petals; isostemonous.

Hap´ly (hap´ly), adv. By hap, chance, luck, or accident; perhaps; it may be. “Lest haply ye be found even to fight against God.” Acts v. 39.

Happed (hapt), p. a. [From 1st Hap.] Wrapped; covered; cloaked. [Scot.] “All happed with flowers in the green wood were.” Hogg.

Hap´pen (hap´p’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Happened (-p’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Happening.] [OE. happenen, hapnen. See Hap to happen.] 1. To come by chance; to come without previous expectation; to fall out. “There shall no evil happen to the just.” Prov. xii. 21. 2. To take place; to occur. “All these things which had happened.” Luke xxiv. 14. To happen on, to meet with; to fall or light upon. ´I have happened on some other accounts.´ Graunt. — To happen in, to make a casual call. [Colloq.]

Hap´pi•ly (hap´pi•ly), adv. [From Happy.] 1. By chance; peradventure; haply. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. By good fortune; fortunately; luckily. “Preferred by conquest, happily o’erthrown.” Waller. 3. In a happy manner or state; in happy circumstances; as he lived happily with his wife. 4. With address or dexterity; gracefully; felicitously; in a manner to insure success; with success. “Formed by thy converse, happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe.” Pope. Syn. — Fortunately; luckily; successfully; prosperously; contentedly; dexterously; felicitously.

Hap´pi•ness, n. [From Happy.] 1. Good luck; good fortune; prosperity. “All happiness bechance to thee in Milan!” Shak. 2. An agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which is attended with enjoyment; the state of being happy; contentment; joyful satisfaction; felicity; blessedness. 3. Fortuitous elegance; unstudied grace; — used especially of language. “Some beauties yet no precepts can declare,
For there’s a happiness, as well as care.” Pope. Syn. — Happiness, Felicity, Blessedness, Bliss. Happiness is generic, and is applied to almost every kind of enjoyment except that of the animal appetites; felicity is a more formal word, and is used more sparingly in the same general sense, but with elevated associations; blessedness is applied to the most refined enjoyment arising from the purest social, benevolent, and religious affections; bliss denotes still more exalted delight, and is applied more appropriately to the joy anticipated in heaven. “O happiness! our being’s end and aim!” Pope. “Others in virtue place felicity,
But virtue joined with riches and long life;
In corporal pleasures he, and careless ease.” Milton. “His overthrow heaped happiness upon him;
For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
And found the blessedness of being little.” Shak.

Hap´py (hap´py), a. [Compar. Happier (-pi•er); superl. Happiest.] [From Hap chance.] 1. Favored by hap, luck, or fortune; lucky; fortunate; successful; prosperous; satisfying desire; as a happy expedient; a happy effort; a happy venture; a happy omen. “Chymists have been more happy in finding experiments than the causes of them.” Boyle. 2. Experiencing the effect of favorable fortune; having the feeling arising from the consciousness of well- being or of enjoyment; enjoying good of any kind, as peace, tranquillity, comfort; contented; joyous; as happy hours, happy thoughts. “Happy is that people, whose God is the Lord.” Ps. cxliv. 15. “The learned is happy Nature to explore,
The fool is happy that he knows no more.” Pope. 3. Dexterous; ready; apt; felicitous. “One gentleman is happy at a reply, another excels in a rejoinder.” Swift. Happy family, a collection of animals of different and hostile propensities living peaceably together in one cage. Used ironically of conventional alliances of persons who are in fact mutually repugnant. — Happy-go-lucky, trusting to hap or luck; improvident; easy-going. ´Happy- go-lucky carelessness.´ W. Black.

Ha•pu´ku (ha•poo´koo), n. (Zoöl.) A large and valuable food fish (Polyprion prognathus) of New Zealand. It sometimes weighs one hundred pounds or more.

Haque´but (hak´but), n. See Hagbut.

Ha´ra-ki•ri (ha´ra•ke•ri), n. [Jap., stomach cutting.] Suicide, by slashing the abdomen, formerly practiced in Japan, and commanded by the government in the cases of disgraced officials; disembowelment; - - also written, but incorrectly, hari-kari. W. E. Griffis.

Ha•rangue´ (ha•rang´), n. [F. harangue: cf. Sp. arenga, It. aringa; lit., a speech before a multitude or on the hustings, It. aringo arena, hustings, pulpit; all fr. OHG. hring ring, anything round, ring of people, G. ring. See Ring.] A speech addressed to a large public assembly; a popular oration; a loud address to a multitude; in a bad sense, a noisy or pompous speech; declamation; ranting. “Gray-headed men and grave, with warriors mixed,
Assemble, and harangues are heard.” Milton. Syn. — Harangue, Speech, Oration. Speech is generic; an oration is an elaborate and rhetorical speech; an harangue is a vehement appeal to the passions, or a noisy, disputatious address. A general makes an harangue to his troops on the eve of a battle; a demagogue harangues the populace on the subject of their wrongs.

Ha•rangue´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harangued (ha•rangd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Haranguing.] [Cf. F. haranguer, It. aringare.] To make an harangue; to declaim.

Ha•rangue´, v. t. To address by an harangue.

Ha•rangue´ful (-ful), a. Full of harangue.

Ha•rang´uer (ha•rang´er), n. One who harangues, or is fond of haranguing; a declaimer. “With them join’d all th’ haranguers of the throng,
That thought to get preferment by the tongue.” Dryden.

Har´ass (har´as), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harassed (-ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Harassing.] [F. harasser; cf. OF. harace a basket made of cords, harace, harasse,a very heavy and large shield; or harer to set (a dog) on.] To fatigue; to tire with repeated and exhausting efforts; esp., to weary by importunity, teasing, or fretting; to cause to endure excessive burdens or anxieties; — sometimes followed by out. “[Troops] harassed with a long and wearisome march.” Bacon. “Nature oppressed and harass’d out with care.” Addison. “Vext with lawyers and harass’d with debt.” Tennyson. Syn. — To weary; jade; tire; perplex; distress; tease; worry; disquiet; chafe; gall; annoy; irritate; plague; vex; molest; trouble; disturb; torment.

Har´ass, n. 1. Devastation; waste. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Worry; harassment. [R.] Byron.

Har´ass•er (-er), n. One who harasses.

Har´ass•ment (-ment), n. The act of harassing, or state of being harassed; worry; annoyance; anxiety. “Little harassments which I am led to suspect do occasionally molest the most fortunate.” Ld. Lytton.

Har´ber•ous (har´ber•us), a. Harborous. [Obs.] “A bishop must be faultless, the husband of one wife, honestly appareled, harberous.” Tyndale (1 Tim. iii. 2).

Har´bin•ger (-bin•jer), n. [OE. herbergeour, OF. herbergeor one who provides lodging, fr. herbergier to provide lodging, F. heberger, OF. herberge lodging, inn, F. auberge; of German origin. See Harbor.] 1. One who provides lodgings; especially, the officer of the English royal household who formerly preceded the court when traveling, to provide and prepare lodgings. Fuller. 2. A forerunner; a precursor; a messenger. “I knew by these harbingers who were coming.” Landor.

Har´bin•ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harbingered (-jerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harbingering.] To usher in; to be a harbinger of. ´Thus did the star of religious freedom harbinger the day.´ Bancroft.

Har´bor (-ber), n. [Written also harbour.] [OE. herbor, herberwe, herberge, Icel. herbergi (cf. OHG. heriberga), orig., a shelter for soldiers; herr army + bjarga to save, help, defend; akin to AS. here army, G. heer, OHG. heri, Goth. harjis, and AS. beorgan to save, shelter, defend, G. bergen. See Harry, 2d Bury, and cf. Harbinger.] 1. A station for rest and entertainment; a place of security and comfort; a refuge; a shelter. “[A grove] fair harbour that them seems.” Spenser. “For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked.” Dryden. 2. Specif.: A lodging place; an inn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. (Astrol.) The mansion of a heavenly body. [Obs.] 4. A portion of a sea, a lake, or other large body of water, either landlocked or artificially protected so as to be a place of safety for vessels in stormy weather; a port or haven. 5. (Glass Works) A mixing box for materials. Harbor dues (Naut.), fees paid for the use of a harbor. — Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal. — Harbor watch, a watch set when a vessel is in port; an anchor watch.

Har´bor (här´ber), v. t. [Written also harbour.] [imp. & p. p. Harbored (-berd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harboring.] [OE. herberen, herberwen, herbergen; cf. Icel. herbergja. See Harbor, n.] To afford lodging to; to entertain as a guest; to shelter; to receive; to give a refuge to; to indulge or cherish (a thought or feeling, esp. an ill thought). “Any place that harbors men.” Shak. “The bare suspicion made it treason to harbor the person suspected.” Bp. Burnet. “Let not your gentle breast harbor one thought of outrage.” Rowe.

Har´bor, v. i. To lodge, or abide for a time; to take shelter, as in a harbor. “For this night let’s harbor here in York.” Shak.

Har´bor•age (-aj), n. Shelter; entertainment.[R.] “Where can I get me harborage for the night?” Tennyson.

Har´bor•er (-er), n. One who, or that which, harbors. “Geneva was … a harborer of exiles for religion.” Strype.

Har´bor•less, a. Without a harbor; shelterless.

Har´bor mas•ter (mas•ter). An officer charged with the duty of executing the regulations respecting the use of a harbor. { Har´bor•ough (-o), Har´brough (-bro), } n. [See Harbor.] A shelter. [Obs.]. Spenser.

Har´bor•ous (-ber•us), a. Hospitable. [Obs.]

Hard (härd), a. [Compar. Harder (-er); superl. Hardest.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. harðr, Dan. haard, Sw. hård, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty•s strong, ka•rtos, kra•tos, strength, and also to E. -ard, as in coward, drunkard, -crat, -cracy in autocrat, democracy; cf. Skr. kratu strength, kr to do, make. Cf. Hardy.] 1. Not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts; not yielding to pressure; firm; solid; compact; — applied to material bodies, and opposed to soft; as hard wood; hard flesh; a hard apple. 2. Difficult, mentally or judicially; not easily apprehended, decided, or resolved; as a hard problem. “The hard causes they brought unto Moses.” Ex. xviii. 26. “In which are some things hard to be understood.” 2 Peter iii. 16. 3. Difficult to accomplish; full of obstacles; laborious; fatiguing; arduous; as a hard task; a disease hard to cure. 4. Difficult to resist or control; powerful. “The stag was too hard for the horse.” L’Estrange. “ A power which will be always too hard for them.” Addison. 5. Difficult to bear or endure; not easy to put up with or consent to; hence, severe; rigorous; oppressive; distressing; unjust; grasping; as a hard lot; hard times; hard fare; a hard winter; hard conditions or terms. “I never could drive a hard bargain.” Burke. 6. Difficult to please or influence; stern; unyielding; obdurate; unsympathetic; unfeeling; cruel; as a hard master; a hard heart; hard words; a hard character. 7. Not easy or agreeable to the taste; harsh; stiff; rigid; ungraceful; repelling; as a hard style. “Figures harder than even the marble itself.” Dryden. 8. Rough; acid; sour, as liquors; as hard cider. 9. (Pron.) Abrupt or explosive in utterance; not aspirated, sibilated, or pronounced with a gradual change of the organs from one position to another; — said of certain consonants, as c in came, and g in go, as distinguished from the same letters in center, general, etc. 10. Wanting softness or smoothness of utterance; harsh; as a hard tone. 11. (Painting) (a) Rigid in the drawing or distribution of the figures; formal; lacking grace of composition. (b) Having disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in the coloring or light and shade. Hard cancer, Hard case, etc. See under Cancer, Case, etc. — Hard clam, or Hard-shelled clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. — Hard coal, anthracite, as distinguished from bituminous or soft coal. — Hard and fast. (Naut.) See under Fast. — Hard finish (Arch.), a smooth finishing coat of hard fine plaster applied to the surface of rough plastering. — Hard lines, hardship; difficult conditions. — Hard money, coin or specie, as distinguished from paper money. — Hard oyster (Zoöl.), the northern native oyster. [Local, U. S.] — Hard pan, the hard stratum of earth lying beneath the soil; hence, figuratively, the firm, substantial, fundamental part or quality of anything; as the hard pan of character, of a matter in dispute, etc. See Pan. — Hard rubber. See under Rubber. — Hard solder. See under Solder. — Hard water, water, which contains lime or some mineral substance rendering it unfit for washing. See Hardness, 3. — Hard wood, wood of a solid or hard texture; as walnut, oak, ash, box, and the like, in distinction from pine, poplar, hemlock, etc. — In hard condition, in excellent condition for racing; having firm muscles; — said of race horses. Syn. — Solid; arduous; powerful; trying; unyielding; stubborn; stern; flinty; unfeeling; harsh; difficult; severe; obdurate; rigid. See Solid, and Arduous.

Hard, adv. [OE. harde, AS. hearde.] 1. With pressure; with urgency; hence, diligently; earnestly. “And prayed so hard for mercy from the prince.” Dryden. “My father
Is hard at study; pray now, rest yourself.” Shak. 2. With difficulty; as the vehicle moves hard. 3. Uneasily; vexatiously; slowly. Shak. 4. So as to raise difficulties. ´The question is hard set.´ Sir T. Browne. 5. With tension or strain of the powers; violently; with force; tempestuously; vehemently; vigorously; energetically; as to press, to blow, to rain hard; hence, rapidly; nimbly; as to run hard. 6. Close or near. “Whose house joined hard to the synagogue.” Acts xviii. 7. Hard by, near by; close at hand; not far off. ´Hard by a cottage chimney smokes.´ Milton. — Hard pushed, Hard run, greatly pressed; as he was hard pushed or hard run for time, money, etc. [Colloq.] — Hard up, closely pressed by want or necessity; without money or resources; as hard up for amusements. [Slang] Hard in nautical language is often joined to words of command to the helmsman, denoting that the order should be carried out with the utmost energy, or that the helm should be put, in the direction indicated, to the extreme limit, as Hard aport! Hard astarboard! Hard alee! Hard aweather! Hard up!
Hard is also often used in composition with a participle; as hard-baked; hard-earned; hard-featured; hard-working; hard-won.

Hard (härd), v. t. To harden; to make hard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hard, n. A ford or passage across a river or swamp.

Hard´bake (-bak•), n. A sweetmeat of boiled brown sugar or molasses made with almonds, and flavored with orange or lemon juice, etc. Thackeray.

Hard´beam (-bem•), n. (Bot.) A tree of the genus Carpinus, of compact, horny texture; hornbeam.

Hard´en (härd´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hardened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hardening (-’n•ing).] [OE. hardnen, hardenen.] 1. To make hard or harder; to make firm or compact; to indurate; as to harden clay or iron. 2. To accustom by labor or suffering to endure with constancy; to strengthen; to stiffen; to inure; also to confirm in wickedness or shame; to make unimpressionable. ´Harden not your heart.´ Ps. xcv. 8. “I would harden myself in sorrow.” Job vi. 10.

Hard´en, v. i. 1. To become hard or harder; to acquire solidity, or more compactness; as mortar hardens by drying. “The deliberate judgment of those who knew him [A. Lincoln] has hardened into tradition.” The Century. 2. To become confirmed or strengthened, in either a good or a bad sense. “They, hardened more by what might most reclaim.” Milton.

Hard´ened (-’nd), a. Made hard, or harder, or compact; made unfeeling or callous; made obstinate or obdurate; confirmed in error or vice. Syn. — Impenetrable; hard; obdurate; callous; unfeeling; unsusceptible; insensible. See Obdurate.

Hard´en•er (-’n•er), n. One who, or that which, hardens; specif., one who tempers tools.

Hard´en•ing, n. 1. Making hard or harder. 2. That which hardens, as a material used for converting the surface of iron into steel.

Har´der (här´der), n. (Zoöl.) A South African mullet, salted for food.

Har•de´ri•an (här•de´ri•an), a. (Anat.) A term applied to a lachrymal gland on the inner side of the orbit of many animals which have a third eyelid, or nictitating membrane. See Nictitating membrane, under Nictitate.

Hard´-fa•vored (härd´fa•verd), a. Hard-featured; ill-looking; as Vulcan was hard-favored. Dryden.

Hard´-fa•vored•ness, n. Coarseness of features.

Hard´-fea•tured (-fe•turd; 135), a. Having coarse, unattractive or stern features. Smollett.

Hard´fern (-fern•), n. (Bot.) A species of fern (Lomaria borealis), growing in Europe and Northwestern America.

Hard´-fist•ed (-fist•ed), a. 1. Having hard or strong hands; as a hard-fisted laborer. 2. Close-fisted; covetous; niggardly. Bp. Hall.

Hard´-fought (-fat•), a. Vigorously contested; as a hard-fought battle.

Hard´ grass (gras•). (Bot.) A name given to several different grasses, especially to the Roltböllia incurvata, and to the species of AEgilops, from one of which it is contended that wheat has been derived.

Hard´hack (-hak•), n. (Bot.) A very astringent shrub (Spiraea tomentosa), common in pastures. The Potentilla fruticosa is also called by this name.

Hard´-hand•ed (-hand•ed), a. Having hard hands, as a manual laborer. “Hard-handed men that work in Athens here.” Shak.

Hard´head (-hed•), n. 1. Clash or collision of heads in contest. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The menhaden. See Menhaden. [Local, U. S.] (b) Block’s gurnard (Trigla gurnardus) of Europe. (c) A California salmon; the steelhead. (d) The gray whale. See Gray whale, under Gray. (e) A coarse American commercial sponge (Spongia dura).

Hard´-head•ed, a. Having sound judgment; sagacious; shrewd. — Hard´-head•ed•ness, n.

Hard´-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. Unsympathetic; inexorable; cruel; pitiless. — Hard´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Har´di•head (här´di•hed), n. Hardihood. [Obs.]

Har´di•hood (-hood), n. [Hardy + -hood.] Boldness, united with firmness and constancy of mind; bravery; intrepidity; also audaciousness; impudence. “A bound of graceful hardihood.” Wordsworth. “It is the society of numbers which gives hardihood to iniquity.” Buckminster. Syn. — Intrepidity; courage; pluck; resolution; stoutness; audacity; effrontery; impudence.

Har´di•ly, adv. 1. Same as Hardly. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Boldly; stoutly; resolutely. Wyclif.

Har´di•ment (-ment), n. [OF. hardement. See Hardy.] Hardihood; boldness; courage; energetic action. [Obs.] “Changing hardiment with great Glendower.” Shak.

Har´di•ness (-di•nes), n. 1. Capability of endurance. 2. Hardihood; boldness; firmness; assurance. Spenser. “Plenty and peace breeds cowards; Hardness ever
Of hardiness is mother.” Shak. “They who were not yet grown to the hardiness of avowing the contempt of the king.” Clarendon. 3. Hardship; fatigue. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hard´ish (härd´ish), a. Somewhat hard.

Hard´-la•bored (härd´la•berd), a. Wrought with severe labor; elaborate; studied. Swift.

Hard´ly (härd´ly), adv. [AS. heardlice. See Hard.] 1. In a hard or difficult manner; with difficulty. “Recovering hardly what he lost before.” Dryden. 2. Unwillingly; grudgingly. “The House of Peers gave so hardly their consent.” Milton. 3. Scarcely; barely; not quite; not wholly. “Hardly shall you find any one so bad, but he desires the credit of being thought good.” South. 4. Severely; harshly; roughly. “He has in many things been hardly used.” Swift. 5. Confidently; hardily. [Obs.] Holland. 6. Certainly; surely; indeed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hard´-mouthed (-mouthd•), a. Not sensible to the bit; not easily governed; as a hard- mouthed horse.

Hard´ness, n. [AS. heardness.] 1. The quality or state of being hard, literally or figuratively. “The habit of authority also had given his manners some peremptory hardness.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Min.) The cohesion of the particles on the surface of a body, determined by its capacity to scratch another, or be itself scratched; — measured among minerals on a scale of which diamond and talc form the extremes. 3. (Chem.) The peculiar quality exhibited by water which has mineral salts dissolved in it. Such water forms an insoluble compound with soap, and is hence unfit for washing purposes. This quality is caused by the presence of calcium carbonate, causing temporary hardness which can be removed by boiling, or by calcium sulphate, causing permanent hardness which can not be so removed, but may be improved by the addition of sodium carbonate.

Har´dock (här´dok), n. [Obs.] See Hordock.

Hard´pan (härd´pan), n. The hard substratum. Same as Hard pan, under Hard, a.

Hards (härdz), n. pl. [OE. herdes, AS. heordan; akin to G. hede.] The refuse or coarse part of fiax; tow.

Hard´-shell (härd´shel•), a. Unyielding; insensible to argument; uncompromising; strict. [Colloq., U. S.]

Hard´ship (härd´ship), n. That which is hard to bear, as toil, privation, injury, injustice, etc. Swift.

Hard´spun, a. Firmly twisted in spinning.

Hard´-tack (-tak•), n. A name given by soldiers and sailors to a kind of hard biscuit or sea bread.

Hard´tail (-tal•), n. (Zoöl.) See Jurel.

Hard´-vis•aged (-viz•ajd; 48), a. Of a harsh or stern countenance; hard- featured. Burke.

Hard´ware (-wâr•), n. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, kitchen utensils, and the like; ironmongery.

Hard´ware•man (-man), n.; pl. Hardwaremen (-men). One who makes, or deals in, hardware.

Har´dy (här´dy), a. [Compar. Hardier (-di•er); superl. Hardiest.] [F. hardi, p. p. fr. OF. hardir to make bold; of German origin, cf. OHG. hertan to harden, G. härten. See Hard, a.] 1. Bold; brave; stout; daring; resolute; intrepid. “Hap helpeth hardy man alway.” Chaucer. 2. Confident; full of assurance; in a bad sense, morally hardened; shameless. 3. Strong; firm; compact. “[A] blast may shake in pieces his hardy fabric.” South. 4. Inured to fatigue or hardships; strong; capable of endurance; as a hardy veteran; a hardy mariner. 5. Able to withstand the cold of winter. Plants which are hardy in Virginia may perish in New England. Half-hardy plants are those which are able to withstand mild winters or moderate frosts.

Har´dy, n. A blacksmith’s fuller or chisel, having a square shank for insertion into a square hole in an anvil, called the hardy hole.

Hare (hâr), v. t. [Cf. Harry, Harass.] To excite; to tease, harass, or worry; to harry. [Obs.] Locke.

Hare, n. [AS. hara; akin to D. haas, G. hase, OHG. haso, Dan. & Sw. hare, Icel. heri, Skr. çaça. rad.226.] 1. (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genus Lepus, having long hind legs, a short tail, and a divided upper lip. It is a timid animal, moves swiftly by leaps, and is remarkable for its fecundity. The species of hares are numerous. The common European hare is Lepus timidus. The northern or varying hare of America (L. Americanus), and the prairie hare (L. campestris), turn white in winter. In America, the various species of hares are commonly called rabbits. 2. (Astron.) A small constellation situated south of and under the foot of Orion; Lepus. Hare and hounds, a game played by men and boys, two, called hares, having a few minutes’ start, and scattering bits of paper to indicate their course, being chased by the others, called the hounds, through a wide circuit. — Hare kangaroo (Zoöl.), a small Australian kangaroo (Lagorchestes Leporoides), resembling the hare in size and color, — Hare’s lettuce (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sonchus, or sow thistle; — so called because hares are said to eat it when fainting with heat. Dr. Prior. — Jumping hare. (Zoöl.) See under Jumping. — Little chief hare, or Crying hare. (Zoöl.) See Chief hare. - - Sea hare. (Zoöl.) See Aplysia.

Hare´bell (hâr´bel•), n. (Bot.) A small, slender, branching plant (Campanula rotundifolia), having blue bell-shaped flowers; also Scilla nutans, which has similar flowers; — called also bluebell. [Written also hairbell.] “E’en the light harebell raised its head.” Sir W. Scott.

Hare´brained (hâr´brand•), a. Wild; giddy; volatile; heedless. ´A mad hare-brained fellow.´ North (Plutarch). [Written also hairbrained.]

Hare´foot (-foot•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A long, narrow foot, carried (that is, produced or extending) forward; — said of dogs. 2. (Bot.) A tree (Ochroma Lagopus) of the West Indies, having the stamens united somewhat in the form of a hare’s foot. Harefoot clover (Bot.), a species of clover (Trifolium arvense) with soft and silky heads.

Hare´-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. Timorous; timid; easily frightened. Ainsworth.

Hare´hound (-hound•), n. See Harrier. A. Chalmers.

Har´eld (har´eld), n. (Zoöl.) The long-tailed duck. See Old Squaw.

Hare´lip (hâr´lip•), n. A lip, commonly the upper one, having a fissure of perpendicular division like that of a hare. — Hare´lipped• (- lipt•), a.

Ha´rem (ha´rem; 277), n.[Ar. haram, orig., anything forbidden or sacred, fr. harama to forbid, prohibit.] [Written also haram and hareem.] 1. The apartments or portion of the house allotted to females in Mohammedan families. 2. The family of wives and concubines belonging to one man, in Mohammedan countries; a seraglio.

Ha•ren´gi•form (ha•ren´ji•fôrm), a. [F. hareng herring (LL. harengus) + -form.] Herring-shaped.

Hare’s´-ear (hârz´er•), n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Bupleurum rotundifolium); — so named from the shape of its leaves. Dr. Prior.

Hare’s´-foot• fern (-foot• fern•). (Bot.) A species of fern (Davallia Canariensis) with a soft, gray, hairy rootstock; — whence the name.

Hare’s´-tail (-tal•), n. (Bot.) A kind of grass (Eriophorum vaginatum). See Cotton grass, under Cotton. Hare’s-tail grass (Bot.), a species of grass (Lagurus ovatus) whose head resembles a hare’s tail.

Har´fang (här´fang), n. [See Hare, n., and Fang.] (Zoöl.) The snowy owl.

Ha•ri•a´li grass (hä•ri•ä´li gras•). (Bot.) The East Indian name of the Cynodon Dactylon; dog’s-grass.

Har´i•cot (har´e•ko; F. a•re•ko´), n. [F.] 1. A ragout or stew of meat with beans and other vegetables. 2. The ripe seeds, or the unripe pod, of the common string bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), used as a vegetable. Other species of the same genus furnish different kinds of haricots.

Har´i•er (har´i•er), n. (Zoöl.) See Harrier.

Ha´ri•ka•ri (hä´ri•kä•ri), n. See Hara-kiri.

Har•i•o•la´tion (har•i•o•la´shun), n. [See Ariolation.] Prognostication; soothsaying. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Har´ish (hâr´ish), a. Like a hare. [R.] Huloet.

Hark (härk), v. i. [OE. herken. See Hearken.] To listen; to hearken. [Now rare, except in the imperative form used as an interjection, Hark! listen.] Hudibras. Hark away! Hark back! Hark forward! (Sporting), cries used to incite and guide hounds in hunting. — To hark back, to go back for a fresh start, as when one has wandered from his direct course, or made a digression. “He must have overshot the mark, and must hark back. ”Haggard. “He harked back to the subject.” W. E. Norris.

Hark´en (-’n), v. t. & i. To hearken. Tennyson.

Harl (härl), n. [Cf. OHG. harluf noose, rope; E. hards refuse of flax.] 1. A filamentous substance; especially, the filaments of flax or hemp. 2. A barb, or barbs, of a fine large feather, as of a peacock or ostrich, — used in dressing artificial flies. [Written also herl.]

Harle (härl), n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted merganser.

Har´lech group (här´lek groop•). [So called from Harlech in Wales.] (Geol.) A minor subdivision at the base of the Cambrian system in Wales.

Har´le•quin (här´le•kin or -kwin), n. [F. arlequin, formerly written also harlequin (cf. It, arlecchino), prob. fr. OF. hierlekin, hellequin, goblin, elf, which is prob. of German or Dutch origin; cf. D. hel hell. Cf. Hell, Kin.] A buffoon, dressed in party-colored clothes, who plays tricks, often without speaking, to divert the bystanders or an audience; a merry-andrew; originally, a droll rogue of Italian comedy. Percy Smith. “As dumb harlequin is exhibited in our theaters.” Johnson. Harlequin bat (Zoöl.), an Indian bat (Scotophilus ornatus), curiously variegated with white spots. — Harlequin beetle (Zoöl.), a very large South American beetle (Acrocinus longimanus) having very long legs and antennae. The elytra are curiously marked with red, black, and gray. — Harlequin cabbage bug. (Zoöl.) See Calicoback. — Harlequin caterpillar. (Zoöl.), the larva of an American bombycid moth (Euchaetes egle) which is covered with black, white, yellow, and orange tufts of hair. — Harlequin duck (Zoöl.), a North American duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). The male is dark ash, curiously streaked with white. — Harlequin moth. (Zoöl.) See Magpie Moth. — Harlequin opal. See Opal. — Harlequin snake (Zoöl.), a small, poisonous snake (Elaps fulvius), ringed with red and black, found in the Southern United States.

Har´le•quin (här´le•kin or -kwin), v. i. To play the droll; to make sport by playing ludicrous tricks.

Har´le•quin, v. t. To remove or conjure away, as by a harlequin’s trick. “And kitten, if the humor hit
Has harlequined away the fit.” M. Green.

Har´le•quin•ade (-ad•), n. [F. arlequinade.] A play or part of a play in which the harlequin is conspicuous; the part of a harlequin. Macaulay.

Har´lock (här´lok), n. Probably a corruption either of charlock or hardock. Drayton.

Har´lot (-lot), n. [OE. harlot, herlot, a vagabond, OF. harlot, herlot, arlot; cf. Pr. arlot, Sp. arlote, It. arlotto; of uncertain origin.] 1. A churl; a common man; a person, male or female, of low birth. [Obs.] “He was a gentle harlot and a kind.” Chaucer. 2. A person given to low conduct; a rogue; a cheat; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A woman who prostitutes her body for hire; a prostitute; a common woman; a strumpet.

Har´lot, a. Wanton; lewd; low; base. Shak.

Har´lot, v. i. To play the harlot; to practice lewdness. Milton.

Har´lot•ize (-iz), v. i. To harlot. [Obs.] Warner.

Har´lot•ry (-ry), n. 1. Ribaldry; buffoonery; a ribald story. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. 2. The trade or practice of prostitution; habitual or customary lewdness. Dryden. 3. Anything meretricious; as harlotry in art. 4. A harlot; a strumpet; a baggage. [Obs.] “He sups to-night with a harlotry.” Shak.

Harm (härm), n. [OE. harm, hearm, AS. hearm; akin to OS. harm, G. harm grief, Icel. harmr, Dan. harme, Sw. harm; cf. OSlav. & Russ. sram’ shame, Skr. çrama toil, fatigue.] 1. Injury; hurt; damage; detriment; misfortune. 2. That which causes injury, damage, or loss. “We, ignorant of ourselves,
Beg often our own harms.” Shak. Syn. — Mischief; evil; loss; injury. See Mischief.

Harm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harmed (härmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harming.] [OE. harmen, AS. hearmian. See Harm, n.] To hurt; to injure; to damage; to wrong. “Though yet he never harmed me.” Shak. “No ground of enmity between us known
Why he should mean me ill or seek to harm.” Milton.

Har´ma•line (här´ma•lin or -len), n. [Cf. F. harmaline See Harmel.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the plant Peganum harmala. It forms bitter, yellow salts.

Har•mat´tan (här•mat´tan), n. [F. harmattan, prob. of Arabic origin.] A dry, hot wind, prevailing on the Atlantic coast of Africa, in December, January, and February, blowing from the interior or Sahara. It is usually accompanied by a haze which obscures the sun.

Har´mel (här´mel), n. [Ar. harmal.] (Bot.) A kind of rue (Ruta sylvestris) growing in India. At Lahore the seeds are used medicinally and for fumigation.

Harm´ful (härm´ful), a. Full of harm; injurious; hurtful; mischievous. ´ Most harmful hazards.´ Strype. —Harm´ful•ly, adv. — Harm´ful•ness, n.

Har´mine (här´min or -men), n.[See Harmaline.] (Chem.) An alkaloid accompanying harmaline (in the Peganum harmala), and obtained from it by oxidation. It is a white crystalline substance.

Harm´less (härm´les), a. 1. Free from harm; unhurt; as to give bond to save another harmless. 2. Free from power or disposition to harm; innocent; inoffensive. ´ The harmless deer.´ Drayton Syn. — Innocent; innoxious; innocuous; inoffensive; unoffending; unhurt; uninjured; unharmed. —Harm´less•ly, adv.- Harm´less•ness, n.

Har•mon´ic (här•mon´ik), Har•mon´ic•al (-i•kal) a. [L. harmonicus Gr. ´armoniko•s cf. F. harmonique. See Harmony.] 1. Concordant Musical Consonant as harmonic sounds. “Harmonic twang! of leather horn and brass.” Pope. 2. (Mus.) Relating to harmony — as melodic relates to melody harmonious esp. relating to the accessory sounds or overtones which accompany the predominant and apparent single tone of any string or sonorous body. 3. (Math.) Having relations or properties bearing some resemblance to those of musical consonances — said of certain numbers ratios proportions points lines motions and the like. Harmonic interval (Mus.) the distance between two notes of a chord or two consonant notes. - - Harmonical mean (Arith. & Alg.) certain relations of numbers and quantities which bear an analogy to musical consonances. — Harmonic motion the motion of the point A of the foot of the perpendicular PA when P moves uniformly in the circumference of a circle and PA is drawn perpendicularly upon a fixed diameter of the circle. This is simple harmonic motion. The combinations in any way of two or more simple harmonic motions make other kinds of harmonic motion. The motion of the pendulum bob of a clock is approximately simple harmonic motion. — Harmonic proportion. See under Proportion. — Harmonic series or progression. See under Progression. — Spherical harmonic analysis a mathematical method sometimes referred to as that of Laplace’s Coefficients which has for its object the expression of an arbitrary periodic function of two independent variables in the proper form for a large class of physical problems involving arbitrary data over a spherical surface and the deduction of solutions for every point of space. The functions employed in this method are called spherical harmonic functions. Thomson & Tait. — Harmonic suture (Anat.) an articulation by simple apposition of comparatively smooth surfaces or edges as between the two superior maxillary bones in man — called also harmonia and harmony. — Harmonic triad (Mus.) the chord of a note with its third and fifth the common chord.

Har•mon´ic (här•mon´ik), n. (Mus.) A musical note produced by a number of vibrations which is a multiple of the number producing some other; an overtone. See Harmonics.

Har•mon´i•ca (-i•ka), n. [Fem. fr. L. harmonicus harmonic. See Harmonic, n. ] 1. A musical instrument, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses which, by touching the edges with the dampened finger, give forth the tones. 2. A toy instrument of strips of glass or metal hung on two tapes, and struck with hammers.

Har•mon´ic•al•ly (-i•kal•ly), adv. 1. In an harmonical manner; harmoniously. 2. In respect to harmony, as distinguished from melody; as a passage harmonically correct. 3. (Math.) In harmonical progression.

Har•mon´i•con (-i•kon), n. A small, flat, wind instrument of music, in which the notes are produced by the vibration of free metallic reeds.

Har•mon´ics (-iks), n. 1. The doctrine or science of musical sounds. 2. pl. (Mus.) Secondary and less distinct tones which accompany any principal, and apparently simple, tone, as the octave, the twelfth, the fifteenth, and the seventeenth. The name is also applied to the artificial tones produced by a string or column of air, when the impulse given to it suffices only to make a part of the string or column vibrate; overtones.

Har•mo´ni•ous (här•mo´ni•us), a. [Cf. F. harmonieux. See Harmony.] 1. Adapted to each other; having parts proportioned to each other; symmetrical. “God hath made the intellectual world harmonious and beautiful without us.” Locke. 2. Acting together to a common end; agreeing in action or feeling; living in peace and friendship; as an harmonious family. 3. Vocally or musically concordant; agreeably consonant; symphonious. — Har•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Har•mo´ni•ous•ness, n.

Har•mon´i•phon (här•mon´i•fon), n. [Gr. ´armoni•a harmony + fwnh• sound.] (Mus.) An obsolete wind instrument with a keyboard, in which the sound, which resembled the oboe, was produced by the vibration of thin metallic plates, acted upon by blowing through a tube.

Har´mo•nist (här´mo•nist), n. [Cf. F. harmoniste.] 1. One who shows the agreement or harmony of corresponding passages of different authors, as of the four evangelists. 2. (Mus.) One who understands the principles of harmony or is skillful in applying them in composition; a musical composer. { Har´mo•nist , Har´mo•nite (-nit), } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect, founded in Würtemburg in the last century, composed of followers of George Rapp, a weaver. They had all their property in common. In 1803, a portion of this sect settled in Pennsylvania and called the village thus established, Harmony.

Har•mo´ni•um (här•mo´ni•um), n. [NL. See Harmony. ] A musical instrument, resembling a small organ and especially designed for church music, in which the tones are produced by forcing air by means of a bellows so as to cause the vibration of free metallic reeds. It is now made with one or two keyboards, and has pedals and stops.

Har•mo•ni•za´tion (här•mo•ni•za´shun), n. The act of harmonizing.

Har´mo•nize (här´mo•niz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harmonized (- nizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harmonizing (- ni´zing).] [Cf. F. harmoniser. ] 1. To agree in action, adaptation, or effect on the mind; to agree in sense or purport; as the parts of a mechanism harmonize. 2. To be in peace and friendship, as individuals, families, or public organizations. 3. To agree in vocal or musical effect; to form a concord; as the tones harmonize perfectly.

Har´mo•nize, v. t. 1. To adjust in fit proportions; to cause to agree; to show the agreement of; to reconcile the apparent contradiction of. 2. (Mus.) To accompany with harmony; to provide with parts, as an air, or melody.

Har´mo•ni•zer (-ni•zer), n. One who harmonizes.

Har•mo•nom´e•ter (-nom´e•ter), n. [Gr. ´armoni•a harmony + meter: cf. F. harmonomètre.] An instrument for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. It is often a monochord furnished with movable bridges.

Har´mo•ny (här´mo•ny), n.; pl. Harmonies (- niz). [ F. harmonie, L. harmonia, Gr. ´armoni•a joint, proportion, concord, fr. ´armo•s a fitting or joining. See Article.] 1. The just adaptation of parts to each other, in any system or combination of things, or in things intended to form a connected whole; such an agreement between the different parts of a design or composition as to produce unity of effect; as the harmony of the universe. 2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, manners, interests, etc.; good correspondence; peace and friendship; as good citizens live in harmony. 3. A literary work which brings together or arranges systematically parallel passages of historians respecting the same events, and shows their agreement or consistency; as a harmony of the Gospels. 4. (Mus.) (a) A succession of chords according to the rules of progression and modulation. (b) The science which treats of their construction and progression. “Ten thousand harps, that tuned
Angelic harmonies.” Milton. 5. (Anat.) See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic. Close harmony, Dispersed harmony, etc. See under Close, Dispersed, etc. — Harmony of the spheres. See Music of the spheres, under Music. Syn. — Harmony, Melody. Harmony results from the concord of two or more strains or sounds which differ in pitch and quality. Melody denotes the pleasing alternation and variety of musical and measured sounds, as they succeed each other in a single verse or strain.

Har´most (här´most), n. [Gr. ´armosth•s, fr. ´armo•zein to join, arrange, command: cf. F. harmoste. See Harmony.] (Gr. Antiq.) A city governor or prefect appointed by the Spartans in the cities subjugated by them.

Har´mo•tome (-mo•tom), n. [Gr. ´armo•s a joint + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. harmotome.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta, occurring usually in white cruciform crystals; cross- stone. A related mineral, called lime harmotome, and Phillipsite, contains lime in place of baryta. Dana.

Har´ness (-nes), n. [OE. harneis, harnes, OF. harneis, F. harnais, harnois; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. harnez old iron, armor, W. haiarn iron, Armor. houarn, Ir. iarann, Gael. iarunn. Cf. Iron.] 1. Originally, the complete dress, especially in a military sense, of a man or a horse; hence, in general, armor. “At least we’ll die with harness on our back.” Shak. 2. The equipment of a draught or carriage horse, for drawing a wagon, coach, chaise, etc.; gear; tackling. 3. The part of a loom comprising the heddles, with their means of support and motion, by which the threads of the warp are alternately raised and depressed for the passage of the shuttle. To die in harness, to die with armor on; hence, colloquially, to die while actively engaged in work or duty.

Har´ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harnessed (-nest); p. pr. & vb. n. Harnessing.] [OE. harneisen; cf. F. harnacher, OF. harneschier.] 1. To dress in armor; to equip with armor for war, as a horseman; to array. “Harnessed in rugged steel.” Rowe. “A gay dagger,
Harnessed well and sharp as point of spear.” Chaucer. 2. Fig.: To equip or furnish for defense. Dr. H. More. 3. To make ready for draught; to equip with harness, as a horse. Also used figuratively. “Harnessed to some regular profession.” J. C. Shairp. Harnessed antelope. (Zoöl.) See Guib. — Harnessed moth (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Arctia phalerata of Harris), having, on the fore wings, stripes and bands of buff on a black ground.

Har´ness cask (kask•). (Naut.) A tub lashed to a vessel’s deck and containing salted provisions for daily use; — called also harness tub. W. C. Russell.

Har´ness•er (-er), n. One who harnesses.

Harns (härnz), n. pl. [Akin to Icel. hjarni, Dan. hierne.] The brains. [Scot.]

Harp (härp), n. [OE. harpe, AS. hearpe; akin to D. harp, G. harfe, OHG. harpha, Dan. harpe, Icel. & Sw. harpa.] 1. A musical instrument consisting of a triangular frame furnished with strings and sometimes with pedals, held upright, and played with the fingers. 2. (Astron.) A constellation; Lyra, or the Lyre. 3. A grain sieve. [Scot.] AEolian harp. See under AEolian. Harp seal (Zoöl.), an arctic seal (Phoca Grœnlandica). The adult males have a light- colored body, with a harp-shaped mark of black on each side, and the face and throat black. Called also saddler, and saddleback. The immature ones are called bluesides. — Harp shell (Zoöl.), a beautiful marine gastropod shell of the genus Harpa, of several species, found in tropical seas. See Harpa.

Harp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harped (härpt) p. pr. & vb. n. Harping.] [AS. hearpian. See Harp, n.] 1. To play on the harp. “I heard the voice of harpers, harping with their harps.” Rev. xiv. 2. 2. To dwell on or recur to a subject tediously or monotonously in speaking or in writing; to refer to something repeatedly or continually; — usually with on or upon. ´Harpings upon old themes.´ W. Irving. “Harping on what I am,
Not what he knew I was.” Shak. To harp on one string, to dwell upon one subject with disagreeable or wearisome persistence. [Colloq.]

Harp, v. t. To play on, as a harp; to play (a tune) on the harp; to develop or give expression to by skill and art; to sound forth as from a harp; to hit upon. “Thou ’st harped my fear aright.” Shak.

Har´pa (här´pa), n. [L., harp.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine univalve shells; the harp shells; — so called from the form of the shells, and their ornamental ribs.

Har´pa•gon (-gon), n. [L. harpago, Gr. ´arpa•gh hook, rake.] A grappling iron. [Obs.]

Harp´er (härp´er), n. [AS. hearpere.] 1. A player on the harp; a minstrel. “The murmuring pines and the hemlocks …
Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms.” Longfellow. 2. A brass coin bearing the emblem of a harp, — formerly current in Ireland. B. Jonson.

Harp´ing (härp´ing), a. Pertaining to the harp; as harping symphonies. Milton.

Harp´ing i•ron (i•urn). [F. harper to grasp strongly. See Harpoon.] A harpoon. Evelyn.

Harp´ings (-ingz), n. pl. (Naut.) The fore parts of the wales, which encompass the bow of a vessel, and are fastened to the stem. [Written also harpins.] Totten.

Harp´ist, n. [Cf. F. harpiste.] A player on the harp; a harper. W. Browne.

Har•poon´ (här•poon´), n. [F. harpon, LL. harpo, perh. of Ger. origin, fr. the harp; cf. F. harper to take and grasp strongly, harpe a dog’s claw, harpin boathook (the sense of hook coming from the shape of the harp); but cf. also Gr. ´a•rph the kite, sickle, and E. harpy. Cf. Harp.] A spear or javelin used to strike and kill large fish, as whales; a harping iron. It consists of a long shank, with a broad, fiat, triangular head, sharpened at both edges, and is thrown by hand, or discharged from a gun. Harpoon fork, a kind of hayfork, consisting of bar with hinged barbs at one end and a loop for a rope at the other end, used for lifting hay from the load by horse power. — Harpoon gun, a gun used in the whale fishery for shooting the harpoon into a whale.

Har•poon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harpooned (-poond´); p. pr. & vb. n. Harpooning.] To strike, catch, or kill with a harpoon.

Har•poon•eer´ (här•poon•er´), n. An harpooner. Crabb.

Har•poon´er (här•poon´er), n. [Cf. F. harponneur.] One who throws the harpoon.

Harp´ress (härp´res), n. A female harper. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Harp´si•chon (härp´si•kon), n. A harpsichord. [Obs.]

Harp´si•chord (-kôrd), n. [OF. harpechorde, in which the harpe is of German origin. See Harp, and Chord.] (Mus.) A harp-shaped instrument of music set horizontally on legs, like the grand piano, with strings of wire, played by the fingers, by means of keys provided with quills, instead of hammers, for striking the strings. It is now superseded by the piano.

Har´py (här´py), n.; pl. Harpies (-piz). [F. harpie, L. harpyia, Gr. ´a•rpyia, from the root of ´arpa•zein to snatch, to seize. Cf. Rapacious.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A fabulous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having the face of a woman and the body of a vulture, with long claws, and the face pale with hunger. Some writers mention two, others three. “Both table and provisions vanished quite.
With sound of harpies’ wings and talons heard.” Milton. 2. One who is rapacious or ravenous; an extortioner. “The harpies about all pocket the pool.” Goldsmith. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The European moor buzzard or marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus). (b) A large and powerful, double-crested, short-winged American eagle (Thrasaëtus harpyia). It ranges from Texas to Brazil. Harpy bat (Zoöl.) (a) An East Indian fruit bat of the genus Harpyia (esp. H. cephalotes), having prominent, tubular nostrils. (b) A small, insectivorous Indian bat (Harpiocephalus harpia). — Harpy fly (Zoöl.), the house fly. { Har´que•bus , Har´que•buse } (här´kwe•bus), n. [See Arquebus.] A firearm with match holder, trigger, and tumbler, made in the second half of the 15th century. The barrel was about forty inches long. A form of the harquebus was subsequently called arquebus with matchlock.

Har´rage (har´raj; 48) v. t. [See Harry.] To harass; to plunder from. [Obs.] Fuller.

Har´re (här´re), n. [OE., fr. AS. heorr, híor.] A hinge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Har´ri•dan (har´ri•dan), n. [F. haridelle a worn-out horse, jade.] A worn-out strumpet; a vixenish woman; a hag. “Such a weak, watery, wicked old harridan, substituted for the pretty creature I had been used to see.” De Quincey.

Har´ri•er (-er), n. [From Hare, n.] (Zoöl.) One of a small breed of hounds, used for hunting hares. [Written also harier.]

Har´ri•er, n. [From Harry.] 1. One who harries. 2. (Zoöl.) One of several species of hawks or buzzards of the genus Circus which fly low and harry small animals or birds, — as the European marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), and the hen harrier (C. cyaneus). Harrier hawk(Zoöl.), one of several species of American hawks of the genus Micrastur.

Har´row (har´ro), n. [OE. harowe, harwe, AS. hearge; cf. D. hark rake, G. harke, Icel. herfi harrow, Dan. harve, Sw. harf. rad.16.] 1. An implement of agriculture, usually formed of pieces of timber or metal crossing each other, and set with iron or wooden teeth. It is drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, to stir the soil and make it fine, or to cover seed when sown. 2. (Mil.) An obstacle formed by turning an ordinary harrow upside down, the frame being buried. Bush harrow, a kind of light harrow made of bushes, for harrowing grass lands and covering seeds, or to finish the work of a toothed harrow. — Drill harrow. See under 6th Drill. — Under the harrow, subjected to actual torture with a toothed instrument, or to great affliction or oppression.

Har´row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harrowed (-rod); p. pr. & vb. n. Harrowing.] [OE. harowen, harwen; cf. Dan. harve. See Harrow, n.] 1. To draw a harrow over, as for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed; as to harrow land. “Will he harrow the valleys after thee?” Job xxxix. 10. 2. To break or tear, as with a harrow; to wound; to lacerate; to torment or distress; to vex. “My aged muscles harrowed up with whips.” Rowe. “I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word
Would harrow up thy soul.” Shak.

Har´row, interj. [OF. harau, haro; fr. OHG. hara, hera, herot, or fr. OS. herod hither, akin to E. here.] Help! Halloo! An exclamation of distress; a call for succor; — the ancient Norman hue and cry. ´Harrow and well away!´ Spenser. “Harrow! alas! here lies my fellow slain.” Chaucer.

Har´row, v. t. [See Harry.] To pillage; to harry; to oppress. [Obs.] Spenser. “Meaning thereby to harrow his people.” Bacon

Har´row•er (-er), n. One who harrows.

Har´row•er, n. One who harries. [Obs.]

Har´ry (-ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harried (-rid); p. pr. & vb. n. Harrying.] [OE. harwen, herien, her&yogh;ien, AS. hergian to act as an army, to ravage, plunder, fr. here army; akin to G. heer, Icel. herr, Goth. harjis, and Lith. karas war. Cf. Harbor, Herald, Heriot.] 1. To strip; to pillage; to lay waste; as the Northmen came several times and harried the land. “To harry this beautiful region.” W. Irving. “A red squirrel had harried the nest of a wood thrush.” J. Burroughs. 2. To agitate; to worry; to harrow; to harass. Shak. Syn. — To ravage; plunder; pillage; lay waste; vex; tease; worry; annoy; harass.

Har´ry, v. i. To make a predatory incursion; to plunder or lay waste. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Harsh (härsh), a. [Compar. Harsher (-er); superl. Harshest.] [OE. harsk; akin to G. harsch, Dan. harsk rancid, Sw. härsk; from the same source as E. hard. See Hard, a.] 1. Rough; disagreeable; grating; esp.: (a) To the touch. ´Harsh sand.´ Boyle. (b) To the taste. ´Berries harsh and crude.´ Milton. (c) To the ear. ´Harsh din.´ Milton. 2. Unpleasant and repulsive to the sensibilities; austere; crabbed; morose; abusive; abusive; severe; rough. “Clarence is so harsh, so blunt.” Shak. “Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charmed.” Dryden. 3. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) Having violent contrasts of color, or of light and shade; lacking in harmony.

Harsh´ly, adv. In a harsh manner; gratingly; roughly; rudely. “’T will sound harshly in her ears.” Shak.

Harsh´ness, n. The quality or state of being harsh. “O, she is
Ten times more gentle than her father’s crabbed,
And he’s composed of harshness.” Shak. “’Tis not enough no harshness gives offense,
The sound must seem an echo to the sense.” Pope. Syn. — Acrimony; roughness; sternness; asperity; tartness. See Acrimony.

Hars´let (härs´let), n. See Haslet.

Hart (härt), n. [OE. hart, hert, heort, AS. heort, heorot; akin to D. hert, OHG. hiruz, hirz, G. hirsch, Icel. hjörtr, Dan. & Sw. hjort, L. cervus, and prob. to Gr. kerao•s horned, ke•ras horn. rad.230. See Horn.] (Zoöl.) A stag; the male of the red deer. See the Note under Buck. “Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind.” Milton.

Hart´beest (-best•), n. [D. hertebeest. See Hart, and Beast.] (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (Alcelaphus caama), formerly much more abundant than it is now. The face and legs are marked with black, the rump with white. [Written also hartebeest, and hartebest.]

Hart´en (-’n), v. t. To hearten; to encourage; to incite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hart´ford (härt´ferd), n. The Hartford grape, a variety of grape first raised at Hartford, Connecticut, from the Northern fox grape. Its large dark-colored berries ripen earlier than those of most other kinds.

Hart’s´ clo•ver (härts´ klo•ver). (Bot.) Melilot or sweet clover. See Melilot.

Hart’s´-ear (-er•), n. (Bot.) An Asiatic species of Cacalia (C. Kleinia), used medicinally in India.

Harts´horn (-hôrn•), n. 1. The horn or antler of the hart, or male red deer. 2. Spirits of hartshorn (see below); volatile salts. Hartshorn plantain (Bot.), an annual species of plantain (Plantago Coronopus); — called also buck’s-horn. Booth. — Hartshorn shavings, originally taken from the horns of harts, are now obtained chiefly by planing down the bones of calves. They afford a kind of jelly. Hebert. — Salt of hartshorn (Chem.), an impure solid carbonate of ammonia, obtained by the destructive distillation of hartshorn, or any kind of bone; volatile salts. Brande & C. — Spirits of hartshorn (Chem.), a solution of ammonia in water; — so called because formerly obtained from hartshorn shavings by destructive distillation. Similar ammoniacal solutions from other sources have received the same name.

Hart’s´-tongue (härts´tung•), n. (Bot.) (a) A common British fern (Scolopendrium vulgare), rare in America. (b) A West Indian fern, the Polypodium Phyllitidis of Linnaeus. It is also found in Florida.

Hart´wort (härt´wûrt•), n. (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (Tordylium maximum). The name is often vaguely given to other plants of the same order, as species of Seseli and Bupleurum.

Har´um-scar´um (hâr´um•skâr´um), a. [Cf. hare,v. t., and scare, v. t.] Wild; giddy; flighty; rash; thoughtless. [Colloq.] “They had a quarrel with Sir Thomas Newcome’s own son, a harum-scarum lad.” Thackeray.

Ha•rus•pi•ca´tion (ha•rus•pi•ka´shun), n. See Haruspicy. Tylor.

Ha•rus´pice (ha•rus´pis), n. [F., fr. L. haruspex.] A diviner of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspice.

Ha•rus´pi•cy (-pi•sy), n. The art or practices of haruspices. See Aruspicy.

Har´vest (här´vest), n. [OE. harvest, hervest, AS. haerfest autumn; akin to LG. harfst, D. herfst, OHG. herbist, G. herbst, and prob. to L. carpere to pluck, Gr. karpo•s fruit. Cf. Carpet.] 1. The gathering of a crop of any kind; the ingathering of the crops; also the season of gathering grain and fruits, late summer or early autumn. “Seedtime and harvest … shall not cease.” Gen. viii. 22. “At harvest, when corn is ripe.” Tyndale. 2. That which is reaped or ready to be reaped or gathered; a crop, as of grain (wheat, maize, etc.), or fruit. “Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe.” Joel iii. 13. “To glean the broken ears after the man
That the main harvest reaps.” Shak. 3. The product or result of any exertion or labor; gain; reward. “The pope’s principal harvest was in the jubilee.” Fuller. “The harvest of a quiet eye.” Wordsworth. Harvest fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish of the Southern United States (Stromateus alepidotus); — called whiting in Virginia. Also applied to the dollar fish. — Harvest fly (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect of the genus Cicada, often called locust. See Cicada. — Harvest lord, the head reaper at a harvest. [Obs.] Tusser. — Harvest mite (Zoöl.), a minute European mite (Leptus autumnalis), of a bright crimson color, which is troublesome by penetrating the skin of man and domestic animals; — called also harvest louse, and harvest bug. — Harvest moon, the moon near the full at the time of harvest in England, or about the autumnal equinox, when, by reason of the small angle that is made by the moon’s orbit with the horizon, it rises nearly at the same hour for several days. — Harvest mouse (Zoöl.), a very small European field mouse (Mus minutus). It builds a globular nest on the stems of wheat and other plants. — Harvest queen, an image representing Ceres, formerly carried about on the last day of harvest. Milton. — Harvest spider. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs.

Har´vest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harvested; p. pr. & vb. n. Harvesting.] To reap or gather, as any crop.

Har´vest•er (-er), n. 1. One who harvests; a machine for cutting and gathering grain; a reaper. 2. (Zoöl.) A harvesting ant.

Har´vest-home´ (-hom), n. 1. The gathering and bringing home of the harvest; the time of harvest. “Showed like a stubble land at harvest- home.” Shak. 2. The song sung by reapers at the feast made at the close of the harvest; the feast itself. Dryden. 3. A service of thanksgiving, at harvest time, in the Church of England and in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. 4. The opportunity of gathering treasure. Shak.

Har´vest•ing, a. & n., from Harvest, v. t. Harvesting ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gathers and stores up seeds for food. Many species are known. The species found in Southern Europe and Palestine are Aphenogaster structor and A. barbara; that of Texas called agricultural ant, is Pogonomyrmex barbatus or Myrmica molifaciens; that of Florida is P. crudelis. See Agricultural ant, under Agricultural.

Har´vest•less, a. Without harvest; lacking in crops; barren. ´Harvestless autumns.´ Tennyson.

Har´vest•man (-man), n.; pl. Harvestmen (-men). 1. A man engaged in harvesting. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs, 1.

Har´vest•ry (-ry), n. The act of harvesting; also that which is harvested. Swinburne.

Har´y (har´y), v. t. [Cf. OF. harier to harass, or E. harry, v. t.] To draw; to drag; to carry off by violence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Has (haz), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have.

Has´ard (-erd), n. Hazard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hase (haz), v. t. [Obs.] See Haze, v. t.

Hash (hash), n. [Formerly hachey, hachee, F. hachis, fr. hacher to hash; of German origin; cf. G. hippe sickle, OHG. hippa, for happia. Cf. Hatchet.] 1. That which is hashed or chopped up; meat and vegetables, especially such as have been already cooked, chopped into small pieces and mixed. 2. A new mixture of old matter; a second preparation or exhibition. “I can not bear elections, and still less the hash of them over again in a first session.” Walpole.

Hash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hashed (hasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Hashing.] [From Hash, n.: cf. F. hacher to hash.] To chop into small pieces; to mince and mix; as to hash meat. Hudibras. { Hash´eesh Hash´ish } (hash´esh), n. [Ar. hashish.] A slightly acrid gum resin produced by the common hemp (Cannabis sativa), of the variety Indica, when cultivated in a warm climate; also the tops of the plant, from which the resinous product is obtained. It is narcotic, and has long been used in the East for its intoxicating effect. See Bhang, and Ganja.

Hask (hask), n. [See Hassock.] A basket made of rushes or flags, as for carrying fish. [Obs.] Spenser.

Has´let (has´let), n. [F. hâtelettes broil, for hastelettes, fr. F. haste spit; cf. L. hasta spear, and also OHG. harst gridiron.] The edible viscera, as the heart, liver, etc., of a beast, esp. of a hog. [Written also harslet.]

Hasp (hasp), n. [OE. hasp, hesp, AS. haepse; akin to G. haspe, häspe, Sw. & Dan. haspe, Icel. hespa.] 1. A clasp, especially a metal strap permanently fast at one end to a staple or pin, while the other passes over a staple, and is fastened by a padlock or a pin; also a metallic hook for fastening a door. 2. A spindle to wind yarn, thread, or silk on. 3. An instrument for cutting the surface of grass land; a scarifier.

Hasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hasped (haspt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hasping.] [AS. haepsian.] To shut or fasten with a hasp.

Has´sock (has´suk), n. [Scot. hassock, hassik, a besom, anything bushy, a large, round turf used as a seat, OE. hassok sedgy ground, W. hesgog sedgy, hesg sedge, rushes; cf. Ir. seisg, and E. sedge.] 1. A rank tuft of bog grass; a tussock. Forby. 2. A small stuffed cushion or footstool, for kneeling on in church, or for home use. “And knees and hassocks are well nigh divorced.” Cowper.

Hast (hast), 2d pers. sing. pres. of Have, contr. of havest. [Archaic] { Has´tate (has´tat), Has´ta•ted(- ta•ted), } a. [L. hastatus, fr. hasta spear. Cf. Gad, n.] Shaped like the head of a halberd; triangular, with the basal angles or lobes spreading; as a hastate leaf.

Haste (hast), n. [OE. hast; akin to D. haast, G., Dan., Sw., & OFries. hast, cf. OF. haste, F. hâte (of German origin); all perh. fr. the root of E. hate in a earlier sense of, to pursue. See Hate.] 1. Celerity of motion; speed; swiftness; dispatch; expedition; — applied only to voluntary beings, as men and other animals. “The king’s business required haste.” 1 Sam. xxi. 8. 2. The state of being urged or pressed by business; hurry; urgency; sudden excitement of feeling or passion; precipitance; vehemence. “I said in my haste, All men are liars.” Ps. cxvi. 11. To make haste, to hasten. Syn. — Speed; quickness; nimbleness; swiftness; expedition; dispatch; hurry; precipitance; vehemence; precipitation. — Haste, Hurry, Speed, Dispatch. Haste denotes quickness of action and a strong desire for getting on; hurry includes a confusion and want of collected thought not implied in haste; speed denotes the actual progress which is made; dispatch, the promptitude and rapidity with which things are done. A man may properly be in haste, but never in a hurry. Speed usually secures dispatch.

Haste, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hasting.] [OE. hasten; akin to G. hasten, D. haasten, Dan. haste, Sw. hasta, OF. haster, F. hâter. See Haste, n.] To hasten; to hurry. [Archaic] “I ’ll haste the writer.” Shak. “They were troubled and hasted away.” Ps. xlviii. 5.

Has´ten (has´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hastened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hastening (-’n•ing).] To press; to drive or urge forward; to push on; to precipitate; to accelerate the movement of; to expedite; to hurry. “I would hasten my escape from the windy storm.” Ps. lv. 8.

Has´ten, v. i. To move with celerity; to be rapid in motion; to act speedily or quickly; to go quickly. “I hastened to the spot whence the noise came.” De Foe.

Has´ten•er (-er), n. 1. One who hastens. 2. That which hastens; especially, a stand or reflector used for confining the heat of the fire to meat while roasting before it.

Has´tif (has´tif), a. [OF. See Hastive.] Hasty. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Has´tif•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Has´tile (has´til or -til), a. [L. hasta a spear.] (Bot.) Same as Hastate. Gray.

Has´ti•ly (has´ti•ly), adv. [From Hasty.] 1. In haste; with speed or quickness; speedily; nimbly. 2. Without due reflection; precipitately; rashly. “We hastily engaged in the war.” Swift. 3. Passionately; impatiently. Shak.

Has´ti•ness, n. The quality or state of being hasty; haste; precipitation; rashness; quickness of temper.

Has´tings (-tingz), n. pl. [From Haste, v.] Early fruit or vegetables; especially, early pease. Mortimer.

Has´tings sands (sandz•). (Geol.) The lower group of the Wealden formation; — so called from its development around Hastings, in Sussex, England.

Has´tive (-tiv), a. [OF. hastif. See Haste, n., and cf. Hastif.] Forward; early; — said of fruits. [Obs.]

Has´ty (has´ty), a. [Compar. Hastier (-ti•er); superl. Hastiest.] [Akin to D. haastig, G., Sw., & Dan. hastig. See Haste, n.] 1. Involving haste; done, made, etc., in haste; as a hasty retreat; a hasty sketch. 2. Demanding haste or immediate action. [R.] Chaucer. ´Hasty employment.´ Shak. 3. Moving or acting with haste or in a hurry; hurrying; hence, acting without deliberation; precipitate; rash; easily excited; eager. “Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words? There is more hope of a fool than of him.” Prov. xxix. 20. “The hasty multitude
Admiring entered.” Milton. “Be not hasty to go out of his sight.” Eccl. viii. 3. 4. Made or reached without deliberation or due caution; as a hasty conjecture, inference, conclusion, etc., a hasty resolution. 5. Proceeding from, or indicating, a quick temper. “Take no unkindness of his hasty words.” Shak. 6. Forward; early; first ripe. [Obs.] ´As the hasty fruit before the summer.´ Is. xxviii. 4.

Has´ty pud´ding (has´ty pud´ding). 1. A thick batter pudding made of Indian meal stirred into boiling water; mush. [U. S.] 2. A batter or pudding made of flour or oatmeal, stirred into boiling water or milk. [Eng.]

Hat (hät), a. Hot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hat, sing. pres. of Hote to be called. Cf. Hatte. [Obs.] ´That one hat abstinence.´ Piers Plowman.

Hat (hat), n. [AS. haet, haett; akin to Dan. hat, Sw. hatt, Icel. hattr a hat, höttr hood, D. hoed hat, G. hut, OHG. huot, and prob. to L. cassis helmet. rad.13. Cf. Hood.] A covering for the head; esp., one with a crown and brim, made of various materials, and worn by men or women for protecting the head from the sun or weather, or for ornament. Hat block, a block on which hats are formed or dressed. — To pass around the hat, to take up a collection of voluntary contributions, which are often received in a hat. [Colloq.] Lowell.

Hat´a•ble (hat´a•b’l), a. [From Hate.] Capable of being, or deserving to be, hated; odious; detestable.

Hat´band (hat´band•), n. A band round the crown of a hat; sometimes, a band of black cloth, crape, etc., worn as a badge of mourning.

Hat´box (-boks•), n. A box for a hat.

Hatch (hach), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatched (hacht); p. pr. & vb. n. Hatching.] [F. hacher to chop, hack. See Hash.] 1. To cross with lines in a peculiar manner in drawing and engraving. See Hatching. “Shall win this sword, silvered and hatched.” Chapman. “Those hatching strokes of the pencil.” Dryden. 2. To cross; to spot; to stain; to steep. [Obs.] “His weapon hatched in blood.” Beau. & Fl.

Hatch, v. t. [OE. hacchen, hetchen; akin to G. hecken, Dan. hekke; cf. MHG. hagen bull; perh. akin to E. hatch a half door, and orig. meaning, to produce under a hatch. rad.12.] 1. To produce, as young, from an egg or eggs by incubation, or by artificial heat; to produce young from (eggs); as the young when hatched. Paley. “As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not.” Jer. xvii. 11. “For the hens do not sit upon the eggs; but by keeping them in a certain equal heat they [the husbandmen] bring life into them and hatch them.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 2. To contrive or plot; to form by meditation, and bring into being; to originate and produce; to concoct; as to hatch mischief; to hatch heresy. Hooker. “Fancies hatched
In silken-folded idleness.” Tennyson.

Hatch, v. i. To produce young; — said of eggs; to come forth from the egg; — said of the young of birds, fishes, insects, etc.

Hatch, n. 1. The act of hatching. 2. Development; disclosure; discovery. Shak. 3. The chickens produced at once or by one incubation; a brood.

Hatch, n. [OE. hacche, AS. haec, cf. haca the bar of a door, D. hek gate, Sw. häck coop, rack, Dan. hekke manger, rack. Prob. akin to E. hook, and first used of something made of pieces fastened together. Cf. Heck, Hack a frame.] 1. A door with an opening over it; a half door, sometimes set with spikes on the upper edge. “In at the window, or else o’er the hatch.” Shak. 2. A frame or weir in a river, for catching fish. 3. A flood gate; a sluice gate. Ainsworth. 4. A bedstead. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. 5. An opening in the deck of a vessel or floor of a warehouse which serves as a passageway or hoistway; a hatchway; also; a cover or door, or one of the covers used in closing such an opening. 6. (Mining) An opening into, or in search of, a mine. Booby hatch, Buttery hatch, Companion hatch, etc. See under Booby, Buttery, etc. — To batten down the hatches (Naut.), to lay tarpaulins over them, and secure them with battens. — To be under hatches, to be confined below in a vessel; to be under arrest, or in slavery, distress, etc.

Hatch, v. t. To close with a hatch or hatches. “’T were not amiss to keep our door hatched.” Shak.

Hatch´-boat (hach´bot•), n. (Naut.) A vessel whose deck consists almost wholly of movable hatches; — used mostly in the fisheries.

Hatch´el (-el; 277), n. [OE. hechele, hekele; akin to D. hekel, G. hechel, Dan. hegle, Sw. häkla, and prob. to E. hook. See Hook, and cf. Hackle, Heckle.] An instrument with long iron teeth set in a board, for cleansing flax or hemp from the tow, hards, or coarse part; a kind of large comb; — called also hackle and heckle.

Hatch´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatcheled or Hatchelled (-eld); p. pr. & vb. n. Hatcheling or Hatchelling.] [OE. hechelen, hekelen; akin to D. hekelen, G. hecheln, Dan. hegle, Sw. häkla. See Hatchel, n.] 1. To draw through the teeth of a hatchel, as flax or hemp, so as to separate the coarse and refuse parts from the fine, fibrous parts. 2. To tease; to worry; to torment. [Colloq.]

Hatch´el•er (-er), n. One who uses a hatchel.

Hatch´er (-er), n. 1. One who hatches, or that which hatches; a hatching apparatus; an incubator. 2. One who contrives or originates; a plotter. “A great hatcher and breeder of business.” Swift.

Hatch´er•y (-y), n. A house for hatching fish, etc.

Hatch´et (-et), n. [F. hachette, dim. of hache ax. See 1st Hatch, Hash.] 1. A small ax with a short handle, to be used with one hand. 2. Specifically, a tomahawk. “Buried was the bloody hatchet.” Longfellow. Hatchet face, a thin, sharp face, like the edge of a hatchet; hence: Hatchet-faced, sharp-visaged. Dryden. — To bury the hatchet, to make peace or become reconciled. — To take up the hatchet, to make or declare war. The last two phrases are derived from the practice of the American Indians. { Hatch´et•tine (hach´et•tin), Hatch´et•tite (-tit), } n. [Named after the discoverer, Charles Hatchett.] (Min.) Mineral tallow; a waxy or spermaceti-like substance, commonly of a greenish yellow color.

Hatch´ing, n. [See 1st Hatch.] A mode of execution in engraving, drawing, and miniature painting, in which shading is produced by lines crossing each other at angles more or less acute; — called also crosshatching.

Hatch´ment (-ment), n. [Corrupt. fr. achievement.] 1. (Her.) A sort of panel, upon which the arms of a deceased person are temporarily displayed, — usually on the walls of his dwelling. It is lozenge-shaped or square, but is hung cornerwise. It is used in England as a means of giving public notification of the death of the deceased, his or her rank, whether married, widower, widow, etc. Called also achievement. “His obscure funeral;
No trophy, sword, or hatchment o’er his bones.” Shak. 2. A sword or other mark of the profession of arms; in general, a mark of dignity. “Let there be deducted, out of our main potation,
Five marks in hatchments to adorn this thigh.” Beau. & Fl.

Hatch´ure (-ur; 135), n. Same as Hachure.

Hatch´way (-wa•), n. A square or oblong opening in a deck or floor, affording passage from one deck or story to another; the entrance to a cellar.

Hate (hat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hating.] [OE. haten, hatien, AS. hatian; akin to OS. hatan, haton to be hostile to, D. haten to hate, OHG. hazzen, hazzon, G. hassen, Icel. & Sw. hata, Dan. hade, Goth. hatan, hatjan. rad.36. Cf. Hate, n., Heinous.] 1. To have a great aversion to, with a strong desire that evil should befall the person toward whom the feeling is directed; to dislike intensely; to detest; as to hate one’s enemies; to hate hypocrisy. “Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer.” 1 John iii. 15. 2. To be very unwilling; followed by an infinitive, or a substantive clause with that; as to hate to get into debt; to hate that anything should be wasted. “I hate that he should linger here.” Tennyson. 3. (Script.) To love less, relatively. Luke xiv. 26. Syn. — To Hate, Abhor, Detest, Abominate, Loathe. Hate is the generic word, and implies that one is inflamed with extreme dislike. We abhor what is deeply repugnant to our sensibilities or feelings. We detest what contradicts so utterly our principles and moral sentiments that we feel bound to lift up our voice against it. What we abominate does equal violence to our moral and religious sentiments. What we loathe is offensive to our own nature, and excites unmingled disgust. Our Savior is said to have hated the deeds of the Nicolaitanes; his language shows that he loathed the lukewarmness of the Laodiceans; he detested the hypocrisy of the scribes and Pharisees; he abhorred the suggestions of the tempter in the wilderness.

Hate, n. [OE. hate, hete, AS. hete; akin to D. haat, G. hass, Icel. hatr, SW. hat, Dan. had, Goth. hatis. Cf. Hate, v.] Strong aversion coupled with desire that evil should befall the person toward whom the feeling is directed; as exercised toward things, intense dislike; hatred; detestation; — opposed to love. “For in a wink the false love turns to hate.” Tennyson.

Hate´ful (-ful), a. 1. Manifesting hate or hatred; malignant; malevolent. [Archaic or R.] “And worse than death, to view with hateful eyes
His rival’s conquest.” Dryden. 2. Exciting or deserving great dislike, aversion, or disgust; odious. “Unhappy, wretched, hateful day!” Shak. Syn. — Odious; detestable; abominable; execrable; loathsome; abhorrent; repugnant; malevolent. — Hate´ful•ly, adv. — Hate´ful•ness, n.

Hat´el (hat´el), a. Hateful; detestable. [Obs.]

Hat´er (hat´er), n. One who hates. “An enemy to God, and a hater of all good.” Sir T. Browne.

Hath (hath), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have, contracted from haveth. Has. [Archaic]

Hat´less (hat´les), a. Having no hat.

Hat´rack (hat´rak•), n. A hatstand; hattree.

Ha´tred (ha´tred), n. [OE. hatred, hatreden. See Hate, and cf. Kindred.] Strong aversion; intense dislike; hate; an affection of the mind awakened by something regarded as evil. Syn. — Odium; ill will; enmity; hate; animosity; malevolence; rancor; malignity; detestation; loathing; abhorrence; repugnance; antipathy. See Odium.

Hat´stand (hat´stand•), n. A stand of wood or iron, with hooks or pegs upon which to hang hats, etc.

Hat´te (hät´te), pres. & imp. sing. & pl. of Hote, to be called. See Hote. [Obs.] Chaucer. “A full perilous place, purgatory it hatte.” Piers Plowman.

Hat´ted (hat´ted), a. Covered with a hat.

Hat´ter (-ter), v. t. [Prov. E., to entangle; cf. LG. verhaddern, verheddern, verhiddern.] To tire or worry; — with out. [Obs.] Dryden.

Hat´ter, n. One who makes or sells hats.

Hat•te´ri•a (hat•te´ri•a), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand lizard, which, in anatomical character, differs widely from all other existing lizards. It is the only living representative of the order Rhynchocephala, of which many Mesozoic fossil species are known; — called also Sphenodon, and Tuatera. See Rhynchocephala.

Hat´ting (hat´ting), n. The business of making hats; also stuff for hats.

Hat´ti-sher•if (hat´ti•sher•if or hät´te•sha•ref´), n. [Turk., fr. Ar. khatt a writing + sherif noble.] A irrevocable Turkish decree countersigned by the sultan.

Hat´tree (hat´tre•), n. A hatstand.

Hau•ber´ge•on (ha•ber´je•on), n. See Habergeon.

Hau´berk (ha´berk), n. [OF. hauberc, halberc, F. haubert, OHG. halsberc; hals neck + bergan to protect, G. bergen; akin to AS. healsbeorg, Icel. halsbjörg. See Collar, and Bury, v. t.] A coat of mail; especially, the long coat of mail of the European Middle Ages, as contrasted with the habergeon, which is shorter and sometimes sleeveless. By old writers it is often used synonymously with habergeon. See Habergeon. [Written variously hauberg, hauberque, hawberk, etc.] Chaucer. “Helm, nor hawberk’s twisted mail.” Gray.

Hau´er•ite (ha´er•it), n. [Named after Von Hauer, of Vienna.] (Min.) Native sulphide of manganese, a reddish brown or brownish black mineral.

Haugh (ha), n. [See Haw a hedge.] A low-lying meadow by the side of a river. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] “On a haugh or level plain, near to a royal borough.” Sir W. Scott.

Haught (hat), a. [See Haughty.] High; elevated; hence, haughty; proud. [Obs.] Shak.

Haugh´ti•ly (ha´ti•ly), adv. [From Haughty.] In a haughty manner; arrogantly.

Haugh´ti•ness, n. [For hauteinness. See Haughty.] The quality of being haughty; disdain; arrogance. Syn. — Arrogance; disdain; contemptuousness; superciliousness; loftiness. — Haughtiness, Arrogance, Disdain. Haughtiness denotes the expression of conscious and proud superiority; arrogance is a disposition to claim for one’s self more than is justly due, and enforce it to the utmost; disdain in the exact reverse of condescension toward inferiors, since it expresses and desires others to feel how far below ourselves we consider them. A person is haughty in disposition and demeanor; arrogant in his claims of homage and deference; disdainful even in accepting the deference which his haughtiness leads him arrogantly to exact.

Haugh´ty (-ty), a. [Compar. Haughtier (-ti•er); superl. Haughtiest.] [OE. hautein, F. hautain, fr. haut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus. See Altitude.] 1. High; lofty; bold. [Obs. or Archaic] “To measure the most haughty mountain’s height.” Spenser. “Equal unto this haughty enterprise.” Spenser. 2. Disdainfully or contemptuously proud; arrogant; overbearing. “A woman of a haughty and imperious nature.” Clarendon. 3. Indicating haughtiness; as a haughty carriage. “Satan, with vast and haughty strides advanced,
Came towering.” Milton.

Haul (hal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hauled (hald); p. pr. & vb. n. Hauling.] [OE. halen, halien, F. haler, of German or Scand. origin; akin to AS. geholian to acquire, get, D. halen to fetch, pull, draw, OHG. holon, halon, G. holen, Dan. hale to haul, Sw. hala, and to L. calare to call, summon, Gr. kalei^n to call. Cf. Hale, v. t., Claim. Class, Council, Ecclesiastic.] 1. To pull or draw with force; to drag. “Some dance, some haul the rope.” Denham. “Thither they bent, and hauled their ships to land.” Pope. “Romp-loving miss
Is hauled about in gallantry robust.” Thomson. 2. To transport by drawing, as with horses or oxen; as to haul logs to a sawmill. “When I was seven or eight years of age, I began hauling all the wood used in the house and shops.” U. S. Grant. To haul over the coals. See under Coal. — To haul the wind (Naut.), to turn the head of the ship nearer to the point from which the wind blows.

Haul, v. i. 1. (Naut.) To change the direction of a ship by hauling the wind. See under Haul, v. t. “I … hauled up for it, and found it to be an island.” Cook. 2. To pull apart, as oxen sometimes do when yoked. To haul around (Naut.), to shift to any point of the compass; — said of the wind. — To haul off (Naut.), to sail closer to the wind, in order to get farther away from anything; hence, to withdraw; to draw back.

Haul, n. 1. A pulling with force; a violent pull. 2. A single draught of a net; as to catch a hundred fish at a haul. 3. That which is caught, taken, or gained at once, as by hauling a net. 4. Transportation by hauling; the distance through which anything is hauled, as freight in a railroad car; as a long haul or short haul. 5. (Rope Making) A bundle of about four hundred threads, to be tarred.

Haul´age (-aj), n. Act of hauling; as the haulage of cars by an engine; charge for hauling.

Haul´er (-er), n. One who hauls.

Haulm (ham), n. [OE. halm, AS. healm; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. halm, Icel. halmr, L. calamus reed, cane, stalk, Gr. kalamo•s. Cf. Excel, Culminate, Culm, Shawm, Calamus.] The denuded stems or stalks of such crops as buckwheat and the cereal grains, beans, etc.; straw.

Haulm, n. A part of a harness; a hame.

Hauls (hals), n. [Obs.] See Hals.

Haulse (hals), v. [Obs.] See Halse.

Hault (halt), a. [OF. hault, F. haut. See Haughty.] Lofty; haughty. [Obs.] “Through support of countenance proud and hault.” Spenser.

Haum (ham), n. See Haulm, stalk. Smart.

Haunce (hans), v. t. To enhance. [Obs.] Lydgate.

Haunch (hänch; 277), n. [F. hanche, of German origin; cf. OD. hancke, hencke, and also OHG. ancha; prob. not akin to E. ankle.] 1. The hip; the projecting region of the lateral parts of the pelvis and the hip joint; the hind part. 2. Of meats: The leg and loin taken together; as a haunch of venison. Haunch bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. — Haunches of an arch (Arch.), the parts on each side of the crown of an arch. (See Crown, n., 11.) Each haunch may be considered as from one half to two thirds of the half arch.

Haunched (häncht), a. Having haunches.

Haunt (hänt; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Haunting.] [F. hanter; of uncertain origin, perh. from an assumed LL. ambitare to go about, fr. L. ambire (see Ambition); or cf. Icel. heimta to demand, regain, akin to heim home (see Home). rad.36.] 1. To frequent; to resort to frequently; to visit pertinaciously or intrusively; to intrude upon. “You wrong me, sir, thus still to haunt my house.” Shak. “Those cares that haunt the court and town.” Swift. 2. To inhabit or frequent as a specter; to visit as a ghost or apparition. “Foul spirits haunt my resting place.” Fairfax. 3. To practice; to devote one’s self to. [Obs.] “That other merchandise that men haunt with fraud … is cursed.” Chaucer. “Leave honest pleasure, and haunt no good pastime.” Ascham. 4. To accustom; to habituate. [Obs.] “Haunt thyself to pity.” Wyclif.

Haunt, v. i. To persist in staying or visiting. “I’ve charged thee not to haunt about my doors.” Shak.

Haunt, n. 1. A place to which one frequently resorts; as drinking saloons are the haunts of tipplers; a den is the haunt of wild beasts. In Old English the place occupied by any one as a dwelling or in his business was called a haunt. Often used figuratively. “The household nook,
The haunt of all affections pure.” Keble. “The feeble soul, a haunt of fears.” Tennyson. 2. The habit of resorting to a place. [Obs.] “The haunt you have got about the courts.” Arbuthnot. 3. Practice; skill. [Obs.] “Of clothmaking she hadde such an haunt.” Chaucer.

Haunt´ed, a. Inhabited by, or subject to the visits of, apparitions; frequented by a ghost. “All houses wherein men have lived and died
Are haunted houses.” Longfellow.

Haunt´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, haunts.

Hau´ri•ent (ha´ri•ent), a. [L. hauriens, p. pr. of haurire to breathe.] (Her.) In pale, with the head in chief; — said of the figure of a fish, as if rising for air.

Hau´sen (ha´sen), n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A large sturgeon (Acipenser huso) from the region of the Black Sea. It is sometimes twelve feet long.

Hausse (has), n. [F.] (Gun.) A kind of graduated breech sight for a small arm, or a cannon.

Haus•tel•la´ta (has•tel•la´ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. haustellum, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to draw water, to swallow. See Exhaust.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of insects, including all those with a sucking proboscis.

Haus´tel•late (has´tel•lat or has•tel´lat), a. [See Haustellata.] (Zoöl.) Provided with a haustellum, or sucking proboscis. — n. One of the Haustellata.

Haus•tel´lum (has•tel´lum), n.; pl. Haustella (- la). [NL.] (Zoöl.) The sucking proboscis of various insects. See Lepidoptera, and Diptera.

Haus•to´ri•um (-to´ri•um), n.; pl. Haustoria (- a). [LL., a well, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to drink.] (Bot.) One of the suckerlike rootlets of such plants as the dodder and ivy. R. Brown.

Haut (hat), a. [F. See Haughty.] Haughty. [Obs.] ´Nations proud and haut.´ Milton.

Haut´boy (ho´boi), n. [F. hautbois, lit., high wood; haut high + bois wood. So called on account of its high tone. See Haughty, Bush; and cf. Oboe.] 1. (Mus.) A wind instrument, sounded through a reed, and similar in shape to the clarinet, but with a thinner tone. Now more commonly called oboe. See Illust. of Oboe. 2. (Bot.) A sort of strawberry (Fragaria elatior).

Haut´boy•ist (-ist), n. [Cf. F. hautboïste.] A player on the hautboy.

Hau´tein (ho´tan), a. [See Haughty.] 1. Haughty; proud. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. High; — said of the voice or flight of birds. [Obs.]

Hau•teur´ (ho•ter´), n. [F., fr. haut high. See Haughty.] Haughty manner or spirit; haughtiness; pride; arrogance.

Haut•goût´ (ho•goo´), n. [F.] High relish or flavor; high seasoning.

Haut•pas´ (ho•pä´), n. [F. haut high + pas step.] A raised part of the floor of a large room; a platform for a raised table or throne. See Dais.

Ha´üy•nite (ä´we•nit), n. [From the French mineralogist Haüy.] (Min.) A blue isometric mineral, characteristic of some volcanic rocks. It is a silicate of alumina, lime, and soda, with sulphate of lime.

Ha•van´a (ha•van´a), a. Of or pertaining to Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba; as an Havana cigar; — formerly sometimes written Havannah. — n. An Havana cigar. “Young Frank Clavering stole his father’s Havannahs, and … smoked them in the stable.” Thackeray.

Hav•an•ese´ (hav•an•ez´ or - es´), a. Of or pertaining to Havana, in Cuba. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant, or the people, of Havana.

Have (hav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Had (had); p. pr. & vb. n. Having. Indic. present, I have, thou hast, he has; we, ye, they have.] [OE. haven, habben, AS. habben (imperf. haefde, p. p. gehaefd); akin to OS. hebbian, D. hebben, OFries. hebba, OHG. haben, G. haben, Icel. hafa, Sw. hafva, Dan. have, Goth. haban, and prob. to L. habere, whence F. avoir. Cf. Able, Avoirdupois, Binnacle, Habit.] 1. To hold in possession or control; to own; as he has a farm. 2. To possess, as something which appertains to, is connected with, or affects, one. “The earth hath bubbles, as the water has.” Shak. “He had a fever late.” Keats. 3. To accept possession of; to take or accept. “Break thy mind to me in broken English; wilt thou have me?” Shak. 4. To get possession of; to obtain; to get. Shak. 5. To cause or procure to be; to effect; to exact; to desire; to require. “I had the church accurately described to me.” Sir W. Scott. “Wouldst thou have me turn traitor also?” Ld. Lytton. 6. To bear, as young; as she has just had a child. 7. To hold, regard, or esteem. “Of them shall I be had in honor.” 2 Sam. vi. 22. 8. To cause or force to go; to take. ´The stars have us to bed.´ Herbert. ´Have out all men from me.´ 2 Sam. xiii. 9. 9. To take or hold (one’s self); to proceed promptly; — used reflexively, often with ellipsis of the pronoun; as to have after one; to have at one or at a thing, i. e., to aim at one or at a thing; to attack; to have with a companion. Shak. 10. To be under necessity or obligation; to be compelled; followed by an infinitive. “Science has, and will long have, to be a divider and a separatist.” M. Arnold. “The laws of philology have to be established by external comparison and induction.” Earle. 11. To understand. “You have me, have you not?” Shak. 12. To put in an awkward position; to have the advantage of; as that is where he had him. [Slang] Have, as an auxiliary verb, is used with the past participle to form preterit tenses; as I have loved; I shall have eaten. Originally it was used only with the participle of transitive verbs, and denoted the possession of the object in the state indicated by the participle; as I have conquered him, I have or hold him in a conquered state; but it has long since lost this independent significance, and is used with the participles both of transitive and intransitive verbs as a device for expressing past time. Had is used, especially in poetry, for would have or should have. “Myself for such a face had boldly died.” Tennyson. To have a care, to take care; to be on one’s guard. — To have (a man) out, to engage (one) in a duel. — To have done (with). See under Do, v. i. — To have it out, to speak freely; to bring an affair to a conclusion. — To have on, to wear. - - To have to do with. See under Do, v. t. Syn. — To possess; to own. See Possess.

Have´less, a. Having little or nothing. [Obs.] Gower.

Hav´e•lock (hav´e•lok), n. [From Havelock, an English general distinguished in India in the rebellion of 1857.] A light cloth covering for the head and neck, used by soldiers as a protection from sunstroke.

Ha´ven (ha´v’n), n. [AS. haefene; akin to D. & LG. haven, G. hafen, MHG. habe, Dan. havn, Icel. höfn, Sw. hamn; akin to E. have, and hence orig., a holder; or to heave (see Heave); or akin to AS. haef sea, Icel. & Sw. haf, Dan. hav, which is perh. akin to E. heave.] 1. A bay, recess, or inlet of the sea, or the mouth of a river, which affords anchorage and shelter for shipping; a harbor; a port. “What shipping and what lading ’s in our haven.” Shak. “Their haven under the hill.” Tennyson. 2. A place of safety; a shelter; an asylum. Shak. “The haven, or the rock of love.” Waller.

Ha´ven, v. t. To shelter, as in a haven. Keats.

Ha´ven•age (-aj), n. Harbor dues; port dues.

Ha´vened (ha´v’nd), p. a. Sheltered in a haven. “Blissful havened both from joy and pain.” Keats.

Ha´ven•er (ha´v’n•er), n. A harbor master. [Obs.]

Ha´ver (hav´er), n. A possessor; a holder. Shak.

Hav´er, n. [D. haver; akin to G. haber.] The oat; oats. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Haver bread, oaten bread. — Haver cake, oaten cake. Piers Plowman. — Haver grass, the wild oat. — Haver meal, oatmeal.

Ha´ver (ha´ver), v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To maunder; to talk foolishly; to chatter. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Hav´er•sack (hav´er•sak), n. [F. havresac, G. habersack, sack for oats. See 2d Haver, and Sack a bag.] 1. A bag for oats or oatmeal. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A bag or case, usually of stout cloth, in which a soldier carries his rations when on a march; — distinguished from knapsack. 3. A gunner’s case or bag used to carry cartridges from the ammunition chest to the piece in loading.

Ha•ver´sian (ha•ver´shan), a. Pertaining to, or discovered by, Clopton Havers, an English physician of the seventeenth century. Haversian canals (Anat.), the small canals through which the blood vessels ramify in bone.

Hav•il•dar´ (hav•il•där´), n. In the British Indian armies, a noncommissioned officer of native soldiers, corresponding to a sergeant. Havildar major, a native sergeant major in the East Indian army.

Hav´ing (hav´ing), n. Possession; goods; estate. “I ’ll lend you something; my having is not much.” Shak.

Hav´ior (hav´yer), n. [OE. havour, a corruption of OF. aveir, avoir, a having, of same origin as E. aver a work horse. The h is due to confusion with E. have.] Behavior; demeanor. [Obs.] Shak.

Hav´oc (hav´ok), n. [W. hafog devastation, havoc; or, if this be itself fr. E. havoc, cf. OE. havot, or AS. hafoc hawk, which is a cruel or rapacious bird, or F. hai, voux! a cry to hounds.] Wide and general destruction; devastation; waste. “As for Saul, he made havoc of the church.” Acts viii. 3. “Ye gods, what havoc does ambition make
Among your works!” Addison.

Hav´oc, v. t. To devastate; to destroy; to lay waste. “To waste and havoc yonder world.” Milton.

Hav´oc, interj. [See Havoc, n.] A cry in war as the signal for indiscriminate slaughter. Toone. “Do not cry havoc, where you should but hunt
With modest warrant.” Shak. “Cry ’havoc,’ and let slip the dogs of war!” Shak.

Haw (ha), n. [OE. hawe, AS. haga; akin to D. haag headge, G. hag, hecke, Icel. hagi pasture, Sw. hage, Dan. have garden. rad.12. Cf. Haggard, Ha-ha, Haugh, Hedge.] 1. A hedge; an inclosed garden or yard. “And eke there was a polecat in his haw.” Chaucer. 2. The fruit of the hawthorn. Bacon.

Haw, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Anat.) The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane. See Nictitating membrane, under Nictitate.

Haw, n. [Cf. ha an interjection of wonder, surprise, or hesitation.] An intermission or hesitation of speech, with a sound somewhat like haw! also the sound so made. ´Hums or haws.´ Congreve.

Haw, v. i. To stop, in speaking, with a sound like haw; to speak with interruption and hesitation. “Cut it short; don’t prose — don’t hum and haw.” Chesterfield.

Haw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawed (had); p. pr. & vb. n. Hawing.] [Written also hoi.] [Perhaps connected with here, hither; cf., however, F. huhau, hurhau, hue, interj. used in turning a horse to the right, G. hott, hü, interj. used in calling to a horse.] To turn to the near side, or toward the driver; — said of cattle or a team: a word used by teamsters in guiding their teams, and most frequently in the imperative. See Gee. To haw and gee, or To haw and gee about, to go from one thing to another without good reason; to have no settled purpose; to be irresolute or unstable. [Colloq.]

Haw, v. t. To cause to turn, as a team, to the near side, or toward the driver; as to haw a team of oxen. To haw and gee, or To haw and gee about, to lead this way and that at will; to lead by the nose; to master or control. [Colloq.]

Ha•wai´ian (ha•wi´yan), a. Belonging to Hawaii or the Sandwich Islands, or to the people of Hawaii. — n. A native of Hawaii.

Hawe´bake (ha´bak•), n. Probably, the baked berry of the hawthorn tree, that is, coarse fare. See 1st Haw, 2. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Haw´finch (ha´finch•), n. (Zoöl.) The common European grosbeak (Coccothraustes vulgaris); — called also cherry finch, and coble.

Haw-haw´ (ha•ha), n. [Duplication of haw a hedge.] See Ha-ha.

Haw•haw´, v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To laugh boisterously. [Colloq. U. S.] “We haw-haw’d, I tell you, for more than half an hour.” Major Jack Downing.

Hawk (hak), n. [OE. hauk (prob. fr. Icel.), havek, AS. hafoc, heafoc; akin to D. havik, OHG. habuh, G. habicht, Icel. haukr, Sw. hök, Dan. hög, prob. from the root of E. heave.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous species and genera of rapacious birds of the family Falconidae. They differ from the true falcons in lacking the prominent tooth and notch of the bill, and in having shorter and less pointed wings. Many are of large size and grade into the eagles. Some, as the goshawk, were formerly trained like falcons. In a more general sense the word is not infrequently applied, also to true falcons, as the sparrow hawk, pigeon hawk, duck hawk, and prairie hawk. Among the common American species are the red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis); the red-shouldered (B. lineatus); the broad-winged (B. Pennsylvanicus); the rough-legged (Archibuteo lagopus); the sharp-shinned (Accipiter fuscus). See Fishhawk, Goshawk, Marsh hawk, under Marsh, Night hawk, under Night. Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. — Eagle hawk. See under Eagle. — Hawk eagle (Zoöl.), an Asiatic bird of the genus Spizaetus, or Limnaetus, intermediate between the hawks and eagles. There are several species. — Hawk fly (Zoöl.), a voracious fly of the family Asilidae. See Hornet fly, under Hornet. — Hawk moth. (Zoöl.) See Hawk moth, in the Vocabulary. — Hawk owl. (Zoöl.) (a) A northern owl (Surnia ulula) of Europe and America. It flies by day, and in some respects resembles the hawks. (b) An owl of India (Ninox scutellatus). — Hawk’s bill (Horology), the pawl for the rack, in the striking mechanism of a clock.

Hawk (hak), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawked (hakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hawking.] 1. To catch, or attempt to catch, birds by means of hawks trained for the purpose, and let loose on the prey; to practice falconry. “A falconer Henry is, when Emma hawks.” Prior. 2. To make an attack while on the wing; to soar and strike like a hawk; — generally with at; as to hawk at flies. Dryden. “A falcon, towering in her pride of place,
Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed.” Shak.

Hawk, v. i. [W. hochi.] To clear the throat with an audible sound by forcing an expiratory current of air through the narrow passage between the depressed soft palate and the root of the tongue, thus aiding in the removal of foreign substances.

Hawk, v. t. To raise by hawking, as phlegm.

Hawk, n. [W. hoch.] An effort to force up phlegm from the throat, accompanied with noise.

Hawk, v. t. [Akin to D. hauker a hawker, G. höken, höcken, to higgle, to retail, höke, höker, a higgler, huckster. See Huckster.] To offer for sale by outcry in the street; to carry (merchandise) about from place to place for sale; to peddle; as to hawk goods or pamphlets. “His works were hawked in every street.” Swift.

Hawk, n. (Masonry) A small board, with a handle on the under side, to hold mortar. Hawk boy, an attendant on a plasterer to supply him with mortar.

Hawk´bill (-bil•), n. (Zoöl.) A sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), which yields the best quality of tortoise shell; — called also caret.

Hawk´bit (-bit•), n. (Bot.) The fall dandelion (Leontodon autumnale).

Hawked (hakt), a. Curved like a hawk’s bill; crooked.

Hawk´er (hak´er), n. One who sells wares by crying them in the street; hence, a peddler or a packman. Swift.

Hawk´er, v. i. To sell goods by outcry in the street. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Hawk´er, n. [Cf. AS. hafecere. See 1st Hawk.] A falconer.

Hawk´ey (-y), n. See Hockey. Holloway.

Hawk´-eyed (-id•), a. Having a keen eye; sharpsighted; discerning.

Hawk´ moth (moth•; 115). (Zoöl.) Any moth of the family Sphingidae, of which there are numerous genera and species. They are large, handsome moths, which fly mostly at twilight and hover about flowers like a humming bird, sucking the honey by means of a long, slender proboscis. The larvae are large, hairless caterpillars ornamented with green and other bright colors, and often with a caudal spine. See Sphinx, also Tobacco worm, and Tomato worm. Tobacco Hawk Moth (Macrosila Carolina), and its Larva, the Tobacco Worm. The larvae of several species of hawk moths feed on grapevines. The elm-tree hawk moth is Ceratomia Amyntor.

Hawk´weed (-wed•), n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Hieracium; — so called from the ancient belief that birds of prey used its juice to strengthen their vision. (b) A plant of the genus Senecio (S. hieracifolius). Loudon.

Hawm (ham), n. See Haulm, straw.

Hawm, v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To lounge; to loiter. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.

Hawse (haz or has; 277), n. [Orig. a hawse hole, or hole in the bow of the ship; cf. Icel. hals, hals, neck, part of the bows of a ship, AS. heals neck. See Collar, and cf. Halse to embrace.] 1. A hawse hole. Harris. 2. (Naut.) (a) The situation of the cables when a vessel is moored with two anchors, one on the starboard, the other on the port bow. (b) The distance ahead to which the cables usually extend; as the ship has a clear or open hawse, or a foul hawse; to anchor in our hawse, or athwart hawse. (c) That part of a vessel’s bow in which are the hawse holes for the cables. Athwart hawse. See under Athwart. — Foul hawse, a hawse in which the cables cross each other, or are twisted together. — Hawse block, a block used to stop up a hawse hole at sea; — called also hawse plug. — Hawse hole, a hole in the bow of a ship, through which a cable passes. — Hawse piece, one of the foremost timbers of a ship, through which the hawse hole is cut. — Hawse plug. Same as Hawse block (above). — To come in at the hawse holes, to enter the naval service at the lowest grade. [Cant] — To freshen the hawse, to veer out a little more cable and bring the chafe and strain on another part.

Haws´er (haz´er or has´er), n. [From F. hausser to lift, raise (cf. OF. hausseree towpath, towing, F. haussière hawser), LL. altiare, fr. L. altus high. See Haughty.] A large rope made of three strands each containing many yarns. Three hawsers twisted together make a cable; but it nautical usage the distinction between cable and hawser is often one of size rather than of manufacture. Hawser iron, a calking iron.

Haws´er-laid (-lad•), a. Made in the manner of a hawser. Cf. Cable-laid, and see Illust. of Cordage.

Haw´thorn (ha´thôrn•), n. [AS. hagaþorn, haegþorn. See Haw a hedge, and Thorn.] (Bot.) A thorny shrub or tree (the Crataegus oxyacantha), having deeply lobed, shining leaves, small, roselike, fragrant flowers, and a fruit called haw. It is much used in Europe for hedges, and for standards in gardens. The American hawthorn is Crataegus cordata, which has the leaves but little lobed. “Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade
To shepherds?” Shak.

Hay (ha), n. [AS. hege: cf. F. haie, of German origin. See Haw a hedge, Hedge.] 1. A hedge. [Obs.] 2. A net set around the haunt of an animal, especially of a rabbit. Rowe. To dance the hay, to dance in a ring. Shak.

Hay, v. i. To lay snares for rabbits. Huloet.

Hay, n. [OE. hei, AS. heg; akin to D. hooi, OHG. hewi, houwi, G. heu, Dan. & Sw. hö, Icel. hey, ha, Goth. hawi grass, fr. the root of E. hew. See Hew to cut.] Grass cut and cured for fodder. “Make hay while the sun shines.” Camden. “Hay may be dried too much as well as too little.” C. L. Flint. Hay cap, a canvas covering for a haycock. — Hay fever (Med.), nasal catarrh accompanied with fever, and sometimes with paroxysms of dyspnœa, to which some persons are subject in the spring and summer seasons. It has been attributed to the effluvium from hay, and to the pollen of certain plants. It is also called hay asthma, hay cold, rose cold, and rose fever. — Hay knife, a sharp instrument used in cutting hay out of a stack or mow. — Hay press, a press for baling loose hay. — Hay tea, the juice of hay extracted by boiling, used as food for cattle, etc. — Hay tedder, a machine for spreading and turning new-mown hay. See Tedder.

Hay, v. i. To cut and cure grass for hay.

Hay´bird (ha´berd•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European spotted flycatcher. (b) The European blackcap.

Hay´bote (ha´bot•), n. [See Hay hedge, and Bote, and cf. Hedgebote.] (Eng. Law.) An allowance of wood to a tenant for repairing his hedges or fences; hedgebote. See Bote. Blackstone.

Hay´cock (ha´kok•), n. A conical pile or heap of hay in the field. “The tanned haycock in the mead.” Milton.

Hay´-cut•ter (ha´kut•ter), n. A machine in which hay is chopped short, as fodder for cattle.

Hay´field (ha´feld•), n. A field where grass for hay has been cut; a meadow. Cowper.

Hay´fork (ha´fôrk•), n. A fork for pitching and tedding hay. Horse hayfork, a contrivance for unloading hay from the cart and depositing it in the loft, or on a mow, by horse power.

Hay´loft (ha´loft•; 115), n. A loft or scaffold for hay.

Hay´mak•er (ha´mak•er), n. 1. One who cuts and cures hay. 2. A machine for curing hay in rainy weather.

Hay´mak•ing, n. The operation or work of cutting grass and curing it for hay.

Hay´mow (ha´mou•), n. 1. A mow or mass of hay laid up in a barn for preservation. 2. The place in a barn where hay is deposited.

Hay´rack (ha´rak•), n. A frame mounted on the running gear of a wagon, and used in hauling hay, straw, sheaves, etc.; — called also hay rigging.

Hay´rake (ha´rak•), n. A rake for collecting hay; especially, a large rake drawn by a horse or horses.

Hay´rick (-rik•), n. A heap or pile of hay, usually covered with thatch for preservation in the open air.

Hay´stack (ha´stak•), n. A stack or conical pile of hay in the open air.

Hay´stalk (ha´stak•), n. A stalk of hay.

Hay´thorn (ha´thôrn•), n. Hawthorn. R. Scot.

Hay´ti•an (ha´ti•an), a. Of pertaining to Hayti. — n. A native of Hayti. [Written also Haitian.]

Hay´ward (ha´werd), n. [Hay a hedge + ward.] An officer who is appointed to guard hedges, and to keep cattle from breaking or cropping them, and whose further duty it is to impound animals found running at large.

Haz´ard (haz´erd), n. [F. hasard, Sp. azar an unforeseen disaster or accident, an unfortunate card or throw at dice, prob. fr. Ar. zahr, zar, a die, which, with the article al the, would give azzahr, azzar.] 1. A game of chance played with dice. Chaucer. 2. The uncertain result of throwing a die; hence, a fortuitous event; chance; accident; casualty. “I will stand the hazard of the die.” Shak. 3. Risk; danger; peril; as he encountered the enemy at the hazard of his reputation and life. “Men are led on from one stage of life to another in a condition of the utmost hazard.” Rogers. 4. (Billiards) Holing a ball, whether the object ball (winning hazard) or the player’s ball (losing hazard). 5. Anything that is hazarded or risked, as the stakes in gaming. ´Your latter hazard.´ Shak. Hazard table, a table on which hazard is played, or any game of chance for stakes. — To run the hazard, to take the chance or risk. Syn. — Danger; risk; chance. See Danger.

Haz´ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hazarding.] [Cf. F. hasarder. See Hazard, n.] 1. To expose to the operation of chance; to put in danger of loss or injury; to venture; to risk. “Men hazard nothing by a course of evangelical obedience.” John Clarke. “He hazards his neck to the halter.” Fuller. 2. To venture to incur, or bring on. “I hazarded the loss of whom I loved.” Shak. “They hazard to cut their feet.” Landor. Syn. — To venture; risk; jeopard; peril; endanger.

Haz´ard (haz´erd), v. i. To try the chance; to encounter risk or danger. Shak.

Haz´ard•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. 1. Liable to hazard or chance; uncertain; risky. Sir T. Browne. 2. Such as can be hazarded or risked.

Haz´ard•er (-er), n. 1. A player at the game of hazard; a gamester. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. One who hazards or ventures.

Haz´ard•ize (-iz), n. A hazardous attempt or situation; hazard. [Obs.] “Herself had run into that hazardize.” Spenser.

Haz´ard•ous (-us), a. [Cf. F. hasardeux.] Exposed to hazard; dangerous; risky. “To enterprise so hazardous and high!” Milton. Syn. — Perilous; dangerous; bold; daring; adventurous; venturesome; precarious; uncertain. — Haz´ard•ous•ly, adv. — Haz´ard•ous•ness, n.

Haz´ard•ry (-ry), n. 1. Playing at hazard; gaming; gambling. [R.] Chaucer. 2. Rashness; temerity. [R.] Spenser.

Haze (haz), n. [Cf. Icel. höss gray; akin to AS. hasu, heasu, gray; or Armor. aezen, ezen, warm vapor, exhalation, zephyr.] Light vapor or smoke in the air which more or less impedes vision, with little or no dampness; a lack of transparency in the air; hence, figuratively, obscurity; dimness. “O’er the sky
The silvery haze of summer drawn.” Tennyson. “Above the world’s uncertain haze.” Keble.

Haze, v. i. To be hazy, or thick with haze. Ray.

Haze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazed (hazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hazing.] [Also hase.] [Cf. Sw. haza to hamstring, fr. has hough, OD. haessen ham.] 1. To harass by exacting unnecessary, disagreeable, or difficult work. 2. To harass or annoy by playing abusive or shameful tricks upon; to humiliate by practical jokes; — used esp. of college students; as the sophomores hazed a freshman.

Ha´zel (ha´z’l), n. [OE. hasel, AS. haesel; akin to D. hazelaar, G. hazel, OHG. hasal, hasala, Icel. hasl, Dan & Sw. hassel, L. corylus, for cosylus.] 1. (Bot.) A shrub or small tree of the genus Corylus, as the C. avellana, bearing a nut containing a kernel of a mild, farinaceous taste; the filbert. The American species are C. Americana, which produces the common hazelnut, and C. rostrata. See Filbert. Gray. 2. A miner’s name for freestone. Raymond. Hazel earth, soil suitable for the hazel; a fertile loam. — Hazel grouse (Zoöl.), a European grouse (Bonasa betulina), allied to the American ruffed grouse. — Hazel hoe, a kind of grub hoe. — Witch hazel. See Witch-hazel, and Hamamelis.

Ha´zel, a. 1. Consisting of hazels, or of the wood of the hazel; pertaining to, or derived from, the hazel; as a hazel wand. “I sit me down beside the hazel grove.” Keble. 2. Of a light brown color, like the hazelnut. ´Thou hast hazel eyes.´ Shak.

Haze´less (haz´les), a. Destitute of haze. Tyndall.

Ha´zel•ly (ha´z’l•ly), a. Of the color of the hazelnut; of a light brown. Mortimer.

Ha´zel•nut (ha´z’l•nut•), n. [AS. haeselhnutu.] The nut of the hazel. Shak.

Ha´zel•wort (-wurt), n. (Bot.) The asarabacca.

Ha´zi•ly (ha´zi•ly), adv. In a hazy manner; mistily; obscurely; confusedly.

Ha´zi•ness, n. The quality or state of being hazy.

Ha´zle (ha´z’l), v. t. To make dry; to dry. [Obs.]

Ha´zy (ha´zy), a. [From Haze, n.] 1. Thick with haze; somewhat obscured with haze; not clear or transparent. ´A tender, hazy brightness.´ Wordsworth. 2. Obscure; confused; not clear; as a hazy argument; a hazy intellect. Mrs. Gore.

He (he), pron. [nom. He; poss. His (hiz); obj. Him (him); pl. nom. They (tha); poss. Their or Theirs (thârz or tharz); obj. Them (them).] [AS. he, masc., heó, fem., hit, neut.; pl. hi, or hie, hig; akin to OFries. hi, D. hij, OS. he, hi, G. heute to-day, Goth. himma, dat. masc., this, hina, accus. masc., and hita, accus. neut., and prob. to L. hic this. rad.183. Cf. It.] 1. The man or male being (or object personified to which the masculine gender is assigned), previously designated; a pronoun of the masculine gender, usually referring to a specified subject already indicated. “Thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.” Gen. iii. 16. “Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God; him shalt thou serve.” Deut. x. 20. 2. Any one; the man or person; — used indefinitely, and usually followed by a relative pronoun. “He that walketh with wise men shall be wise.” Prov. xiii. 20. 3. Man; a male; any male person; — in this sense used substantively. Chaucer. “I stand to answer thee,
Or any he, the proudest of thy sort.” Shak. When a collective noun or a class is referred to, he is of common gender. In early English, he referred to a feminine or neuter noun, or to one in the plural, as well as to noun in the masculine singular. In composition, he denotes a male animal; as a he-goat.

-head (-hed), suffix. A variant of -hood.

Head (hed), n. [OE. hed, heved, heaved, AS. heáfod; akin to D. hoofd, OHG. houbit, G. haupt, Icel. höfuð, Sw. hufvud, Dan. hoved, Goth. haubiþ. The word does not correspond regularly to L. caput head (cf. E. Chief, Cadet, Capital), and its origin is unknown.] 1. The anterior or superior part of an animal, containing the brain, or chief ganglia of the nervous system, the mouth, and in the higher animals, the chief sensory organs; poll; cephalon. 2. The uppermost, foremost, or most important part of an inanimate object; such a part as may be considered to resemble the head of an animal; often, also the larger, thicker, or heavier part or extremity, in distinction from the smaller or thinner part, or from the point or edge; as the head of a cane, a nail, a spear, an ax, a mast, a sail, a ship; that which covers and closes the top or the end of a hollow vessel; as the head of a cask or a steam boiler. 3. The place where the head should go; as the head of a bed, of a grave, etc.; the head of a carriage, that is, the hood which covers the head. 4. The most prominent or important member of any organized body; the chief; the leader; as the head of a college, a school, a church, a state, and the like. ´Their princes and heads.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). “The heads of the chief sects of philosophy.” Tillotson. “Your head I him appoint.” Milton. 5. The place or honor, or of command; the most important or foremost position; the front; as the head of the table; the head of a column of soldiers. “An army of fourscore thousand troops, with the duke of Marlborough at the head of them.” Addison. 6. Each one among many; an individual; — often used in a plural sense; as a thousand head of cattle. “It there be six millions of people, there are about four acres for every head.” Graunt. 7. The seat of the intellect; the brain; the understanding; the mental faculties; as a good head, that is, a good mind; it never entered his head, it did not occur to him; of his own head, of his own thought or will. “Men who had lost both head and heart.” Macaulay. 8. The source, fountain, spring, or beginning, as of a stream or river; as the head of the Nile; hence, the altitude of the source, or the height of the surface, as of water, above a given place, as above an orifice at which it issues, and the pressure resulting from the height or from motion; sometimes also the quantity in reserve; as a mill or reservoir has a good head of water, or ten feet head; also that part of a gulf or bay most remote from the outlet or the sea. 9. A headland; a promontory; as Gay Head. Shak. 10. A separate part, or topic, of a discourse; a theme to be expanded; a subdivision; as the heads of a sermon. 11. Culminating point or crisis; hence, strength; force; height. “Ere foul sin, gathering head, shall break into corruption.” Shak. “The indisposition which has long hung upon me, is at last grown to such a head, that it must quickly make an end of me or of itself.” Addison. 12. Power; armed force. “My lord, my lord, the French have gathered head.” Shak. 13. A headdress; a covering of the head; as a laced head; a head of hair. Swift. 14. An ear of wheat, barley, or of one of the other small cereals. 15. (Bot.) (a) A dense cluster of flowers, as in clover, daisies, thistles; a capitulum. (b) A dense, compact mass of leaves, as in a cabbage or a lettuce plant. 16. The antlers of a deer. 17. A rounded mass of foam which rises on a pot of beer or other effervescing liquor. Mortimer. 18. pl. Tiles laid at the eaves of a house. Knight. Head is often used adjectively or in self-explaining combinations; as head gear or headgear, head rest. Cf. Head, a. A buck of the first head, a male fallow deer in its fifth year, when it attains its complete set of antlers. Shak. — By the head. (Naut.) See under By. — Elevator head, Feed head, etc. See under Elevator, Feed, etc. — From head to foot, through the whole length of a man; completely; throughout. ´Arm me, audacity, from head to foot.´ Shak. — Head and ears, with the whole person; deeply; completely; as he was head and ears in debt or in trouble. [Colloq.] — Head fast. (Naut.) See 5th Fast. — Head kidney (Anat.), the most anterior of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in most vertebrates; the pronephros. — Head money, a capitation tax; a poll tax. Milton. — Head pence, a poll tax. [Obs.] — Head sea, a sea that meets the head of a vessel or rolls against her course. — Head and shoulders. (a) By force; violently; as to drag one, head and shoulders. ´They bring in every figure of speech, head and shoulders.´ Felton. (b) By the height of the head and shoulders; hence, by a great degree or space; by far; much; as he is head and shoulders above them. — Head or tail, this side or that side; this thing or that; — a phrase used in throwing a coin to decide a choice, question, or stake, head being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or principal figure (or, in case there is no head or face on either side, that side which has the date on it), and tail the other side. — Neither head nor tail, neither beginning nor end; neither this thing nor that; nothing distinct or definite; — a phrase used in speaking of what is indefinite or confused; as they made neither head nor tail of the matter. [Colloq.] — Head wind, a wind that blows in a direction opposite the vessel’s course. — Out of one’s own head, according to one’s own idea; without advice or coöperation of another. Over the head of, beyond the comprehension of. M. Arnold. — To be out of one’s head, to be temporarily insane. — To come or draw to a head. See under Come, Draw. — To give (one) the head, or To give head, to let go, or to give up, control; to free from restraint; to give license. ´He gave his able horse the head.´ Shak. ´He has so long given his unruly passions their head.´ South. — To his head, before his face. ´An uncivil answer from a son to a father, from an obliged person to a benefactor, is a greater indecency than if an enemy should storm his house or revile him to his head.´ Jer. Taylor. — To lay heads together, to consult; to conspire. — To lose one’s head, to lose presence of mind. — To make head, or To make head against, to resist with success; to advance. — To show one’s head, to appear. Shak. — To turn head, to turn the face or front. ´The ravishers turn head, the fight renews.´ Dryden.

Head (hed), a. Principal; chief; leading; first; as the head master of a school; the head man of a tribe; a head chorister; a head cook.

Head (hed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Headed; p. pr. & vb. n. Heading.] 1. To be at the head of; to put one’s self at the head of; to lead; to direct; to act as leader to; as to head an army, an expedition, or a riot. Dryden. 2. To form a head to; to fit or furnish with a head; as to head a nail. Spenser. 3. To behead; to decapitate. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To cut off the top of; to lop off; as to head trees. 5. To go in front of; to get in the front of, so as to hinder or stop; to oppose; hence, to check or restrain; as to head a drove of cattle; to head a person; the wind heads a ship. 6. To set on the head; as to head a cask. To head off, to intercept; to get before; as an officer heads off a thief who is escaping. — To head up, to close, as a cask or barrel, by fitting a head to.

Head, v. i. 1. To originate; to spring; to have its source, as a river. “A broad river, that heads in the great Blue Ridge.” Adair. 2. To go or point in a certain direction; to tend; as how does the ship head? 3. To form a head; as this kind of cabbage heads early.

Head´ache (hed´ak•), n. Pain in the head; cephalalgia. ´Headaches and shivering fits.´ Macaulay.

Head´ach•y, a. Afflicted with headache. [Colloq.]

Head´band (-band), n. 1. A fillet; a band for the head. ´The headbands and the tablets.´ Is. iii. 20. 2. The band at each end of the back of a book.

Head´board (-bord•), n. A board or boarding which marks or forms the head of anything; as the headboard of a bed; the headboard of a grave. { Head´bor•ough Head´bor•row } (hed´bur•o), n. 1. The chief of a frankpledge, tithing, or decennary, consisting of ten families; — called also borsholder, boroughhead, boroughholder, and sometimes tithingman. See Borsholder. [Eng.] Blackstone. 2. (Modern Law) A petty constable. [Eng.]

Head´-cheese (-chez•), n. A dish made of portions of the head, or head and feet, of swine, cut up fine, seasoned, and pressed into a cheeselike mass.

Head´dress (-dres•), n. 1. A covering or ornament for the head; a headtire. “Among birds the males very often appear in a most beautiful headdress, whether it be a crest, a comb, a tuft of feathers, or a natural little plume.” Addison. 2. A manner of dressing the hair or of adorning it, whether with or without a veil, ribbons, combs, etc.

Head´ed, a. 1. Furnished with a head (commonly as denoting intellectual faculties); — used in composition; as clear-headed, long- headed, thick-headed; a many-headed monster. 2. Formed into a head; as a headed cabbage.

Head´er, (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, heads nails, rivets, etc., esp. a machine for heading. 2. One who heads a movement, a party, or a mob; head; chief; leader. [R.] 3. (Arch.) (a) A brick or stone laid with its shorter face or head in the surface of the wall. (b) In framing, the piece of timber fitted between two trimmers, and supported by them, and carrying the ends of the tailpieces. 4. A reaper for wheat, that cuts off the heads only. 5. A fall or plunge headforemost, as while riding a bicycle, or in bathing; as to take a header. [Colloq.] { Head•first´ (hed´ferst•), Head•fore´most• (-for´most•), } adv. With the head foremost.

Head´fish (hed´fish•), n. (Zoöl.) The sunfish (Mola).

Head´ gear•, or Head´gear (-ger•), n. 1. Headdress. 2. Apparatus above ground at the mouth of a mine or deep well.

Head´-hunt•er (-hunt•er), n. A member of any tribe or race of savages who have the custom of decapitating human beings and preserving their heads as trophies. The Dyaks of Borneo are the most noted head- hunters. — Head´-hunt•ing, n.

Head´i•ly (-i•ly), adv. In a heady or rash manner; hastily; rashly; obstinately.

Head´i•ness, n. The quality of being heady.

Head´ing, n. 1. The act or state of one who, or that which, heads; formation of a head. 2. That which stands at the head; title; as the heading of a paper. 3. Material for the heads of casks, barrels, etc. 4. (Mining.) A gallery, drift, or adit in a mine; also the end of a drift or gallery; the vein above a drift. 5. (Sewing) The extension of a line ruffling above the line of stitch. 6. (Masonry) That end of a stone or brick which is presented outward. Knight. Heading course (Arch.), a course consisting only of headers. See Header, n. 3 (a). — Heading joint. (a) (Carp.) A joint, as of two or more boards, etc., at right angles to the grain of the wood. (b) (Masonry) A joint between two roussoirs in the same course.

Head´land (hed´land), n. 1. A cape; a promontory; a point of land projecting into the sea or other expanse of water. ´Sow the headland with wheat.´ Shak. 2. A ridge or strip of unplowed at the ends of furrows, or near a fence. Tusser.

Head´less, a. [AS. heáfodleás.] 1. Having no head; beheaded; as a headless body, neck, or carcass. 2. Destitute of a chief or leader. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Destitute of understanding or prudence; foolish; rash; obstinate. [Obs.] “Witless headiness in judging or headless hardiness in condemning.” Spenser.

Head´light (hed´lit•), n. (Engin.) A light, with a powerful reflector, placed at the head of a locomotive, or in front of it, to throw light on the track at night, or in going through a dark tunnel.

Head´line (-lin•), n. 1. (Print.) The line at the head or top of a page. 2. (Naut.) See Headrope.

Head´long (-long•; 115), adv. [OE. hedling, hevedlynge; prob. confused with E. long, a. & adv.] 1. With the head foremost; as to fall headlong. Acts i. 18. 2. Rashly; precipitately; without deliberation. 3. Hastily; without delay or respite.

Head´long, a. 1. Rash; precipitate; as headlong folly. 2. Steep; precipitous. [Poetic] “Like a tower upon a headlong rock.” Byron.

Head´-lugged (-lugd•), a. Lugged or dragged by the head. [R.] ´The head- lugged bear.´ Shak.

Head´man (hed´man•), n.; pl. Headmen (-men•). [AS. heáfodman.] A head or leading man, especially of a village community. { Head´mold• shot´ Head´mould• shot´ } (- mold• shot•). (Med.) An old name for the condition of the skull, in which the bones ride, or are shot, over each other at the sutures. Dunglison.

Head´most (-most•), a. Most advanced; most forward; as the headmost ship in a fleet.

Head´note (-not•), n. A note at the head of a page or chapter; in law reports, an abstract of a case, showing the principles involved and the opinion of the court.

Head´pan (-pan•), n. [AS. heáfodpanne.] The brainpan. [Obs.]

Head´piece (-pes•), n. 1. Head. “In his headpiece he felt a sore pain.” Spenser. 2. A cap of defense; especially, an open one, as distinguished from the closed helmet of the Middle Ages. 3. Understanding; mental faculty. “Eumenes had the best headpiece of all Alexander’s captains.” Prideaux. 4. An engraved ornament at the head of a chapter, or of a page.

Head´quar•ters (-kwar•terz), n. pl. [but sometimes used as a n. sing.] The quarters or place of residence of any chief officer, as the general in command of an army, or the head of a police force; the place from which orders or instructions are issued; hence, the center of authority or order. “The brain, which is the headquarters, or office, of intelligence.” Collier.

Head´race (-ras•), n. See Race, a water course.

Head´room (-room•), n. (Arch.) See Headway, 2.

Head´rope (-rop•), n. (Naut.) That part of a boltrope which is sewed to the upper edge or head of a sail.

Head´sail (-sal•), n. (Naut.) Any sail set forward of the foremast. Totten.

Head•shake (-shak•), n. A significant shake of the head, commonly as a signal of denial. Shak.

Head´ship, n. Authority or dignity; chief place.

Heads´man (hedz´man), n.; pl. Headsmen (-men). An executioner who cuts off heads. Dryden.

Head´spring (hed´spring•), n. Fountain; source. “The headspring of our belief.” Stapleton.

Head´stall (-stal•), n. That part of a bridle or halter which encompasses the head. Shak.

Head´stock (-stok•), n. (Mach.) A part (usually separate from the bed or frame) for supporting some of the principal working parts of a machine; as: (a) The part of a lathe that holds the revolving spindle and its attachments; — also called poppet head, the opposite corresponding part being called a tailstock. (b) The part of a planing machine that supports the cutter, etc.

Head´stone (-ston•), n. 1. The principal stone in a foundation; the chief or corner stone. Ps. cxviii. 22. 2. The stone at the head of a grave.

Head´strong (-strong•; 115), a. 1. Not easily restrained; ungovernable; obstinate; stubborn. “Now let the headstrong boy my will control.” Dryden. 2. Directed by ungovernable will, or proceeding from obstinacy; as a headstrong course. Dryden. Syn. — Violent; obstinate; ungovernable; untractable; stubborn; unruly; venturesome; heady.

Head´strong•ness, n. Obstinacy. [R.] Gayton.

Head´tire (-tir•), n. 1. A headdress. ´A headtire of fine linen.´ 1 Esdras iii. 6. 2. The manner of dressing the head, as at a particular time and place.

Head´way (-wa•), n. 1. The progress made by a ship in motion; hence, progress or success of any kind. 2. (Arch.) Clear space under an arch, girder, and the like, sufficient to allow of easy passing underneath.

Head´work (-wûrk•), n. Mental labor.

Head´y, (hed´y), a. [From Head.] 1. Willful; rash; precipitate; hurried on by will or passion; ungovernable. “All the talent required is to be hot, to be heady, — to be violent on one side or the other.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Apt to affect the head; intoxicating; strong. “The liquor is too heady.” Dryden. 3. Violent; impetuous. ´A heady currance.´ Shak.

Heal, (hel), v. t. [See Hele.] To cover, as a roof, with tiles, slate, lead, or the like. [Obs.]

Heal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Healed (held); p. pr. & vb. n. Healing.] [OE. helen, haelen, AS. haelan, fr. hal hale, sound, whole; akin to OS. helian, D. heelen, G. heilen, Goth. hailjan. See Whole.] 1. To make hale, sound, or whole; to cure of a disease, wound, or other derangement; to restore to soundness or health. “Speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed.” Matt. viii. 8. 2. To remove or subdue; to cause to pass away; to cure; — said of a disease or a wound. “I will heal their backsliding.” Hos. xiv. 4. 3. To restore to original purity or integrity. “Thus saith the Lord, I have healed these waters.” 2 Kings ii. 21. 4. To reconcile, as a breach or difference; to make whole; to free from guilt; as to heal dissensions.

Heal (hel), v. i. To grow sound; to return to a sound state; as the limb heals, or the wound heals; — sometimes with up or over; as it will heal up, or over. “Those wounds heal ill that men do give themselves.” Shak.

Heal, n. [AS. haelu, hael. See Heal, v. t.] Health. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heal´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being healed.

Heal´all (-al•), n. (Bot.) A common herb of the Mint family (Brunella vulgaris), destitute of active properties, but anciently thought a panacea.

Heald (held), n. [CF. Heddle.] A heddle. Ure.

Heal´er (hel´er), n. One who, or that which, heals.

Heal´ful (-ful), a. Tending or serving to heal; healing. [Obs.] Ecclus. xv. 3.

Heal´ing, a. Tending to cure; soothing; mollifying; as the healing art; a healing salve; healing words. “Here healing dews and balms abound.” Keble.

Heal´ing•ly, adv. So as to heal or cure.

Health (helth), n. [OE. helthe, AS. haelþ, fr. hal hale, sound, whole. See Whole.] 1. The state of being hale, sound, or whole, in body, mind, or soul; especially, the state of being free from physical disease or pain. “There is no health in us.” Book of Common Prayer. “Though health may be enjoyed without gratitude, it can not be sported with without loss, or regained by courage.” Buckminster. 2. A wish of health and happiness, as in pledging a person in a toast. ´Come, love and health to all.´ Shak. Bill of health. See under Bill. — Health lift, a machine for exercise, so arranged that a person lifts an increasing weight, or moves a spring of increasing tension, in such a manner that most of the muscles of the body are brought into gradual action; — also called lifting machine. — Health officer, one charged with the enforcement of the sanitary laws of a port or other place. — To drink a health. See under Drink.

Health´ful (-ful), a. 1. Full of health; free from illness or disease; well; whole; sound; healthy; as a healthful body or mind; a healthful plant. 2. Serving to promote health of body or mind; wholesome; salubrious; salutary; as a healthful air, diet. “The healthful Spirit of thy grace.” Book of Common Prayer. 3. Indicating, characterized by, or resulting from, health or soundness; as a healthful condition. “A mind … healthful and so well- proportioned.” Macaulay. 4. Well-disposed; favorable. [R.] “Gave healthful welcome to their shipwrecked guests.” Shak.

Health´ful•ly, adv. In health; wholesomely.

Health´ful•ness, n. The state of being healthful.

Health´i•ly (-i•ly), adv. In a healthy manner.

Health´i•ness, n. The state of being healthy or healthful; freedom from disease.

Health´less, a. 1. Without health, whether of body or mind; infirm. ´A healthless or old age.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. Not conducive to health; unwholesome. [R.]

Health´less•ness, n. The state of being healthless.

Health´some (-sum), a. Wholesome; salubrious. [R.] ´Healthsome air.´ Shak.

Health´ward (-werd), a. & adv. In the direction of health; as a healthward tendency.

Health´y (-y), a. [Compar. Healthier (-i•er); superl. Healthiest.] 1. Being in a state of health; enjoying health; hale; sound; free from disease; as a healthy child; a healthy plant. “His mind was now in a firm and healthy state.” Macaulay. 2. Evincing health; as a healthy pulse; a healthy complexion. 3. Conducive to health; wholesome; salubrious; salutary; as a healthy exercise; a healthy climate. Syn. — Vigorous; sound; hale; salubrious; healthful; wholesome; salutary.

Heam (hem), n. [Cf. AS. cildhamma womb, OD. hamme afterbirth, LG. hamen.] The afterbirth or secundines of a beast.

Heap (hep), n. [OE. heep, heap, heap, multitude, AS. heáp; akin to OS. hop, D. hoop, OHG. houf, hufo, G. haufe, haufen, Sw. hop, Dan. hob, Icel. hopr troop, flock, Russ. kupa heap, crowd, Lith. kaupas. Cf. Hope, in Forlorn hope.] 1. A crowd; a throng; a multitude or great number of persons. [Now Low or Humorous] “The wisdom of a heap of learned men.” Chaucer. “A heap of vassals and slaves.” Bacon. “He had heaps of friends.” W. Black. 2. A great number or large quantity of things not placed in a pile. [Now Low or Humorous] “A vast heap, both of places of scripture and quotations.” Bp. Burnet. “I have noticed a heap of things in my life.” R. L. Stevenson. 3. A pile or mass; a collection of things laid in a body, or thrown together so as to form an elevation; as a heap of earth or stones. “Huge heaps of slain around the body rise.” Dryden.

Heap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heaped (hept); p. pr. & vb. n. Heaping.] [AS. heápian.] 1. To collect in great quantity; to amass; to lay up; to accumulate; — usually with up; as to heap up treasures. “Though he heap up silver as the dust.” Job. xxvii. 16. 2. To throw or lay in a heap; to make a heap of; to pile; as to heap stones; — often with up; as to heap up earth; or with on; as to heap on wood or coal. 3. To form or round into a heap, as in measuring; to fill (a measure) more than even full.

Heap´er (hep´er), n. One who heaps, piles, or amasses.

Heap´y (-y), a. Lying in heaps. Gay.

Hear (her), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heard (herd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hearing.] [OE. heren, as. hieran, hyran, heran; akin to OS. horian, OFries. hera, hora, D. hooren, OHG. horen, G. hören, Icel. heyra, Sw. höra, Dan. hore, Goth. hausjan, and perh. to Gr. ’akoy•ein, E. acoustic. Cf. Hark, Hearken.] 1. To perceive by the ear; to apprehend or take cognizance of by the ear; as to hear sounds; to hear a voice; to hear one call. “Lay thine ear close to the ground, and list if thou canst hear the tread of travelers.” Shak. “He had been heard to utter an ominous growl.” Macaulay. 2. To give audience or attention to; to listen to; to heed; to accept the doctrines or advice of; to obey; to examine; to try in a judicial court; as to hear a recitation; to hear a class; the case will be heard to- morrow. 3. To attend, or be present at, as hearer or worshiper; as to hear a concert; to hear Mass. 4. To give attention to as a teacher or judge. “Thy matters are good and right, but there is no man deputed of the king to hear thee.” 2 Sam. xv. 3. “I beseech your honor to hear me one single word.” Shak. 5. To accede to the demand or wishes of; to listen to and answer favorably; to favor. “I love the Lord, because he hath heard my voice.” Ps. cxvi. 1. “They think that they shall be heard for their much speaking.” Matt. vi. 7. Hear him. See Remark, under Hear, v. i. — To hear a bird sing, to receive private communication. [Colloq.] Shak. — To hear say, to hear one say; to learn by common report; to receive by rumor. [Colloq.]

Hear, v. i. 1. To have the sense or faculty of perceiving sound. ´The hearing ear.´ Prov. xx. 12. 2. To use the power of perceiving sound; to perceive or apprehend by the ear; to attend; to listen. “So spake our mother Eve, and Adam heard,
Well pleased, but answered not.” Milton. 3. To be informed by oral communication; to be told; to receive information by report or by letter. “I have heard, sir, of such a man.” Shak. “I must hear from thee every day in the hour.” Shak. To hear ill, to be blamed. [Obs.] “Not only within his own camp, but also now at Rome, he heard ill for his temporizing and slow proceedings.” Holland. — To hear well, to be praised. [Obs.] Hear, or Hear him, is often used in the imperative, especially in the course of a speech in English assemblies, to call attention to the words of the speaker. “Hear him, … a cry indicative, according to the tone, of admiration, acquiescence, indignation, or derision.” Macaulay.

Heard (herd), imp. & p. p. of Hear.

Hear´er (her´er), n. One who hears; an auditor.

Hear´ing, n. 1. The act or power of perceiving sound; perception of sound; the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived; as my hearing is good. “I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear.” Job xlii. 5. Hearing in a special sensation, produced by stimulation of the auditory nerve; the stimulus (waves of sound) acting not directly on the nerve, but through the medium of the endolymph on the delicate epithelium cells, constituting the peripheral terminations of the nerve. See Ear. 2. Attention to what is delivered; opportunity to be heard; audience; as I could not obtain a hearing. 3. A listening to facts and evidence, for the sake of adjudication; a session of a court for considering proofs and determining issues. “His last offenses to us
Shall have judicious hearing.” Shak. “Another hearing before some other court.” Dryden. Hearing, as applied to equity cases, means the same thing that the word trial does at law. Abbot. 4. Extent within which sound may be heard; sound; earshot. ´She’s not within hearing.´ Shak. “They laid him by the pleasant shore,
And in the hearing of the wave.” Tennyson.

Heark´en (härk´’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hearkened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hearkening.] [OE. hercnen, hercnien, AS. hercnian, heorcnian, fr. hieran, hyran, to hear; akin to OD. harcken, horcken, LG. harken, horken, G. horchen. See Hear, and cf. Hark.] 1. To listen; to lend the ear; to attend to what is uttered; to give heed; to hear, in order to obey or comply. “The Furies hearken, and their snakes uncurl.” Dryden. “Hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you.” Deut. iv. 1. 2. To inquire; to seek information. [Obs.] ´Hearken after their offense.´ Shak. Syn. — To attend; listen; hear; heed. See Attend, v. i.

Heark´en, v. t. 1. To hear by listening. [Archaic] “[She] hearkened now and then
Some little whispering and soft groaning sound.” Spenser. 2. To give heed to; to hear attentively. [Archaic] “The King of Naples … hearkens my brother’s suit.” Shak. To hearken out, to search out. [Obs.] “If you find none, you must hearken out a vein and buy.” B. Johnson.

Heark´en•er (-er), n. One who hearkens; a listener.

Hear´sal (her´sal), n. Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hear´say (her´sa•), n. Report; rumor; fame; common talk; something heard from another. “Much of the obloquy that has so long rested on the memory of our great national poet originated in frivolous hearsays of his life and conversation.” Prof. Wilson. Hearsay evidence (Law), that species of testimony which consists in a narration by one person of matters told him by another. It is, with a few exceptions, inadmissible as testimony. Abbott.

Hearse (hers), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A hind in the second year of its age. [Eng.] Wright.

Hearse (hers), n. [See Herse.] 1. A framework of wood or metal placed over the coffin or tomb of a deceased person, and covered with a pall; also a temporary canopy bearing wax lights and set up in a church, under which the coffin was placed during the funeral ceremonies. [Obs.] Oxf. Gloss. 2. A grave, coffin, tomb, or sepulchral monument. [Archaic] ´Underneath this marble hearse.´ B. Johnson. “Beside the hearse a fruitful palm tree grows.” Fairfax “Who lies beneath this sculptured hearse.” Longfellow. 3. A bier or handbarrow for conveying the dead to the grave. [Obs.] “Set down, set down your honorable load,
It honor may be shrouded in a hearse.” Shak. 4. A carriage specially adapted or used for conveying the dead to the grave.

Hearse, v. t. To inclose in a hearse; to entomb. [Obs.] ´Would she were hearsed at my foot.´ Shak.

Hearse´cloth (-kloth•; 115), n. A cloth for covering a coffin when on a bier; a pall. Bp. Sanderson.

Hearse´like (-lik•), a. Suitable to a funeral. “If you listen to David’s harp, you shall hear as many hearselike airs as carols.” Bacon.

Heart (härt), n. [OE. harte, herte, heorte, AS. heorte; akin to OS. herta, OFies. hirte, D. hart, OHG. herza, G. herz, Icel. hjarta, Sw. hjerta, Goth. haírto, Lith. szirdis, Russ. serdtse, Ir. cridhe, L. cor, Gr. kardi•a, kh^r rad.227. Cf. Accord, Discord, Cordial, 4th Core, Courage.] 1. (Anat.) A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. “Why does my blood thus muster to my heart!” Shak. In adult mammals and birds, the heart is four-chambered, the right auricle and ventricle being completely separated from the left auricle and ventricle; and the blood flows from the systemic veins to the right auricle, thence to the right ventricle, from which it is forced to the lungs, then returned to the left auricle, thence passes to the left ventricle, from which it is driven into the systemic arteries. See Illust. under Aorta. In fishes there are but one auricle and one ventricle, the blood being pumped from the ventricle through the gills to the system, and thence returned to the auricle. In most amphibians and reptiles, the separation of the auricles is partial or complete, and in reptiles the ventricles also are separated more or less completely. The so- called lymph hearts, found in many amphibians, reptiles, and birds, are contractile sacs, which pump the lymph into the veins. 2. The seat of the affections or sensibilities, collectively or separately, as love, hate, joy, grief, courage, and the like; rarely, the seat of the understanding or will; — usually in a good sense, when no epithet is expressed; the better or lovelier part of our nature; the spring of all our actions and purposes; the seat of moral life and character; the moral affections and character itself; the individual disposition and character; as a good, tender, loving, bad, hard, or selfish heart. “Hearts are dust, hearts’ loves remain.” Emerson. 3. The nearest the middle or center; the part most hidden and within; the inmost or most essential part of any body or system; the source of life and motion in any organization; the chief or vital portion; the center of activity, or of energetic or efficient action; as the heart of a country, of a tree, etc. “Exploits done in the heart of France.” Shak. “Peace subsisting at the heart
Of endless agitation.” Wordsworth. 4. Courage; courageous purpose; spirit. “Eve, recovering heart, replied.” Milton. “The expelled nations take heart, and when they fly from one country invade another.” Sir W. Temple. 5. Vigorous and efficient activity; power of fertile production; condition of the soil, whether good or bad. “That the spent earth may gather heart again.” Dryden. 6. That which resembles a heart in shape; especially, a roundish or oval figure or object having an obtuse point at one end, and at the other a corresponding indentation, — used as a symbol or representative of the heart. 7. One of a series of playing cards, distinguished by the figure or figures of a heart; as hearts are trumps. 8. Vital part; secret meaning; real intention. “And then show you the heart of my message.” Shak. 9. A term of affectionate or kindly and familiar address. ´I speak to thee, my heart.´ Shak. Heart is used in many compounds, the most of which need no special explanation; as heart-appalling, heart-breaking, heart-cheering, heart-chilled, heart-expanding, heart-free, heart-hardened, heart-heavy, heart-purifying, heart-searching, heart-sickening, heart-sinking, heart-sore, heart-stirring, heart-touching, heart-wearing, heart-whole, heart-wounding, heart-wringing, etc. After one’s own heart, conforming with one’s inmost approval and desire; as a friend after my own heart. “The Lord hath sought him a man after his own heart.” 1 Sam. xiii. 14. — At heart, in the inmost character or disposition; at bottom; really; as he is at heart a good man. — By heart, in the closest or most thorough manner; as to know or learn by heart. ´Composing songs, for fools to get by heart´ (that is, to commit to memory, or to learn thoroughly). Pope. — For my heart, for my life; if my life were at stake. [Obs.] ´I could not get him for my heart to do it.´ Shak. — Heart bond (Masonry), a bond in which no header stone stretches across the wall, but two headers meet in the middle, and their joint is covered by another stone laid header fashion. Knight. — Heart and hand, with enthusiastic coöperation. — Heart hardness, hardness of heart; callousness of feeling; moral insensibility. Shak. — Heart heaviness, depression of spirits. Shak. — Heart point (Her.), the fess point. See Escutcheon. — Heart rising, a rising of the heart, as in opposition. — Heart shell (Zoöl.), any marine, bivalve shell of the genus Cardium and allied genera, having a heart-shaped shell; esp., the European Isocardia cor; — called also heart cockle. — Heart sickness, extreme depression of spirits. — Heart and soul, with the utmost earnestness. — Heart urchin (Zoöl.), any heartshaped, spatangoid sea urchin. See Spatangoid. — Heart wheel, a form of cam, shaped like a heart. See Cam. — In good heart, in good courage; in good hope. — Out of heart, discouraged. — Poor heart, an exclamation of pity. — To break the heart of. (a) To bring to despair or hopeless grief; to cause to be utterly cast down by sorrow. (b) To bring almost to completion; to finish very nearly; — said of anything undertaken; as he has broken the heart of the task. — To find in the heart, to be willing or disposed. ´I could find in my heart to ask your pardon.´ Sir P. Sidney. — To have at heart, to desire (anything) earnestly. — To have in the heart, to purpose; to design or intend to do. — To have the heart in the mouth, to be much frightened. — To lose heart, to become discouraged. — To lose one’s heart, to fall in love. — To set the heart at rest, to put one’s self at ease. — To set the heart upon, to fix the desires on; to long for earnestly; to be very fond of. — To take heart of grace, to take courage. — To take to heart, to grieve over. — To wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve, to expose one’s feelings or intentions; to be frank or impulsive. - - With all one’s heart, With one’s whole heart, very earnestly; fully; completely; devotedly.

Heart (härt), v. t. To give heart to; to hearten; to encourage; to inspirit. [Obs.] “My cause is hearted; thine hath no less reason.” Shak.

Heart, v. i. To form a compact center or heart; as a hearting cabbage.

Heart´ache (-ak•), n. [Cf. AS. heortece.] Sorrow; anguish of mind; mental pang. Shak.

Heart´break (-brak•), n. Crushing sorrow or grief; a yielding to such grief. Shak.

Heart´break•ing, a. Causing overpowering sorrow.

Heart´bro•ken (-bro•k’n), a. Overcome by crushing sorrow; deeply grieved.

Heart´burn (-bûrn•), n. (Med.) An uneasy, burning sensation in the stomach, often attended with an inclination to vomit. It is sometimes idiopathic, but is often a symptom of other complaints.

Heart´burned (-bûrnd•), a. Having heartburn. Shak.

Heart´burn•ing (-bûrn•ing), a. Causing discontent.

Heart´burn•ing, n. 1. (Med.) Same as Heartburn. 2. Discontent; secret enmity. Swift. “The transaction did not fail to leave heartburnings.” Palfrey.

Heart´dear (-der•), a. Sincerely beloved. [R.] Shak.

Heart´deep (-dep•), a. Rooted in the heart. Herbert.

Heart´-eat•ing (-et•ing), a. Preying on the heart.

Heart´ed, a. 1. Having a heart; having (such) a heart (regarded as the seat of the affections, disposition, or character). 2. Shaped like a heart; cordate. [R.] Landor. 3. Seated or laid up in the heart. “I hate the Moor: my cause is hearted.” Shak. This word is chiefly used in composition; as hard- hearted, faint-hearted, kind-hearted, lion- hearted, stout-hearted, etc. Hence the nouns hard- heartedness, faint-heartedness, etc.

Heart´ed•ness, n. Earnestness; sincerity; heartiness. [R.] Clarendon. See also the Note under Hearted. The analysis of the compounds gives hard-hearted + -ness, rather than hard + heartedness, etc.

Heart´en (härt´’n), v. t. [From Heart.] 1. To encourage; to animate; to incite or stimulate the courage of; to embolden. “Hearten those that fight in your defense.” Shak. 2. To restore fertility or strength to, as to land.

Heart´en•er (-er), n. One who, or that which, heartens, animates, or stirs up. W. Browne.

Heart´felt (-felt•), a. Hearty; sincere.

Heart´grief (-gref•), n. Heartache; sorrow. Milton.

Hearth (härth), n. [OE. harthe, herth, herthe, AS. heorð; akin to D. haard, heerd, Sw. härd, G. herd; cf. Goth. haúri a coal, Icel. hyrr embers, and L. cremare to burn.] 1. The pavement or floor of brick, stone, or metal in a chimney, on which a fire is made; the floor of a fireplace; also a corresponding part of a stove. “There was a fire on the hearth burning before him.” Jer. xxxvi. 22. “Where fires thou find’st unraked and hearths unswept.
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.” Shak. 2. The house itself, as the abode of comfort to its inmates and of hospitality to strangers; fireside. “Household talk and phrases of the hearth.” Tennyson. 3. (Metal. & Manuf.) The floor of a furnace, on which the material to be heated lies, or the lowest part of a melting furnace, into which the melted material settles. Hearth ends (Metal.), fragments of lead ore ejected from the furnace by the blast. — Hearth money, Hearth penny [AS. heorðpening], a tax formerly laid in England on hearths, each hearth (in all houses paying the church and poor rates) being taxed at two shillings; — called also chimney money, etc. “He had been importuned by the common people to relieve them from the … burden of the hearth money.” Macaulay.

Hearth´stone (-ston•), n. Stone forming the hearth; hence, the fireside; home. “Chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone.” A. Lincoln.

Heart´i•ly (härt´i•ly), adv. [From Hearty.] 1. From the heart; with all the heart; with sincerity. “I heartily forgive them.” Shak. 2. With zeal; actively; vigorously; willingly; cordially; as he heartily assisted the prince. To eat heartily, to eat freely and with relish. Addison. Syn. — Sincerely; cordially; zealously; vigorously; actively; warmly; eagerly; ardently; earnestly.

Heart´i•ness (härt´i•nes), n. The quality of being hearty; as the heartiness of a greeting.

Heart´less, a. 1. Without a heart. “You have left me heartless; mine is in your bosom.” J. Webster. 2. Destitute of courage; spiritless; despondent. “Heartless they fought, and quitted soon their ground.” Dryden. “Heartless and melancholy.” W. Irwing. 3. Destitute of feeling or affection; unsympathetic; cruel. ´The heartless parasites.´ Byron. — Heart´less•ly, adv. — Heart´less•ness, n.

Heart´let (-let), n. A little heart.

Heart´lings (-lingz), interj. An exclamation used in addressing a familiar acquaintance. [Obs.] Shak.

Heart´pea (-pe•), n. (Bot.) Same as Heartseed.

Heart´quake (-kwak•), n. Trembling of the heart; trepidation; fear. “In many an hour of danger and heartquake.” Hawthorne.

Heart´rend•ing (-rend•ing), a. Causing intense grief; overpowering with anguish; very distressing.

Heart´-rob•bing (-rob•bing), a. 1. Depriving of thought; ecstatic. ´Heart-robbing gladness.´ Spenser. 2. Stealing the heart or affections; winning.

Heart’s´-ease (härts´ez•), n. 1. Ease of heart; peace or tranquillity of mind or feeling. Shak. 2. (Bot.) A species of violet (Viola tricolor); — called also pansy.

Heart´seed (härt´sed•), n. (Bot.) A climbing plant of the genus Cardiospermum, having round seeds which are marked with a spot like a heart. Loudon.

Heart´shaped (-shapt•), a. Having the shape of a heart; cordate.

Heart´sick (-sik•), a. [AS. heortseóc.] Sick at heart; extremely depressed in spirits; very despondent.

Heart´some (-sum), a. Merry; cheerful; lively. [Scot.]

Heart´-spoon (-spoon•), n. A part of the breastbone. [Obs.] “He feeleth through the herte-spon the pricke.” Chaucer.

Heart´strick•en (-strik•’n), a. Shocked; dismayed.

Heart´strike (-strik•), v. t. To affect at heart; to shock. [R.] ´They seek to heartstrike us.´ B. Jonson.

Heart´string (-string•), n. A nerve or tendon, supposed to brace and sustain the heart. Shak. “Sobbing, as if a heartstring broke.” Moore.

Heart´struck (-struk•), a. 1. Driven to the heart; infixed in the mind. ´His heartstruck injuries.´ Shak. 2. Shocked with pain, fear, or remorse; dismayed; heartstricken. Milton.

Heart´swell•ing (-swel•ing), a. Rankling in, or swelling, the heart. ´Heartswelling hate.´ Spenser.

Heart´-whole (-hol•), a. [See Whole.] 1. Having the heart or affections free; not in love. Shak. 2. With unbroken courage; undismayed. 3. Of a single and sincere heart. “If he keeps heart-whole towards his Master.” Bunyan.

Heart´wood (-wood•), n. The hard, central part of the trunk of a tree, consisting of the old and matured wood, and usually differing in color from the outer layers. It is technically known as duramen, and distinguished from the softer sapwood or alburnum.

Heart´-wound•ed (härt´woond•ed or - wound•ed), a. Wounded to the heart with love or grief. Pope.

Heart´y (härt´y), a. [Compar. Heartier (-i•er); superl. Heartiest.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the heart; warm; cordial; bold; zealous; sincere; willing; also energetic; active; eager; as a hearty welcome; hearty in supporting the government. “Full of hearty tears
For our good father’s loss.” Marston. 2. Exhibiting strength; sound; healthy; firm; not weak; as a hearty man; hearty timber. 3. Promoting strength; nourishing; rich; abundant; as hearty food; a hearty meal. Syn. — Sincere; real; unfeigned; undissembled; cordial; earnest; warm; zealous; ardent; eager; active; vigorous. — Hearty, Cordial, Sincere. Hearty implies honesty and simplicity of feelings and manners; cordial refers to the warmth and liveliness with which the feelings are expressed; sincere implies that this expression corresponds to the real sentiments of the heart. A man should be hearty in his attachment to his friends, cordial in his reception of them to his house, and sincere in his offers to assist them.

Heart´y, n.; pl. Hearties (-iz). Comrade; boon companion; good fellow; — a term of familiar address and fellowship among sailors. Dickens.

Heart´y•hale (-hal•), a. Good for the heart. [Obs.]

Heat (het), n. [OE. hete, haete, AS. haetu, haeto, fr. hat hot; akin to OHG. heizi heat, Dan. hede, Sw. hetta. See Hot.] 1. A force in nature which is recognized in various effects, but especially in the phenomena of fusion and evaporation, and which, as manifested in fire, the sun’s rays, mechanical action, chemical combination, etc., becomes directly known to us through the sense of feeling. In its nature heat is a mode of motion, being in general a form of molecular disturbance or vibration. It was formerly supposed to be a subtile, imponderable fluid, to which was given the name caloric. As affecting the human body, heat produces different sensations, which are called by different names, as heat or sensible heat, warmth, cold, etc., according to its degree or amount relatively to the normal temperature of the body. 2. The sensation caused by the force or influence of heat when excessive, or above that which is normal to the human body; the bodily feeling experienced on exposure to fire, the sun’s rays, etc.; the reverse of cold. 3. High temperature, as distinguished from low temperature, or cold; as the heat of summer and the cold of winter; heat of the skin or body in fever, etc. “Else how had the world …
Avoided pinching cold and scorching heat!” Milton. 4. Indication of high temperature; appearance, condition, or color of a body, as indicating its temperature; redness; high color; flush; degree of temperature to which something is heated, as indicated by appearance, condition, or otherwise. “It has raised … heats in their faces.” Addison. “The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-red heat, a white-flame heat, and a sparkling or welding heat.” Moxon. 5. A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or in a furnace; as to make a horseshoe in a certain number of heats. 6. A violent action unintermitted; a single effort; a single course in a race that consists of two or more courses; as he won two heats out of three. “Many causes … for refreshment betwixt the heats.” Dryden. “[He] struck off at one heat the matchless tale of ´Tam o’ Shanter.´” J. C. Shairp. 7. Utmost violence; rage; vehemence; as the heat of battle or party. ´The heat of their division.´ Shak. 8. Agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement; exasperation. ´The heat and hurry of his rage.´ South. 9. Animation, as in discourse; ardor; fervency. “With all the strength and heat of eloquence.” Addison. 10. Sexual excitement in animals. 11. Fermentation. Animal heat, Blood heat, Capacity for heat, etc. See under Animal, Blood, etc. — Atomic heat (Chem.), the product obtained by multiplying the atomic weight of any element by its specific heat. The atomic heat of all solid elements is nearly a constant, the mean value being 6.4. — Dynamical theory of heat, that theory of heat which assumes it to be, not a peculiar kind of matter, but a peculiar motion of the ultimate particles of matter. Heat engine, any apparatus by which a heated substance, as a heated fluid, is made to perform work by giving motion to mechanism, as a hot-air engine, or a steam engine. — Heat producers. (Physiol.) See under Food. — Heat rays, a term formerly applied to the rays near the red end of the spectrum, whether within or beyond the visible spectrum. — Heat weight (Mech.), the product of any quantity of heat by the mechanical equivalent of heat divided by the absolute temperature; — called also thermodynamic function, and entropy. — Mechanical equivalent of heat. See under Equivalent. — Specific heat of a substance (at any temperature), the number of units of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance at that temperature one degree. — Unit of heat, the quantity of heat required to raise, by one degree, the temperature of a unit mass of water, initially at a certain standard temperature. The temperature usually employed is that of 0° Centigrade, or 32° Fahrenheit.

Heat (het), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heated; p. pr. & vb. n. Heating.] [OE. heten, AS. haetan, fr. hat hot. See Hot.] 1. To make hot; to communicate heat to, or cause to grow warm; as to heat an oven or furnace, an iron, or the like. “Heat me these irons hot.” Shak. 2. To excite or make hot by action or emotion; to make feverish. “Pray, walk softly; do not heat your blood.” Shak. 3. To excite ardor in; to rouse to action; to excite to excess; to inflame, as the passions. “A noble emulation heats your breast.” Dryden.

Heat, v. i. 1. To grow warm or hot by the action of fire or friction, etc., or the communication of heat; as the iron or the water heats slowly. 2. To grow warm or hot by fermentation, or the development of heat by chemical action; as green hay heats in a mow, and manure in the dunghill.

Heat (het), imp. & p. p. of Heat. Heated; as the iron though heat red- hot. [Obs. or Archaic] Shak.

Heat´er (het´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, heats. 2. Any contrivance or implement, as a furnace, stove, or other heated body or vessel, etc., used to impart heat to something, or to contain something to be heated. Feed heater. See under Feed.

Heath (heth), n. [OE. heth waste land, the plant heath, AS. haeð; akin to D. & G. heide, Icel. heiðr waste land, Dan. hede, Sw. hed, Goth. haiþi field, L. bucetum a cow pasture; cf. W. coed a wood, Skr. kshetra field. rad.20.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A low shrub (Erica, or Calluna, vulgaris), with minute evergreen leaves, and handsome clusters of pink flowers. It is used in Great Britain for brooms, thatch, beds for the poor, and for heating ovens. It is also called heather, and ling. (b) also any species of the genus Erica, of which several are European, and many more are South African, some of great beauty. See Illust. of Heather. 2. A place overgrown with heath; any cheerless tract of country overgrown with shrubs or coarse herbage. “Their stately growth, though bare,
Stands on the blasted heath.” Milton Heath cock (Zoöl.), the blackcock. See Heath grouse (below). — Heath grass (Bot.), a kind of perennial grass, of the genus Triodia (T. decumbens), growing on dry heaths. — Heath grouse, or Heath game (Zoöl.), a European grouse (Tetrao tetrix), which inhabits heaths; — called also black game, black grouse, heath poult, heath fowl, moor fowl. The male is called heath cock, and blackcock; the female, heath hen, and gray hen. — Heath hen. (Zoöl.) See Heath grouse (above). — Heath pea (Bot.), a species of bitter vetch (Lathyrus macrorhizus), the tubers of which are eaten, and in Scotland are used to flavor whisky. — Heath throstle (Zoöl.), a European thrush which frequents heaths; the ring ouzel.

Heath´clad (-klad•), a. Clad or crowned with heath.

Hea´then (he´th’n; 277), n.; pl. Heathens (-th’nz) or collectively Heathen. [OE. hethen, AS. haeðen, prop. an adj. fr. haeð heath, and orig., therefore, one who lives in the country or on the heaths and in the woods (cf. pagan, fr. pagus village); akin to OS. heðin, adj., D. heiden a heathen, G. heide, OHG. heidan, Icel. heiðinn, adj., Sw. heden, Goth. haiþno, n. fem. See Heath, and cf. Hoiden.] 1. An individual of the pagan or unbelieving nations, or those which worship idols and do not acknowledge the true God; a pagan; an idolater. 2. An irreligious person. “If it is no more than a moral discourse, he may preach it and they may hear it, and yet both continue unconverted heathens.” V. Knox. The heathen, as the term is used in the Scriptures, all people except the Jews; now used of all people except Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans. “Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance.” Ps. ii. 8. Syn. — Pagan; gentile. See Pagan.

Hea´then (he´th’n), a. 1. Gentile; pagan; as a heathen author. ´The heathen philosopher.´ ´All in gold, like heathen gods.´ Shak. 2. Barbarous; unenlightened; heathenish. 3. Irreligious; scoffing.

Hea´then•dom (-dum), n. [AS. haeðendom.] 1. That part of the world where heathenism prevails; the heathen nations, considered collectively. 2. Heathenism. C. Kingsley.

Hea´then•esse (-es), n. [AS. haeðennes, i. e., heathenness.] Heathendom. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir W. Scott.

Hea´then•ish, a. [AS. haeðenisc.] 1. Of or pertaining to the heathen; resembling or characteristic of heathens. ´Worse than heathenish crimes.´ Milton. 2. Rude; uncivilized; savage; cruel. South. 3. Irreligious; as a heathenish way of living.

Hea´then•ish•ly, adv. In a heathenish manner.

Hea´then•ish•ness, n. The state or quality of being heathenish. ´The … heathenishness and profaneness of most playbooks.´ Prynne.

Hea´then•ism (-iz’m), n. 1. The religious system or rites of a heathen nation; idolatry; paganism. 2. The manners or morals usually prevalent in a heathen country; ignorance; rudeness; barbarism.

Hea´then•ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heathenized (-izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Heathenizing (- i•zing).] To render heathen or heathenish. Firmin.

Hea´then•ness, n. [Cf. Heathenesse.] State of being heathen or like the heathen.

Hea´then•ry (-ry), n. 1. The state, quality, or character of the heathen. “Your heathenry and your laziness.” C. Kingsley. 2. Heathendom; heathen nations.

Heath´er (heth´er; 277. This is the only pronunciation in Scotland), n. [See Heath.] Heath. [Scot.] “Gorse and grass
And heather, where his footsteps pass,
The brighter seem.” Longfellow. Heather bell (Bot.), one of the pretty subglobose flowers of two European kinds of heather (Erica Tetralix, and E. cinerea).

Heath´er•y (-y), a. Heathy; abounding in heather; of the nature of heath.

Heath´y (heth´y), a. Full of heath; abounding with heath; as heathy land; heathy hills. Sir W. Scott.

Heat´ing (het´ing), a. That heats or imparts heat; promoting warmth or heat; exciting action; stimulating; as heating medicines or applications. Heating surface (Steam Boilers), the aggregate surface exposed to fire or to the heated products of combustion, esp. of all the plates or sheets that are exposed to water on their opposite surfaces; — called also fire surface.

Heat´ing•ly, adv. In a heating manner; so as to make or become hot or heated.

Heat´less, a. Destitute of heat; cold. Beau. & Fl.

Heave (hev), v. t. [imp. Heaved (hevd), or Hove (hov); p. p. Heaved, Hove, formerly Hoven (ho´v’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Heaving.] [OE. heven, hebben, AS. hebban; akin to OS. hebbian, D. heffen, OHG. heffan, hevan, G. heben, Icel. hefja, Sw. häfva, Dan. haeve, Goth. hafjan, L. capere to take, seize; cf. Gr. kw•ph handle. Cf. Accept, Behoof, Capacious, Forceps, Haft, Receipt.] 1. To cause to move upward or onward by a lifting effort; to lift; to raise; to hoist; — often with up; as the wave heaved the boat on land. “One heaved ahigh, to be hurled down below.” Shak. Heave, as now used, implies that the thing raised is heavy or hard to move; but formerly it was used in a less restricted sense. “Here a little child I stand,
Heaving up my either hand.” Herrick. 2. To throw; to cast; — obsolete, provincial, or colloquial, except in certain nautical phrases; as to heave the lead; to heave the log. 3. To force from, or into, any position; to cause to move; also to throw off; — mostly used in certain nautical phrases; as to heave the ship ahead. 4. To raise or force from the breast; to utter with effort; as to heave a sigh. “The wretched animal heaved forth such groans.” Shak. 5. To cause to swell or rise, as the breast or bosom. “The glittering, finny swarms
That heave our friths, and crowd upon our shores.” Thomson. To heave a cable short (Naut.), to haul in cable till the ship is almost perpendicularly above the anchor. — To heave a ship ahead (Naut.), to warp her ahead when not under sail, as by means of cables. — To heave a ship down (Naut.), to throw or lay her down on one side; to careen her. — To heave a ship to (Naut.), to bring the ship’s head to the wind, and stop her motion. - - To heave about (Naut.), to put about suddenly. — To heave in (Naut.), to shorten (cable). — To heave in stays (Naut.), to put a vessel on the other tack. — To heave out a sail (Naut.), to unfurl it. — To heave taut (Naut.), to turn a capstan, etc., till the rope becomes strained. See Taut, and Tight. — To heave the lead (Naut.), to take soundings with lead and line. — To heave the log. (Naut.) See Log. — To heave up anchor (Naut.), to raise it from the bottom of the sea or elsewhere.

Heave (hev), v. i. 1. To be thrown up or raised; to rise upward, as a tower or mound. “And the huge columns heave into the sky.” Pope. “Where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap.” Gray. “The heaving sods of Bunker Hill.” E. Everett. 2. To rise and fall with alternate motions, as the lungs in heavy breathing, as waves in a heavy sea, as ships on the billows, as the earth when broken up by frost, etc.; to swell; to dilate; to expand; to distend; hence, to labor; to struggle. “Frequent for breath his panting bosom heaves.” Prior. “The heaving plain of ocean.” Byron. 3. To make an effort to raise, throw, or move anything; to strain to do something difficult. “The Church of England had struggled and heaved at a reformation ever since Wyclif’s days.” Atterbury. 4. To make an effort to vomit; to retch; to vomit. To heave at. (a) To make an effort at. (b) To attack, to oppose. [Obs.] Fuller. — To heave in sight (as a ship at sea), to come in sight; to appear. — To heave up, to vomit. [Low]

Heave, n. 1. An effort to raise something, as a weight, or one’s self, or to move something heavy. “After many strains and heaves
He got up to his saddle eaves.” Hudibras. 2. An upward motion; a rising; a swell or distention, as of the breast in difficult breathing, of the waves, of the earth in an earthquake, and the like. “There’s matter in these sighs, these profound heaves,
You must translate.” Shak. “None could guess whether the next heave of the earthquake would settle … or swallow them.” Dryden. 3. (Geol.) A horizontal dislocation in a metallic lode, taking place at an intersection with another lode.

Heav´en (hev´’n), n. [OE. heven, hefen, heofen, AS. heofon; akin to OS. hevan, LG. heben, heven, Icel. hifinn; of uncertain origin, cf. D. hemel, G. himmel, Icel. himmin, Goth. himins; perh. akin to, or influenced by, the root of E. heave, or from a root signifying to cover, cf. Goth. gahamon to put on, clothe one’s self, G. hemd shirt, and perh. E. chemise.] 1. The expanse of space surrounding the earth; esp., that which seems to be over the earth like a great arch or dome; the firmament; the sky; the place where the sun, moon, and stars appear; — often used in the plural in this sense. “I never saw the heavens so dim by day.” Shak. “When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven.” D. Webster. 2. The dwelling place of the Deity; the abode of bliss; the place or state of the blessed after death. “Unto the God of love, high heaven’s King.” Spenser. “It is a knell
That summons thee to heaven or to hell.” Shak. “New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven.” Keble. In this general sense heaven and its corresponding words in other languages have as various definite interpretations as there are phases of religious belief. 3. The sovereign of heaven; God; also the assembly of the blessed, collectively; — used variously in this sense, as in No. 2. “Her prayers, whom Heaven delights to hear.” Shak. “The will
And high permission of all-ruling Heaven.” Milton. 4. Any place of supreme happiness or great comfort; perfect felicity; bliss; a sublime or exalted condition; as a heaven of delight. ´A heaven of beauty.´ Shak. ´The brightest heaven of invention.´ Shak. “O bed! bed! delicious bed!
That heaven upon earth to the weary head!” Hood. Heaven is very often used, esp. with participles, in forming compound words, most of which need no special explanation; as heaven-appeasing, heaven-aspiring, heaven- begot, heaven-born, heaven-bred, heaven- conducted, heaven-descended, heaven-directed, heaven-exalted, heaven-given, heaven-guided, heaven-inflicted, heaven-inspired, heaven- instructed, heaven-kissing, heaven-loved, heaven-moving, heaven-protected, heaven-taught, heaven-warring, and the like.

Heav´en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heavened p. pr. & vb. n. Heavening.] To place in happiness or bliss, as if in heaven; to beatify. [R.] “We are happy as the bird whose nest
Is heavened in the hush of purple hills.” G. Massey.

Heav´en•ize (hev´’n•iz), v. t. To render like heaven or fit for heaven. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Heav´en•li•ness , n. [From Heavenly.] The state or quality of being heavenly. Sir J. Davies.

Heav´en•ly, a. [AS. heofonic.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, or inhabiting heaven; celestial; not earthly; as heavenly regions; heavenly music. “As is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly.” 1 Cor. xv. 48. 2. Appropriate to heaven in character or happiness; perfect; pure; supremely blessed; as a heavenly race; the heavenly, throng. “The love of heaven makes one heavenly.” Sir P. Sidney.

Heav´en•ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling that of heaven. ´She was heavenly true.´ Shak. 2. By the influence or agency of heaven. “Out heavenly guided soul shall climb.” Milton.

Heav´en•ly-mind•ed , a. Having the thoughts and affections placed on, or suitable for, heaven and heavenly objects; devout; godly; pious. Milner. — Heav´en•ly-mind•ed•ness, n.

Heav´en•ward , a & adv. Toward heaven.

Heave´ of•fer•ing (Jewish Antiq.) An offering or oblation heaved up or elevated before the altar, as the shoulder of the peace offering. See Wave offering. Ex. xxix. 27.

Heav´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, heaves or lifts; a laborer employed on docks in handling freight; as a coal heaver. 2. (Naut.) A bar used as a lever. Totten.

Heaves , n. A disease of horses, characterized by difficult breathing, with heaving of the flank, wheezing, flatulency, and a peculiar cough; broken wind.

Heav´i•ly , adv. [From 2d Heavy.] 1. In a heavy manner; with great weight; as to bear heavily on a thing; to be heavily loaded. “Heavily interested in those schemes of emigration.” The Century. 2. As if burdened with a great weight; slowly and laboriously; with difficulty; hence, in a slow, difficult, or suffering manner; sorrowfully. “And took off their chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily.” Ex. xiv. 25. “Why looks your grace so heavily to- day?” Shak.

heavily-traveled , heavily traveled adj. subject to much traffic or travel; as the region’s most heavily traveled highways.
Syn. — heavily traveled.
[WordNet 1.5]

Heav´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being heavy in its various senses; weight; sadness; sluggishness; oppression; thickness.

Heav´ing , n. A lifting or rising; a swell; a panting or deep sighing. Addison. Shak.

Heav´i•some , a. Heavy; dull. [Prov.]

Heav´y , a. Having the heaves.

Heav´y , a. [Compar. Heavier superl. Heaviest.] [OE. hevi, AS. hefig, fr. hebban to lift, heave; akin to OHG. hebig, hevig, Icel. höfigr, höfugr. See Heave.] 1. Heaved or lifted with labor; not light; weighty; ponderous; as a heavy stone; hence, sometimes, large in extent, quantity, or effects; as a heavy fall of rain or snow; a heavy failure; heavy business transactions, etc.; often implying strength; as a heavy barrier; also difficult to move; as a heavy draught. 2. Not easy to bear; burdensome; oppressive; hard to endure or accomplish; hence, grievous, afflictive; as heavy yokes, expenses, undertakings, trials, news, etc. “The hand of the Lord was heavy upon them of Ashdod.” 1 Sam. v. 6. “The king himself hath a heavy reckoning to make.” Shak. “Sent hither to impart the heavy news.” Wordsworth. “Trust him not in matter of heavy consequence.” Shak. 3. Laden with that which is weighty; encumbered; burdened; bowed down, either with an actual burden, or with care, grief, pain, disappointment. “The heavy [sorrowing] nobles all in council were.” Chapman. “A light wife doth make a heavy husband.” Shak. 4. Slow; sluggish; inactive; or lifeless, dull, inanimate, stupid; as a heavy gait, looks, manners, style, and the like; a heavy writer or book. “Whilst the heavy plowman snores.” Shak. “Of a heavy, dull, degenerate mind.” Dryden. “Neither [is] his ear heavy, that it can not hear.” Is. lix. 1. 5. Strong; violent; forcible; as a heavy sea, storm, cannonade, and the like. 6. Loud; deep; — said of sound; as heavy thunder. “But, hark! that heavy sound breaks in once more.” Byron. 7. Dark with clouds, or ready to rain; gloomy; — said of the sky. 8. Impeding motion; cloggy; clayey; — said of earth; as a heavy road, soil, and the like. 9. Not raised or made light; as heavy bread. 10. Not agreeable to, or suitable for, the stomach; not easily digested; — said of food. 11. Having much body or strength; — said of wines, or other liquors. 12. With child; pregnant. [R.] Heavy artillery. (Mil.) (a) Guns of great weight or large caliber, esp. siege, garrison, and seacoast guns. (b) Troops which serve heavy guns. — Heavy cavalry. See under Cavalry. — Heavy fire (Mil.), a continuous or destructive cannonading, or discharge of small arms. — Heavy metal (Mil.), large guns carrying balls of a large size; also large balls for such guns. — Heavy metals. (Chem.) See under Metal. — Heavy weight, in wrestling, boxing, etc., a term applied to the heaviest of the classes into which contestants are divided. Cf. Feather weight (c), under Feather. Heavy is used in composition to form many words which need no special explanation; as heavy-built, heavy-browed, heavy-gaited, etc.

Heav´y, adv. Heavily; — sometimes used in composition; as heavy-laden.

Heav´y, v. t. To make heavy. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Heav´y-armed , a. (Mil.) Wearing heavy or complete armor; carrying heavy arms.

Heav´y-had´ed , a. Clumsy; awkward.

Heav´y-head´ed , a. Dull; stupid. ´Gross heavy-headed fellows.´ Beau. & Fl.

Heav´y spar (Min.) Native barium sulphate or barite, — so called because of its high specific gravity as compared with other non-metallic minerals.

Heb´do•mad , n. [L. hebdomas, -adis, Gr. ´ebdoma•s the number seven days, fr. seventh, seven. See Seven.] A week; a period of seven days. [R.] Sir T. Browne. { Heb•dom´a•dal , Heb•dom´a•da•ry } a. [L. hebdomadalis, LL. hebdomadarius: cf. F. hebdomadaire.] Consisting of seven days, or occurring at intervals of seven days; weekly.

Heb•dom´a•dal•ly , adv. In periods of seven days; weekly. Lowell.

Heb•dom´a•da•ry , n. [LL. hebdomadarius: cf. F. hebdomadier.] (R. C. Ch.) A member of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to officiate in the choir, and perform other services, which, on extraordinary occasions, are performed by the superiors.

Heb•do•mat´ic•al , a. [L. hebdomaticus, Gr. .] Weekly; hebdomadal. [Obs.]

He´be , n. [L., fr. Gr. ´h•bh youth, ´H•bh Hebe.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The goddess of youth, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. She was believed to have the power of restoring youth and beauty to those who had lost them. 2. (Zoöl.) An African ape; the hamadryas.

Heb´en , n. Ebony. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heb´e•non , n. See Henbane. [Obs.] Shak.

Heb´e•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hebetated p. pr. & vb. n. Hebetating.] [L. hebetatus, p. p. of hebetare to dull. See Hebete.] To render obtuse; to dull; to blunt; to stupefy; as to hebetate the intellectual faculties. Southey

Heb´e•tate , a. 1. Obtuse; dull. 2. (Bot.) Having a dull or blunt and soft point. Gray.

Heb•e•ta´tion , n. [L. hebetatio: cf. F. hebetation.] 1. The act of making blunt, dull, or stupid. 2. The state of being blunted or dulled.

He•bete´ , a. [L. hebes, hebetis, dull, stupid, fr. hebere to be dull.] Dull; stupid. [Obs.]

Heb´e•tude , n. [L. hebetudo.] Dullness; stupidity. Harvey.

He´bra´ic , a. [L. Hebraicus, Gr. : cf. F. hebraïque. See Hebrew.] Of or pertaining to the Hebrews, or to the language of the Hebrews.

He•bra´ic•al•ly , adv. After the manner of the Hebrews or of the Hebrew language.

He´bra•ism , n. [Cf. F. hebraïsme.] 1. A Hebrew idiom or custom; a peculiar expression or manner of speaking in the Hebrew language. Addison. 2. The type of character of the Hebrews. “The governing idea of Hebraism is strictness of conscience.” M. Arnold.

He´bra•ist, n. [Cf. F. hebraïste.] One versed in the Hebrew language and learning.

He•bra•is´tic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Hebrew language or idiom.

He•bra•is´tic•al•ly , adv. In a Hebraistic sense or form. “Which is Hebraistically used in the New Testament.” Kitto.

He´bra•ize , v. t. [Gr. to speak Hebrew: cf. F. hebraïser.] To convert into the Hebrew idiom; to make Hebrew or Hebraistic. J. R. Smith.

He´bra•ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hebraized p. pr. & vb. n. Hebraizing.] To speak Hebrew, or to conform to the Hebrew idiom, or to Hebrew customs.

He´brew , n. [F. Hebreu, L. Hebraeus, Gr. , fr. Heb. ’ibhri.] 1. An appellative of Abraham or of one of his descendants, esp. in the line of Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew. “There came one that had escaped and told Abram the Hebrew.” Gen. xiv. 13. 2. The language of the Hebrews; — one of the Semitic family of languages.

He´brew, a. Of or pertaining to the Hebrews; as the Hebrew language or rites.

He´brew•ess, n. An Israelitish woman.

He•bri´cian , n. A Hebraist. [R.] { He•brid´e•an , He•brid´i•an } a. Of or pertaining to the islands called Hebrides, west of Scotland. — n. A native or inhabitant of the Hebrides.

Hec´a•tomb , n. [L. hecatombe, Gr. ; hundred + ox: cf. F. hecatombe.] (Antiq.) A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle at the same time; hence, the sacrifice or slaughter of any large number of victims. “Slaughtered hecatombs around them bleed.” Addison. “More than a human hecatomb.” Byron.

Hec•a•tom´pe•don , n. [Gr. hundred feet long, the Parthenon; hundred + foot.] (Arch.) A name given to the old Parthenon at Athens, because measuring 100 Greek feet, probably in the width across the stylobate.

Hec´de•cane , n. [Gr. six + ten.] (Chem.) A white, semisolid, spermaceti-like hydrocarbon, C_16H_34, of the paraffin series, found dissolved as an important ingredient of kerosene, and so called because each molecule has sixteen atoms of carbon; — called also hexadecane.

Heck , n. [See Hatch a half door.] [Written also hack.] 1. The bolt or latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A rack for cattle to feed at. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A door, especially one partly of latticework; — called also heck door. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. A latticework contrivance for catching fish. 5. (Weaving) An apparatus for separating the threads of warps into sets, as they are wound upon the reel from the bobbins, in a warping machine. 6. A bend or winding of a stream. [Prov. Eng.] Half heck, the lower half of a door. — Heck board, the loose board at the bottom or back of a cart. — Heck box or frame, that which carries the heck in warping.

Heck´i•mal , n. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus). [Written also heckimel, hackeymal, hackmall, hagmall, and hickmall.]

Hec´kle , n. & v. t. Same as Hackle.

Hec´tare , n. [F., fr. Gr. hundred + F. are an are.] A measure of area, or superficies, containing a hundred ares, or 10,000 square meters, and equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Hec´tic , a. [F. hectique, Gr. habitual, consumptive, fr. habit, a habit of body or mind, fr. to have; akin to Skr. sah to overpower, endure; cf. AS. sige, sigor, victory, G. sieg, Goth. sigis. Cf. Scheme.] 1. Habitual; constitutional; pertaining especially to slow waste of animal tissue, as in consumption; as a hectic type in disease; a hectic flush. 2. In a hectic condition; having hectic fever; consumptive; as a hectic patient. Hectic fever (Med.), a fever of irritation and debility, occurring usually at a advanced stage of exhausting disease, as a in pulmonary consumption.

Hec´tic, n. 1. (Med.) Hectic fever. 2. A hectic flush. “It is no living hue, but a strange hectic.” Byron.

Hec•to•cot´y•lized , a. (Zoöl.) Changed into a hectocotylus; having a hectocotylis.

Hec•to•cot´y•lus , n.; pl. Hectocotyli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a hundred + a hollow vessel.] (Zoöl.) One of the arms of the male of most kinds of cephalopods, which is specially modified in various ways to effect the fertilization of the eggs. In a special sense, the greatly modified arm of Argonauta and allied genera, which, after receiving the spermatophores, becomes detached from the male, and attaches itself to the female for reproductive purposes.

Hec´to•gram , n. [F. hectogramme, fr. Gr. hundred + F. gramme a gram.] A measure of weight, containing a hundred grams, or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois.

Hec´to•gramme , n. [F.] The same as Hectogram.

Hec´to•graph , n. [Gr. hundred + -graph.] A contrivance for multiple copying, by means of a surface of gelatin softened with glycerin. [Written also hectograph.] { Hec´to•li•ter , Hec´to•li•tre } , n. [F. hectolitre, fr. Gr. hundred + F. litre a liter.] A measure of liquids, containing a hundred liters; equal to a tenth of a cubic meter, nearly 26½ gallons of wine measure, or 22.0097 imperial gallons. As a dry measure, it contains ten decaliters, or about 2&frac56; Winchester bushels. { Hec´to•me•ter , Hec´to•me•tre } , n. [F. hectomètre, fr. Gr. hundred + F. mètre a meter.] A measure of length, equal to a hundred meters. It is equivalent to 328.09 feet.

Hec´tor , n. [From the Trojan warrior Hector, the son of Priam.] A bully; a blustering, turbulent, insolent, fellow; one who vexes or provokes.

Hec´tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hectored p. pr. & vb. n. Hectoring.] To treat with insolence; to threaten; to bully; hence, to torment by words; to tease; to taunt; to worry or irritate by bullying. Dryden.

Hec´tor, v. i. To play the bully; to bluster; to be turbulent or insolent. Swift.

Hec´to•rism , n. The disposition or the practice of a hector; a bullying. [R.]

Hec´tor•ly, a. Resembling a hector; blustering; insolent; taunting. ´Hectorly, ruffianlike swaggering or huffing.´ Barrow.

Hec´to•stere , n. [F. hectostère; Gr. hundred + F. stère.] A measure of solidity, containing one hundred cubic meters, and equivalent to 3531.66 English or 3531.05 United States cubic feet.

Hed´dle , n.; pl. Heddles (#). [Cf. Heald.] (Weaving) One of the sets of parallel doubled threads which, with mounting, compose the harness employed to guide the warp threads to the lathe or batten in a loom.

Hed´dle, v. t. To draw (the warp thread) through the heddle-eyes, in weaving.

Hed´dle-eye , n. (Weaving) The eye or loop formed in each heddle to receive a warp thread.

Hed´dling , vb. n. The act of drawing the warp threads through the heddle-eyes of a weaver’s harness; the harness itself. Knight.

Hed•er•a´ceous , a. [L. hederaceus, fr. hedera ivy.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, ivy.

Hed´er•al , a. Of or pertaining to ivy.

He•der´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the ivy (Hedera); as hederic acid, an acid of the acetylene series.

Hed•er•if´er•ous , a. [L. hedera ivy + -ferous.] Producing ivy; ivy- bearing.

Hed´er•ose , a. [L. hederosus, fr. hedera ivy.] Pertaining to, or of, ivy; full of ivy.

Hedge , n. [OE. hegge, AS. hecg; akin to haga an inclosure, E. haw, AS. hege hedge, E. haybote, D. hegge, OHG. hegga, G. hecke. rad.12. See Haw a hedge.] A thicket of bushes, usually thorn bushes; especially, such a thicket planted as a fence between any two portions of land; and also any sort of shrubbery, as evergreens, planted in a line or as a fence; particularly, such a thicket planted round a field to fence it, or in rows to separate the parts of a garden. “The roughest berry on the rudest hedge.” Shak. “Through the verdant maze
Of sweetbrier hedges I pursue my walk.” Thomson. Hedge, when used adjectively or in composition, often means rustic, outlandish, illiterate, poor, or mean; as hedge priest; hedgeborn, etc. Hedge bells, Hedge bindweed (Bot.), a climbing plant related to the morning-glory (Convolvulus sepium). — Hedge bill, a long-handled billhook. — Hedge garlic (Bot.), a plant of the genus Alliaria. See Garlic mustard, under Garlic. — Hedge hyssop (Bot.), a bitter herb of the genus Gratiola, the leaves of which are emetic and purgative. - - Hedge marriage, a secret or clandestine marriage, especially one performed by a hedge priest. [Eng.] — Hedge mustard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sisymbrium, belonging to the Mustard family. — Hedge nettle (Bot.), an herb, or under shrub, of the genus Stachys, belonging to the Mint family. It has a nettlelike appearance, though quite harmless. — Hedge note. (a) The note of a hedge bird. (b) Low, contemptible writing. [Obs.] Dryden. — Hedge priest, a poor, illiterate priest. Shak. — Hedge school, an open-air school in the shelter of a hedge, in Ireland; a school for rustics. — Hedge sparrow (Zoöl.), a European warbler (Accentor modularis) which frequents hedges. Its color is reddish brown, and ash; the wing coverts are tipped with white. Called also chanter, hedge warbler, dunnock, and doney. — Hedge writer, an insignificant writer, or a writer of low, scurrilous stuff. [Obs.] Swift. — To breast up a hedge. See under Breast. — To hang in the hedge, to be at a standstill. ´While the business of money hangs in the hedge.´ Pepys.

Hedge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hedged p. pr. & vb. n. Hedging.] 1. To inclose or separate with a hedge; to fence with a thickly set line or thicket of shrubs or small trees; as to hedge a field or garden. 2. To obstruct, as a road, with a barrier; to hinder from progress or success; — sometimes with up and out. “I will hedge up thy way with thorns.” Hos. ii. 6. “Lollius Urbius … drew another wall … to hedge out incursions from the north.” Milton. 3. To surround for defense; to guard; to protect; to hem (in). ´England, hedged in with the main.´ Shak. 4. To surround so as to prevent escape. “That is a law to hedge in the cuckoo.” Locke. To hedge a bet, to bet upon both sides; that is, after having bet on one side, to bet also on the other, thus guarding against loss.

Hedge, v. i. 1. To shelter one’s self from danger, risk, duty, responsibility, etc., as if by hiding in or behind a hedge; to skulk; to slink; to shirk obligations. “I myself sometimes, leaving the fear of God on the left hand and hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle, to hedge and to lurch.” Shak. 2. (Betting) To reduce the risk of a wager by making a bet against the side or chance one has bet on. 3. To use reservations and qualifications in one’s speech so as to avoid committing one’s self to anything definite. “The Heroic Stanzas read much more like an elaborate attempt to hedge between the parties than … to gain favor from the Roundheads.” Saintsbury.

Hedge´born , a. Born under a hedge; of low birth. Shak.

Hedge´bote , n. (Eng. Law) Same as Haybote.

Hedge´hog , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A small European insectivore (Erinaceus Europaeus), and other allied species of Asia and Africa, having the hair on the upper part of its body mixed with prickles or spines. It is able to roll itself into a ball so as to present the spines outwardly in every direction. It is nocturnal in its habits, feeding chiefly upon insects. 2. (Zoöl.) The Canadian porcupine.[U.S] 3. (Bot.) A species of Medicago (M. intertexta), the pods of which are armed with short spines; — popularly so called. Loudon. 4. A form of dredging machine. Knight. Hedgehog caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larvae of several species of bombycid moths, as of the Isabella moth. It curls up like a hedgehog when disturbed. See Woolly bear, and Isabella moth. — Hedgehog fish (Zoöl.), any spinose plectognath fish, esp. of the genus Diodon; the porcupine fish. — Hedgehog grass (Bot.), a grass with spiny involucres, growing on sandy shores; burgrass (Cenchrus tribuloides). — Hedgehog rat (Zoöl.), one of several West Indian rodents, allied to the porcupines, but with ratlike tails, and few quills, or only stiff bristles. The hedgehog rats belong to Capromys, Plagiodon, and allied genera. — Hedgehog shell (Zoöl.), any spinose, marine, univalve shell of the genus Murex. — Hedgehog thistle (Bot.), a plant of the Cactus family, globular in form, and covered with spines (Echinocactus). — Sea hedgehog. See Diodon.

Hedge´less, a. Having no hedge.

Hedge´pig , n. A young hedgehog. Shak.

Hedg´er , n. One who makes or mends hedges; also one who hedges, as in betting.

Hedge´row , n. A row of shrubs, or trees, planted for inclosure or separation of fields. “By hedgerow elms and hillocks green.” Milton.

Hedg´ing bill A hedge bill. See under Hedge.

He•don´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. pleasure, sweet, pleasant.] 1. Pertaining to pleasure. 2. Of or relating to Hedonism or the Hedonic sect. Hedonic sect a sect that placed the highest good in the gratification of the senses, — called also Cyrenaic sect, (which see), and School of Aristippus.

He•don´ics , n. (Philos.) That branch of moral philosophy which treats of the relation of duty to pleasure; the science of practical, positive enjoyment or pleasure. J. Grote.

Hed´on•ism , n. 1. The doctrine of the Hedonic sect. 2. The ethical theory which finds the explanation and authority of duty in its tendency to give pleasure.

Hed´on•ist , n. One who believes in hedonism.

Hed•o•nis´tic , a. Same as Hedonic, 2.

Heed (hed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Heeding.] [OE. heden, AS. hedan; akin to OS. hodian, D. hoeden, Fries. hoda, OHG. huoten, G. hüten, Dan. hytte. rad.13. Cf. Hood.] To mind; to regard with care; to take notice of; to attend to; to observe. “With pleasure Argus the musician heeds.” Dryden. Syn. — To notice; regard; mind. See Attend, v. t.

Heed, v. i. To mind; to consider.

Heed, n. 1. Attention; notice; observation; regard; — often with give or take. “With wanton heed and giddy cunning.” Milton. “Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab’s hand.” 2 Sam. xx. 10. “Birds give more heed and mark words more than beasts.” Bacon. 2. Careful consideration; obedient regard. “Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard.” Heb. ii. 1. 3. A look or expression of heading. [R.] “He did it with a serious mind; a heed
Was in his countenance.” Shak.

Heed´ful , a. Full of heed; regarding with care; cautious; circumspect; attentive; vigilant. Shak. — Heed´ful•ly, adv. — Heed´ful•ness, n.

Heed´less, a. Without heed or care; inattentive; careless; thoughtless; unobservant. “O, negligent and heedless discipline!” Shak. “The heedless lover does not know
Whose eyes they are that wound him so.” Waller. — Heed´less•ly, adv. — Heed´less•ness, n.

Heed´y , a. Heedful. [Obs.] ´Heedy shepherds.´ Spenser. — Heed´i•ly (#), adv. [Obs.] — Heed´i•ness, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heel (hel), v. i. [OE. helden to lean, incline, AS. heldan, hyldan; akin to Icel. halla, Dan. helde, Sw. hälla to tilt, pour, and perh. to E. hill.] (Naut.) To lean or tip to one side, as a ship; as the ship heels aport; the boat heeled over when the squall struck it. Heeling error (Naut.), a deviation of the compass caused by the heeling of an iron vessel to one side or the other.

Heel, n. [OE. hele, heele, AS. hela, perh. for hohila, fr. AS. hoh heel (cf. Hough); but cf. D. hiel, OFries. heila, hela, Icel. haell, Dan. hael, Sw. häl, and L. calx. rad.12. Cf. Inculcate.] 1. The hinder part of the foot; sometimes, the whole foot; — in man or quadrupeds. “He [the stag] calls to mind his strength and then his speed,
His winged heels and then his armed head.” Denham. 2. The hinder part of any covering for the foot, as of a shoe, sock, etc.; specif., a solid part projecting downward from the hinder part of the sole of a boot or shoe. 3. The latter or remaining part of anything; the closing or concluding part. ´The heel of a hunt.´ A. Trollope. ´The heel of the white loaf.´ Sir W. Scott. 4. Anything regarded as like a human heel in shape; a protuberance; a knob. 5. The part of a thing corresponding in position to the human heel; the lower part, or part on which a thing rests; especially: (a) (Naut.) The after end of a ship’s keel. (b) (Naut.) The lower end of a mast, a boom, the bowsprit, the sternpost, etc. (c) (Mil.) In a small arm, the corner of the but which is upwards in the firing position. (d) (Mil.) The uppermost part of the blade of a sword, next to the hilt. (e) The part of any tool next the tang or handle; as the heel of a scythe. 6. (Man.) Management by the heel, especially the spurred heel; as the horse understands the heel well. 7. (Arch.) (a) The lower end of a timber in a frame, as a post or rafter. In the United States, specif., the obtuse angle of the lower end of a rafter set sloping. (b) A cyma reversa; — so called by workmen. Gwilt. Heel chain (Naut.), a chain passing from the bowsprit cap around the heel of the jib boom. — Heel plate, the butt plate of a gun. — Heel of a rafter. (Arch.) See Heel, n., 7. — Heel ring, a ring for fastening a scythe blade to the snath. — Neck and heels, the whole body. (Colloq.) — To be at the heels of, to pursue closely; to follow hard; as hungry want is at my heels. Otway. — To be down at the heel, to be slovenly or in a poor plight. — To be out at the heels, to have on stockings that are worn out; hence, to be shabby, or in a poor plight. Shak. — To cool the heels. See under Cool. — To go heels over head, to turn over so as to bring the heels uppermost; hence, to move in a inconsiderate, or rash, manner. — To have the heels of, to outrun. — To lay by the heels, to fetter; to shackle; to imprison. Shak. Addison. — To show the heels, to flee; to run from. — To take to the heels, to flee; to betake to flight. — To throw up another’s heels, to trip him. Bunyan. — To tread upon one’s heels, to follow closely. Shak.

Heel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeled p. pr. & vb. n. Heeling.] 1. To perform by the use of the heels, as in dancing, running, and the like. [R.] “I cannot sing,
Nor heel the high lavolt.” Shak. 2. To add a heel to; as to heel a shoe. 3. To arm with a gaff, as a cock for fighting.

Heel´ball , n. A composition of wax and lampblack, used by shoemakers for polishing, and by antiquaries in copying inscriptions.

Heel´er , n. 1. A cock that strikes well with his heels or spurs. 2. A dependent and subservient hanger-on of a political patron. [Political Cant, U. S.] “The army of hungry heelers who do their bidding.” The Century.

Heel´less, a. Without a heel.

Heel´piece , n. 1. A piece of armor to protect the heels. Chesterfield. 2. A piece of leather fixed on the heel of a shoe. 3. The end. ´The heelpiece of his book.´ Lloyd.

Heel´post , n. 1. (Naut.) The post supporting the outer end of a propeller shaft. 2. (Carp.) The post to which a gate or door is hinged. 3. (Engineering) The quoin post of a lock gate.

Heel´spur , n. (Zoöl.) A slender bony or cartilaginous process developed from the heel bone of bats. It helps to support the wing membranes. See Illust. of Cheiropter.

Heel´tap , n. 1. One of the segments of leather in the heel of a shoe. 2. A small portion of liquor left in a glass after drinking. ´Bumpers around and no heeltaps.´ Sheridan.

Heel´tap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeltapped p. pr. & vb. n. Heeltapping.] To add a piece of leather to the heel of (a shoe, boot, etc.)

Heel´tool , n. A tool used by turners in metal, having a bend forming a heel near the cutting end.

Heep , n. The hip of the dog- rose. [Obs.]

Heer , n.[Etymol. uncertain.] A yarn measure of six hundred yards or &frac1x24; of a spindle. See Spindle.

Heer, n. [See Hair.] Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heft , n. Same as Haft, n. [Obs.] Waller.

Heft, n. [From Heave: cf. hefe weight. Cf. Haft.] 1. The act or effort of heaving violent strain or exertion. [Obs.] “He craks his gorge, his sides,
With violent hefts.” Shak. 2. Weight; ponderousness. [Colloq.] “A man of his age and heft.” T. Hughes. 3. The greater part or bulk of anything; as the heft of the crop was spoiled. [Colloq. U. S.] J. Pickering.

Heft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hefted (Heft, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Hefting.] 1. To heave up; to raise aloft. “Inflamed with wrath, his raging blade he heft.” Spenser. 2. To prove or try the weight of by raising. [Colloq.]

Heft´y, a. Moderately heavy. [Colloq. U. S.]

He•ge´li•an ( 106), a. Pertaining to Hegelianism. — n. A follower of Hegel. { He•ge´li•an•ism , He´gel•ism } n. The system of logic and philosophy set forth by Hegel, a German writer (1770-1831). { Heg•e•mon´ic , Heg•e•mon´ic•al } a. [Gr. . See Hegemony.] Leading; controlling; ruling; predominant. ´Princelike and hegemonical.´ Fotherby.

He•gem•o•ny , n. [Gr. , fr. guide, leader, fr. to go before.] Leadership; preponderant influence or authority; — usually applied to the relation of a government or state to its neighbors or confederates. Lieber.

Heg´ge , n. A hedge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

He•gi´ra ( 277), n. [Written also hejira.] [Ar. hijrah flight.] The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, September 13, A. D. 622 (subsequently established as the first year of the Moslem era); hence, any flight or exodus regarded as like that of Mohammed. The starting point of the Era was made to begin, not from the date of the flight, but from the first day of the Arabic year, which corresponds to July 16, A. D. 622.

Heif´er , n. [OE. hayfare, AS. heáhfore, heáfore; the second part of this word seems akin to AS. fearr bull, ox; akin to OHG. farro, G. farre, D. vaars, heifer, G. färse, and perh. to Gr. , , calf, heifer.] (Zoöl.) A young cow.

Heigh´-ho (hi´-ho), interj. An exclamation of surprise, joy, dejection, uneasiness, weariness, etc. Shak.

Height (hit), n. [Written also hight.] [OE. heighte, heght, heighthe, AS. heáhðu, hehðu fr. heah high; akin to D. hoogte, Sw. höjd, Dan. höide, Icel. haeð, Goth. hauhiþa. See High.] 1. The condition of being high; elevated position. “Behold the height of the stars, how high they are!” Job xxii. 12. 2. The distance to which anything rises above its foot, above that on which in stands, above the earth, or above the level of the sea; altitude; the measure upward from a surface, as the floor or the ground, of an animal, especially of a man; stature. Bacon. “[Goliath’s] height was six cubits and a span.” 1 Sam. xvii. 4. 3. Degree of latitude either north or south. [Obs.] “Guinea lieth to the north sea, in the same height as Peru to the south.” Abp. Abbot. 4. That which is elevated; an eminence; a hill or mountain; as Alpine heights. Dryden. 5. Elevation in excellence of any kind, as in power, learning, arts; also an advanced degree of social rank; preëminence or distinction in society; prominence. “Measure your mind’s height by the shade it casts.” R. Browning. “All would in his power hold, all make his subjects.” Chapman. 6. Progress toward eminence; grade; degree. “Social duties are carried to greater heights, and enforced with stronger motives by the principles of our religion.” Addison. 7. Utmost degree in extent; extreme limit of energy or condition; as the height of a fever, of passion, of madness, of folly; the height of a tempest. “My grief was at the height before thou camest.” Shak. On height, aloud. [Obs.] “[He] spake these same words, all on hight.” Chaucer.

Height´en (hit´’n), v. t. [Written also highten.] [imp. & p. p. Heightened (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Heightening.] 1. To make high; to raise higher; to elevate. 2. To carry forward; to advance; to increase; to augment; to aggravate; to intensify; to render more conspicuous; - - used of things, good or bad; as to heighten beauty; to heighten a flavor or a tint. ´To heighten our confusion.´ Addison. “An aspect of mystery which was easily heightened to the miraculous.” Hawthorne.

Height´en•er , n. [Written also hightener.] One who, or that which, heightens.

Hei´nous (ha´nus), a. [OF. haïnos hateful, F. haineux, fr. OF. haïne hate, F. haine, fr. haïr to hate; of German origin. See Hate.] Hateful; hatefully bad; flagrant; odious; atrocious; giving great offense; — applied to deeds or to character. “It were most heinous and accursed sacrilege.” Hooker. “How heinous had the fact been, how deserving
Contempt!” Milton. Syn. — Monstrous; flagrant; flagitious; atrocious. — Hei´nous•ly, adv. — Hei´nous•ness, n.

Heir , n. [OE. heir, eir, hair, OF. heir, eir, F. hoir, L. heres; of uncertain origin. Cf. Hereditary, Heritage.] 1. One who inherits, or is entitled to succeed to the possession of, any property after the death of its owner; one on whom the law bestows the title or property of another at the death of the latter. “I am my father’s heir and only son.” Shak. 2. One who receives any endowment from an ancestor or relation; as the heir of one’s reputation or virtues. “And I his heir in misery alone.” Pope. Heir apparent. (Law.) See under Apparent. — Heir at law, one who, after his ancector’s death, has a right to inherit all his intestate estate. Wharton (Law Dict.). — Heir presumptive, one who, if the ancestor should die immediately, would be his heir, but whose right to the inheritance may be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative, or by some other contingency.

Heir , v. t. To inherit; to succeed to. [R.] “One only daughter heired the royal state.” Dryden.

Heir´dom , n. The state of an heir; succession by inheritance. Burke.

Heir´ess, n. A female heir.

Heir´less a. Destitute of an heir. Shak.

Heir´loom , n. [Heir + loom, in its earlier sense of implement, tool. See Loom the frame.] Any furniture, movable, or personal chattel, which by law or special custom descends to the heir along with the inheritance; any piece of personal property that has been in a family for several generations. “Woe to him whose daring hand profanes
The honored heirlooms of his ancestors.” Moir.

Heir´ship , n. The state, character, or privileges of an heir; right of inheriting. Heirship movables, certain kinds of movables which the heir is entitled to take, besides the heritable estate. [Scot.]

He•ji´ra , n. See Hegira.

Hek´tare• , Hek´to•gram , Hek´to•li•ter, ∧ Hek´to•me•ter, n. Same as Hectare, Hectogram, Hectoliter, and Hectometer.

Hek´to•graph , n. See Hectograph.

Hel•a•mys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. fawn + mouse.] (Zoöl.) See Jumping hare, under Hare.

Hel´co•plas•ty , n. [Gr. a wound + -plasty.] (Med.) The act or process of repairing lesions made by ulcers, especially by a plastic operation.

Held , imp. & p. p. of Hold.

Hele , n. [See Heal, n.] Health; welfare. [Obs.] ´In joy and perfyt hele.´ Chaucer.

Hele, v. t. [AS. helan, akin to D. helen, OHG. helan, G. hehlen, L. celare. rad.17. See Hell, and cf. Conceal.] To hide; to cover; to roof. [Obs.] “Hide and hele things.” Chaucer.

Hel´e•na , n. [L.: cf. Sp. helena.] See St. Elmo’s fire, under Saint.

Hel´e•nin , n. (Chem.) A neutral organic substance found in the root of the elecampane (Inula helenium), and extracted as a white crystalline or oily material, with a slightly bitter taste.

He´li•ac , a. Heliacal.

He•li´a•cal , a. [Gr. belonging to the sun, fr. the sun: cf. F. heliaque.] (Astron.) Emerging from the light of the sun, or passing into it; rising or setting at the same, or nearly the same, time as the sun. Sir T. Browne. The heliacal rising of a star is when, after being in conjunction with the sun, and invisible, it emerges from the light so as to be visible in the morning before sunrising. On the contrary, the heliacal setting of a star is when the sun approaches conjunction so near as to render the star invisible.

He•li´a•cal•ly, adv. In a heliacal manner. De Quincey.

He•li•an´thin , n. [Prob. fr. L. helianthes, or NL. helianthus, sunflower, in allusion to its color.] (Chem.) An artificial, orange dyestuff, analogous to tropaolin, and like it used as an indicator in alkalimetry; — called also methyl orange.

He•li•an´thoid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Helianthoidea.

He•li•an´thoi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. helianthes sunflower + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of Anthozoa; the Actinaria.

Hel´i•cal , a. [From Helix.] Of or pertaining to, or in the form of, a helix; spiral; as a helical staircase; a helical spring. — Hel´i•cal•ly, adv.

Hel•i•chry´sum , n. [L., the marigold, fr. Gr. a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, with shining, commonly white or yellow, or sometimes reddish, radiated involucres, which are often called ´everlasting flowers.´

He•lic´i•form , a. [Helix + -form.] Having the form of a helix; spiral.

Hel´i•cin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside obtained as a white crystalline substance by partial oxidation of salicin, from a willow (Salix Helix of Linnaeus.)

Hel´i•cine , a. (Anat.) Curled; spiral; helicoid; — applied esp. to certain arteries of the penis.

Hel´i•co•graph , n. [Helix + -graph.] An instrument for drawing spiral lines on a plane.

Hel´i•coid , a. [Gr. ; ´e•lix, -ikos, spiral + shape: cf. F. helicoïde. See Helix.] 1. Spiral; curved, like the spire of a univalve shell. 2. (Zoöl.) Shaped like a snail shell; pertaining to the Helicidae, or Snail family. Helicoid parabola (Math.), the parabolic spiral.

Hel´i•coid, n. (Geom.) A warped surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner that every point of the line shall have a uniform motion in the direction of another fixed straight line, and at the same time a uniform angular motion about it.

Hel•i•coid´al , a. Same as Helicoid. — Hel•i•coid´al•ly, adv.

Hel´i•con , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] A mountain in Bœotia, in Greece, supposed by the Greeks to be the residence of Apollo and the Muses. “From Helicon’s harmonious springs
A thousand rills their mazy progress take.” Gray.

Hel•i•co´ni•a , n. [NL. See Helicon.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of Heliconius, a genus of tropical American butterflies. The wings are usually black, marked with green, crimson, and white.

Hel•i•co´ni•an , a. [L. Heliconius.] 1. Of or pertaining to Helicon. ´Heliconian honey.´ Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the butterflies of the genus Heliconius.

Hel•i•co´tre´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•lix, -ikos, a helix + a hole.] (Anat.) The opening by which the two scalae communicate at the top of the cochlea of the ear.

He´li•o- A combining form from Gr. ´h•lios the sun. { He•li•o•cen´tric , He•li•o•cen´tric´al , } a. [Helio- + centric, centrical: cf. F. heliocentrique.] (Astron.) pertaining to the sun’s center, or appearing to be seen from it; having, or relating to, the sun as a center; — opposed to geocentrical. Heliocentric parallax. See under Parallax. — Heliocentric place, latitude, longitude, etc. (of a heavenly body), the direction, latitude, longitude, etc., of the body as viewed from the sun.

He´li•o•chrome , n. [Helio- + Gr. color.] A photograph in colors. R. Hunt.

He•li•o•chro´mic , a. Pertaining to, or produced by, heliochromy.

He´li•o•chro•my , n. The art of producing photographs in color.

He´li•o•graph , n. [Helio- + -graph.]ets> 1. A picture taken by heliography; a photograph. 2. An instrument for taking photographs of the sun. 3. An apparatus for telegraphing by means of the sun’s rays. See Heliotrope, 3.

He•li•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to heliography or a heliograph; made by heliography. Heliographic chart. See under Chart.

He•li•og´ra•phy , n. [Helio- + -graphy.] Photography. R. Hunt.

He•li•o•grav´ure , n. [F. heliogravure.] The process of photographic engraving.

He•li•ol´a•ter , n. [Helio- + Gr. servant, worshiper.] A worshiper of the sun.

He•li•ol´a•try , n. [Helio- + Gr. service, worship.] Sun worship. See Sabianism.

He´li•o•lite , n. [Helio- + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil coral of the genus Heliolites, having twelve-rayed cells. It is found in the Silurian rocks.

He•li•om´e•ter , n. [Helio- + -meter: cf. F. heliomètre.] (Astron.) An instrument devised originally for measuring the diameter of the sun; now employed for delicate measurements of the distance and relative direction of two stars too far apart to be easily measured in the field of view of an ordinary telescope. { He•li•o•met´ric , He•li•o•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to the heliometer, or to heliometry.

He•li•om´e•try , n. The apart or practice of measuring the diameters of heavenly bodies, their relative distances, etc. See Heliometer.

He•li•op´o•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the sun + a passage, pore.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian stony coral now known to belong to the Alcyonaria; — called also blue coral.

He´li•o•scope , n. [Helio- + -scope: cf. F. helioscope.] (Astron.) A telescope or instrument for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes, as through colored glasses, or with mirrors which reflect but a small portion of light. — He•li•o•scop•ic (#), a.

He´li•o•stat , n. [Helio- + Gr. placed, standing, fr. to place, stand: cf. F. heliostate.] An instrument consisting of a mirror moved by clockwork, by which a sunbeam is made apparently stationary, by being steadily directed to one spot during the whole of its diurnal period; also a geodetic heliotrope.

He´li•o•trope , n. [F. heliotrope, L. heliotropium, Gr. ; the sun + to turn, turn. See Heliacal, Trope.] 1. (Anc. Astron.) An instrument or machine for showing when the sun arrived at the tropics and equinoctial line. 2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Heliotropium; — called also turnsole and girasole. H. Peruvianum is the commonly cultivated species with fragrant flowers. 3. (Geodesy & Signal Service) An instrument for making signals to an observer at a distance, by means of the sun’s rays thrown from a mirror. 4. (Min.) See Bloodstone (a). Heliotrope purple, a grayish purple color.

He´li•o•tro•per , n. The person at a geodetic station who has charge of the heliotrope.

He•li•o•trop´ic , a. (Bot.) Manifesting heliotropism; turning toward the sun.

He•li•ot´ro•pism , n. [Helio- + Gr. to turn.] (Bot.) The phenomenon of turning toward the light, seen in many leaves and flowers.

He´li•o•type , n. [Helio- + -type.] A picture obtained by the process of heliotypy.

He•li•o•typ´ic , a. Relating to, or obtained by, heliotypy.

He´li•o•ty•py , n. A method of transferring pictures from photographic negatives to hardened gelatin plates from which impressions are produced on paper as by lithography.

He•li•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. the sun + an animal.] (Zoöl.) An order of fresh-water rhizopods having a more or less globular form, with slender radiating pseudopodia; the sun animalcule.

Hel•i•spher´ic , Hel•i•spher´ic•al , a. [Helix + spheric, spherical.] Spiral. Helispherical line (Math.). the rhomb line in navigation. [R.]

He´li•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the sun.] (Chem.) A gaseous element found in the atmospheres of the sun and earth and in some rare minerals.

He´lix , n.; pl. L. Helices (#), E. Helixes (#). [L. helix, Gr. , , fr. to turn round; cf. L. volvere, and E. volute, voluble.] 1. (Geom.) A nonplane curve whose tangents are all equally inclined to a given plane. The common helix is the curve formed by the thread of the ordinary screw. It is distinguished from the spiral, all the convolutions of which are in the plane. 2. (Arch.) A caulicule or little volute under the abacus of the Corinthian capital. 3. (Anat.) The incurved margin or rim of the external ear. See Illust. of Ear. 4. (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails, including a large number of species. The genus originally included nearly all shells, but is now greatly restricted. See Snail, Pulmonifera.

Hell , n. [AS. hell; akin to D. hel, OHG. hella, G. hölle, Icel. hal, Sw. helfvete, Dan. helvede, Goth. halja, and to AS. helan to conceal. . Cf. Hele, v. t., Conceal, Cell, Helmet, Hole, Occult.] 1. The place of the dead, or of souls after death; the grave; — called in Hebrew sheol, and by the Greeks hades. “He descended into hell.” Book of Common Prayer. “Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell.” Ps. xvi. 10. 2. The place or state of punishment for the wicked after death; the abode of evil spirits. Hence, any mental torment; anguish. ´Within him hell.´ Milton. “It is a knell
That summons thee to heaven or to hell.” Shak. 3. A place where outcast persons or things are gathered; as: (a) A dungeon or prison; also in certain running games, a place to which those who are caught are carried for detention. (b) A gambling house. ´A convenient little gambling hell for those who had grown reckless.´ W. Black. (c) A place into which a tailor throws his shreds, or a printer his broken type. Hudibras. Gates of hell. (Script.) See Gate, n., 4.

Hell, v. t. To overwhelm. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hel•la•nod´ic , n. [Gr. ; , , a Greek + right, judgment.] (Gr. Antiq.) A judge or umpire in games or combats.

Hell´bend•er , n. (Zoöl.) A large North American aquatic salamander (Protonopsis horrida or Menopoma Alleghaniensis). It is very voracious and very tenacious of life. Also called alligator, and water dog.

Hell´born , a. Born in or of hell. Shak.

Hell´bred , a. Produced in hell. Spenser.

Hell´brewed , a. Prepared in hell. Milton.

Hell´broth , n. A composition for infernal purposes; a magical preparation. Shak.

Hell´-cat , n. A witch; a hag. Middleton.

Hell´-div•er , n. (Zoöl.) The dabchick.

Hell´doomed , a. Doomed to hell. Milton.

Hel´le•bore , n. [L. helleborus, elleborus, Gr. , ; cf. F. hellebore, ellebore.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Helleborus) of the Crowfoot family, mostly having powerfully cathartic and even poisonous qualities. H. niger is the European black hellebore, or Christmas rose, blossoming in winter or earliest spring. H. officinalis was the officinal hellebore of the ancients. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of several species of the poisonous liliaceous genus Veratrum, especially V. album and V. viride, both called white hellebore.

Hel•le•bo´re•in , n. (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside accompanying helleborin in several species of hellebore, and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a bittersweet taste. It has a strong action on the heart, resembling digitalin.

Hel•leb´o•rin , n. (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside found in several species of hellebore, and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a sharp tingling taste. It possesses the essential virtues of the plant; — called also elleborin.

Hel´le•bo•rism , n. The practice or theory of using hellebore as a medicine.

Hel´lene , n. [Gr. .] A native of either ancient or modern Greece; a Greek. Brewer.

Hel•le´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Hellenes, or Greeks.

Hel•len´ic ( 277), a. [Gr. , , fr. the Greeks.] Of or pertaining to the Hellenes, or inhabitants of Greece; Greek; Grecian. ´The Hellenic forces.´ Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Hel•len´ic, n. The dialect, formed with slight variations from the Attic, which prevailed among Greek writers after the time of Alexander.

Hel´len•ism , n. [Gr. : cf. F. Hellenisme.] 1. A phrase or form of speech in accordance with genius and construction or idioms of the Greek language; a Grecism. Addison. 2. The type of character of the ancient Greeks, who aimed at culture, grace, and amenity, as the chief elements in human well-being and perfection.

Hel´len•ist , n. [Gr. : cf. F. Helleniste.] 1. One who affiliates with Greeks, or imitates Greek manners; esp., a person of Jewish extraction who used the Greek language as his mother tongue, as did the Jews of Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, and Egypt; distinguished from the Hebraists, or native Jews (Acts vi. 1). 2. One skilled in the Greek language and literature; as the critical Hellenist. { Hel•le•nis´tic , Hel•le•nis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. Hellenistique.] Pertaining to the Hellenists. Hellenistic language, dialect, or idiom, the Greek spoken or used by the Jews who lived in countries where the Greek language prevailed; the Jewish-Greek dialect or idiom of the Septuagint.

Hel•le•nis´tic•al•ly, adv. According to the Hellenistic manner or dialect. J. Gregory.

Hel´len•ize , v. i. [Gr. .] To use the Greek language; to play the Greek; to Grecize.

Hel´len•ize , v. t. [Gr. .] To give a Greek form or character to; to Grecize; as to Hellenize a word.

Hel•len´o•type , n. See Ivorytype.

Hel´les•pont , n. [L. Hellespontus, Gr. ; the mythological Helle, daughter of Athamas + sea.] A narrow strait between Europe and Asia, now called the Daradanelles. It connects the AEgean Sea and the sea of Marmora.

Hel•les•pon´tine , a. Of or pertaining to the Hellespont. Mitford. { Hell´ga•mite , Hell´gra•mite } n. (Zoöl.) The aquatic larva of a large American winged insect (Corydalus cornutus), much used a fish bait by anglers; the dobson. It belongs to the Neuroptera.

Hell´hag , n. A hag of or fit for hell. Bp. Richardson.

Hell´-haunt•ed , a. Haunted by devils; hellish. Dryden.

Hell´hound , n. [AS. hellehund.] A dog of hell; an agent of hell. “A hellhound, that doth hunt us all to death.” Shak.

Hel´li•er , n. [See Hele, v. t.] One who heles or covers; hence, a tiler, slater, or thatcher. [Obs.] [Written also heler.] Usher.

Hell´ish , a. Of or pertaining to hell; like hell; infernal; malignant; wicked; detestable; diabolical. ´Hellish hate.´ Milton. — Hell´ish•ly, adv. — Hell´ish•ness, n.

Hell´kite , n. A kite of infernal breed. Shak.

Hel•lo´ , interj. & n. See Halloo.

Hell´ward , adv. Toward hell. Pope.

Hell´y, a. [AS. hellic.] Hellish. Anderson (1573).

Helm , n. See Haulm, straw.

Helm , n. [OE. helme, AS. helma rudder; akin to D. & G. helm, Icel. hjalm, and perh. to E. helve.] 1. (Naut.) The apparatus by which a ship is steered, comprising rudder, tiller, wheel, etc.; — commonly used of the tiller or wheel alone. 2. The place or office of direction or administration. ´The helm of the Commonwealth.´ Melmoth. 3. One at the place of direction or control; a steersman; hence, a guide; a director. “The helms o’ the State, who care for you like fathers.” Shak. 4. [Cf. Helve.] A helve. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Helm amidships, when the tiller, rudder, and keel are in the same plane. — Helm aport, when the tiller is borne over to the port side of the ship. — Helm astarboard, when the tiller is borne to the starboard side. — Helm alee, Helm aweather, when the tiller is borne over to the lee or to the weather side. — Helm hard alee or hard aport, hard astarboard, etc., when the tiller is borne over to the extreme limit. — Helm port, the round hole in a vessel’s counter through which the rudderstock passes. — Helm down, helm alee. — Helm up, helm aweather. — To ease the helm, to let the tiller come more amidships, so as to lessen the strain on the rudder. — To feel the helm, to obey it. — To right the helm, to put it amidships. — To shift the helm, to bear the tiller over to the corresponding position on the opposite side of the vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Helm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helmed p. pr. & vb. n. Helming.] To steer; to guide; to direct. [R.] “The business he hath helmed.” Shak. “A wild wave … overbears the bark,
And him that helms it.” Tennyson.

Helm, n. [AS. See Helmet.] 1. A helmet. [Poetic] 2. A heavy cloud lying on the brow of a mountain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Helm, v. t. To cover or furnish with a helm or helmet. [Perh. used only as a past part. or part. adj.] “She that helmed was in starke stours.” Chaucer.

Helm´age , n. Guidance; direction. [R.]

Helm´ed , a. Covered with a helmet. “The helmed cherubim
Are seen in glittering ranks.” Milton.

Hel´met , n. [OF. helmet, a dim of helme, F. heaume; of Teutonic origin; cf. G. helm, akin to AS. & OS. helm, D. helm, helmet, Icel. hjalmr, Sw. hjelm, Dan. hielm, Goth. hilms; and prob. from the root of AS. helan to hide, to hele; cf. also Lith. szalmas, Russ. shleme, Skr. çarman protection. rad.17. Cf. Hele, Hell, Helm a helmet.] 1. (Armor) A defensive covering for the head. See Casque, Headpiece, Morion, Sallet, and Illust. of Beaver. 2. (Her.) The representation of a helmet over shields or coats of arms, denoting gradations of rank by modifications of form. 3. A helmet-shaped hat, made of cork, felt, metal, or other suitable material, worn as part of the uniform of soldiers, firemen, etc., also worn in hot countries as a protection from the heat of the sun. 4. That which resembles a helmet in form, position, etc.; as: (a) (Chem.) The upper part of a retort. Boyle. (b) (Bot.) The hood-formed upper sepal or petal of some flowers, as of the monkshood or the snapdragon. (c) (Zoöl.) A naked shield or protuberance on the top or fore part of the head of a bird. Helmet beetle (Zoöl.), a leaf- eating beetle of the family Chrysomelidae, having a short, broad, and flattened body. Many species are known. — Helmet shell (Zoöl.), one of many species of tropical marine univalve shells belonging to Cassis and allied genera. Many of them are large and handsome; several are used for cutting as cameos, and hence are called cameo shells. See King conch. — Helmet shrike (Zoöl.), an African wood shrike of the genus Prionodon, having a large crest.

Hel•met•ed , a. Wearing a helmet; furnished with or having a helmet or helmet-shaped part; galeate.

Hel´met-shaped , a. Shaped like a helmet; galeate. See Illust. of Galeate.

Hel´minth , n. [Gr. , , a worm.] (Zoöl.) An intestinal worm, or wormlike intestinal parasite; one of the Helminthes.

Hel•min´tha•gogue , n. [Gr. a worm + to drive.] (Med.) A vermifuge.

Hel•min´thes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a worm.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions or branches of the animal kingdom. It is a large group including a vast number of species, most of which are parasitic. Called also Enthelminthes, Enthelmintha. The following classes are included, with others of less importance: Cestoidea (tapeworms), Trematodea (flukes, etc.), Turbellaria (planarians), Acanthocephala (thornheads), Nematoidea (roundworms, trichina, gordius), Nemertina (nemerteans). See Plathelminthes, and Nemathelminthes.

Hel•min•thi´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to suffer from worms, fr. , , a worm.] (Med.) A disease in which worms are present in some part of the body.

Hel•min´thic , a. [Cf. F. helminthique.] Of or relating to worms, or Helminthes; expelling worms. — n. A vermifuge; an anthelmintic.

Hel•min´thite , n. [Gr. , , a worm.] (Geol.) One of the sinuous tracks on the surfaces of many stones, and popularly considered as worm trails.

Hel•min´thoid , a. [Gr. , , a worm + -oid.] Wormlike; vermiform. { Hel•min•tho•log´ic , Hel•min•tho•log´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. helminthologique.] Of or pertaining to helminthology.

Hel•min•thol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. helminthologiste.] One versed in helminthology.

Hel•min•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , a worm + -logy: cf. F. helminthologie.] The natural history, or study, of worms, esp. parasitic worms.

Helm´less , a. 1. Destitute of a helmet. 2. Without a helm or rudder. Carlyle.

Helms´man , n.; pl. Helmsmen . The man at the helm; a steersman.

Helm´wind , n. A wind attending or presaged by the cloud called helm. [Prov. Eng.]

He´lot ( 277), n. [L. Helotes, Hilotae, pl., fr. Gr. E’e•lws and E’elw•ths a bondman or serf of the Spartans; so named from ’Elos, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants were enslaved; or perh. akin to e•lei^n to take, conquer, used as 2d aor. of .] A slave in ancient Sparta; a Spartan serf; hence, a slave or serf. “Those unfortunates, the Helots of mankind, more or less numerous in every community.” I. Taylor.

He´lot•ism , n. The condition of the Helots or slaves in Sparta; slavery.

He´lot•ry , n. The Helots, collectively; slaves; bondsmen. ´The Helotry of Mammon.´ Macaulay.

Help (help), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helped (helpt) (Obs. imp. Holp (holp), p. p. Holpen (hol´p’n)); p. pr. & vb. n. Helping.] [AS. helpan; akin to OS. helpan, D. helpen, G. helfen, OHG. helfan, Icel. hjalpa, Sw. hjelpa, Dan. hielpe, Goth. hilpan; cf. Lith. szelpti, and Skr. klp to be fitting.] 1. To furnish with strength or means for the successful performance of any action or the attainment of any object; to aid; to assist; as to help a man in his work; to help one to remember; — the following infinitive is commonly used without to; as ´Help me scale yon balcony.´ Longfellow. 2. To furnish with the means of deliverance from trouble; as to help one in distress; to help one out of prison. ´God help, poor souls, how idly do they talk!´ Shak. 3. To furnish with relief, as in pain or disease; to be of avail against; — sometimes with of before a word designating the pain or disease, and sometimes having such a word for the direct object. ´To help him of his blindness.´ Shak. “The true calamus helps coughs.” Gerarde. 4. To change for the better; to remedy. “Cease to lament for what thou canst not help.” Shak. 5. To prevent; to hinder; as the evil approaches, and who can help it? Swift. 6. To forbear; to avoid. “I can not help remarking the resemblance betwixt him and our author.” Pope. 7. To wait upon, as the guests at table, by carving and passing food. To help forward, to assist in advancing. — To help off, to help to go or pass away, as time; to assist in removing. Locke. — To help on, to forward; to promote by aid. — To help out, to aid, as in delivering from a difficulty, or to aid in completing a design or task. “The god of learning and of light
Would want a god himself to help him out.” Swift. — To help over, to enable to surmount; as to help one over an obstacle. — To help to, to supply with; to furnish with; as to help one to soup. — To help up, to help (one) to get up; to assist in rising, as after a fall, and the like. ´A man is well holp up that trusts to you.´ Shak. Syn. — To aid; assist; succor; relieve; serve; support; sustain; befriend. — To Help, Aid, Assist. These words all agree in the idea of affording relief or support to a person under difficulties. Help turns attention especially to the source of relief. If I fall into a pit, I call for help; and he who helps me out does it by an act of his own. Aid turns attention to the other side, and supposes coöperation on the part of him who is relieved; as he aided me in getting out of the pit; I got out by the aid of a ladder which he brought. Assist has a primary reference to relief afforded by a person who ´stands by´ in order to relieve. It denotes both help and aid. Thus, we say of a person who is weak, I assisted him upstairs, or, he mounted the stairs by my assistance. When help is used as a noun, it points less distinctively and exclusively to the source of relief, or, in other words, agrees more closely with aid. Thus we say, I got out of a pit by the help of my friend.

Help , v. i. To lend aid or assistance; to contribute strength or means; to avail or be of use; to assist. “A generous present helps to persuade, as well as an agreeable person.” Garth. To help out, to lend aid; to bring a supply.

Help, n. [AS. help; akin to D. hulp, G. hülfe, hilfe, Icel. hjalp, Sw. hjelp, Dan. hielp. See Help, v. t.] 1. Strength or means furnished toward promoting an object, or deliverance from difficulty or distress; aid; ^; also the person or thing furnishing the aid; as he gave me a help of fifty dollars. “Give us help from trouble, for vain is the help of man.” Ps. lx. 11. “God is … a very present help in trouble.” Ps. xlvi. 1. “Virtue is a friend and a help to nature.” South. 2. Remedy; relief; as there is no help for it. 3. A helper; one hired to help another; also thew hole force of hired helpers in any business. 4. Specifically, a domestic servant, man or woman. [Local, U. S.]

Help´er , n. One who, or that which, helps, aids, assists, or relieves; as a lay helper in a parish. “Thou art the helper of the fatherless.” Ps. x. 14. “Compassion … oftentimes a helper of evils.” Dr. H. More.

Help´ful , a. Furnishing help; giving aid; assistant; useful; salutary. “Heavens make our presence and our practices
Pleasant and helpful to him!” Shak. — Help´ful•ly, adv. — Help´ful•ness, n. Milton.

Help´less, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength; unable to help or defend one’s self; needing help; feeble; weak; as a helpless infant. “How shall I then your helpless fame defend?” Pope. 2. Beyond help; irremediable. “Some helpless disagreement or dislike, either of mind or body.” Milton. 3. Bringing no help; unaiding. [Obs.] “Yet since the gods have been
Helpless foreseers of my plagues.” Chapman. 4. Unsupplied; destitute; — with of. [R.] “Helpless of all that human wants require.” Dryden. — Help´less•ly, adv. — Help´less•ness, n.

Help´mate , n. [A corruption of the ´help meet for him´ of Genesis ii. 18.Fitzedward Hall.] A helper; a companion; specifically, a wife. “In Minorca the ass and the hog are common helpmates, and are yoked together in order to turn up the land.” Pennant. “A waiting woman was generally considered as the most suitable helpmate for a parson.” Macaulay.

Help´meet , n. [See Helpmate.] A wife; a helpmate. “The Lord God created Adam, … and afterwards, on his finding the want of a helpmeet, caused him to sleep, and took one of his ribs and thence made woman.” J. H. Newman.

Hel´ter-skel´ter , adv. [An onomatpoetic word. Cf. G. holter-polter, D. holder de bolder.] In hurry and confusion; without definite purpose; irregularly. [Colloq.] “Helter-skelter have I rode to thee.” Shak. “A wistaria vine running helter-skelter across the roof.” J. C. Harris.

Helve , n. [OE. helve, helfe, AS. hielf, helf, hylf, cf. OHG. halb; and also E. halter, helm of a rudder.] 1. The handle of an ax, hatchet, or adze. 2. (Iron Working) (a) The lever at the end of which is the hammer head, in a forge hammer. (b) A forge hammer which is lifted by a cam acting on the helve between the fulcrum and the head.

Helve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helved p. pr. & vb. n. Helving.] To furnish with a helve, as an ax.

Hel•ve´tian , a. Same as Helvetic. — n. A Swiss; a Switzer.

Hel•ve´tic , a. [L. Helveticus, fr. Helvetii the Helvetii.] Of or pertaining to the Helvetii, the ancient inhabitant of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states and inhabitant of the Alpine regions; as the Helvetic confederacy; Helvetic states. { Hel´vine , Hel´vite } n. [L. helvus of a light bay color.] (Min.) A mineral of a yellowish color, consisting chiefly of silica, glucina, manganese, and iron, with a little sulphur.

Hem (hem), pron. [OE., fr. AS. him, heom, dative pl. of. he he. See He, They.] Them [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hem, interj. An onomatopoetic word used as an expression of hesitation, doubt, etc. It is often a sort of voluntary half cough, loud or subdued, and would perhaps be better expressed by hm. “Cough or cry hem, if anybody come.” Shak.

Hem, n. An utterance or sound of the voice, hem or hm, often indicative of hesitation or doubt, sometimes used to call attention. ´His morning hems.´ Spectator.

Hem, v. i. [rad.15. See Hem, interj.] To make the sound expressed by the word hem; hence, to hesitate in speaking. ´Hem, and stroke thy beard.´ Shak.

Hem, n. [AS. hem, border, margin; cf. Fries. hämel, Prov. G. hammel hem of mire or dirt.] 1. The edge or border of a garment or cloth, doubled over and sewed, to strengthen it and prevent raveling. 2. Border; edge; margin. ´Hem of the sea.´ Shak. 3. A border made on sheet-metal ware by doubling over the edge of the sheet, to stiffen it and remove the sharp edge.

Hem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemmed p. pr. & vb. n. Hemming.] 1. To form a hem or border to; to fold and sew down the edge of. Wordsworth. 2. To border; to edge “All the skirt about
Was hemmed with golden fringe.” Spenser. To hem about, around, or in, to inclose and confine; to surround; to environ. ´With valiant squadrons round about to hem.´ Fairfax. ´Hemmed in to be a spoil to tyranny.´ Daniel. — To hem out, to shut out. ´You can not hem me out of London.´ J. Webster.

Hem´a- Same as Haema-.

Hem´a•chate , n. [L. haemachates; Gr. a´i^ma blood + agate.] (Min.) A species of agate, sprinkled with spots of red jasper.

Hem´a•chrome , n. Same as Haemachrome.

Hem´a•cite , n. [Gr. a´i^ma blood.] A composition made from blood, mixed with mineral or vegetable substances, used for making buttons, door knobs, etc. { Hem•a•drom´e•ter , Hem•a•dro•mom´e•ter , } n. [Hema- + Gr. course + - meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the velocity with which the blood moves in the arteries. { Hem•a•drom•e•try , Hem•a•dro•mom´e•try , } n. (Physiol.) The act of measuring the velocity with which the blood circulates in the arteries; haemotachometry.

He•ma•dy•nam´ics , n. [Hema- + dynamics.] (Physiol.) The principles of dynamics in their application to the blood; that part of science which treats of the motion of the blood.

He•ma•dy´na•mom´e•ter , n. [Hema- + dynamometr.] (Physiol.) An instrument by which the pressure of the blood in the arteries, or veins, is measured by the height to which it will raise a column of mercury; — called also a haemomanometer.

He´mal , a. [Gr. a´i^ma blood.] Relating to the blood or blood vessels; pertaining to, situated in the region of, or on the side with, the heart and great blood vessels; — opposed to neural. As applied to vertebrates, hemal is the same as ventral, the heart and great blood vessels being on the ventral, and the central nervous system on the dorsal, side of the vertebral column. Hemal arch (Anat.), the ventral arch in a segment of the spinal skeleton, formed by vertebral processes or ribs.

Hem•a•phae´in , n. Same as Haemaphaein.

Hem•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Hemapophyses . [NL. See Haema-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) The second element in each half of a hemal arch, corresponding to the sternal part of a rib. Owen. — Hem•a•po•phys´i•al (#), a. { Hem•a•stat´ic , Hem•a•stat´ic•al } a. & n. Same as Hemostatic.

Hem•a•stat´ics , n. (Physiol.) Laws relating to the equilibrium of the blood in the blood vessels.

Hem•a•ta•chom´e•ter , n. Same as Haematachometer.

Hem•a•te´in , n. [Gr. , , blood.] (Chem.) A reddish brown or violet crystalline substance, C_16H_12O_6, got from hematoxylin by partial oxidation, and regarded as analogous to the phthaleins.

Hem•a•tem´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + a vomiting, fr. to vomit.] (Med.) A vomiting of blood.

Hem´a•therm , n. [Gr. a´i^ma blood + warm.] (Zoöl.) A warm- blooded animal. [R.]

Hem•a•ther´mal , a. (Zoöl.) Warm-blooded; hematothermal. [R]

He•mat´ic , a. Same as Haematic.

He•mat´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine designed to improve the condition of the blood.

Hem´a•tin , n. [Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood.] 1. Hematoxylin. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) A bluish black, amorphous substance containing iron and obtained from blood. It exists the red blood corpuscles united with globulin, and the form of hemoglobin or oxyhemoglobin gives to the blood its red color.

Hem•a•ti•nom´e•ter , n. [Hematin + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) A form of hemoglobinometer.

Hem•a•tin•o•met´ric , a. (Physiol.) Relating to the measurement of the amount of hematin or hemoglobin contained in blood, or other fluids.

He•mat´i•non , n. [Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood.] A red consisting of silica, borax, and soda, fused with oxide of copper and iron, and used in enamels, mosaics, etc.

Hem´a•tite , n. [L. haematites, Gr. bloodlike, fr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood.] (Min.) An important ore of iron, the sesquioxide, so called because of the red color of the powder. It occurs in splendent rhombohedral crystals, and in massive and earthy forms; — the last called red ocher. Called also specular iron, oligist iron, rhombohedral iron ore, and bloodstone. See Brown hematite, under Brown.

Hem•a•tit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to hematite, or resembling it.

Hem´a•to See Haema-.

He•mat´o•cele , n. [Hemato- + Gr. tumor: cf. F. hematocèle.] (Med.) A tumor filled with blood.

Hem•a•toc´ry•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + kry•os cold.] (Zoöl.) The cold-blooded vertebrates, that is, all but the mammals and birds; — the antithesis to Hematotherma.

Hem•a•to•crys´tal•lin , n. [Hemato + crystalline.] (Physiol.) See Hemoglobin.

Hem´a•toid , a. [Hemato- + -oid.] (Physiol.) Resembling blood.

Hem•a•toid´in , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline or amorphous pigment, free from iron, formed from hematin in old blood stains, and in old hemorrhages in the body. It resembles bilirubin. When present in the corpora lutea it is called haemolutein.

Hem•a•tol´o•gy , n. [Hemato- + -logy.] The science which treats of the blood.

Hem•a•to´ma , n. [NL. See Hema- , and -oma.] (Med.) A circumscribed swelling produced by an effusion of blood beneath the skin.

Hem•a•to•phil´i•a (-to•fil´i•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + filei^n to love.] (Med.) A condition characterized by a tendency to profuse and uncontrollable hemorrhage from the slightest wounds.

Hem•a•to´sin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) The hematin of blood. [R.]

Hem•a•to´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´ima•twsis.] (Physiol.) (a) Sanguification; the conversion of chyle into blood. (b) The arterialization of the blood in the lungs; the formation of blood in general; haematogenesis.

Hem•a•to•ther´ma , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + thermo•s warm.] (Zoöl.) The warm-blooded vertebrates, comprising the mammals and birds; — the antithesis to hematocrya.

Hem´a•to•ther´mal , a. Warm- blooded.

Hem•a•tox´y•lin , n. Haematoxylin.

Hem•a•tu´ri•a , n. [NL. See Hema-, and Urine.] (Med.) Passage of urine mingled with blood.

Hem•au•tog´ra•phy , n. (Physiol.) The obtaining of a curve similar to a pulse curve or sphygmogram by allowing the blood from a divided artery to strike against a piece of paper. { Hem•el´y•tron , Hem•el´y•trum (- trum cf. Elytron, 277), }, n.; pl. Hemelytra . [NL. See Hemi, and Elytron.] (Zoöl.) One of the partially thickened anterior wings of certain insects, as of many Hemiptera, the earwigs, etc.

Hem•e•ra•lo´pi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , the opposite of ; day + of . See Nyctalopia.] (Med.) A disease of the eyes, in consequence of which a person can see clearly or without pain only by daylight or a strong artificial light; day sight. Some writers (as Quain) use the word in the opposite sense, i. e., day blindness. See Nyctalopia.

Hem•er•o´bi•an , n. [Gr. day + life.] (Zoöl.) A neuropterous insect of the genus Hemerobius, and allied genera.

He•mer´o•bid , a. (Zoöl.) Of relating to the hemerobians.

Hem•e•ro•cal´lis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; day + beauty.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some species of which are cultivated for their beautiful flowers; day lily.

Hem´i- [Gr. ´hmi-. See Semi-.] A prefix signifying half.

Hem•i•al•bu´min , n. [Hemi- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Hemialbumose.

Hem•i•al´bu´mose , n. [Hemi- + albumose.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance formed in gastric digestion, and by the action of boiling dilute acids on albumin. It is readily convertible into hemipeptone. Called also hemialbumin.

Hem•i•an•aes•the´si•a , n. [Hemi- + anaesthesia.] (Med.) Anaesthesia upon one side of the body.

Hem•i•bran´chi , n. pl. [NL. See Hemi-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes having an incomplete or reduced branchial apparatus. It includes the sticklebacks, the flutemouths, and Fistularia.

Hem•i•car´di•a , n. [NL. See Hemi-, and Cardia.] (Anat.) A lateral half of the heart, either the right or left. B. G. Wilder.

Hem•i•carp , n. [Hemi- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) One portion of a fruit that spontaneously divides into halves.

Hem•i•cer´e•brum , n. [Hemi- + cerebrum.] (Anat.) A lateral half of the cerebrum. Wilder.

Hem•i•col´lin , n. [Hemi- + collin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Semiglutin.

Hem•i•cra´ni•a , n. [L.: cf. F. hemicrânie. See Cranium, and Megrim.] (Med.) A pain that affects only one side of the head.

Hem´i•cra•ny , n. (Med.) Hemicranis.

Hem´i•cy•cle , n. [L. hemicyclus, Gr. ; + .] 1. A half circle; a semicircle. 2. A semicircular place, as a semicircular arena, or room, or part of a room. “The collections will be displayed in the hemicycle of the central pavilion.” London Academy.

Hem•i•dac´tyl , n. [See Hemi- , and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Old World geckoes of the genus Hemidactylus. The hemidactyls have dilated toes, with two rows of plates beneath.

Hem•i-dem•i-sem´i•quaver , n. [Hemi- + demi-semiquaver.] (Mus.) A short note, equal to one fourth of a semiquaver, or the sixty-fourth part of a whole note.

Hem•i•di´tone , n. [Hemi- + ditone.] (Gr. Mus.) The lesser third. Busby.

He•mig´a•mous , a. [Hemi- + Gr. marriage.] (Bot.) Having one of the two florets in the same spikelet neuter, and the other unisexual, whether male or female; — said of grasses.

Hem´i•glyph , n. [Hemi- + Gr. a carving.] (Arch.) The half channel or groove in the edge of the triglyph in the Doric order.

Hem•i•he´dral , a. [Hemi- + Gr. seat, base, fr. to sit.] (Crystallog.) Having half of the similar parts of a crystals, instead of all; consisting of half the planes which full symmetry would require, as when a cube has planes only on half of its eight solid angles, or one plane out of a pair on each of its edges; or as in the case of a tetrahedron, which is hemihedral to an octahedron, it being contained under four of the planes of an octahedron. — Hem•i•he´dral•ly, adv.

Hem•i•he´drism , n. (Crystallog.) The property of crystallizing hemihedrally.

Hem•i•he´dron , n. (Crystallog.) A solid hemihedrally derived. The tetrahedron is a hemihedron.

Hem•i•hol•o•he´dral , a. [Hemi- + holohedral.] (Crystallog.) Presenting hemihedral forms, in which half the sectants have the full number of planes.

Hem•i•mel•lit´ic , a. [Hemi- + mellitic.] (Chem.) Having half as many (three) carboxyl radicals as mellitic acid; — said of an organic acid.

Hem•i•me•tab´o•la , n. pl. [NL. See Hemi-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Those insects which have an incomplete metamorphosis.

Hem•i•met•a•bol´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having an incomplete metamorphosis, the larvae differing from the adults chiefly in laking wings, as in the grasshoppers and cockroaches.

Hem•i•mor´phic , a. [Hemi- + Gr. form.] (Crystallog.) Having the two ends modified with unlike planes; — said of a crystal.

He´min , n. [Gr. a´i^ma blood.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance, in the form of reddish brown, microscopic, prismatic crystals, formed from dried blood by the action of strong acetic acid and common salt; — called also Teichmann’s crystals. Chemically, it is a hydrochloride of hematin. The obtaining of these small crystals, from old blood clots or suspected blood stains, constitutes one of the best evidences of the presence of blood.

He•mi´na , n.; pl. Heminae (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A measure of half a sextary. Arbuthnot. 2. (Med.) A measure equal to about ten fluid ounces.

He•mi´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a half ass, a mule.] (Zoöl.) A wild ass found in Thibet; the kiang. Darwin. { Hem•i•o´pi•a , Hem•i•op´si•a } n. [NL., fr. Gr. half + Gr. sight.] (Med.) A defect of vision in consequence of which a person sees but half of an object looked at.

Hem•i•or´tho•type , a. [Hemi- + Gr. straight + -type.] Same as Monoclinic.

Hem•i•pep´tone , n. [Hemi- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) A product of the gastric and pancreatic digestion of albuminous matter. Unlike antipeptone it is convertible into leucin and tyrosin, by the continued action of pancreatic juice. See Peptone. It is also formed from hemialbumose and albumin by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid.

Hem•i•ple´gi•a , n.[NL., fr. Gr. ; half + a stroke; cf. F. hemiplagie.] (Med.) A palsy that affects one side only of the body. — Hem•i´pleg´ic (#), a.

Hem´i•ple•gy , n. (Med.) Hemiplegia.

Hem´i•pode , n. [Hemi- + Gr. , , foot.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Turnix. Various species inhabit Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Hem•i•pro´te•in , n. [Hemi- + protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) An insoluble, proteid substance, described by Schützenberger, formed when albumin is heated for some time with dilute sulphuric acid. It is apparently identical with antialbumid and dyspeptone.

He•mip´ter , n. [Cf. F. hemiptères, pl.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hemiptera.

He•mip´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. half + wing, fr. to fly.] (Zoöl.) An order of hexapod insects having a jointed proboscis, including four sharp stylets (mandibles and maxillae), for piercing. In many of the species (Heteroptera) the front wings are partially coriaceous, and different from the others. They are divided into the Heteroptera, including the squash bug, soldier bug, bedbug, etc.; the Homoptera, including the cicadas cuckoo spits, plant lice, scale insects, etc.; the Thysanoptera, including the thrips, and, according to most recent writers, the Pediculina or true lice. { He•mip´ter•al , He•mip´ter•ous } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hemiptera.

He•mip´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Hemiptera; an hemipter.

Hem•i•sect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Hemisecting.] [Hemi- + L. secare to cut.] (Anat.) To divide along the mesial plane.

Hem•i•sec´tion , n. (Anat.) A division along the mesial plane; also one of the parts so divided.

Hem´i•sphere , n. [L. hemisphaerium, Gr. ; half = sphere: cf. F. hemisphère. See Hemi-, and Sphere.] 1. A half sphere; one half of a sphere or globe, when divided by a plane passing through its center. 2. Half of the terrestrial globe, or a projection of the same in a map or picture. 3. The people who inhabit a hemisphere. “He died … mourned by a hemisphere.” J. P. Peters. Cerebral hemispheres. (Anat.) See Brain. — Magdeburg hemispheres (Physics), two hemispherical cups forming, when placed together, a cavity from which the air can be withdrawn by an air pump; — used to illustrate the pressure of the air. So called because invented by Otto von Guericke at Magdeburg. { Hem•i•spher´ic , Hem•i•spher´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. hemispherique.] Containing, or pertaining to, a hemisphere; as a hemispheric figure or form; a hemispherical body.

Hem•i•sphe´roid , n. [Hemi- + spheroid.] A half of a spheroid.

Hem•i•sphe•roid´al , a. Resembling, or approximating to, a hemisphere in form.

Hem•i•spher´ule , n. A half spherule.

Hem´i•stich ( 277), n. [L. hemistichium, Gr. ´hmisti•chion; ´hmi- half + sti•chos row, line, verse: cf. F. hemistiche.] Half a poetic verse or line, or a verse or line not completed.

He•mis´ti•chal , a. Pertaining to, or written in, hemistichs; also by, or according to, hemistichs; as a hemistichal division of a verse.

Hem•i•sys´to•le , n. (Physiol.) Contraction of only one ventricle of the heart. Hemisystole is noticed in rare cases of insufficiency of the mitral valve, in which both ventricles at times contract simultaneously, as in a normal heart, this condition alternating with contraction of the right ventricle alone; hence, intermittent hemisystole.

Hem´i•tone , n. [L. hemitonium, Gr. .] See Semitone. { He•mit´ro•pal , He•mit´ro•pous } a. [See Hemitrope.] 1. Turned half round; half inverted. 2. (Bot.) Having the raphe terminating about half way between the chalaza and the orifice; amphitropous; — said of an ovule. Gray.

Hem´i•trope , a. [Hemi- + Gr. to turn: cf. F. hemitrope.] Half turned round; half inverted; (Crystallog.) having a twinned structure.

Hem´i•trope, n. That which is hemitropal in construction; (Crystallog.) a twin crystal having a hemitropal structure.

He•mit´ro•py , n. (Crystallog.) Twin composition in crystals.

Hem´lock , n. [OE. hemeluc, humloc, AS. hemlic, hymlic.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several poisonous umbelliferous herbs having finely cut leaves and small white flowers, as the Cicuta maculata, bulbifera, and virosa, and the Conium maculatum. See Conium. The potion of hemlock administered to Socrates is by some thought to have been a decoction of Cicuta virosa, or water hemlock, by others, of Conium maculatum. 2. (Bot.) An evergreen tree common in North America (Abies, or Tsuga, Canadensis); hemlock spruce. “The murmuring pines and the hemlocks.” Longfellow. 3. The wood or timber of the hemlock tree. Ground hemlock, or Dwarf hemlock. See under Ground.

Hem´mel , n. [Scot. hemmel, hammel, Prov. E. hemble hovel, stable, shed, perh. allied to D. hemel heaven, canopy, G. himmel; cf. E. heaven. rad.14.] A shed or hovel for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hem´mer , n. One who, or that which, hems with a needle. Specifically: (a) An attachment to a sewing machine, for turning under the edge of a piece of fabric, preparatory to stitching it down. (b) A tool for turning over the edge of sheet metal to make a hem.

Hem´o- Same as Haema-, Haemo-.

Hem´o•glo´bin , n. [Hemo- + globe.] (Physiol.) The normal coloring matter of the red blood corpuscles of vertebrate animals. It is composed of hematin and globulin, and is also called haematoglobulin. In arterial blood, it is always combined with oxygen, and is then called oxyhemoglobin. It crystallizes under different forms from different animals, and when crystallized, is called haematocrystallin. See Blood crystal, under Blood.

Hem•o•glo´bin•om´e•ter , n. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Haemochromometer.

Hem•o•phil´i•a , n. See Hematophilia.

He•mop´ty•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma blood + to spit: cf. F. hemoptysie.] (Med.) The expectoration of blood, due usually to hemorrhage from the mucous membrane of the lungs.

Hem´or•rhage , n. [L. haemorrhagia, Gr. a´imorragi•a; a´i^ma blood + ´rhgny•nai to break, burst: cf. F. hemorragie, hemorrhagie.] (Med.) Any discharge of blood from the blood vessels. The blood circulates in a system of closed tubes, the rupture of which gives rise to hemorrhage.

Hem•or•rhag´ic , a. [Gr. a´imorragiko•s: cf. F. hemorrhagique.] Pertaining or tending to a flux of blood; consisting in, or accompanied by, hemorrhage.

Hem•or•rhoid´al , a. [Cf. F. hemorroïdal, hemorrhoïdal.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, hemorrhoids. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the rectum; rectal; as the hemorrhoidal arteries, veins, and nerves.

Hem´or•rhoids , n. pl. [L. haemorrhoidae, pl., Gr. , sing., (sc. ), pl., veins liable to discharge blood, hemorrhoids, fr. flowing with blood; a´i^ma blood + to flow: cf. F. hemorroïdes, hemorrhoïdes. See Rheum.] (Med.) Livid and painful swellings formed by the dilation of the blood vessels around the margin of, or within, the anus, from which blood or mucus is occasionally discharged; piles; emerods. [The sing. hemorrhoid is rarely used.]

Hem•o•stat´ic , a. [Hemo- + Gr. statiko•s causing to stand, fr. to stand.] 1. (Med.) Of or relating to stagnation of the blood. 2. Serving to arrest hemorrhage; styptic.

Hem•o•stat´ic, n. A medicine or application to arrest hemorrhage.

Hem•o•tho´rax , n. [NL. See Hemo- , and Thorax.] (Med.) An effusion of blood into the cavity of the pleura.

Hemp (hemp), n. [OE. hemp, AS. henep, haenep; akin to D. hennep, OHG. hanaf, G. hanf, Icel. hampr, Dan. hamp, Sw. hampa, L. cannabis, cannabum, Gr. ka•nnabis, ka•nnabos; cf. Russ. konoplia, Skr. çana; all prob. borrowed from some other language at an early time. Cf. Cannabine, Canvas.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cannabis (C. sativa), the fibrous skin or bark of which is used for making cloth and cordage. The name is also applied to various other plants yielding fiber. 2. The fiber of the skin or rind of the plant, prepared for spinning. The name has also been extended to various fibers resembling the true hemp. African hemp, Bowstring hemp. See under African, and Bowstring. — Bastard hemp, the Asiatic herb Datisca cannabina. — Canada hemp, a species of dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), the fiber of which was used by the Indians. — Hemp agrimony, a coarse, composite herb of Europe (Eupatorium cannabinum), much like the American boneset. — Hemp nettle, a plant of the genus Galeopsis (G. Tetrahit), belonging to the Mint family. — Indian hemp. See under Indian, a. — Manila hemp, the fiber of Musa textilis. — Sisal hemp, the fiber of Agave sisalana, of Mexico and Yucatan. — Sunn hemp, a fiber obtained from a leguminous plant (Crotalaria juncea). — Water hemp, an annual American weed (Acnida cannabina), related to the amaranth.

Hemp´en (-’n), a. 1. Made of hemp; as a hempen cord. 2. Like hemp. ´Beat into a hempen state.´ Cook.

Hemp´y , a. Like hemp. [R.] Howell.

Hem•self´ , Hem•selve´ , Hem•selv´en , pron. pl. [See Hem, pron.] Themselves; — used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hem´stitch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemstitched p. pr. & vb. n. Hemstitching.] [Hem + stitch.] To ornament at the head of a broad hem by drawing out a few parallel threads, and fastening the cross threads in successive small clusters; as to hemstitch a handkerchief.

Hem´stitched , a. Having a broad hem separated from the body of the article by a line of open work; as a hemistitched handkerchief.

He´muse , n. (Zoöl.) The roebuck in its third year. [Prov. Eng.]

Hen , n. [AS. henn, hen, haen; akin to D. hen, OHG. henna, G. henne, Icel. hna, Dan. höna; the fem. corresponding to AS. hana cock, D. haan, OHG. hano, G. hahn, Icel. hani, Dan. & Sw. hane. Prob. akin to L. canere to sing, and orig. meaning, a singer. Cf. Chanticleer.] (Zoöl.) The female of the domestic fowl; also the female of grouse, pheasants, or any kind of birds; as the heath hen; the gray hen. Used adjectively or in combination to indicate the female; as hen canary, hen eagle, hen turkey, peahen. Hen clam. (Zoöl.) (a) A clam of the Mactra, and allied genera; the sea clam or surf clam. See Surf clam. (b) A California clam of the genus Pachydesma. — Hen driver. See Hen harrier (below). — Hen harrier (Zoöl.), a hawk (Circus cyaneus), found in Europe and America; — called also dove hawk, henharm, henharrow, hen driver, and usually, in America, marsh hawk. See Marsh hawk. — Hen hawk (Zoöl.), one of several species of large hawks which capture hens; esp., the American red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis), the red-shouldered hawk (B. lineatus), and the goshawk.

Hen´bane , n. [Hen + bane.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Hyoscyamus (H. niger). All parts of the plant are poisonous, and the leaves are used for the same purposes as belladonna. It is poisonous to domestic fowls; whence the name. Called also stinking nightshade, from the fetid odor of the plant. See Hyoscyamus.

Hen´bit , n. (Bot.) A weed of the genus Lamium (L. amplexicaule) with deeply crenate leaves.

Hence , adv. [OE. hennes, hens (the s is prop. a genitive ending; cf. - wards), also hen, henne, hennen, heonnen, heonene, AS. heonan, heonon, heona, hine; akin to OHG. hinnan, G. hinnen, OHG. hina, G. hin; all from the root of E. he. See He.] 1. From this place; away. ´Or that we hence wend.´ Chaucer. “Arise, let us go hence.” John xiv. 31. “I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles.” Acts xxii. 21. 2. From this time; in the future; as a week hence. ´Half an hour hence.´ Shak. 3. From this reason; as an inference or deduction. “Hence, perhaps, it is, that Solomon calls the fear of the Lord the beginning of wisdom.” Tillotson. 4. From this source or origin. “All other faces borrowed hence
Their light and grace.” Suckling. “Whence come wars and fightings among you? Come they not hence, even of your lusts?” James. iv. 1. Hence is used, elliptically and imperatively, for go hence; depart hence; away; be gone. ´Hence with your little ones.´ Shak. — From hence, though a pleonasm, is fully authorized by the usage of good writers. “An ancient author prophesied from hence.” Dryden. “Expelled from hence into a world
Of woe and sorrow.” Milton.

Hence , v. t. To send away. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Hence•forth´ , adv. From this time forward; henceforward. “I never from thy side henceforth to stray.” Milton.

Hence•for´ward , adv. From this time forward; henceforth.

Hench´boy (hench´boi•), n. A page; a servant. [Obs.]

Hench´man (-man), n.; pl. -men (#). [OE. hencheman, henxman; prob. fr. OE. & AS. hengest horse + E. man, and meaning, a groom. AS. hengest is akin to D. & G. hengst stallion, OHG. hengist horse, gelding.] An attendant; a servant; a follower. Now chiefly used as a political cant term.

Hen´coop , n. A coop or cage for hens.

Hende , a. [OE., near, handy, kind, fr. AS. gehende near, fr. hand hand. See Handy.] 1. Skillful; dexterous; clever. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Friendly; civil; gentle; kind. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen•dec´a•gon , n. [Gr. eleven + angle: cf. F. hendecagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and eleven angles. [Written also endecagon.]

Hen´de•cane , n. [Gr. ´e•ndeka eleven.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C_11H_24, of the paraffin series; — so called because it has eleven atoms of carbon in each molecule. Called also endecane, undecane.

Hen•dec•a•syl•lab´ic , a. Pertaining to a line of eleven syllables.

Hen•dec´a•syl•la•ble , n. [L. hendecasyllabus, Gr. eleven-syllabled; eleven + syllable: cf. F. hendecasyllabe.] A metrical line of eleven syllables. J. Warton.

Hen•dec•a•to´ic , a. [See Hendecane.] (Chem.) Undecylic; pertaining to, or derived from, hendecane; as hendecatoic acid.

Hen•di´a•dys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. one by two.] (Gram.) A figure in which the idea is expressed by two nouns connected by and, instead of by a noun and limiting adjective; as we drink from cups and gold, for golden cups.

Hen´dy , a. [Obs.] See Hende.

Hen´en , adv. Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish; the sea bream. (b) A young bib. See Bib, n., 2.

Heng , obs. imp. of Hang. Hung. Chaucer.

Hen´-heart•ed , a. Cowardly; timid; chicken-hearted. Udall.

Hen´house , n.; pl. Henhouses. A house or shelter for fowls.

Hen´hus•sy , n. A cotquean; a man who intermeddles with women’s concerns.

He•ni´quen , n. See Jeniquen.

Hen´na , n. [Ar. hinna alcanna (Lawsonia inermis or alba). Cf. Alcanna, Alkanet, Orchanet.] 1. (Bot.) A thorny tree or shrub of the genus Lawsonia (L. alba). The fragrant white blossoms are used by the Buddhists in religious ceremonies. The powdered leaves furnish a red coloring matter used in the East to stain the nails and fingers, the manes of horses, etc. 2. (Com.) The leaves of the henna plant, or a preparation or dyestuff made from them.

Hen´ner•y , n. An inclosed place for keeping hens. [U. S.]

Hen´nes , adv. Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen•no•tan´nic , a. [Henna + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a brown resinous substance resembling tannin, and extracted from the henna plant; as hennotannic acid. { He•nog´e• ny , Hen•o•gen´e•sis } n. [Gr. e´i•s, masc., ´e•n, neut., one + root of to be born.] (Biol.) Same as Ontogeny.

Hen´o•the•ism , n. [Gr. e´i•s, ´enos•, one + E. theism.] Primitive religion in which each of several divinities is regarded as independent, and is worshiped without reference to the rest. [R.]

He•not´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. to unite, fr. e´i•s one.] Harmonizing; irenic. Gladstone.

Hen´peck , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Henpecked p. pr. & vb. Henpecking.] To subject to petty authority; — said of a wife who thus treats her husband. Commonly used in the past participle (often adjectively).

Hen´roost , n. A place where hens roost.

Hen´ry , n.; pl. Henrys. [From Joseph Henry, an American physicist.] The unit of electric induction; the induction in a circuit when the electro-motive force induced in this circuit is one volt, while the inducing current varies at the rate of one ampère a second.

Hen’s-foot , n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Caucalis daucoides).

Hent (hent), v. t. [imp. Hente; p. p. Hent.] [OE. hente, henten, fr. AS. hentan, gehentan, to pursue, take, seize; cf. Icel. henda, Goth. hinpan (in compos.), and E. hunt.] To seize; to lay hold on; to catch; to get. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Spenser. “This cursed Jew him hente and held him fast.” Chaucer. “But all that he might of his friendes hente
On bookes and on learning he it spente.” Chaucer.

Hen´ware , n. (Bot.) A coarse, blackish seaweed. See Badderlocks.

Henx´man , n. Henchman. [Obs.]

Hep , n. See Hip, the fruit of the dog-rose.

He´par , n. [L. hepar, hepatis, the liver, Gr. .] 1. (Old Chem.) Liver of sulphur; a substance of a liver-brown color, sometimes used in medicine. It is formed by fusing sulphur with carbonates of the alkalies (esp. potassium), and consists essentially of alkaline sulphides. Called also hepar sulphuris . 2. Any substance resembling hepar proper, in appearance; specifically, in homeopathy, calcium sulphide, called also hepar sulphuris calcareum . Hepar antimonii (Old Chem.), a substance, of a liver-brown color, obtained by fusing together antimony sulphide with alkaline sulphides, and consisting of sulphantimonites of the alkalies; — called also liver of antimony.

He•pat´ic , a. [L. hepaticus, Gr. , fr. the liver; akin to L. jecur, Skr. yakt: cf. F. hepatique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the liver; as hepatic artery; hepatic diseases. 2. Resembling the liver in color or in form; as hepatic cinnabar. 3. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the plants called Hepaticae, or scale mosses and liverworts. Hepatic duct (Anat.), any biliary duct; esp., the duct, or one of the ducts, which carries the bile from the liver to the cystic and common bile ducts. See Illust., under Digestive. — Hepatic gas (Old Chem.), sulphureted hydrogen gas. — Hepatic mercurial ore, or Hepatic cinnabar. See under Cinnabar.

He•pat´i•ca , n.; pl. Hepaticae (#). [NL. See Hepatic. So called in allusion to the shape of the lobed leaves or fronds.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of pretty spring flowers closely related to Anemone; squirrel cup. 2. (bot.) Any plant, usually procumbent and mosslike, of the cryptogamous class Hepaticae; — called also scale moss and liverwort. See Hepaticae, in the Supplement.

He•pat´ic•al, a. Hepatic. [R.]

Hep´a•tite ( 277), n. [L. hepatitis an unknown precious stone, Gr. , fr. , , the liver: cf. F. hepatite.] (Min.) A variety of barite emitting a fetid odor when rubbed or heated.

Hep•a•ti´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , liver + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the liver.

Hep•a•ti•za´tion , n. 1. (Chem.) Impregnating with sulphureted hydrogen gas. [Obs.] 2. [Cf. F. hepatisation.] (Med.) Conversion into a substance resembling the liver; a state of the lungs when gorged with effused matter, so that they are no longer pervious to the air.

Hep´a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hepatized p. pr. & vb. n. Hepatizing ] [Gr. to be like the liver, to be liver-colored, fr. , , the liver: cf. E. hepatite, and (for sense 2) F. hepatiser.] 1. To impregnate with sulphureted hydrogen gas formerly called hepatic gas. “On the right … were two wells of hepatized water.” Barrow. 2. To gorge with effused matter, as the lungs.

He•pat´o•cele , n. [Gr. , , the liver + tumor.] (Med.) Hernia of the liver.

Hep•a•to•cys´tic , a. [Hepatic + cystic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the liver and gall bladder; as the hepatocystic ducts.

Hep•a•to•gas´tric , a. [Hepatic + gastric.] (Anat.) See Gastrohepatic. { Hep•a•to•gen´ic , Hep•a•tog´e•nous } a. [Gr. ´h^par, ´h•patos, the liver + root of gi•gnesthai to be born] (Med.) Arising from the liver; due to a condition of the liver; as hepatogenic jaundice.

Hep•a•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ´h^par, ´h•patos, the liver + -logy.] The science which treats of the liver; a treatise on the liver.

Hep´a•to-pan´cre•as , n. [Gr. ´h^par, ´h•patos, the liver + E. pancreas.] (Zoöl.) A digestive gland in Crustacea, Mollusca, etc., usually called the liver, but different from the liver of vertebrates.

Hep•a•to•re´nal , a. [Hepatic + renal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the liver and kidneys; as the hepatorenal ligament.

Hep•a•tos´co•py , n. [Gr. ; fr. ´h^par, ´h•patos, the liver + to view: cf. F. hepatoscopie.] Divination by inspecting the liver of animals.

Hep´pen , a. [Cf. AS. gehaep fit, Icel. heppinn lucky, E. happy.] Neat; fit; comfortable. [Obs.]

Hep´per , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon; a parr.

Hep´ta [See Seven.] A combining form from Gr. ´epta•, seven.

Hep´ta•chord , n. [Gr. ´epta•xordos seven-stringed; ´epta• seven + xordh• chord: cf. F. heptacorde. See Seven, and Chord.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) (a) A system of seven sounds. (b) A lyre with seven chords. 2. (Anc. Poet.) A composition sung to the sound of seven chords or tones. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Hep´tad , n. [L. heptas the number seven. Gr. , , fr. ´epta• seven.] (Chem.) An atom which has a valence of seven, and which can be theoretically combined with, substituted for, or replaced by, seven monad atoms or radicals; as iodine is a heptad in iodic acid. Also used as an adjective.

Hep´tade , n. [Cf. F. heptade. See Heptad.] The sum or number of seven.

Hep´ta•glot , n. [Gr. ; ´epta• seven + 3, , tongue, language.] A book in seven languages.

Hep´ta•gon , n. [Gr. sevencornered; ´epta• seven + angle: cf. F. heptagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure consisting of seven sides and having seven angles.

Hep•tag´o•nal , a. [Cf. F. heptagonal.] Having seven angles or sides. Heptagonal numbers (Arith.), the numbers of the series 1, 7, 18, 34, 55, etc., being figurate numbers formed by adding successively the terms of the arithmetical series 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, etc.

Hep•ta•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´epta• seven + woman, female: cf. F. heptagunie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having seven pistils. { Hep•ta•gyn´i•an , Hep•tag´y•nous } a. [Cf. F. heptagyne.] (Bot.) Having seven pistils.

Hep•ta•he´dron , n. [Hepta- + Gr. seat, base, fr. to sit: cf. F. heptaèdre.] (Geom.) A solid figure with seven sides.

Hep•tam´er•ous , a. [Hepta- + Gr. part.] (Bot.) Consisting of seven parts, or having the parts in sets of sevens. Gray.

Hep•tan´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´epta• seven + , , man, male: cf. F. heptandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having seven stamens. { Hep•tan´dri•an , Hep•tan´drous } a. [Cf. F. heptandre.] (Bot.) Having seven stamens.

Hep´tane , n. [Gr. ´epta• seven.] (Chem.) Any one of several isometric hydrocarbons, C_7H_16, of the paraffin series (nine are possible, four are known); — so called because the molecule has seven carbon atoms. Specifically, a colorless liquid, found as a constituent of petroleum, in the tar oil of cannel coal, etc.

Hep•tan´gu•lar , a. [Hepta- + angular: cf. F. heptangulaire. Cf. Septangular.] Having seven angles.

Hep•taph´yl•lous , a. [Hepta- + Gr. leaf: cf. F. heptaphylle.] (Bot.) Having seven leaves.

Hep´tarch , n. Same as Heptarchist.

Hep•tar´chic , a. [Cf. F. heptarchique.] Of or pertaining to a heptarchy; constituting or consisting of a heptarchy. T. Warton.

Hep´tarch•ist , n. A ruler of one division of a heptarchy. [Written also heptarch.]

Hep´tarch•y , n. [Hepta- + -archy: cf. F. heptarchie.] A government by seven persons; also a country under seven rulers. The word is most commonly applied to England, when it was divided into seven kingdoms; as the Saxon heptachy, which consisted of Kent, the South Saxons (Sussex), West Saxons (Wessex), East Saxons (Essex), the East Angles, Mercia, and Northumberland.

Hep•ta•sper´mous , a. [Hepta- + Gr. a seed.] (Bot.) Having seven seeds.

Hep´ta•stich , n. [Hepta- + Gr. sti•chos line, verse.] (Pros.) A composition consisting of seven lines or verses.

Hep´ta•teuch , n. [L. heptateuchos, Gr. ´epta• seven + tool, book; to prepare, make, work: cf. F. heptateuque.] The first seven books of the Testament.

Hep•tav´a•lent , a. [Hepta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having seven units of attractive force or affinity; — said of heptad elements or radicals.

Hep´tene , n. [Gr. ´epta• seven.] (Chem.) Same as Heptylene.

Hep´tine , n. [Heptane + - ine.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of unsaturated metameric hydrocarbons, C_7H_12, of the acetylene series.

Hep•to´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, heptane; as heptoic acid.

Hep´tone , n. [Gr. ´epta• seven.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C_7H_10, of the valylene series.

Hep´ tree [See Hep.] The wild dog- rose.

Hep´tyl , n. [Hepta- + - yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C_7H_15, regarded as the essential radical of heptane and a related series of compounds.

Hep´tyl•ene , n. (Chem.) A colorless liquid hydrocarbon, C_7H_14, of the ethylene series; also any one of its isomers. Called also heptene.

Hep•tyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, heptyl or heptane; as heptylic alcohol. Cf. Œnanthylic.

Her , pron. & a. [OE. hire, here, hir, hure, gen. and dat. sing., AS. hire, gen. and dat. sing. of heo she. from the same root as E. he. See He.] The form of the objective and the possessive case of the personal pronoun she; as I saw her with her purse out. The possessive her takes the form hers when the noun with which in agrees is not given, but implied. ´And what his fortune wanted, hers could mend.´ Dryden.

Her , Here , pron. pl. [OE. here, hire, AS. heora, hyra, gen. pl. of he. See He.] Of them; their. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “On here bare knees adown they fall.” Chaucer.

He•rac´le•on•ite , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Heracleon of Alexandria, a Judaizing Gnostic, in the early history of the Christian church.

He•rak´line , n. [Gr. Hercules.] A picrate compound, used as an explosive in blasting.

Her´ald , n. [OE. herald, heraud, OF. heralt, heraut, herault, F. heraut, LL. heraldus, haraldus, fr. (assumed) OHG. heriwalto, hariwaldo, a (civil) officer who serves the army; hari, heri, army + waltan to manage, govern, G. walten; akin to E. wield. See Harry, Wield.] 1. (Antiq.) An officer whose business was to denounce or proclaim war, to challenge to battle, to proclaim peace, and to bear messages from the commander of an army. He was invested with a sacred and inviolable character. 2. In the Middle Ages, the officer charged with the above duties, and also with the care of genealogies, of the rights and privileges of noble families, and especially of armorial bearings. In modern times, some vestiges of this office remain, especially in England. See Heralds’ College (below), and King-at-Arms. 3. A proclaimer; one who, or that which, publishes or announces; as the herald of another’s fame. Shak. 4. A forerunner; a a precursor; a harbinger. “It was the lark, the herald of the morn.” Shak. 5. Any messenger. ´My herald is returned.´ Shak. Heralds’ College, in England, an ancient corporation, dependent upon the crown, instituted or perhaps recognized by Richard III. in 1483, consisting of the three Kings-at- Arms and the Chester, Lancaster, Richmond, Somerset, Windsor, and York Heralds, together with the Earl Marshal. This retains from the Middle Ages the charge of the armorial bearings of persons privileged to bear them, as well as of genealogies and kindred subjects; — called also College of Arms.

Her´ald , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heralded; p. pr. & vb. n. Heralding.] [Cf. OF. herauder, heraulder.] To introduce, or give tidings of, as by a herald; to proclaim; to announce; to foretell; to usher in. Shak.

He•ral´dic , a. [Cf. F. heraldique.] Of or pertaining to heralds or heraldry; as heraldic blazoning; heraldic language. T. Warton.

He•ral´dic•al•ly , adv. In an heraldic manner; according to the rules of heraldry.

Her´ald•ry , n. The art or office of a herald; the art, practice, or science of recording genealogies, and blazoning arms or ensigns armorial; also of marshaling cavalcades, processions, and public ceremonies.

Her´ald•ship, n. The office of a herald. Selden.

Her´a•path•ite , n. [Named after Dr. Herapath, the discoverer.] (Chem.) The sulphate of iodoquinine, a substance crystallizing in thin plates remarkable for their effects in polarizing light.

Her´aud , n. A herald. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Herb ( 277), n. [OE. herbe, erbe, OF. herbe, erbe, F. herbe, L. herba; perh. akin to Gr. forbh• food, pasture, fe•rbein to feed.] 1. A plant whose stem does not become woody and permanent, but dies, at least down to the ground, after flowering. Annual herbs live but one season; biennial herbs flower the second season, and then die; perennial herbs produce new stems year after year. 2. Grass; herbage. “And flocks
Grazing the tender herb.” Milton. Herb bennet. (Bot.) See Bennet. — Herb Christopher (Bot.), an herb (Actaea spicata), whose root is used in nervous diseases; the baneberry. The name is occasionally given to other plants, as the royal fern, the wood betony, etc. — Herb Gerard (Bot.), the goutweed; — so called in honor of St. Gerard, who used to be invoked against the gout. Dr. Prior. — Herb grace, or Herb of grace. (Bot.) See Rue. — Herb Margaret (Bot.), the daisy. See Marguerite. — Herb Paris (Bot.), an Old World plant related to the trillium (Paris quadrifolia), commonly reputed poisonous. — Herb Robert (Bot.), a species of Geranium (G. Robertianum.)

Her•ba´ceous , a. [L. herbaceus grassy. See Herb.] Of or pertaining to herbs; having the nature, texture, or characteristics, of an herb; as herbaceous plants; an herbaceous stem.

Herb´age ( 48), n. [F. See Herb.] 1. Herbs collectively; green food beasts; grass; pasture. ´Thin herbage in the plaims.´ Dryden. 2. (Law.) The liberty or right of pasture in the forest or in the grounds of another man. Blount.

Herb´aged , a. Covered with grass. Thomson.

Herb´al , a. Of or pertaining to herbs. Quarles.

Herb´al , n. 1. A book containing the names and descriptions of plants. Bacon. 2. A collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved; a hortus siccus; an herbarium. Steele.

Herb´al•ism , n. The knowledge of herbs.

Herb´al•ist, n. One skilled in the knowledge of plants; a collector of, or dealer in, herbs, especially medicinal herbs.

Herb´ar , n. An herb. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her•ba´ri•an , n. A herbalist.

Herb´a•rist , n. A herbalist. [Obs.]

Her•ba´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Herbariums (#), L. Herbaria (#). [LL., fr. L. herba. See Herb, and cf. Arbor, Herbary.] 1. A collection of dried specimens of plants, systematically arranged. Gray. 2. A book or case for preserving dried plants.

Herb´a•rize , v. t. See Herborize.

Herb´a•ry , n. [See Herbarium.] A garden of herbs; a cottage garden. T. Warton.

Herb´er , n. [OF. herbier, LL. herbarium. See Herbarium.] A garden; a pleasure garden. [Obs.] ´Into an herber green.´ Chaucer.

Her´berg•age , n. [See Harborage.] Harborage; lodging; shelter; harbor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´ber•geour , n. [See Harbinger.] A harbinger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´bergh , Her´ber•we , n. [See Harbor.] A harbor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her•bes´cent , a. [L. herbescens, p. pr. of herbescere.] Growing into herbs.

Herb´id , a. [L. herbidus.] Covered with herbs. [Obs.] Bailey.

Her•bif´er•ous , a. [Herb + -ferous: cf. F. herbifere.] Bearing herbs or vegetation.

Herb´ist , n. A herbalist.

Her•biv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. herba herb + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Mammalia. It formerly included the Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla, but by later writers it is generally restricted to the two latter groups (Ungulata). They feed almost exclusively upon vegetation.

Her´bi•vore , n. [Cf. F. herbivore.] (Zoöl.) One of the Herbivora. P. H. Gosse.

Her•biv´o•rous , a. (Zoöl.) Eating plants; of or pertaining to the Herbivora.

Herb´less , a. Destitute of herbs or of vegetation. J. Warton.

Herb´let , n. A small herb. Shak.

Her´bo•rist , n. [F. herboriste.] A herbalist. Ray.

Her•bo•ri•za´tion , n. [F. herborisation.] 1. The act of herborizing. 2. The figure of plants in minerals or fossils.

Her´bo•rize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herborized p. pr. & vb. n. Herborizing ] [F. herboriser, for herbariser, fr. L. herbarium. See Hebrarium.] To search for plants, or new species of plants, with a view to classifying them. “He herborized as he traveled.” W. Tooke.

Her´bo•rize, v. t. To form the figures of plants in; — said in reference to minerals. See Arborized. “Herborized stones contain fine mosses.” Fourcroy (Trans.)

Her´bor•ough , n. [See Harborough, and Harbor.] A harbor. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Her•bose´ , Herb´ous } a. [L. herbosus: cf. F. herbeux.] Abounding with herbs. ´Fields poetically called herbose.´ Byrom.

Herb´-wom•an , n.; pl. Herb-women . A woman that sells herbs.

Herb´y , a. Having the nature of, pertaining to, or covered with, herbs or herbage. ´Herby valleys.´ Chapman.

Her•cog´a•mous , a. [Gr. a fence + marriage.] (Bot.) Not capable of self- fertilization; — said of hermaphrodite flowers in which some structural obstacle forbids autogamy.

Her•cu´le•an , a. [L. herculeus, fr. Hercules: cf. F. herculeen. See Hercules.] 1. Requiring the strength of Hercules; hence, very great, difficult, or dangerous; as an Herculean task. 2. Having extraordinary strength or size; as Herculean limbs. ´Herculean Samson.´ Milton.

Her´cu•les , n. 1. (Gr. Myth.) A hero, fabled to have been the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and celebrated for great strength, esp. for the accomplishment of his twelve great tasks or ´labors.´ 2. (Astron.) A constellation in the northern hemisphere, near Lyra. Hercules’ beetle (Zoöl.), any species of Dynastes, an American genus of very large lamellicorn beetles, esp. D. hercules of South America, which grows to a length of six inches. — Hercules’ club. (Bot.) (a) An ornamental tree of the West Indies (Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis), of the same genus with the prickly ash. (b) A variety of the common gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris). Its fruit sometimes exceeds five feet in length. (c) The Angelica tree. See under Angelica. — Hercules powder, an explosive containing nitroglycerin; — used for blasting.

Her•cyn´i•an , a. [L. Hercynia silva, Hercynius saltus, the Hercynian forest; cf. Gr. .] Of or pertaining to an extensive forest in Germany, of which there are still portions in Swabia and the Hartz mountains.

Herd , a. Haired. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Herd , n. [OE. herd, heord, AS. heord; akin to OHG. herta,G. herde, Icel. hjör, Sw. hjord, Dan. hiord, Goth. haírda; cf. Skr. çardha troop, host.] 1. A number of beasts assembled together; as a herd of horses, oxen, cattle, camels, elephants, deer, or swine; a particular stock or family of cattle. “The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea.” Gray. Herd is distinguished from flock, as being chiefly applied to the larger animals. A number of cattle, when driven to market, is called a drove. 2. A crowd of low people; a rabble. “But far more numerous was the herd of such
Who think too little and who talk too much.” Dryden. “You can never interest the common herd in the abstract question.” Coleridge. Herd’s grass (Bot.), one of several species of grass, highly esteemed for hay. See under Grass.

Herd, n. [OE. hirde, herde, heorde, AS. hirde, hyrde, heorde; akin to G. hirt, hirte, OHG. hirti, Icel. hirir, Sw. herde, Dan. hyrde, Goth. haírdeis. See 2d Herd.] One who herds or assembles domestic animals; a herdsman; — much used in composition; as a shepherd; a goatherd, and the like. Chaucer.

Herd, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herded; p. pr. & vb. n. Herding.] [See 2d Herd.] 1. To unite or associate in a herd; to feed or run together, or in company; as sheep herd on many hills. 2. To associate; to ally one’s self with, or place one’s self among, a group or company. “I’ll herd among his friends, and seem
One of the number.” Addison. 3. To act as a herdsman or a shepherd. [Scot.]

Herd, v. t. To form or put into a herd.

Herd´book , n. A book containing the list and pedigrees of one or more herds of choice breeds of cattle; — also called herd record, or herd register.

Herd´er , n. A herdsman. [R.]

Her´der•ite , n. [Named after Baron von Herder, who discovered it.] (Min.) A rare fluophosphate of glucina, in small white crystals.

Herd´ess , n. A shepherdess; a female herder. Sir P. Sidney. Chaucer.

Herd´groom , n. A herdsman. [Obs.]

Her´dic , n. [Named from Peter Herdic, the inventor.] A kind of low-hung cab. { Herd´man , Herds´man } n.; pl. -men. The owner or keeper of a herd or of herds; one employed in tending a herd of cattle.

Herds´wom•an , n.; pl. - women . A woman who tends a herd. Sir W. Scott.

Here , n. Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here , pron. 1. See Her, their. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Her; hers. See Her. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here , adv. [OE. her, AS. hr; akin to OS. hr, D. hier, OHG. hiar, G. hier, Icel. & Goth. hr, Dan. her, Sw. här; fr. root of E. he. See He.] 1. In this place; in the place where the speaker is; — opposed to there. “He is not here, for he is risen.” Matt. xxviii. 6. 2. In the present life or state. “Happy here, and more happy hereafter.” Bacon. 3. To or into this place; hither. [Colloq.] See Thither. “Here comes Virgil.” B. Jonson. “Thou led’st me here.” Byron. 4. At this point of time, or of an argument; now. “The prisoner here made violent efforts to rise.” Warren. Here, in the last sense, is sometimes used before a verb without subject; as Here goes, for Now (something or somebody) goes; — especially occurring thus in drinking healths. ´Here’s [a health] to thee, Dick.´ Cowley. Here and there, in one place and another; in a dispersed manner; irregularly. ´Footsteps here and there.´ Longfellow. — It is neither, here nor there, it is neither in this place nor in that, neither in one place nor in another; hence, it is to no purpose, irrelevant, nonsense. Shak. { Here´a-bout• , Here´a•bouts• } adv. 1. About this place; in this vicinity. 2. Concerning this. [Obs.]

Here•aft´er , adv. [AS. heraefter.] In time to come; in some future time or state. “Hereafter he from war shall come.” Dryden.

Here•aft´er, n. A future existence or state. “’Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter.” Addison.

Here•aft´er•ward , adv. Hereafter. [Obs.] “Thou shalt hereafterward … come.” Chaucer.

Here-at´ , adv. At, or by reason of, this; as he was offended hereat. Hooker.

Here•by´ , adv. 1. By means of this. “And hereby we do know that we know him.” 1 John ii. 3. 2. Close by; very near. [Obs.] Shak.

He•red•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. State of being hereditable. Brydges.

He•red´i•ta•ble , a. [LL. hereditabilis, fr. hereditare to inherit, fr. L. hereditas heirship inheritance, heres heir: cf. OF. hereditable. See Heir, and cf. Heritable.] 1. Capable of being inherited. See Inheritable. Locke. 2. Qualified to inherit; capable of inheriting.

He•red´i•ta•bly, adv. By inheritance. W. Tooke.

Her•e•dit´a•ment , n. [LL. hereditamentum. See Hereditable.] (Law) Any species of property that may be inherited; lands, tenements, anything corporeal or incorporeal, real, personal, or mixed, that may descend to an heir. Blackstone. A corporeal hereditament is visible and tangible; an incorporeal hereditament is not in itself visible or tangible, being an hereditary right, interest, or obligation, as duty to pay rent, or a right of way.

He•red´i•ta•ri•ly , adv. By inheritance; in an hereditary manner. Pope.

He•red´i•ta•ry , a. [L. hereditarius, fr. hereditas heirship, inheritance, fr. heres heir: cf. F. hereditaire. See Heir.] 1. Descended, or capable of descending, from an ancestor to an heir at law; received or passing by inheritance, or that must pass by inheritance; as an hereditary estate or crown. 2. Transmitted, or capable of being transmitted, as a constitutional quality or condition from a parent to a child; as hereditary pride, bravery, disease. Syn. — Ancestral; patrimonial; inheritable.

He•red´i•ty , n. [L. hereditas heirship.] (Biol.) Hereditary transmission of the physical and psychical qualities of parents to their offspring; the biological law by which living beings tend to repeat their characteristics in their descendants. See Pangenesis.

Her´e•ford , n. One of a breed of cattle originating in Herefordshire, England. The Herefords are good working animals, and their beef-producing quality is excellent.

Here´hence , adv. From hence. [Obs.]

Here•in´ , adv. [AS. hrinne.] In this. “Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit.” John xv. 8.

Here•in•aft´er , adv. In the following part of this (writing, document, speech, and the like).

Here•in•be•fore´, adv. In the preceding part of this (writing, document, book, etc.).

Here•in•to´ ( 277), adv. Into this. Hooker. { Her´e•mit , Her´e•mite } n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Her•e•mit´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to a hermit; solitary; secluded from society. Pope.

Her´en , a. Made of hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here•of´ , adv. Of this; concerning this; from this; hence. “Hereof comes it that Prince Harry is valiant.” Shak.

Here•on´ , adv. On or upon this; hereupon.

Here•out´ , adv. Out of this. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her´e•si•arch ( 277), n. [L. haeresiarcha, Gr. ; heresy + leader, to lead: cf. F. heresiarque.] A leader in heresy; the chief of a sect of heretics. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Her´e•si•arch•y , n. A chief or great heresy. [R.] “The book itself [the Alcoran] consists of heresiarchies against our blessed Savior.” Sir T. Herbert.

Her•e•si•og´ra•pher , n. [See Heresiography.] One who writes on heresies.

Her•e•si•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. heresy + -graphy: cf. F. heresiographie.] A treatise on heresy.

Her´e•sy , n.; pl. Heresies (#). [OE. heresie, eresie, OF. heresie, iresie, F. heresie, L. haeresis, Gr. a taking, a taking for one’s self, choosing, a choice, a sect, a heresy, fr. to take, choose.] 1. An opinion held in opposition to the established or commonly received doctrine, and tending to promote a division or party, as in politics, literature, philosophy, etc.; — usually, but not necessarily, said in reproach. “New opinions
Divers and dangerous, which are heresies,
And, not reformed, may prove pernicious.” Shak. “After the study of philosophy began in Greece, and the philosophers, disagreeing amongst themselves, had started many questions … because every man took what opinion he pleased, each several opinion was called a heresy; which signified no more than a private opinion, without reference to truth or falsehood.” Hobbes. 2. (Theol.) Religious opinion opposed to the authorized doctrinal standards of any particular church, especially when tending to promote schism or separation; lack of orthodox or sound belief; rejection of, or erroneous belief in regard to, some fundamental religious doctrine or truth; heterodoxy. “Doubts ’mongst divines, and difference of texts,
From whence arise diversity of sects,
And hateful heresies by God abhor’d.” Spenser. “Deluded people! that do not consider that the greatest heresy in the world is a wicked life.” Tillotson. 3. (Law) An offense against Christianity, consisting in a denial of some essential doctrine, which denial is publicly avowed, and obstinately maintained. “A second offense is that of heresy, which consists not in a total denial of Christianity, but of some its essential doctrines, publicly and obstinately avowed.” Blackstone. ´When I call dueling, and similar aberrations of honor, a moral heresy, I refer to the force of the Greek , as signifying a principle or opinion taken up by the will for the will’s sake, as a proof or pledge to itself of its own power of self- determination, independent of all other motives.´ Coleridge.

Her´e•tic , n. [L. haereticus, Gr. able to choose, heretical, fr. to take, choose: cf. F. heretique. See Heresy.] 1. One who holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine contrary to the established faith or prevailing religion. “A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject.” Titus iii. 10. 2. (R. C. Ch.) One who having made a profession of Christian belief, deliberately and pertinaciously refuses to believe one or more of the articles of faith ´determined by the authority of the universal church.´ Addis & Arnold. Syn. — Heretic, Schismatic, Sectarian. A heretic is one whose errors are doctrinal, and usually of a malignant character, tending to subvert the true faith. A schismatic is one who creates a schism, or division in the church, on points of faith, discipline, practice, etc., usually for the sake of personal aggrandizement. A sectarian is one who originates or is an ardent adherent and advocate of a sect, or distinct organization, which separates from the main body of believers.

He•ret´i•cal , a. Containing heresy; of the nature of, or characterized by, heresy.

He•ret´i•cal•ly, adv. In an heretical manner.

He•ret´i•cate , v. t. [LL. haereticatus, p. p. of haereticare.] To decide to be heresy or a heretic; to denounce as a heretic or heretical. Bp. Hall. “And let no one be minded, on the score of my neoterism, to hereticate me.” Fitzed. Hall.

He•ret•i•fi•ca´tion , n. The act of hereticating or pronouncing heretical. London Times.

Here•to´ , adv. To this; hereunto. Hooker. { Her´e•toch , Her´e•tog } n. [AS. heretoga, heretoha; here army + teón to draw, lead; akin to OS. heritogo, OHG. herizogo, G. herzog duke.] (AS. Antiq.) The leader or commander of an army; also a marshal. Blackstone.

Here•to•fore´ , adv. Up to this time; hitherto; before; in time past. Shak.

Here•un•to´ , adv. Unto this; up to this time; hereto.

Here•up•on´ , adv. On this; hereon.

Here•with´ , adv. With this.

Her´ie , v. t. [See Hery.] To praise; to worship. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´i•ot , n. [AS. heregeatu military equipment, heriot; here army + geatwe, pl., arms, equipments.] (Eng. Law) Formerly, a payment or tribute of arms or military accouterments, or the best beast, or chattel, due to the lord on the death of a tenant; in modern use, a customary tribute of goods or chattels to the lord of the fee, paid on the decease of a tenant. Blackstone. Bouvier. Heriot custom, a heriot depending on usage. — Heriot service (Law), a heriot due by reservation in a grant or lease of lands. Spelman. Blackstone.

Her´i•ot•a•ble , a. Subject to the payment of a heriot. Burn.

Her´is•son , n. [F. herisson, prop., hedgehog.] (fort.) A beam or bar armed with iron spikes, and turning on a pivot; — used to block up a passage.

Her•it•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being heritable.

Her´it•a•ble , a. [OF. heritable. See Heritage, Hereditable.] 1. Capable of being inherited or of passing by inheritance; inheritable. 2. Capable of inheriting or receiving by inheritance. “This son shall be legitimate and heritable.” Sir M. Hale. Heritable rights (Scots Law), rights of the heir; rights to land or whatever may be intimately connected with land; realty. Jacob (Law Dict.).

Her´it•age , a. [OE. heritage, eritage, OF. heritage, eritage, F. heritage, fr. heriter to inherit, LL. heriditare. See Hereditable.] 1. That which is inherited, or passes from heir to heir; inheritance. “Part of my heritage,
Which my dead father did bequeath to me.” Shak. 2. (Script.) A possession; the Israelites, as God’s chosen people; also a flock under pastoral charge. Joel iii. 2. 1 Peter v. 3.

Her´it•ance , n. [OF. heritance.] Heritage; inheritance. [R.] “Robbing their children of the heritance
Their fathers handed down” Southey.

Her´it•or , n. [Cf. LL. herator, fr. L. heres an heir.] A proprietor or landholder in a parish. [Scot.]

Herl , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Harl, 2.

Her´ling , Hir´ling , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The young of the sea trout. [Prov. Eng.]

Her´ma , n.; pl. Hermae (#). [L.] See Hermes, 2.

Her•maph•ro•de´i•ty , n. Hermaphrodism. B. Jonson.

Her•maph´ro•dism , n. [Cf. F. hermaphrodisme.] (Biol.) See Hermaphroditism.

Her•maph´ro•dite , n. [L. hermaphroditus, Gr. , so called from the mythical story that Hermaphroditus, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, when bathing, became joined in one body with Salmacis, the nymph of a fountain in Caria: cf. F. hermaphrodite.] (Biol.) An individual which has the attributes of both male and female, or which unites in itself the two sexes; an animal or plant having the parts of generation of both sexes, as when a flower contains both the stamens and pistil within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. In some cases reproduction may take place without the union of the distinct individuals. In the animal kingdom true hermaphrodites are found only among the invertebrates. See Illust. in Appendix, under Helminths.

Her•maph´ro•dite, a. Including, or being of, both sexes; as an hermaphrodite animal or flower. Hermaphrodite brig. (Naut.) See under Brig. Totten. { Her•maph•ro•dit´ic , Her•maph•ro•dit´ic•al } a. (Biol.) Partaking of the characteristics of both sexes; characterized by hermaphroditism. — Her•maph•ro•dit´ic•al•ly, adv.

Her•maph´ro•dit•ism , n. (Biol.) The union of the two sexes in the same individual, or the combination of some of their characteristics or organs in one individual. { Her•me•neu´tic , Her•me•neu´tic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to interpret: cf. F. hermeneutique.] Unfolding the signification; of or pertaining to interpretation; exegetical; explanatory; as hermeneutic theology, or the art of expounding the Scriptures; a hermeneutic phrase.

Her•me•neu´tic•al•ly, adv. According to the principles of interpretation; as a verse of Scripture was examined hermeneutically.

Her•me•neu´tics , n. [Gr. (sc. ).] The science of interpretation and explanation; exegesis; esp., that branch of theology which defines the laws whereby the meaning of the Scriptures is to be ascertained. Schaff- Herzog Encyc.

Her´mes , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) See Mercury. Hermes Trismegistus [Gr. ’Ermh^s trisme•gistos, lit., Hermes thrice greatest] was a late name of Hermes, especially as identified with the Egyptian god Thoth. He was the fabled inventor of astrology and alchemy. 2. (Archaeology) Originally, a boundary stone dedicated to Hermes as the god of boundaries, and therefore bearing in some cases a head, or head and shoulders, placed upon a quadrangular pillar whose height is that of the body belonging to the head, sometimes having feet or other parts of the body sculptured upon it. These figures, though often representing Hermes, were used for other divinities, and even, in later times, for portraits of human beings. Called also herma. See Terminal statue, under Terminal. { Her•met´ic , Her•met´ic•al } a. [F. hermetique. See Note under Hermes, 1.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or taught by, Hermes Trismegistus; as hermetic philosophy. Hence: Alchemical; chemic. ´Delusions of the hermetic art.´ Burke. “The alchemists, as the people were called who tried to make gold, considered themselves followers of Hermes, and often called themselves Hermetic philosophers.” A. B. Buckley. 2. Of or pertaining to the system which explains the causes of diseases and the operations of medicine on the principles of the hermetic philosophy, and which made much use, as a remedy, of an alkali and an acid; as hermetic medicine. 3. Made perfectly close or air-tight by fusion, so that no gas or spirit can enter or escape; as an hermetic seal. See Note under Hermetically. Hermetic art, alchemy. — Hermetic books. (a) Books of the Egyptians, which treat of astrology. (b) Books which treat of universal principles, of the nature and orders of celestial beings, of medicine, and other topics.

Her•met´ic•al•ly, adv. 1. In an hermetical manner; chemically. Boyle. 2. By fusion, so as to form an air-tight closure. A vessel or tube is hermetically sealed when it is closed completely against the passage of air or other fluid by fusing the extremity; — sometimes less properly applied to any air-tight closure.

Her´mit , n. [OE. ermite, eremite, heremit, heremite, F. hermite, ermite, L. eremita, Gr. , fr. lonely, solitary. Cf. Eremite.] 1. A person who retires from society and lives in solitude ; a recluse ; an anchoret ; especially, one who so lives from religious motives. “He had been Duke of Savoy, and after a very glorious reign, took on him the habit of a hermit, and retired into this solitary spot.” Addison. 2. A beadsman; one bound to pray for another. [Obs.] ´We rest your hermits.´ Shak. Hermit crab (Zoöl.), a marine decapod crustacean of the family Paguridae. The species are numerous, and belong to many genera. Called also soldier crab. The hermit crabs usually occupy the dead shells of various univalve mollusks. See Illust. of Commensal. — Hermit thrush (Zoöl.), an American thrush (Turdus Pallasii), with retiring habits, but having a sweet song. — Hermit warbler (Zoöl.), a California wood warbler (Dendroica occidentalis), having the head yellow, the throat black, and the back gray, with black streaks.

Her´mit•age ( 48), n. [OE. hermitage, ermitage, F. hermitage, ermitage. See Hermit.] 1. The habitation of a hermit; a secluded residence. “Some forlorn and naked hermitage,
Remote from all the pleasures of the world.” Shak. 2. [F. Vin de l’Hermitage.] A celebrated French wine, both white and red, of the Department of Drôme.

Her´mit•a•ry , n. [Cf. LL. hermitorium, eremitorium.] A cell annexed to an abbey, for the use of a hermit. Howell.

Her´mit•ess, n. A female hermit. Coleridge.

Her•mit´i•cal , a. Pertaining to, or suited for, a hermit. Coventry.

Her•mo•dac´tyl , n. [NL. hermodactylus, lit., Hermes’ finger; fr. Gr. Hermes + finger.] (med.) A heart-shaped bulbous root, about the size of a finger, brought from Turkey, formerly used as a cathartic.

Her•mo•ge´ni•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A disciple of Hermogenes, an heretical teacher who lived in Africa near the close of the second century. He held matter to be the fountain of all evil, and that souls and spirits are formed of corrupt matter.

Hern , n. (Zoöl.) A heron; esp., the common European heron. ´A stately hern.´ Trench.

Her•na´ni , n. A thin silk or woolen goods, for women’s dresses, woven in various styles and colors.

Herne , n. [AS. hyrne.] A corner. [Obs.] “Lurking in hernes and in lanes blind.” Chaucer.

Her´ni•a , n.; pl. E. Hernias (#), L. Herniae (#). [L.] (Med.) A protrusion, consisting of an organ or part which has escaped from its natural cavity, and projects through some natural or accidental opening in the walls of the latter; as hernia of the brain, of the lung, or of the bowels. Hernia of the abdominal viscera in most common. Called also rupture. Strangulated hernia, a hernia so tightly compressed in some part of the channel through which it has been protruded as to arrest its circulation, and produce swelling of the protruded part. It may occur in recent or chronic hernia, but is more common in the latter.

Her´ni•al , a. Of, or connected with, hernia.

Her•ni•ot´o•my , n. [Hernia + Gr. to cut.] (Med.) A cutting for the cure or relief of hernia; celotomy.

Hern´shaw , n. Heronshaw. [Obs.] Spenser.

He´ro , n.; pl. Heroes (#). [F. heros, L. heros, Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) An illustrious man, supposed to be exalted, after death, to a place among the gods; a demigod, as Hercules. 2. A man of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering; a prominent or central personage in any remarkable action or event; hence, a great or illustrious person. “Each man is a hero and oracle to somebody.” Emerson. 3. The principal personage in a poem, story, and the like, or the person who has the principal share in the transactions related; as Achilles in the Iliad, Ulysses in the Odyssey, and AEneas in the AEneid. “The shining quality of an epic hero.” Dryden. Hero worship, extravagant admiration for great men, likened to the ancient worship of heroes. “Hero worship exists, has existed, and will forever exist, universally among mankind.” Carlyle.

He•ro´di•an , n. (Jewish Hist.) One of a party among the Jews, composed of partisans of Herod of Galilee. They joined with the Pharisees against Christ.

He•ro•di•o´nes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a heron.] (Zoöl.) A division of wading birds, including the herons, storks, and allied forms. Called also Herodii. — He•ro•di•o´nine (#), a.

He´ro•ess , n. A heroine. [Obs.] Dryden.

He•ro´ic , a. [F. heroïque, L. heroïcus, Gr. .] 1. Of or pertaining to, or like, a hero; of the nature of heroes; distinguished by the existence of heroes; as the heroic age; an heroic people; heroic valor. 2. Worthy of a hero; bold; daring; brave; illustrious; as heroic action; heroic enterprises. 3. (Sculpture & Painting) Larger than life size, but smaller than colossal; — said of the representation of a human figure. Heroic Age, the age when the heroes, or those called the children of the gods, are supposed to have lived. — Heroic poetry, that which celebrates the deeds of a hero; epic poetry. — Heroic treatment or remedies (Med.), treatment or remedies of a severe character, suited to a desperate case. — Heroic verse (Pros.), the verse of heroic or epic poetry, being in English, German, and Italian the iambic of ten syllables; in French the iambic of twelve syllables; and in classic poetry the hexameter. Syn. — Brave; intrepid; courageous; daring; valiant; bold; gallant; fearless; enterprising; noble; magnanimous; illustrious.

He•ro´ic•al , a. Heroic. [R.] Spectator. — He•ro´ic•al•ly, adv. — He•ro´ic•al•ness, n.

He•ro´ic•ness , n. Heroism. [R.] W. Montagu. { He•ro•i•com´ic , He•ro•i•com´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. heroïcomigue. See Heroic, and Comic.] Combining the heroic and the ludicrous; denoting high burlesque; as a heroicomic poem.

Her´o•ine , n. [F. heroïne, L. heroina, Gr. , fem. of . See Hero.] 1. A woman of an heroic spirit. “The heroine assumed the woman’s place.” Dryden. 2. The principal female person who figures in a remarkable action, or as the subject of a poem or story.

Her´o•ism ( 277), n. [F. heroïsme.] The qualities characteristic of a hero, as courage, bravery, fortitude, unselfishness, etc.; the display of such qualities. “Heroism is the self-devotion of genius manifesting itself in action.” Hare. Syn. — Heroism, Courage, Fortitude, Bravery, Valor, Intrepidity, Gallantry. Courage is generic, denoting fearlessness or defiance of danger; fortitude is passive courage, the habit of bearing up nobly under trials, danger, and sufferings; bravery is courage displayed in daring acts; valor is courage in battle or other conflicts with living opponents; intrepidity is firm courage, which shrinks not amid the most appalling dangers; gallantry is adventurous courage, dashing into the thickest of the fight. Heroism may call into exercise all these modifications of courage. It is a contempt of danger, not from ignorance or inconsiderate levity, but from a noble devotion to some great cause, and a just confidence of being able to meet danger in the spirit of such a cause. Cf. Courage.

Her´on , n. [OE. heiroun, heroun, heron, hern, OF. hairon, F. heron, OHG. heigir; cf. Icel. hegri, Dan. heire, Sw. häger, and also G. häher jay, jackdaw, OHG. hehara, higere, woodpecker, magpie, D. reiger heron, G. reiher, AS. hragra. Cf. Aigret, Egret.] (Zoöl.) Any wading bird of the genus Ardea and allied genera, of the family Ardeidae. The herons have a long, sharp bill, and long legs and toes, with the claw of the middle toe toothed. The common European heron (Ardea cinerea) is remarkable for its directly ascending flight, and was formerly hunted with the larger falcons. There are several common American species; as the great blue heron (Ardea herodias); the little blue (A. cœrulea); the green (A. virescens); the snowy (A. candidissima); the night heron or qua-bird (Nycticorax nycticorax). The plumed herons are called egrets. Heron’s bill (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erodium; — so called from the fancied resemblance of the fruit to the head and beak of the heron.

Her´on•er , n. A hawk used in hunting the heron. ´Heroner and falcon.´ Chaucer.

Her´on•ry , n. A place where herons breed.

Her´on•sew , n. A heronshaw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´on•shaw , n. [OF. heroncel, dim. of heron. See Heron.] (Zoöl.) A heron. [Written variously hernshaw, harnsey, etc.]

He•ro•öl´o•gist , n. [Gr. + discourse.] One who treats of heroes. [R.] T. Warton.

He´ro•ship , n. The character or personality of a hero. ´Three years of heroship.´ Cowper.

Her´pes , n. [L., fr. Gr. ´e•rphs, fr. ´e•rpein to creep.] (Med.) An eruption of the skin, taking various names, according to its form, or the part affected; especially, an eruption of vesicles in small distinct clusters, accompanied with itching or tingling, including shingles, ringworm, and the like; — so called from its tendency to creep or spread from one part of the skin to another.

Her•pet´ic , a. [Cf. F. herpetique.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the herpes; partaking of the nature of herpes; as herpetic eruptions.

Her´pe•tism , n. [See Herpes.] (Med.) See Dartrous diathesis, under Dartrous. { Her•pet•o•log´ic , Her•pet•o•log´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to herpetology.

Her•pe•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in herpetology, or the natural history of reptiles.

Her•pe•tol´o•gy , n. [Written also but less properly, erpetology.] [Gr. a creeping thing, reptile (fr. to creep) + -logy: cf. F. herpetologie.] The natural history of reptiles; that branch of zoölogy which relates to reptiles, including their structure, classification, and habits.

Her•pe•tot´o•mist , n. One who dissects, or studies the anatomy of, reptiles.

Her•pe•tot´o•my , n. [Gr. a reptile + to cut.] The anatomy or dissection of reptiles.

Herr , n. A title of respect given to gentlemen in Germany, equivalent to the English Mister.

Her´ring , n. [OE. hering, AS. haering; akin to D. haring, G. häring, hering, OHG. haring, hering, and prob. to AS. here army, and so called because they commonly move in large numbers. Cf. Harry.] (Zoöl.) One of various species of fishes of the genus Clupea, and allied genera, esp. the common round or English herring (C. harengus) of the North Atlantic. Herrings move in vast schools, coming in spring to the shores of Europe and America, where they are salted and smoked in great quantities. Herring gull (Zoöl.), a large gull which feeds in part upon herrings; esp., Larus argentatus in America, and L. cachinnans in England. See Gull. — Herring hog (Zoöl.), the common porpoise. — King of the herrings. (Zoöl.) (a) The chimaera (C. monstrosa) which follows the schools of herring. See Chimaera. (b) The opah.

Her´ring•bone (her´ring•bon•), a. Pertaining to, or like, the spine of a herring; especially, characterized by an arrangement of work in rows of parallel lines, which in the alternate rows slope in different directions. Herringbone stitch, a kind of cross-stitch in needlework, chiefly used in flannel. Simmonds.

Herrn´hut•er (hern´hu•er; G. hern´hoo•er), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the Moravians; — so called from the settlement of Herrnhut (the Lord’s watch) made, about 1722, by the Moravians at the invitation of Nicholas Lewis, count of Zinzendorf, upon his estate in the circle of Bautzen.

Hers (herz), pron. See the Note under Her, pron.

Her´sal , n. Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her´schel , n. (Astron.) See Uranus.

Her•sche´li•an , a. Of or relating to Sir William Herschel; as the Herschelian telescope.

Herse (hers), n. [F. herse harrow, portcullis, OF. herce, LL. hercia, L. hirpex, gen. hirpicis, and irpex, gen. irpicis, harrow. The LL. hercia signifies also a kind of candlestick in the form of a harrow, having branches filled with lights, and placed at the head of graves or cenotaphs; whence herse came to be used for the grave, coffin, or chest containing the dead. Cf. Hearse.] 1. (Fort.) A kind of gate or portcullis, having iron bars, like a harrow, studded with iron spikes. It is hung above gateways so that it may be quickly lowered, to impede the advance of an enemy. Farrow. 2. See Hearse, a carriage for the dead. 3. A funeral ceremonial. [Obs.] Spenser.

Herse, v. t. Same as Hearse, v. t. Chapman.

Her•self´ , pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person feminine pronoun; — used as a subject with she; as she herself will bear the blame; also used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as it is herself; she blames herself. 2. Her own proper, true, or real character; hence, her right, or sane, mind; as the woman was deranged, but she is now herself again; she has come to herself. By herself, alone; apart; unaccompanied.

Her´sil•lon , n. [F., fr. herse a harrow. See Herse, n.] (Fort.) A beam with projecting spikes, used to make a breach impassable.

Hert , n. A hart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´te , n. A heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´te•ly, a. & adv. Hearty; heartily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´y , v. t. [AS. herian.] To worship; to glorify; to praise. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Hes´i•tan•cy , n. [L. haesitantia a stammering.] 1. The act of hesitating, or pausing to consider; slowness in deciding; vacillation; also the manner of one who hesitates. 2. A stammering; a faltering in speech.

Hes´i•tant , a. [L. haesitans, p. pr. of haesitare: cf. F. hesitant. See Hesitate.] 1. Not prompt in deciding or acting; hesitating. 2. Unready in speech. Baxter.

Hes´i•tant•ly, adv. With hesitancy or doubt.

Hes´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hesitated p. pr. & vb. n. Hesitating.] [L. haesitatus, p. p. of haesitare, intens. fr. haerere to hesitate, stick fast; to hang or hold fast. Cf. Aghast, Gaze, Adhere.] 1. To stop or pause respecting decision or action; to be in suspense or uncertainty as to a determination; as he hesitated whether to accept the offer or not; men often hesitate in forming a judgment. Pope. 2. To stammer; to falter in speaking. Syn. — To doubt; waver; scruple; deliberate; demur; falter; stammer.

Hes´i•tate, v. t. To utter with hesitation or to intimate by a reluctant manner. [Poetic & R.] “Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike.” Pope.

Hes´i•ta•ting•ly, adv. With hesitation or doubt.

Hes•i•ta´tion , n. [L. haesitatio: cf. F. hesitation.] 1. The act of hesitating; suspension of opinion or action; doubt; vacillation. 2. A faltering in speech; stammering. Swift.

Hes´i•ta•tive , a. Showing, or characterized by, hesitation. “[He said] in his mild, hesitative way.” R. D. Blackmore.

Hes´i•ta•to•ry , a. Hesitating. R. North.

Hesp , n. [Cf. Icel. hespa a hasp, a wisp or skein. See Hasp.] A measure of two hanks of linen thread. [Scot.] [Written also hasp.] Knight.

Hes´per , n. [See Hesperian.] The evening; Hesperus.

Hes•per´e•tin , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance having a sweetish taste, obtained by the decomposition of hesperidin, and regarded as a complex derivative of caffeic acid.

Hes•pe´ri•an , a. [L. hesperius, fr. hesperus the evening star, Gr. evening, the evening star. Cf. Vesper.] Western; being in the west; occidental. [Poetic] Milton.

Hes•pe´ri•an, n. A native or an inhabitant of a western country. [Poetic] J. Barlow.

Hes•pe´ri•an, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a family of butterflies called Hesperidae, or skippers. — n. Any one of the numerous species of Hesperidae; a skipper.

Hes´per•id , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as 3d Hesperian.

Hes•per´i•dene , n. [See Hesperidium.] (Chem.) An isomeric variety of terpene from orange oil.

Hes•per´i•des , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Class. Myth.) The daughters of Hesperus, or Night (brother of Atlas), and fabled possessors of a garden producing golden apples, in Africa, at the western extremity of the known world. To slay the guarding dragon and get some of these apples was one of the labors of Hercules. Called also Atlantides. 2. The garden producing the golden apples. “It not love a Hercules,
Still climbing trees in the Hesperides?” Shak.

Hes•per´i•din , n. [See Hesperidium.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in ripe and unripe fruit (as the orange), and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Hes•pe•rid´i•um , n. [NL. So called in allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides. See Hesperides.] (Bot.) A large berry with a thick rind, as a lemon or an orange.

Hes•pe•ror´nis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. western + , , a bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of large, extinct, wingless birds from the Cretaceous deposits of Kansas belonging to the Odontornithes. They had teeth, and were essentially carnivorous swimming ostriches. Several species are known. See Illust. in Append.

Hes´pe•rus , n. [L. See Hesper.] 1. Venus when she is the evening star; Hesper. 2. Evening. [Poetic] “The Sun was sunk, and after him the Star
Of Hesperus.” Milton.

Hes´sian , a. Of or relating to Hesse, in Germany, or to the Hessians. Hessian boots, or Hessians, boot of a kind worn in England, in the early part of the nineteenth century, tasseled in front. Thackeray. — Hessian cloth, or Hessians, a coarse hempen cloth for sacking. — Hessian crucible. See under Crucible. — Hessian fly (Zoöl.), a small dipterous fly or midge (Cecidomyia destructor). Its larvae live between the base of the lower leaves and the stalk of wheat, and are very destructive to young wheat; — so called from the erroneous idea that it was brought into America by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution.

Hes´sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Hesse. 2. A mercenary or venal person. [U. S.] This use is a relic of the patriot hatred of the Hessian mercenaries who served with the British troops in the Revolutionary War. 3. pl. See Hessian boots and cloth, under Hessian, a.

Hess´ite , n. [After H. Hess.] (Min.) A lead-gray sectile mineral. It is a telluride of silver.

Hest , n. [AS. hs, fr. htan to call, bid. See Hight, and cf. Behest.] Command; precept; injunction. [Archaic] See Behest. ´At thy hest.´ Shak. “Let him that yields obey the victor’s hest.” Fairfax. “Yet I thy hest will all perform, at full.” Tennyson. { Hes´tern , Hes•ter´nal } a. [L. hesternus; akin to heri yesterday.] Pertaining to yesterday. [Obs.] See Yester, a. Ld. Lytton.

Hes´y•chast , n. [Gr. hermit, fr. to be still or quiet, fr. still, calm.] One of a mystical sect of the Greek Church in the fourteenth century; a quietist. Brande & C. { He•tair´ism , Het´a•rism } n. [Gr. a companion, a concubine, fem. of a comrade.] A supposed primitive state of society, in which all the women of a tribe were held in common. H. Spencer. — Het•a•ris´tic (#), a.

Hetch´el , v. t. Same as Hatchel.

Hete , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hete, later Het.] Variant of Hote. [Obs.] “But one avow to greate God I hete.” Chaucer.

Het´er•a•canth , a. [Hetero- + Gr. a spine.] (Zoöl.) Having the spines of the dorsal fin unsymmetrical, or thickened alternately on the right and left sides.

Het´er•arch•y , n. [Hetero- + -archy.] The government of an alien. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Het•e•raux•e´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the other + growth.] (Bot.) Unequal growth of a cell, or of a part of a plant.

Het´er•o- [Gr. ´e•teros other.] A combining form signifying other, other than usual, different; as heteroclite, heterodox, heterogamous.

Het•er•o•car´pism , n. [Hetero- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) The power of producing two kinds of reproductive bodies, as in Amphicarpaea, in which besides the usual pods, there are others underground.

Het•er•o•car´pous , a. (Bot.) Characterized by heterocarpism.

Het•er•o•ceph´a•lous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. head.] (Bot.) Bearing two kinds of heads or capitula; — said of certain composite plants.

Het•e•roc´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of Lepidoptera, including the moths, and hawk moths, which have the antennae variable in form.

Het•er•o•cer´cal , a. [Hetero- + Gr. tail.] (Anat.) Having the vertebral column evidently continued into the upper lobe of the tail, which is usually longer than the lower one, as in sharks.

Het´er•o•cer•cy , n. [Hetero- + Gr. a tail.] (Anat.) Unequal development of the tail lobes of fishes; the possession of a heterocercal tail.

Het•er•o•chro´mous ( 277), a. [Hetero- + Gr. color.] (Bot.) Having the central florets of a flower head of a different color from those of the circumference. { Het•er•och´ro•nism , Het•er•och´ro•ny , } n. [Gr. of different times; other + time.] (Biol.) In evolution, a deviation from the typical sequence in the formation of organs or parts.

Het´er•o•clite, a. [L. heteroclitus, Gr. ; other + to lean, incline, inflect: cf. F. heteroclite.] Deviating from ordinary forms or rules; irregular; anomalous; abnormal.

Het´er•o•clite, n. 1. (Gram.) A word which is irregular or anomalous either in declension or conjugation, or which deviates from ordinary forms of inflection in words of a like kind; especially a noun which is irregular in declension. 2. Any thing or person deviating from the common rule, or from common forms. Howell. { Het•er•o•clit´ic Het•er•o•clit´ic•al } a. [See Heteroclite] Deviating from ordinary forms or rules irregular anomalous abnormal.

Het•er•oc´li•tous , a. Heteroclitic. [Obs.]

Het´er•o•cyst , n. [Hetero- + cyst.] (Bot.) A cell larger than the others, and of different appearance, occurring in certain algae related to nostoc.

Het•er•o•dac´tyl , a. (Zoöl.) Heterodactylous. — n. One of the Heterodactylae.

Het•e•ro•dac´ty•lae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + a finger.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds including the trogons.

Het•er•o•dac´tyl•ous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. a toe.] (Zoöl.) Having the first and second toes turned backward, as in the trogons.

Het´er•o•dont , a. [Hetero- + Gr. , a tooth.] (Anat.) Having the teeth differentiated into incisors, canines, and molars, as in man; — opposed to homodont.

Het´er•o•dont, n. (Zoöl.) Any animal with heterodont dentition.

Het´er•o•dox , a. [Gr. ; other + opinion; cf. F. heterodoxe.] 1. Contrary to, or differing from, some acknowledged standard, as the Bible, the creed of a church, the decree of a council, and the like; not orthodox; heretical; — said of opinions, doctrines, books, etc., esp. upon theological subjects. “Raw and indigested, heterodox, preaching.” Strype. 2. Holding heterodox opinions, or doctrines not orthodox; heretical; — said of persons. Macaulay. — Het´er•o•dox•ly, adv. — Het´er•o•dox•ness, n.

Het´er•o•dox, n. An opinion opposed to some accepted standard. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Het´er•o•dox•al , a. Not orthodox. Howell.

Het´er•o•dox•y , n. [Gr. : cf. F. heterodoxie.] An opinion or doctrine, or a system of doctrines, contrary to some established standard of faith, as the Scriptures, the creed or standards of a church, etc.; heresy. Bp. Bull.

Het•er•od´ro•mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. to run.] 1. (Bot.) Having spirals of changing direction. Gray. 2. (Mech.) Moving in opposite directions; — said of a lever, pulley, etc., in which the resistance and the actuating force are on opposite sides of the fulcrum or axis.

Het•er•og´a•mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. ga•mos marriage: cf. F. heterogame.] (Bot. & Biol.) (a) The condition of having two or more kinds of flowers which differ in regard to stamens and pistils, as in the aster. (b) Characterized by heterogamy.

Het•er•og´a•my , n. [See Heterogamous.] 1. (Bot.) The process of fertilization in plants by an indirect or circuitous method; — opposed to orthogamy. 2. (Biol.) That form of alternate generation in which two kinds of sexual generation, or a sexual and a parthenogenetic generation, alternate; — in distinction from metagenesis, where sexual and asexual generations alternate. Claus & Sedgwick.

Het•er•o•gan´gli•ate , a. [Hetero- + gangliate.] (Physiol.) Having the ganglia of the nervous system unsymmetrically arranged; — said of certain invertebrate animals.

Het´er•o•gene , a. Heterogenous. [Obs.]

Het•er•o•ge´ne•al , a. Heterogeneous.

Het•er•o•ge•ne´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. heterogeneite.] The state of being heterogeneous; contrariety. “The difference, indeed the heterogeneity, of the two may be felt.” Coleridge.

Het•er•o•ge´ne•ous , a. [Gr. ; + race, kind; akin to E. kin: cf. F. heterogène.] Differing in kind; having unlike qualities; possessed of different characteristics; dissimilar; — opposed to homogeneous, and said of two or more connected objects, or of a conglomerate mass, considered in respect to the parts of which it is made up. — Het•er•o•ge´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Het•er•o•ge´ne•ous•ness, n. Heterogeneous nouns (Gram.), nouns having different genders in the singular and plural numbers; as hic locus, of the masculine gender in the singular, and hi loci and haec loca, both masculine and neuter in the plural; hoc caelum, neuter in the singular; hi caeli, masculine in the plural. — Heterogeneous quantities (Math.), such quantities as are incapable of being compared together in respect to magnitude, and surfaces and solids. — Heterogeneous surds (Math.), surds having different radical signs.

Het•er•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Hetero- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) Spontaneous generation, so called. 2. (Biol.) That method of reproduction in which the successive generations differ from each other, the parent organism producing offspring different in habit and structure from itself, the original form, however, reappearing after one or more generations; — opposed to homogenesis, or gamogenesis.

Het•er•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to heterogenesis; as heterogenetic transformations.

Het•er•og´e•nist , n. (Biol.) One who believes in the theory of spontaneous generation, or heterogenesis. Bastian.

Het•er•og´e•nous , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to heterogenesis; heterogenetic.

Het•er•og´e•ny , n. (Biol.) Heterogenesis.

Het•er•og´o•nous , a. (Bot.) Characterized by heterogony. — Het•er•og´o•nous•ly, adv.

Het•er•og´o•ny , n. [Hetero- + Gr. offspring.] (Bot.) The condition of having two or more kinds of flowers, different as to the length of their stamens and pistils.

Het•er•o•graph´ic , a. [See Heterography.] Employing the same letters to represent different sounds in different words or syllables; — said of methods of spelling; as the ordinary English orthography is heterographic.

Het•er•og´ra•phy , n. [Hetero- + -graphy.] That method of spelling in which the same letters represent different sounds in different words, as in the ordinary English orthography; e. g., g in get and in ginger.

Het•er•og´y•nous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. a woman, female.] (Zoöl.) Having females very unlike the males in form and structure; — as certain insects, the males of which are winged, and the females wingless.

Het•er•ol´o•gous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. proportion.] Characterized by heterology; consisting of different elements, or of like elements in different proportions; different; — opposed to homologous; as heterologous organs. Heterologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus. — Heterologous tumor (Med.), a tumor differing in structure from the normal tissues of the body.

Het•er•ol´o•gy , n. [Hetero- + -logy.] 1. (Biol.) The absence of correspondence, or relation, in type of structure; lack of analogy between parts, owing to their being composed of different elements, or of like elements in different proportions; variation in structure from the normal form; — opposed to homology. 2. (Chem.) The connection or relation of bodies which have partial identity of composition, but different characteristics and properties; the relation existing between derivatives of the same substance, or of the analogous members of different series; as ethane, ethyl alcohol, acetic aldehyde, and acetic acid are in heterology with each other, though each in at the same time a member of a distinct homologous series. Cf. Homology.

Het•e•rom´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + part.] (Zoöl.) A division of Coleoptera, having heteromerous tarsi.

Het•er•om´er•ous , a. [See Heteromera.] 1. (Chem & Crystallog.) Unrelated in chemical composition, though similar or indentical in certain other respects; as borax and augite are homœmorphous, but heteromerous. 2. (Bot.) With the parts not corresponding in number. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the femoral artery developed as the principal artery of the leg; — said of certain birds, as the cotingas and pipras. (b) Having five tarsal joints in the anterior and middle legs, but only four in the posterior pair, as the blister beetles and oil beetles.

Het•er•o•mor´phic , a. [Hetero- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) Deviating from the normal, perfect, or mature form; having different forms at different stages of existence, or in different individuals of the same species; — applied especially to insects in which there is a wide difference of form between the larva and the adult, and to plants having more than one form of flower. { Het•er•o•mor´phism Het•er•o•mor´phy } n. (Biol.) The state or quality of being heteromorphic.

Het•er•o•mor´phous , a. (Biol.) Heteromorphic.

Het•e•ro•my•a´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + a muscle.] (Zoöl.) A division of bivalve shells, including the marine mussels, in which the two adductor muscles are very unequal. See Dreissena, and Illust. under Byssus.

Het•e•ro•ne•re´is , n. [NL. See Hetero-, and Nereis.] (Zoöl.) A free- swimming, dimorphic, sexual form of certain species of Nereis. In this state the head and its appendages are changed in form, the eyes become very large; more or less of the parapodia are highly modified by the development of finlike lobes, and branchial lamellae, and their setae become longer and bladelike.

Het•er•on´o•mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. no•mos law.] Subject to the law of another. Krauth-Fleming.

Het•er•on´o•my , n. 1. Subordination or subjection to the law of another; political subjection of a community or state; — opposed to autonomy. 2. (Metaph.) A term applied by Kant to those laws which are imposed on us from without, or the violence done to us by our passions, wants, or desires. Krauth- Fleming.

Het´er•o•nym , n. That which is heteronymous; a thing having a different name or designation from some other thing; — opposed to homonym.

Het•er•on´y•mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. ´o•nyma, for ´o•noma a name.] Having different names or designations; standing in opposite relations. J. Le Conte. — Het´er•on´y•mous•ly, adv.

Het•er•o•ou•si•an , a. [Hetero- + Gr. being, essence.] Having different essential qualities; of a different nature.

Het•er•o•ou´si•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of those Arians who held that the Son was of a different substance from the Father.

Het•er•o•ou´si•ous , a. See Heteroousian.

Het•er•o•path´ic , a. [Hetero- + Gr. suffering, fr. , , to suffer.] Of or pertaining to the method of heteropathy; allopathic.

Het•er•op´a•thy , n. [See Heteropathic.] (Med.) That mode of treating diseases, by which a morbid condition is removed by inducing an opposite morbid condition to supplant it; allopathy.

Het•er•o•pel´mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. the sole of the foot.] (Anat.) Having each of the two flexor tendons of the toes bifid, the branches of one going to the first and second toes; those of the other, to the third and fourth toes. See Illust. in Append.

Het•e•roph´a•gi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Altrices.

Het•er•oph´e•mist , n. One liable to the fault of heterophemy.

Het•er•oph´e•my , n. [Hetero- + Gr. voice, speech, fr. to speak.] The unconscious saying, in speech or in writing, of that which one does not intend to say; — frequently the very reverse of the thought which is present to consciousness. R. G. White.

Het•er•oph´o•ny , n. [Hetero- + Gr. voice.] (Med.) An abnormal state of the voice. Mayne.

Het•er•oph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. other + leaf: cf. F. heterophylle.] (Bot.) Having leaves of more than one shape on the same plant.

Het´er•o•plasm , n. [Hetero- + Gr. anything formed or molded.] An abnormal formation foreign to the economy, and composed of elements different from those are found in it in its normal condition. Dunglison.

Het•er•o•plas´tic , a. [Hetero- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Producing a different type of organism; developing into a different form of tissue, as cartilage which develops into bone. Haeckel.

Het•er•o•pod , n. [Cf. F. heteropode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Heteropoda. — a. Heteropodous.

Het•e•rop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of pelagic Gastropoda, having the foot developed into a median fin. Some of the species are naked; others, as Carinaria and Atlanta, have thin glassy shells.

Het•er•op´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Heteropoda.

Het•er•op´ter , n. One of the Heteroptera.

Het•e•rop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. other + a wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Hemiptera, in which the base of the anterior wings is thickened. See Hemiptera.

Het•er•op´tics , n. [Hetero- + optics.] False optics. Spectator.

Het•er•os´cian , n. [Gr. ; other + shadow: cf. F. heteroscien.] One who lives either north or south of the tropics, as contrasted with one who lives on the other side of them; — so called because at noon the shadows always fall in opposite directions (the one northward, the other southward).

Het•e•ro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. alteration, fr. other, different.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which one form of a noun, verb, or pronoun, and the like, is used for another, as in the sentence: ´What is life to such as me?´ Aytoun.

Het•e•ro•so´ma•ti , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + , , body.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, comprising the flounders, halibut, sole, etc., having the body and head asymmetrical, with both eyes on one side. Called also Heterosomata, Heterosomi. { Het•er•o•spor´ic , Het•er•o•spor´ous } a. [Hetero- + spore.] (Bot.) Producing two kinds of spores unlike each other.

Het´er•o•styled , a. (Bot.) Having styles of two or more distinct forms or lengths. Darwin.

Het•er•o•sty´lism , n. (Bot.) The condition of being heterostyled.

Het•er•o•tac´tous , a. (Biol.) Relating to, or characterized by, heterotaxy.

Het´er•o•tax•y , n. [Hetero- + Gr. an arrangement, fr. to arrange.] (Biol.) Variation in arrangement from that existing in a normal form; heterogenous arrangement or structure, as in botany, the deviation in position of the organs of a plant, from the ordinary or typical arrangement. { Het•er•ot´o•pism , Het•er•ot´o•py } n. [Hetero- + Gr. place: cf. F. heterotopie.] 1. (Med.) A deviation from the natural position; — a term applied in the case of organs or growths which are abnormal in situation. 2. (Biol.) A deviation from the natural position of parts, supposed to be effected in thousands of years, by the gradual displacement of germ cells.

Het•e•rot´ri•cha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + , gen. , a hair.] (Zoöl.) A division of ciliated Infusoria, having fine cilia all over the body, and a circle of larger ones around the anterior end.

Het•er•ot´ro•pal , Het•er•ot´ro•pous , a. [Gr. ´etero•tropos turning another way; other + to turn: cf. F. heterotrope.] (Bot.) Having the embryo or ovule oblique or transverse to the funiculus; amphitropous. Gray.

He´thing , n. Contempt; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Het´man , n.; pl. Hetmans (#). [Pol. hetman. Cf. Ataman.] A Cossack headman or general. The title of chief hetman is now held by the heir to the throne of Russia.

Heugh , n. [Cf. Hogh.] 1. A crag; a cliff; a glen with overhanging sides. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. A shaft in a coal pit; a hollow in a quarry. [Scot.]

Heuk , n. Variant of Huke. [Obs.]

Heu´land•ite , n. [After Heuland, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of the Zeolite family, often occurring in amygdaloid, in foliated masses, and also in monoclinic crystals with pearly luster on the cleavage face. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime.

Heu•ris´tic (hu•ris´tik), a. [Gr. e´yri•skein to discover.] Serving to discover or find out.

Hev´ed , n. The head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hew (hu), v. t. [imp. Hewed (hud); p. p. Hewed or Hewn (hun); p. pr. & vb. n. Hewing.] [AS. heáwan; akin to D. houwen, OHG. houwan, G. hauen, Icel. höggva, Sw. hugga, Dan. hugge, Lith. kova battle, Russ. kovate to hammer, forge. Cf. Hay cut grass, Hoe.] 1. To cut with an ax; to fell with a sharp instrument; — often with down, or off. Shak. 2. To form or shape with a sharp instrument; to cut; hence, to form laboriously; — often with out; as to hew out a sepulcher. “Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn.” Is. li. 1. “Rather polishing old works than hewing out new.” Pope. 3. To cut in pieces; to chop; to hack. “Hew them to pieces; hack their bones asunder.” Shak.

Hew, n. Destruction by cutting down. [Obs.] “Of whom he makes such havoc and such hew.” Spenser.

Hew, n. 1. Hue; color. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Shape; form. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hewe , n. [Cf. Hind a peasant.] A domestic servant; a retainer. [Obs.] ´False homely hewe.´ Chaucer.

Hew´er , n. One who hews.

Hew´hole , n. [Cf. Hickwall.] (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker. See Yaffle.

Hewn , a. 1. Felled, cut, or shaped as with an ax; roughly squared; as a house built of hewn logs. 2. Roughly dressed as with a hammer; as hewn stone.

Hex- , Hex´a (#). [Gr. ´e•x six. See Six.] A prefix or combining form, used to denote six, sixth, etc.; as hexatomic, hexabasic.

Hex•a•ba´sic , a. [Hexa- + basic.] (Chem.) Having six hydrogen atoms or six radicals capable of being replaced or saturated by bases; — said of acids; as mellitic acid is hexabasic.

Hex•a•cap´su•lar , a. [Hexa- + capsular.] (Bot.) Having six capsules or seed vessels.

Hex´a•chord , n. [Hexa- + Gr. string, chord: cf. F. hexacorde.] (Mus.) A series of six notes, with a semitone between the third and fourth, the other intervals being whole tones.

Hex•ac´id , a. [Hex- + acid.] (Chem.) Having six atoms or radicals capable of being replaced by acids; hexatomic; hexavalent; — said of bases; as mannite is a hexacid base.

Hex•ac•ti•nel´lid , a. (Zoöl.) Having six-rayed spicules; belonging to the Hexactinellinae.

Hex•ac•ti•nel´line , a. [From NL. Hexactinellinae, fr. Gr. ´e•x six + a dim. of , , a ray.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Hexactinellinae, a group of sponges, having six-rayed siliceous spicules.

Hex•ac•tin´i•a , n. pl. [NL. See Hex-, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) The Anthozoa.

Hex´ad , n. [L. hexas, hexadis, the number six, Gr. , , fr. ´e•x six.] (chem.) An atom whose valence is six, and which can be theoretically combined with, substituted for, or replaced by, six monad atoms or radicals; as sulphur is a hexad in sulphuric acid. Also used as an adjective.

Hex•a•dac´tyl•ous , a. [Gr. ; ´e•x six + finger: cf. F. hexadactyle.] (Zoöl.) Having six fingers or toes.

Hex´ade , n. [See Hexad.] A series of six numbers.

Hex´a•dec•ane , n. (Chem.) See Hecdecane.

Hex´a•gon , n. [L. hexagonum, Gr. six-cornered; ´e•x six (akin to E. six) + angle.] (Geom.) A plane figure of six angles. Regular hexagon, a hexagon in which the angles are all equal, and the sides are also all equal.

Hex•ag´o•nal , a. [Cf. F. hexagonal.] Having six sides and six angles; six- sided. Hexagonal system. (Crystal.) See under Crystallization.

Hex•ag´o•nal•ly, adv. In an hexagonal manner.

Hex•ag´o•ny , n. A hexagon. [Obs.] Bramhall.

Hex•a•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•x six + gynh^ a woman, female: cf. F. hexagynie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having six pistils.

Hex•a•gyn´i•an , Hex•ag´y•nous , a. [Cf. F. hexagyne.] (Bot.) Having six pistils.

Hex•a•he´dral , a. In the form of a hexahedron; having six sides or faces.

Hex•a•he´dron , n.; pl. E. Hexahedrons (#), L. Hexahedra (#). [Hexa- + Gr. seat, base, fr. to sit: cf. F. hexaèdre.] (Geom.) A solid body of six sides or faces. Regular hexahedron, a hexagon having six equal squares for its sides; a cube.

Hex•a•hem´er•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•x six + day; cf. L. hexaëmeron, Gr. .] 1. A term of six days. Good. 2. The history of the six day’s work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis.

Hex•am´er•ous , a. [Hexa- + Gr. part.] (Bot.) In six parts; in sixes.

Hex•am´e•ter , n. [L., fr. Gr. of six meters; (sc. ) hexameter verse; ´e•x six + measure: cf. F. hexamètre. See Six, and Meter.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse of six feet, the first four of which may be either dactyls or spondees, the fifth must regularly be a dactyl, and the sixth always a spondee. In this species of verse are composed the Iliad of Homer and the AEneid of Virgil. In English hexameters accent takes the place of quantity. “Leaped like the | roe when he | hears in the | woodland the | voice of the | huntsman.” Longfellow. “Strongly it | bears us a- | long on | swelling and | limitless | billows,
Nothing be- | fore and | nothing be- | hind but the | sky and the | ocean.” Coleridge.

Hex•am´e•ter, a. Having six metrical feet, especially dactyls and spondees. Holland. { Hex•a•met´ric , Hex•a•met´ric•al } a. Consisting of six metrical feet.

Hex•am´e•trist , n. One who writes in hexameters. ´The Christian hexametrists.´ Milman.

Hex•an´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•x six + , , a man, male: cf. F. hexandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having six stamens. { Hex•an´dri•an , Hex-an´drous } a. [Cf. F. hexandre.] (Bot.) Having six stamens.

Hex´ane , n. [Gr. ´e•x six.] (Chem.) Any one of five hydrocarbons, C_6H_14, of the paraffin series. They are colorless, volatile liquids, and are so called because the molecule has six carbon atoms.

Hex•an´gu•lar , a. [Hex- + angular. Cf. Sexangular.] Having six angles or corners.

Hex•a•pet´al•ous , a. [Hexa- + petal: cf. F. hexapetale.] (Bot.) Having six petals.

Hex•aph´yl•lous , a. [Hexa- + Gr. a leaf: cf. F. hexaphylle.] (Bot.) Having six leaves or leaflets.

Hex´a•pla , n. Etym. pl., but syntactically sing. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. , contr. , sixfold.] A collection of the Holy Scriptures in six languages or six versions in parallel columns; particularly, the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, in the 3d century.

Hex´a•pod , a. [Gr. , , sixfooted; ´e•x six + , , foot: cf. F. hexapode.] Having six feet. — n. (Zoöl.) An animal having six feet; one of the Hexapoda.

Hex•ap´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•x six + -poda.] (Zoöl.) The true, or six-legged, insects; insects other than myriapods and arachnids. The Hexapoda have the head, thorax, and abdomen differentiated, and are mostly winged. They have three pairs of mouth organs, viz., mandibles, maxillae, and the second maxillae or labial palpi; three pairs of thoracic legs; and abdominal legs, which are present only in some of the lowest forms, and in the larval state of some of the higher ones. Many (the Metabola) undergo a complete metamorphosis, having larvae (known as maggots, grubs, caterpillars) very unlike the adult, and pass through a quiescent pupa state in which no food is taken; others (the Hemimetabola) have larvae much like the adult, expert in lacking wings, and an active pupa, in which rudimentary wings appear. See Insecta. The Hexapoda are divided into several orders.

Hex•ap´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Having six feet; belonging to the Hexapoda.

Hex•ap´ter•ous , a. [Hexa- + Gr. wing.] (Bot.) Having six processes. Gray. { Hex´a•stich , Hex•as´ti•chon } n. [L. hexastichus of six rows, lines, or verses, Gr. ; ´e•x six + sti•chos row, line, verse.] A poem consisting of six verses or lines.

Hex´a•style , a. [Gr. with six columns; ´e•x six + column: cf. F. hexastyle.] (Arch.) Having six columns in front; — said of a portico or temple. — n. A hexastyle portico or temple.

Hex´a•teuch , n. [Hexa- + a tool, a book.] The first six books of the Old Testament.

Hex•a•tom´ic , a. [Hex- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having six atoms in the molecule. [R.] (b) Having six replaceable radicals.

Hex•av´a•lent , a. [Hexa- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of six; — said of hexads.

Hex´de•cyl , n. [Hex- + decyl.] (Chem.) The essential radical, C_16H_33, of hecdecane.

Hex•de•cyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexdecyl or hecdecane; as hexdecylic alcohol.

Hex•ei´ko•sane , n. [Hex- + eikosane.] (chem.) A hydrocarbon, C_26H_54, resembling paraffine; — so called because each molecule has twenty-six atoms of carbon. [Written also hexacosane.]

Hex´ene , n. [Gr. ´e•x six.] (Chem.) Same as Hexylene.

Hex•i•col´ogy , n. [Gr. state or habit + -logy.] The science which treats of the complex relations of living creatures to other organisms, and to their surrounding conditions generally. St. George Mivart.

Hex´ine , n. [Gr. ´e•x six.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C_6H_10, of the acetylene series, obtained artificially as a colorless, volatile, pungent liquid; — called also hexoylene.

Hex•oc•ta•he´dron , n. [Hex- + octahedron.] (Geom.) A solid having forty-eight equal triangular faces.

Hex•o´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexane; as hexoic acid.

Hex´one , n. [Hex- + - one.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C_6H_8, of the valylene series, obtained from distillation products of certain fats and gums.

Hex´yl , n. [Hex- + - yl.] (chem.) A compound radical, C_6H_13, regarded as the essential residue of hexane, and a related series of compounds.

Hex´yl•ene , n. [Hex- + - yl + ethlene.] (Chem.) A colorless, liquid hydrocarbon, C_6H_12, of the ethylene series, produced artificially, and found as a natural product of distillation of certain coals; also any one several isomers of hexylene proper. Called also hexene.

Hex•yl´ic , a. (chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexyl or hexane; as hexylic alcohol.

Hey , a. [See High.] High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hey , interj. [OE. hei; cf. D. & G. hei.] 1. An exclamation of joy, surprise, or encouragement. Shak. 2. A cry to set dogs on. Shak.

Hey´day , interj. [Cf. G. heida, or hei da, D. hei daar. Cf. Hey, and There.] An expression of frolic and exultation, and sometimes of wonder. B. Jonson.

Hey´day , n. [Prob. for. high day. See High, and Day.] The time of triumph and exultation; hence, joy, high spirits, frolicsomeness; wildness. “The heyday in the blood is tame.” Shak. “In the heyday of their victories.” J. H. Newman.

Hey´de•guy , n. [Perh. fr. heyday + guise.] A kind of country-dance or round. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heyh , Heygh , a. High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heyne , n. [AS. heán low, mean.] A wretch; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hey´ten , adv. [Icel. han.] Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hi•a´tion , n. [See Hiatus.] Act of gaping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Hi•a´tus , n.; pl. L. Hiatus, E. Hiatuses (#). [L., fr. hiare, hiatum, to gape; akin to E. yawn. See Yawn.] 1. An opening; an aperture; a gap; a chasm; esp., a defect in a manuscript, where some part is lost or effaced; a space where something is wanting; a break. 2. (Gram.) The concurrence of two vowels in two successive words or syllables. Pope.

Hi•ber´na•cle , n. [L. hibernaculum a winter residence, pl. hibernacula winter quarters: cf. F. hibernacle. See Hibernate.] That which serves for protection or shelter in winter; winter quarters; as the hibernacle of an animal or a plant. Martyn.

Hi•ber•nac´u•lum , n. [See Hibernacle.] 1. (Bot.) A winter bud, in which the rudimentary foliage or flower, as of most trees and shrubs in the temperate zone, is protected by closely overlapping scales. 2. (Zoöl.) A little case in which certain insects pass the winter. 3. Winter home or abiding place. J. Burroughs.

Hi•ber´nal , a. [L. hibernalis, from the root of hiems winter; akin to Gr. snow, Skr. hima cold, winter, snow: cf. F. hibernal.] Belonging or relating to winter; wintry; winterish. Sir T. Browne.

Hi´ber•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hibernated p. pr. & vb. n. Hibernating ] [L. hibernare, hibernatum, fr. hibernus wintry. See Hibernal.] To winter; to pass the season of winter in close quarters, in a torpid or lethargic state, as certain mammals, reptiles, and insects. “Inclination would lead me to hibernate, during half the year, in this uncomfortable climate of Great Britain.” Southey.

Hi•ber•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. hibernation.] The act or state of hibernating. Evelyn.

Hi•ber´ni•an , a. [L. Hibernia, Ireland.] Of or pertaining to Hibernia, now Ireland; Irish. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Ireland. { Hi•ber´ni•cism , Hi•ber´ni•an•ism } n. An idiom or mode of speech peculiar to the Irish. Todd.

Hi•ber´no-Celt´ic , n. The native language of the Irish; that branch of the Celtic languages spoken by the natives of Ireland. Also adj.

Hi•bis´cus , n. [L., marsh mallow; cf. Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees), some species of which have large, showy flowers. Some species are cultivated in India for their fiber, which is used as a substitute for hemp. See Althea, Hollyhock, and Manoe.

Hic´ci•us doc´ti•us [Corrupted fr. L. hic est doctus this is a learned man.] A juggler. [Cant] Hudibras.

Hic´cough ( 277), n. [OE. hickup, hicket, hickock; prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. & Dan. hik, Sw. hicka, Armor. hak, hik, W. ig, F. hoquet.] (Physiol.) A modified respiratory movement; a spasmodic inspiration, consisting of a sudden contraction of the diaphragm, accompanied with closure of the glottis, so that further entrance of air is prevented, while the impulse of the column of air entering and striking upon the closed glottis produces a sound, or hiccough. [Written also hickup or hiccup.]

Hic´cough , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hiccoughed p. pr. & vb. n. Hiccoughing.] To have a hiccough or hiccoughs.

Hick´o•ry , n. [North American Indian pawcohiccora (Capt. J. Smith) a kind of milk or oily liquor pressed from pounded hickory nuts. ´Pohickory´ is named in a list of Virginia trees, in 1653, and this was finally shortened to ´hickory.´ J. H. Trumbull.] (Bot.) An American tree of the genus Carya, of which there are several species. The shagbark is the C. alba, and has a very rough bark; it affords the hickory nut of the markets. The pignut, or brown hickory, is the C. glabra. The swamp hickory is C. amara, having a nut whose shell is very thin and the kernel bitter. Hickory shad. (Zoöl.) (a) The mattowacca, or fall herring. (b) The gizzard shad.

Hicks´ite , n. A member or follower of the ´liberal´ party, headed by Elias Hicks, which, because of a change of views respecting the divinity of Christ and the Atonement, seceded from the conservative portion of the Society of Friends in the United States, in 1827.

Hick´up , n. & v. i. See Hiccough. { Hick´wall• , Hick´way• } n. [OE., also hyghwhele, highawe.] The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus minor) of Europe. [Prov. Eng.]

Hid , imp. & p. p. of Hide. See Hidden.

Hid´age , n. [From hide a quantity of land.] (O. Eng. Law.) A tax formerly paid to the kings of England for every hide of land. [Written also hydage.]

Hi•dal´go , n. [Sp., contr. fr. hijo de algo, i. e., son of something; hijo son (fr. LL. filius) + algo something, fr. L. aliquod. Cf. Fidalgo.] A title, denoting a Spanish nobleman of the lower class.

Hid´den , p. p. & a. from Hide. Concealed; put out of view; secret; not known; mysterious. Hidden fifths or octaves (Mus.), consecutive fifths or octaves, not sounded, but suggested or implied in the parallel motion of two parts towards a fifth or an octave. Syn. — Hidden, Secret, Covert. Hidden may denote either known to on one; as a hidden disease; or intentionally concealed; as a hidden purpose of revenge. Secret denotes that the thing is known only to the party or parties concerned; as a secret conspiracy. Covert literally denotes what is not open or avowed; as a covert plan; but is often applied to what we mean shall be understood, without openly expressing it; as a covert allusion. Secret is opposed to known, and hidden to revealed. “Bring to light the hidden things of darkness.” 1 Cor. iv. 5. “My heart, which by a secret harmony
Still moves with thine, joined in connection sweet.” Milton. “By what best way,
Whether of open war, or covert guile,
We now debate.” Milton.

Hid´den•ite , n. [After W. E. Hidden.] (Min.) An emerald-green variety of spodumene found in North Carolina; lithia emerald, — used as a gem.

Hid´den•ly , adv. In a hidden manner.

Hide (hid), v. t. [imp. Hid (hid); p. p. Hidden (hid´d’n), Hid; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding (hid´ing).] [OE. hiden, huden, AS. hydan; akin to Gr. key•qein, and prob. to E. house, hut, and perh. to E. hide of an animal, and to hoard. Cf. Hoard.] 1. To conceal, or withdraw from sight; to put out of view; to secrete. “A city that is set on an hill can not be hid.” Matt. v. 15. “If circumstances lead me, I will find
Where truth is hid.” Shak. 2. To withhold from knowledge; to keep secret; to refrain from avowing or confessing. “Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate.” Pope. 3. To remove from danger; to shelter. “In the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion.” Ps. xxvi. 5. To hide one’s self, to put one’s self in a condition to be safe; to secure protection. ´A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself.´ Prov. xxii. 3. — To hide the face, to withdraw favor. ´Thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled.´ Ps. xxx. 7. — To hide the face from. (a) To overlook; to pardon. ´Hide thy face from my sins.´ Ps. li. 9. (b) To withdraw favor from; to be displeased with. Syn. — To conceal; secrete; disguise; dissemble; screen; cloak; mask; veil. See Conceal.

Hide, v. i. To lie concealed; to keep one’s self out of view; to be withdrawn from sight or observation. “Bred to disguise, in public ’tis you hide.” Pope. Hide and seek, a play of children, in which some hide themselves, and others seek them. Swift.

Hide, n. [AS. hid, earlier higed; prob. orig., land enough to support a family; cf. AS. hiwan, higan, members of a household, and E. hind a peasant.] (O. Eng. Law.) (a) An abode or dwelling. (b) A measure of land, common in Domesday Book and old English charters, the quantity of which is not well ascertained, but has been differently estimated at 80, 100, and 120 acres. [Written also hyde.]

Hide, n. [OE. hide, hude, AS. hyd; akin to D. huid, OHG. hut, G. haut, Icel. huð, Dan. & Sw. hud, L. cutis, Gr. ky•tos; and cf. Gr. sky•tos skin, hide, L. scutum shield, and E. sky. rad.13.] 1. The skin of an animal, either raw or dressed; — generally applied to the undressed skins of the larger domestic animals, as oxen, horses, etc. 2. The human skin; — so called in contempt. “O tiger’s heart, wrapped in a woman’s hide!” Shak.

Hide (hid), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hided; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding.] To flog; to whip. [Prov. Eng. & Low, U. S.]

Hide´bound , a. 1. Having the skin adhering so closely to the ribs and back as not to be easily loosened or raised; — said of an animal. 2. (Hort.) Having the bark so close and constricting that it impedes the growth; — said of trees. Bacon. 3. Untractable; bigoted; obstinately and blindly or stupidly conservative. Milton. Carlyle. 4. Niggardly; penurious. [Obs.] Quarles.

Hid´e•ous (hid´e•us; 277), a. [OE. hidous, OF. hidous, hidos, hidus, hisdos, hisdous, F. hideux: cf. OF. hide, hisde, fright; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. egidi horror, or L. hispidosus, for hispidus rough, bristly, E. hispid.] 1. Frightful, shocking, or offensive to the eyes; dreadful to behold; as a hideous monster; hideous looks. ´A piteous and hideous spectacle.´ Macaulay. 2. Distressing or offensive to the ear; exciting terror or dismay; as a hideous noise. ´Hideous cries.´ Shak. 3. Hateful; shocking. ´Sure, you have some hideous matter to deliver.´ Shak. Syn. — Frightful; ghastly; grim; grisly; horrid; dreadful; terrible. — Hid´e•ous•ly, adv. — Hid´e•ous•ness, n.

Hid´er , n. One who hides or conceals.

Hid´ing, n. The act of hiding or concealing, or of withholding from view or knowledge; concealment. “There was the hiding of his power.” Hab. iii. 4.

Hid´ing, n. A flogging. [Colloq.] Charles Reade.

Hie , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hied p. pr. & vb. n. Hying.] [OE. hien, hihen, highen, AS. higian to hasten, strive; cf. L. ciere to put in motion, call upon, rouse, Gr. to go, E. cite.] To hasten; to go in haste; — also often with the reciprocal pronoun. [Rare, except in poetry] ´My husband hies him home.´ Shak. “The youth, returning to his mistress, hies.” Dryden.

Hie, n. Haste; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hi´ems , n. [L.] Winter. Shak.

Hi´e•ra•pi´cra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sacred + bitter.] (med.) A warming cathartic medicine, made of aloes and canella bark. Dunglison.

Hi´er•arch , n. [LL. hierarcha, Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred (akin to Skr. ishiras vigorous, fresh, blooming) + leader, ruler, fr. to lead, rule: cf. F. hierarque.] One who has high and controlling authority in sacred things; the chief of a sacred order; as princely hierarchs. Milton. { Hi´er•arch•al , Hi•er•arch´ic } a. Pertaining to a hierarch. ´The great hierarchal standard.´ Milton.

Hi•er•arch´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. hierarchique.] Pertaining to a hierarchy. — Hi•er•arch•ic•al•ly, adv.

Hi´er•arch•ism , n. The principles or authority of a hierarchy. “The more dominant hierarchism of the West.” Milman.

Hi´er•arch•y (-y), n.; pl. Hierarchies (-iz). [Gr. ’ierarchi•a: cf. F. hierarchie.] 1. Dominion or authority in sacred things. 2. A body of officials disposed organically in ranks and orders each subordinate to the one above it; a body of ecclesiastical rulers. 3. A form of government administered in the church by patriarchs, metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, and, in an inferior degree, by priests. Shipley. 4. A rank or order of holy beings. “Standards and gonfalons … for distinction serve
Of hierarchies, of orders, and degrees.” Milton.

Hi•er•at´ic , a. [L. hieraticus, Gr. ; akin to ´iero•s sacred: cf. F. hieratique.] Consecrated to sacred uses; sacerdotal; pertaining to priests. Hieratic character, a mode of ancient Egyptian writing; a modified form of hieroglyphics, tending toward a cursive hand and formerly supposed to be the sacerdotal character, as the demotic was supposed to be that of the people. “It was a false notion of the Greeks that of the three kinds of writing used by the Egyptians, two — for that reason called hieroglyphic and hieratic — were employed only for sacred, while the third, the demotic, was employed for secular, purposes. No such distinction is discoverable on the more ancient Egyptian monuments; bur we retain the old names founded on misapprehension.” W. H. Ward (Johnson’s Cyc.).

Hi•er•oc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + to be strong, rule.] Government by ecclesiastics; a hierarchy. Jefferson. { Hi´er•o•glyph , Hi•er•o•glyph´ic } n. [Cf. F. hieroglyphe. See Hieroglyphic, a.] 1. A sacred character; a character in picture writing, as of the ancient Egyptians, Mexicans, etc. Specifically, in the plural, the picture writing of the ancient Egyptian priests. It is made up of three, or, as some say, four classes of characters: first, the hieroglyphic proper, or figurative, in which the representation of the object conveys the idea of the object itself; second, the ideographic, consisting of symbols representing ideas not sounds, as an ostrich feather is a symbol of truth; third, the phonetic, consisting of symbols employed as syllables of a word, or as letters of the alphabet, having a certain sound, as a hawk represented the vowel a. 2. Any character or figure which has or is supposed to have, a hidden or mysterious significance; hence, any unintelligible or illegible character or mark. [Colloq.] { Hi•er•o•glyph´ic , Hi•er•o•glyph´ic•al , } a. [L. hieroglyphicus, Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + gly•fein to carve: cf. F. hieroglyphique.] 1. Emblematic; expressive of some meaning by characters, pictures, or figures; as hieroglyphic writing; a hieroglyphic obelisk. “Pages no better than blanks to common minds, to his, hieroglyphical of wisest secrets.” Prof. Wilson. 2. Resembling hieroglyphics; not decipherable. ´An hieroglyphical scrawl.´ Sir W. Scott.

Hi•er•o•glyph•ic•ally , adv. In hieroglyphics.

Hi•er•og´ly•phist ( 277), n. One versed in hieroglyphics. Gliddon.

Hi´er•o•gram , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + -gram.] A form of sacred or hieratic writing.

Hi•er•o•gram´mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. hierogrammatique.] Written in, or pertaining to, hierograms; expressive of sacred writing. Bp. Warburton.

Hi•er•o•gram´ma•tist , n. [Cf. F. hierogrammatiste.] A writer of hierograms; also one skilled in hieroglyphics. Greenhill. { Hi•er•o•graph´ic , Hi•er•o•graph´ic•al , } a. [L. hierographicus, Gr. : cf. F. hierographique.] Of or pertaining to sacred writing.

Hi•er•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + gra•fein to write: cf. F. hierographie.] Sacred writing. [R.] Bailey.

Hi•er•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + worship, to worship.] The worship of saints or sacred things. [R.] Coleridge. { Hi•er•o•log´ic , Hi•er•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. hierologique.] Pertaining to hierology.

Hi•er•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in, or whostudies, hierology.

Hi•er•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + discourse: cf. F. hierologie.] A treatise on sacred things; especially, the science which treats of the ancient writings and inscriptions of the Egyptians, or a treatise on that science.

Hi´er•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + divination: cf. F. hieromantie.] Divination by observing the objects offered in sacrifice.

Hi´er•o•mar•tyr , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + E. martyr.] A priest who becomes a martyr.

Hi•e•rom•ne´mon , n. [NL., from Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + mindful, fr. to think on, remember.] (Gr. Antiq.) 1. The sacred secretary or recorder sent by each state belonging to the Amphictyonic Council, along with the deputy or minister. Liddel & Scott. 2. A magistrate who had charge of religious matters, as at Byzantium. Liddel & Scott.

Hi´er•on , n. [Gr. ´iero•n.] A consecrated place; esp., a temple.

Hi•er•on´y•mite , n. [From St. Hieronymus, or Jerome.] (Eccl.) See Jeronymite.

Hi•er´o•phant (hi•er´o•fant or hi´er; 277), n. [L. hierophanta, hierophantes, Gr. ´ierofa•nths; ´iero•s sacred + fai•nein to show, make known: cf. F. hierophante.] The presiding priest who initiated candidates at the Eleusinian mysteries; hence, one who teaches the mysteries and duties of religion. Abp Potter.

Hi•er•o•phan´tic , a. [Gr. .] Of or relating to hierophants or their teachings.

Hi•er•os´co•py , n. [Gr. divination; ´iero•s sacred + to view.] Divination by inspection of entrails of victims offered in sacrifice.

Hi•er•o•the´ca , n.; pl. -cae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + chest.] A receptacle for sacred objects.

Hi´er•our•gy , n. [Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + work.] A sacred or holy work or worship. [Obs.] Waterland.

Hi•fa•lu´tin , n. See Highfaluting.

Hig´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Higgled p. pr. & vb. n. Higgling ] [Cf. Haggle, or Huckster.] 1. To hawk or peddle provisions. 2. To chaffer; to stickle for small advantages in buying and selling; to haggle. “A person accustomed to higgle about taps.” Jeffry. “To truck and higgle for a private good.” Emerson.

Hig•gle•dy-pig´gle•dy , adv. In confusion; topsy-turvy. [Colloq.] Johnson.

Hig´gler , n. One who higgles.

High , v. i. [See Hie.] To hie. [Obs.] “Men must high them apace, and make haste.” Holland.

High , a. [Compar. Higher superl. Highest.] [OE. high, hegh, hey, heh, AS. heáh, hh; akin to OS. hh, OFries. hag, hach, D. hoog, OHG. hh, G. hoch, Icel. hr, Sw. hög, Dan. höi, Goth. hauhs, and to Icel. haugr mound, G. hügel hill, Lith. kaukaras.] 1. Elevated above any starting point of measurement, as a line, or surface; having altitude; lifted up; raised or extended in the direction of the zenith; lofty; tall; as a high mountain, tower, tree; the sun is high. 2. Regarded as raised up or elevated; distinguished; remarkable; conspicuous; superior; — used indefinitely or relatively, and often in figurative senses, which are understood from the connection; as — (a) Elevated in character or quality, whether moral or intellectual; preëminent; honorable; as high aims, or motives. ´The highest faculty of the soul.´ Baxter. (b) Exalted in social standing or general estimation, or in rank, reputation, office, and the like; dignified; as she was welcomed in the highest circles. “He was a wight of high renown.” Shak. (c) Of noble birth; illustrious; as of high family. (d) Of great strength, force, importance, and the like; strong; mighty; powerful; violent; sometimes, triumphant; victorious; majestic, etc.; as a high wind; high passions. ´With rather a high manner.´ Thackeray. “Strong is thy hand, and high is thy right hand.” Ps. lxxxix. 13. “Can heavenly minds such high resentment show?” Dryden. (e) Very abstract; difficult to comprehend or surmount; grand; noble. “Both meet to hear and answer such high things.” Shak. “Plain living and high thinking are no more.” Wordsworth. (f) Costly; dear in price; extravagant; as to hold goods at a high price. “If they must be good at so high a rate, they know they may be safe at a cheaper.” South. (g) Arrogant; lofty; boastful; proud; ostentatious; — used in a bad sense. “An high look and a proud heart … is sin.” Prov. xxi. 4. “His forces, after all the high discourses, amounted really but to eighteen hundred foot.” Clarendon. 3. Possessing a characteristic quality in a supreme or superior degree; as high (i. e., intense) heat; high (i. e., full or quite) noon; high (i. e., rich or spicy) seasoning; high (i. e., complete) pleasure; high (i. e., deep or vivid) color; high (i. e., extensive, thorough) scholarship, etc. “High time it is this war now ended were.” Spenser. “High sauces and spices are fetched from the Indies.” Baker. 4. (Cookery) Strong-scented; slightly tainted; as epicures do not cook game before it is high. 5. (Mus.) Acute or sharp; — opposed to grave or low; as a high note. 6. (Phon.) Made with a high position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate, as e (eve), oo (food). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 10, 11. High admiral, the chief admiral. — High altar, the principal altar in a church. — High and dry, out of water; out of reach of the current or tide; — said of a vessel, aground or beached. — High and mighty arrogant; overbearing. [Colloq.] — High art, art which deals with lofty and dignified subjects and is characterized by an elevated style avoiding all meretricious display. — High bailiff, the chief bailiff. — High Church, ∧ Low Church, two ecclesiastical parties in the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church. The high-churchmen emphasize the doctrine of the apostolic succession, and hold, in general, to a sacramental presence in the Eucharist, to baptismal regeneration, and to the sole validity of Episcopal ordination. They attach much importance to ceremonies and symbols in worship. Low-churchmen lay less stress on these points, and, in many instances, reject altogether the peculiar tenets of the high-church school. See Broad Church. — High constable (Law), a chief of constabulary. See Constable, n., 2. — High commission court,a court of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in England erected and united to the regal power by Queen Elizabeth in 1559. On account of the abuse of its powers it was abolished in 1641. — High day (Script.), a holy or feast day. John xix. 31. — High festival (Eccl.), a festival to be observed with full ceremonial. — High German, or High Dutch. See under German. — High jinks, an old Scottish pastime; hence, noisy revelry; wild sport. [Colloq.] ´All the high jinks of the county, when the lad comes of age.´ F. Harrison. — High latitude (Geog.), one designated by the higher figures; consequently, a latitude remote from the equator. — High life, life among the aristocracy or the rich. — High liver, one who indulges in a rich diet. — High living, a feeding upon rich, pampering food. — High Mass. (R. C. Ch.) See under Mass. — High milling, a process of making flour from grain by several successive grindings and intermediate sorting, instead of by a single grinding. — High noon, the time when the sun is in the meridian. — High place (Script.), an eminence or mound on which sacrifices were offered. — High priest. See in the Vocabulary. — High relief. (Fine Arts) See Alto-rilievo. — High school. See under School. High seas (Law), the open sea; the part of the ocean not in the territorial waters of any particular sovereignty, usually distant three miles or more from the coast line. Wharton. — High steam, steam having a high pressure. — High steward, the chief steward. — High tea, tea with meats and extra relishes. — High tide, the greatest flow of the tide; high water. — High time. (a) Quite time; full time for the occasion. (b) A time of great excitement or enjoyment; a carousal. [Slang] — High treason, treason against the sovereign or the state, the highest civil offense. See Treason. It is now sufficient to speak of high treason as treason simply, seeing that petty treason, as a distinct offense, has been abolished. Mozley & W. — High water, the utmost flow or greatest elevation of the tide; also the time of such elevation. — High-water mark. (a) That line of the seashore to which the waters ordinarily reach at high water. (b) A mark showing the highest level reached by water in a river or other body of fresh water, as in time of freshet. — High-water shrub (Bot.), a composite shrub (Iva frutescens), growing in salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States. — High wine, distilled spirits containing a high percentage of alcohol; — usually in the plural. — To be on a high horse, to be on one’s dignity; to bear one’s self loftily. [Colloq.] — With a high hand. (a) With power; in force; triumphantly. ´The children of Israel went out with a high hand.´ Ex. xiv. 8. (b) In an overbearing manner, arbitrarily. ´They governed the city with a high hand.´ Jowett (Thucyd. ). Syn. — Tall; lofty; elevated; noble; exalted; supercilious; proud; violent; full; dear. See Tall.

High , adv. In a high manner; in a high place; to a great altitude; to a great degree; largely; in a superior manner; eminently; powerfully. ´And reasoned high.´ Milton. ´I can not reach so high.´ Shak. High is extensively used in the formation of compound words, most of which are of very obvious signification; as high-aimed, high-arched, high-aspiring, high-bearing, high-boasting, high-browed, high-crested, high-crowned, high-designing, high-engendered, high-feeding, high-flaming, high-flavored, high-gazing, high-heaped, high-heeled, high-priced, high-reared, high-resolved, high-rigged, high-seated, high-shouldered, high-soaring, high-towering, high-voiced, and the like. High and low, everywhere; in all supposable places; as I hunted high and low. [Colloq.]

High, n. 1. An elevated place; a superior region; a height; the sky; heaven. 2. People of rank or high station; as high and low. 3. (Card Playing) The highest card dealt or drawn. High, low, jack, and the game, a game at cards; — also called all fours, old sledge, and seven up. — In high and low, utterly; completely; in every respect. [Obs.] Chaucer. — On high, aloft; above. “The dayspring from on high hath visited us.” Luke i. 78. — The Most High, the Supreme Being; God.

High , v. i. To rise; as the sun higheth. [Obs.]

High´bind•er , n. A ruffian; one who hounds, or spies upon, another; app. esp. to the members of certain alleged societies among the Chinese. [U. S.]

High´-blown , a. Inflated, as with conceit.

High´born , a. Of noble birth. Shak.

High´-bred , a. Bred in high life; of pure blood. Byron.

High´-built , a. Of lofty structure; tall. ´High-built organs.´ Tennyson. “The high-built elephant his castle rears.” Creech.

High´-church , a. Of or pertaining to, or favoring, the party called the High Church, or their doctrines or policy. See High Church, under High, a.

High´-church•ism , n. The principles of the high-church party.

High´-church•man , n.; pl. -men . One who holds high-church principles.

High´-church•man-ship, n. The state of being a high-churchman. J. H. Newman.

High´-col•ored , a. 1. Having a strong, deep, or glaring color; flushed. Shak. 2. Vivid; strong or forcible in representation; hence, exaggerated; as high-colored description.

High´-em•bowed , a. Having lofty arches. ´The high-embowed roof.´ Milton.

High´er•ing , a. Rising higher; ascending. “In ever highering eagle circles.” Tennyson.

High•fa•lu´ting , n. [Perh. a corruption of highflighting.] High-flown, bombastic language. [Written also hifalutin.] [Jocular, U. S.] Lowell.

High´-fed , a. Pampered; fed luxuriously.

High´-fin•ished , a. Finished with great care; polished.

High´fli•er , n. One who is extravagant in pretensions, opinions, or manners. Swift.

High´-flown , a. 1. Elevated; proud. ´High-flown hopes.´ Denham. 2. Turgid; extravagant; bombastic; inflated; as high-flown language. M. Arnold.

High´-flushed , a. Elated. Young.

High´fly•ing , a. Extravagant in opinions or ambition. ´Highflying, arbitrary kings.´ Dryden.

High´-go , n. A spree; a revel. [Low]

High´-hand•ed , a. Overbearing; oppressive; arbitrary; violent; as a high-handed act.

High´-heart•ed , a. Full of courage or nobleness; high-souled. — High´-heart•ed•ness, n.

High´-hoe , n. (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker or yaffle. [Written also high-hoo.]

High´-hold•er , n. (Zoöl.) The flicker; — called also high- hole. [Local, U. S.]

High´land , n. Elevated or mountainous land; (often in the pl.) an elevated region or country; as the Highlands of Scotland. Highland fling, a dance peculiar to the Scottish Highlanders; a sort of hornpipe.

High´land•er , n. An inhabitant of highlands, especially of the Highlands of Scotland.

High´land•ry , n. Highlanders, collectively.

High´-low , n. A laced boot, ankle high.

High´ly, adv. In a high manner, or to a high degree; very much; as highly esteemed.

High´men , n. pl. Loaded dice so contrived as to turn up high numbers. [Obs] Sir J. Harrington.

High´-met•tled , a. Having abundance of mettle; ardent; full of fire; as a high-mettled steed.

High´-mind´ed , a. 1. Proud; arrogant. [Obs.] “Be not high-minded, but fear.” Rom. xi. 20. 2. Having, or characterized by, honorable pride; of or pertaining to elevated principles and feelings; magnanimous; — opposed to mean. “High-minded, manly recognition of those truths.” A. Norton.

High´-mind•ed•ness, n. The quality of being highminded; nobleness; magnanimity.

High´most , a. Highest. [Obs.] Shak.

High´ness, n. [AS. heáhnes.] 1. The state of being high; elevation; loftiness. 2. A title of honor given to kings, princes, or other persons of rank; as His Royal Highness. Shak.

High´-palmed , a. (Zoöl.) Having high antlers; bearing full-grown antlers aloft.

High´-pres•sure ( 135), a. 1. Having or involving a pressure greatly exceeding that of the atmosphere; — said of steam, air, water, etc., and of steam, air, or hydraulic engines, water wheels, etc. 2. Fig.: Urgent; intense; as a high- pressure business or social life. High-pressure engine, an engine in which steam at high pressure is used. It may be either a condensing or a noncondensing engine. Formerly the term was used only of the latter. See Steam engine.

High´ priest (Eccl.) A chief priest; esp., the head of the Jewish priesthood.

High´-priest•hood , n. The office, dignity, or position of a high priest.

High´-priest•ship, n. High- priesthood.

High´-prin•ci•pled , a. Possessed of noble or honorable principles.

High´-proof , a. 1. Highly rectified; very strongly alcoholic; as high-proof spirits. 2. So as to stand any test. ´We are high-proof melancholy.´ Shak.

High´-raised , a. 1. Elevated; raised aloft; upreared. 2. Elated with great ideas or hopes. Milton.

High´-reach•ing , a. Reaching high or upward; hence, ambitious; aspiring. Shak.

High´-red , a. Of a strong red color.

High´road , n. A highway; a much traveled or main road.

High´-sea•soned , a. Enriched with spice and condiments; hence, exciting; piquant.

High´-sight•ed , a. Looking upward; supercilious. Shak.

High´-souled , a. Having a high or noble spirit; honorable. E. Everett.

High´-sound•ing , a. Pompous; noisy; ostentatious; as high-sounding words or titles.

High´-spir•it•ed , a. Full of spirit or natural fire; haughty; courageous; impetuous; not brooking restraint or opposition.

High´-step•per , n. A horse that moves with a high step or proud gait; hence, a person having a proud bearing. [Colloq.]

High´-stom•ached , a. Having a lofty spirit; haughty. [Obs.] Shak.

High´-strung , a. Strung to a high pitch; spirited; sensitive; as a high-strung horse.

High´-swell•ing , a. Inflated; boastful.

Hight , n. A variant of Height.

Hight , v. t. & i. [imp. Hight, Hot , p. p. Hight, Hote , Hoten . See Hote.] [OE. heiten, highten, haten, hoten; also hight, hatte, hette, is called, was called, AS. hatan to call, name, be called, to command, promise; also hatte is called, was called; akin to G. heissen to call, be called, bid, Goth. haitan to call, in the passive, to be called.] 1. To be called or named. [Archaic & Poetic.] In the form hight, it is used in a passive sense as a present, meaning is called or named, also as a preterite, was called or named. This form has also been used as a past participle. See Hote. “The great poet of Italy,
That highte Dante.” Chaucer. “Bright was her hue, and Geraldine she hight.” Surrey. “Entered then into the church the Reverend Teacher.
Father he hight, and he was in the parish.” Longfellow. “Childe Harold was he hight.” Byron. 2. To command; to direct; to impel. [Obs.] “But the sad steel seized not where it was hight
Upon the child, but somewhat short did fall.” Spenser. 3. To commit; to intrust. [Obs.] “Yet charge of them was to a porter hight.” Spenser. 4. To promise. [Obs.] “He had hold his day, as he had hight.” Chaucer.

Hight´en•er , n. That which heightens.

Highth (hith or hitth), n. Variant of Height. [Obs.]

High´-toned , a. 1. High in tone or sound. 2. Elevated; high-principled; honorable. “In whose high-toned impartial mind
Degrees of mortal rank and state
Seem objects of indifferent weight.” Sir W. Scott.

High´-top , n. A ship’s masthead. Shak.

High´ty-tigh´ty , a. Hoity- toity.

High´way , n. A road or way open to the use of the public; a main road or thoroughfare. Syn. — Way; road; path; course.

High´way•man , n.; pl. Highwaymen . One who robs on the public road; a highway robber.

High´-wrought , a. 1. Wrought with fine art or skill; elaborate. [Obs.] Pope. 2. Worked up, or swollen, to a high degree; as a highwrought passion. ´A high-wrought flood.´ Shak.

Hi´gre , n. See Eagre. [Obs.] Drayton.

Hig´-ta•per , n. [Cf. Hag- taper.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Verbascum (V. Thapsus); the common mullein. [Also high-taper and hag-taper.]

Hij´e•ra , Hij´ra , n. See Hegira.

Hi´lal , a. Of or pertaining to a hilum.

Hi´lar , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the hilum.

Hi•la´ri•ous , a. [L. hilaris, hilarus, Gr. ; cf. gracious, kindly.] Mirthful; noisy; merry.

Hi•lar´i•ty ( 277), n. [L. hilaritas: cf. F. hilarite. See Hilarious.] Boisterous mirth; merriment; jollity. Goldsmith. Hilarity differs from joy: the latter, excited by good news or prosperity, is an affection of the mind; the former, produced by social pleasure, drinking, etc., which rouse the animal spirits, is more demonstrative. Syn. — Glee; cheerfulness; mirth; merriment; gayety; joyousness; exhilaration; joviality; jollity.

Hil´a•ry term Formerly, one of the four terms of the courts of common law in England, beginning on the eleventh of January and ending on the thirty-first of the same month, in each year; — so called from the festival of St. Hilary, January 13th. The Hilary term is superseded by the Hilary sittings, which commence on the eleventh of January and end on the Wednesday before Easter. Mozley & W.

Hil´ding , n. [Prob. a corruption of hindling, dim. of hind, adj. Cf. Prov. E. hilderling, hinderling. See Hinderling.] A base, menial wretch. — a. Base; spiritless. [Obs.] Shak.

Hile , v. t. To hide. See Hele. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hile , n. (Bot.) Same as Hilum.

Hill , n. [OE. hil, hul, AS. hyll; akin to OD. hille, hil, L. collis, and prob. to E. haulm, holm, and column. Cf. 2d Holm.] 1. A natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth rising above the common level of the surrounding land; an eminence less than a mountain. “Every mountain and hill shall be made low.” Is. xl. 4. 2. The earth raised about the roots of a plant or cluster of plants. [U. S.] See Hill, v. t. 3. A single cluster or group of plants growing close together, and having the earth heaped up about them; as a hill of corn or potatoes. [U. S.] Hill ant (Zoöl.), a common ant (Formica rufa), of Europe and America, which makes mounds or ant-hills over its nests. — Hill myna (Zoöl.), one of several species of birds of India, of the genus Gracula, and allied to the starlings. They are easily taught to speak many words. [Written also hill mynah.] See Myna. — Hill partridge (Zoöl.), a partridge of the genus Aborophila, of which numerous species in habit Southern Asia and the East Indies. — Hill tit (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small Asiatic singing birds of the family Leiotrichidae. Many are beautifully colored.

Hill , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hilled p. pr. & vb. n. Hilling.] To surround with earth; to heap or draw earth around or upon; as to hill corn. “Showing them how to plant and hill it.” Palfrey.

Hill´i•ness , n. The state of being hilly.

Hill´ing, n. The act or process of heaping or drawing earth around plants.

Hill´ock , n. A small hill. Shak.

Hill´side , n. The side or declivity of a hill.

Hill´top , n. The top of a hill.

Hill´y , a. 1. Abounding with hills; uneven in surface; as a hilly country. ´Hilly steep.´ Dryden. 2. Lofty; as hilly empire. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Hilt , n. [AS. hilt, hilte; akin to OHG. helza, Prov. G. hilze, Icel. hjalt.] 1. A handle; especially, the handle of a sword, dagger, or the like.

Hilt´ed, a. Having a hilt; — used in composition; as basket-hilted, cross- hilted.

Hi´lum , n. [L., a little thing, trifle.] 1. (Bot.) The eye of a bean or other seed; the mark or scar at the point of attachment of an ovule or seed to its base or support; — called also hile. 2. (Anat.) The part of a gland, or similar organ, where the blood vessels and nerves enter; the hilus; as the hilum of the kidney.

Hi´lus , n. [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Hilum, 2.

Him , pron. Them. See Hem. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him, pron. [AS. him, dat. of he. rad.183. See He.] The objective case of he. See He. “Him that is weak in the faith receive.” Rom. xiv. 1. “Friends who have given him the most sympathy.” Thackeray. In old English his and him were respectively the genitive and dative forms of it as well as of he. This use is now obsolete. Poetically, him is sometimes used with the reflexive sense of himself. “I never saw but Humphrey, duke of Gloster,
Did bear him like a noble gentleman.” Shak.

Hi•ma´la•yan , a. [Skr. himalaya, prop., the abode of snow.] Of or pertaining to the Himalayas the great mountain chain in Hindostan.

Himp´ne , n. A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him•self´ , pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person masculine pronoun; — used as a subject usually with he; as he himself will bear the blame; used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as it is himself who saved himself. “But he himself returned from the quarries.” Judges iii. 19. “David hid himself in the field.” 1 Sam. xx. 24. “The Lord himself shall give you a sign.” Is. vii. 14. “Who gave himself for us, that he might … purify unto himself a peculiar people.” Titus ii. 14. “With shame remembers, while himself was one
Of the same herd, himself the same had done.” Denham. Himself was formerly used instead of itself. See Note under Him. “It comprehendeth in himself all good.” Chaucer. 2. One’s true or real character; one’s natural temper and disposition; the state of being in one’s right or sane mind (after unconsciousness, passion, delirium, or abasement); as the man has come to himself. By himself, alone; unaccompanied; apart; sequestered; as he sits or studies by himself. — To leave one to himself, to withdraw from him; to let him take his own course.

Him•self´ , Him•selve´ , Him•selv´en , pron. pl. Themselves. See Hemself. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him•selve´ , pron. See 1st Himself. [Obs.] { Him•yar´ic , Him•ya•rit´ic } a. Pertaining to Himyar, an ancient king of Yemen, in Arabia, or to his successors or people; as the Himjaritic characters, language, etc.; applied esp. to certain ancient inscriptions showing the primitive type of the oldest form of the Arabic, still spoken in Southern Arabia. Brande & C.

Hin , n. [Heb. hin.] A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing three quarts, one pint, one gill, English measure. W. H. Ward.

Hind , n. [AS. hind; akin to D. hinde, OHG. hinta, G. hinde, hindin, Icel., Sw., & Dan. hind, and perh. to Goth. hinpan to seize (in comp.), E. hunt, or cf. Gr. a young deer.] 1. (Zoöl.) The female of the red deer, of which the male is the stag. 2. (Zoöl.) A spotted food fish of the genus Epinephelus, as E. apua of Bermuda, and E. Drummond-hayi of Florida; — called also coney, John Paw, spotted hind.

Hind, n. [OE. hine, AS. hine, hina, orig. gen. pl. of hiwan domestics; akin to Icel. hju man and wife, domestics, family, Goth. heiwafrauja master of the house, G. heirath marriage; cf. L. civis citizen, E. city or E. home. Cf. Hide a measure of land.] 1. A domestic; a servant. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A peasant; a rustic; a farm servant. [Eng.] “The hind, that homeward driving the slow steer
Tells how man’s daily work goes forward here.” Trench.

Hind, a. [Compar. Hinder superl. Hindmost , or Hindermost .] [OE. hind, adv., back, AS. hindan behind. See Hinder, a.] In the rear; — opposed to front; of or pertaining to the part or end which follows or is behind, in opposition to the part which leads or is before; as the hind legs or hind feet of a quadruped; the hind man in a procession.

Hind´ber•ry , n. [AS. hindberie; akin to OHG. hintberi, G. himbeere. So called because hinds or stags are fond of them. See 1st Hind, and Berry.] The raspberry. [Prov. Eng.]

Hind´brain , n. [Hind, adj. + brain.] (Anat.) The posterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the epencephalon and metencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the epencephalon only.

Hind´er , a. [OE. hindere, AS. hinder, adv., behind; akin to OHG. hintar, prep., behind, G. hinter, Goth. hindar; orig. a comparative, and akin to AS. hine hence. See Hence, He, and cf. Hind, a., Hindmost.] Of or belonging to that part or end which is in the rear, or which follows; as the hinder part of a wagon; the hinder parts of a horse. “He was in the hinder part of the ship.” Mark iv. 38.

Hin´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hindered p. pr. & vb. n. Hindering.] [OE. hindren, hinderen, AS. hindrian, fr. hinder behind; akin to D. hinderen, G. hindern, OHG. hintarn, Icel. & Sw. hindra, Dan. hindre. See Hinder, a.] 1. To keep back or behind; to prevent from starting or moving forward; to check; to retard; to obstruct; to bring to a full stop; — often followed by from; as an accident hindered the coach; drought hinders the growth of plants; to hinder me from going. “Them that were entering in ye hindered.” Luke xi. 52. “I hinder you too long.” Shak. 2. To prevent or embarrass; to debar; to shut out. “What hinders younger brothers, being fathers of families, from having the same right?” Locke. Syn. — To check; retard; impede; delay; block; clog; prevent; stop; interrupt; counteract; thwart; oppose; obstruct; debar; embarrass.

Hin´der, v. i. To interpose obstacles or impediments; to be a hindrance. “This objection hinders not but that the heroic action of some commander … may be written.” Dryden.

Hin´der•ance n. Same as Hindrance.

Hin´der•er , n. One who, or that which, hinders.

Hind´er•est , a. Hindermost; — superl. of Hind, a. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hind´er•ling , n. [AS. hinderling one who comes behind his ancestors, fr. AS. hinder behind. See Hinder, a., and cf. Hilding.] A worthless, base, degenerate person or animal. [Obs.] Callander. { Hind´er•most• , Hind´most• } , a. [The superlative of hind. See Hind, a.] [Cf. AS. hindema (akin to Goth. hindumists), a superlative from the same source as the comparative hinder. See Hinder, a., and cf. Aftermost.] Furthest in or toward the rear; last. ´Rachel and Joseph hindermost.´ Gen. xxxiii. 2.

Hind´gut , n. [Hind, a. + gut.] (Anat.) The posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and sometimes the large intestine also.

Hin´di , n. [Prop. a Per. adj. meaning, Indian, Hindoo.] The name given by Europeans to that form of the Hindustani language which is chiefly spoken by native Hindoos. In employs the Devanagari character, in which Sanskrit is written. Whitworth.

Hind´ley´s screw (Mech.) A screw cut on a solid whose sides are arcs of the periphery of a wheel into the teeth of which the screw is intended to work. It is named from the person who first used the form. { Hin´doo , Hin´du } ( 277), n.; pl. Hindoos (#) or Hindus. [Per. Hindu, fr. Hind, Hindustan, India. Cf. Indian.] A native inhabitant of Hindostan. As an ethnical term it is confined to the Dravidian and Aryan races; as a religious name it is restricted to followers of the Veda. { Hin´doo•ism , Hin´du•ism } , n. The religious doctrines and rites of the Hindoos; Brahmanism. { Hin´doo•sta´nee , Hin´du•sta´ni } , a. [Hind. Hindustani an Indian, fr. Hind. and Per. Hindustan India.] Of or pertaining to the Hindoos or their language. — n. The language of Hindostan; the name given by Europeans to the most generally spoken of the modern Aryan languages of India. It is Hindi with the addition of Persian and Arabic words.

Hin´drance , n. [See Hinder, v. t.] 1. The act of hindering, or the state of being hindered. 2. That which hinders; an impediment. “What various hindrances we meet.” Cowper. “Something between a hindrance and a help.” Wordsworth. Syn. — Impediment; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty; interruption; check; delay; restraint.

Hin´du , n. Same as Hindoo.

Hine , n. [See Hind a servant.] A servant; a farm laborer; a peasant; a hind. [Obs.] “Bailiff, herd, nor other hine.” Chaucer.

Hinge , n. [OE. henge, heeng; akin to D. heng, LG. henge, Prov. E. hingle a small hinge; connected with hang, v., and Icel. hengja to hang. See Hang.] 1. The hook with its eye, or the joint, on which a door, gate, lid, etc., turns or swings; a flexible piece, as a strip of leather, which serves as a joint to turn on. “The gate self-opened wide,
On golden hinges turning.” Milton. 2. That on which anything turns or depends; a governing principle; a cardinal point or rule; as this argument was the hinge on which the question turned. 3. One of the four cardinal points, east, west, north, or south. [R.] “When the moon is in the hinge at East.” Creech. “Nor slept the winds … but rushed abroad.” Milton. Hinge joint. (a) (Anat.) See Ginglymus. (b) (Mech.) Any joint resembling a hinge, by which two pieces are connected so as to permit relative turning in one plane. — To be off the hinges, to be in a state of disorder or irregularity; to have lost proper adjustment. Tillotson.

Hinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinged p. pr. & vb. n. Hinging ] 1. To attach by, or furnish with, hinges. 2. To bend. [Obs.] Shak.

Hinge , v. i. To stand, depend, hang, or turn, as on a hinge; to depend chiefly for a result or decision or for force and validity; — usually with on or upon; as the argument hinges on this point. I. Taylor

Hinged , a. Furnished with hinges.

Hinge´less , a. Without a hinge or joint.

Hink , n. A reaping hook. Knight. { Hin´ni•ate , Hin´ny } v. i. [L. hinnire.] To neigh; to whinny. [Obs.]

Hin´ny, n.; pl. Hinnies (#). [L. hinnus, cf. Gr. .] A hybrid between a stallion and an ass.

Hin´ny, n. A term of endearment; darling; — corrupted from honey. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hint , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hinting.] [OE. henten, hinten, to seize, to catch, AS. hentan to pursue, take, seize; or Icel. ymta to mutter, ymtr a muttering, Dan. ymte to whisper. rad.36. Cf. Hent.] To bring to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion; to suggest in an indirect manner; as to hint a suspicion. “Just hint a fault and hesitate dislike.” Pope. Syn. — To suggest; intimate; insinuate; imply.

Hint, v. i. To make an indirect reference, suggestion, or allusion; to allude vaguely to something. “We whisper, and hint, and chuckle.” Tennyson. To hint at, to allude to lightly, indirectly, or cautiously. Syn. — To allude; refer; glance; touch.

Hint, n. A remote allusion; slight mention; intimation; insinuation; a suggestion or reminder, without a full declaration or explanation; also an occasion or motive. “Our hint of woe
Is common.” Shak. “The hint malevolent, the look oblique.” Hannah More. Syn. — Suggestion; allusion. See Suggestion.

Hint´ing•ly , adv. In a hinting manner.

Hip , n. [OE. hipe, huppe, AS. hype; akin to D. heup, OHG. huf, G. hüfte, Dan. hofte, Sw. höft, Goth. hups; cf. Icel. huppr, and also Gr. the hollow above the hips of cattle, and Lith. kumpis ham.] 1. The projecting region of the lateral parts of one side of the pelvis and the hip joint; the haunch; the huckle. 2. (Arch.) The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides or skirts of a roof, which have their wall plates running in different directions. 3. (Engin) In a bridge truss, the place where an inclined end post meets the top chord. Waddell. Hip bone (Anat.), the innominate bone; — called also haunch bone and huckle bone. — Hip girdle (Anat.), the pelvic girdle. — Hip joint (Anat.), the articulation between the thigh bone and hip bone. — Hip knob (Arch.), a finial, ball, or other ornament at the intersection of the hip rafters and the ridge. — Hip molding (Arch.), a molding on the hip of a roof, covering the hip joint of the slating or other roofing. — Hip rafter (Arch.), the rafter extending from the wall plate to the ridge in the angle of a hip roof. — Hip roof, Hipped roof (Arch.), a roof having sloping ends and sloping sides. See Hip, n., 2., and Hip, v. t., 3. — Hip tile, a tile made to cover the hip of a roof. — To catch upon the hip, or To have on the hip, to have or get the advantage of; — a figure probably derived from wresting. Shak. — To smite hip and thigh, to overthrow completely; to defeat utterly. Judg. xv. 8.

Hip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hipped p. pr. & vb. n. Hipping.] 1. To dislocate or sprain the hip of, to fracture or injure the hip bone of (a quadruped) in such a manner as to produce a permanent depression of that side. 2. To throw (one’s adversary) over one’s hip in wrestling (technically called cross buttock). 3. To make with a hip or hips, as a roof. Hipped roof. See Hip roof, under Hip.

Hip , n. [OE. hepe, AS. heópe; cf. OHG. hiufo a bramble bush.] (Bot.) The fruit of a rosebush, especially of the English dog-rose (Rosa canina). [Written also hop, hep.] Hip tree (Bot.), the dog- rose.

Hip, interj. Used to excite attention or as a signal; as hip, hip, hurra!

Hip, or Hipps , n. See Hyp, n. [Colloq.]

Hip´halt , a. Lame in the hip. [R.] Gower. { Hip´pa , Hip´pe } n. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine decapod crustaceans, which burrow rapidly in the sand by pushing themselves backward; — called also bait bug. See Illust. under Anomura.

Hip•pa´ri•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a pony, dim. of a horse.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Tertiary mammals allied to the horse, but three-toed, having on each foot a small lateral hoof on each side of the main central one. It is believed to be one of the ancestral genera of the Horse family. { Hipped , Hip´pish } a. [From 5th Hip.] Somewhat hypochondriac; melancholy. See Hyppish. [Colloq.] “When we are hipped or in high spirits.” R. L. Stevenson.

Hip•po•bos´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´i•ppos horse + to feed.] (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects including the horsefly or horse tick. — Hip•po•bos´can (#), a.

Hip´po•camp , n. See Hippocampus.

Hip•po•cam´pal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hippocampus.

Hip•po•cam´pus , n. [L., the sea horse, Gr. a hippocampus (in senses 1 and 2); ´i•ppos horse + to bend.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A fabulous monster, with the head and fore quarters of a horse joined to the tail of a dolphin or other fish (Hippocampus brevirostris), — seen in Pompeian paintings, attached to the chariot of Neptune. Fairholt. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of lophobranch fishes of several species in which the head and neck have some resemblance to those of a horse; — called also sea horse. They swim slowly, in an erect position, and often cling to seaweeds by means of the incurved prehensile tail. The male has a ventral pouch, in which it carries the eggs till hatched. 3. (Zoöl.) A name applied to either of two ridges of white matter in each lateral ventricle of the brain. The larger is called hippocampus major or simply hippocampus. The smaller, hippocampus minor, is called also ergot and calcar.

Hip•po•cen´taur , n. [L. hippocentaurus, Gr. ; ´i•ppos horse + centaur.] (Myth.) Same as Centaur.

Hip´po•cras , n. [F. hippocras, hypocras, NL. vinum hippocraticum, lit., wine of Hippocrates.] A cordial made of spiced wine, etc.

Hip•poc´ra•tes , n. A famous Greek physician and medical writer, born in Cos, about 460 B. C. Hippocrates’ sleeve, a conical strainer, made by stitching together two adjacent sides of a square piece of cloth, esp. flannel of linen.

Hip´po•crat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Hippocrates, or to his teachings. Hippocratic face [L. facies Hippocratica], the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. The nose is pinched, the eyes are sunk, the temples hollow, the ears cold and retracted, the skin of the forehead tense and dry, the complexion livid, the lips pendent, relaxed, and cold; — so called, as having been described by Hippocrates. Dunglison. — Hippocratic oath, an oath said to have been dictated by Hippocrates to his disciples. Such an oath is still administered to candidates for graduation in medicine.

Hip•poc´ra•tism , n. The medical philosophy or system of Hippocrates.

Hip´po•crene , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ´i•ppos horse + a fountain.] A fountain on Mount Helicon in Bœotia, fabled to have burst forth when the ground was struck by the hoof of Pegasus. also its waters, which were supposed to impart poetic inspiration. Keats. “Nor maddening draughts of Hippocrene.” Longfellow.

Hip´po•crep´i•an , n. [See Hippocrepiform.] (Zoöl.) One of an order of fresh-water Bryozoa, in which the tentacles are on a lophophore, shaped like a horseshoe. See Phylactolaema.

Hip•po•crep•i•form , a. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + shoe + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a horseshoe.

Hip´po•dame , n. [Cf. F. hippopotame.] A fabulous sea monster. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hip´po•drome , n. [L. hippodromos, Gr. ; ´i•ppos horse + course, fr. to run: cf. F. hippodrome.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A place set apart for equestrian and chariot races. 2. An arena for equestrian performances; a circus.

Hip´po•griff , n. [F. hippogriffe; cf. It. ippogrifo. See Hippopotamus, Griffon.] (Myth.) A fabulous winged animal, half horse and half griffin. Milton.

Hip´po•lith , n. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + -lith.] A concretion, or kind of bezoar, from the intestines of the horse.

Hip•po•pa•thol•o•gy , n. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + E. pathology: cf. F. hippopathologie.] The science of veterinary medicine; the pathology of the horse.

Hip•poph´a•gi , n. pl. [NL. See Hippophagous.] Eaters of horseflesh.

Hip•poph´a•gism , n. Hippophagy. Lowell.

Hip•poph´a•gist , n. One who eats horseflesh.

Hip•poph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + to eat: cf. F. hippophage.] Feeding on horseflesh; — said of certain nomadic tribes, as the Tartars.

Hip•poph´a•gy , n. [Cf. F. hippophagie.] The act or practice of feeding on horseflesh.

Hip´po•phile , n. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + to love.] One who loves horses. Holmes.

Hip•po•pot´a•mus , n.; pl. E. Hippopotamuses (#), L. Hippopotami (#). [L., from Gr.; ´i•ppos horse + river. Cf. Equine.] (Zoöl.) A large, amphibious, herbivorous mammal (Hippopotamus amphibius), common in the rivers of Africa. It is allied to the hogs, and has a very thick, naked skin, a thick and square head, a very large muzzle, small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, and short legs. It is supposed to be the behemoth of the Bible. Called also zeekoe, and river horse. A smaller species (H. Liberiencis) inhabits Western Africa.

Hip•pot´o•my , n. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + to cut: cf. F. hippotomie.] Anatomy of the horse.

Hip•pu´ric , a. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + o´y•ron urine: cf. F. hippurique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Obtained from the urine of horses; as hippuric acid. Hippuric acid, a white crystalline substance, containing nitrogen, present in the urine of herbivorous animals, and in small quantity in human urine. By the action of acids, it is decomposed into benzoic acid and glycocoll.

Hip´pu•rite , n. [Gr. decked with a horse’s tail; ´i•ppos horse + tail: cf. F. hippurite.] (Paleon.) A fossil bivalve mollusk of the genus Hippurites, of many species, having a conical, cup- shaped under valve, with a flattish upper valve or lid. Hippurites are found only in the Cretaceous rocks.

Hip´-roofed , a. Having a hip roof.

Hip´shot , a. [Hip + shot.] Having the hip dislocated; hence, having one hip lower than the other. L’Estrange.

Hip´ tree (Bot.) The dog- rose.

Hir , pron. [Obs.] See Here, pron. Chaucer.

Hir´cic , a. [Cf. F. hircique. See Hircin.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mutton suet; — applied by Chevreul to an oily acid which was obtained from mutton suet, and to which he attributed the peculiar taste and smell of that substance. The substance has also been called hircin. Watts.

Hir´cin , n. [L. hircus, he- goat, buck: cf. F. hircine.] (Chem.) Hircic acid. See Hircic. [R.] { Hir´cine , Hir´ci•nous } a. [L. hircinus, fr. hircus hegoat: cf. F. hircin.] 1. Goatlike; of or pertaining to a goat or the goats. 2. Of a strong goatish smell.

Hire (her), pron. [Obs.] See Here, pron. Chaucer.

Hire (hir), n. [OE. hire, hure, AS. hyr; akin to D. huur, G. heuer, Dan. hyre, Sw. hyra.] 1. The price, reward, or compensation paid, or contracted to be paid, for the temporary use of a thing or a place, for personal service, or for labor; wages; rent; pay. “The laborer is worthy of his hire.” Luke x. 7. 2. (Law.) A bailment by which the use of a thing, or the services and labor of a person, are contracted for at a certain price or reward. Story. Syn. — Wages; salary; stipend; allowance; pay.

Hire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hired (hird); p. pr. & vb. n. Hiring.] [OE. hiren, huren, AS. hyrian; akin to D. huren, G. heuern, Dan. hyre, Sw. hyra. See Hire, n.] 1. To procure (any chattel or estate) from another person, for temporary use, for a compensation or equivalent; to purchase the use or enjoyment of for a limited time; as to hire a farm for a year; to hire money. 2. To engage or purchase the service, labor, or interest of (any one) for a specific purpose, by payment of wages; as to hire a servant, an agent, or an advocate. 3. To grant the temporary use of, for compensation; to engage to give the service of, for a price; to let; to lease; — now usually with out, and often reflexively; as he has hired out his horse, or his time. “They … have hired out themselves for bread.” 1 Sam. ii. 5.

Hire´less, a. Without hire. Davenant.

Hire´ling (-ling), n. [AS. hyreling. See Hire, n., and -ling.] One who is hired, or who serves for wages; esp., one whose motive and interest in serving another are wholly gainful; a mercenary. ´Lewd hirelings.´ Milton.

Hire´ling, a. Serving for hire or wages; venal; mercenary. ´Hireling mourners.´ Dryden.

Hir´er , n. One who hires.

Hires , Hirs, pron. Hers; theirs. See Here, pron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hir•sute´ , a. [L. hirsutus; prob. akin to horridus horrid. Cf. Horrid.] 1. Rough with hair; set with bristles; shaggy. 2. Rough and coarse; boorish. [R.] “Cynical and hirsute in his behavior.” Life of A. Wood. 3. (Bot.) Pubescent with coarse or stiff hairs. Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) Covered with hairlike feathers, as the feet of certain birds.

Hir•sute´ness, n. Hairiness. Burton.

Hir•tel´lous , a. [Dim., fr. L. hirtus hairy.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Pubescent with minute and somewhat rigid hairs.

Hi•ru´dine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the leeches.

Hir•u•din´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. hirudo, hirudinis, a leech.] (Zoöl.) An order of Annelida, including the leeches; — called also Hirudinei.

Hi•ru´do , n. [L., a leech.] (Zoöl.) A genus of leeches, including the common medicinal leech. See Leech.

Hi•run´dine , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the swallows.

Hi•run´do , n. [L., swallow.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the swallows and martins.

His , pron. [AS. his of him, his, gen. masc. & neut. of h, neut. hit. See He.] 1. Belonging or pertaining to him; — used as a pronominal adjective or adjective pronoun; as tell John his papers are ready; formerly used also for its, but this use is now obsolete. “No comfortable star did lend his light.” Shak. “Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earth-bound root?” Shak. Also formerly used in connection with a noun simply as a sign of the possessive. ´The king his son.´ Shak. ´By young Telemachus his blooming years.´ Pope. This his is probably a corruption of the old possessive ending - is or -es, which, being written as a separate word, was at length confounded with the pronoun his. 2. The possessive of he; as the book is his. ´The sea is his, and he made it.´ Ps. xcv. 5.

His´ing•er•ite , n. [Named after W. Hisinger, a Swedish mineralogist.] (Min.) A soft black, iron ore, nearly earthy, a hydrous silicate of iron.

His•pan´ic , a. [L. Hispanicus.] Of or pertaining to Spain or its language; as Hispanic words.

His•pan´i•cism, n. A Spanish idiom or mode of speech. Keightley.

His•pan´i•cize , v. t. To give a Spanish form or character to; as to Hispanicize Latin words.

His´pid , a. [L. hispidus: cf. F. hispide.] 1. Rough with bristles or minute spines. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Beset with stiff hairs or bristles.

His•pid´u•lous , a. [Dim. of hispid.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Minutely hispid.

Hiss v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hissed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Hissing.] [AS. hysian; prob. of imitative origin; cf. LG. hissen, OD. hisschen.] 1. To make with the mouth a prolonged sound like that of the letter s, by driving the breath between the tongue and the teeth; to make with the mouth a sound like that made by a goose or a snake when angered; esp., to make such a sound as an expression of hatred, passion, or disapproval. “The merchants among the people shall hiss at thee.” Ezek. xxvii. 36. 2. To make a similar noise by any means; to pass with a sibilant sound; as the arrow hissed as it flew. “Shod with steel,
We hissed along the polished ice.” Wordsworth.

Hiss, v. t. 1. To condemn or express contempt for by hissing. “If the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, according as he pleased and displeased them.” Shak. “Malcolm. What is the newest grief?
Ros. That of an hour’s age doth hiss the speaker.” Shak. 2. To utter with a hissing sound. “The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise.” Tennyson.

Hiss, n. 1. A prolonged sound like that letter s, made by forcing out the breath between the tongue and teeth, esp. as a token of disapprobation or contempt. “´Hiss´ implies audible friction of breath consonants.” H. Sweet. “A dismal, universal hiss, the sound
Of public scorn.” Milton. 2. Any sound resembling that above described; as: (a) The noise made by a serpent. “But hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue.” Milton. (b) The note of a goose when irritated. (c) The noise made by steam escaping through a narrow orifice, or by water falling on a hot stove.

Hiss´ing, n. 1. The act of emitting a hiss or hisses. 2. The occasion of contempt; the object of scorn and derision. [Archaic] “I will make this city desolate, and a hissing.” Jer. xix. 8.

Hiss´ing•ly, adv. With a hissing sound.

Hist , interj. [Cf. Dan. hys. . Cf. Hush, Whist.] Hush; be silent; — a signal for silence. Milton.

His•ti•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + -logy.] Same as Histology.

His•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + E. genesis.] (Biol.) (a) The formation and development of organic tissues; histogeny; — the opposite of histolysis. (b) Germ history of cells, and of the tissues composed of cells. Haeckel.

His•to•ge•net´ic , a. [See Histogeny.] (Biol.) Tissue-producing; connected with the formation and development of the organic tissues.

His•tog´e•ny , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + root of to be born.] (Biol.) Same as Histogenesis. Dunglison.

His•tog´ra•pher , n. One who describes organic tissues; an histologist.

His´to•graph´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to histography.

His•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + -graphy.] A description of, or treatise on, organic tissues.

His•to•haem´a•tin , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + E. haematin.] (Physiol.) One of a class of respiratory pigments, widely distributed in the animal kingdom, capable of ready oxidation and reduction.

His´toid , a. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + -oid.] Resembling the normal tissues; as histoid tumors. { His•to•log´ic , His•to•log´ic•al } a. (Biol.) Pertaining to histology, or to the microscopic structure of the tissues of living organisms. — His•to•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

His•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in histology.

His•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + -logy.] That branch of biological science, which treats of the minute (microscopic) structure of animal and vegetable tissues; — called also histiology.

His•tol´y•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´isto•s tissue + to loosen, dissolve.] (Biol.) The decay and dissolution of the organic tissues and of the blood.

His•to•lyt´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to histolysis, or the degeneration of tissues.

His•ton´o•my , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + to distribute, regulate.] The science which treats of the laws relating to organic tissues, their formation, development, functions, etc.

His•toph´y•ly , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + Gr. clan.] (Biol.) The tribal history of cells, a division of morphophyly. Haeckel.

His•to´ri•al , a. [L. historialis: cf. F. historial.] Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

His•to´ri•an , n. [F. historien.] 1. A writer of history; a chronicler; an annalist. “Even the historian takes great liberties with facts.” Sir J. Reynolds. 2. One versed or well informed in history. “Great captains should be good historians.” South. { His•tor´ic (his•tor´ik), his•tor´ic•al (his•tor´i•kal), } a. [L. historicus, Gr. ´istoriko•s: cf. F. historique. See History.] Of or pertaining to history, or the record of past events; as an historical poem; the historic page. — His•tor´ic•al•ness, n. — His•to•ric´i•ty (#), n. “ There warriors frowning in historic brass.” Pope. Historical painting, that branch of painting which represents the events of history. — Historical sense, that meaning of a passage which is deduced from the circumstances of time, place, etc., under which it was written. — The historic sense, the capacity to conceive and represent the unity and significance of a past era or age.

His•tor´ic•al•ly , adv. In the manner of, or in accordance with, history.

His•tor´i•cize , v. t. To record or narrate in the manner of a history; to chronicle. [R.]

His´to•ried , a. Related in history.

His•to´ri•er , n. An historian. [Obs.]

His•to•ri•ette´ , n. [F., dim. of histoire a history.] Historical narration on a small scale; a brief recital; a story. Emerson.

His•tor´i•fy , v. t. [History + -fy.] To record in or as history. [R.] Lamb. “Thy conquest meet to be historified.” Sir P. Sidney.

His•to•ri•og´ra•pher (his•to•ri•og´ra•fer), n. [L. historiographus, Gr. ´istoriogra•fos; ´istori•a history + gra•fein to write: cf. F. historiographe.] An historian; a writer of history; especially, one appointed or designated to write a history; also a title bestowed by some governments upon historians of distinction.

His•to•ri•og´ra•pher•ship, n. The office of an historiographer. Saintsbury.

His•to•ri•og´ra•phy , n. The art of employment of an historiographer.

His•to•ri•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. history + -logy.] A discourse on history. Cockeram.

His•to•ri•on´o•mer , n. [Gr. history + to distribute.] One versed in the phenomena of history and the laws controlling them. “And historionomers will have measured accurately the sidereal years of races.” Lowell.

His´to•rize , v. t. To relate as history; to chronicle; to historicize. [R.] Evelyn.

His´to•ry , n.; pl. Histories (#). [L. historia, Gr. ’istori•a history, information, inquiry, fr. ’istwr, ´istwr, knowing, learned, from the root of to know; akin to E. wit. See Wit, and cf. Story.] 1. A learning or knowing by inquiry; the knowledge of facts and events, so obtained; hence, a formal statement of such information; a narrative; a description; a written record; as the history of a patient’s case; the history of a legislative bill. 2. A systematic, written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes; a true story, as distinguished from a romance; — distinguished also from annals, which relate simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order; from biography, which is the record of an individual’s life; and from memoir, which is history composed from personal experience, observation, and memory. “Histories are as perfect as the historian is wise, and is gifted with an eye and a soul.” Carlyle. “For aught that I could ever read,
Could ever hear by tale or history.” Shak. “What histories of toil could I declare!” Pope. History piece, a representation in painting, drawing, etc., of any real event, including the actors and the action. — Natural history, a description and classification of objects in nature, as minerals, plants, animals, etc., and the phenomena which they exhibit to the senses. Syn. — Chronicle; annals; relation; narration. — History, Chronicle, Annals. History is a methodical record of important events which concern a community of men, usually so arranged as to show the connection of causes and effects, to give an analysis of motive and action etc. A chronicle is a record of such events, conforming to the order of time as its distinctive feature. Annals are a chronicle divided up into separate years. By poetic license annals is sometimes used for history. “Justly Caesar scorns the poet’s lays;
It is to history he trusts for praise.” Pope. “No more yet of this;
For ’t is a chronicle of day by day,
Not a relation for a breakfast.” Shak. “Many glorious examples in the annals of our religion.” Rogers.

His´to•ry, v. t. To narrate or record. [Obs.] Shak.

His•tot´o•my , n. [Gr. tissue + to cut.] The dissection of organic tissues.

His´to•zyme , n. [Gr. tissue + leaven.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble ferment occurring in the animal body, to the presence of which many normal decompositions and synthetical processes are supposed to be due.

His´tri•on , n. [L. histrio: cf. F. histrion.] A player. [R.] Pope. { His•tri•on´ic , His•tri•on´ic•al }, a. [L. histrionicus: cf. F. histrionique. See Histrion.] Of or relating to the stage or a stageplayer; befitting a theatre; theatrical; — sometimes in a bad sense. — His•tri•on´ic•al•ly, adv. “Tainted with false and histrionic feeling.” De Quincey.

His•tri•on´i•cism , n. The histrionic art; stageplaying. W. Black.

His´tri•o•nism , n. Theatrical representation; acting; affectation. Sir T. Browne.

His´tri•o•nize , v. t. To act; to represent on the stage, or theatrically. Urquhart.

Hit , pron. It. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hit, 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hide, contracted from hideth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hit; p. pr. & vb. n. Hitting.] [OE. hitten, hutten, of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. hitte to hit, find, Sw. & Icel. hitta.] 1. To reach with a stroke or blow; to strike or touch, usually with force; especially, to reach or touch (an object aimed at). “I think you have hit the mark.” Shak. 2. To reach or attain exactly; to meet according to the occasion; to perform successfully; to attain to; to accord with; to be conformable to; to suit. “Birds learning tunes, and their endeavors to hit the notes right.” Locke. “There you hit him; … that argument never fails with him.” Dryden. “Whose saintly visage is too bright
To hit the sense of human sight.” Milton. “He scarcely hit my humor.” Tennyson. 3. To guess; to light upon or discover. ´Thou hast hit it.´ Shak. 4. (Backgammon) To take up, or replace by a piece belonging to the opposing player; — said of a single unprotected piece on a point. To hit off, to describe with quick characteristic strokes; as to hit off a speaker. Sir W. Temple. — To hit out, to perform by good luck. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hit , v. i. 1. To meet or come in contact; to strike; to clash; — followed by against or on. “If bodies be extension alone, how can they move and hit one against another?” Locke. “Corpuscles, meeting with or hitting on those bodies, become conjoined with them.” Woodward. 2. To meet or reach what was aimed at or desired; to succeed, — often with implied chance, or luck. “And oft it hits
Where hope is coldest and despair most fits.” Shak. “And millions miss for one that hits.” Swift. To hit on or upon, to light upon; to come to by chance. ´None of them hit upon the art.´ Addison.

Hit, n. 1. A striking against; the collision of one body against another; the stroke that touches anything. “So he the famed Cilician fencer praised,
And, at each hit, with wonder seems amazed.” Dryden. 2. A stroke of success in an enterprise, as by a fortunate chance; as he made a hit. “What late he called a blessing, now was wit,
And God’s good providence, a lucky hit.” Pope. 3. A peculiarly apt expression or turn of thought; a phrase which hits the mark; as a happy hit. 4. A game won at backgammon after the adversary has removed some of his men. It counts less than a gammon. 5. (Baseball) A striking of the ball; as a safe hit; a foul hit; — sometimes used specifically for a base hit. Base hit, Safe hit, Sacrifice hit. (Baseball) See under Base, Safe, etc.

Hitch (hich), v. t. [Cf. Scot. hitch a motion by a jerk, and hatch, hotch, to move by jerks, also Prov. G. hiksen, G. hinken, to limp, hobble; or E. hiccough; or possibly akin to E. hook.] 1. To become entangled or caught; to be linked or yoked; to unite; to cling. “Atoms … which at length hitched together.” South. 2. To move interruptedly or with halts, jerks, or steps; — said of something obstructed or impeded. “Slides into verse, and hitches in a rhyme.” Pope. “To ease themselves … by hitching into another place.” Fuller. 3. To hit the legs together in going, as horses; to interfere. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Hitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hitched p. pr. & vb. n. Hitching.] 1. To hook; to catch or fasten as by a hook or a knot; to make fast, unite, or yoke; as to hitch a horse, or a halter. 2. To move with hitches; as he hitched his chair nearer. To hitch up. (a) To fasten up. (b) To pull or raise with a jerk; as a sailor hitches up his trousers. (c) To attach, as a horse, to a vehicle; as hitch up the gray mare. [Colloq.]

Hitch, n. 1. A catch; anything that holds, as a hook; an impediment; an obstacle; an entanglement. 2. The act of catching, as on a hook, etc. 3. A stop or sudden halt; a stoppage; an impediment; a temporary obstruction; an obstacle; as a hitch in one’s progress or utterance; a hitch in the performance. 4. A sudden movement or pull; a pull up; as the sailor gave his trousers a hitch. 5. (Naut.) A knot or noose in a rope which can be readily undone; — intended for a temporary fastening; as a half hitch; a clove hitch; a timber hitch, etc. 6. (Geol.) A small dislocation of a bed or vein.

Hitch´el , n. & v. t. See Hatchel.

Hithe (hith), n. [AS. hyð. Cf. Hide to conceal.] A port or small haven; — used in composition; as Lambhithe, now Lambeth. Pennant.

Hith´er , adv. [OE. hider, AS. hider; akin to Icel. heðra, Dan. hid, Sw. hit, Goth. hidre; cf. L. citra on this side, or E. here, he. rad.183. Cf. He.] 1. To this place; — used with verbs signifying motion, and implying motion toward the speaker; correlate of hence and thither; as to come or bring hither. 2. To this point, source, conclusion, design, etc.; — in a sense not physical. “Hither we refer whatsoever belongeth unto the highest perfection of man.” Hooker. Hither and thither, to and fro; backward and forward; in various directions. ´Victory is like a traveller, and goeth hither and thither.´ Knolles.

Hith´er, a. 1. Being on the side next or toward the person speaking; nearer; — correlate of thither and farther; as on the hither side of a hill. Milton. 2. Applied to time: On the hither side of, younger than; of fewer years than. “And on the hither side, or so she looked,
Of twenty summers.” Tennyson. “To the present generation, that is to say, the people a few years on the hither and thither side of thirty, the name of Charles Darwin stands alongside of those of Isaac Newton and Michael Faraday.” Huxley.

Hith´er•most , a. Nearest on this side. Sir M. Hale.

Hith´er•to , adv. 1. To this place; to a prescribed limit. “Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further.” Job xxxviii. 11. 2. Up to this time; as yet; until now. “The Lord hath blessed me hitherto.” Josh. xvii. 14.

Hith´er•ward , adv. [AS. hiderweard.] Toward this place; hither. “Marching hitherward in proud array.” Shak.

Hit´ter , n. One who hits or strikes; as a hard hitter.

Hive , n. [OE. hive, huve, AS. hfe.] 1. A box, basket, or other structure, for the reception and habitation of a swarm of honeybees. Dryden. 2. The bees of one hive; a swarm of bees. Shak. 3. A place swarming with busy occupants; a crowd. “The hive of Roman liars.” Tennyson. Hive bee (Zoöl.), the honeybee.

Hive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hived p. pr. & vb. n. Hiving.] 1. To collect into a hive; to place in, or cause to enter, a hive; as to hive a swarm of bees. 2. To store up in a hive, as honey; hence, to gather and accumulate for future need; to lay up in store. “Hiving wisdom with each studious year.” Byron.

Hive, v. i. To take shelter or lodgings together; to reside in a collective body. Pope.

Hive´less, a. Destitute of a hive. Gascoigne.

Hiv´er , n. One who collects bees into a hive.

Hives , n. [Scot.; perh. akin to E. heave.] (Med.) (a) The croup. (b) An eruptive disease (Varicella globularis), allied to the chicken pox.

Hizz , v. i. To hiss. [Obs.] Shak.

Ho , pron. Who. [Obs.] In some Chaucer MSS. { Ho , Hoa } , n. [See Ho, interj., 2.] A stop; a halt; a moderation of pace. “There is no ho with them.” Decker. { Ho , Hoa } (ho), interj. [Cf. F. & G. ho.] 1. Halloo! attend! — a call to excite attention, or to give notice of approach. ´What noise there, ho?´ Shak. ´Ho! who’s within?´ Shak. 2. [Perhaps corrupted fr. hold; but cf. F. hau stop! and E. whoa.] Stop! stand still! hold! - - a word now used by teamsters, but formerly to order the cessation of anything. [Written also whoa, and, formerly, hoo.] “The duke … pulled out his sword and cried ´Hoo!´” Chaucer. “An herald on a scaffold made an hoo.” Chaucer.

Hoar , a. [OE. hor, har, AS. har; akin to Icel. harr, and to OHG. her illustrious, magnificent; cf. Icel. Heið brightness of the sky, Goth. hais torch, Skr. ketus light, torch. Cf. Hoary.] 1. White, or grayish white; as hoar frost; hoar cliffs. ´Hoar waters.´ Spenser. 2. Gray or white with age; hoary. “Whose beard with age is hoar.” Coleridge. “Old trees with trunks all hoar.” Byron. 3. Musty; moldy; stale. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoar, n. Hoariness; antiquity. [R.] “Covered with the awful hoar of innumerable ages.” Burke.

Hoar, v. t. [AS. harian to grow gray.] To become moldy or musty. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoard , n. See Hoarding, 2. Smart.

Hoard, n. [OE. hord, AS. hord; akin to OS. hord, G. hort, Icel. hodd, Goth. huzd; prob. from the root of E. hide to conceal, and of L. custos guard, E. custody. See Hide to conceal.] A store, stock, or quantity of anything accumulated or laid up; a hidden supply; a treasure; as a hoard of provisions; a hoard of money.

Hoard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoarding.] [AS. hordian.] To collect and lay up; to amass and deposit in secret; to store secretly, or for the sake of keeping and accumulating; as to hoard grain.

Hoard, v. i. To lay up a store or hoard, as of money. “To hoard for those whom he did breed.” Spenser.

Hoard´er , n. One who hoards.

Hoard´ing , n. [From OF. hourd, hourt, barrier, palisade, of German or Dutch origin; cf. D. horde hurdle, fence, G. horde, hürde; akin to E. hurdle. rad.16. See Hurdle.] 1. (Arch.) A screen of boards inclosing a house and materials while builders are at work. [Eng.] “Posted on every dead wall and hoarding.” London Graphic. 2. A fence, barrier, or cover, inclosing, surrounding, or concealing something. “The whole arrangement was surrounded by a hoarding, the space within which was divided into compartments by sheets of tin.” Tyndall.

Hoared , a. Moldy; musty. [Obs.] Granmer.

Hoar´frost , n. The white particles formed by the congelation of dew; white frost. [Written also horefrost. See Hoar, a.] “He scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes.” Ps. cxlvii. 16.

Hoar´hound , n. Same as Horehound.

Hoar´i•ness , n. [From Hoary.] The state of being hoary. Dryden.

Hoarse , a. [Compar. Hoarser , superl. Hoarsest.] [OE. hors, also hos, has, AS. has; akin to D. heesch, G. heiser, Icel. hass, Dan. haes, Sw. hes. Cf. Prov. E. heazy.] 1. Having a harsh, rough, grating voice or sound, as when affected with a cold; making a rough, harsh cry or sound; as the hoarse raven. “The hoarse resounding shore.” Dryden. 2. Harsh; grating; discordant; — said of any sound.

Hoarse´ly, adv. With a harsh, grating sound or voice.

Hoars´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoarsened p. pr. & vb. n. Hoarsening.] To make hoarse. “I shall be obliged to hoarsen my voice.” Richardson.

Hoarse´ness , n. Harshness or roughness of voice or sound, due to mucus collected on the vocal cords, or to swelling or looseness of the cords.

Hoar´stone (hor´ston•), n. A stone designating the bounds of an estate; a landmark. Halliwell.

Hoar´y , a. 1. White or whitish. ´The hoary willows.´ Addison. 2. White or gray with age; hoar; as hoary hairs. “Reverence the hoary head.” Dr. T. Dwight. 3. Hence, remote in time past; as hoary antiquity. 4. Moldy; mossy; musty. [Obs.] Knolles. 5. (Zoöl.) Of a pale silvery gray. 6. (Bot.) Covered with short, dense, grayish white hairs; canescent. Hoary bat (Zoöl.), an American bat (Atalapha cinerea), having the hair yellowish, or brown, tipped with white.

Ho´at•zin , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Hoazin.

Hoax , n. [Prob. contr. fr. hocus, in hocus-pocus.] A deception for mockery or mischief; a deceptive trick or story; a practical joke. Macaulay.

Hoax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoaxed p. pr. & vb. n. Hoaxing.] To deceive by a story or a trick, for sport or mischief; to impose upon sportively. Lamb.

Hoax´er , n. One who hoaxes.

Hoa´zin , n. (Zoöl.) A remarkable South American bird (Opisthocomus cristatus); the crested touraco. By some zoölogists it is made the type of a distinct order (Opisthocomi).

Hob , n. [Prob. akin to hump. Cf. Hub. ] 1. The hub of a wheel. See Hub. Washington. 2. The flat projection or iron shelf at the side of a fire grate, where things are put to be kept warm. Smart. 3. (Mech.) A threaded and fluted hardened steel cutter, resembling a tap, used in a lathe for forming the teeth of screw chasers, worm wheels, etc.

Hob, n. [Orig. an abbrev. of Robin, Robert; Robin Goodfellow a celebrated fairy, or domestic spirit. Cf. Hobgoblin, and see Robin. ] 1. A fairy; a sprite; an elf. [Obs.] “From elves, hobs, and fairies, …
Defend us, good Heaven !” Beau. & FL. 2. A countryman; a rustic; a clown. [Obs.] Nares. { Hob´a•nob• , Hob´and•nob• } v. i. Same as Hobnob. Tennyson.

Hob´bism , n. The philosophical system of Thomas Hobbes, an English materialist (1588-1679); esp., his political theory that the most perfect form of civil government is an absolute monarchy with despotic control over everything relating to law, morals, and religion.

Hob´bist , n. One who accepts the doctrines of Thomas Hobbes.

Hob´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hobbled p. pr. & vb. n. Hobbling ] [OE. hobelen, hoblen, freq. of hoppen to hop; akin to D. hobbelen, hoblen, hoppeln. See Hop to jump, and cf. Hopple ] 1. To walk lame, bearing chiefly on one leg; to walk with a hitch or hop, or with crutches. “The friar was hobbling the same way too.” Dryden. 2. To move roughly or irregularly; — said of style in writing. Prior. “The hobbling versification, the mean diction.” Jeffreys.

Hob´ble, v. t. 1. To fetter by tying the legs; to hopple; to clog. ´ They hobbled their horses.´ Dickens 2. To perplex; to embarrass.

Hob´ble, n. 1. An unequal gait; a limp; a halt; as he has a hobble in his gait. Swift. 2. Same as Hopple. 3. Difficulty; perplexity; embarrassment. Waterton.

Hob´ble•bush , n. (Bot.) A low bush (Viburnum lantanoides) having long, straggling branches and handsome flowers. It is found in the Northern United States. Called also shinhopple. { Hob´ble•de•hoy• , Hob´ble•te•hoy• } n. [Written also hobbetyhoy, hobbarddehoy, hobbedehoy, hobdehoy.] [ Cf. Prob. E. hobbledygee with a limping movement; also F. hobereau, a country squire, E. hobby, and OF. hoi to-day; perh. the orig. sense was an upstart of to-day.] A youth between boy and man; an awkward, gawky young fellow . [Colloq.] “All the men, boys, and hobbledehoys attached to the farm.” Dickens. .

Hob´bler , n. One who hobbles.

Hob´bler, n. [OE. also hobeler, OF. hobelier, LL. hobellarius. See Hobby a horse.] (Eng. Hist.) One who by his tenure was to maintain a horse for military service; a kind of light horseman in the Middle Ages who was mounted on a hobby. Hallam. Sir J. Davies.

Hob´bling•ly , adv. With a limping step.

Hob´bly , a. Rough; uneven; causing one to hobble; as a hobbly road.

Hob´by , n.; pl. Hobbies (#). [OE. hobi; cf. OF. hobe, hobe, F. hobereau a hobby, a species of falcon. OF. hober to move, stir. Cf. Hobby a horse.] (Zoöl.) A small, strong-winged European falcon (Falco subbuteo), formerly trained for hawking. { Hob´by , Hob´by•horse• } n. [OE. hobin a nag, OF. hobin hobby; cf. hober to stir, move; prob. of German or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. hoppe a mare, dial. Sw. hoppa; perh. akin to E. hop to jump.] 1. A strong, active horse, of a middle size, said to have been originally from Ireland; an ambling nag. Johnson. 2. A stick, often with the head or figure of a horse, on which boys make believe to ride. [ Usually under the form hobbyhorse.] 3. A subject or plan upon which one is constantly setting off; a favorite and ever-recurring theme of discourse, thought, or effort; that which occupies one’s attention unduly, or to the weariness of others; a ruling passion. [Usually under the form hobby.] “Not one of them has any hobbyhorse, to use the phrase of Sterne.” Macaulay.

Hob•by•hors´ic•al , n. Pertaining to, or having, a hobby or whim; eccentric; whimsical.[Colloq.] Sterne.

Hob´gob•lin , n. [See 2d Hob, and Goblin.] A frightful goblin; an imp; a bugaboo; also a name formerly given to the household spirit, Robin Goodfellow. Macaulay.

Hob´i•ler , n.[See 2d Hobbler.] A light horseman. See 2d Hobbler. [Obs.] Brande & C.

Ho´bit , n. [See Howitzer.] (Mil.) A small mortar on a gun carriage, in use before the howitzer.

Hob´nail , n. [1st hob + nail.] 1. A short, sharp-pointed, large- headed nail, — used in shoeing houses and for studding the soles of heavy shoes. 2. A clownish person; a rustic. Milton. Hobnail liver (Med.), a disease in which the liver is shrunken, hard, and covered with projections like hobnails; one of the forms of cirrhosis of the liver.

Hob´nail, v. t. To tread down roughly, as with hobnailed shoes. “Your rights and charters hobnailed into slush.” Tennyson.

Hob´nailed , a. See with hobnails, as a shoe.

Hob´nob , adv. [AS. habban to have + habban to have not; ne not + habban to have. See Have, and cf. Habnab.] 1. Have or have not; — a familiar invitation to reciprocal drinking. Shak. 2. At random; hit or miss. (Obs.) Holinshed.

Hob´nob, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hornobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Hornobbing.] 1. To drink familiarly (with another). [ Written also hob-a-nob.] 2. To associate familiarly; to be on intimate terms.

Hob´nob, n. Familiar, social intercourse. W. Black.

Hob´or•nob , adv. See Hobnob.

Ho´boy , n. A hautboy or oboe. [Obs.]

Hob´son’s choice´ A choice without an alternative; the thing offered or nothing. It is said to have had its origin in the name of one Hobson, at Cambridge, England, who let horses, and required every customer to take in his turn the horse which stood next the stable door.

Hoc´co , n. (Zoöl.) The crested curassow; — called also royal pheasant. See Curassow.

Hoche´pot , n. Hotchpot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hock , n. [So called from Hochheim, in Germany.] A Rhenish wine, of a light yellow color, either sparkling or still. The name is also given indiscriminately to all Rhenish wines.

Hock , Hough , n. [ AS. hh the heel; prob. akin to Icel. hasinn hock sinew, Dan. hasc, G. hechse, hächse, LG. hacke, D. hak; also to L. coxa hip (cf. Cuisses), Skr. kaksha armpit. rad.12. Cf. Heel.] 1. (a) The joint in the hind limb of quadrupeds between the leg and shank, or tibia and tarsus, and corresponding to the ankle in man. (b) A piece cut by butchers, esp. in pork, from either the front or hind leg, just above the foot. 2. The popliteal space; the ham.

Hock, v. t. To disable by cutting the tendons of the hock; to hamstring; to hough.

Hock´a•more , n. [See 1st Hock.] A Rhenish wine. [Obs.] See Hock. Hudibras.

Hock´day , n. [Cf. AS. hocor mockery, scorn.] A holiday commemorating the expulsion of the Danes, formerly observed on the second Tuesday after Easter; — called also hocktide. [Eng.] [Written also hokeday.]

Hock´ey , n. [From Hook, n.] 1. A game in which two parties of players, armed with sticks curved or hooked at the end, attempt to drive any small object (as a ball or a bit of wood) toward opposite goals. 2. The stick used by the players. [Written also hookey and hawkey.]

Hock´herb , n. (Bot.) The mallow.

Hoc´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hockled p. pr. & vb. n. Hockling ] [From 2d Hock.] 1. To hamstring; to hock; to hough. Hanmer. 2. To mow, as stubble. Mason.

Ho´cus , v. t. [See Hocus- pocus.] 1. To deceive or cheat. Halliwell. 2. To adulterate; to drug; as liquor is said to be hocused for the purpose of stupefying the drinker. Dickens. 3. To stupefy with drugged liquor. Thackeray.

Ho´cus, n. 1. One who cheats or deceives. South. 2. Drugged liquor.

Ho´cus-po´cus , n. [Prob. invented by jugglers in imitation of Latin. Cf. Hoax, Hocus.] 1. A term used by jugglers in pretended incantations. 2. A juggler or trickster. Sir T. Herbert. 3. A juggler’s trick; a cheat; nonsense. Hudibras.

Ho´cus-po´cus, v. t. To cheat. [Colloq.] L’Estrange.

Hod , n. [Prov. E. for hold, i. e., that which holds. See Hold.] 1. A kind of wooden tray with a handle, borne on the shoulder, for carrying mortar, brick, etc. 2. A utensil for holding coal; a coal scuttle.

Hod´den•gray , a. [Perh. akin to E. hoiden rustic, clownish.] Applied to coarse cloth made of undyed wool, formerly worn by Scotch peasants. [Scot.]

Hod´dy , n. [Prob. for hooded.] (Zoöl.) See Dun crow, under Dun, a.

Hod´dy•dod•dy , n. [Prob. E. also hoddypeke, hoddypoule, hoddymandoddy.] An awkward or foolish person. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Hodge´podge , n. A mixed mass; a medley. See Hotchpot. Johnson.

Hodg•kin’s dis•ease´ (Med.) A morbid condition characterized by progressive anaemia and enlargement of the lymphatic glands; — first described by Dr. Hodgkin, an English physician. { Ho´di•ern , Ho•di•er´nal } a. [L. hodiernus, fr. hodie today.] Of this day; belonging to the present day. [R.] Boyle. Quart. Rev.

Hod´man , n.; pl. Hodmen. A man who carries a hod; a mason’s tender.

Hod´man•dod , n. [Obs.] See Dodman. Bacon.

Hod´o•graph , n. [Gr. path + graph.] (Math.) A curve described by the moving extremity of a line the other end of which is fixed, this line being constantly parallel to the direction of motion of, and having its length constantly proportional to the velocity of, a point moving in any path; -used in investigations respecting central forces.

Ho•dom´e•ter , n. See Odometer.

Hoe , n. [OF. hoe, F. houe; of German origin, cf. OHG. houwa, howa, G. haue, fr. OHG. houwan to hew. See Hew to cut.] 1. A tool chiefly for digging up weeds, and arranging the earth about plants in fields and gardens. It is made of a flat blade of iron or steel having an eye or tang by which it is attached to a wooden handle at an acute angle. 2. (Zoöl.) The horned or piked dogfish. See Dogfish. Dutch hoe, one having the blade set for use in the manner of a spade. — Horse hoe, a kind of cultivator.

Hoe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoed p. pr. & vb. n. Hoeing.] [Cf. F. houer.] To cut, dig, scrape, turn, arrange, or clean, with a hoe; as to hoe the earth in a garden; also to clear from weeds, or to loosen or arrange the earth about, with a hoe; as to hoe corn. To hoe one’s row, to do one’s share of a job. [Colloq.]

Hoe, v. i. To use a hoe; to labor with a hoe.

Hoe´cake , n. A cake of Indian meal, water, and salt, baked before the fire or in the ashes; — so called because often cooked on a hoe. [Southern U.S.]

Hoe´moth•er , n. [A local Orkney name; cf. Icel. har.] (Zoöl.) The basking or liver shark; — called also homer. See Liver shark, under Liver.

Ho´ful , a. [AS. hogful, hohful, fr. hogu care, anxiety.] Careful; wary. [Obs.] Stapleton.

Hog , n. [Prob. akin to E. hack to cut, and meaning orig., a castrated boar; cf. also W. hwch swine, sow, Armor. houc’h, hoc’h. Cf. Haggis, Hogget, and Hoggerel.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped of the genus Sus, and allied genera of Suidae; esp., the domesticated varieties of S. scrofa, kept for their fat and meat, called, respectively, lard and pork; swine; porker; specifically, a castrated boar; a barrow. The domestic hogs of Siam, China, and parts of Southern Europe, are thought to have been derived from Sus Indicus. 2. A mean, filthy, or gluttonous fellow. [Low.] 3. A young sheep that has not been shorn. [Eng.] 4. (Naut.) A rough, flat scrubbing broom for scrubbing a ship’s bottom under water. Totten. 5. (Paper Manuf.) A device for mixing and stirring the pulp of which paper is made. Bush hog, Ground hog, etc.. See under Bush, Ground, etc. — Hog caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of the green grapevine sphinx; — so called because the head and first three segments are much smaller than those behind them, so as to make a resemblance to a hog’s snout. See Hawk moth. — Hog cholera, an epidemic contagious fever of swine, attended by liquid, fetid, diarrhea, and by the appearance on the skin and mucous membrane of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a slow, uncertain recovery. Law (Farmer’s Veter. Adviser.) — Hog deer (Zoöl.), the axis deer. — Hog gum (Bot.), West Indian tree (Symphonia globulifera), yielding an aromatic gum. — Hog of wool, the trade name for the fleece or wool of sheep of the second year. — Hog peanut (Bot.), a kind of earth pea. — Hog plum (Bot.), a tropical tree, of the genus Spondias (S. lutea), with fruit somewhat resembling plums, but chiefly eaten by hogs. It is found in the West Indies. — Hog’s bean (Bot.), the plant henbane. — Hog’s bread.(Bot.) See Sow bread. — Hog’s fennel. (Bot.) See under Fennel. — Mexican hog (Zoöl.), the peccary. — Water hog. (Zoöl.) See Capybara.

Hog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hogged p. pr. & vb. n. Hogging.] 1. To cut short like bristles; as to hog the mane of a horse. Smart. 2. (Naut.) To scrub with a hog, or scrubbing broom.

Hog, v. i. (Naut.) To become bent upward in the middle, like a hog’s back; — said of a ship broken or strained so as to have this form.

Hog´back , n. 1. (Arch.) An upward curve or very obtuse angle in the upper surface of any member, as of a timber laid horizontally; — the opposite of camber. 2. (Naut.) See Hogframe. 3. (Geol.) A ridge formed by tilted strata; hence, any ridge with a sharp summit, and steeply sloping sides.

Hog´chain , n. A chain or tie rod, in a boat or barge, to prevent the vessel from hogging.

Hog´chok•er , n. (Zoöl.) An American sole (Achirus lineatus, or A. achirus), related to the European sole, but of no market value.

Hog´cote , n. A shed for swine; a sty.

Hog´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large West Indian and Florida food fish (Lachnolaemus). (b) The pigfish or sailor’s choice. (c) An American fresh-water fish; the log perch. (d) A large, red, spiny-headed, European marine fish (Scorpaena scrofa).

Hog´frame , n. (Steam Vessels) A trussed frame extending fore and aft, usually above deck, and intended to increase the longitudinal strength and stiffness. Used chiefly in American river and lake steamers. Called also hogging frame, and hogback.

Hogged , a. (Naut.) Broken or strained so as to have an upward curve between the ends. See Hog, v. i.

Hog´ger , n. A stocking without a foot, worn by coal miners at work.

Hog´ger•el , n. [From the same source as hog; prob. orig., a sheep clipped the first year. See Hog.] A sheep of the second year. [Written also hogrel.] Ash.

Hog´ger-pipe (-pip•), n. (Mining) The upper terminal pipe of a mining pump. Raymond.

Hog´ger-pump´ (hog´ger-pump•), n. (Mining) The top pump in the pit. Raymond.

Hog´ger•y , n. Hoggish character or manners; selfishness; greed; beastliness. “Crime and shame
And all their hoggery.” Mrs. Browning.

Hog´get , n. [See Hog, and Hoggerel.] 1. A young boar of the second year. 2. A sheep or colt alter it has passed its first year.

Hog´ging , n. (Naut.) Drooping at the ends; arching; — in distinction from sagging. Hogging frame. See Hogframe.

Hog´gish , a. Swinish; gluttonous; filthy; selfish. — Hog´gish•ly, adv. — Hog´gish•ness, n. “Is not a hoggish life the height of some men’s wishes?” Shaftesbury.

Hogh (ho), n. [Icel. haugr hill, mound; akin to E. high. See High.] A hill; a cliff. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hog´herd , n. A swineherd. W. Browne.

Hog•ma•nay´ , n. The old name, in Scotland, for the last day of the year, on which children go about singing, and receive a dole of bread or cakes; also the entertainment given on that day to a visitor, or the gift given to an applicant. [Scot.]

Hog´nose•snake´ (Zoöl.) A harmless North American snake of the genus Heterodon, esp. H. platyrhynos; — called also puffing adder, blowing adder, and sand viper.

Hog´nut , n. (Bot.) (a) The pignut. See Hickory. (b) In England, the Bunium flexuosum, a tuberous plant.

Ho´go , n. [Corrupted from F. haut goût.] High flavor; strong scent. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Hog´pen , n. A pen or sty for hogs.

Hog´reeve , n. [See Reeve.] A civil officer charged with the duty of impounding hogs running at large. [New Eng.] Bartlett.

Hog´ring•er , n. One who puts rings into the snouts of hogs.

Hog’s´-back , n. (Geol.) A hogback.

Hog´score , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Curling) A distance line drawn across the rink or course between the middle line and the tee. [Scot.]

Hogs´head , n. [D. okshoofd; akin to Sw. oxhufvud, Dan. oxehoved, G. oxhoft; apparently meaning orig., ox head, but it is not known why this name was given. Cf. Ox, Head.] 1. An English measure of capacity, containing 63 wine gallons, or about 52½ imperial gallons; a half pipe. The London hogshead of beer was 54 beer gallons, the London hogshead of ale was 48 ale gallons. Elsewhere in England the ale and beer hogsheads held 51 gallons. These measures are no longer in use, except for cider. 2. A large cask or barrel, of indefinite contents; esp. one containing from 100 to 140 gallons. [U. S.]

Hog´skin , n. Leather tanned from a hog’s skin. Also used adjectively.

Hog´sty , n.; pl. Hogsties . A pen, house, or inclosure, for hogs.

Hog´wash , n. Swill. Arbuthnot.

Hog´weed , n. (Bot.) (a) A common weed (Ambrosia artemisiaege). See Ambrosia, 3. (b) In England, the Heracleum Sphondylium.

Hoi´den , n. [OE. hoydon a lout, rustic, OD. heyden a heathen, gypsy, vagabond, D. heiden, fr. OD. heyde heath, D. heide. See Heathen, Heath.] [Written also hoyden.] 1. A rude, clownish youth. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A rude, bold girl; a romp. H. Kingsley.

Hoi´den, a. Rustic; rude; bold. Younq.

Hoi´den, v. i. To romp rudely or indecently. Swift.

Hoi´den•hood , n. State of being a hoiden.

Hoi´den•ish, a. Like, or appropriate to, a hoiden.

Hoise , v. t. [See Hoist.] To hoist. [Obs.] “They … hoised up the mainsail to the wind.” Acts xxvii. 40.

Hoist , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoisting.] [OE. hoise, hyse, OD. hyssen, D. hijshen; akin to LG. hissen, Dan. hisse, Sw. hissa.] To raise; to lift; to elevate; esp., to raise or lift to a desired elevation, by means of tackle, as a sail, a flag, a heavy package or weight. “They land my goods, and hoist my flying sails.” Pope. “Hoisting him into his father’s throne.” South. Hoisting engine, a steam engine for operating a hoist.

Hoist, n. 1. That by which anything is hoisted; the apparatus for lifting goods. 2. The act of hoisting; a lift. [Collog.] 3. (Naut.) (a) The perpendicular height of a flag, as opposed to the fly, or horizontal length when flying from a staff. (b) The height of a fore-and-aft sail next the mast or stay. Totten. Hoist bridge, a drawbridge that is lifted instead of being swung or drawn aside.

Hoist, p. p. Hoisted. [Obs.] “’T is the sport to have the enginer
Hoist with his own petar.” Shak.

Hoist´a•way , n. A mechanical lift. See Elevator.

Hoist´way , n. An opening for the hoist, or elevator, in the floor of a wareroom.

Hoit , v. i. [Gf. W. hoetian to dally, dandle.] To leap; to caper; to romp noisily. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Hoi´ty-toi•ty , a. [From Hoit.] Thoughtless; giddy; flighty; also haughty; patronizing; as to be in hoity-toity spirits, or to assume hoity-toity airs; used also as an exclamation, denoting surprise or disapprobation, with some degree of contempt. “Hoity-toity! What have I to do with dreams?” Congreve.

Hoke´day , n. Same as Hockday.

Ho´ker , n. [AS. hocor.] Scorn; derision; abusive talk. [Obs.] — Ho´ker•ly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol , a. [See Whole.] Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol•as•pid´e•an , a. [Holo- + Gr., , shield.] (Zoöl.) Having a single series of large scutes on the posterior side of the tarsus; — said of certain birds.

Hol´cad , n. [Gr. ’olka•s, -a•dos, a ship which is towed, a ship of burden, fr. ’e•lkein to draw. Gf. Hulk.] A large ship of burden, in ancient Greece. Mitford.

Hold , n. [D. hol hole, hollow. See Hole.] (Naut.) The whole interior portion of a vessel below the lower deck, in which the cargo is stowed.

Hold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Held p. pr. & vb. n. Holding. Holden , p. p., is obs. in elegant writing, though still used in legal language.] [OE. haldan, D. houden, OHG. hoten, Icel. halda, Dan. holde, Sw. hålla, Goth. haldan to feed, tend (the cattle); of unknown origin. Gf. Avast, Halt, Hod.] 1. To cause to remain in a given situation, position, or relation, within certain limits, or the like; to prevent from falling or escaping; to sustain; to restrain; to keep in the grasp; to retain. “The loops held one curtain to another.” Ex. xxxvi. 12. “Thy right hand shall hold me.” Ps. cxxxix. 10. “They all hold swords, being expert in war.” Cant. iii. 8. “In vain he seeks, that having can not hold.” Spenser. “France, thou mayst hold a serpent by the tongue, …
A fasting tiger safer by the tooth,
Than keep in peace that hand which thou dost hold.” Shak. 2. To retain in one’s keeping; to maintain possession of, or authority over; not to give up or relinquish; to keep; to defend. “We mean to hold what anciently we claim
Of deity or empire.” Milton. 3. To have; to possess; to be in possession of; to occupy; to derive title to; as to hold office. “This noble merchant held a noble house.” Chaucer. “Of him to hold his seigniory for a yearly tribute.” Knolles. “And now the strand, and now the plain, they held.” Dryden. 4. To impose restraint upon; to limit in motion or action; to bind legally or morally; to confine; to restrain. “We can not hold mortality’s strong hand.” Shak. “Death! what do’st? O, hold thy blow.” Grashaw. “He had not sufficient judgment and self-command to hold his tongue.” Macaulay. 5. To maintain in being or action; to carry on; to prosecute, as a course of conduct or an argument; to continue; to sustain. “Hold not thy peace, and be not still.” Ps. lxxxiii. 1. “Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost,
Shall hold their course.” Milton. 6. To prosecute, have, take, or join in, as something which is the result of united action; as to, hold a meeting, a festival, a session, etc.; hence, to direct and bring about officially; to conduct or preside at; as the general held a council of war; a judge holds a court; a clergyman holds a service. “I would hold more talk with thee.” Shak. 7. To receive and retain; to contain as a vessel; as this pail holds milk; hence, to be able to receive and retain; to have capacity or containing power for. “Broken cisterns that can hold no water.” Jer. ii. 13. “One sees more devils than vast hell can hold.” Shak. 8. To accept, as an opinion; to be the adherent of, openly or privately; to persist in, as a purpose; to maintain; to sustain. “Stand fast and hold the traditions which ye have been taught.” 2 Thes. ii.15. “But still he held his purpose to depart.” Dryden. 9. To consider; to regard; to esteem; to account; to think; to judge. “I hold him but a fool.” Shak. “I shall never hold that man my friend.” Shak. “The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.” Ex. xx. 7. 10. To bear, carry, or manage; as he holds himself erect; he holds his head high. “Let him hold his fingers thus.” Shak. To hold a wager, to lay or hazard a wager. Swift. — To hold forth, to offer; to exhibit; to propose; to put forward. ´The propositions which books hold forth and pretend to teach.´ Locke. — To held in, to restrain; to curd. — To hold in hand, to toy with; to keep in expectation; to have in one’s power. [Obs.] “O, fie! to receive favors, return falsehoods,
And hold a lady in hand.” Beaw. & Fl. — To hold in play, to keep under control; to dally with. Macaulay. — To hold off, to keep at a distance. — To hold on, to hold in being, continuance or position; as to hold a rider on. — To hold one’s day, to keep one’s appointment. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To hold one’s own. (a) To keep good one’s present condition absolutely or relatively; not to fall off, or to lose ground; as a ship holds her own when she does not lose ground in a race or chase; a man holds his own when he does not lose strength or weight. — To hold one’s peace, to keep silence.- To hold out. (a) To extend; to offer. ´Fortune holds out these to you as rewards.´ B. Jonson. (b) To continue to do or to suffer; to endure. ´He can not long hold out these pangs.´ Shak. — To hold up. (a) To raise; to lift; as hold up your head. (b) To support; to sustain. ´He holds himself up in virtue.´Sir P. Sidney. (c) To exhibit; to display; as he was held up as an example. (d) To rein in; to check; to halt; as hold up your horses. — To hold water. (a) Literally, to retain water without leaking; hence (Fig.), to be whole, sound, consistent, without gaps or holes; — commonly used in a negative sense; as his statements will not hold water. [Collog.] (b) (Naut.) To hold the oars steady in the water, thus checking the headway of a boat.

Hold, v. i. In general, to keep one’s self in a given position or condition; to remain fixed. Hence: 1. Not to move; to halt; to stop; — mostly in the imperative. “And damned be him that first cries, ´Hold, enough!´” Shak. 2. Not to give way; not to part or become separated; to remain unbroken or unsubdued. “Our force by land hath nobly held.” Shak. 3. Not to fail or be found wanting; to continue; to last; to endure a test or trial; to abide; to persist. “While our obedience holds.” Milton. “The rule holds in land as all other commodities.” Locke. 4. Not to fall away, desert, or prove recreant; to remain attached; to cleave; — often with with, to, or for. “He will hold to the one and despise the other.” Matt. vi. 24 5. To restrain one’s self; to refrain. “His dauntless heart would fain have held
From weeping, but his eyes rebelled.” Dryden. 6. To derive right or title; — generally with of. “My crown is absolute, and holds of none.” Dryden. “His imagination holds immediately from nature.” Hazlitt. Hold on! Hold up! wait; stop; forbear. [Collog] — To hold forth, to speak in public; to harangue; to preach. L’Estrange. — To hold in, to restrain one’s self; as he wanted to laugh and could hardly hold in. — To hold off, to keep at a distance. — To hold on, to keep fast hold; to continue; to go on. ´The trade held on for many years,´ Swift. — To hold out, to last; to endure; to continue; to maintain one’s self; not to yield or give way. — To hold over, to remain in office, possession, etc., beyond a certain date. — To hold to or with, to take sides with, as a person or opinion. — To hold together, to be joined; not to separate; to remain in union. Dryden. Locke. — To hold up. (a) To support one’s self; to remain unbent or unbroken; as to hold up under misfortunes. (b) To cease raining; to cease to stop; as it holds up. Hudibras. (c) To keep up; not to fall behind; not to lose ground. Collier.

Hold , n. 1. The act of holding, as in or with the hands or arms; the manner of holding, whether firm or loose; seizure; grasp; clasp; gripe; possession; — often used with the verbs take and lay. “Ne have I not twelve pence within mine hold.” Chaucer. “Thou should’st lay hold upon him.” B. Jonson. “My soul took hold on thee.” Addison. “Take fast hold of instruction.” Pror. iv. 13. 2. The authority or ground to take or keep; claim. “The law hath yet another hold on you.” Shak. 3. Binding power and influence. “Fear … by which God and his laws take the surest hold of.” Tillotson. 4. Something that may be grasped; means of support. “If a man be upon an high place without rails or good hold, he is ready to fall.” Bacon. 5. A place of confinement; a prison; confinement; custody; guard. “They … put them in hold unto the next day.” Acts. iv. 3. “King Richard, he is in the mighty hold
Of Bolingbroke.” Shak. 6. A place of security; a fortified place; a fort; a castle; — often called a stronghold. Chaucer. “New comers in an ancient hold” Tennyson. 7. (Mus.) A character [thus ] placed over or under a note or rest, and indicating that it is to be prolonged; — called also pause, and corona.

Hold´back , n. 1. Check; hindrance; restraint; obstacle. “The only holdback is the affection … that we bear to our wealth.” Hammond. 2. The projection or loop on the thill of a vehicle. to which a strap of the harness is attached, to hold back a carriage when going down hill, or in backing; also the strap or part of the harness so used.

Hold´er, n. One who is employed in the hold of a vessel.

Hold´er, n. 1. One who, or that which, holds. 2. One who holds land, etc., under another; a tenant. 3. (Com.) The payee of a bill of exchange or a promissory note, or the one who owns or holds it. Holder is much used as the second part of a compound; as shareholder, officeholder, stockholder,etc.

Hold´er-forth , n. One who speaks in public; an haranguer; a preacher. Addison.

Hold´fast , n. 1. Something used to secure and hold in place something else, as a long flat-headed nail, a catch a hook, a clinch, a clamp, etc.; hence, a support. ´His holdfast was gone.´ Bp. Montagu. 2. (Bot.) A conical or branching body, by which a seaweed is attached to its support, and differing from a root in that it is not specially absorbent of moisture.

Hold´ing, n. 1. The act or state of sustaining, grasping, or retaining. 2. A tenure; a farm or other estate held of another. 3. That which holds, binds, or influences. Burke. 4. The burden or chorus of a song. [Obs.] Shak. Holding note (Mus.), a note sustained in one part, while the other parts move.

Hole (hol), a. Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hole, n. [OE. hol, hole, AS. hol, hole, cavern, from hol, a., hollow; akin to D. hol, OHG. hol, G. hohl, Dan. huul hollow, hul hole, Sw. hål, Icel. hola; prob. from the root of AS. helan to conceal. See Hele, Hell, and cf. Hold of a ship.] 1. A hollow place or cavity; an excavation; a pit; an opening in or through a solid body, a fabric, etc.; a perforation; a rent; a fissure. “The holes where eyes should be.” Shak. “The blind walls
Were full of chinks and holes.” Tennyson. “The priest took a chest, and bored a hole in the lid.” 2 Kings xii. 9. 2. An excavation in the ground, made by an animal to live in, or a natural cavity inhabited by an animal; hence, a low, narrow, or dark lodging or place; a mean habitation. Dryden. “The foxes have holes, … but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head.” Luke ix. 58. Syn. — Hollow; concavity; aperture; rent; fissure; crevice; orifice; interstice; perforation; excavation; pit; cave; den; cell. Hole and corner, clandestine, underhand. [Colloq.] ´The wretched trickery of hole and corner buffery.´ Dickens. — Hole board (Fancy Weaving), a board having holes through which cords pass which lift certain warp threads; — called also compass board.

Hole , v. t. [AS. holian. See Hole, n.] 1. To cut, dig, or bore a hole or holes in; as to hole a post for the insertion of rails or bars. Chapman. 2. To drive into a hole, as an animal, or a billiard ball.

Hole, v. i. To go or get into a hole. B. Jonson.

Hol•eth´nic , a. Of or pertaining to a holethnos or parent race. “The holethnic history of the Arians.” London Academy.

Hol•eth´nos , n. [Holo + Gr. race.] A parent stock or race of people, not yet divided into separate branches or tribes.

Hol´i•but , n. (Zoöl.) See Halibut.

Hol´i•dam , n. [Obs.] See Halidom.

Hol´i•day , n. [Holy + day.] 1. A consecrated day; religious anniversary; a day set apart in honor of some person, or in commemoration of some event. See Holyday. 2. A day of exemption from labor; a day of amusement and gayety; a festival day. “And young and old come forth to play
On a sunshine holiday.” Milton. 3. (Law) A day fixed by law for suspension of business; a legal holiday. In the United States legal holidays, so called, are determined by law, commonly by the statutes of the several States. The holidays most generally observed are: the 22d day of February (Washington’s birthday), the 30th day of May (Memorial day), the 4th day of July (Independence day), the 25th day of December (Christmas day). In most of the States the 1st day of January is a holiday. When any of these days falls on Sunday, usually the Monday following is observed as the holiday. In many of the States a day in the spring (as Good Friday, or the first Thursday in April), and a day in the fall (as the last Thursday in November) are now regularly appointed by Executive proclamation to be observed, the former as a day of fasting and prayer, the latter as a day of thanksgiving and are kept as holidays. In England, the days of the greater church feasts (designated in the calendar by a red letter, and commonly called red-letter days) are observed as general holidays. Bank holidays are those on which, by act of Parliament, banks may suspend business. Although Sunday is a holiday in the sense of a day when business is legally suspended, it is not usually included in the general term, the phrase ´Sundays and holidays´ being more common. The holidays, any fixed or usual period for relaxation or festivity; especially, Christmas and New Year’s day with the intervening time.

Hol•i•day, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a festival; cheerful; joyous; gay. Shak. 2. Occurring rarely; adapted for a special occasion. “Courage is but a holiday kind of virtue, to be seldom exercised.” Dryden.

Ho´li•ly , adv. [From Holy.] 1. Piously; with sanctity; in a holy manner. 2. Sacredly; inviolably. [R.] Shak.

Ho´li•ness, n. [AS. halignes.] 1. The state or quality of being holy; perfect moral integrity or purity; freedom from sin; sanctity; innocence. “Who is like thee, glorious in holiness!” Ex. xv. 11. 2. The state of being hallowed, or consecrated to God or to his worship; sacredness. “Israel was holiness unto the Lord.” Jer.ii.3. His holiness, a title of the pope; — formerly given also to Greek bishops and Greek emperors. Syn. — Piety; devotion; godliness; sanctity; sacredness; righteousness.

Hol´ing , n. [See Hole a hollow.] (Mining) Undercutting in a bed of coal, in order to bring down the upper mass. Raymond.

Hol´la , interj. [F. hola; ho ho + là there, fr. L. illac that way, there. Cf. Hollo.] Hollo.

Hol´la, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hollaed p. pr. & vb. n. Hollaing.] See Hollo, v. i.

Hol´land , n. A kind of linen first manufactured in Holland; a linen fabric used for window shades, children’s garments, etc.; as brown or unbleached hollands.

Hol´land•er , n. 1. A native or one of the people of Holland; a Dutchman. 2. A very hard, semi-glazed, green or dark brown brick, which will not absorb water; — called also Dutch clinker. Wagner.

Hol´land•ish, a. Relating to Holland; Dutch.

Hol´lands , n. 1. Gin made in Holland. 2. pl. See Holland.

Hol•lo´ , interj. & n. [See Halloo, and cf. Holla.] Ho there; stop; attend; hence, a loud cry or a call to attract attention; a halloo. “And every day, for food or play,
Came to the mariner’s hollo.” Coleridge.

Hol´lo , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Holloed p. pr. & vb. n. Holloing.] [See Hollo, interj., and cf. Halloo.] To call out or exclaim; to halloo. This form is now mostly replaced by hello.

Hol•loa´ , interj., n. & v. i. Same as Hollo.

Hol´low , a. [OE. holow, holgh, holf, AS. holh a hollow, hole. Cf. Hole.] 1. Having an empty space or cavity, natural or artificial, within a solid substance; not solid; excavated in the interior; as a hollow tree; a hollow sphere. “Hollow with boards shalt thou make it.” Ex. xxvii. 8. 2. Depressed; concave; gaunt; sunken. “With hollow eye and wrinkled brow.” Shak. 3. Reverberated from a cavity, or resembling such a sound; deep; muffled; as a hollow roar. Dryden. 4. Not sincere or faithful; false; deceitful; not sound; as a hollow heart; a hollow friend. Milton. Hollow newel (Arch.), an opening in the center of a winding staircase in place of a newel post, the stairs being supported by the wall; an open newel; also the stringpiece or rail winding around the well of such a staircase. — Hollow quoin (Engin.), a pier of stone or brick made behind the lock gates of a canal, and containing a hollow or recess to receive the ends of the gates. — Hollow root. (Bot.) See Moschatel. — Hollow square. See Square. — Hollow ware, hollow vessels; — a trade name for cast-iron kitchen utensils, earthenware, etc. Syn.- Concave; sunken; low; vacant; empty; void; false; faithless; deceitful; treacherous.

Hol´low , n. 1. A cavity, natural or artificial; an unfilled space within anything; a hole, a cavern; an excavation; as the hollow of the hand or of a tree. 2. A low spot surrounded by elevations; a depressed part of a surface; a concavity; a channel. “Forests grew
Upon the barren hollows.” Prior. “I hate the dreadful hollow behind the little wood.” Tennyson.

Hol´low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hollowed p. pr. & vb. n. Hollowing.] To make hollow, as by digging, cutting, or engraving; to excavate. ´Trees rudely hollowed.´ Dryden.

Hol´low, adv. Wholly; completely; utterly; — chiefly after the verb to beat, and often with all; as this story beats the other all hollow. See All, adv. [Collog.] “The more civilized so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turks hollow in the struggle for existence.” Darwin.

Hol•low´ , interj. [See Hollo.] Hollo.

Hol´low , v. i. To shout; to hollo. “Whisperings and hollowings are alike to a deaf ear.” Fuller.

Hol´low, v. t. To urge or call by shouting. “He has hollowed the hounds.” Sir W. Scott.

Hol´low-heart•ed , a. Insincere; deceitful; not sound and true; having a cavity or decayed spot within. Syn. — Faithless; dishonest; false; treacherous.

Hol´low-horned , a. (Zoöl.) Having permanent horns with a bony core, as cattle.

Hol´low•ly, adv. Insincerely; deceitfully. Shak.

Hol´low•ness, n. 1. State of being hollow. Bacon. 2. Insincerity; unsoundness; treachery. South.

Hol´ly , adv. Wholly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol´ly (hol´ly), n. [OE holi, holin, AS. holen, holegn; akin to D. & G. hulst, OHG. huls hulis, W. celyn, Armor. kelen, Gael. cuilionn, Ir. cuileann. Cf. 1st Holm, Hulver.] 1. (Bot.) A tree or shrub of the genus Ilex. The European species (Ilex Aquifolium) is best known, having glossy green leaves, with a spiny, waved edge, and bearing berries that turn red or yellow about Michaelmas. The holly is much used to adorn churches and houses, at Christmas time, and hence is associated with scenes of good will and rejoicing. It is an evergreen tree, and has a finegrained, heavy, white wood. Its bark is used as a febrifuge, and the berries are violently purgative and emetic. The American holly is the Ilex opaca, and is found along the coast of the United States, from Maine southward. Gray. 2. (Bot.) The holm oak. See 1st Holm. Holly-leaved oak (Bot.), the black scrub oak. See Scrub oak. — Holly rose (Bot.), a West Indian shrub, with showy, yellow flowers (Turnera ulmifolia). — Sea holly (Bot.), a species of Eryngium. See Eryngium.

Hol´ly•hock , n. [OE. holihoc; holi holy + hoc mallow, AS. hoc; cf. W. hocys mallows, hocys bendigaid hollyhock, lit., blessed mallow. Prob. so named because brought from the Holy Land. See Holy.] (Bot.) A species of Althaea (A. rosea), bearing flowers of various colors; — called also rose mallow.

Holm , n. [OE., prob. from AS. holen holly; as the holly is also called holm. See Holly.] (Bot.) A common evergreen oak, of Europe (Quercus Ilex); — called also ilex, and holly.

Holm , n. [AS. holm, usually meaning, sea, water; akin to Icel. holmr, holmr, an island, Dan. holm, Sw. holme, G. holm, and prob. to E. hill. Cf. Hill.] 1. An islet in a river. J. Brand. 2. Low, flat land. Wordsworth. “The soft wind blowing over meadowy holms.” Tennyson. Holm thrush (Zoöl.), the missel thrush.

Hol´mi•a , n. [NL.] (Chem.) An oxide of holmium.

Hol´mi•um , n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Chem.) A rare element said to be contained in gadolinite. — Hol´mic (#), a.

Hol´mos , n. [NL., fr. Gr..] (Greek & Etrus. Antiq.) A name given to a vase having a rounded body; esp.: (a) A closed vessel of nearly spherical form on a high stem or pedestal. Fairholt. (b) A drinking cup having a foot and stem.

Hol´o- A combining form fr. Gr. ´o•los whole.

Hol´o•blast , n. [Holo + - blast.] (Biol.) an ovum composed entirely of germinal matter. See Meroblast.

Hol•o•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Undergoing complete segmentation; composed entirely of germinal matter, the whole of the yolk undergoing fission; — opposed to meroblastic.

Hol´o•caust , n. [L. holocaustum, Gr. , neut. of , , burnt whole; ´o’los whole + kaysto•s burnt, fr. kai•ein to burn (cf. Caustic): cf. F. holocauste.] 1. A burnt sacrifice; an offering, the whole of which was consumed by fire, among the Jews and some pagan nations. Milton. 2. Sacrifice or loss of many lives, as by the burning of a theater or a ship. [An extended use not authorized by careful writers.]

Hol•o•ceph´a•li , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ´o•los whole + kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) An order of elasmobranch fishes, including, among living species, only the chimaeras; — called also Holocephala. See Chimaera; also Illustration in Appendix.

Hol•o•cryp´tic , a. [Holo- + Gr. kry•ptein to conceal.] Wholly or completely concealing; incapable of being deciphered. Holocryptic cipher, a cipher so constructed as to afford no clew to its meaning to one ignorant of the key.

Hol•o•crys´tal•line , a. [Holo + crystalline.] (Min.) Completely crystalline; — said of a rock like granite, all the constituents of which are crystalline.

Hol´o•graph , n. [L. holographus entirely autograph, Gr. ´olo•grafos; ´o•los whole + gra•fein to write: cf. F. holographe, olographe.] A document, as a letter, deed, or will, wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it proceeds and whose act it purports to be.

Hol•o•graph´ic , a. Of the nature of a holograph; pertaining to holographs.

Hol•o•he´dral , a. [Holo- + Gr. seat, base, fr. to sit.] (Crystallog.) Having all the planes required by complete symmetry, — in opposition to hemihedral.

Hol•o•hem•i•he´dral , a. [Holo- + hemihedral.] (Crystallog.) Presenting hemihedral forms, in which all the sectants have halt the whole number of planes. Dana.

Hol•o•me•tab´o•la , n. pl. [NL. See Holo-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Those insects which have a complete metamorphosis; metabola.

Hol•o•met•a•bol´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having a complete metamorphosis; — said of certain insects, as the butterflies and bees.

Ho•lom´e•ter , n. [Holo + -meter: cf. F. holometre.] An instrument for making all kinds of angular measurements.

Hol•o•phan´er•ous , a. [Holo + Gr. visible, fr. to appear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Holometabolic.

Hol•o•pho´tal , a. [Holo + Gr. , , light.] (Opt.) Causing no loss of light; — applied to reflectors which throw back the rays of light without perceptible loss.

Hol´o•phote , n. A lamp with lenses or reflectors to collect the rays of light and throw them in a given direction; — used in lighthouses.

Hol•o•phras´tic , a. [Holo + Gr. to speak: cf. F. holophrastique.] Expressing a phrase or sentence in a single word, — as is the case in the aboriginal languages of America.

Hol•o•phyt´ic , a. [Holo + Gr. a plant.] Wholly or distinctively vegetable. Holophytic nutrition , that form of nutrition, characteristic of vegetable organisms, in which carbonic acid, ammonia, and nitrates are absorbed as food, in distinction from the animal mode of nutrition, by the ingestion of albuminous matter.

Hol•o•rhi´nal , a. [Holo + Gr., nose.] (Anat.) Having the nasal bones contiguous.

Hol•o•sid´er•ite , n. [Holo + siderite.] (Min.) Meteoric iron; a meteorite consisting of metallic iron without stony matter.

Ho•los´te•an , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Holostei.

Ho•los´te•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´o•los whole + a bone.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of ganoids, including the gar pike, bowfin, etc.; the bony ganoids. See Illustration in Appendix.

Hol•o•ster´ic , a. [Holo + Gr.stereo•s solid.] Wholly solid; — said of a barometer constructed of solid materials to show the variations of atmospheric pressure without the use of liquids, as the aneroid.

Hol•o•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´o•los whole + sto•ma, -atos, mouth.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of gastropods, including those that have an entire aperture.

Ho•los´to•mate , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Holostomatous.

Hol•o•stom´a•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Having an entire aperture; — said of many univalve shells.

Hol´o•stome , n. [Holo + Gr. sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Holostomata.

Ho•los´tra•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´o•los whole + shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A division of phyllopod Crustacea, including those that are entirely covered by a bivalve shell.

Hol´o•thure , n. [L. holothuria, pl., a sort of water polyp, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A holothurian.

Hol•o•thu´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Holothurioidea. — n. One of the Holothurioidea. Some of the species of Holothurians are called sea cucumbers, sea slugs, trepang, and bêche de mèr. Many are used as food, esp. by the Chinese. See Trepang.

Hol•o•thu•ri•oi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Holothure, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of echinoderms. They have a more or less elongated body, often flattened beneath, and a circle of tentacles, which are usually much branched, surrounding the mouth; the skin is more or less flexible, and usually contains calcareous plates of various characteristic forms, sometimes becoming large and scalelike. Most of the species have five bands (ambulacra) of sucker-bearing feet along the sides; in others these are lacking. In one group (Pneumonophora) two branching internal gills are developed; in another (Apneumona) these are wanting. Called also Holothurida, Holothuridea, and Holothuroidea.

Ho•lot´ri•cha (ho•lot´ri•ka), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´o•los whole + qri•x, tricho•s, a hair.] (Zoöl.) A group of ciliated Infusoria, having cilia all over the body.

Hol´our , n. [OF. holier.] A whoremonger. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Holp , Hol´pen } imp. & p. p. of Help. [Obs.] Shak.

Hol´som , a. Wholesome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol´ster , n. [D. holster; skin to AS. heolstor den, cave, fr. helan to conceal, and to Icel. hulstr case, Goth. hulistr covering, veil, huljan to cover. rad.17. See Hele to cover, Hell, and cf. Housing, Houss.] A leather case for a pistol, carried by a horseman at the bow of his saddle.

Hol´stered , a. Bearing holsters. Byron.

Holt , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hold, contr. from holdeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Holt, n. [AS. holt; akin to LG. holt, D. hout, G. holz. Icel. holt; cf Gael. & Ir. coill wood, Gr. branch, shoot.] 1. A piece of woodland; especially, a woody hill. ´Every holt and heath.´ Chaucer. “She sent her voice though all the holt
Before her, and the park.” Tennyson. 2. A deep hole in a river where there is protection for fish; also a cover, a hole, or hiding place. ´ The fox has gone to holt.´ C. Kingsley.

Hol´we , a. Hollow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ho´ly , a. [Compar. Holier superl. Holiest.] [OE. holi, hali, AS. halig, fr. hael health, salvation, happiness, fr. hal whole, well; akin to OS. hlag, D. & G. heilig, OHG. heilac, Dan. hellig, Sw. helig, Icel. heilagr. See Whole, and cf. Halibut, Halidom, Hallow, Hollyhock.] 1. Set apart to the service or worship of God; hallowed; sacred; reserved from profane or common use; holy vessels; a holy priesthood. ´Holy rites and solemn feasts.´ Milton. 2. Spiritually whole or sound; of unimpaired innocence and virtue; free from sinful affections; pure in heart; godly; pious; irreproachable; guiltless; acceptable to God. “Now through her round of holy thought
The Church our annual steps has brought.” Keble. Holy Alliance (Hist.), a league ostensibly for conserving religion, justice, and peace in Europe, but really for repressing popular tendencies toward constitutional government, entered into by Alexander I. of Russia, Francis I. of Austria, and Frederic William III. of Prussia, at Paris, on the 26th of September, 1815, and subsequently joined by all the sovereigns of Europe, except the pope and the king of England. — Holy bark. See Cascara sagrada. — Holy Communion. See Eucharist. — Holy family (Art), a picture in which the infant Christ, his parents, and others of his family are represented. - - Holy Father, a title of the pope. — Holy Ghost (Theol.),the third person of the Trinity; the Comforter; the Paraclete. — Holy Grail. See Grail. — Holy grass (Bot.), a sweet-scented grass (Hierochloa borealis and H. alpina). In the north of Europe it was formerly strewed before church doors on saints’ days; whence the name. It is common in the northern and western parts of the United States. Called also vanilla, or Seneca, grass. — Holy Innocents’ day, Childermas day. — Holy Land, Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity. — Holy office, the Inquisition. — Holy of holies (Script.), the innermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where the ark was kept, and where no person entered, except the high priest once a year. — Holy One. (a) The Supreme Being; — so called by way of emphasis. ´ The Holy One of Israel.´ Is. xliii. 14. (b) One separated to the service of God. — Holy orders. See Order. — Holy rood, the cross or crucifix, particularly one placed, in churches. over the entrance to the chancel. — Holy rope, a plant, the hemp agrimony. — Holy Saturday (Eccl.), the Saturday immediately preceding the festival of Easter; the vigil of Easter. — Holy Spirit, same as Holy Ghost (above). — Holy Spirit plant. See Dove plant. — Holy thistle (Bot.), the blessed thistle. See under Thistle. — Holy Thursday. (Eccl.) (a) (Episcopal Ch.) Ascension day. (b) (R. C. Ch.) The Thursday in Holy Week; Maundy Thursday. — Holy war, a crusade; an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens in the Holy Land, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, for the possession of the holy places. — Holy water (Gr. & R. C. Churches), water which has been blessed by the priest for sacred purposes. — Holy-water stoup, the stone stoup or font placed near the entrance of a church, as a receptacle for holy water. — Holy Week (Eccl.), the week before Easter, in which the passion of our Savior is commemorated. — Holy writ, the sacred Scriptures. ´ Word of holy writ.´ Wordsworth.

Ho´ly cross´ ( 115). The cross as the symbol of Christ’s crucifixion. Congregation of the Holy Cross (R. C. Ch.), a community of lay brothers and priests, in France and the United States, engaged chiefly in teaching and manual Labor. Originally called Brethren of St. Joseph. The Sisters of the Holy Cross engage in similar work. Addis & Arnold. — Holy-cross day, the fourteenth of September, observed as a church festival, in memory of the exaltation of our Savior’s cross.

Ho´ly•day , n. 1. A religious festival. 2. A secular festival; a holiday. Holiday is the preferable and prevailing spelling in the second sense. The spelling holy day or holyday in often used in the first sense.

Ho´ly•stone , n. (Naut.) A stone used by seamen for scrubbing the decks of ships. Totten.

Ho´ly•stone, v. t. (Naut.) To scrub with a holystone, as the deck of a vessel.

Hom´a•canth , a. [Homo + Gr. a spine.] (Zoöl.) Having the dorsal fin spines symmetrical, and in the same line; — said of certain fishes.

Hom´age , n. [OF. homage, homenage, F. hommage, LL. hominaticum, homenaticum, from L. homo a man, LL. also a client, servant, vassal; akin to L. humus earth, Gr. on the ground, and E. groom in bridegroom. Cf. Bridegroom, Human.] 1. (Feud. Law) A symbolical acknowledgment made by a feudal tenant to, and in the presence of, his lord, on receiving investiture of fee, or coming to it by succession, that he was his man, or vassal; profession of fealty to a sovereign. 2. Respect or reverential regard; deference; especially, respect paid by external action; obeisance. “All things in heaven and earth do her [Law] homage.” Hooker. “I sought no homage from the race that write.” Pope. 3. Reverence directed to the Supreme Being; reverential worship; devout affection. Chaucer. Syn. — Fealty; submission; reverence; honor; respect. — Homage, Fealty. Homage was originally the act of a feudal tenant by which he declared himself, on his knees, to be the hommage or bondman of the lord; hence the term is used to denote reverential submission or respect. Fealty was originally the fidelity of such a tenant to his lord, and hence the term denotes a faithful and solemn adherence to the obligations we owe to superior power or authority. We pay our homage to men of preëminent usefulness and virtue, and profess our fealty to the principles by which they have been guided. “Go, go with homage yon proud victors meet !
Go, lie like dogs beneath your masters’ feet !” Dryden. “Man, disobeying,
Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins
Against the high supremacy of heaven.” Milton.

Hom´age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Homaged p. pr. & vb. n. Homaging.] [Cf. OF. hommager.] 1. To pay reverence to by external action. [R.] 2. To cause to pay homage. [Obs.] Cowley.

Hom´age•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. hommageable.] Subject to homage. Howell.

Hom´a•ger , n. [From Homage: cf. F. hommager.] One who does homage, or holds land of another by homage; a vassal. Bacon.

Hom•a•lo•graph´ic , a. Same as Homolographic. { Hom´a•loid (hom´a•loid), Hom•a•loid´al (-loid´al), } a. [Gr. ´omalo•s even + -oid.] (Geom.) Flat; even; — a term applied to surfaces and to spaces, whether real or imagined, in which the definitions, axioms, and postulates of Euclid respecting parallel straight lines are assumed to hold true.

Hom´a•rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´omarh•s well adjusted.] (Zoöl.) A genus of decapod Crustacea, including the common lobsters. — Hom´a•roid (#), a.

Ho•mat´ro•pine , n. [Homo- + atropine.] (Med.) An alkaloid, prepared from atropine, and from other sources. It is chemically related to atropine, and is used for the same purpose.

Hom•ax•o´ni•al , a. [Homo- + Gr. an axle, axis.] (Biol.) Relating to that kind of homology or symmetry, the mathematical conception of organic form, in which all axes are equal. See under Promorphology.

Home (hom), n. (Zoöl.) See Homelyn.

Home (110), [OE. hom, ham, AS. ham; akin to OS. hem, D. & G. heim, Sw. hem, Dan. hiem, Icel. heimr abode, world, heima home, Goth. haims village, Lith. këmas, and perh. to Gr. kw•mh village, or to E. hind a peasant; cf. Skr.kshema abode, place of rest, security, kshi to dwell. rad.20, 220.] 1. One’s own dwelling place; the house in which one lives; esp., the house in which one lives with his family; the habitual abode of one’s family; also one’s birthplace. “The disciples went away again to their own home.” John xx. 10. “Home is the sacred refuge of our life.” Dryden. “Home! home! sweet, sweet home!
There’s no place like home.” Payne. 2. One’s native land; the place or country in which one dwells; the place where one’s ancestors dwell or dwelt. ´Our old home [England].´ Hawthorne. 3. The abiding place of the affections, especially of the domestic affections. “He entered in his house — his home no more,
For without hearts there is no home.” Byron. 4. The locality where a thing is usually found, or was first found, or where it is naturally abundant; habitat; seat; as the home of the pine. “Her eyes are homes of silent prayer.” Tennyson. “Flandria, by plenty made the home of war.” Prior. 5. A place of refuge and rest; an asylum; as a home for outcasts; a home for the blind; hence, esp., the grave; the final rest; also the native and eternal dwelling place of the soul. “Man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets.” Eccl. xii. 5. 6. (Baseball) The home base; he started for home. At home.(a) At one’s own house, or lodgings. (b) In one’s own town or country; as peace abroad and at home. (c) Prepared to receive callers. — Home department, the department of executive administration, by which the internal affairs of a country are managed. [Eng.] To be at home on any subject, to be conversant or familiar with it. — To feel at home, to be at one’s ease. — To make one’s self at home, to conduct one’s self with as much freedom as if at home. Syn. — Tenement; house; dwelling; abode; domicile.

Home , a. 1. Of or pertaining to one’s dwelling or country; domestic; not foreign; as home manufactures; home comforts. 2. Close; personal; pointed; as a home thrust. Home base (Baseball), the base at which the batsman stands and which is the last goal in making a run. — Home farm, grounds, etc., the farm, grounds, etc., adjacent to the residence of the owner. — Home lot, an inclosed plot on which the owner’s home stands. [U. S.] — Home rule, rule or government of an appendent or dependent country, as to all local and internal legislation, by means of a governing power vested in the people within the country itself, in contradistinction to a government established by the dominant country; as home rule in Ireland. Also used adjectively; as home-rule members of Parliament. — Home ruler, one who favors or advocates home rule. — Home run (Baseball), a complete circuit of the bases made before the batted ball is returned to the home base. — Home stretch (Sport.), that part of a race course between the last curve and the winning post. — Home thrust, a well directed or effective thrust; one that wounds in a vital part; hence, in controversy, a personal attack.

Home, adv. 1. To one’s home or country; as in the phrases, go home, come home, carry home. 2. Close; closely. “How home the charge reaches us, has been made out.” South. “They come home to men’s business and bosoms.” Bacon. 3. To the place where it belongs; to the end of a course; to the full length; as to drive a nail home; to ram a cartridge home. “Wear thy good rapier bare and put it home.” Shak. Home is often used in the formation of compound words, many of which need no special definition; as home- brewed, home-built, home-grown, etc. To bring home. See under Bring. — To come home.(a) To touch or affect personally. See under Come. (b) (Naut.) To drag toward the vessel, instead of holding firm, as the cable is shortened; — said of an anchor. — To haul home the sheets of a sail (Naut.), to haul the clews close to the sheave hole. Totten.

Home´born (hom´bôrn•), a. 1. Native; indigenous; not foreign. Donne. Pope. 2. Of or pertaining to the home or family. “Fireside enjoyments, homeborn happiness.” Cowper.

Home´-bound , a. Kept at home.

Home´-bred , a. 1. Bred at home; domestic; not foreign. ´ Home-bred mischief.´ Milton. “Benignity and home-bred sense.” Wordsworth. 2. Not polished; rude; uncultivated. “Only to me home-bred youths belong.” Dryden.

Home´-com•ing , n. Return home. “Kepeth this child, al be it foul or fayr,
And eek my wyf, unto myn hoom-cominge.” Chaucer.

Home´-driv•en , a. Driven to the end, as a nail; driven close.

Home´-dwell•ing , a. Keeping at home.

Home´-felt (-felt•), a. Felt in one’s own breast; inward; private. ´Home- felt quiet.´ Pope.

Home´field (-feld•), n. A field adjacent to its owner’s home. Hawthorne.

Home´-keep•ing (-kep•ing), a. Staying at home; not gadding. “Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.” Shak.

Home´-keep•ing, n. A staying at home.

Home´less, a. [AS. hamleas.] Destitute of a home. — Home´less•ness, n.

Home´like , a. Like a home; comfortable; cheerful; cozy; friendly.

Home´li•ly , adv. Plainly; inelegantly. [R.]

Home´li•ness, n. [From Homely.] 1. Domesticity; care of home. [Obs.] ´Wifely homeliness.´ Chaucer. 2. Familiarity; intimacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. Plainness; want of elegance or beauty. 4. Coarseness; simplicity; want of refinement; as the homeliness of manners, or language. Addison.

Home´ling , n. A person or thing belonging to a home or to a particular country; a native; as a word which is a homeling. Trench.

Home´ly, a. [Compar. Homelier superl. Homeliest.] [From Home, n.] 1. Belonging to, or having the characteristics of, home; domestic; familiar; intimate. [Archaic] “With all these men I was right homely, and communed with, them long and oft.” Foxe. “Their homely joys, and destiny obscure.” Gray. 2. Plain; unpretending; rude in appearance; unpolished; as a homely garment; a homely house; homely fare; homely manners. “Now Strephon daily entertains
His Chloe in the homeliest strains.” Pope. 3. Of plain or coarse features; uncomely; — contrary to handsome. “None so homely but loves a looking- glass.” South.

Home´ly, adv. Plainly; rudely; coarsely; as homely dressed. [R.] Spenser.

Home´lyn , n. [Scot. hommelin.] (Zoöl) The European sand ray (Raia maculata); — called also home, mirror ray, and rough ray.

Home´made , a. Made at home; of domestic manufacture; made either in a private family or in one’s own country. Locke.

Ho´me•o•path , n. [Cf. F. homeopathe.] A practitioner of homeopathy. [Written also homœopath.]

Ho•me•o•path´ic , a. [Cf. F. homeopathique.] Of or pertaining to homeopathy; according to the principles of homeopathy. [Also homœpathic.]

Ho•me•o•path´ic•al•ly , adv. According to the practice of homeopathy. [Also homœopathically.]

Ho•me•op´a•thist , n. A believer in, or practitioner of, homeopathy. [Written also homœopathist.]

Ho•me•op´a•thy , n. [Gr. likeness of condition or feeling; like (fr. same; cf. Same) + to suffer: cf. F. homeopathie. See Pathos.] (Med.) The art of curing, founded on resemblances; the theory and its practice that disease is cured (tuto, cito, et jucunde) by remedies which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies being usually administered in minute doses. This system was founded by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, and is opposed to allopathy, or heteropathy. [Written also homœopathy.]

Hom´er , n. (Zoöl.) A carrier pigeon remarkable for its ability to return home from a distance.

Ho´mer , n. (Zoöl.) See Hoemother.

Ho´mer, n. [Heb. khomer.] A Hebrew measure containing, as a liquid measure, ten baths, equivalent to fifty-five gallons, two quarts, one pint; and, as a dry measure, ten ephahs, equivalent to six bushels, two pecks, four quarts. [Written also chomer, gomer.]

Ho•mer´ic , a. [L. Homericus, Gr. ´Omhriko•s.] Of or pertaining to Homer, the most famous of Greek poets; resembling the poetry of Homer. Homeric verse, hexameter verse; — so called because used by Homer in his epics.

Home´sick , a. Pining for home; in a nostalgic condition. — Home´sick•ness, n.

Home´-speak•ing , n. Direct, forcible, and effective speaking. Milton.

Home´spun , a. 1. Spun or wrought at home; of domestic manufacture; coarse; plain. ´Homespun country garbs.´ W. Irving. 2. Plain in manner or style; not elegant; rude; coarse. ´Our homespun English proverb.´ Dryden. ´Our homespun authors.´ Addison.

Home´spun, n. 1. Cloth made at home; as he was dressed in homespun. 2. An unpolished, rustic person. [Obs.] Shak.

Home´stall , n. [AS. hamsteall.] Place of a home; homestead. Cowper.

Home´stead , n. [AS. hamstede.] 1. The home place; a home and the inclosure or ground immediately connected with it. Dryden. 2. The home or seat of a family; place of origin. “We can trace them back to a homestead on the Rivers Volga and Ural.” W. Tooke. 3. (Law) The home and appurtenant land and buildings owned by the head of a family, and occupied by him and his family. Homestead law. (a) A law conferring special privileges or exemptions upon owners of homesteads; esp., a law exempting a homestead from attachment or sale under execution for general debts. Such laws, with limitations as to the extent or value of the property, exist in most of the States. Called also homestead exemption law. (b) also a designation of an Act of Congress authorizing and regulating the sale of public lands, in parcels of 160 acres each, to actual settlers. [U.S.]

Home´stead•er , n. One who has entered upon a portion of the public land with the purpose of acquiring ownership of it under provisions of the homestead law, so called; one who has acquired a homestead in this manner. [Local, U.S.]

Home´ward , a. Being in the direction of home; as the homeward way. { Home´ward , Home´wards } adv. [AS. hamweard.] Toward home; in the direction of one’s house, town, or country. Homeward bound, bound for home; going homeward; as the homeward bound fleet.

Hom´i•ci•dal , a. Pertaining to homicide; tending to homicide; murderous.

Hom´i•cide , n. [F., fr. L. homicidium, fr. homicida a man slayer; homo man + caedere to cut, kill. See Homage, and cf. Concise, Shed, v. t.] 1. The killing of one human being by another. Homicide is of three kinds: justifiable, as when the killing is performed in the exercise of a right or performance of a duty; excusable, as when done, although not as duty or right, yet without culpable or criminal intent; and felonious, or involving what the law terms malice; the latter may be either manslaughter or murder. Bouvier. 2. One who kills another; a manslayer. Chaucer. Shak.

Hom´i•form , a. [L. homo man + -form.] In human form. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Hom´i•lete , n. A homilist. { Hom•i•let´ic , Hom•i•let´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. homiletique. See Homily.] 1. Of or pertaining to familiar intercourse; social; affable; conversable; companionable. [R.] “His virtues active, chiefly, and homiletical, not those lazy, sullen ones of the cloister.” Atterbury. 2. Of or pertaining to homiletics; hortatory.

Hom•i•let´ics , n. [Cf. F. homiletique.] The art of preaching; that branch of theology which treats of homilies or sermons, and the best method of preparing and delivering them.

Hom´i•list , n. One who prepares homilies; one who preaches to a congregation.

Hom´i•lite , n. [From Gr. to be in company with.] (Min.) A borosilicate of iron and lime, near datolite in form and composition.

Hom´i•ly , n.; pl. Homilies (#). [LL. homilia, Gr. communion, assembly, converse, sermon, fr. an assembly, fr. same; cf. together, and crowd, cf. to press: cf. F. homelie. See Same.] 1. A discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an audience; a serious discourse. Shak. 2. A serious or tedious exhortation in private on some moral point, or on the conduct of life. “As I have heard my father
Deal out in his long homilies.” Byron. Book of Homilies. A collection of authorized, printed sermons, to be read by ministers in churches, esp. one issued in the time of Edward VI., and a second, issued in the reign of Elizabeth; — both books being certified to contain a ´godly and wholesome doctrine.´

Hom´ing , a. Home-returning; — used specifically of carrier pigeons.

Hom´i•ny , n. [From North American Indian auhúminea parched corn.] Maize hulled and broken, and prepared for food by being boiled in water. [U.S.] [Written also homony.]

Hom´ish , a. Like a home or a home circle. “Quiet, cheerful, homish hospital life.” E. E. Hale.

Hom´mock , n. A small eminence of a conical form, of land or of ice; a knoll; a hillock. See Hummock. Bartram.

Hom´mock•y , a. Filled with hommocks; piled in the form of hommocks; — said of ice.

Ho´mo- A combining form from Gr. ´omo•s, one and the same, common, joint.

Ho•mo•cat•e•gor´ic , a. [Homo- + categoric.] (Biol.) Belonging to the same category of individuality; — a morphological term applied to organisms so related.

Ho•mo•cen´tric , a. [Gr. : the same + center: cf. F. homocentrique.] Having the same center.

Ho•mo•cer´cal , a. [Homo- + Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) Having the tail nearly or quite symmetrical, the vertebral column terminating near its base; — opposed to heterocercal.

Ho´mo•cer•cy , n. (Zoöl.) The possession of a homocercal tail.

Ho•mo•cer•e•brin , n. [Homo- + rebrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body similar to, or identical with, cerebrin.

Ho•mo•chro´mous , a. [Homo- + Gr. color.] (Bot.) Having all the florets in the same flower head of the same color.

Ho•mo•dem´ic , a. [Homo- + 1st deme, 2.] (Biol.) A morphological term signifying development, in the case of multicellular organisms, from the same unit deme or unit of the inferior orders of individuality.

Ho•mo•der´mic , a. (Biol.) Relating to homodermy; originating from the same germ layer.

Ho´mo•der•my , n. [Homo- + -derm.] (Biol.) Homology of the germinal layers.

Hom´o•dont , a. [Homo- + Gr. , , a tooth.] (Anat.) Having all the teeth similar in front, as in the porpoises; — opposed to heterodont. { Ho•mod´ro•mal , Ho•mod´ro•mous } a. [Homo- + Gr. a course, running.] 1. (Bot.) Running in the same direction; — said of stems twining round a support, or of the spiral succession of leaves on stems and their branches. 2. (Mech.) Moving in the same direction; — said of a lever or pulley in which the resistance and the actuating force are both on the same side of the fulcrum or axis.

Ho•mo•dy•nam´ic , a. Homodynamous. Quain.

Ho•mo•dy´na•mous , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or involving, homodynamy; as successive or homodynamous parts in plants and animals.

Ho•mo•dy´na•my , n. [Gr. of like power; the same + power.] (Biol.) The homology of metameres. See Metamere. Gegenbaur.

Ho•mœ•o•me´ri•a , n. [L., from Gr. ; like + part.] The state or quality of being homogeneous in elements or first principles; likeness or identity of parts. { Ho•mœ•o•mer´ic , Ho•mœ•o•mer´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, sameness of parts; receiving or advocating the doctrine of homogeneity of elements or first principles.

Ho•mœ•om´er•ous , a. (Anat.) Having the main artery of the leg parallel with the sciatic nerve; — said of certain birds.

Ho•mœ•om´e•ry , n. [Gr. like + -metry.] Same as Homœomeria. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Ho•mœ•o•mor´phism , n. [See Homœomorphous.] A near similarity of crystalline forms between unlike chemical compounds. See Isomorphism.

Ho•mœ•o•mor´phous , a. [Gr. of like form; like + form.] Manifesting homœomorphism.

Ho•mœ•o•path´ic, a., Ho•mœ•op´a•thist, n., Ho•mœ•op´a•thy, n. Same as Homeopathic, Homeopathist, Homeopathy.

Ho•mœ•o•ther´mal , a. See Homoiothermal.

Ho•mœ•o•zo´ic , a. [Gr. like + life.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or including, similar forms or kinds of life; as homœozoic belts on the earth’s surface. E. Forbes.

Ho•mog´a•mous , a. [Gr. married together; the same + marriage.] (Bot.) Having all the flowers alike; — said of such composite plants as Eupatorium, and the thistels.

Ho•mog´a•my , n. (Bot.) The condition of being homogamous.

Ho•mo•gan´gli•ate , a. [Homo- + gangliate.] (Zoöl.) Having the ganglia of the nervous system symmetrically arranged, as in certain invertebrates; — opposed to heterogangliate.

Ho´mo•gene , a. [Cf. F. homogène.] Homogeneous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ho•mo•ge´ne•al , a. Homogeneous.

Ho•mo•ge´ne•al•ness, n. Homogeneousness.

Ho•mo•ge•ne´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. homogeneite.] Same as Homogeneousness.

Ho•mo•ge´ne•ous , a. [Gr. ; the same + race, kind: cf. F. homogène. See Same, and Kin.] 1. Of the same kind of nature; consisting of similar parts, or of elements of the like nature; — opposed to heterogeneous; as homogeneous particles, elements, or principles; homogeneous bodies. 2. (Alg.) Possessing the same number of factors of a given kind; as a homogeneous polynomial.

Ho•mo•ge´ne•ous•ness, n. Sameness 9kind or nature; uniformity of structure or material.

Ho•mo•gen´e•sis , n. [Homo- + genesis.] (Biol.) That method of reproduction in which the successive generations are alike, the offspring, either animal or plant, running through the same cycle of existence as the parent; gamogenesis; — opposed to heterogenesis.

Ho•mo•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Homogenous; — applied to that class of homologies which arise from similarity of structure, and which are taken as evidences of common ancestry.

Ho•mog´e•nous , a. (Biol.) Having a resemblance in structure, due to descent from a common progenitor with subsequent modification; homogenetic; — applied both to animals and plants. See Homoplastic.

Ho•mog´e•ny , n. [Gr. ; the same + race, kind.] 1. Joint nature. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Biol.) The correspondence of common descent; — a term used to supersede homology by Lankester, who also used homoplasy to denote any superinduced correspondence of position and structure in parts embryonically distinct (other writers using the term homoplasmy). Thus, there is homogeny between the fore limb of a mammal and the wing of a bird; but the right and left ventricles of the heart in both are only in homoplasy with each other, these having arisen independently since the divergence of both groups from a univentricular ancestor.

Ho•mog´o•nous, a. [Gr. . See Homogeneous.] (Bot.) Having all the flowers of a plant alike in respect to the stamens and pistils.

Ho•mog´o•ny , n. (Bot.) The condition of having homogonous flowers.

Hom´o•graph , n. [Gr. ´omo•grafos with the same letters; ´omo•s the same + gra•fein to write.] (Philol.) One of two or more words identical in orthography, but having different derivations and meanings; as fair, n., a market, and fair, a., beautiful.

Ho•mo•graph´ic , a. 1. Employing a single and separate character to represent each sound; — said of certain methods of spelling words. 2. (Geom.) Possessing the property of homography.

Ho•mog´ra•phy , n. 1. That method of spelling in which every sound is represented by a single character, which indicates that sound and no other. 2. (Geom.) A relation between two figures, such that to any point of the one corresponds one and but one point in the other, and vise versa. Thus, a tangent line rolling on a circle cuts two fixed tangents of the circle in two sets of points that are homographic.

Ho•moi•op•to´ton , n. [NL., fr. Gr. in a like case; like + falling.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the several parts of a sentence end with the same case, or inflection generally.

Ho•moi•o•ther´mal , a. [Gr. like + E. thermal.] (Physiol.) Maintaining a uniform temperature; haematothermal; homothermic; — applied to warm- bodied animals, because they maintain a nearly uniform temperature in spite of the great variations in the surrounding air; in distinct from the cold-blooded (poikilothermal) animals, whose body temperature follows the variations in temperature of the surrounding medium.

Ho•moi•ou´si•an , n. [Gr. , , of like substance; ´o•moios + o’ysi•a the substance, being, essence.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the semi-Arians of the 4th century, who held that the Son was of like, but not the same, essence or substance with the Father; — opposed to homoousian.

Ho•moi•ou´si•an, a. Of or pertaining to Homoiousians, or their belief.

Ho•mol´o•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Homologated p. pr. & vb. n. Homologating.] [LL. homologatus, p. p. of homologare to homologate; Gr. to assent, agree. See Homologous.] (Civ. Law) To approve; to allow; to confirm; as the court homologates a proceeding. Wheaton.

Ho•mol•o•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. homologation.] (Civ. & Scots Law) Confirmation or ratification (as of something otherwise null and void), by a court or a grantor.

Ho•mo•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to homology; having a structural affinity proceeding from, or base upon, that kind of relation termed homology. — Ho•mo•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ho•mol•o•gin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, homology; as homologinic qualities, or differences.

Ho•mol´o•gize , v. t. (Biol.) To determine the homologies or structural relations of.

Ho•mol´o•gon , n. [NL.] See Homologue.

Hom•o•lo•gou´me•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. things conceded, p. p. of to agree, admit, concede. See Homologous.] Those books of the New Testament which were acknowledged as canonical by the early church; — distinguished from antilegomena.

Ho•mol´o•gous , a. [Gr. assenting, agreeing; the same + speech, discourse, proportion, to say, speak.] Having the same relative position, proportion, value, or structure. Especially: (a) (Geom.) Corresponding in relative position and proportion. “In similar polygons, the corresponding sides, angles, diagonals, etc., are homologous.” Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). (b) (Alg.) Having the same relative proportion or value, as the two antecedents or the two consequents of a proportion. (c) (Chem.) Characterized by homology; belonging to the same type or series; corresponding in composition and properties. See Homology, 3. (d) (Biol.) Being of the same typical structure; having like relations to a fundamental type to structure; as those bones in the hand of man and the fore foot of a horse are homologous that correspond in their structural relations, that is, in their relations to the type structure of the fore limb in vertebrates. Homologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus.

Hom•o•lo•graph´ic , a. [Homo- + Gr. ´o•los whole + -graph + -ic; but cf. F. homalographique, Gr. even, level.] Preserving the mutual relations of parts, especially as to size and form; maintaining relative proportion. Homolographic projection, a method of constructing geographical charts or maps, so that the surfaces, as delineated on a plane, have the same relative size as the real surfaces; that is, so that the relative actual areas of the different countries are accurately represented by the corresponding portions of the map.

Hom´o•logue , n. [Cf. F. homologue. See Homologous.] That which is homologous to something else; as the corresponding sides, etc., of similar polygons are the homologues of each other; the members or terms of an homologous series in chemistry are the homologues of each other; one of the bones in the hand of man is the homologue of that in the paddle of a whale.

Ho•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. agreement. See Homologous.] 1. The quality of being homologous; correspondence; relation; as the homologyof similar polygons. 2. (Biol.) Correspondence or relation in type of structure in contradistinction to similarity of function; as the relation in structure between the leg and arm of a man; or that between the arm of a man, the fore leg of a horse, the wing of a bird, and the fin of a fish, all these organs being modifications of one type of structure. Homology indicates genetic relationship, and according to Haeckel special homology should be defined in terms of identity of embryonic origin. See Homotypy, and Homogeny. 3. (Chem.) The correspondence or resemblance of substances belonging to the same type or series; a similarity of composition varying by a small, regular difference, and usually attended by a regular variation in physical properties; as there is an homology between methane, CH_4, ethane, C_2H_6, propane, C_3H_8, etc., all members of the paraffin series. In an extended sense, the term is applied to the relation between chemical elements of the same group; as chlorine, bromine, and iodine are said to be in homology with each other. Cf. Heterology. General homology (Biol.), the higher relation which a series of parts, or a single part, bears to the fundamental or general type on which the group is constituted. Owen. — Serial homology (Biol.), representative or repetitive relation in the segments of the same organism, — as in the lobster, where the parts follow each other in a straight line or series. Owen. See Homotypy. — Special homology (Biol.), the correspondence of a part or organ with those of a different animal, as determined by relative position and connection. Owen.

Ho•mom´al•lous , a. [Homo- + Gr. a lock of wool.] (Bot.) Uniformly bending or curving to one side; — said of leaves which grow on several sides of a stem. { Ho•mo•mor´phic , Ho•mo•mor´phous } a. [Gr. the same + shape.] Characterized by homomorphism.

Ho•mo•mor´phism , n. [See Homomorphous.] 1. (Biol.) Same as Homomorphy. 2. (Bot.) The possession, in one species of plants, of only one kind of flowers; — opposed to heteromorphism, dimorphism, and trimorphism. 3. (Zoöl.) The possession of but one kind of larvae or young, as in most insects.

Ho´mo•mor•phy , n. [Homo- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) Similarity of form; resemblance in external characters, while widely different in fundamental structure; resemblance in geometric ground form. See Homophyly, Promorphology.

Ho•mon´o•mous , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to homonomy.

Ho•mon´o•my , n. [Homo- + Gr. law.] (Biol.) The homology of parts arranged on transverse axes. Haeckel.

Hom´o•nym , n. [Cf. F. homonyme. See Homonymous.] A word having the same sound as another, but differing from it in meaning; as the noun bear and the verb bear. [Written also homonyme.]

Ho•mon´y•mous , a. [L. homonymus, Gr. ; the same + , for name; akin to E. name.] 1. Having the same name or designation; standing in the same relation; — opposed to heteronymous. 2. Having the same name or designation, but different meaning or relation; hence, equivocal; ambiguous.

Ho•mon´y•mous•ly, adv. 1. In an homonymous manner; so as to have the same name or relation. 2. Equivocally; ambiguously.

Ho•mon´y•my , n. [Gr. : cf. F. homonymie.] 1. Sameness of name or designation; identity in relations. Holland. “Homonymy may be as well in place as in persons.” Fuller. 2. Sameness of name or designation of things or persons which are different; ambiguity.

Ho•mo•ör´gan [Homo- + organ.] Same as Homoplast.

Ho•mo•ou´si•an , n. [Gr. ; the same + being, essence, substance.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of those, in the 4th century, who accepted the Nicene creed, and maintained that the Son had the same essence or substance with the Father; — opposed to homoiousian.

Ho•mo•ou´si•an, a. Of or pertaining to the Homoousians, or to the doctrines they held.

Hom´o•phone , n. [Cf. F. homophone. See Homophonous.] 1. A letter or character which expresses a like sound with another. Gliddon. 2. A word having the same sound as another, but differing from it in meaning and usually in spelling; as all and awl; bare and bear; rite, write, right, and wright. { Ho•mo•phon´ic , Ho•moph´o•nous } a. [Gr. ; the same + sound, tone: cf. F. homophone.] 1. (Mus.) (a) Originally, sounding alike; of the same pitch; unisonous; monodic. (b) Now used for plain harmony, note against note, as opposed to polyphonic harmony, in which the several parts move independently, each with its own melody. 2. Expressing the same sound by a different combination of letters; as bay and bey.

Ho•moph´o•ny , n. [Gr. : cf. F. homophonie.] 1. Sameness of sound. 2. (Mus.) (a) Sameness of sound; unison. (b) Plain harmony, as opposed to polyphony. See Homophonous.

Ho•mo•phyl´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to homophily.

Ho•moph´y•ly , n. [Homo- + Gr. a clan.] (Biol.) That form of homology due to common ancestry (phylogenetic homology), in opposition to homomorphy, to which genealogic basis is wanting. Haeckel.

Ho´mo•plas•my , n. [Homo- + Gr. anything formed, fr. to form, mold.] (Biol.) Resemblance between different plants or animals, in external shape, in general habit, or in organs, which is not due to descent from a common ancestor, but to similar surrounding circumstances.

Hom´o•plast , n. (Biol.) One of the plastids composing the idorgan of Haeckel; — also called homoörgan.

Ho•mo•plas´tic , a. [Homo- + plastic.] Of or pertaining to homoplasty; as homoplasticorgans; homoplastic forms.

Ho´mo•plas•ty , n. [Homo- + plasty.] (Biol.) The formation of homologous tissues.

Ho•mop´la•sy , n. [Homo- + Gr. to form, mold.] (Biol.) See Homogeny.

Ho•mo•pol´ic , a. [Homo- + pole.] (Biol.) In promorphology, pertaining to or exhibiting that kind of organic form, in which the stereometric ground form is a pyramid, with similar poles. See Promorphology.

Ho•mop´ter , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Homoptera.

Ho•mop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. the same, like + wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Hemiptera, in which both pairs of wings are similar in texture, and do not overlap when folded, as in the cicada. See Hemiptera.

Ho•mop´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) An homopter.

Ho•mop´ter•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Homoptera.

Ho´mo•styled , a. [Homo- + style.] (Bot.) Having only one form of pistils; — said of the flowers of some plants. Darwin.

Ho•mo•sys•tem´ic , a. [Homo- + systemic.] (Biol.) Developing, in the case of multicellular organisms, from the same embryonic systems into which the secondary unit (gastrula or plant enbryo) differentiates.

Ho•mo•tax´i•a , n. [NL.] Same as Homotaxis. { Ho•mo•tax´i•al , Ho•mo•tax´ic } a. (Biol.) Relating to homotaxis.

Ho•mo•tax´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the same + arrangement.] (Biol.) Similarly in arrangement of parts; — the opposite of heterotaxy.

Ho´mo•tax•y , n. Same as Homotaxis. { Ho•mo•ther´mic , Ho•mo•ther´mous } a. [Homo- + Gr. heat.] (Physiol.) Warm-blooded; homoiothermal; haematothermal.

Ho•mot´o•nous , a. [L. homotonus, Gr. ; the same + tone.] Of the same tenor or tone; equable; without variation. { Ho•mot´ro•pal , Ho•mot´ro•pous } a. [Gr. ; the same + turn, fr. to turn: cf. F. homotrope.] 1. Turned in the same direction with something else. 2. (Bot.) Having the radicle of the seed directed towards the hilum.

Ho´mo•ty•pal , a. (Biol.) Of the same type of structure; pertaining to a homotype; as homotypal parts.

Hom´o•type , n. [Homo- + - type.] (Biol.) That which has the same fundamental type of structure with something else; thus, the right arm is the homotype of the right leg; one arm is the homotype of the other, etc. Owen. { Ho•mo•typ´ic , Ho•mo•typ´ic•al } a. (Biol.) Same as Homotypal.

Ho´mo•ty•py , n. [See Homotype.] (Biol.) A term suggested by Haeckel to be instead of serial homology. See Homotype.

Ho•mun´cu•lus , n.; pl. Homunculi (#). [L., dim. of homo man.] A little man; a dwarf; a manikin. Sterne.

Hond , n. Hand. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hone , v. i. [Etymology uncertain. rad.37.] To pine; to lament; to long. Lamb.

Hone, n. [Cf. Icel. hun a knob.] A kind of swelling in the cheek.

Hone, n. [AS. han; akin to Icel. hein, OSw. hen; cf. Skr. çana, also ço, çi, to sharpen, and E. cone. rad.38, 228.] A stone of a fine grit, or a slab, as of metal, covered with an abrading substance or powder, used for sharpening cutting instruments, and especially for setting razors; an oilstone. Tusser. Hone slateSee Polishing slate. - - Hone stone, one of several kinds of stone used for hones. See Novaculite.

Hone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honed (hond); p]. pr. & vb. n. Honing.] To sharpen on, or with, a hone; to rub on a hone in order to sharpen; as to hone a razor.

Hon´est , a. [OE. honest, onest, OF. honeste, oneste, F. honnête, L. honestus, fr. honos, honor, honor. See Honor.] 1. Decent; honorable; suitable; becoming. Chaucer. “Belong what honest clothes you send forth to bleaching!” Shak. 2. Characterized by integrity or fairness and straightforwardness in conduct, thought, speech, etc.; upright; just; equitable; trustworthy; truthful; sincere; free from fraud, guile, or duplicity; not false; — said of persons and acts, and of things to which a moral quality is imputed; as an honest judge or merchant; an honest statement; an honest bargain; an honest business; an honest book; an honest confession. “An honest man’s the noblest work of God.” Pope. “An honest physician leaves his patient when he can contribute no farther to his health.” Sir W. Temple. “Look ye out among you seven men of honest report.” Acts vi. 3. “Provide things honest in the sight of all men.” Rom. xii. 17. 3. Open; frank; as an honest countenance. 4. Chaste; faithful; virtuous. “Wives may be merry, and yet honest too.” Shak. Syn. — Upright; ingenuous; honorable; trusty; faithful; equitable; fair; just; rightful; sincere; frank; candid; genuine.

Hon´est, v. t. [L. honestare to clothe or adorn with honor: cf. F. honester. See Honest, a.] To adorn; to grace; to honor; to make becoming, appropriate, or honorable. [Obs.] Abp. Sandys.

Hon•es•ta´tion , n. The act of honesting; grace; adornment. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Ho•nes´te•tee , n. Honesty; honorableness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hon´est•ly , adv. 1. Honorably; becomingly; decently. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. In an honest manner; as a contract honestly made; to live honestly; to speak honestly. Shak. To come honestly by. (a) To get honestly. (b) A circumlocution for to inherit; as to come honestly by a feature, a mental trait, a peculiarity.

Hon´es•ty , n. [OE. honeste, oneste, honor, OF. honeste, oneste (cf. F. honnêtete), L. honestas. See Honest, a.] 1. Honor; honorableness; dignity; propriety; suitableness; decency. [Obs.] Chaucer. “She derives her honesty and achieves her goodness.” Shak. 2. The quality or state of being honest; probity; fairness and straightforwardness of conduct, speech, etc.; integrity; sincerity; truthfulness; freedom from fraud or guile. “That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty.” 1 Tim. ii. 2. 3. Chastity; modesty. Chaucer. “To lay … siege to the honesty of this Ford’s wife.” Shak. 4. (Bot.) Satin flower; the name of two cruciferous herbs having large flat pods, the round shining partitions of which are more beautiful than the blossom; — called also lunary and moonwort. Lunaria biennis is common honesty; L. rediva is perennial honesty. Syn. — Integrity; probity; uprightness; trustiness; faithfulness; honor; justice; equity; fairness; candor; plain- dealing; veracity; sincerity.

Hone´wort , n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Sison (S. Amomum); — so called because used to cure a swelling called a hone.

Hon´ey , n. [OE. honi, huni, AS. hunig; akin to OS. honeg, D. & G. honig, OHG. honag, honang, Icel. hunang, Sw. håning, Dan. honning, cf. Gr. dust, Skr. kaa grain.] 1. A sweet viscid fluid, esp. that collected by bees from flowers of plants, and deposited in the cells of the honeycomb. 2. That which is sweet or pleasant, like honey. “The honey of his language.” Shak. 3. Sweet one; — a term of endearment. Chaucer. “Honey, you shall be well desired in Cyprus.” Shak. Honey is often used adjectively or as the first part of compound; as honeydew or honey dew; honey guide or honeyguide; honey locust or honey- locust. Honey ant (Zoöl.), a small ant (Myrmecocystus melliger), found in the Southwestern United States, and in Mexico, living in subterranean formicares. There are larger and smaller ordinary workers, and others, which serve as receptacles or cells for the storage of honey, their abdomens becoming distended to the size of a currant. These, in times of scarcity, regurgitate the honey and feed the rest. — Honey badger (Zoöl.), the ratel. — Honey bear. (Zoöl.) See Kinkajou. — Honey buzzard (Zoöl.), a bird related to the kites, of the genus Pernis. The European species is P. apivorus; the Indian or crested honey buzzard is P. ptilorhyncha. They feed upon honey and the larvae of bees. Called also bee hawk, bee kite. — Honey creeper (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small, bright, colored, passerine birds of the family Cœrebidae, abundant in Central and South America. — Honey eater (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small passerine birds of the family Meliphagidae, abundant in Australia and Oceania; — called also honeysucker. — Honey flower (Bot.), an evergreen shrub of the genus Melianthus, a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The flowers yield much honey. — Honey guide (Zoöl.), one of several species of small birds of the family Indicatoridae, inhabiting Africa and the East Indies. They have the habit of leading persons to the nests to wild bees. Called also honeybird, and indicator. — Honey harvest, the gathering of honey from hives, or the honey which is gathered. Dryden. — Honey kite. (Zoöl.) See Honey buzzard (above). — Honey locust (Bot.), a North American tree (Gleditschia triacanthos), armed with thorns, and having long pods with a sweet pulp between the seeds. — Honey month. Same as Honeymoon. — Honey weasel (Zoöl.), the ratel.

Hon´ey , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Honeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Honeying.] To be gentle, agreeable, or coaxing; to talk fondly; to use endearments; also to be or become obsequiously courteous or complimentary; to fawn. ´Honeying and making love.´ Shak. “Rough to common men,
But honey at the whisper of a lord.” Tennyson.

Hon´ey, v. t. To make agreeable; to cover or sweeten with, or as with, honey. “Canst thou not honey me with fluent speech?” Marston.

Hon´ey-bag , n. (Zoöl.) The receptacle for honey in a honeybee. Shak. Grew.

Hon´ey•bee , n. (Zoöl.) Any bee of the genus Apis, which lives in communities and collects honey, esp. the common domesticated hive bee (Apis mellifica), the Italian bee (A. ligustica), and the Arabiab bee (A. fasciata). The two latter are by many entomologists considered only varieties of the common hive bee. Each swarm of bees consists of a large number of workers (barren females), with, ordinarily, one queen or fertile female, but in the swarming season several young queens, and a number of males or drones, are produced.

Hon´ey•bird , n. (Zoöl.) The honey guide.

Hon´ey•comb , n. [AS. hunigcamb. See Honey, and 1st Comb.] 1. A mass of hexagonal waxen cells, formed by bees, and used by them to hold their honey and their eggs. 2. Any substance, as a easting of iron, a piece of worm-eaten wood, or of triple, etc., perforated with cells like a honeycomb. Honeycomb moth (Zoöl.), the wax moth. — Honeycomb stomach. (Anat.) See Reticulum.

Hon´ey•combed , a. Formed or perforated like a honeycomb. “Each bastion was honeycombed with casements.” Motley.

Hon´ey•dew , n. 1. A sweet, saccharine substance, found on the leaves of trees and other plants in small drops, like dew. Two substances have been called by this name; one exuded from the plants, and the other secreted by certain insects, esp. aphids. 2. A kind of tobacco moistened with molasses.

Hon´eyed , a. 1. Covered with honey. 2. Sweet, as honeyed words. Milton.

Hon´ey•less , a. Destitute of honey. Shak.

Hon´ey•moon , n. The first month after marriage. Addison.

Hon´ey-mouthed , a. Soft to sweet in speech; persuasive. Shak.

Hon´ey•stone , n. See Mellite.

Hon´ey•suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) See Honey eater, under Honey.

Hon´ey•suc•kle , n. [Cf. AS. hunisge privet. See Honey, and Suck.] (Bot.) One of several species of flowering plants, much admired for their beauty, and some for their fragrance. The honeysuckles are properly species of the genus Lonicera; as L. Caprifolium, and L. Japonica, the commonly cultivated fragrant kinds; L. Periclymenum, the fragrant woodbine of England; L. grata, the American woodbine, and L. sempervirens, the red-flowered trumpet honeysuckle. The European fly honeysuckle is L. Xylosteum; the American, L. ciliata. The American Pinxter flower (Azalea nudiflora) is often called honeysuckle, or false honeysuckle. The name Australian honeysuckle is applied to one or more trees of the genus Banksia. See French honeysuckle, under French.

Hon´ey•suc•kled , a. Covered with honeysuckles.

Hon´ey-sweet , a. Sweet as honey. Chaucer.

Hon´ey-tongued , a. Sweet speaking; persuasive; seductive. Shak.

Hon´ey•ware , n. (Bot.) See Badderlocks.

Hon´ey•wort , n. (Bot.) A European plant of the genus Cerinthe, whose flowers are very attractive to bees. Loudon.

Hong , n. [Chinese hang, Canton dialect hong, a mercantile house, factory.] A mercantile establishment or factory for foreign trade in China, as formerly at Canton; a succession of offices connected by a common passage and used for business or storage. Hong merchant, one of the few Chinese merchants who, previous to the treaty of 1842, formed a guild which had the exclusive privilege of trading with foreigners.

Hong , v. t. & i. To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hon´ied , a. See Honeyed.

Hon´i•ton lace A kind of pillow lace, remarkable for the beauty of its figures; — so called because chiefly made in Honiton, England.

Honk , n. [Of imitative origin.] (Zoöl.) The cry of a wild goose. — Honk´ing, n.

Hon´or , n. [OE. honor, honour, onour, onur, OF. honor, onor, honur, onur, honour, onour, F. honneur, fr. L. honor, honos.] [Written also honour.] 1. Esteem due or paid to worth; high estimation; respect; consideration; reverence; veneration; manifestation of respect or reverence. “A prophet is not without honor, save in his own country.” Matt. xiii. 57. 2. That which rightfully attracts esteem, respect, or consideration; self-respect; dignity; courage; fidelity; especially, excellence of character; high moral worth; virtue; nobleness; specif., in men, integrity; uprightness; trustworthness; in women, purity; chastity. “If she have forgot
Honor and virtue.” Shak. “Godlike erect, with native honor clad.” Milton. 3. A nice sense of what is right, just, and true, with course of life correspondent thereto; strict conformity to the duty imposed by conscience, position, or privilege. “Say, what is honor? ’T is the finest sense
Of justice which the human mind can frame,
Intent each lurking frailty to disclaim,
And guard the way of life from all offense
Suffered or done.” Wordsworth. “I could not love thee, dear, so much,
Loved I not honor more.” Lovelace. 4. That to which esteem or consideration is paid; distinguished position; high rank. ´Restored me to my honors.´ Shak. “I have given thee … both riches, and honor.” 1 Kings iii. 13. “Thou art clothed with honor and majesty.” Ps. civ. 1. 5. Fame; reputation; credit. “Some in theiractions do woo, and affect honor and reputation.” Bacon. “If my honor is meant anything distinct from conscience, ’t is no more than a regard to the censure and esteem of the world.” Rogers. 6. A token of esteem paid to worth; a mark of respect; a ceremonial sign of consideration; as he wore an honor on his breast; military honors; civil honors. ´Their funeral honors.´ Dryden. 7. A cause of respect and fame; a glory; an excellency; an ornament; as he is an honor to his nation. 8. A title applied to the holders of certain honorable civil offices, or to persons of rank; as His Honor the Mayor. See Note under Honorable. 9. (Feud. Law) A seigniory or lordship held of the king, on which other lordships and manors depended. Cowell. 10. pl. Academic or university prizes or distinctions; as honors in classics. 11. pl. (Whist) The ace, king, queen, and jack of trumps. The ten and nine are sometimes called Dutch honors. R. A. Proctor. Affair of honor, a dispute to be decided by a duel, or the duel itself. — Court of honor, a court or tribunal to investigate and decide questions relating to points of honor; as a court of chivalry, or a military court to investigate acts or omissions which are unofficerlike or ungentlemanly in their nature. — Debt of honor, a debt contracted by a verbal promise, or by betting or gambling, considered more binding than if recoverable by law. — Honor bright! An assurance of truth or fidelity. [Colloq.] — Honor court (Feudal Law), one held in an honor or seignory. — Honor point. (Her.) See Escutcheon. — Honors of war (Mil.), distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy, as of marching out from a camp or town armed, and with colors flying. — Law, or Code, of honor, certain rules by which social intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion, and which are founded on a regard to reputation. Paley. — Maid of honor, a lady of rank, whose duty it is to attend the queen when she appears in public. — On one’s honor, on the pledge of one’s honor; as the members of the House of Lords in Great Britain, are not under oath, but give their statements or verdicts on their honor. — Point of honor, a scruple or nice distinction in matters affecting one’s honor; as he raised a point of honor. — To do the honors, to bestow honor, as on a guest; to act as host or hostess at an entertainment. ´To do the honors and to give the word.´ Pope. — To do one honor, to confer distinction upon one. — To have the honor, to have the privilege or distinction. — Word of honor, an engagement confirmed by a pledge of honor.

Hon´or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honored p. pr. & vb. n. Honoring.] [OE. honouren, onouren, OF. honorer, honourer, F. honorer, fr. L. honorare, fr. honor, n.] 1. To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or respect; to revere; to treat with deference and submission; when used of the Supreme Being, to reverence; to adore; to worship. “Honor thy father and thy mother.” Ex. xx. 12. “That all men should honor the Son, even as they honor the Father.” John v. 23. “It is a custom
More honor’d in the breach than the observance.” Shak. 2. To dignify; to raise to distinction or notice; to bestow honor upon; to elevate in rank or station; to ennoble; to exalt; to glorify; hence, to do something to honor; to treat in a complimentary manner or with civility. “Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighten to honor.” Esther vi. 9. “The name of Cassius honors this corruption.” Shak. 3. (Com.) To accept and pay when due; as to honora bill of exchange.

Hon´or•a•ble , a. [F. honorable, L. honorabilis.] 1. Worthy of honor; fit to be esteemed or regarded; estimable; illustrious. “Thy name and honorable family.” Shak. 2. High-minded; actuated by principles of honor, or a scrupulous regard to probity, rectitude, or reputation. 3. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause, or directed to a just and proper end; not base; irreproachable; fair; as an honorable motive. “Is this proceeding just and honorable?” Shak. 4. Conferring honor, or produced by noble deeds. “Honorable wounds from battle brought.” Dryden. 5. Worthy of respect; regarded with esteem; to be commended; consistent with honor or rectitude. “Marriage is honorable in all.” Heb. xiii. 4. 6. Performed or accompanied with marks of honor, or with testimonies of esteem; as an honorable burial. 7. Of reputable association or use; respectable. “Let her descend: my chambers are honorable.” Shak. 8. An epithet of respect or distinction; as the honorable Senate; the honorable gentleman. Honorable is a title of quality, conferred by English usage upon the younger children of earls and all the children of viscounts and barons. The maids of honor, lords of session, and the supreme judges of England and Ireland are entitled to the prefix. In American usage, it is a title of courtesy merely, bestowed upon those who hold, or have held, any of the higher public offices, esp. governors, judges, members of Congress or of the Senate, mayors. Right honorable. See under Right.

Hon´or•a•ble•ness, n. 1. The state of being honorable; eminence; distinction. 2. Conformity to the principles of honor, probity, or moral rectitude; fairness; uprightness; reputableness.

Hon´or•a•bly , adv. 1. In an honorable manner; in a manner showing, or consistent with, honor. “The reverend abbot … honorably received him.” Shak. “Why did I not more honorably starve?” Dryden. 2. Decently; becomingly. [Obs.] ´Do this message honorably.´ Shak. Syn. — Magnanimously; generously; nobly; worthily; justly; equitably; fairly; reputably. { Hon•o•ra´ri•um , Hon´or•a•ry } n. [L. honorarium (sc. donum), fr. honorarius. See Honorary, a.] 1. A fee offered to professional men for their services; as an honorarium of one thousand dollars. S. Longfellow. 2. (Law) An honorary payment, usually in recognition of services for which it is not usual or not lawful to assign a fixed business price. Heumann.

Hon´or•a•ry, a. [L. honorarius, fr. honor honor: cf. F. honoraire.] 1. Done as a sign or evidence of honor; as honorary services. Macaulay. 2. Conferring honor, or intended merely to confer honor without emolument; as an honorary degree. ´Honorary arches.´ Addison. 3. Holding a title or place without rendering service or receiving reward; as an honorary member of a society.

Hon´or•er , n. One who honors.

Hon•or•if´ic , a. [See Honor, -fy, and -ic.] Conferring honor; tending to honor. London Spectator.

Hon´or•less , a. Destitute of honor; not honored. Bp. Warburton.

Hont (hont), n. & v. See under Hunt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hoo , interj. 1. See Ho. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Hurrah! — an exclamation of triumphant joy. Shak.

-hood [OE. hod, had, hed, hede, etc., person, rank, order, condition, AS. had; akin to OS. hed, OHG. heit, G. -heit, D. -heid, Goth. haidus manner; cf. Skr. ketu brightness, cit to appear, be noticeable, notice. rad.217. Cf. -head.] A termination denoting state, condition, quality, character, totality, as in manhood, childhood, knighthood, brotherhood. Sometimes it is written, chiefly in obsolete words, in the form -head.

Hood , n. [OE. hood, hod, AS. hod; akin to D. hoed hat, G. hut, OHG. huot, also to E. hat, and prob. to E. heed. rad.13.] 1. State; condition. [Obs.] “How could thou ween, through that disguised hood
To hide thy state from being understood?” Spenser. 2. A covering or garment for the head or the head and shoulders, often attached to the body garment; especially: (a) A soft covering for the head, worn by women, which leaves only the face exposed. (b) A part of a monk’s outer garment, with which he covers his head; a cowl. ´All hoods make not monks.´ Shak. (c) A like appendage to a cloak or loose overcoat, that may be drawn up over the head at pleasure. (d) An ornamental fold at the back of an academic gown or ecclesiastical vestment; as a master’s hood. (e) A covering for a horse’s head. (f) (Falconry) A covering for a hawk’s head and eyes. See Illust. of Falcon. 3. Anything resembling a hood in form or use; as: (a) The top or head of a carriage. (b) A chimney top, often contrived to secure a constant draught by turning with the wind. (c) A projecting cover above a hearth, forming the upper part of the fireplace, and confining the smoke to the flue. (d) The top of a pump. (e) (Ord.) A covering for a mortar. (f) (Bot.) The hood-shaped upper petal of some flowers, as of monkshood; — called also helmet. Gray. (g) (Naut.) A covering or porch for a companion hatch. 4. (Shipbuilding) The endmost plank of a strake which reaches the stem or stern.

Hood , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooded p. pr. & vb. n. Hooding.] 1. To cover with a hood; to furnish with a hood or hood-shaped appendage. “The friar hooded, and the monarch crowned.” Pope. 2. To cover; to hide; to blind. “While grace is saying, I’ll hood mine eyes
Thus with my hat, and sigh and say, ´Amen.´” Shak. Hooding end (Shipbuilding), the end of a hood where it enters the rabbet in the stem post or stern post.

Hood´cap, n. See Hooded seal, under Hooded.

Hood´ed, a. 1. Covered with a hood. 2. Furnished with a hood or something like a hood. 3. Hood-shaped; esp. (Bot.), rolled up like a cornet of paper; cuculate, as the spethe of the Indian turnip. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the head conspicuously different in color from the rest of the plumage; — said of birds. (b) Having a hoodlike crest or prominence on the head or neck; as the hooded seal; a hooded snake. Hooded crow, a European crow (Corvus cornix); — called also hoody, dun crow, and royston crow. — Hooded gull, the European black-headed pewit or gull. — Hooded merganser. See Merganser. — Hooded seal, a large North Atlantic seal (Cystophora cristata). The male has a large, inflatible, hoodlike sac upon the head. Called also hoodcap. — Hooded sheldrake, the hooded merganser. See Merganser. — Hooded snake. See Cobra de capello, Asp, Haje, etc. — Hooded warbler, a small American warbler (Sylvania mitrata).

Hood´less, a. Having no hood.

Hood´lum , n. A young rowdy; a rough, lawless fellow. [Colloq. U.S.]

Hood´man , n. The person blindfolded in the game called hoodman-blind. [Obs.] Shak.

Hood´man-blind , n. An old term for blindman’s buff. Shak. { Hood´ mold•ing Hood´ mould•ing } (Arch.) A projecting molding over the head of an arch, forming the outermost member of the archivolt; — called also hood mold.

Hoo´doo , n. [Perh. a var. of voodoo.] One who causes bad luck. [Colloq.]

Hood´wink , v. t. [Hood + wink.] 1. To blind by covering the eyes. “We will blind and hoodwink him.” Shak. 2. To cover; to hide. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To deceive by false appearance; to impose upon. ´Hoodwinked with kindness.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Hood´y , n. (Zoöl.) The hooded crow; also in Scotland, the hooded gull.

Hoof , n.; pl. Hoofs (#), very rarely Hooves (#). [OE. hof, AS. hof; akin to D. hoef, G1huf, OHG. huof, Icel. hofr, Sw. hof, Dan. hov; cf. Russ. kopuito, Skr. çapha. rad.225.] 1. The horny substance or case that covers or terminates the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, etc. “On burnished hooves his war horse trode.” Tennyson. 2. A hoofed animal; a beast. “Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not a hoof be left behind.” Ex. x. 26. 3. (Geom.) See Ungula.

Hoof, v. i. 1. To walk as cattle. [R.] William Scott. 2. To be on a tramp; to foot. [Slang, U.S.] To hoof it, to foot it.

Hoof´bound , a. (Far.) Having a dry and contracted hoof, which occasions pain and lameness.

Hoofed , a. Furnished with hoofs. Grew.

Hoof´less , a. Destitute of hoofs.

Hook , n. [OE. hok, AS. hoc; cf. D. haak, G. hake, haken, OHG. hako, hago, haggo, Icel. haki, Sw. hake, Dan. hage. Cf. Arquebuse, Hagbut, Hake, Hatch a half door, Heckle.] 1. A piece of metal, or other hard material, formed or bent into a curve or at an angle, for catching, holding, or sustaining anything; as a hook for catching fish; a hook for fastening a gate; a boat hook, etc. 2. That part of a hinge which is fixed to a post, and on which a door or gate hangs and turns. 3. An implement for cutting grass or grain; a sickle; an instrument for cutting or lopping; a billhook. “Like slashing Bentley with his desperate hook.” Pope. 4. (Steam Engin.) See Eccentric, and V-hook. 5. A snare; a trap. [R.] Shak. 6. A field sown two years in succession. [Prov. Eng.] 7. pl. The projecting points of the thigh bones of cattle; — called also hook bones. By hook or by crook, one way or other; by any means, direct or indirect. Milton. ´In hope her to attain by hook or crook.´ Spenser. — Off the hooks, unhinged; disturbed; disordered. [Colloq.] ´In the evening, by water, to the Duke of Albemarle, whom I found mightly off the hooks that the ships are not gone out of the river.´ Pepys. — On one’s own hook, on one’s own account or responsibility; by one’s self. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. — To go off the hooks, to die. [Colloq.] Thackeray. — Bid hook, a small boat hook. — Chain hook. See under Chain. — Deck hook, a horizontal knee or frame, in the bow of a ship, on which the forward part of the deck rests. — Hook and eye, one of the small wire hooks and loops for fastening together the opposite edges of a garment, etc. — Hook bill (Zoöl.), the strongly curved beak of a bird. — Hook ladder, a ladder with hooks at the end by which it can be suspended, as from the top of a wall. — Hook motion (Steam Engin.), a valve gear which is reversed by V hooks. — Hook squid, any squid which has the arms furnished with hooks, instead of suckers, as in the genera Enoploteuthis and Onychteuthis. — Hook wrench, a wrench or spanner, having a hook at the end, instead of a jaw, for turning a bolthead, nut, or coupling.

Hook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooked p. pr. & vb. n. Hooking.] 1. To catch or fasten with a hook or hooks; to seize, capture, or hold, as with a hook, esp. with a disguised or baited hook; hence, to secure by allurement or artifice; to entrap; to catch; as to hook a dress; to hook a trout. “Hook him, my poor dear, … at any sacrifice.” W. Collins. 2. To seize or pierce with the points of the horns, as cattle in attacking enemies; to gore. 3. To steal. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] To hook on, to fasten or attach by, or as by, hook.

Hook , v. i. To bend; to curve as a hook.

Hook´ah (hook´a), n. [Per. or Ar. huqqa a round box or casket, a bottle through which the fumes pass when smoking tobacco.] A pipe with a long, flexible stem, so arranged that the smoke is cooled by being made to pass through water.

Hook´-billed , a. (Zoöl.) Having a strongly curved bill.

Hooked , a. 1. Having the form of a hook; curvated; as the hooked bill of a bird. 2. Provided with a hook or hooks. ´The hooked chariot.´ Milton.

Hook´ed•ness , n. The state of being bent like a hook; incurvation.

Hook´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, hooks. 2. (Naut.) (a) A Dutch vessel with two masts. (b) A fishing boat with one mast, used on the coast of Ireland. (c) A sailor’s contemptuous term for any antiquated craft.

Hooke’s´ gear´ing [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) Spur gearing having teeth slanting across the face of the wheel, sometimes slanting in opposite directions from the middle.

Hooke’s joint [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) A universal joint. See under Universal.

Hook´ey , n. See Hockey.

Hook´let , n. A little hook.

Hook´-nosed , a. Having a hooked or aquiline nose. Shak.

Hook´y , a. Full of hooks; pertaining to hooks.

Hool , a. Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hoo´lock , n. (Zoöl.) A small black gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), found in the mountains of Assam.

Hoom , n. Home. Chaucer.

Hoo´noo•maun , n. (Zoöl.) An Indian monkey. See Entellus. [Written also hoonuman.]

Hoop , n. [OE. hope; akin to D. hoep, hoepel.] 1. A pliant strip of wood or metal bent in a circular form, and united at the ends, for holding together the staves of casks, tubs, etc. 2. A ring; a circular band; anything resembling a hoop, as the cylinder (cheese hoop) in which the curd is pressed in making cheese. 3. A circle, or combination of circles, of thin whalebone, metal, or other elastic material, used for expanding the skirts of ladies’ dresses; crinoline; — used chiefly in the plural. “Though stiff with hoops, and armed with ribs of whale.” Pope. 4. A quart pot; — so called because originally bound with hoops, like a barrel. also a portion of the contents measured by the distance between the hoops. [Obs.] 5. An old measure of capacity, variously estimated at from one to four pecks. [Eng.] Halliwell. Bulge hoop, Chine hoop, Quarter hoop, the hoop nearest the middle of a cask, that nearest the end, and the intermediate hoop between these two, respectively. — Flat hoop, a wooden hoop dressed flat on both sides. — Half-round hoop, a wooden hoop left rounding and undressed on the outside. — Hoop iron, iron in thin narrow strips, used for making hoops. — Hoop lock, the fastening for uniting the ends of wooden hoops by notching and interlocking them. — Hoop skirt, a framework of hoops for expanding the skirts of a woman’s dress; — called also hoop petticoat. — Hoop snake (Zoöl.), a harmless snake of the Southern United States (Abaster erythrogrammus); — so called from the mistaken notion that it curves itself into a hoop, taking its tail into its mouth, and rolls along with great velocity. — Hoop tree (Bot.), a small West Indian tree (Melia sempervirens), of the Mahogany family.

Hoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooped p. pr. & vb. n. Hooping.] 1. To bind or fasten with hoops; as to hoop a barrel or puncheon. 2. To clasp; to encircle; to surround. Shak.

Hoop , v. i. [OE. houpen; cf. F. houper to hoop, to shout; — a hunting term, prob. fr. houp, an interj. used in calling. Cf. Whoop.] 1. To utter a loud cry, or a sound imitative of the word, by way of call or pursuit; to shout. [Usually written whoop.] 2. To whoop, as in whooping cough. See Whoop. Hooping cough. (Med.) See Whooping cough.

Hoop, v. t. [Written also whoop.] 1. To drive or follow with a shout. ´To be hooped out of Rome.´ Shak. 2. To call by a shout or peculiar cry.

Hoop, n. 1. A shout; a whoop, as in whooping cough. 2. (Zoöl.) The hoopoe. See Hoopoe.

Hoop´er , n. [See 1st Hoop.] One who hoops casks or tubs; a cooper.

Hoop´er , n. (Zoöl.) [So called from its note.] The European whistling, or wild, swan (Olor cygnus); — called also hooper swan, whooping swan, and elk. { Hoop´oe , Hoop´oo }, n. [So called from its cry; cf. L. upupa, Gr. , D. hop, F. huppe; cf. also G. wiedenhopf, OHG. wituhopfo, lit., wood hopper.] (Zoöl.) A European bird of the genus Upupa (U. epops), having a beautiful crest, which it can erect or depress at pleasure. Called also hoop, whoop. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus and allied genera.

Hoo´sier , n. A nickname given to an inhabitant of the State of Indiana. [U.S.]

Hoot (hoot), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hooting.] [OE. hoten, houten, huten; cf. OSw. huta, Sw. huta ut to take one up sharply, fr. Sw. hut interj., begone! cf. also W. hwt off! off with it! away! hoot!] 1. To cry out or shout in contempt. “Matrons and girls shall hoot at thee no more.” Dryden. 2. To make the peculiar cry of an owl. “The clamorous owl that nightly hoots.” Shak.

Hoot, v. t. To assail with contemptuous cries or shouts; to follow with derisive shouts. “Partridge and his clan may hoot me for a cheat.” Swift.

Hoot, n. 1. A derisive cry or shout. Glanvill. 2. The cry of an owl. Hoot owl (Zoöl.), the barred owl (Syrnium nebulosum). See Barred owl.

Hoove , n. [Allied to heave, hove.] A disease in cattle consisting in inflammation of the stomach by gas ordinarily caused by eating too much green food; tympany; bloating. { Hoov´en , Ho´ven } a. Affected with hoove; as hooven, or hoven, cattle.

Hop , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hopped p. pr. & vb. n. Hopping ] [OE. hoppen to hop, leap, dance, AS. hoppian; akin to Icel. & Sw. hoppa, Dan. hoppe, D. huppelen, G. hüpfen.] 1. To move by successive leaps, as toads do; to spring or jump on one foot; to skip, as birds do. “[Birds] hopping from spray to spray.” Dryden. 2. To walk lame; to limp; to halt. Dryden. 3. To dance. Smollett.

Hop, n. 1. A leap on one leg, as of a boy; a leap, as of a toad; a jump; a spring. 2. A dance; esp., an informal dance of ball. [Colloq.] Hop, skip (or step, and jump, a game or athletic sport in which the participants cover as much ground as possible by a hop, stride, and jump in succession. Addison.

Hop, n. [OE. hoppe; akin to D. hop, hoppe, OHG. hopfo, G. hopfen; cf. LL. hupa, W. hopez, Armor. houpez, and Icel. humall, SW. & Dan. humle.] 1. (Bot.) A climbing plant (Humulus Lupulus), having a long, twining, annual stalk. It is cultivated for its fruit (hops). 2. The catkin or strobilaceous fruit of the hop, much used in brewing to give a bitter taste. 3. The fruit of the dog-rose. See Hip. Hop back. (Brewing) See under 1st Back. — Hop clover (Bot.), a species of yellow clover having heads like hops in miniature (Trifolium agrarium, and T. procumbens). — Hop flea (Zoöl.), a small flea beetle (Haltica concinna), very injurious to hops. — Hop fly (Zoöl.), an aphid (Phorodon humuli), very injurious to hop vines. — Hop froth fly (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect (Aphrophora interrupta), allied to the cockoo spits. It often does great damage to hop vines. — Hop hornbeam (Bot.), an American tree of the genus Ostrya (O. Virginica) the American ironwood; also a European species (O. vulgaris). — Hop moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Hypena humuli), which in the larval state is very injurious to hop vines. — Hop picker, one who picks hops. — Hop pole, a pole used to support hop vines. — Hop tree (Bot.), a small American tree (Ptelia trifoliata), having broad, flattened fruit in large clusters, sometimes used as a substitute for hops. — Hop vine (Bot.), the climbing vine or stalk of the hop.

Hop, v. t. To impregnate with hops. Mortimer.

Hop, v. i. To gather hops. [Perhaps only in the form Hopping, vb. n.] { Hop´bine• , Hop´bind• } n. The climbing stem of the hop. Blackstone.

Hope , n. [Cf. Icel. hop a small bay or inlet.] 1. A sloping plain between mountain ridges. [Obs.] 2. A small bay; an inlet; a haven. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Hope, n. [AS., akin to D. hoop, hope, Sw. hopp, Dan. haab, MHG. hoffe. Hope in forlorn hope is different word. See Forlorn hope, under Forlorn.] 1. A desire of some good, accompanied with an expectation of obtaining it, or a belief that it is obtainable; an expectation of something which is thought to be desirable; confidence; pleasing expectancy. “The hypocrite’s hope shall perish.” Job vii. 13. “He wished, but not with hope.” Milton. “New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven.” Keble. 2. One who, or that which, gives hope, furnishes ground of expectation, or promises desired good. “The Lord will be the hope of his people.” Joel iii. 16. “A young gentleman of great hopes, whose love of learning was highly commendable.” Macaulay. 3. That which is hoped for; an object of hope. “Lavina is thine elder brother’s hope.” Shak.

Hope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hoped p. pr. & vb. n. Hoping.] [AS. hopian; akin to D. hopen, Sw. hopp, Dan. haabe, G. hoffen. See 2nd Hope.] 1. To entertain or indulge hope; to cherish a desire of good, or of something welcome, with expectation of obtaining it or belief that it is obtainable; to expect; — usually followed by for. ´Hope for good success.´ Jer. Taylor. “But I will hope continually.” Ps. lxxi. 14. 2. To place confidence; to trust with confident expectation of good; — usually followed by in. ´I hope in thy word.´ Ps. cxix. 81. “Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? Hope thou in God.” Ps. xlii. 11.

Hope , v. t. 1. To desire with expectation or with belief in the possibility or prospect of obtaining; to look forward to as a thing desirable, with the expectation of obtaining it; to cherish hopes of. “We hope no other from your majesty.” Shak. “[Charity] hopeth all things.” 1 Cor. xiii. 7. 2. To expect; to fear. [Obs.] ´I hope he will be dead.´ Chaucer. Hope is often used colloquially regarding uncertainties, with no reference to the future. ´I hope she takes me to be flesh and blood.´ Mrs. Centlivre.

Hope´ful , a. 1. Full of hope, or agreeable expectation; inclined to hope; expectant. “Men of their own natural inclination hopeful and strongly conceited.” Hooker. 2. Having qualities which excite hope; affording promise of good or of success; as a hopeful youth; a hopeful prospect. ´Hopeful scholars.´ Addison. — Hope´ful•ly, adv. — Hope´ful•ness, n.

Hope´ite , n. [Named after Professor Hope, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of zinc in transparent prismatic crystals.

Hope´less, a. 1. Destitute of hope; having no expectation of good; despairing. “I am a woman, friendless, hopeless.” Shak. 2. Giving no ground of hope; promising nothing desirable; desperate; as a hopeless cause. “The hopelessword of ´never to return´
Breathe I against thee, upon pain of life.” Shak. 3. Unhoped for; despaired of. [Obs.] Marston. — Hope´less•ly, adv. — Hope´less•ness, n.

Hop´er , n. One who hopes. Swift.

Hop´ing•ly, adv. In a hopeful manner. Hammond.

Hop´lite , n. [Gr. , fr. tool, weapon: cf. F. hoplite.] (Gr. Antiq.) A heavy-armed infantry soldier. Milford. { Hop´-o’-my-thumb´ , Hop´-humb´ }, n. A very diminutive person. [Colloq.] liwell.

Hopped , p. a. Impregnated with hops.

Hop´per , n. [See 1st Hop.] 1. One who, or that which, hops. 2. A chute, box, or receptacle, usually funnel-shaped with an opening at the lower part, for delivering or feeding any material, as to a machine; as the wooden box with its trough through which grain passes into a mill by joining or shaking, or a funnel through which fuel passes into a furnace, or coal, etc., into a car. 3. (Mus.) See Grasshopper, 2. 4. pl. A game. See Hopscotch. Johnson. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) See Grasshopper, and Frog hopper, Grape hopper, Leaf hopper, Tree hopper, under Frog, Grape, Leaf, and Tree. (b) The larva of a cheese fly. 6. (Naut.) A vessel for carrying waste, garbage, etc., out to sea, so constructed as to discharge its load by a mechanical contrivance; — called also dumping scow. Bell and hopper (Metal.), the apparatus at the top of a blast furnace, through which the charge is introduced, while the gases are retained. — Hopper boy, a rake in a mill, moving in a circle to spread meal for drying, and to draw it over an opening in the floor, through which it falls. — Hopper closet, a water- closet, without a movable pan, in which the receptacle is a funnel standing on a draintrap. — Hopper cock, a faucet or valve for flushing the hopper of a water-closet.

Hop´per•ings , n. (Gold Washing) Gravel retaining in the hopper of a cradle.

Hop•pes•tere´ , a. An unexplained epithet used by Chaucer in reference to ships. By some it is defined as ´dancing (on the wave)´; by others as ´opposing,´ ´warlike.´ T. R. Lounsbury.

Hop´pet , n. 1. A hand basket; also a dish used by miners for measuring ore. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An infant in arms. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Hop´ping , n. The act of one who, or that which, hops; a jumping, frisking, or dancing. Hopping Dick (Zoöl.), a thrush of Jamaica (Merula leucogenys), resembling the English blackbird in its familiar manners, agreeable song, and dark plumage.

Hop´ping, n. [See 3rd Hop.] A gathering of hops.

Hop´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoppled p. pr. & vb. n. Hoppling ] [From Hop; cf. Hobble.] 1. To impede by a hopple; to tie the feet of (a horse or a cow) loosely together; to hamper; to hobble; as to hopple an unruly or straying horse. 2. Fig.: To entangle; to hamper. Dr. H. More.

Hop´ple, n. A fetter for horses, or cattle, when turned out to graze; — chiefly used in the plural.

Hop´ple•bush , n. Same as Hobblebush.

Hop´po , n. (a) A collector of customs, as at Canton; an overseer of commerce. (b) A tribunal or commission having charge of the revenue derived from trade and navigation. [China] Hoppo men, Chinese customhouse officers.

Hop´scotch , n. A child’s game, in which a player, hopping on one foot, drives a stone from one compartment to another of a figure traced or scotched on the ground; — called also hoppers.

Hop´-thumb , n. See Hop-o’- my-thumb.

Hop´yard , n. A field where hops are raised.

Ho´ral , a. [L. horalis, fr. hora hour. See Hour.] Of or pertaining to an hour, or to hours. Prior.

Ho´ra•ly , adv. Hourly. [Obs.]

Ho´ra•ry , a. [LL. horarius, fr. L. hora hour: cf. F. horaire. See Hour.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hour; noting the hours. Spectator. 2. Occurring once an hour; continuing an hour; hourly; ephemeral. “Horary, or soon decaying, fruits of summer.” Sir T. Browne. Horary circles. See Circles.

Ho•ra´tian , a. Of or pertaining to Horace, the Latin poet, or resembling his style.

Horde (hord), n. [F. horde (cf. G. horde), fr. Turk. ordu, ordi, camp; of Tartar origin.] A wandering troop or gang; especially, a clan or tribe of a nomadic people migrating from place to place for the sake of pasturage, plunder, etc.; a predatory multitude. Thomson.

Hor•de´ic , a. [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, barley; as hordeic acid, an acid identical or isomeric with lauric acid.

Hor´de•in , n. [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) A peculiar starchy matter contained in barley. It is a complex mixture. [R.]

Hor•de´o•lum , n. [NL., fr. L. hordeolus, dim. of hordeum barley.] (Med.) A small tumor upon the eyelid, resembling a grain of barley; a sty.

Hor´dock , n. An unidentified plant mentioned by Shakespeare, perhaps equivalent to burdock.

Hore , a. Hoar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hore´hound , n. [OE. horehune, AS. harhune; har hoar, gray + hune horehound; cf. L. cunila a species of organum, Gr. , Skr. kny to smell.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Marrubium (M. vulgare), which has a bitter taste, and is a weak tonic, used as a household remedy for colds, coughing, etc. [Written also hoarhound.] Fetid horehound, or Black horehound, a disagreeable plant resembling horehound (Ballota nigra). — Water horehound, a species of the genus Lycopus, resembling mint, but not aromatic.

Ho•ri´zon , n. [F., fr. L. horizon, fr. Gr. (sc. ) the bounding line, horizon, fr. to bound, fr. boundary, limit.] 1. The circle which bounds that part of the earth’s surface visible to a spectator from a given point; the apparent junction of the earth and sky. “And when the morning sun shall raise his car
Above the border of this horizon.” Shak. “All the horizon round
Invested with bright rays.” Milton. 2. (Astron.) (a) A plane passing through the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the vertical at a given place; a plane tangent to the earth’s surface at that place; called distinctively the sensible horizon. (b) A plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and passing through the earth’s center; — called also rational or celestial horizon. (c) (Naut.) The unbroken line separating sky and water, as seen by an eye at a given elevation, no land being visible. 3. (Geol.) The epoch or time during which a deposit was made. “The strata all over the earth, which were formed at the same time, are said to belong to the same geological horizon.” Le Conte. 4. (Painting) The chief horizontal line in a picture of any sort, which determines in the picture the height of the eye of the spectator; in an extended landscape, the representation of the natural horizon corresponds with this line. Apparent horizon. See under Apparent. — Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of mercury in a shallow vessel, or a plane reflector adjusted to the true level artificially; — used chiefly with the sextant for observing the double altitude of a celestial body. — Celestial horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. — Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the vertical angle between the sensible horizon and a line to the visible horizon, the latter always being below the former. — Rational horizon, and Sensible horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. — Visible horizon. See definitions 1 and 2, above.

Hor•i•zon´tal , a. [Cf. F. horizontal.] 1. Pertaining to, or near, the horizon. ´Horizontal misty air.´ Milton. 2. Parallel to the horizon; on a level; as a horizontalline or surface. 3. Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon; as horizontal distance. Horizontal drill, a drilling machine having a horizontal drill spindle. — Horizontal engine, one the piston of which works horizontally. — Horizontal fire (Mil.), the fire of ordnance and small arms at point-blank range or at low angles of elevation. — Horizontal force (Physics), the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic force. — Horizontal line (Descriptive Geometry & Drawing), a constructive line, either drawn or imagined, which passes through the point of sight, and is the chief line in the projection upon which all verticals are fixed, and upon which all vanishing points are found. — Horizontal parallax. See under Parallax. — Horizontal plane (Descriptive Geometry), a plane parallel to the horizon, upon which it is assumed that objects are projected. See Projection. It is upon the horizontal plane that the ground plan of the buildings is supposed to be drawn. — Horizontal projection, a projection made on a plane parallel to the horizon. — Horizontal range (Gunnery), the distance in a horizontal plane to which a gun will throw a projectile. — Horizontal water wheel, a water wheel in which the axis is vertical, the buckets or floats revolving in a horizontal plane, as in most turbines.

Hor•i•zon•tal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. horizontalite.] The state or quality of being horizontal. Kirwan.

Hor•i•zon´tal•ly, adv. In a horizontal direction or position; on a level; as moving horizontally.

Hor•mo•go•ni´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a chain + generation.] (Bot.) A chain of small cells in certain algae, by which the plant is propagated.

Horn , n. [AS. horn; akin to D. horen, hoorn, G., Icel., Sw., & Dan. horn, Goth. haúrn, W., Gael., & Ir. corn, L. cornu, Gr. , and perh. also to E. cheer, cranium, cerebral; cf. Skr. çiras head. Cf. Carat, Corn on the foot, Cornea, Corner, Cornet, Cornucopia, Hart.] 1. A hard, projecting, and usually pointed organ, growing upon the heads of certain animals, esp. of the ruminants, as cattle, goats, and the like. The hollow horns of the Ox family consist externally of true horn, and are never shed. 2. The antler of a deer, which is of bone throughout, and annually shed and renewed. 3. (Zoöl.) Any natural projection or excrescence from an animal, resembling or thought to resemble a horn in substance or form; esp.: (a) A projection from the beak of a bird, as in the hornbill. (b) A tuft of feathers on the head of a bird, as in the horned owl. (c) A hornlike projection from the head or thorax of an insect, or the head of a reptile, or fish. (d) A sharp spine in front of the fins of a fish, as in the horned pout. 4. (Bot.) An incurved, tapering and pointed appendage found in the flowers of the milkweed (Asclepias). 5. Something made of a horn, or in resemblance of a horn; as: (a) A wind instrument of music; originally, one made of a horn (of an ox or a ram); now applied to various elaborately wrought instruments of brass or other metal, resembling a horn in shape. ´Wind his horn under the castle wall.´ Spenser. See French horn, under French. (b) A drinking cup, or beaker, as having been originally made of the horns of cattle. ´Horns of mead and ale.´ Mason. (c) The cornucopia, or horn of plenty. See Cornucopia. ´Fruits and flowers from Amalthaea’s horn.´ Milton. (d) A vessel made of a horn; esp., one designed for containing powder; anciently, a small vessel for carrying liquids. ´Samuel took the hornof oil and anointed him [David].´ 1 Sam. xvi. 13. (e) The pointed beak of an anvil. (f) The high pommel of a saddle; also either of the projections on a lady’s saddle for supporting the leg. (g) (Arch.) The Ionic volute. (h) (Naut.) The outer end of a crosstree; also one of the projections forming the jaws of a gaff, boom, etc. (i) (Carp.) A curved projection on the fore part of a plane. (j) One of the projections at the four corners of the Jewish altar of burnt offering. ´Joab … caught hold on the horns of the altar.´ 1 Kings ii. 28. 6. One of the curved ends of a crescent; esp., an extremity or cusp of the moon when crescent- shaped. “The moon
Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns.” Thomson. 7. (Mil.) The curving extremity of the wing of an army or of a squadron drawn up in a crescentlike form. “Sharpening in mooned horns
Their phalanx.” Milton. 8. The tough, fibrous material of which true horns are composed, being, in the Ox family, chiefly albuminous, with some phosphate of lime; also any similar substance, as that which forms the hoof crust of horses, sheep, and cattle; as a spoon of horn. 9. (Script.) A symbol of strength, power, glory, exaltation, or pride. “The Lord is … the horn of my salvation.” Ps. xviii. 2. 10. An emblem of a cuckold; — used chiefly in the plural. ´Thicker than a cuckold’s horn.´ Shak. Horn block, the frame or pedestal in which a railway car axle box slides up and down; — also called horn plate. — Horn of a dilemma. See under Dilemma. — Horn distemper, a disease of cattle, affecting the internal substance of the horn. — Horn drum, a wheel with long curved scoops, for raising water. — Horn lead (Chem.), chloride of lead. — Horn maker, a maker of cuckolds. [Obs.] Shak. — Horn mercury. (Min.) Same as Horn quicksilver (below). — Horn poppy (Bot.), a plant allied to the poppy (Glaucium luteum), found on the sandy shores of Great Britain and Virginia; — called also horned poppy. Gray. — Horn pox (Med.), abortive smallpox with an eruption like that of chicken pox. — Horn quicksilver (Min.), native calomel, or bichloride of mercury. — Horn shell (Zoöl.), any long, sharp, spiral, gastropod shell, of the genus Cerithium, and allied genera. — Horn silver (Min.), cerargyrite. — Horn slate, a gray, siliceous stone. — To haul in one’s horns, to withdraw some arrogant pretension. [Colloq.] — To raise, or lift, the horn (Script.), to exalt one’s self; to act arrogantly. ´’Gainst them that raised thee dost thou lift thy horn?´ Milton. — To take a horn, to take a drink of intoxicating liquor. [Low]

Horn , v. t. 1. To furnish with horns; to give the shape of a horn to. 2. To cause to wear horns; to cuckold. [Obs.] Shak.

Horn´beak , n. A fish. See Hornfish.

Horn´beam , n. [See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Carpinus (C. Americana), having a smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being white and very hard. It is common along the banks of streams in the United States, and is also called ironwood. The English hornbeam is C. Betulus. The American is called also blue beech and water beech. Hop hornbeam. (Bot.) See under Hop.

Horn´bill , n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the family Bucerotidae, of which about sixty species are known, belonging to numerous genera. They inhabit the tropical parts of Asia, Africa, and the East Indies, and are remarkable for having a more or less horn-like protuberance, which is usually large and hollow and is situated on the upper side of the beak. The size of the hornbill varies from that of a pigeon to that of a raven, or even larger. They feed chiefly upon fruit, but some species eat dead animals.

Horn´blende , n. [G., fr. horn horn + blende blende.] (Min.) The common black, or dark green or brown, variety of amphibole. (See Amphibole.) It belongs to the aluminous division of the species, and is also characterized by its containing considerable iron. Also used as a general term to include the whole species. Hornblende schist (Geol.), a hornblende rock of schistose structure.

Horn•blend´ic , a. Composed largely of hornblende; resembling or relating to hornblende.

Horn´blow•er , n. [AS. hornblawere.] One who, or that which, blows a horn.

Horn´book , n. 1. The first book for children, or that from which in former times they learned their letters and rudiments; — so called because a sheet of horn covered the small, thin board of oak, or the slip of paper, on which the alphabet, digits, and often the Lord’s Prayer, were written or printed; a primer. ´He teaches boys the hornbook.´ Shak. 2. A book containing the rudiments of any science or branch of knowledge; a manual; a handbook.

Horn´bug , n. (Zoöl.) A large nocturnal beetle of the genus Lucanus (as L. capreolus, and L. dama), having long, curved upper jaws, resembling a sickle. The grubs are found in the trunks of old trees.

Horned , a. Furnished with a horn or horns; furnished with a hornlike process or appendage; as horned cattle; having some part shaped like a horn. “The horned moon with one bright star
Within the nether tip.” Coleridge. Horned bee (Zoöl.), a British wild bee (Osmia bicornis), having two little horns on the head. — Horned dace (Zoöl.), an American cyprinoid fish (Semotilus corporialis) common in brooks and ponds; the common chub. See Illust. of Chub. — Horned frog (Zoöl.), a very large Brazilian frog (Ceratophrys cornuta), having a pair of triangular horns arising from the eyelids. — Horned grebe (Zoöl.), a species of grebe (Colymbus auritus), of Arctic Europe and America, having two dense tufts of feathers on the head. — Horned horse (Zoöl.), the gnu. — Horned lark (Zoöl.), the shore lark. — Horned lizard (Zoöl.), the horned toad. — Horned owl (Zoöl.), a large North American owl (Bubo Virginianus), having a pair of elongated tufts of feathers on the head. Several distinct varieties are known; as the Arctic, Western, dusky, and striped horned owls, differing in color, and inhabiting different regions; — called also great horned owl, horn owl, eagle owl, and cat owl. Sometimes also applied to the long-eared owl. See Eared owl, under Eared. — Horned poppy. (Bot.) See Horn poppy, under Horn. — Horned pout (Zoöl.), an American fresh-water siluroid fish; the bullpout. — Horned rattler (Zoöl.), a species of rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes), inhabiting the dry, sandy plains, from California to Mexico. It has a pair of triangular horns between the eyes; — called also sidewinder. — Horned ray (Zoöl.), the sea devil. — Horned screamer (Zoöl.), the kamichi. — Horned snake (Zoöl.), the cerastes. — Horned toad (Zoöl.), any lizard of the genus Phrynosoma, of which nine or ten species are known. These lizards have several hornlike spines on the head, and a broad, flat body, covered with spiny scales. They inhabit the dry, sandy plains from California to Mexico and Texas. Called also horned lizard. — Horned viper. (Zoöl.) See Cerastes.

Horn´ed•ness , n. The condition of being horned.

Horn´el , n. (Zoöl.) The European sand eel. [Scot.]

Horn´er , n. 1. One who works or deal in horn or horns. [R.] Grew. 2. One who winds or blows the horn. [Obs.] Sherwood. 3. One who horns or cuckolds. [Obs.] Massinger. 4. (Zoöl.) The British sand lance or sand eel (Ammodytes lanceolatus).

Hor´net , n. [AS. hyrnet; akin to OHG. hornaz, hornuz, G. horniss; perh. akin to E. horn, and named from the sound it makes as if blowing the horn; but more prob. akin to D. horzel, Lith. szirszone, L. crabo.] (Zoöl.) A large, strong wasp. The European species (Vespa crabro) is of a dark brown and yellow color. It is very pugnacious, and its sting is very severe. Its nest is constructed of a paperlike material, and the layers of comb are hung together by columns. The American white-faced hornet (V. maculata) is larger and has similar habits. Hornet fly (Zoöl.), any dipterous insect of the genus Asilus, and allied genera, of which there are numerous species. They are large and fierce flies which capture bees and other insects, often larger than themselves, and suck their blood. Called also hawk fly, robber fly. — To stir up a hornet’s nest, to provoke the attack of a swarm of spiteful enemies or spirited critics. [Colloq.]

Horn´fish , n. [AS. hornfisc.] (Zoöl.) The garfish or sea needle.

Horn´foot , a. Having hoofs; hoofed.

Horn´i•fy , v. t. [Horn + -fy.] To horn; to cuckold. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Horn´ing, n. Appearance of the moon when increasing, or in the form of a crescent. J. Gregory. Letters of horning (Scots Law), the process or authority by which a person, directed by the decree of a court of justice to pay or perform anything, is ordered to comply therewith. Mozley & W.

Horn´ish, a. Somewhat like horn; hard.

Hor•ni´to , n. [A dim. fr. Sp. horno oven, L. furnus. See Furnace.] (Geol.) A low, oven-shaped mound, common in volcanic regions, and emitting smoke and vapors from its sides and summit. Humboldt.

Horn´less , a. Having no horn.

Horn´-mad , a. Quite mad; — raving crazy. “Did I tell you about Mr. Garrick, that the town are horn-mad after?” Gray.

Hor´no•tine , n. [L. hornotinus of this year.] (Zoöl.) A yearling; a bird of the year.

Horn´owl , n. (Zoöl.) See Horned Owl.

Horn´pike , n. The garfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Horn´pipe , n. (Mus.) (a) An instrument of music formerly popular in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe, with holes at intervals. It was so called because the bell at the open end was sometimes made of horn. (b) A lively tune played on a hornpipe, for dancing; a tune adapted for such playing. “Many a hornpipe he tuned to his Phyllis.” Sir W. Raleigh. (c) A dance performed, usually by one person, to such a tune, and popular among sailors.

Horn´pout , n. (Zoöl.) See Horned pout, under Horned.

Horn´snake , n. (Zoöl.) A harmless snake (Farancia abacura), found in the Southern United States. The color is bluish black above, red below.

Horn´stone , n. (Min.) A siliceous stone, a variety of quartz, closely resembling flint, but more brittle; — called also chert.

Horn´tail , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of family (Uroceridae) of large hymenopterous insects, allied to the sawflies. The larvae bore in the wood of trees. So called from the long, stout ovipositors of the females.

Horn´work , n. (Fort.) An outwork composed of two demibastions joined by a curtain. It is connected with the works in rear by long wings.

Horn´wort , n. (Bot.) An aquatic plant (Ceratophyllum), with finely divided leaves.

Horn´wrack , n. (Zoöl.) A bryozoan of the genus Flustra.

Horn´y , a. [Compar. Hornier superl. Horniest.] 1. Having horns or hornlike projections. Gay. 2. Composed or made of horn, or of a substance resembling horn; of the nature of horn. ´The horny … coat of the eye.´ Ray. 3. Hard; callous. ´His horny fist.´ Dryden.

Horn´y-hand•ed , a. Having the hands horny and callous from labor.

Horn´y•head , n. (Zoöl.) Any North American river chub of the genus Hybopsis, esp. H. biguttatus.

Ho•rog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. hour + -graphy: cf. F. horographie.] 1. An account of the hours. Chaucer. 2. The art of constructing instruments for making the hours, as clocks, watches, and dials.

Hor´o•loge , n. [OE. horologe, orloge, timepiece, OF. horloge, orloge, oriloge, F. horloge, L. horologium, fr. Gr. ; hour + to say, tell. See Hour, and Logic.] 1. A servant who called out the hours. [Obs.] 2. An instrument indicating the time of day; a timepiece of any kind; a watch, clock, or dial. Shak.

Ho•rol´o•ger , n. A maker or vender of clocks and watches; one skilled in horology.

Hor•o•log´ic•al , a. [L. horologicus, Gr. .] Relating to a horologe, or to horology.

Hor•o•lo•gi•og´ra•pher , n. [See Horologiography.] A maker of clocks, watches, or dials.

Hor•o•lo•gi•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to horologiography. Chambers.

Hor•o•lo•gi•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. horologe + -graphy.] 1. An account of instruments that show the hour. 2. The art of constructing clocks or dials; horography.

Ho•rol´o•gist , n. One versed in horology.

Ho•rol´o•gy , n. [See Horologe.] The science of measuring time, or the principles and art of constructing instruments for measuring and indicating portions of time, as clocks, watches, dials, etc.

Ho•rom´e•ter , n. [Gr. hour + -meter.] An instrument for measuring time.

Hor•o•met´ric•al , a. Belonging to horometry.

Ho•rom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. horometrie. See Horometer.] The art, practice, or method of measuring time by hours and subordinate divisions. ´The horometry of antiquity.´ Sir T. Browne.

Ho•rop´ter , n. [Gr. boundary + one who looks.] (Opt.) The line or surface in which are situated all the points which are seen single while the point of sight, or the adjustment of the eyes, remains unchanged. “The sum of all the points which are seen single, while the point of sight remains unchanged, is called the horopter.” J. Le Conte.

Hor•op•ter´ic , a. (Opt.) Of or pertaining to the horopter.

Hor´o•scope , n. [F. horoscope, L. horoscopus, fr. Gr. , adj., observing hours or times, esp. observing the hour of birth, n., a horoscope; hour + to view, observe. See Hour, and -scope.] 1. (Astrol.) (a) The representation made of the aspect of the heavens at the moment of a person’s birth, by which the astrologer professed to foretell the events of the person’s life; especially, the sign of the zodiac rising above the horizon at such a moment. (b) The diagram or scheme of twelve houses or signs of the zodiac, into which the whole circuit of the heavens was divided for the purposes of such prediction of fortune. 2. The planisphere invented by Jean Paduanus. 3. A table showing the length of the days and nights at all places. Heyse. { Hor´o•sco•per , Ho•ros´co•pist } n. One versed in horoscopy; an astrologer.

Ho•ros´co•py , n. 1. The art or practice of casting horoscopes, or observing the disposition of the stars, with a view to prediction events. 2. Aspect of the stars at the time of a person’s birth.

Hor•ren´dous , a. [L. horrendus.] Fearful; frightful. [Obs.] I. Watts.

Hor´rent , a. [L. horrens, p. pr. of horrere to bristle. See Horror.] Standing erect, as bristles; covered with bristling points; bristled; bristling. “Rough and horrent with figures in strong relief.” De Quincey. “With bright emblazonry and horrent arms.” Milton.

Hor´ri•ble , a. [OE. horrible, orrible, OF. horrible, orrible, F. horrible, fr. L. horribilis, fr. horrere. See Horror.] Exciting, or tending to excite, horror or fear; dreadful; terrible; shocking; hideous; as a horrible sight; a horrible story; a horrible murder. “A dungeon horrible on all sides round.” Milton. Syn. — Dreadful; frightful; fearful; terrible; awful; terrific; shocking; hideous; horrid.

Hor´ri•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being horrible; dreadfulness; hideousness. “The horribleness of the mischief.” Sir P. Sidney.

Hor´ri•bly, adv. In a manner to excite horror; dreadfully; terribly.

Hor´rid , a. [L. horridus. See Horror, and cf. Ordure.] 1. Rough; rugged; bristling. [Archaic] “Horrid with fern, and intricate with thorn.” Dryden. 2. Fitted to excite horror; dreadful; hideous; shocking; hence, very offensive. “Not in the legions
Of horrid hell.” Shak. “The horrid things they say.” Pope. Syn. — Frightful; hideous; alarming; shocking; dreadful; awful; terrific; horrible; abominable.

Hor´rid•ly, adv. In a horrid manner. Shak.

Hor´rid•ness, n. The quality of being horrid.

Hor•rif´ic , a. [L. horrifieus; horrere to be horrible + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. horrifique. See Horror, - fy.] Causing horror; frightful. “Let … nothing ghastly or horrific be supposed.” I. Taylor.

Hor•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. That which causes horror. [R.] Miss Edgeworth.

Hor´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Horrified p. pr. & vb. n. Horrifying ] [L. horrificare. See Horrific.] To cause to feel horror; to strike or impress with horror; as the sight horrified the beholders. E. Irving.

Hor•rip•i•la´tion , n. [L. horripilatio, fr. horripilare to bristle; horrere to bristle + pilus the hair: cf. F. horripilation.] (Med.) A real or fancied bristling of the hair of the head or body, resulting from disease, terror, chilliness, etc.

Hor•ris´o•nant , a. Horrisonous. [Obs.]

Hor•ris´o•nous , a. [L. horrisonus; horrere to be horrible + sonus a sound.] Sounding dreadfully; uttering a terrible sound. [Obs.] Bailey.

Hor´ror , n. [Formerly written horrour.] [L. horror, fr. horrere to bristle, to shiver, to tremble with cold or dread, to be dreadful or terrible; cf. Skr. hsh to bristle.] 1. A bristling up; a rising into roughness; tumultuous movement. [Archaic] “Such fresh horror as you see driven through the wrinkled waves.” Chapman. 2. A shaking, shivering, or shuddering, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever; in old medical writings, a chill of less severity than a rigor, and more marked than an algor. 3. A painful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence; a shuddering with terror and detestation; the feeling inspired by something frightful and shocking. “How could this, in the sight of heaven, without horrors of conscience be uttered?” Milton. 4. That which excites horror or dread, or is horrible; gloom; dreariness. “Breathes a browner horror on the woods.” Pope. The horrors, delirium tremens. [Colloq.]

Hor´ror-stick•en , a. Struck with horror; horrified. “Blank and horror-stricken faces.” C. Kingsley.

Hor´ror-struck , a. Horror- stricken; horrified. M. Arnold.

Hors• de com•bat´ [F.] Out of the combat; disabled from fighting.

Horse (hôrs), n. [AS. hors; akin to OS. hros, D. & OHG. ros, G. ross, Icel. hross; and perh. to L. currere to run, E. course, current Cf. Walrus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hoofed quadruped of the genus Equus; especially, the domestic horse (E. caballus), which was domesticated in Egypt and Asia at a very early period. It has six broad molars, on each side of each jaw, with six incisors, and two canine teeth, both above and below. The mares usually have the canine teeth rudimentary or wanting. The horse differs from the true asses, in having a long, flowing mane, and the tail bushy to the base. Unlike the asses it has callosities, or chestnuts, on all its legs. The horse excels in strength, speed, docility, courage, and nobleness of character, and is used for drawing, carrying, bearing a rider, and like purposes. Many varieties, differing in form, size, color, gait, speed, etc., are known, but all are believed to have been derived from the same original species. It is supposed to have been a native of the plains of Central Asia, but the wild species from which it was derived is not certainly known. The feral horses of America are domestic horses that have run wild; and it is probably true that most of those of Asia have a similar origin. Some of the true wild Asiatic horses do, however, approach the domestic horse in several characteristics.
Several species of fossil (Equus) are known from the later Tertiary formations of Europe and America. The fossil species of other genera of the family Equidae are also often called horses, in general sense. 2. The male of the genus horse, in distinction from the female or male; usually, a castrated male. 3. Mounted soldiery; cavalry; — used without the plural termination; as a regiment of horse; — distinguished from foot. “The armies were appointed, consisting of twenty-five thousand horse and foot.” Bacon. 4. A frame with legs, used to support something; as a clotheshorse, a sawhorse, etc. 5. A frame of timber, shaped like a horse, on which soldiers were made to ride for punishment. 6. Anything, actual or figurative, on which one rides as on a horse; a hobby. 7. (Mining) A mass of earthy matter, or rock of the same character as the wall rock, occurring in the course of a vein, as of coal or ore; hence, to take horse — said of a vein — is to divide into branches for a distance. 8. (Naut.) (a) See Footrope, a. (b) A breastband for a leadsman. (c) An iron bar for a sheet traveler to slide upon. (d) A jackstay. W. C. Russell. Totten. Horse is much used adjectively and in composition to signify of, or having to do with, a horse or horses, like a horse, etc.; as horse collar, horse dealer or horsedealer, horsehoe, horse jockey; and hence, often in the sense of strong, loud, coarse, etc.; as horselaugh, horse nettle or horse-nettle, horseplay, horse ant, etc. Black horse, Blood horse, etc. See under Black, etc. — Horse aloes, caballine aloes. — Horse ant (Zoöl.), a large ant (Formica rufa); — called also horse emmet. — Horse artillery, that portion of the artillery in which the cannoneers are mounted, and which usually serves with the cavalry; flying artillery. — Horse balm (Bot.), a strong-scented labiate plant (Collinsonia Canadensis), having large leaves and yellowish flowers. — Horse bean (Bot.), a variety of the English or Windsor bean (Faba vulgaris), grown for feeding horses. — Horse boat, a boat for conveying horses and cattle, or a boat propelled by horses. — Horse bot. (Zoöl.) See Botfly, and Bots. — Horse box, a railroad car for transporting valuable horses, as hunters. [Eng.] — Horse breaker or trainer, one employed in subduing or training horses for use. — Horse car. (a) A railroad car drawn by horses. See under Car. (b) A car fitted for transporting horses. — Horse cassia (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Cassia Javanica), bearing long pods, which contain a black, catharic pulp, much used in the East Indies as a horse medicine. — Horse cloth, a cloth to cover a horse. — Horse conch (Zoöl.), a large, spiral, marine shell of the genus Triton. See Triton. — Horse courser. (a) One that runs horses, or keeps horses for racing. Johnson. (b) A dealer in horses. [Obs.] Wiseman. — Horse crab (Zoöl.), the Limulus; — called also horsefoot, horsehoe crab, and king crab. — Horse crevalle (Zoöl.), the cavally. — Horse emmet (Zoöl.), the horse ant. — Horse finch (Zoöl.), the chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] — Horse gentian (Bot.), fever root. — Horse iron (Naut.), a large calking iron. — Horse latitudes, a space in the North Atlantic famous for calms and baffling winds, being between the westerly winds of higher latitudes and the trade winds. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Horse mackrel. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tunny (Orcynus thunnus), found on the Atlantic coast of Europe and America, and in the Mediterranean. (b) The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). (c) The scad. (d) The name is locally applied to various other fishes, as the California hake, the black candlefish, the jurel, the bluefish, etc. — Horse marine (Naut.), an awkward, lubbery person; one of a mythical body of marine cavalry. [Slang] — Horse mussel (Zoöl.), a large, marine mussel (Modiola modiolus), found on the northern shores of Europe and America. — Horse nettle (Bot.), a coarse, prickly, American herb, the Solanum Carolinense. — Horse parsley. (Bot.) See Alexanders. — Horse purslain (Bot.), a coarse fleshy weed of tropical America (Trianthema monogymnum). — Horse race, a race by horses; a match of horses in running or trotting. — Horse racing, the practice of racing with horses. — Horse railroad, a railroad on which the cars are drawn by horses; — in England, and sometimes in the United States, called a tramway. — Horse run (Civil Engin.), a device for drawing loaded wheelbarrows up an inclined plane by horse power. — Horse sense, strong common sense. [Colloq. U.S.] — Horse soldier, a cavalryman. — Horse sponge (Zoöl.), a large, coarse, commercial sponge (Spongia equina). — Horse stinger (Zoöl.), a large dragon fly. [Prov. Eng.] — Horse sugar (Bot.), a shrub of the southern part of the United States (Symplocos tinctoria), whose leaves are sweet, and good for fodder. — Horse tick (Zoöl.), a winged, dipterous insect (Hippobosca equina), which troubles horses by biting them, and sucking their blood; — called also horsefly, horse louse, and forest fly. — Horse vetch (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hippocrepis (H. comosa), cultivated for the beauty of its flowers; — called also horsehoe vetch, from the peculiar shape of its pods. — Iron horse, a locomotive. [Colloq.] — Salt horse, the sailor’s name for salt beef. — To look a gift horse in the mouth, to examine the mouth of a horse which has been received as a gift, in order to ascertain his age; — hence, to accept favors in a critical and thankless spirit. Lowell. — To take horse. (a) To set out on horseback. Macaulay. (b) To be covered, as a mare. (c) See definition 7 (above).

Horse , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Horsed p. pr. & vb. n. Horsing.] [AS. horsion.] 1. To provide with a horse, or with horses; to mount on, or as on, a horse. ´Being better horsed, outrode me.´ Shak. 2. To sit astride of; to bestride. Shak. 3. To cover, as a mare; — said of the male. 4. To take or carry on the back; as the keeper, horsing a deer. S. Butler. 5. To place on the back of another, or on a wooden horse, etc., to be flogged; to subject to such punishment.

Horse, v. i. To get on horseback. [Obs.] Shelton.

Horse´back , n. 1. The back of a horse. 2. An extended ridge of sand, gravel, and bowlders, in a half-stratified condition. Agassiz. On horseback, on the back of a horse; mounted or riding on a horse or horses; in the saddle. “The long journey was to be performed on horseback.” Prescott.

Horse•-chest´nut , n. (Bot.) (a) The large nutlike seed of a species of AEsculus (AE. Hippocastanum), formerly ground, and fed to horses, whence the name. (b) The tree itself, which was brought from Constantinople in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and is now common in the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The native American species are called buckeyes.

Horse´-drench , n. 1. A dose of physic for a horse. Shak. 2. The appliance by which the dose is administered.

Horse´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The moonfish (Selene setipinnis). (b) The sauger.

Horse´flesh , n. 1. The flesh of horses. “The Chinese eat horseflesh at this day.” Bacon. 2. Horses, generally; the qualities of a horse; as he is a judge of horseflesh. [Colloq.] Horseflesh ore (Min.), a miner’s name for bornite, in allusion to its peculiar reddish color on fresh facture.

Horse´fly , n.; pl. Horseflies . 1. (Zoöl.) Any dipterous fly of the family Tabanidae, that stings horses, and sucks their blood. Of these flies there are numerous species, both in Europe and America. They have a large proboscis with four sharp lancets for piercing the skin. Called also breeze fly. See Illust. under Diptera, and Breeze fly. 2. (Zoöl.) The horse tick or forest fly (Hippobosca).

Horse´foot , n.; pl. Horsefeet (#). 1. (Bot.) The coltsfoot. 2. (Zoöl.) The Limulus or horseshoe crab.

Horse´ Guards (Mil.) A body of cavalry so called; esp., a British regiment, called the Royal Horse Guards, which furnishes guards of state for the sovereign. The Horse Guards, a name given to the former headquarters of the commander in chief of the British army, at Whitehall in London.

Horse´hair , n. A hair of a horse, especially one from the mane or tail; the hairs of the mane or tail taken collectively; a fabric or tuft made of such hairs. Horsehair worm (Zoöl.), the hair worm or gordius.

Horse´head , n. (Zoöl.) The silver moonfish (Selene vomer).

Horse´hide , n. 1. The hide of a horse. 2. Leather made of the hide of a horse.

Horse´-jock•ey , n. 1. A professional rider and trainer of race horses. 2. A trainer and dealer in horses.

Horse´knop , n. (Bot.) Knapweed.

Horse´laugh , n. A loud, boisterous laugh; a guffaw. Pope.

Horse´-leech , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A large blood-sucking leech (Haemopsis vorax), of Europe and Northern Africa. It attacks the lips and mouths of horses. 2. A farrier; a veterinary surgeon.

Horse´-leech•er•y , n. The business of a farrier; especially, the art of curing the diseases of horses.

Horse´-lit•ter , n. A carriage hung on poles, and borne by and between two horses. Milton.

Horse´man , n.; pl. Horsemen . 1. A rider on horseback; one skilled in the management of horses; a mounted man. 2. (Mil.) A mounted soldier; a cavalryman. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A land crab of the genus Ocypoda, living on the coast of Brazil and the West Indies, noted for running very swiftly. (b) A West Indian fish of the genus Eques, as the light-horseman (E. lanceolatus).

Horse´man•ship, n. The act or art of riding, and of training and managing horses; manege.

Horse´mint , n. (Bot.) (a) A coarse American plant of the Mint family (Monarda punctata). (b) In England, the wild mint (Mentha sylvestris).

Horse´nail , n. A thin, pointed nail, with a heavy flaring head, for securing a horsehoe to the hoof; a horsehoe nail.

Horse´play , n. Rude, boisterous play. “Too much given to horseplay in his raillery.” Dryden.

Horse´pond , n. A pond for watering horses.

Horse´ pow•er 1. The power which a horse exerts. 2. (Mach.) A unit of power, used in stating the power required to drive machinery, and in estimating the capabilities of animals or steam engines and other prime movers for doing work. It is the power required for the performance of work at the rate of 33,000 English units of work per minute; hence, it is the power that must be exerted in lifting 33,000 pounds at the rate of one foot per minute, or 550 pounds at the rate of one foot per second, or 55 pounds at the rate of ten feet per second, etc. The power of a draught horse, of average strength, working eight hours per day, is about four fifths of a standard horse power. Brake horse power, the net effective power of a prime mover, as a steam engine, water wheel, etc., in horse powers, as shown by a friction brake. See Friction brake, under Friction. — Indicated horse power, the power exerted in the cylinder of an engine, stated in horse powers, estimated from the diameter and speed of the piston, and the mean effective pressure upon it as shown by an indicator. See Indicator. — Nominal horse power (Steam Engine), a term still sometimes used in England to express certain proportions of cylinder, but having no value as a standard of measurement. 3. A machine worked by a horse, for driving other machinery; a horse motor.

Horse´-rad•ish , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Nasturtium (N. Armoracia), allied to scurvy grass, having a root of a pungent taste, much used, when grated, as a condiment and in medicine. Gray. Horse-radish tree. (Bot.) See Moringa.

Horse´rake , n. A rake drawn by a horse.

Horse´shoe , n. 1. A shoe for horses, consisting of a narrow plate of iron in form somewhat like the letter U, nailed to a horse’s hoof. 2. Anything shaped like a horsehoe. 3. (Zoöl.) The Limulus or horsehoe crab. Horsehoe head (Med.), an old name for the condition of the skull in children, in which the sutures are too open, the coronal suture presenting the form of a horsehoe. Dunglison. — Horsehoe magnet, an artificial magnet in the form of a horsehoe. — Horsehoe nail. See Horsenail. — Horsehoe nose (Zoöl.), a bat of the genus Rhinolophus, having a nasal fold of skin shaped like a horsehoe.

Horse´shoe•ing , n. The act or employment of shoeing horses.

Horse´sho•er , n. One who shoes horses.

Horse´tail , n. 1. (Bot.) A leafless plant, with hollow and rushlike stems. It is of the genus Equisetum, and is allied to the ferns. See Illust. of Equisetum. 2. A Turkish standard, denoting rank. Commanders are distinguished by the number of horsetails carried before them. Thus, the sultan has seven, the grand vizier five, and the pashas three, two, or one. Shrubby horsetail. (Bot.) See Joint-fir.

Horse´weed , n. (Bot.) A composite plant (Erigeron Canadensis), which is a common weed.

Horse´whip , n. A whip for horses.

Horse´whip, v. t. To flog or chastise with a horsewhip.

Horse´wom•an , n.; pl. Horsewomen . A woman who rides on horseback.

Horse´wood , n. (Bot.) A West Indian tree (Calliandra latifolia) with showy, crimson blossoms.

Horse´worm , n. The larva of a botfly.

Hors´i•ness , n. 1. The condition or quality of being a horse; that which pertains to a horse. Tennyson. 2. Fondness for, or interest in, horses.

Hors´ly , a. Horselike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hors´y , a. Pertaining to, or suggestive of, a horse, or of horse racing; as horsy manners; garments of fantastically horsy fashions. [Colloq.]

Hor•ta´tion , n. [L. hortatio, fr. hortari to incite, exhort, fr. hori to urge.] The act of exhorting, inciting, or giving advice; exhortation. [R.]

Hor´ta•tive , a. [L. hortativus.] Giving exhortation; advisory; exhortative. Bullokar.

Hor´ta•tive , n. An exhortation. [Obs.]

Hor´ta•to•ry , a. [L. hortatorius.] Giving exhortation or advise; encouraging; exhortatory; inciting; as a hortatory speech. Holland.

Hor•ten´sial , a. [L. hortensius, hortensis, fr. hortus garden; akin to E. yard an inclosure.] Fit for a garden. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Hor´ti•cul•tor , n. [NL., fr. L. hortus garden + cultor a cultivator, colere to cultivate.] One who cultivates a garden.

Hor•ti•cul´tur•al , a. [Cf. F. horticultural.] Of or pertaining to horticulture, or the culture of gardens or orchards.

Hor´ti•cul•ture , n. [L. hortus garden + cultura culture: cf. F. horticulture. See Yard an inclosure, and Culture.] The cultivation of a garden or orchard; the art of cultivating gardens or orchards.

Hor•ti•cul´tur•ist , n. One who practices horticulture.

Hor´tu•lan , a. [L. hortulanus; hortus garden.] Belonging to a garden. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Hor´tus sic´cus [L., a dry garden.] A collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved, and arranged systematically; an herbarium.

Hort´yard , n. An orchard. [Obs.]

Ho•san´na (ho•zan´na), n.; pl. Hosannas (- naz). [Gr. , fr. Heb. hoshi’ah nnasave now, save, we pray, hoshia’ to save (Hiphil, a causative form, of yasha’) + na, a particle.] A Hebrew exclamation of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of blessings. ´Hosanna to the Highest.´ Milton. “Hosanna to the Son of David.” Matt. xxi. 9.

Hose (hoz), n.; pl. Hose, formerly Hosen (ho´z’n). [AS. hose; akin to D. hoos, G. hose breeches, OHG. hosa, Icel. hosa stocking, gather, Dan. hose stocking; cf. Russ. koshulia a fur jacket.] 1. Close-fitting trousers or breeches, as formerly worn, reaching to the knee. “These men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their hats, and their other garments.” Dan. iii. 21. “His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank.” Shak. 2. Covering for the feet and lower part of the legs; a stocking or stockings. 3. A flexible pipe, made of leather, India rubber, or other material, and used for conveying fluids, especially water, from a faucet, hydrant, or fire engine. Hose carriage, cart, or truck, a wheeled vehicle fitted for conveying hose for extinguishing fires. — Hose company, a company of men appointed to bring and manage hose in the extinguishing of fires. [U.S.] — Hose coupling, coupling with interlocking parts for uniting hose, end to end. — Hose wrench, a spanner for turning hose couplings, to unite or disconnect them.

Ho´sen , n. pl. See Hose. [Archaic]

Ho´sier , n. One who deals in hose or stocking, or in goods knit or woven like hose.

Ho´sier•y , n. 1. The business of a hosier. 2. Stockings, in general; goods knit or woven like hose.

Hos´pice , n. [F., fr. L. hospitium hospitality, a place where strangers are entertained, fr. hospes stranger, guest. See Host a landlord.] A convent or monastery which is also a place of refuge or entertainment for travelers on some difficult road or pass, as in the Alps; as the Hospice of the Great St. Bernard.

Hos´pi•ta•ble , a. [Cf. OF. hospitable, LL. hospitare to receive as a guest. See Host a landlord.] 1. Receiving and entertaining strangers or guests with kindness and without reward; kind to strangers and guests; characterized by hospitality. Shak. 2. Proceeding from or indicating kindness and generosity to guests and strangers; as hospitable rites. “To where you taper cheers the vale
With hospitable ray.” Goldsmith.

Hos´pi•ta•ble•ness, n. The quality of being hospitable; hospitality. Barrow.

Hos´pi•ta•bly, adv. In a hospitable manner.

Hos´pi•tage , n. [LL. hospitagium, for L. hospitium. See Hospice.] Hospitality. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hos´pi•tal , n. [OF. hospital, ospital, F. hôpital, LL. hospitale (or perh. E. hospital is directly from the Late Latin), from L. hospitalis relating to a guest, hospitalia apartments for guests, fr. hospes guest. See Host a landlord, and cf. Hostel, Hotel, Spital.] 1. A place for shelter or entertainment; an inn. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A building in which the sick, injured, or infirm are received and treated; a public or private institution founded for reception and cure, or for the refuge, of persons diseased in body or mind, or disabled, infirm, or dependent, and in which they are treated either at their own expense, or more often by charity in whole or in part; a tent, building, or other place where the sick or wounded of an army cared for. Hospital ship, a vessel fitted up for a floating hospital. — Hospital Sunday, a Sunday set apart for simultaneous contribution in churches to hospitals; as the London Hospital Sunday.

Hos´pi•tal, a. [L. hospitalis: cf. OF. hospital.] Hospitable. [Obs.] Howell.

Hos´pi•tal•er , n. [Written also hospitaller.] [F. hospitalier. See Hospital, and cf. Hostler.] 1. One residing in a hospital, for the purpose of receiving the poor, the sick, and strangers. 2. One of an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusalem for pilgrims, A. D. 1042. They were called Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and after the removal of the order to Malta, Knights of Malta.

Hos´pi•tal•ism , n. (Med.) A vitiated condition of the body, due to long confinement in a hospital, or the morbid condition of the atmosphere of a hospital.

Hos•pi•tal´i•ty , n.; pl. Hospitalities (#). [L. hospitalitas: cf. F. hospitalite.] The act or practice of one who is hospitable; reception and entertainment of strangers or guests without reward, or with kind and generous liberality. “Given to hospitality.” Rom. xii. 13. “And little recks to find the way to heaven
By doing deeds of hospitality.” Shak.

Hos´pi•tal•ize , v. t. (Med.) To render (a building) unfit for habitation, by long continued use as a hospital.

Hos´pi•tate , v. i. [L. hospitatus, p. p. of hospitari to be a guest, fr. hospes guest.] To receive hospitality; to be a guest. [Obs.] Grew.

Hos´pi•tate, v. t. To receive with hospitality; to lodge as a guest. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Hos•pi´ti•um , n. [L. See Hospice.] 1. An inn; a lodging; a hospice. [Obs.] 2. (Law) An inn of court.

Hos´po•dar , n. [A Slav. word; cf. Russ. gospodare lord, master.] A title borne by the princes or governors of Moldavia and Wallachia before those countries were united as Roumania.

Host (host), n. [LL. hostia sacrifice, victim, from hostire to strike.] (R. C. Ch.) The consecrated wafer, believed to be the body of Christ, which in the Mass is offered as a sacrifice; also the bread before consecration. In the Latin Vulgate the word was applied to the Savior as being an offering for the sins of men.

Host, n. [OE. host, ost, OF. host, ost, fr. L. hostis enemy, LL., army. See Guest, and cf. Host a landlord.] 1. An army; a number of men gathered for war. “A host so great as covered all the field.” Dryden. 2. Any great number or multitude; a throng. “And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God.” Luke ii. 13. “All at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils.” Wordsworth.

Host, n. [OE. host, ost, OF. hoste, oste, F. hôte, from L. hospes a stranger who is treated as a guest, he who treats another as his guest, a hostl prob. fr. hostis stranger, enemy (akin to E. guest a visitor) + potis able; akin to Skr. pati master, lord. See Host an army, Possible, and cf. Hospitable, Hotel.] One who receives or entertains another, whether gratuitously or for compensation; one from whom another receives food, lodging, or entertainment; a landlord. Chaucer. ´Fair host and Earl.´ Tennyson. “Time is like a fashionable host,
That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand.” Shak.

Host, v. t. To give entertainment to. [Obs.] Spenser.

Host, v. i. To lodge at an inn; to take up entertainment. [Obs.] ´Where you shall host.´ Shak.

Hos´tage , n. [OE. hostage, OF. hostage, ostage, F. ôtage, LL. hostaticus, ostaticum, for hospitaticum, fr. L. hospes guest, host. The first meaning is, the state of a guest, hospitality; hence, the state of a hostage (treated as a guest); and both these meanings occur in Old French. See Host a landlord.] A person given as a pledge or security for the performance of the conditions of a treaty or stipulations of any kind, on the performance of which the person is to be released. “Your hostages I have, so have you mine;
And we shall talk before we fight.” Shak. “He that hath a wife and children hath given hostages to fortune.” Bacon.

Hos´tel , n. [OE. hostel, ostel, OF. hostel, ostel, LL. hospitale, hospitalis, fr. L. hospitalis. See Hospital, and cf. Hotel.] 1. An inn. [Archaic] Poe. “So pass I hostel, hall, and grange.” Tennyson. 2. A small, unendowed college in Oxford or Cambridge. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Hos´tel•er , n. [See Hostel, and cf. Hostler.] 1. The keeper of a hostel or inn. 2. A student in a hostel, or small unendowed collede in Oxford or Cambridge. [Obs.] Fuller.

Hos´tel•ry , n. [OE. hostelrie, hostelrye, ostelrie, OF. hostelerie, fr. hostel. See Hostel.] An inn; a lodging house. [Archaic] Chaucer. ´Homely brought up in a rude hostelry.´ B. Jonson. “Come with me to the hostelry.” Longfellow.

Host´ess , n. [OE. hostesse, ostesse. See Host a landlord.] 1. A female host; a woman who hospitably entertains guests at her house. Shak. 2. A woman who entertains guests for compensation; a female innkeeper. Shak.

Host´ess-ship, n. The character, personality, or office of a hostess. Shak.

Hos´tie , n. [F. See 1st Host.] The consecrated wafer; the host. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Hos´tile , a. [L. hostilis, from hostis enemy: cf. F. hostile. See Host an army.] Belonging or appropriate to an enemy; showing the disposition of an enemy; showing ill will and malevolence, or a desire to thwart and injure; occupied by an enemy or enemies; inimical; unfriendly; as a hostile force; hostile intentions; a hostile country; hostile to a sudden change. Syn. — Warlike; inimical; unfriendly; antagonistic; opposed; adverse; opposite; contrary; repugnant.

Hos´tile, n. An enemy; esp., an American Indian in arms against the whites; — commonly in the plural. [Colloq.] P. H. Sheridan.

Hos´tile•ly, adv. In a hostile manner.

Hos•til´i•ty , n.; pl. Hostilities (#). [L. hostilitas: cf. F. hostilite.] 1. State of being hostile; public or private enemy; unfriendliness; animosity. “Hostility being thus suspended with France.” Hayward. 2. An act of an open enemy; a hostile deed; especially in the plural, acts of warfare; attacks of an enemy. “We have showed ourselves generous adversaries … and have carried on even our hostilities with humanity.” Atterbury. “He who proceeds to wanton hostility, often provokes an enemy where he might have a friend.” Crabb. Syn. — Animosity; enmity; opposition; violence; aggression; contention; warfare.

Hos´til•ize , v. t. To make hostile; to cause to become an enemy. [Obs.] A. Seward.

Host´ing , n. [From Host an army.] [Obs.] 1. An encounter; a battle. ´Fierce hosting.´ Milton. 2. A muster or review. Spenser.

Hos´tler , n. [OE. hosteler, osteler, innkeeper, OF. hostelier, F. hôtelier. See Hostel, and cf. Hospitaler, Hosteler.] 1. An innkeeper. [Obs.] See Hosteler. 2. The person who has the care of horses at an inn or stable; hence, any one who takes care of horses; a groom; - - so called because the innkeeper formerly attended to this duty in person. 3. (Railroad) The person who takes charge of a locomotive when it is left by the engineer after a trip.

Host´less , a. Inhospitable. [Obs.] ´A hostless house.´ Spenser.

Host´ry , n. [OE. hosterie, osterie, OF. hosterie. See Host a landlord.] 1. A hostelry; an inn or lodging house. [Obs.] Marlowe. 2. A stable for horses. [Obs.] Johnson.

Hot , imp. & p. p. of Hote. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hot , a. [Compar. Hotter superl. Hottest ] [OE. hot, hat, AS. hat; akin to OS. het, D. heet, OHG. heiz, G. heiss, Icel. heitr, Sw. het, Dan. heed, hed; cf. Goth. heito fever, hais torch. Cf. Heat.] 1. Having much sensible heat; exciting the feeling of warmth in a great degree; very warm; — opposed to cold, and exceeding warm in degree; as a hot stove; hot water or air. ´A hotvenison pasty.´ Shak. 2. Characterized by heat, ardor, or animation; easily excited; firely; vehement; passionate; violent; eager. “Achilles is impatient, hot, and revengeful.” Dryden. “There was mouthing in hot haste.” Byron. 3. Lustful; lewd; lecherous. Shak. 4. Acrid; biting; pungent; as hot as mustard. Hot bed (Iron Manuf.), an iron platform in a rolling mill, on which hot bars, rails, etc., are laid to cool. — Hot wall (Gardening), a wall provided with flues for the conducting of heat, to hasten the growth of fruit trees or the ripening of fruit. — Hot well (Condensing Engines), a receptacle for the hot water drawn from the condenser by the air pump. This water is returned to the boiler, being drawn from the hot well by the feed pump. — In hot water (Fig.), in trouble; in difficulties. [Colloq.] Syn. — Burning; fiery; fervid; glowing; eager; animated; brisk; vehement; precipitate; violent; furious; ardent; fervent; impetuous; irascible; passionate; hasty; excitable.

Hot´bed , n. 1. (Gardening) A bed of earth heated by fermenting manure or other substances, and covered with glass, intended for raising early plants, or for nourishing exotics. 2. A place which favors rapid growth or development; as a hotbed of sedition.

Hot´ blast See under Blast.

Hot´-blood•ed , a. Having hot blood; excitable; high-spirited; irritable; ardent; passionate.

Hot´-brained , a. Ardent in temper; violent; rash; impetuous; as hot-brained youth. Dryden. { Hotch´pot• , Hotch´potch• } n. [F. hochepot, fr. hocher to shake + pot pot; both of Dutch or German origin; cf. OD. hutspot hotchpotch, D. hotsen, hutsen, to shake. See Hustle, and Pot, and cf. Hodgepodge.] 1. A mingled mass; a confused mixture; a stew of various ingredients; a hodgepodge. “A mixture or hotchpotch of many tastes.” Bacon. 2. (Law) A blending of property for equality of division, as when lands given in frank-marriage to one daughter were, after the death of the ancestor, blended with the lands descending to her and to her sisters from the same ancestor, and then divided in equal portions among all the daughters. In modern usage, a mixing together, or throwing into a common mass or stock, of the estate left by a person deceased and the amounts advanced to any particular child or children, for the purpose of a more equal division, or of equalizing the shares of all the children; the property advanced being accounted for at its value when given. Bouvier. Tomlins. This term has been applied in cases of salvage. Story. It corresponds in a measure with collation in the civil and Scotch law. See Collation. Bouvier. Tomlins.

Hot´coc•kles , n. [Hot + cockle, cockle being perh. corrupt. fr. knuckle. Cf. F. main chaude (lit., hot hand) hotcockles.] A childish play, in which one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him or his hand placed behind him.

Hote , v. t. & i. [pres. & imp. Hatte , Hot , etc.; p. p. Hote, Hoten , Hot, etc. See Hight, Hete.] 1. To command; to enjoin. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. To promise. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To be called; to be named. [Obs.] “There as I was wont to hote Arcite,
Now hight I Philostrate, not worth a mite.” Chaucer.

Ho•tel´ , n. [F. hôtel, OF. hostel. See Hostel.] 1. A house for entertaining strangers or travelers; an inn or public house, of the better class. 2. In France, the mansion or town residence of a person of rank or wealth.

Hôtel•-de-ville´ , n. [F.] A city hall or townhouse.

Hôtel•-Dieu´ , n. [F.] A hospital.

Hot´en , p. p. of Hote.

Hot´foot , adv. In haste; foothot. [Colloq.]

Hot´-head , n. A violent, passionate person; a hasty or impetuous person; as the rant of a hot-head.

Hot´-head•ed, a. Fiery; violent; rash; hasty; impetuous; vehement. Macaulay.

Hot´house , n. 1. A house kept warm to shelter tender plants and shrubs from the cold air; a place in which the plants of warmer climates may be reared, and fruits ripened. 2. A bagnio, or bathing house. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A brothel; a bagnio. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Pottery) A heated room for drying green ware.

Hot´-liv•ered , a. Of an excitable or irritable temperament; irascible. Milton.

Hot´ly, adv. [From Hot, a.] 1. In a hot or fiery manner; ardently; vehemently; violently; hastily; as a hotly pursued. 2. In a lustful manner; lustfully. Dryden.

Hot´-mouthed , a. Headstrong. “That hot-mouthed beast that bears against the curb.” Dryden.

Hot´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being hot. 2. Heat or excitement of mind or manner; violence; vehemence; impetuousity; ardor; fury. M. Arnold.

Hot´press , v. t. To apply heat to, in conjunction with mechanical pressure, for the purpose of giving a smooth and glossy surface, or to express oil, etc.; as to hotpress paper, linen, etc.

Hot´pressed , a. Pressed while heat is applied. See Hotpress, v. t.

Hot´-short , a. (Metal.) More or less brittle when heated; as hot-short iron.

Hot´-spir•it•ed , a. Having a fiery spirit; hot-headed.

Hot´spur , n. [Hot + spur.] A rash, hot-headed man. Holinshed. { Hot´spur• , Hot´spurred• }, a. Violent; impetuous; headstrong. Spenser. Peacham.

Hot´ten•tot , n. [D. Hottentot; — so called from hot and tot, two syllables of frequent occurrence in their language. Wedgwood.] 1. (Ethnol.) One of a degraded and savage race of South Africa, with yellowish brown complexion, high cheek bones, and wooly hair growing in tufts. 2. The language of the Hottentots, which is remarkable for its clicking sounds. Hottentot cherry (Bot.), a South African plant of the genus Cassine (C. maurocenia), having handsome foliage, with generally inconspicuous white or green flowers. Loudon. — Hottentot’s bread. (Bot.) See Elephant’s foot (a), under Elephant.

Hot´ten•tot•ism , n. A term employed to describe one of the varieties of stammering. Tylor.

Hou´dah , n. See Howdah.

Hough , n. Same as Hock, a joint.

Hough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Houghed p. pr. & vb. n. Houghing.] Same as Hock, to hamstring.

Hough, n. [Cf. D. hak. Cf. Hack.] An adz; a hoe. [Obs.] Bp. Stillingfleet.

Hough, v. t. To cut with a hoe. [Obs.] Johnson.

Hou´let , n. (Zoöl.) An owl. See Howlet.

Hoult , n. A piece of woodland; a small wood. [Obs.] See Holt.

Hound , n. [OE. hound, hund, dog, AS. hund; akin to OS. & OFries. hund, D. hond, G. hund, OHG. hunt, Icel. hundr, Dan. & Sw. hund, Goth. hunds, and prob. to Lith. sz, Ir. & Gael. cu, L. canis, Gr. , , Skr. çvan. rad.229. Cf. Canine, Cynic, Kennel.] 1. (Zoöl.) A variety of the domestic dog, usually having large, drooping ears, esp. one which hunts game by scent, as the foxhound, bloodhound, deerhound, but also used for various breeds of fleet hunting dogs, as the greyhound, boarhound, etc. “Hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs.” Shak. 2. A despicable person. ´Boy! false hound!´ Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) A houndfish. 4. pl. (Naut.) Projections at the masthead, serving as a support for the trestletrees and top to rest on. 5. A side bar used to strengthen portions of the running gear of a vehicle. To follow the hounds, to hunt with hounds.

Hound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hounding.] 1. To set on the chase; to incite to pursuit; as to hounda dog at a hare; to hound on pursuers. Abp. Bramhall. 2. To hunt or chase with hounds, or as with hounds. L’Estrange.

Hound´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any small shark of the genus Galeus or Mustelus, of which there are several species, as the smooth houndfish (G. canis), of Europe and America; — called also houndshark, and dogfish. The European nursehound, or small-spotted dogfish, is Scyllium canicula; the rough houndfish, or large-spotted dogfish, is S. catulus. The name has also sometimes been applied to the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and to the silver gar.

Hound´ing, n. 1. The act of one who hounds. 2. (Naut.) The part of a mast below the hounds and above the deck.

Hound’s´-tongue , n. [AS. hundes tunge.] (Bot.) A biennial weed (Cynoglossum officinale), with soft tongue-shaped leaves, and an offensive odor. It bears nutlets covered with barbed or hooked prickles. Called also dog’s-tongue.

Houp , n. (Zoöl.) See Hoopoe. [Obs.]

Hour , n. [OE. hour, our, hore, ure, OF. hore, ore, ure, F. heure, L. hora, fr. Gr. , orig., a definite space of time, fixed by natural laws; hence, a season, the time of the day, an hour. See Year, and cf. Horologe, Horoscope.] 1. The twenty-fourth part of a day; sixty minutes. 2. The time of the day, as expressed in hours and minutes, and indicated by a timepiece; as what is the hour? At what hour shall we meet? 3. Fixed or appointed time; conjuncture; a particular time or occasion; as the hour of greatest peril; the man for the hour. “Woman, … mine hour is not yet come.” John ii. 4. “This is your hour, and the power of darkness.” Luke xxii. 53. 4. pl. (R. C. Ch.) Certain prayers to be repeated at stated times of the day, as matins and vespers. 5. A measure of distance traveled. “Vilvoorden, three hours from Brussels.” J. P. Peters. After hours, after the time appointed for one’s regular labor. — Canonical hours. See under Canonical. — Hour angle (Astron.), the angle between the hour circle passing through a given body, and the meridian of a place. — Hour circle. (Astron.) (a) Any circle of the sphere passing through the two poles of the equator; esp., one of the circles drawn on an artificial globe through the poles, and dividing the equator into spaces of 15°, or one hour, each. (b) A circle upon an equatorial telescope lying parallel to the plane of the earth’s equator, and graduated in hours and subdivisions of hours of right ascension. (c) A small brass circle attached to the north pole of an artificial globe, and divided into twenty- four parts or hours. It is used to mark differences of time in working problems on the globe. — Hour hand, the hand or index which shows the hour on a timepiece. — Hour line. (a) (Astron.) A line indicating the hour. (b) (Dialing) A line on which the shadow falls at a given hour; the intersection of an hour circle which the face of the dial. — Hour plate, the plate of a timepiece on which the hours are marked; the dial. Locke. — Sidereal hour, the twenty-fourth part of a sidereal day. — Solar hour, the twenty- fourth part of a solar day. — The small hours, the early hours of the morning, as one o’clock, two o’clock, etc. — To keep good hours, to be regular in going to bed early.

Hour´glass , n. An instrument for measuring time, especially the interval of an hour. It consists of a glass vessel having two compartments, from the uppermost of which a quantity of sand, water, or mercury occupies an hour in running through a small aperture unto the lower. A similar instrument measuring any other interval of time takes its name from the interval measured; as a half-hour glass, a half-minute glass. A three-minute glass is sometimes called an egg-glass, from being used to time the boiling of eggs.

Hou´ri , n.; pl. Houris (#). [Per. huri, hura, hur; akin to Ar. hur, pl. of ahwar beautiful-eyed, black-eyed.] A nymph of paradise; — so called by the Mohammedans.

Hour´ly , a. Happening or done every hour; occurring hour by hour; frequent; often repeated; renewed hour by hour; continual. “In hourly expectation of a martyrdom.” Sharp.

Hour´ly, adv. Every hour; frequently; continually. “Great was their strife, which hourly was renewed.” Dryden.

Hours , n. pl. [A translation of L. Horae (Gr. ). See Hour.] (Myth.) Goddess of the seasons, or of the hours of the day. “Lo! where the rosy-blosomed Hours,
Fair Venus’ train, appear.” Gray.

Hous´age , n. [From House.] A fee for keeping goods in a house. [R.] Chambers.

House , n.; pl. Houses (#). [OE. hous, hus, AS. hs; akin to OS. & OFries. hs, D. huis, OHG. hs, G. haus, Icel. hs, Sw. hus, Dan. huus, Goth. gudhs, house of God, temple; and prob. to E. hide to conceal. See Hide, and cf. Hoard, Husband, Hussy, Husting.] 1. A structure intended or used as a habitation or shelter for animals of any kind; but especially, a building or edifice for the habitation of man; a dwelling place, a mansion. “Houses are built to live in; not to look on.” Bacon. “Bees with smoke and doves with noisome stench
Are from their hives and houses driven away.” Shak. 2. Household affairs; domestic concerns; particularly in the phrase to keep house. See below. 3. Those who dwell in the same house; a household. “One that feared God with all his house.” Acts x. 2. 4. A family of ancestors, descendants, and kindred; a race of persons from the same stock; a tribe; especially, a noble family or an illustrious race; as the house of Austria; the house of Hanover; the house of Israel. “The last remaining pillar of their house,
The one transmitter of their ancient name.” Tennyson. 5. One of the estates of a kingdom or other government assembled in parliament or legislature; a body of men united in a legislative capacity; as the House of Lords; the House of Commons; the House of Representatives; also a quorum of such a body. See Congress, and Parliament. 6. (Com.) A firm, or commercial establishment. 7. A public house; an inn; a hotel. 8. (Astrol.) A twelfth part of the heavens, as divided by six circles intersecting at the north and south points of the horizon, used by astrologers in noting the positions of the heavenly bodies, and casting horoscopes or nativities. The houses were regarded as fixed in respect to the horizon, and numbered from the one at the eastern horizon, called the ascendant, first house, or house of life, downward, or in the direction of the earth’s revolution, the stars and planets passing through them in the reverse order every twenty- four hours. 9. A square on a chessboard, regarded as the proper place of a piece. 10. An audience; an assembly of hearers, as at a lecture, a theater, etc.; as a thin or a full house. 11. The body, as the habitation of the soul. “This mortal house I’ll ruin,
Do Caesar what he can.” Shak. 12. [With an adj., as narrow, dark, etc.] The grave. ´The narrow house.´ Bryant. House is much used adjectively and as the first element of compounds. The sense is usually obvious; as house cricket, housemaid, house painter, housework. House ant (Zoöl.), a very small, yellowish brown ant (Myrmica molesta), which often infests houses, and sometimes becomes a great pest. — House of bishops (Prot. Epis. Ch.), one of the two bodies composing a general convertion, the other being House of Clerical and Lay Deputies. — House boat, a covered boat used as a dwelling. — House of call, a place, usually a public house, where journeymen connected with a particular trade assemble when out of work, ready for the call of employers. [Eng.] Simonds. — House car (Railroad), a freight car with inclosing sides and a roof; a box car. — House of correction. See Correction. — House cricket (Zoöl.), a European cricket (Gryllus domesticus), which frequently lives in houses, between the bricks of chimneys and fireplaces. It is noted for the loud chirping or stridulation of the males. — House dog, a dog kept in or about a dwelling house. — House finch (Zoöl.), the burion. — House flag, a flag denoting the commercial house to which a merchant vessel belongs. — House fly (Zoöl.), a common fly (esp. Musca domestica), which infests houses both in Europe and America. Its larva is a maggot which lives in decaying substances or excrement, about sink drains, etc. — House of God, a temple or church. — House of ill fame. See Ill fame under Ill, a. — House martin (Zoöl.), a common European swallow (Hirundo urbica). It has feathered feet, and builds its nests of mud against the walls of buildings. Called also house swallow, and window martin. — House mouse (Zoöl.), the common mouse (Mus musculus). — House physician, the resident medical adviser of a hospital or other public institution. — House snake (Zoöl.), the milk snake. — House sparrow (Zoöl.), the common European sparrow (Passer domesticus). It has recently been introduced into America, where it has become very abundant, esp. in cities. Called also thatch sparrow. — House spider (Zoöl.), any spider which habitually lives in houses. Among the most common species are Theridium tepidariorum and Tegenaria domestica. — House surgeon, the resident surgeon of a hospital. — House wren (Zoöl.), the common wren of the Eastern United States (Troglodytes aëdon). It is common about houses and in gardens, and is noted for its vivacity, and loud musical notes. See Wren. — Religious house, a monastery or convent. — The White House, the official residence of the President of the United States; — hence, colloquially, the office of President. — To bring down the house. See under Bring. — To keep house, to maintain an independent domestic establishment. — To keep open house, to entertain friends at all times. Syn. — Dwelling; residence; abode. See Tenement.

House , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Housed p. pr. & vb. n. Housing.] [AS. hsian.] 1. To take or put into a house; to shelter under a roof; to cover from the inclemencies of the weather; to protect by covering; as to house one’s family in a comfortable home; to house farming utensils; to house cattle. “At length have housed me in a humble shed.” Young. “House your choicest carnations, or rather set them under a penthouse.” Evelyn. 2. To drive to a shelter. Shak. 3. To admit to residence; to harbor. “Palladius wished him to house all the Helots.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. To deposit and cover, as in the grave. Sandys. 5. (Naut.) To stow in a safe place; to take down and make safe; as to house the upper spars.

House, v. i. 1. To take shelter or lodging; to abide to dwell; to lodge. “You shall not house with me.” Shak. 2. (Astrol.) To have a position in one of the houses. See House, n., 8. ´Where Saturn houses.´ Dryden.

House´bote , n. [House + bote.] (Law) Wood allowed to a tenant for repairing the house and for fuel. This latter is often called firebote. See Bote.

House´break•er , n. One who is guilty of the crime of housebreaking.

House´break•ing, n. The act of breaking open and entering, with a felonious purpose, the dwelling house of another, whether done by day or night. See Burglary, and To break a house, under Break.

House´build•er , n. One whose business is to build houses; a housewright.

House´carl , n. [OE. huscarle. See House, and Carl.] (Eng. Archaeol.) A household servant; also one of the bodyguard of King Canute.

House´hold , n. 1. Those who dwell under the same roof and compose a family. “And calls, without affecting airs,
His household twice a day to prayers.” Swift. 2. A line of ancestory; a race or house. [Obs.] Shak.

House´hold, a. Belonging to the house and family; domestic; as household furniture; household affairs. Household bread, bread made in the house for common use; hence, bread that is not of the finest quality. [Obs.] — Household gods (Rom. Antiq.), the gods presiding over the house and family; the Lares and Penates; hence, all objects endeared by association with home. — Household troops, troops appointed to attend and guard the sovereign or his residence.

House´hold•er , n. The master or head of a family; one who occupies a house with his family. “Towns in which almost every householder was an English Protestant.” Macaulay. Compound householder. See Compound, a.

House´keep•er , n. 1. One who occupies a house with his family; a householder; the master or mistress of a family. Locke. 2. One who does, or oversees, the work of keeping house; as his wife is a good housekeeper; often, a woman hired to superintend the servants of a household and manage the ordinary domestic affairs. 3. One who exercises hospitality, or has a plentiful and hospitable household. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 4. One who keeps or stays much at home. [R.] “You are manifest housekeeper.” Shak. 5. A house dog. [Obs.] Shak.

House´keep•ing, n. 1. The state of occupying a dwelling house as a householder. 2. Care of domestic concerns; management of a house and home affairs. 3. Hospitality; a liberal and hospitable table; a supply of provisions. [Obs.] “Tell me, softly and hastily, what’s in the pantry?
Small housekeeping enough, said Phœbe.” Sir W. Scott.

House´keep•ing, a. Domestic; used in a family; as housekeeping commodities.

Hou´sel , n. [OE. housel, husel, AS. husel; akin to Icel. husl, Goth. hunsl a sacrifice.] The eucharist. [Archaic] Rom. of R. Tennyson.

Hou´sel, v. t. [AS. huslian.] To administer the eucharist to. [Archaic] Chaucer.

House´leek , n. [House + leek.] (Bot.) A succulent plant of the genus Sempervivum (S. tectorum), originally a native of subalpine Europe, but now found very generally on old walls and roofs. It is very tenacious of life under drought and heat; — called also ayegreen.

House´less, a. Destitute of the shelter of a house; shelterless; homeless; as a houseless wanderer.

House´less•ness, n. The state of being houseless.

House´line , n. (Naut.) A small line of three strands used for seizing; — called also housing. Totten.

House´ling , a. Same as Housling.

House´maid , n. A female servant employed to do housework, esp. to take care of the rooms. Housemaid’s knee (Med.), a swelling over the knee, due to an enlargement of the bursa in the front of the kneepan; — so called because frequently occurring in servant girls who work upon their knees.

House´mate , n. One who dwells in the same house with another. R. Browning.

House´room , n. Room or place in a house; as to give any one houseroom.

House´warm•ing , n. A feast or merry-making made by or for a family or business firm on taking possession of a new house or premises. Johnson.

House´wife , n. [House + wife. Cf. Hussy.] 1. The wife of a householder; the mistress of a family; the female head of a household. Shak. “He a good husband, a good housewife she.” Dryden. 2. (Usually pronounced .) [See Hussy, in this sense.] A little case or bag for materials used in sewing, and for other articles of female work; — called also hussy. [Written also huswife.] P. Skelton. 3. A hussy. [R.] [Usually written huswife.] Shak. Sailor’s housewife, a ditty-bag. { House´wife• , House´wive• } v. t. To manage with skill and economy, as a housewife or other female manager; to economize. “Conferred those moneys on the nuns, which since they have well housewived.” Fuller.

House´wife•ly , a. Pertaining or appropriate to a housewife; domestic; economical; prudent. “A good sort of woman, ladylike and housewifely.” Sir W. Scott.

House´wif•er•y , n. The business of the mistress of a family; female management of domestic concerns.

House´work , n. The work belonging to housekeeping; especially, kitchen work, sweeping, scrubbing, bed making, and the like.

House´wright , n. A builder of houses.

Hous´ing , n. [From House. In some of its senses this word has been confused with the following word.] 1. The act of putting or receiving under shelter; the state of dwelling in a habitation. 2. That which shelters or covers; houses, taken collectively. Fabyan. 3. (Arch.) (a) The space taken out of one solid, to admit the insertion of part of another, as the end of one timber in the side of another. (b) A niche for a statue. 4. (Mach.) A frame or support for holding something in place, as journal boxes, etc. 5. (Naut.) (a) That portion of a mast or bowsprit which is beneath the deck or within the vessel. (b) A covering or protection, as an awning over the deck of a ship when laid up. (c) A houseline. See Houseline.

Hous´ing, n. [From Houss.] 1. A cover or cloth for a horse’s saddle, as an ornamental or military appendage; a saddlecloth; a horse cloth; in plural, trappings. 2. An appendage to the hames or collar of a harness.

Hous´ling , a. [See Housel.] Sacramental; as housling fire. [R.] Spenser.

Houss , n. [F. housse, LL. hulcia, fr. OHG. hulst; akin to E. holster. See Holster, and cf. 2d Housing.] A saddlecloth; a housing. [Obs.] Dryden.

Hou´tou , n. [From its note.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful South American motmot. Waterton.

Houve , n. [AS. hufe.] A head covering of various kinds; a hood; a coif; a cap. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hou•yhnhnm´ , n. One of the race of horses described by Swift in his imaginary travels of Lemuel Gulliver. The Houyhnhnms were endowed with reason and noble qualities; subject to them were Yahoos, a race of brutes having the form and all the worst vices of men.

Hove , imp. & p. p. of Heave. Hove short, Hove to. See To heave a cable short, To heave a ship to, etc., under Heave.

Hove, v. i. & t. To rise; to swell; to heave; to cause to swell. [Obs. or Scot.] Holland. Burns.

Hove, v. i. [OE. hoven. See Hover.] To hover around; to loiter; to lurk. [Obs.] Gower.

Hov´el , n. [OE. hovel, hovil, prob. a dim. fr. AS. hof house; akin to D. & G. hof court, yard, Icel. hof temple; cf. Prov. E. hove to take shelter, heuf shelter, home.] 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, or protecting produce, etc., from the weather. Brande & C. 2. A poor cottage; a small, mean house; a hut. 3. (Porcelain Manuf.) A large conical brick structure around which the firing kilns are grouped. Knight.

Hov´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoveled or Hovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoveling or Hovelling.] To put in a hovel; to shelter. “To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlon.” Shak. “The poor are hoveled and hustled together.” Tennyson.

Hov´el•er , n. One who assists in saving life and property from a wreck; a coast boatman. [Written also hoveller.] [Prov. Eng.] G. P. R. James.

Hov´el•ing, n. A method of securing a good draught in chimneys by covering the top, leaving openings in the sides, or by carrying up two of the sides higher than the other two. [Written also hovelling.]

Ho´ven , obs. or archaic p. p. of Heave.

Ho´ven , a. Affected with the disease called hoove; as hoven cattle.

Hov´er , n. [Etymol. doubtful.] A cover; a shelter; a protection. [Archaic] Carew. C. Kingsley.

Hov´er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hovered p. pr. & vb. n. Hovering.] [OE. hoveren, and hoven, prob. orig., to abide, linger, and fr. AS. hof house; cf. OFries. hovia to receive into one’s house. See Hovel.] 1. To hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing; to remain in flight or floating about or over a place or object; to be suspended in the air above something. “Great flights of birds are hovering about the bridge, and settling on it.” Addison. “A hovering mist came swimming o’er his sight.” Dryden. 2. To hang about; to move to and fro near a place, threateningly, watchfully, or irresolutely. “Agricola having sent his navy to hover on the coast.” Milton. “Hovering o’er the paper with her quill.” Shak.

Hov´er•er , n. A device in an incubator for protecting the young chickens and keeping them warm.

Hov´er-hawk , n. (Zoöl.) The kestrel.

Hov´er•ing•ly, adv. In a hovering manner.

How , adv. [OE. how, hou, hu, hwu, AS. h, from the same root as hwa, hwaet, who, what, pron. interrog.; akin to OS. hwow, D. hoe, cf. G. wie how, Goth. hwe wherewith, hwaiwa how. rad.182. See Who, and cf. Why.] 1. In what manner or way; by what means or process. “How can a man be born when he is old?” John iii. 4. 2. To what degree or extent, number or amount; in what proportion; by what measure or quality. “O, how love I thy law! it is my meditation all the day.” Ps. cxix. 97. “By how much they would diminish the present extent of the sea, so much they would impair the fertility, and fountains, and rivers of the earth.” Bentley. 3. For what reason; from what cause. “How now, my love! why is your cheek so pale?” Shak. 4. In what state, condition, or plight. “How, and with what reproach, shall I return?” Dryden. 5. By what name, designation, or title. “How art thou called?” Shak. 6. At what price; how dear. [Obs.] “How a score of ewes now?” Shak. How is used in each sense, interrogatively, interjectionally, and relatively; it is also often employed to emphasize an interrogation or exclamation. ´How are the mighty fallen!´ 2 Sam. i. 27. Sometimes, also it is used as a noun; — as the how, the when, the wherefore. Shelley. “Let me beg you — don’t say ´How?´ for ´What?´” Holmes.

How•adj´i , n. [Ar.] 1. A traveler. 2. A merchant; — so called in the East because merchants were formerly the chief travelers.

How•be´it , conj. [How + be + it.] Be it as it may; nevertheless; notwithstanding; although; albeit; yet; but; however. “The Moor — howbeit that I endure him not -
Is of a constant, loving, noble nature.” Shak.

How´dah , n. [Ar. hawdaj.] A seat or pavilion, generally covered, fastened on the back of an elephant, for the rider or riders. [Written also houdah.]

How´dy , n. [Scot., also houdy- wife. Of uncertain origin; cf. OSw. jordgumma; or perh. fr. E. how d’ye.] A midwife. [Prov. Eng.]

How´el , n. A tool used by coopers for smoothing and chamfering rheir work, especially the inside of casks.

How´el, v. t. To smooth; to plane; as to howel a cask.

How´ell, n. The upper stage of a porcelian furnace.

How•ev´er , adv. [Sometimes contracted into howe’er.] 1. In whetever manner, way, or degree. “However yet they me despise and spite.” Spenser. “Howe’er the business goes, you have made fault.” Shak. 2. At all events; at least; in any case. “Our chief end is to be freed from all, if it may be, however from the greatest evils.” Tillotson.

How•ev´er, conj. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; yet; still; though; as I shall not oppose your design; I can not, however, approve of it. “In your excuse your love does little say;
You might howe’er have took a better way.” Dryden. Syn. — However, At least, Nevertheless, Yet. These words, as here compared, have an adversative sense in reference to something referred to in the context. However is the most general, and leads to a final conclusion or decision. Thus we say, the truth, however, has not yet fully come out; i.e., such is the speaker’s conclusion in view of the whole case. So also we say, however, you may rely on my assistance to that amount; i. e., at all events, whatever may happen, this is my final decision. At least is adversative in another way. It points out the utmost concession that can possibly be required, and still marks the adversative conclusion; as at least, this must be done; whatever may be our love of peace, we must at least maintain the rights of conscience. Nevertheless denotes that though the concession be fully made, it has no bearing of the question; as nevertheless, we must go forward. Yet signifies that however extreme the supposition or fact comceded may be, the consequence which might naturally be expected does not and will not follow; as though I should die with thee, yet will I not deny thee; though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. Cf. But.

How´itz , n. A howitzer. [Obs.]

How´itz•er , n. [G. haubitze, formerly hauffnitz, Bohem. haufnice, orig., a sling.] (Mil.) (a) A gun so short that the projectile, which was hollow, could be put in its place by hand; a kind of mortar. [Obs.] (b) A short, light, largebore cannon, usually having a chamber of smaller diameter than the rest of the bore, and intended to throw large projectiles with comparatively small charges.

How´ker , n. (Naut.) Same as Hooker.

Howl (houl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Howled p. pr. & vb. n. Howling.] [OE. houlen, hulen; akin to D. huilen, MHG. hiulen, hiuweln, OHG. hiuwilon to exult, hwo owl, Dan. hyle to howl.] 1. To utter a loud, protracted, mournful sound or cry, as dogs and wolves often do. “And dogs in corners set them down to howl.” Drayton. “Methought a legion of foul fiends
Environ’d me about, and howled in my ears.” Shak. 2. To utter a sound expressive of distress; to cry aloud and mournfully; to lament; to wail. “Howl ye, for the day of the Lord is at hand.” Is. xiii. 6. 3. To make a noise resembling the cry of a wild beast. “Wild howled the wind.” Sir W. Scott. Howling monkey. (Zoöl.) See Howler, 2. — Howling wilderness, a wild, desolate place inhabited only by wild beasts. Deut. xxxii. 10.

Howl, v. t. To utter with outcry. ´Go … howl it out in deserts.´ Philips.

Howl, n. 1. The protracted, mournful cry of a dog or a wolf, or other like sound. 2. A prolonged cry of distress or anguish; a wail.

Howl´er , n. 1. One who howls. 2. (Zoöl.) Any South American monkey of the genus Mycetes. Many species are known. They are arboreal in their habits, and are noted for the loud, discordant howling in which they indulge at night.

Howl´et , n. [Equiv. to owlet, influenced by howl: cf. F. hulotte, OHG. hwela, hiuwela.] (Zoöl.) An owl; an owlet. [Written also houlet.] R. Browning.

Howp , v. i. To cry out; to whoop. [Obs.] Chaucer.

How´so , adv. Howsoever. [Obs.]

How•so•ev´er , adj. & conj. [How + so + ever.] 1. In what manner soever; to whatever degree or extent; however. “I am glad he’s come, howsoever he comes.” Shak. 2. Although; though; however. [Obs.] Shak.

Howve , n. A hood. See Houve. [Obs.]

Hox , v. t. [See Hock. rad.12.] To hock; to hamstring. See Hock. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoy , n. [D. heu, or Flem. hui.] (Naut.) A small coaster vessel, usually sloop-rigged, used in conveying passengers and goods from place to place, or as a tender to larger vessels in port. “The hoy went to London every week.” Cowper.

Hoy, interj. [D. hui. Cf. Ahoy.] Ho! Halloe! Stop!

Hoy´den , n. Same as Hoiden.

Hoy´man , n.; pl. Hoymen . One who navigates a hoy. “A common hoyman to carry goods by water for hire.” Hobart.

Hua•na´co , n. (Zoöl.) See Guanaco.

Hub , n. [See 1st Hob.] 1. The central part, usually cylindrical, of a wheel; the nave. See Illust. of Axle box. 2. The hilt of a weapon. Halliwell. 3. A rough protuberance or projecting obstruction; as a hub in the road. [U.S.] See Hubby. 4. A goal or mark at which quoits, etc., are cast. 5. (Diesinking) A hardened, engraved steel punch for impressing a device upon a die, used in coining, etc. 6. A screw hob. See Hob, 3. 7. A block for scotching a wheel. Hub plank (Highway Bridges), a horizontal guard plank along a truss at the height of a wagon-wheel hub. — Up to the hub, as far as possible in embarrassment or difficulty, or in business, like a wheel sunk in mire; deeply involved. [Colloq.]

Hub´ble-bub•ble , n. A tobacco pipe, so arranged that the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling noise, whence its name. In India, the bulb containing the water is often a cocoanut shell.

Hub´bub , n. [Cf. Whoobub, Whoop, Hoop, v. i.] A loud noise of many confused voices; a tumult; uproar. Milton. “This hubbub of unmeaning words.” Macaulay.

Hub´by , a. Full of hubs or protuberances; as a road that has been frozen while muddy is hubby. [U.S.]

Hüb´ner , n. [After Hübner, who analyzed it.] (Min.) A mineral of brownish black color, occurring in columnar or foliated masses. It is native manganese tungstate. { Huch , Hu´chen } n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A large salmon (Salmo, or Salvelinus, hucho) inhabiting the Danube; — called also huso, and bull trout.

Huck , v. i. [See Hawk to offer for sale, Huckster.] To higgle in trading. [Obs.] Holland.

Huck´a•back , n. [Perh. orig., peddler’s wares; cf. LG. hukkebak pickback. Cf. Huckster.] A kind of linen cloth with raised figures, used for towelings.

Huc´kle , n. [Perh. dim. of Prov. E. hucka hook, and so named from its round shape. See Hook.] 1. The hip; the haunch. 2. A bunch or part projecting like the hip. Huckle bone. (a) The hip bone; the innominate bone. (b) A small bone of the ankle; astragalus. [R.] Udall.

Huc´kle-backed , a. Round- shoulded.

Huc´kle•ber•ry , n. [Cf. Whortleberry.] (Bot.) (a) The edible black or dark blue fruit of several species of the American genus Gaylussacia, shrubs nearly related to the blueberries (Vaccinium), and formerly confused with them. The commonest huckelberry comes from G. resinosa. (b) The shrub that bears the berries. Called also whortleberry. Squaw huckleberry. See Deeberry.

Huck´ster , n. [OE. hukstere, hukster, OD. heukster, D. heuker; akin to D. huiken to stoop, bend, OD. huycken, huken, G. hocken, to squat, Icel. hka; — the peddler being named from his stooping under the load on his back. Cf. Hawk to offer for sale.] 1. A retailer of small articles, of provisions, and the like; a peddler; a hawker. Swift. 2. A mean, trickish fellow. Bp. Hall.

Huck´ster, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huckstered p. pr. & vb. n. Huckstering.] To deal in small articles, or in petty bargains. Swift.

Huck´ster•age , n. The business of a huckster; small dealing; peddling. “Ignoble huckster age of piddling tithes.” Milton.

Huck´ster•er , n. A huckster. Gladstone. “Those hucksterers or money- jobbers.” Swift.

Huck´stress , n. A female huckster.

Hud , n. [Cf. Hood a covering.] A huck or hull, as of a nut. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hud´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huddled p. pr. & vb. n. Huddling ] [Cf. OE. hoderen, hodren, to cover, keep, warm; perh. akin to OE. huden, hiden, to hide, E. hide, and orig. meaning, to get together for protection in a safe place. Cf. Hide to conceal.] To press together promiscuously, from confusion, apprehension, or the like; to crowd together confusedly; to press or hurry in disorder; to crowd. “The cattle huddled on the lea.” Tennyson. “Huddling together on the public square … like a herd of panic-struck deer.” Prescott.

Hud´dle, v. t. 1. To crowd (things) together to mingle confusedly; to assemble without order or system. “Our adversary, huddling several suppositions together, … makes a medley and confusion.” Locke. 2. To do, make, or put, in haste or roughly; hence, to do imperfectly; — usually with a following preposition or adverb; as to huddle on; to huddle up; to huddle together. ´Huddle up a peace.´ J. H. Newman. “Let him forescat his work with timely care,
Which else is huddled when the skies are fair.” Dryden. “Now, in all haste, they huddle on
Their hoods, their cloaks, and get them gone.” Swift.

Hud´dle, n. A crowd; a number of persons or things crowded together in a confused manner; tumult; confusion. ´A huddle of ideas.´ Addison.

Hud´dler , n. One who huddles things together.

Hudge , n. (Mining) An iron bucket for hoisting coal or ore. Raymond.

Hu•di•bras´tic , a. Similar to, or in the style of, the poem ´Hudibras,´ by Samuel Butler; in the style of doggerel verse. Macaulay.

Hud•so´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Hudson’s Bay or to the Hudson River; as the Hudsonian curlew.

Hue , n. [OE. hew, heow, color, shape, form, AS. hiw, heow; akin to Sw. hy skin, complexion, Goth. hiwi form, appearance.] 1. Color or shade of color; tint; dye. ´Flowers of all hue.´ Milton. “Hues of the rich unfolding morn.” Keble. 2. (Painting) A predominant shade in a composition of primary colors; a primary color modified by combination with others.

Hue, n. [OE. hue, huer, to hoot, shout, prob. fr. OF. hu an exclamation.] A shouting or vociferation. Hue and cry (Law), a loud outcry with which felons were anciently pursued, and which all who heard it were obliged to take up, joining in the pursuit till the malefactor was taken; in later usage, a written proclamation issued on the escape of a felon from prison, requiring all persons to aid in retaking him. Burrill.

Hued , a. Having color; — usually in composition; as bright-hued; many- hued. Chaucer.

Hue´less , a. [AS. hiwleás. See Hue color.] Destitute of color. Hudibras.

Hu´er , n. One who cries out or gives an alarm; specifically, a balker; a conder. See Balker.

Huff , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Huffed p. pr. & vb. n. Huffing.] [Cf. OE. hoove to puff up, blow; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To swell; to enlarge; to puff up; as huffed up with air. Grew. 2. To treat with insolence and arrogance; to chide or rebuke with insolence; to hector; to bully. “You must not presume to huff us.” Echard. 3. (Draughts) To remove from the board (the piece which could have captured an opposing piece). See Huff, v. i., 3.

Huff, v. i. 1. To enlarge; to swell up; as bread huffs. 2. To bluster or swell with anger, pride, or arrogance; to storm; to take offense. “THis senseless arrogant conceit of theirs made them huff at the doctrine of repentance.” South. 3. (Draughts) To remove from the board a man which could have captured a piece but has not done so; — so called because it was the habit to blow upon the piece.

Huff, n. 1. A swell of sudden anger or arrogance; a fit of disappointment and petulance or anger; a rage. ´Left the place in a huff.´ W. Irving. 2. A boaster; one swelled with a false opinion of his own value or importance. “Lewd, shallow-brained huffs make atheism and contempt of religion the sole badge … of wit.” South. To take huff, to take offence. Cowper.

Huff´cap , n. A blusterer; a bully. [Obs.] — a. Blustering; swaggering. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Huff´er , n. A bully; a blusterer. Hudibras.

Huff´i•ness , n. The state of being huffish; petulance; bad temper. Ld. Lytton.

Huff´ing•ly, adv. Blusteringly; arrogantly. [R.] “And huffingly doth this bonny Scot ride.” Old Ballad.

Huff´ish, a. Disposed to be blustering or arrogant; petulant. — Huff´ish•ly, adv. — Huff´ish•ness, n.

Huff´y , a. 1. Puffed up; as huffy bread. 2. Characterized by arrogance or petulance; easily offended.

Hug , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hugged p. pr. & vb. n. Hugging.] [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. sidde paa huk to squat, Sw. huka sig to squat, Icel. hka. Cf. Huckster.] 1. To cower; to crouch; to curl up. [Obs.] Palsgrave. 2. To crowd together; to cuddle. [Obs.] Shak.

Hug, v. t. 1. To press closely within the arms; to clasp to the bosom; to embrace. ´And huggen me in his arms.´ Shak. 2. To hold fast; to cling to; to cherish. “We hug deformities if they bear our names.” Glanvill. 3. (Naut.) To keep close to; as to hug the land; to hug the wind. To hug one’s self, to congratulate one’s self; to chuckle.

Hug, n. A close embrace or clasping with the arms, as in affection or in wrestling. Fuller.

Huge , a. [Compar. Huger superl. Hugest ] [OE. huge, hoge, OF. ahuge, ahoge.] Very large; enormous; immense; excessive; — used esp. of material bulk, but often of qualities, extent, etc.; as a huge ox; a huge space; a huge difference. ´The huge confusion.´ Chapman. ´A huge filly.´ Jer. Taylor. — Huge´ly, adv. — Huge´ness, n. “Doth it not flow as hugely as the sea.” Shak. Syn. — Enormous; gigantic; colossal; immense; prodigious; vast.

Hug´ger , n. One who hugs or embraces.

Hug´ger, v. t. & i. To conceal; to lurk ambush. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Hug´ger-mug•ger , n. [Scot. huggrie-muggrie; Prov. E. hugger to lie in ambush, mug mist, muggard sullen.] Privacy; secrecy. Commonly in the phrase in hugger-mugger, with haste and secrecy. [Archaic] “Many things have been done in hugger- mugger.” Fuller.

Hug´ger-mug•ger, a. 1. Secret; clandestine; sly. 2. Confused; disorderly; slovenly; mean; as hugger-mugger doings.

Hug´gle , v. t. [Freq. of hug.] To hug. [Obs.]

Hu´gue•not , n. [F., properly a dim. of Hugues. The name is probably derived from the Christian name (Huguenot) of some person conspicuous as a reformer.] (Eccl. Hist.) A French Protestant of the period of the religious wars in France in the 16th century.

Hu´gue•not•ism , n. [Cf. F. huguenotisme.] The religion of the Huguenots in France.

Hu´gy , a. Vast. [Obs.] Dryden.

Hu´ia bird [Native name; — so called from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand starling (Heteralocha acutirostris), remarkable for the great difference in the form and length of the bill in the two sexes, that of the male being sharp and straight, that of the female much longer and strongly curved.

Hui´sher , n. [Obs.] See Usher. B. Jonson.

Hui´sher, v. t. To usher. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Huke , n. [OF. huque, LL. huca; cf. D. huik.] An outer garment worn in Europe in the Middle Ages. [Written also heuk and hyke.] [Obs.] Bacon.

Hu´lan , n. See Uhlan.

Hulch , n. [Cf. Hunch.] A hunch. [Obs.]

Hulch´y , a. Swollen; gibbous. [Obs.]

Hulk , n. [OE. hulke a heavy ship, AS. hulc a light, swift ship; akin to D. hulk a ship of burden, G. holk, OHG. holcho; perh. fr. LL. holcas, Gr. , prop., a ship which is towed, fr. to draw, drag, tow. Cf. Wolf, Holcad.] 1. The body of a ship or decked vessel of any kind; esp., the body of an old vessel laid by as unfit for service. ´Some well- timbered hulk.´ Spenser. 2. A heavy ship of clumsy build. Skeat. 3. Anything bulky or unwieldly. Shak. Shear hulk, an old ship fitted with an apparatus to fix or take out the masts of a ship. — The hulks, old or dismasted ships, formerly used as prisons. [Eng.] Dickens.

Hulk , v. t. [Cf. MLG. holken to hollow out, Sw. hålka.] To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; as to hulk a hare. [R.] Beau. & Fl. { Hulk´ing , Hulk´y } a. Bulky; unwiedly. [R.] ´A huge hulking fellow.´ H. Brooke.

Hull , n. [OE. hul, hol, shell, husk, AS. hulu; akin to G. hülle covering, husk, case, hüllen to cover, Goth. huljan to cover, AS. helan to hele, conceal. rad.17. See Hele, v. t., Hell.] 1. The outer covering of anything, particularly of a nut or of grain; the outer skin of a kernel; the husk. 2. [In this sense perh. influenced by D. hol hold of a ship, E. hold.] (Naut.) The frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of her masts, yards, sails, and rigging. “Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light.” Dryden. Hull down, said of a ship so distant that her hull is concealed by the convexity of the sea.

Hull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hulled p. pr. & vb. n. Hulling.] 1. To strip off or separate the hull or hulls of; to free from integument; as to hull corn. 2. To pierce the hull of, as a ship, with a cannon ball.

Hull, v. i. To toss or drive on the water, like the hull of a ship without sails. [Obs.] Shak. Milton.

Hul•la•ba•loo´ , n. [Perh. a corruption of hurly-burly.] A confused noise; uproar; tumult. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Hulled , a. Deprived of the hulls. Hulled corn, kernels of maize prepared for food by removing the hulls.

Hull´er , n. One who, or that which, hulls; especially, an agricultural machine for removing the hulls from grain; a hulling machine.

Hul•lo´ , interj. See Hollo.

Hull´y , a. Having or containing hulls.

Hu´lo•ist , n. See Hyloist.

Hu´lo•the•ism , n. See Hylotheism.

Hul´ver , n. [OE. hulfere; prob. akin to E. holly.] Holly, an evergreen shrub or tree.

Hum , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hummed p. pr. & vb. n. Humming ] [Of imitative origin; cf. G. hummen, D. hommelen. rad.15.] 1. To make a low, prolonged sound, like that of a bee in flight; to drone; to murmur; to buzz; as a top hums. P. Fletcher. “Still humming on, their drowsy course they keep.” Pope. 2. To make a nasal sound, like that of the letter m prolonged, without opening the mouth, or articulating; to mumble in monotonous undertone; to drone. “The cloudy messenger turns me his back,
And hums.” Shak. 3. [Cf. Hum, interj.] To make an inarticulate sound, like h’m, through the nose in the process of speaking, from embarrassment or a affectation; to hem. 4. To express satisfaction by a humming noise. “Here the spectators hummed.” Trial of the Regicides. Formerly the habit of audiences was to express gratification by humming and displeasure by hissing. 5. To have the sensation of a humming noise; as my head hums, — a pathological condition.

Hum, v. t. 1. To sing with shut mouth; to murmur without articulation; to mumble; as to hum a tune. 2. To express satisfaction with by humming. 3. To flatter by approving; to cajole; to impose on; to humbug. [Colloq. & Low]

Hum, n. 1. A low monotonous noise, as of bees in flight, of a swiftly revolving top, of a wheel, or the like; a drone; a buzz. “The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums.” Shak. 2. Any inarticulate and buzzing sound; as: (a) The confused noise of a crowd or of machinery, etc., heard at a distance; as the hum of industry. “But ’midst the crowd, the hum, the shock of men.” Byron. (b) A buzz or murmur, as of approbation. Macaulay. 3. An imposition or hoax. 4. [Cf. Hem, interj.] An inarticulate nasal sound or murmur, like h’m, uttered by a speaker in pause from embarrassment, affectation, etc. “THese shrugs, these hums and ha’s.” Shak. 5. [Perh. so called because strongly intoxicating.] A kind of strong drink formerly used. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Venous hum. See under Venous.

Hum, interj. [Cf. Hem, interj.] Ahem; hem; an inarticulate sound uttered in a pause of speech implying doubt and deliberation. Pope.

Hu´man , a. [L. humanus; akin to homo man: cf. F. humain. See Homage, and cf. Humane, Omber.] Belonging to man or mankind; having the qualities or attributes of a man; of or pertaining to man or to the race of man; as a human voice; human shape; human nature; human sacrifices. “To err is human; to forgive, divine.” Pope.

Hu´man, n. A human being. [Colloq.] “Sprung of humans that inhabit earth.” Chapman. “We humans often find ourselves in strange position.” Prof. Wilson.

Hu´man•ate , a. [LL. humanatus.] Indued with humanity. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Hu•mane´ , a. [L. humanus: cf. F. humain. See Human.] 1. Pertaining to man; human. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. 2. Having the feelings and inclinations creditable to man; having a disposition to treat other human beings or animals with kindness; kind; benevolent. “Of an exceeding courteous and humane inclination.” Sportswood. 3. Humanizing; exalting; tending to refine. Syn. — Kind; sympathizing; benevolent; mild; compassionate; gentle; tender; merciful. — Hu•mane´ly, adv. — Hu•mane´ness, n.

Hu•man´ics , n. The study of human nature. [R.] T. W. Collins.

Hu•man´i•fy , v. t. To make human; to invest with a human personality; to incarnate. [R.] “The humanifying of the divine Word.” H. B. Wilson.

Hu´man•ism , n. 1. Human nature or disposition; humanity. “[She] looked almost like a being who had rejected with indifference the attitude of sex for the loftier quality of abstract humanism.” T. Hardy. 2. The study of the humanities; polite learning.

Hu´man•ist, n. [Cf. F. humaniste.] 1. One of the scholars who in the field of literature proper represented the movement of the Renaissance, and early in the 16th century adopted the name Humanist as their distinctive title. Schaff- Herzog. 2. One who pursues the study of the humanities, or polite literature. 3. One versed in knowledge of human nature.

Hu•man•is´tic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to humanity; as humanistic devotion. Caird. 2. Pertaining to polite literature. M. Arnold.

Hu•man•i•ta´ri•an , a. 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) Pertaining to humanitarians, or to humanitarianism; as a humanitarian view of Christ’s nature. 2. (Philos.) Content with right affections and actions toward man; ethical, as distinguished from religious; believing in the perfectibility of man’s nature without supernatural aid. 3. Benevolent; philanthropic. [Recent]

Hu•man•i•ta´ri•an, n. [From Humanity.] 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) One who denies the divinity of Christ, and believes him to have been merely human. 2. (Philos.) One who limits the sphere of duties to human relations and affections, to the exclusion or disparagement of the religious or spiritual. 3. One who is actively concerned in promoting the welfare of his kind; a philanthropist. [Recent]

Hu•man•i•ta´ri•an•ism , n. 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) The distinctive tenet of the humanitarians in denying the divinity of Christ; also the whole system of doctrine based upon this view of Christ. 2. (Philos.) The doctrine that man’s obligations are limited to, and dependent alone upon, man and the human relations.

Hu•ma•ni´tian , n. A humanist. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Hu•man´i•ty , n.; pl. Humanities (#). [L. humanitas: cf. F. humanite. See Human.] 1. The quality of being human; the peculiar nature of man, by which he is distinguished from other beings. 2. Mankind collectively; the human race. “But hearing oftentimes
The still, and music humanity.” Wordsworth. “It is a debt we owe to humanity.” S. S. Smith. 3. The quality of being humane; the kind feelings, dispositions, and sympathies of man; especially, a disposition to relieve persons or animals in distress, and to treat all creatures with kindness and tenderness. ´The common offices of humanity and friendship.´ Locke. 4. Mental cultivation; liberal education; instruction in classical and polite literature. “Polished with humanity and the study of witty science.” Holland. 5. pl. (With definite article) The branches of polite or elegant learning; as language, rhetoric, poetry, and the ancient classics; belles-letters. The cultivation of the languages, literature, history, and archaeology of Greece and Rome, were very commonly called literae humaniores, or, in English, the humanities, … by way of opposition to the literae divinae, or divinity. G. P. Marsh.

Hu•man•i•za´tion , n. The act of humanizing. M. Arnold.

Hu´man•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humanized p. pr. & vb. n. Humanizing ] [Cf. F. humaniser.] 1. To render human or humane; to soften; to make gentle by overcoming cruel dispositions and rude habits; to refine or civilize. “Was it the business of magic to humanize our natures with compassion?” Addison. 2. To give a human character or expression to. ´Humanized divinities.´ Caird. 3. (Med.) To convert into something human or belonging to man; as to humanize vaccine lymph.

Hu´man•ize, v. i. To become or be made more humane; to become civilized; to be ameliorated. “By the original law of nations, war and extirpation were the punishment of injury. Humanizing by degrees, it admitted slavery instead of death; a further step was the exchange of prisoners instead of slavery.” Franklin.

Hu´man•i•zer , n. One who renders humane.

Hu´man•kind , n. Mankind. Pope.

Hu´man•ly, adv. 1. In a human manner; after the manner of men; according to the knowledge or wisdom of men; as the present prospects, humanly speaking, promise a happy issue. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Kindly; humanely. [Obs.] Pope.

Hu´man•ness, n. The quality or state of being human.

Hu´mate , n. [L. humus the earth, ground.] (Chem.) A salt of humic acid.

Hu•ma´tion , n. [L. humatio, fr. humare to cover with earth, to inter, fr. humus the earth, ground. See Homage.] Interment; inhumation. [R.]

Hum´bird , n. Humming bird.

Hum´ble , a. [Compar. Humbler superl. Humblest ] [F., fr. L. humilis on the ground, low, fr. humus the earth, ground. See Homage, and cf. Chameleon, Humiliate.] 1. Near the ground; not high or lofty; not pretentious or magnificent; unpretending; unassuming; as a humble cottage. “THy humble nest built on the ground.” Cowley. 2. Thinking lowly of one’s self; claiming little for one’s self; not proud, arrogant, or assuming; thinking one’s self ill-deserving or unworthy, when judged by the demands of God; lowly; waek; modest. “God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble.” Jas. iv. 6. “She should be humble who would please.” Prior. “Without a humble imitation of the divine Author of our … religion we can never hope to be a happy nation.” Washington. Humble plant (Bot.), a species of sensitive plant, of the genus Mimosa (M. sensitiva). — To eat humble pie, to endure mortification; to submit or apologize abjectly; to yield passively to insult or humilitation; — a phrase derived from a pie made of the entrails or humbles of a deer, which was formerly served to servants and retainers at a hunting feast. See Humbles. Halliwell. Thackeray.

Hum´ble , a. Hornless. See Hummel. [Scot.]

Hum´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbled p. pr. & vb. n. Humbling ] 1. To bring low; to reduce the power, independence, or exaltation of; to lower; to abase; to humilate. “Here, take this purse, thou whom the heaven’s plagues
Have humbled to all strokes.” Shak. “The genius which humbled six marshals of France.” Macaulay. 2. To make humble or lowly in mind; to abase the pride or arrogance of; to reduce the self-sufficiently of; to make meek and submissive; — often used rexlexively. “Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you.” 1 Pet. v. 6. Syn. — To abase; lower; depress; humiliate; mortify; disgrace; degrade.

Hum´ble•bee , n. [OE. humbilbee, hombulbe; cf. D. hommel, G. hummel, OHG. humbal, Dan. humle, Sw. humla; perh. akin to hum. rad.15. Cf. Bumblebee.] (Zoöl.) The bumblebee. Shak.

Hum´ble•head , n. [Humble + -head.] Humble condition or estate; humility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hum´ble•ness, n. The quality of being humble; humility; meekness.

Hum´bler , n. One who, or that which, humbles some one.

Hum´bles , n. pl. [See Nombles.] Entrails of a deer. [Written also umbles.] Johnson.

Hum´blesse , n. [OF.] Humbleness; abasement; low obeisance. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Hum´bly, adv. With humility; lowly. Pope.

Hum´bug , n. [Prob. fr. hum to impose on, deceive + bug a frightful object.] 1. An imposition under fair pretenses; something contrived in order to deceive and mislead; a trick by cajolery; a hoax. 2. A spirit of deception; cajolery; trickishness. 3. One who deceives or misleads; a deceitful or trickish fellow; an impostor. Sir J. Stephen.

Hum´bug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbugged p. pr. & vb. n. Humbugging ] To deceive; to impose; to cajole; to hoax.

Hum´bug•ger , n. One who humbugs.

Hum´bug•ger•y , n. The practice of imposition.

Hum´drum , a. Monotonous; dull; commonplace. ´A humdrum crone.´ Bryant.

Hum´drum, n. 1. A dull fellow; a bore. B. Jonson. 2. Monotonous and tedious routine. “Dissatisfied with humdrum.” The Nation. 3. A low cart with three wheels, drawn by one horse. { Hu•mect´ , Hu•mec´tate } v. t. [L. humectare, humectatum, fr. humectus moist, fr. humere to be moist: cf. F. humecter.] To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Howell.

Hu•mec´tant , a. [L. humectans, p. pr.] Diluent. — n. A diluent drink or medicine. [Obs.]

Hu•mec•ta´tion , n. [L. humectatio: cf. F. humectation.] A moistening. [Obs.] Bacon.

Hu•mec´tive , a. Tending to moisten. [Obs.]

Hu´mer•al , a. [L. humerus the shoulder: cf. F. humeral.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the humerus, or upper part of the arm; brachial. Humeral veil (R. C. Ch.), a long, narrow veil or scarf of the same material as the vestments, worn round the shoulders by the officiating priest or his attendant at Mass, and used to protect the sacred vessels from contact with the hands.

Hu´me•rus , n.; pl. Humeri (#). [L.] (Anat.) (a) The bone of the brachium, or upper part of the arm or fore limb. (b) The part of the limb containing the humerus; the brachium.

Hu´mic , a. [L. humus the earth, ground: cf. F. humique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, vegetable mold; as humic acid. See Humin.

Hu•mi•cu•ba´tion , n. [L. humus the ground + cubare to lie down.] The act or practice of lying on the ground. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

Hu´mid (hu´mid), a. [L. humidus, umidus, fr. humere, umere, to be moist; akin to uvidus moist, Gr. ´ygro•s, Skr. uksh to wet, sprinkle, and Icel. vökr moist, and perh. to E. ox: cf. F. humide.] Containing sensible moisture; damp; moist; as a humidair or atmosphere; somewhat wet or watery; as humid earth; consisting of water or vapor. “Evening cloud, or humid bow.” Milton.

Hu•mid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. humidite.] Moisture; dampness; a moderate degree of wetness, which is perceptible to the eye or touch; — used especially of the atmosphere, or of anything which has absorbed moisture from the atmosphere, as clothing. In hygrometrical reports (as of the United States Signal Service) complete saturation of the air is designated by Humidity 100, and its partial saturation by smaller numbers.

Hu´mid•ness , n. Humidity.

Hu´mi•fuse , a. [L. humus ground + fusus, p. p. of fundere to spread.] (Bot.) Spread over the surface of the ground; procumbent. Gray.

Hu•mil´i•ant , a. [L. humilians, p. pr. of humiliare.] Humiliating; humbling. ´Humiliant thoughts.´ [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Hu•mil´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humiliated p. pr. & vb. n. Humiliating.] [L. humiliatus, p. p. of humiliare. See Humble.] To reduce to a lower position in one’s own eyes, or in the eyes of others; to humble; to mortify. “We stand humiliated rather than encouraged.” M. Arnold.

Hu•mil•i•a´tion , n. [L. humiliatio: cf. F. humiliation.] 1. The act of humiliating or humbling; abasement of pride; mortification. Bp. Hopkins. 2. The state of being humiliated, humbled, or reduced to lowliness or submission. “The former was a humiliation of Deity; the latter a humiliation of manhood.” Hooker.

Hu•mil´i•ty , n.; pl. Humilities (#). [OE. humilite, OF. humilite, humelite, F. humilite, fr. L. humiliatis. See Humble.] 1. The state or quality of being humble; freedom from pride and arrogance; lowliness of mind; a modest estimate of one’s own worth; a sense of one’s own unworthiness through imperfection and sinfulness; self-abasement; humbleness. “Serving the Lord with all humility of mind.” Acts xx. 19. 2. An act of submission or courtesy. “With these humilities they satisfied the young king.” Sir J. Davies. Syn. — Lowliness; humbleness; meekness; modesty; diffidence. — Humility, Modesty, Diffidence. Diffidence is a distrust of our powers, combined with a fear lest our failure should be censured, since a dread of failure unconnected with a dread of censure is not usually called diffidence. It may be carried too far, and is not always, like modesty and humility, a virtue. Modesty, without supposing self-distrust, implies an unwillingness to put ourselves forward, and an absence of all over-confidence in our own powers. Humility consists in rating our claims low, in being willing to waive our rights, and take a lower place than might be our due. It does not require of us to underrate ourselves.

Hu´min , n. [L. humus the earth, ground.] (Chem.) A bitter, brownish yellow, amorphous substance, extracted from vegetable mold, and also produced by the action of acids on certain sugars and carbohydrates; — called also humic acid, ulmin, gein, ulmic or geic acid, etc.

Hu•mi´ri , n. [From native name.] (Bot.) A fragrant balsam obtained from Brazilian trees of the genus Humirium.

Hum´ite , n. [Named after Sir A. Hume.] (Min.) A mineral of a transparent vitreous brown color, found in the ejected masses of Vesuvius. It is a silicate of iron and magnesia, containing fluorine.

Hum´mel , v. t. [Cf. Hamble.] To separate from the awns; — said of barley. [Scot.]

Hum´mel, a. Having no awns or no horns; as hummelcorn; a hummel cow. [Scot.]

Hum´mel•er , n. [Written also hummeller.] One who, or a machine which, hummels.

Hum´mer , n. 1. One who, or that which, hums; one who applauds by humming. Ainsworth. 2. (Zoöl.) A humming bird.

Hum´ming , a. Emitting a murmuring sound; droning; murmuring; buzzing.

Hum´ming, n. A sound like that made by bees; a low, murmuring sound; a hum. Hummingale, lively or strong ale. Dryden. — Humming bird (Zoöl.), any bird of the family Trochilidae, of which over one hundred genera are known, including about four hundred species. They are found only in America and are most abundant in the tropics. They are mostly of very small size, and are noted for their very brilliant colors and peculiar habit of hovering about flowers while vibrating their wings very rapidly with a humming noise. They feed both upon the nectar of flowers and upon small insects. The common humming bird or ruby-throat of the Eastern United States is Trochilus colubris. Several other species are found in the Western United States. See Calliope, and Ruby-throat. — Humming-bird moth (Zoöl.), a hawk moth. See Hawk moth, under Hawk, the bird.

Hum´mock , n. [Prob. a dim. of hump. See Hump.] 1. A rounded knoll or hillock; a rise of ground of no great extent, above a level surface. 2. A ridge or pile of ice on an ice field. 3. Timbered land. See Hammock. [Southern U.S.]

Hum´mock•ing, n. The process of forming hummocks in the collision of Arctic ice. Kane.

Hum´mock•y , a. Abounding in hummocks.

Hum´mum , n. [Per. or Ar. hamman.] A sweating bath or place for sweating. Sir T. Herbert.

Hu´mor , n. [OE. humour, OF. humor, umor, F. humeur, L. humor, umor, moisture, fluid, fr. humere, umere, to be moist. See Humid.] [Written also humour.] 1. Moisture, especially, the moisture or fluid of animal bodies, as the chyle, lymph, etc.; as the humors of the eye, etc. The ancient physicians believed that there were four humors (the blood, phlegm, yellow bile or choler, and black bile or melancholy), on the relative proportion of which the temperament and health depended. 2. (Med.) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, such as often causes an eruption on the skin. ´A body full of humors.´ Sir W. Temple. 3. State of mind, whether habitual or temporary (as formerly supposed to depend on the character or combination of the fluids of the body); disposition; temper; mood; as good humor; ill humor. “Examine how your humor is inclined,
And which the ruling passion of your mind.” Roscommon. “A prince of a pleasant humor.” Bacon. “I like not the humor of lying.” Shak. 4. pl. Changing and uncertain states of mind; caprices; freaks; vagaries; whims. “Is my friend all perfection, all virtue and discretion? Has he not humors to be endured?” South. 5. That quality of the imagination which gives to ideas an incongruous or fantastic turn, and tends to excite laughter or mirth by ludicrous images or representations; a playful fancy; facetiousness. “For thy sake I admit
That a Scot may have humor, I’d almost said wit.” Goldsmith. “A great deal of excellent humor was expended on the perplexities of mine host.” W. Irving. Aqueous humor, Crystalline humor or lens, Vitreous humor. (Anat.) See Eye. — Out of humor, dissatisfied; displeased; in an unpleasant frame of mind. Syn. — Wit; satire; pleasantry; temper; disposition; mood; frame; whim; fancy; caprice. See Wit.

Hu´mor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humored p. pr. & vb. n. Humoring.] 1. To comply with the humor of; to adjust matters so as suit the peculiarities, caprices, or exigencies of; to adapt one’s self to; to indulge by skillful adaptation; as to humor the mind. “It is my part to invent, and the musician’s to humor that invention.” Dryden. 2. To help on by indulgence or compliant treatment; to soothe; to gratify; to please. “You humor me when I am sick.” Pope. Syn. — To gratify; to indulge. See Gratify.

Hu´mor•al , a. [Cf. F. humoral.] Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the humors; as a humoral fever. Humoral pathology (Med.), the pathology, or doctrine of the nature of diseases, which attributes all morbid phenomena to the disordered condition of the fluids or humors of the body.

Hu´mor•al•ism , n. 1. (Med.) The state or quality of being humoral. 2. (Med.) The doctrine that diseases proceed from the humors; humorism. [Obs.]

Hu´mor•al•ist, n. One who favors the humoral pathology or believes in humoralism.

Hu´mor•ism , n. 1. (Med.) The theory founded on the influence which the humors were supposed to have in the production of disease; Galenism. Dunglison. 2. The manner or disposition of a humorist; humorousness. Coleridge.

Hu´mor•ist, n. [Cf. F. humoriste.] 1. (Med.) One who attributes diseases of the state of the humors. 2. One who has some peculiarity or eccentricity of character, which he indulges in odd or whimsical ways. “He [Roger de Coverley] … was a great humorist in all parts of his life.” Addison. 3. One who displays humor in speaking or writing; one who has a facetious fancy or genius; a wag; a droll. “The reputation of wits and humorists.” Addison.

Hu•mor•is´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a humorist.

Hu´mor•ize , v. t. To humor. Marston.

Hu´mor•less, a. Destitute of humor.

Hu´mor•ous , a. [Cf. L. humorosus, umorosus, moist. See Humor.] 1. Moist; humid; watery. [Obs.] “All founts wells, all deeps humorous.” Chapman. 2. Subject to be governed by humor or caprice; irregular; capricious; whimsical. Hawthorne. “Rough as a storm and humorous as the wind.” Dryden. 3. Full of humor; jocular; exciting laughter; playful; as a humorous story or author; a humorous aspect. Syn. — Jocose; facetious; witty; pleasant; merry.

Hu´mor•ous•ly, adv. 1. Capriciously; whimsically. “We resolve rashly, sillily, or humorously.” Calamy. 2. Facetiously; wittily.

Hu´mor•ous•ness, n. 1. Moodiness; capriciousness. 2. Facetiousness; jocularity.

Hu´mor•some , a. 1. Moody; whimsical; capricious. Hawthorne. “The commons do not abet humorsome, factious arms.” Burke. 2. Jocose; witty; humorous. Swift.

Hu´mor•some•ly, adv. Pleasantly; humorously.

Hu´mor•some•ness, n. Quality of being humorsome.

Hump , n. [Cf. D. homp a lump, LG. hump heap, hill, stump, possibly akin to E. heap. Cf. Hunch.] 1. A protuberance; especially, the protuberance formed by a crooked back. 2. (Zoöl.) A fleshy protuberance on the back of an animal, as a camel or whale.

Hump´back , n. [Cf. Hunchback.] 1. A crooked back; a humped back. Tatler. 2. A humpbacked person; a hunchback. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any whale of the genus Megaptera, characterized by a hump or bunch on the back. Several species are known. The most common ones in the North Atlantic are Megaptera longimana of Europe, and M. osphyia of America; that of the California coasts is M. versabilis. (b) A small salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), of the northwest coast of America.

Hump´backed , a. Having a humped back.

Humped , a. Having a hump, as the back.

Humph , interj. [Of imitative origin.] An exclamation denoting surprise, or contempt, doubt, etc.

Hump´less , a. Without a hump. Darwin.

Hump´-shoul•dered , a. Having high, hunched shoulders. Hawthorne.

Hump´y , a. Full of humps or bunches; covered with protuberances; humped.

Hum´strum , n. An instrument out of tune or rudely constructed; music badly played.

Hu´mu•lin , n. [NL. Humulus, the genus including the hop.] An extract of hops.

Hu´mus , n. [L., the earth, ground, soil.] That portion of the soil formed by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter. It is a valuable constituent of soils. Graham.

Hun , n. [L. Hunni, also Chunni, and Chuni; cf. AS. Hnas, Hne, OHG. Hni, G. Hunnen.] One of a warlike nomadic people of Northern Asia who, in the 5th century, under Atilla, invaded and conquered a great part of Europe.

Hunch , n. [Perh. akin to huckle; cf. hump, hunch, bunch, hunk.] 1. A hump; a protuberance. 2. A lump; a thick piece; as a hunch of bread. 3. A push or thrust, as with the elbow.

Hunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunched p. pr. & vb. n. Hunching.] 1. To push or jostle with the elbow; to push or thrust suddenly. 2. To thrust out a hump or protuberance; to crook, as the back. Dryden.

Hunch´back , n. [Cf. Humpback.] A back with a hunch or hump; also a hunchbacked person.

Hunch´backed , a. Having a humped back.

Hun´dred (hun´dred), n. [OE. hundred, AS. hundred a territorial division; hund hundred + a word akin to Goth. ga-raþjan to count, L. ratio reckoning, account; akin to OS. hunderod, hund, D. hondred, G. hundert, OHG. also hunt, Icel. hundrað, Dan. hundrede, Sw. hundra, hundrade, Goth. hund, Lith. szimtas, Russ. sto, W. cant, Ir. cead, L. centum, Gr. ´ekato•s, Skr. çata. rad.309. Cf. Cent, Century, Hecatomb, Quintal, and Reason.] 1. The product of ten multiplied by ten, or the number of ten times ten; a collection or sum, consisting of ten times ten units or objects; five score. also a symbol representing one hundred units, as 100 or C. “With many hundreds treading on his heels.” Shak. The word hundred, as well as thousand, million, etc., often takes a plural form. We may say hundreds, or many hundreds, meaning individual objects or units, but with an ordinal numeral adjective in constructions like five hundreds, or eight hundreds, it is usually intended to consider each hundred as a separate aggregate; as ten hundreds are one thousand. 2. A division of a country in England, supposed to have originally contained a hundred families, or freemen. Hundred court, a court held for all the inhabitants of a hundred. [Eng.] Blackstone.

Hun´dred, a. Ten times ten; five score; as a hundred dollars.

Hun´dred•er , n. 1. An inhabitant or freeholder of a hundred. 2. (Law) A person competent to serve on a jury, in an action for land in the hundred to which he belongs. 3. One who has the jurisdiction of a hundred; and sometimes, a bailiff of a hundred. Blount. Cowell.

Hun´dred•fold , n. A hundred times as much or as many. “He shall receive as hundredfold now in this time.” Mark x. 30.

Hun´dredth , a. 1. Coming last of a hundred successive individuals or units. 2. Forming one of a hundred equal parts into which anything is divided; the tenth of a tenth.

Hun´dredth, n. One of a hundred equal parts into which one whole is, or may be, divided; the quotient of a unit divided by a hundred.

Hun´dred•weight , n. A denomination of weight, containing 100, 112, or 120 pounds avoirdupois, according to differing laws or customs. By the legal standard of England it is 112 pounds. In most of the United States, both in practice and by law, it is 100 pounds avoirdupois, the corresponding ton of 2,000 pounds, sometimes called the short ton, being the legal ton.

Hung , imp. & p. p. of Hang. Hung beef, the fleshy part of beef slightly salted and hung up to dry; dried beef.

Hun•ga´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Hungary or to the people of Hungary. — n. A native or one of the people of Hungary. Hungarian grass. See Italian millet, under Millet.

Hun´ga•ry , n. A country in Central Europe, now a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hungary water, a distilled ´water,´ made from dilute alcohol aromatized with rosemary flowers, etc.

Hun´ger , n. [AS. hungor; akin to OFries. hunger, D. honger, OS. & OHG. hungar, G. hunger, Icel. hungr, Sw. & Dan. hunger, Goth. hhrus hunger, huggrjan to hunger.] 1. An uneasy sensation occasioned normally by the want of food; a craving or desire for food. The sensation of hunger is usually referred to the stomach, but is probably dependent on excitation of the sensory nerves, both of the stomach and intestines, and perhaps also on indirect impressions from other organs, more or less exhausted from lack of nutriment. 2. Any strong eager desire. “O sacred hunger of ambitious minds!” Spenser. “For hunger of my gold I die.” Dryden.

Hun´ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hungered p. pr. & vb. n. Hungering.] [OE. hungren, AS. hyngrian. See Hunger, n.] 1. To feel the craving or uneasiness occasioned by want of food; to be oppressed by hunger. 2. To have an eager desire; to long. “Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteouness.” Matt. v. 6.

Hun´ger, v. t. To make hungry; to famish. { Hun´ger-bit• , Hun´ger-bit•ten } a. Pinched or weakened by hunger. [Obs.] Milton.

Hun´gered , a. Hungry; pinched for food. [Obs.] Milton.

Hun´ger•er , n. One who hungers; one who longs. Lamb.

Hun´ger•ly, a. Wanting food; starved. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun´ger•ly, adv. With keen appetite. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun´ger-starve , v. t. To starve with hunger; to famish. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun´gred , a. Hungered; hungry. [Archaic]

Hun´gri•ly , adv. [From Hunger.] In a hungry manner; voraciously. Dryden.

Hun´gry , a. [Compar. Hungrier superl. Hungriest.] [AS. hungrid. See Hunger.] 1. Feeling hunger; having a keen appetite; feeling uneasiness or distress from want of food; hence, having an eager desire. 2. Showing hunger or a craving desire; voracious. “The cruel, hungry foam.” C. Kingsley. “Cassius has a lean and hungry look.” Shak. 3. Not rich or fertile; poor; barren; starved; as a hungry soil. ´The hungry beach.´ Shak.

Hunk , n. [Cf. Hunch.] A large lump or piece; a hunch; as a hunk of bread. [Colloq.]

Hun´ker , n. Originally, a nickname for a member of the conservative section of the Democratic party in New York; hence, one opposed to progress in general; a fogy. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Hun´ker•ism , n. Excessive conservatism; hostility to progress. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Hunks , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A covetous, sordid man; a miser; a niggard. “Pray make your bargain with all the prudence and selfishness of an old hunks.” Gray.

Hunt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hunting.] [AS. huntian to hunt; cf. hentan to follow, pursue, Goth. hinan (in comp.) to seize. rad.36. Cf. Hent.] 1. To search for or follow after, as game or wild animals; to chase; to pursue for the purpose of catching or killing; to follow with dogs or guns for sport or exercise; as to hunt a deer. “Like a dog, he hunts in dreams.” Tennyson. 2. To search diligently after; to seek; to pursue; to follow; — often with out or up; as to hunt up the facts; to hunt out evidence. “Evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him.” Ps. cxl. 11. 3. To drive; to chase; — with down, from, away, etc.; as to hunt down a criminal; he was hunted from the parish. 4. To use or manage in the chase, as hounds. “He hunts a pack of dogs.” Addison. 5. To use or traverse in pursuit of game; as he hunts the woods, or the country.

Hunt, v. i. 1. To follow the chase; to go out in pursuit of game; to course with hounds. “Esau went to the field to hunt for venison.” Gen. xxvii. 5. 2. To seek; to pursue; to search; — with for or after. “He after honor hunts, I after love.” Shak. To hunt counter, to trace the scent backward in hunting, as a hound to go back on one’s steps. [Obs.] Shak.

Hunt, n. 1. The act or practice of chasing wild animals; chase; pursuit; search. “The hunt is up; the morn is bright and gray.” Shak. 2. The game secured in the hunt. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A pack of hounds. [Obs.] 4. An association of huntsmen. 5. A district of country hunted over. “Every landowner within the hunt.” London Field.

Hunt´-count•er , n. A worthless dog that runs back on the scent; a blunderer. [Obs.] Shak.

Hunt´e , n. [AS. hunta.] A hunter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hunt´er , n. 1. One who hunts wild animals either for sport or for food; a huntsman. 2. A dog that scents game, or is trained to the chase; a hunting dog. Shak. 3. A horse used in the chase; especially, a thoroughbred, bred and trained for hunting. 4. One who hunts or seeks after anything, as if for game; as a fortune hunter a place hunter. “No keener hunter after glory breathes.” Tennyson. 5. (Zoöl.) A kind of spider. See Hunting spider, under Hunting. 6. A hunting watch, or one of which the crystal is protected by a metallic cover. Hunter’s room, the lunation after the harvest moon. — Hunter’s screw (Mech.), a differential screw, so named from the inventor. See under Differential.

Hun•te´ri•an , a. Discovered or described by John Hunter, an English surgeon; as the Hunterian chancre. See Chancre.

Hunt´ing , n. The pursuit of game or of wild animals. A. Smith. Happy hunting grounds, the region to which, according to the belief of American Indians, the souls of warriors and hunters pass after death, to be happy in hunting and feasting. Tylor. — Hunting box. Same As Hunting lodge (below). — Hunting cat (Zoöl.), the cheetah. — Hunting cog (Mach.), a tooth in the larger of two geared wheels which makes its number of teeth prime to the number in the smaller wheel, thus preventing the frequent meeting of the same pairs of teeth. — Hunting dog (Zoöl.), the hyena dog. — Hunting ground, a region or district abounding in game; esp. (pl.), the regions roamed over by the North American Indians in search of game. — Hunting horn, a bulge; a horn used in the chase. See Horn, and Bulge. — Hunting leopard (Zoöl.), the cheetah. — Hunting lodge, a temporary residence for the purpose of hunting. — Hunting seat, a hunting lodge. Gray. — Hunting shirt, a coarse shirt for hunting, often of leather. — Hunting spider (Zoöl.), a spider which hunts its prey, instead of catching it in a web; a wolf spider. — Hunting watch. See Hunter, 6.

Hunt´ress , n. A woman who hunts or follows the chase; as the huntress Diana. Shak.

Hunts´man , n.; pl. Huntsmen . 1. One who hunts, or who practices hunting. 2. The person whose office it is to manage the chase or to look after the hounds. L’Estrange. Huntsman’s cup (Bot.), the sidesaddle flower, or common American pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea).

Hunts´man•ship , n. The art or practice of hunting, or the qualification of a hunter. Donne.

Hunt’s´-up , n. A tune played on the horn very early in the morning to call out the hunters; hence, any arousing sound or call. [Obs.] Shak. “Time plays the hunt’s-up to thy sleepy head.” Drayton.

Hur´den , n. [From Hurds.] A coarse kind of linen; — called also harden. [Prov. Eng.]

Hur´dle , n. [OE. hurdel, hirdel, AS. hyrdel; akin to D. horde, OHG. hurt, G. hürde a hurdle, fold, pen, Icel. hur door, Goth. haúrds, L. cratis wickerwork, hurdle, Gr. , Skr. kt to spin, ct to bind, connect. rad.16. Cf. Crate, Grate, n.] 1. A movable frame of wattled twigs, osiers, or withes and stakes, or sometimes of iron, used for inclosing land, for folding sheep and cattle, for gates, etc.; also in fortification, used as revetments, and for other purposes. 2. In England, a sled or crate on which criminals were formerly drawn to the place of execution. Bacon. 3. An artificial barrier, variously constructed, over which men or horses leap in a race. Hurdle race, a race in which artificial barriers in the form of hurdles, fences, etc., must be leaped.

Hur´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurdleed p. pr. & vb. n. Hurdleing ] To hedge, cover, make, or inclose with hurdles. Milton.

Hur´dle•work , n. Work after manner of a hurdle.

Hurds , n. [See Hards.] The coarse part of flax or hemp; hards.

Hur´dy-gur•dy , n. [Prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A stringled instrument, lutelike in shape, in which the sound is produced by the friction of a wheel turned by a crank at the end, instead of by a bow, two of the strings being tuned as drones, while two or more, tuned in unison, are modulated by keys. 2. In California, a water wheel with radial buckets, driven by the impact of a jet.

Hur•ka´ru , n. [Hind. harkara] In India, a running footman; a messenger. [Written also hurkaroo.]

Hurl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurled p. pr. & vb. n. Hurling.] [OE. hurlen, hourlen; prob. contracted fr. OE. hurtlen to hurtle, or probably akin to E. whirl. rad.16. See Hurtle.] 1. To send whirling or whizzing through the air; to throw with violence; to drive with great force; as to hurl a stone or lance. “And hurl’d them headlong to their fleet and main.” Pope. 2. To emit or utter with vehemence or impetuosity; as to hurl charges or invective. Spenser. 3. [Cf. Whirl.] To twist or turn. ´Hurled or crooked feet.´ [Obs.] Fuller.

Hurl, v. i. 1. To hurl one’s self; to go quickly. [R.] 2. To perform the act of hurling something; to throw something (at another). “God shall hurl at him and not spare.” Job xxvii. 22 (Rev. Ver. ). 3. To play the game of hurling. See Hurling.

Hurl, n. 1. The act of hurling or throwing with violence; a cast; a fling. Congreve. 2. Tumult; riot; hurly-burly. [Obs.] Knolles. 3. (Hat Manuf.) A table on which fiber is stirred and mixed by beating with a bowspring.

Hurl´bat , n. See Whirlbat. [Obs.] Holland.

Hurl´bone , n. 1. See Whirlbone. 2. (Far.) A bone near the middle of the buttock of a horse. Crabb.

Hurl´er , n. One who hurls, or plays at hurling.

Hurl´ing, n. 1. The act of throwing with force. 2. A kind of game at ball, formerly played. “Hurling taketh its denomination from throwing the ball.” Carew.

Hurl´wind , n. A whirlwind. [Obs.] Sandys.

Hur´ly , n. [Cf. F. hurler to howl.] Noise; confusion; uproar. “That, with the hurly, death itself awakes.” Shak.

Hur´ly-bur•ly , n. [Reduplicated fr. OE. hurly confusion: cf. F. hurler to howl, yell, L. ululare; or cf. E. hurry.] Tumult; bustle; confusion. Shak. “All places were filled with tumult and hurly- burly.” Knolles.

Hu•ro´ni•an , a. [Named from Lake Huron.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to certain non- fossiliferous rocks on the borders of Lake Huron, which are supposed to correspond in time to the latter part of the Archaean age.

Hu´ron-Ir•o•quous´ , n. (Ethnol.) A linguistic group of warlike North American Indians, belonging to the same stock as the Algonquins, and including several tribes, among which were the Five Nations. They formerly occupied the region about Lakes Erie and Ontario, and the larger part of New York.

Hu´rons , n. pl.; sing. Huron. (Ethnol.) A powerful and warlike tribe of North American Indians of the Algonquin stock. They formerly occupied the country between Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, but were nearly exterminated by the Five Nations about 1650.

Hurr , v. i. [See Hurry.] To make a rolling or burring sound. [Obs.] “R is the dog’s letter, and hurreth in the sound.” B. Jonson. { Hur•rah´ Hur•ra´ } , interj. [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. hurra. Cf. Huzza.] A word used as a shout of joy, triumph, applause, encouragement, or welcome. “Hurrah! hurrah! for Ivry and Henry of Navarre.” Macaulay.

Hur•rah´, n. A cheer; a shout of joy, etc. Hurrah’s nest, state of utmost confusion. [Colloq. U.S.] “A perfect hurrah’s nest in our kitchen.” Mrs. Stowe.

Hur•rah´ , v. i. To utter hurrahs; to huzza.

Hur•rah´, v. t. To salute, or applaud, with hurrahs.

Hur´ri•cane , n. [Sp. hurracan; orig. a Carib word signifying, a high wind.] A violent storm, characterized by extreme fury and sudden changes of the wind, and generally accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning; — especially prevalent in the East and West Indies. Also used figuratively. “Like the smoke in a hurricane whirl’d.” Tennyson. “Each guilty thought to me is
A dreadful hurricane.” Massinger. Hurricane bird (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. — Hurricane deck. (Naut.) See under Deck.

Hur•ri•ca´no , n.; pl. Hurricanoes (#). A waterspout; a hurricane. [Obs.] Drayton. ´You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout.´ Shak.

Hur´ried , a. 1. Urged on; hastened; going or working at speed; as a hurried writer; a hurried life. 2. Done in a hurry; hence, imperfect; careless; as a hurried job. ´A hurried meeting.´ Milton. — Hur´ried•ly, adv. — Hur´ried•ness, n.

Hur´ri•er , n. One who hurries or urges.

Hur´ries , n. A staith or framework from which coal is discharged from cars into vessels.

Hur´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurried p. pr. & vb. n. Hurrying.] [OE. horien; cf. OSw. hurra to whirl round, dial. Sw. hurr great haste, Dan. hurre to buzz, Icel. hurr hurly-burly, MHG. hurren to hurry, and E. hurr, whir to hurry; all prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To hasten; to impel to greater speed; to urge on. “Impetuous lust hurries him on.” South. “They hurried him abroad a bark.” Shak. 2. To impel to precipitate or thoughtless action; to urge to confused or irregular activity. “And wild amazement hurries up and down
The little number of your doubtful friends.” Shak. 3. To cause to be done quickly. Syn. — To hasten; precipitate; expedite; quicken; accelerate; urge.

Hur´ry, v. i. To move or act with haste; to proceed with celerity or precipitation; as let us hurry. To hurry up, to make haste. [Colloq.]

Hur´ry, n. The act of hurrying in motion or business; pressure; urgency; bustle; confusion. “Ambition raises a tumult in the soul, it inflames the mind, and puts into a violent hurry of thought.” Addison. Syn. — Haste; speed; dispatch. See Haste.

Hur´ry•ing•ly, adv. In a hurrying manner.

Hur´ry-skur•ry , adv. [An imitative word; cf. Sw. skorra to rattle, snarl, E. scurry.] Confusedly; in a bustle. [Obs.] Gray.

Hurst , n. [OE. hurst, AS. hyrst; akin to OHG. hurst, horst, wood, thicket, G. horst the nest of a bird of prey, an eyerie, thicket.] A wood or grove; — a word used in the composition of many names, as in Hazlehurst.

Hurt, n. (Mach.) (a) A band on a trip-hammer helve, bearing the trunnions. (b) A husk. See Husk, 2.

Hurt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurt p. pr. & vb. n. Hurting.] [OE. hurten, hirten, horten, herten; prob. fr. OF. hurter, heurter, to knock, thrust, strike, F. heurter; cf. W. hyrddu to push, drive, assault, hwrdd a stroke, blow, push; also a ram, the orig. sense of the verb thus perhaps being, to butt as a ram; cf. D. horten to push, strike, MHG. hurten, both prob. fr. Old French.] 1. To cause physical pain to; to do bodily harm to; to wound or bruise painfully. “The hurt lion groans within his den.” Dryden. 2. To impar the value, usefulness, beauty, or pleasure of; to damage; to injure; to harm. “Virtue may be assailed, but never hurt.” Milton. 3. To wound the feelings of; to cause mental pain to; to offend in honor or self-respect; to annoy; to grieve. ´I am angry and hurt.´ Thackeray.

Hurt´er, n. 1. A bodily injury causing pain; a wound, bruise, or the like. “The pains of sickness and hurts … all men feel.” Locke. 2. An injury causing pain of mind or conscience; a slight; a stain; as of sin. “But the jingling of the guinea helps the hurt that Honor feels.” Tennyson. 3. Injury; damage; detriment; harm; mischief. “Thou dost me yet but little hurt.” Shak. Syn. — Wound; bruise; injury; harm; damage; loss; detriment; mischief; bane; disadvantage.

Hurt´er , n. One who hurts or does harm. “I shall not be a hurter, if no helper.” Beau. & Fl.

Hurt´er, n. [F. heurtoir, lit., a striker. See Hurt, v. t.] A butting piece; a strengthening piece, esp.: (Mil.) A piece of wood at the lower end of a platform, designed to prevent the wheels of gun carriages from injuring the parapet.

Hurt´ful , a. Tending to impair or damage; injurious; mischievous; occasioning loss or injury; as hurtful words or conduct. Syn. — Pernicious; harmful; baneful; prejudicial; detrimental; disadvantageous; mischievous; injurious; noxious; unwholesome; destructive. — Hurt´ful•ly, adv. — Hurt´ful•ness, n.

Hur´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hurtled p. pr. & vb. n. Hurtling ] [OE. hurtlen, freq. of hurten. See Hurt, v. t., and cf. Hurl.] 1. To meet with violence or shock; to clash; to jostle. “Together hurtled both their steeds.” Fairfax. 2. To move rapidly; to wheel or rush suddenly or with violence; to whirl round rapidly; to skirmish. “Now hurtling round, advantage for to take.” Spenser. “Down the hurtling cataract of the ages.” R. L. Stevenson. 3. To make a threatening sound, like the clash of arms; to make a sound as of confused clashing or confusion; to resound. “The noise of battle hurtled in the air.” Shak. “The earthquake sound
Hurtling ’death the solid ground.” Mrs. Browning.

Hur´tle , v. t. 1. To move with violence or impetuosity; to whirl; to brandish. [Obs.] “His harmful club he gan to hurtle high.” Spenser. 2. To push; to jostle; to hurl. “And he hurtleth with his horse adown.” Chaucer.

Hur´tle•ber•ry , n. [Cf. Huckleberry, Whortleberry.] See Whortleberry.

Hurt´less , a. Doing no injury; harmless; also unhurt; without injury or harm. “Gentle dame so hurtless and so true.” Spenser. — Hurt´less•ly, adv. — Hurt´less•ness, n.

Hus´band , n. [OE. hosebonde, husbonde, a husband, the master of the house or family, AS. hsbonda master of the house; hs house + bunda, bonda, householder, husband; prob. fr. Icel. hsbondi house master, husband; hs house + bandi dwelling, inhabiting, p. pr. of ba to dwell; akin to AS. ban, Goth. bauan. See House Be, and cf. Bond a slave, Boor.] 1. The male head of a household; one who orders the economy of a family. [Obs.] 2. A cultivator; a tiller; a husbandman. [Obs.] Shak. “The painful husband, plowing up his ground.” Hakewill. “He is the neatest husband for curious ordering his domestic and field accommodations.” Evelyn. 3. One who manages or directs with prudence and economy; a frugal person; an economist. [R.] “God knows how little time is left me, and may I be a good husband, to improve the short remnant left me.” Fuller. 4. A married man; a man who has a wife; — the correlative to wife. “The husband and wife are one person in law.” Blackstone. 5. The male of a pair of animals. [R.] Dryden. A ship’s husband (Naut.), an agent representing the owners of a ship, who manages its expenses and receipts.

Hus´band, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husbanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Husbanding.] 1. To direct and manage with frugality; to use or employ to good purpose and the best advantage; to spend, apply, or use, with economy. “For my means, I’ll husband them so well,
They shall go far.” Shak. 2. To cultivate, as land; to till. [R.] “Land so trim and rarely husbanded.” Evelyn. 3. To furnish with a husband. [R.] Shak.

Hus´band•a•ble , a. Capable of being husbanded, or managed with economy. Sherwood.

Hus´band•age , n. (Naut.) The commission or compensation allowed to a ship’s husband.

Hus´band•less, a. Destitute of a husband. Shak.

Hus´band•ly, a. Frugal; thrifty. [R.] Tusser.

Hus´band•man , n.; pl. Husbandmen . 1. The master of a family. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A farmer; a cultivator or tiller of the ground.

Hus´band•ry , n. 1. Care of domestic affairs; economy; domestic management; thrift. “There’s husbandry in heaven;
Their candles are all out.” Shak. 2. The business of a husbandman, comprehending the various branches of agriculture; farming. “Husbandry supplieth all things necessary for food.” Spenser.

Hush , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hushed p. pr. & vb. n. Hushing.] [OE. huschen, hussen, prob. of imitative origin; cf. LG. hussen to lull to sleep, G. husch quick, make haste, be silent.] 1. To still; to silence; to calm; to make quiet; to repress the noise or clamor of. “My tongue shall hush again this storm of war.” Shak. 2. To appease; to allay; to calm; to soothe. “With thou, then,
Hush my cares?” Otway. “And hush’d my deepest grief of all.” Tennyson. To hush up, to procure silence concerning; to suppress; to keep secret. ´This matter is hushed up.´ Pope.

Hush, v. i. To become or to keep still or quiet; to become silent; — esp. used in the imperative, as an exclamation; be still; be silent or quiet; make no noise. “Hush, idle words, and thoughts of ill.” Keble. “But all these strangers’ presence every one did hush.” Spenser.

Hush, n. Stillness; silence; quiet. [R.] ´It is the hush of night.´ Byron. Hush money, money paid to secure silence, or to prevent the disclosure of facts. Swift.

Hush, a. Silent; quiet. ´Hush as death.´ Shak.

Hush´er , n. An usher. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hush´ing, n. (Mining) The process of washing ore, or of uncovering mineral veins, by a heavy discharge of water from a reservoir; flushing; — also called booming.

Husk , n. [Prob. for hulsk, and from the same root as hull a husk. See Hull a husk.] 1. The external covering or envelope of certain fruits or seeds; glume; hull; rind; in the United States, especially applied to the covering of the ears of maize. 2. The supporting frame of a run of millstones. Husks of the prodigal son (Bot.), the pods of the carob tree. See Carob.

Husk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husked p. pr. & vb. n. Husking.] To strip off the external covering or envelope of; as to husk Indian corn.

Husked , a. 1. Covered with a husk. 2. Stripped of husks; deprived of husks.

Hus´ki•ly , adv. [From Husky.] In a husky manner; dryly.

Hus´ki•ness, n. 1. The state of being husky. 2. Roughness of sound; harshness; hoarseness; as huskiness of voice. G. Eliot.

Husk´ing , n. 1. The act or process of stripping off husks, as from Indian corn. 2. A meeting of neighbors or friends to assist in husking maize; — called also husking bee. [U.S.] ´A red ear in the husking.´ Longfellow.

Husk´y , a. [From Husk, n.] Abounding with husks; consisting of husks. Dryden.

Hus´ky , a. [Prob. for husty; cf. OE. host cough, AS. hwosta; akin to D. hoest, G. husten, OHG. huosto, Icel. hosti. See Wheeze.] Rough in tone; harsh; hoarse; raucous; as a husky voice.

Hu´so , n. [NL., fr. G. hausen, and E. isinglass.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large European sturgeon (Acipenser huso), inhabiting the region of the Black and Caspian Seas. It sometimes attains a length of more than twelve feet, and a weight of two thousand pounds. Called also hausen. (b) The huchen, a large salmon.

Hus•sar´ , n. [Hung. huszár, from husz twenty, because under King Matthais I., in the fifteenth century, every twenty houses were to furnish one horse soldier; cf. G. husar, F. houssard, hussard, from the same source.] (Mil.) Originally, one of the national cavalry of Hungary and Croatia; now, one of the light cavalry of European armies.

Huss´ite , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of John Huss, the Bohemian reformer, who was adjudged a heretic and burnt alive in 1415.

Hus´sy , n. [Contr. fr. huswife.] 1. A housewife or housekeeper. [Obs.] 2. A worthless woman or girl; a forward wench; a jade; — used as a term of contempt or reproach. Grew. 3. A pert girl; a frolicsome or sportive young woman; — used jocosely. Goldsmith.

Hus´sy, n. [From Icel. hsi a case, prob. fr. hs house. See House, and cf. Housewife a bag, Huswife a bag.] A case or bag. See Housewife, 2.

Hus´tings , n. pl. [OE. husting an assembly, coucil, AS. hsting; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. hsing; hs home + ing thing, assembly, meeting; akin to Dan. & Sw. ting, E. thing. See House, and Thing.] 1. A court formerly held in several cities of England; specif., a court held in London, before the lord mayor, recorder, and sheriffs, to determine certain classes of suits for the recovery of lands within the city. In the progress of law reform this court has become unimportant. Mozley & W. 2. Any one of the temporary courts held for the election of members of the British Parliament. 3. The platform on which candidates for Parliament formerly stood in addressing the electors. [Eng.] “When the rotten hustings shake
In another month to his brazen lies.” Tennyson.

Hus´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hustled p. pr. & vb. n. Hustling ] [D. hustelen to shake, fr. husten to shake. Cf. Hotchpotch.] To shake together in confusion; to push, jostle, or crowd rudely; to handle roughly; as to hustle a person out of a room. Macaulay.

Hus´tle, v. i. To push or crows; to force one’s way; to move hustily and with confusion; a hurry. “Leaving the king, who had hustled along the floor with his dress worfully arrayed.” Sir W. Scott.

Hus´wife , n. [OE. huswif; hus house + wif wife. Cf. Hussy a housewife, Housewife.] [Written also housewife.] 1. A female housekeeper; a woman who manages domestic affairs; a thirfty woman. ´The bounteous huswife Nature.´ Shak. “The huswife is she that do labor doth fall.” Tusser. 2. A worthless woman; a hussy. [Obs.] Shak. 3. [See Hussy a bag.] A case for sewing materials. See Housewife. Cowper.

Hus´wife, v. t. To manage with frugality; — said of a woman. Dryden.

Hus´wife•ly, a. Like a huswife; capable; economical; prudent. — adv. In a huswifely manner.

Hus´wife•ry , n. The business of a housewife; female domestic economy and skill. Tusser.

Hut , n. [OE. hotte; akin to D. hut, G. hütte, OHG. hutta, Dan. hytte, Sw. hydda; and F. hutte, of G. origin; all akin to E. hide to conceal. See Hude to conceal.] A small house, hivel, or cabin; a mean lodge or dwelling; a slightly built or temporary structure. “Death comes on with equal footsteps
To the hall and hut”. Bp. Coxe.

Hutch , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hutted p. pr. & vb. n. Hutting.] To place in huts; to live in huts; as to hut troops in winter quarters. “The troops hutted among the heights of Morristown.” W. Irving.

Hutch , n. [OE. hucche, huche, hoche, F. huche, LL. hutica.] 1. A chest, box, coffer, bin, coop, or the like, in which things may be stored, or animals kept; as a grain hutch; a rabbit hutch. 2. A measure of two Winchester bushels. 3. (Mining) The case of a flour bolt. 4. (Mining) (a) A car on low wheels, in which coal is drawn in the mine and hoisted out of the pit. (b) A jig for washing ore. Bolting hutch, Booby hutch, etc. See under Bolting, etc.

Hutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hutched p. pr. & vb. n. Hutching.] 1. To hoard or lay up, in a chest. [R.] ´She hutched the … ore.´ Milton. 2. (Mining) To wash (ore) in a box or jig.

Hutch•un•so´ni•an , n. A follower of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire, England, who believed that the Hebrew Scriptures contained a complete system of natural science and of theology.

Hut•to´ni•an , a. Relating to what is now called the Plutonic theory of the earth, first advanced by Dr. James Hutton. Lyell.

Hux´ter , n. & v. i. See Huckster.

Huy•ghe´ni•an , a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Christian Huyghens, a Dutch astronomer of the seventeenth century; as the Huyghenian telescope. Huyghenian eyepieceSee under Eyepiece.

Huzz , v. i. [An onomatopœa. rad.43. Cf. Buzz.] To buzz; to murmur. [Obs.] “Huzzing and burring in the preacher’s ear.” Latimer.

Huz•za´ , interj. [Cf. G. hussa, husa, interj., hurrah, huzza. rad.43. Cf. Hurrah.] A word used as a shout of joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement.

Huz´za, n. A shout of huzza; a cheer; a hurrah. “They made a great huzza or shout.” Evelyn.

Huz•za´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huzzaed p. pr. & vb. n. Huzzaing.] To shout huzza; to cheer.

Huz•za´, v. t. To receive or attend with huzzas. “He was huzzaed into the court.” Addison.

Hy , a. High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy´a•cine , n. A hyacinth. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hy´a•cinth , n. [L. hyacinthus a kind of flower, prob. the iris, gladiolus, or larkspur, also a kind of gem, perh. the sapphire; as a proper name, Hyacinthus, a beautiful Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, fr. Gr. , : cf. F. hyacinthe. Cf. Jacinth. The hyacinth was fabled to have sprung from the blood of Hyacinthus, who was accidentally slain by Apollo.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A bulbous plant of the genus Hyacinthus, bearing beautiful spikes of fragrant flowers. H. orientalis is a common variety. (b) A plant of the genus Camassia (C. Farseri), called also Eastern camass; wild hyacinth. (c) The name also given to Scilla Peruviana, a Mediterranean plant, one variety of which produces white, and another blue, flowers; — called also from a mistake as to its origin, Hyacinth of Peru. 2. (Min.) A red variety of zircon, sometimes used as a gem. See Zircon. Hyacinth bean (Bot.), a climbing leguminous plant (Dolichos Lablab), related to the true bean. It has dark purple flowers and fruit.

Hy•a•cin´thi•an , a. Hyacinthine. [R.]

Hy•a•cin´thine , a. [L. hyacinthinus, Gr. .] Belonging to the hyacinth; resembling the hyacinth; in color like the hyacinth. Milton. “His curling locks like hyacinthine flowers.” Cowper. “The hyacinthine boy, for whom
Morn well might break and April bloom.” Emerson. { Hy´a•des , Hy´ads } n. pl. [L. Hyades, Gr. .] (Astron.) A cluster of five stars in the face of the constellation Taurus, supposed by the ancients to indicate the coming of rainy weather when they rose with the sun. “Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vext the dim sea.” Tennyson.

Hy•ae´na , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Hyena.

Hy•a´le•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. glassy, fr. ´y•alos glass.] (Zoöl.) A pteropod of the genus Cavolina. See Pteropoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

Hy•a•les´cence , n. [See Hyaline.] The process of becoming, or the state of being, transparent like glass.

Hy´a•line , a. [L. hyalinus, Gr. , fr. ´y•alos glass: cf. F. hyalin.] Glassy; resembling glass; consisting of glass; transparent, like crystal. ´Hyaline spaces.´ Carpenter.

Hy´a•line, n. 1. A poetic term for the sea or the atmosphere. ´The clear hyaline, the glassy sea.´ Milton. “Our blood runs amazed ’neath the calm hyaline.” Mrs. Browning. 2. (Biol.) The pellucid substance, present in cells in process of development, from which, according to some embryologists, the cell nucleus originates. 3. (Physiol. Chem.) The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible of alcoholic fermentation. Gamgee.

Hy´a•lite , n. [Gr. ´y•alos glass: cf. F. hyalite.] (Min.) A pellucid variety of opal in globules looking like colorless gum or resin; — called also Müller’s glass.

Hy•al´o•graph , n. [Gr. ´y•alos glass + graph.] An instrument for tracing designs on glass.

Hy•a•log´ra•phy , n. Art of writing or engraving on glass.

Hy´a•loid , a. [Gr. glassy, transparent; ´y•alos glass + appearance: cf. F. hyaloïde.] (Anat.) Resembling glass; vitriform; transparent; hyaline; as the hyaloid membrane, a very delicate membrane inclosing the vitreous humor of the eye.

Hy•a•lo•ne´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•alos glass + a thread.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hexactinelline sponges, having a long stem composed of very long, slender, transparent, siliceous fibres twisted together like the strands of a color. The stem of the Japanese species (H. Sieboldii), called glass-rope, has long been in use as an ornament. See Glass-rope.

Hy•al´o•phane , n. [Gr. ´y•alos glass + to appear.] (Min.) A species of the feldspar group containing barium. See Feldspar.

Hy•a•lo•spon´gi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•alos glass + a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of vitreous sponges, having glassy six-rayed, siliceous spicules; — called also Hexactinellinae.

Hy•al´o•type , n. [Gr. ´y•alos glass + -type.] A photographic picture copied from the negative on glass; a photographic transparency. R. Hunt. { Hy•ber´na•cle , Hy´ber•nate , Hy•ber•na´tion } See Hibernacle, Hibernate, Hibernation.

Hy•blae´an , a. [L. Hyblaeus.] Pertaining to Hybla, an ancient town of Sicily, famous for its bees.

Hyb´o•dont , a. [Gr. hump + , , a tooth.] (Paleon.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an extinct genus of sharks (Hybodus), especially in the form of the teeth, which consist of a principal median cone with smaller lateral ones.

Hyb´o•dus , n. [NL. See Hybodont.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of sharks having conical, compressed teeth.

Hy´brid , n. [L. hybrida, hibrida, prob. allied to Gr. wantonness (as if unbridled, lawless, unnatural), perh. akin to Gr. ´ype•r over, E. over: cf. F. hybride.] (Biol.) The offspring of the union of two distinct species; an animal or plant produced from the mixture of two species. See Mongrel.

Hy´brid, a. Produced from the mixture of two species; as plants of hybrid nature.

Hy´brid•ism , n. The state or quality of being hybrid.

Hy´brid•ist, n. One who hybridizes.

Hy•brid´i•ty , n. Hybridism.

Hy´brid•i•za•ble , a. Capable of forming a hybrid, or of being subjected to a hybridizing process; capable of producing a hybrid by union with another species or stock. “Hybridizable genera are rarer than is generally supposed, even in gardens where they are so often operated upon, under circumstances most favorable to the production of hybrids.” J. D. Hooker.

Hy•brid•i•za´tion , n. The act of hybridizing, or the state of being hybridized.

Hy´brid•i•ze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hybridized p. pr. & vb. n. Hybridizing ] To render hybrid; to produce by mixture of stocks.

Hy´brid•i•zer , n. One who hybridizes.

Hy´brid•ous , a. Same as Hybrid.

Hyd´age , n. (Law) A land tax. See Hidage.

Hy•dan•to´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydantoin. See Glycoluric.

Hy•dan´to•in , n. [Hydrogen + allantion.] (Chem.) A derivative of urea, C_3H_4N_2O_2, obtained from allantion, as a white, crystalline substance, with a sweetish taste; — called also glycolyl urea.

Hy´da•tid , n. [Gr. , , a watery vesicle under the upper eyelid, fr. ´y•dwr, ´y•datos, water: cf. F. hydatide.] (Zoöl.) A membranous sac or bladder filled with a pellucid fluid, found in various parts of the bodies of animals, but unconnected with the tissues. It is usually formed by parasitic worms, esp. by larval tapeworms, as Echinococcus and Cœnurus. See these words in the Vocabulary. Hydatid of Morgagni (Anat.), one of the small pedunculated bodies found between the testicle and the head of the epididymis, and supposed to be a remnant of the Müllerian duct.

Hy•dat´i•form , a. [Hydatid + -form.] Resembling a hydatid.

Hy´da•toid , a. [Gr. ´y•dwr, ´y•datos, water + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling water; watery; aqueous; hyaloid.

Hy´dr- See under Hydro-.

Hy´dra , n.; pl. E. Hydras (#), L. Hydrae (#). [L. hydra, Gr. ´y•dra; akin to ´y•dwr water. See Otter the animal, Water.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A serpent or monster in the lake or marsh of Lerna, in the Peloponnesus, represented as having many heads, one of which, when cut off, was immediately succeeded by two others, unless the wound was cauterized. It was slain by Hercules. Hence, a terrible monster. “Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimeras dire.” Milton. 2. Hence: A multifarious evil, or an evil having many sources; not to be overcome by a single effort. 3. (Zoöl.) Any small fresh-water hydroid of the genus Hydra, usually found attached to sticks, stones, etc., by a basal sucker. The body is a simple tube, having a mouth at one extremity, surrounded by a circle of tentacles with which it captures its prey. Young hydras bud out from the sides of the older ones, but soon become detached and are then like their parent. Hydras are remarkable for their power of repairing injuries; for if the body be divided in pieces, each piece will grow into a complete hydra, to which fact the name alludes. The zooids or hydranths of marine hydroids are sometimes called hydras. 4. (Astron.) A southern constellation of great length lying southerly from Cancer, Leo, and Virgo.

Hy•drach´nid , n. [Hydr- + arachnid.] (Zoöl.) An aquatic mite of the genus Hydrachna. The hydrachnids, while young, are parasitic on fresh-water mussels.

Hy•drac´id , n. [Hydr- + acid: cf. F. hydracide.] (Chem.) An acid containing hydrogen; — sometimes applied to distinguish acids like hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and the like, which contain no oxygen, from the oxygen acids or oxacids. See Acid.

Hy•dra•cryl´ic , a. [Hydr- + acrylic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an isomeric variety of lactic acid that breaks down into acrylic acid and water.

Hy•drac•tin´i•an , n. [See Hydra, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) Any species or marine hydroids, of the genus Hydractinia and allied genera. These hydroids form, by their rootstalks, a firm, chitinous coating on shells and stones, and esp. on spiral shells occupied by hermit crabs. See Illust. of Athecata.

Hy•drae´mi•a (hi•dre´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) An abnormally watery state of the blood; anaemia.

Hy´dra•gogue , a. [L. hydragogus conveying off water, Gr. ; ´y•dwr water + to lead: cf. F. hydragogue.] (Med.) Causing a discharge of water; expelling serum effused into any part of the body, as in dropsy. — n. A hydragogue medicine, usually a cathartic or diuretic.

Hy•dram´ide , n. [Hydr- + -amide.] (Chem.) One of a group of crystalline bodies produced by the action of ammonia on certain aldehydes.

Hy•dram´ine , n. [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.) One of a series of artificial, organic bases, usually produced as thick viscous liquids by the action of ammonia on ethylene oxide. They have the properties both of alcohol and amines.

Hy•dran´ge•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + vessel, capsule: cf. F. hydrangee.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubby plants bearing opposite leaves and large heads of showy flowers, white, or of various colors. H. hortensis, the common garden species, is a native of China or Japan.

Hy´drant , n. [Gr. to irrigate, fr. ´y•dwr water. See Hydra.] A discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of waterworks; a water plug.

Hy´dranth , n. [Hydra + Gr. a flower.] (Zoöl.) One of the nutritive zooids of a hydroid colony. Also applied to the proboscis or manubrium of a hydroid medusa. See Illust. of Hydroidea.

Hy•drar´go•chlo´ride , n. [Hydrargyrum + chloride.] (Chem.) A compound of the bichloride of mercury with another chloride. [Obs.]

Hy•drar´gy•rate , a. Of or pertaining to mercury; containing, or impregnated with, mercury. [R.]

Hy•drar´gy•rism , n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by poisoning with hydrargyrum, or mercury; mercurialism.

Hy•drar´gy•rum (-rum), n. [NL., fr. L. hydrargyrus, Gr. ´ydra•rgyros; ´y•dwr water + ’a•rgyros silver.] (Chem.) Quicksilver; mercury.

Hy•drar•thro´sis , n. [NL. See Hydro-, 1, and Arthrosis.] (Med.) An effusion of watery liquid into the cavity of a joint.

Hy•dras´tine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid, found in the rootstock of the golden seal (Hydrastis Canadensis), and extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance. It is used as a tonic and febrifuge.

Hy´dra-taint•ed , a. Dipped in the gall of the fabulous hydra; poisonous; deadly. Cowper.

Hy´drate , n. [Gr. ´y•dwr water: cf. F. hydrate.] (Chem.) (a) A compound formed by the union of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral body, as certain crystallized salts. (b) A substance which does not contain water as such, but has its constituents (hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl) so arranged that water may be eliminated; hence, a derivative of, or compound with, hydroxyl; hydroxide; as ethyl hydrate, or common alcohol; calcium hydrate, or slaked lime.

Hy´drate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrated p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrating ] To form into a hydrate; to combine with water.

Hy´dra•ted , a. Formed into a hydrate; combined with water.

Hy•dra´tion , n. (Chem.) The act of becoming, or state of being, a hydrate. Water of hydration (Chem.), water chemically combined with some substance to form a hydrate; — distinguished from water of crystallization.

Hy•drau´lic , a. [F. hydraulique, L. hydraulicus, fr. Gr. , , a water organ; ´y•dwr water + flute, pipe. See Hydra.] Of or pertaining to hydraulics, or to fluids in motion; conveying, or acting by, water; as an hydraulic clock, crane, or dock. Hydraulic accumulator, an accumulator for hydraulic machinery of any kind. See Accumulator, 2. — Hydraulic brake, a cataract. See Cataract, 3. — Hydraulic cement, a cement or mortar made of hydraulic lime, which will harden under water. — Hydraulic elevator, a lift operated by the weight or pressure of water. — Hydraulic jack. See under Jack. — Hydraulic lime, quicklime obtained from hydraulic limestone, and used for cementing under water, etc. — Hydraulic limestone, a limestone which contains some clay, and which yields a quicklime that will set, or form a firm, strong mass, under water. — Hydraulic main (Gas Works), a horizontal pipe containing water at the bottom into which the ends of the pipes from the retorts dip, for passing the gas through water in order to remove ammonia. — Hydraulic mining, a system of mining in which the force of a jet of water is used to wash down a bank of gold-bearing gravel or earth. [Pacific Coast] — Hydraulic press, a hydrostatic press. See under Hydrostatic. — Hydraulic propeller, a device for propelling ships by means of a stream of water ejected under water rearward from the ship. — Hydraulic ram, a machine for raising water by means of the energy of the moving water of which a portion is to be raised. When the rush of water through the main pipe d shuts the valve at a, the momentum of the current thus suddenly checked forces part of it into the air chamber b, and up the pipe c, its return being prevented by a valve at the entrance to the air chamber, while the dropping of the valve a by its own weight allows another rush through the main pipe, and so on alternately. — Hydraulic valve. (Mach.) (a) A valve for regulating the distribution of water in the cylinders of hydraulic elevators, cranes, etc. (b) (Gas Works) An inverted cup with a partition dipping into water, for opening or closing communication between two gas mains, the open ends of which protrude about the water.

Hy•drau´lic•al , a. Hydraulic.

Hy•drau´li•con , n. [NL. See Hydraulic.] (Mus.) An ancient musical instrument played by the action of water; a water organ. [Written also hydraulis.]

Hy•drau´lics , n. [Cf. F. hydraulique.] That branch of science, or of engineering, which treats of fluids in motion, especially of water, its action in rivers and canals, the works and machinery for conducting or raising it, its use as a prime mover, and the like. As a science, hydraulics includes hydrodynamics, or the principles of mechanics applicable to the motion of water; as a branch of engineering, it consists in the practical application of the mechanics of fluids to the control and management of water with reference to the wants of man, including canals, waterworks, hydraulic machines, pumps, water wheels, etc. Some writers treat hydraulics and hydrostatics as subdivisions of hydrodynamics.

Hy´dra•zine , n. [Hydr- + azo- + -ine.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of nitrogenous bases, resembling the amines and produced by the reduction of certain nitroso and diazo compounds; as methyl hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine, etc. They are derivatives of hydrazine proper, H_2N.NH_2, which is a doubled amido group, recently (1887) isolated as a stable, colorless gas with a peculiar, irritating odor. As a base it forms distinct salts. Called also diamide, amidogen, (or more properly diamidogen), etc.

Hy´dren•ceph´s•loid , a. [Hydrencephalus + -oid.] (Med.) Same as Hydrocephaloid.

Hy´dri•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) A water jar; esp., one with a large rounded body, a small neck, and three handles. Some of the most beautiful Greek vases are of this form.

Hy´dri•ad , n. [Gr. , , of the water, fr. ´y•dwr water.] (Myth.) A water nymph.

Hy´dric , a. [From Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen; as hydric oxide. Hydric dioxide. (Chem.) See Hydrogen dioxide, under Hydrogen. — Hydric oxide (Chem.), water. — Hydric sulphate (Chem.), hydrogen sulphate or sulphuric acid.

Hy´dride , n. [Hydr- + ide.] (Chem.) A compound of the binary type, in which hydrogen is united with some other element.

Hy´dri•form , a. [Hydra + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form or structure of a hydra.

Hy•dri´na , n. pl. [NL. See Hydra.] (Zoöl.) The group of hydroids to which the fresh-water hydras belong.

Hy•dri´o•date , n. [Cf. F. hydriodate.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hydriodide.

Hy•dri•od´ic , a. [Hydr- + iodic: cf. F. hydriodique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydrogen and iodine; — said of an acid produced by the combination of these elements. Hydriodic acid (Chem.), a pungent, colorless gas HI, usually prepared as a solution in water. It is strong reducing agent. Called also hydrogen iodide.

Hy•dri´o•dide , n. (Chem.) A compound of hydriodic acid with a base; — distinguished from an iodide, in which only the iodine combines with the base. { Hy´dro- , Hy´dr-. } 1. A combining form from Gr. , , water (see Hydra). 2. (Chem.) A combining form of hydrogen, indicating hydrogen as an ingredient, as hydrochloric; or a reduction product obtained by hydrogen, as hydroquinone.

Hy•dro•ba•rom´e•ter , n. [Hydro- , 1 + barometer.] An instrument for determining the depth of the sea water by its pressure.

Hy•dro•bil•i•ru´bin , n. [Hydro- , 2 + bilirubin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body formed from bilirubin, identical with urobilin.

Hy•dro•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + gills.] (Zoöl.) An extensive artificial division of gastropod mollusks, including those that breathe by gills, as contrasted with the Pulmonifera. — Hy•dro•bran´chi•ate (#), a.

Hy•dro•bro´mate , n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrobromide.

Hy•dro•bro´mic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + bromic.] (Chem.) Composed of hydrogen and bromine; as hydrobromic acid. Hydrobromic acid (Chem.), a colorless, pungent, corrosive gas HBr, usually collected as a solution in water. It resembles hydrochloric acid, but is weaker and less stable. Called also hydrogen bromide.

Hy•dro•bro´mide , n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrobromic acid with a base; — distinguished from a bromide, in which only the bromine unites with the base.

Hy•dro•car´bon , n. [Hydro-, 2 + carbon.] (Chem.) A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, as methane, benzene, etc.; also by extension, any of their derivatives. Hydrocarbon burner, furnace, stove, a burner, furnace, or stove with which liquid fuel, as petroleum, is used.

Hy•dro•car•bo•na´ceous , a. Of the nature, or containing, hydrocarbons.

Hy•dro•car´bon•ate , n. (a) (Old Chem.) A hydrocarbon. [Obs.] (b) (Chem.) A hydrous carbonate, as malachite.

Hy•dro•car•bo•sty´ril , n. [Hydro-, 2 + carbostyril.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous hydrocarbon, C_9H_9NO, obtained from certain derivatives of cinnamic acid and closely related to quinoline and carbostyril.

Hy•dro•car´bu•ret , n. [Hydro- , 2 + carburet.] (Chem.) Carbureted hydrogen; also a hydrocarbon. [Obs.]

Hy•dro•cau´lus , n.; pl. Hydrocauli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + a stalk.] (Zoöl.) The hollow stem of a hydroid, either simple or branched. See Illust. of Gymnoblastea and Hydroidea.

Hy•dro•cele , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ´y•dwr water + tumor.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the areolar texture of the scrotum or in the coverings, especially in the serous sac, investing the testicle or the spermatic cord; dropsy of the testicle.

Hy•dro•ce•phal´ic , a. Relating to, or connected with, hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain.

Hy•dro•ceph´a•loid , a. [Hydrocephalus + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling hydrocephalus. Hydrocephaloid affection (Med.), the group of symptoms which follow exhausting diarrhea in young children, resembling those of acute hydrocephalus, or tubercular meningitis.

Hy•dro•ceph´a•lous , a. Having hydrocephalus. ´Hydrocephalous offspring.´ G. Eliot.

Hy•dro•ceph´a•lus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hydrocephalus; ´y•dwr water + head.] (Med.) An accumulation of liquid within the cavity of the cranium, especially within the ventricles of the brain; dropsy of the brain. It is due usually to tubercular meningitis. When it occurs in infancy, it often enlarges the head enormously.

Hy•dro•chlo´rate , n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrochloride.

Hy•dro•chlo´ric , a. [Hydro-, 2 + chloric: cf. F. hydrochlorique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or compounded of, chlorine and hydrogen gas; as hydrochloric acid; chlorhydric. Hydrochloric acid (Chem.), hydrogen chloride; a colorless, corrosive gas HCl, of pungent, suffocating odor. It is made in great quantities in the soda process, by the action of sulphuric acid on common salt. It has a great affinity for water, and the commercial article is a strong solution of the gas in water. It is a typical acid, and is an indispensable agent in commercial and general chemical work. Called also muriatic, ∧ chlorhydric, acid.

Hy•dro•chlo´ride , n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrochloric acid with a base; — distinguished from a chloride, where only chlorine unites with the base.

Hy•dro•co•ral´li•a , n. pl. [NL. See Hydra, and Coral.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea, including those genera that secrete a stony coral, as Millepora and Stylaster. Two forms of zooids in life project from small pores in the coral and resemble those of other hydroids. See Millepora.

Hy•dro•cy´a•nate , n. (Chem.) See Hydrocyanide.

Hy•dro•cy•an´ic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + anic: cf. F. hydrocyanique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from the combination of, hydrogen and cyanogen. Hydrocyanic acid (Chem.), a colorless, mobile, volatile liquid, HCN, having a characteristic peach-blossom odor. It is one of the most deadly poisons. It is made by the action of sulphuric acid on yellow prussiate of potassium (potassium ferrocyanide), and chemically resembles hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids. Called also prussic acid, hydrogen cyanide, etc.

Hy•dro•cy´a•nide , n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrocyanic acid with a base; — distinguished from a cyanide, in which only the cyanogen so combines. { Hy•dro•dy•nam´ic , Hy•dro•dy•nam´ic•al , } a. [Hydro-, 1 + dynamic, - ical: cf. F. hydrodynamique.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the dynamical action of water of a liquid; of or pertaining to water power. Hydrodynamic friction, friction produced by the viscosity of a liquid in motion.

Hy•dro•dy•nam´ics , n. [Hydro- , 1 + dynamics: cf. F. hydrodynamique.] That branch of the science of mechanics which relates to fluids, or, as usually limited, which treats of the laws of motion and action of nonelastic fluids, whether as investigated mathematically, or by observation and experiment; the principles of dynamics, as applied to water and other fluids. The word is sometimes used as a general term, including both hydrostatics and hydraulics, together with pneumatics and acoustics. See Hydraulics.

Hy•dro•dy•na•mom´e•ter , n. [Hydro-, 1 + dynamometer.] An instrument to measure the velocity of a liquid current by the force of its impact.

Hy•dro-e•lec´tric , a. [Hydro- , 1 + electric.] Pertaining to, employed in, or produced by, the evolution of electricity by means of a battery in which water or steam is used. Hydro-electric machine (Physics), an apparatus invented by Sir William Armstrong of England for generating electricity by the escape of high-pressure steam from a series of jets connected with a strong boiler, in which the steam is produced.

Hy•dro-ex•tract´or , n. [Hydro- , 1 + extractor.] An apparatus for drying anything, as yarn, cloth, sugar, etc., by centrifugal force; a centrifugal.

Hy•dro•fer•ri•cy•an´ic , n. [Hydro-, 2 + ferricyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, or obtained from, hydrogen, ferric iron, and cyanogen; as hydroferricyanic acid. See Ferricyanic.

Hy•dro•fer•ro•cy•an´ic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + ferrocyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, or obtained from, hydrogen, ferrous iron, and cyanogen; as hydroferrocyanic acid. See Ferrocyanic.

Hy•dro•flu´ate , n. (Chem.) A supposed compound of hydrofluoris acid and a base; a fluoride. [Archaic]

Hy•dro•flu•or´ic , a. [Hydro- , 2 + fluoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen and fluorine; fluohydric; as hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid (Chem.), a colorless, mobile, volatile liquid, HF, very corrosive in its action, and having a strong, pungent, suffocating odor. It is produced by the action of sulphuric acid on fluorite, and is usually collected as a solution in water. It attacks all silicates, as glass or porcelain, is the agent employed in etching glass, and is preserved only in vessels of platinum, lead, caoutchouc, or gutta-percha.

Hy•dro•flu•o•sil´i•cate , n. (Chem.) A salt of hydrofluosilic acid; a silicofluoride. See Silicofluoride.

Hy•dro•flu•o•si•lic´ic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + fluorine + silicic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, a compound consisting of a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon; silicofluoric. See Silicofluoric.

Hy•dro•gal•van´ic , a. [Hydro- , 1 + galvanic.] Pertaining to, produced by, or consisting of, electricity evolved by the action or use of fluids; as hydrogalvanic currents. [R.]

Hy´dro•gen , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -gen: cf. F. hydrogène. So called because water is generated by its combustion. See Hydra.] (Chem.) A gaseous element, colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the lightest known substance, being fourteen and a half times lighter than air (hence its use in filling balloons), and over eleven thousand times lighter than water. It is very abundant, being an ingredient of water and of many other substances, especially those of animal or vegetable origin. It may by produced in many ways, but is chiefly obtained by the action of acids (as sulphuric) on metals, as zinc, iron, etc. It is very inflammable, and is an ingredient of coal gas and water gas. It is standard of chemical equivalents or combining weights, and also of valence, being the typical monad. Symbol H. Atomic weight 1. Although a gas hydrogen is chemically similar to the metals in its nature, having the properties of a weak base. It is, in all acids, the base which is replaced by metals and basic radicals to form salts. Like all other gases, it is condensed by great cold and pressure to a liquid which freezes and solidifies by its own evaporation. It is absorbed in large quantities by certain metals (esp. palladium), forming alloy-like compounds; hence, in view of quasi-metallic nature, it is sometimes called hydrogenium. It is the typical reducing agent, as opposed to oxidizers, as oxygen, chlorine, etc. Bicarbureted hydrogen, an old name for ethylene. — Carbureted hydrogen gas. See under Carbureted. — Hydrogen dioxide, a thick, colorless liquid, H_2O_2, resembling water, but having a bitter, sour taste, produced by the action of acids on barium peroxide. It decomposes into water and oxygen, and is manufactured in large quantities for an oxidizing and bleaching agent. Called also oxygenated water. — Hydrogen oxide, a chemical name for water, HO. — Hydrogen sulphide, a colorless inflammable gas H_2S, having the characteristic odor of bad eggs, and found in many mineral springs. It is produced by the action of acids on metallic sulphides, and is an important chemical reagent. Called also sulphureted hydrogen.

Hy´dro•gen•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenated p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenating ] (Chem.) To hydrogenize.

Hy•dro•gen•a´tion , n. (Chem.) The act of combining with hydrogen, or the state of being so combined.

Hy´dro•gen•ide , n. (Chem.) A binary compound containing hydrogen; a hydride. [R.] See Hydride.

Hy•dro•ge´ni•um , n. [NL. See Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Hydrogen; — called also in view of its supposed metallic nature. Graham.

Hy´dro•gen•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenized p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenizing ] (Chem.) To combine with hydrogen; to treat with, or subject to the action of, hydrogen; to reduce; — contrasted with oxidize.

Hy•drog´e•nous , a. Of or pertaining to hydrogen; containing hydrogen.

Hy•drog´no•sy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. knowledge.] A treatise upon, or a history and description of, the water of the earth.

Hy´drog•ode , n. [Hydrogen + Gr. way. path.] (Elec.) The negative pole or cathode. [R.]

Hy•drog´ra•pher , n. One skilled in the hydrography; one who surveys, or draws maps or charts of, the sea, lakes, or other waters, with the adjacent shores; one who describes the sea or other waters. Boyle. { Hy•dro•graph´ic , Hy•dro•graph´ic•al } a. Of or relating to hydrography.

Hy•drog´ra•phy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -graphy: cf. F. hydrographie.] 1. The art of measuring and describing the sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, with their phenomena. 2. That branch of surveying which embraces the determination of the contour of the bottom of a harbor or other sheet of water, the depth of soundings, the position of channels and shoals, with the construction of charts exhibiting these particulars.

Hy•drog´u•ret , n. [From Hydrogen.] (Chem.) A hydride. [Obs.]

Hy´droid , a. [Hydra + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Related to, or resembling, the hydra; of or pertaining to the Hydroidea. — n. One of the Hydroideas.

Hy•droi´de•a, n. pl. [NL. See Hydra, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of Hydrozoa or Acalephae. [Written also Hydroida.] This order includes the hydras and the free-swimming hydromedusae, together with a great variety of marine attached hydroids, many of which grow up into large, elegantly branched forms, consisting of a vast number of zooids (hydranths, gonophores, etc.), united by hollow stems. All the zooids of a colony are produced from one primary zooid, by successive buddings. The Siphonophora have also been included in this order by some writers. See Gymnoblastea, Hydromedusa, Gonosome, Gonotheca.

Hy•dro•ki•net´ic , a. [Hydro- , 1 + kinetic.] Of or pertaining to the motions of fluids, or the forces which produce or affect such motions; — opposed to hydrostatic. Sir W. Thomson.

Hy•dro•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to hydrology.

Hy•drol´o•gist , n. One skilled in hydrology.

Hy•drol´o•gy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -logy: cf. F. hydrologie.] The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and distribution over the earth’s surface.

Hy•dro•lyt´ic , a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. to loose.] (Chem.) Tending to remove or separate water; eliminating water. “Hydrolytic agents, such as sulphuric acid or caustic alkali.” Encyc. Brit. Hydrolytic ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment, enzyme, or chemical ferment, which acts only in the presence of water, and which causes the substance acted upon to take up a molecule of water. Thus, diastase of malt, ptyalin of saliva, and boiling dilute sulphuric acid all convert starch by hydration into dextrin and sugar. Nearly all of the digestive ferments are hydrolytic in their action.

Hy•dro•mag´ne•site (hi•dro•mag´ne•sit), n. [Hydro-, 1 + magnesite.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of magnesia occurring in white, earthy, amorphous masses.

Hy´dro•man•cy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -mancy: cf. F. hydromancie.] Divination by means of water, — practiced by the ancients.

Hy•dro•man´tic , a. [Cf. F. hydromantique.] Of or pertaining to divination by water.

Hy•dro•me•chan´ics , n. [Hydro- , 1 + mechanics.] That branch of physics which treats of the mechanics of liquids, or of their laws of equilibrium and of motion.

Hy•dro•me•du´sa , n.; pl. Hydromedusae (#). [NL. See Hydra, and Medusa.] (Zoöl.) Any medusa or jellyfish which is produced by budding from a hydroid. They are called also Craspedota, and naked-eyed medusae. Such medusae are the reproductive zooids or gonophores, either male or female, of the hydroid from which they arise, whether they become free or remain attached to the hydroid colony. They in turn produce the eggs from which the hydroids are developed. The name is also applied to other similar medusae which are not known to bud from a hydroid colony, and even to some which are known to develop directly from the eggs, but which in structure agree essentially with those produced from hydroids. See Hydroidea, and Gymnoblastea.

Hy´dro•mel , n. [L. hydromel, hydromeli, Gr. ; water + honey: cf. F. hydromel.] A liquor consisting of honey diluted in water, and after fermentation called mead.

Hy•dro•mel•lon´ic , a. See Cyamellone.

Hy•dro•met•al•lur´gic•al , a. Of or pertaining to hydrometallurgy; involving the use of liquid reagents in the treatment or reduction of ores. — Hy•dro•met•al•lur´gic•al•ly, adv.

Hy•dro•met´al•lur•gy , n. [Hydro- , 1 + metallurgy.] The art or process of assaying or reducing ores by means of liquid reagents.

Hy•dro•me´te•or , n. [Hydro-, 1 + meteor.] A meteor or atmospheric phenomenon dependent upon the vapor of water; — in the pl., a general term for the whole aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, as rain, snow, hail, etc. Nichol.

Hy•dro•me•te•or•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to hydrometeorology, or to rain, clouds, storms, etc.

Hy•dro•me•te•or•ol´o•gy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + meteorology.] That branch of meteorology which relates to, or treats of, water in the atmosphere, or its phenomena, as rain, clouds, snow, hail, storms, etc.

Hy•drom´e•ter , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -meter: cf. F. hydromètre.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids, and thence the strength spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc. It is usually made of glass with a graduated stem, and indicates the specific gravity of a liquid by the depth to which it sinks in it, the zero of the scale marking the depth to which it sinks in pure water. Extra weights are sometimes used to adapt the scale to liquids of different densities. 2. An instrument, variously constructed, used for measuring the velocity or discharge of water, as in rivers, from reservoirs, etc., and called by various specific names according to its construction or use, as tachometer, rheometer, hydrometer, pendulum, etc.; a current gauge. { Hy•dro•met´ric , Hy•dro•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hydrometer, or to the determination of the specific gravity of fluids. 2. Of or pertaining to measurement of the velocity, discharge, etc., of running water. 3. Made by means of an hydrometer; as hydrometric observations. Hydrometric pendulum, a species of hydrometer consisting of a hollow ball of ivory or metal suspended by a treated from the center of a graduated quadrant, and held in a stream to measure the velocity of the water by the inclination given to the thread; a kind of current gauge.

Hy•dro•met´ro•graph , n. [Hydro- , 1 + Gr. measure + -graph.] An instrument for determining and recording the quantity of water discharged from a pipe, orifice, etc., in a given time.

Hy•drom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. The art of determining the specific gravity of liquids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc. 2. The art or operation of measuring the velocity or discharge of running water, as in rivers, etc.

Hy•dro•mi´ca , n. [Hydro-, 1 + mica.] (Min.) A variety of potash mica containing water. It is less elastic than ordinary muscovite. Hydromica schist (Min.), a mica schist characterized by the presence of hydromica. It often has a silky luster and almost soapy feel.

Hy•dro•ne•phro´sis , n. [NL., Gr. ´y•dwr water + a kidney.] (Med.) An accumulation of urine in the pelvis of the kidney, occasioned by obstruction in the urinary passages.

Hy´dro•path , n. [Cf. F. hydropathe.] A hydropathist. { Hy•dro•path´ic , Hy•dro•path´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to hydropathy.

Hy•drop´a•thist , n. One who practices hydropathy; a water-cure doctor.

Hy•drop´a•thy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. , , to suffer.] The water cure; a mode of treating diseases by the copious and frequent use of pure water, both internally and externally.

Hy•dro•per•i•to•ne´um , n. [NL. See Hydro-, and Peritoneum.] (Med.) Same as Ascites.

Hy´dro•phane , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. to show, appear: cf. F. hydrophane.] (Min.) A semitranslucent variety of opal that becomes translucent or transparent on immersion in water.

Hy•droph´a•nous , a. (Min.) Made transparent by immersion in water.

Hy´dro•phid , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. a small serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any sea snake of the genus Hydrophys and allied genera. These snakes are venomous, live upon fishes, and have a flattened tail for swimming.

Hy•dro•phlo´rone , n. [Hydro- , 2 + phlorone.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline benzene derivative, C_8H_10O_2, obtained by the reduction of phlorone.

Hy•dro•pho´bi•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ´y•dwr water + fear: cf. F. hydrophobie.] (Med.) (a) An abnormal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine madness; hence: (b) The disease caused by a bite form, or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature, of which the chief symptoms are, a sense of dryness and construction in the throat, causing difficulty in deglutition, and a marked heightening of reflex excitability, producing convulsions whenever the patient attempts to swallow, or is disturbed in any way, as by the sight or sound of water; rabies; canine madness. [Written also hydrophoby.]

Hy•dro•phob´ic , a. [L. hydrophobicus, Gr. : cf. F. hydrophobique.] Of or pertaining to hydrophobia; producing or caused by rabies; as hydrophobic symptoms; the hydrophobic poison.

Hy´dro•pho•by , n. See Hydrophobia.

Hy•droph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Hydroidea.

Hy´dro•phore , n. [Gr. ´y•dwr water + to bear.] An instrument used for the purpose of obtaining specimens of water from any desired depth, as in a river, a lake, or the ocean.

Hy•dro•phyl´li•um , n.; pl. L. Hydrophyllia (#), E. Hydrophylliums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + a leaf.] (Zoöl.) One of the flat, leaflike, protective zooids, covering other zooids of certain Siphonophora.

Hy´dro•phyte , n. [Gr. + plant: cf. F. hydrophyte.] An aquatic plant; an alga.

Hy•droph•y•tol´o•gy , n. [Hydro- + phyte + -logy.] The branch of botany which treats of water plants. { Hy•drop´ic , Hy•drop´ic•al } a. [L. hydropicus, Gr. : cf. F. hydropique. See Dropsy.] Dropsical, or resembling dropsy. “Every lust is a kind of hydropic distemper, and the more we drink the more we shall thirst.” Tillotson.

Hy•drop´ic•al•ly, adv. In a hydropical manner.

Hy´dro•pi•per , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + L. piper a pepper.] (Bot.) A species (Polygonum Hydropiper) of knotweed with acrid foliage; water pepper; smartweed.

Hy•dro•pneu•mat´ic , a. [Hydro- , 1 + pneumatic: cf. F. hydropneumatique.] Pertaining to, or depending upon, both liquid and gaseous substances; as hydropneumatic apparatus for collecting gases over water or other liquids.

Hy´drop•sy , n. Same as Dropsy.

Hy´dro•pult , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. to hurl.] A machine for throwing water by hand power, as a garden engine, a fire extinguisher, etc.

Hy•dro•qui´none , n. [Hydro-, 2 + quinone.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C_6H_4(OH)2, obtained by the reduction of quinone. It is a diacid phenol, resembling, and metameric with, pyrocatechin and resorcin. Called also dihydroxy benzene.

Hy•dro•rhi´za , n.; pl. L. Hydrorhizae (#), E. Hydrorhizas (#). [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. a root.] (Zoöl.) The rootstock or decumbent stem by which a hydroid is attached to other objects. See Illust. under Hydroidea.

Hy´dro•salt , n. [Hydro-, 1 + salt.] (Chem.) (a) A salt supposed to be formed by a hydracid and a base. (b) An acid salt. [R.] (c) A hydrous salt; a salt combined with water of hydration or crystallization.

Hy´dro•scope , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -scope.] 1. An instrument designed to mark the presence of water, especially in air. Weale. 2. A kind of water clock, used anciently for measuring time, the water tricking from an orifice at the end of a graduated tube. { Hy´dro•some , Hy•dro•so´ma }, n. [NL. hydrosoma. See Hydra, and -some body.] (Zoöl.) All the zooids of a hydroid colony collectively, including the nutritive and reproductive zooids, and often other kinds.

Hy•dro•sor´bic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + sorbic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from sorbic acid when this takes up hydrogen; as hydrosorbic acid.

Hy´dro•stat , n. A contrivance or apparatus to prevent the explosion of steam boilers. { Hy•dro•stat´ic , Hy•dro•stat´ic•al } a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. causing to stand: cf. F. hydrostatique. See Static.] Of or relating to hydrostatics; pertaining to, or in accordance with, the principles of the equilibrium of fluids. “The first discovery made in hydrostatics since the time of Archimedes is due to Stevinus.” Hallam. Hydrostatic balance, a balance for weighing substances in water, for the purpose of ascertaining their specific gravities. — Hydrostatic bed, a water bed. — Hydrostatic bellows, an apparatus consisting of a water-tight bellowslike case with a long, upright tube, into which water may be poured to illustrate the hydrostatic paradox. — Hydrostatic paradox, the proposition in hydrostatics that any quantity of water, however small, may be made to counterbalance any weight, however great; or the law of the equality of pressure of fluids in all directions. — Hydrostatic press, a machine in which great force, with slow motion, is communicated to a large plunger by means of water forced into the cylinder in which it moves, by a forcing pump of small diameter, to which the power is applied, the principle involved being the same as in the hydrostatic bellows. Also called hydraulic press, and Bramah press. In the illustration, a is a pump with a small plunger b, which forces the water into the cylinder c, thus driving upward the large plunder d, which performs the reduced work, such as compressing cotton bales, etc.

Hy•dro•stat´ic•al•ly, adv. According to hydrostatics, or to hydrostatic principles. Bentley.

Hy•dro•sta•ti´cian , n. One who is versed or skilled in hydrostatics. [R.]

Hy•dro•stat´ics , n. [Cf. F. hydrostatique.] (Physics) The branch of science which relates to the pressure and equilibrium of nonelastic fluids, as water, mercury, etc.; the principles of statics applied to water and other liquids.

Hy•dro•sul´phate , n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrosulphurent.

Hy•dro•sul´phide , n. (Chem.) One of a series of compounds, derived from hydrogen sulphide by the replacement of half its hydrogen by a base or basic radical; as potassium hydrosulphide, KSH. The hydrosulphides are analogous to the hydrates and include the mercaptans.

Hy•dro•sul´phite , n. (Chem.) A saline compound of hydrosulphurous acid and a base. [R.]

Hy•dro•sul´phu•ret , n. (Chem.) A hydrosulphide. [Archaic]

Hy•dro•sul´phu•ret•ed , a. (Chem.) Combined with hydrogen sulphide.

Hy•dro•sul•phu´ric , a. [Hydro- , 2 + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydrogen and sulphur; as hydrosulphuric acid, a designation applied to the solution of hydrogen sulphide in water.

Hy•dro•sul´phur•ous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the reduction of sulphurous acid. See Hyposulphurous acid, under Hyposulphurous.

Hy•dro•tel´lu•rate , n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of hydrotelluric acid and the base.

Hy•dro•tel•lu´ric , a. [Hydro- , 2 + telluric.] (Chem.) Formed by hydrogen and tellurium; as hydrotelluric acid, or hydrogen telluride.

Hy•dro•the´ca , n.; pl. L. Hydrothecae (#), E. Hydrothecas (#). [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. a box.] (Zoöl.) One of the calicles which, in some Hydroidea (Thecaphora), protect the hydrants. See Illust. of Hydroidea, and Campanularian.

Hy•dro•ther´a•py , n. [Hydro- , 1 + therapy.] (Med.) See Hydropathy.

Hy•dro•ther´mal , a. [Hydro-, 1 + thermal.] Of or pertaining to hot water; — used esp. with reference to the action of heated waters in dissolving, redepositing, and otherwise producing mineral changes within the crust of the globe.

Hy•dro•tho´rax , n. [Hydro-, 1 + thorax.] (Med.) An accumulation of serous fluid in the cavity of the chest.

Hy•drot´ic , a. [Gr. ´y•dwr water: cf. Gr. moisture, F. hydrotique.] Causing a discharge of water or phlegm. — n. (Med.) A hydrotic medicine.

Hy•drot´ic•al , a. Hydrotic.

Hy´dro•trope , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. to turn, direct.] A device for raising water by the direct action of steam; a pulsometer.

Hy•dro•trop´ic , a. [See Hydrotrope.] (Bot.) Turning or bending towards moisture, as roots.

Hy•drot´ro•pism , n. (Bot.) A tendency towards moisture.

Hy´drous , a. [Gr. ´y•dwr water.] 1. Containing water; watery. 2. (Chem.) Containing water of hydration or crystallization.

Hy•dro•xan´thane , n. (Chem.) A persulphocyanate. [Obs.]

Hy•dro•xan´thic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + xanthic.] (Chem.) Persulphocyanic.

Hy•drox´ide , n. [Hydro-, 2 + oxide.] (Chem.) A hydrate; a substance containing hydrogen and oxygen, made by combining water with an oxide, and yielding water by elimination. The hydroxides are regarded as compounds of hydroxyl, united usually with basic element or radical; as calcium hydroxide ethyl hydroxide.

Hy•drox´y- (Chem.) A combining form, also used adjectively, indicating hydroxyl as an ingredient. Hydroxy acid (Chem.), an organic acid, having (besides the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl radical) an alcoholic hydroxyl group, and thus having the qualities of an alcohol in addition to its acid properties; as lactic and tartaric acids are hydroxy acids.

Hy•drox´yl , n. [Hydro-, 2 + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, or unsaturated group, HO, consisting of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. It is a characteristic part of the hydrates, the alcohols, the oxygen acids, etc.

Hy•drox•yl•am´ine , n. [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous, organic base, NH_2.OH, resembling ammonia, and produced by a modified reduction of nitric acid. It is usually obtained as a volatile, unstable solution in water. It acts as a strong reducing agent.

Hy•dro•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Acalephae; one of the classes of cœlenterates, including the Hydroidea, Discophora, and Siphonophora.

Hy•dro•zo´al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hydrozoa.

Hy•dro•zo´ön , n.; pl. L. Hydrozoa (#), E. Hydrozoöns (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hydrozoa.

Hy´dru•ret , n. [Hydro-, 2] (Chem.) A binary compound of hydrogen; a hydride. [Obs.]

Hy´drus , n. [L., a water serpent; also a certain constellation, Gr. ´y•dros.] (Astron.) A constellation of the southern hemisphere, near the south pole.

Hye , n. & v. See Hie. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy•e´mal , a. [L. hyemalis, or better hiemalis, fr. hyems, hiems, winter: cf. F. hyemal.] Belonging to winter; done in winter. Sir T. Browne.

Hy´e•mate , v. i. [L. hiemare, hiematum. See Hyemal.] To pass the winter. [Obs. & R.]

Hy•e•ma´tion , n. [L. hiematio.] 1. The passing of a winter in a particular place; a wintering. 2. The act of affording shelter in winter. [Obs.]

Hy´en , n. [F. hyène.] A hyena. [Obs.] Shak.

Hy•e´na , n.; pl. Hyenas (#). [L. hyaena, Gr. , orig., a sow, but usually, a Libyan wild beast, prob., the hyena, fr. hog: cf. F. hyène. See Sow female hog.] (Zoöl.) Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyaenidae, of which three living species are known. They are large and strong, but cowardly. They feed chiefly on carrion, and are nocturnal in their habits. [Written also hyaena.] The striped hyena (Hyaena striata) inhabits Southern Asia and a large part of Africa. The brown hyena (H. brunnea), and the spotted hyena (Crocuta maculata), are found in Southern Africa. The extinct cave hyena (H. spelaea) inhabited England and France. Cave hyena. See under Cave. — Hyena dog (Zoöl.), a South African canine animal (Lycaon venaticus), which hunts in packs, chiefly at night. It is smaller than the common wolf, with very large, erect ears, and a bushy tail. Its color is reddish or yellowish brown, blotched with black and white. Called also hunting dog.

Hy´e•tal , a. [Gr. rain, from to rain.] Of or pertaining to rain; descriptive of the distribution of rain, or of rainy regions.

Hy´e•to•graph , n. [Gr. rain + -graph.] A chart or graphic representation of the average distribution of rain over the surface of the earth.

Hy•e•to•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to to hyetography.

Hy•e•tog´ra•phy , n. The branch of physical science which treats of the geographical distribution of rain.

Hy•ge´ia , n. [L. Hygea, Hygia, fr. Gr. , , health, , Hygeia, fr. sound, healthy.] (Classic Myth.) The goddess of health, daughter of Esculapius.

Hy•ge´ian , a. Relating to Hygeia, the goddess of health; of or pertaining to health, or its preservation.

Hy´ge•ist , n. One skilled in hygiena; a hygienist.

Hy´gie•ist , n. A hygienist.

Hy´gi•ene , n. [F. hygiène. See Hygeia.] That department of sanitary science which treats of the preservation of health, esp. of households and communities; a system of principles or rules designated for the promotion of health.

Hy•gi•en´ic , a. [Cf. F. hygienique.] Of or pertaining to health or hygiene; sanitary.

Hy•gi•en´ics, n. The science of health; hygiene.

Hy´gi•en•ism , n. Hygiene.

Hy´gi•en•ist, n. One versed in hygiene.

Hy•gi•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. health + -logy.] A treatise on, or the science of, the preservation of health. [R.]

Hy´grine , n. [From Gr. moist.] (Chem.) An alkaloid associated with cocaine in coca leaves (Erythroxylon coca), and extracted as a thick, yellow oil, having a pungent taste and odor.

Hy´gro•deik , n. [Gr. wet, moist, and to show.] (Physics) A form of hygrometer having wet and dry bulb thermometers, with an adjustable index showing directly the percentage of moisture in the air, etc.

Hy´gro•graph , n. [Gr. wet + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument for recording automatically the variations of the humidity of the atmosphere.

Hy•grol´o•gy , n. [Gr. wet + -logy: cf. F. hygrologie.] (Med.) The science which treats of the fluids of the body.

Hy•grom´e•ter , n. [Gr. wet, moist + -meter: cf. F. hygromètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. Daniell’s hygrometer, a form of hygrometer consisting of a bent glass tube terminating in two bulbs, the one covered with muslin, the other of black glass, and containing ether and a thermometer. Ether being poured on the muslin, the black ball, cooled by the evaporation of the ether within, is soon covered with dew; at this moment, the inclosed thermometer gives the dew-point, and this, compared with the reading of one in the air, determines the humidity. { Hy•gro•met´ric , Hy•gro•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. hygrometrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to hygrometry; made with, or according to, the hygrometer; as hygrometric observations. 2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture; as hygrometric substances, like potash.

Hy•grom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. hygrometrie.] (Physics) That branch of physics which relates to the determination of the humidity of bodies, particularly of the atmosphere, with the theory and use of the instruments constructed for this purpose.

Hy•groph´a•nous , a. [Gr. wet + to show.] Having such a structure as to be diaphanous when moist, and opaque when dry.

Hy•groph•thal´mic , a. [Gr. wet + E. ophthalmic.] (Anat.) Serving to moisten the eye; — sometimes applied to the lachrymal ducts.

Hy´gro•plasm , n. [Gr. wet + form, mold.] (Biol.) The fluid portion of the cell protoplasm, in opposition to stereoplasm, the solid or insoluble portion. The latter is supposed to be partly nutritive and partly composed of idioplasm.

Hy´gro•scope , n. [Gr. wet + -scope: cf. F. hygroscope.] (Physics) An instrument which shows whether there is more or less moisture in the atmosphere, without indicating its amount.

Hy•gro•scop´ic , a. [Cf. F. hygroscopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or indicated by, the hygroscope; not readily manifest to the senses, but capable of detection by the hygroscope; as glass is often covered with a film of hygroscopic moisture. 2. Having the property of readily inbibing moisture from the atmosphere, or of the becoming coated with a thin film of moisture, as glass, etc.

Hy•gro•sco•pic´i•ty , n. (Bot.) The property possessed by vegetable tissues of absorbing or discharging moisture according to circumstances.

Hy•gro•stat´ics , n. [Gr. wet + . See Statics.] The science or art of comparing or measuring degrees of moisture. Evelyn.

Hyke , n. See Haik, and Huke. { Hy´lae•o•saur• , Hy•lae•o•sau´rus } n. [NL. hylaeosaurus, fr. Gr. belonging to a forest (fr. wood) + a lizard.] (Paleon.) A large Wealden dinosaur from the Tilgate Forest, England. It was about twenty feet long, protected by bony plates in the skin, and armed with spines.

Hy•lar´chi•cal , a. [Gr. wood, matter + : cf. F. hylarchique. See Archical.] Presiding over matter. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Hy´le•o•saur´ , n. Same as Hylaeosaur.

Hyl´ic , a. Of or pertaining to matter; material; corporeal; as hylic influences.

Hy´li•cist , n. [Gr. adj., material, fr. wood, matter.] A philosopher who treats chiefly of matter; one who adopts or teaches hylism.

Hy´lism , n. [Gr. wood, matter.] (Metaph.) A theory which regards matter as the original principle of evil.

Hy´lo•bate , n. [Gr. one that walks or inhabits the woods: a wood + to go.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Hylobates; a gibbon, or long-armed ape. See Gibbon.

Hy•lo´des , n. [NL., fr. Gr. woody, wooded, muddy; a wood + form.] (Zoöl.) The piping frog (Hyla Pickeringii), a small American tree frog, which in early spring, while breeding in swamps and ditches, sings with high, shrill, but musical, notes.

Hy´lo•ism , n. Same as Hylotheism.

Hy´lo•ist, n. [Gr. wood, matter.] Same as Hylotheist.

Hy•lop´a•thism , n. [Gr. matter + , , to suffer.] The doctrine that matter is sentient. Krauth-Fleming.

Hy•lop´a•thist , n. One who believes in hylopathism.

Hy•loph´a•gous , a. [Gr. wood + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating green shoots, as certain insects do.

Hy´lo•the•ism , n. [Gr. wood, matter + God.] The doctrine of belief that matter is God, or that there is no God except matter and the universe; pantheism. See Materialism.

Hy´lo•the•ist, n. One who believes in hylotheism.

Hy•lo•zo´ic , a. Of or pertaining to hylozoism.

Hy•lo•zo´ism , n. [Gr. wood, matter + life, fr. to live: cf. F. hylozoïsme.] The doctrine that matter possesses a species of life and sensation, or that matter and life are inseparable. [R.] Cudworth.

Hy•lo•zo´ist, n. A believer in hylozoism. A. Tucker.

Hy•mar´ , n. (Zoöl.) The wild ass of Persia.

Hy´men , n. [Gr. skin, membrane.] (Anat.) A fold of muscous membrane often found at the orifice of the vagina; the vaginal membrane.

Hy´men, n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Class Myth.) A fabulous deity; according to some, the son of Apollo and Urania, according to others, of Bacchus and Venus. He was the god of marriage, and presided over nuptial solemnities. “Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour,
There dwelt no joy in Eden’s rosy bower.” Campbell. 2. Marriage; union as if by marriage. “Hymen of element and race.” Emerson. { Hy•me•ne´al , Hy•me•ne´an } a. [L. hymeneius, a., also Hymenaeus, n., Hymen, Gr. the wedding song, also Hymen: cf. F. hymeneal, hymeneen.] Of or pertaining to marriage; as hymeneal rites. Pope. { Hy•me•ne´al , Hy•me•ne´an } n. A marriage song. Milton.

Hy•me´ni•um , n.; pl. L. Hymenia (#), E. Hymeniums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a membrane.] (Bot.) The spore-bearing surface of certain fungi, as that on the gills of a mushroom.

Hy•me•nog´e•ny , n. [Gr. a membrane + root of to be born.] The production of artificial membranes by contact of two fluids, as albumin and fat, by which the globules of the latter are surrounded by a thin film of the former.

Hy•me•no•my•ce´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a membrane + , , a mushroom.] (Bot.) One of the great divisions of fungi, containing those species in which the hymenium is completely exposed. M. J. Berkley.

Hy•men´o•phore , n. [Gr. a membrane + to bear.] (Bot.) That part of a fungus which is covered with the hymenium.

Hy•me•nop´ter , n. [Cf. F. hymenoptère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hymenoptera.

Hy•me•nop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. membrane-winged; skin, membrane + wing.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of insects, including the bees, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, etc. They have four membranous wings, with few reticulations, and usually with a thickened, dark spot on the front edge of the anterior wings. In most of the species, the tongue, or lingua, is converted into an organ for sucking honey, or other liquid food, and the mandibles are adapted for biting or cutting. In one large division (Aculeata), including the bees, wasps, and ants, the females and workers usually have a sting, which is only a modified ovipositor. { Hy•me•nop´ter•al , Hy•me•nop´ter•ous } a. (Zoöl.) Like, or characteristic of, the Hymenoptera; pertaining to the Hymenoptera.

Hy•me•nop´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Hymenoptera.

Hymn (him), n. [OE. hympne, ympne, F. hymne, OF. also ymne, L. hymnus, Gr. ; perh. akin to web, to weave, and so to E. weave.] An ode or song of praise or adoration; especially, a religious ode, a sacred lyric; a song of praise or thanksgiving intended to be used in religious service; as the Homeric hymns; Watts’ hymns. “Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns.” Col. iii. 16. “Where angels first should practice hymns, and string
Their tuneful harps.” Dryden. Hymn book, a book containing a collection of hymns, as for use in churches; a hymnal.

Hymn , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hymned p. pr. & vb. n. Hymning ] [Cf. L. hymnire, Gr. .] To praise in song; to worship or extol by singing hymns; to sing. “To hymn the bright of the Lord.” Keble. “Their praise is hymned by loftier harps than mine.” Byron.

Hymn, v. i. To sing in praise or adoration. Milton.

Hym´nal , n. A collection of hymns; a hymn book.

Hym´nic , a. [Cf. F. hymnique.] Relating to hymns, or sacred lyrics. Donne.

Hymn´ing , a. Praising with hymns; singing. ´The hymning choir.´ G. West.

Hymn´ing, n. The singing of hymns. Milton.

Hym´nist , n. A writer of hymns.

Hym´no•dy , n. [Gr. ; a hymn + a song, a singing.] Hymns, considered collectively; hymnology.

Hym•nog´ra•pher , n. 1. One who writes on the subject of hymns. 2. A writer or composed of hymns.

Hym•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. hymn + graphy.] The art or act of composing hymns.

Hym•nol´o•gist , n. A composer or compiler of hymns; one versed in hymnology. Busby.

Hym•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. hymn + -logy: cf. F. hymnologie.] 1. The hymns or sacred lyrics composed by authors of a particular country or period; as the hymnology of the eighteenth century; also the collective body of hymns used by any particular church or religious body; as the Anglican hymnology. 2. A knowledge of hymns; a treatise on hymns.

Hymp´ne , n. A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hynd´reste , a. See Hinderest. [Obs.]

Hyne , n. A servant. See Hine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy´o- [See Hyod.] A prexif used in anatomy, and generally denoting connection with the hyoid bone or arch; as hyoglossal, hyomandibular, hyomental, etc.

Hy•o•ga•noi´de•i , n. pl. [NL. See Hyo-, and Canoidei.] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes, including the gar pikes and bowfins. — Hy•o•ga´noid (#), a.

Hy•o•glos´sal , a. [Hyo- + Gr. tongue.] (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to or connecting the tongue and hyodean arch; as the hyoglossal membrane. (b) Of or pertaining to the hyoglossus muscle.

Hy•o•glos´sus , n. [NL., fr. hyo- hyo- + Gr. glw^ssa tongue.] (Anat.) A flat muscle on either side of the tongue, connecting it with the hyoid bone.

Hy´oid , a. [Gr. fr. the letter &UPSILON; + form: cf. F. hyoïde.] 1. Having the form of an arch, or of the Greek letter upsilon [&UPSILON;]. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bony or cartilaginous arch which supports the tongue. Sometimes applied to the tongue itself. Hyoid arch (Anat.), the arch of cartilaginous or bony segments, which connects the base of the tongue with either side of the skull. — Hyoid bone (Anat.), the bone in the base of the tongue, the middle part of the hyoid arch.

Hy´oid, n. The hyoid bone. { Hy•oid´e•al , Hy•oid´e•an } a. Same as Hyoid, a.

Hy•o•man•dib´u•lar , a. [Hyo- + mandibular.] (Anat.) Pertaining both to the hyoidean arch and the mandible or lower jaw; as the hyomandibular bone or cartilage, a segment of the hyoid arch which connects the lower jaw with the skull in fishes. — n. The hyomandibular bone or cartilage.

Hy•o•men´tal , a. [Hyo- + mental of the chin.] (Anat.) Between the hyoid bone and the lower jaw, pertaining to them; suprahyoid; submaxillary; as the hyomental region of the front of the neck.

Hy•o•pas´tron , n. [Hyo- + plastron.] (Zoöl.) The second lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; — called also hyosternum.

Hy•os´cine , n. [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found with hyoscyamine (with which it is also isomeric) in henbane, and extracted as a white, amorphous, semisolid substance.

Hy•os•cy´a•mine , n. [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and regarded as its active principle. It is also found with other alkaloids in the thorn apple and deadly nightshade. It is extracted as a white crystalline substance, with a sharp, offensive taste. Hyoscyamine is isomeric with atropine, is very poisonous, and is used as a medicine for neuralgia, like belladonna. Called also hyoscyamia, duboisine, etc.

Hy•os•cy´a•mus , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; a sow, hog + a bean.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of poisonous plants of the Nightshade family; henbane. 2. (Med.) The leaves of the black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), used in neuralgic and pectorial troubles.

Hy•o•ster´nal , a. [Hyo- + ternal.] (Anat.) (a) Between the hyoid bone and the sternum, or pertaining to them; infrahyoid; as the hyosternal region of the neck. (b) Pertaining to the hyosternum of turtles.

Hy•o•ster´num , n. [Hyo- + sternum.] (Anat.) See Hyoplastron.

Hy•o•styl´ic , a. [Hyo- + Gr. a pillar.] (Anat.) Having the mandible suspended by the hyomandibular, or upper part of the hyoid arch, as in fishes, instead of directly articulated with the skull as in mammals; — said of the skull.

Hyp , n. An abbreviation of hypochonaria; — usually in plural. [Colloq.] “Heaven send thou hast not got the hyps.” Swift.

Hyp, v. t. To make melancholy. [Colloq.] W. Irving. { Hy•pae´thral , Hy•pe´thral }, a. [L. hypaethrus in the open air, uncovered, Gr. ; under + ether, the clear sky.] (Arch.) Exposed to the air; wanting a roof; — applied to a building or part of a building. Gwilt.

Hy•pal´la•ge , n. [L., fr. Gr. , prop., interchange, exchange, fr, to interchange; under + to change.] (Gram.) A figure consisting of a transference of attributes from their proper subjects to others. Thus Virgil says, ´dare classibus austros,´ to give the winds to the fleets, instead of dare classibus austris, to give the fleets to the winds. “The hypallage, of which Virgil is fonder than any other writer, is much the gravest fault in language.” Landor.

Hy•pan´thi•um , n.; pl. L. Hypanthia (#), E. Hypanthiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo beneath + ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting in large part of a receptacle, enlarged below the calyx, as in the Calycanthus, the rose hip, and the pear.

Hy•pa•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Hypapophyles (#). [NL. See Hypo-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A process, or other element, of a vertebra developed from the ventral side of the centrum, as haemal spines, and chevron bones. — Hy•pa•po•phys´i•al (#), a.

Hy•par•te´ri•al , a. [Hypo- + arterial.] (Anat.) Situated below an artery; applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off below the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus.

Hy•pas´pist , n. [Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) A shield-bearer or armor-bearer. Mitford.

Hy•pax´i•al , a. [Hypo- + axial.] (Anat.) Beneath the axis of the skeleton; subvertebral; hyposkeletal.

hype v. t. 1. to publicize [e.g. a product or a future event] insistently, in a manner exaggerating the importance of; to promote flamboyantly. [wns=1]
[WordNet 1.5] 2. To stimulate or excite (a person); — usually used with up, and often in the passive form; as she was all hyped up over her upcoming wedding.
[PJC]

hype n. Intense publicity for a future event, performed in a showy or excessively dramatic manner suggesting an importance not justified by the event; as the hype surrounding the superbowl is usually ludicrous.
[PJC]

Hy´per- [Gr. ´ype•r over, above; akin to L. super, E. over. See Over, and cf. Super- .] 1. A prefix signifying over, above; as hyperphysical, hyperthyrion; also above measure, abnormally great, excessive; as hyperaemia, hyperbola, hypercritical, hypersecretion. 2. (Chem.) A prefix equivalent to super- or per-; as hyperoxide, or peroxide. [Obs.] See Per-.

Hy•per•ae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A superabundance or congestion of blood in an organ or part of the body. Active hyperaemia, congestion due to increased flow of blood to a part. — Passive hyperaemia, interchange due to obstruction in the return of blood from a part. — Hy•per•ae´mic (#), a.

Hy•per•aes•the´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + sense, perception.] (Med. & Physiol.) A state of exalted or morbidly increased sensibility of the body, or of a part of it. — Hy•per•aes•thet´ic (#), a.

Hy•per•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Hyperapophyses (#). [NL. See Hyper- , and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A lateral and backward-projecting process on the dorsal side of a vertebra. - - Hy•per•ap•o•phys´i•al (#), a.

Hy•per•as´pist , n. [Gr. , fr. to cover with a shield; ´ype•r over + shield.] One who holds a shield over another; hence, a defender. [Obs.] Chillingworth.

Hy•per•bat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an hyperbaton; transposed; inverted.

Hy•per´ba•ton , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. transposed, fr. to step over; ´ype•r over + to step.] (Gram.) A figurative construction, changing or inverting the natural order of words or clauses; as ´echoed the hills´ for ´the hills echoed.´ “With a violent hyperbaton to transpose the text.” Milton.

Hy•per´bo•la , n. [Gr. , prop., an overshooting, excess, i. e., of the angle which the cutting plane makes with the base. See Hyperbole.] (Geom.) A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. It is a plane curve such that the difference of the distances from any point of it to two fixed points, called foci, is equal to a given distance. See Focus. If the cutting plane be produced so as to cut the opposite cone, another curve will be formed, which is also an hyperbola. Both curves are regarded as branches of the same hyperbola. See Illust. of Conic section, and Focus.

Hy•per´bo•le , n. [L., fr. Gr, prop., an overshooting, excess, fr. Gr. to throw over or beyond; ´ype•r over + to throw. See Hyper-, Parable, and cf. Hyperbola.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the expression is an evident exaggeration of the meaning intended to be conveyed, or by which things are represented as much greater or less, better or worse, than they really are; a statement exaggerated fancifully, through excitement, or for effect. “Our common forms of compliment are almost all of them extravagant hyperboles.” Blair. “Somebody has said of the boldest figure in rhetoric, the hyperbole, that it lies without deceiving.” Macaulay. { Hy•per•bol´ic , Hy•per•bol´ic•al } a. [L. hyperbolicus, Gr. : cf. F. hyperbolique.] 1. (Math.) Belonging to the hyperbola; having the nature of the hyperbola. 2. (Rhet.) Relating to, containing, or of the nature of, hyperbole; exaggerating or diminishing beyond the fact; exceeding the truth; as an hyperbolical expression. ´This hyperbolical epitaph.´ Fuller. Hyperbolic functions (Math.), certain functions which have relations to the hyperbola corresponding to those which sines, cosines, tangents, etc., have to the circle; and hence, called hyperbolic sines, hyperbolic cosines, etc. — Hyperbolic logarithm. See Logarithm. — Hyperbolic spiral (Math.), a spiral curve, the law of which is, that the distance from the pole to the generating point varies inversely as the angle swept over by the radius vector.

Hy•per•bol´ic•al•ly , adv. 1. (Math.) In the form of an hyperbola. 2. (Rhet.) With exaggeration; in a manner to express more or less than the truth. Sir W. Raleigh.

Hy•per•bol´i•form , a. [Hyperbola + -form.] Having the form, or nearly the form, of an hyperbola.

Hy•per´bo•lism , n. [Cf. F. hyperbolisme.] The use of hyperbole. Jefferson.

Hy•per´bo•list , n. One who uses hyperboles.

Hy•per´bo•lize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hyperbolized p. pr. & vb. n. Hyperbolizing ] [Cf. F. hyperboliser.] To speak or write with exaggeration. Bp. Montagu.

Hy•per´bo•lize, v. t. To state or represent hyperbolically. Fotherby.

Hy•per´bo•loid , n. [Hyperbola + -oid: cf. F. hyperboloïde.] (Geom.) A surface of the second order, which is cut by certain planes in hyperbolas; also the solid, bounded in part by such a surface. Hyperboloid of revolution, an hyperboloid described by an hyperbola revolving about one of its axes. The surface has two separate sheets when the axis of revolution is the transverse axis, but only one when the axis of revolution is the conjugate axis of the hyperbola.

Hy•per´bo•loid, a. (Geom.) Having some property that belongs to an hyperboloid or hyperbola.

Hy•per•bo´re•an , a. [L. hyperboreus, Gr. ; ´ype•r over, beyond + . See Boreas.] 1. (Greek Myth.) Of or pertaining to the region beyond the North wind, or to its inhabitants. 2. Northern; belonging to, or inhabiting, a region in very far north; most northern; hence, very cold; fright, as a hyperborean coast or atmosphere. “The hyperborean or frozen sea.” C. Butler (1633).

Hy•per•bo´re•an, n. 1. (Greek Myth.) One of the people who lived beyond the North wind, in a land of perpetual sunshine. 2. An inhabitant of the most northern regions.

Hy•per•car´bu•ret•ed , a. (Chem.) Having an excessive proportion of carbonic acid; — said of bicarbonates or acid carbonates. [Written also hypercarburetted.]

Hy•per•cat•a•lec´tic , a. [L. hypercatalecticus, hypercatalectus, Gr. : cf. F. hypercatalectique. See Hyper-, and Catalectic.] (Pros.) Having a syllable or two beyond measure; as a hypercatalectic verse.

Hy•per•chlo´ric , a. (Chem.) See Perchloric.

Hy•per•chro´ma•tism , n. The condition of having an unusual intensity of color.

Hy•per•crit´ic , n. [Pref. hyper- + critic: cf. F. hypercritique.] One who is critical beyond measure or reason; a carping critic; a captious censor. ´Hypercritics in English poetry.´ Dryden.

Hy•per•crit´ic, a. Hypercritical.

Hy•per•crit´ic•al , a. 1. Over critical; unreasonably or unjustly critical; carping; captious. ´Hypercritical readers.´ Swift. 2. Excessively nice or exact. Evelyn.

Hy•per•crit´ic•al•ly, adv. In a hypercritical manner.

Hy•per•crit´i•cise , v. t. To criticise with unjust severity; to criticise captiously.

Hy•per•crit´i•cism , n. Excessive criticism, or unjust severity or rigor of criticism; zoilism.

Hy•per•di•crot´ic , a. (Physiol.) Excessive dicrotic; as a hyperdicrotic pulse.

Hy•per•di´cro•tism , n. (Physiol.) A hyperdicrotic condition.

Hy•per•di´cro•tous , a. (Physiol.) Hyperdicrotic.

Hy•per•du•li´a , n. [Pref. hyper- + dulia: cf. F. hyperdulie.] (R. C. Ch.) Veneration or worship given to the Virgin Mary as the most exalted of mere creatures; higher veneration than dulia. Addis & Arnold.

Hy´per•du•ly , n. Hyperdulia. [Obs.]

Hy•per•es•the´si•a , n. Same as Hyperaesthesia.

Hy•per´i•cum , n. [L., fr. Gr. , ; under, among + , , heath, heather.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, generally with dotted leaves and yellow flowers; — called also St. John’s-wort.

Hy•per•i•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + , , strength, fiber.] (Med.) A condition of the blood, characterized by an abnormally large amount of fibrin, as in many inflammatory diseases.

Hy•pe´ri•on , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class Myth.) The god of the sun; in the later mythology identified with Apollo, and distinguished for his beauty. “So excellent a king; that was to this,
Hyperion to a satyr.” Shak.

Hy•per•ki•ne´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + motion.] (Med.) Abnormally increased muscular movement; spasm.

Hy•per•ki•net´ic , a. Of or pertaining to hyperkinesis.

Hy•per•met•a•mor´pho•sis , n. [Hyper- + metamorphosis.] (Zoöl.) A kind of metamorphosis, in certain insects, in which the larva itself undergoes remarkable changes of form and structure during its growth.

Hy•per´me•ter , n. [Gr. beyond all measure; ´ype•r over, beyond + measure: cf. F. hypermètre.] 1. (Pros.) A verse which has a redundant syllable or foot; a hypercatalectic verse. 2. Hence, anything exceeding the ordinary standard. “When a man rises beyond six foot, he is an hypermeter.” Addison.

Hy•per•met´ric•al , a. Having a redundant syllable; exceeding the common measure. Hypermetrical verse (Gr. & Lat. Pros.), a verse which contains a syllable more than the ordinary measure. { Hy•per•me•tro´pi•a , Hy•per•met´ro•py } n. [NL. hypermetropia, fr. Gr. excessive + , , the eye. See Hypermeter.] A condition of the eye in which, through shortness of the eyeball or fault of the refractive media, the rays of light come to a focus behind the retina; farsightedness; — called also hyperopia. Cf. Emmetropia. In hypermetropia, vision for distant objects, although not better absolutely, is better than that for near objects, and hence, the individual is said to be farsighted. It is corrected by the use of convex glasses. — Hy•per•me•trop´ic (#), a.

Hy•per•myr•i•o•ra´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. beyond + countless + view.] A show or exhibition having a great number of scenes or views.

Hy•per•o•ar´ti•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of marsipobranchs including the lampreys. The suckerlike moth contains numerous teeth; the nasal opening is in the middle of the head above, but it does not connect with the mouth. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey.

Hy•per•o´pi•a (hi•per•o´pi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + ’w•ps, ’wpo•s, the eye.] Hypermetropia. — Hy•per•op´tic (#), a.

Hy•per•or•gan´ic (-ôr•gan´ik), a. [Pref. hyper- + organic.] Higher than, or beyond the sphere of, the organic. Sir W. Hamilton.

Hy•per•or´tho•dox•y , n. Orthodoxy pushed to excess.

Hy•per•o•tre´ta (hi•per•o•tre´ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´yperw•,n the palate + trhto•s perforated.] (Zoöl.) An order of marsipobranchs, including the Myxine or hagfish and the genus Bdellostoma. They have barbels around the mouth, one tooth on the palate, and a communication between the nasal aperture and the throat. See Hagfish. [Written also Hyperotreti.]

Hy•per•ox´ide , n. (Chem.) A compound having a relatively large percentage of oxygen; a peroxide. [Obs.] { Hy•per•ox´y•gen•a•ted , Hy•per•ox´y•gen•ized } a. (Chem.) Combined with a relatively large amount of oxygen; — said of higher oxides. [Obs.]

Hy•per•ox•y•mu´ri•ate , n. (Chem.) A perchlorate. [Obs.]

Hy•per•ox•y•mu•ri•at´ic , a. (Chem.) Perchloric; as hyperoxymuriatic acid. [Obs.]

Hy•per•phys´ic•al , a. Above or transcending physical laws; supernatural. “Those who do not fly to some hyperphysical hypothesis.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Hy•per•pla´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + conformation, fr. to mold.] (Med. & Biol.) An increase in, or excessive growth of, the normal elements of any part. Hyperplasia relates to the formation of new elements, hypertrophy being an increase in bulk of preexisting normal elements. Dunglison.

Hy•per•plas´tic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to hyperplasia. 2. (Biol.) Tending to excess of formative action.

Hy•perp•nœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + , , breath.] (Physiol.) Abnormal breathing, due to slightly deficient arterialization of the blood; — in distinction from eupnœa. See Eupnœa, and Dispnœa.

Hy•per•py•rex´i•a , n. [NL. See Hyper-, and Pyrexia.] (Med.) A condition of excessive fever; an elevation of temperature in a disease, in excess of the limit usually observed in that disease.

Hy•per•se•cre´tion , n. (Med.) Morbid or excessive secretion, as in catarrh.

Hy•per•sen•si•bil´i•ty , n. See Hyperaesthesia.

Hy´per•space (-spas), n. [Pref. hyper- + space.] (Geom.) An imagined space having more than three dimensions.

Hy´per•sthene (hi´per•sthen), n. [Gr. ´ype•r over + sqe•nos strength: cf. F. hyperstène.] (Min.) An orthorhombic mineral of the pyroxene group, of a grayish or greenish black color, often with a peculiar bronzelike luster (schiller) on the cleavage surface.

Hy•per•sthen´ic , a. (Min.) Composed of, or containing, hypersthene.

Hy•per•thet´ic•al , a. [Gr. ; ´ype•r over + tiqe•nai to place.] Exaggerated; excessive; hyperbolical. [Obs.] “Hyperthetical or superlative … expression.” Chapman.

Hy•per•thyr´i•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ´ype•r over + door.] (Arch.) That part of the architrave which is over a door or window. { Hy•per•troph´ic , Hy•per•troph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. hypertrophique.] (Med. & Biol.) Of or pertaining to hypertrophy; affected with, or tending to, hypertrophy.

Hy•per´tro•phied , a. (Med. & Biol.) Excessively developed; characterized by hypertrophy.

Hy•per´tro•phy , n. [Gr. ´ype•r over, beyond + nourishment, fr. to nourish: cf. F. hypertrophie.] (Med. & Biol.) A condition of overgrowth or excessive development of an organ or part; — the opposite of atrophy.

Hy´phae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´yfh• a web.] (Bot.) The long, branching filaments of which the mycelium (and the greater part of the plant) of a fungus is formed. They are also found enveloping the gonidia of lichens, making up a large part of their structure.

Hy´phen , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. under one, into one, together, fr. under + , neut. of one. See Hypo-.] (Print.) A mark or short dash, thus [-], placed at the end of a line which terminates with a syllable of a word, the remainder of which is carried to the next line; or between the parts of many a compound word; as in fine- leaved, clear-headed. It is also sometimes used to separate the syllables of words.

Hy´phen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hyphened p. pr. & vb. n. Hyphening.] To connect with, or separate by, a hyphen, as two words or the parts of a word.

Hy´phen•a•ted , a. United by hyphens; hyphened; as a hyphenated or hyphened word.

Hy•pho•my•ce´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a web + , , a mushroom.] (Bot.) One of the great division of fungi, containing those species which have naked spores borne on free or only fasciculate threads. M. J. Berkley.

Hy•pid•i•o•mor´phic , a. [Pref. hypo- + idiomorphic.] (Crystallog.) Partly idiomorphic; — said of rock a portion only of whose constituents have a distinct crystalline form. — Hy•pid•i•o•mor´phic•al•ly (#), adv.

Hyp•i•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. under + , strength, fiber.] (Med.) A diminution in the normal amount of fibrin present in the blood.

Hyp•na•gog´ic , a. [Gr. sleep + a carrying away.] Leading to sleep; — applied to the illusions of one who is half asleep.

Hyp´no•bate , n. [F., fr. Gr. sleep + to go.] A somnambulist. [R.]

Hyp´no•cyst , n. [Gr. sleep + E. cyst.] (Biol.) A cyst in which some unicellular organisms temporarily inclose themselves, from which they emerge unchanged, after a period of drought or deficiency of food. In some instances, a process of spore formation seems to occur within such cysts.

Hyp•no•gen´ic , a. [Gr. sleep + root of to be born.] (Physiol.) Relating to the production of hypnotic sleep; as the so-called hypnogenic pressure points, pressure upon which is said to cause an attack of hypnotic sleep. De Watteville.

Hyp•nol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in hypnology.

Hyp•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. sleep + -logy.] A treatise on sleep; the doctrine of sleep.

Hyp•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sleep.] (Med.) Supervention of sleep.

Hyp•not´ic , a. [Gr. inclined to sleep, putting to sleep, fr. to lull to sleep, fr. sleep; akin to L. somnus, and E. somnolent: cf. F. hypnotique.] 1. Having the quality of producing sleep; tending to produce sleep; soporific. 2. Of or pertaining to hypnotism; in a state of hypnotism; liable to hypnotism; as a hypnotic condition.

Hyp•not´ic, n. 1. Any agent that produces, or tends to produce, sleep; an opiate; a soporific; a narcotic. 2. A person who exhibits the phenomena of, or is subject to, hypnotism.

Hyp´no•tism , n. [Gr. sleep: cf. F. hypnotisme.] A form of sleep or somnambulism brought on by artificial means, in which there is an unusual suspension of some powers, and an unusual activity of others. It is induced by an action upon the nerves, through the medium of the senses, as in persons of very feeble organization, by gazing steadly at a very bright object held before the eyes, or by pressure upon certain points of the surface of the body.

Hyp•no•ti•za´tion , n. The act or process of producing hypnotism.

Hyp´no•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hypnotized p. pr. & vb. n. Hypnotizing ] To induce hypnotism in; to place in a state of hypnotism.

Hyp´no•ti•zer , n. One who hypnotizes.

Hyp´num , n. [NL., fr. Gr. moss.] (Bot.) The largest genus of true mosses; feather moss.

Hy´po- [Gr. under, beneath; akin to L. sub. See Sub-.] 1. A prefix signifying a less quantity, or a low state or degree, of that denoted by the word with which it is joined, or position under or beneath. 2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting that the element to the name of which it is prefixed enters with a low valence, or in a low state of oxidization, usually the lowest, into the compounds indicated; as hyposulphurous acid.

Hy´po , n. Hypochondria. [Colloq.]

Hy´po, n. [Abbrev. from hyposulphite.] (Photog.) Sodium hyposulphite, or thiosulphate, a solution of which is used as a bath to wash out the unchanged silver salts in a picture. [Colloq.]

Hy•po•a´ri•an , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a hypoarion.

Hy•po•a´ri•on , n.; pl. Hypoaria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + a little egg.] (Anat.) An oval lobe beneath each of the optic lobes in many fishes; one of the inferior lobes. Owen.

Hy´po•blast , n. [Pref. hypo- + -blast.] (Biol.) The inner or lower layer of the blastoderm; — called also endoderm, entoderm, and sometimes hypoderm. See Illust. of Blastoderm, Delamination, and Ectoderm.

Hy•po•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Relating to, or connected with, the hypoblast; as the hypoic sac.

Hy•pob´o•le , n. [Gr. a throwing under, a suggesting; under + to throw.] (Rhet.) A figure in which several things are mentioned that seem to make against the argument, or in favor of the opposite side, each of them being refuted in order.

Hy•po•bran´chi•al , a. [Pref. hypo- + branchial.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the segment between the basibranchial and the ceratobranchial in a branchial arch. — n. A hypobranchial bone or cartilage. { Hy´po•carp , Hy•po•car´pi•um } n. [NL. hypocarpium, fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + fruit.] (Bot.) A fleshy enlargement of the receptacle, or for the stem, below the proper fruit, as in the cashew. See Illust. of Cashew.

Hy•po•car•po•ge´an , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. fruit + earth.] (Bot.) Producing fruit below the ground.

Hyp´o•caust , n. [L. hypocaustum, Gr. ; under + to burn: cf. F. hypocauste.] (Anc. Arch.) A furnace, esp. one connected with a series of small chambers and flues of tiles or other masonry through which the heat of a fire was distributed to rooms above. This contrivance, first used in bath, was afterwards adopted in private houses.

Hy•po•chlo´rite , n. (Chem.) A salt of hypochlorous acid; as a calcium hypochloride.

Hy•po•chlo´rous , a. [Pref. hypo- + chlorous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine having a valence lower than in chlorous compounds. Hypochlorous acid (Chem.), an acid derived from chlorine, not known in a pure state, but forming various salts, called hypochlorites.

Hy•po•chon´dres , n. pl. [F. hypocondres, formerly spely hypochondres.] The hypochondriac regions. See Hypochondrium.

Hy•po•chon´dri•a , n. [NL.] (Med.) Hypochondriasis; melancholy; the blues.

Hy•po•chon´dri•ac , a. [Gr. affocated in the hypochondrium: cf. F. hypocondriaque, formerly spelt hypochondriaque.] 1. Of or pertaining to hypochondria, or the hypochondriac regions. 2. Affected, characterized, or produced, by hypochondriasis. Hypochondriac region (Anat.), a region on either side of the abdomen beneath the cartilages of the false ribs, beside the epigastric, and above the lumbar, region.

Hy•po•chon´dri•ac, n. A person affected with hypochondriasis. “He had become an incurable hypochondriac.” Macaulay.

Hy•po•chon´dri•a•cal , a. Same as Hypochondriac, 2. — Hy•po•chon´dri•a•cal•ly, adv.

Hy•po•chon´dri•a•cism , n. (Med.) Hypochondriasis. [R.]

Hy•po•chon´dri•a•sis , n. [NL. So named because supposed to have its seat in the hypochondriac regions. See Hypochondriac, Hypochondrium, and cf. Hyp, 1st Hypo.] (Med.) A mental disorder in which melancholy and gloomy views torment the affected person, particularly concerning his own health.

Hy•po•chon´dri•asm , n. (Med.) Hypochondriasis. [R.]

Hy•po•chon´dri•um , n.; pl. L. Hypochondria (#), E. Hypochondriums (#). [L., fr. Gr. , from under the cartilage of the breastbone; under + cartilage.] (Anat.) Either of the hypochondriac regions.

Hy•po•chon´dry , n. Hypochondriasis.

Hyp´o•cist , n. [Gr. a plant growing on the roots of the Cistus.] An astringent inspissated juice obtained from the fruit of a plant (Cytinus hypocistis), growing from the roots of the Cistus, a small European shrub.

Hy•po•clei´di•um , n.; pl. L. Hypocleida (#), E. Hypocleidiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. under + a little key.] (Anat.) A median process on the furculum, or merrythought, of many birds, where it is connected with the sternum.

Hyp•o•co•ris´tic , a. [Gr. ; under + to caress.] Endearing; diminutive; as the hypocoristic form of a name. “The hypocoristic or pet form of William.” Dr. Murray.

Hyp•o•cra•ter´i•form , a. [Pref. hypo- + krath•r cup + -form.] (Bot.) hypocraterimorphous; salver-shaped. Wood.

Hyp•o•cra•ter•i•mor´phous , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. krath•r bowl + morfh• form.] (Bot.) Salver-shaped; having a slender tube, expanding suddenly above into a bowl-shaped or spreading border, as in the blossom of the phlox and the lilac.

Hy•poc´ri•sy (hi•pok´ri•sy), n.; pl. Hypocrisies (- siz). [OE. hypocrisie, ypocrisie, OF. hypocrisie, ypocrisie, F. hypocrisie, L. hypocrisis, fr. Gr. ´ypo•krisis the playing a part on the stage, simulation, outward show, fr. ´ypokr•nesqai to answer on the stage, to play a part; ´ypo• under + kri•nein to decide; in the middle voice, to dispute, contend. See Hypo-, and Critic.] The act or practice of a hypocrite; a feigning to be what one is not, or to feel what one does not feel; a dissimulation, or a concealment of one’s real character, disposition, or motives; especially, the assuming of false appearance of virtue or religion; a simulation of goodness. “Hypocrisy is the necessary burden of villainy.” Rambler. “Hypocrisy is the homage vice pays to virtue.” La Rochefoucauld (Trans. ).

Hyp´o•crite , n. [F., fr. L. hypocrita, Gr. one who plays a part on the stage, a dissembler, feigner. See Hypocrisy.] One who plays a part; especially, one who, for the purpose of winning approbation of favor, puts on a fair outside seeming; one who feigns to be other and better than he is; a false pretender to virtue or piety; one who simulates virtue or piety. “The hypocrite’s hope shall perish.” Job viii. 13. “I dare swear he is no hypocrite, but prays from his heart.” Shak. Syn. — Deceiver; pretender; cheat. See Dissembler.

Hyp´o•crite•ly, adv. Hypocritically. [R.] Sylvester.

Hyp•o•crit´ic , a. See Hypocritical. Swift.

Hyp•o•crit´ic•al , a. [Gr. : cf. F. hypocritique.] Of or pertaining to a hypocrite, or to hypocrisy; as a hypocriticalperson; a hypocritical look; a hypocritical action. “Hypocritical professions of friendship and of pacific intentions were not spared.” Macaulay. — Hyp•o•crit´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Hyp•o•crys´tal•line , a. [Pref. hypo- + crystalline.] (Crystallog.) Partly crystalline; — said of rock which consists of crystals imbedded in a glassy ground mass.

Hy•po•cy´cloid , n. [Pref. hypo- + cycloid: cf. F. hypocycloïde.] (Geom.) A curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which rolls on the concave side in the fixed circle. Cf. Epicycloid, and Trochoid.

Hyp•o•dac´ty•lum , n.; pl. -tyla (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + a finger, toe.] (Zoöl.) The under side of the toes.

Hyp´o•derm , n. [Pref. hypo- + -derm.] (Biol.) Same as Hypoblast.

Hyp•o•der´ma , n. [NL. See Hypo, and derma.] 1. (Bot.) A layer of tissue beneath the epidermis in plants, and performing the physiological function of strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous plants it is developed as collenchyma. 2. (Zoöl.) An inner cellular layer which lies beneath the chitinous cuticle of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates.

Hyp•o•der•mat´ic , a. Hypodermic. — Hyp•o•der•mat´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Hyp•o•der´mic , a. [See Hypoderma.] Of or pertaining to the parts under the skin. Hypodermic medication, the application of remedies under the epidermis, usually by means of a small syringe, called the hypodermic syringe. — Hyp•o•der´mic•al•ly (#), adv.

Hyp•o•der´mis , n. [NL. See Hypo-, and Derma.] 1. (Biol.) Same as Hypoblast. 2. (Zoöl.) Same as Hypoderma, 2. { Hyp•o•di•crot´ic , Hyp•o•di´cro•tous } a. (Physiol.) Exhibiting retarded dicrotism; as a hypodicrotic pulse curve.

Hyp•o•gae´ic , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. gai^a, gh^, earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the peanut, or earthnut (Arachis hypogaea). Hypogaeic acid (Chem.), an acid in the oil of the earthnut, in which it exists as a glyceride, and from which it is extracted as a white, crystalline substance.

Hyp•o•gas´tric , a. [Cf. F. hypogastrique. See Hypogastrium.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hypogastrium or the hypogastric region. Hypogastric region. (a) The lower part of the abdomen. (b) An arbitrary division of the abdomen below the umbilical and between the two iliac regions.

Hyp•o•gas´tri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; under + belly.] (Anat.) The lower part of the abdomen.

Hyp•o•ge´an , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. earth.] (Bot.) Hypogeous. [Written also hypogaean.]

Hyp´o•gene , a. [Pref. hypo- + the root of Gr. to be born: cf. F. hypogène.] (Geol.) Formed or crystallized at depths beneath the earth’s surface; — said of granite, gneiss, and other rocks, whose crystallization is believed of have taken place beneath a great thickness of overlying rocks. Opposed to epigene.

Hyp•o•ge´ous , a. [See Hypogean.] (Bot.) Growing under ground; remaining under ground; ripening its fruit under ground. [Written also hypogaeous.]

Hyp•o•ge´um , n.; pl. Hypogea (#). [L., fr. Gr. , , subterranean; under + , , the earth.] (Anc. Arch.) The subterraneous portion of a building, as in amphitheaters, for the service of the games; also subterranean galleries, as the catacombs.

Hyp•o•glos´sal , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. the tongue.] (Anat.) Under the tongue; — applied esp., in the higher vertebrates, to the twelfth or last pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the base of the tongue. — n. One of the hypoglossal nerves.

Hy•pog´na•tous , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the maxilla, or lower jaw, longer than the upper, as in the skimmer.

Hyp´o•gyn , n. (Bot.) An hypogynous plant.

Hy•pog´y•nous , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. woman, female: cf. F. hypogyne.] (Bot.) Inserted below the pistil or pistils; — said of sepals, petals, and stamens; having the sepals, petals, and stamens inserted below the pistil; — said of a flower or a plant. Gray.

Hy•po•hy´al , a. [Pref. hypo- + Greek letter .] (Anat.) Pertaining to one or more small elements in the hyoidean arch of fishes, between the caratohyal and urohyal. — n. One of the hypohyal bones or cartilages.

Hy•po•nas´tic , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. pressed close.] (Bot.) Exhibiting a downward convexity caused by unequal growth. Cf. Epinastic.

Hy•po•nas´ty , n. (Bot.) Downward convexity, or convexity of the inferior surface.

Hy•po•ni´trite , n. (Chem.) A salt of hyponitrous acid.

Hy•po•ni´trous , a. [Pref. hypo- + nitrous.] (Chem.) Containing or derived from nitrogen having a lower valence than in nitrous compounds. Hyponitrous acid (Chem.), an unstable nitrogen acid, NOH, whose salts are produced by reduction of the nitrates, although the acid itself is not isolated in the free state except as a solution in water; — called also nitrosylic acid.

Hy•po•phar´ynx , n. [NL. See Hypo-, and Pharynx.] (Zoöl.) An appendage or fold on the lower side of the pharynx, in certain insects.

Hy•po•phos´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of hypophosphoric acid.

Hy•po•phos´phite , n. (Chem.) A salt of hypophosphorous acid.

Hy•po•phos•phor´ic , a. [Pref. hypo- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or containing, phosphorus in a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds; as hypophosphoric acid. Hypophosphoric acid (Chem.), an acid, P_2H_4O_6, produced by the slow oxidation of moist phosphorus, and isolated only as a solution in water. It is regarded as a condensation product of one molecule of phosphoric acid with one of phosphorous acid, by partial dehydration.

Hy•po•phos´phor•ous , a. [Pref. hypo- + phosphorous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, phosphorus in a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds; as hypophosphorous acid. Hypophosphorous acid (Chem.) , an acid, H_3PO_2, whose salts are produced by the action of barium hygrate on phosphorus. It may be obtained from its water solution, by exaporation and freezing, as a white crystalline substance. It is a powerful reducing agent.

Hy•poph´yl•lous , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. leaf.] (Bot.) Being or growing on the under side of a leaf, as the fruit dots of ferns.

Hy•po•phys´i•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hypophysis; pituitary.

Hy•poph´y•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. under + nature, origin.] 1. (Anat.) See Pituitary body, under Pituitary. 2. (Med.) Cataract.

Hy•po•plas´tron , n.; pl. Hypoplastra (#). [Pref. hypo- + plastron.] (Anat.) The third lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; — called also hyposternum.

Hy•pop´ti•lum , n.; pl. L. Hypoptila (#), E. Hypoptilums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + down.] (Zoöl.) An accessory plume arising from the posterior side of the stem of the contour feathers of many birds; — called also aftershaft. See Illust. of Feather.

Hy•po•ra´di•us , n.; pl. Hyporadii (#). [Pref. hypo- + radius.] (Zoöl.) One of the barbs of the hypoptilum, or aftershaft of a feather. See Feather.

Hy•po•rha´chis , n.; pl. Hyporhachides (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + spine.] (Zoöl.) The stem of an aftershaft or hypoptilum. [Written also hyporachis.]

Hy•po•skel´e•tal , a. [Pref. hypo- + skeletal.] (Anat.) Beneath the endoskeleton; hypaxial; as the hyposkeletal muscles; — opposed to episkeletal.

Hy•po•spa´di•as , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + spa•n to draw, tear.] (Med.) A deformity of the penis, in which the urethra opens upon its under surface.

Hy•pos´ta•sis , n.; pl. Hypostases (#). [L., fr. Gr. subsistence, substance, fr. to stand under; under + to stand, middle voice of to cause to stand. See Hypo-, and Stand.] 1. That which forms the basis of anything; underlying principle; a concept or mental entity conceived or treated as an existing being or thing. 2. (Theol.) Substance; subsistence; essence; person; personality; — used by the early theologians to denote any one of the three subdivisions of the Godhead, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The Council of Alexandria (a. d. 362) defined hypostasis as synonymous with person. Schaff- Herzog. 3. Principle; an element; — used by the alchemists in speaking of salt, sulphur, and mercury, which they considered as the three principles of all material bodies. 4. (Med.) That which is deposited at the bottom of a fluid; sediment.

Hy•pos´ta•size , v. t. To make into a distinct substance; to conceive or treat as an existing being; to hypostatize. [R.] “The pressed Newtonians … refused to hypostasize the law of gravitation into an ether.” Coleridge. { Hy•po•stat´ic , Hy•po•stat´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. hypostatique.] 1. Relating to hypostasis, or substance; hence, constitutive, or elementary. “The grand doctrine of the chymists, touching their three hypostatical principles.” Boyle. 2. Personal, or distinctly personal; relating to the divine hypostases, or substances. Bp. Pearson. 3. (Med.) Depending upon, or due to, deposition or setting; as hypostatic cognestion, cognestion due to setting of blood by gravitation. Hypostatic union (Theol.), the union of the divine with the human nature of Christ. Tillotson.

Hy•po•stat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a hypostatic manner.

Hy•pos´ta•tize , v. t. 1. To make into, or regarded as a separate and distinct substance. “Looked upon both species and genera as hypostatized universals.” Pop. Sci. Monthly. 2. To attribute actual or personal existence to. Sir W. Hamilton.

Hy•po•ster´num , n.; pl. L. Hyposterna (#), E. Hyposternums (#). [Pref. hypo- + sternum.] (Anat.) See Hypoplastron. { Hy´po•stome , Hy•pos´to•ma } n. [NL. hypostoma, fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lower lip of trilobites, crustaceans, etc.

Hy•pos´tro•phe , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to turn round or back; under + to turn.] (Med.) (a) The act of a patient turning himself. (b) A relapse, or return of a disease.

Hy´po•style , a. [Gr. resting on pillars; under + a pillar.] (Arch.) Resting upon columns; constructed by means of columns; — especially applied to the great hall at Karnak.

Hy•po•sul´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of hyposulphuric acid.

Hy•po•sul´phite , n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of what was formerly called hyposulphurous acid; a thiosulphate. [Obs.] (b) A salt of hyposulphurous acid proper.

Hy•po•sul•phur´ic , a. [Pref. hypo- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, sulphur in a lower state of oxidation than in the sulphuric compounds; as hyposulphuric acid. Hyposulphuric acid, an acid, H_2S_2O_6, obtained by the action of manganese dioxide on sulphur dioxide, and known only in a watery solution and in its salts; — called also dithionic acid. See Dithionic.

Hy•po•sul´phur•ous , a. [Pref. hypo- + sulphurous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, sulphur, all, or a part, in a low state of oxidation. Hyposulphurous acid. (a) Thiosulphuric acid. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H_2SO_2, obtained by the reduction of sulphurous acid. It is not obtained in the free state, but in an orange-yellow water solution, which is a strong reducing and bleaching agent. Called also hydrosulphurous acid.

Hy•po•tar´sus , n.; pl. Hypotarsi (#). [NL. See Hypo-, and Tarsus.] (Anat.) A process on the posterior side of the tarsometatarsus of many birds; the calcaneal process. — Hy•po•tar´sal (#), a. { Hy•pot´e•nuse , Hy•poth´e•nuse }, n. [L. hypotenusa, Gr. , prob., subtending (sc. ), fr. to stretch under, subtend; under + to stretch. See Subtend.] (Geom.) The side of a right-angled triangle that is opposite to the right angle.

Hy•poth´ec , n. [F. hypothèque. See Hypotheca.] (Scot. Law) A landlord’s right, independently of stipulation, over the stocking (cattle, implements, etc.), and crops of his tenant, as security for payment of rent.

Hy•po•the´ca , n. [L., fr. Gr. a thing subject to some obligation, fr. to put under, put down, pledge. See Hypothesis.] (Rom. Law) An obligation by which property of a debtor was made over to his creditor in security of his debt. It differed from pledge in regard to possession of the property subject to the obligation; pledge requiring, simple hypotheca not requiring, possession of it by the creditor. The modern mortgage corresponds very closely with it. Kent.

Hy•poth´e•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hypothecated p. pr. & vb. n. Hypothecating ] [LL. hypothecatus, p. p. of hypothecare to pledge, fr. L. hypotheca pledge, security. See Hypotheca.] (Law) To subject, as property, to liability for a debt or engagement without delivery of possession or transfer of title; to pledge without delivery of possession; to mortgage, as ships, or other personal property; to make a contract by bottomry. See Hypothecation, Bottomry. “He had found the treasury empty and the pay of the navy in arrear. He had no power to hypothecate any part of the public revenue. Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word.” Macaulay.

Hy•poth•e•ca´tion , n. [LL. hypothecatio.] 1. (Civ. Law) The act or contract by which property is hypothecated; a right which a creditor has in or to the property of his debtor, in virtue of which he may cause it to be sold and the price appropriated in payment of his debt. This is a right in the thing, or jus in re. Pothier. B. R. Curtis. “There are but few cases, if any, in our law, where an hypothecation, in the strict sense of the Roman law, exists; that is a pledge without possession by the pledgee.” Story. In the modern civil law, this contract has no application to movable property, not even to ships, to which and their cargoes it is most frequently applied in England and America. See Hypothecate. B. R. Curtis. Domat. 2. (Law of Shipping) A contract whereby, in consideration of money advanced for the necessities of the ship, the vessel, freight, or cargo is made liable for its repayment, provided the ship arrives in safety. It is usually effected by a bottomry bond. See Bottomry. This term is often applied to mortgages of ships.

Hy•poth´e•ca•tor , n. (Law) One who hypothecates or pledges anything as security for the repayment of money borrowed. { Hy•poth´e•nal , Hy•poth´e•nar } a. [Pref. hypo- + thenar.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prominent part of the palm of the hand above the base of the little finger, or a corresponding part in the forefoot of an animal; as the hypothenar eminence.

Hy•poth´e•nar , n. (Anat.) The hypothenar eminence.

Hy•poth•e•nu´sal , a. Of or pertaining to hypothenuse. [R.]

Hy•poth´e•nuse , n. Same as Hypotenuse.

Hy•poth´e•sis , n.; pl. Hypotheses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. foundation, supposition, fr. to place under, under + to put. See Hypo-, Thesis.] 1. A supposition; a proposition or principle which is supposed or taken for granted, in order to draw a conclusion or inference for proof of the point in question; something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument, or to account for a fact or an occurrence; as the hypothesis that head winds detain an overdue steamer. “An hypothesis being a mere supposition, there are no other limits to hypotheses than those of the human imagination.” J. S. Mill. 2. (Natural Science) A tentative theory or supposition provisionally adopted to explain certain facts, and to guide in the investigation of others; hence, frequently called a working hypothesis. Syn. — Supposition; assumption. See Theory. Nebular hypothesis. See under Nebular. { Hy•po•thet´ic , Hy•po•thet´ic•al } a. [L. hypotheticus, Gr. : cf. F. hypothetique.] Characterized by, or of the nature of, an hypothesis; conditional; assumed without proof, for the purpose of reasoning and deducing proof, or of accounting for some fact or phenomenon. “Causes hypothetical at least, if not real, for the various phenomena of the existence of which our experience informs us.” Sir W. Hamilton. Hypothetical baptism (Ch. of Eng.), baptism administered to persons in respect to whom it is doubtful whether they have or have not been baptized before. Hook. — Hy•po•thet´ic•al•ly, adv. South.

Hy•poth´e•tist , n. One who proposes or supports an hypothesis. [R.]

Hy•po•tra•che´li•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; under + neck.] (Arch.) Same as Gorgerin.

Hy•pot´ri•cha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + , , a hair.] (Zoöl.) A division of ciliated Infusoria in which the cilia cover only the under side of the body.

Hy•po•tro´choid , n. [Pref. hypo- + trochoid.] (Geom.) A curve, traced by a point in the radius, or radius produced, of a circle which rolls upon the concave side of a fixed circle. See Hypocycloid, Epicycloid, and Trochoid.

Hy•po•ty•po´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to sketch out; under + to impress.] (Rhet.) A vivid, picturesque description of scenes or events.

Hy•po•xan´thin , n. [Pref. hypo- + xanthin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous substance, closely related to xanthin and uric acid, widely distributed through the animal body, but especially in muscle tissue; — called also sarcin, sarkin.

Hy•po•zo´ic , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. an animal.] (Geol.) Anterior in age to the lowest rocks which contain organic remains. Lyell.

Hyp´pish , a. [From Hyp.] Affected with hypochondria; hypped. [Written also hyppish.]

Hyp´po•griff , n. See Hyppogriff.

Hyp´si•loid , a. [From &UPSILON;, the Greek letter called ´upsilon´ + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the Greek letter &UPSILON; in form; hyoid.

Hyp•som´e•ter , n. [Gr. height + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring heights by observation of barometric pressure; esp., one for determining heights by ascertaining the boiling point of water. It consists of a vessel for water, with a lamp for heating it, and an inclosed thermometer for showing the temperature of ebullition. { Hyp•so•met´ric , Hyp•so•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to hypsometry.

Hyp•som´e•try , n. That branch of the science of geodesy which has to do with the measurement of heights, either absolutely with reference to the sea level, or relatively.

Hy•pu´ral , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. tail.] (Anat.) Under the tail; — applied to the bones which support the caudal fin rays in most fishes.

Hy´ra•coid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hyracoidea. — n. One of the Hyracoidea.

Hyr•a•coi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Hyrax, and oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of small hoofed mammals, comprising the single living genus Hyrax.

Hy´rax , n. [NL., fr. Gr. shrew mouse.] (Zoöl.) Any animal of the genus Hyrax, of which about four species are known. They constitute the order Hyracoidea. The best known species are the daman (H. Syriacus) of Palestine, and the klipdas (H. capensis) of South Africa. Other species are H. arboreus and H. Sylvestris, the former from Southern, and the latter from Western, Africa. See Daman. { Hyr•ca´ni•an , Hyr´can } a. Of or pertaining to Hyrcania, an ancient country or province of Asia, southeast of the Caspian (which was also called the Hyrcanian) Sea. ´The Hyrcan tiger.´ ´Hyrcanian deserts.´ Shak.

Hyrse , n. [G. hirse, OHG. hirsi.] (Bot.) Millet.

Hyrst , n. A wood. See Hurst.

Hy´son , n. [Chin. hi-tshun, lit., first crop, or blooming spring.] A fragrant kind of green tea. Hyson skin, the light and inferior leaves separated from the hyson by a winnowing machine. M•Culloch.

Hys´sop , n. [OE. hysope, ysope, OF. ysope, F. hysope, hyssope, L. hysopum, hyssopum, hyssopus, Gr. , , an aromatic plant, fr. Heb. esov.] A plant (Hyssopus officinalis). The leaves have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. The hyssop of Scripture is supposed to be a species of caper (Capparis spinosa), but probably the name was used for several different plants.

Hys•ter•an´thous , a. [Gr. after + flower.] (Bot.) Having the leaves expand after the flowers have opened. Henslow.

Hys•te•re´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to be behind, to lag.] (Physics) A lagging or retardation of the effect, when the forces acting upon a body are changed, as if from velocity or internal friction; a temporary resistance to change from a condition previously induced, observed in magnetism, thermoelectricity, etc., on reversal of polarity.

Hys•te´ri•a , n. [NL.: cf. F. hysterie. See Hysteric.] (Med.) A nervous affection, occurring almost exclusively in women, in which the emotional and reflex excitability is exaggerated, and the will power correspondingly diminished, so that the patient loses control over the emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, and often falls into paroxism or fits. The chief symptoms are convulsive, tossing movements of the limbs and head, uncontrollable crying and laughing, and a choking sensation as if a ball were lodged in the throat. The affection presents the most varied symptoms, often simulating those of the gravest diseases, but generally curable by mental treatment alone. { Hys•ter´ic , Hys•ter´ic•al } a. [L. hystericus, Gr. , fr. ´yste•ra the womb; perh. akin to latter, later, and E. utter, out.] Of or pertaining to hysteria; affected, or troubled, with hysterics; convulsive, fitful. “With no hysteric weakness or feverish excitement, they preserved their peace and patience.” Bancroft.

Hys•ter´ics , n. pl. (Med.) Hysteria.

Hys•ter•o•ep´i•lep•sy , n. [Hysteria + epilepsy.] (Med.) A disease resembling hysteria in its nature, and characterized by the occurrence of epileptiform convulsions, which can often be controlled or excited by pressure on the ovaries, and upon other definite points in the body. — Hys•ter•o•ep•i•lep´tic (#), a.

Hys•ter•o•gen´ic , a. [Hysteria + root of Gr. to be born.] (Physiol.) Producing hysteria; as the hysterogenicpressure points on the surface of the body, pressure upon which is said both to produce and arrest an attack of hysteria. De Watteville.

Hys•ter•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; the latter + discourse: cf. F. hysterologie.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the ordinary course of thought is inverted in expression, and the last put first; — called also hysteron proteron.

Hys´te•ron prot´e•ron [NL., fr. Gr. the latter, following + before, others, sooner.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure in which the natural order of sense is reversed; hysterology; as valet atque vivit, ´he is well and lives.´ (b) An inversion of logical order, in which the conclusion is put before the premises, or the thing proved before the evidence.

Hys•ter´o•phyte , n. [Gr. following + plant.] (Bot.) A plant, like the fungus, which lives on dead or living organic matter. — Hys•ter•oph´y•tal (#), a.

Hys•ter•ot´o•my , n. [Gr. ´yste•ra womb + to cut: cf. F. hysterotomie.] (Med.) The Caesarean section. See under Caesarean.

Hys´tri•cine , a. [See Hystrix.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the porcupines.

Hys•tri•co•mor´phous , a. [Hystrix + Gr. form.] (Zoöl.) Like, or allied to, the porcupines; — said of a group (Hystricomorpha) of rodents.

Hys´trix , n. [Gr. porcupine.] (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents, including the porcupine.

Hythe , n. A small haven. See Hithe. [Obs.]

I (i). 1. I, the ninth letter of the English alphabet, takes its form from the Phœnician, through the Latin and the Greek. The Phœnician letter was probably of Egyptian origin. Its original value was nearly the same as that of the Italian I, or long e as in mete. Etymologically I is most closely related to e, y, j, g; as in dint, dent, beverage, L. bibere; E. kin, AS. cynn; E. thin, AS. þynne; E. dominion, donjon, dungeon. In English I has two principal vowel sounds: the long sound, as in pine, ice; and the short sound, as in pin. It has also three other sounds: (a) That of e in term, as in thirst. (b) That of e in mete (in words of foreign origin), as in machine, pique, regime. (c) That of consonant y (in many words in which it precedes another vowel), as in bunion, million, filial, Christian, etc. It enters into several digraphs, as in fail, field, seize, feign. friend; and with o often forms a proper diphtong, as in oil, join, coin. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 98-106. The dot which we place over the small or lower case i dates only from the 14th century. The sounds of I and J were originally represented by the same character, and even after the introduction of the form J into English dictionaries, words containing these letters were, till a comparatively recent time, classed together. 2. In our old authors, I was often used for ay (or aye), yes, which is pronounced nearly like it. 3. As a numeral, I stands for 1, II for 2, etc.

I- , prefix. See Y- .

I (i), pron. [poss. My (mi) or Mine (min); object. Me (me). pl. nom. We (we); poss. Our (our) or Ours (ourz); object. Us (us).] [OE. i, ich, ic, AS. ic; akin to OS. & D. ik, OHG. ih, G. ich, Icel. ek, Dan. jeg, Sw. jag, Goth. ik, OSlav. az’, Russ. ia, W. i, L. ego, Gr. ’egw•, ’egw•n, Skr. aham. rad.179. Cf. Egoism.] The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person; the word with which a speaker or writer denotes himself.

I•am•a•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , medicine + -logy.] (Med.) Materia Medica; that branch of therapeutics which treats of remedies.

I´amb , n. [Cf. F. iambe. See Lambus.] An iambus or iambic. [R.]

I•am´bic , a. [L. iambicus, Gr. : cf. F. iambique.] 1. (Pros.) Consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented; as an iambic foot. 2. Pertaining to, or composed of, iambics; as an iambic verse; iambic meter. See Lambus.

I•am´bic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) An iambic foot; an iambus. (b) A verse composed of iambic feet. The following couplet consists of iambic verses. “Thy gen- | ius calls | thee not | to pur- | chase fame
In keen | iam- | bics, but | mild an- | agram.” Dryden. 2. A satirical poem (such poems having been anciently written in iambic verse); a satire; a lampoon.

I•am´bic•al , a. Iambic. [Obs. or R.]

I•am´bic•al•ly, adv. In a iambic manner; after the manner of iambics.

I•am´bize , v. t. [Gr. .] To satirize in iambics; to lampoon. [R.]

I•am´bus , n.; pl. L. Iambi (#), E. Iambuses (#). [L. iambus, Gr. ; prob. akin to to throw, assail (the iambus being first used in satiric poetry), and to L. jacere to throw. Cf. Jet a shooting forth.] (Pros.) A foot consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, as in amans, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one, as invent; an iambic. See the Couplet under Iambic, n.

I•an´thi•na , n.; pl. L. Ianthinae (#), E. Ianthinas (#). [NL., fr. L. ianthinus violet-blue, Gr. ; violet + flower.] (Zoöl.) Any gastropod of the genus Ianthina, of which various species are found living in mid ocean; — called also purple shell, and violet snail. [Written also janthina.] It floats at the surface by means of a raft, which it constructs by forming and uniting together air bubbles of hardened mucus. The Tyrian purple of the ancients was obtained in part from mollusks of this genus.

I•a•tra•lip´tic , a. [Gr. ; physician + belonging to the or anointer, fr. to anoint: cf. F. iatraliptique.] Treating diseases by anointing and friction; as the iatraliptic method. [Written also iatroleptic.] { I•at´ric , I•at´ric•al } a. [Gr. healing, fr. physician, fr. to heal.] Of or pertaining to medicine, or to medical men.

I•a•tro•chem´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to iatrochemistry, or to the iatrochemists.

I•a•tro•chem´ist , n. [Gr. physician + E. chemist.] A physician who explained or treated diseases upon chemical principles; one who practiced iatrochemistry.

I•a•tro•chem´is•try , n. Chemistry applied to, or used in, medicine; — used especially with reference to the doctrines in the school of physicians in Flanders, in the 17th century, who held that health depends upon the proper chemical relations of the fluids of the body, and who endeavored to explain the conditions of health or disease by chemical principles.

I•a•tro•math•e•mat´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to iatromathematicians or their doctrine.

I•a•tro•math•e•ma•ti´cian , n. [Gr. physician + E. mathematician.] (Hist. Med.) One of a school of physicians in Italy, about the middle of the 17th century, who tried to apply the laws of mechanics and mathematics to the human body, and hence were eager student of anatomy; — opposed to the iatrochemists.

I•be´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Iberia.

I´bex (i´beks), n.; pl. E. Ibexes (-ez), L. Ibices (ib´i•sez). [L., a kind of goat, the chamois.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of wild goats having very large, recurved horns, transversely ridged in front; — called also steinbok. The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) is the best known. The Spanish, or Pyrenean, ibex (C. Hispanica) has smoother and more spreading horns.

I•bi´dem , adv. [L.] In the same place; — abbreviated ibid. or ib.

I´bis , n. [L. ibis, Gr. ; of Egyptian origin.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Ibis and several allied genera, of the family Ibidae, inhabiting both the Old World and the New. Numerous species are known. They are large, wading birds, having a long, curved beak, and feed largely on reptiles. The sacred ibis of the ancient Egyptians (Ibis AEthiopica) has the head and neck black, without feathers. The plumage of the body and wings is white, except the tertiaries, which are lengthened and form a dark purple plume. In ancient times this bird was extensively domesticated in Egypt, but it is now seldom seen so far north. The glossy ibis (Plegadis autumnalis), which is widely distributed both in the Old World and the New, has the head and neck feathered, except between the eyes and bill; the scarlet ibis (Guara rubra) and the white ibis (G. alba) inhabit the West Indies and South America, and are rarely found in the United States. The wood ibis (Tantalus loculator) of America belongs to the Stork family (Ciconidae). See Wood ibis.

-i•ble See -able.

-ic [L. -icus, Gr. : cf. F. -ique.] 1. A suffix signifying, in general, relating to, or characteristic of; as historic, hygienic, telegraphic, etc. 2. (Chem.) A suffix, denoting that the element indicated enters into certain compounds with its highest valence, or with a valence relatively higher than in compounds where the name of the element ends in -ous; as ferric, sulphuric. It is also used in the general sense of pertaining to; as hydric, sodic, calcic.

I•ca´ri•an , a. [L. Icarius, Gr. , fr. , the mythic son of Daedalus, who, when flying from Crete on wings cemented with wax, mounted so high that the sun melted the wax, and he fell into the sea.] Soaring too high for safety, like Icarus; adventurous in flight.

Ice (is), n. [OE. is, iis, AS. is; aksin to D. ijs, G. eis, OHG. is, Icel. iss, Sw. is, Dan. iis, and perh. to E. iron.] 1. Water or other fluid frozen or reduced to the solid state by cold; frozen water. It is a white or transparent colorless substance, crystalline, brittle, and viscoidal. Its specific gravity (0.92, that of water at 4° C. being 1.0) being less than that of water, ice floats. Water freezes at 32° F. or 0° Cent., and ice melts at the same temperature. Ice owes its cooling properties to the large amount of heat required to melt it. 2. Concreted sugar. Johnson. 3. Water, cream, custard, etc., sweetened, flavored, and artificially frozen. 4. Any substance having the appearance of ice; as camphor ice. Anchor ice, ice which sometimes forms about stones and other objects at the bottom of running or other water, and is thus attached or anchored to the ground. — Bay ice, ice formed in bays, fiords, etc., often in extensive fields which drift out to sea. — Ground ice, anchor ice. — Ice age (Geol.), the glacial epoch or period. See under Glacial. — Ice anchor (Naut.), a grapnel for mooring a vessel to a field of ice. Kane. — Ice blink [Dan. iisblink], a streak of whiteness of the horizon, caused by the reflection of light from ice not yet in sight. — Ice boat. (a) A boat fitted with skates or runners, and propelled on ice by sails; an ice yacht. (b) A strong steamboat for breaking a channel through ice. — Ice box or chest, a box for holding ice; a box in which things are kept cool by means of ice; a refrigerator. — Ice brook, a brook or stream as cold as ice. [Poetic] Shak. — Ice cream [for iced cream], cream, milk, or custard, sweetened, flavored, and frozen. — Ice field, an extensive sheet of ice. — Ice float, Ice floe, a sheet of floating ice similar to an ice field, but smaller. — Ice foot, shore ice in Arctic regions; an ice belt. Kane. — Ice house, a close-covered pit or building for storing ice. — Ice machine (Physics), a machine for making ice artificially, as by the production of a low temperature through the sudden expansion of a gas or vapor, or the rapid evaporation of a volatile liquid. — Ice master. See Ice pilot (below). — Ice pack, an irregular mass of broken and drifting ice. — Ice paper, a transparent film of gelatin for copying or reproducing; papier glace. — Ice petrel (Zoöl.), a shearwater (Puffinus gelidus) of the Antarctic seas abundant among floating ice. — Ice pick, a sharp instrument for breaking ice into small pieces. — Ice pilot, a pilot who has charge of a vessel where the course is obstructed by ice, as in polar seas; — called also ice master. — Ice pitcher, a pitcher adapted for ice water. — Ice plow, a large tool for grooving and cutting ice. — Ice sludge, bay ice broken small by the wind or waves; sludge. — Ice spar (Min.), a variety of feldspar, the crystals of which are very clear like ice; rhyacolite. — Ice tongs, large iron nippers for handling ice. — Ice water. (a) Water cooled by ice. (b) Water formed by the melting of ice. — Ice yacht. See Ice boat (above). — To break the ice. See under Break. — Water ice, a confection consisting of water sweetened, flavored, and frozen.

Ice (is), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iced (ist); p. pr. & vb. n. Icing (i´sing).] 1. To cover with ice; to convert into ice, or into something resembling ice. 2. To cover with icing, or frosting made of sugar and milk or white of egg; to frost, as cakes, tarts, etc. 3. To chill or cool, as with ice; to freeze.

Ice´berg , n. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. iisbierg, Sw. isberg, properly, a mountain of ice. See Ice, and Berg.] A large mass of ice, generally floating in the ocean. Icebergs are large detached portions of glaciers, which in cold regions often project into the sea.

Ice´bird , n. (Zoöl.) An Arctic sea bird, as the Arctic fulmar.

Ice´bound , a. Totally surrounded with ice, so as to be incapable of advancing; as an icebound vessel; also surrounded by or fringed with ice so as to hinder easy access; as an icebound coast.

Ice´-built , a. 1. Composed of ice. 2. Loaded with ice. ´Ice-built mountains.´ Gray.

Iced , a. 1. Covered with ice; chilled with ice; as iced water. 2. Covered with something resembling ice, as sugar icing; frosted; as iced cake. Iced cream. Same as Ice cream, under Ice.

Ice´fall , n. A frozen waterfall, or mass of ice resembling a frozen waterfall. Coleridge.

Ice´land•er , n. A native, or one of the Scandinavian people, of Iceland.

Ice•lan´dic , a. Of or pertaining to Iceland; relating to, or resembling, the Icelanders.

Ice•lan´dic , n. The language of the Icelanders. It is one of the Scandinavian group, and is more nearly allied to the Old Norse than any other language now spoken.

Ice´land moss (Bot.) A kind of lichen (Cetraria Icelandica) found from the Arctic regions to the North Temperate zone. It furnishes a nutritious jelly and other forms of food, and is used in pulmonary complaints as a demulcent.

Ice´land spar (Min.) A transparent variety of calcite, the best of which is obtained in Iceland. It is used for the prisms of the polariscope, because of its strong double refraction. Cf. Calcite.

Ice´man , n.; pl. Icemen . 1. A man who is skilled in traveling upon ice, as among glaciers. 2. One who deals in ice; one who retails or delivers ice.

Ice´ plant (Bot.) A plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), sprinkled with pellucid, watery vesicles, which glisten like ice. It is native along the Mediterranean, in the Canaries, and in South Africa. Its juice is said to be demulcent and diuretic; its ashes are used in Spain in making glass. Ice-skater = one who skates on ice wearing an ice skate; esp. an athlete who performs athletic or artistic movements on a sheet of ice, wearing ice skates; including speed skater and figure skater — >

Ice´quake (is´kwak•), n. The crash or concussion attending the breaking up of masses of ice, — often due to contraction from extreme cold.

Ich (ik), pron. I. [Obs.] Chaucer. In the Southern dialect of Early English this is the regular form. Cf. Ik.

Ich•neu´mon , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., the tracker; so called because it hunts out the eggs of the crocodile, fr. to track or hunt after, fr. ’i•chnos track, footstep.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any carnivorous mammal of the genus Herpestes, and family Viverridae. Numerous species are found in Asia and Africa. The Egyptian species (H. ichneumon), which ranges to Spain and Palestine, is noted for destroying the eggs and young of the crocodile as well as various snakes and lizards, and hence was considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians. The common species of India (H. griseus), known as the mongoose, has similar habits and is often domesticated. It is noted for killing the cobra. 2. (Zoöl.) Any hymenopterous insect of the family Ichneumonidae, of which several thousand species are known, belonging to numerous genera. The female deposits her eggs upon, or in, the bodies of other insects, such as caterpillars, plant lice, etc. The larva lives upon the internal tissues of the insect in which it is parasitic, and finally kills it. Hence, many of the species are beneficial to agriculture by destroying noxious insects. Ichneumon fly. See Ichneumon, 2.

Ich•neu•mon´i•dan , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ichneumonidae, or ichneumon flies. — n. One of the Ichneumonidae.

Ich•neu•mon´i•des , n. pl. [NL. See Ichneumon.] (Zoöl.) The ichneumon flies.

Ich´nite , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos track, footstep.] A fossil footprint; as the ichnites in the Triassic sandstone. Page. { Ich•no•graph´ic , Ich•no•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. ichonographique.] Of or pertaining to ichonography; describing a ground plot.

Ich•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; ’i•chnos track, footstep + to describe: cf. F. ichonographie.] (Drawing) A horizontal section of a building or other object, showing its true dimensions according to a geometric scale; a ground plan; a map; also the art of making such plans.

Ich´no•lite , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos track, footstep + -lite.] A fossil footprint; an ichnite.

Ich•no•li•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos footstep + -lith + -logy.] Same as Ichnology. Hitchcock.

Ich•no•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to ichnology.

Ich•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos a footstep + -logy.] (Geol.) The branch of science which treats of fossil footprints.

Ich•nos´co•py , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos footstep + -scopy.] The search for the traces of anything. [R.]

I´chor , n. [NL., fr. Gr. : cf. F. ichor.] 1. (Class. Myth.) An ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the veins of the gods. 2. A thin, acrid, watery discharge from an ulcer, wound, etc.

I•chor•hae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ichor + blood.] (Med.) Infection of the blood with ichorous or putrid substances.

I´chor•ous , a. [Cf. F. ichoreux.] Of or like ichor; thin; watery; serous; sanious.

Ich´thi•din , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance from the egg yolk of osseous fishes.

Ich´thin , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s fish.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance resembling vitellin, present in the egg yolk of cartilaginous fishes.

Ich´thu•lin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance from the yolk of salmon’s eggs.

Ich´thus , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s.] In early Christian and eccesiastical art, an emblematic fish, or the Greek word for fish, which combined the initials of the Greek words Ihsoy^s, Christo•s, Qeoy^ Gio•s Swth•r, Jesus, Christ, Son of God, Savior.

Ich´thy•ic , a. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, fishes. { Ich´thy•o•col , Ich•thy•o•col´la } n. [L. ichthyocolla, Gr. ; ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + glue: cf. F. ichthyocolle.] Fish glue; isinglass; a glue prepared from the sounds of certain fishes.

Ich•thy•o•cop´ro•lite , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + E. coprolite.] (Geol.) Fossil dung of fishes.

Ich•thy•o•dor´u•lite , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + a spear + - lite.] (Zoöl.) One of the spiny plates found on the back and tail of certain skates.

Ich•thy•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os + graphy: cf. F. ichthyographie.] A treatise on fishes. { Ich´thy•oid , Ich•thy•oid´al } a. [Gr. : ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + form.] (Zoöl.) Somewhat like a fish; having some of the characteristics of fishes; — said of some amphibians.

Ich•thy•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + to worship.] Worship of fishes, or of fish-shaped idols. Layard.

Ich´thy•o•lite , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil fish, or fragment of a fish. { Ich•thy•o•log´ic , Ich•thy•o•log´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. ichthyologique.] Of or pertaining to ichthyology.

Ich•thy•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. ichthyologiste.] One versed in, or who studies, ichthyology.

Ich•thy•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + -logy: cf. F. ichthyologie.] The natural history of fishes; that branch of zoölogy which relates to fishes, including their structure, classification, and habits.

Ich´thy•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + -mancy: cf. F. ichthyomancie.] Divination by the heads or the entrails of fishes.

Ich•thy•o•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. fish-shaped; ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + form.] (Zoöl.) The Urodela. { Ich•thy•o•mor´phic , Ich•thy•o•mor´phous } a. [See Ichthyomorpha.] Fish- shaped; as the ichthyomorphic idols of ancient Assyria.

Ich•thy•oph´a•gist , n. [See Ichthyophagous.] One who eats, or subsists on, fish.

Ich•thy•oph´a•gous , a. [L. ichthyophagus, Gr. ; ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + to eat.] Eating, or subsisting on, fish.

Ich•thy•oph´a•gy , n. [Gr. ’ichqyofagi•a: cf. F. ichthyophagie.] The practice of eating, or living upon, fish.

Ich•thy•oph•thal´mite , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + eye.] See Apophyllite. [R.]

Ich•thy•oph•thi´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + a louse.] (Zoöl.) A division of copepod crustaceans, including numerous species parasitic on fishes.

Ich•thy•op´si•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + appearance.] (Zoöl.) A grand division of the Vertebrata, including the Amphibia and Fishes.

Ich•thy•op•te•ryg´i•a , n. pl. [NL. See Ichthyopterygium.] (Paleon.) See Ichthyosauria.

Ich•thy•op•te•ryg´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + a fin.] (Anat.) The typical limb, or lateral fin, of fishes.

Ich•thy•or´nis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + bird.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of toothed birds found in the American Cretaceous formation. It is remarkable for having biconcave vertebrae, and sharp, conical teeth set in sockets. Its wings were well developed. It is the type of the order Odontotormae.

Ich´thy•o•saur , n. [Cf. F. ichthyosaure.] (Paleon.) One of the Ichthyosaura.

Ich•thy•o•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Ichthyosaurus.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of marine reptiles, including Ichthyosaurus and allied forms; — called also Ichthyopterygia. They have not been found later than the Cretaceous period.

Ich•thy•o•sau´ri•an , a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Ichthyosauria. — n. One of the Ichthyosauria.

Ich•thy•o•sau´rus , n.; pl. Ichthyosauri (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + say^ros a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of marine reptiles; - - so named from their short, biconcave vertebrae, resembling those of fishes. Several species, varying in length from ten to thirty feet, are known from the Liassic, Oölitic, and Cretaceous formations.

Ich•thy•o´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s fish.] (Med.) A disease in which the skin is thick, rough, and scaly; — called also fishskin. — Ich•thy•ot´ic (#), a.

Ich•thy•ot´o•mist , n. One skilled in ichthyotomy.

Ich•thy•ot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + to cut.] The anatomy or dissection of fishes. [R.]

Ich´thys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s a fish.] Same as Ichthus.

I´ci•cle , n. [OE. isikel, AS. isgicel; is ice + gicel icicle; akin to Icel. jökull; cf. Gael. eigh ice, Ir. aigh.] A pendent, and usually conical, mass of ice, formed by freezing of dripping water; as the icicles on the eaves of a house.

I´ci•cled , a. Having icicles attached.

I´ci•ly , adv. In an icy manner; coldly. “Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null,
Dead perfection, no more.” Tennyson.

I´ci•ness , n. The state or quality of being icy or very cold; frigidity.

I´cing , n. A coating or covering resembling ice, as of sugar and milk or white of egg; frosting.

Ic´kle , n. [OE. ikil. See Icicle.] An icicle. [Prov. Eng.]

I´con (i´kon), n. [L., fr. Gr. e’ikw•n.] An image or representation; a portrait or pretended portrait. “Netherlands whose names and icons are published.” Hakewill.

I•con´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, images, pictures, or representations of any kind.

I´con•ism , n. [L. iconismus, Gr. , fr. to mold, delineate, fr. e’ikw•n an image: cf. F. iconisme.] The formation of a figure, representation, or semblance; a delineation or description. “Some kind of apish imitations, counterfeit iconisms.” Cudworth.

I´con•ize , v. t. [Gr. e’ikoni•zein.] To form an image or likeness of. [R.] Cudworth.

I•con´o•clasm , n. [Cf. F. iconoclasme. See Iconoclast.] The doctrine or practice of the iconoclasts; image breaking.

I•con´o•clast , n. [Gr. e’ikw•n image + to break: cf. F. iconoclaste.] 1. A breaker or destroyer of images or idols; a determined enemy of idol worship. 2. One who exposes or destroys impositions or shams; one who attacks cherished beliefs; a radical.

I•con•o•clas´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the iconoclasts, or to image breaking. Milman. {I•con´o•dule , I•con´o•du•list } n. [Gr. e’ikw•n an image + a slave.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who serves images; — opposed to an iconoclast. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

I•co•nog´ra•pher , n. A maker of images. Fairholt.

I•con•o•graph´ic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to iconography. 2. Representing by means of pictures or diagrams; as an icongraphic encyclopaedia.

I•co•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. a sketch or description; e’ikw•n an image + to describe: cf. F. iconographie.] 1. The art or representation by pictures or images; the description or study of portraiture or representation, as of persons; as the iconography of the ancients. 2. The study of representative art in general. Christian iconography, the study of the representations in art of the Deity, the persons of the Trinity, angels, saints, virtues, vices, etc.

I•co•nol´a•ter , n. [Gr. e’ikw•n an image + to worship: cf. F. iconolâtre.] One who worships images.

I•co•nol´a•try , n. [See Iconolater.] The worship of images as symbols; — distinguished from idolatry, the worship of images themselves.

I•co•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; e’ikw•n an image + discourse: cf. F. iconologie.] The discussion or description of portraiture or of representative images. Cf. Iconography.

I•co•nom´a•chy , n. [Gr. a war against images; e’ikw•n an image + fight.] Hostility to images as objects of worship. [R.]

I•co•nom´ic•al , a. [Gr. ; e’ikw•n image + fight.] Opposed to pictures or images as objects of worship. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

I•co•noph´i•list , n. [Gr. e’ikw•n an image + to love.] A student, or lover of the study, of iconography.

I•co•sa•he´dral , a. [See Icosahedron.] (Geom.) Having twenty equal sides or faces.

I•co•sa•he´dron , n. [Gr. ; twenty + seat, base, fr. to sit.] (Geom.) A solid bounded by twenty sides or faces. Regular icosahedron, one of the five regular polyhedrons, bounded by twenty equilateral triangules. Five triangles meet to form each solid angle of the polyhedron.

I•co•san´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. twenty +, , man, male: cf. F. icosandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants, having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx. { I•co•san´dri•an , I•co•san´drous } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to the class Icosandria; having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx.

I•co•si•tet•ra•he´dron , n. [Gr. twenty + , combining form of four + seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A twenty-four-sided solid; a tetragonal trisoctahedron or trapezohedron.

-ics A suffix used in forming the names of certain sciences, systems, etc., as acoustics, mathematics, dynamics, statistics, politics, athletics. The names sciences ending in ics, as mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, optics, etc., are, with respect to their form, nouns in the plural number. The plural form was probably introduced to mark the complex nature of such sciences; and it may have been in imitation of the use of the Greek plurals , , , , etc., to designate parts of Aristotle’s writings. Previously to the present century, nouns ending in ics were construed with a verb or a pronoun in the plural; but it is now generally considered preferable to treat them as singular. In Greman we have die Mathematik, die Mechanik, etc., and in French la metaphysique, la optique, etc., corresponding to our mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, optics, etc. “Mathematics have for their object the consideration of whatever is capable of being numbered or measured.” John Davidson. The citations subjoined will serve as examples of the best present usage. “Ethics is the sciences of the laws which govern our actions as moral agents.” Sir W. Hamilton. “All parts of knowledge have their origin in metaphysics, and finally, perhaps, revolve into it.” De Quincey. “Mechanics, like pure mathematics, may be geometrical, or may be analytical; that is, it may treat space either by a direct consideration of its properties, or by a symbolical representation.” Whewell.

Ic•ter´ic , n. A remedy for the jaundice. { Ic•ter´ic , Ic•ter´ic•al } a. [L. ictericus, Gr. , fr. jaundice: cf. F. icterique.] 1. Pertaining to, or affected with, jaundice. 2. Good against the jaundice. Johnson. { Ic•ter•i´tious , Ic•ter´i•tous } a. Yellow; of the color of the skin when it is affected by the jaundice.

Ic´ter•oid , a. [Gr. jaundice + -oid.] Of a tint resembling that produced by jaundice; yellow; as an icteroid tint or complexion.

Ic´te•rus , n. [NL. See Icteric, a.] (Med.) The jaundice.

Ic´tic , a. [L. ictus blow.] Pertaining to, or caused by, a blow; sudden; abrupt. [R.] H. Bushnell.

Ic´tus , n. [L., fr. icere, ictum, to strike.] 1. (Pros.) The stress of voice laid upon accented syllable of a word. Cf. Arsis. 2. (Med.) A stroke or blow, as in a sunstroke, the sting of an insect, pulsation of an artery, etc.

I´cy , a. [Compar. Icier superl. Iciest.] [AS. isig. See Ice.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in, ice; cold; frosty. ´Icy chains.´ Shak. ´Icy region.´ Boyle. ´Icy seas.´ Pope. 2. Characterized by coldness, as of manner, influence, etc.; chilling; frigid; cold. “Icy was the deportment with which Philip received these demonstrations of affection.” Motley.

I´cy-pearl•ed , a. Spangled with ice. “Mounting up in icy-pearled car.” Milton.

I’d A contraction from I would or I had.

Id , n. (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Leuciscus idus or Idus idus) of Europe. A domesticated variety, colored like the goldfish, is called orfe in Germany.

I•da´li•an , a. Of or pertaining to Idalium, a mountain city in Cyprus, or to Venus, to whom it was sacred. ´Idalian Aphrodite.´ Tennyson.

Ide , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Id.

-ide (Chem.) A suffix used to denote: (a) The nonmetallic, or negative, element or radical in a binary compound; as oxide, sulphide, chloride. (b) A compound which is an anhydride; as glycolide, phthalide. (c) Any one of a series of derivatives; as indogenide, glucoside, etc.

I•de´a , n.; pl. Ideas (#). [L. idea, Gr. , fr. to see; akin to E. wit: cf. F. idee. See Wit.] 1. The transcript, image, or picture of a visible object, that is formed by the mind; also a similar image of any object whatever, whether sensible or spiritual. “Her sweet idea wandered through his thoughts.” Fairfax. “Being the right idea of your father
Both in your form and nobleness of mind.” Shak. “This representation or likeness of the object being transmitted from thence [the senses] to the imagination, and lodged there for the view and observation of the pure intellect, is aptly and properly called its idea.” P. Browne. 2. A general notion, or a conception formed by generalization. “Alice had not the slightest idea what latitude was.” L. Caroll. 3. Hence: Any object apprehended, conceived, or thought of, by the mind; a notion, conception, or thought; the real object that is conceived or thought of. “Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or as the immediate object of perception, thought, or undersanding, that I call idea.” Locke. 4. A belief, option, or doctrine; a characteristic or controlling principle; as an essential idea; the idea of development. “That fellow seems to me to possess but one idea, and that is a wrong one.” Johnson. “What is now ´idea´ for us? How infinite the fall of this word, since the time where Milton sang of the Creator contemplating his newly-created world, -
´how it showed …
Answering his great idea,´ -
to its present use, when this person ´has an idea that the train has started,´ and the other ´had no idea that the dinner would be so bad!´” Trench. 5. A plan or purpose of action; intention; design. “I shortly afterwards set off for that capital, with an idea of undertaking while there the translation of the work.” W. Irving. 6. A rational conception; the complete conception of an object when thought of in all its essential elements or constituents; the necessary metaphysical or constituent attributes and relations, when conceived in the abstract. 7. A fiction object or picture created by the imagination; the same when proposed as a pattern to be copied, or a standard to be reached; one of the archetypes or patterns of created things, conceived by the Platonists to have excited objectively from eternity in the mind of the Deity. “Thence to behold this new-created world,
The addition of his empire, how it showed
In prospect from his throne, how good, how fair,
Answering his great idea.” Milton. ´In England, Locke may be said to have been the first who naturalized the term in its Cartesian universality. When, in common language, employed by Milton and Dryden, after Descartes, as before him by Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Hooker, etc., the meaning is Platonic.´ Sir W. Hamilton. Abstract idea, Association of ideas, etc. See under Abstract, Association, etc. Syn. — Notion; conception; thought; sentiment; fancy; image; perception; impression; opinion; belief; observation; judgment; consideration; view; design; intention; purpose; plan; model; pattern. There is scarcely any other word which is subjected to such abusive treatment as is the word idea, in the very general and indiscriminative way in which it is employed, as it is used variously to signify almost any act, state, or content of thought.

I•de´al , a. [L. idealis: cf. F. ideal.] 1. Existing in idea or thought; conceptional; intellectual; mental; as ideal knowledge. 2. Reaching an imaginary standard of excellence; fit for a model; faultless; as ideal beauty. Byron. “There will always be a wide interval between practical and ideal excellence.” Rambler. 3. Existing in fancy or imagination only; visionary; unreal. ´Planning ideal common wealth.´ Southey. 4. Teaching the doctrine of idealism; as the ideal theory or philosophy. 5. (Math.) Imaginary. Syn. — Intellectual; mental; visionary; fanciful; imaginary; unreal; impracticable; utopian.

I•de´al , n. A mental conception regarded as a standard of perfection; a model of excellence, beauty, etc. “The ideal is to be attained by selecting and assembling in one whole the beauties and perfections which are usually seen in different individuals, excluding everything defective or unseemly, so as to form a type or model of the species. Thus, the Apollo Belvedere is the ideal of the beauty and proportion of the human frame.” Fleming. Beau ideal. See Beau ideal.

I•de´a•less , a. Destitute of an idea.

I•de´al•ism , n. [Cf. F. idealisme.] 1. The quality or state of being ideal. 2. Conception of the ideal; imagery. 3. (Philos.) The system or theory that denies the existence of material bodies, and teaches that we have no rational grounds to believe in the reality of anything but ideas and their relations.

I•de´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. idealiste.] 1. One who idealizes; one who forms picturesque fancies; one given to romantic expectations. 2. One who holds the doctrine of idealism.

I•de•al•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to idealists or their theories.

I•de•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Idealities . 1. The quality or state of being ideal. 2. The capacity to form ideals of beauty or perfection. 3. (Phren.) The conceptive faculty.

I•de•al•i•za´tion , n. 1. The act or process of idealizing. 2. (Fine Arts) The representation of natural objects, scenes, etc., in such a way as to show their most important characteristics; the study of the ideal.

I•de´al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idealized p. pr. & vb. n. Idealizing ] 1. To make ideal; to give an ideal form or value to; to attribute ideal characteristics and excellences to; as to idealize real life. 2. (Fine Arts) To treat in an ideal manner. See Idealization, 2.

I•de´al•ize, v. i. [Cf. F. idealiser.] To form ideals.

I•de´al•i•zer , n. An idealist.

I•de´al•ly, adv. In an ideal manner; by means of ideals; mentally.

I•de•a•log´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an idealogue, or to idealization.

I•de´a•logue , n. [Idea + -logue, as in theologue: cf. F. ideologue.] One given to fanciful ideas or theories; a theorist; a spectator. [R.] Mrs. Browning. { I•de´at , I•de´ate } n. [LL. ideatum. See Idea.] (Metaph.) The actual existence supposed to correspond with an idea; the correlate in real existence to the idea as a thought or existence.

I•de´ate , v. t. 1. To form in idea; to fancy. [R.] “The ideated man … as he stood in the intellect of God.” Sir T. Browne. 2. To apprehend in thought so as to fix and hold in the mind; to memorize. [R.]

I•de•a´tion , n. The faculty or capacity of the mind for forming ideas; the exercise of this capacity; the act of the mind by which objects of sense are apprehended and retained as objects of thought. “The whole mass of residua which have been accumulated … all enter now into the process of ideation.” J. D. Morell.

I•de•a´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, ideation. “Certain sensational or ideational stimuli.” Blackw. Mag.

I´dem , pron. or adj. [L.] The same; the same as above; — often abbreviated id.

I•den´tic , a. Identical. [Obs.] Hudibras.

I•den´tic•al , a. [Cf. F. identique. See Identity.] 1. The same; the selfsame; the very same; not different; as the identical person or thing. “I can not remember a thing that happened a year ago, without a conviction … that I, the same identical person who now remember that event, did then exist.” Reid. 2. Uttering sameness or the same truth; expressing in the predicate what is given, or obviously implied, in the subject; tautological. “When you say body is solid, I say that you make an identical proposition, because it is impossible to have the idea of body without that of solidity.” Fleming. Identical equation (Alg.), an equation which is true for all values of the algebraic symbols which enter into it.

I•den´tic•al•ly, adv. In an identical manner; with respect to identity. ´Identically the same.´ Bp. Warburton. ´Identically different.´ Ross.

I•den´tic•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being identical; sameness.

I•den´ti•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being identified.

I•den•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. identification.] The act of identifying, or proving to be the same; also the state of being identified.

I•den´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Identified p. pr. & vb. n. Identifying ] [Cf. F. identifier. See Identity, and -fy.] 1. To make to be the same; to unite or combine in such a manner as to make one; to treat as being one or having the same purpose or effect; to consider as the same in any relation. “Every precaution is taken to identify the interests of the people and of the rulers.” D. Ramsay. “Let us identify, let us incorporate ourselves with the people.” Burke. 2. To establish the identity of; to prove to be the same with something described, claimed, or asserted; as to identify stolen property.

I•den´ti•fy , v. i. To become the same; to coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, etc. [Obs. or R.] “An enlightened self-interest, which, when well understood, they tell us will identify with an interest more enlarged and public.” Burke.

I•den´tism , n. [See Identity.] (Metaph.) The doctrine taught by Schelling, that matter and mind, and subject and object, are identical in the Absolute; — called also the system or doctrine of identity.

I•den´ti•ty , n.; pl. Identities (#). [F. identite, LL. identitas, fr. L. idem the same, from the root of is he, that; cf. Skr. idam this. Cf. Item.] 1. The state or quality of being identical, or the same; sameness. “Identity is a relation between our cognitions of a thing, not between things themselves.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. The condition of being the same with something described or asserted, or of possessing a character claimed; as to establish the identity of stolen goods. 3. (Math.) An identical equation.

I´de•o- A combining form from the Gr. , an idea.

I•de•o•gen´ic•al , a. Of or relating to ideology.

I•de•og´e•ny , n. [Ideo- + -geny, from the same root as Gr. , birth: cf. F. ideogenie.] The science which treats of the origin of ideas.

I•de´o•gram , n. [Ideo- + -gram; cf. F. ideograme.] 1. An original, pictorial element of writing; a kind of hieroglyph expressing no sound, but only an idea. “Ideograms may be defined to be pictures intended to represent either things or thoughts.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet). “You might even have a history without language written or spoken, by means of ideograms and gesture.” J. Peile. 2. A symbol used for convenience, or for abbreviation; as 1, 2, 3, +, -, , $, , etc. 3. A phonetic symbol; a letter.

I•de´o•graph , n. Same as Ideogram. { I•de•o•graph´ic , I•de•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. ideographique.] Of or pertaining to an ideogram; representing ideas by symbols, independently of sounds; as 9 represents not the word ´nine,´ but the idea of the number itself. — I•de•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

I•de•o•graph´ics , n. The system of writing in ideographic characters; also anything so written.

I•de•og´ra•phy , n. The representation of ideas independently of sounds, or in an ideographic manner, as sometimes is done in shorthand writing, etc.

I•de•o•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. ideologique.] Of or pertaining to ideology.

I•de•ol´o•gist , n. One who treats of ideas; one who theorizes or idealizes; one versed in the science of ideas or who advocates the doctrines of ideology.

I•de•ol´o•gy , n. [Ideo- + -logy: cf. F. ideologie.] 1. The science of ideas. Stewart. 2. (Metaph.) A theory of the origin of ideas which derives them exclusively from sensation. By a double blunder in philosophy and Greek, ideologie … has in France become the name peculiarly distinctive of that philosophy of mind which exclusively derives our knowledge from sensation. Sir W. Hamilton.

I•de•o-mo´tion , n. (Physiol.) An ideo-motor movement.

I•de•o-mo´tor , a. [Ideo- + motor.] (Physiol.) Applied to those actions, or muscular movements, which are automatic expressions of dominant ideas rather than the result of distinct volitional efforts, as the act of expressing the thoughts in speech, or in writing, while the mind is occupied in the composition of the sentence. Carpenter.

Ides (idz), n. pl. [L. idus: cf. F. ides.] (Anc. Rom. Calendar) The fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth day of the other months. “The ides of March remember.” Shak. Eight days in each month often pass by this name, but only one strictly receives it, the others being called respectively the day before the ides, and so on, backward, to the eighth from the ides.

Id´i•o- (id´i•o-). A combining form from the Greek ’i•dios, meaning private, personal, peculiar, distinct.

Id´i•o•blast (id´i•o•blast), n. [Ideo- + -blast.] (Bot.) An individual cell, differing greatly from its neighbours in regard to size, structure, or contents.

Id•i•o•cra´sis , n. [NL.] Idiocracy.

Id•i•oc´ra•sy , n.; pl. Idiocrasies (#). [Idio- + Gr. kra^sis a mixture, fr. to mix: cf. F. idiocrasie.] Peculiarity of constitution; that temperament, or state of constitution, which is peculiar to a person; idiosyncrasy. { Id•i•o•crat´ic , Id•i•o•crat´ic•al } a. Peculiar in constitution or temperament; idiosyncratic.

Id´i•o•cy (id´i•o•sy), n. [From idiot; cf. Gr. uncouthness, want of education, fr. . See Idiot, and cf. Idiotcy.] The condition or quality of being an idiot; absence, or marked deficiency, of sense and intelligence. “I will undertake to convict a man of idiocy, if he can not see the proof that three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles.” F. W. Robertson.

Id•i•o•cy•cloph´a•nous , a. [Idio- + Gr. circle + to appear.] (Crystallog.) Same as Idiophanous.

Id•i•o•e•lec´tric , a. [Idio- + electric: cf. F. idioelectrique.] (Physics) Electric by virtue of its own peculiar properties; capable of becoming electrified by friction; — opposed to anelectric. — n. An idioelectric substance.

Id´i•o•graph (id´i•o•graf), n. [Gr. autographic; ’i•dios one’s own + gra•fein to write.] A mark or signature peculiar to an individual; a trade-mark. { Id•i•o•graph´ic (id•i•o•graf´ik), Id•i•o•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to an idiograph.

Id•i•ol´a•try , n. [Idio- + Gr. to worship.] Self-worship; excessive self- esteem.

Id´i•om (id´i•um), n. [F. idiome, L. idioma, fr. Gr. ’idi•wma, fr. ’idioy^n to make a person’s own, to make proper or peculiar; fr. ’i•dios one’s own, proper, peculiar; prob. akin to the reflexive pronoun o´y^, o’i^, ’e•, and to ´eo•s, ’o•s, one’s own, L. suus, and to E. so.] 1. The syntactical or structural form peculiar to any language; the genius or cast of a language. “Idiom may be employed loosely and figuratively as a synonym of language or dialect, but in its proper sense it signifies the totality of the general rules of construction which characterize the syntax of a particular language and distinguish it from other tongues.” G. P. Marsh. “By idiom is meant the use of words which is peculiar to a particular language.” J. H. Newman. “He followed their language [the Latin], but did not comply with the idiom of ours.” Dryden. 2. An expression conforming or appropriate to the peculiar structural form of a language; in extend use, an expression sanctioned by usage, having a sense peculiar to itself and not agreeing with the logical sense of its structural form; also the phrase forms peculiar to a particular author. “Some that with care true eloquence shall teach,
And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech.” Prior. “Sometimes we identify the words with the object — though by courtesy of idiom rather than in strict propriety of language.” Coleridge. “Every good writer has much idiom.” Landor. “It is not by means of rules that such idioms as the following are made current: ´I can make nothing of it.´ ´He treats his subject home.´ Dryden. ´It is that within us that makes for righteousness.´ M. Arnold.” Gostwick (Eng. Gram.) 3. Dialect; a variant form of a language. Syn. — Dialect. — Idiom, Dialect. The idioms of a language belong to its very structure; its dialects are varieties of expression ingrafted upon it in different localities or by different professions. Each county of England has some peculiarities of dialect, and so have most of the professions, while the great idioms of the language are everywhere the same. See Language. { Id•i•o•mat´ic , Id•i•o•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’idiwmatiko•s.] Of or pertaining to, or conforming to, the mode of expression peculiar to a language; as an idiomatic meaning; an idiomatic phrase. — Id•i•o•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Id•i•o•morph´ic , a. Idiomorphous.

Id•i•o•morph´ous , a. [Gr. ’idio•morfos of peculiar form; ’i•dios peculiar + form.] 1. Having a form of its own. 2. (Crystallog.) Apperaing in distinct crystals; — said of the mineral constituents of a rock.

Id•i•o•mus´cu•lar , a. [Idio- + muscular.] (Physiol.) Applied to a semipermanent contraction of a muscle, produced by a mechanical irritant.

Id•i•o•pa•thet´ic , a. Idiopathic. [R.] { Id•i•o•path´ic , Id•i•o•path´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. idiopathique.] (Med.) Pertaining to idiopathy; characterizing a disease arising primarily, and not in consequence of some other disease or injury; — opposed to symptomatic, sympathetic, and traumatic. — Id•i•o•path´ic•al•ly, adv.

Id•i•op´a•thy , n.; pl. Idiopathies (#). [Gr. ; ’i•dios proper, peculiar + , , to suffer: cf. F. idiopathie.] 1. A peculiar, or individual, characteristic or affection. “All men are so full of their own fancies and idiopathies, that they scarce have the civility to interchange any words with a stranger.” Dr. H. More. 2. (Med.) A morbid state or condition not preceded or occasioned by any other disease; a primary disease.

Id•i•oph´a•nous , a. [Idio- + to appear.] (Crystallog.) Exhibiting interference figures without the aid of a polariscope, as certain crystals.

Id´i•o•plasm , n. (Biol.) Same as Idioplasma.

Id•i•o•plas´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’i•dios proper, peculiar + a form, mold.] (Biol.) That portion of the cell protoplasm which is the seat of all active changes, and which carries on the function of hereditary transmission; — distinguished from the other portion, which is termed nutritive plasma. See Hygroplasm.

Id•i•o•re•pul´sive , a. [Idio- + repulsive.] Repulsive by itself; as the idiorepulsive power of heat.

Id•i•o•syn´cra•sy , n.; pl. Idiosyncrasies (#). [Gr. ; ’i•dios proper, peculiar + a mixing together, fr. to mix together; with + to mix: cf. F. idiosyncrasie. See Idiom, and Crasis.] A peculiarity of physical or mental constitution or temperament; a characteristic belonging to, and distinguishing, an individual; characteristic susceptibility; idiocrasy; eccentricity. “The individual mind … takes its tone from the idiosyncrasies of the body.” I. Taylor. { Id•i•o•syn•crat´ic , Id•i•o•syn•crat´ic•al } a. Of peculiar temper or disposition; belonging to one’s peculiar and individual character.

Id´i•ot (id´i•ot), n. [F. idiot, L. idiota an uneducated, ignorant, ill-informed person, Gr. ’idiw•ths, also and orig., a private person, not holding public office, fr. ’i•dios proper, peculiar. See Idiom.] 1. A man in private station, as distinguished from one holding a public office. [Obs.] “St. Austin affirmed that the plain places of Scripture are sufficient to all laics, and all idiots or private persons.” Jer. Taylor. 2. An unlearned, ignorant, or simple person, as distinguished from the educated; an ignoramus. [Obs.] “Christ was received of idiots, of the vulgar people, and of the simpler sort, while he was rejected, despised, and persecuted even to death by the high priests, lawyers, scribes, doctors, and rabbis.” C. Blount. 3. A human being destitute of the ordinary intellectual powers, whether congenital, developmental, or accidental; commonly, a person without understanding from birth; a natural fool; a natural; an innocent. “Life … is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.” Shak. 4. A fool; a simpleton; — a term of reproach. “Weenest thou make an idiot of our dame?” Chaucer.

Id´i•ot•cy , n. [Cf. Idiocy.] Idiocy. [R.]

Id´i•ot•ed , a. Rendered idiotic; befooled. [R.] Tennyson.

Id•i•o•ther´mic , a. [Idio- + thermic.] Self-heating; warmed, as the body of animal, by process going on within itself. { Id•i•ot´ic , Id•i•ot´ic•al } a. [L. idioticus ignorant, Gr. : cf. F. idiotique. See Idiot.] 1. Common; simple. [Obs.] Blackwall. 2. Pertaining to, or like, an idiot; characterized by idiocy; foolish; fatuous; as an idiotic person, speech, laugh, or action.

Id•i•ot´ic•al•ly, adv. In an idiotic manner.

Id•i•ot´i•con , n. [NL., fr. Gr. belonging to a private man, private. See Idiot.] A dictionary of a peculiar dialect, or of the words and phrases peculiar to one part of a country; a glossary.

Id´i•ot•ish , a. Like an idiot; foolish.

Id´i•ot•ism , n. [F. idiotisme, L. idiotismus the way of fashion of a private person, the common or vulgar manner of speaking, Gr. , fr. to put into or use common language, fr. . See Idiot.] 1. An idiom; a form, mode of expression, or signification, peculiar to a language. “Scholars sometimes give terminations and idiotisms, suitable to their native language, unto words newly invented.” M. Hale. 2. Lack of knowledge or mental capacity; idiocy; foolishness. “Worse than mere ignorance or idiotism.” Shaftesbury. “The running that adventure is the greatist idiotism.” Hammond.

Id´i•ot•ize , v. i. To become stupid. [R.]

Id´i•ot•ry , n. Idiocy. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

I´dle , a. [Compar. Idler superl. Idlest.] [OE. idel, AS. idel vain, empty, useless; akin to OS. idal, D. ijdel, OHG. ital vain, empty, mere, G. eitel, Dan. & Sw. idel mere, pure, and prob. to Gr. clear, pure, to burn. Cf. Ether.] 1. Of no account; useless; vain; trifling; unprofitable; thoughtless; silly; barren. ´Deserts idle.´ Shak. “Every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment.” Matt. xii. 36. “Down their idle weapons dropped.” Milton. “This idle story became important.” Macaulay. 2. Not called into active service; not turned to appropriate use; unemployed; as idle hours. “The idle spear and shield were high uphing.” Milton. 3. Not employed; unoccupied with business; inactive; doing nothing; as idle workmen. “Why stand ye here all the day idle?” Matt. xx. 6. 4. Given rest and ease; averse to labor or employment; lazy; slothful; as an idle fellow. 5. Light-headed; foolish. [Obs.] Ford. Idle pulley (Mach.), a pulley that rests upon a belt to tighten it; a pulley that only guides a belt and is not used to transmit power. — Idle wheel (Mach.), a gear wheel placed between two others, to transfer motion from one to the other without changing the direction of revolution. — In idle, in vain. [Obs.] ´God saith, thou shalt not take the name of thy Lord God in idle.´ Chaucer. Syn. — Unoccupied; unemployed; vacant; inactive; indolent; sluggish; slothful; useless; ineffectual; futile; frivolous; vain; trifling; unprofitable; unimportant. — Idle, Indolent, Lazy. A propensity to inaction is expressed by each of these words; they differ in the cause and degree of this characteristic. Indolent denotes an habitual love to ease, a settled dislike of movement or effort; idle is opposed to busy, and denotes a dislike of continuous exertion. Lazy is a stronger and more contemptuous term than indolent.

I´dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Idled p. pr. & vb. n. Idling ] To lose or spend time in inaction, or without being employed in business. Shak.

I´dle, v. t. To spend in idleness; to waste; to consume; — often followed by away; as to idle away an hour a day.

I´dle-head•ed , a. 1. Foolish; stupid. [Obs.] ´The superstitious idle-headed eld.´ Shak. 2. Delirious; infatuated. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

I´dle•ness, n. [AS. idelnes.] The condition or quality of being idle (in the various senses of that word); uselessness; fruitlessness; triviality; inactivity; laziness. Syn. — Inaction; indolence; sluggishness; sloth.

I´dle-pat•ed , a. Idle-headed; stupid. [Obs.]

I´dler , n. 1. One who idles; one who spends his time in inaction; a lazy person; a sluggard. 2. (Naut.) One who has constant day duties on board ship, and keeps no regular watch. Totten. 3. (Mach.) An idle wheel or pulley. See under Idle. { I´dless , I´dlesse } , n. Idleness. [Archaic] ´In ydlesse.´ Spenser. “And an idlesse all the day
Beside a wandering stream.” Mrs. Browning.

I´dly , adv. In a idle manner; ineffectually; vainly; lazily; carelessly; (Obs.) foolishly.

Id´o•crase (id´o•kras; 277), n. [Gr. e’i^dos form + kra^sis mixture, fr. keranny•nai to mix; cf. F. idocrase.] (Min.) Same as Vesuvianite.

I´dol , n. [OE. idole, F. idole, L. idolum, fr. Gr. , fr. that which is seen, the form, shape, figure, fr. to see. See Wit, and cf. Eidolon.] 1. An image or representation of anything. [Obs.] “Do her adore with sacred reverence,
As th’ idol of her maker’s great magnificence.” Spenser. 2. An image of a divinity; a representation or symbol of a deity or any other being or thing, made or used as an object of worship; a similitude of a false god. “That they should not worship devils, and idols of gold.” Rev. ix. 20. 3. That on which the affections are strongly (often excessively) set; an object of passionate devotion; a person or thing greatly loved or adored. “The soldier’s god and people’s idol.” Denham. 4. A false notion or conception; a fallacy. Bacon. “The idols of preconceived opinion.” Coleridge.

I•do•las´tre , n. [OE., for idolatre.] An idolater. [Obs.] Chaucer.

I•dol´a•ter , n. [F. idolâtre: cf. L. idololatres, Gr. . See Idolatry.] 1. A worshiper of idols; one who pays divine honors to images, statues, or representations of anything made by hands; one who worships as a deity that which is not God; a pagan. 2. An adorer; a great admirer. “Jonson was an idolater of the ancients.” Bp. Hurd.

I•dol´a•tress , n. A female worshiper of idols.

I•do•lat´ric•al , a. [Cf. F. idolâtrique.] Idolatrous. [Obs.]

I•dol´a•trize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Idolatrized p. pr. & vb. n. Idolatrizing ] To worship idols; to pay idolatrous worship.

I•dol´a•trize, v. t. To make in idol of; to idolize.

I•dol´a•trous , a. 1. Of or pertaining to idolatry; partaking of the nature of idolatry; given to idolatry or the worship of false gods; as idolatrous sacrifices. “[Josiah] put down the idolatrous priests.” 2 Kings xxiii. 5. 2. Consisting in, or partaking of, an excessive attachment or reverence; as an idolatrous veneration for antiquity.

I•dol´a•trous•ly, adv. In a idolatrous manner.

I•dol´a•try , n.; pl. Idolatries (#). [F. idolâtrie, LL. idolatria, L. idololatria, Fr. Gr. ; idol + service.] 1. The worship of idols, images, or anything which is not God; the worship of false gods. “His eye surveyed the dark idolatries
Of alienated Judah.” Milton. 2. Excessive attachment or veneration for anything; respect or love which borders on adoration. Shak.

I´dol•ish , a. Idolatrous. [Obs.] Milton.

I´dol•ism , n. The worship of idols. [Obs.]

I´dol•ist, n. A worshiper of idols. [Obs.] Milton.

I´dol•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idolized p. pr. & vb. n. Idolizing ] 1. To make an idol of; to pay idolatrous worship to; as to idolize the sacred bull in Egypt. 2. To love to excess; to love or reverence to adoration; as to idolize gold, children, a hero.

I´dol•ize, v. i. To practice idolatry. [R.] “To idolize after the manner of Egypt.” Fairbairn.

I´dol•i•zer , n. One who idolizes or loves to the point of reverence; an idolater.

I•dol´o•clast , n. [Gr. idol + to break.] A breaker of idols; an iconoclast.

I•dol•o•graph´ic•al , a. [Idol + -graph.] Descriptive of idols. [R.] Southey.

I´dol•ous , a. Idolatrous. [Obs.] Bale.

I•do´ne•ous , a. [L. idoneus.] Appropriate; suitable; proper; fit; adequate. [R.] “An ecclesiastical benefice … ought to be conferred on an idoneous person.” Ayliffe.

Id•or´gan , n. [Gr. form + E. organ.] (Biol.) A morphological unit, consisting of two or more plastids, which does not possess the positive character of the person or stock, in distinction from the physiological organ or biorgan. See Morphon. { Id´ri•a•line , Id´ri•a•lite } n. [Cf. F. idrialine.] (Min.) A bituminous substance obtained from the mercury mines of Idria, where it occurs mixed with cinnabar.

Id•u•me´an , a. Of or pertaining to ancient Idumea, or Edom, in Western Asia. — n. An inhabitant of Idumea, an Edomite.

I´dyl , n. [L. idyllium, Gr. , fr. form; literally, a little form of image: cf. F. idylle. See Idol.] A short poem; properly, a short pastoral poem; as the idyls of Theocritus; also any poem, especially a narrative or descriptive poem, written in an eleveted and highly finished style; also by extension, any artless and easily flowing description, either in poetry or prose, of simple, rustic life, of pastoral scenes, and the like. [Written also idyll.] “Wordsworth’s solemn-thoughted idyl.” Mrs. Browning. “His [Goldsmith’s] lovely idyl of the Vicar’s home.” F. Harrison.

I•dyl´lic , a. Of or belonging to idyls.

I. e. Abbreviation of Latin id est, that is.

If , conj. [OE. if, gif, AS. gif; akin to OFries. ief, gef, ef, OS. ef, of, D. of, or, whether, if, G. ob whether, if, OHG. oba, ibu, Icel. ef, Goth. iba, ibai, an interrogative particle; properly a case form of a noun meaning, doubt (cf. OHG. iba doubt, condition, Icel. if, ef, ifi, efi), and therefore orig. meaning, on condition that.] 1. In case that; granting, allowing, or supposing that; — introducing a condition or supposition. “Tisiphone, that oft hast heard my prayer,
Assist, if Œdipus deserve thy care.” Pope. “If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.” Matt. iv. 3. 2. Whether; — in dependent questions. “Uncertain if by augury or chance.” Dryden. “She doubts if two and two make four.” Prior. As if, But if. See under As, But.

I’ faith´ In faith; indeed; truly. Shak.

I•fere´ , a. [Corrupted fr. in fere.] Together. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ig•a•su´ric , a. [See Igasurine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, nux vomica or St. Ignatius’s bean; as igasuric acid.

Ig•a•su´rine , n. [Malay igasura the nux vomica.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in nux vomica, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Ig´loo , n. 1. An Eskimo snow house. 2. (Zoöl.) A cavity, or excavation, made in the snow by a seal, over its breathing hole in the ice.

Ig•na´tius bean (Bot.) See Saint Ignatius’s bean, under Saint.

Ig´ne•ous , a. [L. igneus, fr. ignis fire; allied to Skr. agni, Lith. ugnis, OSlav. ogne.] 1. Pertaining to, having the nature of, fire; containing fire; resembling fire; as an igneous appearance. 2. (Geol.) Resulting from, or produced by, the action of fire; as lavas and basalt are igneous rocks.

Ig•nes´cent , a. [L. ignescens, p. pr. of ignescere to become inflamed, fr. ignis fire: cf. F. ignescent.] Emitting sparks of fire when struck with steel; scintillating; as ignescent stones.

Ig•nic´o•list , n. [L. ignis fire + colere to worship.] A worshiper of fire. [R.]

Ig•nif´er•ous , a. [L. ignifer; ignis fire + ferre to bear.] Producing fire. [R.] Blount.

Ig•nif´lu•ous , a. [L. ignifluus; ignis fire + fluere to flow.] Flowing with fire. [Obs.] Cockerman.

Ig´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignified p. pr. & vb. n. Ignifying ] [L. ignis fire + -fy.] To form into fire. [R.] Stukeley.

Ig•nig´e•nous , a. [L. ignigenus; ignis fire + genere, ginere, to beget, produce.] Produced by the action of fire, as lava. [R.]

Ig•nip´o•tence , n. Power over fire. [R.]

Ig•nip´o•tent , a. [L. ignipotens; ignis fire + potens powerful.] Presiding over fire; also fiery. “Vulcan is called the powerful ignipotent.” Pope.

Ig´nis fat´u•us pl. Ignes fatui (#). [L. ignis fire + fatuus foolish. So called in allusion to its tendency to mislead travelers.] 1. A phosphorescent light that appears, in the night, over marshy ground, supposed to be occasioned by the decomposition of animal or vegetable substances, or by some inflammable gas; — popularly called also Will-with-the-wisp, or Will-o’-the-wisp, and Jack-with-a-lantern, or Jack-o’-lantern. 2. Fig.: A misleading influence; a decoy. “Scared and guided by the ignis fatuus of popular superstition.” Jer. Taylor.

Ig•nite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignited p. pr. & vb. n. Igniting.] [L. ignitus, p. p. of ignire to ignite, fr. ignis fire. See Igneous.] 1. To kindle or set on fire; as to ignite paper or wood. 2. (Chem.) To subject to the action of intense heat; to heat strongly; — often said of incombustible or infusible substances; as to ignite iron or platinum.

Ig•nite´, v. i. To take fire; to begin to burn.

Ig•nit´i•ble , a. Capable of being ignited.

Ig•ni´tion , n. [Cf. F. ignition.] 1. The act of igniting, kindling, or setting on fire. 2. The state of being ignited or kindled. Sir T. Browne.

Ig•nit´or , n. One who, or that which, produces ignition; especially, a contrivance for igniting the powder in a torpedo or the like. [Written also igniter.]

Ig•niv´o•mous , a. [L. ignivomus; ignis fire + vomere 8vomit.] Vomiting fire. [R.]

Ig•no•bil´i•ty , n. [L. ignobilitas: cf. F. ignobilite.] Ignobleness. [Obs.] Bale.

Ig•no´ble , a. [L. ignobilis; pref. in- not + nobilis noble: cf. F. ignoble. See In- not, and Noble, a.] 1. Of low birth or family; not noble; not illustrious; plebeian; common; humble. “I was not ignoble of descent.” Shak. “Her royal stock graft with ignoble plants.” Shak. 2. Not honorable, elevated, or generous; base. “’T is but a base, ignoble mind,
That mounts no higher than a bird can soar.” Shak. “Far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife.” Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) Not a true or noble falcon; — said of certain hawks, as the goshawk. Syn. — Degenerate; degraded; mean; base; dishonorable; reproachful; disgraceful; shameful; scandalous; infamous.

Ig•no´ble, v. t. To make ignoble. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ig•no´ble•ness, n. State or quality of being ignoble.

Ig•no´bly, adv. In an ignoble manner; basely.

Ig•no•min´i•ous , a. [L. ignominiosus: cf. F. ignominieux.] 1. Marked with ignominy; incurring public disgrace; dishonorable; shameful. “Then first with fear surprised and sense of pain,
Fled ignominious.” Milton. 2. Deserving ignominy; despicable. “One single, obscure, ignominious projector.” Swift. 3. Humiliating; degrading; as an ignominious judgment or sentence. Macaulay.

Ig•no•min´i•ous•ly, adv. In an ignominious manner; disgracefully; shamefully; ingloriously.

Ig´no•min•y , n.; pl. Ignominies (#). [L. ignominia ignominy (i.e., a deprivation of one’s good name); in- not + nomen name: cf. F. ignominie. See In- not, and Name.] 1. Public disgrace or dishonor; reproach; infamy. “Their generals have been received with honor after their defeat; yours with ignominy after conquest.” Addison. “Vice begins in mistake, and ends in ignominy.” Rambler. “Ignominy is the infliction of such evil as is made dishonorable, or the deprivation of such good as is made honorable by the Commonwealth.” Hobbes. 2. An act deserving disgrace; an infamous act. Syn. — Opprobrium; reproach; dishonor.

Ig´no•my , n. Ignominy. [R. & Obs.] “I blush to think upon this ignomy.” Shak.

Ig•no•ra´mus , n. [L., we are ignorant. See Ignore.] 1. (Law) We are ignorant; we ignore; — being the word formerly written on a bill of indictment by a grand jury when there was not sufficient evidence to warrant them in finding it a true bill. The phrase now used is, ´No bill,´ ´No true bill,´ or ´Not found,´ though in some jurisdictions ´Ignored´ is still used. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Burn. 2. (pl. Ignoramuses .) A stupid, ignorant person; a vain pretender to knowledge; a dunce. “An ignoramus in place and power.” South.

Ig´no•rance , n. [F., fr. L. ignorantia.] 1. The condition of being ignorant; the want of knowledge in general, or in relation to a particular subject; the state of being uneducated or uninformed. “Ignorance is the curse of God,
Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.” Shak. 2. (Theol.) A willful neglect or refusal to acquire knowledge which one may acquire and it is his duty to have. Book of Common Prayer. Invincible ignorance (Theol.), ignorance beyond the individual’s control and for which, therefore, he is not responsible before God.

Ig´no•rant , a. [F., fr. L. ignorans, -antis, p. pr. of ignorare to be ignorant. See Ignore.] 1. Destitute of knowledge; uninstructed or uninformed; untaught; unenlightened. “He that doth not know those things which are of use for him to know, is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides.” Tillotson. 2. Unacquainted with; unconscious or unaware; — used with of. “Ignorant of guilt, I fear not shame.” Dryden. 3. Unknown; undiscovered. [Obs.] “Ignorant concealment.” Shak. “Alas what ignorant sin have I committed?” Shak. 4. Resulting from ignorance; foolish; silly. “His shipping,
Poor ignorant baubles! — on our terrible seas
Like eggshells moved.” Shak. Syn. — Uninstructed; untaught; unenlightened; uninformed; unlearned; unlettered; illiterate. — Ignorant, Illiterate. Ignorant denotes want of knowledge, either as to single subject or information in general; illiterate refers to an ignorance of letters, or of knowledge acquired by reading and study. In the Middle Ages, a great proportion of the higher classes were illiterate, and yet were far from being ignorant, especially in regard to war and other active pursuits. “In such business
Action is eloquence, and the eyes of the ignorant
More learned than the ears.” Shak. “In the first ages of Christianity, not only the learned and the wise, but the ignorant and illiterate, embraced torments and death.” Tillotson.

Ig´no•rant, n. A person untaught or uninformed; one unlettered or unskilled; an ignoramous. “Did I for this take pains to teach
Our zealous ignorants to preach?” Denham.

Ig´no•rant•ism , n. The spirit of those who extol the advantage of ignorance; obscurantism.

Ig´no•rant•ist, n. One opposed to the diffusion of knowledge; an obscurantist.

Ig´no•rant•ly, adv. In a ignorant manner; without knowledge; inadvertently. “Whom therefoer ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.” Acts xvii. 23.

Ig•nore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignored p. pr. & vb. n. Ignoring.] [L. ignorare; pref. in- not + the root of gnarus knowing, noscere to become acquainted with. See Know, and cf. Narrate.] 1. To be ignorant of or not acquainted with. [Archaic] “Philosophy would solidly be established, if men would more carefully distinguish those things that they know from those that they ignore.” Boyle. 2. (Law) To throw out or reject as false or ungrounded; — said of a bill rejected by a grand jury for want of evidence. See Ignoramus. 3. Hence: To refuse to take notice of; to shut the eyes to; not to recognize; to disregard willfully and causelessly; as to ignore certain facts; to ignore the presence of an objectionable person. “Ignoring Italy under our feet,
And seeing things before, behind.” Mrs. Browning.

Ig•nos´ci•ble , a. [L. ignoscibilis, fr. ignoscere to pardon, lit., not to wish to know; pref. in- not + gnoscere, noscere, to learn to know. See In- not, and Know.] Pardonable. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ig•note´ , a. [L. ignotus; pref. in- not + gnotus, notus, known, p. p. of gnocere, nocere, to learn to know.] Unknown. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. — n. One who is unknown. Bp. Hacket.

I•gua´na , n. [Sp. iguana, from the native name in Hayti. Cf. Guana.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Iguana, a genus of large American lizards of the family Iguanidae. They are arboreal in their habits, usually green in color, and feed chiefly upon fruits. The common iguana (Iguana iguana, formerly Iguana tuberculata, and also called by other synonyms@ of the West Indies and South America is sometimes five feet long. Its flesh is highly prized as food. The horned iguana (Iguana cornuta) has a conical horn between the eyes.

I•gua´ni•an , a. (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the iguana.

I•gua´nid , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Iguanoid.

I•gua´no•don , n. [Iguana + Gr. , , a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of gigantic herbivorous dinosaurs having a birdlike pelvis and large hind legs with three-toed feet capable of supporting the entire body. Its teeth resemble those of the iguana, whence its name. Several species are known, mostly from the Wealden of England and Europe. See Illustration in Appendix.

I•gua´no•dont , a. (Paleon.) Like or pertaining to the genus Iguanodon.

I•gua´noid , a. [Iguana + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Iguanidae.

Ih•lang•-ih•lang´ , n. [Malayan, flower of flowers.] A rich, powerful, perfume, obtained from the volatile oil of the flowers of Canada odorata, an East Indian tree. [Also written ylang-ylang.]

Ih•ram´ , n. The peculiar dress worn by pilgrims to Mecca.

Ik , pron. [See I.] I. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. The Northern dialectic form of I, in Early English, corresponding to ich of the Southern.

Il- A form of the prefix in-, not, and in-, among. See In-.

Ile , n. [AS. egl.] Ear of corn. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Ile, n. [See Aisle.] An aisle. [Obs.] H. Swinburne.

Ile, n. [See Isle.] An isle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Il´e•ac , a. [See Ileum.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum. [Written also iliac.] 2. See Iliac, 1. [R.] Ileac passion. (Med.) See Ileus.

Il•e•o•cae´cal , a. [Ileum + caecal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum and caecum.

Il•e•o•col´ic , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum and colon; as the ileocolic, or ileocaecal, valve, a valve where the ileum opens into the large intestine.

Il´e•um , n. [L. ile, ileum, ilium, pl. ilia, groin, flank.] 1. (Anat.) The last, and usually the longest, division of the small intestine; the part between the jejunum and large intestine. [Written also ileon, and ilium.] 2. (Anat.) See Ilium. [R.] Most modern writers restrict ileum to the division of the intestine and ilium to the pelvic bone.

Il´e•us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , fr. to roll up.] (Med.) A morbid condition due to intestinal obstruction. It is characterized by complete constipation, with griping pains in the abdomen, which is greatly distended, and in the later stages by vomiting of fecal matter. Called also ileac, or iliac, passion.

I´lex , n. [L., holm oak.] (Bot.) (a) The holm oak (Quercus Ilex). (b) A genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, including the common holly.

Il´i•ac , a. [L. Iliacus, Gr. . See Iliad.] Pertaining to ancient Ilium, or Troy. Gladstone.

Il´i•ac, a. [Cf. F. iliaque. See Ileum, and cf. Jade a stone.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ilium, or dorsal bone of the pelvis; as the iliac artery. [Written also ileac.] 2. See Ileac, 1. [R.] Iliac crest, the upper margin of the ilium. — Iliac passion. See Ileus. — Iliac region, a region of the abdomen, on either side of the hypogastric regions, and below the lumbar regions.

I•li´a•cal , a. Iliac. [R.]

Il´i•ad , n. [L. Ilias, - adis, Gr. , (sc. ), fr. , , Ilium, the city of Ilus, a son of Tros, founder of Ilium, which is a poetical name of Troy.] A celebrated Greek epic poem, in twenty-four books, on the destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. The Iliad is ascribed to Homer.

Il´i•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ilium; iliac.

I•liche´ , adv. [OE., fr. AS. gelic. Cf. Alike.] Alike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

I•lic´ic , a. [L. ilex, ilicis, holm oak.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the holly (Ilex), and allied plants; as ilicic acid.

Il´i•cin , n. (Chem.) The bitter principle of the holly.

Il´i•o- [From Ilium.] A combining form used in anatomy to denote connection with, or relation to, the ilium; as ilio-femoral, ilio- lumbar, ilio-psoas etc.

Il•i•o•fem´o•ral , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ilium and femur; as iliofemoral ligaments.

Il•i•o•lum´bar , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the iliac and lumbar regions; as the iliolumbar artery.

Il•i•o•pso´as , n. (Anat.) The great flexor muscle of the hip joint, divisible into two parts, the iliac and great psoas — often regarded as distinct muscles.

Il´i•um , n. [See Ileum.] (Anat.) The dorsal one of the three principal bones comprising either lateral half of the pelvis; the dorsal or upper part of the hip bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. [Written also ilion, and ileum.]

Il•ix•an´thin , n. [Ilex the genus including the holly + Gr. yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow dye obtained from the leaves of the holly.

Ilk , a. [Scot. ilk, OE. ilke the same, AS. ilca. Cf. Each.] Same; each; every. [Archaic] Spenser. Of that ilk, denoting that a person’s surname and the title of his estate are the same; as Grant of that ilk, i.e., Grant of Grant. Jamieson.

Il´ke , a. [See Ilk.] Same. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Il•kon´ , Il•koon´ }, pron. [See Ilk, and One.] Each one; every one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ill , a. [The regular comparative and superlative are wanting, their places being supplied by worse and worst , from another root.] [OE. ill, ille, Icel. illr; akin to Sw. illa, adv., Dan. ilde, adv.] 1. Contrary to good, in a physical sense; contrary or opposed to advantage, happiness, etc.; bad; evil; unfortunate; disagreeable; unfavorable. “Neither is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets, and ill neighbors.” Bacon. “There ’s some ill planet reigns.” Shak. 2. Contrary to good, in a moral sense; evil; wicked; wrong; iniquitious; naughtly; bad; improper. “Of his own body he was ill, and gave
The clergy ill example.” Shak. 3. Sick; indisposed; unwell; diseased; disordered; as ill of a fever. “I am in health, I breathe, and see thee ill.” Shak. 4. Not according with rule, fitness, or propriety; incorrect; rude; unpolished; inelegant. “That ’s an ill phrase.” Shak. Ill at ease, uneasy; uncomfortable; anxious. ´I am very ill at ease.´ Shak. — Ill blood, enmity; resentment. — Ill breeding, want of good breeding; rudeness. — Ill fame, ill or bad repute; as a house of ill fame, a house where lewd persons meet for illicit intercourse. — Ill humor, a disagreeable mood; bad temper. — Ill nature, bad disposition or temperament; sullenness; esp., a disposition to cause unhappiness to others. — Ill temper, anger; moroseness; crossness. — Ill turn. (a) An unkind act. (b) A slight attack of illness. [Colloq. U.S.] — Ill will, unkindness; enmity; malevolence. Syn. — Bad; evil; wrong; wicked; sick; unwell.

Ill , n. 1. Whatever annoys or impairs happiness, or prevents success; evil of any kind; misfortune; calamity; disease; pain; as the ills of humanity. “Who can all sense of others’ ills escape
Is but a brute at best in human shape.” Tate. “That makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of.” Shak. 2. Whatever is contrary to good, in a moral sense; wickedness; depravity; iniquity; wrong; evil. “Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still,
Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill.” Dryden.

Ill, adv. In a ill manner; badly; weakly. “How ill this taper burns!” Shak. “Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates and men decay.” Goldsmith. Ill, like above, well, and so, is used before many participal adjectives, in its usual adverbal sense. When the two words are used as an epithet preceding the noun qualified they are commonly hyphened; in other cases they are written separatively; as an ill-educated man; he was ill educated; an ill-formed plan; the plan, however ill formed, was acceptable. Ao, also the following: ill-affected or ill affected, ill-arranged or ill arranged, ill-assorted or ill assorted, ill-boding or ill boding, ill-bred or ill bred, ill- conditioned, ill-conducted, ill-considered, ill- devised, ill-disposed, ill-doing, ill-fairing, ill-fated, ill-favored, ill-featured, ill-formed, ill-gotten, ill-imagined, ill-judged, ill-looking, ill-mannered, ill-matched, ill-meaning, ill-minded, ill-natured, ill-omened, ill-proportioned, ill-provided, ill-required, ill-sorted, ill-starred, ill-tempered, ill-timed, ill-trained, ill-used, and the like.

I’ ll Contraction for I will or I shall. “I’ll by a sign give notice to our friends.” Shak.

Il•lab´ile , a. Incapable of falling or erring; infalliable. [Obs.] — Il•la•bil´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.]

Il•lac´er•a•ble , a. [L. illacerabilis: cf. F. illacerable. See In- not, and Lacerable.] Not lacerable; incapable of being torn or rent. [Obs.]

Il•lac´ry•ma•ble , a. [L. illacrimabilis; pref. il- not + lacrimabilis worthy of tears.] Incapable of weeping. [Obs.] Bailey.

Il•laps´a•ble , a. [Pref. il- not + lapsable.] Incapable of slipping, or of error. [R.] “Morally immutable and illapsable.” Glanvill.

Il•lapse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Illapsed p. pr. & vb. n. Illapsing.] [L. illapsus, p. p. of illabi; pref. il- in + labi to fall, slide.] To fall or glide; to pass; — usually followed by into. Cheyne.

Il•lapse´, n. [L. illapsus. See Illapse, v. i.] A gliding in; an immisson or entrance of one thing into another; also a sudden descent or attack. Akenside. “They sit silent … waiting for an illapse of the spirit.” Jeffrey.

Il•la´que•a•ble , a. Capable of being insnared or entrapped. [R.] Cudworth.

Il•la´que•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illaqueated p. pr. & vb. n. Illaqueating.] [L. illaqueatus, p. p. of illaqueare; pref. il- in + laqueare to insnare, fr. laqueus, noose, snare.] To insnare; to entrap; to entangle; to catch. “Let not the surpassing eloquence of Taylor dazzle you, nor his scholastic retiary versatility of logic illaqueate your good sense.” Coleridge.

Il•la•que•a´tion , n. 1. The act of catching or insnaring. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. A snare; a trap. Johnson.

Il•la´tion , n. [L. illatio, fr. illatus, used as p. p. of inferre to carry or bring in, but from a different root: cf. F. illation. See 1st In- , and Tolerate, and cf. Infer.] The act or process of inferring from premises or reasons; perception of the connection between ideas; that which is inferred; inference; deduction; conclusion. “Fraudulent deductions or inconsequent illations from a false conception of things.” Sir T. Browne.

Il´la•tive , a. [L. illativus: cf. F. illatif.] Relating to, dependent on, or denoting, illation; inferential; conclusive; as an illative consequence or proposition; an illative word, as then, therefore, etc. Illative conversion (Logic), a converse or reverse statement of a proposition which in that form must be true because the original proposition is true. — Illative sense (Metaph.), the faculty of the mind by which it apprehends the conditions and determines upon the correctness of inferences.

Il´la•tive, n. An illative particle, as for, because.

Il´la•tive•ly, adv. By inference; as an illative; in an illative manner.

Il•laud´a•ble , a. [L. illaudabilis. See In- not, and Laudable.] Not laudable; not praise-worthy; worthy of censure or disapprobation. Milton. — Il•laud´a•bly, adv. [Obs.] Broome.

Ill•-bod´ing , a. Boding evil; inauspicious; ill-omened. ´Ill-boding stars.´ Shak.

Ill´-bred , a. Badly educated or brought up; impolite; incivil; rude. See Note under Ill, adv.

Il•lec•e•bra´tion , n. [See Illecebrous.] Allurement. [R.] T. Brown.

Il•lec´e•brous , a. [L. illecebrosus, fr. illecebra allurement, fr. illicere to allure.] Alluring; attractive; enticing. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Il•le´gal , a. [Pref. il- not + legal: cf. F. illegal.] Not according to, or authorized by, law; specif., contrary to, or in violation of, human law; unlawful; illicit; hence, immoral; as an illegal act; illegal trade; illegal love. Bp. Burnet.

Il•le•gal´i•ty , n.; pl. Illegalities (#). [Cf. F. illegalite.] The quality or condition of being illegal; unlawfulness; as the illegality of trespass or of false imprisonment; also an illegal act.

Il•le´gal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegalized p. pr. & vb. n. Illegalizing ] To make or declare illegal or unlawful.

Il•le´gal•ly, adv. In a illegal manner; unlawfully.

Il•le´gal•ness, n. Illegality, unlawfulness.

Il•leg•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being illegible.

Il•leg´i•ble , a. Incapable of being read; not legible; as illegible handwriting; an illegible inscription. — Il•leg´i•ble•ness, n. — Il•leg´i•bly, adv.

Il•le•git´i•ma•cy , n. The state of being illegitimate. Blackstone.

Il•le•git´i•mate , a. 1. Not according to law; not regular or authorized; unlawful; improper. 2. Unlawfully begotten; born out of wedlock; bastard; as an illegitimate child. 3. Not legitimately deduced or inferred; illogical; as an illegitimate inference. 4. Not authorized by good usage; not genuine; spurious; as an illegitimate word. Illegitimate fertilization, or Illegitimate union (Bot.), the fertilization of pistils by stamens not of their own length, in heterogonously dimorphic and trimorphic flowers. Darwin.

Il•le•git´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegitimated p. pr. & vb. n. Illegitimating.] To render illegitimate; to declare or prove to be born out of wedlock; to bastardize; to illegitimatize. “The marriage should only be dissolved for the future, without illegitimating the issue.” Bp. Burnet.

Il•le•git´i•mate•ly , adv. In a illegitimate manner; unlawfully.

Il•le•git•i•ma´tion , n. 1. The act of illegitimating; bastardizing. 2. The state of being illegitimate; illegitimacy. [Obs.] “Gardiner had performed his promise to the queen of getting her illegitimation taken off.” Bp. Burnet.

Il•le•git´i•ma•tize , v. t. To render illegitimate; to bastardize.

Il•le´sive , a. [Pref. il- not + L. laedere, laesum, to injure.] Not injurious; harmless. [R.]

Il•lev´i•a•ble , a. Not leviable; incapable of being imposed, or collected. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ill•-fa´vored , a. Wanting beauty or attractiveness; deformed; ugly; ill-looking. “Ill-favored and lean-fleshed.” Gen. xli. 3. — Ill•-fa´vored•ly, adv. — Ill•- fa´vored•ness, n.

Il•lib´er•al , a. [L. illiberalis; pref. il- not + liberalis liberal: cf. F. illiberal.] 1. Not liberal; not free or generous; close; niggardly; mean; sordid. ´A thrifty and illiberal hand.´ Mason. 2. Indicating a lack of breeding, culture, and the like; ignoble; rude; narrow-minded; disingenuous. 3. Not well authorized or elegant; as illiberal words in Latin. [R.] Chesterfield.

Il•lib´er•al•ism , n. Illiberality. [R.]

Il•lib•er•al´i•ty , n. [L. illiberalitas: cf. F. illiberalite.] The state or quality of being illiberal; narrowness of mind; meanness; niggardliness. Bacon.

Il•lib´er•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illiberalized p. pr. & vb. n. Illiberalizing ] To make illiberal.

Il•lib´er•al•ly, adv. In a illiberal manner, ungenerously; uncharitably; parsimoniously.

Il•lib´er•al•ness, n. The state of being illiberal; illiberality.

Il•lic´it , a. [L. illicitus; pref. il- not + licitus, p. p. of licere to be allowed or permitted: cf. F. illicite. See In- not, and License.] Not permitted or allowed; prohibited; unlawful; as illicit trade; illicit intercourse; illicit pleasure. “One illicit … transaction always leads to another.” Burke. — Il•lic´it•ly, adv. — Il•lic´it•ness, n.

Il•lic´it•ous , a. Illicit. [R.] Cotgrave.

Il•li´ci•um , n. [So called, in allusion to its aroma, from L. illicium an allurement.] (Bot.) A genus of Asiatic and American magnoliaceous trees, having star-shaped fruit; star anise. The fruit of Illicium anisatum is used as a spice in India, and its oil is largely used in Europe for flavoring cordials, being almost identical with true oil of anise.

Il•light´en , v. t. To enlighten. [Obs.]

Il•lim´it•a•ble , a. [Pref. il- not + limitable: cf. F. illimitable.] Incapable of being limited or bounded; immeasurable; limitless; boundless; as illimitable space. “The wild, the irregular, the illimitable, and the luxuriant, have their appropriate force of beauty.” De Quincey. Syn. — Boundless; limitless; unlimited; unbounded; immeasurable; infinite; immense; vast. — Il•lim´it•a•ble•ness, n. — Il•lim´it•a•bly, adv.

Il•lim•it•a´tion , n. [Pref. il- not + limitation: cf. F. illimitation.] State of being illimitable; want of, or freedom from, limitation. Bp. Hall.

Il•lim´it•ed , a. Not limited; interminable. Bp. Hall. — Il•lim´it•ed•ness, n. “The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission was generally much spoken of.” Clarendon.

Il•li•ni´tion , n. [L. illinire, illinere, to besmear; pref. il- in, on + linire, linere, to smear.] 1. A smearing or rubbing in or on; also that which is smeared or rubbed on, as ointment or liniment. 2. A thin crust of some extraneous substance formed on minerals. [R.] “A thin crust or illinition of black manganese.” Kirwan.

Il•li•nois´ , n.sing. & pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians, which formerly occupied the region between the Wabash and Mississippi rivers.

Il•li•qua´tion , n. [Pref. il- in + L. liquare to melt.] The melting or dissolving of one thing into another.

Ill´ish , a. Somewhat ill. [Obs.] Howell.

Il•li´sion , n. [L. illisio, fr. illidere, illisum, to strike against; pref. il- in + laedere to strike.] The act of dashing or striking against. Sir T. Browne.

Il•lit´er•a•cy , n.; pl. Illiteracies (#). [From Illiterate.] 1. The state of being illiterate, or uneducated; want of learning, or knowledge; ignorance; specifically, inability to read and write; as the illiteracy shown by the last census. 2. An instance of ignorance; a literary blunder. “The many blunders and illiteracies of the first publishers of his [Shakespeare’s] works.” Pope.

Il•lit´er•al , a. Not literal. [R.] B. Dawson.

Il•lit´er•ate , a. [L. illiteratus: pref. il- not + literatus learned. See In- not, and Literal.] Ignorant of letters or books; unlettered; uninstructed; uneducated; as an illiterate man, or people. Syn. — Ignorant; untaught; unlearned; unlettered; unscholary. See Ignorant. — Il•lit´er•ate•ly, adv. — Il•lit´er•ate•ness, n.

Il•lit´er•a•ture , n. Want of learning; illiteracy. [R.] Ayliffe. Southey.

Ill´-judged , a. Not well judged; unwise.

Ill´-lived , a. Leading a wicked life. [Obs.]

Ill´-look•ing , a. Having a bad look; threatening; ugly. See Note under Ill, adv.

Ill•-man´nered , a. Impolite; rude.

Ill´-mind•ed , a. Ill- disposed. Byron.

Ill•-na´tured , a. 1. Of habitual bad temper; peevish; fractious; cross; crabbed; surly; as an ill-natured person. 2. Dictated by, or indicating, ill nature; spiteful. ´The ill-natured task refuse.´ Addison. 3. Intractable; not yielding to culture. [R.] ´Ill-natured land.´ J. Philips. — Ill•-na´tured•ly, adv. — Ill•- na´tured•ness, n.

Ill´ness , n. [From Ill.] 1. The condition of being ill, evil, or bad; badness; unfavorableness. [Obs.] ´The illness of the weather.´ Locke. 2. Disease; indisposition; malady; disorder of health; sickness; as a short or a severe illness. 3. Wrong moral conduct; wickedness. Shak. Syn. — Malady; disease; indisposition; ailment. — Illness, Sickness. Within the present century, there has been a tendency in England to use illness in the sense of a continuous disease, disorder of health, or sickness, and to confine sickness more especially to a sense of nausea, or ´sickness of the stomach.´

Ill´-nur•tured , a. Ill- bred. Shak.

Il•lo•cal´i•ty , n. Want of locality or place. [R.] Cudworth.

Il•log´ic•al , a. Ignorant or negligent of the rules of logic or correct reasoning; as an illogical disputant; contrary of the rules of logic or sound reasoning; as an illogical inference. — Il•log´ic•al•ly, adv. — Il•log´ic•al•ness, n.

Ill•-o´mened , a. Having unlucky omens; inauspicious. See Note under Ill, adv.

Ill´-starred , a. Fated to be unfortunate; unlucky; as an ill-starred man or day.

Ill•-tem´pered , a. 1. Of bad temper; morose; crabbed; sour; peevish; fretful; quarrelsome. 2. Unhealthy; ill-conditioned. [Obs.] “So ill-tempered I am grown, that I am afraid I shall catch cold, while all the world is afraid to melt away.” Pepys.

Ill´-timed , a. Done, attempted, or said, at an unsuitable or unpropitious time.

Ill•treat´ , v. t. To treat cruelly or improperly; to ill use; to maltreat.

Il•lude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuded; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuding.] [L. illudere, illusum; pref. il- in + ludere to play: cf. OF. illuder. See Ludicrous.] To play upon by artifice; to deceive; to mock; to excite and disappoint the hopes of.

Il•lume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illumed p. pr. & vb. n. Illuming.] [Cf. F. illuminer. See Illuminate.] To throw or spread light upon; to make light or bright; to illuminate; to illumine. Shak. “The mountain’s brow,
Illumed with fluid gold.” Thomson.

Il•lu´mi•na•ble , a. Capable of being illuminated.

Il•lu´mi•nant , n. [L. illuminans, -antis, p. pr. of illuminare.] That which illuminates or affords light; as gas and petroleum are illuminants. Boyle.

Il•lu´mi•na•ry , a. Illuminative.

Il•lu´mi•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuminated p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminating ] [L. illuminatus, p. p. of illuminare; pref. il- in + luminare to enlighten, fr. lumen light. See Luminous, and cf. Illume, Illumine, Enlimn, Limn.] 1. To make light; to throw light on; to supply with light, literally or figuratively; to brighten. 2. To light up; to decorate with artificial lights, as a building or city, in token of rejoicing or respect. 3. To adorn, as a book or page with borders, initial letters, or miniature pictures in colors and gold, as was done in manuscripts of the Middle Ages. 4. To make plain or clear; to dispel the obscurity to by knowledge or reason; to explain; to elucidate; as to illuminate a text, a problem, or a duty.

Il•lu´mi•nate , v. i. To light up in token or rejoicing.

Il•lu´mi•nate , a. [L. illuminatus, p. p.] Enlightened. Bp. Hall.

Il•lu´mi•nate, n. One who is enlightened; esp., a pretender to extraordinary light and knowledge.

Il•lu•mi•na´ti , n. pl. [L. illuminatus. See Illuminate, v. t., and cf. Illuminee.] Literally, those who are enlightened; — variously applied as follows: — 1. (Eccl.) Persons in the early church who had received baptism; in which ceremony a lighted taper was given them, as a symbol of the spiritual illumination they has received by that sacrament. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Members of a sect which sprung up in Spain about the year 1575. Their principal doctrine was that, by means of prayer, they had attained to so perfect a state as to have no need of ordinances, sacraments, good works, etc.; — called also Alumbrados, Perfectibilists, etc. 3. (Mod. Hist.) Members of certain associations in Modern Europe, who combined to promote social reforms, by which they expected to raise men and society to perfection, esp. of one originated in 1776 by Adam Weishaupt, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, which spread rapidly for a time, but ceased after a few years. 4. Also applied to: (a) An obscure sect of French Familists; (b) The Hesychasts, Mystics, and Quietists; (c) The Rosicrucians. 5. Any persons who profess special spiritual or intellectual enlightenment.

Il•lu´mi•na•ting , a. Giving or producing light; used for illumination. Illuminating gas. See Gas, n., 2 (a).

Il•lu•mi•na´tion , n. [L. illuminatio: cf. F. illumination.] 1. The act of illuminating, or supplying with light; the state of being illuminated. 2. Festive decoration of houses or buildings with lights. 3. Adornment of books and manuscripts with colored illustrations. See Illuminate, v. t., 3. 4. That which is illuminated, as a house; also an ornamented book or manuscript. 5. That which illuminates or gives light; brightness; splendor; especially, intellectual light or knowledge. “The illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work.” Felton. 6. (Theol.) The special communication of knowledge to the mind by God; inspiration. “Hymns and psalms … are framed by meditation beforehand, or by prophetical illumination are inspired.” Hooker.

Il•lu´mi•na•tism , n. Illuminism. [R.]

Il•lu´mi•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. illuminatif.] Tending to illuminate or illustrate; throwing light; illustrative. ´Illuminative reading.´ Carlyle.

Il•lu´mi•na•tor , n. [L., an enlightener, LL. also an illuminator of books.] 1. One whose occupation is to adorn books, especially manuscripts, with miniatures, borders, etc. See Illuminate, v. t., 3. 2. A condenser or reflector of light in optical apparatus; also an illuminant.

Il•lu´mine , v. t. [Cf. F. illuminer. See Illuminate.] To illuminate; to light up; to adorn.

Il•lu•mi•nee´ , n. [F. illumine. Cf. Illuminati.] One of the Illuminati.

Il•lu´mi•ner , n. One who, or that which, illuminates.

Il•lu´mi•nism , n. [Cf. F. illuminisme.] The principles of the Illuminati.

Il•lu•mi•nis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to illuminism, or the Illuminati.

Il•lu´mi•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuminized p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminizing ] To initiate the doctrines or principles of the Illuminati.

Il•lu´mi•nous , a. Bright; clear. [R.] H. Taylor.

Il•lure´ , v. t. [Pref. il- in + lure.] To deceive; to entice; to lure. [Obs.] “The devil insnareth the souls of many men, by illuring them with the muck and dung of this world.” Fuller.

Ill•-used´ , a. Misapplied; treated badly.

Il•lu´sion , n. [F. illusion, L. illusio, fr. illudere, illusum, to illude. See Illude.] 1. An unreal image presented to the bodily or mental vision; a deceptive appearance; a false show; mockery; hallucination. “To cheat the eye with blear illusions.” Milton. 2. Hence: Anything agreeably fascinating and charming; enchantment; witchery; glamour. “Ye soft illusions, dear deceits, arise!” Pope. 3. (Physiol.) A sensation originated by some external object, but so modified as in any way to lead to an erroneous perception; as when the rolling of a wagon is mistaken for thunder. Some modern writers distinguish between an illusion and hallucination, regarding the former as originating with some external object, and the latter as having no objective occasion whatever. 4. A plain, delicate lace, usually of silk, used for veils, scarfs, dresses, etc. Syn. — Delusion; mockery; deception; chimera; fallacy. See Delusion. Illusion, Delusion. Illusion refers particularly to errors of the sense; delusion to false hopes or deceptions of the mind. An optical deception is an illusion; a false opinion is a delusion. E. Edwards.

Il•lu´sion•a•ble , a. Liable to illusion.

Il•lu´sion•ist, n. One given to illusion; a visionary dreamer.

Il•lu´sive , a. [See Illude.] Deceiving by false show; deceitful; deceptive; false; illusory; unreal. “Truth from illusive falsehood to command.” Thomson.

Il•lu´sive•ly, adv. In a illusive manner; falsely.

Il•lu´sive•ness, n. The quality of being illusive; deceptiveness; false show.

Il•lu´so•ry , a. [Cf. F. illusore.] Deceiving, or tending of deceive; fallacious; illusive; as illusory promises or hopes.

Il•lus´tra•ble , a. Capable of illustration. Sir T. Browne.

Il•lus´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illustrated p. pr. & vb. n. Illustrating ] [L. illustratus, p. p. of illustrare to illustrate, fr. illustris bright. See Illustrious.] 1. To make clear, bright, or luminous. “Here, when the moon illustrates all the sky.” Chapman. 2. To set in a clear light; to exhibit distinctly or conspicuously. Shak. “To prove him, and illustrate his high worth.” Milton. 3. To make clear, intelligible, or apprehensible; to elucidate, explain, or exemplify, as by means of figures, comparisons, and examples. 4. To adorn with pictures, as a book or a subject; to elucidate with pictures, as a history or a romance. 5. To give renown or honor to; to make illustrious; to glorify. [Obs.] “Matter to me of glory, whom their hate
Illustrates.” Milton.

Il•lus´trate , a. [L. illustratus, p. p.] Illustrated; distinguished; illustrious. [Obs.] “This most gallant, illustrate, and learned gentleman.” Shak.

Il•lus•tra´tion , n. [L. illustratio: cf. F. illustration.] 1. The act of illustrating; the act of making clear and distinct; education; also the state of being illustrated, or of being made clear and distinct. 2. That which illustrates; a comparison or example intended to make clear or apprehensible, or to remove obscurity. 3. A picture designed to decorate a volume or elucidate a literary work.

Il•lus´tra•tive , a. 1. Tending or designed to illustrate, exemplify, or elucidate. 2. Making illustrious. [Obs.]

Il•lus´tra•tive•ly, adv. By way of illustration or elucidation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Il•lus´tra•tor , n. [L.] One who illustrates.

Il•lus´tra•to•ry , a. Serving to illustrate.

Il•lus´tri•ous , a. [L. illustris, prob. for illuxtris; fr. il- in + the root of lucidus bright: cf. F. illustre. See Lucid.] 1. Possessing luster or brightness; brilliant; luminous; splendid. “Quench the light; thine eyes are guides illustrious.” Beau. & Fl. 2. Characterized by greatness, nobleness, etc.; eminent; conspicuous; distinguished. “Illustrious earls, renowened everywhere.” Drayton. 3. Conferring luster or honor; renowned; as illustrious deeds or titles. Syn. — Distinguished; famous; remarkable; brilliant; conspicuous; noted; celebrated; signal; renowened; eminent; exalted; noble; glorious. See Distinguished, Famous.

Il•lus´tri•ous•ly, adv. In a illustrious manner; conspicuously; eminently; famously. Milton.

Il•lus´tri•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being eminent; greatness; grandeur; glory; fame.

Il•lus´trous , a. [Pref. il- not + lustrous.] Without luster. [Obs. & R.]

Il•lu•ta´tion , n. [Pref. il- in + L. lutum mud: cf. F. illutation.] The act or operation of smearing the body with mud, especially with the sediment from mineral springs; a mud bath.

Il•lux•u´ri•ous , a. Not luxurious. [R.] Orrery.

Ill•-will´ See under Ill, a.

Ill•-wish´er , n. One who wishes ill to another; an enemy.

Il´ly , adv. [A word not fully approved, but sometimes used for the adverb ill.]

Il´men•ite , n. [So called from Ilmen, a branch of the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) Titanic iron. See Menaccanite.

Il•me´ni•um , n. [NL. See Ilmenite.] (Chem.) A supposed element claimed to have been discovered by R.Harmann.

Il´va•ite , n. [From L. Ilva, the island now called Elba.] (Min.) A silicate of iron and lime occurring in black prismatic crystals and columnar masses.

I’m A contraction of I am.

Im- A form of the prefix in- not, and in- in. See In-. Im- also occurs in composition with some words not of Latin origin; as imbank, imbitter.

Im´age , n. [F., fr. L. imago, imaginis, from the root of imitari to imitate. See Imitate, and cf. Imagine.] 1. An imitation, representation, or similitude of any person, thing, or act, sculptured, drawn, painted, or otherwise made perceptible to the sight; a visible presentation; a copy; a likeness; an effigy; a picture; a semblance. “Even like a stony image, cold and numb.” Shak. “Whose is this image and superscription?” Matt. xxii. 20. “This play is the image of a murder done in Vienna.” Shak. “And God created man in his own image.” Gen. i. 27. 2. Hence: The likeness of anything to which worship is paid; an idol. Chaucer. “Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, … thou shalt not bow down thyself to them.” Ex. xx. 4, 5. 3. Show; appearance; cast. “The face of things a frightful image bears.” Dryden. 4. A representation of anything to the mind; a picture drawn by the fancy; a conception; an idea. “Can we conceive
Image of aught delightful, soft, or great?” Prior. 5. (Rhet.) A picture, example, or illustration, often taken from sensible objects, and used to illustrate a subject; usually, an extended metaphor. Brande & C. 6. (Opt.) The figure or picture of any object formed at the focus of a lens or mirror, by rays of light from the several points of the object symmetrically refracted or reflected to corresponding points in such focus; this may be received on a screen, a photographic plate, or the retina of the eye, and viewed directly by the eye, or with an eyeglass, as in the telescope and microscope; the likeness of an object formed by reflection; as to see one’s image in a mirror. Electrical image. See under Electrical. — Image breaker, one who destroys images; an iconoclast. — Image graver, Image maker, a sculptor. — Image worship, the worship of images as symbols; iconolatry distinguished from idolatry; the worship of images themselves. — Image Purkinje (Physics), the image of the retinal blood vessels projected in, not merely on, that membrane. — Virtual image (Optics), a point or system of points, on one side of a mirror or lens, which, if it existed, would emit the system of rays which actually exists on the other side of the mirror or lens. Clerk Maxwell.

Im´age , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imaged p. pr. & vb. n. Imaging ] 1. To represent or form an image of; as the still lake imaged the shore; the mirror imaged her figure. ´Shrines of imaged saints.´ J. Warton. 2. To represent to the mental vision; to form a likeness of by the fancy or recollection; to imagine. “Condemn’d whole years in absence to deplore,
And image charms he must behold no more.” Pope.

Im´age•a•ble , a. That may be imaged. [R.]

Im´age•less, a. Having no image. Shelley.

Im´a•ger , n. One who images or forms likenesses; a sculptor. [Obs.] “Praxiteles was ennobled for a rare imager.” Holland.

Im´age•ry (im´aj•ry; 277), n. [OE. imagerie, F. imagerie.] 1. The work of one who makes images or visible representation of objects; imitation work; images in general, or in mass. ´Painted imagery.´ Shak. “In those oratories might you see
Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery.” Dryden. 2. Fig.: Unreal show; imitation; appearance. “What can thy imagery of sorrow mean?” Prior. 3. The work of the imagination or fancy; false ideas; imaginary phantasms. “The imagery of a melancholic fancy.” Atterbury. 4. Rhetorical decoration in writing or speaking; vivid descriptions presenting or suggesting images of sensible objects; figures in discourse. “I wish there may be in this poem any instance of good imagery.” Dryden.

Im•ag•i•na•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity for imagination. [R.] Coleridge.

Im•ag´i•na•ble , a. [L. imaginabilis: cf. F. imaginable.] Capable of being imagined; conceivable. “Men sunk into the greatest darkness imaginable.” Tillotson. — Im•ag´i•na•ble•ness, n. — Im•ag´i•na•bly, adv.

Im•ag´i•nal , a. [L. imaginalis.] 1. Characterized by imagination; imaginative; also given to the use or rhetorical figures or imagins. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to an imago. Imaginal disks (Zoöl.), masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.

Im•ag´i•nant , a. [L. imaginans, p. pr. of imaginari: cf. F. imaginant.] Imagining; conceiving. [Obs.] Bacon. — n. An imaginer. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Im•ag´i•na•ri•ly , a. In a imaginary manner; in imagination. B. Jonson.

Im•ag´i•na•ri•ness, n. The state or quality of being imaginary; unreality.

Im•ag´i•na•ry , a. [L. imaginarius: cf. F. imaginaire.] Existing only in imagination or fancy; not real; fancied; visionary; ideal. “Wilt thou add to all the griefs I suffer
Imaginary ills and fancied tortures?” Addison. Imaginary calculus See under Calculus. — Imaginary expression or quantity (Alg.), an algebraic expression which involves the impossible operation of taking the square root of a negative quantity; as rad.-9, a + b rad.- 1. — Imaginary points, lines, surfaces, etc. (Geom.), points, lines, surfaces, etc., imagined to exist, although by reason of certain changes of a figure they have in fact ceased to have a real existence. Syn. — Ideal; fanciful; chimerical; visionary; fancied; unreal; illusive.

Im•ag´i•na•ry, n. (Alg.) An imaginary expression or quantity.

Im•ag´i•nate , a. Imaginative. [Obs.] Holland.

Im•ag•i•na´tion , n. [OE. imaginacionum, F. imagination, fr. L. imaginatio. See Imagine.] 1. The imagine-making power of the mind; the power to create or reproduce ideally an object of sense previously perceived; the power to call up mental imagines. “Our simple apprehension of corporeal objects, if present, is sense; if absent, is imagination.” Glanvill. “Imagination is of three kinds: joined with belief of that which is to come; joined with memory of that which is past; and of things present, or as if they were present.” Bacon. 2. The representative power; the power to reconstruct or recombine the materials furnished by direct apprehension; the complex faculty usually termed the plastic or creative power; the fancy. “The imagination of common language — the productive imagination of philosophers — is nothing but the representative process plus the process to which I would give the name of the ´comparative.´” Sir W. Hamilton. “The power of the mind to decompose its conceptions, and to recombine the elements of them at its pleasure, is called its faculty of imagination.” I. Taylor. “The business of conception is to present us with an exact transcript of what we have felt or perceived. But we have moreover a power of modifying our conceptions, by combining the parts of different ones together, so as to form new wholes of our creation. I shall employ the word imagination to express this power.” Stewart. 3. The power to recombine the materials furnished by experience or memory, for the accomplishment of an elevated purpose; the power of conceiving and expressing the ideal. “The lunatic, the lover, and the poet
Are of imagination all compact …
The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven,
And as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.” Shak. 4. A mental image formed by the action of the imagination as a faculty; a conception; a notion. Shak. Syn. — Conception; idea; conceit; fancy; device; origination; invention; scheme; design; purpose; contrivance. — Imagination, Fancy. These words have, to a great extent, been interchanged by our best writers, and considered as strictly synonymous. A distinction, however, is now made between them which more fully exhibits their nature. Properly speaking, they are different exercises of the same general power — the plastic or creative faculty. Imagination consists in taking parts of our conceptions and combining them into new forms and images more select, more striking, more delightful, more terrible, etc., than those of ordinary nature. It is the higher exercise of the two. It creates by laws more closely connected with the reason; it has strong emotion as its actuating and formative cause; it aims at results of a definite and weighty character. Milton’s fiery lake, the debates of his Pandemonium, the exquisite scenes of his Paradise, are all products of the imagination. Fancy moves on a lighter wing; it is governed by laws of association which are more remote, and sometimes arbitrary or capricious. Hence the term fanciful, which exhibits fancy in its wilder flights. It has for its actuating spirit feelings of a lively, gay, and versatile character; it seeks to please by unexpected combinations of thought, startling contrasts, flashes of brilliant imagery, etc. Pope’s Rape of the Lock is an exhibition of fancy which has scarcely its equal in the literature of any country. — ´This, for instance, Wordsworth did in respect of the words •imagination’ and •fancy.’ Before he wrote, it was I suppose, obscurely felt by most that in •imagination’ there was more of the earnest, in •fancy’ of the play of the spirit; that the first was a loftier faculty and gift than the second; yet for all this words were continually, and not without loss, confounded. He first, in the preface to his Lyrical Ballads, rendered it henceforth impossible that any one, who had read and mastered what he has written on the two words, should remain unconscious any longer of the important difference between them.´ Trench. “The same power, which we should call fancy if employed on a production of a light nature, would be dignified with the title of imagination if shown on a grander scale.” C. J. Smith.

Im•ag•i•na´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, involving, or caused by, imagination.

Im•ag•i•na´tion•al•ism , n. Idealism. J. Grote.

Im•ag´i•na•tive , a. [F. imaginatif.] 1. Proceeding from, and characterized by, the imagination, generally in the highest sense of the word. “In all the higher departments of imaginative art, nature still constitutes an important element.” Mure. 2. Given to imagining; full of images, fancies, etc.; having a quick imagination; conceptive; creative. “Milton had a highly imaginative, Cowley a very fanciful mind.” Coleridge. 3. Unreasonably suspicious; jealous. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Im•ag´i•na•tive•ly, adv. — Im•ag´i•na•tive•ness, n.

Im•ag´ine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imagined p. pr. & vb. n. Imagining.] [F. imaginer, L. imaginari, p. p. imaginatus, fr. imago image. See Image.] 1. To form in the mind a notion or idea of; to form a mental image of; to conceive; to produce by the imagination. “In the night, imagining some fear,
How easy is a bush supposed a bear!” Shak. 2. To contrive in purpose; to scheme; to devise; to compass; to purpose. See Compass, v. t., 5. “How long will ye imagine mischief against a man?” Ps. lxii. 3. 3. To represent to one’s self; to think; to believe. Shak. Syn. — To fancy; conceive; apprehend; think; believe; suppose; opine; deem; plan; scheme; devise.

Im•ag´ine, v. i. 1. To form images or conceptions; to conceive; to devise. 2. To think; to suppose. “My sister is not so defenseless left
As you imagine.” Milton.

Im•ag´in•er , n. One who forms ideas or conceptions; one who contrives. Bacon.

Im•ag´in•ous , a. Imaginative. [R.] Chapman.

I•ma´go , n.; pl. Imagoes (#). [L. See Image.] 1. An image. 2. (Zoöl.) The final adult, and usually winged, state of an insect. See Illust. of Ant- lion, and Army worm. { I•mam´ , I•man´ , I•maum´ } n. [Ar. imam.] 1. Among the Mohammedans, a minister or priest who performs the regular service of the mosque. 2. A Mohammedan prince who, as a successor of Mohammed, unites in his person supreme spiritual and temporal power.

I•ma´ret , n. [Turk., fr. Ar. ’imara.] A lodging house for Mohammedan pilgrims. Moore.

Im•balm´ , v. t. See Embalm.

Im•ban´ , v. t. To put under a ban. [R.] Barlow.

Im•band´ , v. t. To form into a band or bands. ´Imbanded nations.´ J. Barlow.

Im•bank´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbanked p. pr. & vb. n. Imbanking.] [Pref. im- in + bank. Cf. Embank.] To inclose or defend with a bank or banks. See Embank.

Im•bank´ment , n. The act of surrounding with a bank; a bank or mound raised for defense, a roadway, etc.; an embankment. See Embankment.

Im•ban´nered , a. Having banners.

Im•bar´ , v. t. To bar in; to secure. [Obs.] “To imbar their crooked titles.” Shak.

Im•bar´go , n. See Embargo.

Im•bark´ , v. i. & t. See Embark.

Im•barn´ , v. t. To store in a barn. [Obs.]

Im•base´ , v. t. See Embase.

Im•base´, v. i. To diminish in value. [Obs.] Hales.

Im•bas´tard•ize , v. t. To bastardize; to debase. [Obs.] Milton.

Im•bathe´ , v. t. [Pref. im- in + bathe. Cf. Embathe.] To bathe; to wash freely; to immerse. “And gave her to his daughters to imbathe
In nectared lavers strewed with asphodel.” Milton.

Im•bay´ , v. t. See Embay.

Im´be•cile , a. [L. imbecillis, and imbecillus; of unknown origin: cf. F. imbecile.] Destitute of strength, whether of body or mind; feeble; impotent; esp., mentally wea; feeble-minded; as hospitals for the imbecile and insane. Syn. — Weak; feeble; feeble-minded; idiotic.

Im´be•cile, n. One destitute of strength; esp., one of feeble mind.

Im´be•cile, v. t. To weaken; to make imbecile; as to imbecile men’s courage. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•be•cil´i•tate , v. t. To weaken, as to the body or the mind; to enfeeble. [R.] A. Wilson.

Im•be•cil´i•ty , n.; pl. Imbecilities (#). [L. imbecillitas: cf. F. imbecillite.] The quality of being imbecile; weakness; feebleness, esp. of mind. “Cruelty … argues not only a depravedness of nature, but also a meanness of courage and imbecility of mind.” Sir W. Temple. This term is used specifically to denote natural weakness of the mental faculties, affecting one’s power to act reasonably or intelligently. Syn. — Debility; infirmity; weakness; feebleness; impotence. See Debility.

Im•bed´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbedded p. pr. & vb. n. Imbedding.] [Pref. im- in + bed. Cf. Embed.] To sink or lay, as in a bed; to deposit in a partly inclosing mass, as of clay or mortar; to cover, as with earth, sand, etc.

Im•bel´lic , a. [L. imbellis; pref. im- = in- not + bellum war; cf. bellicus warlike.] Not warlike or martial. [Obs.] R. Junius.

Im•bench´ing , n. [Pref. im- in + bench.] A raised work like a bench. [Obs.] Parkhurst.

Im´ber-goose , n. (Zoöl.) The loon. See Ember-goose.

Im•bez´zle , v. t. [Obs.] See Embezzle.

Im•bibe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbibed p. pr. & vb. n. Imbibing.] [L. imbibere; pref. im- in + bibere to drink: cf. F. imbiber. Cf. Bib, Imbue, Potable.] 1. To drink in; to absorb; to suck or take in; to receive as by drinking; as a person imbibes drink, or a sponge imbibes moisture. 2. To receive or absorb into the mind and retain; as to imbibe principles; to imbibe errors. 3. To saturate; to imbue. [Obs.] ´Earth, imbibed with … acid.´ Sir I. Newton.

Im•bib´er , n. One who, or that which, imbibes.

Im•bi•bi´tion , n. [Cf. F. imbibition.] The act or process of imbibing, or absorbing; as the post-mortem imbibition of poisons. Bacon.

Im•bit´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbittered p. pr. & vb. n. Imbittering.] [Pref. im- in + bitter. Cf. Embitter.] [Written also embitter.] To make bitter; hence, to make distressing or more distressing; to make sad, morose, sour, or malignant. “Is there anything that more imbitters the enjoyment of this life than shame?” South. “Imbittered against each other by former contests.” Bancroft.

Im•bit´ter•er , n. One who, or that which, imbitters.

Im•bit´ter•ment , n. The act of imbittering; bitter feeling; embitterment.

Im•blaze´ , v. t. See Emblaze.

Im•bla´zon , v. t. See Emblazon.

Im•bod´y , v. i. [See Embody.] To become corporeal; to assume the qualities of a material body. See Embody. “The soul grows clotted by contagion,
Imbodies, and imbrutes.” Milton.

Im•boil´ , v. t. & i. [Obs.] See Emboil.

Im•bold´en , v. t. See Embolden.

Im•bon´i•ty , n. [Pref. im- not + L. bonitas goodness.] Want of goodness. [Obs.] Burton.

Im•bor´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbordered p. pr. & vb. n. Imbordering.] [Pref. im- in + border. Cf. Emborder.] To furnish or inclose with a border; to form a border of. Milton.

Im•bosk´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbosked p. pr. & vb. n. Imbosking.] [CF. It. imboscare to imbosk, imboscarsi to retire into a wood; pref. im- in + bosco wood. See Boscage, and cf. Ambush.] To conceal, as in bushes; to hide. [Obs.] Shelton.

Im•bosk´, v. i. To be concealed. [R.] Milton.

Im•bos´om , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbosomed p. pr. & vb. n. Imbosoming.] [Pref. im- in + bosom. Cf. Embosom.] 1. To hold in the bosom; to cherish in the heart or affection; to embosom. 2. To inclose or place in the midst of; to surround or shelter; as a house imbosomed in a grove. ´Villages imbosomed soft in trees.´ Thomson. “The Father infinite,
By whom in bliss imbosomed sat the Son.” Milton.

Im•boss´ , v. t. See Emboss.

Im•bos´ture , n. [See Emboss.] Embossed or raised work. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Im•bound´ , v. t. To inclose in limits; to shut in. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•bow´ , v. t. [Pref. im- in + bow. Cf. Embow.] To make like a bow; to curve; to arch; to vault; to embow. ´Imbowed windows.´ Bacon.

Im•bow´el , v. t. See Embowel.

Im•bow´er , v. t. & i. See Embower.

Im•bow´ment , n. act of imbowing; an arch; a vault. Bacon.

Im•box´ , v. t. To inclose in a box.

Im•bra´cer•y , n. Embracery. [Obs.]

Im•braid´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Embraid.

Im•bran´gle , v. t. To entangle as in a cobweb; to mix confusedly. [R.] Hudibras. “Physiology imbrangled with an inapplicable logic.” Coleridge.

Im•breed´ , v. t. [Cf. Inbreed.] To generate within; to inbreed. [Obs.] Hakewill. { Im´bri•cate , Im´bri•ca•ted } a. [L. imbricatus, p. p. of imbricare to cover with tiles, to form like a gutter tile, fr. imbrex, -icis, a hollow tile, gutter tile, fr. imber rain.] 1. Bent and hollowed like a roof or gutter tile. 2. Lying over each other in regular order, so as to ´break joints,´ like tiles or shingles on a roof, the scales on the leaf buds of plants and the cups of some acorns, or the scales of fishes; overlapping each other at the margins, as leaves in aestivation. 3. In decorative art: Having scales lapping one over the other, or a representation of such scales; as an imbricated surface; an imbricated pattern.

Im´bri•cate , v. t. To lay in order, one lapping over another, so as to form an imbricated surface.

Im•bri•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. imbrication.] An overlapping of the edges, like that of tiles or shingles; hence, intricacy of structure; also a pattern or decoration representing such a structure.

Im´bri•ca•tive , a. (Bot.) Imbricate.

Im•bro•ca´do , n.; pl. Imbrocadoes (#). [See Brocade.] Cloth of silver or of gold. [R.] { Im•bro•ca´ta , Im•broc•ca´ta }, n. [It. imbroccata.] A hit or thrust. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Im•brogl´io , n.; pl. Imbroglios (#). [Written also embroglio.] [It. See 1st Broil, and cf. Embroil.] 1. An intricate, complicated plot, as of a drama or work of fiction. 2. A complicated and embarrassing state of things; a serious misunderstanding. “Wrestling to free itself from the baleful imbroglio.” Carlyle.

Im•brown´ , v. t. [Pref. im- in + brown. Cf. Embrown.] To make brown; to obscure; to darken; to tan; as features imbrowned by exposure. “The mountain mass by scorching skies imbrowned.” Byron.

Im•brue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbureed p. pr. & vb. n. Imbureing.] [Cf. OF. embruer, also embruver, embreuver, embrever, to give to drink, soak (see pref. En-, 1, 1st In-, and Breverage), but also OE. enbrewen, enbrowen, to stain, soil (cf. Brewis).] To wet or moisten; to soak; to drench, especially in blood. “While Darwen stream, will blood of Scots imbrued.” Milton.

Im•brue´ment , n. The act of imbruing or state of being imbrued.

Im•brute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbruted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbruting.] [Pref. im- in + brute: cf. F. abrutir. Cf. Embrute.] To degrade to the state of a brute; to make brutal. “And mixed with bestial slime,
THis essence to incarnate and imbrute.” Milton.

Im•brute´, v. i. To sink to the state of a brute. “The soul grows clotted by contagion,
Imbodies, and imbrutes, till she quite lose
The divine property of her first being.” Milton.

Im•brute´ment , n. The act of imbruting, or the state of being imbruted. [R.] Brydges.

Im•bue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbued p. pr. & vb. n. Imbuing.] [L. imbuere; pref. im- in + perh. a disused simple word akin to L. bibere to drink. Cf. Imbibe.] 1. To tinge deeply; to dye; to cause to absorb; as clothes thoroughly imbued with black. 2. To tincture deply; to cause to become impressed or penetrated; as to imbue the minds of youth with good principles. “Thy words with grace divine
Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety.” Milton.

Im•bue´ment , n. The act of imbuing; the state of being imbued; hence, a deep tincture.

Im•burse´ , v. t. [Pref. im- in + burse: cf. F. embourser to put into one’s purse. See Burse, and Purse.] To supply or stock with money. [Obs.]

Im•burse´ment , n. 1. The act of imbursing, or the state of being imbursed. [Obs.] 2. Money laid up in stock. [Obs.]

Im•bu´tion , n. An imbuing. [Obs.]

I•mes´a•tin , n. [Imide + isatin.] (Chem.) A dark yellow, crystalline substance, obtained by the action of ammonia on isatin.

Im´ide , n. (Chem.) A compound with, or derivative of, the imido group; specif., a compound of one or more acid radicals with the imido group, or with a monamine; hence, also a derivative of ammonia, in which two atoms of hydrogen have been replaced by divalent basic or acid radicals; — frequently used as a combining form; as succinimide.

Im´i•do , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, containing, or combined with, the radical NH, which is called the imido group. Imido acid, an organic acid, consisting of one or more acid radicals so united with the imido group that it contains replaceable acid hydrogen, and plays the part of an acid; as uric acid, succinimide, etc., are imido acids.

Im•it•a•bil´i•ty , n. [See Imitable.] The quality of being imitable. Norris.

Im´i•ta•ble , a. [L. imitabilis: cf. F. imitable. See Imitate.] 1. Capable of being imitated or copied. “The characters of man placed in lower stations of life are more usefull, as being imitable by great numbers.” Atterbury. 2. Worthy of imitation; as imitable character or qualities. Sir W. Raleigh.

Im´i•ta•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being imitable; worthness of imitation.

Im´i•tan•cy , n. [From L. imitans, p. pr. of imitare.] Tendency to imitation. [R.] Carlyle.

Im´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imitated p. pr. & vb. n. Imitating ] [L. imitatus, p. p. of imitari to imitate; of unknown origin. Cf. Image.] 1. To follow as a pattern, model, or example; to copy or strive to copy, in acts, manners etc. “Despise wealth and imitate a dog.” Cowlay. 2. To produce a semblance or likeness of, in form, character, color, qualities, conduct, manners, and the like; to counterfeit; to copy. “A place picked out by choice of best alive
The Nature’s work by art can imitate.” Spenser. “This hand appeared a shining sword to weild,
And that sustained an imitated shield.” Dryden. 3. (Biol.) To resemble (another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object) in form, color, ornamentation, or instinctive habits, so as to derive an advantage thereby; sa, when a harmless snake imitates a venomous one in color and manner, or when an odorless insect imitates, in color, one having secretion offensive to birds.

Im´i•ta´tion , n. [L. imitatio: cf. F. imitation.] 1. The act of imitating. “Poesy is an art of imitation, … that is to say, a representing, counterfeiting, or figuring forth.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. That which is made or produced as a copy; that which is made to resemble something else, whether for laudable or for fraudulent purposes; likeness; resemblance. “Both these arts are not only true imitations of nature, but of the best nature.” Dryden. 3. (Mus.) One of the principal means of securing unity and consistency in polyphonic composition; the repetition of essentially the same melodic theme, phrase, or motive, on different degrees of pitch, by one or more of the other parts of voises. Cf. Canon. 4. (Biol.) The act of condition of imitating another species of animal, or a plant, or unanimate object. See Imitate, v. t., 3. Imitation is often used adjectively to characterize things which have a deceptive appearance, simulating the qualities of a superior article; — opposed to real or genuine; as imitation lace; imitation bronze; imitation modesty, etc.

Im•i•ta´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or employed in, imitation; as imitational propensities.

Im´i•ta•tive , a. [L. imitavitus: cf. F. imitatif.] 1. Inclined to imitate, copy, or follow; imitating; exhibiting some of the qualities or characteristics of a pattern or model; dependent on example; not original; as man is an imitative being; painting is an imitative art. 2. Formed after a model, pattern, or original. “This temple, less in form, with equal grace,
Was imitative of the first in Thrace.” Dryden. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Designed to imitate another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object, for some useful purpose, such as protection from enemies; having resemblance to something else; as imitative colors; imitative habits; dendritic and mammillary forms of minerals are imitative. — Im´i•ta•tive•ly, adv. — Im´i•ta•tive•ness, n.

Im´i•ta•tive, n. (Gram.) A verb expressive of imitation or resemblance. [R.]

Im´i•ta´tor , n. [L.] One who imitates.

Im´i•ta•tor•ship, n. The state or office of an imitator. ´Servile imitatorship.´ Marston.

Im´i•ta•tress , n. A woman who is an imitator.

Im´i•ta•trix , n. An imitatress.

Im•mac´u•late , a. [L. immaculatus; pref. im- not + maculatus, p. p. of maculare to spot, stane, fr. macula spot. See Mail armor.] Without stain or blemish; spotless; undefiled; clear; pure. “Were but my soul as pure
From other guilt as that, Heaven did not hold
One more immaculate.” Denham. “Thou sheer, immaculate and silver fountain.” Shak. Immaculate conception (R. C. Ch.), the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. — Im•mac´u•late•ly, adv. — Im•mac´u•late•ness, n.

Im•mailed´ , a. Wearing mail or armor; clad of armor. W. Browne.

Im•mal´le•a•ble , a. Not maleable.

Im•man´a•cle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immanacled p. pr. & vb. n. Immanacling ] To manacle; to fetter; hence; to confine; to restrain from free action. “Although this corporal rind
Thou hast immanacled.” Milton.

Im´ma•na´tion , n. [Pref. im- in + L. manare to flow; cf. mantio a flowing.] A flowing or entering in; — opposed to emanation. [R.] Good.

Im•mane´ , a. [L. immanis.] Very great; huge; vast; also monstrous in character; inhuman; atrocious; fierce. [Obs.] ´So immane a man.´ Chapman. — Im•mane´ly, adv. [Obs.] { Im´ma•nence , Im´ma•nen•cy } n. The condition or quality of being immanent; inherence; an indwelling. “[Clement] is mainly concerned in enforcing the immanence of God. Christ is everywhere presented by him as Deity indwelling in the world.” A. V. G. Allen.

Im´ma•nent , a. [L. immanens, p. pr. of immanere to remain in or near; pref. im- in + manere to remain: cf. F. immanent.] Remaining within; inherent; indwelling; abiding; intrinsic; internal or subjective; hence, limited in activity, agency, or effect, to the subject or associated acts; — opposed to emanant, transitory, transitive, or objective. “A cognition is an immanent act of mind.” Sir W. Hamilton. “An immanent power in the life of the world.” Hare.

Im•man´i•fest , a. Not manifest. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•man´i•ty , n. [L. immanitas.] The state or quality of being immane; barbarity. [R.] Shak.

Im•man´tle , v. t. See Emmantle. [R.]

Im•man´u•el , n. [Heb. ’immanel, fr. ’im with + an us + el God.] God with us; — an appellation of the Christ. Is. vii. 14. Matt. i. 23.

Im•mar•ces´ci•ble , a. [L. immarcescibilis; pref. im- not + marcescere to fade: cf. F. immarcescible.] Unfading; lasting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im•mar•ces´ci•bly, adv. Unfadingly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im•mar´gin•ate , a. (Bot.) Not having a distinctive margin or border. Grey.

Im•mar´tial , a. Not martial; unwarlike. [Obs.]

Im•mask´ , v. t. To cover, as with a mask; to disguise or conceal. [R.] Shak.

Im•match´a•ble , a. Matchless; peerless. [Obs.] Holland.

Im•ma•te´ri•al (im•ma•te´ri•al), a. [Pref. im- not + material: cf. F. immateriel.] 1. Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; spiritual; disembodied. “Angels are spirits immaterial and intellectual.” Hooker. 2. Of no substantial consequence; without weight or significance; unimportant; as it is wholly immaterial whether he does so or not. Syn. — Unimportant; inconsequential; insignificant; inconsiderable; trifling.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. immaterialisme.] 1. The doctrine that immaterial substances or spiritual being exist, or are possible. 2. (Philos.) The doctrine that external bodies may be reduced to mind and ideas in a mind; any doctrine opposed to materialism or phenomenalism, esp. a system that maintains the immateriality of the soul; idealism; esp., Bishop Berkeley’s theory of idealism.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. immaterialiste.] (Philos.) One who believes in or professes, immaterialism.

Im•ma•te•ri•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Immaterialities (#). [Cf. F. immaterialite.] The state or quality of being immaterial or incorporeal; as the immateriality of the soul.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ize , v. t. [Cf. F. immaterialiser.] To render immaterial or incorporeal. “Immateralized spirits.” Glanvill.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ly, adv. 1. In an immaterial manner; without matter or corporeal substance. 2. In an unimportant manner or degree.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ness, n. The state or quality of being immaterial; immateriality.

Im•ma•te´ri•ate , a. Immaterial. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im•ma•ture´ , a. [L. immaturus; pref. im- not + maturus mature, ripe. See Mature.] 1. Not mature; unripe; not arrived at perfection of full development; crude; unfinished; as immature fruit; immature character; immature plans. ´An ill-measured and immature counsel.´ Bacon. 2. Premature; untimely; too early; as an immature death. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•ma•tured´ , a. Immature.

Im•ma•ture´ly , adv. In an immature manner. Warburion.

Im•ma•ture´ness, n. The state or quality of being immature; immaturity. Boyle.

Im•ma•tu´ri•ty , n. [L. immaturitas: cf. F. immaturite.] The state or quality of being immature or not fully developed; unripeness; incompleteness. “When the world has outgrown its intellectual immaturity.” Caird.

Im•me•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Pref. im- not + L. meabilis passable, fr. meare to pass.] Want of power to pass, or to permit passage; impassableness. “Immeability of the juices.” Arbuthnot.

Im•meas•ur•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being immeasurable; immensurability.

Im•meas´ur•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + measurable: cf. F. measurable. Cf. Immensurable, Unmeasurable.] Incapable of being measured; indefinitely extensive; illimitable; immensurable; vast. “Of depth immeasurable.” Milton.

Im•meas´ur•a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being immeasurable. “Eternity and immeasurableness belong to thought alone.” F. W. Robertson.

Im•meas´ur•a•bly, adv. In an immeasurable manner or degree. ´Immeasurably distant.´ Wordsworth.

Im•meas´ured , a. Immeasurable. [R.] Spenser.

Im•me•chan´ic•al , a. Not mechanical. [Obs.] Cheyne. — Im´me•chan´ic•al•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Im•me´di•a•cy , n. The relation of freedom from the interventionof a medium; immediateness. Shak.

Im•me´di•ate , a. [F. immediat. See In- not, and Mediate.] 1. Not separated in respect to place by anything intervening; proximate; close; as immediate contact. “You are the most immediate to our throne.” Shak. 2. Not deferred by an interval of time; present; instant. ´Assemble we immediate council.´ Shak. “Death … not yet inflicted, as he feared,
By some immediate stroke.” Milton. 3. Acting with nothing interposed or between, or without the intervention of another object as a cause, means, or agency; acting, perceived, or produced, directly; as an immediate cause. “The immediate knowledge of the past is therefore impossible.” Sir. W. Hamilton. Immediate amputation (Surg.), an amputation performed within the first few hours after an injury, and before the the effects of the shock have passed away. Syn. — Proximate; close; direct; next.

Im•me´di•ate•ly , adv. 1. In an immediate manner; without intervention of any other person or thing; proximately; directly; — opposed to mediately; as immediately contiguous. “God’s acceptance of it either immediately by himself, or mediately by the hands of the bishop.” South. 2. Without interval of time; without delay; promptly; instantly; at once. “And Jesus … touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed.” Matt. viii. 3. 3. As soon as. Cf. Directly, 8, Note. Syn. — Directly; instantly; quickly; forthwith; straightway; presently. See Directly.

Im•me´di•ate•ness, n. The quality or relations of being immediate in manner, place, or time; exemption from second or interventing causes. Bp. Hall.

Im•me´di•a•tism , n. Immediateness.

Im•med´i•ca•ble , a. [L. Immedicabilis. See In- not, and Medicable.] Not to be healed; incurable. ´Wounds immedicable.´ Milton.

Im•me•lo´di•ous , a. Not melodious.

Im•mem´o•ra•ble , a. [L. immemorabilis; pref. im- not + memorabilis memorable: cf. F. immemorable. See Memorable.] Not memorable; not worth remembering. Johnson.

Im•me•mo´ri•al , a. [Pref. im- not + memorial: cf. F. immemorial.] Extending beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition; indefinitely ancient; as existing from time immemorial. ´Immemorial elms.´ Tennyson. ´Immemorial usage or custom.´ Sir M. Hale. Time immemorial (Eng. Law.), a time antedating (legal) history, and beyond ´legal memory´ so called; formerly an indefinite time, but in 1276 this time was fixed by statute as the begining of the reign of Richard I. (1189). Proof of unbroken possession or use of any right since that date made it unnecessary to establish the original grant. In 1832 the plan of dating legal memory from a fixed time was abandoned and the principle substituted that rights which had been enjoyed for full twenty years (or as against the crown thirty years) should not be liable to impeachment merely by proving that they had not been enjoyed before.

Im•me•mo´ri•al•ly, adv. Beyond memory. Bentley.

Im•mense´ , a. [L. immensus; pref. im- not + mensus, p. p. of metiri to measure: cf. F. immense. See Measure.] Immeasurable; unlimited. In commonest use: Very great; vast; huge. ´Immense the power´ Pope. ´Immense and boundless ocean.´ Daniel. “O Goodness infinite! Goodness immense!” Milton. Syn. — Infinite; immeasurable; illimitable; unbounded; unlimited; interminable; vast; prodigious; enormous; monstrous. See Enormous.

Im•mense´ly, adv. In immense manner or degree.

Im•mense´ness, n. The state of being immense.

Im•men´si•ble , a. [Immense + -ible.] Immeasurable. [Obs.] Davies.

Im•men´si•ty , n.; pl. Immensities (#). [L. immensitas: cf. F. immensite.] The state or quality of being immense; inlimited or immeasurable extension; infinity; vastness in extent or bulk; greatness. “Lost in the wilds of vast immensity.” Blackmore. “The immensity of the material system.” I. Taylor.

Im•men´sive , a. Huge. [Obs.] Herrick.

Im•men•su•ra•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being immensurable.

Im•men´su•ra•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + L. mensurabilis measurable: cf. F. immensurable. Cf. Immeasurable.] Immeasurable. “What an immensurable space is the firmament.” Derham.

Im•men´su•rate , a. [Pref. im- not + mensurate.] Unmeasured; unlimited. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im•merge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immerged p. pr. & vb. n. Immerging ] [L. immergere; pref. im- in + mergere to dip, plunge: cf. F. immerger. See Merge, and cf. Immerse.] To plungel into, under, or within anything especially a fuid; to dip; to immerse. See Immerse. “We took … lukewarm water, and in it immerged a quantity of the leaves of senna.” Boyle. “Their souls are immerged in matter.” Jer. Taylor.

Im•merge´ , v. i. To dissapear by entering into any medium, as a star into the light of the sun. [R.]

Im•mer´it , n. Want of worth; demerit. [R.] Suckling.

Im•mer´it•ed, a. Unmerited. [Obs.] Charles I.

Im•mer´it•ous , a. [L. immeritus; pref. im- not + meritus, p. p. of merere, mereri, to deserve.] Undeserving. [Obs.] Milton.

Im•mers´a•ble , a. See Immersible.

Im•merse´ , a. [L. immersus, p. p. of immergere. See Immerge.] Immersed; buried; hid; sunk. [Obs.] ´Things immerse in matter.´ Bacon.

Im•merse´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immersed p. pr. & vb. n. Immersing.] 1. To plunge into anything that surrounds or covers, especially into a fluid; to dip; to sink; to bury; to immerge. “Deep immersed beneath its whirling wave.” J Warton. “More than a mile immersed within the wood.” Dryden. 2. To baptize by immersion. 3. To engage deeply; to engross the attention of; to involve; to overhelm. “The queen immersed in such a trance.” Tennyson. “It is impossible to have a lively hope in another life, and yet be deeply immersed inn the enjoyments of this.” Atterbury.

Im•mersed´ , p. p. & a. 1. Deeply plunged into anything, especially a fluid. 2. Deeply occupied; engrossed; entangled. 3. (Bot.) Growing wholly under water. Gray.

Im•mers´i•ble , a. [From Immerse.] Capable of being immersed.

Im•mers´i•ble, a. [Pref. im- not + L. mersus, p. p. of mergere to plunge.] Not capable of being immersed.

Im•mer´sion , n. [L. immersio; cf. F. immersion.] 1. The act of immersing, or the state of being immersed; a sinking within a fluid; a dipping; as the immersion of Achilles in the Styx. 2. Submersion in water for the purpose of Christian baptism, as practiced by the Baptists. 3. The state of being overhelmed or deeply absorbed; deep engagedness. “Too deep an immersion in the affairs of life.” Atterbury. 4. (Astron.) The dissapearance of a celestail body, by passing either behind another, as in the occultation of a star, or into its shadow, as in the eclipse of a satellite; — opposed to emersion. Immersion lens, a microscopic objective of short focal distance designed to work with a drop of liquid, as oil, between the front lens and the slide, so that this lens is practically immersed.

Im•mer´sion•ist, n. (Eccl.) One who holds the doctrine that immersion is essential to Christian baptism.

Im•mesh´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immeshed p. pr. & vb. n. Immeshing.] [Pref. im- in + mesh. Cf. Inmesh.] To catch or entangle in, or as in, the meshes of a net. or in a web; to insnare.

Im•me•thod´ic•al , a. Not methodical; without method or systematic arrangement; without order or regularity; confused. Addison. Syn. — Irregular; confused; disoderly; unsystematic; desultory.

Im•me•thod´ic•al•ly, adv. Without method; confusedly; unsystematically.

Im•me•thod´ic•al•ness, n. Want of method.

Im•meth´od•ize , v. t. To render immethodical; to destroy the method of; to confuse. [R.]

Im•met´ric•al , a. Not metrical or rhythmical. [R.] Chapman.

Im•mew´ , v. t. See Emmew.

Im´mi•grant , n. [L. immigrans, p. pr. of immigrare to go into: cf. F. immigrant. See Immigrate.] One who immigrates; one who comes to a country for the purpose of permanent residence; — correlative of emigrant. Syn. — See Emigrant.

Im´mi•grate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immigrated p. pr. & vb. n. Immigrating ] [L. immigrare, immigratum, to immigrate; pref. im- in + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] To come into a country of which one is not a native, for the purpose of permanent residence. See Emigrate.

Im´mi•gra´tion , n. [Cf. F. immigration.] The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. “The immigrations of the Arabians into Europe.” T. Warton.

Im´mi•nence , n. [Cf. F. imminence, L. imminentia, See Imminent.] 1. The condition or quality of being imminent; a threatening, as of something about to happen. The imminence of any danger or distress. Fuller. 2. That which is imminent; impending evil or danger. ´But dare all imminence.´ Shak.

Im´mi•nent , a. [L. imminens, p. pr. of imminere to project; pref. im- in + minere (in comp.) to jut, project. See Eminent.] 1. Threatening to occur immediately; near at hand; impending; — said especially of misfortune or peril. ´In danger imminent.´ Spenser. 2. Full of danger; threatening; menacing; perilous. “Hairbreadth scapes i’ the imminent deadly breach.” Shak. 3. (With upon) Bent upon; attentive to. [R.] “Their eyes ever imminent upon worldly matters.” Milton. Syn. — Impending; threatening; near; at hand. — Imminent, Impending, Threatening. Imminent is the strongest: it denotes that something is ready to fall or happen on the instant; as in imminent danger of one’s life. Impending denotes that something hangs suspended over us, and may so remain indefinitely; as the impending evils of war. Threatening supposes some danger in prospect, but more remote; as threatening indications for the future. “Three times to-day
You have defended me from imminent death.” Shak. “No story I unfold of public woes,
Nor bear advices of impending foes.” Pope. “Fierce faces threatening war.” Milton.

Im´mi•nent•ly, adv. In an imminent manner.

Im•min´gle , v. t. To mingle; to mix; to unite; to blend. [R.] Thomson.

Im•mi•nu´tion , n. [L. imminutio, fr. imminuere, imminutum, to lessen; pref. im- in + minuere.] A lessening; diminution; decrease. [R.] Ray.

Im•mis´ci•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. immiscibilite.] Incapability of being mixed, or mingled.

Im•mis´ci•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + miscible: cf. F. immiscible.] Not capable of being mixed or mingled. “A chaos of immiscible and conflicting particles.” Cudworth.

Im•mis´sion , n. [L. immissio: cf. F. immission. See Immit.] The act of immitting, or of sending or thrusting in; injection; — the correlative of emission.

Im•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Immiting.] [L. immittere, immissum; pref. im- in + mittere to send.] To send in; to inject; to infuse; — the correlative of emit. [R.] Boyle.

Im•mit´i•ga•ble , a. [L. immitigabilis; fr. pref. im- not + mitigare to mitigate.] Not capable of being mitigated, softened, or appeased. Coleridge.

Im•mit´i•ga•bly , adv. In an immitigable manner.

Im•mix´ , v. t. [Pref. in- in + mix.] To mix; to mingle. [R.] “Amongst her tears immixing prayers meek.” Spenser.

Im•mix´a•ble , a. Not mixable. Bp. Wilkins.

Im•mixed´ , a. [Pref. in- not + mixed, p. p. of mix.] Unmixed. [Obs.] “How pure and immixed the design is.” Boyle.

Im•mix´ture , n. Freedom from mixture; purity. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im•mo´bile , a. [L. immobilis: cf. F. immobile. See Immobility.] Incapable of being moved; immovable; fixed; stable. Prof. Shedd.

Im•mo•bil´i•ty , n. [L. immobilitas, fr. immobilis immovable; pref. im- not + mobilis movable: cf. F. immobilite. See Mobile.] The condition or quality of being immobile; fixedness in place or state.

Im•mob´i•lize , v. t. [Pref. im- in + mobilize; cf. f. immobiliser.] To make immovable; in surgery, to make immovable (a naturally mobile part, as a joint) by the use of splints, or stiffened bandages.

Im•mo´ble , a. [Obs.] See Immobile.

Im•mod´er•a•cy , n. [From Immoderate.] Immoderateness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•mod´er•an•cy , n. [L. immoderantia.] Immoderateness; excess. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•mod´er•ate , a. [L. immoderatus; pref. im- not + moderatus moderate. See Moderate.] Not moderate; exceeding just or usual and suitable bounds; excessive; extravagant; unreasonable; as immoderate demands; immoderate grief; immoderate laughter. “So every scope by the immoderate use
Turns to restraint.” Shak. Syn. — Excessive; exorbitant; unreasonable; extravagant; intemperate; inordinate.

Im•mod´er•ate•ly, adv. In an immoderate manner; excessively.

Im•mod´er•ate•ness, n. The quality of being immoderate; excess; extravagance. Puller.

Im•mod•er•a´tion , n. [L. immoderatio: cf. F. imoderation.] Want of moderation. Hallywell.

Im•mod´est , a. [F. immodeste, L. immodestus immoderate; pref. im- not + modestus modest. See Modest.] 1. Not limited to due bounds; immoderate. 2. Not modest; wanting in the reserve or restraint which decorum and decency require; indecent; indelicate; obscene; lewd; as immodest persons, behavior, words, pictures, etc. “Immodest deeds you hinder to be wrought,
But we proscribe the least immodest thought.” Dryden. Syn. — Indecorous; indelicate; shameless; shameful; impudent; indecent; impure; unchaste; lewd; obscene.

Im•mod´est•ly, adv. In an immodest manner.

Im•mod´es•ty , n. [L. immodestia: cf. F. immodestie.] Want of modesty, delicacy, or decent reserve; indecency. ´A piece of immodesty.´ Pope.

Im´mo•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immolated p. pr. & vb. n. Immolating.] [L. immolatus, p. p. of immolare to sacrifice, orig., to sprinkle a victim with sacrifical meal; pref. im- in + mola grits or grains of spelt coarsely ground and mixed with salt; also mill. See Molar, Meal ground grain.] To sacrifice; to offer in sacrifice; to kill, as a sacrificial victim. “Worshipers, who not only immolate to them [the deities] the lives of men, but … the virtue and honor of women.” Boyle.

Im•mo•la´tion , n. [L. immolatio: cf. F. immolation.] 1. The act of immolating, or the state of being immolated, or sacrificed. Sir. T. Browne. 2. That which is immolated; a sacrifice.

Im´mo•la•tor , n. [L.] One who offers in sacrifice; specifically, one of a sect of Russian fanatics who practice self-mutilation and sacrifice. { Im•mold´ , Im•mould´ } , v. t. To mold into shape, or form. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Im•mo´ment , a. [See Immomentous.] Trifling. [R.] ´Immoment toys.´ Shak.

Im•mo•men´tous , a. [Pref. im- not + momentous.] Not momentous; unimportant; insignificant. [R.] A. Seward.

Im•mor´al , a. [Pref. im- not + moral: cf. F. immoral.] Not moral; inconsistent with rectitude, purity, or good morals; contrary to conscience or the divine law; wicked; unjust; dishonest; vicious; licentious; as an immoral man; an immoral deed. Syn. — Wicked; sinful; criminal; vicious; unjust; dishonest; depraved; impure; unchaste; profligate; dissolute; abandoned; licentious; lewd; obscene.

Im•mo•ral´i•ty , n.; pl. Immoralities (#). [Cf. F. immoralite.] 1. The state or quality of being immoral; vice. “The root of all immorality.” Sir W. Temple. 2. An immoral act or practice. “Luxury and sloth and then a great drove of heresies and immoralities broke loose among them.” Milton.

Im•mor´al•ly , adv. In an immoral manner; wickedly.

Im•mo•rig´er•ous , a. [Pref. im- not + morigerous.] Rude; uncivil; disobedient. [Obs.] — Im•mo•rig´er•ous•ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•mor´tal , a. [L. immortalis; pref. im- not + mortalis mortal: cf. F. immortel. See Mortal, and cf. Immortelle.] 1. Not mortal; exempt from liability to die; undying; imperishable; lasting forever; having unlimited, or eternal, existance. “Unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible.” 1 Tim. i. 17. “For my soul, what can it do to that,
Being a thing immortal as itself?” Shak. 2. Connected with, or pertaining to immortality. “I have immortal longings in me.” Shak. 3. Destined to live in all ages of this world; abiding; exempt from oblivion; imperishable; as immortal fame. “One of the few, immortal names,
That were not born to die.” Halleck. 4. Great; excessive; grievous. [Obs.] Hayward. Immortal flowers, immortelles; everlastings. Syn. — Eternal; everlasting; never-ending; ceaseless; perpetual; continual; enduring; endless; imperishable; incorruptible; deathless; undying.

Im•mor´tal , n. One who will never cease to be; one exempt from death, decay, or annihilation. Bunyan.

Im•mor´tal•ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•mor•tal´i•ty , n.; pl. Immortalities (#). [L. immortalitas: cf. F. immortalite.] 1. The quality or state of being immortal; exemption from death and annihilation; unending existance; as the immortality of the soul. “This mortal must put on immortality.” 1 Cor. xv. 53. 2. Exemption from oblivion; perpetuity; as the immortality of fame.

Im•mor•tal•i•za´tion , n. The act of immortalizing, or state of being immortalized.

Im•mor´tal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immortalized p. pr. & vb. n. Immortalizing ] [Cf. F. immortaliser.] 1. To render immortal; to cause to live or exist forever. S. Clarke. 2. To exempt from oblivion; to perpetuate in fame. “Alexander had no Homer to immortalize his guilty name.” T. Dawes.

Im•mor´tal•ize, v. i. To become immortal. [R.]

Im•mor´tal•ly, adv. In an immortal manner.

Im•mor•telle´ , n.; pl. Immortelles (#). [F. See Immortal.] (Bot.) A plant with a conspicuous, dry, unwithering involucre, as the species of Antennaria, Helichrysum, Gomphrena, etc. See Everlasting.

Im•mor•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. Failure to mortify the passions. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•mov´a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being immovable; fixedness; steadfastness; as immovability of a heavy body; immovability of purpose.

Im•mov´a•ble , a. 1. Incapable of being moved; firmly fixed; fast; — used of material things; as an immovable foundation. “Immovable, infixed, and frozen round.” Milton. 2. Steadfast; fixed; unalterable; unchangeable; — used of the mind or will; as an immovable purpose, or a man who remains immovable. 3. Not capable of being affected or moved in feeling or by sympathy; unimpressible; impassive. Dryden. 4. (Law.) Not liable to be removed; permanent in place or tenure; fixed; as an immovable estate. See Immovable, n. Blackstone. Immovable apparatus (Med.), an appliance, like the plaster of paris bandage, which keeps fractured parts firmly in place. — Immovable feasts (Eccl.), feasts which occur on a certain day of the year and do not depend on the date of Easter; as Christmas the Epiphany, etc.

Im•mov´a•ble, n. 1. That which can not be moved. 2. pl. (Civil Law) Lands and things adherent thereto by nature, as trees; by the hand of man, as buildings and their accessories; by their destination, as seeds, plants, manure, etc.; or by the objects to which they are applied, as servitudes. Ayliffe. Bouvier.

Im•mov´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being immovable.

Im•mov´a•bly, adv. In an immovable manner.

Im•mund´ , a. [L. immundus; pref. im- not + mundus clean.] Unclean. [R.] Burton.

Im•mun•dic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. immondicite, L. immunditia, immundities.] Uncleanness; filthiness. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im•mune´ , a. [L. immunis. See Immunity.] Exempt; protected by inoculation. — Im•mu´nize (#), v. t.

Im•mu´ni•ty , n.; pl. Immunities (#). [L. immunitas, fr. immunis free from a public service; pref. im- not + munis complaisant, obliging, cf. munus service, duty: cf. F. immunite. See Common, and cf. Mean, a.] 1. Freedom or exemption from any charge, duty, obligation, office, tax, imposition, penalty, or service; a particular privilege; as the immunities of the free cities of Germany; the immunities of the clergy. 2. Freedom; exemption; as immunity from error.

Im•mure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immured p. pr. & vb. n. Immuring.] [Pref. im- in + mure: cf. F. emmurer.] 1. To wall around; to surround with walls. [Obs.] Sandys. 2. To inclose whithin walls, or as within walls; hence, to shut up; to imprison; to incarcerate. “Those tender babes
Whom envy hath immured within your walls.” Shak. “This huge convex of fire,
Outrageous to devour, immures us round.” Milton.

Im•mure´, n. A wall; an inclosure. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•mure´ment , n. The act of immuring, or the state of being immured; imprisonment.

Im•mu´sic•al , a. Inharmonious; unmusical; discordant. Bacon.

Im•mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [L. immutabilitas: cf. F. immutabilite.] The state or quality of being immutable; immutableness. Heb. vi. 17.

Im•mu´ta•ble , a. [L. immutabilis; pref. im- not + mutabilis mutable. See Mutable.] Not mutable; not capable or susceptible of change; unchangeable; unalterable. “That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to lie, we might have a strong consolation.” Heb. vi. 18. “Immutable, immortal, infinite,
Eternal King.” Milton. — Im•mu´ta•ble•ness, n. — Im•mu´ta•bly, adv.

Im•mu´tate (im•mu´tat), a. [L. immutatus, p. p. of immature.] Unchanged. [Obs.]

Im´mu•ta´tion , n. [L. immutatio, from immutare, immutatum, to change. See Immute.] Change; alteration; mutation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Im•mute´ (im•mut´), v. t. [L. immutare, immutatum; perf. im- in + mutare to change : cf. OF. immuter.] To change or alter. [Obs.] J. Salkeld.

Imp (imp), n. [OE. imp a graft, AS. impa; akin to Dan. ympe, Sw. ymp, prob. fr. LL. impotus, Gr. engrafted, innate, fr. to implant; in + to produce; akin to E. be. See 1st In-, Be.] 1. A shoot; a scion; a bud; a slip; a graft. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. An offspring; progeny; child; scion. [Obs.] “The tender imp was weaned.” Fairfax. 3. A young or inferior devil; a little, malignant spirit; a puny demon; a contemptible evil worker. “To mingle in the clamorous fray
Of squabbling imps.” Beattie. 4. Something added to, or united with, another, to lengthen it out or repair it, — as an addition to a beehive; a feather inserted in a broken wing of a bird; a length of twisted hair in a fishing line. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Imp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imped p. pr. & vb. n. Imping.] [AS. impian to imp, ingraft, plant; akin to Dan. ympe, Sw. ympa, OHG. impfon, impiton, G. impfen. See Imp, n.] 1. To graft; to insert as a scion. [Obs.] Rom. of R. 2. (Falconry) To graft with new feathers, as a wing; to splice a broken feather. Hence, Fig.: To repair; to extend; to increase; to strengthen; to equip. [Archaic] “Imp out our drooping country’s broken wing.” Shak. “Who lazily imp their wings with other men’s plumes.” Fuller. “Here no frail Muse shall imp her crippled wing.” Holmes. “Help, ye tart satirists, to imp my rage
With all the scorpions that should whip this age.” Cleveland.

Im•pa´ca•ble , a. [L. pref. im- not + pacare to quiet. See Pacate.] Not to be appeased or quieted. [Obs.] Spenser. — Im•pa´ca•bly, adv.

Im•pack´ment , n. [Pref. im- in + pack.] The state of being closely surrounded, crowded, or pressed, as by ice. [R.] Kane.

Im•pact´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Impacting.] [L. impactus, p. p. of impingere to push, strike against. See Impinge.] To drive close; to press firmly together: to wedge into a place. Woodward.

Im´pact , n. 1. Contact or impression by touch; collision; forcible contact; force communicated. “The quarrel, by that impact driven.” Southey. 2. (Mech.) The single instantaneous stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest.

Im•pact´ed , a. Driven together or close. Impacted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the fragments are driven into each other so as to be immovable.

Im•pac´tion , n. [L. impactio a striking : cf. F. impaction.] 1. (Surg.) The driving of one fragment of bone into another so that the fragments are not movable upon each other; as impaction of the skull or of the hip. 2. An immovable packing; (Med.), a lodgment of something in a strait or passage of the body; as impaction of the fetal head in the strait of the pelvis; impaction of food or feces in the intestines of man or beast.

Im•paint´ , v. t. To paint; to adorn with colors. [R.] ´To impaint his cause.´ Shak.

Im•pair´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaired p. pr. & vb. n. Impairing.] [Written also empair.] [OE. empeiren, enpeiren, OF. empeirier, empirier, F. empirer, LL. impejorare; L. pref. im- in + pejorare to make worse, fr. pejor worse. Cf. Appair.] To make worse; to diminish in quantity, value, excellence, or strength; to deteriorate; as to impair health, character, the mind, value. “Time sensibly all things impairs.” Roscommon. “In years he seemed, but not impaired by years.” Pope. Syn. — To diminish; decrease; injure; weaken; enfeeble; debilitate; reduce; debase; deteriorate.

Im•pair´, v. t. To grow worse; to deteriorate. Milton.

Im´pair , a. [F. impair uneven, L. impar; im- not + par equal.] Not fit or appropriate. [Obs.]

Im•pair´ , n. Diminution; injury. [Obs.]

Im•pair´er , n. One who, or that which, impairs.

Im•pair´ment , n. [OE. enpeirement, OF. empirement.] The state of being impaired; injury. ´The impairment of my health.´ Dryden.

Im•pal´a•ta•ble , a. Unpalatable. [R.]

Im•pale´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaled p. pr. & vb. n. Impaling.] [See 2d Empale.] 1. To pierce with a pale; to put to death by fixing on a sharp stake. See Empale. “Then with what life remains, impaled, and left
To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake.” Addison. 2. To inclose, as with pales or stakes; to surround. “Impale him with your weapons round about.” Shak. “Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire.” Milton. 3. (Her.) To join, as two coats of arms on one shield, palewise; hence, to join in honorable mention. “Ordered the admission of St. Patrick to the same to be matched and impaled with the blessed Virgin in the honor thereof.” Fuller.

Im•pale´ment , n. 1. The act of impaling, or the state of being impaled. Byron. 2. An inclosing by stakes or pales, or the space so inclosed. H. Brooke. 3. That which hedges in; inclosure. [R.] Milton. 4. (Her.) The division of a shield palewise, or by a vertical line, esp. for the purpose of putting side by side the arms of husband and wife. See Impale, 3.

Im•pal´la , n. (Zoöl.) The pallah deer of South Africa.

Im•pal´lid , v. t. To make pallid; to blanch. [Obs.] Feltham.

Im•palm´ , v. t. To grasp with or hold in the hand. [R.] J. Barlow.

Im•pal•pa•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impalpabilite.] The quality of being impalpable. Jortin.

Im•pal´pa•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + palpable: cf. F. impalpable.] 1. Not palpable; that cannot be felt; extremely fine, so that no grit can be perceived by touch. ´Impalpable powder.´ Boyle. 2. Not material; intangible; incorporeal. ´Impalpable, void, and bodiless.´ Holland. 3. Not apprehensible, or readily apprehensible, by the mind; unreal; as impalpable distinctions.

Im•pal´pa•bly, adv. In an impalpable manner.

Im•pal´sy , v. t. To palsy; to paralyze; to deaden. [R.]

Im•pa´nate , a. [LL. impanatus, p. p. of impanare to impanate; L. pref. im- in + panis bread.] Embodied in bread, esp. in the bread of the eucharist. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Im•pa´nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impanated p. pr. & vb. n. Impanating.] To embody in bread, esp. in the bread of the eucharist. [Obs.]

Im´pa•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. impanation. See Impanate, a.] (Eccl.) Embodiment in bread; the supposed real presence and union of Christ’s material body and blood with the substance of the elements of the eucharist without a change in their nature; — distinguished from transubstantiation, which supposes a miraculous change of the substance of the elements. It is akin to consubstantiation.

Im•pa´na•tor , n. [LL.] (Eccl.) One who holds the doctrine of impanation.

Im•pan´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaneled or Impanelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impaneling or Impanelling.] [Pref. im- in + panel. Cf. Empanel.] [Written also empanel.] To enter in a list, or on a piece of parchment, called a panel; to form or enroll, as a list of jurors in a court of justice. Blackstone.

Im•pan´el•ment , n. The act or process of impaneling, or the state of being impaneled.

Im•par´a•dise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparadised p. pr. & vb. n. Imparadising ] [Pref. im- + paradise: cf. F. emparadiser.] To put in a state like paradise; to make supremely happy. ´Imparadised in one another’s arms.´ Milton.

Im•par´al•leled , a. Unparalleled. [Obs.]

Im•par´don•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. impardonnable.] Unpardonable. [Obs.] South.

Im•par•i•dig´i•tate , a. [L. impar unequal + digitus finger.] (Anat.) Having an odd number of fingers or toes, either one, three, or five, as in the horse, tapir, rhinoceros, etc.

Im•par´i•pin´nate , a. [L. impar unequal + E. pinnate.] (Bot.) Pinnate with a single terminal leaflet.

Im•par´i•syl•lab´ic , a. [L. impar unequal + E. syllabic: cf. F. imparisyllabique.] (Gram.) Not consisting of an equal number of syllables; as an imparisyllabic noun, one which has not the same number of syllables in all the cases; as lapis, lapidis; mens, mentis.

Im•par´i•ty , n. [Pref. im- + parity: cf. F. imparite.] 1. Inequality; disparity; disproportion; difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, etc. Milton. 2. Lack of comparison, correspondence, or suitableness; incongruity. “In this region of merely intellectual notion we are at once encountered by the imparity of the object and the faculty employed upon it.” I. Taylor. 3. Indivisibility into equal parts; oddness. [R.]

Im•park´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparked , p. pr. & vb. n. Imparking.] [Cf. Empark.] To inclose for a park; to sever from a common; hence, to inclose or shut up. “They … impark them [the sheep] within hurdles.” Holland.

Im•parl´ , v. i. [OF. emparler; pref. em- (L. in) + parler to speak. See In, prep., and Parley.] 1. To hold discourse; to parley. [Obs.] Sir. T. North. 2. (Law) To have time before pleading; to have delay for mutual adjustment. Blackstone.

Im•par´lance , n. [Cf. Emparlance, Parlance.] [Written also inparliance.] 1. Mutual discourse; conference. [Obs.] 2. (Law) (a) Time given to a party to talk or converse with his opponent, originally with the object of effecting, if possible, an amicable adjustment of the suit. The actual object, however, has long been merely to obtain further time to plead, or answer to the allegations of the opposite party. (b) Hence, the delay or continuance of a suit. Imparlance and continuance by imparlance have been abolished in England. Wharton (Law Dict. ).

Im•par•son•ee´ , a. [OF. empersone. See 1st In-, and Parson.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Presented, instituted, and inducted into a rectory, and in full possession. — n. A clergyman so inducted.

Im•part´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imparting.] [OF. impartir, empartir, L. impartire, impertire; pref. im- in + partire to part, divide, fr. pars, partis, part, share. See Part, n. ] 1. To bestow a share or portion of; to give, grant, or communicate; to allow another to partake in; as to impart food to the poor; the sun imparts warmth. “Well may he then to you his cares impart.” Dryden. 2. To obtain a share of; to partake of. [R.] Munday. 3. To communicate the knowledge of; to make known; to show by words or tokens; to tell; to disclose. “Gentle lady,
When I did first impart my love to you.” Shak. Syn. — To share; yield; confer; convey; grant; give; reveal; disclose; discover; divulge. See Communicate.

Im•part´ , v. i. 1. To give a part or share. “He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none.” Luke iii. 11. 2. To hold a conference or consultation. Blackstone.

Im•part´ance , n. Impartation.

Im•par•ta´tion , n. The act of imparting, or the thing imparted. “The necessity of this impartation.” I. Taylor.

Im•part´er , n. One who imparts.

Im•par´tial , a. [Pref. im- not + partial: cf. F. impartial.] Not partial; not favoring one more than another; treating all alike; unprejudiced; unbiased; disinterested; equitable; fair; just. Shak. “Jove is impartial, and to both the same.” Dryden. “A comprehensive and impartial view.” Macaulay.

Im•par´tial•ist, n. One who is impartial. [R.] Boyle.

Im•par•ti•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impartialite.] The quality of being impartial; freedom from bias or favoritism; disinterestedness; equitableness; fairness; as impartiality of judgment, of treatment, etc. “Impartiality strips the mind of prejudice and passion.” South.

Im•par´tial•ly , a. In an impartial manner.

Im•par´tial•ness, n. Impartiality. Sir W. Temple.

Im•part•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being impartible; communicability. Blackstone.

Im•part•i•bil´i•ty, n. [Cf. F. impartibilite.] The quality of being incapable of division into parts; indivisibility. Holland.

Im•part´i•ble , a. [From Impart.] Capable of being imparted or communicated.

Im•part´i•ble, a. [Pref. im- not + partible: cf. F. impartible.] Not partible; not subject to partition; indivisible; as an impartible estate. Blackstone.

Im•part´ment , n. The act of imparting, or that which is imparted, communicated, or disclosed. [R.] “It beckons you to go away with it,
As if it some impartment did desire
To you alone.” Shak.

Im•pass´a•ble , a. [Cf. Unpassable.] Incapable of being passed; not admitting a passage; as an impassable road, mountain, or gulf. Milton. — Im•pass´a•ble•ness, n. - - Im•pass´a•bly, adv.

Im•pas•si•bil´i•ty , a. [L. impassibilitas: cf. F. impassibilite.] The quality or condition of being impassible; insusceptibility of injury from external things.

Im•pas´si•ble , a. [L. impassibilis; pref. im- not + passibilis passable: cf. F. impassible. See Passible.] Incapable of suffering; inaccessible to harm or pain; not to be touched or moved to passion or sympathy; unfeeling, or not showing feeling; without sensation. ´Impassible to the critic.´ Sir W. Scott. “Secure of death, I should contemn thy dart
Though naked, and impassible depart.” Dryden.

Im•pas´si•ble•ness, n. Impassibility.

Im•pas´sion , v. t. [Pref. im- in + passion. Cf. Empassion, Impassionate, v.] To move or affect strongly with passion. [Archaic] Chapman.

Im•pas´sion•a•ble , a. Excitable; susceptible of strong emotion.

Im•pas´sion•ate , a. Strongly affected. Smart.

Im•pas´sion•ate , v. t. To affect powerfully; to arouse the passions of. Dr. H. More.

Im•pas´sion•ate , a. [Pref. im- not + passionate.] Without passion or feeling. Burton.

Im•pas´sioned , p. p. & a. Actuated or characterized by passion or zeal; showing warmth of feeling; ardent; animated; excited; as an impassioned orator or discourse.

Im•pas´sive , a. Not susceptible of pain or suffering; apathetic; impassible; unmoved. “Impassive as the marble in the quarry.” De Quincey. “On the impassive ice the lightings play.” Pope. — Im•pas´sive•ly, adv. — Im•pas´sive•ness, n.

Im•pas•siv´i•ty , n. The quality of being insusceptible of feeling, pain, or suffering; impassiveness.

Im•pas•ta´tion , n. [F. See Impaste.] The act of making into paste; that which is formed into a paste or mixture; specifically, a combination of different substances by means of cements.

Im•paste´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Impasting.] [Pref. im- in + paste: cf. It. impastare, OF. empaster, F. empâter. See 1st In- and Paste.] 1. To knead; to make into paste; to concrete. ´Blood … baked and impasted.´ Shak. 2. (Paint.) To lay color on canvas by uniting them skillfully together. [R.] Cf. Impasto.

Im•past´ing, (Paint.) The laying on of colors to produce impasto.

Im•pas´to , n. [It. See Impaste.] (Paint.) The thickness of the layer or body of pigment applied by the painter to his canvas with especial reference to the juxtaposition of different colors and tints in forming a harmonious whole. Fairholt.

Im•pas´ture , v. t. To place in a pasture; to foster. [R.] T. Adams.

Im•pat´i•ble , a. [L. impatibilis; pref. im- not + patibilis supportable. See Patible.] 1. Not capable of being borne; impassible. “A spirit, and so impatible of material fire.” Fuller.

Im•pa´tience n. [OE. impacience, F. impatience, fr. L. impatientia.] The quality of being impatient; want of endurance of pain, suffering, opposition, or delay; eagerness for change, or for something expected; restlessness; chafing of spirit; fretfulness; passion; as the impatience of a child or an invalid. “I then, …
Out of my grief and my impatience,
Answered neglectingly.” Shak. “With huge impatience he inly swelt
More for great sorrow that he could not pass,
Than for the burning torment which he felt.” Spenser.

Im•pa´tien•cy (im•p&amc;´shen•sy), n. Impatience. [Obs.]

Im•pa´ti•ens (-shi•enz), n. [L., impatient.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, several species of which have very beautiful flowers; — so called because the elastic capsules burst when touched, and scatter the seeds with considerable force. Called also touch-me-not, jewelweed, and snapweed. I. Balsamina (sometimes called lady’s slipper) is the common garden balsam.

Im•pa´tient , a. [OE. impacient, F. impatient, fr. L. impatiens; pref. im- not + patiens patient. See Patient.] 1. Not patient; not bearing with composure; intolerant; uneasy; fretful; restless, because of pain, delay, or opposition; eager for change, or for something expected; hasty; passionate; — often followed by at, for, of, and under. “A violent, sudden, and impatient necessity.” Jer. Taylor. “Fame, impatient of extremes, decays
Not more by envy than excess of praise.” Pope. “The impatient man will not give himself time to be informed of the matter that lies before him.” Addison. “Dryden was poor and impatient of poverty.” Macaulay. 2. Not to be borne; unendurable. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Prompted by, or exhibiting, impatience; as impatient speeches or replies. Shak. Syn. — Restless; uneasy; changeable; hot; eager; fretful; intolerant; passionate.

Im•pa´tient, n. One who is impatient. [R.]

Im•pa´tient•ly, adv. In an impatient manner.

Im•pat•ron•i•za´tion , n. Absolute seignory or possession; the act of investing with such possession. [R.] Cotgrave.

Im•pat´ron•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impatronized p. pr. & vb. n. Impatronizing ] To make lord or master; as to impatronize one’s self of a seigniory. [R.] Bacon.

Im•pave´ , v. t. To pave. [Poetic] “Impaved with rude fidelity
Of art mosaic.” Wordsworth.

Im•pav´id , a. [L. impavidus. See In- not, and Pavid.] Fearless. — Im•pav´id•ly, adv.

Im•pawn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impawned p. pr. & vb. n. Impawning.] [Pref. im- + pawn: cf. Empawn.] To put in pawn; to pledge. Shak.

Im•peach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeached p. pr. & vb. n. Impeaching.] [OE. empeechier to prevent, hinder, bar, F. empêcher, L. impedicare to entangle; pref. im- in + pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and Appeach, Dispatch, Impede.] 1. To hinder; to impede; to prevent. [Obs.] “These ungracious practices of his sons did impeach his journey to the Holy Land.” Sir J. Davies. “A defluxion on my throat impeached my utterance.” Howell. 2. To charge with a crime or misdemeanor; to accuse; especially to charge (a public officer), before a competent tribunal, with misbehavior in office; to cite before a tribunal for judgment of official misconduct; to arraign; as to impeach a judge. See Impeachment. 3. Hence, to charge with impropriety; to dishonor; to bring discredit on; to call in question; as to impeach one’s motives or conduct. “And doth impeach the freedom of the state.” Shak. 4. (Law) To challenge or discredit the credibility of, as of a witness, or the validity of, as of commercial paper. When used in law with reference to a witness, the term signifies, to discredit, to show or prove unreliable or unworthy of belief; when used in reference to the credit of witness, the term denotes, to impair, to lessen, to disparage, to destroy. The credit of a witness may be impeached by showing that he has made statements out of court contradictory to what he swears at the trial, or by showing that his reputation for veracity is bad, etc. Syn. — To accuse; arraign; censure; criminate; indict; impair; disparage; discredit. See Accuse.

Im•peach´, n. Hindrance; impeachment. [Obs.]

Im•peach´a•ble , a. That may be impeached; liable to impeachment; chargeable with a crime. “Owners of lands in fee simple are not impeachable for waste.” Z. Swift.

Im•peach´er , n. One who impeaches.

Im•peach´ment , n. [Cf. F. empêchement.] The act of impeaching, or the state of being impeached; as: (a) Hindrance; impediment; obstruction. [Obs.] “Willing to march on to Calais,
Without impeachment.” Shak. (b) A calling to account; arraignment; especially, of a public officer for maladministration. “The consequence of Coriolanus’ impeachment had like to have been fatal to their state.” Swift. (c) A calling in question as to purity of motives, rectitude of conduct, credibility, etc.; accusation; reproach; as an impeachment of motives. Shak. In England, it is the privilege or right of the House of Commons to impeach, and the right of the House of Lords to try and determine impeachments. In the United States, it is the right of the House of Representatives to impeach, and of the Senate to try and determine impeachments. Articles of impeachment. See under Article. — Impeachment of waste (Law), restraint from, or accountability for, injury; also a suit for damages for injury. Abbott.

Im•pearl´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impearled p. pr. & vb. n. Impearling.] [Pref. im- in + pearl: cf. F. emperler.] 1. To form into pearls, or into that which resembles pearls. [Poetic] “Dewdrops which the sun
Impearls on every leaf and every flower.” Milton. 2. To decorate as with pearls or with anything resembling pearls. [Poetic] “With morning dews impearled.” Mrs. Browning. “The dews of the morning impearl every thorn.” R. Digby.

Im•pec•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impeccabilite.] The quality of being impeccable; exemption from sin, error, or offense. “Infallibility and impeccability are two of his attributes.” Pope.

Im•pec´ca•ble , a. [L. impeccabilis; pref. im- not + peccare to err, to sin: cf. F. impeccable.] Not liable to sin; exempt from the possibility of doing wrong. — n. One who is impeccable; esp., one of a sect of Gnostic heretics who asserted their sinlessness. “God is infallible, impeccable, and absolutely perfect.” P. Skelton.

Im•pec´can•cy , n. Sinlessness. Bp. Hall.

Im•pec´cant , a. Sinless; impeccable. Byron.

Im•pe•cu•ni•os´i•ty , n. The state of being impecunious. Thackeray. Sir W. Scott.

Im´pe•cu´ni•ous , a. [L. im- not + pecunia money: cf. F. impecunieux.] Not having money; habitually without money; poor. “An impecunious creature.” B. Jonson.

Im•pede´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impeding.] [L. impedire, lit., to entangle the feet; pref. im- in + pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Impeach.] To hinder; to stop in progress; to obstruct; as to impede the advance of troops. “Whatever hinders or impedes
The action of the nobler will.” Logfellow.

Im•ped´i•ble , a. Capable of being impeded or hindered. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•ped´i•ment , n. [L. impedimentum: cf. F. impediment.] That which impedes or hinders progress, motion, activity, or effect. “Thus far into the bowels of the land
Have we marched on without impediment.” Shak. Impediment in speech, a defect which prevents distinct utterance. Syn. — Hindrance; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty; incumbrance. — Impediment, Obstacle, Difficulty, Hindrance. An impediment literally strikes against our feet, checking our progress, and we remove it. An obstacle rises before us in our path, and we surmount or remove it. A difficulty sets before us something hard to be done, and we encounter it and overcome it. A hindrance holds us back for a time, but we break away from it. “The eloquence of Demosthenes was to Philip of Macedon, a difficulty to be met with his best resources, an obstacle to his own ambition, and an impediment in his political career.” C. J. Smith.

Im•ped´i•ment, v. t. To impede. [R.] Bp. Reynolds.

Im•ped•i•men´tal , a. Of the nature of an impediment; hindering; obstructing; impeditive. “Things so impedimental to success.” G. H. Lewes.

Im´pe•dite , a. [L. impeditus, p. p. See Impede.] Hindered; obstructed. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im´pe•dite, v. t. To impede. [Obs.] Boyle.

Im´pe•di´tion , n. [L. impeditio.] A hindering; a hindrance. [Obs.] Baxier.

Im•ped´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. impeditif.] Causing hindrance; impeding. ´Cumbersome, and impeditive of motion.´ Bp. Hall.

Im•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impelled p. pr. & vb. n. Impelling.] [L. impellere; pref. im- in + pellere, pulsum, to drive. See Pulse a beat, and cf. Impulse.] To drive or urge forward or on; to press on; to incite to action or motion in any way. “The surge impelled me on a craggy coast.” Pope. Syn. — To instigate; incite; induce; influence; force; drive; urge; actuate; move.

Im•pel´lent , a. [L. impellens, p. pr. of impellere.] Having the quality of impelling.

Im•pel´lent, n. An impelling power or force. Glanvill.

Im•pel´ler , n. One who, or that which, impels.

Im•pen´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impenned and Impent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impenning.] To shut up or inclose, as in a pen. Feltham.

Im•pend´ , v. t. [L. impendere; pref. im- in + pendere to weigh out, pay.] To pay. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Im•pend´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Impended; p. pr. & vb. n. Impending.] [L. impendere; pref. im- in + pendere to hang. See Pendant.] To hang over; to be suspended above; to threaten from near at hand; to menace; to be imminent. See Imminent. “Destruction sure o’er all your heads impends.” Pope. { Im•pend´ence , Im•pend´en•cy } n. The state of impending; also that which impends. ´Impendence of volcanic cloud.´ Ruskin.

Im•pend´ent , a. [L. impendens, p. pr. of impendere.] Impending; threatening. “Impendent horrors, threatening hideous fall.” Milton.

Im•pend´ing, a. Hanging over; overhanging; suspended so as to menace; imminet; threatening. “An impending brow.” Hawthorne. “And nodding Ilion waits th’ impending fall.” Pope. Syn. — Imminent; threatening. See Imminent.

Im•pen•e•tra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impenetrabilite.] 1. Quality of being impenetrable. 2. (Physics) That property in virtue of which two portions of matter can not at the same time occupy the same portion of space. 3. Insusceptibility of intellectual or emotional impression; obtuseness; stupidity; coldness.

Im•pen´e•tra•ble , a. [L. impenetrabilis; pref. im- not + penetrabilis penetrable: cf. F. impenetrable.] 1. Incapable of being penetrated or pierced; not admitting the passage of other bodies; not to be entered; impervious; as an impenetrable shield. “Highest woods impenetrable
To star or sunlight.” Milton. 2. (Physics) Having the property of preventing any other substance from occupying the same space at the same time. 3. Inaccessible, as to knowledge, reason, sympathy, etc.; unimpressible; not to be moved by arguments or motives; as an impenetrable mind, or heart. “They will be credulous in all affairs of life, but impenetrable by a sermon of the gospel.” Jer. Taylor.

Im•pen´e•tra•ble•ness , n. The quality of being impenetrable; impenetrability.

Im•pen´e•tra•bly, adv. In an impenetrable manner or state; imperviously. ´Impenetrably armed.´ Milton. ´Impenetrably dull.´ Pope.

Im•pen´i•tence , n. [L. impenitentia: cf. F. impenitence.] The condition of being impenitent; failure or refusal to repent; hardness of heart. “He will advance from one degree of wickedness and impenitence to another.” Rogers.

Im•pen´i•ten•cy , n. Impenitence. Milton.

Im•pen´i•tent , a. [L. impaenitens; pref. im- not + paenitens penitens: cf. F. impenitent. See Penitent.] Not penitent; not repenting of sin; not contrite; of a hard heart. ´They … died impenitent.´ Milton. ´A careless and impenitent heart.´ Bp. Hall.

Im•pen´i•tent, n. One who is not penitent. [R.]

Im•pen´i•tent•ly, adv. Without repentance.

Im•pen´nate , a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by short wings covered with feathers resembling scales, as the penguins. — n. One of the Impennes.

Im•pen´nes , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. pref. im- not + penna feather.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including only the penguins, in which the wings are without quills, and not suited for flight.

Im•pen´nous a. [L. pref. im- not + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) Having no wings, as some insects.

Im•peo´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeopled p. pr. & vb. n. Impeopling ] [See Empeople.] To people; to give a population to. [Obs.] “Thou hast helped to impeople hell.” Beaumont.

Im´pe•rant , a. [L. imperans, p. pr. of imperare to command.] Commanding. [R.] Baxter.

Im´pe•rate , a. [L. imperatus, p. p. of imperare to command.] Done by express direction; not involuntary; communded. [Obs.] “Those imperate acts, wherein we see the empire of the soul.” Sir M. Hale.

Im•per•a•ti´val , a. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to the imperative mood.

Im•per´a•tive , a. [L. imperativus, fr. imperare to command; pref. im- in + parare to make ready, prepare: cf. F. imperatif. See Perade, and cf. Empire.] 1. Expressive of command; containing positive command; authoritatively or absolutely directive; commanding; authoritative; as imperative orders. “The suit of kings are imperative.” Bp. Hall. 2. Not to be avoided or evaded; obligatory; binding; compulsory; as an imperative duty or order. 3. (Gram.) Expressive of commund, entreaty, advice, or exhortation; as the imperative mood.

Im•per´a•tive, n. (Gram.) The imperative mood; also a verb in the imperative mood.

Im•per´a•tive•ly, adv. In an imperative manner.

Im•pe•ra´tor , n. [L. See Emperor.] (Rom. Antiq.) A commander; a leader; an emperor; — originally an appellation of honor by which Roman soldiers saluted their general after an important victory. Subsequently the title was conferred as a recognition of great military achievements by the senate, whence it carried wiht it some special privileges. After the downfall of the Republic it was assumed by Augustus and his successors, and came to have the meaning now attached to the word emperor.

Im•per•a•to´ri•al , a. [L. imperatorius.] 1. Commanding; imperative; authoritative. 2. Of or pertaining to the title or office of imperator. ´Imperatorial laurels.´ C. Merivale.

Im•per•a•to´ri•an , a. Imperial. [R.] Gauden.

Im•per´a•to•ry , a. Imperative. [R.]

Im•per•ceiv´a•ble , a. Imperceptible. [R.] South. — Im•per•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. Sharp.

Im•per•ceived´ , a. Not perceived. [Obs.]

Im•per•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being imperceptible.

Im•per•cep´ti•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + perceptible: cf. F. imperceptible.] Not perceptible; not to be apprehended or cognized by the senses; not discernible by the mind; not easily apprehended. “Almost imperceptible to the touch.” Dryden. “Its operation is slow, and in some cases almost imperceptible.” Burke. — Im•per•cep´ti•ble•ness, n. — Im•per•cep´ti•bly, adv. “Their … subtilty and imperceptibleness.” Sir M. Hale.

Im•per•cep´tion , n. Want of perception.

Im•per•cep´tive , a. Unable to perceive. “The imperceptive part of the soul.” Dr. H. More.

Im•per•cip´i•ent , a. Not perceiving, or not able to perceive. A. Baxter.

Im•per•di•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being imperdible. [Obs.] Derham.

Im•per´di•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + L. perdere to destroy.] Not destructible. [Obs.] — Im•per´di•bly, adv. [Obs.]

Im•per´fect , a. [L. imperfectus: pref. im- not + perfectus perfect: cf. F imparfait, whence OE. imparfit. See Perfect.] 1. Not perfect; not complete in all its parts; wanting a part; deective; deficient. “Something he left imperfect in the state.” Shak. “Why, then, your other senses grow imperfect.” Shak. 2. Wanting in some elementary organ that is essential to successful or normal activity. “He … stammered like a child, or an amazed, imperfect person.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Not fulfilling its design; not realizing an ideal; not conformed to a standard or rule; not satisfying the taste or conscience; esthetically or morally defective. “Nothing imperfect or deficient left
Of all that he created.” Milton. “Then say not man’s imperfect, Heaven in fault;
Say rather, man’s as perfect as he ought.” Pope. Imperfect arch, an arch of less than a semicircle; a skew arch. — Imperfect cadence (Mus.), one not ending with the tonic, but with the dominant or some other chord; one not giving complete rest; a half close. — Imperfect consonances (Mus.), chords like the third and sixth, whose ratios are less simple than those of the fifth and forth. — Imperfect flower (Bot.), a flower wanting either stamens or pistils. Gray. — Imperfect interval (Mus.), one a semitone less than perfect; as an imperfect fifth. — Imperfect number (Math.), a number either greater or less than the sum of its several divisors; in the former case, it is called also a defective number; in the latter, an abundant number. — Imperfect obligations (Law), obligations as of charity or gratitude, which cannot be enforced by law. — Imperfect power (Math.), a number which can not be produced by taking any whole number or vulgar fraction, as a factor, the number of times indicated by the power; thus, 9 is a perfect square, but an imperfect cube. — Imperfect tense (Gram.), a tense expressing past time and incomplete action.

Im•per´fect , n. (Gram.) The imperfect tense; or the form of a verb denoting the imperfect tense.

Im•per´fect, v. t. To make imperfect. [Obs.]

Im•per•fec•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being imperfectible. [R.]

Im•per•fec´ti•ble , a. Incapable of being made perfect. [R.]

Im•per•fec´tion , n. [L. imperfectio: cf. F. imperfection. See Imperfect, a.] The quality or condition of being imperfect; want of perfection; incompleteness; deficiency; fault or blemish. “Sent to my account
With all my imperfections on my head.” Shak. Syn. — Defect; deficiency; incompleteness; fault; failing; weakness; frailty; foible; blemish; vice.

Im•per´fect•ness, n. The state of being imperfect.

Im•per´fo•ra•ble , a. [See Imperforate.] Incapable of being perforated, or bored through.

Im•per´fo•ra´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Imperforate.] (Zoöl.) A division of Foraminifera, including those in which the shell is not porous. { Im•per´fo•rate , Im•per´fo•ra´ted } a. [L. pref. im- not + perforatus, p. p. of perforate to perforate. See Perforate.] Not perforated; having no opening or aperture. Sir J. Banks.

Im•per•fo•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. imperforation.] The state of being without perforation.

Im•pe´ri•al , a. [OE. emperial, OF. emperial, F. imperial, fr. L. imperialis, fr. imperium command, sovereignty, empire. See Empire.] 1. Of or pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor; as an imperial government; imperial authority or edict. “The last
That wore the imperial diadem of Rome.” Shak. 2. Belonging to, or suitable to, supreme authority, or one who wields it; royal; sovereign; supreme. ´The imperial democracy of Athens.´ Mitford. “Who, as Ulysses says, opinion crowns
With an imperial voice.” Shak. “To tame the proud, the fetter’d slave to free,
These are imperial arts, and worthy thee.” Dryden. “He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle.” E. Everett. 3. Of superior or unusual size or excellence; as imperial paper; imperial tea, etc. Imperial bushel, gallon, etc. See Bushel, Gallon, etc. — Imperial chamber, the, the sovereign court of the old German empire. — Imperial city, under the first German empire, a city having no head but the emperor. — Imperial diet, an assembly of all the states of the German empire. — Imperial drill. (Manuf.) See under 8th Drill. — Imperial eagle. (Zoöl.) See Eagle. — Imperial green. See Paris green, under Green. — Imperial guard, the royal guard instituted by Napoleon I. - - Imperial weights and measures, the standards legalized by the British Parliament.

Im•pe´ri•al, n. [F. imperiale: cf. Sp. imperial.] 1. The tuft of hair on a man’s lower lip and chin; — so called from the style of beard of Napoleon III. 2. An outside seat on a diligence. T. Hughes. 3. A luggage case on the top of a coach. Simmonds. 4. Anything of unusual size or excellence, as a large decanter, a kind of large photograph, a large sheet of drawing, printing, or writing paper, etc. 5. A gold coin of Russia worth ten rubles, or about eight dollars. McElrath. 6. A kind of fine cloth brought into England from Greece. or other Eastern countries, in the Middle Ages.

Im•pe´ri•al•ism , n. The power or character of an emperor; imperial authority; the spirit of empire. “Roman imperialism had divided the world.” C. H. Pearson.

Im•pe´ri•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. imperialiste.] One who serves an emperor; one who favors imperialism.

Im•pe•ri•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Imperialities . 1. Imperial power. 2. An imperial right or privilegs. See Royalty. “The late empress having, by ukases of grace, relinquished her imperialities on the private mines, viz., the tenths of the copper, iron, silver and gold.” W. Tooke.

Im•pe´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperialized p. pr. & vb. n. Imperializing ] To invest with imperial authority, character, or style; to bring to the form of an empire. Fuller.

Im•pe´ri•al•ly, adv. In an imperial manner.

Im•pe´ri•al•ly , n. Imperial power. [R.] Sheldon.

Im•per´il , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperiled or Imperilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Imperiling or Imperilling.] To bring into peril; to endanger.

Im•per´il•ment , n. The act of imperiling, or the state of being imperiled.

Im•pe´ri•ous , a. [L. imperiosus: cf. F. imperieux. See Imperial.] 1. Commanding; ascendant; imperial; lordly; majestic. [Obs.] ´A vast and imperious mind.´ Tilloison. “Therefore, great lords, be, as your titles witness,
Imperious.” Shak. 2. Haughly; arrogant; overbearing; as an imperious tyrant; an imperious manner. “This imperious man will work us all
From princes into pages.” Shak. “His bold, contemptuous, and imperious spirit soon made him conspicuous.” Macaulay. 3. Imperative; urgent; compelling. “Imperious need, which can not be withstood.” Dryden. Syn. — Dictatorial; haughty; domineering; overbearing; lordly; tyrannical; despotic; arrogant; imperative; authoritative; commanding; pressing. — Imperious, Lordly, Domineering. One who is imperious exercises his authority in a manner highly offensive for its spirit and tone; one who is lordly assumes a lofty air in order to display his importance; one who is domineering gives orders in a way to make others feel their inferiority.

Im•pe´ri•ous•ly, adv. In an imperious manner.

Im•pe´ri•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being imperious; arrogance; haughtiness. “Imperiousness and severity is but an ill way of treating men who have reason of their own to guide them.” Locke.

Im•per•ish•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being imperishable: indstructibility. ´The imperishability of the universe.´ Milman.

Im•per´ish•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + perishable: cf. F. imperissable.] Not perishable; not subject to decay; indestructible; enduring permanently; as an imperishable monument; imperishable renown. — Im•per´ish•a•ble•ness, n. — Im•per´ish•a•bly, adv.

Im•per´i´wigged , a. Wearing a periwig. { Im•per´ma•nence , Im•per´ma•nen•cy } n. lack of permanence.

Im•per´ma•nent , a. Not permanent.

Im•per•me•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Pref. im- not + permeability: cf. F. impermeabilite.] The quality of being impermeable.

Im•per´me•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + permeable: cf. F. impermeable, L. impermeabilis.] Not permeable; not permitting passage, as of a fluid. through its substance; impervious; impenetrable; as India rubber is impermeable to water and to air. — Im•per´me•a•ble•ness, n. — Im•per´me•a•bly, adv.

Im•per•mis´si•ble , a. Not permissible.

Im•per•scru´ta•ble , a. [L. imperscrutabilis.] Not capable of being searched out; inscrutable. [Obs.] — Im•per•scru´ta•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

Im•per•sev´er•ant , a. Not persevering; fickle; thoughtless. [Obs.]

Im•per´son•al , a. [L. impersonalis; pref. im- not + personalis personal: cf. F. impersonnel. See Personal.] Not personal; not representing a person; not having personality. “An almighty but impersonal power, called Fate.” Sir J. Stephen. Impersonal verb (Gram.), a verb used with an indeterminate subject, commonly, in English, with the impersonal pronoun it; as it rains; it snows; methinks (it seems to me). Many verbs which are not strictly impersonal are often used impersonally; as it goes well with him.

Im•per´son•al, n. That which wants personality; specifically (Gram.), an impersonal verb.

Im•per•son•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being impersonal; want or absence of personality.

Im•per´son•al•ly , adv. In an impersonal manner.

Im•per´son•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impersonated p. pr. & vb. n. Impersonating.] 1. To invest with personality; to endow with the form of a living being. 2. To ascribe the qualities of a person to; to personify. 3. To assume, or to represent, the person or character of; to personate; as he impersonated Macbeth. “Benedict impersonated his age.” Milman. { Im•per•son•a´tion , Im•per•son•i•fi•ca´tion } n. The act of impersonating; personification; investment with personality; representation in a personal form.

Im•per´son•a•tor , n. One who impersonates; an actor; a mimic.

Im•per•spi•cu´i•ty , n. Want of perspicuity or clearness; vagueness; ambiguity.

Im•per•spic´u•ous , a. Not perspicuous; not clear; obscure; vague; ambiguous.

Im•per•suad´a•ble , a. [Cf. Impersuasible.] Not to be persuaded; obstinate; unyielding; impersuasible. — Im•per•suad´a•ble•ness, n.

Im•per•sua´si•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + persuasible: cf. OF. impersuasible.] Not persuasible; not to be moved by persuasion; inflexible; impersuadable. Dr. H. More. — Im•per•sua•si•bil´i•ty (#), n.

Im•per´ti•nence , n. [Cf. F. impertinence. See Impertinent.] 1. The condition or quality of being impertinent; absence of pertinence, or of adaptedness; irrelevance; unfitness. 2. Conduct or language unbecoming the person, the society, or the circumstances; rudeness; incivility. “We should avoid the vexation and impertinence of pedants who affect to talk in a language not to be understood.” Swift. 3. That which is impertinent; a thing out of place, or of no value. “There are many subtile impertinences learned in schools.” Watts.

Im•per´ti•nen•cy , n. Impertinence. [R.] “O, matter and impertinency mixed!
Reason in madness!” Shak.

Im•per´ti•nent , a. [F., fr. L. impertinens, -entis; pref. im- not + pertinens. See Pertinent.] 1. Not pertinent; not pertaining to the matter in hand; having no bearing on the subject; not to the point; irrelevant; inapplicable. “Things that are impertinent to us.” Tillotson. “How impertinent that grief was which served no end!” Jer. Taylor. 2. Contrary to, or offending against, the rules of propriety or good breeding; guilty of, or prone to, rude, unbecoming, or uncivil words or actions; as an impertient coxcomb; an impertient remark. 3. Trifing; inattentive; frivolous. Syn. — Rude; officious; intrusive; saucy; unmannerly; meddlesome; disrespectful; impudent; insolent. — Impertinent, Officious, Rude. A person is officious who obtrudes his offices or assistance where they are not needed; he is impertinent when he intermeddles in things with which he has no concern. The former shows a want of tact, the latter a want of breeding, or, more commonly, a spirit of sheer impudence. A person is rude when he violates the proprieties of social life either from ignorance or wantonness. ´An impertinent man will ask questions for the mere gratification of curiosity; a rude man will burst into the room of another, or push against his person, inviolant of all decorum; one who is officious is quite as unfortunate as he is troublesome; when he strives to serve, he has the misfortune to annoy.´ Crabb. See Impudence, and Insolent.

Im•per´ti•nent, n. An impertinent person. [R.]

Im•per´ti•nent•ly, adv. In an impertinent manner. ´Not to betray myself impertinently.´ B. Jonson.

Im•per•tran•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being impertransible. [R.]

Im•per•tran´si•ble , a. [L. pref. im- not + pertransire to go through. See Per- and Transient.] Incapable of being passed through. [R.]

Im•per•turb•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being imperturbable.
[1913 Webster]

Im•per•turb´a•ble , a. [L. imperturbabilis; pref. im- not + perturbare to disturb: cf. F. imperturbable. See Perture.] Incapable of being disturbed or disconcerted; as imperturbable gravity.

Im•per•turb´a•bly, adv. In an imperturbable manner; calmly. C. Bronte.

Im•per•tur•ba´tion , n. [L. imperturbatio.] Freedom from agitation of mind; calmness; quietude. W. Montagu.

Im•per•turbed´ , a. Not perturbed.

Im•per•vi•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being imperviable.

Im•per´vi•a•ble , a. Not pervious; impervious. [R.] — Im•per´vi•a•ble•ness, n. [R.]

Im•per´vi•ous , a. [L. impervius; pref. im- not + per through + via way. See Voyage.] Not pervious; not admitting of entrance or passage through; as a substance impervious to water or air. “This gulf impassable, impervious.” Milton. “The minds of these zealots were absolutely impervious.” Macaulay. Syn. — Impassable; pathless; impenetrable; imperviable; impermeable. — Im•per´vi•ous•ly, adv. — Im•per´vi•ous•ness, n.

Im´per•y , n. Empery. [Archaic] Joye.

Im•pest´ , v. t. To affict with pestilence; to infect, as with plague. [Obs.]

Im•pes´ter , v. t. See Pester. [Obs.]

Im•pe•tig´i•nous , a. [L. impetiginous: cf. F. impetigineux.] Of the nature of, or pertaining to, impetigo.

Im•pe•ti´go , n. [L., fr. impetere to attack.] (Med.) A cutaneous, pustular eruption, not attended with fever; usually, a kind of eczema with pustulation.

Im´pe•tra•ble a. [L. impetrabilis: cf. F. impetrable. See Impetrate.] Capable of being obtained or moved by petition. [Obs.] Bailey.

Im´pe•trate , a. [L. impetratus, p. p. of impetrare to obtain; pref. im- in + patrare to bring to pass.] Obtained by entreaty. [Obs.] Ld. Herbert.

Im´pe•trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impetrated p. pr. & vb. n. Impetrating ] To obtain by request or entreaty. Usher.

Im•pe•tra´tion , n. [L. impetratio: cf. F. impetration.] 1. The act of impetrating, or obtaining by petition or entreaty. [Obs.] “In way of impertation procuring the removal or allevation of our crosses.” Barrow. 2. (Old Eng. Law) The obtaining of benefice from Rome by solicitation, which benefice belonged to the disposal of the king or other lay patron of the realm.

Im´pe•tra•tive , a. [L. impetrativus obtained by entreaty.] Of the nature of impetration; getting, or tending to get, by entreaty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im´pe•tra•to•ry , a. Containing or expressing entreaty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•pet•u•os´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impetuosite.] 1. The condition or quality of being impetuous; fury; violence. 2. Vehemence, or furiousnes of temper. Shak.

Im•pet´u•ous , a. [F. impetueux, L. impetuosus. See Impetus.] 1. Rushing with force and violence; moving with impetus; furious; forcible; violent; as an impetuous wind; an impetuous torrent. “Went pouring forward with impetuous speed.” Byron. 2. Vehement in feeling; hasty; passionate; violent; as a man of impetuous temper. “The people, on their holidays,
Impetuous, insolent, unquenchable.” Milton. Syn. — Forcible; rapid; hasty; precipitate; furious; boisterous; violent; raging; fierce; passionate. — Im•pet´u•ous•ly, adv. — Im•pet´u•ous•ness, n.

Im´pe•tus , n. [L., fr. impetere to rush upon, attack; pref. im- in + petere to fall upon, seek. See Petition.] 1. A property possessed by a moving body in virtue of its weight and its motion; the force with which any body is driven or impelled; momentum. Momentum is the technical term, impetus its popular equivalent, yet differing from it as applied commonly to bodies moving or moved suddenly or violently, and indicating the origin and intensity of the motion, rather than its quantity or effectiveness. 2. Fig.: Impulse; incentive; vigor; force. Buckle. 3. (Gun.) The altitude through which a heavy body must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with which a ball is discharged from a piece.

Im´pey•an pheas´ant (im´pi•an fez´ant). [From Lady Impey, who attempted to naturalize the bird in England.] (Zoöl.) An Indian crested pheasant of the genus Lophophorus. Several species are known. Called also monaul, monal. They are remarkable for the bright color and brilliant matallic hues of their plumage. The best known species (L. Impeyanus) has the neck of a brilliant metallic red, changing to golden yellow in certain lights.

Im´phee (im´fe), n. (Bot.) The African sugar cane (Holcus saccharatus), — resembling the sorghum, or Chinese sugar cane.

Im•pic´tured (im•pik´turd; 135), a. Pictured; impressed. [Obs.] Spenser.

Im•pierce´ (im•pers´), v. t. [Pref. im- in + pierce. Cf. Empierce.] To pierce; to penetrate. [Obs.] Drayton.

Im•pierce´a•ble (-a•b’l) a. Not capable of being pierced; impenetrable. [Obs.] Spenser.

Im•pi´e•ty (im•pi´e•ty), n.; pl. Impieties (- tiz). [L. impietas, fr. impius impious; cf. F. impiete. See Impious, Piety.] 1. The quality of being impious; want of piety; irreverence toward the Supreme Being; ungodliness; wickedness. 2. An impious act; an act of wickedness. “Those impieties for the which they are now visited.” Shak. Syn. — Ungodliness; irreligion; unrighteousness; sinfulness; profaneness; wickedness; godlessness.

Im•pig´no•rate (im•pig´no•rat), v. t. [LL. impignoratus, p. pl of impignorare to pawn. See Pignoration.] To pledge or pawn. [Obs.] Laing.

Im•pig•no•ra´tion (-ra´shun), n. [LL. impignoratio: cf. F. impignoration.] The act of pawning or pledging; the state of being pawned. [Obs.] Bailey.

Imp´ing (imp´ing), n. [See Imp to graft.] 1. The act or process of grafting or mending. [Archaic] 2. (Falconry) The process of repairing broken feathers or a deficient wing.

Im•pinge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impinged p. pr. & vb. n. Impinging ] [L. impingere; pref. im- in + pangere to fix, strike; prob. akin to pacisci to agree, contract. See Pact, and cf. Impact.] To fall or dash against; to touch upon; to strike; to hit; to clash with; — with on or upon. “The cause of reflection is not the impinging of light on the solid or impervious parts of bodies.” Sir I. Newton. “But, in the present order of things, not to be employed without impinging on God’s justice.” Bp. Warburton.

Im•pinge´ment , n. The act of impinging.

Im•pin´gent , a. [L. impingens, p. pr.] Striking against or upon.

Im•pin´guate , v. t. [L. impinguatus, p. p. of impinguare to fatten; pref. im- in + pinguis fat.] To fatten; to make fat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im•pin•gua´tion , n. The act of making fat, or the state of being fat or fattened. [Obs.]

Im´pi•ous , a. [L. impius; pref. im- not + pius piou. See Pious.] Not pious; wanting piety; irreligious; irreverent; ungodly; profane; wanting in reverence for the Supreme Being; as an impious deed; impious language. “When vice prevails, and impious men bear away,
The post of honor is a private station.” Addison. Syn. — Impious, Irreligious, Profane. Irreligious is negative, impious and profane are positive. An indifferent man may be irreligious; a profane man is irreverent in speech and conduct; an impious man is wickedly and boldly defiant in the strongest sense. Profane also has the milder sense of secular. C. J. Smith. — Im´pi•ous•ly, adv. — Im´pi•ous•ness, n.

Im´pire , n. See Umpire. [Obs.] Huloet.

Imp´ish (imp´ish), a. Having the qualities, or showing the characteristics, of an imp.

Imp´ish•ly, adv. In the manner of an imp.

Im•pit´e•ous , a. Pitiless; cruel. [Obs.]

Im•pla•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [L. implacabilitas: cf. F. implacabilite.] The quality or state of being implacable.

Im•pla´ca•ble , a. [L. implacabilis; pref. im- not + placabilis: cf. F. implacable. See Placable.] 1. Not placable; not to be appeased; incapable of being pacified; inexorable; as an implacable prince. “I see thou art implacable.” Milton. “An object of implacable enmity.” Macaulay. 2. Incapable of being relieved or assuaged; inextinguishable. [R.] “O! how I burn with implacable fire.” Spenser. “Which wrought them pain
Implacable, and many a dolorous groan.” Milton. Syn. — Unappeasable; inexorable; irreconcilable; unrelenting; relentless; unyielding.

Im•pla´ca•ble•ness , n. The quality of being implacable; implacability.

Im•pla´ca•bly, adv. In an implacable manner.

Im•pla•cen´tal , a. (Zoöl.) Without a placenta, as marsupials and monotremes. — n. A mammal having no placenta.

Im•pla•cen•ta´li•a , n. pl. [NL. See In- not, and Placental.] (Zoöl.) A primary division of the Mammalia, including the monotremes and marsupials, in which no placenta is formed.

Im•plant´ v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Implanting.] [Pref. im- in + plant: cf. F. implanter.] To plant, or infix, for the purpose of growth; to fix deeply; to instill; to inculate; to introduce; as to implant the seeds of virtue, or the principles of knowledge, in the minds of youth. “Minds well implanted with solid … breeding.” Milton.

Im•plan•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. implantation.] The act or process of implanting.

Im•plate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implated; p. pr. & vb. n. Implating.] To cover with plates; to sheathe; as to implate a ship with iron.

Im•plau•si•bil´i•ty , n. Want of plausibility; the quality of being implausible.

Im•plau´si•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + plausible: cf. F. implausible.] Not plausible; not wearing the appearance of truth or credibility, and not likely to be believed. ´Implausible harangues.´ Swift. — Im•plau´si•ble•ness, n. — Im•plau´si•bly, adv.

Im•pleach´ , v. t. To pleach; to interweave. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•plead´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impleaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impleading.] [Cf. Emplead.] (Law) To institute and prosecute a suit against, in court; to sue or prosecute at law; hence, to accuse; to impeach.

Im•plead´, v. i. To sue at law.

Im•plead´a•ble , a. Not admitting excuse, evasion, or plea; rigorous. [R.] T. Adams.

Im•plead´er , n. (Law) One who prosecutes or sues another.

Im•pleas´ing , a. Unpleasing; displeasing. [Obs.] Overbury.

Im•pledge´ , v. t. To pledge. Sir W. Scott.

Im´ple•ment (im´ple•ment), n. [LL. implementum accomplishment, fr. L. implere, impletum, to fill up, finish, complete; pref. im- in + plere to fill. The word was perh. confused with OF. empleier, emploier, to employ, F. employer, whence E. employ. See Plenty.] That which fulfills or supplies a want or use; esp., an instrument, tool, or utensil, as supplying a requisite to an end; as the implements of trade, of husbandry, or of war. “Genius must have talent as its complement and implement.” Coleridge.

Im´ple•ment, v. t. 1. To accomplish; to fulfill. [R.] “Revenge … executed and implemented by the hand of Vanbeest Brown.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To provide with an implement or implements; to cause to be fulfilled, satisfied, or carried out, by means of an implement or implements. “The chief mechanical requisites of the barometer are implemented in such an instrument as the following.” Nichol. 3. (Scots Law) To fulfill or perform, as a contract or an engagement.

Im•ple•men´tal , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, implements or their use; mechanical.

Im•ple´tion , n. [L. impletio. See Implement.] 1. The act of filling, or the state of being full. Sir T. Browne. 2. That which fills up; filling. Coleridge.

Im´plex , a. [L. implexus, p. p. of implectere to infold; pref. im- in + plectere to plait: cf. F implexe.] Intricate; entangled; complicated; complex. “The fable of every poem is … simple or implex. it is called simple when there is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the fortune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from good to bad.” Addison.

Im•plex´ion , n. [L. implexio.] Act of involving, or state of being involved; involution.

Im•pli´a•ble , a. Not pliable; inflexible; unyielding.

Im´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implicated p. pr. & vb. n. Implicating.] [L. implicatus, p. p. of implicare to involve; pref. im- in + plicare to fold. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Imply, Implicit.] 1. To infold; to fold together; to interweave. “The meeting boughs and implicated leaves.” Shelley. 2. To bring into connection with; to involve; to connect; — applied to persons, in an unfavorable sense; as the evidence implicates many in this conspiracy; to be implicated in a crime, a discreditable transaction, a fault, etc.

Im•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. implicatio: cf. F. implication.] 1. The act of implicating, or the state of being implicated. “Three principal causes of firmness are. the grossness, the quiet contact, and the implication of component parts.” Boyle. 2. An implying, or that which is implied, but not expressed; an inference, or something which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words. “Whatever things, therefore, it was asserted that the king might do, it was a necessary implication that there were other things which he could not do.” Hallam.

Im´pli•ca•tive , a. Tending to implicate.

Im´pli•ca•tive•ly, adv. By implication. Sir G. Buck.

Im•plic´it , a. [L. implicitus, p. p. of implicare to entwine, entangle, attach closely: cf. F. implicite. See Implicate.] 1. Infolded; entangled; complicated; involved. [Obs.] Milton. “In his woolly fleece
I cling implicit.” Pope. 2. Tacitly comprised; fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words; implied; as an implicit contract or agreement. South. 3. Resting on another; trusting in the word or authority of another, without doubt or reserve; unquestioning; complete; as implicit confidence; implicit obedience. “Back again to implicit faith I fall.” Donne. Implicit function. (Math.) See under Function.

Im•plic´it•ly , adv. 1. In an implicit manner; without reserve; with unreserved confidence. “Not to dispute the methods of his providence, but humbly and implicitly to acquiesce in and adore them.” Atterbury. 2. By implication; impliedly; as to deny the providence of God is implicitly to deny his existence. Bentley.

Im•plic´it•ness, n. State or quality of being implicit.

Im•plic´i•ty , n. Implicitness. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Im•plied´ , a. Virtually involved or included; involved in substance; inferential; tacitly conceded; — the correlative of express, or expressed. See Imply.

Im•pli´ed•ly , adv. By implication or inference. Bp. Montagu.

Im•plod´ed , a. (Phon.) Formed by implosion. Ellis.

Im•plod´ent , n. (Phon.) An implosive sound. Ellis.

Im•plo•ra´tion , n. [L. imploratio: cf. OF. imploration. See Implore.] The act of imploring; earnest supplication. Bp. Hall.

Im´plo•ra•tor , n. One who implores. [Obs.] “Mere implorators of unholy suits.” Shak.

Im•plor´a•to•ry , a. Supplicatory; entreating. [R.] Carlyle.

Im•plore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implored p. pr. & vb. n. Imploring.] [L. implorare; pref. im- in + plorare to cry aloud. See Deplore.] To call upon, or for, in supplication; to beseech; to pray to, or for, earnestly; to petition with urgency; to entreat; to beg; — followed directly by the word expressing the thing sought, or the person from whom it is sought. “Imploring all the gods that reign above.” Pope. “I kneel, and then implore her blessing.” Shak. Syn. — To beseech; supplicate; crave; entreat; beg; solicit; petition; prey; request; adjure. See Beseech.

Im•plore´, v. i. To entreat; to beg; to prey.

Im•plore´, n. Imploration. [Obs.] Spencer.

Im•plor´er , n. One who implores.

Im•plor´ing, a. That implores; beseeching; entreating. — Im•plor´ing•ly, adv.

Im•plo´sion , n. [Formed by substitution of pref. im- in for pref. ex- in explosion.] 1. A bursting inwards, as of a vessel from which the air has been exhausted; — contrasted with explosion. 2. (Phon.) A sudden compression of the air in the mouth, simultaneously with and affecting the sound made by the closure of the organs in uttering p, t, or k, at the end of a syllable (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§159, 189); also a similar compression made by an upward thrust of the larynx without any accompanying explosive action, as in the peculiar sound of b, d, and g, heard in Southern Germany. H. Sweet.

Im•plo´sive , a. (Phon.) Formed by implosion. — n. An implosive sound, an implodent. — Im•plo´sive•ly, adv. H. Sweet.

Im•plumed´ , a. Not plumed; without plumes or feathers; featherless. [R.] Drayton.

Im•plunge´ , v. t. To plunge. Fuller.

Im•plu´vi•um , n. [L., fr. impluere to rain into; pref. im- in + pluere to rain.] (Arch.) In Roman dwellings, a cistern or tank, set in the atrium or peristyle to recieve the water from the roof, by means of the compluvium; generally made ornamental with flowers and works of art around its birm.

Im•ply´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implied p. pr. & vb. n. Implying.] [From the same source as employ. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Implicate, Apply.] 1. To infold or involve; to wrap up. [Obs.] ´His head in curls implied.´ Chapman. 2. To involve in substance or essence, or by fair inference, or by construction of law, when not include virtually; as war implies fighting. “Where a malicious act is proved, a malicious intention is implied.” Bp. Sherlock. “When a man employs a laborer to work for him, … the act of hiring implies an obligation and a promise that he shall pay him a reasonable reward for his services.” Blackstone. 3. To refer, ascribe, or attribute. [Obs.] “Whence might this distaste arise?” “If [from] neither your perverse and peevish will.
To which I most imply it.” J. Webster. Syn. — To involve; include; comprise; import; mean; denote; signify; betoken. See Involve.

Im•poi´son , v. t. [Cf. Empoison.] To poison; to imbitter; to impair.

Im•poi´son•er , n. A poisoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Im•poi´son•ment , n. [Cf. Empoisonment.] The act of poisoning or impoisoning. [Obs.] Pope. { Im•po´lar•i•ly , Im•po´lar•ly } adv. Not according to or in, the direction of the poles. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•pol´i•cy , n. The quality of being impolitic; inexpedience; unsuitableness to the end proposed; bads policy; as the impolicy of fraud. Bp. Horsley.

Im•po•lite´ , a. [L. impolitus unpolishied, pref. im- not + politus, p. p. of polire to polish, refine. See Polite.] Not polite; not of polished manners; wanting in good manners; discourteous; uncivil; rude. — Im•po•lite´ly, adv. — Im•po•lite´ness, n.

Im•pol´i•tic , a. [Pref. im- not + politic; cf. F. impolitique.] Not politic; contrary to, or wanting in, policy; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; inexpedient; as an impolitic ruler, law, or measure. “The most unjust and impolitic of all things, unequal taxation.” Burke. Syn. — Indiscreet; inexpedient; undiplomatic.

Im•po•lit´i•cal , a. Impolitic. [Obs.] — Im•po•lit´i•cal•ly, adv. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im•pol´i•tic•ly , adv. In an impolitic manner.

Im•pol´i•tic•ness, n. The quality of being impolitic.

Im•pon•der•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. imponderabilite.] The quality or state of being imponderable; imponderableness.

Im•pon´der•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + ponderable: cf. F. imponderable.] Not ponderable; without sensible or appreciable weight; incapable of being weighed.

Im•pon´der•a•ble, n. (Physics) An imponderable substance or body; specifically, in the plural, a name formerly applied to heat, light, electricity, and magnetism, regarded as subtile fluids destitute of weight but in modern science little used.

Im•pon´der•a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being imponderable.

Im•pon´der•ous , a. Imponderable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. — Im•pon´der•ous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Im•pone´ , v. t. [L. imponere, impositum, to place upon; pref. im- in + ponere to place. See Position.] To stake; to wager; to pledge. [Obs.] “Against the which he has imponed, as I take it, six French rapiers and poniards.” Shak.

Im•poo´fo , n. (Zoöl.) The eland. [Written also impoofoo.]

Im•poon´ , n. (Zoöl.) The duykerbok.

Im•poor´ , v. t. To impoverish. [Obs.]

Im•po•ros´i•ty , n. [Perf. im- not + porosity: cf. F. imporosite.] The state or quality of being imporous; want of porosity; compactness. ´The … imporosity betwixt the tangible parts.´ Bacon.

Im•por´ous , a. Destitute of pores; very close or compact in texture; solid. Sir T. Browne.

Im•port´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imported; p. pr. & vb. n. Importing.] [L. importare to bring in, to occasion, to cause; pref. im- in + portare to bear. Sense 3 comes through F. importer, from the Latin. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bring in from abroad; to introduce from without; especially, to bring (wares or merchandise) into a place or country from a foreign country, in the transactions of commerce; — opposed to export. We import teas from China, coffee from Brasil, etc. 2. To carry or include, as meaning or intention; to imply; to signify. “Every petition … doth … always import a multitude of speakers together.” Hooker. 3. To be of importance or consequence to; to have a bearing on; to concern. “I have a motion much imports your good.” Shak. “If I endure it, what imports it you?” Dryden. Syn. — To denote; mean; signify; imply; indicate; betoken; interest; concern.

Im•port´, v. i. To signify; to purport; to be of moment. ´For that … importeth to the work.´ Bacon.

Im´port , n. 1. Merchandise imported, or brought into a country from without its boundaries; — generally in the plural, opposed to exports. “I take the imports from, and not the exports to, these conquests, as the measure of these advantages which we derived from them.” Burke. 2. That which a word, phrase, or document contains as its signification or intention or interpretation of a word, action, event, and the like. 3. Importance; weight; consequence. “Most serious design, and the great import.” Shak.

Im•port´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. importable. See Import.] Capable of being imported.

Im•port´a•ble, a. [L. importabilis; pref. im- not + portabilis bearable: cf. OF. importable. See Portable.] Not to be endured; insupportable; intolerable. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Im•port´a•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

Im•por´tance , n. [F. importance. See Important.] 1. The quality or state of being important; consequence; weight; moment; significance. “Thy own importance know,
Nor bound thy narrow views to things below.” Pope. 2. Subject; matter. [Obs.] “Upon importance of so slight and trivial a nature.” Shak. 3. Import; meaning; significance. [Obs.] “The wisest beholder could not say if the importance were joy or sorrow.” Shak. 4. Importunity; solicitation. [Obs.] “At our importance hither is he come.” Shak.

Im•por´tan•cy , n. Importance; significance; consequence; that which is important. [Obs.] Shak. ´Careful to conceal importancies.´ Fuller.

Im•por´tant , a. [F. important. See Import, v. t.] 1. Full of, or burdened by, import; charged with great interests; restless; anxious. [Obs.] “Thou hast strength as much
As serves to execute a mind very important.” Chapman. 2. Carrying or possessing weight or consequence; of valuable content or bearing; significant; weighty. “Things small as nothing …
He makes important.” Shak. 3. Bearing on; forcible; driving. [Obs.] “He fiercely at him flew,
And with important outrage him assailed.” Spenser. 4. Importunate; pressing; urgent. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Weighty; momentous; significant; essential; necessary; considerable; influential; serious.

Im•por´tant•ly, adv. In an important manner.

Im•por•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. importation. See Import, v. t.] 1. The act of carrying, conveying, or delivering. [R.] 2. The act or practice of importing, or bringing into a country or state; — opposed to exportation. 3. That which is imported; commodities or wares introduced into a country from abroad.

Im•port´er , n. One who imports; the merchant who brings goods into a country or state; — opposed to exporter.

Im•port´ing, a. Full of meaning. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•port´less, a. Void of meaning. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•por´tu•na•ble , a. Heavy; insupportable. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Im•por´tu•na•cy , n. [From Importunate.] The quality of being importunate; importunateness.

Im•por´tu•nate , a. [See Importune.] 1. Troublesomely urgent; unreasonably solicitous; overpressing in request or demand; urgent; teasing; as an impotunate petitioner, curiosity. Whewell. 2. Hard to be borne; unendurable. [R.] Donne. — Im•por´tu•nate•ly, adv. — Im•por´tu•nate•ness, n.

Im•por´tu•na•tor , n. One who importunes; an importuner. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Im•por•tune´ , a. [F. importun, L. importunus; pref. im- not + a derivative from the root of portus harbor, importunus therefore orig. meaning, hard of access. See Port harbor, and cf. Importunate.] 1. Inopportune; unseasonable. [Obs.] 2. Troublesome; vexatious; persistent; urgent; hence, vexatious on account of untimely urgency or pertinacious solicitation. [Obs.] “And their importune fates all satisfied.” Spenser. “Of all other affections it [envy] is the most importune and continual.” Bacon.

Im•por•tune´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Importuned p. pr. & vb. n. Importuning.] [From Importune, a.: cf. F. importuner.] 1. To request or solicit, with urgency; to press with frequent, unreasonable, or troublesome application or pertinacity; hence, to tease; to irritate; to worry. “Their ministers and residents here have perpetually importuned the court with unreasonable demands.” Swift. 2. To import; to signify. [Obs.] ´It importunes death.´ Spenser.

Im•por•tune´, v. i. To require; to demand. [Obs.] “We shall write to you,
As time and our concernings shall importune.” Shak.

Im•por•tune´ly, adv. In an importune manner. [Obs.]

Im•por•tun´er , n. One who importunes.

Im•por•tu´ni•ty , n.; pl. Importunities (#). [L. importunitas unsuitableness, rudeness: cf. F. importunite.] The quality of being importunate; pressing or pertinacious solicitation; urgent request; incessant or frequent application; troublesome pertinacity. “O’ercome with importunity and tears.” Milton.

Im•por´tu•ous , a. [L. importuosus; pref. im- not + portuosus abounding in harbors, fr. portus harbor.] Without a port or harbor. [R.]

Im•pos´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. imposable.] Capable of being imposed or laid on. Hammond.

Im•pos´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being imposable.

Im•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposed p. pr. & vb. n. Imposing.] [F. imposer; pref. im- in + poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To lay on; to set or place; to put; to deposit. “Cakes of salt and barley [she] did impose
Within a wicker basket.” Chapman. 2. To lay as a charge, burden, tax, duty, obligation, command, penalty, etc.; to enjoin; to levy; to inflict; as to impose a toll or tribute. “What fates impose, that men must needs abide.” Shak. “Death is the penalty imposed.” Milton. “Thou on the deep imposest nobler laws.” Waller. 3. (Eccl.) To lay on, as the hands, in the religious rites of confirmation and ordination. 4. (Print.) To arrange in proper order on a table of stone or metal and lock up in a chase for printing; — said of columns or pages of type, forms, etc.

Im•pose´, v. i. To practice tricks or deception. To impose on or upon, to pass or put a trick on; to delude. ´He imposes on himself, and mistakes words for things.´ Locke.

Im•pose´, n. A command; injunction. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•pose´ment , n. Imposition. [Obs.]

Im•pos´er , n. One who imposes. “The imposers of these oaths might repent.” Walton.

Im•pos´ing, a. 1. Laying as a duty; enjoining. 2. Adapted to impress forcibly; impressive; commanding; as an imposing air; an imposing spectacle. ´Large and imposing edifices.´ Bp. Hobart. 3. Deceiving; deluding; misleading.

Im•pos´ing, n. (Print.) The act of imposing the columns of a page, or the pages of a sheet. See Impose, v. t., 4. Imposing stone (Print.), the stone on which the pages or columns of types are imposed or made into forms; - - called also imposing table.

Im•pos´ing•ly, adv. In an imposing manner.

Im•pos´ing•ness, n. The quality of being imposing.

Im•po•si´tion , n. [F., fr. L. impositio the application of a name to a thing. See Impone.] 1. The act of imposing, laying on, affixing, enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, and the like. ´From imposition of strict laws.´ Milton. “Made more solemn by the imposition of hands.” Hammond. 2. That which is imposed, levied, or enjoined; charge; burden; injunction; tax. 3. (Eng. Univ.) An extra exercise enjoined on students as a punishment. T. Warton. 4. An excessive, arbitrary, or unlawful exaction; hence, a trick or deception put on laid on others; cheating; fraud; delusion; imposture. “Reputation is an idle and most false imposition.” Shak. 5. (Eccl.) The act of laying on the hands as a religious ceremoy, in ordination, confirmation, etc. 6. (Print.) The act or process of imosing pages or columns of type. See Impose, v. t., 4. Syn. — Deceit; fraud; imposture. See Deception.

Im•pos•si•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Impossibilities (#). [L. impossibilitas: cf. F. impossibilite.] 1. The quality of being impossible; impracticability. “They confound difficulty with impossibility.” South. 2. An impossible thing; that which can not be thought, done, or endured. “Impossibilities! O, no, there’s none.” Cowley. 3. Inability; helplessness. [R.] Latimer. Logical impossibility, a condition or statement involving contradiction or absurdity; as that a thing can be and not be at the same time. See Principle of Contradiction, under Contradiction.

Im•pos´si•ble , a. [F., fr. L. impossibilis; pref. im- not + possibilis possible. See Possible.] Not possible; incapable of being done, of existing, etc.; unattainable in the nature of things, or by means at command; insuperably difficult under the circumstances; absurd or impracticable; not feasible. “With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.” Matt. xix. 26. “Without faith it is impossible to please him.” Heb. xi. 6. Impossible quantity (Math.), an imaginary quantity. See Imaginary. Syn. — See Impracticable.

Im•pos´si•ble, n. An impossibility. [Obs.] “´Madam,´ quoth he, ´this were an impossible!´” Chaucer.

Im•pos´si•bly, adv. Not possibly. Sir. T. North.

Im´post , n. [OF. impost, F. impot, LL. impostus, fr. L. impostus, p. p. of imponere to impose. See Impone.] 1. That which is imposed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty; especially, a duty or tax laid by goverment on goods imported into a country. “Even the ship money … Johnson could not pronounce to have been an unconstitutional impost.” Macaulay. 2. (Arch.) The top member of a pillar, pier, wall, etc., upon which the weight of an arch rests. The impost is called continuous, if the moldings of the arch or architrave run down the jamb or pier without a break. Syn. — Tribute; excise; custom; duty; tax.

Im•post´hu•mate , v. t. [See Imposthume.] To apostemate; to form an imposthume or abscess. Arbuthnot.

Im•post´hu•mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposthumated p. pr. & vb. n. Imposthumating ] To affect with an imposthume or abscess.

Im•post´hu•mate , a. Imposthumated.

Im•post•hu•ma´tion , n. 1. The act of forming an abscess; state of being inflamed; suppuration. 2. An abscess; an imposthume. Coxe.

Im•post´hume , n. [A corruption of aposteme. See Aposteme.] A collection of pus or purulent matter in any part of an animal body; an abscess.

Im•post´hume, v. t. & i. Same as Imposthumate.

Im•pos´tor , n. [L. impostor a deceiver, fr. imponere to impose upon, deceive. See Impone.] One who imposes upon others; a person who assumes a character or title not his own, for the purpose of deception; a pretender. ´The fraudulent impostor foul.´ Milton. Syn. — Deceiver; cheat; rogue. See Deceiver.

Im•pos´tor•ship, n. The condition, character, or practice of an impostor. Milton. { Im•pos´tress , Im•pos´trix } n. [LL. impostrix. See Impostor.] A woman who imposes upon or deceives others. [R.] Fuller.

Im•pos´trous , n. Characterized by imposture; deceitful. ´Impostrous pretense of knowledge.´ Grote.

Im•pos´tur•age , n. Imposture; cheating. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•pos´ture , n. [L. impostura: cf. F. imposture. See Impone.] The act or conduct of an impostor; deception practiced under a false or assumed character; fraud or imposition; cheating. “From new legends
And fill the world with follies and impostures.” Johnson. Syn. — Cheat; fraud; trick; imposition; delusion.

Im•pos´tured , a. Done by imposture. [Obs.]

Im•pos´tur•ous , a. Impostrous; deceitful. “Strictness fales and impostrous.” Beau. & Fl.

Im•pos´tur•y , n. Imposture. [Obs.] Fuller. { Im´po•tence , Im´po•ten•cy } n. [L. impotenia inability, poverty, want of moderation. See Impotent.] 1. The quality or condition of being impotent; want of strength or power, animal, intellectual, or moral; weakness; feebleness; inability; imbecility. “Some were poor by impotency of nature; as young fatherless children, old decrepit persons, idiots, and cripples.” Hayward. “O, impotence of mind in body strong!” Milton. 2. Want of self-restraint or self- control. [R.] Milton. 3. (Law & Med.) Want of procreative power; inability to copulate, or beget children; also sometimes, sterility; barrenness.

Im´po•tent , a. [F. impotent, L. impotens, -entis; pref. im- not + potens potent, powerful. See Potent.] 1. Not potent; wanting power, strength. or vigor. whether physical, intellectual, or moral; deficient in capacity; destitute of force; weak; feeble; infirm. “There sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent inhis feet.” Acts xiv. 8. “O most lame and impotent conclusion!” Shak. “Not slow to hear,
Nor impotent to save.” Addison. 2. Wanting the power of self-restraint; incontrolled; ungovernable; violent. “Impotent of tongue, her silence broke.” Dryden. 3. (Med.) Wanting the power of procreation; unable to copulate; also sometimes, sterile; barren.

Im´po•tent, n. One who is impotent. [R.] Shak.

Im´po•tent•ly, adv. In an impotent manner.

Im•pound´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impounding.] To shut up or place in an inclosure called a pound; hence, to hold in the custody of a court; as to impound stray cattle; to impound a document for safe keeping. “But taken and impounded as a stray,
The king of Scots.” Shak.

Im•pound´age (im•pound´aj), n. 1. The act of impounding, or the state of being impounded. 2. The fee or fine for impounding.

Im•pound´er , n. One who impounds.

Im•pov´er•ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impoverished p. pr. & vb. n. Impoverishing.] [OF. empovrir; pref. em- (L. in) + povre poor, F. pauvre; cf. OF. apovrir, F. appauvrir, where the prefix is a- , L. ad. Cf. Empoverish, and see Poor, and -ish.] 1. To make poor; to reduce to poverty or indigence; as misfortune and disease impoverish families. 2. To exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of; to make sterile; as to impoverish land.

Im•pov´er•ish•er , n. One who, or that which, impoverishes.

Im•pov´er•ish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. empoverissement, and F. appauvrissement.] The act of impoverishing, or the state of being impoverished; reduction to poverty. Sir W. Scott.

Im•pow´er , v. t. See Empower.

Imp´-pole , n. (Building) A pole for supporting a scaffold.

Im•prac•ti•ca•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Impracticabilities . 1. The state or quality of being impracticable; infeasibility. Goldsmith. 2. An impracticable thing. 3. Intractableness; stubbornness.

Im•prac´ti•ca•ble , a. 1. Not practicable; incapable of being performed, or accomplished by the means employed, or at command; impossible; as an impracticable undertaking. 2. Not to be overcome, persuaded, or controlled by any reasonable method; unmanageable; intractable; not capable of being easily dealt with; — used in a general sense, as applied to a person or thing that is difficult to control or get along with. “This though, impracticable heart
Is governed by a dainty-fingered girl.” Rowe. “Patriotic but loyal men went away disgusted afresh with the impracticable arrogance of a sovereign.” Palfrey. 3. Incapable of being used or availed of; as an impracticable road; an impracticable method. Syn. — Impossible; infeasible. — Impracticable, Impossible. A thing is impracticable when it can not be accomplished by any human means at present possessed; a thing is impossible when the laws of nature forbid it. The navigation of a river may now be impracticable, but not impossible, because the existing obstructions may yet be removed. ´The barons exercised the most despotic authority over their vassals, and every scheme of public utility was rendered impracticable by their continued petty wars with each other.´ Mickle. ´With men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible.´ Matt. xix. 26.

Im•prac´ti•ca•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being impracticable; impracticability.

Im•prac´ti•ca•bly, adv. In an impracticable manner. “Morality not impracticably rigid.” Johnson.

Im•prac´ti•cal , a. Not practical.

Im´pre•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprecated p. pr. & vb. n. Imprecating ] [L. imprecatus, p. p. of imprecari to imprecate; pref. im- in, on + precari to pray. See Pray.] 1. To call down by prayer, as something hurtful or calamitous. “Imprecate the vengeance of Heaven on the guilty empire.” Mickle. 2. To invoke evil upon; to curse; to swear at. “In vain we blast the ministers of Fate,
And the forlorn physicians imprecate.” Rochester.

Im•pre•ca´tion , n. [L. imprecatio: cf. F. imprecation.] The act of imprecating, or invoking evil upon any one; a prayer that a curse or calamity may fall on any one; a curse. “Men cowered like slaves before such horrid imprecations.” Motley. Syn. — Malediction; curse; execration; anathema. See Malediction.

Im´pre•ca•to•ry , a. Of the nature of, or containing, imprecation; invoking evil; as the imprecatory psalms.

Im•pre•ci´sion , n. Want of precision. [R.]

Im•pregn´ , v. t. [Cf. F. impregner. See Impregnate.] To impregnate; to make fruitful. [Obs.] “His pernicious words, impregned
With reason.” Milton. “Semele doth Bacchus bear
Impregned of Jove.” Dr. H. More.

Im•preg•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being impregnable; invincibility.

Im•preg´na•ble , a. [F. imprenable; pref. im- not + prenable pregnable, fr. prendre to take, L. prehendere. See Comprehend, Get to obtain.] Not to be stormed, or taken by assault; incapable of being subdued; able to resist attack; unconquerable; as an impregnable fortress; impregnable virtue. “The man’s affection remains wholly unconcerned and impregnable.” South. — Im•preg´na•ble•ness, n. — Im•preg´na•bly, adv.

Im•preg´na•ble , a. [See Impregnate.] (Biol.) Capable of being impregnated, as the egg of an animal, or the ovule of a plant.

Im•preg´nant , n. [See Impregnate.] That which impregnates. [R.] Glanvill.

Im•preg´nant, a. [Pref. im- not + pregnant.] Not pregnant; unfertilized or infertile. [R.]

Im•preg´nate (im•preg´nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impregnated (-na•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Impregnating (-na•ting).] [LL. impraegnatus, p. p. of impraegnare to impregnate, fr. L. pref. im- in + praegnans pregnant. See Pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant; to cause to conceive; to render prolific; to get with child or young. 2. (Biol.) To come into contact with (an ovum or egg) so as to cause impregnation; to fertilize; to fecundate. 3. To infuse an active principle into; to render fruitful or fertile in any way; to fertilize; to imbue. 4. To infuse particles of another substance into; to communicate the quality of another to; to cause to be filled, imbued, mixed, or furnished (with something); as to impregnate India rubber with sulphur; clothing impregnated with contagion; rock impregnated with ore.

Im•preg´nate (im•preg´nat), v. i. To become pregnant. Addison.

Im•preg´nate (-nat), a. [LL. impraegnatus, p. p.] Impregnated; made prolific. “The scorching ray
Here pierceth not, impregnate with disease.” Byron.

Im•preg•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. impregnation, LL. impraegnatio.] 1. The act of impregnating or the state of being impregnated; fecundation. 2. (Biol.) The fusion of a female germ cell (ovum) with a male germ cell (in animals, a spermatozoön) to form a single new cell endowed with the power of developing into a new individual; fertilization; fecundation. In the broadest biological sense, impregnation, or sexual generation, consists simply in the coalescence of two similar masses of protoplasmic matter, either derived from different parts of the same organism or from two distinct organisms. From the single mass, which results from the fusion, or coalescence, of these two masses, a new organism develops. 3. That with which anything is impregnated. Derham. 4. Intimate mixture; infusion; saturation. 5. (Mining) An ore deposit, with indefinite boundaries, consisting of rock impregnated with ore. Raymond.

Im•pre•ju´di•cate , a. Not prejudged; unprejudiced; impartial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•pre´na•ble , a. Impregnable. [Obs.]

Im•prep•a•ra´tion , n. Want of preparation. [Obs.] Hooker.

Im•pre´sa (em•pra´sa), n. [It. See Emprise, and cf. Impress, n., 4.] (Her.) A device on a shield or seal, or used as a bookplate or the like. [Written also imprese and impress.] “My impresa to your lordship; a swain
Flying to a laurel for shelter.” J. Webster.

Im•pre•sa´ri•o , n.; pl. Impresarios (#). [It., from impresa enterprise.] The projector, manager, or conductor, of an opera or concert company.

Im•pre•scrip•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. imprescriptibilite.] The quality of being imprescriptible.

Im•pre•scrip´ti•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + prescriptible: cf. F. imprescriptible.] 1. Not capable of being lost or impaired by neglect, by disuse, or by the claims of another founded on prescription. “The right of navigation, fishing, and others that may be exercised on the sea, belonging to the right of mere ability, are imprescriptible.” Vattel (Trans. ) 2. Not derived from, or dependent on, external authority; self-evidencing; obvious. “The imprescriptible laws of the pure reason.” Colerridge.

Im•pre•scrip´ti•bly, adv. In an imprescriptible manner; obviously.

Im•prese´ , n. A device. See Impresa. “An imprese, as the Italians call it, is a device in picture with his motto or word, borne by noble or learned personages.” Camden.

Im•press´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impressed p. pr. & vb. n. Impressing.] [L. impressus, p. p. of imprimere to impress; pref. im- in, on + premere to press. See Press to squeeze, and cf. Imprint.] 1. To press, stamp, or print something in or upon; to mark by pressure, or as by pressure; to imprint (that which bears the impression). “His heart, like an agate, with your print impressed.” Shak. 2. To produce by pressure, as a mark, stamp, image, etc.; to imprint (a mark or figure upon something). 3. Fig.: To fix deeply in the mind; to present forcibly to the attention, etc.; to imprint; to inculcate. “Impress the motives of persuasion upon our own hearts till we feel the force of them.” I. Watts. 4. [See Imprest, Impress, n., 5.] To take by force for public service; as to impress sailors or money. “The second five thousand pounds impressed for the service of the sick and wounded prisoners.” Evelyn.

Im•press´, v. i. To be impressed; to rest. [Obs.] “Such fiendly thoughts in his heart impress.” Chaucer.

Im´press , n.; pl. Impresses . 1. The act of impressing or making. 2. A mark made by pressure; an indentation; imprint; the image or figure of anything, formed by pressure or as if by pressure; result produced by pressure or influence. “The impresses of the insides of these shells.” Woodward. “This weak impress of love is as a figure
Trenched in ice.” Shak. 3. Characteristic; mark of distinction; stamp. South. 4. A device. See Impresa. Cussans. “To describe … emblazoned shields,
Impresses quaint.” Milton. 5. [See Imprest, Press to force into service.] The act of impressing, or taking by force for the public service; compulsion to serve; also that which is impressed. “Why such impress of shipwrights?” Shak. Impress gang, a party of men, with an officer, employed to impress seamen for ships of war; a press gang. — Impress money, a sum of money paid, immediately upon their entering service, to men who have been impressed.

Im•press•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being impressible; susceptibility.

Im•press´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. impressible.] Capable of being impressed; susceptible; sensitive. — Im•press´i•ble•ness, n. — Im•press´i•bly, adv.

Im•pres´sion , n. [F. impression, L. impressio.] 1. The act of impressing, or the state of being impressed; the communication of a stamp, mold, style, or character, by external force or by influence. 2. That which is impressed; stamp; mark; indentation; sensible result of an influence exerted from without. “The stamp and clear impression of good sense.” Cowper. “To shelter us from impressions of weather, we must spin, we must weave, we must build.” Barrow. 3. That which impresses, or exercises an effect, action, or agency; appearance; phenomenon. [Obs.] “Portentous blaze of comets and impressions in the air.” Milton. “A fiery impression falling from out of Heaven.” Holland. 4. Influence or effect on the senses or the intellect hence, interest, concern. Reid. “His words impression left.” Milton. “Such terrible impression made the dream.” Shak. “I have a father’s dear impression,
And wish, before I fall into my grave,
That I might see her married.” Ford. 5. An indistinct notion, remembrance, or belief. 6. Impressiveness; emphasis of delivery. “Which must be read with an impression.” Milton. 7. (Print.) The pressure of the type on the paper, or the result of such pressure, as regards its appearance; as a heavy impression; a clear, or a poor, impression; also a single copy as the result of printing, or the whole edition printed at a given time. “Ten impressions which his books have had.” Dryden. 8. In painting, the first coat of color, as the priming in house painting and the like. [R.] 9. (Engraving) A print on paper from a wood block, metal plate, or the like. Proof impression, one of the early impressions taken from an engraving, before the plate or block is worn.

Im•pres•sion•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being impressionable.

Im•pres´sion•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. impressionnable.] Liable or subject to impression; capable of being molded; susceptible; impressible. “He was too impressionable; he had too much of the temperament of genius.” Motley. “A pretty face and an impressionable disposition.” T. Hook.

Im•pres´sion•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being impressionable.

Im•pres´sion•ism , n. [F. impressionnisme.] (Fine Arts) The theory or method of suggesting an effect or impression without elaboration of the details; — a disignation of a recent fashion in painting and etching.

Im•pres´sion•ist, n. [F. impressionniste.] (Fine Arts) One who adheres to the theory or method of impressionism, so called.

Im•pres•sion•is´tic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, impressionism.

Im•pres´sion•less, a. Having the quality of not being impressed or affected; not susceptible.

Im•press´ive , a. [Cf. F. impressif.] 1. Making, or tending to make, an impression; having power to impress; adapted to excite attention and feeling, to touch the sensibilities, or affect the conscience; as an impressive discourse; an impressive scene. 2. Capable of being impressed. [Obs.] Drayton. - Im•press´ive•ly, adv. — Im•press´ive•ness, n.

Im•press´ment , n. The act of seizing for public use, or of impressing into public service; compulsion to serve; as the impressment of provisions or of sailors. “The great scandal of our naval service — impressment — died a protracted death.” J. H. Burton.

Im•press´or , n. [LL., a printer.] One who, or that which, impresses. Boyle.

Im•pres´sure , n. [Cf. OF. impressure, LL. impressura.] Dent; impression. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•prest´ , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Imprested; p. pr. & vb. n. Impresting.] [Pref. im- + prest: cf. It. imprestare. See Prest, n.] To advance on loan. Burke.

Im´prest , n. [Cf. It. impresto, imprestito, LL. impraestitum. See Imprest, v. t., and Impress compulsion to serve.] A kind of earnest money; loan; — specifically, money advanced for some public service, as in enlistment. Burke. “The clearing of their imprests for what little of their debts they have received.” Pepys. { Im•prev´a•lence , Im•prev´a•len•cy } n. Want of prevalence. [Obs.]

Im•pre•vent•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being impreventable. [R.]

Im•pre•vent´a•ble , a. Not preventable; inevitable.

Im•pri•ma´tur , n. [L., let it be printed.] (Law) A license to print or publish a book, paper, etc.; also in countries subjected to the censorship of the press, approval of that which is published.

Im•prim´er•y , n. [F. imprimerie, fr. imprimer to imprint.] [Obs.] (a) A print; impression. (b) A printing establishment. (c) The art of printing.

Im•prim´ing , n. A beginning. [Obs.] ´Their springings and imprimings.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Im•pri´mis , adv. [L., for in primis among the first, chiefly; in in + primus first.] In the first place; first in order.

Im•print´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imptrinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imprinting.] [OE. emprenten, F. empreint, p. p. of empreindre to imprint, fr. L. imprimere to impres, imprint. See 1st In-, Print, and cf. Impress.] 1. To impress; to mark by pressure; to indent; to stamp. “And sees his num’rous herds imprint her sands.” Prior. 2. To stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by means of type, plates, stamps, or the like; to print the mark (figures, letters, etc., upon something). “Nature imprints upon whate’er we see,
That has a heart and life in it, ´Be free.´” Cowper. 3. To fix indelibly or permanently, as in the mind or memory; to impress. “Ideas of those two different things distinctly imprinted on his mind.” Locke.

Im´print , n. [Cf. F. empreinte impress, stamp. See Imprint, v. t.] Whatever is impressed or imprinted; the impress or mark left by something; specifically, the name of the printer or publisher (usually) with the time and place of issue, in the title- page of a book, or on any printed sheet. ´That imprint of their hands.´ Buckle.

Im•pris´on , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Imprisoning.] [OE. enprisonen, OF. enprisoner, F. emprisonner; pref. en- (L. in) + F. & OF. prison. See Prison.] 1. To put in prison or jail; To arrest and detain in custody; to confine. “He imprisoned was in chains remediless.” Spenser. 2. To limit, restrain, or confine in any way. “Try to imprison the resistless wind.” Dryden. Syn. — To incarcerate; confine; immure.

Im•pris´on•er , n. One who imprisons.

Im•pris´on ment , n. [OE. enprisonment; F. emprisonnement.] The act of imprisoning, or the state of being imprisoned; confinement; restraint. “His sinews waxen weak and raw
Through long imprisonment and hard constraint.” Spenser. “Every confinement of the person is an imprisonment, whether it be in a common prison, or in a private house, or even by foreibly detaining one in the public streets.” Blackstone. False imprisonment. (Law) See under False. Syn. — Incarceration; custody; confinement; durance; restraint.

Im•prob•a•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Improbabilities (#). [Cf. F. improbabilite.] The quality or state of being improbable; unlikelihood; also that which is improbable; an improbable event or result.

Im•prob´a•ble , a. [L. improbabilis; pref. im- not + probabilis probable: cf. F. improbable. See Probable.] Not probable; unlikely to be true; not to be expected under the circumstances or in the usual course of events; as an improbable story or event. “He … sent to Elutherius, then bishop of Rome, an improbable letter, as some of the contents discover.” Milton. — Im•prob´a•ble•ness, n. — Im•prob´a•bly, adv.

Im´pro•bate , v. t. [L. improbatus, p. p. of improbare to disapprove; pref. im- not + probare to approve.] To disapprove of; to disallow. [Obs.]

Im•pro•ba´tion , n. [L. improbatio.] 1. The act of disapproving; disapprobation. 2. (Scots Law) The act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged. Bell. { Im´pro•ba•tive , Im´pro•ba•to•ry }, a. Implying, or tending to, improbation.

Im•prob´i•ty , n. [L. improbitas; pref. im- not + probitas probity: cf. F. improbite.] Lack of probity; want of integrity or rectitude; dishonesty. “Persons … cast out for notorious improbity.” Hooker. { Im•pro•fi´cience , Im•pro•fi´cien•cy } n. Want of proficiency. [R.] Bacon.

Im•prof´it•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + profitable: cf. F. improfitable.] Unprofitable. [Obs.]

Im•pro•gress´ive , a. Not progressive. De Quincey. — Im´pro•gress´ive•ly, adv.

Im•pro•lif´ic , a. [Pref. im- not + prolific: cf. F. improlifique.] Not prolific. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Im•pro•lif´ic•ate , v. t. [Pref. im- in + prolificate.] To impregnate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•prompt´ , a. Not ready. [R.] Sterne.

Im•promp´tu , adv. or a. [F. impromptu, fr. L. in promptu in readiness, at hand; in in + promptus visibility, readiness, from promptus visible, ready. See Prompt.] Offhand; without previous study; extemporaneous; extempore; as an impromptu verse.

Im•promp´tu, n. 1. Something made or done offhand, at the moment, or without previous study; an extemporaneous composition, address, or remark. 2. (Mus.) A piece composed or played at first thought; a composition in the style of an extempore piece.

Im•prop´er , a. [F. impropre, L. improprius; pref. im- not + proprius proper. See Proper.] 1. Not proper; not suitable; not fitted to the circumstances, design, or end; unfit; not becoming; incongruous; inappropriate; indecent; as an improper medicine; improper thought, behavior, language, dress. “Follow’d his enemy king, and did him service,
Improper for a slave.” Shak. “And to their proper operation still,
Ascribe all Good; to their improper, Ill.” Pope. 2. Not peculiar or appropriate to individuals; general; common. [Obs.] “Not to be adorned with any art but such improper ones as nature is said to bestow, as singing and poetry.” J. Fletcher. 3. Not according to facts; inaccurate; erroneous. Improper diphthong. See under Diphthong. — Improper feud, an original feud, not earned by military service. Mozley & W. — Improper fraction. See under Fraction.

Im•prop´er, v. t. To appropriate; to limit. [Obs.] “He would in like manner improper and inclose the sunbeams to comfort the rich and not the poor.” Jewel.

Im•prop•er•a´tion , n. [L. improperare, improperatum, to taunt.] The act of upbraiding or taunting; a reproach; a taunt. [Obs.] “Improperatios and terms of scurrility.” Sir T. Browne

Im•pro•pe´ri•a , n. pl. [L., reproaches.] (Mus.) A series of antiphons and responses, expressing the sorrowful remonstrance of our Lord with his people; — sung on the morning of the Good Friday in place of the usual daily Mass of the Roman ritual. Grove.

Im•prop´er•ly , adv. In an improper manner; not properly; unsuitably; unbecomingly.

Im•prop´er•ty , n. Impropriety. [Obs.]

Im•pro•pi´tious , a. Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] ´Dreams were impropitious.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Im•pro•por´tion•a•ble , a. Not proportionable. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Im•pro•por´tion•ate , a. Not proportionate. [Obs.]

Im•pro´pri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impropriated p. pr. & vb. n. Impropriating ] [Pref. im- in + L. propriatus, p. p. of propriare to appropriate. See Appropriate.] 1. To appropriate to one’s self; to assume. [Obs.] “To impropriate the thanks to himself.” Bacon. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To place the profits of (ecclesiastical property) in the hands of a layman for care and disbursement.

Im•pro´pri•ate, v. i. To become an impropriator. [R.]

Im•pro´pri•ate , a. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Put into the hands of a layman; impropriated.

Im•pro•pri•a´tion , n. 1. The act of impropriating; as the impropriation of property or tithes; also that which is impropriated. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) (a) The act of putting an ecclesiastical benefice in the hands of a layman, or lay corporation. (b) A benefice in the hands of a layman, or of a lay corporation.

Im•pro´pri•a•tor , n. One who impropriates; specifically, a layman in possession of church property.

Im•pro•pri•a´trix , n.; pl. E. -trixes, L. -trices . A female impropriator.

Im•pro•pri´e•ty , n.; pl. Improprieties (#). [L. improprietas; cf. F. impropriete. See Improper.] 1. The quality of being improper; unfitness or unsuitableness to character, time place, or circumstances; as impropriety of behavior or manners. 2. That which is improper; an unsuitable or improper act, or an inaccurate use of language. “But every language has likewise its improprieties and absurdities.” Johnson. “Many gross improprieties, however authorized by practice, ought to be discarded.” Swift.

Im•pros•per´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. improsperite.] Want of prosperity. [Obs.]

Im•pros´per•ous , a. [Pref. im- not + prosperous: cf. F. improspère, L. improsper.] Not prosperous. [Obs.] Dryden. - - Im•pros´per•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.] — Im•pros´per•ous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Im•prov•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being improvable; improvableness.

Im•prov´a•ble , a. [From Improve.] 1. Capable of being improved; susceptible of improvement; admitting of being made better; capable of cultivation, or of being advanced in good qualities. “Man is accommodated with moral principles, improvable by the exercise of his faculties.” Sir M. Hale. “I have a fine spread of improvable lands.” Addison. 2. Capable of being used to advantage; profitable; serviceable; advantageous. “The essays of weaker heads afford improvable hints to better.” Sir T. Browne. — Im•pro´a•ble•ness, n. — Im•prov´a•bly, adv.

Im•prove´ , v. t. [Pref. im- not + prove: cf. L. improbare, F. improuver.] 1. To disprove or make void; to refute. [Obs.] “Neither can any of them make so strong a reason which another can not improve.” Tyndale. 2. To disapprove; to find fault with; to reprove; to censure; as to improve negligence. [Obs.] Chapman. “When he rehearsed his preachings and his doing unto the high apostles, they could improve nothing.” Tyndale.

Im•prove´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improved p. pr. & vb. n. Improving.] [Pref. in- in + prove, in approve. See Approve, Prove.] 1. To make better; to increase the value or good qualities of; to ameliorate by care or cultivation; as to improve land. Donne. “I love not to improve the honor of the living by impairing that of the dead.” Denham. 2. To use or employ to good purpose; to make productive; to turn to profitable account; to utilize; as to improve one’s time; to improve his means. Shak. “We shall especially honor God by improving diligently the talents which God hath committed to us.” Barrow. “A hint that I do not remember to have seen opened and improved.” Addison. “The court seldom fails to improve the opportunity.” Blackstone. “How doth the little busy bee
Improve each shining hour.” I. Watts. “Those moments were diligently improved.” Gibbon. “True policy, as well as good faith, in my opinion, binds us to improve the occasion.” Washington. 3. To advance or increase by use; to augment or add to; — said with reference to what is bad. [R.] “We all have, I fear, … not a little improved the wretched inheritance of our ancestors.” Bp. Porteus. Syn. — To better; meliorate; ameliorate; advance; heighten; mend; correct; rectify; amend; reform.

Im•prove´, v. i. 1. To grow better; to advance or make progress in what is desirable; to make or show improvement; as to improve in health. “We take care to improve in our frugality and diligence.” Atterbury. 2. To advance or progress in bad qualities; to grow worse. ´Domitian improved in cruelty.´ Milner. 3. To increase; to be enhanced; to rise in value; as the price of cotton improves. To improve on or upon, to make useful additions or amendments to, or changes in; to bring nearer to perfection; as to improve on the mode of tillage.

Im•prove´ment , n. 1. The act of improving; advancement or growth; promotion in desirable qualities; progress toward what is better; melioration; as the improvement of the mind, of land, roads, etc. “I look upon your city as the best place of improvement.” South. “Exercise is the chief source of improvement in all our faculties.” Blair. 2. The act of making profitable use or applicaton of anything, or the state of being profitably employed; a turning to good account; practical application, as of a doctrine, principle, or theory, stated in a discourse. ´A good improvement of his reason.´ S. Clarke. “I shall make some improvement of this doctrine.” Tillotson. 3. The state of being improved; betterment; advance; also that which is improved; as the new edition is an improvement on the old. “The parts of Sinon, Camilla, and some few others, are improvements on the Greek poet.” Addison. 4. Increase; growth; progress; advance. “There is a design of publishing the history of architecture, with its several improvements and decays.” Addison. “Those vices which more particularly receive improvement by prosperity.” South. 5. pl. Valuable additions or betterments, as buildings, clearings, drains, fences, etc., on premises. 6. (Patent Laws) A useful addition to, or modification of, a machine, manufacture, or composition. Kent.

Im•prov´er , n. One who, or that which, improves.

Im•pro•vid´ed , a. Unforeseen; unexpected; not provided against; unprepared. [Obs.] “All improvided for dread of death.” E. Hall.

Im•prov´i•dence , n. [L. improvidentia; OF. improvidence. Cf. Imprudence.] The quality of being improvident; want of foresight or thrift. “The improvidence of my neighbor must not make me inhuman.” L’Estrange.

Im•prov´i•dent , a. [Pref. im- not + provident: cf. L. improvidus. See Provident, and cf. Imprudent.] Not provident; wanting foresight or forethought; not foreseeing or providing for the future; negligent; thoughtless; as an improvident man. “Improvident soldiers! had your watch been good,
This sudden mischief never could have fallen.” Shak. Syn. — Inconsiderable; negligent; careless; shiftless; prodigal; wasteful.

Im•prov•i•den´tial•ly , adv. Improvidently. [R.]

Im•prov´i•dent•ly , adv. In a improvident manner. ´Improvidently rash.´ Drayton.

Im•prov´ing , a. Tending to improve, beneficial; growing better. — Im•prov´ing•ly, adv. Improving lease (Scots Law), an extended lease to induce the tenant to make improvements on the premises.

Im•prov´i•sate , a. [See Improvise.] Unpremeditated; impromptu; extempore. [R.]

Im•prov´i•sate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Improvisated p. pr. & vb. n. Improvisating ] To improvise; to extemporize.

Im•prov•i•sa´tion , n. [Cf. F. improvisation.] 1. The act or art of composing and rendering music, poetry, and the like, extemporaneously; as improvisation on the organ. 2. That which is improvised; an impromptu.

Im•pro•vis´a•tize , v. t. & i. Same as Improvisate.

Im•prov´i•sa•tor , n. An improviser, or improvvisatore.

Im•pro•vi•sa•to´re , n. See Improvvisatore. { Im•prov•i•sa•to´ri•al , Im•prov´i•sa•to•ry } a. Of or pertaining to improvisation or extemporaneous composition.

Im•pro•vi•sa•tri´ce , n. See Improvvisatrice.

Im•pro•vise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improvised p. pr. & vb. n. Improvising.] [F. improviser, it. improvvisare, fr. improvviso unprovided, sudden, extempore, L. improvisus; pref. im- not + provisus foreseen, provided. See Proviso.] 1. To compose, recite, or sing extemporaneously, especially in verse; to extemporize; also to play upon an instrument, or to act, extemporaneously. 2. To bring about, arrange, or make, on a sudden, or without previous preparation. “Charles attempted to improvise a peace.” Motley. 3. To invent, or provide, offhand, or on the spur of the moment; as he improvised a hammer out of a stone.

Im•pro•vise´, v. i. To produce or render extemporaneous compositions, especially in verse or in music, without previous preparation; hence, to do anything offhand.

Im•pro•vis´er , n. One who improvises.

Im•pro•vi´sion , n. [Pref. im- not + provision.] Improvidence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•pro•vi´so , a. [L. improvisus unforeseen; cf. It. improvviso.] Not prepared or mediated beforehand; extemporaneous. [Obs.] Jonhson.

Im•prov•vi•sa•to´re , n.; pl. Improvvisatori (#). [It. See Improvise.] One who composes and sings or recites rhymes and short poems extemporaneously. [Written also improvisatore.]

Im•prov•vi•sa•tri´ce , n.; pl. Improvvisatrici (#). [It. See Improvise.] A female improvvisatore. [Written also improvisatrice.]

Im•pru´dence , n. [L. imprudentia: cf. F. imprudence. Cf. Improvidence.] The quality or state of being imprudent; want to caution, circumspection, or a due regard to consequences; indiscretion; inconsideration; rashness; also an imprudent act; as he was guilty of an imprudence. “His serenity was interrupted, perhaps, by his own imprudence.” Mickle.

Im•pru´dent , a. [L. imprudens; pref. im- not + prudens prudent: cf. F. imprudent. See Prudent, and cf. Improvident.] Not prudent; wanting in prudence or discretion; indiscreet; injudicious; not attentive to consequence; improper. — Im•pru´dent•ly, adv. “Her majesty took a great dislike at the imprudent behavior of many of the ministers and readers.” Strype. Syn. — Indiscreet; injudicious; incautious; ill-advised; unwise; heedless; careless; rash; negligent.

Im•pu´ber•al (im•pu´ber•al), a. Not having arrived at puberty; immature. “In impuberal animals the cerebellum is, in proportion to the brain proper, greatly less than in adults.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Im•pu´ber•ty (-ty), n. The condition of not having reached puberty, or the age of ability to reproduce one’s species; want of age at which the marriage contract can be legally entered into.

Im´pu•dence (im´pu•dens), n. [L. impudentia: cf. F. impudence. See Impudent.] The quality of being impudent; assurance, accompanied with a disregard of the presence or opinions of others; shamelessness; forwardness; want of modesty. “Clear truths that their own evidence forces us to admit, or common experience makes it impudence to deny.” Locke. “Where pride and impudence (in fashion knit)
Usurp the chair of wit.” B. Jonson. Syn. — Shamelessness; audacity; insolence; effrontery; sauciness; impertinence; pertness; rudeness. — Impudence, Effrontery, Sauciness. Impudence refers more especially to the feelings as manifested in action. Effrontery applies to some gross and public exhibition of shamelessness. Sauciness refers to a sudden pert outbreak of impudence, especially from an inferior. Impudence is an unblushing kind of impertinence, and may be manifested in words, tones, gestures, looks, etc. Effrontery rises still higher, and shows a total or shameless disregard of duty or decorum under the circumstances of the case. Sauciness discovers itself toward particular individuals, in certain relations; as in the case of servants who are saucy to their masters, or children who are saucy to their teachers. See Impertinent, and Insolent.

Im´pu•den•cy , n. Impudence. [Obs.] Burton. “Audacious without impudency.” Shak.

Im´pu•dent , a. [L. impudens, -entis; pref. im- not + pudens ashamed, modest, p. pr. of pudere to feel shame: cf. F. impudent.] Bold, with contempt or disregard; unblushingly forward; impertinent; wanting modesty; shameless; saucy. “More than impudent sauciness.” Shak. “When we behold an angel, not to fear
Is to be impudent.” Dryden. Syn. — Shameless; audacious; brazen; bold-faced; pert; immodest; rude; saucy; impertinent; insolent.

Im´pu•dent•ly, adv. In an impudent manner; with unbecoming assurance; shamelessly. “At once assail
With open mouths, and impudently rail.” Sandys.

Im•pu•dic´i•ty , n. [L. impudicus immodest; im- not + pudicus shamefaced, modest: cf. F. impudicite, L. impudicitia.] Immodesty. Sheldon.

Im•pugn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impugned p. pr. & vb. n. Impugning.] [OE. impugnen, F. impugner, fr. L. impugnare; in on, against + pugnare to flight. See Pugnacious.] To attack by words or arguments; to contradict; to assail; to call in question; to make insinuations against; to gainsay; to oppose. “The truth hereof I will not rashly impugn, or overboldly affirm.” Peacham.

Im•pugn´a•ble , a. Capable of being impugned; that may be gainsaid.

Im•pug•na´tion , n. [L. impugnatio: cf. OF. impugnation.] Act of impugning; opposition; attack. [Obs.] “A perpetual impugnation and self- conflict.” Bp. Hall.

Im•pugn´er , n. One who impugns.

Im•pugn´ment , n. The act of impugning, or the state of being impugned. Ed. Rev.

Im•pu´is•sance , n. [Cf. F. impuissance.] Lack of power; inability. Bacon. “Their own impuissance and weakness.” Holland.

Im•pu´is•sant , a. [F., fr. pref. im- not + puissant. See Puissant.] Weak; impotent; feeble.

Im´pulse , n. [L. impulsus, fr. impellere. See Impel.] 1. The act of impelling, or driving onward with sudden force; impulsion; especially, force so communicated as to produced motion suddenly, or immediately. “All spontaneous animal motion is performed by mechanical impulse.” S. Clarke. 2. The effect of an impelling force; motion produced by a sudden or momentary force. 3. (Mech.) The action of a force during a very small interval of time; the effect of such action; as the impulse of a sudden blow upon a hard elastic body. 4. A mental force which simply and directly urges to action; hasty inclination; sudden motive; momentary or transient influence of appetite or passion; propension; incitement; as a man of good impulses; passion often gives a violent impulse to the will. “These were my natural impulses for the undertaking.” Dryden. Syn. — Force; incentive; influence; motive; feeling; incitement; instigation.

Im•pulse´ , v. t. [See Impel.] To impel; to incite. [Obs.] Pope.

Im•pul´sion , n. [L. impulsio: cf. F. impulsion. See Impel.] 1. The act of impelling or driving onward, or the state of being impelled; the sudden or momentary agency of a body in motion on another body; also the impelling force, or impulse. ´The impulsion of the air.´ Bacon. 2. Influence acting unexpectedly or temporarily on the mind; sudden motive or influence; impulse. ´The impulsion of conscience.´ Clarendon. ´Divine impulsion prompting.´ Milton.

Im•pul´sive , a. [Cf. F. impulsif.] 1. Having the power of driving or impelling; giving an impulse; moving; impellent. “Poor men! poor papers! We and they
Do some impulsive force obey.” Prior. 2. Actuated by impulse or by transient feelings. “My heart, impulsive and wayward.” Longfellow. 3. (Mech.) Acting momentarily, or by impulse; not continuous; — said of forces.

Im•pul´sive , n. That which impels or gives an impulse; an impelling agent. Sir W. Wotton.

Im•pul´sive•ly, adv. In an impulsive manner.

Im•pul´sive•ness, n. The quality of being impulsive.

Im•pul´sor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, impels; an inciter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•punc´tate , a. Not punctate or dotted.

Im•punc´tu•al , a. [Pref. im- not + punctual: cf. F. imponctuel.] Not punctual. [R.]

Im•punc•tu•al´i•ty , n. Neglect of, or failure in, punctuality. [R.] A. Hamilton.

Im•pune´ , a. [L. impunis.] Unpunished. [R.]

Im•pu´ni•bly , adv. Without punishment; with impunity. [Obs.] J. Ellis.

Im•pu´ni•ty , n. [L. impunitas, fr. impunis without punishment; pref. im- not + poena punishment: cf. F. impunite. See Pain.] Exemption or freedom from punishment, harm, or loss. “Heaven, though slow to wrath,
Is never with impunity defied.” Cowper. “The impunity and also the recompense.” Holland.

Im•pu•ra´tion , n. Defilement; obscuration. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im•pure´ , a. [L. impurus; pref. im- not + purus pure: cf. F. impur. See Pure.] 1. Not pure; not clean; dirty; foul; filthy; containing something which is unclean or unwholesome; mixed or impregnated extraneous substances; adulterated; as impure water or air; impure drugs, food, etc. 2. Defiled by sin or guilt; unholy; unhallowed; — said of persons or things. 3. Unchaste; lewd; unclean; obscene; as impure language or ideas. ´Impure desires.´ Cowper. 4. (Script.) Not purified according to the ceremonial law of Moses; unclean. 5. (Language) Not accurate; not idiomatic; as impure Latin; an impure style.

Im•pure´, v. t. To defile; to pollute. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im•pure´ly, adv. In an impure manner.

Im•pure´ness, n. The quality or condition of being impure; impurity. Milton.

Im•pu´ri•ty , n.; pl. Impurities (#). [L. impuritas: cf. F. impurete.] 1. The condition or quality of being impure in any sense; defilement; foulness; adulteration. “Profaneness, impurity, or scandal, is not wit.” Buckminster. 2. That which is, or which renders anything, impure; foul matter, action, language, etc.; a foreign ingredient. “Foul impurities reigned among the monkish clergy.” Atterbury. 3. (Script.) Want of ceremonial purity; defilement.

Im•pur´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impurpled p. pr. & vb. n. Impurpling ] [Pref. im- in + purple. Cf. Empurple.] To color or tinge with purple; to make red or reddish; to purple; as a field impurpled with blood. “Impurpled with celestial roses, smiled.” Milton. “The silken fleece impurpled for the loom.” Pope.

Im•put•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being imputable; imputableness.

Im•put´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. imputable.] 1. That may be imputed; capable of being imputed; chargeable; ascribable; attributable; referable. “A prince whose political vices, at least, were imputable to mental incapacity.” Prescott. 2. Accusable; culpable. [R.] “The fault lies at his door, and she is no wise imputable.” Ayliffe.

Im•put´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being imputable.

Im•put´a•bly, adv. By imputation.

Im•pu•ta´tion , [L. imputatio an account, a charge: cf. F. imputation.] 1. The act of imputing or charging; attribution; ascription; also anything imputed or charged. “Shylock. Antonio is a good man.
Bassanio. Have you heard any imputation to the contrary?” Shak. “If I had a suit to Master Shallow, I would humor his men with the imputation of being near their master.” Shak. 2. Charge or attribution of evil; censure; reproach; insinuation. “Let us be careful to guard ourselves against these groundless imputation of our enemies.” Addison. 3. (Theol.) A setting of something to the account of; the attribution of personal guilt or personal righteousness of another; as the imputation of the sin of Adam, or the righteousness of Christ. 4. Opinion; intimation; hint.

Im•put´a•tive , a. [L. imputativus: cf. F. imputatif.] Transferred by imputation; that may be imputed. — Im•put´a•tive•ly, adv. “Actual righteousness as well as imputative.” Bp. Warburton.

Im•pute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Imputing.] [F. imputer, L. imputare to bring into the reckoning, charge, impute; pref. im- in + putare to reckon, think. See Putative.] 1. To charge; to ascribe; to attribute; to set to the account of; to charge to one as the author, responsible originator, or possessor; — generally in a bad sense. “Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault,
If memory o’er their tomb no trophies raise.” Gray. “One vice of a darker shade was imputed to him - - envy.” Macaulay. 2. (Theol.) To adjudge as one’s own (the sin or righteousness) of another; as the righteousness of Christ is imputed to us. “It was imputed to him for righteousness.” Rom. iv. 22. “They merit
Imputed shall absolve them who renounce
Their own, both righteous and unrighteous deeds.” Milton. 3. To take account of; to consider; to regard. [R.] “If we impute this last humiliation as the cause of his death.” Gibbon. Syn. — To ascribe; attribute; charge; reckon; consider; imply; insinuate; refer. See Ascribe.

Im•put´er , n. One who imputes.

Im•pu•tres´ci•ble , a. [Pref. im- + putrescible: cf. F. imputrescible.] Not putrescible.

Im´righ , n. [Scot.; Gael. eun- bhrigh chicken soup.] A peculiar strong soup or broth, made in Scotland. [Written also imrich.]

In- [See In, prep. Cf. Em-, En-.] A prefix from Eng. prep. in, also from Lat. prep. in, meaning in, into, on, among; as inbred, inborn, inroad; incline, inject, intrude. In words from the Latin, in- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial; as illusion, irruption, imblue, immigrate, impart. In- is sometimes used with an simple intensive force.

In- [L. in-; akin to E. un-. See Un-.] An inseparable prefix, or particle, meaning not, non-, un- as inactive, incapable, inapt. In- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial.

-in. A suffix. See the Note under - ine.

In, prep. [AS. in; akin to D. & G. in, Icel. i, Sw. & Dan. i, OIr. & L. in, Gr. ’en. rad.197. Cf. 1st In-, Inn.] The specific signification of in is situation or place with respect to surrounding, environment, encompassment, etc. It is used with verbs signifying being, resting, or moving within limits, or within circumstances or conditions of any kind conceived of as limiting, confining, or investing, either wholly or in part. In its different applications, it approaches some of the meanings of, and sometimes is interchangeable with, within, into, on, at, of, and among. It is used: — 1. With reference to space or place; as he lives in Boston; he traveled in Italy; castles in the air. “The babe lying in a manger.” Luke ii. 16. “Thy sun sets weeping in the lowly west.” Shak. “Situated in the forty-first degree of latitude.” Gibbon. “Matter for censure in every page.” Macaulay. 2. With reference to circumstances or conditions; as he is in difficulties; she stood in a blaze of light. ´Fettered in amorous chains.´ Shak. “Wrapt in sweet sounds, as in bright veils.” Shelley. 3. With reference to a whole which includes or comprises the part spoken of; as the first in his family; the first regiment in the army. “Nine in ten of those who enter the ministry.” Swift. 4. With reference to physical surrounding, personal states, etc., abstractly denoted; as I am in doubt; the room is in darkness; to live in fear. “When shall we three meet again,
In thunder, lightning, or in rain?” Shak. 5. With reference to character, reach, scope, or influence considered as establishing a limitation; as to be in one’s favor. ´In sight of God’s high throne.´ Milton. “Sounds inharmonious in themselves, and harsh.” Cowper. 6. With reference to movement or tendency toward a certain limit or environment; — sometimes equivalent to into; as to put seed in the ground; to fall in love; to end in death; to put our trust in God. “He would not plunge his brother in despair.” Addison. “She had no jewels to deposit in their caskets.” Fielding. 7. With reference to a limit of time; as in an hour; it happened in the last century; in all my life. In as much as, or Inasmuch as, in the degree that; in like manner as; in consideration that; because that; since. See Synonym of Because, and cf. For as much as, under For, prep. — In that, because; for the reason that. ´Some things they do in that they are men … ; some things in that they are men misled and blinded with error.´ Hooker. — In the name of, in behalf of; on the part of; by authority; as it was done in the name of the people; — often used in invocation, swearing, praying, and the like. — To be in for it. (a) To be in favor of a thing; to be committed to a course. (b) To be unable to escape from a danger, penalty, etc. [Colloq.] — To be (or keep in with. (a) To be close or near; as to keep a ship in with the land. (b) To be on terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with; to secure and retain the favor of. [Colloq.] Syn. — Into; within; on; at. See At.

In, adv. 1. Not out; within; inside. In, the preposition, becomes an adverb by omission of its object, leaving it as the representative of an adverbial phrase, the context indicating what the omitted object is; as he takes in the situation (i. e., he comprehends it in his mind); the Republicans were in (i. e., in office); in at one ear and out at the other (i. e., in or into the head); his side was in (i. e., in the turn at the bat); he came in (i. e., into the house). “Their vacation … falls in so pat with ours.” Lamb. The sails of a vessel are said, in nautical language, to be in when they are furled, or when stowed. In certain cases in has an adjectival sense; as the in train (i. e., the incoming train); compare up grade, down grade, undertow, afterthought, etc. 2. (Law) With privilege or possession; — used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin; as in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband. Burrill. In and in breeding. See under Breeding. — In and out (Naut.), through and through; — said of a through bolt in a ship’s side. Knight. — To be in, to be at home; as Mrs. A. is in. — To come in. See under Come.

In, n. [Usually in the plural.] 1. One who is in office; — the opposite of out. 2. A reëntrant angle; a nook or corner. Ins and outs, nooks and corners; twists and turns. “All the ins and outs of this neighborhood.” D. Jerrold.

In , v. t. To inclose; to take in; to harvest. [Obs.] “He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop.” Shak.

In•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + ability: cf. F. inhabilete. See Able, and cf. Unable.] The quality or state of being unable; lack of ability; want of sufficient power, strength, resources, or capacity. “It is not from an inability to discover what they ought to do, that men err in practice.” Blair. Syn. — Impotence; incapacity; incompetence; weakness; powerlessness; incapability. See Disability.

In•a´ble , v. t. See Enable.

In•a´ble•ment , n. See Enablement. [Obs.]

In•ab´sti•nence , n. [Pref. in- not + abstinence: cf. F. inabstinence.] Want of abstinence; indulgence. [Obs.] ´The inabstinence of Eve.´ Milton.

In•ab•stract´ed , a. Not abstracted.

In•a•bu´sive•ly , adv. Without abuse.

In•ac•cess•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inaccessibilite.] The quality or state of being inaccessible; inaccessibleness. ´The inaccessibility of the precipice.´ Bp. Butler.

In•ac•cess´i•ble , a. [L. inaccessibilis: cf. F. inaccessible. See In- not, and Accessible.] Not accessible; not to be reached, obtained, or approached; as an inaccessible rock, fortress, document, prince, etc. — In•ac•cess´i•ble•ness, n. — In•ac•cess´i•bly, adv.

In•ac•cord´ant , a. Not accordant; discordant.

In•ac´cu•ra•cy , n.; pl. Inaccuracies . 1. The quality of being inaccurate; want of accuracy or exactness. 2. That which is inaccurate or incorrect; mistake; fault; defect; error; as in inaccuracy in speech, copying, calculation, etc.

In•ac´cu•rate , a. Not accurate; not according to truth; inexact; incorrect; erroneous; as in inaccurate man, narration, copy, judgment, calculation, etc. “The expression is plainly inaccurate.” Bp. Hurd. Syn. — Inexact; incorrect; erroneous; faulty; imperfect; incomplete; defective.

In•ac´cu•rate•ly, adv. In an inaccurate manner; incorrectly; inexactly.

In•ac•quaint´ance , a. Want of acquaintance. Good.

In•ac•qui•es´cent , a. Not acquiescent or acquiescing.

In•ac´tion , n. [Pref. in. not + action: cf. inaction.] Want of action or activity; forbearance from labor; idleness; rest; inertness. Berkeley.

In•ac´tive , a. [Pref. in- not + active: cf. F. inactif.] 1. Not active; having no power to move; that does not or can not produce results; inert; as matter is, of itself, inactive. 2. Not disposed to action or effort; not diligent or industrious; not busy; idle; as an inactive officer. 3. (Chem. & Opt.) Not active; inert; esp., not exhibiting any action or activity on polarized light; optically neutral; — said of isomeric forms of certain substances, in distinction from other forms which are optically active; as racemic acid is an inactive tartaric acid. Syn. — Inert; dull; sluggish; idle; indolent; slothful; lazy. See Inert.

In•ac´tive•ly, adv. In an inactive manner. Locke.

In•ac•tiv´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inactivite.] 1. The state or quality of being inactive; inertness; as the inactivity of matter. 2. Idleness; habitual indisposition to action or exertion; want of energy; sluggishness. “The gloomy inactivity of despair.” Cook.

In•ac´tose , n. (Chem.) A variety of sugar, found in certain plants. It is optically inactive.

In•ac´tu•ate , v. t. To put in action. [Obs.]

In•ac•tu•a´tion , n. Operation. [Obs.]

In•ad•ap•ta´tion , n. Want of adaptation; unsuitableness.

In•ad´e•qua•cy , n. [From Inadequate.] The quality or state of being inadequate or insufficient; defectiveness; insufficiency; inadequateness. “The inadequacy and consequent inefficacy of the alleged causes.” Dr. T. Dwight.

In•ad´e•quate , a. [Pref. in- not + adequate: cf. F. inadequat.] Not adequate; unequal to the purpose; insufficient; deficient; as inadequate resources, power, conceptions, representations, etc. Dryden. — In•ad´e•quate•ly, adv. — In•ad´e•quate•ness, n.

In•ad•e•qua´tion , n. Want of exact correspondence. [Obs.] Puller.

In•ad•her´ent , a. 1. Not adhering. 2. (Bot.) Free; not connected with the other organs.

In•ad•he´sion , n. Want of adhesion.

In•ad•mis•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inadmissibilite.] The state or quality of being inadmissible, or not to be received.

In•ad•mis´si•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + admissible: cf. F. inadmissible.] Not admissible; not proper to be admitted, allowed, or received; as inadmissible testimony; an inadmissible proposition, or explanation. — In•ad•mis´si•bly, adv. { In•ad•vert´ence pl. -ces , In•ad•vert´en•cy pl. - cies , } n. [Cf. F. inadvertance.] 1. The quality of being inadvertent; lack of heedfulness or attentiveness; inattention; negligence; as many mistakes proceed from inadvertence. “Inadvertency, or want of attendance to the sense and intention of our prayers.” Jer. Taylor. 2. An effect of inattention; a result of carelessness; an oversight, mistake, or fault from negligence. “The productions of a great genius, with many lapses an inadvertencies, are infinitely preferable to works of an inferior kind of author which are scrupulously exact.” Addison. Syn. — Inattention; heedlessness; carelessness; negligence; thoughtlessness. See Inattention.

In•ad•vert´ent , a. [Cf. F. inadvertant. See 2d In-, and Advert.] Not turning the mind to a matter; heedless; careless; negligent; inattentive. “An inadvertent step may crush the snail
That crawls at evening in the public path.” Cowper. — In•ad•vert´ent•ly, adv.

In•ad•vis´a•ble , a. Not advisable. — In•ad•vis´a•ble•ness, n.

In•af•fa•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inaffabilite.] Want of affability or sociability; reticence.

In•af´fa•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + affable.] Not affable; reserved in social intercourse.

In•af•fec•ta´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + affectation: cf. F. inaffectation.] Freedom from affectation; naturalness. [R.]

In•af•fect´ed , a. Unaffected. [Obs.] — In•af•fect´ed•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•aid´a•ble , a. Incapable of being assisted; helpless. [R.] Shak.

In•al•ien•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inalienable.

In•al´ien•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + alienable: cf. F. inalienable.] Incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred to another; not alienable; as in inalienable birthright.

In•al´ien•a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inalienable; inalienability.

In•al´ien•a•bly, adv. In a manner that forbids alienation; as rights inalienably vested.

In•al•i•men´tal , a. Affording no aliment or nourishment. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•al•ter•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inalterabilite.] The quality of being unalterable or unchangeable; permanence.

In•al´ter•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + alterable: cf. F. inalterable.] Not alterable; incapable of being altered or changed; unalterable. — In•al´ter•a•ble•ness, n. — In•al´ter•a•bly, adv.

In•a´mi•a•ble , a. Unamiable. [Obs.] — In•a´mi•a•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

In•a•mis´si•ble , a. [L. inamissibilis: cf. F. inamissible.] Incapable of being lost. [R.] Hammond. — In•a•mis´si•ble•ness, n. [R.]

In•a•mo•ra´ta , n. [It. innamorata, fem., innamorato, masc., p. p. of innamorare to inspire with love. See Enamor.] A woman in love; a mistress. ´The fair inamorata.´ Sherburne.

In•am´o•rate , a. Enamored. Chapman. — In•am´o•rate•ly, adv. [R.]

In•a•mo•ra´to , n.; pl. Inamoratos (#). [See Inamorata.] A male lover.

In•a•mov´a•ble , a. Not amovable or removable. [R.] Palgrave.

In´-and-in´ , n. An old game played with four dice. In signified a doublet, or two dice alike; in-and-in, either two doubles, or the four dice alike.

In and in, a. & adv. Applied to breeding from a male and female of the same parentage. See under Breeding.

In•ane´ , a. [L. inanis.] Without contents; empty; void of sense or intelligence; purposeless; pointless; characterless; useless. ´Vague and inane instincts.´ I. Taylor. — In•ane´ly, adv.

In•ane´, n. That which is void or empty. [R.] “The undistinguishable inane of infinite space.” Locke.

In•an´gu•lar , a. Not angular. [Obs.] { In•a•nil´o•quent , In•a•nil´o•quous } a. [L. inanis empty + loqui to speak.] Given to talking inanely; loquacious; garrulous. [R.]

In•an´i•mate , v. t. [Pref. in- in (or intensively) + animate.] To animate. [Obs.] Donne.

In•an´i•mate , a. [L. inanimatus; pref. in- not + animatus animate.] Not animate; destitute of life or spirit; lifeless; dead; inactive; dull; as stones and earth are inanimate substances. “Grieving, if aught inanimate e’er grieves.” Byron. Syn. — Lifeless; dead; inert; inactive; dull; soulless; spiritless. See Lifeless.

In•an´i•ma•ted , a. Destitute of life; lacking animation; unanimated. Pope.

In•an´i•mate•ness , n. The quality or state of being inanimate. “The deadness and inanimateness of the subject.” W. Montagu.

In•an•i•ma´tion , n. [See 2d Inanimate.] Want of animation; lifeless; dullness.

In•an•i•ma´tion, n. [See 1st Inanimate.] Infusion of life or vigor; animation; inspiration. [Obs.] “The inanimation of Christ living and breathing within us.” Bp. Hall.

In•a•ni´ti•ate , v. t. To produce inanition in; to exhaust for want of nourishment. [R.]

In•a•ni•ti•a´tion , n. Inanition. [R.]

In•a•ni´tion , n. [F. inanition, L. inanitio emptiness, fr. inanire to empty, fr. inanis empty. Cf. Inane.] The condition of being inane; emptiness; want of fullness, as in the vessels of the body; hence, specifically, exhaustion from want of food, either from partial or complete starvation, or from a disorder of the digestive apparatus, producing the same result. “Feeble from inanition, inert from weariness.” Landor. “Repletion and inanition may both do harm in two contrary extremes.” Burton.

In•an´i•ty , n.; pl. Inanities (#). [L. inanitas, fr. inanis empty: cf. F. inanite. See Inane.] 1. Inanition; void space; vacuity; emptiness. 2. Want of seriousness; aimlessness; frivolity. 3. An inane, useless thing or pursuit; a vanity; a silly object; — chiefly in pl.; as the inanities of the world.

In•an´ther•ate , a. (Bot.) Not bearing anthers; — said of sterile stamens.

In an´tis [L.] (Arch.) Between antae; — said of a portico in classical style, where columns are set between two antae, forming the angles of the building. See Anta.

In•ap´a•thy , n. Sensibility; feeling; — opposed to apathy. [R.]

In•ap•peal´a•ble , a. Not admitting of appeal; not appealable. Coleridge.

In•ap•peas´a•ble , a. Incapable of being appeased or satisfied; unappeasable.

In•ap•pel•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inappellable; finality. “The inappellability of the councils.” Coleridge.

In•ap•pel´la•ble , a. Inappealable; final. { In•ap´pe•tence , In•ap´pe•ten•cy } n. [Pref. in- not + appetence: cf. F. inappetence.] Want of appetency; want of desire.

In•ap•pli•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inapplicabilite.] The quality of being inapplicable; unfitness; inapplicableness.

In•ap´pli•ca•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + applicable.] Not applicable; incapable of being applied; not adapted; not suitable; as the argument is inapplicable to the case. J. S. Mill. Syn. — Unsuitable; unsuited; unadapted; inappropriate; inapposite; irrelevant. — In•ap´pli•ca•ble•ness, n. — In•ap´pli•ca•bly, adv.

In•ap•pli•ca´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + application: cf. F. inapplication.] Want of application, attention, or diligence; negligence; indolence.

In•ap´po•site , a. Not apposite; not fit or suitable; not pertinent. — In•ap´po•site•ly, adv.

In•ap•pre´ci•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + appreciable: cf. F. inappreciable.] Not appreciable; too small to be perceived; incapable of being duly valued or estimated. Hallam.

In•ap•pre´ci•a´tion , n. Want of appreciation.

In•ap•pre•hen´si•ble , a. [L. inapprehensibilis: cf. F. inapprehensible.] Not apprehensible; unintelligible; inconceivable. Milton.

In•ap•pre•hen´sion , n. Want of apprehension.

In•ap•pre•hen´sive , a. Not apprehensive; regardless; unconcerned. Jer. Taylor.

In•ap•proach´a•ble , a. Not approachable; unapproachable; inaccessible; unequaled. — In•ap•proach´a•bly, adv.

In•ap•pro´pri•ate , a. Not instrument (to); not appropriate; unbecoming; unsuitable; not specially fitted; — followed by to or for. — In•ap•pro´pri•ate•ly, adv. — In•ap•pro´pri•ate•ness, n.

In•apt´ , a. [Pref. in- not + apt: cf. F. inapte. Cf. Inept.] Unapt; not apt; unsuitable; inept. — In•apt´ly, adv. — In•apt´ness, n.

In•apt´i•tude , n. [In- + aptitude: cf. F. inaptitude. Cf. Ineptitude.] Want of aptitude.

In•a´quate , a. [L. inaquatus, p. p. of inaquare to make into water; pref. in- in + aqua water.] Embodied in, or changed into, water. [Obs.] Cranmer.

In•a•qua´tion , n. The state of being inaquate. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner.

In•ar´a•ble , a. Not arable. [R.]

In•arch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inarched p. pr. & vb. n. Inarching.] To graft by uniting, as a scion, to a stock, without separating either from its root before the union is complete; — also called to graft by approach. P. Miler.

In•arch´ing, n. A method of ingrafting. See Inarch.

In•ar•tic´u•late , a. [L. inarticulatus; pref. in- not + articulatus articulate.] 1. Not uttered with articulation or intelligible distinctness, as speech or words. “Music which is inarticulate poesy.” Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Not jointed or articulated; having no distinct body segments; as an inarticulate worm. (b) Without a hinge; — said of an order (Inarticulata or Ecardines) of brachiopods. 3. Incapable of articulating. [R.] “The poor earl, who is inarticulate with palsy.” Walpole.

In•ar•tic´u•la•ted , a. Not articulated; not jointed or connected by a joint.

In•ar•tic´u•late•ly , adv. In an inarticulate manner. Hammond.

In•ar•tic´u•late•ness, n. The state or quality of being inarticulate.

In•ar•tic•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. inarticulation.] Inarticulateness. Chesterfield.

In•ar•ti•fi´cial , a. [Pref. in- not + artificial: cf. F. inartificiel.] Not artificial; not made or elaborated by art; natural; simple; artless; as an inartificial argument; an inartificial character. — In•ar•ti•fi´cial•ly, adv. — In•ar•ti•fi´cial•ness, n.

In•as•much´ , adv. [In + as + much.] In like degree; in like manner; seeing that; considering that; since; — followed by as. See In as much as, under In, prep. “Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me.” Matt. xxv. 45. Syn. — Because; since; for; as. See Because.

In•at•ten´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + attention: cf. F. inattention.] Want of attention, or failure to pay attention; disregard; heedlessness; neglect. “Novel lays attract our ravished ears;
But old, the mind inattention hears.” Pope. Syn. — Inadvertence; heedlessness; negligence; carelessness; disregard; remissness; thoughtlessness; neglect. — Inattention, Inadvertence. We miss seeing a thing through inadvertence when do not happen to look at it; through inattention when we give no heed to it, though directly before us. The latter is therefore the worse. Inadvertence may be an involuntary accident; inattention is culpable neglect. A versatile mind is often inadvertent; a careless or stupid one is inattentive.

In•at•ten´tive , a. [Cf. F. inattentif.] Not attentive; not fixing the mind on an object; heedless; careless; negligent; regardless; as an inattentive spectator or hearer; an inattentive habit. I. Watts. Syn. — Careless; heedless; regardless; thoughtless; negligent; remiss; inadvertent. — In•at•ten´tive•ly, adv. — In•at•ten´tive•ness, n.

In•au•di•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inaudible; inaudibleness.

In•au´di•ble , a. [L. inaudibilis; pref. in- not + audire to hear: cf. F. unaudible. See In- not, and Audible.] Not audible; incapable of being heard; silent. — In•au´di•ble•ness, n. — In•au´di•bly, adv.

In•au´gur , v. t. [Cf. F. inaugurer. See Inaugurate.] To inaugurate. [Obs.] Latimer.

In•au´gu•ral , a. [Cf. F. inaugural.] Pertaining to, or performed or pronounced at, an inauguration; as an inaugural address; the inaugural exercises.

In•au´gu•ral, n. An inaugural address. [U.S.]

In•au´gu•rate , a. [L. inauguratus, p. p. of inaugurare to take omens from the flight of birds (before entering upon any important undertaking); hence, to consecrate, inaugurate, or install, with such divination; pref. in- in + augurare, augurari, to augur. See Augur.] Invested with office; inaugurated. Drayton.

In•au´gu•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inaugurated p. pr. & vb. n. Inaugurating ] 1. To introduce or induct into an office with suitable ceremonies or solemnities; to invest with power or authority in a formal manner; to install; as to inaugurate a president; to inaugurate a king. Milton. 2. To cause to begin, esp. with formality or solemn ceremony; hence, to set in motion, action, or progress; to initiate; — used especially of something of dignity or worth or public concern; as to inaugurate a new era of things, new methods, etc. “As if kings did choose remarkable days to inaugurate their favors.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. To celebrate the completion of, or the first public use of; to dedicate, as a statue. [Colloq.] 4. To begin with good omens. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In•au•gu•ra´tion , n. [L. inauguratio a beginning: cf. F. inauguration.] 1. The act of inuagurating, or inducting into office with solemnity; investiture by appropriate ceremonies. “At his regal inauguration, his old father resigned the kingdom to him.” Sir T. Browne. 2. The formal beginning or initiation of any movement, course of action, etc.; as the inauguration of a new system, a new condition, etc.

In•au´gu•ra•tor , n. One who inaugurates.

In•au´gu•ra•to•ry , a. Suitable for, or pertaining to, inauguration. Johnson.

In•au´rate , a. [L. inauratus, p. p. inaurare to gild; pref. in- in + aurum gold.] Covered with gold; gilded.

In•au´rate , v. t. To cover with gold; to gild.

In•au•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. inauration.] The act or process of gilding or covering with gold.

In•aus´pi•cate , a. [L. inauspicatus; pref. in- not + auspicatus, p. p. auspicari. See Auspicate.] Inauspicious. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

In•aus•pi´cious , a. Not auspicious; ill-omened; unfortunate; unlucky; unfavorable. ´Inauspicious stars.´ Shak. ´Inauspicious love.´ Dryden. — In•aus•pi´cious•ly, adv. — In•aus•pi´cious•ness, n.

In•au•thor´i•ta•tive , a. Without authority; not authoritative.

In´barge , v. t. & i. To embark; to go or put into a barge. [Obs.] Drayton.

In´beam•ing , n. Shining in. South.

In´be•ing , n. Inherence; inherent existence. I. Watts.

In•bind´ , v. t. To inclose. [Obs.] Fairfax.

In´blown , a. Blown in or into. [Obs.]

In´board , a. & adv. 1. (Naut.) Inside the line of a vessel’s bulwarks or hull; the opposite of outboard; as an inboard cargo; haul the boom inboard. 2. (Mech.) From without inward; toward the inside; as the inboard stroke of a steam engine piston, the inward or return stroke.

In´born , a. Born in or with; implanted by nature; innate; as inborn passions. Cowper. Syn. — Innate; inherent; natural. { In´break• , In´break•ing } n. A breaking in; inroad; invasion.

In•breathe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inbreathed p. pr. & vb. n. Inbreathing.] To infuse by breathing; to inspire. Coleridge.

In´bred , a. Bred within; innate; as inbred worth. ´Inbred sentiments.´ Burke.

In•breed´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inbred p. pr. & vb. n. Inbreeding.] [Cf. Imbreed.] 1. To produce or generate within. Bp. Reynolds. “To inbreed and cherish … the seeds of virtue.” Milton. 2. To breed in and in. See under Breed, v. i.

In´burn•ing , a. Burning within. “Her inburning wrath she gan abate.” Spenser.

In´burnt , a. Burnt in; ineffaceable. “Her inburnt, shamefaced thoughts.” P. Fletcher.

In´burst , n. A bursting in or into.

Inc , n. A Japanese measure of length equal to about two and one twelfth yards. [Written also ink.]

In´ca , n. (a) An emperor or monarch of Peru before, or at the time of, the Spanish conquest; any member of this royal dynasty, reputed to have been descendants of the sun. (b) pl. The people governed by the Incas now represented by the Quichua tribe. Inca dove (Zoöl.), a small dove (Scardafella inca), native of Arizona, Lower California, and Mexico.

In•cage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incaged p. pr. & vb. n. Incaging ] [Cf. Encage.] To confine in, or as in, a cage; to coop up. [Written also encage.] ´Incaged birds.´ Shak.

In•cage´ment , n. Confinement in, or as in, cage. [Obs.] Shelton.

In•cal•cu•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being incalculable.

In•cal´cu•la•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + calculable: cf. F. incalculable.] Not capable of being calculated; beyond calculation; very great. — In•cal´cu•la•ble•ness, n. — In•cal´cu•la•bly, adv.

In•ca•les´cence , n. The state of being incalescent, or of growing warm. Sir T. Browne.

In•ca•les´cen•cy , n. Incalescence. Ray.

In•ca•les´cent , a. [L. incalescens, -entis, p. pr. of incalescere to grow hot. See 1st In-, and Calescence.] Growing warm; increasing in heat.

In•cam•er•a´tion , n. [Pref. in- in + L. camera chamber, LL., also jurisdiction: cf. F. incameration, It. incamerazione.] (R. C. Ch.) The act or process of uniting lands, rights, or revenues, to the ecclesiastical chamber, i. e., to the pope’s domain.

In´can , a. Of or pertaining to the Incas.

In•can•des´cence , n. [Cf. F. incandescence.] A white heat, or the glowing or luminous whiteness of a body caused by intense heat.

In•can•des´cent , a. [L. incandecens, -entis, p. pr. of incandescere to become warm or hot; pref. in- in + candescere to become of a glittering whiteness, to become red hot, incho. fr. candere to be of a glittering whiteness: cf. F. incandescent. See Candle.] White, glowing, or luminous, with intense heat; as incandescent carbon or platinum; hence, clear; shining; brilliant. “Holy Scripture become resplendent; or, as one might say, incandescent throughout.” I. Taylor. Incandescent lamp or light (Elec.), a kind of lamp in which the light is produced by a thin filament of conducting material, usually carbon, contained in a vacuum, and heated to incandescence by an electric current, as in the Edison lamp; — called also incandescence lamp, and glowlamp.

In•ca•nes´cent , a. [L. incanescens, p. pr. incanescere to become gray.] Becoming hoary or gray; canescent.

In•ca´nous , a. [L. incanus; pref. in- in + canus hoary.] (Bot.) Hoary with white pubescence.

In•can•ta´tion , n. [L. incantatio, fr. incantare to chant a magic formula over one: cf. F. incantation. See Enchant.] 1. The act or process of using formulas sung or spoken, with occult ceremonies, for the purpose of raising spirits, producing enchantment, or affecting other magical results; enchantment. ´Mysterious ceremony and incantation.´ Burke. 2. A formula of words used as above.

In•cant´a•to•ry , a. Dealing by enchantment; magical. Sir T. Browne.

In•cant´ing, a. Enchanting. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

In•can´ton , v. t. To unite to, or form into, a canton or separate community. Addison.

In•ca•pa•bil´i•ty , n. 1. The quality of being incapable; incapacity. Suckling. 2. (Law) Want of legal qualifications, or of legal power; as incapability of holding an office.

In•ca´pa•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + capable: cf. F. incapable, L. incapabilis incomprehensible.] 1. Wanting in ability or qualification for the purpose or end in view; not large enough to contain or hold; deficient in physical strength, mental or moral power, etc.; not capable; as incapable of holding a certain quantity of liquid; incapable of endurance, of comprehension, of perseverance, of reform, etc. 2. Not capable of being brought to do or perform, because morally strong or well disposed; — used with reference to some evil; as incapable of wrong, dishonesty, or falsehood. 3. Not in a state to receive; not receptive; not susceptible; not able to admit; as incapable of pain, or pleasure; incapable of stain or injury. 4. (Law) Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal sense; as a man under thirty-five years of age is incapable of holding the office of president of the United States; a person convicted on impeachment is thereby made incapable of holding an office of profit or honor under the government. 5. (Mil.) As a term of disgrace, sometimes annexed to a sentence when an officer has been cashiered and rendered incapable of serving his country. Incapable is often used elliptically. “Is not your father grown incapable of reasonable affairs?” Shak. Syn. — Incompetent; unfit; unable; insufficient; inadequate; deficient; disqualified. See Incompetent.

In•ca´pa•ble, n. One who is morally or mentally weak or inefficient; an imbecile; a simpleton.

In•ca´pa•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being incapable; incapability.

In•ca´pa•bly, adv. In an incapable manner.

In•ca•pa´cious , a. [Pref. in- not + capacious: cf. L. incapax incapable.] Not capacious; narrow; small; weak or foolish; as an incapacious soul. Bp. Burnet. — In•ca•pa´cious•ness, n.

In•ca•pac´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incapacitated p. pr. & vb. n. Incapacitating ] [Pref. in- not + capacitate.] 1. To deprive of capacity or natural power; to disable; to render incapable or unfit; to disqualify; as his age incapacitated him for war. 2. (Law) To deprive of legal or constitutional requisites, or of ability or competency for the performance of certain civil acts; to disqualify. “It absolutely incapacitated them from holding rank, office, function, or property.” Milman.

In•ca•pac•i•ta´tion , n. The act of incapacitating or state of being incapacitated; incapacity; disqualification. Burke.

In•ca•pac´i•ty , n.; pl. Incapacities . [Cf. F. incapacite.] 1. Want of capacity; lack of physical or intellectual power; inability. 2. (Law) Want of legal ability or competency to do, give, transmit, or receive something; inability; disqualification; as the inacapacity of minors to make binding contracts, etc. Syn. — Inability; incapability; incompetency; unfitness; disqualification; disability.

In•cap´su•late , v. t. (Physiol.) To inclose completely, as in a membrane.

In•cap•su•la´tion , n. (Physiol.) The process of becoming, or the state or condition of being, incapsulated; as incapsulation of the ovum in the uterus.

In•car´cer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarcerated p. pr. & vb. n. Incarcerating ] [Pref. in- in + L. carceratus, p. p. of carcerare to imprison, fr. carcer prison.] 1. To imprison; to confine in a jail or prison. 2. To confine; to shut up or inclose; to hem in. Incarcerated hernia (Med.), hernia in which the constriction can not be easily reduced.

In•car´cer•ate , a. Imprisoned. Dr. H. More.

In•car•cer•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. incarceration.] 1. The act of confining, or the state of being confined; imprisonment. Glanvill. 2. (Med.) (a) Formerly, strangulation, as in hernia. (b) A constriction of the hernial sac, rendering it irreducible, but not great enough to cause strangulation.

In•car´cer•a•tor , n. One who incarcerates.

In•carn´ , v. t. [Cf. F. incarner. See Incarnate.] To cover or invest with flesh. [R.] Wiseman.

In•carn´, v. i. To develop flesh. [R.] Wiseman.

In•car´na•dine , a. [F. incarnadin, It. incarnatino; L. pref. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh. Cf. Carnation, Incarnate.] Flesh-colored; of a carnation or pale red color. [Obs.] Lovelace.

In•car´na•dine, v. t. To dye red or crimson. “Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather
The multitudinous seas incarnadine,
Making the green one red.” Shak.

In•car´nate , a. [Pref. in- not + carnate.] Not in the flesh; spiritual. [Obs.] “I fear nothing … that devil carnate or incarnate can fairly do.” Richardson.

In•car´nate, a. [L. incarnatus, p. p. of incarnare to incarnate, pref. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. Invested with flesh; embodied in a human nature and form; united with, or having, a human body. “Here shalt thou sit incarnate.” Milton. “He represents the emperor and his wife as two devils incarnate, sent into the world for the destruction of mankind.” Jortin. 2. Flesh-colored; rosy; red. [Obs.] Holland.

In•car´nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarnated p. pr. & vb. n. Incarnating ] To clothe with flesh; to embody in flesh; to invest, as spirits, ideals, etc., with a human from or nature. “This essence to incarnate and imbrute,
That to the height of deity aspired.” Milton.

In•car´nate, v. i. To form flesh; to granulate, as a wound. [R.] “My uncle Toby’s wound was nearly well — ’t was just beginning to incarnate.” Sterne.

In•car•na´tion , n. [F. incarnation, LL. incarnatio.] 1. The act of clothing with flesh, or the state of being so clothed; the act of taking, or being manifested in, a human body and nature. 2. (Theol.) The union of the second person of the Godhead with manhood in Christ. 3. An incarnate form; a personification; a manifestation; a reduction to apparent from; a striking exemplification in person or act. “She is a new incarnation of some of the illustrious dead.” Jeffrey. “The very incarnation of selfishness.” F. W. Robertson. 4. A rosy or red color; flesh color; carnation. [Obs.] 5. (Med.) The process of healing wounds and filling the part with new flesh; granulation.

In•car´na•tive , a. [Cf. F. incarnatif.] Causing new flesh to grow; healing; regenerative. — n. An incarnative medicine.

In•car•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Incarnation, and -fy.] The act of assuming, or state of being clothed with, flesh; incarnation.

In•case´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incased p. pr. & vb. n. Incasing.] [F. encaisser; pref. en- (L. in) + caisse case. See Case a box, and cf. Encase, Enchase.] To inclose in a case; to inclose; to cover or surround with something solid. “Rich plates of gold the folding doors incase.” Pope.

In•case´ment , n. [Cf. Casement.] 1. The act or process of inclosing with a case, or the state of being incased. 2. That which forms a case, covering, or inclosure.

In•cask´ , v. t. To cover with a casque or as with a casque. Sherwood.

In•cas´tel•la•ted , a. Confined or inclosed in a castle.

In•cas´telled , a. (Far.) Hoofbound. Crabb.

In•cat•e•na´tion , n. [LL. incatenatio; L. pref. in- in + catena chain. See Enchain.] The act of linking together; enchaining. [R.] Goldsmith.

In•cau´tion , n. Want of caution. Pope.

In•cau´tious , a. [Pref. in- not + cautious: cf. L. incautus.] Not cautious; not circumspect; not attending to the circumstances on which safety and interest depend; heedless; careless; as an incautious step; an incautious remark. “You … incautious tread
On fire with faithless embers overspread.” Francis. “His rhetorical expressions may easily captivate any incautious reader.” Keill. Syn. — Unwary; indiscreet; inconsiderate; imprudent; impolitic; careless; heedless; thoughtless. — In•cau´tious•ly, adv. — In•cau´tious•ness, n.

In´ca•va•ted (in´ka•va•ted), a. [L. incavatus, p. p. of incavare to make hollow: pref in- in + cavare to hollow out, fr. cavus hollow.] Made hollow; bent round or in.

In•ca•va´tion (in•ka•va´shun), n. Act of making hollow; also a hollow; an excavation; a depression.

In•caved´ (in•kavd), a. [Pref. in- in + cave. Cf. Encave, Incavated.] Inclosed in a cave.

In•cav´erned (in•kav´ernd), a. Inclosed or shut up as in a cavern. Drayton.

In•ced´ing•ly (in•sed´ing•ly), adv. [L. incedere to walk majestically.] Majestically. [R.] C. Bronte.

In•ce•leb´ri•ty , n. Want of celebrity or distinction; obscurity. [R.] Coleridge.

In•cend´ , v. t. [L. incendere, incensum, to kindle, burn. See Incense to inflame.] To inflame; to excite. [Obs.] Marston.

In•cen´di•a•rism , n. [From Incendiary.] The act or practice of maliciously setting fires; arson.

In•cen´di•a•ry ( 277), n.; pl. Incendiaries (#). [L. incendiarius: cf. F. incendiaire. See Incense to inflame.] 1. Any person who maliciously sets fire to a building or other valuable or other valuable property. 2. A person who excites or inflames factions, and promotes quarrels or sedition; an agitator; an exciter. “Several cities … drove them out as incendiaries.” Bentley.

In•cen´di•a•ry, a. [L. incendiarius, fr. incendium a fire, conflagration: cf. F. incendiaire. See Incense to inflame.] 1. Of or pertaining to incendiarism, or the malicious burning of valuable property; as incendiary material; as incendiary crime. 2. Tending to excite or inflame factions, sedition, or quarrel; inflammatory; seditious. Paley. Incendiary shell, a bombshell. See Carcass, 4.

In•cen´di•ous , a. [L. incendiosus burning, hot.] Promoting faction or contention; seditious; inflammatory. [Obs.] Bacon. — In•cen´di•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•cen´sant , a. [See Incense to anger.] (Her.) A modern term applied to animals (as a boar) when borne as raging, or with furious aspect.

In•cen•sa´tion , n. (R. C. Ch.) The offering of incense. [R.] Encyc. Brit.

In•cense´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incensed p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] [L. incensus, p. p. of incendere; pref. in- in + root of candere to glow. See Candle.] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle; to burn. [Obs.] “Twelve Trojan princes wait on thee, and labor to incense
Thy glorious heap of funeral.” Chapman. 2. To inflame with anger; to endkindle; to fire; to incite; to provoke; to heat; to madden. “The people are incensed him.” Shak. Syn. — To enrage; exasperate; provoke; anger; irritate; heat; fire; instigate.

In´cense , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incensed p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] [LL. incensare: cf. F. encenser. See Incense, n.] 1. To offer incense to. See Incense. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To perfume with, or as with, incense. ´Incensed with wanton sweets.´ Marston.

In´cense , n. [OE. encens, F. encens, L. incensum, fr. incensus, p. p. of incendere to burn. See Incense to inflame.] 1. The perfume or odors exhaled from spices and gums when burned in celebrating religious rites or as an offering to some deity. “A thick cloud of incense went up.” Ezek. viii. 11. 2. The materials used for the purpose of producing a perfume when burned, as fragrant gums, spices, frankincense, etc. “Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon.” Lev. x. 1. 3. Also used figuratively. “Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride,
With incense kindled at the Muse’s flame.” Gray. Incense tree, the name of several balsamic trees of the genus Bursera (or Icica) mostly tropical American. The gum resin is used for incense. In Jamaica the Chrysobalanus Icaco, a tree related to the plums, is called incense tree. — Incense wood, the fragrant wood of the tropical American tree Bursera heptaphylla.

In´cense-breath•ing , a. Breathing or exhaling incense. ´Incense-breathing morn.´ Gray.

In•censed´ , a. 1. Angered; enraged. 2. (Her.) Represented as enraged, as any wild creature depicted with fire issuing from mouth and eyes.

In•cense´ment , n. Fury; rage; heat; exasperation; as implacable incensement. Shak.

In•cen´ser , n. One who instigates or incites.

In•cen´sion , n. [L. incensio. See Incense to inflame.] The act of kindling, or the state of being kindled or on fire. Bacon.

In•cen´sive , a. Tending to excite or provoke; inflammatory. Barrow.

In•cen´sor , n. [L.] A kindler of anger or enmity; an inciter.

In•cen´so•ry ( 277), n.; pl. Incensories (#). [LL. incensorium: cf. F. encensoir. See 2d Incense, and cf. Censer.] The vessel in which incense is burned and offered; a censer; a thurible. [R.] Evelyn.

In•cen´sur•a•ble ( 135), a. [Pref. in- not + censurable: cf. F. incensurable.] Not censurable. Dr. T. Dwight. — In•cen´sur•a•bly, adv.

In•cen´ter , n. (Geom.) The center of the circle inscribed in a triangle.

In•cen´tive , a. [L. incentivus, from incinere to strike up or set the tune; pref. in- + canere to sing. See Enchant, Chant.] 1. Inciting; encouraging or moving; rousing to action; stimulative. “Competency is the most incentive to industry.” Dr. H. More. 2. Serving to kindle or set on fire. [R.] “Part incentive reed
Provide, pernicious with one touch of fire.” Milton.

In•cen´tive, n. [L. incentivum.] That which moves or influences the mind, or operates on the passions; that which incites, or has a tendency to incite, to determination or action; that which prompts to good or ill; motive; spur; as the love of money, and the desire of promotion, are two powerful incentives to action. “The greatest obstacles, the greatest terrors that come in their way, are so far from making them quit the work they had begun, that they rather prove incentives to them to go on in it.” South. Syn. — Motive; spur; stimulus; incitement; encouragement; inducement; influence.

In•cen´tive•ly, adv. Incitingly; encouragingly.

In•cep´tion , n. [L. inceptio, fr. incipere to begin; pref. in- in + capere to take. See Capable.] 1. Beginning; commencement; initiation. Bacon. “Marked with vivacity of inception, apathy of progress, and prematureness of decay.” Rawle. 2. Reception; a taking in. [R.] Poe.

In•cep´tive , a. Beginning; expressing or indicating beginning; as an inceptive proposition; an inceptive verb, which expresses the beginning of action; — called also inchoative. — In•cep´tive•ly, adv.

In•cep´tive, n. An inceptive word, phrase, or clause.

In•cep´tor , n. [L.] 1. A beginner; one in the rudiments. Johnson. 2. One who is on the point of taking the degree of master of arts at an English university. Walton.

In•cer•a´tion , n. [L. incerare to smear with wax; pref. in- in + cerare to wax, fr. cera wax: cf. F. inceration.] The act of smearing or covering with wax. B. Jonson.

In•cer´a•tive , a. Cleaving or sticking like wax. Cotgrave.

In•cer´tain , n. [Pref. in- not + certain: cf. F. incertain, L. incertus. See Certain.] Uncertain; doubtful; unsteady. — In•cer´tain•ly, adv. “Very questionable and of uncertain truth.” Sir T. Browne.

In•cer´tain•ty , n. Uncertainty. [Obs.] Shak.

In•cer´ti•tude , n. [Cf. F. incertitude, LL. incertitudo, fr. L. incertus. See Incertain.] Uncertainty; doubtfulness; doubt. “The incertitude and instability of this life.” Holland. “He fails … from mere incertitude or irresolution.” I. Taylor.

In•cer´tum , a. Doubtful; not of definite form. Opus incertum (Anc. Arch.), a kind of masonry employed in building walls, in which the stones were not squared nor laid in courses; rubblework.

In•ces´sa•ble , a. [L. incessabilis; pref. in- not + cessare to cease.] Unceasing; continual. [Obs.] Shelton. — In•ces´sa•bly, adv. [Obs.]

In•ces´san•cy , n. [From Incessant.] The quality of being incessant; unintermitted continuance; unceasingness. Dr. T. Dwight.

In•ces´sant , a. [L. incessans, -antis; pref. in- not + cessare to cease: cf. F. incessant. See Cease.] Continuing or following without interruption; unceasing; unitermitted; uninterrupted; continual; as incessant clamors; incessant pain, etc. “Against the castle gate,
… Which with incessant force and endless hate,
They batter’d day and night and entrance did await.” Spenser. Syn. — Unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; unremitting; ceaseless; continual; constant; perpetual.

In•ces´sant•ly, adv. Unceasingly; continually. Shak.

In•ces´sion , n. [L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] Motion on foot; progress in walking. [Obs.] “The incession or local motion of animals.” Sir T. Browne.

In´cest , n. [F. inceste, L. incestum unchastity, incest, fr. incestus unchaste; pref. in- not + castus chaste. See Chaste.] The crime of cohabitation or sexual commerce between persons related within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law. Shak. Spiritual incest. (Eccl. Law) (a) The crime of cohabitation committed between persons who have a spiritual alliance by means of baptism or confirmation. (b) The act of a vicar, or other beneficiary, who holds two benefices, the one depending on the collation of the other.

In•cest´tu•ous ( 135), a. [L. incestuosus: cf. F. incestueux.] Guilty of incest; involving, or pertaining to, the crime of incest; as an incestuous person or connection. Shak. “Ere you reach to this incestuous love,
You must divine and human rights remove.” Dryden. — In•cest´tu•ous•ly, adv. — In•cest´tu•ous•ness, n.

Inch , n. [Gael. inis.] An island; — often used in the names of small islands off the coast of Scotland, as in Inchcolm, Inchkeith, etc. [Scot.]

Inch, n. [OE. inche, unche, AS. ynce, L. uncia the twelfth part, inch, ounce. See Ounce a weight.] 1. A measure of length, the twelfth part of a foot, commonly subdivided into halves, quarters, eights, sixteenths, etc., as among mechanics. It was also formerly divided into twelve parts, called lines, and originally into three parts, called barleycorns, its length supposed to have been determined from three grains of barley placed end to end lengthwise. It is also sometimes called a prime (′), composed of twelve seconds (′′), as in the duodecimal system of arithmetic. “12 seconds (′′) make 1 inch or prime. 12 inches or primes (′) make 1 foot.” B. Greenleaf. The meter, the accepted scientific standard of length, equals 39.37 inches; the inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters. See Metric system, and Meter. 2. A small distance or degree, whether of time or space; hence, a critical moment. “Beldame, I think we watched you at an inch.” Shak. By inches, by slow degrees, gradually. — Inch of candle. See under Candle. — Inches of pressure, usually, the pressure indicated by so many inches of a mercury column, as on a steam gauge. — Inch of water. See under Water. — Miner’s inch, (Hydraulic Mining), a unit for the measurement of water. See Inch of water, under Water.

Inch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inched p. pr. & vb. n. Inching.] 1. To drive by inches, or small degrees. [R.] “He gets too far into the soldier’s grace
And inches out my master.” Dryden. 2. To deal out by inches; to give sparingly. [R.]

Inch, v. i. To advance or retire by inches or small degrees; to move slowly. “With slow paces measures back the field,
And inches to the walls.” Dryden.

Inch, a. Measuring an inch in any dimension, whether length, breadth, or thickness; — used in composition; as a two-inch cable; a four-inch plank. Inch stuff, boards, etc., sawed one inch thick.

In•cham´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inchambered p. pr. & vb. n. Inchambering.] [Pref. in- in + chamber: cf. OF. enchambrer.] To lodge in a chamber. [R.] Sherwood.

In•change•a•bil´i•ty , n. Unchangeableness. [Obs.] Kenrick.

In•chant´ , v. t. See Enchant.

In•char´i•ta•ble , a. [Cf. F. incharitable.] Uncharitable; unfeeling. [Obs.] Shak.

In•char´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incharite.] Want of charity. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•chase´ , v. t. See Enchase.

In•chas´ti•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + chastity: cf. F. inchastete.] Unchastity. [Obs.] Milton.

Inched , a. Having or measuring (so many) inches; as a four-inched bridge. Shak.

In•chest´ , v. t. To put into a chest.

Inch´i•pin , n. See Inchpin.

Inch´meal , n. [See Meal a part, and cf. Piecemeal.] A piece an inch long. By inchmeal, by small degrees; by inches. Shak.

Inch´meal, adv. Little by little; gradually.

In´cho•ate , a. [L. inchoatus, better incohatus, p. p. of incohare to begin.] Recently, or just, begun; beginning; partially but not fully in existence or operation; existing in its elements; incomplete. — In´cho•ate•ly, adv. “Neither a substance perfect, nor a substance inchoate.” Raleigh.

In´cho•ate , v. t. To begin. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In•cho•a´tion , n. [L. inchoatio, incohatio.] Act of beginning; commencement; inception. “The setting on foot some of those arts, in those parts, would be looked on as the first inchoation of them.” Sir M. Hale. “It is now in actual progress, from the rudest inchoation to the most elaborate finishing.” I. Taylor.

In•cho´a•tive ( 277), a. [L. inchoativus, incohativus: cf. F. inchoatif.] Expressing or pertaining to a beginning; inceptive; as an inchoative verb. ´Some inchoative or imperfect rays.´ W. Montagu. — n. An inchoative verb. See Inceptive.

Inch´pin , n. [Written also inchipin, inche-pinne, inne-pinne.] [Cf. Gael. inne, innidh, bowel, entrail.] The sweetbread of a deer. Cotgrave.

Inch´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any geometrid moth. See Geometrid.

In•cic´u•ra•ble , a. [L. incicur not tame; pref. in- not + cicur name.] Untamable. [R.]

In•cide´ , v. t. [L. incidere; pref. in- in + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Incise.] To cut; to separate and remove; to resolve or break up, as by medicines. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

In´ci•dence , n. [Cf. F. incidence.] 1. A falling on or upon; an incident; an event. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Physics) The direction in which a body, or a ray of light or heat, falls on any surface. “In equal incidences there is a considerable inequality of refractions.” Sir I. Newton. Angle of incidence, the angle which a ray of light, or the line of incidence of a body, falling on any surface, makes with a perpendicular to that surface; also formerly, the complement of this angle. — Line of incidence, the line in the direction of which a surface is struck by a body, ray of light, and the like.

In´ci•den•cy , n. Incidence. [Obs.] Shak.

In´ci•dent , a. [L. incidens, -entis, p. pr. & of incidere to fall into or upon; pref. in- in, on + cadere to fall: cf. F. incident. See Cadence.] 1. Falling or striking upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface. 2. Coming or happening accidentally; not in the usual course of things; not in connection with the main design; not according to expectation; casual; fortuitous. “As the ordinary course of common affairs is disposed of by general laws, so likewise men’s rarer incident necessities and utilities should be with special equity considered.” Hooker. 3. Liable to happen; apt to occur; befalling; hence, naturally happening or appertaining. “All chances incident to man’s frail life.” Milton. “The studies incident to his profession.” Milward. 4. (Law) Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the principal. Incident proposition (Logic), a proposition subordinate to another, and introduced by who, which, whose, whom, etc.; as Julius, whose surname was Caesar, overcame Pompey. I. Watts.

In´ci•dent, n. [Cf. F. incident.] 1. That which falls out or takes place; an event; casualty; occurrence. 2. That which happens aside from the main design; an accidental or subordinate action or event. “No person, no incident, in a play but must be of use to carry on the main design.” Dryden. 3. (Law) Something appertaining to, passing with, or depending on, another, called the principal. Tomlins. Syn. — Circumstance; event; fact; adventure; contingency; chance; accident; casualty. See Event.

In•ci•den´tal , a. Happening, as an occasional event, without regularity; coming without design; casual; accidental; hence, not of prime concern; subordinate; collateral; as an incidental conversation; an incidental occurrence; incidental expenses. “By some, religious duties … appear to be regarded … as an incidental business.” Rogers. Syn. — Accidental; casual; fortuitous; contingent; chance; collateral. See Accidental. — In•ci•den´tal•ly, adv. — In•ci•den´tal•ness, n. “I treat either or incidentally of colors.” Boyle.

In•ci•den´tal, n. An incident; that which is incidental; esp., in the plural, an aggregate of subordinate or incidental items not particularized; as the expense of tuition and incidentals. Pope.

In´ci•dent•ly , adv. Incidentally. [Obs.]

In•cin´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being incinerated or reduced to ashes. Sir T. Browne.

In•cin´er•ate , [LL. incineratus, p. p. of incinerare to incinerate; L. pref. in- in + cinis, cineris, ashes.] Reduced to ashes by burning; thoroughly consumed. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•cin´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incinerated p. pr. & vb. n. Incinerating ] To burn to ashes; to consume; to burn. Bacon. “It is the fire only that incinerates bodies.” Boyle.

In•cin•er•a´tion , n. [LL. incineratio: cf. F. incineration.] The act of incinerating, or the state of being incinerated; cremation. “The phenix kind,
Of whose incineration,
There riseth a new creation.” Skelton. { In•cip´i•ence , In•cip´i•en•cy } n. [L. incipientia.] Beginning; commencement; incipient state.

In•cip´i•ent , a. [L. incipiens, p. pr. of incipere to begin. See Inception.] Beginning to be, or to show itself; commencing; initial; as the incipient stage of a fever; incipient light of day. — In•cip´i•ent•ly, adv.

In•cir´cle , v. t. See Encircle.

In•cir´clet , n. [Cf. Encirclet.] A small circle. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

In•cir•cum•scrip´ti•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + circumscriptible: cf. LL. incircumscriptibilis.] Incapable of being circumscribed or limited. Cranmer.

In•cir•cum•scrip´tion , n. Condition or quality of being incircumscriptible or limitless. Jer. Taylor.

In•cir´cum•spect , a. [Pref. in- not + circumspect.] Not circumspect; heedless; careless; reckless; impolitic. Tyndale.

In•cir•cum•spec´tion , n. [Cf. F. incirconspection.] Want of circumspection. Sir T. Browne.

In•cise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incised p. pr. & vb. n. Incising.] [L. incisus, p. p. of incidere to incise: cf. F. inciser. See Incide.] 1. To cut in or into with a sharp instrument; to carve; to engrave. “I on thy grave this epitaph incise.” T. Carew. 2. To cut, gash, or wound with a sharp instrument; to cut off.

In•cised´ , a. 1. Cut in; carved; engraved. 2. (Bot.) Having deep and sharp notches, as a leaf or a petal.

In•cise´ly , adv. In an incised manner.

In•ci´sion , n. [L. incisio: cf. F. incision. See Incise.] 1. The act of incising, or cutting into a substance. Milton. 2. That which is produced by incising; the separation of the parts of any substance made by a cutting or pointed instrument; a cut; a gash. 3. Separation or solution of viscid matter by medicines. [Obs.]

In•ci´sive , a. [Cf. F. incisif.] 1. Having the quality of incising, cutting, or penetrating, as with a sharp instrument; cutting; hence, sharp; acute; sarcastic; biting. ´An incisive, high voice.´ G. Eliot. “And her incisive smile accrediting
That treason of false witness in my blush.” Mrs. Browning. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the incisors; incisor; as the incisive bones, the premaxillaries.

In•ci´sor ( 277), n. [NL.] (Anat.) One of the teeth in front of the canines in either jaw; an incisive tooth. See Tooth.

In•ci´sor, a. Adapted for cutting; of or pertaining to the incisors; incisive; as the incisor nerve; an incisor foramen; an incisor tooth.

In•ci´so•ry , a. Having the quality of cutting; incisor; incisive.

In•cis´ure ( 277), n. [L. incisura: cf. F. incisure.] A cut; an incision; a gash. Derham.

In•cit´ant , a. [L. incitans, -antis, p. pr. of incitare. See Incite.] Inciting; stimulating.

In•cit´ant, n. That which incites; an inciting agent or cause; a stimulant. E. Darwin.

In•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. incitatio: cf. F. incitation.] 1. The act of inciting or moving to action. 2. That which incites to action; that which rouses or prompts; incitement; motive; incentive. “The noblest incitation to honest attempts.” Tatler.

In•cit´a•tive , n. A provocative; an incitant; a stimulant. [R.] Jervas.

In•cite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incited p. pr. & vb. n. Inciting.] [L. incitare; pref. in- in + citare to rouse, stir up: cf. F. inciter. See Cite.] To move to action; to stir up; to rouse; to spur or urge on. “Anthiochus, when he incited Prusias to join in war, set before him the greatness of the Romans.” Bacon. “No blown ambition doth our arms incite.” Shak. Syn. — Excite; stimulate; instigate; spur; goad; arouse; move; urge; rouse; provoke; encourage; prompt; animate. See Excite.

In•cite´ment , n. [Cf. F. incitement.] 1. The act of inciting. 2. That which incites the mind, or moves to action; motive; incentive; impulse. Burke. “From the long records of a distant age,
Derive incitements to renew thy rage.” Pope. Syn. — Motive; incentive; spur; stimulus; impulse; encouragement.

In•cit´er , n. One who, or that which, incites.

In•cit´ing•ly, adv. So as to incite or stimulate.

In•ci•to-mo´tor , a. [L. incitus incited + E. motor.] (Physiol.) Inciting to motion; — applied to that action which, in the case of muscular motion, commences in the nerve centers, and excites the muscles to contraction. Opposed to excito-motor.

In•ci•to-mo´to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Incitomotor.

In•civ´il , a. [L. incivilis; pref. in- not + civilis civil: cf. F. incivil.] Uncivil; rude. [Obs.] Shak.

In•ci•vil´i•ty , n.; pl. Incivilities (#). [L. incivilitas: cf. F. incivilite.] 1. The quality or state of being uncivil; want of courtesy; rudeness of manner; impoliteness. Shak. Tillotson. 2. Any act of rudeness or ill breeding. “Uncomely jests, loud talking and jeering, which, in civil account, are called indecencies and incivilities.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Want of civilization; a state of rudeness or barbarism. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh. Syn. — Impoliteness; uncourteousness; unmannerliness; disrespect; rudeness; discourtesy.

In•civ•i•li•za´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + civilization.] The state of being uncivilized; want of civilization; barbarism.

In•civ´il•ly , adv. Uncivilly. [Obs.] Shak.

In•civ´ism , n. [Pref. in- not + civism: cf. F. incivisme.] Want of civism; want of patriotism or love to one’s country; unfriendliness to one’s state or government. [R.] Macaulay.

In•cla•ma´tion , n. [L. inclamatio. See 1st In-, and Claim.] Exclamation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•clasp´ , v. t. [Pref. in- in + clasp. Cf. Enclasp.] To clasp within; to hold fast to; to embrace or encircle. [Written also enclasp.] “The flattering ivy who did ever see
Inclasp the huge trunk of an aged tree.” F. Beaumont.

In•clau´dent , a. Not closing or shutting.

In´cla•va•ted , a. [LL. inclavatus; L. pref. in- in + clavare to fasten with nails, fr. clavus nail.] Set; fast; fixed. Dr. John Smith.

In•clave´ , a. [See Inclavated.] (Her.) Resembling a series of dovetails; — said of a line of division, such as the border of an ordinary.

In´cle , n. Same as Inkle.

In•clem´en•cy , n.; pl. Inclemencies (#). [L. inclementia: cf. F. inclemence.] 1. The state or quality of being inclement; want of clemency; want of mildness of temper; unmercifulness; severity. “The inclemency of the late pope.” Bp. Hall. 2. Physical severity or harshness (commonly in respect to the elements or weather); roughness; storminess; rigor; severe cold, wind, rain, or snow. “The inclemencies of morning air.” Pope. “The rude inclemency of wintry skies.” Cowper. Syn. — Harshness; severity; cruelty; rigor; roughness; storminess; boisterousness.

In•clem´ent , a. [L. inclemens; pref. in- not + clemens mild: cf. F. inclement. See Clement.] 1. Not clement; destitute of a mild and kind temper; void of tenderness; unmerciful; severe; harsh. 2. Physically severe or harsh (generally restricted to the elements or weather); rough; boisterous; stormy; rigorously cold, etc.; as inclement weather. Cowper. “The guard the wretched from the inclement sky.” Pope. “Teach us further by what means to shun
The inclement seasons, rain, ice, hail, and snow!” Milton.

In•clem´ent•ly, adv. In an inclement manner.

In•clin´a•ble , a. [L. inclinabilis. See Incline.] 1. Leaning; tending. “Likely and inclinable to fall.” Bentley. 2. Having a propensity of will or feeling; leaning in disposition; disposed; propense; as a mind inclinable to truth. “Whatsoever other sins he may be inclinable to.” South. “The very constitution of a multitude is not so inclinable to save as to destroy.” Fuller.

In•clin´a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being inclinable; inclination.

In•cli•na´tion , n. [L. inclinatio: cf. F. inclination.] 1. The act of inclining, or state of being inclined; a leaning; as an inclination of the head. 2. A direction or tendency from the true vertical or horizontal direction; as the inclination of a column, or of a road bed. 3. A tendency towards another body or point. 4. (Geom.) The angle made by two lines or planes; as the inclination of the plane of the earth’s equator to the plane of the ecliptic is about 23° 28′; the inclination of two rays of light. 5. A leaning or tendency of the mind, feelings, preferences, or will; propensity; a disposition more favorable to one thing than to another; favor; desire; love. “A mere inclination to a thing is not properly a willing of that thing.” South. “How dost thou find the inclination of the people?” Shak. 6. A person or thing loved or admired. Sir W. Temple. 7. (Pharm.) Decantation, or tipping for pouring. Inclination compass, an inclinometer. - - Inclination of an orbit (Astron.), the angle which the orbit makes with the ecliptic. — Inclination of the needle. See Dip of the needle, under Dip. Syn. — Bent; tendency; proneness; bias; proclivity; propensity; prepossession; predilection; attachment; desire; affection; love. See Bent, and cf. Disposition.

In•clin´a•to•ry ( 277), a. Having the quality of leaning or inclining; as the inclinatory needle. — In•clin´a•to•ri•ly (#), adv. Sir T. Browne.

In•cline´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inclined p. pr. & vb. n. Inclining.] [OE. inclinen, enclinen, OF. encliner, incliner, F. incliner, L. inclinare; pref. in- in + clinare to bend, incline; akin to E. lean. See Lean to incline.] 1. To deviate from a line, direction, or course, toward an object; to lean; to tend; as converging lines incline toward each other; a road inclines to the north or south. 2. Fig.: To lean or tend, in an intellectual or moral sense; to favor an opinion, a course of conduct, or a person; to have a propensity or inclination; to be disposed. “Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech.” Judges ix. 3. “Power finds its balance, giddy motions cease
In both the scales, and each inclines to peace.” Parnell. 3. To bow; to incline the head. Chaucer. Syn. — To lean; slope; slant; tend; bend.

In•cline´, v. t. 1. To cause to deviate from a line, position, or direction; to give a leaning, bend, or slope to; as incline the column or post to the east; incline your head to the right. “Incline thine ear, O Lord, and hear.” Is. xxxvii. 17. 2. To impart a tendency or propensity to, as to the will or affections; to turn; to dispose; to influence. “Incline my heart unto thy testimonies.” Ps. cxix. 36. “Incline our hearts to keep this law.” Book of Com. Prayer. 3. To bend; to cause to stoop or bow; as to incline the head or the body in acts of reverence or civility. “With due respect my body I inclined.” Dryden.

In•cline´, n. An inclined plane; an ascent or descent; a grade or gradient; a slope.

In•clined´ , p. p. & a. 1. Having a leaning or tendency towards, or away from, a thing; disposed or moved by wish, desire, or judgment; as a man inclined to virtue. ´Each pensively inclined.´ Cowper. 2. (Math.) Making an angle with some line or plane; — said of a line or plane. 3. (Bot.) Bent out of a perpendicular position, or into a curve with the convex side uppermost. Inclined plane. (Mech.) (a) A plane that makes an oblique angle with the plane of the horizon; a sloping plane. When used to produce pressure, or as a means of moving bodies, it is one of the mechanical powers, so called. (b) (Railroad & Canal) An inclined portion of track, on which trains or boats are raised or lowered from one level to another.

In•clin´er , n. One who, or that which, inclines; specifically, an inclined dial.

In•clin´ing, a. (Bot.) Same as Inclined, 3.

In•clin´ing, n. 1. Inclination; disposition. “On the first inclining towards sleep.” Burke. 2. Party or side chosen; a following. “Both you of my inclining, and the rest.” Shak.

In•clin•nom´e•ter , n. [Incline + -meter.] (Magnetism) An apparatus to determine the inclination of the earth’s magnetic force to the plane of the horizon; — called also inclination compass, and dip circle.

In•clip´ , v. t. To clasp; to inclose. “Whate’er the ocean pales, or sky inclips.” Shak.

In•clois´ter , v. t. [Pref. in- in + cloister: cf. F. encloîtrer. Cf. Encloister.] To confine as in a cloister; to cloister. Lovelace.

In•close´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inclosed p. pr. & vb. n. Inclosing.] [See Enclose, and cf. Include.] [Written also enclose.] 1. To surround; to shut in; to confine on all sides; to include; to shut up; to encompass; as to inclose a fort or an army with troops; to inclose a town with walls. “How many evils have inclosed me round!” Milton. 2. To put within a case, envelope, or the like; to fold (a thing) within another or into the same parcel; as to inclose a letter or a bank note. “The inclosed copies of the treaty.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To separate from common grounds by a fence; as to inclose lands. Blackstone. 4. To put into harness; to harness. [Obs.] “They went to coach and their horse inclose.” Chapman.

In•clos´er , n. One who, or that which, incloses; one who fences off land from common grounds.

In•clo´sure ( 135), n. [See Inclose, Enclosure.] [Written also enclosure.] 1. The act of inclosing; the state of being inclosed, shut up, or encompassed; the separation of land from common ground by a fence. 2. That which is inclosed or placed within something; a thing contained; a space inclosed or fenced up. “Within the inclosure there was a great store of houses.” Hakluyt. 3. That which incloses; a barrier or fence. “Breaking our inclosures every morn.” W. Browne.

In•cloud´ , v. t. To envelop as in clouds; to darken; to obscure. Milton.

In•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Included; p. pr. & vb. n. Including.] [L. includere, inclusum; pref. in- in + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Enclose.] 1. To confine within; to hold; to contain; to shut up; to inclose; as the shell of a nut includes the kernel; a pearl is included in a shell. 2. To comprehend or comprise, as a genus the species, the whole a part, an argument or reason the inference; to contain; to embrace; as this volume of Shakespeare includes his sonnets; he was included in the invitation to the family; to and including page twenty-five. “The whole included race, his purposed prey.” Milton. “The loss of such a lord includes all harm.” Shak. 3. To conclude; to end; to terminate. [Obs.] “Come, let us go; we will include all jars
With triumphs, mirth, and rare solemnity.” Shak. Syn. — To contain; inclose; comprise; comprehend; embrace; involve.

In•clud´ed , a. Inclosed; confined. Included stamens (Bot.), such as are shorter than the floral envelopes, or are concealed within them.

In•clud´i•ble , a. Capable of being included.

In•clu´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. inclusus, p. p. of includere to shut in.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of bivalve mollusks, characterized by the closed state of the mantle which envelops the body. The ship borer (Teredo navalis) is an example.

In•clu´sion , n. [L. inclusio: cf. F. inclusion. See Include.] 1. The act of including, or the state of being included; limitation; restriction; as the lines of inclusion of his policy. Sir W. Temple. 2. (Min.) A foreign substance, either liquid or solid, usually of minute size, inclosed in the mass of a mineral.

In•clu´sive , a. [Cf. F. inclusif.] 1. Inclosing; encircling; surrounding. “The inclusive verge
Of golden metal that must round my brow.” Shak. 2. Comprehending the stated limit or extremes; as from Monday to Saturday inclusive, that is, taking in both Monday and Saturday; — opposed to exclusive.

In•clu´sive•ly, adv. In an inclusive manner.

In•coach´ , v. t. To put a coach. { In•co•act´ , In•co•act´ed } a. [L. incoactus; pref. in- not + coactus forced. See Coact.] Not compelled; unconstrained. [Obs.] Coles.

In•co•ag´u•la•ble , a. Not coagulable.

In•co•a•les´cence , n. The state of not coalescing.

In•coct´ed , a. [Cf. Concoct.] Raw; indigestible. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•co•er´ci•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + coercible: cf. F. incoercible.] 1. Not to be coerced; incapable of being compelled or forced. 2. (Physics) Not capable of being reduced to the form of a liquid by pressure; — said of any gas above its critical point; — also particularly of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, formerly regarded as incapable of liquefaction at any temperature or pressure. 3. (Physics) That can note be confined in, or excluded from, vessels, like ordinary fluids, gases, etc.; — said of the imponderable fluids, heat, light, electricity, etc.

In•co•ex•ist´ence , n. The state of not coexisting. [Obs.] Locke.

In•cog´ , adv. Incognito. [Colloq.] “Depend upon it — he’ll remain incog.” Addison.

In•cog´i•ta•ble , a. [L. incogitabilis; pref. in- not + cogitabilis cogitable.] Not cogitable; inconceivable. Sir T. More. { In•cog´i•tance , In•cog´i•tan•cy } n. [L. incogitantia.] Want of thought, or of the power of thinking; thoughtlessness; unreasonableness. “’T is folly and incogitancy to argue anything, one way or the other, from the designs of a sort of beings with whom we so little communicate.” Glanvill.

In•cog´i•tant , a. [L. incogitans; pref. in- not + cogitans, p. pr. of cogitare to think. See Cogitate.] Thoughtless; inconsiderate. [R.] Milton. “Men are careless and incogitant.” J. Goodman.

In•cog´i•tant•ly, adv. In an incogitant manner.

In•cog´i•ta•tive , a. Not cogitative; not thinking; wanting the power of thought; as a vegetable is an incogitative being. Locke.

In•cog•i•ta•tiv´i•ty , n. The quality of being incogitative; want of thought or of the power of thinking. Wollaston.

In•cog´ni•ta , n. [See Incognito.] 1. A woman who is unknown or in disguise. 2. The state of being in disguise; — said of a woman.

In•cog´ni•tant , a. Ignorant. [Obs.]

In•cog´ni•to , a. or adv. [It. incognito, masc., incognita, fem., L. incognitus unknown; pref. in- not + cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere: cf. F. incognito, fr. It. See Cognition.] Without being known; in disguise; in an assumed character, or under an assumed title; — said esp. of great personages who sometimes adopt a disguise or an assumed character in order to avoid notice. “’T was long ago
Since gods come down incognito.” Prior. “The prince royal of Persia came thither incognito.” Tatler.

In•cog´ni•to, n.; pl. Incognitos (#). [See Incognito, a.] 1. One unknown or in disguise, or under an assumed character or name. 2. The assumption of disguise or of a feigned character; the state of being in disguise or not recognized. “His incognito was endangered.” Sir W. Scott.

In•cog´ni•za•ble , a. Not cognizable; incapable of being recognized, known, or distinguished. H. Spenser. “The Lettish race, not a primitive stock of the Slavi, but a distinct branch, now become incognizable.” Tooke.

In•cog´ni•zance , n. Failure to cognize, apprehended, or notice. “This incognizance may be explained.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•cog´ni•zant , a. Not cognizant; failing to apprehended or notice. “Of the several operations themselves, as acts of volition, we are wholly incognizant.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•cog•nos´ci•ble , a. Incognizable. — In•cog•nos´ci•bil´i•ty (#), n. { In•co•her´ence , In•co•her´en•cy } n. [Cf. F. incoherence.] 1. The quality or state of being incoherent; want of coherence; want of cohesion or adherence. Boyle. 2. Want of connection; incongruity; inconsistency; want of agreement or dependence of one part on another; as the incoherence of arguments, facts, etc. “Incoherences in matter, and suppositions without proofs, put handsomely together, are apt to pass for strong reason.” Locke. 3. That which is incoherent. “Crude incoherencies … and nauseous tautologies.” South.

In•co•her´ent , a. [Pref. in- not + coherent: cf. F. incoherent.] 1. Not coherent; wanting cohesion; loose; unconnected; physically disconnected; not fixed to each; — said of material substances. Woodward. 2. Wanting coherence or agreement; incongruous; inconsistent; having no dependence of one part on another; logically disconnected. ´The same rambling, incoherent manner.´ Bp. Warburton.

In•co•her•en•tif´ic , a. [E. incoherent + L. facere to make.] Causing incoherence. [R.]

In•co•her´ent•ly , adv. In an incoherent manner; without due connection of parts.

In•co•her´ent•ness, n. Incoherence.

In•co•in´ci•dence , n. The quality of being incoincident; want of coincidence. [R.]

In•co•in´ci•dent , a. Not coincident; not agreeing in time, in place, or principle.

In•co•lu´mi•ty , n. [L. incolumitas, fr. incolumis uninjured, safe; perh. fr. in intens. + (doubtful) columis safe.] Safety; security. [Obs.] Howell.

In•com´ber , v. t. See Encumber.

In•com•bine´ , v. i. To be incapable of combining; to disagree; to differ. [Obs.] Milton.

In•com•bus•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incombustilite.] The quality of being incombustible.

In•com•bus´ti•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + combustible: cf. F. incombustible.] Not combustible; not capable of being burned, decomposed, or consumed by fire; uninflammable; as asbestus is an incombustible substance; carbon dioxide is an incombustible gas. Incombustible cloth, a tissue of amianthus or asbestus; also a fabric imbued with an incombustible substance. — In•com•bus´ti•ble•ness, n. — In•com•bus´ti•bly, adv.

In´come , n. 1. A coming in; entrance; admittance; ingress; infusion. [Obs.] Shak. “More abundant incomes of light and strength from God.” Bp. Rust. “At mine income I louted low.” Drant. 2. That which is caused to enter; inspiration; influence; hence, courage or zeal imparted. [R.] “I would then make in and steep
My income in their blood.” Chapman. 3. That gain which proceeds from labor, business, property, or capital of any kind, as the produce of a farm, the rent of houses, the proceeds of professional business, the profits of commerce or of occupation, or the interest of money or stock in funds, etc.; revenue; receipts; salary; especially, the annual receipts of a private person, or a corporation, from property; as a large income. “No fields afford
So large an income to the village lord.” Dryden. 4. (Physiol.) That which is taken into the body as food; the ingesta; — sometimes restricted to the nutritive, or digestible, portion of the food. See Food. Opposed to output. Income bond, a bond issued on the income of the corporation or company issuing it, and the interest of which is to be paid from the earnings of the company before any dividends are made to stockholders; — issued chiefly or exclusively by railroad companies. — Income tax, a tax upon a person’s incomes, emoluments, profits, etc., or upon the excess beyond a certain amount. Syn. — Gain; profit; proceeds; salary; revenue; receipts; interest; emolument; produce.

In´com•er , n. 1. One who comes in. “Outgoers and incomers.” Lew Wallace. 2. One who succeeds another, as a tenant of land, houses, etc. [Eng.]

In´com•ing, a. 1. Coming in; accruing. “A full incoming profit on the product of his labor.” Burke. 2. Coming in, succeeding, or following, as occupant or possessor; as in incoming tenant.

In´com•ing, n. 1. The act of coming in; arrival. “The incomings and outgoings of the trains.” Dickens. 2. Income; gain. [R.] “Many incomings are subject to great fluctuations.” Tooke.

In•com´i•ty , n. Want of comity; incivility; rudeness. [R.]

In com•men´dam [See Commendam.] (Law) See Commendam, and Partnership in Commendam, under Partnership.

In•com•men•su•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incommensurabilite.] The quality or state of being incommensurable. Reid.

In•com•men´su•ra•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + commensurable: cf. F. incommensurable.] Not commensurable; having no common measure or standard of comparison; as quantities are incommensurable when no third quantity can be found that is an aliquot part of both; the side and diagonal of a square are incommensurable with each other; the diameter and circumference of a circle are incommensurable. “They are quantities incommensurable.” Burke. — In•com•men´su•ra•ble•ness, n. — In•com•men´su•ra•bly, adv.

In•com•men´su•ra•ble , n. One of two or more quantities which have no common measure.

In•com•men´su•rate , a. 1. Not commensurate; not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable. 2. Not of equal of sufficient measure or extent; not adequate; as our means are incommensurate to our wants. Syn. — Inadequate; insufficient; disproportionate. — In•com•men´su•rate•ly, adv. — In•com•men´su•rate•ness, n.

In•com•mis´ci•ble , a. [L. incommiscibilis; pref. in- not + commiscibilis that can be mingled.] Not commiscible; not mixable.

In•com•mix´ture ( 135), n. A state of being unmixed; separateness. Sir T. Browne.

In•com´mo•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incommodated p. pr. & vb. n. Incommodating ] [L. incommodare. See Incommode.] To incommode. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•com•mo•da´tion , n. The state of being incommoded; inconvenience. [Obs.]

In•com•mode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incommoded; p. pr. & vb. n. Incommoding.] [F. incommoder, L. incommodare inconvenient; pref. in- not + commodus convenient. See Commodious.] To give inconvenience or trouble to; to disturb or molest; to discommode; to worry; to put out; as we are incommoded by want of room. Syn. — To annoy; disturb; trouble; molest; disaccomodate; inconvenience; disquiet; vex; plague.

In•com•mode´, n. An inconvenience. [R.] Strype.

In•com•mode´ment , n. The act of incommoded. [Obs.] Cheyne.

In•com•mo´di•ous , a. [Pref. in- not + commodious: cf. LL. incommodious, L. incommodus, F. incommode.] Tending to incommode; not commodious; not affording ease or advantage; unsuitable; giving trouble; inconvenient; annoying; as an incommodious seat; an incommodious arrangement. — In•com•mo´di•ous•ly, adv. — In•com•mo´di•ous•ness, n.

In•com•mo´di•ty , n.; pl. Incommodities (#). [L. incommoditas: cf. F. incommodite. See Incommodious.] Inconvenience; trouble; annoyance; disadvantage; encumbrance. [Archaic] Bunyan. “A great incommodity to the body.” Jer. Taylor. “Buried him under a bulk of incommodities.” Hawthorne.

In•com•mu•ni•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incommunicabilite.] The quality or state of being incommunicable, or incapable of being imparted.

In•com•mu´ni•ca•ble , a. [L. incommunicabilis: cf. F. incommunicable. See In- not, and Communicable.] Not communicable; incapable of being communicated, shared, told, or imparted, to others. “Health and understanding are incommunicable.” Southey. “Those incommunicable relations of the divine love.” South. — In•com•mu´ni•ca•ble•ness, n. — In•com•mu´ni•ca•bly, adv.

In•com•mu´ni•ca•ted , a. Not communicated or imparted. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In•com•mu´ni•ca•ting, a. Having no communion or intercourse with each other. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•com•mu´ni•ca•tive , a. Not communicative; not free or apt to impart to others in conversation; reserved; silent; as the messenger was incommunicative; hence, not disposed to hold fellowship or intercourse with others; exclusive. “The Chinese … an incommunicative nation.” C. Buchanan. — In•com•mu´ni•ca•tive•ly, adv. — In•com•mu´ni•ca•tive•ness, n. Lamb. “His usual incommunicativeness.” G. Eliot.

In•com•mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [L. incommutabilitas: cf. F. incommutabilite.] The quality or state of being incommutable.

In•com•mut´a•ble , a. [L. incommutabilis: cf. F. incommutable. See In- not, and Commutable.] Not commutable; not capable of being exchanged with, or substituted for, another. Cudworth. — In•com•mut´a•ble•ness, n. — In•com•mut´a•bly, adv. { In•com•pact´ , In•com•pact´ed } a. Not compact; not having the parts firmly united; not solid; incoherent; loose; discrete. Boyle.

In•com´pa•ra•ble , a. [L. incomparabilis: cf. F. incomparable. See In- not, and Comparable.] Not comparable; admitting of no comparison with others; unapproachably eminent; without a peer or equal; matchless; peerless; transcendent. “A merchant of incomparable wealth.” Shak. “A new hypothesis … which hath the incomparable Sir Isaac Newton for a patron.” Bp. Warburton. — In•com´pa•ra•ble•ness, n. — In•com´pa•ra•bly, adv. “Delights incomparably all those corporeal things.” Bp. Wilkins.

In•com•pared´ , a. Peerless; incomparable. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•com´pass , v. t. See Encompass.

In•com•pas´sion , n. [Pref. in- not + compassion: cf. F. incompassion.] Want of compassion or pity. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

In•com•pas´sion•ate , a. Not compassionate; void of pity or of tenderness; remorseless. — In•com•pas´sion•ate•ly, adv. — In•com•pas´sion•ate•ness, n.

In•com•pat•i•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. -ties . [Cf. F. incompatibilite.] The quality or state of being incompatible; inconsistency; irreconcilableness.

In•com•pat´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + compatible: cf. F. incompatible.] [It was formerly sometimes written incompetible.] 1. Not compatible; so differing as to be incapable of harmonious combination or coexistence; inconsistent in thought or being; irreconcilably disagreeing; as persons of incompatible tempers; incompatible colors, desires, ambition. “A strength and obduracy of character incompatible with his meek and innocent nature.” Southey. 2. (Chem.) Incapable of being together without mutual reaction or decomposition, as certain medicines. Incompatible terms (Logic), terms which can not be combined in thought. Syn. — Inconsistent; incongruous; dissimilar; irreconcilable; unsuitable; disagreeing; inharmonious; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. See Inconsistent.

In•com•pat´i•ble , n. (Med. & Chem.) An incompatible substance; esp., in pl., things which can not be placed or used together because of a change of chemical composition or of opposing medicinal qualities; as the incompatibles of iron.

In•com•pat´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being incompatible; incompatibility.

In•com•pat´i•bly, adv. In an incompatible manner; inconsistently; incongruously. { In•com´pe•tence , In•com´pe•tency } n. [Cf. F. incompetence.] 1. The quality or state of being incompetent; want of physical, intellectual, or moral ability; insufficiency; inadequacy; as the incompetency of a child for hard labor, or of an idiot for intellectual efforts. ´Some inherent incompetency.´ Gladstone. 2. (Law) Want of competency or legal fitness; incapacity; disqualification, as of a person to be heard as a witness, or to act as a juror, or of a judge to try a cause. Syn. — Inability; insufficiency; inadequacy; disqualification; incapability; unfitness.

In•com´pe•tent , a. [L. incompetens: cf. F. incompetent. See In- not, and Competent.] 1. Not competent; wanting in adequate strength, power, capacity, means, qualifications, or the like; incapable; unable; inadequate; unfit. “Incompetent to perform the duties of the place.” Macaulay. 2. (Law) Wanting the legal or constitutional qualifications; inadmissible; as a person professedly wanting in religious belief is an incompetent witness in a court of law or equity; incompetent evidence. “Richard III. had a resolution, out of hatred to his brethren, to disable their issues, upon false and incompetent pretexts, the one of attainder, the other of illegitimation.” Bacon. 3. Not lying within one’s competency, capacity, or authorized power; not permissible. Syn. — Incapable; unable; inadequate; insufficient; inefficient; disqualified; unfit; improper. — Incompetent, Incapable. Incompetent is a relative term, denoting a want of the requisite qualifications for performing a given act, service, etc.; incapable is absolute in its meaning, denoting want of power, either natural or moral. We speak of a man as incompetent to a certain task, of an incompetent judge, etc. We say of an idiot that he is incapable of learning to read; and of a man distinguished for his honor, that he is incapable of a mean action.

In•com´pe•tent•ly, adv. In an competent manner; inadequately; unsuitably.

In•com•pet•i•bil´i•ty , n. See Incompatibility.

In•com•pet´i•ble , a. See Incompatible.

In•com•plete´ , a. [L. incompletus: cf. F. incomplet. See In- not, and Complete.] 1. Not complete; not filled up; not finished; not having all its parts, or not having them all adjusted; imperfect; defective. “A most imperfect and incomplete divine.” Milton. 2. (Bot.) Wanting any of the usual floral organs; — said of a flower. Incomplete equation (Alg.), an equation some of whose terms are wanting; or one in which the coefficient of some one or more of the powers of the unknown quantity is equal to 0.

In•com•plete´ly, adv. In an incomplete manner.

In•com•plete´ness, n. The state of being incomplete; imperfectness; defectiveness. Boyle.

In•com•ple´tion , n. Want of completion; incompleteness. Smart.

In•com•plex´ , a. [Pref. in- not + complex: cf. F. incomplexe.] Not complex; uncompounded; simple. Barrow.

In•com•pli´a•ble , a. Not compliable; not conformable.

In•com•pli´ance , n. 1. The quality or state of being incompliant; unyielding temper; obstinacy. “Self-conceit produces peevishness and incompliance of humor in things lawful and indifferent.” Tillotson. 2. Refusal or failure to comply. Strype.

In•com•pli´ant , a. Not compliant; unyielding to request, solicitation, or command; stubborn. — In•com•pli´ant•ly, adv.

In•com•posed´ , a. Disordered; disturbed. [Obs.] Milton. — In•com•po´sed•ly (#), adv. [Obs.] — In•com•pos´ed•ness, n. [Obs.]

In•com•pos´ite , a. [L. incompositus. See Composite.] Not composite; uncompounded; simple. Incomposite numbers. See Prime numbers, under Prime.

In•com•pos´si•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + compossible: cf. F. incompossible.] Not capable of joint existence; incompatible; inconsistent. [Obs.] “Ambition and faith … are … incompossible.” Jer. Taylor. — In•com•pos•si•bil´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.]

In•com•pre•hense´ , a. [L. incomprehensus.] Incomprehensible. [Obs.] ´Incomprehense in virtue.´ Marston.

In•com•pre•hen•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incomprehensibilite.] The quality of being incomprehensible, or beyond the reach of human intellect; incomprehensibleness; inconceivability; inexplicability. “The constant, universal sense of all antiquity unanimously confessing an incomprehensibility in many of the articles of the Christian faith.” South.

In•com•pre•hen´si•ble , a. [L. incomprehensibilis: cf. F. incomprehensible. See In- not, and Comprehensible.] 1. Not capable of being contained within limits. “An infinite and incomprehensible substance.” Hooker. 2. Not capable of being comprehended or understood; beyond the reach of the human intellect; inconceivable. “And all her numbered stars that seem to roll
Spaces incomprehensible.” Milton. — In•com•pre•hen´si•ble•ness, n. — In•com•pre•hen´si•bly, adv.

In•com•pre•hen´sion , n. Want of comprehension or understanding. ´These mazes and incomprehensions.´ Bacon.

In•com•pre•hen´sive , a. Not comprehensive; not capable of including or of understanding; not extensive; limited. — In•com•pre•hen´sive•ly, a. Sir W. Hamilton. — In•com•pre•hen´sive•ness, n. T. Warton.

In•com•press•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incompressibilite.] The quality of being incompressible, or incapable of reduction in volume by pressure; — formerly supposed to be a property of liquids. “The incompressibility of water is not absolute.” Rees.

In•com•press´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + compressible: cf. F. incompressible.] Not compressible; incapable of being reduced by force or pressure into a smaller compass or volume; resisting compression; as many liquids and solids appear to be almost incompressible. — In•com•press´i•ble•ness, n.

In•com•put´a•ble , a. Not computable.

In•con•ceal´a•ble , a. Not concealable. ´Inconcealable imperfections.´ Sir T. Browne.

In•con•ceiv•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inconceivable; inconceivableness. “The inconceivability of the Infinite.” Mansel.

In•con•ceiv´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + conceivable: cf. F. inconcevable.] Not conceivable; incapable of being conceived by the mind; not explicable by the human intellect, or by any known principles or agencies; incomprehensible; as it is inconceivable to us how the will acts in producing muscular motion. “It is inconceivable to me that a spiritual substance should represent an extended figure.” Locke. — In•con•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. — In•con•ceiv´a•bly, adv. “The inconceivableness of a quality existing without any subject to possess it.” A. Tucker.

In•con•cep´ti•ble , a. Inconceivable. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•con•cern´ing , a. Unimportant; trifling. [Obs.] ´Trifling and inconcerning matters.´ Fuller.

In•con•cinne´ , a. [See Inconcinnous.] Dissimilar; incongruous; unsuitable. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In•con•cin´ni•ty , n. [L. inconcinnitas.] Want of concinnity or congruousness; unsuitableness. “There is an inconcinnity in admitting these words.” Trench.

In•con•cin´nous , a. [L. inconcinnus. See In- not, and Concinnity.] Not concinnous; unsuitable; discordant. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In•con•clud´ent , a. Not inferring a conclusion or consequence; not conclusive. [Obs.]

In•con•clud´ing, a. Inferring no consequence. [Obs.]

In•con•clu´sive , a. Not conclusive; leading to no conclusion; not closing or settling a point in debate, or a doubtful question; as evidence is inconclusive when it does not exhibit the truth of a disputed case in such a manner as to satisfy the mind, and put an end to debate or doubt. “Arguments … inconclusive and impertinent.” South. — In•con•clu´sive•ly, adv. — In•con•clu´sive•ness, n.

In•con•coct´ , a. [L. pref. in- not + concoctus, p. p. of concoquere. See Concoct.] Inconcocted. [Obs.]

In•con•coct´ed, a. [Pref. in- not + concocted.] Imperfectly digested, matured, or ripened. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•con•coc´tion , n. The state of being undigested; unripeness; immaturity. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•con´crete , a. [L. inconcretus incorporeal.] Not concrete. [R.] L. Andrews.

In•con•cur´ring, a. Not concurring; disagreeing. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•con•cus´si•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + L. concussibilis that can be shaken. See Concussion.] Not concussible; that cannot be shaken. { In•con•den•sa•bil´i•ty , In•con•den•si•bil´i•ty } n. The quality or state of being incondensable. { In•con•den´sa•ble , In•con•den´si•ble } a. Not condensable; incapable of being made more dense or compact, or reduced to liquid form.

In´con•dite ( 277), a. [L. inconditus; pref. in- not + conditus, p. p. of condere to put or join together. See Condition.] Badly put together; inartificial; rude; unpolished; irregular. ´Carol incondite rhymes.´ J. Philips.

In•con•di´tion•al , a. [Pref. in- not + conditional: cf. F. inconditionnel.] Unconditional. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•con•di´tion•ate , a. [Pref. in- not + conditionate: cf. F. inconditionne.] Not conditioned; not limited; absolute. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•con•form´ , a. [Pref. in- not + conform.] Unconformable. [Obs.] Gauden.

In•con•form´a•ble , a. Unconformable. [Obs.]

In•con•form´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inconformite.] Want of conformity; nonconformity. [Obs.]

In•con•fused´ , a. Not confused; distinct. [Obs.]

In•con•fu´sion n. Freedom from confusion; distinctness. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•con•fut´a•ble , a. Not confutable. — In•con•fut´a•bly, adv. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In•con•geal´a•ble , a. [L. incongelabilis. See Congeal.] Not congealable; incapable of being congealed. — In•con•geal´a•ble•ness, n.

In•con•gen´ial , a. Not congenial; uncongenial. [R.] — In•con•ge•ni•al´i•ty (#). [R.]

In•con´gru•ence , n. [L. incongruentia.] Want of congruence; incongruity. Boyle.

In•con´gru•ent , a. [L. incongruens. See In- not, and Congruent.] Incongruous. Sir T. Elyot.

In•con•gru´i•ty , n.; pl. Incongruities (#). [Pref. in- not + congruity: cf. F. incongruite.] 1. The quality or state of being incongruous; want of congruity; unsuitableness; inconsistency; impropriety. “The fathers make use of this acknowledgment of the incongruity of images to the Deity, from thence to prove the incongruity of the worship of them.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. Disagreement of parts; want of symmetry or of harmony. [Obs.] 3. That which is incongruous; want of congruity.

In•con´gru•ous , a. [L. incongruus. See In- not, and Congruous.] Not congruous; reciprocally disagreeing; not capable of harmonizing or readily assimilating; inharmonious; inappropriate; unsuitable; not fitting; inconsistent; improper; as an incongruous remark; incongruous behavior, action, dress, etc. ´Incongruous mixtures of opinions.´ I. Taylor. ´Made up of incongruous parts.´ Macaulay. “Incongruous denotes that kind of absence of harmony or suitableness of which the taste and experience of men takes cognizance.” C. J. Smith. Incongruous numbers (Arith.), two numbers, which, with respect to a third, are such that their difference can not be divided by it without a remainder, the two numbers being said to be incongruous with respect to the third; as twenty and twenty-five are incongruous with respect to four. Syn. — Inconsistent; unsuitable; inharmonious; disagreeing; absurd; inappropriate; unfit; improper. See Inconsistent. — In•con´gru•ous•ly, adv. — In•con´gru•ous•ness, n.

In•con•nect´ed , a. Not connected; disconnected. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

In•con•nec´tion , n. Disconnection.

In•con•nex´ed•ly , adv. [Pref. in- not + connexed (p. p. of connex) + - ly.] Not connectedly; without connection. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•con´scion•a•ble , a. Unconscionable. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•con´scious , a. Unconscious. [Obs.]

In•con•sec´u•tive•ness , n. The state or quality of not being consecutive. J. H. Newman.

In•con´se•quence , n. [L. inconsequentia: cf. F. inconsequence.] The quality or state of being inconsequent; want of just or logical inference or argument; inconclusiveness. Bp. Stillingfleet. “Strange, that you should not see the inconsequence of your own reasoning!” Bp. Hurd.

In•con´se•quent , a. [L. inconsequens: cf. F. inconsequent. See In- not, and Consequent.] Not following from the premises; not regularly inferred; invalid; not characterized by logical method; illogical; arbitrary; inconsistent; of no consequence. “Loose and inconsequent conjectures.” Sir T. Browne.

In•con•se•quen´tial , a. Not regularly following from the premises; hence, irrelevant; unimportant; of no consequence. Chesterfield. — In•con•se•quen´tial•ly (#), adv.

In•con•se•quen•ti•al´i•ty , n. The state of being inconsequential.

In•con´se•quent•ness , n. Inconsequence.

In•con•sid´er•a•ble , a. Not considerable; unworthy of consideration or notice; unimportant; small; trivial; as an inconsiderable distance; an inconsiderable quantity, degree, value, or sum. ´The baser scum and inconsiderable dregs of Rome.´ Stepney. — In•con•sid´er•a•ble•ness, n. — In•con•sid´er•a•bly, adv.

In•con•sid´er•a•cy , n. Inconsiderateness; thoughtlessness. [Obs.] Chesterfield.

In•con•sid´er•ate , a. [L. inconsideratus. See In- not, and Considerate.] 1. Not considerate; not attentive to safety or to propriety; not regarding the rights or feelings of others; hasty; careless; thoughtless; heedless; as the young are generally inconsiderate; inconsiderate conduct. “It is a very unhappy token of our corruption, that there should be any so inconsiderate among us as to sacrifice morality to politics.” Addison. 2. Inconsiderable. [Obs.] E. Terry. Syn. — Thoughtless; inattentive; inadvertent; heedless; negligent; improvident; careless; imprudent; indiscreet; incautious; injudicious; rash; hasty.

In•con•sid´er•ate•ly, adv. In an inconsiderate manner.

In•con•sid´er•ate•ness, n. The quality or state of being inconsiderate. Tillotson.

In•con•sid•er•a´tion , n. [L. inconsideratio: cf. F. inconsideration.] Want of due consideration; inattention to consequences; inconsiderateness. “Blindness of mind, inconsideration, precipitation.” Jer. Taylor. “Not gross, willful, deliberate, crimes; but rather the effects of inconsideration.” Sharp.

In•con•sist´ence , n. Inconsistency.

In•con•sist´en•cy , n.; pl. Inconsistencies (#). [Cf. F. inconsistance.] 1. The quality or state of being inconsistent; discordance in respect to sentiment or action; such contrariety between two things that both can not exist or be true together; disagreement; incompatibility. “There is a perfect inconsistency between that which is of debt and that which is of free gift.” South. 2. Absurdity in argument ore narration; incoherence or irreconcilability in the parts of a statement, argument, or narration; that which is inconsistent. “If a man would register all his opinions upon love, politics, religion, and learning, what a bundle of inconsistencies and contradictions would appear at last!” Swift. 3. Want of stability or uniformity; unsteadiness; changeableness; variableness. “Mutability of temper, and inconsistency with ourselves, is the greatest weakness of human nature.” Addison.

In•con•sist´ent , a. [Pref. in- not + consistent: cf. F. inconsistant.] 1. Not consistent; showing inconsistency; irreconcilable; discordant; at variance, esp. as regards character, sentiment, or action; incompatible; incongruous; contradictory. “Compositions of this nature … show that wisdom and virtue are far from being inconsistent with politeness and good humor.” Addison. 2. Not exhibiting uniformity of sentiment, steadiness to principle, etc.; unequal; fickle; changeable. “Ah, how unjust to nature, and himself,
Is thoughtless, thankless, inconsistent man.” Young. Syn. — Incompatible; incongruous; irreconcilable; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. — Inconsistent, Incongruous, Incompatible. Things are incongruous when they are not suited to each other, so that their union is unbecoming; inconsistent when they are opposed to each other, so as render it improper or wrong; incompatible when they can not coexist, and it is therefore impossible to unite them. Habitual levity of mind is incongruous with the profession of a clergyman; it is inconsistent with his ordination vows; it is incompatible with his permanent usefulness. Incongruity attaches to the modes and qualities of things; incompatibility attaches to their essential attributes; inconsistency attaches to the actions, sentiments, etc., of men.

In•con•sist´ent•ly , adv. In an inconsistent manner.

In•con•sist´ent•ness, n. Inconsistency. [R.]

In•con•sist´ing , a. Inconsistent. [Obs.]

In•con•sol´a•ble , a. [L. inconsolabilis: cf. F. inconsolable. See In- not, and Console.] Not consolable; incapable of being consoled; grieved beyond susceptibility of comfort; disconsolate. Dryden. “With inconsolable distress she griev’d,
And from her cheek the rose of beauty fled.” Falconer. — In•con•sol´a•ble•ness, n. — In•con•sol´a•bly, adv. { In•con´so•nance , In•con´so•nan•cy } n. Want of consonance or harmony of sound, action, or thought; disagreement.

In•con´so•nant , a. [L. inconsonans. See In- not, and Consonant.] Not consonant or agreeing; inconsistent; discordant. — In•con´so•nant•ly, adv.

In•con•spic´u•ous , a. [L. inconspicuus. See In- not, and Conspicuous.] Not conspicuous or noticeable; hardly discernible. — In•con•spic´u•ous•ly, adv. — In•con•spic´u•ous•ness, n. Boyle.

In•con´stance , n. [F. See Inconstancy.] Inconstancy. Chaucer.

In•con´stan•cy , n. [L. inconstantia.] The quality or state of being inconstant; want of constancy; mutability; fickleness; variableness. “For unto knight there was no greater shame,
Than lightness and inconstancie in love.” Spenser.

In•con´stant , a. [L. inconstans: cf. F. inconstant. See In- not, and Constant.] Not constant; not stable or uniform; subject to change of character, appearance, opinion, inclination, or purpose, etc.; not firm; unsteady; fickle; changeable; variable; — said of persons or things; as inconstant in love or friendship. ´The inconstant moon.´ Shak. “While we, inquiring phantoms of a day,
Inconstant as the shadows we survey!” Boyse. Syn. — Mutable; fickle; volatile; unsteady; unstable; changeable; variable; wavering; fluctuating.

In•con´stant•ly, adv. In an inconstant manner.

In•con•sum´a•ble , a. Not consumable; incapable of being consumed, wasted, or spent. Paley. — In•con•sum´a•bly, adv.

In•con•sum´mate , a. [L. inconsummatus. See In- not, and Consummate.] Not consummated; not finished; incomplete. Sir M. Hale. — In•con•sum´mate•ness, n.

In•con•sump´ti•ble , a. [L. inconsumptibilis.] Inconsumable. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

In•con•tam´i•nate , a. [L. incontaminatus. See In- not, and not, and Contaminate.] Not contaminated; pure. Moore. — In•con•tam´i•nate•ness, n.

In•con•ten•ta´tion , n. [See In- not, and Content.] Discontent. [Obs.] Goodwin.

In•con•test•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being incontestable.

In•con•test´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + contestable: cf. F. incontestable.] Not contestable; not to be disputed; that cannot be called in question or controverted; incontrovertible; indisputable; as incontestable evidence, truth, or facts. Locke. Syn. — Incontrovertible; indisputable; irrefragable; undeniable; unquestionable; intuitable; certain. — In•con•test´a•ble•ness, n. — In•con•test´a•bly, adv.

In•con•test´ed, a. Not contested. Addison.

In•con•tig´u•ous , a. [L. incontiguus that can not be touched. See In- not, and Contiguous.] Not contiguous; not adjoining or in contact; separate. Boyle. — In•con•tig´u•ous•ly, adv. { In•con´ti•nence , In•con´ti•nen•cy } n. [L. incontinentia: cf. F. incontinence.] 1. Incapacity to hold; hence, incapacity to hold back or restrain; the quality or state of being incontinent; want of continence; failure to restrain the passions or appetites; indulgence of lust; lewdness. “That Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.” 1 Cor. vii. 5. “From the rash hand of bold incontinence.” Milton. 2. (Med.) The inability of any of the animal organs to restrain the natural evacuations, so that the discharges are involuntary; as incontinence of urine.

In•con´ti•nent , a. [L. incontinens: cf. F. incontinent. See In- not, and Continent.] 1. Not continent; uncontrolled; not restraining the passions or appetites, particularly the sexual appetite; indulging unlawful lust; unchaste; lewd. 2. (Med.) Unable to restrain natural evacuations.

In•con´ti•nent, n. One who is unchaste. B. Jonson.

In•con´ti•nent, adv. [Cf. F. incontinent.] Incontinently; instantly; immediately. [Obs.] “He says he will return incontinent.” Shak.

In•con´ti•nent•ly, adv. 1. In an incontinent manner; without restraint, or without due restraint; — used esp. of the passions or appetites. 2. Immediately; at once; forthwith. [Archaic] “Immediately he sent word to Athens that he would incontinently come hither with a host of men.” Golding.

In•con•tract´ed , a. Uncontracted. [Obs.] Blackwall.

In•con•trol´la•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + controllable: cf. F. incontrôlable.] Not controllable; uncontrollable. — In•con•trol´la•bly, adv. South.

In•con•tro•ver•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The state or condition of being incontrovertible.

In•con•tro•ver´ti•ble , a. Not controvertible; too clear or certain to admit of dispute; indisputable. Sir T. Browne. — In•con•tro•ver´ti•ble•ness, n. — In•con•tro•ver´ti•bly, adv.

In•con•ven´ience , n. [L. inconvenientia inconsistency: cf. OF. inconvenience.] 1. The quality or condition of being inconvenient; want of convenience; unfitness; unsuitableness; inexpediency; awkwardness; as the inconvenience of the arrangement. “They plead against the inconvenience, not the unlawfulness, … of ceremonies in burial.” Hooker. 2. That which gives trouble, embarrassment, or uneasiness; disadvantage; anything that disturbs quiet, impedes prosperity, or increases the difficulty of action or success; as one inconvenience of life is poverty. “A place upon the top of Mount Athos above all clouds of rain, or other inconvenience.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Man is liable to a great many inconveniences.” Tillotson. Syn. — Incommodiousness; awkwardness; disadvantage; disquiet; uneasiness; disturbance; annoyance.

In•con•ven´ience, v. t. To put to inconvenience; to incommode; as to inconvenience a neighbor.

In•con•ven´ien•cy , n. Inconvenience.

In•con•ven´ient , a. [L. inconveniens unbefitting: cf. F. inconvenient. See In- not, and Convenient.] 1. Not becoming or suitable; unfit; inexpedient. 2. Not convenient; giving trouble, uneasiness, or annoyance; hindering progress or success; uncomfortable; disadvantageous; incommodious; inopportune; as an inconvenient house, garment, arrangement, or time. Syn. — Unsuitable; uncomfortable; disaccommodating; awkward; unseasonable; inopportune; incommodious; disadvantageous; troublesome; cumbersome; embarrassing; objectionable.

In•con•ven´ient•ly, adv. In an inconvenient manner; incommodiously; unsuitably; unseasonably.

In•con•vers´a•ble , a. Incommunicative; unsocial; reserved. [Obs.]

In•con´ver•sant , a. Not conversant; not acquainted; not versed; unfamiliar.

In•con•vert´ed , a. Not turned or changed about. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•con•vert•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. inconvertibilitas.] The quality or state of being inconvertible; not capable of being exchanged for, or converted into, something else; as the inconvertibility of an irredeemable currency, or of lead, into gold.

In•con•vert´i•ble , a. [L. inconvertibilis: cf. F. inconvertible. See In- not, and Convertible.] Not convertible; not capable of being transmuted, changed into, or exchanged for, something else; as one metal is inconvertible into another; bank notes are sometimes inconvertible into specie. Walsh.

In•con•vert´i•ble•ness, n. Inconvertibility.

In•con•vert´i•bly, adv. In an inconvertible manner.

In•con•vin´ci•ble , a. [L. inconvincibilis. See In- not, and Convince.] Not convincible; incapable of being convinced. “None are so inconvincible as your half-witted people.” Gov. of the Tongue.

In•con•vin´ci•bly, adv. In a manner not admitting of being convinced.

In•co´ny , a. [Cf. Conny, Canny.] Unlearned; artless; pretty; delicate. [Obs.] “Most sweet jests! most incony vulgar wit!” Shak.

In•co•ör´di•nate , a. Not coördinate.

In•co•ör•di•na´tion , n. Want of coördination; lack of harmonious adjustment or action. Incoördination of muscular movement (Physiol.), irregularity in movements resulting from inharmonious action of the muscles in consequence of loss of voluntary control over them.

In•cor´o•nate , a. [Pref. in- in + coronate.] Crowned. [R.] Longfellow.

In•cor´po•ral , a. [L. incorporalis. See In- not, and Corporal, and cf. Incorporeal.] Immaterial; incorporeal; spiritual. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In•cor•po•ral´i•ty , n. [L. incorporalitas: cf. F. incorporalite.] Incorporeality. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•cor´po•ral•ly , adv. Incorporeally. [Obs.]

In•cor´po•rate , a. [L. incorporatus. See In- not, and Corporate.] 1. Not consisting of matter; not having a material body; incorporeal; spiritual. “Moses forbore to speak of angles, and things invisible, and incorporate.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Not incorporated; not existing as a corporation; as an incorporate banking association.

In•cor´po•rate, a. [L. incorporatus, p. p. of incorporare to incorporate; pref. in- in + corporare to make into a body. See Corporate.] Corporate; incorporated; made one body, or united in one body; associated; mixed together; combined; embodied. “As if our hands, our sides, voices, and minds
Had been incorporate.” Shak. “A fifteenth part of silver incorporate with gold.” Bacon.

In•cor´po•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incorporated p. pr. & vb. n. Incorporating ] 1. To form into a body; to combine, as different ingredients, into one consistent mass. “By your leaves, you shall not stay alone,
Till holy church incorporate two in one.” Shak. 2. To unite with a material body; to give a material form to; to embody. “The idolaters, who worshiped their images as gods, supposed some spirit to be incorporated therein.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 3. To unite with, or introduce into, a mass already formed; as to incorporate copper with silver; — used with with and into. 4. To unite intimately; to blend; to assimilate; to combine into a structure or organization, whether material or mental; as to incorporate provinces into the realm; to incorporate another’s ideas into one’s work. “The Romans did not subdue a country to put the inhabitants to fire and sword, but to incorporate them into their own community.” Addison. 5. To form into a legal body, or body politic; to constitute into a corporation recognized by law, with special functions, rights, duties and liabilities; as to incorporate a bank, a railroad company, a city or town, etc.

In•cor´po•rate , v. i. To unite in one body so as to make a part of it; to be mixed or blended; — usually followed by with. “Painters’ colors and ashes do better incorporate will oil.” Bacon. “He never suffers wrong so long to grow,
And to incorporate with right so far
As it might come to seem the same in show.” Daniel.

In•cor´po•ra•ted , a. United in one body; formed into a corporation; made a legal entity.

In•cor•po•ra´tion , n. [L. incorporatio: cf. F. incorporation.] 1. The act of incorporating, or the state of being incorporated. 2. The union of different ingredients in one mass; mixture; combination; synthesis. 3. The union of something with a body already existing; association; intimate union; assimilation; as the incorporation of conquered countries into the Roman republic. 4. (Law) (a) The act of creating a corporation. (b) A body incorporated; a corporation.

In•cor´po•ra•tive , a. Incorporating or tending to incorporate; as the incorporative languages (as of the Basques, North American Indians, etc. ) which run a whole phrase into one word. “History demonstrates that incorporative unions are solid and permanent; but that a federal union is weak.” W. Belsham.

In•cor´po•ra•tor , n. One of a number of persons who gets a company incorporated; one of the original members of a corporation.

In•cor•po´re•al , a. [Pref. in- not + corporeal: cf. L. incorporeus. Cf. Incorporal.] 1. Not corporeal; not having a material body or form; not consisting of matter; immaterial. “Thus incorporeal spirits to smaller forms
Reduced their shapes immense.” Milton. “Sense and perception must necessarily proceed from some incorporeal substance within us.” Bentley. 2. (Law) Existing only in contemplation of law; not capable of actual visible seizin or possession; not being an object of sense; intangible; — opposed to corporeal. Incorporeal hereditament. See under Hereditament. Syn. — Immaterial; unsubstantial; bodiless; spiritual.

In•cor•po´re•al•ism , n. Existence without a body or material form; immateriality. Cudworth.

In•cor•po´re•al•ist, n. One who believes in incorporealism. Cudworth.

In•cor•po•re•al´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being incorporeal or bodiless; immateriality; incorporealism. G. Eliot.

In•cor•po´re•al•ly , adv. In an incorporeal manner. Bacon.

In•cor•po•re´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + corporeity: cf. F. incorporeite.] The quality of being incorporeal; immateriality. Berkeley.

In•corpse´ , v. t. To incorporate. [R.] Shak.

In•cor•rect´ , a. [L. incorrectus: cf. F. incorrect. See In- not, and Correct.] 1. Not correct; not according to a copy or model, or to established rules; inaccurate; faulty. “The piece, you think, is incorrect.” Pope. 2. Not in accordance with the truth; inaccurate; not exact; as an incorrect statement or calculation. 3. Not accordant with duty or morality; not duly regulated or subordinated; unbecoming; improper; as incorrect conduct. “It shows a will most incorrect to heaven.” Shak. “The wit of the last age was yet more incorrect than their language.” Dryden. Syn. — Inaccurate; erroneous; wrong; faulty.

In•cor•rec´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + correction: cf. F. incorrection.] Want of correction, restraint, or discipline. [Obs.] Arnway.

In•cor•rect´ly , adv. Not correctly; inaccurately; not exactly; as a writing incorrectly copied; testimony incorrectly stated.

In•cor•rect´ness, n. The quality of being incorrect; want of conformity to truth or to a standard; inaccuracy; inexactness; as incorrectness may consist in defect or in redundance. { In•cor•re•spond´ence , In•cor•re•spond´en•cy } n. Want of correspondence; disagreement; disproportion. [R.]

In•cor•re•spond´ing, a. Not corresponding; disagreeing. [R.] Coleridge.

In•cor•ri•gi•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incorrigibilite.] The state or quality of being incorrigible. “The ingratitude, the incorrigibility, the strange perverseness … of mankind.” Barrow.

In•cor´ri•gi•ble , a. [L. incorrigibilis: cf. F. incorrigible. See In- not, and Corrigible.] Not corrigible; incapable of being corrected or amended; bad beyond correction; irreclaimable; as incorrigible error. ´Incorrigible fools.´ Dryden.

In•cor´ri•gi•ble , n. One who is incorrigible; especially, a hardened criminal; as the perpetual imprisonment of incorrigibles.

In•cor´ri•gi•ble•ness , n. Incorrigibility. Dr. H. More.

In•cor´ri•gi•bly, adv. In an incorrigible manner.

In•cor•rod´i•ble , a. Incapable of being corroded, consumed, or eaten away.

In•cor•rupt´ , a. [L. incorruptus. See In- not, and Corrupt.] 1. Not affected with corruption or decay; unimpaired; not marred or spoiled. 2. Not defiled or depraved; pure; sound; untainted; above the influence of bribes; upright; honest. Milton. “Your Christian principles … which will preserve you incorrupt as individuals.” Bp. Hurd.

In•cor•rupt´ed , a. Uncorrupted. [Obs.] “Breathed into their incorrupted breasts.” Sir J. Davies.

In•cor•rupt•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. incorruptibilitas: cf. F. incorruptibilite.] The quality of being incorruptible; incapability of corruption. Holland.

In•cor•rupt´i•ble , a. [L. incorruptibilis: cf. F. incorruptible. See In- not, and Corrupt.] 1. Not corruptible; incapable of corruption, decay, or dissolution; as gold is incorruptible. “Our bodies shall be changed into incorruptible and immortal substances.” Wake. 2. Incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted; inflexibly just and upright.

In•cor•rupt´i•ble, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect which arose in Alexandria, in the reign of the Emperor Justinian, and which believed that the body of Christ was incorruptible, and that he suffered hunger, thirst, pain, only in appearance.

In•cor•rupt´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being incorruptible. Boyle.

In•cor•rupt´i•bly, adv. In an incorruptible manner.

In•cor•rup´tion , n. [L. incorruptio: cf. F. incorruption. See In- not, and Corruption.] The condition or quality of being incorrupt or incorruptible; absence of, or exemption from, corruption. “It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption.” 1 Cor. xv. 42. “The same preservation, or, rather, incorruption, we have observed in the flesh of turkeys, capons, etc.” Sir T. Browne.

In•cor•rupt´ive , a. [L. incorruptivus.] Incorruptible; not liable to decay. Akenside.

In•cor•rupt´ly , adv. Without corruption. “To demean themselves incorruptly.” Milton.

In•cor•rupt´ness, n. 1. Freedom or exemption from decay or corruption. 2. Probity; integrity; honesty. Woodward.

In•cras´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incrassated p. pr. & vb. n. Incrassating.] [L. incrassatus, p. p. of incrassare; pref. in- in + crassus thick.] To make thick or thicker; to thicken; especially, in pharmacy, to thicken (a liquid) by the mixture of another substance, or by evaporating the thinner parts. “Acids dissolve or attenuate; alkalies precipitate or incrassate.” Sir I. Newton. “Liquors which time hath incrassated into jellies.” Sir T. Browne.

In•cras´sate, v. i. To become thick or thicker. { In•cras´sate , In•cras´sa•ted } a. [L. incrassatus, p. p.] 1. Made thick or thicker; thickened; inspissated. 2. (Bot.) Thickened; becoming thicker. Martyn. 3. (Zoöl.) Swelled out on some particular part, as the antennae of certain insects.

In•cras•sa´tion , n. [Cf. F. incrassation.] 1. The act or process of thickening or making thick; the process of becoming thick or thicker. 2. The state of being incrassated or made thick; inspissation. Sir T. Browne.

In•cras´sa•tive , a. Having the quality of thickening; tending to thicken. Harvey.

In•cras´sa•tive, n. A substance which has the power to thicken; formerly, a medicine supposed to thicken the humors. Harvey.

In•creas´a•ble , a. Capable of being increased. Sherwood. — In•creas´a•ble•ness, n. “An indefinite increasableness of some of our ideas.” Bp. Law.

In•crease´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Increased p. pr. & vb. n. Increasing.] [OE. incresen, encresen, enrescen, OF. encreistre, fr. L. increscere; pref. in- in + crescere to grow. See Crescent, and cf. Decrease.] 1. To become greater or more in size, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, power, authority, reputation, wealth; to grow; to augment; to advance; — opposed to decrease. “The waters increased and bare up the ark.” Gen. vii. 17. “He must increase, but I must decrease.” John iii. 30. “The heavens forbid
But that our loves and comforts should increase,
Even as our days do grow!” Shak. 2. To multiply by the production of young; to be fertile, fruitful, or prolific. “Fishes are more numerous or increasing than beasts or birds, as appears by their numerous spawn.” Sir M. Hale. 3. (Astron.) To become more nearly full; to show more of the surface; to wax; as the moon increases. Increasing function (Math.), a function whose value increases when that of the variable increases, and decreases when the latter is diminished. Syn. — To enlarge; extend; multiply; expand; develop; heighten; amplify; raise; enhance; spread; aggravate; magnify; augment; advance. — To Increase, Enlarge, Extend. Enlarge implies to make larger or broader in size. Extend marks the progress of enlargement so as to have wider boundaries. Increase denotes enlargement by growth and internal vitality, as in the case of plants. A kingdom is enlarged by the addition of new territories; the mind is enlarged by knowledge. A kingdom is extended when its boundaries are carried to a greater distance from the center. A man’s riches, honors, knowledge, etc., are increased by accessions which are made from time to time.

In•crease´ , v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, quantity, extent, value, or amount, etc.; to add to; to extend; to lengthen; to enhance; to aggravate; as to increase one’s possessions, influence. “I will increase the famine.” Ezek. v. 16. “Make denials
Increase your services.” Shak.

In´crease ( 277), n. [OE. encres, encresse. See Increase, v. i.] 1. Addition or enlargement in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, substance, etc.; augmentation; growth. “As if increase of appetite had grown
By what it fed on.” Shak. “For things of tender kind for pleasure made
Shoot up with swift increase, and sudden are decay’d.” Dryden. 2. That which is added to the original stock by augmentation or growth; produce; profit; interest. “Take thou no usury of him, or increase.” Lev. xxv. 36. “Let them not live to taste this land’s increase.” Shak. 3. Progeny; issue; offspring. “All the increase of thy house shall die in the flower of their age.” 1 Sam. ii. 33. 4. Generation. [Obs.] ´Organs of increase.´ Shak. 5. (Astron.) The period of increasing light, or luminous phase; the waxing; — said of the moon. “Seeds, hair, nails, hedges, and herbs will grow soonest if set or cut in the increase of the moon.” Bacon. Increase twist, the twixt of a rifle groove in which the angle of twist increases from the breech to the muzzle. Syn. — Enlargement; extension; growth; development; increment; addition; accession; production.

In•crease´ful , a. Full of increase; abundant in produce. ´Increaseful crops.´ [R.] Shak.

In•crease´ment , n. Increase. [R.] Bacon.

In•creas´er , n. One who, or that, increases.

In•creas´ing•ly, adv. More and more.

In•cre•ate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Increated p. pr. & vb. n. Increating.] [Pref. in- in + create.] To create within. [R.] { In´cre•ate , In´cre•a•ted } a. [L. increatus. See In- not, and Create.] Uncreated; self-existent. [R.] “Bright effluence of bright essence increate.” Milton.

In•cred•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. incredibilitas: cf. F. incredibilite.] 1. The quality or state of being incredible; incredibleness. Dryden. 2. That which is incredible. Johnson.

In•cred´i•ble , a. [L. incredibilis: cf. OF. incredible. See In- not, and Credible.] Not credible; surpassing belief; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief; unlikely; marvelous; fabulous. “Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead?” Acts xxvi. 8.

In•cred´i•ble•ness, n. Incredibility.

In•cred´i•bly, adv. In an incredible manner.

In•cred´it•ed , a. Uncredited. [Obs.]

In•cre•du´li•ty , n. [L. incredulitas: cf. F. incredulite.] The state or quality of being incredulous; a withholding or refusal of belief; skepticism; unbelief; disbelief. “Of every species of incredulity, religious unbelief is the most irrational.” Buckminster.

In•cred´u•lous ( 135), a. [L. incredulus. See In- not, and Credulous.] 1. Not credulous; indisposed to admit or accept that which is related as true, skeptical; unbelieving. Bacon. “A fantastical incredulous fool.” Bp. Wilkins. 2. Indicating, or caused by, disbelief or incredulity. ´An incredulous smile.´ Longfellow. 3. Incredible; not easy to be believed. [R.] Shak.

In•cred´u•lous•ly, adv. In an incredulous manner; with incredulity.

In•cred´u•lous•ness, n. Incredulity.

In•crem´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + L. cremabilis combustible, fr. cremare to burn.] Incapable of being burnt; incombustibe. Sir T. Browne.

In´cre•mate , v. t. [Pref. in- in + cremate.] To consume or reduce to ashes by burning, as a dead body; to cremate.

In•cre•ma´tion , n. Burning; esp., the act of burning a dead body; cremation.

In´cre•ment , n. [L. incrementum: cf. F. increment. See Increase.] 1. The act or process of increasing; growth in bulk, guantity, number, value, or amount; augmentation; enlargement. “The seminary that furnisheth matter for the formation and increment of animal and vegetable bodies.” Woodward. “A nation, to be great, ought to be compressed in its increment by nations more civilized than itself.” Coleridge. 2. Matter added; increase; produce; production; — opposed to decrement. ´Large increment.´ J. Philips. 3. (Math.) The increase of a variable quantity or fraction from its present value to its next ascending value; the finite quantity, generally variable, by which a variable quantity is increased. 4. (Rhet.) An amplification without strict climax, as in the following passage: “Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report, … think on these things.” Phil. iv. 8. Infinitesimal increment (Math.), an infinitesimally small variation considered in Differential Calculus. See Calculus. — Method of increments (Math.), a calculus founded on the properties of the successive values of variable quantities and their differences or increments. It differs from the method of fluxions in treating these differences as finite, instead of infinitely small, and is equivalent to the calculus of finite differences.

In•cre•men´tal , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or resulting from, the process of growth; as the incremental lines in the dentine of teeth.

In´cre•pate , v. t. [L. increpatus, p. p. of increpare to upbraid; pref. in- in, against + crepare to talk noisily.] To chide; to rebuke; to reprove. [Obs.]

In•cre•pa´tion , n. [L. increpatio.] A chiding; rebuke; reproof. [Obs.] Hammond.

In•cres´cent , a. [L. increscens, -entis, p. pr. of increscere. See Increase.] 1. Increasing; growing; augmenting; swelling; enlarging. “Between the incresent and decrescent moon.” Tennyson. 2. (Her.) Increasing; on the increase; — said of the moon represented as the new moon, with the points turned toward the dexter side.

In•crest´ , v. t. To adorn with a crest. [R.] Drummond.

In•crim´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incriminated p. pr. & vb. n. Incriminating.] [LL. incriminatus, p. p. of incriminare; in- in + criminare, criminari, to accuse one of a crime. See Criminate.] To accuse; to charge with a crime or fault; to criminate.

In•crim•i•na´tion , n. The act of incriminating; crimination.

In•crim´i•na•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to crimination; tending to incriminate; criminatory.

In•cru•en´tal , a. [L. incruentus. See In- not, and Cruentous.] Unbloody; not attended with blood; as an incruental sacrifice. [Obs.] Brevint.

In•crust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incrusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Incrusting.] [L. incrustare; pref. in- in + crustare to cover with a crust: cf. F. incruster. See Crust.] [Written also encrust.] 1. To cover or line with a crust, or hard coat; to form a crust on the surface of; as iron incrusted with rust; a vessel incrusted with salt; a sweetmeat incrusted with sugar. “And by the frost refin’d the whiter snow,
Incrusted hard.” Thomson. 2. (Fine Arts) To inlay into, as a piece of carving or other ornamental object.

In•crus´tate , a. [L. incrustatus, p. p. See Incrust.] Incrusted. Bacon.

In•crus´tate , v. t. To incrust. [R.] Cheyne.

In•crus•ta´tion , n. [L. incrustatio: cf. F. incrustation. See Incrust.] 1. The act of incrusting, or the state of being incrusted. 2. A crust or hard coating of anything upon or within a body, as a deposit of lime, sediment, etc., from water on the inner surface of a steam boiler. 3. (Arch.) A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, etc., attached to the masonry by cramp irons or cement. 4. (Fine Arts) Anything inlaid or imbedded.

In•crust´ment , n. Incrustation. [R.]

In•crys´tal•li•za•ble , a. Not crystallizable; incapable of being formed into crystals.

In´cu•bate , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Incubated p. pr. & vb. n. Incubating ] [L. incubatus, p. p. incubare to lie on; pref. in- in, on + cubare to lie down. Cf. Cubit, Incumbent.] To sit, as on eggs for hatching; to brood; to brood upon, or keep warm, as eggs, for the purpose of hatching.

In•cu•ba´tion , n. [L. incubatio: cf. F. incubation.] 1. A sitting on eggs for the purpose of hatching young; a brooding on, or keeping warm, (eggs) to develop the life within, by any process. Ray. 2. (Med.) The development of a disease from its causes, or its period of incubation. (See below.) 3. A sleeping in a consecrated place for the purpose of dreaming oracular dreams. Tylor. Period of incubation, or Stage of incubation (Med.), the period which elapses between exposure to the causes of a disease and the attack resulting from it; the time of development of the supposed germs or spores.

In´cu•ba•tive , a. Of or pertaining to incubation, or to the period of incubation.

In´cu•ba•tor , n. That which incubates, especially, an apparatus by means of which eggs are hatched by artificial heat.

In•cu´ba•to•ry , a. Serving for incubation.

In•cube´ , v. t. To fix firmly, as in cube; to secure or place firmly. [Obs.] Milton.

In•cu´bi•ture ( 135), n. [Cf. L. incubitus.] Incubation. [Obs.] J. Ellis.

In´cu•bous , a. [From L. incubare to lie on.] (Bot.) Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one covers the base of the leaf next above it, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Frullania. See Succubous.

In´cu•bus , n.; pl. E. Incubuses (#), L. Incubi (#). [L., the nightmare. Cf. Incubate.] 1. A demon; a fiend; a lascivious spirit, supposed to have sexual intercourse with women by night. Tylor. “The devils who appeared in the female form were generally called succubi; those who appeared like men incubi, though this distinction was not always preserved.” Lecky. 2. (Med.) The nightmare. See Nightmare. “Such as are troubled with incubus, or witch- ridden, as we call it.” Burton. 3. Any oppressive encumbrance or burden; anything that prevents the free use of the faculties. “Debt and usury is the incubus which weighs most heavily on the agricultural resources of Turkey.” J. L. Farley.

In•cul´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inculcated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inculcating ] [L. inculcatus, p. p. of inculcare to tread on; pref. in- in, on + calcare to tread, fr. calx the heel; perh. akin to E. heel. Cf. 2d Calk, Heel.] To teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions; to urge on the mind; as Christ inculcates on his followers humility. “The most obvious and necessary duties of life they have not yet had authority enough to enforce and inculcate upon men’s minds.” S. Clarke. Syn. — To instill; infuse; implant; engraft; impress.

In•cul•ca´tion , n. [L. inculcatio: cf. F. inculcation.] A teaching and impressing by frequent repetitions. Bp. Hall.

In•cul´ca•tor , n. [L.] One who inculcates. Boyle.

In•culk´ v. t. [Cf. F. inculquer. See Inculcate.] To inculcate. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In•culp´ , v. t. [Cf. inculper. See Inculpate.] To inculpate. [Obs.] Shelton.

In•cul´pa•ble , a. [L. inculpabilis: cf. F. incupable.] Faultless; blameless; innocent. South. “An innocent and incupable piece of ignorance.” Killingbeck.

In•cul´pa•ble•ness, n. Blamelessness; faultlessness.

In•cul´pa•bly, adv. Blamelessly. South.

In•cul´pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inculpated p. pr. & vb. n. Inculpating ] [LL. inculpatus, p. p. of inculpare to blame; pref. in- in + culpa fault. See Culpable.] [A word of recent introduction.] To blame; to impute guilt to; to accuse; to involve or implicate in guilt. “That risk could only exculpate her and not inculpate them — the probabilities protected them so perfectly.” H. James.

In•cul•pa´tion , n. [Cf. F. inculpation.] Blame; censure; crimination. Jefferson.

In•cul´pa•to•ry , a. Imputing blame; criminatory; compromising; implicating.

In•cult´ , a. [L. incultus; pref. in- not + cultus, p. p. of colere to cultivate: cf. F. inculte.] Untilled; uncultivated; crude; rude; uncivilized. “Germany then, says Tacitus, was incult and horrid, now full of magnificent cities.” Burton. “His style is diffuse and incult.” M. W. Shelley.

In•cul´ti•va•ted , a. Uncultivated. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

In•cul•ti•va´tion , n. Want of cultivation. [Obs.] Berington.

In•cul´ture ( 135), n. [Pref. in- not + culture: cf. F. inculture.] Want or neglect of cultivation or culture. [Obs.] Feltham.

In•cum´ben•cy , n.; pl. Incumbencies (#). [From Incumbent.] 1. The state of being incumbent; a lying or resting on something. 2. That which is physically incumbent; that which lies as a burden; a weight. Evelyn. 3. That which is morally incumbent, or is imposed, as a rule, a duty, obligation, or responsibility. ´The incumbencies of a family.´ Donne. 4. The state of holding a benefice; the full possession and exercise of any office. “These fines are only to be paid to the bishop during his incumbency.” Swift.

In•cum´bent , a. [L. incumbens, -entis, p. pr. of incumbere to lie down upon, press upon; pref. in- in, on + cumbere (in comp.); akin to cubare to lie down. See Incubate.] 1. Lying; resting; reclining; recumbent; superimposed; superincumbent. “Two incumbent figures, gracefully leaning upon it.” Sir H. Wotton. “To move the incumbent load they try.” Addison. 2. Lying, resting, or imposed, as a duty or obligation; obligatory; always with on or upon. “All men, truly zealous, will perform those good works that are incumbent on all Christians.” Sprat. 3. (Bot.) Leaning or resting; — said of anthers when lying on the inner side of the filament, or of cotyledons when the radicle lies against the back of one of them. Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) Bent downwards so that the ends touch, or rest on, something else; as the incumbent toe of a bird.

In•cum´bent, n. A person who is in present possession of a benefice or of any office. “The incumbent lieth at the mercy of his patron.” Swift.

In•cum´bent•ly, adv. In an incumbent manner; so as to be incumbent.

In•cum´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Incumbering.] See Encumber.

In•cum•bi´tion , n. Incubation. [R.] Sterne.

In•cum´brance , n. [See Encumbrance.] [Written also encumbrance.] 1. A burdensome and troublesome load; anything that impedes motion or action, or renders it difficult or laborious; clog; impediment; hindrance; check. Cowper. 2. (Law) A burden or charge upon property; a claim or lien upon an estate, which may diminish its value.

In•cum´bran•cer , n. (Law) One who holds an incumbrance, or some legal claim, lien, or charge on an estate. Kent.

In•cum´brous , a. [Cf. OF. encombros.] Cumbersome; troublesome. [Written also encombrous.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

In•cu•nab´u•lum , n.; pl. Incunabula (#). [L. incunabula cradle, birthplace, origin. See 1st In-, and Cunabula.] A work of art or of human industry, of an early epoch; especially, a book printed before a. d. 1500.

In•cur´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurred p. pr. & vb. n. Incurring ] [L. incurrere to run into or toward; pref. in- in + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To meet or fall in with, as something inconvenient, harmful, or onerous; to put one’s self in the way of; to expose one’s self to; to become liable or subject to; to bring down upon one’s self; to encounter; to contract; as to incur debt, danger, displeasure, penalty, responsibility, etc. “I know not what I shall incur to pass it,
Having no warrant.” Shak. 2. To render liable or subject to; to occasion. [Obs.] “Lest you incur me much more damage in my fame than you have done me pleasure in preserving my life.” Chapman.

In•cur´, v. i. To pass; to enter. [Obs.] “Light is discerned by itself because by itself it incurs into the eye.” South.

In•cur•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incurabilite incurability, LL. incurabilitas negligence.] The state of being incurable; irremediableness. Harvey.

In•cur´a•ble , a. [F. incurable, L. incurabilis. See In- not, and Curable.] 1. Not capable of being cured; beyond the power of skill or medicine to remedy; as an incurable disease. “A scirrhus is not absolutely incurable.” Arbuthnot. 2. Not admitting or capable of remedy or correction; irremediable; remediless; as incurable evils. “Rancorous and incurable hostility.” Burke. “They were laboring under a profound, and, as it might have seemed, an almost incurable ignorance.” Sir J. Stephen. Syn. — Irremediable; remediless; irrecoverable; irretrievable; irreparable; hopeless.

In•cur´a•ble, n. A person diseased beyond cure.

In•cur´a•ble•ness, n. The state of being incurable; incurability. Boyle.

In•cur´a•bly, adv. In a manner that renders cure impracticable or impossible; irremediably. ´Incurably diseased.´ Bp. Hall. ´Incurably wicked.´ Blair.

In•cu•ri•os´i•ty , n. [L. incuriositas: cf. F. incurosite.] Want of curiosity or interest; inattentiveness; indifference. Sir H. Wotton.

In•cu´ri•ous , a. [L. incuriosus: cf. F. incurieux. See In- not, and Curious.] Not curious or inquisitive; without care for or interest in; inattentive; careless; negligent; heedless. “Carelessnesses and incurious deportments toward their children.” Jer. Taylor.

In•cu´ri•ous•ly, adv. In an curious manner.

In•cu´ri•ous•ness, n. Unconcernedness; incuriosity. “Sordid incuriousness and slovenly neglect.” Bp. Hall.

In•cur´rence , n. [See Incur.] The act of incurring, bringing on, or subjecting one’s self to (something troublesome or burdensome); as the incurrence of guilt, debt, responsibility, etc.

In•cur´rent , a. [L. incurrens, p. pr. incurere, incursum, to run in; in- + currere to run.] (Zoöl.) Characterized by a current which flows inward; as the incurrent orifice of lamellibranch Mollusca.

In•cur´sion , n. [L. incursio: cf. F. incursion. See Incur.] 1. A running into; hence, an entering into a territory with hostile intention; a temporary invasion; a predatory or harassing inroad; a raid. “The Scythian, whose incursions wild
Have wasted Sogdiana.” Milton. “The incursions of the Goths disordered the affairs of the Roman Empire.” Arbuthnot. 2. Attack; occurrence. [Obs.] “Sins of daily incursion.” South. Syn. — Invasion; inroad; raid; foray; sally; attack; onset; irruption. See Invasion.

In•cur´sive , a. Making an incursion; invasive; aggressive; hostile.

In•cur´tain , v. t. To curtain. [Obs.]

In•cur´vate , a. [L. incurvatus, p. p. of incurvare to crook; pref. in- in + curvus bent. See Curve, and cf. Incurve.] Curved; bent; crooked. Derham.

In•cur´vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurvated p. pr. & vb. n. Incurvating.] To turn from a straight line or course; to bend; to crook. Cheyne.

In•cur•va´tion , n. [L. incurvatio: cf. F. incurvation.] 1. The act of bending, or curving. 2. The state of being bent or curved; curvature. “An incurvation of the rays.” Derham. 3. The act of bowing, or bending the body, in respect or reverence. ´The incurvations of the knee.´ Bp. Hall.

In•curve´ (in•kûv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurved (-kûvd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Incurving.] [See Incurvate.] To bend; to curve; to make crooked.

In•curved´ (in•kûvd´), a. [Pref. in- in + curved.] (Bot.) Bending gradually toward the axis or center, as branches or petals.

In•cur´vi•ty (in•kû´vi•ty), n. [From L. incurvus bent. See Incurvate.] A state of being bent or curved; incurvation; a bending inwards. Sir T. Browne.

In´cus , n. [L., anvil.] 1. An anvil. 2. (Anat.) One of the small bones in the tympanum of the ear; the anvil bone. See Ear. 3. (Zoöl.) The central portion of the armature of the pharynx in the Rotifera.

In•cuse´ , a. [See Incuse, v. t.] (Numismatics) Cut or stamped in, or hollowed out by engraving. ´Irregular incuse square.´ Dr. W. Smith. { In•cuse´ , In•cuss´ } v. t. [L. incussus, p. p. of incutere to strike. See 1st In-, and Concuss.] To form, or mold, by striking or stamping, as a coin or medal.

In•cute´ , v. t. [See Incuse.] To strike or stamp in. [Obs.] Becon.

In•cyst´ , v. t. See Encyst.

In•cyst´ed, a. See Encysted.

Ind , n. India. [Poetical] Shak. Milton.

In´da•gate , v. t. [L. indagatus, p. p. of indagare to seek.] To seek or search out. [Obs.]

In•da•ga´tion , n. [L. indagatio: cf. F. indagation.] Search; inquiry; investigation. [Obs.]

In´da•ga•tive , a. Searching; exploring; investigating. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In´da•ga•tor , n. [L.] A searcher; an explorer; an investigator. [Obs.] “Searched into by such skillful indagators of nature.” Boyle.

In•dam´age ( 48), v. t. See Endamage. [R.]

In•dam´aged , a. Not damaged. [Obs.] Milton.

In•dart´ , v. t. To pierce, as with a dart.

In´da•zol , n. [Indol + azote.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous compound, C_7H_6N_2, analogous to indol, and produced from a diazo derivative of cinnamic acid.

Inde , a. Azure-colored; of a bright blue color. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

In•dear´ , v. t. See Endear.

In•debt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indebted; p. pr. & vb. n. Indebting.] [OE. endetten, F. endetter; pref. en- (L. in) + F. dette debt. See Debt.] To bring into debt; to place under obligation; — chiefly used in the participle indebted. “Thy fortune hath indebted thee to none.” Daniel.

In•debt´ed, a. 1. Brought into debt; being under obligation; held to payment or requital; beholden. “By owing, owes not, but still pays, at once
Indebted and discharged.” Milton. 2. Placed under obligation for something received, for which restitution or gratitude is due; as we are indebted to our parents for their care of us in infancy; indebted to friends for help and encouragement. Cowper.

In•debt´ed•ness, n. 1. The state of being indebted. 2. The sum owed; debts, collectively.

In•debt´ment , n. [Cf. F. endettement.] Indebtedness. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•de´cence , n. See Indecency. [Obs.] ´An indecence of barbarity.´ Bp. Burnet.

In•de´cen•cy , n.; pl. Indecencies (#). [L. indecentia unseemliness: cf. F. indecence.] 1. The quality or state of being indecent; want of decency, modesty, or good manners; obscenity. 2. That which is indecent; an indecent word or act; an offense against delicacy. “They who, by speech or writing, present to the ear or the eye of modesty any of the indecencies I allude to, are pests of society.” Beattie. Syn. — Indelicacy; indecorum; immodesty; impurity; obscenity. See Indecorum.

In•de´cent , a. [L. indecens unseemly, unbecoming: cf. F. indecent. See In- not, and Decent.] Not decent; unfit to be seen or heard; offensive to modesty and delicacy; as indecent language. Cowper. Syn. — Unbecoming; indecorous; indelicate; unseemly; immodest; gross; shameful; impure; improper; obscene; filthy.

In•de´cent•ly, adv. In an indecent manner.

In•de•cid´u•ate , a. 1. Indeciduous. 2. (Anat.) Having no decidua; nondeciduate.

In•de•cid´u•ous , a. Not deciduous or falling, as the leaves of trees in autumn; lasting; evergreen; persistent; permanent; perennial. “The indeciduous and unshaven locks of Apollo.” Sir T. Browne.

In•dec´i•ma•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + LL. decimare to tithe: cf. F. indecimable. See Decimate.] Not decimable, or liable to be decimated; not liable to the payment of tithes. Cowell.

In•de•ci´pher•a•ble , a. Not decipherable; incapable of being deciphered, explained, or solved. — In•de•ci´pher•a•bly, adv.

In•de•ci´sion , n. [Pref. in- not + decision: cf. F. indecision.] Want of decision; want of settled purpose, or of firmness; indetermination; wavering of mind; irresolution; vacillation; hesitation. “The term indecision … implies an idea very nicely different from irresolution; yet it has a tendency to produce it.” Shenstone. “Indecision … is the natural accomplice of violence.” Burke.

In•de•ci´sive , a. [Cf. F. indecisif.] 1. Not decisive; not bringing to a final or ultimate issue; as an indecisive battle, argument, answer. “The campaign had everywhere been indecisive.” Macaulay. 2. Undetermined; prone to indecision; irresolute; unsettled; wavering; vacillating; hesitating; as an indecisive state of mind; an indecisive character.

In•de•ci´sive•ly, adv. Without decision.

In•de•ci´sive•ness, n. The state of being indecisive; unsettled state.

In•de•clin´a•ble , a. [L. indeclinabilis: cf. F. indeclinable. See In- not, and Decline.] (Gram.) Not declinable; not varied by inflective terminations; as nihil (nothing), in Latin, is an indeclinable noun. — n. An indeclinable word.

In•de•clin´a•bly, adv. 1. Without variation. 2. (Gram.) Without variation of termination.

In•de•com•pos´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + decomposable: cf. F. indecomposable.] Not decomposable; incapable or difficult of decomposition; not resolvable into its constituents or elements.

In•de•com•pos´a•ble•ness, n. Incapableness of decomposition; stability; permanence; durability.

In•de•co´rous ( 277), a. [L. indecorous. See In- not, and Decorous.] Not decorous; violating good manners; contrary to good breeding or etiquette; unbecoming; improper; out of place; as indecorous conduct. “It was useless and indecorous to attempt anything more by mere struggle.” Burke. Syn. — Unbecoming; unseemly; unbefitting; rude; coarse; impolite; uncivil; ill-bred.

In•de•co´rous•ly, adv. In an indecorous manner.

In•de•co´rous•ness, n. The quality of being indecorous; want of decorum.

In•de•co´rum , n. [Pref. in- not + decorum: cf. L. indecorous unbecoming.] 1. Want of decorum; impropriety of behavior; that in behavior or manners which violates the established rules of civility, custom, or etiquette; indecorousness. 2. An indecorous or unbecoming action. Young. Syn. — Indecorum is sometimes synonymous with indecency; but indecency, more frequently than indecorum, is applied to words or actions which refer to what nature and propriety require to be concealed or suppressed. Indecency is the stronger word; indecorum refers to any transgression of etiquette or civility, especially in public.

In•deed´ , adv. [Prep. in + deed.] In reality; in truth; in fact; verily; truly; — used in a variety of senses. Esp.: (a) Denoting emphasis; as indeed it is so. (b) Denoting concession or admission; as indeed, you are right. (c) Denoting surprise; as indeed, is it you? Its meaning is not intrinsic or fixed, but depends largely on the form of expression which it accompanies. “The carnal mind is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be.” Rom. viii. 7. “I were a beast indeed to do you wrong.” Dryden. “There is, indeed, no great pleasure in visiting these magazines of war.” Addison.

In•de•fat•i•ga•bil´i•ty (in•de•fat•i•ga•bil´i•ty ), n. The state of being indefatigable.

In•de•fat´i•ga•ble (in•de•fat´i•ga•b’l), a. [L. indefatigabilis: cf. OF. indefatigable. See In- not, and Defatigable, and cf. Infatigable.] Incapable of being fatigued; not readily exhausted; unremitting in labor or effort; untiring; unwearying; not yielding to fatigue; as indefatigable exertions, perseverance, application. ´A constant, indefatigable attendance.´ South. “Upborne with indefatigable wings.” Milton. Syn. — Unwearied; untiring; persevering; persistent.

In•de•fat´i•ga•ble•ness, n. Indefatigable quality; unweariedness; persistency. Parnell.

In•de•fat´i•ga•bly, adv. Without weariness; without yielding to fatigue; persistently. Dryden.

In•de•fat•i•ga´tion , n. Indefatigableness; unweariedness. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

In•de•fea•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being indefeasible.

In•de•fea•si•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + defeasible: cf. OF. indefaisable.] Not to be defeated; not defeasible; incapable of being annulled or made void; as an indefeasible or title. “That the king had a divine and an indefeasible right to the regal power.” Macaulay.

In•de•fect•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indefectibilite.] The quality of being indefectible. Barrow.

In•de•fect´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + defectible: cf. F. indefectible.] Not defectible; unfailing; not liable to defect, failure, or decay. “An indefectible treasure in the heavens.” Barrow. “A state of indefectible virtue and happiness.” S. Clarke.

In•de•fect´ive , a. Not defective; perfect; complete. ´Absolute, indefective obedience.´ South.

In•de•fei´si•ble , a. Indefeasible. [Obs.]

In•de•fen•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of not being defensible. Walsh.

In•de•fen´si•ble , [Pref. in- not + defensible: cf. OF. indefensible, indefensable.] Not defensible; not capable of being defended, maintained, vindicated, or justified; unjustifiable; untenable; as an indefensible fortress, position, cause, etc. “Men find that something can be said in favor of what, on the very proposal, they thought utterly indefensible.” Burke.

In•de•fen´si•bly, adv. In an indefensible manner.

In•de•fen´sive , a. Defenseless. [Obs.] “The sword awes the indefensive villager.” Sir T. Herbert.

In•de•fi´cien•cy, n. The state or quality of not being deficient. [Obs.] Strype.

In•de•fi´cient , a. [L. indeficiens. See In- not, and Deficient.] Not deficient; full. [Obs.] “Brighter than the sun, and indeficient as the light of heaven.” Jer. Taylor.

In•de•fin´a•ble , a. Incapable of being defined or described; inexplicable. Bp. Reynolds.

In•de•fin´a•bly, adv. In an indefinable manner.

In•def´i•nite , a. [L. indefinitus. See In- not, and Definite.] 1. Not definite; not limited, defined, or specified; not explicit; not determined or fixed upon; not precise; uncertain; vague; confused; obscure; as an indefinite time, plan, etc. “It were to be wished that … men would leave off that indefinite way of vouching, ´the chymists say this,´ or ´the chymists affirm that.´” Boyle. “The time of this last is left indefinite.” Dryden. 2. Having no determined or certain limits; large and unmeasured, though not infinite; unlimited; as indefinite space; the indefinite extension of a straight line. “Though it is not infinite, it may be indefinite; though it is not boundless in itself, it may be so to human comprehension.” Spectator. 3. Boundless; infinite. [R.] “Indefinite and omnipresent God,
Inhabiting eternity.” W. Thompson (1745). 4. (Bot.) Too numerous or variable to make a particular enumeration important; — said of the parts of a flower, and the like. also indeterminate. Indefinite article (Gram.), the word a or an, used with nouns to denote any one of a common or general class. — Indefinite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Indeterminate inflorescence, under Indeterminate. — Indefinite proposition (Logic), a statement whose subject is a common term, with nothing to indicate distribution or nondistribution; as Man is mortal. — Indefinite term (Logic), a negative term; as the not- good. Syn. — Inexplicit; vague; uncertain; unsettled; indeterminate; loose; equivocal; inexact; approximate.

In•def´i•nite•ly, adv. In an indefinite manner or degree; without any settled limitation; vaguely; not with certainty or exactness; as to use a word indefinitely. “If the world be indefinitely extended, that is, so far as no human intellect can fancy any bound of it.” Ray.

In•def´i•nite•ness, n. The quality of being indefinite.

In•de•fin´i•tude , n. Indefiniteness; vagueness; also number or quantity not limited by our understanding, though yet finite. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•de•his´cence , n. [Cf. F. indehiscence.] (Bot.) The property or state of being indehiscent.

In•de•his´cent , a. [Pref. in- not + dehiscent: cf. F. indehiscent.] (Bot.) Remaining closed at maturity, or not opening along regular lines, as the acorn, or a cocoanut.

In•de•lec´ta•ble , a. Not delectable; unpleasant; disagreeable. [R.] Richardson.

In•de•lib´er•ate , a. [L. indeliberatus. See In- not, and Deliberate.] Done without deliberation; unpremeditated. [Obs.] — In•de•lib´er•ate•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•de•lib´er•a•ted , a. Indeliberate. [Obs.]

In•del•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indelebilite.] The quality of being indelible. Bp. Horsley.

In•del´i•ble , a. [L. indelebilis; pref. in- not + delebilis capable of being destroyed: cf. F. indelebile. See In- not, and Deleble.] [Formerly written also indeleble, which accords with the etymology of the word.] 1. That can not be removed, washed away, blotted out, or effaced; incapable of being canceled, lost, or forgotten; as indelible characters; an indelible stain; an indelible impression on the memory. 2. That can not be annulled; indestructible. [R.] “They are endued with indelible power from above.” Sprat. Indelible colors, fast colors which do not fade or tarnish by exposure. — Indelible ink, an ink not obliterated by washing; esp., a solution of silver nitrate. Syn. — Fixed; fast; permanent; ineffaceable. — In•del´i•ble•ness, n. — In•del´i•bly, adv. “Indelibly stamped and impressed.” J. Ellis.

In•del´i•ca•cy , n.; pl. Indelicacies (#). [From Indelicate.] The quality of being indelicate; want of delicacy, or of a nice sense of, or regard for, purity, propriety, or refinement in manners, language, etc.; rudeness; coarseness; also that which is offensive to refined taste or purity of mind. “The indelicacy of English comedy.” Blair. “Your papers would be chargeable with worse than indelicacy; they would be immoral.” Addison.

In•del´i•cate , a. [Pref. in- not + delicate: cf. F. indelicat.] Not delicate; wanting delicacy; offensive to good manners, or to purity of mind; coarse; rude; as an indelicate word or suggestion; indelicate behavior. Macaulay. — In•del´i•cate•ly, adv. Syn. — Indecorous; unbecoming; unseemly; rude; coarse; broad; impolite; gross; indecent; offensive; improper; unchaste; impure; unrefined.

In•dem•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. 1. The act or process of indemnifying, preserving, or securing against loss, damage, or penalty; reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty; the state of being indemnified. “Indemnification is capable of some estimate; dignity has no standard.” Burke. 2. That which indemnifies. “No reward with the name of an indemnification.” De Quincey.

In•dem´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indemnified p. pr. & vb. n. Indemnifying ] [L. indemnis unhurt (in- not + damnum hurt, damage) + -fy. Cf. Damn, Damnify.] 1. To save harmless; to secure against loss or damage; to insure. “The states must at last engage to the merchants here that they will indemnify them from all that shall fall out.” Sir W. Temple. 2. To make restitution or compensation for, as for that which is lost; to make whole; to reimburse; to compensate. Beattie.

In•dem´ni•ty , n.; pl. Indemnities (#). [L. indemnitas, fr. indemnis uninjured: cf. F. indemnite. See Indemnify.] 1. Security; insurance; exemption from loss or damage, past or to come; immunity from penalty, or the punishment of past offenses; amnesty. “Having first obtained a promise of indemnity for the riot they had committed.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Indemnification, compensation, or remuneration for loss, damage, or injury sustained. “They were told to expect, upon the fall of Walpole, a large and lucrative indemnity for their pretended wrongs.” Ld. Mahon. Insurance is a contract of indemnity. Arnould. The owner of private property taken for public use is entitled to compensation or indemnity. Kent. Act of indemnity (Law), an act or law passed in order to relieve persons, especially in an official station, from some penalty to which they are liable in consequence of acting illegally, or, in case of ministers, in consequence of exceeding the limits of their strict constitutional powers. These acts also sometimes provide compensation for losses or damage, either incurred in the service of the government, or resulting from some public measure.

In•de•mon•stra•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being indemonstrable.

In•de•mon´stra•ble , a. [L. indemonstrabilis. See In- not, and Demonstrable.] Incapable of being demonstrated. — In•de•mon´stra•ble•ness, n.

In•den•i•za´tion , n. The act of naturalizing; endenization. [R.] Evelyn.

In•den´ize , v. t. To naturalize. [R.]

In•den´i•zen , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indenizened p. pr. & vb. n. Indenizening.] To invest with the privileges of a denizen; to naturalize. [R.] “Words indenizened, and commonly used as English.” B. Jonson.

In•dent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indented; p. pr. & vb. n. Indenting.] [OE. endenten to notch, fit in, OF. endenter, LL. indentare, fr. L. in + dens, dentis, tooth. See Tooth, and cf. Indenture.] 1. To notch; to jag; to cut into points like a row of teeth; as to indent the edge of paper. 2. To dent; to stamp or to press in; to impress; as indent a smooth surface with a hammer; to indent wax with a stamp. 3. [Cf. Indenture.] To bind out by indenture or contract; to indenture; to apprentice; as to indent a young man to a shoemaker; to indent a servant. 4. (Print.) To begin (a line or lines) at a greater or less distance from the margin; as to indent the first line of a paragraph one em; to indent the second paragraph two ems more than the first. See Indentation, and Indention. 5. (Mil.) To make an order upon; to draw upon, as for military stores. [India] Wilhelm.

In•dent´, v. i. 1. To be cut, notched, or dented. 2. To crook or turn; to wind in and out; to zigzag. 3. To contract; to bargain or covenant. Shak. “To indent and drive bargains with the Almighty.” South.

In•dent´ , n. 1. A cut or notch in the margin of anything, or a recess like a notch. Shak. 2. A stamp; an impression. [Obs.] 3. A certificate, or intended certificate, issued by the government of the United States at the close of the Revolution, for the principal or interest of the public debt. D. Ramsay. A. Hamilton. 4. (Mil.) A requisition or order for supplies, sent to the commissariat of an army. [India] Wilhelm.

In•den•ta´tion , n. 1. The act of indenting or state of being indented. 2. A notch or recess, in the margin or border of anything; as the indentations of a leaf, of the coast, etc. 3. A recess or sharp depression in any surface. 4. (Print.) (a) The act of beginning a line or series of lines at a little distance within the flush line of the column or page, as in the common way of beginning the first line of a paragraph. (b) The measure of the distance; as an indentation of one em, or of two ems. Hanging, or Reverse, indentation, indentation of all the lines of a paragraph except the first, which is a full line.

In•dent´ed , a. 1. Cut in the edge into points or inequalities, like teeth; jagged; notched; stamped in; dented on the surface. 2. Having an uneven, irregular border; sinuous; undulating. Milton. Shak. 3. (Her.) Notched like the part of a saw consisting of the teeth; serrated; as an indented border or ordinary. 4. Bound out by an indenture; apprenticed; indentured; as an indented servant. 5. (Zoöl.) Notched along the margin with a different color, as the feathers of some birds. Indented line (Fort.), a line with alternate long and short faces, with salient and receding angles, each face giving a flanking fire along the front of the next.

In•dent´ed•ly, adv. With indentations.

In•dent´ing , n. Indentation; an impression like that made by a tooth.

In•den´tion , n. (Print.) Same as Indentation, 4.

In•dent´ment , n. Indenture. [Obs.]

In•den´ture ( 135), n. [OE. endenture, OF. endenture, LL. indentura a deed in duplicate, with indented edges. See the Note below. See Indent.] 1. The act of indenting, or state of being indented. 2. (Law) A mutual agreement in writing between two or more parties, whereof each party has usually a counterpart or duplicate; sometimes in the pl., a short form for indentures of apprenticeship, the contract by which a youth is bound apprentice to a master. “The law is the best expositor of the gospel; they are like a pair of indentures: they answer in every part.” C. Leslie. Indentures were originally duplicates, laid together and indented by a notched cut or line, or else written on the same piece of parchment and separated by a notched line so that the two papers or parchments corresponded to each other. But indenting has gradually become a mere form, and is often neglected, while the writings or counterparts retain the name of indentures.

In•den´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indentured p. pr. & vb. n. Indenturing.] 1. To indent; to make hollows, notches, or wrinkles in; to furrow. “Though age may creep on, and indenture the brow.” Woty. 2. To bind by indentures or written contract; as to indenture an apprentice.

In•den´ture, v. i. To run or wind in and out; to be cut or notched; to indent. Heywood.

In•de•pend´ence , n. [Cf. F. independance.] 1. The state or quality of being independent; freedom from dependence; exemption from reliance on, or control by, others; self-subsistence or maintenance; direction of one’s own affairs without interference. “Let fortune do her worst, … as long as she never makes us lose our honesty and our independence.” Pope. 2. Sufficient means for a comfortable livelihood. Declaration of Independence (Amer. Hist.), the declaration of the Congress of the Thirteen United States of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally declared that these colonies were free and independent States, not subject to the government of Great Britain.

In•de•pend´en•cy, n. 1. Independence. “´Give me,´ I cried (enough for me),
´My bread, and independency!´” Pope. 2. (Eccl.) Doctrine and polity of the Independents.

In•de•pend´ent , a. [Pref. in- not + dependent: cf. F. independant.] 1. Not dependent; free; not subject to control by others; not relying on others; not subordinate; as few men are wholly independent. “A dry, but independent crust.” Cowper. 2. Affording a comfortable livelihood; as an independent property. 3. Not subject to bias or influence; not obsequious; self-directing; as a man of an independent mind. 4. Expressing or indicating the feeling of independence; free; easy; bold; unconstrained; as an independent air or manner. 5. Separate from; exclusive; irrespective. “That obligation in general, under which we conceive ourselves bound to obey a law, independent of those resources which the law provides for its own enforcement.” R. P. Ward. 6. (Eccl.) Belonging or pertaining to, or holding to the doctrines or methods of, the Independents. 7. (Math.) Not dependent upon another quantity in respect to value or rate of variation; — said of quantities or functions. 8. (U. S. Politics) Not bound by party; exercising a free choice in voting with either or any party. Independent company (Mil.), one not incorporated in any regiment. — Independent seconds watch, a stop watch having a second hand driven by a separate set of wheels, springs, etc., for timing to a fraction of a second. — Independent variable. (Math.) See Dependent variable, under Dependent. Syn. — Free; uncontrolled; separate; uncoerced; self- reliant; bold; unconstrained; unrestricted.

In•de•pend´ent , n. 1. (Eccl.) One who believes that an organized Christian church is complete in itself, competent to self- government, and independent of all ecclesiastical authority. In England the name is often applied (commonly in the pl.) to the Congregationalists. 2. (Politics) One who does not acknowledge an obligation to support a party’s candidate under all circumstances; one who exercises liberty in voting.

In•de•pend´ent•ism , n. Independency; the church system of Independents. Bp. Gauden.

In•de•pend´ent•ly, adv. In an independent manner; without control.

In•de•pos´a•ble , a. Incapable of being deposed. [R.] “Princes indeposable by the pope.” Bp. Stillingfleet.

In•dep´ra•vate , a. [L. indepravatus.] Undepraved. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode).

In•dep´re•ca•ble , a. [L. indeprecabilis. See In- not, and Deprecate.] Incapable or undeserving of being deprecated. Cockeram.

In•dep•re•hen´si•ble , a. [L. indeprehensibilis. See In- not, and Deprehensible.] Incapable of being found out. Bp. Morton.

In•de•priv´a•ble , a. Incapable of being deprived, or of being taken away.

In•de•scrib´a•ble, a. Incapable of being described. — In•de•scrib´a•bly, adv.

In•de•scrip´tive , a. Not descriptive.

In•de•sert´ , n. Ill desert. [R.] Addison.

In•des´i•nent , a. [L. indesinens. See In- not, and Desinent.] Not ceasing; perpetual. [Obs.] Baxter. — In•des´i•nent•ly, adv. [Obs.] Ray.

In•de•sir´a•ble , a. Undesirable.

In•de•struc•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indestructibilite.] The quality of being indestructible.

In•de•struc´ti•ble, a. [Pref. in- not + destructible: cf. F. indestructible.] Not destructible; incapable of decomposition or of being destroyed. — In•de•struc´ti•ble•ness, n. — In•de•struc´ti•bly, adv.

In•de•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [L. indeterminabilis: cf. F. indeterminable. See In- not, and Determine.] Not determinable; impossible to be determined; not to be definitely known, ascertained, defined, or limited. — In•de•ter´mi•na•bly, adv.

In•de•ter´mi•na•ble, n. An indeterminable thing or quantity. Sir T. Browne.

In•de•ter´mi•nate , a. [L. indeterminatus.] Not determinate; not certain or fixed; indefinite; not precise; as an indeterminate number of years. Paley. Indeterminate analysis (Math.), that branch of analysis which has for its object the solution of indeterminate problems. — Indeterminate coefficients (Math.), coefficients arbitrarily assumed for convenience of calculation, or to facilitate some artifice of analysis. Their values are subsequently determined. — Indeterminate equation (Math.), an equation in which the unknown quantities admit of an infinite number of values, or sets of values. A group of equations is indeterminate when it contains more unknown quantities than there are equations. — Indeterminate inflorescence (Bot.), a mode of inflorescence in which the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the terminal bud going on to grow and sometimes continuing the stem indefinitely; — called also acropetal, botryose, centripetal, ∧ indefinite inflorescence. Gray. — Indeterminate problem (Math.), a problem which admits of an infinite number of solutions, or one in which there are fewer imposed conditions than there are unknown or required results. — Indeterminate quantity (Math.), a quantity which has no fixed value, but which may be varied in accordance with any proposed condition. — Indeterminate series (Math.), a series whose terms proceed by the powers of an indeterminate quantity, sometimes also with indeterminate exponents, or indeterminate coefficients. — In•de•ter´mi•nate•ly adv. — In•de•ter´mi•nate•ness, n.

In•de•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + determination: cf. indetermination.] 1. Want of determination; an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind. Jer. Taylor. 2. Want of fixed or stated direction. Abp. Bramhall.

In•de•ter´mined , a. Undetermined.

In•de•vir´gin•ate , a. [See In- not, Devirginate.] Not devirginate. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•de•vote´ , a. [L. indevotus: cf. F. indevot. Cf. Indevout.] Not devoted. [Obs.] Bentley. Clarendon.

In•de•vo´tion , n. [L. indevotio: cf. F. indevotion.] Want of devotion; impiety; irreligion. ´An age of indevotion.´ Jer. Taylor.

In•de•vout´ , a. [Pref. in- not + devout. Cf. Indevote.] Not devout. — In•de•vout´ly, adv.

In•dew´ , v. t. To indue. [Obs.] Spenser.

In´dex , n.; pl. E. Indexes (#), L. Indices (#). [L.: cf. F. index. See Indicate, Diction.] 1. That which points out; that which shows, indicates, manifests, or discloses. “Tastes are the indexes of the different qualities of plants.” Arbuthnot. 2. That which guides, points out, informs, or directs; a pointer or a hand that directs to anything, as the hand of a watch, a movable finger on a gauge, scale, or other graduated instrument. In printing, a sign [] used to direct particular attention to a note or paragraph; — called also fist. 3. A table for facilitating reference to topics, names, and the like, in a book; — usually alphabetical in arrangement, and printed at the end of the volume. 4. A prologue indicating what follows. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Anat.) The second digit, that next to the pollex, in the manus, or hand; the forefinger; index finger. 6. (Math.) The figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quantity; the exponent. [In this sense the plural is always indices.] Index error, the error in the reading of a mathematical instrument arising from the zero of the index not being in complete adjustment with that of the limb, or with its theoretically perfect position in the instrument; a correction to be applied to the instrument readings equal to the error of the zero adjustment. — Index expurgatorius. [L.] See Index prohibitorius (below). — Index finger. See Index, 5. — Index glass, the mirror on the index of a quadrant, sextant, etc. — Index hand, the pointer or hand of a clock, watch, or other registering machine; a hand that points to something. — Index of a logarithm (Math.), the integral part of the logarithm, and always one less than the number of integral figures in the given number. It is also called the characteristic. — Index of refraction, or Refractive index (Opt.), the number which expresses the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. Thus the index of refraction for sulphur is 2, because, when light passes out of air into sulphur, the sine of the angle of incidence is double the sine of the angle of refraction. — Index plate, a graduated circular plate, or one with circular rows of holes differently spaced; used in machines for graduating circles, cutting gear teeth, etc. — Index prohibitorius [L.], or Prohibitory index (R. C. Ch.), a catalogue of books which are forbidden by the church to be read; the index expurgatorius [L.], or expurgatory index, is a catalogue of books from which passages marked as against faith or morals must be removed before Catholics can read them. These catalogues are published with additions, from time to time, by the Congregation of the Index, composed of cardinals, theologians, etc., under the sanction of the pope. Hook. — Index rerum [L.], a tabulated and alphabetized notebook, for systematic preservation of items, quotations, etc.

In´dex , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indexed p. pr. & vb. n. Indexing.] To provide with an index or table of references; to put into an index; as to index a book, or its contents.

In´dex•er , n. One who makes an index.

In•dex´ic•al , a. Of, pertaining to, or like, an index; having the form of an index.

In•dex´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of an index.

In•dex•ter´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + dexterity: cf. F. indexterite.] Want of dexterity or readiness, especially in the use of the hands; clumsiness; awkwardness. Harvey.

In´di•a , n. [See Indian.] A country in Southern Asia; the two peninsulas of Hither and Farther India; in a restricted sense, Hither India, or Hindostan. India ink, a nearly black pigment brought chiefly from China, used for water colors. It is in rolls, or in square, and consists of lampblack or ivory black and animal glue. Called also China ink. The true India ink is sepia. See Sepia. — India matting, floor matting made in China, India, etc., from grass and reeds; — also called Canton, or China, matting. — India paper, a variety of Chinese paper, of smooth but not glossy surface, used for printing from engravings, woodcuts, etc. — India proof (Engraving), a proof impression from an engraved plate, taken on India paper. - - India rubber. See Caoutchouc. — India-rubber tree (Bot.), any tree yielding caoutchouc, but especially the East Indian Ficus elastica, often cultivated for its large, shining, elliptical leaves.

In•di´a•dem, v. t. To place or set in a diadem, as a gem or gems.

In´di•a•man , n.; pl. Indiamen . A large vessel in the India trade. Macaulay.

In´di•an ( 277), a. [From India, and this fr. Indus, the name of a river in Asia, L. Indus, Gr. , OPers. Hindu, name of the land on the Indus, Skr. sindhu river, the Indus. Cf. Hindoo.] 1. Of or pertaining to India proper; also to the East Indies, or, sometimes, to the West Indies. 2. Of or pertaining to the aborigines, or Indians, of America; as Indian wars; the Indian tomahawk. 3. Made of maize or Indian corn; as Indian corn, Indian meal, Indian bread, and the like. [U.S.] Indian bay (Bot.), a lauraceous tree (Persea Indica). — Indian bean (Bot.), a name of the catalpa. — Indian berry. (Bot.) Same as Cocculus indicus. — Indian bread. (Bot.) Same as Cassava. — Indian club, a wooden club, which is swung by the hand for gymnastic exercise. — Indian cordage, cordage made of the fibers of cocoanut husk. — Indian corn (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zea (Z. Mays); the maize, a native of America. See Corn, and Maize. — Indian cress (Bot.), nasturtium. See Nasturtium, 2. — Indian cucumber (Bot.), a plant of the genus Medeola (M. Virginica), a common in woods in the United States. The white rootstock has a taste like cucumbers. — Indian currant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Symphoricarpus (S. vulgaris), bearing small red berries. — Indian dye, the puccoon. — Indian fig. (Bot.) (a) The banyan. See Banyan. (b) The prickly pear. — Indian file, single file; arrangement of persons in a row following one after another, the usual way among Indians of traversing woods, especially when on the war path. — Indian fire, a pyrotechnic composition of sulphur, niter, and realgar, burning with a brilliant white light. — Indian grass (Bot.), a coarse, high grass (Chrysopogon nutans), common in the southern portions of the United States; wood grass. Gray. — Indian hemp. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Apocynum (A. cannabinum), having a milky juice, and a tough, fibrous bark, whence the name. The root it used in medicine and is both emetic and cathartic in properties. (b) The variety of common hemp (Cannabis Indica), from which hasheesh is obtained. — Indian mallow (Bot.), the velvet leaf (Abutilon Avicennae). See Abutilon. — Indian meal, ground corn or maize. [U.S.] — Indian millet (Bot.), a tall annual grass (Sorghum vulgare), having many varieties, among which are broom corn, Guinea corn, durra, and the Chinese sugar cane. It is called also Guinea corn. See Durra. — Indian ox (Zoöl.), the zebu. - - Indian paint. See Bloodroot. — Indian paper. See India paper, under India. — Indian physic (Bot.), a plant of two species of the genus Gillenia (G. trifoliata, and G. stipulacea), common in the United States, the roots of which are used in medicine as a mild emetic; — called also American ipecac, and bowman’s root. Gray. — Indian pink. (Bot.) (a) The Cypress vine (Ipomœa Quamoclit); — so called in the West Indies. (b) See China pink, under China. — Indian pipe (Bot.), a low, fleshy herb (Monotropa uniflora), growing in clusters in dark woods, and having scalelike leaves, and a solitary nodding flower. The whole plant is waxy white, but turns black in drying. — Indian plantain (Bot.), a name given to several species of the genus Cacalia, tall herbs with composite white flowers, common through the United States in rich woods. Gray. — Indian poke (Bot.), a plant usually known as the white hellebore (Veratrum viride). — Indian pudding, a pudding of which the chief ingredients are Indian meal, milk, and molasses. — Indian purple. (a) A dull purple color. (b) The pigment of the same name, intensely blue and black. — Indian red. (a) A purplish red earth or pigment composed of a silicate of iron and alumina, with magnesia. It comes from the Persian Gulf. Called also Persian red. (b) See Almagra. — Indian rice (Bot.), a reedlike water grass. See Rice. — Indian shot (Bot.), a plant of the genus Canna (C. Indica). The hard black seeds are as large as swan shot. See Canna. — Indian summer, in the United States, a period of warm and pleasant weather occurring late in autumn. See under Summer. — Indian tobacco (Bot.), a species of Lobelia. See Lobelia. — Indian turnip (Bot.), an American plant of the genus Arisaema. A. triphyllum has a wrinkled farinaceous root resembling a small turnip, but with a very acrid juice. See Jack in the Pulpit, and Wake-robin. — Indian wheat, maize or Indian corn. — Indian yellow. (a) An intense rich yellow color, deeper than gamboge but less pure than cadmium. (b) See Euxanthin.

In´di•an ( 277), n. 1. A native or inhabitant of India. 2. One of the aboriginal inhabitants of America; — so called originally from the supposed identity of America with India.

In•di•an•eer´ , n. (Naut.) An Indiaman.

In´di•a rub´ber See Caoutchouc.

In´dic•al , a. [From L. index, indicis, an index.] Indexical. [R.] Fuller.

In´di•can , n. [See Indigo.] 1. (Chem.) A glucoside obtained from woad (indigo plant) and other plants, as a yellow or light brown sirup. It has a nauseous bitter taste, and decomposes on drying. By the action of acids, ferments, etc., it breaks down into sugar and indigo. It is the source of natural indigo. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) An indigo-forming substance, found in urine, and other animal fluids, and convertible into red and blue indigo (urrhodin and uroglaucin). Chemically, it is indoxyl sulphate of potash, C_8H_6NSO_4K, and is derived from the indol formed in the alimentary canal. Called also uroxanthin.

In´di•cant , a. [L. indicans, p. pr. indicare. See Indicate.] Serving to point out, as a remedy; indicating.

In´di•cant, n. That which indicates or points out; as an indicant of the remedy for a disease.

In´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicated p. pr. & vb. n. Indicating ] [L. indicatus, p. p. of indicare to indicate; pref. in- in + dicare to proclaim; akin to dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Indict, Indite.] 1. To point out; to discover; to direct to a knowledge of; to show; to make known. “That turns and turns to indicate
From what point blows the weather.” Cowper. 2. (Med.) To show or manifest by symptoms; to point to as the proper remedies; as great prostration of strength indicates the use of stimulants. 3. (Mach.) To investigate the condition or power of, as of steam engine, by means of an indicator. Syn. — To show; mark; signify; denote; discover; evidence; evince; manifest; declare; specify; explain; exhibit; present; reveal; disclose; display.

In´di•ca•ted , a. Shown; denoted; registered; measured. Indicated power. See Indicated horse power, under Horse power.

In•di•ca´tion , n. [L. indicatio: cf. F. indication.] 1. Act of pointing out or indicating. 2. That which serves to indicate or point out; mark; token; sign; symptom; evidence. “The frequent stops they make in the most convenient places are plain indications of their weariness.” Addison. 3. Discovery made; information. Bentley. 4. Explanation; display. [Obs.] Bacon. 5. (Med.) Any symptom or occurrence in a disease, which serves to direct to suitable remedies. Syn. — Proof; demonstration; sign; token; mark; evidence; signal.

In•dic´a•tive , a. [L. indicativus: cf. F. indicatif.] 1. Pointing out; bringing to notice; giving intimation or knowledge of something not visible or obvious. “That truth is productive of utility, and utility indicative of truth, may be thus proved.” Bp. Warburton. 2. (Fine Arts) Suggestive; representing the whole by a part, as a fleet by a ship, a forest by a tree, etc. Indicative mood (Gram.), that mood or form of the verb which indicates, that is, which simply affirms or denies or inquires; as he writes; he is not writing; has the mail arrived?

In•dic´a•tive, n. (Gram.) The indicative mood.

In•dic´a•tive•ly, adv. In an indicative manner; in a way to show or signify.

In´di•ca•tor (in´di•ka•ter), n. [L.: cf. F. indicateur.] 1. One who, or that which, shows or points out; as a fare indicator in a street car. 2. (Mach.) A pressure gauge; a water gauge, as for a steam boiler; an apparatus or instrument for showing the working of a machine or moving part; as: (a) (Steam Engine) An instrument which draws a diagram showing the varying pressure in the cylinder of an engine or pump at every point of the stroke. It consists of a small cylinder communicating with the engine cylinder and fitted with a piston which the varying pressure drives upward more or less against the resistance of a spring. A lever imparts motion to a pencil which traces the diagram on a card wrapped around a vertical drum which is turned back and forth by a string connected with the piston rod of the engine. See Indicator card (below). (b) A telltale connected with a hoisting machine, to show, at the surface, the position of the cage in the shaft of a mine, etc. 3. (Mech.) The part of an instrument by which an effect is indicated, as an index or pointer. 4. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Indicator and allied genera. See Honey guide, under Honey. 5. (Chem.) That which indicates the condition of acidity, alkalinity, or the deficiency, excess, or sufficiency of a standard reagent, by causing an appearance, disappearance, or change of color, as in titration or volumetric analysis. The common indicators are litmus, tropaeolin, phenol phthalein, potassic permanganate, etc. Indicator card, the figure drawn by an engine indicator, by means of which the working of the engine can be investigated and its power calculated. The Illustration shows one form of indicator card, from a steam engine, together with scales by which the pressure of the steam above or below that of the atmosphere, corresponding to any position of the engine piston in its stroke, can be measured. Called also indicator diagram. - - Indicator telegraph, a telegraph in which the signals are the deflections of a magnetic needle, as in the trans- Atlantic system.

In´di•ca•to•ry (in´di•ka•to•ry; 277), a. Serving to show or make known; showing; indicative; signifying; implying.

In•di•ca´trix , n. [NL.] (Geom. of Three Dimensions) A certain conic section supposed to be drawn in the tangent plane to any surface, and used to determine the accidents of curvature of the surface at the point of contact. The curve is similar to the intersection of the surface with a parallel to the tangent plane and indefinitely near it. It is an ellipse when the curvature is synclastic, and an hyperbola when the curvature is anticlastic.

In•di•ca´vit , n. [L., he has indicated.] (Eng. Law) A writ of prohibition against proceeding in the spiritual court in certain cases, when the suit belongs to the common-law courts. Wharton (Law Dict. ).

In´dice , n. [F. indice indication, index. See Index.] Index; indication. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In´di•ces , n. pl. See Index.

In•di´ci•a , n. pl. [L., pl. of indicium, fr. index an index.] (Law) Discriminating marks; signs; tokens; indications; appearances. Burrill.

In•dic´i•ble , a. [F.] Unspeakable. [Obs.]

In•dic´o•lite , n. [L. indicum indigo + -lite: cf. F. indicolithe.] (Min.) A variety of tourmaline of an indigo-blue color.

In•dict´ (-dit´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicted (- dit´ed); p. pr. & vb. n. Indicting.] [OE. enditen. See Indite.] 1. To write; to compose; to dictate; to indite. [Obs.] 2. To appoint publicly or by authority; to proclaim or announce. [Obs.] “I am told shall have no Lent indicted this year.” Evelyn. 3. (Law) To charge with a crime, in due form of law, by the finding or presentment of a grand jury; to find an indictment against; as to indict a man for arson. It is the peculiar province of a grand jury to indict, as it is of a house of representatives to impeach.

In•dict´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, indicted; subject to indictment; as an indictable offender or offense.

In•dict•ee´ , n. (Law) A person indicted.

In•dict´er , n. One who indicts.

In•dic´tion , n. [L. indictio: cf. F. indiction. See Indict, Indite.] 1. Declaration; proclamation; public notice or appointment. [Obs.] ´Indiction of a war.´ Bacon. “Secular princes did use to indict, or permit the indiction of, synods of bishops.” Jer. Taylor. 2. A cycle of fifteen years. This mode of reckoning time is said to have been introduced by Constantine the Great, in connection with the payment of tribute. It was adopted at various times by the Greek emperors of Constantinople, the popes, and the parliaments of France. Through the influence of the popes, it was extensively used in the ecclesiastical chronology of the Middle Ages. The number of indictions was reckoned at first from 312 a. d., but since the twelfth century it has been reckoned from the birth of Christ. The papal indiction is the only one ever used at the present day. To find the indiction and year of the indiction by the first method, subtract 312 from the given year a. d., and divide by 15; by the second method, add 3 to the given year a. d., and the divide by 15. In either case, the quotient is the number of the current indiction, and the remainder the year of the indiction. See Cycle of indiction, under Cycle.

In•dic´tive , a. [L. indictivus. See Indict.] Proclaimed; declared; public. Kennet.

In•dict´ment , n. [Cf. Inditement.] 1. The act of indicting, or the state of being indicted. 2. (Law) The formal statement of an offense, as framed by the prosecuting authority of the State, and found by the grand jury. To the validity of an indictment a finding by the grand jury is essential, while an information rests only on presentation by the prosecuting authority. 3. An accusation in general; a formal accusation. Bill of indictment. See under Bill.

In•dict´or , n. (Law) One who indicts. Bacon.

In´dies , n. pl. A name designating the East Indies, also the West Indies. “Our king has all the Indies in his arms.” Shak.

In•dif´fer•ence , n. [L. indifferentia similarity, want of difference: cf. F. indifference.] 1. The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance. 2. Passableness; mediocrity. 3. Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepossession, or bias. “He … is far from such indifference and equity as ought and must be in judges which he saith I assign.” Sir T. More. 4. Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as entire indifference to all that occurs. “Indifference can not but be criminal, when it is conversant about objects which are so far from being of an indifferent nature, that they are highest importance.” Addison. Syn. — Carelessness; negligence; unconcern; apathy; insensibility; coldness; lukewarmness.

In•dif´fer•en•cy , n. Absence of interest in, or influence from, anything; unconcernedness; equilibrium; indifferentism; indifference. Gladstone. “To give ourselves to a detestable indifferency or neutrality in this cause.” Fuller. “Moral liberty … does not, after all, consist in a power of indifferency, or in a power of choosing without regard to motives.” Hazlitt.

In•dif´fer•ent , a. [F. indifferent, L. indifferens. See In- not, and Different.] 1. Not making a difference; having no influence or preponderating weight; involving no preference, concern, or attention; of no account; without significance or importance. “Dangers are to me indifferent.” Shak. “Everything in the world is indifferent but sin.” Jer. Taylor. “His slightest and most indifferent acts … were odious in the clergyman’s sight.” Hawthorne. 2. Neither particularly good, not very bad; of a middle state or quality; passable; mediocre. “The staterooms are in indifferent order.” Sir W. Scott. 3. Not inclined to one side, party, or choice more than to another; neutral; impartial. “Indifferent in his choice to sleep or die.” Addison. 4. Feeling no interest, anxiety, or care, respecting anything; unconcerned; inattentive; apathetic; heedless; as to be indifferent to the welfare of one’s family. “It was a law of Solon, that any person who, in the civil commotions of the republic, remained neuter, or an indifferent spectator of the contending parties, should be condemned to perpetual banishment.” Addison. 5. (Law) Free from bias or prejudice; impartial; unbiased; disinterested. “In choice of committees for ripening business for the counsel, it is better to choose indifferent persons than to make an indifferency by putting in those that are strong on both sides.” Bacon. Indifferent tissue (Anat.), the primitive, embryonic, undifferentiated tissue, before conversion into connective, muscular, nervous, or other definite tissue.

In•dif´fer•ent, adv. To a moderate degree; passably; tolerably. [Obs.] ´News indifferent good.´ Shak.

In•dif´fer•ent•ism , n. [Cf. F. indifferentisme.] 1. State of indifference; want of interest or earnestness; especially, a systematic apathy regarding what is true or false in religion or philosophy; agnosticism. “The indifferentism which equalizes all religions and gives equal rights to truth and error.” Cardinal Manning. 2. (Metaph.) Same as Identism. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A heresy consisting in an unconcern for any particular creed, provided the morals be right and good. Gregory XVI.

In•dif´fer•ent•ist, n. One governed by indifferentism.

In•dif´fer•ent•ly, adv. In an indifferent manner; without distinction or preference; impartially; without concern, wish, affection, or aversion; tolerably; passably. “That they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy true religion, and virtue.” Book of Com. Prayer [Eng. Ed. ] “Set honor in one eye and death i’ the other,
And I will look on both indifferently.” Shak. “I hope it may indifferently entertain your lordship at an unbending hour.” Rowe.

In•di•ful´vin , n. [Indican + L. fulvus reddish yellow.] (Chem.) A reddish resinous substance, obtained from indican.

In•di•fus´cin , n. [Indican + L. fuscus dusky.] (Chem.) A brown amorphous powder, obtained from indican.

In´di•geen , n. Same as Indigene. Darwin.

In´di•gence , n. [L. indigentia: cf. F. indigence. See Indigent.] The condition of being indigent; want of estate, or means of comfortable subsistence; penury; poverty; as helpless indigence. Cowper. Syn. — Poverty; penury; destitution; want; need; privation; lack. See Poverty.

In´di•gen•cy , n. Indigence. “New indigencies founded upon new desires.” South.

In´di•gene , n. [L. indigena: cf. F. indigène. See Indigenous.] One born in a country; an aboriginal animal or plant; an autochthon. Evelyn. Tylor.

In•dig´e•nous , a. [L. indigenus, indigena, fr. OL. indu (fr. in in) + the root of L. gignere to beget, bear. See In, and Gender.] 1. Native; produced, growing, or living, naturally in a country or climate; not exotic; not imported. “Negroes were all transported from Africa and are not indigenous or proper natives of America.” Sir T. Browne. “In America, cotton, being indigenous, is cheap.” Lion Playas. 2. Native; inherent; innate. “Joy and hope are emotions indigenous to the human mind.” I. Taylor.

In´di•gent , a. [L. indigent, L. indigens, p. p. of indigere to stand in need of, fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) + L. egere to be needy, to need.] 1. Wanting; void; free; destitute; — used with of. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Destitute of property or means of comfortable subsistence; needy; poor; in want; necessitous. “Indigent faint souls past corporal toil.” Shak. “Charity consists in relieving the indigent.” Addison.

In´di•gent•ly, adv. In an indigent manner.

In•di•gest´ , a. [L. indigestus unarranged. See Indigested.] Crude; unformed; unorganized; undigested. [Obs.] ´A chaos rude and indigest.´ W. Browne. ´Monsters and things indigest.´ Shak.

In•di•gest´, n. Something indigested. [Obs.] Shak.

In•di•gest´ed, a. [Pref. in- not + digested.] 1. Not digested; undigested. ´Indigested food.´ Dryden. 2. Not resolved; not regularly disposed and arranged; not methodical; crude; as an indigested array of facts. “In hot reformations … the whole is generally crude, harsh, and indigested.” Burke. “This, like an indigested meteor, appeared and disappeared almost at the same time.” South. 3. (Med.) (a) Not in a state suitable for healing; — said of wounds. (b) Not ripened or suppurated; — said of an abscess or its contents. 4. Not softened by heat, hot water, or steam.

In•di•gest´ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being undigested; crudeness. Bp. Burnet.

In•di•gest•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being indigestible; indigestibleness.

In•di•gest´i•ble , a. [L. indigestibilis: cf. F. indigestible. See In- not, and Digest.] 1. Not digestible; not readily soluble in the digestive juices; not easily convertible into products fitted for absorption. 2. Not digestible in the mind; distressful; intolerable; as an indigestible simile. T. Warton. — In•di•gest´i•ble•ness, n. — In•di•gest´i•bly, adv.

In•di•ges´tion ( 106), n. [L. indigestio: cf. F. indigestion. See In- not, and Digest.] Lack of proper digestive action; a failure of the normal changes which food should undergo in the alimentary canal; dyspepsia; incomplete or difficult digestion.

In•dig´i•tate , v. i. [Pref. in- in + L. digitus finger.] To communicate ideas by the fingers; to show or compute by the fingers. [Obs.]

In•dig´i•tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indigitated p. pr. & vb. n. Indigitating ] To point out with the finger; to indicate. [Obs.] “The depressing this finger, … in the right hand indigitates six hundred.” Sir T. Browne.

In•dig•i•ta´tion , n. The act of pointing out as with the finger; indication. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In•di•glu´cin , n. [Indican + glucin.] (Chem.) The variety of sugar (glucose) obtained from the glucoside indican. It is unfermentable, but reduces Fehling’s solution.

In•dign´ , a. [L. indignus; pref. in- not + dignus worthy: cf. F. indigne. See Dignity.] Unworthy; undeserving; disgraceful; degrading. Chaucer. “Counts it scorn to draw
Comfort indign from any meaner thing.” Trench. { In•dig´nance , In•dig´nan•cy } n. Indignation. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•dig´nant , a. [L. indignans, -antis, p. pr. of indignari to be indignant, disdain. See Indign.] Affected with indignation; wrathful; passionate; irate; feeling wrath, as when a person is exasperated by unworthy or unjust treatment, by a mean action, or by a degrading accusation. “He strides indignant, and with haughty cries
To single fight the fairy prince defies.” Tickell.

In•dig´nant•ly, adv. In an indignant manner.

In•dig•na´tion , n. [F. indignation, L. indignatio. See Indign.] 1. The feeling excited by that which is unworthy, base, or disgraceful; anger mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. Shak. “Indignation expresses a strong and elevated disapprobation of mind, which is also inspired by something flagitious in the conduct of another.” Cogan. “When Haman saw Mordecai in the king’s gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai.” Esther v. 9. 2. The effect of anger; punishment. Shak. “Hide thyself … until the indignation be overpast.” Is. xxvi. 20. Syn. — Anger; ire wrath; fury; rage. See Anger.

In•dig´ni•fy , v. t. [L. indignus unworthy + -fy.] To treat disdainfully or with indignity; to contemn. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•dig´ni•ty , n.; pl. Indignities (#). [L. indignitas: cf. F. indignite. See Indign.] Any action toward another which manifests contempt for him; an offense against personal dignity; unmerited contemptuous treatment; contumely; incivility or injury, accompanied with insult. “How might a prince of my great hopes forget
So great indignities you laid upon me?” Shak. “A person of so great place and worth constrained to endure so foul indignities.” Hooker.

In•dign´ly , adv. Unworthily. [Obs.]

In´di•go , n.; pl. Indigoes (#). [F. indigo, Sp. indigo, indico, L. indicum indigo, fr. Indicus Indian. See Indian.] 1. A kind of deep blue, one of the seven prismatic colors. 2. (Chem.) A blue dyestuff obtained from several plants belonging to very different genera and orders; as the woad, Isatis tinctoria, Indigofera tinctoria, I. Anil, Nereum tinctorium, etc. It is a dark blue earthy substance, tasteless and odorless, with a copper-violet luster when rubbed. Indigo does not exist in the plants as such, but is obtained by decomposition of the glycoside indican. Commercial indigo contains the essential coloring principle indigo blue or indigotine, with several other dyes; as indigo red, indigo brown, etc., and various impurities. Indigo is insoluble in ordinary reagents, with the exception of strong sulphuric acid. Chinese indigo (Bot.), Isatis indigotica, a kind of woad. — Wild indigo (Bot.), the American herb Baptisia tinctoria which yields a poor quality of indigo, as do several other species of the same genus.

In´di•go , a. Having the color of, pertaining to, or derived from, indigo. Indigo berry (Bot.), the fruit of the West Indian shrub Randia aculeata, used as a blue dye. — Indigo bird (Zoöl.), a small North American finch (Cyanospiza cyanea). The male is indigo blue in color. Called also indigo bunting. — Indigo blue. (a) The essential coloring material of commercial indigo, from which it is obtained as a dark blue earthy powder, with a reddish luster, C_16H_10N_2O_2, which may be crystallized by sublimation. Indigo blue is also made from artificial amido cinnamic acid, and from artificial isatine; and these methods are of great commercial importance. Called also indigotin. (b) A dark, dull blue color like the indigo of commerce. — Indigo brown (Chem.), a brown resinous substance found in crude indigo. — Indigo copper (Min.), covellite. — Indigo green, a green obtained from indigo. — Indigo plant (Bot.), a leguminous plant of several species (genus Indigofera), from which indigo is prepared. The different varieties are natives of Asia, Africa, and America. Several species are cultivated, of which the most important are the I. tinctoria, or common indigo plant, the I. Anil, a larger species, and the I. disperma. — Indigo purple, a purple obtained from indigo. — Indigo red, a dyestuff, isomeric with indigo blue, obtained from crude indigo as a dark brown amorphous powder. — Indigo snake (Zoöl.), the gopher snake. — Indigo white, a white crystalline powder obtained by reduction from indigo blue, and by oxidation easily changed back to it; — called also indigogen. — Indigo yellow, a substance obtained from indigo.

In•di•gof´e•ra , n. [NL., from E. indigo + L. ferre to bear.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants having many species, mostly in tropical countries, several of them yielding indigo, esp. Indigofera tinctoria, and I. Anil.

In´di•go•gen , n. [Indigo + -gen.] 1. (Chem.) See Indigo white, under Indigo. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Indican, 2.

In•di•gom´e•ter , n. [Indigo + -meter.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength of an indigo solution, as in volumetric analysis. Ure.

In•di•gom´e•try , n. The art or method of determining the coloring power of indigo.

In•di•got´ic , a. [Cf. F. indigotique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, indigo; as indigotic acid, which is also called anilic or nitrosalicylic acid.

In´di•go•tin , n. (Chem.) See Indigo blue, under Indigo.

In•dig•ru´bin , n. [Indigo + L. ruber red.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Urrhodin.

In•di•hu´min , n. [Indican + humin.] (Chem.) A brown amorphous substance resembling humin, and obtained from indican.

In•dil´a•to•ry , a. Not dilatory. [Obs.]

In•dil´i•gence , n. [L. indiligentia: cf. F. indiligence.] Want of diligence. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In•dil´i•gent , a. [L. indiligens: cf. F. indiligent. See Diligent.] Not diligent; idle; slothful. [Obs.] Feltham. — In•dil´i•gent•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•di•min´ish•a•ble , a. Incapable of being diminished. [R.] Milton.

In´din , n. [From Indigo.] (Chem.) A dark red crystalline substance, isomeric with and resembling indigo blue, and obtained from isatide and dioxindol.

In•di•rect´ , a. [Pref. in- not + direct: cf. F. indirect.] 1. Not direct; not straight or rectilinear; deviating from a direct line or course; circuitous; as an indirect road. 2. Not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the plainest course, or by obvious means, but obliquely or consequentially; by remote means; as an indirect accusation, attack, answer, or proposal. “By what bypaths and indirect, crooked ways
I met this crown.” Shak. 3. Not straightforward or upright; unfair; dishonest; tending to mislead or deceive. “Indirect dealing will be discovered one time or other.” Tillotson. 4. Not resulting directly from an act or cause, but more or less remotely connected with or growing out of it; as indirect results, damages, or claims. 5. (Logic & Math.) Not reaching the end aimed at by the most plain and direct method; as an indirect proof, demonstration, etc. Indirect claims, claims for remote or consequential damage. Such claims were presented to and thrown out by the commissioners who arbitrated the damage inflicted on the United States by the Confederate States cruisers built and supplied by Great Britain. — Indirect demonstration, a mode of demonstration in which proof is given by showing that any other supposition involves an absurdity (reductio ad absurdum), or an impossibility; thus, one quantity may be proved equal to another by showing that it can be neither greater nor less. — Indirect discourse. (Gram.) See Direct discourse, under Direct. — Indirect evidence, evidence or testimony which is circumstantial or inferential, but without witness; — opposed to direct evidence. — Indirect tax, a tax, such as customs, excises, etc., exacted directly from the merchant, but paid indirectly by the consumer in the higher price demanded for the articles of merchandise.

In•di•rect´ed, a. Not directed; aimless. [Obs.]

In•di•rec´tion , n. [Cf. F. indirection.] Oblique course or means; dishonest practices; indirectness. ´By indirections find directions out.´ Shak.

In•di•rect´ly , adv. In an direct manner; not in a straight line or course; not in express terms; obliquely; not by direct means; hence, unfairly; wrongly. “To tax it indirectly by taxing their expense.” A. Smith. “Your crown and kingdom indirectly held.” Shak.

In•di•rect´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being indirect; obliquity; deviousness; crookedness. 2. Deviation from an upright or straightforward course; unfairness; dishonesty. W. Montagu.

In•di•re´tin , n. [Indian + Gr. resin.] (Chem.) A dark brown resinous substance obtained from indican.

In•di•ru´bin , n. [Indigo + L. ruber red.] (Chem.) A substance isomeric with, and resembling, indigo blue, and accompanying it as a side product, in its artificial production.

In•dis•cern´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + discernible: cf. F. indiscernable.] Not to be discerned; imperceptible; not discoverable or visible. “Secret and indiscernible ways.” Jer. Taylor. — In•dis•cern´i•ble•ness, n. — In•dis•cern´i•bly, adv. { In•dis•cerp•i•bil´i•ty , In•dis•cerp•ti•bil´i•ty }, n. The state or quality of being indiscerpible. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. { In•dis•cerp´i•ble , In•dis•cerp´ti•ble }, a. Not discerpible; inseparable. [Obs.] Bp. Butler. — In•dis•cerp´i•ble•ness, n., In•dis•cerp´ti•ble•ness, n. [Obs.] — In•dis•cerp´ti•bly, adv. [Obs.]

In•dis´ci•plin•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + disciplinable: cf. F. indisciplinable.] Not disciplinable; undisciplinable. [R.]

In•dis´ci•pline , n. [L. indisplina: cf. F. indiscipline. See In- not, and Discipline.] Want of discipline or instruction. [R.]

In•dis•cov´er•a•ble , a. Not discoverable; undiscoverable. J. Conybeare.

In•dis•cov´er•y , n. Want of discovery. [Obs.]

In•dis•creet´ , a. [OE. indiscret, F. indiscret, fr. L. indiscretus unseparated, indiscreet. See In- not, and Discreet, and cf. Indiscrete.] Not discreet; wanting in discretion. “So drunken, and so indiscreet an officer.” Shak. Syn. — Imprudent; injudicious; inconsiderate; rash; hasty; incautious; heedless; undiscerning; foolish. — In•dis•creet´ly, adv. — In•dis•creet´ness, n.

In•dis•crete´ , a. [L. indiscretus unseparated. See Indiscreet.] 1. Indiscreet. [Obs.] Boyle. 2. Not discrete or separated; compact; homogenous. “An indiscrete mass of confused matter.” Pownall.

In•dis•cre´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + discretion: cf. F. indiscretion.] 1. The quality or state of being indiscreet; want of discretion; imprudence. 2. An indiscreet act; indiscreet behavior. “Past indiscretion is a venial crime.” Cowper.

In•dis•crim´i•nate , a. Not discriminate; wanting discrimination; undistinguishing; not making any distinction; confused; promiscuous. ´Blind or indiscriminate forgiveness.´ I. Taylor. “The indiscriminate defense of right and wrong.” Junius. — In•dis•crim´i•nate•ly, adv. Cowper.

In•dis•crim´i•na•ting , a. Not discriminating. — In•dis•crim´i•na•ting•ly, adv.

In•dis•crim•i•na´tion , n. Want of discrimination or distinction; impartiality. Jefferson.

In•dis•crim´i•na•tive , a. Making no distinction; not discriminating.

In•dis•cussed´ , a. [Pref. in- not + discuss: cf. L. indiscussus.] Not discussed. [Obs.] Donne.

In•dis•pen•sa•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indispensabilite.] Indispensableness.

In•dis•pen´sa•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + dispensable: cf. F. indispensable.] 1. Not dispensable; impossible to be omitted, remitted, or spared; absolutely necessary or requisite. 2. (Eccl.) Not admitting dispensation; not subject to release or exemption. [R.] “The law was moral and indispensable.” Bp. Burnet. 3. Unavoidable; inevitable. [Obs.] Fuller.

In•dis•pen´sa•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being indispensable, or absolutely necessary. S. Clarke.

In•dis•pen´sa•bly, adv. In an indispensable manner. ´Indispensably necessary.´ Bp. Warburton.

In•dis•persed´ , a. Not dispersed. [R.]

In•dis•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indisposed p. pr. & vb. n. Indisposing.] [OE. indispos indisposed, feeble, or F. indispose indisposed. See In- not, and Dispose.] 1. To render unfit or unsuited; to disqualify. 2. To disorder slightly as regards health; to make somewhat. Shak. “It made him rather indisposed than sick.” Walton. 3. To disincline; to render averse or unfavorable; as a love of pleasure indisposes the mind to severe study; the pride and selfishness of men indispose them to religious duties. “The king was sufficiently indisposed towards the persons, or the principles, of Calvin’s disciples.” Clarendon.

In•dis•pos´ed•ness , n. The condition or quality of being indisposed. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•dis•po•si´tion , n. [Cf. F. indisposition.] 1. The state of being indisposed; disinclination; as the indisposition of two substances to combine. “A general indisposition towards believing.” Atterbury. 2. A slight disorder or illness. “Rather as an indisposition in health than as any set sickness.” Hayward.

In•dis•pu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indisputabilite.] Indisputableness.

In•dis´pu•ta•ble ( 277), a. [Pref. in- not + disputable: cf. F. indisputable.] Not disputable; incontrovertible; too evident to admit of dispute. Syn. — Incontestable; unquestionable; incontrovertible; undeniable; irrefragable; certain; positive; undoubted; sure; infallible. — In•dis´pu•ta•ble•ness, n. — In•dis´pu•ta•bly, adv.

In•dis•put´ed , a. Undisputed.

In•dis´si•pa•ble , a. Incapable o being dissipated.

In•dis•so•lu•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indissolubilite.] The quality or state of being indissoluble.

In•dis´so•lu•ble , a. [L. indissolubilis: cf. F. indissoluble. See In- not, and Dissoluble, and cf. Indissolvable.] 1. Not dissoluble; not capable of being dissolved, melted, or liquefied; insoluble; as few substances are indissoluble by heat, but many are indissoluble in water. Boyle. 2. Incapable of being rightfully broken or dissolved; perpetually binding or obligatory; firm; stable, as an indissoluble league or covenant. “To the which my duties
Are with a most indissoluble tie
Forever knit.” Shak.

In•dis´so•lu•ble•ness, n. Indissolubility. Sir M. Hale.

In•dis´so•lu•bly, adv. In an indissoluble manner. “On they move, indissolubly firm.” Milton.

In•dis•solv´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + dissolvable. Cf. Indissoluble.] Not dissolvable; incapable of being dissolved or separated; incapable of separation; perpetually firm and binding; indissoluble; as an indissolvable bond of union. Bp. Warburton.

In•dis•solv´a•ble•ness, n. Indissolubleness.

In•dis´tan•cy , n. Want of distance or separation; nearness. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

In•dis•tinct´ (in•dis•tinkt´), a. [L. indistinctus: cf. F. indistinct. See In- not, and Distinct.] 1. Not distinct or distinguishable; not separate in such a manner as to be perceptible by itself; as the indistinct parts of a substance. ´Indistinct as water is in water.´ Shak. 2. Obscure to the mind or senses; not clear; not definite; confused; imperfect; faint; as indistinct vision; an indistinct sound; an indistinct idea or recollection. “When we come to parts too small four our senses, our ideas of these little bodies become obscure and indistinct.” I. Watts. “Their views, indeed, are indistinct and dim.” Cowper. Syn. — Undefined; indistinguishable; obscure; indefinite; vague; ambiguous; uncertain; confused.

In•dis•tinc´ti•ble , a. Indistinguishable. [Obs.] T. Warton.

In•dis•tinc´tion , n. [Cf. F. indistinction.] Want of distinction or distinguishableness; confusion; uncertainty; indiscrimination. “The indistinction of many of the same name … hath made some doubt.” Sir T. Browne. “An indistinction of all persons, or equality of all orders, is far from being agreeable to the will of God.” Sprat.

In•dis•tinc´tive , a. Having nothing distinctive; common. — In•dis•tinc´tive•ness, n.

In•dis•tinct´ly , adv. In an indistinct manner; not clearly; confusedly; dimly; as certain ideas are indistinctly comprehended. “In its sides it was bounded distinctly, but on its ends confusedly and indistinctly.” Sir I. Newton.

In•dis•tinct´ness, n. The quality or condition of being indistinct; want of definiteness; dimness; confusion; as the indistinctness of a picture, or of comprehension; indistinctness of vision.

In•dis•tin´guish•a•ble , a. Not distinguishable; not capable of being perceived, known, or discriminated as separate and distinct; hence, not capable of being perceived or known; as in the distance the flagship was indisguishable; the two copies were indisguishable in form or color; the difference between them was indisguishable.

In•dis•tin´guish•a•bly, adv. In a indistinguishable manner. Sir W. Scott.

In•dis•tin´guished , a. Indistinct. [R.] ´That indistinguished mass.´ Sir T. Browne.

In•dis•tin´guish•ing , a. Making no difference; indiscriminative; impartial; as indistinguishing liberalities. [Obs.] Johnson.

In•dis•turb´ance , n. Freedom from disturbance; calmness; repose; apathy; indifference.

In•ditch´ , v. t. To bury in, or cast into, a ditch. Bp. Hall.

In•dite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inditing.] [OE. enditen to indite, indict, OF. enditer to indicate, show, dictate, write, inform, and endicter to accuse; both fr. LL. indictare to show, to accuse, fr. L. indicere to proclaim, announce; pref. in- in + dicere to say. The word was influenced also by L. indicare to indicate, and by dictare to dictate. See Diction, and cf. Indict, Indicate, Dictate.] 1. To compose; to write; to be author of; to dictate; to prompt. “My heart is inditing a good matter.” Ps. xlv. 1. “Could a common grief have indited such expressions?” South. “Hear how learned Greece her useful rules indites.” Pope. 2. To invite or ask. [Obs.] “She will indite him to some supper.” Shak. 3. To indict; to accuse; to censure. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•dite´, v. i. To compose; to write, as a poem. “Wounded I sing, tormented I indite.” Herbert.

In•dite´ment , n. [Cf. Indictment.] The act of inditing. Craig.

In•dit´er , n. One who indites. Smart.

In´di•um , n. [NL. See Indigo.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, discovered in certain ores of zinc, by means of its characteristic spectrum of two indigo blue lines; hence, its name. In appearance it resembles zinc, being white or lead gray, soft, malleable and easily fusible, but in its chemical relation it resembles aluminium or gallium. Symbol In. Atomic weight, 113.4.

In•di•vert´i•ble (in•di•vert´i•b’l), a. Not to be diverted or turned aside. [R.] Lamb.

In•di•vid´a•ble , a. Indivisible. [R.] Shak.

In•di•vid´ed, a. Undivided. [R.] Bp. Patrick.

In•di•vid´u•al ( 135), a. [L. individuus indivisible; pref. in- not + dividuus divisible, fr. dividere to divide: cf. F. individuel. See Divide.] 1. Not divided, or not to be divided; existing as one entity, or distinct being or object; single; one; as an individual man, animal, or city. “Mind has a being of its own, distinct from that of all other things, and is pure, unmingled, individual substance.” A. Tucker. “United as one individual soul.” Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to one only; peculiar to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing; distinctive; as individual traits of character; individual exertions; individual peculiarities.

In•di•vid´u•al, n. 1. A single person, animal, or thing of any kind; a thing or being incapable of separation or division, without losing its identity; especially, a human being; a person. Cowper. “An object which is in the strict and primary sense one, and can not be logically divided, is called an individual.” Whately. “That individuals die, his will ordains.” Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An independent, or partially independent, zooid of a compound animal. (b) The product of a single egg, whether it remains a single animal or becomes compound by budding or fission.

In•di•vid´u•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. individualisme.] 1. The quality of being individual; individuality; personality. 2. An excessive or exclusive regard to one’s personal interest; self-interest; selfishness. “The selfishness of the small proprietor has been described by the best writers as individualism.” Ed. Rev.

In•di•vid•u•al•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the individual or individualism. London Athenaeum.

In•di•vid•u•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Individualities (#). [Cf. F. individualite.] 1. The quality or state of being individual or constituting an individual; separate or distinct existence; oneness; unity. Arbuthnot. “They possess separate individualities.” H. Spencer. 2. The character or property appropriate or peculiar to an individual; that quality which distinguishes one person or thing from another; the sum of characteristic traits; distinctive character; as he is a person of marked individuality.

In•di•vid•u•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. individualization.] The act of individualizing; the state of being individualized; individuation.

In•di•vid´u•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Individualized p. pr. & vb. n. Individualizing ] [Cf. F. individualiser.] To mark as an individual, or to distinguish from others by peculiar properties; to invest with individuality. “The peculiarities which individualize and distinguish the humor of Addison.” N. Drake.

In•di•vid´u•al•i•zer , n. One who individualizes.

In•di•vid´u•al•ly, adv. 1. In an individual manner or relation; as individuals; separately; each by itself. ´Individually or collectively.´ Burke. “How should that subsist solitarily by itself which hath no substance, but individually the very same whereby others subsist with it?” Hooker. 2. In an inseparable manner; inseparably; incommunicably; indivisibly; as individually the same. “[Omniscience], an attribute individually proper to the Godhead.” Hakewill.

In•di•vid´u•ate , a. [See Individual.] Undivided. [Obs.]

In•di•vid´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Individuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Individuating.] To distinguish from others of the species; to endow with individuality; to divide into individuals; to discriminate. “The soul, as the prime individuating principle, and the said reserved portion of matter as an essential and radical part of the individuation, shall … make up and restore the same individual person.” South. “Life is individuated into infinite numbers, that have their distinct sense and pleasure.” Dr. H. More.

In•di•vid•u•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. individuation.] The act of individuating or state of being individuated; individualization. H. Spencer.

In•di•vid´u•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, individuates. Sir K. Digby.

In•di•vi•du´i•ty , n. [L. individuitas.] Separate existence; individuality; oneness. Fuller.

In•di•vin´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + divinity: cf. F. indivinite.] Want or absence of divine power or of divinity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•di•vis•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indivisibilite.] The state or property of being indivisible or inseparable; inseparability. Locke.

In•di•vis´i•ble , a. [L. indivisibilis: cf. F. indivisible. See In- not, and Divisible.] 1. Not divisible; incapable of being divided, separated, or broken; not separable into parts. ´One indivisible point of time.´ Dryden. 2. (Math.) Not capable of exact division, as one quantity by another; incommensurable.

In•di•vis´i•ble, n. 1. That which is indivisible. “By atom, nobody will imagine we intend to express a perfect indivisible, but only the least sort of natural bodies.” Digby. 2. (Geom.) An infinitely small quantity which is assumed to admit of no further division. Method of indivisibles, a kind of calculus, formerly in use, in which lines were considered as made up of an infinite number of points; surfaces, as made up of an infinite number of lines; and volumes, as made up of an infinite number of surfaces.

In•di•vis´i•ble•ness , n. The state of being indivisible; indivisibility. W. Montagu.

In•di•vis´i•bly, adv. In an indivisible manner.

In•di•vi´sion , n. [Pref. in- not + division: cf. F. indivision, LL. indivisio.] A state of being not divided; oneness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In´do- [From L. Indus East Indian.] A prefix signifying Indian (i. e., East Indian); of or pertaining of India.

In•do•an´i•line , n. [Indigo + aniline.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of artificial blue dyes, in appearance resembling indigo, for which they are often used as substitutes.

In•do-Brit´on , n. [Indo- + Briton.] A person born in India, of mixed Indian and British blood; a half-caste. Malcom.

In•do-Chi•nese´ , a. [Indo- + Chinese.] Of or pertaining to Indo-China (i. e., Farther India, or India beyond the Ganges).

In•doc•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being indocible; indocibleness; indocility.

In•doc´i•ble , a. [L. indocibilis. See In- not, and Docible.] Incapable of being taught, or not easily instructed; dull in intellect; intractable; unteachable; indocile. Bp. Hall. — In•doc´i•ble•ness, n.

In•doc´ile , a. [L. indocilis: cf. F. indocile. See In- not, and Docile.] Not teachable; indisposed to be taught, trained, or disciplined; not easily instructed or governed; dull; intractable.

In•do•cil´i•ty , n. [L. indocilitas: cf. F. indocilite.] The quality or state of being indocile; dullness of intellect; unteachableness; intractableness. “The stiffness and indocility of the Pharisees.” W. Montagu.

In•doc´tri•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indoctrinated p. pr. & vb. n. Indoctrinating.] [Pref. in- in + L. doctrina doctrine: cf. F. endoctriner.] To instruct in the rudiments or principles of learning, or of a branch of learning; to imbue with learning; to instruct in, or imbue with, principles or doctrines; to teach; — often followed by in. “A master that … took much delight in indoctrinating his young, unexperienced favorite.” Clarendon.

In•doc•tri•na´tion , n. The act of indoctrinating, or the condition of being indoctrinated; instruction in the rudiments and principles of any science or system of belief; information. Sir T. Browne.

In•do-Eng´lish , a. [Indo- + English.] Of or relating to the English who are born or reside in India; Anglo-Indian.

In•do-Eu•ro•pe´an , a. Aryan; - - applied to the languages of India and Europe which are derived from the prehistoric Aryan language; also pertaining to the people or nations who speak these languages; as the Indo-European or Aryan family. “The common origin of the Indo-European nations.” Tylor.

In´do•gen , n. [Indigo + - gen.] (Chem.) A complex, nitrogenous radical, C_8H_5NO, regarded as the essential nucleus of indigo.

In´do•gen•ide , n. (Chem.) Any one of the derivatives of indogen, which contain that group as a nucleus.

In•do-Ger•man´ic , a. [Indo- + Germanic.] 1. Same as Aryan, and Indo- European. 2. Pertaining to or denoting the Teutonic family of languages as related to the Sanskrit, or derived from the ancient Aryan language.

In´do•in , n. (Chem.) A substance resembling indigo blue, obtained artificially from certain isatogen compounds.

In´dol (in´dol), n. [Indigo + -ol of phenol.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C_8H_7N, obtained from blue indigo, and almost all indigo derivatives, by a process of reduction. It is also formed from albuminous matter, together with skatol, by putrefaction, and by fusion with caustic potash, and is present in human excrement, as well as in the intestinal canal of some herbivora.

In´do•lence , n. [L. indolentia freedom from pain: cf. F. indolence.] 1. Freedom from that which pains, or harasses, as toil, care, grief, etc. [Obs.] “I have ease, if it may not rather be called indolence.” Bp. Hough. 2. The quality or condition of being indolent; inaction, or want of exertion of body or mind, proceeding from love of ease or aversion to toil; habitual idleness; indisposition to labor; laziness; sloth; inactivity. “Life spent in indolence, and therefore sad.” Cowper. “As there is a great truth wrapped up in ´diligence,´ what a lie, on the other hand, lurks at the root of our present use of the word ´indolence´! This is from ´in´ and ´doleo,´ not to grieve; and indolence is thus a state in which we have no grief or pain; so that the word, as we now employ it, seems to affirm that indulgence in sloth and ease is that which would constitute for us the absence of all pain.” Trench.

In´do•len•cy , n. Indolence. [Obs.] Holland.

In´do•lent , a. [Pref. in- not + L. dolens, -entis, p. pr. of dolere to feel pain: cf. F. indolent. See Dolorous.] 1. Free from toil, pain, or trouble. [Obs.] 2. Indulging in ease; avoiding labor and exertion; habitually idle; lazy; inactive; as an indolent man. “To waste long nights in indolent repose.” Pope. 3. (Med.) Causing little or no pain or annoyance; as an indolent tumor. Syn. — Idle; lazy; slothful; sluggish; listless; inactive; inert. See Idle.

In´do•lent•ly, adv. In an indolent manner. “Calm and serene you indolently sit.” Addison.

In´do•les , n. [L. Cf. Adolescence.] Natural disposition; natural quality or abilities.

In´do•lin , n. [See Indol.] (Chem.) A dark resinous substance, polymeric with indol, and obtained by the reduction of indigo white.

In•dom´a•ble , a. [L. indomabilis; pref. in- not + domabilis tamable.] Indomitable. [Obs.]

In•dom´i•ta•ble , a. [L. indomitabilis; pref. in- not + domitare, intens. fr. domare to tame. See Tame.] Not to be subdued; untamable; invincible; as an indomitable will, courage, animal.

In•dom´ite , a. [L. indomitus.] Not tamed; untamed; savage; wild. [Obs.] J. Salkeld.

In•domp´ta•ble , a. [F. indomptable, L. indomitabilis.] Indomitable. [Obs.] Tooke.

In´door , a. Done or being within doors; within a house or institution; domestic; as indoor work.

In´doors , adv. Within the house; — usually separated, in doors.

In•do•phe´nol , n. [Indigo + phenol.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of artificial blue dyestuffs, resembling indigo in appearance, and obtained by the action of phenol on certain nitrogenous derivatives of quinone. Simple indophenol proper has not yet been isolated.

In•dors´a•ble , a. Capable of being indorsed; transferable; convertible.

In•dor•sa´tion , n. Indorsement. [Obs.]

In•dorse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indorsed p. pr. & vb. n. Indorsing.] [LL. indorsare. See Endorse.] [Written also endorse.] 1. To cover the back of; to load or burden. [Obs.] “Elephants indorsed with towers.” Milton. 2. To write upon the back or outside of a paper or letter, as a direction, heading, memorandum, or address. 3. (Law & Com.) To write one’s name, alone or with other words, upon the back of (a paper), for the purpose of transferring it, or to secure the payment of a note, draft, or the like; to guarantee the payment, fulfillment, performance, or validity of, or to certify something upon the back of (a check, draft, writ, warrant of arrest, etc.). 4. To give one’s name or support to; to sanction; to aid by approval; to approve; as to indorse an opinion. To indorse in blank, to write one’s name on the back of a note or bill, leaving a blank to be filled by the holder.

In•dorsed´ , a. (Her.) See Addorsed.

In•dor•see´ , n. The person to whom a note or bill is indorsed, or assigned by indorsement.

In•dorse´ment , n. [From Indorse; cf. Endorsement.] [Written also endorsement.] 1. The act of writing on the back of a note, bill, or other written instrument. 2. That which is written on the back of a note, bill, or other paper, as a name, an order for, or a receipt of, payment, or the return of an officer, etc.; a writing, usually upon the back, but sometimes on the face, of a negotiable instrument, by which the property therein is assigned and transferred. Story. Byles. Burrill. 3. Sanction, support, or approval; as the indorsement of a rumor, an opinion, a course, conduct. Blank indorsement. See under Blank. { In•dors´er , In•dors´or } n. The person who indorses. [Written also endorser.]

In•dow´ , v. t. See Endow.

In•dow´ment , n. See Endowment.

In•dox´yl , n. [Indigo + hydroxyl.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, C_8H_7NO, isomeric with oxindol, obtained as an oily liquid.

In•dox•yl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to, or producing, indoxyl; as indoxylic acid.

In´draught , n. 1. An opening from the sea into the land; an inlet. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A draught of air or flow of water setting inward.

In´drawn , a. Drawn in.

In•drench´ , v. t. To overwhelm with water; to drench; to drown. [Obs.] Shak. { In´dris , In´dri } n. (Zoöl.) Any lemurine animal of the genus Indris. Several species are known, all of them natives of Madagascar, as the diadem indris (I. diadema), which has a white ruff around the forehead; the woolly indris (I. laniger); and the short-tailed or black indris (I. brevicaudatus), which is black, varied with gray.

In•du´bi•ous , a. [L. indubius. See In- not, and Dubious.] 1. Not dubious or doubtful; certain. 2. Not doubting; unsuspecting. ´Indubious confidence.´ Harvey.

In•du´bi•ta•ble , a. [L. indubitabilis: cf. F. indubitable. See In- not, and Dubitable.] Not dubitable or doubtful; too evident to admit of doubt; unquestionable; evident; apparently certain; as an indubitable conclusion. — n. That which is indubitable. Syn. — Unquestionable; evident; incontrovertible; incontestable; undeniable; irrefragable.

In•du´bi•ta•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being indubitable.

In•du´bi•ta•bly, adv. Undoubtedly; unquestionably; in a manner to remove all doubt. “Oracles indubitably clear and infallibly certain.” Barrow.

In•du´bi•tate , a. [L. indubitatus; pref. in- not + dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare to doubt.] Not questioned or doubtful; evident; certain. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•du´bi•tate , v. t. [L. indubitatus, p. p. of indubitare; pref. in- in + dubitare to doubt.] To bring into doubt; to cause to be doubted. [Obs.] “To conceal, or indubitate, his exigency.” Sir T. Browne.

In•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Induced p. pr. & vb. n. Inducing ] [L. inducere, inductum; pref. in- in + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Induct.] 1. To lead in; to introduce. [Obs.] “The poet may be seen inducing his personages in the first Iliad.” Pope. 2. To draw on; to overspread. [A Latinism] Cowper. 3. To lead on; to influence; to prevail on; to incite; to move by persuasion or influence. Shak. “He is not obliged by your offer to do it, … though he may be induced, persuaded, prevailed upon, tempted.” Paley. “Let not the covetous desire of growing rich induce you to ruin your reputation.” Dryden. 4. To bring on; to effect; to cause; as a fever induced by fatigue or exposure. “Sour things induces a contraction in the nerves.” Bacon. 5. (Physics) To produce, or cause, by proximity without contact or transmission, as a particular electric or magnetic condition in a body, by the approach of another body in an opposite electric or magnetic state. 6. (Logic) To generalize or conclude as an inference from all the particulars; — the opposite of deduce. Syn. — To move; instigate; urge; impel; incite; press; influence; actuate.

In•duce´ment , n. [From Induce.] 1. The act of inducing, or the state of being induced. 2. That which induces; a motive or consideration that leads one to action or induces one to act; as reward is an inducement to toil. ´Mark the inducement.´ Shak. 3. (Law) Matter stated by way of explanatory preamble or introduction to the main allegations of a pleading; a leading to. Syn. — Motive; reason; influence. See Motive.

In•du´cer , n. One who, or that which, induces or incites.

In•du´ci•ble , a. 1. Capable of being induced, caused, or made to take place. 2. Obtainable by induction; derivable; inferable.

In•duct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inducting.] [L. inductus, p. p. of inducere. See Induce.] 1. To bring in; to introduce; to usher in. “The independent orator inducting himself without further ceremony into the pulpit.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To introduce, as to a benefice or office; to put in actual possession of the temporal rights of an ecclesiastical living, or of any other office, with the customary forms and ceremonies. “The prior, when inducted into that dignity, took an oath not to alienate any of their lands.” Bp. Burnet.

In•duc´te•ous , a. (Elec.) Rendered electro-polar by induction, or brought into the opposite electrical state by the influence of inductive bodies.

In•duc´tile , a. [Pref. in- not + ductile: cf. F. inductile.] Not ductile; incapable of being drawn into threads, as a metal; inelastic; tough.

In•duc•til´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inductile.

In•duc´tion , n. [L. inductio: cf. F. induction. See Induct.] 1. The act or process of inducting or bringing in; introduction; entrance; beginning; commencement. “I know not you; nor am I well pleased to make this time, as the affair now stands, the induction of your acquaintance.” Beau. & Fl. “These promises are fair, the parties sure,
And our induction dull of prosperous hope.” Shak. 2. An introduction or introductory scene, as to a play; a preface; a prologue. [Obs.] “This is but an induction: I will draw
The curtains of the tragedy hereafter.” Massinger. 3. (Philos.) The act or process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal; also the result or inference so reached. “Induction is an inference drawn from all the particulars.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Induction is the process by which we conclude that what is true of certain individuals of a class, is true of the whole class, or that what is true at certain times will be true in similar circumstances at all times.” J. S. Mill. 4. The introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, or of an official into a office, with appropriate acts or ceremonies; the giving actual possession of an ecclesiastical living or its temporalities. 5. (Math.) A process of demonstration in which a general truth is gathered from an examination of particular cases, one of which is known to be true, the examination being so conducted that each case is made to depend on the preceding one; — called also successive induction. 6. (Physics) The property by which one body, having electrical or magnetic polarity, causes or induces it in another body without direct contact; an impress of electrical or magnetic force or condition from one body on another without actual contact. Electro-dynamic induction, the action by which a variable or interrupted current of electricity excites another current in a neighboring conductor forming a closed circuit. — Electro-magnetic induction, the influence by which an electric current produces magnetic polarity in certain bodies near or around which it passes. — Electro-static induction, the action by which a body possessing a charge of statical electricity develops a charge of statical electricity of the opposite character in a neighboring body. — Induction coil, an apparatus producing induced currents of great intensity. It consists of a coil or helix of stout insulated copper wire, surrounded by another coil of very fine insulated wire, in which a momentary current is induced, when a current (as from a voltaic battery), passing through the inner coil, is made, broken, or varied. The inner coil has within it a core of soft iron, and is connected at its terminals with a condenser; — called also inductorium, and Ruhmkorff’s coil. — Induction pipe, port, or valve, a pipe, passageway, or valve, for leading or admitting a fluid to a receiver, as steam to an engine cylinder, or water to a pump. — Magnetic induction, the action by which magnetic polarity is developed in a body susceptible to magnetic effects when brought under the influence of a magnet. — Magneto-electric induction, the influence by which a magnet excites electric currents in closed circuits. Logical induction, (Philos.), an act or method of reasoning from all the parts separately to the whole which they constitute, or into which they may be united collectively; the operation of discovering and proving general propositions; the scientific method. — Philosophical induction, the inference, or the act of inferring, that what has been observed or established in respect to a part, individual, or species, may, on the ground of analogy, be affirmed or received of the whole to which it belongs. This last is the inductive method of Bacon. It ascends from the parts to the whole, and forms, from the general analogy of nature, or special presumptions in the case, conclusions which have greater or less degrees of force, and which may be strengthened or weakened by subsequent experience and experiment. It relates to actual existences, as in physical science or the concerns of life. Logical induction is founded on the necessary laws of thought; philosophical induction, on the interpretation of the indications or analogy of nature. Syn. — Deduction. — Induction, Deduction. In induction we observe a sufficient number of individual facts, and, on the ground of analogy, extend what is true of them to others of the same class, thus arriving at general principles or laws. This is the kind of reasoning in physical science. In deduction we begin with a general truth, which is already proven or provisionally assumed, and seek to connect it with some particular case by means of a middle term, or class of objects, known to be equally connected with both. Thus, we bring down the general into the particular, affirming of the latter the distinctive qualities of the former. This is the syllogistic method. By induction Franklin established the identity of lightning and electricity; by deduction he inferred that dwellings might be protected by lightning rods.

In•duc´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or proceeding by, induction; inductive.

In•duct´ive , a. [LL. inductivus: cf. F. inductif. See Induce.] 1. Leading or drawing; persuasive; tempting; — usually followed by to. “A brutish vice,
Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve.” Milton. 2. Tending to induce or cause. [R.] “They may be … inductive of credibility.” Sir M. Hale. 3. Leading to inferences; proceeding by, derived from, or using, induction; as inductive reasoning. 4. (Physics) (a) Operating by induction; as an inductive electrical machine. (b) Facilitating induction; susceptible of being acted upon by induction; as certain substances have a great inductive capacity. Inductive embarrassment (Physics), the retardation in signaling on an electric wire, produced by lateral induction. — Inductive philosophy or method. See Philosophical induction, under Induction. — Inductive sciences, those sciences which admit of, and employ, the inductive method, as astronomy, botany, chemistry, etc.

In•duct´ive•ly, adv. By induction or inference.

In•duc•tom´e•ter , n. [Induction + -meter.] (Elec.) An instrument for measuring or ascertaining the degree or rate of electrical induction.

In•duct´or , n. [L., one who stirs up or rouses. See Induce.] 1. The person who inducts another into an office or benefice. 2. (Elec.) That portion of an electrical apparatus, in which is the inducing charge or current.

In•duc•to´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Inductoriums (#), L. Inductoria (#). [NL., fr. E. induction.] (Elec.) An induction coil. { In•duc´tric , In•duc´tric•al } a. (Elec.) Acting by, or in a state of, induction; relating to electrical induction.

In•due´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indued p. pr. & vb. n. Induing.] [Written also endue.] [L. induere to put on, clothe, fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) + a root seen also in L. exuere to put off, divest, exuviae the skin of an animal, slough, induviae clothes. Cf. Endue to invest.] 1. To put on, as clothes; to draw on. “The baron had indued a pair of jack boots.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To clothe; to invest; hence, to endow; to furnish; to supply with moral or mental qualities. “Indu’d with robes of various hue she flies.” Dryden. “Indued with intellectual sense and souls.” Shak.

In•due´ment , n. [From Indue; cf. Indument, Enduement.] The act of induing, or state of being indued; investment; endowment. W. Montagu.

In•dulge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indulged p. pr. & vb. n. Indulging ] [L. indulgere to be kind or tender to one; cf. OIr. dilgud, equiv. to L. remissio, OIr. dligeth, equiv. to L. lex, Goth. dulgs debt.] 1. To be complacent toward; to give way to; not to oppose or restrain; (a) when said of a habit, desire, etc.: to give free course to; to give one’s self up to; as to indulge sloth, pride, selfishness, or inclinations; (b) when said of a person: to yield to the desire of; to gratify by compliance; to humor; to withhold restraint from; as to indulge children in their caprices or willfulness; to indulge one’s self with a rest or in pleasure. “Hope in another life implies that we indulge ourselves in the gratifications of this very sparingly.” Atterbury. 2. To grant as by favor; to bestow in concession, or in compliance with a wish or request. “Persuading us that something must be indulged to public manners.” Jer. Taylor. “Yet, yet a moment, one dim ray of light
Indulge, dread Chaos, and eternal Night!” Pope. It is remarked by Johnson, that if the matter of indulgence is a single thing, it has with before it; if it is a habit, it has in; as he indulged himself with a glass of wine or a new book; he indulges himself in idleness or intemperance. See Gratify.

In•dulge´, v. i. To indulge one’s self; to gratify one’s tastes or desires; esp., to give one’s self up (to); to practice a forbidden or questionable act without restraint; — followed by in, but formerly, also by to. ´Willing to indulge in easy vices.´ Johnson.

In•dulge´ment , n. Indulgence. [R.] Wood.

In•dul´gence , n. [L. indulgentia: cf. F. indulgence.] 1. The act of indulging or humoring; the quality of being indulgent; forbearance of restrain or control. “If I were a judge, that word indulgence should never issue from my lips.” Tooke. “They err, that through indulgence to others, or fondness to any sin in themselves, substitute for repentance anything less.” Hammond. 2. An indulgent act; favor granted; gratification. “If all these gracious indulgences are without any effect on us, we must perish in our own folly.” Rogers. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Remission of the temporal punishment due to sins, after the guilt of sin has been remitted by sincere repentance; absolution from the censures and public penances of the church. It is a payment of the debt of justice to God by the application of the merits of Christ and his saints to the contrite soul through the church. It is therefore believed to diminish or destroy for sins the punishment of purgatory.

In•dul´gence , v. t. To grant an indulgence to.

In•dul´gen•cy , n. Indulgence. Dryden.

In•dul´gent , a. [L. indulgens, -entis, p. pr. of indulgere: cf. F. indulgent. See Indulge.] Prone to indulge; yielding to the wishes, humor, or appetites of those under one’s care; compliant; not opposing or restraining; tolerant; mild; favorable; not severe; as an indulgent parent. Shak. “The indulgent censure of posterity.” Waller. “The feeble old, indulgent of their ease.” Dryden.

In•dul•gen´tial , a. Relating to the indulgences of the Roman Catholic Church. Brevint.

In•dul´gent•ly , adv. In an indulgent manner; mildly; favorably. Dryden.

In•dul´ger, n. One who indulges. W. Montagu.

In•dul´gi•ate , v. t. To indulge. [R.] Sandys.

In´du•line , n. [Perh. fr. indigo.] (Chem.) (a) Any one of a large series of aniline dyes, colored blue or violet, and represented by aniline violet. (b) A dark green amorphous dyestuff, produced by the oxidation of aniline in the presence of copper or vanadium salts; — called also aniline black. { In•dult´ , In•dul´to } n. [L. indultum indulgence, favor, fr. indultus, p. p. of indulgere: cf. It. indulto, F. indult. See Indulge.] 1. A privilege or exemption; an indulgence; a dispensation granted by the pope. 2. (Spain) A duty levied on all importations.

In´du•ment , n. [L. indumentum a covering. See Indue, and cf. Induement.] (Zoöl.) Plumage; feathers.

In•du´pli•cate , a. (Bot.) (a) Having the edges bent abruptly toward the axis; — said of the parts of the calyx or corolla in aestivation. (b) Having the edges rolled inward and then arranged about the axis without overlapping; - - said of leaves in vernation.

In•du´pli•ca•tive , a. (Bot.) (a) Having induplicate sepals or petals in aestivation. (b) Having induplicate leaves in vernation.

In•dur´ance , n. [Obs.] See Endurance.

In´du•rate , a. [L. induratus, p. p. of indurare to harden. See Endure.] 1. Hardened; not soft; indurated. Tyndale. 2. Without sensibility; unfeeling; obdurate.

In´du•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indurated p. pr. & vb. n. Indurating ] 1. To make hard; as extreme heat indurates clay; some fossils are indurated by exposure to the air. 2. To make unfeeling; to deprive of sensibility; to render obdurate.

In´du•rate, v. i. To grow hard; to harden, or become hard; as clay indurates by drying, and by heat.

In´du•ra•ted , a. Hardened; as indurated clay; an indurated heart. Goldsmith.

In•du•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. induration, L. induratio hardness of heart.] 1. The act of hardening, or the process of growing hard. 2. State of being indurated, or of having become hard. 3. Hardness of character, manner, sensibility, etc.; obduracy; stiffness; want of pliancy or feeling. “A certain induration of character had arisen from long habits of business.” Coleridge.

In•du´sial , a. [See Indusium.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, the petrified cases of the larvae of certain insects. Indusial limestone (Geol.), a fresh- water limestone, largely composed of the agglomerated cases of caddice worms, or larvae of caddice flies (Phryganea). It is found in Miocene strata of Auvergne, France, and some other localities. { In•du´si•ate , In•du´si•a•ted } a. (Bot.) Furnished with an indusium.

In•du´si•um , n.; pl. Indusia (-a). [L., an under garment, fr. induere to put on: cf. F. indusie the covering of the seed spots of ferns.] (Bot.) (a) A collection of hairs united so as to form a sort of cup, and inclosing the stigma of a flower. (b) The immediate covering of the fruit dots or sori in many ferns, usually a very thin scale attached by the middle or side to a veinlet. (c) A peculiar covering found in certain fungi.

In•dus´tri•al , a. [Cf. F. industriel, LL. industrialis. See Industry.] Consisting in industry; pertaining to industry, or the arts and products of industry; concerning those employed in labor, especially in manual labor, and their wages, duties, and rights. “The great ideas of industrial development and economic social amelioration.” M. Arnold. Industrial exhibition, a public exhibition of the various industrial products of a country, or of various countries. — Industrial school, a school for teaching one or more branches of industry; also a school for educating neglected children, and training them to habits of industry.

In•dus´tri•al•ism , n. 1. Devotion to industrial pursuits; labor; industry. J. S. Mill. 2. The principles or policy applicable to industrial pursuits or organized labor. “Industrialism must not confounded with industriousness.” H. Spencer.

In•dus´tri•al•ly, adv. With reference to industry.

In•dus´tri•ous , a. [L. industrius, industriosus: cf. F. industrieux. See Industry.] 1. Given to industry; characterized by diligence; constantly, regularly, or habitually occupied; busy; assiduous; not slothful or idle; — commonly implying devotion to lawful and useful labor. “Frugal and industrious men are commonly friendly to the established government.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Steadily and perseveringly active in a particular pursuit or aim; as he was negligent in business, but industrious in pleasure; an industrious mischief maker. “Industrious to seek out the truth of all things.” Spenser. — In•dus´tri•ous•ly, adv. — In•dus´tri•ous•ness, n.

In´dus•try , n.; pl. Industries (#). [L. industria, cf. industrius diligent; of uncertain origin: cf. F. industrie.] 1. Habitual diligence in any employment or pursuit, either bodily or mental; steady attention to business; assiduity; — opposed to sloth and idleness; as industry pays debts, while idleness or despair will increase them. “We are more industrious than our forefathers, because in the present times the funds destined for the maintenance of industry are much greater in proportion to those which are likely to be employed in the maintenance of idleness, than they were two or three centuries ago.” A. Smith. 2. Any department or branch of art, occupation, or business; especially, one which employs much labor and capital and is a distinct branch of trade; as the sugar industry; the iron industry; the cotton industry. 3. (Polit. Econ.) Human exertion of any kind employed for the creation of value, and regarded by some as a species of capital or wealth; labor. Syn. — Diligence; assiduity; perseverance; activity; laboriousness; attention. See Diligence.

In•du´tive , a. [L. indutus, p. p. of induere to put on. See Indue.] (Bot.) Covered; — applied to seeds which have the usual integumentary covering.

In•du´vi•ae , n. pl. [L., clothes, fr. induere to put on. See Indue.] (Bot.) Persistent portions of a calyx or corolla; also leaves which do not disarticulate from the stem, and hence remain for a long time.

In•du´vi•ate , a. (Bot.) Covered with induviae, as the upper part of the trunk of a palm tree.

In´dwell , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Indwelt p. pr. & vb. n. Indwelling.] To dwell in; to abide within; to remain in possession. “The Holy Ghost became a dove, not as a symbol, but as a constantly indwelt form.” Milman.

In´dwell•er n. An inhabitant. Spenser.

In´dwell•ing, n. Residence within, as in the heart. “The personal indwelling of the Spirit in believers.” South.

-ine ( 104). 1. (Chem.) A suffix, indicating that those substances of whose names it is a part are basic, and alkaloidal in their nature. All organic bases, and basic substances (especially nitrogenous substances), are systematically written with the termination -ine; as quinine, morphine, guanidine, etc. All indifferent and neutral substances, as proteids, glycerides, glucosides, etc., should commonly be spelled with -in; as gelatin, amygdalin, etc. This rue has no application to those numerous commercial or popular names with the termination -ine; as gasoline, vaseline, etc. 2. (Organ. Chem.) A suffix, used to indicate hydrocarbons of the second degree of unsaturation; i. e., members of the acetyline series; as hexine, heptine, etc.

In•earth´ , v. t. To inter. [R.] Southey.

In•e´bri•ant , a. [L. inebrians, p. pr. of inebriare. See Inebriate.] Intoxicating.

In•e´bri•ant, n. Anything that intoxicates, as opium, alcohol, etc.; an intoxicant. Smart.

In•e´bri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inebriated p. pr. & vb. n. Inebriating ] [L. inebriatus, p. p. of inebriare; pref. in- in + ebriare to make drunk, fr. ebrius drunk. See Ebriety.] 1. To make drunk; to intoxicate. “The cups
That cheer but not inebriate.” Cowper. 2. Fig.: To disorder the senses of; to exhilarate or elate as if by spirituous drink; to deprive of sense and judgment; also to stupefy. “The inebriating effect of popular applause.” Macaulay.

In•e´bri•ate, v. i. To become drunk. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•e´bri•ate , a. [L. inebriatus, p. p.] Intoxicated; drunk; habitually given to drink; stupefied. “Thus spake Peter, as a man inebriate and made drunken with the sweetness of this vision, not knowing what he said.” Udall.

In•e´bri•ate, n. One who is drunk or intoxicated; esp., an habitual drunkard; as an asylum for inebriates. “Some inebriates have their paroxysms of inebriety.” E. Darwin.

In•e•bri•a´tion , n. [L. inebriatio.] The condition of being inebriated; intoxication; figuratively, deprivation of sense and judgment by anything that exhilarates, as success. Sir T. Browne. “Preserve him from the inebriation of prosperity.” Macaulay. Syn. — See Drunkenness.

In•e•bri´e•ty , n. [See Inebriate, Ebriety.] Drunkenness; inebriation. E. Darwin.

In•e´bri•ous , a. Intoxicated, or partially so; intoxicating. [R.] T. Brown.

In•ed´it•ed , a. Not edited; unpublished; as an inedited manuscript. T. Warton.

I•nee´ , n. [F.] An arrow poison, made from an apocynaceous plant (Strophanthus hispidus) of the Gaboon country; — called also onaye.

In•ef•fa•bil´i•ty , n. [L. ineffabilitas: cf. F. ineffabilite.] The quality or state of being ineffable; ineffableness; unspeakableness.

In•ef´fa•ble , a. [L. ineffabilis: cf. F. ineffable. See In- not, and Effable, Fame.] Incapable of being expressed in words; unspeakable; unutterable; indescribable; as the ineffable joys of heaven. “Contentment with our lot … will diffuse ineffable contentment over the soul.” Beattie.

In•ef´fa•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being ineffable or unutterable; unspeakableness.

In•ef´fa•bly, adv. In a manner not to be expressed in words; unspeakably. Milton.

In•ef•face´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + effaceable: cf. F. ineffaçable.] Incapable of being effaced; indelible; ineradicable.

In•ef•face´a•bly, adv. So as not to be effaceable.

In•ef•fect´i•ble , a. Ineffectual; impracticable. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•ef•fect´ive , a. [Pref. in- not + effective: cf. F. ineffectif.] Not effective; ineffectual; futile; inefficient; useless; as an ineffective appeal. “The word of God, without the spirit, [is] a dead and ineffective letter.” Jer. Taylor.

In•ef•fect´ive•ly, adv. In an ineffective manner; without effect; inefficiently; ineffectually.

In•ef•fect´ive•ness, n. Quality of being ineffective.

In•ef•fec´tu•al ( 135), a. Not producing the proper effect; without effect; inefficient; weak; useless; futile; unavailing; as an ineffectual attempt; an ineffectual expedient. Pope. “The peony root has been much commended, … and yet has been by many found ineffectual.” Boyle. Syn. — Inefficient; useless; inefficacious; vain; fruitless; unavailing; futile. See Useless, Inefficacious.

In•ef•fec•tu•al´i•ty , n. Ineffectualness. [R.]

In•ef•fec´tu•al•ly, adv. Without effect; in vain. “Hereford … had been besieged for about two months ineffectually by the Scots.” Ludlow.

In•ef•fec´tu•al•ness, n. Want of effect, or of power to produce it; inefficacy. “The ineffectualness of some men’s devotion.” Wake.

In•ef•fer•ves´cence , n. Want of effervescence. Kirwan.

In•ef•fer•ves´cent , a. Not effervescing, or not susceptible of effervescence; quiescent.

In•ef•fer•ves•ci•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being ineffervescible.

In•ef•fer•ves´ci•ble , a. Not capable or susceptible of effervescence.

In•ef•fi•ca´cious , a. [Pref. in- not + efficacious: cf. F. inefficace, L. inefficax.] Not efficacious; not having power to produce the effect desired; inadequate; incompetent; inefficient; impotent. Boyle. “The authority of Parliament must become inefficacious … to restrain the growth of disorders.” Burke. Ineffectual, says Johnson, rather denotes an actual failure, and inefficacious an habitual impotence to any effect. But the distinction is not always observed, nor can it be; for we can not always know whether means are inefficacious till experiment has proved them ineffectual. Inefficacious is therefore sometimes synonymous with ineffectual.

In•ef•fi•ca´cious•ly, adv. Without efficacy or effect.

In•ef•fi•ca´cious•ness, n. Want of effect, or of power to produce the effect; inefficacy.

In•ef´fi•ca•cy , n. [L. inefficacia. See In- not, and Efficacy.] Want of power to produce the desired or proper effect; inefficiency; ineffectualness; futility; uselessness; fruitlessness; as the inefficacy of medicines or means. “The seeming inefficacy of censures.” Bp. Hall. “The inefficacy was soon proved, like that of many similar medicines.” James Gregory.

In•ef•fi´cien•cy , n. The quality of being inefficient; want of power or energy sufficient for the desired effect; inefficacy; incapacity; as he was discharged from his position for inefficiency.

In•ef•fi´cient , a. 1. Not efficient; not producing the effect intended or desired; inefficacious; as inefficient means or measures. 2. Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; habitually slack or remiss; effecting little or nothing; as inefficient workmen; an inefficient administrator.

In•ef•fi´cient•ly, adv. In an inefficient manner.

In•e•lab´o•rate , a. [L. inelaboratus. See In- not, and Elaborate.] Not elaborate; not wrought with care; unpolished; crude; unfinished.

In•e•las´tic , a. Not elastic.

In•e•las•tic´i•ty , n. Want of elasticity. { In•el´e•gance , In•el´e•gan•cy } n.; pl. Inelegances (#), Inelegancies (#). [L. inelegantia: cf. F. inelegance.] 1. The quality of being inelegant; want of elegance or grace; want of refinement, beauty, or polish in language, composition, or manners. “The notorious inelegance of her figure.” T. Hook. 2. Anything inelegant; as inelegance of style in literary composition.

In•el´e•gant , a. [L. inelegans: cf. F. inelegant. See In- not, and Elegant.] Not elegant; deficient in beauty, polish, refinement, grave, or ornament; wanting in anything which correct taste requires. “What order so contrived as not to mix
Tastes, not well joined, inelegant.” Milton. “It renders style often obscure, always embarrassed and inelegant.” Blair.

In•el´e•gant•ly, adv. In an inelegant manner.

In•el•i•gi•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. ineligibilite.] The state or quality of being ineligible.

In•el´i•gi•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + eligible: cf. F. ineligible.] Not eligible; not qualified to be chosen for an office; not worthy to be chosen or preferred; not expedient or desirable. Burke.

In•el´li•gi•bly , adv. In an ineligible manner.

In•e´lo•quent , a. [L. ineloquens: cf. F. ineloquent. See In- not, and Eloquent.] Not eloquent; not fluent, graceful, or pathetic; not persuasive; as ineloquent language. “Nor are thy lips ungraceful, sire of men,
Nor tongue ineloquent.” Milton.

In•e´lo•quent•ly, adv. Without eloquence.

In•e•luc´ta•ble , a. [L. ineluctabilis; pref. in- not + eluctabilis to be surmounted, fr. eluctari to struggle out of, to surmount: cf. F. ineluctable. See Eluctate.] Not to be overcome by struggling; irresistible; inevitable. Bp. Pearson. “The ineluctable conditions of matter.” Hamerton.

In•e•lud´i•ble , a. Incapable of being eluded or evaded; unvoidable. “Most pressing reasons and ineludible demonstrations.” Glanvill.

In•em´bry•o•nate , a. (Biol.) Not embryonate.

In•e•nar´ra•ble , a. [L. inenarrabilis; pref. in- not + enarrabilis that may be related; fr. enarrare to relate: cf. F. inenarrable. See Enarration.] Incapable of being narrated; indescribable; ineffable. [Obs.] ´Inenarrable goodness.´ Bp. Fisher.

In•ept´ , a. [L. ineptus; prefix. in- not + aptus apt, fit: cf. F. inepte. Cf. Inapt.] 1. Not apt or fit; unfit; unsuitable; improper; unbecoming. “The Aristotelian philosophy is inept for new discoveries.” Glanvill. 2. Silly; useless; nonsensical; absurd; foolish. “To view attention as a special act of intelligence, and to distinguish it from consciousness, is utterly inept.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•ept´i•tude , n. [L. ineptitudo.] 1. The quality of being inept; unfitness; inaptitude; unsuitableness. “That ineptitude for society, which is frequently the fault of us scholars.” Tatler. 2. Absurdity; nonsense; foolishness.

In•ept´ly, adv. Unfitly; unsuitably; awkwardly. “None of them are made foolishly or ineptly.” Dr. H. More.

In•ept´ness, n. Unfitness; ineptitude. “The feebleness and miserable ineptness of infancy.” Dr. H. More.

In•e´qua•ble , a. Unequable. [R.] Bailey.

In•e´qual , a. [L. inaequalis. See In- not, and Equal.] Unequal; uneven; various. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In•e•qual´i•ty , n.; pl. Inequalities (#). [L. inaequalitas.] 1. The quality of being unequal; difference, or want of equality, in any respect; lack of uniformity; disproportion; unevenness; disparity; diversity; as an inequality in size, stature, numbers, power, distances, motions, rank, property, etc. “There is so great an inequality in the length of our legs and arms as makes it impossible for us to walk on all four.” Ray. “Notwithstanding which inequality of number, it was resolved in a council of war to fight the Dutch fleet.” Ludlow. “Sympathy is rarely strong where there is a great inequality of condition.” Macaulay. 2. Unevenness; want of levelness; the alternate rising and falling of a surface; as the inequalities of the surface of the earth, or of a marble slab, etc. “The country is cut into so many hills and inequalities as renders it defensible.” Addison. 3. Variableness; changeableness; inconstancy; lack of smoothness or equability; deviation; unsteadiness, as of the weather, feelings, etc. “Inequality of air is ever an enemy to health.” Bacon. 4. Disproportion to any office or purpose; inadequacy; competency; as the inequality of terrestrial things to the wants of a rational soul. South. 5. (Alg.) An expression consisting of two unequal quantities, with the sign of inequality (> or <) between them; as the inequality 2 < 3, or 4 > 1. 6. (Astron.) An irregularity, or a deviation, in the motion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion; the amount of such deviation.

In•e•qua´tion , n. (Math.) An inequality.

In•e•qui•dis´tant , a. Not equally distant; not equidistant.

In•e•qui•lat´er•al , a. 1. Having unequal sides; unsymmetrical; unequal- sided. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the two ends unequal, as in the clam, quahaug, and most lamellibranch shells.

In•e•qui•lo´bate , a. [Pref. in- not + equi- + lobate.] (Biol.) Unequally lobed; cut into lobes of different shapes or sizes.

In•eq´ui•ta•ble , a. Not equitable; not just. Burke.

In•eq´ui•tate , v. t. [L. inequitatus, p. p. inequitare to ride over. See 1st In-, and Equitant.] To ride over or through. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In•eq´ui•ty , n. Want of equity; injustice; wrong. ´Some form of inequity.´ H. Spencer. { In•e´qui•valve , In•e•qui•val´vu•lar } a. (Zoöl.) Having unequal valves, as the shell of an oyster.

In•e•rad´i•ca•ble , a. Incapable of being eradicated or rooted out. “The bad seed thus sown was ineradicable.” Ld. Lytton.

In•e•rad´i•ca•bly, adv. So as not to be eradicable. { In•er•get´ic , In•er•get´ic•al } a. [Pref. in- not + energetic, - ical.] Having no energy; sluggish. [R.] Boyle.

In•er•get´ic•al•ly, adv. Without energy. [R.] { In•erm´ , In•er´mous } a. (Bot.) Same as Inermis.

In•er´mis , a. [L. inermis, inermus; pref. in- not + arma arms: cf. F. inerme.] (Bot.) Unarmed; destitute of prickles or thorns, as a leaf. Gray.

In•er•ra•bil´i•ty , n. Freedom or exemption from error; infallibility. Eikon Basilike.

In•er´ra•ble , a. [L. inerrabilis. See In- not, and Err.] Incapable of erring; infallible; unerring. ´Inerabble and requisite conditions.´ Sir T. Browne. ´Not an inerrable text.´ Gladstone.

In•er´ra•ble•ness (in•er´ra•b’l•nes), n. Exemption from error; inerrability; infallibility. Hammond.

In•er´ra•bly, adv. With security from error; infallibly; unerringly.

In•er´ran•cy , n. Exemption from error. “The absolute inerrancy of the Bible.” The Century.

In•er•rat´ic (in•er•rat´ik), a. Not erratic or wandering; fixed; settled; established.

In•err´ing•ly , adv. Without error, mistake, or deviation; unerringly. Glanvill.

In•ert´ , a. [L. iners, inertis, unskilled, idle; pref. in- + ars art: cf. F. inerte. See Art.] 1. Destitute of the power of moving itself, or of active resistance to motion; as matter is inert. 2. Indisposed to move or act; very slow to act; sluggish; dull; inactive; indolent; lifeless. “The inert and desponding party of the court.” Macaulay. “It present becomes extravagant, then imbecile, and at length utterly inert.” I. Taylor. 3. Not having or manifesting active properties; not affecting other substances when brought in contact with them; powerless for an expected or desired effect. Syn. — Inactive; dull; passive; indolent; sluggish; slothful; lazy; lifeless; irresolute; stupid; senseless; insensible. — Inert, Inactive, Sluggish. A man may be inactive from mere want of stimulus to effort; but one who is inert has something in his constitution or his habits which operates like a weight holding him back from exertion. Sluggish is still stronger, implying some defect of temperament which directly impedes action. Inert and inactive are negative, sluggish is positive. “Even the favored isles …
Can boast but little virtue; and, inert
Through plenty, lose in morals what they gain
In manners — victims of luxurious ease.” Cowper. “Doomed to lose four months in inactive obscurity.” Johnson. “Sluggish Idleness, the nurse of sin,
Upon a slothful ass he chose to ride.” Spenser.

In•er´ti•a , n. [L., idleness, fr. iners idle. See Inert.] 1. (Physics) That property of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to continue in motion, and in the same straight line or direction, unless acted on by some external force; — sometimes called vis inertiae. 2. Inertness; indisposition to motion, exertion, or action; want of energy; sluggishness. “Men … have immense irresolution and inertia.” Carlyle. 3. (Med.) Want of activity; sluggishness; — said especially of the uterus, when, in labor, its contractions have nearly or wholly ceased. Center of inertia. (Mech.) See under Center.

In•er´tion , n. Want of activity or exertion; inertness; quietude. [R.] “These vicissitudes of exertion and inertion of the arterial system constitute the paroxysms of remittent fever.” E. Darwin.

In•ert´i•tude , n. [See Inert.] Inertness; inertia. [R.] Good.

In•ert´ly, adv. Without activity; sluggishly. Pope.

In•ert´ness, n. 1. Want of activity or exertion; habitual indisposition to action or motion; sluggishness; apathy; insensibility. Glanvill. “Laziness and inertness of mind.” Burke. 2. Absence of the power of self-motion; inertia.

In•er´u•dite , a. [L. ineruditus. See In- not, and Erudite.] Not erudite; unlearned; ignorant.

In•es•cap´a•ble , a. Not escapable.

In•es´cate , v. t. [L. inescatus, p. p. of inescare; in- in + esca bait.] To allure; to lay a bait for. [Obs.] “To inescate and beguile young women!” Burton.

In•es•ca´tion , n. [L. inescatio.] The act of baiting; allurement. [Obs.] Hallywell.

In•es•cutch´eon , n. (Her.) A small escutcheon borne within a shield.

In• es´se [L.] In being; actually existing; - - distinguished from in posse, or in potentia, which denote that a thing is not, but may be.

In•es•sen´tial , a. [Pref. in- not + essential: cf. F. inessentiel.] 1. Having no essence or being. H. Brooke. “The womb of inessential Naught.” Shelley. 2. Not essential; unessential.

In•es´ti•ma•ble , a. [L. inaestimabilis: cf. F. inestimable. See In- not, and Estimate.] Incapable of being estimated or computed; especially, too valuable or excellent to be measured or fully appreciated; above all price; as inestimable rights or privileges. “But above all, for thine inestimable love.” Bk. of Com. Prayer. “Science is too inestimable for expression by a money standard.” Lyon Playfair. Syn. — Incalculable; invaluable; priceless.

In•es´ti•ma•bly, adv. In a manner, or to a degree, above estimation; as things inestimably excellent.

In•e•va´si•ble , a. Incapable of being evaded; inevitable; unavoidable.

In•ev´i•dence , n. [Cf. F. inevidence.] Want of evidence; obscurity. [Obs.] Barrow.

In•ev´i•dent , a. [Cf. F. inevident.] Not evident; not clear or obvious; obscure.

In•ev•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inevitabilite.] Impossibility to be avoided or shunned; inevitableness. Shelford.

In•ev´i•ta•ble , a. [L. inevitabilis: cf. F. inevitable. See In- not, and Evitable.] 1. Not evitable; incapable of being shunned; unavoidable; certain. ´The inevitable hour.´ Gray. “It was inevitable; it was necessary; it was planted in the nature of things.” Burke. 2. Irresistible. ´Inevitable charms.´ Dryden.

In•ev´i•ta•ble•ness , n. The state of being unavoidable; certainty to happen. Prideaux.

In•ev´i•ta•bly, adv. Without possibility of escape or evasion; unavoidably; certainly. “Inevitably thou shalt die.” Milton. “How inevitably does immoderate laughter end in a sigh!” South.

In•ex•act´ , a. [Pref. in- not + exact: cf. F. inexact.] Not exact; not precisely correct or true; inaccurate.

In•ex•act´i•tude , n. Inexactness; uncertainty; as geographical inexactitude.

In•ex•act´ly, adv. In a manner not exact or precise; inaccurately. R. A. Proctor.

In•ex•act´ness, n. Incorrectness; want of exactness.

In•ex•cit•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inexcitable; insusceptibility to excitement.

In•ex•cit´a•ble , a. [L. inexcitabilis from which one cannot be aroused. See In- not, and Excite.] Not susceptible of excitement; dull; lifeless; torpid.

In•ex•cus´a•ble , a. [L. inexcusabilis: cf. F. inexcusable. See Excuse.] Not excusable; not admitting excuse or justification; as inexcusable folly. “Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest; for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.” Rom. ii. 1.

In•ex•cus´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being inexcusable; enormity beyond forgiveness. South.

In•ex•cus´a•bly, adv. With a degree of guilt or folly beyond excuse or justification. “Inexcusably obstinate and perverse.” Jortin.

In•ex´e•cra•ble , a. That can not be execrated enough. [R.]

In•ex´e•cu•ta•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + executable: cf. F. inexecutable.] Incapable of being executed or performed; impracticable; infeasible.

In•ex•e•cu´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + execution: cf. F. inexecution.] Neglect of execution; nonperformance; as the inexecution of a treaty. Spence.

In•ex•er´tion , n. Want of exertion; want of effort; defect of action; indolence; laziness.

In•ex•hal´a•ble , a. Incapable of being exhaled. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ex•haust´ed , a. [Pref. in- not + exhausted: cf. F. inexhaustus.] Not exhausted; not emptied; not spent; not having lost all strength or resources; unexhausted. Dryden.

In•ex•haust´ed•ly, adv. Without exhaustion.

In•ex•haust•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being inexhaustible; abundance.

In•ex•haust´i•ble , a. Incapable of being exhausted, emptied, or used up; unfailing; not to be wasted or spent; as inexhaustible stores of provisions; an inexhaustible stock of elegant words. Dryden. “An inexhaustible store of anecdotes.” Macaulay. — In•ex•haust´i•ble•ness, n. — In•ex•haust´i•bly, adv.

In•ex•haust´ive , a. Inexhaustible. Thomson.

In•ex•ist´ , v. i. [Pref. in- in + exist.] To exist within; to dwell within. [Obs.] “Substances inexisting within the divine mind.” A. Tucker.

In•ex•ist´ant , a. [Cf. F. inexistant. See 1st Inexistent.] Inexistent; not existing. [Obs.] Gudworth.

In•ex•ist´ence , n. [Pref. in- in + existence.] [Obs.] (a) Inherence; subsistence. Bp. Hall. (b) That which exists within; a constituent. A. Tucker.

In•ex•ist´ence, n. [Pref. in- in + existence: cf. F. inexistence.] Want of being or existence.

In•ex•ist´ent , a. [Pref. in- in + existent: cf. F. inexistant.] Not having being; not existing.

In•ex•ist´ent, a. [Pref. in- in + existent.] Inherent; innate; indwelling. Boyle.

In•ex•o•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [L. inexorabilitas: cf. F. inexorabilite.] The quality of being inexorable, or unyielding to entreaty. Paley.

In•ex´o•ra•ble , a. [L. inexorabilis: cf. F. inexorable. See In- not, and Exorable, Adore.] Not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty or prayer; firm; determined; unyielding; unchangeable; inflexible; relentless; as an inexorable prince or tyrant; an inexorable judge. ´Inexorable equality of laws.´ Gibbon. ´Death’s inexorable doom.´ Dryden. “You are more inhuman, more inexorable,
O, ten times more than tigers of Hyrcania.” Shak.

In•ex´o•ra•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inexorable. Chillingworth.

In•ex´o•ra•bly, adv. In an inexorable manner; inflexibly. ´Inexorably firm.´ Thomson.

In•ex•pan´si•ble , a. Incapable of expansion, enlargement, or extension. Tyndall.

In•ex•pect´a•ble , a. Not to be expected or anticipated. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In´ex•pect´ant , a. Not expectant. C. Bronte.

In•ex•pec•ta´tion , n. Absence of expectation. Feltham.

In•ex•pect´ed , a. [Pref. in- not + expected: cf. L. inexspectatus.] Unexpected. [Obs.]

In•ex•pect´ed•ly, adv. Unexpectedly. [Obs.]

In•ex•pect´ed•ness, n. Unexpectedness. [Obs.] { In•ex•pe´di•ence , In•ex•pe´di•en•cy } n. The quality or state of being inexpedient; want of fitness; unsuitableness to the end or object; impropriety; as the inexpedience of some measures. “It is not the rigor but the inexpediency of laws and acts of authority which makes them tyrannical.” Paley.

In•ex•pe´di•ent , a. Not expedient; not tending to promote a purpose; not tending to the end desired; inadvisable; unfit; improper; unsuitable to time and place; as what is expedient at one time may be inexpedient at another. “If it was not unlawful, yet it was highly inexpedient to use those ceremonies.” Bp. Burnet. Syn. — Unwise; impolitic; imprudent; indiscreet; unprofitable; inadvisable; disadvantageous.

In•ex•pe´di•ent•ly , adv. Not expediently; unfitly.

In•ex•pen´sive , a. Not expensive; cheap.

In•ex•pe´ri•ence , n. [L. inexperientia, cf. F. inexperience. See In- not, and Experience.] Absence or want of experience; lack of personal and experimental knowledge; as the inexperience of youth. “Failings which are incident to youth and inexperience.” Dryden. “Prejudice and self-sufficiency naturally proceed from inexperience of the world, and ignorance of mankind.” Addison.

In•ex•pe´ri•enced , a. Not having experience; unskilled. ´Inexperienced youth.´ Cowper.

In•ex•pert´ , a. [L. inexpertus inexperienced: cf. F. inexpert. See In- not, and Expert.] 1. Destitute of experience or of much experience. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Not expert; not skilled; destitute of knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. Akenside.

In•ex•pert´ness, n. Want of expertness or skill.

In•ex´pi•a•ble , a. [L. inexpiabilis: cf. F. inexpiable. See In- not, and Expiable.] 1. Admitting of no expiation, atonement, or satisfaction; as an inexpiable crime or offense. Pomfret. 2. Incapable of being mollified or appeased; relentless; implacable. [Archaic] ´Inexpiable hate.´ Milton. “They are at inexpiable war with all establishments.” Burke.

In•ex´pi•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being inexpiable.

In•ex´pi•a•bly, adv. In an inexpiable manner of degree; to a degree that admits of no atonement.

In•ex´pi•ate , a. [L. inexpiatus. See In- not, and Expiate.] Not appeased or placated. [Obs.] “To rest inexpiate were much too rude a part.” Chapman.

In•ex•plain´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + explainable; cf. L. inexplanabilis.] Incapable of being explained; inexplicable.

In•ex´ple•a•bly , adv. [Cf. L. inexplebilis; pref. in- not + explere to fill up. See Expletion.] Insatiably. [Obs.] Sandys.

In•ex•pli•ca•bil´i•ty, n. [Cf. F. inexplicabilite.] The quality or state of being inexplicable. H. Spencer.

In•ex´pli•ca•ble , a. [L. inexplicabilis: cf. F. inexplicable. See In- not, and Explicable.] Not explicable; not explainable; incapable of being explained, interpreted, or accounted for; as an inexplicable mystery. ´An inexplicable scratching.´ Cowper. “Their reason is disturbed; their views become vast and perplexed, to others inexplicable, to themselves uncertain.” Burke.

In•ex´pli•ca•ble•ness, n. A state of being inexplicable; inexplicability.

In•ex´pli•ca•bly, adv. In an inexplicable manner.

In•ex•plic´it , a. [L. inexplicitus: cf. F. inexplicite. See In- not, and Explicit.] Not explicit; not clearly stated; indefinite; vague.

In•ex•plor´a•ble , a. Incapable of being explored, searched out, or discovered. Sir G. Buck.

In•ex•plo´sive , a. Not explosive.

In•ex•po´sure ( 135), n. A state of not being exposed.

In•ex•press´i•ble , a. Not capable of expression or utterance in language; ineffable; unspeakable; indescribable; unutterable; as inexpressible grief or pleasure. ´Inexpressible grandeur.´ Blair. “In orbs
Of circuit inexpressible they stood.” Milton.

In•ex•press´i•bles , n. pl. Breeches; trousers. [Colloq. or Slang] Ld. Lytton.

In•ex•press´i•bly, adv. In an inexpressible manner or degree; unspeakably; unutterably. Spectator.

In•ex•press´ive , a. 1. Inexpressible. [R.] 2. Without expression or meaning; not expressive; dull; unintelligent; as an inexpressive countenance.

In•ex•press´ive•ness, n. The state or quality of being inexpressive.

In•ex•pug´na•ble , a. [L. inexpugnabilis: cf. F. inexpugnable. See In- not, and Expugnable.] Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable; unconquerable. Burke. “A fortress, inexpugnable by the arts of war.” Milman.

In•ex•pug´na•bly, adv. So as to be inexpugnable; in an inexpugnable manner. Dr. H. More.

In•ex•su´per•a•ble , a. [L. inexsuperabilis; pref. in- not + exsuperabilis that may be surmounted. See In- not, Ex-, and Superable.] Not capable of being passed over; insuperable; insurmountable.

In•ex•tend´ed , a. Not extended.

In•ex•ten´si•ble , a. Not capable of being extended; not elastic; as inextensible fibers.

In•ex•ten´sion , n. Want of extension; unextended state.

In•ex•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [L. inexterminabilis. See In- not, and Exterminate.] Incapable of extermination. Rush.

In•ex•tinct´ , a. [L. inextinctus, inexstinctus. See Extinct.] Not quenched; not extinct.

In•ex•tin´gui•ble , a. [L. inexstinguibilis: cf. F, inextinguible. See Inextinct.] Inextinguishable. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In•ex•tin´guish•a•ble , a. Not capable of being extinguished; extinguishable; unquenchable; as inextinguishable flame, light, thirst, desire, feuds. ´Inextinguishable rage.´ Milton.

In•ex•tin´guish•a•bly, adv. So as not to be extinguished; in an inextinguishable manner.

In•ex•tir´pa•ble , a. [L. inexstirpabilis: cf. F. inextirpable. See In- not, and Extirpate.] Not capable of being extirpated or rooted out; ineradicable.

In•ex´tri•ca•ble , a. [L. inextricabilis: cf. F. inextricable. See In- not, and Extricate.] 1. Incapable of being extricated, untied, or disentangled; hopelessly intricate, confused, or obscure; as an inextricable knot or difficulty; inextricable confusion. “Lost in the wild, inextricable maze.” Blackmore. 2. Inevitable. [R.] ´Fate inextricable.´ Milton.

In•ex´tri•ca•ble•ness , n. The state of being inextricable.

In•ex´tri•ca•bly, adv. In an inextricable manner.

In•eye´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ineyed p. pr. & vb. n. Ineyeing.] [Pref. in- in + eye.] To ingraft, as a tree or plant, by the insertion of a bud or eye; to inoculate. “The arts of grafting and ineying.” J. Philips.

In•fab´ri•ca•ted , a. Not fabricated; unwrought; not artificial; natural. [Obs.]

In•fal´li•bil•ist , n. One who accepts or maintains the dogma of papal infallibility.

In•fal•li•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. infaillibilite.] The quality or state of being infallible, or exempt from error; inerrability. “Infallibility is the highest perfection of the knowing faculty.” Tillotson. Papal infallibility (R. C. Ch.), the dogma that the pope can not, when acting in his official character of supreme pontiff, err in defining a doctrine of Christian faith or rule of morals, to be held by the church. This was decreed by the Ecumenical Council at the Vatican, July 18, 1870.

In•fal´li•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + fallible: cf. F. infallible.] 1. Not fallible; not capable of erring; entirely exempt from liability to mistake; unerring; inerrable. Dryden. 2. Not liable to fail, deceive, or disappoint; indubitable; sure; certain; as infallible evidence; infallible success; an infallible remedy. “To whom also he showed himself alive, after his passion, by many infallible proofs.” Acts i. 3. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Incapable of error in defining doctrines touching faith or morals. See Papal infallibility, under Infallibility.

In•fal´li•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being infallible; infallibility. Bp. Hall.

In•fal´li•bly, adv. In an infallible manner; certainly; unfailingly; unerringly. Blair.

In•fame´ , v. t. [L. infamare, fr. infamis infamous: cf. F. infamer, It. infamare. See Infamous.] To defame; to make infamous. [Obs.] Milton. “Livia is infamed for the poisoning of her husband.” Bacon.

In´fa•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infamized p. pr. & vb. n. Infamizing ] To make infamous; to defame. [R.] Coleridge.

In´fa•mous , a. [Pref. in- not + famous: cf. L. infamis. See Infamy.] 1. Of very bad report; having a reputation of the worst kind; held in abhorrence; guilty of something that exposes to infamy; base; notoriously vile; detestable; as an infamous traitor; an infamous perjurer. “False errant knight, infamous, and forsworn.” Spenser. 2. Causing or producing infamy; deserving detestation; scandalous to the last degree; as an infamous act; infamous vices; infamous corruption. Macaulay. 3. (Law) Branded with infamy by conviction of a crime; as at common law, an infamous person can not be a witness. 4. Having a bad name as being the place where an odious crime was committed, or as being associated with something detestable; hence, unlucky; perilous; dangerous. ´Infamous woods.´ P. Fletcher. “Infamous hills, and sandy perilous wilds.” Milton. “The piny shade
More infamous by cursed Lycaon made.” Dryden. Syn. — Detestable; odious; scandalous; disgraceful; base; vile; shameful; ignominious.

In´fa•mous•ly, adv. In an infamous manner or degree; scandalously; disgracefully; shamefully. “The sealed fountain of royal bounty which had been infamously monopolized and huckstered.” Burke.

In´fa•mous•ness, n. The state or quality of being infamous; infamy.

In´fa•my , n.; pl. Infamies (#). [L. infamia, fr. infamis infamous; pref. in- not + fama fame: cf. F. infamie. See Fame.] 1. Total loss of reputation; public disgrace; dishonor; ignominy; indignity. “The afflicted queen would not yield, and said she would not … submit to such infamy.” Bp. Burnet. 2. A quality which exposes to disgrace; extreme baseness or vileness; as the infamy of an action. 3. (Law) That loss of character, or public disgrace, which a convict incurs, and by which he is at common law rendered incompetent as a witness.

In´fan•cy , n. [L. infantia: cf. F. enfance. See Infant.] 1. The state or period of being an infant; the first part of life; early childhood. “The babe yet lies in smiling infancy.” Milton. “Their love in early infancy began.” Dryden. 2. The first age of anything; the beginning or early period of existence; as the infancy of an art. “The infancy and the grandeur of Rome.” Arbuthnot. 3. (Law) The state or condition of one under age, or under the age of twenty-one years; nonage; minority.

In•fan´dous , a. [L. infandus; pref. in- not + fari to speak.] Too odious to be expressed or mentioned. [Obs.] Howell.

In•fang´thef , n. [AS. in-fangen- þeóf; in in, into + fangen taken (p. p. of fon to take) + þeóf thief.] (O. Eng. Law) The privilege granted to lords of certain manors to judge thieves taken within the seigniory of such lords. Cowell.

In´fant , n. [L. infans; pref. in- not + fari to speak: cf. F. enfant, whence OE. enfaunt. See Fame, and cf. Infante, Infanta.] 1. A child in the first period of life, beginning at his birth; a young babe; sometimes, a child several years of age. “And tender cries of infants pierce the ear.” C. Pitt. 2. (Law) A person who is not of full age, or who has not attained the age of legal capacity; a person under the age of twenty-one years; a minor. An infant under seven years of age is not penally responsible; between seven and fourteen years of age, he may be convicted of a malicious offense if malice be proved. He becomes of age on the day preceding his twenty-first birthday, previous to which time an infant has no capacity to contract. 3. Same as Infante. [Obs.] Spenser.

In´fant , a. 1. Of or pertaining to infancy, or the first period of life; tender; not mature; as infant strength. 2. Intended for young children; as an infant school.

In´fant, v. t. [Cf. F. enfanter.] To bear or bring forth, as a child; hence, to produce, in general. [Obs.] “This worthy motto, ´No bishop, no king,´ is … infanted out of the same fears.” Milton.

In•fan´ta , n. [Sp. & Pg., fem. of infante. See Infante.] A title borne by every one of the daughters of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest.

In•fan´te , n. [Sp. & Pg. See Infant.] A title given to every one of sons of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest or heir apparent.

In´fant•hood , n. Infancy. [R.]

In•fan´ti•ci•dal , a. Of or pertaining to infanticide; engaged in, or guilty of, child murder.

In•fan´ti•cide , n. [L. infanticidium child murder; infans, -antis, child + caedere to kill: cf. F. infanticide. See Infant, and Homicide.] The murder of an infant born alive; the murder or killing of a newly born or young child; child murder.

In•fan´ti•cide, n. [L. infanticida: cf. F. infanticide.] One who commits the crime of infanticide; one who kills an infant.

In´fan•tile ( 277), a. [L. infantilis: cf. F. infantile. See Infant.] Of or pertaining to infancy, or to an infant; similar to, or characteristic of, an infant; childish; as infantile behavior.

In´fan•tine ( 277), a. [Cf. F. enfantin.] Infantile; childish. “A degree of credulity next infantine.” Burke.

In´fant•like , a. Like an infant. Shak.

In´fant•ly, a. Like an infant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In´fan•try , n. [F. infanterie, It. infanteria, fr. infante infant, child, boy servant, foot soldier, fr. L. infans, - antis, child; foot soldiers being formerly the servants and followers of knights. See Infant.] 1. A body of children. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. (Mil.) A body of soldiers serving on foot; foot soldiers, in distinction from cavalry.

In•farce´ , v. t. [L. infarcire: pref. in- in + farcire, fartum and farctum, to stuff, cram.] To stuff; to swell. [Obs.] “The body is infarced with … watery humors.” Sir T. Elyot.

In•farc´tion , n. [See Infarce.] The act of stuffing or filling; an overloading and obstruction of any organ or vessel of the body; constipation.

In´fare , n. [AS. infaer entrance.] A house-warming; especially, a reception, party, or entertainment given by a newly married couple, or by the husband upon receiving the wife to his house. [Written also infair.] [Scot., & Local, U. S.]

In•fash´ion•a•ble, a. Unfashionable. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In•fat´i•ga•ble , a. [L. infatigabilis: cf. F. infatigable.] Indefatigable. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•fat´u•ate ( 135), a. [L. infatuatus, p. p. of infatuare to infatuate; pref. in- in + fatuus foolish. See Fatuous.] Infatuated. Bp. Hall.

In•fat´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infatuated p. pr. & vb. n. Infatuating.] 1. To make foolish; to affect with folly; to weaken the intellectual powers of, or to deprive of sound judgment. “The judgment of God will be very visible in infatuating a people … ripe and prepared for destruction.” Clarendon. 2. To inspire with a foolish and extravagant passion; as to be infatuated with gaming. “The people are … infatuated with the notion.” Addison.

In•fat´u•a•ted , a. Overcome by some foolish passion or desire; affected by infatuation.

In•fat•u•a´tion , n. [LL. infatuatio: cf. F. infatuation.] The act of infatuating; the state of being infatuated; folly; that which infatuates. “The infatuations of the sensual and frivolous part of mankind are amazing; but the infatuations of the learned and sophistical are incomparably more so.” I. Taylor. “Such is the infatuation of self- love.” Blair.

In•faust´ , a. [L. infaustus; pref. in- not + faustus fortunate, lucky.] Not favorable; unlucky; unpropitious; sinister. [R.] Ld. Lytton.

In•faust´ing , n. The act of making unlucky; misfortune; bad luck. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•fea•si•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being infeasible; impracticability.

In•fea´si•ble , a. Not capable of being done or accomplished; impracticable. Glanvill.

In•fea´si•ble•ness, n. The state of quality of being infeasible; infeasibility. W. Montagu.

In•fect´ , a. [L. infectus: cf. F. infect. See Infect, v. t.] Infected. Cf. Enfect. [Obs.] Shak.

In•fect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infected; p. pr. & vb. n. Infecting.] [L. infectus, p. p. of inficere to put or dip into, to stain, infect; pref. in- in + facere to make; cf. F. infecter. See Fact.] 1. To taint with morbid matter or any pestilential or noxious substance or effluvium by which disease is produced; as to infect a lancet; to infect an apartment. 2. To affect with infectious disease; to communicate infection to; as infected with the plague. “Them that were left alive being infected with this disease.” Sir T. North. 3. To communicate to or affect with, as qualities or emotions, esp. bad qualities; to corrupt; to contaminate; to taint by the communication of anything noxious or pernicious. Cowper. “Infected Ston’s daughters with like heat.” Milton. 4. (Law) To contaminate with illegality or to expose to penalty. Syn. — To poison; vitiate; pollute; defile.

In•fect´er , n. One who, or that which, infects.

In•fect´i•ble , a. Capable of being infected.

In•fec´tion , n. [Cf. F. infection, L. infectio a dyeing.] 1. The act or process of infecting. “There was a strict order against coming to those pits, and that was only to prevent infection.” De Foe. 2. That which infects, or causes the communicated disease; any effluvium, miasm, or pestilential matter by which an infectious disease is caused. “And that which was still worse, they that did thus break out spread the infection further by their wandering about with the distemper upon them.” De Foe. 3. The state of being infected; contamination by morbific particles; the result of infecting influence; a prevailing disease; epidemic. “The danger was really very great, the infection being so very violent in London.” De Foe. 4. That which taints or corrupts morally; as the infection of vicious principles. “It was her chance to light
Amidst the gross infections of those times.” Daniel. 5. (Law) Contamination by illegality, as in cases of contraband goods; implication. 6. Sympathetic communication of like qualities or emotions; influence. “Through all her train the soft infection ran.” Pope. “Mankind are gay or serious by infection.” Rambler. Syn. — Infection, Contagion. — Infection is often used in a definite and limited sense of the transmission of affections without direct contact of individuals or immediate application or introduction of the morbific agent, in contradistinction to contagion, which then implies transmission by direct contact. Quain. See Contagious.

In•fec´tious , a. [Cf. F. infectieux.] 1. Having qualities that may infect; communicable or caused by infection; pestilential; epidemic; as an infectious fever; infectious clothing; infectious air; infectious vices. “Where the infectious pestilence.” Shak. 2. Corrupting, or tending to corrupt or contaminate; vitiating; demoralizing. “It [the court] is necessary for the polishing of manners … but it is infectious even to the best morals to live always in it.” Dryden. 3. (Law) Contaminating with illegality; exposing to seizure and forfeiture. “Contraband articles are said to be of an infectious nature.” Kent. 4. Capable of being easily diffused or spread; sympathetic; readily communicated; as infectious mirth. “The laughter was so genuine as to be infectious.” W. Black. Syn. — See Contagious.

In•fec´tious•ly, adv. In an infectious manner. Shak.

In•fec´tious•ness, n. The quality of being infectious.

In•fect´ive , a. [L. infectivus pertaining to dyeing.] Infectious. Beau. & Fl. “True love … hath an infective power.” Sir P. Sidney.

In•fec´und , a. [L. infecundus: cf. F. infecond. See In- not, and Fecund.] Unfruitful; not producing young; barren; infertile. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•fe•cun´di•ty , n. [L. infecunditas: cf. F. infecondite.] Want of fecundity or fruitfulness; barrenness; sterility; unproductiveness.

In•fe•cun´dous , a. [See Infecund.] Infertile; barren; unprofitable; unproductive. [Obs.] Glanvill.

In•fee´ble , v. t. See Enfeeble.

In•fe•lic´i•tous , a. Not felicitous; unhappy; unfortunate; not fortunate or appropriate in application; not well said, expressed, or done; as an infelicitous condition; an infelicitous remark; an infelicitous description; infelicitous words.

In•fe•lic´i•ty , n.; pl. Infelicities (#). [L. infelicitas: cf. F. infelicite. See In- not, and Felicity.] 1. The state or quality of being infelicitous; unhappiness; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; want of suitableness or appropriateness. I. Watts. “Whatever is the ignorance and infelicity of the present state, we were made wise and happy.” Glanvill. 2. That (as an act, word, expression, etc.) which is infelicitous; as infelicities of speech.

In•fe•lo´ni•ous , a. Not felonious, malignant, or criminal. G. Eliot.

In´felt , a. [Pref. in- in + felt.] Felt inwardly; heartfelt. [R.] “The baron stood afar off, or knelt in submissive, acknowledged, infelt inferiority.” Milman.

In•feo•da´tion , n. (Law) See Infeudation.

In•feoff´ , v. t. (Law) See Enfeoff.

In•feoff´ment , n. (Law) See Enfeoffment.

In•fer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inferred p. pr. & vb. n. Inferring.] [L. inferre to bring into, bring forward, occasion, infer; pref. in- in + ferre to carry, bring: cf. F. inferer. See 1 st Bear.] 1. To bring on; to induce; to occasion. [Obs.] Harvey. 2. To offer, as violence. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To bring forward, or employ as an argument; to adduce; to allege; to offer. [Obs.] “Full well hath Clifford played the orator,
Inferring arguments of mighty force.” Shak. 4. To derive by deduction or by induction; to conclude or surmise from facts or premises; to accept or derive, as a consequence, conclusion, or probability; to imply; as I inferred his determination from his silence. “To infer is nothing but by virtue of one proposition laid down as true, to draw in another as true.” Locke. “Such opportunities always infer obligations.” Atterbury. 5. To show; to manifest; to prove. [Obs.] “The first part is not the proof of the second, but rather contrariwise, the second inferreth well the first.” Sir T. More. “This doth infer the zeal I had to see him.” Shak.

In•fer´a•ble (in•fer´a•b’l or in•fer´-; 277), a. Capable of being inferred or deduced from premises. [Written also inferrible.] H. Spencer. “A sufficient argument … is inferable from these premises.” Burke.

In´fer•ence , n. [From Infer.] 1. The act or process of inferring by deduction or induction. “Though it may chance to be right in the conclusions, it is yet unjust and mistaken in the method of inference.” Glanvill. 2. That which inferred; a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true; a conclusion; a deduction. Milton. “These inferences, or conclusions, are the effects of reasoning, and the three propositions, taken all together, are called syllogism, or argument.” I. Watts. Syn. — Conclusion; deduction; consequence. — Inference, Conclusion. An inference is literally that which is brought in; and hence, a deduction or induction from premises, — something which follows as certainly or probably true. A conclusion is stronger than an inference; it shuts us up to the result, and terminates inquiry. We infer what is particular or probable; we conclude what is certain. In a chain of reasoning we have many inferences, which lead to the ultimate conclusion. ´An inference is a proposition which is perceived to be true, because of its connection with some known fact.´ ´When something is simply affirmed to be true, it is called a proposition; after it has been found to be true by several reasons or arguments, it is called a conclusion.´ I. Taylor.

In•fer•en´tial , a. Deduced or deducible by inference. ´Inferential proofs.´ J. S. Mill.

In•fer•en´tial•ly, adv. By way of inference.

In•fe´ri•ae , n. pl. [L., fr. inferus underneath.] (Rom. Antiq.) Sacrifices offered to the souls of deceased heroes or friends.

In•fe´ri•or , a. [L., compar. of inferus that is below, underneath, the lower; akin to E. under: cf. F. inferieur. See Under.] 1. Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc.; less important or valuable; subordinate; underneath; beneath. “A thousand inferior and particular propositions.” I. Watts. “The body, or, as some love to call it, our inferior nature.” Burke. “Whether they are equal or inferior to my other poems, an author is the most improper judge.” Dryden. 2. Poor or mediocre; as an inferior quality of goods. 3. (Astron.) (a) Nearer the sun than the earth is; as the inferior or interior planets; an inferior conjunction of Mercury or Venus. (b) Below the horizon; as the inferior part of a meridian. 4. (Bot.) (a) Situated below some other organ; — said of a calyx when free from the ovary, and therefore below it, or of an ovary with an adherent and therefore inferior calyx. (b) On the side of a flower which is next the bract; anterior. 5. (Min.) Junior or subordinate in rank; as an inferior officer. Inferior court (Law), a court subject to the jurisdiction of another court known as the superior, or higher, court. — Inferior letter, Inferior figure (Print.), a small letter or figure standing at the bottom of the line (opposed to superior letter or figure), as in A2, Bn, 2 and n are inferior characters. — Inferior tide, the tide corresponding to the moon’s transit of the meridian, when below the horizon.

In•fe´ri•or, n. A person lower in station, rank, intellect, etc., than another. “A great person gets more by obliging his inferior than by disdaining him.” South.

In•fe•ri•or´i•ty , [Cf. F. inferiorite.] The state of being inferior; a lower state or condition; as inferiority of rank, of talents, of age, of worth. “A deep sense of our own great inferiority.” Boyle.

In•fe´ri•or•ly , adv. In an inferior manner, or on the inferior part.

In•fer´nal , a. [F. infernal, L. infernalis, fr. infernus that which lies beneath, the lower. See Inferior.] 1. Of or pertaining to or suitable for the lower regions, inhabited, according to the ancients, by the dead; pertaining to Pluto’s realm of the dead, the Tartarus of the ancients. “The Elysian fields, the infernal monarchy.” Garth. 2. Of or pertaining to, resembling, or inhabiting, hell; suitable for hell, or to the character of the inhabitants of hell; hellish; diabolical; as infernal spirits, or conduct. “The instruments or abettors in such infernal dealings.” Addison. Infernal machine, a machine or apparatus maliciously designed to explode, and destroy life or property. - - Infernal stone (lapis infernalis), lunar caustic; formerly so called. The name was also applied to caustic potash. Syn. — Tartarean; Stygian; hellish; devilish; diabolical; satanic; fiendish; malicious.

In•fer´nal, n. An inhabitant of the infernal regions; also the place itself. [Obs.] Drayton.

In•fer´nal•ly, adv. In an infernal manner; diabolically. ´Infernally false.´ Bp. Hacket.

In•fe•ro•bran´chi•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Inferobranchiata.

In•fe•ro•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Inferobranchiate.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of marine gastropod mollusks, in which the gills are between the foot and the mantle.

In•fe•ro•bran´chi•ate , a. [L. inferus lower + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having the gills on the sides of the body, under the margin of the mantle; belonging to the Inferobranchiata.

In•fer´ri•ble , a. Inferable.

In•fer´tile , a. [L. infertilis: cf. F. infertile. See In- not, and Fertile.] Not fertile; not productive; barren; sterile; as an infertile soil.

In•fer´tile•ly, adv. In an infertile manner.

In•fer•til´i•ty , n. [L. infertilitas: cf. F. infertilite.] The state or quality of being infertile; unproductiveness; barrenness. “The infertility or noxiousness of the soil.” Sir M. Hale.

In•fest´ , a. [L. infestus. See Infest, v. t.] Mischievous; hurtful; harassing. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•fest´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infested; p. pr. & vb. n. Infesting.] [L. infestare, fr. infestus disturbed, hostile, troublesome; in in, against + the root of defendere: cf. F. infester. See Defend.] To trouble greatly by numbers or by frequency of presence; to disturb; to annoy; to frequent and molest or harass; as fleas infest dogs and cats; a sea infested with pirates. “To poison vermin that infest his plants.” Cowper. “These, said the genius, are envy, avarice, superstition, love, with the like cares and passions that infest human life.” Addison. “And the cares, that infest the day,
Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs,
And as silently steal away.” Longfellow.

In•fes•ta´tion , n. [L. infestatio: cf. F. infestation.] The act of infesting or state of being infested; molestation; vexation; annoyance. Bacon. “Free from the infestation of enemies.” Donne.

In•fest´er , n. One who, or that which, infests.

In•fest´ive , a. [L. infestivus. See In- not, and Festive.] Having no mirth; not festive or merry; dull; cheerless; gloomy; forlorn. [R.]

In•fes•tiv´i•ty , n. Want of festivity, cheerfulness, or mirth; dullness; cheerlessness. [R.]

In•fes´tu•ous ( 135), a. [L. infestus. See Infest, a.] Mischievous; harmful; dangerous. [Obs.] ´Infestuous as serpents.´ Bacon.

In•feu•da´tion , n. [LL. infeudatio, fr. infeudare to enfeoff: cf. F. infeodation. See Feud a fief.] 1. (Law) The act of putting one in possession of an estate in fee. Sir M. Hale. 2. The granting of tithes to laymen. Blackstone.

In•fib•u•la´tion , n. [L. infibulare, infibulatum, to clasp, buckle, or button together; pref. in- in + fibula clasp, buckle: cf. F. infibulation.] 1. The act of clasping, or fastening, as with a buckle or padlock. 2. The act of attaching a ring, clasp, or frame, to the genital organs in such a manner as to prevent copulation.

In´fi•del , a. [L. infidelis; pref. in- not + fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith: cf. F. infidèle. See Fidelity.] Not holding the faith; — applied esp. to one who does not believe in the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the supernatural origin of Christianity. “The infidel writer is a great enemy to society.” V. Knox.

In´fi•del, n. One who does not believe in the prevailing religious faith; especially, one who does not believe in the divine origin and authority of Christianity; a Mohammedan; a heathen; a freethinker. Infidel is used by English writers to translate the equivalent word used Mohammedans in speaking of Christians and other disbelievers in Mohammedanism. Syn. — Infidel, Unbeliever, Freethinker, Deist, Atheist, Sceptic, Agnostic. An infidel, in common usage, is one who denies Christianity and the truth of the Scriptures. Some have endeavored to widen the sense of infidel so as to embrace atheism and every form of unbelief; but this use does not generally prevail. A freethinker is now only another name for an infidel. An unbeliever is not necessarily a disbeliever or infidel, because he may still be inquiring after evidence to satisfy his mind; the word, however, is more commonly used in the extreme sense. A deist believes in one God and a divine providence, but rejects revelation. An atheist denies the being of God. A sceptic is one whose faith in the credibility of evidence is weakened or destroyed, so that religion, to the same extent, has no practical hold on his mind. An agnostic remains in a state of suspended judgment, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity.

In•fi•del´i•ty , n.; pl. Infidelities . [L. infidelitas: cf. F. infidelite.] 1. Want of faith or belief in some religious system; especially, a want of faith in, or disbelief of, the inspiration of the Scriptures, of the divine origin of Christianity. “There is, indeed, no doubt but that vanity is one of the principal causes of infidelity.” V. Knox. 2. Unfaithfulness to the marriage vow or contract; violation of the marriage covenant by adultery. 3. Breach of trust; unfaithfulness to a charge, or to moral obligation; treachery; deceit; as the infidelity of a servant. ´The infidelity of friends.´ Sir W. Temple.

In•field´ , v. t. To inclose, as a field. [R.]

In´field , n. 1. Arable and manured land kept continually under crop; — distinguished from outfield. [Scotland] Jamieson. 2. (Baseball) The diamond; — opposed to outfield. See Diamond, n., 5.

In•file´ , v. t. To arrange in a file or rank; to place in order. [Obs.] Holland.

In•film´ , v. t. To cover with a film; to coat thinly; as to infilm one metal with another in the process of gilding; to infilm the glass of a mirror. [R.]

In•fil´ter , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Infiltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Infiltering.] [Cf. Infiltrate.] To filter or sift in.

In•fil´trate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Infiltrated p. pr. & vb. n. Infiltrating ] [Pref. in- + filtrate: cf. F, s’infiltrer. Cf. Infilter.] To enter by penetrating the pores or interstices of a substance; to filter into or through something. “The water infiltrates through the porous rock.” Addison.

In•fil´trate, v. t. To penetrate gradually; — sometimes used reflexively. J. S. Mill.

In•fil•tra´tion , n. [Cf. F. infiltration.] 1. The act or process of infiltrating, as of water into a porous substance, or of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part of the body. 2. The substance which has entered the pores or cavities of a body. Addison. “Calcareous infiltrations filling the cavities.” Kirwan. Fatty infiltration. (Med.) See under Fatty. — Infiltration gallery, a filter gallery.

In•fil´tra•tive , a. Of or pertaining to infiltration. Kane.

In´fi•nite , a. [L. infinitus: cf. F. infini. See In- not, and Finite.] 1. Unlimited or boundless, in time or space; as infinite duration or distance. “Whatever is finite, as finite, will admit of no comparative relation with infinity; for whatever is less than infinite is still infinitely distant from infinity; and lower than infinite distance the lowest or least can not sink.” H. Brooke. 2. Without limit in power, capacity, knowledge, or excellence; boundless; immeasurably or inconceivably great; perfect; as the infinite wisdom and goodness of God; - - opposed to finite. “Great is our Lord, and of great power; his understanding is infinite.” Ps. cxlvii. 5. “O God, how infinite thou art!” I. Watts. 3. Indefinitely large or extensive; great; vast; immense; gigantic; prodigious. “Infinite riches in a little room.” Marlowe. “Which infinite calamity shall cause
To human life.” Milton. 4. (Math.) Greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind; — said of certain quantities. 5. (Mus.) Capable of endless repetition; — said of certain forms of the canon, called also perpetual fugues, so constructed that their ends lead to their beginnings, and the performance may be incessantly repeated. Moore (Encyc. of Music). Syn. — Boundless; immeasurable; illimitable; interminable; limitless; unlimited; endless; eternal.

In´fi•nite, n. 1. That which is infinite; boundless space or duration; infinity; boundlessness. “Not till the weight is heaved from off the air, and the thunders roll down the horizon, will the serene light of God flow upon us, and the blue infinite embrace us again.” J. Martineau. 2. (Math.) An infinite quantity or magnitude. 3. An infinity; an incalculable or very great number. “Glittering chains, embroidered richly o’er
With infinite of pearls and finest gold.” Fanshawe. 4. The Infinite Being; God; the Almighty.

In´fi•nite•ly, adv. 1. Without bounds or limits; beyond or below assignable limits; as an infinitely large or infinitely small quantity. 2. Very; exceedingly; vastly; highly; extremely. ´Infinitely pleased.´ Dryden.

In´fi•nite•ness, n. The state or quality of being infinite; infinity; greatness; immensity. Jer. Taylor.

In•fin•i•tes´i•mal , a. [Cf. F. infinitesimal, fr. infinitesime infinitely small, fr. L. infinitus. See Infinite, a.] Infinitely or indefinitely small; less than any assignable quantity or value; very small. Infinitesimal calculus, the different and the integral calculus, when developed according to the method used by Leibnitz, who regarded the increments given to variables as infinitesimal.

In•fin•i•tes´i•mal, n. (Math.) An infinitely small quantity; that which is less than any assignable quantity.

In•fin•i•tes´i•mal•ly, adv. By infinitesimals; in infinitely small quantities; in an infinitesimal degree.

In•fin•i•ti´val , a. Pertaining to the infinite mood. ´Infinitival stems.´ Fitzed. Hall.

In•fin´i•tive , n. [L. infinitivus: cf. F. infinitif. See Infinite.] Unlimited; not bounded or restricted; undefined. Infinitive mood (Gram.), that form of the verb which merely names the action, and performs the office of a verbal noun. Some grammarians make two forms in English: (a) The simple form, as speak, go, hear, before which to is commonly placed, as to speak; to go; to hear. (b) The form of the imperfect participle, called the infinitive in -ing; as going is as easy as standing. With the auxiliary verbs may, can, must, might, could, would, and should, the simple infinitive is expressed without to; as you may speak; they must hear, etc. The infinitive usually omits to with the verbs let, dare, do, bid, make, see, hear, need, etc.; as let me go; you dare not tell; make him work; hear him talk, etc. In Anglo-Saxon, the simple infinitive was not preceded by to (the sign of modern simple infinitive), but it had a dative form (sometimes called the gerundial infinitive) which was preceded by to, and was chiefly employed in expressing purpose. See Gerund, 2. The gerundial ending (-anne) not only took the same form as the simple infinitive (-an), but it was confounded with the present participle in -ende, or -inde (later - inge).

In•fin´i•tive, n. (Gram.) An infinitive form of the verb; a verb in the infinitive mood; the infinitive mood.

In•fin´i•tive, adv. (Gram.) In the manner of an infinitive mood.

In•fi•ni´to , a. [It.] (Mus.) Infinite; perpetual, as a canon whose end leads back to the beginning. See Infinite, a., 5.

In•fin´i•tude , n. 1. The quality or state of being infinite, or without limits; infiniteness. 2. Infinite extent; unlimited space; immensity; infinity. ´I am who fill infinitude.´ Milton. “As pleasing to the fancy, as speculations of eternity or infinitude are to the understanding.” Addison. 3. Boundless number; countless multitude. ´An infinitude of distinctions.´ Addison.

In•fin´i•tu•ple , a. [Cf. Quadruple.] Multiplied an infinite number of times. [R.] Wollaston.

In•fin´i•ty , n.; pl. Infinities (#). [L. infinitas; pref. in- not + finis boundary, limit, end: cf. F. infinite. See Finite.] 1. Unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; eternity; boundlessness; immensity. Sir T. More. “There can not be more infinities than one; for one of them would limit the other.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Unlimited capacity, energy, excellence, or knowledge; as the infinity of God and his perfections. Hooker. 3. Endless or indefinite number; great multitude; as an infinity of beauties. Broome. 4. (Math.) A quantity greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind. Mathematically considered, infinity is always a limit of a variable quantity, resulting from a particular supposition made upon the varying element which enters it. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). 5. (Geom.) That part of a line, or of a plane, or of space, which is infinitely distant. In modern geometry, parallel lines or planes are sometimes treated as lines or planes meeting at infinity. Circle at infinity, an imaginary circle at infinity, through which, in geometry of three dimensions, every sphere is imagined to pass. — Circular points at infinity. See under Circular.

In•firm´ (in•ferm´), a. [L. infirmus: cf. F. infirme. See In- not, and Firm, a.] 1. Not firm or sound; weak; feeble; as an infirm body; an infirm constitution. “A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man.” Shak. 2. Weak of mind or will; irresolute; vacillating. ´An infirm judgment.´ Burke. “Infirm of purpose!” Shak. 3. Not solid or stable; insecure; precarious. “He who fixes on false principles treads or infirm ground.” South. Syn. — Debilitated; sickly; feeble; decrepit; weak; enfeebled; irresolute; vacillating; imbecile.

In•firm´, v. t. [L. infirmare : cf. F. infirmer.] To weaken; to enfeeble. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In•fir•ma´ri•an (in•fer•ma´ri•an), n. A person dwelling in, or having charge of, an infirmary, esp. in a monastic institution.

In•firm´a•ry (in•ferm´a•ry), n.; pl. Infirmaries (- riz). [Cf. OE. fermerie, OF. enfermerie, F. infirmerie, LL. infirmaria. See Infirm.] A hospital, or place where the infirm or sick are lodged and nursed gratuitously, or where out-patients are treated.

In•firm´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. infirmatif.] Weakening; annulling, or tending to make void. [Obs.]

In•firm´a•to•ry , n. An infirmary. [Obs.]

In•firm´i•ty , n.; pl. Infirmities (#). [L. infirmitas : cf. F. infirmite. See Infirm, a.] 1. The state of being infirm; feebleness; an imperfection or weakness; esp., an unsound, unhealthy, or debilitated state; a disease; a malady; as infirmity of body or mind. “’T is the infirmity of his age.” Shak. 2. A personal frailty or failing; foible; eccentricity; a weakness or defect. “Will you be cured of your infirmity ?” Shak. “A friend should bear his friend’s infirmities.” Shak. “The house has also its infirmities.” Evelyn. Syn. — Debility; imbecility; weakness; feebleness; failing; foible; defect; disease; malady. See Debility.

In•firm´ly, adv. In an infirm manner.

In•firm´ness, n. Infirmity; feebleness. Boyle.

In•fix´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infixed p. pr. & vb. n. Infixing.] [L. infixus, p. p of infigere to infix; pref. in- in + figere to fix: cf. F. infixer. See Fix.] 1. To set; to fasten or fix by piercing or thrusting in; as to infix a sting, spear, or dart. Shak. “The fatal dart a ready passage found,
And deep within her heart infixed the wound.” Dryden. 2. To implant or fix; to instill; to inculcate, as principles, thoughts, or instructions; as to infix good principles in the mind, or ideas in the memory.

In´fix , n. Something infixed. [R.] Welsford.

In•flame´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflamed p. pr. & vb. n. Inflaming.] [OE. enflamen, OF. enflamer, F. enflammer, L. inflammare, inflammatum; pref. in- in + flammare to flame, fr. flamma flame. See Flame.] 1. To set on fire; to kindle; to cause to burn, flame, or glow. “We should have made retreat
By light of the inflamed fleet.” Chapman. 2. Fig.: To kindle or intensify, as passion or appetite; to excite to an excessive or unnatural action or heat; as to inflame desire. “Though more, it seems,
Inflamed with lust than rage.” Milton. “But, O inflame and fire our hearts.” Dryden. 3. To provoke to anger or rage; to exasperate; to irritate; to incense; to enrage. “It will inflame you; it will make you mad.” Shak. 4. (Med.) To put in a state of inflammation; to produce morbid heat, congestion, or swelling, of; as to inflame the eyes by overwork. 5. To exaggerate; to enlarge upon. [Obs.] “ A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes.” Addison. Syn. — To provoke; fire; kindle; irritate; exasperate; incense; enrage; anger; excite; arouse.

In•flame´, v. i. To grow morbidly hot, congested, or painful; to become angry or incensed. Wiseman.

In•flamed´ , p. a. 1. Set on fire; enkindled; heated; congested; provoked; exasperated. 2. (Her.) Represented as burning, or as adorned with tongues of flame.

In•flam´er (?n-flam\’b6?r), n. The person or thing that inflames. Addison.

In•flam´ma•bil´l•ty , n. [Cf. F. inflammabilite.] Susceptibility of taking fire readily; the state or quality of being inflammable.

In•flam´ma•ble , a. [CF. F. inflammable.] 1. Capable of being easily set fire; easily enkindled; combustible; as inflammable oils or spirits. 2. Excitable; irritable; irascible; easily provoked; as an inflammable temper. Inflammable air, the old chemical name for hydrogen.

In•flam´ma•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inflammable; inflammability. Boyle.

In•flam´ma•bly (in•flam´ma•bly), adv. In an inflammable manner.

In•flam•ma´tion (in•flam•ma´shun), n. [L. inflammatio: cf. F. inflammation. See Inflame.] 1. The act of inflaming, kindling, or setting on fire; also the state of being inflamed. ´The inflammation of fat.´ Wilkins. 2. (Med.) A morbid condition of any part of the body, consisting in congestion of the blood vessels, with obstruction of the blood current, and growth of morbid tissue. It is manifested outwardly by redness and swelling, attended with heat and pain. 3. Violent excitement; heat; passion; animosity; turbulence; as an inflammation of the mind, of the body politic, or of parties. Hooker.

In•flam´ma•tive , a. Inflammatory.

In•flam´ma•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. inflammatoire.] 1. Tending to inflame, kindle, or irritate. 2. Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or sedition; seditious; as inflammatory libels, writings, speeches, or publications. Burke. 3. (Med.) Accompanied with, or tending to cause, preternatural heat and excitement of arterial action; as an inflammatory disease. Inflammatory crust. (Med.) Same as Buffy coat, under Buffy. — Inflammatory fever, a variety of fever due to inflammation.

In•flat´a•ble , a. That may be inflated.

In•flate´ , p. a. [L. inflatus, p. p. of inflare to inflate; pref. in- in + flare to blow. See Blow to puff wind.] Blown in; inflated. Chaucer.

In•flate´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflating.] 1. To swell or distend with air or gas; to dilate; to expand; to enlarge; as to inflate a bladder; to inflate the lungs. “When passion’s tumults in the bosom rise,
Inflate the features, and enrage the eyes.” J. Scott of Amwell. 2. Fig.: To swell; to puff up; to elate; as to inflate one with pride or vanity. “Inflate themselves with some insane delight.” Tennyson. 3. To cause to become unduly expanded or increased; as to inflate the currency.

In•flate´, v. i. To expand; to fill; to distend.

In•flat´ed , a. 1. Filled, as with air or gas; blown up; distended; as a balloon inflated with gas. 2. Turgid; swelling; puffed up; bombastic; pompous; as an inflated style. “Inflated and astrut with self- conceit.” Cowper. 3. (Bot.) Hollow and distended, as a perianth, corolla, nectary, or pericarp. Martyn. 4. Distended or enlarged fictitiously; as inflated prices, etc.

In•flat´er , n. One who, or that which, inflates; as the inflaters of the stock exchange.

In•flat´ing•ly, adv. In a manner tending to inflate.

In•fla´tion , n. [L. inflatio: cf. F. inflation.] 1. The act or process of inflating, or the state of being inflated, as with air or gas; distention; expansion; enlargement. Boyle. 2. The state of being puffed up, as with pride; conceit; vanity. B. Jonson. 3. Undue expansion or increase, from overissue; — said of currency. [U.S.]

In•fla´tion•ist, n. One who favors an increased or very large issue of paper money. [U.S.]

In•fla´tus , n. [L. See Inflate, v. t.] A blowing or breathing into; inflation; inspiration. “The divine breath that blows the nostrils out
To ineffable inflatus.” Mrs. Browning.

In•flect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflecting.] [L. inflectere, inflexum; pref. in- in + flectere to bend. See Flexible, and cf. Inflex.] 1. To turn from a direct line or course; to bend; to incline, to deflect; to curve; to bow. “Are they [the rays of the sun] not reflected, refracted, and inflected by one and the same principle ?” Sir I. Newton. 2. (Gram.) To vary, as a noun or a verb in its terminations; to decline, as a noun or adjective, or to conjugate, as a verb. 3. To modulate, as the voice.

In•flect´ed, a. 1. Bent; turned; deflected. 2. (Gram.) Having inflections; capable of, or subject to, inflection; inflective. Inflected cycloid (Geom.), a prolate cycloid. See Cycloid.

In•flec´tion , n. [L. inflexio : cf. F. inflexion. See Inflect.] [Written also inflecxion.] 1. The act of inflecting, or the state of being inflected. 2. A bend; a fold; a curve; a turn; a twist. 3. A slide, modulation, or accent of the voice; as the rising and the falling inflection. 4. (Gram.) The variation or change which words undergo to mark case, gender, number, comparison, tense, person, mood, voice, etc. 5. (Mus.) (a) Any change or modification in the pitch or tone of the voice. (b) A departure from the monotone, or reciting note, in chanting. 6. (Opt.) Same as Diffraction. Point of inflection (Geom.), the point on opposite sides of which a curve bends in contrary ways.

In•flec´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to inflection; having, or characterized by, inflection. Max Müller.

In•flect´ive , a. 1. Capable of, or pertaining to, inflection; deflecting; as the inflective quality of the air. Derham. 2. (Gram.) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection. Inflective language (Philol.), a language like the Greek or Latin, consisting largely of stems with variable terminations or suffixes which were once independent words. English is both agglutinative, as manlike, headache, and inflective, as he, his, him. Cf. Agglutinative.

In•flesh´ , v. t. To incarnate.

In•flex´ , v. t. [Cf. Flex, Inflect.] To bend; to cause to become curved; to make crooked; to deflect. J. Philips.

In•flexed´ , a. 1. Turned; bent. Feltham. 2. (Bot.) Bent or turned abruptly inwards, or toward the axis, as the petals of a flower.

In•flex´i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inflexibilite.] The quality or state of being inflexible, or not capable of being bent or changed; unyielding stiffness; inflexibleness; rigidity; firmness of will or purpose; unbending pertinacity; steadfastness; resoluteness; unchangeableness; obstinacy. “The inflexibility of mechanism.” A. Baxter. “That grave inflexibility of soul.” Churchill. “The purity and inflexibility of their faith.” T. Warton.

In•flex´i•ble , a. [L. inflexiblis: cf. F. inflexible. See In- not, and Flexible.] 1. Not capable of being bent; stiff; rigid; firm; unyielding. 2. Firm in will or purpose; not to be turned, changed, or altered; resolute; determined; unyieding; inexorable; stubborn. “´Inflexibleas steel.´” Miltom. “A man of upright and inflexible temper … can overcome all private fear.” Addison. 3. Incapable of change; unalterable; immutable. “The nature of things is inflexible.” I. Watts. Syn. — — Unbending; unyielding; rigid; inexorable; pertinacious; obstinate; stubborn; unrelenting.

In•flex´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inflexible; inflexibility; rigidity; firmness.

In•flex´i•bly, adv. In an inflexible manner.

In•flex´ion , n. Inflection.

In•flex´ive , a. 1. Inflective. “´Inflexive endings.´” W. E. Jelf. 2. Inflexible. [R.] ´Foes inflexive.´ Chapman.

In•flex´ure , n. An inflection; a bend or fold. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•flict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflicting.] [L. inflictus, p. p. of infligere to strike on, to inflict; pref. in- in, on + fligere to strike. Cf. Flail.] To give, cause, or produce by striking, or as if by striking; to apply forcibly; to lay or impose; to send; to cause to bear, feel, or suffer; as to inflict blows; to inflict a wound with a dagger; to inflict severe pain by ingratitude; to inflict punishment on an offender; to inflict the penalty of death on a criminal. “What heart could wish, what hand inflict, this dire disgrace?” Drygen. “The persecution and the pain
That man inflicts on all inferior kinds.” Cowper.

In•flict´er , n. One who inflicts. “God is the sole and immediate inflicter of such strokes.” South.

In•flic´tion , n. [L. inflictio: cf. F. infliction.] 1. The act of inflicting or imposing; as the infliction of torment, or of punishment. 2. That which is inflicted or imposed, as punishment, disgrace, calamity, etc. “His severest inflictions are in themselves acts of justice and righteousness.” Rogers.

In•flict´ive , a. [Cf. F. inflictif.] Causing infliction; acting as an infliction. Whitehead.

In•flo•res´cence , n. [L. inflorescens, p. pr. of inflorescere to begin to blossom; pref. in- in + florescere to begin to blossom: cf. F. inflorescence. See Florescent.] 1. A flowering; the putting forth and unfolding of blossoms. 2. (Bot.) (a) The mode of flowering, or the general arrangement and disposition of the flowers with reference to the axis, and to each other. (b) An axis on which all the buds are flower buds. “Inflorescence affords an excellent characteristic mark in distinguishing the species of plants.” Milne. Centrifugal inflorescence, determinate inflorescence. — Centripetal inflorescence, indeterminate inflorescence. See under Determinate, and Indeterminate.

In•flow´ , v. i. To flow in. Wiseman.

In´flu•ence (in´flu•ens), n. [F. influence, fr. L. influens, -entis, p. pr. See Influent, and cf. Influenza.] 1. A flowing in or upon; influx. [Obs.] “God hath his influence into the very essence of all things.” Hooker. 2. Hence, in general, the bringing about of an effect, physical or moral, by a gradual process; controlling power quietly exerted; agency, force, or tendency of any kind which affects, modifies, or sways; as the influence which the sun exerts on animal and vegetable life; the influence of education on the mind; the influence, according to astrologers, of the stars over affairs. “Astrologers call the evil influences of the stars, evil aspects.” Bacon. “Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion?” Job xxxviii. 31. “She said : ´Ah, dearest lord! what evil star
On you hath frown’d, and poured, his influence bad?´” Spenser. 3. Power or authority arising from elevated station, excelence of character or intellect, wealth, etc.; reputation; acknowledged ascendency; as he is a man of influence in the community. “Such influence hath your excellency.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. (Elec.) Induction. Syn. — Control; persuasion; ascendency; sway; power; authority; supremacy; mastery; management; restraint; character; reputation; prestige.

In´flu•ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Influenced p. pr. & vb. n. Influencing ] To control or move by power, physical or moral; to affect by gentle action; to exert an influence upon; to modify, bias or sway; to move; to persuade; to induce. “These experiments succeed after the same manner in vacuo as in the open air, and therefore are not influenced by the weight or pressure of the atmosphere.” Sir I. Newton. “This standing revelation … is sufficient to influence their faith and practice, if they attend.” Attebury. “The principle which influenced their obedience has lost its efficacy.” Rogers.

In´flu•en•cer (in´flu•en•ser), n. One who, or that which, influences.

In´flu•en•cive (-siv), a. Tending to influence; influential.

In´flu•ent (-ent), a. [L. influens, -entis, p. pr. of influere, influxum, to flow in; pref. in- in + fluere to flow. See Fluid.] 1. Flowing in. ´With influent tide.´ Cowper. ´Influent odors.´ Mrs. Browning. 2. Exerting influence; influential. [Obs.] “I find no office by name assigned unto Dr. Cox, who was virtually influent upon all, and most active.” Fuller.

In•flu•en´tial (in•flu•en´shal), a. [See Influence.] Exerting or possessing influence or power; potent; efficacious; effective; strong; having authority or ascendency; as an influential man, station, argument, etc. “A very influential Gascon prefix.” Earle.

In•flu•en´tial•ly, adv. In an influential manner.

In•flu•en´za , n. [It. influenza influence, an epidemic formerly attributed by astrologers to the influence of the heavenly bodies, influenza. See Influence.] (Med.) An epidemic affection characterized by acute nasal catarrh, or by inflammation of the throat or the bronchi, and usually accompanied by fever.

In´flux , n. [L. influxus, fr. influere, influxum, to flow in: cf. F. influx. See Influent.] 1. The act of flowing in; as an influx of light. 2. A coming in; infusion; intromission; introduction; importation in abundance; also that which flows or comes in; as a great influx of goods into a country, or an influx of gold and silver. “The influx of food into the Celtic region, however, was far from keeping pace with the influx of consumers.” Macaulau. “The general influx of Greek into modern languages.” Earle. 3. Influence; power. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•flux´ion , n. [L. influxio : cf. F. influxion.] A flowing in; infusion. [R.] Bacon.

In•flux´ious , a. Influential. [Obs.]

In•flux´ive , a. Having a tendency to flow in; having influence; influential. [R.] Holdsworth.

In•flux´ive•ly, adv. By influxion. [R.]

In•fold´ (?n-f?ld\’b6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Infolding.] [Pref. in- in + fold.] [Written also enfold.] 1. To wrap up or cover with folds; to envelop; to inwrap; to inclose; to involve. “Gilded tombs do worms infold.” Shak. “Infold his limbs in bands.” Blackmore. 2. To clasp with the arms; to embrace. “Noble Banquo, … let me infold thee,
And hold thee to my heart.” Shak.

In•fold´ment , n. The act of infolding; the state of being infolded.

In•fo´li•ate , v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. folium leaf.] To cover or overspread with, or as with, leaves. [R.] Howell.

In•form´ , a. [L. informis; pref. in- not + forma form, shape: cf. F. informe] Without regular form; shapeless; ugly; deformed. Cotton.

In•form´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Informed p. pr. & vb. n. Informing.] [OE. enformen, OF. enformer, F. informer. L. informare; pref. in- in + formare to form, share, fr. forma form. See Form.] 1. To give form or share to; to give vital or organizing power to; to give life to; to imbue and actuate with vitality; to animate; to mold; to figure; to fashion. ´The informing Word.´ Coleridge. “Let others better mold the running mass
Of metals, and inform the breathing brass.” Dryden. “Breath informs this fleeting frame.” Prior. “Breathes in our soul, informs our mortal part.” Pope. 2. To communicate knowledge to; to make known to; to acquaint; to advise; to instruct; to tell; to notify; to enlighten; — usually followed by of. “For he would learn their business secretly,
And then inform his master hastily.” Spenser. “I am informed thoroughly of the cause.” Shak. 3. To communicate a knowledge of facts to, by way of accusation; to warn against anybody. “Tertullus … informed the governor against Paul.” Acts xxiv. 1. Syn. — To acquaint; apprise; tell; teach; instruct; enlighten; animate; fashion.

In•form´, v. t. 1. To take form; to become visible or manifest; to appear. [Obs.] “It is the bloody business which informs
Thus to mine eyes.” Shak. 2. To give intelligence or information; to tell. Shak. “He might either teach in the same manner, or inform how he had been taught.” Monthly Rev. To inform against, to communicate facts by way of accusation against; to denounce; as two persons came to the magistrate, and informed against A.

In•form´al , a. [Pref. in- not + formal.] 1. Not in the regular, usual, or established form; not according to official, conventional, prescribed, or customary forms or rules; irregular; hence, without ceremony; as an informal writing, proceeding, or visit. 2. Deranged in mind; out of one’s senses. [Obs.] “These poor informal women.” Shak.

In•for•mal´i•ty , n.; pl. Informalities . 1. The state of being informal; want of regular, prescribed, or customary form; as the informality of legal proceedings. 2. An informal, unconventional, or unofficial act or proceeding; something which is not in proper or prescribed form or does not conform to the established rule.

In•form´al•ly , adv. In an informal manner.

In•form´ant , n. [L. informans, -antis, p. pr. of informare. See Inform, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, informs, animates, or vivifies. [Obs.] Glanvill. 2. One who imparts information or instruction. 3. One who offers an accusation; an informer. See Informer. [Obs. or R.] “It was the last evidence of the kind; the informant
was hanged.” Burke.

In•for•ma´tion , n. [F., fr. L. informatio representation, conception. See Inform, v. t.] 1. The act of informing, or communicating knowledge or intelligence. “The active informations of the intellect.” South. 2. News, advice, or knowledge, communicated by others or obtained by personal study and investigation; intelligence; knowledge derived from reading, observation, or instruction. “Larger opportunities of information.” Rogers. “He should get some information in the subject he intends to handle.” Swift. 3. (Law) A proceeding in the nature of a prosecution for some offense against the government, instituted and prosecuted, really or nominally, by some authorized public officer on behalf of the government. It differs from an indictment in criminal cases chiefly in not being based on the finding of a grand jury. See Indictment.

In•form´a•tive , a. Having power to inform, animate, or vivify. Dr. H. More.

In•form´a•to•ry , a. Full of, or conveying, information; instructive. [R.] London Spectator.

In•formed´ (?n-f?rmd\’b6), a. Unformed or ill-formed; deformed; shapeless. [Obs.] Spenser. Informed stars. See under Unformed.

In•form´er , n. [From Inform, v.] 1. One who informs, animates, or inspires. [Obs.] Thomson. “Nature, informer of the poet’s art.” Pope. 2. One who informs, or imparts knowledge or news. 3. (Law) One who informs a magistrate of violations of law; one who informs against another for violation of some law or penal statute. Common informer (Law), one who habitually gives information of the violation of penal statutes, with a view to a prosecution therefor. Bouvier. Wharton.

In•for´mi•da•ble , a. [L. informidabilis. See In- not, and Formidable.] Not formidable; not to be feared or dreaded. [Obs.] ´Foe not informidable.´ Milton.

In•form´i•ty , n. [L. informitas. See Inform, a.] Want of regular form; shapelessness. [Obs.]

In•form´ous , a. [See Inform, a.] Of irregular form; shapeless. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•for´tu•nate , a. [L. infortunatus.] Unlucky; unfortunate. [Obs.] Shak. “´A most infortunate chance.´” Howell. — In•for´tu•nate•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•for´tune , n. [L. infortunium. See In- not, and Fortune.] Misfortune. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In•for´tuned , a. Unfortunate. [Obs.] “I, woeful wretch and infortuned wight.” Chaucer.

In•found´ , v. t. [L. infundere to pour in. See Infuse.] To pour in; to infuse. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In•´fra , adv. [L. Cf. Inferior.] Below; beneath; under; after; — often used as a prefix.

In•fra-ax´il•la•ry , a. [Infra + axillary.] (Bot.) Situated below the axil, as a bud.

In•fra•bran´chi•al , a. [Infra + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Below the gills; — applied to the ventral portion of the pallial chamber in the lamellibranchs.

In•fra•cla•vic´u•lar , a. [Infra + clavicular.] (Anat.) Below the clavicle; as the infraclavicular fossa.

In•fract´ (?n-frkt\’b6), a. [L. infractus; pref. in- not + fractus. p. p. of frangere to break.] Not broken or fractured; unharmed; whole. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•fract´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Infracting.] [L. infractus, p. p. of of infringere. See Infringe.] To break; to infringe. [R.] Thomson.

In•fract´i•ble , a. Capable of being broken.[R.]

In•frac´tion , n. [L. infractio: cf. F. infraction.] The act of infracting or breaking; breach; violation; nonobservance; infringement; as an infraction of a treaty, compact, rule, or law. I. Watts.

In•fract´or , n. [Cf. F. infracteur.] One who infracts or infringes; a violator; a breaker.

In•fra´grant , a. Not fragrant.

In•fra•hy´oid , a. [Infra + hyoid.] (Anat.) Same as Hyosternal (a).

In•fra•la´bi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Below the lower lip; — said of certain scales of reptiles and fishes.

In•fra•lap•sa´ri•an , n. [Infra + lapse: cf. F. infralapsaire. See Lapse.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of election as contemplating the apostasy as past and the elect as being at the time of election in a fallen and guilty state; — opposed to Supralapsarian. The former considered the election of grace as a remedy for an existing evil; the latter regarded the fall as a part of God’s original purpose in regard to men.

In•fra•lap•sa´ri•an, a. (Theol.) Of or pertaining to the Infralapsarians, or to their doctrine.

In•fra•lap•sa´ri•an•ism , n. (Theor.) The doctrine, belief, or principles of the Infralapsarians.

In•fra•mar´gin•al , a. [Infra + marginal.] Below the margin; submarginal; as an inframarginal convolution of the brain.

In•fra•max´il•la•ry , a. [Infra + maxillary.] (Anat.) (a) Under the lower jaw; submaxillary; as the inframaxillary nerve. (b) Of or pertaining to the lower iaw.

In•fra•me´di•an , a. [Infra + median.] (Zoölogical Geog.) Of or pertaining to the interval or zone along the sea bottom, at the depth of between fifty and one hundred fathoms. E. Forbes.

In•fra•mun´dane , a. [Infra + mundane.] Lying or situated beneath the world.

In•fran´chise , v. t. See Enfranchise.

In•fran•gi•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being infrangible; infrangibleness.

In•fran´gi•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + grangible: cf. F. infrangible.] 1. Not capable of being broken or separated into parts; as infrangible atoms. “[He] link’d their fetlocks with a golden band
Infrangible.” Pope. 2. Not to be infringed or violated.

In•fran´gi•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being infrangible; infrangibility.

In•fra•oc´u•lar , a. [Infra + ocular.] (Zoöl.) Situated below the eyes, as the antenna of certain insects.

In•fra•or´bit•al , a. [Infra + orbital.] (Anat.) Below the orbit; as the infraorbital foramen; the infraorbital nerve.

In•fra•pose´ , v. t. [Infra + pose.] To place under or beneath. [R.]

In•fra•po•si´tion , n. [Infra + position.] A situation or position beneath. Kane.

In•fra•scap´u•lar , a. [Infra + scapular.] (Anat.) Beneath the scapula, or shoulder blade; subscapular.

In•fra•spi´nal , a. [Infra + spinal.] (Anat.) (a) Below the vertebral column, subvertebral. (b) Below the spine; infraspinate; infraspinous. { In•fra•spi´nate , In•fra•spi•nous } a. [Infra + spinate, spinous.] (Anat.) Below the spine; infraspinal; esp., below the spine of the scapula; as the infraspinous fossa; the infraspinate muscle.

In•fra•sta•pe´di•al , a. [Infra + stapedial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, which in many animals projects below the connection with the stapes. — n. The infrastapedial part of the columella.

In•fra•ster´nal , a. [Infra + sternal.] (Anat.) Below the sternum; as the infrasternal depression, or pit of the stomach.

In•fra•tem´po•ral , a. [Infra + temporal.] (Anat.) Below the temple; below the temporal bone.

In•fra•ter´ri•to´ri•al , a. [Infra + territorial.] Within the territory of a state. Story.

In•fra•troch´le•ar , a. [Infra + trochlear.] (Anat.) Below a trochlea, or pulley; — applied esp. to one of the subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve. { In•fre´quence , In•fre´quen•cy } n. [L. infrequentia scantiness : cf. F. infrequence.] 1. The state of rarely occuring; uncommonness; rareness; as the infrequence of his visits. 2. The state of not being frequented; solitude; isolation; retirement; seclusion. [R.] “The solitude and infrequency of the place.” Bp. Hall.

In•fre´quent , a. [L. infrequens : cf. F. infrequent. See In- not, and Frequent.] Seldom happening or occurring; rare; uncommon; unusual. “The act whereof is at this day infrequent or out of use
among all sorts of men.” Sir T. Elyot.

In•fre´quent•ly , adv. Not frequently; rarely.

In•frig´i•date , v. t. [L. infrigidatus, p. p. of infrigidare to chill. See 1st In-, and Frigid.] To chill; to make cold; to cool. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•frig•i•da´tion , n. [L. infrigidatio.] The act of chilling or causing to become cold; a chilling; coldness; congelation. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•fringe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infringed p. pr. & vb. n. Infringing ] [L. infringere; pref. in- in + frangere to break. See Fraction, and cf. Infract .] 1. To break; to violate; to transgress; to neglect to fulfill or obey; as to infringe a law or contract. “If the first that did the edict infringe,
Had answered for his deed.” Shak. “The peace … was infringed by Appius Claudius.” Golding. 2. To hinder; to destroy; as to infringe efficacy; to infringe delight or power. [Obs.] Hooker.

In•fringe´, v. i. 1. To break, violate, or transgress some contract, rule, or law; to injure; to offend. 2. To encroach; to trespass; — followed by on or upon; as to infringe upon the rights of another.

In•fringe´ment , n. 1. The act of infringing; breach; violation; nonfulfillment; as the infringement of a treaty, compact, law, or constitution. “The punishing of this infringement is proper to that
jurisdiction against which the contempt is.” Clarendon. 2. An encroachment on a patent, copyright, or other special privilege; a trespass.

In•frin´ger , n. One who infringes or violates; a violator. Strype.

In•fruc´tu•ose´ , a. [L. infructuosus. See In- not, and Fruit.] Not producing fruit; unfruitful; unprofitable. [R.] T. Adams.

In•fru´gal , a. Not frugal; wasteful; as an infrugal expense of time. J. Goodman.

In•fru•gif´er•ous , a. Not bearing fruit; not fructiferous.

In•fu•cate , v. t. [L. infucatus painted; pref. in- in + fucare to paint, dye. See Fucate.] To stain; to paint; to daub.

In•fu•ca´tion , n. The act of painting or staining, especially of painting the face.

In´fu•la , n.; pl. Infule (#). [L.] A sort of fillet worn by dignitaries, priests, and others among the ancient Romans. It was generally white.

In´fu•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infumated p. pr. & vb. n. Infumating.] [L. infumatus, p. p. of infumare to infumate; pref. in- in + fumare to smoke, fr. fumus smoke.] To dry by exposing to smoke; to expose to smoke.

In´fu•ma•ted , a. (Zoöl.) Clouded; having a cloudy appearance.

In•fu•ma´tion , n. Act of drying in smoke.

In•fumed´ , a. Dried in smoke; smoked. { In•fun•dib´u•lar , In•fun•dib´u•late } a. [See Infundibulum.] Having the form of a funnel; pertaining to an infundibulum. Infundibulate Bryozoa (Zoöl.), a group of marine Bryozoa having a circular arrangement of the tentacles upon the disk.

In•fun•dib´u•li•form , a. [L. infundibulum funnel + -form: cf. F. infundibuliforme.] 1. Having the form of a funnel or cone; funnel-shaped. 2. (Bot.) Same as Funnelform.

In•fun•dib´u•lum , n.; pl. L. Infundibula (#), E. Infundibulums (#). [L., a funnel, from infundere to pour in or into. See Infuse.] 1. (Anat.) A funnel-shaped or dilated organ or part; as the infundibulum of the brain, a hollow, conical process, connecting the floor of the third ventricle with the pituitary body; the infundibula of the lungs, the enlarged terminations of the bronchial tubes. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A central cavity in the Ctenophora, into which the gastric sac leads. (b) The siphon of Cephalopoda. See Cephalopoda.

In•fu´ner•al , v. t. To inter with funeral rites; to bury. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In•fur•ca´tion , n. [Pref. in- in + L. furca fork.] A forked expansion or divergence; a bifurcation; a branching. Craig.

In•fu´ri•ate , a. [It. infuriato, p. p. of infuriare. See Infuriate, v. t.] Enraged; raging; furiously angry; infuriated. Milton. “Inflamed beyond the most infuriate wrath.” Thomson.

In•fu´ri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infuriated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Infuriating] [It. infuriato, p. p. of infuriare; pref. in- (L. in) + furia fury, L. furia. See Fury.] To render furious; to enrage; to exasperate. “Those curls of entangled snakes with which Erinys is said to have infuriated Athemas and Ino.” Dr. H. More.

In•fu´ri•a•ted , a. Enraged; furious.

In•fus´cate , v. t. [L. infuscatus, p. p. of infuscare; pref. in- in + fuscare to make dark, fr. fuscus dark.] To darken; to make black; to obscure.

In•fus´ca•ted , a. (Zoöl.) Darkened with a blackish tinge.

In•fus•ca´tion , n. The act of darkening, or state of being dark; darkness; obscurity. Johnson.

In•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infused p. pr. & vb. n. Infusing.] [L. infusus, p. p. of infundere to pour in or into; pref. in- in + fundere to pour: cf. F. infuser. See Found to cast.] 1. To pour in, as a liquid; to pour (into or upon); to shed. “That strong Circean liquor cease to infuse.” Denham. 2. To instill, as principles or qualities; to introduce. “That souls of animals infuse themselves Into the trunks of men.” Shak. “Why should he desire to have qualities infused into his son which himself never possessed?” Swift. 3. To inspire; to inspirit or animate; to fill; — followed by with. “Infuse his breast with magnanimity.” Shak. “Infusing him with self and vain conceit.” Shak. 4. To steep in water or other fluid without boiling, for the propose of extracting medicinal qualities; to soak. “One scruple of dried leaves is infused in ten ounces of warm water.” Coxe. 5. To make an infusion with, as an ingredient; to tincture; to saturate. [R.] Bacon.

In•fuse, n. Infusion. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•fus´er , n. One who, or that which, infuses.

In•fu•si•bil´i•ty , n. [From Infuse.] Capability of being infused, poured in, or instilled.

In•fu•si•bil´i•ty, n. [Pref. in- not + fusibility: cf. F. infusibilite.] Incapability or difficulty of being fused, melted, or dissolved; as the infusibility of carbon.

In•fu´si•ble , a. [From Infuse, v.] Capable of being infused. “Doctrines being infusible into all.” Hammond.

In•fu´si•ble, a. [Pref. in- not + fusible: cf. F. infusible.] Not fusible; incapable or difficult of fusion, or of being dissolved or melted. Sir T. Browne. “The best crucibles are made of Limoges earth, which seems absolutely infusible.” Lavoisier (Trans. ).

In•fu´si•ble•ness, n. Infusibility.

In•fu´sion , n. [L. infusio a pouring in: cf. F. infusion. See Infuse, v. t.] 1. The act of infusing, pouring in, or instilling; instillation; as the infusion of good principles into the mind; the infusion of ardor or zeal. “Our language has received innumerable elegancies and improvements from that infusion of Hebraisms.” Addison. 2. That which is infused; suggestion; inspiration. “His folly and his wisdom are of his own growth, not the echo or infusion of other men.” Swift. 3. The act of plunging or dipping into a fluid; immersion. [Obs.] ´Baptism by infusion.´ Jortin. 4. (Pharmacy) (a) The act or process of steeping or soaking any substance in water in order to extract its virtues. (b) The liquid extract obtained by this process. “Sips meek infusion of a milder herb.” Cowper.

In•fu´sion•ism , n. The doctrine that the soul is preexistent to the body, and is infused into it at conception or birth; — opposed to traducianism and creationism.

In•fu´sive , a. Having the power of infusion; inspiring; influencing. “The infusive force of Spirit on man.” Thomson.

In•fu•so´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.; — so called because found in infusions which are left exposed to the air for a time. See Infuse.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Protozoa, including a large number of species, all of minute size. They are found in all seas lakes, ponds, and streams, as well as in infusions of organic matter exposed to the air. They are distinguished by having vibrating lashes or cilia, with which they obtain their food and swim about. They are devided into the orders Flagellata, Ciliata, and Tentaculifera. See these words in the Vocabulary. Formely the term Infusoria was applied to all microscopic organisms found in water, including many minute plants, belonging to the diatoms, as well as minute animals belonging to various classes, as the Rotifera, which are worms; and the Rhizopoda, which constitute a distinct class of Protozoa. Fossil Infusoria are mostly the siliceous shells of diatoms; sometimes they are siliceous skeletons of Radiolaria, or the calcareous shells of Foraminifera.

In•fu•so´ri•al , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Infusoria; composed of, or containing, Infusoria; as infusorial earth. Infusorial earth (Geol.), a deposit of fine, usually white, siliceous material, composed mainly of the shells of the microscopic plants called diatoms. It is used in polishing powder, and in the manufacture of dynamite.

In•fu•so´ri•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Infusoria.

In•fu´so•ry , a. (Zoöl.) Infusorial.

In•fu´so•ry , n.; pl. Infusories . (Zoöl.) One of the Infusoria; — usually in the pl.

-ing 1. [For OE. -and, - end, -ind, AS. -ende; akin to Goth. -and-, L. -ant-, -ent-, Gr. .] A suffix used to from present participles; as singing, playing. 2. [OE. -ing, AS. -ing, - ung.] A suffix used to form nouns from verbs, and signifying the act of; the result of the act; as riding, dying, feeling. It has also a secondary collective force; as shipping, clothing. The Old English ending of the present participle and verbal noun became confused, both becoming -ing. 3. [AS. -ing.] A suffix formerly used to form diminutives; as lording, farthing.

Ing , n. [AS. ing.] A pasture or meadow; generally one lying low, near a river. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

In•gan•na´tion , n. [LL. ingannare to decieve.] Cheat; deception. [Obs.] Sir T. Brown.

In´gate , n. 1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.] “Which hath in charge the ingate of the year.” Spenser. 2. (Founding) The aperture in a mold for pouring in the metal; the gate. Simmonds.

In´gath•er•ing , n. The act or business of gathering or collecting anything; especially, the gathering of the fruits of the earth; harvest. “Thou shalt keep … the feast of ingathering.” Ex. xxii. 16.

In•gel´a•ble , a. Not congealable.

In•gem´i•nate , a. [L. ingeminatus, p. p.] Redoubled; repeated. Jer. Taylor.

In•gem´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingeminated p. pr. & vb. n. Ingeminating ] [L. ingeminatus, p. p. of ingeminare to double; pref. in- in + geminare. See Geminate.] To redouble or repeat; to reiterate. Clarendon. “ … She yet ingeminates
The last of sounds, and what she hears relates.” Sandys.

In•gem•i•na´tion , n. Repetition; reduplication; reiteration. De Quincey. “That Sacred ingemination, Amen, Amen.” Featley. “Happiness with an echo or ingemination.” Holdsworth.

In•ge´na , n. (Zoöl.) The gorilla.

In•gen´der , v. t. See Engender.

In•gen•er•a•bil´l•ty , n. Incapacity of being engendered or produced. Cudworth.

In•gen´er•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + generable: cf. F. ingenerable.] Incapable of being engendered or produced; original. Holland.

In•gen´er•a•bly, adv. In an ingenerable manner.

In•gen´er•ate , a. [L. ingeneratus, p. p. of ingenerare. See engender] Generated within; inborn; innate; as ingenerate powers of body. W. Wotton. “Those virtues were rather feigned and affected … than true qualities ingenerate in his judgment.” Bacon.

In•gen´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingenerat p. pr. & vb. n. Ingenerating ] To generate or produce within; to beget; to engender; to occasion; to cause. Mede. “Those noble habits are ingenerated in the soul.” Sir M. Hale.

In•gen•er•a´tion , n. Act of ingenerating.

In•ge´ni•ate , v. t. & i. [See Ingenious.] To invent; to contrive. [Obs.] Daniel.

In´ge•nie , n. [Obs.] See Ingeny.

In•ge•ni•os´i•ty , n. [LL. ingeniositas.] Ingenuity; skill; cunning. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In•gen´ious , a. [L. ingeniosus, fr. ingenium innate or natural quality, natural capacity, genius: cf. F. ingenieux. See Engine.] 1. Possessed of genius, or the faculty of invention; skillful or promp to invent; having an aptitude to contrive, or to form new combinations; as an ingenious author, mechanic. “A man … very wise and ingenious in feats of war.” Hakluyt. “Thou, king, send out
For torturers ingenious.” Shak. “The more ingenious men are, the more apt are they to trouble themselves.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Proceeding from, pertaining to, or characterized by, genius or ingenuity; of curious design, structure, or mechanism; as an ingenious model, or machine; an ingenious scheme, contrivance, etc. “Thus men go wrong with an ingenious skill.” Cowper. 3. Witty; shrewd; adroit; keen; sagacious; as an ingenious reply. 4. Mental; intellectual. [Obs.] “A course of learning and ingenious studies.” Shak.

In•gen´ious•ly , adv. In an ingenious manner; with ingenuity; skillfully; wittily; cleverly. “´Too ingeniously politic.´” Sir W. Temple.

In•gen´ious•ness, n. The quality or state of being ingenious; ingenuity. { In•gen´ite , In•gen´it } , a. [L. ingenitus, p. p. of ingignere to instill by birth or nature; pref. in- + gignere to beget.] Innate; inborn; inbred; inherent; native; ingenerate. [Obs.] “It is natural or ingenite, which comes by some defect of the organs and overmuch brain.” Burton.

In•ge•nu´i•ty , n. [L. ingenuitas ingenuousness: cf. F. ingenuite. See Ingenuous.] 1. The quality or power of ready invention; quickness or acuteness in forming new combinations; ingeniousness; skill in devising or combining. “All the means which human ingenuity has contrived.” Blair. 2. Curiousness, or cleverness in design or contrivance; as the ingenuity of a plan, or of mechanism. “He gives …
To artist ingenuity and skill.” Cowper. 3. Openness of heart; ingenuousness. [Obs.] “The stings and remorses of natural ingenuity, a principle that men scarcely ever shake off, as long as they carry anything of human nature about them.” South. Syn. — Inventiveness; ingeniousness; skill; cunning; cleverness; genius. — Ingenuity, Cleverness. Ingenuity is a form of genius, and cleverness of talent. The former implies invention, the letter a peculiar dexterity and readiness of execution. Sir James Mackintosh remarks that the English overdo in the use of the word clever and cleverness, applying them loosely to almost every form of intellectual ability.

In•gen´u•ous , a. [L. ingenuus inborn, innate, freeborn, noble, frank; pref. in- in + the root of gignere to beget. See Genius, and cf. Ingenious.] 1. Of honorable extraction; freeborn; noble; as ingenuous blood of birth. 2. Noble; generous; magnanimous; honorable; upright; high-minded; as an ingenuous ardor or zeal. “If an ingenuous detestation of falsehood be but carefully and early instilled, that is the true and genuine method to obviate dishonesty.” Locke. 3. Free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, or dissimulation; open; frank; as an ingenuous man; an ingenuous declaration, confession, etc. “Sensible in myself … what a burden it is for me, who would be ingenuous, to be loaded with courtesies which he hath not the least hope to requite or deserve.” Fuller. 4. Ingenious. [Obs.] Shak. (Formerly) printers did not discriminate between … ingenuous and ingenious, and these words were used or rather printed interchangeably almost to the beginning of the eighteenth century. G. P. Marsh. Syn. — Open; frank; unreserved; artless; plain; sincere; candid; fair; noble; generous. — Ingenuous, Open, Frank. One who is open speaks out at once what is uppermost in his mind; one who is frank does it from a natural boldness, or dislike of self-restraint; one who is ingenuous is actuated by a native simplicity and artlessness, which make him willing to confess faults, and make known his sentiments without reserve. See Candid.

In•gen´u•ous•ly, adv. In an ingenuous manner; openly; fairly; candidly; artlessly. “Being required to explain himself, he ingenuously confessed.” Ludlow.

In•gen´u•ous•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being ingenuous; openness of heart; frankness. 2. Ingenuity. [Obs.] Fuller.

In´ge•ny , n. [L. ingenium. See Ingenious.] Natural gift or talent; ability; wit; ingenuity. [Obs.] [Written also ingenie.] Becon.

In•ger´mi•nate , v. t. To cause to germinate.

In•gest´ , v. t. [L. ingenium, p. p. of ingerere to put in; pref. in- in + gerere to bear.] To take into, or as into, the stomach or alimentary canal. Sir T. Browne.

In•ges´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Ingest.] (Physiol.) That which is introduced into the body by the stomach or alimentary canal; — opposed to egesta.

In•ges´tion , n. [L. ingestio: cf. F. ingestion.] (Physiol.) The act of taking or putting into the stomach; as the ingestion of milk or other food.

In•ghal´la , n. (Zoöl.) The reedbuck of South Africa. [Written also ingali.]

In•girt´ , v. t. [See Ingirt.] To encircle; to gird; to engirt. “The wreath is ivy that ingirts our beams.” Drayton.

In•girt´, a. Surrounded; encircled. Fenton.

In´gle (in´g’l), n. [Gael. & Ir. aingeali fire; cf. L. igniculusi spark, dim. of ignis fire. Cf. Ignite.] Flame; blaze; a fire; a fireplace. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns. Ingle nook, the chimney corner. — Ingle side, Ingle cheek, the fireside.

In´gle, n. [Written also engle, enghle: cf. Gael. & Ir. aingeal an angel. Cf. Engle.] A paramour; a favourite; a sweetheart; an engle. [Obs.] Toone.

In´gle , v. t. To cajole or coax; to wheedle. See Engle. [Obs.]

In•glo´bate , a. In the form of a globe or sphere; — applied to nebulous matter collected into a sphere by the force of gravitation.

In•globe´ , v. t. To infix, as in a globe; to fix or secure firmly. [Obs.] Milton.

In•glo´ri•ous , a. [L. inglorious; pref. in- not + gloria glory, fame: cf. F. inglorieux. See Glory.] 1. Not glorious; not bringing honor or glory; not accompanied with fame, honor, or celebrity; obscure; humble; as an inglorious life of ease. Shak. “My next desire is, void of care and strife,
To lead a soft, secure, inglorious life.” Dryden. “Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.” Gray. 2. Shameful; disgraceful; ignominious; as inglorious flight, defeat, etc. “Inglorious shelter in an alien land.” J. Philips.

In•glo´ri•ous•ly, adv. In an inglorious manner; dishonorably; with shame; ignominiously; obscurely.

In•glo´ri•ous•ness, n. The state of being inglorious.

In•glut´ , v. t. To glut. [R.] Ascham.

In•glu´vi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the ingluvies or crop of birds.

In•glu´vi•es , n. [L.] (Anat.) The crop, or craw, of birds.

In•glu´vi•ous , a. Gluttonous. [Obs.] Blount.

In´-go•ing , n. The act of going in; entrance.

In´-go•ing, a. Going; entering, as upon an office or a possession; as an in-going tenant.

In•gorge´ , v. t. & i. See Engorge. Milton.

In´got , n. [Prob. from AS. in in + geótan to pour: cf. F. linglot, LL. lingotus a mass of gold or silver, extended in the manner of a tongue, and G. einguss, LG. & OE. ingot ingot, a mold for casting metals in. See Found to cast, and cf. Linget, Lingot, Nugget.] 1. That in which metal is cast; a mold. [Obs.] “And from the fire he took up his matter
And in the ingot put it with merry cheer.” Chaucer. 2. A bar or wedge of steel, gold, or other malleable metal, cast in a mold; a mass of unwrought cast metal. “Wrought ingots from Besoara’s mine.” Sir W. Jones. Ingot mold, a box or mold in which ingots are cast. — Ingot iron. See Decarbonized steel, under Decarbonize.

In•grace´ , v. t. [Pref. in- in + grace.] To ingratiate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In•gra´cious , a. [Pref. in- not + gracious.] Ungracious; unkind. [Obs.] Holland.

In•graff´ , v. t. See Ingraft. [Obs.]

In•graft´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingrafting.] [Written also engraft.] 1. To insert, as a scion of one tree, shrub, or plant in another for propagation; as to ingraft a peach scion on a plum tree; figuratively, to insert or introduce in such a way as to make a part of something. “This fellow would ingraft a foreign name
Upon our stock.” Dryden. “A custom … ingrafted into the monarchy of Rome.” Burke. 2. To subject to the process of grafting; to furnish with grafts or scions; to graft; as to ingraft a tree.

In•graft´er , n. A person who ingrafts.

In•graft´ment , n. 1. The act of ingrafting. 2. The thing ingrafted; a scion.

In´grain ( 277), a. [Pref. in- in + grain kermes. See Engrain, Grain.] 1. Dyed with grain, or kermes. [Obs.] 2. Dyed before manufacture, — said of the material of a textile fabric; hence, in general, thoroughly inwrought; forming an essential part of the substance. Ingrain carpet, a double or two-ply carpet. — Triple ingrain carpet, a three- ply carpet.

In´grain, n. An ingrain fabric, as a carpet.

In´grain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrained p. pr. & vb. n. Ingraining.] [Written also engrain.] 1. To dye with or in grain or kermes. 2. To dye in the grain, or before manufacture. 3. To work into the natural texture or into the mental or moral constitution of; to stain; to saturate; to imbue; to infix deeply. “Our fields ingrained with blood.” Daniel. “Cruelty and jealousy seem to be ingrained in a man who has these vices at all.” Helps.

In•grap´ple , v. t. & i. To seize; to clutch; to grapple. [Obs.] Drayton.

In´grate ( 277), a. [L. ingratus. See Ingrateful.] Ingrateful. [Obs. or Poetic] Bacon.

In´grate, n. An ungrateful person. Milton.

In´grate•ful , a. [L. ingratus ingrateful (pref. in- not + gratus beloved, dear, grateful) + -ful: cf. F. ingrat. See Grateful.] 1. Ungrateful; thankless; unappreciative. Milton. “He proved extremely false and ingrateful to me.” Atterbury. 2. Unpleasing to the sense; distasteful; offensive. “He gives … no ingrateful food.” Milton. — In´grate•ful•ly, adv. — In´grate•ful•ness, n.

In´grate•ly , adv. Ungratefully. [Obs.]

In•gra´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingratiated p. pr. & vb. n. Ingratiating ] [Pref. in- in + L. gratia. See Grace.] 1. To introduce or commend to the favor of another; to bring into favor; to insinuate; — used reflexively, and followed by with before the person whose favor is sought. “Lysimachus … ingratiated himself both with Philip and his pupil.” Budgell. 2. To recommend; to render easy or agreeable; — followed by to. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott. “What difficulty would it [the love of Christ] not ingratiate to us?” Hammond.

In•gra´ti•ate, v. i. To gain favor. [R.] Sir W. Temple.

In•grat´i•tude , n. [F. ingratitude, L. ingratitudo. See Ingrate.] Want of gratitude; insensibility to, forgetfulness of, or ill return for, kindness or favors received; unthankfulness; ungratefulness. “Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend.” Shak. “Ingratitude is abhorred both by God and man.” L’Estrange.

In•grave´ , v. t. To engrave. [R.] ´Whose gleaming rind ingrav’n.´ Tennyson.

In•grave´, v. t. [Pref. in- in + grave. Cf. Engrave.] To bury. [Obs.] Heywood.

In•grav´i•date , v. t. [L. ingravidatus, p. p. of ingravidare to impregnate. See 1st In-, and Gravidated.] To impregnate. [Obs.] Fuller.

In•grav•i•da´tion , n. The state of being pregnant or impregnated. [Obs.]

In•great´ , v. t. To make great; to enlarge; to magnify. [Obs.] Fotherby. { In•gre´di•ence , In•gre´di•en•cy } n. [See Ingredient.] 1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. The quality or state of being an ingredient or component part. Boyle.

In•gre´di•ent , n. [F. ingredient, L. ingrediens, -entis, entering into, p. pr. of ingredi, p. p. ingressus, to go into, to enter; pref. in- in + gradi to walk, go. See Grade.] That which enters into a compound, or is a component part of any combination or mixture; an element; a constituent. “By way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients.” Sir I. Newton. “Water is the chief ingredient in all the animal fluids and solids.” Arbuthnot.

In•gre´di•ent, a. Entering as or forming, an ingredient or component part. “Acts where no sin is ingredient.” Jer. Taylor.

In´gress , n. [L. ingressus, fr. ingredi. See Ingredient.] 1. The act of entering; entrance; as the ingress of air into the lungs. 2. Power or liberty of entrance or access; means of entering; as all ingress was prohibited. 3. (Astron.) The entrance of the moon into the shadow of the earth in eclipses, the sun’s entrance into a sign, etc.

In´gress , v. i. To go in; to enter. [R.]

In•gres´sion , n. [L. ingressio: cf. F. ingression.] Act of entering; entrance. Sir K. Digby.

In•grieve , v. t. To render more grievous; to aggravate. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

In•groove´ , v. t. To groove in; to join in or with a groove. Tennyson.

In•gross´ , v. t. See Engross.

In´grow•ing , a. Growing or appearing to grow into some other substance. Ingrowing nail, one whose edges are becoming imbedded in the adjacent flesh.

In´growth , n. A growth or development inward. J. LeConte.

In´guen , n. [L. inguen, inguinis.] (Anat.) The groin.

In•guilt´y , a. Not guilty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In´gui•nal , a. [L. inguinalis, fr. inguen, inguinis, the groin: cf. F. inguinal.] (Astron. & Med.) Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the inguen or groin; as an inguinal canal or ligament; inguinal hernia. Inguinal ring. See Abdominal ring, under Abdominal.

In•gulf´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingulfed p. pr. & vb. n. Ingulfing.] [Cf. Engulf.] [Written also engulf.] To swallow up or overwhelm in, or as in, a gulf; to cast into a gulf. See Engulf. “A river large …
Passed underneath ingulfed.” Milton.

In•gulf´ment , n. The act of ingulfing, or the state of being ingulfed.

In•gur´gi•tate , v. t. [L. ingurgitatus, p. p. of ingurgitare to pour in; pref. in- in + gurges whirlpool, gulf.] 1. To swallow, devour, or drink greedily or in large quantity; to guzzle. Cleveland. 2. To swallow up, as in a gulf. Fotherby.

In•gur´gi•tate, v. i. To guzzle; to swill. Burton.

In•gur•gi•ta´tion , n. [L. ingurgitatio: cf. F. ingurgitation.] The act of swallowing greedily or immoderately; that which is so swallowed. E. Darwin. “He drowned his stomach and senses with a large draught and ingurgitation of wine.” Bacon.

In•gust´a•ble , a. [L. ingustabilis. See Gustable.] Tasteless; insipid. Sir T. Browne.

In•hab´ile , a. [L. inhabilis: cf. F. inhabile. See In- not, and Habile, and cf. Unable.] 1. Not apt or fit; unfit; not convenient; inappropriate; unsuitable; as inhabile matter. [Obs.] 2. Unskilled; unready; awkward; incompetent; unqualified; — said of persons. [Obs.] See Unable.

In•ha•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inhabilete, inhabilite. See Inability.] Unsuitableness; unaptness; unfitness; inability. [Obs.] Barrow.

In•hab´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhabiting.] [OE. enhabiten, OF. enhabiter, L. inhabitare; pref. in- in + habitare to dwell. See Habit.] To live or dwell in; to occupy, as a place of settled residence; as wild beasts inhabit the forest; men inhabit cities and houses. “The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.” Is. lvii. 15. “O, who would inhabit
This bleak world alone?” Moore.

In•hab´it, v. i. To have residence in a place; to dwell; to live; to abide. [Archaic or Poetic] Shak. “They say wild beasts inhabit here.” Waller.

In•hab´it•a•ble , a. [L. inhabitabilis. See Inhabit.] Capable of being inhabited; habitable. “Systems of inhabitable planets.” Locke.

In•hab´it•a•ble, a. [L. inhabitabilis: cf. F. inhabitable. See In- not, and Habitable.] Not habitable; not suitable to be inhabited. [Obs.] “The frozen ridges of the Alps
Or other ground inhabitable.” Shak. { In•hab´it•ance , In•hab´it•an•cy } n. 1. The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; the condition of an inhabitant; residence; occupancy. “Ruins yet resting in the wild moors testify a former inhabitance.” Carew. 2. (Law) The state of having legal right to claim the privileges of a recognized inhabitant; especially, the right to support in case of poverty, acquired by residence in a town; habitancy.

In•hab´it•ant , n. [L. inhabitans, -antis, p. pr. of inhabitare.] 1. One who dwells or resides permanently in a place, as distinguished from a transient lodger or visitor; as an inhabitant of a house, a town, a city, county, or state. ´Frail inhabitants of earth.´ Cowper. “In this place, they report that they saw inhabitants which were very fair and fat people.” Abp. Abbot. 2. (Law) One who has a legal settlement in a town, city, or parish; a permanent resident.

In•hab´i•tate , v. t. To inhabit. [Obs.]

In•hab•i•ta´tion , n. [L. inhabitatio a dwelling.] 1. The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; indwelling. “The inhabitation of the Holy Ghost.” Bp. Pearson. 2. Abode; place of dwelling; residence. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Population; inhabitants. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. “The beginning of nations and of the world’s inhabitation.” Sir W. Raleigh.

In•hab´it•a•tive•ness , n. (Phrenol.) A tendency or propensity to permanent residence in a place or abode; love of home and country.

In•hab´it•ed, a. Uninhabited. [Obs.] Brathwait.

In•hab´it•er , n. An inhabitant. [R.] Derham.

In•hab´it•ive•ness , n. (Phrenol.) See Inhabitativeness. “What the phrenologists call inhabitiveness.” Lowell.

In•hab´it•ress, n. A female inhabitant. [R.]

In•hal´ant , a. [Cf. F. inhalant.] Inhaling; used for inhaling.

In•hal´ant , n. An apparatus also called an inhaler (which see); that which is to be inhaled.

In•ha•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. inhalation.] The act of inhaling; also that which is inhaled.

In•hale´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhaled p. pr. & vb. n. Inhaling.] [L. inhalare to breathe upon; pref. in- in + halare to breathe: cf. F. inhaler. Cf. Exhale.] To breathe or draw into the lungs; to inspire; as to inhale air; — opposed to exhale. “Martin was walking forth to inhale the fresh breeze of the evening.” Arbuthnot.

In•hal´ent , a. Used for inhaling; as the inhalent end of a duct. Dana.

In•hal´er , n. 1. One who inhales. 2. An apparatus for inhaling any vapor or volatile substance, as ether or chloroform, for medicinal purposes. 3. A contrivance to filter, as air, in order to protect the lungs from inhaling damp or cold air, noxious gases, dust, etc.; also the respiratory apparatus for divers.

In•hance´ , v. t. See Enhance. { In•har•mon´ic , In•har•mon´ic•al } a. Not harmonic; inharmonious; discordant; dissonant.

In•har•mo´ni•ous , a. [Pref. in- not + harmonious: cf. F. inharmonieux.] 1. Not harmonious; unmusical; discordant; dissonant. “Sounds inharmonious in themselves and harsh.” Cowper. 2. Conflicting; jarring; not in harmony.

In•har•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. Without harmony.

In•har•mo´ni•ous•ness, n. The quality of being inharmonious; want of harmony; discord. “The inharmoniousness of a verse.” A. Tucker.

In•har´mo•ny , n. Want of harmony. { In´haul• , In´haul•er }, n. (Naut.) A rope used to draw in the jib boom, or flying jib boom.

In•hearse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhearsed p. pr. & vb. n. Inhearsing.] To put in, or as in, a hearse or coffin. Shak.

In•here´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inhered p. pr. & vb. n. Inhering.] [L. inhaerere; pref. in- in + haerere to stick, hang. See Hesitate.] To be inherent; to stick (in); to be fixed or permanently incorporated with something; to cleave (to); to belong, as attributes or qualities. “They do but inhere in the subject that supports them.” Digby. { In•her´ence , In•her´en•cy } n. [Cf. F. inherence.] The state of inhering; permanent existence in something; innateness; inseparable and essential connection. Jer. Taylor.

In•her´ent , a. [L. inhaerens, -entis, p. pr. of inhaerere: cf. F. inherent. See Inhere.] Permanently existing in something; inseparably attached or connected; naturally pertaining to; innate; inalienable; as polarity is an inherent quality of the magnet; the inherent right of men to life, liberty, and protection. ´A most inherent baseness.´ Shak. “The sore disease which seems inherent in civilization.” Southey. Syn. — Innate; inborn; native; natural; inbred; inwrought; inseparable; essential; indispensable.

In•her´ent•ly, adv. By inherence; inseparably. “Matter hath inherently and essentially such an internal energy.” Bentley.

In•her´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inheriting.] [OE. enheriten to inherit, to give a heritage to, OF. enheriter to appoint as an heir, L. inhereditare; pref. in- in + hereditare to inherit, fr. heres heir. See Heir.] 1. (Law) To take by descent from an ancestor; to take by inheritance; to take as heir on the death of an ancestor or other person to whose estate one succeeds; to receive as a right or title descendible by law from an ancestor at his decease; as the heir inherits the land or real estate of his father; the eldest son of a nobleman inherits his father’s title; the eldest son of a king inherits the crown. 2. To receive or take by birth; to have by nature; to derive or acquire from ancestors, as mental or physical qualities; as he inherits a strong constitution, a tendency to disease, etc. “Prince Harry is valiant; for the cold blood he did naturally inherit of his father he hath … manured … with good store of fertile sherris.” Shak. 3. To come into possession of; to possess; to own; to enjoy as a possession. “But the meek shall inherit the earth.” Ps. xxxvii. 11. “To bury so much gold under a tree,
And never after to inherit it.” Shak. 4. To put in possession of. [R.] Shak.

In•her´it , v. i. To take or hold a possession, property, estate, or rights by inheritance. “Thou shalt not inherit our father’s house.” Judg. xi. 2.

In•her•it•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inheritable or descendible to heirs. Jefferson.

In•her´it•a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being inherited; transmissible or descendible; as an inheritable estate or title. Blackstone. 2. Capable of being transmitted from parent to child; as inheritable qualities or infirmities. 3. [Cf. OF. enheritable, inheritable.] Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiving by descent; capable of succeeding to, as an heir. “By attainder … the blood of the person attainted is so corrupted as to be rendered no longer inheritable.” Blackstone. “The eldest daughter of the king is also alone inheritable to the crown on failure of issue male.” Blackstone. Inheritable blood, blood or relationship by which a person becomes qualified to be an heir, or to transmit possessions by inheritance.

In•her´it•a•bly, adv. By inheritance. Sherwood.

In•her´it•ance , n. [Cf. OF. enheritance.] 1. The act or state of inheriting; as the inheritance of an estate; the inheritance of mental or physical qualities. 2. That which is or may be inherited; that which is derived by an heir from an ancestor or other person; a heritage; a possession which passes by descent. “When the man dies, let the inheritance
Descend unto the daughter.” Shak. 3. A permanent or valuable possession or blessing, esp. one received by gift or without purchase; a benefaction. “To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away.” 1 Pet. i. 4. 4. Possession; ownership; acquisition. ´The inheritance of their loves.´ Shak. “To you th’ inheritance belongs by right
Of brother’s praise; to you eke ’longs his love.” Spenser. 5. (Biol.) Transmission and reception by animal or plant generation. 6. (Law) A perpetual or continuing right which a man and his heirs have to an estate; an estate which a man has by descent as heir to another, or which he may transmit to another as his heir; an estate derived from an ancestor to an heir in course of law. Blackstone. The word inheritance (used simply) is mostly confined to the title to land and tenements by a descent. Mozley & W. “Men are not proprietors of what they have, merely for themselves; their children have a title to part of it which comes to be wholly theirs when death has put an end to their parents’ use of it; and this we call inheritance.” Locke.

In•her´it•or , n. One who inherits; an heir. “Born inheritors of the dignity.” Milton.

In•her´it•ress , n. A heiress. Milman.

In•her´it•rix , n. Same as Inheritress. Shak.

In•herse´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Inhearse.

In•he´sion , n. [L. inhaesio. See Inhere.] The state of existing, of being inherent, in something; inherence. A. Baxter. “Constant inhesion and habitual abode.” South.

In•hi•a´tion , n. [L. inhiatio, fr. inhiare to gape; pref. in- + hiare to gape.] A gaping after; eager desire; craving. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•hib´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhibiting.] [L. inhibitus, p. p. of inhibere; pref. in- in + habere to have, hold. See Habit.] 1. To check; to hold back; to restrain; to hinder. “Their motions also are excited or inhibited … by the objects without them.” Bentley. 2. To forbid; to prohibit; to interdict. “All men were inhibited, by proclamation, at the dissolution, so much as to mention a Parliament.” Clarendon. “Burial may not be inhibited or denied to any one.” Ayliffe.

In•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. inhibitio: cf. F. inhibition.] 1. The act of inhibiting, or the state of being inhibited; restraint; prohibition; embargo. 2. (Physiol.) A stopping or checking of an already present action; a restraining of the function of an organ, or an agent, as a digestive fluid or ferment, etc.; as the inhibition of the respiratory center by the pneumogastric nerve; the inhibition of reflexes, etc. 3. (Law) A writ from a higher court forbidding an inferior judge from further proceedings in a cause before; esp., a writ issuing from a higher ecclesiastical court to an inferior one, on appeal. Cowell.

In•hib´i•tor , n. [NL.] That which causes inhibitory action; esp., an inhibitory nerve.

In•hib´i•to•ry , a. [LL. inhibitorius: cf. F. inhibitoire.] Of or pertaining to, or producing, inhibition; consisting in inhibition; tending or serving to inhibit; as the inhibitory action of the pneumogastric on the respiratory center. “I would not have you consider these criticisms as inhibitory.” Lamb. Inhibitory nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which modify, inhibit, or suppress a motor or secretory act already in progress.

In•hib´i•to•ry-mo´tor , a. (Physiol.) A term applied to certain nerve centers which govern or restrain subsidiary centers, from which motor impressions issue. McKendrick.

In•hive´ , v. t. To place in a hive; to hive.

In•hold´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inheld p. pr. & vb. n. Inholding.] To have inherent; to contain in itself; to possess. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In•hold´er, n. An inhabitant. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•hoop´ , v. t. To inclose in a hoop, or as in a hoop. [R.] Shak.

In•hos´pi•ta•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + hospitable: cf. L. inhospitalis.] 1. Not hospitable; not disposed to show hospitality to strangers or guests; as an inhospitable person or people. “Have you no touch of pity, that the poor
Stand starved at your inhospitable door?” Cowper. 2. Affording no shelter or sustenance; barren; desert; bleak; cheerless; wild. ´Inhospitable wastes.´ Blair. — In•hos´pi•ta•ble•ness, n. — In•hos´pi•ta•bly, adv.

In•hos•pi•tal´i•ty , n. [L. inhospitalitas: cf. F. inhospitalite. See In- not, and Hospitality.] The quality or state of being inhospitable; inhospitableness; lack of hospitality. Bp. Hall.

In•hu´man , a. [L. inhumanus: cf. F. inhumain. See In- not, and Human.] 1. Destitute of the kindness and tenderness that belong to a human being; cruel; barbarous; savage; unfeeling; as an inhuman person or people. 2. Characterized by, or attended with, cruelty; as an inhuman act or punishment. Syn. — Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; merciless; savage; barbarous; brutal; ferocious; ruthless; fiendish.

In•hu•man´i•ty , n.; pl. Inhumanities (#). [L. inhumanitas: cf. F. inhumanite.] The quality or state of being inhuman; cruelty; barbarity. “Man’s inhumanity to man
Makes countless thousands mourn.” Burns.

In•hu´man•ly , adv. In an inhuman manner; cruelly; barbarously.

In•hu´mate , v. t. [L. inhumatus, p. p. of inhumare to inhume; pref. in- in + humare to cover with earth. See Humation, and cf. Inhume.] To inhume; to bury; to inter. Hedge.

In•hu•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. inhumation.] 1. The act of inhuming or burying; interment. 2. (Old Chem.) The act of burying vessels in warm earth in order to expose their contents to a steady moderate heat; the state of being thus exposed. 3. (Med.) Arenation.

In•hume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhumed p. pr. & vb. n. Inhuming.] [Cf. F. inhumer. See Inhumate.] 1. To deposit, as a dead body, in the earth; to bury; to inter. “Weeping they bear the mangled heaps of slain,
Inhume the natives in their native plain.” Pope. 2. To bury or place in warm earth for chemical or medicinal purposes.

In´i•a , n. (Zoöl.) A South American freshwater dolphin (Inia Boliviensis). It is ten or twelve feet long, and has a hairy snout.

In´i•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the inion.

In•im•ag´i•na•ble , a. Unimaginable; inconceivable. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

In•im´i•cal ( 277), a. [L. inimicalis, fr. inimicus unfriendly, hostile; pref. in- not + amicus friendly. See Amity.] 1. Having the disposition or temper of an enemy; unfriendly; unfavorable; — chiefly applied to private, as hostile is to public, enmity. 2. Opposed in tendency, influence, or effects; antagonistic; inconsistent; incompatible; adverse; repugnant. “We are at war with a system, which, by its essence, is inimical to all other governments.” Burke.

In•im•i•cal´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being inimical or hostile; hostility; unfriendliness. [R.]

In•im´i•cal•ly , adv. In an inimical manner.

In•im•i•ci´tious , a. [L. inimicitia enmity. See Inimical.] Inimical; unfriendly. [R.] Sterne.

In•im´i•cous , a. [L. inimicus.] Inimical; hurtful. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•im•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inimitable; inimitableness. Norris.

In•im´i•ta•ble , a. [L. inimitabilis: cf. F. inimitable. See In- not, and Imitable.] Not capable of being imitated, copied, or counterfeited; beyond imitation; surpassingly excellent; matchless; unrivaled; exceptional; unique; as an inimitable style; inimitable eloquence. ´Inimitable force.´ Dryden. “Performing such inimitable feats.” Cowper. — In•im´i•ta•ble•ness, n. — In•im´i•ta•bly, adv.

In´i•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ini•on the back of the head.] (Anat.) The external occipital protuberance of the skull.

In•iq´ui•tous , a. [From Iniquity.] Characterized by iniquity; unjust; wicked; as an iniquitous bargain; an iniquitous proceeding. “Demagogues … bribed to this iniquitous service.” Burke. Syn. — Wicked; wrong; unjust; unrighteous; nefarious; criminal. — Iniquitous, Wicked, Nefarious. Wicked is the generic term. Iniquitous is stronger, denoting a violation of the rights of others, usually by fraud or circumvention. Nefarious is still stronger, implying a breach of the most sacred obligations, and points more directly to the intrinsic badness of the deed.

In•iq´ui•tous•ly, adv. In an iniquitous manner; unjustly; wickedly.

In•iq´ui•ty , n.; pl. Iniquities (#). [OE. iniquitee, F. iniquite, L. iniquitas, inequality, unfairness, injustice. See Iniquous.] 1. Absence of, or deviation from, just dealing; want of rectitude or uprightness; gross injustice; unrighteousness; wickedness; as the iniquity of bribery; the iniquity of an unjust judge. “Till the world from his perfection fell
Into all filth and foul iniquity.” Spenser. 2. An iniquitous act or thing; a deed of injustice or unrighteousness; a sin; a crime. Milton. “Your iniquities have separated between you and your God.” Is. lix. 2. 3. A character or personification in the old English moralities, or moral dramas having the name sometimes of one vice and sometimes of another. See Vice. “Acts old Iniquity, and in the fit
Of miming gets the opinion of a wit.” B. Jonson.

In•i´quous , a. [L. iniquus; pref. in- not + aequus. See Equal.] Iniquitous. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ir´ri•ta•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + irritable: cf. F. inirritable.] Not irritable; esp. (Physiol.), incapable of being stimulated to action, as a muscle. — In•ir•ri•ta•bil´i•ty (#), n.

In•ir´ri•ta•tive , a. Not accompanied with excitement; as an inirritative fever. E. Darwin.

In•isle´ , v. t. [Cf. Enisled.] To form into an island; to surround. [Obs.] Drayton.

In•i´tial , a. [L. initialis, from initium a going in, entrance, beginning, fr. inire to go into, to enter, begin; pref. in- in + ire to go: cf. F. initial. See Issue, and cf. Commence.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning; marking the commencement; incipient; commencing; as the initial symptoms of a disease. 2. Placed at the beginning; standing at the head, as of a list or series; as the initial letters of a name.

In•i´tial, n. The first letter of a word or a name.

In•i´tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initialed p. pr. & vb. n. Initialing.] To put an initial to; to mark with an initial of initials. [R.]

In•i´tial•ly, adv. In an initial or incipient manner or degree; at the beginning. Barrow.

In•i´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initiated p. pr. & vb. n. Initiating ] [L. initiatus, p. p. of initiare to begin, fr. initium beginning. See Initial.] 1. To introduce by a first act; to make a beginning with; to set afoot; to originate; to commence; to begin or enter upon. “How are changes of this sort to be initiated?” I. Taylor. 2. To acquaint with the beginnings; to instruct in the rudiments or principles; to introduce. “Providence would only initiate mankind into the useful knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our industry.” Dr. H. More. “To initiate his pupil into any part of learning, an ordinary skill in the governor is enough.” Locke. 3. To introduce into a society or organization; to confer membership on; especially, to admit to a secret order with mysterious rites or ceremonies. “The Athenians believed that he who was initiated and instructed in the mysteries would obtain celestial honor after death.” Bp. Warburton. “He was initiated into half a dozen clubs before he was one and twenty.” Spectator.

In•i´ti•ate, v. i. To do the first act; to perform the first rite; to take the initiative. [R.] Pope.

In•i´ti•ate , a. [L. initiatus, p. p.] 1. Unpracticed; untried; new. [Obs.] ´The initiate fear that wants hard use.´ Shak. 2. Begun; commenced; introduced to, or instructed in, the rudiments; newly admitted. “To rise in science as in bliss,
Initiate in the secrets of the skies.” Young. Initiate tenant by courtesy (Law), said of a husband who becomes such in his wife’s estate of inheritance by the birth of a child, but whose estate is not consummated till the death of the wife. Mozley & W.

In•i´ti•ate, n. One who is, or is to be, initiated.

In•i•ti•a´tion , n. [L. initiatio: cf. F. initiation.] 1. The act of initiating, or the process of being initiated or introduced; as initiation into a society, into business, literature, etc. ´The initiation of courses of events.´ Pope. 2. The form or ceremony by which a person is introduced into any society; mode of entrance into an organized body; especially, the rite of admission into a secret society or order. “Silence is the first thing that is taught us at our initiation into sacred mysteries.” Broome.

In•i´ti•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. initiatif.] Serving to initiate; inceptive; initiatory; introductory; preliminary.

In•i´ti•a•tive, n. [Cf. F. initiative.] 1. An introductory step or movement; an act which originates or begins. “The undeveloped initiatives of good things to come.” I. Taylor. 2. The right or power to introduce a new measure or course of action, as in legislation; as the initiative in respect to revenue bills is in the House of Representatives.

In•i´ti•a•tor , n. [L.] One who initiates.

In•i´ti•a•to•ry , a. 1. Suitable for an introduction or beginning; introductory; prefatory; as an initiatory step. Bp. Hall. 2. Tending or serving to initiate; introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of symbols or ceremonies; elementary; rudimentary. “Some initiatory treatises in the law.” Herbert. “Two initiatory rites of the same general import can not exist together.” J. M. Mason.

In•i´ti•a•to•ry, n. An introductory act or rite. [R.]

In•i´tion , n. [Cf. OF. inition. See Initial.] Initiation; beginning. [Obs.] Sir R. Naunton.

In•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injected; p. pr. & vb. n. Injecting.] [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, injicere, to throw in; pref. in- in + jacere to throw: cf. F. injecter. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To throw in; to dart in; to force in; as to inject cold water into a condenser; to inject a medicinal liquid into a cavity of the body; to inject morphine with a hypodermic syringe. 2. Fig.: To throw; to offer; to propose; to instill. “Caesar also then hatching tyranny, injected the same scrupulous demurs.” Milton. 3. To cast or throw; — with on. [R.] “And mound inject on mound.” Pope. 4. (Anat.) To fill (a vessel, cavity, or tissue) with a fluid or other substance; as to inject the blood vessels.

In•jec´tion , n. [L. injectio : cf. F. injection.] 1. The act of injecting or throwing in; — applied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, or aëriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, etc. 2. That which is injected; especially, a liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; a clyster; an enema. Mayne. 3. (Anat.) (a) The act or process of filling vessels, cavities, or tissues with a fluid or other substance. (b) A specimen prepared by injection. 4. (Steam Eng.) (a) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum. (b) The cold water thrown into a condenser. Injection cock, or Injection valve (Steam Eng.), the cock or valve through which cold water is admitted into a condenser. — Injection condenser. See under Condenser. — Injection pipe, the pipe through which cold water is through into the condenser of a steam engine.

In•ject´or , n. 1. One who, or that which, injects. 2. (Mach.) A contrivance for forcing feed water into a steam boiler by the direct action of the steam upon the water. The water is driven into the boiler by the impulse of a jet of the steam which becomes condensed as soon as it strikes the stream of cold water it impels; — also called Giffard’s injector, from the inventor.

In•jel´ly , v. t. To place in jelly. [R.]

In•join´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Enjoin.

In•joint , v. t. [Pref. in- in + joint.] To join; to unite. [R.] Shak.

In•joint, v. t. [Pref. in- in + joint.] To disjoint; to separate. [Obs.] Holland.

In•ju•cun´di•ty , n. [L. injucunditas. See In- not, and Jocund.] Unpleasantness; disagreeableness. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In•ju´di•ca•ble , a. Not cognizable by a judge. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•ju•di´cial , a. Not according to the forms of law; not judicial. [R.]

In•ju•di´cious , a. [Pref. in- not + judicious; cf. F. injudicieux.] 1. Not judicious; wanting in sound judgment; undiscerning; indiscreet; unwise; as an injudicious adviser. “An injudicious biographer who undertook to be his editor and the protector of his memory.” A. Murphy. 2. Not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; as an injudicious measure. Syn. — Indiscreet; inconsiderate; undiscerning; incautious; unwise; rash; hasty; imprudent.

In•ju•di´cious•ly, adv. In an injudicious manner.

In•ju•di´cious•ness, n. The quality of being injudicious; want of sound judgment; indiscretion. Whitlock.

In•junc´tion , n. [L. injunctio, fr. injungere, injunctum, to join into, to enjoin. See Enjoin.] 1. The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting. 2. That which is enjoined; an order; a mandate; a decree; a command; a precept; a direction. “For still they knew, and ought to have still remembered,
The high injunction, not to taste that fruit.” Milton. “Necessary as the injunctions of lawful authority.” South. 3. (Law) A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, in some cases, under statutes, by a court of law, whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ. It is more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process, although by no means confined to the former. Wharton. Daniell. Story.

In´jure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injured p. pr. & vb. n. Injuring.] [L. injuriari, fr. injuria injury, perh. through F. injurier to insult, in OF. also to injure; or perhaps fr. E. injury, or F. injure injury. See Injury.] To do harm to; to impair the excellence and value of; to hurt; to damage; — used in a variety of senses; as: (a) To hurt or wound, as the person; to impair soundness, as of health. (b) To damage or lessen the value of, as goods or estate. (c) To slander, tarnish, or impair, as reputation or character. (d) To impair or diminish, as happiness or virtue. (e) To give pain to, as the sensibilities or the feelings; to grieve; to annoy. (f) To impair, as the intellect or mind. “When have I injured thee? when done thee wrong?” Shak. Syn. — To damage; mar; spoil; harm; sully; wrong; maltreat; abuse; insult; affront; dishonor.

In´jur•er , n. One who injures or wrongs.

In•ju´ri•a , n.; pl. Injurie (#). [L.] (Law) Injury; invasion of another’s rights.

In•ju´ri•ous , a. [L. injuriousus, injurius; cf. F. injurieux. See Injury.] 1. Not just; wrongful; iniquitous; culpable. [Obs.] Milton. “Till the injurious Roman did extort
This tribute from us, we were free.” Shak. 2. Causing injury or harm; hurtful; harmful; detrimental; mischievous; as acts injurious to health, credit, reputation, property, etc. “Without being injurious to the memory of our English Pindar.” Dryden. Syn. — Harmful; hurtful; pernicious; mischievous; baneful; deleterious; noxious; ruinous; detrimental.

In•ju´ri•ous•ly, adv. In an injurious or hurtful manner; wrongfully; hurtfully; mischievously.

In•ju´ri•ous•ness, n. The quality of being injurious or hurtful; harmfulness; injury.

In´ju•ry , n.; pl. Injuries (#). [OE. injurie, L. injuria, fr. injurius injurious, wrongful, unjust; pref. in- not + jus, juris, right, law, justice: cf. F. injure. See Just, a.] Any damage or hurt done to a person or thing; detriment to, or violation of, the person, character, feelings, rights, property, or interests of an individual; that which injures, or occasions wrong, loss, damage, or detriment; harm; hurt; loss; mischief; wrong; evil; as his health was impaired by a severe injury; slander is an injury to the character. “For he that doeth injury shall receive that that he did evil.” Wyclif(Col. iii. 25). “Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling on trifling arguments.” I. Watts. “Riot ascends above their loftiest towers,
And injury and outrage.” Milton. Injury in morals and jurisprudence is the intentional doing of wrong. Fleming. Syn. — Harm; hurt; damage; loss; impairment; detriment; wrong; evil; injustice.

In•jus´tice , n. [F. injustice, L. injustitia. See In- not, and Justice, and cf. Unjust.] 1. Want of justice and equity; violation of the rights of another or others; iniquity; wrong; unfairness; imposition. “If this people [the Athenians] resembled Nero in their extravagance, much more did they resemble and even exceed him in cruelty and injustice.” Burke. 2. An unjust act or deed; a sin; a crime; a wrong. “Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injustices without being discovered, or at least without being punished.” Swift.

Ink (ink), n. (Mach.) The step, or socket, in which the lower end of a millstone spindle runs.

Ink, n. [OE. enke, inke, OF. enque, F. encre, L. encaustum the purple red ink with which the Roman emperors signed their edicts, Gr. , fr. burnt in, encaustic, fr. to burn in. See Encaustic, Caustic.] 1. A fluid, or a viscous material or preparation of various kinds (commonly black or colored), used in writing or printing. “Make there a prick with ink.” Chaucer. “Deformed monsters, foul and black as ink.” Spenser. 2. A pigment. See India ink, under India. Ordinarily, black ink is made from nutgalls and a solution of some salt of iron, and consists essentially of a tannate or gallate of iron; sometimes indigo sulphate, or other coloring matter, is added. Other black inks contain potassium chromate, and extract of logwood, salts of vanadium, etc. Blue ink is usually a solution of Prussian blue. Red ink was formerly made from carmine (cochineal), Brazil wood, etc., but potassium eosin is now used. Also red, blue, violet, and yellow inks are largely made from aniline dyes. Indelible ink is usually a weak solution of silver nitrate, but carbon in the form of lampblack or India ink, salts of molybdenum, vanadium, etc., are also used. Sympathetic inks may be made of milk, salts of cobalt, etc. See Sympathetic ink (below). Copying ink, a peculiar ink used for writings of which copies by impression are to be taken. — Ink bag (Zoöl.), an ink sac. - - Ink berry. (Bot.) (a) A shrub of the Holly family (Ilex glabra), found in sandy grounds along the coast from New England to Florida, and producing a small black berry. (b) The West Indian indigo berry. See Indigo. — Ink plant (Bot.), a New Zealand shrub (Coriaria thymifolia), the berries of which yield a juice which forms an ink. — Ink powder, a powder from which ink is made by solution. — Ink sac (Zoöl.), an organ, found in most cephalopods, containing an inky fluid which can be ejected from a duct opening at the base of the siphon. The fluid serves to cloud the water, and enable these animals to escape from their enemies. See Illust. of Dibranchiata. — Printer’s ink, or Printing ink. See under Printing. - - Sympathetic ink, a writing fluid of such a nature that what is written remains invisible till the action of a reagent on the characters makes it visible.

Ink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inked (inkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Inking.] To put ink upon; to supply with ink; to blacken, color, or daub with ink.

Ink´er , n. One who, or that which, inks; especially, in printing, the pad or roller which inks the type.

Ink´fish , n. A cuttlefish. See Cuttlefish.

Ink´horn , n. [Ink + horn; cf. F. cornet à encre, G. dintenhorn.] A small bottle of horn or other material formerly used for holding ink; an inkstand; a portable case for writing materials. ´With a writer’s inkhorn by his side.´ Ezek. ix. 2. “From his pocket the notary drew his papers and inkhorn.” Longfellow.

Ink´horn´, a. Learned; pedantic; affected. [Obs.] ´Inkhorn terms.´ Bale.

Ink´horn•ism , n. Pedantry. Sir T. Wilson.

Ink´i•ness , n. [From Inky.] The state or quality of being inky; blackness.

Ink´ing, a. Supplying or covering with ink. Inking roller, a somewhat elastic roller, used to spread ink over forms of type, copperplates, etc. — Inking trough or table, a trough or table from which the inking roller receives its ink.

In´kle , n. [Prob.the same word as lingle, the first l being mistaken for the definite article in French. See Lingle.] A kind of tape or braid. Shak.

In´kle, v. t. [OE. inklen to hint; cf. Dan. ymte to whisper.] To guess. [Prov. Eng.] ´She inkled what it was.´ R. D. Blackmore.

In´kling , n. A hint; an intimation. “The least inkling or glimpse of this island.” Bacon. “They had some inkling of secret messages.” Clarendon.

In´knee , n. Same as Knock- knee.

In´kneed , a. See Knock- kneed.

In•knot´ , v. t. To fasten or bind, as with a knot; to knot together. Fuller.

Ink´stand , n. A small vessel for holding ink, to dip the pen into; also a device for holding ink and writing materials.

Ink´stone´ , n. A kind of stone containing native vitriol or sulphate of iron, used in making ink.

Ink´y , a. Consisting of, or resembling, ink; soiled with ink; black. ´Inky blots.´ Shak. ´Its inky blackness.´ Boyle.

In•lace´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inlaced p. pr. & vb. n. Inlacing ] [Pref. in- + lace: cf. OE. enlacen to entangle, involve, OF. enlacier, F. enlacer. See Lace, and cf. Enlace.] To work in, as lace; to embellish with work resembling lace; also to lace or enlace. P. Fletcher.

In´la•ga´tion , n. [Law L. inlagatio, fr. inlagare to restore to law. See In, and Law.] (Old Eng. Law) The restitution of an outlawed person to the protection of the law; inlawing. Bouvier.

In•laid´ , p. p. of Inlay.

In´land , a. 1. Within the land; more or less remote from the ocean or from open water; interior; as an inland town. ´This wide inland sea.´ Spenser. “From inland regions to the distant main.” Cowper. 2. Limited to the land, or to inland routes; within the seashore boundary; not passing on, or over, the sea; as inland transportation, commerce, navigation, etc. 3. Confined to a country or state; domestic; not foreign; as an inland bill of exchange. See Exchange.

In´land, n. The interior part of a country. Shak.

In´land, adv. Into, or towards, the interior, away from the coast. Cook. “The greatest waves of population have rolled inland from the east.” S. Turner.

In´land•er , n. One who lives in the interior of a country, or at a distance from the sea. Sir T. Browne.

In´land•ish, a. Inland. [Obs.] T. Reeve(1657)

In•lap´i•date , v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. lapis, lapidis, stone.] To convert into a stony substance; to petrify. [R.] Bacon.

In•lard´ , v. t. See Enlard.

In•law´ , v. t. [In + law. Cf. Inlagation.] (Old Eng. Law) To clear of outlawry or attainder; to place under the protection of the law. Burrill.

In•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inlaied p. pr. & vb. n. Inlaying.] To lay within; hence, to insert, as pieces of pearl, ivory, choice woods, or the like, in a groundwork of some other material; to form an ornamental surface; to diversify or adorn with insertions. “Look, how the floor of heaven
Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold.” Shak. “But these things are … borrowed by the monks to inlay their story.” Milton.

In´lay , n. Matter or pieces of wood, ivory, etc., inlaid, or prepared for inlaying; that which is inserted or inlaid for ornament or variety. “Crocus and hyacinth with rich inlay
Broidered the ground.” Milton. “The sloping of the moonlit sward
Was damask work, and deep inlay
Of braided blooms.” Tennyson.

In•lay´er , n. One who inlays, or whose occupation it is to inlay.

In•league´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inleagued p. pr. & vb. n. Inleaguing ] To ally, or form an alliance with; to unite; to combine. “With a willingness inleague our blood
With his, for purchase of full growth in friendship.” Ford.

In•lea´guer , v. t. To beleaguer. Holland.

In´let , n. 1. A passage by which an inclosed place may be entered; a place of ingress; entrance. “Doors and windows, inlets of men and of light.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. A bay or recess, as in the shore of a sea, lake, or large river; a narrow strip of water running into the land or between islands. 3. That which is let in or inlaid; an inserted material. Inlet is also used adjectively, as in inlet pipe, inlet valve, etc.

In•light´en , v. t. See Enlighten.

In•list´ , v. t. See Enlist.

In•live´ , v. t. To animate. [R.] B. Jonson.

In•lock´ , v. t. To lock in, or inclose.

In lo´co [L.] In the place; in the proper or natural place.

In•lu´mine , v. t. [Obs.] See Illumine.

In´ly , a. [OE. inlich, AS. inlic. See In.] Internal; interior; secret. “Didst thou but know the inly touch of love.” Shak.

In´ly, adv. Internally; within; in the heart. ´Whereat he inly raged.´ Milton.

In´ma•cy , n. [From Inmate.] The state of being an inmate. [R.] Craig.

In´mate (in´mat•), n. [In + mate an associate.] One who lives in the same house or apartment with another; a fellow lodger; esp., one of the occupants of an asylum, hospital, or prison; by extension, one who occupies or lodges in any place or dwelling. “So spake the enemy of mankind, inclos’d
In serpent, inmate bad.” Milton.

In´mate, a. Admitted as a dweller; resident; internal. [R.] ´Inmate guests.´ Milton.

In´meats , n. pl. The edible viscera of animals, as the heart, liver, etc.

In•mesh´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inmeshed p. pr. & vb. n. Inmeshing.] To bring within meshes, as of a net; to enmesh.

In•mew´ , v. t. [Cf.Emmew, Immew.] To inclose, as in a mew or cage. [R.] ´Inmew the town below.´ Beau. & Fl.

In´most , a. [OE. innemest, AS. innemest, a double superlative form fr. inne within, fr. in in. The modern form is due to confusion with most. See In, and cf. Aftermost, Foremost, Innermost.] Deepest within; farthest from the surface or external part; innermost. “And pierce the inmost center of the earth.” Shak. “The silent, slow, consuming fires,
Which on my inmost vitals prey.” Addison.

Inn , n. [AS. in, inn, house, chamber, inn, from AS. in in; akin to Icel. inni house. See In.] 1. A place of shelter; hence, dwelling; habitation; residence; abode. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Therefore with me ye may take up your inn
For this same night.” Spenser. 2. A house for the lodging and entertainment of travelers or wayfarers; a tavern; a public house; a hotel. As distinguished from a private boarding house, an inn is a house for the entertainment of all travelers of good conduct and means of payment, as guests for a brief period, not as lodgers or boarders by contract. “The miserable fare and miserable lodgment of a provincial inn.” W. Irving. 3. The town residence of a nobleman or distinguished person; as Leicester Inn. [Eng.] 4. One of the colleges (societies or buildings) in London, for students of the law barristers; as the Inns of Court; the Inns of Chancery; Serjeants’ Inns. Inns of chancery (Eng.), colleges in which young students formerly began their law studies, now occupied chiefly by attorneys, solicitors, etc. — Inns of court (Eng.), the four societies of ´students and practicers of the law of England´ which in London exercise the exclusive right of admitting persons to practice at the bar; also the buildings in which the law students and barristers have their chambers. They are the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, Lincoln’s Inn, and Gray’s Inn.

Inn (in), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inned (ind); p. pr. & vb. n. Inning.] To take lodging; to lodge. [R.] Addison.

Inn, v. t. 1. To house; to lodge. [Obs.] “When he had brought them into his city
And inned them, everich at his degree.” Chaucer. 2. To get in; to in. See In, v. t.

In´nate (in´nat or in•nat´; 277), a. [L. innatus; pref. in- in + natus born, p. p. of nasci to be born. See Native.] 1. Inborn; native; natural; as innate vigor; innate eloquence. 2. (Metaph.) Originating in, or derived from, the constitution of the intellect, as opposed to acquired from experience; as innate ideas. See A priori, Intuitive. “There is an innate light in every man, discovering to him the first lines of duty in the common notions of good and evil.” South. “Men would not be guilty if they did not carry in their mind common notions of morality, innate and written in divine letters.” Fleming (Origen). “If I could only show, as I hope I shall … how men, barely by the use of their natural faculties, may attain to all the knowledge they have, without the help of any innate impressions; and may arrive at certainty without any such original notions or principles.” Locke. 3. (Bot.) Joined by the base to the very tip of a filament; as an innate anther. Gray. Innate ideas (Metaph.), ideas as of God, immortality, right and wrong, supposed by some to be inherent in the mind, as a priori principles of knowledge.

In•nate´ , v. t. To cause to exit; to call into being. [Obs.] ´The first innating cause.´ Marston.

In´nate•ly , adv. Naturally.

In´nate•ness, n. The quality of being innate.

In•na´tive , a. Native. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•nav´i•ga•ble , a. [L. innavigabilis : cf. F. innavigable. See In- not, and Navigable.] Incapable of being navigated; impassable by ships or vessels. Drygen. — In•nav´i•ga•bly, adv.

Inne , adv. & prep. In. [Obs.] “And eke in what array that they were inne.” Chaucer.

In´ner (in´ner), a. [AS. innera, a compar. fr. inne within, fr. in in. See In.] 1. Further in; interior; internal; not outward; as an inner chamber. 2. Of or pertaining to the spirit or its phenomena. “This attracts the soul,
Governs the inner man, the nobler part.” Milton. 3. Not obvious or easily discovered; obscure. Inner house (Scot.), the first and second divisions of the court of Session at Edinburgh; also the place of their sittings. — Inner jib (Naut.), a fore-and-aft sail set on a stay running from the fore-topmast head to the jib boom. — Inner plate (Arch.), the wall plate which lies nearest to the center of the roof, in a double-plated roof. — Inner post (Naut.), a piece brought on at the fore side of the main post, to support the transoms. — Inner square (Carp.), the angle formed by the inner edges of a carpenter’s square.

In´ner•ly, adv. More within. [Obs.] Baret.

In´ner•most (-most•), a. [A corruption of inmost due to influence of inner. See Inmost.] Farthest inward; most remote from the outward part; inmost; deepest within. Prov. xviii. 8.

In´ner•most•ly, adv. In the innermost place. [R.] “His ebon cross worn innermostly.” Mrs. Browning.

In•ner´vate (in•ner´vat), v. t. [See Innerve.] (Anat.) To supply with nerves; as the heart is innervated by pneumogastric and sympathetic branches.

In•ner•va´tion , n. [Cf. F. innervation.] 1. The act of innerving or stimulating. 2. (Physiol.) Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, and the functions of the various organs. 3. (Anat.) The distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts.

In•nerve´ (in•nerv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innerved (- nervd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Innerving.] [Pref. in- in + nerve.] To give nervous energy or power to; to give increased energy, force, or courage to; to invigorate; to stimulate.

Inn´hold•er , n. One who keeps an inn.

In´ning , n. [AS. innung, fr. in in, prep. & adv.] 1. Ingathering; harvesting. [Obs.] Holland. 2. The state or turn of being in; specifically, in cricket, baseball, etc., the turn or time of a player or of a side at the bat; — often in the pl. Hence: The turn or time of a person, or a party, in power; as the Whigs went out, and the Democrats had their innings. 3. pl. Lands recovered from the sea. Ainsworth.

In•ni´ten•cy , n. [L. inniti, p. p. innixus, to lean upon; pref. in- in, on + niti to lean.] A leaning; pressure; weight. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•nix´ion , n. [See Innitency.] Act of leaning upon something; incumbency. [Obs.] Derham.

Inn´keep•er , n. An innholder.

In´no•cence , n. [F. innocence, L. innocentia. See Innocent.] 1. The state or quality of being innocent; freedom from that which is harmful or infurious; harmlessness. 2. The state or quality of being morally free from guilt or sin; purity of heart; blamelessness. “The silence often of pure innocence
Persuades when speaking fails.” Shak. “Banished from man’s life his happiest life,
Simplicity and spotless innocence!” Milton. 3. The state or quality of being not chargeable for, or guilty of, a particular crime or offense; as the innocence of the prisoner was clearly shown. 4. Simplicity or plainness, bordering on weakness or silliness; artlessness; ingenuousness. Chaucer. Shak. Syn. — Harmlessness; innocuousness; blamelessness; purity; sinlessness; guiltlessness.

In´no•cen•cy , n. Innocence.

In´no•cent , a. [F. innocent, L. innocens, -entis; pref. in- not + nocens, p. pr. of nocere to harm, hurt. See Noxious.] 1. Not harmful; free from that which can injure; innoxious; innocuous; harmless; as an innocent medicine or remedy. “The spear
Sung innocent, and spent its force in air.” Pope. 2. Morally free from guilt; guiltless; not tainted with sin; pure; upright. “To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb.” Shak. “I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood.” Matt. xxvii. 4. “The aidless, innocent lady, his wished prey.” Milton. 3. Free from the guilt of a particular crime or offense; as a man is innocent of the crime charged. “Innocent from the great transgression.” Ps. xix. 13. 4. Simple; artless; foolish. Shak. 5. Lawful; permitted; as an innocent trade. 6. Not contraband; not subject to forfeiture; as innocent goods carried to a belligerent nation. Innocent party (Law), a party who has not notice of a fact tainting a litigated transaction with illegality. Syn. — Harmless; innoxious; innoffensive; guiltless; spotless; immaculate; pure; unblamable; blameless; faultless; guileless; upright.

In´no•cent, n. 1. An innocent person; one free from, or unacquainted with, guilt or sin. Shak. 2. An unsophisticated person; hence, a child; a simpleton; an idiot. B. Jonson. “In Scotland a natural fool was called an innocent.” Sir W. Scott. Innocents’ day (Eccl.), Childermas day.

In´no•cent•ly, adv. In an innocent manner.

In´no•cu´i•ty , n. Innocuousness.

In•noc´u•ous , a. [L. innocuus; in- not + nocuus hurtful, fr. nocere to hurt. See Innocent.] Harmless; producing no ill effect; innocent. “A patient, innocuous, innocent man.” Burton. — In•noc´u•ous•ly, adv. — In•noc´u•ous•ness, n. “Where the salt sea innocuously breaks.” Wordsworth.

In´no•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innodated p. pr. & vb. n. Innodating ] [L. innodatus, p. p. of innodare; pref. in- in + nodus knot.] To bind up, as in a knot; to include. [Obs.] Fuller.

In•nom´i•na•ble , a. [L. innominabilis; pref. in- not + nominare to name: cf. F. innominable.] Not to be named. [R.] Testament of Love.

In•nom´i•nate , a. [L. innominatus; pref. in- not + nominare to name.] 1. Having no name; unnamed; as an innominate person or place. [R.] Ray. 2. (Anat.) A term used in designating many parts otherwise unnamed; as the innominate artery, a great branch of the arch of the aorta; the innominate vein, a great branch of the superior vena cava. Innominate bone (Anat.), the great bone which makes a lateral half of the pelvis in mammals; hip bone; haunch bone; huckle bone. It is composed of three bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, consolidated into one in the adult, though separate in the fetus, as also in many adult reptiles and amphibians. — Innominate contracts (Law), in the Roman law, contracts without a specific name.

In´no•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innovated p. pr. & vb. n. Innovating ] [L. innovatus, p. p. of innovare to revew; pref. in- in + novare to make new, fr. novus new. See New.] 1. To bring in as new; to introduce as a novelty; as to innovate a word or an act. [Archaic] 2. To change or alter by introducing something new; to remodel; to revolutionize. [Archaic] Burton. “From his attempts upon the civil power, he proceeds
to innovate God’s worship.” South.

In´no•vate, v. i. To introduce novelties or changes; — sometimes with in or on. Bacon. “Every man, therefore, is not fit to innovate.” Dryden.

In•no•va´tion , n. [L. innovatio; cf. F. innovation.] 1. The act of innovating; introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc. Dryden. 2. A change effected by innovating; a change in customs; something new, and contrary to established customs, manners, or rites. Bacon. “The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness, but levity and want of experience maketh apt unto innovations.” Hooker. 3. (Bot.) A newly formed shoot, or the annually produced addition to the stems of many mosses.

In•no•va´tion•ist, n. One who favors innovation.

In´no•va•tive , a. Characterized by, or introducing, innovations. Fitzed. Hall.

In´no•va•tor , n. [Cf. F. innovateur.] One who innovates. Shak.

In•nox´ious , a. [L. innoxius. See In- not, and Noxious.] 1. Free from hurtful qualities or effects; harmless. ´Innoxious flames.´ Sir K. Digby. 2. Free from crime; pure; innocent. Pope. — In•nox•ious•ly, adv. — In•nox´ious•ness, n.

In•nu´bi•lous , a. [L. innubilus. See Nubilous.] Cloudless. [Obs.] Blount.

In•nu•en´do , n.; pl. Innuedoes. [L., by intimation, by hinting, gerund of innuere, innutum, to give a nod, to intimate; pref. in- in, to + -nuere (in comp.) to nod. See Nutation.] 1. An oblique hint; a remote allusion or reference, usually derogatory to a person or thing not named; an insinuation. “Mercury … owns it a marriage by an innuendo.” Dryden. “Pursue your trade of scandal picking;
Your innuendoes, when you tell us,
That Stella loves to talk with fellows.” Swift. 2. (Law) An averment employed in pleading, to point the application of matter otherwise unintelligible; an interpretative parenthesis thrown into quoted matter to explain an obscure word or words; — as the plaintiff avers that the defendant said that he (innuendo the plaintiff) was a thief. Wharton. The term is so applied from having been the introductory word of this averment or parenthetic explanation when pleadings were in Latin. The word ´meaning´ is used as its equivalent in modern forms. Syn. — Insinuation; suggestion; hint; intimation; reference; allusion; implication; representation; — Innuendo, Insinuation. An innuendo is an equivocal allusion so framed as to point distinctly at something which is injurious to the character or reputation of the person referred to. An insinuation turns on no such double use of language, but consists in artfully winding into the mind imputations of an injurious nature without making any direct charge.

In´nu•ent , a. [L. innuens, p. pr.] Conveying a hint; significant. [Obs.] Burton.

In´nu•it, n. [Native name.] (Ethnol.) An Eskimo.

In•nu•mer•a•bil´i•ty , n. [L. innumerabilitas.] State of being innumerable. Fotherby.

In•nu•mer•a•ble , a. [L. innumerabilis : cf. F. innumefable. See In- not, and Numerable.] Not capable of being counted, enumerated, or numbered, for multitude; countless; numberless; unnumbered, hence, indefinitely numerous; of great number. “Innumerable as the stars of night.” Milton. — In•nu´mer•a•ble•ness, n. — In•nu´mer•a•bly, adv.

In•nu´mer•ous , a. [L. innumerosus, innumerus. See Numerous.] Innumerable. [Archaic] Milton.

In•nu•tri´tion , n. Want of nutrition; failure of nourishment. E. Darwin.

In•nu•tri´tious , a. Not nutritious; not furnishing nourishment.

In•nu´tri•tive , a. Innutritious.

Inn´yard , n. The yard adjoining an inn.

In•o•be´di•ence , n. [L. inoboedientia : cf. F. inobedience.] Disobedience. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer.

In•o•be´di•ent , a. [L. inoboediens, p. pr. of inoboedire : cf. F. inobedient. See Obedient.] Not obedient; disobedient. [Obs.] Chaucer. — In•o•be´di•ent•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•ob•serv´a•ble , a. [L. inobservabilis : cf. F. inobservable. See In- not, and Observable.] Not observable.

In•ob•serv´ance , a. [L. inobservantia : cf. F. inobservance.] Want or neglect of observance. Bacon.

In•ob•serv´ant , a. [L. inobservans. See In- not, and Observant.] Not observant; regardless; heedless. Bp. Hurd. — In•ob•serv´ant•ly, adv.

In•ob•ser•va´tion , n. [Cf. F. inobservation.] Neglect or want of observation. [R.]

In•ob•tru´sive , a. Not obtrusive; unobtrusive. — In•ob•tru´sive•ly, adv. — In•ob•tru´sive•ness, n.

In•o•car´pin , n. [Gr. ’i•s, ’ino•s, muscle + karpo•s fruit.] (Chem.) A red, gummy, coloring matter, extracted from the colorless juice of the Otaheite chestnut (Inocarpus edulis).

In•oc•cu•pa´tion, n. Want of occupation.

In•o•cer´a•mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’i•s, ’ino•s, a muscle + an earthen vessel.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of large, fossil, bivalve shells, allied to the mussels. The genus is characteristic of the Cretaceous period.

In•oc•u•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inoculable.

In•oc´u•la•ble , a. [See Inoculate.] Capable of being inoculated; capable of communicating disease, or of being communicated, by inoculation.

In•oc´u•lar , a. (Zoöl) Inserted in the corner of the eye; — said of the antennae of certain insects.

In•oc´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inoculated p. pr. & vb. n. Inoculating ] [L. inoculatus, p. p. of inoculare to ingraft; pref. in- in, on + oculare to furnish with eyes, fr. oculus an eye, also a bud. See Ocular.] 1. To bud; to insert, or graft, as the bud of a tree or plant in another tree or plant. 2. To insert a foreign bud into; as to inoculate a tree. 3. (Med.) To communicate a disease to ( a person ) by inserting infectious matter in the skin or flesh; as to inoculate a person with the virus of smallpox, rabies, etc. See Vaccinate. 4. Fig.: To introduce into the mind; — used especially of harmful ideas or principles; to imbue; as to inoculate one with treason or infidelity.

In•oc´u•late, v. i. 1. To graft by inserting buds. 2. To communicate disease by inoculation.

In•oc´u•la´tion , n. [L. inoculatio: cf. F. inoculation.] 1. The act or art of inoculating trees or plants. 2. (Med.) The act or practice of communicating a disease to a person in health, by inserting contagious matter in his skin or flesh. The use was formerly limited to the intentional communication of the smallpox, but is now extended to include any similar introduction of modified virus; as the inoculation of rabies by Pasteur. 3. Fig.: The communication of principles, especially false principles, to the mind.

In•oc´u•la•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. inoculateur.] One who inoculates; one who propagates plants or diseases by inoculation.

In•o´di•ate (in•o´di•at), v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. odium hatred.] To make odious or hateful. [Obs.] South.

In•o´dor•ate , a. Inodorous. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•o´dor•ous , a. [L. inodorus. See In- not, and Odorous.] Emitting no odor; wthout smell; scentless; odorless. — In•o´dor•ous•ness, n.

In´of•fen´sive , a. [Pref. in- not + offensiue: cf. F. inoffensif.] 1. Giving no offense, or provocation; causing no uneasiness, annoyance, or disturbance; as an inoffensive man, answer, appearance. 2. Harmless; doing no injury or mischief. Dryden. 3. Not obstructing; presenting no interruption or hindrance. [R.] Milton. “So have I seen a river gently glide
In a smooth course, and inoffensive tide.” Addison. — In´of•fen´sive•ly, adv. — In´of•fen´sive•ness, n.

In´of•fi´cial , a. Not official; not having official sanction or authority; not according to the forms or ceremony of official business; as inofficial intelligence. “Pinckney and Marshall would not make inofficial visits to discuss official business.” Pickering. Syn. — Private; informal; unwarranted; unauthorizod; irregular; unceremonious; unprofessional.

In•of•fi´cial•ly, adv. Without the usual forms, or not in the official character.

In•of•fi´cious , a. [L. inofficiosus: cf. F. inofficieux. See In- not, and Officious.] 1. Indifferent to obligation or duty. [Obs.] “Thou drown’st thyself in inofficious sleep.” B. Jonson. 2. Not officious; not civil or attentive. [Obs.] Jonhson. 3. (Law) Regardless of natural obligation; contrary to natural duty; unkind; — commonly said of a testament made without regard to natural obligation, or by which a child is unjustly deprived of inheritance. ´The inofficious testament.´ Blackstone. ´An inofficious disposition of his fortune.´ Paley.

In•of•fi´cious•ly, adv. Not officiously.

In´o•gen , n. [Gr. , , a muscle + -gen.] (Physiol.) A complex nitrogenous substance, which, by Hermann’s hypothesis, is continually decomposed and reproduced in the muscles, during their life.

In•op•er•a´tion , n. [L. inoperari to effect; pref. in- in + operari to operate.] Agency; influence; production of effects. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•op´er•a•tive , a. [Pref. in- not + operative.] Not operative; not active; producing no effects; as laws renderd inoperative by neglect; inoperative remedies or processes. { In•o•per´cu•lar , In•o•per´cu•late } a. (Zoöl.) Having no operculum; — said of certain gastropod shells.

In•o•pin´a•ble , a. [L. inopinabilis. See Inopinate.] Not to be expected; inconceivable. [Obs.] ´Inopinable, incredible … sayings.´ Latimer.

In•op´i•nate , a. [L. inopinatus. See In- not, and Opine.] Not expected or looked for. [Obs.]

In•op•por•tune´ , a. [L. inopportunus: cf. F. inopportun. See In- not, and Opportune.] Not opportune; inconvenient; unseasonable; as an inopportune occurrence, remark, etc. “No visit could have been more inopportune.” T. Hook.

In•op•por•tune´ly, adv. Not opportunely; unseasonably; inconveniently.

In•op•por•tu´ni•ty , n. Want of opportunity; unseasonableness; inconvenience. [R.]

In•op•press´ive , a. Not oppressive or burdensome. O. Wolcott.

In•op´u•lent , a. [Pref. in- not + opulent: cf. F. inopulent.] Not opulent; not affluent or rich.

In•or´di•na•cy , n. The state or quality of being inordinate; excessiveness; immoderateness; as the inordinacy of love or desire. Jer. Taylor.

In•or´di•nate , a. [L. inordinatus disordered. See In- not, and Ordinate.] Not limited to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds; irregular; excessive; immoderate; as an inordinate love of the world. ´Inordinate desires.´ Milton. ´Inordinate vanity.´ Burke. — In•or´di•nate•ly, adv. — In•or´di•nate•ness, n.

In•or•di•na´tion , n. [L. inordinatio.] Deviation from custom, rule, or right; irregularity; inordinacy. [Obs.] South. “Every inordination of religion that is not in defect, is properly called superstition.” Jer. Taylor.

In•or•gan´ic , a. [Pref. in- not + organic: cf. F. inorganique.] Not organic; without the organs necessary for life; devoid of an organized structure; unorganized; lifeness; inanimate; as all chemical compounds are inorganic substances. The term inorganic is used to denote any one the large series of substances (as minerals, metals, etc.), which are not directly connected with vital processes, either in origin or nature, and which are broadly and relatively contrasted with organic substances. See Organic. Inorganic Chemistry. See under Chemistry.

In•or•gan´ic•al , a. Inorganic. Locke.

In•or•gan´ic•al•ly, adv. In an inorganic manner.

In•or•gan´i•ty , n. Quality of being inorganic. [Obs.] ´The inorganity of the soul.´ Sir T. Browne.

In•or•gan•i•za´tion , n. The state of being without organization.

In•or´gan•ized , a. Not having organic structure; devoid of organs; inorganic.

In•or•thog´ra•phy , n. Deviation from correct orthography; bad spelling. [Obs.] Feltham.

In•os´cu•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inosculated p. pr. & vb. n. Inosculating ] [Pref. in- in + osculate.] 1. To unite by apposition or contact, as two tubular vessels at their extremities; to anastomose. 2. To intercommunicate; to interjoin. “The several monthly divisions of the journal may inosculate, but not the several volumes.” De Quincey.

In•os´cu•late , v. t. 1. To unite by apposition or contact, as two vessels in an animal body. Berkeley. 2. To unite intimately; to cause to become as one. “They were still together, grew
(For so they said themselves) inosculated.” Tennyson.

In•os•cu•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. inosculation.] The junction or connection of vessels, channels, or passages, so that their contents pass from one to the other; union by mouths or ducts; anastomosis; intercommunication; as inosculation of veins, etc. Ray.

In•o•sin´ic , a. [From Inosite.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, inosite; as inosinic acid.

In´o•site , n. [Gr. ’i•s, ’ino•s, strength, muscle.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white crystalline substance with a sweet taste, found in certain animal tissues and fluids, particularly in the muscles of the heart and lungs, also in some plants, as in unripe pease, beans, potato sprouts, etc. Called also phaseomannite. Chemically, it has the composition represented by the formula, C_6H_12O_6+H_2O, and was formerly regarded as a carbohydrate, isomeric with dextrose, but is now known to be an aromatic compound (a hexacid phenol derivative of benzene).

In•ox´idi•za•ble , a. (Chem.) Incapable of being oxidized; as gold and platinum are inoxidizable in the air.

In•ox´i•dize , v. i. To prevent or hinder oxidation, rust, or decay; as inoxidizing oils or varnishes.

In• pos´se [L.] In possibility; possible, although not yet in existence or come to pass; — contradistinguished from in esse.

In•quar•ta´tion , n. Quartation.

In´quest , n. [OE. enqueste, OF. enqueste, F. enquête, LL. inquesta, for inquisita, fr. L. inquisitus, p. p. of inquirere. See Inquire.] 1. Inquiry; quest; search. [R.] Spenser. “The laborious and vexatious inquest that the soul must make after science.” South. 2. (Law) (a) Judicial inquiry; official examination, esp. before a jury; as a coroner’s inquest in case of a sudden death. (b) A body of men assembled under authority of law to inquire into any matter, civil or criminal, particularly any case of violent or sudden death; a jury, particularly a coroner’s jury. The grand jury is sometimes called the grand inquest. See under Grand. (c) The finding of the jury upon such inquiry. Coroner’s inquest, an inquest held by a coroner to determine the cause of any violent, sudden, or mysterious death. See Coroner. — Inquest of office, an inquiry made, by authority or direction of proper officer, into matters affecting the rights and interests of the crown or of the state. Craig. Bouvier.

In•qui´et , v. t. [L. inquietare: cf. F. inquieter. See Quiet.] To disquiet. [Obs.] Joye.

In•qui•e•ta´tion , n. [L. inquietatio : cf. F. inquielation.] Disturbance. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In•qui´et•ness, n. Unquietness. [Obs.] Joye.

In•qui´e•tude , n. [L. inquietudo: cf. F. inquietude.] Disturbed state; uneasiness either of body or mind; restlessness; disquietude. Sir H. Wotton.

In´qui•line , n. [L. inquilinus a tenant, lodger.] (Zoöl.) A gallfly which deposits its eggs in galls formed by other insects.

In´qui•nate , v. t. [L. inquinatus, p. p. of inquinare to defile.] To defile; to pollute; to contaminate; to befoul. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•qui•na´tion , n. [L. inquinatio.] A defiling; pollution; stain. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•quir´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. enquerable.] Capable of being inquired into; subject or liable to inquisition or inquest. Bacon.

In•quir´ance , n. Inquiry. [Obs.] Latimer.

In•quire´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inquired p. pr. & vb. n. Inquiring.] [OE. enqueren, inqueren, OF. enquerre, F. enquerir, L. inquirere, inquisitum; pref. in- in + quarere to seek. See Quest a seeking, and cf. Inquiry.] [Written also enquire.] 1. To ask a question; to seek for truth or information by putting queries. “We will call the damsel, and inquire.” Gen. xxiv. 57. “Then David inquired of the Lord yet again. And the Lord answered him.” 1 Sam. xxiii. 4. 2. To seek to learn anything by recourse to the proper means of knowledge; to make examination. “And inquire
Gladly into the ways of God with man.” Miltom. This word is followed by of before the person asked; as to inquire of a neighbor. It is followed by concerning, after, or about, before the subject of inquiry; as his friends inquired about or concerning his welfare. ´Thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this.´ Eccl. vii. 10. It is followed by into when search is made for particular knowledge or information; as to inquire into the cause of a sudden death. It is followed by for or after when a place or person is sought, or something is missing. ´Inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul of Tarsus.´ Acts ix. 11.

In•quire´, v. t. 1. To ask about; to seek to know by asking; to make examination or inquiry respecting. “Having thus at length inquired the truth concerning law and dispense.” Milton. “And all obey and few inquire his will.” Byron. 2. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To ask; question. See Question.

In•quir´ent , a. [L. inquirens, p. pr.] Making inquiry; inquiring; questioning. [Obs.] Shenstone.

In•quir´er , n. [Written also enquirer.] One who inquires or examines; questioner; investigator. Locke. “Expert inquirers after truth.” Cowper.

In•quir´ing, a. Given to inquiry; disposed to investigate causes; curious; as an inquiring mind.

In•quir´ing•ly, adv. In an inquiring manner.

In•quir´y , n.; pl. Inquiries (#). [See Inquire.] [Written also enquiry.] 1. The act of inquiring; a seeking for information by asking questions; interrogation; a question or questioning. “He could no path nor track of foot descry,
Nor by inquiry learn, nor guess by aim.” Spenser. “The men which were sent from Cornelius had made inquiry for Simon’s house, and stood before the gate.” Acts x. 17. 2. Search for truth, information, or knowledge; examination into facts or principles; research; investigation; as physical inquiries. “All that is wanting to the perfection of this art will undoubtedly be found, if able men … will make inquiry into it.” Dryden. Court of inquiry. See under Court. — Writ of inquiry, a writ issued in certain actions at law, where the defendant has suffered judgment to pass against him by default, in order to ascertain and assess the plaintiff’s damages, where they can not readily be ascertained by mere calculation. Burrill. Syn. — Interrogation; interrogatory; question; query; scrutiny; investigation; research; examination.

In•quis´i•ble , a. Admitting judicial inquiry. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•qui•si´tion , n. [L. inquisitio : cf. F. inquisition. See Inquire, and cf. Inquest.] 1. The act of inquiring; inquiry; search; examination; inspection; investigation. “As I could learn through earnest inquisition.” Latimer. “Let not search and inquisition quail
To bring again these foolish runaways.” Shak. 2. (Law) (a) Judicial inquiry; official examination; inquest. (b) The finding of a jury, especially such a finding under a writ of inquiry. Bouvier. “The justices in eyre had it formerly in charge to make inquisition concerning them by a jury of the county.” Blackstone. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A court or tribunal for the examination and punishment of heretics, fully established by Pope Gregory IX. in 1235. Its operations were chiefly confined to Spain, Portugal, and their dependencies, and a part of Italy.

In•qui•si´tion, v. t. To make inquisition concerning; to inquire into. [Obs.] Milton.

In•qui•si´tion•al , a. [LL. inquisitionalis.] Relating to inquiry or inquisition; inquisitorial; also of or pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Inquisition. “All the inquisitional rigor … executed upon books.” Milton.

In•qui•si´tion•a•ry, , a. [Cf. F. inquisitionnaire.] [R.] Inquisitional.

In•quis´i•tive , a. [OE. inquisitif, F. inquisitif.] 1. Disposed to ask questions, especially in matters which do not concern the inquirer. “A wise man is not inquisitive about things impertinent.” Broome. 2. Given to examination, investigation, or research; searching; curious. “A young, inquisitive, and sprightly genius.” I. Watts. Syn. — Inquiring; prying; curious; meddling; intrusive. - - Inquisitive, Curious, Prying. Curious denotes a feeling, and inquisitive a habit. We are curious when we desire to learn something new; we are inquisitive when we set ourselves to gain it by inquiry or research. Prying implies inquisitiveness, and is more commonly used in a bad sense, as indicating a desire to penetrate into the secrets of others. “[We] curious are to hear,
What happens new.” Milton. “This folio of four pages [a newspaper], happy work!
Which not even critics criticise; that holds
Inquisitive attention, while I read.” Cowper. “Nor need we with a prying eye survey
The distant skies, to find the Milky Way.” Creech.

In•quis´i•tive, n. A person who is inquisitive; one curious in research. Sir W. Temple.

In•quis´i•tive•ly, adv. In an inquisitive manner. “The occasion that made him afterwards so inquisitively apply himself to the study of physic.” Boyle.

In•quis´i•tive•ness, n. The quality or state of being inquisitive; the disposition to seek explanation and information; curiosity to learn what is unknown; esp., uncontrolled and impertinent curiosity. “Mr. Boswell, whose inquisitiveness is seconded by great activity, scrambled in at a high window.” Johnson. “Curiosity in children nature has provided, to remove that ignorance they were born with; which, without this busy inquisitiveness, will make them dull.” Locke.

In•quis´i•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. inquisiteur. See Inquire.] 1. An inquisitive person; one fond of asking questions. [R.] ´Inquisitors are tatlers.´ Feltham. 2. (Law) One whose official duty it is to examine and inquire, as coroners, sheriffs, etc. Mozley & W. 3. (R.C.Ch.) A member of the Court of Inquisition.

In•quis•i•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. inquisitorial.] 1. Pertaining to inquisition; making rigorous and unfriendly inquiry; searching; as inquisitorial power. ´Illiberal and inquisitorial abuse.´ F. Blackburne. “He conferred on it a kind of inquisitorial and censorious power even over the laity, and directed it to inquire into all matters of conscience.” Hume. 2. Pertaining to the Court of Inquisition or resembling its practices. ´Inquisitorial robes.´ C. Buchanan.

In•quis•i•to´ri•al•ly, adv. In an inquisitorial manner.

In•quis•i•to´ri•ous , a. Making strict inquiry; inquisitorial. [Obs.] Milton.

In•quis•i•tu´ri•ent , a. Inquisitorial. [Obs.] ´Our inquisiturient bishops.´ Milton.

In•rac´i•nate , v. t. [Pref. in- in + F. racine root: cf. F. enraciner.] To enroot or implant.

In•rail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inrailed p. pr. & vb. n. Inrailing.] To rail in; to inclose or surround, as with rails. Hooker.

In•reg´is•ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inregistered p. pr. & vb. n. Inregistering.] [Pref. in- in + register: cf. F. enregistrer. Cf. Enregister.] To register; to enter, as in a register. [R.] Walsh.

In´road (in´rod•), n. The entrance of an enemy into a country with purposes of hostility; a sudden or desultory incursion or invasion; raid; encroachment. “The loss of Shrewsbury exposed all North Wales to the daily inroads of the enemy.” Clarendon. “With perpetual inroads to alarm,
Though inaccessible, his fatal throne.” Milton. Syn. — Invasion; incursion; irruption. See Invasion.

In•road´ (in•rod´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inroaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Inroading.] To make an inroad into; to invade. [Obs.] “The Saracens … conquered Spain, inroaded Aquitaine.” Fuller.

In•roll´ , v. t. See Enroll.

In´run•ning , n. The act or the place of entrance; an inlet. Tennyson.

In´rush , n. A rush inwards; as the inrush of the tide. G. Eliot.

In•rush´ , v. i. To rush in. [Obs.] Holland.

In•sab•ba•ta´ti , n. pl. [LL. Insabatati. See 1st In-, and Sabot.] The Waldenses; — so called from their peculiarly cut or marked sabots, or shoes.

In•safe´ty , n. Insecurity; danger. [Obs.]

In•sal•i•va´tion , n. (Physiol.) The mixing of the food with the saliva and other secretions of the mouth in eating.

In•sa•lu´bri•ous , a. [Pref. in- not + salubrious: cf. L. insalubris, F. insalubre.] Not salubrious or healthful; unwholesome; as an insalubrious air or climate.

In•sa•lu´bri•ty , n. [Cf. F. insalubrite.] Unhealthfulness; unwholesomeness; as the insalubrity of air, water, or climate. Boyle.

In•sal´u•ta•ry , a. [L. insaluteris : cf. F. insalutaire. See In- not, and Salutary.] 1. Not salutary or wholesome; unfavorable to health. 2. Not tending to safety; productive of evil.

In•san•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being insanable or incurable; insanableness.

In•san´a•ble , a. [L. insanabilis; cf. OF. insanable. See In- not, and Sanable.] Not capable of being healed; incurable; irremediable.

In•san´a•ble•ness, n. The state of being insanable; insanability; incurableness.

In•san´a•bly, adv. In an incurable manner.

In•sane´ , a. [L. insanus. See In- not, and Sane.] 1. Exhibiting unsoundness or disorder of mind; not sane; mad; deranged in mind; delirious; distracted. See Insanity, 2. 2. Used by, or appropriated to, insane persons; as an insane hospital. 3. Causing insanity or madness. [R.] “Or have we eaten on the insaneroot
That takes the reason prisoner ?” Shak. 4. Characterized by insanity or the utmost folly; chimerical; unpractical; as an insane plan, attempt, etc. “I know not which was the insane measure.” Southey.

In•sane´ly, adv. Without reason; madly; foolishly.

In•sane´ness, n. Insanity; madness.

In•sa´ni•ate , v. t. To render unsound; to make mad. [Obs.] Feltham.

In•sa´nie , n. Insanity. [Obs.] Shak.

In•san´i•ta•ry , a. Not sanitary; unhealthy; as insanitary conditions of drainage.

In•san•i•ta´tion , n. Lack of sanitation; careless or dangerous hygienic conditions.

In•san´i•ty , n. [L. insanitas unsoundness; cf. insania insanity, F. insanite.] 1. The state of being insane; unsoundness or derangement of mind; madness; lunacy. “All power of fancy over reason is a degree of insanity.” Johnson. “Without grace
The heart’s insanity admits no cure.” Cowper. 2. (Law) Such a mental condition, as either from the existence of delusions, or from incapacity to distinguish between right and wrong, with regard to any matter under action, does away with individual responsibility. Syn. — Insanity, Lunacy, Madness, Derangement, Alienation, Aberration, Mania, Delirium, Frenzy, Monomania, Dementia. Insanity is the generic term for all such diseases; lunacy has now an equal extent of meaning, though once used to denote periodical insanity; madness has the same extent, though originally referring to the rage created by the disease; derangement, alienation, are popular terms for insanity; delirium, mania, and frenzy denote excited states of the disease; dementia denotes the loss of mental power by this means; monomania is insanity upon a single subject.

In•sa´po•ry , a. [Pref. in- not + sapor.] Tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

In•sa•tia•bil´i•ty , n., [L. insatiabilitas; cf. F. insatiabilite.] The state or quality of being insatiable; insatiableness. “Eagerness for increase of possession deluges the soul, and we sink into the gulfs of insatiability.” Rambler.

In•sa´tia•ble , a. [F. insatiable, L. ionsatiabilis. See In- not, and Satiable.] Not satiable; incapable of being satisfied or appeased; very greedy; as an insatiable appetite, thirst, or desire. “´Insatiable of glory.´” Milton.

In•sa´tia•ble•ness, n. Greediness of appetite that can not be satisfied or appeased; insatiability. “The eye of the covetous hath a more particular insatiableness.” Bp. Hall.

In•sa´tia•bly, adv. In an insatiable manner or degree; unappeasably. ´Insatiably covetous.´ South.

In•sa´ti•ate , a. [L. insatiatus.] Insatiable; as insatiate thirst. “The insatiate greediness of his desires.” Shak. “And still insatiate, thirsting still for blood.” Hook.

In•sa´ti•ate•ly, adv. Insatiably. Sir T. Herbert.

In•sa´ti•ate•ness, n. The state of being insatiate.

In•sa•ti´e•ty , n. [L. insatietas: cf. F. insatiete. See Satiety.] Insatiableness. T. Grander.

In•sat•is•fac´tion , n. 1. Insufficiency; emptiness. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Dissatisfaction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•sat´u•ra•ble , a. [L. insaturabilis: cf. F. insaturable. See In- not, and Saturable.] Not capable of being saturated or satisfied.

In´science (in´shens; 277), n. [L. inscientia: cf. F. inscience.] Want of knowledge; ignorance. [Obs.]

In´scient (in´shent), a. [L. insciens, -entis, ignorant. See In- not, and Scient, Science.] Having little or no knowledge; ignorant; stupid; silly. [R.] N. Bacon.

In´scient, a. [Pref. in- in + L. sciens knowing.] Having knowledge or insight; intelligent. [R.] “Gaze on, with inscient vision, toward the sun.” Mrs. Browning.

In•sconce´ , v. t. See Ensconce.

In•scrib´a•ble , a. Capable of being inscribed, — used specif. (Math.) of solids or plane figures capable of being inscribed in other solids or figures.

In•scrib´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being inscribable.

In•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscribed p. pr. & vb. n. Inscribing.] [L. inscribere. See 1st In-, and Scribe.] 1. To write or engrave; to mark down as something to be read; to imprint. “Inscribe a verse on this relenting stone.” Pope. 2. To mark with letters, characters, or words. “O let thy once lov’d friend inscribe thy stone.” Pope. 3. To assign or address to; to commend to by a short address; to dedicate informally; as to inscribe an ode to a friend. Dryden. 4. To imprint deeply; to impress; to stamp; as to inscribe a sentence on the memory. 5. (Geom.) To draw within so as to meet yet not cut the boundaries. A line is inscribed in a circle, or in a sphere, when its two ends are in the circumference of the circle, or in the surface of the sphere. A triangle is inscribed in another triangle, when the three angles of the former are severally on the three sides of the latter. A circle is inscribed in a polygon, when it touches each side of the polygon. A sphere is inscribed in a polyhedron, when the sphere touches each boundary plane of the polyhedron. The latter figure in each case is circumscribed about the former.

In•scrib´er , n. One who inscribes. Pownall.

In•scrip´ti•ble , a. Capable of being inscribed; inscribable.

In•scrip´tion , n. [L. inscriptio, fr. inscribere, inscriptum, to inscribe: cf. F. inscription. See Inscribe.] 1. The act or process of inscribing. 2. That which is inscribed; something written or engraved; especially, a word or words written or engraved on a solid substance for preservation or public inspection; as inscriptions on monuments, pillars, coins, medals, etc. 3. (Anat.) A line of division or intersection; as the tendinous inscriptions, or intersections, of a muscle. 4. An address, consignment, or informal dedication, as of a book to a person, as a mark of respect or an invitation of patronage.

In•scrip´tive , a. Bearing inscription; of the character or nature of an inscription.

In•scroll´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscrolled p. pr. & vb. n. Inscrolling.] To write on a scroll; to record. [Written also inscrol.] Shak.

In•scru•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutableness.

In•scru´ta•ble , a. [L. inscrutabilis : cf. F. inscrutable. See In- not, and Scrutiny.] Unsearchable; incapable of being searched into and understood by inquiry or study; impossible or difficult to be explained or accounted for satisfactorily; obscure; incomprehensible; as an inscrutable design or event. “’T is not in man
To yield a reason for the will of Heaven
Which is inscrutable.” Beau. & Fl. “Waiving a question so inscrutable as this.” De Quincey.

In•scru´ta•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutability.

In•scru´ta•bly, adv. In an inscrutable manner.

In•sculp´ , v. t. [L. insculpere: cf. F. insculper. See 1st In-, and Sculptor.] To engrave; to carve; to sculpture. [Obs. & R.] Shak. “Which he insculped in two likely stones.” Drayton.

In•sculp´tion , n. Inscription. [Obs.]

In•sculp´ture , n. An engraving, carving, or inscription. [Obs.] “On his gravestone this insculpture.” Shak.

In•sculp´tured , p. a. Engraved. Glover.

In•seam´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inseamed p. pr. & vb. n. Inseaming.] To impress or mark with a seam or cicatrix. Pope.

In•search´ , v. t. To make search after; to investigate or examine; to ensearch. [Obs.]

In•sec´a•ble (in•sek´a•b’l), a. [L. insecabilis; pref. in- not + secabilis that may be cut: cf. F. insecable.] Incapable of being divided by cutting; indivisible.

In´sect (in´sekt), n. [F. insecte, L. insectum, fr. insectus, p. p. of insecare to cut in. See Section. The name was originally given to certain small animals, whose bodies appear cut in, or almost divided. Cf. Entomology.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the Insecta; esp., one of the Hexapoda. See Insecta. The hexapod insects pass through three stages during their growth, viz., the larva, pupa, and imago or adult, but in some of the orders the larva differs little from the imago, except in lacking wings, and the active pupa is very much like the larva, except in having rudiments of wings. In the higher orders, the larva is usually a grub, maggot, or caterpillar, totally unlike the adult, while the pupa is very different from both larva and imago and is inactive, taking no food. 2. (Zoöl.) Any air-breathing arthropod, as a spider or scorpion. 3. (Zoöl.) Any small crustacean. In a wider sense, the word is often loosely applied to various small invertebrates. 4. Fig.: Any small, trivial, or contemptible person or thing. Thomson. Insect powder, a powder used for the extermination of insects; esp., the powdered flowers of certain species of Pyrethrum, a genus now merged in Chrysanthemum. Called also Persian powder.

In´sect , a. 1. Of or pertaining to an insect or insects. 2. Like an insect; small; mean; ephemeral.

In•sec´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Insect.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Arthropoda, including those that have one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouth organs, and breathe air by means of tracheae, opening by spiracles along the sides of the body. In this sense it includes the Hexapoda, or six-legged insects and the Myriapoda, with numerous legs. See Insect, n. 2. (Zoöl.) In a more restricted sense, the Hexapoda alone. See Hexapoda. 3. (Zoöl.) In the most general sense, the Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Arachnoidea, combined. The typical Insecta, or hexapod insects, are divided into several orders, viz.: Hymenoptera, as the bees and ants; Diptera, as the common flies and gnats; Aphaniptera, or fleas; Lepidoptera, or moths and butterflies; Neuroptera, as the ant-lions and hellgamite; Coleoptera, or beetles; Hemiptera, as bugs, lice, aphids; Orthoptera, as grasshoppers and cockroaches; Pseudoneuroptera, as the dragon flies and termites; Euplexoptera, or earwigs; Thysanura, as the springtails, podura, and lepisma. See these words in the Vocabulary.

In´sec•ta•ry , n. A place for keeping living insects. — In•sec•ta´ri•um (#), n. [L.]

In•sec•ta´tion , n. [L. insectatio. See Insectator.] The act of pursuing; pursuit; harassment; persecution. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In•sec•ta´tor , n. [L., fr. insectari to pursue, freq. fr. insequi. See Ensue.] A pursuer; a persecutor; a censorious critic. [Obs.] Bailey.

In´sect•ed , a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or resembling, an insect. Howell.

In•sec´ti•cide , n. [Insect + L. caedere to kill.] An agent or preparation for destroying insects; an insect powder. — In•sec´ti•ci•dal (#), a.

In•sec´tile , a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, insects. Bacon.

In•sec´tion , n. [See Insect.] A cutting in; incisure; incision.

In•sec•tiv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., from L. insectum an insect + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) 1. An order of mammals which feed principally upon insects. They are mostly of small size, and their molar teeth have sharp cusps. Most of the species burrow in the earth, and many of those of cold climates hibernate in winter. The order includes the moles, shrews, hedgehogs, tanrecs, and allied animals, also the colugo. 2. A division of the Cheiroptera, including the common or insect-eating bats.

In•sec´ti•vore , n.; pl. Insectivores (-vorz). [F.] (Zoöl.) One of the Insectivora.

In•sec•tiv´o•rous , a. [See Insectivora.] Feeding or subsisting on insects; carnivorous. The term is applied: (a) to plants which have some special adaptation for catching and digesting insects, as the sundew, Venus’s flytrap, Sarracenia, etc. (b) to the Insectivora, and to many bats, birds, and reptiles.

In•sec•tol´o•ger , n. An entomologist. [Obs.]

In•sec•tol´o•gy , n. [Insect + -logy: cf. F. insectologie.] Entomology. [Obs.]

In•se•cure´ , a. 1. Not secure; not confident of safety or permanence; distrustful; suspicious; apprehensive of danger or loss. “With sorrow and insecure apprehensions.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Not effectually guarded, protected, or sustained; unsafe; unstable; exposed to danger or loss. Bp. Hurg. “The trade with Egypt was exceedingly insecure and precarious.” Mickle.

In•se•cure´ly, adv. In an insecure manner.

In•se•cure´ness, n. Insecurity.

In•se•cu´ri•ty , n.; pl. Insecurities (#). [Pref. in- not + security : cf. LL. insecuritas, F. insecurite.] 1. The condition or quality of being insecure; want of safety; danger; hazard; as the insecurity of a building liable to fire; insecurity of a debt. 2. The state of feeling insecure; uncertainty; want of confidence. “With what insecurity of truth we ascribe effects … unto arbitrary calculations.” Sir T. Browne. “A time of insecurity, when interests of all sorts become objects of speculation.” Burke.

In•se•cu´tion , n. [L. insecutio, fr. insequi p. p. insecutus. See Ensue.] A following after; close pursuit. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•sem´i•nate , v. t. [L. inseminatus, p. p. of inseminare to sow. See Seminate.] To sow; to impregnate. [Obs.]

In•sem•i•na´tion , n. A sowing. [Obs.]

In•sen´sate , a. [L. insensatus. See In- not, and Sensate.] Wanting sensibility; destitute of sense; stupid; foolish. “The silence and the calm
Of mute, insensate things.” Wordsworth. “The meddling folly or insensate ambition of statesmen.” Buckle. — In•sen´sate•ly, adv. — In•sen´sate•ness, n.

In•sense´ , v. t. [Pref. in- in + sense.] To make to understand; to instruct. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

In•sen•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. insensibilite.] 1. The state or quality of being insensible; want of sensibility; torpor; unconsciousness; as the insensibility produced by a fall, or by opiates. 2. Want of tenderness or susceptibility of emotion or passion; dullness; stupidity. Syn. — Dullness; numbness; unfeelingness; stupidity; torpor; apathy; impassiveness; indifference.

In•sen´si•ble , a. [L. insensibilis: cf. F. insensible. See In- not, and Sensible.] 1. Destitute of the power of feeling or perceiving; wanting bodily sensibility. Milton. 2. Not susceptible of emotion or passion; void of feeling; apathetic; unconcerned; indifferent; as insensible to danger, fear, love, etc.; — often used with of or to. “Accept an obligation without being a slave to the giver, or insensible to his kindness.” Sir H. Wotton. “Lost in their loves, insensible of shame.” Dryden. 3. Incapable of being perceived by the senses; imperceptible. Hence: Progressing by imperceptible degrees; slow; gradual; as insensible motion. “Two small and almost insensible pricks were found upon Cleopatra’s arm.” Sir T. Browne. “They fall away,
And languish with insensible decay.” Dryden. 4. Not sensible or reasonable; meaningless. [Obs.] “If it make the indictment be insensible or uncertain, it shall be quashed.” Sir M. Hale. Syn. — Imperceptible; imperceivable; dull; stupid; torpid; numb; unfeeling; apathetic; stoical; impassive; indifferent; unsusceptible; hard; callous.

In•sen´si•ble•ness, n. Insensibility. Bp. Hall.

In•sen´si•bly, adv. In a manner not to be felt or perceived; imperceptibly; gradually. “The hills rise insensibly.” Addison.

In•sen´si•tive , a. Not sensitive; wanting sensation, or wanting acute sensibility. Tillotson. Ruskin.

In•sen´su•ous , a. [Pref. in- not + sensuous.] Not sensuous; not pertaining to, affecting, or addressing, the senses. “That intermediate door
Betwixt the different planes of sensuous form
And form insensuous.” Mrs. Browning.

In•sen´ti•ent , a. Not sentient; not having perception, or the power of perception. “The … attributes of an insentient, inert substance.” Reid. “But there can be nothing like to this sensation in the rose, because it is insentient.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•sep•a•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [L. inseparabilitas: cf. F. inseparabilite.] The quality or state of being inseparable; inseparableness. Locke.

In•sep´a•ra•ble , a. [L. inseparabilis: cf. F. inseparable. See In- , and Separable.] 1. Not separable; incapable of being separated or disjoined. “The history of every language is inseparable from that of the people by whom it is spoken.” Mure. “Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” D. Webster. 2. (Gram.) Invariably attached to some word, stem, or root; as the inseparable particle un- .

In•sep´a•ra•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inseparable; inseparability. Bp. Burnet.

In•sep´a•ra•bly, adv. In an inseparable manner or condition; so as not to be separable. Bacon. “And cleaves through life inseparably close.” Cowper.

In•sep´a•rate , a. [L. inseparatus. See In- not, and Separate.] Not separate; together; united. Shak.

In•sep´a•rate•ly, adv. Inseparably. [Obs.] Cranmer.

In•sert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inserting.] [L. insertus, p. p. of inserere to insert; pref. in- in + serere to join, connect. See Series.] To set within something; to put or thrust in; to introduce; to cause to enter, or be included, or contained; as to insert a scion in a stock; to insert a letter, word, or passage in a composition; to insert an advertisement in a newspaper. “These words were very weakly inserted where they will be so liable to misconstruction.” Bp. Stillingfleet.

In•sert´ed, a. (Bot.) Situated upon, attached to, or growing out of, some part; — said especially of the parts of the flower; as the calyx, corolla, and stamens of many flowers are inserted upon the receptacle. Gray.

In•sert´ing, n. 1. A setting in. 2. Something inserted or set in, as lace, etc., in garments. [R.]

In•ser´tion , n. [L. insertio: cf. F. insertion. See Insert.] 1. The act of inserting; as the insertion of scions in stocks; the insertion of words or passages in writings. 2. The condition or mode of being inserted or attached; as the insertion of stamens in a calyx. 3. That which is set in or inserted, especially a narrow strip of embroidered lace, muslin, or cambric. 4. (Anat.) The point or part by which a muscle or tendon is attached to the part to be moved; — in contradistinction to its origin. Epigynous insertion (Bot.), the insertion of stamens upon the ovary. — Hypogynous insertion (Bot.), insertion beneath the ovary.

In•serve´ , v. i. [L. inservire; in- in + servire to serve.] To be of use to an end; to serve. [Obs.]

In•serv´i•ent , a. [L. inserviens, p. pr. of inservire.] Conducive; instrumental. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ses´sion , n. [L. insessio, fr. insidere, insessum, to sit in. See Insidious.] 1. The act of sitting, as in a tub or bath. ´Used by way of fomentation, insession, or bath.´ [R.] Holland. 2. That in which one sits, as a bathing tub. [R.] “Insessions be bathing tubs half full.” Holland.

In•ses´sor , n.; pl. Insessores (#). [See Insessores.] (Zoöl.) One of the Insessores. The group includes most of the common singing birds.

In•ses•so´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. insessor, lit., one who sits down, fr. incidere. See Insession.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, formerly established to include the perching birds, but now generally regarded as an artificial group.

In•ses•so´ri•al , a. (Zoöl.) 1. Pertaining to, or having the character of, perching birds. 2. Belonging or pertaining to the Insessores.

In•set´ , v. t. To infix. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In´set , n. 1. That which is inserted or set in; an insertion. 2. (Bookbinding) One or more separate leaves inserted in a volume before binding; as: (a) A portion of the printed sheet in certain sizes of books which is cut off before folding, and set into the middle of the folded sheet to complete the succession of paging; — also called offcut. (b) A page or pages of advertisements inserted.

In•sev´er•a•ble , a. Incapable of being severed; indivisible; inseparable. De Quincey.

In•shad´ed , a. Marked with different shades. W. Browne.

In´shave , n. (Mech.) A plane for shaving or dressing the concave or inside faces of barrel staves.

In•sheathe´ , v. t. To insert as in a sheath; to sheathe. Hughes.

In•shell´ , v. t. To hide in a shell. [Obs.] Shak.

In•ship´ , v. t. To embark. [Obs.] Shak.

In´shore , a. Being near or moving towards the shore; as inshore fisheries; inshore currents. — adv. Towards the shore; as the boat was headed inshore.

In•shrine´ , v. t. See Enshrine.

In•sic•ca´tion , n. The act or process of drying in.

In´side , prep. or adv. Within the sides of; in the interior; contained within; as inside a house, book, bottle, etc.

In´side, a. 1. Being within; included or inclosed in anything; contained; interior; internal; as the inside passengers of a stagecoach; inside decoration. “Kissing with inside lip.” Shak. 2. Adapted to the interior. Inside callipers (Mech.), callipers for measuring the diameters of holes, etc. — Inside finish (Arch.), a general term for the final work in any building necessary for its completion, but other than unusual decoration; thus, in joiner work, the doors and windows, inside shutters, door and window trimmings, paneled jams, baseboards, and sometimes flooring and stairs; in plaster work, the finishing coat, the cornices, centerpieces, etc.; in painting, all simple painting of woodwork and plastering. — Inside track, the inner part of a race course; hence, colloquially, advantage of place, facilities, etc., in competition.

In´side, n. 1. The part within; interior or internal portion; content. “Looked he o’ the inside of the paper?” Shak. 2. pl. The inward parts; entrails; bowels; hence, that which is within; private thoughts and feelings. “Here’s none but friends; we may speak
Our insides freely.” Massinger. 3. An inside passenger of a coach or carriage, as distinguished from one upon the outside. [Colloq. Eng.] “So down thy hill, romantic Ashbourne, glides
The Derby dilly, carrying three insides.” Anti- Jacobin. Patent insides or outsides, a name give to newspaper sheets printed on one side with general and miscellaneous matter, and furnished wholesale to offices of small newspapers, where the blank pages are filled up with recent and local news.

In•sid´i•ate , v. t. [L. insidiatus, p. p. of insidiare to lie in ambush, fr. insidiae. See Insidious.] To lie in ambush for. [Obs.] Heywood.

In•sid´i•a•tor , n. [L.] One who lies in ambush. [Obs.] Barrow.

In•sid´i•ous , a. [L. insidiosus, fr. insidiae an ambush, fr. insidere to sit in; pref. in- + sedere to sit: cf. F. insidieux. See Sit.] 1. Lying in wait; watching an opportunity to insnare or entrap; deceitful; sly; treacherous; — said of persons; as the insidious foe. ´The insidious witch.´ Cowper. 2. Intended to entrap; characterized by treachery and deceit; as insidious arts. “The insidious whisper of the bad angel.” Hawthorne. Insidious disease (Med.), a disease existing, without marked symptoms, but ready to become active upon some slight occasion; a disease not appearing to be as bad as it really is. Syn. — Crafty; wily; artful; sly; designing; guileful; circumventive; treacherous; deceitful; deceptive. — In•sid´i•ous•ly, adv. — In•sid´i•ous•ness, n.

In´sight , n. 1. A sight or view of the interior of anything; a deep inspection or view; introspection; — frequently used with into. “He had an insight into almost all the secrets of state.” Jortin. 2. Power of acute observation and deduction; penetration; discernment; perception. “Quickest insight
In all things that to greatest actions lead.” Milton.

In•sig´ni•a , n. pl. [L. insigne, pl. insignia, fr. insignis distinguished by a mark; pref. in- in + signum a mark, sign. See Ensign, Sign.] 1. Distinguishing marks of authority, office, or honor; badges; tokens; decorations; as the insignia of royalty or of an order. 2. Typical and characteristic marks or signs, by which anything is known or distinguished; as the insignia of a trade.

In•sig•nif´i•cance , n. 1. The condition or quality of being insignificant; want of significance, sense, or meaning; as the insignificance of words or phrases. 2. Want of force or effect; unimportance; pettiness; inefficacy; as the insignificance of human art. 3. Want of claim to consideration or notice; want of influence or standing; meanness. “Reduce him, from being the first person in the nation, to a state of insignificance.” Beattie.

In•sig•nif´i•can•cy , n. Insignificance.

In•sig•nif´i•cant , a. 1. Not significant; void of signification, sense, or import; meaningless; as insignificant words. 2. Having no weight or effect; answering no purpose; unimportant; valueless; futile. “Laws must be insignificant without the sanction of rewards and punishments.” Bp. Wilkins. 3. Without weight of character or social standing; mean; contemptible; as an insignificant person. Syn. — Unimportant; immaterial; inconsiderable; small; inferior; trivial; mean; contemptible.

In•sig•nif´i•cant•ly, adv. without significance, importance, or effect; to no purpose. ´Anger insignificantly fierce.´ Cowper.

In•sig•nif´i•ca•tive , a. [L. insignificativus. See In- not, and Significative.] Not expressing meaning; not significant.

In•sign´ment , n. [See Insignia.] A token, mark, or explanation. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In•sim´u•late , v. t. [L. insimulatus, p. p. of insimulare to accuse.] To accuse. [Obs.] Donne.

In•sin•cere´ , a. [L. insincerus. See In- not, and Sincere.] 1. Not being in truth what one appears to be; not sincere; dissembling; hypocritical; disingenuous; deceitful; false; — said of persons; also of speech, thought; etc.; as insincere declarations. 2. Disappointing; imperfect; unsound. [Obs.] “To render sleep’s soft blessings insincere.” Pope. Syn. — Dissembling; hollow; hypocritical; deceptive deceitful; false; disingenuous; untrustworthy.

In•sin•cere´ly, adv. Without sincerity.

In•sin•cer´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. insincerite.] The quality of being insincere; want of sincerity, or of being in reality what one appears to be; dissimulation; hypocritical; deceitfulness; hollowness; untrustworthiness; as the insincerity of a professed friend; the insincerity of professions of regard. “What men call policy and knowledge of the world, is commonly no other thing than dissimulation and insincerity.” Blair.

In•sin´ew , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinewed p. pr. & vb. n. Insinewing.] To strengthen, as with sinews; to invigorate. [Obs.] “All members of our cause, …
That are insinewed to this action.” Shak.

In•sin´u•ant , a. [L. insinuans, p. pr.: cf. F. insinuant.] Insinuating; insinuative. [Obs.]

In•sin´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinuated p. pr. & vb. n. Insinuating.] [L. insinuatus, p. p. of insinuareto insinuate; pref. in- in + sinus the bosom. See Sinuous.] 1. To introduce gently or slowly, as by a winding or narrow passage, or a gentle, persistent movement. “The water easily insinuates itself into, and placidly distends, the vessels of vegetables.” Woodward. 2. To introduce artfully; to infuse gently; to instill. “All the art of rhetoric, besides order and clearness, are for nothing else but to insinuate wrong ideas move the passions, and thereby mislead the judgment.” Locke. “Horace laughs to shame all follies and insinuates virtue, rather by familiar examples than by the severity of precepts.” Dryden. 3. To hint; to suggest by remote allusion; — often used derogatorily; as did you mean to insinuate anything? 4. To push or work (one’s self), as into favor; to introduce by slow, gentle, or artful means; to ingratiate; — used reflexively. “He insinuated himself into the very good grace of the Duke of Buckingham.” Clarendon. Syn. — To instill; hint; suggest; intimate.

In•sin´u•ate, v. i. 1. To creep, wind, or flow in; to enter gently, slowly, or imperceptibly, as into crevices. 2. To ingratiate one’s self; to obtain access or favor by flattery or cunning. “He would insinuate with thee but to make thee sigh.” Shak. “To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my limbs.” Shak.

In•sin´u•a•ting , a. Winding, creeping, or flowing in, quietly or stealthily; suggesting; winning favor and confidence insensibly. Milton. “His address was courteous, and even insinuating.” Prescott.

In•sin´u•a•ting•ly, adv. By insinuation.

In•sin´u•a•tion , n. [L. insinuatio: cf. F. insinuation.] 1. The act or process of insinuating; a creeping, winding, or flowing in. “By a soft insinuation mix’d
With earth’s large mass.” Crashaw. 2. The act of gaining favor, affection, or influence, by gentle or artful means; — formerly used in a good sense, as of friendly influence or interposition. Sir H. Wotton. “I hope through the insinuation of Lord Scarborough to keep them here till further orders.” Lady Cowper. 3. The art or power of gaining good will by a prepossessing manner. “He bad a natural insinuation and address which made him acceptable in the best company.” Clarendon. 4. That which is insinuated; a hint; a suggestion or intimation by distant allusion; as slander may be conveyed by insinuations. “I scorn your coarse insinuation.” Cowper. Syn. — Hint; intimation; suggestion. See Innuendo.

In•sin´u•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. insinuatif.] 1. Stealing on or into the confidence or affections; having power to gain favor. ´Crafty, insinuative, plausible men.´ Bp. Reynolds. 2. Using insinuations; giving hints; insinuating; as insinuative remark.

In•sin´u•a•tor , n. [L., an introducer.] One who, or that which, insinuates. De Foe.

In•sin´u•a•to•ry , a. Insinuative.

In•sip´id , a. [L. insipidus; pref. in- not + sapidus savory, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. insipide. See Savor.] 1. Wanting in the qualities which affect the organs of taste; without taste or savor; vapid; tasteless; as insipid drink or food. Boyle. 2. Wanting in spirit, life, or animation; uninteresting; weak; vapid; flat; dull; heavy; as an insipid woman; an insipid composition. “Flat, insipid, and ridiculous stuff to him.” South. “But his wit is faint, and his salt, if I may dare to say so, almost insipid.” Dryden. Syn. — Tasteless; vapid; dull; spiritless; unanimated; lifeless; flat; stale; pointless; uninteresting. { In•si•pid´i•ty , In•sip´id•ness } n. [Cf. F. insipidite.] The quality or state of being insipid; vapidity. ´Dryden’s lines shine strongly through the insipidity of Tate’s.´ Pope.

In•sip´id•ly, adv. In an insipid manner; without taste, life, or spirit; flatly. Locke. Sharp.

In•sip´i•ence , n. [L. insipientia: cf. OF. insipience.] Want of intelligence; stupidity; folly. [R.] Blount.

In•sip´i•ent , a. [L. insipiens; pref. in- not + sapiens wise.] Wanting wisdom; stupid; foolish. [R.] Clarendon. — n. An insipient person. [R.] Fryth.

In•sist´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Insisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Insisting.] [F. insister, L. insistere to set foot upon, follow, persist; pref. in- in + sistere to stand, cause to stand. See Stand.] 1. To stand or rest; to find support; — with in, on, or upon. [R.] Ray. 2. To take a stand and refuse to give way; to hold to something firmly or determinedly; to be persistent, urgent, or pressing; to persist in demanding; — followed by on, upon, or that; as he insisted on these conditions; he insisted on going at once; he insists that he must have money. “Insisting on the old prerogative.” Shak. “Without further insisting on the different tempers of Juvenal and Horace.” Dryden. Syn. — Insist, Persist. — Insist implies some alleged right, as authority or claim. Persist may be from obstinacy alone, and either with or against rights. We insist as against others; we persist in what exclusively relates to ourselves; as he persisted in that course; he insisted on his friend’s adopting it. C. J. Smith.

In•sist´ence , n. The quality of insisting, or being urgent or pressing; the act of dwelling upon as of special importance; persistence; urgency.

In•sist´ent , a. [L. insistens, -entis, p. pr. of insistere.] 1. Standing or resting on something; as an insistent wall. Sir H. Wotton. 2. Insisting; persistent; persevering. 3. (Zoöl.) See Incumbent.

In•sist´ent•ly, adv. In an insistent manner.

In•sis´ture ( 135), n. A dwelling or standing on something; fixedness; persistence. [Obs.] Shak.

In•si´ti•en•cy , n. [Pref. in- not + L. sitiens, p. pr. of sitire to be thirsty, fr. sitis thirst.] Freedom from thirst. [Obs.] “The insitiency of a camel for traveling in deserts.” Grew.

In•si´tion ( 277), n. [L. insitio, fr. inserere, insitum, to sow or plant in, to ingraft; pref. in- in + serere, satum, to sow.] The insertion of a scion in a stock; ingraftment. Ray.

In• si´tu [L.] In its natural position or place; — said of a rock or fossil, when found in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited.

In•snare´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insnared p. pr. & vb. n. Insnaring.] [Written also ensnare.] 1. To catch in a snare; to entrap; to take by artificial means. ´Insnare a gudgeon.´ Fenton. 2. To take by wiles, stratagem, or deceit; to involve in difficulties or perplexities; to seduce by artifice; to inveigle; to allure; to entangle. “The insnaring charms
Of love’s soft queen.” Glover.

In•snar´er , n. One who insnares.

In•snarl´ , v. t. To make into a snarl or knot; to entangle; to snarl. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

In•so•bri´e•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + obriety: cf. F. insobriete.] Want of sobriety, moderation, or calmness; intemperance; drunkenness.

In•so•cia•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. insociabilite.] The quality of being insociable; want of sociability; unsociability. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

In•so´cia•ble , a. [L. insociabilis: cf. F. insociable. See In- not, and Sociable.] 1. Incapable of being associated, joined, or connected. [Obs.] “Lime and wood are insociable.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. Not sociable or companionable; disinclined to social intercourse or conversation; unsociable; taciturn. “This austere insociable life.” Shak.

In•so´cia•bly, adv. Unsociably.

In•so´ci•ate , a. Not associate; without a companion; single; solitary; recluse. [Obs.] ´The insociate virgin life.´ B. Jonson.

In´so•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insolated p. pr. & vb. n. Insolating.] [L. insolatus, p. p. of insolare to expose to the sun; pref. in- in + sol the sun.] To dry in, or to expose to, the sun’s rays; to ripen or prepare by such exposure. Johnson.

In•so•la´tion , n. [L. insolatio: cf. F. insolation.] 1. The act or process to exposing to the rays of the sun for the purpose of drying or maturing, as fruits, drugs, etc., or of rendering acid, as vinegar. 2. (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) Exposure of a patient to the sun’s rays; a sun bath.

In´sole , n. The inside sole of a boot or shoe; also a loose, thin strip of leather, felt, etc., placed inside the shoe for warmth or ease.

In´so•lence , n. [F. insolence, L. insolentia. See Insolent.] 1. The quality of being unusual or novel. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The quality of being insolent; pride or haughtiness manifested in contemptuous and overbearing treatment of others; arrogant contempt; brutal impudence. “Flown with insolence and wine.” Milton. 3. Insolent conduct or treatment; insult. “Loaded with fetters and insolences from the soldiers.” Fuller.

In´so•lence, v. t. To insult. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike.

In´so•len•cy , n. Insolence. [R.] Evelyn.

In´so•lent , a. [F. insolent, L. insolens, -entis, pref. in- not + solens accustomed, p. pr. of solere to be accustomed.] 1. Deviating from that which is customary; novel; strange; unusual. [Obs.] “If one chance to derive any word from the Latin which is insolent to their ears … they forthwith make a jest at it.” Pettie. “If any should accuse me of being new or insolent.” Milton. 2. Haughty and contemptuous or brutal in behavior or language; overbearing; domineering; grossly rude or disrespectful; saucy; as an insolent master; an insolent servant. ´A paltry, insolent fellow.´ Shak. “Insolent is he that despiseth in his judgment all other folks as in regard of his value, of his cunning, of his speaking, and of his bearing.” Chaucer. “Can you not see? or will ye not observe …
How insolent of late he is become,
How proud, how peremptory?” Shak. 3. Proceeding from or characterized by insolence; insulting; as insolent words or behavior. “Their insolent triumph excited … indignation.” Macaulay. Syn. — Overbearing; insulting; abusive; offensive; saucy; impudent; audacious; pert; impertinent; rude; reproachful; opprobrious. — Insolent, Insulting. Insolent, in its primitive sense, simply denoted unusual; and to act insolently was to act in violation of the established rules of social intercourse. He who did this was insolent; and thus the word became one of the most offensive in our language, indicating gross disregard for the feelings of others. Insulting denotes a personal attack, either in words or actions, indicative either of scorn or triumph. Compare Impertinent, Affront, Impudence.

In´so•lent•ly, adv. In an insolent manner.

In•so•lid´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + solidity: cf. F. insolidite.] Want of solidity; weakness; as the insolidity of an argument. [R.] Dr. H. More.

In•sol•u•bil´i•ty , n. [L. insolubilitas: cf. F. insolubilite.] 1. The quality or state of being insoluble or not dissolvable, as in a fluid. 2. The quality of being inexplicable or insolvable.

In•sol´u•ble , a. [L. insolubilis indissoluble, that can not be loosed: cf. F. insoluble. See In- not, and Soluble, and cf. Insolvable.] 1. Not soluble; in capable or difficult of being dissolved, as by a liquid; as chalk is insoluble in water. 2. Not to be solved or explained; insolvable; as an insoluble doubt, question, or difficulty. 3. Strong. ´An insoluble wall.´ [Obs.] Holland

In•sol´u•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being insoluble; insolubility. Boyle.

In•solv´a•ble , a. 1. Not solvable; insoluble; admitting no solution or explanation; as an insolvable problem or difficulty. I. Watts. 2. Incapable of being paid or discharged, as debts. 3. Not capable of being loosed or disentangled; inextricable. ´Bands insolvable.´ Pope.

In•sol´ven•cy , n.; pl. Insolvencies . (Law) (a) The condition of being insolvent; the state or condition of a person who is insolvent; the condition of one who is unable to pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual course of trade and business; as a merchant’s insolvency. (b) Insufficiency to discharge all debts of the owner; as the insolvency of an estate. Act of insolvency. See Insolvent law under Insolvent, a.

In•sol´vent , a. [Pref. in- not + solvent: cf. OF. insolvent.] (Law) (a) Not solvent; not having sufficient estate to pay one’s debts; unable to pay one’s debts as they fall due, in the ordinary course of trade and business; as in insolvent debtor. (b) Not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner; as an insolvent estate. (c) Relating to persons unable to pay their debts. Insolvent law, or Act of insolvency, a law affording relief, — subject to various modifications in different States, — to insolvent debtors, upon their delivering up their property for the benefit of their creditors. See Bankrupt law, under Bankrupt, a.

In•sol´vent, n. (Law) One who is insolvent; as insolvent debtor; — in England, before 1861, especially applied to persons not traders. Bouvier.

In•som´ni•a , n. [L., fr. insomnis sleepless; pref. in- not + somnus sleep.] Want of sleep; inability to sleep; wakefulness; sleeplessness.

In•som´ni•ous , a. [L. insomniosus, fr. insomnia insomnia.] Restless; sleepless. Blount.

In•som´no•lence , n. Sleeplessness.

In•so•much´ , adv. So; to such a degree; in such wise; — followed by that or as, and formerly sometimes by both. Cf. Inasmuch. “Insomusch as that field is called … Aceldama.” Acts i. 19. “Simonides was an excellent poet, insomuch that he made his fortune by it.” L’Estrange.

In•so•no´rous , a. Not clear or melodious.

In•sooth´ , adv. In sooth; truly. [Archaic]

In•sou•ciance´ , n. [F.] Carelessness; heedlessness; thoughtlessness; unconcern.

In•sou•ciant´ , a. [F.] Careless; heedless; indifferent; unconcerned. J. S. Mill.

In•soul´ , v. t. To set a soul in; reflexively, to fix one’s strongest affections on. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. “[He] could not but insoul himself in her.” Feltham.

In•span´ , v. t. & i. [D. inspannen.] To yoke or harness, as oxen to a vehicle. [South Africa]

In•spect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspected; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspecting.] [L. inspectus, p. p. of inspicere to inspect; pref. in- in + specere to look at, to view: cf. F. inspecter, fr. L. inspectare, freq. fr. inspicere. See Spy.] 1. To look upon; to view closely and critically, esp. in order to ascertain quality or condition, to detect errors, etc., to examine; to scrutinize; to investigate; as to inspect conduct. 2. To view and examine officially, as troops, arms, goods offered, work done for the public, etc.; to oversee; to superintend. Sir W. Temple.

In•spect´, n. [L. inspectus. See Inspect, v. t.] Inspection. [Obs.] Thomson.

In•spec´tion , n. [L. inspectio: cf. F. inspection.] 1. The act or process of inspecting or looking at carefully; a strict or prying examination; close or careful scrutiny; investigation. Spenser. “With narrow search, and with inspection deep,
Considered every creature.” Milton. 2. The act of overseeing; official examination or superintendence. Trial by inspection (O. Eng. Law), a mode of trial in which the case was settled by the individual observation and decision of the judge upon the testimony of his own senses, without the intervention of a jury. Abbott.

In•spect´ive , a. [L. inspectivus.] Engaged in inspection; inspecting; involving inspection.

In•spect´or , n. [L.: cf. F. inspecteur.] One who inspects, views, or oversees; one to whom the supervision of any work is committed; one who makes an official view or examination, as a military or civil officer; a superintendent; a supervisor; an overseer. Inspector general (Mil.), a staff officer of an army, whose duties are those of inspection, and embrace everything relative to organization, recruiting, discharge, administration, accountability for money and property, instruction, police, and discipline.

In•spect´or•ate , n. Inspectorship. [R.]

In•spec•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an inspector or to inspection. [R.]

In•spect´or•ship , n. 1. The office of an inspector. 2. The district embraced by an inspector’s jurisdiction.

In•spect´ress, n. A female inspector.

In•sperse´ , v. t. [L. inspersus, p. p. of inspergere to sprinkle upon; pref. in- in, on + spargere to sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•sper´sion , n. [L. inspersio.] The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•spex´i•mus , n. [L., we have inspected.] The first word of ancient charters in England, confirming a grant made by a former king; hence, a royal grant.

In•sphere´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insphered p. pr. & vb. n. Insphering.] [Cf. Ensphere.] To place in, or as in, an orb a sphere. Cf. Ensphere. “Bright aërial spirits live insphered
In regions mild of calm and serene air.” Milton.

In•spir´a•ble , a. Capable of being inspired or drawn into the lungs; inhalable; respirable; admitting inspiration. Harvey.

In•spi•ra´tion , n. [F. inspiration, L. inspiratio. See Inspire.] 1. The act of inspiring or breathing in; breath; specif. (Physiol.), the drawing of air into the lungs, accomplished in mammals by elevation of the chest walls and flattening of the diaphragm; — the opposite of expiration. 2. The act or power of exercising an elevating or stimulating influence upon the intellect or emotions; the result of such influence which quickens or stimulates; as the inspiration of occasion, of art, etc. “Your father was ever virtuous, and holy men at their death have good inspirations.” Shak. 3. (Theol.) A supernatural divine influence on the prophets, apostles, or sacred writers, by which they were qualified to communicate moral or religious truth with authority; a supernatural influence which qualifies men to receive and communicate divine truth; also the truth communicated. “All Scripture is given by inspiration of God.” 2 Tim. iii. 16. “The age which we now live in is not an age of inspiration and impulses.” Sharp. Plenary inspiration (Theol.), that kind of inspiration which excludes all defect in the utterance of the inspired message. — Verbal inspiration (Theol.), that kind of inspiration which extends to the very words and forms of expression of the divine message.

In•spi•ra´tion•al , a. Pertaining to inspiration.

In•spi•ra´tion•ist, n. One who holds to inspiration.

In´spi•ra•tor , n. (Mach.) A kind of injector for forcing water by steam. See Injector, n., 2.

In•spir´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or aiding, inspiration; as the inspiratory muscles.

In•spire´ (in•spir´), v. t. [OE. enspiren, OF. enspirer, inspirer, F. inspirer, fr. L. inspirare; pref. in- in + spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] 1. To breathe into; to fill with the breath; to animate. “When Zephirus eek, with his sweete breath,
Inspirèd hath in every holt and heath
The tender crops.” Chaucer. “Descend, ye Nine, descend and sing,
The breathing instruments inspire.” Pope. 2. To infuse by breathing, or as if by breathing. “He knew not his Maker, and him that inspired into him an active soul.” Wisdom xv. 11. 3. To draw in by the operation of breathing; to inhale; — opposed to expire. “Forced to inspire and expire the air with difficulty.” Harvey. 4. To infuse into the mind; to communicate to the spirit; to convey, as by a divine or supernatural influence; to disclose preternaturally; to produce in, as by inspiration. “And generous stout courage did inspire.” Spenser. “But dawning day new comfort hath inspired.” Shak. 5. To infuse into; to affect, as with a superior or supernatural influence; to fill with what animates, enlivens, or exalts; to communicate inspiration to; as to inspire a child with sentiments of virtue. “Erato, thy poet’s mind inspire,
And fill his soul with thy celestial fire.” Dryden.

In•spire´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inspired; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiring.] 1. To draw in breath; to inhale air into the lungs; — opposed to expire. 2. To breathe; to blow gently. [Obs.] “And when the wind amongst them did inspire,
They wavèd like a penon wide dispread.” Spenser.

In•spired´ , a. 1. Breathed in; inhaled. 2. Moved or animated by, or as by, a supernatural influence; affected by divine inspiration; as the inspired prophets; the inspired writers. 3. Communicated or given as by supernatural or divine inspiration; having divine authority; hence, sacred, holy; — opposed to uninspired, profane, or secular; as the inspired writings, that is, the Scriptures.

In•spir´er , n. One who, or that which, inspires. ´Inspirer of that holy flame.´ Cowper.

In•spir´ing, a. Animating; cheering; moving; exhilarating; as an inspiring or scene.

In•spir´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiriting.] To infuse new life or spirit into; to animate; to encourage; to invigorate. “The courage of Agamemnon is inspirited by the love of empire and ambition.” Pope. Syn. — To enliven; invigorate; exhilarate; animate; cheer; encourage; inspire.

In•spis´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspissated p. pr. & vb. n. Inspissating ] [L. inspissatus, p. p. of inspissare to thicken; pref. in- + spissare to thicken, fr. spissus thick.] To thicken or bring to greater consistence, as fluids by evaporation.

In•spis´sate , a. [L. inspissatus, p. p.] Thick or thickened; inspissated. Greenhill.

In•spis•sa´tion , n. The act or the process of inspissating, or thickening a fluid substance, as by evaporation; also the state of being so thickened.

In•sta•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Instabilities (#). [L. instabilitas: cf. F. instabilite.] 1. The quality or condition of being unstable; want of stability, firmness, or steadiness; liability to give way or to fail; insecurity; precariousness; as the instability of a building. 2. Lack of determination of fixedness; inconstancy; fickleness; mutability; changeableness; as instability of character, temper, custom, etc. Addison. Syn. — Inconstancy; fickleness; changeableness; wavering; unsteadiness; unstableness.

In•sta´ble , a. [L. instabilis: cf. F. instable. See In- not, and Stable, a., and cf. Unstable.] Not stable; not standing fast or firm; unstable; prone to change or recede from a purpose; mutable; inconstant.

In•sta´ble•ness, n. Instability; unstableness.

In•stall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Installed p. pr. & vb. n. Installing.] [F. installer, LL. installare, fr. pref. in- in + OHG. stal a place, stall, G. stall, akin to E. stall: cf. It. installare. See Stall.] [Written also instal.] 1. To set in a seat; to give a place to; establish (one) in a place. “She installed her guest hospitably by the fireside.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To place in an office, rank, or order; to invest with any charge by the usual ceremonies; to instate; to induct; as to install an ordained minister as pastor of a church; to install a college president. “Unworthily
Thou wast installed in that high degree.” Shak.

In•stal•la´tion , n. [F. installation, LL. installatio: cf. It. installazione. See Install.] 1. The act of installing or giving possession of an office, rank, or order, with the usual rites or ceremonies; as the installation of an ordained minister in a parish. “On the election, the bishop gives a mandate for his installation.” Ayliffe. 2. (Mech.) The whole of a system of machines, apparatus, and accessories, when set up and arranged for practical working, as in electric lighting, transmission of power, etc.

In•stall´ment , n. [Written also instalment.] 1. The act of installing; installation. “Take oaths from all kings and magistrates at their installment, to do impartial justice by law.” Milton. 2. The seat in which one is placed. [Obs.] “The several chairs of order, look, you scour; …
Each fair installment, coat, and several crest
With loyal blazon, evermore be blest.” Shak. 3. A portion of a debt, or sum of money, which is divided into portions that are made payable at different times. Payment by installment is payment by parts at different times, the amounts and times being often definitely stipulated. Bouvier.

In•stamp´ , v. t. See Enstamp.

In´stance , n. [F. instance, L. instantia, fr. instans. See Instant.] 1. The act or quality of being instant or pressing; urgency; solicitation; application; suggestion; motion. “Undertook at her instance to restore them.” Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is instant or urgent; motive. [Obs.] “The instances that second marriage move
Are base respects of thrift, but none of love.” Shak. 3. Occasion; order of occurrence. “These seem as if, in the time of Edward I., they were drawn up into the form of a law, in the first instance.” Sir M. Hale. 4. That which offers itself or is offered as an illustrative case; something cited in proof or exemplification; a case occurring; an example. “Most remarkable instances of suffering.” Atterbury. 5. A token; a sign; a symptom or indication. Shak. Causes of instance, those which proceed at the solicitation of some party. Hallifax. — Court of first instance, the court by which a case is first tried. — For instance, by way of example or illustration. — Instance Court (Law), the Court of Admiralty acting within its ordinary jurisdiction, as distinguished from its action as a prize court. Syn. — Example; case. See Example.

In´stance , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instanced p. pr. & vb. n. Instancing ] To mention as a case or example; to refer to; to cite; as to instance a fact. H. Spenser. “I shall not instance an abstruse author.” Milton.

In´stance, v. i. To give an example. [Obs.] “This story doth not only instance in kingdoms, but in families too.” Jer. Taylor.

In´stan•cy , n. Instance; urgency. [Obs.] “Those heavenly precepts which our Lord and Savior with so great instancy gave.” Hooker.

In´stant , a. [L. instans, -antis, p. pr. of instare to stand upon, to press upon; pref. in- in, on + stare to stand: cf. F. instant. See Stand.] 1. Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest. “Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant in prayer.” Rom. xii. 12. “I am beginning to be very instant for some sort of occupation.” Carlyle. 2. Closely pressing or impending in respect to time; not deferred; immediate; without delay. “Impending death is thine, and instant doom.” Prior. 3. Present; current. “The instant time is always the fittest time.” Fuller. The word in this sense is now used only in dates, to indicate the current month; as the tenth of July instant.

In´stant, adv. Instantly. [Poetic] “Instant he flew with hospitable haste.” Pope.

In´stant, n. [F. instant, fr. L. instans standing by, being near, present. See Instant, a.] 1. A point in duration; a moment; a portion of time too short to be estimated; also any particular moment. “There is scarce an instant between their flourishing and their not being.” Hooker. 2. A day of the present or current month; as the sixth instant; — an elliptical expression equivalent to the sixth of the month instant, i. e., the current month. See Instant, a., 3. Syn. — Moment; flash; second.

In•stan•ta•ne´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. instantaneite.] Quality of being instantaneous. Shenstone.

In•stan•ta´ne•ous , a. [Cf. F. instantane.] 1. Done or occurring in an instant, or without any perceptible duration of time; as the passage of electricity appears to be instantaneous. “His reason saw
With instantaneous view, the truth of things.” Thomson. 2. At or during a given instant; as instantaneous acceleration, velocity, etc. Instantaneous center of rotation (Kinematics), in a plane or in a plane figure which has motions both of translation and of rotation in the plane, is the point which for the instant is at rest. — Instantaneous axis of rotation (Kinematics), in a body which has motions both of translation and rotation, is a line, which is supposed to be rigidly united with the body, and which for the instant is at rest. The motion of the body is for the instant simply that of rotation about the instantaneous axis. — In•stan•ta´ne•ous•ly, adv. — In•stan•ta´ne•ous•ness, n.

In•stan´ter , adv. [L., vehemently, earnestly. See Instant, n. & a.] Immediately; instantly; at once; as he left instanter.

In´stant•ly , adv. 1. Without the least delay or interval; at once; immediately. Macaulay. 2. With urgency or importunity; earnestly; pressingly. ´They besought him instantly.´ Luke vii. 4. Syn. — Directly; immediately; at once. See Directly.

In•star´ , v. t. To stud as with stars. [R.] ´A golden throne instarred with gems.´ J. Barlow.

In•state´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instated; p. pr. & vb. n. Instating.] To set, place, or establish, as in a rank, office, or condition; to install; to invest; as to instate a person in greatness or in favor. Shak.

In•stau´rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instaurated p. pr. & vb. n. Instaurating ] [L. instauratus, p. p. of instaurare to renew. See 1st In-, and Store.] To renew or renovate. [R.]

In•stau•ra´tion , n. [L. instauratio: cf. F. instauration.] Restoration after decay, lapse, or dilapidation; renewal; repair; renovation; renaissance. “Some great catastrophe or … instauration.” T. Burnet.

In´stau•ra•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. instaurateur.] One who renews or restores to a former condition. [R.] Dr. H. More.

In•staure´ , v. t. [See Instaurate.] To renew or renovate; to instaurate. [Obs.] Marston.

In•stead´ , adv. [Pref. in- + stead place.] 1. In the place or room; — usually followed by of. “Let thistles grow of wheat.” Job xxxi. 40. “Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab.” 2 Sam. xvii. 25. 2. Equivalent; equal to; — usually with of. [R.] “This very consideration to a wise man is instead of a thousand arguments, to satisfy him, that in those times no such thing was believed.” Tillotson.

In•steep´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insteeped p. pr. & vb. n. Insteeping.] To steep or soak; to drench. [R.] ´In gore he lay insteeped.´ Shak.

In´step , n. [Formerly also instop, instup.] 1. The arched middle portion of the human foot next in front of the ankle joint. 2. That part of the hind leg of the horse and allied animals, between the hock, or ham, and the pastern joint.

In´sti•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instigated p. pr. & vb. n. Instigating ] [L. instigatus, p. p. of instigare to instigate; pref. in- in + a root akin to G. stechen to prick, E. stick. See Stick.] To goad or urge forward; to set on; to provoke; to incite; — used chiefly with reference to evil actions; as to instigate one to a crime. “He hath only instigated his blackest agents to the very extent of their malignity.” Bp. Warburton. Syn. — To stimulate; urge; spur; provoke; tempt; incite; impel; encourage; animate.

In´sti•ga•ting•ly, adv. Incitingly; temptingly.

In•sti•ga´tion , n. [L. instigatio: cf. F. instigation.] The act of instigating, or the state of being instigated; incitement; esp. to evil or wickedness. “The baseness and villainy that … the instigation of the devil could bring the sons of men to.” South.

In´sti•ga•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. instigateur.] One who instigates or incites. Burke.

In•still´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instilled p. pr. & vb. n. Instilling.] [L. instillare, instillatum; pref. in- in + stillare to drop, fr. stilla a drop: cf. F. instiller. See Distill.] [Written also instil.] To drop in; to pour in drop by drop; hence, to impart gradually; to infuse slowly; to cause to be imbibed. “That starlight dews
All silently their tears of love instill.” Byron. “How hast thou instilled
Thy malice into thousands.” Milton. Syn. — To infuse; impart; inspire; implant; inculcate; insinuate.

In•stil•la´tion , n. [L. instillatio: cf. F. instillation.] The act of instilling; also that which is instilled. Johnson.

In´stil•la•tor , n. An instiller. [R.]

In•stil´la•to•ry , a. Belonging to instillation. [R.]

In•still´er , n. One who instills. Skelton.

In•still´ment , n. The act of instilling; also that which is instilled. [Written also instilment.]

In•stim´u•late , v. t. [Pref. in- not + stimulate.] Not to stimulate; to soothe; to quiet. [Obs.] Cheyne.

In•stim´u•late, v. t. [L. instimulatus, p. p. instimulare to stimulate. See 1st In-, and Stimulate.] To stimulate; to excite. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In•stim•u•la´tion , n. Stimulation.

In•stinct´ , a. [L. instinctus, p. p. of instinguere to instigate, incite; cf. instigare to instigate. Cf. Instigate, Distinguish.] Urged or stimulated from within; naturally moved or impelled; imbued; animated; alive; quick; as birds instinct with life. “The chariot of paternal deity …
Itself instinct with spirit, but convoyed
By four cherubic shapes.” Milton. “A noble performance, instinct with sound principle.” Brougham.

In´stinct (in´stinkt), n. [L. instinctus instigation, impulse, fr. instinguere to instigate: cf. F. instinct. See Instinct, a.] 1. Natural inward impulse; unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning prompting to any mode of action, whether bodily, or mental, without a distinct apprehension of the end or object to be accomplished. “An instinct is a propensity prior to experience, and independent of instructions.” Paley. “An instinct is a blind tendency to some mode of action, independent of any consideration, on the part of the agent, of the end to which the action leads.” Whately. “An instinct is an agent which performs blindly and ignorantly a work of intelligence and knowledge.” Sir W. Hamilton. “By a divine instinct, men’s minds mistrust
Ensuing dangers.” Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Specif., the natural, unreasoning, impulse by which an animal is guided to the performance of any action, without thought of improvement in the method. “The resemblance between what originally was a habit, and an instinct becomes so close as not to be distinguished.” Darwin. 3. A natural aptitude or knack; a predilection; as an instinct for order; to be modest by instinct.

In•stinct´ (in•stinkt´), v. t. To impress, as an animating power, or instinct. [Obs.] Bentley.

In•stinc´tion , n. Instinct; incitement; inspiration. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In•stinc´tive , a. [Cf. F. instinctif.] Of or pertaining to instinct; derived from, or prompted by, instinct; of the nature of instinct; determined by natural impulse or propensity; acting or produced without reasoning, deliberation, instruction, or experience; spontaneous. ´Instinctive motion.´ Milton. ´Instinctive dread.´ Cowper. “With taste instinctive give
Each grace appropriate.” Mason. “Have we had instinctive intimations of the death of some absent friends?” Bp. Hall. The terms instinctive belief, instinctive judgment, instinctive cognition, are expressions not ill adapted to characterize a belief, judgment, or cognition, which, as the result of no anterior consciousness, is, like the products of animal instinct, the intelligent effect of (as far as we are concerned) an unknown cause. Sir H. Hamilton. Syn. — Natural; voluntary; spontaneous; original; innate; inherent; automatic.

In•stinc´tive•ly, adv. In an instinctive manner; by force of instinct; by natural impulse.

In•stinc•tiv´i•ty , n. The quality of being instinctive, or prompted by instinct. [R.] Coleridge.

In•stip´u•late , a. See Exstipulate.

In´sti•tute (in´sti•tut), p. a. [L. institutus, p. p. of instituere to place in, to institute, to instruct; pref. in- in + statuere to cause to stand, to set. See Statute.] Established; organized; founded. [Obs.] “They have but few laws. For to a people so instruct and institute, very few to suffice.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

In´sti•tute (in´sti•tut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instituted (- tu•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Instituting.] 1. To set up; to establish; to ordain; as to institute laws, rules, etc. 2. To originate and establish; to found; to organize; as to institute a court, or a society. “Whenever any from of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government.” Jefferson (Decl. of Indep. ). 3. To nominate; to appoint. [Obs.] “We institute your Grace
To be our regent in these parts of France.” Shak. 4. To begin; to commence; to set on foot; as to institute an inquiry; to institute a suit. “And haply institute
A course of learning and ingenious studies.” Shak. 5. To ground or establish in principles and rudiments; to educate; to instruct. [Obs.] “If children were early instituted, knowledge would insensibly insinuate itself.” Dr. H. More. 6. (Eccl. Law) To invest with the spiritual charge of a benefice, or the care of souls. Blackstone. Syn. — To originate; begin; commence; establish; found; erect; organize; appoint; ordain.

In´sti•tute, n. [L. institutum: cf. F. institut. See Institute, v. t. & a.] 1. The act of instituting; institution. [Obs.] ´Water sanctified by Christ’s institute.´ Milton. 2. That which is instituted, established, or fixed, as a law, habit, or custom. Glover. 3. Hence: An elementary and necessary principle; a precept, maxim, or rule, recognized as established and authoritative; usually in the plural, a collection of such principles and precepts; esp., a comprehensive summary of legal principles and decisions; as the Institutes of Justinian; Coke’s Institutes of the Laws of England. Cf. Digest, n. “They made a sort of institute and digest of anarchy.” Burke. “To make the Stoics’ institutes thy own.” Dryden. 4. An institution; a society established for the promotion of learning, art, science, etc.; a college; as the Institute of Technology; also a building owned or occupied by such an institute; as the Cooper Institute. 5. (Scots Law) The person to whom an estate is first given by destination or limitation. Tomlins. Institutes of medicine, theoretical medicine; that department of medical science which attempts to account philosophically for the various phenomena of health as well as of disease; physiology applied to the practice of medicine. Dunglison.

In´sti•tu•ter , n. An institutor. [R.]

In•sti•tu´tion , n. [L. institutio: cf. F. institution.] 1. The act or process of instituting; as: (a) Establishment; foundation; enactment; as the institution of a school. “The institution of God’s law is described as being established by solemn injunction.” Hooker. (b) Instruction; education. [Obs.] Bentley. (c) (Eccl. Law) The act or ceremony of investing a clergyman with the spiritual part of a benefice, by which the care of souls is committed to his charge. Blackstone. 2. That which instituted or established; as: (a) Established order, method, or custom; enactment; ordinance; permanent form of law or polity. “The nature of our people,
Our city’s institutions.” Shak. (b) An established or organized society or corporation; an establishment, especially of a public character, or affecting a community; a foundation; as a literary institution; a charitable institution; also a building or the buildings occupied or used by such organization; as the Smithsonian Institution. (c) Anything forming a characteristic and persistent feature in social or national life or habits. “We ordered a lunch (the most delightful of English institutions, next to dinner) to be ready against our return.” Hawthorne. 3. That which institutes or instructs; a textbook; a system of elements or rules; an institute. [Obs.] “There is another manuscript, of above three hundred years old, … being an institution of physic.” Evelyn.

In•sti•tu´tion•al , a. 1. Pertaining to, or treating of, institutions; as institutional legends. “Institutional writers as Rousseau.” J. S. Mill. 2. Instituted by authority. 3. Elementary; rudimental.

In•sti•tu´tion•a•ry , a. 1. Relating to an institution, or institutions. 2. Containing the first principles or doctrines; elemental; rudimentary.

In´sti•tu•tist , n. A writer or compiler of, or a commentator on, institutes. [R.] Harvey.

In´sti•tu•tive , a. 1. Tending or intended to institute; having the power to establish. Barrow. 2. Established; depending on, or characterized by, institution or order. ´Institutive decency.´ Milton.

In´sti•tu•tive•ly adv. In conformity with an institution. Harrington.

In´sti•tu•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. instituteur.] 1. One who institutes, founds, ordains, or establishes. 2. One who educates; an instructor. [Obs.] Walker. 3. (Episcopal Church) A presbyter appointed by the bishop to institute a rector or assistant minister over a parish church.

In•stop´ , v. t. To stop; to close; to make fast; as to instop the seams. [Obs.] Dryden.

In•store´ , v. t. [See Instaurate, Store.] To store up; to inclose; to contain. [Obs.] Wyclif.

In•strat´i•fied , a. Interstratified.

In•struct´ , a. [L. instructus, p. p. of instruere to furnish, provide, construct, instruct; pref. in- in, on + struere. See Structure.] 1. Arranged; furnished; provided. [Obs.] ´He had neither ship instruct with oars, nor men.´ Chapman. 2. Instructed; taught; enlightened. [Obs.] Milton.

In•struct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Instructing.] 1. To put in order; to form; to prepare. [Obs.] “They speak to the merits of a cause, after the proctor has prepared and instructed the same for a hearing.” Ayliffe. 2. To form by communication of knowledge; to inform the mind of; to impart knowledge or information to; to enlighten; to teach; to discipline. “Schoolmasters will I keep within my house,
Fit to instruct her youth.” Shak. 3. To furnish with directions; to advise; to direct; to command; as the judge instructs the jury. “She, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me here John Baptist’s head in a charger.” Matt. xiv. 8. “Take her in; instruct her what she has to do.” Shak. Syn. — To teach; educate; inform; train; discipline; indoctrinate; direct; enjoin.

In•struct´er , n. See Instructor.

In•struct´i•ble , a. Capable of being instructed; teachable; docible. Bacon.

In•struc´tion , n. [L. instructio: cf. F. instruction.] 1. The act of instructing, teaching, or furnishing with knowledge; information. 2. That which instructs, or with which one is instructed; the intelligence or information imparted; as: (a) Precept; information; teachings. (b) Direction; order; command. ´If my instructions may be your guide.´ Shak. Syn. — Education; teaching; indoctrination; information; advice; counsel. See Education.

In•struc´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or promoting, instruction; educational.

In•struct´ive , a. [Cf. F. instructif.] Conveying knowledge; serving to instruct or inform; as experience furnishes very instructive lessons. Addison. “In various talk the instructive hours they past.” Pope. — In•struct´ive•ly, adv. — In•struct´ive•ness, n. “The pregnant instructiveness of the Scripture.” Boyle.

In•struct´or , n. [L., a preparer: cf. F. instructeur.] [Written also instructer.] One who instructs; one who imparts knowledge to another; a teacher.

In•struct´ress , n. A woman who instructs; a preceptress; a governess. Johnson.

In´stru•ment , n. [F. instrument, L. instrumentum. See Instruct.] 1. That by means of which any work is performed, or result is effected; a tool; a utensil; an implement; as the instruments of a mechanic; astronomical instruments. “All the lofty instruments of war.” Shak. 2. A contrivance or implement, by which musical sounds are produced; as a musical instrument. “Praise him with stringed instruments and organs.” Ps. cl. 4. “But signs when songs and instruments he hears.” Dryden. 3. (Law) A writing, as the means of giving formal expression to some act; a writing expressive of some act, contract, process, as a deed, contract, writ, etc. Burrill. 4. One who, or that which, is made a means, or is caused to serve a purpose; a medium, means, or agent. “Or useful serving man and instrument,
To any sovereign state.” Shak. “The bold are but the instruments of the wise.” Dryden. Syn. — Tool; implement; utensil; machine; apparatus; channel; agent.

In´stru•ment , v. t. To perform upon an instrument; to prepare for an instrument; as a sonata instrumented for orchestra.

In•stru•men´tal , a. [Cf. F. instrumental.] 1. Acting as an instrument; serving as a means; contributing to promote; conductive; helpful; serviceable; as he was instrumental in conducting the business. “The head is not more native to the heart,
The hand more instrumental to the mouth.” Shak. 2. (Mus.) Pertaining to, made by, or prepared for, an instrument, esp. a musical instrument; as instrumental music, distinguished from vocal music. ´He defended the use of instrumental music in public worship.´ Macaulay. “Sweet voices mix’d with instrumental sounds.” Dryden. 3. (Gram.) Applied to a case expressing means or agency; as the instrumental case. This is found in Sanskrit as a separate case, but in Greek it was merged into the dative, and in Latin into the ablative. In Old English it was a separate case, but has disappeared, leaving only a few anomalous forms. Instrumental errors, those errors in instrumental measurements, etc., which arise, exclusively from want of mathematical accuracy in an instrument.

In•stru•men´tal•ist, n. One who plays upon an instrument of music, as distinguished from a vocalist.

In•stru•men•tal´i•ty , n.; pl. Instrumentalities . The quality or condition of being instrumental; that which is instrumental; anything used as a means; medium; agency. “The instrumentality of faith in justification.” Bp. Burnet. “The discovery of gunpowder developed the science of attack and defense in a new instrumentality.” J. H. Newman.

In•stru•men´tal•ly , adv. 1. By means of an instrument or agency; as means to an end. South. “They will argue that the end being essentially beneficial, the means become instrumentally so.” Burke. 2. With instruments of music; as a song instrumentally accompanied. Mason.

In•stru•men´tal•ness, n. Usefulness or agency, as means to an end; instrumentality. [R.] Hammond.

In•stru•men´ta•ry , a. Instrumental. [R.]

In•stru•men•ta´tion , n. 1. The act of using or adapting as an instrument; a series or combination of instruments; means; agency. “Otherwise we have no sufficient instrumentation for our human use or handling of so great a fact.” H. Bushnell. 2. (Mus.) (a) The arrangement of a musical composition for performance by a number of different instruments; orchestration; instrumental composition; composition for an orchestra or military band. (b) The act or manner of playing upon musical instruments; performance; as his instrumentation is perfect.

In´stru•men•tist , n. A performer on a musical instrument; an instrumentalist.

In•style´ , v. t. To style. [Obs.] Crashaw.

In•suav´i•ty , n. [L. insuavitas: cf. F. insuavite. See In- not, and Suavity.] Want of suavity; unpleasantness. [Obs.] Burton.

In•sub•jec´tion , n. Want of subjection or obedience; a state of disobedience, as to government.

In•sub•mer´gi•ble , a. Not capable of being submerged; buoyant. [R.]

In•sub•mis´sion , n. Want of submission; disobedience; noncompliance.

In•sub•or´di•nate , a. Not submitting to authority; disobedient; rebellious; mutinous.

In•sub•or•di•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. insubordination.] The quality of being insubordinate; disobedience to lawful authority.

In•sub•stan´tial , a. Unsubstantial; not real or strong. ´Insubstantial pageant.´ [R.] Shak.

In•sub•stan•ti•al´i•ty , n. Unsubstantiality; unreality. [R.]

In•suc•ca´tion , n. [L. insucare, insucatum, to soak in; pref. in- + succus, sucus, sap.] The act of soaking or moistening; maceration; solution in the juice of herbs. [Obs.] Coxe. “The medicating and insuccation of seeds.” Evelyn.

In•suc•cess´ , n. Want of success. [R.] Feltham.

In•sue´ , v. i. See Ensue, v. i.

In´sue•tude , n. [L. insuetudo, from insuetus unaccustomed; pref. in- not + suetus, p. p. of suescere to be accustomed.] The state or quality of being unaccustomed; absence of use or habit. “Absurdities are great or small in proportion to custom or insuetude.” Landor.

In•suf´fer•a•ble , a. 1. Incapable of being suffered, borne, or endured; insupportable; unendurable; intolerable; as insufferable heat, cold, or pain; insufferable wrongs. Locke. 2. Offensive beyond endurance; detestable. “A multitude of scribblers who daily pester the world with their insufferable stuff.” Dryden.

In•suf´fer•a•bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree beyond endurance; intolerably; as a blaze insufferably bright; a person insufferably proud.

In•suf•fi´cience , n. Insufficiency. Shak.

In•suf•fi´cien•cy , n. [L. insufficientia: cf. F. insuffisance, whence OE. insuffisance. See Insufficient.] 1. The quality or state of being insufficient; want of sufficiency; deficiency; inadequateness; as the insufficiency of provisions, of an excuse, etc. “The insufficiency of the light of nature is, by the light of Scripture, … fully supplied.” Hooker. 2. Want of power or skill; inability; incapacity; incompetency; as the insufficiency of a man for an office.

In•suf•fi´cient , a. [L. insufficiens, -entis. See In- not, and Sufficient.] 1. Not sufficient; not enough; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; as the provisions are insufficient in quantity, and defective in quality. ´Insufficient for His praise.´ Cowper. 2. Wanting in strength, power, ability, capacity, or skill; incompetent; incapable; unfit; as a person insufficient to discharge the duties of an office. Syn. — Inadequate; scanty; incommensurate; unequal; unfit; incompetent; incapable; inefficient.

In•suf•fi´cient•ly, adv. In an insufficient manner or degree; unadequately.

In•suf•fla´tion , n. [L. insuffatio: cf. F. insuffation. See In- in, and Sufflation.] The act of breathing on or into anything; especially: (a) (R. C. Ch.) The breathing upon a person in the sacrament of baptism to symbolize the inspiration of a new spiritual life. (b) (Med.) The act of blowing (a gas powder, or vapor) into any cavity of the body.

In•suit´a•ble , a. Unsuitable. [Obs.] — In•suit•a•bil´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.]

In´su•lar , a. [L. insularis, fr. insula island: cf. F. insulaire. See Isle.] 1. Of or pertaining to an island; of the nature, or possessing the characteristics, of an island; as an insular climate, fauna, etc. 2. Of or pertaining to the people of an island; narrow; circumscribed; illiberal; contracted; as insular habits, opinions, or prejudices. “The penury of insular conversation.” Johnson.

In´su•lar, n. An islander. [R.] Berkeley.

In•su•lar´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. insularite.] 1. The state or quality of being an island or consisting of islands; insulation. “The insularity of Britain was first shown by Agricola, who sent his fleet round it.” Pinkerton. 2. Narrowness or illiberality of opinion; prejudice; exclusiveness; as the insularity of the Chinese or of the aristocracy.

In´su•lar•ly , adv. In an insular manner.

In´su•la•ry , a. Insular. [Obs.] Howell.

In´su•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulated p. pr. & vb. n. Insulating ] [L. insulatus insulated, fr. insula island. See Isle, and cf. Isolate.] 1. To make an island of. [Obs.] Pennant. 2. To place in a detached situation, or in a state having no communication with surrounding objects; to isolate; to separate. 3. (Elec. & Thermotics) To prevent the transfer of electricity or heat to or from (bodies) by the interposition of nonconductors. Insulating stool (Elec.), a stool with legs of glass or some other nonconductor of electricity, used for insulating a person or any object placed upon it.

In´su•la•ted (in´su•la´ted), p. a. 1. Standing by itself; not being contiguous to other bodies; separated; unconnected; isolated; as an insulated house or column. “The special and insulated situation of the Jews.” De Quincey. 2. (Elect. & Thermotics) Separated from other bodies by means of nonconductors of heat or electricity. 3. (Astron.) Situated at so great a distance as to be beyond the effect of gravitation; — said of stars supposed to be so far apart that the affect of their mutual attraction is insensible. C. A. Young. Insulated wire, wire wound with silk, or covered with other nonconducting material, for electrical use.

In•su•la´tion , n. 1. The act of insulating, or the state of being insulated; detachment from other objects; isolation. 2. (Elec. & Thermotics) The act of separating a body from others by nonconductors, so as to prevent the transfer of electricity or of heat; also the state of a body so separated.

In´su•la•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, insulates. 2. (Elec. & Thermotics) The substance or body that insulates; a nonconductor.

In´su•lite , n. (Elec.) An insulating material, usually some variety of compressed cellulose, made of sawdust, paper pulp, cotton waste, etc.

In´su•lous , a. [L. insulosus, fr. insula island.] Abounding in islands. [R.]

In•sulse´ , a. [L. insulsus; pref. in- not + salsus salted, fr. salire, salsum, to salt.] Insipid; dull; stupid. [Obs.] Milton.

In•sul´si•ty , n. [L. insulsitas.] Insipidity; stupidity; dullness. [Obs.] “The insulsity of mortal tongues.” Milton.

In´sult , n. [L. insultus, fr. insilire to leap upon: cf. F. insulte. See Insult, v. t.] 1. The act of leaping on; onset; attack. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. Gross abuse offered to another, either by word or act; an act or speech of insolence or contempt; an affront; an indignity. “The ruthless sneer that insult adds to grief.” Savage. Syn. — Affront; indignity; abuse; outrage; contumely. See Affront.

In•sult´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Insulting.] [F. insulter, L. insultare, freq. fr. insilire to leap into or upon; pref. in- in, on + salire to leap. See Salient.] 1. To leap or trample upon; to make a sudden onset upon. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To treat with abuse, insolence, indignity, or contempt, by word or action; to abuse; as to call a man a coward or a liar, or to sneer at him, is to insult him.

In•sult´, v. i. 1. To leap or jump. “Give me thy knife, I will insult on him.” Shak. “Like the frogs in the apologue, insulting upon their wooden king.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To behave with insolence; to exult. [Archaic] “The lion being dead, even hares insult.” Daniel. “An unwillingness to insult over their helpless fatuity.” Landor.

In•sult´a•ble , a. Capable of being insulted or affronted. [R.] Emerson.

In•sul•ta´tion , n. [L. insultatio, fr. insultare: cf. OF. insultation.] 1. The act of insulting; abusive or insolent treatment; insult. [Obs.] Feltham. 2. Exultation. [Obs.] Is. xiv. (heading).

In•sult´er , n. One who insults. Shak.

In•sult´ing, a. Containing, or characterized by, insult or abuse; tending to insult or affront; as insulting language, treatment, etc. — In•sult´ing•ly, adv. Syn. — Insolent; impertinent; saucy; rude; abusive; contemptuous. See Insolent.

In•sult´ment , n. Insolent treatment; insult. [Obs.] ´My speech of insultment ended.´ Shak.

In•sume´ , v. t. [L. insumere; pre. in- in + sumere to take.] To take in; to absorb. [Obs.]

In•su•per•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being insuperable; insuperableness.

In•su´per•a•ble , a. [L. insuperabilis: cf. OF. insuperable. See In- not, and Superable.] Incapable of being passed over or surmounted; insurmountable; as insuperable difficulties. “And middle natures, how they long to join,
Yet never pass the insuperable line?” Pope. “The difficulty is enhanced, or is … insuperable.” I. Taylor. Syn. — Impassable; insurmountable; unconquerable. — In•su´per•a•ble•ness, n. — In•su´per•a•bly, adv.

In•sup•port´a•ble , a. [L. insupportabilis: cf. F. insupportable. See In- not, and Support.] Incapable of being supported or borne; unendurable; insufferable; intolerable; as insupportable burdens; insupportable pain. — In•sup•port´a•ble•ness, n. — In•sup•port´a•bly, adv.

In•sup•pos´a•ble , a. Incapable of being supposed; not supposable; inconceivable.

In•sup•press´i•ble , a. That can not be suppressed or concealed; irrepressible. Young. — In•sup•press´i•bly, adv.

In•sup•press´ive , a. Insuppressible. [Obs.] ´The insuppressive mettle of our spirits.´ Shak.

In•sur´a•ble , a. [From Insure.] Capable of being insured against loss, damage, death, etc.; proper to be insured. “The French law annuls the latter policies so far as they exceed the insurable interest which remained in the insured at the time of the subscription thereof.” Walsh.

In•sur´ance , n. [From Insure.] 1. The act of insuring, or assuring, against loss or damage by a contingent event; a contract whereby, for a stipulated consideration, called premium, one party undertakes to indemnify or guarantee another against loss by certain specified risks. Cf. Assurance, n., 6. The person who undertakes to pay in case of loss is termed the insurer; the danger against which he undertakes, the risk; the person protected, the insured; the sum which he pays for the protection, the premium; and the contract itself, when reduced to form, the policy. Johnson’s Cyc. 2. The premium paid for insuring property or life. 3. The sum for which life or property is insured. 4. A guaranty, security, or pledge; assurance. [Obs.] “The most acceptable insurance of the divine protection.” Mickle. Accident insurance, insurance against pecuniary loss by reason of accident to the person. — Endowment insurance or assurance, a combination of life insurance and investment such that if the person upon whose life a risk is taken dies before a certain specified time the insurance becomes due at once, and if he survives, it becomes due at the time specified. — Fire insurance. See under Fire. — Insurance broker, a broker or agent who effects insurance. — Insurance company, a company or corporation whose business it is to insure against loss, damage, or death. — Insurance policy, a certificate of insurance; the document containing the contract made by an insurance company with a person whose property or life is insured. — Life insurance. See under Life.

In•sur´an•cer , n. One who effects insurance; an insurer; an underwriter. [Obs.] Dryden. “hose bold insurancers of deathless fame.” Blair.

In•sur´ant , n. The person insured. Champness.

In´sure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insured p. pr. & vb. n. Insuring.] [OE. ensuren, prob. for assuren, by a change of prefix. See 1st In-, and Sure, and cf. Assure, Ensure.] [Written also ensure.] 1. To make sure or secure; as to insure safety to any one. 2. Specifically, to secure against a loss by a contingent event, on certain stipulated conditions, or at a given rate or premium; to give or to take an insurance on or for; as a merchant insures his ship or its cargo, or both, against the dangers of the sea; goods and buildings are insured against fire or water; persons are insured against sickness, accident, or death; and sometimes hazardous debts are insured.

In•sure´, v. i. To underwrite; to make insurance; as a company insures at three per cent.

In•sur´er , n. One who, or that which, insures; the person or company that contracts to indemnify losses for a premium; an underwriter. { In•sur´gence , In•sur´gen•cy } n. A state of insurrection; an uprising; an insurrection. “A moral insurgence in the minds of grave men against the Court of Rome.” G. Eliot.

In•sur´gent , a. [L. insurgens, p. pr. of insurgere to rise up; pref. in- in + surgere to rise. See Surge.] Rising in opposition to civil or political authority, or against an established government; insubordinate; rebellious. ´The insurgent provinces.´ Motley.

In•sur´gent, n. [Cf. F. insurgent.] A person who rises in revolt against civil authority or an established government; one who openly and actively resists the execution of laws; a rebel. Syn. — See Rebel.

In•sur•mount•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being insurmountable.

In•sur•mount´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + surmountable: cf. F. insurmountable.] Incapable of being passed over, surmounted, or overcome; insuperable; as insurmountable difficulty or obstacle. Locke. “Hope thinks nothing difficult; despair tells us that difficulty is insurmountable.” I. Watts. Syn. — Insuperable; impassable; invincible.

In•sur•mount´a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being insurmountable; insurmountability.

In•sur•mount´a•bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree not to be overcome.

In•sur•rec´tion , n. [L. insurrectio, fr. insurgere, insurrectum: cf. F. insurrection. See Insurgent.] 1. A rising against civil or political authority, or the established government; open and active opposition to the execution of law in a city or state. “It is found that this city of old time hath made insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein.” Ezra iv. 19. 2. A rising in mass to oppose an enemy. [Obs.] Syn. — Insurrection, Sedition, Revolt, Rebellion, Mutiny. Sedition is the raising of commotion in a state, as by conspiracy, without aiming at open violence against the laws. Insurrection is a rising of individuals to prevent the execution of law by force of arms. Revolt is a casting off the authority of a government, with a view to put it down by force, or to substitute one ruler for another. Rebellion is an extended insurrection and revolt. Mutiny is an insurrection on a small scale, as a mutiny of a regiment, or of a ship’s crew. “I say again,
In soothing them, we nourish ’gainst our senate
The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition.” Shak. “Insurrections of base people are commonly more furious in their beginnings.” Bacon. “He was greatly strengthened, and the enemy as much enfeebled, by daily revolts.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Though of their names in heavenly records now
Be no memorial, blotted out and razed
By their rebellion from the books of life.” Milton.

In•sur•rec´tion•al , a. [Cf. F. insurrectionnel.] Pertaining to insurrection; consisting in insurrection.

In•sur•rec´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, insurrection; rebellious; seditious. “Their murderous insurrectionary system.” Burke.

In•sur•rec´tion•ist, n. One who favors, or takes part in, insurrection; an insurgent.

In•sus•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n. Want of susceptibility, or of capacity to feel or perceive.

In•sus•cep•ti•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + susceptible: cf. F. insusceptible.] Not susceptible; not capable of being moved, affected, or impressed; that can not feel, receive, or admit; as a limb insusceptible of pain; a heart insusceptible of pity; a mind insusceptible to flattery. — In•sus•cep•ti•bly adv.

In•sus•cep´tive , a. Not susceptive or susceptible. [R.] Rambler.

In•su•sur•ra´tion , n. [L. insusurratio, fr. insusurrare to whisper into.] The act of whispering into something. [Obs.] Johnson.

In•swathe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inswathed p. pr. & vb. n. Inswating.] To wrap up; to infold; to swathe. “Inswathed sometimes in wandering mist.” Tennyson.

In•tact´ , a. [L. intactus; pref. in- not + tactus, p. p. of tangere to touch: cf. F. intact. See In- not, and Tact, Tangent.] Untouched, especially by anything that harms, defiles, or the like; uninjured; undefiled; left complete or entire. Buckle. “When all external differences have passed away, one element remains intact, unchanged, — the everlasting basis of our common nature, the human soul.” F. W. Robertson. { In•tac´ti•ble , In•tac´ta•ble }, a. Not perceptible to the touch.

In•tagl´ia•ted , a. [It. intagliato, p. p. of intagliare. See Intaglio.] Engraved in intaglio; as an intagliated stone. T. Warton.

In•tagl´io , n.; pl. E. Intaglius (#), It. Intagli (#). [It., fr. intagliare to engrave, carve; pref. in- in + tagliare to cut, carve. See Detail.] A cutting or engraving; a figure cut into something, as a gem, so as to make a design depressed below the surface of the material; hence, anything so carved or impressed, as a gem, matrix, etc.; — opposed to cameo. Also used adjectively.

In•tail´, v. t. See Entail, v. t.

In´take , n. 1. The place where water or air is taken into a pipe or conduit; — opposed to outlet. 2. the beginning of a contraction or narrowing in a tube or cylinder. 3. The quantity taken in; as the intake of air.

In•tam´i•na•ted , a. [L. intaminatus. See Contaminate.] Uncontaminated. [Obs.] Wood.

In•tan•gi•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Intangibilities (#). [Cf. F. intangibilite.] The quality or state of being intangible; intangibleness.

In•tan´gi•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + tangible: cf. F. intangible.] Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible. Bp. Wilkins. “A corporation is an artificial, invisible, intangible being.” Marshall. — In•tan´gi•ble•ness, n. — In•tan´gi•bly, adv.

In•tan´gle , v. t. See Entangle.

In•tast´a•ble , a. Incapable of being tasted; tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Grew.

In´te•ger , n. [L. integer untouched, whole, entire. See Entire.] A complete entity; a whole number, in contradistinction to a fraction or a mixed number. Complex integer (Theory of Numbers), an expression of the form a + brad.-1, where a and b are real integers.

In•te•gra•bil´i•ty , n. (Math.) The quality of being integrable.

In´te•gra•ble , a. (Math.) Capable of being integrated.

In´te•gral , a. [Cf. F. integral. See Integer.] 1. Lacking nothing of completeness; complete; perfect; uninjured; whole; entire. “A local motion keepeth bodies integral.” Bacon. 2. Essential to completeness; constituent, as a part; pertaining to, or serving to form, an integer; integrant. “Ceasing to do evil, and doing good, are the two great integral parts that complete this duty.” South. 3. (Math.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or being, a whole number or undivided quantity; not fractional. (b) Pertaining to, or proceeding by, integration; as the integral calculus. Integral calculus. See under Calculus.

In´te•gral, n. 1. A whole; an entire thing; a whole number; an individual. 2. (Math.) An expression which, being differentiated, will produce a given differential. See differential Differential, and Integration. Cf. Fluent. Elliptic integral, one of an important class of integrals, occurring in the higher mathematics; — so called because one of the integrals expresses the length of an arc of an ellipse.

In•te•gral´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. integralite.] Entireness. [Obs.] Whitaker.

In´te•gral•ly , adv. In an integral manner; wholly; completely; also by integration.

In´te•grant , a. [L. integrans, -antis, p. pr. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. integrant. See Integrate.] Making part of a whole; necessary to constitute an entire thing; integral. Boyle. “All these are integrant parts of the republic.” Burke. Integrant parts, or particles, of bodies, those smaller particles into which a body may be reduced without loss of its original constitution, as by mechanical division.

In´te•grate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Integrated p. pr. & vb. n. Integrating ] [L. integratus, p. p. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. integrer. See Integer, Entire.] 1. To form into one whole; to make entire; to complete; to renew; to restore; to perfect. ´That conquest rounded and integrated the glorious empire.´ De Quincey. “Two distinct substances, the soul and body, go to compound and integrate the man.” South. 2. To indicate the whole of; to give the sum or total of; as an integrating anemometer, one that indicates or registers the entire action of the wind in a given time. 3. (Math.) To subject to the operation of integration; to find the integral of.

In•te•gra´tion (in•te•gra´shun), n. [L. integratio a renewing, restoring: cf. F. integration.] 1. The act or process of making whole or entire. 2. (Math.) The operation of finding the primitive function which has a given function for its differential coefficient. See Integral. The symbol of integration is &integral2l; (standing for the Latin summa sum), and the integral is also regarded as the limiting value of the sum of great numbers of differentials, when the magnitude of the differentials decreases, and their number increases indefinitely. See Limit, n. When the summation is made between specified values of the variable, the result is a definite integral, and those values of the variable are the limits of the integral. When the summation is made successively for two or more variables, the result is a multiple integral. 3. In the theory of evolution: The process by which the manifold is compacted into the relatively simple and permanent. It is supposed to alternate with differentiation as an agent in development.

In´te•gra•tor , n. (Math. & Mech.) That which integrates; esp., an instrument by means of which the area of a figure can be measured directly, or its moment of inertia, or statical moment, etc., be determined.

In•teg´ri•ty , n. [L. integritas: cf. F. integrite. See Integer, and cf. Entirety.] 1. The state or quality of being entire or complete; wholeness; entireness; unbroken state; as the integrity of an empire or territory. Sir T. More. 2. Moral soundness; honesty; freedom from corrupting influence or motive; — used especially with reference to the fulfillment of contracts, the discharge of agencies, trusts, and the like; uprightness; rectitude. “The moral grandeur of independent integrity is the sublimest thing in nature.” Buckminster. “Their sober zeal, integrity, and worth.” Cowper. 3. Unimpaired, unadulterated, or genuine state; entire correspondence with an original condition; purity. “Language continued long in its purity and integrity.” Sir M. Hale. Syn. — Honesty; uprightness; rectitude. See Probity.

In•te•gro•pal´li•al , a. [L. integer whole + E. pallial.] (Zoöl.) Having the pallial line entire, or without a sinus, as certain bivalve shells.

In•teg•u•ma´tion , n. [See Integument.] That part of physiology which treats of the integuments of animals and plants.

In•teg´u•ment , n. [L. integumentum, fr. integere to cover; pref. in- in, on + tegere to cover: cf. F. integument. See 1st n-, and Tegument.] That which naturally invests or covers another thing, as the testa or the tegmen of a seed; specifically (Anat.), a covering which invests the body, as the skin, or a membrane that invests a particular part.

In•teg•u•men´ta•ry , n. Belonging to, or composed of, integuments.

In•teg•u•men•ta´tion , n. The act or process of covering with integuments; the state or manner of being thus covered.

In´tel•lect , n. [L. intellectus, fr. intelligere, intellectum, to understand: cf. intellect. See Intelligent.] (Metaph.) The part or faculty of the human soul by which it knows, as distinguished from the power to feel and to will; sometimes, the capacity for higher forms of knowledge, as distinguished from the power to perceive objects in their relations; the power to judge and comprehend; the thinking faculty; the understanding.

In´tel•lect•ed , a. Endowed with intellect; having intellectual powers or capacities. [R.] “In body, and in bristles, they became
As swine, yet intellected as before.” Cowper.

In•tel•lec´tion , n. [L. intellectio synecdoche: cf. F. intellection.] A mental act or process; especially: (a) The act of understanding; simple apprehension of ideas; intuition. Bentley. (b) A creation of the mind itself. Hickok.

In•tel•lec´tive , a. [Cf. F. intellectif.] 1. Pertaining to, or produced by, the intellect or understanding; intellectual. 2. Having power to understand, know, or comprehend; intelligent; rational. Glanvill. 3. Capable of being perceived by the understanding only, not by the senses. “Intellective abstractions of logic and metaphysics.” Milton.

In•tel•lec´tive•ly, adv. In an intellective manner. [R.] ´Not intellectivelly to write.´ Warner.

In•tel•lec´tu•al ( 135), a. [L. intellectualis: cf. F. intellectuel.] 1. Belonging to, or performed by, the intellect; mental; as intellectual powers, activities, etc. “Logic is to teach us the right use of our reason or intellectual powers.” I. Watts. 2. Endowed with intellect; having the power of understanding; having capacity for the higher forms of knowledge or thought; characterized by intelligence or mental capacity; as an intellectual person. “Who would lose,
Though full of pain, this intellectual being,
Those thoughts that wander through eternity?” Milton. 3. Suitable for exercising the intellect; formed by, and existing for, the intellect alone; perceived by the intellect; as intellectual employments. 4. Relating to the understanding; treating of the mind; as intellectual philosophy, sometimes called ´mental´ philosophy.

In•tel•lec´tu•al, n. The intellect or understanding; mental powers or faculties. “Her husband, for I view far round, not nigh,
Whose higher intellectual more I shun.” Milton. “I kept her intellectuals in a state of exercise.” De Quincey.

In•tel•lec´tu•al•ism , n. 1. Intellectual power; intellectuality. 2. The doctrine that knowledge is derived from pure reason.

In•tel•lec´tu•al•ist , n. 1. One who overrates the importance of the understanding. [R.] Bacon. 2. One who accepts the doctrine of intellectualism.

In•tel•lec•tu•al´i•ty , n. [L. intellectualitas: cf. F. intellectualite.] Intellectual powers; possession of intellect; quality of being intellectual.

In•tel•lec´tu•al•ize , v. t. 1. To treat in an intellectual manner; to discuss intellectually; to reduce to intellectual form; to express intellectually; to idealize. “Sentiment is intellectualized emotion.” Lowell. 2. To endow with intellect; to bestow intellectual qualities upon; to cause to become intellectual.

In•tel•lec´tu•al•ly, adv. In an intellectual manner.

In•tel´li•gence , n. [F. intelligence, L. intelligentia, intellegentia. See Intelligent.] 1. The act or state of knowing; the exercise of the understanding. 2. The capacity to know or understand; readiness of comprehension; the intellect, as a gift or an endowment. “And dimmed with darkness their intelligence.” Spenser. 3. Information communicated; news; notice; advice. “Intelligence is given where you are hid.” Shak. 4. Acquaintance; intercourse; familiarity. [Obs.] “He lived rather in a fair intelligence than any friendship with the favorites.” Clarendon. 5. Knowledge imparted or acquired, whether by study, research, or experience; general information. “I write as he that none intelligence
Of meters hath, ne flowers of sentence.” Court of Love. 6. An intelligent being or spirit; — generally applied to pure spirits; as a created intelligence. Milton. “The great Intelligences fair
That range above our mortal state,
In circle round the blessed gate,
Received and gave him welcome there.” Tennyson. Intelligence office, an office where information may be obtained, particularly respecting servants to be hired. Syn. — Understanding; intellect; instruction; advice; notice; notification; news; information; report.

In•tel´li•gen•cer , n. One who, or that which, sends or conveys intelligence or news; a messenger. “All the intriguers in foreign politics, all the spies, and all the intelligencers … acted solely upon that principle.” Burke.

In•tel´li•gen•cing , a. Informing; giving information; talebearing. [Obs.] Shak. “That sad intelligencing tyrant.” Milton.

In•tel´li•gen•cy , n. Intelligence. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•tel´li•gent , a. [L. intelligens, intellegens, -entis, p. pr. of intelligere, intellegere, to perceive; inter between + legere to gather, collect, choose: cf. F. intelligent. See Legend.] 1. Endowed with the faculty of understanding or reason; as man is an intelligent being. 2. Possessed of intelligence, education, or judgment; knowing; sensible; skilled; marked by intelligence; as an intelligent young man; an intelligent architect; an intelligent answer. 3. Cognizant; aware; communicative. [Obs.] “Intelligent of seasons.” Milton. “Which are to France the spies and speculations
Intelligent of our state.” Shak. Syn. — Sensible; understanding. See Sensible.

In•tel•li•gen´tial , a. [Cf. F. intelligentiel.] [R.] 1. Of or pertaining to the intelligence; exercising or implying understanding; intellectual. ´With act intelligential.´ Milton. 2. Consisting of unembodied mind; incorporeal. “Food alike those pure
Intelligential substances require.” Milton.

In•tel•li•gen´tia•ry , n. One who gives information; an intelligencer. [Obs.] Holinshed.

In•tel´li•gent•ly , adv. In an intelligent manner; with intelligence.

In•tel•li•gi•bil´i•ty , [Cf. F. intelligilibilite.] The quality or state of being intelligible; clearness; perspicuity; definiteness.

In•tel´li•gi•ble , [L. intellegibilis: cf. F. intelligible. See Intelligent.] Capable of being understood or comprehended; as an intelligible account or description; intelligible pronunciation, writing, etc. “The intelligible forms of ancient poets.” Coleridge. Syn. — Comprehensible; perspicuous; plain; clear.

In•tel´li•gi•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being intelligible; intelligibility. Locke.

In•tel´li•gi•bly, adv. In an intelligible manner; so as to be understood; clearly; plainly; as to write or speak intelligibly. { In•tem´er•ate , In•tem´er•a•ted } a. [L. intemeratus; pref. in- not + temeratus defiled.] Pure; undefiled. [Obs.]

In•tem´er•ate•ness , n. The state of being unpolluted; purity. [Obs.] Donne.

In•tem´per•a•ment , n. A bad state; as the intemperament of an ulcerated part. [R.] Harvey.

In•tem´per•ance , n. [F. intemperance, L. intemperantia. See In- not, and Temperance.] 1. The act of becoming, or state of being, intemperate; excess in any kind of action or indulgence; any immoderate indulgence of the appetites or passions. “God is in every creature; be cruel toward none, neither abuse any by intemperance.” Jer. Taylor. “Some, as thou sawest, by violent stroke shall die,
By fire, flood, famine, by intemperance more
In meats and drinks.” Milton. 2. Specifically: Habitual or excessive indulgence in alcoholic liquors.

In•tem´per•an•cy , n. Intemperance. [Obs.]

In•tem´per•ant , a. [L. intemperans, -antis. See In- not, and Temperant.] Intemperate. [Obs.] “Such as be intemperant, that is, followers of their naughty appetites and lusts.” Udall.

In•tem•per•ate , a. [L. intemperatus. See In- not, and Temperate.] 1. Indulging any appetite or passion to excess; immoderate in enjoyment or exertion. 2. Specifically, addicted to an excessive or habitual use of alcoholic liquors. 3. Excessive; ungovernable; inordinate; violent; immoderate; as intemperate language, zeal, etc.; intemperate weather. “Most do taste through fond intemperate thirst.” Milton. “Use not thy mouth to intemperate swearing.” Ecclus. xxiii. 13.

In•tem•per•ate , v. t. To disorder. [Obs.]

In•tem•per•ate•ly , adv. In an intemperate manner; immoderately; excessively; without restraint. “The people … who behaved very unwisely and intemperately on that occasion.” Burke.

In•tem•per•ate•ness, n. 1. The state of being intemperate; excessive indulgence of any appetite or passion; as intemperateness in eating or drinking. 2. Severity of weather; inclemency. Boyle. “By unseasonable weather, by intemperateness of the air or meteors.” Sir M. Hale.

In•tem´per•a•ture ( 135), n. [Cf. OF. intemperature.] Intemperateness. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•tem•pes´tive , a. [L. intempestivus: cf. F. intempestif. See In- not, and Tempestive.] Out of season; untimely. [Obs.] Burton. “Intempestive bashfulness gets nothing.” Hales.

In•tem•pes´tive•ly, adv. Unseasonably. [Obs.]

In•tem•pes•tiv´i•ty , n. [L. intempestivitas: cf. F. intempestivite.] Unseasonableness; untimeliness. [Obs.] Hales.

In•ten´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + tenable: cf. F. intenable.] Incapable of being held; untenable; not defensible; as an intenable opinion; an intenable fortress. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

In•tend´ (in•tend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intended; p. pr. & vb. n. Intending.] [OE. entenden to be attentive, F. entendre, fr. L. intendre, intentum, and intensum, to intend, attend, stretch out, extend; pref. in- in + tendere to stretch, stretch out. See Tend.] 1. To stretch; to extend; to distend. [Obs.] “By this the lungs are intended or remitted.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To strain; to make tense. [Obs.] “When a bow is successively intended and remedied.” Cudworth. 3. To intensify; to strengthen. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. “Magnetism may be intended and remitted.” Sir I. Newton. 4. To apply with energy. “Let him intend his mind, without respite, without rest, in one direction.” Emerson. 5. To bend or turn; to direct, as one’s course or journey. [Archaic] Shak. 6. To fix the mind on; to attend to; to take care of; to superintend; to regard. [Obs.] “Having no children, she did, with singular care and tenderness, intend the education of Philip.” Bacon. “My soul, not being able to intend two things at once, abated of its fervency in praying.” Fuller. 7. To fix the mind upon (something to be accomplished); to be intent upon; to mean; to design; to plan; to purpose; — often followed by an infinitely with to, or a dependent clause with that; as he intends to go; he intends that she shall remain. “They intended evil against thee.” Ps. xxi. 11. “To-morrow he intends
To hunt the boar with certain of his friends.” Shak. 8. To design mechanically or artistically; to fashion; to mold. [Obs.] “Modesty was made
When she was first intended.” Beau. & Fl. 9. To pretend; to counterfeit; to simulate. [Obs.] “Intend a kind of zeal both to the prince and Claudio.” Shak. Syn. — To purpose; mean; design; plan; conceive; contemplate.

In•tend´an•cy , n.; pl. Intendancies (#). [Cf. F. intendance. See Intendant.] 1. The office or employment of an intendant. 2. A territorial district committed to the charge of an intendant.

In•tend´ant , n. [F. intendant, fr. L. intendere to direct (one’s thoughts) to a thing. See Intend.] One who has the charge, direction, or management of some public business; a superintendent; as an intendant of marine; an intendant of finance.

In•tend´ant, a. [See Intend.] Attentive. [Obs.]

In•tend´ed, a. 1. Made tense; stretched out; extended; forcible; violent. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Purposed; designed; as intended harm or help. “They drew a curse from an intended good.” Cowper. 3. Betrothed; affianced; as an intended husband.

In•tend´ed, n. One with whom marriage is designed; one who is betrothed; an affianced lover. “If it were not that I might appear to disparage his intended, … I would add that to me she seems to be throwing herself away.” Dickens.

In•tend´ed•ly, adv. Intentionally. [R.] Milton.

In•tend´ent , n. See Intendant, n. [Obs.]

In•tend´er , n. One who intends. Feltham.

In•tend´i•ment , n. [LL. intendimentum. See Intendment.] Attention; consideration; knowledge; understanding. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•tend´ment , n. [OE. entendement understanding, insight, F. entendement, fr. LL. intendimentum. See Intend.] 1. Charge; oversight. [Obs.] Ford. 2. Intention; design; purpose. “The intendment of God and nature.” Jer. Taylor. 3. (Law) The true meaning, understanding, or intention of a law, or of any legal instrument.

In•ten´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intenerated p. pr. & vb. n. Intenerating.] [Pref. in- in + L. tener soft, tender. See Tender, a.] To make tender or sensitive; to soften. “Fear intenerates the heart.” Bp. Hall. “So have I seen the little purls of a stream … intenerate the stubborn pavement.” Jer. Taylor.

In•ten´er•ate (in•ten´er•at), a. Made tender or soft; softened. [Obs.]

In•ten•er•a´tion (-a´shun), n. The act or process of intenerating, or the state of being intenerated; softening. [R.] Bacon.

In•ten´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + L. tenere to hold: cf. L. intenibilis not to be grasped. Cf. Intenable.] Incapable of holding or containing. [Obs.] “This captious and intenible sieve.” Shak.

In•ten´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intensated p. pr. & vb. n. Intensating.] [See Intense.] To intensify. [R.] Emerson.

In•ten•sa´tion , n. The act or process of intensifying; intensification; climax. [R.] Carlyle.

In•ten´sa•tive , a. Adding intensity; intensifying.

In•tense´ , a. [L. intensus stretched, tight, p. p. of intendere to stretch: cf. F. intense. See Intend, and cf. Intent, and cf. Intent, a.] 1. Strained; tightly drawn; kept on the stretch; strict; very close or earnest; as intense study or application; intense thought. 2. Extreme in degree; excessive; immoderate; as: (a) Ardent; fervent; as intense heat. (b) Keen; biting; as intense cold. (c) Vehement; earnest; exceedingly strong; as intense passion or hate. (d) Very severe; violent; as intense pain or anguish. (e) Deep; strong; brilliant; as intense color or light. “In this intense seclusion of the forest.” Hawthorne.

In•tense´ly, adv. 1. Intently. [Obs.] J. Spencer. 2. To an extreme degree; as weather intensely cold.

In•tense´ness, n. The state or quality of being intense; intensity; as the intenseness of heat or cold; the intenseness of study or thought.

In•ten•si•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or process of intensifying, or of making more intense.

In•ten´si•fi•er , n. One who or that which intensifies or strengthens; in photography, an agent used to intensify the lights or shadows of a picture.

In•ten´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intensified p. pr. & vb. n. Intensifying ] [Intense + - fly.] To render more intense; as to intensify heat or cold; to intensify colors; to intensify a photographic negative; to intensify animosity. Bacon. “How piercing is the sting of pride
By want embittered and intensified.” Longfellow.

In•ten´si•fy, v. i. To become intense, or more intense; to act with increasing power or energy.

In•ten´sion , n. [L. intensio: cf. F. intension. See Intend, and cf. Intention.] 1. A straining, stretching, or bending; the state of being strained; as the intension of a musical string. 2. Increase of power or energy of any quality or thing; intenseness; fervency. Jer. Taylor. “Sounds … likewise do rise and fall with the intension or remission of the wind.” Bacon. 3. (Logic & Metaph.) The collective attributes, qualities, or marks that make up a complex general notion; the comprehension, content, or connotation; — opposed to extension, extent, or sphere. “This law is, that the intension of our knowledge is in the inverse ratio of its extension.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•ten´si•tive , a. Increasing the force or intensity of; intensive; as the intensitive words of a sentence. H. Sweet.

In•ten´si•ty , n. [LL. intensitas: cf. F. intensite. See Intense.] 1. The state or quality of being intense; intenseness; extreme degree; as intensity of heat, cold, mental application, passion, etc. “If you would deepen the intensity of light, you must be content to bring into deeper blackness and more distinct and definite outline the shade that accompanies it.” F. W. Robertson. 2. (Physics) The amount or degree of energy with which a force operates or a cause acts; effectiveness, as estimated by results produced. 3. (Mech.) The magnitude of a distributed force, as pressure, stress, weight, etc., per unit of surface, or of volume, as the case may be; as the measure of the intensity of a total stress of forty pounds which is distributed uniformly over a surface of four square inches area is ten pounds per square inch. 4. (Photog.) The degree or depth of shade in a picture.

In•ten´sive , a. [Cf. F. intensif. See Intense.] 1. Stretched; admitting of intension, or increase of degree; that can be intensified. Sir M. Hale. 2. Characterized by persistence; intent; unremitted; assiduous; intense. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. (Gram.) Serving to give force or emphasis; as an intensive verb or preposition.

In•ten´sive, n. That which intensifies or emphasizes; an intensive verb or word.

In•ten´sive•ly, adv. In an intensive manner; by increase of degree. Abp. Bramhall.

In•ten´sive•ness, n. The quality or state of being intensive; intensity. Sir M. Hale.

In•tent´ , a. [L. intentus, p. p. of intendere. See Intend, and cf. Intense.] 1. Closely directed; strictly attentive; bent; — said of the mind, thoughts, etc.; as a mind intent on self-improvement. 2. Having the mind closely directed to or bent on an object; sedulous; eager in pursuit of an object; — formerly with to, but now with on; as intent on business or pleasure. ´Intent on mischief.´ Milton. “Be intent and solicitous to take up the meaning of the speaker.” I. Watts.

In•tent´, n. [OE. entent, entente, attention, purpose, OF. entente, F. entente understanding, meaning; a participial noun, fr. F. & OF. entendre. See Intend.] The act of turning the mind toward an object; hence, a design; a purpose; intention; meaning; drift; aim. “Be thy intents wicked or charitable.” Shak. “The principal intent of Scripture is to deliver the laws of duties supernatural.” Hooker. >To all intents and purposes, in all applications or senses; practically; really; virtually; essentially. ´He was miserable to all intents and purpose.´ L’Estrange. Syn. — Design; purpose; intention; meaning; purport; view; drift; object; end; aim; plan.

In•ten•ta´tion , n. Intention. [Obs.]

In•ten´tion , n. [F. intention, L. intentio. See Intend, and cf. Intension.] 1. A stretching or bending of the mind toward an object; closeness of application; fixedness of attention; earnestness. “Intention is when the mind, with great earnestness, and of choice, fixes its view on any idea.” Locke. 2. A determination to act in a certain way or to do a certain thing; purpose; design; as an intention to go to New York. “Hell is paved with good intentions.” Johnson. 3. The object toward which the thoughts are directed; end; aim. “In [chronical distempers], the principal intention is to restore the tone of the solid parts.” Arbuthnot. 4. The state of being strained. See Intension. [Obs.] 5. (Logic) Any mental apprehension of an object. First intention (Logic), a conception of a thing formed by the first or direct application of the mind to the individual object; an idea or image; as man, stone. — Second intention (Logic), a conception generalized from first intuition or apprehension already formed by the mind; an abstract notion; especially, a classified notion, as species, genus, whiteness. — To heal by the first intention (Surg.), to cicatrize, as a wound, without suppuration. — To heal by the second intention (Surg.), to unite after suppuration. Syn. — Design; purpose; object; aim; intent; drift; purport; meaning. See Design.

In•ten´tion•al , a. [Cf. F. intentionnel.] Done by intention or design; intended; designed; as the act was intentional, not accidental.

In•ten•tion•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being intentional; purpose; design. Coleridge.

In•ten´tion•al•ly , adv. In an intentional manner; with intention; by design; of purpose.

In•ten´tioned , a. Having designs; — chiefly used in composition; as well-intentioned, having good designs; ill-intentioned, having ill designs.

In•ten´tive , a. [OE. ententif, OF. ententif, fr. L. intentivus intensive. See Intent, n., and cf. Intensive.] Attentive; intent. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•ten´tive•ly, adv. Attentively; closely. [Obs.] ´Intentively to observe.´ Holland.

In•ten´tive•ness, n. Closeness of attention or application of mind; attentiveness. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

In•tent´ly , adv. In an intent manner; as the eyes intently fixed. Syn. — Fixedly; steadfastly; earnestly; attentively; sedulously; diligently; eagerly.

In•tent´ness, n. The state or quality of being intent; close application; attention. “Extreme solicitude or intentness upon business.” South.

In´ter- [L. inter, prep., among, between, a compar. form of in in; akin to intra, intro, within, Skr. antar between, in, and E. in. See In, and cf. Entrails, Interior, Enter-, Exterior.] A prefix signifying among, between, amid; as interact, interarticular, intermit.

In•ter´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interred p. pr. & vb. n. Interring ] [OE. enteren, OF. enterer, enterrer, LL. interrare; L. pref. in- in + terra the earth. See Terrace.] To deposit and cover in the earth; to bury; to inhume; as to inter a dead body. Shak.

In•ter•act´ , n. [Pref. inter- + act. Cf. Entr’acte.] A short act or piece between others, as in a play; an interlude; hence, intermediate employment or time. Chesterfield.

In•ter•act´, v. i. To act upon each other; as two agents mutually interact. Emerson. Tyndall.

In•ter•ac´tion , n. 1. Intermediate action. 2. Mutual or reciprocal action or influence; as the interaction of the heart and lungs on each other.

In•ter•ad´di•tive , a. Added or placed between the parts of another thing, as a clause inserted parenthetically in a sentence.

In•ter•a´gen•cy , n. Intermediate agency.

In•ter•a´gent , n. An intermediate agent.

In´ter•all , n. Entrail or inside. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In•ter•al´ve•o•lar , a. (Anat.) Between alveoli; as the interalveolar septa between adjacent air cells in the lungs.

In•ter•am•bu•la´cral , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the interambulacra.

In•ter•am•bu•la´crum , n.; pl. L. Interambulacra , E. Interambulacrums . (Zoöl.) In echinoderms, one of the areas or zones intervening between two ambulacra. See Illust. of Ambulacrum.

In•ter•am´ni•an , a. [Pref. inter- + L. amnis river: cf. L. interamnus.] Situated between rivers. [R.] ´An interamnian country.´ J. Bryant.

In•ter•an´i•mate , v. t. To animate or inspire mutually. [Obs.] Donne.

In•ter•ar•bo•ra´tion , n. The interweaving of branches of trees. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ter•ar•tic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Situated between joints or articulations; as interarticular cartilages and ligaments.

In•ter•a•tom´ic , a. (Chem. & Physics) Between atoms; situated, or acting, between the atoms of bodies; as interatomic forces.

In•ter•au´lic , a. Existing between royal courts. [R.] ´Interaulic politics.´ Motley.

In•ter•au•ric´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between the auricles; as the interauricular partition of the heart.

In•ter•ax´al , a. (Arch.) Situated in an interaxis. Gwilt.

In•ter•ax´il•la•ry , a. (Bot.) Situated within or between the axils of leaves.

In•ter•ax´is , n.; pl. Interaxes . (Arch.) The space between two axes. See Axis, 6. “The doors, windows, niches, and the like, are then placed centrally in the interaxes.” Gwilt.

In•ter•bas•ta´tion , n. [Pref. inter- + baste to sew.] Patchwork. [Obs.] Dr. J. Smith.

In•ter•brach´i•al , a. (Zoöl.) Between the arms.

In•ter•brain , n. (Anat.) See Thalamencephalon.

In•ter•bran´chi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Between the branchiae.

In•ter•breed´ , v. t. & i. To breed by crossing different stocks of animals or plants.

In•ter´ca•lar , a. Intercalary.

In•ter´ca•la•ry ( 277), a. [L. intercalaris, intercalarius: cf. F. intercalaire. See Intercalate.] 1. (Chron.) Inserted or introduced among others in the calendar; as an intercalary month, day, etc.; — now applied particularly to the odd day (Feb. 29) inserted in the calendar of leap year. See Bissextile, n. 2. Introduced or inserted among others; additional; supernumerary. ´Intercalary spines.´ Owen. “This intercalary line … is made the last of a triplet.” Beattie. Intercalary day (Med.), one on which no paroxysm of an intermittent disease occurs. Mayne.

In•ter´ca•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercalated p. pr. & vb. n. Intercalating ] [L. intercalatus, p. p. of intercalare to intercalate to intercalate; inter between + calare to call, proclaim. See Calendar.] 1. (Chron.) To insert, as a day or other portion of time, in a calendar. 2. To insert among others, as a verse in a stanza; specif. (Geol.), to introduce as a bed or stratum, between the layers of a regular series of rocks. “Beds of fresh-water shells … are intercalated and interstratified with the shale.” Mantell.

In•ter•ca•la´tion , n. [L. intercalatio: cf. F. intercalation.] 1. (Chron.) The insertion of a day, or other portion of time, in a calendar. 2. The insertion or introduction of anything among others, as the insertion of a phrase, line, or verse in a metrical composition; specif. (Geol.), the intrusion of a bed or layer between other layers. “Intercalations of fresh-water species in some localities.” Mantell.

In•ter•ca•rot´id , a. (Anat.) Situated between the external and internal carotid arteries; as an intercarotid ganglion.

In•ter•car´pal , a. (Anat.) Between the carpal bone; as intercarpal articulations, ligaments.

In•ter•car•ti•lag´i•nous , a. (Anat.) Within cartilage; endochondral; as intercartilaginous ossification.

In•ter•cav´ern•ous , a. (Anat.) Between the cavernous sinuses; as the intercavernous sinuses connecting the cavernous sinuses at the base of the brain.

In•ter•cede´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interceding.] [L. intercedere, intercessum; inter between + cedere to pass: cf. F. interceder. See Cede.] 1. To pass between; to intervene. [Obs.] “He supposed that a vast period interceded between that origination and the age wherein he lived.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To act between parties with a view to reconcile differences; to make intercession; to beg or plead in behalf of another; to mediate; — usually followed by with and for; as I will intercede with him for you. “I to the lords will intercede, not doubting
Their favorable ear.” Milton. Syn. — To mediate; arbitrate. See Interpose.

In•ter•cede´, v. t. To be, to come, or to pass, between; to separate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

In•ter•ced´ence , n. The act of interceding; intercession; intervention. [R.] Bp. Reynolds.

In•ter•ced´ent, a. [L. intercedens, p. pr. of intercedere.] Passing between; mediating; pleading. [R.] — In•ter•ced´ent•ly, adv.

In•ter•ced´er , n. One who intercedes; an intercessor; a mediator. Johnson.

In•ter•cel´lu•lar , a. Lying between cells or cellules; as intercellular substance, space, or fluids; intercellular blood channels.

In•ter•cen´tral , a. Between centers. Intercentral nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which transmit impulses between nerve centers, as opposed to peripheral fibers, which convey impulses between peripheral parts and nerve centers.

In•ter•cen´trum , n.; pl. Intercentra . (Anat.) The median of the three elements composing the centra of the vertebrae in some fossil batrachians.

In•ter•cept´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercepting.] [L. interceptus, p. p. of intercipere to intercept; inter between + capere to take, seize: cf. F. intercepter. See Capable.] 1. To take or seize by the way, or before arrival at the destined place; to cause to stop on the passage; as to intercept a letter; a telegram will intercept him at Paris. “God will shortly intercept your breath.” Joye. 2. To obstruct or interrupt the progress of; to stop; to hinder or oppose; as to intercept the current of a river. “Who intercepts me in my expedition?” Shak. “We must meet first, and intercept his course.” Dryden. 3. To interrupt communication with, or progress toward; to cut off, as the destination; to blockade. “While storms vindictive intercept the shore.” Pope. 4. (Math.) To include between; as that part of the line which is intercepted between the points A and B. Syn. — To cut off; stop; catch; seize; obstruct.

In´ter•cept , n. (Math.) A part cut off or intercepted, as a portion of a line included between two points, or cut off two straight lines or curves.

In•ter•cept´er , n. One who, or that which, intercepts. Shak.

In•ter•cep´tion , n. [L. interceptio a taking away: cf. F. interception.] The act of intercepting; as interception of a letter; interception of the enemy.

In•ter•cept´ive , a. Intercepting or tending to intercept.

In•ter•ces´sion , n. [L. intercessio an intervention, a becoming surety: cf. F. intercession. See Intercede.] The act of interceding; mediation; interposition between parties at variance, with a view to reconcilation; prayer, petition, or entreaty in favor of, or (less often) against, another or others. “But the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which can not be uttered.” Rom. viii. 26.

In•ter•ces´sion•al , a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession or entreaty.

In•ter•ces´sion•ate , v. t. To entreat. [Obs.]

In•ter•ces´sor , n. [L., a surety: cf. F. intercesseur.] 1. One who goes between, or intercedes; a mediator. (a) One who interposes between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them. (b) One who pleads in behalf of another. Milton. 2. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, administers the bishopric till a successor is installed.

In•ter•ces•so´ri•al , a. Intercessory.

In•ter•ces´so•ry , a. [LL. intercessorius.] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession; interceding; as intercessory prayer.

In•ter•chain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchained p. pr. & vb. n. Interchaining.] To link together; to unite closely or firmly, as by a chain. “Two bosoms interchained with an oath.” Shak.

In•ter•change´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchanged p. pr. & vb. n. Interchanging ] [OE. entrechangen, OF. entrechangier. See Inter-, and Change.] 1. To put each in the place of the other; to give and take mutually; to exchange; to reciprocate; as to interchange places; they interchanged friendly offices and services. “I shall interchange
My waned state for Henry’s regal crown.” Shak. 2. To cause to follow alternately; to intermingle; to vary; as to interchange cares with pleasures.

In•ter•change´, v. i. To make an interchange; to alternate. Sir P. Sidney.

In•ter•change´ , n. [Cf. OF. entrechange.] 1. The act of mutually changing; the act of mutually giving and receiving; exchange; as the interchange of civilities between two persons. ´Interchange of kindnesses.´ South. 2. The mutual exchange of commodities between two persons or countries; barter; commerce. Howell. 3. Alternate succession; alternation; a mingling. “The interchanges of light and darkness.” Holder. “Sweet interchange
Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.” Milton.

In•ter•change•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being interchangeable; interchangeableness.

In•ter•change´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. entrechangeable.] 1. Admitting of exchange or mutual substitution. ´Interchangeable warrants.´ Bacon. 2. Following each other in alternate succession; as the four interchangeable seasons. Holder. — In•ter•change´a•ble•ness, n. — In•ter•change´a•bly, adv.

In•ter•change´ment , n. [Cf. OF. entrechangement.] Mutual transfer; exchange. [Obs.] Shak.

In•ter•chap´ter , n. An intervening or inserted chapter.

In•ter´ci•dence , n. [See Intercident.] The act or state of coming or falling between; occurrence; incident. [Obs.] Holland.

In•ter´ci•dent , a. [L. intercidens, -entis, p. pr. of intercidere to fall between; inter between + cadere to fall.] Falling or coming between; happening accidentally. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•ter•cip´i•ent , a. [L. intercipiens, -entis, p. pr. of intercipere. See Intercept.] Intercepting; stopping. — n. One who, or that which, intercepts or stops anything on the passage. Wiseman.

In•ter•ci´sion , n. [L. intercisio a cutting through, fr. intercidere to cut asunder.] A cutting off, through, or asunder; interruption. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ter•cit´i•zen•ship , n. The mutual right to civic privileges, in the different States. Bancroft.

In•ter•clav´i•cle , n. (Anat.) See Episternum.

In•ter•cla•vic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) (a) Between the clavicles; as the interclavicular notch of the sternum. (b) Of or pertaining to the interclavicle.

In•ter•close´ , v. t. [Pref. inter- + close. See Interclude.] To shut in; to inclose. [Obs.]

In•ter•cloud´ , v. t. To cloud. [R.] Daniel.

In•ter•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercluding.] [L. intercludere, interclusum; inter between + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Interclose.] To shut off or out from a place or course, by something intervening; to intercept; to cut off; to interrupt. Mitford. “So all passage of external air into the receiver may be intercluded.” Boyle.

In•ter•clu´sion , n. [L. interclusio. See Interclude.] Interception; a stopping; obstruction.

In•ter•col•le´gi•ate , a. Existing or carried on between colleges or universities; as intercollegiate relations, rivalry, games, etc.

In•ter•col´line , a. (Geol.) Situated between hills; — applied especially to valleys lying between volcanic cones.

In•ter•co•lo´ni•al , a. Between or among colonies; pertaining to the intercourse or mutual relations of colonies; as intercolonial trade. — In•ter•co•lo´ni•al•ly, adv.

In•ter•co•lum´nar , a. Between columns or pillars; as the intercolumnar fibers of Poupart’s ligament; an intercolumnar statue.

In•ter•co•lum•ni•a´tion , n. (Arch.) The clear space between two columns, measured at the bottom of their shafts. Gwilt. It is customary to measure the intercolumniation in terms of the diameter of the shaft, taken also at the bottom. Different words, derived from the Greek, are in use to denote certain common proportions. They are: Pycnostyle, when the intercolumniation is of one and a half diameters; Systyle, of two diameters; Eustyle, of two and a quarter diameters; Diastyle, of three diameters; Araeostyle, of four or more, and so great that a wooden architrave has to be used instead of stone; Araeosystyle, when the intercolumniations are alternately systyle and araeostyle.

In•ter•com´bat , n. Combat. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•ter•com´ing , n. The act of coming between; intervention; interference. [Obs.]

In•ter•com´mon , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercommoned p. pr. & vb. n. Intercommoning.] [OF. entrecommuner. See Inter-, and Common, and cf. Intercommune.] 1. To share with others; to participate; especially, to eat at the same table. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (O. Eng. Law) To graze cattle promiscuously in the commons of each other, as the inhabitants of adjoining townships, manors, etc.

In•ter•com´mon•age , n. (O. Eng. Law) The right or privilege of intercommoning.

In•ter•com•mune´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intercommuned p. pr. & vb. n. Intercommuning.] [Cf. Intercommon, Intercommunicate, Commune.] 1. To intercommunicate. [Obs.] 2. To have mutual communication or intercourse by conversation. [Scot.]

In•ter•com•mu´ni•ca•ble , a. Capable of being mutually communicated.

In•ter•com•mu´ni•cate , v. i. To communicate mutually; to hold mutual communication.

In•ter•com•mu´ni•cate, v. t. To communicate mutually; to interchange. Holland.

In•ter•com•mu•ni•ca´tion , n. Mutual communication. Owen.

In•ter•com•mun´ion , n. Mutual communion; as an intercommunion of deities. Faber.

In•ter•com•mu´ni•ty , n. Intercommunication; community of possessions, religion, etc. “In consequence of that intercommunity of paganism … one nation adopted the gods of another.” Bp. Warburton.

In•ter•com•par´i•son , n. Mutual comparison of corresponding parts. { In•ter•con´dy•lar , In•ter•con´dy•loid , } a. (Anat.) Between condyles; as the intercondylar fossa or notch of the femur.

In•ter•con•nect´ , v. t. To join together.

In•ter•con•nec´tion , n. Connection between; mutual connection.

In•ter•con•ti•nen´tal , a. Between or among continents; subsisting or carried on between continents; as intercontinental relations or commerce.

In•ter•con•vert´i•ble , a. Convertible the one into the other; as coin and bank notes are interconvertible.

In•ter•cos´tal , a. (Anat. & Physiol.) Between the ribs; pertaining to, or produced by, the parts between the ribs; as intercostal respiration, in which the chest is alternately enlarged and contracted by the intercostal muscles.

In´ter•course , n. [Formerly entercourse, OF. entrecours commerce, exchange, F. entrecours a reciprocal right on neighboring lands, L. intercursus a running between, fr. intercurrere to run between. See Inter-, and Course.] A commingling; intimate connection or dealings between persons or nations, as in common affairs and civilities, in correspondence or trade; communication; commerce; especially, interchange of thought and feeling; association; communion. “This sweet intercourse
Of looks and smiles.” Milton. Sexual intercourse, sexual or carnal connection; coition. Syn. — Communication; connection; commerce; communion; fellowship; familiarity; acquaintance.

In•ter•cross´ ( 115), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Intercrossed p. pr. & vb. n. Intercrossing.] 1. To cross each other, as lines. 2. (Biol.) To fertilize by the impregnation of one species or variety by another; to impregnate by a different species or variety.

In´ter•cross , n. The process or result of cross fertilization between different kinds of animals, or different varieties of plants. “We have reason to believe that occasional intercrosses take place with all animals and plants.” Darwin.

In•ter•cru´ral , a. (Anat.) Between crura; — applied especially to the interneural plates in the vertebral column of many cartilaginous fishes.

In•ter•cur´ , v. i. [L. intercurrere. See Intercourse.] To intervene; to come or occur in the meantime. [Obs.] Shelton.

In•ter•cur´rence , n. [See Intercurrent.] A passing or running between; occurrence. Boyle.

In•ter•cur´rent , a. [L. intercurrens, p. pr. of intercurrere: cf. F. intercurrent. See Intercur.] 1. Running between or among; intervening. Boyle. Bp. Fell. 2. (Med.) (a) Not belonging to any particular season. (b) Said of diseases occurring in the course of another disease. Dunglison.

In•ter•cur´rent , n. Something intervening. Holland.

In•ter•cu•ta´ne•ous , a. Subcutaneous.

In•ter•dash´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdashed p. pr. & vb. n. Interdashing.] To dash between or among; to intersperse. Cowper.

In•ter•deal´, v. i. To intrigue. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•ter•den´tal , a. 1. Situated between teeth; as an interdental space, the space between two teeth in a gear wheel. 2. (Phon.) Formed between the upper and lower teeth; as interdental consonants.

In•ter•den´til , n. (Arch.) The space between two dentils. Gwilt.

In•ter•de•pend´ence , n. Mutual dependence. ´The interdependence of virtue and knowledge.´ M. Arnold.

In•ter•de•pend´en•cy , n. Mutual dependence; as interdependency of interests. De Quincey.

In•ter•de•pend´ent , a. Mutually dependent.

In•ter•dict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interdicting.] [OE. entrediten to forbid communion, L. interdicere, interdictum. See Interdict, n.] 1. To forbid; to prohibit or debar; as to interdict intercourse with foreign nations. “Charged not to touch the interdicted tree.” Milton. 2. (Eccl.) To lay under an interdict; to cut off from the enjoyment of religious privileges, as a city, a church, an individual. “An archbishop may not only excommunicate and interdict his suffragans, but his vicar general may do the same.” Ayliffe.

In´ter•dict , n. [OE. entredit, enterdit, OF. entredit, F. interdit, fr. L. interdictum, fr. interdicere to interpose, prohibit; inter between + dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. A prohibitory order or decree; a prohibition. “These are not fruits forbidden; no interdict
Defends the touching of these viands pure.” Milton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A prohibition of the pope, by which the clergy or laymen are restrained from performing, or from attending, divine service, or from administering the offices or enjoying the privileges of the church. 3. (Scots Law) An order of the court of session, having the like purpose and effect with a writ of injunction out of chancery in England and America.

In•ter•dic´tion , n. [L. interdictio: cf. F. interdiction.] The act of interdicting; prohibition; prohibiting decree; curse; interdict. “The truest issue of thy throne
By his own interdiction stands accurst.” Shak.

In•ter•dict´ive , a. Having the power to prohibit; as an interdictive sentence. Milton.

In•ter•dict´o•ry , a. [L. interdictorius.] Belonging to an interdiction; prohibitory.

In•ter•dig´i•tal , a. (Anat.) Between the fingers or toes; as interdigital space.

In•ter•dig´i•tate , v. t. To interweave. [R.]

In•ter•dig´i•tate, v. i. [Pref. inter- + L. digitus finger.] To interlock, as the fingers of two hands that are joined; to be interwoven; to commingle. Owen.

In•ter•dig•i•ta´tion , n. (Anat.) The state of interdigitating; interdigital space. Owen.

In´ter•dome , n. (Arch.) The open space between the inner and outer shells of a dome or cupola of masonry.

In´ter•duce , n. [Cf. F. entre- deux, literally, between two.] (Carp.) An intertie.

In´ter•e•pim´er•al , a. (Zoöl.) Between the epimeral plates of insects and crustaceans.

In•ter•e•qui•noc´tial , a. Coming between the equinoxes. “Summer and winter I have called interequinoctial intervals.” F. Balfour.

In´ter•ess , v. t. [See Interest, v. t.] To interest or affect. [Obs.] Hooker.

In´ter•esse , n. Interest. [Obs.] Spenser.

In´ter•est , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interested p. pr. & vb. n. Interesting.] [From interess’d, p. p. of the older form interess, fr. F. interesser, L. interesse. See Interest, n.] 1. To engage the attention of; to awaken interest in; to excite emotion or passion in, in behalf of a person or thing; as the subject did not interest him; to interest one in charitable work. “To love our native country … to be interested in its concerns is natural to all men.” Dryden. “A goddess who used to interest herself in marriages.” Addison. 2. To be concerned with or engaged in; to affect; to concern; to excite; — often used impersonally. [Obs.] “Or rather, gracious sir,
Create me to this glory, since my cause
Doth interest this fair quarrel.” Ford. 3. To cause or permit to share. [Obs.] “The mystical communion of all faithful men is such as maketh every one to be interested in those precious blessings which any one of them receiveth at God’s hands.” Hooker. Syn. — To concern; excite; attract; entertain; engage; occupy; hold.

In´ter•est, n. [OF. interest, F. interêt, fr. L. interest it interests, is of interest, fr. interesse to be between, to be difference, to be importance; inter between + esse to be; cf. LL. interesse usury. See Essence.] 1. Excitement of feeling, whether pleasant or painful, accompanying special attention to some object; concern. Interest expresses mental excitement of various kinds and degrees. It may be intellectual, or sympathetic and emotional, or merely personal; as an interest in philosophical research; an interest in human suffering; the interest which an avaricious man takes in money getting. “So much interest have I in thy sorrow.” Shak. 2. Participation in advantage, profit, and responsibility; share; portion; part; as an interest in a brewery; he has parted with his interest in the stocks. 3. Advantage, personal or general; good, regarded as a selfish benefit; profit; benefit. “Divisions hinder the common interest and public good.” Sir W. Temple. “When interest calls of all her sneaking train.” Pope. 4. Premium paid for the use of money, — usually reckoned as a percentage; as interest at five per cent per annum on ten thousand dollars. “They have told their money, and let out
Their coin upon large interest.” Shak. 5. Any excess of advantage over and above an exact equivalent for what is given or rendered. “You shall have your desires with interest.” Shak. 6. The persons interested in any particular business or measure, taken collectively; as the iron interest; the cotton interest. Compound interest, interest, not only on the original principal, but also on unpaid interest from the time it fell due. — Simple interest, interest on the principal sum without interest on overdue interest.

In´ter•est•ed (in´ter•est•ed), a. [See Interest, v. t.] 1. Having the attention engaged; having emotion or passion excited; as an interested listener. 2. Having an interest; concerned in a cause or in consequences; liable to be affected or prejudiced; as an interested witness.

In´ter•est•ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being interested; selfishness. Richardson.

In´ter•est•ing, a. Engaging the attention; exciting, or adapted to excite, interest, curiosity, or emotion; as an interesting story; interesting news. Cowper.

In´ter•est•ing•ly, adv. In an interesting manner.

In´ter•est•ing•ness, n. The condition or quality of being interesting. A. Smith.

In•ter•fa´cial , a. (Geom.) Included between two plane surfaces or faces; as an interfacial angle.

In•ter•fas•cic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between fascicles or bundles; as the interfascicular spaces of connective tissue.

In•ter•fer´ant , n. (Law) One of the contestants in interference before the Patent Office. [U.S.]

In•ter•fere´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interfered p. pr. & vb. n. Interfering.] [OF. entreferir to strike each other; entre between (L. inter) + OF. ferir to strike, F. ferir, fr. L. ferire. See Ferula.] 1. To come in collision; to be in opposition; to clash; as interfering claims, or commands. 2. To enter into, or take a part in, the concerns of others; to intermeddle; to interpose. “To interfere with party disputes.” Swift. “There was no room for anyone to interfere with his own opinions.” Bp. Warburton. 3. To strike one foot against the opposite foot or ankle in using the legs; — sometimes said of a human being, but usually of a horse; as the horse interferes. 4. (Physics) To act reciprocally, so as to augment, diminish, or otherwise affect one another; — said of waves, rays of light, heat, etc. See Interference, 2. 5. (Patent Law) To cover the same ground; to claim the same invention. Syn. — To interpose; intermeddle. See Interpose.

In•ter•fer´ence , n. [See Interfere.] 1. The act or state of interfering; as the stoppage of a machine by the interference of some of its parts; a meddlesome interference in the business of others. 2. (Physics) The mutual influence, under certain conditions, of two streams of light, or series of pulsations of sound, or, generally, two waves or vibrations of any kind, producing certain characteristic phenomena, as colored fringes, dark bands, or darkness, in the case of light, silence or increased intensity in sounds; neutralization or superposition of waves generally. The term is most commonly applied to light, and the undulatory theory of light affords the proper explanation of the phenomena which are considered to be produced by the superposition of waves, and are thus substantially identical in their origin with the phenomena of heat, sound, waves of water, and the like. 3. (Patent Law) The act or state of interfering, or of claiming a right to the same invention. Interference figures (Optics), the figures observed when certain sections of crystallized bodies are viewed in converging polarized light; thus, a section of a uniaxial crystal, cut normal to the vertical axis, shows a series of concentric colored rings with a single black cross; — so called because produced by the interference of luminous waves. - - Interference fringe. (Optics) See Fringe.

In•ter•fer´er , n. One who interferes.

In•ter•fer´ing•ly, adv. By or with interference.

In•ter•flow´ , v. i. To flow in. [R.] Holland. { In•ter´flu•ent , In•ter´flu•ous } a. [L. interfluens, p. pr., and interfluus. See Inter-, and Fluent.] Flowing between or among; intervening. Boyle.

In•ter•fold´ed , p. a. Intertwined; interlocked; clasped together. Longfellow.

In•ter•fo•li•a´ceous , a. [Pref. inter- + foliaceous: cf. F. interfoliace.] (Bot.) At the same node with opposite or whorled leaves, but occupying a position between their places of attachment.

In•ter•fo´li•ate , v. t. [Pref. inter- + L. folium leaf.] To interleave. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•ter•fol•lic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between follicles; as the interfollicular septa in a lymphatic gland.

In•ter•fret´ted , a. (Her.) Interlaced; linked together; — said of charges or bearings. See Fretted.

In•ter•ful´gent , a. [L. interfulgens, p. pr. See Inter-, and Fulgent.] Shining between.

In•ter•fuse´ , v. t. [L. interfusus, p. p. of interfundere to pour between; inter between + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] 1. To pour or spread between or among; to diffuse; to scatter. “The ambient air, wide interfused,
Embracing round this florid earth.” Milton. 2. To spread through; to permeate; to pervade. [R.] “Keats, in whom the moral seems to have so perfectly interfused the physical man, that you might almost say he could feel sorrow with his hands.” Lowell. 3. To mix up together; to associate. H. Spencer.

In•ter•fu´sion , n. [L. interfusio.] The act of interfusing, or the state of being interfused. Coleridge.

In•ter•gan•gli•on´ic , a. (Anat.) Between and uniting the nervous ganglions; as interganglionic cords.

In•ter•glob´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between globules; — applied esp. to certain small spaces, surrounded by minute globules, in dentine.

In•ter•grave´ , v. t. [imp. Intergraved p. p. Intergraved or Intergraven ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intergraving.] To grave or carve between; to engrave in the alternate sections. “The work itself of the bases, was intergraven.” 3 Kings vii. 28 (Douay version. ) { In•ter•he´mal , In•ter•hae´mal } , a. (Anat.) Between the hemal arches or hemal spines. — n. An interhemal spine or cartilage.

In•ter•hy´al , a. [Inter- + the Greek letter .] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a segment sometimes present at the proximal end of the hyoidean arch. — n. An interhyal ligament or cartilage.

In´ter•im , n. [L., fr. inter between + im, an old accusative of is he, this, that.] 1. The meantime; time intervening; interval between events, etc. “All the interim is
Like a phantasms, or a hideous dream.” Shak. 2. (Hist.) A name given to each of three compromises made by the emperor Charles V. of Germany for the sake of harmonizing the connecting opinions of Protestants and Catholics.

In•te´ri•or , a. [L., compar. fr. inter between: cf. F. interieur. See Inter- , and cf. Intimate.] 1. Being within any limits, inclosure, or substance; inside; internal; inner; — opposed to exterior, or superficial; as the interior apartments of a house; the interior surface of a hollow ball. 2. Remote from the limits, frontier, or shore; inland; as the interior parts of a region or country. Interior angle (Geom.), an angle formed between two sides, within any rectilinear figure, as a polygon, or between two parallel lines by these lines and another intersecting them; — called also internal angle. — Interior planets (Astron.), those planets within the orbit of the earth. — Interior screw, a screw cut on an interior surface, as in a nut; a female screw. Syn. — Internal; inside; inner; inland; inward.

In•te´ri•or, n. 1. That which is within; the internal or inner part of a thing; the inside. 2. The inland part of a country, state, or kingdom. Department of the Interior, that department of the government of the United States which has charge of pensions, patents, public lands and surveys, the Indians, education, etc.; that department of the government of a country which is specially charged with the internal affairs of that country; the home department. — Secretary of the Interior, the cabinet officer who, in the United States, is at the head of the Department of the Interior.

In•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. State of being interior.

In•te´ri•or•ly , adv. Internally; inwardly. { In•ter•ja´cence , In•ter•ja´cen•cy } n. [See Interjacent.] The state of being between; a coming or lying between or among; intervention; also that which lies between. “England and Scotland is divided only by the interjacency of the Tweed.” Sir M. Hale.

In•ter•ja´cent , a. [L. interjacens, -entis, p. pr. of interjacere to lie between; inter between + jacre to lie.] Lying or being between or among; intervening; as interjacent isles. Sir W. Raleigh.

In•ter•jac´u•late , v. t. To ejaculate parenthetically. [R.] Thackeray.

In•ter•jan´gle , v. i. To make a dissonant, discordant noise one with another; to talk or chatter noisily. [R.] Daniel.

In•ter•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjected; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjecting.] [L. interjectus, p. p. of interjicere to interject; inter between + jacre to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To throw in between; to insert; to interpose. Sir H. Wotton.

In•ter•ject´, v. i. To throw one’s self between or among; to come between; to interpose. Sir G. Buck.

In•ter•jec´tion , n. [L. interjectio: cf. F. interjection. See Interject.] 1. The act of interjecting or throwing between; also that which is interjected. “The interjection of laughing.” Bacon. 2. (Gram.) A word or form of speech thrown in to express emotion or feeling, as O! Alas! Ha ha! Begone! etc. Compare Exclamation. “An interjection implies a meaning which it would require a whole grammatical sentence to expound, and it may be regarded as the rudiment of such a sentence. But it is a confusion of thought to rank it among the parts of speech.” Earle. “How now! interjections? Why, then, some be of laughing, as ah, ha, he!” Shak.

In•ter•jec´tion•al , a. 1. Thrown in between other words or phrases; parenthetical; ejaculatory; as an interjectional remark. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an interjection; consisting of natural and spontaneous exclamations. “Certain of the natural accompaniments of interjectional speech, such as gestures, grimaces, and gesticulations, are restrained by civilization.” Earle.

In•ter•jec´tion•al•ize , v. t. To convert into, or to use as an interjection. Earle.

In•ter•jec´tion•al•ly, adv. In an interjectional manner. G. Eliot.

In•ter•jec´tion•a•ry , a. Interjectional.

In•ter•join´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjoining.] [Pref. inter + join.] To join mutually; to unite. [R.] Shak.

In´ter•joist , n. (Carp.) 1. The space or interval between two joists. Gwilt. 2. A middle joist or crossbeam. De Colange.

In•ter•junc´tion , n. [L. interjunctus, p. p. of interjungere to join together. See Inter-, and Join, and cf. Interjoin.] A mutual joining. [R.]

In•ter•knit´ , v. t. To knit together; to unite closely; to intertwine.

In•ter•know´ , v. t. To know mutually. [Obs.]

In•ter•knowl´edge , n. Mutual knowledge or acquaintance. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•ter•lace´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Interlaced p. pr. & vb. n. Interlacing ] [OE. entrelacen, F. entrelacer. See Inter-, and Lace.] To unite, as by lacing together; to insert or interpose one thing within another; to intertwine; to interweave. “Severed into stripes
That interlaced each other.” Cowper. “The epic way is everywhere interlaced with dialogue.” Dryden. Interlacing arches (Arch.), arches, usually circular, so constructed that their archivolts intersect and seem to be interlaced.

In•ter•lace´ment , n. [Cf. F. entrelacement.] The act of interlacing, or the state of being interlaced; also that which is interlaced. { In•ter•lam´el•lar , In•ter•lam´i•nar }, a. (Anat.) Between lammellae or laminae; as interlamellar spaces.

In•ter•lam´i•na•ted , a. Placed between, or containing, laminae or plates.

In•ter•lam•i•na´tion , n. The state of being interlaminated.

In´ter•lapse , n. [Pref. inter- + lapse: cf. L. interlabi, interlapsus, to fall, slide, or flow, between.] The lapse or interval of time between two events. [R.] Harvey.

In•ter•lard´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interlarding.] [F. entrelarder. See Inter-, and Lard.] 1. To place lard or bacon amongst; to mix, as fat meat with lean. [Obs.] “Whose grain doth rise in flakes, with fatness interlarded.” Drayton. 2. Hence: To insert between; to mix or mingle; especially, to introduce that which is foreign or irrelevant; as to interlard a conversation with oaths or allusions. “The English laws … [were] mingled and interlarded with many particular laws of their own.” Sir M. Hale. “They interlard their native drinks with choice
Of strongest brandy.” J. Philips.

In•ter•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlaid p. pr. & vb. n. Interlaying.] To lay or place among or between. Daniel.

In´ter•leaf , n.; pl. Interleaves (#). [See Interleave.] A leaf inserted between other leaves; a blank leaf inserted, as in a book.

In•ter•leave´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interleaved p. pr. & vb. n. Interleaving.] [Pref. inter- + leaf.] To insert a leaf or leaves in; to bind with blank leaves inserted between the others; as to interleave a book.

In•ter•li´bel , v. t. To libel mutually.

In•ter•line´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlined p. pr. & vb. n. Interlining.] [Pref. inter- + line: cf. LL. interlineare, F. interlineer, OF. entreligner.] 1. To write or insert between lines already written or printed, as for correction or addition; to write or print something between the lines of; as to interline a page or a book. Swift. 2. To arrange in alternate lines; as to interline Latin and English. Locke. 3. To mark or imprint with lines. “A crooked wrinkle interlines my brow.” Marlowe. { In•ter•lin´e•al , In•ter•lin´e•ar } a. [Cf. LL. interlinearis, F. interlineaire.] Contained between lines; written or inserted between lines already written or printed; containing interlineations; as an interlinear manuscript, translation, etc. — In•ter•lin´e•ar•ly, adv.

In•ter•lin´e•a•ry , a. Interlinear. — n. A book containing interlineations. [R.]

In•ter•lin•e•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. interlineation.] 1. The act of interlining. 2. That which is interlined; a passage, word, or line inserted between lines already written or printed.

In•ter•lin´ing , n. Correction or alteration by writing between the lines; interlineation. Bp. Burnet.

In•ter•link´ , v. t. To link together; to join, as one chain to another. Dryden.

In•ter•link´ , n. An intermediate or connecting link.

In•ter•lo´bar , a. (Anat.) Between lobes; as the interlobar notch of the liver; the interlobar ducts of a gland.

In•ter•lob´u•lar , a. [Pref. inter- + lobular: cf. F. interlobulaire.] (Anat.) Between lobules; as the interlobular branches of the portal vein.

In•ter•lo•ca´tion , n. A placing or coming between; interposition.

In•ter•lock´ , v. i. To unite, embrace, communicate with, or flow into, one another; to be connected in one system; to lock into one another; to interlace firmly.

In•ter•lock´, v. t. To unite by locking or linking together; to secure in place by mutual fastening. “My lady with her fingers interlocked.” Tennyson.

In•ter•lo•cu´tion , n. [L. interlocutio, from interloqui, interlocutus, to speak between; inter between + loqui to speak: cf. F. interlocution. See Loquacious.] 1. Interchange of speech; dialogue; conversation; conference. 2. (Law) An intermediate act or decree before final decision. Ayliffe. 3. Hence, intermediate argument or discussion.

In•ter•loc´u•tor ( 277), n. [Cf. F. interlocuteur.] 1. One who takes part in dialogue or conversation; a talker, interpreter, or questioner. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Law) An interlocutory judgment or sentence.

In•ter•loc´u•to•ry , a. [Cf. LL. interlocutorius, F. interlocutoire.] 1. Consisting of, or having the nature of, dialogue; conversational. “Interlocutory discourses in the Holy Scriptures.” Fiddes. 2. (Law) Intermediate; not final or definitive; made or done during the progress of an action. An order, sentence, decree, or judgment, given in an intermediate stage between the commencement and termination of a cause, is called interlocutory.

In•ter•loc´u•to•ry, n. [Cf. F. interlocutoire.] Interpolated discussion or dialogue.

In•ter•loc´u•trice , n. [F.] A female interlocutor.

In•ter•lope´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interloped p. pr. & vb. n. Interloping.] [See Interloper.] To run between parties and intercept without right the advantage that one should gain from the other; to traffic without a proper license; to intrude; to forestall others; to intermeddle.

In´ter•lo•per ( 277), n. [Pref. inter- + D. looper a runner, fr. loopen to run; akin to E. leap. See Leap, and cf. Elope.] One who interlopes; one who unlawfully intrudes upon a property, a station, or an office; one who interferes wrongfully or officiously. “The untrained man, … the interloper as to the professions.” I. Taylor.

In•ter•lu´cate , v. t. [L. interlucatus, p. p. of interlucare; inter between + lux, lucis, light.] To let in light upon, as by cutting away branches. [Obs.]

In•ter•lu•ca´tion , n. [L. interlucatio.] Act of thinning a wood to let in light. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•ter•lu´cent , a. [L. interlucens, p. pr. See Inter-, and Lucent.] Shining between.

In•ter•lude , n. [OE. enterlude, LL. interludium; LL. inter between + ludus play, fr. ludere to play: cf. F. interlude. See Ludicrous.] 1. A short entertainment exhibited on the stage between the acts of a play, or between the play and the afterpiece, to relieve the tedium of waiting. “Dreams are but interludes, which fancy makes
When monarch reason sleeps.” Dryden. 2. A form of English drama or play, usually short, merry, and farcical, which succeeded the Moralities or Moral Plays in the transition to the romantic or Elizabethan drama. 3. (Mus.) A short piece of instrumental music played between the parts of a song or cantata, or the acts of a drama; especially, in church music, a short passage played by the organist between the stanzas of a hymn, or in German chorals after each line.

In´ter•lu•ded , a. Inserted in the manner of an interlude; having or containing interludes.

In´ter•lu•der , n. An actor who performs in an interlude. B. Jonson.

In´ter•lu•en•cy , n. [L. interluens, p. pr. of interluere to flow between; inter + luere.] A flowing between; intervening water. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. { In•ter•lu´nar , In•ter•lu´na•ry } a. [Pref. inter- + lunar: cf. L. interlunis.] Belonging or pertaining to the time when the moon, at or near its conjunction with the sun, is invisible. Milton.

In•ter•man•dib´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between the mandibles; interramal; as the intermandibular space.

In•ter•mar´riage , n. Connection by marriage; reciprocal marriage; giving and taking in marriage, as between two families, tribes, castes, or nations.

In•ter•mar´ry , v. i. To become connected by marriage between their members; to give and take mutually in marriage; — said of families, ranks, castes, etc. “About the middle of the fourth century from the building of Rome, it was declared lawful for nobles and plebeians to intermarry.” Swift.

In•ter•max•il´la , n.; pl. Intermaxillae . (Anat.) See Premaxilla.

In•ter•max´il•la•ry , a. (Anat.) (a) Between the maxillary bones. (b) Of or pertaining to the intermaxillae. — n. An intermaxilla.

In´ter•mean , n. Something done in the meantime; interlude. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In•ter•me•a´tion , n. [L. intermeare, intermeatum; to go between; inter between + meare to go.] A flowing between. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•ter•med´dle , v. i. [OE. entremedlen, entermellen, to mix together, OF. entremedler, entremeller, entremesler, F. entremêler. See Inter-, and Meddle.] To meddle with the affairs of others; to meddle officiously; to interpose or interfere improperly; to mix or meddle with. “The practice of Spain hath been, by war and by conditions of treaty, to intermeddle with foreign states.” Bacon. Syn. — To interpose; interfere. See Interpose.

In•ter•med´dle , v. t. To intermix; to mingle. [Obs.] “Many other adventures are intermeddled.” Spenser.

In•ter•med´dler , n. One who meddles with, or intrudes into, the affairs of others. Swift.

In•ter•med´dle•some , a. Inclined or disposed to intermeddle. — In•ter•med´dle•some•ness, n.

In•ter•med´dling , n. The act of improperly interfering. Burke.

In´ter•mede , n. [F. intermède, fr. L. inter between + medius, adj., middle; cf. It. intermedio. Cf. Intermezzo.] A short musical dramatic piece, of a light and pleasing, sometimes a burlesque, character; an interlude introduced between the acts of a play or an opera.

In•ter•me´di•a•cy , n. [From Intermediate.] Interposition; intervention. Derham.

In•ter•me´di•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. intermedius intermedial.] (Zoöl.) The middle pair of tail feathers, or middle rectrices.

In•ter•me´di•al , a. [Pref. inter- + medial: cf. L. intermedius.] Lying between; intervening; intermediate. ´Intermedial colors.´ Evelyn.

In•ter•me´di•an , a. Intermediate. [Obs.]

In•ter•me´di•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. intermediaire.] Lying, coming, or done, between; intermediate; as an intermediary project. Intermediary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after inflammation has set in.

In•ter•me´di•a•ry, n.; pl. Intermediaries . One who, or that which, is intermediate; an interagent; a go-between.

In•ter•me´di•ate , a. [Pref. inter- + mediate: cf. F. intermediat.] Lying or being in the middle place or degree, or between two extremes; coming or done between; intervening; interposed; interjacent; as an intermediate space or time; intermediate colors. Intermediate state (Theol.), the state or condition of the soul between the death and the resurrection of the body. — Intermediate terms (Math.), the terms of a progression or series between the first and the last (which are called the extremes); the means. — Intermediate tie. (Arch.) Same as Intertie.

In•ter•me´di•ate , v. i. To come between; to intervene; to interpose. Milton.

In•ter•me´di•ate•ly , adv. In an intermediate manner; by way of intervention.

In•ter•me•di•a´tion , n. The act of coming between; intervention; interposition. Burke.

In•ter•me´di•a•tor , n. A mediator.

In•ter•me´di•ous , a. [L. intermedius.] Intermediate. [R.] Cudworth.

In•ter•me´di•um , n.; pl. Intermediums (#), L. Intermedia (#). [NL., neut. of L. intermedius intermediate.] 1. Intermediate space. [R.] 2. An intervening agent or instrument. Cowper. 3. (Anat.) The bone or cartilage between the radiale and ulnare in the carpus, and between the tibiale and fibulare in the tarsus. It corresponds to the lunar in the carpus, and to a part of the astragalus in the tarsus of man and most mammals.

In•ter•mell´ , v. i. & t. [See Intermeddle.] To intermeddle; to intermix. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

In•ter•mem´bral , a. (Anat.) Between members or limbs; as intermembral homology, the correspondence of the limbs with each other.

In•ter•mem´bra•nous , a. (Anat.) Within or beneath a membrane; as intermembranous ossification.

In•ter´ment , n. [OE. enterment, F. enterrement. See Inter, v. t.] The act or ceremony of depositing a dead body in the earth; burial; sepulture; inhumation. T. Warton.

In•ter•men´tion , v. t. To mention among other things, or casually or incidentally. [Obs.]

In•ter•mes•en•ter´ic , a. (Anat.) Within the mesentery; as the intermesenteric, or aortic, plexus.

In•ter•me•ta•car´pal , a. (Anat.) Between the metacarpal bones.

In•ter•me•ta•tar´sal , a. (Anat.) Between the metatarsal bones.

In•ter•mez´zo , n. [It. See Intermede.] (Mus.) An interlude; an intermede. See Intermede.

In•ter•mi´cate , v. i. [L. intermicare; inter- between + micare to glitter.] To flash or shine between or among. [R.] Blount.

In•ter•mi•ca´tion , n. A shining between or among. [R.] Smart.

In•ter•mi•gra´tion , n. Reciprocal migration; interchange of dwelling place by migration. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

In•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [L. interminabilis: cf. F. interminable. See Terminate.] Without termination; admitting no limit; boundless; endless; wearisomely protracted; as interminable space or duration; interminable sufferings. “That wild interminable waste of waves.” Grainger. Syn. — Boundless; endless; limitless; illimitable; immeasurable; infinite; unbounded; unlimited.

In•ter´mi•na•ble•ness, n. The state of being endless.

In•ter´mi•na•bly, adv. Without end or limit.

In•ter´mi•nate, a. [L. interminatus; in- not + terminatus, p. p. of terminate.] Endless; as interminate sleep. Chapman.

In•ter´mi•nate , v. t. [L. interminatus, p. p. of interminari; inter between + minari to threaten.] To menace; to threaten. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•ter´mi•na•ted , a. Interminable; interminate; endless; unending. [Obs.] Akenside.

In•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [L. interminatio.] A menace or threat. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In•ter•mine´ , v. t. To intersect or penetrate with mines. [Obs.] Drayton.

In•ter•min´gle , v. t. To mingle or mix together; to intermix. Hooker.

In•ter•min´gle, v. i. To be mixed or incorporated. “Party and faction will intermingle.” Swift.

In´ter•mise , n. [Cf. F. entremise. See Intermission.] Interference; interposition. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•ter•mis´sion , n. [L. intermissio: cf. F. intermission. See Intermit.] 1. The act or the state of intermitting; the state of being neglected or disused; disuse; discontinuance. B. Jonson. 2. Cessation for a time; an intervening period of time; an interval; a temporary pause; as to labor without intermission; an intermission of ten minutes. “Rest or intermission none I find.” Milton. 3. (Med.) The temporary cessation or subsidence of a fever; the space of time between the paroxysms of a disease. Intermission is an entire cessation, as distinguished from remission, or abatement of fever. 4. Intervention; interposition. [Obs.] Heylin. Syn. — Cessation; interruption; interval; pause; stop; rest; suspension. See Cessation.

In•ter•mis´sive , a. Having temporary cessations; not continual; intermittent. ´Intermissive miseries.´ Shak. ´Intermissive wars.´ Howell.

In•ter•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intermitted p. pr. & vb. n. Intermitting.] [L. intermittere; inter between + mittere, missum, to send: cf. OE. entremeten to busy (one’s self) with, F. s’entremettre. See Missile.] To cause to cease for a time, or at intervals; to interrupt; to suspend. “Pray to the gods to intermit the plague.” Shak.

In•ter•mit´, v. i. To cease for a time or at intervals; to moderate; to be intermittent, as a fever. Pope.

In•ter•mit´tence , n. [Cf. F. intermittence.] Act or state of intermitting; intermission. Tyndall.

In•ter•mit´tent , a. [L. intermittens, -entis, p. pr. of intermittere: cf. F. intermittent.] Coming and going at intervals; alternating; recurrent; periodic; as an intermittent fever. Boyle. Intermittent fever (Med.), a disease with fever which recurs at certain intervals; — applied particularly to fever and ague. See Fever. — Intermittent gearing (Mach.), gearing which receives, or produces, intermittent motion. — Intermittent springs, springs which flow at intervals, not apparently dependent upon rain or drought. They probably owe their intermittent action to their being connected with natural reservoirs in hills or mountains by passages having the form of a siphon, the water beginning to flow when it has accumulated so as to fill the upper part of the siphon, and ceasing when, by running through it, it has fallen below the orifice of the upper part of the siphon in the reservoir.

In•ter•mit´tent, n. (Med.) An intermittent fever or disease. Dunglison.

In•ter•mit´tent•ly, adv. With intermissions; in an intermittent manner; intermittingly.

In•ter•mit´ting•ly , adv. With intermissions; at intervals. W. Montagu.

In•ter•mix´ , v. t. To mix together; to intermingle. “In yonder spring of roses, intermixed
With myrtle, find what to redress till noon.” Milton.

In•ter•mix´, v. i. To be mixed together; to be intermingled.

In•ter•mix´ed•ly , adv. In a mixed manner.

In•ter•mix´ture ( 135), n. 1. A mass formed by mixture; a mass of ingredients mixed. Boyle. 2. Admixture; an additional ingredient. “In this height of impiety there wanted not an intermixture of levity and folly.” Bacon.

In•ter•mo•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity of things to move among each other; as the intermobility of fluid particles.

In•ter•mo•dil´lion , n. (Arch.) The space between two modillions.

In•ter•mon´tane , a. [Pref. inter- + L. montanus belonging to a mountain, fr. mons, montis, mountain.] Between mountains; as intermontane soil.

In•ter•mun´dane , a. Being, between worlds or orbs. [R.] ´Intermundane spaces.´ Locke.

In•ter•mun´di•an , a. Intermundane. [Obs.]

In•ter•mu´ral , a. Lying between walls; inclosed by walls.

In•ter•mure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intermured p. pr. & vb. n. Intermuring.] [Pref. inter- + L. murus wall.] To wall in; to inclose. [Obs.] Ford.

In•ter•mus´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) Between muscles; as intermuscular septa.

In•ter•mu•ta´tion , n. Interchange; mutual or reciprocal change.

In•ter•mu´tu•al ( 135), a. Mutual. [Obs.] Daniel. — In•ter•mu´tu•al•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•tern´ , a. [L. internus: cf. F. interne. See Internal.] Internal. [Obs.] Howell.

In•tern´, v. t. [F. interne. See Intern, a.] To put for safe keeping in the interior of a place or country; to confine to one locality; as to intern troops which have fled for refuge to a neutral country.

In•tern´al , a. [L. internus; akin to interior. See Interior.] 1. Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; inclosed; — opposed to external; as the internal parts of a body, or of the earth. 2. Derived from, or dependent on, the thing itself; inherent; as the internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scriptures. 3. Pertaining to its own affairs or interests; especially, (said of a country) domestic, as opposed to foreign; as internal trade; internal troubles or war. 4. Pertaining to the inner being or the heart; spiritual. “With our Savior, internal purity is everything.” Paley. 5. Intrinsic; inherent; real. [R.] “The internal rectitude of our actions in the sight of God.” Rogers. 6. (Anat.) Lying toward the mesial plane; mesial. Internal angle (Geom.), an interior angle. See under Interior. — Internal gear (Mach.), a gear in which the teeth project inward from the rim instead of outward. Syn. — Inner; interior; inward; inland; inside.

In•ter•nal´i•ty , n. The state of being internal or within; interiority.

In•ter´nal•ly , adv. 1. Inwardly; within the enveloping surface, or the boundary of a thing; within the body; beneath the surface. 2. Hence: Mentally; spiritually. Jer. Taylor.

In•ter•na´sal , a. (Anat.) Between the nasal cavities; as the internasal cartilage.

In•ter•na´tion•al , a. [Pref. inter- + national: cf. F. international.] 1. Between or among nations; pertaining to the intercourse of nations; participated in by two or more nations; common to, or affecting, two or more nations. 2. Of or concerning the association called the International. International code (Naut.), a common system of signaling adopted by nearly all maritime nations, whereby communication may be had between vessels at sea. — International copyright. See under Copyright. — International law, the rules regulating the mutual intercourse of nations. International law is mainly the product of the conditions from time to time of international intercourse, being drawn from diplomatic discussion, textbooks, proof of usage, and from recitals in treaties. It is called public when treating of the relations of sovereign powers, and private when of the relations of persons of different nationalities. International law is now, by the better opinion, part of the common law of the land. Cf. Conflict of laws, under Conflict. Wharton.

In•ter•na´tion•al, n. [Cf. F. internationale.] 1. The International; an abbreviated from of the title of the International Workingmen’s Association, the name of an association, formed in London in 1864, which has for object the promotion of the interests of the industrial classes of all nations. 2. A member of the International Association.

In•ter•na´tion•al•ism , n. 1. The state or principles of international interests and intercourse. 2. The doctrines or organization of the International.

In•ter•na´tion•al•ist, n. 1. One who is versed in the principles of international law. 2. A member of the International; one who believes in, or advocates the doctrines of, the International.

In•ter•na´tion•al•ize , v. t. To make international; to cause to affect the mutual relations of two or more nations; as to internationalize a principle of law, or a philanthropic enterprise.

In•ter•na´tion•al•ly, adv. In an international manner; from an international point of view.

In•terne´ , n. [See Intern, a.] That which is within; the interior. [Poetic] Mrs. Browning. { In•ter•ne´cia•ry , In•ter•ne´ci•nal } a. Internecine.

In•ter•ne´cine , a. [L. internecinus deadly, murderous, fr. internecare to kill, to slaughter; inter between + necare to kill; akin to Gr. dead. See Necromancy.] Involving, or accompanied by, mutual slaughter; mutually destructive. “Internecine quarrels, horrible tumults, stain the streets with blood.” Motley.

In•ter•ne´cion , n. [L. internecio.] Mutual slaughter or destruction; massacre. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•ter•ne´cive , a. [L. internecivus.] Internecine. [R.] Sydney Smith.

In•ter•nec´tion , n. [L. internectere to bind together; inter between + nectere to fasten.] Intimate connection. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

In•ter•neu´ral , a. (Anat.) Between the neural arches or neural spines. — n. An interneural spine or cartilage.

In•ter´ni•ty , n. State of being within; interiority. [R.] H. Brooke.

In•tern´ment , n. [F. internement. See Intern.] Confinement within narrow limits, — as of foreign troops, to the interior of a country.

In•ter•no´dal , a. Of or pertaining to internodes; intervening between nodes or joints.

In´ter•node , n. [L. internodium; inter between + nodus knot.] 1. (Bot.) The space between two nodes or points of the stem from which the leaves properly arise. H. Spenser. 2. (Anat.) A part between two joints; a segment; specifically, one of the phalanges.

In•ter•no´di•al , a. Internodal. [R.]

In•ter•nun´cial , a. [See Internuncio.] 1. Of or pertaining to an internuncio. 2. (Physiol.) Communicating or transmitting impressions between different parts of the body; — said of the nervous system. Carpenter.

In•ter•nun´ciess , n. A female messenger. [R.]

In•ter•nun´ci•o , n.; pl. Internuncios (#). [L. internuntius; inter between + nuntius, nuncius, messenger: cf. It. internunzio. See Nuncio.] 1. A messenger between two parties. Johnson. 2. A representative, or charge d’affaires, of the pope at a foreign court or seat of government, ranking next below a nuncio. This title was formerly given also to the Austrian envoy at Constantinople.

In•ter•nun´ci•o•ship, n. The office or function of an internuncio. Richardson.

In•ter•nun´ci•us , n. [L.] Internuncio.

In•ter•o•ce•an´ic , a. Between oceans; connecting oceans; as interoceanic communication; an interoceanic canal.

In•ter•oc´u•lar , a. Between, or within, the eyes; as the interocular distance; situated between the eyes, as the antennae of some insects.

In•ter•o•per´cu•lar , a. Of or pertaining to the interoperculum. — n. The interopercular bone.

In•ter•o•per´cu•lum , n.; pl. -la (-la). (Anat.) The postero-inferior opercular bone, in fishes.

In•ter•or´bit•al , a. (Anat.) Between the orbits; as the interorbital septum.

In•ter•os´cu•lant , a. 1. Mutually touching or intersecting; as interosculant circles. 2. (Biol.) Uniting two groups; — said of certain genera which connect family groups, or of species that connect genera. See Osculant.

In•ter•os´cu•late , v. i. & t. 1. To kiss together to touch. See Osculate. 2. (Biol.) To have the character of, or to lie between, two distinct groups. { In•ter•os´se•al , In•ter•os´se•ous } a. [Pref. inter- + osseous: cf. F. interosseux.] (Anat.) Situated between bones; as an interosseous ligament.

In•ter•pale´ , v. t. 1. To place pales between or among; to separate by pales. 2. To interweave or interlace. [R.] Brende.

In•ter•pa•ri´e•tal , a. (Anat.) Between the parietal bones or cartilages; as the interparietal suture. — n. The interparietal bone or cartilage.

In•ter•pause , n. An intermission. [R.]

In•ter•peal´ , v. t. To interpel. [Obs.]

In•ter•pe•den´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) Between peduncles; esp., between the peduncles, or crura, of the cerebrum.

In•ter•pel´ , v. t. [L. interpellare, interpellatum; inter between + pellare (in comp.), akin to pellere to drive: cf. F. interpeller. Cf. Interpellate.] To interrupt, break in upon, or intercede with. [Obs.] “I am interpelled by many businesses.” Howell.

In•ter•pel´lant , a. [L. interpellans, p. pr. See Interpel.] Interpelling; interrupting. — n. One who, or that which, interpels.

In•ter•pel´late , v. t. [See Interpel.] To question imperatively, as a minister, or other executive officer, in explanation of his conduct; — generally on the part of a legislative body.

In•ter•pel•la´tion , n. [L. interpellatio: cf. F. interpellation.] 1. The act of interpelling or interrupting; interruption. ´Continual interpellations.´ Bp. Hall. 2. The act of interposing or interceding; intercession. “Accepted by his interpellation and intercession.” Jer. Taylor. 3. An act of interpellating, or of demanding of an officer an explanation of his action; imperative or peremptory questioning; a point raised in a debate. 4. A official summons or citation. Ayliffe.

In•ter•pen´e•trate , v. t. To penetrate between or within; to penetrate mutually. “It interpenetrates my granite mass.” Shelley.

In•ter•pen´e•trate, v. i. To penetrate each the other; to penetrate between bodies or their parts. Interpenetrating molding (Arch.), in late Gothic architecture, a decoration by means of moldings which seem to pass through solid uprights, transoms, or other members; often, two sets of architectural members penetrating one another, in appearance, as if both had been plastic when they were put together.

In•ter•pen•e•tra´tion , n. The act of penetrating between or within other substances; mutual penetration. Milman.

In•ter•pen´e•tra•tive , a. Penetrating among or between other substances; penetrating each the other; mutually penetrative.

In•ter•pet´al•a•ry , a. [Pref. inter- + petal.] (Bot.) Between the petals of a flower.

In•ter•pet´i•o•lar , a. (Bot.) Being between petioles. Cf. Intrapetiolar.

In•ter•pha•lan´ge•al , a. (Anat.) Between phalanges; as interphalangeal articulations.

In•ter•pi•las´ter , n. (Arch.) The interval or space between two pilasters. Elmes.

In•ter•place´ , v. t. To place between or among; as to interplace a name. [R.] Daniel.

In•ter•plan´et•a•ry , a. Between planets; as interplanetary spaces. Boyle.

In•ter•play , n. Mutual action or influence; interaction; as the interplay of affection.

In•ter•plead´ , v. i. (Law) To plead against each other, or go to trial between themselves, as the claimants in an in an interpleader. See Interpleader. [Written also enterplead.]

In•ter•plead´er , n. 1. One who interpleads. 2. (Law) A proceeding devised to enable a person, of whom the same debt, duty, or thing is claimed adversely by two or more parties, to compel them to litigate the right or title between themselves, and thereby to relieve himself from the suits which they might otherwise bring against him.

In•ter•pledge´ , v. t. To pledge mutually. [R.]

In•ter•point´ , v. t. To point; to mark with stops or pauses; to punctuate. [R.] “Her sighs should interpoint her words.” Daniel.

In•ter´po•la•ble , a. That may be interpolated; suitable to be interpolated. “A most interpolable clause of one sentence.” De Morgan.

In•ter´po•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interpolated p. pr. & vb. n. Interpolating.] [L. interpolatus, p. p. of interpolare to form anew, to interpolate, fr. interpolus, interpolis, falsified, vamped up, polished up; inter between + polire to polish. See Polish, v. t.] 1. To renew; to carry on with intermission. [Obs.] “Motion … partly continued and unintermitted, … partly interpolated and interrupted.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To alter or corrupt by the insertion of new or foreign matter; especially, to change, as a book or text, by the insertion of matter that is new, or foreign to the purpose of the author. “How strangely Ignatius is mangled and interpolated, you may see by the vast difference of all copies and editions.” Bp. Barlow. “The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by another law, which was cited by Solon, or, as some think, interpolated by him for that purpose.” Pope. 3. (Math.) To fill up intermediate terms of, as of a series, according to the law of the series; to introduce, as a number or quantity, in a partial series, according to the law of that part of the series.

In•ter´po•la•ted , a. 1. Inserted in, or added to, the original; introduced; foisted in; changed by the insertion of new or spurious matter. 2. (Math.) (a) Provided with necessary interpolations; as an interpolated table. (b) Introduced or determined by interpolation; as interpolated quantities or numbers.

In•ter•po•la´tion , n. [L. interpolatio an alteration made here and there: cf. F. interpolation.] 1. The act of introducing or inserting anything, especially that which is spurious or foreign. 2. That which is introduced or inserted, especially something foreign or spurious. “Bentley wrote a letter … . upon the scriptural glosses in our present copies of Hesychius, which he considered interpolations from a later hand.” De Quincey. 3. (Math.) The method or operation of finding from a few given terms of a series, as of numbers or observations, other intermediate terms in conformity with the law of the series.

In•ter´po•la•tor , n. [L., a corrupter: of. F. interpolateur.] One who interpolates; esp., one who inserts foreign or spurious matter in genuine writings.

In•ter•pone´ , v. t. [L. interponere; inter between + ponere to place. See Position.] To interpose; to insert or place between. [R.] Cudworth.

In•ter•po´nent , n. One who, or that which, interposes; an interloper, an opponent. [R.] Heywood.

In•ter•pos´al , n. [From Interpose.] The act of interposing; interposition; intervention.

In•ter•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interposed p. pr. & vb. n. Interposing.] [F. interposer. See Inter-, and Pose, v. t.] 1. To place between; as to interpose a screen between the eye and the light. “Mountains interposed
Make enemies of nations.” Cowper. 2. To thrust; to intrude; to put between, either for aid or for troubling. “What watchful cares do interpose themselves
Betwixt your eyes and night?” Shak. “The common Father of mankind seasonably interposed his hand, and rescues miserable man.” Woodward. 3. To introduce or inject between the parts of a conversation or argument. Milton.

In•ter•pose´, v. i. 1. To be or come between. “Long hid by interposing hill or wood.” Cowper. 2. To step in between parties at variance; to mediate; as the prince interposed and made peace. Pope. 3. To utter a sentiment by way of interruption. Boyle. Syn. — To intervene; intercede; mediate; interfere; intermeddle. — To Interpose, Intermeddle, Interfere. A man may often interpose with propriety in the concerns of others; he can never intermeddle without being impertinent or officious; nor can be interfere without being liable to the same charge, unless he has rights which are interfered with. ´In our practical use, interference is something offensive. It is the pushing in of himself between two parties on the part of a third who was not asked, and is not thanked for his pains, and who, as the feeling of the word implies, had no business there; while interposition is employed to express the friendly, peacemaking mediation of one whom the act well became, and who, even if he was not specially invited thereunto, is still thanked for what he has done.´ Trench.

In´ter•pose , n. Interposition. [Obs.]

In•ter•pos´er , n. One who, or that which, interposes or intervenes; an obstacle or interruption; a mediator or agent between parties. Shak.

In•ter•pos´it , n. [From L. interpositus, p. p. of interponere. See Interposition.] An intermediate depot or station between one commercial city or country and another. Mitford.

In•ter•po•si´tion ( 277), n. [L. interpositio a putting between, insertion, fr. interponere, interpositum: cf. F. interposition. See Interpone, Position.] 1. The act of interposing, or the state of being interposed; a being, placing, or coming between; mediation. 2. The thing interposed.

In•ter•po´sure , n. Interposition. [Obs.]

In•ter´pret , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interpreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interpreting.] [F. interprêter, L. interpretari, p. p. interpretatus, fr. interpres interpeter, agent, negotiator; inter between + (prob.) the root of pretium price. See Price.] 1. To explain or tell the meaning of; to expound; to translate orally into intelligible or familiar language or terms; to decipher; to define; — applied esp. to language, but also to dreams, signs, conduct, mysteries, etc.; as to interpret the Hebrew language to an Englishman; to interpret an Indian speech. “Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.” Matt. i. 23. “And Pharaoh told them his dreams; but there was none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh.” Gen. xli. 8. 2. To apprehend and represent by means of art; to show by illustrative representation; as an actor interprets the character of Hamlet; a musician interprets a sonata; an artist interprets a landscape. Syn. — To translate; explain; solve; render; expound; elucidate; decipher; unfold; unravel.

In•ter´pret, v. i. To act as an interpreter. Shak.

In•ter´pret•a•ble , a. [L. interpretabilis: cf. F. interprêtable.] Admitting of interpretation; capable of being interpreted or explained.

In•ter´pre•ta•ment , n. [L. interpretamentum.] Interpretation. [Obs.] Milton.

In•ter•pre•ta´tion (in•ter•pre•ta´shun), n. [L. interpretatio: cf. F. interpretation.] 1. The act of interpreting; explanation of what is obscure; translation; version; construction; as the interpretation of a foreign language, of a dream, or of an enigma. “Look how we can, or sad or merrily,
Interpretation will misquote our looks.” Shak. 2. The sense given by an interpreter; exposition or explanation given; meaning; as commentators give various interpretations of the same passage of Scripture. 3. The power or explaining. [R.] Bacon. 4. (Fine Arts) An artist’s way of expressing his thought or embodying his conception of nature. 5. (Math.) The act or process of applying general principles or formulae to the explanation of the results obtained in special cases. Syn. — Explanation; solution; translation; version; sense; exposition; rendering; definition.

In•ter´pre•ta•tive , a. [Cf. F. interpretatif.] 1. Designed or fitted to interpret; explanatory. ´Interpretative lexicography.´ Johnson. 2. According to interpretation; constructive. “An interpretative siding with heresies.” Hammond.

In•ter´pre•ta•tive•ly, adv. By interpretation. Ray.

In•ter´pret•er , n. [Cf. OF. entrepreteur, L. interpretator.] One who or that which interprets, explains, or expounds; a translator; especially, a person who translates orally between two parties. “We think most men’s actions to be the interpreters of their thoughts.” Locke.

In•ter´pre•tive , a. Interpretative. [R.]

In•ter•pu´bic , a. (Anat.) Between the pubic bones or cartilages; as the interpubic disk.

In•ter•punc´tion , n. [L. interpunctio, fr. interpungere, interppunctum, to interpoint. See Inter-, and Point.] The insertion of points between words or sentences; punctuation.

In•ter•ra´di•al , a. Between the radii, or rays; — in zoölogy, said of certain parts of radiate animals; as the interradial plates of a starfish.

In•ter•ra´mal , a. [Pref. inter- + L. ramus a branch.] (Anat.) Between rami or branches; esp., between the mandibles, or rami of the lower jaw; intermandibular.

In•ter•re•ceive´ , v. t. To receive between or within.

In•ter•re´gen•cy , n. An interregnum. [Obs.] Blount.

In•ter•re´gent , n. A person who discharges the royal functions during an interregnum. Holland.

In•ter•reg´num , n.; pl. Interregnums (#). [L., fr. inter between + regnum dominion, reign. See Reign, and cf. Interreign.] 1. The time during which a throne is vacant between the death or abdication of a sovereign and the accession of his successor. 2. Any period during which, for any cause, the executive branch of a government is suspended or interrupted.

In´ter•reign , n. [Cf. F. interrègne.] An interregnum. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•ter•re•lat´ed , a. Having a mutual or reciprocal relation or parallelism; correlative.

In•ter•re•la´tion , n. Mutual or reciprocal relation; correlation.

In•ter•re´nal , a. (Anat.) Between the kidneys; as the interrenal body, an organ found in many fishes. — n. The interrenal body.

In•ter•re•pel´lent , a. Mutually repellent. De Quincey.

In•ter´rer , n. One who inters.

In´ter•rex , n.; pl. E. Interrexes (#), L. Interreges (#). [L., fr. inter between + rex king.] An interregent, or a regent.

In•ter´ro•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interrogating ] [L. interrogatus, p. p. of interrogare to ask; inter between + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To question formally; to question; to examine by asking questions; as to interrogate a witness. “Wilt thou, uncalled, interrogate,
Talker! the unreplying Fate?” Emerson. Syn. — To question; ask. See Question.

In•ter´ro•gate, v. i. To ask questions. Bacon.

In•ter´ro•gate , n. An interrogation; a question. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•ter•ro•ga•tee´ , n. One who is interrogated.

In•ter•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. interrogatio: cf. F. interrogation.] 1. The act of interrogating or questioning; examination by questions; inquiry. 2. A question put; an inquiry. 3. A point, mark, or sign, thus [?], indicating that the sentence with which it is connected is a question. It is used to express doubt, or to mark a query. Called also interrogation point. In works printed in the Spanish language this mark is not only placed at the end of an interrogative sentence, but is also placed, inverted [as thus (&iques;)], at the beginning.

In•ter•rog´a•tive , a. [L. interrogativus: cf. F. interrogatif.] Denoting a question; expressed in the form of a question; as an interrogative sentence; an interrogative pronoun.

In•ter•rog´a•tive, n. (Gram.) A word used in asking questions; as who? which? why?

In•ter•rog´a•tive•ly, adv. In the form of, or by means of, a question; in an interrogative manner.

In•ter´ro•ga•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. interrogateur.] One who asks questions; a questioner.

In•ter•rog´a•to•ry , n.; pl. Interrogatories (#). [Cf. F. interrogatoire.] A formal question or inquiry; esp. (Law), a question asked in writing. Macaulay.

In•ter•rog´a•to•ry , a. [L. interrogatorius.] Containing, expressing, or implying a question; as an interrogatory sentence.

In•ter•rupt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interrupting.] [L. interruptus, p. p. of interrumpere to interrupt; inter between + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. To break into, or between; to stop, or hinder by breaking in upon the course or progress of; to interfere with the current or motion of; to cause a temporary cessation of; as to interrupt the remarks of anyone speaking. “Do not interrupt me in my course.” Shak. 2. To divide; to separate; to break the monotony of; as the evenness of the road was not interrupted by a single hill.

In•ter•rupt´, p. a. [L. interruptus, p. p.] Broken; interrupted. [Obs.] Milton.

In•ter•rupt´ed, a. 1. Broken; intermitted; suddenly stopped. 2. (Bot.) Irregular; — said of any arrangement whose symmetry is destroyed by local causes, as when leaflets are interposed among the leaves in a pinnate leaf.

In•ter•rupt´ed•ly, adv. With breaks or interruptions; discontinuously. Interruptedly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with large ones. Gray.

In•ter•rupt´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, interrupts. 2. (Elec.) A device for opening and closing an electrical circuit; a vibrating spring or tuning fork, arranged to make and break a circuit at rapidly recurring intervals, by the action of the current itself.

In•ter•rup´tion , n. [L. interruptio: cf. F. interruption.] 1. The act of interrupting, or breaking in upon. 2. The state of being interrupted; a breach or break, caused by the abrupt intervention of something foreign; intervention; interposition. Sir M. Hale. “Lest the interruption of time cause you to lose the idea of one part.” Dryden. 3. Obstruction caused by breaking in upon course, current, progress, or motion; stop; hindrance; as the author has met with many interruptions in the execution of his work; the speaker or the argument proceeds without interruption. 4. Temporary cessation; intermission; suspension.

In•ter•rupt´ive , a. Tending to interrupt; interrupting. ´Interruptive forces.´ H. Bushnell. — In•ter•rupt´ive•ly, adv.

In•ter•scap´u•lar , a. 1. (Anat.) Between the scapulae or shoulder blades. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the upper back, or the part between the shoulders; as the interscapular feathers.

In•ter•scap´u•lars , n. pl. (Zoöl.) The interscapular feathers of a bird.

In•ter•scend´ent , a. [See Inter- , and Ascend.] (Math.) Having exponents which are radical quantities; — said of certain powers; as xrad.2, or xrad.a. Interscendent series, a series whose terms are interscendent quantities. Hutton.

In•ter•scind´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interscinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interscinding.] [L. interscindere; inter between + scindere to cut.] To cut off. [R.]

In•ter•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interscribed p. pr. & vb. n. Interscribing.] [L. interscribere; inter between + scribere to write.] To write between. [R.]

In•ter•se´cant , a. [L. intersecans, p. pr. of intersecare. See Intersect.] Dividing into parts; crossing; intersecting.

In•ter•sect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intersected; p. pr. & vb. n. Intersecting.] [L. intersectus, p. p. of intersecare to intersect; inter + secare to cut. See Section.] To cut into or between; to cut or cross mutually; to divide into parts; as any two diameters of a circle intersect each other at the center. “Lands intersected by a narrow frith
Abhor each other.” Cowper.

In•ter•sect´ , v. i. To cut into one another; to meet and cross each other; as the point where two lines intersect.

In•ter•sec´tion , n. [L. intersectio: cf. F. intersection.] 1. The act, state, or place of intersecting. 2. (Geom.) The point or line in which one line or surface cuts another.

In•ter•sec´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or formed by, intersections.

In•ter•sem´i•nate , v. t. [L. interseminatus, p. p. of interseminare. See Inter- , and Seminate.] To sow between or among. [R.]

In•ter•sep´tal , a. (Biol.) Between septa; as the interseptal spaces or zones, between the transparent, or septal, zones in striated muscle; the interseptal chambers of a shell, or of a seed vessel.

In•ter•sert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interserting.] [L. intersertus, p. p. of interserere to intersert; inter between + serere to join, weave.] To put in between other things; to insert. [Obs.] Brerewood.

In•ter•sert´tion , n. The act of interserting, or that which is interserted. [Obs.] Hammond.

In•ter•ses´a•moid , a. (Anat.) Between sesamoid bones; as intersesamoid ligaments.

In•ter•set´ , v. t. To set between or among. [R.]

In•ter•shock , v. t. To shock mutually. [R.]

In•ter•si•de´re•al , a. Between or among constellations or stars; interstellar.

In•ter•so´cial , a. Pertaining to the mutual intercourse or relations of persons in society; social.

In•ter•som´ni•ous , a. [Pref. inter- + L. somnus sleep.] Between the times of sleeping; in an interval of wakefulness. [R.]

In´ter•space , n. [L. interspatium. See Inter-, and Space.] Intervening space. Bp. Hacket.

In´ter•speech , n. A speech interposed between others. [R.] Blount.

In•ter•sperse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interspersed p. pr. & vb. n. Interspersing.] [L. interspersus interspersed; inter between, among + spargere to scatter. See Sparse.] 1. To scatter or set here and there among other things; to insert at intervals; as to intersperse pictures in a book. “There, interspersed in lawns and op’ning glades,
Thin trees arise that shun each other’s shades.” Pope. 2. To diversify or adorn with things set or scattered at intervals; to place something at intervals in or among; as to intersperse a book with pictures. “Which space is interspersed with small islands and rock.” Cook.

In•ter•sper´sion , n. The act of interspersing, or the state of being interspersed. { In•ter•spi´nal , In•ter•spi´nous } a. (Anat.) Between spines; esp., between the spinous processes of the vertebral column.

In•ter•spi•ra´tion , n. [L. interspiratio. See Inter-, and Spirit.] Spiritual inspiration at separate times, or at intervals. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•ter•sta•pe´di•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, between the stapes and the mediostapedial. — n. The interstapedial part of the columella.

In´ter•state , a. Pertaining to the mutual relations of States; existing between, or including, different States; as interstate commerce. Story.

In•ter•stel´lar , a. Between or among the stars; as interstellar space. Bacon.

In•ter•stel´la•ry , a. Interstellar.

In•ter•ster´nal , a. (Zoöl.) Between the sternal; — said of certain membranes or parts of insects and crustaceans.

In•ter´stice ( 277), n.; pl. Interstices (#). [L. interstitium a pause, interval; inter between + sistere to set, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. interstice. See Stand.] 1. That which intervenes between one thing and another; especially, a space between things closely set, or between the parts which compose a body; a narrow chink; a crack; a crevice; a hole; an interval; as the interstices of a wall. 2. An interval of time; specifically (R. C. Ch.), in the plural, the intervals which the canon law requires between the reception of the various degrees of orders. “Nonobservance of the interstices … is a sin.” Addis & Arnold.

In•ter´sticed , a. Provided with interstices; having interstices between; situated at intervals.

In•ter•stinc´tive , a. [L. interstinctus, p. p. of interstinguere to separate; inter + stinguere to extinguish.] Distinguishing. [Obs.] Wallis.

In•ter•sti´tial , a. Of or pertaining to interstices; intermediate; within the tissues; as interstitial cavities or spaces in the tissues of animals or plants.

In•ter•sti´tion , n. An intervening period of time; interval. [Obs.] Gower.

In•ter•strat•i•fi•ca´tion , n. (Geol.) Stratification among or between other layers or strata; also that which is interstratified.

In•ter•strat´i•fied , a. (Geol.) Stratified among or between other bodies; as interstratified rocks.

In•ter•strat´i•fy , v. t. (Geol.) To put or insert between other strata.

In•ter•talk´ , v. i. To converse. [Obs.] Carew.

In•ter•tan´gle , v. t. To entangle; to intertwine. ´Moss and intertangled vines.´ Longfellow.

In•ter•tar´sal , a. (Anat.) Between the tarsal bones; as the intertarsal articulations.

In•ter•tex´ , v. t. [L. intertexere; inter between + texere to weave.] To intertwine; to weave or bind together. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In•ter•tex´ture ( 135), n. The act of interweaving, or the state of being interwoven; that which is interwoven. ´Knit in nice intertexture.´ Coleridge. “Skirted thick with intertexture firm
Of thorny boughs.” Cowper.

In•ter•tho•rac´ic , a. In the thorax.

In´ter•tie , n. (Arch.) In any framed work, a horizontal tie other than sill and plate or other principal ties, securing uprights to one another.

In•ter•tis´sued , a. Interwoven. [R.] Shak.

In•ter•traf´fic , n. Mutual trade of traffic.

In•ter•tran•spic´u•ous , a. Transpicuous within or between. [R.] Shelley.

In•ter•trans•verse´ , a. Between the transverse processes of the vertebrae.

In•ter•tri´go , n. [L., fr. inter between + terere, tritum, to rub.] (Med.) A rubbing or chafing of the skin; especially, an abrasion or excoriation of the skin between folds, as in fat or neglected children.

In•ter•tro•chan•ter´ic , a. (Anat.) Between the trochanters of the femur.

In•ter•trop´ic•al , a. Situated between or within the tropics. J. Morse.

In•ter•tu´bu•lar , a. Between tubes or tubules; as intertubular cells; intertubular substance.

In•ter•twine´ , v. t. To unite by twining one with another; to entangle; to interlace. Milton.

In•ter•twine´, v. i. To be twined or twisted together; to become mutually involved or enfolded.

In•ter•twine´ , n. The act of intertwining, or the state of being intertwined. Coleridge.

In•ter•twin´ing•ly , adv. By intertwining or being intertwined.

In•ter•twist´ , v. t. To twist together one with another; to intertwine.

In•ter•twist´ing•ly, adv. By intertwisting, or being intertwisted. { In•ter•un´gu•lar , In•ter•un´gu•late } a. (Anat.) Between ungulae; as interungular glands.

In´ter•val , n. [L. intervallum; inter between + vallum a wall: cf. F. intervalle. See Wall.] 1. A space between things; a void space intervening between any two objects; as an interval between two houses or hills. “’Twixt host and host but narrow space was left,
A dreadful interval.” Milton. 2. Space of time between any two points or events; as the interval between the death of Charles I. of England, and the accession of Charles II. 3. A brief space of time between the recurrence of similar conditions or states; as the interval between paroxysms of pain; intervals of sanity or delirium. 4. (Mus.) Difference in pitch between any two tones. At intervals, coming or happening with intervals between; now and then. ´And Miriam watch’d and dozed at intervals.´ Tennyson. — Augmented interval (Mus.), an interval increased by half a step or half a tone. { In´ter•val , In´ter•vale } n. A tract of low ground between hills, or along the banks of a stream, usually alluvial land, enriched by the overflowings of the river, or by fertilizing deposits of earth from the adjacent hills. Cf. Bottom, n., 7. [Local, U. S.] “The woody intervale just beyond the marshy land.” The Century.

In•ter•val´lum , n.; pl. Intervallums (#), L. Intervalla (#). [L.] An interval. [R.] “And a’ shall laugh without intervallums.” Shak. “In one of these intervalla.” Chillingworth.

In•ter•va´ry , v. i. To alter or vary between; to change. [Obs.] Rush.

In•ter•veined´ , a. Intersected, as with veins.

In•ter•vene´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intervened p. pr. & vb. n. Intervening.] [L. intervenire, interventum, to intervene, to hinder; inter between + venire to come; akin to E. come: cf. F. intervenir. See Come.] 1. To come between, or to be between, persons or things; — followed by between; as the Mediterranean intervenes between Europe and Africa. 2. To occur, fall, or come between, points of time, or events; as an instant intervened between the flash and the report; nothing intervened ( i. e., between the intention and the execution) to prevent the undertaking. 3. To interpose; as to intervene to settle a quarrel. 4. In a suit to which one has not been made a party, to put forward a defense of one’s interest in the subject matter. Abbott.

In•ter•vene´, v. t. To come between. [R.] “Self-sown woodlands of birch, alder, etc., intervening the different estates.” De Quincey.

In•ter•vene´ , n. A coming between; intervention; meeting. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In•ter•ven´er , n. One who intervenes; especially (Law), a person who assumes a part in a suit between others. { In•ter•ven´ience , In•ter•ven´ien•cy } n. Intervention; interposition. [R.]

In•ter•ven´ient , a. [L. interveniens, p. pr. of intervenire.] Being or coming between; intercedent; interposed. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•ter•vent´ , v. t. [See Intervene.] To thwart; to obstruct. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•ter•ven´tion , n. [L. interventio an interposition: cf. F. intervention.] 1. The act of intervening; interposition. “Sound is shut out by the intervention of that lax membrane.” Holder. 2. Any interference that may affect the interests of others; especially, of one or more states with the affairs of another; mediation. “Let us decide our quarrels at home, without the intervention, of any foreign power.” Sir W. Temple. 3. (Civil Law) The act by which a third person, to protect his own interest, interposes and becomes a party to a suit pending between other parties.

In•ter•ven´tor , n. [L.: cf. F. interventeur.] One who intervenes; a mediator; especially (Eccles. Hist.), a person designated by a church to reconcile parties, and unite them in the choice of officers. Coleman.

In•ter•ven•tric´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between the ventricles; as the interventricular partition of the heart.

In•ter•ven´ue , n. [See Intervene, Avenue.] Interposition. [Obs.] Sir H. Blount.

In•ter•vert´ , v. t. [L. intervertere; inter between + vertere to turn.] To turn to another course or use. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In•ter•ver´te•bral , a. (Anat.) Between vertebrae. — In•ter•ver´te•bral•ly, adv.

In´ter•view , n. [F. entrevue, fr. entrevoir to see imperfectly, to have a glimpse of, s’entrevoir to visit each other. See Inter- , and View.] 1. A mutual sight or view; a meeting face to face; usually, a formal or official meeting for consultation; a conference; as the secretary had an interview with the President. 2. A conversation, or questioning, for the purpose of eliciting information for publication; the published statement so elicited. A recent use, originating in American newspapers, but apparently becoming general.

In´ter•view, v. t. To have an interview with; to question or converse with, especially for the purpose of obtaining information for publication. [Recent]

In´ter•view•er , n. One who interviews; especially, one who obtains an interview with another for the purpose of eliciting his opinions or obtaining information for publication. “It would have made him the prince of interviewers in these days.” Leslie Stephen.

In´ter•view•ing, n. The act or custom of holding an interview or interviews. “An article on interviewing in the ´Nation´ of January 28, 1869, … was the first formal notice of the practice under that name.” The American.

In•ter•vis´i•ble , a. (Surv.) Mutually visible, or in sight, the one from the other, as stations.

In•ter•vis´it , v. i. To exchange visits. [R.] Evelyn.

In•ter•vi´tal , a. Between two lives. [R.] “Through all its [the spirit’s] intervital gloom.” Tennyson.

In•ter•vo•lu´tion , n. The state of being intervolved or coiled up; a convolution; as the intervolutions of a snake. Hawthorne.

In•ter•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intervolved p. pr. & vb. n. Intervolving.] [Pref. inter- + L. volvere, volutum, to roll.] To involve one within another; to twist or coil together. Milton.

In•ter•weave´ , v. t. [imp. & obs. p. p. Interwove p. p. Interwoven p. pr. & vb. n. Interweaving.] 1. To weave together; to intermix or unite in texture or construction; to intertwine; as threads of silk and cotton interwoven. “Under the hospitable covert nigh
Of trees thick interwoven.” Milton. 2. To intermingle; to unite intimately; to connect closely; as to interweave truth with falsehood. Dryden. “Words interwove with sighs found out their way.” Milton.

In•ter•wish´ , v. t. To wish mutually in regarded to each other. [Obs.] Donne.

In•ter•work´ing , n. The act of working in together; interweaving. Milton.

In•ter•world´ , n. A world between other worlds. Holland. { In•ter•wove´ , In•ter•wov´en } imp. & p. p. of Interweave.

In•ter•wreathe´ , v. t. To weave into a wreath; to intertwine. [R.] Lovelace.

In•tes´ta•ble , a. [L. intestabilis: cf. F. intestable. See In- not, and Testable.] (Law) Not capable of making a will; not legally qualified or competent to make a testament. Blackstone.

In•tes´ta•cy , n. [From Intestate.] The state of being intestate, or of dying without having made a valid will. Blackstone.

In•tes´tate , a. [L. intestatus; pref. in- not + testatus, p. p. of testari to make a will: cf. F. intestat. See Testament.] 1. Without having made a valid will; without a will; as to die intestate. Blackstone. “Airy succeeders of intestate joys.” Shak. 2. Not devised or bequeathed; not disposed of by will; as an intestate estate.

In•tes´tate, n. (Law) A person who dies without making a valid will. Blackstone.

In•tes´ti•nal , a. [Cf. F. intestinal.] Of or pertaining to the intestines of an animal; as the intestinal tube; intestinal digestion; intestinal ferments. Intestinal canal. Same as Intestine, n. — Intestinal worm (Zoöl.), any species of helminth living in the intestinal canal of any animal. The species are numerous.

In•tes´tine , a. [L. intestinus, fr. intus on the inside, within, fr. in in: cf. F. intestine. See In.] 1. Internal; inward; — opposed to external. “Epilepsies, fierce catarrhs,
Intestine stone and ulcers.” Milton. 2. Internal with regard to a state or country; domestic; not foreign; — applied usually to that which is evil; as intestine disorders, calamities, etc. “Hoping here to end
Intestine war in heaven, the arch foe subdued.” Milton. “An intestine struggle … between authority and liberty.” Hume. 3. Depending upon the internal constitution of a body or entity; subjective. “Everything labors under an intestine necessity.” Cudworth. 4. Shut up; inclosed. [R.] Cowper.

In•tes´tine, n.; pl. Intestines (#). [L. intestinum: cf. F. intestin. See Intestine, a.] 1. (Anat.) That part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. 2. pl. The bowels; entrails; viscera. Large intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the lower portion of the bowel, terminating at the anus. It is adapted for the retention of fecal matter, being shorter, broader, and less convoluted than the small intestine; it consists of three parts, the caecum, colon, and rectum. — Small intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the upper portion of the bowel, in which the process of digestion is practically completed. It is narrow and contorted, and consists of three parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

In´text , n. The text of a book. [R.] Herrick.

In•tex´tine , n. [Infine + extine.] (Bot.) A thin membrane existing in the pollen grains of some plants, and situated between the extine and the intine, as in Œnothera.

In•tex´tured ( 135), a. Inwrought; woven in.

In•thirst´ , v. t. To make thirsty. [Obs.]

In•thrall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inthralled p. pr. & vb. n. Inthralling.] [Cf. Enthrall.] [Written also inthral, enthral, and enthrall.] To reduce to bondage or servitude; to make a thrall, slave, vassal, or captive of; to enslave. “She soothes, but never can inthrall my mind.” Prior.

In•thrall´ment , n. [Written also inthralment, enthrallment.] Act of inthralling, or state of being inthralled; servitude; bondage; vassalage.

In•throne´ , v. t. Same as Enthrone.

In•throng´ ( 115), v. i. To throng or collect together. [R.] Fairfax.

In•thron•i•za´tion , n. [LL. inthronizatio.] Enthronement. Bp. Warburton.

In•thron´ize , v. t. [LL. inthronisare, Gr. . See Enthrone.] To enthrone.

In•tice´ , v. t. See Entice.

In´ti•ma•cy , n.; pl. Intimacies (#). [From Intimate.] The state of being intimate; close familiarity or association; nearness in friendship. Syn. — Acquaintance; familiarity; fellowship; friendship. See Acquaintance.

In´ti•mate , a. [Formerly intime, L. intimus, a superl. corresponding to the compar. interior: cf. F. intime. The form intimate is due to confusion with intimate, v. t. See Interior.] 1. Innermost; inward; internal; deep-seated; hearty. ´I knew from intimate impulse.´ Milton. 2. Near; close; direct; thorough; complete. “He was honored with an intimate and immediate admission.” South. 3. Close in friendship or acquaintance; familiar; confidential; as an intimate friend. Syn. — Familiar; near; friendly; confidential.

In´ti•mate, n. An intimate friend or associate; a confidant. Gov. of the Tongue.

In´ti•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimated p. pr. & vb. n. Intimating.] [L. intimatus, p. p. of intimare to put, bring, drive, or press into, to announce, make known, from intimus the inmost. See Intimate, a.] 1. To announce; to declare; to publish; to communicate; to make known. [Obs.] “He, incontinent, did proclaim and intimate open war.” E. Hall. “So both conspiring ’gan to intimate
Each other’s grief.” Spenser. 2. To suggest obscurely or indirectly; to refer to remotely; to give slight notice of; to hint; as he intimated his intention of resigning his office. “The names of simple ideas and substances, with the abstract ideas in the mind, intimate some real existence, from which was derived their original pattern.” Locke.

In´ti•mate•ly , adv. In an intimate manner.

In•ti•ma´tion , n. [L. intimatio: cf. F. intimation.] 1. The act of intimating; also the thing intimated. 2. Announcement; declaration. Macaulay. “They made an edict with an intimation that whosoever killed a stork, should be banished.” Holland. 3. A hint; an obscure or indirect suggestion or notice; a remote or ambiguous reference; as he had given only intimations of his design. “Without mentioning the king of England, or giving the least intimation that he was sent by him.” Bp. Burnet.

In´time , a. [See Intimate, a.] Inward; internal; intimate. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

In•tim´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimidated p. pr. & vb. n. Intimidating ] [LL. intimidatus, p. p. of intimidare to frighten; pref. in- in + timidus fearful, timid: cf. F. intimider. See Timid.] To make timid or fearful; to inspire of affect with fear; to deter, as by threats; to dishearten; to abash. “Now guilt, once harbored in the conscious breast,
Intimidates the brave, degrades the great.” Johnson. Syn. — To dishearten; dispirit; abash; deter; frighten; terrify; daunt; cow.

In•tim•i•da´tion , n. [Cf. F. intimidation.] The act of making timid or fearful or of deterring by threats; the state of being intimidated; as the voters were kept from the polls by intimidation. “The king carried his measures in Parliament by intimidation.” Paley.

In•tim´i•da•to•ry , a. Tending or serving to intimidate.

In•tinc´tion , n. [L. intinctio, fr. intingere to dip in; pref. in- in + tingere to tinge.] 1. The act of tingeing or dyeing. Blount. 2. (Eccl.) A method or practice of the administration of the sacrament by dipping the bread or wafer in the wine and administering both together.

In•tinc•tiv´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + L. tinctus, p. p. of tingere to tinge] The want of the quality of coloring or tingeing other bodies. Kirwan.

In´tine , n. [L. intus within. Cf. Extine.] (Bot.) A transparent, extensible membrane of extreme tenuity, which forms the innermost coating of grains of pollen.

In•tire´ , a., In•tire´ly, adv. See Entire, a., Entirely, adv.

In•ti´tle , v. t. See Entitle.

In•tit´ule , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intituled p. pr. & vb. n. Intituling.] [Cf. F. intituler. See Entitle.] To entitle; to give a title to. Selden.

In´to , prep. [In + to.] To the inside of; within. It is used in a variety of applications. 1. Expressing entrance, or a passing from the outside of a thing to its interior parts; — following verbs expressing motion; as come into the house; go into the church; one stream falls or runs into another; water enters into the fine vessels of plants. 2. Expressing penetration beyond the outside or surface, or access to the inside, or contents; as to look into a letter or book; to look into an apartment. 3. Indicating insertion; as to infuse more spirit or animation into a composition. 4. Denoting inclusion; as put these ideas into other words. 5. Indicating the passing of a thing from one form, condition, or state to another; as compound substances may be resolved into others which are more simple; ice is convertible into water, and water into vapor; men are more easily drawn than forced into compliance; we may reduce many distinct substances into one mass; men are led by evidence into belief of truth, and are often enticed into the commission of crimes; she burst into tears; children are sometimes frightened into fits; all persons are liable to be seduced into error and folly. Compare In.

In•tol•er•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being intolerable; intolerableness. [R.]

In•tol´er•a•ble , a. [F. intolerable, L. intolerabilis. See In- not, and Tolerable.] 1. Not tolerable; not capable of being borne or endured; not proper or right to be allowed; insufferable; insupportable; unbearable; as intolerable pain; intolerable heat or cold; an intolerable burden. “His insolence is more intolerable
Than all the princes in the land beside.” Shak. 4. Enormous. “This intolerable deal of sack.” Shak. — In•tol´er•a•ble•ness, n. — In•tol´er•a•bly, adv.

In•tol´er•ance (in•tol´er•ans), n. [L. intolerantia impatience, unendurableness: cf. F. intolerance.] 1. Want of capacity to endure; as intolerance of light. 2. The quality of being intolerant; refusal to allow to others the enjoyment of their opinions, chosen modes of worship, and the like; want of patience and forbearance; illiberality; bigotry; as intolerance shown toward a religious sect. “These few restrictions, I hope, are no great stretches of intolerance, no very violent exertions of despotism.” Burke.

In•tol´er•an•cy , n. Intolerance. Bailey.

In•tol´er•ant , a. [L. intolerans, -antis: cf. F. intolerant. See In- not, and Tolerant.] 1. Not enduring; not able to endure. “The powers of human bodies being limited and intolerant of excesses.” Arbuthnot. 2. Not tolerating difference of opinion or sentiment, especially in religious matters; refusing to allow others the enjoyment of their opinions, rights, or worship; unjustly impatient of the opinion of those disagree with us; not tolerant; unforbearing; bigoted. “Religion, harsh, intolerant, austere,
Parent of manners like herself severe.” Cowper.

In•tol´er•ant, n. An intolerant person; a bigot.

In•tol´er•ant•ly, adv. In an intolerant manner.

In•tol´er•a•ted , a. Not tolerated.

In•tol´er•a•ting , a. Intolerant. [R.]

In•tol•er•a´tion , n. Intolerance; want of toleration; refusal to tolerate a difference of opinion.

In•tomb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intombed p. pr. & vb. n. Intombing.] To place in a tomb; to bury; to entomb. See Entomb.

In•tomb´ment , n. See Entombment.

In´to•nate , v. i. [L. intonatus, p. p. of intonare to thunder, resound.] To thunder. [Obs.] Bailey.

In´to•nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intonated p. pr. & vb. n. Intonating ] [See Intone.] 1. (Mus.) To sound the tones of the musical scale; to practice the sol-fa. 2. To modulate the voice in a musical, sonorous, and measured manner, as in reading the liturgy; to intone.

In´to•nate, v. t. To utter in a musical or sonorous manner; to chant; as to intonate the liturgy.

In•to•na´tion , n. [See 1st Intonate.] A thundering; thunder. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•to•na´tion, n. [Cf. F. intonation. See Intone.] (Mus.) (a) The act of sounding the tones of the musical scale. (b) Singing or playing in good tune or otherwise; as her intonation was false. (c) Reciting in a musical prolonged tone; intonating, or singing of the opening phrase of a plain-chant, psalm, or canticle by a single voice, as of a priest. See Intone, v. t.

In•tone´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoned p. pr. & vb. n. Intoning.] [LL. intonare, intonatum; pref. in- in + L. tonus tone. See Tone and cf. Entune, Intonate.] To utter with a musical or prolonged note or tone; to chant; as to intone the church service.

In•tone´, v. i. To utter a prolonged tone or a deep, protracted sound; to speak or recite in a measured, sonorous manner; to intonate. Pope.

In•tor´sion , n. [L. intortio a curling, crisping: cf. F. intorsion. See Intort, and cf. Intortion.] 1. A winding, bending, or twisting. 2. (Bot.) The bending or twining of any part of a plant toward one side or the other, or in any direction from the vertical.

In•tort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intorting.] [L. intortus, p. p. of intoquere to twist; pref. in- in + torquere to twist.] To twist in and out; to twine; to wreathe; to wind; to wring. Pope.

In•tor´tion , n. See Intorsion.

In•tox´i•cant , n. That which intoxicates; an intoxicating agent; as alcohol, opium, and laughing gas are intoxicants.

In•tox´i•cate , a. [LL. intoxicatus, p. p. of intoxicare to drug or poison; pref. in- in + L. toxicum a poison in which arrows were dipped, Gr. , fr. pertaining to a bow. See Toxic.] 1. Intoxicated. 2. Overexcited, as with joy or grief. “Alas good mother, be not intoxicate for me;
I am well enough.” Chapman.

In•tox´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoxicated p. pr. & vb. n. Intoxicating.] 1. To poison; to drug. South. 2. To make drunk; to inebriate; to excite or to stupefy by strong drink or by a narcotic substance. “With new wine inoxicated both.” Milton. 3. To excite to a transport of enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness; to elate unduly or excessively. “Intoxicated with the sound of those very bells.” G. Eliot. “They are not intoxicated by military success.” Jowett (Thuc. ).

In•tox´i•ca•ted•ness , n. The state of being intoxicated; intoxication; drunkenness. [R.]

In•tox´i•ca•ting , a. Producing intoxication; fitted to intoxicate; as intoxicating liquors.

In•tox•i•ca´tion , n. 1. (Med.) A poisoning, as by a spirituous or a narcotic substance. 2. The state of being intoxicated or drunk; inebriation; ebriety; drunkenness; the act of intoxicating or making drunk. 2. A high excitement of mind; an elation which rises to enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness. “That secret intoxication of pleasure.” Spectator. Syn. — Drunkenness; inebriation; inebriety; ebriety; infatuation; delirium. See Drunkenness.

In´tra- [L. intra, prep., within, on the inside; akin to inter. See Inter-.] A prefix signifying in, within, interior; as intraocular, within the eyeball; intramarginal.

In•tra•ax´il•la•ry , a. (Bot.) Situated below the point where a leaf joins the stem.

In•tra•cel´lu•lar , a. (Biol.) Within a cell; as the intracellular movements seen in the pigment cells, the salivary cells, and in the protoplasm of some vegetable cells.

In•tra•col´ic , a. (Anat.) Within the colon; as the intracolic valve.

In•tra•cra´ni•al , a. Within the cranium or skull. Sir W. Hamilton.

In•tract•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being intractable; intractableness. Bp. Hurd.

In•tract´a•ble , a. [L. intractabilis: cf. F. intraitable, formerly also intractable. See In- not, and Tractable.] Not tractable; not easily governed, managed, or directed; indisposed to be taught, disciplined, or tamed; violent; stubborn; obstinate; refractory; as an intractable child. Syn. — Stubborn; perverse; obstinate; refractory; cross; unmanageable; unruly; headstrong; violent; ungovernable; unteachable. — In•tract´a•ble•ness, n. — In•tract´a•bly, adv.

In•tract´ile , a. Not tractile; incapable of being drawn out or extended. Bacon.

In•tra´dos , n. [F., fr. L. intra within + F. dos the back, L. dorsum. Cf. Extrados.] (Arch.) The interior curve of an arch; esp., the inner or lower curved face of the whole body of voussoirs taken together. See Extrados.

In•tra•fo•li•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Growing immediately above, or in front of, a leaf; as intrafoliaceous stipules.

In•tra•fu´sion , n. [Pref. intra- + L. fundere, fusum, to pour.] The act of pouring into a vessel; specif. (Med.), the operation of introducing a substance into a blood vessel; as intrafusion of blood.

In•tra•lob´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Within lobules; as the intralobular branches of the hepatic veins.

In•tra•mar´gin•al , a. Situated within the margin. Loudon.

In•tra•mer•cu´ri•al , a. (Astron.) Between the planet Mercury and the sun; — as the hypothetical Vulcan is intramercurial.

In•tra•mo•lec´u•lar , a. (Chem. & Physics) Between molecules; situated, or acting, between the molecules of bodies.

In•tra•mun´dane , a. Being within the material world; — opposed to extramundane.

In•tra•mu´ral , a. 1. Being within the walls, as of a city. 2. (Anat. & Med.) Being within the substance of the walls of an organ; as intramural pregnancy.

In•tran•quil´li•ty , n. Unquietness; restlessness. Sir W. Temple.

In•trans•ca´lent , a. Impervious to heat; adiathermic.

In•trans•gress´i•ble , a. [L. intragressibilis that can not be crossed. See In- not, and Transgress.] Incapable of being transgressed; not to be passed over or crossed. Holland.

In•tran´sient , a. Not transient; remaining; permanent. Killingbeck.

In•trans´i•gent , a. [F. intransigeant (cf. Sp. intransigente); pref. in- not + L. transigere to come to an agreement; trans across + agere to lead, act.] Refusing compromise; uncompromising; irreconcilable. Lond. Sat. Rev.

In•trans´i•gen•tes , n. pl. [Sp.] (Spanish Politics) The extreme radicals; the party of the irreconcilables.

In•tran´si•tive , a. [L. intransitivus: cf. F. intransitif. See In- not, and Transitive.] 1. Not passing farther; kept; detained. [R.] “And then it is for the image’s sake and so far is intransitive; but whatever is paid more to the image is transitive and passes further.” Jer. Taylor. 2. (Gram.) Not transitive; not passing over to an object; expressing an action or state that is limited to the agent or subject, or, in other words, an action which does not require an object to complete the sense; as an intransitive verb, e. g., the bird flies; the dog runs. Intransitive verbs have no passive form. Some verbs which appear at first sight to be intransitive are in reality, or were originally, transitive verbs with a reflexive or other object omitted; as he keeps (i. e., himself) aloof from danger. Intransitive verbs may take a noun of kindred signification for a cognate object; as he died the death of a hero; he dreamed a dream. Some intransitive verbs, by the addition of a preposition, become transitive, and so admit of a passive voice; as the man laughed at; he was laughed at by the man.

In•tran´si•tive•ly, adv. (Gram.) Without an object following; in the manner of an intransitive verb.

In• tran´si•tu [L.] (Law) In transit; during passage; as goods in transitu.

In•trans•mis´si•ble , a. Not capable of being transmitted.

In•trans•mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being intransmutable.

In•trans•mut´a•ble , a. Not capable of being transmuted or changed into another substance.

In´trant , a. [L. intrans, p. pr. of intrare to enter. See Enter.] Entering; penetrating.

In´trant, n. One who enters; especially, a person entering upon some office or station. Hume.

In•tra•nu´cle•ar , a. (Biol.) Within the nucleus of a cell; as. the intranuclear network of fibrils, seen in the first stages of karyokinesis.

In•trap´ , v. t. See Entrap. Spenser.

In´tra•pa•ri´e•tal , a. Situated or occurring within an inclosure; shut off from public sight; private; secluded; retired. “I have no Turkish proclivities, and I do not think that, after all, impaling is preferable as a mode of capital punishment to intraparietal hanging.” Rolleston.

In•tra•pet´i•o•lar , a. (Bot.) Situated between the petiole and the stem; — said of the pair of stipules at the base of a petiole when united by those margins next the petiole, thus seeming to form a single stipule between the petiole and the stem or branch; — often confounded with interpetiolar, from which it differs essentially in meaning.

In•tra•ter•ri•to´ri•al , a. Within the territory or a territory.

In•tra•tho•rac´ic , a. Within the thora or chest.

In•tra•trop´ic•al , a. Within the tropics.

In•tra•u´ter•ine , a. Within the uterus or womb; as intrauterine hemorrhage.

In•tra•valv´u•lar , a. Between valves.

In•tra•ve´nous , a. Within the veins.

In•tra•ven•tric´u•lar , a. Within or between ventricles.

In•treas´ure ( 135), v. t. To lay up, as in a treasury; to hoard. [Obs.] Shak.

In•treat´ , v. t. See Entreat. Spenser.

In•treat´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + treatable.] Not to be entreated; inexorable.

In•treat´ance , n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Holland.

In•treat´ful , a. Full of entreaty. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•trench´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intrenched p. pr. & vb. n. Intrenching.] 1. To cut in; to furrow; to make trenches in or upon. “It was this very sword intrenched it.” Shak. “His face
Deep scars of thunder had intrenched.” Milton. 2. To surround with a trench or with intrenchments, as in fortification; to fortify with a ditch and parapet; as the army intrenched their camp, or intrenched itself. ´In the suburbs close intrenched.´ Shak.

In•trench´, v. i. To invade; to encroach; to infringe or trespass; to enter on, and take possession of, that which belongs to another; — usually followed by on or upon; as the king was charged with intrenching on the rights of the nobles, and the nobles were accused of intrenching on the prerogative of the crown. “We are not to intrench upon truth in any conversation, but least of all with children.” Locke.

In•trench´ant , a. [Pref. in- not + trenchant.] Not to be gashed or marked with furrows. [Obs.] “As easy mayest thou the intrenchant air
With thy keen sword impress, as make me bleed.” Shak.

In•trench´ment , n. [From Intrench.] 1. The act of intrenching or the state of being intrenched. 2. (Mil.) Any defensive work consisting of at least a trench or ditch and a parapet made from the earth thrown up in making such a ditch. “On our side, we have thrown up intrenchments on Winter and Prospect Hills.” Washington. 3. Any defense or protection. 4. An encroachment or infringement. “The slight intrenchment upon individual freedom.” Southey.

In•trep´id , a. [L. intrepidus: cf. F. intrepide. See In- not, and Trepidation.] Not trembling or shaking with fear; fearless; bold; brave; undaunted; courageous; as an intrepid soldier; intrepid spirit. Syn. — Fearless; dauntless; resolute; brave; courageous; daring; valiant; heroic; doughty.

In•tre•pid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. intrepidite.] The quality or state of being intrepid; fearless bravery; courage; resoluteness; valor. “Sir Roger had acquitted himself of two or three sentences with a look of much business and great intrepidity.” Addison. Syn. — Courage; heroism; bravery; fortitude; gallantry; valor. See Courage, Heroism.

In•trep´id•ly , adv. In an intrepid manner; courageously; resolutely.

In´tri•ca•ble , a. [See Intricate.] Entangling. [Obs.] Shelton.

In´tri•ca•cy , n.; pl. Intricacies (#). [From Intricate.] The state or quality of being intricate or entangled; perplexity; involution; complication; complexity; that which is intricate or involved; as the intricacy of a knot; the intricacy of accounts; the intricacy of a cause in controversy; the intricacy of a plot. “Freed from intricacies, taught to live
The easiest way.” Milton.

In´tri•cate , a. [L. intricatus, p. p. of intricare to entangle, perplex. Cf. Intrigue, Extricate.] Entangled; involved; perplexed; complicated; difficult to understand, follow, arrange, or adjust; as intricate machinery, labyrinths, accounts, plots, etc. “His style was fit to convey the most intricate business to the understanding with the utmost clearness.” Addison. “The nature of man is intricate.” Burke. Syn. — Intricate, Complex, Complicated. A thing is complex when it is made up of parts; it is complicated when those parts are so many, or so arranged, as to make it difficult to grasp them; it is intricate when it has numerous windings and confused involutions which it is hard to follow out. What is complex must be resolved into its parts; what is complicated must be drawn out and developed; what is intricate must be unraveled.

In´tri•cate , v. t. To entangle; to involve; to make perplexing. [Obs.] “It makes men troublesome, and intricates all wise discourses.” Jer. Taylor.

In´tri•cate•ly , adv. In an intricate manner.

In´tri•cate•ness, n. The state or quality of being intricate; intricacy.

In•tri•ca´tion , n. Entanglement. [Obs.]

In•tri•gante´ , n. [F.] A female intriguer.

In•trigue´ (in•treg´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intrigued (- tregd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Intriguing.] [F. intriguer, OF. intriquer, entriquer; cf. It. intrigare. See Intricate, Extricate.] 1. To form a plot or scheme; to contrive to accomplish a purpose by secret artifice. 2. To carry on a secret and illicit love or amour.

In•trigue´, v. t. To fill with artifice and duplicity; to complicate; to embarrass. [Obs.] “How doth it [sin] perplex and intrique the whole course of your lives!” Dr. J. Scott.

In•trigue´, n. [Cf. F. intrique. See Intrigue, v. i.] 1. Intricacy; complication. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. A complicated plot or scheme intended to effect some purpose by secret artifice; conspiracy; stratagem. “Busy meddlers with intrigues of state.” Pomfret. 3. The plot of a play or romance; a complicated scheme of designs, actions, and events. Pope. 4. A secret and illicit love affair between two persons of different sexes; an amour; a liaison. “The hero of a comedy is represented victorious in all his intrigues.” Swift. Syn. — Plot; scheme; conspiracy; machination.

In•trigu´er (in•treg´er), n. One who intrigues.

In•trigu´er•y , n. Arts or practice of intrigue.

In•trigu´ing•ly , adv. By means of, or in the manner of, intrigue.

In•trinse´ (-trins´), a. [See Intrinsic, and Intense.] Tightly drawn; or (perhaps) intricate. [Very rare] “Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain,
Which are too intrinse to unloose.” Shak.

In•trin´sic (in•trin´sik), a. [L. intrinsecus inward, on the inside; intra within + secus otherwise, beside; akin to E. second: cf. F. intrinsèque. See Inter-, Second, and cf. Extrinsic.] 1. Inward; internal; hence, true; genuine; real; essential; inherent; not merely apparent or accidental; — opposed to extrinsic; as the intrinsic value of gold or silver; the intrinsic merit of an action; the intrinsic worth or goodness of a person. “He was better qualified than they to estimate justly the intrinsic value of Grecian philosophy and refinement.” I. Taylor. 2. (Anat.) Included wholly within an organ or limb, as certain groups of muscles; — opposed to extrinsic. Intrinsic energy of a body (Physics), the work it can do in virtue of its actual condition, without any supply of energy from without. — Intrinsic equation of a curve (Geom.), the equation which expresses the relation which the length of a curve, measured from a given point of it, to a movable point, has to the angle which the tangent to the curve at the movable point makes with a fixed line. — Intrinsic value. See the Note under Value, n. Syn. — Inherent; innate; natural; real; genuine.

In•trin´sic, n. A genuine quality. [Obs.] Warburton.

In•trin´sic•al , a. [Formerly written intrinsecal.] 1. Intrinsic. 2. Intimate; closely familiar. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In•trin•si•cal´i•ty , n. The quality of being intrinsic; essentialness; genuineness; reality.

In•trin´sic•al•ly , adv. Internally; in its nature; essentially; really; truly. “A lie is a thing absolutely and intrinsically evil.” South.

In•trin´sic•al•ness, n. The quality of being intrinsical; intrinsicality.

In•trin´si•cate , a. Intricate. [Obs.] Shak.

In´tro- [L. intro, adv., inwardly, within. See Inter-.] A prefix signifying within, into, in, inward; as introduce, introreception, introthoracic.

In•tro•ces´sion , n. [L. introcedere, introcessum, to go in; intro within + cedere to go.] (Med.) A depression, or inward sinking of parts.

In•tro•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Introduced p. pr. & vb. n. Introducing ] [L. introducere, introductum; intro within + ducere to lead. See Intro-, and Duke.] 1. To lead or bring in; to conduct or usher in; as to introduce a person into a drawing-room. 2. To put (something into a place); to insert; as to introduce the finger, or a probe. 3. To lead to and make known by formal announcement or recommendation; hence, to cause to be acquainted; as to introduce strangers; to introduce one person to another. 4. To bring into notice, practice, cultivation, or use; as to introduce a new fashion, method, or plant. 5. To produce; to cause to exist; to induce. [Obs.] “Whosoever introduces habits in children, deserves the care and attention of their governors.” Locke. 6. To open to notice; to begin; to present; as he introduced the subject with a long preface. Syn. — To bring in; usher in; insert; begin; preface.

In•tro•duce´ment , n. Introduction. [Obs.]

In•tro•du´cer , n. One who, or that which, introduces.

In•tro•duct´ , v. t. To introduce. [Obs.]

In•tro•duc´tion , n. [L. introductio: cf. F. introduction. See Introduce.] 1. The act of introducing, or bringing to notice. 2. The act of formally making persons known to each other; a presentation or making known of one person to another by name; as the introduction of one stranger to another. 3. That part of a book or discourse which introduces or leads the way to the main subject, or part; preliminary; matter; preface; proem; exordium. 4. A formal and elaborate preliminary treatise; specifically, a treatise introductory to other treatises, or to a course of study; a guide; as an introduction to English literature.

In•tro•duc´tive , a. [Cf. F. introductif.] Serving to introduce; introductory. - - In•tro•duc´tive•ly, adv.

In•tro•duc´tor , n. [L.] An introducer. [Obs.]

In•tro•duc´to•ri•ly , adv. By way of introduction.

In•tro•duc´to•ry , a. [L. itroductorius: cf. F. introductoire.] Serving to introduce something else; leading to the main subject or business; preliminary; prefatory; as introductory proceedings; an introductory discourse.

In•tro•duc´tress , n. A female introducer.

In•tro•flexed´ , a. Flexed or bent inward.

In•tro•gres´sion , n. [L. introgressus, p. p. of introgredi to go in; intro- within + gradi to step, go.] The act of going in; entrance. Blount.

In•tro´it , n. [L. introitus, fr. introire to go into, to enter; intro within + ire to go: cf. F. introit.] 1. A going in. Caxton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A psalm sung or chanted immediately before the collect, epistle, and gospel, and while the priest is entering within the rails of the altar. (b) A part of a psalm or other portion of Scripture read by the priest at Mass immediately after ascending to the altar. 3. (R. C. Ch.) An anthem or psalm sung before the Communion service. 4. Any composition of vocal music appropriate to the opening of church services.

In•tro•mis´sion , n. [Cf. F. intromission. See Intromit.] 1. The act of sending in or of putting in; insertion. South. 2. The act of letting go in; admission. 3. (Scots Law) An intermeddling with the affairs of another, either on legal grounds or without authority.

In•tro•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intromitting.] [L. intromittere, intromissum; intro- within + mittere to send.] 1. To send in or put in; to insert or introduce. Greenhill. 2. To allow to pass in; to admit. “Glass in the window intromits light, without cold.” Holder.

In•tro•mit´, v. i. (Scots Law) To intermeddle with the effects or goods of another.

In•tro•mit´tent , a. [L. intromittens, p. pr.] 1. Throwing, or allowing to pass, into or within. 2. (Zoöl.) Used in copulation; — said of the external reproductive organs of the males of many animals, and sometimes of those of the females.

In•tro•mit´ter , n. One who intromits.

In•tro•pres´sion , n. Pressure acting within. [R.]

In•tro•re•cep´tion , n. The act of admitting into or within. Hammond.

In•trorse´ , a. [L. introrsus inward, contr. from introversus. See Introvert.] (Bot.) Turning or facing inward, or toward the axis of the part to which it belongs. Gray.

In•tro•spect´ , v. t. [L. introspectus, p. p. introspicere to look into; intro within + specere to look. See Spy.] To look into or within; to view the inside of. Bailey.

In•tro•spec´tion , n. [Cf. F. introspection.] A view of the inside or interior; a looking inward; specifically, the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one’s own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind has of its own acts and states; self-consciousness; reflection. “I was forced to make an introspection into my own mind.” Dryden.

In•tro•spec´tion•ist, n. (Metaph.) One given to the introspective method of examining the phenomena of the soul.

In•tro•spec´tive , a. [Cf. F. introspectif.] 1. Inspecting within; seeing inwardly; capable of, or exercising, inspection; self-conscious. 2. Involving the act or results of conscious knowledge of physical phenomena; — contrasted with associational. J. S. Mill.

In•tro•sume´ , v. t. [Pref. intro- + L. sumere to take.] To draw in; to swallow. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•tro•sus•cep´tion , n. 1. The act or process of receiving within. “The person is corrupted by the introsusception of a nature which becomes evil thereby.” Coleridge. 2. (Med.) Same as Intussusception.

In•tro•ven´ient , a. [L. introveniens, p. pr. of introvenire to come in; intro within + venire to come.] Coming in together; entering; commingling. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•tro•ver´sion , n. [See Introvert.] The act of introverting, or the state of being introverted; the act of turning the mind inward. Berkeley.

In•tro•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Introverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Introverting.] [Pref. intro- + L. vertere, versum, to turn.] 1. To turn or bend inward. ´Introverted toes.´ Cowper. 2. To look within; to introspect. Lew Wallace.

In•trude´ , v. i. [L. intrudere, intrusum; pref. in- in + trudere to thrust, akin to E. threat. See Threat.] To thrust one’s self in; to come or go in without invitation, permission, or welcome; to encroach; to trespass; as to intrude on families at unseasonable hours; to intrude on the lands of another. “Thy wit wants edge
And manners, to intrude where I am graced.” Shak. “Some thoughts rise and intrude upon us, while we shun them; others fly from us, when we would hold them.” I. Watts.

In•trude´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intruding.] 1. To thrust or force (something) in or upon; especially, to force (one’s self) in without leave or welcome; as to intrude one’s presence into a conference; to intrude one’s opinions upon another. 2. To enter by force; to invade. [Obs.] “Why should the worm intrude the maiden bud?” Shak. 3. (Geol.) The cause to enter or force a way, as into the crevices of rocks. Syn. — To obtrude; encroach; infringe; intrench; trespass. See Obtrude.

In•trud´ed , p. a. (Geol.) Same as Intrusive.

In•trud´er , n. One who intrudes; one who thrusts himself in, or enters without right, or without leave or welcome; a trespasser. “They were all strangers and intruders.” Locke.

In•trud´ress , n. A female intruder.

In•trunk´ , v. t. To inclose as in a trunk; to incase. [R.] Ford.

In•tru´sion , n. [Cf. F. intrusion. See Intrude.] 1. The act of intruding, or of forcing in; especially, the forcing (one’s self) into a place without right or welcome; encroachment. “Why this intrusion?
Were not my orders that I should be private?” Addison. 2. (Geol.) The penetrating of one rock, while in a plastic or metal state, into the cavities of another. 3. (Law) The entry of a stranger, after a particular estate or freehold is determined, before the person who holds in remainder or reversion has taken possession. 4. (Scotch Ch.) The settlement of a minister over a congregation without their consent.

In•tru´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to intrusion.

In•tru´sion•ist, n. One who intrudes; especially, one who favors the appointment of a clergyman to a parish, by a patron, against the wishes of the parishioners.

In•tru´sive , a. Apt to intrude; characterized by intrusion; entering without right or welcome. Intrusive rocks (Geol.), rocks which have been forced, while in a plastic or melted state, into the cavities or between the cracks or layers of other rocks. The term is sometimes used as equivalent to plutonic rocks. It is then contrasted with effusive or volcanic rocks. — In•tru´sive•ly, adv. — In•tru´sive•ness, n.

In•trust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intrusted, p. pr. & vb. n. Intrusting.] To deliver (something) to another in trust; to deliver to (another) something in trust; to commit or surrender (something) to another with a certain confidence regarding his care, use, or disposal of it; as to intrust a servant with one’s money or intrust money or goods to a servant. Syn. — To commit; consign; confide. See Commit.

In•tu•ba´tion , n. [Pref. in- in + tube.] (Med.) The introduction of a tube into an organ to keep it open, as into the larynx in croup.

In•tu•i´tion , n. [L. intuitus, p. p. of intueri to look on; in- in, on + tueri: cf. F. intuition. See Tuition.] 1. A looking after; a regard to. [Obs.] “What, no reflection on a reward! He might have an intuition at it, as the encouragement, though not the cause, of his pains.” Fuller. 2. Direct apprehension or cognition; immediate knowledge, as in perception or consciousness; — distinguished from ´mediate´ knowledge, as in reasoning; as the mind knows by intuition that black is not white, that a circle is not a square, that three are more than two, etc.; quick or ready insight or apprehension. “Sagacity and a nameless something more, — let us call it intuition.” Hawthorne. 3. Any object or truth discerned by direct cognition; especially, a first or primary truth.

In•tu•i´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, intuition; characterized by intuition; perceived by intuition; intuitive.

In•tu•i´tion•al•ism , n. (Metaph.) The doctrine that the perception or recognition of primary truth is intuitive, or direct and immediate; — opposed to sensationalism, and experientialism.

In•tu•i´tion•al•ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of intuitionalism.

In•tu•i´tion•ism , n. Same as Intuitionalism.

In•tu•i´tion•ist, n. Same as Intuitionalist. Bain.

In•tu´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. intuitif.] 1. Seeing clearly; as an intuitive view; intuitive vision. 2. Knowing, or perceiving, by intuition; capable of knowing without deduction or reasoning. “Whence the soul
Reason receives, and reason is her being,
Discursive, or intuitive.” Milton. 3. Received, reached, obtained, or perceived, by intuition; as intuitive judgment or knowledge; — opposed to deductive. Locke.

In•tu´i•tive•ly, adv. In an intuitive manner.

In•tu´i•tiv•ism , n. The doctrine that the ideas of right and wrong are intuitive. J. Grote.

In•tu•mesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intumesced p. pr. & vb. n. Intumescing ] [L. intumescere; pref. in- in + tumescere to swell up, incho. fr. tumere to swell. See Tumid.] To enlarge or expand with heat; to swell; specifically, to swell up or bubble up under the action of heat, as before the blowpipe. “In a higher heat, it intumesces, and melts into a yellowish black mass.” Kirwan.

In•tu•mes´cence , n. [Cf. F. intumescence.] 1. The act or process of swelling or enlarging; also the state of being swollen; expansion; tumidity; especially, the swelling up of bodies under the action of heat. “The intumescence of nations.” Johnson. 2. Anything swollen or enlarged, as a tumor.

In•tu•mes´cent , a. [L. intumescens, p. pr.] Swelling up; expanding.

In•tu´mu•la•ted , a. [L. intumulatus. See In- not, and Tumulate.] Unburied. [Obs.]

In•tune´ , v. t. To intone. Cf. Entune.

In•tur´bid•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inturbidated p. pr. & vb. n. Inturbidating.] [Pref. in- in + turbid.] To render turbid; to darken; to confuse. [R.] “The confusion of ideas and conceptions under the same term painfully inturbidates his theology.” Coleridge.

In•tur•ges´cence , n. [L. inturgescens, p. pr. of inturgescere to swell up. See 1st In-, and Turgescent.] A swelling; the act of swelling, or state of being swelled. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In´tuse , n. [L. intundere to bruise; pref. in- in + tundere, tusum, to beat, bruise.] A bruise; a contusion. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•tus•sus•cep´ted , a. [See Intussusception.] Received into some other thing or part, as a sword into a sheath; invaginated.

In•tus•sus•cep´tion , n. [L. intus within + susception. Cf. Introsusception.] 1. The reception of one part within another. 2. (Med.) The abnormal reception or slipping of a part of a tube, by inversion and descent, within a contiguous part of it; specifically, the reception or slipping of the upper part of the small intestine into the lower; introsusception; invagination. Dunglison. 3. (Bot.) The interposition of new particles of formative material among those already existing, as in a cell wall, or in a starch grain. 4. (Physiol.) The act of taking foreign matter, as food, into a living body; the process of nutrition, by which dead matter is absorbed by the living organism, and ultimately converted into the organized substance of its various tissues and organs. “Dead bodies increase by apposition; living bodies by intussusception.” McKendrick.

In•twine´ , v. t. [Cf. Entwine.] To twine or twist into, or together; to wreathe; as a wreath of flowers intwined. [Written also entwine.]

In•twine´, v. i. To be or to become intwined.

In•twine´ment , n. The act of intwining, or the state of being intwined.

In•twist´ , v. t. [Cf. Entwist.] To twist into or together; to interweave. [Written also entwist.]

In•u•en´do , n. See Innuendo.

In´u•lin , n. [From NL. Inula Helenium, the elecampane: cf. F. inuline.] (Chem.) A substance of very wide occurrence. It is found dissolved in the sap of the roots and rhizomes of many composite and other plants, as Inula, Helianthus, Campanula, etc., and is extracted by solution as a tasteless, white, semicrystalline substance, resembling starch, with which it is isomeric. It is intermediate in nature between starch and sugar. Called also dahlin, helenin, alantin, etc.

In´u•loid , n. [Inulin + - oid.] (Chem.) A substance resembling inulin, found in the unripe bulbs of the dahlia.

In•um´brate , v. t. [L. inumbratus, p. p. of inumbrare to shade.] To shade; to darken. [Obs.]

In•unc´ted , a. [See Inunction.] Anointed. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In•unc´tion , n. [L. inunctio, fr. inungere, inunctum, to anoint. See 1st In-, and Unction.] The act of anointing, or the state of being anointed; unction; specifically (Med.), the rubbing of ointments into the pores of the skin, by which medicinal agents contained in them, such as mercury, iodide of potash, etc., are absorbed.

In•unc•tu•os´i•ty ( 135), n. The want of unctuosity; freedom from greasiness or oiliness; as the inunctuosity of porcelain clay. Kirwan.

In•un´dant , a. [L. inundans, p. pr. of inundare.] Overflowing. [R.] Shenstone.

In•un´date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inundated p. pr. & vb. n. Inundating.] [L. inundatus, p. p. of inundare to inundate; pref. in- in + undare to rise in waves, to overflow, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate.] 1. To cover with a flood; to overflow; to deluge; to flood; as the river inundated the town. 2. To fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity; as the country was inundated with bills of credit. Syn. — To overflow; deluge; flood; overwhelm; submerge; drown.

In•un•da´tion , n. [L. inundatio: cf. F. inondation.] 1. The act of inundating, or the state of being inundated; an overflow; a flood; a rising and spreading of water over grounds. “With inundation wide the deluge reigns,
Drowns the deep valleys, and o’erspreads the plains.” Wilkie. 2. An overspreading of any kind; overflowing or superfluous abundance; a flood; a great influx; as an inundation of tourists. “To stop the inundation of her tears.” Shak.

In•un•der•stand´ing , a. Void of understanding. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

In•ur•bane´ , a. [L. inurbanus. See In- not, and Urbane.] Uncivil; unpolished; rude. M. Arnold. — In•ur•bane´ly, adv. — In•ur•bane´ness, n.

In•ur•ban´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inurbanite.] Want of urbanity or courtesy; unpolished manners or deportment; inurbaneness; rudeness. Bp. Hall.

In•ure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inured p. pr. & vb. n. Inuring.] [From pref. in- in + ure use, work. See Ure use, practice, Opera, and cf. Manure.] To apply in use; to train; to discipline; to use or accustom till use gives little or no pain or inconvenience; to harden; to habituate; to practice habitually. ´To inure our prompt obedience.´ Milton. “He … did inure them to speak little.” Sir T. North. “Inured and exercised in learning.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “The poor, inured to drudgery and distress.” Cowper.

In•ure´, v. i. To pass into use; to take or have effect; to be applied; to serve to the use or benefit of; as a gift of lands inures to the heirs. [Written also enure.]

In•ure´ment , n. Use; practice; discipline; habit; custom.

In•urn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inurned p. pr. & vb. n. Inurning.] To put in an urn, as the ashes of the dead; hence, to bury; to intomb. “The sepulcher
Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned.” Shak.

In•u´si•tate , a. [L. inusitatus unusual. See Use.] Unusual. [R.] Bramhall.

In•u´si•ta´tion , n. Want of use; disuse. [R.] Paley.

In•ust´ , a. [L. inurere, inustum, to burn in; pref. in- in + urere to burn.] Burnt in. [Obs.]

In•us´tion , n. The act of burning or branding. [Obs.] T. Adams.

In•u´tile , a. [L. inutilis: cf. F. inutile. See In- not, Utile.] Useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•u•til´i•ty , n. [L. inutilitas: cf. F. inutilite.] Uselessness; the quality of being unprofitable; unprofitableness; as the inutility of vain speculations and visionary projects.

In•ut´ter•a•ble , a. Unutterable; inexpressible. Milton.

In• vac´u•o [L.] (Physics) In a vacuum; in empty space; as experiments in vacuo.

In•vade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Invading.] [L. invadere, invasum; pref. in- in + vadere to go, akin to E. wade: cf. OF. invader, F. envahir. See Wade.] 1. To go into or upon; to pass within the confines of; to enter; — used of forcible or rude ingress. [Obs.] “Which becomes a body, and doth then invade
The state of life, out of the grisly shade.” Spenser. 2. To enter with hostile intentions; to enter with a view to conquest or plunder; to make an irruption into; to attack; as the Romans invaded Great Britain. “Such an enemy
Is risen to invade us.” Milton. 3. To attack; to infringe; to encroach on; to violate; as the king invaded the rights of the people. 4. To grow or spread over; to affect injuriously and progressively; as gangrene invades healthy tissue. Syn. — To attack; assail; encroach upon. See Attack.

In•vade´, v. i. To make an invasion. Brougham.

In•vad´er , n. One who invades; an assailant; an encroacher; an intruder.

In•vag´i•nate , v. t. To insert as in a sheath; to produce intussusception in. { In•vag´i•nate , In•vag´i•na•ted } a. (Biol.) (a) Sheathed. (b) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion.

In•vag•i•na´tion , n. [L. pref. in- + vagina sheath.] 1. (Biol.) The condition of an invaginated organ or part. 2. (Biol.) One of the methods by which the various germinal layers of the ovum are differentiated. In embolic invagination, one half of the blastosphere is pushed in towards the other half, producing an embryonic form known as a gastrula. — In epibolic invagination, a phenomenon in the development of some invertebrate ova, the epiblast appears to grow over or around the hypoblast.

In•va•les´cence , n. [L. invalescens, p. pr. of invalescere to become strong. See 1st In-, and Convalesce.] Strength; health. [Obs.]

In•val•e•tu´di•na•ry , a. Wanting health; valetudinary. [R.]

In•val´id , a. [Pref. in- not + valid: cf. F. invalide, L. invalidus infirm, weak. Cf. Invalid infirm.] 1. Of no force, weight, or cogency; not valid; weak. 2. (Law) Having no force, effect, or efficacy; void; null; as an invalid contract or agreement.

In´va•lid ( 277), n. [F. invalide, n. & a., L. invalidus, a. See Invalid null.] A person who is weak and infirm; one who is disabled for active service; especially, one in chronic ill health.

In´va•lid , a. [See Invalid, n.] Not well; feeble; infirm; sickly; as he had an invalid daughter.

In´va•lid, v. t. 1. To make or render invalid or infirm. ´Invalided, bent, and almost blind.´ Dickens. 2. To classify or enroll as an invalid. “Peace coming, he was invalided on half pay.” Carlyle.

In•val´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invalidated p. pr. & vb. n. Invalidating.] [From Invalid null.] To render invalid; to weaken or lessen the force of; to destroy the authority of; to render of no force or effect; to overthrow; as to invalidate an agreement or argument.

In•val•i•da´tion , n. The act of inavlidating, or the state of being invalidated. “So many invalidations of their right.” Burke.

In•va•lide´ , n. [F.] See Invalid, n.

In´va•lid•ism , n. The condition of an invalid; sickness; infirmity.

In•va•lid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. invalidite, LL. invaliditas want of health.] 1. Want of validity or cogency; want of legal force or efficacy; invalidness; as the invalidity of an agreement or of a will. 2. Want of health; infirmity. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

In•val´id•ness , n. Invalidity; as the invalidness of reasoning.

In•val´or•ous , a. Not valorous; cowardly.

In•val´u•a•ble , a. Valuable beyond estimation; inestimable; priceless; precious.

In•val´u•a•bly, adv. Inestimably. Bp. Hall.

In•val´ued , a. Inestimable. [R.] Drayton.

In•va•ri•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. invariabilite.] The quality of being invariable; invariableness; constancy; uniformity.

In•va´ri•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + variable: cf. F. invariable.] Not given to variation or change; unalterable; unchangeable; always uniform. “Physical laws which are invariable.” I. Taylor. — In•va´ri•a•ble•ness, n. — In•va´ri•a•bly, adv.

In•va´ri•a•ble , n. (Math.) An invariable quantity; a constant.

In•va´ri•ance , n. (Math.) The property of remaining invariable under prescribed or implied conditions. J. J. Sylvester.

In•va´ri•ant , n. (Math.) An invariable quantity; specifically, a function of the coefficients of one or more forms, which remains unaltered, when these undergo suitable linear transformations. J. J. Sylvester.

In•va´sion , n. [L. invasio: cf. F. invasion. See Invade.] 1. The act of invading; the act of encroaching upon the rights or possessions of another; encroachment; trespass. 2. A warlike or hostile entrance into the possessions or domains of another; the incursion of an army for conquest or plunder. 3. The incoming or first attack of anything hurtful or pernicious; as the invasion of a disease. Syn. — Invasion, Irruption, Inroad. Invasion is the generic term, denoting a forcible entrance into a foreign country. Incursion signifies a hasty and sudden invasion. Irruption denotes particularly violent invasion. Inroad is entry by some unusual way involving trespass and injury.

In•va´sive , a. [LL. invasivus: cf. F. invasif. See Invade.] Tending to invade; characterized by invasion; aggressive. ´Invasive war.´ Hoole.

In•vect´ , v. i. To inveigh. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In•vec´ted , a. [L. invectus carried in. See Inveigh.] (Her.) Having a border or outline composed of semicircles with the convexity outward; — the opposite of engrailed.

In•vec´tion , n. [L. invectio. See Inveigh.] An inveighing against; invective. [Obs.] Fulke.

In•vec´tive , a. [L. invectivus: cf. F. invectif. See Inveigh.] Characterized by invection; critical; denunciatory; satirical; abusive; railing.

In•vec´tive, n. [F. invective.] An expression which inveighs or rails against a person; a severe or violent censure or reproach; something uttered or written, intended to cast opprobrium, censure, or reproach on another; a harsh or reproachful accusation; — followed by against, having reference to the person or thing affected; as an invective against tyranny. “The world will be able to judge of his [Junius’] motives for writing such famous invectives.” Sir W. Draper. Syn. — Abuse; censure; reproach; satire; sarcasm; railing; diatribe. See Abuse.

In•vec´tive•ly, adv. In an invective manner. Shak.

In•veigh´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inveighed p. pr. & vb. n. Inveighing.] [L. invehere, invectum, to carry or bring into or against, to attack with words, to inveigh; pref. in- in + vehere to carry. See Vehicle, and cf. Invective.] To declaim or rail (against some person or thing); to utter censorious and bitter language; to attack with harsh criticism or reproach, either spoken or written; to use invectives; - - with against; as to inveigh against character, conduct, manners, customs, morals, a law, an abuse. “All men inveighed against him; all men, except court vassals, opposed him.” Milton. “The artificial life against which we inveighed.” Hawthorne.

In•veigh´er , n. One who inveighs.

In•vei´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inveigled p. pr. & vb. n. Inveigling ] [Prob. fr. F. aveugler to blind, to delude, OF. aveugler, avugler, avegler, fr. F. aveugle blind, OF. aveugle, avugle, properly, without eyes, fr. L. ab + oculus eye. The pref. in- seems to have been substituted for a- taken as the pref. F. à , L. ad. See Ocular.] To lead astray as if blind; to persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flattery; to entice; to insnare; to seduce; to wheedle. “Yet have they many baits and guileful spells
To inveigle and invite the unwary sense.” Milton.

In•vei´gle•ment , n. The act of inveigling, or the state of being inveigled; that which inveigles; enticement; seduction. South.

In•vei´gler , n. One who inveigles.

In•veil´ , v. t. To cover, as with a vail. W. Browne.

In•vend•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being invendible; invendibleness; unsalableness.

In•vend´i•ble , a. [L. invendibilis. See In- not, and Vendible.] Not vendible or salable. Jefferson. — In•vend´i•ble•ness, n.

In•ven´om , v. t. See Envenom.

In•vent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invented; p. pr. & vb. n. Inventing.] [L. inventus, p. p. of invenire to come upon, to find, invent; pref. in- in + venire to come, akin to E. come: cf. F. inventer. See Come.] 1. To come or light upon; to meet; to find. [Obs.] “And vowed never to return again,
Till him alive or dead she did invent.” Spenser. 2. To discover, as by study or inquiry; to find out; to devise; to contrive or produce for the first time; — applied commonly to the discovery of some serviceable mode, instrument, or machine. “Thus first Necessity invented stools.” Cowper. 3. To frame by the imagination; to fabricate mentally; to forge; — in a good or a bad sense; as to invent the machinery of a poem; to invent a falsehood. “Whate’er his cruel malice could invent.” Milton. “He had invented some circumstances, and put the worst possible construction on others.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — To discover; contrive; devise; frame; design; fabricate; concoct; elaborate. See Discover.

In•vent´er , n. One who invents.

In•vent´ful , a. Full of invention. J. Gifford.

In•vent´i•ble , a. Capable of being invented.

In•vent´i•ble•ness, n. Quality of being inventible.

In•ven´tion , n. [L. inventio: cf. F. invention. See Invent.] 1. The act of finding out or inventing; contrivance or construction of that which has not before existed; as the invention of logarithms; the invention of the art of printing. “As the search of it [truth] is the duty, so the invention will be the happiness of man.” Tatham. 2. That which is invented; an original contrivance or construction; a device; as this fable was the invention of Esop; that falsehood was her own invention. “We entered by the drawbridge, which has an invention to let one fall if not premonished.” Evelyn. 3. Thought; idea. Shak. 4. A fabrication to deceive; a fiction; a forgery; a falsehood. “Filling their hearers
With strange invention.” Shak. 5. The faculty of inventing; imaginative faculty; skill or ingenuity in contriving anything new; as a man of invention. “They lay no less than a want of invention to his charge; a capital crime, … for a poet is a maker.” Dryden. 6. (Fine Arts, Rhet., etc.) The exercise of the imagination in selecting and treating a theme, or more commonly in contriving the arrangement of a piece, or the method of presenting its parts. Invention of the cross (Eccl.), a festival celebrated May 3d, in honor of the finding of our Savior’s cross by St. Helena.

In•ven´tious , a. Inventive. [Obs.]

In•vent´ive , a. [Cf. F. inventif.] Able and apt to invent; quick at contrivance; ready at expedients; as an inventive head or genius. Dryden. — In•vent´ive•ly, adv. — In•vent´ive•ness, n.

In•vent´or , n. [L.: cf. F. inventeur.] One who invents or finds out something new; a contriver; especially, one who invents mechanical devices.

In•ven•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an inventory. — In•ven•to´ri•al•ly, adv. Shak.

In´ven•to•ry , n.; pl. Inventories (#). [L. inventarium: cf. LL. inventorium, F. inventaire, OF. also inventoire. See Invent.] An account, catalogue, or schedule, made by an executor or administrator, of all the goods and chattels, and sometimes of the real estate, of a deceased person; a list of the property of which a person or estate is found to be possessed; hence, an itemized list of goods or valuables, with their estimated worth; specifically, the annual account of stock taken in any business. “There take an inventory of all I have.” Shak. Syn. — List; register; schedule; catalogue. See List.

In´ven•to•ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inventoried p. pr. & vb. n. Inventorying.] [Cf. F. inventorier.] To make an inventory of; to make a list, catalogue, or schedule of; to insert or register in an account of goods; as a merchant inventories his stock. “I will give out divers schedules of my beauty; it shall be inventoried, and every particle and utensil labeled.” Shak.

In•vent´ress , n. [Cf. L. inventrix, F. inventrice.] A woman who invents. Dryden.

In•ve•rac´i•ty , n. Want of veracity.

In•ver•i•si•mil´i•tude , n. Want of verisimilitude or likelihood; improbability.

In•verse´ , a. [L. inversus, p. p. of invertere: cf. F. inverse. See Invert.] 1. Opposite in order, relation, or effect; reversed; inverted; reciprocal; — opposed to direct. 2. (Bot.) Inverted; having a position or mode of attachment the reverse of that which is usual. 3. (Math.) Opposite in nature and effect; — said with reference to any two operations, which, when both are performed in succession upon any quantity, reproduce that quantity; as multiplication is the inverse operation to division. The symbol of an inverse operation is the symbol of the direct operation with -1 as an index. Thus sin-1 x means the arc whose sine is x. Inverse figures (Geom.), two figures, such that each point of either figure is inverse to a corresponding point in the order figure. — Inverse points (Geom.), two points lying on a line drawn from the center of a fixed circle or sphere, and so related that the product of their distances from the center of the circle or sphere is equal to the square of the radius. — Inverse, or Reciprocal, ratio (Math.), the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities. — Inverse, or Reciprocal, proportion, an equality between a direct ratio and a reciprocal ratio; thus, 4 : 2 : : &frac13; : &frac16;, or 4 : 2 : : 3 : 6, inversely.

In´verse, n. That which is inverse. “Thus the course of human study is the inverse of the course of things in nature.” Tatham.

In•verse´ly , adv. In an inverse order or manner; by inversion; — opposed to directly. Inversely proportional. See Directly proportional, under Directly, and Inversion, 4.

In•ver´sion , n. [L. inversio: cf. F. inversion. See Invert.] 1. The act of inverting, or turning over or backward, or the state of being inverted. 2. A change by inverted order; a reversed position or arrangement of things; transposition. “It is just the inversion of an act of Parliament; your lordship first signed it, and then it was passed among the Lords and Commons.” Dryden. 3. (Mil.) A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on the right, and so on. 4. (Math.) A change in the order of the terms of a proportion, so that the second takes the place of the first, and the fourth of the third. 5. (Geom.) A peculiar method of transformation, in which a figure is replaced by its inverse figure. Propositions that are true for the original figure thus furnish new propositions that are true in the inverse figure. See Inverse figures, under Inverse. 6. (Gram.) A change of the usual order of words or phrases; as ´of all vices, impurity is one of the most detestable,´ instead of, ´impurity is one of the most detestable of all vices.´ 7. (Rhet.) A method of reasoning in which the orator shows that arguments advanced by his adversary in opposition to him are really favorable to his cause. 8. (Mus.) (a) Said of intervals, when the lower tone is placed an octave higher, so that fifths become fourths, thirds sixths, etc. (b) Said of a chord, when one of its notes, other than its root, is made the bass. (c) Said of a subject, or phrase, when the intervals of which it consists are repeated in the contrary direction, rising instead of falling, or vice versa. (d) Said of double counterpoint, when an upper and a lower part change places. 9. (Geol.) The folding back of strata upon themselves, as by upheaval, in such a manner that the order of succession appears to be reversed. 10. (Chem.) The act or process by which cane sugar (sucrose), under the action of heat and acids or ferments (as diastase), is broken or split up into grape sugar (dextrose), and fruit sugar (levulose); also less properly, the process by which starch is converted into grape sugar (dextrose). The terms invert and inversion, in this sense, owe their meaning to the fact that the plane of polarization of light, which is rotated to the right by cane sugar, is turned toward the left by levulose.

In•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inverting.] [L. invertere, inversum; pref. in- in + vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. To turn over; to put upside down; to upset; to place in a contrary order or direction; to reverse; as to invert a cup, the order of words, rules of justice, etc. “That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears,
As if these organs had deceptious functions.” Shak. “Such reasoning falls like an inverted cone,
Wanting its proper base to stand upon.” Cowper. 2. (Mus.) To change the position of; - - said of tones which form a chord, or parts which compose harmony. 3. To divert; to convert to a wrong use. [Obs.] Knolles. 4. (Chem.) To convert; to reverse; to decompose by, or subject to, inversion. See Inversion, n., 10.

In•vert´, v. i. (Chem.) To undergo inversion, as sugar.

In´vert , a. (Chem.) Subjected to the process of inversion; inverted; converted; as invert sugar. Invert sugar (Chem.), a variety of sugar, consisting of a mixture of dextrose and levulose, found naturally in fruits, and produced artificially by the inversion of cane sugar (sucrose); also less properly, the grape sugar or dextrose obtained from starch. See Inversion, Dextrose, Levulose, and Sugar.

In´vert, n. (Masonry) An inverted arch.

In•ver´te•bral , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Invertebrate.

In•ver•te•bra´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. in- not + vertebratus vertebrate.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of the animal kingdom, including all except the Vertebrata.

In•ver´te•brate , a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a backbone; having no vertebrae; of or pertaining to the Invertebrata. — n. One of the Invertebrata. Age of invertebrates. See Age, and Silurian.

In•ver´te•bra•ted , a. Having no backbone; invertebrate.

In•vert´ed , a. 1. Changed to a contrary or counterchanged order; reversed; characterized by inversion. 2. (Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata when folded back upon themselves by upheaval. Inverted arch (Arch.), an arch placed with crown downward; — much used in foundations.

In•vert´ed•ly, adv. In an inverted order. Derham.

In•vert´i•ble , a. [From Invert.] 1. Capable of being inverted or turned. 2. (Chem.) Capable of being changed or converted; as invertible sugar.

In•vert´i•ble, a. [Pref. in- not + L. vertere to turn + -ible.] Incapable of being turned or changed. “An indurate and invertible conscience.” Cranmer.

In•vert´in , n. (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized ferment which causes cane sugar to take up a molecule of water and be converted into invert sugar.

In•vest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invested; p. pr. & vb. n. Investing.] [L. investire, investitum; pref. in- in + vestire to clothe, fr. vestis clothing: cf. F. investir. See Vest.] 1. To put garments on; to clothe; to dress; to array; — opposed to divest. Usually followed by with, sometimes by in; as to invest one with a robe. 2. To put on. [Obs.] “Can not find one this girdle to invest.” Spenser. 3. To clothe, as with office or authority; to place in possession of rank, dignity, or estate; to endow; to adorn; to grace; to bedeck; as to invest with honor or glory; to invest with an estate. “I do invest you jointly with my power.” Shak. 4. To surround, accompany, or attend. “Awe such as must always invest the spectacle of the guilt.” Hawthorne. 5. To confer; to give. [R.] “It investeth a right of government.” Bacon. 6. (Mil.) To inclose; to surround or hem in with troops, so as to intercept succors of men and provisions and prevent escape; to lay siege to; as to invest a town. 7. To lay out (money or capital) in business with the view of obtaining an income or profit; as to invest money in bank stock.

In•vest´ , v. i. To make an investment; as to invest in stocks; — usually followed by in.

In•vest´ient , a. [L. investiens, p. pr. of investire.] Covering; clothing. [R.] Woodward.

In•ves´ti•ga•ble , a. [L. investigabilis. See Investigate.] Capable or susceptible of being investigated; admitting research. Hooker.

In•ves´ti•ga•ble, a. [L. investigabilis. See In- not, and Vestigate.] Unsearchable; inscrutable. [Obs.] “So unsearchable the judgment and so investigable the ways thereof.” Bale.

In•ves´ti•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Investigated p. pr. & vb. n. Investigating.] [L. investigatus, p. p. of investigare to investigate; pref. in- in + vestigare to track, trace. See Vestige.] To follow up step by step by patient inquiry or observation; to trace or track mentally; to search into; to inquire and examine into with care and accuracy; to find out by careful inquisition; as to investigate the causes of natural phenomena.

In•ves´ti•gate, v. i. To pursue a course of investigation and study; to make investigation.

In•ves•ti•ga´tion , n. [L. investigatio: cf. F. investigation.] The act of investigating; the process of inquiring into or following up; research; study; inquiry, esp. patient or thorough inquiry or examination; as the investigations of the philosopher and the mathematician; the investigations of the judge, the moralist.

In•ves´ti•ga•tive , a. Given to investigation; inquisitive; curious; searching.

In•ves´ti•ga•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. investigateur.] One who searches diligently into a subject.

In•ves´ti•ture ( 135), n. [LL. investitura: cf. F. investiture.] 1. The act or ceremony of investing, or the state of being invested, as with an office; a giving possession; also the right of so investing. “He had refused to yield up to the pope the investiture of bishops.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. (Feudal Law) Livery of seizin. “The grant of land or a feud was perfected by the ceremony of corporal investiture, or open delivery of possession.” Blackstone. 3. That with which anyone is invested or clothed; investment; clothing; covering. “While we yet have on
Our gross investiture of mortal weeds.” Trench.

In•vest´ive , a. Investing. [R.] Mir. for Mag.

In•vest´ment , n. 1. The act of investing, or the state of being invested. 2. That with which anyone is invested; a vestment. “Whose white investments figure innocence.” Shak. 3. (Mil.) The act of surrounding, blocking up, or besieging by an armed force, or the state of being so surrounded. “The capitulation was signed by the commander of the fort within six days after its investments.” Marshall. 4. The laying out of money in the purchase of some species of property; the amount of money invested, or that in which money is invested. “Before the investment could be made, a change of the market might render it ineligible.” A. Hamilton. “An investment in ink, paper, and steel pens.” Hawthorne.

In•vest´or , n. One who invests.

In•ves´ture ( 135), n. Investiture; investment. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

In•ves´ture, v. t. To clothe; to invest; to install. [Obs.] ´Monks … investured in their copes.´ Fuller.

In•vet´er•a•cy , n. [From Inveterate.] 1. Firm establishment by long continuance; firmness or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state acquired by time; as the inveteracy of custom, habit, or disease; — usually in a bad sense; as the inveteracy of prejudice or of error. “An inveteracy of evil habits that will prompt him to contract more.” A. Tucker. 2. Malignity; spitefulness; virulency. “The rancor of pamphlets, the inveteracy of epigrams, and the mortification of lampoons.” Guardian.

In•vet´er•ate , a. [L. inveteratus, p. p. of inveterare to render old; pref. in- in + vetus, veteris, old. See Veteran.] 1. Old; long-established. [Obs.] “It is an inveterate and received opinion.” Bacon. 2. Firmly established by long continuance; obstinate; deep-rooted; of long standing; as an inveterate disease; an inveterate abuse. “Heal the inveterate canker of one wound.” Shak. 3. Having habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed; habitual; as an inveterate idler or smoker. 4. Malignant; virulent; spiteful. H. Brooke.

In•vet´er•ate , v. t. To fix and settle by long continuance. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•vet´er•ate•ly , adv. In an inveterate manner or degree. ´Inveterately tough.´ Hawthorne.

In•vet´er•ate•ness, n. Inveteracy. Sir T. Browne.

In•vet•er•a´tion , n. [L. inveteratio.] The act of making inveterate. [R.] Bailey.

In•vict´ , a. [L. invictus. See In- not, and Victor.] Invincible. [Obs.] Joye.

In•vid´i•ous , a. [L. invidiosus, fr. invidia envy. See Envy, and cf. Envious.] 1. Envious; malignant. [Obs.] Evelyn. 2. Worthy of envy; desirable; enviable. [Obs.] “Such a person appeareth in a far more honorable and invidious state than any prosperous man.” Barrow. 3. Likely to incur or produce ill will, or to provoke envy; hateful; as invidious distinctions. “Agamemnon found it an invidious affair to give the preference to any one of the Grecian heroes.” Broome. — In•vid´i•ous•ly, adv. — In•vid´i•ous•ness, n. { In•vig´i•lance , In•vig´i•lan•cy } n. [in- not + vigilance: cf. OF. invigilance.] Want of vigilance; neglect of watching; carelessness.

In•vig´or (in•vig´er), v. t. To invigorate. [Obs.]

In•vig´or•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invigorated p. pr. & vb. n. Invigorating.] [Pref. in- in + vigor.] To give vigor to; to strengthen; to animate; to give life and energy to. “Christian graces and virtues they can not be, unless fed, invigorated, and animated by universal charity.” Atterbury. Syn. — To refresh; animate; exhilarate; stimulate.

In•vig•or•a´tion , n. The act of invigorating, or the state of being invigorated.

In•vile´ , v. t. To render vile. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•vil´laged ( 48), p. a. Turned into, or reduced to, a village. [Obs.] W. Browne.

In•vin•ci•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. invincibilite.] The quality or state of being invincible; invincibleness.

In•vin´ci•ble , a. [L. invincibilis: cf. F. invincible. See In- not, and Vincible.] Incapable of being conquered, overcome, or subdued; unconquerable; insuperable; as an invincible army, or obstacle. “Lead forth to battle these my sons
Invincible.” Milton. — In•vin´ci•ble•ness, n. — In•vin´ci•bly, adv.

In•vi•o•la•bil´i•ty , n. [L. inviolabilitas: cf. F. inviolabilite.] The quality or state of being inviolable; inviolableness.

In•vi´o•la•ble , a. [L. inviolabilis: cf. F. inviolable. See Inviolate, a.] 1. Not violable; not susceptible of hurt, wound, or harm (used with respect to either physical or moral damage); not susceptible of being profaned or corrupted; sacred; holy; as inviolable honor or chastity; an inviolable shrine. “He tried a third, a tough, well-chosen spear,
The inviolable body stood sincere.” Dryden. 2. Unviolated; uninjured; undefiled; uncorrupted. “For thou, be sure, shalt give account
To him who sent us, whose charge is to keep
This place inviolable, and these from harm.” Milton. 3. Not capable of being broken or violated; as an inviolable covenant, agreement, promise, or vow. “Their almighty Maker first ordained
And bound them with inviolable bands.” Spenser. “And keep our faiths firm and inviolable.” Shak.

In•vi´o•la•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inviolable; as the inviolableness of divine justice.

In•vi´o•la•bly, adv. Without violation.

In•vi´o•la•cy , n. The state or quality of being inviolate; as the inviolacy of an oath. { In•vi´o•late , In•vi´o•la•ted } a. [L. inviolatus. See In- not, and Violate.] 1. Not violated; uninjured; unhurt; unbroken. “His fortune of arms was still inviolate.” Bacon. 2. Not corrupted, defiled, or profaned; chaste; pure. ´Inviolate truth.´ Denham. “There chaste Alceste lives inviolate.” Spenser.

In•vi´o•late•ly , adv. In an inviolate manner.

In•vi´o•late•ness, n. The state of being inviolate.

In´vi•ous , a. [L. invius; pref. in- not + via way.] Untrodden. [R.] Hudibras. — In´vi•ous•ness, n. [R.]

In•vi´rile , a. Deficient in manhood; unmanly; effeminate. Lowell.

In•vi•ril´i•ty , n. Absence of virility or manhood; effeminacy. Prynne.

In•vis´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inviscated p. pr. & vb. n. Inviscating ] [L. inviscatus, p. p. of inviscare to birdlime; pref. in- in + viscum, viscus, the mistletoe, birdlime.] To daub or catch with glue or birdlime; to entangle with glutinous matter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•vis´cer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inviscerated p. pr. & vb. n. Inviscerating.] [L. invisceratus, p. p. of inviscerare to put into the entrails. See Viscera.] To breed; to nourish. [R.] W. Montagu.

In•vis´cer•ate , a. [L. invisceratus, p. p.] Deep-seated; internal. [R.] W. Montagu.

In•vis•i•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Invisibilities (#). [L. invisibilitas: cf. F. invisibilite.] The state or quality of being invisible; also that which is invisible. ´Atoms and invisibilities.´ Landor.

In•vis´i•ble , a. [F. invisible, L. invisibilis. See In- not, and Visible.] Incapable of being seen; not perceptible by vision; not visible. “To us invisible, or dimly seen
In these thy lowest works.” Milton. Invisible bird (Zoöl.), a small, shy singing bird (Myadestes sibilons), of St. Vincent Islands. — Invisible green, a very dark shade of green, approaching to black, and liable to be mistaken for it.

In•vis´i•ble, n. 1. An invisible person or thing; specifically, God, the Supreme Being. 2. A Rosicrucian; — so called because avoiding declaration of his craft. [Obs.] 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One of those (as in the 16th century) who denied the visibility of the church. Shipley.

In•vis´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being invisible; invisibility.

In•vis´i•bly, adv. In an invisible manner. Denham.

In•vi´sion , n. Want of vision or of the power of seeing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•vi•ta´tion , n. [L. invitatio: cf. F. invitation. See Invite.] 1. The act of inviting; solicitation; the requesting of a person’s company; as an invitation to a party, to a dinner, or to visit a friend. 2. A document written or printed, or spoken words, conveying the message by which one is invited. 3. Allurement; enticement. [R.] “She gives the leer of invitation.” Shak.

In•vi´ta•to•ry , a. [L. invitatorius: cf. F. invitatoire.] Using or containing invitations. “The ´Venite´ [Psalm xcv.], which is also called the invitatory psalm.” Hook.

In•vi´ta•to•ry , n.; pl. Invitatories (#). [LL. invitatorium: cf. F. invitatoire.] That which invites; specifically, the invitatory psalm, or a part of it used in worship.

In•vite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inviting.] [L. invitare: cf. F. inviter. See Vie.] 1. To ask; to request; to bid; to summon; to ask to do some act, or go to some place; esp., to ask to an entertainment or visit; to request the company of; as to invite to dinner, or a wedding, or an excursion. “So many guests invite as here are writ.” Shak. “I invite his Grace of Castle Rackrent to reflect on this.” Carlyle. 2. To allure; to draw to; to tempt to come; to induce by pleasure or hope; to attract. “To inveigle and invite the unwary sense.” Milton. “Shady groves, that easy sleep invite.” Dryden. “There no delusive hope invites despair.” Cowper. 3. To give occasion for; as to invite criticism. Syn. — To solicit; bid; call; ask; summon; allure; attract; entice; persuade.

In•vite´, v. i. To give invitation. Milton.

In•vite´ment , n. Invitation. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•vit´er , n. One who, or that which, invites.

In•vi´ti•ate , a. Not vitiated. Lowell.

In•vit´ing , a. Alluring; tempting; as an inviting amusement or prospect. “Nothing is so easy and inviting as the retort of abuse and sarcasm.” W. Irving. — In•vit´ing•ly, adv. — In•vit´ing•ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

In•vit´ri•fi•a•ble , a. Not admitting of being vitrified, or converted into glass. Kirwan.

In´vo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invocated p. pr. & vb. n. Invocating ] [L. invocatus, p. p. of invocare. See Invoke.] To invoke; to call on, or for, in supplication; to implore. “If Dagon be thy god,
Go to his temple, invocate his aid.” Milton.

In•vo•ca´tion , n. [F. invocation, L. invocatio.] 1. The act or form of calling for the assistance or presence of some superior being; earnest and solemn entreaty; esp., prayer offered to a divine being. “Sweet invocation of a child; most pretty and pathetical!” Shak. “The whole poem is a prayer to Fortune, and the invocation is divided between the two deities.” Addison. 2. (Law) A call or summons; especially, a judicial call, demand, or order; as the invocation of papers or evidence into court.

In´vo•ca•to•ry , a. Making or containing invocation; invoking.

In´voice , n. [F. envois things sent, goods forwarded, pl. of envoi a sending or things sent, fr. envoyer to send; cf. F. lettre d’envoi letter of advice of goods forwarded. See Envoy.] 1. (Com.) A written account of the particulars of merchandise shipped or sent to a purchaser, consignee, factor, etc., with the value or prices and charges annexed. Wharton. 2. The lot or set of goods as shipped or received; as the merchant receives a large invoice of goods.

In´voice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoiced p. pr. & vb. n. Invoicing ] To make a written list or account of, as goods to be sent to a consignee; to insert in a priced list; to write or enter in an invoice. “Goods, wares, and merchandise imported from Norway, and invoiced in the current dollar of Norway.” Madison.

In•voke´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoked p. pr. & vb. n. Invoking.] [F. invoquer, L. invocare; pref. in- in, on + vocare to call, fr. vox voice. See Voice, and cf. Invocate.] To call on for aid or protection; to invite earnestly or solemnly; to summon; to address in prayer; to solicit or demand by invocation; to implore; as to invoke the Supreme Being, or to invoke His and blessing. “Go, my dread lord, to your great grandsire’s tomb, …
Invoke his warlike spirit.” Shak.

In•vol´u•cel ( 277), n. [Dim. of involucre, or involucrum: cf. F. involucelle.] (Bot.) A partial, secondary, or small involucre. See Illust. of Involucre.

In•vo•lu´cel•late , a. (Bot.) Furnished with involucels.

In•vo•lu•cel´lum , n.; pl. Involucella (#). [NL.] See Involucel.

In•vo•lu´cral , a. [Cf. F. involucral.] Pertaining to, possessing, or like, an involucrum. { In•vo•lu´crate , In•vo•lu´cra•ted } a. (Bot.) Having an involucre; involucred.

In´vo•lu•cre ( 277), n. [L. involucrum a covering, wrapper, fr. involvere to wrap up, envelop: cf. F. involucre. See Involve.] (Bot.) (a) A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head. (b) A continuous marginal covering of sporangia, in certain ferns, as in the common brake, or the cup-shaped processes of the filmy ferns. (c) The peridium or volva of certain fungi. Called also involucrum.

In´vo•lu•cred , a. (Bot.) Having an involucre, as umbels, heads, etc. Martyn.

In•vo•lu´cret , n. (Bot.) An involucel.

In•vo•lu´crum , n.; pl. L. Involucra (#), E. Involucrums (#). [L. See Involucre.] 1. (Bot.) See Involucre. 2. (Zoöl.) A sheath which surrounds the base of the lasso cells in the Siphonophora.

In•vol´un•ta•ri•ly , adv. [From Involuntary.] In an involuntary manner; not voluntarily; not intentionally or willingly.

In•vol´un•ta•ri•ness , n. The quality or state of being involuntary; unwillingness; automatism.

In•vol´un•ta•ry , a. [L. involuntarius. See In- not, and Voluntary.] 1. Not having will or the power of choice. 2. Not under the influence or control of the will; not voluntary; as the involuntary movements of the body; involuntary muscle fibers. 3. Not proceeding from choice; done unwillingly; reluctant; compulsory; as involuntary submission. { In´vo•lute , In´vo•lu•ted } a. [L. involutus, p. p. of involvere. See Involve.] 1. (Bot.) Rolled inward from the edges; — said of leaves in vernation, or of the petals of flowers in aestivation. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Turned inward at the margin, as the exterior lip of the Cyprea. (b) Rolled inward spirally.

In´vo•lute, n. (Geom.) A curve traced by the end of a string wound upon another curve, or unwound from it; — called also evolvent. See Evolute.

In•vo•lu´tion , n. [L. involutio: cf. F. involution. See Involve.] 1. The act of involving or infolding. 2. The state of being entangled or involved; complication; entanglement. “All things are mixed, and causes blended, by mutual involutions.” Glanvill. 3. That in which anything is involved, folded, or wrapped; envelope. Sir T. Browne. 4. (Gram.) The insertion of one or more clauses between the subject and the verb, in a way that involves or complicates the construction. 5. (Math.) The act or process of raising a quantity to any power assigned; the multiplication of a quantity into itself a given number of times; — the reverse of evolution. 6. (Geom.) The relation which exists between three or more sets of points, a.a′, b.b′, c.c′, so related to a point O on the line, that the product Oa.Oa′ = Ob.Ob′ = Oc.Oc′ is constant. Sets of lines or surfaces possessing corresponding properties may be in involution. 7. (Med.) The return of an enlarged part or organ to its normal size, as of the uterus after pregnancy.

In•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Involved p. pr. & vb. n. Involving.] [L. involvere, involutum, to roll about, wrap up; pref. in- in + volvere to roll: cf. OF. involver. See Voluble, and cf. Involute.] 1. To roll or fold up; to wind round; to entwine. “Some of serpent kind … involved
Their snaky folds.” Milton. 2. To envelop completely; to surround; to cover; to hide; to involve in darkness or obscurity. “And leave a singèd bottom all involved
With stench and smoke.” Milton. 3. To complicate or make intricate, as in grammatical structure. ´Involved discourses.´ Locke. 4. To connect with something as a natural or logical consequence or effect; to include necessarily; to imply. “He knows
His end with mine involved.” Milton. “The contrary necessarily involves a contradiction.” Tillotson. 5. To take in; to gather in; to mingle confusedly; to blend or merge. [R.] “The gathering number, as it moves along,
Involves a vast involuntary throng.” Pope. “Earth with hell
To mingle and involve.” Milton. 6. To envelop, infold, entangle, or embarrass; as to involve a person in debt or misery. 7. To engage thoroughly; to occupy, employ, or absorb. ´Involved in a deep study.´ Sir W. Scott. 8. (Math.) To raise to any assigned power; to multiply, as a quantity, into itself a given number of times; as a quantity involved to the third or fourth power. Syn. — To imply; include; implicate; complicate; entangle; embarrass; overwhelm. — To Involve, Imply. Imply is opposed to express, or set forth; thus, an implied engagement is one fairly to be understood from the words used or the circumstances of the case, though not set forth in form. Involve goes beyond the mere interpretation of things into their necessary relations; and hence, if one thing involves another, it so contains it that the two must go together by an indissoluble connection. War, for example, involves wide spread misery and death; the premises of a syllogism involve the conclusion.

In•volved´ , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Involute.

In•volv´ed•ness , n. The state of being involved.

In•volve´ment , n. The act of involving, or the state of being involved. Lew Wallace.

In•vul´gar , v. t. [Pref. in- in + vulgar.] To cause to become or appear vulgar. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•vul´gar, a. [Pref. in- not + vulgar.] Not vulgar; refined; elegant. [Obs.] Drayton.

In•vul´ner•a•bil•i•ty , n. [Cf. F. invulnerabilite.] Quality or state of being invulnerable.

In•vul´ner•a•ble , a. [L. invulnerabilis: cf. F. invulnerable. See In- not, and Vulnerable.] 1. Incapable of being wounded, or of receiving injury. “Neither vainly hope
To be invulnerable in those bright arms.” Milton. 2. Unanswerable; irrefutable; that can not be refuted or convinced; as an invulnerable argument.

In•vul´ner•a•ble•ness, n. Invulnerability.

In•vul´ner•ate , a. [L. invulneratus unwounded.] Invulnerable.

In•wall´ (in•wal´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inwalled (-wald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Inwalling.] To inclose or fortify as with a wall. Spenser.

In´wall (in´wal•), n. An inner wall; specifically (Metal.), the inner wall, or lining, of a blast furnace.

In´ward (in•werd), a. [AS. inweard, inneweard, innanweard, fr. innan, inne, within (fr. in in; see In) + the suffix -weard, E. -ward.] 1. Being or placed within; inner; interior; - - opposed to outward. Milton. 2. Seated in the mind, heart, spirit, or soul. ´Inward beauty.´ Shak. 3. Intimate; domestic; private. [Obs.] “All my inward friends abhorred me.” Job xix. 19. “He had had occasion, by one very inward with him, to know in part the discourse of his life.” Sir P. Sidney.

In´ward, n. 1. That which is inward or within; especially, in the plural, the inner parts or organs of the body; the viscera. Jer. Taylor. “Then sacrificing, laid the inwards and their fat.” Milton. 2. The mental faculties; — usually pl. [Obs.] 3. An intimate or familiar friend or acquaintance. [Obs.] ´I was an inward of his.´ Shak. { In´ward , In´wards } adv. [AS. inweard. The ending -s is prop. a genitive ending. See Inward, a., -wards.] 1. Toward the inside; toward the center or interior; as to bend a thing inward. 2. Into, or toward, the mind or thoughts; inwardly; as to turn the attention inward. “So much the rather, thou Celestial Light,
Shine inward.” Milton.

In´ward•ly , adv. [AS. inweardlice.] 1. In the inner parts; internally. “Let Benedick, like covered fire,
Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly.” Shak. 2. Toward the center; inward; as to curve inwardly. 3. In the heart or mind; mentally; privately; secretly; as he inwardly repines. 4. Intimately; thoroughly. [Obs.] “I shall desire to know him more inwardly.” Beau. & Fl.

In´ward•ness, n. 1. Internal or true state; essential nature; as the inwardness of conduct. “Sense can not arrive to the inwardness
Of things.” Dr. H. More. 2. Intimacy; familiarity. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Heartiness; earnestness. “What was wanted was more inwardness, more feeling.” M. Arnold.

In´wards , adv. See Inward.

In•weave´ , v. t. To weave in or together; to intermix or intertwine by weaving; to interlace. “Down they cast
Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold.” Milton.

In•wheel´ , v. t. To encircle. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

In´wit , n. Inward sense; mind; understanding; conscience. [Obs.] Wyclif.

In•with´ , prep. Within. [Obs.] “This purse hath she inwith her bosom hid.” Chaucer.

In•work´ , v. t. & i. [Pref. in- + work. Cf. Inwrought.] To work in or within.

In´worn , p. a. Worn, wrought, or stamped in. [R.] Milton.

In•wrap´ , v. t. [Written also enwrap.] 1. To cover by wrapping; to involve; to infold; as to inwrap in a cloak, in smoke, etc. 2. To involve, as in difficulty or perplexity; to perplex. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•wreathe´ , v. t. To surround or encompass as with a wreath. [Written also enwreathe.] “Resplendent locks, inwreathed with beams.” Milton.

In•wrought´ , p. p. or a. [Pref. in- + wrought. Cf. Inwork.] Wrought or worked in or among other things; worked into any fabric so as to from a part of its texture; wrought or adorned, as with figures. “His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge,
Inwrought with figures dim.” Milton.

I´o , n.; pl. Ios (#). [L.; cf. Gr. ´iw•.] An exclamation of joy or triumph; — often interjectional.

I´od- (Chem.) See Iodo- .

I´o•dal (i´o•dal), n. [Iod- + alcohol.] (Chem.) An oily liquid, CI_3.CHO, analogous to chloral and bromal.

I´o•date (i´o•dat), n. (Chem.) A salt of iodic acid.

I•od•hy´drin , n. [Iod- + chlorhydrin.] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds containing iodine, and analogous to the chlorhydrins.

I•od´ic , a. [Cf. F. iodique. See Iodine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, iodine; specif., denoting those compounds in which it has a relatively high valence; as iodic acid. Iodic acid, a monobasic acid, consisting of iodine with three parts of oxygen and one of hydrogen.

I´o•dide , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of iodine, or one which may be regarded as binary; as potassium iodide.

I´o•dine (i´o•din or -den; 104), n. [Gr. ’iw•dhs violetlike; ’i•on a violet + e’i^dos form: cf. F. iode, iodine. The name was given from the violet color of its vapor. See Violet, Idyl.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element, of the halogen group, occurring always in combination, as in the iodides. When isolated it is in the form of dark gray metallic scales, resembling plumbago, soft but brittle, and emitting a chlorinelike odor. Symbol I. Atomic weight 126.5. If heated, iodine volatilizes in beautiful violet vapors. Iodine was formerly obtained from the ashes of seaweed (kelp or varec), but is now also extracted from certain natural brines. In the free state, iodine, even in very minute quantities, colors starch blue. Iodine and its compounds are largely used in medicine (as in liniments, antisyphilitics, etc.), in photography, in the preparation of aniline dyes, and as an indicator in titration. Iodine green, an artificial green dyestuff, consisting of an iodine derivative of rosaniline; — called also night green. — Iodine scarlet, a pigment of an intense scarlet color, consisting of mercuric iodide. — Iodine yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, consisting of plumbic iodide.

I´o•dism , n. (Med.) A morbid state produced by the use of iodine and its compounds, and characterized by palpitation, depression, and general emaciation, with a pustular eruption upon the skin.

I´o•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iodized p. pr. & vb. n. Iodizing ] To treat or impregnate with iodine or its compounds; as to iodize a plate for photography. R. Hunt.

I´o•di•zer , n. One who, or that which, iodizes. { I´o•do- , I´od- } (Chem.) A prefix, or combining from, indicating iodine as an ingredient; as iodoform.

I•od´o•form , n. [Iodo- + formyl. See Formyl, and cf. Chloroform.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, volatile substance, CI_3H, having an offensive odor and sweetish taste, and analogous to chloroform. It is used in medicine as a healing and antiseptic dressing for wounds and sores.

I•o•do•qui´nine , n. [Iodo- + quinine.] (Chem.) A iodide of quinine obtained as a brown substance. It is the base of herapathite. See Herapathite.

I´o•dous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, iodine. See -ous (chemical suffix). Iodous acid, a hypothetical acid, analogous to chlorous acid.

I•od´u•ret , n. (Chem.) Iodide. [Obs.]

I•od´y•rite , n. [From Iodine.] (Min.) Silver iodide, a mineral of a yellowish color.

I´o•lite (i´o•lit), n. [Gr. ’i•on a violet + -lite.] (Min.) A silicate of alumina, iron, and magnesia, having a bright blue color and vitreous luster; cordierite. It is remarkable for its dichroism, and is also called dichroite.

I´o moth ( 115). (Zoöl.) A large and handsome American moth (Hyperchiria Io), having a large, bright-colored spot on each hind wing, resembling the spots on the tail of a peacock. The larva is covered with prickly hairs, which sting like nettles.

-ion ( 106). [L. -io, acc. -ionem: cf. F. -ion.] A noun suffix denoting act, process, result of an act or a process, thing acted upon, state, or condition; as revolution, the act or process of revolving; construction, the act or process of constructing; a thing constructed; dominion, territory ruled over; subjection, state of being subject; dejection; abstraction.

I´on (i´on), n. [Gr. ’io•n, neut, of ’iw•n, p. pr. of ’ie•nai to go.] (Elec. Chem.) One of the elements which appear at the respective poles when a body is subjected to electro-chemical decomposition. Cf. Anion, Cation.

I•o´ni•an , a. [L. Ionius. See Ionic.] Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians; Ionic. — n. A native or citizen of Ionia.

I•on´ic , a. [L. Ionicus, Gr. , fr. Ionia.] 1. Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians. 2. (Arch.) Pertaining to the Ionic order of architecture, one of the three orders invented by the Greeks, and one of the five recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. Its distinguishing feature is a capital with spiral volutes. See Illust. of Capital. Ionic dialect (Gr. Gram.), a dialect of the Greek language, used in Ionia. The Homeric poems are written in what is designated old Ionic, as distinguished from new Ionic, or Attic, the dialect of all cultivated Greeks in the period of Athenian prosperity and glory. — Ionic foot. (Pros.) See Ionic, n., 1. — Ionic, or Ionian, mode (Mus.), an ancient mode, supposed to correspond with the modern major scale of C. — Ionic sect, a sect of philosophers founded by Thales of Miletus, in Ionia. Their distinguishing tenet was that water is the original principle of all things. — Ionic type, a kind of heavy- faced type (as that of the following line). This is Nonpareil Ionic.

I•on´ic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) A foot consisting of four syllables: either two long and two short, — that is, a spondee and a pyrrhic, in which case it is called the greater Ionic; or two short and two long, — that is, a pyrrhic and a spondee, in which case it is called the smaller Ionic. (b) A verse or meter composed or consisting of Ionic feet. 2. The Ionic dialect; as the Homeric Ionic. 3. (Print.) Ionic type.

I•o•nid´i•um , n. [NL. Cf. Iodine.] (Bot.) A genus of violaceous plants, chiefly found in tropical America, some species of which are used as substitutes for ipecacuanha.

I´o•qua shell [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The shell of a large Dentalium (D. pretiosum), formerly used as shell money, and for ornaments, by the Indians of the west coast of North America.

I•o´ta , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’iw^ta. See Jot.] 1. The ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (ι) corresponding with the English i. 2. A very small quantity or degree; a jot; a particle. “They never depart an iota from the authentic formulas of tyranny and usurpation.” Burke. Iota subscript (Gr. Gram.), iota written beneath a preceding vowel, as a,, h,, w,, — done when iota is silent.

I•o´ta•cism (i•o´ta•siz’m), n. [Gr. ’iotakismo•s a laying too much stress upon the iota (ι): cf. F. iotacisme. See Iota.] The frequent use of the sound of iota (that of English e in be), as among the modern Greeks; also confusion from sounding ε, ι, η, υ, ει, etc., like ι. Littre.

I O U [i. e., I owe you.] A paper having on it these letters, with a sum named, and duly signed; — in use in England as an acknowledgment of a debt, and taken as evidence thereof, but not amounting to a promissory note; a due bill. Wharton. Story.

I´o•was , n. pl.; sing. Iowa. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region now included in the State of Iowa.

Ip´e•cac (ip´e•kak), n. An abbreviation of Ipecacuanha, and in more frequent use.

Ip•e•cac•u•an´ha (ip•e•kak•u•an´a), n. [Pg. ipecacuanha (cf. Sp. ipecacuana); fr. Braz. ipe-kaa-guena, prop., a creeping plant that causes vomiting.] (Med. & Bot.) The root of a Brazilian rubiaceous herb (Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha), largely employed as an emetic; also the plant itself; also a medicinal extract of the root. Many other plants are used as a substitutes; among them are the black or Peruvian ipecac (Psychotria emetica), the white ipecac (Ionidium Ipecacuanha), the bastard or wild ipecac (Asclepias Curassavica), and the undulated ipecac (Richardsonia scabra).

Ip´o•cras , n. Hippocras. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ip•o•mœ´a (ip•o•me´a), n. [NL. ´Named, according to Linnaeus, from Gr. ’i•ps, ’ipo•s, a bindweed [which it is not], and ´o•moios like.´ Gray.] (Bot.) A genus of twining plants with showy monopetalous flowers, including the morning-glory, the sweet potato, and the cypress vine.

Ip•o•mœ´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of convolvulin (obtained from jalap, the tubers of Ipomœa purga), and identical in most of its properties with sebacic acid.

Ir- A form of the prefix in-. See In- .

I´ra•cund , a. [L. iracundus, fr. ira anger.] Irascible; choleric. ´Iracund people.´ Carlyle.

I•ra´de (e•rä´da), n. [Turk.] A decree of the Sultan.

I•ran´ (e•rän´), n. [Mod. Persian Iran. Cf. Aryan.] The native name of Persia.

I•ra´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Iran. — n. A native of Iran; also the Iranian or Persian language, a division of the Aryan family of languages.

I•ran´ic , a. Iranian.

I•ras•ci•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irascibilite.] The quality or state of being irascible; irritability of temper; irascibleness.

I•ras´ci•ble , a. [L. irascibilis, fr. irasci to be angry, ira anger: cf. F. irascible. See Ire.] Prone to anger; easily provoked or inflamed to anger; choleric; irritable; as an irascible man; an irascible temper or mood. — I•ras´ci•ble•ness, n. — I•ras´ci•bly, adv.

I•rate´ , a. [L. iratus, fr. irasci to be angry. See Ire.] Angry; incensed; enraged. [Recent] “The irate colonel … stood speechless.” Thackeray. “Mr. Jaggers suddenly became most irate.” Dickens.

Ire , n. [F., fr. L. ira.] Anger; wrath. [Poet.] Syn. — Anger; passion; rage; fury. See Anger.

Ire´ful , a. Full of ire; angry; wroth. ´The ireful bastard Orleans.´ Shak. — Ire´ful•ly, adv.

Ire´ful•ness, n. Wrathfulness. Wyclif.

I´re•narch , n. [L. irenarcha, irenarches, Gr. ; peace + to rule.] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer in the Greek empire having functions corresponding to those of a justice of the peace. [Written also eirenarch.] { I•ren´ic , I•ren´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Fitted or designed to promote peace; pacific; conciliatory; peaceful. Bp. Hall.

I•ren´i•con , n. [NL., from Gr. peaceful, fr. peace.] A proposition or device for securing peace, especially in the church. South.

I•ren´ics , n. (Eccl.) That branch of Christian science which treats of the methods of securing unity among Christians or harmony and union among the churches; — called also Irenical theology. Schaff- Herzog.

Ire´stone , n. (Mining) Any very hard rock.

I´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the iris. ´Irian nerves.´ Dunglison.

I´ri•cism , n. Irishism. [R.] Jeffrey. { Ir•i•da´ceous , I•rid´e•ous } a. [From NL. Iris, Iridis, the Iris.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a large natural order of endogenous plants (Iridaceae), which includes the genera Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Gladiolus, and many others.

I´ri•dal ( 277), a. [L. iris, iridis, rainbow. See Iris.] Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow; prismatic; as the iridal colors. Whewell.

Ir•i•dec´to•my , n. [Gr. , , iris + cutting out; out + te•mnein to cut.] (Surg.) The act or process of cutting out a portion of the iris in order to form an artificial pupil.

Ir•i•des´cence , n. [See Iridescent.] Exhibition of colors like those of the rainbow; the quality or state of being iridescent; a prismatic play of color; as the iridescence of mother-of-pearl.

Ir•i•des´cent ( 277), a. [L. iris, iridis, the rainbow: cf. F. iridescent.] Having colors like the rainbow; exhibiting a play of changeable colors; nacreous; prismatic; as iridescent glass.

I•rid´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow.

I•rid´i•a•ted , a. Iridescent.

I•rid´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the iris of the eye.

I•rid´ic, a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to iridium; — said specifically of those compounds in which iridium has a relatively high valence.

I•rid´i•o•scope , n. [See Iris, and -scope.] A kind of ophthalmoscope.

I•rid´i•ous (i•rid´i•us), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to iridium; — applied specifically to compounds in which iridium has a low valence.

I•rid´i•um (i•rid´i•um), n. [NL., fr. L. iris, iridis, the rainbow. So called from the iridescence of some of its solutions. See Iris.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of the same group as platinum, which it much resembles, being silver-white, but harder, and brittle, and indifferent to most corrosive agents. With the exception of osmium, it is the heaviest substance known, its specific gravity being 22.4. Symbol Ir. Atomic weight 192.5. Iridium usually occurs as a native alloy with osmium (iridosmine or osmiridium), which may occur alone or with platinum. Iridium, as an alloy with platinum, is used in bushing the vents of heavy ordnance. It is also used for the points of gold pens, and in a finely powdered condition (iridium black), for painting porcelain black.

Ir´i•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iridized p. pr. & vb. n. Iridizing ] 1. To point or tip with iridium, as a gold pen. 2. To make iridescent; as to iridize glass.

I•rid´o•line , n. [Iridescent + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base C_10H_9N, extracted from coal-tar naphtha, as an oily liquid. It is a member of the quinoline series, and is probably identical with lepidine. { Ir•i•dos´mine , Ir•i•dos´mi•um } n. [Iridium + osmium.] (Min.) The native compound of iridium and osmium. It is found in flattened metallic grains of extreme hardness, and is often used for pointing gold pens.

I´ris , n.; pl. E. Irises (#), L. Irides (#). [L. iris, iridis, the goddess, Gr. , , the rainbow, iris of the eye, the plant Iris. Cf. Orris.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The goddess of the rainbow, and swift-footed messenger of the gods. Shak. 2. The rainbow. Sir T. Browne. 3. An appearance resembling the rainbow; a prismatic play of colors. Tennyson. 4. (Anat.) The contractile membrane perforated by the pupil, and forming the colored portion of the eye. See Eye. 5. (Bot.) A genus of plants having showy flowers and bulbous or tuberous roots, of which the flower-de- luce (fleur-de-lis), orris, and other species of flag are examples. See Illust. of Flower-de-luce. 6. (Her.) See Fleur-de-lis, 2.

I´ris•a•ted , a. [See Iris.] Exhibiting the prismatic colors; irised; iridescent. W. Phillips.

I´ri•scope , n. [Iris + - scope.] A philosophical toy for exhibiting the prismatic tints by means of thin films.

I´rised , a. [See Iris.] Having colors like those of the rainbow; iridescent. Holmes.

I´rish , a. [AS. risc, fr. ras the Irish. Cf. Aryan, Erse.] Of or pertaining to Ireland or to its inhabitants; produced in Ireland. Irish elk. (Zoöl.) See under Elk. — Irish moss. (a) (Bot.) Carrageen. (b) A preparation of the same made into a blanc mange. — Irish poplin. See Poplin. — Irish potato, the ordinary white potato, so called because it is a favorite article of food in Ireland. — Irish reef, or Irishman’s reef (Naut.), the head of a sail tied up. — Irish stew, meat, potatoes, and onions, cut in small pieces and stewed.

I•rish´, n. sing. & pl. 1. pl. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, esp. the Celtic natives or their descendants. 2. The language of the Irish; the Hiberno- Celtic. 3. An old game resembling backgammon.

I•rish´ism , n. A mode of speaking peculiar to the Irish; an Hibernicism.

I´rish•man , n.; pl. Irishmen . A man born in Ireland or of the Irish race; an Hibernian. Irishman’s hurricane (Naut.), a dead calm. — Irishman’s reef. (Naut.) See Irish reef, under Irish, a.

I´rish•ry , n. The Celtic people of Ireland. ´The whole Irishry of rebels.´ Milton.

I•ri´tis , n. [NL. See Iris, and -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of the iris of the eye.

Irk (erk), v. t. [OE. irken to tire, become tired; cf. Sw. yrka to urge, enforce, press, or G. ekel disgust, MHG. erklich disgusting; perh. akin to L. urgere to urge, E. urge.] To weary; to give pain; to annoy; — used only impersonally at present. “To see this sight, it irks my very soul.” Shak. “It irketh him to be here.” M. Arnold.

Irk´some , a. 1. Wearisome; tedious; disagreeable or troublesome by reason of long continuance or repetition; as irksome hours; irksome tasks. “For not to irksome toil, but to delight,
He made us.” Milton. 2. Weary; vexed; uneasy. [Obs.] “Let us therefore learn not to be irksome when God layeth his cross upon us.” Latimer. Syn. — Wearisome; tedious; tiresome; vexatious; burdensome. — Irksome, Wearisome, Tedious. These epithets describe things which give pain or disgust. Irksome is applied to something which disgusts by its nature or quality; as an irksome task. Wearisome denotes that which wearies or wears us out by severe labor; as wearisome employment. Tedious is applied to something which tires us out by the length of time occupied in its performance; as a tedious speech. “Wearisome nights are appointed to me.” Job vii. 3. “Pity only on fresh objects stays,
But with the tedious sight of woes decays.” Dryden. — Irk´some•ly, adv. — Irk´some•ness, n.

I´ron (i´urn), n. [OE. iren, AS. iren, isen, isern; akin to D. ijzer, OS. isarn, OHG. isarn, isan, G. eisen, Icel. isarn, jarn, Sw. & Dan. jern, and perh. to E. ice; cf. Ir. iarann, W. haiarn, Armor. houarn.] 1. (Chem.) The most common and most useful metallic element, being of almost universal occurrence, usually in the form of an oxide (as hematite, magnetite, etc.), or a hydrous oxide (as limonite, turgite, etc.). It is reduced on an enormous scale in three principal forms; viz., cast iron, steel, and wrought iron. Iron usually appears dark brown, from oxidation or impurity, but when pure, or on a fresh surface, is a gray or white metal. It is easily oxidized (rusted) by moisture, and is attacked by many corrosive agents. Symbol Fe (Latin Ferrum). Atomic weight 55.9. Specific gravity, pure iron, 7.86; cast iron, 7.1. In magnetic properties, it is superior to all other substances. The value of iron is largely due to the facility with which it can be worked. Thus, when heated it is malleable and ductile, and can be easily welded and forged at a high temperature. As cast iron, it is easily fusible; as steel, is very tough, and (when tempered) very hard and elastic. Chemically, iron is grouped with cobalt and nickel. Steel is a variety of iron containing more carbon than wrought iron, but less that cast iron. It is made either from wrought iron, by roasting in a packing of carbon (cementation) or from cast iron, by burning off the impurities in a Bessemer converter (then called Bessemer steel), or directly from the iron ore (as in the Siemens rotatory and generating furnace). 2. An instrument or utensil made of iron; — chiefly in composition; as a flatiron, a smoothing iron, etc. “My young soldier, put up your iron.” Shak. 3. pl. Fetters; chains; handcuffs; manacles. “Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons.” Macaulay. 4. Strength; power; firmness; inflexibility; as to rule with a rod of iron. Bar iron. See Wrought iron (below). — Bog iron, bog ore; limonite. See Bog ore, under Bog. — Cast iron (Metal.), an impure variety of iron, containing from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest is uncombined, as graphite. It there is little free carbon, the product is white iron; if much of the carbon has separated as graphite, it is called gray iron. See also Cast iron, in the Vocabulary. — Fire irons. See under Fire, n. — Gray irons. See under Fire, n. — Gray iron. See Cast iron (above). — It irons (Naut.), said of a sailing vessel, when, in tacking, she comes up head to the wind and will not fill away on either tack. — Magnetic iron. See Magnetite. — Malleable iron (Metal.), iron sufficiently pure or soft to be capable of extension under the hammer; also specif., a kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less brittle, and to some extent malleable. — Meteoric iron (Chem.), iron forming a large, and often the chief, ingredient of meteorites. It invariably contains a small amount of nickel and cobalt. Cf. Meteorite. — Pig iron, the form in which cast iron is made at the blast furnace, being run into molds, called pigs. — Reduced iron. See under Reduced. — Specular iron. See Hematite. — Too many irons in the fire, too many objects requiring the attention at once. — White iron. See Cast iron (above). — Wrought iron (Metal.), the purest form of iron commonly known in the arts, containing only about half of one per cent of carbon. It is made either directly from the ore, as in the Catalan forge or bloomery, or by purifying (puddling) cast iron in a reverberatory furnace or refinery. It is tough, malleable, and ductile. When formed into bars, it is called bar iron.

I´ron (i´urn), a. [AS. iren, isen. See Iron, n.] 1. Of, or made of iron; consisting of iron; as an iron bar, dust. 2. Resembling iron in color; as iron blackness. 3. Like iron in hardness, strength, impenetrability, power of endurance, insensibility, etc.; as: (a) Rude; hard; harsh; severe. “Iron years of wars and dangers.” Rowe. “Jove crushed the nations with an iron rod.” Pope. (b) Firm; robust; enduring; as an iron constitution. (c) Inflexible; unrelenting; as an iron will. (d) Not to be broken; holding or binding fast; tenacious. ´Him death’s iron sleep oppressed.´ Philips. Iron is often used in composition, denoting made of iron, relating to iron, of or with iron; producing iron, etc.; resembling iron, literally or figuratively, in some of its properties or characteristics; as iron-shod, iron-sheathed, iron-fisted, iron-framed, iron-handed, iron-hearted, iron foundry or iron-foundry. Iron age. (a) (Myth.) The age following the golden, silver, and bronze ages, and characterized by a general degeneration of talent and virtue, and of literary excellence. In Roman literature the Iron Age is commonly regarded as beginning after the taking of Rome by the Goths, A. D. 410. (b) (Archaeol.) That stage in the development of any people characterized by the use of iron implements in the place of the more cumbrous stone and bronze. — Iron cement, a cement for joints, composed of cast-iron borings or filings, sal ammoniac, etc. — Iron clay (Min.), a yellowish clay containing a large proportion of an ore of iron. — Iron cross, a Prussian order of military merit; also the decoration of the order. — Iron crown, a golden crown set with jewels, belonging originally to the Lombard kings, and indicating the dominion of Italy. It was so called from containing a circle said to have been forged from one of the nails in the cross of Christ. — Iron flint (Min.), an opaque, flintlike, ferruginous variety of quartz. — Iron founder, a maker of iron castings. — Iron foundry, the place where iron castings are made. - - Iron furnace, a furnace for reducing iron from the ore, or for melting iron for castings, etc.; a forge; a reverberatory; a bloomery. — Iron glance (Min.), hematite. — Iron hat, a headpiece of iron or steel, shaped like a hat with a broad brim, and used as armor during the Middle Ages. — Iron horse, a locomotive engine. [Colloq.] — Iron liquor, a solution of an iron salt, used as a mordant by dyers. — Iron man (Cotton Manuf.), a name for the self-acting spinning mule. — Iron mold or mould, a yellow spot on cloth stained by rusty iron. — Iron ore (Min.), any native compound of iron from which the metal may be profitably extracted. The principal ores are magnetite, hematite, siderite, limonite, Göthite, turgite, and the bog and clay iron ores. — Iron pyrites (Min.), common pyrites, or pyrite. See Pyrites. — Iron sand, an iron ore in grains, usually the magnetic iron ore, formerly used to sand paper after writing. — Iron scale, the thin film which forms on the surface of wrought iron in the process of forging. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide of iron, Fe_3O_4. — Iron works, a furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, rolling mill, or foundry, where it is made into heavy work, such as shafting, rails, cannon, merchant bar, etc.

I´ron, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ironed p. pr. & vb. n. Ironing.] 1. To smooth with an instrument of iron; especially, to smooth, as cloth, with a heated flatiron; — sometimes used with out. 2. To shackle with irons; to fetter or handcuff. ´Ironed like a malefactor.´ Sir W. Scott. 3. To furnish or arm with iron; as to iron a wagon.

I´ron•bark• tree (Bot.) The Australian Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, used largely by carpenters and shipbuilders; — called also ironwood.

I´ron•bound , a. 1. Bound as with iron; rugged; as an ironbound coast. 2. Rigid; unyielding; as ironbound traditions.

I´ron-cased , a. Cased or covered with iron, as a vessel; ironclad.

I´ron•clad , a. 1. Clad in iron; protected or covered with iron, as a vessel for naval warfare. 2. Rigorous; severe; exacting; as an ironclad oath or pledge. [Colloq.]

I´ron•clad, n. A naval vessel having the parts above water covered and protected by iron or steel usually in large plates closely joined and made sufficiently thick and strong to resist heavy shot.

I´ron•er , n. One who, or that which, irons.

I´ron-fist•ed , a. Closefisted; stingy; mean.

I´ron-gray , a. Of a gray color, somewhat resembling that of iron freshly broken. — n. An iron-gray color; also a horse of this color.

I´ron•heads , n. (Bot.) A European composite herb (Centaurea nigra); — so called from the resemblance of its knobbed head to an iron ball fixed on a long handle. Dr. Prior.

I´ron-heart•ed , a. Hard- hearted; unfeeling; cruel; as an iron-hearted master. Cowper.

I•ron´ic , a. Ironical. Sir T. Herbert.

I•ron´ic•al , a. [LL. ironicus, Gr. dissembling: cf. F. ironique. See Irony.] 1. Pertaining to irony; containing, expressing, or characterized by, irony; as an ironical remark. 2. Addicted to the use of irony; given to irony. — I•ron´ic•al•ly, adv. — I•ron´ic•al•ness, n.

I´ron•ing , n. 1. The act or process of smoothing, as clothes, with hot flatirons. 2. The clothes ironed. Ironing board, a flat board, upon which clothes are laid while being ironed.

I´ron•ish, a. Resembling iron, as in taste. Wood.

I´ron•ist , n. One who uses irony.

I´ron•mas•ter , n. A manufacturer of iron, or large dealer therein. Bp. Hurd.

I´ron•mon•ger , n. A dealer in iron or hardware.

I´ron•mon•ger•y , n. Hardware; a general name for all articles made of iron. Gwilt.

I´ron-sick , a. (Naut.) Having the ironwork loose or corroded; — said of a ship when her bolts and nails are so eaten with rust that she has become leaky.

I´ron-sid•ed , a. Having iron sides, or very firm sides.

I´ron•sides´ , n. A cuirassier or cuirassiers; also hardy veteran soldiers; — applied specifically to Cromwell’s cavalry.

I´ron•smith , n. 1. A worker in iron; one who makes and repairs utensils of iron; a blacksmith. 2. (Zoöl.) An East Indian barbet (Megalaima faber), inhabiting the Island of Hainan. The name alludes to its note, which resembles the sounds made by a smith.

I´ron•stone , n. A hard, earthy ore of iron. Clay ironstone. See under Clay. — Ironstone china, a hard white pottery, first made in England during the 18th century.

I´ron•ware , n. Articles made of iron, as household utensils, tools, and the like.

I´ron•weed , n. (Bot.) A tall weed with purplish flowers (Vernonia Noveboracensis). The name is also applied to other plants of the same genus.

I´ron•wood , n. (Bot.) A tree unusually hard, strong, or heavy wood. In the United States, the hornbeam and the hop hornbeam are so called; also the Olneya Tesota, a small tree of Arizona; in the West Indies, the Erythroxylon areolatum, and several other unrelated trees; in China, the Metrosideros vera; in India, the Mesua ferrea, and two species of Inga; in Australia, the Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, and in many countries, species of Sideroxylon and Diospyros, and many other trees.

I´ron•work , n. Anything made of iron; — a general name of such parts or pieces of a building, vessel, carriage, etc., as consist of iron.

I´ron works. See under Iron, a.

I´ron•wort , n. (Bot.) An herb of the Mint family (Sideritis), supposed to heal sword cuts; also a species of Galeopsis.

I´ron•y , a. [From Iron.] 1. Made or consisting of iron; partaking of iron; iron; as irony chains; irony particles. [R.] Woodward. 2. Resembling iron in taste, hardness, or other physical property.

I´ron•y , n. [L. ironia, Gr. dissimulation, fr. a dissembler in speech, fr. to speak; perh. akin to E. word: cf. F. ironie.] 1. Dissimulation; ignorance feigned for the purpose of confounding or provoking an antagonist. 2. A sort of humor, ridicule, or light sarcasm, which adopts a mode of speech the meaning of which is contrary to the literal sense of the words.

Ir•o•quois´ , n. sing. & pl. [F.] (Ethnol.) A powerful and warlike confederacy of Indian tribes, formerly inhabiting Central New York and constituting most of the Five Nations. also any Indian of the Iroquois tribes.

I´rous , a. [OF. iros, from ire. See Ire.] Irascible; passionate. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Irp , Irpe } (erp), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A fantastic grimace or contortion of the body. [Obs.] “Smirks and irps and all affected humors.” B. Jonson.

Irp (erp), a. Making irps. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Ir•ra´di•ance (ir•ra´di•ans), Ir•ra´di•an•cy (- an•sy), } n. [From Irradiant.] 1. The act of irradiating; emission of rays of light. 2. That which irradiates or is irradiated; luster; splendor; irradiation; brilliancy. Milton.

Ir•ra´di•ant , a. [L. irradians, -antis, p. pr. See Irradiate.] Irradiating or illuminating; as the irradiant moon. Boyse.

Ir•ra´di•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irradiated p. pr. & vb. n. Irradiating ] [L. irradiatus, p. p. of irradiate. See In- in, and Radiate.] 1. To throw rays of light upon; to illuminate; to brighten; to adorn with luster. “Thy smile irradiates yon blue fields.” Sir W. Jones. 2. To enlighten intellectually; to illuminate; as to irradiate the mind. Bp. Bull. 3. To animate by heat or light. Sir M. Hale. 4. To radiate, shed, or diffuse. “A splendid façade, … irradiating hospitality.” H. James.

Ir•ra´di•ate, v. i. To emit rays; to shine.

Ir•ra´di•ate , a. [L. irradiatus, p. p.] Illuminated; irradiated. Mason.

Ir•ra•di•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. irradiation.] 1. Act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated. 2. Illumination; irradiance; brilliancy. Sir W. Scott. 3. Fig.: Mental light or illumination. Sir M. Hale. 4. (Opt.) The apparent enlargement of a bright object seen upon a dark ground, due to the fact that the portions of the retina around the image are stimulated by the intense light; as when a dark spot on a white ground appears smaller, or a white spot on a dark ground larger, than it really is, esp. when a little out of focus.

Ir•rad´i•cate , v. t. To root deeply. [R.]

Ir•ra´tion•al , a. [L. irrationalis: cf. F. irrationnel. See In- not, and Rational.] 1. Not rational; void of reason or understanding; as brutes are irrational animals. 2. Not according to reason; absurd; foolish. “It seemed utterly irrational any longer to maintain it.” I. Taylor. 3. (Math.) Not capable of being exactly expressed by an integral number, or by a vulgar fraction; surd; — said especially of roots. See Surd. Syn. — Absurd; foolish; preposterous; unreasonable; senseless. See Absurd.

Ir•ra•tion•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irrational. ´Brutish irrationaliity.´ South.

Ir•ra´tion•al•ly , adv. In an irrational manner. Boyle.

Ir•ra´tion•al•ness, n. Irrationality.

Ir•re•but´ta•ble , a. Incapable of being rebutted. Coleridge.

Ir•re•cep´tive , a. Not receiving; incapable of receiving.

Ir•re•claim´a•ble , a. Incapable of being reclaimed. Addison. — Ir•re•claim´a•bly, ad.

Ir•rec•og•ni´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + recognition.] A failure to recognize; absence of recognition. Lamb.

Ir•rec´og•ni•za•ble ( 277), a. Not recognizable. Carlyle.

Ir•rec•on•ci•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irreconcilable; irreconcilableness.

Ir•rec´on•ci•la•ble ( 277), a. [Pref. ir- not + reconcilable: cf. F. irreconciliable.] Not reconcilable; implacable; incompatible; inconsistent; disagreeing; as irreconcilable enemies, statements. — Ir•rec´on•ci•la•ble•ness, n. — Ir•rec´on•ci•la•bly, adv.

Ir•rec´on•cile , v. t. To prevent from being reconciled; to alienate or disaffect. [Obs.]

Ir•rec´on•cile•ment , n. The state or quality of being unreconciled; disagreement.

Ir•rec•on•cil•i•a´tion , n. Want of reconciliation; disagreement.

Ir•re•cord´a•ble , a. [Pref. ir— not + record: cf. L. irrecordabilis not to be remembered.] Not fit or possible to be recorded.

Ir•re•cov´er•a•ble , a. Not capable of being recovered, regained, or remedied; irreparable; as an irrecoverable loss, debt, or injury. “That which is past is gone and irrecoverable.” Bacon. Syn. — Irreparable; irretrievable; irremediable; unalterable; incurable; hopeless. — Ir•re•cov´er•a•ble•ness, n. — Ir•re•cov´er•a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•cu´per•a•ble , a. [L. irrecuperabilis: cf. OF. irrecuperable. See In- not, and Recuperate.] Irrecoverable. — Ir•re•cu´per•a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•cured´ , a. Incurable. [Obs.]

Ir•re•cu´sa•ble , a. [L. irrecusabilis; pref. ir— not + recusabilis that should be rejected, fr. recusare to reject: cf. F. irrecusable.] Not liable to exception or rejection. Sir W. Hamilton.

Ir•re•deem•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being irredeemable; irredeemableness.

Ir•re•deem´a•ble , a. Not redeemable; that can not be redeemed; not payable in gold or silver, as a bond; — used especially of such government notes, issued as currency, as are not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder. — Ir•re•deem´a•ble•ness, adv.

Ir•re•du•ci•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being irreducible.

Ir•re•du´ci•ble , a. 1. Incapable of being reduced, or brought into a different state; incapable of restoration to its proper or normal condition; as an irreducible hernia. 2. (Math.) Incapable of being reduced to a simpler form of expression; as an irreducible formula. Irreducible case (Alg.), a particular case in the solution of a cubic equation, in which the formula commonly employed contains an imaginary quantity, and therefore fails in its application. — Ir•re•du´ci•ble•ness, n. — — Ir•re•du´ci•bly, adv.

Ir•re•flec´tion , n. Want of reflection.

Ir•re•flect´ive , a. Not reflective. De Quincey.

Ir•re•form´a•ble , a. Incapable of being reformed; incorrigible. Joseph Cook.

Ir•ref•ra•ga•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irrefragable; incapability of being refuted.

Ir•ref´ra•ga•ble (ir•ref´ra•ga•b’l), a. [F. irrefragable, L. irrefragabilis. See Refragable.] Not refragable; not to be gainsaid or denied; not to be refuted or overthrown; unanswerable; incontestable; undeniable; as an irrefragable argument; irrefragable evidence. — Ir•ref´ra•ga•ble•ness, n. — Ir•ref´ra•ga•bly, adv. Syn. — Incontrovertible; unanswerable; indisputable; unquestionable; incontestable; indubitable; undeniable; irrefutable.

Ir•re•fran•gi•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irrefrangible; irrefrangibleness.

Ir•re•fran´gi•ble , a. Not refrangible; that can not be refracted in passing from one medium to another. — Ir•re•fran´gi•ble•ness, n.

Ir•re•fut´a•ble ( 277), a. [L. irrefutabilis: cf. F. irrefutable. See Refute.] Incapable of being refuted or disproved; indisputable. — Ir•re•fut´a•ble•ness, n. — Ir•re•fut´a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•gen´er•a•cy , n. Unregeneracy.

Ir•re•gen•er•a´tion , n. An unregenerate state. [Obs.]

Ir•reg´u•lar , a. [Pref. ir- not + regular: cf. F. irregulier.] Not regular; not conforming to a law, method, or usage recognized as the general rule; not according to common form; not conformable to nature, to the rules of moral rectitude, or to established principles; not normal; unnatural; immethodical; unsymmetrical; erratic; no straight; not uniform; as an irregular line; an irregular figure; an irregular verse; an irregular physician; an irregular proceeding; irregular motion; irregular conduct, etc. Cf. Regular. “Mazes intricate,
Eccentric, intervolved, yet regular
Then most when most irregular they seem.” Milton. “Leading the men of Herefordshire to fight
Against the irregular and wild Glendower.” Shak. “A flowery meadow through which a clear stream murmured in many irregular meanders.” Jones. Syn. — Immethodical; unsystematic; abnormal; unnatural; anomalous; erratic; devious; crooked; eccentric; unsettled; uneven; variable; changeable; mutable; desultory; disorderly; wild; immoderate; intemperate; inordinate; vicious.

Ir•reg´u•lar, n. One who is not regular; especially, a soldier not in regular service.

Ir•reg´u•lar•ist, n. One who is irregular. Baxter.

Ir•reg•u•lar´i•ty , n.; pl. Irregularities (#). [Cf. F. irregularite.] The state or quality of being irregular; that which is irregular.

Ir•reg´u•lar•ly, adv. In an irregular manner.

Ir•reg´u•late , v. t. To make irregular; to disorder. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ir•reg´u•lous , a. Lawless. [Obs.] Shak.

Ir•re•ject´a•ble , a. That can not be rejected; irresistible. Boyle.

Ir•re•laps´a•ble , a. Not liable to relapse; secure. Dr. H. More.

Ir•re•late , a. Irrelative; unconnected.

Ir•re•la´tion , n. The quality or state of being irrelative; want of connection or relation.

Ir•rel´a•tive , a. Not relative; without mutual relations; unconnected. — Ir•rel´a•tive•ly, adv. Irrelative chords (Mus.), those having no common tone. — Irrelative repetition (Biol.), the multiplication of parts that serve for a common purpose, but have no mutual dependence or connection. Owen.

Ir•rel´a•vance , n. Irrelevancy.

Ir•rel´a•van•cy , n. The quality or state of being irrelevant; as the irrelevancy of an argument.

Ir•rel´a•vant , a. Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent; not bearing upon or serving to support; foreign; extraneous; as testimony or arguments irrelevant to a case. — Ir•rel´a•vant•ly, adv.

Ir•re•liev´a•ble , a. Not admitting relief; incurable; hopeless.

Ir•re•li´gion , n. [L. irreligio: cf. F. irreligion. See In- not, and Religion.] The state of being irreligious; want of religion; impiety.

Ir•re•li´gion•ist, n. One who is irreligious.

Ir•re•li´gious , a. [L. irreligiosus: cf. F. irreligieux.] 1. Destitute of religion; not controlled by religious motives or principles; ungodly. Cf. Impious. “Shame and reproach are generally the portion of the impious and irreligious.” South. 2. Indicating a want of religion; profane; wicked; as irreligious speech.

Ir•re•li´gious•ly, adv. In an irreligious manner.

Ir•re•li´gious•ness, n. The state or quality of being irreligious; ungodliness.

Ir•re´me•a•ble , a. [L. irremeabilis; pref. ir- not + remeabilis returning, fr. remeare: cf. F. irremeable. See Remeant.] Admitting no return; as an irremeable way. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ir•re•me´di•a•ble , a. [L. irremediabilis: cf. F. irremediable. See In- not, and Remediable.] Not to be remedied, corrected, or redressed; incurable; as an irremediable disease or evil.

Ir•re•me´di•a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being irremediable.

Ir•re•me´di•a•bly, adv. In a manner, or to a degree, that precludes remedy, cure, or correction.

Ir•re•mis´si•ble , a. [L. irremissibilis: cf. F. irremissible. See In- not, and Remissible.] Not remissible; unpardonable; as irremissible crimes. Burke. — Ir•re•mis´si•ble, n. — Ir•re•mis´si•bly, adv.

Ir•re•mis´sion , n. Refusal of pardon.

Ir•re•mis´sive , a. Not remitting; unforgiving.

Ir•re•mit´ta•ble , a. Not capable of being remitted; irremissible. Holinshed.

Ir•re•mov•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irremovable; immovableness.

Ir•re•mov´a•ble , a. Not removable; immovable; inflexible. Shak. — Ir•re•mov´a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•mov´al , n. Absence of removal.

Ir•re•mu´ner•a•ble , a. [L. irremunerabilis: cf. F. irremunerable. See Remunerate.] Not remunerable; not capable of remuneration.

Ir•re•nowned´ , a. Not renowned. [Obs.]

Ir•rep•a•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irreparabilite.] The quality or state of being irreparable; irreparableness. Sterne.

Ir•rep´a•ra•ble , a. [L. irreparabilis: cf. F. irreparable. See In- not, and Reparable.] Not reparable; not capable of being repaired, recovered, regained, or remedied; irretrievable; irremediable; as an irreparable breach; an irreparable loss. Shak.

Ir•rep´a•ra•ble•ness, n. Quality of being irreparable.

Ir•rep´a•ra•bly, adv. In an irreparable manner.

Ir•re•peal•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irrepealable.

Ir•re•peal´a•ble , a. Not repealable; not capable of being repealed or revoked, as a law. — Ir•re•peal´a•ble•ness, n. — Ir•re•peal´a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•pent´ance , n. Want of repentance; impenitence. Bp. Montagu. { Ir•re•plev´i•a•ble , Ir•re•plev´i•sa•ble } a. (Law) Not capable of being replevied.

Ir•rep•re•hen´si•ble , a. [L. irreprehensibilis: cf. F. irreprehensible. See Reprehensible.] Not reprehensible; blameless; innocent. — Ir•rep•re•hen´si•ble•ness, n. — Ir•rep•re•hen´si•bly, adv.

Ir•rep•re•sent´a•ble , a. Not capable of being represented or portrayed.

Ir•re•press´i•ble , a. Not capable of being repressed, restrained, or controlled; as irrepressible joy; an irrepressible conflict. W. H. Steward.

Ir•re•press´i•bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree that can not be repressed.

Ir•re•proach´a•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + reproachable: cf. F. irreprochable.] Not reproachable; above reproach; not deserving reproach; blameless. “He [Berkely] erred, — and who is free from error? — but his intentions were irreproachable.” Beattie.

Ir•re•proach´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being irreproachable; integrity; innocence.

Ir•re•proach´a•bly, adv. In an irreproachable manner; blamelessly.

Ir•re•prov´a•ble , a. Incapable of being justly reproved; irreproachable; blameless; upright. - - Ir•re•prov´a•ble•ness, n. — Ir•re•prov´a•bly, adv.

Ir•rep•ti´tious , a. [L. irrepere, irreptum, to creep in; pref. ir- in + repere to creep.] Surreptitious; spurious. [Obs.] Dr. Castell (1673).

Ir•rep´u•ta•ble , a. Disreputable. [Obs.]

Ir•re•sil´i•ent , a. Not resilient; not recoiling or rebounding; inelastic.

Ir•re•sist´ance , n. Nonresistance; passive submission.

Ir•re•sist•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irresistibilite.] The quality or state of being irresistible, irresistibleness.

Ir•re•sist´i•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + resistible: cf. F. irresistible.] That can not be successfully resisted or opposed; superior to opposition; resistless; overpowering; as an irresistible attraction. “An irresistible law of our nature impels us to seek happiness.” J. M. Mason.

Ir•re•sist´i•ble•ness, n. Quality of being irresistible.

Ir•re•sist´i•bly, adv. In an irresistible manner.

Ir•re•sist´less, a. Irresistible. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Ir•res´o•lu•ble , a. [L. irresolubilis: cf. F. irresoluble. See Resoluble, and cf. Irresolvable.] 1. Incapable of being dissolved or resolved into parts; insoluble. Boyle. 2. Incapable of being relieved or assisted. [Obs.] “The second is in the irresoluble condition of our souls after a known sin committed.” Bp. Hall.

Ir•res´o•lu•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being irresoluble; insolubility.

Ir•res´o•lute , a. [Pref. ir- not + resolute: cf. F. irresolu, L. irresolutus not loosened.] Not resolute; not decided or determined; wavering; given to doubt or irresolution. “Weak and irresolute is man.” Cowper. Syn. — Wavering; vacillating; undetermined; undecided; unsettled; fickle; changeable; inconstant. — Ir•res´o•lute•ly, adv. — Ir•res´o•lute•ness, n.

Ir•res•o•lu´tion , n. [Cf. F. irresolution.] Want of resolution; want of decision in purpose; a fluctuation of mind, as in doubt, or between hope and fear; irresoluteness; indecision; vacillation. “Irresolution on the schemes of life which offer themselves to our choice, and inconstancy in pursuing them, are the greatest causes of all unhappiness.” Addison.

Ir•re•solv•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being irresolvable; irresolvableness.

Ir•re•solv´a•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + resolvable. Cf. Irresoluble.] Incapable of being resolved; not separable into component parts. Irresolvable nebulae (Astron.), nebulae of a cloudlike appearance, which have not yet been resolved by the telescope into stars. Sir W. Herschel.

Ir•re•solv´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being irresolvable; irresolvability.

Ir•re•solv´ed•ly, adv. Without settled determination; in a hesitating manner; doubtfully. [R.]

Ir•re•spec´tive (-spek´tiv), a. 1. Without regard for conditions, circumstances, or consequences; unbiased; independent; impartial; as an irrespective judgment. “According to this doctrine, it must be resolved wholly into the absolute, irrespective will of God.” Rogers. 2. Disrespectful. [Obs.] Sir C. Cornwallis. Irrespective of, regardless of; without regard to; as irrespective of differences.

Ir•re•spec´tive•ly (ir•re•spek´tiv•ly), adv. Without regard to conditions; not taking circumstances into consideration. “Prosperity, considered absolutely and irrespectively, is better and more desirable than adversity.” South.

Ir•res´pi•ra•ble , a. [L. irrespirabilis: cf. F. irrespirable. See Respirable.] Unfit for respiration; not having the qualities necessary to support animal life; as irrespirable air.

Ir•re•spon•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irresponsabilite.] Want of, or freedom from, responsibility or accountability.

Ir•re•spon´si•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + responsible: cf. F. irresponsable.] 1. Nor responsible; not liable or able to answer for consequences; innocent. 2. Not to be trusted; unreliable.

Ir•re•spon´si•bly, adv. So as not to be responsible.

Ir•re•spon´sive , a. Not responsive; not able, ready, or inclined to respond.

Ir•re•sus´ci•ta•ble , a. Incapable of being resuscitated or revived. — Ir•re•sus´ci•ta•bly, adv.

Ir•re•ten´tion , n. Want of retaining power; forgetfulness. De Quincey.

Ir•re•ten´tive , a. Not retentive; as an irretentive memory.

Ir•re•trace´a•ble , a. Incapable of being retraced; not retraceable.

Ir•re•tract´ile , a. 1. Not retractile. 2. Not tractile or ductile. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

Ir•re•triev´a•ble , a. Not retrievable; irrecoverable; irreparable; as an irretrievable loss. Syn. — Irremediable; incurable; irrecoverable.

Ir•re•triev´a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being irretrievable.

Ir•re•triev´a•bly, adv. In an irretrievable manner.

Ir•re•turn´a•ble , a. Not to be returned.

Ir•re•veal´a•ble , a. Incapable of being revealed. — Ir•re•veal´a•bly, adv.

Ir•rev´er•ence , n. [L. irreverentia: cf. F. irreverence.] The state or quality of being irreverent; want of proper reverence; disregard of the authority and character of a superior.

Ir•rev´er•end , a. Irreverent. [Obs.] “Immodest speech, or irreverend gesture.” Strype.

Ir•rev´er•ent , a. [L. irreverens, -entis: cf. F. irreverent. See In- not, and Reverent.] Not reverent; showing a want of reverence; expressive of a want of veneration; as an irreverent babbler; an irreverent jest.

Ir•rev´er•ent•ly, adv. In an irreverent manner.

Ir•re•vers•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being irreversible; irreversibleness.

Ir•re•vers´i•ble , a. 1. Incapable of being reversed or turned about or back; incapable of being made to run backward; as an irreversible engine. 2. Incapable of being reversed, recalled, repealed, or annulled; as an irreversible sentence or decree. “This rejection of the Jews, as it is not universal, so neither is it final and irreversible.” Jortin. Syn. — Irrevocable; irrepealable; unchangeable.

Ir•re•vers´i•ble•ness , n. The state or quality of being irreversible.

Ir•re•vers´i•bly, adv. In an irreversible manner.

Ir•rev•o•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irrevocabilite.] The state or quality of being irrevocable; irrevocableness.

Ir•rev´o•ca•ble , a. [L. irrevocabilis: cf. F. irrevocable. See In- not, and Revoke, and cf. Irrevocable.] Incapable of being recalled or revoked; unchangeable; irreversible; unalterable; as an irrevocable promise or decree; irrevocable fate. “Firm and irrevocable is my doom.” Shak. — Ir•rev´o•ca•ble•ness, n. — Ir•rev´o•ca•bly, adv.

Ir•re•vok´a•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + revoke.] Irrevocable. [R.]

Ir•rev´o•lu•ble , a. That has no finite period of revolution; not revolving. [R.] “The dateless and irrevoluble circle of eternity.” Milton.

Ir•rhe•tor´ic•al , a. Not rhetorical.

Ir´ri•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrigated p. pr. & vb. n. Irrigating ] [L. irrigatus, p. p. of irrigare to irrigate: ir- in + rigare to water; prob. akin to E. rain. See Rain.] 1. To water; to wet; to moisten with running or dropping water; to bedew. 2. (Agric.) To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow upon, over, or through it, as in artificial channels.

Ir•ri•ga´tion , n. [L. irrigatio: cf. F. irrigation.] The act or process of irrigating, or the state of being irrigated; especially, the operation of causing water to flow over lands, for nourishing plants.

Ir•rig´u•ous , a. [L. irriguus. See Irrigate.] 1. Watered; watery; moist; dewy. [Obs.] “The flowery lap
Of some irriguous valley spreads her store.” Milton. 2. Gently penetrating or pervading. [Obs.] J. Philips.

Ir•ris´i•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + risible. See Irrision.] Not risible. [R.]

Ir•ri´sion , n. [L. irrisio, fr. irridere, irrisum, to laugh at; pref. ir- in + ridere to laugh: cf. F. irrision.] The act of laughing at another; derision. “This being spoken scepticè, or by way of irrision.” Chapman.

Ir•ri•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [L. irritabilitas: cf. F. irritabilite.] 1. The state or quality of being irritable; quick excitability; petulance; fretfulness; as irritability of temper. 2. (Physiol.) A natural susceptibility, characteristic of all living organisms, tissues, and cells, to the influence of certain stimuli, response being manifested in a variety of ways, — as that quality in plants by which they exhibit motion under suitable stimulation; esp., the property which living muscle possesses, of responding either to a direct stimulus of its substance, or to the stimulating influence of its nerve fibers, the response being indicated by a change of form, or contraction; contractility. 3. (Med.) A condition of morbid excitability of an organ or part of the body; undue susceptibility to the influence of stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3.

Ir´ri•ta•ble , a. [L. irritabilis: cf. F. irritable. See Irritate.] 1. Capable of being irritated. 2. Very susceptible of anger or passion; easily inflamed or exasperated; as an irritable temper. “Vicious, old, and irritable.” Tennyson. 3. (Physiol.) Endowed with irritability; susceptible of irritation; capable of being excited to action by the application of certain stimuli. 4. (Med.) Susceptible of irritation; unduly sensitive to irritants or stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3. Syn. — Excitable; irascible; touchy; fretful; peevish.

Ir´ri•ta•ble•ness, n. Irritability.

Ir´ri•ta•bly, adv. In an irritable manner.

Ir´ri•tan•cy , n. [From 1st Irritant.] (Scots Law) The state or quality of being null and void; invalidity; forfeiture. Burrill.

Ir´ri•tan•cy, n. [From 2d Irritant.] The state or quality of being irritant or irritating.

Ir´ri•tant , a. [LL. irritants, -antis, p. pr. of irritare to make null, fr. L. irritus void; pref. ir- not + ratus established.] (Scots Law) Rendering null and void; conditionally invalidating. “The states elected Harry, Duke of Anjou, for their king, with this clause irritant; that, if he did violate any part of his oath, the people should owe him no allegiance.” Hayward.

Ir´ri•tant, a. [L. irritans, -antis, p. pr. of irritare: cf. F. irritant. See Irritate to excite.] Irritating; producing irritation or inflammation.

Ir´ri•tant, n. [Cf. F. irritant.] 1. That which irritates or excites. 2. (Physiol. & Med.) Any agent by which irritation is produced; as a chemical irritant; a mechanical or electrical irritant. 3. (Toxicology) A poison that produces inflammation. Counter irritant. See under Counter. — Pure irritant (Toxicology), a poison that produces inflammation without any corrosive action upon the tissues.

Ir´ri•tate , v. t. [See 1 st Irritant.] To render null and void. [R.] Abp. Bramhall.

Ir´ri•tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irritated p. pr. & vb. n. Irritating ] [L. irritatus, p. p. of irritare. Of doubtful origin.] 1. To increase the action or violence of; to heighten excitement in; to intensify; to stimulate. “Cold maketh the spirits vigorous and irritateth them.” Bacon. 2. To excite anger or displeasure in; to provoke; to tease; to exasperate; to annoy; to vex; as the insolence of a tyrant irritates his subjects. “Dismiss the man, nor irritate the god:
Prevent the rage of him who reigns above.” Pope. 3. (Physiol.) To produce irritation in; to stimulate; to cause to contract. See Irritation, n., 2. 4. (Med.) To make morbidly excitable, or oversensitive; to fret; as the skin is irritated by friction; to irritate a wound by a coarse bandage. Syn. — To fret; inflame; excite; provoke; tease; vex; exasperate; anger; incense; enrage. — To Irritate, Provoke, Exasperate. These words express different stages of excited or angry feeling. Irritate denotes an excitement of quick and slightly angry feeling which is only momentary; as irritated by a hasty remark. To provoke implies the awakening of some open expression of decided anger; as a provoking insult. Exasperate denotes a provoking of anger at something unendurable. Whatever comes across our feelings irritates; whatever excites anger provokes; whatever raises anger to a high point exasperates. ´Susceptible and nervous people are most easily irritated; proud people are quickly provoked; hot and fiery people are soonest exasperated.´ Crabb.

Ir´ri•tate , a. Excited; heightened. [Obs.]

Ir•ri•ta´tion , n. [L. irritatio: cf. F. irritation.] 1. The act of irritating, or exciting, or the state of being irritated; excitement; stimulation, usually of an undue and uncomfortable kind; especially, excitement of anger or passion; provocation; annoyance; anger. “The whole body of the arts and sciences composes one vast machinery for the irritation and development of the human intellect.” De Quincey. 2. (Physiol.) The act of exciting, or the condition of being excited to action, by stimulation; — as the condition of an organ of sense, when its nerve is affected by some external body; esp., the act of exciting muscle fibers to contraction, by artificial stimulation; as the irritation of a motor nerve by electricity; also the condition of a muscle and nerve, under such stimulation. 3. (Med.) A condition of morbid excitability or oversensitiveness of an organ or part of the body; a state in which the application of ordinary stimuli produces pain or excessive or vitiated action.

Ir´ri•ta•tive , a. 1. Serving to excite or irritate; irritating; as an irritative agent. 2. Accompanied with, or produced by, increased action or irritation; as an irritative fever. E. Darwin.

Ir´ri•ta•to•ry , a. Exciting; producing irritation; irritating. [R.] Hales.

Ir´ro•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrorated p. pr. & vb. n. Irrorating.] [L. irroratus, p. p. of irrorare to bedew; pref. ir- in + ros, roris, dew.] To sprinkle or moisten with dew; to bedew. [Obs.]

Ir´ro•rate , a. (Zoöl.) Covered with minute grains, appearing like fine sand.

Ir•ro•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. irroration.] The act of bedewing; the state of being moistened with dew. [Obs.] Chambers.

Ir•ro•ta´tion•al , a. (Physics) Not rotatory; passing from one point to another by a movement other than rotation; — said of the movement of parts of a liquid or yielding mass. Sir W. Thomson.

Ir•ru´bric•al , a. Contrary to the rubric; not rubrical.

Ir´ru•gate , v. t. [L. irrugatus, p. p. of irrugare to wrinkle.] To wrinkle. [Obs.]

Ir•rupt´ed , a. [L. irruptus, p. p. of irrumpere to break in; pref. ir- in + rumpere to break or burst. See Rupture.] Broken with violence.

Ir•rup´tion , n. [L. irruptio: cf. F. irruption. See Irrupted.] 1. A bursting in; a sudden, violent rushing into a place; as irruptions of the sea. “Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption
Hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep.” Milton. 2. A sudden and violent inroad, or entrance of invaders; as the irruptions of the Goths into Italy. Addison. Syn. — Invasion; incursion; inroad. See Invasion.

Ir•rup´tive , a. Rushing in or upon.

Ir´ving•ite , n. (Eccl.) The common designation of one a sect founded by the Rev. Edward Irving (about 1830), who call themselves the Catholic Apostolic Church. They are highly ritualistic in worship, have an elaborate hierarchy of apostles, prophets, etc., and look for the speedy coming of Christ.

Is- See Iso-.

Is , v. i. [AS. is; akin to G. & Goth. ist, L. est, Gr. , Skr. asti. rad.9. Cf. Am, Entity, Essence, Absent.] The third person singular of the substantive verb be, in the indicative mood, present tense; as he is; he is a man. See Be. In some varieties of the Northern dialect of Old English, is was used for all persons of the singular. “For thy is I come, and eke Alain.” Chaucer. “Aye is thou merry.” Chaucer. The idiom of using the present for future events sure to happen is a relic of Old English in which the present and future had the same form; as this year Christmas is on Friday. “To-morrow is the new moon.” 1 Sam. xx. 5. {Is´a•bel , n., Is´a•bel col´or } [F. isabelle.] See Isabella. { Is•a•bel´la , n., Is•a•bel´lacol´or }. [Said to be named from the Spanish princess Isabella, daughter of king Philip II., in allusion to the color assumed by her shift, which she wore without change from 1601 to 1604, in consequence of a vow made by her.] A brownish yellow color.

Is•a•bel´la grape (Bot.) A favorite sweet American grape of a purple color. See Fox grape, under Fox.

Is•a•bel´la moth ( 115). (Zoöl.) A common American moth (Pyrrharctia isabella), of an isabella color. The larva, called woolly bear and hedgehog caterpillar, is densely covered with hairs, which are black at each end of the body, and red in the middle part.

Is•a•bel´line , a. Of an isabel or isabella color.

Is•ag´e•lous (is•ag´e•lus), a. [Is- + Gr. a•gelos information.] Containing the same information; as isagelous sentences. ´The coded message and the original, though appearing entirely unlike, are completely isagelous.´ Bacon ´The complementary strands have isagelous sequences.´ J. D. Watson. — Is´a•gel n. One of two or more objects containing the same information.

I´sa•goge , n. [L., fr. Fr. , fr. to introduce; into + to lead.] An introduction. [Obs.] Harris. { I´sa•gog´ic , I´sa•gog´ic•al } a. [L. isagogicus, Gr. .] Introductory; especially, introductory to the study of theology.

I´sa•gog´ics , n. (Theol.) That part of theological science directly preliminary to actual exegesis, or interpretation of the Scriptures.

I´sa•gon (i´sa•gon), n. [Gr. ’i•sos equal + gwni•a angle: cf. F. isagone, a.] (Math.) A figure or polygon whose angles are equal.

Is•ap•os•tol´ic , a. [Gr. .] Having equal, or almost equal, authority with the apostles of their teachings. { I•sat´ic , I•sa•tin´ic } a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, isatin; as isatic acid, which is also called trioxindol.

I´sa•tide , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by the partial reduction of isatin. [Written also isatyde.]

I´sa•tin , n. [See Isatis.] (Chem.) An orange-red crystalline substance, C_8H_5NO_2, obtained by the oxidation of indigo blue. It is also produced from certain derivatives of benzoic acid, and is one important source of artificial indigo. [Written also less properly, isatine.]

I´sa•tis ( 277), n. [L., a kind of plant, Gr. woad.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs, some species of which, especially the Isatis tinctoria, yield a blue dye similar to indigo; woad.

I•sat´o•gen , n. [Isatin + -gen.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous radical, C_8H_4NO_2, regarded as the essential residue of a series of compounds, related to isatin, which easily pass by reduction to indigo blue. — I•sat•o•gen´ic (#), a.

I•sa•trop´ic , a. [Is- + atropine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from atropine, and isomeric with cinnamic acid.

Is´chi•ac (is´ki•ak), a. (Anat.) See Ischial.

Is•chi•ad´ic (is•ki•ad´ik), a. [L. ischiadicus, Gr. ’ischiadoko•s, fr. ’ischi•on the hip joint, hip or loin. Cf. Sciatic.] (Anat.) Ischial. [R.] Ischiadic passion or disease (Med.), a rheumatic or neuralgic affection of some part about the hip joint; — called also sciatica.

Is´chi•al (is´ki•al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ischium or hip; ischiac; ischiadic; ischiatic. Ischial callosity (Zoöl.), one of the patches of thickened, hairless, and often bright-colored skin, on the buttocks of many apes, as the drill.

Is•chi•at´ic (is•ki•ad´ik), a. (Anat.) Same as Ischial.

Is•chi•o•cap´su•lar ( 135) a. [Ischium + capsular.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ischium and the capsule of the hip joint; as the ischiocapsular ligament.

Is•chi•o•ce´rite , n. [Gr. ’ischi•on the hip + ke•ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) The third joint or the antennae of the Crustacea. { Is´chi•on , Is´chi•um } n. [L., Gr. ’ischi•on.] 1. (Anat.) The ventral and posterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; seat bone; the huckle bone. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the pleurae of insects.

Is•chi•op´o•dite , n. [Gr. ’ischi•on the hip joint + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) The third joint of the typical appendages of Crustacea.

Is•chi•o•rec´tal , a. [Ischium + rectal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the region between the rectum and ishial tuberosity.

Is•chu•ret´ic , a. Having the quality of relieving ischury. — n. An ischuretic medicine.

Is´chu•ry , n. [L. ischuria, Gr. ; to hold, check + urine: cf. F. ischurie.] (Med.) A retention or suppression of urine.

-ise See -ize.

I•sen•trop´ic , a. [Is- + entropy + -ic.] (Physics) Having equal entropy. Isentropic lines, lines which pass through points having equal entropy.

I•seth•i•on´ic , a. [Is- + ethionic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid, HO.C_2H_4.SO_3H, obtained as an oily or crystalline substance, by the action of sulphur trioxide on alcohol or ether. It is derivative of sulphuric acid.

-ish [AS. -isc; akin to G. -isch, OHG. -isc, Goth. & Dan. -isk, Gr. . Cf. -esque.] A suffix used to from adjectives from nouns and from adjectives. It denotes relation, resemblance, similarity, and sometimes has a diminutive force; as selfish, boyish, brutish; whitish, somewhat white.

-ish. [OE. -issen, fr. F. -is, -iss- (found in the present particle, etc., of certain verbs, as finir to finish, fleurir to flourish), corresponding to L. -escere, an inchoative ending.] A verb ending, originally appearing in certain verbs of French origin; as abolish, cherish, finish, furnish, garnish, impoverish.

Ish´ma•el•ite , n. 1. A descendant of Ishmael (the son of Abraham and Hagar), of whom it was said, ´His hand will be against every man, and every man’s hand against him.´ Gen. xvi. 12. 2. One at enmity with society; a wanderer; a vagabond; an outcast. Thackeray. 3. See Ismaelian.

Ish´ma•el•i•tish , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an Ishmaelite or the Ishmaelites.

I´si•ac , a. [L. Isiacus, Gr. , fr. .] Pertaining to the goddess Isis; as Isiac mysteries.

I´si•cle , n. A icicle. [Obs.]

Is•i•do´ri•an , a. Pertaining, or ascribed, to Isidore; as the Isidorian decretals, a spurious collection of decretals published in the ninth century.

I´sin•glass , n. [Prob. corrupted fr. D. huizenblas (akin to G. hausenblase), lit., bladder of the huso, or large sturgeon; huizen sturgeon + blas bladder. Cf. Bladder, Blast a gust of wind.] 1. A semitransparent, whitish, and very pure form of gelatin, chiefly prepared from the sounds or air bladders of various species of sturgeons (as the Acipenser huso) found in the rivers of Western Russia. It used for making jellies, as a clarifier, etc. Cheaper forms of gelatin are not unfrequently so called. Called also fish glue. 2. (Min.) A popular name for mica, especially when in thin sheets.

I´sis , n. [L., the goddess Isis, fr. Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) The principal goddess worshiped by the Egyptians. She was regarded as the mother of Horus, and the sister and wife of Osiris. The Egyptians adored her as the goddess of fecundity, and as the great benefactress of their country, who instructed their ancestors in the art of agriculture. 2. (Zoöl.) Any coral of the genus Isis, or family Isidae, composed of joints of white, stony coral, alternating with flexible, horny joints. See Gorgoniacea. 3. (Astron.) One of the asteroids.

Is´lam , n. [Ar. islam obedience to the will of God, submission, humbling one’s self, resigning one’s self to the divine disposal. Cf. Moslem.] 1. The religion of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islamism. Their formula of faith is: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet. 2. The whole body of Mohammedans, or the countries which they occupy.

Is´lam•ism , n. [Cf. F. islamisme.] The faith, doctrines, or religious system of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islam.

Is´lam•ite , n. A Mohammedan.

Is•lam•it´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Islam; Mohammedan.

Is´lam•ize , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Islamized p. pr. & vb. n. Islamizing ] To conform, or cause to conform, to the religion of Islam.

Is´land , n. [OE. iland, yland, AS. igland, gland, glond; ig, g, island + land, lond, land. AS. ig, g, is akin to AS. eá water, river, OHG. uwa, G. au meadow, Icel. ey island, Dan. & Sw. ö, Goth. ahwa a stream, water, L. aqua water. The s is due to confusion with isle. Cf. Ait, Eyot, Ewer, Aquatic.] 1. A tract of land surrounded by water, and smaller than a continent. Cf. Continent. 2. Anything regarded as resembling an island; as an island of ice. 3. (Zoöl.) See Isle, n., 2. Islands of the blessed (Myth.), islands supposed to lie in the Western Ocean, where the favorites of the gods are conveyed at death, and dwell in everlasting joy.

Is´land , v. t. 1. To cause to become or to resemble an island; to make an island or islands of; to isle. Shelley. 2. To furnish with an island or with islands; as to island the deep. Southey.

Is´land•er , n. An inhabitant of an island.

Is´land•y , a. Of or pertaining to islands; full of islands. Cotgrave.

Isle , n. [Obs.] See Aisle.

Isle , n. [OF. isle, F. île, L. insula; cf. Lith. sala. Cf. Insulate.] 1. An island. [Poetic] “Imperial rule of all the seagirt isles.” Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) A spot within another of a different color, as upon the wings of some insects.

Isle, v. t. To cause to become an island, or like an island; to surround or encompass; to island. [Poetic] “Isled in sudden seas of light.” Tennyson.

Is´let , n. [OF. islette (cf. F. îlot), dim. of isle.] A little island.

-ism [F. -isme, or L. -ismus, Gr. .] A suffix indicating an act, a process, the result of an act or a process, a state; also a characteristic (as a theory, doctrine, idiom, etc.); as baptism, galvanism, organism, hypnotism, socialism, sensualism, Anglicism.

Ism, n. [See ism, above.] A doctrine or theory; especially, a wild or visionary theory. E. Everett. “The world grew light-headed, and forth came a spawn of isms which no man can number.” S. G. Goodrich. { Is•ma•e´li•an , Is´ma•el•ite } n. (Eccl.) One of a sect of Mohammedans who favored the pretensions of the family of Mohammed ben Ismael, of the house of Ali. { I´so- , Is- } [Gr. ’i•sos equal.] A prefix or combining form, indicating identity, or equality; the same numerical value; as in isopod, isomorphous, isochromatic. Specif.: (a) (Chem.) Applied to certain compounds having the same composition but different properties; as in isocyanic. (b) (Organic Chem.) Applied to compounds of certain isomeric series in whose structure one carbon atom, at least, is connected with three other carbon atoms; — contrasted with neo- and normal; as in isoparaffine; isopentane.

I´so•bar , n. [Iso- + Gr. weight.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting or marking places upon the surface of the earth where height of the barometer reduced to sea level is the same either at a given time, or for a certain period (mean height), as for a year; an isopiestic line. [Written also isobare.]

I•so•bar´ic , a. (Phys. Geog.) Denoting equal pressure; as an isobaric line; specifically, of or pertaining to isobars.

I´so•bar•ism , n. The quality or state of being equal in weight, especially in atmospheric pressure. also the theory, method, or application of isobaric science.

I•so•bar•o•met´ric , a. [Iso + barometric.] (Phys. Geog.) Indicating equal barometric pressure.

I•so•bath´y•therm , n. [Iso- + Gr. deep + heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting the points on the surface of the earth where a certain temperature is found at the same depth.

I•so•bath´y•ther´mic , a. Of or pertaining to an isobathytherm; possessing or indicating the same temperature at the same depth.

I•so•ceph´a•lism , n. [From Gr. like-headed. See Iso-, and Cephalon.] (Art) A peculiarity in the design of bas-relief by which the heads of human figures are kept at the same height from the ground, whether the personages are seated, standing, or mounted on horseback; — called also isokephaleia.

I´so•chasm , n. [Iso- + chasm.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting places on the earth’s surface at which there is the same mean frequency of auroras.

I•so•chas´mic , a. Indicating equal auroral display; as an isochasmic line.

I´so•cheim (i´so•kim), n. [Iso- + Gr. , , winter.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting places on the earth having the same mean winter temperature. Cf. Isothere. { I•so•chei´mal , I•so•chi´mal } , a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or making, isocheims; as an isocheimal line; an isocheimal chart. { I•so•chei´me•nal , I•so•chi´me•nal } a. The same as Isocheimal.

I•so•chei´mic , a. The same as Isocheimal.

I•so•chi´mene , n. The same as Isocheim.

I•so•chro•mat´ic , a. [Iso- + chromatic.] (Opt.) Having the same color; connecting parts having the same color, as lines drawn through certain points in experiments on the chromatic effects of polarized light in crystals.

I•soch´ro•nal , a. [See Isochronous.] Uniform in time; of equal time; performed in equal times; recurring at regular intervals; as isochronal vibrations or oscillations.

I•so•chron´ic , a. Isochronal.

I•soch´ro•nism , n. The state or quality of being isochronous.

I•soch´ro•non , n. [NL. See Isochronous.] A clock that is designed to keep very accurate time.

I•soch´ro•nous , a. [Gr. ; equal + time.] Same as Isochronal.

I•soch´ro•ous , a. [Iso- + Gr. color.] Having the same tint or color throughout; uniformly or evenly colored. { I•so•cli´nal , I•so•clin´ic } a. [Iso- + Gr. to incline.] Of or pertaining to, or indicating, equality of inclination or dip; having equal inclination or dip. Isoclinal lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth’s surface connecting places at which a dipping needle indicates the same inclination or dip.

I•so•cry´mal , a. (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, having the nature of, or illustrating, an isocryme; as an isocrymal line; an isocrymal chart.

I´so•cryme , n. [Iso- + Gr. cold.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting points on the earth’s surface having the same mean temperature in the coldest month of the year.

I•so•crym´ic , a. Isocrymal.

I•so•cy•an´ic , a. [Iso- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Designating an acid isomeric with cyanic acid. Isocyanic acid, an acid metameric with cyanic acid, and resembling it in its salts. It is obtained as a colorless, mobile, unstable liquid by the heating cyanuric acid. Called technically carbimide.

I•so•cy•a•nu´ric , a. [Iso- + cyanuric.] (Chem.) Designating, or pertaining to, an acid isomeric with cyanuric acid, and called also fulminuric acid. See under Fulminuric.

I•so•di•a•bat´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. to pass through.] (Physics) Pertaining to the reception or the giving out of equal quantities of heat by a substance. Rankine. Isodiabatic lines or curves, a pair of lines or curves exhibiting, on a diagram of energy, the law of variation of the pressure and density of a fluid, the one during the lowering, and the other during the raising, of its temperature, when the quantity of heat given out by the fluid during any given stage of the one process is equal to the quantity received during the corresponding stage of the other. Such lines are said to be isodiabatic with respect to each other. Compare Adiabatic.

I•so•di•a•met´ric , a. [Iso- + diametric.] 1. (Crystallog.) Developed alike in the directions of the several lateral axes; — said of crystals of both the tetragonal and hexagonal systems. 2. (Bot.) Having the several diameters nearly equal; — said of the cells of ordinary parenchyma.

I•so•di•mor´phic , a. [Iso- + dimorphic.] Isodimorphous.

I•so•di•mor´phism , n. Isomorphism between the two forms severally of two dimorphous substances.

I•so•di•mor´phous , a. [Iso- + dimorphous.] Having the quality of isodimorphism.

I•so•dul´cite , n. [Iso- + dulcite.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, sugarlike substance, obtained by the decomposition of certain glucosides, and intermediate in nature between the hexacid alcohols (dulcite, mannite, etc.) and the glucoses.

I•so•dy•nam´ic , a. [Iso- + dynamic.] Of, pertaining to, having, or denoting, equality of force. Isodynamic foods (Physiol.), those foods that produce a similar amount of heat. — Isodynamic lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth’s surface connecting places at which the magnetic intensity is the same.

I•so•dy´na•mous , a. [Gr. . See Isodynamic.] Of equal force or size.

I•so•ge´o•therm , n. [Iso- + Gr. gh^ the earth + qe•rmh heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line or curved surface passing beneath the earth’s surface through points having the same mean temperature. { I•so•ge•o•ther´mal , I•so•ge•o•ther´mic } a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or marking, isogeotherms; as an isogeothermal line or surface; as isogeothermal chart. — n. An isogeotherm.

I•so•gon´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. gwni•a angle.] Pertaining to, or noting, equal angles. Isogonic lines (Magnetism), lines traced on the surface of the globe, or upon a chart, connecting places at which the deviation of the magnetic needle from the meridian or true north is the same.

I•so•gon´ic, a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by isogonism.

I•sog´o•nism , n. [Iso- + Gr. offspring, generative parts.] (Zoöl.) The quality of having similar sexual zooids or gonophores and dissimilar hydrants; — said of certain hydroids.

I•so•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to isography.

I•sog´ra•phy , n. [Iso- + -graphy.] Imitation of another’s handwriting.

I•so•hy´e•tose , a. [Iso- + Gr. ´yeto•s rain.] (Phys. Geog.) Of or pertaining to lines connecting places on the earth’s surface which have a mean annual rainfall. — n. An isohyetose line.

I´so•la•ble , a. [See Isolate.] (Chem.) Capable of being isolated, or of being obtained in a pure state; as gold is isolable.

I´so•late ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Isolated p. pr. & vb. n. Isolating ] [It. isolato, p. p. of isolare to isolate, fr. isola island, L. insula. See 2d Isle, and cf. Insulate.] 1. To place in a detached situation; to place by itself or alone; to insulate; to separate from others. “Short isolated sentences were the mode in which ancient wisdom delighted to convey its precepts.” Bp. Warburton. 2. (Elec.) To insulate. See Insulate. 3. (Chem.) To separate from all foreign substances; to make pure; to obtain in a free state.

I´so•la•ted , a. Placed or standing alone; detached; separated from others. Isolated point of a curve. (Geom.) See Acnode.

I´so•la•ted•ly , adv. In an isolated manner.

I•so•la´tion (-la´shun), n. [Cf. F. isolation.] The act of isolating, or the state of being isolated; insulation; separation; loneliness. Milman.

I´so•la•tor (i´so•la•ter or is´o•la•ter), n. One who, or that which, isolates.

I•sol´o•gous , a. [Iso- + Gr. lo•gos proportion.] (Chem.) Having similar proportions, similar relations, or similar differences of composition; — said specifically of groups or series which differ by a constant difference; as ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, or their analogous compounds, form an isologous series.

I´so•mer (i´so•mer), n. [See Isomeric.] (Chem.) A body or compound which is isomeric with another body or compound; a member of an isomeric series.

I•so•mer´ic (-mer´ik), a. [Iso- + Gr. me•ros part: cf. F. isomerique.] (Chem.) Having the same percentage composition; — said of two or more different substances which contain the same ingredients in the same proportions by weight, often used with with. Specif.: (a) Polymeric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, but with different molecular weights; as acetylene and benzine are isomeric (polymeric) with each other in this sense. See Polymeric. (b) Metameric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same molecular weight, but with a different structure or arrangement of the ultimate parts; as ethyl alcohol and methyl ether are isomeric (metameric) with each other in this sense. See Metameric.

I•som´er•ide , n. (Chem.) An isomer. [R.]

I•som´er•ism , n. (Chem.) The state, quality, or relation, of two or more isomeric substances. Physical isomerism (Chem.), the condition or relation of certain (metameric) substances, which, while chemically identical (in that they have the same composition, the same molecular weights, and the same ultimate constitution), are yet physically different, as in their action on polarized light, as dextro- and laevo-tartaric acids. In such compounds there is usually at least one unsymmetrical carbon atom. See Unsymmetrical.

I•so•mer•o•mor´phism , n. [Isomer + Gr. form + -ism.] (Crystallog.) Isomorphism between substances that are isomeric. { I•so•met´ric , I•so•met´ric•al } a. [Iso- + Gr. me•tron measure.] 1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, equality of measure. 2. (Crystallog.) Noting, or conforming to, that system of crystallization in which the three axes are of equal length and at right angles to each other; monometric; regular; cubic. Cf. Crystallization. Isometric lines (Thermodynamics), lines representing in a diagram the relations of pressure and temperature in a gas when the volume remains constant. — Isometrical perspective. See under Perspective. — Isometrical projection, a species of orthographic projection, in which but a single plane of projection is used. It is so named from the fact that the projections of three equal lines, parallel respectively to three rectangular axes, are equal to one another. This kind of projection is principally used in delineating buildings or machinery, in which the principal lines are parallel to three rectangular axes, and the principal planes are parallel to three rectangular planes passing through the three axes.

I´so•morph , n. [See Isomorphous.] A substance which is similar to another in crystalline form and composition.

I•so•mor´phic , a. Isomorphous.

I•so•mor´phism , n. [Cf. F. isomorphisme.] (Crystallog.) A similarity of crystalline form between substances of similar composition, as between the sulphates of barium (BaSO_4) and strontium (SrSO_4). It is sometimes extended to include similarity of form between substances of unlike composition, which is more properly called homœomorphism.

I•so•mor´phous , a. [Iso- + -morphous.] Having the quality of isomorphism.

I•so•nan´dra , n. [Iso- + Gr. , , a man, male.] (Bot.) A genus of sapotaceous trees of India. Isonandra Gutta is the principal source of gutta-percha.

I•so•ne•phel´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. a cloud.] (Phys. Geog.) Having, or indicating, an equal amount of cloudiness for a given period; as isonephelic regions; an isonephelic line.

I•so•nic´o•tine , n. [Iso- + nicotine.] (Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous base, C_10H_14N_2, isomeric with nicotine.

I•so•nic•o•tin´ic , a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, isonicotine. (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid isomeric with nicotinic acid.

I•so•ni•tro´so- [Iso- + nitroso-.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively), signifying: Pertaining to, or designating, the characteristic, nitrogenous radical, NOH, called the isonitroso group.

I•so•nom´ic , a. [Gr. ; equal + no•mos law.] The same, or equal, in law or right; one in kind or origin; analogous; similar. Dana.

I•son´o•my , n. [Gr. : cf. F. isonomie. See Isonomic.] Equal law or right; equal distribution of rights and privileges; similarity.

I•sop´a•thy , n. [Iso- + Gr. suffering.] (Med.) (a) The system which undertakes to cure a disease by means of the virus of the same disease. (b) The theory of curing a diseased organ by eating the analogous organ of a healthy animal. Mayne. (c) The doctrine that the power of therapeutics is equal to that of the causes of disease.

I•so•pep´sin , n. [Iso- + pepsin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pepsin modified by exposure to a temperature of from 40° to 60° C.

I•so•per•i•met´ric•al , a. [Gr. ; equal + circumference: cf. F. isoperimètre. See Perimeter.] (Geom.) Having equal perimeters of circumferences; as isoperimetrical figures or bodies.

I•so•per•im´e•try , n. (Geom.) The science of figures having equal perimeters or boundaries.

I•so•pi•es´tic , a. [Iso- + Gr. to press.] (Thermodynamics) Having equal pressure. Isopiestic lines, lines showing, in a diagram, the relations of temperature and volume, when the elastic force is constant; — called also isobars.

I•so•pleu´ra , n. pl. [NL. See Iso-, and Pleura.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Gastropoda, in which the body is symmetrical, the right and left sides being equal. The intestine terminates at the posterior end of the body, and the gills and circulatory and reproductive organs are paired. It includes the chitons (Polyplacophora), together with Neomenia and Chaetoderma, which are wormlike forms without a shell.

I´so•pod , a. (Zoöl.) Having the legs similar in structure; belonging to the Isopoda. — n. One of the Isopoda.

I•sop´o•da , n. pl. [NL. See Iso-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, usually having seven pairs of legs, which are all similar in structure. The body is usually depressed, with the abdominal segments short, and often consolidated in part. The branchiae are on the abdominal appendages. The group includes the terrestrial pill bugs and sow bugs, with numerous marine forms. See Arthrostrata, Gribble.

I•so•pod´i•form , a. [Isopod + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the shape of an isopod; — said of the larvae of certain insects.

I•sop´o•dous , a. Same as Isopod.

I•so•pog´o•nous , a. [Iso- + Gr. beard.] (Zoöl.) Having the two webs equal in breadth; — said of feathers.

I´so•prene , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) An oily, volatile hydrocarbon, obtained by the distillation of caoutchouc or gutta-percha.

I•so•pyc´nic , a. [Iso- + Gr. pykno•s dense.] (Physics) Having equal density, as different regions of a medium; passing through points at which the density is equal; as an isopycnic line or surface.

I•so•pyc´nic, n. (Physics) A line or surface passing through those points in a medium, at which the density is the same.

I•sor´cin , n. [Iso- + orcin.] (Chem.) A crystalline hydrocarbon derivative, metameric with orcin, but produced artificially; — called also cresorcin.

I•sor•rop´ic , a. [Gr. ’iso•rropos in equipoise; ’i•sos equal + ´roph• downward inclination or momentum.] Of equal value. Isorropic line (in a diagram) (Geom.), the locus of all the points for which a specified function has a constant value. Newcomb.

I•sos´ce•les , a. [L., fr. Gr. ; ’i•sos equal + leg.] (Geom.) Having two legs or sides that are equal; — said of a triangle.

I•so•spon´dy•li , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’i•sos equal + , , a vertebra.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of fishes, including the salmons, herrings, and many allied forms.

I•so•spon´dy•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Isospondyli; having the anterior vertebrae separate and normal.

I•so•spor´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns and Equiseta. Cf. Heterosporic.

I•so•stem´o•nous , a. [Iso- + Gr. sth•mwn thread.] (Bot.) Having exactly as many stamens as petals.

I•so•stem´o•ny , n. (Bot.) The quality or state of being isostemonous.

I•so•sul•pho•cy´a•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of isosulphocyanic acid.

I•so•sul•pho•cy•an´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, HNCS, isomeric with sulphocyanic acid.

I•soth´er•al , a. Having the nature of an isothere; indicating the distribution of temperature by means of an isothere; as an isotheral chart or line.

I´so•there , n. [Iso- + Gr. summer, to heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting points on the earth’s surface having the same mean summer temperature.

I´so•therm , n. [Iso- + Gr. heat, fr. hot.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting or marking points on the earth’s surface having the same temperature. This may be the temperature for a given time of observation, or the mean temperature for a year or other period. also a similar line based on the distribution of temperature in the ocean.

I•so•ther´mal , a. [Cf. F. isotherme.] (a) Relating to equality of temperature. (b) (Phys. Geog.) Having reference to the geographical distribution of temperature, as exhibited by means of isotherms; as an isothermal line; an isothermal chart. Isothermal line. (a) An isotherm. (b) A line drawn on a diagram of energy such that its ordinates represent the pressures of a substance corresponding to various volumes, while the absolute temperature is maintained at a constant value. — Isothermal zones, spaces on opposite sides of the equator having the same mean temperature, and bounded by corresponding isothermal lines.

I•so•ther´mo•bath , n. [Iso- + Gr. hot + depth.] (Phys. Geog) A line drawn through points of equal temperature in a vertical section of the ocean.

I•so•ther•mo•bath´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an isothermobath; possessing or indicating equal temperatures in a vertical section, as of the ocean.

I•soth•er•om´brose , n. [Iso- + Gr. qe•ros summer + ’o•mbros rain.] (Phys. Geog) A line connecting or marking points on the earth’s surface, which have the same mean summer rainfall.

I•so•ton´ic , a. [Iso- + tonic.] Having or indicating, equal tones, or tension. Isotonic system (Mus.), a system consisting of intervals, in which each concord is alike tempered, and in which there are twelve equal semitones.

I•so•tri•mor´phic , a. Isotrimorphous.

I•so•tri•mor´phism , n. [Iso- + Gr. thrice + form.] Isomorphism between the three forms, severally, of two trimorphous substances.

I•so•tri•mor´phous , a. Having the quality of isotrimorphism; isotrimorphic.

I•so•trop´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. a turning, fr. to turn.] (Physics) Having the same properties in all directions; specifically, equally elastic in all directions.

I•sot´ro•pism , n. Isotropy.

I•sot´ro•pous , a. Isotropic.

I•sot´ro•py , n. (Physics) Uniformity of physical properties in all directions in a body; absence of all kinds of polarity; specifically, equal elasticity in all directions.

I•so•u´ric , a. [Iso- + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid, isomeric with uric acid.

Is´ra•el•ite , n. [L. Israëlites, Gr. , fr. , , Israel, Heb. Yisral, i. e., champion of God; sarah to fight + l God.] A descendant of Israel, or Jacob; a Hebrew; a Jew. { Is•ra•el•it´ic , Is´ra•el•i•tish } a. Of or pertaining to Israel, or to the Israelites; Jewish; Hebrew.

Is´su•a•ble , a. [From Issue.] 1. Leading to, producing, or relating to, an issue; capable of being made an issue at law. Burrill. 2. Lawful or suitable to be issued; as a writ issuable on these grounds. Issuable plea (Law), a plea to the merits, on which the adverse party may take issue and proceed to trial.

Is´su•a•bly , adv. In an issuable manner; by way of issue; as to plead issuably.

Is´su•ance , n. The act of issuing, or giving out; as the issuance of an order; the issuance of rations, and the like.

Is´su•ant , a. (Her.) Issuing or coming up; — a term used to express a charge or bearing rising or coming out of another.

Is´sue (ish´u), n. [OF. issue, eissue, F. issue, fr. OF. issir, eissir, to go out, L. exire; ex out of, from + ire to go, akin to Gr. ’ie•nai, Skr. i, Goth. iddja went, used as prefect of gaggan to go. Cf. Ambition, Count a nobleman, Commence, Errant, Exit, Eyre, Initial, Yede went.] 1. The act of passing or flowing out; a moving out from any inclosed place; egress; as the issue of water from a pipe, of blood from a wound, of air from a bellows, of people from a house. 2. The act of sending out, or causing to go forth; delivery; issuance; as the issue of an order from a commanding officer; the issue of money from a treasury. 3. That which passes, flows, or is sent out; the whole quantity sent forth or emitted at one time; as an issue of bank notes; the daily issue of a newspaper. 4. Progeny; a child or children; offspring. In law, sometimes, in a general sense, all persons descended from a common ancestor; all lineal descendants. “If the king
Should without issue die.” Shak. 5. Produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, or other property; as A conveyed to B all his right for a term of years, with all the issues, rents, and profits. 6. A discharge of flux, as of blood. Matt. ix. 20. 7. (Med.) An artificial ulcer, usually made in the fleshy part of the arm or leg, to produce the secretion and discharge of pus for the relief of some affected part. 8. The final outcome or result; upshot; conclusion; event; hence, contest; test; trial. “Come forth to view
The issue of the exploit.” Shak. “While it is hot, I ’ll put it to the issue.” Shak. 9. A point in debate or controversy on which the parties take affirmative and negative positions; a presentation of alternatives between which to choose or decide. 10. (Law) In pleading, a single material point of law or fact depending in the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and denied on the other, is presented for determination. See General issue, under General, and Feigned issue, under Feigned. Blount. Cowell. At issue, in controversy; disputed; opposing or contesting; hence, at variance; disagreeing; inconsistent. “As much at issue with the summer day
As if you brought a candle out of doors.” Mrs. Browning. — Bank of issue, Collateral issue, etc. See under Bank, Collateral, etc. — Issue pea, a pea, or a similar round body, used to maintain irritation in a wound, and promote the secretion and discharge of pus. — To join, or take, issue, to take opposing sides in a matter in controversy.

Is´sue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Issued (ish´ud); p. pr. & vb. n. Issuing.] 1. To pass or flow out; to run out, as from any inclosed place. “From it issued forced drops of blood.” Shak. 2. To go out; to rush out; to sally forth; as troops issued from the town, and attacked the besiegers. 3. To proceed, as from a source; as water issues from springs; light issues from the sun. 4. To proceed, as progeny; to be derived; to be descended; to spring. “Of thy sons that shall issue from thee.” 2 Kings xx. 18. 5. To extend; to pass or open; as the path issues into the highway. 6. To be produced as an effect or result; to grow or accrue; to arise; to proceed; as rents and profits issuing from land, tenements, or a capital stock. 7. To close; to end; to terminate; to turn out; as we know not how the cause will issue. 8. (Law) In pleading, to come to a point in fact or law, on which the parties join issue.

Is´sue (ish´u), v. t. 1. To send out; to put into circulation; as to issue notes from a bank. 2. To deliver for use; as to issue provisions. 3. To send out officially; to deliver by authority; as to issue an order; to issue a writ.

Is´sue•less, a. Having no issue or progeny; childless. ´The heavens … have left me issueless.´ Shak.

Is´su•er , n. One who issues, emits, or publishes.

-ist [Gr. : cf. F. -iste.] A noun suffix denoting an agent, or doer, one who practices, a believer in; as theorist, one who theorizes; socialist, one who holds to socialism; sensualist, one given to sensuality.

Is’t A contraction of is it.

Isth´mi•an , a. [L. Isthmius, Gr. . See Isthmus.] Of or pertaining to an isthmus, especially to the Isthmus of Corinth, in Greece. Isthmian games (Gr. Antiq.), one of the four great national festivals of Greece, celebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth in the spring of every alternate year. They consisted of all kinds of athletic sports, wrestling, boxing, racing on foot and in chariots, and also contests in music and poetry. The prize was a garland of pine leaves.

Isth´mus ( 277), n.; pl. Isthmuses (#). [L. isthmus, Gr. ’isqmo•s a neck, a neck of land between two seas an isthmus, especially the Isthmus of Corinth; prob. from the root of ’ie•nai to go; cf. Icel. eið isthmus. See Issue.] (Geog.) A neck or narrow slip of land by which two continents are connected, or by which a peninsula is united to the mainland; as the Isthmus of Panama; the Isthmus of Suez, etc. Isthmus of the fauces. (Anat.) See Fauces.

Is´tle , n. Same as Ixtle.

I•su´ret , n. [Iso- + urea.] (Chem.) An artificial nitrogenous base, isomeric with urea, and forming a white crystalline substance; — called also isuretine.

It (it), pron. [OE. it, hit, AS. hit; cf. D. het. rad.181. See He.] The neuter pronoun of the third person, corresponding to the masculine pronoun he and the feminine she, and having the same plural (they, their or theirs, them). The possessive form its is modern, being rarely found in the writings of Shakespeare and Milton, and not at all in the original King James’s version of the Bible. During the transition from the regular his to the anomalous its, it was to some extent employed in the possessive without the case ending. See His, and He. In Dryden’s time its had become quite established as the regular form. “The day present hath ever inough to do with it owne grief.” Genevan Test. “Do, child, go to it grandam, child.” Shak. “It knighthood shall do worse. It shall fright all it friends with borrowing letters.” B. Jonson. In the course of time, the nature of the neuter sign t in it, the form being found in but a few words, became misunderstood. Instead of being looked upon as an affix, it passed for part of the original word. Hence was formed from it the anomalous genitive its, superseding the Saxon his. Latham. “The fruit tree yielding fruit after his (its) kind.” Gen. i. 11. It is used,

1. As a substance for any noun of the neuter gender; as here is the book, take it home. 2. As a demonstrative, especially at the beginning of a sentence, pointing to that which is about to be stated, named, or mentioned, or referring to that which apparent or well known; as I saw it was John. “It is I; be not afraid.” Matt. xiv. 27. “Peter heard that it was the Lord.” John xxi. 7. Often, in such cases, as a substitute for a sentence or clause; as it is thought he will come; it is wrong to do this. 3. As an indefinite nominative for a impersonal verb; as it snows; it rains. 4. As a substitute for such general terms as the state of affairs, the condition of things, and the like; as how is it with the sick man? “Think on me when it shall be well with thee.” Gen. xl. 14. 5. As an indefinite object after some intransitive verbs, or after a substantive used humorously as a verb; as to foot it (i. e., to walk). “The Lacedemonians, at the Straits of Thermopylae, when their arms failed them, fought it out with nails and teeth.” Dryden. “Whether the charmer sinner it, or saint it,
If folly grows romantic, I must paint it.” Pope. Its self. See Itself.

I´ta•cism , n. [Cf. F. itacisme. See Etacism, and cf. Iotacism.] (Greek Gram.) Pronunciation of η (eta) as the modern Greeks pronounce it, that is, like e in the English word be. This was the pronunciation advocated by Reuchlin and his followers, in opposition to the etacism of Erasmus. See Etacism. “In all such questions between ε and αι the confusing element of itacism comes in.” Alford.

I´ta•cist , n. [Cf. F. itaciste.] One who is in favor of itacism.

It•a•col´u•mite , n. [From Itacolumi, a mountain of Brazil.] (Min.) A laminated, granular, siliceous rocks, often occurring in regions where the diamond is found.

It•a•con´ic , a. [From aconitic, by transposition of the letters.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C_5H_6O_4, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by decomposing aconitic and other organic acids.

It´a•la , n. [Fem. of L. Italus Italian.] An early Latin version of the Scriptures (the Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint, and was also called the Italic version).

I•tal´ian , a. [Cf. F. italien, It. italiano. Cf. Italic.] Of or pertaining to Italy, or to its people or language. Italian cloth a light material of cotton and worsted; — called also farmer’s satin. — Italian iron, a heater for fluting frills. — Italian juice, Calabrian liquorice.

I•tal´ian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Italy. 2. The language used in Italy, or by the Italians.

I•tal´ian•ate , v. t. [Cf. It. italianare.] To render Italian, or conformable to Italian customs; to Italianize. [R.] Ascham.

I•tal´ian•ate , a. Italianized; Italianated. ´Apish, childish, and Italianate.´ Marlowe.

I•tal´ian•ism , n. 1. A word, phrase, or idiom, peculiar to the Italians; an Italicism. 2. Attachment to, or sympathy for, Italy.

I•tal´ian•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Italianized p. pr. & vb. n. Italianizing ] [Cf. F. italianiser, It. italianizzare.] 1. To play the Italian; to speak Italian. Cotgrave. 2. To render Italian in any respect; to Italianate. ´An Englishman Italianized.´ Lowell.

I•tal´ic , a. [L. Italicus: cf. F. italique. Cf. Italian.] 1. Relating to Italy or to its people. 2. Applied especially to a kind of type in which the letters do not stand upright, but slope toward the right; - - so called because dedicated to the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Manutius, about the year 1500. Italic languages, the group or family of languages of ancient Italy. — Italic order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite. - - Italic school, a term given to the Pythagorean and Eleatic philosophers, from the country where their doctrines were first promulgated. — Italic version. See Itala.

I•tal´ic, n.; pl. Italics . (Print.) An Italic letter, character, or type (see Italic, a., 2.); — often in the plural; as the Italics are the author’s. Italic letters are used to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, antithesis, etc. also collectively, Italic letters.

I•tal´i•cism , n. 1. A phrase or idiom peculiar to the Italian language; to Italianism. 2. The use of Italics.

I•tal´i•cize , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Italicized p. pr. & vb. n. Italicizing ] To print in Italic characters; to underline written letters or words with a single line; as to Italicize a word; Italicizes too much.

I´ta palm (Bot.) A magnificent species of palm (Mauritia flexuosa), growing near the Orinoco. The natives eat its fruit and buds, drink its sap, and make thread and cord from its fiber.

Itch (ich), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itched (icht); p. pr. & vb. n. Itching.] [OE. icchen, &yogh;icchen, AS. giccan; akin to D. jeuken, joken, G. jucken, OHG. jucchen.] 1. To have an uneasy sensation in the skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part affected. “My mouth hath itched all this long day.” Chaucer. 2. To have a constant desire or teasing uneasiness; to long for; as itching ears. ´An itching palm.´ Shak.

Itch, n. 1. (Med.) An eruption of small, isolated, acuminated vesicles, produced by the entrance of a parasitic mite (the Sarcoptes scabei), and attended with itching. It is transmissible by contact. 2. Any itching eruption. 3. A sensation in the skin occasioned (or resembling that occasioned) by the itch eruption; — called also scabies, psora, etc. 4. A constant irritating desire. “An itch of being thought a divine king.” Dryden. Baker’s itch. See under Baker. - - Barber’s itch, sycosis. — Bricklayer’s itch, an eczema of the hands attended with much itching, occurring among bricklayers. — Grocer’s itch, an itching eruption, being a variety of eczema, produced by the sugar mite (Tyrogluphus sacchari). — Itch insect (Zoöl.), a small parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabei) which burrows and breeds beneath the human skin, thus causing the disease known as the itch. See Illust. in Append. — Itch mite. (Zoöl.) Same as Itch insect, above. also other similar mites affecting the lower animals, as the horse and ox. — Sugar baker’s itch, a variety of eczema, due to the action of sugar upon the skin. — Washerwoman’s itch, eczema of the hands and arms, occurring among washerwomen.

Itch´i•ness , n. The state of being itchy.

Itch´less, a. Free from itching.

Itch´y , a. Infected with the itch, or with an itching sensation. Cowper.

-ite [From Gr. , .] 1. A suffix denoting one of a party, a sympathizer with or adherent of, and the like, and frequently used in ridicule; as a Millerite; a Benthamite. 2. A suffix used in naming minerals; as chlorite, from its characteristic green color; barite, from its heaviness; graphite, from its use in writing. 3. (Chem.) A suffix used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end in -ous; as sulphite, from sulphurous; nitrite, from nitrous acid, etc.

I´tem , adv. [L. See Iterate.] Also; as an additional article.

I´tem , n. [From Item, adv.] 1. An article; a separate particular in an account; as the items in a bill. 2. A hint; an innuendo. [Obs.] “A secret item was given to some of the bishops … to absent themselves.” Fuller. 3. A short article in a newspaper; a paragraph; as an item concerning the weather.

I´tem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Itemed p. pr. & vb. n. Iteming.] To make a note or memorandum of. “I have itemed it in my memory.” Addison.

I´tem•ize , v. t. To state in items, or by particulars; as to itemize the cost of a railroad. [Local, U. S.]

I´ter , n. [L. See Eyre.] (Anat.) A passage; esp., the passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain; the aqueduct of Sylvius.

It´er•a•ble , a. [L. iterabilis. See Iterate.] Capable of being iterated or repeated. [Obs.]

It´er•ance , n. Iteration. [Obs.]

It´er•ant , a. [L. iterans, p. pr. of iterare.] Repeating; iterating; as an iterant echo. Bacon.

It´er•ate , a. [L. iteratus, p. p. of iterare to repeat, fr. iterum again, prop. a compar. from the stem of is he, that; cf. L. ita so, item likewise, also Skr. itara other, iti thus. Cf. Identity, Item.] Uttered or done again; repeated. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner.

It´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iterated p. pr. & vb. n. Iterating.] To utter or do a second time or many times; to repeat; as to iterate advice. “Nor Eve to iterate
Her former trespass feared.” Milton.

It´er•ate , adv. By way of iteration.

It•er•a´tion , n. [L. iteratio.] Recital or performance a second time; repetition. Bacon. “What needs this iteration, woman?” Shak.

It´er•a•tive , a. [L. iterativus: cf. F. iteratif.] Repeating. Cotgrave. — It´er•a•tive•ly, adv.

Ith•y•phal´lic , a. [L. ithyphallicus, fr. ithyphallus, Gr. , membrum virile erectum, or a figure thereof carried in the festivals of Bacchus.] Lustful; lewd; salacious; indecent; obscene.

I•tin´er•a•cy , n. The act or practice of itinerating; itinerancy.

I•tin´er•an•cy , n. [See Itinerant.] 1. A passing from place to place. Dr. H. More. 2. A discharge of official duty involving frequent change of residence; the custom or practice of discharging official duty in this way; also a body of persons who thus discharge official duty.

I•tin´er•ant , a. [LL. itinerans, -antis, p. pr. of itinerare to make a journey, fr. L. iter, itineris, a walk, way, journey. See Errant, Issue.] Passing or traveling about a country; going or preaching on a circuit; wandering; not settled; as an itinerant preacher; an itinerant peddler. “The king’s own courts were then itinerant, being kept in the king’s palace, and removing with his household in those royal progresses which he continually made.” Blackstone.

I•tin´er•ant, a. One who travels from place to place, particularly a preacher; one who is unsettled. “Glad to turn itinerant,
To stroll and teach from town to town.” Hudibras.

I•tin´er•ant•ly, adv. In an itinerant manner.

I•tin´er•a•ry , a. [L. itinerarius: cf. F. itineraire. See Itinerant.] Itinerant; traveling; passing from place to place; done on a journey. “It was rather an itinerary circuit of justice than a progress.” Bacon.

I•tin´er•a•ry, n.; pl. Itineraries (#). [L. itinerarium: cf. F. itineraire. See Itinerary, a.] An account of travels, or a register of places and distances as a guide to travelers; as the Itinerary of Antoninus.

I•tin´er•ate v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itinerated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Itinerating (#).] [LL. itineratus, p. p. of itinerari, itinerare. See Itinerant.] To wander without a settled habitation; to travel from place or on a circuit, particularly for the purpose of preaching, lecturing, etc.

-i´tis , [Gr. , orig, fem. adjective suffix.] A suffix used in medical terms to denote an inflammatory disease of; as arthritis; bronchitis, phrenitis.

Its Possessive form of the pronoun it. See It.

It•self´ , pron. The neuter reciprocal pronoun of It; as the thing is good in itself; it stands by itself. “Borrowing of foreigners, in itself, makes not the kingdom rich or poor.” Locke.

It´tri•a , n. [NL.] See Yttria.

It´tri•um , n. [NL.] See Yttrium.

It´zi•bu , n. [Jap. ichibu.] (Numis.) A silver coin of Japan, worth about thirty-four cents. [Written also itzebu, ichebu, itcheboo, etc.]

I•u´li•dan , n. [See Iulus.] (Zoöl.) One of the Iulidae, a family of myriapods, of which the genus Iulus is the type. See Iulus.

I•u´lus , n. [L., down, Gr. down, centipede.] (Zoöl.) A genus of chilognathous myriapods. The body is long and round, consisting of numerous smooth, equal segments, each of which bears two pairs of short legs. It includes the galleyworms. See Chilognatha.

I•van´ I•van´o•vitch An ideal personification of the typical Russian or of the Russian people; — used as ´John Bull´ is used for the typical Englishman.

I’ve Colloquial contraction of I have.

-ive [L. -ivus.] An adjective suffix signifying relating or belonging to, of the nature of, tending to; as affirmative, active, conclusive, corrective, diminutive.

I´vied , a. [From Ivy.] Overgrown with ivy.

I´vo•ride , n. A composition resembling ivory in appearance and used as a substitute for it.

I´vo•ry (i´vo•ry), n.; pl. Ivories (#). [OE. ivori, F. ivoire, fr. L. eboreus made of ivory, fr. ebur, eboris, ivory, cf. Skr. ibha elephant. Cf. Eburnean.] 1. The hard, white, opaque, fine-grained substance constituting the tusks of the elephant. It is a variety of dentine, characterized by the minuteness and close arrangement of the tubes, as also by their double flexure. It is used in manufacturing articles of ornament or utility. Ivory is the name commercially given not only to the substance constituting the tusks of the elephant, but also to that of the tusks of the hippopotamus and walrus, the hornlike tusk of the narwhal, etc. 2. The tusks themselves of the elephant, etc. 3. Any carving executed in ivory. Mollett. 4. pl. Teeth; as to show one’s ivories. [Slang] Ivory black. See under Black, n. — Ivory gull (Zoöl.), a white Arctic gull (Larus eburneus). — Ivory nut (Bot.), the nut of a species of palm, the Phytephas macroarpa, often as large as a hen’s egg. When young the seed contains a fluid, which gradually hardness into a whitish, close-grained, albuminous substance, resembling the finest ivory in texture and color, whence it is called vegetable ivory. It is wrought into various articles, as buttons, chessmen, etc. The palm is found in New Grenada. A smaller kind is the fruit of the Phytephas microarpa. The nuts are known in commerce as Corosso nuts. — Ivory palm (Bot.), the palm tree which produces ivory nuts. — Ivory shell (Zoöl.), any species of Eburna, a genus of marine gastropod shells, having a smooth surface, usually white with red or brown spots. — Vegetable ivory, the meat of the ivory nut. See Ivory nut (above).

I´vo•ry-bill (i´vo•ry•bil•), n. (Zoöl.) A large, handsome, North American woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), having a large, sharp, ivory-colored beak. Its general color is glossy black, with white secondaries, and a white dorsal stripe. The male has a large, scarlet crest. It is now rare, and found only in the Gulf States.

I´vo•ry•type , n. (Photog.) A picture produced by superposing a very light print, rendered translucent by varnish, and tinted upon the back, upon a stronger print, so as to give the effect of a photograph in natural colors; — called also hellenotype. Knight.

I´vy , n.; pl. Ivies (#). [AS. ifig; akin to OHG. ebawi, ebah, G. epheu.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Hedera (H. helix), common in Europe. Its leaves are evergreen, dark, smooth, shining, and mostly five- pointed; the flowers yellowish and small; the berries black or yellow. The stem clings to walls and trees by rootlike fibers. “Direct
The clasping ivy where to climb.” Milton. “Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere.” Milton. American ivy. (Bot.) See Virginia creeper. — English ivy (Bot.), a popular name in America for the ivy proper (Hedera helix). — German ivy (Bot.), a creeping plant, with smooth, succulent stems, and fleshy, light-green leaves; a species of Senecio (S. scandens). — Ground ivy. (Bot.) Gill (Nepeta Glechoma). — Ivy bush. (Bot.) See Mountain laurel, under Mountain. — Ivy owl (Zoöl.), the barn owl. — Ivy tod (Bot.), the ivy plant. Tennyson. — Japanese ivy (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ampelopsis tricuspidata), closely related to the Virginia creeper. — Poison ivy (Bot.), an American woody creeper (Rhus Toxicodendron), with trifoliate leaves, and greenish-white berries. It is exceedingly poisonous to the touch for most persons. — To pipe in an ivy leaf, to console one’s self as best one can. [Obs.] Chaucer. — West Indian ivy, a climbing plant of the genus Marcgravia.

I´vy-man•tled , a. Covered with ivy.

I•wis´ , adv. Indeed; truly. See Ywis. [Written also iwys, iwisse, etc.] [Obs.] Ascham.

Ix´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. birdlime. So called because of the viscid nature of some of the species.] (Bot.) A South African bulbous plant of the Iris family, remarkable for the brilliancy of its flowers.

Ix•o´des , n. [NL., fr. Gr. like birdlime; birdlime + form.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic Acarina, which includes various species of ticks. See Tick, the insect.

Ix•o´di•an , n. (Zoöl.) A tick of the genus Ixodes, or the family Ixodidae. { Ix´tle , Ix´tli } (ix´tle), n. (Bot.) A Mexican name for a variety of Agave rigida, which furnishes a strong coarse fiber; also the fiber itself, which is called also pita, and Tampico fiber. [Written also istle.]

Iz´ard , n. (Zoöl.) A variety of the chamois found in the Pyrenees.

-ize [F. -iser, L. -izare, Gr. .] A verb suffix signifying to make, to do, to practice; as apologize, baptize, theorize, tyrannize. In the case of certain words the spelling with -ise (after analogy with F. -iser) is the usual form; as catechise, criticise. With regard to most words, however, which have this suffix there is a diversity of usage, some authorities spelling -ise, others (as in this book) - ize.

Iz´e•di , n. One of an Oriental religious sect which worships Satan or the Devil. “The Izedis or Yezdis, the so-called Devil worshipers, still remain a numerous though oppressed people in Mesopotamia and adjacent countries.” Tylor.

Iz´e•dism , n. The religion of the Izedis.

Iz´zard , n. (Zoöl.) See Izard.

Iz´zard , n. [Formerly ezed, prob. fr. F. et zede and z.] The letter z; — formerly so called. J.

J (ja). J is the tenth letter of the English alphabet. It is a later variant form of the Roman letter I, used to express a consonantal sound, that is, originally, the sound of English y in yet. The forms J and I have, until a recent time, been classed together, and they have been used interchangeably. In medical prescriptions j is still used in place of i at the end of a number, as a Roman numeral; as vj, xij. J is etymologically most closely related to i, y, g; as in jot, iota; jest, gesture; join, jugular, yoke. See I. J is a compound vocal consonant, nearly equivalent in sound to dzh. It is exactly the same as g in gem. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 179, 211, 239.

Jaal´ goat (Zoöl.) A species of wild goat (Capra Nubiana) found in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt, and Arabia; — called also beden, and jaela.

Jab , v. t. [Cf. Job.] To thrust; to stab; to punch. See Job, v. t. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

Jab, n. A thrust or stab. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

Jab´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jabbered p. pr. & vb. n. Jabbering.] [Cf. Gibber, Gabble.] To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly; to utter gibberish or nonsense; to chatter. Swift.

Jab´ber, v. t. To utter rapidly or indistinctly; to gabble; as to jabber French. Addison.

Jab´ber, n. Rapid or incoherent talk, with indistinct utterance; gibberish. Swift.

Jab´ber•er , n. One who jabbers.

Jab´ber•ing•ly, adv. In a jabbering manner.

Jab´ber•ment , n. Jabber. [R.] Milton.

Jab´ber•nowl , n. Same as Jobbernowl.

Jab´i•ru , n. [Braz. jabirú, jaburú.] (Zoöl.) One of several large wading birds of the genera Mycteria and Xenorhynchus, allied to the storks in form and habits. The American jabiru (Mycteria Americana) is white, with the head and neck black and nearly bare of feathers. The East Indian and Australian (Xenorhynchus Australis) has the neck, head, and back covered with glossy, dark green feathers, changing on the head to purple. The African jabiru (Mycteria, or Ephippiorhynchus, Senegalensis) has the neck, head, wing coverts, and tail, black, and is called also saddle-billed stork.

Jab•o•ran´di , n. (Bot.) The native name of a South American rutaceous shrub (Pilocarpus pennatifolius). The leaves are used in medicine as an diaphoretic and sialogogue.

Jab´o•rine , n. [From Jaborandi.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in jaborandi leaves, from which it is extracted as a white amorphous substance. In its action it resembles atropine.

Jab´ot , n. [F.] 1. Originally, a kind of ruffle worn by men on the bosom of the shirt. 2. An arrangement of lace or tulle, looped ornamentally, and worn by women on the front of the dress.

Jac´a•mar , n. [F. jacamar, Braz. jacamarica; cf. Sp. jacamar.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tropical American birds of the genus Galbula and allied genera. They are allied to the kingfishers, but climb on tree trunks like nuthatches, and feed upon insects. Their colors are often brilliant.

Jac´a•na , n. [Cf. Sp. jacania.] (Zoöl.) Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus Jacana and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also surgeon bird. The most common South American species is Jacana spinosa. The East Indian or pheasant jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) is remarkable for having four very long, curved, middle tail feathers.

Jac•a•ran´da , n. [Braz.; cf. Sp. & Pg. jacaranda.] (Bot.) (a) The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called king wood, tiger wood, and violet wood. (b) A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet-shaped flowers.

Jac´a•re , n. [Pg. jacare; of Brazilian origin.] (Zoöl.) A cayman. See Yacare.

Jac´chus , n. [NL., fr. L. Jacchus a mystic name of Bacchus, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) The common marmoset (Hapale vulgaris). Formerly, the name was also applied to other species of the same genus.

Jac´co•net , n. See Jaconet.

Ja´cent , a. [L. jacens, p. pr. of jacere to lie: cf. F. jacent.] Lying at length; as the jacent posture. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Ja´cinth , n. [F. jacinthe, L. hyacinthus. See Hyacinth.] See Hyacinth. Tennyson.

Jack (jak), n. [Pg. jaca, Malayalam, tsjaka.] (Bot.) A large tree, the Artocarpus integrifolia, common in the East Indies, closely allied to the breadfruit, from which it differs in having its leaves entire. The fruit is of great size, weighing from thirty to forty pounds, and through its soft fibrous matter are scattered the seeds, which are roasted and eaten. The wood is of a yellow color, fine grain, and rather heavy, and is much used in cabinetwork. It is also used for dyeing a brilliant yellow. [Written also jak.]

Jack , n. [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. , Heb. Ya ’aqob Jacob; prop., seizing by the heel; hence, a supplanter. Cf. Jacobite, Jockey.] 1. A familiar nickname of, or substitute for, John. “You are John Rugby, and you are Jack Rugby.” Shak. 2. An impertinent or silly fellow; a simpleton; a boor; a clown; also a servant; a rustic. ´Jack fool.´ Chaucer. “Since every Jack became a gentleman,
There ’s many a gentle person made a Jack.” Shak. 3. A popular colloquial name for a sailor; — called also Jack tar, and Jack afloat. 4. A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack; as: (a) A device to pull off boots. (b) A sawhorse or sawbuck. (c) A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke jack, or kitchen jack. (b) (Mining) A wooden wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting. (e) (Knitting Machine) A lever for depressing the sinkers which push the loops down on the needles. (f) (Warping Machine) A grating to separate and guide the threads; a heck box. (g) (Spinning) A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves the carding machine. (h) A compact, portable machine for planing metal. (i) A machine for slicking or pebbling leather. (k) A system of gearing driven by a horse power, for multiplying speed. (l) A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught. (m) In the harpsichord, an intermediate piece communicating the action of the key to the quill; — called also hopper. (n) In hunting, the pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract game at night; also the light itself. C. Hallock. 5. A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack. 6. The small bowl used as a mark in the game of bowls. Shak. “Like an uninstructed bowler who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straight forward upon it.” Sir W. Scott. 7. The male of certain animals, as of the ass. 8. (Zoöl.) (a) A young pike; a pickerel. (b) The jurel. (c) A large, California rock fish (Sebastodes paucispinus); — called also boccaccio, and merou. (d) The wall-eyed pike. 9. A drinking measure holding half a pint; also one holding a quarter of a pint. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 10. (Naut.) (a) A flag, containing only the union, without the fly, usually hoisted on a jack staff at the bowsprit cap; — called also union jack. The American jack is a small blue flag, with a star for each State. (b) A bar of iron athwart ships at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast, and give spread to the royal shrouds; — called also jack crosstree. R. H. Dana, Jr. 11. The knave of a suit of playing cards. Jack is used adjectively in various senses. It sometimes designates something cut short or diminished in size; as a jack timber; a jack rafter; a jack arch, etc. Jack arch, an arch of the thickness of one brick. — Jack back (Brewing & Malt Vinegar Manuf.), a cistern which receives the wort. See under 1st Back. — Jack block (Naut.), a block fixed in the topgallant or royal rigging, used for raising and lowering light masts and spars. — Jack boots, boots reaching above the knee; — worn in the 17 century by soldiers; afterwards by fishermen, etc. — Jack crosstree. (Naut.) See 10, b, above. — Jack curlew (Zoöl.), the whimbrel. — Jack frame. (Cotton Spinning) See 4 (g), above. — Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous person. — Jack hare, a male hare. Cowper. — Jack lamp, a lamp for still hunting and camp use. See def. 4 (n.), above. — Jack plane, a joiner’s plane used for coarse work. — Jack post, one of the posts which support the crank shaft of a deep-well-boring apparatus. — Jack pot (Poker Playing), the name given to the stakes, contributions to which are made by each player successively, till such a hand is turned as shall take the ´pot,´ which is the sum total of all the bets. — Jack rabbit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species (Lepus Californicus), and that of Texas and New Mexico (L. callotis), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare (L. campestris) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. — Jack rafter (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. — Jack salmon (Zoöl.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. — Jack sauce, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] — Jack shaft (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. — Jack sinker (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. — Jack snipe. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. — Jack staff (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. — Jack timber (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. — Jack towel, a towel hung on a roller for common use. — Jack truss (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. — Jack tree. (Bot.) See 1st Jack, n. — Jack yard (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. Blue jack, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. — Hydraulic jack, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. — Jack-at-a-pinch. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. — Jack-at- all-trades, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. — Jack-by-the-hedge (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erysimum (E. alliaria, or Alliaria officinalis), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also in England, sauce-alone. Eng. Cyc. — Jack- in-a-box. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree (Hernandia sonora), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child’s toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; — called also compensating gearing. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. — Jack-in-office, an insolent fellow in authority. Wolcott. — Jack-in-the- bush (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit (Cordia Cylindrostachya). — Jack-in-the- green, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. — Jack-in-the- pulpit (Bot.), the American plant Arisaema triphyllum, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. — Jack-of-the- buttery (Bot.), the stonecrop (Sedum acre). — Jack-of-the-clock, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. — Jack-on-both-sides, one who is or tries to be neutral. — Jack-out-of-office, one who has been in office and is turned out. Shak. - - Jack the Giant Killer, the hero of a well- known nursery story. — Jack-with-a-lantern, Jack-o’-lantern. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o’-the-wisp. ´[Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o’-lanterns to the future historian.´ Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. — Yellow Jack (Naut.), the yellow fever; also the quarantine flag. See Yellow flag, under Flag.

Jack , n. [F. jaque, jacque, perh. from the proper name Jacques. Cf. Jacquerie.] A coarse and cheap mediaeval coat of defense, esp. one made of leather. “Their horsemen are with jacks for most part clad.” Sir J. Harrington.

Jack , n. [Named from its resemblance to a jack boot.] A pitcher or can of waxed leather; — called also black jack. [Obs.] Dryden.

Jack, v. i. To hunt game at night by means of a jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4, n.

Jack, v. t. To move or lift, as a house, by means of a jack or jacks. See 2d Jack, n., 5.

Jack•-a-dan´dy , n. A little dandy; a little, foppish, impertinent fellow.

Jack´al , n. [Pers. shaghal: cf. OF. jackal, F. chacal; cf. Skr. çr.gala.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of carnivorous animals inhabiting Africa and Asia, related to the dog and wolf. They are cowardly, nocturnal, and gregarious. They feed largely on carrion, and are noted for their piercing and dismal howling. The common species of Southern Asia (Canis aureus) is yellowish gray, varied with brown on the shoulders, haunches, and legs. The common African species (C. anthus) is darker in color. 2. One who does mean work for another’s advantage, as jackals were once thought to kill game which lions appropriated. [Colloq.] Ld. Lytton.

Jack´-a-lent , n. A small stuffed puppet to be pelted in Lent; hence, a simple fellow.

Jack´a•napes , n. [For Jack o’ (= of) apes; prop., a man who exhibits apes.] [Written also jackanape.] 1. A monkey; an ape. Shak. 2. A coxcomb; an impertinent or conceited fellow. “A young upstart jackanapes.” Arbuthnot.

Jack´ass , n. [2d jack + ass.] 1. The male ass; a donkey. 2. A conceited dolt; a perverse blockhead. Jackass bark (Naut.), a three-masted vessel, with only the foremast square-rigged; a barkentine. — Jackass deer (Zoöl.), the koba. — Jackass hare, Jackass rabbit (Zoöl.). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack, n. — Jackass penguin (Zoöl.), any species of penguin of the genus Spheniscus, of which several are known. One species (S. demersus) inhabits the islands near the Cape of Good Hope; another (S. Magellanicus) is found at the Falkland Islands. They make a noise like the braying of an ass; — hence the name. — Laughing jackass. (Zoöl.) See under Laughing.

Jack´daw , n. [Prob. 2d jack + daw, n.] (Zoöl.) See Daw, n.

Jack•een´ , n. A drunken, dissolute fellow. [Ireland] S. C. Hall.

Jack´et , n. [F. jaquette, dim. of jaque. See 3d Jack, n.] 1. A short upper garment, extending downward to the hips; a short coat without skirts. 2. An outer covering for anything, esp. a covering of some nonconducting material such as wood or felt, used to prevent radiation of heat, as from a steam boiler, cylinder, pipe, etc. 3. (Mil.) In ordnance, a strengthening band surrounding and reënforcing the tube in which the charge is fired. 4. A garment resembling a waistcoat lined with cork, to serve as a life preserver; — called also cork jacket. Blue jacket. (Naut.) See under Blue. — Steam jacket, a space filled with steam between an inner and an outer cylinder, or between a casing and a receptacle, as a kettle. — To dust one’s jacket, to give one a beating. [Colloq.]

Jack´et, v. t. 1. To put a jacket on; to furnish, as a boiler, with a jacket. 2. To thrash; to beat. [Low]

Jack´et•ed, a. Wearing, or furnished with, a jacket.

Jack´et•ing, n. The material of a jacket; as nonconducting jacketing.

Jack´ Ketch´ [Perh. fr. Jack, the proper name + Prov. E. ketch a hangman, fr. ketch, for catch to seize; but see the citations below.] A public executioner, or hangman. [Eng.] “The manor of Tyburn was formerly held by Richard Jaquett, where felons for a long time were executed; from whence we have Jack Ketch.” Lloyd’s MS., British Museum. “[Monmouth] then accosted John Ketch, the executioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble victims, and whose name has during a century and a half, been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his odious office.” Macaulay.

Jack´knife , n. A large, strong clasp knife for the pocket; a pocket knife.

Jack´man , n.; pl. Jackmen . 1. One wearing a jack; a horse soldier; a retainer. See 3d Jack, n. “Christie … the laird’s chief jackman.” Sir W. Scott. 2. A cream cheese. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Jack´-o’-lan•tern , n. See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack.

Jack´pud•ding , n. A merry- andrew; a buffoon. Milton.

Jack´saw , n. (Zoöl.) The merganser.

Jack´screw , n. A jack in which a screw is used for lifting, or exerting pressure. See Illust. of 2d Jack, n., 5.

Jack´slave , n. A low servant; a mean fellow. Shak.

Jack´smith , n. A smith who makes jacks. See 2d Jack, 4, c. Dryden.

Jack´snipe , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula); — called also judcock, jedcock, juddock, jed, and half snipe. (b) A small American sandpiper (Tringa maculata); — called also pectoral sandpiper, and grass snipe.

Jack´stay , n. (Naut.) A rail of wood or iron stretching along a yard of a vessel, to which the sails are fastened.

Jack´stone , n. (a) One of the pebbles or pieces used in the game of jackstones. (b) (pl.) A game played with five small stones or pieces of metal. See 6th Chuck.

Jack´straw , n. 1. An effigy stuffed with straw; a scarecrow; hence, a man without property or influence. Milton. 2. One of a set of straws of strips of ivory, bone, wood, etc., for playing a child’s game, the jackstraws being thrown confusedly together on a table, to be gathered up singly by a hooked instrument, without touching or disturbing the rest of the pile. See Spilikin.

Jack´wood , n. Wood of the jack (Artocarpus integrifolia), used in cabinetwork.

Ja´cob , n. [Cf. F. Jacob. See 2d Jack.] A Hebrew patriarch (son of Isaac, and ancestor of the Jews), who in a vision saw a ladder reaching up to heaven (Gen. xxviii. 12); — also called Israel. “And Jacob said … with my staff I passed over this Jordan, and now I am become two bands.” Gen. xxxii. 9, 10. “Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel.” Gen. xxxii. 28. Jacob’s ladder. (a) (Bot.) A perennial herb of the genus Polemonium (P. cœruleum), having corymbs of drooping flowers, usually blue. Gray. (b) (Naut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, for going aloft. R. H. Dana, Jr. (c) (Naut.) A succession of short cracks in a defective spar. — Jacob’s membrane. See Retina. — Jacob’s staff. (a) A name given to many forms of staff or weapon, especially in the Middle Ages; a pilgrim’s staff. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) (Surveying) See under Staff.

Jac•o•bae´an lil´y [See Jacobean.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Amaryllis, or Sprekelia, formosissima) from Mexico. It bears a single, large, deep, red, lilylike flower. [Written also Jacobean.] { Ja•co´be•an ( 277), Ja•co´bi•an } a. [From L. Jacobus James. See 2d Jack.] Of or pertaining to a style of architecture and decoration in the time of James the First, of England. ´A Jacobean table.´ C. L. Eastlake.

Jac´o•bin , n. [F. See 2d Jack, Jacobite.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A Dominican friar; — so named because, before the French Revolution, that order had a convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris. 2. One of a society of violent agitators in France, during the revolution of 1789, who held secret meetings in the Jacobin convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris, and concerted measures to control the proceedings of the National Assembly. Hence: A plotter against an existing government; a turbulent demagogue. 3. (Zoöl.) A fancy pigeon, in which the feathers of the neck form a hood, — whence the name. The wings and tail are long, and the beak moderately short.

Jac´o•bin, a. Same as Jacobinic.

Jac´o•bine , n. A Jacobin. { Jac•o•bin´ic , Jac•o•bin´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobins of France; revolutionary; of the nature of, or characterized by, Jacobinism. Burke. — Jac•o•bin´ic•al•ly, adv.

Jac´o•bin•ism , n. [Cf. F. Jacobinisme.] The principles of the Jacobins; violent and factious opposition to legitimate government. “Under this new stimulus, Burn’s previous Jacobitism passed towards the opposite, but not very distant, extreme of Jacobinism.” J. C. Shairp.

Jac´o•bin•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jacobinized p. pr. & vb. n. Jacobinizing ] [Cf. F. Jacobiniser.] To taint with, or convert to, Jacobinism. “France was not then jacobinized.” Burke.

Jac´o•bite , n. [L. Jacobus James: cf. F. Jacobite. See 2d Jack.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) A partisan or adherent of James the Second, after his abdication, or of his descendants, an opposer of the revolution in 1688 in favor of William and Mary. Macaulay. 2. (Eccl.) One of the sect of Syrian Monophysites. The sect is named after Jacob Baradaeus, its leader in the sixth century.

Jac´o•bite, a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobites. { Jac•o•bit´ic , Jac•o•bit´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobites; characterized by Jacobitism. — Jac•o•bit´ic•al•ly, adv.

Jac´o•bit•ism , n. The principles of the Jacobites. Mason.

Ja•co´bus , n.; pl. Jacobuses (#). [See Jacobite.] An English gold coin, of the value of twenty-five shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James I.

Jac´o•net , n. [F. jaconas.] A thin cotton fabric, between cambric and muslin, used for dresses, neckcloths, etc. [Written also jacconet.]

Jac•quard´ , a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Jacquard, a French mechanician, who died in 1834. Jacquard apparatus or arrangement, a device applied to looms for weaving figured goods, consisting of mechanism controlled by a chain of variously perforated cards, which cause the warp threads to be lifted in the proper succession for producing the required figure. — Jacquard card, one of the perforated cards of a Jacquard apparatus. — Jacquard loom, a loom with Jacquard apparatus.

Jacque´mi•not , n. A half- hardy, deep crimson rose of the remontant class; — so named after General Jacqueminot, of France.

Jacque•rie´ , n. [F.] The name given to a revolt of French peasants against the nobles in 1358, the leader assuming the contemptuous title, Jacques Bonhomme, given by the nobles to the peasantry. Hence, any revolt of peasants.

Jac´tan•cy (jak´tan•sy), n. [L. jactantia, fr. jactans, p. pr. of jactare to throw, boast, freq. fr. jacere to throw; cf. F. jactance.] A boasting; a bragging. [Obs.]

Jac•ta´tion (jak•ta´shun), n. [L. jactatio, fr. jactare: af. F. jactation. See Jactancy.] A throwing or tossing of the body; a shaking or agitation. Sir. W. Temple.

Jac´ti•ta´tion , n. [L. jactitare to utter in public, from jactare. See Jactancy.] 1. (Law) Vain boasting or assertions repeated to the prejudice of another’s right; false claim. Mozley & W. 2. (Med.) A frequent tossing or moving of the body; restlessness, as in delirium. Dunglison. Jactitation of marriage (Eng. Eccl. Law), a giving out or boasting by a party that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their matrimony may ensue. Blackstone.

Jac´u•la•ble , a. Fit for throwing. [Obs.]

Jac´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaculated p. pr. & vb. n. Jaculating.] [L. jaculatus, p. p. of jaculari. See Ejaculate.] To throw or cast, as a dart; to throw out; to emit.

Jac•u•la´tion , n. [L. jaculatio.] The act of tossing, throwing, or hurling, as spears. “Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire.” Milton.

Jac´u•la•tor , [L.] 1. One who throws or casts. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) The archer fish (Toxotes jaculator).

Jac´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. jaculatorius: cf. F. jaculatoire.] Darting or throwing out suddenly; also suddenly thrown out; uttered in short sentences; ejaculatory; as jaculatory prayers. Smart.

Jad´ding , n. (Mining) See Holing.

Jade , n. [F., fr. Sp. jade, fr. piedra de ijada stone of the side, fr. ijada flank, side, pain in the side, the stone being so named because it was supposed to cure this pain. Sp. ijada is derived fr. L. ilia flanks. Cf. Iliac.] (Min.) A stone, commonly of a pale to dark green color but sometimes whitish. It is very hard and compact, capable of fine polish, and is used for ornamental purposes and for implements, esp. in Eastern countries and among many early peoples. The general term jade includes nephrite, a compact variety of tremolite with a specific gravity of 3, and also the mineral jadeite, a silicate of alumina and soda, with a specific gravity of 3.3. The latter is the more highly prized and includes the feitsui of the Chinese. The name has also been given to other tough green minerals capable of similar use.

Jade, n. [OE. jade; cf. Prov. E. yaud, Scot. yade, yad, yaud, Icel. jalda a mare.] 1. A mean or tired horse; a worthless nag. Chaucer. “Tired as a jade in overloaden cart.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. A disreputable or vicious woman; a wench; a quean; also sometimes, a worthless man. Shak. “She shines the first of battered jades.” Swift. 3. A young woman; — generally so called in irony or slight contempt. “A souple jade she was and strang.” Burns.

Jade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jading.] 1. To treat like a jade; to spurn. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make ridiculous and contemptible. [Obs.] “I do now fool myself, to let imagination jade me.” Shak. 3. To exhaust by overdriving or long- continued labor of any kind; to tire or wear out by severe or tedious tasks; to harass. “The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, … checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after.” Locke. Syn. — To fatigue; tire; weary; harass. — To Jade, Fatigue, Tire, Weary. Fatigue is the generic term; tire denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; weary implies that a person is worn out by exertion; jade refers to the weariness created by a long and steady repetition of the same act or effort. A little exertion will tire a child or a weak person; a severe or protracted task wearies equally the body and the mind; the most powerful horse becomes jaded on a long journey by a continual straining of the same muscles. Wearied with labor of body or mind; tired of work, tired out by importunities; jaded by incessant attention to business.

Jade, v. i. To become weary; to lose spirit. “They … fail, and jade, and tire in the prosecution.” South.

Jade´ite , n. (Min.) See Jade, the stone.

Jad´er•y , n. The tricks of a jade.

Jad´ish, a. 1. Vicious; ill-tempered; resembling a jade; — applied to a horse. 2. Unchaste; — applied to a woman. L’Estrange.

Jae´ger , n. See Jager.

Jag , n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. gag aperture, cleft, chink; akin to Ir. & Gael. gag.] [Written also jagg.] 1. A notch; a cleft; a barb; a ragged or sharp protuberance; a denticulation. “Arethuss arose …
From rock and from jag.” Shelley. “Garments thus beset with long jags.” Holland. 2. A part broken off; a fragment. Bp. Hacket. 3. (Bot.) A cleft or division. Jag bolt, a bolt with a nicked or barbed shank which resists retraction, as when leaded into stone.

Jag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jagged p. pr. & vb. n. Jagging ] To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw; to notch. [Written also jagg.] Jagging iron, a wheel with a zigzag or jagged edge for cutting cakes or pastry into ornamental figures.

Jag, n. [Scot. jag, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. Cf. Jag a notch.] A small load, as of hay or grain in the straw, or of ore. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] [Written also jagg.] Forby.

Jag, v. t. To carry, as a load; as to jag hay, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] { Jag•a•nat´ha , Jag•a•nat´ha } n. See Juggernaut.

Ja´ger , n. [G. jäger a hunter, a sportsman. Cf. Yager.] [Written also jaeger.] 1. (Mil.) A sharpshooter. See Yager. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of gull of the genus Stercorarius. Three species occur on the Atlantic coast. The jagers pursue other species of gulls and force them to disgorge their prey. The two middle tail feathers are usually decidedly longer than the rest. Called also boatswain, and marline-spike bird. The name is also applied to the skua, or Arctic gull (Megalestris skua).

Jagg , v. t. & n. See Jag.

Jag´ged (jag´ged), a. Having jags; having rough, sharp notches, protuberances, or teeth; cleft; laciniate; divided; as jagged rocks. ´ Jagged vine leaves’ shade.´ Trench. — Jag´ged•ly, adv. — Jag´ged•ness, n.

Jag´ger (jag´ger), n. One who carries about a small load; a peddler. See 2d Jag. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Jag´ger, n. [From 4th Jag.] One who, or that which, jags; specifically: (a) jagging iron used for crimping pies, cakes, etc. (b) A toothed chisel. See Jag, v. t. Jagger spring, a spring beneath a seat, and resting on cleats or blocks in the body of a vehicle. Knight.

Jag´ger•y , n. [Hind jagri. Cf. Sugar.] Raw palm sugar, made in the East Indies by evaporating the fresh juice of several kinds of palm trees, but specifically that of the palmyra (Borassus flabelliformis). [Written also jagghery.]

Jag´gy , a. Having jags; set with teeth; notched; uneven; as jaggy teeth. Addison.

Ja´ghir , n. [Per. jagir.] A village or district the government and revenues of which are assigned to some person, usually in consideration of some service to be rendered, esp. the maintenance of troops. [Written also jaghire, jagir, etc.] [India] Whitworth.

Ja´ghir•dar , n. [Per. jagir-dar.] The holder of a jaghir.

Ja´gua palm [Sp. jagua the fruit of the jagua palm.] (Bot.) A great Brazilian palm (Maximiliana regia), having immense spathes which are used for baskets and tubs.

Ja•guar´ , n. [Braz. yagoára: cf. & Pg. jaguar.] (Zoöl.) A large and powerful feline animal (Felis onca), ranging from Texas and Mexico to Patagonia. It is usually brownish yellow, with large, dark, somewhat angular rings, each generally inclosing one or two dark spots. It is chiefly arboreal in its habits. Called also the American tiger.

Ja•gua•ron´di , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American wild cat (Felis jaguarondi), having a long, slim body and very short legs. Its color is grayish brown, varied with a blackish hue. It is arboreal in its habits and feeds mostly on birds.

Jah (jä), n. [Heb. yah.] Jehovah. Ps. lxviii. 4.

Jail , n. [OE. jaile, gail, gayhol, OF. gaole, gaiole, jaiole, F. geôle, LL. gabiola, dim. of gabia cage, for L. cavea cavity, cage. See Cage.] A kind of prison; a building for the confinement of persons held in lawful custody, especially for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding. [Written also gaol.] “This jail I count the house of liberty.” Milton. Jail bird, a prisoner; one who has been confined in prison. [Slang] — Jail delivery, the release of prisoners from jail, either legally or by violence. — Jail delivery commission. See under Gaol. — Jail fever (Med.), typhus fever, or a disease resembling it, generated in jails and other places crowded with people; — called also hospital fever, and ship fever. — Jail liberties, or Jail limits, a space or district around a jail within which an imprisoned debtor was on certain conditions, allowed to go at large. Abbott. — Jail lock, a peculiar form of padlock; — called also Scandinavian lock.

Jail, v. t. To imprison. [R.] T. Adams (1614). “[Bolts] that jail you from free life.” Tennyson.

Jail´er , n. [OE. jailer, gailer, OF. geolier, F. geôlier. See Jail.] The keeper of a jail or prison. [Written also jailor, gaoler.] {Jain , Jai´na } n. [Skr. Jaina, fr. Jina, a proper name, fr. jina victorious.] One of a numerous sect in British India, holding the tenets of Jainism.

Jain´ism , n. The heterodox Hindoo religion, of which the most striking features are the exaltation of saints or holy mortals, called jins, above the ordinary Hindoo gods, and the denial of the divine origin and infallibility of the Vedas. It is intermediate between Brahmanism and Buddhism, having some things in common with each.

Jai•rou´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The ahu or Asiatic gazelle.

Jak , n. (Bot.) see 1st Jack.

Jakes , n. [Prob. fr. F. Jacques, the proper name. See 2d Jack.] A privy. Shak.

Ja´kie , n. (Zoöl.) A South American striped frog (Pseudis paradoxa), remarkable for having a tadpole larger than the adult, and hence called also paradoxical frog.

Jak´o (jak´o), n. (Zoöl.) An African parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly kept as a cage bird; — called also gray parrot.

Jak´wood , n. See Jackwood.

Jal´ap , n. [F., fr. Sp. jalapa; — so called from Jalapa, a town in Mexico, whence it was first obtained.] (Med.) The tubers of the Mexican plant Ipomœa purga (or Exogonium purga), a climber much like the morning-glory. The abstract, extract, and powder, prepared from the tubers, are well known purgative medicines. Other species of Ipomœa yield several inferior kinds of jalap, as the I. Orizabensis, and I. tuberosa. False jalap, the root of Mirabilis Jalapa, four-o’clock, or marvel of Peru.

Ja•lap´ic , a. Of or pertaining to jalap.

Jal´a•pin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the stems of the jalap plant and scammony. It is a strong purgative.

Ja•lons´, n. pl. [F. Of unknown origin.] (Mil.) Long poles, topped with wisps of straw, used as landmarks and signals. Farrow.

Ja•lou•sie´, n. [F. See Jealousy.] A Venetian or slatted inside window blind.

Ja•lou•sied´ , a. Furnished with jalousies; as jalousied porches.

Jam , n. [Per. or Hind. jamah garment, robe.] A kind of frock for children.

Jam, n. (Mining) See Jamb.

Jam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jammed p. pr. & vb. n. Jamming.] [Either fr. jamb, as if squeezed between jambs, or more likely from the same source as champ See Champ.] 1. To press into a close or tight position; to crowd; to squeeze; to wedge in. “The … jammed in between two rocks.” De Foe. 2. To crush or bruise; as to jam a finger in the crack of a door. [Colloq.] 3. (Naut.) To bring (a vessel) so close to the wind that half her upper sails are laid aback. W. C. Russell.

Jam, n. 1. A mass of people or objects crowded together; also the pressure from a crowd; a crush; as a jam in a street; a jam of logs in a river. 2. An injury caused by jamming. [Colloq.]

Jam, n. [Prob. fr. jam, v.; but cf. also Ar. jamad ice, jelly, jamid congealed, jamd congelation, ice.] A preserve of fruit boiled with sugar and water; as raspberry jam; currant jam; grape jam. Jam nut. See Check nut, under Check. — Jam weld (Forging), a butt weld. See under Butt.

Jam•a•ci´na , n. [NL.] Jamaicine.

Jam´a•dar , n. Same as Jemidar.

Ja•mai´ca , n. One of the West India islands. Jamaica ginger, a variety of ginger, called also white ginger, prepared in Jamaica from the best roots, which are deprived of their epidermis and dried separately. — Jamaica pepper, allspice. — Jamaica rose (Bot.), a West Indian melastomaceous shrub (Blakea trinervis), with showy pink flowers.

Ja•mai´can , a. Of or pertaining to Jamaica. — n. A native or inhabitant of Jamaica.

Ja•ma´i•cine , n. [From Jamaica.] (Chem.) An alkaloid said to be contained in the bark of Geoffroya inermis, a leguminous tree growing in Jamaica and Surinam; — called also jamacina. Watts.

Jamb , n. [Prov. E. jaumb, jaum, F. jambe a leg, jambe de force a principal rafter. See Gambol.] 1. (Arch) The vertical side of any opening, as a door or fireplace; hence, less properly, any narrow vertical surface of wall, as the of a chimney-breast or of a pier, as distinguished from its face. Gwilt. 2. (Mining) Any thick mass of rock which prevents miners from following the lode or vein.

Jamb , v. t. See Jam, v. t.

Jam•bee´ , n. [See Jamb, n.: cf. OF. jamboier to walk.] A fashionable cane. [Obs.] Tatler. { Jambes , Jam´beux } n. pl. [From F. jambe a leg: cf. OF. jambiere. See Jamb, n.] (Ancient Armor) In the Middle Ages, armor for the legs below the knees. [Written also giambeux.] Chaucer.

Jam•bo•la´na , n. [Cf. Pg. jambolão a kind of tropical fruit.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous tree of the West Indies and tropical America (Calyptranthes Jambolana), with astringent bark, used for dyeing. It bears an edible fruit.

Jam´da•ni , n. A silk fabric, with a woven pattern of sprigs of flowers. [Written also jamdanee.] Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Ja´me•son•ite , n. [From Prof. Jameson, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) A steel-gray mineral, of metallic luster, commonly fibrous massive. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead, with a little iron.

James´’s pow•der (Med.) Antimonial powder, first prepared by Dr. James, an English physician; — called also fever powder.

James´town• weed (Bot.) The poisonous thorn apple or stramonium (Datura stramonium), a rank weed early noticed at Jamestown, Virginia. See Datura. This name is often corrupted into jimson, jimpson, and gympsum.

Jan (jan), n. [Ar.] (Moham. Myth.) One of an intermediate order between angels and men.

Jane (jan), n. [LL. Janua Genoa; L. Genua, also OE. Jean.] 1. A coin of Genoa; any small coin. Chaucer. 2. A kind of twilled cotton cloth. See Jean.

Jane´-of-apes´ , n. A silly, pert girl; — corresponding to jackanapes. Massinger.

Jan´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jangled p. pr. & vb. n. Jangling ] [OE. janglen to quarrel, OF. jangler to rail, quarrel; of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. jangelen, janken, to whimper, chide, brawl, quarrel.] 1. To sound harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune. 2. To talk idly; to prate; to babble; to chatter; to gossip. ´Thou janglest as a jay.´ Chaucer. 3. To quarrel in words; to altercate; to wrangle. “Good wits will be jangling; but, gentles, agree.” Shak. “Prussian Trenck … jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner.” Carlyle.

Jan´gle, v. t. To cause to sound harshly or inharmoniously; to produce discordant sounds with. “Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune, and harsh.” Shak.

Jan´gle, n. [Cf. OF. jangle.] 1. Idle talk; prate; chatter; babble. Chaucer. 2. Discordant sound; wrangling. “The musical jangle of sleigh bells.” Longfellow.

Jan´gler , n. [Cf. OF. jangleor.] 1. An idle talker; a babbler; a prater. Chaucer. 2. A wrangling, noisy fellow.

Jan´gler•ess, n. A female prater or babbler.

Jan´gler•y, n. [Cf. OF. janglerie chattering, talk.] Jangling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jan´gling , a. Producing discordant sounds. ´A jangling noise.´ Milton.

Jan´gling, n. 1. Idle babbling; vain disputation. “From which some, having swerved, have turned aside unto vain jangling.” 1 Tim. i. 6. 2. Wrangling; altercation. Lamb.

Jan´is•sa•ry , n. See Janizary.

Jan´i•tor , n. [L., fr. janua a door.] A door-keeper; a porter; one who has the care of a public building, or a building occupied for offices, suites of rooms, etc. { Jan´i•tress , Jan´i•trix } n. [L. janitrix. See Janitor.] A female janitor.

Jan´i•zar , n. A janizary. [R.] Byron.

Jan•i•za´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the janizaries, or their government. Burke.

Jan´i•za•ry , n.; pl. Janizaries (#). [F. janissaire, fr. Turk. yei-tsheri new soldiers or troops.] A soldier of a privileged military class, which formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, but was suppressed in 1826. [written also janissary.]

Jan´ker , n. A long pole on two wheels, used in hauling logs. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Jan´sen•ism , n. [F. Jansenisme.] (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of Jansen regarding free will and divine grace.

Jan´sen•ist, n. [F. Janseniste.] (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, in the 17th century, who taught certain doctrines denying free will and the possibility of resisting divine grace.

Jant , v. i. See Jaunt.

Jan´thi•na , n. (Zoöl.) See Ianthina.

Jan´ti•ly , adv. See Jauntily.

Jan´ti•ness, n. See Jauntiness.

Jan´tu n. A machine of great antiquity, used in Bengal for raising water to irrigate land. Knight.

Jan´ty , a. See Jaunty.

Jan´u•a•ry , n. [L. Januarius, fr. Janus an old Latin deity, the god of the sun and the year, to whom the month of January was sacred; cf. janua a door, Skr. ya to go.] The first month of the year, containing thirty-one days. Before the adoption of New Style, the commencement of the year was usually reckoned from March 25.

Ja´nus , n. [L. See January.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Latin deity represented with two faces looking in opposite directions. Numa is said to have dedicated to Janus the covered passage at Rome, near the Forum, which is usually called the Temple of Janus. This passage was open in war and closed in peace. Dr. W. Smith. Janus cloth, a fabric having both sides dressed, the sides being of different colors, — used for reversible garments.

Ja´nus-faced , a. Double- faced; deceitful. Janus-faced lock, one having duplicate faces so as to go upon a right or a left hand door, the key entering on either side indifferently. Knight.

Ja´nus-head•ed , a. Double- headed.

Ja•pan´ (ja•pan´), n. [From Japan, the country.] Work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner; also the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.

Ja•pan´, a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or to the lacquered work of that country; as Japan ware. Japan allspice (Bot.), a spiny shrub from Japan (Chimonanthus fragrans), related to the Carolina allspice. — Japan black (Chem.), a quickly drying black lacquer or varnish, consisting essentially of asphaltum dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, and used for coating ironwork; — called also Brunswick black, Japan lacquer, or simply Japan. — Japan camphor, ordinary camphor brought from China or Japan, as distinguished from the rare variety called borneol or Borneo camphor. — Japan clover, or Japan pea (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Lespedeza striata) from Eastern Asia, useful for fodder, first noticed in the Southern United States about 1860, but now become very common. During the Civil War it was called variously Yankee clover and Rebel clover. — Japan earth. See Catechu. — Japan ink, a kind of writing ink, of a deep, glossy black when dry. — Japan varnish, a varnish prepared from the milky juice of the Rhus vernix, a small Japanese tree related to the poison sumac.

Ja•pan´ (ja•pan´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Japanned (ja•pand´); p. pr. & vb. n. Japanning.] 1. To cover with a coat of hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese; to lacquer. 2. To give a glossy black to, as shoes. [R.] Gay.

Jap•a•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or its inhabitants.

Jap•a•nese´, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or inhabitant of Japan; collectively, the people of Japan. 2. sing. The language of the people of Japan.

Ja•panned´ , a. Treated, or coated, with varnish in the Japanese manner. Japanned leather, leather treated with coatings of Japan varnish, and dried in a stove. Knight.

Ja•pan´ner , n. 1. One who varnishes in the manner of the Japanese, or one skilled in the art. 2. A bootblack. [R.]

Ja•pan´ning , n. The art or act of varnishing in the Japanese manner.

Ja•pan´nish , a. After the manner of the Japanese; resembling japanned articles. Carlyle.

Jape , v. i. [Prob. from the same source as gab, influenced by F. japper to yelp. See Gab to deceive.] To jest; to play tricks; to jeer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jape, v. t. To mock; to trick. Chaucer. “I have not been putting a jape upon you.” Sir W. Scott. “The coy giggle of the young lady to whom he has imparted his latest merry jape.” W. Besant.

Jap´er , n. A jester; a buffoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jap´er•y , n. [Cf. OF. japerie a yelping.] Jesting; buffoonery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ja´pheth•ite , n. A Japhetite. Kitto.

Ja•phet´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; as Japhetic nations, the nations of Europe and Northern Asia; Japhetic languages.

Ja´phet•ite , n. A descendant of Japheth.

Ja•pon´i•ca , n. [NL., Japanese, fr. Japonia Japan.] (Bot.) A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name.

Jar (jär), n. [See Ajar.] A turn. [Only in phrase.] On the jar, on the turn, ajar, as a door.

Jar (jär), n. [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, from Ar. jarrah ewer; cf. Pers. jarrah.] 1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware or glass, for holding fruit, preserves, etc., or for ornamental purposes; as a jar of honey; a rose jar. Dryden. 2. The measure of what is contained in a jar; as a jar of oil; a jar of preserves. Bell jar, Leyden jar. See in the Vocabulary.

Jar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jarred p. pr. & vb. n. Jarring ] [Cf. OE. charken to creak, AS. cearcian to gnash, F. jars a gander, L. garrire to chatter, prate, OHG. kerran to chatter, croak, G. quarren to grumble, and E. jargon, ajar.] 1. To give forth a rudely quivering or tremulous sound; to sound harshly or discordantly; as the notes jarred on my ears. “When such strings jar, what hope of harmony ?” Shak. “A string may jar in the best master’s hand.” Roscommon. 2. To act in opposition or disagreement; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute. “When those renowned noble peers Greece
Through stubborn pride among themselves did jar.” Spenser. “For orders and degrees
Jar not with liberty, but well consist.” Milton.

Jar, v. t. 1. To cause a short, tremulous motion of, to cause to tremble, as by a sudden shock or blow; to shake; to shock; as to jar the earth; to jar one’s faith. 2. To tick; to beat; to mark or tell off. [Obs.] “My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar
Their watches on unto mine eyes.” Shak.

Jar, n. 1. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock; a shake; a harsh sound; a discord; as the jar of a train; the jar of harsh sounds. 2. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; slight disagreement. “And yet his peace is but continual jar.” Spenser. “Cease, cease these jars, and rest your minds in peace.” Shak. 3. A regular vibration, as of a pendulum. “I love thee not a jar of the clock.” Shak. 4. pl. In deep well boring, a device resembling two long chain links, for connecting a percussion drill to the rod or rope which works it, so that the drill is driven down by impact and is jerked loose when jammed.

Jar•a•ra´ca , n. [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.) A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots.

Jar´ble , v. t. To wet; to bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Jar•di•nière´ , n. [F., fem. of jardinier gardener. See Garden.] An ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, flowers, etc., used as a piece of decorative furniture in room.

Jards , n. [F. jarde, jardon.] (Far.) A callous tumor on the leg of a horse, below the hock.

Jar´gle , v. i. [Cf. OSw. jerga to repeat angrily, to brawl, Icel. jarg tedious iteration, F. jargonner to talk jargon. See Jargon gabble.] To emit a harsh or discordant sound. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Jar´gon , n. [F. jargon, OF. also gargon, perh. akin to E. garrulous, or gargle.] Confused, unintelligible language; gibberish; hence, an artificial idiom or dialect; cant language; slang. ´A barbarous jargon.´ Macaulay. ´All jargon of the schools.´ Prior. “The jargon which serves the traffickers.” Johnson.

Jar´gon (jär´gon), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jargoned (-gond); p. pr. & vb. n. Jargoning.] To utter jargon; to emit confused or unintelligible sounds; to talk unintelligibly, or in a harsh and noisy manner. “The noisy jay,
Jargoning like a foreigner at his food.” Longfellow.

Jar´gon, n. [E. jargon, It. jiargone; perh. fr. Pers. zargn gold-colored, fr. zar gold. Cf. Zircon.] (Min.) A variety of zircon. See Zircon.

Jar•go•nelle´ , n. [F. jargonelle a very gritty variety of pear. See Jargon zircon.] A variety of pear which ripens early.

Jar•gon´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the mineral jargon.

Jar´gon•ist , n. One addicted to jargon; one who uses cant or slang. Macaulay.

Jarl , n. [Icel., nobleman, chief. See Earl.] A chief; an earl; in English history, one of the leaders in the Danish and Norse invasions. Longfellow.

Jar´nut , n. [Of Scand. origin: cf. Dan. jordnöd.] (Bot.) An earthnut. Dr. Prior.

Ja•ro´site , n. [From Barranco Jaroso, in Spain.] (Min.) An ocher-yellow mineral occurring in minute rhombohedral crystals. It is a hydrous sulphate of iron and potash.

Jar´-owl , n. (Zoöl.) The goatsucker.

Jar´rah , n. The mahoganylike wood of the Australian Eucalyptus marginata. See Eucalyptus.

Jar´ring , a. [See Jar.] Shaking; disturbing; discordant. ´A jarring sound.´ Dryden.

Jar´ring n. 1. A shaking; a tremulous motion; as the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines. 2. Discord; a clashing of interests. ´Endless jarrings and immortal hate.´ Dryden.

Jar´ring•ly, adv. In a jarring or discordant manner. { Jar´vey , Jar´vy } , n. 1. The driver of a hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] Carlyle. 2. A hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] “The litter at the bottom of the jarvy.” T. Hook.

Ja´sey , n. A wig; — so called, perhaps, from being made of, or resembling, Jersey yarn. Thackeray.

Jas´hawk , n. [A corruption of eyas hawk.] (Zoöl.) A young hawk. Booth.

Jas´mine , n. [F. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, Ar. yasmin, Pers. yasmin; cf. It. gesmino, gelsomino. Cf. Jessamine.] (Bot.) A shrubby plant of the genus Jasminum, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. The J. officinale, common in the south of Europe, bears white flowers. The Arabian jasmine is J. Sambac, and, with J. angustifolia, comes from the East Indies. The yellow false jasmine in the Gelseminum sempervirens (see Gelsemium). Several other plants are called jasmine in the West Indies, as species of Calotropis and Faramea. [Written also jessamine.] Cape jasmine, or Cape jessamine, the Gardenia florida, a shrub with fragrant white flowers, a native of China, and hardy in the Southern United States.

Jasp , n. Jasper. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jas´pa•chate , n. [L. iaspachates, Gr. .] (Min.) Agate jasper. [Obs.]

Jas´per , n. [OE. jaspre, jaspe, OF. jaspre, jaspe, F. jaspe, L. iaspis, Gr. ; cf. Per. yashp, yashf, Ar. yashb, yasb, yasf, Heb. yashpheh. Cf. Diaper.] (Min.) An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a smooth surface. It admits of a high polish, and is used for vases, seals, snuff boxes, etc. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called striped or banded jasper. The Egyptian pebble is a brownish yellow jasper. Jasper opal, a yellow variety of opal resembling jasper. — Jasper ware, a delicate kind of earthenware invented by Josiah Wedgwood. It is usually white, but is capable of receiving color.

Jas´per•a•ted , a. mixed with jasper; containing particles of jasper; as jasperated agate.

Jas´per•ize , v. t. [Usually p. p. Jasperized .] To convert into, or make to resemble, jasper. “Polished specimens of jasperized and agatized woods.” Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Jas´per•y , a. Of the nature of jasper; mixed with jasper. { Jas•pid´e•an , Jas•pid´e•ous } a. [L. iaspideus. See Jasper.] Consisting of jasper, or containing jasper; jaspery; jasperlike.

Jas´pi•lite , n. [Jasper + -lite.] (Min.) A compact siliceous rock resembling jasper.

Jas´poid , a. [F. jaspoïde; jaspe jasper + Gr. form.] Resembling jasper. [R.]

Jasp•o´nyx , n. [L. iasponyx, Gr. . See Jasper, and Onyx.] (min.) An onyx, part or all of whose layers consist of jasper.

Ja•troph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to physic nuts, the seeds of plants of the genus Jatropha.

Jaunce , v. i. [OF. jancer. Cf. Jounce, Jaunt.] To ride hard; to jounce. [Obs.] “Spurr’d, galled and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke.” Shak.

Jaun´dice ( 277), n. [OE. jaunis, F. jaunisse, fr. jaune yellow, orig. jalne, fr. L. galbinus yellowish, fr. galbus yellow.] (Med.) A morbid condition, characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, whiteness of the faeces, constipation, uneasiness in the region of the stomach, loss of appetite, and general languor and lassitude. It is caused usually by obstruction of the biliary passages and consequent damming up, in the liver, of the bile, which is then absorbed into the blood. Blue jaundice. See Cyanopathy.

Jaun´dice , v. t. To affect with jaundice; to color by prejudice or envy; to prejudice. “The envy of wealth jaundiced his soul.” Ld. Lytton.

Jaun´diced , a. 1. Affected with jaundice. “Jaundiced eyes seem to see all objects yellow.” Bp. Hall. 2. Prejudiced; envious; as a jaundiced judgment.

Jaunt , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaunting.] [Cf. Scot. jaunder to ramble, jaunt to taunt, jeer, dial. Sw. ganta to play the buffoon, romp, jest; perh. akin to E. jump. Cf. Jaunce.] 1. To ramble here and there; to stroll; to make an excursion. 2. To ride on a jaunting car. Jaunting car, a kind of low-set open vehicle, used in Ireland, in which the passengers ride sidewise, sitting back to back. [Written also jaunty car.] Thackeray.

Jaunt, v. t. To jolt; to jounce. [Obs.] Bale.

Jaunt, n. 1. A wearisome journey. [R.] “Our Savior, meek, and with untroubled mind
After his aëry jaunt, though hurried sore.
Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest.” Milton. 2. A short excursion for pleasure or refreshment; a ramble; a short journey.

Jaun´ti•ly , adv. In a jaunty manner.

Jaun´ti•ness, n. The quality of being jaunty. “That jauntiness of air I was once master of.” Addison.

Jaun´ty , a. [Compar. Jauntier superl. Jauntiest.] [Formerly spelt janty, fr. F. gentil. See Gentle, and cf. Genty.] Airy; showy; finical; hence, characterized by an affected or fantastical manner.

Ja´va , n. 1. One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands. 2. Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java. Java cat (Zoöl.), the musang. — Java sparrow (Zoöl.), a species of finch (Padda oryzivora), native of Java, but very commonly kept as a cage bird; — called also ricebird, and paddy bird. In the male the upper parts are glaucous gray, the head and tail black, the under parts delicate rose, and the cheeks white. The bill is large and red. A white variety is also kept as a cage bird.

Jav•a•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Java, or to the people of Java. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Java.

Jav´el , n. A vagabond. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jave´lin , n. [F. javeline; akin to Sp. jabalina, It. giavelina, and F. javelot, OF. gavlot. Cf. Gavelock.] A sort of light spear, to be thrown or cast by the hand; anciently, a weapon of war used by horsemen and foot soldiers; now used chiefly in hunting the wild boar and other fierce game. “Flies the javelin swifter to its mark,
Launched by the vigor of a Roman arm?” Addison.

Jave´lin, v. t. To pierce with a javelin. [R.] Tennyson.

Jave•lin•ier´ , n. A soldier armed with a javelin. Holland.

Jaw , n. [A modification of chaw, formed under the influence of F. joue the cheek. See Chaw, Chew.] 1. (Anat.) (a) One of the bones, usually bearing teeth, which form the framework of the mouth. (b) Hence, also the bone itself with the teeth and covering. (c) In the plural, the mouth. 2. Fig.: Anything resembling the jaw of an animal in form or action; esp., pl., the mouth or way of entrance; as the jaws of a pass; the jaws of darkness; the jaws of death. Shak. 3. (Mach.) (a) A notch or opening. (b) A notched or forked part, adapted for holding an object in place; as the jaw of a railway-car pedestal. See Axle guard. (b) One of a pair of opposing parts which are movable towards or from each other, for grasping or crushing anything between them, as the jaws of a vise, or the jaws of a stone-crushing machine. 4. (Naut.) The inner end of a boom or gaff, hollowed in a half circle so as to move freely on a mast. 5. Impudent or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley. Jaw bit (Railroad), a bar across the jaws of a pedestal underneath an axle box. — Jaw breaker, a word difficult to pronounce. [Obs.] — Jaw rope (Naut.), a rope which holds the jaws of a gaff to the mast. — Jaw tooth, a molar or grinder; a back tooth.

Jaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jawed p. pr. & vb. n. Jawing.] To scold; to clamor. [Low] Smollett.

Jaw, v. t. To assail or abuse by scolding. [Low]

Jaw´bone , n. The bone of either jaw; a maxilla or a mandible.

Jawed (jad), a. Having jaws; - - chiefly in composition; as lantern-jawed. ´Jawed like a jetty.´ Skelton.

Jaw´-fall , n. Depression of the jaw; hence, depression of spirits. M. Griffith (1660).

Jaw´-fall•en , a. Dejected; chopfallen.

Jaw´foot , n. (Zoöl.) See Maxilliped.

Jaw´ing, n. Scolding; clamorous or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

Jawn , v. i. See Yawn. [Obs.] Marston.

Jaw´y , a. Relating to the jaws. Gayton.

Jay , n. [F. geai, OF. gai, jaj, perh. fr. OHG. gahi. Cf. Gay.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the numerous species of birds belonging to Garrulus, Cyanocitta, and allied genera. They are allied to the crows, but are smaller, more graceful in form, often handsomely colored, and usually have a crest. The European jay (Garrulus glandarius) is a large and handsomely colored species, having the body pale reddish brown, lighter beneath; tail and wing quills blackish; the primary coverts barred with bright blue and black; throat, tail coverts, and a large spot on the wings, white. Called also jay pie, Jenny jay, and kae. The common blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata.), and the related species, are brilliantly colored, and have a large erectile crest. The California jay (Aphelocoma Californica), the Florida jay (A. Floridana), and the green jay (Xanthoura luxuosa), of Texas and Mexico, are large, handsome, crested species. The Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis), and several allied species, are much plainer and have no crest. See Blue jay, and Whisky jack. Jay thrush (Zoöl.), any one several species of Asiatic singing birds, of the genera Garrulax, Grammatoptila, and related genera of the family Crateropodidae; as the white-throated jay thrush (G. albogularis), of India.

Jay´et , n. (Min.) See Jet. [Obs.]

Jay´hawk•er , n. A name given to a free-booting, unenlisted, armed man or guerrilla. [A term of opprobrium used in the war of 1861-65, U. S.]

Ja´zel , n. A gem of an azure color. [Obs.]

Jaz´er•ant , n. [OF. jacerant, jaseran, Sp. jacerina, cota jacerina, fr. jazarino Algerine, fr. Ar. jazair Algiers.] A coat of defense made of small plates of metal sewed upon linen or the like; also this kind of armor taken generally; as a coat of jazerant.

Jeal´ous , a. [OE. jalous, gelus, OF. jalous, F. jaloux, LL. zelosus zealous, fr. zelus emulation, zeal, jealousy, Gr. zh^los. See Zeal, and cf. Zealous.] 1. Zealous; solicitous; vigilant; anxiously watchful. “I have been very jealous for the Lord God of hosts.” Kings xix. 10. “How nicely jealous is every one of us of his own repute!” Dr. H. More. 2. Apprehensive; anxious; suspiciously watchful. “’This doing wrong creates such doubts as these,
Renders us jealous and disturbs our peace.” Waller. “The people are so jealous of the clergy’s ambition.” Swift. 3. Exacting exclusive devotion; intolerant of rivalry. “Thou shalt worship no other God; for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God.” Ex. xxxiv. 14. 4. Disposed to suspect rivalry in matters of interest and affection; apprehensive regarding the motives of possible rivals, or the fidelity of friends; distrustful; having morbid fear of rivalry in love or preference given to another; painfully suspicious of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. “If the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife.” Num. v. 14. “To both these sisters have I sworn my love:
Each jealous of the other, as the stung
Are of the adder.” Shak. “It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous.” Bacon. Syn. — Suspicious; anxious; envious. Jealous, Suspicious. Suspicious is the wider term. We suspect a person when we distrust his honesty and imagine he has some bad design. We are jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive us of what we dearly prize. Iago began by awakening the suspicions of Othello, and converted them at last into jealousy. ´Suspicion may be excited by some kind of accusation, not supported by evidence sufficient for conviction, but sufficient to trouble the repose of confidence.´ ´Jealousy is a painful apprehension of rivalship in cases that are peculiarly interesting to us.´ Cogan.

Jeal´ous•hood , n. Jealousy. [Obs.] Shak.

Jeal´ous•ly, adv. In a jealous manner.

Jeal´ous•ness, n. State or quality of being jealous.

Jeal´ous•y , n.; pl. Jealousies (#). [ F. jalousie. See Jealous, and cf. Jalousie.] The quality of being jealous; earnest concern or solicitude; painful apprehension of rivalship in cases nearly affecting one’s happiness; painful suspicion of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. “I was jealous for jealousy.” Zech. viii. 2. “Jealousy is the … apprehension of superiority.” Shenstone. “Whoever had qualities to alarm our jealousy, had excellence to deserve our fondness.” Rambler.

Jeames , n. [Corrup. of James.] A footman; a flunky. [Slang, Eng.] Thackeray.

Jean , n. [Prob. named from Genoa. See Jane.] A twilled cotton cloth. Satin jean, a kind of jean woven smooth and glossy, after the manner of satin.

Jears , n. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b).

Jeat , n. (Min.) See Jet. [Obs.]

Jed´ding ax , n. A stone mason’s tool, having a flat face and a pointed part. Knight.

Jee , v. t. & i. See Gee.

Jeel , n. [Hind. jhil.] A morass; a shallow lake. [Written also jhil.] [India] Whitworth.

Jeer , n. [Cf. Gear.] (Naut.) (a) A gear; a tackle. (b) pl. An assemblage or combination of tackles, for hoisting or lowering the lower yards of a ship. Jeer capstan (Naut.), an extra capstan usually placed between the foremast and mainmast.

Jeer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jeered p. pr. & vb. n. Jeering.] [Perh. a corrup. of cheer to salute with cheers, taken in an ironical sense; or more prob. fr. D. gekscheren to jeer, lit., to shear the fool; gek a fool (see 1st Geck) + scheren to shear. See Shear, v.] To utter sarcastic or scoffing reflections; to speak with mockery or derision; to use taunting language; to scoff; as to jeer at a speaker. “But when he saw her toy and gibe and jeer.” Spenser. Syn. — To sneer; scoff; flout; gibe; mock.

Jeer , v. t. To treat with scoffs or derision; to address with jeers; to taunt; to flout; to mock at. “And if we can not jeer them, we jeer ourselves.” B. Jonson.

Jeer, n. A railing remark or reflection; a scoff; a taunt; a biting jest; a flout; a jibe; mockery. “Midas exposed to all their jeers,
Had lost his art, and kept his ears.” Swift.

Jeer´er , n. A scoffer; a railer; a mocker.

Jeer´ing, a. Mocking; scoffing. — n. A mocking utterance. — Jeer´ing•ly, adv.

Jeers , n. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b).

Jef•fer•so´ni•a , n. [NL. Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Bot.) An American herb with a pretty, white, solitary blossom, and deeply two-cleft leaves (Jeffersonia diphylla); twinleaf.

Jef•fer•so´ni•an , a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, Thomas Jefferson or his policy or political doctrines. Lowell.

Jef´fer•son•ite , n. [Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Min.) A variety of pyroxene of olive-green color passing into brown. It contains zinc.

Jeg , n. (Mach.) See Jig, 6.

Je•ho´vah , n. [Heb. usually yehovah (with the vowel points of adonai Lord), sometimes (to avoid repetition) yehovih (with the vowel points of elohim God); but only the four Heb, consonants yhvh are conceded to be certainly known.] A Scripture name of the Supreme Being, by which he was revealed to the Jews as their covenant God or Sovereign of the theocracy; the ´ineffable name´ of the Supreme Being, which was not pronounced by the Jews.

Je•ho´vist , n. 1. One who maintains that the vowel points of the word Jehovah, in Hebrew, are the proper vowels of that word; — opposed to adonist. 2. The writer of the passages of the Old Testament, especially those of the Pentateuch, in which the Supreme Being is styled Jehovah. See Elohist. “The characteristic manner of the Jehovist differs from that of his predecessor [the Elohist]. He is fuller and freer in his descriptions; more reflective in his assignment of motives and causes; more artificial in mode of narration.” S. Davidson.

Je•ho•vis´tic , a. Relating to, or containing, Jehovah, as a name of God; — said of certain parts of the Old Testament, especially of the Pentateuch, in which Jehovah appears as the name of the Deity. See Elohistic.

Je´hu , n. [From Jehu, son of Nimshi. 2 Kings ix. 20.] A coachman; a driver; especially, one who drives furiously. [Colloq.]

Je•ju´nal , a. Pertaining to the jejunum.

Je•june´ , a. [L. jejunus fasting, hungry, dry, barren, scanty; of unknown origin.] 1. Lacking matter; empty; void of substance. 2. Void of interest; barren; meager; dry; as a jejune narrative. - Je•june´ly, adv. — Je•june´ness, n. Bacon.

Je•ju´ni•ty , n. The quality of being jejune; jejuneness.

Je•ju´num , n. [NL., fr. L. jejunus empty, dry.] (Anat.) The middle division of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum; — so called because usually found empty after death.

Jel´er•ang , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, handsome squirrel (Sciurus Javensis), native of Java and Southern Asia; — called also Java squirrel.

Jell , v. i. To jelly. [Colloq.]

Jel´lied , a. Brought to the state or consistence of jelly.

Jel´ly , n.; pl. Jellies (#). [ Formerly gelly, gely, F. gelee jelly, frost, fr. geler to freeze. L. gelare; akin to gelu frost. See Gelid.] 1. Anything brought to a gelatinous condition; a viscous, translucent substance in a condition between liquid and solid; a stiffened solution of gelatin, gum, or the like. 2. The juice of fruits or meats boiled with sugar to an elastic consistence; as currant jelly; calf’s- foot jelly. Jelly bag, a bag through which the material for jelly is strained. — Jelly mold, a mold for forming jelly in ornamental shapes. — Jelly plant (Bot.), Australian name of an edible seaweed (Eucheuma speciosum), from which an excellent jelly is made. J. Smith. — Jelly powder, an explosive, composed of nitroglycerin and collodion cotton; — so called from its resemblance to calf’s-foot jelly.

Jel´ly, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jellied p. pr. & vb. n. Jellying.] To become jelly; to come to the state or consistency of jelly.

Jel´ly•fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of the acalephs, esp. one of the larger species, having a jellylike appearance. See Medusa.

Jem´i•dar (jem´i•där•), n. [Per. & Hind. jama-dar.] The chief or leader of a band or body of persons; esp., in the native army of India, an officer of a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. [Written also jemadar, jamadar.]

Jem´lah goat (jem´la got•). (Zoöl.) The jharal.

Jem´mi•ness , n. Spruceness. [Slang, Eng.] Pegge (1814).

Jem´my , a. [Cf. Gim, and Gimp, a.] Spruce. [Slang, Eng.] Smart.

Jem´my, n. 1. A short crowbar. See Jimmy. 2. A baked sheep’s head. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Je•ni´quen , n. [Sp. jeniquen.] (Bot.) A Mexican name for the Sisal hemp (Agave rigida, var. Sisalana); also its fiber. [Written also heniequen.]

Je´nite , n. (Min.) See Yenite.

Jen´kins , n. A name of contempt for a flatterer of persons high in social or official life; as the Jenkins employed by a newspaper. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] G. W. Curtis.

Jen´net (jen´net), n. [F. genet, Sp. jinete, orig., a mounted soldier, Ar. zenata a tribe of Barbary celebrated for its cavalry.] A small Spanish horse; a genet.

Jen´net•ing, n. [Prob. fr. a dim. of Jean John, so named as becoming ripe about St. John’s day, June 24. F. Jean is fr. L. Johannes. See Zany.] A variety of early apple. See Juneating. [Written also geniting.]

Jen´ny , n.; pl. Jennies . 1. A familiar or pet form of the proper name Jane. 2. (Zoöl.) A familiar name of the European wren. Jenny ass (Zoöl.), a female ass.

Jen´ny, n. [A corruption of gin an engine; influenced by Jenny, the proper name. See Gin an engine, and cf. Ginny-carriage.] A machine for spinning a number of threads at once, — used in factories.

Jent´ling , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Leuciscus; the blue chub of the Danube.

Jeof´ail (jef´al), n. [F. j’ai failli I have failed.] (Law) An oversight in pleading, or the acknowledgment of a mistake or oversight. Blackstone.

Jeop´ard , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeoparded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeoparding.] [From Jeopardy.] To put in jeopardy; to expose to loss or injury; to imperil; to hazard. Sir T. North. “A people that jeoparded their lives unto the death.” Judg. v. 18. Syn. — To hazard; risk; imperil; endanger; expose.

Jeop´ard•er , n. One who puts in jeopardy. [R.]

Jeop´ard•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeopardized p. pr. & vb. n. Jeopardizing ] To expose to loss or injury; to risk; to jeopard. “That he should jeopardize his willful head
Only for spite at me.” H. Taylor.

Jeop´ard•ous , a. Perilous; hazardous. “His goodly, valiant, and jeopardous enterprise.” Fuller. — Jeop´ard•ous•ly, adv. Huloet.

Jeop´ard•y , n. [OE. jupartie, juperti, jeuparti, OF. jeu parti an even game, a game in which the chances are even; OF. jeu, ju, F. jeu (L. jocus jest) + F. partier to divide, L. partire to divide. See Joke, and Part.] Exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; danger. “There came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in jeopardy.” Luke viii. 23. “Look to thyself, thou art in jeopardy.” Shak. Syn. — Danger; peril; hazard; risk. See Danger.

Jeop´ard•y, v. t. To jeopardize. [R.] Thackeray.

Jer•bo´a , n. [Ar. yarb’.] (Zoöl.) Any small jumping rodent of the genus Dipus, esp. D. AEgyptius, which is common in Egypt and the adjacent countries. The jerboas have very long hind legs and a long tail. [Written also gerboa.] The name is also applied to other small jumping rodents, as the Pedetes Caffer, of the Cape of Good Hope. Jerboa kangaroo (Zoöl.), small Australian kangaroo (Bettongia penicillata), about the size of a common hare.

Jer•eed´ , n. [Ar. jerid. Cf. Djereed.] A blunt javelin used by the people of the Levant, especially in mock fights. [Written also jerreed, jerid.] Byron. { Jer•e•mi´ad , Jer•e•mi´ade }, n. [From Jeremiah, the prophet: cf. F. jeremiade.] A tale of sorrow, disappointment, or complaint; a doleful story; a dolorous tirade; — generally used satirically. “He has prolonged his complaint into an endless jeremiad.” Lamb.

Jer´fal•con , n. (Zoöl.) The gyrfalcon.

Jer´guer , n. See Jerquer.

Jer•id´ , n. Same as Jereed.

Jerk (jerk), v. t. [Corrupted from Peruv. charqui dried beef.] To cut into long slices or strips and dry in the sun; as to jerk beef. See Charqui.

Jerk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jerked (jerkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Jerking.] [Akin to yerk, and perh. also to yard a measure.] 1. To beat; to strike. [Obs.] Florio. 2. To give a quick and suddenly arrested thrust, push, pull, or twist, to; to yerk; as to jerk one with the elbow; to jerk a coat off. 3. To throw with a quick and suddenly arrested motion of the hand; as to jerk a stone.

Jerk, v. i. 1. To make a sudden motion; to move with a start, or by starts. Milton. 2. To flout with contempt.

Jerk, n. 1. A short, sudden pull, thrust, push, twitch, jolt, shake, or similar motion. “His jade gave him a jerk.” B. Jonson. 2. A sudden start or spring. “Lobsters … swim backwards by jerks or springs.” Grew.

Jerk´er , n. 1. A beater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. One who jerks or moves with a jerk. 3. (Zoöl.) A North American river chub (Hybopsis biguttatus).

Jer´kin , n. [Dim. of D. jurk a frock.] A jacket or short coat; a close waistcoat. Shak.

Jer´kin, n. (Zoöl.) A male gyrfalcon.

Jerk´ing , n. The act of pulling, pushing, or throwing, with a jerk. — Jerk´ing•ly, adv.

Jer´kin•head , n. (Arch.) The hipped part of a roof which is hipped only for a part of its height, leaving a truncated gable.

Jerk´y , a. Moving by jerks and starts; characterized by abrupt transitions; as a jerky vehicle; a jerky style.

Jer•moon´al , n. (Zoöl.) The Himalayan snow partridge.

Je•ron´y•mite , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One belonging of the mediaeval religious orders called Hermits of St. Jerome. [Written also Hieronymite.]

Jer•o•pig´i•a , n. See Geropigia.

Jer´quer , n. [Cf. F. chercher to search, E. search.] A customhouse officer who searches ships for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

Jer´quing , n. The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

Jer´quing , n. The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.]

Jer´ry-built , a. Built hastily and of bad materials; as jerry-built houses. [Colloq. Eng.]

Jer´sey , n.; pl. Jerseys (#). [From Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands.] 1. The finest of wool separated from the rest; combed wool; also fine yarn of wool. 2. A kind of knitted jacket; hence, in general, a closefitting jacket or upper garment made of an elastic fabric (as stockinet). 3. One of a breed of cattle in the Island of Jersey. Jerseys are noted for the richness of their milk.

Je•ru´sa•lem (je•ru´sa•lem), n. [Gr. ’Ieroysalh•m, fr. Heb. Yerushalaim.] The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus Christ. Jerusalem artichoke [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e., sunflower, or turnsole. See Gyre, Solar.] (Bot.) (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus), whose tubers are sometimes used as food. (b) One of the tubers themselves. — Jerusalem cherry (Bot.), the popular name of either of two species of Solanum (S. Pseudo- capsicum and S. capsicastrum), cultivated as ornamental house plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of cherries. — Jerusalem oak (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot (Chenopodium Botrys), common about houses and along roadsides. — Jerusalem sage (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family (Phlomis tuberosa). — Jerusalem thorn (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree (Parkinsonia aculeata), widely dispersed in warm countries, and used for hedges. — The New Jerusalem, Heaven; the Celestial City.

Jer´vine , n. [Prob. fr. Sp. yerba herb, OSp., the poison of the veratrum.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid resembling veratrine, and found with it in white hellebore (Veratrum album); — called also jervina.

Jess , n.; pl. Jesses (#). [OF. gies, giez, prop. pl. of giet, get, jet, F. jet, a throwing, jess. See Jet a shooting forth.] (falconry) A short strap of leather or silk secured round the leg of a hawk, to which the leash or line, wrapped round the falconer’s hand, was attached when used. See Illust. of Falcon. “Like a hawk, which feeling freed
From bells and jesses which did let her flight.” Spenser.

Jes´sa•mine , n. (Bot.) Same as Jasmine.

Jes´sant , a. (Her.) Springing up or emerging; — said of a plant or animal.

Jes´se , n. [LL. Jesse, the father of David, fr. Gr. , fr. Herb. Yishai.] Any representation or suggestion of the genealogy of Christ, in decorative art; as: (a) A genealogical tree represented in stained glass. (b) A candlestick with many branches, each of which bears the name of some one of the descendants of Jesse; — called also tree of Jesse. Jesse window (Arch.), a window of which the glazing and tracery represent the tree of Jesse.

Jessed , a. (Her.) Having jesses on, as a hawk.

Jest , n. [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perform; perh. orig., to make to come, bring, and perh. akin to E. come. Cf. Gest a deed, Register, n.] 1. A deed; an action; a gest. [Obs.] “The jests or actions of princes.” Sir T. Elyot. 2. A mask; a pageant; an interlude. [Obs.] Nares. “He promised us, in honor of our guest,
To grace our banquet with some pompous jest.” Kyd. 3. Something done or said in order to amuse; a joke; a witticism; a jocose or sportive remark or phrase. See Synonyms under Jest, v. i. “I must be sad … smile at no man’s jests.” Shak. “The Right Honorable gentleman is indebted to his memory for his jests, and to his imagination for his facts.” Sheridan. 4. The object of laughter or sport; a laughingstock. “Then let me be your jest; I deserve it.” Shak. In jest, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest. “And given in earnest what I begged in jest.” Shak. — Jest book, a book containing a collection of jests, jokes, and amusing anecdotes; a Joe Miller.

Jest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jested; p. pr. & vb. n. Jesting.] 1. To take part in a merrymaking; — especially, to act in a mask or interlude. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make merriment by words or actions; to joke; to make light of anything. “He jests at scars that never felt a wound.” Shak. Syn. — To joke; sport; rally. — To Jest, Joke. One jests in order to make others laugh; one jokes to please himself. A jest is usually at the expense of another, and is often ill-natured; a joke is a sportive sally designed to promote good humor without wounding the feelings of its object. ´Jests are, therefore, seldom harmless; jokes frequently allowable. The most serious subject may be degraded by being turned into a jest.´ Crabb.

Jest´er, n. [Cf. Gestour.] 1. A buffoon; a merry-andrew; a court fool. “This … was Yorick’s skull, the king’s jester.” Shak. “Dressed in the motley garb that jesters wear.” Longfellow. 2. A person addicted to jesting, or to indulgence in light and amusing talk. “He ambled up and down
With shallow jesters.” Shak.

Jest´ful , a. Given to jesting; full of jokes.

Jest´ing, a. Sportive; not serious; fit for jests. “He will find that these are no jesting matters.” Macaulay.

Jest´ing, n. The act or practice of making jests; joking; pleasantry. Eph. v. 4.

Jest´ing•ly, adv. In a jesting manner.

Jes´u•it , n. [F. Jesuite, Sp. Jesuita: cf. It. Gesuita.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) One of a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, and approved in 1540, under the title of The Society of Jesus. The order consists of Scholastics, the Professed, the Spiritual Coadjutors, and the Temporal Coadjutors or Lay Brothers. The Jesuit novice after two years becomes a Scholastic, and takes his first vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience simply. Some years after, at the close of a second novitiate, he takes his second vows and is ranked among the Coadjutors or Professed. The Professed are bound by a fourth vow, from which only the pope can dispense, requiring them to go wherever the pope may send them for missionary duty. The Coadjutors teach in the schools, and are employed in general missionary labors. The Society is governed by a General who holds office for life. He has associated with him ´Assistants´ (five at the present time), representing different provinces. The Society was first established in the United States in 1807. The Jesuits have displayed in their enterprises a high degree of zeal, learning, and skill, but, by their enemies, have been generally reputed to use art and intrigue in promoting or accomplishing their purposes, whence the words Jesuit, Jesuitical, and the like, have acquired an opprobrious sense. 2. Fig.: A crafty person; an intriguer. Jesuits’ bark, Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain species of Cinchona; — so called because its medicinal properties were first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries to South America. — Jesuits’ drops. See Friar’s balsam, under Friar. — Jesuits’ nut, the European water chestnut. — Jesuits’ powder, powdered cinchona bark. — Jesuits’ tea, a Chilian leguminous shrub, used as a tea and medicinally.

Jes´u•it•ed, a. Conforming to the principles of the Jesuits. Milton.

Jes´u•it•ess, n. [Cf. F. Jesuitesse.] (R. C. Hist.) One of an order of nuns established on the principles of the Jesuits, but suppressed by Pope Urban in 1633. { Jes•u•it´ic , Jes•u•it´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. jesuitique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Jesuits, or to their principles and methods. 2. Designing; cunning; deceitful; crafty; — an opprobrious use of the word. Dryden.

Jes•u•it´ic•al•ly, adv. In a jesuitical manner.

Jes´u•it•ism , n. [Cf. F. jesuitisme.] 1. The principles and practices of the Jesuits. 2. Cunning; deceit; deceptive practices to effect a purpose; subtle argument; — an opprobrious use of the word.

Jes•u•it•oc´ra•cy , n. [Jesuit + -cracy, as in aristocracy.] Government by Jesuits; also the whole body of Jesuits in a country. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Jes´u•it•ry , n. Jesuitism; subtle argument. [R.] Carlyle.

Je´sus (je´zus), n. [L. Jesus, Gr. , from Heb. Yeshua’; Yah Jehovah + hoshia’ to help.] The Savior; the name of the Son of God as announced by the angel to his parents; the personal name of Our Lord, in distinction from Christ, his official appellation. Luke i. 31. “Thou shalt call his name Jesus; for he shall save his people from their sins.” Matt. i. 21. The form Jesu is often used, esp. in the vocative. “Jesu, do thou my soul receive.” Keble. The Society of Jesus. See Jesuit.

Jet , n. Same as 2d Get. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jet, n. [OF. jet, jayet, F. jaïet, jais, L. gagates, fr. Gr. ; — so called from or , a town and river in Lycia.] [written also jeat, jayet.] (Min.) A variety of lignite, of a very compact texture and velvet black color, susceptible of a good polish, and often wrought into mourning jewelry, toys, buttons, etc. Formerly called also black amber. Jet ant (Zoöl.), a blackish European ant (Formica fuliginosa), which builds its nest of a paperlike material in the trunks of trees.

Jet, n. [F. jet, OF. get, giet, L. jactus a throwing, a throw, fr. jacere to throw. Cf. Abject, Ejaculate, Gist, Jess, Jut.] 1. A shooting forth; a spouting; a spurt; a sudden rush or gush, as of water from a pipe, or of flame from an orifice; also that which issues in a jet. 2. Drift; scope; range, as of an argument. [Obs.] 3. The sprue of a type, which is broken from it when the type is cold. Knight. Jet propeller (Naut.), a device for propelling vessels by means of a forcible jet of water ejected from the vessel, as by a centrifugal pump. — Jet pump, a device in which a small jet of steam, air, water, or other fluid, in rapid motion, lifts or otherwise moves, by its impulse, a larger quantity of the fluid with which it mingles.

Jet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jetted p. pr. & vb. n. Jetting.] [F. jeter, L. jactare, freq. fr. jacere to throw. See 3d Jet, and cf. Jut.] 1. To strut; to walk with a lofty or haughty gait; to be insolent; to obtrude. [Obs.] “ he jets under his advanced plumes!” Shak. “To jet upon a prince’s right.” Shak. 2. To jerk; to jolt; to be shaken. [Obs.] Wiseman. 3. To shoot forward or out; to project; to jut out.

Jet, v. t. To spout; to emit in a stream or jet. “A dozen angry models jetted steam.” Tennyson.

Jet´-black , a. Black as jet; deep black.

Jet• d’eau´ , pl. Jets d’eau . [F., a throw of water. See Jet a shooting forth.] A stream of water spouting from a fountain or pipe (especially from one arranged to throw water upward), in a public place or in a garden, for ornament.

Jet´e•rus , n. (Bot.) A yellowness of the parts of plants which are normally green; yellows. { Jet´sam , Jet´son } n. [F. jeter to throw: cf. OF. getaison a throwing. Cf. Flotsam, Jettison.] 1. (Mar. Law) Goods which sink when cast into the sea, and remain under water; — distinguished from flotsam, goods which float, and ligan, goods which are sunk attached to a buoy. 2. Jettison. See Jettison, 1.

Jet´teau (jet´to), n. See Jet d’eau. [R.] Addison.

Jet´tee (-te), n. See Jetty, n. Burke.

Jet´ter (-ter), n. One who struts; one who bears himself jauntily; a fop. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

Jet´ti•ness (-ti•nes). n. The state of being jetty; blackness. Pennant.

Jet´ti•son n. [See Jetsam.] 1. (Mar. Law) The throwing overboard of goods from necessity, in order to lighten a vessel in danger of wreck. 2. See Jetsam, 1.

Jet´ton , n. [F. jeton.] A metal counter used in playing cards.

Jet´ty , a. Made of jet, or like jet in color. “The people … are of a jetty.” Sir T. Browne.

Jet´ty, n.; pl. Jetties (#). [F. jetee a pier, a jetty, a causeway. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Jutty.] 1. (Arch.) A part of a building that jets or projects beyond the rest, and overhangs the wall below. 2. A wharf or pier extending from the shore. 3. (Hydraul. Engin.) A structure of wood or stone extended into the sea to influence the current or tide, or to protect a harbor; a mole; as the Eads system of jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Jetty head (Naut.), a projecting part at the end of a wharf; the front of a wharf whose side forms one of the cheeks of a dock.

Jet´ty, v. i. To jut out; to project. [Obs.] Florio.

Jeu´ d’es•prit´ [F., play of mind.] A witticism.

Jew , n. [OF. Juis, pl., F. Juif, L. Judaeus, Gr. , fr. the country of the Jews, Judea, fr. Heb. Yhdah Judah, son of Jacob. Cf. Judaic.] Originally, one belonging to the tribe or kingdom of Judah; after the return from the Babylonish captivity, any member of the new state; a Hebrew; an Israelite. Jew’s frankincense, gum styrax, or benzoin. — Jew’s mallow (Bot.), an annual herb (Corchorus olitorius) cultivated in Syria and Egypt as a pot herb, and in India for its fiber. — Jew’s pitch, asphaltum; bitumen. — The Wandering Jew, an imaginary personage, who, for his cruelty to the Savior during his passion, is doomed to wander on the earth till Christ’s second coming.

Jew´bush , n. (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous shrub of the genus Pedilanthus (P. tithymaloides), found in the West Indies, and possessing powerful emetic and drastic qualities.

Jew´el (ju´el or ju´el), n. [OE. juel, jowel, OF. jouel, juel, joiel, F. joyau, dim. of OF. joie joy, jewel, F. joie joy. See Joy.] 1. An ornament of dress usually made of a precious metal, and having enamel or precious stones as a part of its design. “Plate of rare device, and jewels
Of rich and exquisite form.” Shak. 2. A precious stone; a gem. Shak. 3. An object regarded with special affection; a precious thing. ´Our prince (jewel of children).´ Shak. 4. A bearing for a pivot a pivot in a watch, formed of a crystal or precious stone, as a ruby. Jewel block (Naut.), block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

Jew´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeweled , or Jewelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeweling, or Jewelling.] To dress, adorn, deck, or supply with jewels, as a dress, a sword hilt, or a watch; to bespangle, as with jewels. “The long gray tufts … are jeweled thick with dew.” M. Arnold.

Jew´el•er , n. [Cf. F. joaillier.] One who makes, or deals in, jewels, precious stones, and similar ornaments. [Written also jeweller.] Jeweler’s gold. See under Gold.

Jew´el•ler•y , n. See Jewelry. Burke.

Jew´el•ry , n. [Cf. F. joaillerie.] 1. The art or trade of a jeweler. Cotgrave. 2. Jewels, collectively; as a bride’s jewelry.

Jew´el•weed , n. (Bot.) See Impatiens.

Jew´ess, n., fem. of Jew. A Hebrew woman.

Jew´fish , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A very large serranoid fish (Promicrops itaiara) of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. It often reaches the weight of five hundred pounds. Its color is olivaceous or yellowish, with numerous brown spots. Called also guasa, and warsaw. 2. A similar gigantic fish (Stereolepis gigas) of Southern California, valued as a food fish. 3. The black grouper of Florida and Texas. 4. A large herringlike fish; the tarpum.

Jew•ise´ , n. Same as Juise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jew´ish , a. Of or pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews; characteristic of or resembling the Jews or their customs; Israelitish. — Jew´ish•ly, adv. — Jew´ish•ness, n.

Jew´ry , n. [OE. Jewerie, OF. Juierie, F. Juiverie.] Judea; also a district inhabited by Jews; a Jews’ quarter. Chaucer. “Teaching throughout all Jewry.” Luke xxiii. 5.

Jew’s´-ear , n. (Bot.) A species of fungus (Hirneola Auricula-Judae, or Auricula), bearing some resemblance to the human ear.

Jew’s-harp , n. [Jew + harp; or possibly a corrupt. of jaw’s harp; cf. G. maultrommel, lit., mouthdrum.] 1. An instrument of music, which, when placed between the teeth, gives, by means of a bent metal tongue struck by the finger, a sound which is modulated by the breath; — called also Jew’s-trump. 2. (Naut.) The shackle for joining a chain cable to an anchor. { Jew’s-stone• , Jew´stone• }, n. (Paleon.) A large clavate spine of a fossil sea urchin.

Jez´e•bel , n. [From Jezebel, Heb. Izebel, the wife of Ahab king of Israel.] A bold, vicious woman; a termagant. Spectator.

Jha´ral , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A wild goat (Capra Jemlaica) which inhabits the loftiest mountains of India. It has long, coarse hair, forming a thick mane on its head and neck.

Jib , n. [Named from its shifting from side to side. See Jib, v. i.., Jibe.] 1. (Naut.) A triangular sail set upon a stay or halyard extending from the foremast or fore-topmast to the bowsprit or the jib boom. Large vessels often carry several jibs; as inner jib; outer jib; flying jib; etc. 2. (Mach.) The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended. Jib boom (Naut.), a spar or boom which serves as an extension of the bowsprit. It is sometimes extended by another spar called the flying jib boom. [Written also gib boom.] — Jib crane (Mach.), a crane having a horizontal jib on which a trolley moves, bearing the load. — Jib door (Arch.), a door made flush with the wall, without dressings or moldings; a disguised door. — Jib header (Naut.), a gaff-topsail, shaped like a jib; a jib-headed topsail. — Jib topsail (Naut.), a small jib set above and outside of all the other jibs. — The cut of one’s jib, one’s outward appearance. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Jib , v. i. [Connected with jibe; cf. OF. giber to shake.] To move restively backward or sidewise, — said of a horse; to balk. [Written also jibb.] [Eng.]

Jib´ber , n. A horse that jibs. [Eng.]

Jibe (jib), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jibed (jibd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jibing (jib´ing).] [Cf. Dan. gibbe, D. gijpen, v. i., and dial. Sw. gippa to jerk. Cf. Jib, n. & v. i.] (Naut.) To shift, as the boom of a fore-and-aft sail, from one side of a vessel to the other when the wind is aft or on the quarter. See Gybe.

Jibe, v. i. 1. (Naut.) To change a ship’s course so as to cause a shifting of the boom. See Jibe, v. t., and Gybe. 2. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq.] Bartlett.

Jif´fy , n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. gliff.] [Written also giffy.] A moment; an instant; as I will be ready in a jiffy. [Colloq.] J. & H. Smith.

Jig , n. [OF. gigue a stringed instrument, a kind of dance, F. gigue dance, tune, gig; of German origin; cf. MHG. gige fiddle, G. geige. Cf. Gig a fiddle, Gig a whirligig.] 1. (Mus.) A light, brisk musical movement. “Hot and hasty, like a Scotch jig.” Shak. 3. A light, humorous piece of writing, esp. in rhyme; a farce in verse; a ballad. [Obs.] “A jig shall be clapped at, and every rhyme
Praised and applauded.” Beau. & Fl. 4. A piece of sport; a trick; a prank. [Obs.] “Is’t not a fine jig,
A precious cunning, in the late Protector?” Beau. & Fl. 5. A trolling bait, consisting of a bright spoon and a hook attached. 6. (Mach.) (a) A small machine or handy tool; esp.: (Metal Working) A contrivance fastened to or inclosing a piece of work, and having hard steel surfaces to guide a tool, as a drill, or to form a shield or templet to work to, as in filing. (b) (Mining) An apparatus or a machine for jigging ore. Drill jig, a jig for guiding a drill. See Jig, 6 (a). — Jig drilling, Jig filing (Metal Working), a process of drilling or filing in which the action of the tool is directed or limited by a jig. — Jig saw, a sawing machine with a narrow, vertically reciprocating saw, used to cut curved and irregular lines, or ornamental patterns in openwork, a scroll saw; — called also gig saw.

Jig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jigged p. pr. & vb. n. Jigging ] 1. To sing to the tune of a jig. “Jig off a tune at the tongue’s end.” Shak. 2. To trick or cheat; to cajole; to delude. Ford. 3. (Mining) To sort or separate, as ore in a jigger or sieve. See Jigging, n. 4. (Metal Working) To cut or form, as a piece of metal, in a jigging machine.

Jig, v. i. To dance a jig; to skip about. “You jig, you amble, and you lisp.” Shak.

Jig´ger , n. [A corrupt. of chigre.] (Zoöl.) A species of flea (Sarcopsylla, or Pulex, penetrans), which burrows beneath the skin. See Chigoe.

Jig´ger, n. [See Jig, n. & v.] 1. One who, or that which, jigs; specifically, a miner who sorts or cleans ore by the process of jigging; also the sieve used in jigging. 2. (Pottery) (a) A horizontal table carrying a revolving mold, on which earthen vessels are shaped by rapid motion; a potter’s wheel. (b) A templet or tool by which vessels are shaped on a potter’s wheel. 3. (Naut.) (a) A light tackle, consisting of a double and single block and the fall, used for various purposes, as to increase the purchase on a topsail sheet in hauling it home; the watch tackle. Totten. (b) A small fishing vessel, rigged like a yawl. [New Eng.] (c) A supplementary sail. See Dandy, n., 2 (b). 4. A pendulum rolling machine for slicking or graining leather; same as Jack, 4 (i). Jigger mast. (Naut.) (a) The after mast of a four-masted vessel. (b) The small mast set at the stern of a yawl-rigged boat.

Jig´ging , n. (Mining) The act or using a jig; the act of separating ore with a jigger, or wire-bottomed sieve, which is moved up and down in water. Jigging machine. (a) (Mining) A machine for separating ore by the process of jigging. (b) (Metal Working) A machine with a rotary milling cutter and a templet by which the action of the cutter is guided or limited; — used for forming the profile of an irregularly shaped piece; a profiling machine.

Jig´gish , a. 1. Resembling, or suitable for, a jig, or lively movement. Tatler. 2. Playful; frisky. [R.] “She is never sad, and yet not jiggish.” Habington.

Jig´gle , v. i. [Freq. of jig.] To wriggle or frisk about; to move awkwardly; to shake up and down.

Jig´jog , n. A jolting motion; a jogging pace.

Jig´jog, a. Having a jolting motion.

Jill , n. [See Gill sweetheart.] A young woman; a sweetheart. See Gill. Beau. & Fl.

Jill´-flirt , n. A light, giddy, or wanton girl or woman. See Gill-flirt.

Jilt , n. [Contr. fr. Scot. jillet a giddy girl, a jill-flirt, dim. of jill a jill.] A woman who capriciously deceives her lover; a coquette; a flirt. Otway.

Jilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jilting.] To cast off capriciously or unfeelingly, as a lover; to deceive in love. Locke.

Jilt, v. i. To play the jilt; to practice deception in love; to discard lovers capriciously. Congreve.

Jim´crack , n. See Gimcrack.

Jim´-crow , n. (Mach.) 1. A machine for bending or straightening rails. 2. A planing machine with a reversing tool, to plane both ways.

Jim´my , n.; pl. Jimmies (#). [Cf. Jemmy.] A short crowbar used by burglars in breaking open doors. [Written also jemmy.]

Jimp , a. [Cf. Gimp, a.] Neat; handsome; elegant. See Gimp.

Jim´son weed See Jamestown weed. [Local, U.S.] { Jin , Jinn }, n. See Jinnee. ´Solomon is said to have had power over the jin.´ Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Jin•gal´ , n. [Hind. jangal a swivel, a large musket.] A small portable piece of ordnance, mounted on a swivel. [Written also gingal and jingall.] [India]

Jin´gle , v. i. [OE. gingelen, ginglen; prob. akin to E. chink; cf. also E. jangle.] 1. To sound with a fine, sharp, rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound; as sleigh bells jingle. [Written also gingle.] 2. To rhyme or sound with a jingling effect. ´Jingling street ballads.´ Macaulay.

Jin´gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jingled p. pr. & vb. n. Jingling ] To cause to give a sharp metallic sound as a little bell, or as coins shaken together; to tinkle. “The bells she jingled, and the whistle blew.” Pope.

Jin´gle, n. 1. A rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound, as of little bells or pieces of metal. 2. That which makes a jingling sound, as a rattle. “If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles and jingles, but use them justly.” Bacon. 3. A correspondence of sound in rhymes, especially when the verse has little merit; hence, the verse itself.´ The least jingle of verse.´ Guardian. Jingle shell. See Gold shell (b), under Gold.

Jin´gler , n. One who, or that which, jingles.

Jin´gling , n. The act or process of producing a jingle; also the sound itself; a chink. ´The jingling of the guinea.´ Tennyson.

Jin´gling•ly, adv. So as to jingle. Lowell.

Jin´go , n.; pl. Jingoes (#). [Said to be a corruption of St. Gingoulph.] 1. A word used as a jocular oath. ´By the living jingo.´ Goldsmith. 2. A statesman who pursues, or who favors, aggressive, domineering policy in foreign affairs. [Cant, Eng.] This sense arose from a doggerel song which was popular during the Turco-Russian war of 1877 and 1878. The first two lines were as follows: — “We don’t want to fight, but by Jingo if we do,
We ’ve got the ships, we ’ve got the men, we ’ve got the money too.”

Jin´go•ism , n. The policy of the Jingoes, so called. See Jingo, 2. [Cant, Eng.]

Jin´nee (jin´ne), n.; pl. Jinn (jin). [Ar.] (Arabian & Mohammedan Myth.) A genius or demon; one of the fabled genii, good and evil spirits, supposed to be the children of fire, and to have the power of assuming various forms. [Written also jin, djinnee, etc.] Jinn is also used as sing., with pl. jinns .

Jin´ny road [Cf. Gin an engine, Ginnycarriage.] (Mining) An inclined road in a coal mine, on which loaded cars descend by gravity, drawing up empty ones. Knight.

Jin•rik´i•sha , n. [Jap. jin man + riki power + sha carriage.] A small, two- wheeled, hooded vehicle drawn by one or more men. [Japan]

Jip´po (jip´po), n. [Abbrev. fr. juppon.] A waistcoat or kind of stays for women.

Jo , n.; pl. Joes (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] A sweetheart; a darling. [Scot.] Burns.

Job (job), n. [Prov. E. job, gob, n., a small piece of wood, v., to stab, strike; cf. E. gob, gobbet; perh. influenced by E. chop to cut off, to mince. See Gob.] 1. A sudden thrust or stab; a jab. 2. A piece of chance or occasional work; any definite work undertaken in gross for a fixed price; as he did the job for a thousand dollars. 3. A public transaction done for private profit; something performed ostensibly as a part of official duty, but really for private gain; a corrupt official business. 4. Any affair or event which affects one, whether fortunately or unfortunately. [Colloq.] 5. A situation or opportunity of work; as he lost his job. [Colloq.] Job is used adjectively to signify doing jobs, used for jobs, or let on hire to do jobs; as job printer; job master; job horse; job wagon, etc. By the job, at a stipulated sum for the work, or for each piece of work done; — distinguished from time work; as the house was built by the job. — Job lot, a quantity of goods, usually miscellaneous, sold out of the regular course of trade, at a certain price for the whole; as these articles were included in a job lot. — Job master, one who lest out horses and carriages for hire, as for family use. [Eng.] — Job printer, one who does miscellaneous printing, esp. circulars, cards, billheads, etc. — Odd job, miscellaneous work of a petty kind; occasional work, of various kinds, or for various people.

Job (job), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jobbed (jobd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jobbing.] 1. To strike or stab with a pointed instrument. L’Estrange. 2. To thrust in, as a pointed instrument. Moxon. 3. To do or cause to be done by separate portions or lots; to sublet (work); as to job a contract. 4. (Com.) To buy and sell, as a broker; to purchase of importers or manufacturers for the purpose of selling to retailers; as to job goods. 5. To hire or let by the job or for a period of service; as to job a carriage. Thackeray.

Job, v. i. 1. To do chance work for hire; to work by the piece; to do petty work. “Authors of all work, to job for the season.” Moore. 2. To seek private gain under pretense of public service; to turn public matters to private advantage. “And judges job, and bishops bite the town.” Pope. 3. To carry on the business of a jobber in merchandise or stocks.

Job (job), n. The hero of the book of that name in the Old Testament; the typical patient man. Job’s comforter. (a) A false friend; a tactless or malicious person who, under pretense of sympathy, insinuates rebukes. (b) A boil. [Colloq.] — Job’s news, bad news. Carlyle. — Job’s tears (Bot.), a kind of grass (Coix Lacryma), with hard, shining, pearly grains.

Jo•ba´tion , n. [Prov. E. job to scold, to reprove, perh. fr. Job, the proper name.] A scolding; a hand, tedious reproof. [Low] Grose.

Job´ber , n. 1. One who works by the job. 2. A dealer in the public stocks or funds; a stockjobber. [Eng.] 3. One who buys goods from importers, wholesalers, or manufacturers, and sells to retailers. 4. One who turns official or public business to private advantage; hence, one who performs low or mercenary work in office, politics, or intrigue.

Job´ber•nowl , n. [OE. jobbernoule, fr. jobarde a stupid fellow; cf. E. noll.] A blockhead. [Colloq. & Obs.] H. Taylor.

Job´ber•y , n. 1. The act or practice of jobbing. 2. Underhand management; official corruption; as municipal jobbery. Mayhew.

Job´bing , a. 1. Doing chance work or odd jobs; as a jobbing carpenter. 2. Using opportunities of public service for private gain; as a jobbing politician. London Sat. Rev. Jobbing house, a mercantile establishment which buys from importers, wholesalers or manufacturers, and sells to retailers. [U.S.]

Jo´cant•ry , n. [L. jocans, p. pr. of jocare to jest, fr. jocus a jest.] The act or practice of jesting. [Obs.]

Jock´ey , n.; pl. Jockeys (#). [Dim. of Jack, Scot. Jock; orig., a boy who rides horses. See 2d Jack.] 1. A professional rider of horses in races. Addison. 2. A dealer in horses; a horse trader. Macaulay. 3. A cheat; one given to sharp practice in trade.

Jock´ey, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jockeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Jockeying.] 1. ´ To jostle by riding against one.´ Johnson. 2. To play the jockey toward; to cheat; to trick; to impose upon in trade; as to jockey a customer.

Jock´ey, v. i. To play or act the jockey; to cheat.

Jock´ey•ing , n. The act or management of one who jockeys; trickery. Beaconsfield.

Jock´ey•ism , n. The practice of jockeys.

Jock´ey•ship, n. The art, character, or position, of a jockey; the personality of a jockey. “Go flatter Sawney for his jockeyship.” Chatterton. “Where can at last his jockeyship retire?” Cowper.

Jo•cose´ , a. [L jocosus, fr. jocus joke. See Joke.] Given to jokes and jesting; containing a joke, or abounding in jokes; merry; sportive; humorous. “To quit their austerity and be jocose and pleasant with an adversary.” Shaftesbury. “All … jocose or comical airs should be excluded.” I. Watts. Syn. — Jocular; facetious; witty; merry; pleasant; waggish; sportive; funny; comical. — Jo•cose´ly, adv. — Jo•cose´ness, n. “Spondanus imagines that Ulysses may possibly speak jocosely, but in truth Ulysses never behaves with levity.” Broome. “He must beware lest his letter should contain anything like jocoseness; since jesting is incompatible with a holy and serious life.” Buckle.

Jo•co•se´ri•ous , a. [Jocose + serious.] Mingling mirth and seriousness. M. Green.

Jo•cos´i•ty , n. A jocose act or saying; jocoseness. Sir T. Browne.

Joc´u•lar , a. [L. jocularis, fr. joculus, dim. of jocus joke. See Joke.] 1. Given to jesting; jocose; as a jocular person. 2. Sportive; merry. ´Jocular exploits.´ Cowper. “The style is serious and partly jocular.” Dryden.

Joc•u•lar´i•ty , n. Jesting; merriment.

Joc´u•lar•ly , adv. In jest; for sport or mirth; jocosely.

Joc´u•la•ry , a. [L. jocularius. Cf. Jocular.] Jocular; jocose; sportive. Bacon.

Joc´u•la•tor , n. [L. See Juggler.] A jester; a joker. [Obs.] Strutt.

Joc´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. joculatorius.] Droll; sportive. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Joc´und , [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., helpful, fr. juvare to help. See Aid.] Merry; cheerful; gay; airy; lively; sportive. “Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops.” Shak. “Rural sports and jocund strains.” Prior. — Joc´und•ly (#), adv. — Joc´und•ness, n.

Joc´und, adv. Merrily; cheerfully. Gray.

Jo•cun´di•ty , n. [L. jocunditas jucunditas. See Jocund, and cf. Jucundity.] The state or quality of being jocund; gayety; sportiveness.

Joe , n. See Johannes.

Joe´ Mil´ler [From Joseph Miller, a comic actor, whose name was attached, after his death, to a popular jest book published in 1739.] A jest book; a stale jest; a worn-out joke. [Colloq.] “It is an old Joe Miller in whist circles, that there are only two reasons that can justify you in not returning trumps to your partner’s lead; i. e., first, sudden illness; secondly, having none.” Pole.

Joe•-Pye´ weed (Bot.) A tall composite plant of the genus Eupatorium (E. purpureum), with purplish flowers, and whorled leaves.

Jog (jog), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jogged (jogd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jogging (-ging).] [OE. joggen; cf. W. gogi to shake, and also E. shog, shock, v.] 1. To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to jostle; esp., to push or touch, in order to give notice, to excite one’s attention, or to warn. “Now leaps he upright, jogs me, and cries: Do you see
Yonder well-favored youth?” Donne. “Sudden I jogged Ulysses, who was laid
Fast by my side.” Pope. 2. To suggest to; to notify; to remind; to call the attention of; as to jog the memory. 3. To cause to jog; to drive at a jog, as a horse. See Jog, v. i.

Jog, v. i. To move by jogs or small shocks, like those of a slow trot; to move slowly, leisurely, or monotonously; — usually with on, sometimes with over. “Jog on, jog on, the footpath way.” Shak. “So hung his destiny, never to rot,
While he might still jog on and keep his trot.” Milton. “The good old ways our sires jogged safely over.” R. Browning.

Jog, n. 1. A slight shake; a shake or push intended to give notice or awaken attention; a push; a jolt. “To give them by turns an invisible jog.” Swift. 2. A rub; a slight stop; an obstruction; hence, an irregularity in motion of from; a hitch; a break in the direction of a line or the surface of a plane. Glanvill. Jog trot, a slow, regular, jolting gait; hence, a routine habit or method, persistently adhered to. T. Hook.

Jog´ger , n. One who jogs. Dryden.

Jog´ging , n. The act of giving a jog or jogs; traveling at a jog.

Jog´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joggled p. pr. & vb. n. Joggling ] [Freq. of jog.] 1. To shake slightly; to push suddenly but slightly, so as to cause to shake or totter; to jostle; to jog. 2. (Arch.) To join by means of joggles, so as to prevent sliding apart; sometimes, loosely, to dowel. “The struts of a roof are joggled into the truss posts.” Gwilt.

Jog´gle, v. i. To shake or totter; to slip out of place.

Jog´gle, n. [Arch.] A notch or tooth in the joining surface of any piece of building material to prevent slipping; sometimes, but incorrectly, applied to a separate piece fitted into two adjacent stones, or the like. Joggle joint (Arch.), a joint in any kind of building material, where the joining surfaces are made with joggles.

Jo•han•ne´an (jo•han•ne´an), a. Of or pertaining to John, esp. to the Apostle John or his writings. M. Stuart.

Jo•han´nes (jo•han´nez), n. [NL., fr. Gr. , Heb. Yehokhanan, Yokhanan, i. e., one whom Jehovah has blessed; hence F. Jean, E. John.] (Numis.) A Portuguese gold coin of the value of eight dollars, named from the figure of King John which it bears; — often contracted into joe; as a joe, or a half joe.

Jo•han´nis•ber•ger , n. [G.] A fine white wine produced on the estate of Schloss (or Castle) Johannisberg, on the Rhine.

John (jon), n. [See Johannes.] A proper name of a man. John-apple, a sort of apple ripe about St. John’s Day. Same as Apple-john. — John Bull, an ideal personification of the typical characteristics of an Englishman, or of the English people. — John Bullism, English character. W. Irving. — John Doe (Law), the name formerly given to the fictitious plaintiff in an action of ejectment. Mozley & W. — John Doree, John Dory. [John (or F. jaune yellow) + Doree, Dory.] (Zoöl.) An oval, compressed, European food fish (Zeus faber). Its color is yellow and olive, with golden, silvery, and blue reflections. It has a round dark spot on each side. Called also dory, doree, and St. Peter’s fish.

John´a•dreams , n. A dreamy, idle fellow. Shak.

John´ny , n.; pl. Johnnies . 1. A familiar diminutive of John. 2. (Zoöl.) A sculpin. [Local cant] Johny Crapaud , a jocose designation of a Frenchman, or of the French people, collectively.

John´ny•cake (-kak•), n. A kind of bread made of the meal of maize (Indian corn), mixed with water or milk, etc., and baked. [U.S.] J. Barlow.

John•son•ese´ , n. The literary style of Dr. Samuel Johnson, or one formed in imitation of it; an inflated, stilted, or pompous style, affecting classical words. E. Everett.

John´son grass [Named after W. Johnson of Alabama, who planted it about 1840-1845.] (Bot.) A tall perennial grass (Sorghum Halepense), valuable in the Southern and Western States for pasture and hay. The rootstocks are large and juicy and are eagerly sought by swine. Called also Cuba grass, Means grass, Evergreen millet, and Arabian millet.

John•so´ni•an , a. Pertaining to or resembling Dr. Johnson or his style; pompous; inflated.

John•so´ni•an•ism , n. A manner of acting or of writing peculiar to, or characteristic of, Dr. Johnson. [Written also Johnsonism.]

John’s´-wort , n. See St. John’s-wort.

Join (join), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joined p. pr. & vb. n. Joining.] [OE. joinen, joignen, F. joindre, fr. L. jungere to yoke, bind together, join; akin to jugum yoke. See Yoke, and cf. Conjugal, Junction, Junta.] 1. To bring together, literally or figuratively; to place in contact; to connect; to couple; to unite; to combine; to associate; to add; to append. “Woe unto them that join house to house.” Is. v. 8. “Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn
Like twenty torches joined.” Shak. “Thy tuneful voice with numbers join.” Dryden. 2. To associate one’s self to; to be or become connected with; to league one’s self with; to unite with; as to join a party; to join the church. “We jointly now to join no other head.” Dryden. 3. To unite in marriage. “He that joineth his virgin in matrimony.” Wyclif. “What, therefore, God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.” Matt. xix. 6. 4. To enjoin upon; to command. [Obs. & R.] “They join them penance, as they call it.” Tyndale. 5. To accept, or engage in, as a contest; as to join encounter, battle, issue. Milton. To join battle, To join issue. See under Battle, Issue. Syn. — To add; annex; unite; connect; combine; consociate; couple; link; append. See Add.

Join, v. i. To be contiguous, close, or in contact; to come together; to unite; to mingle; to form a union; as the bones of the skull join; two rivers join. “Whose house joined hard to the synagogue.” Acts xviii. 7. “Should we again break thy commandments, and join in affinity with the people of these abominations?” Ezra ix. 14. “Nature and fortune joined to make thee great.” Shak.

Join, n. (Geom.) The line joining two points; the point common to two intersecting lines. Henrici.

Join´ant , a. [OF. & F. joignant, p. pr. of joindre to join.] Adjoining. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Join´der , n. [F. joindre. See Join, v. t.] 1. The act of joining; a putting together; conjunction. “Confirmed by mutual joinder of your hands.” Shak. 2. (Law) (a) A joining of parties as plaintiffs or defendants in a suit. (b) Acceptance of an issue tendered in law or fact. (c) A joining of causes of action or defense in civil suits or criminal prosecutions.

Join´er, n. 1. One who, or that which, joins. 2. One whose occupation is to construct articles by joining pieces of wood; a mechanic who does the woodwork (as doors, stairs, etc.) necessary for the finishing of buildings. ´One Snug, the joiner.´ Shak. 3. A wood-working machine, for sawing, plaining, mortising, tenoning, grooving, etc. Syn. — See Carpenter.

Join´er•y , n. The art, or trade, of a joiner; the work of a joiner. “A piece of joinery … whimsically dovetailed.” Burke.

Join´hand , n. Writing in which letters are joined in words; — distinguished from writing in single letters. Addison.

Joint (joint), n. [F. joint, fr. joindre, p. p. joint. See Join.] 1. The place or part where two things or parts are joined or united; the union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting of a close-fitting or junction; junction; as a joint between two pieces of timber; a joint in a pipe. 2. A joining of two things or parts so as to admit of motion; an articulation, whether movable or not; a hinge; as the knee joint; a node or joint of a stem; a ball and socket joint. See Articulation. “A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel,
Must glove this hand.” Shak. “To tear thee joint by joint.” Milton. 3. The part or space included between two joints, knots, nodes, or articulations; as a joint of cane or of a grass stem; a joint of the leg. 4. Any one of the large pieces of meat, as cut into portions by the butcher for roasting. 5. (Geol.) A plane of fracture, or divisional plane, of a rock transverse to the stratification. 6. (Arch.) The space between the adjacent surfaces of two bodies joined and held together, as by means of cement, mortar, etc.; as a thin joint. 7. The means whereby the meeting surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together. Coursing joint (Masonry), the mortar joint between two courses of bricks or stones. — Fish joint, Miter joint, Universal joint, etc. See under Fish, Miter, etc. — Joint bolt, a bolt for fastening two pieces, as of wood, one endwise to the other, having a nut embedded in one of the pieces. — Joint chair (Railroad), the chair that supports the ends of abutting rails. — Joint coupling, a universal joint for coupling shafting. See under Universal. — Joint hinge, a hinge having long leaves; a strap hinge. — Joint splice, a reënforce at a joint, to sustain the parts in their true relation. — Joint stool. (a) A stool consisting of jointed parts; a folding stool. Shak. (b) A block for supporting the end of a piece at a joint; a joint chair. — Out of joint, out of place; dislocated, as when the head of a bone slips from its socket; hence, not working well together; disordered. ´The time is out of joint.´ Shak.

Joint (joint), a. [F., p. p. of joindre. See Join.] 1. Joined; united; combined; concerted; as joint action. 2. Involving the united activity of two or more; done or produced by two or more working together. “I read this joint effusion twice over.” T. Hook. 3. United, joined, or sharing with another or with others; not solitary in interest or action; holding in common with an associate, or with associates; acting together; as joint heir; joint creditor; joint debtor, etc. ´Joint tenants of the world.´ Donne. 4. Shared by, or affecting two or more; held in common; as joint property; a joint bond. “A joint burden laid upon us all.” Shak. Joint committee (Parliamentary Practice), a committee composed of members of the two houses of a legislative body, for the appointment of which concurrent resolutions of the two houses are necessary. Cushing. — Joint meeting, or Joint session, the meeting or session of two distinct bodies as one; as a joint meeting of committees representing different corporations; a joint session of both branches of a State legislature to chose a United States senator. ´Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the electoral votes are all counted and the result declared.´ Joint Rules of Congress, U. S. — Joint resolution (Parliamentary Practice), a resolution adopted concurrently by the two branches of a legislative body. ´By the constitution of the United States and the rules of the two houses, no absolute distinction is made between bills and joint resolutions.´ Barclay (Digest). — Joint rule (Parliamentary Practice), a rule of proceeding adopted by the concurrent action of both branches of a legislative assembly. ´Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the sixteenth and seventeenth joint rules be suspended for the remainder of the session.´ Journal H. of R., U. S. — Joint and several (Law), a phrase signifying that the debt, credit, obligation, etc., to which it is applied is held in such a way that the parties in interest are engaged both together and individually thus a joint and several debt is one for which all the debtors may be sued together or either of them individually. — Joint stock, stock held in company. — Joint- stock company (Law), a species of partnership, consisting generally of a large number of members, having a capital divided, or agreed to be divided, into shares, the shares owned by any member being usually transferable without the consent of the rest. — Joint tenancy (Law), a tenure by two or more persons of estate by unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which the survivor takes the whole. Blackstone. — Joint tenant (Law), one who holds an estate by joint tenancy.

Joint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointing.] 1. To unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to prepare so as to fit together; as to joint boards. “Pierced through the yielding planks of jointed wood.” Pope. 2. To join; to connect; to unite; to combine. “Jointing their force ’gainst Caesar.” Shak. 3. To provide with a joint or joints; to articulate. “The fingers are jointed together for motion.” Ray. 4. To separate the joints; of; to divide at the joint or joints; to disjoint; to cut up into joints, as meat. ´He joints the neck.´ Dryden. “Quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting.” Holland.

Joint, v. i. To fit as if by joints; to coalesce as joints do; as the stones joint, neatly.

Joint´ed, a. Having joints; articulated; full of nodes; knotty; as a jointed doll; jointed structure. ´The jointed herbage.´ J. Philips. — Joint´ed•ly, adv.

Joint´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, joints. 2. A plane for smoothing the surfaces of pieces which are to be accurately joined; especially: (a) The longest plane used by a joiner. (b) (Coopering) A long stationary plane, for planing the edges of barrel staves. 3. (Masonry) (a) A bent piece of iron inserted to strengthen the joints of a wall. (b) A tool for pointing the joints in brickwork.

Joint´-fir , n. (Bot.) A genus (Ephedra) of leafless shrubs, with the stems conspicuously jointed; — called also shrubby horsetail. There are about thirty species, of which two or three are found from Texas to California.

Joint´ing, n. The act or process of making a joint; also the joints thus produced. Jointing machine, a planing machine for wood used in furniture and piano factories, etc. — Jointing plane. See Jointer, 2. — Jointing rule (Masonry), a long straight rule, used by bricklayers for securing straight joints and faces.

Joint´less, a. Without a joint; rigid; stiff.

Joint´ly, adv. In a joint manner; together; unitedly; in concert; not separately. “Then jointly to the ground their knees they bow.” Shak.

Joint´ress , n. (Law) A woman who has a jointure. [Written also jointuress.] Blackstone.

Join´ture , n. [F. jointure a joint, orig., a joining, L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Juncture.] 1. A joining; a joint. [Obs.] 2. (Law) An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after husband’s decease, for her own life at least, in satisfaction of dower. “The jointure that your king must make,
Which with her dowry shall be counterpoised.” Shak.

Join´ture , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointured p. pr. & vb. n. Jointuring.] To settle a jointure upon.

Join´ture•less, a. Having no jointure.

Join´tur•ess, n. See Jointress. Bouvier.

Joint´weed , n. (Bot.) A slender, nearly leafless, American herb (Polygonum articulatum), with jointed spikes of small flowers.

Joint´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a small, hymenopterous fly (Eurytoma hordei), which is found in gall-like swellings on the stalks of wheat, usually at or just above the first joint. In some parts of America it does great damage to the crop.

Joist (joist), n. [OE. giste, OF. giste, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, F. gesir. See Gist.] (Arch.) A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring strips of a ceiling, are nailed; — called, according to its position or use, binding joist, bridging joist, ceiling joist, trimming joist, etc. See Illust. of Double-framed floor, under Double, a.

Joist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Joisting.] To fit or furnish with joists. Johnson.

Joke, n. [L. jocus. Cf Jeopardy, Jocular, Juggler.] 1. Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive (commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest); a jest; a witticism; as to crack good-natured jokes. “And gentle dullness ever loves a joke.” Pope. “Or witty joke our airy senses moves
To pleasant laughter.” Gay. 2. Something not said seriously, or not actually meant; something done in sport. “Inclose whole downs in walls, ’t is all a joke.” Pope. In joke, in jest; sportively; not meant seriously. — Practical joke. See under Practical.

Joke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joked p. pr. & vb. n. Joking.] To make merry with; to make jokes upon; to rally; to banter; as to joke a comrade.

Joke, v. i. [L. jocari.] To do something for sport, or as a joke; to be merry in words or actions; to jest. “He laughed, shouted, joked, and swore.” Macaulay. Syn. — To jest; sport; rally; banter. See Jest.

Jok´er , n. 1. One who makes jokes or jests; a humorist; a wag. 2. (Card Playing) See Best bower, under 2d Bower.

Jok´ing•ly, adv. In a joking way; sportively. { Jole , Joll } , v. t. & n. Same as Jowl. Shak.

Jol•if´ , a. [See Jolly.] Joyful; merry; pleasant; jolly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jol•li•fi•ca´tion , n. [Jolly + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] A merrymaking; noisy festivity. [Colloq.] “We have had a jollification or so together.” Sir W. Scott.

Jol´li•ly , adv. In a jolly manner.

Jol´li•ment , n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jol´li•ness, n. Jollity; noisy mirth. Chaucer.

Jol´li•ty , n. [From Jolly: cf. OF. joliete, jolivete.] Noisy mirth; gayety; merriment; festivity; boisterous enjoyment. Chaucer. “All now was turned to jollity and game.” Milton. “He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him, who was only worthy to enter into it.” Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — Merriment; mirth; gayety; festivity; hilarity.

Jol´ly (jol´ly), a. [Compar. Jollier (-li•er); superl. Jolliest.] [OF. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, F. joli pretty; of Scand. origin, akin to E. yule; cf. Icel. jol yule, Christmas feast. See Yule.] 1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; merry; mirthful. “Like a jolly troop of huntsmen.” Shak. “´A jolly place,´ said he, ´in times of old!
But something ails it now: the spot is cursed.´” Wordsworth. 2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it; exciting mirth and gayety. “And with his jolly pipe delights the groves.” Prior. “Their jolly notes they chanted loud and clear.” Fairfax. 3. Of fine appearance; handsome; excellent; lively; agreeable; pleasant. ´A jolly cool wind.´ Sir T. North. [Now mostly colloq.] “Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit.” Spenser. “The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions.” W. Irving.

Jol´ly-boat , n. [A corruption of Dan. jolle yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] (Naut.) A boat of medium size belonging to a ship.

Jol´ly•head , n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jolt (jolt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jolting.] [Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and originally meaning, to knock on the head. See Jowl.] To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground; as the coach jolts.

Jolt, v. t. To cause to shake with a sudden up and down motion, as in a carriage going over rough ground, or on a high-trotting horse; as the horse jolts the rider; fast driving jolts the carriage and the passengers.

Jolt, n. A sudden shock or jerk; a jolting motion, as in a carriage moving over rough ground. “The first jolt had like to have shaken me out.” Swift.

Jolt´er , n. One who, or that which, jolts. { Jolt´er•head• , Jolt´head• } , n. [See Jolt, Jowl.] A dunce; a blockhead. Sir T. North.

Jolt´ing•ly, adv. In a jolting manner.

Jolt´y , a. That jolts; as a jolty coach. [Colloq.]

Jo´nah , n. The Hebrew prophet, who was cast overboard as one who endangered the ship; hence, any person whose presence is unpropitious. Jonah crab (Zoöl.), a large crab (Cancer borealis) of the eastern coast of the United States, sometimes found between tides, but usually in deep water.

Jo•ne´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Jones. The Jonesian system, a system of transliterating Oriental words by English letters, invented by Sir William Jones. { Jon´gleur , Jon´gler } n. [F. jongleur. See Juggler.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a court attendant or other person who, for hire, recited or sang verses, usually of his own composition. See Troubadour. “Vivacity and picturesquenees of the jongleur’s verse.” J R. Green. 2. A juggler; a conjuror. See Juggler. Milton. { Jon´quil , Jon´quille }, n. [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus a rush, because it has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Jonquilla), allied to the daffodil. It has long, rushlike leaves, and yellow or white fragrant flowers. The root has emetic properties. It is sometimes called the rush-leaved daffodil. See Illust. of Corona.

Jo´ram , n. See Jorum. { Jor´dan , Jor´den } n. [Prob. fr. the river Jordan, and shortened fr. Jordan bottle a bottle of water from the Jordan, brought back by pilgrims.] 1. A pot or vessel with a large neck, formerly used by physicians and alchemists. [Obs.] Halliwell. 2. A chamber pot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

Jo´rum , n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jorden an earthen pot.] A large drinking vessel; also its contents. [Colloq. Eng.] Forby.

Jo´seph , n. An outer garment worn in the 18th century; esp., a woman’s riding habit, buttoned down the front. Fairholt.

Jo´seph’s flow´er (Bot.) A composite herb (Tragopogon pratensis), of the same genus as the salsify.

Jo´so , n. (Zoöl.) A small gudgeon.

Joss , n. [Chinese, corrupt. fr. Pg. deos God, L. deus.] A Chinese household divinity; a Chinese idol. ´Critic in jars and josses.´ Colman (1761). Joss house, a Chinese temple or house for the Chinese mode of worship. — Joss stick, a reed covered with a paste made of the dust of odoriferous woods, or a cylinder made wholly of the paste; — burned by the Chinese before an idol.

Jos´sa , interj. A command to a horse, probably meaning ´stand still.´ [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jos´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled p. pr. & vb. n. Jostling ] [A dim. of joust, just, v. See Joust, and cf. Justle.] [Written also justle.] To run against and shake; to push out of the way; to elbow; to hustle; to disturb by crowding; to crowd against. ´Bullies jostled him.´ Macaulay. “Systems of movement, physical, intellectual, and moral, which are perpetually jostling each other.” I. Taylor.

Jos´tle, v. i. To push; to crowd; to hustle. “None jostle with him for the wall.” Lamb.

Jos´tle, n. A conflict by collisions; a crowding or bumping together; interference. “The jostle of South African nationalities and civilization.” The Nation.

Jos´tle•ment , n. Crowding; hustling.

Jot , n. [L. iota, Gr. the name of the letter (E. i, Heb. yd), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. Cf. Iota.] An iota; a point; a tittle; the smallest particle. Cf. Bit, n. “Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.” Matt. v. 18. “Neither will they bate
One jot of ceremony.” Shak.

Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jotting.] To set down; to make a brief note of; — usually followed by down.

Jot´ter , n. 1. One who jots down memoranda. 2. A memorandum book.

Jougs , n. [F. joug a yoke, L. jugum. See Yoke.] An iron collar fastened to a wall or post, formerly used in Scotland as a kind of pillory. [Written also juggs.] See Juke. Sir W. Scott.

Jou´is•sance , n. [F., fr. jouir to enjoy, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.] Jollity; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jouk , v. i. See Juke.

Joul , v. t. See Jowl.

Joule (jool), n. [From the distinguished English physicist, James P. Joule.] (Physics.) A unit of work which is equal to 10^7 units of work in the C. G. S. system of units (ergs), and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. One joule is approximately equal to 0.738 foot pounds. Joule’s equivalent. See under Equivalent, n.

Jounce (jouns), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced (jounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing (joun´sing).] [Cf. Jaunce.] To jolt; to shake, especially by rough riding or by driving over obstructions.

Jounce, n. A jolt; a shake; a hard trot.

Jour´nal , a. [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. See Diurnal.] Daily; diurnal. [Obs.] “Whiles from their journal labors they did rest.” Spenser.

Jour´nal, n. [F. journal. See Journal, a.] 1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events. Specifically: (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts, in which is entered a condensed and grouped statement of the daily transactions. (b) (Naut.) A daily register of the ship’s course and distance, the winds, weather, incidents of the voyage, etc. (c) (Legislature) The record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk. (d) A newspaper published daily; by extension, a weekly newspaper or any periodical publication, giving an account of passing events, the proceedings and memoirs of societies, etc.; a periodical; a magazine. 2. That which has occurred in a day; a day’s work or travel; a day’s journey. [Obs. & R.] B. Jonson. 3. (Mach.) That portion of a rotating piece, as a shaft, axle, spindle, etc., which turns in a bearing or box. See Illust. of Axle box. Journal box, or Journal bearing (Mach.) the carrier of a journal; the box in which the journal of a shaft, axle, or pin turns.

Jour´nal•ism , n. [Cf. F. journalisme.] 1. The keeping of a journal or diary. [Obs.] 2. The periodical collection and publication of current news; the business of managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers; as political journalism. “Journalism is now truly an estate of the realm.” Ed. Rev.

Jour´nal•ist, n. [Cf. F. journaliste.] 1. One who keeps a journal or diary. [Obs.] Mickle. 2. The conductor of a public journal, or one whose business it to write for a public journal; an editorial or other professional writer for a periodical. Addison.

Jour´nal•is´tic , a. Pertaining to journals or to journalists; contained in, or characteristic of, the public journals; as journalistic literature or enterprise.

Jour´nal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Journalized p. pr. & vb. n. Journalizing ] To enter or record in a journal or diary. Johnson.

Jour´nal•ize, v. i. to conduct or contribute to a public journal; to follow the profession of a journalist.

Jour´ney , n.; pl. Journeys (#). [OE. jornee, journee, prop., a day’s journey, OF. jornee, jurnee, a day, a day’s work of journey, F. journee, fr. OF. jorn, jurn, jor a day, F. jour, fr. L. diurnus. See Journal.] 1. The travel or work of a day. [Obs.] Chaucer. “We have yet large day, for scarce the sun
Hath finished half his journey.” Milton. 2. Travel or passage from one place to another; hence, figuratively, a passage through life. “The good man … is gone a long journey.” Prov. vii. 19. “We must all have the same journey’s end.” Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. — Tour; excursion; trip; expedition; pilgrimage. — Journey, Tour, Excursion, Pilgrimage. The word journey suggests the idea of a somewhat prolonged traveling for a specific object, leading a person to pass directly from one point to another. In a tour, we take a roundabout course from place to place, more commonly for pleasure, though sometimes on business. An excursion is usually a brief tour or trip for pleasure, health, etc. In a pilgrimage we travel to a place hallowed by our religions affections, or by some train of sacred or tender associations. A journey on important business; the tour of Europe; an excursion to the lakes; a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Jour´ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Journeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Journeying.] To travel from place to place; to go from home to a distance. “Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south.” Gen. xii. 9.

Jour´ney, v. t. To traverse; to travel over or through. [R.] ´I journeyed many a land.´ Sir W. Scott.

Jour´ney-bat•ed , a. Worn out with journeying. [Obs.] Shak.

Jour´ney•er , n. One who journeys.

Jour´ney•man , n.; pl. Journeymen . Formerly, a man hired to work by the day; now, commonly, one who has mastered a handicraft or trade; — distinguished from apprentice and from master workman. “I have thought some of nature’s journeymen had made men, and not made them well.” Shak.

Jour´ney•work , n. Originally, work done by the day; work done by a journeyman at his trade.

Joust , v. i. [OE. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, jouster, joster, F. jouter, fr. L. juxta near to, nigh, from the root of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Jostle.] To engage in mock combat on horseback, as two knights in the lists; to tilt. [Written also just.] “For the whole army to joust and tourney.” Holland.

Joust, n. [OE. juste, jouste, OF. juste, jouste, joste, F. joute. See Joust, v. i.] A tilting match; a mock combat on horseback between two knights in the lists or inclosed field. [Written also just.] “Gorgeous knights at joust and tournament.” Milton.

Joust´er, n. One who jousts or tilts.

Jove , n. [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. for Djovis; akin to E. Tuesday. See Tuesday, and cf. Jupiter.] 1. The chief divinity of the ancient Romans; Jupiter. 2. (Astron.) The planet Jupiter. [R.] Pope. 3. (Alchemy) The metal tin. Bird of Jove, the eagle.

Jo´vi•al , a. [F., fr. L. Jovialis pertaining to Jove. The planet Jupiter was thought to make those born under it joyful or jovial. See Jove.] 1. Of or pertaining to the god, or the planet, Jupiter. [Obs.] “Our jovial star reigned at his birth.” Shak. “The fixed stars astrologically differenced by the planets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the colors whereby they answer these planets.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Sunny; serene. [Obs.] ´The heavens always joviall.´ Spenser. 3. Gay; merry; joyous; jolly; mirth- inspiring; hilarious; characterized by mirth or jollity; as a jovial youth; a jovial company; a jovial poem. “Be bright and jovial among your guests.” Shak. “His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral; the rest are jovial or bacchanalian.” Dryden. This word is a relic of the belief in planetary influence. Other examples are saturnine, mercurial, martial, lunatic, etc. Syn. — Merry; joyous; gay; festive; mirthful; gleeful; jolly; hilarious.

Jo´vi•al•ist , n. One who lives a jovial life. Bp. Hall.

Jo•vi•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. jovialite.] The quality or state of being jovial. Sir T. Herbert.

Jo´vi•al•ly , adv. In a jovial manner; merrily; gayly. B. Jonson.

Jo´vi•al•ness, n. Noisy mirth; joviality. Hewyt.

Jo´vi•al•ty , n. Joviality. [R.] Barrow.

Jo´vi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Jove, or Jupiter (either the deity or the planet).

Jo•vi•cen´tric , a. [See Jove, and Center.] (Astron.) Revolving around the planet Jupiter; appearing as viewed from Jupiter. [R.] J. R. Hind.

Jo•vin´ian•ist , n. (Script. Hist.) An adherent to the doctrines of Jovinian, a monk of the fourth century, who denied the virginity of Mary, and opposed the asceticism of his time.

Jowl , n. [For older chole, chaul, AS. ceaft jaw. Cf. Chaps.] The cheek; the jaw. [Written also jole, choule, chowle, and geoule.] Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close together; side by side; in close proximity. ´I will go with thee cheek by jole.´ Shak. ´ Sits cheek by jowl.´ Dryden.

Jowl, v. t. To throw, dash, or knock. [Obs.] “How the knave jowls it to the ground.” Shak.

Jowl´er , n. (Zoöl.) A dog with large jowls, as the beagle.

Jow´ter , n. A mounted peddler of fish; — called also jouster. [Obs.] Carew.

Joy , n. [OE. joye, OF. joye, joie, goie, F. joie, L. gaudia, pl. of gaudium joy, fr. gaudere to rejoice, to be glad; cf. Gr. to rejoice, proud. Cf. Gaud, Jewel.] 1. The passion or emotion excited by the acquisition or expectation of good; pleasurable feelings or emotions caused by success, good fortune, and the like, or by a rational prospect of possessing what we love or desire; gladness; exhilaration of spirits; delight. “Her heavenly form beheld, all wished her joy.” Dryden. “Glides the smooth current of domestic joy.” Johnson. “Who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, despising the shame.” Heb. xii. 2. “Tears of true joy for his return.” Shak. “Joy is a delight of the mind, from the consideration of the present or assured approaching possession of a good.” Locke. 2. That which causes joy or happiness. “For ye are our glory and joy.” 1 Thess. ii. 20. “ A thing of beauty is a joy forever.” Keats. 3. The sign or exhibition of joy; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity. “Such joy made Una, when her knight she found.” Spenser. “The roofs with joy resound.” Dryden. Joy is used in composition, esp. with participles, to from many self-explaining compounds; as joy-bells, joy-bringing, joy-inspiring, joy-resounding, etc. Syn. — Gladness; pleasure; delight; happiness; exultation; transport; felicity; ecstasy; rapture; bliss; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity; hilarity.

Joy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Joyed (joid); p. pr. & vb. n. Joying.] [OF. joir, F. jouir. See Joy, n.] To rejoice; to be glad; to delight; to exult. “I will joy in the God of my salvation.” Hab. iii. 18. “In whose sight all things joy.” Milton.

Joy, v. t. 1. To give joy to; to congratulate. [Obs.] ´Joy us of our conquest.´ Dryden. “To joy the friend, or grapple with the foe.” Prior. 2. To gladden; to make joyful; to exhilarate. [Obs.] “Neither pleasure’s art can joy my spirits.” Shak. 3. To enjoy. [Obs.] See Enjoy. “Who might have lived and joyed immortal bliss.” Milton.

Joy´ance , n. [OF. joiance.] Enjoyment; gayety; festivity; joyfulness. Spenser. “Some days of joyance are decreed to all.” Byron. “From what hid fountains doth thy joyance flow?” Trench.

Joy´an•cy , n. Joyance. [R.] Carlyle.

Joy´ful , a. Full of joy; having or causing joy; very glad; as a joyful heart. ´Joyful tidings.´ Shak. “My soul shall be joyful in my God.” Is. lxi. 10. “Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life.” Pope. — Joy´ful•ly, adv. — Joy´ful•ness, n.

Joy´less, a. Not having joy; not causing joy; unenjoyable. — Joy´less•ly, adv. — Joy´less•ness, n. “With downcast eyes the joyless victor sat.” Dryden. “Youth and health and war are joyless to him.” Addison. “[He] pining for the lass,
Is joyless of the grove, and spurns the growing grass.” Dryden.

Joy´ous , a. [OE. joyous, joious, joios, F. joyeux.See Joy.] Glad; gay; merry; joyful; also affording or inspiring joy; with of before the word or words expressing the cause of joy. “Is this your joyous city?” Is. xxiii. 7. “They all as glad as birds of joyous prime.” Spenser. “And joyous of our conquest early won.” Dryden. Syn. — Merry; lively; blithe; gleeful; gay; glad; mirthful; sportive; festive; joyful; happy; blissful; charming; delightful. — Joy´ous•ly, adv. — Joy´ous•ness, n.

Joy´some , a. Causing joyfulness. [R.] “This all joysome grove.” T. Browne.

Jub , n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jug.] A vessel for holding ale or wine; a jug. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju´ba , n.; pl. Jubae (-be). [L., a mane.] 1. (Zoöl.) The mane of an animal. 2. (Bot.) A loose panicle, the axis of which falls to pieces, as in certain grasses.

Ju´bate , a. [L. jubatus having a mane.] (Zoöl.) Fringed with long, pendent hair.

Ju•be´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) (a) A chancel screen or rood screen. (b) The gallery above such a screen, from which certain parts of the service were formerly read. See Rood loft, under Rood.

Ju´bi•lant , a. [L. jubilans, -antis, p. pr. of jubilare to shout for joy: cf. F. jubilant. See Jubilate.] Uttering songs of triumph; shouting with joy; triumphant; exulting. ´The jubilant age.´ Coleridge. “While the bright pomp ascended jubilant.” Milton.

Ju´bi•lant•ly, adv. In a jubilant manner.

Ju´bi•lar , a. [Cf. F. jubilaire.] Pertaining to, or having the character of, a jubilee. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ju•bi•la´te , n. [L., imperat. of jubilare to shout for joy.] 1. The third Sunday after Easter; — so called because the introit is the 66th Psalm, which, in the Latin version, begins with the words, ´Jubilate Deo.´ 2. A name of the 100th Psalm; — so called from its opening word in the Latin version.

Ju´bi•late , v. i. [L. jubilatus, p. p. of jubilare.] To exult; to rejoice. [R.] De Quincey.

Ju•bi•la´tion , n. [L. jubilatio: cf. F. jubilation.] A triumphant shouting; rejoicing; exultation. ´Jubilations and hallelujahs.´ South.

Ju´bi•lee , n. [F. jubile, L. jubilaeus, Gr. , fr. Heb. ybel the blast of a trumpet, also the grand sabbatical year, which was announced by sound of trumpet.] 1. (Jewish Hist.) Every fiftieth year, being the year following the completion of each seventh sabbath of years, at which time all the slaves of Hebrew blood were liberated, and all lands which had been alienated during the whole period reverted to their former owners. [In this sense spelled also in some English Bibles, jubile.] Lev. xxv. 8-17. 2. The joyful commemoration held on the fiftieth anniversary of any event; as the jubilee of Queen Victoria’s reign; the jubilee of the American Board of Missions. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A church solemnity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, originally of one hundred years, but latterly of twenty-five; a plenary and extraordinary indulgence granted by the sovereign pontiff to the universal church. One invariable condition of granting this indulgence is the confession of sins and receiving of the eucharist. 4. A season of general joy. “The town was all a jubilee of feasts.” Dryden. 5. A state of joy or exultation. [R.] ´In the jubilee of his spirits.´ Sir W. Scott.

Ju•cun´di•ty , n. [L. jucunditas, from jucundus.] Pleasantness; agreeableness. See Jocundity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ju´dah•ite , n. One of the tribe of Judah; a member of the kingdom of Judah; a Jew. Kitto. { Ju•da´ic , Ju•da´ic•al } a. [L. Judaïcus, fr. Judaea, the country Judea: cf. F. Judaïque. See Jew.] Of or pertaining to the Jews. ´The natural or Judaical [religion].´ South.

Ju•da´ic•al•ly, adv. After the Jewish manner. Milton.

Ju´da•ism , n. [L. Judaïsmus: cf. F. judaïsme.] 1. The religious doctrines and rites of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. J. S. Mill. 2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies.

Ju´da•ist, n. One who believes and practices Judaism.

Ju•da•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to Judaism.

Ju•da•i•za´tion , n. The act of Judaizing; a conforming to the Jewish religion or ritual. [R.]

Ju´da•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judaized p. pr. & vb. n. Judaizing ] [Cf. F. judaïser.] To conform to the doctrines, observances, or methods of the Jews; to inculcate or impose Judaism. “They … prevailed on the Galatians to Judaize so far as to observe the rites of Moses in various instances.
They were Judaizing doctors, who taught the observation of the Mosaic law.” Bp. Bull.

Ju´da•ize, v. t. To impose Jewish observances or rites upon; to convert to Judaism. “The heretical Theodotion, the Judaized Symmachus.” Milton.

Ju´da•i•zer , n. One who conforms to or inculcates Judaism; specifically, pl. (Ch. Hist.), those Jews who accepted Christianity but still adhered to the law of Moses and worshiped in the temple at Jerusalem.

Ju´das , n. The disciple who betrayed Christ. Hence: A treacherous person; one who betrays under the semblance of friendship. — a. Treacherous; betraying. Judas hole, a peephole or secret opening for spying. — Judas kiss, a deceitful and treacherous kiss. — Judas tree (Bot.), a leguminous tree of the genus Cercis, with pretty, rose- colored flowers in clusters along the branches. Judas is said to have hanged himself on a tree of this genus (C. Siliquastrum). C. Canadensis and C. occidentalis are the American species, and are called also redbud.

Ju´das-col•ored , a. Red; — from a tradition that Judas Iscariot had red hair and beard. “There’s treachery in that Judas-colored beard.” Dryden.

Jud´dock (jud´dok), n. [For judcock; jud (equiv. to Prov. E. gid a jacksnipe, W. giach snipe) + cock.] (Zoöl.) See Jacksnipe.

Ju•de´an (ju•de´an), a. [L. Judaeus. See Jew.] Of or pertaining to Judea. — n. A native of Judea; a Jew.

Judge (juj), n. [OE. juge, OF. & F. juge, fr. OF. jugier, F. juger, to judge. See Judge, v. i.] 1. (Law) A public officer who is invested with authority to hear and determine litigated causes, and to administer justice between parties in courts held for that purpose. “The parts of a judge in hearing are four: to direct the evidence; to moderate length, repetition, or impertinency of speech; to recapitulate, select, and collate the material points of that which hath been said; and to give the rule or sentence.” Bacon. 2. One who has skill, knowledge, or experience, sufficient to decide on the merits of a question, or on the quality or value of anything; one who discerns properties or relations with skill and readiness; a connoisseur; an expert; a critic. “A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of poetry, or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting.” Dryden. 3. A person appointed to decide in a trial of skill, speed, etc., between two or more parties; an umpire; as a judge in a horse race. 4. (Jewish Hist.) One of the supreme magistrates, with both civil and military powers, who governed Israel for more than four hundred years. 5. pl. The title of the seventh book of the Old Testament; the Book of Judges. Judge Advocate (Mil. & Nav.), a person appointed to act as prosecutor at a court-martial; he acts as the representative of the government, as the responsible adviser of the court, and also to a certain extent, as counsel for the accused, when he has no other counsel. — Judge-Advocate General, in the United States, the title of two officers, one attached to the War Department and having the rank of brigadier general, the other attached to the Navy Department and having the rank of colonel of marines or captain in the navy. The first is chief of the Bureau of Military Justice of the army, the other performs a similar duty for the navy. In England, the designation of a member of the ministry who is the legal adviser of the secretary of state for war, and supreme judge of the proceedings of courts-martial. Syn. — Judge, Umpire, Arbitrator, Referee. A judge, in the legal sense, is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law. An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more who contend for a prize. An arbitrator is one chosen to allot to two contestants their portion of a claim, usually on grounds of equity and common sense. A referee is one to whom a case is referred for final adjustment. Arbitrations and references are sometimes voluntary, sometimes appointed by a court.

Judge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judged p. pr. & vb. n. Judging.] [OE. jugen, OF. jugier, F. juger, L. judicare, fr. judex judge; jus law or right + dicare to proclaim, pronounce, akin to dicere to say. See Just, a., and Diction, and cf. Judicial.] 1. To hear and determine, as in causes on trial; to decide as a judge; to give judgment; to pass sentence. “The Lord judge between thee and me.” Gen. xvi. 5. “Father, who art judge
Of all things made, and judgest only right!” Milton. 2. To assume the right to pass judgment on another; to sit in judgment or commendation; to criticise or pass adverse judgment upon others. See Judge, v. t., 3. “Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all.” Shak. 3. To compare facts or ideas and perceive their relations and attributes, and thus distinguish truth from falsehood; to determine; to discern; to distinguish; to form an opinion about. “Judge not according to the appearance.” John vii. 24. “She is wise if I can judge of her.” Shak.

Judge, v. t. 1. To hear and determine by authority, as a case before a court, or a controversy between two parties. ´Chaos [shall] judge the strife.´ Milton. 2. To examine and pass sentence on; to try; to doom. “God shall judge the righteous and the wicked.” Eccl. iii. 7. “To bring my whole cause ’fore his holiness,
And to be judged by him.” Shak. 3. To arrogate judicial authority over; to sit in judgment upon; to be censorious toward. “Judge not, that ye be not judged.” Matt. vii. 1. 4. To determine upon or deliberation; to esteem; to think; to reckon. “If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord.” Acts xvi. 15. 5. To exercise the functions of a magistrate over; to govern. [Obs.] “Make us a king to judge us.” 1 Sam. viii. 5.

Judg´er , n. One who judges. Sir K. Digby.

Judge´ship , n. The office of a judge.

Judg´ment , n. [OE. jugement, F. jugement, LL. judicamentum, fr. L. judicare. See Judge, v. i.] 1. The act of judging; the operation of the mind, involving comparison and discrimination, by which a knowledge of the values and relations of thins, whether of moral qualities, intellectual concepts, logical propositions, or material facts, is obtained; as by careful judgment he avoided the peril; by a series of wrong judgments he forfeited confidence. “I oughte deme, of skilful jugement,
That in the salte sea my wife is deed.” Chaucer. 2. The power or faculty of performing such operations (see 1); esp., when unqualified, the faculty of judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely; good sense; as a man of judgment; a politician without judgment. “He shall judge thy people with righteousness and thy poor with judgment.” Ps. lxxii. 2. “Hernia. I would my father look’d but with my eyes.
Theseus. Rather your eyes must with his judgment look.” Shak. 3. The conclusion or result of judging; an opinion; a decision. “She in my judgment was as fair as you.” Shak. “Who first his judgment asked, and then a place.” Pope. 4. The act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge; the mandate or sentence of God as the judge of all. “In judgments between rich and poor, consider not what the poor man needs, but what is his own.” Jer. Taylor. “Most heartily I do beseech the court
To give the judgment.” Shak. 5. (Philos.) (a) That act of the mind by which two notions or ideas which are apprehended as distinct are compared for the purpose of ascertaining their agreement or disagreement. See 1. The comparison may be threefold: (1) Of individual objects forming a concept. (2) Of concepts giving what is technically called a judgment. (3) Of two judgments giving an inference. Judgments have been further classed as analytic, synthetic, and identical. (b) That power or faculty by which knowledge dependent upon comparison and discrimination is acquired. See 2. “A judgment is the mental act by which one thing is affirmed or denied of another.” Sir W. Hamilton. “The power by which we are enabled to perceive what is true or false, probable or improbable, is called by logicians the faculty of judgment.” Stewart. 6. A calamity regarded as sent by God, by way of recompense for wrong committed; a providential punishment. ´Judgments are prepared for scorners.´ Prov. xix. 29. ´This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble.´ Shak. 7. (Theol.) The final award; the last sentence. Judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, and lodgment are in England sometimes written, judgement, abridgement, acknowledgement, and lodgement. Judgment is used adjectively in many self-explaining combinations; as judgment hour; judgment throne. Judgment day (Theol.), the last day, or period when final judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God’s moral government. — Judgment debt (Law), a debt secured to the creditor by a judge’s order. — Judgment hall, a hall where courts are held. — Judgment seat, the seat or bench on which judges sit in court; hence, a court; a tribunal. ´We shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ.´ Rom. xiv. 10. — Judgment summons (Law), a proceeding by a judgment creditor against a judgment debtor upon an unsatisfied judgment. Arrest of judgment. (Law) See under Arrest, n. — Judgment of God, a term formerly applied to extraordinary trials of secret crimes, as by arms and single combat, by ordeal, etc.; it being imagined that God would work miracles to vindicate innocence. See under Ordeal. Syn. — Discernment; decision; determination; award; estimate; criticism; taste; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; intelligence; understanding. See Taste.

Ju´di•ca•ble , a. [L. judicabilis. See Judge, v. i.] Capable of being judged; capable of being tried or decided upon. Jer. Taylor.

Ju´di•ca•tive , a. Having power to judge; judicial; as the judicative faculty. Hammond.

Ju´di•ca•to•ry , a. [L. judicatorius.] Pertaining to the administration of justice; dispensing justice; judicial; as judicatory tribunals. T. Wharton. “Power to reject in an authoritative or judicatory way.” Bp. Hall.

Ju´di•ca•to•ry (277), n. [L. judicatorium.] 1. A court of justice; a tribunal. Milton. 2. Administration of justice. “The supreme court of judicatory.” Clarendon.

Ju´di•ca•ture ( 135), n. [F., fr. LL. judicatura.] 1. The state or profession of those employed in the administration of justice; also the dispensing or administration of justice. “The honor of the judges in their judicature is the king’s honor.” Bacon. 2. A court of justice; a judicatory. South. 3. The right of judicial action; jurisdiction; extent jurisdiction of a judge or court. “Our Savior disputes not here the judicature, for that was not his office, but the morality, of divorce.” Milton.

Ju•di´cial , a. [L. judicialis, fr. judicium judgment, fr. judex judge: cf. OF. judicial. See Judge.] 1. Pertaining or appropriate to courts of justice, or to a judge; practiced or conformed to in the administration of justice; sanctioned or ordered by a court; as judicial power; judicial proceedings; a judicial sale. ´Judicial massacres.´ Macaulay. “Not a moral but a judicial law, and so was abrogated.” Milton. 2. Fitted or apt for judging or deciding; as a judicial mind. 3. Belonging to the judiciary, as distinguished from legislative, administrative, or executive. See Executive. 4. Judicious. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ju•di´cial•ly, adv. In a judicial capacity or judicial manner. ´The Lords … sitting judicially.´ Macaulay.

Ju•di´cia•ry ( 277), a. [L. judiciarius, fr. judicium judgment: cf. F. judiciare. See Judicial.] Of or pertaining to courts of judicature, or legal tribunals; judicial; as a judiciary proceeding. Bp. Burnet.

Ju•di´cia•ry, n. [Cf. LL. judiciaria, F. judiciaire.] That branch of government in which judicial power is vested; the system of courts of justice in a country; the judges, taken collectively; as an independent judiciary; the senate committee on the judiciary.

Ju•di´cious , a. [F. judicieux, fr. L. judicium judgment. See Judicial.] Of or relating to a court; judicial. [Obs.] “His last offenses to us
Shall have judicious hearing.” Shak. 2. Directed or governed by sound judgment; having sound judgment; wise; prudent; sagacious; discreet. “He is noble, wise, judicious, and best knows
The fits o’ the season.” Shak. Syn. — Prudent; discreet; rational; wise; skillful; discerning; sagacious; well-advised.

Ju•di´cious•ly, adv. In a judicious manner; with good judgment; wisely.

Ju•di´cious•ness, n. The quality or state of being judicious; sagacity; sound judgment.

Jug , n. [Prob. fr. Jug, a corruption of, or nickname for, Joanna; cf. 2d Jack, and Jill. See Johannes.] 1. A vessel, usually of coarse earthenware, with a swelling belly and narrow mouth, and having a handle on one side. 2. A pitcher; a ewer. [Eng.] 3. A prison; a jail; a lockup. [Slang] Gay.

Jug , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugged p. pr. & vb. n. Jugging ] 1. To seethe or stew, as in a jug or jar placed in boiling water; as to jug a hare. 2. To commit to jail; to imprison. [Slang]

Jug, v. i. (Zoöl.) 1. To utter a sound resembling this word, as certain birds do, especially the nightingale. 2. To nestle or collect together in a covey; — said of quails and partridges.

Ju´gal , a. [L. jugalis, fr. jugum yoke.] 1. Relating to a yoke, or to marriage. [Obs.] 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the malar, or cheek bone.

Ju•ga´ta , n. pl. [Neut. pl. of L. jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Numis.) The figures of two heads on a medal or coin, either side by side or joined.

Ju´ga•ted , a. (Bot.) Coupled together.

Juge , n. A judge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jug´e•ment , n. Judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju´ger , n. [L. jugerum.] A Roman measure of land, measuring 28,800 square feet, or 240 feet in length by 120 in breadth.

Jug´ger , n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian falcon. See Lugger.

Jug´ger•naut , n. [Skr. jagannatha lord of the world.] One of the names under which Vishnu, in his incarnation as Krishna, is worshiped by the Hindoos. [Written also Juggernnath, Jaganath, Jaganatha, etc.] The principal seat of the worship of Juggernaut is at Pûri in Orissa. At certain times the idol is drawn from the temple by the multitude, on a high car with sixteen wheels. Formerly, fanatics sometimes threw themselves under the wheels to be crushed as a sacrifice to the god.

Jug´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Juggled p. pr. & vb. n. Juggling ] [OE. juglen; cf. OF. jogler, jugler, F. jongler. See Juggler.] 1. To play tricks by sleight of hand; to cause amusement and sport by tricks of skill; to conjure. 2. To practice artifice or imposture. “Be these juggling fiends no more believed.” Shak.

Jug´gle, v. t. To deceive by trick or artifice. “Is’t possible the spells of France should juggle
Men into such strange mysteries?” Shak.

Jug´gle, n. 1. A trick by sleight of hand. 2. An imposture; a deception. Tennyson. “A juggle of state to cozen the people.” Tillotson. 3. A block of timber cut to a length, either in the round or split. Knight.

Jug´gler , n. [OE. jogelour, juglur, OF. jogleor, jugleor, jongleor, F. jongleur, fr. L. joculator a jester, joker, fr. joculus a little jest or joke, dim. of jocus jest, joke. See Joke, and cf. Jongleur, Joculator.] 1. One who practices or exhibits tricks by sleight of hand; one skilled in legerdemain; a conjurer. “As nimble jugglers that deceive the eye.” Shak. “Jugglers and impostors do daily delude them.” Sir T. Browne. 2. A deceiver; a cheat. Shak.

Jug´gler•ess, n. 1. A female juggler. T. Warton.

Jug´gler•y , n. [OE. & OF. joglerie, F. jonglerie.] 1. The art or act of a juggler; sleight of hand. 2. Trickery; imposture; as political jugglery.

Jug´gling , a. Cheating; tricky. — Jug´gling•ly, adv.

Jug´gling, n. Jugglery; underhand practice.

Juggs , n. pl. See Jougs. [Scot.]

Jug´lan•din , n. [L. juglans, -andis, a walnut: cf. F. juglandine.] (Chem.) An extractive matter contained in the juice of the green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia). It is used medicinally as an alterative, and also as a black hair dye.

Jug´lan•dine , n. An alkaloid found in the leaves of the walnut (Juglans regia).

Jug´lans , n. [L., walnut.] (Bot.) A genus of valuable trees, including the true walnut of Europe, and the America black walnut, and butternut.

Ju´glone , n. [L. juglans the walnut + -one.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance resembling quinone, extracted from green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia); — called also nucin.

Ju´gu•lar , a. [L. jugulum the collar bone, which joins together the shoulders and the breast, the throat, akin to jungere to yoke, to join: cf. F. jugulaire. See Join.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the throat or neck; as the jugular vein. (b) Of or pertaining to the jugular vein; as the jugular foramen. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the ventral fins beneath the throat; — said of certain fishes.

Ju´gu•lar, n. [Cf. F. jugulaire. See Jugular, a.] 1. (Anat.) One of the large veins which return the blood from the head to the heart through two chief trunks, an external and an internal, on each side of the neck; — called also the jugular vein. 2. (Zoöl.) Any fish which has the ventral fins situated forward of the pectoral fins, or beneath the throat; one of a division of fishes (Jugulares).

Ju´gu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugulated p. pr. & vb. n. Jugulating ] [L. jugulatus, p. p. of jugulare, fr. jugulatum. See Jugular.] To cut the throat of. [R.] Jacob Bigelow.

Ju´gu•lum , n.; pl. Jugula (#). [L.] (Zoöl.) The lower throat, or that part of the neck just above the breast.

Ju´gum , n.; pl. L. Juga (#), E. Jugums (#). [L., a yoke, ridge.] (Bot.) (a) One of the ridges commonly found on the fruit of umbelliferous plants. (b) A pair of the opposite leaflets of a pinnate plant.

Juice (jus), n. [OE. juse, F. jus broth, gravy, juice, L. jus; akin to Skr. yusha.] The characteristic fluid of any vegetable or animal substance; the sap or part which can be expressed from fruit, etc.; the fluid part which separates from meat in cooking. “An animal whose juices are unsound.” Arbuthnot. “The juice of July flowers.” B. Jonson. “The juice of Egypt’s grape.” Shak. “Letters which Edward Digby wrote in lemon juice.” Macaulay. “Cold water draws the juice of meat.” Mrs. Whitney.

Juice (jus), v. t. To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Fuller.

Juice´less, a. Lacking juice; dry. Dr. H. More.

Jui´ci•ness , n. The state or quality of being juicy; succulence plants.

Jui´cy , a. [Compar. Juicier; superl. Juiciest.] A bounding with juice; succulent. Bacon.

Ju•ise´ , n. [OF. juise. L. judicium. See Judicial.] Judgment; justice; sentence. [Obs.] “Up [on] pain of hanging and high juise.” Chaucer.

Ju´jube (ju´jub), n. [F., fr. L. zizyphum, Gr. zi•zyfon, Per. zizfun, zizafun, zayzafun.] The sweet and edible drupes (fruits) of several Mediterranean and African species of small trees, of the genus Zizyphus, especially the Z. jujuba, Z. vulgaris, Z. mucronata, and Z. Lotus. The last named is thought to have furnished the lotus of the ancient Libyan Lotophagi, or lotus eaters. Jujube paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also a confection made of gum arabic sweetened.

Juke , v. i. [from Scottish jouk to bow.] To bend the neck; to bow or duck the head. [Written also jook and jouk.] “The money merchant was so proud of his trust that he went juking and tossing of his head.” L’ Estrange.

Juke, n. The neck of a bird. [Prov. Eng.]

Juke, v. i. [F. juc a roost, perch, jucher to roost, to perch.] To perch on anything, as birds do. [Obs.]

Ju•la´ceous , a. [See Julus.] (Bot.) Like an ament, or bearing aments; amentaceous.

Ju´lep , n. [F., fr. Sp. julepe, fr. Ar. & Per. julab, jullab, fr. Per. gulab rose water and julep; gul rose + ab water.] 1. A refreshing drink flavored with aromatic herbs; esp. (Med.), a sweet, demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture, used as a vehicle. Milton. “Honey in woods, juleps in brooks.” H. Vaughan. 2. A beverage composed of brandy, whisky, or some other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, and sprigs of mint; — called also mint julep. [U.S.]

Jul´ian ( 277) a. [L. Julianus, fr. Julius. Cf. July, Gillian.] Relating to, or derived from, Julius Caesar. Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Caesar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, each fourth year having 366 days. — Julian epoch, the epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 b. c. — Julian period, a chronological period of 7,980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and indiction cycles (28 x 19 x 15 = 7,980), being reckoned from the year 4713 B. C., when the first years of these several cycles would coincide, so that if any year of the period be divided by 28, 19, or 15, the remainder will be the year of the corresponding cycle. The Julian period was proposed by Scaliger, to remove or avoid ambiguities in chronological dates, and was so named because composed of Julian years. — Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, adopted in the Julian calendar, and in use until superseded by the Gregorian year, as established in the reformed or Gregorian calendar.

Ju•li•enne´ , n. [F.] A kind of soup containing thin slices or shreds of carrots, onions, etc.

Ju´li•form , a. [Julus + - form.] (Bot.) Having the shape or appearance of a julus or catkin.

Ju´lus , n.; pl.Juli (#). [Of the same origin as iulus.] (Bot.) A catkin or ament. See Ament.

Ju•ly´ , n.; pl. Julies (#). [L. Julius; — named from Caius Julius Caesar, who was born in this month: cf. F. Juillet.] The seventh month of the year, containing thirty-one days. This month was called Quintilis, or the fifth month, according to the old Roman calendar, in which March was the first month of the year.

Ju•ly´-flow•er , n. See Gillyflower.

Ju´mart , n. [F.] The fabled offspring of a bull and a mare. Locke.

Jum´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jumbled p. pr. & vb. n. Jumbling ] [Prob. fr. jump, i. e., to make to jump, or shake.] To mix in a confused mass; to put or throw together without order; — often followed by together or up. “Why dost thou blend and jumble such inconsistencies together?” Burton. “Every clime and age
Jumbled together.” Tennyson.

Jum´ble, v. i. To meet or unite in a confused way; to mix confusedly. Swift.

Jum´ble, n. 1. A confused mixture; a mass or collection without order; as a jumble of words. 2. A small, thin, sugared cake, usually ring- shaped.

Jum´ble•ment , n. Confused mixture. [Low]

Jum´bler , n. One who confuses things.

Jum´bling•ly , adv. In a confused manner.

Ju´ment , n. [L. jumentum a beast of burden: cf. F. jument a mare, OF., a beast of burden.] A beast; especially, a beast of burden. [Obs.] “Fitter for juments than men to feed on.” Burton.

Jump , n. [Cf. F. jupe a long petticoat, a skirt. Cf. Juppon.] (a) A kind of loose jacket for men. (b) pl. A bodice worn instead of stays by women in the 18th century.

Jump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jumped p. pr. & vb. n. Jumping.] [Akin to OD. gumpen, dial. G. gumpen, jumpen.] 1. To spring free from the ground by the muscular action of the feet and legs; to project one’s self through the air; to spring; to bound; to leap. “Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the square.” Shak. 2. To move as if by jumping; to bounce; to jolt. ´The jumping chariots.´ Nahum iii. 2. “A flock of geese jump down together.” Dryden. 3. To coincide; to agree; to accord; to tally; — followed by with. ´It jumps with my humor.´ Shak. To jump at, to spring to; hence, fig., to accept suddenly or eagerly; as a fish jumps at a bait; to jump at a chance.

Jump , v. t. 1. To pass by a spring or leap; to overleap; as to jump a stream. 2. To cause to jump; as he jumped his horse across the ditch. 3. To expose to danger; to risk; to hazard. [Obs.] “To jump a body with a dangerous physic.” Shak. 4. (Smithwork) (a) To join by a butt weld. (b) To thicken or enlarge by endwise blows; to upset. 5. (Quarrying) To bore with a jumper. To jump a claim, to enter upon and take possession of land to which another has acquired a claim by prior entry and occupation. [Western U. S. & Australia] See Claim, n., 3. — To jump one’s bail, to abscond while at liberty under bail bonds. [Slang, U. S.]

Jump, n. 1. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound. ´To advance by jumps.´ Locke. 2. An effort; an attempt; a venture. [Obs.] “Our fortune lies
Upon thisjump.” Shak. 3. The space traversed by a leap. 4. (Mining) A dislocation in a stratum; a fault. 5. (Arch.) An abrupt interruption of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry. From the jump, from the start or beginning. [Colloq.] — Jump joint. (a) A butt joint. (b) A flush joint, as of plank in carvel-built vessels. — Jump seat. (a) A movable carriage seat. (b) A carriage constructed with a seat which may be shifted so as to make room for second or extra seat. Also used adjectively; as a jump-seat wagon.

Jump, a. Nice; exact; matched; fitting; precise. [Obs.] ´Jump names.´ B. Jonson.

Jump, adv. Exactly; pat.[Obs.] Shak.

Jump´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, jumps. 2. A long drilling tool used by masons and quarrymen. 3. A rude kind of sleigh; — usually, a simple box on runners which are in one piece with the poles that form the thills. [U.S.] J. F. Cooper. 4. (Zoöl.) The larva of the cheese fly. See Cheese fly, under Cheese. 5. (Eccl.) A name applied in the 18th century to certain Calvinistic Methodists in Wales whose worship was characterized by violent convulsions. 6. (Horology) spring to impel the star wheel, also a pawl to lock fast a wheel, in a repeating timepiece. Baby jumper. See in the Vocabulary. — Bounty jumper. See under Bounty.

Jump´er, n. [See 1st Jump.] A loose upper garment; as: (a) A sort of blouse worn by workmen over their ordinary dress to protect it. (b) A fur garment worn in Arctic journeys.

Jump´ing, p. a. & vb. n. of Jump, to leap. Jumping bean, a seed of a Mexican Euphorbia, containing the larva of a moth (Carpocapsa saltitans). The larva by its sudden movements causes the seed to roll to roll and jump about. — Jumping deer (Zoöl.), a South African rodent (Pedetes Caffer), allied to the jerboa. — Jumping jack, a toy figure of a man, jointed and made to jump or dance by means of strings. — Jumping louse (Zoöl.), any of the numerous species of plant lice belonging to the family Psyllidae, several of which are injurious to fruit trees. — Jumping mouse (Zoöl.), North American mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), having a long tail and large hind legs. It is noted for its jumping powers. Called also kangaroo mouse. — Jumping mullet (Zoöl.), gray mullet. — Jumping shrew (Zoöl.), any African insectivore of the genus Macroscelides. They are allied to the shrews, but have large hind legs adapted for jumping. — Jumping spider (Zoöl.), spider of the genus Salticus and other related genera; one of the Saltigradae; — so called because it leaps upon its prey.

Jump´weld , v. t. See Buttweld, v. t.

Jun•ca´ceous , a. [See Juncate.] (Bot.) Of. pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Juncaceae), of which the common rush (Juncus) is the type.

Jun´cate , n. See Junket.[Obs.] Spenser.

Jun´cite , n. [L. juncus a rush.] (Paleon.) A fossil rush.

Jun´co , n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Junco, which includes several species of North American finches; — called also snowbird, or blue snowbird.

Jun´cous , a. [L. juncosus, fr. juncus a rush.] Full of rushes: resembling rushes; juncaceous. [R.] Johnson.

Junc´tion , n. [L. junctio, fr. jungere, junctum, to join: cf. F. jonction. See Join.] 1. The act of joining, or the state of being joined; union; combination; coalition; as the junction of two armies or detachments; the junction of paths. 2. The place or point of union, meeting, or junction; specifically, the place where two or more lines of railway meet or cross. Junction plate (Boilers), a covering or break-join plate riveted to and uniting the edges of sheets which make a butt joint. — Junction rails (Railroads), the switch, or movable, rails, connecting one line of track with another.

Junc´ture (junk´tur; 135), n. [L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Jointure.] 1. A joining; a union; an alliance. [Obs.] ´Devotional compliance and juncture of hearts.´ Eikon Basilike. 2. The line or point at which two bodies are joined; a joint; an articulation; a seam; as the junctures of a vessel or of the bones. Boyle. 3. A point of time; esp., one made critical or important by a concurrence of circumstances; hence, a crisis; an exigency. ´Extraordinary junctures.´ Addison. “In such a juncture, what can the most plausible and refined philosophy offer?” Berkeley.

June , n. [L. Junius: cf. F. Juin. So called either from Junius, the name of a Roman gens, or from Juno, the goddess.] The sixth month of the year, containing thirty days. “And what is so rare as a day in June?
Then, if ever, come perfect days.” Lowell. June beetle, June bug (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large brown beetles of the genus Lachnosterna and related genera; — so called because they begin to fly, in the northern United States, about the first of June. The larvae of the June beetles live under ground, and feed upon the roots of grasses and other plants. Called also May bug or May beetle. — June grass (Bot.), a New England name for Kentucky blue grass. See Blue glass, and Illustration in Appendix.

June´a•ting , n. A kind of early apple. [Written also jenneting.]

June´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) (a) The small applelike berry of American trees of genus Amelanchier; — also called service berry. (b) The shrub or tree which bears this fruit; — also called shad bush, and shad tree.

Jun•ger•man´ni•a , n.; pl. Jungermanniae (#). [NL. Named after Ludwig Jungermann, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of hepatic mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceae.

Jun´gle (jun´g’l), n. [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. jagala desert.] A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil. “The jungles of India are of bamboos, canes, and other palms, very difficult to penetrate.” Balfour (Cyc. of India). Jungle bear (Zoöl.), the aswail or sloth bear. — Jungle cat (Zoöl.), the chaus. — Jungle cock (Zoöl.), the male of a jungle fowl. — Jungle fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) Any wild species of the genus Gallus, of which several species inhabit India and the adjacent islands; as the fork-tailed jungle fowl (G. varius) of Java, G. Stanleyi of Ceylon, and G. Bankiva of India. The latter, which resembles the domestic gamecock, is supposed to be one of the original species from which the domestic fowl was derived. (b) An Australian grallatorial bird (Megapodius tumulus) which is allied to the brush turkey, and, like the latter, lays its eggs in mounds of vegetable matter, where they are hatched by the heat produced by decomposition.

Jun´gly (-gly), a. Consisting of jungles; abounding with jungles; of the nature of a jungle.

Jun´ior (jun´yer; 277), a. [L. contr. fr. juvenior, compar. of juvenis young. See Juvenile.] 1. Less advanced in age than another; younger. Junior is applied to distinguish the younger of two persons bearing the same name in the same family, and is opposed to senior or elder. Commonly applied to a son who has the same Christian name as his father. 2. Lower in standing or in rank; later in office; as a junior partner; junior counsel; junior captain. 3. Composed of juniors, whether younger or a lower standing; as the junior class; of or pertaining to juniors or to a junior class. See Junior, n., 2. 4. Belonging to a younger person, or an earlier time of life. “Our first studies and junior endeavors.” Sir T. Browne.

Jun´ior, n. 1. A younger person. “His junior she, by thirty years.” Byron. 2. Hence: One of a lower or later standing; specifically, in American colleges, one in the third year of his course, one in the fourth or final year being designated a senior; in some seminaries, one in the first year, in others, one in the second year, of a three years’ course.

Jun•ior´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being junior.

Ju´ni•per , n. [L. juniperus, prop., youth-producing, and so called from its evergreen appearance, from the roots of E. juvenile, and parent. Cf. Gin the liquor.] (Bot.) Any evergreen shrub or tree, of the genus Juniperus and order Coniferae. The common juniper (J. communis) is a shrub of a low, spreading form, having awl-shaped, rigid leaves in whorls of threes, and bearing small purplish blue berries (or galbuli), of a warm, pungent taste, used as diuretic and in flavoring gin. A resin exudes from the bark, which has erroneously been considered identical with sandarach, and is used as pounce. The oil of juniper is acrid, and used for various purposes, as in medicine, for making varnish, etc. The wood of several species is of a reddish color, hard and durable, and is used in cabinetwork under the names of red cedar, Bermuda cedar, etc. Juniper worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a geometrid moth (Drepanodes varus). It feeds upon the leaves of the juniper, and mimics the small twigs both in form and color, in a remarkable manner.

Ju´ni•per•in , n. (Chem.) A yellow amorphous substance extracted from juniper berries.

Ju´ni•per•ite , n. (Paleon.) One of the fossil Coniferae, evidently allied to the juniper.

Junk , n. A fragment of any solid substance; a thick piece. See Chunk. [Colloq.] Lowell.

Junk, n. [Pg. junco junk, rush, L. juncus a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages. Cf. Junket.] 1. Pieces of old cable or old cordage, used for making gaskets, mats, swabs, etc., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for filling the seams of ships. 2. Old iron, or other metal, glass, paper, etc., bought and sold by junk dealers. 3. (Naut.) Hard salted beef supplied to ships. Junk bottle , a stout bottle made of thick dark-colored glass. — Junk dealer, a dealer in old cordage, old metal, glass, etc. — Junk hook (Whaling), a hook for hauling heavy pieces of blubber on deck. — Junk ring. (a) A packing of soft material round the piston of a steam engine. (b) A metallic ring for retaining a piston packing in place; (c) A follower. — Junk shop, a shop where old cordage, and ship’s tackle, old iron, old bottles, old paper, etc., are kept for sale. — Junk vat (Leather Manuf.), a large vat into which spent tan liquor or ooze is pumped. — Junk wad (Mil.), a wad used in proving cannon; also used in firing hot shot.

Junk, n. [Pg. junco; cf. Jav. & Malay jong, ajong, Chin. chwan.] (Naut.) A large vessel, without keel or prominent stem, and with huge masts in one piece, used by the Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Malays, etc., in navigating their waters.

Jun´ker , n. [G. Cf. Yonker.] A young German noble or squire; esp., a member of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

Jun´ker•ism , n. The principles of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

Jun´ket , n. [Formerly also juncate, fr. It. giuncata cream cheese, made in a wicker or rush basket, fr. L. juncus a rush. See 2d Junk, and cf. Juncate.] 1. A cheese cake; a sweetmeat; any delicate food. “How Faery Mab the junkets eat.” Milton. “Victuals varied well in taste,
And other junkets.” Chapman. 2. A feast; an entertainment. “A new jaunt or junket every night.” Thackeray.

Jun´ket, v. i. To feast; to banquet; to make an entertainment; — sometimes applied opprobriously to feasting by public officers at the public cost. “Job’s children junketed and feasted together often.” South.

Jun´ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Junketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Junketing.] To give entertainment to; to feast. “The good woman took my lodgings over my head, and was in such a hurry to junket her neighbors.” Walpole.

Jun´ket•ing, n. A feast or entertainment; a revel. “All those snug junketings and public gormandizings for which the ancient magistrates were equally famous with their modern successors.” W. Irving. “The apostle would have no reveling or junketing upon the altar.” South.

Jun´ket•ries , n. pl. Sweetmeats. [Obs.]

Ju´no (ju´no), n.; pl. Junos (-noz). [L.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera. “Sweeter than the lids of Juno’s eyes.” Shak. 2. (Astron.) One of the early discovered asteroids. Bird of Juno, the peacock.

Jun´ta (jun´ta), n.; pl. Juntas (-taz). [Sp., fr. L. junctus joined, p. p. of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Junto.] A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain.

Jun´to (-to), n.; pl. Juntos (-toz). [Sp. junto united. See Junta.] A secret council to deliberate on affairs of government or politics; a number of men combined for party intrigue; a faction; a cabal; as a junto of ministers; a junto of politicians. “The puzzling sons of party next appeared,
In dark cabals and mighty juntos met.” Thomson.

Jup´ar•tie , n. Jeopardy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju•pa•ti´ palm (Bot.) A great Brazilian palm tree (Raphia taedigera), used by the natives for many purposes.

Jupe , n. Same as Jupon.

Ju´pi•ter , n. [L., fr. Jovis pater. See Jove.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The supreme deity, king of gods and men, and reputed to be the son of Saturn and Rhea; Jove. He corresponds to the Greek Zeus. 2. (Astron.) One of the planets, being the brightest except Venus, and the largest of them all, its mean diameter being about 85,000 miles. It revolves about the sun in 4,332.6 days, at a mean distance of 5.2028 from the sun, the earth’s mean distance being taken as unity. Jupiter’s beard. (Bot.) (a) A South European herb, with cymes of small red blossoms (Centranthus ruber). (b) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum); — so called from its massive inflorescence, like the sculptured beard of Jove. Prior. (c) the cloverlike Anthyllis Barba-Jovis. — Jupiter’s staff (Bot.), the common mullein; — so called from its long, rigid spike of yellow blossoms. { Ju•pon´ , Jup•pon´ } n. [F. jupon, fr. jupe skirt, Sp. aljuba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubba.] [Written variously jupe, jump, juppo, etc.] 1. A sleeveless jacket worn over the armor in the 14th century. It fitted closely, and descended below the hips. Dryden. 2. A petticoat. Halliwell.

Ju´ra , n. [F. & L.] 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland. 2. (Geol.) The Jurassic period. See Jurassic.

Ju´ral , a. [L. jus, juris, right.] 1. Pertaining to natural or positive right. [R.] “By the adjective jural we shall denote that which has reference to the doctrine of rights and obligations; as by the adjective ´moral´ we denote that which has reference to the doctrine of duties.” Whewell. 2. (Law) Of or pertaining to jurisprudence.

Ju•ra•men´tum , n.; pl. Juramenta . [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. Law) An oath.

Ju•ras´sic , a. (Geol.) Of the age of the middle Mesozoic, including, as divided in England and Europe, the Lias Oölite, and Wealden; — named from certain rocks of the Jura mountains. — n. The Jurassic period or formation; — called also the Jura.

Ju´rat , n. [Prov. F. jurat, fr. L. juratus sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear. See Jury, n.] 1. A person under oath; specifically, an officer of the nature of an alderman, in certain municipal corporations in England. Burrill. 2. (Law) The memorandum or certificate at the end of an asffidavit, or a bill or answer in chancery, showing when, before whom, and (in English practice), where, it was sworn or affirmed. Wharton. Bouvier.

Ju´ra•to•ry , a. [L. juratorius, fr. jurare to swear: cf. F. juratoire.] Relating to or comprising an oath; as juratory caution. Ayliffe.

Ju•ra-tri´as , n. (Geol.) A term applied to many American Mesozoic strata, in which the characteristics of the Jurassic and Triassic periods appear to be blended. — Ju•ra-tri•as´sic (#), a.

Jur•dic´ci•on (jur•dik´si•on), n. Jurisdiction. [Obs.]

Jur´don (jûr´don), n. Jordan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju´rel , n. (Zoöl.) A yellow carangoid fish of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (Caranx chrysos), most abundant southward, where it is valued as a food fish; — called also hardtail, horse crevalle, jack, buffalo jack, skipjack, yellow mackerel, and sometimes, improperly, horse mackerel. Other species of Caranx (as C. fallax) are also sometimes called jurel. { Ju•rid´ic , Ju•rid´ic•al } a. [L. juridicus relating to the administration of justice; jus, juris, right, law + dicare to pronounce: cf. F. juridique. See Just, a., and Diction.] Pertaining to a judge or to jurisprudence; acting in the distribution of justice; used in courts of law; according to law; legal; as juridical law. ´This juridical sword.´ Milton. “The body corporate of the kingdom, in juridical construction, never dies.” Burke. Juridical days, days on which courts are open.

Ju•rid•ic•al•ly, adv. In a juridical manner.

Ju•ris•con´sult , n. [L. jurisconsultus; jus, juris, right + consulere, consultum, to consult: cf. F. jurisconsulte.] (Law) A man learned in the civil law; an expert in juridical science; a professor of jurisprudence; a jurist.

Ju•ris•dic´tion , n. [L. jurisdictio; jus, juris, right, law + dictio a saying, speaking: cf. OF. jurisdiction, F. juridiction. See Just, a., and Diction.] 1. (Law) The legal power, right, or authority of a particular court to hear and determine causes, to try criminals, or to execute justice; judicial authority over a cause or class of causes; as certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes, are within the jurisdiction of a particular court, that is, within the limits of its authority or commission. 2. The authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate; the right of making or enforcing laws; the power or right of exercising authority. “To live exempt
From Heaven’s high jurisdiction.” Milton. “You wrought to be a legate; by which power
You maim’d the jurisdiction of all bishops.” Shak. 3. Sphere of authority; the limits within which any particular power may be exercised, or within which a government or a court has authority. Jurisdiction, in its most general sense, is the power to make, declare, or apply the law. When confined to the judiciary department, it is what we denominate the judicial power, the right of administering justice through the laws, by the means which the laws have provided for that purpose. Jurisdiction is limited to place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects. Duponceau.

Ju•ris•dic´tion•al , a. [Cf. LL. jurisdictionalis, F. juridictionnel.] Of or pertaining to jurisdiction; as jurisdictional rights. Barrow.

Ju•ris•dic´tive , a. Having jurisdiction. Milton.

Ju•ris•pru´dence , n. [L. jurisprudentia; jus, juris, right, law + prudentia a foreseeing, knowledge of a matter, prudence: cf. F. jurisprudence. See Just, a., and Prudence.] The science of juridical law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community, necessary for the due administration of justice. “The talents of Abelard were not confined to theology, jurisprudence, philosophy.” J. Warton. Medical jurisprudence, that branch of juridical law which concerns questions of medicine.

Ju•ris•pru´dent , a. [See Jurisprudence.] Understanding law; skilled in jurisprudence. G. West.

Ju•ris•pru´dent, n. [Cf. F. jurisprudent.] One skilled in law or jurisprudence. [R.] De Quincey.

Ju•ris•pru•den´tial , a. Of or pertaining to jurisprudence. Stewart.

Ju•rist , n. [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a.] One who professes the science of law; one versed in the law, especially in the civil law; a writer on civil and international law. “It has ever been the method of public jurists to raw a great part of the analogies on which they form the law of nations from the principles of law which prevail in civil community.” Burke. { Ju•ris´tic , Ju•ris´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to a jurist, to the legal profession, or to jurisprudence. [R.] ´Juristic ancestry.´ Lowell.

Ju´ror , n. [F. jureur one who takes oath, L. jurator a swearer, fr. jurare, jurari, to swear. See Jury, n.] 1. (Law) A member of a jury; a juryman. “I shall both find your lordship judge and juror.” Shak. 2. A member of any jury for awarding prizes, etc.

Ju´ry , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) For temporary use; — applied to a temporary contrivance. Jury mast, a temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. — Jury rudder, a rudder constructed for temporary use.

Ju´ry , n.; pl. Juries (#). [OF. juree an assize, fr. jurer to swear, L. jurare, jurari; akin to jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a., and cf. Jurat, Abjure.] 1. (Law) A body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law, impaneled and sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to render their true verdict according to the evidence legally adduced. See Grand jury under Grand, and Inquest. “The jury, passing on the prisoner’s life.” Shak. 2. A committee for determining relative merit or awarding prizes at an exhibition or competition; as the art jury gave him the first prize. Jury of inquest, a coroner’s jury. See Inquest.

Ju´ry•man , n.; pl. Jurymen . One who is impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror.

Ju´ry-rigged , a. (Naut.) Rigged for temporary service. See Jury, a.

Jus´si , n. A delicate fiber, produced in the Philippine Islands from an unidentified plant, of which dresses, etc., are made.

Just , a. [F. juste, L. justus, fr. jus right, law, justice; orig., that which is fitting; akin to Skr. yu to join. Cf. Injury, Judge, Jury, Giusto.] 1. Conforming or conformable to rectitude or justice; not doing wrong to any; violating no right or obligation; upright; righteous; honest; true; — said both of persons and things. ´O just but severe law!´ Shak. “There is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not.” Eccl. vii. 20. “Just balances, just weights, … shall ye have.” Lev. xix. 36. “How should man be just with God?” Job ix. 2. “We know your grace to be a man.
Just and upright.” Shak. 2. Not transgressing the requirement of truth and propriety; conformed to the truth of things, to reason, or to a proper standard; exact; normal; reasonable; regular; due; as a just statement; a just inference. “Just of thy word, in every thought sincere.” Pope. “The prince is here at hand: pleaseth your lordship
To meet his grace just distance ’tween our armies.” Shak. “He was a comely personage, a little above just stature.” Bacon. “Fire fitted with just materials casts a constant heat.” Jer. Taylor. “When all
The war shall stand ranged in its just array.” Addison. “Their named alone would make a just volume.” Burton. 3. Rendering or disposed to render to each one his due; equitable; fair; impartial; as just judge. “Men are commonly so just to virtue and goodness as to praise it in others, even when they do not practice it themselves.” Tillotson. Just intonation. (Mus.) (a) The correct sounding of notes or intervals; true pitch. (b) The giving all chords and intervals in their purity or their exact mathematical ratio, or without temperament; a process in which the number of notes and intervals required in the various keys is much greater than the twelve to the octave used in systems of temperament. H. W. Poole. Syn. — Equitable; upright; honest; true; fair; impartial; proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular.

Just, adv. 1. Precisely; exactly; — in place, time, or degree; neither more nor less than is stated. “And having just enough, not covet more.” Dryden. “The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast.” Sir P. Sidney. “To-night, at Herne’s oak, just ’twixt twelve and one.” Shak. 2. Closely; nearly; almost. “Just at the point of death.” Sir W. Temple. 3. Barely; merely; scarcely; only; by a very small space or time; as he just missed the train; just too late. “A soft Etesian gale
But just inspired and gently swelled the sail.” Dryden. Just now, the least possible time since; a moment ago.

Just, v. i. [See Joust.] To joust. Fairfax.

Just, n. A joust. Dryden.

Jus´tice , n. [F., fr. L. justitia, fr. justus just. See Just, a.] 1. The quality of being just; conformity to the principles of righteousness and rectitude in all things; strict performance of moral obligations; practical conformity to human or divine law; integrity in the dealings of men with each other; rectitude; equity; uprightness. “Justice and judgment are the haditation of thy throne.” Ps. ixxxix. 11. “The king-becoming graces,
As justice, verity, temperance, stableness, …
I have no relish of them.” Shak. 2. Conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct; fair representation of facts respecting merit or demerit; honesty; fidelity; impartiality; as the justice of a description or of a judgment; historical justice. 3. The rendering to every one his due or right; just treatment; requital of desert; merited reward or punishment; that which is due to one’s conduct or motives. “This even-handed justice
Commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice
To our own lips.” Shak. 4. Agreeableness to right; equity; justness; as the justice of a claim. 5. A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and administer justice. This title is given to the judges of the common law courts in England and in the United States, and extends to judicial officers and magistrates of every grade. Bed of justice. See under Bed. - - Chief justice. See in the Vocabulary. — Justice of the peace (Law), a judicial officer or subordinate magistrate appointed for the conservation of the peace in a specified district, with other incidental powers specified in his commission. In the United States a justice of the peace has jurisdiction to adjudicate certain minor cases, commit offenders, etc. Syn. — Equity; law; right; rectitude; honesty; integrity; uprightness; fairness; impartiality. — Justice, Equity, Law. Justice and equity are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure justice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so, as distinguished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled courts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this case a conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against the working of the law; this a court of equity brings into accordance with the claims of justice. It would be an unfortunate use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might have justice on his side while practicing iniquity (inequity). Justice, Rectitude. Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of the most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1) Commutative justice, which gives every man his own property, including things pledged by promise. (2) Distributive justice, which gives every man his exact deserts. (3) General justice, which carries out all the ends of law, though not in every case through the precise channels of commutative or distributive justice; as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in his dealings with those who are subject to his control.

Jus´tice , v. t. To administer justice to. [Obs.] Bacon.

Jus´tice•a•ble , a. Liable to trial in a court of justice. [Obs.] Hayward.

Jus´tice•hood , n. Justiceship. B. Jonson.

Jus´tice•ment , n. Administration of justice; procedure in courts of justice. [Obs.] Johnson.

Jus´ti•cer , n. One who administers justice; a judge. [Obs.] ´Some upright justicer.´ Shak.

Jus´tice•ship , n. The office or dignity of a justice. Holland.

Jus•ti´ci•a•ble , a. [Cf. LL. justitiabilis, F. justiciable.] Proper to be examined in a court of justice. Bailey.

Jus•ti´ci•ar , n. Same as Justiciary.

Jus•ti´ci•a•ry , n. [Cf. LL. justitiarius, F. justicier. See Justice.] (Old Eng. Law) An old name for the judges of the higher English courts. The chief justiciary, or justiciar, in early English history, was not only the chief justice of the kingdom, but also ex officio regent in the king’s absence. Court of justiciary (Scots Law), the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland. { Jus´ti•co , Jus´ti•coat• }, n. [F. justaucorps, lit., close to the body.] Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves.

Jus´ti•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. justifiable. See Justify.] Capable of being justified, or shown to be just. “Just are the ways of God,
An justifiable to men.” Milton. Syn. — Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable. — Jus´ti•fi•a•ble•ness, n. — Jus´ti•fi•a•bly, adv.

Jus•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification. See Justify.] 1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as arguments in justification of the prisoner’s conduct; his disobedience admits justification. “I hope, for my brother’s justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue.” Shak. 2. (Law) The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer. 3. (Theol.) The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God’s requirements. “Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification.” Rom. iv. 25. “In such righteousness
To them by faith imputed, they may find
Justification toward God, and peace
Of conscience.” Milton. 4. (Print.) Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment.

Jus•tif´i•ca•tive ( 277), a. [Cf. F. justificatif.] Having power to justify; justificatory.

Jus´ti•fi•ca•tor , n. [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.] One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. Johnson.

Jus•tif´i•ca•to•ry ( 277), a. Vindicatory; defensory; justificative.

Jus´ti•fi•er , n. One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves. “Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites.” Strype. “That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus.” Rom. iii. 26.

Jus´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying ] [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just, a., and -fy.] 1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty. “That to the height of this great argument
I may assert eternal providence,
And justify the ways of God to men.” Milton. “Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government.” E. Everett. 2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear. “I can not justify whom the law condemns.” Shak. 3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve. “By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses.” Acts xiii. 39. 4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification, 4. Syn. — To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate.

Jus´ti•fy, v. i. 1. (Print.) To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly. 2. (Law) To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one’s self as bail or surety.

Jus•tin´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian.

Jus´tle , v. i. [Freq. of joust, just, v. i. See Joust, v. i., and cf. Jostle.] To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle. Shak. “The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways.” Nahum ii. 4.

Jus´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justled p. pr. & vb. n. Justling ] To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle. “We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while.” Addison.

Jus´tle, n. An encounter or shock; a jostle.

Just´ly , adv. [From Just, a.] In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. ´In equal balance justly weighed.´ Shak. “Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame.” South.

Just´ness, n. The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause. “In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action.” Dryden. Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed. Syn. — Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice.

Jut (jut), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jutted p. pr. & vb. n. Jutting.] [A corruption of jet.] 1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as the jutting part of a building. ´In jutting rock and curved shore.´ Wordsworth. “It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem.” Sir T. Browne. 2. To butt. [Obs.] ´The jutting steer.´ Mason.

Jut, n. 1. That which projects or juts; a projection. 2. A shove; a push. [Obs.] Udall.

Jute (jut), n. [Hind. jut, Skr. juta matted hair; cf. jata matted hair, fibrous roots.] The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius, and C. capsularis; also the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc.

Jutes (juts), n. pl. sing. Jute. (Ethnol.) Jutlanders; one of the Low German tribes, a portion of which settled in Kent, England, in the 5th century.

Jut´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of Jutland in Denmark.

Jut´land•ish, a. Of or pertaining to Jutland, or to the people of Jutland.

Jut´ting , a. Projecting, as corbels, cornices, etc. — Jut´ting•ly, adv.

Jut´ty , n. [See Jetty, Jut, Jet.] A projection in a building; also a pier or mole; a jetty. Shak.

Jut´ty, v. t. & i. To project beyond. [Obs.] Shak.

Ju´ve•nal , n. [L. juvenalis youthful, juvenile, fr. juvenis young.] A youth. [Obs.] Shak.

Ju•ve•nes´cence , n. A growing young.

Ju•ve•nes´cent , a. [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenescere to grow young again, from juvenis young.] Growing or becoming young.

Ju´ve•nile ( 277), a. [L. juvenilis, from juvenis young; akin to E. young: cf. F. juvenile, juvenil. See Young.] 1. Young; youthful; as a juvenile appearance. ´A juvenile exercitation.´ Glanvill. 2. Of or pertaining to youth; as juvenile sports. Syn. — Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful.

Ju´ve•nile, n. A young person or youth; — used sportively or familiarly. C. Bronte.

Ju´ve•nile•ness, n. The state or quality of being juvenile; juvenility.

Ju•ve•nil´i•ty , n.; pl. Juvenilities (#). [L. juvenilitas: cf. F. juvenilite.] 1. Youthfulness; adolescence. Glanvill. 2. The manners or character of youth; immaturity. Glanvill.

Ju´vi•a , n. (Bot.) A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

Ju•wan´sa , n. (Bot.) The camel’s thorn. See under Camel.

Ju•wise´ , n. [Obs.] Same as Juise. Chaucer.

Jux•ta•pose´ , v. t. [Cf. Juxtaposit, Pose.] To place in juxtaposition. Huxley.

Jux•ta•pos´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Juxtaposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Juxtapositing.] [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. Derham.

Jux•ta•po•si´tion , n. [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition. See Just, v. i., and Position.] A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as a juxtaposition of words. “Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition.” Glanvill. “Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity.” Hare.

Jym´old (jim´old), a. [Obs.] See Gimmal. K.

K, (ka), the eleventh letter of the English alphabet, is nonvocal consonant. The form and sound of the letter K are from the Latin, which used the letter but little except in the early period of the language. It came into the Latin from the Greek, which received it from a Phœnician source, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologically K is most nearly related to c, g, h (which see). In many words of one syllable k is used after c, as in crack, check, deck, being necessary to exhibit a correct pronunciation in the derivatives, cracked, checked, decked, cracking; since without it, c, before the vowels e and i, would be sounded like s. Formerly, k was added to c in certain words of Latin origin, as in musick, publick, republick; but now it is omitted. See Guide to Pronunciation , §§ 240, 178, 179, 185.

Kaa´ma , n. (Zoöl.) The hartbeest.

Kab´a•la , n. See Cabala.

Ka•bas´sou , n. (Zoöl.) See Cabassou.

Ka•bob´ , n. & v. t. See Cabob, n. & v. t.

Ka•book´ , n. (min.) A clay ironstone found in Ceylon.

Ka•byle´ , n. [Ar. qabila.] (Ethnol.) A Berber, as in Algiers or Tunis. See Berber.

Kad´der , n. [Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) The jackdaw. { Ka´di , Ka•di•as´ter } n. A Turkish judge. See Cadi.

Ka•fal´ , n. (Bot.) The Arabian name of two trees of the genus Balsamodendron, which yield a gum resin and a red aromatic wood. { Kaf´fir (kaf´fer), Ka´fir (kä´fer), } n. [Ar. kafir infidel, pagan, fr. kafara to be skeptical in religious matters; — a name given to certain infidel races by the Mohammedans. Cf. Giaour.] (Ethnol.) (a) One of a race which, with the Hottentots and Bushmen, inhabit South Africa. They inhabit the country north of Cape Colony, the name being now specifically applied to the tribes living between Cape Colony and Natal; but the Zulus of Natal are true Kaffirs. (b) One of a race inhabiting Kafiristan in Central Asia. [Spelt also Caffre.] Kaffir corn (Bot.), a Cape Colony name for Indian millet.

Kaf´fle , n. See Coffle.

Ka´fi•lah , n. See Cafila.

Kaf´tan , n & v. See Caftan.

Kage , n. A chantry chapel inclosed with lattice or screen work.

Ka´gu , n. (Zoöl.) A singular, crested, grallatorial bird (Rhinochetos jubatus), native of New Caledonia. It is gray above, paler beneath, and the feathers of the wings and tail are handsomely barred with brown, black, and gray. It is allied to the sun bittern.

Ka•gu•an´ , n. (Zoöl.) The colugo.

Ka´ha´ni , n. A kind of notary public, or attorney, in the Levant.

Ka•hau´ , n. [Native name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A long-nosed monkey (Semnopithecus nasalis), native of Borneo. The general color of the body is bright chestnut, with the under parts, shoulders, and sides of the head, golden yellow, and the top of the head and upper part of the back brown. Called also proboscis monkey. [Written also kaha.]

Kail , n. 1. (Bot.) A kind of headless cabbage. Same as Kale, 1. 2. Any cabbage, greens, or vegetables. [OE. or Scot.] 3. A broth made with kail or other vegetables; hence, any broth; also a dinner. [Scot.] Kail yard, a kitchen garden. [Scot.]

Kai•ma•cam´ , n. Same as Caimacam.

Kain , n. (Scots Law) Poultry, etc., required by the lease to be paid in kind by a tenant to his landlord. Wharton (Law Dict.).

Kai´nit , n. [Trade name, fr. kainite.] Salts of potassium used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

Kai´nite , n. [Gr. recent.] (Min.) A compound salt consisting chiefly of potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate, occurring at the Stassfurt salt mines in Prussian Saxony.

Kai•no•zo´ic , a. See Cenozoic.

Ka•ique´ , n. (Naut.) See Caique.

Kai´rine , n. (Chem.) A pale buff or white crystalline alkaloid derived from quinoline, and used as an antipyretic in medicine.

Kai•ro•line , n. (Chem.) An organic base obtained from quinoline. It is used as a febrifuge, and resembles kairine.

Kai´ser , n. [Gr., fr. L. Caesar. Cf. Kesar, and Czar.] The ancient title of emperors of Germany assumed by King William of Prussia when crowned sovereign of the new German empire in 1871.

Ka´ka , n. [Maori kaka a parrot; — so named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand parrot of the genus Nestor, especially the brown parrot (Nestor meridionalis). The mountain kaka, or kea (N. notabilis), is remarkable for having recently acquired carnivorous habits. It attacks and kills lambs and pigs, sometimes doing great damage. Night kaka. (Zoöl.) The kakapo.

Ka•ka•po´ , n. (Zoöl.) A singular nocturnal parrot (Strigops habroptilus), native of New Zealand. It lives in holes during the day, but is active at night. It resembles an owl in its colors and general appearance. It has large wings, but can fly only a short distance. Called also owl parrot, night parrot, and night kaka.

Kak•a•ral´li , n. A kind of wood common in Demerara, durable in salt water, because not subject to the depredations of the sea worm and barnacle.

Kak•is•toc´ra•cy (kak•is•tok´ra•sy), n. [Gr. ka•kistos worst + kratei^n to rule.] Government by the worst men.

Ka•kox´ene , n. See Cacoxene.

Ka•lan´ , n. (Zoöl.) The sea otter.

Ka•la•sie´ , n. (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey of Borneo (Semnopithecus rubicundus). It has a tuft of long hair on the head.

Kale , n. [Scot. kale, kail, cale, colewort, Gael. cael; akin to Ir. cal, W. cawl, Armor. kaol. See Cole.] 1. (Bot.) A variety of cabbage in which the leaves do not form a head, being nearly the original or wild form of the species. [Written also kail, and cale.] 2. See Kail, 2. Sea kale (Bot.), a European cruciferous herb (Crambe maritima), often used as a pot herb; sea cabbage.

Ka•leege´ , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of large, crested, Asiatic pheasants, belonging to the genus Euplocamus, and allied to the firebacks. { Ka•lei´do•phon , Ka•lei´do•phone } [Gr. beautiful + appearance, form + sound.] (Physics.) An instrument invented by Professor Wheatstone, consisting of a reflecting knob at the end of a vibrating rod or thin plate, for making visible, in the motion of a point of light reflected from the knob, the paths or curves corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations.

Ka•lei´do•scope , n. [Gr. beautiful + form + -scope.] An instrument invented by Sir David Brewster, which contains loose fragments of colored glass, etc., and reflecting surfaces so arranged that changes of position exhibit its contents in an endless variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical forms. It has been much employed in arts of design. “Shifting like the fragments of colored glass in the kaleidoscope.” G. W. Cable. { Ka•lei•do•scop´ic , Ka•lei•do•scop´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or formed by, a kaleidoscope; variegated.

Kal´en•dar , n. See Calendar.

Kal•en•da´ri•al , a. See Calendarial.

Kal´en•der , n. See 3d Calender.

Kal´ends , n. Same as Calends.

Ka´li , n. [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Cosmog.) The last and worst of the four ages of the world; — considered to have begun B. C. 3102, and to last 432,000 years.

Ka´li, n. [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Myth.) The black, destroying goddess; — called also Doorga, Anna Purna.

Ka´li , n. [Ar. qali. See Alkali.] (Bot.) The glasswort (Salsola Kali).

Ka´lif , n. See Caliph.

Ka´li•form , a. [Kali + - form.] Formed like kali, or glasswort.

Ka•lig´e•nous , a. [Kali + -genous. See Alkali.] Forming alkalies with oxygen, as some metals.

Ka´li•um , n. [NL. See Kali.] (Chem.) Potassium; — so called by the German chemists.

Kal´ki , n. [Skr.] The name of Vishnu in his tenth and last avatar. Whitworth.

Kal´mi•a , n. [NL. Named in honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of North American shrubs with poisonous evergreen foliage and corymbs of showy flowers. Called also mountain laurel, ivy bush, lamb kill, calico bush, etc.

Kal´muck , n. 1. pl. (Ethnol.) See Calmucks. 2. A kind of shaggy cloth, resembling bearskin. 3. A coarse, dyed, cotton cloth, made in Prussia.

Ka•long´ , n. (Zoöl.) A fruit bat, esp. the Indian edible fruit bat (Pteropus edulis).

Ka•loy´er , n. See Caloyer.

Kal´pa , n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) One of the Brahmanic eons, a period of 4,320,000,000 years. At the end of each Kalpa the world is annihilated.

Kal´so•mine , n. & v. t. Same as Calcimine.

Kam , a. [From Celtic; cf. Gael., Ir., & W. cam. Cf. Jamb, n.] Crooked; awry. [Obs.] ´This is clean kam.´ Shak.

Ka´ma , n. [Skr. kama love, the god of love.] The Hindoo Cupid. He is represented as a beautiful youth, with a bow of sugar cane or flowers.

Ka•ma´la , n. (Bot.) The red dusty hairs of the capsules of an East Indian tree (Mallotus Philippinensis) used for dyeing silk. It is violently emetic, and is used in the treatment of tapeworm. [Written also kameela.]

Kame , n. A low ridge. [Scot.] See Eschar.

Ka´mi , n. pl. [Japanese.] A title given to the celestial gods of the first mythical dynasty of Japan and extended to the demigods of the second dynasty, and then to the long line of spiritual princes still represented by the mikado.

Ka´mi•chi , n. (Zoöl.) A curious South American bird (Anhima, or Palamedea, cornuta), often domesticated by the natives and kept with poultry, which it defends against birds of prey. It has a long, slender, hornlike ornament on its head, and two sharp spurs on each wing. Although its beak, feet, and legs resemble those of gallinaceous birds, it is related in anatomical characters to the ducks and geese (Anseres). Called also horned screamer. The name is sometimes applied also to the chaja. See Chaja, and Screamer.

Kamp•tu´li•con , n. [Gr. to bend + material, fr. wood, matter.] A kind of elastic floor cloth, made of India rubber, gutta-percha, linseed oil, and powdered cork.

Kam´py•lite , n. [Gr. bent, curved, fr. to bend.] (Min.) A variety of mimetite or arseniate of lead in hexagonal prisms of a fine orange yellow. [Written also campylite.] { Kam•sin´ , Kham•sin´ } , n. [Ar. khamsin, fr. khamsun, oblique case khamsin, fifty; — so called because it blows for about fifty days, from April till June.] A hot southwesterly wind in Egypt, coming from the Sahara. [Written also Khamseen.]

Kam´tscha•dales , n. pl. (Ethnol.) An aboriginal tribe inhabiting the southern part of Kamtschatka.

Kan , v. t. To know; to ken. [Obs.] See Ken.

Kan , n. See Khan. { Ka•nack´a , Ka•na´ka } n. [Native name, prop., a man.] A native of the Sandwich Islands.

Kan´chil , n. [Malay canchil.] (Zoöl.) A small chevrotain of the genus Tragulus, esp. T. pygmaeus, or T. kanchil, inhabiting Java, Sumatra, and adjacent islands; a deerlet. It is noted for its agility and cunning.

Kand , n. (Mining) Fluor spar; — so called by Cornish miners.

Kan´ga•roo´ , n. [Said to be the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of jumping marsupials of the family Macropodidae. They inhabit Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands, They have long and strong hind legs and a large tail, while the fore legs are comparatively short and feeble. The giant kangaroo (Macropus major) is the largest species, sometimes becoming twelve or fourteen feet in total length. The tree kangaroos, belonging to the genus Dendrolagus, live in trees; the rock kangaroos, of the genus Petrogale, inhabit rocky situations; and the brush kangaroos, of the genus Halmaturus, inhabit wooded districts. See Wallaby. Kangaroo apple (Bot.), the edible fruit of the Tasmanian plant Solanum aviculare. — Kangaroo grass (Bot.), a perennial Australian forage grass (Anthistiria australis). — Kangaroo hare (Zoöl.), the jerboa kangaroo. See under Jerboa. — Kangaroo mouse. (Zoöl.) See Jumping mouse, under Jumping. — Kangaroo rat (Zoöl.), the potoroo.

Kan´sas , n. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians allied to the Winnebagoes and Osages. They formerly inhabited the region which is now the State of Kansas but were removed to the Indian Territory.

Kant´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher; conformed or relating to any or all of the philosophical doctrines of Immanuel Kant.

Kant´i•an, n. A follower of Kant; a Kantist. { Kant´i•an•ism , Kant´ism } , n. The doctrine or theory of Kant; the Kantian philosophy.

Kant´ist n. A disciple or follower of Kant.

Kant´try , n. Same as Cantred. { Ka´o•lin , Ka´o•line } , n. [Chin. kao-ling.] (Min.) A very pure white clay, ordinarily in the form of an impalpable powder, and used to form the paste of porcelain; China clay; porcelain clay. It is chiefly derived from the decomposition of common feldspar. The name is now applied to all porcelain clays which endure the fire without discoloration.

Ka•o•lin•i•za´tion , n. The process by which feldspar is changed into kaolin.

Ka´o•lin•ize , v. t. To convert into kaolin.

Ka•pel´le , n. [G.] (Mus.) A chapel; hence, the choir or orchestra of a prince’s chapel; now, a musical establishment, usually orchestral. Grove.

Ka•pell´meis•ter , n. [G.] (Mus.) See Capellmeister.

Ka´pi•a , n. [Native name.] (Min.) The fossil resin of the kauri tree of New Zealand.

Kap´no•mar , n. (Chem.) See Capnomor.

Kar´a•gane , n. [Russ. karagan’] (Zoöl.) A species of gray fox found in Russia.

Ka´ra•ism , n. Doctrines of the Karaites.

Ka´ra•ite , n. [Heb. qara to read.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of Jews who adhere closely to the letter of the Scriptures, rejecting the oral law, and allowing the Talmud no binding authority; — opposed to the Rabbinists.

Ka•ra´tas , n. (Bot.) A West Indian plant of the Pineapple family (Nidularium Karatas).

Kar´ma , n. [Skr.] (Buddhism) One’s acts considered as fixing one’s lot in the future existence. (Theos.) The doctrine of fate as the inflexible result of cause and effect; the theory of inevitable consequence.

Kar•ma´thi•an , n. One of a Mohammedan sect founded in the ninth century by Karmat.

Karn , n. [Cornish. Cf. Cairn.] (Mining) A pile of rocks; sometimes, the solid rock. See Cairn.

Ka´rob , n. [Cf. Carat.] The twenty-fourth part of a grain; — a weight used by goldsmiths. Crabb.

Kar´pho•lite , n. [Gr. rice straw + -lite: cf. F. carpholithe.] (Min.) A fibrous mineral occurring in tufts of a straw-yellow color. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and manganese.

Kar•roo´ (kar•roo´), n.; pl. Karroos (-rooz´). One of the dry table-lands of South Africa, which often rise terracelike to considerable elevations. [Also karoo.] The Great Karroo, or The Karroo, a vast plateau, in Cape Colony, stretching through five degrees of longitude, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet.

Kar´sten•ite , n. Same as Anhydrite.

Kar´vel , n. [Obs.] See Carvel, and Caravel.

Kar´y•o•ki•ne•sis (kar•i•o•ki•ne´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka•ryon a nut, kernel + kinei^n to move.] (Biol.) The indirect division of cells in which, prior to division of the cell protoplasm, complicated changes take place in the nucleus, attended with movement of the nuclear fibrils; — opposed to karyostenosis. The nucleus becomes enlarged and convoluted, and finally the threads are separated into two groups which ultimately become disconnected and constitute the daughter nuclei. Called also mitosis. See Cell development, under Cell.

Kar•y•o•ki•net´ic (-net´ik), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to karyokinesis; as karyokinetic changes of cell division.

Kar•y•om´i•ton (-om´i•ton), n. [NL., Gr. ka•ryon a nut + mi•tos a thread.] (Biol.) The reticular network of fine fibers, of which the nucleus of a cell is in part composed; — in opposition to kytomiton, or the network in the body of the cell. W. Flemming.

Kar•y•o•plas´ma (kar•i•o•plaz´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka•ryon a nut + pla•sma a thing molded.] (Biol.) The protoplasmic substance of the nucleus of a cell: nucleoplasm; — in opposition to kytoplasma, the protoplasm of the cell.

Kar•y•o•ste•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka•ryon a nut, kernel + a being straitened.] (Biol.) Direct cell division (in which there is first a simple division of the nucleus, without any changes in its structure, followed by division of the protoplasm of the cell); — in opposition to karyokinesis.
[1913 Webster]

Kar•y•o•ste•not´ic , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or connected with, karyostenosis; as the karyostenotic mode of nuclear division.

Ka•sack´ (kat), n. (Ethnol.) Same as Cossack.

Kat (kät), n. (Bot.) An Arabian shrub (Catha edulis) the leaves of which are used as tea by the Arabs.

Kat•a•bol´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to katabolism; as katabolic processes, which give rise to substances (katastates) of decreasing complexity and increasing stability.

Ka•tab´o•lism , n. [Gr. down + to throw.] (Physiol.) Destructive or downward metabolism; regressive metamorphism; — opposed to anabolism. See Disassimilation.

Kat´a•state , n. [Gr. down + to cause to stand.] (Physiol.) A substance formed by a katabolic process; — opposed to anastate. See Katabolic.

Kate , n. (Zoöl.) The brambling finch.

Kath´e•tal , a. [Gr. a perpendicular line. See Cathetus.] (Math.) Making a right angle; perpendicular, as two lines or two sides of a triangle, which include a right angle.

Kath•e•tom´e•ter , n. Same as Cathetometer.

Kat•ti•mun´doo , n. A caoutchouc-like substance obtained from the milky juice of the East Indian Euphorbia Kattimundoo. It is used as a cement.

Ka´ty•did , n. (Zoöl.) A large, green, arboreal, orthopterous insect (Cyrtophyllus concavus) of the family Locustidae, common in the United States. The males have stridulating organs at the bases of the front wings. During the summer and autumn, in the evening, the males make a peculiar, loud, shrill sound, resembling the combination Katy-did, whence the name.

Ka´u•ri , n. [Native name.] (Bot.) A lofty coniferous tree of New Zealand Agathis, or Dammara, australis), furnishing valuable timber and yielding one kind of dammar resin. [Written also kaudi, cowdie, and cowrie.]

Ka´va , n. [Polynesian.] (Bot.) A species of Macropiper (M. methysticum), the long pepper, from the root of which an intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians, by a process of mastication; also the beverage itself. [Written also kawa, kava, and ava.]

Ka•vass´ , n.; pl. Kavasses (#) [Turk. kavvas] An armed constable; also a government servant or courier. [Turkey]

Kaw , v. i. & n. See Caw.

Ka•wa´ka , n. (Bot.) a New Zealand tree, the Cypress cedar (Libocedrus Doniana), having a valuable, fine-grained, reddish wood.

Kawn , n. An inn. [Turkey] See Khan.

Kay´ak , n. (Naut.) A light canoe, made of skins stretched over a frame, and usually capable of carrying but one person, who sits amidships and uses a double-bladed paddle. It is peculiar to the Eskimos and other Arctic tribes.

Kay´ak•er , n. One who uses a kayak.

Kay´ko , n. (Zoöl.) The dog salmon.

Kayles , n. pl. [Akin to Dan. kegle, Sw. kegla, D. & G. kegel, OHG. kegil, whence F. quille.] A game; ninepins. [Prov Eng.] Carew.

Kay´nard , n. [F. cagnard.] A lazy or cowardly person; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

K-Dawg, The The K-Dawg, n. One psycho-ass, mofo otherwise known as having achieved primary Pimp status. As in ”You my ´ho, I´m your Pimp. It´s like dat.“ Syn. Original Gangsta in HxC. Represent!

Keck , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kecked p. pr. & vb. n. Kecking.] [Cf. dial. G. köcken, köken.] To heave or to retch, as in an effort to vomit. [R.] Swift.

Keck, n. An effort to vomit; queasiness. [R.]

Kec´kle , v. i. & n. See Keck, v. i. & n.

Kec´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keckled p. pr. & vb. n. Keckling ] (Naut.) To wind old rope around, as a cable, to preserve its surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains around, to defend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or from the ice. Totten.

Kec´kling , n. Old rope or iron chains wound around a cable. See Keckle, v. t.

Kec´klish , a. [From keck, keckle.] Inclined to vomit; squeamish. [R.] Holland.

Keck´sy , n.; pl. Kecksies (-siz). [Properly pl. of kex. See Kex.] (Bot.) The hollow stalk of an umbelliferous plant, such as the cow parsnip or the hemlock. [Written also kex, and in pl., kecks, kaxes.] “Nothing teems
But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs.” Shak.

Keck´y , a. Resembling a kecksy. Grew.

Kedge (kej), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kedged (kejd); p. pr. & vb. n. Kedging.] [Cf. dial. Sw. keka to tug, to drag one’s self slowly forward; or perh. fr. ked, and kedge, n., for keg anchor, named from the keg or cask fastened to the anchor to show where it lies.] (Naut.) To move (a vessel) by carrying out a kedge in a boat, dropping it overboard, and hauling the vessel up to it.

Kedge, n. [See Kedge, v. t.] (Naut.) A small anchor used whenever a large one can be dispensed with. See Kedge, v. t., and Anchor, n.

Kedg´er n. (Naut.) A small anchor; a kedge.

Ked´lock (ked´lok), n. [Cf. dial. G. köddik, küdik, kettich, keek, Dan. kidike, E. charlock, and AS. cedelc the herb mercury.] (Bot.) See Charlock.

Kee (ke), n. pl. of Cow. [AS. cy, pl. of cu cow. See Kine.] See Kie, Ky, and Kine. [Prov. Eng.] Gay.

Keech (kech), n. [Cf. Prov. E. keech a cake.] A mass or lump of fat rolled up by the butcher. [Obs.] Shak.

Keel (kel), v. t. & i. [AS. celan to cool, fr. col cool. See Cool.] To cool; to skim or stir. [Obs.] “While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.” Shak.

Keel, n. A brewer’s cooling vat; a keelfat.

Keel, n. [Cf. AS. ceól ship; akin to D. & G. kiel keel, OHG. chiol ship, Icel. kjoll, and perh. to Gr. gay^los a round-built Phœnician merchant vessel, gaylo•s bucket; cf. Skr. gola ball, round water vessel. But the meaning of the English word seems to come from Icel. kjölr keel, akin to Sw. köl, Dan. kjöl.] 1. (Shipbuilding) A longitudinal timber, or series of timbers scarfed together, extending from stem to stern along the bottom of a vessel. It is the principal timber of the vessel, and, by means of the ribs attached on each side, supports the vessel’s frame. In an iron vessel, a combination of plates supplies the place of the keel of a wooden ship. See Illust. of Keelson. 2. Fig.: The whole ship. 3. A barge or lighter, used on the Tyne for carrying coal from Newcastle; also a barge load of coal, twenty-one tons, four cwt. [Eng.] 4. (Bot.) The two lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower, united and inclosing the stamens and pistil; a carina. See Carina. 5. (Nat. Hist.) A projecting ridge along the middle of a flat or curved surface. Bilge keel (Naut.), a keel peculiar to ironclad vessels, extending only a portion of the length of the vessel under the bilges. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — False keel. See under False. — Keel boat. (a) A covered freight boat, with a keel, but no sails, used on Western rivers. [U. S.] (b) A low, flat-bottomed freight boat. See Keel, n., 3. — Keel piece, one of the timbers or sections of which a keel is composed. — On even keel, in a level or horizontal position, so that the draught of water at the stern and the bow is the same. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Keel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keeled p. pr. & vb. n. Keeling.] 1. To traverse with a keel; to navigate. 2. To turn up the keel; to show the bottom. To keel over, to upset; to capsize. [Colloq.]

Keel´age , n. [Cf. F. guillage, fr. guille keel; of German or Scand origin. See 3d Keel.] The right of demanding a duty or toll for a ship entering a port; also the duty or toll. Bouvier. Wharton.

Keeled , a. 1. (Bot.) Keel-shaped; having a longitudinal prominence on the back; as a keeled leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a median ridge; carinate; as a keeled scale.

Keel´er , n. [See 3d Keel.] 1. One employed in managing a Newcastle keel; — called also keelman. 2. A small or shallow tub; esp., one used for holding materials for calking ships, or one used for washing dishes, etc.

Keel´fat , n. [Keel to cool + fat a large tub, a vat.] (Brewing) A cooler; a vat for cooling wort, etc. [Written also keelvat.] Johnson.

Keel´haul , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keelhauled p. pr. & vb. n. Keelhauling.] [3d keel + haul: cf. LG. & D. kielhalen, G. kielholen. ] [Written also keelhale.] (Naut.) To haul under the keel of a ship, by ropes attached to the yardarms on each side. It was formerly practiced as a punishment in the Dutch and English navies. Totten.

Kee´ling , n. [Cf. Icel. keila, Sw. kolja, Dan. kulle.] (Zoöl.) A cod.

Kee´li•vine , n. [Cf. Gael. cil ruddle.] A pencil of black or red lead; — called also keelyvine pen. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Keel´man , n.; pl. - men . See Keeler, 1.

Keel´rake , v. t. (Naut.) Same as Keelhaul.

Keels , n. pl. Ninepins. See Kayles.

Keel´son , n. [Akin to Sw. kölsvin, Dan. kjölsviin, G. kielschwein; apparently compounded of the words keel and swine; but cf. Norweg. kjölsvill, where svill is akin to E. sill, n. ] (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber in a ship laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel, and binding the floor timbers to the keel; in iron vessels, a structure of plates, situated like the keelson of a timber ship. Cross keelson, a similar structure lying athwart the main keelson, to support the engines and boilers.

Keel´vat (kel´vat•), n. See Keelfat.

Keen (ken), a. [Compar. Keener (-er); superl. Keenest.] [OE. kene sharp, bold, AS. cene bold; akin to D. koen, OHG. kuoni, G. kühn, OSw. kyn, kön, Icel. kaenn, for kœnn wise; perh. akin to E. ken, can to be able. rad.45. ] 1. Sharp; having a fine edge or point; as a keen razor, or a razor with a keen edge. “A bow he bare and arwes [arrows] bright and kene.” Chaucer. “That my keen knife see not the wound it makes.” Shak. 2. Acute of mind; sharp; penetrating; having or expressing mental acuteness; as a man of keen understanding; a keen look; keen features. “To make our wits more keen.” Shak. “Before the keen inquiry of her thought.” Cowper. 3. Bitter; piercing; acrimonious; cutting; stinging; severe; as keen satire or sarcasm. “Good father cardinal, cry thou amen
To my keen curses.” Shak. 4. Piercing; penetrating; cutting; sharp; — applied to cold, wind, etc.; as a keen wind; the cold is very keen. “Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes.” Goldsmith. 5. Eager; vehement; fierce; as a keen appetite. ´Of full kene will.´ Piers Plowman. “So keen and greedy to confound a man.” Shak. Keen is often used in the composition of words, most of which are of obvious signification; as keen-edged, keen-eyed, keen-sighted, keen-witted, etc. Syn. — Prompt; eager; ardent; sharp; acute; cutting; penetrating; biting; severe; sarcastic; satirical; piercing; shrewd.

Keen, v. t. To sharpen; to make cold. [R.] “Cold winter keens the brightening flood.” Thomson.

Keen, n. [Ir. caoine.] A prolonged wail for a deceased person. Cf. Coranach. [Ireland] Froude.

Keen, v. i. To wail as a keener does. [Ireland]

Keen´er , n. A professional mourner who wails at a funeral. [Ireland]

Keen´ly, adv. In a keen manner.

Keen´ness, n. The quality or state of being keen.

Keep (kep), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kept (kept); p. pr. & vb. n. Keeping.] [OE. kepen, AS. cepan to keep, regard, desire, await, take, betake; cf. AS. copenere lover, OE. copnien to desire.] 1. To care; to desire. [Obs.] “I kepe not of armes for to yelp [boast].” Chaucer. 2. To hold; to restrain from departure or removal; not to let go of; to retain in one’s power or possession; not to lose; to retain; to detain. “If we lose the field,
We can not keep the town.” Shak. “That I may know what keeps me here with you.” Dryden. “If we would weigh and keep in our minds what we are considering, that would instruct us.” Locke. 3. To cause to remain in a given situation or condition; to maintain unchanged; to hold or preserve in any state or tenor. “His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.” Milton. “Keep a stiff rein, and move but gently on.” Addison. In this sense it is often used with prepositions and adverbs, as to keep away, to keep down, to keep from, to keep in, out, or off, etc. ´To keep off impertinence and solicitation from his superior.´ Addison. 4. To have in custody; to have in some place for preservation; to take charge of. “The crown of Stephanus, first king of Hungary, was always kept in the castle of Vicegrade.” Knolles. 5. To preserve from danger, harm, or loss; to guard. “Behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee.” Gen. xxviii. 15. 6. To preserve from discovery or publicity; not to communicate, reveal, or betray, as a secret. “Great are thy virtues … though kept from man.” Milton. 7. To attend upon; to have the care of; to tend. “And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it.” Gen. ii. 15. “In her girlish age, she kept sheep on the moor.” Carew. 8. To record transactions, accounts, or events in; as to keep books, a journal, etc.; also to enter (as accounts, records, etc. ) in a book. 9. To maintain, as an establishment, institution, or the like; to conduct; to manage; as to keep store. “Like a pedant that keeps a school.” Shak. “Every one of them kept house by himself.” Hayward. 10. To supply with necessaries of life; to entertain; as to keep boarders. 11. To have in one’s service; to have and maintain, as an assistant, a servant, a mistress, a horse, etc. “I keep but three men and a boy.” Shak. 12. To have habitually in stock for sale. 13. To continue in, as a course or mode of action; not to intermit or fall from; to hold to; to maintain; as to keep silence; to keep one’s word; to keep possession. “Both day and night did we keep company.” Shak. “Within this portal as I kept my watch.” Smollett. 14. To observe; to adhere to; to fulfill; not to swerve from or violate; to practice or perform, as duty; not to neglect; to be faithful to. “I have kept the faith.” 2 Tim. iv. 7. “Him whom to love is to obey, and keep
His great command.” Milton. 15. To confine one’s self to; not to quit; to remain in; as to keep one’s house, room, bed, etc.; hence, to haunt; to frequent. Shak. “’Tis hallowed ground;
Fairies, and fawns, and satyrs do it keep.” J. Fletcher. 16. To observe duly, as a festival, etc.; to celebrate; to solemnize; as to keep a feast. “I went with them to the house of God … with a multitude that kept holyday.” Ps. xlii. 4. To keep at arm’s length. See under Arm, n. — To keep back. (a) To reserve; to withhold. ´I will keep nothing back from you.´ Jer. xlii. 4. (b) To restrain; to hold back. ´Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins.´ Ps. xix. 13. — To keep company with. (a) To frequent the society of; to associate with; as let youth keep company with the wise and good. (b) To accompany; to go with; as to keep company with one on a voyage; also to pay court to, or accept attentions from, with a view to marriage. [Colloq.] — To keep counsel. See under Counsel, n. — To keep down. (a) To hold in subjection; to restrain; to hinder. (b) (Fine Arts) To subdue in tint or tone, as a portion of a picture, so that the spectator’s attention may not be diverted from the more important parts of the work. — To keep good (or bad hours, to be customarily early (or late) in returning home or in retiring to rest. — To keep house. (a) To occupy a separate house or establishment, as with one’s family, as distinguished from boarding; to manage domestic affairs. (b) (Eng. Bankrupt Law) To seclude one’s self in one’s house in order to evade the demands of creditors. — To keep one’s hand in, to keep in practice. — To keep open house, to be hospitable. — To keep the peace (Law), to avoid or to prevent a breach of the peace. — To keep school, to govern, manage and instruct or teach a school, as a preceptor. — To keep a stiff upper lip, to keep up one’s courage. [Slang] — To keep term. (a) (Eng. Universities) To reside during a term. (b) (Inns of Court) To eat a sufficient number of dinners in hall to make the term count for the purpose of being called to the bar. [Eng.] Mozley & W. — To keep touch. See under Touch, n. — To keep under, to hold in subjection; hence, to oppress. — To keep up. (a) To maintain; to prevent from falling or diminution; as to keep up the price of goods; to keep up one’s credit. (b) To maintain; to continue; to prevent from ceasing. ´In joy, that which keeps up the action is the desire to continue it.´ Locke. Syn. — To retain; detain; reserve; preserve; hold; restrain; maintain; sustain; support; withhold. — To Keep. Retain, Preserve. Keep is the generic term, and is often used where retain or preserve would too much restrict the meaning; as to keep silence, etc. Retain denotes that we keep or hold things, as against influences which might deprive us of them, or reasons which might lead us to give them up; as to retain vivacity in old age; to retain counsel in a lawsuit; to retain one’s servant after a reverse of fortune. Preserve denotes that we keep a thing against agencies which might lead to its being destroyed or broken in upon; as to preserve one’s health; to preserve appearances.

Keep , v. i. 1. To remain in any position or state; to continue; to abide; to stay; as to keep at a distance; to keep aloft; to keep near; to keep in the house; to keep before or behind; to keep in favor; to keep out of company, or out reach. 2. To last; to endure; to remain unimpaired. “If the malt be not thoroughly dried, the ale it makes will not keep.” Mortimer. 3. To reside for a time; to lodge; to dwell. [Now disused except locally or colloquially.] “Knock at his study, where, they say, he keeps.” Shak. 4. To take care; to be solicitous; to watch. [Obs.] “Keep that the lusts choke not the word of God that is in us.” Tyndale. 5. To be in session; as school keeps to-day. [Colloq.] To keep from, to abstain or refrain from. — To keep in with, to keep on good terms with; as to keep in with an opponent. — To keep on, to go forward; to proceed; to continue to advance. — To keep to, to adhere strictly to; not to neglect or deviate from; as to keep to old customs; to keep to a rule; to keep to one’s word or promise. — To keep up, to remain unsubdued; also not to be confined to one’s bed.

Keep, n. 1. The act or office of keeping; custody; guard; care; heed; charge. Chaucer. “Pan, thou god of shepherds all,
Which of our tender lambkins takest keep.” Spenser. 2. The state of being kept; hence, the resulting condition; case; as to be in good keep. 3. The means or provisions by which one is kept; maintenance; support; as the keep of a horse. “Grass equal to the keep of seven cows.” Carlyle. “I performed some services to the college in return for my keep.” T. Hughes. 4. That which keeps or protects; a stronghold; a fortress; a castle; specifically, the strongest and securest part of a castle, often used as a place of residence by the lord of the castle, especially during a siege; the donjon. See Illust. of Castle. “The prison strong,
Within whose keep the captive knights were laid.” Dryden. “The lower chambers of those gloomy keeps.” Hallam. “I think … the keep, or principal part of a castle, was so called because the lord and his domestic circle kept, abode, or lived there.” M. A. Lower. 5. That which is kept in charge; a charge. [Obs.] “Often he used of his keep
A sacrifice to bring.” Spenser. 6. (Mach.) A cap for retaining anything, as a journal box, in place. To take keep, to take care; to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Keep´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, keeps; one who, or that which, holds or has possession of anything. 2. One who retains in custody; one who has the care of a prison and the charge of prisoners. 3. One who has the care, custody, or superintendence of anything; as the keeper of a park, a pound, of sheep, of a gate, etc.; the keeper of attached property; hence, one who saves from harm; a defender; a preserver. “The Lord is thy keeper.” Ps. cxxi. 6. 4. One who remains or keeps in a place or position. “Discreet; chaste; keepers at home.” Titus ii. 5. 5. A ring, strap, clamp, or any device for holding an object in place; as: (a) The box on a door jamb into which the bolt of a lock protrudes, when shot. (b) A ring serving to keep another ring on the finger. (c) A loop near the buckle of a strap to receive the end of the strap. 6. A fruit that keeps well; as the Roxbury Russet is a good keeper. Downing. Keeper of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an officer who had the principal government of all things relating to the forest. — Keeper of the great seal, a high officer of state, who has custody of the great seal. The office is now united with that of lord chancellor. [Eng.] — Keeper of the King’s conscience, the lord chancellor; — a name given when the chancellor was an ecclesiastic. [Eng.] — Keeper of the privy seal (styled also lord privy seal), a high officer of state, through whose hands pass all charters, pardons, etc., before they come to the great seal. He is a privy councillor, and was formerly called clerk of the privy seal. [Eng.] — Keeper of a magnet, a piece of iron which connects the two poles, for the purpose of keeping the magnetic power undiminished; an armature.

Keep´er•ship , n. The office or position of a keeper. Carew.

Keep´ing, n. 1. A holding; restraint; custody; guard; charge; care; preservation. “His happiness is in his own keeping.” South. 2. Maintenance; support; provision; feed; as the cattle have good keeping. “The work of many hands, which earns my keeping.” Milton. 3. Conformity; congruity; harmony; consistency; as these subjects are in keeping with each other. 4. (Paint.) Harmony or correspondence between the different parts of a work of art; as the foreground of this painting is not in keeping. Keeping room, a family sitting room. [New Eng. & Prov. Eng.] Syn. — Care; guardianship; custody; possession.

Keep´sake , n. Anything kept, or given to be kept, for the sake of the giver; a token of friendship.

Keesh , n. See Kish.

Keeve , n. [AS. cf, fr. L. cupa a tub, cask; also F. cuve. Cf. Kive, Coop.] 1. (Brewing) A vat or tub in which the mash is made; a mash tub. Ure. 2. (Bleaching) A bleaching vat; a kier. 3. (Mining) A large vat used in dressing ores.

Keeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keeved p. pr. & vb. n. Keeving.] 1. To set in a keeve, or tub, for fermentation. 2. To heave; to tilt, as a cart. [Prov. Eng.]

Keev´er , n. See Keeve, n.

Kef´fe-kil , n. (Min.) See Kiefekil.

Keg (keg), n. [Earlier cag, Icel. kaggi; akin to Sw. kagge.] A small cask or barrel.

Keil´hau•ite (kil´hou•it), n. (Min.) A mineral of a brownish black color, related to titanite in form. It consists chiefly of silica, titanium dioxide, lime, and yttria.

Keir , n. See Kier.

Keit•lo´a , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A black, two-horned, African rhinoceros (Atelodus keitloa). It has the posterior horn about as long as the anterior one, or even longer.

Keld , a. [Cf. Cavl.] Having a kell or covering; webbed. [Obs.] Drayton.

Kele , v. t. [See Keel to cool.] To cool. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kell , n. A kiln. [Obs.]

Kell, n. [A modification of kale.] A sort of pottage; kale. See Kale, 2. Ainsworth.

Kell, n. [Cf. Caul.] 1. The caul; that which covers or envelops as a caul; a net; a fold; a film. [Obs.] “I’ll have him cut to the kell.” Beau. & Fl. 2. The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect. B. Jonson.

Ke´loid , a. [Gr. tumor + - oid.] (Med.) Applied to a variety of tumor forming hard, flat, irregular excrescences upon the skin. — n. A keloid tumor.

Ke•lot´o•my , n. (Med.) See Celotomy.

Kelp , n. [Formerly kilpe; of unknown origin.] 1. The calcined ashes of seaweed, — formerly much used in the manufacture of glass, now used in the manufacture of iodine. 2. (Bot.) Any large blackish seaweed. Laminaria is the common kelp of Great Britain; Macrocystis pyrifera and Nereocystis Lutkeana are the great kelps of the Pacific Ocean. Kelp crab (Zoöl.), a California spider crab (Epialtus productus), found among seaweeds, which it resembles in color. — Kelp salmon (Zoöl.), a serranoid food fish (Serranus clathratus) of California. See Cabrilla.

Kelp´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A small California food fish (Heterostichus rostratus), living among kelp. The name is also applied to species of the genus Platyglossus. { Kel´pie , Kel´py }, n.; pl. Kelpies (#). [Cf. Gael. cailpeach, calpach, colpach, a heifer, steer, colt, colpa a cow or horse.] (Scotch Myth.) An imaginary spirit of the waters, horselike in form, vulgarly believed to warn, by preternatural noises and lights, those who are to be drowned. Jamieson.

Kelp´ware , n. Same as Kelp, 2.

Kel´son , n. See Keelson. Sir W. Raleigh.

Kelt , n. See Kilt, n. Jamieson.

Kelt, n. [Cf. Icel. kult quilt.] Cloth with the nap, generally of native black wool. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Kelt, n. A salmon after spawning. [Scot.]

Kelt, n. Same as Celt, one of Celtic race.

Kel´ter , n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. cealt clothes, Gael. cealltair spear, castle, cause, Prov. E. kilter tool, instrument. Cf. Kilt.] Regular order or proper condition. [Written also kilter.] [>Colloq.] “If the organs of prayer be out of kelter or out of tune, how can we pray?” Barrow.

Kelt´ic (kelt´ik), a. & n. Same as Celtic, a. & n.

Kemb (kem), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kembed (kemd) or Kempt (kemt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Kembing.] [OE. kemben, AS. cemban, fr. camb comb.] To comb. [Obs.] “His longe hair was kembed behind his back.” Chaucer.

Kem´e•lin (kem´e•lin), n. [Cf. Prov. E. kemlin, kimlin, kimmel, a salting tub, any tub, kembing a brewing tub, G. kumme bowl, basin, W. cwmman a tub, brewing tub.] A tub; a brewer’s vessel. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Kemp (kemp), Kemp´ty } n. Coarse, rough hair in wool or fur, injuring its quality.

Kem´pe (kem´pe), a. Rough; shaggy. [Obs.] ´Kempe hairs.´ Chaucer.

Kemps (kemps), n. pl. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) The long flower stems of the ribwort plantain (Plantago Lanceolata). Dr. Prior.

Kempt (kemt; 215), p. p. of Kemb. B. Jonson.

Ken (ken), n. [Perh. from kennel.] A house; esp., one which is a resort for thieves. [Slang, Eng.]

Ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kenned (kend); p. pr. & vb. n. Kenning.] [OE. kennen to teach, make known, know, AS. cennan to make known, proclaim, or rather from the related Icel. kenna to know; akin to D. & G. kennen to know, Goth. kannjan to make known; orig., a causative corresponding to AS. cunnan to know, Goth. kunnan. rad.45. See Can to be able, Know.] 1. To know; to understand; to take cognizance of. [Archaic or Scot.] 2. To recognize; to descry; to discern. [Archaic or Scot.] ´We ken them from afar.´ Addison “’T is he. I ken the manner of his gait.” Shak.

Ken, v. i. To look around. [Obs.] Burton.

Ken, n. Cognizance; view; especially, reach of sight or knowledge. ´Beyond his ken.´ Longfellow. “Above the reach and ken of a mortal apprehension.” South. “It was relief to quit the ken
And the inquiring looks of men.” Trench. { Ken´dal green• , or Ken´dal. } A cloth colored green by dye obtained from the woad-waxen, formerly used by Flemish weavers at Kendal, in Westmoreland, England. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). “How couldst thou know these men in Kendal green ?” Shak.

Ken´nel , n. [See Channel, Canal.] The water course of a street; a little canal or channel; a gutter; also a puddle. Bp. Hall.

Ken´nel, n. [OE. kenel, (assumed) OF. kenil, F. chenil, LL. canile, fr. L. canis a dog. Cf. Canine.] 1. A house for a dog or for dogs, or for a pack of hounds. “A dog sure, if he could speak, had wit enough to describe his kennel.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. A pack of hounds, or a collection of dogs. Shak. 3. The hole of a fox or other beast; a haunt.

Ken´nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kenneled or Kennelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kennelling.] To lie or lodge; to dwell, as a dog or a fox. “The dog kenneled in a hollow tree.” L’Estrange.

Ken´nel, v. t. To put or keep in a kennel. Thomson.

Ken´nel coal See Cannel coal.

Ken´ning , n. [See Ken, v. t.] 1. Range of sight. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. The limit of vision at sea, being a distance of about twenty miles.

Ke´no , n. [F. quine five winning numbers, fr. L. quini five each, quinque five. See Five.] A gambling game, a variety of the game of lotto, played with balls or knobs, numbered, and cards also numbered. [U. S.]

Ken•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. new + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Modified evolution, in which nonprimitive characters make their appearance in consequence of a secondary adaptation of the embryo to the peculiar conditions of its environment; — distinguished from palingenesis. [Written also caenogenesis.]

Ken•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to kenogenesis; as kenogenetic processes. — Ken•o•ge•net´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Ken´spec•kle , a. Having so marked an appearance as easily to be recognized. [Scot.]

Kent´ bu´gle [Probably named after a Duke of Kent.] (Mus.) A curved bugle, having six finger keys or stops, by means of which the performer can play upon every key in the musical scale; — called also keyed bugle, and key bugle. Moore.

Ken´tle , n. [From Quintal.] (Com.) A hundred weight; a quintal.

Kent´ledge , n. [OF. cant edge, corner, D. kant. See Cant edge, angle.] (Naut.) Pigs of iron used for ballast. [Written also kintlidge.]

Ken•tuck´y , n. One of the United States. Kentucky blue grass (Bot.), a valuable pasture and meadow grass (Poa pratensis), found in both Europe and America. See under Blue grass. — Kentucky coffee tree (Bot.), a tall North American tree (Gymnocladus Canadensis) with bipinnate leaves. It produces large woody pods containing a few seeds which have been used as a substitute for coffee. The timber is very valuable.

Keph´a•lin (kef´a•lin), n. [Gr. kefalh• the head.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a group of nitrogenous phosphorized principles, supposed by Thudichum to exist in brain tissue.

Kept , imp. & p. p. of Keep. Kept mistress, a concubine; a woman supported by a man as his paramour.

Ke•ram´ic , a. Same as Ceramic.

Ke•ram´ics , n. Same as Ceramics.

Ker•a•mo•graph´ic , a. [Gr. ke•ramos tile + graph + ic.] Suitable to be written upon; capable of being written upon, as a slate; — said especially of a certain kind of globe. Scudamore.

Ke•ra´na , n. (Mus.) A kind of long trumpet, used among the Persians. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Ke•rar´gy•rite , n. See Cerargyrite.

Ker´a•sin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance free from phosphorus, supposed to be present in the brain; a body closely related to cerebrin.

Ker´a•sine , a. [Gr. ke•ras horn.] Resembling horn; horny; corneous.

Ker´a•tin , n. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, or mixture of substances, containing sulphur in a loose state of combination, and forming the chemical basis of epidermal tissues, such as horn, hair, feathers, and the like. It is an insoluble substance, and, unlike elastin, is not dissolved even by gastric or pancreatic juice. By decomposition with sulphuric acid it yields leucin and tyrosin, as does albumin. Called also epidermose.

Ker•a•ti´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cornea.

Ker´a•tode , n. See Keratose.

Ker•a•tog´e•nous , a. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn + -genous.] Producing horn; as the keratogenous membrane within the horny hoof of the horse.

Ker•a•toi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Keratosa.

Ker´a•tome , n. [Gr. ke•ras, horn + to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for dividing the cornea in operations for cataract.

Ker•a•to•nyx´is , n. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn + puncture.] (Med.) The operation of removing a cataract by thrusting a needle through the cornea of the eye, and breaking up the opaque mass.

Ker´a•to•phyte , n. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, a horn + a plant.] (Zoöl.) A gorgonian coral having a horny axis.

Ker•a•to´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, -atos, a horn.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges having a skeleton composed of hornlike fibers. It includes the commercial sponges.

Ker´a•tose , n. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn.] (Physiol. Chem.) A tough, horny animal substance entering into the composition of the skeleton of sponges, and other invertebrates; — called also keratode.

Ker´a•tose, a. (Zoöl.) Containing hornlike fibers or fibers of keratose; belonging to the Keratosa.

Ke•rau´no•graph , n. [Gr. thunderbolt + graph.] A figure or picture impressed by lightning upon the human body or elsewhere. — Ker•au•nog´ra•phy (#), n.

Kerb , n. See Curb.

Kerb´stone , n. See Curbstone.

Ker´cher , n. A kerchief. [Obs.] “He became … white as a kercher.” Sir T. North.

Ker´chered , a. Covered, or bound round, with a kercher. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Ker´chief , n.; pl. Kerchiefs (#). [OE. coverchef, OF. cuevrechief, couvrechef, F. couvrechef, a head covering, fr. couvrir to cover + OF. chief head, F. chef. See Cover, Chief, and cf. Curfew.] 1. A square of fine linen worn by women as a covering for the head; hence, anything similar in form or material, worn for ornament on other parts of the person; — mostly used in compounds; as neckerchief; breastkerchief; and later, handkerchief. “He might put on a hat, a muffler, and a kerchief, and so escape.” Shak. “Her black hair strained away
To a scarlet kerchief caught beneath her chin.” Mrs. Browning. 2. A lady who wears a kerchief. Dryden. { Ker´chiefed , Ker´chieft } , a. Dressed; hooded; covered; wearing a kerchief. Milton.

Kerf , n. [AS. cyrf a cutting off, fr. ceorfan to cut, carve. See Carve.] A notch, channel, or slit made in any material by cutting or sawing.

Ke´rite , n. [Gr. ke•ras, horn.] A compound in which tar or asphaltum combined with animal or vegetable oils is vulcanized by sulphur, the product closely resembling rubber; — used principally as an insulating material in telegraphy. Knight.

Kerl , n. See Carl.

Ker´mes , n. [Ar. & Per. girmiz. See Crimson, and cf. Alkermes.] 1. (Zoöl.) The dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Coccus ilicis), allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. They are round, about the size of a pea, contain coloring matter analogous to carmine, and are used in dyeing. They were anciently thought to be of a vegetable nature, and were used in medicine. [Written also chermes.] 2. (Bot.) A small European evergreen oak (Quercus coccifera) on which the kermes insect (Coccus ilicis) feeds. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). Kermes mineral. (a) (Old Chem.) An artificial amorphous trisulphide of antimony; — so called on account of its red color. (b) (Med. Chem.) A compound of the trioxide and trisulphide of antimony, used in medicine. This substance occurs in nature as the mineral kermesite.

Ker´messe , n. [F.] See Kirmess.

Kern , n. [Ir. ceatharnach.Cf. Cateran. ] 1. A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; — distinguished from gallowglass, and often used as a term of contempt. Macaulay. “Now for our Irish wars;
We must supplant those rough, rug-headed kerns.” Shak. 2. Any kind of boor or low-lived person. [Obs.] Blount. 3. (O. Eng. Law) An idler; a vagabond. Wharton.

Kern, n. (Type Founding) A part of the face of a type which projects beyond the body, or shank.

Kern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kerned p. pr. & vb. n. Kerning. ] (Type Founding) To form with a kern. See 2d Kern.

Kern, n. [See Churn. ] A churn. [Prov. Eng.]

Kern, n. [AS. cweorn, cwyrn. See Quern. ] A hand mill. See Quern. Johnson.

Kern, v. i. [Cf. G. kern kernel, grain; akin to E. corn. See Corn, Kernel. ] 1. To harden, as corn in ripening. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To take the form of kernels; to granulate. [Obs.] “It is observed that rain makes the salt kern.” Dampier.

Kerned , a. (Print.) Having part of the face projecting beyond the body or shank; — said of type. ´In Roman, f and j are the only kerned letters.´ MacKellar.

Ker´nel , n. [OE. kernel, kirnel, curnel, AS. cyrnel, fr. corn grain. See Corn, and cf. Kern to harden.] 1. The essential part of a seed; all that is within the seed walls; the edible substance contained in the shell of a nut; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integument; as the kernel of a nut. See Illust. of Endocarp. “’ A were as good crack a fusty nut with no kernel” Shak. 2. A single seed or grain; as a kernel of corn. 3. A small mass around which other matter is concreted; a nucleus; a concretion or hard lump in the flesh. 4. The central, substantial or essential part of anything; the gist; the core; as the kernel of an argument.

Ker´nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kerneled or Kernelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kerneling or Kernelling.] To harden or ripen into kernels; to produce kernels. { Ker´neled , Ker´nelled }, a. Having a kernel.

Ker´nel•ly , a. Full of kernels; resembling kernels; of the nature of kernels. Holland.

Kern´ish , a. [From Kern a boor.] Clownish; boorish. [Obs.] ´A petty kernish prince.´ Milton.

Ker´o•lite , n. (Min.) Same as Cerolite.

Ker´o•sene , n. [Gr. wax.] An oil used for illuminating purposes, formerly obtained from the distillation of mineral wax, bituminous shale, etc., and hence called also coal oil. It is now produced in immense quantities, chiefly by the distillation and purification of petroleum. It consists chiefly of several hydrocarbons of the methane series. { Kers , Kerse }, n. A cress. [Obs.] Chaucer. Not worth a kers. See under Cress.

Ker´sey , n.; pl. Kerseys (#). [Prob. from the town of Kersey in Suffolk, Eng.] A kind of coarse, woolen cloth, usually ribbed, woven from wool of long staple.

Ker´sey•mere , n. [For cassimere, confounded with kersey.] See Cassimere.

Ker•sey•nette´ , n. See Cassinette.

Kerve , v. t. To carve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kerv´er , n. A carver. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ke´sar , n. See Kaiser. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kes´lop (kes´lop), n. [AS. ceselib, or cyslyb, milk curdled; cf. G. käselab, käselippe. See Cheese, and cf.Cheeselep.] The stomach of a calf, prepared for rennet. Halliwell.

Kess , v. t. To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer

Kest , imp. of Cast. [Obs.]

Kes´trel (kes´trel), n. [See Castrel.] (Zoöl.) A small, slender European hawk (Falco alaudarius), allied to the sparrow hawk. Its color is reddish fawn, streaked and spotted with white and black. Also called windhover and stannel. The name is also applied to other allied species. This word is often used in contempt, as of a mean kind of hawk. ´Kites and kestrels have a resemblance with hawks.´ Bacon.

Ket (ket), n. [Icel. kjöt flesh; akin to Sw. kött, Dan. kjöd.] Carrion; any filth. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ketch (kech), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. Turk. qaiq : cf. F. caiche. Cf. Caïque.] (Naut.) An almost obsolete form of vessel, with a mainmast and a mizzenmast, — usually from one hundred to two hundred and fifty tons burden. Bomb ketch. See under Bomb.

Ketch, n. A hangman. See Jack Ketch.

Ketch, v. t. [See Catch.] To catch. [Now obs. in spelling, and colloq. in pronunciation.] “To ketch him at a vantage in his snares.” Spenser.

Ketch´up (-up), n. A sauce. See Catchup.

Ke´tine , n. [See Ketone.] (Chem.) One of a series of organic bases obtained by the reduction of certain isonitroso compounds of the ketones. In general they are unstable oily substances having a pungent aromatic odor.

Ket•mie´ , n. (Bot.) The name of certain African species of Hibiscus, cultivated for the acid of their mucilage. [Written also ketmia.]

Ke´tol (ke´tol), n. [Ketone + indol.] (Chem.) One of a series of series of complex nitrogenous substances, represented by methyl ketol and related to indol. Methyl ketol, a weak organic base, obtained as a white crystalline substance having the odor of faeces.

Ke´tone (ke´ton), n. [Cf. Acetone.] (Chem.) One of a large class of organic substances resembling the aldehydes, obtained by the distillation of certain salts of organic acids and consisting of carbonyl (CO) united with two hydrocarbon radicals. In general the ketones are colorless volatile liquids having a pungent ethereal odor. The ketones are named by adding the suffix-one to the stems of the organic acids from which they are respectively derived; thus, acetic acid gives acetone; butyric acid, butyrone, etc.

Ke•ton´ic (ke•ton´ik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a ketone; as a ketonic acid.

Ket´tle (ket´t’l), n. [OE. ketel; cf. AS. cetel, cetil, cytel; akin to D. kjedel, G. kessel, OHG. chezzil, Icel. ketill, SW. kittel, Dan. kjedel, Goth. katils; all perh. fr. L. catillus, dim. of catinus a deep vessel, bowl; but cf. also OHG. chezzi kettle, Icel. kati small ship.] A metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, often without a cover, used for heating and boiling water or other liguids. Kettle pins, ninepins; skittles. [Obs.] Shelton. — Kettle stitch (Bookbinding), the stitch made in sewing at the head and tail of a book. Knight.

Ket´tle•drum (-drum•), n. 1. (Mus.) A drum made of thin copper in the form of a hemispherical kettle, with parchment stretched over the mouth of it. Kettledrums, in pairs, were formerly used in martial music for cavalry, but are now chiefly confined to orchestras where they are called tympani. 2. An informal social party at which a light collation is offered, held in the afternoon or early evening. Cf. Drum, n., 4 and 5.

Ket´tle•drum•mer , n. One who plays on a kettledrum.

Keu´per (koi´per), n. [G.] (Geol.) The upper division of the European Triassic. See Chart of Geology.

Kev´el , n. [Prov. E. kevil, cavel, rod, pole, a large hammer, horse’s bit; cf. Icel. kefli cylinder, a stick, mangle, and Dan. kievle a roller.] 1. (Naut.) A strong cleat to which large ropes are belayed. 2. A stone mason’s hammer. [Written also cavil.] Kevel head (Naut.), a projecting end of a timber, used as a kevel. { Kev´el , Kev´in }, n. (Zoöl.) The gazelle.

Kev´er , v. t. & i. To cover. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kev´er•chief , n. A kerchief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kex , n. [W. cecys, pl., hollow stalks.] 1. (Bot.) A weed; a kecksy. Bp. Gauden. “Though the rough kex break
The starred mosaic.” Tennyson. 2. A dry husk or covering. “When the kex, or husk, is broken, he proveth a fair flying butterfly.” Holland.

Key (ke), n. [OE. keye, key, kay, AS. caeg.] 1. An instrument by means of which the bolt of a lock is shot or drawn; usually, a removable metal instrument fitted to the mechanism of a particular lock and operated by turning in its place. 2. An instrument which is turned like a key in fastening or adjusting any mechanism; as a watch key; a bed key, etc. 3. That part of an instrument or machine which serves as the means of operating it; as a telegraph key; the keys of a pianoforte, or of a typewriter. 4. A position or condition which affords entrance, control, pr possession, etc.; as the key of a line of defense; the key of a country; the key of a political situation. Hence, that which serves to unlock, open, discover, or solve something unknown or difficult; as the key to a riddle; the key to a problem. “Those who are accustomed to reason have got the true key of books.” Locke. “Who keeps the keys of all the creeds.” Tennyson. 5. That part of a mechanism which serves to lock up, make fast, or adjust to position. 6. (Arch.) (a) A piece of wood used as a wedge. (b) The last board of a floor when laid down. 7. (Masonry) (a) A keystone. (b) That part of the plastering which is forced through between the laths and holds the rest in place. 8. (Mach.) (a) A wedge to unite two or more pieces, or adjust their relative position; a cotter; a forelock. See Illusts. of Cotter, and Gib. (b) A bar, pin or wedge, to secure a crank, pulley, coupling, etc., upon a shaft, and prevent relative turning; sometimes holding by friction alone, but more frequently by its resistance to shearing, being usually embedded partly in the shaft and partly in the crank, pulley, etc. 9. (Bot.) An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara; — called also key fruit. 10. (Mus.) (a) A family of tones whose regular members are called diatonic tones, and named key tone (or tonic) or one (or eight), mediant or three, dominant or five, subdominant or four, submediant or six, supertonic or two, and subtonic or seven. Chromatic tones are temporary members of a key, under such names as ´ sharp four, ´ ´flat seven,´ etc. Scales and tunes of every variety are made from the tones of a key. (b) The fundamental tone of a movement to which its modulations are referred, and with which it generally begins and ends; keynote. “Both warbling of one song, both in one key.” Shak. 11. Fig: The general pitch or tone of a sentence or utterance. “You fall at once into a lower key.” Cowper. Key bed. Same as Key seat. — Key bolt, a bolt which has a mortise near the end, and is secured by a cotter or wedge instead of a nut. Key bugle. See Kent bugle. — Key of a position or country. (Mil.) See Key, 4. — Key seat (Mach.), a bed or groove to receive a key which prevents one part from turning on the other. — Key way, a channel for a key, in the hole of a piece which is keyed to a shaft; an internal key seat; — called also key seat. — Key wrench (Mach.), an adjustable wrench in which the movable jaw is made fast by a key. — Power of the keys (Eccl.), the authority claimed by the ministry in some Christian churches to administer the discipline of the church, and to grant or withhold its privileges; — so called from the declaration of Christ, ´I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven.´ Matt. xvi. 19.

Key , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keved p. pr. & vb. n. Keying.] To fasten or secure firmly; to fasten or tighten with keys or wedges. Francis. To key up. (a) (Arch.) To raise (the whole ring of an arch) off its centering, by driving in the keystone forcibly. (b) (Mus.) To raise the pitch of. (c) Hence, fig., to produce nervous tension in.

Key´age , n. [OF. caiage, F. guayage. See lst Key, Quay.] Wharfage; quayage.

Key´board , n. The whole arrangement, or one range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc.

Key´-cold , a. Cold as a metallic key; lifeless. [Formerly, a proverbial expression.] Shak. Milton.

Keyed (ked), a. Furnished with keys; as a keyed instrument; also set to a key, as a tune. Keyed bugle. See Kent bugle.

Key´hole , n. 1. A hole or apertupe in a door or lock, for receiving a key. 2. (a) (Carp.) A hole or excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. (b) (Mach.) a mortise for a key or cotter. Keyhole limpet (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod of the genus Fissurella and allied genera. See Fissurella. — Keyhole saw, a narrow, slender saw, used in cutting keyholes, etc., as in doors; a kind of compass saw or fret saw. — Keyhole urchin (Zoöl.), any one of numerous clypeastroid sea urchins, of the genera Melitta, Rotula, and Encope; — so called because they have one or more perforations resembling keyholes.

Key´note , n. 1. (Mus.) The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written; the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the modulations of the piece are referred; — called also key tone. 2. The fundamental fact or idea; that which gives the key; as the keynote of a policy or a sermon.

Key´seat , v. t. To form a key seat, as by cutting. See Key seat, under Key.

Key´stone , n. (Arch.) The central or topmost stone of an arch. This in some styles is made different in size from the other voussoirs, or projects, or is decorated with carving. See Illust. of Arch. Keystone State, the State of Pennsylvania; - - so called from its having been the central State of the Union at the formation of the Constitution.

Key´ tone (Mus.) See Keynote.

Key´way , n. See Key way, under Key.

Kha´liff , n. See Caliph.

Kham•sin , n. Same as Kamsin.

Khan , n. [Pers. & Tart. khan.] [Also kan, kaun.] A king; a prince; a chief; a governor; — so called among the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, and in countries now or formerly governed by them.

Khan, n. [Per. khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.] An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Written also kawn.]

Khan•ate , n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan.

Kha´ya , n. (Bot.) A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

Khe•dive´ , n. [F. khedive, Pers. khediw a prince.] A governor or viceroy; — a title granted in 1867 by the sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt.

Khen´na , n. See Henna.

Kho´lah , n. (Zoöl.) The Indian jackal.

Khol´sun , n. (Zoöl.) The dhole.

Khut´bah , n. [Ar.] An address or public prayer read from the steps of the pulpit in Mohammedan mosques, offering glory to God, praising Mohammed and his descendants, and the ruling princes.

Ki•a•boo´ca wood See Kyaboca wood.

Ki•ang´ , n. (Zoöl.) The dziggetai.

Kib´ble , v. t. To bruise; to grind coarsely; as kibbled oats. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell.

Kib´ble, n. A large iron bucket used in Cornwall and Wales for raising ore out of mines. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also kibbal.]

Kib´blings , n. pl. Portions of small fish used for bait on the banks of Newfoundland.

Kibe , n. [W. cib + gwst pain, sickness.] A chap or crack in the flesh occasioned by cold; an ulcerated chilblain. ´He galls his kibe.´ Shak.

Kibed , a. Chapped; cracked with cold; affected with chilblains; as kibed heels. Beau. & Fl.

Ki•bit´ka , n.; pl. Kibitkas . [Russ.] 1. A tent used by the Kirghiz Tartars. 2. A rude kind of Russian vehicle, on wheels or on runners, sometimes covered with cloth or leather, and often used as a movable habitation.

Kib´lah , n. See Keblah.

Kib´y , a. Affected with kibes. Skelton.

Kich´il , n. [Obs.] See Kechil. Chaucer.

Kick (kik), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kicked (kikt); p. pr. & vb. n. Kicking.] [W. cicio, fr. cic foot.] To strike, thrust, or hit violently with the foot; as a horse kicks a groom; a man kicks a dog. “He [Frederick the Great] kicked the shins of his judges.” Macaulay. To kick the beam, to fit up and strike the beam; — said of the lighter arm of a loaded balance; hence, to be found wanting in weight. Milton. — To kick the bucket, to lose one’s life; to die. [Colloq. & Low]

Kick, v. i. 1. To thrust out the foot or feet with violence; to strike out with the foot or feet, as in defense or in bad temper; esp., to strike backward, as a horse does, or to have a habit of doing so. Hence, figuratively: To show ugly resistance, opposition, or hostility; to spurn. “I should kick, being kicked.” Shak. 2. To recoil; — said of a musket, cannon, etc.

Kick, n. 1. A blow with the foot or feet; a striking or thrust with the foot. “A kick, that scarce would move a horse,
May kill a sound divine.” Cowper. 2. The projection on the tang of the blade of a pocket knife, which prevents the edge of the blade from striking the spring. See Illust. of Pocketknife. 3. (Brickmaking) A projection in a mold, to form a depression in the surface of the brick. 4. The recoil of a musket or other firearm, when discharged.

Kick´a•ble , a. Capable or deserving of being kicked. ´A kickable boy.´ G. Eliot.

Kick•a•poos´ , n. pl.; sing. Kickapoo . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region of Northern Illinois, allied in language to the Sacs and Foxes.

Kick´er, n. One who, or that which, kicks.

Kick´shaw , n. See Kickshaws, the correct singular.

Kick´shaws , n.; pl. Kickshawses (#) [Corrupt. fr. F. quelque chose something, fr. L. qualis of what kind (akin to E. which) + suffix -guam + causa cause, in LL., a thing. See Which, and Cause.] 1. Something fantastical; any trifling, trumpery thing; a toy. “Art thou good at these kickshawses!” Shak. 2. A fancy dish; a titbit; a delicacy. “Some pigeons, … a joint of mutton, and any pretty little tiny kickshaws.” Shak. “Cressy was lost by kickshaws and soup- maigre.” Fenton.

Kick´shoe , n. A kickshaws. Milton. { Kick´sy-wick•sy , Kick´y-wisk•y }, n. That which is restless and uneasy. Kicky-wicky, or, in some editions, Kicksy- wicksy, is applied contemptuously to a wife by Shakespeare, in ´All’s Well that Ends Well,´ ii. 3, 297.

Kick´sy-wick•sy, a. Fantastic; restless; as kicksy-wicksy flames. Nares.

Kick´up , n. (Zoöl.) The water thrush or accentor. [Local, West Indies]

Kid (kid), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. kið, Dan. & Sw. kid; akin to OHG. kizzi, G. kitz, kitzchen, kitzlein.] 1. (Zoöl.) A young goat. “The … leopard shall lie down with the kid.” Is. xi. 6. 2. A young child or infant; hence, a simple person, easily imposed on. [Slang] Charles Reade. 3. A kind of leather made of the skin of the young goat, or of the skin of rats, etc. 4. pl. Gloves made of kid. [Colloq. & Low] 5. A small wooden mess tub; — a name given by sailors to one in which they receive their food. Cooper.

Kid, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kidded; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidding.] To bring forth a young goat.

Kid, n. [Cf. W. cidysen.] A fagot; a bundle of heath and furze. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Kid, p. p. of Kythe. [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.

Kid, v. t. See Kiddy, v. t. [Slang]

Kid´de , imp. of Kythe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kid´der•min•ster , n. A kind of ingrain carpeting, named from the English town where formerly most of it was manufactured.

Kid´di•er , n. [Cf. OSw. kyta to truck.] A huckster; a cadger. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Kid´dle , n. [Cf. LL. kidellus, Armor. kiael] A kind of basketwork wear in a river, for catching fish. [Improperly spelled kittle.]

Kid´dow , n. (Zoöl.) The guillemot. [Written also kiddaw.] [Prov. Eng.]

Kid´dy , v. t. To deceive; to outwit; to hoax. [Slang] Dickens.

Kid´dy, n. A young fellow; formerly, a low thief. [Slang, Eng.]

Kid´dy•ish, a. Frolicsome; sportive. [Slang]

Kid´ fox (Zoöl.) A young fox. Shak.

Kid´ling , n. [Kid + - ling: cf. Sw. kidling.] A young kid.

Kid´nap (kid´nap•), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kidnaped (- napt•) or Kidnapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidnaping or Kidnapping.] [Kid a child + Prov. E. nap to seize, to grasp. Cf. Knab, Knap, Nab.] To take (any one) by force or fear, and against one’s will, with intent to carry to another place. Abbott. “You may reason or expostulate with the parents, but never attempt to kidnap their children, and to make proselytes of them.” Whately. Originally used only of stealing children, but now extended in application to any human being, involuntarily abducted. { Kid´nap•er , or Kid´nap•per }, n. One who steals or forcibly carries away a human being; a manstealer.

Kid´ney (kid´ny), n.; pl. Kidneys (-niz). [OE. kidnei, kidnere, from Icel. koiðr belly, womb (akin to Goth. gipus, AS. cwiþ womb) + OE. nere kidney; akin to D. nier, G. niere, OHG. nioro, Icel. nyra, Dan. nyre, Sw. njure, and probably to Gr. nefro•s Cf. Kite belly.] 1. (Anat.) A glandular organ which excretes urea and other waste products from the animal body; a urinary gland. In man and in other mammals there are two kidneys, one on each side of vertebral column in the back part of the abdomen, each kidney being connected with the bladder by a long tube, the ureter, through which the urine is constantly excreted into the bladder to be periodically discharged. 2. Habit; disposition; sort; kind. Shak. “There are in later times other decrees, made by popes of another kidney.” Barrow. “Millions in the world of this man’s kidney.” L’Estrange. “Your poets, spendthrifts, and other fools of that kidney, pretend, forsooth, to crack their jokes on prudence.” Burns. This use of the word perhaps arose from the fact that the kidneys and the fat about them are an easy test of the condition of an animal as to fatness. ´Think of that, — a man of my kidney; — … as subject to heat as butter.´ Shak. 3. A waiter. [Old Cant] Tatler. Floating kidney. See Wandering kidney, under Wandering. — Kidney bean (Bot.), a sort of bean; — so named from its shape. It is of the genus Phaseolus (P. vulgaris). See under Bean. — Kidney ore (Min.), a variety of hematite or iron sesquioxide, occurring in compact kidney-shaped masses. — Kidney stone. (Min.) See Nephrite, and Jade. — Kidney vetch (Bot.), a leguminous herb of Europe and Asia (Anthyllis vulneraria), with cloverlike heads of red or yellow flowers, once used as a remedy for renal disorders, and also to stop the flow of blood from wounds; lady’s-fingers. { Kid´ney-form• , Kid´ney-shaped• } a. Having the form or shape of a kidney; reniform; as a kidney-shaped leaf. Gray.

Kid´ney•wort , n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of saxifrage (Saxifrage stellaris). (b) The navelwort.

Kie , n. pl. [Cf. Kee.] Kine; cows. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Kie´fe•kil , n. [Per. keff foam, scum + gil clay, mud.] (Min.) A species of clay; meerschaum. [Also written keffekil.]

Kier , n. [Icel. ker a tub.] (Bleaching) A large tub or vat in which goods are subjected to the action of hot lye or bleaching liquor; — also called keeve.

Kie´sel•guhr , n. [G., fr. kiesel flint + guhr an earthy deposit or sediment in water.] Siliceous earth; specifically, porous infusorial earth, used as an absorbent of nitroglycerin in the manufacture of dynamite.

Kie´ser•ite n. [Named after Prof. Kieser, of Jena.] (Min.) Hydrous sulphate of magnesia found at the salt mines of Stassfurt, Prussian Saxony.

Kieve , n. See Keeve, n.

Kike , v. i. [Cf. D. kijken, Sw. kika.] To gaze; to stare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kike , v. t. & i. To kick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kil´der•kin , n. [OD. kindeken, kinneken, a small barrel, orig., a little child, fr. kind child; akin to G. kind, and to E. kin.] A small barrel; an old liquid measure containing eighteen English beer gallons, or nearly twenty-two gallons, United States measure. [Written also kinderkin.]

Kill , n. A kiln. [Obs.] Fuller.

Kill, n. [D. kil.] A channel or arm of the sea; a river; a stream; as the channel between Staten Island and Bergen Neck is the Kill van Kull, or the Kills; — used also in composition; as Schuylkill, Catskill, etc.

Kill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Killed p. pr. & vb. n. Killing.] [OE. killen, kellen, cullen, to kill, strike; perh. the same word as cwellen, quellen, to kill (cf. Quell), or perh. rather akin to Icel. kolla to hit in the head, harm, kollr top, summit, head, Sw. kulle, D. kollen to kill with the ax.] 1. To deprive of life, animal or vegetable, in any manner or by any means; to render inanimate; to put to death; to slay. “Ah, kill me with thy weapon, not with words !” Shak. 2. To destroy; to ruin; as to kill one’s chances; to kill the sale of a book. ´To kill thine honor.´ Shak. “Her lively color kill’d with deadly cares.” Shak. 3. To cause to cease; to quell; to calm; to still; as in seamen’s language, a shower of rain kills the wind. “Be comforted, good madam; the great rage,
You see, is killed in him.” Shak. 4. To destroy the effect of; to counteract; to neutralize; as alkali kills acid. To kill time, to busy one’s self with something which occupies the attention, or makes the time pass without tediousness. Syn. — To murder; assassinate; slay; butcher; destroy. — To Kill, Murder, Assassinate. To kill does not necessarily mean any more than to deprive of life. A man may kill another by accident or in self-defense, without the imputation of guilt. To murder is to kill with malicious forethought and intention. To assassinate is to murder suddenly and by stealth. The sheriff may kill without murdering; the duelist murders, but does not assassinate his antagonist; the assassin kills and murders. { Kill´dee• , Kill´deer• } n. [So named from its notes.] (Zoöl.) A small American plover (AEgialitis vocifera). It is dark grayish brown above; the rump and upper tail coverts are yellowish rufous; the belly, throat, and a line over the eyes, white; a ring round the neck and band across the breast, black.

Kill´er , n. 1. One who deprives of life; one who, or that which, kills. 2. (Zoöl.) A voracious, toothed whale of the genus Orca, of which several species are known. The killers have a high dorsal fin, and powerful jaws armed with large, sharp teeth. They capture, and swallow entire, large numbers of seals, porpoises, and dolphins, and are celebrated for their savage, combined attacks upon the right whales, which they are said to mutilate and kill. The common Atlantic species (Orca gladiator), is found both on the European and the American coast. Two species (Orca ater and O. rectipinna) occur on the Pacific coast.

Kil•lesse´ , n. [Cf. Coulisse.] (Arch.) (a) A gutter, groove, or channel. (b) A hipped roof. [Prov. Eng.] Parker.

Kil´li•fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus and allied genera. They live equally well in fresh and brackish water, or even in the sea. They are usually striped or barred with black. Called also minnow, and brook fish. See Minnow.

Kil´li•grew , n. (Zoöl.) The Cornish chough. See under Chough. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kil•li•ki•nick´ , n. See Kinnikinic.

Kill´ing , a. Literally, that kills; having power to kill; fatal; in a colloquial sense, conquering; captivating; irresistible. — Kill´ing•ly, adv. “Those eyes are made so killing.” Pope. “Nothing could be more killingly spoken.” Milton.

Kill´-joy , n. One who causes gloom or grief; a dispiriting person. W. Black.

Kil´lock , n. [Cf. Scot. killick ´the flue [fluke] of an anchor.´ Jamieson.] A small anchor; also a kind of anchor formed by a stone inclosed by pieces of wood fastened together. [Written also killick.]

Kil´low , n. [Prov. E. kollow the smut or grime on the backs of chimneys.] An earth of a blackish or deep blue color. Woodward.

Kiln (kil), n. [OE. kilne, kulne, AS. cyln, cylen; akin to Icel. kylna; prob. from the same source as coal. See Coal.] 1. A large stove or oven; a furnace of brick or stone, or a heated chamber, for the purpose of hardening, burning, or drying anything; as a kiln for baking or hardening earthen vessels; a kiln for drying grain, meal, lumber, etc.; a kiln for calcining limestone. 2. A furnace for burning bricks; a brickkiln.

Kiln´-dry , v. t. To dry in a kiln; as to kiln-dry meal or grain. Mortimer.

Kiln´hole , n. The mouth or opening of an oven or kiln. Shak.

Ki´lo , n.; pl. Kilos (#). [F.] An abbreviation of Kilogram. { Kil´o•gram , Kil´o•gramme }, n. [F. kilogramme; pref. kilo- (fr. Gr. chi•lioi a thousand ) + gramme. See 3d Gram.] A measure of weight, being a thousand grams, equal to 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois (15,432.34 grains). It is equal to the weight of a cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of maximum density, or 39° Fahrenheit. { Kil´o•gram•me•ter , Kil´o•gram•me•tre }, n. (Mech.) A measure of energy or work done, being the amount expended in raising one kilogram through the height of one meter, in the latitude of Paris. { Kil´o•li•ter , Kil´o•li•tre }, n. [F. kilolitre. See Kilogram, and Liter.] A measure of capacity equal to a cubic meter, or a thousand liters. It is equivalent to 35.315 cubic feet, and to 220.04 imperial gallons, or 264.18 American gallons of 321 cubic inches. { Kil´o•me•ter , Kil´o•me•tre }, n. [F. kilometre. See Kilogram, and Meter.] A measure of length, being a thousand meters. It is equal to 3,280.8 feet, or .62137 of a mile.

Kil´o•stere , n. [F. kilostere. See Kilogram, and Stere.] A cubic measure containing 1000 cubic meters, and equivalent to 35,315 cubic feet.

Kil´o•watt , n. [See Kilogram and Watt.] (Elec.) One thousand watts.

Kilt , p. p. from Kill. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kilt, n. [OGael. cealt clothes, or rather perh. fr. Dan. kilte op to truss, tie up, tuck up.] A kind of short petticoat, reaching from the waist to the knees, worn in the Highlands of Scotland by men, and in the Lowlands by young boys; a filibeg. [Written also kelt.]

Kilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Kilting.] To tuck up; to truss up, as the clothes. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Kilt´ed, a. 1. Having on a kilt. 2. Plaited after the manner of kilting. 3. Tucked or fastened up; — said of petticoats, etc.

Kil´ter , n. See Kelter.

Kilt´ing , n. (Dressmaking) A perpendicular arrangement of flat, single plaits, each plait being folded so as to cover half the breadth of the preceding one.

Kim´bo , a. [Cf. Akimbo.] Crooked; arched; bent. [Written also kimbow.] Dryden.

Kim•me´ri•an , a. See Cimmerian.

Kim´nel , n. A tub. See Kemelin. [Obs.] “She knew not what a kimnel was” Beau. & Fl.

Kim´ry , n. See Cymry.

-kin (-kin). [Of Low German origin; cf. G. - chen, LG. — ken.] A diminutive suffix; as manikin; lambkin.

Kin (kin), n. (Mus.) A primitive Chinese instrument of the cittern kind, with from five to twenty-five silken strings. Riemann.

Kin, n. [OE. kin, cun, AS. cynn kin, kind, race, people; akin to cennan to beget, D. kunne sex, OS. & OHG. kunni kin, race, Icel. kyn, Goth. kuni, G. & D. kind a child, L. genus kind, race, L. gignere to beget, Gr. gi•gnesqai to be born, Skr. jan to beget. rad.44. Cf. Kind, King, Gender kind, Nation.] 1. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity; connection by birth or marriage; kindred; near connection or alliance, as of those having common descent. 2. Relatives; persons of the same family or race. “The father, mother, and the kin beside.” Dryden. “You are of kin, and so a friend to their persons.” Bacon.

Kin, a. Of the same nature or kind; kinder. ´Kin to the king.´ Shak.

Kin•ae•sod´ic , a. (Physiol.) Kinesodic.

Kin•aes•the´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kinei^n to move + perception.] (Physiol.) The perception attendant upon the movements of the muscles. Bastian.

Ki´nate , n. [Cf. F. kinate. ] (Chem.) See Quinate. [Obsolescent]

Kin´cob , n. India silk brocaded with flowers in silver or gold. — a. Of the nature of kincob; brocaded. Thackeray.

Kind , a. [Compar. Kinder superl. Kindest.] [AS. cynde, gecynde, natural, innate, prop. an old p. p. from the root of E. kin. See Kin kindred.] 1. Characteristic of the species; belonging to one’s nature; natural; native. [Obs.] Chaucer. “It becometh sweeter than it should be, and loseth the kind taste.” Holland. 2. Having feelings befitting our common nature; congenial; sympathetic; as a kind man; a kind heart. “Yet was he kind, or if severe in aught,
The love he bore to learning was his fault.” Goldsmith. 3. Showing tenderness or goodness; disposed to do good and confer happiness; averse to hurting or paining; benevolent; benignant; gracious. “He is kind unto the unthankful and to evil.” Luke vi 35. “O cruel Death, to those you take more kind
Than to the wretched mortals left behind.” Waller. “A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind.” Garrick. 4. Proceeding from, or characterized by, goodness, gentleness, or benevolence; as a kind act. ´Manners so kind, yet stately.´ Tennyson. 5. Gentle; tractable; easily governed; as a horse kind in harness. Syn. — Benevolent; benign; beneficent; bounteous; gracious; propitious; generous; forbearing; indulgent; tender; humane; compassionate; good; lenient; clement; mild; gentle; bland; obliging; friendly; amicable. See Obliging.

Kind, n. [OE. kinde, cunde, AS. cynd. See Kind, a.] 1. Nature; natural instinct or disposition. [Obs.] “He knew by kind and by no other lore.” Chaucer. “Some of you, on pure instinct of nature,
Are led by kind t’admire your fellow-creature.” Dryden. 2. Race; genus; species; generic class; as in mankind or humankind. ´Come of so low a kind.´ Chaucer. “Every kind of beasts, and of birds.” James iii.7. “She follows the law of her kind.” Wordsworth. “Here to sow the seed of bread,
That man and all the kinds be fed.” Emerson. 3. Nature; style; character; sort; fashion; manner; variety; description; class; as there are several kinds of eloquence, of style, and of music; many kinds of government; various kinds of soil, etc. “How diversely Love doth his pageants play,
And snows his power in variable kinds !” Spenser. “There is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds.” I Cor. xv. 39. “Diogenes was asked in a kind of scorn: What was the matter that philosophers haunted rich men, and not rich men philosophers ?” Bacon. A kind of, something belonging to the class of; something like to; — said loosely or slightingly. In kind, in the produce or designated commodity itself, as distinguished from its value in money. “Tax on tillage was often levied in kind upon corn.” Arbuthnot. Syn. — Sort; species; class; genus; nature; style; character; breed; set.

Kind, v. t. [See Kin.] To beget. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kin´der•gar•ten , n. [G., lit., children’s garden; kinder (pl. of kind child, akin to E. kin kindred) + garten garden.] A school for young children, conducted on the theory that education should be begun by gratifying and cultivating the normal aptitude for exercise, play, observation, imitation, and construction; — a name given by Friedrich Froebel, a German educator, who introduced this method of training, in rooms opening on a garden.

Kin´der•gart•ner , n. One who teaches in a kindergarten.

Kind´-heart•ed , a. Having kindness of nature; sympathetic; characterized by a humane disposition; as a kind-hearted landlord. “To thy self at least kind-hearted prove.” Shak.

Kind´-heart•ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being kind-hearted; benevolence.

Kin´dle , v. t. & i. [OE. kindlen, cundlen. See Kind.] To bring forth young. [Obs.] Shak. “The poor beast had but lately kindled.” Holland.

Kin•dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kindled p. pr. & vb. n. Kindling ] [Icel. kyndill candle, torch; prob. fr. L. candela; cf. also Icel. kynda to kindle. Cf. Candle.] 1. To set on fire; to cause to burn with flame; to ignite; to cause to begin burning; to start; to light; as to kindle a match, or shavings. “His breath kindleth coals.” Job xii. 21. 2. Fig.: To inflame, as the passions; to rouse; to provoke; to excite to action; to heat; to fire; to animate; to incite; as to kindle anger or wrath; to kindle the flame of love, or love into a flame. “So is a contentious man to kindle strife.” Prov. xxvi. 21. “Nothing remains but that I kindle the boy thither.” Shak. “Kindling her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam.” Milton. “Could swell the soul to rage, or kindle soft desire.” Dryden. Syn. — Enkindle; light; ignite; inflame; provoke; excite; arouse; stir up.

Kin´dle (kin´d’l), v. i. 1. To take fire; to begin to burn with flame; to start as a flame. “When thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame kindle upon thee.” Is. xliii. 2. 2. Fig.: To begin to be excited; to grow warm or animated; to be roused or exasperated. “On all occasions where forbearance might be called for, the Briton kindles, and the Christian gives way.” I. Taylor.

Kin´dler , n. One who, or that which, kindles, stirs up, or sets on fire. ´Kindlers of riot.´ Gay.

Kind´less , a. Destitute of kindness; unnatural.[Obs.] ´Kindless villain.´ Shak.

Kind´li•ness , n. 1. Natural inclination; natural course. [Obs.] Milton. 2. The quality or state of being kindly; benignity; benevolence; gentleness; tenderness; as kindliness of disposition, of treatment, or of words. “In kind a father, but not in kindliness.” Sackville. 3. Softness; mildness; propitiousness; as kindliness of weather, or of a season. “Fruits and corn are much advanced by temper of the air and
kindliness of seasons.” Whitlock.

Kin´dling (kin´dling), n. 1. The act of causing to burn, or of exciting or inflaming the passions. 2. pl. Materials, easily lighted, for starting a fire.

Kind´ly (kind´ly), a. [Compar. Kindlier superl. Kindliest.] [AS. cyndelic. See Kind, n. ] 1. According to the kind or nature; natural. [R.] “The kindly fruits of the earth.” Book of Com. Prayer. “An herd of bulls whom kindly rage doth sting.” Spenser. “Whatsoever as the Son of God he may do, it is kindly for
Him as the Son of Man to save the sons of men.” L. Andrews. 2. Humane; congenial; sympathetic; hence, disposed to do good to; benevolent; gracious; kind; helpful; as kindly affections, words, acts, etc. “The shade by which my life was crossed, …
Has made me kindly with my kind.” Tennyson. 3. Favorable; mild; gentle; auspicious; beneficent. “In soft silence shed the kindly shower.” Pope. “Should e’er a kindlier time ensue.” Wordsworth. ´Nothing ethical was connoted in kindly once: it was simply the adjective of kind. But it is God’s ordinance that kind should be kindly, in our modern sense of the word as well; and thus the word has attained this meaning.´ Trench.

Kind´ly, adv. 1. Naturally; fitly. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Examine how kindly the Hebrew manners of speech mix and incorporate with the English language” Addison. 2. In a kind manner; congenially; with good will; with a disposition to make others happy, or to oblige. “Be kindly affectioned one to another, with brotherly love.” Rom. xii. 10.

Kind´ness , n. [From Kind. a.] 1. The state or quality of being kind, in any of its various senses; manifestation of kind feeling or disposition beneficence. “I do fear thy nature;
It is too full o’ the milk of human kindness
To catch the nearest way.” Shak. “Unremembered acts
Of kindness and of love.” Wordsworth. 2. A kind act; an act of good will; as to do a great kindness. Syn. — Good will; benignity; grace; tenderness; compassion; humanity; clemency; mildness; gentleness; goodness; generosity; beneficence; favor.

Kin´dred , n. [OE. kinrede, kynrede, kunreden (with excrescent d), fr. AS. cynn kin, race + the termination -raeden, akin to AS. raedan to advise, G. rathen. Cf. Hatred.] 1. Relationship by birth or marriage; consanguinity; affinity; kin. “Like her, of equal kindred to the throne.” Dryden. 2. Relatives by blood or marriage, more properly the former; relations; persons related to each other. “I think there’s no man is secure
But the queen’s kindred.” Shak. Syn. — Kin; kinsfolk; relatives; kinsmen; relations; relationship; affinity.

Kin´dred, a. Related; congenial; of the like nature or properties; as kindred souls; kindred skies; kindred propositions. “True to the kindred points of heaven and home.” Wordsworth.

Kine , n. pl. [For older kyen, formed like oxen, fr. AS. c, itself pl. of c cow. See Cow, and cf. Kee, Kie.] Cows. ´A herd of fifty or sixty kine.´ Milton. { Kin•e•mat´ic , Kin•e•mat´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to kinematics. Kinematic curves, curves produced by machinery, or a combination of motions, as distinguished from mathematical curves.

Kin•e•mat´ics , n. [Gr. , motion, fr. kinei^n to move.] (Physics) The science which treats of motions considered in themselves, or apart from their causes; the comparison and relation of motions. Kinematics forms properly an introduction to mechanics, as involving the mathematical principles which are to be applied to its data of forces. Nichol.

Kine´pox , n. (Med.) See Cowpox. Kin´e•scope , n. See Kinetoscope.

Kin•e•si•at´rics , n. [Gr. motion (fr. kinei^n to move) + pertaining to medicine, fr. a physician.] (Med.) A mode of treating disease by appropriate muscular movements; — also termed kinesitherapy, kinesipathy, lingism, and the movement cure.

Kin•e•sip´a•thy , n. [Gr. motion + pa•qos suffering.] (Med.) See Kinesiatrics.

Kin•e•si•ther´a•py , n. [Gr. motion + to heal.] (Med.) See Kinesiatrics.

Kin•e•sod´ic , a. [Gr. motion + way: cf. F. kinesodigue.] (Physiol.) Conveying motion; as kinesodic substance; — applied esp. to the spinal cord, because it is capable of conveying doth voluntary and reflex motor impulses, without itself being affected by motor impulses applied to it directly.

Ki•net´ic , q. [Gr. , from kinei^n to move.] (Physics) Moving or causing motion; motory; active, as opposed to latent. Kinetic energy. See Energy, n. 4.

Ki•net´ics , n. (Physics) See Dynamics.

Ki•ne•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. movable + -scope.] An instrument for producing curves by the combination of circular movements; — called also kinescope.

King (king), n. A Chinese musical instrument, consisting of resonant stones or metal plates, arranged according to their tones in a frame of wood, and struck with a hammer.

King, n. [AS. cyng, cyning; akin to OS. kuning, D. koning, OHG. kuning, G. könig, Icel. konungr, Sw. konung, Dan. konge; formed with a patronymic ending, and fr. the root of E. kin; cf. Icel. konr a man of noble birth. rad.44. See Kin.] 1. A chief ruler; a sovereign; one invested with supreme authority over a nation, country, or tribe, usually by hereditary succession; a monarch; a prince. ´Ay, every inch a king.´ Shak. “Kings will be tyrants from policy, when subjects are rebels from principle.” Burke. “There was a State without king or nobles.” R. Choate. “But yonder comes the powerful King of Day,
Rejoicing in the east” Thomson. 2. One who, or that which, holds a supreme position or rank; a chief among competitors; as a railroad king; a money king; the king of the lobby; the king of beasts. 3. A playing card having the picture of a king; as the king of diamonds. 4. The chief piece in the game of chess. 5. A crowned man in the game of draughts. 6. pl. The title of two historical books in the Old Testament. King is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote preëminence or superiority in some particular; as kingbird; king crow; king vulture. Apostolic king. See Apostolic. - - King-at-arms, or King-of- arms, the chief heraldic officer of a country. In England the king-at-arms was formerly of great authority. His business is to direct the heralds, preside at their chapters, and have the jurisdiction of armory. There are three principal kings-at- arms, viz., Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy. The latter (literally north roy or north king) officiates north of the Trent. — King auk (Zoöl.), the little auk or sea dove. — King bird of paradise. (Zoöl.), See Bird of paradise. — King card, in whist, the best unplayed card of each suit; thus, if the ace and king of a suit have been played, the queen is the king card of the suit. — King Cole , a legendary king of Britain, who is said to have reigned in the third century. — King conch (Zoöl.), a large and handsome univalve shell (Cassis cameo), found in the West Indies. It is used for making cameos. See Helmet shell, under Helmet. — King Cotton, a popular personification of the great staple production of the southern United States. — King crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The limulus or horseshoe crab. See Limulus. (b) The large European spider crab or thornback (Maia squinado). — King crow. (Zoöl.) (a) A black drongo shrike (Buchanga atra) of India; — so called because, while breeding, they attack and drive away hawks, crows, and other large birds. (b) The Dicrurus macrocercus of India, a crested bird with a long, forked tail. Its color is black, with green and blue reflections. Called also devil bird. — King duck (Zoöl.), a large and handsome eider duck (Somateria spectabilis), inhabiting the arctic regions of both continents. — King eagle (Zoöl.), an eagle (Aquila heliaca) found in Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is about as large as the golden eagle. Some writers believe it to be the imperial eagle of Rome. — King hake (Zoöl.), an American hake (Phycis regius), found in deep water along the Atlantic coast. — King monkey (Zoöl.), an African monkey (Colobus polycomus), inhabiting Sierra Leone. — King mullet (Zoöl.), a West Indian red mullet (Upeneus maculatus); — so called on account of its great beauty. Called also goldfish. — King of terrors, death. — King parrakeet (Zoöl.), a handsome Australian parrakeet (Platycercys scapulatus), often kept in a cage. Its prevailing color is bright red, with the back and wings bright green, the rump blue, and tail black. — King penguin (Zoöl.), any large species of penguin of the genus Aptenodytes; esp., A. longirostris, of the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen Land, and A. Patagonica, of Patagonia. — King rail (Zoöl.), a small American rail (Rallus elegans), living in fresh- water marshes. The upper parts are fulvous brown, striped with black; the breast is deep cinnamon color. — King salmon (Zoöl.), the quinnat. See Quinnat. — King’s, or Queen’s, counsel (Eng. Law), barristers learned in the law, who have been called within the bar, and selected to be the king’s or queen’s counsel. They answer in some measure to the advocates of the revenue (advocati fisci) among the Romans. They can not be employed against the crown without special license. Wharton’s Law Dict. — King’s cushion, a temporary seat made by two persons crossing their hands. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — The king’s English, correct or current language of good speakers; pure English. Shak. — King’s or Queen’s, evidence, testimony in favor of the Crown by a witness who confesses his guilt as an accomplice. See under Evidence. [Eng.] — King’s evil, scrofula; — so called because formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of a king. — King snake (Zoöl.), a large, nearly black, harmless snake (Ophiobolus getulus) of the Southern United States; — so called because it kills and eats other kinds of snakes, including even the rattlesnake. — King’s spear (Bot.), the white asphodel (Asphodelus albus). — King’s yellow, a yellow pigment, consisting essentially of sulphide and oxide of arsenic; — called also yellow orpiment. — King tody (Zoöl.), a small fly-catching bird (Eurylaimus serilophus) of tropical America. The head is adorned with a large, spreading, fan-shaped crest, which is bright red, edged with black. — King vulture (Zoöl.), a large species of vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa), ranging from Mexico to Paraguay, The general color is white. The wings and tail are black, and the naked carunculated head and the neck are briliantly colored with scarlet, yellow, orange, and blue. So called because it drives away other vultures while feeding. — King wood, a wood from Brazil, called also violet wood, beautifully streaked in violet tints, used in turning and small cabinetwork. The tree is probably a species of Dalbergia. See Jacaranda.

King , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinged p. pr. & vb. n. Kinging). ] To supply with a king; to make a king of; to raise to royalty. [R.] Shak. “Those traitorous captains of Israel who kinged themselves by slaying their masters and reigning in their stead.” South.

King´bird (-berd), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A small American bird (Tyrannus tyrannus, or T. Carolinensis), noted for its courage in attacking larger birds, even hawks and eagles, especially when they approach its nest in the breeding season. It is a typical tyrant flycatcher, taking various insects upon the wing. It is dark ash above, and blackish on the head and tail. The quills and wing coverts are whitish at the edges. It is white beneath, with a white terminal band on the tail. The feathers on the head of the adults show a bright orange basal spot when erected. Called also bee bird, and bee martin. Several Southern and Western species of Tyrannus are also called king birds. 2. The king tody. See under King.

King´bolt (-bolt•), n. A vertical iron bolt, by which the forward axle and wheels of a vehicle or the trucks of a railroad car are connected with the other parts.

King Charles span´iel (Zoöl.) A variety of small pet dogs, having, drooping ears, a high, dome-shaped forehead, pug nose, large, prominent eyes, and long, wavy hair. The color is usually black and tan.

King´craft , n. The craft of kings; the art of governing as a sovereign; royal policy. Prescott.

King´cup , n. (Bot.) The common buttercup.

King´dom (king´dum), n. [AS. cyningdom. See 2d King, and -dom.] 1. The rank, quality, state, or attributes of a king; royal authority; sovereign power; rule; dominion; monarchy. “Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom.” Ps. cxiv. 13. “When Jehoram was risen up to the kingdom of his father, he strengthened himself.” 2 Chron. xxi. 4. 2. The territory or country subject to a king or queen; the dominion of a monarch; the sphere in which one is king or has control. “Unto the kingdom of perpetual night.” Shak. “You’re welcome,
Most learned reverend sir, into our kingdom.” Shak. 3. An extensive scientific division distinguished by leading or ruling characteristics; a principal division; a department; as the mineral kingdom. ´The animal and vegetable kingdoms.´ Locke. Animal kingdom. See under Animal. — Kingdom of God. (a) The universe. (b) That spiritual realm of which God is the acknowledged sovereign. (c) The authority or dominion of God. — Mineral kingdom. See under Mineral. — United Kingdom. See under United. — Vegetable kingdom. See under Vegetable. Syn. — Realm; empire; dominion; monarchy; sovereignty; domain.

King´domed (-dumd), a. Having a kingdom or the dignity of a king; like a kingdom. [R.] “´Twixt his mental and his active parts,
Kingdom’d Achilles in commotion rages
And batters down himself.” Shak.

King´fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) An American marine food fish of the genus Menticirrus, especially M. saxatilis, or M. nebulosos, of the Atlantic coast; — called also whiting, surf whiting, and barb. (b) The opah. (c) The common cero; also the spotted cero. See Cero. (d) The queenfish.

King´fish•er (king´fish•er), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of birds constituting the family Alcedinidae. Most of them feed upon fishes which they capture by diving and seizing them with the beak; others feed only upon reptiles, insects, etc. About one hundred and fifty species are known. They are found in nearly all parts of the world, but are particularly abundant in the East Indies. The belted king-fisher of the United States (Ceryle alcyon) feeds upon fishes. It is slate-blue above, with a white belly and breast, and a broad white ring around the neck. A dark band crosses the breast. The common European species (Alcedo ispida), which is much smaller and brighter colored, is also a fisher. See Alcedo. The wood kingfishers (Halcyones), which inhabit forests, especially in Africa, feed largely upon insects, but also eat reptiles, snails, and small Crustacea, as well as fishes. The giant kingfisher of Australia feeds largely upon lizards and insects. See Laughing jackass, under Laughing.

King´hood (king´hood), n. The state of being a king; the attributes of a king; kingship. Gower.

King´less, a. Having no king. F. Lieber.

King´let (king´let), n. 1. A little king; a weak or insignificant king. Carlyle. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small singing birds of the genus Regulus and family Sylviidae. The golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), and the rubycrowned kinglet (R. calendula), are the most common American species. The common English kinglet (R. cristatus) is also called golden-crested wren, moonie, and marigold finch. The kinglets are often popularly called wrens, both in America and England.
[1913 Webster]

King´li•hood , n. King- liness. Tennyson.

King´li•ness, n. The state or quality of being kingly.

King´ling , n. Same as Kinglet, 1. Churchill.

King´ly , a. [Compar. Kinglier superl. Kingliest.] Belonging to, suitable to, or becoming, a king; characteristic of, or resembling, a king; directed or administered by a king; monarchical; royal; sovereign; regal; august; noble; grand. ´Kingly magnificence.´ Sir P. Sidney. ´A kingly government.´ Swift. ´The kingly couch.´ Shak. “The kingliest kings are crowned with thorn.” G. Massey. “Leave kingly backs to cope with kingly cares.” Cowper. Syn. — Regal; royal; monarchical; imperial; august; sovereign; noble; splendid. — Kingly, Regal. Kingly is Anglo-Saxon, and refers especially to the character of a king; regal is Latin, and now relates more to his office. The former is chiefly used of dispositions, feelings, and purposes which are kinglike; as kingly sentiments; kingly condescension; ´ a kingly heart for enterprises.´ Sir P. Sidney. The latter is oftener applied to external state, pomp, etc.; as regal state, regal title, etc. This distinction is not observed by our early writers, but is gaining ground.

King´ly, adv. In a kingly or kinglike manner. Shak. “Low bowed the rest; he, kingly, did but nod.” Pore. Although this citation, one from Paradise Lost, and one from Shakespeare’s ll4th Sonnet are given by lexicographers as examples of adverbial use, it is by no means clear that the word is not an adjective in each instance.

King´-post , n. (Carp.) A member of a common form of truss, as a roof truss. It is strictly a tie, intended to prevent the sagging of the tiebeam in the middle. If there are struts, supporting the main rafters, they often bear upon the foot of the king-post. Called also crown- post.

King’s Bench (Law) Formerly, the highest court of common law in England; — so called because the king used to sit there in person. It consisted of a chief justice and four puisne, or junior, justices. During the reign of a queen it was called the Queen’s Bench. Its jurisdiction was transferred by the judicature acts of 1873 and 1875 to the high court of justice created by that legislation.

King´ship , n. The state, office, or dignity of a king; royalty. Landor. { King´ston , King´stone• } n. (Zoöl.) The black angel fish. See Angel fish, under Angel.

King´ston met´al An alloy of tin, copper, and mercury, sometimes used for the bearings and packings of machinery. McElrath.

King´ston valve (Marine Steam Engin.) A conical valve, opening outward, to close the mouth of a pipe which passes through the side of a vessel below the water line.

King´truss (Carp.) A truss, framed with a king-post; — used in roofs, bridges, etc.

Ki´nic , a. [Cf. F. kinique.] (Chem.) See Quinic.

Kink , n. [D. kink a bend or turn, or Sw. kink.] 1. A twist or loop in a rope or thread, caused by a spontaneous doubling or winding upon itself; a close loop or curl; a doubling in a cord. 2. An unreasonable notion; a crotchet; a whim; a caprice. [Colloq.] Cozzens.

Kink , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinked p. pr. & vb. n. Kinking.] To wind into a kink; to knot or twist spontaneously upon itself, as a rope or thread.

Kink, n. [Cf. Chincough, Kink-haust.] A fit of coughing; also a convulsive fit of laughter. [Scot.]

Kin´ka•jou , n. [F. kinkajou, quincajou, from the native American name.] (Zoöl.) A nocturnal carnivorous mammal (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) of South America, about as large as a full-grown cat. It has a prehensile tail and lives in trees. It is the only representative of a distinct family (Cercoleptidae) allied to the raccoons. Called also potto, and honey bear.

Kink´haust , n. [Prov. E. kink to gasp (cf. Chin cough) + haust a cough (akin to E. wheeze).] Whooping cough. [Obs.or Prov. Eng.]

Kin´kle , n. Same as 3d Kink.

Kink´y , a. 1. Full of kinks; liable to kink or curl; as kinky hair. 2. Queer; eccentric; crotchety. [Colloq. U.S.]

Kin•ni•ki•nic´ , n. [Indian, literally, a mixture.] Prepared leaves or bark of certain plants; — used by the Indians of the Northwest for smoking, either mixed with tobacco or as a substitute for it. also a plant so used, as the osier cornel (Cornus stolonijra), and the bearberry (Arctostaphylus Uva-ursi). [Spelled also kinnickinnick and killikinick.]

Ki´no , n. The dark red dried juice of certain plants, used variously in tanning, in dyeing, and as an astringent in medicine. The chief supply is from an East Indian leguminous tree, the Pterocarpus Marsupium. Other sources are the African Pterocarpus erinaceus, the tropical American sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), and several Australian Eucalypti. See Botany bay kino, under Botany bay, Gum butea, under Gum, and Eucalyptus.

Ki•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. kinei^n to move + -logy.] That branch of physics which treats of the laws of motion, or of moving bodies.

Ki´none , n. (Chem.) See Quinone.

Ki´noyl , n. (Chem.) [Obs.] See Quinoyl.

Kin´rede , n. Kindred. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kins´folk , n. Relatives; kindred; kin; persons of the same family or closely related families. “They sought him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance.” Luke ii. 44.

Kin´ship , n. Family relationship.

Kins´man , n.; pl. Kinsmen . A man of the same race or family; one related by blood.

Kins´man•ship, n. Kinship. Thackeray.

Kins´wom•an , n.; pl. Kinswomen . A female relative. Shak.

Kint´lidge , n. (Naut.) See Kentledge.

Ki•osk´ , n. [Turk. kiushk, kiöshk, Per. kshk.] A Turkish open summer house or pavilion, supported by pillars.

Ki´o•ways , n. pl.; sing. Kioway . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians distantly related to the Shoshones. They formerly inhabited the region about the head waters of the North Platte.

Kip , n. The hide of a young or small beef creature, or leather made from it; kipskin. Kip leather. See Kipskin.

Kipe , n. [Cf. OE. kipen to catch, Icel. kippa to pull, snatch. Cf. Kipper.] An osier basket used for catching fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Kip´per , n. [D. kippen to hatch, snatch, seize. Cf. Kipe.] 1. (Zoöl.) A salmon after spawning. 2. A salmon split open, salted, and dried or smoked; — so called because salmon after spawning were usually so cured, not being good when fresh. [Scot.] Kipper time, the season in which fishing for salmon is forbidden. [Eng. & Scot.]

Kip´per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kippered p. pr. & vb. n. Kippering.] To cure, by splitting, salting, and smoking. ´Kippered salmon.´ Dickens.

Kip´per, a. Amorous; also lively; light-footed; nimble; gay; sprightly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Kip´per•nut , n. (Bot.) A name given to earthnuts of several kinds.

Kip´skin , n. [Kip + skin.] Leather prepared from the skin of young or small cattle, intermediate in grade between calfskin and cowhide.

Kirk , n. [Scot.; cf. Icel. kirkja, of Greek origin. See Church.] A church or the church, in the various senses of the word; esp., the Church of Scotland as distinguished from other reformed churches, or from the Roman Catholic Church. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Kirked , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Turned upward; bent. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Kirk´man , n.; pl. Kirkmen . 1. A clergyman or officer in a kirk. [Scot.] 2. A member of the Church of Scotland, as distinguished from a member of another communion. [Scot.]

Kirk´yard , n. A churchyard. [Scot.]

Kir´mess , n. [D. kermis; cf. G. kirmes; prop., church mass. See Church, and Mass a religious service.] In Europe, particularly in Belgium and Holland, and outdoor festival and fair; in the United States, generally an indoor entertainment and fair combined.

Kirsch´was•ser , n. [G., fr. kirsche cherry + wasser water.] An alcoholic liquor, obtained by distilling the fermented juice of the small black cherry.

Kir´some, a. [Corrupted from chrisom.] Christian; christened. [Obs.] “I am a true kirsome woman.” Beau. & Fl.

Kir´tle , n. [OE. kirtel, curtel, AS. cyrtel; skin to Icel. kyrtill, Sw. kjortel, Dan. kiortel, kiole.] A garment varying in form and use at different times, and worn both by men and women. “Wearing her Norman car, and her kirtle of blue.” Longfellow. The term is still retained in the provinces, in the sense of ´ an outer petticoat.´ Halliwell.

Kir´tled , a. Wearing a kirtle. Byron.

Ki•rum´bo , n. (Zoöl.) A bird of Madagascar (Leptosomus discolor), the only living type of a family allied to the rollers. It has a pair of loral plumes. The male is glossy green above, with metallic reflections; the female is spotted with brown and black.

Kish , n. [Cf. G. kies gravel, pyrites.] (Min.) A workman’s name for the graphite which forms incidentally in iron smelting.

Kis´met , n. [Per. qismat.] Destiny; fate. [Written also kismat.] [Oriental]

Kiss (kis), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kissed (kist);p. pr. & vb. n. Kissing.] [OE. kissen, cussen, AS. cyssan, fr. coss a kiss; of uncertain origin; akin to D. kus, G. kuss, Icel. koss.] 1. To salute with the lips, as a mark of affection, reverence, submission, forgiveness, etc. “He … kissed her lips with such a clamorous smack,
That at the parting all the church echoed.” Shak. 2. To touch gently, as if fondly or caressingly. “When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees.” Shak.

Kiss, v. i. 1. To make or give salutation with the lips in token of love, respect, etc.; as kiss and make friends. 2. To meet; to come in contact; to touch fondly. “Like fire and powder,
Which as they kiss consume.” Shak. “Rose, rose and clematis,
Trail and twine and clasp and kiss.” Tennyson. Kissing comfit, a perfumed sugarplum to sweeten the breath. [Obs or Prov. End.] Shak.

Kiss, n. [OE. kiss, derived under the influence of the verb from the older form coss, AS. coss. See Kiss, v.] 1. A salutation with the lips, as a token of affection, respect, etc.; as a parting kiss; a kiss of reconciliation. “Last with a kiss, she took a long farewell.” Dryden. “Dear as remembered kisses after death.” Tennyson. 2. A small piece of confectionery.

Kiss´er , n. One who kisses. Beau. & Fl.

Kiss´ing•crust , n. (Cookery) The portion of the upper crust of a loaf which has touched another loaf in baking. Lamb. “A massy fragment from the rich kissingcrust that hangs like a fretted cornice from the upper half of the loaf.” W. Howitt.

Kist (kist), n. [See Chest.] A chest; hence, a coffin. [Scot. & Prov. End.] Jamieson. Halliwell.

Kist, n. [Ar. gist.] A stated payment, especially a payment of rent for land; hence, the time for such payment. [India]

Kist´vaen (kist´van), n. [W. cist-faen.] (Archaeol.) A Celtic monument, commonly known as a dolmen.

Kit, (kit), v. t. [imp. Kitte.] To cut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kit, n. [See Kitten.] A kitten. Kit fox (Zoöl.), a small burrowing fox (Vulpes velox), inhabiting the region of the Rocky Mountains. It is brownish gray, reddish on the breast and flanks, and white below. Called also swift fox.

Kit, n. [Gf. AS. cytere harp, L. cithara. Cf. Guitar.] A small violin. ´A dancing master’s kit.´ Grew. “Prince Turveydrop then tinkled the strings of his kit with his fingers, and the young ladies stood up to dance.” Dickens.

Kit, n. [Cf. D. kit a large bottle, OD. kitte beaker, decanter.] 1. A large bottle. 2. A wooden tub or pail, smaller at the top than at the bottom; as a kit of butter, or of mackerel. Wright. 3. A straw or rush basket for fish; also any kind of basket. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. A box for working implements; hence, a working outfit, as of a workman, a soldier, and the like. 5. A group of separate parts, things, or individuals; — used with whole, and generally contemptuously; as the whole kit of them.

Kit´cat , a. 1. Designating a club in London, to which Addison and Steele belonged; — so called from Christopher Cat, a pastry cook, who served the club with mutton pies. 2. Designating a canvas used for portraits of a peculiar size, viz., twenty-right or twenty-nine inches by thirty- six; — so called because that size was adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for the portraits he painted of the members of the Kitcat Club. Fairholt.

Kit´cat, n. A game played by striking with a stick small piece of wood, called a cat, shaped like two cones united at their bases; tipcat. Cotton. Kitcat roll (Agric.), a roller somewhat in the form of two cones set base to base. [Prov. Eng.]

Kitch´en (kich´en), n. [OE. kichen, kichene, kuchene, AS. cycene, L. coquina, equiv. to culina a kitchen, fr. coquinus pertaining to cooking, fr. coquere to cook. See Cook to prepare food, and cf. Cuisine.] 1. A cookroom; the room of a house appropriated to cookery. “Cool was his kitchen, though his brains were hot.” Dryden. “A fat kitchen makes a lean will.” Franklin. 2. A utensil for roasting meat; as a tin kitchen. Kitchen garden. See under Garden. — Kitchen lee, dirty soapsuds. [Obs.] ´A brazen tub of kitchen lee.´ Ford. — Kitchen stuff, fat collected from pots and pans. Donne.

Kitch´en, v. t. To furnish food to; to entertain with the fare of the kitchen. [Obs.] Shak.

Kitch´en•er, n. A kitchen servant; a cook. Carlyle.

Kitch´en•maid , n. A woman employed in the kitchen. Shak.

Kitch´en mid•dens (kich´en mid•d’nz). [Dan. kjök-kenmöddings kitchen leavings; cf. Scot. midden a dunghill.] Relics of neolithic man found on the coast of Denmark, consisting of shell mounds, some of which are ten feet high, one thousand feet long, and two hundred feet wide. The name is applied also to similar mounds found on the American coast from Canada to Florida, made by the North American Indians.

Kitch´en-ry (-ry), n. The body of servants employed in the kitchen. [Obs.] Holland.

Kite (kit), n. [OE. kyte, AS. cyta; cf. W. cud, cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any raptorial bird of the subfamily Milvinae, of which many species are known. They have long wings, adapted for soaring, and usually a forked tail. The European species are Milvus ictinus and M. migrans; the pariah kite of India is M. govinda; the sacred or Brahmany kite of India is Haliastur Indus; the American fork-tailed kite is the Nauclerus furcatus. 2. Fig. : One who is rapacious. “Detested kite, thou liest.” Shak. 3. A light frame of wood or other material covered with paper or cloth, for flying in the air at the end of a string. 4. (Naut.) A lofty sail, carried only when the wind is light. 5. (Geom.) A quadrilateral, one of whose diagonals is an axis of symmetry. Henrici. 6. Fictitious commercial paper used for raising money or to sustain credit, as a check which represents no deposit in bank, or a bill of exchange not sanctioned by sale of goods; an accommodation check or bill. [Cant] 7. (Zoöl.) The brill. [Prov. Eng.] Flying kites. (Naut.) See under Flying. — Kite falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon of the genus Avicida, having some resemblance to a kite.

Kite, v. i. To raise money by ´kites;´ as kiting transactions. See Kite, 6. [Cant]

Kite, n. The belly. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kite´fly•ing n. A mode of raising money or sustaining one’s credit by the use of paper which is merely nominal — called also kiting. — Kite´fli•er n. See Kite n. 6. [Cant] McElrath. Thackeray.

Kith (kith), n. [OE. kith, cuð, AS. cyððe, cyð, native land, fr. cuð known. rad.45. See Uncouth, Can, and cf. Kythe.] Acquaintance; kindred. “And my near kith for that will sore me shend.” W. Browne. “The sage of his kith and the hamlet.” Longfellow. Kith and kin, kindred more or less remote.

Kith´a•ra (-a•ra), n. See Cithara.

Kithe (kith), v. t. [Obs.] See Kythe. Chaucer.

Kit´ish , a. (Zoöl.) Like or relating to a kite.

Kit´ling , n. [Kit a kitten + -ling: cf. Icel. ketlingr.] A young kitten; a whelp. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson.

Kit´te (k&ict;t´te), imp. of Kit to cut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kit´tel (k&ict;t´t’l), v. t. See Kittle, v. t.

Kit´ten (-t’n), n. [OE. kiton, a dim. of cat; cf. G. kitze a young cat, also a female cat, and F. chaton, dim. of chat cat, also E. kitling. See Cat.] A young cat.

Kit´ten, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Kittened p. pr. & vb. n. Kittening.] To bring forth young, as a cat; to bring forth, as kittens. Shak. H. Spencer.

Kit´ten•ish, a. Resembling a kitten; playful; as a kittenish disposition. Richardson.

Kit´ti•wake (-ti•wak), n. (Zoöl.) A northern gull (Rissa tridactyla), inhabiting the coasts of Europe and America. It is white, with black tips to the wings, and has but three toes.

Kit´tle (-t’l), v. i. [Cf. Kit a kitten.] (Zoöl.) To bring forth young, as a cat; to kitten; to litter. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kit´tle, v. t. [Cf. AS. citelian; akin to D. kittelen, G. kitzeln, Icel. kitla, Sw. kittla, kittsla, Dan. kildre. Cf. Tickle.] To tickle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also kittel.] Halliwell. Jamieson.

Kit´tle, a. Ticklish; not easily managed; troublesome; difficult; variable. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott.

Kit´tlish , a. Ticklish; kittle. Sir W. Scott.

Kit•ty•sol´ , n. [Sp. quitasol.] The Chinese paper parasol.

Kive , n. A mash vat. See Keeve. [Obs.]

Kiv´er , v. t. To cover. — n. A cover. [Disused except in illiterate speech.] { Ki•vi•ki´vi , Ki•wi•ki´wi } n.; pl. Kivikivies , Kiwikiwies . (Zoöl.) Any species of Apteryx, esp. A. australis; — so called in imitation of its notes. Called also kiwi. See Apteryx.

Kjoek´ken moed•dings [Dan.] See Kitchen middens.

Kla´maths , n. pl.; sing. Klamath (Ethnol.) A collective name for the Indians of several tribes formerly living along the Klamath river, in California and Oregon, but now restricted to a reservation at Klamath Lake; — called also Clamets and Hamati.

Kleene´boc (klen´bok•), n. [D. kleen little, small + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) An antelope (Cerphalopus pygmaeus), found in South Africa. It is of very small size, being but one foot high at the shoulder. It is remarkable for its activity, and for its mild and timid disposition. Called also guevi, and pygmy antelope.

klep•to•ma´ni•a (klep•to•ma´ni•a), n. [Gr. kle•pths thief + E. mania.] A propensity to steal, claimed to be irresistible. This does not constitute legal irresponsibility. Wharton.

klep•to•ma´ni•ac , n. A person affected with kleptomania.

Klick , n. & v. See Click.

Klick´et , n. [Cf. Clicket.] (Mil.) A small postern or gate in a palisade, for the passage of sallying parties. [Written also klinket.]

Klink´stone , n. See Clinkstone.

Kli•nom´e•ter , n. See Clinometer. { Klip´das , Klip´dachs• }, n. [D. klip cliff + das badger, akin to G. dachs.] (Zoöl.) A small mammal (Hyrax Capensis), found in South Africa. It is of about the size of a rabbit, and closely resembles the daman. Called also rock rabbit.

Klip´fish , n. Dried cod, exported from Norway. [Written also clipfish.]

Klip´spring•er , n. [D., lit., cliff springer.] (Zoöl.) A small, graceful South African antelope (Nanotragus oreotragus), which, like the chamois, springs from one crag to another with great agility; — called also kainsi. [Written also klippspringer.]

Kloof , n. [D. See Clove a cleft.] A glen; a ravine closed at its upper end. [South Africa]

Klo•pe•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. kloph• theft + E. mania.] See Kleptomania.

Knab (nab), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knabbed (nabd); p. pr. & vb. n. Knabbing.] [See Nab, v. t., and cf. Knap, v. t.] 1. To seize with the teeth; to gnaw. ´Knabbing crusts.´ [Obs.] L’Estrange. 2. To nab. See Nab, v. t. [Colloq.]

Knab´ble , v. i. [Freq. of knab.] To bite or nibble. [Obs.] “Horses will knabble at walls, and rats gnaw iron.” Sir T. Browne.

Knack (nak), v. i. [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. G. knacken to break, Dan. knage to crack, and E. knock.] 1. To crack; to make a sharp, abrupt noise to chink. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall. 2. To speak affectedly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knack, n. 1. A petty contrivance; a toy; a plaything; a knickknack. “A knack, a toy, a trick, a baby’s cap.” Shak. 2. A readiness in performance; aptness at doing something; skill; facility; dexterity. “The fellow … has not the knack with his shears.” B. Jonson. “The dean was famous in his time,
And had a kind of knack at rhyme.” Swift. 3. Something performed, or to be done, requiring aptness and dexterity; a trick; a device. ´The knacks of japers.´ Chaucer. “For how should equal colors do the knack !” Pope.

Knack´er , n. 1. One who makes knickknacks, toys, etc. Mortimer. 2. One of two or more pieces of bone or wood held loosely between the fingers, and struck together by moving the hand; — called also clapper. Halliwell.

Knack´er, n. [Cf. Icel. hnakkr a saddle.] 1. a harness maker. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. One who slaughters worn-out horses and sells their flesh for dog’s meat. [Eng.]

Knack´ish, a. Trickish; artful. [Obs.] — Knack´ish•ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Knack´-kneed , a. See Knock-kneed.

Knack´y , a. Having a knack; cunning; crafty; trickish. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Knag , n. [Cf. Prov. G. knagge a knot in wood, Sw. knagg, Dan. knag a hook to hand clothes on, a bracket; Gael. & Ir. cnag peg, knob.] 1. A knot in wood; a protuberance. Wright. 2. A wooden peg for hanging things on. Wright. 3. The prong of an antler. Holland. 4. The rugged top of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knag´ged , a. Full of knots; knaggy.

Knag´gy , a. Knotty; rough; figuratively, rough in temper. Fuller. — Knag´gi•ness (#), n.

Knap , n. [AS. cnaep, cnaepp, top, knob, button; cf. Icel. knappr knob, Sw. knapp, Dan. knap button, W., Gael., & Ir. cnap knob, button, and E. knop.] A protuberance; a swelling; a knob; a button; hence, rising ground; a summit. See Knob, and Knop. “The highest part and knap of the same island.” Holland.

Knap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knapped p. pr. & vb. n. Knapping.] [D. knappen to chew, bite, crack, take hold of; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To bite; to bite off; to break short. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. ] “He will knap the spears apieces with his teeth.” Dr. H. More. “He breaketh the bow, and knappeth the spear in sunder.” Ps. xlvi. 9 (Book of Common Prayer.) 2. To strike smartly; to rap; to snap. Bacon.

Knap, v. i. To make a sound of snapping. Wiseman.

Knap, n. A sharp blow or slap. Halliwell.

Knap´bot•tle , n. (Bot.) The bladder campion (Silene inflata).

Knap´pish , a. [See Knap to strike.] Snappish; peevish. [Obs.] Grafton.

Knap´ple , v. i. [Freq. of knap, v., cf. D. knabbelen to gnaw.] To break off with an abrupt, sharp noise; to bite; to nibble. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Knap´py , a. Having knaps; full of protuberances or humps; knobby. [Obs.] Huloet.

Knap´sack , n. [D. knapzak; knappen to eat + zak a bag. See Knap, v. t., and Sack.] A case of canvas or leather, for carrying on the back a soldier’s necessaries, or the clothing, etc., of a traveler. “And each one fills his knapsack or his scrip
With some rare thing that on the field is found.” Drayton.

Knap´weed , n. (Bot.) The black centaury (Centaurea nigra); — so called from the knoblike heads of flowers. Called also bullweed.

Knar (när), n. See Gnar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Knarl (närl), n. A knot in wood. See Gnarl.

Knarled (närld), a. Knotted. See Gnarled.

Knarred (närd), a. Knotty; gnarled. “The knarred and crooked cedar knees.” Longfellow.

Knar´ry (när´ry), a. Knotty; gnarled. Chaucer.

Knave (nav), n. [OE., boy, servant, knave, AS. cnafa boy, youth; cf. AS. cnapa boy, youth, D. knaap, G. knabe boy, knappe esquire, Icel. knapi, Sw. knape esquire, knäfvel knave.] 1. A boy; especially, a boy servant. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer. “O murderous slumber,
Lay’st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy
That plays thee music ? Gentle knave, good night.” Shak. 2. Any male servant; a menial. [Obs.] Chaucer. “He’s but Fortune’s knave,
A minister of her will.” Shak. 3. A tricky, deceitful fellow; a dishonest person; a rogue; a villain. ´A pair of crafty knaves.´ Shak. “In defiance of demonstration, knaves will continue to proselyte fools.” Ames. ´How many serving lads must have been unfaithful and dishonest before knave -which meant at first no more than boy — acquired the meaning which it has now !´ Trench. 4. A playing card marked with the figure of a servant or soldier; a jack. Knave child, a male child. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Villain; cheat; rascal; rogue; scoundrel; miscreant.

Knav´er•y , n.; pl. Knaveries . 1. The practices of a knave; petty villainy; fraud; trickery; a knavish action. “This is flat knavery, to take upon you another man’s name.” Shak. 2. pl. Roguish or mischievous tricks. Shak.

Knave´ship, n. A small due, in meal, established by usage, which is paid to the under miller. [Scot.]

Knav´ess , n. A knavish woman. Carlyle.

Knav´ish, a. 1. Like or characteristic of a knave; given to knavery; trickish; fraudulent; dishonest; villainous; as a knavish fellow, or a knavish trick. ´Knavish politicians.´ Macaulay. 2. Mischievous; roguish; waggish. “Cupid is knavish lad,
Thus to make poor females mad.” Shak.

Knav´ish•ly, adv. 1. In a knavish manner; dishonestly; fraudulently. Holland. 2. Mischievously; waggishly; roguishly. ´Knavishly witty.´ Gayton.

Knav´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being knavish; knavery; dishonesty.

Knaw (na), v. t. See Gnaw. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Knaw´el (na´el), n. [Akin to G. knauelk, knäuel, prop., a ball of thread, coil. Cf. Clew.] (Bot.) A low, spreading weed (Scleranthus annuus), common in sandy soil.

Knead (ned), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kneaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Kneading.] [OE. kneden, As. cnedan; akin to D. kneden, G. kneten, Sw. knåda, Icel. knoða; cf. OSlav. gnesti.] 1. To work and press into a mass, usually with the hands; esp., to work, as by repeated pressure with the knuckles, into a well mixed mass, as the materials of bread, cake, etc.; as to knead dough. “The kneading, the making of the cake, the heating of the oven, and the baking.” Shak. 2. Fig.: To treat or form as by kneading; to beat. “I will knead him : I’ll make him supple.” Shak. Kneading trough, a trough or tray in which dough is kneaded. Ex. viii. 3.

Knead´a•ble , a. That may be kneaded; capable of being worked into a mass.

Knead´er , n. One who kneads.

Knead´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of one kneading.

Kne´bel•ite , n. [From Major von Knebel.] (Min.) A mineral of a gray, red, brown, or green color, and glistening luster. It is a silicate of iron and manganese.

Kneck , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) The twisting of a rope or cable, as it is running out. [Eng.]

Knee (ne), n. [OE. kne, cneo, As. cneó, cneów; akin to OS. knio, kneo, OFries. kni, G. & D. knie, OHG. chniu, chneo, Icel. kne, Sw. knä, Dan. knae, Goth. kniu, L. genu, Gr. go•ny, Skr. janu, rad.231. Cf. Genuflection.] 1. In man, the joint in the middle part of the leg. 2. (Anat.) (a) The joint, or region of the joint, between the thigh and leg. (b) In the horse and allied animals, the carpal joint, corresponding to the wrist in man. 3. (Mech. & Shipbuilding) A piece of timber or metal formed with an angle somewhat in the shape of the human knee when bent. 4. A bending of the knee, as in respect or courtesy. “Give them title, knee, and approbation.” Shak. Knee breeches. See under Breeches. — Knee holly, Knee holm (Bot.), butcher’s broom. — Knee jerk (Physiol.) a jerk or kick produced by a blow or sudden strain upon the patellar tendon of the knee, which causes a sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle; one of the so-called tendon reflexes. — Knee joint. See in the Vocabulary. — Knee timber, timber with knees or angles in it. — Knee tribute, or Knee worship, tribute paid by kneeling; worship by genuflection. [Obs.] ´Knee tribute yet unpaid.´ Milton.

Knee (ne), v. t. To supplicate by kneeling. [Obs.] “Fall down, and knee
The way into his mercy.” Shak

Knee´brush (ne´brush•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A tuft or brush of hair on the knees of some species of antelopes and other animals; — chiefly used in the plural. 2. (Zoöl.) A thick mass or collection of hairs on the legs of bees, by aid of which they carry the collected pollen to the hive or nest; — usually in the plural.

Knee´cap , n. 1. (Anat.) The kneepan. 2. A cap or protection for the knee.

Knee´-crook•ing , a. Obsequious; fawning; cringing. ´Knee-crooking knave.´ Shak.

Kneed , a. 1. Having knees;- used chiefly in composition; as in-kneed; out-kneed; weak-kneed. 2. (Bot.) Geniculated; forming an obtuse angle at the joints, like the knee when a little bent; as kneed grass.

Knee´-deep , a. 1. Rising to the knees; knee-high; as water or snow knee- deep. “Grass knee-deep within a month.” Milton. 2. Sunk to the knees; as men knee- deep in water. “Where knee-deep the trees were standing.” Longfellow.

Knee´-high , a. Rising or reaching upward to the knees; as the water is knee- high.

Knee´joint , n. 1. The joint of the knee. 2. (Mach.) A toggle joint; — so called because consisting of two pieces jointed to each other end to end, making an angle like the knee when bent.

Knee´joint•ed, a. (Bot.) Geniculate; kneed. See Kneed, a., 2.

Kneel , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelt or Kneeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Kneeling.] [OE. knelen, cneolien; akin to D. knielen, Dan. knaele. See Knee.] To bend the knee; to fall or rest on the knees; — sometimes with down. “And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge.” Acts vii. 60. “As soon as you are dressed, kneel and say the Lord’s Prayer.” Jer. Taylor.

Kneel´er , n. 1. One who kneels or who worships by or while kneeling. Tennyson. 2. A cushion or stool to kneel on. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) A name given to certain catechumens and penitents who were permitted to join only in parts of church worship.

Kneel´ing•ly, adv. In a kneeling position.

Knee´pan , n. (Anat.) A roundish, flattened, sesamoid bone in the tendon in front of the knee joint; the patella; the kneecap.

Knee´piece , n. A piece shaped like a knee; as the kneepieces or ears of a boat.

Knell , n. [OE. knel, cnul, AS. cnyll, fr. cnyllan to sound a bell; cf. D. & G. knallen to clap, crack, G. & Sw. knall a clap, crack, loud sound, Dan. knalde to clap, crack. Cf. Knoll, n. & v.] The stroke of a bell tolled at a funeral or at the death of a person; a death signal; a passing bell; hence, figuratively, a warning of, or a sound indicating, the passing away of anything. “The dead man’s knell
Is there scarce asked for who.” Shak. “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.” Gray.

Knell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelled p. pr. & vb. n. Knelling.] [OE. knellen, knillen, As. cnyllan. See Knell, n.] To sound as a knell; especially, to toll at a death or funeral; hence, to sound as a warning or evil omen. “Not worth a blessing nor a bell to knell for thee.” Beau. & Fl. “Yet all that poets sing, and grief hath known,
Of hopes laid waste, knells in that word, ´alone´.” Ld. Lytton.

Knell, v. t. To summon, as by a knell. “Each matin bell, the baron saith,
Knells us back to a world of death.” Coleridge.

Knelt , imp. & p. p. of Kneel.

Knew , imp. of Know.

Knick´er , n. [D. knikker.] A small ball of clay, baked hard and oiled, used as a marble by boys in playing. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] Halliwell. Bartlett.

Knick´er•bock•ers , n. pl. The name for a style of short breeches; smallclothes.

Knick´knack , n. [See Knack.] A trifle or toy; a bawble; a gewgaw.

Knick´knack•a•to•ry , n. A collection of knickknacks. Richardson.

Knick´knack•er•y , n. Knickknacks.

Knife , n.; pl. Knives (#). [OE. knif, AS. cnif; akin to D. knijf, Icel. knifr, Sw. knif, Dan. kniv.] 1. An instrument consisting of a thin blade, usually of steel and having a sharp edge for cutting, fastened to a handle, but of many different forms and names for different uses; as table knife, drawing knife, putty knife, pallet knife, pocketknife, penknife, chopping knife, etc.. 2. A sword or dagger. “The coward conquest of a wretch’s knife.” Shak. Knife grass (Bot.) a tropical American sedge (Scleria latifolia), having leaves with a very sharp and hard edge, like a knife. — War to the knife, mortal combat; a conflict carried to the last extremity.

Knife, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knifed p. pr. & vb. n. Knifing ] 1. (Hort.) To prune with the knife. 2. To cut or stab with a knife. [Low]

Knife´board , n. A board on which knives are cleaned or polished.

Knife´-edge , n. (Mech.) A piece of steel sharpened to an acute edge or angle, and resting on a smooth surface, serving as the axis of motion of a pendulum, scale beam, or other piece required to oscillate with the least possible friction. Knife-edge file. See Illust. of File.

Knight , n. [OE. knight, cniht, knight, soldier, As. cniht, cneoht, a boy, youth, attendant, military follower; akin to D. & G. knecht servant; perh. akin to E. kin.] 1. A young servant or follower; a military attendant. [Obs.] 2. (a) In feudal times, a man-at-arms serving on horseback and admitted to a certain military rank with special ceremonies, including an oath to protect the distressed, maintain the right, and live a stainless life. (b) One on whom knighthood, a dignity next below that of baronet, is conferred by the sovereign, entitling him to be addressed as Sir; as Sir John. [Eng.] Hence: (c) A champion; a partisan; a lover. ´Give this ring to my true knight.´ Shak ´In all your quarrels will I be your knight.´ Tennyson. “Knights, by their oaths, should right poor ladies’ harms.” Shak. Formerly, when a knight’s name was not known, it was customary to address him as Sir Knight. The rank of a knight is not hereditary. 3. A piece used in the game of chess, usually bearing a horse’s head. 4. A playing card bearing the figure of a knight; the knave or jack. [Obs.] Carpet knight. See under Carpet. — Knight of industry. See Chevalier d’industrie, under Chevalier. — Knight of Malta, Knight of Rhodes, Knight of St. John of Jerusalem. See Hospitaler. - - Knight of the post, one who gained his living by giving false evidence on trials, or false bail; hence, a sharper in general. Nares. ´A knight of the post, … quoth he, for so I am termed; a fellow that will swear you anything for twelve pence.´ Nash. — Knight of the shire, in England, one of the representatives of a county in Parliament, in distinction from the representatives of cities and boroughs. — Knights commanders, Knights grand cross, different classes of the Order of the Bath. See under Bath, and Companion. Knights of labor, a secret organization whose professed purpose is to secure and maintain the rights of workingmen as respects their relations to their employers. [U. S.] — Knights of Pythias, a secret order, founded in Washington, d.C., in 1864, for social and charitable purposes. - - Knights of the Round Table, knights belonging to an order which, according to the legendary accounts, was instituted by the mythical King Arthur. They derived their common title from the table around which they sat on certain solemn days. Brande & C.

Knight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knighting.] To dub or create (one) a knight; — done in England by the sovereign only, who taps the kneeling candidate with a sword, saying: Rise, Sir —-. “A soldier, by the honor-giving hand
Of Cur-de-Lion knighted in the field.” Shak.

Knight´age , n. The body of knights, taken collectively.

Knight´ bach´e•lor pl. Knights bachelors . A knight of the most ancient, but lowest, order of English knights, and not a member of any order of chivalry. See Bachelor, 4.

Knight´ ban´ner•et pl. Knights bannerets. A knight who carried a banner, who possessed fiefs to a greater amount than the knight bachelor, and who was obliged to serve in war with a greater number of attendants. The dignity was sometimes conferred by the sovereign in person on the field of battle.

Knight´ bar´o•net See Baronet.

Knight´-er•rant , n.; pl. Knight-errants, or Knights- errant. A wandering knight; a knight who traveled in search of adventures, for the purpose of exhibiting military skill, prowess, and generosity.

Knight´-er•rant•ry , n.; pl. Knight-errantries . The character or actions of wandering knights; the practice of wandering in quest of adventures; chivalry; a quixotic or romantic adventure or scheme. “The rigid guardian [i. e., conscience] of a blameless heart
Is weak with rank knight-erratries o’errun.” Young.

Knight´-er-rat´ic , a. Pertaining to a knight-errant or to knight-errantry. [R.] Quart. Rev.

Knight´head , n. (Naut.) A bollard timber. See under Bollard.

Knight´hood , n. [Knight + hood: cf. AS. chihthad youth.] 1. The character, dignity, or condition of a knight, or of knights as a class; hence, chivalry. ´O shame to knighthood.´ Shak. “If you needs must write, write Caesar’s praise;
You ’ll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays.” Pope. 2. The whole body of knights. “The knighthood nowadays are nothing like the knighthood of old time.” Chapman. ´When the order of knighthood was conferred with full solemnity in the leisure of a court or court or city, imposing preliminary ceremonies were required of the candidate. He prepared himself by prayer and fasting, watched his arms at night in a chapel, and was then admitted with the performance of religious rites. Knighthood was conferred by the accolade, which, from the derivation of the name, would appear to have been originally an embrace; but afterward consisted, as it still does, in a blow of the flat of a sword on the back of the kneeling candidate.´ Brande & C.

Knight´less, a. Unbecoming a knight. [Obs.] ´Knightless guile.´ Spenser.

Knight´li•ness , n. The character or bearing suitable for a knight; chivalry. Spenser.

Knight•ly, a. [AS. cnihtlic boyish.] Of or pertaining to a knight; becoming a knight; chivalrous; as a knightly combat; a knightly spirit. “For knightly jousts and fierce encounters fit.” Spenser. “[Excuses] full knightly without scorn.” Tennyson.

Knight´ly, adv. In a manner becoming a knight. “And why thou comest thus knightly clad in arms.” Shak.

Knight´ mar´shal (Eng. Law) An officer in the household of the British sovereign, who has cognizance of transgressions within the royal household and verge, and of contracts made there, a member of the household being one of the parties. Wharton.

Knight´ serv´ice (Eng. Feud. Law) A tenure of lands held by knights on condition of performing military service. See Chivalry, n., 4.

Knight´ Tem´plar pl. Knights Templars . See Commandery, n., 3, and also Templar, n., 1 and 3.

Knit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knit or Knitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knitting.] [OE. knitten, knutten, As. cnyttan, fr. cnotta knot; akin to Icel. knta, Sw. knyta, Dan. knytte. See Knot.] 1. To form into a knot, or into knots; to tie together, as cord; to fasten by tying. “A great sheet knit at the four corners.” Acts x. 11. “When your head did but ache,
I knit my handkercher about your brows.” Shak. 2. To form, as a textile fabric, by the interlacing of yarn or thread in a series of connected loops, by means of needles, either by hand or by machinery; as to knit stockings. 3. To join; to cause to grow together. “Nature can not knit the bones while the parts are under a discharge.” Wiseman. 4. To unite closely; to connect; to engage; as hearts knit together in love. “Thy merit hath my duty strongly knit.” Shak. “Come , knit hands, and beat the ground,
In a light fantastic round.” Milton. “A link among the days, toknit
The generations each to each.” Tennyson. 5. To draw together; to contract into wrinkles. “He knits his brow and shows an angry eye.” Shak.

Knit, v. i. 1. To form a fabric by interlacing yarn or thread; to weave by making knots or loops. 2. To be united closely; to grow together; as broken bones will in time knit and become sound. To knit up, to wind up; to conclude; to come to a close. ´It remaineth to knit up briefly with the nature and compass of the seas.´ [Obs.] Holland.

Knit, n. Union knitting; texture. Shak.

Knit´back , n. (Bot.) The plant comfrey; — so called from its use as a restorative. Dr. Prier. { Knitch , Knitch´et } n. [Cf. Knit.] A number of things tied or knit together; a bundle; a fagot. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. “When they [stems of asphodel] be dried, they ought to be made up into knitchets, or handfuls.” Holland.

Knits , n. pl. [Prob. same word as nit a louse’s egg.] (Mining) Small particles of ore. Raymond.

Knit´ster , n. A woman who knits. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knit´ter , n. One who, or that which, knits, joins, or unites; a knitting machine. Shak.

Knit´ting , n. 1. The work of a knitter; the network formed by knitting. 2. Union formed by knitting, as of bones. Knitting machine, one of a number of contrivances for mechanically knitting stockings, jerseys, and the like. — Knitting eedle, a stiff rod, as of steel wire, with rounded ends for knitting yarn or threads into a fabric, as in stockings. — Knitting sheath, a sheath to receive the end of a needle in knitting.

Knit´tle , n. [From Knit.] 1. A string that draws together a purse or bag. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. pl. (Naut.) See Nettles.

Knives , n. pl. of Knife. See Knife.

Knob , n. [A modification of knop. Cf. Nob.] 1. A hard protuberance; a hard swelling or rising; a bunch; a lump; as a knob in the flesh, or on a bone. 2. A knoblike ornament or handle; as the knob of a lock, door, or drawer. Chaucer. 3. A rounded hill or mountain; as the Pilot Knob. [U. S.] Bartlett. 4. (Arch.) See Knop. Knob latch, a latch which can be operated by turning a knob, without using a key.

Knob, v. i. To grow into knobs or bunches; to become knobbed. [Obs.] Drant.

Knobbed , a. Containing knobs; full of knobs; ending in a nob. See Illust of Antenna. “The horns of a roe deer of Greenland are pointed at the top, and knobbed or tuberous at the bottom.” Grew.

Knob´ber , n. (Zoöl.) See Knobbler.

Knob´bing , n. (Stone Quarrying) Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections.

Knob´bler, n. (Zoöl.) The hart in its second year; a young deer. [Written also knobber.] Halliwell. “He has hallooed the hounds upon a velvet-headed knobbler.” Sir W. Scott.

Knob´bling fire A bloomery fire. See Bloomery.

Knob´by, a. [From Knob.] 1. Full of, or covered with, knobs or hard protuberances. Dr. H. More. 2. Irregular; stubborn in particulars. [Obs.] “The informers continued in a knobby kind of obstinacy.” Howell. 3. Abounding in rounded hills or mountains; hilly. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Knob´stick , n. One who refuses to join, or withdraws from, a trades union. [Cant, Eng.]

Knock (nok), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knocked (nokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Knocking.] [OE. knoken, AS. cnocian, cnucian; prob. of imitative origin; cf. Sw. knacka. Cf. Knack.] 1. To drive or be driven against something; to strike against something; to clash; as one heavy body knocks against another. Bacon. 2. To strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to rap; as to knock with a club; to knock on the door. “For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked.” Dryden. “Seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you.” Matt. vii. 7. To knock about, to go about, taking knocks or rough usage; to wander about; to saunter. [Colloq.] ´Knocking about town.´ W. Irving. — To knock up, to fail of strength; to become wearied or worn out, as with labor; to give out. ´The horses were beginning to knock up under the fatigue of such severe service.´ De Quincey. — To knock off, to cease, as from work; to desist. — To knock under, to yield; to submit; to acknowledge one’s self conquered; — an expression probably borrowed from the practice of knocking under the table with the knuckles, when conquered. ´Colonel Esmond knocked under to his fate.´ Thackeray.

Knock (nok), v. t. 1. To strike with something hard or heavy; to move by striking; to drive (a thing) against something; as to knock a ball with a bat; to knock the head against a post; to knock a lamp off the table. “When heroes knock their knotty heads together.” Rowe. 2. To strike for admittance; to rap upon, as a door. “Master, knock the door hard.” Shak. To knock down. (a) To strike down; to fell; to prostrate by a blow or by blows; as to knock down an assailant. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow or knock; to knock off. — To knock in the head, or on the head, to stun or kill by a blow upon the head; hence, to put am end to; to defeat, as a scheme or project; to frustrate; to quash. [Colloq.] — To knock off. (a) To force off by a blow or by beating. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow on the counter. (c) To leave off (work, etc.). [Colloq.] — To knock out, to force out by a blow or by blows; as to knock out the brains. - - To knock up. (a) To arouse by knocking. (b) To beat or tire out; to fatigue till unable to do more; as the men were entirely knocked up. [Colloq.] ´The day being exceedingly hot, the want of food had knocked up my followers.´ Petherick. (c) (Bookbinding) To make even at the edges, or to shape into book form, as printed sheets.

Knock, n. 1. A blow; a stroke with something hard or heavy; a jar. 2. A stroke, as on a door for admittance; a rap. ´ A knock at the door.´ Longfellow. “A loud cry or some great knock.” Holland. Knock off, a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles.

Knock´down , n. A felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal.

Knock´down, a. Of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument. [Colloq.]

Knock´er , n. One who, or that which, knocks; specifically, an instrument, or kind of hammer, fastened to a door, to be used in seeking for admittance. “Shut, shut the door, good John ! fatigued, I said;
Tie up the knocker; say I’m sick, I’m dead.” Pope.

Knock´ing, n. A beating; a rap; a series of raps. “The … repeated knockings of the head upon the ground by the Chinese worshiper.” H. Spencer.

Knock´ings , n. pl. (Mining) Large lumps picked out of the sieve, in dressing ore.

Knock´-knee , n. (Med.) A condition in which the knees are bent in so as to touch each other in walking; inknee.

Knock´-kneed , a. Having the legs bent inward so that the knees touch in walking. [Written also knack-kneed.]

Knock´stone , n. (Mining) A block upon which ore is broken up.

Knoll , n. [AS. cnoll; akin to G. knolle, knollen, clod, lump, knob, bunch, OD. knolle ball, bunch, Sw. knöl, Dan. knold.] A little round hill; a mound; a small elevation of earth; the top or crown of a hill. “On knoll or hillock rears his crest,
Lonely and huge, the giant oak.” Sir W. Scott.

Knoll , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knolled p. pr. & vb. n. Knolling.] [OE. knollen, AS. cnyllan. See Knell.] To ring, as a bell; to strike a knell upon; to toll; to proclaim, or summon, by ringing. ´Knolled to church.´ Shak. “Heavy clocks knolling the drowsy hours.” Tennyson.

Knoll, v. i. To sound, as a bell; to knell. Shak. “For a departed being’s soul
The death hymn peals, and the hollow bells knoll.” Byron.

Knoll, n. The tolling of a bell; a knell. [R.] Byron.

Knoll´er, n. One who tolls a bell. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Knop , n. [OE. knop, knoppe; cf. D. knop, knoop, G. knopf, Dan. knap, knop, Sw. knapp, knopp, button, bud, Icel. knappr, and E. knap, n. Cf. Knap, Knob.] 1. A knob; a bud; a bunch; a button. “Four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers.” Ex. xxv. 21. 2. (Arch.) Any boldly projecting sculptured ornament; esp., the ornamental termination of a pinnacle, and then synonymous with finial; — called also knob, and knosp. Knop sedge (Bot.), the bur reed (Sparganium); — so called from its globular clusters of seed vessels. Prior.

Knopped , a. Having knops or knobs; fastened as with buttons. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Knop´pern , n. [Cf. G. knopper. See Knop.] (Zoöl.) A kind of gall produced by a gallfly on the cup of an acorn, — used in tanning and dyeing.

Knop´weed , n. Same as Knapweed.

Knor , n. See Knur. [Obs.]

Knosp , n. [Cf. G. knospe bud, E. knop, knar.] (Arch.) Same as Knop,2. Milman.

Knot , n. [OE. knot, knotte, AS. cnotta; akin to D. knot, OHG. chnodo, chnoto, G. knoten, Icel. kntr, Sw. knut, Dan. knude, and perh. to L. nodus. Cf. Knout, Knit.] 1. (a) A fastening together of the pars or ends of one or more threads, cords, ropes, etc., by any one of various ways of tying or entangling. (b) A lump or loop formed in a thread, cord, rope. etc., as at the end, by tying or interweaving it upon itself. (c) An ornamental tie, as of a ribbon. The names of knots vary according to the manner of their making, or the use for which they are intended; as dowknot, reef knot, stopper knot, diamond knot, etc. 2. A bond of union; a connection; a tie. ´With nuptial knot.´ Shak. “Ere we knit the knot that can never be loosed.” Bp. Hall. 3. Something not easily solved; an intricacy; a difficulty; a perplexity; a problem. “Knots worthy of solution.” Cowper. “A man shall be perplexed with knots, and problems of business, and contrary affairs.” South. 4. A figure the lines of which are interlaced or intricately interwoven, as in embroidery, gardening, etc. ´Garden knots.´ Bacon. “Flowers worthy of paradise, which, not nice art
In beds and curious knots, but nature boon
Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.” Milton. 5. A cluster of persons or things; a collection; a group; a hand; a clique; as a knot of politicians. ´Knots of talk.´ Tennyson. “His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries.” Shak. “Palms in cluster, knots of Paradise.” Tennyson. “As they sat together in small, separate knots, they discussed doctrinal and metaphysical points of belief.” Sir W. Scott. 6. A portion of a branch of a tree that forms a mass of woody fiber running at an angle with the grain of the main stock and making a hard place in the timber. A loose knot is generally the remains of a dead branch of a tree covered by later woody growth. 7. A knob, lump, swelling, or protuberance. “With lips serenely placid, felt the knot
Climb in her throat.” Tennyson. 8. A protuberant joint in a plant. 9. The point on which the action of a story depends; the gist of a matter. [Obs.] “I shoulde to the knotte condescend,
And maken of her walking soon an end.” Chaucer. 10. (Mech.) See Node. 11. (Naut.) (a) A division of the log line, serving to measure the rate of the vessel’s motion. Each knot on the line bears the same proportion to a mile that thirty seconds do to an hour. The number of knots which run off from the reel in half a minute, therefore, shows the number of miles the vessel sails in an hour. Hence: (b) A nautical mile, or 6080.27 feet; as when a ship goes eight miles an hour, her speed is said to be eight knots. 12. A kind of epaulet. See Shoulder knot. 13. (Zoöl.) A sandpiper (Tringa canutus), found in the northern parts of all the continents, in summer. It is grayish or ashy above, with the rump and upper tail coverts white, barred with dusky. The lower parts are pale brown, with the flanks and under tail coverts white. When fat it is prized by epicures. Called also dunne. The name is said to be derived from King Canute, this bird being a favorite article of food with him. “The knot that called was Canutus’ bird of old,
Of that great king of Danes his name that still doth hold,
His appetite to please that far and near was sought.” Drayton.

Knot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knotting.] 1. To tie in or with, or form into, a knot or knots; to form a knot on, as a rope; to entangle. ´Knotted curls.´ Drayton. “As tight as I could knot the noose.” Tennyson. 2. To unite closely; to knit together. Bacon. 3. To entangle or perplex; to puzzle. [Obs. or R.]

Knot, v. i. 1. To form knots or joints, as in a cord, a plant, etc.; to become entangled. “Cut hay when it begins to knot.” Mortimer. 2. To knit knots for fringe or trimming. 3. To copulate; — said of toads. [R.] Shak.

Knot´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The cloudberry (Rudus Chamaemorus); — so called from its knotted stems.

Knot´grass , n. (Bot.) (a) a common weed with jointed stems (Polygonum aviculare); knotweed. (b) The dog grass. See under Dog. An infusion of Polygonum aviculare was once supposed to have the effect of stopping the growth of an animal, and hence it was called, as by Shakespeare, ´hindering knotgrass.´ “We want a boy extremely for this function,
Kept under for a year with milk and knotgrass.” Beau. & Fl.

Knot´less, a. Free from knots; without knots. ´Silver firs with knotless trunks.´ Congreve.

Knot´ted , a. 1. Full of knots; having knots; knurled; as a knotted cord; the knotted oak. Dryden. 2. Interwoven; matted; entangled. “Make … thy knotted and combined locks to part.” Shak. 3. Having intersecting lines or figures. “The west corner of thy curious knotted garden.” Shak. 4. (Geol.) Characterized by small, detached points, chiefly composed of mica, less decomposable than the mass of the rock, and forming knots in relief on the weathered surface; as knotted rocks. Percival. 5. Entangled; puzzling; knotty. [R.] “They’re catched in knotted lawlike nets.” Hudibras.

Knot´ti•ness , n. [From Knotty.] 1. The quality or state of being knotty or full of knots. 2. Difficulty of solution; intricacy; complication. ´ Knottiness of his style.´ Hare.

Knot´ty , a. [Compar. Knottier superl. Knottiest.] 1. Full of knots; knotted; having many knots; as knotty timber; a knotty rope. 2. Hard; rugged; as a knotty head.[R.] Rewe. 3. Difficult; intricate; perplexed. “A knotty point to which we now proceed” Pope.

Knot´weed (not´wed•), n. (Bot.) See Knotgrass.

Knot´wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) A small, herbaceous, trailing plant, of the genus Illecebrum (I. verticillatum).

Knout (nout or noot), n. [Russ. knut’; prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. knut knot, knout, Icel. knutr knot: cf. F. knout. See Knot.] A kind of whip for flogging criminals, formerly much used in Russia. The lash is a tapering bundle of leather thongs twisted with wire and hardened, so that it mangles the flesh.

Knout, v. t. To punish with the knout. Brougham.

Know (no), n. Knee. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Know (no), v. t. [imp. Knew (nu); p. p. Known (non); p. pr. & vb. n. Knowing.] [OE. knowen, knawen, AS. cnäwan; akin to OHG. chnäan (in comp.), Icel. knä to be able, Russ. znate to know, L. gnoscere, noscere, Gr. gighw•skein, Skr. jna; fr. the root of E. can, v. i., ken. rad.45. See Ken, Can to be able, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition, Gnome, Ignore, Noble, Note.] 1. To perceive or apprehend clearly and certainly; to understand; to have full information of; as to know one’s duty. “O, that a man might know
The end of this day’s business ere it come!” Shak. “There is a certainty in the proposition, and we know it.” Dryden. “Know how sublime a thing it is
To suffer and be strong.” Longfellow. 2. To be convinced of the truth of; to be fully assured of; as to know things from information. 3. To be acquainted with; to be no stranger to; to be more or less familiar with the person, character, etc., of; to possess experience of; as to know an author; to know the rules of an organization. “He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin.” 2 Cor. v. 21. “Not to know me argues yourselves unknown.” Milton. 4. To recognize; to distinguish; to discern the character of; as to know a person’s face or figure. “Ye shall know them by their fruits.” Matt. vil. 16. “And their eyes were opened, and they knew him.” Luke xxiv. 31. “To know
Faithful friend from flattering foe.” Shak. “At nearer view he thought he knew the dead.” Flatman. 5. To have sexual commerce with. “And Adam knew Eve his wife.” Gen. iv. 1. Know is often followed by an objective and an infinitive (with or without to) or a participle, a dependent sentence, etc. “And I knew that thou hearest me always.” John xi. 42. “The monk he instantly knew to be the prior.” Sir W. Scott. “In other hands I have known money do good.” Dickens. To know how, to understand the manner, way, or means; to have requisite information, intelligence, or sagacity. How is sometimes omitted. ´ If we fear to die, or know not to be patient.´ Jer. Taylor.

Know, v. i. 1. To have knowledge; to have a clear and certain perception; to possess wisdom, instruction, or information; — often with of. “Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider.” Is. i. 3. “If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself.” John vii. 17. “The peasant folklore of Europe still knows of willows that bleed and weep and speak when hewn.” Tylor. 2. To be assured; to feel confident. To know of, to ask, to inquire. [Obs.] ´ Know of your youth, examine well your blood.´ Shak.

Know´a•ble , a. That may be known; capable of being discovered, understood, or ascertained. “Thus mind and matter, as known or knowable, are only two different series of phenomena or qualities.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Know´a• ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being knowable. Locke.

Know´-all , n. One who knows everything; hence, one who makes pretension to great knowledge; a wiseacre; — usually ironical. [Colloq. or R.]

Know´er , n. One who knows. Shak.

Know´ing, a. 1. Skilful; well informed; intelligent; as a knowing man; a knowing dog. “The knowing and intelligent part of the world.” South. 2. Artful; cunning; as a knowing rascal. [Colloq.]

Know´ing, n. Knowledge; hence, experience. ´ In my knowing.´ Shak. “This sore night
Hath trifled former knowings.” Shak.

Know´ing•ly, adv. 1. With knowledge; in a knowing manner; intelligently; consciously; deliberately; as he would not knowingly offend. Strype. 2. By experience. [Obs.] Shak.

Know´ing•ness, n. The state or quality of being knowing or intelligent; shrewdness; skillfulness.

Knowl´eche , n. & v. [Obs.] See Knowledge. “We consider and knowleche that we have offended.” Chaucer.

Knowl´ech•ing , n. Knowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Knowl´edge , n. [OE. knowlage, knowlege, knowleche, knawleche. The last part is the Icel. suffix -leikr, forming abstract nouns, orig. the same as Icel. leikr game, play, sport, akin to AS. lac, Goth. laiks dance. See Know, and cf. Lake, v. i., Lark a frolic.] 1. The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition. “Knowledge, which is the highest degree of the speculative faculties, consists in the perception of the truth of affirmative or negative propositions.” Locke. 2. That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; — chiefly used in the plural. “There is a great difference in the delivery of the mathematics, which are the most abstracted of knowledges.” Bacon. “Knowledges is a term in frequent use by Bacon, and, though now obsolete, should be revived, as without it we are compelled to borrow ´cognitions´ to express its import.” Sir W. Hamilton. “To use a word of Bacon’s, now unfortunately obsolete, we must determine the relative value of knowledges.” H. Spencer. 3. That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition. “Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth.” 1 Cor. viii. 1. “Ignorance is the curse of God;
Knowledge, the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.” Shak. 4. That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as a knowledge of life. “Shipmen that had knowledge of the sea.” 1 Kings ix. 27. 5. Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as it has not come to my knowledge. “Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou shouldst take knowledge of me?” Ruth ii. 10. 6. Sexual intercourse; — usually preceded by carnal; as carnal knowledge. Syn. — See Wisdom.

Knowl´edge, v. t. To acknowledge. [Obs.] ´Sinners which knowledge their sins.´ Tyndale.

Known , p. p. of Know.

Know´-noth•ing , n. A member of a secret political organization in the United States, the chief objects of which were the proscription of foreigners by the repeal of the naturalization laws, and the exclusive choice of native Americans for office. The party originated in 1853, and existed for about three years. The members of it were called Know-nothings, because they replied ´I don’t know,´ to any questions asked them in reference to the party.

Know´-noth•ing•ism , n. The doctrines, principles, or practices, of the Know-nothings.

Knubs , n. pl. Waste silk formed in winding off the threads from a cocoon.

Knuc´kle , n. [OE. knokel, knokil, AS. cuncel; akin to D. knokkel, OFries. knokele, knokle, G. knöchel, Sw. knoge, Dan. knokkel, G. knochen bone, and perh. to E. knock.] 1. The joint of a finger, particularly when made prominent by the closing of the fingers. Davenant. 2. The kneejoint, or middle joint, of either leg of a quadruped, especially of a calf; — formerly used of the kneejoint of a human being. “With weary knuckles on thy brim she kneeled sadly down.” Golding. 3. The joint of a plant. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Mech.) The joining parts of a hinge through which the pin or rivet passes; a knuckle joint. 5. (Shipbuilding) A convex portion of a vessel’s figure where a sudden change of shape occurs, as in a canal boat, where a nearly vertical side joins a nearly flat bottom. 6. A contrivance, usually of brass or iron, and furnished with points, worn to protect the hand, to add force to a blow, and to disfigure the person struck; as brass knuckles; — called also knuckle duster. [Slang.] Knuckle joint (Mach.), a hinge joint, in which a projection with an eye, on one piece, enters a jaw between two corresponding projections with eyes, on another piece, and is retained by a pin which passes through the eyes and forms the pivot. — Knuckle of veal (Cookery), the lower part of a leg of veal, from the line of the body to the knuckle.

Knuc´kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knuckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Knuckling ] To yield; to submit; — used with down, to, or under. To knuckle to. (a) To submit to in a contest; to yield to. [Colloq.] See To knock under, under Knock, v. i. (b) To apply one’s self vigorously or earnestly to; as to knuckle to work. [Colloq.]

Knuc´kle, v. t. To beat with the knuckles; to pommel. [R.] Horace Smith.

Knuc´kled , a. Jointed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Knuff (nuf), n. [Cf. Gnof a churl.] A lout; a clown. [Obs.] “The country knuffs, Hob, Dick, and Hick,
With clubs and clouted shoon.” Hayward.

Knur (nûr), n. [See Knurl.] A knurl. Woodward.

Knurl (nûrl), n. [See Knar, Gnar.] A contorted knot in wood; a crossgrained protuberance; a nodule; a boss or projection. 2. One who, or that which, is crossgrained.

Knurl (nûrl), v. t. To provide with ridges, to assist the grasp, as in the edge of a flat knob, or coin; to mill.

Knurled (nûrld), a. 1. Full of knots; gnarled. 2. Milled, as the head of a screw, or the edge of a coin.

Knurl´y (nûrl´y), [Compar. Knurlier (-i•er); superl. Knurliest.] [See Knur, and cf. Gnarly.] Full of knots; hard; tough; hence, capable of enduring or resisting much.

Knur´ry , a. Full of knots. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ko•ai´ta , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Coaita.

Ko•a´la , n. A tailless marsupial (Phascolarctos cinereus), found in Australia. The female carries her young on the back of her neck. Called also Australian bear, native bear, and native sloth. { Kob , Ko´ba }, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of African antelopes of the genus Kobus, esp. the species Kobus sing- sing.

Ko´balt , n. See Cobalt.

Ko´bel•lite, n. [From Franz von Kobell, of Munich.] (Min.) A blackish gray mineral, a sulphide of antimony, bismuth, and lead.

Ko´bold , n. [G., perh. orig., house god, hose protector. See Cobalt] A kind of domestic spirit in German mythology, corresponding to the Scottish brownie and the English Robin Goodfellow.

Ko´dak , n. A kind of portable camera.

Ko´el , n. [Native name in India.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of cuckoos of the genus Eudynamys, found in India, the East Indies, and Australia. They deposit their eggs in the nests of other birds.

Koff , n. [D. kof.] A two-masted Dutch vessel. { Koh•i•noor´ , Koh••nur } , n. [Per. koh-i-nr, lit., mountain of light.] A famous diamond, surrendered to the British crown on the annexation of the Punjab. According to Hindoo legends, it was found in a Golconda mine, and has been the property of various Hindoo and Persian rulers.

Kohl , n. [See Alcohol.] A mixture of soot and other ingredients, used by Egyptian and other Eastern women to darken the edges of the eyelids.

Kohl´-ra•bi , n.; pl. Kohl-rabies (#). [G. Cf. Cole, Rape the plant.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage, in which the edible part is a large, turnip-shaped swelling of the stem, above the surface of the ground.

Ko•ka´ma , n. (Zoöl.) The gemsbok.

Ko´klass , n. (Zoöl.) Any pheasant of the genus Pucrasia. The birds of this genus inhabit India and China, and are distinguished by having a long central and two lateral crests on the head. Called also pucras.

Ko•koon´ , n. (Zoöl.) The gnu.

Ko•la´ri•an , n. (Ethnol.) An individual of one of the races of aboriginal inhabitants which survive in Hindostan. — a. Of or pertaining to the Kolarians.

Ko•me´nic , a. [Prob. G. mekonin (by transposition of letters) + -ic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from meconic acid. [Written also comenic.]

Kom´tok , n. (Zoöl.) An African freshwater fish (Protopterus annectens), belonging to the Dipnoi. It can breathe air by means of its lungs, and when waters dry up, it encases itself in a nest of hard mud, where it remains till the rainy season. It is used as food.

Kon , v. t. To know. See Can, and Con. [Obs.] “Ye konnen thereon as much as any man.” Chaucer.

Ko´nite , n. (Min.) See Conite.

Konze , n. (Zoöl.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus Lichtensteini), allied to the hartbeest, but having shorter and flatter horns, and lacking a black patch on the face.

Koo´doo , n. (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (Strepsiceros kudu). The males have graceful spiral horns, sometimes four feet long. The general color is reddish or grayish brown, with eight or nine white bands on each side, and a pale dorsal stripe. The old males become dark bluish gray, due to the skin showing through the hair. The females are hornless. Called also nellut. [Written also kudu.]

Koo´koom , n. (Zoöl.) The oryx or gemsbok. [Written also kookaam.]

Koo•lo•kam´ba , n. (Zoöl.) A west African anthropoid ape (Troglodytes koolokamba, or T. Aubryi), allied to the chimpanzee and gorilla, and, in some respects, intermediate between them.

Kool´slaa , n. See Coleslaw.

Koord , n. See Kurd.

Koord´ish, n. See Kurdish.

Koo•ril´i•an , a & n. Same as Kurilian.

Ko´peck , n. [Russ. kopeika.] A small Russian coin. One hundred kopecks make a rouble, worth about sixty cents. [Written also kopek, copec, and copeck.]

Ko´ran (ko´ran or ko•rän´; 277), n. [Ar. qoran. See Alcoran.] The Scriptures of the Mohammedans, containing the professed revelations to Mohammed; — called also Alcoran. [Written also Kuran or Quran.]
[1913 Webster]

Ko´rin , n. (Zoöl.) The gazelle.

Kor´ri•gum , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Damalis Senegalensis), allied to the sassaby. It is reddish gray, with a black face, and a black stripe on the outside of the legs above the knees.

Kos´mos , n. See Cosmos. Gladstone.

Ko•tow´ , n. [Chinese, knock head.] The prostration made by mandarins and others to their superiors, either as homage or worship, by knocking the forehead on the ground. There are degrees in the rite, the highest being expressed by three knockings. [China] S. W. Williams.

Ko•tow´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kotowed p. pr. & vb. n. Kotowing.] To perform the kotow.

Kou´lan , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A wild horse (Equus, or Asinus, onager) inhabiting the plains of Central Asia; — called also gour, khur, and onager. [Written also kulan.] It is sometimes confounded with the dziggetai, to which it is closely related. It is gray in winter, but fulvous in summer. It has a well defined, dark, dorsal stripe, and a short, erect mane. In size, it is intermediate between the horse and ass.

Kou´miss , n. [Russ. kumys; of Mongolian origin.] An intoxicating fermented or distilled liquor originally made by the Tartars from mare’s or camel’s milk. It can be obtained from any kind of milk, and is now largely made in Europe. [Written also koumyss, kumiss, kumish, and kumys.] “Koumiss has from time immemorial served the Tartar instead of wine or spirits.” J. H. Newman.

Kous´so , n. (Bot.) An Abyssinian rosaceous tree (Brayera anthelmintica), the flowers of which are used as a vermifuge. [Written also cusso and kosso.]

Kow•tow´ , n. & v. i. The same as Kotow. “I have salaamed and kowtowed to him.” H. James.

Kra , n. (Zoöl.) A long-tailed ape (Macacus cynomolgus) of India and Sumatra. It is reddish olive, spotted with black, and has a black tail.

Kraal (kräl or kral; 277), n. [D., a village, inclosure, park, prob. fr. Pg. curral a cattle pen; the same word as Sp. corral. See Corral.] 1. A collection of huts within a stockade; a village; sometimes, a single hut. [South Africa] 2. An inclosure into which are driven wild elephants which are to be tamed and educated. [Ceylon]

Krait , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A very venomous snake of India (Bungarus cœruleus), allied to the cobra. Its upper parts are bluish or brownish black, often with narrow white streaks; the belly is whitish.

Kra´ken , n. [Prob. from OSw. krake, or ODan. krage the trunk of a tree, the branches of which are not entirely cut off, to which it was likened by the Norwegian mariners.] A fabulous Scandinavian sea monster, often represented as resembling an island, but sometimes as resembling an immense octopus. “To believe all that has been said of the sea serpent or kraken, would be credulity; to reject the possibility of their existence, would be presumption.” Goldsmith. “Like a kraken huge and black.” Longfellow.

Kra•ko´wi•ak , n. (Mus.) A lively Polish dance. See Cracovienne.

Kra•me´ri•a , n. [NL. So called after the German botanists, J. G. H. & W. H. Kramer.] (Bot.) A genus of spreading shrubs with many stems, from one species of which (K. triandra), found in Peru, rhatany root, used as a medicine, is obtained.

Kra•mer´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, Krameria (rhatany); as krameric acid, usually called ratanhia-tannic acid.

Krang , n. [Cf. D. kreng a carcass.] The carcass of a whale after the blubber has been removed. [Written also crang and kreng.]

Krang´ing hook (Whaling) A hook for holding the blubber while cutting it away. [Written also cranging hook.]

Kre•at´ic , a. See Creatic.

Kre´a•tin , n. (Chem.) See Creatin.

Kre•at´i•nin , n. (Chem.) See Creatinin.

Kreel , n. See Creel.

Krem´lin , n. [Russ. kremle.] The citadel of a town or city; especially, the citadel of Moscow, a large inclosure which contains imperial palaces, cathedrals, churches, an arsenal, etc. [Russia]

Krems , n. A variety of white lead. See Krems lead, under Lead, n.

Kreng , n. See Krang.

Kre´o•sote , n. See Creosote.

Kreut´zer (kroit´ser), n. [G. kreuzer.] A small copper coin formerly used in South Germany; also a small Austrian copper coin. [Written also kreuzer.]

Kriegs´spiel , n. [G., fr. krieg war + spiel play.] A game of war, played for practice, on maps. Farrow.

Kris , n. A Malay dagger. See Creese.

Krish´na , n. [Skr. krshna.] (Hindoo Myth.) The most popular of the Hindoo divinities, usually held to be the eighth incarnation of the god Vishnu.

Kri´tarch•y (kri´tärk•&tcr;), n. [Gr. krith•s judge + ’archh• beginning, government.] The rule of the judges over Israel. “Samson, Jephthah, Gideon, and other heroes of the kritarchy.” Southey.

Kro•kid´o•lite (kro•kid´o•lit), n. (Min.) See Crocidolite.

Kro´ne (kro´na), n. [Dan.] A coin of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, of the value of about twenty-eight cents. See Crown, n., 9.

Kroo´man (kroo´man), n.; pl. Kroomen (-men). One of a negro tribe of Liberia and the adjacent coast, whose members are much employed on shipboard.

Krul´ler , n. See Cruller. { Krumm´horn• , Krum´horn• } (kroom´hôrn•), n. [G. krummhorn cornet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.) (a) A reed instrument of music of the cornet kind, now obsolete (see Cornet, 1, a.). (b) A reed stop in the organ; — sometimes called cremona.

Krupp´ gun´ A breech-loading steel cannon manufactured at the works of Friedrich Krupp, at Essen in Prussia. Guns of over eight-inch bore are made up of several concentric cylinders; those of a smaller size are forged solid. Knight.

Kry´o•lite , n. (Min.) See Cryolite.

Ksar (zär), n. See Czar. { Ksha´tri•ya , Ksha´tru•ya } n. [Skr. kshatriya one belonging to the military caste.] The military caste, the second of the four great Hindoo castes; also a member of that caste. See Caste. [India]

Ku´da , n. (Zoöl.) The East Indian tapir. See Tapir.

Ku´dos , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky^dos glory.] Glory; fame; renown; praise. W. H. Russel.

Ku´dos, v. t. To praise; to extol; to glorify. ´Kudos’d egregiously.´ [R.] Southey.

Ku´du , n. (Zoöl.) See Koodoo.

Ku´fic , a. See Cufic.

Ku•kang´ , n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The slow lemur. See Lemur.

Ku•klux´ , n. The name adopted in the southern part of the United States by a secret political organization, active for several years after the close of the Civil War, and having for its aim the repression of the political power of the freedmen; — called also Kuklux Klan.

Ku´lan , n. (Zoöl.) See Koulan. { Ku´mish , Ku´miss } n. See Koumiss.

Kum´mel , n. [G. kümmel cumin, caraway seed, L. cuminum. Cf. Cumin.] A Russian and German liqueur, consisting of a sweetened spirit flavored with caraway seeds.

Kum´quat , n. [Chin. kin keu.] (Bot.) A small tree of the genus Citrus (C. Japonica) growing in China and Japan; also its small acid, orange-colored fruit used for preserves.

Kup´fer•nick´el , n. [G. See Copper, and Nickel.] (Min.) Copper-nickel; niccolite. See Niccolite.

Kurd , n. A native or inhabitant of a mountainous region of Western Asia belonging to the Turkish and Persian monarchies. [Written also Koord.]

Kurd´ish, a. Of or pertaining to the Kurds. [Written also Koordish.]

Ku•ril´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Kurile Islands, a chain of islands in the Pacific ocean, extending from the southern extremity of Kamschatka to Yesso. — n. A native or an inhabitant of the Kurile Islands. [Written also Koorilian.]

Kur´saal , n. [G.] A public hall or room, for the use of visitors at watering places and health resorts in Germany.

Ku•si•man´se , n. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal (Crossarchus obscurus) of tropical Africa. It its allied to the civets. Called also kusimansel, and mangue.

Kus´kus , [Per. & Hind. khaskhas.] (Bot.) See Vetiver.

Kus´si•er , n. (Mus.) A Turkish instrument of music, with a hollow body covered with skin, over which five strings are stretched. [Written also kussir.]

Ku•tauss´ , n. (Zoöl.) The India civet (Viverra zibetha).

Kutch , n. (Goldbeating) The packet of vellum leaves in which the gold is first beaten into thin sheets.

Kutch, n. See Catechu.

Ky , n. pl. Kine. [Scot.] See Kee, Kie, and Kine.

Ky•a•bo´ca wood (Bot.) (a) Amboyna wood. (b) Sandalwood (Santalum album).

Ky´a•nite , n. See Cyanite.

Ky´an•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kyanized p. pr. & vb. n. Kyanizing ] [From Mr. Kyan, the inventor of the process.] To render (wood) proof against decay by saturating with a solution of corrosive sublimate in open tanks, or under pressure.

Ky´a•nol , n. [See Cyanite.] (Chem.) (a) Aniline. [Obs.] (b) A base obtained from coal tar. Ure.

Ky•an´o•phyll , n. (Bot.) Same as Cyanophyll.

Kyar , n. Cocoanut fiber, or the cordage made from it. See Coir.

Kyaw , n. (Zoöl.) A daw. [Scot.]

Kyd , p. p. of Kythe.

Kyd´de , imp. of Kythe, to show. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser erroneously uses kydst to mean ´knowest.´

Kyke , v. i. [See 1st Kike.] To look steadfastly; to gaze. [Obs.] [Written also kike, keke.] “This Nicholas sat ever gaping upright,
As he had kyked on the newe moon.” Chaucer.

Ky´ley , n. A variety of the boomerang.

Ky´loes , n. pl. The cattle of the Hebrides, or of the Highlands. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Kym´nel , n. See Kimnel. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ky´mo•graph , n. [Gr. wave + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring, and recording graphically, the pressure of the blood in any of the blood vessels of a living animal; — called also kymographion.

Ky•mo•graph´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to a kymograph; as a kymographic tracing.

Kym´ric , a. & n. See Cymric, a. & n.

Kym´ry , n. See Cymry.

Kyn´rede , n. Kindred. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ky•nu•ren´ic , a. [Gr. , , dog + urine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from the urine of dogs. By decomposition the acid yields a nitrogenous base (called kynurin) and carbonic acid. [Written also cynurenic.]

Kyr´i•e , n. See Kyrie eleison.

Kyr´i•e e•lei´son [Gr. ky•rie ’elei^son .] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Greek words, meaning ´Lord, have mercy upon us,´ used in the Mass, the breviary offices, the litany of the saints, etc. Addis & Arnold. 2. The name given to the response to the Commandments, in the service of the Church of England and of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

Kyr•i•elle , n. [Cf. F. kyrielle.] A litany beginning with the words, ´Kyrie eleison.´ Shipley. { Kyr´i•o•lex•y , Kyr•i•ol´o•gy } n. [Gr. , . See Curiologic.] The use of literal or simple expressions, as distinguished from the use of figurative or obscure ones. Krauth-Fleming.

Kyr•i•o•log´ic•al , a. [See Curiologic.] Serving to denote objects by conventional signs or alphabetical characters; as the original Greek alphabet of sixteen letters was called kyriologic, because it represented the pure elementary sounds. See Curiologic. [Written also curiologic and kuriologic.] The term is also applied, as by Warburton, to those Egyptian hieroglyphics, in which a part is put conventionally for the whole, as in depicting a battle by two hands, one holding a shield and the other a bow. { Kythe , Kithe (kith) }, v. t. [imp. Kydde, Kidde (kid´de); p. p. Kythed , Kid; p. pr. & vb. n. Kything.] [OE. kythen, kithen, cuðen, to make known, AS. cyðan, fr. cuð known. rad.45. See Uncouth, Can to be able, and cf. Kith.] To make known; to manifest; to show; to declare. [Obs. or Scot.] “For gentle hearte kytheth gentilesse.” Chaucer.

Kythe, v. t. To come into view; to appear. [Scot.] “It kythes bright … because all is dark around it.” Sir W. Scott.

Ky•tom´i•ton (ki•tom´i•ton), n. [NL., from Gr. ky•tos a hollow vessel + mi•tos a thread.] (Biol.) See Karyomiton.

Ky•to•plas´ma (ki•to•plaz´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•tos a hollow vessel + pla•sma thing molded.] (Biol.) See Karyoplasma. L.

L (el). 1. L is the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It is usually called a semivowel or liquid. Its form and value are from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being from the Phœnician, and the ultimate origin prob. Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to r and u; as in pilgrim, peregrine, couch (fr. collocare), aubura (fr. LL. alburnus). At the end of monosyllables containing a single vowel, it is often doubled, as in fall, full, bell; but not after digraphs, as in foul, fool, prowl, growl, foal. In English words, the terminating syllable le is unaccented, the e is silent, and l is preceded by a voice glide, as in able, eagle, pronounced a´b’l, e´g’l. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 241. 2. As a numeral, L stands for fifty in the English, as in the Latin language. “For 50 the Romans used the Chalcidian chi, , which assumed the less difficult lapidary type, , and was then easily assimilated to L.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

L (el), n. 1. An extension at right angles to the length of a main building, giving to the ground plan a form resembling the letter L; sometimes less properly applied to a narrower, or lower, extension in the direction of the length of the main building; a wing. [Written also ell.] 2. (Mech.) A short right-angled pipe fitting, used in connecting two pipes at right angles. [Written also ell.]

La , n. (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the scale in music in solmization. (b) The tone A; — so called among the French and Italians.

La , interj. [Cf. Lo.] 1. Look; see; behold; — sometimes followed by you. [Obs.] Shak. 2. An exclamation of surprise; — commonly followed by me; as La me! [Low]

Laas , n. A lace. See Lace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lab , v. i. [Cf. OD. labben to babble.] To prate; to gossip; to babble; to blab. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lab, n. A telltale; a prater; a blabber. [Obs.] ´I am no lab.´ Chaucer.

Lab´a•dist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Jean de Labadie, a religious teacher of the 17th century, who left the Roman Catholic Church and taught a kind of mysticism, and the obligation of community of property among Christians.

La•bar•raque’s´ so•lu´tion [From Labarraque, a Parisian apothecary.] (Med.) An aqueous solution of hypochlorite of sodium, extensively used as a disinfectant.

Lab´a•rum , n.; pl. Labara (#). [L.] The standard adopted by the Emperor Constantine after his conversion to Christianity. It is described as a pike bearing a silk banner hanging from a crosspiece, and surmounted by a golden crown. It bore a monogram of the first two letters (CHR) of the name of Christ in its Greek form. Later, the name was given to various modifications of this standard.

Lab´da•num , n. (Bot.) See Ladanum.

Lab•e•fac´tion , n. [See Labefy.] The act of labefying or making weak; the state of being weakened; decay; ruin. “There is in it such a labefaction of all principles as may be injurious to morality.” Johnson.

Lab´e•fy , v. t. [L. labefacere; labare to totter + facere to make.] To weaken or impair. [R.]

La´bel (la´bel), n. [OF. label sort of ribbon or fringe, label in heraldry, F. lambeau shred, strip, rag; of uncertain origin; cf. L. labellum, dim. of labrum lip, edge, margin, G. lappen flap, patch, rag, tatter (cf. Lap of a dress), W. llab, llabed, label, flap, Gael. leab, leob, slice, shred, hanging lip.] 1. A tassel. [Obs.] Huloet. Fuller. 2. A slip of silk, paper, parchment, etc., affixed to anything, and indicating, usually by an inscription, the contents, ownership, destination, etc.; as the label of a bottle or a package. 3. A slip of ribbon, parchment, etc., attached to a document to hold the appended seal; also the seal. 4. A writing annexed by way of addition, as a codicil added to a will. 5. (Her.) A barrulet, or, rarely, a bendlet, with pendants, or points, usually three, especially used as a mark of cadency to distinguish an eldest or only son while his father is still living. 6. A brass rule with sights, formerly used, in connection with a circumferentor, to take altitudes. Knight. 7. (Gothic Arch.) The name now generally given to the projecting molding by the sides, and over the tops, of openings in mediaeval architecture. It always has a square form, as in the illustration. Arch. Pub. Soc. 8. In mediaeval art, the representation of a band or scroll containing an inscription. Fairholt.

La´bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Labeled (-beld) or Labelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Labeling or Labelling.] 1. To affix a label to; to mark with a name, etc.; as to label a bottle or a package. 2. To affix in or on a label. [R.]

La´bel•er , n. One who labels. [Written also labeller.]

La•bel´lum (la•bel´lum), n.; pl. L. Labella (- la), E. Labellums (-lumz). [L., dim. of labrum lip.] 1. (Bot.) The lower or apparently anterior petal of an orchidaceous flower, often of a very curious shape. 2. (Zoöl.) A small appendage beneath the upper lip or labrum of certain insects.

La´bent , a. [L. labens, p. pr. of labi to slide, glide.] Slipping; sliding; gliding. [R.]

La´bi•a , n. pl. See Labium.

La´bi•al , a. [LL. labialis, fr. L. labium lip: cf. F. labial. See Lip.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lips or labia; as labial veins. 2. (Mus.) Furnished with lips; as a labial organ pipe. 3. (Phonetics) (a) Articulated, as a consonant, mainly by the lips, as b, p, m, w. (b) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, as oo (food), o (old), etc., and as eu and u in French, and ö, ü in German. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 11, 178. 4. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the labium; as the labial palpi of insects. See Labium.

La´bi•al, n. 1. (Phonetics) A letter or character representing an articulation or sound formed or uttered chiefly with the lips, as b, p, w. 2. (Mus.) An organ pipe that is furnished with lips; a flue pipe. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the scales which border the mouth of a fish or reptile.

La´bi•al•ism , n. (Phonetics) The quality of being labial; as the labialism of an articulation; conversion into a labial, as of a sound which is different in another language. J. Peile.

La•bi•al•i•za´tion , n. (Phonetics) The modification of an articulation by contraction of the lip opening.

La´bi•al•ize , v. t. (Phonetics) To modify by contraction of the lip opening.

La´bi•al•ly, adv. In a labial manner; with, or by means of, the lips.

La´bi•ate , v. t. To labialize. Brewer.

La´bi•ate , a. [NL. labiatus, fr. L. labium lip.] (Bot.) (a) Having the limb of a tubular corolla or calyx divided into two unequal parts, one projecting over the other like the lips of a mouth, as in the snapdragon, sage, and catnip. (b) Belonging to a natural order of plants (Labiatae), of which the mint, sage, and catnip are examples. They are mostly aromatic herbs.

La´bi•ate, n. (Bot.) A plant of the order Labiatae.

La´bi•a•ted , a. (Bot.) Same as Labiate, a. (a). { La•bi•a•ti•flo´ral , La•bi•a•ti•flo´ral } a. [Labiate + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having labiate flowers, as the snapdragon.

Lab•i•dom´e•ter , n. [Gr. labi•s, -i•dos, a forceps + meter: cf. F. labidometre.] (Med.) A forceps with a measuring attachment for ascertaining the size of the fetal head.

La´bile , a. [L. labilis apt to slip, fr. labi to slip.] Liable to slip, err, fall, or apostatize. [Obs.] Cheyne.

La•bil´i•ty , n. Liability to lapse, err, or apostatize. [Archaic] Coleridge.

La•bim´e•ter , n. [Cf. F. labimetre.] (Med.) See Labidometer.

La•bi•o•den´tal , a. [Labium + dental.] (Phonetics) Formed or pronounced by the cooperation of the lips and teeth, as f and v. — n. A labiodental sound or letter.

La•bi•o•na´sal , a. [Labium + nasal.] (Phonetics) Formed by the lips and the nose. — n. A labionasal sound or letter.

La´bi•ose , a. [From Labium.] (Bot.) Having the appearance of being labiate; — said of certain polypetalous corollas.

La•bi•pal´pus , n.; pl. Labipalpi . [NL. See Labium, and Palpus.] (Zoöl.) One of the labial palpi of an insect. See Illust. under Labium.

La´bi•um , n.; pl. L. Labia (#), E. Labiums (#). [L.] 1. A lip, or liplike organ. 2. The lip of an organ pipe. 3. pl. (Anat.) The folds of integument at the opening of the vulva. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The organ of insects which covers the mouth beneath, and serves as an under lip. It consists of the second pair of maxillae, usually closely united in the middle line, but bearing a pair of palpi in most insects. It often consists of a thin anterior part (ligula or palpiger) and a firmer posterior plate (mentum). (b) Inner margin of the aperture of a shell.

Lab´lab (lab´lab), n. (Bot.) an East Indian name for several twining leguminous plants related to the bean, but commonly applied to the hyacinth bean (Dolichos Lablab).

La´bor (la´ber), n. [OE. labour, OF. labour, laber, labur, F. labeur, L. labor; cf. Gr. lamba•nein to take, Skr. labh to get, seize.] [Written also labour.] 1. Physical toil or bodily exertion, especially when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable, in distinction from sportive exercise; hard, muscular effort directed to some useful end, as agriculture, manufactures, and like; servile toil; exertion; work. “God hath set
Labor and rest, as day and night, to men
Successive.” Milton. 2. Intellectual exertion; mental effort; as the labor of compiling a history. 3. That which requires hard work for its accomplishment; that which demands effort. “Being a labor of so great a difficulty, the exact performance thereof we may rather wish than look for.” Hooker. 4. Travail; the pangs and efforts of childbirth. “The queen’s in labor,
They say, in great extremity; and feared
She’ll with the labor end.” Shak. 5. Any pang or distress. Shak. 6. (Naut.) The pitching or tossing of a vessel which results in the straining of timbers and rigging. 7. [Sp.] A measure of land in Mexico and Texas equivalent to an area of 177&frac17; acres. Bartlett. Syn. — Work; toil; drudgery; task; exertion; effort; industry; painstaking. See Toll.

La´bor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Labored p. pr. & vb. n. Laboring.] [OE. labouren, F. labourer, L. laborare. See Labor, n.] [Written also labour.] 1. To exert muscular strength; to exert one’s strength with painful effort, particularly in servile occupations; to work; to toil. “Adam, well may we labor still to dress
This garden.” Milton. 2. To exert one’s powers of mind in the prosecution of any design; to strive; to take pains. 3. To be oppressed with difficulties or disease; to do one’s work under conditions which make it especially hard, wearisome; to move slowly, as against opposition, or under a burden; to be burdened; — often with under, and formerly with of. “The stone that labors up the hill.” Granville. “The line too labors,and the words move slow.” Pope. “To cure the disorder under which he labored.” Sir W. Scott. “Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.” Matt. xi. 28 4. To be in travail; to suffer the pangs of childbirth. 5. (Naut.) To pitch or roll heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. Totten.

La´bor, v. t. [F. labourer, L. laborare.] 1. To work at; to work; to till; to cultivate by toil. “The most excellent lands are lying fallow, or only labored by children.” W. Tooke. 2. To form or fabricate with toil, exertion, or care. ´To labor arms for Troy.´ Dryden. 3. To prosecute, or perfect, with effort; to urge strenuously; as to labor a point or argument. 4. To belabor; to beat. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lab´o•rant , n. [L. laborans, p. pr. of laborare to labor.] A chemist. [Obs.] Boyle.

Lab´o•ra•to•ry , n.; pl. Laboratories (#). [Shortened fr. elaboratory; cf. OF. elaboratoire, F. laboratoire. See Elaborate, Labor.] [Formerly written also elaboratory.] The workroom of a chemist; also a place devoted to experiments in any branch of natural science; as a chemical, physical, or biological laboratory. Hence, by extension, a place where something is prepared, or some operation is performed; as the liver is the laboratory of the bile.

La´bored , a. Bearing marks of labor and effort; elaborately wrought; not easy or natural; as labored poetry; a labored style.

La´bored•ly, adv. In a labored manner; with labor.

La´bor•er , n. [Written also labourer.] One who labors in a toilsome occupation; a person who does work that requires strength rather than skill, as distinguished from that of an artisan.

La´bor•ing, a. 1. That labors; performing labor; esp., performing coarse, heavy work, not requiring skill also set apart for labor; as laboring days. “The sleep of a laboring man is sweet.” Eccl. v. 12. 2. Suffering pain or grief. Pope. Laboring oar, the oar which requires most strength and exertion; often used figuratively; as to have, or pull, the laboring oar in some difficult undertaking.

La•bo´ri•ous , a. [L. laboriosus,fr. labor labor: cf. F. laborieux.] 1. Requiring labor, perseverance, or sacrifices; toilsome; tiresome. “Dost thou love watchings, abstinence, or toil,
Laborious virtues all ? Learn these from Cato.” Addison. 2. Devoted to labor; diligent; industrious; as a laborious mechanic. — La•bo´ri•ous•ly, adv. — La•bo´ri•ous•ness, n.

La´bor•less (la´ber•les), a. Not involving labor; not laborious; easy.

La´bor•ous (la´ber•us), a. Laborious. [Obs.] Wyatt. — La´bor•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

La´bor-sav•ing , a. Saving labor; adapted to supersede or diminish the labor of men; as labor-saving machinery.

La´bor•some , a. 1. Made with, or requiring, great labor, pains, or diligence. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Naut.) Likely or inclined to roll or pitch, as a ship in a heavy sea; having a tendency to labor.

Lab•ra•dor´ , n. A region of British America on the Atlantic coast, north of Newfoundland. Labrador duck (Zoöl.), a sea duck (Camtolaimus Labradorius) allied to the eider ducks. It was formerly common on the coast of New England, but is now supposed to be extinct, no specimens having been reported since 1878. — Labrador feldspar. See Labradorite. — Labrador tea (Bot.), a name of two low, evergreen shrubs of the genus Ledum (L. palustre and L. latifolium), found in Northern Europe and America. They are used as tea in British America, and in Scandinavia as a substitute for hops.

Lab´ra•dor•ite , n. (Min.) A kind of feldspar commonly showing a beautiful play of colors, and hence much used for ornamental purposes. The finest specimens come from Labrador. See Feldspar.

La´bras , n. pl. [L. labrum; cf. It. labbro, pl. labbra.] Lips. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

La´broid , a. [Labrus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like the genus Labrus; belonging to the family Labridae, an extensive family of marine fishes, often brilliantly colored, which are very abundant in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The tautog and cunner are American examples.

La´brose (l&amc;´bros•), a. [L. labrosus, fr. labrum lip.] Having thick lips.

La´brum , n.; pl. L. Labra (#), E. Labrums (#). [L.] 1. A lip or edge, as of a basin. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An organ in insects and crustaceans covering the upper part of the mouth, and serving as an upper lip. See Illust. of Hymenoptera. (b) The external margin of the aperture of a shell. See Univalve.

La´brus , n.; pl. Labri (-bri). [L., a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine fishes, including the wrasses of Europe. See Wrasse.

La•bur•nic (la•bûr´nik), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the laburnum.

La•bur•nine , n. (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid found in the unripe seeds of the laburnum.

La•bur´num , n. [L.] (Bot.) A small leguminous tree (Cytisus Laburnum), native of the Alps. The plant is reputed to be poisonous, esp. the bark and seeds. It has handsome racemes of yellow blossoms. Scotch laburnum (Cytisus alpinus) is similar, but has smooth leaves; purple laburnum is C. purpureus.

Lab´y•rinth , n. [L. labyrinthus, Gr. laby•rinthos: cf. F. labyrinthe.] 1. An edifice or place full of intricate passageways which render it difficult to find the way from the interior to the entrance; as the Egyptian and Cretan labyrinths. 2. Any intricate or involved inclosure; especially, an ornamental maze or inclosure in a park or garden. 3. Any object or arrangement of an intricate or involved form, or having a very complicated nature. “The serpent … fast sleeping soon he found,
In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled.” Milton. “The labyrinth of the mind.” Tennyson. 4. An inextricable or bewildering difficulty. “I’ the maze and winding labyrinths o’ the world.” Denham. 5. (Anat.) The internal ear. See Note under Ear. 6. (Metal.) A series of canals through which a stream of water is directed for suspending, carrying off, and depositing at different distances, the ground ore of a metal. Ure. 7. (Arch.) A pattern or design representing a maze, — often inlaid in the tiled floor of a church, etc. Syn. — Maze; confusion; intricacy; windings. — Labyrinth, Maze. Labyrinth, originally; the name of an edifice or excavation, carries the idea of design, and construction in a permanent form, while maze is used of anything confused or confusing, whether fixed or shifting. Maze is less restricted in its figurative uses than labyrinth. We speak of the labyrinth of the ear, or of the mind, and of a labyrinth of difficulties; but of the mazes of the dance, the mazes of political intrigue, or of the mind being in a maze.

Lab•y•rin´thal , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a labyrinth; intricate; labyrinthian.

Lab•y•rin´thi•an , a. Intricately winding; like a labyrinth; perplexed; labyrinthal.

Lab•y•rin´thi•branch , a. [See Labyrinth, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Labyrinthici. — n. One of the Labyrinthici. { Lab•y•rin´thic , Lab•y•rin•thic•al } a. [L. labyrinthicus: cf. F. labyrinthique.] Like or pertaining to a labyrinth.

Lab•y•rin´thi•ci , n. pl. [NL. See Labyrinth.] (Zoöl.) An order of teleostean fishes, including the Anabas or climbing perch, and other allied fishes. They have, connected with the gill chamber, a special cavity in which a labyrinthiform membrane is arranged so as to retain water to supply the gills while the fish leaves the water and travels about on land, or even climbs trees.

Lab•y•rin´thi•form , a. [Labyrinth + -form: cf. F. labyrinthiforme.] Having the form of a labyrinth; intricate.

Lab•y•rin´thine , a. Pertaining to, or like, a labyrinth; labyrinthal.

Lab•y•rin´tho•don , n. [Gr. laby•rinqos labyrinth + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of very large fossil amphibians, of the Triassic period, having bony plates on the under side of the body. It is the type of the order Labyrinthodonta. Called also Mastodonsaurus.

Lab•y•rin´tho•dont , a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Labyrinthodonta. — n. One of the Labyrinthodonta.

Lab•y•rin•tho•don´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Labyrinthodon.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of Amphibia, including the typical genus Labyrinthodon, and many other allied forms, from the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic formations. By recent writers they are divided into two or more orders. See Stegocephala. { Lac (lak), Lakh (läk) }, n. [Hind. lak, lakh, laksh, Skr. laksha a mark, sign, lakh.] One hundred thousand; also a vaguely great number; as a lac of rupees. [Written also lack.] [East Indies]

Lac, n. [Per. lak; akin to Skr. laksha: cf. F. lague, It. & NL. lacca. Cf. Lake a color, Lacquer, Litmus.] A resinous substance produced mainly on the banyan tree, but to some extent on other trees, by the Coccus lacca, a scale-shaped insect, the female of which fixes herself on the bark, and exudes from the margin of her body this resinous substance. Stick-lac is the substance in its natural state, incrusting small twigs. When broken off, and the coloring matter partly removed, the granular residuum is called seed-lac. When melted, and reduced to a thin crust, it is called shell-lac or shellac. Lac is an important ingredient in sealing wax, dyes, varnishes, and lacquers. Ceylon lac, a resinous exudation of the tree Croton lacciferum, resembling lac. — Lac dye, a scarlet dye obtained from stick-lac. — Lac lake, the coloring matter of lac dye when precipitated from its solutions by alum. — Mexican lac, an exudation of the tree Croton Draco.

Lac´cic (lak´sik), a. [Cf. F. laccique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to lac, or produced from it; as laccic acid.

Lac´cin , n. [Cf. F. laccine.] (Chem.) A yellow amorphous substance obtained from lac. { Lac´co•lite , Lac´co•lith } n. [Gr. a cistern + -lite, - lith.] (Geol.) A mass of igneous rock intruded between sedimentary beds and resulting in a mammiform bulging of the overlying strata. — Lac•co•lit´ic (#), a.

Lace (las), n. [OE. las, OF. laz, F. lacs, dim. lacet, fr. L. laqueus noose, snare; prob. akin to lacere to entice. Cf. Delight, Elicit, Lasso, Latchet.] 1. That which binds or holds, especially by being interwoven; a string, cord, or band, usually one passing through eyelet or other holes, and used in drawing and holding together parts of a garment, of a shoe, of a machine belt, etc. “His hat hung at his back down by a lace.” Chaucer. “For striving more, the more in laces strong
Himself he tied.” Spenser. 2. A snare or gin, especially one made of interwoven cords; a net. [Obs.] Fairfax. “Vulcanus had caught thee [Venus] in his lace.” Chaucer. 3. A fabric of fine threads of linen, silk, cotton, etc., often ornamented with figures; a delicate tissue of thread, much worn as an ornament of dress. “Our English dames are much given to the wearing of costly laces.” Bacon. 4. Spirits added to coffee or some other beverage. [Old Slang] Addison. Alencon lace, a kind of point lace, entirely of needlework, first made at Alencon in France, in the 17th century. It is very durable and of great beauty and cost. — Bone lace, Brussels lace, etc. See under Bone, Brussels, etc. — Gold lace, or Silver lace, lace having warp threads of silk, or silk and cotton, and a weft of silk threads covered with gold (or silver), or with gilt. — Lace leather, thin, oil-tanned leather suitable for cutting into lacings for machine belts. — Lace lizard (Zoöl.), a large, aquatic, Australian lizard (Hydrosaurus giganteus), allied to the monitors. — Lace paper, paper with an openwork design in imitation of lace. — Lace piece (Shipbuilding), the main piece of timber which supports the beak or head projecting beyond the stem of a ship. — Lace pillow, ∧ Pillow lace. See under Pillow.

Lace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laced (ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Lacing ] 1. To fasten with a lace; to draw together with a lace passed through eyelet holes; to unite with a lace or laces, or, figuratively. with anything resembling laces. Shak. “When Jenny’s stays are newly laced.” Prior. 2. To adorn with narrow strips or braids of some decorative material; as cloth laced with silver. Shak. 3. To beat; to lash; to make stripes on. [Colloq.] “I’ll lace your coat for ye.” L’Estrange. 4. To add spirits to (a beverage). [Old Slang]

Lace, v. i. To be fastened with a lace, or laces; as these boots lace.

Lace´-bark , n. (Bot.) A shrub in the West Indies (Lagetta Iintearia); — so called from the lacelike layers of its inner bark.

Laced , a. 1. Fastened with a lace or laces; decorated with narrow strips or braid. See Lace, v. t. 2. Decorated with the fabric lace. “A shirt with laced ruffles.” Fielding. Laced mutton, a prostitute. [Old slang] — Laced stocking, a strong stocking which can be tightly laced; — used in cases of weak legs, varicose veins, etc. Dunglison.

Lac•e•dae•mo´ni•an , a. [L. Lacedamonius, Gr. Lakedaimo•nios, fr. Lakedai•mwn Lacedaemon.] Of or pertaining to Lacedaemon or Sparta, the chief city of Laconia in the Peloponnesus. — n. A Spartan. [Written also Lacedemonian.]

Lace´man , n.; pl. Lacemen . A man who deals in lace.

Lac´er•a•ble , a. [L. lacerabilis: cf. F. lacerable.] That can be lacerated or torn.

Lac´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacerated p. pr. & vb. n. Lacerating (>).] [L. laceratus, p. p. of lacerare to lacerate, fr. lacer mangled, lacerated; cf. Gr. a rent, rending, to tear; perh. akin to E. slay.] To tear; to rend; to separate by tearing; to mangle; as to lacerate the flesh. Hence: To afflict; to torture; as to lacerate the heart. { Lac´er•ate , Lac´er•a•ted } p. a. [L. laceratus, p. p.] 1. Rent; torn; mangled; as a lacerated wound. “By each other’s fury lacerate” Southey. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Jagged, or slashed irregularly, at the end, or along the edge.

Lac•er•a´tion , n. [L. laceratio: cf. F. laceration.] 1. The act of lacerating. 2. A breach or wound made by lacerating. Arbuthnot.

Lac´er•a•tive , a. Lacerating, or having the power to lacerate; as lacerative humors. Harvey.

La´cert , n. [OE. lacerte. See Lacertus.] A muscle of the human body. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La•cer´ta , n. [L. lacertus the arm.] A fathom. [Obs.] Domesday Book.

La•cer´ta, n. [L. a lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards. See Lizard. Formerly it included nearly all the known lizards. It is now restricted to certain diurnal Old World species, like the green lizard (Lacerta viridis) and the sand lizard (L. agilis), of Europe. 2. (Astron.) The Lizard, a northern constellation.

La•cer´tian , a. [Cf. F. lacertien.] (Zoöl.) Like a lizard; of or pertaining to the Lacertilia. — n. One of the Lacertilia.

Lac•er•til´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lacertus a lizard.] (Zoöl.) An order of Reptilia, which includes the lizards. They are closely related to the snakes, and like the latter, usually have the body covered with scales or granules. They usually have eyelids, and most of then have well-formed legs; but in some groups (amphisbaena, glass-snake, etc.) the legs are wanting and the body is serpentlike. None are venomous, unless Heloderma be an exception. The order includes the chameleons, the Cionocrania, or typical lizards, and the amphisbaenas. See Amphisbaena, Gecko, Gila monster, and Lizard.

Lac•er•til´i•an (-an), a. & n. Same as Lacertian.

La•cer´ti•loid , a. [Lacertilia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Lacertilia.

La•cer´tine , a. (Zoöl.) Lacertian.

La•cer´tus (la•ser´tus), n.; pl. Lacerti (- ti). [L., the upper arm.] (Anat.) A bundle or fascicle of muscular fibers.

Lace´wing (las´wing•), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Chrysopa and allied genera. They have delicate, lacelike wings and brilliant eyes. Their larvae are useful in destroying aphids. Called also lace-winged fly, and goldeneyed fly.

Lace´-winged, a. (Zoöl.) Having thin, transparent, reticulated wings; as the lace- winged flies. { Lach´es , Lache } n. [OF. lachesse, fr. lache lax, indolent, F. lâche, ultimately fr. L. laxus loose, lax. See Lax.] (Law) Neglect; negligence; remissness; neglect to do a thing at the proper time; delay to assert a claim. “It ill became him to take advantage of such a laches with the eagerness of a shrewd attorney.” Macaulay.

Lach´ry•ma•ble , a. [L. lacrimabilis, fr. lacrima a tear.] Lamentable. Martin Parker.

Lach´ry•mae Chris´ti [L., lit., Christ’s tears.] A rich, sweet, red Neapolitan wine.

Lach´ry•mal , a. [Cf. F. lacrymal. See Lachrymose.] 1. Of or pertaining to tears; as lachrymal effusions. 2. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or secreting, tears; as the lachrymal gland. (b) Pertaining to the lachrymal organs; as lachrymal bone; lachrymal duct. { Lach´ry•mal , Lac´ry•mal } , n. See Lachrymatory.

Lach´ry•ma•ry , a. Containing, or intended to contain, tears; lachrymal. Addison.

Lach´ry•mate (-mat), v. i. To weep. [R.] Blount.

Lach•ry•ma´tion , n. [L. lacrimatio, from lacrimare to shed tears, fr. lacrima tear.] The act of shedding tears; weeping.

Lach´ry•ma•to•ry , n.; pl. - ries (#). [Cf. F. lacrymatoire.] (Antiq.) A ´tear-bottle;´ a narrow-necked vessel found in sepulchers of the ancient Romans; — so called from a former notion that the tears of the deceased person’s friends were collected in it. Called also lachrymal or lacrymal.

Lach´ry•mi•form , a., [L. lacrima tear + -form; cf. F. lacrymiforme.] Having the form of a tear; tear-shaped.

Lach´ry•mose , a. [L. lacrymosus, better lacrimosus, fr. lacrima, lacruma (also badly spelt lachryma) a tear, for older dacrima, akin to E. tear. See Tear the secretion.] Generating or shedding tears; given to shedding tears; suffused with tears; tearful. “You should have seen his lachrymose visnomy.” Lamb. — Lach´ry•mose•ly, adv.

La´cing , n. 1. The act of securing, fastening, or tightening, with a lace or laces. 2. A lace; specifically (Mach.), a thong of thin leather for uniting the ends of belts. 3. A rope or line passing through eyelet holes in the edge of a sail or an awning to attach it to a yard, gaff, etc. 4. (Bridge Building) A system of bracing bars, not crossing each other in the middle, connecting the channel bars of a compound strut. Waddell.

La•cin´i•a , n.; pl. L. Laciniae (#). [L., the lappet or flap of a garment.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the narrow, jagged, irregular pieces or divisions which form a sort of fringe on the borders of the petals of some flowers. (b) A narrow, slender portion of the edge of a monophyllous calyx, or of any irregularly incised leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) The posterior, inner process of the stipes on the maxillae of insects. { La•cin´i•ate , La•cin´i•a´ted } a. [See Lacinia.] 1. Fringed; having a fringed border. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Cut into deep, narrow, irregular lobes; slashed.

La•cin´i•o•late , a. [See Lacinia.] (Bot.) Consisting of, or abounding in, very minute laciniae.

La•cin´u•la , n.; pl. Lacinulae (#), E. Lacinulas (#). [NL.] (Bot.) A diminutive lacinia.

Lack , n. [OE. lak; cf. D. lak slander, laken to blame, OHG. lahan, AS. leán.] 1. Blame; cause of blame; fault; crime; offense. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Deficiency; want; need; destitution; failure; as a lack of sufficient food. “She swooneth now and now for lakke of blood.” Chaucer. “Let his lack of years be no impediment.” Shak.

Lack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacked p. pr. & vb. n. Lacking.] 1. To blame; to find fault with. [Obs.] “Love them and lakke them not.” Piers Plowman. 2. To be without or destitute of; to want; to need. “If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God.” James i. 5.

Lack, v. i. 1. To be wanting; often, impersonally, with of, meaning, to be less than, short, not quite, etc. “What hour now ?
I think it lacks of twelve.” Shak. “Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty.” Gen. xvii. 28. 2. To be in want. “The young lions do lack, and suffer hunger.” Ps. xxxiv. 10.

Lack, interj. [Cf. Alack.] Exclamation of regret or surprise. [Prov. Eng.] Cowper.

Lack•a•dai´si•cal (lak•a•da´zi•kal), a. [From Lackadaisy, interj.] Affectedly pensive; languidly sentimental. — Lack•a•dai´si•cal•ly, adv.

Lack´a•dai•sy , interj. [From Lackaday, interj.] An expression of languor.

Lack´a•dai•sy, a. Lackadaisical.

Lack´a•day , interj. [Abbreviated from alackaday.] Alack the day; alas; — an expression of sorrow, regret, dissatisfaction, or surprise.

Lack´brain , n. One who is deficient in understanding; a witless person. Shak.

Lack´er , n. One who lacks or is in want.

Lack´er, n. & v. See Lacquer.

Lack´ey , n.; pl. Lackeys (#). [F. laquais; cf. Sp. & Pg. lacayo; of uncertain origin; perh. of German origin, and akin to E. lick, v.] An attending male servant; a footman; a servile follower. “Like a Christian footboy or a gentleman’s lackey.” Shak. Lackey caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar, or larva, of any bombycid moth of the genus Clisiocampa; — so called from its party-colored markings. The common European species (C. neustria) is striped with blue, yellow, and red, with a white line on the back. The American species (C. Americana and C. sylvatica) are commonly called tent caterpillars. See Tent caterpillar, under Tent. — Lackey moth (Zoöl.), the moth which produces the lackey caterpillar.

Lack´ey, v. t. To attend as a lackey; to wait upon. “A thousand liveried angels lackey her.” Milton.

Lack´ey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lackeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Lackeying.] To act or serve as lackey; to pay servile attendance. { Lack´lus•ter , Lack´lus•tre } , n. A want of luster. — a. Wanting luster or brightness. ´Lackluster eye.´ Shak.

Lac´mus , n. See Litmus.

La•co´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Laconia, a division of ancient Greece; Spartan. - - n. An inhabitant of Laconia; esp., a Spartan. { La•con´ic , La•con´ic•al } a. [L. Laconicus Laconian, Gr. , fr. a Laconian, Lacedaemonian, or Spartan: cf. F. laconique.] 1. Expressing much in few words, after the manner of the Laconians or Spartans; brief and pithy; brusque; epigrammatic. In this sense laconic is the usual form. “I grow laconic even beyond laconicism; for sometimes I return only yes, or no, to questionary or petitionary epistles of half a yard long.” Pope. “His sense was strong and his style laconic.” Welwood. 2. Laconian; characteristic of, or like, the Spartans; hence, stern or severe; cruel; unflinching. “His head had now felt the razor, his back the rod; all that laconical discipline pleased him well.” Bp. Hall. Syn. — Short; brief; concise; succinct; sententious; pointed; pithy. — Laconic, Concise. Concise means without irrelevant or superfluous matter; it is the opposite of diffuse. Laconic means concise with the additional quality of pithiness, sometimes of brusqueness.

La•con´ic, n. Laconism. [Obs.] Addison.

La•con´ic•al , a. See Laconic, a.

La•con´ic•al•ly, adv. In a laconic manner.

La•con´i•cism , n. Same as Laconism. Pope.

Lac´o•nism , n. [Gr. , fr. to imitate Lacedaemonian manners, to speak laconically: cf. F. laconisme.] 1. A vigorous, brief manner of expression; laconic style. 2. An instance of laconic style or expression.

Lac´o•nize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laconized p. pr. & vb. n. Laconizing ] [Gr. . See Laconic.] To imitate the manner of the Laconians, especially in brief, pithy speech, or in frugality and austerity.

Lac´quer , n. [F. lacre a sort of sealing wax, Pg. lacte, fr. laca lac. See Lac the resin.] [Written also lacker.] A varnish, consisting of a solution of shell-lac in alcohol, often colored with gamboge, saffron, or the like; — used for varnishing metals, papier- mache, and wood. The name is also given to varnishes made of other ingredients, esp. the tough, solid varnish of the Japanese, with which ornamental objects are made.

Lac´quer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacquered p. pr. & vb. n. Lacquering.] To cover with lacquer. ´Lacquer’d chair.´ Pope.

Lac´quer•er , n. One who lacquers, especially one who makes a business of lacquering.

Lac´quer•ing, n. The act or business of putting on lacquer; also the coat of lacquer put on.

La•cri•mo´so , a. [It. See Lachrymose.] (Mus.) Plaintive; — a term applied to a mournful or pathetic movement or style. Moore.

La•crosse´ , n. [F. la crosse, lit., the crosier, hooked stick. Cf. Crosier.] A game of ball, originating among the North American Indians, now the popular field sport of Canada, and played also in England and the United States. Each player carries a long-handled racket, called a ´crosse´. The ball is not handled but caught with the crosse and carried on it, or tossed from it, the object being to carry it or throw it through one of the goals placed at opposite ends of the field.

Lac´ry•mal , n. & a. See Lachrymatory, n., and Lachrymal, a. { Lac´ry•ma•ry , Lac´ry•to•ry, Lac´ry•mose. } See Lachrymary, Lachrymatory, Lachrymose.

Lac´tage , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. laitage. See Lacteal.] The produce of animals yielding milk; milk and that which is made from it.

Lac´tam , n. [Lactone + amido.] (Chem.) One of a series of anhydrides of an amido type, analogous to the lactones, as oxindol.

Lac•tam´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an amido acid related to lactic acid, and called also amido-propionic acid.

Lac•tam´ide , n. [Lactic + amide.] (Chem.) An acid amide derived from lactic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance having a neutral reaction. It is metameric with alanine.

Lac´tant , a. [L. lactans, p. pr. of lactare to suck, fr. lac, lactis, milk.] Suckling; giving suck.

Lac´ta•rene , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk.] A preparation of casein from milk, used in printing calico.

Lac´ta•ry , a. [l. lactarius, fr. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactaire.] Milky; full of white juice like milk. [Obs.] ´Lactary or milky plants.´ Sir T. Browne.

Lac´ta•ry, n. a dairyhouse. [R.]

Lac´tate , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactate.] (Chem.) A salt of lactic acid.

Lac•ta´tion , n. A giving suck; the secretion and yielding of milk by the mammary gland.

Lac´te•al , a. [L. lacteus milky, fr. lac, lactis, milk. Cf. Galaxy, Lettuce.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, milk; milky; as the lacteal fluid. 2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Pertaining to, or containing, chyle; as the lacteal vessels.

Lac´te•al, n. (Anat.) One of the lymphatic vessels which convey chyle from the small intestine through the mesenteric glands to the thoracic duct; a chyliferous vessel.

Lac´te•al•ly, adv. Milkily; in the manner of milk.

Lac´te•an , a. [See Lacteal.] 1. Milky; consisting of, or resembling, milk. ´This lactean whiteness.´ Moxon. 2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Lacteal; conveying chyle.

Lac´te•ous , a. [See Lacteal.] 1. Milky; resembling milk. ´The lacteous circle.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. Lacteal; conveying chyle; as lacteous vessels.

Lac´te•ous•ly, adv. In a lacteous manner; after the manner of milk.

Lac•tes´cence , n. [Cf. F. lactescence.] 1. The state or quality of producing milk, or milklike juice; resemblance to milk; a milky color. “This lactescence does commonly ensue when … fair water is suddenly poured upon the solution.” Boyle. 2. (Bot.) The latex of certain plants. See Latex.

Lac•tes´cent , a. [L. lactescens, p. pr. of lactescere to turn to milk, incho. fr. lactere to be milky, fr. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactescent.] 1. Having a milky look; becoming milky. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) Producing milk or a milklike juice or fluid, as the milkweed. See Latex.

Lac´tic , a. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactique. See Lacteal, and cf. Galactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Of or pertaining to milk; procured from sour milk or whey; as lactic acid; lactic fermentation, etc. Lactic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a sirupy, colorless fluid, soluble in water, with an intensely sour taste and strong acid reaction. There are at least three isomeric modifications all having the formula C_3H_6O_3. Sarcolactic or paralactic acid occurs chiefly in dead muscle tissue, while ordinary lactic acid results from fermentation. The two acids are alike in having the same constitution (expressed by the name ethylidene lactic acid), but the latter is optically inactive, while sarcolactic acid rotates the plane of polarization to the right. The third acid, ethylene lactic acid, accompanies sarcolactic acid in the juice of flesh, and is optically inactive. — Lactic ferment, an organized ferment (Bacterium lacticum or lactis), which produces lactic fermentation, decomposing the sugar of milk into carbonic and lactic acids, the latter, of which renders the milk sour, and precipitates the casein, thus giving rise to the so-called spontaneous coagulation of milk. — Lactic fermentation. See under Fermentation.

Lac´tide , n. [Lactic + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, obtained from lactic acid by distillation, and regarded as an anhydride; also by extension, any similar substance.

Lac•tif´er•ous , a. [l. lac, lactis, milk + -ferous: cf. F. lactifère.] Bearing or containing milk or a milky fluid; as the lactiferous vessels, cells, or tissue of various vascular plants. { Lac•tif´ic , Lac•tif´ic•al } a. [L. lac, lactis, milk + facere to make.] Producing or yielding milk.

Lac´ti•fuge , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + fugare to expel.] (Med.) A medicine to check the secretion of milk, or to dispel a supposed accumulation of milk in any part of the body.

Lac´tim , n. [Lactic + imido.] (Chem.) One of a series of anhydrides resembling the lactams, but of an imido type; as isatine is a lactim. Cf. Lactam.

Lac•tim´ide , n. [Lactic + imide.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance obtained as an anhydride of alanine, and regarded as an imido derivative of lactic acid.

Lac´tin , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactine. Cf. Galactin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Lactose.

Lac•to•a•bu´min , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) The albumin present in milk, apparently identical with ordinary serum albumin. It is distinct from the casein of milk.

Lac•to•bu•ty•rom´e•ter , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. butyrometer.] An instrument for determining the amount of butter fat contained in a given sample of milk.

Lac•to•den•sim´e•ter , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. densimeter.] A form of hydrometer, specially graduated, for finding the density of milk, and thus discovering whether it has been mixed with water or some of the cream has been removed.

Lac•tom´e•ter , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + meter: cf. F. lactomètre. Cf. Galactometer.] An instrument for estimating the purity or richness of milk, as a measuring glass, a specific gravity bulb, or other apparatus.

Lac´tone , n. (Chem.) One of a series of organic compounds, regarded as anhydrides of certain hydroxy acids. In general, they are colorless liquids, having a weak aromatic odor. They are so called because the typical lactone is derived from lactic acid.

Lac•ton´ic , a. [From Lactone.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, lactone.

Lac•ton´ic, a. [From Lactose.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of milk sugar (lactose).

Lac•to•pro´te•in , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar albuminous body considered a normal constituent of milk.

Lac´to•ry , a. Lactiferous. [Obs.] ´Lactory or milky plants.´ Sir T. Browne.

Lac´to•scope , n. [L. lac, lactis + scope.] An instrument for estimating the amount of cream contained in milk by ascertaining its relative opacity.

Lac´tose , n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) Sugar of milk or milk sugar; a crystalline sugar present in milk, and separable from the whey by evaporation and crystallization. It has a slightly sweet taste, is dextrorotary, and is much less soluble in water than either cane sugar or glucose. Formerly called lactin. 2. (Chem.) See Galactose.

Lac•tu´ca , n. [L., lettuce. See Lettuce.] (Bot.) A genus of composite herbs, several of which are cultivated for salad; lettuce.

Lac•tu•ca´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. L. lactuca lettuce.] The inspissated juice of the common lettuce, sometimes used as a substitute for opium.

Lac•tu´cic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the juice of the Lactuca virosa; — said of certain acids.

Lac•tu´cin , n. [From Lactuca: cf. F. lactucine.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, having a bitter taste and a neutral reaction, and forming one of the essential ingredients of lactucarium.

Lac•tu´cone , n. [From Lactuca.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, tasteless substance, found in the milky sap of species of Lactuca, and constituting an essential ingredient of lactucarium.

Lac•tu•ram´ic , a. [Lactic + urea + amic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic amido acid, which is regarded as a derivative of lactic acid and urea.

Lac´tyl , n. [Lactic + - yl.] (Chem.) An organic residue or radical derived from lactic acid.

La•cu´na (la•ku´na), n.; pl. L. Lacunae (#); E. Lacunas (#). [L., ditch, pit, lake, orig., anything hollow. See Lagoon.] 1. A small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus. 2. (Biol.) A small opening; a small depression or cavity; a space, as a vacant space between the cells of plants, or one of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, which serve in place of vessels for the circulation of the body fluids, or the cavity or sac, usually of very small size, in a mucous membrane. { La•cu´nal (la•ku´nal), La•cu´nar (la•ku´ner), } a. Pertaining to, or having, lacunae; as a lacunar circulation.

La•cu´nar, n.; pl. E. Lacunars (#), L. Lacunaria (#). [L.] (Arch.) (a) The ceiling or under surface of any part, especially when it consists of compartments, sunk or hollowed without spaces or bands between the panels. Gwilt (b) One of the sunken panels in such a ceiling.

La•cune´ (la•kun´), n. [F.] A lacuna. [R.] Landor. { Lac´u•nose• , La•cu´nous } a. [L. lacunosus full of holes or hollows; cf. F. lacuneux. See Lacuna.] (Biol.) Furrowed or pitted; having shallow cavities or lacunae; as a lacunose leaf. { La•cus´tral , La•cus´trine } a. [L. lacus lake: cf. F. lacustral, lacustre.] Found in, or pertaining to, lakes or ponds, or growing in them; as lacustrine flowers. Lacustrine deposits (Geol.), the deposits which have been accumulated in fresh-water areas. — Lacustrine dwellings. See Lake dwellings, under Lake.

Lac´work , n. Ornamentation by means of lacquer painted or carved, or simply colored, sprinkled with gold or the like; — said especially of Oriental work of this kind.

Lad (lad), obs. p. p. of Lead, to guide. Chaucer.

Lad (lad), n. [OE. ladde, of Celtic origin; cf. W. llawd, Ir. lath. rad.123. Cf. Lass.] 1. A boy; a youth; a stripling. ´Cupid is a knavish lad.´ Shak. “There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves and two small fishes.” John vi. 9. 2. A companion; a comrade; a mate. Lad’s love. (Bot.) See Boy’s love, under Boy.

Lad´a•num , n. [L. ladanum, ledanum, Gr. la•danon, lh•danon, fr. lh^don name of a shrub, mastic; cf. Per. ladan, laden. Cf. Laudanum.] A gum resin gathered from certain Oriental species of Cistus. It has a pungent odor and is chiefly used in making plasters, and for fumigation. [Written also labdanum.]

Lad´de , obs. imp. of Lead, to guide. Chaucer.

Lad´der (-der), n. [OE. laddre, AS. hlaeder, hlaedder; akin to OFries. hladder, OHG. leitara, G. leiter, and from the root of E. lean, v. rad.40. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Climax.] 1. A frame usually portable, of wood, metal, or rope, for ascent and descent, consisting of two side pieces to which are fastened cross strips or rounds forming steps. “Some the engines play,
And some, more bold, mount ladders to the fire.” Dryden. 2. That which resembles a ladder in form or use; hence, that by means of which one attains to eminence. “Lowliness is young ambition’s ladder.” Shak. Fish ladder. See under Fish. — Ladder beetle (Zoöl.), an American leaf beetle (Chrysomela scalaris). The elytra are silvery white, striped and spotted with green; the under wings are rose- colored. It feeds upon the linden tree. — Ladder handle, an iron rail at the side of a vertical fixed ladder, to grasp with the hand in climbing. — Ladder shell (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell of the genus Scalaria. See Scalaria.

Lad´die , n. A lad; a male sweetheart. [Scot.]

Lade (lad), v. t. [imp. Laded; p. p. Laded, Laden (lad’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Lading.] [AS. hladan to heap, load, draw (water); akin to D. & G. laden to load, OHG. hladan, ladan, Icel. hlaða, Sw. ladda, Dan. lade, Goth. afhlaþan. Cf. Load, Ladle, Lathe for turning, Last a load.] 1. To load; to put a burden or freight on or in; — generally followed by that which receives the load, as the direct object. “And they laded their asses with the corn.” Gen. xlii. 26. 2. To throw in or out, with a ladle or dipper; to dip; as to lade water out of a tub, or into a cistern. “And chides the sea that sunders him from thence,
Saying, he’ll lade it dry to have his way.” Shak. 3. (Plate Glass Manuf.) To transfer (the molten glass) from the pot to the forming table.

Lade, v. i. [See Lade, v. t.] 1. To draw water. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) To admit water by leakage, as a ship, etc.

Lade, n. [Prov. E., a ditch or drain. Cf. Lode, Lead to conduct.] 1. The mouth of a river. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson. 2. A passage for water; a ditch or drain. [Prov. Eng.]

Lade´man , n. One who leads a pack horse; a miller’s servant. [Obs. or Local]

Lad´en , p. & a. Loaded; freighted; burdened; as a laden vessel; a laden heart. “Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity.” Is. i. 4. “A ship laden with gold.” Shak.

La´died , a. Ladylike; not rough; gentle. [Obs.] ´Stroked with a ladied land.´ Feltham.

La´dies’ ear•drops (Bot.) The small- flowered Fuchsia (F. coccinea), and other closely related species.

La´di•fy , v. t. [Lady + - fy.] To make a lady of; to make ladylike. [Obs.] Massinger.

La•din´ , n. [From L. Latinus Latin. See Latin] A Romansch dialect spoken in some parts of Switzerland and the Tyrol.

Lad´ing , n. 1. The act of loading. 2. That which lades or constitutes a load or cargo; freight; burden; as the lading of a ship. Bill of lading. See under Bill.

La•di´no , n.; pl. Ladinos (#). [Sp.] One of the half-breed descendants of whites and Indians; a mestizo; — so called throughout Central America. They are usually of a yellowish orange tinge. Am. Cyc.

Lad´kin , n. A little lad. [R.] Dr. H. More.

La´dle , n. [AS. hlaedel, fr. hladan to load, drain. See Lade, v. t.] 1. A cuplike spoon, often of large size, with a long handle, used in lading or dipping. “When the materials of glass have been kept long in fusion, the mixture casts up the superfluous salt, which the workmen take off with ladles.” Boyle. 2. (Founding) A vessel to carry liquid metal from the furnace to the mold. 3. The float of a mill wheel; — called also ladle board. 4. (Gun.) (a) An instrument for drawing the charge of a cannon. (b) A ring, with a handle or handles fitted to it, for carrying shot. Ladle wood (Bot.), the wood of a South African tree (Cassine Colpoon), used for carving.

La´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ladled p. pr. & vb. n. Ladling ] To take up and convey in a ladle; to dip with, or as with, a ladle; as to ladle out soup; to ladle oatmeal into a kettle.

La´dle•ful , n.; pl. Ladlefuls . A quantity sufficient to fill a ladle.

La•drone´ , n. [Sp. ladron, L. latro servant, robber, Gr. a servant.] A robber; a pirate; hence, loosely, a rogue or rascal.

La´dy (la´dy), n.; pl. Ladies (-diz). [OE. ladi, laefdi, AS. hlaefdige, hlaefdie; AS. hlaf loaf + a root of uncertain origin, possibly akin to E. dairy. See Loaf, and cf. Lord.] 1. A woman who looks after the domestic affairs of a family; a mistress; the female head of a household. “Agar, the handmaiden of Sara, whence comest thou, and whither goest thou? The which answered, Fro the face of Sara my lady.” Wyclif (Gen. xvi. 8.). 2. A woman having proprietary rights or authority; mistress; — a feminine correlative of lord. ´Lord or lady of high degree.´ Lowell. “Of all these bounds, even from this line to this, …
We make thee lady.” Shak. 3. A woman to whom the particular homage of a knight was paid; a woman to whom one is devoted or bound; a sweetheart. “The soldier here his wasted store supplies,
And takes new valor from his lady’s eyes.” Waller. 4. A woman of social distinction or position. In England, a title prefixed to the name of any woman whose husband is not of lower rank than a baron, or whose father was a nobleman not lower than an earl. The wife of a baronet or knight has the title of Lady by courtesy, but not by right. 5. A woman of refined or gentle manners; a well-bred woman; — the feminine correlative of gentleman. 6. A wife; — not now in approved usage. Goldsmith. 7. (Zoöl.) The triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster; — so called from a fancied resemblance to a seated female figure. It consists of calcareous plates. Ladies’ man, a man who affects the society of ladies. — Lady altar, an altar in a lady chapel. Shipley. — Lady chapel, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. — Lady court, the court of a lady of the manor. — Lady crab (Zoöl.), a handsomely spotted swimming crab (Platyonichus ocellatus) very common on the sandy shores of the Atlantic coast of the United States. — Lady fern. (Bot.) See Female fern, under Female, and Illust. of Fern. — Lady in waiting, a lady of the queen’s household, appointed to wait upon or attend the queen. — Lady Mass, a Mass said in honor of the Virgin Mary. Shipley. Lady of the manor, a lady having jurisdiction of a manor; also the wife of a manor lord. Lady’s maid, a maidservant who dresses and waits upon a lady. Thackeray. — Our Lady, the Virgin Mary.

La´dy, a. Belonging or becoming to a lady; ladylike. ´Some lady trifles.´ Shak.

La´dy•bird , n. [Equiv. to, bird of Our Lady.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small beetles of the genus Coccinella and allied genera (family Coccinellidae); — called also ladybug, ladyclock, lady cow, lady fly, and lady beetle. Coccinella seplempunctata in one of the common European species. See Coccinella. The ladybirds are usually more or less hemispherical in form, with a smooth, polished surface, and often colored red, brown, or black, with small spots of brighter colors. Both the larvae and the adult beetles of most species feed on aphids, and for this reason they are very beneficial to agriculture and horticulture.

La´dy•bug , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ladybird.

La´dy•clock , n. (Zoöl.) See Ladybird.

La´dy• Day (da). The day of the annunciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25. See Annunciation.

La´dy•fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, handsome oceanic fish (Albula vulpes), found both in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; — called also bonefish, grubber, French mullet, and macabe. (b) A labroid fish (Harpe rufa) of Florida and the West Indies.

La´dy•hood , n. The state or quality of being a lady; the personality of a lady.

La´dy-kill•er , n. A gallant who captivates the hearts of women. ´A renowned dandy and lady-killer.´ Blackw. Mag.

La´dy-kill•ing, n. The art or practice of captivating the hearts of women. “Better for the sake of womankind that this dangerous dog should leave off lady-killing.” Thackeray.

La´dy•kin , n. [Lady + - kin.] A little lady; — applied by the writers of Queen Elizabeth’s time, in the abbreviated form Lakin, to the Virgin Mary. The diminutive does not refer to size, but is equivalent to ´dear.´ Brewer.

La´dy•like , a. 1. Like a lady in appearance or manners; well-bred. “She was ladylike, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days.” Hawthorne. 2. Becoming or suitable to a lady; as ladylike manners. ´With fingers ladylike.´ Warner. 3. Delicate; tender; feeble; effeminate. “Too ladylike a long fatigue to bear.” Dryden.

La´dy•like•ness , n. The quality or state of being ladylike.

La´dy•love , n. A sweetheart or mistress.

La´dy’s bed´straw , (Bot.) The common bedstraw (Galium verum); also a slender-leaved East Indian shrub (Pharnaceum Mollugo), with white flowers in umbels.

La´dy’s bow´er (Bot.) A climbing plant with fragrant blossoms (Clematis vitalba). This term is sometimes applied to other plants of the same genus.

La´dy’s comb´ , (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Scandix Pecten-Veneris), its clusters of long slender fruits remotely resembling a comb.

La´dy’s cush´ion , (Bot.) An herb growing in dense tufts; the thrift (Armeria vulgaris).

La´dy’s fin´ger , 1. pl. (Bot.) The kidney vetch. 2. (Cookery) A variety of small cake of about the dimensions of a finger. 3. A long, slender variety of the potato. 4. (Zoöl.) One of the branchiae of the lobster.

La´dy’s gar´ters (Bot.) Ribbon grass.

La´dy’s hair´ (Bot.) A plant of the genus Briza (B. media); a variety of quaking grass.

La´dy•ship , n. The rank or position of a lady; — given as a title (preceded by her or your). “Your ladyship shall observe their gravity.” B. Jonson.

La´dy’s la´ces (Bot.) A slender climbing plant; dodder.

La´dy’s look´ing-glass (Bot.) See Venus’s looking-glass, under Venus.

La´dy’s man´tle (Bot.) A genus of rosaceous herbs (Alchemilla), esp. the European A. vulgaris, which has leaves with rounded and finely serrated lobes.

La´dy’s seal´ (Bot.) (a) The European Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum verticillatum). (b) The black bryony (Tamus communis).

La´dy’s slip´per (Bot.) Any orchidaceous plant of the genus Cypripedium, the labellum of which resembles a slipper. Less commonly, in the United States, the garden balsam (Impatiens Balsamina).

La´dy’s smock´ (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cardamine (C. pratensis); cuckoo flower.

La´dy’s thim´ble (Bot.) The harebell.

La´dy’s thumb´ (Bot.) An annual weed (Polygonum Persicaria), having a lanceolate leaf with a dark spot in the middle. { La´dy’s tra´ces , La´dies’ tress´es } (Bot.) A name given to several species of the orchidaceous genus Spiranthes, in which the white flowers are set in spirals about a slender axis and remotely resemble braided hair.

Lae´laps , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a dark, furious storm.] (Paleon.) A genus of huge, carnivorous, dinosaurian reptiles from the Cretaceous formation of the United States. They had very large hind legs and tail, and are supposed to have been bipedal. Some of the species were about eighteen feet high.

Laem´mer•gey•er , n. (Zoöl.) See Lammergeir.

Lae•mod´i•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Laemodipoda.

Lae•mo•dip´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. throat + twice + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) A division of amphipod Crustacea, in which the abdomen is small or rudimentary and the legs are often reduced to five pairs. The whale louse, or Cyamus, and Caprella are examples.

Lae•mo•dip´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Laemodipoda.

Lae•te´re Sun´day The fourth Sunday of Lent; — so named from the Latin word Laetare (rejoice), the first word in the antiphone of the introit sung that day in the Roman Catholic service.

Laev´i•gate , a. [See Levigate.] (Biol.) Having a smooth surface, as if polished.

Lae´vo- A prefix. See Levo.

Lae´vo•ro´ta•to•ry , a. Same as Levorotatory. Cf. Dextrorotatory.

Laev´u•lose , n. (Chem.) See Levulose.

La•fa•yette´ , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The dollar fish. (b) A market fish, the goody, or spot (Liostomus xanthurus), of the southern coast of the United States.

Laft , obs. p. p. of Leave. Chaucer.

Laf´te , obs. imp. of Leave. Chaucer.

Lag , a. [Of Celtic origin: cf. Gael. & Ir. lagweak, feeble, faint, W. llag, llac, slack, loose, remiss, sluggish; prob. akin to E. lax, languid.] 1. Coming tardily after or behind; slow; tardy. [Obs.] “Came too lag to see him buried.” Shak. 2. Last; long-delayed; — obsolete, except in the phrase lag end. ´The lag end of my life.´ Shak. 3. Last made; hence, made of refuse; inferior. [Obs.] ´Lag souls.´ Dryden.

Lag , n. 1. One who lags; that which comes in last. [Obs.] ´The lag of all the flock.´ Pope. 2. The fag-end; the rump; hence, the lowest class. “The common lag of people.” Shak. 3. The amount of retardation of anything, as of a valve in a steam engine, in opening or closing. 4. A stave of a cask, drum, etc.; especially (Mach.), one of the narrow boards or staves forming the covering of a cylindrical object, as a boiler, or the cylinder of a carding machine or a steam engine. 5. (Zoöl.) See Graylag. Lag of the tide, the interval by which the time of high water falls behind the mean time, in the first and third quarters of the moon; — opposed to priming of the tide, or the acceleration of the time of high water, in the second and fourth quarters; depending on the relative positions of the sun and moon. — Lag screw, an iron bolt with a square head, a sharp-edged thread, and a sharp point, adapted for screwing into wood; a screw for fastening lags.

Lag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lagged p. pr. & vb. n. Lagging ] To walk or more slowly; to stay or fall behind; to linger or loiter. ´I shall not lag behind.´ Milton. Syn. — To loiter; linger; saunter; delay; be tardy.

Lag, v. t. 1. To cause to lag; to slacken. [Obs.] ´To lag his flight.´ Heywood. 2. (Mach.) To cover, as the cylinder of a steam engine, with lags. See Lag, n., 4.

Lag, n. One transported for a crime. [Slang, Eng.]

Lag, v. t. To transport for crime. [Slang, Eng.] “She lags us if we poach.” De Quincey.

La´gan , n. & v. See Ligan.

La•gar´to , n. [See Alligator.] An alligator. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

La•ge´na , n.; pl. L. Lagenae (#), E. Lagenas (#). [L., a flask; cf. Gr. , .] (Anat.) The terminal part of the cochlea in birds and most reptiles; an appendage of the sacculus, corresponding to the cochlea, in fishes and amphibians.

La•ge´ni•an , a. [See Lagena.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, Lagena, a genus of Foraminifera having a straight, chambered shell.

La•ge´ni•form , a. [See Lagena, and -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a bottle or flask; flag-shaped.

La´ger (lä´ger), n. Lager beer.

La´ger beer [G. lager bed, storehouse + bier beer. See Lair, and Beer.] Originally a German beer, but now also made in immense quantities in the United States; — so called from its being laid up or stored for some months before use.

La´ger wine Wine which has been kept for some time in the cellar. Simmonds.

Lag´gard , a. [Lag + - ard.] Slow; sluggish; backward.

Lag´gard, n. One who lags; a loiterer.

Lag´ger , n. A laggard.

Lag´ging , n. 1. (Mach.) The clothing (esp., an outer, wooden covering), as of a steam cylinder, applied to prevent the radiation of heat; a covering of lags; — called also deading and cleading. 2. Lags, collectively; narrow planks extending from one rib to another in the centering of arches.

Lag´ging•ly, adv. In a lagging manner; loiteringly.

Lag´ly , adv. Laggingly. [Prov. Eng.]

Lag´o•morph , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Lagomorpha.

Lag•o•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a hare + form.] (Zoöl.) A group of rodents, including the hares. They have four incisors in the upper jaw. Called also Duplicidentata.

La•goon´ , n. [It. or Sp. laguna, L. lacuna ditch, pool, pond, lacus lake. See Lake, and cf. Lacuna.] [Written also lagune.] 1. A shallow sound, channel, pond, or lake, especially one into which the sea flows; as the lagoons of Venice. 2. A lake in a coral island, often occupying a large portion of its area, and usually communicating with the sea. See Atoll. Lagoon island, a coral island consisting of a narrow reef encircling a lagoon. { Lag•oph•thal´mi•a , Lag•oph•thal´mos } n. [NL. lagophtalmia, fr. Gr. lagw•s hare + ’ofqalmo•s eye; — so called from the notion that a hare sleeps with his eyes open.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the eye stands wide open, giving a peculiar staring appearance.

La•go´pous , a. [Gr. a hare + , , foot.] (Bot.) Having a dense covering of long hair, like the foot of a hare.

La•gune´ , n. See Lagoon. { La´ic , La´ic•al } a. [L. laicus: cf. F. laïque. See Lay laic.] Of or pertaining to a layman or the laity. ´Laical literature.´ Lowell. “An unprincipled, unedified, and laic rabble.” Milton.

La´ic, n. A layman. Bp. Morton.

La´ic•al´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being laic; the state or condition of a layman.

La´ic•al•ly , adv. As a layman; after the manner of a layman; as to treat a matter laically.

Laid , imp. & p. p. of Lay. Laid paper, paper marked with parallel lines or water marks, as if ribbed, from parallel wires in the mold. It is called blue laid, cream laid, etc., according to its color.

Laid´ly, a. Ugly; loathsome. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] “This laidly and loathsome worm.” W. Howitt.

Lain , p. p. of Lie, v. i.

Lain´ere , n. See Lanier. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lair (lâr), n. [OE. leir, AS. leger; akin to D. leger, G. lager couch, lair, OHG. legar, Goth. ligrs, and to E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate, and cf. Layer, Leaguer.] 1. A place in which to lie or rest; especially, the bed or couch of a wild beast. 2. A burying place. [Scot.] Jamieson. 3. A pasture; sometimes, food. [Obs.] Spenser.

Laird (lârd), n. [See Lord.] A lord; a landholder, esp. one who holds land directly of the crown. [Scot.]

Laird´ship, n. The state of being a laird; an estate; landed property. [Scot.] Ramsay.

La´ism , n. See Lamaism. [R.]

Lais•sez´ faire´ [F., let alone.] Noninterference; — an axiom of some political economists, deprecating interference of government by attempts to foster or regulate commerce, manufactures, etc., by bounty or by restriction; as the doctrine of laissez faire; the laissez faire system of government.

La´i•ty (la´i•ty), n. [See Lay, a.] 1. The people, as distinguished from the clergy; the body of the people not in orders. “A rising up of the laity against the sacerdotal caste.” Macaulay. 2. The state of a layman. [Obs.] Ayliffe. 3. Those who are not of a certain profession, as law or medicine, in distinction from those belonging to it.

La•ka´o , n. Sap green. [China]

Lake (lak), n. [F. laque, fr. Per. See Lac.] A pigment formed by combining some coloring matter, usually by precipitation, with a metallic oxide or earth, esp. with aluminium hydrate; as madder lake; Florentine lake; yellow lake, etc.

Lake, n. [Cf. G. laken.] A kind of fine white linen, formerly in use. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lake (lak), v. i. [AS. lacan, laecan, to spring, jump, lac play, sport, or fr. Icel. leika to play, sport; both akin to Goth. laikan to dance. rad.120. Cf. Knowledge.] To play; to sport. [Prov. Eng.]

Lake, n. [AS. lac, L. lacus; akin to AS. lagu lake, sea, Icel. lögr; OIr. loch; cf. Gr. la•kkos pond, tank. Cf. Loch, Lough.] A large body of water contained in a depression of the earth’s surface, and supplied from the drainage of a more or less extended area. Lakes are for the most part of fresh water; the salt lakes, like the Great Salt Lake of Utah, have usually no outlet to the ocean. Lake dwellers (Ethnol.), people of a prehistoric race, or races, which inhabited different parts of Europe. Their dwellings were built on piles in lakes, a short distance from the shore. Their relics are common in the lakes of Switzerland. — Lake dwellings (Archaeol.), dwellings built over a lake, sometimes on piles, and sometimes on rude foundations kept in place by piles; specifically, such dwellings of prehistoric times. Lake dwellings are still used by many savage tribes. Called also lacustrine dwellings. See Crannog. — Lake fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of dipterous flies of the genus Chironomus. In form they resemble mosquitoes, but they do not bite. The larvae live in lakes. — Lake herring (Zoöl.), the cisco (Coregonus Artedii). — Lake poets, Lake school, a collective name originally applied in contempt, but now in honor, to Southey, Coleridge, and Wordsworth, who lived in the lake country of Cumberland, England, Lamb and a few others were classed with these by hostile critics. Called also lakers and lakists. — Lake sturgeon (Zoöl.), a sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus), of moderate size, found in the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. It is used as food. — Lake trout (Zoöl.), any one of several species of trout and salmon; in Europe, esp. Salmo fario; in the United States, esp. Salvelinus namaycush of the Great Lakes, and of various lakes in New York, Eastern Maine, and Canada. A large variety of brook trout (S. fontinalis), inhabiting many lakes in New England, is also called lake trout. See Namaycush. — Lake whitefish. (Zoöl.) See Whitefish. — Lake whiting (Zoöl.), an American whitefish (Coregonus Labradoricus), found in many lakes in the Northern United States and Canada. It is more slender than the common whitefish.

Lake´-dwell•er , n. See Lake dwellers, under Lake.

Lake´let , n. A little lake. Southey.

Lake´weed , n. (Bot.) The water pepper (Polygonum Hydropiper), an aquatic plant of Europe and North America.

Lakh , n. Same as Lac, one hundred thousand.

La´kin , n. See Ladykin.

Lak´ke , n. & v. See Lack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lak´y , a. Pertaining to a lake. Sir W. Scott.

Lak´y, a. [From Lake the pigment.] Transparent; — said of blood rendered transparent by the action of some solvent agent on the red blood corpuscles.

Lal•la´tion , n. [L. lallare to sing lalla, or lullaby: cf. F. lallation.] An imperfect enunciation of the letter r, in which it sounds like l.

La´lo , n. The powdered leaves of the baobab tree, used by the Africans to mix in their soup, as the southern negroes use powdered sassafras. Cf. Couscous.

Lam , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lammed p. pr. & vb. n. Lamming.] [Icel. lemja to beat, or lama to bruise, both fr. lami, lama, lame. See Lame.] To beat soundly; to thrash. [Obs. or Low] Beau. & Fl.

La´ma ( 277), n. (Zoöl.) See Llama.

La´ma, n. [Thibet. blama (pronounced lä´ma) a chief, a high priest.] In Thibet, Mongolia, etc., a priest or monk of the belief called Lamaism. The Grand Lama, or Dalai Lama [lit., Ocean Lama], the supreme pontiff in the lamaistic hierarchy. See Lamaism.

La´ma•ic , a. Of or pertaining to Lamaism.

La´ma•ism , n. A modified form of Buddhism which prevails in Thibet, Mongolia, and some adjacent parts of Asia; — so called from the name of its priests. See 2d Lama. { La´ma•ist , La´ma•ite } n. One who believes in Lamaism.

La•ma•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to Lamaism.

La•man´tin , n. [F. lamantin, lamentin, prob. from the name of the animal in the Antilles. Cf. Manater.] (Zoöl.) The manatee. [Written also lamentin, and lamantine.]

La•marck´i•an , a. Pertaining to, or involved in, the doctrines of Lamarckianism.

La•marck´i•an•ism , n. (Biol.) Lamarckism.

La´marck´ism , n. [From Lamarck, a distinguished French naturalist.] (Biol.) The theory that structural variations, characteristic of species and genera, are produced in animals and plants by the direct influence of physical environments, and esp., in the case of animals, by effort, or by use or disuse of certain organs.

La´ma•ser•y , n. [See 2d Lama.] A monastery or convent of lamas in Thibet, Mongolia, etc.

Lamb (lam), n. [AS. lamb; akin to D. & Dan. lam, G. & Sw. lamm, OS., Goth., & Icel. lamb.] 1. (Zoöl.) The young of the sheep. 2. Any person who is as innocent or gentle as a lamb. 3. A simple, unsophisticated person; in the cant of the Stock Exchange, one who ignorantly speculates and is victimized. Lamb of God, The Lamb (Script.), the Jesus Christ, in allusion to the paschal lamb. “The twelve apostles of the Lamb.” Rev. xxi. 14. “Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.” John i. 29. — Lamb’s lettuce (Bot.), an annual plant with small obovate leaves (Valerianella olitoria), often used as a salad; corn salad. [Written also lamb lettuce.] — Lamb’s tongue, a carpenter’s plane with a deep narrow bit, for making curved grooves. Knight. — Lamb’s wool. (a) The wool of a lamb. (b) Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted apples; — probably from the resemblance of the pulp of roasted apples to lamb’s wool. [Obs.] Goldsmith.

Lamb , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lambed p. pr. & vb. n. Lambing.] To bring forth a lamb or lambs, as sheep.

Lamb´ale , n. A feast at the time of shearing lambs.

Lam•baste´ , v. t. [Lam + baste to beat.] To beat severely. [Low] Nares.

Lam´ba•tive , a. [L. lambere to lick. See Lambent.] Taken by licking with the tongue. ´Sirups and lambative medicines.´ Sir T. Browne.

Lam´ba•tive, n. A medicine taken by licking with the tongue; a lincture. Wiseman.

Lamb´da , n. [NL., fr. Gr. la•mbda.] 1. The name of the Greek letter &LAMBDA;, λ, corresponding with the English letter L, l. 2. (Anat.) The point of junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the skull. Lambda moth (Zoöl.), a moth so called from a mark on its wings, resembling the Greek letter lambda (&LAMBDA;).

Lamb´da•cism , n. [L. lambdacismus, Gr. , fr. la•mbda the letter lambda (&LAMBDA;).] 1. A fault in speaking or in composition, which consists in too frequent use of the letter l, or in doubling it erroneously. 2. A defect in pronunciation of the letter l when doubled, which consists in giving it a sound as if followed by y, similar to that of the letters lli in billion. 3. The use of the sound of l for that of r in pronunciation; lallation; as Amelican for American.

Lamb´doid , a. [Gr. , la•mbda the letter lambda (&LAMBDA;) + e´i^dos shape.] Shaped like the Greek letter lambda (&LAMBDA;); as the lambdoid suture between the occipital and parietal bones of the skull.

Lamb•doid´al , a. Same as Lambdoid.

Lam´bent , a. [L. lambens, -enlis, p. pr. of lambere to lick; akin to lap. See Lap to drink by licking.] 1. Playing on the surface; touching lightly; gliding over. ´A lambent flame.´ Dryden. ´A lambent style.´ Beaconsfield. 2. Twinkling or gleaming; fickering. ´The lambent purity of the stars.´ W. Irving.

Lam´bert pine [So called from Lambert, an English botanist.] (Bot.) The gigantic sugar pine of California and Oregon (Pinus Lambertiana). It has the leaves in fives, and cones a foot long. The timber is soft, and like that of the white pine of the Eastern States.

Lamb´kin , n. A small lamb.

Lamb´like , a. Like a lamb; gentle; meek; inoffensive.

Lam´boys , n. pl. [Cf. F. lambeau. Cf. Label.] (Anc. Armor) Same as Base, n., 19.

Lam´bre•quin , n. [F. Cf. Lamboys, Label.] 1. A kind of pendent scarf or covering attached to the helmet, to protect it from wet or heat. 2. A leather flap hanging from a cuirass. Wilhelm. 3. A piece of ornament drapery or short decorative hanging, pendent from a shelf or from the casing above a window, hiding the curtain fixtures, or the like.

Lamb´skin , n. 1. The skin of a lamb; especially, a skin dressed with the wool on, and used as a mat. Also used adjectively. 2. A kind of woolen.

Lamb´skin•net´ , n. See Lansquenet.

Lamb’s-quar´ters , n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of the Goosefoot family, sometimes used as pot herbs, as Chenopodium album and Atriplex patulsa.

Lam•doid´al , a. Lambdoid. [R.]

Lame (lam), a. [Compar. Lamer superl. Lamest.] [OE. lame, AS. lama; akin to D. lam, G. lahm,OHG., Dan., & Sw. lam, Icel. lami, Russ. lomate to break, lomota rheumatism.] 1. (a) Moving with pain or difficulty on account of injury, defect, or temporary obstruction of a function; as a lame leg, arm, or muscle. (b) To some degree disabled by reason of the imperfect action of a limb; crippled; as a lame man. ´Lame of one leg.´ Arbuthnot. ´Lame in both his feet.´ 2 Sam. ix. 13. ´He fell, and became lame.´ 2 Sam. iv. 4. 2. Hence, hobbling; limping; inefficient; imperfect. ´A lame endeavor.´ Barrow. “O, most lame and impotent conclusion!” Shak. Lame duck (stock Exchange), a person who can not fulfill his contracts. [Cant]

Lame , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamed p. pr. & vb. n. Laming.] To make lame. “If you happen to let child fall and lame it.” Swift.

Lam´el , n. See Lamella.

La•mel´la , n.; pl. L. Lamellae (#), E. Lamellas (#). [L. lamella, dim. of lamina plate, leaf, layer: cf. F. lamelle. Cf. Lamina, Omelet.] a thin plate or scale of anything, as a thin scale growing from the petals of certain flowers; or one of the thin plates or scales of which certain shells are composed.

Lam´el•lar , a. [Cf. F. lamellaire.] Flat and thin; lamelliform; composed of lamellae. — Lam´el•lar•ly, adv. In thin plates or scales.

Lam´el•la•ry , a. Of or pertaining to lamella or to lamellae; lamellar. { Lam´el•late , Lam´el•la•ted } a. [See Lamella.] Composed of, or furnished with, thin plates or scales. See Illust. of Antennae.

La•mel´li•branch , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Lamellibranchia. Also used adjectively. { La•mel•li•bran´chi•a , La•mel•li•bran•chi•a´ta } n. pl. [NL. See lamella, and Branchia, Branchiate.] (Zoöl.) A class of Mollusca including all those that have bivalve shells, as the clams, oysters, mussels, etc. They usually have two (rarely but one) flat, lamelliform gills on each side of the body. They have an imperfectly developed head, concealed within the shell, whence they are called Acephala. Called also Conchifera, and Pelecypoda. See Bivalve.

Lam•el•li•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having lamellar gills; belonging to the Lamellibranchia. — n. One of the Lamellibranchia.

La•mel´li•corn , a. [Lamella + L. cornu a horn: cf. F. lamellicorne. See Lamella.] (Zoöl.) (a) Having antennae terminating in a group of flat lamellae; — said of certain coleopterous insects. (b) Terminating in a group of flat lamellae; — said of antennae. — n. A lamellicorn insect.

La•mel•li•cor´ni•a , n. pl. [NL. See Lamellicorn.] (Zoöl.) A group of lamellicorn, plant-eating beetles; — called also Lamellicornes.

Lam•el•lif´er•ous , a. [Lamella + -ferous: cf. F. lamellifère.] Bearing, or composed of, lamellae, or thin layers, plates, or scales; foliated.

La•mel´li•form , a. [Lamella + -form : cf. F. lamelliforme.] Thin and flat; scalelike; lamellar.

Lam•el•li•ros´tral , a. [Lamella + rostral : cf. F. lamellirostre.] (Zoöl.) Having a lamellate bill, as ducks and geese.

La•mel•li•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL. See Lamella, and Rostrum.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds embracing the Anseres and flamingoes, in which the bill is lamellate.

Lam´el•lose , a. [Cf. F. lamelleux.] Composed of, or having, lamellae; lamelliform.

Lame´ly , adv. [See Lame.] In a lame, crippled, disabled, or imperfect manner; as to walk lamely; a figure lamely drawn.

Lame´ness, n. The condition or quality of being lame; as the lameness of an excuse or an argument.

La•ment´ , v. i. [F. lamenter, L. lamentari, fr. lamentum a lament.] To express or feel sorrow; to weep or wail; to mourn. “Jeremiah lamented for Josiah.” 2 Chron. xxxv. 25. “Ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice.” John xvi. 20.

La•ment´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamented; p. pr. & vb. n. Lamenting.] To mourn for; to bemoan; to bewail. “One laughed at follies, one lamented crimes.” Dryden. Syn. — To deplore; mourn; bewail. See Deplore.

La•ment´, n. [L. lamentum. Cf. Lament, v.] 1. Grief or sorrow expressed in complaints or cries; lamentation; a wailing; a moaning; a weeping. “Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage.” Milton. 2. An elegy or mournful ballad, or the like.

Lam´en•ta•ble , a. [L. lamentabilis : cf. F. lamentable.] 1. Mourning; sorrowful; expressing grief; as a lamentable countenance. ´Lamentable eye.´ Spenser. 2. Fitted to awaken lament; to be lamented; sorrowful; pitiable; as a lamentable misfortune, or error. ´Lamentable helplessness.´ Burke. 3. Miserable; pitiful; paltry; — in a contemptuous or ridiculous sense. Bp. Stillingfleet. — Lam´en•ta•ble•ness, n. — Lam´en•ta•bly, adv.

Lam•en•ta´tion , n. [F. lamentation, L. lamentatio.] 1. The act of bewailing; audible expression of sorrow; wailing; moaning. “In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation and weeping.” Matt. ii. 18. 2. pl. (Script.) A book of the Old Testament attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and taking its name from the nature of its contents.

La•ment´ed , a. Mourned for; bewailed. “This humble praise, lamented shade ! receive.” Pope.

La•ment´er , n. One who laments.

La•men´tin , n. See Lamantin.

La•ment´ing , n. Lamentation. “Lamentings heard i’ the air.” Shak.

La•ment´ing•ly, adv. In a lamenting manner.

Lames (lamz), n. pl. [F. lame a thin plate, L. lamina.] (Armor) Small steel plates combined together so as to slide one upon the other and form a piece of armor.

La•met´ta , n. [Cf. It. lametta, dim. of lama a thin plate.] Foil or wire made of gold, silver, or brass. De Colange.

La´mi•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) A monster capable of assuming a woman’s form, who was said to devour human beings or suck their blood; a vampire; a sorceress; a witch.

Lam´i•na (lam´i•na), n.; pl. L. Laminae (- ne) E. Laminas (-naz). [L. cf. Lamella.] 1. A thin plate or scale; a layer or coat lying over another; — said of thin plates or platelike substances, as of bone or minerals. 2. (Bot.) The blade of a leaf; the broad, expanded portion of a petal or sepal of a flower. Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) A thin plate or scale; specif., one of the thin, flat processes composing the vane of a feather.

Lam•i•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being laminable.

Lam´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being split into laminae or thin plates, as mica; capable of being extended under pressure into a thin plate or strip. “When a body can be readily extended in all directions under the hammer, it is said to be malleable; and when into fillets under the rolling press, it is said to be laminable.” Ure. { Lam´i•nar , Lam´i•nal } a. [Cf. F. laminaire. See Lamina] In, or consisting of, thin plates or layers; having the form of a thin plate or lamina.

Lam•i•na´ri•a , n. [NL. See Lamina.] (Bot.) A genus of great seaweeds with long and broad fronds; kelp, or devil’s apron. The fronds commonly grow in clusters, and are sometimes from thirty to fifty feet in length. See Illust. of Kelp.

Lam•i•na´ri•an , a. Pertaining to seaweeds of the genus Laminaria, or to that zone of the sea (from two to ten fathoms in depth) where the seaweeds of this genus grow.

Lam´i•na•rite , n. [See Lamina.] (Paleon.) A broad-leafed fossil alga.

Lam´i•na•ry , a. Laminar.

Lam´i•nate , a. [See Lamina.] Consisting of, or covered with, laminae, or thin plates, scales, or layers, one over another; laminated.

Lam´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laminated p. pr. & vb. n. Laminating ] [See Lamina.] 1. To cause to separate into thin plates or layers; to divide into thin plates. 2. To form, as metal, into a thin plate, as by rolling.

Lam´i•nate, v. i. To separate into laminae.

Lam´i•na•ted , a. Laminate. Laminated arch (Arch.), a timber arch made of layers of bent planks secured by treenails.

Lam´i•na•ting , a. Forming, or separating into, scales or thin layers.

Lam•i•na´tion , n. The process of laminating, or the state of being laminated.

Lam•i•nif´er•ous , a. [Lamina + -ferous.] Having a structure consisting of laminae, or thin layers.

Lam•i•ni•plan´tar , a. [Lamina + L. planta sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the tarsus covered behind with a horny sheath continuous on both sides, as in most singing birds, except the larks.

Lam•i•ni´tis , n. [NL. See Lamina, and -itis.] (Far.) Inflammation of the laminae or fleshy plates along the coffin bone of a horse; founder. Youatt.

Lam´ish , a. Somewhat lame. Wood.

Lamm , v. t. See Lam.

Lam´mas , n. [AS. hlammesse, hlafmaesse, loaf mass, bread feast, or feast of first fruits; hlaf loaf + maesse mass. See Loaf, and Mass religious service.] The first day of August; — called also Lammas day, and Lammastide. { Lam´mer•geir (lam´mer•gir), Lam´mer•gei•er (-gi•er), } n. [G. lämmergeier; lamm, pl. lämmer, lamb + geier vulture.] (Zoöl.) A very large vulture (Gypaëtus barbatus), which inhabits the mountains of Southern Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. When full-grown it is nine or ten feet in extent of wings. It is brownish black above, with the under parts and neck rusty yellow; the forehead and crown white; the sides of the head and beard black. It feeds partly on carrion and partly on small animals, which it kills. It has the habit of carrying tortoises and marrow bones to a great height, and dropping them on stones to obtain the contents, and is therefore called bonebreaker and ossifrage. It is supposed to be the ossifrage of the Bible. Called also bearded vulture and bearded eagle. [Written also lammergeyer.]

Lam•nun´gui•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lamina a scale + unguis a nail.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hyracoidea.

Lamp , n. [OE. (with excrescent p), fr. F. lame, L. lamina. See Lamina.] A thin plate or lamina. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lamp , n. [F. lampe, L. lampas, -adis, fr. Gr. , , torch, fr. to give light, to shine. Cf. Lampad, Lantern.] 1. A light-producing vessel, instrument or apparatus; especially, a vessel with a wick used for the combustion of oil or other inflammable liquid, for the purpose of producing artificial light. 2. Figuratively, anything which enlightens intellectually or morally; anything regarded metaphorically a performing the uses of a lamp. “Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.” Ps. cxix. 105. “Ages elapsed ere Homer’s lamp appeared.” Cowper. 3. (Elec.) A device or mechanism for producing light by electricity. See Incandescent lamp, under Incandescent. AEolipile lamp, a hollow ball of copper containing alcohol which is converted into vapor by a lamp beneath, so as to make a powerful blowpipe flame when the vapor is ignited. Weale. — Arc lamp (Elec.), a form of lamp in which the voltaic arc is used as the source of light. — Dëbereiner’s lamp, an apparatus for the instantaneous production of a flame by the spontaneous ignition of a jet of hydrogen on being led over platinum sponge; — named after the German chemist Döbereiner, who invented it. Called also philosopher’s lamp. — Flameless lamp, an aphlogistic lamp. — Lamp burner, the part of a lamp where the wick is exposed and ignited. Knight. — Lamp fount, a reservoir for oil, in a lamp. — Lamp jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4 (l) & (n). — Lamp shade, a screen, as of paper, glass, or tin, for softening or obstructing the light of a lamp. — Lamp shell (Zoöl.), any brachiopod shell of the genus Terebratula and allied genera. The name refers to the shape, which is like that of an antique lamp. See Terebratula. — Safety lamp, a miner’s lamp in which the flame is surrounded by fine wire gauze, preventing the kindling of dangerous explosive gases; — called also from Sir Humphry Davy the inventor, Davy lamp. — To smell of the lamp, to bear marks of great study and labor, as a literary composition.

Lam´pad , n. [Gr. , . See Lamp.] A lamp or candlestick. [R.] “By him who ’mid the golden lampads went.” Trench.

Lam´pa•dist , n. [Gr. , fr. , , torch. See Lamp.] (Gr. Antiq.) One who gained the prize in the lampadrome.

Lam´pa•drome , n. [Gr. ; , , torch + course, race, fr. to run.] (Gr. Antiq.) A race run by young men with lighted torches in their hands. He who reached the goal first, with his torch unextinguished, gained the prize.

Lam´pas , n. [F. lampas.] An inflammation and swelling of the soft parts of the roof of the mouth immediately behind the fore teeth in the horse; — called also lampers.

Lam´pate , n. [Cf. F. lampate.] (Chem.) A supposed salt of lampic acid. [Obs.]

Lamp´black , n. [Lamp + black.] The fine impalpable soot obtained from the smoke of carbonaceous substances which have been only partly burnt, as in the flame of a smoking lamp. It consists of finely divided carbon, with sometimes a very small proportion of various impurities. It is used as an ingredient of printers’ ink, and various black pigments and cements.

Lam´per eel (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam´pern , n. [See Lamprey.] (Zoöl.) The river lamprey (Ammocœtes, or Lampetra, fluviatilis). The name is also applied to other river lampreys.

Lam´pers , n. See Lampas.

Lam´pic , a. [F. lampique, fr. lampe lamp. See Lamp.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or produced by, a lamp; — formerly said of a supposed acid.

Lamp´ing , a. Shining; brilliant. [Obs.] ´Lamping eyes.´ Spenser.

Lamp´less, a. Being without a lamp, or without light; hence, being without appreciation; dull. “Your ladies’ eyes are lampless to that virtue.” Beau. & Fl.

Lamp´light , n. Light from a lamp. “This world’s artificial lamplights.” Owen Meredith.

Lamp´light•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, lights a lamp; esp., a person who lights street lamps. 2. (Zoöl.) The calico bass.

Lam•poon´ , n. [F. lampon a drinking song, fr. lampons let us drink, — the burden of such a song, fr. lamper to guzzle, to drink much and greedily; of German origin, and akin to E. lap to drink. Prob. so called because drinking songs often contain personal slander or satire.] A personal satire in writing; usually, malicious and abusive censure written only to reproach and distress. “Like her who missed her name in a lampoon,
And grieved to find herself decayed so soon.” Dryden.

Lam•poon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lampooned p. pr. & vb. n. Lampooning.] To subject to abusive ridicule expressed in writing; to make the subject of a lampoon. “Ribald poets had lampooned him.” Macaulay. Syn. — To libel; defame; satirize; lash.

Lam•poon´er , n. The writer of a lampoon. ´Libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers.´ Tatler.

Lam•poon´ry , n. The act of lampooning; a lampoon, or lampoons.

Lamp´-post , n. A post (generally a pillar of iron) supporting a lamp or lantern for lighting a street, park, etc.

Lam´prel , n. (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam´prey , n.; pl. Lampreys (#). [OE. lampreie, F. lamproie, LL. lampreda, lampetra, from L. lambere to lick + petra rock, stone. The lampreys are so called because they attach themselves with their circular mouths to rocks and stones, whence they are also called rocksuckers. See Lap to drink, Petrify.] (Zoöl.) An eel-like marsipobranch of the genus Petromyzon, and allied genera. The lampreys have a round, sucking mouth, without jaws, but set with numerous minute teeth, and one to three larger teeth on the palate (see Illust. of Cyclostomi). There are seven small branchial openings on each side. [Written also lamper eel, lamprel, and lampron.] The common or sea lamprey of America and Europe (Petromyzon marinus), which in spring ascends rivers to spawn, is considered excellent food by many, and is sold as a market fish in some localities. The smaller river lampreys mostly belong to the genus Ammocœles, or Lampetra, as A. fluviatilis, of Europe, and A. aepypterus of America. All lampreys attach themselves to other fishes, as parasites, by means of the suckerlike mouth.

Lam´pron (lam´pron), n. [Cf. OE. lampreon. See Lamprey.] (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam•py´rine , n. [See Lampyris.] (Zoöl.) An insect of the genus Lampyris, or family Lampyridae. See Lampyris.

Lam•py´ris , n. [L., glowworm, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of coleopterous insects, including the glowworms.

Lan´ark•ite , n. [From Lanarkshire, a county in Scotland.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of sulphate of lead, occurring either massive or in long slender prisms, of a greenish white or gray color.

La´na•ry , n. [L. lanaria, fr. lanarius belonging to wool, lana wool.] A place for storing wool. { La´nate , La´na•ted } [L. lanatus, fr. lana wool, down.] Wooly; covered with fine long hair, or hairlike filaments.

Lan´ca•shire boil´er A steam boiler having two flues which contain the furnaces and extend through the boiler from end to end.

Lan•cas•te´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the monitorial system of instruction followed by Joseph Lancaster, of England, in which advanced pupils in a school teach pupils below them.

Lance (lans), n. [OE. lance, F. lance, fr. L. lancea; cf. Gr. lo•gchh. Cf. Launch.] 1. A weapon of war, consisting of a long shaft or handle and a steel blade or head; a spear carried by horsemen, and often decorated with a small flag; also a spear or harpoon used by whalers and fishermen. “A braver soldier never couched lance.” Shak. 2. A soldier armed with a lance; a lancer. 3. (Founding) A small iron rod which suspends the core of the mold in casting a shell. 4. (Mil.) An instrument which conveys the charge of a piece of ordnance and forces it home. 5. (Pyrotech.) One of the small paper cases filled with combustible composition, which mark the outlines of a figure. Free lance, in the Middle Ages, and subsequently, a knight or roving soldier, who was free to engage for any state or commander that purchased his services; hence, a person who assails institutions or opinions on his own responsibility without regard to party lines or deference to authority. — Lance bucket (Cavalry), a socket attached to a saddle or stirrup strap, in which to rest the but of a lance. — Lance corporal, same as Lancepesade. — Lance knight, a lansquenet. B. Jonson. — Lance snake (Zoöl.), the fer-de-lance. — Stink-fire lance (Mil.), a kind of fuse filled with a composition which burns with a suffocating odor; — used in the counter operations of miners. — To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest.

Lance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lancing ] 1. To pierce with a lance, or with any similar weapon. “Seized the due victim, and with fury lanced
Her back.” Dryden. 2. To open with a lancet; to pierce; as to lance a vein or an abscess. 3. To throw in the manner of a lance. See Lanch.

Lance´ fish (Zoöl.) A slender marine fish of the genus Ammodytes, especially Ammodytes tobianus of the English coast; — called also sand lance. { Lance´gay• , Lance´gaye• } , n. [OF. lancegaie, corrupted from the same source as E. assagai, under the influence of F. lance lance. See Assagai.] A kind of spear anciently used. Its use was prohibited by a statute of Richard II. Nares. “In his hand a launcegay,
A long sword by his side.” Chaucer.

Lance´let , n. [Lance + - let.] (Zoöl.) A small fishlike animal (Amphioxus lanceolatus), remarkable for the rudimentary condition of its organs. It is the type of the class Leptocardia. See Amphioxus, Leptocardia.

Lance´ly, a. Like a lance. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

Lan´ce•o•lar , a. [L. lanceola a little lance, dim. of lancea lance: cf. F. lanceolaire.] (Bot.) Lanceolate. { Lan´ce•o•late , Lan´ce•o•la•ted } a. [L. lanceolatus: cf. F. lanceole. See Lanceolar.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Rather narrow, tapering to a point at the apex, and sometimes at the base also; as a lanceolate leaf.

Lance•pe•sade´ , n. [F. lancepessade, lanspessade, anspessade, It. lancia spezzata a broken lance or demilance, a demilance roan, a light horseman, bodyguard.] An assistant to a corporal; a private performing the duties of a corporal; — called also lance corporal.

Lan´cer , n. [Cf. F. lancier.] 1. One who lances; one who carries a lance; especially, a member of a mounted body of men armed with lances, attached to the cavalry service of some nations. Wilhelm. 2. A lancet. [Obs.] 3. pl. (Dancing) A set of quadrilles of a certain arrangement. [Written also lanciers.]

Lan´cet , n. [F. lancette, dim. of lance lance. See Lance.] 1. A surgical instrument of various forms, commonly sharp-pointed and two-edged, used in venesection, and in opening abscesses, etc. 2. (Metal.) An iron bar used for tapping a melting furnace. Knight. Lancet arch (Arch.), a pointed arch, of which the width, or span, is narrow compared with the height. — Lancet architecture, a name given to a style of architecture, in which lancet arches are common; — peculiar to England and 13th century. — Lancet fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, voracious, deep- sea fish (Alepidosaurus ferox), having long, sharp, lancetlike teeth. (b) The doctor, or surgeon fish.

Lance´wood , n. (Bot.) A tough, elastic wood, often used for the shafts of gigs, archery bows, fishing rods, and the like. also the tree which produces this wood, Duguetia Quitarensis (a native of Guiana and Cuba), and several other trees of the same family (Anonaseae). Australian lancewood, a myrtaceous tree (Backhousia Australis).

Lanch (lanch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanched (lancht); p. pr. & vb. n. Lanching. See Launch, Lance.] To throw, as a lance; to let fly; to launch. “See Whose arm can lanch the surer bolt.” Dryden & Lee.

Lan•cif´er•ous , a. [Lance + -ferous.] Bearing a lance.

Lan´ci•form , a. [Lance + -form: cf. F. lanciforme.] Having the form of a lance.

Lan´ci•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lancinated p. pr. & vb. n. Lancinating ] [L. lancinatus, p. p. of lancinare to fear.] To tear; to lacerate; to pierce or stab. De Quincey.

Lan´ci•na•ting, a. Piercing; seeming to pierce or stab; as lancinating pains (i.e., severe, darting pains).

Lan•ci•na´tion , n. A tearing; laceration. ´Lancinations of the spirit.´ Jer. Taylor.

Land (land), n. Urine. See Lant. [Obs.]

Land, n. [AS. land, lond; akin to D., G., Icel., Sw., Dan., and Goth. land. ] 1. The solid part of the surface of the earth; - - opposed to water as constituting a part of such surface, especially to oceans and seas; as to sight land after a long voyage. “They turn their heads to sea, their sterns to land.” Dryden. 2. Any portion, large or small, of the surface of the earth, considered by itself, or as belonging to an individual or a people, as a country, estate, farm, or tract. “Go view the land, even Jericho.” Josh. ii. 1. “Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates and men decay.” Goldsmith. In the expressions ´to be, or dwell, upon land,´ ´to go, or fare, on land,´ as used by Chaucer, land denotes the country as distinguished from the town. “A poor parson dwelling upon land [i.e., in the country].” Chaucer. 3. Ground, in respect to its nature or quality; soil; as wet land; good or bad land. 4. The inhabitants of a nation or people. “These answers, in the silent night received,
The king himself divulged, the land believed.” Dryden. 5. The mainland, in distinction from islands. 6. The ground or floor. [Obs.] “Herself upon the land she did prostrate.” Spenser. 7. (Agric.) The ground left unplowed between furrows; any one of several portions into which a field is divided for convenience in plowing. 8. (Law) Any ground, soil, or earth whatsoever, as meadows, pastures, woods, etc., and everything annexed to it, whether by nature, as trees, water, etc., or by the hand of man, as buildings, fences, etc.; real estate. Kent. Bouvier. Burrill. 9. (Naut.) The lap of the strakes in a clinker-built boat; the lap of plates in an iron vessel; — called also landing. Knight. 10. In any surface prepared with indentations, perforations, or grooves, that part of the surface which is not so treated, as the level part of a millstone between the furrows, or the surface of the bore of a rifled gun between the grooves. Land agent, a person employed to sell or let land, to collect rents, and to attend to other money matters connected with land. — Land boat, a vehicle on wheels propelled by sails. — Land blink, a peculiar atmospheric brightness seen from sea over distant snow-covered land in arctic regions. See Ice blink. — Land breeze. See under Breeze. — Land chain. See Gunter’s chain. — Land crab (Zoöl.), any one of various species of crabs which live much on the land, and resort to the water chiefly for the purpose of breeding. They are abundant in the West Indies and South America. Some of them grow to a large size. — Land fish a fish on land; a person quite out of place. Shak. — Land force, a military force serving on land, as distinguished from a naval force. — Land, ho! (Naut.), a sailor’s cry in announcing sight of land. — Land ice, a field of ice adhering to the coast, in distinction from a floe. — Land leech (Zoöl.), any one of several species of blood-sucking leeches, which, in moist, tropical regions, live on land, and are often troublesome to man and beast. — Land measure, the system of measurement used in determining the area of land; also a table of areas used in such measurement. — Land, or House, of bondage, in Bible history, Egypt; by extension, a place or condition of special oppression. — Land o’ cakes, Scotland. — Land of Nod, sleep. — Land of promise, in Bible history, Canaan: by extension, a better country or condition of which one has expectation. — Land of steady habits, a nickname sometimes given to the State of Connecticut. — Land office, a government office in which the entries upon, and sales of, public land are registered, and other business respecting the public lands is transacted. [U.S.] — Land pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The gray pike, or sauger. (b) The Menobranchus. — Land service, military service as distinguished from naval service. — Land rail. (Zoöl) (a) The crake or corncrake of Europe. See Crake. (b) An Australian rail (Hypotaenidia Phillipensis); — called also pectoral rail. — Land scrip, a certificate that the purchase money for a certain portion of the public land has been paid to the officer entitled to receive it. [U.S.] — Land shark, a swindler of sailors on shore. [Sailors’ Cant] — Land side (a) That side of anything in or on the sea, as of an island or ship, which is turned toward the land. (b) The side of a plow which is opposite to the moldboard and which presses against the unplowed land. — Land snail (Zoöl.), any snail which lives on land, as distinguished from the aquatic snails are Pulmonifera, and belong to the Geophila; but the operculated land snails of warm countries are Diœcia, and belong to the Taenioglossa. See Geophila, and Helix. — Land spout, a descent of cloud and water in a conical form during the occurrence of a tornado and heavy rainfall on land. - - Land steward, a person who acts for another in the management of land, collection of rents, etc. — Land tortoise, Land turtle (Zoöl.), any tortoise that habitually lives on dry land, as the box tortoise. See Tortoise. — Land warrant, a certificate from the Land Office, authorizing a person to assume ownership of a public land. [U.S.] — Land wind. Same as Land breeze (above). — To make land (Naut.), to sight land. To set the land, to see by the compass how the land bears from the ship. — To shut in the land, to hide the land, as when fog, or an intervening island, obstructs the view.

Land , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Landed; p. pr. & vb. n. Landing.] 1. To set or put on shore from a ship or other water craft; to disembark; to debark. “I ’ll undertake to land them on our coast.” Shak. 2. To catch and bring to shore; to capture; as to land a fish. 3. To set down after conveying; to cause to fall, alight, or reach; to bring to the end of a course; as he landed the quoit near the stake; to be thrown from a horse and landed in the mud; to land one in difficulties or mistakes.

Land, v. i. To go on shore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to come to the end of a course.

Lan´dam•man , n. [G. Landamman; land land, country + amimann bailiff. See Land, and Ambassador.] 1. A chief magistrate in some of the Swiss cantons. 2. The president of the diet of the Helvetic republic.

Lan´dau , n. [From the town Ladau in Germany; cf. F. landau. See Land, Island.] A four-wheeled covered vehicle, the top of which is divided into two sections which can be let down, or thrown back, in such a manner as to make an open carriage. [Written also landaw.]

Lan•dau•let´ , n. [Cf. F. landaulet, dim, of landau. See Landau.] A small landau.

Land´ed , a. 1. Having an estate in land. “The House of Commons must consist, for the most part, of landed men.” Addison. 2. Consisting in real estate or land; as landed property; landed security.

Land´er , n. 1. One who lands, or makes a landing. ´The lander in a lonely isle.´ Tennyson. 2. (Mining) A person who waits at the mouth of the shaft to receive the kibble of ore.

Land´fall , n. 1. A sudden transference of property in land by the death of its owner. 2. (Naut.) Sighting or making land when at sea. A good landfall (Naut.), the sighting of land in conformity with the navigator’s reckoning and expectation.

Land´flood , n. An overflowing of land by river; an inundation; a freshet. Clarendon.

Land´grave , n. [G. landgraf; land land + graf earl, count; cf. D. landgraaf, F. landgrave.] A German nobleman of a rank corresponding to that of an earl in England and of a count in France. The title was first adopted by some German counts in the twelfth century, to distinguish themselves from the inferior counts under their jurisdiction. Three of them were princes of the empire.

Land•gra´vi•ate , n. [Cf. F. landgraviat.] 1. The territory held by a landgrave. 2. The office, jurisdiction, or authority of a landgrave.

Land´gra•vine , n. [G. landgräfin; cf. D. landgravin.] The wife of a landgrave.

Land´hold•er , n. A holder, owner, or proprietor of land. — Land´hold•ing, n. & a.

Land´ing, a. Of, pertaining to, or used for, setting, bringing, or going, on shore. Landing charges, charges or fees paid on goods unloaded from a vessel. — Landing net, a small, bag-shaped net, used in fishing to take the fish from the water after being hooked. — Landing stage, a floating platform attached at one end to a wharf in such a manner as to rise and fall with the tide, and thus facilitate passage between the wharf and a vessel lying beside the stage. — Landing waiter, a customhouse officer who oversees the landing of goods, etc., from vessels; a landwaiter.

Land´ing, n. 1. A going or bringing on shore. 2. A place for landing, as from a ship, a carriage. etc. 3. (Arch.) The level part of a staircase, at the top of a flight of stairs, or connecting one flight with another. Landing place. me as Landing, n., 2 and 3.

Land´la•dy , n.; pl. Landladies (#). [Cf. Landlord.] 1. A woman having real estate which she leases to a tenant or tenants. 2. The mistress of an inn or lodging house.

Land´leap•er , n. See Landlouper.

Land´less , a. Having no property in land.

Land´lock , v. t. To inclose, or nearly inclose, as a harbor or a vessel, with land.

Land´locked , a. 1. Inclosed, or nearly inclosed, by land. 2. (Zoöl.) Confined to a fresh- water lake by reason of waterfalls or dams; — said of fishes that would naturally seek the sea, after spawning; as the landlocked salmon.

Land´lo•per , n. Same as Landlouper.

Land´lord , n. [See Land, and Lord.] 1. The lord of a manor, or of land; the owner of land or houses which he leases to a tenant or tenants. 2. The master of an inn or of a lodging house. “Upon our arrival at the inn, my companion fetched out the jolly landlord.” Addison.

Land´lord•ism , n. The state of being a landlord; the characteristics of a landlord; specifically, in Great Britain, the relation of landlords to tenants, especially as regards leased agricultural lands. J. S. Mill.

Land´lord•ry , n. The state of a landlord. [Obs.]

Land´loup•er , n. [D. landlooper, lit., landrunner; land land + loopen to run. See Land, and Leap.] A vagabond; a vagrant. [Written also landleaper and landloper.] ´Bands of landloupers.´ Moltey.

Land´loup•ing, a. Vagrant; wandering about.

Land´lub•ber , n. [Prop. fr. land + lubber, or possibly corrupted fr. laudlouper.] (Naut.) One who passes his life on land; — so called among seamen in contempt or ridicule.

Land´man , n.; pl. Landmen . 1. A man who lives or serves on land; — opposed to seaman. 2. (Eng.) An occupier of land. Cowell.

Land´mark , n. [AS. landmearc. See Land, and Mark a sign.] 1. A mark to designate the boundary of land; any mark or fixed object (as a marked tree, a stone, a ditch, or a heap of stones) by which the limits of a farm, a town, or other portion of territory may be known and preserved. 2. Any conspicuous object on land that serves as a guide; some prominent object, as a hill or steeple. Landmarks of history, important events by which eras or conditions are determined.

Land´own•er , n. An owner of land.

Land´own•ing, n. The owning of land. — a. Having property in land; of or pertaining to landowners.

Land´-poor , a. Pecuniarily embarrassed through owning much unprofitable land. [Colloq.]

Land´reeve , n. [Land + reeve an officer.] A subordinate officer on an extensive estate, who acts as an assistant to the steward.

Land´scape , n. [Formerly written also landskip.] [D. landschap; land land + - schap, equiv. to E. -schip; akin to G. landschaft, Sw. landskap, Dan. landskab. See Land, and -schip.] 1. A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view, including all the objects it contains. 2. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, actual or fancied, the chief subject being the general aspect of nature, as fields, hills, forests, water. etc. 3. The pictorial aspect of a country. “The landscape of his native country had taken hold on his heart.” Macaulay. Landscape gardening, The art of laying out grounds and arranging trees, shrubbery, etc., in such a manner as to produce a picturesque effect.

Land´scap•ist , n. A painter of landscapes.

Land´skip , n. [See Landscape.] A landscape. [Obs. except in poetry.] “Straight my eye hath caught new pleasures,
Whilst the landskip round it measures.” Milton. { Land´slip• , Land´slide• } n. 1. The slipping down of a mass of land from a mountain, hill, etc. 2. The land which slips down.

Lands´man , n.; pl. Landsmen (#). 1. One who lives on the land; — opposed to seaman. 2. (Naut.) A sailor on his first voyage.

Land´streight , n. [See Strait.] A narrow strip of land. [Obs.]

Land´sturm , n. [G. See Land, and Storm.] That part of the reserve force in Germany which is called out last.

Land´tag , n. [G. See Land, and Day.] The diet or legislative body; as the Landtag of Prussia.

Land´wait•er , n. See Landing waiter, under Landing, a.

Land´ward , adv. & a. Toward the land.

Land´wehr , n. [G., fr. land land, country + wehr defense.] That part of the army, in Germany and Austria, which has completed the usual military service and is exempt from duty in time of peace, except that it is called out occasionally for drill.

Lane , a. [See Lone.] Alone. [Scot.] His lane, by himself; himself alone.

Lane , n. [OE. lane, lone, AS. lone, lone; akin to D. laan, OFries. lana, lona.] A passageway between fences or hedges which is not traveled as a highroad; an alley between buildings; a narrow way among trees, rocks, and other natural obstructions; hence, in a general sense, a narrow passageway; as a lane between lines of men, or through a field of ice. “It is become a turn-again lane unto them which they can not go through.” Tyndale.

Lang , a. & adv. Long. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lan´ga•ha , n. (Zoöl.) A curious colubriform snake of the genus Xyphorhynchus, from Madagascar. It is brownish red, and its nose is prolonged in the form of a sharp blade.

Lan•ga•rey´ , n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of long-winged, shrikelike birds of Australia and the East Indies, of the genus Artamus, and allied genera; called also wood swallow.

Lan´gate , n. (Surg.) A linen roller used in dressing wounds.

Lang´dak , n. (Zoöl.) A wolf (Canis pallipes), found in India, allied to the jackal. { Lan´grage , Lan´grel } n. A kind of shot formerly used at sea for tearing sails and rigging. It consisted of bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron fastened together or inclosed in a canister.

Lan´gret , n. A kind of loaded die. [Obs.]

Lan´gridge , n. See Langrage. [Sometimes compounded with shot.]

Lang•syne´ , adv. & n. [Scot. lang long + syne since.] Long since; long ago. [Scot.]

Lang•ter•a•loo´ , n. [See Loo.] An old game at cards. See Loo (a). Tatler.

Lan´guage , n. [OE. langage, F. langage, fr. L. lingua the tongue, hence speech, language; akin to E. tongue. See Tongue, cf. Lingual.] 1. Any means of conveying or communicating ideas; specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the voice; sounds, expressive of thought, articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth. Language consists in the oral utterance of sounds which usage has made the representatives of ideas. When two or more persons customarily annex the same sounds to the same ideas the expression of these sounds by one person communicates his ideas to another. This is the primary sense of language, the use of which is to communicate the thoughts of one person to another through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds are represented to the eye by letters, marks, or characters, which form words. 2. The expression of ideas by writing, or any other instrumentality. 3. The forms of speech, or the methods of expressing ideas peculiar to a particular nation. 4. The characteristic mode of arranging words, peculiar to an individual speaker or writer; manner of expression; style. “Others for language all their care express.” Pope. 5. The inarticulate sounds by which animals inferior to man express their feelings or their wants. 6. The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as the language of flowers. “There was … language in their very gesture.” Shak. 7. The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as medical language; the language of chemistry or theology. 8. A race, as distinguished by its speech. [R.] “All the people, the nations, and the languages, fell down and worshiped the golden image.” Dan. iii. 7. Language master, a teacher of languages. [Obs.] Syn. — Speech; tongue; idiom; dialect; phraseology; diction; discourse; conversation; talk. — Language, Speech, Tongue, Idiom, Dialect. Language is generic, denoting, in its most extended use, any mode of conveying ideas; speech is the language of articulate sounds; tongue is the Anglo-Saxon term for language, esp. for spoken language; as the English tongue. Idiom denotes the forms of construction peculiar to a particular language; dialects are varieties of expression which spring up in different parts of a country among people speaking substantially the same language.

Lan´guage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Languaged p. pr. & vb. n. Languaging ] To communicate by language; to express in language. “Others were languaged in such doubtful expressions that they have a double sense.” Fuller.

Lan´guaged , a. Having a language; skilled in language; — chiefly used in composition. ´ Many-languaged nations.´ Pope.

Lan´guage•less , a. Lacking or wanting language; speechless; silent. Shak.

Langued , a. [F. langue tongue. See Language.] (Her.) Tongued; having the tongue visible. “Lions … represented as armed and langued gules.” Cussans.

Langue• d’oc´ [F., language of oc yes.] The dialect, closely akin to French, formerly spoken south of the Loire (in which the word for ´yes´ was oc); Provençal.

Langue• d’oïl´ [F., language of oïl yes.] The dialect formerly spoken north of the Loire (in which the word for ´yes´ was oïl, F. oui).

Lan•guen´te , adv. [It., p. pr. of languire. See Languish.] (Mus.) In a languishing manner; pathetically.

Lan´guet, n. [F. languette, dim. of langue tongue, L. lingua.] 1. Anything resembling the tongue in form or office; specif., the slip of metal in an organ pipe which turns the current of air toward its mouth. 2. That part of the hilt, in certain kinds of swords, which overlaps the scabbard.

Lan´guid , a. [L. languidus, fr. languere to be faint or languid: cf. F. languide. See Languish.] 1. Drooping or flagging from exhaustion; indisposed to exertion; without animation; weak; weary; heavy; dull. ´ Languid, powerless limbs. ´ Armstrong. “Fire their languid souls with Cato’s virtue.” Addison. 2. Slow in progress; tardy. ´ No motion so swift or languid.´ Bentley. 3. Promoting or indicating weakness or heaviness; as a languid day. “Feebly she laugheth in the languid moon.” Keats. “Their idleness, aimless flirtations and languid airs.” W. Black. Syn. — Feeble; weak; faint; sickly; pining; exhausted; weary; listless; heavy; dull; heartless. — Lan´guid•ly, adv. — Lan´guid•ness, n.

Lan´guish , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Languished p. pr. & vb. n. Languishing.] [OE. languishen, languissen, F. languir, L. languere; cf. Gr. to slacken, slack, Icel. lakra to lag behind; prob. akin to E. lag, lax, and perh. to E. slack. See -ish.] 1. To become languid or weak; to lose strength or animation; to be or become dull, feeble or spiritless; to pine away; to wither or fade. “We … do languish of such diseases.” 2 Esdras viii. 31. “Cease, fond nature, cease thy strife,
And let me languish into life.” Pope. “For the fields of Heshbon languish.” Is. xvi. 8. 2. To assume an expression of weariness or tender grief, appealing for sympathy. Tennyson. Syn. — To pine; wither; fade; droop; faint.

Lan´guish , v. i. To cause to droop or pine. [Obs.] Shak. Dryden.

Lan´guish, n. See Languishment. [Obs. or Poetic] “What, of death, too,
That rids our dogs of languish ?” Shak. “And the blue languish of soft Allia’s eye.” Pope.

Lan´guish•er , n. One who languishes.

Lan´guish•ing, a. 1. Becoming languid and weak; pining; losing health and strength. 2. Amorously pensive; as languishing eyes, or look.

Lan´guish•ing•ly, adv. In a languishing manner.

Lan´guish•ment , n. 1. The state of languishing. ´ Lingering languishment.´ Shak. 2. Tenderness of look or mien; amorous pensiveness.

Lan´guish•ness, n. Languishment. [Obs.]

Lan´guor , n. [OE. langour, OF. langour, F. langueur, L. languor. See Languish.] 1. A state of the body or mind which is caused by exhaustion of strength and characterized by a languid feeling; feebleness; lassitude; laxity. 2. Any enfeebling disease. [Obs.] “Sick men with divers languors.” Wyclif (Luke iv. 40). 3. Listless indolence; dreaminess. Pope. ´ German dreams, Italian languors.´ The Century. Syn. — Feebleness; weakness; faintness; weariness; dullness; heaviness; lassitude; listlessness.

Lan´guor•ous , a. [From Languor: cf. F. langoureux.] Producing, or tending to produce, languor; characterized by languor. [Obs. or Poetic] “Whom late I left in languorous constraint.” Spenser. “To wile the length from languorous hours, and draw
The sting from pain.” Tennyson.

Lan´gure , v. i. To languish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lan´gya , n. (Zoöl.) [Native name Anglicized.] One of several species of East Indian and Asiatic fresh-water fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, remarkable for their power of living out of water, and for their tenacity of life; — called also walking fishes.

Lan´iard , n. See Lanyard.

La•ni•ar´i•form , a. [Laniary + -form.] (Anat.) Shaped like a laniary, or canine, tooth. Owen.

La´ni•a•ry , a. [L. laniarius, fr. lanius butcher, laniare to tear in pieces: cf. F. laniaire.] (Anat.) Lacerating or tearing; as the laniary canine teeth.

La´ni•a•ry, n. [L. Laniary, a.] 1. The shambles; a place of slaughter. [R.] 2. (Anat.) A laniary, or canine, tooth.

La´ni•ate , v. t. [L. laniatus, p. p. of laniare.] To tear in pieces. [R.]

La•ni•a´tion , n. [L. laniatio.] A tearing in pieces. [R.]

Lan´ier , n. [F. lanière. See Lanyard.] [Written also lanner, lanyer.] 1. A thong of leather; a whip lash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A strap used to fasten together parts of armor, to hold the shield by, and the like. Fairholt.

La•nif´er•ous , n. [L. lanifer; lana wool + ferre to bear: cf. F. lanifère.] Bearing or producing wool.

La•nif´i•cal , a. [L. lanificus; lana wool + facere to make.] Working in wool.

Lan´i•fice , n. [L. lanificium: cf. OF. lanifice.] Anything made of wool. [Obs.] Bacon.

La•nig´er•ous , a. [L. laniger; lano wool + gerere to hear.] Bearing or producing wool.

La´ni•oid , a. [NL. Lanius (fr. L. lanius a butcher), the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the shrikes (family Laniidae).

Lank , a. [Compar. Lanker superl. Lankest.] [AS. hlanc; cf. G. lenken to turn, gelenk joint, OHG. hlanca hip, side, flank, and E. link of a chain.] 1. Slender and thin; not well filled out; not plump; shrunken; lean. “Meager and lank with fasting grown.” Swift. “Who would not choose … to have rather a lank purse than an empty brain?” Barrow. 2. Languid; drooping.[Obs.] “Who, piteous of her woes, reared her lank head.” Milton. Lank hair, long, thin hair. Macaulay.

Lank, v. i. & t. To become lank; to make lank. [Obs.] Shak. G. Fletcher.

Lank´i•ness , n. The condition or quality or being lanky.

Lank´ly, adv. In a lank manner.

Lank´ness, n. The state or quality of being lank.

Lank´y, a. Somewhat lank. Thackeray. “The lanky Dinka, nearly seven feet in height.” The Century. { Lan´ner , n. f. Lan´ner•et , n. m.} [F. lanier, OF. also lasnier. Cf. Lanyard.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed falcon (Falco lanarius), of Southern Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa, resembling the American prairie falcon.

Lan´o•lin , n. [L. lana wool + oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar fatlike body, made up of cholesterin and certain fatty acids, found in feathers, hair, wool, and keratin tissues generally. Under the same name, it is prepared from wool for commercial purposes, and forms an admirable basis for ointments, being readily absorbed by the skin.

Lan´seh , n. The small, whitish brown fruit of an East Indian tree (Lansium domesticum). It has a fleshy pulp, with an agreeable subacid taste. Balfour.

Lans´que•net , n. [F., fr. G. landsknecht a foot soldier, also a game of cards introduced by these foot soldiers; land country + knecht boy, servant. See Land, and Knight.] 1. A German foot soldier in foreign service in the 15th and 16th centuries; a soldier of fortune; — a term used in France and Western Europe. 2. A game at cards, vulgarly called lambskinnet. “[They play] their little game of lansquenet.” Longfellow.

Lant , n. Urine. [Prov. Eng.] Nares.

Lant, n. [Cf. Lance.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small, slender, marine fishes of the genus Ammedytes. The common European species (A. tobianus) and the American species (A. Americanus) live on sandy shores, buried in the sand, and are caught in large quantities for bait. Called also launce, and sand eel.

Lant, n. See Lanterloo. [Obs.] Halliwell. { Lan•ta´ni•um , Lan´ta•num } n. (Chem.) See Lanthanum.

Lan•ta•nu´ric , a. [Formed by transposition of the letters of allantoin and -uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous organic acid of the uric acid group, obtained by the decomposition of allantoin, and usually called allanturic acid.

Lan´ter•loo , n. An old name of loo (a).

Lan´tern (lan´tern), n. [F. lanterne, L. lanterna, laterna, from Gr. lampth•r light, torch. See Lamp.] 1. Something inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, rain, etc.; — sometimes portable, as a closed vessel or case of horn, perforated tin, glass, oiled paper, or other material, having a lamp or candle within; sometimes fixed, as the glazed inclosure of a street light, or of a lighthouse light. 2. (Arch.) (a) An open structure of light material set upon a roof, to give light and air to the interior. (b) A cage or open chamber of rich architecture, open below into the building or tower which it crowns. (c) A smaller and secondary cupola crowning a larger one, for ornament, or to admit light; such as the lantern of the cupola of the Capitol at Washington, or that of the Florence cathedral. 3. (Mach.) A lantern pinion or trundle wheel. See Lantern pinion (below). 4. (Steam Engine) A kind of cage inserted in a stuffing box and surrounding a piston rod, to separate the packing into two parts and form a chamber between for the reception of steam, etc.; — called also lantern brass. 5. (Founding) A perforated barrel to form a core upon. 6. (Zoöl.) See Aristotle’s lantern. Fig. 1 represents a hand lantern; fig. 2, an arm lantern; fig. 3, a breast lantern; — so named from the positions in which they are carried. Dark lantern, a lantern with a single opening, which may be closed so as to conceal the light; — called also bull’s-eye. — Lantern fly, Lantern carrier (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome, hemipterous insects of the genera Laternaria, Fulgora, and allies, of the family Fulgoridae. The largest species is Laternaria phosphorea of Brazil. The head of some species has been supposed to be phosphorescent. — Lantern jaws, long, thin jaws; hence, a thin visage. — Lantern pinion, Lantern wheel (Mach.), a kind of pinion or wheel having cylindrical bars or trundles, instead of teeth, inserted at their ends in two parallel disks or plates; — so called as resembling a lantern in shape; — called also wallower, or trundle. — Lantern shell (Zoöl.), any translucent, marine, bivalve shell of the genus Anatina, and allied genera. — Magic lantern, an optical instrument consisting of a case inclosing a light, and having suitable lenses in a lateral tube, for throwing upon a screen, in a darkened room or the like, greatly magnified pictures from slides placed in the focus of the outer lens.

Lan´tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanterned p. pr. & vb. n. Lanterning.] [Cf. F. lanterner to hang at the lamp post, fr. lanterne. See Lantern.] To furnish with a lantern; as to lantern a lighthouse.

Lan´tern-jawed , a. Having lantern jaws or long, thin jaws; as a lantern-jawed person.

Lan´tha•nite (lan´tha•nit), n. (Min.) Hydrous carbonate of lanthanum, found in tabular white crystals.

Lan´tha•num (-num), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lanqa•nein to lie hid, to be concealed.] (Chem.) A rare element of the group of the earth metals, allied to aluminium. It occurs in certain rare minerals, as cerite, gadolinite, orthite, etc., and was so named from the difficulty of separating it from cerium, didymium, and other rare elements with which it is usually associated. Atomic weight 138.5. Symbol La. [Formerly written also lanthanium.]

Lan´tho•pine , n. [Gr. lanqa•nein to lie hid + E. opium.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in opium in small quantities, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Lan´thorn , n. See Lantern. [Obs.] { La•nu´gi•nose• , La•nu´gi•nous } a. [L. lanuginosus, fr. lanugo, - ginis, woolly substance, down, fr. lana wool: cf. F. lanugineux.] Covered with down, or fine soft hair; downy.

La•nu´go , n. [See Lanuginose.] (Anat.) The soft woolly hair which covers most parts of the mammal fetus, and in man is shed before or soon after birth.

Lan´yard , n. [F. lanière thong, strap, OF. lasniere, fr. lasne strap, thong, L. lacinia lappet. flap, edge of a garment. Cf. Lanier.] [Written also laniard.] 1. (Naut.) A short piece of rope or line for fastening something in ships; as the lanyards of the gun ports, of the buoy, and the like; esp., pieces passing through the dead-eyes, and used to extend shrouds, stays, etc. 2. (Mil.) A strong cord, about twelve feet long, with an iron hook at one end a handle at the other, used in firing cannon with a friction tube.

Lan´yer , n. See Lanier.

La•oc´o•ön , n. [L., fr. Gr. ] 1. (Class. Myth.) A priest of Apollo, during the Trojan war. (See 2.) 2. (Sculp.) A marble group in the Vatican at Rome, representing the priest Laocoön, with his sons, infolded in the coils of two serpents, as described by Virgil.

La•od•i•ce´an , a. Of or pertaining to Laodicea, a city in Phrygia Major; like the Christians of Laodicea; lukewarm in religion. Rev. iii. 14- 16.

Lap , n. [OE. lappe, AS. laeppa; akin to D. lap patch, piece, G. lappen, OHG. lappa, Dan. lap, Sw. lapp.] 1. The loose part of a coat; the lower part of a garment that plays loosely; a skirt; an apron. Chaucer. 2. An edge; a border; a hem, as of cloth. Chaucer. “If he cuts off but a lap of truth’s garment, his heart smites him.” Fuller. 3. The part of the clothing that lies on the knees or thighs when one sits down; that part of the person thus covered; figuratively, a place of rearing and fostering; as to be reared in the lap of luxury. “Men expect that happiness should drop into their laps.” Tillotson. 4. That part of any substance or fixture which extends over, or lies upon, or by the side of, a part of another; as the lap of a board; also the measure of such extension over or upon another thing. The lap of shingles or slates in roofing is the distance one course extends over the second course below, the distance over the course immediately below being called the cover. 5. (Steam Engine) The amount by which a slide valve at its half stroke overlaps a port in the seat, being equal to the distance the valve must move from its mid stroke position in order to begin to open the port. Used alone, lap refers to outside lap. See Outside lap (below). 6. The state or condition of being in part extended over or by the side of something else; or the extent of the overlapping; as the second boat got a lap of half its length on the leader. 7. One circuit around a race track, esp. when the distance is a small fraction of a mile; as to run twenty laps; to win by three laps. See Lap, to fold, 2. 8. In card playing and other games, the points won in excess of the number necessary to complete a game; — so called when they are counted in the score of the following game. 9. (Cotton Manuf.) A sheet, layer, or bat, of cotton fiber prepared for the carding machine. 10. (Mach.) A piece of brass, lead, or other soft metal, used to hold a cutting or polishing powder in cutting glass, gems, and the like, or in polishing cutlery, etc. It is usually in the form of wheel or disk, which revolves on a vertical axis. Lap joint, a joint made by one layer, part, or piece, overlapping another, as in the scarfing of timbers. — Lap weld, a lap joint made by welding together overlapping edges or ends. — Inside lap (Steam Engine), lap of the valve with respect to the exhaust port. — Outside lap, lap with respect to the admission, or steam, port.

Lap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lapping.] 1. To rest or recline in a lap, or as in a lap. “To lap his head on lady’s breast.” Praed. 2. To cut or polish with a lap, as glass, gems, cutlery, etc. See 1st Lap, 10.

Lap, v. t. [OE. lappen to fold (see Lap, n.); cf. also OE. wlappen, perh. another form of wrappen, E, wrap.] 1. To fold; to bend and lay over or on something; as to lap a piece of cloth. 2. To wrap or wind around something. “About the paper … I lapped several times a slender thread of very black silk.” Sir I. Newton. 3. To infold; to hold as in one’s lap; to cherish. “Her garment spreads, and laps him in the folds.” Dryden. 4. To lay or place over anything so as to partly or wholly cover it; as to lap one shingle over another; to lay together one partly over another; as to lap weather-boards; also to be partly over, or by the side of (something); as the hinder boat lapped the foremost one. 5. (Carding & Spinning) To lay together one over another, as fleeces or slivers for further working. To lap boards, shingles, etc., to lay one partly over another. — To lap timbers, to unite them in such a way as to preserve the same breadth and depth throughout, as by scarfing. Weale.

Lap, v. i. To be turned or folded; to lie partly upon or by the side of something, or of one another; as the cloth laps back; the boats lap; the edges lap. “The upper wings are opacous; at their hinder ends, where they lap over, transparent, like the wing of a flay.” Grew.

Lap , v. i. [OE. lappen, lapen, AS. lapian; akin to LG. lappen, OHG. laffan, Icel. lepja, Dan. lade, Sw. läppja, L. lambere; cf. Gr. , W. llepio. Cf. Lambent.] 1. To take up drink or food with the tongue; to drink or feed by licking up something. “The dogs by the River Nilus’s side, being thirsty, lap hastily as they run along the shore.” Sir K. Digby. 2. To make a sound like that produced by taking up drink with the tongue. “I heard the ripple washing in the reeds,
And the wild water lapping on the crag.” Tennyson.

Lap, v. t. To take into the mouth with the tongue; to lick up with a quick motion of the tongue. “They ’II take suggestion as a cat laps milk.” Shak.

Lap, n. 1. The act of lapping with, or as with, the tongue; as to take anything into the mouth with a lap. 2. The sound of lapping.

Lap´a•ro•cele , n. [Gr. loins + tumor.] (Med.) A rupture or hernia in the lumbar regions.

Lap•a•rot´o•my , n. [Gr. loins + te•mnein to cut.] (Surg.) A cutting through the walls of the abdomen, as in the Caesarean section.

Lap´board , n. A board used on the lap as a substitute for a table, as by tailors.

Lap´dog , n. A small dog fondled in the lap.

La•pel´ , n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] That part of a garment which is turned back; specifically, the lap, or fold, of the front of a coat in continuation of collar. [Written also lappel and lapelle.]

La•pelled´ , a. Furnished with lapels.

Lap´ful , n.; pl. Lapfuls . As much as the lap can contain.

Lap´i•cide , n. [L. lapicida, fr. lapis stone + caedere to cut.] A stonecutter. [Obs.]

Lap•i•da´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to stone; inscribed on stone; as a lapidarian record.

Lap•i•da´ri•ous , a. [L. lapidarius, fr. lapis, -idis, stone.] Consisting of stones.

Lap´i•da•ry , n.; pl. Lapidaries (#). [L. lapidarius, fr. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1. An artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones; hence, a dealer in precious stones. 2. A virtuoso skilled in gems or precious stones; a connoisseur of lapidary work. Lapidary’s lathe, mill, or wheel, a machine consisting essentially of a revolving lap on a vertical spindle, used by a lapidary for grinding and polishing.

Lap´i•da•ry, a. [L. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting stones, or engraving on stones, either gems or monuments; as lapidary ornamentation. 2. Of or pertaining to monumental inscriptions; as lapidary adulation. Lapidary style, that style which is proper for monumental and other inscriptions; terse; sententious.

Lap´i•date , v. t. [L. lapidatus, p. p. of lapidare, fr. lapis stone.] To stone. [Obs.]

Lap•i•da´tion , n. [L. lapidatio: cf. F. lapidation.] The act of stoning. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

La•pid´e•ous , a. [L. lapideus, fr. lapis stone.] Of the nature of stone. [Obs.] Ray.

Lap•i•des´cence , n. 1. The state or quality of being lapidescent. 2. A hardening into a stone substance. 3. A stony concretion. Sir T. Browne.

Lap•i•des´cent , a. [L. lapidescens, p. pr. of lapidescere to become stone, fr. lapis, -idis, stone: cf. F. lapidescent.] Undergoing the process of becoming stone; having the capacity of being converted into stone; having the quality of petrifying bodies.

Lap´i•des´cent, n. Any substance which has the quality of petrifying other bodies, or of converting or being converted into stone. { Lap•i•dif´ic , Lap•i•dif´ic•al } a. [L. lapis, -idis, stone + facere to make: cf. F. lapidifique.] Forming or converting into stone.

La•pid•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. lapidification.] The act or process of lapidifying; fossilization; petrifaction.

La•pid´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapidified p. pr. & vb. n. Lapidifying ] [Cf. f. lapidifier. See Lapidific, and -fy.] To convert into stone or stony material; to petrify.

La•pid´i•fy, v. i. To become stone or stony.

Lap´i•dist , n. [L. lapis, -idis, a stone.] A lapidary. Ray.

Lap´il•la´tion , n. [See Lapilli.] The state of being, or the act of making, stony.

La•pil´li , n. pl. [L. lapillus a little stone, dim. of lapis stone.] (Min.) Volcanic ashes, consisting of small, angular, stony fragments or particles.

La´pis , n.; pl. Lapides (#). [L.] A stone. Lapis calaminaris . [NL.] (Min.) Calamine. — Lapis infernalis . [L.] Fused nitrate of silver; lunar caustic.

La´pis laz´u•li (Min.) An albuminous mineral of a rich blue color. Same as Lazuli, which see.

Lap´-joint•ed , a. Having a lap joint, or lap joints, as many kinds of woodwork and metal work.

Lap´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of Lapland; — called also Lapp.

Lap´land•ish, a. Of or pertaining to Lapland.

Lap´ling , n. [Lap of a garment + ling.] One who has been fondled to excess; one fond of ease and sensual delights; — a term of contempt.

Lapp (lap), n. Same as Laplander. Cf. Lapps.

Lap•pa´ceous (lap•pa´shus), a. [L. lappaceus burlike, fr. lappa a bur.] (Bot.) Resembling the capitulum of burdock; covered with forked points.

Lap´per , n. [From Lap to drink.] One who takes up food or liquid with his tongue.

Lap´pet , n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] A small decorative fold or flap, esp. of lace or muslin, in a garment or headdress. Swift. Lappet moth (Zoöl.), one of several species of bombycid moths, which have stout, hairy caterpillars, flat beneath. Two common American species (Gastropacha Americana, and Tolype velleda) feed upon the apple tree.

Lap´pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lappeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lappeting.] To decorate with, or as with, a lappet. [R.] Landor.

Lap´pic , a. Of or pertaining to Lapland, or the Lapps. — n. The language of the Lapps. See Lappish.

Lap´ping , n. A kind of machine blanket or wrapping material used by calico printers. Ure. Lapping engine, Lapping machine (Textile Manuf.), A machine for forming fiber info a lap. See its Lap, 9.

Lap´pish , a. Of or pertaining to the Lapps; Laplandish. — n. The language spoken by the Lapps in Lapland. It is related to the Finnish and Hungarian, and is not an Aryan language. { Lap•po´ni•an , Lap•pon´ic } a. Laplandish; Lappish.

Lapps , n. pl.; sing. Lapp . (Ethnol.) A branch of the Mongolian race, now living in the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and the adjacent parts of Russia.

Laps´a•ble , a. Lapsible. Cudworth.

Lapse , n. [L. lapsus, fr. labi, p. p. lapsus, to slide, to fall: cf. F. laps. See Sleep.] 1. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling; an unobserved or imperceptible progress or passing away,; — restricted usually to immaterial things, or to figurative uses. “The lapse to indolence is soft and imperceptible.” Rambler. “Bacon was content to wait the lapse of long centuries for his expected revenue of fame.” I. Taylor. 2. A slip; an error; a fault; a failing in duty; a slight deviation from truth or rectitude. “To guard against those lapses and failings to which our infirmities daily expose us.” Rogers. 3. (Law) The termination of a right or privilege through neglect to exercise it within the limited time, or through failure of some contingency; hence, the devolution of a right or privilege. 4. (Theol.) A fall or apostasy.

Lapse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lapsed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Lapsing.] 1. To pass slowly and smoothly downward, backward, or away; to slip downward, backward, or away; to glide; — mostly restricted to figurative uses. “A tendency to lapse into the barbarity of those northern nations from whom we are descended.” Swift. “Homer, in his characters of Vulcan and Thersites, has lapsed into the burlesque character.” Addison. 2. To slide or slip in moral conduct; to fail in duty; to fall from virtue; to deviate from rectitude; to commit a fault by inadvertence or mistake. “To lapse in fullness
Is sorer than to lie for need.” Shak. 3. (Law) (a) To fall or pass from one proprietor to another, or from the original destination, by the omission, negligence, or failure of some one, as a patron, a legatee, etc. (b) To become ineffectual or void; to fall. “If the archbishop shall not fill it up within six months ensuing, it lapses to the king.” Ayliffe.

Lapse, v. t. 1. To let slip; to permit to devolve on another; to allow to pass. “An appeal may be deserted by the appellant’s lapsing the term of law.” Ayliffe. 2. To surprise in a fault or error; hence, to surprise or catch, as an offender. [Obs.] “For which, if be lapsed in this place,
I shall pay dear.” Shak.

Lapsed , a. 1. Having slipped downward, backward, or away; having lost position, privilege, etc., by neglect; — restricted to figurative uses. “Once more I will renew
His lapsed powers, though forfeit.” Milton. 2. Ineffectual, void, or forfeited; as a lapsed policy of insurance; a lapsed legacy. Lapsed devise, Lapsed legacy (Law), a devise, or legacy, which fails to take effect in consequence of the death of the devisee, or legatee, before that of the testator, or for other cause. Wharton (Law Dict.).

Laps´i•ble , a. Liable to lapse.

Lap´sid•ed , a. See Lopsided.

Lap´stone , n. A stone for the lap, on which shoemakers beat leather. { Lap´streak• , Lap´strake• } a. Made with boards whose edges lap one over another; clinker-built; — said of boats.

La•pu´tan , a. Of or pertaining to Laputa, an imaginary flying island described in Gulliver’s Travels as the home of chimerical philosophers. Hence, fanciful; preposterous; absurd in science or philosophy. ´Laputan ideas.´ G. Eliot.

Lap´-weld•ed , a. Having edges or ends united by a lap weld; as a lap-welded pipe.

Lap´wing , n. [OE. lapwynke, leepwynke, AS. hleápewince; hleápan to leap, jump + (prob.) a word akin to AS. wincian to wink, E. wink, AS. wancol wavering; cf. G. wanken to stagger, waver. See Leap, and Wink.] (Zoöl.) A small European bird of the Plover family (Vanellus cristatus, or V. vanellus). It has long and broad wings, and is noted for its rapid, irregular fight, upwards, downwards, and in circles. Its back is coppery or greenish bronze. Its eggs are the ´plover’s eggs´ of the London market, esteemed a delicacy. It is called also peewit, dastard plover, and wype. The gray lapwing is the Squatarola cinerea.

Lap´work (lap´wûrk•), n. Work in which one part laps over another. Grew.

Laq´uay , n. A lackey. [Obs.] Evelyn.

La´que•ar , n.; pl. Laquearia (#). [L.] (Arch.) A lacunar.

Laq´ue•a•ry , a. [L. laqueus a noose.] Using a noose, as a gladiator. [Obs. or R.] “Retiary and laqueary combatants.” Sir T. Browne.

Lar (lär), n.; pl. Lares (#), sometimes Lars (#). [L.] (Rom. Myth.) A tutelary deity; a deceased ancestor regarded as a protector of the family. The domestic Lares were the tutelar deities of a house; household gods. Hence, Fig.: Hearth or dwelling house. “Nor will she her dear Lar forget,
Victorious by his benefit.” Lovelace. “The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint.” Milton. “Looking backward in vain toward their Lares and lands.” Longfellow.

Lar (lär), n. (Zoöl.) A species of gibbon (Hylobates lar), found in Burmah. Called also white-handed gibbon.

Lar´a•mie group (Geol.) An extensive series of strata, principally developed in the Rocky Mountain region, as in the Laramie Mountains, and formerly supposed to be of the Tertiary age, but now generally regarded as Cretaceous, or of intermediate and transitional character. It contains beds of lignite, often valuable for coal, and is hence also called the lignitic group. See Chart of Geology.

Lar´board , n. [Lar- is of uncertain origin, possibly the same as lower, i. e., humbler in rank, because the starboard side is considered by mariners as higher in rank; cf. D. laag low, akin to E. low. See Board, n., 8.] (Naut.) The left- hand side of a ship to one on board facing toward the bow; port; — opposed to starboard. Larboard is a nearly obsolete term, having been superseded by port to avoid liability of confusion with starboard, owing to similarity of sound.

Lar´board, a. On or pertaining to the left-hand side of a vessel; port; as the larboard quarter. { Lar´ce•ner , Lar´ce•nist }, n. One who commits larceny.

Lar´ce•nous , a. [Cf. OE. larrecinos. See Larceny.] Having the character of larceny; as a larcenous act; committing larceny. ´The larcenous and burglarious world.´ Sydney Smith. — Lar´ce•nous•ly, adv.

Lar´ce•ny , n.; pl. Larcenies (#). [F. larcin, OE. larrecin, L. latrocinium, fr. latro robber, mercenary, hired servant; cf. Gr. hired servant. Cf. Latrociny.] (Law) The unlawful taking and carrying away of things personal with intent to deprive the right owner of the same; theft. Cf. Embezzlement. Grand larceny ∧ Petit larceny are distinctions having reference to the nature or value of the property stolen. They are abolished in England. — Mixed, or Compound, larceny, that which, under statute, includes in it the aggravation of a taking from a building or the person. — Simple larceny, that which is not accompanied with any aggravating circumstances.

Larch (lärch), n. [Cf. OE. larege (Cotgrave), It. larice, Sp. larice, alerce, G. lärche; all fr. L. larix, - icis, Gr. la•rix.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, having deciduous leaves, in fascicles (see Illust. of Fascicle). The European larch is Larix Europaea. The American or black larch is L. Americana, the hackmatack or tamarack. The trees are generally of a drooping, graceful appearance.

Larch´en , a. Of or pertaining to the larch. Keats.

Lard , n. [F., bacon, pig’s fat, L. lardum, laridum; cf. Gr. fattened, fat.] 1. Bacon; the flesh of swine. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. The fat of swine, esp. the internal fat of the abdomen; also this fat melted and strained. Lard oil, an illuminating and lubricating oil expressed from lard. — Leaf lard, the internal fat of the hog, separated in leaves or masses from the kidneys, etc.; also the same melted.

Lard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larded; p. pr. & vb. n. Larding.] [F. larder. See Lard, n.] 1. To stuff with bacon; to dress or enrich with lard; esp., to insert lardons of bacon or pork in the surface of, before roasting; as to lard poultry. “And larded thighs on loaded altars laid.” Dryden. 2. To fatten; to enrich. “[The oak] with his nuts larded many a swine.” Spenser. “Falstaff sweats to death.
And lards the lean earth as he walks along.” Shak. 3. To smear with lard or fat. “In his buff doublet larded o’er with fat
Of slaughtered brutes.” Somerville. 4. To mix or garnish with something, as by way of improvement; to interlard. Shak. “Let no alien Sedley interpose
To lard with wit thy hungry Epsom prose.” Dryden.

Lard , v. i. To grow fat. [Obs.]

Lar•da•ce´in , n. [See Lardaceous.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar amyloid substance, colored blue by iodine and sulphuric acid, occurring mainly as an abnormal infiltration into the spleen, liver, etc.

Lar•da´ceous , a. [Cf. F. lardace.] Consisting of, or resembling, lard. Lardaceous degeneration (Med.), amyloid degeneration.

Lard´er , n. [OF. lardier. See Lard, n.] A room or place where meat and other articles of food are kept before they are cooked. Shak.

Lard´er•er , n. One in charge of the larder.

Lard´er•y, n. [Cf. OE. larderie.] A larder. [Obs.] { Lar´don , Lar•doon´ } n. [F. lardon, fr. lard lard.] A bit of fat pork or bacon used in larding.

Lard´ry , n. [See Lardery.] A larder. [Obs.]

Lard´y , a. Containing, or resembling, lard; of the character or consistency of lard.

Lare , n. [See Lore.] Lore; learning. [Obs.]

Lare, n. Pasture; feed. See Lair. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lare, v. t. To feed; to fatten. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

La´res , n. pl. See 1st Lar.

Large , a. [Compar. Larger superl. Largest.] [F., fr. L. largus. Cf. Largo.] 1. Exceeding most other things of like kind in bulk, capacity, quantity, superficial dimensions, or number of constituent units; big; great; capacious; extensive; — opposed to small; as a large horse; a large house or room; a large lake or pool; a large jug or spoon; a large vineyard; a large army; a large city. For linear dimensions, and mere extent, great, and not large, is used as a qualifying word; as great length, breadth, depth; a great distance; a great height. 2. Abundant; ample; as a large supply of provisions. “We have yet large day.” Milton. 3. Full in statement; diffuse; full; profuse. “I might be very large upon the importance and advantages of education.” Felton. 4. Having more than usual power or capacity; having broad sympathies and generous impulses; comprehensive; — said of the mind and heart. 5. Free; unembarrassed. [Obs.] “Of burdens all he set the Paynims large.” Fairfax. 6. Unrestrained by decorum; — said of language. [Obs.] ´Some large jests he will make.´ Shak. 7. Prodigal in expending; lavish. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. (Naut.) Crossing the line of a ship’s course in a favorable direction; — said of the wind when it is abeam, or between the beam and the quarter. At large. (a) Without restraint or confinement; as to go at large; to be left at large. (b) Diffusely; fully; in the full extent; as to discourse on a subject at large. — Common at large. See under Common, n. — Electors at large, Representative at large, electors, or a representative, as in Congress, chosen to represent the whole of a State, in distinction from those chosen to represent particular districts in a State. [U. S.] — To give, go, run, or sail large (Naut.), to have the wind crossing the direction of a vessel’s course in such a way that the sails feel its full force, and the vessel gains its highest speed. See Large, a., 8. Syn. — Big; bulky; huge; capacious; comprehensive; ample; abundant; plentiful; populous; copious; diffusive; liberal.

Large, adv. Freely; licentiously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Large, n. (Mus.) A musical note, formerly in use, equal to two longs, four breves, or eight semibreves.

Large´-a•cred , a. Possessing much land.

Large´-hand•ed , a. Having large hands. Fig.: Taking, or giving, in large quantities; rapacious or bountiful.

Large´-heart•ed , a. Having a large or generous heart or disposition; noble; liberal. — Large´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Large´ly, adv. In a large manner. Dryden. Milton.

Large´ness, n. The quality or state of being large. { Lar´gess , Lar´gesse } n. [F. largesse, fr. large. See Large, a.] 1. Liberality; generosity; bounty. [Obs.] “Fulfilled of largesse and of all grace.” Chaucer. 2. A present; a gift; a bounty bestowed. “The heralds finished their proclamation with their usual cry of ´Largesse, largesse, gallant knights!´ and gold and silver pieces were showered on them from the galleries.” Sir W. Scott.

Lar´get , n. [Cf. F. larget.] A short piece of bar iron for rolling into a sheet; a small billet.

Lar•ghet´to , a. & adv. [It., dim. of largo largo.] (Mus.) Somewhat slow or slowly, but not so slowly as largo, and rather more so than andante.

Lar•gif´i•cal , a. [L. largificus; largus large + facere.] Generous; ample; liberal. [Obs.]

Lar•gif´lu•ous , a. [L. largifluus; large abundantly + fluere to flow.] Flowing copiously. [Obs.]

Lar•gil´o•quent , a. [Cf. L. largiloquus.] Grandiloquent. [Obs.]

Lar´gish , a. Somewhat large. [Colloq.]

Lar•gi´tion , [L. largitio, fr. largiri, p. p. largitus, to give bountifully.] The bestowment of a largess or gift. [Obs.]

Lar´go , a. & adv. [It., large, L. largus, See Large.] (Mus.) Slow or slowly; — more so than adagio; next in slowness to grave, which is also weighty and solemn. — n. A movement or piece in largo time.

Lar´i•at (lar´i•at), n. [Sp. la reata the rope; la the + reata rope. Cf. Reata.] A long, slender rope made of hemp or strips of hide, esp. one with a noose; — used as a lasso for catching cattle, horses, etc., and for picketing a horse so that he can graze without wandering. [Mexico & Western U.S.]

Lar´i•at (lar´i•at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lariated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lariating.] To secure with a lariat fastened to a stake, as a horse or mule for grazing; also to lasso or catch with a lariat. [Western U.S.]

La´rine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gull family (Laridae).

Lar•ix•in´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, or derived from, the larch (Larix); as larixinic acid.

Lark (lärk), n. [Perh fr. AS. lac play, sport. Cf. Lake, v. i.] A frolic; a jolly time. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Lark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Larked p. pr. & vb. n. Larking.] To sport; to frolic. [Colloq.]

Lark, n. [OE. larke, laverock, AS. lawerce; akin to D. leeuwerik, LG. lewerke, OHG. lerahha, G. lerche, Sw. lärka, Dan. lerke, Icel. laevirki.] (Zoöl.) Any one numerous species of singing birds of the genus Alauda and allied genera (family Alaudidae). They mostly belong to Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. In America they are represented by the shore larks, or horned larks, of the genus Otocoris. The true larks have holaspidean tarsi, very long hind claws, and, usually, dull, sandy brown colors. The European skylark, or lark of the poets (Alauda arvensis), is of a brown mottled color, and is noted for its clear and sweet song, uttered as it rises and descends almost perpendicularly in the air. It is considered a table delicacy, and immense numbers are killed for the markets. Other well-known European species are the crested, or tufted, lark (Alauda cristata), and the wood lark (A. arborea). The pipits, or titlarks, of the genus Anthus (family Motacillidae) are often called larks. See Pipit. The American meadow larks, of the genus Sturnella, are allied to the starlings. See Meadow Lark. The Australian bush lark is Mirafra Horsfieldii. See Shore lark. Lark bunting (Zoöl.), a fringilline bird (Calamospiza melanocorys) found on the plains of the Western United States. — Lark sparrow (Zoöl.), a sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), found in the Mississippi Valley and the Western United States.

Lark, v. i. To catch larks; as to go larking.

Lark´-col•ored , a. Having the sandy brown color of the European larks.

Lark´er , n. [See 3d Lark, for sense 1, and 1st Lark, for sense 2.] 1. A catcher of larks. 2. One who indulges in a lark or frolic. [Colloq.]

Lark’s´-heel , n. (Bot.) Indian cress.

Lark´spur , n. (Bot.) A genus of ranunculaceous plants (Delphinium), having showy flowers, and a spurred calyx. They are natives of the North Temperate zone. The commonest larkspur of the gardens is D. Consolida. The flower of the bee larkspur (D. elatum) has two petals bearded with yellow hairs, and looks not unlike a bee.

Lar´mi•er , n. [F., fr. larme tear, drop, L. lacrima. See Lachrymose.] (Anat.) See Tearpit.

La´roid , a. [Larus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Gull family (Laridae).

Lar´rup , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larruped p. pr. & vb. n. Larruping.] [Perh, a corrupt. of lee rope, used by sailors in beating the boys; but cf. D. larpen to thresh, larp a whip, blow.] To beat or flog soundly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby.

Lar´ry , n. Same as Lorry, or Lorrie.

Lar´um , n. See Alarum, and Alarm.

Lar´va (lär´va), n.; pl. L. Larvae (-vae), E. Larvas (-vaz). [L. larva ghost, specter, mask.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any young insect from the time that it hatches from the egg until it becomes a pupa, or chrysalis. During this time it usually molts several times, and may change its form or color each time. The larvae of many insects are much like the adults in form and habits, but have no trace of wings, the rudimentary wings appearing only in the pupa stage. In other groups of insects the larvae are totally unlike the parents in structure and habits, and are called caterpillars, grubs, maggots, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) The early, immature form of any animal when more or less of a metamorphosis takes place, before the assumption of the mature shape.

Lar´val (-val), a. [L. larvalis ghostly. See Larva.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a larva.

Lar•va´li•a , n. pl. [NL. See Larval.] (Zoöl.) An order of Tunicata, including Appendicularia, and allied genera; — so called because certain larval features are retained by them through life. Called also Copelata. See Appendicularia.

Lar´va•ted , a. [L. larvatus bewitched. See Larva.] Masked; clothed as with a mask.

Larve (lärv), n.; pl. Larves (lärvz). [F.] A larva.

Lar´vi•form , a. [Larva + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form or structure of a larva.

Lar•vip´a•rous , a. [Larva + L. parete to bring forth.] (Zoöl.) Depositing living larvae, instead of eggs; — said of certain insects.

La´ry (la´ry), n. [Cf. F. lare sea gull, L. larus a sort of sea bird, Gr. la•ros.] A guillemot; — called also lavy. [Prov. Eng.]

Lar•yn•ge´al , a. [From Larynx.] Of or pertaining to the larynx; adapted to operations on the larynx; as laryngeal forceps.

Lar•yn•ge´an , a. See Laryngeal.

Lar•yn•gis´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. laryggismo•s a croaking. See Larynx.] (Med.) A spasmodic state of the glottis, giving rise to contraction or closure of the opening.

Lar•yn•gi´tis , n. [NL. See Larynx, and -tis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the larynx.

La•ryn•go•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to laryngology.

Lar•yn•gol´o•gist , n. One who applies himself to laryngology.

Lar•yn•gol´o•gy , n. [Larynx + -logy.] Systematized knowledge of the action and functions of the larynx; in pathology, the department which treats of the diseases of the larynx.

Lar•yn•goph´o•ny , n. [Larynx + Gr. voice.] The sound of the voice as heard through a stethoscope when the latter is placed upon the larynx.

La•ryn´go•scope , n. [Larynx + -scope.] (Surg.) An instrument, consisting of an arrangement of two mirrors, for reflecting light upon the larynx, and for examining its image.

La•ryn•go•scop´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the inspection of the larynx.

Lar•yn•gos´co•pist , n. One skilled in laryngoscopy.

Lar•yn•gos´co•py , n. The art of using the laryngoscope; investigations made with the laryngoscope.

La•ryn´go•tome , n. (Surg.) An instrument for performing laryngotomy.

Lar•yn•got´o•my , n. [Gr. ; , , the larynx + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. laryngotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the larynx, from the outside of the neck, for assisting respiration when obstructed, or for removing foreign bodies.

La•ryn•go•tra´che•al , a. [Larynx + tracheal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both larynx and trachea; as the laryngotracheal cartilage in the frog.

La•ryn•go•tra•che•ot´o•my , n. [Larynx + tracheotomy.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the larynx and the upper part of the trachea, — a frequent operation for obstruction to breathing.

Lar´ynx (lar´inks; 277), n. [NL. from Gr. la•rygx, - yggos.] (Anat.) The expanded upper end of the windpipe or trachea, connected with the hyoid bone or cartilage. It contains the vocal cords, which produce the voice by their vibrations, when they are stretched and a current of air passes between them. The larynx is connected with the pharynx by an opening, the glottis, which, in mammals, is protected by a lidlike epiglottis. In the framework of the human larynx, the thyroid cartilage, attached to the hyoid bone, makes the protuberance on the front of the neck known as Adam’s apple, and is articulated below to the ringlike cricoid cartilage. This is narrow in front and high behind, where, within the thyroid, it is surmounted by the two arytenoid cartilages, from which the vocal cords pass forward to be attached together to the front of the thyroid. See Syrinx.

Las , n. A lace. See Lace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las, a. & adv. Less. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las´car , n. [Per. & Hind. lashkar an army, an inferior artillery man, a cooly, a native sailor.] A native sailor, employed in European vessels; also a menial employed about arsenals, camps, camps, etc.; a camp follower. [East Indies]

Las´ci•ous , a. Loose; lascivious. [Obs.] ´To depaint lascious wantonness.´ Holland.

Las•civ´i•en•cy (las•siv´i•en•sy), n. [See Lascivient.] Lasciviousness; wantonness. [Obs.]

Las•civ´i•ent (-ent), a. [L. lasciviens, pr. of lascivire to be wanton, fr. lascivus. See Lascivious.] Lascivious. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Las•civ´i•ous (-us), a. [L. lascivia wantonness, fr. lascivus wanton; cf. Gr. la•stauros lecherous, lh^n to wish, Skr. lash to desire.] 1. Wanton; lewd; lustful; as lascivious men; lascivious desires. Milton. 2. Tending to produce voluptuous or lewd emotions. “He capers nimbly in a lady’s chamber
To the lascivious pleasing of a lute.” Shak. — Las•civ´i•ous•ly, adv. — Las•civ´i•ous•ness, n.

La´ser•wort (la´ser•wûrt•), n. [L. laser the juice of the laserwort.] (Bot.) Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Laserpitium, of several species (as L. glabrum, and L. siler), the root of which yields a resinous substance of a bitter taste. The genus is mostly European.

Lash (lash), n. [OE. lasche; cf. D. lasch piece set in, joint, seam, G. lashe latchet, a bit of leather, gusset, stripe, laschen to furnish with flaps, to lash or slap, Icel. laski gusset, flap, laska to break.] 1. The thong or braided cord of a whip, with which the blow is given. “I observed that your whip wanted a lash to it.” Addison. 2. A leash in which an animal is caught or held; hence, a snare. [Obs.] 3. A stroke with a whip, or anything pliant and tough; as the culprit received thirty-nine lashes. 4. A stroke of satire or sarcasm; an expression or retort that cuts or gives pain; a cut. “The moral is a lash at the vanity of arrogating that to ourselves which succeeds well.” L’Estrange. 5. A hair growing from the edge of the eyelid; an eyelash. 6. In carpet weaving, a group of strings for lifting simultaneously certain yarns, to form the figure.

Lash (lash), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lashed p. pr. & vb. n. Lashng.] 1. To strike with a lash; to whip or scourge with a lash, or with something like one. “We lash the pupil, and defraud the ward.” Dryden. 2. To strike forcibly and quickly, as with a lash; to beat, or beat upon, with a motion like that of a lash; as a whale lashes the sea with his tail. “And big waves lash the frighted shores.” Dryden. 3. To throw out with a jerk or quickly. “He falls, and lashing up his heels, his rider throws.” Dryden. 4. To scold; to berate; to satirize; to censure with severity; as to lash vice.

Lash, v. i. To ply the whip; to strike; to utter censure or sarcastic language. “To laugh at follies, or to lash at vice.” Dryden. To lash out, to strike out wildly or furiously.

Lash, v. t. [Cf. D. lasschen to fasten together, lasch piece, joint, Sw. laska to stitch, Dan. laske stitch. See Lash, n. ] To bind with a rope, cord, thong, or chain, so as to fasten; as to lash something to a spar; to lash a pack on a horse’s back.

Lash´er , n. One who whips or lashes.

Lash´er, n. 1. A piece of rope for binding or making fast one thing to another; — called also lashing. 2. A weir in a river. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Lash´ing, n. The act of one who, or that which, lashes; castigation; chastisement. South. Lashing out, a striking out; also extravagance.

Lash´ing, n. See 2d Lasher.

Lask , n. A diarrhea or flux. [Obs.] Holland.

Las´ket , n. [Cf. Lash, Latching.] (Naut.) latching.

Lass (las), n. [OE. lasse; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. llodes girl, fem. of llawd lad. rad.123. See Lad a youth.] A young woman; a girl; a sweetheart.

Lasse , a. & adv. Less. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las´sie , n. A young girl; a lass. [Scot.]

Las´si•tude , n. [L. lassitudo, fr. lassus faint, weary; akin to E. late: cf. F. lassitude. See Late.] A condition of the body, or mind, when its voluntary functions are performed with difficulty, and only by a strong exertion of the will; languor; debility; weariness. “The corporeal instruments of action being strained to a high pitch … will soon feel a lassitude.” Barrow.

Lass´lorn , a. Forsaken by a lass. Shak.

Lass´o (las´so) n.; pl. Lassos (-soz). [Sp. lazo, L. laqueus. See Lace.] A rope or long thong of leather with a running noose, used for catching horses, cattle, etc. Lasso cell (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar kind of defensive and offensive stinging cells, found in great numbers in all cœlenterates, and in a few animals of other groups. They are most highly developed in the tentacles of jellyfishes, hydroids, and Actiniae. Each of these cells is filled with, fluid, and contains a long, slender, often barbed, hollow thread coiled up within it. When the cell contracts the thread is quickly ejected, being at the same time turned inside out. The thread is able to penetrate the flesh of various small, soft-bodied animals, and carries a subtle poison by which they are speedily paralyzed and killed. The threads, at the same time, hold the prey in position, attached to the tentacles. Some of the jellyfishes, as the Portuguese man-of-war, and Cyanea, are able to penetrate the human skin, and inflict painful stings in the same way. Called also nettling cell, cnida, cnidocell.

Las´so, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lassoed p. pr. & vb. n. Lassoing.] To catch with a lasso.

Last , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Last, to endure, contracted from lasteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Last , a. [OE. last, latst, contr. of latest, superl. of late; akin to OS. lezt, lazt, last, D. laatst, G. letzt. See Late, and cf. Latest.] 1. Being after all the others, similarly classed or considered, in time, place, or order of succession; following all the rest; final; hindmost; farthest; as the last year of a century; the last man in a line of soldiers; the last page in a book; his last chance. “Also day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he read in the book of the law of God.” Neh. viii. 18. “Fairest of stars, last in the train of night.” Milton. 2. Next before the present; as I saw him last week. 3. Supreme; highest in degree; utmost. “Contending for principles of the last importance.” R. Hall. 4. Lowest in rank or degree; as the last prize. Pope. 5. Farthest of all from a given quality, character, or condition; most unlikely; having least fitness; as he is the last person to be accused of theft. At last, at the end of a certain period; after delay. ´The duke of Savoy felt that the time had at last arrived.´ Motley. — At the last. [Prob. fr. AS. on laste behind, following behind, fr. last race, track, footstep. See Last mold of the foot.] At the end; in the conclusion. [Obs.] ´Gad, a troop shall overcome him; but he shall overcome at the last.´ Gen. xlix. 19. — Last heir, the person to whom lands escheat for want of an heir. [Eng.] Abbott. — On one’s last legs, at, or near, the end of one’s resources; hence, on the verge of failure or ruin, especially in a financial sense. [Colloq.] — To breathe one’s last, to die. — To the last, to the end; till the conclusion. “And blunder on in business to the last.” Pope. Syn. — At Last, At Length. These phrases both denote that some delayed end or result has been reached. At length implies that a long period was spent in so doing; as after a voyage of more than three months, we at Length arrived safe. At last commonly implies that something has occurred (as interruptions, disappointments, etc.) which leads us to emphasize the idea of having reached the end; as in spite of every obstacle, we have at last arrived.

Last , adv. [See Last, a.] 1. At a time or on an occasion which is the latest of all those spoken of or which have occurred; the last time; as I saw him last in New York. 2. In conclusion; finally. “Pleased with his idol, he commends, admires,
Adores; and, last, the thing adored desires.” Dryden. 3. At a time next preceding the present time. “How long is’t now since last yourself and I
Were in a mask ?” Shak.

Last, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lasting.] [OE. lasten, As. laestan to perform, execute, follow, last, continue, fr. last, lst, trace, footstep, course; akin to G. leisten to perform, Goth. laistjan to follow. See Last mold of the foot.] 1. To continue in time; to endure; to remain in existence. “[I] proffered me to be slave in all that she me would ordain while my life lasted.” Testament of Love. 2. To endure use, or continue in existence, without impairment or exhaustion; as this cloth lasts better than that; the fuel will last through the winter.

Last, n. [AS. lasttrace, track, footstep; akin to D. leest a last, G. leisten, Sw. läst, Dan. laest, Icel. leistr the foot below the ankle, Goth. laists track, way; from a root signifying, to go. Cf. Last, v. i., Learn, Delirium.] A wooden block shaped like the human foot, on which boots and shoes are formed. “The cobbler is not to go beyond his last.” L’Estrange. Darning last, a smooth, hard body, often egg-shaped, put into a stocking to preserve its shape in darning.

Last, v. t. To shape with a last; to fasten or fit to a last; to place smoothly on a last; as to last a boot.

Last, n. [As. hlaest, fr. hladan to lade; akin to OHG. hlast, G., D., Dan., & Sw. last: cf. F. laste, last, a last, of German or Dutch origin. See Lade.] 1. A load; a heavy burden; hence, a certain weight or measure, generally estimated at 4,000 lbs., but varying for different articles and in different countries. In England, a last of codfish, white herrings, meal, or ashes, is twelve barrels; a last of corn, ten quarters, or eighty bushels, in some parts of England, twenty-one quarters; of gunpowder, twenty-four barrels, each containing 100 lbs; of red herrings, twenty cades, or 20,000; of hides, twelve dozen; of leather, twenty dickers; of pitch and tar, fourteen barrels; of wool, twelve sacks; of flax or feathers, 1,700 lbs. 2. The burden of a ship; a cargo.

Last´age n. [E. lestage ballasting, fr. lest ballast, or LL. lastagium, lestagium. See Last a load.] 1. A duty exacted, in some fairs or markets, for the right to carry things where one will. [Obs.] 2. A tax on wares sold by the last. [Obs.] Cowell. 3. The lading of a ship; also ballast. Spelman. 4. Room for stowing goods, as in a ship.

Last´e , obs. imp. of Last, to endure. Chaucer.

Last´er, n. A workman whose business it is to shape boots or shoes, or place leather smoothly, on lasts; a tool for stretching leather on a last.

Last´er•y , n. A red color.[Obs.] Spenser.

Last´ing, a. Existing or continuing a long while; enduring; as a lasting good or evil; a lasting color. Syn. — Durable; permanent; undecaying; perpetual; unending. — Lasting, Permanent, Durable. Lasting commonly means merely continuing in existence; permanent carries the idea of continuing in the same state, position, or course; durable means lasting in spite of agencies which tend to destroy.

Last´ing, n. 1. Continuance; endurance. Locke. 2. A species of very durable woolen stuff, used for women’s shoes; everlasting. 3. The act or process of shaping on a last.

Last´ing•ly, adv. In a lasting manner.

Last´ly, adv. 1. In the last place; in conclusion. 2. at last; finally.

Lat (lat), v. t. To let; to allow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lat•a•ki´a , n. [Turk.] A superior quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where produced, the ancient Laodicea.

Latch (lach), v. t. [Cf. F. lecher to lick (of German origin). Cf. Lick.] To smear; to anoint. [Obs.] Shak.

Latch, n. [OE. lacche, fr. lacchen to seize, As. laeccan.] 1. That which fastens or holds; a lace; a snare. [Obs.] Rom. of R. 2. A movable piece which holds anything in place by entering a notch or cavity; specifically, the catch which holds a door or gate when closed, though it be not bolted. 3. (Naut.) A latching. 4. A crossbow. [Obs.] Wright.

Latch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latched (lacht); p. pr. & vb. n. Latching.] [OE. lacchen. See Latch. n.] 1. To catch so as to hold. [Obs.] “Those that remained threw darts at our men, and latching our darts, sent them again at us.” Golding. 2. To catch or fasten by means of a latch. “The door was only latched.” Locke.

Latch´et , n. [OE. lachet, from an OF. dialect form of F. lacet plaited string, lace dim. of lacs. See Lace.] The string that fastens a shoe; a shoestring.

Latch´ing, n. (Naut.) A loop or eye formed on the head rope of a bonnet, by which it is attached to the foot of a sail; — called also latch and lasket. [Usually in pl.]

Latch´key , n. A key used to raise, or throw back, the latch of a door, esp. a night latch.

Latch´string , n. A string for raising the latch of a door by a person outside. It is fastened to the latch and passed through a hole above it in the door. To find the latchstring out, to meet with hospitality; to be welcome. (Intrusion is prevented by drawing in the latchstring.) [Colloq. U.S.]

Late (lat), a. [Compar. Later (lat´er), or latter (lat´ter); superl. Latest (lat´est) or Last (last).] [OE. lat slow, slack, AS. laet; akin to OS. lat, D. laat late, G. lass weary, lazy, slack, Icel. latr, Sw. lat, Dan. lad, Goth. lats, and to E. let, v. See Let to permit, and cf. Alas, Lassitude.] 1. Coming after the time when due, or after the usual or proper time; not early; slow; tardy; long delayed; as a late spring. 2. Far advanced toward the end or close; as a late hour of the day; a late period of life. 3. Existing or holding some position not long ago, but not now; lately deceased, departed, or gone out of office; as the late bishop of London; the late administration. 4. Not long past; happening not long ago; recent; as the late rains; we have received late intelligence. 5. Continuing or doing until an advanced hour of the night; as late revels; a late watcher.

Late, adv. [AS. late. See Late, a.] 1. After the usual or proper time, or the time appointed; after delay; as he arrived late; — opposed to early. 2. Not long ago; lately. 3. Far in the night, day, week, or other particular period; as to lie abed late; to sit up late at night. Of late, in time not long past, or near the present; lately; as the practice is of late uncommon. — Too late, after the proper or available time; when the time or opportunity is past.

Lat´ed , a. Belated; too late. [Obs.] Shak.

La•teen´ , a. (Naut.) Of or pertaining to a peculiar rig used in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters, esp. on the northern coast of Africa. See below. Lateen sail. [F. voile latine a sail in the shape of a right-angled triangle; cf. It. & Sp. vela latina; properly Latin sail. See Latin.] (Naut.) A triangular sail, extended by a long yard, which is slung at about one fourth of its length from the lower end, to a low mast, this end being brought down at the tack, while the other end is elevated at an angle or about forty-five degrees; — used in small boats, feluccas xebecs, etc., especially in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters. Some lateen sails have also a boom on the lower side.

Late´ly , adv. Not long ago; recently; as he has lately arrived from Italy.

La´tence , n. Latency. Coleridge.

La´ten•cy , n. [See Latent.] The state or quality of being latent. “To simplify the discussion, I shall distinguish three degrees of this latency.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Late´ness , n. The state, condition, or quality, of being late; as the lateness of his arrival; the lateness of the hour; the lateness of the season.

La´tent (la´tent), a. [L. latens, -entis, p. pr. of latere to lie hid or concealed; cf. Gr. lanqa•nein, E. lethargy: cf. F. latent.] Not visible or apparent; hidden; concealed; secret; dormant; as latent springs of action. “The evils latent in the most promising contrivances are provided for as they arise.” Burke. Latent buds (Bot.), buds which remain undeveloped or dormant for a long time, but may at length grow. Latent heat (Physics), that quantity of heat which disappears or becomes concealed in a body while producing some change in it other than rise of temperature, as fusion, evaporation, or expansion, the quantity being constant for each particular body and for each species of change. — Latent period. (a) (Med.) The regular time in which a disease is supposed to be existing without manifesting itself. (b) (Physiol.) One of the phases in a simple muscular contraction, in which invisible preparatory changes are taking place in the nerve and muscle. (c) (Biol.) One of those periods or resting stages in the development of the ovum, in which development is arrested prior to renewed activity.

La´tent•ly, adv. In a secret or concealed manner; invisibly.

La´ter , n.; pl. Lateres (#). [L.] A brick or tile. Knight.

Lat´er , a. Compar. of Late, a. & adv.

Lat´er•ad , adv. [L. latus, lateris, side + ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the side; away from the mesial plane; — opposed to mesiad.

Lat´er•al , a. [L. lateralis, fr. latus, lateris, side: cf. F. lateral.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sides; as the lateral walls of a house; the lateral branches of a tree. 2. (Anat.) Lying at, or extending toward, the side; away from the mesial plane; external; — opposed to mesial. 3. Directed to the side; as a lateral view of a thing. Lateral cleavage (Crystallog.), cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. — Lateral equation (Math.), an equation of the first degree. [Obs.] — Lateral line (Anat.), in fishes, a line of sensory organs along either side of the body, often marked by a distinct line of color. — Lateral pressure or stress (Mech.), a pressure or stress at right angles to the length, as of a beam or bridge; — distinguished from longitudinal pressure or stress. — Lateral strength (Mech.), strength which resists a tendency to fracture arising from lateral pressure. — Lateral system (Bridge Building), the system of horizontal braces (as between two vertical trusses) by which lateral stiffness is secured.

Lat•er•al´i•ty , n. The state or condition of being lateral.

Lat´er•al•ly , adv. By the side; sidewise; toward, or from, the side.

Lat´er•an , n. The church and palace of St. John Lateran, the church being the cathedral church of Rome, and the highest in rank of all churches in the Catholic world. The name is said to have been derived from that of the Laterani family, who possessed a palace on or near the spot where the church now stands. In this church several ecclesiastical councils, hence called Lateran councils, have been held.

Lat´ered , a. Inclined to delay; dilatory. [Obs.] ´When a man is too latered.´ Chaucer.

Lat•er•i•fo´li•ous , a. [L. latus, lateris, side + folium leaf: cf. F. laterifolie.] (Bot.) Growing from the stem by the side of a leaf; as a laterifolious flower.

Lat´er•ite , n. [L. later brick, tile: cf. F. laterite.] (Geol.) An argillaceous sandstone, of a red color, and much seamed; — found in India.

Lat•er•it´ic , a. Consisting of, containing, or characterized by, laterite; as lateritic formations.

Lat´er•i´tious , a. [L. lateritius, fr. later a brick.] Like bricks; of the color of red bricks. Lateritious sediment (Med.), a sediment in urine resembling brick dust, observed after the crises of fevers, and at the termination of gouty paroxysms. It usually consists of uric acid or urates with some coloring matter.

La´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a fish of the Nile.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large percoid fishes, of which one species (Lates Niloticus) inhabits the Nile, and another (L. calcarifer) is found in the Ganges and other Indian rivers. They are valued as food fishes.

La•tes´cence , n. A slight withdrawal from view or knowledge. Sir W. Hamilton.

La•tes´cent , a. [L. latescens, -entis, p. pr. of latescere to be concealed, fr. latere to be hid.] Slightly withdrawn from view or knowledge; as a latescent meaning. Sir W. Hamilton.

Late´wake , n. See Lich wake, under Lich.

Late´ward , a. & adv. Somewhat late; backward. [Obs.] ´Lateward lands.´ Holland.

La´tex , n. [L.] (Bot.) A milky or colored juice in certain plants in cavities (called latex cells or latex tubes). It contains the peculiar principles of the plants, whether aromatic, bitter, or acid, and in many instances yields caoutchouc upon coagulation.

Lath , n.; pl. Laths (#). [OE. laththe, latthe, latte, AS. laetta; akin to D. lat, G. latte, OHG. latta; cf. W. llath a rod, staff, yard. Cf. Lattice, Latten.] A thin, narrow strip of wood, nailed to the rafters, studs, or floor beams of a building, for the purpose of supporting the tiles, plastering, etc. A corrugated metallic strip or plate is sometimes used. Lath brick, a long, slender brick, used in making the floor on which malt is placed in the drying kiln. Lath nail a slender nail for fastening laths.

Lath , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathed p. pr. & vb. n. Lathing.] To cover or line with laths.

Lathe , n. [AS. laeð. Of. uncertain origin.] Formerly, a part or division of a county among the Anglo-Saxons. At present it consists of four or five hundreds, and is confined to the county of Kent. [Written also lath.] Brande & C.

Lathe , n. [OE. lathe a granary; akin to G. lade a chest, Icel. hlaða a storehouse, barn; but cf. also Icel. löð a smith’s lathe. Senses 2 and 3 are perh. of the same origin as lathe a granary, the original meaning being, a frame to hold something. If so, the word is from an older form of E. lade to load. See Lade to load.] 1. A granary; a barn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Mach.) A machine for turning, that is, for shaping articles of wood, metal, or other material, by causing them to revolve while acted upon by a cutting tool. 3. The movable swing frame of a loom, carrying the reed for separating the warp threads and beating up the weft; — called also lay and batten. Blanchard lathe, a lathe for turning irregular forms after a given pattern, as lasts, gunstocks, and the like. — Drill lathe, or Speed lathe, a small lathe which, from its high speed, is adapted for drilling; a hand lathe. — Engine lathe, a turning lathe in which the cutting tool has an automatic feed; — used chiefly for turning and boring metals, cutting screws, etc. — Foot lathe, a lathe which is driven by a treadle worked by the foot. — Geometric lathe. See under Geometric — Hand lathe, a lathe operated by hand; a power turning lathe without an automatic feed for the tool. — Slide lathe, an engine lathe. — Throw lathe, a small lathe worked by one hand, while the cutting tool is held in the other.

Lath´er (lath´er), n. [AS. leáðor niter, in leáðorwyrt soapwort; cf. Icel. lauðr; perh. akin to E. lye.] 1. Foam or froth made by soap moistened with water. 2. Foam from profuse sweating, as of a horse.

Lath´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathered p. pr. & vb. n. Lathering.] [AS. leðrian to lather, anoint. See Lather, n. ] To spread over with lather; as to lather the face.

Lath´er, v. i. To form lather, or a froth like lather; to accumulate foam from profuse sweating, as a horse.

Lath´er, v. t. [Cf. Leather.] To beat severely with a thong, strap, or the like; to flog. [Low] { Lathe´reeve• , Lath´reeve• } n. Formerly, the head officer of a lathe. See 1st Lathe.

Lath´ing , n. The act or process of covering with laths; laths, collectively; a covering of laths.

Lath´-shaped , a. Having a slender elongated form, like a lath; — said of the feldspar of certain igneous rocks, as diabase, as seen in microscopic sections.

Lath´work , n. Same as Lathing.

Lath´y , a. Like a lath; long and slender. “A lathy horse, all legs and length.” R. Browning.

La´tian , a. Belonging, or relating, to Latium, a country of ancient Italy. See Latin.

La•tib´u•lize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Latibulized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Latibulizing ] [L. latibulum hiding place, fr. latere to lie hid.] To retire into a den, or hole, and lie dormant in winter; to retreat and lie hid. [R.] G. Shaw.

La•tib´u•lum , n.; pl. Latibula (#). [L.] A concealed hiding place; a burrow; a lair; a hole.

Lat•i•cif´er•ous , a. [L. latex, laticis, a liquid + -ferous.] (Bot.) Containing the latex; — applied to the tissue or tubular vessels in which the latex of the plant is found.

Lat´i•clave , n. [L. laticlavus, laticlavium; latus broad + clavus nail, a purple stripe on the tunica: cf. F. laticlave.] (Rom. Antiq.) A broad stripe of purple on the fore part of the tunic, worn by senators in ancient Rome as an emblem of office.

Lat•i•cos´tate , a. [L. latus broad + E. costate.] Broad-ribbed.

Lat•i•den´tate , a. [L. latus broad + E. dentate.] Broad-toothed. { Lat•i•fo´li•ate , Lat•i•fo´li•ous } a. [L. latifolius; latus broad + folium leaf: cf. F. latifolie.] (Bot.) Having broad leaves.

Lat´i•mer , n. [OF. latinier, latimier, prop., one knowing Latin.] An interpreter. [Obs.] Coke

Lat´in , a. [F., fr. L. Latinus belonging to Latium, Latin, fr. Latium a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated. Cf. Ladin, Lateen sail, under Lateen.] 1. Of or pertaining to Latium, or to the Latins, a people of Latium; Roman; as the Latin language. 2. Of, pertaining to, or composed in, the language used by the Romans or Latins; as a Latin grammar; a Latin composition or idiom. Latin Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Western or Roman Catholic Church, as distinct from the Greek or Eastern Church. — Latin cross. See Illust. 1 of Cross. — Latin races, a designation sometimes loosely given to certain nations, esp. the French, Spanish, and Italians, who speak languages principally derived from Latin. Latin Union, an association of states, originally comprising France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy, which, in 1865, entered into a monetary agreement, providing for an identity in the weight and fineness of the gold and silver coins of those countries, and for the amounts of each kind of coinage by each. Greece, Servia, Roumania, and Spain subsequently joined the Union.

Lat´in, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Latium; a Roman. 2. The language of the ancient Romans. 3. An exercise in schools, consisting in turning English into Latin. [Obs.] Ascham. 4. (Eccl.) A member of the Roman Catholic Church. Dog Latin, barbarous Latin; a jargon in imitation of Latin; as the log Latin of schoolboys. — Late Latin, Low Latin, terms used indifferently to designate the latest stages of the Latin language; low Latin (and, perhaps, late Latin also), including the barbarous coinages from the French, German, and other languages into a Latin form made after the Latin had become a dead language for the people. — Law Latin, that kind of late, or low, Latin, used in statutes and legal instruments; — often barbarous.

Lat´in, v. t. To write or speak in Latin; to turn or render into Latin. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lat´in•ism , n. [Cf. F. latinisme.] A Latin idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to Latin; also a mode of speech in another language, as English, formed on a Latin model. The term is also sometimes used by Biblical scholars to designate a Latin word in Greek letters, or the Latin sense of a Greek word in the Greek Testament.

Lat´in•ist, n. [Cf. F. latiniste.] One skilled in Latin; a Latin scholar. Cowper. “He left school a good Latinist.” Macaulay.

Lat•in•is´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, Latin; in the Latin style or idiom. ´Latinistic words.´ Fitzed. Hall.

La•tin´i•tas•ter , n. [Cf. Poetaster.] One who has but a smattering of Latin. Walker.

La•tin´i•ty , n. [L. latinitas: cf. F. latinite.] The Latin tongue, style, or idiom, or the use thereof; specifically, purity of Latin style or idiom. ´His eleant Latinity.´ Motley.

Lat•in•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of Latinizing, as a word, language, or country. “The Germanization of Britain went far deeper than the Latinization of France.” M. Arnold.

Lat´in•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latinized p. pr. & vb. n. Latinizing ] [L. latinizare: cf. F. latiniser.] 1. To give Latin terminations or forms to, as to foreign words, in writing Latin. 2. To bring under the power or influence of the Romans or Latins; to affect with the usages of the Latins, especially in speech. ´Latinized races.´ Lowell. 3. To make like the Roman Catholic Church or diffuse its ideas in; as to Latinize the Church of England.

Lat´in•ize, v. i. To use words or phrases borrowed from the Latin. Dryden. 2. To come under the influence of the Romans, or of the Roman Catholic Church.

Lat´in•ly, adv. In the manner of the Latin language; in correct Latin. [Obs.] Heylin.

La´tion , n. [L. latio, fr. latus borne. See Tolerate.] Transportation; conveyance. [Obs.] { Lat•i•ros´tral , Lat•i•ros´trous } a. [Cf. F. latirostre. See Latirostres.] (Zoöl.) Having a broad beak. Sir T. Browne.

Lat•i•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. latus broad + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) The broad-billed singing birds, such as the swallows, and their allies.

Lat´ish , a. Somewhat late. [Colloq.]

Lat•i•ster´nal , a. [L. latus broad + E. sternal.] (Zoöl.) Having a broad breastbone, or sternum; — said of anthropoid apes.

Lat´i•tan•cy , n. [See Latitant.] Act or state of lying hid, or lurking. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Lat´i•tant , a. [L. latitans, pr. of latitare to lie hid, to lurk, v. intens. fr. latere to be hid: cf. F. latitant.] Lying hid; concealed; latent. [R.]

Lat´i•tat , n. [L., he lies hid.] (O. Eng. Law) A writ based upon the presumption that the person summoned was hiding. Blackstone.

Lat•i•ta´tion , n. [L. latitatio.] A lying in concealment; hiding. [Obs.]

Lat´i•tude , n. [F. latitude, L. latitudo, fr. latus broad, wide, for older stlatus; perh. akin to E. strew.] 1. Extent from side to side, or distance sidewise from a given point or line; breadth; width. “Provided the length do not exceed the latitude above one third part.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. Room; space; freedom from confinement or restraint; hence, looseness; laxity; independence. “In human actions there are no degrees and precise natural limits described, but a latitude is indulged.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Extent or breadth of signification, application, etc.; extent of deviation from a standard, as truth, style, etc. “No discreet man will believe Augustine’s miracles, in the latitude of monkish relations.” Fuller. 4. Extent; size; amplitude; scope. “I pretend not to treat of them in their full latitude.” Locke. 5. (Geog.) Distance north or south of the equator, measured on a meridian. 6. (Astron.) The angular distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic. Ascending latitude, Circle of latitude, Geographical latitude, etc. See under Ascending. Circle, etc. — High latitude, that part of the earth’s surface near either pole, esp. that part within either the arctic or the antarctic circle. — Low latitude, that part of the earth’s surface which is near the equator.

Lat•i•tu´di•nal , a. Of or pertaining to latitude; in the direction of latitude.

Lat•i•tu•di•na´ri•an , a. [Cf. F. latitudinaire.] 1. Not restrained; not confined by precise limits. 2. Indifferent to a strict application of any standard of belief or opinion; hence, deviating more or less widely from such standard; lax in doctrine; as latitudinarian divines; latitudinarian theology. “Latitudinarian sentiments upon religious subjects.” Allibone. 3. Lax in moral or religious principles.

Lat•i•tu•di•na´ri•an, n. 1. One who is moderate in his notions, or not restrained by precise settled limits in opinion; one who indulges freedom in thinking. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) A member of the Church of England, in the time of Charles II., who adopted more liberal notions in respect to the authority, government, and doctrines of the church than generally prevailed. “They were called ´men of latitude;´ and upon this, men of narrow thoughts fastened upon them the name of latitudinarians.” Bp. Burnet. 3. (Theol.) One who departs in opinion from the strict principles of orthodoxy.

Lat•i•tu•di•na´ri•an•ism , n. A latitudinarian system or condition; freedom of opinion in matters pertaining to religious belief. “Fierce sectarianism bred fierce latitudinarianism.” De Quincey. “He [Ammonius Saccas] plunged into the wildest latitudinarianism of opinion.” J. S. Harford.

Lat•i•tu´di•nous , a. Having latitude, or wide extent. { Lat´on , Lat´oun } n. Latten, 1. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La´trant , a. [L. latrans, p. pr. of latrare. See Latrate.] Barking. [Obs.] Tickell.

La´trate , v. i. [L. latratus, p. p. of latrare to bark.] To bark as a dog. [Obs.]

La•tra´tion , n. A barking. [Obs.]

La•treu´tic•al (la•tru´ti•kal), a. [Gr. latreytiko•s, fr. latrey•ein to serve, to worship.] 1. Acting as a hired servant; serving; ministering; assisting. [Obs.] 2. Of or pertaining to latria. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

La•tri´a (la•tri´a; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. latrei•a, fr. latrey•ein to serve, fr. la•tris servant.] The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God; — distinguished by the Roman Catholics from dulia, or the inferior worship paid to saints.

La•trine´ (la•tren´), n. [L. latrina: cf. F. latrines.] A privy, or water- closet, esp. in a camp, hospital, etc.

Lat´ro•cin•y , n. [L. latrocinium. Cf. Larceny.] Theft; larceny. [Obs.]

Lat´ten , n. [OE. latoun, laton, OF. laton, F. laiton, prob. fr. OF. late lath, F. latte; — because made in thin plates; cf. It. latta a sheet of tinned iron, tin plate. F. latte is of German origin. See Lath a thin board.] 1. A kind of brass hammered into thin sheets, formerly much used for making church utensils, as candlesticks, crosses, etc.; — called also latten brass. “He had a cross of latoun full of stones.” Chaucer. 2. Sheet tin; iron plate, covered with tin; also any metal in thin sheets; as gold latten. Black latten, brass in milled sheets, composed of copper and zinc, used by braziers, and for drawing into wire. — Roll latten, latten polished on both sides ready for use. — Shaven latten, a thinner kind than black latten. — White latten, a mixture of brass and tin.

Lat´ter , a. [OE. later, laetter, compar. of lat late. See Late, and cf. Later.] 1. Later; more recent; coming or happening after something else; — opposed to former; as the former and latter rain. 2. Of two things, the one mentioned second. “The difference between reason and revelation, and in what sense the latter is superior.” I. Watts. 3. Recent; modern. “Hath not navigation discovered in these latter ages, whole nations at the bay of Soldania?” Locke. 4. Last; latest; final. [R.] ´My latter gasp.´ Shak. Latter harvest, the last part of the harvest. — Latter spring, the last part of the spring of the year. Shak.

Lat´ter-day• saint´ A Mormon; — the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints being the name assumed by the whole body of Mormons.

Lat´ter•kin , n. A pointed wooden tool used in glazing leaden lattice.

Lat´ter•ly, adv. Lately; of late; recently; at a later, as distinguished from a former, period. “Latterly Milton was short and thick.” Richardson.

Lat´ter•math , n. [Cf. Aftermath.] The latter, or second, mowing; the aftermath.

Lat´tice , n. [OE. latis, F. lattis lathwork, fr. latte lath. See Latten, 1st Lath.] 1. Any work of wood or metal, made by crossing laths, or thin strips, and forming a network; as the lattice of a window; — called also latticework. “The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice.” Judg. v. 28. 2. (Her.) The representation of a piece of latticework used as a bearing, the bands being vertical and horizontal. Lattice bridge, a bridge supported by lattice girders, or latticework trusses. — Lattice girder (Arch.), a girder of which the wed consists of diagonal pieces crossing each other in the manner of latticework. — Lattice plant (Bot.), an aquatic plant of Madagascar (Ouvirandra fenestralis), whose leaves have interstices between their ribs and cross veins, so as to resemble latticework. A second species is O. Berneriana. The genus is merged in Aponogeton by recent authors.

Lat´tice, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Latticed p. pr. & vb. n. Latticing ] 1. To make a lattice of; as to lattice timbers. 2. To close, as an opening, with latticework; to furnish with a lattice; as to lattice a window. To lattice up, to cover or inclose with a lattice. “Therein it seemeth he [Alexander] hath latticed up Caesar.” Sir T. North.

Lat´tice•work , n. Same as Lattice, n., 1.

Lat´ti•cing , n. 1. The act or process of making a lattice of, or of fitting a lattice to. 2. (Bridge Building) A system of bars crossing in the middle to form braces between principal longitudinal members, as of a strut.

La´tus rec´tum [L., the right side.] (Conic Sections) The line drawn through a focus of a conic section parallel to the directrix and terminated both ways by the curve. It is the parameter of the principal axis. See Focus, and Parameter.

Laud , n. [L. laus, laudis. See Laud, v. i.] 1. High commendation; praise; honor; exaltation; glory. ´Laud be to God.´ Shak. “So do well and thou shalt have laud of the same.” Tyndals. 2. A part of divine worship, consisting chiefly of praise; — usually in the pl. In the Roman Catholic Church, the prayers used at daybreak, between those of matins and prime, are called lauds. 3. Music or singing in honor of any one.

Laud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Lauding.] [L. laudare, fr. laus, laudis, praise. Cf. Allow.] To praise in words alone, or with words and singing; to celebrate; to extol. “With all the company of heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name.” Book of Common Prayer.

Laud•a•bil´i•ty , n. [L. laudabilitas.] Laudableness; praiseworthiness.

Laud´a•ble , a. [L. laudabilis: cf. OE. laudable. See Laud, v. i.] 1. Worthy of being lauded; praiseworthy; commendable; as laudable motives; laudable actions; laudable ambition. 2. (Med.) Healthy; salubrious; normal; having a disposition to promote healing; not noxious; as laudable juices of the body; laudable pus. Arbuthnot.

Laud´a•ble•ness (lad´a•b’l•nes), n. The quality of being laudable; praiseworthiness; commendableness.

Laud´a•bly , adv. In a laudable manner.

Lau´da•nine , n. [From Laudanum.] (Chem.) A white organic base, resembling morphine, and obtained from certain varieties of opium.

Lau´da•num , n. [Orig. the same wort as ladanum, ladbdanum: cf. F. laudanum, It. laudano, ladano. See Ladanum.] Tincture of opium, used for various medical purposes. A fluid ounce of American laudanum should contain the soluble matter of one tenth of an ounce avoirdupois of powdered opium with equal parts of alcohol and water. English laudanum should have ten grains less of opium in the fluid ounce. U. S. Disp. Dutchman’s laudanum (Bot.) See under Dutchman.

Lau•da´tion , n. [L. laudatio: cf. OE. taudation. See Land, v. t.] The act of lauding; praise; high commendation.

Laud´a•tive , a. [L. laudativus laudatory: cf. F. laudatif.] Laudatory.

Laud´a•tive, n. A panegyric; a eulogy. [Obs.] Bacon.

Lau•da´tor , n. [L.] 1. One who lauds. 2. (Law) An arbitrator. [Obs.] Cowell.

Laud´a•to•ry , a. [L. laudatorius: cf. OF. laudatoire.] Of or pertaining praise, or to the expression of praise; as laudatory verses; the laudatory powers of Dryden. Sir J. Stephen.

Laud´er , n. One who lauds.

Laugh (l&au;f), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laughed (l&au;ft); p. pr. & vb. n. Laughing.] [OE. laughen, laghen, lauhen, AS. hlehhan, hlihhan, hlyhhan, hliehhan; akin to OS. hlahan, D. & G. lachen, OHG. hlahhan, lahhan, lahhen, Icel. hlaeja, Dan. lee, Sw. le, Goth. hlahjan; perh. of imitative origin.] 1. To show mirth, satisfaction, or derision, by peculiar movement of the muscles of the face, particularly of the mouth, causing a lighting up of the face and eyes, and usually accompanied by the emission of explosive or chuckling sounds from the chest and throat; to indulge in laughter. “Queen Hecuba laughed that her eyes ran o’er.” Shak. “He laugheth that winneth.” Heywood’s Prov. 2. Fig.: To be or appear gay, cheerful, pleasant, mirthful, lively, or brilliant; to sparkle; to sport. “Then laughs the childish year, with flowerets crowned.” Dryden. “In Folly’s cup still laughs the bubble Joy.” Pope. To laugh at, to make an object of laughter or ridicule; to make fun of; to deride. “No wit to flatter left of all his store,
No fool to laugh at, which he valued more.” Pope. — To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh secretly, or so as not to be observed, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at. — To laugh out, to laugh in spite of some restraining influence; to laugh aloud. — To laugh out of the other corner (or side of the mouth, to weep or cry; to feel regret, vexation, or disappointment after hilarity or exaltation. [Slang]

Laugh, v. t. 1. To affect or influence by means of laughter or ridicule. “Will you laugh me asleep, for I am very heavy?” Shak. “I shall laugh myself to death.” Shak. 2. To express by, or utter with, laughter; — with out. “From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause.” Shak. To laugh away. (a) To drive away by laughter; as to laugh away regret. (b) To waste in hilarity. ´Pompey doth this day laugh away his fortune.´ Shak. — To laugh down. (a) To cause to cease or desist by laughter; as to laugh down a speaker. (b) To cause to be given up on account of ridicule; as to laugh down a reform. — To laugh one out of, to cause one by laughter or ridicule to abandon or give up; as to laugh one out of a plan or purpose. — To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery, contempt, and scorn; to despise.

Laugh , n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the human species; the sound heard in laughing; laughter. See Laugh, v. i. “And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind.” Goldsmith. “That man is a bad man who has not within him the power of a hearty laugh.” F. W. Robertson.

Laugh´a•ble , a. Fitted to excite laughter; as a laughable story; a laughable scene. Syn. — Droll; ludicrous; mirthful; comical. See Droll, and Ludicrous. — Laugh´a•ble•ness, n. — Laugh´a•bly, adv.

Laugh´er , n. 1. One who laughs. 2. A variety of the domestic pigeon.

Laugh´ing , a. & n. from Laugh, v. i. Laughing falcon (Zoöl.), a South American hawk (Herpetotheres cachinnans); — so called from its notes, which resemble a shrill laugh. — Laughing gas (Chem.), hyponitrous oxide, or protoxide of nitrogen; — so called from the exhilaration and laughing which it sometimes produces when inhaled. It is much used as an anaesthetic agent. — Laughing goose (Zoöl.), the European white-fronted goose. — Laughing gull. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European gull (Xema ridibundus); — called also pewit, black cap, red-legged gull, and sea crow. (b) An American gull (Larus atricilla). In summer the head is nearly black, the back slate color, and the five outer primaries black. — Laughing hyena (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena. See Hyena. — Laughing jackass (Zoöl.), the great brown kingfisher (Dacelo gigas), of Australia; — called also giant kingfisher, and gogobera. — Laughing owl (Zoöl.), a peculiar owl (Sceloglaux albifacies) of New Zealand, said to be on the verge of extinction. The name alludes to its notes.

Laugh´ing•ly , adv. With laughter or merriment.

Laugh´ing•stock , n. An object of ridicule; a butt of sport. Shak. “When he talked, he talked nonsense, and made himself the laughingstock of his hearers.” Macaulay.

Laugh´some , a. Exciting laughter; also addicted to laughter; merry. [R.]

Laugh´ter , n. [AS. hleahtor; akin to OHG. hlahtar, G. gelächter, Icel. hlatr, Dan. latter. See Laugh, v. i. ] A movement (usually involuntary) of the muscles of the face, particularly of the lips, with a peculiar expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, or derision, and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. See Laugh, v. i. “The act of laughter, which is a sweet contraction of the muscles of the face, and a pleasant agitation of the vocal organs, is not merely, or totally within the jurisdiction of ourselves.” Sir T. Browne. “Archly the maiden smiled, and with eyes overrunning with laughter.” Longfellow.

Laugh´ter•less, a. Not laughing; without laughter.

Laugh´wor•thy , a. Deserving to be laughed at. [R.] B. Jonson.

Lau´mont•ite , n. [From Dr. Laumont, the discoverer.] (Min.) A mineral, of a white color and vitreous luster. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Exposed to the air, it loses water, becomes opaque, and crumbles. [Written also laumonite.]

Launce , n. A lance. [Obs.]

Launce, n. [It. lance, L. lanx, lancis, plate, scale of a balance. Cf. Balance.] A balance. [Obs.] “Fortune all in equal launce doth sway.” Spenser.

Launce, n. (Zoöl.) See Lant, the fish.

Launce´gaye , n. See Lancegaye. [Obs.]

Launch (länch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Launched (läncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Launching.] [OE. launchen to throw as a lance, OF. lanchier, another form of lancier, F. lancer, fr. lance lance. See Lance.] [Written also lanch.] 1. To throw, as a lance or dart; to hurl; to let fly. 2. To strike with, or as with, a lance; to pierce. [Obs.] “Launch your hearts with lamentable wounds.” Spenser. 3. To cause to move or slide from the land into the water; to set afloat; as to launch a ship. “With stays and cordage last he rigged the ship,
And rolled on levers, launched her in the deep.” Pope. 4. To send out; to start (one) on a career; to set going; to give a start to (something); to put in operation; as to launch a son in the world; to launch a business project or enterprise. “All art is used to sink episcopacy, and launch presbytery in England.” Eikon Basilike.

Launch, v. i. To move with force and swiftness like a sliding from the stocks into the water; to plunge; to make a beginning; as to launch into the current of a stream; to launch into an argument or discussion; to launch into lavish expenditures; — often with out. “Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught.” Luke v. 4. “He [Spenser] launches out into very flowery paths.” Prior.

Launch, n. 1. The act of launching. 2. The movement of a vessel from land into the water; especially, the sliding on ways from the stocks on which it is built. 3. [Cf. Sp. lancha.] (Naut.) The boat of the largest size belonging to a ship of war; also an open boat of any size driven by steam, naphtha, electricity, or the like. Launching ways. (Naut.) See Way, n. (Naut.).

Laund (land), n. [See Lawn of grass.] A plain sprinkled with trees or underbrush; a glade. [Obs.] “In a laund upon an hill of flowers.” Chaucer. “Through this laund anon the deer will come.” Shak.

Laun´der (län´der), n. [Contracted fr. OE. lavender, F. lavandière, LL. lavandena, from L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] 1. A washerwoman. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) A trough used by miners to receive the powdered ore from the box where it is beaten, or for carrying water to the stamps, or other apparatus, for comminuting, or sorting, the ore.

Laun´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laundered (-derd); p. pr. & vb. n. Laundering.] 1. To wash, as clothes; to wash, and to smooth with a flatiron or mangle; to wash and iron; as to launder shirts. 2. To lave; to wet. [Obs.] Shak.

Laun´der•er , n. One who follows the business of laundering.

Laun´der•ing, n. The act, or occupation, of one who launders; washing and ironing.

Laun´dress , n. A woman whose employment is laundering.

Laun´dress, v. i. To act as a laundress.[Obs.]

Laun´dry , n.; pl. Laundries (#). [OE. lavendrie, OF. lavanderie. See Launder.] 1. A laundering; a washing. 2. A place or room where laundering is done.

Laun´dry•man , n.; pl. Laundrymen . A man who follows the business of laundering.

Lau´ra , n. [LL., fr. Gr. lane, defile, also a kind of monastery.] (R. C. Ch.) A number of hermitages or cells in the same neighborhood occupied by anchorites who were under the same superior. C. Kingsley.

Lau•ra´ceous , a. [From Laurus.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a natural order (Lauraceae) of trees and shrubs having aromatic bark and foliage, and including the laurel, sassafras cinnamon tree, true camphor tree, etc.

Lau´rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of lauric acid.

Lau´re•ate , a. [L. laureatus, fr. laurea laurel tree, fr. laureus of laurel, fr. laurus laurel: cf. F. laureat. Cf. Laurel.] Crowned, or decked, with laurel. Chaucer. “To strew the laureate hearse where Lycid lies.” Milton. “Soft on her lap her laureate son reclines.” Pope. Poet laureate. (b) One who received an honorable degree in grammar, including poetry and rhetoric, at the English universities; — so called as being presented with a wreath of laurel. [Obs.] (b) Formerly, an officer of the king’s household, whose business was to compose an ode annually for the king’s birthday, and other suitable occasions; now, a poet officially distinguished by such honorary title, the office being a sinecure. It is said this title was first given in the time of Edward IV. [Eng.]

Lau´re•ate, n. One crowned with laurel; a poet laureate. ´A learned laureate.´ Cleveland.

Lau´re•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laureated p. pr. & vb. n. Laureating ] To honor with a wreath of laurel, as formerly was done in bestowing a degree at the English universities.

Lau´re•ate•ship, n. State, or office, of a laureate.

Lau•re•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. laureation.] The act of crowning with laurel; the act of conferring an academic degree, or honorary title.

Lau´rel , n. [OE. lorel, laurer, lorer, OF. lorier, laurier, F. laurier, (assumed) LL. Laurarius, fr. L. laurus.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub, of the genus Laurus (L. nobilis), having aromatic leaves of a lanceolate shape, with clusters of small, yellowish white flowers in their axils; — called also sweet bay. The fruit is a purple berry. It is found about the Mediterranean, and was early used by the ancient Greeks to crown the victor in the games of Apollo. At a later period, academic honors were indicated by a crown of laurel, with the fruit. The leaves and tree yield an aromatic oil, used to flavor the bay water of commerce. The name is extended to other plants which in some respect resemble the true laurel. See Phrases, below. 2. A crown of laurel; hence, honor; distinction; fame; — especially in the plural; as to win laurels. 3. An English gold coin made in 1619, and so called because the king’s head on it was crowned with laurel. Laurel water, water distilled from the fresh leaves of the cherry laurel, and containing prussic acid and other products carried over in the process. American laurel, or Mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia. See under Mountain. — California laurel, Umbellularia Californica. — Cherry laurel (in England called laurel). See under Cherry. — Great laurel, the rosebay (Rhododendron maximum). — Ground laurel, trailing arbutus. — New Zealand laurel, Laurelia Novae Zelandiae. — Portugal laurel, the Prunus Lusitanica. — Rose laurel, the oleander. See Oleander. — Sheep laurel, a poisonous shrub, Kalmia angustifolia, smaller than the mountain laurel, and with smaller and redder flowers. — Spurge laurel, Daphne Laureola. — West Indian laurel, Prunus occidentalis.

Lau´reled , a. Crowned with laurel, or with a laurel wreath; laureate. [Written also laurelled.]

Lau•ren´tian , a. Pertaining to, or near, the St. Lawrence River; as the Laurentian hills. Laurentian period (Geol.), the lower of the two divisions of the Archaean age; — called also the Laurentian.

Lau´rer , n. Laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lau´res•tine , n. [NL. lautus tinus, fr. L. laurus the laurel + tinus laurestine. See Laurel.] (Bot.) The Viburnum Tinus, an evergreen shrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers during the winter months. [Written also laurustine and laurestina.]

Lau´ric , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the European bay or laurel (Laurus nobilis). Lauric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline substance, C_12H_24O_2, resembling palmitic acid, and obtained from the fruit of the bay tree, and other sources.

Lau•rif´er•ous , a. [L. laurifer; laurus + ferre to bear.] Producing, or bringing, laurel.

Lau´rin , n. [Cf. F. laurine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance extracted from the fruit of the bay (Laurus nobilis), and consisting of a complex mixture of glycerin ethers of several organic acids.

Lau´ri•nol , n. [Laurin + -ol.] (Chem.) Ordinary camphor; — so called in allusion to the family name (Lauraceae) of the camphor trees. See Camphor.

Lau´ri•ol , n. Spurge laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lau´rite , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Min.) A rare sulphide of osmium and ruthenium found with platinum in Borneo and Oregon.

Lau´rone , n. [Lauric + - one.] (Chem.) The ketone of lauric acid.

Lau´rus , n. [L., laurel.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including, according to modern authors, only the true laurel (Laurus nobilis), and the larger L. Canariensis of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Formerly the sassafras the camphor tree, the cinnamon tree, and several other aromatic trees and shrubs, were also referred to the genus Laurus.

Laus , a. Loose. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La´va (lä´va; 277), n. [It. lava lava, orig. in Naples, a torrent of rain overflowing the streets, fr. It. & L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] The melted rock ejected by a volcano from its top or fissured sides. It flows out in streams sometimes miles in length. It also issues from fissures in the earth’s surface, and forms beds covering many square miles, as in the Northwestern United States. Lavas are classed, according to their structure, as scoriaceous or cellular, glassy, stony, etc., and according to the material of which they consist, as doleritic, trachytic, etc. Lava millstone, a hard and coarse basaltic millstone from the neighborhood of the Rhine. — Lava ware, a kind of cheap pottery made of iron slag cast into tiles, urns, table tops, etc., resembling lava in appearance.

Lav´a•ret , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A European whitefish (Coregonus laveretus), found in the mountain lakes of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland.

La•vat´ic (la•vat´ik), a. Like lava, or composed of lava; lavic.

La•va´tion , n. [L. lavatio: cf. OF. lavation.] A washing or cleansing. [Obs. or R.]

Lav´a•to•ry , a. Washing, or cleansing by washing.

Lav´a•to•ry, n.; pl. Lavatories (#). [L. lavatorium: cf. lavatoire. See Lave to wash, and cf. Laver.] 1. A place for washing. 2. A basin or other vessel for washing in. 3. A wash or lotion for a diseased part. 4. A place where gold is obtained by washing.

Lav´a•ture ( 135), n. A wash or lotion. [Obs.]

Lave (lav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laved (lavd); p. pr. & vb. n. Laving.] [F. laver, L. lavare, akin to luere to wash, Gr. . Cf. Ablution, Deluge, Lavender, Lava, Lotion.] To wash; to bathe; as to lave a bruise. “His feet the foremost breakers lave.” Byron.

Lave, v. i. To bathe; to wash one’s self. “In her chaste current oft the goddess laves.” Pope.

Lave, v. t. [OE. laven. See Lavish.] To lade, dip, or pour out. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lave, n. [AS. laf the remainder, what is left. rad.119. See Leave.] The remainder; others. [Scot.] Bp. Hall.

Lave´-eared , a. [Cf. W. llaf that extends round, llipa flaccid, flapping, G. lapp flabby, lappohr flap ear.] Having large, pendent ears. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

La•veer´ , v. i. [D. laveren.] (Naut.) To beat against the wind; to tack. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lave´ment , n. [F. lavement, fr. laver to wash.] A washing or bathing; also a clyster.

Lav´en•der , n. [OE. lavendre, F. lavande, It. lavanda lavender, a washing, fr. L. lavare to wash; cf. It. lsavendola, LL. lavendula. So called because it was used in bathing and washing. See Lave. to wash, and cf. Lavender.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Lavandula (L. vera), common in the south of Europe. It yields and oil used in medicine and perfumery. The Spike lavender (L. Spica) yields a coarser oil (oil of spike), used in the arts. 2. The pale, purplish color of lavender flowers, paler and more delicate than lilac. Lavender cotton (Bot.), a low, twiggy, aromatic shrub (Santolina Chamaecyparissus) of the Mediterranean region, formerly used as a vermifuge, etc., and still used to keep moths from wardrobes. Also called ground cypress. — Lavender water, a perfume composed of alcohol, essential oil of lavender, essential oil of bergamot, and essence of ambergris. — Sea lavender. (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary. — To lay in lavender. (a) To lay away, as clothing, with sprigs of lavender. (b) To pawn. [Obs.]

Lav´er (la´ver), n. [OE. lavour, F. lavoir, L. lavatorium a washing place. See Lavatory.] 1. A vessel for washing; a large basin. 2. (Script. Hist.) (a) A large brazen vessel placed in the court of the Jewish tabernacle where the officiating priests washed their hands and feet. (b) One of several vessels in Solomon’s Temple in which the offerings for burnt sacrifices were washed. 3. That which washes or cleanses. J. H. Newman.

Lav´er, n. [From Lave to wash.] One who laves; a washer. [Obs.]

La´ver (la´ver), n. The fronds of certain marine algae used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purple laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris. It is prepared by stewing, either alone or with other vegetables, and with various condiments; — called also sloke, or sloakan. Mountain laver (Bot.), a reddish gelatinous alga of the genus Palmella, found on the sides of mountains

La´ver•ock (la´ver•ok), n. [See Lark the bird.] The lark. [Old Eng. & Scot.] [Written also lavrock.] Gower.

La´vic (lä´vik), a. See Lavatic.

Lav´ish (lav´ish), a. [Akin to E. lave to lade out; cf. AS. gelafian to refresh, G. laben.] 1. Expending or bestowing profusely; profuse; prodigal; as lavish of money; lavish of praise. 2. Superabundant; excessive; as lavish spirits. “Let her have needful, but not lavish, means.” Shak. Syn. — Profuse; prodigal; wasteful; extravagant; exuberant; immoderate. See Profuse.

Lav´ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lavished (-isht); p. pr. & vb. n. Lavishing.] To expend or bestow with profusion; to use with prodigality; to squander; as to lavish money or praise.

Lav´ish•er (-er), n. One who lavishes.

Lav´ish•ly, adv. In a lavish manner.

Lav´ish•ment (-ment), n. The act of lavishing.

Lav´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being lavish.

La•vœ´si•um , n. [NL., fr. Lavoisier, the celebrated French chemist.] (Chem.) A supposed new metallic element. It is said to have been discovered in pyrites, and some other minerals, and to be of a silver-white color, and malleable. { La•volt´ , La•vol´ta } n. [It. la volta the turn, turning, whirl. Cf. Volt of a horse, Volta.] An old dance, for two persons, being a kind of waltz, in which the woman made a high spring or bound. Shak.

La•vol•ta•teer´ , n. A dancer of the lavolta.

Lav´our , n. A laver. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La´vrock , n. Same as Laverock.

Law (la), n. [OE. lawe, laghe, AS. lagu, from the root of E. lie: akin to OS. lag, Icel. lög, Sw. lag, Dan. lov; cf. L. lex, E. legal. A law is that which is laid, set, or fixed; like statute, fr. L. statuere to make to stand. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. In general, a rule of being or of conduct, established by an authority able to enforce its will; a controlling regulation; the mode or order according to which an agent or a power acts. A law may be universal or particular, written or unwritten, published or secret. From the nature of the highest laws a degree of permanency or stability is always implied; but the power which makes a law, or a superior power, may annul or change it. “These are the statutes and judgments and laws, which the Lord made.” Lev. xxvi. 46. “The law of thy God, and the law of the King.” Ezra vii. 26. “As if they would confine the Interminable …
Who made our laws to bind us, not himself.” Milton. “His mind his kingdom, and his will his law.” Cowper. 2. In morals: The will of God as the rule for the disposition and conduct of all responsible beings toward him and toward each other; a rule of living, conformable to righteousness; the rule of action as obligatory on the conscience or moral nature. 3. The Jewish or Mosaic code, and that part of Scripture where it is written, in distinction from the gospel; hence, also the Old Testament. “What things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law … But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets.” Rom. iii. 19, 21. 4. In human government: (a) An organic rule, as a constitution or charter, establishing and defining the conditions of the existence of a state or other organized community. (b) Any edict, decree, order, ordinance, statute, resolution, judicial, decision, usage, etc., or recognized, and enforced, by the controlling authority. 5. In philosophy and physics: A rule of being, operation, or change, so certain and constant that it is conceived of as imposed by the will of God or by some controlling authority; as the law of gravitation; the laws of motion; the law heredity; the laws of thought; the laws of cause and effect; law of self- preservation. 6. In mathematics: The rule according to which anything, as the change of value of a variable, or the value of the terms of a series, proceeds; mode or order of sequence. 7. In arts, works, games, etc.: The rules of construction, or of procedure, conforming to the conditions of success; a principle, maxim; or usage; as the laws of poetry, of architecture, of courtesy, or of whist. 8. Collectively, the whole body of rules relating to one subject, or emanating from one source; — including usually the writings pertaining to them, and judicial proceedings under them; as divine law; English law; Roman law; the law of real property; insurance law. 9. Legal science; jurisprudence; the principles of equity; applied justice. “Reason is the life of the law; nay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason.” Coke. “Law is beneficence acting by rule.” Burke. “And sovereign Law, that state’s collected will
O’er thrones and globes elate,
Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill.” Sir W. Jones. 10. Trial by the laws of the land; judicial remedy; litigation; as to go law. “When every case in law is right.” Shak. “He found law dear and left it cheap.” Brougham. 11. An oath, as in the presence of a court. [Obs.] See Wager of law, under Wager. Avogadro’s law (Chem.), a fundamental conception, according to which, under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, all gases and vapors contain in the same volume the same number of ultimate molecules; — so named after Avogadro, an Italian scientist. Sometimes called Ampère’s law. — Bode’s law (Astron.), an approximative empirical expression of the distances of the planets from the sun, as follows: —

Mer. Ven. Earth. Mars. Aste. Jup. Sat. Uran. Nep. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 3 6 12 24 48 96 192 384 — — — — — — — —- —- 4 7 10 16 28 52 100 196 388 5.9 7.3 10 15.2 27.4 52 95.4 192 300

where each distance (line third) is the sum of 4 and a multiple of 3 by the series 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, etc., the true distances being given in the lower line. — Boyle’s law (Physics), an expression of the fact, that when an elastic fluid is subjected to compression, and kept at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume is a constant quantity, i. e., the volume is inversely proportioned to the pressure; — known also as Mariotte’s law, and the law of Boyle and Mariotte. — Brehon laws. See under Brehon. — Canon law, the body of ecclesiastical law adopted in the Christian Church, certain portions of which (for example, the law of marriage as existing before the Council of Tent) were brought to America by the English colonists as part of the common law of the land. Wharton. — Civil law, a term used by writers to designate Roman law, with modifications thereof which have been made in the different countries into which that law has been introduced. The civil law, instead of the common law, prevails in the State of Louisiana. Wharton. — Commercial law. See Law merchant (below). — Common law. See under Common. — Criminal law, that branch of jurisprudence which relates to crimes. — Ecclesiastical law. See under Ecclesiastical. — Grimm’s law (Philol.), a statement (propounded by the German philologist Jacob Grimm) of certain regular changes which the primitive Indo-European mute consonants, so-called (most plainly seen in Sanskrit and, with some changes, in Greek and Latin), have undergone in the Teutonic languages. Examples: Skr. bhatr, L. frater, E. brother, G. bruder; L. tres, E. three, G. drei, Skr. go, E. cow, G. kuh; Skr. dha to put, Gr. ti-qe•-nai, E. do, OHG, tuon, G. thun. — Kepler’s laws (Astron.), three important laws or expressions of the order of the planetary motions, discovered by John Kepler. They are these: (1) The orbit of a planet with respect to the sun is an ellipse, the sun being in one of the foci. (2) The areas swept over by a vector drawn from the sun to a planet are proportioned to the times of describing them. (3) The squares of the times of revolution of two planets are in the ratio of the cubes of their mean distances. — Law binding, a plain style of leather binding, used for law books; — called also law calf. — Law book, a book containing, or treating of, laws. — Law calf. See Law binding (above). — Law day. (a) Formerly, a day of holding court, esp. a court-leet. (b) The day named in a mortgage for the payment of the money to secure which it was given. [U. S.] — Law French, the dialect of Norman, which was used in judicial proceedings and law books in England from the days of William the Conqueror to the thirty-sixth year of Edward III. — Law language, the language used in legal writings and forms. — Law Latin. See under Latin. — Law lords, peers in the British Parliament who have held high judicial office, or have been noted in the legal profession. — Law merchant, or Commercial law, a system of rules by which trade and commerce are regulated; — deduced from the custom of merchants, and regulated by judicial decisions, as also by enactments of legislatures. — Law of Charles (Physics), the law that the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases, by a definite fraction of its value for a given rise or fall of temperature; — sometimes less correctly styled Gay Lussac’s law, or Dalton’s law. — Law of nations. See International law, under International. — Law of nature. (a) A broad generalization expressive of the constant action, or effect, of natural conditions; as death is a law of nature; self-defense is a law of nature. See Law, 4. (b) A term denoting the standard, or system, of morality deducible from a study of the nature and natural relations of human beings independent of supernatural revelation or of municipal and social usages. — Law of the land, due process of law; the general law of the land. — Laws of honor. See under Honor. — Laws of motion (Physics), three laws defined by Sir Isaac Newton: (1) Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of moving uniformly in a straight line, except so far as it is made to change that state by external force. (2) Change of motion is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction in which the force is impressed. (3) Reaction is always equal and opposite to action, that is to say, the actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal and in opposite directions. — Marine law, or Maritime law, the law of the sea; a branch of the law merchant relating to the affairs of the sea, such as seamen, ships, shipping, navigation, and the like. Bouvier. — Mariotte’s law. See Boyle’s law (above). — Martial law.See under Martial. — Military law, a branch of the general municipal law, consisting of rules ordained for the government of the military force of a state in peace and war, and administered in courts martial. Kent. Warren’s Blackstone. — Moral law, the law of duty as regards what is right and wrong in the sight of God; specifically, the ten commandments given by Moses. See Law, 2. — Mosaic, or Ceremonial, law. (Script.) See Law, 3. — Municipal law, or Positive law, a rule prescribed by the supreme power of a state, declaring some right, enforcing some duty, or prohibiting some act; — distinguished from international and constitutional law. See Law, 1. — Periodic law. (Chem.) See under Periodic. — Roman law, the system of principles and laws found in the codes and treatises of the lawmakers and jurists of ancient Rome, and incorporated more or less into the laws of the several European countries and colonies founded by them. See Civil law (above). — Statute law, the law as stated in statutes or positive enactments of the legislative body. — Sumptuary law. See under Sumptuary. — To go to law, to seek a settlement of any matter by bringing it before the courts of law; to sue or prosecute some one. — To take, or have, the law of, to bring the law to bear upon; as to take the law of one’s neighbor. Addison. — Wager of law. See under Wager. Syn. — Justice; equity. — Law, Statute, Common law, Regulation, Edict, Decree. Law is generic, and, when used with reference to, or in connection with, the other words here considered, denotes whatever is commanded by one who has a right to require obedience. A statute is a particular law drawn out in form, and distinctly enacted and proclaimed. Common law is a rule of action founded on long usage and the decisions of courts of justice. A regulation is a limited and often, temporary law, intended to secure some particular end or object. An edict is a command or law issued by a sovereign, and is peculiar to a despotic government. A decree is a permanent order either of a court or of the executive government. See Justice.

Law , v. t. Same as Lawe, v. t. [Obs.]

Law, interj. [Cf. La.] An exclamation of mild surprise. [Archaic or Low]

Law´-a•bid•ing , a. Abiding the law; waiting for the operation of law for the enforcement of rights; also abiding by the law; obedient to the law; as law-abiding people.

Law´break•er , n. One who disobeys the law; a criminal. — Law´break•ing, n. & a.

Lawe , v. t. [See 2d Lawing.] To cut off the claws and balls of, as of a dog’s fore feet. Wright.

Law´er , n. A lawyer. [Obs.] Bale.

Law´ful , a. 1. Conformable to law; allowed by law; legitimate; competent. 2. Constituted or authorized by law; rightful; as the lawful owner of lands. Lawful age, the age when the law recognizes one’s right of independent action; majority; — generally the age of twenty-one years. In some of the States, and for some purposes, a woman attains lawful age at eighteen. Abbott. Syn. — Legal; constitutional; allowable; regular; rightful. — Lawful, Legal. Lawful means conformable to the principle, spirit, or essence of the law, and is applicable to moral as well as juridical law. Legal means conformable to the letter or rules of the law as it is administered in the courts; conformable to juridical law. Legal is often used as antithetical to equitable, but lawful is seldom used in that sense. — Law´ful•ly, adv. — Law´ful•ness, n.

Law´giv•er , n. One who makes or enacts a law or system of laws; a legislator.

Law´giv•ing, a. Enacting laws; legislative.

Law´ing, n. Going to law; litigation. Holinshed.

Law´ing, n. [So called because done in compliance with an English forest law.] Expeditation. Blackstone.

Law´less, a. 1. Contrary to, or unauthorized by, law; illegal; as a lawless claim. “He needs no indirect nor lawless course.” Shak. 2. Not subject to, or restrained by, the law of morality or of society; as lawless men or behavior. 3. Not subject to the laws of nature; uncontrolled. “Or, meteorlike, flame lawless through the void.” Pope. — Law´less•ly, adv. — Law´less•ness, n.

Law´mak•er , n. A legislator; a lawgiver.

Law´mak•ing (la´ma•king), a. Enacting laws; legislative. — n. The enacting of laws; legislation.

Law´mon•ger , n. A trader in law; one who practices law as if it were a trade. Milton.

Lawn (lan), n. [OE. laund, launde, F. lande heath, moor; of Celtic origin; cf. W. llan an open, clear place, llawnt a smooth rising hill, lawn, Armor. lann or lan territory, country, lann a prickly plant, pl. lannou heath, moor.] 1. An open space between woods. Milton. “´Orchard lawns and bowery hollows.´” Tennyson. 2. Ground (generally in front of or around a house) covered with grass kept closely mown. Lawn mower, a machine for clipping the short grass of lawns. — Lawn tennis, a variety of the game of tennis, played in the open air, sometimes upon a lawn, instead of in a tennis court. See Tennis.

Lawn, n. [Earlier laune lynen, i. e., lawn linen; prob. from the town Laon in France.] A very fine linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric with a rather open texture. Lawn is used for the sleeves of a bishop’s official dress in the English Church, and, figuratively, stands for the office itself. “A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn.” Pope.

Lawnd (land), n. [Obs.] See Laund.

Lawn´y (lan´y), a. Having a lawn; characterized by a lawn or by lawns; like a lawn. “Musing through the lawny park.” T. Warton.

Lawn´y, a. Made of lawn or fine linen. Bp. Hall.

Law•so´ni•a , n. (Bot.) An Asiatic and North African shrub (Lawsonia inermis), with smooth oval leaves, and fragrant white flowers. Henna is prepared from the leaves and twigs. In England the shrub is called Egyptian privet, and in the West Indies, Jamaica mignonette.

Law´suit , n. An action at law; a suit in equity or admiralty; any legal proceeding before a court for the enforcement of a claim.

Law´yer , n. [From Law, like bowyer, fr. bow.] 1. One versed in the laws, or a practitioner of law; one whose profession is to conduct lawsuits for clients, or to advise as to prosecution or defence of lawsuits, or as to legal rights and obligations in other matters. It is a general term, comprehending attorneys, counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, and advocates. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-necked stilt. See Stilt. (b) The bowfin (Amia calva). (c) The burbot (Lota maculosa). { Law´yer•like• , Law´yer•ly } a. Like, or becoming, a lawyer; as lawyerlike sagacity. ´Lawyerly mooting of this point.´ Milton.

Lax (laks), a. [Compar. Laxer (-er); superl. Laxest.] [L. laxus Cf. Laches, Languish, Lease, v. t., Leash.] 1. Not tense, firm, or rigid; loose; slack; as a lax bandage; lax fiber. “The flesh of that sort of fish being lax and spongy.” Ray. 2. Not strict or stringent; not exact; loose; weak; vague; equivocal. “The discipline was lax.” Macaulay. “Society at that epoch was lenient, if not lax, in matters of the passions.” J. A. Symonds. “The word ´aeternus´ itself is sometimes of a lax signification.” Jortin. 3. Having a looseness of the bowels; diarrheal. Syn. — Loose; slack; vague; unconfined; unrestrained; dissolute; licentious.

Lax, n. A looseness; diarrhea.

Lax•a´tion , n. [L. laxatio, fr. laxare to loosen, fr. laxus loose, slack.] The act of loosening or slackening, or the state of being loosened or slackened.

Lax´a•tive , a. [L. laxativus mitigating, assuaging: cf. F. laxatif. See Lax, a.] 1. Having a tendency to loosen or relax. Milton. 2. (Med.) Having the effect of loosening or opening the intestines, and relieving from constipation; — opposed to astringent. — n. (Med.) A laxative medicine. See the Note under Cathartic.

Lax´a•tive•ness, n. The quality of being laxative.

Lax•a´tor , n. [NL., fr. L. laxare, laxatum, to loosen.] (Anat.) That which loosens; — esp., a muscle which by its contraction loosens some part.

Lax´i•ty (laks´i•ty), n. [L. laxitas, fr. laxus loose, slack: cf. F. laxite, See Lax, a.] The state or quality of being lax; want of tenseness, strictness, or exactness.

Lax´ly, adv. In a lax manner.

Lax´ness, n. The state of being lax; laxity.

Lay , imp. of Lie, to recline.

Lay, a. [F. lai, L. laicus, Gr. of or from the people, lay, from , , people. Cf. Laic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the laity, as distinct from the clergy; as a lay person; a lay preacher; a lay brother. 2. Not educated or cultivated; ignorant.[Obs.] 3. Not belonging to, or emanating from, a particular profession; unprofessional; as a lay opinion regarding the nature of a disease. Lay baptism (Eccl.), baptism administered by a lay person. F. G. Lee. — Lay brother (R. C. Ch.), one received into a convent of monks under the three vows, but not in holy orders. — Lay clerk (Eccl.), a layman who leads the responses of the congregation, etc., in the church service. Hook. — Lay days (Com.), time allowed in a charter party for taking in and discharging cargo. McElrath. — Lay elder. See 2d Elder, 3, note.

Lay , n. The laity; the common people. [Obs.] “The learned have no more privilege than the lay.” B. Jonson.

Lay, n. A meadow. See Lea. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lay, n. [OF. lei faith, law, F. loi law. See Legal.] 1. Faith; creed; religious profession. [Obs.] “Of the sect to which that he was born
He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn.” Chaucer. 2. A law. [Obs.] ´Many goodly lays.´ Spenser. 3. An obligation; a vow. [Obs.] “They bound themselves by a sacred lay and oath.” Holland.

Lay , a. [OF. lai, lais, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. laoi, laoidh, song, poem, OIr. laoidh poem, verse; but cf. also AS. lac play, sport, G. leich a sort of poem (cf. Lake to sport). .] 1. A song; a simple lyrical poem; a ballad. Spenser. Sir W. Scott. 2. A melody; any musical utterance. “The throstle cock made eke his lay.” Chaucer.

Lay (la), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laid (lad); p. pr. & vb. n. Laying.] [OE. leggen, AS. lecgan, causative, fr. licgan to lie; akin to D. leggen, G. legen, Icel. leggja, Goth. lagjan. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. To cause to lie down, to be prostrate, or to lie against something; to put or set down; to deposit; as to lay a book on the table; to lay a body in the grave; a shower lays the dust. “A stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den.” Dan. vi. 17. “Soft on the flowery herb I found me laid.” Milton. 2. To place in position; to establish firmly; to arrange with regularity; to dispose in ranks or tiers; as to lay a corner stone; to lay bricks in a wall; to lay the covers on a table. 3. To prepare; to make ready; to contrive; to provide; as to lay a snare, an ambush, or a plan. 4. To spread on a surface; as to lay plaster or paint. 5. To cause to be still; to calm; to allay; to suppress; to exorcise, as an evil spirit. “After a tempest when the winds are laid.” Waller. 6. To cause to lie dead or dying. “Brave Caeneus laid Ortygius on the plain,
The victor Caeneus was by Turnus slain.” Dryden. 7. To deposit, as a wager; to stake; to risk. “I dare lay mine honor
He will remain so.” Shak. 8. To bring forth and deposit; as to lay eggs. 9. To apply; to put. “She layeth her hands to the spindle.” Prov. xxxi. 19. 10. To impose, as a burden, suffering, or punishment; to assess, as a tax; as to lay a tax on land. “The Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.” Is. liii. 6. 11. To impute; to charge; to allege. “God layeth not folly to them.” Job xxiv. 12. “Lay the fault on us.” Shak. 12. To impose, as a command or a duty; as to lay commands on one. 13. To present or offer; as to lay an indictment in a particular county; to lay a scheme before one. 14. (Law) To state; to allege; as to lay the venue. Bouvier. 15. (Mil.) To point; to aim; as to lay a gun. 16. (Rope Making) To put the strands of (a rope, a cable, etc.) in their proper places and twist or unite them; as to lay a cable or rope. 17. (Print.) (a) To place and arrange (pages) for a form upon the imposing stone. (b) To place (new type) properly in the cases. To lay asleep, to put sleep; to make unobservant or careless. Bacon. — To lay bare, to make bare; to strip. “And laid those proud roofs bare to summer’s rain.” Byron. — To lay before, to present to; to submit for consideration; as the papers are laid before Congress. — To lay by. (a) To save. (b) To discard. “Let brave spirits … not be laid by.” Bacon. — To lay by the heels, to put in the stocks. Shak. — To lay down. (a) To stake as a wager. (b) To yield; to relinquish; to surrender; as to lay down one’s life; to lay down one’s arms. (c) To assert or advance, as a proposition or principle. — To lay forth. (a) To extend at length; (reflexively) to exert one’s self; to expatiate. [Obs.] (b) To lay out (as a corpse). [Obs.] Shak. — To lay hands on, to seize. — To lay hands on one’s self, or To lay violent hands on one’s self, to injure one’s self; specif., to commit suicide. — To lay heads together, to consult. — To lay hold of, or To lay hold on, to seize; to catch. — To lay in, to store; to provide. — To lay it on, to apply without stint. Shak. — To lay on, to apply with force; to inflict; as to lay on blows. — To lay on load, to lay on blows; to strike violently. [Obs. or Archaic] — To lay one’s self out, to strive earnestly. “No selfish man will be concerned to lay out himself for the good of his country.” Smalridge. — To lay one’s self open to, to expose one’s self to, as to an accusation. — To lay open, to open; to uncover; to expose; to reveal. - - To lay over, to spread over; to cover. - - To lay out. (a) To expend. Macaulay. (b) To display; to discover. (c) To plan in detail; to arrange; as to lay out a garden. (d) To prepare for burial; as to lay out a corpse. (e) To exert; as to lay out all one’s strength. — To lay siege to. (a) To besiege; to encompass with an army. (b) To beset pertinaciously. — To lay the course (Naut.), to sail toward the port intended without jibing. — To lay the land (Naut.), to cause it to disappear below the horizon, by sailing away from it. — To lay to (a) To charge upon; to impute. (b) To apply with vigor. (c) To attack or harass. [Obs.] Knolles. (d) (Naut.) To check the motion of (a vessel) and cause it to be stationary. — To lay to heart, to feel deeply; to consider earnestly. — To lay under, to subject to; as to lay under obligation or restraint. — To lay unto. (a) Same as To lay to (above). (b) To put before. Hos. xi. 4. — To lay up. (a) To store; to reposit for future use. (b) To confine; to disable. (c) To dismantle, and retire from active service, as a ship. — To lay wait for, to lie in ambush for. — To lay waste, to destroy; to make desolate; as to lay waste the land. Syn. — See Put, v. t., and the Note under 4th Lie.

Lay, v. i. 1. To produce and deposit eggs. 2. (Naut.) To take a position; to come or go; as to lay forward; to lay aloft. 3. To lay a wager; to bet. To lay about, or To lay about one, to strike vigorously in all directions. J. H. Newman. — To lay at, to strike or strike at. Spenser. — To lay for, to prepare to capture or assault; to lay wait for. [Colloq.] Bp Hall. — To lay in for, to make overtures for; to engage or secure the possession of. [Obs.] ´I have laid in for these.´ Dryden. — To lay on, to strike; to beat; to attack. Shak. — To lay out, to purpose; to plan; as he lays out to make a journey.

Lay , n. 1. That which lies or is laid or is conceived of as having been laid or placed in its position; a row; a stratum; a layer; as a lay of stone or wood. Addison. “A viol should have a lay of wire strings below.” Bacon. The lay of a rope is right-handed or left-handed according to the hemp or strands are laid up. See Lay, v. t., 16. The lay of land is its topographical situation, esp. its slope and its surface features. 2. A wager. ´My fortunes against any lay worth naming.´ 3. (a) A job, price, or profit. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. (b) A share of the proceeds or profits of an enterprise; as when a man ships for a whaling voyage, he agrees for a certain lay. [U. S.] 4. (Textile Manuf.) (a) A measure of yarn; a lea. See 1st Lea (a). (b) The lathe of a loom. See Lathe, 3. 5. A plan; a scheme. [Slang] Dickens. Lay figure. (a) A jointed model of the human body that may be put in any attitude; — used for showing the disposition of drapery, etc. (b) A mere puppet; one who serves the will of others without independent volition. — Lay race, that part of a lay on which the shuttle travels in weaving; — called also shuttle race.

Lay´er , n. [See Lay to cause to lie flat.] 1. One who, or that which, lays. 2. [Prob. a corruption of lair.] That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion. 3. A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation. 4. An artificial oyster bed.

Lay´er•ing, n. A propagating by layers. Gardner.

Lay´ing , n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, lays. 2. The act or period of laying eggs; the eggs laid for one incubation; a clutch. 3. The first coat on laths of plasterer’s two-coat work.

Lay´land , n. [Lay a meadow + land.] Land lying untilled; fallow ground. [Obs.] Blount.

Lay´man n.; pl. Laymen . [Lay, adj. + man.] 1. One of the people, in distinction from the clergy; one of the laity; sometimes, a man not belonging to some particular profession, in distinction from those who do. “Being a layman, I ought not to have concerned myself with speculations which belong to the profession.” Dryden. 2. A lay figure. See under Lay, n. (above). Dryden

Lay´ner , n. [See Lanier.] A whiplash. [Obs.]

Lay´ship , n. The condition of being a layman. [Obs.] Milton.

Lay´stall , n. 1. A place where rubbish, dung, etc., are laid or deposited.[Obs.] B. Jonson. “Smithfield was a laystall of all ordure and filth.” Bacon. 2. A place where milch cows are kept, or cattle on the way to market are lodged. [Obs.]

La´zar , n. [OF. lazare, fr. Lazarus the beggar. Luke xvi. 20.] A person infected with a filthy or pestilential disease; a leper. Chaucer. “Like loathsome lazars, by the hedges lay.” Spenser. Lazar house a lazaretto; also a hospital for quarantine. { Laz•a•ret´ , Laz•a•ret´to } n. [F. lazaret, or It. lazzeretto, fr. Lazarus. See Lazar.] A public building, hospital, or pesthouse for the reception of diseased persons, particularly those affected with contagious diseases. { Laz´a•rist , Laz´a•rite } n. (R. C. Ch.) One of the Congregation of the Priests of the Mission, a religious institute founded by Vincent de Paul in 1624, and popularly called Lazarists or Lazarites from the College of St. Lazare in Paris, which was occupied by them until 1792. { La´zar•like• , La´zar•ly } a. Full of sores; leprous. Shak. Bp. Hall.

Laz•a•ro´ni , n. pl. See Lazzaroni.

La´zar•wort , n. (Bot.) Laserwort.

Laze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lazed p. pr. & vb. n. Lazing.] [See Lazy.] To be lazy or idle. [Colloq.] Middleton.

Laze, v. t. To waste in sloth; to spend, as time, in idleness; as to laze away whole days. [Colloq.]

La´zi•ly , adv. In a lazy manner. Locke.

La´zi•ness, n. The state or quality of being lazy. “Laziness travels so slowly, that Poverty soon overtakes him.” Franklin.

Laz´u•li , n. [F. & NL. lapis lazuli, LL. lazulus, lazurius, lazur from the same Oriental source as E. azure. See Azure.] (Min.) A mineral of a fine azure-blue color, usually in small rounded masses. It is essentially a silicate of alumina, lime, and soda, with some sodium sulphide, is often marked by yellow spots or veins of sulphide of iron, and is much valued for ornamental work. Called also lapis lazuli, and Armenian stone.

Laz´u•lite , n. [From lazuli : cf. F. lazulite, G. lazulith.] (Min.) A mineral of a light indigo-blue color, occurring in small masses, or in monoclinic crystals; blue spar. It is a hydrous phosphate of alumina and magnesia.

La´zy , a. [Compar. Lazier superl. Laziest.] [OE. lasie, laesic, of uncertain origin; cf. F. las tired, L. lassus, akin to E. late; or cf. LG. losig, lesig.] 1. Disinclined to action or exertion; averse to labor; idle; shirking work. Bacon. 2. Inactive; slothful; slow; sluggish; as a lazy stream. ´The night owl’s lazy flight.´ Shak. 3. Wicked; vicious. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] B. Jonson. Lazy tongs, a system of jointed bars capable of great extension, originally made for picking up something at a distance, now variously applied in machinery. Syn. — Idle; indolent; sluggish; slothful. See Idle.

La´zy•back (la´zy•bak•), n. A support for the back, attached to the seat of a carriage. [Colloq.]

La´zy•bones , n. A lazy person. [Colloq.]

Laz•za•ro´ni (laz•za•ro´ni; It. lät•sa•ro´ne), n. pl. [It. lazzarone, pl. lazzaroni.] The homeless idlers of Naples who live by chance work or begging; — so called from the Hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves as their refuge. [Written also but improperly, lazaroni.]

Lea, n. [Cf. Lay, n. (that which is laid), 4.] (Textile Manuf.) (a) A measure of yarn; for linen, 300 yards; for cotton, 120 yards; a lay. (b) A set of warp threads carried by a loop of the heddle.

Lea, n. [OE. ley, lay, As. leáh, leá; akin to Prov. G. lon bog, morass, grove, and perh. to L. lucus grove, E. light, n.] A meadow or sward land; a grassy field. ´Plow-torn leas.´ Shak. “The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea.” Gray.

Leach , n. (Naut.) See 3d Leech.

Leach, n. [Written also letch.] [Cf. As. leáh lye, G. lauge. See Lye.] 1. A quantity of wood ashes, through which water passes, and thus imbibes the alkali. 2. A tub or vat for leaching ashes, bark, etc. Leach tub, a wooden tub in which ashes are leached.

Leach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leached p. pr. & vb. n. Leaching.] [Written also leech and letch.] 1. To remove the soluble constituents from by subjecting to the action of percolating water or other liquid; as to leach ashes or coffee. 2. To dissolve out; — often used with out; as to leach out alkali from ashes.

Leach, v. i. To part with soluble constituents by percolation.

Leach, n. See Leech, a physician. [Obs.]

Leach´y , a. Permitting liquids to pass by percolation; not capable of retaining water; porous; pervious; — said of gravelly or sandy soils, and the like.

Lead (led), n. [OE. led, leed, lead, AS. leád; akin to D. lood, MHG. lot, G. loth plummet, sounding lead, small weight, Sw. & Dan. lod. rad.123.] 1. (Chem.) One of the elements, a heavy, pliable, inelastic metal, having a bright, bluish color, but easily tarnished. It is both malleable and ductile, though with little tenacity, and is used for tubes, sheets, bullets, etc. Its specific gravity is 11.37. It is easily fusible, forms alloys with other metals, and is an ingredient of solder and type metal. Atomic weight, 206.4. Symbol Pb (L. Plumbum). It is chiefly obtained from the mineral galena, lead sulphide. 2. An article made of lead or an alloy of lead; as: (a) A plummet or mass of lead, used in sounding at sea. (b) (Print.) A thin strip of type metal, used to separate lines of type in printing. (c) Sheets or plates of lead used as a covering for roofs; hence, pl., a roof covered with lead sheets or terne plates. “I would have the tower two stories, and goodly leads upon the top.” Bacon 3. A small cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils. Black lead, graphite or plumbago; — so called from its leadlike appearance and streak. [Colloq.] — Coasting lead, a sounding lead intermediate in weight between a hand lead and deep-sea lead. — Deep- sea lead, the heaviest of sounding leads, used in water exceeding a hundred fathoms in depth. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Hand lead, a small lead use for sounding in shallow water. — Krems lead, Kremnitz lead [so called from Krems or Kremnitz, in Austria], a pure variety of white lead, formed into tablets, and called also Krems, or Kremnitz, white, and Vienna white. — Lead arming, tallow put in the hollow of a sounding lead. See To arm the lead (below). — Lead colic. See under Colic. — Lead color, a deep bluish gray color, like tarnished lead. — Lead glance. (Min.) Same as Galena. — Lead line (a) (Med.) A dark line along the gums produced by a deposit of metallic lead, due to lead poisoning. (b) (Naut.) A sounding line. — Lead mill, a leaden polishing wheel, used by lapidaries. — Lead ocher (Min.), a massive sulphur-yellow oxide of lead. Same as Massicot. — Lead pencil, a pencil of which the marking material is graphite (black lead). — Lead plant (Bot.), a low leguminous plant, genus Amorpha (A. canescens), found in the Northwestern United States, where its presence is supposed to indicate lead ore. Gray. — Lead tree. (a) (Bot.) A West Indian name for the tropical, leguminous tree, Leucaena glauca; — probably so called from the glaucous color of the foliage. (b) (Chem.) Lead crystallized in arborescent forms from a solution of some lead salt, as by suspending a strip of zinc in lead acetate. — Mock lead, a miner’s term for blende. — Red lead, a scarlet, crystalline, granular powder, consisting of minium when pure, but commonly containing several of the oxides of lead. It is used as a paint or cement and also as an ingredient of flint glass. — Red lead ore (Min.), crocoite. — Sugar of lead, acetate of lead. — To arm the lead, to fill the hollow in the bottom of a sounding lead with tallow in order to discover the nature of the bottom by the substances adhering. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — To cast, or heave, the lead, to cast the sounding lead for ascertaining the depth of water. — White lead, hydrated carbonate of lead, obtained as a white, amorphous powder, and much used as an ingredient of white paint.

Lead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Leading.] 1. To cover, fill, or affect with lead; as continuous firing leads the grooves of a rifle. 2. (Print.) To place leads between the lines of; as to lead a page; leaded matter.

Lead (led), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Led (led); p. pr. & vb. n. Leading.] [OE. leden, AS. laedan (akin to OS. ledian, D. leiden, G. leiten, Icel. leiða, Sw. leda, Dan. lede), properly a causative fr. AS. liðan to go; akin to OHG. lidan, Icel. liða, Goth. leiþan (in comp.). Cf. Lode, Loath.] 1. To guide or conduct with the hand, or by means of some physical contact or connection; as a father leads a child; a jockey leads a horse with a halter; a dog leads a blind man. “If a blind man lead a blind man, both fall down in the ditch.” Wyclif (Matt. xv. 14.) “They thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill.” Luke iv. 29. “In thy right hand lead with thee
The mountain nymph, sweet Liberty.” Milton. 2. To guide or conduct in a certain course, or to a certain place or end, by making the way known; to show the way, esp. by going with or going in advance of. Hence, figuratively: To direct; to counsel; to instruct; as to lead a traveler; to lead a pupil. “The Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way.” Ex. xiii. 21. “He leadeth me beside the still waters.” Ps. xxiii. 2. “This thought might lead me through the world’s vain mask.
Content, though blind, had I no better guide.” Milton. 3. To conduct or direct with authority; to have direction or charge of; as to lead an army, an exploring party, or a search; to lead a political party. “Christ took not upon him flesh and blood that he might conquer and rule nations, lead armies, or possess places.” South. 4. To go or to be in advance of; to precede; hence, to be foremost or chief among; as the big sloop led the fleet of yachts; the Guards led the attack; Demosthenes leads the orators of all ages. “As Hesperus, that leads the sun his way.” Fairfax. “And lo ! Ben Adhem’s name led all the rest.” Leigh Hunt. 5. To draw or direct by influence, whether good or bad; to prevail on; to induce; to entice; to allure; as to lead one to espouse a righteous cause. “He was driven by the necessities of the times, more than led by his own disposition, to any rigor of actions.” Eikon Basilike. “Silly women, laden with sins, led away by divers lusts.” 2 Tim. iii. 6 (Rev. Ver.). 6. To guide or conduct one’s self in, through, or along (a certain course); hence, to proceed in the way of; to follow the path or course of; to pass; to spend. also to cause (one) to proceed or follow in (a certain course). “That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life.” 1 Tim. ii. 2. “Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse
A life that leads melodious days.” Tennyson. “You remember … the life he used to lead his wife and daughter.” Dickens. 7. (Cards & Dominoes) To begin a game, round, or trick, with; as to lead trumps; the double five was led. To lead astray, to guide in a wrong way, or into error; to seduce from truth or rectitude. — To lead captive, to carry or bring into captivity. — To lead the way, to show the way by going in front; to act as guide. Goldsmith.

Lead , v. i. 1. To guide or conduct, as by accompanying, going before, showing, influencing, directing with authority, etc.; to have precedence or preëminence; to be first or chief; — used in most of the senses of lead, v. t. 2. To tend or reach in a certain direction, or to a certain place; as the path leads to the mill; gambling leads to other vices. “The mountain foot that leads towards Mantua.” Shak. To lead off or out, to go first; to begin.

Lead, n. 1. The act of leading or conducting; guidance; direction; as to take the lead; to be under the lead of another. “At the time I speak of, and having a momentary lead, … I am sure I did my country important service.” Burke. 2. Precedence; advance position; also the measure of precedence; as the white horse had the lead; a lead of a boat’s length, or of half a second. 3. (Cards & Dominoes) The act or right of playing first in a game or round; the card suit, or piece, so played; as your partner has the lead. 4. An open way in an ice field. Kane. 5. (Mining) A lode. 6. (Naut.) The course of a rope from end to end. 7. (Steam Engine) The width of port opening which is uncovered by the valve, for the admission or release of steam, at the instant when the piston is at end of its stroke. When used alone it means outside lead, or lead for the admission of steam. Inside lead refers to the release or exhaust. 8. (Civil Engineering) the distance of haul, as from a cutting to an embankment. 9. (Horology) The action of a tooth, as a tooth of a wheel, in impelling another tooth or a pallet. Saunier. Lead angle (Steam Engine), the angle which the crank maker with the line of centers, in approaching it, at the instant when the valve opens to admit steam. — Lead screw (Mach.), the main longitudinal screw of a lathe, which gives the feed motion to the carriage.

Lead´ed , a. 1. Fitted with lead; set in lead; as leaded windows. 2. (Print.) Separated by leads, as the lines of a page.

Lead´en , a. 1. Made of lead; of the nature of lead; as a leaden ball. 2. Like lead in color, etc.; as a leaden sky. 3. Heavy; dull; sluggish. ´Leaden slumber.´ Shak.

Lead´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, leads or conducts; a guide; a conductor. Especially: (a) One who goes first. (b) One having authority to direct; a chief; a commander. (c) (Mus.) A performer who leads a band or choir in music; also in an orchestra, the principal violinist; the one who plays at the head of the first violins. (d) (Naut.) A block of hard wood pierced with suitable holes for leading ropes in their proper places. (e) (Mach.) The principal wheel in any kind of machinery. [Obs. or R.] G. Francis. (f) A horse placed in advance of others; one of the forward pair of horses. “He forgot to pull in his leaders, and they gallop away with him at times.” Hare. (g) A pipe for conducting rain water from a roof to a cistern or to the ground; a conductor. (h) (Fishing) A net for leading fish into a pound, weir, etc.; also a line of gut, to which the snell of a fly hook is attached. (i) (Mining) A branch or small vein, not important in itself, but indicating the proximity of a better one. 2. The first, or the principal, editorial article in a newspaper; a leading or main editorial article. 3. (Print.) (a) A type having a dot or short row of dots upon its face. (b) pl. a row of dots, periods, or hyphens, used in tables of contents, etc., to lead the eye across a space to the right word or number. Syn. — chief; chieftain; commander. See Chief.

Lead´er•ship , n. The office of a leader.

Lead´hill•ite , n. (Min.) A mineral of a yellowish or greenish white color, consisting of the sulphate and carbonate of lead; — so called from having been first found at Leadhills, Scotland.

Lead´ing , a. Guiding; directing; controlling; foremost; as a leading motive; a leading man; a leading example. — Lead´ing•ly, adv. Leading case (Law), a reported decision which has come to be regarded as settling the law of the question involved. Abbott. — Leading motive [a translation of G. leitmotif] (Mus.), a guiding theme; in the modern music drama of Wagner, a marked melodic phrase or short passage which always accompanies the reappearance of a certain person, situation, abstract idea, or allusion in the course of the play; a sort of musical label. — Leading note (Mus.), the seventh note or tone in the ascending major scale; the sensible note. — Leading question, a question so framed as to guide the person questioned in making his reply. — Leading strings, strings by which children are supported when beginning to walk. — To be in leading strings, to be in a state of infancy or dependence, or under the guidance of others. — Leading wheel, a wheel situated before the driving wheels of a locomotive engine.

Lead´ing, n. 1. The act of guiding, directing, governing, or enticing; guidance. Shak. 2. Suggestion; hint; example. [Archaic] Bacon.

Lead´man , n.; pl. Leadmen . One who leads a dance.[Obs.] B. Jonson.

Leads´man , n.; pl. Leadsmen . (Naut.) The man who heaves the lead. Totten.

Lead´wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of maritime herbs (Plumbago). P. Europaea has lead-colored spots on the leaves, and nearly lead-colored flowers.

Lead´y , a. Resembling lead. Sir T. Elyot.

Leaf (lef), n.; pl. Leaves (levz). [OE. leef, lef, leaf, AS. leáf; akin to S. lof, OFries. laf, D. loof foliage, G. laub, OHG. loub leaf, foliage, Icel. lauf, Sw. löf, Dan. löv, Goth. laufs; cf. Lith. lapas. Cf. Lodge.] 1. (Bot.) A colored, usually green, expansion growing from the side of a stem or rootstock, in which the sap for the use of the plant is elaborated under the influence of light; one of the parts of a plant which collectively constitute its foliage. Such leaves usually consist of a blade, or lamina , supported upon a leafstalk or petiole, which, continued through the blade as the midrib, gives off woody ribs and veins that support the cellular texture. The petiole has usually some sort of an appendage on each side of its base, which is called the stipule. The green parenchyma of the leaf is covered with a thin epiderm pierced with closable microscopic openings, known as stomata. 2. (Bot.) A special organ of vegetation in the form of a lateral outgrowth from the stem, whether appearing as a part of the foliage, or as a cotyledon, a scale, a bract, a spine, or a tendril. In this view every part of a plant, except the root and the stem, is either a leaf, or is composed of leaves more or less modified and transformed. 3. Something which is like a leaf in being wide and thin and having a flat surface, or in being attached to a larger body by one edge or end; as : (a) A part of a book or folded sheet containing two pages upon its opposite sides. (b) A side, division, or part, that slides or is hinged, as of window shutters, folding doors, etc. (c) The movable side of a table. (d) A very thin plate; as gold leaf. (e) A portion of fat lying in a separate fold or layer. (f) One of the teeth of a pinion, especially when small. Leaf beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds upon leaves; esp., any species of the family Chrysomelidae, as the potato beetle and helmet beetle. — Leaf bridge, a draw-bridge having a platform or leaf which swings vertically on hinges. — Leaf bud (Bot.), a bud which develops into leaves or a leafy branch. — Leaf butterfly (Zoöl.), any butterfly which, in the form and colors of its wings, resembles the leaves of plants upon which it rests; esp., butterflies of the genus Kallima, found in Southern Asia and the East Indies. — Leaf crumpler (Zoöl.), a small moth (Phycis indigenella), the larva of which feeds upon leaves of the apple tree, and forms its nest by crumpling and fastening leaves together in clusters. — Leaf cutter (Zoöl.) , any one of various species of wild bees of the genus Megachile, which cut rounded pieces from the edges of leaves, or the petals of flowers, to be used in the construction of their nests, which are made in holes and crevices, or in a leaf rolled up for the purpose. Among the common American species are M. brevis and M. centuncularis. Called also rose- cutting bee. — Leaf fat, the fat which lies in leaves or layers within the body of an animal. — Leaf flea (Zoöl.), a jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidae. — Leaf frog (Zoöl.), any tree frog of the genus Phyllomedusa. — Leaf green.(Bot.) See Chlorophyll. — Leaf hopper (Zoöl.), any small jumping hemipterous insect of the genus Tettigonia, and allied genera. They live upon the leaves and twigs of plants. See Live hopper. — Leaf insect (Zoöl.), any one of several genera and species of orthopterous insects, esp. of the genus Phyllium, in which the wings, and sometimes the legs, resemble leaves in color and form. They are common in Southern Asia and the East Indies. — Leaf lard, lard from leaf fat. See under Lard. — Leaf louse (Zoöl.), an aphid. — Leaf metal, metal in thin leaves, as gold, silver, or tin. — Leaf miner (Zoöl.), any one of various small lepidopterous and dipterous insects, which, in the larval stages, burrow in and eat the parenchyma of leaves; as the pear-tree leaf miner (Lithocolletis geminatella). — Leaf notcher (Zoöl.), a pale bluish green beetle (Artipus Floridanus), which, in Florida, eats the edges of the leaves of orange trees. — Leaf roller (Zoöl.), the larva of any tortricid moth which makes a nest by rolling up the leaves of plants. See Tortrix. - - Leaf scar (Bot.), the cicatrix on a stem whence a leaf has fallen. — Leaf sewer (Zoöl.), a tortricid moth, whose caterpillar makes a nest by rolling up a leaf and fastening the edges together with silk, as if sewn; esp., Phoxopteris nubeculana, which feeds upon the apple tree. — Leaf sight, a hinged sight on a firearm, which can be raised or folded down. — Leaf trace (Bot.), one or more fibrovascular bundles, which may be traced down an endogenous stem from the base of a leaf. — Leaf tier (Zoöl.), a tortricid moth whose larva makes a nest by fastening the edges of a leaf together with silk; esp., Teras cinderella, found on the apple tree. — Leaf valve, a valve which moves on a hinge. — Leaf wasp (Zoöl.), a sawfly. - - To turn over a new leaf, to make a radical change for the better in one’s way of living or doing. [Colloq.] “ They were both determined to turn over a new leaf.” Richardson.

Leaf (lef), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leafed (left); p. pr. & vb. n. Leafing.] To shoot out leaves; to produce leaves; to leave; as the trees leaf in May. Sir T. Browne.

Leaf´age , n. Leaves, collectively; foliage.

Leaf´cup , n. (Bot.) A coarse American composite weed (Polymnia Uvedalia).

Leafed , a. Having (such) a leaf or (so many) leaves; — used in composition; as broad- leafed; four-leafed.

Leaf´et , n. (Bot.) A leaflet.

Leaf´-foot•ed , a. (Zoöl.) Having leaflike expansions on the legs; — said of certain insects; as the leaf-footed bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus).

Leaf´i•ness , n. The state of being leafy.

Leaf´less, a. Having no leaves or foliage; bearing no foliage. ´Leafless groves.´ Cowper. — Leaf´less•ness, n. Leafless plants, plants having no foliage, though leaves may be present in the form of scales and bracts. See Leaf, n., 1 and 2.

Leaf´let , n. 1. A little leaf; also a little printed leaf or a tract. 2. (Bot.) One of the divisions of a compound leaf; a foliole. 3. (Zoöl.) A leaflike organ or part; as a leaflet of the gills of fishes.

Leaf´-nosed , n. (Zoöl.) Having a leaflike membrane on the nose; — said of certain bats, esp. of the genera Phyllostoma and Rhinonycteris. See Vampire.

Leaf´stalk , n. (Bot.) The stalk or petiole which supports a leaf.

Leaf´y , a. [Compar. Leafier superl. Leafiest.] 1. Full of leaves; abounding in leaves; as the leafy forest. ´The leafy month of June.´ Coleridge. 2. Consisting of leaves. ´A leafy bed.´ Byron.

League , n. [Cf. OE. legue, lieue, a measure of length, F. lieue, Pr. lega, legua, It. & LL. lega, Sp. legua, Pg. legoa, legua; all fr. LL. leuca, of Celtic origin: cf. Arm. leo, lev (perh. from French), Ir. leige (perh. from English); also Ir. & Gael. leac a flag, a broad, flat stone, W. llech, — such stones having perh. served as a sort of milestone (cf. Cromlech).] 1. A measure of length or distance, varying in different countries from about 2.4 to 4.6 English statute miles of 5,280 feet each, and used (as a land measure) chiefly on the continent of Europe, and in the Spanish parts of America. The marine league of England and the United States is equal to three marine, or geographical, miles of 6080 feet each. The English land league is equal to three English statute miles. The Spanish and French leagues vary in each country according to usage and the kind of measurement to which they are applied. The Dutch and German leagues contain about four geographical miles, or about 4.6 English statute miles. 2. A stone erected near a public road to mark the distance of a league. [Obs.]

League , n. [F. ligue, LL. liga, fr. L. ligare to bind; cf. Sp. liga. Cf. Ally a confederate, Ligature.] An alliance or combination of two or more nations, parties, or persons, for the accomplishment of a purpose which requires a continued course of action, as for mutual defense, or for furtherance of commercial, religious, or political interests, etc. “And let there be
’Twixt us and them no league, nor amity.” Denham. A league may be offensive or defensive, or both; offensive, when the parties agree to unite in attacking a common enemy; defensive, when they agree to a mutual defense of each other against an enemy. The Holy League, an alliance of Roman Catholics formed in 1576 by influence of the Duke of Guise for the exclusion of Protestants from the throne of France. — Solemn League and Covenant. See Covenant,2. — The land league, an association, organized in Dublin in 1879, to promote the interests of the Irish tenantry, its avowed objects being to secure fixity of tenure, fair rent, and free sale of the tenants’ interest. It was declared illegal by Parliament, but vigorous prosecutions have failed to suppress it. Syn. — Alliance; confederacy; confederation; coalition; combination; compact; coöperation.

League , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leagued p. pr. & vb. n. Leaguing ] [Cf. F. se liguer. See 2d League.] To unite in a league or confederacy; to combine for mutual support; to confederate. South.

League, v. t. To join in a league; to cause to combine for a joint purpose; to combine; to unite; as common interests will league heterogeneous elements.

Lea´guer, n. [D. leger camp, bed, couch, lair. See Lair, and cf.Beleaguer.] 1. The camp of a besieging army; a camp in general. b. Jonson. 2. A siege or beleaguering. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Lea´guer, v. t. To besiege; to beleaguer. [Obs.]

Lea´guer•er , n. A besieger. [R.] J. Webster.

Leak , n. [Akin to D. lek leaky, a leak, G. leck, Icel. lekr leaky, Dan. laek leaky, a leak, Sw. läck; cf. AS. hlec full of cracks or leaky. Cf. Leak, v.] 1. A crack, crevice, fissure, or hole which admits water or other fluid, or lets it escape; as a leak in a roof; a leak in a boat; a leak in a gas pipe. ´One leak will sink a ship.´ Bunyan. 2. The entrance or escape of a fluid through a crack, fissure, or other aperture; as the leak gained on the ship’s pumps. To spring a leak, to open or crack so as to let in water; to begin to let in water; as the ship sprung a leak.

Leak, a. Leaky. [Obs.] Spenser.

Leak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaked p. pr. & vb. n. Leaking.] [Akin to D. lekken, G. lecken, lechen, Icel. leka, Dan. laekke, Sw. läcka, AS. leccan to wet, moisten. See Leak, n.] 1. To let water or other fluid in or out through a hole, crevice, etc.; as the cask leaks; the roof leaks; the boat leaks. 2. To enter or escape, as a fluid, through a hole, crevice, etc.; to pass gradually into, or out of, something; — usually with in or out. To leak out, to be divulged gradually or clandestinely; to become public; as the facts leaked out.

Leak´age , n. [Cf. D. lekkage, for sense 1.] 1. A leaking; also the quantity that enters or issues by leaking. 2. (Com.) An allowance of a certain rate per cent for the leaking of casks, or waste of liquors by leaking.

Leak´i•ness , n. The quality of being leaky.

Leak´y , a. [Compar. Leakier superl. Leakiest.] 1. Permitting water or other fluid to leak in or out; as a leaky roof or cask. 2. Apt to disclose secrets; tattling; not close. [Colloq.]

Leal , a. [OE. leial, another form of loial, F. loyal. See Loyal.] Faithful; loyal; true. “All men true and leal, all women pure.” Tennyson. Land of the leal, the place of the faithful; heaven.

Leam , n. & v. i. See Leme. [Obs.] Holland.

Leam, n. [See Leamer, Lien.] A cord or strap for leading a dog. Sir W. Scott.

Leam´er , n. [F. limier, OF. liemier, fr. L. ligamen band, bandage. See Lien.] A dog held by a leam.

Lean (len), v. t. [Icel. leyna; akin to G. läugnen to deny, AS. lygnian, also E. lie to speak falsely.] To conceal. [Obs.] Ray.

Lean (len), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaned (lend), sometimes Leant (lent); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaning.] [OE. lenen, AS. hlinian, hleonian, v. i.; akin to OS. hlinon, D. leunen, OHG. hlinen, linen, G. lehnen, L. inclinare, Gr. kli•nein , L. clivus hill, slope. rad.40. Cf. Declivity, Climax, Incline, Ladder.] 1. To incline, deviate, or bend, from a vertical position; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating; as she leaned out at the window; a leaning column. ´He leant forward.´ Dickens. 2. To incline in opinion or desire; to conform in conduct; — with to, toward, etc. “They delight rather to lean to their old customs.” Spenser. 3. To rest or rely, for support, comfort, and the like; — with on, upon, or against. “He leaned not on his fathers but himself.” Tennyson.

Lean, v. t. [From Lean, v. i.; AS. hlaenan, v. t., fr. hleonian, hlinian, v. i.] To cause to lean; to incline; to support or rest. Mrs. Browning. “His fainting limbs against an oak he leant.” Dryden.

Lean (len), a. [Compar. Leaner (len´er); superl. Leanest.] [OE. lene, AS. hlaene; prob. akin to E. lean to incline. See Lean, v. i. ] 1. Wanting flesh; destitute of or deficient in fat; not plump; meager; thin; lank; as a lean body; a lean cattle. 2. Wanting fullness, richness, sufficiency, or productiveness; deficient in quality or contents; slender; scant; barren; bare; mean; — used literally and figuratively; as the lean harvest; a lean purse; a lean discourse; lean wages. ´No lean wardrobe.´ Shak. “Their lean and flashy songs.” Milton. “What the land is, whether it be fat or lean.” Num. xiii. 20. “Out of my lean and low ability
I’ll lend you something.” Shak. 3. (Typog.) Of a character which prevents the compositor from earning the usual wages; — opposed to fat; as lean copy, matter, or type. Syn. — slender; spare; thin; meager; lank; skinny; gaunt.

Lean , n. 1. That part of flesh which consists principally of muscle without the fat. “The fat was so white and the lean was so ruddy.” Goldsmith. 2. (Typog.) Unremunerative copy or work.

Lean´-faced , a. 1. Having a thin face. 2. (Typog.) slender or narrow; — said of type the letters of which have thin lines, or are unusually narrow in proportion to their height. W. Savage.

Lean´ing, n. The act, or state, of inclining; inclination; tendency; as a leaning towards Calvinism.

Lean´ly, adv. Meagerly; without fat or plumpness.

Lean´ness, n. [AS. hlaennes.] The condition or quality of being lean.

Lean´-to , a. (Arch.) Having only one slope or pitch; — said of a roof. — n. A shed or slight building placed against the wall of a larger structure and having a single-pitched roof; — called also penthouse, and to-fall. “The outer circuit was covered as a lean-to, all round this inner apartment.” De Foe.

Lean´-wit•ted , a. Having but little sense or shrewdness.

Lean´y , a. Lean. [Obs.] Spenser.

Leap , n. [AS. leáp.] 1. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A weel or wicker trap for fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Leap , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaped , rarely Leapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaping.] [OE. lepen, leapen, AS. hleápan to leap, jump, run; akin to OS. ahlpan, OFries. hlapa, D. loopen, G. laufen, OHG. louffan, hlauffan, Icel. hlaupa, Sw. löpa, Dan. löbe, Goth. ushlaupan. Cf. Elope, Lope, Lapwing, Loaf to loiter.] 1. To spring clear of the ground, with the feet; to jump; to vault; as a man leaps over a fence, or leaps upon a horse. Bacon. “ Leap in with me into this angry flood.” Shak. 2. To spring or move suddenly, as by a jump or by jumps; to bound; to move swiftly. Also Fig. “My heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky.” Wordsworth.

Leap, v. t. 1. To pass over by a leap or jump; as to leap a wall, or a ditch. 2. To copulate with (a female beast); to cover. 3. To cause to leap; as to leap a horse across a ditch.

Leap, n. 1. The act of leaping, or the space passed by leaping; a jump; a spring; a bound. “Wickedness comes on by degrees, … and sudden leaps from one extreme to another are unnatural.” L’Estrange. “Changes of tone may proceed either by leaps or glides.” H. Sweet. 2. Copulation with, or coverture of, a female beast. 3. (Mining) A fault. 4. (Mus.) A passing from one note to another by an interval, especially by a long one, or by one including several other and intermediate intervals.

Leap´er , n. [AS. hleápere.] One who, or that which, leaps.

Leap´er, n. [See 1st Leap.] A kind of hooked instrument for untwisting old cordage.

Leap´frog , n. A play among boys, in which one stoops down and another leaps over him by placing his hands on the shoulders of the former.

Leap´ful , n. [See 1st Leap.] A basketful. [Obs.]

Leap´ing, a. & n. from Leap, to jump. Leaping house, a brothel. [Obs.] Shak. — Leaping pole, a pole used in some games of leaping. — Leaping spider (Zoöl.), a jumping spider; one of the Saltigradae.

Leap´ing•ly, adv. By leaps.

Leap´ year Bissextile; a year containing 366 days; every fourth year which leaps over a day more than a common year, giving to February twenty-nine days. See Bissextile. Every year whose number is divisible by four without a remainder is a leap year, excepting the full centuries, which, to be leap years, must be divisible by 400 without a remainder. If not so divisible they are common years. 1900, therefore, is not a leap year.

Lear , v. t. To learn. See Lere, to learn. [Obs.]

Lear, n. Lore; lesson. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lear, a. See Leer, a. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Lear, n. An annealing oven. See Leer, n.

Learn (lern), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Learned (lernd), or Learnt (lernt); p. pr. & vb. n. Learning.] [OE. lernen, leornen, AS. leornian; akin to OS. linon, for lirnon, OHG. lirnen, lernen, G. lernen, fr. the root of AS. lran to teach, OS. lerian, OHG. leran, G. lehren, Goth. laisjan, also Goth lais I know, leis acquainted (in comp.); all prob. from a root meaning, to go, go over, and hence, to learn; cf. AS. leoran to go . Cf. Last a mold of the foot, lore.] 1. To gain knowledge or information of; to ascertain by inquiry, study, or investigation; to receive instruction concerning; to fix in the mind; to acquire understanding of, or skill; as to learn the way; to learn a lesson; to learn dancing; to learn to skate; to learn the violin; to learn the truth about something. ´Learn to do well.´ Is. i. 17. “Now learn a parable of the fig tree.” Matt. xxiv. 32. 2. To communicate knowledge to; to teach. [Obs.] “Hast thou not learned me how
To make perfumes ?” Shak. Learn formerly had also the sense of teach, in accordance with the analogy of the French and other languages, and hence we find it with this sense in Shakespeare, Spenser, and other old writers. This usage has now passed away. To learn is to receive instruction, and to teach is to give instruction. He who is taught learns, not he who teaches.

Learn, v. i. To acquire knowledge or skill; to make progress in acquiring knowledge or skill; to receive information or instruction; as this child learns quickly. “Take my yoke upon you and learn of me.” Matt. xi. 29. To learn by heart. See By heart, under Heart. — To learn by rote, to memorize by repetition without exercise of the understanding.

Learn´a•ble (lern´a•b’l), a. Such as can be learned.

Learn´ed (lern´ed), a. Of or pertaining to learning; possessing, or characterized by, learning, esp. scholastic learning; erudite; well-informed; as a learned scholar, writer, or lawyer; a learned book; a learned theory. “The learnedlover lost no time.” Spenser. “Men of much reading are greatly learned, but may be little knowing.” Locke. “Words of learned length and thundering sound.” Goldsmith. The learned, learned men; men of erudition; scholars. — Learn´ed•ly, adv. Learn´ed•ness, n. “Every coxcomb swears as learnedly as they.” Swift.

Learn´er , n. One who learns; a scholar.

Learn´ing, n. [AS. leornung.] 1. The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy. 2. The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as he is a man of great learning. Book learning. See under Book. Syn. — Literature; erudition; lore; scholarship; science; letters. See Literature.

Leas´a•ble , a. [From 2d Lease.] Such as can be leased.

Lease , v. i. [AS. lesan to gather; akin to D. lezen to gather, read, G. lesen, Goth. lisan to gather; cf. Lith lesti to peck.] To gather what harvesters have left behind; to glean. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lease , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leased p. pr. & vb. n. Leasing.] [F. laisser, OF. laissier, lessier, to leave, transmit, L. laxare to loose, slacken, from laxus loose, wide. See Lax, and cf. Lesser.] 1. To grant to another by lease the possession of, as of lands, tenements, and hereditaments; to let; to demise; as a landowner leases a farm to a tenant; — sometimes with out. “There were some [houses] that were leased out for three lives.” Addison. 2. To hold under a lease; to take lease of; as a tenant leases his land from the owner.

Lease , n. [Cf. OF. lais. See Lease, v. t.] 1. A demise or letting of lands, tenements, or hereditaments to another for life, for a term of years, or at will, or for any less interest than that which the lessor has in the property, usually for a specified rent or compensation. 2. The contract for such letting. 3. Any tenure by grant or permission; the time for which such a tenure holds good; allotted time. “Our high-placed Macbeth
Shall live the lease of nature.” Shak. Lease and release a mode of conveyance of freehold estates, formerly common in England and in New York. its place is now supplied by a simple deed of grant. Burrill. Warren’s Blackstone.

Lease´hold , a. Held by lease.

Lease´hold, n. A tenure by lease; specifically, land held as personalty under a lease for years.

Lease´hold•er , n. A tenant under a lease. — Lease´hold•ing, a. & n.

Leas´er , n. [From 1st Lease.] One who leases or gleans. [Obs.] Swift.

Leas´er, n. A liar. [Obs.] See Leasing.

Leash , n. [OE. lese, lees, leece, OF. lesse, F. laisse, LL. laxa, fr. L. laxus loose. See Lax.] 1. A thong of leather, or a long cord, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser his dog. “Even like a fawning greyhound in the leash.” Shak. 2. (Sporting) A brace and a half; a tierce; three; three creatures of any kind, especially greyhounds, foxes, bucks, and hares; hence, the number three in general. “[I] kept my chamber a leash of days.” B. Jonson. “Then were I wealthier than a leash of kings.” Tennyson. 3. (Weaving) A string with a loop at the end for lifting warp threads, in a loom.

Leash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leashed p. pr. & vb. n. Leashing.] To tie together, or hold, with a leash.

Leas´ing , n. [AS. leásung, fr. leás loose, false, deceitful. See -less, Loose, a.] The act of lying; falsehood; a lie or lies. [Archaic] Spenser. “Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing.” Ps. v. 6. “Blessed be the lips that such a leasing told.” Fairfax. Leasing making (Scots Law), the uttering of lies or libels upon the personal character of the sovereign, his court, or his family. Bp. Burnet.

Lea´sow , n. [AS. lesu, laesu.] A pasture. [Obs.]

Least (lest), a. [OE. last, lest, AS. laesast, laesest, superl. of laessa less. See Less, a.] [Used as the superlative of little.] Smallest, either in size or degree; shortest; lowest; most unimportant; as the least insect; the least mercy; the least space. Least is often used with the, as if a noun. “I am the least of the apostles.” 1 Cor. xv. 9. At least, or At the least, at the least estimate, consideration, chance, etc.; hence, at any rate; at all events; even. See However. “He who tempts, though in vain, at least asperses
The tempted with dishonor.” Milton. “Upon the mast they saw a young man, at least if he were a man, who sat as on horseback.” Sir P. Sidney. — In least, or In the least, in the least degree, manner, etc. ´He that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much.´ Luke xvi. 10. — Least squares (Math.), a method of deducing from a number of carefully made yet slightly discordant observations of a phenomenon the most probable values of the unknown quantities. It takes as its fundamental principle that the most probable values are those which make the sum of the squares of the residual errors of the observation a minimum.

Least, adv. In the smallest or lowest degree; in a degree below all others; as to reward those who least deserve it.

Least, conj. See Lest, conj. [Obs.] Spenser. { Least´ways• , Least´wise• } adv. At least; at all events. [Colloq.] At leastways, or At leastwise, at least. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lea´sy , a. [AS. leás void, loose, false. Cf. Leasing.] Flimsy; vague; deceptive. [Obs.] Ascham.

Leat , n. [Cf. Lead to conduct.] An artificial water trench, esp. one to or from a mill. C. Kingsley.

Leath´er (leth´er), n. [OE. lether, AS. leðer; akin to D. leder, leêr, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. leðr, Sw. läder, Dan. laeder.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, tanned, tawed, or otherwise dressed for use; also dressed hides, collectively. 2. The skin. [Ironical or Sportive] Leather is much used adjectively in the sense of made of, relating to, or like, leather. Leather board, an imitation of sole leather, made of leather scraps, rags, paper, etc. — Leather carp (Zoöl.) , a variety of carp in which the scales are all, or nearly all, absent. See Illust. under Carp. — Leather jacket. (Zoöl.) (a) A California carangoid fish (Oligoplites saurus). (b) A trigger fish (Balistes Carolinensis). — Leather flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Clematis Viorna) of the Middle and Southern States having thick, leathery sepals of a purplish color. — Leather leaf (Bot.), a low shrub (Cassandra calyculata), growing in Northern swamps, and having evergreen, coriaceous, scurfy leaves. — Leather plant (Bot.), one or more New Zealand plants of the composite genus Celmisia, which have white or buff tomentose leaves. — Leather turtle. (Zoöl.) See Leatherback. — Vegetable leather. (a) An imitation of leather made of cotton waste. (b) Linen cloth coated with India rubber. Ure.

Leath´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leathered p. pr. & vb. n. Leathering.] To beat, as with a thong of leather. [Obs. or Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Leath´er•back , n. (Zoöl.) A large sea turtle (Sphargis coriacea), having no bony shell on its back. It is common in the warm and temperate parts of the Atlantic, and sometimes weighs over a thousand pounds; — called also leather turtle, leathery turtle, leather-backed tortoise, etc. { Leath´er•et , Leath•er•ette´ }, n. [Leather + et, F. -ette.] An imitation of leather, made of paper and cloth.

Leath´er•head , n. (Zoöl.) The friar bird.

Leath´ern , a. Made of leather; consisting of. leather; as a leathern purse. ´A leathern girdle about his loins.´ Matt. iii. 4.

Leath´er•neck , n. (Zoöl.) The sordid friar bird of Australia (Tropidorhynchus sordidus).

Leath´er•wood, n. (Bot.) A small branching shrub (Dirca palustris), with a white, soft wood, and a tough, leathery bark, common in damp woods in the Northern United States; — called also moosewood, and wicopy. Gray.

Leath´er•y , a. Resembling leather in appearance or consistence; tough. ´A leathery skin.´ Grew.

Leave , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaved p. pr. & vb. n. Leaving] To send out leaves; to leaf; — often with out. G. Fletcher.

Leave, v. t. [See Levy.] To raise; to levy. [Obs.] “An army strong she leaved.” Spenser.

Leave, n. [OE. leve, leave, AS. leáf; akin to leóf pleasing, dear, E. lief, D. oorlof leave, G. arlaub, and erlauben to permit, Icel. leyfi. rad.124. See Lief.] 1. Liberty granted by which restraint or illegality is removed; permission; allowance; license. “David earnestly asked leave of me.” 1 Sam. xx. 6. “No friend has leave to bear away the dead.” Dryden. 2. The act of leaving or departing; a formal parting; a leaving; farewell; adieu; — used chiefly in the phrase, to take leave, i. e., literally, to take permission to go. “A double blessing is a’double grace;
Occasion smiles upon a second leave.” Shak. “And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren.” Acts xviii. 18. French leave. See under French. Syn. — See Liberty.

Leave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Left (left); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaving.] [OE. leven, AS. lfan, fr. laf remnant, heritage; akin to lifian, libban, to live, orig., to remain; cf. belifan to remain, G. bleiben, Goth. bileiban. rad.119. See Live, v.] 1. To withdraw one’s self from; to go away from; to depart from; as to leave the house. “Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife.” Gen. ii. 24. 2. To let remain unremoved or undone; to let stay or continue, in distinction from what is removed or changed. “If grape gatherers come to thee, would they not leave some gleaning grapes ?” Jer. xlix. 9. “These ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.” Matt. xxiii. 23. “Besides it leaveth a suspicion, as if more might be said than is expressed.” Bacon. 3. To cease from; to desist from; to abstain from. “Now leave complaining and begin your tea.” Pope. 4. To desert; to abandon; to forsake; hence, to give up; to relinquish. “Lo, we have left all, and have followed thee.” Mark x. 28. “The heresies that men do leave.” Shak. 5. To let be or do without interference; as I left him to his reflections; I leave my hearers to judge. “I will leave you now to your gossiplike humor.” Shak. 6. To put; to place; to deposit; to deliver; to commit; to submit — with a sense of withdrawing one’s self from; as leave your hat in the hall; we left our cards; to leave the matter to arbitrators. “Leave there thy gift before the altar and go thy way.” Matt. v. 24. “The foot
That leaves the print of blood where’er it walks.” Shak. 7. To have remaining at death; hence, to bequeath; as he left a large estate; he left a good name; he left a legacy to his niece. To leave alone. (a) To leave in solitude. (b) To desist or refrain from having to do with; as to leave dangerous chemicals alone. — To leave off. (a) To desist from; to forbear; to stop; as to leave off work at six o’clock. (b) To cease wearing or using; to omit to put in the usual position; as to leave off a garment; to leave off the tablecloth. (c) To forsake; as to leave off a bad habit. — To leave out, to omit; as to leave out a word or name in writing. — To leave to one’s self, to let (one) be alone; to cease caring for (one). Syn>- To quit; depart from; forsake; abandon; relinquish; deliver; bequeath; give up; forego; resign; surrender; forbear. See Quit.

Leave , v. i. 1. To depart; to set out. [Colloq.] “By the time I left for Scotland.” Carlyle. 2. To cease; to desist; to leave off. ´He … began at the eldest, and left at the youngest.´ Gen. xliv. 12. To leave off, to cease; to desist; to stop. “Leave off, and for another summons wait.” Roscommon.

Leaved , a. [From Leaf.] Bearing, or having, a leaf or leaves; having folds; — used in combination; as a four-leaved clover; a two-leaved gate; long-leaved.

Leave´less , a. Leafless. [Obs.] Carew.

Leav´en , n. [OE. levain, levein, F. levain, L. levamen alleviation, mitigation; but taken in the sense of, a raising, that which raises, fr. levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. Any substance that produces, or is designed to produce, fermentation, as in dough or liquids; esp., a portion of fermenting dough, which, mixed with a larger quantity of dough, produces a general change in the mass, and renders it light; yeast; barm. 2. Anything which makes a general assimilating (especially a corrupting) change in the mass. “Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.” Luke xii. 1.

Leav´en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leavened p. pr. & vb. n. Leavening ] 1. To make light by the action of leaven; to cause to ferment. “A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump.” 1 Cor. v. 6. 2. To imbue; to infect; to vitiate. “With these and the like deceivable doctrines, he leavens also his prayer.” Milton.

Leav´en•ing , n. 1. The act of making light, or causing to ferment, by means of leaven. 2. That which leavens or makes light. Bacon.

Leav´en•ous , a. Containing leaven. Milton.

Leav´er (lev´er), n. One who leaves, or withdraws.

Leaves (levz), n., pl. of Leaf.

Leave´-tak•ing , n. Taking of leave; parting compliments. Shak.

Leav´i•ness , n. [Fr. Leaf.] Leafiness.[Obs.]

Leav´ings, n. pl. 1. Things left; remnants; relics. 2. Refuse; offal.

Leav´y , a. Leafy. [Obs.] Chapman. { Leb´an , Leb´ban } , n. Coagulated sour milk diluted with water; — a common beverage among the Arabs. also a fermented liquor made of the same.

Le•ca´ma , n. (Zoöl.) The hartbeest.

Le•can´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. leka•nh bowl or basin + -mancy.] Divination practiced with water in a basin, by throwing three stones into it, and invoking the demon whose aid was sought.

Lec•a•no´ric , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid which is obtained from several varieties of lichen (Lecanora, Roccella, etc.), as a white, crystalline substance, and is called also orsellic, or diorsellinic acid, lecanorin, etc.

Lec•a•no´rin , n. (Chem.) See Lecanoric.

Lech , v. t. [F. lecher. See Lick.] To lick. [Obs.]

Le•che´ , n. See water buck, under 3d Buck.

Lech´er , n. [OE. lechur, lechour, OF. lecheor, lecheur, gormand, glutton, libertine, parasite, fr. lechier to lick, F. lecher; of Teutonic origin. See Lick.] A man given to lewdness; one addicted, in an excessive degree, to the indulgence of sexual desire, or to illicit commerce with women.

Lech´er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lechered p. pr. & vb. n. Lechering.] To practice lewdness.

Lech´er•er , n. See Lecher, n. Marston.

Lech´er•ous , a. Like a lecher; addicted to lewdness; lustful; also lust-provoking. ´A lecherous thing is wine.´ Chaucer. — Lech´er•ous•ly, adv. — Lech´er•ous•ness, n.

Lech´er•y , n. [OE. lecherie, OF. lecherie. See Lecher.] 1. Free indulgence of lust; lewdness. 2. Selfish pleasure; delight. [Obs.] Massinger.

Lec´i•thin , n. [Gr. le•kiqos the yolk of an egg.] (Physiol. Chem.) A complex, nitrogenous phosphorized substance widely distributed through the animal body, and especially conspicuous in the brain and nerve tissue, in yolk of eggs, and in the white blood corpuscles.

Lec´tern , n. See Lecturn.

Lec•ti´ca , n.; pl. Lecticae (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A kind of litter or portable couch.

Lec´tion , n. [L. lectio, fr. legere, lectum, to read. See lesson, Legend.] 1. (Eccl.) A lesson or selection, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service. 2. A reading; a variation in the text. “We ourselves are offended by the obtrusion of the new lections into the text.” De Quincey.

Lec´tion•a•ry , n.; pl. -ries (#). [LL. lectionarium, lectionarius : cf. F. lectionnaire.] (Eccl.) A book, or a list, of lections, for reading in divine service.

Lec´tor (lek´tor), n. [L. See Lection.] (Eccl.) A reader of lections; formerly, a person designated to read lessons to the illiterate.

Lec´tu•al (-tu•al), a. [LL. lectualis, fr. L. lectus bed.] (Med.) Confining to the bed; as a lectual disease.

Lec´ture (-tur; 135), n. [F. lecture, LL. lectura, fr. L. legere, lectum, to read. See Legend.] 1. The act of reading; as the lecture of Holy Scripture. [Obs.] 2. A discourse on any subject; especially, a formal or methodical discourse, intended for instruction; sometimes, a familiar discourse, in contrast with a sermon. 3. A reprimand or formal reproof from one having authority. 4. (Eng. Universities) A rehearsal of a lesson.

Lec´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lectured (-turd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lecturing.] 1. To read or deliver a lecture to. 2. To reprove formally and with authority.

Lec´ture, v. i. To deliver a lecture or lectures.

Lec´tur•er (-er), n. One who lectures; an assistant preacher.

Lec´ture•ship, n. The office of a lecturer.

Lec´turn (lek´turn), n. [LL. lectrinum, fr. lectrum; cf. L. legere, lectum, to read.] A choir desk, or reading desk, in some churches, from which the lections, or Scripture lessons, are chanted or read; hence, a reading desk. [Written also lectern and lettern.] Fairholt.

Lec´y•this (les´i•this), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 3 an oil flask.] (Bot.) A genus of gigantic trees, chiefly Brazilian, of the order Myrtaceae, having woody capsules opening by an apical lid. Lecythis Zabucajo yields the delicious sapucaia nuts. L. Ollaria produces the monkey-pots, its capsules. Its bark separates into thin sheets, like paper, used by the natives for cigarette wrappers.

Led (led), imp. & p. p. of Lead. Led captain. An obsequious follower or attendant. [Obs.] Swift. — Led horse, a sumpter horse, or a spare horse, that is led along. { Led´en (led´’n), Led´den (-d’n) } n. [AS. leden, lyden, language, speech. Cf. Leod.] Language; speech; voice; cry. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Ledge (lej), n. [Akin to AS. licgan to lie, Icel. liggja; cf. Icel. lögg the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask. See Lie to be prostrate.] [Formerly written lidge.] 1. A shelf on which articles may be laid; also that which resembles such a shelf in form or use, as a projecting ridge or part, or a molding or edge in joinery. 2. A shelf, ridge, or reef, of rocks. 3. A layer or stratum. “The lowest ledge or row should be of stone.” Sir H. Wotton. 4. (Mining) A lode; a limited mass of rock bearing valuable mineral. 5. (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber to support the deck, placed athwartship between beams.

Ledge´ment (lej´ment), n. See Ledgment.

Ledg´er(lej´er), n. [Akin to D. legger layer, daybook (fr. leggen to lay, liggen to lie), E. ledge, lie. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. A book in which a summary of accounts is laid up or preserved; the final book of record in business transactions, in which all debits and credits from the journal, etc., are placed under appropriate heads. [Written also leger.] 2. (Arch.) (a) A large flat stone, esp. one laid over a tomb. Oxf. Gloss. (b) A horizontal piece of timber secured to the uprights and supporting floor timbers, a staircase, scaffolding, or the like. It differs from an intertie in being intended to carry weight. [Written also ligger.] Ledger bait, fishing bait attached to a floating line fastened to the bank of a stream, pond, etc. Walton. J. H. Walsh. — Ledger blade, a stationary shearing blade in a machine for shearing the nap of cloth. — Ledger line. See Leger line, under 3d Leger, a. — Ledger wall (Mining), the wall under a vein; the foot wall. Raymond.

Ledg´ment (-ment), n. (Arch.) (a) A string-course or horizontal suit of moldings, such as the base moldings of a building. Oxf. Gloss. (b) The development of the surface of a body on a plane, so that the dimensions of the different sides may be easily ascertained. Gwilt. [Written also ledgement, legement, and ligement.]

Ledg´y (-y), a. Abounding in ledges; consisting of a ledge or reef; as a ledgy island.

Lee (le), v. i., To lie; to speak falsely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lee, n.; pl. Lees (lez). [F. lie, perh. fr. L. levare to lift up, raise. Cf. Lever.] That which settles at the bottom, as of a cask of liquor (esp. wine); sediment; dregs; — used now only in the plural. [Lees occurs also as a form of the singular.] ´The lees of wine.´ Holland. “A thousand demons lurk within the lee.” Young. “The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees
Is left this vault to brag of.” Shak.

Lee, n. [OE. lee shelter, Icel. hle, akin to AS. hleó, hleów, shelter, protection, OS. hlèo, D. lij lee, Sw. lä, Dan. lae.] 1. A sheltered place; esp., a place protected from the wind by some object; the side sheltered from the wind; shelter; protection; as the lee of a mountain, an island, or a ship. “We lurked under lee.” Morte d’Arthure. “Desiring me to take shelter in his lee.” Tyndall. 2. (Naut.) That part of the hemisphere, as one stands on shipboard, toward which the wind blows. See Lee, a. By the lee, To bring by the lee. See under By, and Bring. — Under the lee of, on that side which is sheltered from the wind; as to be under the lee of a ship.

Lee, a. (Naut.) Of or pertaining to the part or side opposite to that against which the wind blows; — opposed to weather; as the lee side or lee rail of a vessel. Lee gauge. See Gauge, n. (Naut.) — Lee shore, the shore on the lee side of a vessel. — Lee tide, a tide running in the same direction that the wind blows. — On the lee beam, directly to the leeward; in a line at right angles to the length of the vessel and to the leeward.

Lee´board (le´bord•), n. A board, or frame of planks, lowered over the side of a vessel to lessen her leeway when closehauled, by giving her greater draught.

Leech (lech), n. See 2d Leach.

Leech, v. t. See Leach, v. t.

Leech, n. [Cf. LG. leik, Icel. lik, Sw. lik boltrope, stående liken the leeches.] (Naut.) The border or edge at the side of a sail. [Written also leach.] Leech line, a line attached to the leech ropes of sails, passing up through blocks on the yards, to haul the leeches by. Totten. — Leech rope, that part of the boltrope to which the side of a sail is sewed.

Leech, n. [OE. leche, laeche, physician, AS. laece; akin to Fries. letza, OHG. lahhi, Icel. laeknari, Sw. läkare, Dan. laege, Goth. lekeis, AS. lacnian to heal, Sw. läka, Dan. laege, Icel. laekna, Goth. lekinon.] 1. A physician or surgeon; a professor of the art of healing. [Written also leach.] [Archaic] Spenser. “Leech, heal thyself.” Wyclif (Luke iv. 23). 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous genera and species of annulose worms, belonging to the order Hirudinea, or Bdelloidea, esp. those species used in medicine, as Hirudo medicinalis of Europe, and allied species. In the mouth of bloodsucking leeches are three convergent, serrated jaws, moved by strong muscles. By the motion of these jaws a stellate incision is made in the skin, through which the leech sucks blood till it is gorged, and then drops off. The stomach has large pouches on each side to hold the blood. The common large bloodsucking leech of America (Macrobdella decora) is dark olive above, and red below, with black spots. Many kinds of leeches are parasitic on fishes; others feed upon worms and mollusks, and have no jaws for drawing blood. See Bdelloidea. Hirudinea, and Clepsine. 3. (Surg.) A glass tube of peculiar construction, adapted for drawing blood from a scarified part by means of a vacuum. Horse leech, a less powerful European leech (Haemopis vorax), commonly attacking the membrane that lines the inside of the mouth and nostrils of animals that drink at pools where it lives.

Leech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leeched (lecht); p. pr. & vb. n. Leeching.] 1. To treat as a surgeon; to doctor; as to leech wounds. [Archaic] 2. To bleed by the use of leeches.

Leech´craft (-kraft•), n. The art of healing; skill of a physician. [Archaic] Chaucer. { Leed , Leede (led) }, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A caldron; a copper kettle. [Obs.] ´A furnace of a leed.´ Chaucer.

Leef (lef), a. & adv. See Lief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leek (lek), n. [AS. leác; akin to D. look, G. lauch, OHG. louh, Icel. laukr, Sw. lök, Dan lög. Cf. Garlic.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Allium (A. Porrum), having broadly linear succulent leaves rising from a loose oblong cylindrical bulb. The flavor is stronger than that of the common onion. Wild leek , in America, a plant (Allium tricoccum) with a cluster of ovoid bulbs and large oblong elliptical leaves.

Leeme (lem), v. & n. See Leme. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leep (lep), obs. strong imp. of Leap. Leaped.

Leer (ler), v. t. To learn. [Obs.] See Lere, to learn.

Leer, a. [OE. lere; akin to G. leer, OHG. & OS. lari.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Empty; destitute; wanting; as: (a) Empty of contents. ´A leer stomach.´ Gifford. (b) Destitute of a rider; and hence, led, not ridden; as a leer horse. B. Jonson. (c) Wanting sense or seriousness; trifling; trivolous; as leer words.

Leer, n. An oven in which glassware is annealed.

Leer, n. [OE. lere cheek, face, look, AS. hleór cheek, face; akin to OS. hlear, hlior, OD. lier, Icel. hlyr.] 1. The cheek. [Obs.] Holinshed. 2. Complexion; aspect; appearance. [Obs.] “A Rosalind of a better leer than you.” Shak. 3. A distorted expression of the face, or an indirect glance of the eye, conveying a sinister or immodest suggestion. “With jealous leer malign
Eyed them askance.” Milton. “She gives the leer of invitation.” Shak. “Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer.” Pope.

Leer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leered (lerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Leering.] To look with a leer; to look askance with a suggestive expression, as of hatred, contempt, lust, etc.; to cast a sidelong lustful or malign look. “I will leerupon him as a’ comes by.” Shak. “The priest, above his book,
Leering at his neighbor’s wife.” Tennyson.

Leer, v. t. To entice with a leer, or leers; as to leer a man to ruin. Dryden.

Leere (ler), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Tape or braid; an ornament. Halliwell. Leere side, the left side, as that on which a leere or ornament was worn. B. Jonson.

Leer´ing•ly, adv. In a leering manner.

Lees (lez), n. pl. Dregs. See 2d Lee.

Lees (les), n. A leash. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leese (lez), v. t. [See Lose.] To lose. [Obs.] “They would rather leese their friend than their jest.” Lord Burleigh.

Leese, v. t. [Cf. F. leser, L. laesus, p. p. of laedere.] To hurt. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Leet (let), obs. imp. of Let, to allow. Chaucer.

Leet, n. [Cf. AS. hlet share, lot.] A portion; a list, esp. a list of candidates for an office. [Scot.]

Leet, n. [LL. leta. Cf. F. lit de justice a solemn sitting of the king in Parliament, L. lis, litis, a lawsuit, It., Sp., & Pg. lite.] (Eng. Hist.) A court-leet; the district within the jurisdiction of a court-leet; the day on which a court-leet is held. Shak. The original intent of the court-leet was to view the frankpledges or freemen within the liberty; hence called the view of frankpledge. Latterly it has fallen into almost entire disuse. Burrill. Warren’s Blackstone. Leet ale, a feast or merrymaking in time of leet. [Obs.]

Leet, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European pollock.

Leet´man (-man), n.; pl. Leetmen (-men). One subject to the jurisdiction of a court-leet.

Lee´ward (le´werd or lu´erd), a. (Naut.) Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the part or side toward which the wind blows; — opposed to windward; as a leeward berth; a leeward ship. — n. The lee side; the lee. — adv. Toward the lee.

Lee´way (le´wa•), n. (Naut.) The lateral movement of a ship to the leeward of her course; drift.

Left (left), imp. & p. p. of Leave.

Left, a. [OE. left, lift, luft; akin to Fries. leeft, OD. lucht, luft; cf. AS. left (equiv. to L. inanis), lyftadl palsy; or cf. AS. lef weak.] Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action of the limbs is usually weaker than on the other side; — opposed to right, when used in reference to a part of the body; as the left hand, or arm; the left ear. Also said of the corresponding side of the lower animals. Left bank of a river, that which is on the left hand of a person whose face is turned downstream. — Left bower. See under 2d Bower. — Left center, the members whose sympathies are, in the main, with the members of the Left, but who do not favor extreme courses, and on occasions vote with the government. They sit between the Center and the extreme Left. — Over the left shoulder, or Over the left, an old but still current colloquialism, or slang expression, used as an aside to indicate insincerity, negation, or disbelief; as he said it, and it is true, — over the left.

Left, n. 1. That part of surrounding space toward which the left side of one’s body is turned; as the house is on the left when you face North. “Put that rose a little more to the left.” Ld. Lytton. 2. Those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who are in the opposition; the advanced republicans and extreme radicals. They have their seats at the left-hand side of the presiding officer. See Center, and Right.

Left´-hand (left´hand•), a. Situated on the left; nearer the left hand than the right; as the left-hand side; the left-hand road. Left-hand rope, rope laid up and twisted over from right to left, or against the sun; — called also water- laid rope.

Left´-hand•ed, a. 1. Having the left hand or arm stronger and more dexterous than the right; using the left hand and arm with more dexterity than the right. 2. Clumsy; awkward; unlucky; insincere; sinister; malicious; as a left-handed compliment. “The commendations of this people are not always left-handed and detractive.” Landor. 3. Having a direction contrary to that of the hands of a watch when seen in front; — said of a twist, a rotary motion, etc., looked at from a given direction. Left-handed marriage, a morganatic marriage. See Morganatic. — Left-handed screw, a screw constructed to advance away from the observer, when turned, as in a nut, with a left-handed rotation. An ordinary wood screw is right-handed. { Left´-hand•ed•ness , Left´-hand•i•ness (- i•nes), } n. The state or quality of being left-handed; awkwardness. “An awkward address, ungraceful attitudes and actions, and a certain left-handiness (if I may use the expression) proclaim low education.” Chesterfield.

Left´-off (-of•; 115), a. Laid aside; cast-off.

Left´ward (-werd), adv. Toward or on the left side. “Rightward and leftward rise the rocks.” Southey.

Le´ful (le´ful), a. See Leveful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leg (leg), n. [Icel. leggr; akin to Dan. laeg calf of the leg, Sw. lägg.] 1. A limb or member of an animal used for supporting the body, and in running, climbing, and swimming; esp., that part of the limb between the knee and foot. 2. That which resembles a leg in form or use; especially, any long and slender support on which any object rests; as the leg of a table; the leg of a pair of compasses or dividers. 3. The part of any article of clothing which covers the leg; as the leg of a stocking or of a pair of trousers. 4. A bow, esp. in the phrase to make a leg; probably from drawing the leg backward in bowing. [Obs.] “He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks for a favor he never received.” Fuller. 5. A disreputable sporting character; a blackleg. [Slang, Eng.] 6. (Naut.) The course and distance made by a vessel on one tack or between tacks. 7. (Steam Boiler) An extension of the boiler downward, in the form of a narrow space between vertical plates, sometimes nearly surrounding the furnace and ash pit, and serving to support the boiler; — called also water leg. 8. (Grain Elevator) The case containing the lower part of the belt which carries the buckets. 9. (Cricket) A fielder whose position is on the outside, a little in rear of the batter. A good leg (Naut.), a course sailed on a tack which is near the desired course. — Leg bail, escape from custody by flight. [Slang] — Legs of an hyperbola (or other curve) (Geom.), the branches of the curve which extend outward indefinitely. — Legs of a triangle, the sides of a triangle; — a name seldom used unless one of the sides is first distinguished by some appropriate term; as the hypothenuse and two legs of a right-angled triangle. On one’s legs, standing to speak. — On one’s last legs. See under Last. — To have legs (Naut.), to have speed. — To stand on one’s own legs, to support one’s self; to be independent.

Leg (leg), v. t. To use as a leg, with it as object: (a) To bow. [Obs.] (b) To run. [Low]

Leg´a•cy (leg´a•sy), n.; pl. Legacies (- siz). [L. (assumed) legatia, for legatum, from legare to appoint by last will, to bequeath as a legacy, to depute: cf. OF. legat legacy. See Legate.] 1. A gift of property by will, esp. of money or personal property; a bequest. Also Fig.; as a legacy of dishonor or disease. 2. A business with which one is intrusted by another; a commission; — obsolete, except in the phrases last legacy, dying legacy, and the like. “My legacy and message wherefore I am sent into the world.” Tyndale. “He came and told his legacy.” Chapman. Legacy duty, a tax paid to government on legacies. Wharton. — Legacy hunter, one who flatters and courts any one for the sake of a legacy.

Le´gal (le´gal), a. [L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law; prob. orig., that which lies or is fixed (cf. L. lectus bed), and if so akin to E. lie, law: cf. F. legal. Cf. Lie to be prostrate, Loyal, Leal.] 1. Created by, permitted by, in conformity with, or relating to, law; as a legal obligation; a legal standard or test; a legal procedure; a legal claim; a legal trade; anything is legal which the laws do not forbid. 2. (Theol.) (a) According to the law of works, as distinguished from free grace; or resting on works for salvation. (b) According to the old or Mosaic dispensation; in accordance with the law of Moses. 3. (Law) Governed by the rules of law as distinguished from the rules of equity; as legal estate; legal assets. Bouvier. Burrill. Legal cap. See under Cap. — Legal tender. (a) The act of tendering in the performance of a contract or satisfaction of a claim that which the law prescribes or permits, and at such time and place as the law prescribes or permits. (b) That currency, or money, which the law authorizes a debtor to tender and requires a creditor to receive. It differs in different countries. Syn. — Lawful; constitutional; legitimate; licit; authorized. See Lawful.

Le´gal•ism (le´gal•iz’m), n. Strictness, or the doctrine of strictness, in conforming to law.

Le´gal•ist, n. One who practices or advocates strict conformity to law; in theology, one who holds to the law of works. See Legal, 2 (a).

Le•gal´i•ty (le•gal´i•ty), n. [Cf. LL. legalitas, F. legalite. Cf. Loyalty.] 1. The state or quality of being legal; conformity to law. 2. (Theol.) A conformity to, and resting upon, the letter of the law.

Le•gal•i•za´tion (le•gal•i•za´shun), n. The act of making legal.

Le´gal•ize (le´gal•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legalized (- izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Legalizing (- i•zing).] [Cf. F. legaliser.] 1. To make legal. 2. (Theol.) To interpret or apply in a legal spirit.

Le´gal•ly, adv. In a legal manner.

Le•gan´tine (le•gan´tin), a. [Obs.] See Legatine.

Leg´a•ta•ry (leg´a•ta•ry), n. [L. legatarius, fr. legaturius enjoined by a last will: cf. F. legataire. See Legacy.] A legatee. [R.] Ayliffe.

Leg´ate (leg´at), n. [OE. legat, L. legatus, fr. legare to send with a commission or charge, to depute, fr. lex, legis, law: cf. F. legat, It. legato. See Legal.] 1. An ambassador or envoy. 2. An ecclesiastic representing the pope and invested with the authority of the Holy See. Legates are of three kinds: (a) Legates a latere, now always cardinals. They are called ordinary or extraordinary legates, the former governing provinces, and the latter class being sent to foreign countries on extraordinary occasions. (b) Legati missi, who correspond to the ambassadors of temporal governments. (c) Legati nati, or legates by virtue of their office, as the archbishops of Salzburg and Prague. 3. (Rom. Hist.) (a) An official assistant given to a general or to the governor of a province. (b) Under the emperors, a governor sent to a province.

Leg•a•tee´ (leg•a•te´), n. [See Legacy.] (Law) One to whom a legacy is bequeathed.

Leg´ate•ship (leg´at•ship), n. The office of a legate.

Leg´a•tine (-a•tin), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a legate; as legatine power. Holinshed. 2. Made by, proceeding from, or under the sanction of, a legate; as a legatine constitution. Ayliffe.

Le•ga´tion (le•ga´shun), n. [L. legatio: cf. F. legation, It. legazione. See Legate.] 1. The sending forth or commissioning one person to act for another. ´The Divine legation of Moses.´ Bp. Warburton. 2. A legate, or envoy, and the persons associated with him in his mission; an embassy; or, in stricter usage, a diplomatic minister and his suite; a deputation. 3. The place of business or official residence of a diplomatic minister at a foreign court or seat of government. 4. A district under the jurisdiction of a legate.

Le•ga´to (la•gä´to), a. [It., tied, joined, fr. legare to tie, bind, L. ligare.] (Mus.) Connected; tied; — a term used when successive tones are to be produced in a closely connected, smoothly gliding manner. It is often indicated by a tie, thus , , or , , written over or under the notes to be so performed; — opposed to staccato.

Leg•a•tor´ (leg•a•tôr´), n. [L., fr. legare: cf. OF. legateur. See Legacy.] (Law) A testator; one who bequeaths a legacy. Dryden.

Le•ga•tu´ra (la•ga•too´ra), n. [It. See Ligature.] (Mus.) A tie or brace; a syncopation.

Leg´a•ture (leg´a•tur; 135), n. Legateship. [Obs.]

Lege (lej), v. t. [Abbrev. fr. allege to assert.] To allege; to assert. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Lege´ment (-ment), n. See Ledgment.

Leg´end (lej´end or le´jend; 277), n. [OE. legende, OF. legende, F. legende, LL. legenda, fr. L. legendus to be read, fr. legere to read, gather; akin to Gr. le•gein to gather, speak. Cf. Collect, Dialogue, Lesson, Logic.] 1. That which is appointed to be read; especially, a chronicle or register of the lives of saints, formerly read at matins, and in the refectories of religious houses. 2. A story respecting saints; especially, one of a marvelous nature. Addison. 3. Any wonderful story coming down from the past, but not verifiable by historical record; a myth; a fable. “And in this legend all that glorious deed
Read, whilst you arm you.” Fairfax. 4. An inscription, motto, or title, esp. one surrounding the field in a medal or coin, or placed upon an heraldic shield or beneath an engraving or illustration. Golden legend. See under Golden.

Leg´end, v. t. To tell or narrate, as a legend. Bp. Hall.

Leg´end•a•ry (lej´en•da•ry), a. Of or pertaining to a legend or to legends; consisting of legends; like a legend; fabulous. ´Legendary writers.´ Bp. Lloyd. “Legendary stories of nurses and old women.” Bourne.

Leg´end•a•ry, n. [Cf. OF. legendaire, LL. legendarius.] 1. A book of legends; a tale or narrative. “Read the Countess of Pembroke’s ´Arcadia,´ a gallant legendary full of pleasurable accidents.” James I. 2. One who relates legends. Bp. Lavington.

Leg´er (lej´er), n. [See Ledger.] 1. Anything that lies in a place; that which, or one who, remains in a place. [Obs.] 2. A minister or ambassador resident at a court or seat of government. [Written also lieger, leiger.] [Obs.] “Sir Edward Carne, the queen’s leger at Rome.” Fuller. 3. A ledger.

Leg´er, a. Lying or remaining in a place; hence, resident; as leger ambassador.

Leg´er, a. [F. leger, fr. LL. (assumed) leviarius, fr. L. levis light in weight. See Levity.] Light; slender; slim; trivial. [Obs. except in special phrases.] Bacon. Leger line (Mus.), a line added above or below the staff to extend its compass; — called also added line.

Leg•er•de•main´ (lej•er•de•man´), n. [F. leger light, nimble + de of + main hand, L. manus. See 3d Leger, and Manual.] Sleight of hand; a trick of sleight of hand; hence, any artful deception or trick. “He of legierdemayne the mysteries did know.” Spenser. “The tricks and legerdemain by which men impose upon their own souls.” South.

Leg•er•de•main´ist, n. One who practices sleight of hand; a prestidigitator.

Le•ger´i•ty (le•jer´i•ty), n. [F. legèrete. See 3d Leger.] Lightness; nimbleness. [Archaic] Shak.

Legge (leg), v. t. [See Lay, v. t. ] To lay. [Obs.]

Legge, v. t. [Abbrev. fr. alegge.] To lighten; to allay. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Legged (legd or leg´ged), a. [From Leg.] Having (such or so many) legs; — used in composition; as a long-legged man; a two- legged animal. { Leg•gi•a´dro (lad•je•ä´dro), Leg•gi•e´ro (lad•je•a´ro), } a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Light or graceful; in a light, delicate, and brisk style. { Leg´ging (leg´ging), Leg´gin (leg´gin), } n. [From Leg.] A cover for the leg, like a long gaiter.

Leg´ging, a. & vb. n., from Leg, v. t.

Leg´gy (-gy), a. Having long legs. Thackeray.

Leg´horn (-hôrn), n. A straw plaiting used for bonnets and hats, made from the straw of a particular kind of wheat, grown for the purpose in Tuscany, Italy; — so called from Leghorn, the place of exportation.

Leg•i•bil´i•ty (lej•i•bil´i•ty), n. The quality of being legible; legibleness. Sir. D. Brewster.

Leg´i•ble (lej´i•b’l), a. [L. legibilis, fr. legere to read: cf. OF. legible. See Legend.] 1. Capable of being read or deciphered; distinct to the eye; plain; — used of writing or printing; as a fair, legible manuscript. “The stone with moss and lichens so overspread,
Nothing is legible but the name alone.” Longfellow. 2. Capable of being discovered or understood by apparent marks or indications; as the thoughts of men are often legible in their countenances.

Leg´i•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being legible.

Leg´i•bly, adv. In a legible manner.

Le•gif´ic (le•jif´ik), a. [L. lex, legis, law + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Of or pertaining to making laws. “Practically, in many cases, authority or legific competence has begun in bare power.” J. Grote.

Le´gion (le´jun), n. [OE. legioun, OF. legion, F. legion, fr. L. legio, fr. legere to gather, collect. See Legend.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of foot soldiers and cavalry consisting of different numbers at different periods, — from about four thousand to about six thousand men, — the cavalry being about one tenth. 2. A military force; an army; military bands. 3. A great number; a multitude. “Where one sin has entered, legions will force their way through the same breach.” Rogers. 4. (Taxonomy) A group of orders inferior to a class. Legion of honor, an order instituted by the French government in 1802, when Bonaparte was First Consul, as a reward for merit, both civil and military.

Le´gion•a•ry (-a•ry), a. [L. legionarius: cf. F. legionnaire.] Belonging to a legion; consisting of a legion or legions, or of an indefinitely great number; as legionary soldiers; a legionary force. ´The legionary body of error.´ Sir T. Browne.

Le´gion•a•ry (le´jun•a•ry), n.; pl. Legionaries (- riz). A member of a legion. Milton.

Le´gioned (le´jund), a. Formed into a legion or legions; legionary. Shelley.

Le´gion•ry (le´jun•ry), n. A body of legions; legions, collectively. [R.] Pollok.

Leg´is•late (lej´is•lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Legislated (- la•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Legislating (-la•ting).] [See Legislator.] To make or enact a law or laws. “Solon, in legislating for the Athenians, had an idea of a more perfect constitution than he gave them.” Bp. Watson (1805).

Leg•is•la´tion (-la´shun), n. [Cf. F. legislation, L. legis latio. See Legislator.] The act of legislating; preparation and enactment of laws; the laws enacted. “Pythagoras joined legislation to his philosophy.” Lyttelton.

Leg´is•la•tive (lej´is•la•tiv), a. [Cf. F. legislatif.] 1. Making, or having the power to make, a law or laws; lawmaking; — distinguished from executive; as a legislative act; a legislative body. “The supreme legislative power of England was lodged in the king and great council, or what was afterwards called the Parliament.” Hume. 2. Of or pertaining to the making of laws; suitable to legislation; as the transaction of legislative business; the legislative style.

Leg´is•la•tive•ly, adv. In a legislative manner.

Leg´is•la•tor (lej´is•la•ter), n. [L. legis lator, prop., a proposer of a law; lex, legis, law + lator a proposer, bearer, fr. latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear: cf. F. legislateur. See Legal, and Tolerate.] A lawgiver; one who makes laws for a state or community; a member of a legislative body. “The legislators in ancient and heroical times.” Bacon. “Many of the legislators themselves had taken an oath of abjuration of his Majesty’s person and family.” E. Phillips.

Leg•is•la•to´ri•al (- la•to´ri•al), a. Of or pertaining to a legislator or legislature.

Leg´is•la•tor•ship (lej´is•la•ter•ship), n. The office of a legislator. Halifax. { Leg´is•la•tress (-tres), Leg´is•la•trix (-triks), } n. A woman who makes laws. Shaftesbury.

Leg´is•la•ture (lej´is•la•tur; 135), n. [Cf. F. legislature.] The body of persons in a state or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws; a legislative body. “Without the concurrent consent of all three parts of the legislature, no law is, or can be, made.” Sir M. Hale. The legislature of Great Britain consists of the Lords and Commons, with the king or queen, whose sanction is necessary to every bill before it becomes a law. The legislatures of most of the United States consist of two houses or branches; but the sanction or consent of the governor is required to give their acts the force of law, or a concurrence of two thirds of the two houses after he has refused his sanction and assigned his objections.

Le´gist (le´jist), n. [F. legiste, LL. legista, fr. L. lex, legis, law. See Legal.] One skilled in the laws; a writer on law. Milman. J. Morley.

Le•git´im (le•ji´im), n. [See Legitimate, a.] (Scots Law) The portion of movable estate to which the children are entitled upon the death of the father.

Le•git´i•ma•cy (-i•ma•sy), n. [See Legitimate, a.] The state, or quality, of being legitimate, or in conformity with law; hence, the condition of having been lawfully begotten, or born in wedlock. “The doctrine of Divine Right, which has now come back to us, like a thief from transportation, under the alias of Legitimacy.” Macaulay.

Le•git´i•mate (-mat), a. [LL. legitimatus, p. p. of legitimare to legitimate, fr. L. legitimus legitimate. See Legal.] 1. Accordant with law or with established legal forms and requirements; lawful; as legitimate government; legitimate rights; the legitimate succession to the throne; a legitimate proceeding of an officer; a legitimate heir. 2. Lawfully begotten; born in wedlock. 3. Authorized; real; genuine; not false, counterfeit, or spurious; as legitimate poems of Chaucer; legitimate inscriptions. 4. Conforming to known principles, or accepted rules; as legitimate reasoning; a legitimate standard, or method; a legitimate combination of colors. “Tillotson still keeps his place as a legitimate English classic.” Macaulay. 5. Following by logical sequence; reasonable; as a legitimate result; a legitimate inference.

Le•git´i•mate (-mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legitimated (- ma•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimating (-ma•ting).] To make legitimate, lawful, or valid; esp., to put in the position or state of a legitimate person before the law, by legal means; as to legitimate a bastard child. “To enact a statute of that which he dares not seem to approve, even to legitimate vice.” Milton.

Le•git´i•mate•ly (-mat•ly), adv. In a legitimate manner; lawfully; genuinely.

Le•git´i•mate•ness, n. The state or quality of being legitimate; lawfulness; genuineness.

Le•git•i•ma´tion (-ma´shun), n. [Cf. F. legitimation.] 1. The act of making legitimate. “The coining or legitimation of money.” East. 2. Lawful birth. [R.] Shak.

Le•git´i•ma•tist (le•jit´i•ma•tist), n. See Legitimist.

Le•git´i•ma•tize (-tiz), v. t. To legitimate.

Le•git´i•mism (-miz’m), n. The principles or plans of legitimists.

Le•git´i•mist (-mist), n. [Cf. F. legitimiste.] 1. One who supports legitimate authority; esp., one who believes in hereditary monarchy, as a divine right. 2. Specifically, a supporter of the claims of the elder branch of the Bourbon dynasty to the crown of France.

Le•git´i•mize (le•jit´i•miz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legitimized (-mizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimizing.] To legitimate.

Leg´less (leg´les), a. Not having a leg.

Le´go-lit´er•a•ry (le´go- lit´er•a•ry), a. [See Legal, and Literary.] Pertaining to the literature of law.

Le•gu•le´ian (le•gu•le´yan), a. [L. leguleius pettifogger, fr. lex, legis, law.] Lawyerlike; legal. [R.] ´Leguleian barbarism.´ De Quincey. — n. A lawyer.

Leg´ume (leg´um or le•gum´), n. [F. legume, L. legumen, fr. legere to gather. So called because they may be gathered without cutting. See Legend.] 1. (Bot.) A pod dehiscent into two pieces or valves, and having the seed attached at one suture, as that of the pea. In the latter circumstance, it differs from a siliqua, in which the seeds are attached to both sutures. In popular use, a legume is called a pod, or cod; as pea pod, or peas cod. 2. pl. The fruit of leguminous plants, as peas beans, lupines; pulse.

Le•gu´men (le•gu´men), n.; pl. L. Legumina (- mi•na), E. Legumens (-menz). [L.] Same as Legume.

Le•gu´min (-min), n. [Cf. F. legumine.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance resembling casein, found as a characteristic ingredient of the seeds of leguminous and grain-bearing plants.

Le•gu´mi•nous (-mi•nus), a. [Cf. F. legumineux.] 1. Pertaining to pulse; consisting of pulse. 2. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a very large natural order of plants (Leguminosae), which bear legumes, including peas beans, clover, locust trees, acacias and mimosas.

Lei´ger (le´jer), n. [See Leger, and Ledger.] See Leger, n., 2. [Obs.] Shak.

Lei•ot´ri•chan (li•ot´ri•kan), a. Of or pertaining to the Leiotrichi. - - n. One of the Leiotrichi.

Lei•ot´ri•chi (-ki), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lei^os smooth + qri•x, tricho•s, hair.] (Anthropol.) The division of mankind which embraces the smooth-haired races.

Lei•ot´ri•chous (-kus), a. [See Leiotrichi.] (Anthropol.) Having smooth, or nearly smooth, hair.

Lei•po´a (li•po´a), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Australian gallinaceous birds including but a single species (Leipoa ocellata), about the size of a turkey. Its color is variegated, brown, black, white, and gray. Called also native pheasant. It makes large mounds of sand and vegetable material, in which its eggs are laid to be hatched by the heat of the decomposing mass.

Lei•po•thym´ic (li•po•thim´ik), a. See Lipothymic. { Leis´ter , Lis´ter } (lis´ter), n. A spear armed with three or more prongs, for striking fish. [Scotland]

Lei´sur•a•ble (le´zhur•a•b’l; 135), a. [See Leisure.] 1. Leisurely. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. Vacant of employment; not occupied; idle; leisure; as leisurable hours. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Lei´sur•a•bly, adv. At leisure. [Obs.]

Lei´sure (le´zhur; 135), n. [OE. leisere, leiser, OF. leisir, F. loisir, orig., permission, fr. L. licere to be permitted. See License.] 1. Freedom from occupation or business; vacant time; time free from employment. “The desire of leisure is much more natural than of business and care.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Time at one’s command, free from engagement; convenient opportunity; hence, convenience; ease. “He sighed, and had no leisure more to say.” Dryden. At leisure. (a) Free from occupation; not busy. (b) In a leisurely manner; at a convenient time.

Lei´sure, a. Unemployed; as leisure hours.

Lei´sured (le´zhurd), a. Having leisure. ´The leisured classes.´ Gladstone.

Lei´sure•ly (le´zhur•ly), a. Characterized by leisure; taking abundant time; not hurried; as a leisurely manner; a leisurely walk.

Lei´sure•ly, adv. In a leisurely manner. Addison.

Leit´mo•tif´ (lit´mo•tef´), n. [G.] (Mus.) See Leading motive, under Leading, a.

Le´man (le´man or lem´an; 277), n. [OE. lemman, lefman; AS. leóf dear + mann man. See Lief, and Man.] A sweetheart, of either sex; a gallant, or a mistress; — usually in a bad sense. [Archaic] Chaucer. Spenser. Shak.

Leme (lem), n. [OE. leem, leme, leam, AS. leóma light, brightness; akin to E. light, n. rad.122.] A ray or glimmer of light; a gleam. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leme, v. i. To shine. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Lem´ma (lem´ma), n.; pl. L. Lemmata (-ma•ta), E. Lemmas (-maz). [L. lemma, Gr. lh^mma anything received, an assumption or premise taken for granted, fr. lamba•nein to take, assume. Cf. Syllable.] A preliminary or auxiliary proposition demonstrated or accepted for immediate use in the demonstration of some other proposition, as in mathematics or logic.

Lem´man (lem´man), n. A leman. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lem´ming (lem´ming), n. [Nor. lemming, lemende; cf. Sw. lemel, Lapp. lummik.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small arctic rodents of the genera Myodes and Cuniculus, resembling the meadow mice in form. They are found in both hemispheres. The common Northern European lemming (Myodes lemmus) is remarkable for making occasional devastating migrations in enormous numbers from the mountains into the lowlands.

Lem´ni•an (lem´ni•an), a. [L. Lemnius, fr. Lemnus, Gr. Lh^mnos.] Of or pertaining to the isle of Lemnos. Lemnian bole, Lemnian earth, an aluminous earth of a grayish yellow color; sphragide; — formerly sold as medicine, having astringent properties. — Lemnian reddle, a reddle of firm consistence and deep red color; — used by artificers in coloring. { Lem•nis•ca´ta (lem•nis•ka´ta), Lem•nis´cate (lem•nis´kat), } n. [L. lemniscatus adorned with ribbons, fr. lemniscus a ribbon hanging down, Gr. lhmni•skos.] (Geom.) A curve in the form of the figure 8, with both parts symmetrical, generated by the point in which a tangent to an equilateral hyperbola meets the perpendicular on it drawn from the center.

Lem•nis´cus (lem•nis´kus), n.; pl. Lemnisci (- si). [L. See Lemniscata.] (Zoöl.) One of two oval bodies hanging from the interior walls of the body in the Acanthocephala.

Lem´on (lem´un), n. [F. limon, Per. limun; cf. Ar. laimun, Sp. limon, It. limone. Cf. Lime a fruit.] 1. (Bot.) An oval or roundish fruit resembling the orange, and containing a pulp usually intensely acid. It is produced by a tropical tree of the genus Citrus, the common fruit known in commerce being that of the species C. Limonum or C. Medica (var. Limonum). There are many varieties of the fruit, some of which are sweet. 2. The tree which bears lemons; the lemon tree. Lemon grass (Bot.), a fragrant East Indian grass (Andropogon Shœnanthus, and perhaps other allied species), which yields the grass oil used in perfumery. - - Lemon sole (Zoöl.), a yellow European sole (Solea aurantiaca). — Salts of lemon (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, inappropriately named, as it consists of an acid potassium oxalate and contains no citric acid, which is the characteristic acid of lemon; — called also salts of sorrel. It is used in removing ink stains. See Oxalic acid, under Oxalic. [Colloq.]

Lem•on•ade´ (lem•un•ad´), n. [F. limonade; cf. Sp. limonada, It. limonata. See Lemon.] A beverage consisting of lemon juice mixed with water and sweetened.

Le´mur (le´mur), n. [L., a ghost, specter. So called on account of its habit of going abroad by night.] (Zoöl.) One of a family (Lemuridae) of nocturnal mammals allied to the monkeys, but of small size, and having a sharp and foxlike muzzle, and large eyes. They feed upon birds, insects, and fruit, and are mostly natives of Madagascar and the neighboring islands, one genus (Galago) occurring in Africa. The slow lemur or kukang of the East Indies is Nycticebus tardigradus. See Galago, Indris, and Colugo.

Lem´u•res (lem´u•rez; E. le´murz), n. pl. [L. See Lemur.] Spirits or ghosts of the departed; specters. “The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint.” Milton.

Le•mu´ri•a (le•mu´ri•a), n. [So named from the supposition that it was the original home of the lemurs.] A hypothetical land, or continent, supposed by some to have existed formerly in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar is a remnant. Herschel.

Lem´u•rid (lem´u•rid), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Lemuroid. { Le•mu´ri•dous (le•mu´ri•dus), Lem´u•rine (lem´u•rin or •rin), } a. (Zoöl.) Lemuroid.

Lem´u•roid (lem´u•roid), a. [Lemur + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the lemurs or the Lemuroidea. — n. One of the Lemuroidea.

Lem•u•roi´de•a (lem•u•roi´de•a), n. pl. [NL. See Lemur, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of primates, including the lemurs, the aye-aye, and allied species. [Written also Lemuroida.]

Le´na (le´na), n. [L.] A procuress. J. Webster.

Lend (lend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lent (lent); p. pr. & vb. n. Lending.] [OE. lenen, AS. laenan, fr. laen loan; akin to G. lehnen to lend. See Loan.] 1. To allow the custody and use of, on condition of the return of the same; to grant the temporary use of; as to lend a book; — opposed to borrow. “Give me that ring.
I’ll lend it thee, my dear, but have no power
To give it from me.” Shak. 2. To allow the possession and use of, on condition of the return of an equivalent in kind; as to lend money or some article of food. “Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase.” Levit. xxv. 37. 3. To afford; to grant or furnish in general; as to lend assistance; to lend one’s name or influence. “Cato, lend me for a while thy patience.” Addison. “Mountain lines and distant horizons lend space and largeness to his compositions.” J. A. Symonds. 4. To let for hire or compensation; as to lend a horse or gig. This use of the word is rare in the United States, except with reference to money. To lend a hand, to give assistance; to help. [Colloq.] — To lend an ear or one’s ears, to give attention.

Lend´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Such as can be lent. Sherwood.

Lend´er (-er), n. One who lends. “The borrower is servant to the lender. ” Prov. xxii. 7.

Lend´es (lend´ez), n. pl. See Lends. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lend´ing, n. 1. The act of one who lends. 2. That which is lent or furnished.

Lends (lendz), n. pl. [AS. lend, lenden; akin to D. & G. lende, OHG. lenti, Icel. lend, and perh to E. loin.] Loins. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lene (len), v. t. [See Lend.] To lend; to grant; to permit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Le´ne (le´ne), a. [L. lenis smooth.] (Phonetics) (a) Smooth; as the lene breathing. (b) Applied to certain mute consonants, as p, k, and t (or Gr. π, κ, τ). W. E. Jelf.

Le´ne, n. (Phonetics) (a) The smooth breathing (spiritus lenis). (b) Any one of the lene consonants, as p, k, or t (or Gr. π, κ, τ). W. E. Jelf. { Leng´er (leng´er), Leng´est }, a. Longer; longest; — obsolete compar. and superl. of long. Chaucer.

Length (length), n. [OE. lengthe, AS. lengð, fr. lang, long, long; akin to D. lengte, Dan. laengde, Sw. längd, Icel. lengd. See Long, a. ] 1. The longest, or longer, dimension of any object, in distinction from breadth or width; extent of anything from end to end; the longest line which can be drawn through a body, parallel to its sides; as the length of a church, or of a ship; the length of a rope or line. 2. A portion of space or of time considered as measured by its length; — often in the plural. “Large lengths of seas and shores.” Shak. “The future but a length behind the past.” Dryden. 3. The quality or state of being long, in space or time; extent; duration; as some sea birds are remarkable for the length of their wings; he was tired by the length of the sermon, and the length of his walk. 4. A single piece or subdivision of a series, or of a number of long pieces which may be connected together; as a length of pipe; a length of fence. 5. Detail or amplification; unfolding; continuance as to pursue a subject to a great length. “May Heaven, great monarch, still augment your bliss
With length of days, and every day like this.” Dryden. 6. Distance.[Obs.] “He had marched to the length of Exeter.” Clarendon. At length. (a) At or in the full extent; without abbreviation; as let the name be inserted at length. (b) At the end or conclusion; after a long period. See Syn. of At last, under Last. — At arm’s length. See under Arm.

Length, v. t. To lengthen. [Obs.] Shak.

Length´en (-’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lengthened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lengthening (-’n•ing).] To extent in length; to make longer in extent or duration; as to lengthen a line or a road; to lengthen life; — sometimes followed by out. “What if I please to lengthen out his date.” Dryden.

Length´en, v. i. To become longer. Locke.

Length´ful (-ful), a. Long. [Obs.] Pope.

Length´i•ly (-i•ly), adv. In a lengthy manner; at great length or extent.

Length´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being lengthy; prolixity. { Length´ways• (-waz•), Length´wise• (- wiz•), } adv. In the direction of the length; in a longitudinal direction.

Length´y (-y), a. [Compar. Lengthier (-i•er); superl. Lengthiest.] Having length; rather long or too long; prolix; not brief; — said chiefly of discourses, writings, and the like. ´Lengthy periods.´ Washington. ´Some lengthy additions.´ Byron. ´These would be details too lengthy.´ Jefferson. ´To cut short lengthy explanations.´ Trench. { Le´ni•ence (le´ni•ens or len´yens; 106), Le´ni•en•cy (le´ni•en•sy or len´yen•sy), } n. The quality or state of being lenient; lenity; clemency.

Le´ni•ent (le´ni•ent or len´yent), a. [L. leniens, - entis, p. pr. of lenire to soften, fr. lenis soft, mild. Cf. Lithe.] 1. Relaxing; emollient; softening; assuasive; — sometimes followed by of. ´Lenient of grief.´ Milton. “Of relax the fibers, are lenient, balsamic.” Arbuthnot. “Time, that on all things lays his lenient hand.” Pope. 2. Mild; clement; merciful; not rigorous or severe; as a lenient disposition; a lenient judge or sentence.

Le´ni•ent, n. (Med.) A lenitive; an emollient.

Le´ni•ent•ly, adv. In a lenient manner.

Len´i•fy (len´i•fi), v. t. [L. lenis soft, mild + -fy: cf. F. lenifier.] To assuage; to soften; to mitigate; to alleviate. Bacon. Dryden.

Len´i•ment (-ment), n. [L. lenimentum: cf. OF. leniment. See Lenient.] An assuasive. [Obs.]

Len´i•tive (-tiv), a. [Cf. F. lenitif. See Lenient.] Having the quality of softening or mitigating, as pain or acrimony; assuasive; emollient.

Len´i•tive, n. [Cf. F. lenitif.] 1. (Med.) (a) A medicine or application that has the quality of easing pain or protecting from the action of irritants. (b) A mild purgative; a laxative. 2. That which softens or mitigates; that which tends to allay passion, excitement, or pain; a palliative. “There is one sweet lenitive at least for evils, which Nature holds out; so I took it kindly at her hands, and fell asleep.” Sterne.

Len´i•tive•ness, n. The quality of being lenitive.

Len´i•tude (-tud), n. [L. lenitudo.] The quality or habit of being lenient; lenity. [Obs.] Blount.

Len´i•ty (-ty), n. [L. lenitas, fr. lenis soft, mild: cf. OF. lenite. See Lenient.] The state or quality of being lenient; mildness of temper or disposition; gentleness of treatment; softness; tenderness; clemency; — opposed to severity and rigor. “His exceeding lenity disposes us to be somewhat too severe.” Macaulay. Syn. — Gentleness; kindness; tenderness; softness; humanity; clemency; mercy.

Len•ni-Len•a´pe (len•ni- len•ä´pa), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A general name for a group of Algonquin tribes which formerly occupied the coast region of North America from Connecticut to Virginia. They included the Mohicans, Delawares, Shawnees, and several other tribes.

Le´no (le´no), n. [Cf. It. leno weak, flexible.] A light open cotton fabric used for window curtains.

Le•noc´i•nant (le•nos´i•nant), a. [L. lenocinans, p. pr. of lenocinari to pander, cajole; akin to leno pimp.] Given to lewdness. [Obs.]

Lens (lenz), n.; pl. Lenses (-ez). [L. lens a lentil. So named from the resemblance in shape of a double convex lens to the seed of a lentil. Cf. Lentil.] (Opt.) A piece of glass, or other transparent substance, ground with two opposite regular surfaces, either both curved, or one curved and the other plane, and commonly used, either singly or combined, in optical instruments, for changing the direction of rays of light, and thus magnifying objects, or otherwise modifying vision. In practice, the curved surfaces are usually spherical, though rarely cylindrical, or of some other figure. Lenses Of spherical lenses, there are six varieties, as shown in section in the figures herewith given: viz., a plano-concave; b double-concave; c plano-convex; d double- convex; e converging concavo-convex, or converging meniscus; f diverging concavo-convex, or diverging meniscus. Crossed lens (Opt.), a double-convex lens with one radius equal to six times the other. — Crystalline lens. (Anat.) See Eye. — Fresnel lens (Opt.), a compound lens formed by placing around a central convex lens rings of glass so curved as to have the same focus; used, especially in lighthouses, for concentrating light in a particular direction; — so called from the inventor. — Multiplying lens or glass (Opt.), a lens one side of which is plane and the other convex, but made up of a number of plane faces inclined to one another, each of which presents a separate image of the object viewed through it, so that the object is, as it were, multiplied. — Polyzonal lens. See Polyzonal.

Lent (lent), imp. & p. p. of Lend.

Lent, n. [OE. lente, lenten, leynte, AS. lengten, lencten, spring, lent, akin to D. lente, OHG. lenzin, langiz, G. lenz, and perh. fr. AS. lang long, E. long, because at this season of the year the days lengthen.] (Eccl.) A fast of forty days, beginning with Ash Wednesday and continuing till Easter, observed by some Christian churches as commemorative of the fast of our Savior. Lent lily (Bot.), the daffodil; — so named from its blossoming in spring.

Lent, a. [L. lentus; akin to lenis soft, mild: cf. F. lent. See Lenient.] 1. Slow; mild; gentle; as lenter heats. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. (Mus.) See Lento.

Len•ta•men´te (lan•ta•man´ta; E. len•ta•men´te), adv. [It.] (Mus.) Slowly; in slow time.

Len•tan´do (lan•tän´do; E. len•tan´do), a. [It., p. pr. of lentare to make slow. See Lent, a.] (Mus.) Slackening; retarding. Same as Rallentando.

Lent´en (lent´’n), n. Lent. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Lent´en, a. [From OE. lenten lent. See Lent, n. ] 1. Of or pertaining to the fast called Lent; used in, or suitable to, Lent; as the Lenten season. “She quenched her fury at the flood,
And with a Lenten salad cooled her blood.” Dryden. 2. Spare; meager; plain; somber; unostentatious; not abundant or showy. ´Lenten entertainment.´ ´ Lenten answer.´ Shak. ´ Lenten suit.´ Beau. & Fl. Lenten color, black or violet. F. G. Lee.

Lent´en•tide (-tid•), n. The season of Lenten or Lent.

Len´ti•cel (len´ti•sel), n. [F. lenticelle, dim. fr. L. lens, lentis, a lentil. Cf. Lentil.] (Bot.) (a) One of the small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue, either in the air, or more commonly when the stem or branch is covered with water or earth. (b) A small, lens-shaped gland on the under side of some leaves.

Len•ti•cel´late (len•ti•sel´lat), a. (Bot.) Producing lenticels; dotted with lenticels.

Len•ti•celle´ (len•ti•sel´), n. [F.] (Bot.) Lenticel.

Len•tic´u•la (len•tik´u•la), n.; pl. E. Lenticulas (- laz), L. Lenticulae (-le). [L. See Lenticel.] 1. (Med.) A kind of eruption upon the skin; lentigo; freckle. 2. (Opt.) A lens of small size. 3. (Bot.) A lenticel.

Len•tic´u•lar (-ler), a. [L. lenticularis: cf. F. lenticulaire. See Lenticel.] Resembling a lentil in size or form; having the form of a double-convex lens.

Len•tic´u•lar•ly, adv. In the manner of a lens; with a curve.

Len´ti•form (len´ti•fôrm), a. [L. lens, lentis, lentil + - form: cf. F. lentiforme.] Lenticular.

Len•tig´i•nose (len•tij´i•nos•), a. [See Lentiginous.] (Bot.) Bearing numerous dots resembling freckles.

Len•tig´i•nous (-nus), a. [L. lentiginosus. See Lentigo.] Of or pertaining to lentigo; freckly; scurfy; furfuraceous.

Len•ti´go (len•ti´go), n. [L., fr. lens, lentis, lentil.] (Med.) A freckly eruption on the skin; freckles.

Len´til (len´til), n. [F. lentille, fr. L. lenticula, dim. of lens, lentis, lentil. Cf. Lens.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Ervum (Ervum Lens), of small size, common in the fields in Europe. also its seed, which is used for food on the continent. The lentil of the Scriptures probably included several other vetchlike plants. Lentil shell (Zoöl.), a small bivalve shell of the genus Ervillia, family Tellinidae. { Len•tis´cus (len•tis´kus), Len´tisk (len´tisk), } n. [L. lentiscus, lentiscum: cf. F. lentisque.] (Bot.) A tree; the mastic. See Mastic.

Len´ti•tude (len´ti•tud), n. [L. lentitudo, fr. lentus slow: cf. OF. lentitude. See Lent, a.] Slowness; sluggishness. [Obs.]

Len´to (lan´to; E. len´to), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Slow; in slow time; slowly; — rarely written lente.

Len´toid (len´toid), a. [Lens + -oid.] Having the form of a lens; lens- shaped.

Len´tor (-tor), n. [L., fr. lentus pliant, tough, slow. See Lent, a.] 1. Tenacity; viscidity, as of fluids. 2. Slowness; delay; sluggishness. Arbuthnot.

Len´tous (-tus), a. [L. lentus. See Lentor.] Viscid; viscous; tenacious. “Spawn of a lentous and transparent body.” Sir T. Browne.

L’en•voi´, or L’en•voy´ (län•vwä´), n. [F. le the + envoi a sending. See Envoy.] 1. One or more detached verses at the end of a literary composition, serving to convey the moral, or to address the poem to a particular person; — orig. employed in old French poetry. Shak. 2. A conclusion; a result. Massinger.

Le´o (le´o), n. [L. See Lion.] (Astron.) 1. The Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac, marked thus [&Leo;] in almanacs. 2. A northern constellation east of Cancer, containing the bright star Regulus at the end of the handle of the Sickle. Leo Minor, a small constellation between Leo and the Great Bear.

Le´od (le´od), n. [AS. leód people, nation, man, chief; akin to OS. liud, OHG. liut, pl. liuti, G. leute, pl., fr. AS. leódan to grow, akin to Goth. liudan, OS. liodan, OHG. liotan to grow; cf. Skr. ruh. rad.123.] People; a nation; a man. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Bp. Gibson.

Le´on (le´on), n. A lion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Le´onced (le´onst), a. (Her.) See Lionced.

Le•o•nese´ (le•o•nez´ or - nes´), a. Of or pertaining to Leon, in Spain. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Leon.

Le´o•nid (le´o•nid), n. [From Leo: cf. F. leonides, pl.] (Astron.) One of the shooting stars which constitute the star shower that recurs near the fourteenth of November at intervals of about thirty-three years; — so called because these shooting stars appear on the heavens to move in lines directed from the constellation Leo.

Le´o•nine (le´o•nin), a. [L. leoninus, fr. leo, leonis, lion: cf. F. leonin. See Lion.] Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the lion; as a leonine look; leonine rapacity. — Le´o•nine•ly, adv. Leonine verse, a kind of verse, in which the end of the line rhymes with the middle; — so named from Leo, or Leoninus, a Benedictine and canon of Paris in the twelfth century, who wrote largely in this measure, though he was not the inventor. The following line is an example: “Gloria factorum temere conceditur horum.”

Le•on´to•don (le•on´to•don), n. [Gr. le•wn, le•ontos, lion + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth. Cf. Lion’s- tooth, Dandelion.] (Bot.) A genus of liguliflorous composite plants, including the fall dandelion (L. autumnale), and formerly the true dandelion; — called also lion’s tooth.

Leop´ard (lep´erd), n. [OE. leopart, leparde, lebarde, libbard, OF. leopard, liepart, F. leopard, L. leopardus, fr. Gr. leo•pardos; le•wn lion + pa•rdos pard. See Lion, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) A large, savage, carnivorous mammal (Felis leopardus). It is of a yellow or fawn color, with rings or roselike clusters of black spots along the back and sides. It is found in Southern Asia and Africa. By some the panther (Felis pardus) is regarded as a variety of leopard. Hunting leopard. See Cheetah. — Leopard cat (Zoöl.) any one of several species or varieties of small, spotted cats found in Africa, Southern Asia, and the East Indies; esp., Felis Bengalensis. — Leopard marmot. See Gopher, 2.

Leop´ard’s bane (lep´erdz ban•). (Bot.) A name of several harmless plants, as Arnica montana, Senecio Doronicum, and Paris quadrifolia.

Leop´ard•wood, n. (Bot.) See Letterwood.

Lep (lep), obs. strong imp. of Leap. Leaped. Chaucer.

Lep´a•dite (-a•dit), n. [L. lepas, lepadis, limpet, Gr. lepa•s, lepa•dos.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lepadoid.

Lep´a•doid (-a•doid), n. [Lepas + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A stalked barnacle of the genus Lepas or family Lepadidae; a goose barnacle. Also used adjectively.

Lep´al (lep´al), n. [Gr. lepi•s a scale: cf. F. lepale.] (Bot.) A sterile transformed stamen.

Le´pas (le´pas), n. [L., a limpet, fr. Gr. lepa•s.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of Lepas, a genus of pedunculated barnacles found attached to floating timber, bottoms of ships, Gulf weed, etc.; — called also goose barnacle. See Barnacle.

Lep´er (lep´er), n. [OE. lepre leprosy, F. lèpre, L. leprae, lepra, fr. Gr. le•pra, fr. lepro•s scaly, fr. le•pos scale, le•pein to peel.] A person affected with leprosy.

Lep´ered (-erd), a. Affected or tainted with leprosy.

Lep´er•ize (lep´er•iz), v. t. To affect with leprosy.

Lep´er•ous (-er•us), a. Leprous; infectious; corrupting; poisonous. ´The leperous distillment.´ Shak.

Lep´id (-id), a. [L. lepidus.] Pleasant; jocose. [R.] “The joyous and lepid consul.” Sydney Smith.

Lep´i•dine (lep´i•din or •den), n. (Chem.) An organic base, C_9H_6.N.CH_3, metameric with quinaldine, and obtained by the distillation of cinchonine.

Lep•i•do•den´drid (lep•i•do•den´drid), n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct family of trees allied to the modern club mosses, and including Lepidodendron and its allies.

Lep•i•do•den´droid (-droid), a. (Paleon.) Allied to, or resembling, Lepidodendron. — n. A lepidodendrid.

Lep•i•do•den´dron (-dron), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + de•ndron tree.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil trees of the Devonian and Carboniferous ages, having the exterior marked with scars, mostly in quincunx order, produced by the separation of the leafstalks.

Lep•i•do•ga´noid (lep•i•do•ga´noid or -gan´oid), n. [Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + E. ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a division (Lepidoganoidei) of ganoid fishes, including those that have scales forming a coat of mail. Also used adjectively.

Le•pid´o•lite (le•pid´o•lit; 277), n. [Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + -lite: cf. F. lepidolithe.] (Min.) A species of mica, of a lilac or rose-violet color, containing lithia. It usually occurs in masses consisting of small scales. See Mica.

Lep•i•dom´e•lane (lep•i•dom´e•lan), n. [Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + me•las, me•laina, black.] (Min.) An iron-potash mica, of a raven-black color, usually found in granitic rocks in small six-sided tables, or as an aggregation of minute opaque scales. See Mica.

Lep•i•dop´ter (lep•i•dop´ter), n. [Cf. F. lepidoptère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Lepidoptera.

Lep•i•dop´te•ra (-dop´te•ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi•s - i•dos, a scale + ptero•n a feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute overlapping scales, usually brightly colored. They have a tubular proboscis, or haustellum, formed by the two slender maxillae. The labial palpi are usually large, and the proboscis, when not in use, can be coiled up spirally between them. The mandibles are rudimentary. The larvae, called caterpillars, are often brightly colored, and they commonly feed on leaves. The adults feed chiefly on the honey of flowers. { Lep•i•dop´ter•al (-ter•al), Lep•i•dop´ter•ous (-us), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lepidoptera.

Lep•i•dop´ter•ist, n. (Zoöl.) One who studies the Lepidoptera.

Lep•i•do•sau´ri•a (-do•sa´ri•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi•s - i•dos, a scale + say^ros a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A division of reptiles, including the serpents and lizards; the Plagiotremata.

Lep•i•do•si´ren (-si´ren), n. [Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + seirh•n a siren.] (Zoöl.) An eel- shaped ganoid fish of the order Dipnoi, having both gills and lungs. It inhabits the rivers of South America. The name is also applied to a related African species (Protopterus annectens). The lepidosirens grow to a length of from four to six feet. Called also doko. { Lep´i•dote (lep´i•dot), Lep´i•do•ted (-do•ted), } a. [Gr. lepidwto•s covered with scales, fr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale.] (Bot.) Having a coat of scurfy scales, as the leaves of the oleaster.

Le•pis´ma (le•piz´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. le•pisma peel, fr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale.] (Zoöl.) A genus of wingless thysanurous insects having an elongated flattened body, covered with shining scales and terminated by seven unequal bristles. A common species (Lepisma saccharina) is found in houses, and often injures books and furniture. Called also shiner, silver witch, silver moth, and furniture bug.

Le•pis´moid (-moid), a. [Lepisma + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Lepisma.

Lep´o•rine (lep´o•rin or - rin), a. [L. leporinus, fr. lepus, leporis, hare. See Leveret.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a hare; like or characteristic of, a hare.

Le´pra (le´pra), n. [L. See Leper.] (Med.) Leprosy. The term lepra was formerly given to various skin diseases, the leprosy of modern authors being Lepra Arabum. See Leprosy.

Lep´re (lep´er), n. Leprosy.[Obs.] Wyclif.

Lep´rose (lep´ros•), a. [See Leprous.] (Nat. Hist.) Covered with thin, scurfy scales.

Le•pros´i•ty (le•pros´i•ty), n. The state or quality of being leprous or scaly; also a scale. Bacon.

Lep´ro•sy (lep´ro•sy), n. [See Leprous.] (Med.) A cutaneous disease which first appears as blebs or as reddish, shining, slightly prominent spots, with spreading edges. These are often followed by an eruption of dark or yellowish prominent nodules, frequently producing great deformity. In one variety of the disease, anaesthesia of the skin is a prominent symptom. In addition there may be wasting of the muscles, falling out of the hair and nails, and distortion of the hands and feet with destruction of the bones and joints. It is incurable, and is probably contagious. The disease now called leprosy, also designated as Lepra or Lepra Arabum, and Elephantiasis Graecorum, is not the same as the leprosy of the ancients. The latter was indeed, a generic name for many varieties of skin disease (including our modern leprosy, psoriasis, etc.), some of which, among the Hebrews, rendered a person ceremonially unclean. A variety of leprosy of the Hebrews (probably identical with modern leprosy) was characterized by the presence of smooth, shining, depressed white patches or scales, the hair on which participated in the whiteness, while the skin and adjacent flesh became insensible. It was an incurable disease.

Lep´rous (-rus), a. [OF. leprous, lepros, F. lepreux, fr. L. leprosus, fr. lepra, leprae, leprosy. See Leper.] 1. Infected with leprosy; pertaining to or resembling leprosy. ´His hand was leprous as snow.´ Ex. iv. 6. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Leprose. — Lep´rous•ly, adv. — Lep´rous•ness, n.

Lep´ry (-ry), n. Leprosy. [Obs.] Holland.

Lep´ti•form (-ti•fôrm), a. [Leptus + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having a form somewhat like leptus; — said of active insect larvae having three pairs of legs. See Larva.

Lep•to•car´di•a (lep•to•kär´di•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto•s small + kardi•a the heart.] (Zoöl.) The lowest class of Vertebrata, including only the Amphioxus. The heart is represented only by a simple pulsating vessel. The blood is colorless; the brain, renal organs, and limbs are wanting, and the backbone is represented only by a simple, unsegmented notochord. See Amphioxus. [Written also Leptocardii.]

Lep•to•car´di•an (-an), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Leptocardia. — n. One of the Leptocardia.

Lep•to•dac´tyl (-dak´til), n. [Gr. lepto•s small, thin + da•ktylos finger, toe.] (Zoöl.) A bird or other animal having slender toes. [Written also lepodactyle.]

Lep•to•dac´tyl•ous (-us), a. Having slender toes.

Lep•tol´o•gy (lep•tol´o•jy), n. [Gr. leptologi•a; lepto•s small, subtile + lo•gos discourse.] A minute and tedious discourse on trifling things.

Lep•to•men•in•gi´tis (lep•to•men•in•ji´tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto•s small + meningitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the pia mater or of the arachnoid membrane.

Lep´to•rhine (lep´to•rin or •rin), a. [Gr. lepto•s small + ´ri•s, ´rino•s, the nose.] (Anat.) Having the nose narrow; — said esp. of the skull. Opposed to platyrhine.

Lep•tos´tra•ca (lep•tos´tra•ka), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto•s thin, slender + ’o•strakon shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crustacea, including Nebalia and allied forms.

Lep´to•thrix (lep´to•thriks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto•s small + qri•x hair.] (Biol.) A genus of bacteria, characterized by having their filaments very long, slender, and indistinctly articulated.

Lep´to•thrix, a. [See Leptothrix, n. ] (Biol.) Having the form of a little chain; — applied to bacteria when, as in multiplication by fission, they form a chain of filiform individuals.

Lep´tus (lep´tus), n. [NL., from Gr. lepto•s thin, small.] (Zoöl.) The six-legged young, or larva, of certain mites; — sometimes used as a generic name. See Harvest mite, under Harvest.

Lep´ty•nite (lep´ti•nit), n. (Min.) See Granulite.

Lere (ler), n. [See Lore knowledge.] Learning; lesson; lore. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lere, v. t. & i. [OE. leeren, leren, AS. laeran. See Lore, Learn.] To learn; to teach. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lere, a. Empty. [Obs.] See Leer, a.

Lere, n. [AS. lira flesh; cf. Icel. laer thigh.] Flesh; skin. [Obs.] ´His white leer.´ Chaucer.

Ler´ed (ler´ed), a. [From lere, v. t.] Learned. [Obs.] ´ Lewed man or lered.´ Chaucer.

Ler•nae´a (ler•ne´a), n. [NL., fr. L. Lernaeus Lernaean, fr. Lerna, Gr. Le•rnh, a forest and marsh near Argos, the mythological abode of the hydra.] (Zoöl.) A Linnaean genus of parasitic Entomostraca, — the same as the family Lernaeidae. The genus is restricted by modern zoölogists to a limited number of species similar to Lernaea branchialis found on the gills of the cod.

Ler•nae•a´ce•a (ler•ne•a´she•a), n. pl. [NL. See Lernaea.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of copepod Crustacea, including a large number of remarkable forms, mostly parasitic on fishes. The young, however, are active and swim freely. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ler•ne´an (ler•ne´an), n. [See Lernaea.] (Zoöl.) One of a family (Lernaeidae) of parasitic Crustacea found attached to fishes and other marine animals. Some species penetrate the skin and flesh with the elongated head, and feed on the viscera. See Illust. in Appendix.

Le•rot´ (la•ro´), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A small European rodent (Eliomys nitela), allied to the dormouse.

Les (les), n. A leash. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Les´bi•an (les´bi•an), a. Of or pertaining to the island anciently called Lesbos, now Mitylene, in the Grecian Archipelago.

Lese (lez), v. t. To lose. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lese•-maj´es•ty (-maj´es•ty), n. See Leze majesty.

Le´sion (le´zhun), n. [F. lesion, L. laesio, fr. laedere, laesum, to hurt, injure.] A hurt; an injury. Specifically: (a) (Civil Law) Loss sustained from failure to fulfill a bargain or contract. Burrill. (b) (Med.) Any morbid change in the exercise of functions or the texture of organs. Dunglison.

-less (-les). [AS. leás loose, false; akin to OS. los loose, false, D. los loose, loos false, sly, G. los loose, Icel. lauss loose, vacant, Goth. laus empty, vain, and also to E. loose, lose. rad.127. See Lose, and cf. Loose, Leasing.] A privative adjective suffix, denoting without, destitute of, not having; as witless, childless, fatherless.

Less (les), conj. Unless. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Less, a. [OE. lesse, AS. laessa; akin to OFries. lessa; a compar. from a lost positive form. Cf. Lesser, Lest, Least. Less has the sense of the comparative degree of little.] Smaller; not so large or great; not so much; shorter; inferior; as a less quantity or number; a horse of less size or value; in less time than before. The substantive which less qualifies is often omitted; as the purse contained less (money) than ten dollars. See Less, n. “Thus in less [time] than a hundred years from the coming of Augustine, all England became Christian.” E. A. Freeman.

Less, adv. [AS. laes. See Less, adj., and cf. Lest.] Not so much; in a smaller or lower degree; as less bright or loud; less beautiful.

Less, n. 1. A smaller portion or quantity. “The children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less.” Ex. xvi. 17. 2. The inferior, younger, or smaller. “The less is blessed of the better.” Heb. vii. 7.

Less, v. t. To make less; to lessen. [Obs.] Gower.

Les•see´ (les•se´), n. [F. laisse, p. p. of laisser. See Lease, v. t.] (Law) The person to whom a lease is given, or who takes an estate by lease. Blackstone.

Less´en (les´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lessened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lessening.] [From Less, a.] To make less; to reduce; to make smaller, or fewer; to diminish; to lower; to degrade; as to lessen a kingdom, or a population; to lessen speed, rank, fortune. “Charity … shall lessen his punishment.” Calamy. “St. Paul chose to magnify his office when ill men conspired to lessen it.” Atterbury. Syn. — To diminish; reduce; abate; decrease; lower; impair; weaken; degrade.

Less´en, v. i. To become less; to shrink; to contract; to decrease; to be diminished; as the apparent magnitude of objects lessens as we recede from them; his care, or his wealth, lessened. “The objection lessens much, and comes to no more than this: there was one witness of no good reputation.” Atterbury.

Less´en•er (-er), n. One who, or that which, lessens. “His wife … is the lessener of his pain, and the augmenter of his pleasure.” J. Rogers (1839).

Less´er (-er), a. [This word is formed by adding anew the compar. suffix -er (in which r is from an original s) to less. See Less, a.] Less; smaller; inferior. “God made … the lesser light to rule the night.” Gen. i. 15. Lesser is used for less, now the compar. of little, in certain special instances in which its employment has become established by custom; as Lesser Asia (i. e., Asia Minor), the lesser light, and some others; also in poetry, for the sake of the meter, and in prose where its use renders the passage more euphonious. “The more my prayer, the lesser is my grace.” Shak. “The larger here, and there the lesser lambs.” Pope. “By the same reason may a man, in the state of nature, punish the lesser breaches of the law.” Locke.

Less´er, adv. Less. [Obs.] Shak.

Les´ses (les´sez), n. pl. [F. laissees, from laisser to leave. See Lease, v. t.] The leavings or dung of beasts.

Les´son (les´s’n), n. [OE. lessoun, F. leçon lesson, reading, fr. L. lectio a reading, fr. legere to read, collect. See Legend, and cf. Lection.] 1. Anything read or recited to a teacher by a pupil or learner; something, as a portion of a book, assigned to a pupil to be studied or learned at one time. 2. That which is learned or taught by an express effort; instruction derived from precept, experience, observation, or deduction; a precept; a doctrine; as to take or give a lesson in drawing.´ A smooth and pleasing lesson.´ Milton. “Emprinteth well this lesson in your mind.” Chaucer. 3. A portion of Scripture read in divine service for instruction; as here endeth the first lesson. 4. A severe lecture; reproof; rebuke; warning. “She would give her a lesson for walking so late.” Sir. P. Sidney. 5. (Mus.) An exercise; a composition serving an educational purpose; a study.

Les´son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lessoned (-s’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lessoning.] To teach; to instruct. Shak. “To rest the weary, and to soothe the sad,
Doth lesson happier men, and shame at least the bad.” Byron.

Les´sor (les´sor or les•sôr´), n. [See Lessee, Lease, v. t.] (Law) One who leases; the person who lets to farm, or gives a lease. Blackstone.

Lest (lest), v. i. To listen. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lest, n. [See List to choose.] Lust; desire; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lest, a. Last; least. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lest, conj. [OE. leste, fr. AS. ðy laes ðe the less that, where ðy is the instrumental case of the definite article, and ðe is an indeclinable relative particle, that, who, which. See The, Less, a.] 1. For fear that; that … not; in order that … not. “Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty.” Prov. xx. 13. “Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall.” 1 Cor. x. 12. 2. That (without the negative particle); — after certain expressions denoting fear or apprehension. “I feared
Lest I might anger thee.” Shak.

-let (-let). [From two French dim. endings - el (L. -ellus) and -et, as in bracelet.] A noun suffix having a diminutive force; as in streamlet, wavelet, armlet.

Let (let), v. t. [OE. letten, AS. lettan to delay, to hinder, fr. laet slow; akin to D. letten to hinder, G. verletzen to hurt, Icel. letja to hold back, Goth. latjan. See Late.] To retard; to hinder; to impede; to oppose. [Archaic] “He was so strong that no man might him let.” Chaucer. “He who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way.” 2. Thess. ii. 7. “Mine ancient wound is hardly whole,
And lets me from the saddle.” Tennyson.

Let, n. 1. A retarding; hindrance; obstacle; impediment; delay; — common in the phrase without let or hindrance, but elsewhere archaic. Keats. “Consider whether your doings be to the let of your salvation or not.” Latimer. 2. (Lawn Tennis) A stroke in which a ball touches the top of the net in passing over.

Let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Let (Letted (let´ted), [Obs].); p. pr. & vb. n. Letting.] [OE. leten, laeten (past tense lat, let, p. p. laten, leten, lete), AS. laetan (past tense let, p. p. laeten); akin to OFries. leta, OS. latan, D. laten, G. lassen, OHG. lazzan, Icel. lata, Sw. låta, Dan. lade, Goth. letan, and L. lassus weary. The original meaning seems to have been, to let loose, let go, let drop. Cf. Alas, Late, Lassitude, Let to hinder.] 1. To leave; to relinquish; to abandon. [Obs. or Archaic, except when followed by alone or be.] “He … prayed him his voyage for to let.” Chaucer. “Yet neither spins nor cards, ne cares nor frets,
But to her mother Nature all her care she lets.” Spenser. “Let me alone in choosing of my wife.” Chaucer. 2. To consider; to think; to esteem. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To cause; to make; — used with the infinitive in the active form but in the passive sense; as let make, i. e., cause to be made; let bring, i. e., cause to be brought. [Obs.] “This irous, cursed wretch
Let this knight’s son anon before him fetch.” Chaucer. “He … thus let do slay hem all three.” Chaucer. “Anon he let two coffers make.” Gower. 4. To permit; to allow; to suffer; — either affirmatively, by positive act, or negatively, by neglecting to restrain or prevent. In this sense, when followed by an infinitive, the latter is commonly without the sign to; as to let us walk, i. e., to permit or suffer us to walk. Sometimes there is entire omission of the verb; as to let [to be or to go] loose. “Pharaoh said, I will let you go.” Ex. viii. 28. “If your name be Horatio, as I am let to know it is.” Shak. 5. To allow to be used or occupied for a compensation; to lease; to rent; to hire out; — often with out; as to let a farm; to let a house; to let out horses. 6. To give, grant, or assign, as a work, privilege, or contract; — often with out; as to let the building of a bridge; to let out the lathing and the plastering. The active form of the infinitive of let, as of many other English verbs, is often used in a passive sense; as a house to let (i. e., for letting, or to be let). This form of expression conforms to the use of the Anglo-Saxon gerund with to (dative infinitive) which was commonly so employed. See Gerund, 2. ´ Your elegant house in Harley Street is to let.´ Thackeray. In the imperative mood, before the first person plural, let has a hortative force. ´ Rise up, let us go.´ Mark xiv. 42. ´ Let us seek out some desolate shade.´ Shak. To let alone, to leave; to withdraw from; to refrain from interfering with. — To let blood, to cause blood to flow; to bleed. — To let down. (a) To lower. (b) To soften in tempering; as to let down tools, cutlery, and the like. — To let drive or fly, to discharge with violence, as a blow, an arrow, or stone. See under Drive, and Fly. — To let in or into. (a) To permit or suffer to enter; to admit. (b) To insert, or imbed, as a piece of wood, in a recess formed in a surface for the purpose. To let loose, to remove restraint from; to permit to wander at large. — To let off. (a) To discharge; to let fly, as an arrow; to fire the charge of, as a gun. (b) To release, as from an engagement or obligation. [Colloq.] — To let out. (a) To allow to go forth; as to let out a prisoner. (b) To extend or loosen, as the folds of a garment; to enlarge; to suffer to run out, as a cord. (c) To lease; to give out for performance by contract, as a job. (d) To divulge. — To let slide, to let go; to cease to care for. [Colloq.] ´ Let the world slide.´ Shak.

Let, v. i. 1. To forbear. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To be let or leased; as the farm lets for $500 a year. See note under Let, v. t. To let on, to tell; to tattle; to divulge something. [Low] — To let up, to become less severe; to diminish; to cease; as when the storm lets up. [Colloq.]

Let´-a•lone´ (let´a•lon´), a. Letting alone. The let-alone principle, doctrine, or policy. (Polit. Econ.) See Laissez faire.

Letch (lech), v. & n. See Leach.

Letch, n. [See Lech, Lecher.] Strong desire; passion. (Archaic). “Some people have a letch for unmasking impostors, or for avenging the wrongs of others.” De Quincey.

Letch´y (-y), a. See Leachy.

Lete (let), v. t. To let; to leave. [Obs.]

Let´en (let´en), obs. p. p. of Lete. Chaucer.

Leth´al (leth´al), n. [Lauric + ether + alcohol.] (Chem.) One of the higher alcohols of the paraffine series obtained from spermaceti as a white crystalline solid. It is so called because it occurs in the ethereal salt of lauric acid.

Le´thal (le´thal), a. [L. lethalis, letalis, fr. lethum, letum, death: cf. F. lethal.] Deadly; mortal; fatal. ´The lethal blow.´ W. Richardson. — Le´thal•ly, adv.

Le•thal´i•ty (le•thal´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. lethalite.] The quality of being lethal; mortality. { Le•thar´gic (le•thär´jik), Le•thar´gic•al (-ji•kal), } a. [L. lethargicus, Gr. lhqargiko•s: cf. F. lethargique. See Lethargy.] Pertaining to, affected with, or resembling, lethargy; morbidly drowsy; dull; heavy. — Le•thar´gic•al•ly, adv. — Le•thar´gic•al•ness, n. — Le•thar´gic•ness, n.

Leth´ar•gize (leth´ar•jiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lethargized (- jizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lethargizing (- ji•zing).] To make lethargic. “All bitters are poison, and act by stilling, and depressing, and lethargizing the irritability.” Coleridge.

Leth´ar•gy (-jy), n.; pl. -gies (-jiz). [F. lethargie, L. lethargia, Gr. lhqargi•a, fr. lh•qargos forgetful, fr. lh•qh forgetfulness. See Lethe.] 1. Morbid drowsiness; continued or profound sleep, from which a person can scarcely be awaked. 2. A state of inaction or indifference. “Europe lay then under a deep lethargy.” Atterbury.

Leth´ar•gy, v. t. To lethargize. [Obs.] Shak.

Le´the (le´the or leth), n. [See Lethal.] Death.[Obs.] Shak.

Le´the (le´the), n. [L., fr. Gr. lh•qh, prop., forgetfulness; akin to lanqa•nesqai to forget, lanqa•nein to escape notice.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A river of Hades whose waters when drunk caused forgetfulness of the past. 2. Oblivion; a draught of oblivion; forgetfulness.

Le•the´an (le•the´an), a. [L. Lethaeus, Gr. lh•qaios or lhqai^os.] Of or pertaining to Lethe; resembling in effect the water of Lethe. Milton. Barrow.

Le´theed (le´thed), a. Caused by Lethe. ´ Letheed dullness.´ [Obs.] Shak.

Le´the•on (le´the•on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lh•qh.] (Med.) Sulphuric ether used as an anaesthetic agent. [R.]

Le´the•on•ize (-iz), v. t. To subject to the influence of letheon. [R. or Obs.]

Le•thif´er•ous (le•thif´er•us), a. [L. lethifer, letifer, fr. lethum, letum, death + ferre to bear, to bring: cf. F. lethifère.] Deadly; bringing death or destruction.

Le´thy (le´thy), a. Lethean. [Obs.] Marston.

Let´-off (let´of•; 115), n. (Mach.) A device for letting off, releasing, or giving forth, as the warp from the cylinder of a loom.

Let´te (let´te), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Letted.] To let; to hinder. See Let, to hinder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Let´ter (let´ter), n. [From Let to permit.] One who lets or permits; one who lets anything for hire.

Let´ter, n. [From Let to hinder.] One who retards or hinders. [Archaic.]

Let´ter, n. [OE. lettre, F. lettre, OF. letre, fr. L. littera, litera, a letter; pl., an epistle, a writing, literature, fr. linere, litum, to besmear, to spread or rub over; because one of the earliest modes of writing was by graving the characters upon tablets smeared over or covered with wax. Pliny, xiii. 11. See Liniment, and cf. Literal.] 1. A mark or character used as the representative of a sound, or of an articulation of the human organs of speech; a first element of written language. “And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew.” Luke xxiii. 38. 2. A written or printed communication; a message expressed in intelligible characters on something adapted to conveyance, as paper, parchment, etc.; an epistle. “The style of letters ought to be free, easy, and natural.” Walsh. 3. A writing; an inscription. [Obs.] “None could expound what this letter meant.” Chaucer. 4. Verbal expression; literal statement or meaning; exact signification or requirement. “We must observe the letter of the law, without doing violence to the reason of the law and the intention of the lawgiver.” Jer. Taylor. “I broke the letter of it to keep the sense.” Tennyson. 5. (Print.) A single type; type, collectively; a style of type. “Under these buildings … was the king’s printing house, and that famous letter so much esteemed.” Evelyn. 6. pl. Learning; erudition; as a man of letters. 7. pl. A letter; an epistle. [Obs.] Chaucer. Dead letter, Drop letter, etc. See under Dead, Drop, etc. — Letter book, a book in which copies of letters are kept. — Letter box, a box for the reception of letters to be mailed or delivered. — Letter carrier, a person who carries letters; a postman; specif., an officer of the post office who carries letters to the persons to whom they are addressed, and collects letters to be mailed. — Letter cutter, one who engraves letters or letter punches. — Letter lock, a lock that can not be opened when fastened, unless certain movable lettered rings or disks forming a part of it are in such a position (indicated by a particular combination of the letters) as to permit the bolt to be withdrawn. “A strange lock that opens with AMEN.” Beau. & Fl. — Letter paper, paper for writing letters on; especially, a size of paper intermediate between note paper and foolscap. See Paper. — Letter punch, a steel punch with a letter engraved on the end, used in making the matrices for type. — Letters of administration (Law), the instrument by which an administrator or administratrix is authorized to administer the goods and estate of a deceased person. — Letter of attorney, Letter of credit, etc. See under Attorney, Credit, etc. — Letter of license, a paper by which creditors extend a debtor’s time for paying his debts. — Letters close or clause (Eng. Law.), letters or writs directed to particular persons for particular purposes, and hence closed or sealed on the outside; — distinguished from letters patent. Burrill. — Letters of orders (Eccl.), a document duly signed and sealed, by which a bishop makes it known that he has regularly ordained a certain person as priest, deacon, etc. — Letters patent, overt, or open (Eng. Law), a writing executed and sealed, by which power and authority are granted to a person to do some act, or enjoy some right; as letters patent under the seal of England. — Letter-sheet envelope, a stamped sheet of letter paper issued by the government, prepared to be folded and sealed for transmission by mail without an envelope. — Letters testamentary (Law), an instrument granted by the proper officer to an executor after probate of a will, authorizing him to act as executor. — Letter writer. (a) One who writes letters. (b) A machine for copying letters. (c) A book giving directions and forms for the writing of letters.

Let´ter (let´ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lettered (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lettering.] To impress with letters; to mark with letters or words; as a book gilt and lettered.

Let´tered (let´terd), a. 1. Literate; educated; versed in literature. ´ Are you not lettered?´ Shak. “The unlettered barbarians willingly accepted the aid of the lettered clergy, still chiefly of Roman birth, to reduce to writing the institutes of their forefathers.” Milman. 2. Of or pertaining to learning or literature; learned. ´ A lettered education.´ Collier. 3. Inscribed or stamped with letters. Addison.

Let´ter•er (let´ter•er), n. One who makes, inscribes, or engraves, alphabetical letters.

Let´ter•ing, n. 1. The act or business of making, or marking with, letters, as by cutting or painting. 2. The letters made; as the lettering of a sign.

Let´ter•less (let´ter•les), a. 1. Not having a letter. 2. Illiterate. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Let´tern (let´tern), n. See Lecturn.

Let´ter•press (-ter•pres•), n. Print; letters and words impressed on paper or other material by types; — often used of the reading matter in distinction from the illustrations. “Letterpress printing, printing directly from type, in distinction from printing from plates.”

Let´ter•ure (-ur), n. Letters; literature. [Obs.] ´To teach him letterure and courtesy.´ Chaucer.

Let´ter•wood (-wood•), n. (Bot.) The beautiful and highly elastic wood of a tree of the genus Brosimum (B. Aubletii), found in Guiana; — so called from black spots in it which bear some resemblance to hieroglyphics; also called snakewood, and leopardwood. It is much used for bows and for walking sticks.

Let´tic (let´tik), a. (a) Of or pertaining to the Letts; Lettish. (b) Of or pertaining to a branch of the Slavic family, subdivided into Lettish, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian. — n. (a) The language of the Letts; Lettish. (b) The language of the Lettic race, including Lettish, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian.

Let´tish (let´tish), a. Of or pertaining to the Letts. — n. The language spoken by the Letts. See Lettic.

Let´trure (-trur), n. See Letterure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Letts (lets), n. pl.; sing. Lett (let). (Ethnol.) An Indo-European people, allied to the Lithuanians and Old Prussians, and inhabiting a part of the Baltic provinces of Russia.

Let´tuce (let´tis), n. [OE. letuce, prob. through Old French from some Late Latin derivative of L. lactuca lettuce, which, according to Varro, is fr. lac, lactis, milk, on account of the milky white juice which flows from it when it is cut: cf. F. laitue. Cf. Lacteal, Lactucic.] (Bot.) A composite plant of the genus Lactuca (L. sativa), the leaves of which are used as salad. Plants of this genus yield a milky juice, from which lactucarium is obtained. The commonest wild lettuce of the United States is L. Canadensis. Hare’s lettuce, Lamb’s lettuce. See under Hare, and Lamb. - - Lettuce opium. See Lactucarium. - - Sea lettuce, certain papery green seaweeds of the genus Ulva.

Let´u•a•ry (let´u•a•ry), n. Electuary. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Let´-up (let´up•), n. [See Let to forbear.] Abatement; also cessation; as it blew a gale for three days without any let-up. [Colloq.]

Leuc- (luk-). Same as Leuco-.

Leu•ca•den´dron (lu•ka•den´dron), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko•s white + de•ndron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope, having handsome foliage. Leucadendron argenteum is the silverboom of the colonists.

Leu•can´i•line (lu•kan´i•lin or -len), n. [Leuc- + aniline.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline, organic base, obtained from rosaniline by reduction, and also from other sources. It forms colorless salts.

Leu•chae´mi•a (lu•ke´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko•s white + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) See Leucocythaemia. — Leu•chaem´ic (lu•kem´ik), a. [Written also leukaemia, leukaemic.] { Leu´cic (lu´sik), Leu•cin´ic (lu•sin´ik), } a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from leucin, and called also oxycaproic acid.

Leu´cin (lu´sin), n. [Gr. leyko•s white.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance formed in the decomposition of albuminous matter by pancreatic digestion, by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid, and by putrefaction. It is also found as a constituent of various tissues and organs, as the spleen, pancreas etc., and likewise in the vegetable kingdom. Chemically it is to be considered as amido-caproic acid.

Leu´cite (lu´sit), n. [Gr. leyko•s white: cf. F. leucite.] 1. (Min.) A mineral having a glassy fracture, occurring in translucent trapezohedral crystals. It is a silicate of alumina and potash. It is found in the volcanic rocks of Italy, especially at Vesuvius. 2. (Bot.) A leucoplast.

Leu•cit´ic (lu•sit´ik), a. (Min.) Containing leucite; as leucitic rocks.

Leu´ci•toid (lu´si•toid), n. [Leucite + -oid.] (Crystallog.) The trapezohedron or tetragonal trisoctahedron; — so called as being the form of the mineral leucite. { Leu´co- (lu´ko-), Leuc- (luk- ). } [Gr. leyko•s white.] A combining form signifying white, colorless; specif. (Chem.), denoting an extensive series of colorless organic compounds, obtained by reduction from certain other colored compounds; as leucaniline, leucaurin, etc.

Leu´co•cyte (lu´ko•sit), n. [Leuco- + Gr. ky•tos a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) A colorless corpuscle, as one of the white blood corpuscles, or those found in lymph, marrow of bone, connective tissue, etc. They all consist of more or less spherical masses of protoplasm, without any surrounding membrane or wall, and are capable of motion. { Leu•co•cy•thae´mi•a Leu•co•cy•the´mi•a } (lu•ko•si•the´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko•s white + ky•tos a hollow vessel + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A disease in which the white corpuscles of the blood are largely increased in number, and there is enlargement of the spleen, or the lymphatic glands; leuchaemia.

Leu•co•cy•to•gen´e•sis (- si•to•jen´e•sis), n. [Leucocyte + genesis.] (Physiol.) The formation of leucocytes.

Leu•co•e•thi•op´ic (- e•thi•op´ik), a. [Leuco- + Ethiopic.] White and black; — said of a white animal of a black species, or the albino of the negro race.

Leu•co•e´thi•ops (-e´thi•ops), n. [Leuco- + Aethiops.] An albino. [Also written leucœthiops.]

Leu´co•line (lu´ko•lin or -len), n. [Leuc- + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous organic base from coal tar, and identical with quinoline. Cf. Quinoline.

Leu•co´ma (lu•ko´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ley•kwma, fr. leyko•s white.] (Med.) A white opacity in the cornea of the eye; — called also albugo.

Leu•co´ma•ine (lu•ko´ma•in or - en), n. [Leuco- + -maine, as in ptomaine.] (Physiol. Chem.) An animal base or alkaloid, appearing in the tissue during life; hence, a vital alkaloid, as distinguished from a ptomaine or cadaveric poison.

Leu•con´ic (-kon´ik), a. [Leuc- + croconic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex organic acid, obtained as a yellowish white gum by the oxidation of croconic acid.

Leu•cop´a•thy (lu•kop´a•thy), n. [Leuco- + Gr. pa•schein, paqei^n to suffer.] The state of an albino, or of a white child of black parents.

Leu´co•phane (lu´ko•fan), n. [Gr. leykofanh•s appearing bright or white; leyko•s white + fai•nein to show: cf. G. leukophan.] (Min.) A mineral of a greenish yellow color; it is a silicate of glucina, lime, and soda with fluorine. Called also leucophanite.

Leu•co•phleg´ma•cy (lu•ko•fleg´ma•sy), n. [Gr. leykoflegmati•a; leyko•s white + fle•gma phlegm: cf. F. leucophlegmasie.] (Med.) A dropsical habit of body, or the commencement of anasarca; paleness, with viscid juices and cold sweats.

Leu•co•phleg•mat´ic (-fleg•mat´ik), a. [Cf. F. leucophlegmatique, Gr. leykofle•gmatos.] Having a dropsical habit of body, with a white bloated skin.

Leu´co•phyll (lu´ko•fil), n. [Leuco- + Gr. fy•llon a leaf.] (Chem.) A colorless substance isomeric with chlorophyll, contained in parts of plants capable of becoming green. Watts.

Leu•coph´yl•lous (lu•kof´il•lus or lu•ko•fil´lus), a. [Gr. leyko•fyllos; leyko•s white + fy•llon a leaf.] (Bot.) Having white or silvery foliage. { Leu´co•plast (lu´ko•plast), Leu•co•plas´tid (-plas´tid), } n. [Leuco- + Gr. pla•ssein to mold.] (Bot.) One of certain very minute whitish or colorless granules occurring in the protoplasm of plants and supposed to be the nuclei around which starch granules will form.

Leu•cop´y•rite (lu•kop´i•rit), n. [Leuco- + pyrites.] (Min.) A mineral of a color between white and steel-gray, with a metallic luster, and consisting chiefly of arsenic and iron.

Leu•cor•rhœ´a (lu•kor•re´a), n. [Leuco- + Gr. ´rei^n to flow.] (Med.) A discharge of a white, yellowish, or greenish, viscid mucus, resulting from inflammation or irritation of the membrane lining the genital organs of the female; the whites. Dunglison.

Leu´co•ryx (lu´ko•riks), n. [NL., from Gr. leyko•s + ’o•ryx a kind of gazelle.] (Zoöl.) A large antelope of North Africa (Oryx leucoryx), allied to the gemsbok.

Leu´co•scope (lu´ko•skop), n. [Leuco- + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument, devised by Professor Helmholtz, for testing the color perception of the eye, or for comparing different lights, as to their constituent colors or their relative whiteness.

Leu´co•soid (-soid), a. [NL. Leucosia, the typical genus (fr. Gr. leyko•s white) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Leucosoidea, a tribe of marine crabs including the box crab or Calappa.

Leu´co•sphere (-sfer), n. [Leuco- + sphere.] (Astron.) The inner corona. [R.]

Leu•co•tu´ric (lu•ko•tu´rik), a. [Leuco- + allantoic + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous organic substance of the uric acid group, called leucoturic acid or oxalantin. See Oxalantin.

Leu´cous (lu´kus), a. [Gr. leyko•s.] White; — applied to albinos, from the whiteness of their skin and hair.

Leu•cox´ene (lu•koks´en), n. [Leuco- + Gr. xe•nos stranger.] (Min.) A nearly opaque white mineral, in part identical with titanite, observed in some igneous rocks as the result of the alteration of titanic iron.

Leu•kae´mi•a (lu•ke´mi•a), n. Leucocythaemia.

Leuke (luk), a., Leuke´ness, n. See Luke, etc.

Leu´ko•plast (lu´ko•plast), n. (Bot.) See Leucoplast.

Le•va´na (le•va´na), n. [L., fr. levare to raise.] (Rom. Myth.) A goddess who protected newborn infants.

Le´vant (le´vant), a. [F., p. pr. of lever to raise.] (Law) Rising or having risen from rest; — said of cattle. See Couchant and levant, under Couchant.

Le•vant´ (le•vant´), n. [It. levante the point where the sun rises, the east, the Levant, fr. levare to raise, levarsi to rise: cf. F. levant. See Lever.] 1. The countries washed by the eastern part of the Mediterranean and its contiguous waters. 2. A levanter (the wind so called).

Le´vant (le´vant; 277), a. Eastern. [Obs.] “Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds.” Milton.

Le•vant´ (le•vant´), v. i. [Cf. Sp. levantar to raise, go from one place to another.] To run away from one’s debts; to decamp. [Colloq. Eng.] Thackeray.

Le•vant´er (le•vant´er), n. [From Levant, v.] One who levants, or decamps. [Colloq. Eng.]

Le•vant´er, n. [From Levant, n.] A strong easterly wind peculiar to the Mediterranean. W. H. Russell.

Le•vant´ine (le•vant´in or lev´ant•in; 277), a. [F. levantin, or It. levantino. See Levant, n.] Of or pertaining to the Levant. J. Spencer.

Le•vant´ine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Levant. 2. [F. levantine, or It. levantina.] A stout twilled silk fabric, formerly made in the Levant.

Le•va•ri fa´ci•as (le•va•ri fa´shi•as). [Law L., cause to be levied.] A writ of execution at common law.

Le•va´tion (le•va´shun), n. [L. levatio.] The act of raising; elevation; upward motion, as that produced by the action of a levator muscle.

Le•va´tor (le•va´tor), n. [NL., fr. L. levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. (Anat.) A muscle that serves to raise some part, as the lip or the eyelid. 2. (Surg.) A surgical instrument used to raise a depressed part of the skull.

Leve (lev), a. Dear. See Lief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, n. & v. Same as 3d & 4th Leave. [Obs.]

Leve, v. i. To live. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, v. t. [OE., fr. AS. lefan, abbrev. fr. gelefan. See Believe.] To believe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, v. t. [OE. leven, AS. lefan, lyfan. See Leave permission.] To grant; — used esp. in exclamations or prayers followed by a dependent clause. [Obs.] “God leve all be well.” Chaucer.

Lev´ee (lev´e; often lev•e´ in U. S.), n. [F. lever, fr. lever to raise, se lever to rise. See Lever, n.] 1. The act of rising. ´ The sun’s levee.´ Gray. 2. A morning assembly or reception of visitors, — in distinction from a soiree, or evening assembly; a matinee; hence, also any general or somewhat miscellaneous gathering of guests, whether in the daytime or evening; as the president’s levee. In England a ceremonious day reception, when attended by both ladies and gentlemen, is called a drawing-room.

Lev´ee, v. t. To attend the levee or levees of. “He levees all the great.” Young.

Lev´ee, n. [F. levee, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levy.] An embankment to prevent inundation; as the levees along the Mississippi; sometimes, the steep bank of a river. [U. S.]

Lev´ee, v. t. To keep within a channel by means of levees; as to levee a river. [U. S.]

Le•vee´ en• masse´ (le•va´ äN• mas´). [F.] See Levy in mass, under Levy, n.

Leve´ful (lev´ful), a. [Leve, n. + -ful.] Allowable; permissible; lawful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lev´el (lev´el), n. [OE. level, livel, OF. livel, F. niveau, fr. L. libella level, water level, a plumb level, dim. of libra pound, measure for liquids, balance, water poise, level. Cf. Librate, Libella.] 1. A line or surface to which, at every point, a vertical or plumb line is perpendicular; a line or surface which is everywhere parallel to the surface of still water; — this is the true level, and is a curve or surface in which all points are equally distant from the center of the earth, or rather would be so if the earth were an exact sphere. 2. A horizontal line or plane; that is, a straight line or a plane which is tangent to a true level at a given point and hence parallel to the horizon at that point; — this is the apparent level at the given point. 3. An approximately horizontal line or surface at a certain degree of altitude, or distance from the center of the earth; as to climb from the level of the coast to the level of the plateau and then descend to the level of the valley or of the sea. “After draining of the level in Northamptonshire.” Sir M. Hale. “Shot from the deadly level of a gun.” Shak. 4. Hence, figuratively, a certain position, rank, standard, degree, quality, character, etc., conceived of as in one of several planes of different elevation. “Providence, for the most part, sets us on a level.” Addison. “Somebody there of his own level.” Swift. “Be the fair level of thy actions laid
As temperance wills and prudence may persuade.” Prior. 5. A uniform or average height; a normal plane or altitude; a condition conformable to natural law or which will secure a level surface; as moving fluids seek a level. “When merit shall find its level.” F. W. Robertson. 6. (Mech. & Surv.) (a) An instrument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust something with reference to a horizontal line. (b) A measurement of the difference of altitude of two points, by means of a level; as to take a level. 7. A horizontal passage, drift, or adit, in a mine. Air level, a spirit level. See Spirit level (below). — Box level, a spirit level in which a glass-covered box is used instead of a tube. — Carpenter’s level, Mason’s level, either the plumb level or a straight bar of wood, in which is imbedded a small spirit level. — Level of the sea, the imaginary level from which heights and depths are calculated, taken at a mean distance between high and low water. — Line of levels, a connected series of measurements, by means of a level, along a given line, as of a railroad, to ascertain the profile of the ground. — Plumb level, one in which a horizontal bar is placed in true position by means of a plumb line, to which it is at right angles. — Spirit level, one in which the adjustment to the horizon is shown by the position of a bubble in alcohol or ether contained in a nearly horizontal glass tube, or a circular box with a glass cover. — Surveyor’s level, a telescope, with a spirit level attached, and with suitable screws, etc., for accurate adjustment, the whole mounted on a tripod, for use in leveling; — called also leveling instrument. — Water level, an instrument to show the level by means of the surface of water in a trough, or in upright tubes connected by a pipe.

Lev´el (lev´el), a. 1. Even; flat; having no part higher than another; having, or conforming to, the curvature which belongs to the undisturbed liquid parts of the earth’s surface; as a level field; level ground; the level surface of a pond or lake. “Ample spaces o’er the smooth
And level pavement.” Milton. 2. Coinciding or parallel with the plane of the horizon; horizontal; as the telescope is now level. 3. Even with anything else; of the same height; on the same line or plane; on the same footing; of equal importance; — followed by with, sometimes by to. “Young boys and girls
Are level now with men; the odds is gone.” Shak. “Everything lies level to our wish.” Shak. 4. Straightforward; direct; clear; open. “A very plain and level account.” M. Arnold. 5. Well balanced; even; just; steady; impartial; as a level head; a level understanding. [Colloq.] ´ A level consideration.´ Shak. 6. (Phonetics) Of even tone; without rising or falling inflection. H. Sweet. Level line (Shipbuilding), the outline of a section which is horizontal crosswise, and parallel with the rabbet of the keel lengthwise. — Level surface (Physics), an equipotential surface at right angles at every point to the lines of force.

Lev´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leveled (-eld) or Levelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Leveling or Levelling.] 1. To make level; to make horizontal; to bring to the condition of a level line or surface; hence, to make flat or even; as to level a road, a walk, or a garden. 2. To bring to a lower level; to overthrow; to topple down; to reduce to a flat surface; to lower. “And their proud structures level with the ground.” Sandys. “He levels mountains and he raises plains.” Dryden. 3. To bring to a horizontal position, as a gun; hence, to point in taking aim; to aim; to direct. “Bertram de Gordon, standing on the castle wall, leveled a quarrel out of a crossbow.” Stow. 4. Figuratively, to bring to a common level or plane, in respect of rank, condition, character, privilege, etc.; as to level all the ranks and conditions of men. 5. To adjust or adapt to a certain level; as to level remarks to the capacity of children. “For all his mind on honor fixed is,
To which he levels all his purposes.” Spenser.

Lev´el, v. i. 1. To be level; to be on a level with, or on an equality with, something; hence, to accord; to agree; to suit. [Obs.] “With such accommodation and besort
As levels with her breeding.” Shak. 2. To aim a gun, spear, etc., horizontally; hence, to aim or point a weapon in direct line with the mark; fig., to direct the eye, mind, or effort, directly to an object. “The foeman may with as great aim level at the edge of a penknife.” Shak. “The glory of God and the good of his church … ought to be the mark whereat we also level.” Hooker. “She leveled at our purposes.” Shak.

Lev´el•er (-er), n. [Written also leveller.] 1. One who, or that which, levels. 2. One who would remove social inequalities or distinctions; a socialist.

Lev´el•ing, n. [Written also levelling.] 1. The act or operation of making level. 2. (Surveying) The art or operation of using a leveling instrument for finding a horizontal line, for ascertaining the differences of level between different points of the earth’s surface included in a survey, for establishing grades, etc., as in finding the descent of a river, or locating a line of railroad. Leveling instrument. See Surveyor’s level, under Level, n. — Leveling staff, a graduated rod or staff used in connection with a leveling instrument for measuring differences of level between points.

Lev´el•ism (-iz’m), n. The disposition or endeavor to level all distinctions of rank in society.

Lev´el•ly, adv. In an even or level manner.

Lev´el•ness, n. The state or quality of being level.

Lev´en (lev´en), n. [See Levin.] Lightning. [Obs.] “Wild thunder dint and fiery leven.” Chaucer.

Lev´er (le´ver), a. [Old compar. of leve or lief.] More agreeable; more pleasing. [Obs.] Chaucer. To be lever than. See Had as lief, under Had.

Lev´er, adv. Rather. [Obs.] Chaucer. “For lever had I die than see his deadly face.” Spenser.

Le´ver (le´ver or lev´er; 277), n. [OE. levour, OF. leveor, prop., a lifter, fr. F. lever to raise, L. levare; akin to levis light in weight, E. levity, and perh. to E. light not heavy: cf. F. levier. Cf. Alleviate, Elevate, Leaven, Legerdemain, Levee, Levy, n.] 1. (Mech.) A rigid piece which is capable of turning about one point, or axis (the fulcrum), and in which are two or more other points where forces are applied; — used for transmitting and modifying force and motion. Specif., a bar of metal, wood, or other rigid substance, used to exert a pressure, or sustain a weight, at one point of its length, by receiving a force or power at a second, and turning at a third on a fixed point called a fulcrum. It is usually named as the first of the six mechanical powers, and is of three kinds, according as either the fulcrum F, the weight W, or the power P, respectively, is situated between the other two, as in the figures. 2. (Mach.) (a) A bar, as a capstan bar, applied to a rotatory piece to turn it. (b) An arm on a rock shaft, to give motion to the shaft or to obtain motion from it. Compound lever, a machine consisting of two or more levers acting upon each other. — Lever escapement. See Escapement. — Lever jack. See Jack, n., 5. — Lever watch, a watch having a vibrating lever to connect the action of the escape wheel with that of the balance. — Universal lever, a machine formed by a combination of a lever with the wheel and axle, in such a manner as to convert the reciprocating motion of the lever into a continued rectilinear motion of some body to which the power is applied.

Lev´er•age (lev´er•aj or le´ver•aj), n. The action of a lever; mechanical advantage gained by the lever. Leverage of a couple (Mech.), the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of two forces which act in parallel and opposite directions. — Leverage of a force, the perpendicular distance from the line in which a force acts upon a body to a point about which the body may be supposed to turn.

Lev´er•et (lev´er•et), n. [F. levraut, dim. of lièvre hare, L. lepus. Cf. Leporine.] (Zoöl.) A hare in the first year of its age.

Lev´er•ock (-ok), n. [See Lark.] A lark. [Scot.]

Lev´er•wood (lev´er•wood•), n. (Bot.) The American hop hornbeam (Ostrya Virginica), a small tree with very tough wood.

Lev´e•sel (lev´e•sel), n. [AS. leáf a leaf + sael, sel, a room, a hall.] A leafy shelter; a place covered with foliage. [Obs.] “Behind the mill, under a levesel.” Chaucer.

Lev´et (lev´et), n. [Cf. F. lever to raise.] A trumpet call for rousing soldiers; a reveille. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Lev´i•a•ble (lev´i•a•b’l), a. [From Levy to assess.] Fit to be levied; capable of being assessed and collected; as sums leviable by course of law. Bacon.

Le•vi´a•than (le•vi´a•than), n. [Heb. livyathan.] 1. An aquatic animal, described in the book of Job, ch. xli., and mentioned in other passages of Scripture. It is not certainly known what animal is intended, whether the crocodile, the whale, or some sort of serpent. 2. The whale, or a great whale. Milton.

Lev´i•er (lev´i•er), n. One who levies. Cartwright.

Lev´i•ga•ble (lev´i•ga•b’l), a. [See Levigate, v. t.] Capable of being levigated.

Lev´i•gate (-gat), a. [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to lighten, fr. levis light.] Made less harsh or burdensome; alleviated. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Lev´i•gate (-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levigated (- ga•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Levigating.] [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to make smooth, fr. levis smooth; akin to Gr. lei^os.] To make smooth in various senses: (a) To free from grit; to reduce to an impalpable powder or paste. (b) To mix thoroughly, as liquids or semiliquids. (c) To polish. (d) To make smooth in action. ´ When use hath levigated the organs.´ Barrow. (e) Technically, to make smooth by rubbing in a moist condition between hard surfaces, as in grinding pigments.

Lev´i•gate (-gat), a. [L. levigatus, p. p.] Made smooth, as if polished.

Lev•i•ga´tion (lev•i•ga´shun), n. [L. levigatio a smoothing: cf. F. levigation.] The act or operation of levigating.

Lev´in (lev´in), n. [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Leven.] Lightning. [Obs.] Spenser. Levin brand, a thunderbolt. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lev´in•er (-er), n. (Zoöl.) A swift hound.

Le´vir (le´ver), n. [L.] A husband’s brother; — used in reference to levirate marriages. { Lev´i•rate (lev´i•rat), Lev•i•rat´ic•al (-rat´i•kal), } a. [L. levir a husband’s brother, brother- in-law; akin to Gr. dah•r: cf. F. levirat leviration.] Of, pertaining to, or in accordance with, a law of the ancient Israelites and other tribes and races, according to which a woman, whose husband died without issue, was married to the husband’s brother. “The firstborn son of a leviratical marriage was reckoned and registered as the son of the deceased brother.” Alford.

Lev•i•ra´tion (lev•i•ra´shun), n. Levirate marriage or marriages. Kitto.

Lev•i•ros´tres (-ros´trez), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. levis light + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds, including the hornbills, kingfishers, and related forms.

Lev´i•tate (lev´i•tat), v. i. [L. levitas, -atis, lightness. See Levity.] To rise, or tend to rise, as if lighter than the surrounding medium; to become buoyant; — opposed to gravitate. Sir. J. Herschel.

Lev´i•tate, v. t. (Spiritualism) To make buoyant; to cause to float in the air; as to levitate a table. [Cant]

Lev•i•ta´tion (-ta´shun), n. [L. levis light in weight.] 1. Lightness; buoyancy; act of making light. Paley. 2. The act or process of making buoyant.

Le´vite (le´vit), n. [L. Levites, Gr. Leyi:•ths, fr. Heb. Levi, one of the sons of Jacob.] 1. (Bib. Hist.) One of the tribe or family of Levi; a descendant of Levi; esp., one subordinate to the priests (who were of the same tribe) and employed in various duties connected with the tabernacle first, and afterward the temple, such as the care of the building, bringing of wood and other necessaries for the sacrifices, the music of the services, etc. 2. A priest; — so called in contempt or ridicule.

Le•vit´ic•al (le•vit´i•kal), a. [L. Leviticus, Gr. Leyitiko•s.] 1. Of or pertaining to a Levite or the Levites. 2. Priestly. ´ Levitical questions.´ Milton. 3. Of or pertaining to, or designating, the law contained in the book of Leviticus. Ayliffe. Levitical degrees, degrees of relationship named in Leviticus, within which marriage is forbidden.

Le•vit´ic•al•ly, adv. After the manner of the Levites; in accordance with the levitical law.

Le•vit´i•cus (-i•kus), n. [See Levitical.] The third canonical book of the Old Testament, containing the laws and regulations relating to the priests and Levites among the Hebrews, or the body of the ceremonial law.

Lev´i•ty (lev´i•ty), n. [L. levitas, fr. levis light in weight; akin to levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. The quality of weighing less than something else of equal bulk; relative lightness, especially as shown by rising through, or floating upon, a contiguous substance; buoyancy; — opposed to gravity. “He gave the form of levity to that which ascended; to that which descended, the form of gravity.” Sir. W. Raleigh. “This bubble by reason of its comparative levity to the fluidity that incloses it, would ascend to the top.” Bentley. 2. Lack of gravity and earnestness in deportment or character; trifling gayety; frivolity; sportiveness; vanity. ´ A spirit of levity and libertinism.´ Atterbury. “He never employed his omnipotence out of levity.” Calamy. 3. Lack of steadiness or constancy; disposition to change; fickleness; volatility. “The levity that is fatigued and disgusted with everything of which it is in possession.” Burke. Syn. — Inconstancy; thoughtlessness; unsteadiness; inconsideration; volatility; flightiness. — Levity, Volatility, Flightiness. All these words relate to outward conduct. Levity springs from a lightness of mind which produces a disregard of the proprieties of time and place.Volatility is a degree of levity which causes the thoughts to fly from one object to another, without resting on any for a moment. Flightiness is volatility carried to an extreme which often betrays its subject into gross impropriety or weakness. Levity of deportment, of conduct, of remark; volatility of temper, of spirits; flightiness of mind or disposition.

Le´vo- (le´vo-). A prefix from L. laevus, meaning: (a) Pertaining to, or toward, the left; as levorotatory. (b) (Chem. & Opt.) Turning the plane of polarized light to the left; as levotartaric acid; levoracemic acid; levogyratory crystals, etc. [Written also laevo-.]

Le•vo•gy´rate (-ji´rat), a. [Levo- + gyrate.] (Chem. & Physics) Turning or twisting the plane of polarization towards the left, as levulose, levotartaric acid, etc. [Written also laevogyrate.]

Le•vo•ro´ta•to•ry (-ro´ta•to•ry), a. [Levo- + rotatory.] (Chem. & Physics) Turning or rotating the plane of polarization towards the left; levogyrate, as levulose, left-handed quartz crystals, etc. [Written also laevorotatory.]

Lev´u•lin (lev´u•lin), n. (Chem.) A substance resembling dextrin, obtained from the bulbs of the dahlia, the artichoke, and other sources, as a colorless, spongy, amorphous material. It is so called because by decomposition it yields levulose. [Written also laevulin.]

Lev•u•lin´ic (-lin´ik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, an acid (called also acetyl-propionic acid), C_5H_8O_3, obtained by the action of dilute acids on various sugars (as levulose). [Written also laevulinic.]

Lev•u•lo´san (-lo´san), n. (Chem.) An unfermentable carbohydrate obtained by gently heating levulose.

Lev´u•lose (lev´u•los•), n. [See Levo-.] (Chem.) A sirupy variety of sugar, rarely obtained crystallized, occurring widely in honey, ripe fruits, etc., and hence called also fruit sugar. It is called levulose, because it rotates the plane of polarization to the left. [Written also laevulose.]> It is obtained, together with an equal quantity of dextrose, by the inversion of ordinary cane or beet sugar, and hence, as being an ingredient of invert sugar, is often so called. It is fermentable, nearly as sweet as cane sugar, and is metameric with dextrose. Cf. Dextrose.

Lev´y (-y), n.; pl. Levies (-iz). [A contr. of elevenpence or elevenpenny bit.] A name formerly given in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to the Spanish real of one eighth of a dollar (or 12½ cents), valued at eleven pence when the dollar was rated at 7s. 6d.

Lev´y, n. [F. levee, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levee.] 1. The act of levying or collecting by authority; as the levy of troops, taxes, etc. “A levy of all the men left under sixty.” Thirlwall. 2. That which is levied, as an army, force, tribute, etc. ´ The Irish levies.´ Macaulay. 3. (Law) The taking or seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgments, or on warrants for the collection of taxes; a collecting by execution. Levy in mass [F. levee en masse], a requisition of all able-bodied men for military service.

Lev´y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levied (lev´id); p. pr. & vb. n. Levying.] 1. To raise, as a siege. [Obs.] Holland. 2. To raise; to collect; said of troops, to form into an army by enrollment, conscription, etc. “Augustine … inflamed Ethelbert, king of Kent, to levy his power, and to war against them.” Fuller. 3. To raise or collect by assessment; to exact by authority; as to levy taxes, toll, tribute, or contributions. “If they do this … my ransom, then,
Will soon be levied.” Shak. 4. (Law) (a) To gather or exact; as to levy money. (b) To erect, build, or set up; to make or construct; to raise or cast up; as to levy a mill, dike, ditch, a nuisance, etc. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. (c) To take or seize on execution; to collect by execution. To levy a fine, to commence and carry on a suit for assuring the title to lands or tenements. Blackstone. — To levy war, to make or begin war; to take arms for attack; to attack.

Lev´y, v. i. To seize property, real or personal, or subject it to the operation of an execution; to make a levy; as to levy on property; the usual mode of levying, in England, is by seizing the goods. To levy on goods and chattels, to take into custody or seize specific property in satisfaction of a writ. { Lev´yne (lev´in), Lev´yn•ite (- in•it), } n. [From Mr. Levy, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) A whitish, reddish, or yellowish, transparent or translucent mineral, allied to chabazite.

Lew (lu), a. [Cf. lee a calm or sheltered place, lukewarm.] Lukewarm; tepid. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lewd (lud), a. [Compar. Lewder (-er); superl. Lewdest.] [OE. lewed, lewd, lay, ignorant, vile, AS. laewed laical, belonging to the laity.] 1. Not clerical; laic; laical; hence, unlearned; simple. [Obs.] “For if a priest be foul, on whom we trust,
No wonder is a lewed man to rust.” Chaucer. “So these great clerks their little wisdom show
To mock the lewd, as learn’d in this as they.” Sir. J. Davies. 2. Belonging to the lower classes, or the rabble; idle and lawless; bad; vicious. [Archaic] Chaucer. “But the Jews, which believed not, … took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, … and assaulted the house of Jason.” Acts xvii. 5. “Too lewd to work, and ready for any kind of mischief.” Southey. 3. Given to the promiscuous indulgence of lust; dissolute; lustful; libidinous. Dryden. 4. Suiting, or proceeding from, lustfulness; involving unlawful sexual desire; as lewd thoughts, conduct, or language. Syn. — Lustful; libidinous; licentious; profligate; dissolute; sensual; unchaste; impure; lascivious; lecherous; rakish; debauched. — Lewd´ly, adv. — Lewd´ness, n.

Lewd´ster (-ster), n. A lewd person. [Obs.] Shak. { Lew´is (lu´is), Lew´is•son (- sun), } n. 1. An iron dovetailed tenon, made in sections, which can be fitted into a dovetail mortise; — used in hoisting large stones, etc. 2. A kind of shears used in cropping woolen cloth. Lewis hole, a hole wider at the bottom than at the mouth, into which a lewis is fitted. De Foe.

Lex (leks), n.; pl. Leges (le´jez). [L. See Legal.] Law; as lex talionis, the law of retaliation; lex terrae, the law of the land; lex fori, the law of the forum or court; lex loci, the law of the place; lex mercatoria, the law or custom of merchants.

Lex´ic•al (-i•kal), a. Of or pertaining to a lexicon, to lexicography, or words; according or conforming to a lexicon. — Lex´ic•al•ly, adv.

Lex•i•cog´ra•pher (- i•kog´ra•fer), n. [Gr. lexikogra•fos; lexiko•n dictionary + gra•fein to write: cf. F. lexicographe. See Lexicon.] The author or compiler of a lexicon or dictionary. “Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach; and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few.” Johnson. { Lex•i•co•graph´ic (-ko•graf´ik), Lex•i•co•graph´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Cf. F. lexicographique.] Of or pertaining to, or according to, lexicography. — Lex•i•co•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Lex•i•cog´ra•phist (-kog´ra•fist), n. A lexicographer. [R.] Southey.

Lex•i•cog´ra•phy (-fy), n. [Cf. F. lexicographie.] The art, process, or occupation of making a lexicon or dictionary; the principles which are applied in making dictionaries.

Lex•i•col´o•gist (-kol´o•jist), n. One versed in lexicology.

Lex•i•col´o•gy (-jy), n. [Gr. lexiko•n lexicon + -logy: cf. F. lexicologie.] The science of the derivation and signification of words; that branch of learning which treats of the signification and application of words.

Lex´i•con (leks´i•kon), n. [Gr. lexiko•n (sc. bibli•on), neut. of lexiko•s of or belonging to words, fr. le•xis a speaking, speech, a way of speaking, a single word or phrase, fr. le•gein to say, to speak. See Legend.] A vocabulary, or book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language or of a considerable number of them, with the definition of each; a dictionary; especially, a dictionary of the Greek, Hebrew, or Latin language.

Lex´i•con•ist, n. A writer of a lexicon. [R.]

Lex•i•graph´ic (-graf´ik), a. [Cf. F. lexigraphique.] Of or pertaining to lexigraphy.

Lex•ig´ra•phy (leks•ig´ra•fy), n. [Gr. le•xis word + -graphy: cf. F. lexigraphie.] The art or practice of defining words; definition of words.

Lex•i•phan´ic (leks•i•fan´ik), a. [Gr. lexifa•nis a phrase monger; le•xis speech + fai•nein to show.] Using, or interlarded with, pretentious words; bombastic; as a lexiphanic writer or speaker; lexiphanic writing.

Lex•i•phan´i•cism (-i•siz’m), n. The use of pretentious words, language, or style.

Lex•i•phar´mic (-fär´mik), a. See Alexipharmic.

Ley (la), v. t. & i. To lay; to wager. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ley, n. [OF.] Law. Abbott.

Ley (li), n. [Obs.] See Lye.

Ley (le), n. Grass or meadow land; a lea.

Ley, a. Fallow; unseeded. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. { Ley´den jar´ (li´d’n jär´; 277). Ley´den phi´al (fi´al).} (Elec.) A glass jar or bottle used to accumulate electricity. It is coated with tin foil, within and without, nearly to its top, and is surmounted by a brass knob which communicates with the inner coating, for the purpose of charging it with electricity. It is so named from having been invented in Leyden, Holland.

Ley´ser (la´zer), n. Leisure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leze• maj´es•ty (lez• maj´es•ty). [F. lese-majeste, fr. L. laesus, fem. laesa, injured (see Lesion) + majestas majesty; that is, crimen laesae majestatis.] [Written also lese majesty.] (Law) Any crime committed against the sovereign power.

Lher´zo•lite (ler´zo•lit), n. [From Lherz, a place in the Pyrenees + -lite.] (Min.) An igneous rock consisting largely of chrysolite, with pyroxene and picotite (a variety of spinel containing chromium).

Li (le), n. 1. A Chinese measure of distance, being a little more than one third of a mile. 2. A Chinese copper coin; a cash. See Cash.

Li•a•bil´i•ty (li•a•bil´i•ty), n.; pl. Liabilities (- tiz). 1. The state of being liable; as the liability of an insurer; liability to accidents; liability to the law. 2. That which one is under obligation to pay, or for which one is liable. Specifically, in the pl., the sum of one’s pecuniary obligations; — opposed to assets. Limited liability. See Limited company, under Limited.

Li´a•ble (li´a•b’l), a. [From F. lier to bind, L. ligare. Cf. Ally, v. t., Ligature.] 1. Bound or obliged in law or equity; responsible; answerable; as the surety is liable for the debt of his principal. 2. Exposed to a certain contingency or casualty, more or less probable; — with to and an infinitive or noun; as liable to slip; liable to accident. Syn. — Accountable; responsible; answerable; bound; subject; obnoxious; exposed. — Liable, Subject. Liable refers to a future possible or probable happening which may not actually occur; as horses are liable to slip; even the sagacious are liable to make mistakes. Subject refers to any actual state or condition belonging to the nature or circumstances of the person or thing spoken of, or to that which often befalls one. One whose father was subject to attacks of the gout is himself liable to have that disease. Men are constantly subject to the law, but liable to suffer by its infraction. “Proudly secure, yet liable to fall.” Milton. “All human things are subject to decay.” Dryden.

Li´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being liable; liability.

Li´age (li´aj), n. [Cf. OF. liage a bond. See Liable.] Union by league; alliance. [Obs.]

Li•ai•son´ (le•a•zôN´), n. [F., fr. L. ligatio, fr. ligare to bind. See Ligature, and cf. Ligation.] A union, or bond of union; an intimacy; especially, an illicit intimacy between a man and a woman. { Li•ane´ (li•an´), Li•a´na (li•a´na), } n. [F. liane; prob. akin to lien a band, fr. L. ligamen, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. Lien, n. ] (Bot.) A luxuriant woody plant, climbing high trees and having ropelike stems. The grapevine often has the habit of a liane. Lianes are abundant in the forests of the Amazon region.

Li´ar (li´er), n. [OE. liere. See Lie to falsify.] A person who knowingly utters falsehood; one who lies.

Li´ard (li´erd), a. [OF. liart, LL. liardus gray, dapple.] Gray. [Obs.] Chaucer. Used by Chaucer as an epithet of a gray or dapple gray horse. Also used as a name for such a horse.

Liard (lyär), n. [F.] A French copper coin of one fourth the value of a sou.

Li´as (li´as), n. [Cf. F. lias, fr. liais sort of limestone, OF. also liois; perh. of Celtic origin, cf. Armor. liach, leach, a stone, Gael. leac, W. llech. Cf. Cromlech.] (Geol.) The lowest of the three divisions of the Jurassic period; a name given in England and Europe to a series of marine limestones underlying the Oölite. See the Chart of Geology.

Li•as´sic (li•as´sik), a. (Geol.) Of the age of the Lias; pertaining to the Lias formation. — n. Same as Lias.

Lib (lib), v. t. [Cf. Glib to geld.] To castrate. [Obs.]

Lib´a•ment (lib´a•ment), n. [L. libamentum.] Libation. [Obs.] Holland.

Li´bant (li´bant), a. [L. libans, p. pr. of libare to taste, touch.] Sipping; touching lightly. [R.] Landor.

Li•ba´tion (li•ba´shun), n. [L. libatio, fr. libare to take a little from anything, to taste, to pour out as an offering: cf. F. libation.] The act of pouring a liquid or liquor, usually wine, either on the ground or on a victim in sacrifice, in honor of some deity; also the wine or liquid thus poured out. Dryden. “A heathen sacrifice or libation to the earth.” Bacon.

Li´ba•to•ry (li´ba•to•ry), a. Pertaining to libation.

Lib´bard (lib´berd), n. [See Leopard.] A leopard. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. Keats.

Lib´bard’s bane (-berdz ban•). Leopard’s bane. [Obs.]

Li´bel (li´bel), n. [L. libellus a little book, pamphlet, libel, lampoon, dim. of liber the liber or inner bark of a tree; also (because the ancients wrote on this bark), paper, parchment, or a roll of any material used to write upon, and hence, a book or treatise: cf. F. libelle.] 1. A brief writing of any kind, esp. a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. “A libel of forsaking [divorcement].” Wyclif (Matt. v. 31). 2. Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire. 3. (Law) A malicious publication expressed either in print or in writing, or by pictures, effigies, or other signs, tending to expose another to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule. Such publication is indictable at common law. The term, in a more extended sense, includes the publication of such writings, pictures, and the like, as are of a blasphemous, treasonable, seditious, or obscene character. These also are indictable at common law. 4. (Law) The crime of issuing a malicious defamatory publication. 5. (Civil Law & Courts of Admiralty) A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of his cause of action, and of the relief he seeks.

Li´bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Libeled (-beld) or Libelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Libeling or Libelling.] 1. To defame, or expose to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule, by a writing, picture, sign, etc.; to lampoon. “Some wicked wits have libeled all the fair.” Pope. 2. (Law) To proceed against by filing a libel, particularly against a ship or goods.

Li´bel (li´bel), v. i. To spread defamation, written or printed; — with against. [Obs.] “What’s this but libeling against the senate?” Shak. “[He] libels now ’gainst each great man.” Donne.

Li´bel•ant (-ant), n. One who libels; one who institutes a suit in an ecclesiastical or admiralty court. [Written also libellant.] Cranch.

Li´bel•er (-er), n. One who libels. [Written also libeller.] ´ Libelers of others.´ Buckminster.

Li´bel•ist (-ist), n. A libeler.

Li •bel´la (li•bel´la), n. [L., dim. of libra balance. See Level, n.] 1. A small balance. 2. A level, or leveling instrument.

Li•bel´lu•lid (li•bel´lu•lid), n. (Zoöl.) A dragon fly.

Li•bel´lu•loid (-loid), a. [NL. Libellula, the name of the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the dragon flies.

Li´bel•ous (li´bel•us), a. Containing or involving a libel; defamatory; containing that which exposes some person to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule; as a libelous pamphlet. [Written also libellous.] — Li´bel•ous•ly, adv.

Li´ber (li´ber), n. [L. See Libel.] (Bot.) The inner bark of plants, lying next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is, therefore, the part from which the fiber of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc. Liber cells, elongated woody cells found in the liber.

Lib´er•al (lib´er•al), a. [F. liberal, L. liberalis, from liber free; perh. akin to libet, lubet, it pleases, E. lief. Cf. Deliver.] 1. Free by birth; hence, befitting a freeman or gentleman; refined; noble; independent; free; not servile or mean; as a liberal ancestry; a liberal spirit; liberal arts or studies. ´ Liberal education.´ Macaulay. ´ A liberal tongue.´ Shak. 2. Bestowing in a large and noble way, as a freeman; generous; bounteous; open-handed; as a liberal giver. ´ Liberal of praise.´ Bacon. “Infinitely good, and of his good
As liberal and free as infinite.” Milton. 3. Bestowed in a large way; hence, more than sufficient; abundant; bountiful; ample; profuse; as a liberal gift; a liberal discharge of matter or of water. “His wealth doth warrant a liberal dower.” Shak. 4. Not strict or rigorous; not confined or restricted to the literal sense; free; as a liberal translation of a classic, or a liberal construction of law or of language. 5. Not narrow or contracted in mind; not selfish; enlarged in spirit; catholic. 6. Free to excess; regardless of law or moral restraint; licentious. ´ Most like a liberal villain.´ Shak. 7. Not bound by orthodox tenets or established forms in political or religious philosophy; independent in opinion; not conservative; friendly to great freedom in the constitution or administration of government; having tendency toward democratic or republican, as distinguished from monarchical or aristocratic, forms; as liberal thinkers; liberal Christians; the Liberal party. “I confess I see nothing liberal in this ´ order of thoughts,´ as Hobbes elsewhere expresses it.” Hazlitt. Liberal has of, sometimes with, before the thing bestowed, in before a word signifying action, and to before a person or object on which anything is bestowed; as to be liberal of praise or censure; liberal with money; liberal in giving; liberal to the poor. The liberal arts. See under Art. — Liberal education, education that enlarges and disciplines the mind and makes it master of its own powers, irrespective of the particular business or profession one may follow. Syn. — Generous; bountiful; munificent; beneficent; ample; large; profuse; free. — Liberal, Generous. Liberal is freeborn, and generous is highborn. The former is opposed to the ordinary feelings of a servile state, and implies largeness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, etc. The latter expresses that nobleness of soul which is peculiarly appropriate to those of high rank, — a spirit that goes out of self, and finds its enjoyment in consulting the feelings and happiness of others. Generosity is measured by the extent of the sacrifices it makes; liberality, by the warmth of feeling which it manifests.

Lib´er•al, n. One who favors greater freedom in political or religious matters; an opponent of the established systems; a reformer; in English politics, a member of the Liberal party, so called. Cf. Whig.

Lib´er•al•ism (-iz’m), n. [Cf. F. liberalisme.] Liberal principles; the principles and methods of the liberals in politics or religion; specifically, the principles of the Liberal party.

Lib´er•al•ist, n. A liberal.

Lib•er•al•is´tic (-is´tik), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, liberalism; as liberalistic opinions.

Lib•er•al´i•ty (-al´i•ty), n.; pl. Liberalities (- tiz). [L. liberalitas: cf. F. liberalite.] 1. The quality or state of being liberal; liberal disposition or practice; freedom from narrowness or prejudice; generosity; candor; charity. “That liberality is but cast away
Which makes us borrow what we can not pay.” Denham. 2. A gift; a gratuity; — sometimes in the plural; as a prudent man is not impoverished by his liberalities.

Lib•er•al•i•za´tion (- al•i•za´shun), n. The act of liberalizing.

Lib´er•al•ize (lib´er•al•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liberalized (-izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liberalizing (-i•zing).] [Cf. F. liberaliser.] To make liberal; to free from narrow views or prejudices. “To open and to liberalize the mind.” Burke.

Lib´er•al•i•zer (-i•zer), n. One who, or that which, liberalizes. Emerson.

Lib´er•al•ly, adv. In a liberal manner.

Lib´er•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liberated (- a•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Liberating (-a•ting).] [L. liberatus, p. p. of liberare to free, fr. liber free. See Liberal, a., and cf. Deliver.] To release from restraint or bondage; to set at liberty; to free; to manumit; to disengage; as to liberate a slave or prisoner; to liberate the mind from prejudice; to liberate gases. Syn. — To deliver; free; release. See Deliver.

Lib•er•a´tion (lib•er•a´shun), n. [L. liberatio: cf. F. liberation. Cf. Livraison.] The act of liberating or the state of being liberated. “This mode of analysis requires perfect liberation from all prejudged system.” Pownall.

Lib´er•a•tor (lib´er•a•ter), n. [L.] One who, or that which, liberates; a deliverer.

Lib´er•a•to•ry (-a•to•ry), a. Tending, or serving, to liberate. [R.]

Lib•er•ta´ri•an (-ta´ri•an), a. [See Liberty.] Pertaining to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity.

Lib•er•ta´ri•an, n. One who holds to the doctrine of free will.

Lib•er•ta´ri•an•ism (-iz’m), n. Libertarian principles or doctrines.

Lib´er•ti•cide (lib´er•ti•sid), n. [L. libertas liberty + caedere to kill: cf. (for sense 2) F. liberticide.] 1. The destruction of civil liberty. 2. A destroyer of civil liberty. B. F. Wade.

Lib´er•tin•age (-tin•aj), n. [Cf. F. libertinage. See Libertine.] Libertinism; license. [R.]

Lib´er•tine (-tin), n. [L. libertinus freedman, from libertus one made free, fr. liber free: cf. F. libertin. See Liberal.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A manumitted slave; a freedman; also the son of a freedman. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Anabaptists, in the fifteenth and early part of the sixteenth century, who rejected many of the customs and decencies of life, and advocated a community of goods and of women. 3. One free from restraint; one who acts according to his impulses and desires; now, specifically, one who gives rein to lust; a rake; a debauchee. “Like a puffed and reckless libertine,
Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads.” Shak. 4. A defamatory name for a freethinker. [Obsoles.]

Lib´er•tine, a. [L. libertinus of a freedman: cf. F. libertin. See Libertine, n. ] 1. Free from restraint; uncontrolled. [Obs.] “You are too much libertine.” Beau. & Fl. 2. Dissolute; licentious; profligate; loose in morals; as libertine principles or manners. Bacon.

Lib´er•tin•ism (-tin•iz’m), n. 1. The state of a libertine or freedman. [R.] Hammond. 2. Licentious conduct; debauchery; lewdness. 3. Licentiousness of principle or opinion. “That spirit of religion and seriousness vanished all at once, and a spirit of liberty and libertinism, of infidelity and profaneness, started up in the room of it.” Atterbury.

Lib´er•ty (lib´er•ty), n.; pl. Liberties (- tiz). [OE. liberte, F. liberte, fr. L. libertas, fr. liber free. See Liberal.] 1. The state of a free person; exemption from subjection to the will of another claiming ownership of the person or services; freedom; — opposed to slavery, serfdom, bondage, or subjection. “But ye … caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid whom he had set at liberty at their pleasure, to return, and brought them into subjection.” Jer. xxxiv. 16. “Delivered fro the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the sons of God.” Bible, 1551. Rom. viii. 21. 2. Freedom from imprisonment, bonds, or other restraint upon locomotion. “Being pent from liberty, as I am now.” Shak. 3. A privilege conferred by a superior power; permission granted; leave; as liberty given to a child to play, or to a witness to leave a court, and the like. 4. Privilege; exemption; franchise; immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant; as the liberties of the commercial cities of Europe. “His majesty gave not an entire county to any; much less did he grant … any extraordinary liberties.” Sir J. Davies. 5. The place within which certain immunities are enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exercised. [Eng.] “Brought forth into some public or open place within the liberty of the city, and there … burned.” Fuller. 6. A certain amount of freedom; permission to go freely within certain limits; also the place or limits within which such freedom is exercised; as the liberties of a prison. 7. A privilege or license in violation of the laws of etiquette or propriety; as to permit, or take, a liberty. “He was repeatedly provoked into striking those who had taken liberties with him.” Macaulay. 8. The power of choice; freedom from necessity; freedom from compulsion or constraint in willing. “The idea of liberty is the idea of a power in any agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the other.” Locke. “This liberty of judgment did not of necessity lead to lawlessness.” J. A. Symonds. 9. (Manege) A curve or arch in a bit to afford room for the tongue of the horse. 10. (Naut.) Leave of absence; permission to go on shore. At liberty. (a) Unconfined; free. (b) At leisure. — Civil liberty, exemption from arbitrary interference with person, opinion, or property, on the part of the government under which one lives, and freedom to take part in modifying that government or its laws. — Liberty bell. See under Bell. — Liberty cap. (a) The Roman pileus which was given to a slave at his manumission. (b) A limp, close- fitting cap with which the head of representations of the goddess of liberty is often decked. It is sometimes represented on a spear or a liberty pole. — Liberty of the press, freedom to print and publish without official supervision. Liberty party, the party, in the American Revolution, which favored independence of England; in more recent usage, a party which favored the emancipation of the slaves. — Liberty pole, a tall flagstaff planted in the ground, often surmounted by a liberty cap. [U. S.] — Moral liberty, that liberty of choice which is essential to moral responsibility. — Religious liberty, freedom of religious opinion and worship. Syn. — Leave; permission; license. — Liberty, Freedom. These words, though often interchanged, are distinct in some of their applications. Liberty has reference to previous restraint; freedom, to the simple, unrepressed exercise of our powers. A slave is set at liberty; his master had always been in a state of freedom. A prisoner under trial may ask liberty (exemption from restraint) to speak his sentiments with freedom (the spontaneous and bold utterance of his feelings). The liberty of the press is our great security for freedom of thought.

Li•beth´en•ite (li•beth´en•it), n. [From Libethen, in Hungary, where it was first found.] (Min.) A mineral of an olive-green color, commonly in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of copper.

Li•bid´i•nist (li•bid´i•nist), n. [See Libidinous.] One given to lewdness.

Li•bid•i•nos´i•ty (-nos´i•ty), n. The state or quality of being libidinous; libidinousness. Skelton.

Li•bid´i•nous (-nus), a. [L. libidinosus, fr. libido, libidinis, pleasure, desire, lust, fr. libet, lubet, it pleases: cf. F. libidineux. See Lief.] Having lustful desires; characterized by lewdness; sensual; lascivious. — Li•bid´i•nous•ly, adv. — Li•bid´i•nous•ness, n. Syn. — Lewd; lustful; lascivious; unchaste; impure; sensual; licentious; lecherous; salacious. { Lib´ken (lib´ken), Lib´kin (lib´kin), } n. [AS. libban, E. live, v. i. + -kin.] A house or lodging. [Old Slang] B. Jonson.

Li´bra (li´bra), n.; pl. Librae (li´bre). [L., a balance.] (Astron.) (a) The Balance; the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox in September, marked thus &libra; in almanacs, etc. (b ) A southern constellation between Virgo and Scorpio.

Li´bral (li´bral), a. [L. libralis, fr. libra the Roman pound.] Of a pound weight. [Obs.] Johnson.

Li•bra´ri•an (li•bra´ri•an), n. [See Library.] 1. One who has the care or charge of a library. 2. One who copies manuscript books. [Obs.] Broome.

Li•bra´ri•an•ship, n. The office of a librarian.

Li´bra•ry (li´bra•ry), n.; pl. Libraries (- riz). [OE. librairie, F. librairie bookseller’s shop, book trade, formerly, a library, fr. libraire bookseller, L. librarius, from liber book; cf. libraria bookseller’s shop, librarium bookcase, It. libreria. See Libel.] 1. A considerable collection of books kept for use, and not as merchandise; as a private library; a public library. 2. A building or apartment appropriated for holding such a collection of books. Holland.

Li´brate (li´brat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Librated (li´bra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Librating.] [L. libratus, p. p. of librare to balance, to make even, fr. libra. Cf. Level, Deliberate, Equilibrium.] To vibrate as a balance does before resting in equilibrium; hence, to be poised. “Their parts all librate on too nice a beam.” Clifton.

Li´brate, v. t. To poise; to balance.

Li•bra´tion (li•bra´shun), n. [L. libratio: cf. F. libration.] 1. The act or state of librating. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Astron.) A real or apparent libratory motion, like that of a balance before coming to rest. Libration of the moon, any one of those small periodical changes in the position of the moon’s surface relatively to the earth, in consequence of which narrow portions at opposite limbs become visible or invisible alternately. It receives different names according to the manner in which it takes place; as: (a) Libration in longitude, that which, depending on the place of the moon in its elliptic orbit, causes small portions near the eastern and western borders alternately to appear and disappear each month. (b) Libration in latitude, that which depends on the varying position of the moon’s axis in respect to the spectator, causing the alternate appearance and disappearance of either pole. (c) Diurnal or parallactic libration, that which brings into view on the upper limb, at rising and setting, some parts not in the average visible hemisphere.

Li´bra•to•ry (li´bra•to•ry), a. Balancing; moving like a balance, as it tends to an equipoise or level.

Li•bret´tist (li•bret´tist), n. One who makes a libretto.

Li•bret´to (li•bret´to; It. le•brat´to), n.; pl. E. Librettos (-toz), It. Libretti (-te). [It., dim. of libro book, L. liber. See Libel.] (Mus.) (a) A book containing the words of an opera or extended piece of music. (b) The words themselves.

Li´bri•form (li´bri•fôrm), a. [Liber + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of liber, or resembling liber. Libriform cells, peculiar wood cells which are very slender and relatively thick-walled, and occasionally are furnished with bordered pits. Goodale.

Lib´y•an (lib´i•an), a. Of or pertaining to Libya, the ancient name of that part of Africa between Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean, or of Africa as a whole.

Lice (lis), n.; pl. of Louse.

Li´cens•a•ble (li´sens•a•b’l), a. That can be licensed.

Li´cense (li´sens), n. [Written also licence.] [F. licence, L. licentia, fr. licere to be permitted, prob. orig., to be left free to one; akin to linquere to leave. See Loan, and cf. Illicit, Leisure.] 1. Authority or liberty given to do or forbear any act; especially, a formal permission from the proper authorities to perform certain acts or to carry on a certain business, which without such permission would be illegal; a grant of permission; as a license to preach, to practice medicine, to sell gunpowder or intoxicating liquors. “To have a license and a leave at London to dwell.” P. Plowman. 2. The document granting such permission. Addison. 3. Excess of liberty; freedom abused, or used in contempt of law or decorum; disregard of law or propriety. “License they mean when they cry liberty.” Milton. 4. That deviation from strict fact, form, or rule, in which an artist or writer indulges, assuming that it will be permitted for the sake of the advantage or effect gained; as poetic license; grammatical license, etc. Syn. — Leave; liberty; permission.

Li´cense (li´sens), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licensed (li´senst); p. pr. & vb. n. Licensing.] To permit or authorize by license; to give license to; as to license a man to preach. Milton. Shak.

Li´censed (li´senst), a. Having a license; permitted or authorized by license; as a licensed victualer; a licensed traffic. Licensed victualer, one who has a license to keep an inn or eating house; esp., a victualer who has a license to sell intoxicating liquors.

Li•cen•see´ (li•sen•se´), n. (Law) The person to whom a license is given.

Li´cens•er (li´sens•er), n. One who gives a license; as a licenser of the press.

Li´cen•sure (li´sen•shur; 135), n. A licensing. [R.]

Li•cen´ti•ate (li•sen´shi•at or - shat; 106), n. [LL. licentiatus, fr. licentiare to allow to do anything, fr. L. licentia license. See License, n.] 1. One who has a license to exercise a profession; as a licentiate in medicine or theology. “The college of physicians, in July, 1687, published an edict, requiring all the fellows, candidates, and licentiates, to give gratuitous advice to the neighboring poor.” Johnson. 2. A friar authorized to receive confessions and grant absolution in all places, independently of the local clergy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. One who acts without restraint, or takes a liberty, as if having a license therefor. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. On the continent of Europe, a university degree intermediate between that of bachelor and that of doctor.

Li•cen´ti•ate (-shi•at), v. t. To give a license to. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Li•cen´tious (-shus), a. [L. licentiosus: cf. F. licencieux. See License.] 1. Characterized by license; passing due bounds; excessive; abusive of freedom; wantonly offensive; as a licentious press. “A wit that no licentious pertness knows.” Savage. 2. Unrestrained by law or morality; lawless; immoral; dissolute; lewd; lascivious; as a licentious man; a licentious life. ´Licentious wickedness.´ Shak. Syn. — Unrestrained; uncurbed; uncontrolled; unruly; riotous; ungovernable; wanton; profligate; dissolute; lax; loose; sensual; impure; unchaste; lascivious; immoral. — Li•cen´tious•ly, adv. — Li•cen´tious•ness, n.

Lich (lik), a. Like. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lich (lich), n. [AS. lic body. See Like, a.] A dead body; a corpse. [Obs.] Lich fowl (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; — called also lich owl. — Lich gate, a covered gate through which the corpse was carried to the church or burial place, and where the bier was placed to await the clergyman; a corpse gate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — Lich wake, the wake, or watching, held over a corpse before burial. [Prov Eng.] Chaucer. — Lich wall, the wall of a churchyard or burying ground. — Lich way, the path by which the dead are carried to the grave. [Prov. Eng.]

Li´chen (li´ken; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. leichh•n.] 1. (Bot.) One of a class of cellular, flowerless plants, (technically called Lichenes), having no distinction of leaf and stem, usually of scaly, expanded, frond-like forms, but sometimes erect or pendulous and variously branched. They derive their nourishment from the air, and generate by means of spores. The species are very widely distributed, and form irregular spots or patches, usually of a greenish or yellowish color, upon rocks, trees, and various bodies, to which they adhere with great tenacity. They are often improperly called rock moss or tree moss. A favorite modern theory of lichens (called after its inventor the Schwendener hypothesis), is that they are not autonomous plants, but that they consist of ascigerous fungi, parasitic on algae. Each lichen is composed of white filaments and green, or greenish, rounded cells, and it is argued that the two are of different nature, the one living at the expense of the other. See Hyphae, and Gonidia. 2. (Med.) A name given to several varieties of skin disease, esp. to one characterized by the eruption of small, conical or flat, reddish pimples, which, if unchecked, tend to spread and produce great and even fatal exhaustion.

Li´chened (li´kend), a. Belonging to, or covered with, lichens. Tennyson.

Li•chen´ic (li•ken´ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, lichens. Lichenic acid. (a) An organic acid, C_14H_24O_3, obtained from Iceland moss. (b) An old name of fumaric acid.

Li•chen´i•form (-i•fôrm), a. Having the form of a lichen.

Li´chen•in (li´ken•in), n. (Chem.) A substance isomeric with starch, extracted from several species of moss and lichen, esp. from Iceland moss. { Li•chen•o•graph´ic (li•ken•o•graf´ik), Li•chen•o•graph´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Cf. F. lichenographique.] Of or pertaining to lichenography.

Li•chen•og´ra•phist (-og´ra•fist), n. One who describes lichens; one versed in lichenography.

Li•chen•og´ra•phy (li•ken•og´ra•fy), n. [Lichen + -graphy: cf. F. lichenographie.] A description of lichens; the science which illustrates the natural history of lichens.

Li•chen•ol´o•gist (-ol´o•jist), n. One versed in lichenology.

Li•chen•ol´o•gy (-jy), n. [Lichen + -logy.] The science which treats of lichens.

Li´chen•ous (li´ken•us), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, lichens; abounding in lichens; covered with lichens. G. Eliot.

Li´chi (le´che•), n. (Bot.) See Litchi.

Lich´wale (lich´wal•), n. (Bot.) The gromwell.

Lich´wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) An herb, the wall pellitory. See Pellitory.

Lic´it (lis´it), a. [L. licitus permitted, lawful, from licere: cf. F. licite. See License.] Lawful. ´Licit establishments.´ Carlyle. — Lic´it•ly, adv. — Lic´it•ness, n.

Lic•i•ta´tion (lis•i•ta´shun), n. [L. licitatio, fr. licitari, liceri, to bid, offer a price.] The act of offering for sale to the highest bidder. [R.]

Lick (lik), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licked (likt); p. pr. & vb. n. Licking.] [AS. liccian; akin to OS. likkon, D. likken, OHG. lecchon, G. lecken, Goth. bi-laigon, Russ. lizate, L. lingere, Gr. lei•chein , Skr. lih, rih. rad.121. Cf. Lecher, Relish.] 1. To draw or pass the tongue over; as a dog licks his master’s hand. Addison. 2. To lap; to take in with the tongue; as a dog or cat licks milk. Shak. To lick the dust, to be slain; to fall in battle. ´His enemies shall lick the dust.´ Ps. lxxii. 9. — To lick into shape, to give proper form to; — from a notion that the bear’s cubs are born shapeless and subsequently formed by licking. Hudibras. — To lick the spittle of, to fawn upon. South. - - To lick up, to take all of by licking; to devour; to consume entirely. Shak. Num. xxii. 4.

Lick, n. [See Lick, v.] 1. A stroke of the tongue in licking. ´A lick at the honey pot.´ Dryden. 2. A quick and careless application of anything, as if by a stroke of the tongue, or of something which acts like a tongue; as to put on colors with a lick of the brush. also a small quantity of any substance so applied. [Colloq.] “A lick of court whitewash.” Gray. 3. A place where salt is found on the surface of the earth, to which wild animals resort to lick it up; — often, but not always, near salt springs. [U. S.]

Lick, v. t. [Cf. OSw. lägga to place, strike, prick.] To strike with repeated blows for punishment; to flog; to whip or conquer, as in a pugilistic encounter. [Colloq. or Low] Carlyle. Thackeray.

Lick, n. A slap; a quick stroke.[Colloq.] ´A lick across the face.´ Dryden.

Lick´er (lik´er), n. [Cf. Lecher.] One who, or that which, licks. Licker in (Carding Machine), the drum, or cylinder, by which the lap is taken from the feed rollers.

Lick´er•ish, a. [Cf. Lecherous.] 1. Eager; craving; urged by desire; eager to taste or enjoy; greedy. ´The lickerish palate of the glutton.´ Bp. Hall. 2. Tempting the appetite; dainty. ´Lickerish baits, fit to insnare a brute.´ Milton. 3. Lecherous; lustful. Robert of Brunne. — Lick´er•ish•ly, adv. — Lick´er•ish•ness, n.

Lick´er•ous (-us), a. Lickerish; eager; lustful. [Obs.] — Lick´er•ous•ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lick´ing, n. 1. A lapping with the tongue. 2. A flogging or castigation. [Colloq. or Low]

Lick´pen•ny (-pen•ny), n. A devourer or absorber of money. ´Law is a lickpenny.´ Sir W. Scott.

Lick´-spig•ot (-spig•ut), n. A tapster. [Obs.]

Lick´-spit•tle (-spit•t’l), n. An abject flatterer or parasite. Theodore Hook.

Lic´o•rice (lik´o•ris), n. [OE. licoris, through old French, fr. L. liquiritia, corrupted fr. glycyrrhiza, Gr. glyky•rriza; glyky•s sweet + ´ri•za root. Cf. Glycerin, Glycyrrhiza, Wort.] [Written also liquorice.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza (G. glabra), the root of which abounds with a sweet juice, and is much used in demulcent compositions. 2. The inspissated juice of licorice root, used as a confection and for medicinal purposes. Licorice fern (Bot.), a name of several kinds of polypody which have rootstocks of a sweetish flavor. — Licorice sugar. (Chem.) See Glycyrrhizin. — Licorice weed (Bot.), the tropical plant Scapania dulcis. — Mountain licorice (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium alpinum), found in the Alps. It has large purplish flowers and a sweetish perennial rootstock. — Wild licorice. (Bot.) (a) The North American perennial herb Glycyrrhiza lepidota. (b) Certain broad-leaved cleavers (Galium circaezans and G. lanceolatum). (c) The leguminous climber Abrus precatorius, whose scarlet and black seeds are called black-eyed Susans. Its roots are used as a substitute for those of true licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra).

Lic´o•rous (lik´o•rus), a. See Lickerish. — Lic´o•rous•ness, n. [Obs.] Herbert.

Lic´our (lik´or), n. Liquor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lic´tor (lik´tor), n. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who bore an ax and fasces or rods, as ensigns of his office. His duty was to attend the chief magistrates when they appeared in public, to clear the way, and cause due respect to be paid to them, also to apprehend and punish criminals. “Lictors and rods, the ensigns of their power.” Milton.

Lid (lid), n. [AS. hlid, fr. hlidan (in comp.) to cover, shut; akin to OS. hlidan (in comp.), D. lid lid, OHG. hlit, G. augenlid eyelid, Icel. hlið gate, gateway. rad.40.] 1. That which covers the opening of a vessel or box, etc.; a movable cover; as the lid of a chest or trunk. 2. The cover of the eye; an eyelid. Shak. “Tears, big tears, gushed from the rough soldier’s lid.” Byron. 3. (Bot.) (a) The cover of the spore cases of mosses. (b) A calyx which separates from the flower, and falls off in a single piece, as in the Australian Eucalypti. (c) The top of an ovary which opens transversely, as in the fruit of the purslane and the tree which yields Brazil nuts.

Lid´ded (lid´ded), a. Covered with a lid. Keats.

Lidge (lij), n. Same as Ledge.[Obs.] Spenser.

Lid´less (lid´les), a. Having no lid, or not covered with the lids, as the eyes; hence, sleepless; watchful. “A lidless watcher of the public weal.” Tennyson.

Lie (li), n. See Lye.

Lie (li), n. [AS. lyge; akin to D. leugen, OHG. lugi, G. lüge, lug, Icel. lygi, Dan. & Sw. lögn, Goth. liugn. See Lie to utter a falsehood.] 1. A falsehood uttered or acted for the purpose of deception; an intentional violation of truth; an untruth spoken with the intention to deceive. “The proper notion of a lie is an endeavoring to deceive another by signifying that to him as true, which we ourselves think not to be so.” S. Clarke. “It is willful deceit that makes a lie. A man may act a lie, as by pointing his finger in a wrong direction when a traveler inquires of him his road.” Paley. 2. A fiction; a fable; an untruth. Dryden. 3. Anything which misleads or disappoints. “Wishing this lie of life was o’er.” Trench. To give the lie to. (a) To charge with falsehood; as the man gave him the lie. (b) To reveal to be false; as a man’s actions may give the lie to his words. — White lie, a euphemism for such lies as one finds it convenient to tell, and excuses himself for telling. Syn. — Untruth; falsehood; fiction; deception. — Lie, Untruth. A man may state what is untrue from ignorance or misconception; hence, to impute an untruth to one is not necessarily the same as charging him with a lie. Every lie is an untruth, but not every untruth is a lie. Cf. Falsity.

Lie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lied (lid); p. pr. & vb. n. Lying (li´ing).] [OE. lien, li&yogh;en, le&yogh;en, leo&yogh;en, AS. leógan; akin to D. liegen, OS. & OHG. liogan, G. lügen, Icel. ljuga, Sw. ljuga, Dan. lyve, Goth. liugan, Russ. lgate.] To utter falsehood with an intention to deceive; to say or do that which is intended to deceive another, when he a right to know the truth, or when morality requires a just representation.

Lie, v. i. [imp. Lay (la); p. p. Lain (lan), (Lien (li´en), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Lying.] [OE. lien, liggen, AS. licgan; akin to D. liggen, OHG. ligen, licken, G. liegen, Icel. liggja, Sw. ligga, Dan. ligge, Goth. ligan, Russ. lejate, L. lectus bed, Gr. le•chos bed, le•xasqai to lie. Cf. Lair, Law, Lay, v. t., Litter, Low, adj.] 1. To rest extended on the ground, a bed, or any support; to be, or to put one’s self, in an horizontal position, or nearly so; to be prostate; to be stretched out; — often with down, when predicated of living creatures; as the book lies on the table; the snow lies on the roof; he lies in his coffin. “The watchful traveler …
Lay down again, and closed his weary eyes.” Dryden. 2. To be situated; to occupy a certain place; as Ireland lies west of England; the meadows lie along the river; the ship lay in port. 3. To abide; to remain for a longer or shorter time; to be in a certain state or condition; as to lie waste; to lie fallow; to lie open; to lie hid; to lie grieving; to lie under one’s displeasure; to lie at the mercy of the waves; the paper does not lie smooth on the wall. 4. To be or exist; to belong or pertain; to have an abiding place; to consist; — with in. “Envy lies between beings equal in nature, though unequal in circumstances.” Collier. “He that thinks that diversion may not lie in hard labor, forgets the early rising and hard riding of huntsmen.” Locke. 5. To lodge; to sleep. “Whiles I was now trifling at home, I saw London, … where I lay one night only.” Evelyn. “Mr. Quinion lay at our house that night.” Dickens. 6. To be still or quiet, like one lying down to rest. “The wind is loud and will not lie.” Shak. 7. (Law) To be sustainable; to be capable of being maintained. ´An appeal lies in this case.´ Parsons. Through ignorance or carelessness speakers and writers often confuse the forms of the two distinct verbs lay and lie. Lay is a transitive verb, and has for its preterit laid; as he told me to lay it down, and I laid it down. Lie is intransitive, and has for its preterit lay; as he told me to lie down, and I lay down. Some persons blunder by using laid for the preterit of lie; as he told me to lie down, and I laid down. So persons often say incorrectly, the ship laid at anchor; they laid by during the storm; the book was laying on the shelf, etc. It is only necessary to remember, in all such cases, that laid is the preterit of lay, and not of lie. To lie along the shore (Naut.), to coast, keeping land in sight. — To lie at the door of, to be imputable to; as the sin, blame, etc., lies at your door. — To lie at the heart, to be an object of affection, desire, or anxiety. Sir W. Temple. — To lie at the mercy of, to be in the power of. — To lie by. (a) To remain with; to be at hand; as he has the manuscript lying by him. (b) To rest; to intermit labor; as we lay by during the heat of the day. — To lie hard or heavy, to press or weigh; to bear hard. — To lie in, to be in childbed; to bring forth young. — To lie in one, to be in the power of; to belong to. ´As much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men.´ Rom. xii. 18. — To lie in the way, to be an obstacle or impediment. — To lie in wait , to wait in concealment; to lie in ambush. — To lie on or upon. (a) To depend on; as his life lies on the result. (b) To bear, rest, press, or weigh on. — To lie low, to remain in concealment or inactive. [Slang] — To lie on hand, To lie on one’s hands, to remain unsold or unused; as the goods are still lying on his hands; they have too much time lying on their hands. — To lie on the head of, to be imputed to. “What he gets more of her than sharp words, let it lie on my head.” Shak. — To lie over. (a) To remain unpaid after the time when payment is due, as a note in bank. (b) To be deferred to some future occasion, as a resolution in a public deliberative body. — To lie to (Naut.), to stop or delay; especially, to head as near the wind as possible as being the position of greatest safety in a gale; — said of a ship. Cf. To bring to, under Bring. — To lie under, to be subject to; to suffer; to be oppressed by. — To lie with. (a) To lodge or sleep with. (b) To have sexual intercourse with. (c) To belong to; as it lies with you to make amends.

Lie (li), n. The position or way in which anything lies; the lay, as of land or country. J. H. Newman. “He surveyed with his own eyes … the lie of the country on the side towards Thrace.” Jowett (Thucyd.).

Lie´ber•kühn (le´ber•kun), n. [Named after a German physician and instrument maker, J. N. Lieberkühn.] (Optics) A concave metallic mirror attached to the object-glass end of a microscope, to throw down light on opaque objects; a reflector.

Lie´ber•kühn’s glands (le´ber•kunz glandz•). [See Lieberkühn.] (Anat.) The simple tubular glands of the small intestines; — called also crypts of Lieberkühn.

Lied (let), n.; pl. Lieder (le´der). [G.] (Mus.) A lay; a German song. It differs from the French chanson, and the Italian canzone, all three being national. “The German Lied is perhaps the most faithful reflection of the national sentiment.” Grove.

Lie´der•ta•fel (le´der•tä•f’l), n. [G., lit., a song table.] (Mus.) A popular name for any society or club which meets for the practice of male part songs.

Lief (lef), n. Same as Lif.

Lief (lef), a. [Written also lieve.] [OE. leef, lef, leof, AS. leóf; akin to OS. liof, OFries. liaf, D. lief, G. lieb, OHG. liob, Icel. ljufr, Sw. ljuf, Goth. liubs, and E. love. rad.124. See Love, and cf. Believe, Leave, n., Furlough, Libidinous.] 1. Dear; beloved. [Obs., except in poetry.] ´My liefe mother.´ Chaucer. ´My liefest liege.´ Shak. “As thou art lief and dear.” Tennyson. 2. (Used with a form of the verb to be, and the dative of the personal pronoun.) Pleasing; agreeable; acceptable; preferable. [Obs.] See Lief, adv., and Had as lief, under Had. “Full lief me were this counsel for to hide.” Chaucer. “Death me liefer were than such despite.” Spenser. 3. Willing; disposed. [Obs.] “I am not lief to gab.” Chaucer. “He up arose, however lief or loth.” Spenser.

Lief, n. A dear one; a sweetheart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lief, adv. Gladly; willingly; freely; — now used only in the phrases, had as lief, and would as lief; as I had, or would, as lief go as not. “All women liefest would
Be sovereign of man’s love.” Gower. “I had as lief the town crier spoke my lines.” Shak. “Far liefer by his dear hand had I die.” Tennyson. The comparative liefer with had or would, and followed by the infinitive, either with or without the sign to, signifies prefer, choose as preferable, would or had rather. In the 16th century rather was substituted for liefer in such constructions in literary English, and has continued to be generally so used. See Had as lief, Had rather, etc. , under Had.

Lief´some (lef´sum), a. Pleasing; delightful. [Obs.]

Lieg´ance (le´jans), n. Same as Ligeance.

Liege (lej), a. [OE. lige, lege, F. lige, LL. ligius, legius, liege, unlimited, complete, prob. of German origin; cf. G. ledig free from bonds and obstacles, MHG. ledec, ledic, lidic, freed, loosed, and Charta Ottonis de Benthem, ann. 1253, ´ligius homo quod Teutonicè dicitur ledigman,´ i. e., uni soli homagio obligatus, free from all obligations to others; influenced by L. ligare to bind. G. ledig perh. orig. meant, free to go where one pleases, and is perh. akin to E. lead to conduct. Cf. Lead to guide.] 1. Sovereign; independent; having authority or right to allegiance; as a liege lord. Chaucer. “She looked as grand as doomsday and as grave;
And he, he reverenced his liege lady there.” Tennyson. 2. Serving an independent sovereign or master; bound by a feudal tenure; obliged to be faithful and loyal to a superior, as a vassal to his lord; faithful; loyal; as a liege man; a liege subject. 3. (Old Law) Full; perfect; complete; pure. Burrill. Liege homage (Feudal Custom), that homage of one sovereign or prince to another which acknowledged an obligation of fealty and services. — Liege poustie [L. legitima potestas] (Scots Law), perfect, i. e., legal, power; specif., having health requisite to do legal acts. — Liege widowhood, perfect, i. e., pure, widowhood. [Obs.]

Liege (lej), n. 1. A free and independent person; specif., a lord paramount; a sovereign. Mrs. Browning. “The anointed sovereign of sighs and groans,
Liege of all loiterers and malcontents.” Shak. 2. The subject of a sovereign or lord; a liegeman. “A liege lord seems to have been a lord of a free band; and his lieges, though serving under him, were privileged men, free from all other obligations, their name being due to their freedom, not to their service.” Skeat.

Liege´man (-man), n.; pl. Liegemen (-men). Same as Liege, n., 2. Chaucer. Spenser.

Lie´ger (le´jer), n. [See Leger, Ledger.] A resident ambassador. [Obs.] See Leger. Denham.

Lie´gian•cy (le´jan•sy), n. See Ligeance.

Li´en (li´en), obs. p. p. of Lie. See Lain. Ps. lxviii. 13.

Lien (len or li´en; 277), n. [F. lien band, bond, tie, fr. L. ligamen, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. League a union, Leam a string, Leamer, Ligament.] (Law) A legal claim; a charge upon real or personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or duty; a right in one to control or hold and retain the property of another until some claim of the former is paid or satisfied.

Li•e´nal (li•e´nal), a. [L. lien the spleen.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the spleen; splenic.

Li•en´cu•lus (li•en´ku•lus), n.; pl. Lienculi (- li). [NL., dim. of L. lien the spleen.] (Anat.) One of the small nodules sometimes found in the neighborhood of the spleen; an accessory or supplementary spleen.

Li•e•no-in•tes´ti•nal (li•e•no- in•tes´ti•nal), a. [L. lien the spleen + E. intestinal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the spleen and intestine; as the lieno- intestinal vein of the frog.

Li•en•ter´ic (li•en•ter´ik), a. [L. lientericus, Gr. leienteriko•s: cf. F. lienterique. See Lientery.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, a lientery. — n. (Med.) A lientery. Grew.

Li´en•ter•y (li´en•ter•y), n. [Gr. leienteri•a; lei^os smooth, soft + ’e•nteron an intestine: cf. F. lienterie.] (Med.) A diarrhea, in which the food is discharged imperfectly digested, or with but little change. Dunglison.

Li´er (li´er), n. [From Lie. ] One who lies down; one who rests or remains, as in concealment. “There were liers in ambush against him.” Josh. viii. 14.

Lierne´ rib (lyârn´ rib•). [F. lierne.] (Arch.) In Gothic vaulting, any rib which does not spring from the impost and is not a ridge rib, but passes from one boss or intersection of the principal ribs to another.

Lieu (lu), n. [F., OF. also liu, leu, lou, fr. L. locus place. See Local, Locus.] Place; room; stead; — used only in the phrase in lieu of, that is, instead of. “The plan of extortion had been adopted in lieu of the scheme of confiscation.” Burke.

Lieu•ten´an•cy (lu•ten´an•sy; 277), n. 1. The office, rank, or commission, of a lieutenant. 2. The body of lieutenants or subordinates. [Obs.] “The list of the lieutenancy of our metropolis.” Felton.

Lieu•ten´ant (lu•ten´ant), n. [F., fr. lieu place + tenant holding, p. pr. of tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Lieu, and Tenant, and cf. Locum Tenens.] 1. An officer who supplies the place of a superior in his absence; a representative of, or substitute for, another in the performance of any duty. “The lawful magistrate, who is the vicegerent or lieutenant of God.” Abp. Bramhall. 2. (a) A commissioned officer in the army, next below a captain. (b) A commissioned officer in the British navy, in rank next below a commander. (c) A commissioned officer in the United States navy, in rank next below a lieutenant commander. Lieutenant is often used, either adjectively or in hyphened compounds, to denote an officer, in rank next below another, especially when the duties of the higher officer may devolve upon the lower one; as lieutenant general, or lieutenant- general; lieutenant colonel, or lieutenant-colonel; lieutenant governor, etc. Deputy lieutenant, the title of any one of the deputies or assistants of the lord lieutenant of a county. [Eng.] — Lieutenant colonel, an army officer next in rank above major, and below colonel. — Lieutenant commander, an officer in the United States navy, in rank next below a commander and next above a lieutenant. — Lieutenant general. See in Vocabulary. — Lieutenant governor. (a) An officer of a State, being next in rank to the governor, and, in case of the death or resignation of the latter, himself acting as governor. [U. S.] (b) A deputy governor acting as the chief civil officer of one of several colonies under a governor general. [Eng.]

Lieu•ten´ant gen´er•al (jen´er•al). An army officer in rank next below a general and next above a major general. In the United States, before the civil war, this rank had been conferred only on George Washington and (in brevet) on Winfield Scott. In 1864 it was revived by Congress and conferred on Ulysses S. Grant, and subsequently, by promotion, on William T. Sherman and Philip H. Sheridan, each of whom was advanced to the rank of general of the army. When Sheridan was made general (in 1888) the rank of lieutenant general was suffered to lapse. See General.

Lieu•ten´ant•ry (-ry), n. See Lieutenancy. [Obs.]

Lieu•ten´ant•ship, n. Same as Lieutenancy, 1.

Lieve (lev), a. Same as Lief.

Lif (lif), n. [Written also lief.] The fiber by which the petioles of the date palm are bound together, from which various kinds of cordage are made.

Life (lif), n.; pl. Lives (livz). [AS. lif; akin to D. lijf body, G. leib body, MHG. lip life, body, OHG. lib life, Icel. lif, life, body, Sw. lif, Dan. liv, and E. live, v. rad.119. See Live, and cf. Alive.] 1. The state of being which begins with generation, birth, or germination, and ends with death; also the time during which this state continues; that state of an animal or plant in which all or any of its organs are capable of performing all or any of their functions; - - used of all animal and vegetable organisms. 2. Of human beings: The union of the soul and body; also the duration of their union; sometimes, the deathless quality or existence of the soul; as man is a creature having an immortal life. “She shows a body rather than a life.” Shak. 3. (Philos.) The potential principle, or force, by which the organs of animals and plants are started and continued in the performance of their several and coöperative functions; the vital force, whether regarded as physical or spiritual. 4. Figuratively: The potential or animating principle, also the period of duration, of anything that is conceived of as resembling a natural organism in structure or functions; as the life of a state, a machine, or a book; authority is the life of government. 5. A certain way or manner of living with respect to conditions, circumstances, character, conduct, occupation, etc.; hence, human affairs; also lives, considered collectively, as a distinct class or type; as low life; a good or evil life; the life of Indians, or of miners. “That which before us lies in daily life.” Milton. “By experience of life abroad in the world.” Ascham. “Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime.” Longfellow. “’T is from high life high characters are drawn.” Pope 6. Animation; spirit; vivacity; vigor; energy. “No notion of life and fire in fancy and in words.” Felton. “That gives thy gestures grace and life.” Wordsworth. 7. That which imparts or excites spirit or vigor; that upon which enjoyment or success depends; as he was the life of the company, or of the enterprise. 8. The living or actual form, person, thing, or state; as a picture or a description from the life. 9. A person; a living being, usually a human being; as many lives were sacrificed. 10. The system of animal nature; animals in general, or considered collectively. “Full nature swarms with life.” Thomson. 11. An essential constituent of life, esp. the blood. “The words that I speak unto you … they are life.” John vi. 63. “The warm life came issuing through the wound.” Pope 12. A history of the acts and events of a life; a biography; as Johnson wrote the life of Milton. 13. Enjoyment in the right use of the powers; especially, a spiritual existence; happiness in the favor of God; heavenly felicity. 14. Something dear to one as one’s existence; a darling; — used as a term of endearment. Life forms the first part of many compounds, for the most part of obvious meaning; as life-giving, life- sustaining, etc. Life annuity, an annuity payable during one’s life. — Life arrow, Life rocket, Life shot, an arrow, rocket, or shot, for carrying an attached line to a vessel in distress in order to save life. — Life assurance. See Life insurance, below. — Life buoy. See Buoy. — Life car, a water- tight boat or box, traveling on a line from a wrecked vessel to the shore. In it persons are hauled through the waves and surf. — Life drop, a drop of vital blood. Byron. — Life estate (Law), an estate which is held during the term of some certain person’s life, but does not pass by inheritance. — Life everlasting (Bot.), a plant with white or yellow persistent scales about the heads of the flowers, as Antennaria, and Gnaphalium; cudweed. — Life of an execution (Law), the period when an execution is in force, or before it expires. — Life guard. (Mil.) See under Guard. — Life insurance, the act or system of insuring against death; a contract by which the insurer undertakes, in consideration of the payment of a premium (usually at stated periods), to pay a stipulated sum in the event of the death of the insured or of a third person in whose life the insured has an interest. — Life interest, an estate or interest which lasts during one’s life, or the life of another person, but does not pass by inheritance. — Life land (Law), land held by lease for the term of a life or lives. — Life line. (a) (Naut.) A line along any part of a vessel for the security of sailors. (b) A line attached to a life boat, or to any life saving apparatus, to be grasped by a person in the water. — Life rate, the rate of premium for insuring a life. — Life rent, the rent of a life estate; rent or property to which one is entitled during one’s life. — Life school, a school for artists in which they model, paint, or draw from living models. — Life table, a table showing the probability of life at different ages. — To lose one’s life, to die. — To seek the life of, to seek to kill. — To the life, so as closely to resemble the living person or the subject; as the portrait was drawn to the life.

Life´blood (lif´blud•), n. 1. The blood necessary to life; vital blood. Dryden. 2. Fig.: That which gives strength and energy. “Money [is] the lifeblood of the nation.” Swift.

Life´boat (-bot•), n. A strong, buoyant boat especially designed for saving the lives of shipwrecked people.

Life´ful (-ful), a. Full of vitality. Spenser.

Life´-giv•ing (-giv•ing), a. Giving life or spirit; having power to give life; inspiriting; invigorating.

Life´hold (-hold•), n. Land held by a life estate.

Life´less, a. Destitute of life, or deprived of life; not containing, or inhabited by, living beings or vegetation; dead, or apparently dead; spiritless; powerless; dull; as a lifeless carcass; lifeless matter; a lifeless desert; a lifeless wine; a lifeless story. — Life´less•ly, adv. — Life´less•ness, n. Syn. — Dead; soulless; inanimate; torpid; inert; inactive; dull; heavy; unanimated; spiritless; frigid; pointless; vapid; flat; tasteless. — Lifeless, Dull, Inanimate, Dead. In a moral sense, lifeless denotes a want of vital energy; inanimate, a want of expression as to any feeling that may be possessed; dull implies a torpor of soul which checks all mental activity; dead supposes a destitution of feeling. A person is said to be lifeless who has lost the spirits which he once had; he is said to be inanimate when he is naturally wanting in spirits; one is dull from an original deficiency of mental power; he who is dead to moral sentiment is wholly bereft of the highest attribute of his nature.

Life´like (lif´lik•), a. [Cf. Lively.] Like a living being; resembling life; giving an accurate representation; as a lifelike portrait. — Life´like•ness, n. Poe.

Life´long (-long•), a. [Life + long. Cf. Livelong.] Lasting or continuing through life. Tennyson.

Life´ly, adv. [Cf. Lively, a.] In a lifelike manner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Life´mate (-mat•), n. Companion for life. Hawthorne.

Lif´en (lif´’n), v. t. To enliven. [Obs.] Marston.

Life´-pre•serv•er (lif´pre•zerv•er), n. An apparatus, made in very various forms, and of various materials, for saving one from drowning by buoying up the body while in the water. — Life´-pre•serv•ing, a.

Life´-sav•ing (-sav•ing), a. That saves life, or is suited to save life, esp. from drowning; as the life-saving service; a life- saving station.

Life´-size (-siz•), a. Of full size; of the natural size.

Life´some (-sum), a. Animated; sprightly. [Poetic] Coleridge. — Life´some•ness, n.

Life´spring (-spring•), n. Spring or source of life.

Life´string (-string•), n. A nerve, or string, that is imagined to be essential to life. Daniel.

Life´time (-tim•), n. The time that life continues.

Life´-wea•ry (-we•ry), a. Weary of living. Shak.

Lif´lode (lif´lod), n. Livelihood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lift (lift), n. [AS. lyft air. See Loft.] The sky; the atmosphere; the firmament. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lift (lift), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lifting.] [Icel. lypta, fr. lopt air; akin to Sw. lyfta to lift, Dan. löfte, G. lüften; — prop., to raise into the air. See Loft, and cf. 1st Lift.] 1. To move in a direction opposite to that of gravitation; to raise; to elevate; to bring up from a lower place to a higher; to upheave; sometimes implying a continued support or holding in the higher place; — said of material things; as to lift the foot or the hand; to lift a chair or a burden. 2. To raise, elevate, exalt, improve, in rank, condition, estimation, character, etc.; — often with up. “The Roman virtues lift up mortal man.” Addison. “Lest, being lifted up with pride.” 1 Tim. iii. 6. 3. To bear; to support. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. To collect, as moneys due; to raise. 5. [Perh. a different word, and akin to Goth. hliftus thief, hlifan to steal, L. clepere, Gr. kle•ptein. Cf. Shoplifter.] To steal; to carry off by theft (esp. cattle); as to lift a drove of cattle. In old writers, lift is sometimes used for lifted. “He ne’er lift up his hand but conquered.” Shak. To lift up, to raise or elevate; in the Scriptures, specifically, to elevate upon the cross. John viii. 28. — To lift up the eyes. To look up; to raise the eyes, as in prayer. Ps. cxxi. 1. — To lift up the feet, to come speedily to one’s relief. Ps. lxxiv. 3. — To lift up the hand. (a) To take an oath. Gen. xiv. 22. (b) To pray. Ps. xxviii. 2. (c) To engage in duty. Heb. xii. 12. — To lift up the hand against, to rebel against; to assault; to attack; to injure; to oppress. Job xxxi. 21. — To lift up one’s head, to cause one to be exalted or to rejoice. Gen. xl. 13. Luke xxi. 28. — To lift up the heel against, to treat with insolence or unkindness. John xiii.18. — To lift up the voice, to cry aloud; to call out. Gen. xxi. 16.

Lift (lift), v. i. 1. To try to raise something; to exert the strength for raising or bearing. “Strained by lifting at a weight too heavy.” Locke. 2. To rise; to become or appear raised or elevated; as the fog lifts; the land lifts to a ship approaching it. 3. [See Lift, v. t., 5.] To live by theft. Spenser.

Lift, n. 1. Act of lifting; also that which is lifted. 2. The space or distance through which anything is lifted; as a long lift. Bacon. 3. Help; assistance, as by lifting; as to give one a lift in a wagon. [Colloq.] “The goat gives the fox a lift.” L’Estrange. 4. That by means of which a person or thing lifts or is lifted; as: (a) A hoisting machine; an elevator; a dumb waiter. (b) A handle. (c) An exercising machine. 5. A rise; a degree of elevation; as the lift of a lock in canals. 6. A lift gate. See Lift gate, below. [Prov. Eng.] 7. (Naut.) A rope leading from the masthead to the extremity of a yard below; — used for raising or supporting the end of the yard. 8. (Mach.) One of the steps of a cone pulley. 9. (Shoemaking) A layer of leather in the heel. 10. (Horology) That portion of the vibration of a balance during which the impulse is given. Saunier. Dead lift. See under Dead. Swift. — Lift bridge, a kind of drawbridge, the movable part of which is lifted, instead of being drawn aside. — Lift gate, a gate that is opened by lifting. — Lift hammer. See Tilt hammer. — Lift lock, a canal lock. — Lift pump, a lifting pump. - - Lift tenter (Windmills), a governor for regulating the speed by adjusting the sails, or for adjusting the action of grinding machinery according to the speed. — Lift wall (Canal Lock), the cross wall at the head of the lock.

Lift´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Such as can be lifted.

Lift´er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, lifts. 2. (Founding) A tool for lifting loose sand from the mold; also a contrivance attached to a cope, to hold the sand together when the cope is lifted.

Lift´ing, a. Used in, or for, or by, lifting. Lifting bridge, a lift bridge. — Lifting jack. See 2d Jack, 5. — Lifting machine. See Health lift, under Health. — Lifting pump. (Mach.) (a) A kind of pump having a bucket, or valved piston, instead of a solid piston, for drawing water and lifting it to a high level. (b) A pump which lifts the water only to the top of the pump, or delivers it through a spout; a lift pump. — Lifting rod, a vertical rod lifted by a rock shaft, and imparting motion to a puppet valve; — used in the engines of river steamboats. — Lifting sail (Naut.), one which tends to lift a vessel’s bow out of water, as jibs and square foresails.

Lig (lig), v. i. [See Lie to be prostrate.] To recline; to lie still. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lig´a•ment (lig´a•ment), n. [L. ligamentum, fr. ligare to bind: cf. F. ligament. Cf. Lien, n., Ligature.] 1. Anything that ties or unites one thing or part to another; a bandage; a bond. Hawthorne. “Interwoven is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts.” Washington. 2. (Anat.) (a) A tough band or plate of dense, fibrous, connective tissue or fibrocartilage serving to unite bones or form joints. (b) A band of connective tissue, or a membranous fold, which supports or retains an organ in place; as the gastrophrenic ligament, connecting the diaphragm and stomach. { Lig•a•men´tal (-men´tal), Lig•a•men´tous (-tus), } a. [Cf. F. ligamenteux.] Composing a ligament; of the nature of a ligament; binding; as a strong ligamentous membrane.

Li´gan (li´gan), n. [Cf. L. ligare to bind, to tie, ligamen band, bandage, E. ligament, or ligsam.] (Law) Goods sunk in the sea, with a buoy attached in order that they may be found again. See Jetsam and Flotsam. [Written also lagan.] Blackstone.

Li´gate (li´gat), v. t. [L. ligatus, p. p. of ligare.] To tie with a ligature; to bind around; to bandage.

Li•ga´tion (li•ga´shun), n. [L. ligatio, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. Liaison.] 1. The act of binding, or the state of being bound. 2. That which binds; bond; connection. “Tied with tape, and sealed at each fold and ligation.” Sir W. Scott.

Li•ga´tor (-tor), n. [See Ligate.] (Surg.) An instrument for ligating, or for placing and fastening a ligature.

Lig´a•ture (lig´a•tur; 135), n. [L. ligatura, fr. ligare, ligatum, to bind: cf. F. ligature. Cf. Ally, League, Legatura, Liable, Ligament.] 1. The act of binding. 2. Anything that binds; a band or bandage. 3. (Surg.) (a) A thread or string for tying the blood vessels, particularly the arteries, to prevent hemorrhage. (b) A thread or wire used to remove tumors, etc. 4. The state of being bound or stiffened; stiffness; as the ligature of a joint. 5. Impotence caused by magic or charms. [Obs.] 6. (Mus.) A curve or line connecting notes; a slur. 7. (Print.) A double character, or a type consisting of two or more letters or characters united, as ae, &filig;, &ffllig;.

Lig´a•ture (lig´a•tur), v. t. (Surg.) To ligate; to tie.

Lig´e (lig´e), v. t. & i. To lie; to tell lies. [Obs.]

Li´geance (le´jans), n. [OF. ligeance, ligance. See Liege.] (O. Eng. Law) The connection between sovereign and subject by which they were mutually bound, the former to protection and the securing of justice, the latter to faithful service; allegiance. [Written also ligeancy and liegance.] Chaucer.

Lige´ment (lij´ment), n. See Ledgment.

Lig´ge (lig´ge), v. i. To lie or recline. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lig´ger (lig´ger), n. 1. A baited line attached to a float, for night fishing. See Leger, a. 2. See Ledger, 2.

Light (lit), n. [OE. light, liht, AS. leóht; akin to OS. lioht, D. & G. licht, OHG. lioht, Goth. liuhaþ, Icel. ljos, L. lux light, lucere to shine, Gr. leyko•s white, Skr. ruc to shine. rad.122. Cf. Lucid, Lunar, Luminous, Lynx.] 1. That agent, force, or action in nature by the operation of which upon the organs of sight, objects are rendered visible or luminous. Light was regarded formerly as consisting of material particles, or corpuscules, sent off in all directions from luminous bodies, and traversing space, in right lines, with the known velocity of about 186,300 miles per second; but it is now generally understood to consist, not in any actual transmission of particles or substance, but in the propagation of vibrations or undulations in a subtile, elastic medium, or ether, assumed to pervade all space, and to be thus set in vibratory motion by the action of luminous bodies, as the atmosphere is by sonorous bodies. This view of the nature of light is known as the undulatory or wave theory; the other, advocated by Newton (but long since abandoned), as the corpuscular, emission, or Newtonian theory. A more recent theory makes light to consist in electrical oscillations, and is known as the electro-magnetic theory of light. 2. That which furnishes, or is a source of, light, as the sun, a star, a candle, a lighthouse, etc. “Then he called for a light, and sprang in.” Acts xvi. 29. “And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night.” Gen. i. 16. 3. The time during which the light of the sun is visible; day; especially, the dawn of day. “The murderer, rising with the light, killeth the poor and needy.” Job xxiv. 14. 4. The brightness of the eye or eyes. “He seemed to find his way without his eyes;
For out o’ door he went without their helps,
And, to the last, bended their light on me.” Shak. 5. The medium through which light is admitted, as a window, or window pane; a skylight; in architecture, one of the compartments of a window made by a mullion or mullions. “There were windows in three rows, and light was against light in three ranks.” I Kings vii.4. 6. Life; existence. “O, spring to light, auspicious Babe, be born!” Pope. 7. Open view; a visible state or condition; public observation; publicity. “The duke yet would have dark deeds darkly answered; he would never bring them to light.” Shak. 8. The power of perception by vision. “My strength faileth me; as for the light of my eyes, it also is gone from me.” Ps. xxxviii. 10. 9. That which illumines or makes clear to the mind; mental or spiritual illumination; enlightenment; knowledge; information. “He shall never know
That I had any light of this from thee.” Shak. 10. Prosperity; happiness; joy; felicity. “Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thy health shall spring forth speedily.” Is. lviii. 8. 11. (Paint.) The manner in which the light strikes upon a picture; that part of a picture which represents those objects upon which the light is supposed to fall; the more illuminated part of a landscape or other scene; — opposed to shade. Cf. Chiaroscuro. 12. Appearance due to the particular facts and circumstances presented to view; point of view; as to state things fairly and put them in the right light. “Frequent consideration of a thing … shows it in its several lights and various ways of appearance.” South. 13. One who is conspicuous or noteworthy; a model or example; as the lights of the age or of antiquity. “Joan of Arc,
A light of ancient France.” Tennyson. 14. (Pyrotech.) A firework made by filling a case with a substance which burns brilliantly with a white or colored flame; as a Bengal light. Light is used figuratively to denote that which resembles physical light in any respect, as illuminating, benefiting, enlightening, or enlivening mankind. Ancient lights (Law), Calcium light, Flash light, etc. See under Ancient, Calcium, etc. — Light ball (Mil.), a ball of combustible materials, used to afford light; — sometimes made so as to be fired from a cannon or mortar, or to be carried up by a rocket. — Light barrel (Mil.), an empty powder barrel pierced with holes and filled with shavings soaked in pitch, used to light up a ditch or a breach. — Light dues (Com.), tolls levied on ships navigating certain waters, for the maintenance of lighthouses. - - Light iron, a candlestick. [Obs.] — Light keeper, a person appointed to take care of a lighthouse or light-ship. — Light money, charges laid by government on shipping entering a port, for the maintenance of lighthouses and light-ships. — The light of the countenance, favor; kindness; smiles. “Lord, lift thou up the light of thy countenance upon us.” Ps. iv. 6. — Northern lights. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora. — To bring to light, to cause to be disclosed. — To come to light, to be disclosed. — To see the light, to come into the light; hence, to come into the world or into public notice; as his book never saw the light. — To stand in one’s own light, to take a position which is injurious to one’s own interest.

Light (lit), a. [AS. leóht. See Light, n.] [Compar. Lighter (-er); superl. Lightest.] 1. Having light; not dark or obscure; bright; clear; as the apartment is light. 2. White or whitish; not intense or very marked; not of a deep shade; moderately colored; as a light color; a light brown; a light complexion.

Light, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lighted (-ed) or Lit (lit); p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] [AS. lyhtan, lihtan, to shine. rad.122. See Light, n.] 1. To set fire to; to cause to burn; to set burning; to ignite; to kindle; as to light a candle or lamp; to light the gas; — sometimes with up. “If a thousand candles be all lighted from one.” Hakewill. “And the largest lamp is lit.” Macaulay. “Absence might cure it, or a second mistress
Light up another flame, and put out this.” Addison. 2. To give light to; to illuminate; to fill with light; to spread over with light; — often with up. “Ah, hopeless, lasting flames ! like those that burn
To light the dead.” Pope. “One hundred years ago, to have lit this theater as brilliantly as it is now lighted would have cost, I suppose, fifty pounds.” F. Harrison. “The sun has set, and Vesper, to supply
His absent beams, has lighted up the sky.” Dryden. 3. To attend or conduct with a light; to show the way to by means of a light. “His bishops lead him forth, and light him on.” Landor. To light a fire, to kindle the material of a fire.

Light, v. i. 1. To become ignited; to take fire; as the match will not light. 2. To be illuminated; to receive light; to brighten; — with up; as the room lights up very well.

Light, a. [Compar. Lighter (-er); superl. Lightest.] [OE. light, liht, AS. liht, leóht; akin to D. ligt, G. leicht, OHG. lihti, Icel. lettr, Dan. let, Sw. lätt, Goth. leihts, and perh. to L. levis (cf. Levity), Gr. ’elachy•s small, Skr. laghu light. rad.125. ] 1. Having little, or comparatively little, weight; not tending to the center of gravity with force; not heavy. “These weights did not exert their natural gravity, … insomuch that I could not guess which was light or heavy whilst I held them in my hand.” Addison. 2. Not burdensome; easy to be lifted, borne, or carried by physical strength; as a light burden, or load. “Ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.” Matt. xi. 29, 30. 3. Easy to be endured or performed; not severe; not difficult; as a light affliction or task. Chaucer. “Light sufferings give us leisure to complain.” Dryden. 4. Easy to be digested; not oppressive to the stomach; as light food; also containing little nutriment. 5. Not heavily armed; armed with light weapons; as light troops; a troop of light horse. 6. Not encumbered; unembarrassed; clear of impediments; hence, active; nimble; swift. “Unmarried men are best friends, best masters … but not always best subjects, for they are light to run away.” Bacon. 7. Not heavily burdened; not deeply laden; not sufficiently ballasted; as the ship returned light. 8. Slight; not important; as a light error. Shak. 9. Well leavened; not heavy; as light bread. 10. Not copious or heavy; not dense; not inconsiderable; as a light rain; a light snow; light vapors. 11. Not strong or violent; moderate; as a light wind. 12. Not pressing heavily or hard upon; hence, having an easy, graceful manner; delicate; as a light touch; a light style of execution. 13. Easy to admit influence; inconsiderate; easily influenced by trifling considerations; unsteady; unsettled; volatile; as a light, vain person; a light mind. “There is no greater argument of a light and inconsiderate person than profanely to scoff at religion.” Tillotson. 14. Indulging in, or inclined to, levity; wanting dignity or solemnity; trifling; gay; frivolous; airy; unsubstantial. “Seneca can not be too heavy, nor Plautus too light.” Shak. “Specimens of New England humor laboriously light and lamentably mirthful.” Hawthorne. 15. Not quite sound or normal; somewhat impaired or deranged; dizzy; giddy. “Are his wits safe? Is he not light of brain ?” Shak. 16. Easily bestowed; inconsiderately rendered. “To a fair semblance doth light faith annex.” Spenser. 17. Wanton; unchaste; as a woman of light character. “A light wife doth make a heavy husband.” Shak. 18. Not of the legal, standard, or usual weight; clipped; diminished; as light coin. 19. Loose; sandy; easily pulverized; as a light soil. Light cavalry, Light horse (Mil.), light-armed soldiers mounted on strong and active horses. — Light eater, one who eats but little. — Light infantry, infantry soldiers selected and trained for rapid evolutions. — Light of foot. (a) Having a light step. (b) Fleet. — Light of heart, gay, cheerful. — Light oil (Chem.), the oily product, lighter than water, forming the chief part of the first distillate of coal tar, and consisting largely of benzene and toluene. — Light sails (Naut.), all the sails above the topsails, with, also the studding sails and flying jib. Dana. — Light sleeper, one easily wakened. — Light weight, a prize fighter, boxer, wrestler, or jockey, who is below a standard medium weight. Cf. Feather weight, under Feather. [Cant] — To make light of, to treat as of little consequence; to slight; to disregard. — To set light by, to undervalue; to slight; to treat as of no importance; to despise.

Light (lit), adv. Lightly; cheaply. Hooker.

Light, v. t. [See Light not heavy, and cf. Light to alight, and Lighten to make less heavy.] To lighten; to ease of a burden; to take off. [Obs.] “From his head the heavy burgonet did light.” Spenser.

Light, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lighted (-ed) or Lit (lit); p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] [AS. lihtan to alight, orig., to relieve (a horse) of the rider’s burden, to make less heavy, fr. liht light. See Light not heavy, and cf. Alight, Lighten to make light.] 1. To dismount; to descend, as from a horse or carriage; to alight; — with from, off, on, upon, at, in. “When she saw Isaac, she lighted off the camel.” Gen. xxiv. 64. “Slowly rode across a withered heath,
And lighted at a ruined inn.” Tennyson. 2. To feel light; to be made happy. [Obs.] “It made all their hearts to light.” Chaucer. 3. To descend from flight, and rest, perch, or settle, as a bird or insect. “[The bee] lights on that, and this, and tasteth all.” Sir. J. Davies. “On the tree tops a crested peacock lit.” Tennyson. 4. To come down suddenly and forcibly; to fall; — with on or upon. “On me, me only, as the source and spring
Of all corruption, all the blame lights due.” Milton. 5. To come by chance; to happen; — with on or upon; formerly with into. “The several degrees of vision, which the assistance of glasses (casually at first lit on) has taught us to conceive.” Locke. “They shall light into atheistical company.” South. “And here we lit on Aunt Elizabeth,
And Lilia with the rest.” Tennyson.

Light´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Such as can be lighted.

Light´-armed (-ärmd•), a. Armed with light weapons or accouterments.

Light´-boat (-bot•), n. Light-ship.

Light´e (lit´e), obs. imp. of Light, to alight. Chaucer.

Light´en (lit´’n), v. i. [See Light to alight.] To descend; to light. “O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us.” Book of Common Prayer [Eng. Ed.].

Light´en (lit´’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lightened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lightening.] [OE. lightenen. See Light to kindle, illuminate.] 1. To burst forth or dart, as lightning; to shine with, or like, lightning; to display a flash or flashes of lightning; to flash. “This dreadful night,
That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars
As doth the lion.” Shak. 2. To grow lighter; to become less dark or lowering; to brighten; to clear, as the sky.

Light´en, v. t. [See Light to illuminate.] 1. To make light or clear; to light; to illuminate; as to lighten an apartment with lamps or gas; to lighten the streets. [In this sense less common than light.] “A key of fire ran all along the shore,
And lightened all the river with a blaze.” Dryden. 2. To illuminate with knowledge; to enlighten. [In this sense less common than enlighten.] “Lighten my spirit with one clear heavenly ray.” Sir J. Davies. 3. To emit or disclose in, or as in, lightning; to flash out, like lightning. “His eye … lightens forth
Controlling majesty.” Shak. 4. To free from trouble and fill with joy. “They looked unto him, and were lightened.” Ps. xxxiv. 5.

Light´en, v. t. [See Light not heavy.] 1. To make lighter, or less heavy; to reduce in weight; to relieve of part of a load or burden; as to lighten a ship by unloading; to lighten a load or burden. 2. To make less burdensome or afflictive; to alleviate; as to lighten the cares of life or the burden of grief. 3. To cheer; to exhilarate. “Lightens my humor with his merry jests.” Shak.

Light´er (lit´er), n. One who, or that which, lights; as a lighter of lamps.

Light´er, n. [D. ligter, fr. ligt light. See Light not heavy.] (Naut.) A large boat or barge, mainly used in unloading or loading vessels which can not reach the wharves at the place of shipment or delivery. Lighter screw (Mach.), a screw for adjusting the distance between the stones in a grinding mill by raising or lowering the bridgetree.

Light´er, v. t. To convey by a lighter, as to or from the shore; as to lighter the cargo of a ship.

Light´er•age (-aj; 48), n. 1. The price paid for conveyance of goods on a lighter. 2. The act of unloading into a lighter, or of conveying by a lighter.

Light´er•man (-man), n.; pl. Lightermen (-men). A person employed on, or who manages, a lighter.

Light´-fin•gered (lit´fin•gerd), a. Dexterous in taking and conveying away; thievish; pilfering; addicted to petty thefts. Fuller. { Light´-foot• (-foot•), Light´-foot•ed } a. Having a light, springy step; nimble in running or dancing; active; as light-foot Iris. Tennyson.

Light´ful (lit´ful), a. Full of light; bright. [R.] ´Lightful presence.´ Marston.

Light´-hand•ed (lit´hand•ed), a. (Naut.) Not having a full complement of men; as a vessel light-handed.

Light´-head•ed (-hed•ed), a. 1. Disordered in the head; dizzy; delirious. Walpole. 2. Thoughtless; heedless; volatile; unsteady; fickle; loose. ´Light-headed, weak men.´ Clarendon. — Light´-head•ed•ness, n.

Light´-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. Free from grief or anxiety; gay; cheerful; merry. — Light´-heart•ed•ly, adv. - - Light´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Light´-heeled (-held•), a. Lively in walking or running; brisk; light-footed.

Light´-horse•man (-hôrs•man), n.; pl. -men (- men). 1. A soldier who serves in the light horse. See under 5th Light. 2. (Zoöl.) A West Indian fish of the genus Ephippus, remarkable for its high dorsal fin and brilliant colors.

Light´house (-hous•), n.; pl. Lighthouses (-houz•ez). A tower or other building with a powerful light at top, erected at the entrance of a port, or at some important point on a coast, to serve as a guide to mariners at night; a pharos.

Light´ing, n. (Metal.) A name sometimes applied to the process of annealing metals.

Light´-legged (lit´legd•), a. Nimble; swift of foot. Sir P. Sidney.

Light´less, a. Destitute of light; dark. Shak.

Light´ly, adv. 1. With little weight; with little force; as to tread lightly; to press lightly. “Yet shall thy grave with rising flowers be drest,
And the green turf lie lightly on thy breast.” Pope. “Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear
Touched lightly.” Milton. 2. Swiftly; nimbly; with agility. “So mikle was that barge, it might not lightly sail.” R. of Brunne. “Watch what thou seest and lightly bring me word.” Tennyson. 3. Without deep impression. “The soft ideas of the cheerful note,
Lightly received, were easily forgot.” Prior. 4. In a small degree; slightly; not severely. “At the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun … and afterward did more grievously afflict her.” Is. ix. 1. 5. With little effort or difficulty; easily; readily. “That lightly come, shall lightly go.” Old Proverb. “They come lightly by the malt, and need not spare it.” Sir W. Scott. 6. Without reason, or for reasons of little weight. “Flatter not the rich, neither do thou willingly or lightly appear before great personages.” Jer. Taylor. 7. Commonly; usually. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. “The great thieves of a state are lightly the officers of the crown.” B. Jonson. 8. Without dejection; cheerfully. ´Seeming to bear it lightly.´ Shak. 9. Without heed or care; with levity; gayly; airily. “Matrimony … is not by any to be enterprised, nor taken in hand, unadvisedly, lightly, or wantonly.” Book of Common Prayer [Eng. Ed.]. 10. Not chastely; wantonly. Swift.

Light´man (-man), n.; pl. -men (-men). A man who carries or takes care of a light. T. Brown.

Light´-mind•ed (-mind•ed), a. Unsettled; unsteady; volatile; not considerate. — Light´-mind•ed•ness, n.

Light´ness, n. [From Light not heavy.] The state, condition, or quality, of being light or not heavy; buoyancy; levity; fickleness; nimbleness; delicacy; grace. Syn. — Levity; volatility; instability; inconstancy; unsteadiness; giddiness; flightiness; airiness; gayety; liveliness; agility; nimbleness; sprightliness; briskness; swiftness; ease; facility.

Light´ness, n. [From Light bright.] 1. Illumination, or degree of illumination; as the lightness of a room. Chaucer. 2. Absence of depth or of duskiness in color; as the lightness of a tint; lightness of complexion.

Light´ning (lit´ning), n. [For lightening, fr. lighten to flash.] 1. A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompanied by a vivid flash of light, commonly from one cloud to another, sometimes from a cloud to the earth. The sound produced by the electricity in passing rapidly through the atmosphere constitutes thunder. 2. The act of making bright, or the state of being made bright; enlightenment; brightening, as of the mental powers. [R.] Ball lightning, a rare form of lightning sometimes seen as a globe of fire moving from the clouds to the earth. — Chain lightning, lightning in angular, zigzag, or forked flashes. — Heat lightning, more or less vivid and extensive flashes of electric light, without thunder, seen near the horizon, esp. at the close of a hot day. — Lightning arrester (Telegraphy), a device, at the place where a wire enters a building, for preventing injury by lightning to an operator or instrument. It consists of a short circuit to the ground interrupted by a thin nonconductor over which lightning jumps. Called also lightning discharger. — Lightning bug (Zoöl.), a luminous beetle. See Firefly. — Lightning conductor, a lightning rod. - - Lightning glance, a quick, penetrating glance of a brilliant eye. — Lightning rod, a metallic rod set up on a building, or on the mast of a vessel, and connected with the earth or water below, for the purpose of protecting the building or vessel from lightning. — Sheet lightning, a diffused glow of electric light flashing out from the clouds, and illumining their outlines. The appearance is sometimes due to the reflection of light from distant flashes of lightning by the nearer clouds.

Light´ning (lit´ning), vb. n. Lightening. [R.]

Light´-o’-love (lit´o-luv•), n. 1. An old tune of a dance, the name of which made it a proverbial expression of levity, especially in love matters. Nares. ´Best sing it to the tune of light-o’-love.´ Shak. 2. Hence: A light or wanton woman. Beau. & Fl.

Light´room (-room•), n. A small room from which the magazine of a naval vessel is lighted, being separated from the magazine by heavy glass windows.

Lights (lits), n. pl. [So called from their lightness.] The lungs of an animal or bird; — sometimes coarsely applied to the lungs of a human being.

Light´-ship (lit´ship•), n. (Naut.) A vessel carrying at the masthead a brilliant light, and moored off a shoal or place of dangerous navigation as a guide for mariners.

Light´some (lit´sum), a. 1. Having light; lighted; not dark or gloomy; bright. “White walls make rooms more lightsome than black.” Bacon. 2. Gay; airy; cheering; exhilarating. “That lightsome affection of joy.” Hooker. — Light´some•ly, adv. — Light´some•ness, n. “Happiness may walk soberly in dark attire, as well as dance lightsomely in a gala dress.” Hawthorne.

Light´-winged (-wingd•), a. Having light and active wings; volatile; fleeting. Shak.

Light´wood (-wood•), n. Pine wood abounding in pitch, used for torches in the Southern United States; pine knots, dry sticks, and the like, for kindling a fire quickly or making a blaze.

Light´y (-y), a. Illuminated. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lign•-al´oes (lin•al´oz or lig•nal´oz), n. [OE. ligne aloes, fr. L. lignum wood + aloe aloe.] 1. Aloes wood, or agallochum. See Agallochum. 2. A fragrant tree mentioned in the Bible. Num. xxiv. 6.

Lig´ne•ous (lig´ne•us), a. [L. ligneus, fr. lignum wood. Cf. Lignous.] Made of wood; consisting of wood; of the nature of, or resembling, wood; woody. “It should be tried with shoots of vines and roots of red roses; for it may be they, being of a moreligneous nature, will incorporate with the tree itself.” Bacon. Ligneous marble, wood coated or prepared so as to resemble marble.

Lig•nif´er•ous (lig•nif´er•us), a. [L. lignifer; lignum wood + ferre to bear: cf. F. lignifère.] Yielding or producing wood.

Lig•ni•fi•ca´tion (lig•ni•fi•ka´shun), n. [Cf. F. lignification. See Lignify.] (Bot.) A change in the character of a cell wall, by which it becomes harder. It is supposed to be due to an incrustation of lignin.

Lig´ni•form (lig´ni•fôrm), a. [L. lignum wood + -form: cf. F. ligniforme.] Like wood.

Lig´ni•fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lignified (-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Lignifying (- fi•ing).] [L. lignum wood + -fy: cf. F. lignifier.] (Bot.) To convert into wood or into a ligneous substance.

Lig´ni•fy, v. i. (Bot.) To become wood.

Lig´nin (lig´nin), n. [L. lignum wood: cf. F. lignine.] (Bot.) A substance characterizing wood cells and differing from cellulose in its conduct with certain chemical reagents. Recent authors have distinguished four forms of this substance, naming them lignose, lignin, lignone, and lignireose.

Lig•ni•per´dous (lig•ni•per´dus), a. [L. lignum wood + perdere to destroy: cf. F. ligniperde.] (Zoöl.) Wood-destroying; — said of certain insects.

Lig•nir´e•ose (lig•nir´e•os•), n. (Bot.) See Lignin.

Lig´nite (lig´nit), n. [L. lignum wood: cf. F. lignite.] (Min.) Mineral coal retaining the texture of the wood from which it was formed, and burning with an empyreumatic odor. It is of more recent origin than the anthracite and bituminous coal of the proper coal series. Called also brown coal, wood coal.

Lig•nit´ic (lig•nit´ik), a. Containing lignite; resembling, or of the nature of, lignite; as lignitic clay. Lignitic group. See Laramie Group.

Lig•ni•tif´er•ous (lig•ni•tif´er•us), a. [Lignite + -ferous.] Producing or containing lignite; lignitic.

Lig•no•cer´ic (-no•ser´ik), a. [L. lignum wood + cera wax.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the formic acid series, found in the tar, wax, or paraffine obtained by distilling certain kinds of wood, as the beech.

Lig´none (lig´non•), n. (Bot.) See Lignin. { Lig•nose´ (lig•nos´), Lig´nous (lig´nus), } a. [L. lignosus, fr. lignum wood: cf. F. ligneux. Cf. Ligneous.] Ligneous. [R.] Evelyn.

Lig´nose (lig´nos•), n. 1. (Bot.) See Lignin. 2. (Chem.) An explosive compound of wood fiber and nitroglycerin. See Nitroglycerin.

Lig´num rho´di•um (lig´num ro´di•um). [NL., fr. L. lignum wood + Gr. ´ro•don a rose.] (Bot.) The fragrant wood of several shrubs and trees, especially of species of Rhodorhiza from the Canary Islands, and of the West Indian Amyris balsamifera.

Lig´num-vi´tae (-vi´te), n. [L., wood of life; lignum wood + vita, genitive vitae, life.] (Bot.) A tree (Guaiacum officinale) found in the warm latitudes of America, from which the guaiacum of medicine is procured. Its wood is very hard and heavy, and is used for various mechanical purposes, as for the wheels of ships’ blocks, cogs, bearings, and the like. See Guaiacum. In New Zealand the Metrosideros buxifolia is called lignum-vitae, and in Australia a species of Acacia. The bastard lignum-vitae is a West Indian tree (Sarcomphalus laurinus).

Lig´ro•in (lig´ro•in), n. A trade name applied somewhat indefinitely to some of the volatile products obtained in refining crude petroleum. It is a complex and variable mixture of several hydrocarbons, generally boils below 170° Fahr., and is more inflammable than safe kerosene. It is used as a solvent, as a carburetant for air gas and for illumination in special lamps.

Lig´sam (lig´sam), n. [Cf. D. liggen to lie, E. lie to be prostrate, and E. flotsam, jetsam, or ligan.] Same as Ligan. Brande & C.

Lig´u•la (lig´u•la), n.; pl. L. Ligulae (- le), E. Ligulas (-laz). [L., a little tongue. See Ligule.] 1. (Bot.) See Ligule. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The central process, or front edge, of the labium of insects. It sometimes serves as a tongue or proboscis, as in bees. [See Illust. under Labium, and Hymenoptera.] (b) A tongue-shaped lobe of the parapodia of annelids. See Parapodium. { Lig´u•late (lig´u•lat), Lig´u•la•ted (-la•ted), } a. [Cf. F. ligule. See Ligule, and cf. Lingulate.] 1. (Bot.) Like a bandage, or strap; strap-shaped. 2. Composed of ligules. Ligulate flower, a species of compound flower, the florets of which have their corollets flat, spreading out toward the end, with the base only tubular.

Lig´ule (-ul), n. [L. ligula, lingula, little tongue, dim. of lingua tongue : cf. F. ligule.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The thin and scarious projection from the upper end of the sheath of a leaf of grass. (b) A strap-shaped corolla of flowers of Compositae. 2. (Anat.) A band of white matter in the wall of fourth ventricle of the brain.

Lig•u•li•flo´rous (lig•u•li•flo´rus), a. [Ligule + L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) Bearing only ligulate flowers; — said of a large suborder of composite plants, such as the dandelion, lettuce, hawkweed, etc.

Lig´ure (lig´ur; 277), n. [L. ligurius, Gr. ligy•rion, liggoy•rion, ligkoy•rion, lygkoy•rion, equiv. to Heb. leshem.] A kind of precious stone. “The third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.” Ex. xxviii. 19.

Li•gus´trin (li•gus´trin), n. (Chem.) A bitter principle found in the bark of the privet (Ligustrum vulgare), and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a warm, bitter taste; — called also ligustron.

Lik´a•ble (lik´a•b’l), a. Such as can be liked; such as to attract liking; as a likable person. Thackeray.

Like (lik), a. [Compar. Liker (lik´er); superl. Likest.] [OE. lik, ilik, gelic, AS. gelic, fr. pref. ge- + lic body, and orig. meaning, having the same body, shape, or appearance, and hence, like; akin to OS. gilik, D. gelijk, G. gleich, OHG. gilih, Icel. likr, glikr, Dan. lig, Sw. lik, Goth. galeiks, OS. lik body, D. lijk, G. leiche, Icel. lik, Sw. lik, Goth. leik. The English adverbial ending-ly is from the same adjective. Cf. Each, Such, Which.] 1. Having the same, or nearly the same, appearance, qualities, or characteristics; resembling; similar to; similar; alike; — often with in and the particulars of the resemblance; as they are like each other in features, complexion, and many traits of character. “’T is as like you
As cherry is to cherry.” Shak. “Like master, like man.” Old Prov. “He giveth snow like wool; he scattereth the hoar-frost like ashes.” Ps. cxlvii. 16. To, which formerly often followed like, is now usually omitted. 2. Equal, or nearly equal; as fields of like extent. “More clergymen were impoverished by the late war than ever in the like space before.” Sprat. 3. Having probability; affording probability; probable; likely. [Likely is more used now.] Shak. “But it is like the jolly world about us will scoff at the paradox of these practices.” South. “Many were not easy to be governed, nor like to conform themselves to strict rules.” Clarendon. 4. Inclined toward; disposed to; as to feel like taking a walk. Had like (followed by the infinitive), had nearly; came little short of. “Had like to have been my utter overthrow.” Sir W. Raleigh “Ramona had like to have said the literal truth, … but recollected herself in time.” Mrs. H. H. Jackson. Like figures (Geom.), similar figures. Like is used as a suffix, converting nouns into adjectives expressing resemblance to the noun; as manlike, like a man; childlike, like a child; godlike, like a god, etc. Such compounds are readily formed whenever convenient, and several, as crescentlike, serpentlike, hairlike, etc., are used in this book, although, in some cases, not entered in the vocabulary. Such combinations as bell-like, ball- like, etc., are hyphened.

Like, n. 1. That which is equal or similar to another; the counterpart; an exact resemblance; a copy. “He was a man, take him for all in all,
I shall not look upon his like again.” Shak. 2. A liking; a preference; inclination; — usually in pl.; as we all have likes and dislikes.

Like, adv. [AS. gelice. See Like, a.] 1. In a manner like that of; in a manner similar to; as do not act like him. “He maketh them to stagger like a drunken man.” Job xii. 25. Like, as here used, is regarded by some grammarians as a preposition. 2. In a like or similar manner. Shak. “Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him.” Ps. ciii. 13. 3. Likely; probably. ´Like enough it will.´ Shak.

Like, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liked (likt); p. pr. & vb. n. Liking.] [OE. liken to please, AS. lician, gelician, fr. gelic. See Like, a.] 1. To suit; to please; to be agreeable to. [Obs.] “Cornwall him liked best, therefore he chose there.” R. of Gloucester. “I willingly confess that it likes me much better when I find virtue in a fair lodging than when I am bound to seek it in an ill-favored creature.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. To be pleased with in a moderate degree; to approve; to take satisfaction in; to enjoy. “He proceeded from looking to liking, and from liking to loving.” Sir P. Sidney. 3. To liken; to compare.[Obs.] “Like me to the peasant boys of France.” Shak.

Like (lik), v. i. 1. To be pleased; to choose. “He may either go or stay, as he best likes.” Locke. 2. To have an appearance or expression; to look; to seem to be (in a specified condition). [Obs.] “You like well, and bear your years very well.” Shak. 3. To come near; to avoid with difficulty; to escape narrowly; as he liked to have been too late. Cf. Had like, under Like, a. [Colloq.] “He probably got his death, as he liked to have done two years ago, by viewing the troops for the expedition from the wall of Kensington Garden.” Walpole. To like of, to be pleased with. [Obs.] Massinger.

Like´a•ble (lik´a•b’l), a. See Likable.

Like´hood (-hood), n. Likelihood. [Obs.] South.

Like´li•hood (-li•hood), n. [Likely + -hood.] 1. Appearance; show; sign; expression. [Obs.] “What of his heart perceive you in his face
By any likelihood he showed to-day ?” Shak. 2. Likeness; resemblance. [Obs.] “There is no likelihood between pure light and black darkness, or between righteousness and reprobation.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Appearance of truth or reality; probability; verisimilitude. Tennyson.

Like´li•ness, n. 1. Likelihood; probability. 2. Suitableness; agreeableness. [Obs.]

Like´ly, a. [Compar. Likelier (lik´li•er); superl. Likeliest.] [That is, like- like. See Like, a.] 1. Worthy of belief; probable; credible; as a likely story. “It seems likely that he was in hope of being busy and conspicuous.” Johnson. 2. Having probability; having or giving reason to expect; — followed by the infinitive; as it is likely to rain. 3. Similar; like; alike. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. Such as suits; good-looking; pleasing; agreeable; handsome. Shak. Milton. 5. Having such qualities as make success probable; well adapted to the place; promising; as a likely young man; a likely servant.

Like´ly, adv. In all probability; probably. “While man was innocent he was likely ignorant of nothing that imported him to know.” Glanvill.

Like´-mind•ed (-mind•ed), a. Having a like disposition or purpose; of the same mind. Tillotson.

Lik´en (lik´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Likened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Likening.] [OE. liknen. See Like, a.] 1. To allege, or think, to be like; to represent as like; to compare; as to liken life to a pilgrimage. “Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man which built his house upon a rock.” Matt. vii. 24. 2. To make or cause to be like. [R.] Brougham.

Like´ness, n. [AS. gelicnes.] 1. The state or quality of being like; similitude; resemblance; similarity; as the likeness of the one to the other is remarkable. 2. Appearance or form; guise. “An enemy in the likeness of a friend.” L’Estrange. 3. That which closely resembles; a portrait. “[How he looked] the likenesses of him which still remain enable us to imagine.” Macaulay. 4. A comparison; parable; proverb. [Obs.] “He said to them, Soothly ye shall say to me this likeness, Leech, heal thyself.” Wyclif (Luke iv. 23). Syn. — Similarity; parallel; similitude; representation; portrait; effigy. {Lik´er•ous (lik´er•us), a., Lik´er•ous•ness, n. } [Obs.] See Lickerish, Lickerishness. Chaucer.

Like´wise (lik´wiz•), adv. & conj. [See Wise, n.] In like manner; also; moreover; too. See Also. “Go, and do thou likewise.” Luke x. 37. “For he seeth that wise men die; likewise the fool and the brutish person perish.” Ps. xlix. 10.

Lik´ing (lik´ing), p. a. Looking; appearing; as better or worse liking. See Like, to look. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Why should he see your faces worse liking than the children which are of your sort ?” Dan. i. 10.

Lik´ing, n. 1. The state of being pleasing; a suiting. See On liking, below. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. The state of being pleased with, or attracted toward, some thing or person; hence, inclination; desire; pleasure; preference; — often with for, formerly with to; as it is an amusement I have no liking for. “If the human intellect hath once taken a liking to any doctrine, … it draws everything else into harmony with that doctrine, and to its support.” Bacon. 3. Appearance; look; figure; state of body as to health or condition. [Archaic] “I shall think the worse of fat men, as long as I have an eye to make difference of men’s liking.” Shak. “Their young ones are in good liking.” Job. xxxix. 4. On liking, on condition of being pleasing to or suiting; also on condition of being pleased with; as to hold a place of service on liking; to engage a servant on liking. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] “Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line … to be a king on liking and on sufferance ?” Hazlitt.

Li´lac (li´lak), n. [Also lilach.] [Sp. lilac, lila, Ar. lilak, fr. Per. lilaj, lilanj, lilang, nilaj, nil, the indigo plant, or from the kindred lilak bluish, the flowers being named from the color. Cf. Anil.] 1. (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Syringa. There are six species, natives of Europe and Asia. Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac, and S. Persica, the Persian lilac, are frequently cultivated for the fragrance and beauty of their purplish or white flowers. In the British colonies various other shrubs have this name. 2. A light purplish color like that of the flower of the purplish lilac. California lilac (Bot.), a low shrub with dense clusters of purplish flowers (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus).

Lil´a•cin (lil´a•sin), n. (Chem.) See Syringin.

Lil•i•a´ceous (lil•i•a´shus), a. [L. liliaceus, fr. lilium lily. See Lily.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of which the lily, tulip, and hyacinth are well-known examples. (b) Like the blossom of a lily in general form.

Lil´i•al (lil´i•al), a. (Bot.) Having a general resemblance to lilies or to liliaceous plants.

Lil´ied (lil´id), a. Covered with, or having many, lilies. “By sandy Ladon’s lilied banks.” Milton.

Lill (lil), v. i. To loll. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser.

Lil•li•pu´tian (lil•li•pu´shan), n. 1. One belonging to a very diminutive race described in Swift’s ´Voyage to Lilliput.´ 2. Hence: A person or thing of very small size.

Lil•li•pu´tian, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the imaginary island of Lilliput described by Swift, or to its inhabitants. 2. Hence: Of very small size; diminutive; dwarfed.

Lil´ly-pil•ly (lil´ly- pil•ly), n. (Bot.) An Australian myrtaceous tree (Eugenia Smithii), having smooth ovate leaves, and panicles of small white flowers. The wood is hard and fine-grained.

Lilt (lilt), v. i. [Cf. Norw. lilla, lirla, to sing in a high tone.] 1. To do anything with animation and quickness, as to skip, fly, or hop. [Prov. Eng.] Wordsworth. 2. To sing cheerfully. [Scot.]

Lilt, v. t. To utter with spirit, animation, or gayety; to sing with spirit and liveliness. “A classic lecture, rich in sentiment,
With scraps of thundrous epic lilted out
By violet-hooded doctors.” Tennyson.

Lilt, n. 1. Animated, brisk motion; spirited rhythm; sprightliness. “The movement, the lilt, and the subtle charm of the verse.” F. Harrison. 2. A lively song or dance; a cheerful tune. “The housewife went about her work, or spun at her wheel, with a lilt upon her lips.” J. C. Shairp.

Lil´y (lil´y), n.; pl. Lilies (-iz). [AS. lilie, L. lilium, Gr. lei•rion. Cf. Flower-de- luce.] 1. (Bot.) A plant and flower of the genus Lilium, endogenous bulbous plants, having a regular perianth of six colored pieces, six stamens, and a superior three- celled ovary. There are nearly fifty species, all found in the North Temperate zone. Lilium candidum and L. longiflorum are the common white lilies of gardens; L. Philadelphicum is the wild red lily of the Atlantic States; L. Chalcedonicum is supposed to be the ´lily of the field´ in our Lord’s parable; L. auratum is the great gold-banded lily of Japan. 2. (Bot.) A name given to handsome flowering plants of several genera, having some resemblance in color or form to a true lily, as Pancratium, Crinum, Amaryllis, Nerine, etc. 3. That end of a compass needle which should point to the north; — so called as often ornamented with the figure of a lily or fleur-de-lis. “But sailing further, it veers its lily to the west.” Sir T. Browne. African lily (Bot.), the blue- flowered Agapanthus umbellatus. — Atamasco lily (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zephyranthes (Z. Atamasco), having a white and pink funnelform perianth, with six petal-like divisions resembling those of a lily. Gray. — Blackberry lily (Bot.), the Pardanthus Chinensis, the black seeds of which form a dense mass like a blackberry. — Bourbon lily (Bot.), Lilium candidum. See Illust. — Butterfly lily. (Bot.) Same as Mariposa lily, in the Vocabulary. — Lily beetle (Zool.), a European beetle (Crioceris merdigera) which feeds upon the white lily. — Lily daffodil (Bot.), a plant of the genus Narcissus, and its flower. — Lily encrinite (Paleon.), a fossil encrinite, esp. Encrinus liliiformis. See Encrinite. — Lily hyacinth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hyacinthus. — Lily iron, a kind of harpoon with a detachable head of peculiar shape, used in capturing swordfish. — Lily of the valley (Bot.), a low perennial herb (Convallaria majalis), having a raceme of nodding, fragrant, white flowers. — Lily pad, the large floating leaf of the water lily. [U. S.] Lowell. — Tiger lily (Bot.), Lilium tigrinum, the sepals of which are blotched with black. — Turk’s-cap lily (Bot.), Lilium Martagon, a red lily with recurved sepals; also the similar American lily, L. superbum. — Water lily (Bot.), the Nymphaea, a plant with floating roundish leaves, and large flowers having many petals, usually white, but sometimes pink, red, blue, or yellow. [See Illust. of Nymphaea.]

Lil´y-hand•ed (-hand•ed), a. Having white, delicate hands.

Lil´y-liv•ered (-liv•erd), a. White-livered; cowardly.

Lil´y•wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the Lily family or order. Lindley.

Lim (lim), n. [See Limb.] A limb. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Li´ma (le´ma or li´ma), n. The capital city of Peru, in South America. Lima bean. (Bot.) (a) A variety of climbing or pole bean (Phaseolus lunatus), which has very large flattish seeds. (b) The seed of this plant, much used for food. — Lima wood (Bot.), the beautiful dark wood of the South American tree Caesalpinia echinata.

Li•ma´ceous (li•ma´shus), a. [L. limax, limacis, slug, snail: cf. F. limace.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, Limax, or the slugs.

Lim•a•ci´na (lim•a•si´na), n. [NL., from L. limax, limacis, a slug.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small spiral pteropods, common in the Arctic and Antarctic seas. It contributes to the food of the right whales.

Li•ma•çon´ (le•ma•sôN´), n. [F. limaçon, lit., a snail.] (Geom.) A curve of the fourth degree, invented by Pascal. Its polar equation is r = a cos theta + b.

Li´maille (li´mal; F. le•mä´y’), n. [F., fr. limer to file. See Limation.] Filings of metal. [Obs.] ´An ounce … of silver lymaille.´ Chaucer.

Li´man (li´man), n. [F. limon, fr. L. limus slime.] The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river; slime.

Li•ma´tion (li•ma´shun), n. [L. limatus, p. p. of limare to file, fr. lima file : cf. F. limation.] The act of filing or polishing.

Li´ma•ture (li´ma•tur; 135), n. [L. limatura. See Limation.] 1. The act of filing. 2. That which is filed off; filings. Johnson.

Li´max (li´maks), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) A genus of airbreathing mollusks, including the common garden slugs. They have a small rudimentary shell. The breathing pore is on the right side of the neck. Several species are troublesome in gardens. See Slug.

Limb (lim), n. [OE. lim, AS. lim; akin to Icel. limr limb, lim branch of a tree, Sw. & Dan. lem limb; cf. also AS. lið, OHG. lid, gilid, G. glied, Goth. liþus. Cf. Lith, Limber.] 1. A part of a tree which extends from the trunk and separates into branches and twigs; a large branch. 2. An arm or a leg of a human being; a leg, arm, or wing of an animal. “A second Hector for his grim aspect,
And large proportion of his strong-knit limbs.” Shak. 3. A thing or person regarded as a part or member of, or attachment to, something else. Shak. “That little limb of the devil has cheated the gallows.” Sir W. Scott. 4. An elementary piece of the mechanism of a lock. Limb of the law, a lawyer or an officer of the law. [Colloq.] Landor.

Limb, v. t. 1. To supply with limbs. [R.] Milton. 2. To dismember; to tear off the limbs of.

Limb, n. [L. limbus border. Cf. Limbo, Limbus.] A border or edge, in certain special uses. (a) (Bot.) The border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corolla, or of a petal, or sepal; blade. (b) (Astron.) The border or edge of the disk of a heavenly body, especially of the sun and moon. (c) The graduated margin of an arc or circle, in an instrument for measuring angles.

Lim´bat (lim´bat), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A cooling periodical wind in the Isle of Cyprus, blowing from the northwest from eight o’clock, A. M., to the middle of the day or later.

Lim´bate (lim´bat), a. [L. limbatus, fr. limbus border, edge. See Limbus.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Bordered, as when one color is surrounded by an edging of another.

Lim´bec (-bek), n. [Abbrev. of alembic.] An alembic; a still. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

Lim´bec, v. t. To distill. [Obs.] Dryden.

Limbed (limd), a. Having limbs; — much used in composition; as large-limbed; short-limbed. “Innumerous living creatures, perfect forms,
Limbed and full grown.” Milton.

Lim´ber (lim´ber), n. [For limmer, Icel. limar branches, boughs, pl. of lim; akin to E. limb. See Limb a branch.] 1. pl. The shafts or thills of a wagon or carriage. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Mil.) The detachable fore part of a gun carriage, consisting of two wheels, an axle, and a shaft to which the horses are attached. On top is an ammunition box upon which the cannoneers sit. 3. pl. (Naut.) Gutters or conduits on each side of the keelson to afford a passage for water to the pump well. Limber boards (Naut.), short pieces of plank forming part of the lining of a ship’s floor immediately above the timbers, so as to prevent the limbers from becoming clogged. — Limber box or chest (Mil.), a box on the limber for carrying ammunition. — Limber rope, Limber chain, or Limber clearer (Naut.), a rope or chain passing through the limbers of a ship, by which they may be cleared of dirt that chokes them. Totten. — Limber strake (Shipbuilding), the first course of inside planking next the keelson.

Lim´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limbered (-berd); p. pr. & vb. n. Limbering.] (Mil.) To attach to the limber; as to limber a gun. To limber up, to change a gun carriage into a four-wheeled vehicle by attaching the limber.

Lim´ber, a. [Akin to limp, a. rad.125. See Limp, a.] Easily bent; flexible; pliant; yielding. Milton. “The bargeman that doth row with long and limber oar.” Turbervile.

Lim´ber, v. t. To cause to become limber; to make flexible or pliant. Richardson.

Lim´ber•ness, n. The quality or state of being limber; flexibleness. Boyle.

Limb´less (lim´les), a. Destitute of limbs.

Limb´meal (-mel•), adv. [See Limb, and Piecemeal.] Piecemeal. [Obs.] ´To tear her limbmeal.´ Shak. { Lim´bo (lim´bo), Lim´bus (- bus), } n. [L. limbus border, edge, in limbo on the border. Cf. Limb border.] 1. (Scholastic Theol.) An extramundane region where certain classes of souls were supposed to await the judgment. “As far from help as Limbo is from bliss.” Shak. “A Limbo large and broad, since called
The Paradise of fools.” Milton. The limbus patrum was considered as a place for the souls of good men who lived before the coming of our Savior. The limbus infantium was said to be a similar place for the souls of unbaptized infants. To these was added, in the popular belief, the limbus fatuorum, or fool’s paradise, regarded as a receptacle of all vanity and nonsense. 2. Hence: Any real or imaginary place of restraint or confinement; a prison; as to put a man in limbo. 3. (Anat.) A border or margin; as the limbus of the cornea.

Lim´bous (lim´bus), a. [See Limbus.] (Anat.) With slightly overlapping borders; — said of a suture.

Lime (lim), n. [See Leam a string.] A thong by which a dog is led; a leash. Halliwell.

Lime, n. [Formerly line, for earlier lind. See Linden.] (Bot.) The linden tree. See Linden.

Lime, n. [F. lime; of Persian origin. See Lemon.] (Bot.) A fruit allied to the lemon, but much smaller; also the tree which bears it. There are two kinds; Citrus Medica, var. acida which is intensely sour, and the sweet lime (C. Medica, var. Limetta) which is only slightly sour.

Lime, n. [AS. lim; akin to D. lijm, G. leim, OHG. lim, Icel. lim, Sw. lim, Dan. liim, L. limus mud, linere to smear, and E. loam. rad.126. Cf. Loam, Liniment.] 1. Birdlime. “Like the lime
That foolish birds are caught with.” Wordsworth. 2. (Chem.) Oxide of calcium; the white or gray, caustic substance, usually called quicklime, obtained by calcining limestone or shells, the heat driving off carbon dioxide and leaving lime. It develops great heat when treated with water, forming slacked lime, and is an essential ingredient of cement, plastering, mortar, etc. Lime is the principal constituent of limestone, marble, chalk, bones, shells, etc. Caustic lime, calcium hydrate or slacked lime; also in a less technical sense, calcium oxide or quicklime. — Lime burner, one who burns limestone, shells, etc., to make lime. — Lime light. See Calcium light, under Calcium. — Lime pit, a limestone quarry. — Lime rod, Lime twig, a twig smeared with birdlime; hence, that which catches; a snare. Chaucer.

Lime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limed (limd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liming.] [Cf. AS. geliman to glue or join together. See Lime a viscous substance.] 1. To smear with a viscous substance, as birdlime. “These twigs, in time, will come to be limed.” L’Estrange. 2. To entangle; to insnare. “We had limed ourselves
With open eyes, and we must take the chance.” Tennyson. 3. To treat with lime, or oxide or hydrate of calcium; to manure with lime; as to lime hides for removing the hair; to lime sails in order to whiten them. “Land may be improved by draining, marling, and liming.” Sir J. Child. 4. To cement. ´Who gave his blood to lime the stones together.´ Shak.

Lime´hound (lim´hound•), n. [Lime a leash + hound.] A dog used in hunting the wild boar; a leamer. Spenser.

Lime´kiln (lim´kiln•), n. A kiln or furnace in which limestone or shells are burned and reduced to lime.

Li•men´e•an (le•men´e•an), a. Of or pertaining to Lima, or to the inhabitants of Lima, in Peru. — n. A native or inhabitant of Lima.

Lim´er (lim´er), n. A limehound; a limmer. Chaucer.

Lime´stone (lim´ston•), n. A rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. It sometimes contains also magnesium carbonate, and is then called magnesian or dolomitic limestone. Crystalline limestone is called marble.

Lime twig. See under 4th Lime.

Lime´-twigged (-twigd•), a. Beset with snares; insnared, as with birdlime. L. Addison.

Lime´wa•ter (-wa•ter), n. Water impregnated with lime; esp., an artificial solution of lime for medicinal purposes.

Li•mic´o•lae (li•mik´o•le), n. pl. [L. limicola a dweller in the mud; limus mud + colere to dwell.] (Zoöl.) A group of shore birds, embracing the plovers, sandpipers, snipe, curlew, etc.; the Grallae.

Li•mic´o•line (-lin), a. (Zoöl.) Shore-inhabiting; of or pertaining to the Limicolae.

Lim´i•ness (lim´i•nes), n. The state or quality of being limy.

Lim´it (lim´it), n. [From L. limes, limitis: cf. F. limite; or from E. limit, v. See Limit, v. t.] 1. That which terminates, circumscribes, restrains, or confines; the bound, border, or edge; the utmost extent; as the limit of a walk, of a town, of a country; the limits of human knowledge or endeavor. “As eager of the chase, the maid
Beyond the forest’s verdant limits strayed.” Pope. 2. The space or thing defined by limits. “The archdeacon hath divided it
Into three limits very equally.” Shak. 3. That which terminates a period of time; hence, the period itself; the full time or extent. “The dateless limit of thy dear exile.” Shak. “The limit of your lives is out.” Shak. 4. A restriction; a check; a curb; a hindrance. “I prithee, give no limits to my tongue.” Shak. 5. (Logic & Metaph.) A determining feature; a distinguishing characteristic; a differentia. 6. (Math.) A determinate quantity, to which a variable one continually approaches, and may differ from it by less than any given difference, but to which, under the law of variation, the variable can never become exactly equivalent. Elastic limit. See under Elastic. — Prison limits, a definite extent of space in or around a prison, within which a prisoner has liberty to go and come. Syn. — Boundary; border; edge; termination; restriction; bound; confine.

Lim´it (lim´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limited; p. pr. & vb. n. Limiting.] [F. limiter, L. limitare, fr. limes, limitis, limit; prob. akin to limen threshold, E. eliminate; cf. L. limus sidelong.] To apply a limit to, or set a limit for; to terminate, circumscribe, or restrict, by a limit or limits; as to limit the acreage of a crop; to limit the issue of paper money; to limit one’s ambitions or aspirations; to limit the meaning of a word. Limiting parallels (Astron.), those parallels of latitude between which only an occultation of a star or planet by the moon, in a given case, can occur.

Lim´it, v. i. To beg, or to exercise functions, within a certain limited region; as a limiting friar. [Obs.]

Lim´it•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being limited.

Lim•i•ta´ne•ous (lim•i•ta´ne•us), a. [L. limitaneus. See Limit, v. t.] Of or pertaining to a limit. [Obs.]

Lim•i•ta´ri•an (-ri•an), a. Tending to limit.

Lim´i•ta•ry (lim´i•ta•ry), a. [L. limitaris. See Limit , v. t.] 1. Placed at the limit, as a guard. ´Proud limitary cherub.´ Milton. 2. Confined within limits; limited in extent, authority, power, etc. ´The limitary ocean.´ Trench. “The poor, limitary creature calling himself a man of the world.” De Quincey. 3. Limiting, or tending to limit; restrictive. “Doctrines limitary, if not subversive of the papal power.” Milman.

Lim´i•ta•ry, n.; pl. - ries (-riz). 1. That which serves to limit; a boundary; border land. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A limiter. See Limiter, 2.

Lim´i•tate (-i•tat), a. [L. limitatus, p. p. of limitare to limit. See Limit, v. t. ] Bounded by a distinct line.

Lim•i•ta´tion (-ta´shun), n. [L. limitatio: cf. F. limitation. See Limit, v. t.] 1. The act of limiting; the state or condition of being limited; as the limitation of his authority was approved by the council. “They had no right to mistake the limitation … of their own faculties, for an inherent limitation of the possible modes of existence in the universe.” J. S. Mill. 2. That which limits; a restriction; a qualification; a restraining condition, defining circumstance, or qualifying conception; as limitations of thought. “The cause of error is ignorance what restraints and limitations all principles have in regard of the matter whereunto they are applicable.” Hooker. 3. A certain precinct within which friars were allowed to beg, or exercise their functions; also the time during which they were permitted to exercise their functions in such a district. Chaucer. Latimer. 4. A limited time within or during which something is to be done. “You have stood your limitation, and the tribunes
Endue you with the people’s voice.” Shak. 5. (Law) (a) A certain period limited by statute after which the claimant shall not enforce his claims by suit. (b) A settling of an estate or property by specific rules. (c) A restriction of power; as a constitutional limitation. Wharton. Bouvier. To know one’s own limitations, to know the reach and limits of one’s abilities. A. R. Wallace.

Lim´it•ed (lim´it•ed), a. Confined within limits; narrow; circumscribed; restricted; as our views of nature are very limited. Limited company, a company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited by the number of shares he has taken, so that he can not be called on to contribute beyond the amount of his shares. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

Lim´it•ed•ly, adv. With limitation.

Lim´it•ed•ness, n. The quality of being limited.

Lim´it•er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, limits. 2. A friar licensed to beg within certain bounds, or whose duty was limited to a certain district. [Formerly written also limitour.] Chaucer. “A limitour of the Gray Friars, in the time of his limitation, preached many times, and had but one sermon at all times.” Latimer.

Lim´it•ive (-iv), a. Involving a limit; as a limitive law, one designed to limit existing powers. [R.]

Lim´it•less, a. Having no limits; unbounded; boundless. Davies (Wit’s Pilgr.).

Lim´it•our (-oor), n. See Limiter, 2.

Lim´mer (-mer), a. Limber. [Obs.] Holland.

Lim´mer, n. [F. limier. See Leamer.] 1. A limehound; a leamer. 2. (Zoöl.) A mongrel, as a cross between the mastiff and hound. 3. A low, base fellow; also a prostitute. [Scot.] “Thieves, limmers, and broken men of the Highlands.” Sir W. Scott. 4. (Naut.) A man rope at the side of a ladder.

Limn (lim), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limned (limd); p. pr. & vb. n. Limning (lim´ning or lim´ing).] [OE. limnen, fr. luminen, for enluminen, F. enluminer to illuminate, to limn, LL. illuminare to paint. rad.122. See Illuminate, Luminous.] 1. To draw or paint; especially, to represent in an artistic way with pencil or brush. “Let a painter carelessly limn out a million of faces, and you shall find them all different.” Sir T. Browne. 2. To illumine, as books or parchments, with ornamental figures, letters, or borders.

Lim •nae´a (lim•ne´a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. limnai^os pertaining to a marsh, fr. li•mh a marsh.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water air-breathing mollusks, abundant in ponds and streams; — called also pond snail. [Written also Lymnaea.]

Lim´ner (lim´ner), n. [F. enlumineur, LL. illuminator. See Limn, and cf. Alluminor.] A painter; an artist; esp.: (a) One who paints portraits. (b) One who illuminates books. [Archaic]

Lim´ni•ad (-ni•ad), n. [Gr. li•mh a pool.] (Myth.) See Limoniad.

Lim´ning (lim´ning or lim´ing), n. The act, process, or art of one who limns; the picture or decoration so produced. “Adorned with illumination which we now call limning.” Wood.

Li•moges´ (le•mozh´), n. A city of Southern France. Limoges enamel, a kind of enamel ware in which the enamel is applied to the whole surface of a metal plaque, vase, or the like, and painted in enamel colors. The art was brought to a high degree of perfection in Limoges in the 16th century. - - Limoges ware. (a) Articles decorated with Limoges enamel. (b) Articles of porcelain, etc., manufactured at Limoges.

Li•mo´ni•ad (li•mo´ni•ad), n. [L. limoniades, pl., Gr. leimwnia•des, fr. leimw•n meadow.] (Class. Myth.) A nymph of the meadows; — called also Limniad.

Li•mo´nin (li•mo´nin), n. [From NL. Citrus Medica, var. Limonum, the scientific name of the lemon.] (Chem.) A bitter, white, crystalline substance found in orange and lemon seeds.

Li´mon•ite (li´mon•it), n. [Gr. leimw•n any moist grassy place, a meadow : cf. F. limonite, G. limonit.] (Min.) Hydrous sesquioxide of iron, an important ore of iron, occurring in stalactitic, mammillary, or earthy forms, of a dark brown color, and yellowish brown powder. It includes bog iron. Also called brown hematite.

Li•mo´sis (li•mo´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. limo•s hunger.] (Med.) A ravenous appetite caused by disease; excessive and morbid hunger.

Li´mous (li´mus), a. [L. limosus, fr. limus slime, mud.] Muddy; slimy; thick. Sir T. Browne.

Limp (limp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Limped (limt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Limping.] [Cf. AS. lemphealt lame, OHG. limphen to limp, be weak; perh. akin to E. lame, or to limp, a rad.120.] To halt; to walk lamely. Also used figuratively. Shak.

Limp, n. A halt; the act of limping.

Limp, n. (Ore Washing) A scraper for removing poor ore or refuse from the sieve.

Limp, a. [Cf. Icel. limpa limpness, weakness, and E. lap, n., lop, v. t. Cf. Limber, a.] 1. Flaccid; flabby, as flesh. Walton. 2. Lacking stiffness; flimsy; as a limp cravat.

Limp´er (-er), n. One who limps.

Lim´pet (lim´pet), n. [Prob. through French fr. L. lepas, -adis, Gr. lepa•s, -a•dos.] (Zoöl.) 1. In a general sense, any hatshaped, or conical, gastropod shell. 2. Any one of many species of marine shellfish of the order Docoglossa, mostly found adhering to rocks, between tides. The common European limpets of the genus Patella (esp. P. vulgata) are extensively used as food. The common New England species is Acmaea testudinalis. Numerous species of limpets occur on the Pacific coast of America, some of them of large size. 3. Any species of Siphonaria, a genus of limpet-shaped Pulmonifera, living between tides, on rocks. 4. A keyhole limpet. See Fissurella.

Lim´pid (-pid), a. [L. limpidus; akin to Gr. la•mpein to shine: cf. F. limpide. Cf. Lamp.] Characterized by clearness or transparency; clear; as a limpid stream. “Springs which were clear, fresh, and limpid.” Woodward. Syn. — Clear; transparent; pellucid; lucid; pure; crystal; translucent; bright.

Lim•pid´i•ty (lim•pid´i•ty), n. [L. limpiditas: cf. F. limpidite.] The quality or state of being limpid.

Lim´pid•ness (lim´pid•nes), n. Quality of being limpid; limpidity.

Lim´pin (-pin), n. A limpet. [Obs.] Holland.

Limp´ing•ly (limp´-), adv. In a limping manner.

Limp´i•tude (-i•tud), n. Limpidity. [Obs.]

Limp´kin (limp´kin), n. (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of wading birds of the genus Aramus, intermediate between the cranes and rails. The limpkins are remarkable for the great length of the toes. One species (A. giganteus) inhabits Florida and the West Indies; the other (A. scolopaceus) is found in South America. Called also courlan, and crying bird.

Limp´ness, n. The quality or state of being limp. { Limp´sy (-sy), Lim´sy (lim´sy), } a. [See Limp, a., and cf. W. llymsi having a fickle motion, weak. Cf. Flimsy.] Limp; flexible; flimsy. [Local, U. S.]

Li´mu (le´moo), n. (Bot.) The Hawaiian name for seaweeds. Over sixty kinds are used as food, and have species names, as Limu Lipoa, Limu palawai, etc.

Lim´ule (lim´ul), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A limulus.

Lim•u•loi´de•a (lim•u•loi´de•a), n. pl. [NL. See Limulus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of Merostomata, including among living animals the genus Limulus, with various allied fossil genera, mostly of the Carboniferous period. Called also Xiphosura. There are six pairs of leglike organs, surrounding the mouth, most of which terminate in claws; those of the first pair (probably mandibles) are the smallest; the others have the basal joints thickened and spinose, to serve as jaws, while the terminal joints serve as legs.
This group is intermediate, in some characteristics, between crustaceans and certain arachnids (scorpions), but the respiration is by means of lamellate gills borne upon the five posterior abdominal appendages, which are flat and united in pairs by their inner edges, and are protected by the lidlike anterior pair, which also bear the genital orifices.

Lim´u•lus (lim´u•lus), n.; pl. Limuli (- li). [L., dim. of limus sidelong, askance.] (Zoöl.) The only existing genus of Merostomata. It includes only a few species from the East Indies, and one (Limulus polyphemus) from the Atlantic coast of North America. Called also Molucca crab, king crab, horseshoe crab, and horsefoot.

Lim´y (lim´y), a. [See 4th Lime.] 1. Smeared with, or consisting of, lime; viscous. ´Limy snares.´ Spenser. 2. Containing lime; as a limy soil. 3. Resembling lime; having the qualities of lime.

Lin (lin), v. i. [AS. linnan. See Lithe.] To yield; to stop; to cease. [Obs. or Scot.] Marston.

Lin, v. t. To cease from. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lin, n. [Ir. linn, or Gael. linne; akin to W. llyn a pool, pond, lake, but in senses 2 and 3 prob. from AS. hlynn torrent. Cf. Dunlin.] 1. A pool or collection of water, particularly one above or below a fall of water. 2. A waterfall, or cataract; as a roaring lin. 3. A steep ravine. Written also linn and lyn.

Lin´age (lin´aj), n. See Lineage. [Obs.] Holland.

Lin´a•ment (-a•ment), n. [L. linamentum, fr. linum flax.] (Surg.) Lint; esp., lint made into a tent for insertion into wounds or ulcers.

Li•nar´ite (le•när´it), n. [So called because formerly supposed to occur at Linares, in Spain.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of lead and copper occurring in bright blue monoclinic crystals.

Linch (linch), n. [AS. hlinc a hill.] A ledge; a right-angled projection.

Lin´chi (lin´chi), n. [Native Chinese name.] (Zoöl.) An esculent swallow.

Linch´pin (linch´pin•), n. [AS. lynis the axletree; akin to D. luns linchpin, OS. lunisa, LG. lunse, G. lünse, OHG. lun peg, bolt.] A pin used to prevent the wheel of a vehicle from sliding off the axletree.

Lin´coln green´ (lin´kun gren´). A color of cloth formerly made in Lincoln, England; the cloth itself. { Linc´ture (link´tur; 135), Linc´tus (link´tus), } n. [L. lingere, linctum, to lick.] Medicine taken by licking with the tongue.

Lind (lind), n. The linden. See Linden. Chaucer.

Lin´den (lin´den), n. [Orig. an adj. from lind linden tree, AS. lind; akin to D. & G. linde, OHG. linta, Icel., Sw., & Dan. lind. Cf. Lime linden.] (Bot.) (a) A handsome tree (Tilia Europaea), having cymes of light yellow flowers, and large cordate leaves. The tree is common in Europe. (b) In America, the basswood, or Tilia Americana.

Lin´di•a (lin´di•a), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar genus of rotifers, remarkable for the absence of ciliated disks. By some zoölogists it is thought to be like the ancestral form of the Arthropoda.

Lin´di•form (-di•fôrm), a. [Lindia + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the genus Lindia; — said of certain apodous insect larvae. [See Illust. under Larva.]

Line (lin), n. [OE. lin. See Linen.] 1. Flax; linen. [Obs.] ´Garments made of line.´ Spenser. 2. The longer and finer fiber of flax.

Line, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lined (lind); p. pr. & vb. n. Lining.] [See Line flax.] 1. To cover the inner surface of; as to line a cloak with silk or fur; to line a box with paper or tin. “The inside lined with rich carnation silk.” W. Browne. 2. To put something in the inside of; to fill; to supply, as a purse with money. “The charge amounteth very high for any one man’s purse, except lined beyond ordinary, to reach unto.” Carew. “Till coffee has her stomach lined.” Swift. 3. To place persons or things along the side of for security or defense; to strengthen by adding anything; to fortify; as to line works with soldiers. “Line and new repair our towns of war
With men of courage and with means defendant.” Shak. 4. To impregnate; — applied to brute animals. Creech. Lined gold, gold foil having a lining of another metal.

Line, n. [OE. line, AS. line cable, hawser, prob. from L. linea a linen thread, string, line, fr. linum flax, thread, linen, cable; but the English word was influenced by F. ligne line, from the same L. word linea. See Linen.] 1. A linen thread or string; a slender, strong cord; also a cord of any thickness; a rope; a hawser; as a fishing line; a line for snaring birds; a clothesline; a towline. “Who so layeth lines for to latch fowls.” Piers Plowman. 2. A more or less threadlike mark of pen, pencil, or graver; any long mark; as a chalk line. 3. The course followed by anything in motion; hence, a road or route; as the arrow descended in a curved line; the place is remote from lines of travel. 4. Direction; as the line of sight or vision. 5. A row of letters, words, etc., written or printed; esp., a row of words extending across a page or column. 6. A short letter; a note; as a line from a friend. 7. (Poet.) A verse, or the words which form a certain number of feet, according to the measure. “In the preceding line Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa.” Broome. 8. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, or policy; method of argument; department of industry, trade, or intellectual activity. “He is uncommonly powerful in his own line, but it is not the line of a first-rate man.” Coleridge. 9. (Math.) That which has length, but not breadth or thickness. 10. The exterior limit of a figure, plat, or territory; boundary; contour; outline. “Eden stretched her line
From Auran eastward to the royal towers
Of great Seleucia.” Milton. 11. A threadlike crease marking the face or the hand; hence, characteristic mark. “Though on his brow were graven lines austere.” Byron. “He tipples palmistry, and dines
On all her fortune-telling lines.” Cleveland. 12. Lineament; feature; figure. ´The lines of my boy’s face.´ Shak. 13. A straight row; a continued series or rank; as a line of houses, or of soldiers; a line of barriers. “Unite thy forces and attack their lines.” Dryden. 14. A series or succession of ancestors or descendants of a given person; a family or race; as the ascending or descending line; the line of descent; the male line; a line of kings. “Of his lineage am I, and his offspring
By very line, as of the stock real.” Chaucer. 15. A connected series of public conveyances, and hence, an established arrangement for forwarding merchandise, etc.; as a line of stages; an express line. 16. (Geog.) (a) A circle of latitude or of longitude, as represented on a map. (b) The equator; — usually called the line, or equinoctial line; as to cross the line. 17. A long tape, or a narrow ribbon of steel, etc., marked with subdivisions, as feet and inches, for measuring; a tapeline. 18. (Script.) (a) A measuring line or cord. “He marketh it out with a line.” Is. xliv. 13. (b) That which was measured by a line, as a field or any piece of land set apart; hence, allotted place of abode. “The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a goodly heritage.” Ps. xvi. 6. (c) Instruction; doctrine. “Their line is gone out through all the earth.” Ps. xix. 4. 19. (Mach.) The proper relative position or adjustment of parts, not as to design or proportion, but with reference to smooth working; as the engine is in line or out of line. 20. The track and roadbed of a railway; railroad. 21. (Mil.) (a) A row of men who are abreast of one another, whether side by side or some distance apart; — opposed to column. (b) The regular infantry of an army, as distinguished from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry, artillery, etc. 22. (Fort.) (a) A trench or rampart. (b) pl. Dispositions made to cover extended positions, and presenting a front in but one direction to an enemy. 23. pl. (Shipbuilding) Form of a vessel as shown by the outlines of vertical, horizontal, and oblique sections. 24. (Mus.) One of the straight horizontal and parallel prolonged strokes on and between which the notes are placed. 25. (Stock Exchange) A number of shares taken by a jobber. 26. (Trade) A series of various qualities and values of the same general class of articles; as a full line of hosiery; a line of merinos, etc. McElrath. 27. The wire connecting one telegraphic station with another, or the whole of a system of telegraph wires under one management and name. 28. pl. The reins with which a horse is guided by his driver. [U. S.] 29. A measure of length; one twelfth of an inch. Hard lines, hard lot. C. Kingsley. [See Def. 18.] — Line breeding (Stockbreeding), breeding by a certain family line of descent, especially in the selection of the dam or mother. — Line conch (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell (Fasciolaria distans), of Florida and the West Indies. It is marked by narrow, dark, revolving lines. — Line engraving. (a) Engraving in which the effects are produced by lines of different width and closeness, cut with the burin upon copper or similar material; also a plate so engraved. (b) A picture produced by printing from such an engraving. — Line of battle. (a) (Mil. Tactics) The position of troops drawn up in their usual order without any determined maneuver. (b) (Naval) The line or arrangement formed by vessels of war in an engagement. — Line of battle ship. See Ship of the line, below. — Line of beauty (Fine Arts), an abstract line supposed to be beautiful in itself and absolutely; — differently represented by different authors, often as a kind of elongated S (like the one drawn by Hogarth). — Line of centers. (Mach.) (a) A line joining two centers, or fulcra, as of wheels or levers. (b) A line which determines a dead center. See Dead center, under Dead. — Line of dip (Geol.), a line in the plane of a stratum, or part of a stratum, perpendicular to its intersection with a horizontal plane; the line of greatest inclination of a stratum to the horizon. — Line of fire (Mil.), the direction of fire. — Line of force (Physics), any line in a space in which forces are acting, so drawn that at every point of the line its tangent is the direction of the resultant of all the forces. It cuts at right angles every equipotential surface which it meets. Specifically (Magnetism), a line in proximity to a magnet so drawn that any point in it is tangential with the direction of a short compass needle held at that point. Faraday. — Line of life (Palmistry), a line on the inside of the hand, curving about the base of the thumb, supposed to indicate, by its form or position, the length of a person’s life. — Line of lines. See Gunter’s line. — Line of march. (Mil.) (a) Arrangement of troops for marching. (b) Course or direction taken by an army or body of troops in marching. — Line of operations, that portion of a theater of war which an army passes over in attaining its object. H. W. Halleck. — Line of sight (Firearms), the line which passes through the front and rear sight, at any elevation, when they are sighted at an object. — Line tub (Naut.), a tub in which the line carried by a whaleboat is coiled. — Mason and Dixon’s line, the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, as run before the Revolution (1764-1767) by two English astronomers named Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. In an extended sense, the line between the free and the slave States. — On the line, on a level with the eye of the spectator; — said of a picture, as hung in an exhibition of pictures. — Right line, a straight line; the shortest line that can be drawn between two points. — Ship of the line, formerly, a ship of war large enough to have a place in the line of battle; a vessel superior to a frigate; usually, a seventy-four, or three- decker; — called also line of battle ship. Totten. — To cross the line, to cross the equator, as a vessel at sea. — To give a person line, to allow him more or less liberty until it is convenient to stop or check him, like a hooked fish that swims away with the line. — Water line (Shipbuilding), the outline of a horizontal section of a vessel, as when floating in the water.

Line (lin), v. t. 1. To mark with a line or lines; to cover with lines; as to line a copy book. “He had a healthy color in his cheeks, and his face, though lined, bore few traces of anxiety.” Dickens. 2. To represent by lines; to delineate; to portray. [R.] ´Pictures fairest lined.´ Shak. 3. To read or repeat line by line; as to line out a hymn. “This custom of reading or lining, or, as it was frequently called, ´deaconing´ the hymn or psalm in the churches, was brought about partly from necessity.” N. D. Gould. 4. To form into a line; to align; as to line troops. To line bees, to track wild bees to their nest by following their line of flight. — To line up (Mach.), to put in alignment; to put in correct adjustment for smooth running. See 3d Line, 19.

Lin´e•age (lin´e•aj; 48), n. [OE. linage, F. lignage, fr. L. linea line. See 3d Line.] Descent in a line from a common progenitor; progeny; race; descending line of offspring or ascending line of parentage. “Both the lineage and the certain sire
From which I sprung, from me are hidden yet.” Spenser.

Lin´e•al (lin´e•al), a. [L. linealis belonging to a line, fr. linea line: cf. F. lineal. See 3d Line.] 1. Descending in a direct line from an ancestor; hereditary; derived from ancestors; — opposed to collateral; as a lineal descent or a lineal descendant. “The prime and ancient right of lineal succession.” Locke. 2. Inheriting by direct descent; having the right by direct descent to succeed (to). “For only you are lineal to the throne.” Dryden. 3. Composed of lines; delineated; as lineal designs. 4. In the direction of a line; of or pertaining to a line; measured on, or ascertained by, a line; linear; as lineal magnitude. Lineal measure, the measure of length; — usually written linear measure.

Lin•e•al´i•ty (-al´i•ty), n. The quality of being lineal.

Lin´e•al•ly (lin´e•al•ly), adv. In a lineal manner; as the prince is lineally descended from the Conqueror.

Lin´e•a•ment (-a•ment), n. [L. lineamentum, fr. linea line: cf. F. lineament. See 3d Line.] One of the outlines, exterior features, or distinctive marks, of a body or figure, particularly of the face; feature; form; mark; — usually in the plural. ´The lineaments of the body.´ Locke. ´Lineaments in the character.´ Swift. “Man he seems
In all his lineaments.” Milton.

Lin´e•ar (-e•er), a. [L. linearis, linearius, fr. linea line: cf. F. lineaire. See 3d Line.] 1. Of or pertaining to a line; consisting of lines; in a straight direction; lineal. 2. (Bot.) Like a line; narrow; of the same breadth throughout, except at the extremities; as a linear leaf. Linear differential equation (Math.), an equation which is of the first degree, when the expression which is equated to zero is regarded as a function of the dependent variable and its differential coefficients. — Linear equation (Math.), an equation of the first degree between two variables; — so called because every such equation may be considered as representing a right line. — Linear measure, the measurement of length. — Linear numbers (Math.), such numbers as have relation to length only: such is a number which represents one side of a plane figure. If the plane figure is a square, the linear figure is called a root. — Linear problem (Geom.), a problem which may be solved geometrically by the use of right lines alone. — Linear transformation (Alg.), a change of variables where each variable is replaced by a function of the first degree in the new variable.

Lin•e•ar•en´sate (-en´sat), a. (Bot.) Having the form of a sword, but very long and narrow.

Lin´e•ar•ly, adv. In a linear manner; with lines.

Lin´e•ar-shaped (-shapt•), a. Of a linear shape.

Lin´e•a•ry (-a•ry), a. Linear. Holland. { Lin´e•ate (lin´e•at), Lin´e•a•ted (-a•ted), } a. [L. lineatus, p. p. of lineare to reduce to a straight line, fr. linea line.] 1. (Zoöl.) Marked with lines. 2. (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with depressed parallel lines; as a lineate leaf.

Lin•e•a´tion (-a´shun), n. [L. lineatio the drawing of a line, fr. lineare.] Delineation; a line or lines.

Lin´e•a•ture (lin´e•a•tur; 135), n. Anything having outline. [R.] Holland.

Line´man (lin´man), n.; pl. Linemen (-men). 1. One who carries the line in surveying, etc. 2. A man employed to examine the rails of a railroad to see if they are in good condition; also a man employed to repair telegraph lines.

Lin´en (lin´en), a. [OE., fr. lin linen. See Linen, n.] 1. Made of linen; as linen cloth; a linen stocking. 2. Resembling linen cloth; white; pale.

Lin´en, n. [Prop. an adj. from OE. lin flax, AS. lin flax, whence linen made of flax; akin to OS., Icel., & MHG. lin flax and linen, G. lein, leinen, linen, Sw. lin flax, Goth. lein linen, L. linum flax, linen, Gr. li•non. Cf. Line, Linseed.] 1. Thread or cloth made of flax or (rarely) of hemp; — used in a general sense to include cambric, shirting, sheeting, towels, tablecloths, etc. ´In linen white as milk.´ Robert of Brunne. 2. Underclothing, esp. the shirt, as being, in former times, chiefly made of linen. Linen draper, a dealer in linen. — Linen prover, a small microscope for counting the threads in a given space in linen fabrics. — Linen scroll, Linen pattern (Arch.), an ornament for filling panels, copied from the folds of a piece of stuff symmetrically disposed.

Lin´en•er (-er), n. A dealer in linen; a linen draper. [Obs.]

Lin´e•o•late (lin´e•o•lat), a. [L. lineola, dim. of linea line.] 1. (Zoöl.) Marked with little lines. 2. (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with fine lines. Gray.

Lin´er (lin´er), n. 1. One who lines, as a liner of shoes. 2. A vessel belonging to a regular line of packets; also a line-of-battle ship; a ship of the line. 3. (Mach.) A thin piece placed between two parts to hold or adjust them, fill a space, etc.; a shim. 4. (Steam Engine) A lining within the cylinder, in which the piston works and between which and the outer shell of the cylinder a space is left to form a steam jacket. 5. A slab on which small pieces of marble, tile, etc., are fastened for grinding. 6. (Baseball) A ball which, when struck, flies through the air in a nearly straight line not far from the ground.

-ling (-ling). [AS. -ling.] A noun suffix, commonly having a diminutive or a depreciatory force; as in duckling, gosling, hireling, fosterling, firstling, underling.

-ling. An adverbial suffix; as darkling, flatling.

Ling (ling), n. [OE. lenge; akin to D. leng, G. länge, Dan. lange, Sw. långa, Icel. langa. So named from its being long. See Long, a.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large, marine, gadoid fish (Molva vulgaris) of Northern Europe and Greenland. It is valued as a food fish and is largely salted and dried. Called also drizzle. (b) The burbot of Lake Ontario. (c) An American hake of the genus Phycis. [Canada] (d) A New Zealand food fish of the genus Genypterus. The name is also locally applied to other fishes, as the cultus cod, the mutton fish, and the cobia.

Ling, n. [Icel. lyng; akin to Dan. lyng, Sw. ljung.] (Bot.) Heather (Calluna vulgaris). Ling honey, a sort of wild honey, made from the flowers of the heather. Holland. { Lin´ga (lin´ga), Lin´gam (lin´gam), } n. [Skr. linga.] The phallic symbol under which Siva is principally worshiped in his character of the creative and reproductive power. Whitworth. E. Arnold.

Ling´-bird (ling´berd•), n. (Zoöl.) The European meadow pipit; — called also titling.

Lin´gel (lin´gel), n. [F. ligneul, dim. of L. linea a linen thread.] 1. A shoemaker’s thread. [Obs.] 2. A little tongue or thong of leather; a lacing for belts. Crabb.

Lin´gence (lin´jens), n. [L. lingere to lick.] A linctus. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lin´ger (lin´ger), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lingered (- gerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lingering.] [OE. lengen to tarry, AS. lengan to prolong, put off, fr. lang long. rad.125. See Long, a.] To delay; to loiter; to remain or wait long; to be slow or reluctant in parting or moving; to be slow in deciding; to be in suspense; to hesitate. “Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind.” Gray. “Perhaps thou linger’st, in deep thoughts detained.” Milton. Syn. — To loiter; lag; saunter; delay; tarry; stop; hesitate.

Lin´ger, v. t. 1. To protract; to draw out. [Obs.] “She lingers my desires.” Shak. 2. To spend or pass in a lingering manner; — with out; as to linger out one’s days on a sick bed. Dryden.

Lin´ger•er (-er), n. One who lingers. Guardian.

Lin´ger•ing, a. 1. Delaying. 2. Drawn out in time; remaining long; protracted; as a lingering disease. “To die is the fate of man; but to die with lingering anguish is generally his folly.” Rambler.

Lin´ger•ing•ly, adv. With delay; slowly; tediously.

Lin´get (lin´get), n. [F. lingot, perh. fr. L. lingua tongue (see Tongue). Cf. Ingot.] An ingot. [Written also lingot.]

Ling´ism (ling´iz’m), n. A mode of treating certain diseases, as obesity, by gymnastics; — proposed by Pehr Henrik Ling, a Swede. See Kinesiatrics.

Lin´gle (lin´g’l), n. See Lingel.

Lin´go (lin´go), n. [L. lingua tongue, language. See Lingual.] Language; speech; dialect. [Slang]

Lin•go´a wood (lin•go´a wood•). Amboyna wood.

Lin´got (lin´got), n. A linget or ingot; also a mold for casting metals. See Linget.

Lin´gua (lin´gwa), n.; pl. Linguae (- gwe). [L., the tongue.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tongue. (b) A median process of the labium, at the under side of the mouth in insects, and serving as a tongue.

Lin•gua´cious (lin•gwa´shus), a. [L. linguax, -acis, loquacious, fr. lingua tongue.] Given to the use of the tongue; loquacious. [Obs.]

Lin•gua•den´tal (lin•gwa•den´tal), a. [L. lingua tongue + E. dental.] (Phonetics) Formed or uttered by the joint use of the tongue and teeth, or rather that part of the gum just above the front teeth; dentolingual, as the letters d and t.

Lin•gua•den´tal, n. (Phonetics) An articulation pronounced by the aid or use of the tongue and teeth.

Lin´gua Fran´ca (lin´gwa fran´ka). [It., prop., language of the Franks.] The commercial language of the Levant, — a mixture of the languages of the people of the region and of foreign traders.

Lin´gual (lin´gwal), a. [L. lingua tongue: cf. F. lingual. See Tongue, and cf. Language.] Of or pertaining to the tongue; uttered by the aid of the tongue; glossal; as the lingual nerves; a lingual letter. Lingual ribbon. (Zoöl.) See Odontophore.

Lin´gual, n. A consonant sound formed by the aid of the tongue; — a term especially applied to certain articulations (as those of t, d, th, and n) and to the letters denoting them. In Sanskrit grammar certain letters, as t, th, d, dh, n, are called linguals, cerebrals, or cacuminals. They are uttered with the tip of the tongue turned up and drawn back into the dome of the palate.

Lin•gual´i•ty (lin•gwal´i•ty), n. The quality of being lingual.

Lin•gua•tu´li•da (lin•gwa•tu´li•da), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) Same as Linguatulina.

Lin•guat•u•li´na (lin•gwat•u•li´na), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) An order of wormlike, degraded, parasitic arachnids. They have two pairs of retractile hooks, near the mouth. Called also Pentastomida. The adults of some species inhabit the nostrils and nasal sinuses of dogs and other carnivores. The young, after being swallowed by sheep, rabbits, etc., find their way to the lungs and liver and become encysted. These, when eaten by carnivores, develop into the adult forms.

Lin•gui•den´tal (lin•gwi•den´tal), a. & n. Linguadental.

Lin´gui•form (lin´gwi•fôrm), a. [L. lingua tongue + -form: cf. F. linguiforme.] Having the form of the tongue; tongue- shaped.

Lin´guist (lin´gwist), n. [L. lingua tongue, speech, language: cf. F. linguiste.] 1. A master of the use of language; a talker. [Obs.] “I’ll dispute with him;
He’s a rare linguist.” J. Webster. 2. A person skilled in languages. “There too were Gibbon, the greatest historian, and Jones, the greatest linguist, of the age.” Macaulay. { Lin•guis´tic (lin•gwis´tik), Lin•guis´tic•al (-ti•kal), } a. [Cf. F. linguistique.] Of or pertaining to language; relating to linguistics, or to the affinities of languages.

Lin•guis´tic•al•ly, adv. In a linguistic manner; from the point of view of a linguist. Tylor.

Lin•guis´tics (-tiks), n. [Cf. F. linguistique.] The science of languages, or of the origin, signification, and application of words; glossology.

Lin´gu•la (lin´gu•la), n.; pl. -lae (- le). [L., a little tongue.] 1. (Anat.) A tonguelike process or part. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of brachiopod shells belonging to the genus Lingula, and related genera. See Brachiopoda, and Illustration in Appendix. Lingula flags (Geol.), a group of strata in the lower Silurian or Cambrian system of Wales, in which some of the layers contain vast numbers of a species of Lingula.

Lin´gu•late (-lat), a. [L. lingulatus, fr. lingula a little tongue. Cf. Ligulate.] Shaped like the tongue or a strap; ligulate.

Li•nig´er•ous (li•nij´er•us), a. [L. linum flax + -gerous.] Bearing flax; producing linen.

Lin´i•ment (lin´i•ment), n. [L. linimentum, fr. linire, linere, to besmear, anoint : cf. F. liniment. Cf. Letter, Lime a viscous substance.] A liquid or semiliquid preparation of a consistence thinner than an ointment, applied to the skin by friction, esp. one used as a sedative or a stimulant.

Lin´ing (lin´ing), n. [See Line to cover the inside.] 1. The act of one who lines; the act or process of making lines, or of inserting a lining. 2. That which covers the inner surface of anything, as of a garment or a box; also the contents of anything. “The lining of his coffers shall make coats
To deck our soldiers.” Shak.

Link (link), n. [Prob. corrupted from lint and this for lunt a torch, match, D. lont match; akin to G. lunte, cf. MHG. lünden to burn. Cf. Lunt, Linstock.] A torch made of tow and pitch, or the like. Shak.

Link, n. [OE. linke, AS. hlence; akin to Sw. länk ring of a chain, Dan. laenke chain, Icel. hlekkr; cf. G. gelenk joint, link, ring of a chain, lenken to bend.] 1. A single ring or division of a chain. 2. Hence: Anything, whether material or not, which binds together, or connects, separate things; a part of a connected series; a tie; a bond. ´Links of iron.´ Shak. “The link of brotherhood, by which
One common Maker bound me to the kind.” Cowper. “And so by double links enchained themselves in lover’s life.” Gascoigne. 3. Anything doubled and closed like a link; as a link of horsehair. Mortimer. 4. (Kinematics) Any one of the several elementary pieces of a mechanism, as the fixed frame, or a rod, wheel, mass of confined liquid, etc., by which relative motion of other parts is produced and constrained. 5. (Mach.) Any intermediate rod or piece for transmitting force or motion, especially a short connecting rod with a bearing at each end; specifically (Steam Engine), the slotted bar, or connecting piece, to the opposite ends of which the eccentric rods are jointed, and by means of which the movement of the valve is varied, in a link motion. 6. (Surveying) The length of one joint of Gunter’s chain, being the hundredth part of it, or 7.92 inches, the chain being 66 feet in length. Cf. Chain, n., 4. 7. (Chem.) A bond of affinity, or a unit of valence between atoms; — applied to a unit of chemical force or attraction. 8. pl. Sausages; — because linked together. [Colloq.]

Link (link), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Linked (linkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Linking.] To connect or unite with a link or as with a link; to join; to attach; to unite; to couple. “All the tribes and nations that composed it [the Roman Empire] were linked together, not only by the same laws and the same government, but by all the facilities of commodious intercourse, and of frequent communication.” Eustace.

Link, v. i. To be connected. “No one generation could link with the other.” Burke.

Link´age (link´aj; 48), n. 1. The act of linking; the state of being linked; also a system of links. 2. (Chem.) Manner of linking or of being linked; — said of the union of atoms or radicals in the molecule. 3. (Geom.) A system of straight lines or bars, fastened together by joints, and having certain of their points fixed in a plane. It is used to describe straight lines and curves in the plane. { Link´boy• (-boi•), Link´man (-man), } n. [See 1st Link.] A boy or man that carried a link or torch to light passengers.

Link´ mo´tion (mo´shun). (Steam Engine) A valve gear, consisting of two eccentrics with their rods, giving motion to a slide valve by an adjustable connecting bar, called the link, in such a way that the motion of the engine can be reversed, or the cut-off varied, at will; — used very generally in locomotives and marine engines. The illustration shows a link motion for a vertical engine, c representing the shaft carrying two eccentrics, a and b, for making the engine run forward and backward, respectively, their rods e and d being jointed to opposite ends of the slotted link f, in the opening of which is a pin g which is attached to the valve rod h. The valve will receive the motion of the forward eccentric when the link is in the position shown, and the motion of the backward eccentric when the link is shifted so far to the right as to bring e in line with h, or a compound motion derived from both eccentrics when the link is shifted to intermediate positions, the compound motion causing the valve to cut off the steam at a point determined by the position to which the link may have been shifted.

Link´work (-wûrk•), n. 1. A fabric consisting of links made of metal or other material fastened together; also a chain. “And thou shalt make hooks of gold, and two chains of fine gold; linkwork and wreathed.” Udall. 2. Mechanism in which links, or intermediate connecting pieces, are employed to transmit motion from one part to another.

Lin•nae´a bo•re•a´lis (lin•ne´a bo•re•a´lis). [NL. Linnaeus Linnaean + L. borealis northern.] (Bot.) The twin flower which grows in cold northern climates. { Lin•nae´an , Lin•ne´an } (lin•ne´an), a. Of or pertaining to Linnaeus, the celebrated Swedish botanist. Linnaean system (Bot.), the system in which the classes are founded mainly upon the number of stamens, and the orders upon the pistils; the artificial or sexual system.

Lin•nae´ite (-it), n. [See Linnaean.] (Min.) A mineral of pale steel- gray color and metallic luster, occurring in isometric crystals, and also massive. It is a sulphide of cobalt containing some nickel or copper.

Linne (lin), n. Flax. See Linen. [Obs.]

Lin´net (lin´net), n. [F. linot, linotte, from L. linum flax; or perh. shortened from AS. linetwige, fr. AS. lin flax; — so called because it feeds on the seeds of flax and hemp. See Linen.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fringilline birds of the genera Linota, Acanthis, and allied genera, esp. the common European species (L. cannabina), which, in full summer plumage, is chestnut brown above, with the breast more or less crimson. The feathers of its head are grayish brown, tipped with crimson. Called also gray linnet, red linnet, rose linnet, brown linnet, lintie, lintwhite, gorse thatcher, linnet finch, and greater redpoll. The American redpoll linnet (Acanthis linaria) often has the crown and throat rosy. See Redpoll, and Twite. Green linnet (Zoöl.), the European green finch.

Li•no´le•ate (li•no´le•at), n. (Chem.) A salt of linoleic acid.

Li•no´le•ic (li•no´le•ik), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, linoleum, or linseed oil; specifically (Chem.), designating an organic acid, a thin yellow oil, found combined as a salt of glycerin in oils of linseed, poppy, hemp, and certain nuts.

Li•no´le•um (li•no´le•um), n. [L. linum flax + oleum oil.] 1. Linseed oil brought to various degrees of hardness by some oxidizing process, as by exposure to heated air, or by treatment with chloride of sulphur. In this condition it is used for many of the purposes to which India rubber has been applied. 2. A kind of floor cloth made by laying hardened linseed oil mixed with ground cork on a canvas backing.

Li•nox´in (li•noks´in), n. [Linoleic + oxygen.] (Chem.) A resinous substance obtained as an oxidation product of linoleic acid. [Written also linoxyn.]

Lin•sang´ (lin•säng´), n. (Zoöl.) Any viverrine mammal of the genus Prionodon, inhabiting the East Indies and Southern Asia. The common East Indian linsang (P. gracilis) is white, crossed by broad, black bands. The Guinea linsang (Porana Richardsonii) is brown with black spots.

Lin´seed (lin´sed•), n. [OE. lin flax + seed. See Linen.] (Bot.) The seeds of flax, from which linseed oil is obtained. [Written also lintseed.] Linseed cake, the solid mass or cake which remains when oil is expressed from flaxseed. — Linseed meal, linseed cake reduced to powder. — Linseed oil, oil obtained by pressure from flaxseed.

Lin´sey (lin´sy), n. [See Linen.] Linsey-woolsey.

Lin´sey-wool´sey (-wool´sy; 277), n. 1. Cloth made of linen and wool, mixed. 2. Jargon. [Obs.] Shak.

Lin´sey-wool´sey, a. Made of linen and wool; hence, of different and unsuitable parts; mean. Johnson.

Lin´stock (lin´stok), n. [Corrupt. fr. luntstock, D. lontstok; lont lunt + stok stock, stick. See Link a torch, Lunt, and Stock.] A pointed forked staff, shod with iron at the foot, to hold a lighted match for firing cannon. [Written also lintstock.]

Lint (lint), n. [AS. linet flax, hemp, fr. lin flax; or, perh. borrowed fr. L. linteum a linen cloth, linen, from linteus linen, a., fr. linum flax, lint. See Linen.] 1. Flax. 2. Linen scraped or otherwise made into a soft, downy or fleecy substance for dressing wounds and sores; also fine ravelings, down, fluff, or loose short fibers from yarn or fabrics. Lint doctor (Calico-printing Mach.), a scraper to remove lint from a printing cylinder.

Lin´tel (lin´tel), n. [OF. lintel, F. linteau, LL. lintellus, for limitellus, a dim. fr. L. limes limit. See Limit.] (Arch.) A horizontal member spanning an opening, and carrying the superincumbent weight by means of its strength in resisting crosswise fracture. { Lin´tie (lin´ti), Lint´white• (lint´hwit•) }, n. [AS. linetwige. See Linnet.] (Zoöl.) See Linnet. Tennyson.

Lint´seed (lint´sed•), n. See Linseed.

Li´num (li´num), n. [L., flax.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants including the flax (Linum usitatissimum).

Li´on (li´un), n. [F. lion, L. leo, -onis, akin to Gr. le•wn. Cf. Chameleon, Dandelion, Leopard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large carnivorous feline mammal (Felis leo), found in Southern Asia and in most parts of Africa, distinct varieties occurring in the different countries. The adult male, in most varieties, has a thick mane of long shaggy hair that adds to his apparent size, which is less than that of the largest tigers. The length, however, is sometimes eleven feet to the base of the tail. The color is a tawny yellow or yellowish brown; the mane is darker, and the terminal tuft of the tail is black. In one variety, called the maneless lion, the male has only a slight mane. 2. (Astron.) A sign and a constellation; Leo. 3. An object of interest and curiosity, especially a person who is so regarded; as he was quite a lion in London at that time. “Such society was far more enjoyable than that of Edinburgh, for here he was not a lion, but a man.” Prof. Wilson. American lion (Zoöl.), the puma or cougar. — Lion ant (Zoöl.), the ant-lion. — Lion dog (Zoöl.), a fancy dog with a flowing mane, usually clipped to resemble a lion’s mane. — Lion lizard (Zoöl.), the basilisk. — Lion’s share, all, or nearly all; the best or largest part; — from AEsop’s fable of the lion hunting in company with certain smaller beasts, and appropriating to himself all the prey.

Li´onced (li´unst), a. (Her.) Adorned with lions’ heads; having arms terminating in lions’ heads; — said of a cross. [Written also leonced.]

Li´on•cel (li´un•sel), n. [OF., F. lionceau, dim. of lion.] (Her.) A small lion, especially one of several borne in the same coat of arms.

Li´on•el (-el), n. [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) The whelp of a lioness; a young lion.

Li´on•ess, n. [OF. lionesse.] (Zoöl.) A female lion.

Li´on•et (-et), n. [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) A young or small lion.

Li´on-heart (-härt•), n. A very brave person.

Li´on-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. Very brave; brave and magnanimous. Sir W. Scott.

Li´on•hood (-hood), n. State of being a lion. Carlyle.

Li´on•ism (-iz’m), n. An attracting of attention, as a lion; also the treating or regarding as a lion.

Li´on•ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lionized (-izd), p. pr. & vb. n. Lionizing (- i•zing).] 1. To treat or regard as a lion or object of great interest. J. D. Forbes. 2. To show the lions or objects of interest to; to conduct about among objects of interest. Macaulay.

Li´on•like (-lik•), a. Like a lion; brave as a lion.

Li´on•ly, a. Like a lion; fierce. [Obs.] Milton.

Li´on’s ear (li´unz er•). (Bot.) A name given in Western South America to certain plants with shaggy tomentose leaves, as species of Culcitium, and Espeletia.

Li´on’s foot (foot•). (Bot.) (a) A composite plant of the genus Prenanthes, of which several species are found in the United States. (b) The edelweiss.

Li´on•ship (li´un•ship), n. The state of being a lion.

Li´on’s leaf (li´unz lef•). (Bot.) A South European plant of the genus Leontice (L. leontopetalum), the tuberous roots of which contain so much alkali that they are sometimes used as a substitute for soap.

Li´on’s tail (tal•). (Bot.) A genus of labiate plants (Leonurus); — so called from a fancied resemblance of its flower spikes to the tuft of a lion’s tail. L. Cardiaca is the common motherwort.

Li´on’s tooth (tooth•); pl. Lions’ teeth (teth•). (Bot.) See Leontodon.

Lip (lip), n. [OE. lippe, AS. lippa; akin to D. lip, G. lippe, lefze, OHG. lefs, Dan. laebe, Sw. läpp, L. labium, labrum. Cf. Labial.] 1. One of the two fleshy folds which surround the orifice of the mouth in man and many other animals. In man the lips are organs of speech essential to certain articulations. Hence, by a figure they denote the mouth, or all the organs of speech, and sometimes speech itself. “Thine own lips testify against thee.” Job xv. 6. 2. An edge of an opening; a thin projecting part of anything; a kind of short open spout; as the lip of a vessel. 3. The sharp cutting edge on the end of an auger. 4. (Bot.) (a) One of the two opposite divisions of a labiate corolla. (b) The odd and peculiar petal in the Orchis family. See Orchidaceous. 5. (Zoöl.) One of the edges of the aperture of a univalve shell. Lip bit, a pod auger. See Auger. — Lip comfort, comfort that is given with words only. — Lip comforter, one who comforts with words only. — Lip labor, unfelt or insincere speech; hypocrisy. Bale. — Lip reading, the catching of the words or meaning of one speaking by watching the motion of his lips without hearing his voice. Carpenter. — Lip salve, a salve for sore lips. — Lip service, expression by the lips of obedience and devotion without the performance of acts suitable to such sentiments. — Lip wisdom, wise talk without practice, or unsupported by experience. — Lip work. (a) Talk. (b) Kissing. [Humorous] B. Jonson. — To make a lip, to drop the under lip in sullenness or contempt. Shak. — To shoot out the lip (Script.), to show contempt by protruding the lip.

Lip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lipped (lipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lipping (-ping).] 1. To touch with the lips; to put the lips to; hence, to kiss. “The bubble on the wine which breaks
Before you lip the glass.” Praed. “A hand that kings
Have lipped and trembled kissing.” Shak. 2. To utter; to speak. [R.] Keats.

Lip, v. t. To clip; to trim. [Obs.] Holland.

Li•pae´mi•a (li•pe´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. li•pos fat + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A condition in which fat occurs in the blood.

Li•pans´ (le•pänz´), n. pl.; sing. Lipan (-pän´). (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians, inhabiting the northern part of Mexico. They belong to the Tinneh stock, and are closely related to the Apaches.

Li•pa´ri•an (li•pa´ri•an), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of a family (Liparidae) of destructive bombycid moths, as the tussock moths.

Lip´a•rite (lip´a•rit), n. [So called from Lipari, the island.] (Min.) A quartzose trachyte; rhyolite.

Lip´ic (lip´ik), a. [Gr. li•pos fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fat. The word was formerly used specifically to designate a supposed acid obtained by the oxidation of oleic acid, tallow, wax, etc.

Li•pin´ic (li•pin´ik), a. (Chem.) Lipic.

Lip´less (lip´les), a. Having no lips.

Lip´let (-let), n. A little lip.

Lip•o•ceph´a•la (lip•o•sef´a•la), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lei•pesqai to be lacking + kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lamellibranchia.

Lip´o•chrin (lip´o•krin), n. [Gr. li•pos fat + chro•a color.] (Physiol. Chem.) A yellow coloring matter, soluble in ether, contained in the small round fat drops in the retinal epithelium cells. It is best obtained from the eyes of frogs.

Lip´o•gram (lip´o•gram; 277), n. [Gr. lei•pein, lipei^n, to leave, omit + -gram.] A writing composed of words not having a certain letter or letters; — as in the Odyssey of Tryphiodorus there was no A in the first book, no B in the second, and so on.

Lip•o•gram•mat´ic (-mat´ik), a. [Gr. lipogra•mmatos: cf. F. lipogrammatique.] Omitting a letter; composed of words not having a certain letter or letters; as lipogrammatic writings.

Lip•o•gram´ma•tist (-gram´ma•tist), n. [Cf. F. lipogrammatiste.] One who makes a lipogram.

Li•po´ma (li•po´ma), n. [NL., from Gr. li•pos fat + - oma.] (Med.) A tumor consisting of fat or adipose tissue. — Li•pom´a•tous (- pom´a•tus), a.

Li•po•thym´ic (li•po•thim´ik), a. [Gr. leipoqymiko•s, lipoqymiko•s.] Tending to swoon; fainting. [Written also leipothymic.]

Li•poth´y•mous (li•poth´i•mus), a. [Gr. lei•pein to leave, to lack + qymo•s soul, life.] Pertaining, or given, to swooning; fainting.

Li•poth´y•my (-my), n. [Gr. lipoqymi•a: cf. F. lipothymie.] A fainting; a swoon. Jer. Taylor.

Lipped (lipt), a. 1. Having a lip or lips; having a raised or rounded edge resembling the lip; — often used in composition; as thick-lipped, thin-lipped, etc. 2. (Bot.) Labiate.

Lip´pi•tude (lip´pi•tud), n. [L. lippitudo, fr. lippus blear- eyed: cf. F. lippitude.] Soreness of eyes; the state of being blear-eyed; blearedness.

Lipse (lips), v. i. To lisp. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lip´yl (lip´il), n. [Gr. li•pos fat + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical of glycerin. [Obs.] Berzelius.

Liq´ua•ble (lik´wa•b’l), a. [L. liquabilis. See Liquate, v. i.] Capable of being melted.

Li´quate (li´kwat), v. i. [L. liquatus, p. p. of liquare to melt.] To melt; to become liquid. [Obs.] Woodward.

Li´quate, v. t. (Metal.) To separate by fusion, as a more fusible from a less fusible material.

Li•qua´tion (li•kwa´shun), n. [L. liquatio: cf. F. liquation.] 1. The act or operation of making or becoming liquid; also the capacity of becoming liquid. 2. (Metal.) The process of separating, by heat, an easily fusible metal from one less fusible; eliquation.

Liq•ue•fa´cient (lik•we•fa´shent), n. [L. liquefaciens, p. pr. of liquefacere. See Liquefy.] 1. That which serves to liquefy. 2. (Med.) An agent, as mercury, iodine, etc., which promotes the liquefying processes of the system, and increases the secretions.

Liq•ue•fac´tion (-fak´shun), n. [L. liquefactio: cf. F. liquefaction. See Liquefy.] 1. The act or operation of making or becoming liquid; especially, the conversion of a solid into a liquid by the sole agency of heat. 2. The state of being liquid. 3. (Chem. Physics) The act, process, or method, of reducing a gas or vapor to a liquid by means of cold or pressure; as the liquefaction of oxygen or hydrogen.

Liq´ue•fi•a•ble (lik´we•fi•a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. liquefiable. See Liquefy.] Capable of being changed from a solid to a liquid state.

Liq´ue•fi•er (-er), n. That which liquefies.

Liq´ue•fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquefied (-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquefying (- fi•ing).] [F. liquefier, L. liquere to be liquid + facere, -ficare (in comp.), to make. See Liquid, and -fy.] To convert from a solid form to that of a liquid; to melt; to dissolve; and technically, to melt by the sole agency of heat.

Liq´ue•fy, v. i. To become liquid.

Li•ques´cen•cy (li•kwes´sen•sy), n. [See Liquescent.] The quality or state of being liquescent. Johnson.

Li•ques´cent (-sent), a. [L. liquescens, p. pr. of liquescere to become liquid, incho. fr. liquere to be liquid.] Tending to become liquid; inclined to melt; melting.

Li•queur´ (le•ker´), n. [F. See Liquor.] An aromatic alcoholic cordial. Some liqueurs are prepared by infusing certain woods, fruits, or flowers, in either water or alcohol, and adding sugar, etc. Others are distilled from aromatic or flavoring agents.

Liq´uid (lik´wid), a. [L. liquidus, fr. liquere to be fluid or liquid; cf. Skr. ri to ooze, drop, li to melt.] 1. Flowing freely like water; fluid; not solid. “Yea, though he go upon the plane and liquid water which will receive no step.” Tyndale. 2. (Physics) Being in such a state that the component parts move freely among themselves, but do not tend to separate from each other as the particles of gases and vapors do; neither solid nor aëriform; as liquid mercury, in distinction from mercury solidified or in a state of vapor. 3. Flowing or sounding smoothly or without abrupt transitions or harsh tones. ´Liquid melody.´ Crashaw. 4. Pronounced without any jar or harshness; smooth; as l and r are liquid letters. 5. Fluid and transparent; as the liquid air. 6. Clear; definite in terms or amount.[Obs.] ´Though the debt should be entirely liquid.´ Ayliffe. Liquid glass. See Soluble glass, under Glass.

Liq´uid, n. 1. A substance whose parts change their relative position on the slightest pressure, and therefore retain no definite form; any substance in the state of liquidity; a fluid that is not aëriform. Liquid and fluid are terms often used synonymously, but fluid has the broader signification. All liquids are fluids, but many fluids, as air and the gases, are not liquids. 2. (Phon.) A letter which has a smooth, flowing sound, or which flows smoothly after a mute; as l and r, in bla, bra. M and n also are called liquids. Liquid measure, a measure, or system of measuring, for liquids, by the gallon, quart, pint, gill, etc.

Liq´uid•am•bar (lik´wid•am•ber), n. [Liquid + amber.] 1. (Bot.) A genus consisting of two species of tall trees having star- shaped leaves, and woody burlike fruit. Liquidambar styraciflua is the North American sweet qum, and L. Orientalis is found in Asia Minor. 2. The balsamic juice which is obtained from these trees by incision. The liquid balsam of the Oriental tree is liquid storax.

Liq´uid•am•ber, n. See Liquidambar.

Liq´ui•date (lik´wi•dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidated (- da•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidating.] [LL. liquidatus, p. p. of liquidare to liquidate, fr. L. liquidus liquid, clear. See Liquid.] 1. (Law) To determine by agreement or by litigation the precise amount of (indebtedness); or, where there is an indebtedness to more than one person, to determine the precise amount of (each indebtedness); to make the amount of (an indebtedness) clear and certain. “A debt or demand is liquidated whenever the amount due is agreed on by the parties, or fixed by the operation of law.” 15 Ga. Rep. 321. “If our epistolary accounts were fairly liquidated, I believe you would be brought in considerable debtor.” Chesterfield. 2. In an extended sense: To ascertain the amount, or the several amounts, of , and apply assets toward the discharge of (an indebtedness). Abbott. 3. To discharge; to pay off, as an indebtedness. “Friburg was ceded to Zurich by Sigismund to liquidate a debt of a thousand florins.” W. Coxe. 4. To make clear and intelligible. “Time only can liquidate the meaning of all parts of a compound system.” A. Hamilton. 5. To make liquid. [Obs.] Liquidated damages (Law), damages the amount of which is fixed or ascertained. Abbott.

Liq•ui•da´tion (lik•wi•da´shun), n. [Cf. F. liquidation.] The act or process of liquidating; the state of being liquidated. To go into liquidation (Law), to turn over to a trustee one’s assets and accounts, in order that the several amounts of one’s indebtedness may be authoritatively ascertained, and that the assets may be applied toward their discharge.

Liq´ui•da•tor (lik´wi•da•ter), n. [Cf. F. liquidateur.] 1. One who, or that which, liquidates. 2. An officer appointed to conduct the winding up of a company, to bring and defend actions and suits in its name, and to do all necessary acts on behalf of the company. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

Li•quid´i•ty (li•kwid´i•ty), n. [L. liquiditas, fr. liquidus liquid: cf. F. liquidite.] The state or quality of being liquid.

Liq´uid•ize (lik´wid•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidized (- izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidizing (- i•zing).] To render liquid.

Liq´uid•ly, adv. In a liquid manner; flowingly.

Liq´uid•ness, n. The quality or state of being liquid; liquidity; fluency.

Liq´uor (lik´er), n. [OE. licour, licur, OF. licur, F. liqueur, fr. L. liquor, fr. liquere to be liquid. See Liquid, and cf. Liqueur.] 1. Any liquid substance, as water, milk, blood, sap, juice, or the like. 2. Specifically, alcoholic or spirituous fluid, either distilled or fermented, as brandy, wine, whisky, beer, etc. 3. (Pharm.) A solution of a medicinal substance in water; — distinguished from tincture and aqua. The U. S. Pharmacopœia includes, in this class of preparations, all aqueous solutions without sugar, in which the substance acted on is wholly soluble in water, excluding those in which the dissolved matter is gaseous or very volatile, as in the aquae or waters. U. S. Disp. Labarraque’s liquor (Old Chem.), a solution of an alkaline hypochlorite, as sodium hypochlorite, used in bleaching and as a disinfectant. — Liquor of flints, or Liquor silicum (Old Chem.), soluble glass; — so called because formerly made from powdered flints. See Soluble glass, under Glass. — Liquor of Libavius. (Old Chem.) See Fuming liquor of Libavius, under Fuming. — Liquor sanguinis (san´gwin•is) (Physiol.), the blood plasma. — Liquor thief, a tube for taking samples of liquor from a cask through the bung hole. — To be in liquor, to be intoxicated.

Liq´uor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquored (-erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquoring.] 1. To supply with liquor. [R.] 2. To grease. [Obs.] Bacon. “Liquor fishermen’s boots.” Shak.

Liq´uor•ice (lik´er•is), n. See Licorice.

Liq´uor•ish, a. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Shak.

Liq´uor•ous (-us), a. Eagerly desirous. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Marston.

Li´ra (le´ra), n.; pl. Lire (-ra). [It., fr. L. libra the Roman pound. Cf. Livre.] An Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc.

Li•rel´la (li•rel´la), n. [NL., dim. of L. lira a furrow.] (Bot.) A linear apothecium furrowed along the middle; the fruit of certain lichens.

Li•rel´li•form (-li•fôrm), a. [Lirella + -form.] (Bot.) Like a lirella. [Written also lirellaeform.]

Lir•i•o•den´dron (lir•i•o•den´dron), n.; pl. Liriodendra (- dra). [NL., fr. Gr. lei•rion lily + de•ndron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of large and very beautiful trees of North America, having smooth, shining leaves, and handsome, tuliplike flowers; tulip tree; whitewood; — called also canoewood. Liriodendron tulipifera is the only extant species, but there were several others in the Cretaceous epoch.

Lir´i•pipe (lir´i•pip), n. [Obs.] See Liripoop.

Lir´i•poop (lir´i•poop), n. [OF. liripipion, liripion, LL. liripipium. Said to be corrupted from L. cleri ephippium, lit., the clergy’s caparison.] 1. A pendent part of the old clerical tippet; afterwards, a tippet; a scarf; — worn also by doctors, learned men, etc. [Obs.] 2. Acuteness; smartness; also a smart trick or stratagem. [Obs.] Stanihurst. 3. A silly person. [Obs.] “A liripoop, vel lerripoop, a silly, empty creature; an old dotard.” Milles. MS. Devon Gloss.

Li•roc´o•nite (li•rok´o•nit), n. [Gr. leiro•s pale + koni•a powder.] (Min.) A hydrated arseniate of copper, occurring in obtuse pyramidal crystals of a sky-blue or verdigris-green color.

Lis´bon (liz´bon), n. A sweet, light-colored species of wine, produced in the province of Estremadura, and so called as being shipped from Lisbon, in Portugal.

Lisle (lil), n. A city of France celebrated for certain manufactures. Lisle glove, a fine summer glove, made of Lisle thread. — Lisle lace, a fine handmade lace, made at Lisle. — Lisle thread, a hard twisted cotton thread, originally produced at Lisle.

Lisne (lin), n. [Prov. E. lissen, lisne, a cleft in a rock.] A cavity or hollow.[Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Lisp (lisp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lisped (lispt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lisping.] [OE. lispen, lipsen, AS. wlisp stammering, lisping; akin to D. & OHG. lispen to lisp, G. lispeln, Sw. läspa, Dan. lespe.] 1. To pronounce the sibilant letter s imperfectly; to give s and z the sound of th; — a defect common among children. 2. To speak with imperfect articulation; to mispronounce, as a child learning to talk. “As yet a child, nor yet a fool to fame,
I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came.” Pope. 3. To speak hesitatingly with a low voice, as if afraid. “Lest when my lisping, guilty tongue should halt.” Drayton.

Lisp, v. t. 1. To pronounce with a lisp. 2. To utter with imperfect articulation; to express with words pronounced imperfectly or indistinctly, as a child speaks; hence, to express by the use of simple, childlike language. “To speak unto them after their own capacity, and to lisp the words unto them according as the babes and children of that age might sound them again.” Tyndale. 3. To speak with reserve or concealment; to utter timidly or confidentially; as to lisp treason.

Lisp, n. The habit or act of lisping. See Lisp, v. i., 1. “I overheard her answer, with a very pretty lisp, ´O! Strephon, you are a dangerous creature.´” Tatler.

Lisp´er (-er), n. One who lisps.

Lisp´ing•ly, adv. With a lisp; in a lisping manner.

Liss (lis), n. [AS. liss.] Release; remission; ease; relief. [Obs.] ´Of penance had a lisse.´ Chaucer.

Liss, v. t. [AS. lissan.] To free, as from care or pain; to relieve. [Obs.] ´Lissed of his care.´ Chaucer.

Lis•sen•ceph´a•la (lis•sen•sef´a•la), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lisso•s smooth + ’egke•falos the brain.] (Zoöl.) A general name for all those placental mammals that have a brain with few or no cerebral convolutions, as Rodentia, Insectivora, etc. { Lis´som , Lis´some } (lis´sum), a. [For lithesome.] 1. Limber; supple; flexible; lithe; lithesome. “Straight, but as lissome as a hazel wand.” Tennyson. 2. Light; nimble; active. Halliwell. — Lis´some•ness, n.

List (list), n. [F. lice, LL. liciae, pl., from L. licium thread, girdle.] A line inclosing or forming the extremity of a piece of ground, or field of combat; hence, in the plural (lists), the ground or field inclosed for a race or combat. Chaucer. “In measured lists to toss the weighty lance.” Pope. To enter the lists, to accept a challenge, or engage in contest.

List, v. t. To inclose for combat; as to list a field.

List, v. i. [See Listen.] To hearken; to attend; to listen. [Obs. except in poetry.] “Stand close, and list to him.” Shak.

List, v. t. To listen or hearken to. “Then weigh what loss your honor may sustain,
If with too credent ear you list his songs.” Shak.

List, v. i. [OE. listen, lusten, AS. lystan, from lust pleasure. See Lust.] 1. To desire or choose; to please. “The wind bloweth where it listeth.” John iii. 8. “Them that add to the Word of God what them listeth.” Hooker. “Let other men think of your devices as they list.” Whitgift. 2. (Naut.) To lean; to incline; as the ship lists to port.

List, n. 1. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Naut.) An inclination to one side; as the ship has a list to starboard.

List, n. [AS. list a list of cloth; akin to D. lijst, G. leiste, OHG. lista, Icel. lista, listi, Sw. list, Dan. liste. In sense 5 from F. liste, of German origin, and thus ultimately the same word.] 1. A strip forming the woven border or selvedge of cloth, particularly of broadcloth, and serving to strengthen it; hence, a strip of cloth; a fillet. ´Gartered with a red and blue list. ´ Shak. 2. A limit or boundary; a border. “The very list, the very utmost bound,
Of all our fortunes.” Shak. 3. The lobe of the ear; the ear itself. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. A stripe. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 5. A roll or catalogue, that is, a row or line; a record of names; as a list of names, books, articles; a list of ratable estate. “He was the ablest emperor of all the list.” Bacon. 6. (Arch.) A little square molding; a fillet; — called also listel. 7. (Carp.) A narrow strip of wood, esp. sapwood, cut from the edge of a plank or board. 8. (Rope Making) A piece of woolen cloth with which the yarns are grasped by a workman. 9. (Tin-plate Manuf.) (a) The first thin coat of tin. (b) A wirelike rim of tin left on an edge of the plate after it is coated. Civil list (Great Britain & U.S.), the civil officers of government, as judges, ambassadors, secretaries, etc. Hence, the revenues or appropriations of public money for the support of the civil officers. More recently, the civil list, in England, embraces only the expenses of the reigning monarch’s household. — Free list. (a) A list of articles admitted to a country free of duty. (b) A list of persons admitted to any entertainment, as a theater or opera, without payment, or to whom a periodical, or the like, is furnished without cost. Syn. — Roll; catalogue; register; inventory; schedule. — List, Roll, Catalogue, Register, Inventory, Schedule. A list is properly a simple series of names, etc., in a brief form, such as might naturally be entered in a narrow strip of paper. A roll was originally a list containing the names of persons belonging to a public body (as Parliament, etc.), which was rolled up and laid aside among its archives. A catalogue is a list of persons or things arranged in order, and usually containing some description of the same, more or less extended. A register is designed for record or preservation. An inventory is a list of articles, found on hand in a store of goods, or in the estate of a deceased person, or under similar circumstances. A schedule is a formal list or inventory prepared for legal or business purposes.

List (list), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Listed; p. pr. & vb. n. Listing.] [From list a roll.] 1. To sew together, as strips of cloth, so as to make a show of colors, or form a border. Sir H. Wotton. 2. To cover with list, or with strips of cloth; to put list on; as to list a door; to stripe as if with list. “The tree that stood white-listed through the gloom.” Tennyson. 3. To enroll; to place or register in a list. “Listed among the upper serving men.” Milton. 4. To engage, as a soldier; to enlist. “I will list you for my soldier.” Sir W. Scott. 5. (Carp.) To cut away a narrow strip, as of sapwood, from the edge of; as to list a board. To list a stock (Stock Exchange), to put it in the list of stocks called at the meeting of the board.

List, v. i. To engage in public service by enrolling one’s name; to enlist.

List´el (lis´tel), n. [F. listel, dim. of liste fillet, list. See List the edge.] (Arch.) Same as List, n., 6.

Lis´ten (lis´’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Listened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Listening.] [OE. listnen, listen, lustnen, lusten, AS. hlystan; akin to hlyst hearing, OS. hlust, Icel. hlusta to listen, hlust ear, AS. hlosnian to wait in suspense, OHG. hlosen to listen, Gr. kly•ein, and E. loud. rad.41. See Loud, and cf. List to listen.] 1. To give close attention with the purpose of hearing; to give ear; to hearken; to attend. “When we have occasion to listen, and give a more particular attention to some sound, the tympanum is drawn to a more than ordinary tension.” Holder. 2. To give heed; to yield to advice; to follow admonition; to obey. “Listen to me, and by me be ruled.” Tennyson. To listen after, to take an interest in. [Obs.] “Soldiers note forts, armories, and magazines; scholars listen after libraries, disputations, and professors.” Fuller. Syn. — To attend; hearken. See Attend.

Lis´ten, v. t. To attend to. [Obs.] Shak.

Lis´ten•er (-er), n. One who listens; a hearkener.

List´er (list´er), n. One who makes a list or roll.

Lis´ter (lis´ter), n. Same as Leister.

Lis•te´ri•an (lis•te´ri•an), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to listerism.

Lis´ter•ism (lis´ter•iz’m), n. (Med.) The systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the treatment of wounds; — so called from Joseph Lister, an English surgeon.

List´ful (list´ful), a. Attentive. [Obs.] Spenser.

List´ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who lists (in any sense of the verb); as the listing of a door; the listing of a stock at the Stock Exchange. 2. The selvedge of cloth; list. 3. (Carp.) The sapwood cut from the edge of a board. 4. (Agric.) The throwing up of the soil into ridges, — a method adopted in the culture of beets and some garden crops. [Local, U. S.]

List´less, a. [OE. listles, lustles. See Lust.] Having no desire or inclination; indifferent; heedless; spiritless. ´ A listless unconcern.´ Thomson. “Benumbed with cold, and listless of their gain.” Dryden. “I was listless, and desponding.” Swift. Syn. — Heedless; careless; indifferent; vacant; uninterested; languid; spiritless; supine; indolent. — List´less•ly, adv. — List´less•ness, n.

Lit (lit), a form of the imp. & p. p. of Light.

Lit´a•ny (lit´a•ny), n.; pl. Litanies (- niz). [OE. letanie, OF. letanie, F. litanie, L. litania, Gr. litanei•a, fr. litaney•ein to pray, akin to li•tesqai, li•ssesqai, to pray, lith• prayer.] A solemn form of supplication in the public worship of various churches, in which the clergy and congregation join, the former leading and the latter responding in alternate sentences. It is usually of a penitential character. “Supplications … for the appeasing of God’s wrath were of the Greek church termed litanies, and rogations of the Latin.” Hooker.

Lit´arge (lit´arj), n. Litharge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Li´tchi (le´che•), n. (Bot.) The fruit of a tree native to China (Nephelium Litchi). It is nutlike, having a rough but tender shell, containing an aromatic pulp, and a single large seed. In the dried fruit which is exported the pulp somewhat resembles a raisin in color and form. [Written also lichi, and lychee.]

-lite (-lit). See -lith.

Lite (lit), a., adv., & n. Little. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Li´ter , Li´tre } (le´ter; 277), n. [F. litre, Gr. li•tra a silver coin.] A measure of capacity in the metric system, being a cubic decimeter, equal to 61.022 cubic inches, or 2.113 American pints, or 1.76 English pints.

Lit´er•a•cy (lit´er•a•sy), n. State of being literate.

Lit´er•al (-al), a. [F. literal, litteral, L. litteralis, literalis, fr. littera, litera, a letter. See Letter.] 1. According to the letter or verbal expression; real; not figurative or metaphorical; as the literal meaning of a phrase. “It hath but one simple literal sense whose light the owls can not abide.” Tyndale. 2. Following the letter or exact words; not free. “A middle course between the rigor of literal translations and the liberty of paraphrasts.” Hooker. 3. Consisting of, or expressed by, letters. “The literal notation of numbers was known to Europeans before the ciphers.” Johnson. 4. Giving a strict or literal construction; unimaginative; matter-of-fact; — applied to persons. Literal contract (Law), a contract of which the whole evidence is given in writing. Bouvier. — Literal equation (Math.), an equation in which known quantities are expressed either wholly or in part by means of letters; — distinguished from a numerical equation.

Lit´er•al, n. Literal meaning. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Lit´er•al•ism (-iz’m), n. 1. That which accords with the letter; a mode of interpreting literally; adherence to the letter. 2. (Fine Arts) The tendency or disposition to represent objects faithfully, without abstraction, conventionalities, or idealization.

Lit´er•al•ist, n. One who adheres to the letter or exact word; an interpreter according to the letter.

Lit•er•al´i•ty (-al´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. litteralite.] The state or quality of being literal. Sir T. Browne.

Lit•er•al•i•za´tion (lit•er•al•i•za´shun), n. The act of literalizing; reduction to a literal meaning.

Lit´er•al•ize (lit´er•al•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Literalized (-izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Literalizing (-i•zing).] To make literal; to interpret or put in practice according to the strict meaning of the words; — opposed to spiritualize; as to literalize Scripture.

Lit´er•al•i•zer (-i•zer), n. A literalist.

Lit´er•al•ly, adv. 1. According to the primary and natural import of words; not figuratively; as a man and his wife can not be literally one flesh. 2. With close adherence to words; word by word. “So wild and ungovernable a poet can not be translated literally.” Dryden.

Lit´er•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being literal; literal import.

Lit´er•a•ry (lit´er•a•ry), a. [L. litterarius, literarius, fr. littera, litera, a letter: cf. F. litteraire. See Letter.] 1. Of or pertaining to letters or literature; pertaining to learning or learned men; as literary fame; a literary history; literary conversation. “He has long outlived his century, the term commonly fixed as the test of literary merit.” Johnson. 2. Versed in, or acquainted with, literature; occupied with literature as a profession; connected with literature or with men of letters; as a literary man. “In the literary as well as fashionable world.” Mason. Literary property. (a) Property which consists in written or printed compositions. (b) The exclusive right of publication as recognized and limited by law.

Lit´er•ate (-at), a. [L. litteratus, literatus. See Letter.] Instructed in learning, science, or literature; learned; lettered. “The literate now chose their emperor, as the military chose theirs.” Landor.

Lit´er•ate, n. 1. One educated, but not having taken a university degree; especially, such a person who is prepared to take holy orders. [Eng.] 2. A literary man.

Lit•e•ra´ti (lit•e•ra´ti), n. pl. [See Literatus.] Learned or literary men. See Literatus. “Shakespearean commentators, and other literati.” Craik.

Lit•e•ra´tim (-tim), adv. [LL., fr. L. littera, litera, letter.] Letter for letter.

Lit•er•a´tion (lit•er•a´shun), n. [L. littera, litera, letter.] The act or process of representing by letters.

Lit´er•a•tor (lit´er•a•ter), n. [L. litterator, literator. See Letter.] 1. One who teaches the letters or elements of knowledge; a petty schoolmaster. Burke. 2. A person devoted to the study of literary trifles, esp. trifles belonging to the literature of a former age. “That class of subjects which are interesting to the regular literator or black-letter ´ bibliomane,´ simply because they have once been interesting.” De Quincey. 3. A learned person; a literatus. Sir W. Hamilton.

Lit´er•a•ture (lit´er•a•tur; 135), n. [F. litterature, L. litteratura, literatura, learning, grammar, writing, fr. littera, litera, letter. See Letter.] 1. Learning; acquaintance with letters or books. 2. The collective body of literary productions, embracing the entire results of knowledge and fancy preserved in writing; also the whole body of literary productions or writings upon a given subject, or in reference to a particular science or branch of knowledge, or of a given country or period; as the literature of Biblical criticism; the literature of chemistry. 3. The class of writings distinguished for beauty of style or expression, as poetry, essays, or history, in distinction from scientific treatises and works which contain positive knowledge; belles-lettres. 4. The occupation, profession, or business of doing literary work. Lamb. Syn. — Science; learning; erudition; belles-lettres. See Science. — Literature, Learning, Erudition. Literature, in its widest sense, embraces all compositions in writing or print which preserve the results of observation, thought, or fancy; but those upon the positive sciences (mathematics, etc.) are usually excluded. It is often confined, however, to belles-lettres, or works of taste and sentiment, as poetry, eloquence, history, etc., excluding abstract discussions and mere erudition. A man of literature (in this narrowest sense) is one who is versed in belles-lettres; a man of learning excels in what is taught in the schools, and has a wide extent of knowledge, especially in respect to the past; a man of erudition is one who is skilled in the more recondite branches of learned inquiry. “The origin of all positive science and philosophy, as well as of all literature and art, in the forms in which they exist in civilized Europe, must be traced to the Greeks.” Sir G. C. Lewis. “Learning thy talent is, but mine is sense.” Prior. “Some gentlemen, abounding in their university erudition, fill their sermons with philosophical terms.” Swift.

Lit•e•ra´tus (lit•e•ra´tus), n.; pl. Literati (- ti). [L. litteratus, literatus.] A learned man; a man acquainted with literature; — chiefly used in the plural. “Now we are to consider that our bright ideal of a literatus may chance to be maimed.” De Quincey. { -lith (-lith), -lite (-lit). } Combining forms fr. Gr. li•qos, a stone; — used chiefly in naming minerals and rocks.

Lith (lith), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Lie, to recline, for lieth. Chaucer.

Lith (lith), n. [AS. lið.] A joint or limb; a division; a member; a part formed by growth, and articulated to, or symmetrical with, other parts. Chaucer.

Li•thae´mi•a (li•the´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. li•qos stone + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A condition in which uric (lithic) acid is present in the blood.

Lith´a•gogue (lith´a•gog), n. [Gr. li•qos stone + ’agwgo•s leading.] (Med.) A medicine having, or supposed to have, the power of expelling calculous matter with the urine. Hooper.

Lith´arge (lith´arj), n. [OE. litarge, F. litharge, L. lithargyrus, Gr. liqa•rgyros the scum or foam of silver; li•qos stone + ’a•rgyros silver. Litharge is found in silverbearing lead ore.] (Chem.) Lead monoxide; a yellowish red substance, obtained as an amorphous powder, or crystallized in fine scales, by heating lead moderately in a current of air or by calcining lead nitrate or carbonate. It is used in making flint glass, in glazing earthenware, in making red lead or minium, etc. Called also massicot.

Li•thar´gy•rum (li•thär´ji•rum), n. [NL. See Litharge.] (Old Chem.) Crystallized litharge, obtained by fusion in the form of fine yellow scales.

Lith´ate (lith´at), n. (Old Med. Chem.) A salt of lithic or uric acid; a urate. [Obs.] [Written also lithiate.]

Lithe (lith), v. t. & i. [Icel hlyða. See Listen.] To listen or listen to; to hearken to. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Lithe, a. [AS. liðe, for linðe tender, mild, gentle; akin to G. lind, gelind, OHG. lindi, Icel. linr, L. lenis soft, mild, lentus flexible, and AS. linnan to yield. Cf. Lenient.] 1. Mild; calm; as lithe weather. [Obs.] 2. Capable of being easily bent; pliant; flexible; limber; as the elephant’s lithe proboscis. Milton.

Lithe, v. t. [AS. liðian. See Lithe, a.] To smooth; to soften; to palliate. [Obs.]

Lithe´ly, adv. In a lithe, pliant, or flexible manner.

Lithe´ness, n. The quality or state of being lithe; flexibility; limberness.

Li´ther (li´ther), a. [AS. lyðer bad, wicked.] Bad; wicked; false; worthless; slothful. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Not lither in business, fervent in spirit.” Bp. Woolton. Professor Skeat thinks ´ the lither sky´ as found in Shakespeare’s Henry VI. (Part I. IV. VII., 21) means the stagnant or pestilential sky. — Li´ther•ly, adv. [Obs.]. — Li´ther•ness, n. [Obs.]

Li´ther•ly, a. Crafty; cunning; mischievous; wicked; treacherous; lazy.[Archaic] “He [the dwarf] was waspish, arch, and litherly.” Sir W. Scott.

Lithe´some (lith´sum), a. [See Lithe, a., and cf. Lissom.] Pliant; limber; flexible; supple; nimble; lissom. — Lithe´some•ness, n.

Lith´i•a (lith´i•a), n. [NL., from Gr. li•qos stone.] (Chem.) The oxide of lithium; a strong alkaline caustic similar to potash and soda, but weaker. See Lithium. Lithia emerald. See Hiddenite.

Li•thi´a•sis (li•thi´a•sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. liqi•asis, fr. li•qos stone.] (Med.) The formation of stony concretions or calculi in any part of the body, especially in the bladder and urinary passages. Dunglison.

Lith´ic (lith´ik), a. [Gr. liqiko•s of or belonging to stones, fr. li•qos stone: cf. F. lithique.] 1. Of or pertaining to stone; as lithic architecture. 2. (Med.) Pertaining to the formation of uric-acid concretions (stone) in the bladder and other parts of the body; as lithic diathesis. Lithic acid (Old Med. Chem.), uric acid. See Uric acid, under Uric.

lith´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine which tends to prevent stone in the bladder.

Lith´ic, a. [From Lithium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to or denoting lithium or some of its compounds. Frankland.

Lith•i•oph´i•lite (lith•i•of´i•lit), n. [Lithium + Gr. fi•los friend.] (Min.) A phosphate of manganese and lithium; a variety of triphylite.

Lith´i•um (lith´i•um), n. [NL., from Gr. li•qeios of stone, fr. li•qos stone.] (Chem.) A metallic element of the alkaline group, occurring in several minerals, as petalite, spodumene, lepidolite, triphylite, etc., and otherwise widely disseminated, though in small quantities. When isolated it is a soft, silver white metal, tarnishing and oxidizing very rapidly in the air. It is the lightest solid element known, specific gravity being 0.59. Symbol Li. Atomic weight 7.0 So called from having been discovered in a mineral.

Lith´o (lith´o) A combining form from Gr. li•qos, stone.

Lith•o•bil´ic (-bil´ik), a. [Litho + bile.] (Chem.) Pertaining to or designating an organic acid of the tartaric acid series, distinct from lithofellic acid, but, like it, obtained from certain bile products, as bezoar stones.

Lith´o•carp (lith´o•kärp), n. [Litho- + Gr. karpo•s fruit: cf. F. lithocarpe.] (Paleon.) Fossil fruit; a fruit petrified; a carpolite.

Lith•o•chro•mat´ics (-kro•mat´iks), n. See Lithochromics.

Lith•o•chro´mics (-kro´miks), n. [Litho- + Gr. chrw^ma color.] The art of printing colored pictures on canvas from oil paintings on stone.

Lith´o•clast (lith´o•klast), n. [Litho- + Gr. kla^n to break.] (Surg.) An instrument for crushing stones in the bladder.

Lith´o•cyst (lith´o•sist), n. [Litho- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) A sac containing small, calcareous concretions (otoliths). They are found in many Medusae, and other invertebrates, and are supposed to be auditory organs.

Lith´o•dome (-dom), n. [Litho- + Gr. do•mos house: cf. F. lithodome.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of bivalves, which form holes in limestone, in which they live; esp., any species of the genus Lithodomus.

Li•thod´o•mous , a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, Lithodomus; lithophagous.

Li•thod´o•mus , n. [NL. See Lithodome.] (Zoöl.) A genus of elongated bivalve shells, allied to the mussels, and remarkable for their ability to bore holes for shelter, in solid limestone, shells, etc. Called also Lithophagus. These holes are at first very small and shallow, but are enlarged with the growth of the shell, sometimes becoming two or three inches deep and nearly an inch diameter.

Lith´o•fel´lic , a. [Litho- + L. fel, fellis, gall.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a crystalline, organic acid, resembling cholic acid, found in the biliary intestinal concretions (bezoar stones) common in certain species of antelope.

Lith•o•frac´teur , n. [F., fr. li•qos stone + L. frangere, fractum, to break.] An explosive compound of nitroglycerin. See Nitroglycerin.

Lith•o•gen´e•sy , n. [Litho- Gr. ge•nesis origin, generation: cf. F. lithogenesie. See Genesis.] The doctrine or science of the origin of the minerals composing the globe.

Li•thog´e•nous (li•thoj´e•nus), a. [Litho- + -genous.] Stone- producing; — said of polyps which form coral.

Lith´o•glyph (lith´o•glif), n. [Gr. liqoglyfi•a; li•qos stone + gly•fein to engrave.] An engraving on a gem.

Li•thog´ly•pher (li•thog´li•fer), n. One who curs or engraves precious stones.

Lith•o•glyph´ic (lith•o•glif´ik), a. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting and engraving precious stones.

Lith•o•glyp´tics (-glip´tiks), n. The art of cutting and engraving gems.

Lith´o•graph , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lithographed p. pr. & vb. n. Lithographing ] [Litho- + - graph: cf. F. lithographier.] To trace on stone by the process of lithography so as to transfer the design to paper by printing; as to lithograph a design; to lithograph a painting. See Lithography.

Lith´o•graph, n. A print made by lithography.

Li•thog´ra•pher (li•thog´ra•fer), n. One who lithographs; one who practices lithography. { Lith•o•graph´ic , Lith•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. lithographique.] Of or pertaining to lithography; made by lithography; as the lithographic art; a lithographic picture. Lithographic limestone (Min.), a compact, fine-grained limestone, obtained largely from the Lias and Oölite, esp. of Bavaria, and extensively used in lithography. — Lith•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Li•thog´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. lithographie.] The art or process of putting designs or writing, with a greasy material, on stone, and of producing printed impressions therefrom. The process depends, in the main, upon the antipathy between grease and water, which prevents a printing ink containing oil from adhering to wetted parts of the stone not covered by the design. See Lithographic limestone, under Lithographic. { Lith´oid Li•thoid´al } a. [Litho- + -oid: cf. F. lithoïde.] Like a stone; having a stony structure.

Li•thol´a•try , n. [Litho- + Gr. worship.] The worship of a stone or stones. { Lith•o•log´ic , Lith•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. lithologique.] 1. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the character of a rock, as derived from the nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents. 2. Of or pertaining to lithology.

Lith•o•log´ic•al•ly , adv. From a lithological point of view; as to consider a stratum lithologically.

Li•thol´o•gist , n. One who is skilled in lithology.

Li•thol´o•gy , n. [Litho- + -logy: cf. F. lithologie.] 1. The science which treats of rocks, as regards their mineral constitution and classification, and their mode of occurrence in nature. 2. (Med.) A treatise on stones found in the body.

Lith´o•man•cy , n. [Litho- + -mancy: cf. F. lithomancie.] Divination by means of stones.

Lith´o•marge , n. [Litho- + L. marga marl.] A clay of a fine smooth texture, and very sectile. { Lith•on•thrip´tic , Lith•on•thryp´tic } , a. & n. [Litho- + Gr. to crush.] Same as Lithontriptic.

Lith•on•trip´tic , a. [Gr. li•qos, acc. , a stone + to rub, grind: cf. F. lithontriptique.] (Med.) Having the quality of, or used for, dissolving or destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys; as lithontriptic forceps. — n. A lithontriptic remedy or agent, as distilled water.

Lith´on•trip´tist, n. Same as Lithotriptist.

Lith´on•trip•tor , n. (Surg.) See Lithotriptor.

Li•thoph´a•gous , a. [Litho- + Gr. to eat.] (Zoöl.) (a) Eating or swallowing stones or gravel, as the ostrich. (b) Eating or destroying stone; — applied to various animals which make burrows in stone, as many bivalve mollusks, certain sponges, annelids, and sea urchins. See Lithodomus.

Lith•o•phane , n. [Litho- + Gr. fai•nein to show, reveal.] Porcelain impressed with figures which are made distinct by transmitted light, — as when hung in a window, or used as a lamp shade.

Lith´o•phos•phor , n. [Litho- + phosphor.] A stone that becomes phosphoric by heat.

Lith•o•phos•phor´ic , a. Pertaining to lithophosphor; becoming phosphoric by heat.

Lith•o•pho•tog´ra•phy , n. [Litho- + photography.] Same as Photolithography.

Lith´o•phyll , n. [Gr. li•qos a stone + a leaf: cf. F. lithophylle.] A fossil leaf or impression of a leaf.

Lith´o•physe , n. [Litho- + Gr. a flatus, air bubble.] (Min.) A spherulitic cavity often with concentric chambers, observed in some volcanic rocks, as in rhyolitic lavas. It is supposed to be produced by expanding gas whence the name.

Lith´o•phyte , n. [Litho- + Gr. plant: cf. F. lithophyte.] (Zoöl.) A hard, or stony, plantlike organism, as the gorgonians, corals, and corallines, esp. those gorgonians having a calcareous axis. All the lithophytes except the corallines are animals.

Lith•o•phyt´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to lithophytes.

Li•thoph´y•tous , a. Lithophytic.

Li•tho´sian , n. [From NL. Lithosia, the typical genus, fr. Gr. li•qos a stone, a rock.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of moths belonging to the family Lithosidae. Many of them are beautifully colored.

Lith´o•tint , n. [Litho- + tint.] 1. A kind of lithography by which the effect of a tinted drawing is produced, as if made with India ink. 2. A picture produced by this process.

Lith´o•tome , n. [Gr. cutting stones; li•qos stone + to cut: cf. F. lithotome.] 1. A stone so formed by nature as to appear as if cut by art. 2. (Surg.) An instrument used for cutting the bladder in operations for the stone. { Lith•o•tom´ic , Lith•o•tom´ic•al } a. [Gr. li•qos stone cutting: cf. F. lithotomique.] Pertaining to, or performed by, lithotomy.

Li•thot´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. lithotomiste.] One who performs the operation of cutting for stone in the bladder, or one who is skilled in the operation.

Li•thot´o•my , n. [L. lithotomia, Gr. : cf. F. lithotomie.] (Surg.) The operation, art, or practice of cutting for stone in the bladder.

Lith´o•trip•sy (lith´o•trip•sy), n. [Litho- + Gr. tri•bein to rub, grind: cf. F. lithotripsie.] (Surg.) The operation of crushing a stone in the bladder with an instrument called lithotriptor or lithotrite; lithotrity.

Lith•o•trip´tic (-trip´tik), a. & n. Same as Lithontriptic.

Lith´o•trip•tist (lith´o•trip•tist), n. One skilled in breaking and extracting stone in the bladder.

Lith´o•trip•tor , n. (Surg.) An instrument for triturating the stone in the bladder; a lithotrite. { Lith´o•trite , Lith´o•tri´tor } [See Lithotrity.] (Surg.) A lithotriptor.

Li•thot´ri•tist , n. A lithotriptist.

Li•thot´ri•ty , n. [Litho- + L. terere, tritum, to rub, grind.] (Surg.) The operation of breaking a stone in the bladder into small pieces capable of being voided.

Lith´o•type , n. A kind of stereotype plate made by lithotypy; also that which in printed from it. See Lithotypy.

Lith´o•type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lithotyped p. pr. & vb. n. Lithotyping ] To prepare for printing with plates made by the process of lithotypy. See Lithotypy.

Lith•o•typ´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or produced by, lithotypy.

Li•thot´y•py , n. [Litho- + -typy.] The art or process of making a kind of hard, stereotype plate, by pressing into a mold, taken from a page of type or other matter, a composition of gum shell-lac and sand of a fine quality, together with a little tar and linseed oil, all in a heated state.

Li•thox•yl , n. [Written also lithoxyle.] [Litho- + Gr. wood: cf. F. lithoxyle.] Petrified wood. [Obs.]

Lith•u•a´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Lithuania (formerly a principality united with Poland, but now Russian and Prussian territory).

Lith•u•a´ni•an, n. A native, or one of the people, of Lithuania; also the language of the Lithuanian people.

Lith´y a. [See Lithe.] Easily bent; pliable. Lithy tree (Bot.), a European shrub (Viburnum Lantana); — so named from its tough and flexible stem.

Lit´i•ga•ble , a. Such as can be litigated.

Lit´i•gant , a. [L. litigans, -antis, p. pr. of litigare: cf. F. litigant. See Litigate.] Disposed to litigate; contending in law; engaged in a lawsuit; as the parties litigant. Ayliffe.

Lit´i•gant, n. A person engaged in a lawsuit.

Lit´i•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Litigated p. pr. & vb. n. Litigating.] [See Litigation.] To make the subject of a lawsuit; to contest in law; to prosecute or defend by pleadings, exhibition of evidence, and judicial debate in a court; as to litigate a cause.

Lit´i•gate, v. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process.

Lit•i•ga´tion , n. [L. litigatio, fr. litigare to dispute, litigate; lis, litis, dispute, lawsuit (OL. stlis) + agere to carry on. See Agent.] The act or process of litigating; a suit at law; a judicial contest.

Lit´i•ga•tor , n. [L.] One who litigates.

Li•ti´gious , a. [L. litigiosus, fr. litigium dispute, quarrel, fr. litigare: cf. F. litigieux. See Litigation.] 1. Inclined to judicial contest; given to the practice of contending in law; quarrelsome; contentious; fond of litigation. ´ A pettifogging attorney or a litigious client.´ Macaulay. “Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still
Litigious men, who quarrels move.” Donne. 2. Subject to contention; disputable; controvertible; debatable; doubtful; precarious. Shak. “No fences, parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds,
Distinguished acres of litigious grounds.” Dryden. 3. Of or pertaining to legal disputes. “Nor brothers cite to the litigious bar.” Young.

Li•ti´gious•ly, adv. In a litigious manner.

Li•ti´gious•ness, n. The state of being litigious; disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits.

Lit´mus , n. [D. lakmoes; lak lacker + moes a thick preparation of fruit, pap, prob. akin to E. meat: cf. G. lackmus. See Lac a resinous substance.] (Chem.) A dyestuff extracted from certain lichens (Roccella tinctoria, Lecanora tartarea, etc.), as a blue amorphous mass which consists of a compound of the alkaline carbonates with certain coloring matters related to orcin and orcein. Litmus is used as a dye, and being turned red by acids and restored to its blue color by alkalies, is a common indicator or test for acidity and alkalinity. Litmus paper (Chem.), unsized paper saturated with blue or red litmus, — used in testing for acids or alkalies.

Li´to•tes (li´to•tez), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lito•ths, from lito•s plain, simple.] (Rhet.) A diminution or softening of statement for the sake of avoiding censure or increasing the effect by contrast with the moderation shown in the form of expression; as ´ a citizen of no mean city,´ that is, of an illustrious city.

Li•tran´e•ter , n. [Gr. li•tra + -meter. See Liter] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids.

Li´tre (le´ter; 277), n. [F.] Same as Liter.

Lit´ter (lit´ter), n. [F. litière, LL. lectaria, fr. L. lectus couch, bed. See Lie to be prostrated, and cf. Coverlet.] 1. A bed or stretcher so arranged that a person, esp. a sick or wounded person, may be easily carried in or upon it. “There is a litter ready; lay him in ’t.” Shak. 2. Straw, hay, etc., scattered on a floor, as bedding for animals to rest on; also a covering of straw for plants. “To crouch in litter of your stable planks.” Shak. “Take off the litter from your kernel beds.” Evelyn. 3. Things lying scattered about in a manner indicating slovenliness; scattered rubbish. “Strephon, who found the room was void.
Stole in, and took a strict survey
Of all the litter as it lay.” Swift. 4. Disorder or untidiness resulting from scattered rubbish, or from thongs lying about uncared for; as a room in a state of litter. 5. The young brought forth at one time, by a sow or other multiparous animal, taken collectively. Also Fig. “A wolf came to a sow, and very kindly offered to take care of her litter.” D. Estrange. “Reflect upon that numerous litter of strange, senseless opinions that crawl about the world.” South.

Lit´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Littered p. pr. & vb. n. Littering.] 1. To supply with litter, as cattle; to cover with litter, as the floor of a stall. “Tell them how they litter their jades.” Bp. Hacke. “For his ease, well littered was the floor.” Dryden. 2. To put into a confused or disordered condition; to strew with scattered articles; as to litter a room. “The room with volumes littered round.” Swift. 3. To give birth to; to bear; — said of brutes, esp. those which produce more than one at a birth, and also of human beings, in abhorrence or contempt. “We might conceive that dogs were created blind, because we observe they were littered so with us.” Sir T. Browne. “The son that she did litter here,
A freckled whelp hagborn.” Shak.

Lit´ter (lit´ter), v. i. 1. To be supplied with litter as bedding; to sleep or make one’s bed in litter. [R.] “The inn
Where he and his horse littered.” Habington. 2. To produce a litter. “A desert … where the she-wolf still littered.” Macaulay.

Lit•te•ra•teur´ (le•ta•ra•ter´), n. [F.] One who occupies himself with literature; a literary man; a literatus. ´ Befriended by one kind-hearted litterateur after another.´ C. Kingsley.

Lit´ter•y , a. Covered or encumbered with litter; consisting of or constituting litter.

Lit´tle , a. [The regular comparative of this word is wanting, its place being supplied by less, or, rarely, lesser. See Lesser. For the superlative least is used, the regular form, littlest, occurring very rarely, except in some of the English provinces, and occasionally in colloquial language. ´ Where love is great, the littlest doubts are fear.´ Shak.] [OE. litel, lutel, AS. ltel, litel, lt; akin to OS. littil, D. luttel, LG. lütt, OHG. luzzil, MHG. lützel; and perh. to AS. lytig deceitful, lot deceit, Goth. liuts deceitful, lutn to deceive; cf. also Icel. litill little, Sw. liten, Dan. liden, lille, Goth. leitils, which appear to have a different root vowel.] 1. Small in size or extent; not big; diminutive; — opposed to big or large; as a little body; a little animal; a little piece of ground; a little hill; a little distance; a little child. “He sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature.” Luke xix. 3. 2. Short in duration; brief; as a little sleep. “Best him enough: after a little time,
I’ll beat him too.” Shak. 3. Small in quantity or amount; not much; as a little food; a little air or water. “Conceited of their little wisdoms, and doting upon their own fancies.” Barrow. 4. Small in dignity, power, or importance; not great; insignificant; contemptible. “When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou not made the head of the tribes?” I Sam. xv. 17. 5. Small in force or efficiency; not strong; weak; slight; inconsiderable; as little attention or exertion;little effort; little care or diligence. “By sad experiment I know
How little weight my words with thee can find.” Milton. 6. Small in extent of views or sympathies; narrow; shallow; contracted; mean; illiberal; ungenerous. “The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise,
Because their natures are little.” Tennyson. Little chief. (Zoöl.) See Chief hare. — Little finger, the fourth and smallest finger of the hand. — Little go (Eng. Universities), a public examination about the middle of the course, which is less strict and important than the final one; — called also smalls. Cf. Great go, under Great. Thackeray. — Little hours (R. C. Ch.), the offices of prime, tierce, sext, and nones. Vespers and compline are sometimes included. — Little ones, young children. “The men, and the women, and the little ones.” Deut. ii. 34.

Lit´tle, n. 1. That which is little; a small quantity, amount, space, or the like. “Much was in little writ.” Dryden. “There are many expressions, which carrying with them no clear ideas are like to remove but little of my ignorance.” Locke. 2. A small degree or scale; miniature. ´ His picture in little.´ Shak. “A little, to or in a small degree; to a limited extent; somewhat; for a short time. ´ Stay a little.´” Shak. “The painter flattered her a little.” Shak. — By little and little, or Little by little, by slow degrees; piecemeal; gradually.

Lit´tle, adv. In a small quantity or degree; not much; slightly; somewhat; — often with a preceding it. ´ The poor sleep little.´ Otway.

Lit´tle-ease , n. An old slang name for the pillory, stocks, etc., of a prison.[Eng.] Latimer.

Lit´tle•ness, n. The state or quality of being little; as littleness of size, thought, duration, power, etc. Syn. — Smallness; slightness; inconsiderableness; narrowness; insignificance; meanness; penuriousness.

Lit´to•ral , a. [L. littoralis, litoralis, from littus, litus, the seashore: cf. F. littoral.] 1. Of or pertaining to a shore, as of the sea. 2. (Biol.) Inhabiting the seashore, esp. the zone between high-water and low-water mark.

Lit´to•ri´na , n. [NL. See Littoral.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small pectinibranch mollusks, having thick spiral shells, abundant between tides on nearly all rocky seacoasts. They feed on seaweeds. The common periwinkle is a well-known example. See Periwinkle.

Lit´tress (lit´tres), n. A smooth kind of cartridge paper used for making cards. Knight.

Lit´u•ate (lit´u•at; 135), a. [See Lituus.] (Bot.) Forked, with the points slightly curved outward.

Lit´u•i•form , a. [Lituus + -form.] Having the form of a lituus; like a lituite.

Lit´u•ite (lit´u•it; 135), n. [See Lituus.] (Paleon.) Any species of ammonites of the genus Lituites. They are found in the Cretaceous formation.

Lit´u•rate , a. [L. lituratus, p. p. of liturare to erase, fr. litura a blur.] 1. (Zoöl.) Having indistinct spots, paler at their margins. 2. (Bot.) Spotted, as if from abrasions of the surface. { Li•tur´gic , Li•tur´gic•al } [Gr. : cf. F. liturgique.] Pertaining to, of or the nature of, a liturgy; of or pertaining to public prayer and worship. T. Warton.

Li•tur´gic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of a liturgy.

Li•tur´gics , n. The science of worship; history, doctrine, and interpretation of liturgies.

Li•tur•gi•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in liturgiology.

Li•tur•gi•ol´o•gy , n. [Liturgy + -logy.] The science treating of liturgical matters; a treatise on, or description of, liturgies. Shipley.

Lit´ur•gist (lit´ur•jist), n. One who favors or adheres strictly to a liturgy. Milton.

Lit´ur•gy (lit´ur•jy), n.; pl. Liturgies (- jiz). [F. liturgie, LL. liturgia, Gr. leitoyrgi•a a public service, the public service of God, public worship; (assumed) le•i:tos, lei^tos, belonging to the people, public (fr. lao•s, lew•s, the people) + the root of ’e•rgon work. See Lay, a., and Work.] An established formula for public worship, or the entire ritual for public worship in a church which uses prescribed forms; a formulary for public prayer or devotion. In the Roman Catholic Church it includes all forms and services in any language, in any part of the world, for the celebration of Mass.

Lit´u•us , n.; pl. Litui (#). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antig.) (a) A curved staff used by the augurs in quartering the heavens. (b) An instrument of martial music; a kind of trumpet of a somewhat curved form and shrill note. 2. (Math.) A spiral whose polar equation is r^2theta = a; that is, a curve the square of whose radius vector varies inversely as the angle which the radius vector makes with a given line.

Liv´a•ble , a. 1. Such as can be lived. 2. Such as is pleasant to live in; fit or suitable to live in. [Colloq.] “A more delightful or livable region is not easily to be found.” T. Arnold.

Live (liv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lived (livd); p. pr. & vb. n. Living.] [OE. liven, livien, AS. libban, lifian; akin to OS. libbian, D. leven, G. leben, OHG. leben, Dan. leve, Sw. lefva, Icel. lifa to live, to be left, to remain, Goth. liban to live; akin to E. leave to forsake, and life, Gr. liparei^n to persist, liparo•s oily, shining, sleek, li•pos fat, lard, Skr. lip to anoint, smear; — the first sense prob. was to cleave to, stick to; hence, to remain, stay; and hence, to live.] 1. To be alive; to have life; to have, as an animal or a plant, the capacity of assimilating matter as food, and to be dependent on such assimilation for a continuance of existence; as animals and plants that live to a great age are long in reaching maturity. “Thus saith the Lord God unto these bones; Behold, I will … lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live.” Ezek. xxxvii. 5, 6. 2. To pass one’s time; to pass life or time in a certain manner, as to habits, conduct, or circumstances; as to live in ease or affluence; to live happily or usefully. “O death, how bitter is the remembrance of thee to a man that liveth at rest in his possessions!” Ecclus. xli. 1. 3. To make one’s abiding place or home; to abide; to dwell; to reside. “Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years.” Gen. xlvii. 28. 4. To be or continue in existence; to exist; to remain; to be permanent; to last; — said of inanimate objects, ideas etc. “Men’s evil manners live in brass; their virtues
We write in water.” Shak. 5. To enjoy or make the most of life; to be in a state of happiness. “What greater curse could envious fortune give
Than just to die when I began to live?” Dryden. 6. To feed; to subsist; to be nourished or supported; — with on; as horses live on grass and grain. 7. To have a spiritual existence; to be quickened, nourished, and actuated by divine influence or faith. “The just shall live by faith.” Gal. iii. ll. 8. To be maintained in life; to acquire a livelihood; to subsist; — with on or by; as to live on spoils. “Those who live by labor.” Sir W. Temple. 9. To outlast danger; to float; — said of a ship, boat, etc.; as no ship could live in such a storm. “A strong mast that lived upon the sea.” Shak. To live out, to be at service; to live away from home as a servant. [U. S.] — To live with. (a) To dwell or to be a lodger with. (b) To cohabit with; to have intercourse with, as male with female.

Live , v. t. 1. To spend, as one’s life; to pass; to maintain; to continue in, constantly or habitually; as to live an idle or a useful life. 2. To act habitually in conformity with; to practice. “To live the Gospel.” Foxe. To live down, to live so as to subdue or refute; as to live down slander.

Live , a. [Abbreviated from alive. See Alive, Life.] 1. Having life; alive; living; not dead. “If one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it.” Ex. xxi. 35. 2. Being in a state of ignition; burning; having active properties; as a live coal; live embers. ´ The live ether.´ Thomson. 3. Full of earnestness; active; wide awake; glowing; as a live man, or orator. 4. Vivid; bright. ´ The live carnation.´ Thomson. 5. (Engin.) Imparting power; having motion; as the live spindle of a lathe. Live birth, the condition of being born in such a state that acts of life are manifested after the extrusion of the whole body. Dunglison. — Live box, a cell for holding living objects under microscopical examination. P. H. Gosse. — Live feathers, feathers which have been plucked from the living bird, and are therefore stronger and more elastic. — Live gang. (Sawing) See under Gang. — Live grass (Bot.), a grass of the genus Eragrostis. — Live load (Engin.), a suddenly applied load; a varying load; a moving load; as a moving train of cars on a bridge, or wind pressure on a roof. Live oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus virens), growing in the Southern States, of great durability, and highly esteemed for ship timber. In California the Q. chrysolepis and some other species are also called live oaks. — Live ring (Engin.), a circular train of rollers upon which a swing bridge, or turntable, rests, and which travels around a circular track when the bridge or table turns. — Live steam , steam direct from the boiler, used for any purpose, in distinction from exhaust steam. — Live stock, horses, cattle, and other domestic animals kept on a farm.

Live , n. Life. [Obs.] Chaucer. On live, in life; alive. [Obs.] See Alive. Chaucer.

Lived , a. Having life; — used only in composition; as long-lived; short- lived.

Live´-for•ev•er , n. (Bot.) A plant (Sedum Telephium) with fleshy leaves, which has extreme powers of resisting drought; garden ox-pine.

Live´li•hed , n. See Livelihood. [Obs.]

Live´li•hood , n. [OE. livelode, liflode, prop., course of life, life’s support, maintenance, fr. AS. lif life + lad road, way, maintenance. Confused with livelihood liveliness. See Life, and Lode.] Subsistence or living, as dependent on some means of support; support of life; maintenance. “The opportunities of gaining an honest livelihood.” Addison. “It is their profession and livelihood to get their living by practices for which they deserve to forfeit their lives.” South.

Live´li•hood, n. [Lively + - hood.] Liveliness; appearance of life. [Obs.] Shak.

Live´li•ly, adv. In a lively manner. [Obs.] Lamb.

Live´li•ness, n. [From Lively.] 1. The quality or state of being lively or animated; sprightliness; vivacity; animation; spirit; as the liveliness of youth, contrasted with the gravity of age. B. Jonson. 2. An appearance of life, animation, or spirit; as the liveliness of the eye or the countenance in a portrait. 3. Briskness; activity; effervescence, as of liquors. Syn. — Sprightliness; gayety; animation; vivacity; smartness; briskness; activity. — Liveliness, Gayety, Animation, Vivacity. Liveliness is an habitual feeling of life and interest; gayety refers more to a temporary excitement of the animal spirits; animation implies a warmth of emotion and a corresponding vividness of expressing it, awakened by the presence of something which strongly affects the mind; vivacity is a feeling between liveliness and animation, having the permanency of the one, and, to some extent, the warmth of the other. Liveliness of imagination; gayety of heart; animation of countenance; vivacity of gesture or conversation.

Live´lode , n. [See 1st Livelihood.] Course of life; means of support; livelihood. [Obs.]

Live´long , a. [For lifelong. Cf. Lifelong.] 1. Whole; entire; long in passing; — used of time, as day or night, in adverbial phrases, and usually with a sense of tediousness. “The obscure bird
Clamored the livelong night.” Shak. “How could she sit the livelong day,
Yet never ask us once to play?” Swift. 2. Lasting; durable. [Obs.] “Thou hast built thyself a livelong monument.” Milton.

Live´ly , a. [Compar. Livelier superl. Liveliest.] [For lifely. Cf. Lifelike.] 1. Endowed with or manifesting life; living. “Chaplets of gold and silver resembling lively flowers and leaves.” Holland. 2. Brisk; vivacious; active; as a lively youth. “But wherefore comes old Manoa in such haste,
With youthful steps ? Much livelier than erewhile
He seems.” Milton. 3. Gay; airy; animated; spirited. “From grave to gay, from lively to severe.” Pope. 4. Representing life; lifelike. [Obs.] “I spied the lively picture of my father.” Massinger. 5. Bright; vivid; glowing; strong; vigorous. “The colors of the prism are manifestly more full, intense, and lively that those of natural bodies.” Sir I. Newton. “His faith must be not only living, but lively too.” South. Lively stones (Script.), saints, as being quickened by the Spirit, and active in holiness. Syn. — Brisk; vigorous; quick; nimble; smart; active; alert; sprightly; animated; spirited; prompt; earnest; strong; energetic; vivid; vivacious; blithe; gleeful; airy; gay; jocund.

Live´ly, adv. 1. In a brisk, active, or animated manner; briskly; vigorously. Hayward. 2. With strong resemblance of life. [Obs.] “Thou counterfeitest most lively.” Shak.

Liv´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, lives. “And try if life be worth the liver’s care.” Prior. 2. A resident; a dweller; as a liver in Brooklyn. 3. One whose course of life has some marked characteristic (expressed by an adjective); as a free liver. Fast liver, one who lives in an extravagant and dissipated way. — Free liver, Good liver, one given to the pleasures of the table. — Loose liver, a person who lives a somewhat dissolute life.

Liv´er, n. [AS. lifer; akin to D. liver, G. leber, OHG. lebara, Icel. lifr, Sw. lefver, and perh. to Gr. fat, E. live, v.] (Anat.) A very large glandular and vascular organ in the visceral cavity of all vertebrates. Most of the venous blood from the alimentary canal passes through it on its way back to the heart; and it secretes the bile, produces glycogen, and in other ways changes the blood which passes through it. In man it is situated immediately beneath the diaphragm and mainly on the right side. See Bile, Digestive, and Glycogen. The liver of invertebrate animals is usually made up of caecal tubes, and differs materially, in form and function, from that of vertebrates. Floating liver. See Wandering liver, under Wandering. — Liver of antimony, Liver of sulphur. (Old Chem.) See Hepar. — Liver brown, Liver color, the color of liver, a dark, reddish brown. — Liver shark (Zoöl.), a very large shark (Cetorhinus maximus), inhabiting the northern coasts both of Europe and North America. It sometimes becomes forty feet in length, being one of the largest sharks known; but it has small simple teeth, and is not dangerous. It is captured for the sake of its liver, which often yields several barrels of oil. It has gill rakers, resembling whalebone, by means of which it separates small animals from the sea water. Called also basking shark, bone shark, hoemother, homer, and sailfish. — Liver spots, yellowish brown patches or spots of chloasma.

Liv´er (liv´er), n. (Zoöl.) The glossy ibis (Ibis falcinellus); - - said to have given its name to the city of Liverpool.

Liv´er-col•ored (-kul•erd), a. Having a color like liver; dark reddish brown.

Liv´ered (liv´erd), a. Having (such) a liver; used in composition; as white- livered.

Liv´er-grown , a. Having an enlarged liver. Dunglison.

Liv´er•ied , a. Wearing a livery. See Livery, 3. “The liveried servants wait.” Parnell.

Liv´er•ing, n. A kind of pudding or sausage made of liver or pork. [Obs.] Chapman.

Liv´er•leaf , n. (Bot.) Same as Liverwort.

Liv´er•wort , n. (Bot.) 1. A ranunculaceous plant (Anemone Hepatica) with pretty white or bluish flowers and a three-lobed leaf; — called also squirrel cups. 2. A flowerless plant (Marchantia polymorpha), having an irregularly lobed, spreading, and forking frond. From this plant many others of the same order (Hepaticae) have been vaguely called liverworts, esp. those of the tribe Marchantiaceae. See Illust. of Hepatica.

Liv´er•y , n.; pl. Liveries (#). [OE. livere, F. livree, formerly, a gift of clothes made by the master to his servants, prop., a thing delivered, fr. livrer to deliver, L. liberare to set free, in LL., to deliver up. See Liberate.] 1. (Eng. Law) (a) The act of delivering possession of lands or tenements. (b) The writ by which possession is obtained. It is usual to say, livery of seizin, which is a feudal investiture, made by the delivery of a turf, of a rod, or twig, from the feoffor to the feoffee. In the United States, and now in Great Britain, no such ceremony is necessary, the delivery of a deed being sufficient. 2. Release from wardship; deliverance. “It concerned them first to sue out their livery from the unjust wardship of his encroaching prerogative.” Milton. 3. That which is delivered out statedly or formally, as clothing, food, etc.; especially: (a) The uniform clothing issued by feudal superiors to their retainers and serving as a badge when in military service. (b) The peculiar dress by which the servants of a nobleman or gentleman are distinguished; as a claret-colored livery. (c) Hence, also the peculiar dress or garb appropriated by any association or body of persons to their own use; as the livery of the London tradesmen, of a priest, of a charity school, etc.; also the whole body or company of persons wearing such a garb, and entitled to the privileges of the association; as the whole livery of London. “A Haberdasher and a Carpenter,
A Webbe, a Dyer, and a Tapicer,
And they were clothed all in one livery
Of a solempne and a gret fraternite.” Chaucer. “From the periodical deliveries of these characteristic articles of servile costume (blue coats) came our word livery.” De Quincey. (d) Hence, any characteristic dress or outward appearance. ´ April’s livery.´ Sir P. Sidney. “Now came still evening on, and twilight gray
Had in her sober livery all things clad.” Milton. (e) An allowance of food statedly given out; a ration, as to a family, to servants, to horses, etc. “The emperor’s officers every night went through the town from house to house whereat any English gentleman did repast or lodge, and served their liveries for all night: first, the officers brought into the house a cast of fine manchet [white bread], and of silver two great pots, and white wine, and sugar.” Cavendish. (f) The feeding, stabling, and care of horses for compensation; boarding; as to keep one’s horses at livery. “What livery is, we by common use in England know well enough, namely, that is, allowance of horse meat, as to keep horses at livery, the which word, I guess, is derived of livering or delivering forth their nightly food.” Spenser. “It need hardly be observed that the explanation of livery which Spenser offers is perfectly correct, but … it is no longer applied to the ration or stated portion of food delivered at stated periods.” Trench. (g) The keeping of horses in readiness to be hired temporarily for riding or driving; the state of being so kept. “Pegasus does not stand at livery even at the largest establishment in Moorfields.” Lowell. 4. A low grade of wool. Livery gown, the gown worn by a liveryman in London.

Liv´er•y, v. t. To clothe in, or as in, livery. Shak.

Liv´er•y•man , n.; pl. Liverymen . 1. One who wears a livery, as a servant. 2. A freeman of the city, in London, who, having paid certain fees, is entitled to wear the distinguishing dress or livery of the company to which he belongs, and also to enjoy certain other privileges, as the right of voting in an election for the lord mayor, sheriffs, chamberlain, etc. 3. One who keeps a livery stable.

Liv´er•y sta•ble A stable where horses are kept for hire, and where stabling is provided. See Livery, n., 3 (e) (f) & (g).

Lives (livz), n.; pl. of Life.

Lives (livz), a. & adv. [Orig. a genitive sing. of life.] Alive; living; with life. [Obs.] ´ Any lives creature.´ Chaucer.

Liv´id (liv´id), a. [L. lividus, from livere to be of a blush color, to be black and blue: cf. F. livide.] Black and blue; grayish blue; of a lead color; discolored, as flesh by contusion. Cowper. “There followed no carbuncles, no purple or livid spots, the mass of the blood not being tainted.” Bacon.

Li•vid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. lividite.] The state or quality of being livid.

Liv´id•ness (liv´id•nes), n. Lividity. Walpole.

Liv´ing (liv´ing), a. [From Live, v. i.] 1. Being alive; having life; as a living creature. 2. Active; lively; vigorous; — said esp. of states of the mind, and sometimes of abstract things; as a living faith; a living principle. ´ Living hope. ´ Wyclif. 3. Issuing continually from the earth; running; flowing; as a living spring; — opposed to stagnant. 4. Producing life, action, animation, or vigor; quickening. ´Living light.´ Shak. 5. Ignited; glowing with heat; burning; live. “Then on the living coals wine they pour.” Dryden. Living force. See Vis viva, under Vis. — Living gale (Naut.), a heavy gale. — Living rock or stone, rock in its native or original state or location; rock not quarried. ´ I now found myself on a rude and narrow stairway, the steps of which were cut out of the living rock.´ Moore. — The living, those who are alive, or one who is alive.

Liv´ing, n. 1. The state of one who, or that which, lives; lives; life; existence. ´Health and living.´ Shak. 2. Manner of life; as riotous living; penurious living; earnest living. ´ A vicious living.´ Chaucer. 3. Means of subsistence; sustenance; estate. “She can spin for her living.” Shak. “He divided unto them his living.” Luke xv. 12. 4. Power of continuing life; the act of living, or living comfortably. “There is no living without trusting somebody or other in some cases.” L’ Estrange. 5. The benefice of a clergyman; an ecclesiastical charge which a minister receives. [Eng.] “He could not get a deanery, a prebend, or even a living” Macaulay. Livng room, the room most used by the family.

Liv´ing•ly, adv. In a living state. Sir T. Browne.

Liv´ing•ness, n. The state or quality of being alive; possession of energy or vigor; animation; quickening.

Li•vo´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Livonia, a district of Russia near the Baltic Sea.

Li•vo´ni•an, n. A native or an inhabitant of Livonia; the langua•e (alli•d to th• Finniso) of the Livonians.

Li´vor , n. [L.] Malignity. [R.] Burton.

Li•vrai•son´ , n. [F., fr. L. liberatio a setting free, in LL., a delivering up. See Liberation.] A part of a book or literary composition printed and delivered by itself; a number; a part.

Li´vre , n. [F., fr. L. libra a pound of twelve ounces. Cf. Lira.] A French money of account, afterward a silver coin equal to 20 sous. It is not now in use, having been superseded by the franc.

Lix•iv´i•al , a. [L. lixivius, fr. lix ashes, lye ashes, lye: cf. F. lixiviel.] 1. Impregnated with, or consisting of, alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes; impregnated with a salt or salts like a lixivium. Boyle. 2. Of the color of lye; resembling lye. 3. Having the qualities of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes. Lixivial salts (Old Chem.), salts which are obtained by passing water through ashes, or by pouring it on them. { Lix•iv´i•ate , Lix•iv´i••ted } a. [From Lixivium.] 1. Of or pertaining to lye or lixivium; of the quality of alkaline salts. 2. Impregnated with salts from wood ashes. Boyle.

Lix•iv´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lixiviated p. pr. & vb. n. Lixiviating ] To subject to a washing process for the purpose of separating soluble material from that which is insoluble; to leach, as ashes, for the purpose of extracting the alkaline substances.

Lix•iv•i•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. lixiviation.] Lixiviating; the process of separating a soluble substance from one that is insoluble, by washing with some solvent, as water; leaching.

Lix•iv´i•ous , a. See Lixivial.

Lix•iv´i•um , n. [L. lixivium, lixivia. See Lixivial.] A solution of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes; hence, any solution obtained by lixiviation.

Lixt (likst), obs. 2d pers. sing. pres. of Lige, to lie, to tell lies, — contracted for ligest. Chaucer.

Li´za , n. (Zoöl.) The American white mullet (Mugil curema).

Liz´ard , n. [OE. lesarde, OF. lesarde, F. lezard, L. lacerta, lacertus. Cf. Alligator, Lacerta.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of the numerous species of reptiles belonging to the order Lacertilia; sometimes, also applied to reptiles of other orders, as the Hatteria. Most lizards have an elongated body, with four legs, and a long tail; but there are some without legs, and some with a short, thick tail. Most have scales, but some are naked; most have eyelids, but some do not. The tongue is varied in form and structure. In some it is forked, in others, as the chameleons, club-shaped, and very extensible. See Amphisbaena, Chameleon, Gecko, Gila monster, Horned toad, Iguana, and Dragon, 6. 2. (Naut.) A piece of rope with thimble or block spliced into one or both of the ends. R. H. Dana, Ir. 3. A piece of timber with a forked end, used in dragging a heavy stone, a log, or the like, from a field. Lizard fish (Zoöl.), a marine scopeloid fish of the genus Synodus, or Saurus, esp. S. fœtens of the Southern United States and West Indies; — called also sand pike. — Lizard snake (Zoöl.), the garter snake (Eutaenia sirtalis). — Lizard stone (Min.), a kind of serpentine from near Lizard Point, Cornwall, England, — used for ornamental purposes.

Liz´ard’s tail (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Saururus (S. cernuus), growing in marshes, and having white flowers crowded in a slender terminal spike, somewhat resembling in form a lizard’s tail; whence the name. Gray.

Lla´ma, n. [Peruv.] (Zoöl.) A South American ruminant (Auchenia llama), allied to the camels, but much smaller and without a hump. It is supposed to be a domesticated variety of the guanaco. It was formerly much used as a beast of burden in the Andes.

Llan•dei´lo group. (Geol.) A series of strata in the lower Silurian formations of Great Britain; — so named from Llandeilo in Southern Wales. See Chart of Geology.

Lla•ne´ro , n. [Sp. Amer.] One of the inhabitants of the llanos of South America.

Lla´no , n.; pl. Llanos (#). [Sp., plain even, level. See Plain.] An extensive plain with or without vegetation. [Spanish America]

Lloyd’s , n. 1. An association of underwriters and others in London, for the collection and diffusion of marine intelligence, the insurance, classification, registration, and certifying of vessels, and the transaction of business of various kinds connected with shipping. 2. A part of the Royal Exchange, in London, appropriated to the use of underwriters and insurance brokers; — called also Lloyd’s Rooms. The name is derived from Lloyd’s Coffee House, in Lombard Street, where there were formerly rooms for the same purpose. The name Lloyd or Lloyd’s has been taken by several associations, in different parts of Europe, established for purposes similar to those of the original association. Lloyd’s agents, persons employed in various parts of the world, by the association called Lloyd’s, to serve its interests. — Lloyd’s list, a publication of the latest news respecting shipping matters, with lists of vessels, etc., made under the direction of Lloyd’s. Brande & C. — Lloyd’s register, a register of vessels rated according to their quality, published yearly.

Lo , interj. [OE. lo, low; perh. akin to E. look, v.] Look; see; behold; observe. ´Lo, here is Christ.´ Matt. xxiv. 23. ´Lo, we turn to the Gentiles.´ Acts xiii. 46.

Loach (loch), n. [OE. loche, F. loche.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several small, fresh-water, cyprinoid fishes of the genera Cobitis, Nemachilus, and allied genera, having six or more barbules around the mouth. They are found in Europe and Asia. The common European species (N. barbatulus) is used as a food fish.

Load , n. [OE. lode load, way; properly the same word as lode, but confused with lade, load, v. See Lade, Lead, v., Lode.] 1. A burden; that which is laid on or put in anything for conveyance; that which is borne or sustained; a weight; as a heavy load. “He might such a load
To town with his ass carry.” Gower. 2. The quantity which can be carried or drawn in some specified way; the contents of a cart, barrow, or vessel; that which will constitute a cargo; lading. 3. That which burdens, oppresses, or grieves the mind or spirits; as a load of care. ´ A … load of guilt.´ Ray. ´ Our life’s a load.´ Dryden. 4. A particular measure for certain articles, being as much as may be carried at one time by the conveyance commonly used for the article measured; as a load of wood; a load of hay; specifically, five quarters. 5. The charge of a firearm; as a load of powder. 6. Weight or violence of blows. [Obs.] Milton. 7. (Mach.) The work done by a steam engine or other prime mover when working. Load line, or Load water line (Naut.), the line on the outside of a vessel indicating the depth to which it sinks in the water when loaded. Syn. — Burden; lading; weight; cargo. See Burden.

Load, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Loading. Loaden is obsolete, and laden belongs to lade.] 1. To lay a load or burden on or in, as on a horse or in a cart; to charge with a load, as a gun; to furnish with a lading or cargo, as a ship; hence, to add weight to, so as to oppress or embarrass; to heap upon. “I strive all in vain to load the cart.” Gascoigne. “I have loaden me with many spoils.” Shak. “Those honors deep and broad, wherewith
Your majesty loads our house.” Shak. 2. To adulterate or drug; as to load wine. [Cant] 3. To magnetize.[Obs.] Prior. Loaded dice, dice with one side made heavier than the others, so that the number on the opposite side will come up oftenest.

Load´er , n. One who, or that which, loads; a mechanical contrivance for loading, as a gun.

Load´ing, n. 1. The act of putting a load on or into. 2. A load; cargo; burden. Shak. { Load´man•age , Lode´man•age }, n. Pilotage; skill of a pilot or loadsman. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Loads´man , Lodes´man }, n. [Load, lode + man. See Lode.] A pilot. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Load´star• , Lode´star• }, n. [Load, lode + star. See Lode.] A star that leads; a guiding star; esp., the polestar; the cynosure. Chaucer. ´ Your eyes are lodestars.´ Shak. “The pilot can no loadstar see.” Spenser. { Load´stone• , Lode´stone }, n. [Load, lode + stone.] (Min.) A piece of magnetic iron ore possessing polarity like a magnetic needle. See Magnetite.

Loaf , n.; pl. Loaves (#). [OE. lof, laf, AS. hlaf; akin to G. laib, OHG. hleip, Icel. hleifr, Goth. hlaifs, Russ. khlieb’, Lith. klëpas. Cf. Lady, Lammas, Lord.] Any thick lump, mass, or cake; especially, a large regularly shaped or molded mass, as of bread, sugar, or cake. Bacon. Loaf sugar, refined sugar that has been formed into a conical loaf in a mold.

Loaf, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loafed p. pr. & vb. n. Loafing.] [G. laufen to run, Prov. G. loofen. See Leap.] To spend time in idleness; to lounge or loiter about. ´ Loafing vagabonds.´ W. Black.

Loaf, v. t. To spend in idleness; — with away; as to loaf time away.

Loaf´er , n. [G. läufer a runner, Prov. G. laufer, lofer, fr. laufen to run. See Leap.] One who loafs; a lazy lounger. Lowell.

Loam , n. [AS. lam; akin to D. leem, G. lehm, and E. lime. See 4th Lime.] 1. A kind of soil; an earthy mixture of clay and sand, with organic matter to which its fertility is chiefly due. “We wash a wall of loam; we labor in vain.” Hooker. 2. (Founding) A mixture of sand, clay, and other materials, used in making molds for large castings, often without a pattern. Loam mold (Founding), a mold made with loam. See Loam, n., 2. — Loam molding, the process or business of making loam molds. Loam plate, an iron plate upon which a section of a loam mold rests, or from which it is suspended. — Loam work, loam molding or loam molds.

Loam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loamed p. pr. & vb. n. Loaming.] To cover, smear, or fill with loam.

Loam´y , a. Consisting of loam; partaking of the nature of loam; resembling loam. Bacon.

Loan (lon), n. [See Lawn.] A loanin. [Scot.]
[1913 Webster]

Loan, n. [OE. lone, lane, AS. lan, laen, fr. león to lend; akin to D. leen loan, fief, G. lehen fief, Icel. lan, G. leihen to lend, OHG. lihan, Icel. lji, Goth. leihwan, L. linquere to leave, Gr. lei•pein, Skr. ric. rad.119. Cf. Delinquent, Eclipse, Eleven, Ellipse, Lend, License, Relic.] 1. The act of lending; a lending; permission to use; as the loan of a book, money, services. 2. That which one lends or borrows, esp. a sum of money lent at interest; as he repaid the loan. Loan office. (a) An office at which loans are negotiated, or at which the accounts of loans are kept, and the interest paid to the lender. (b) A pawnbroker’s shop.

Loan, n. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaned p. pr. & vb. n. Loaning.] To lend; — sometimes with out. Kent. “By way of location or loaning them out.” J. Langley (1644).

Loan´a•ble , a. Such as can be lent; available for lending; as loanable funds; — used mostly in financial business and writings. { Loan´in , Loan´ing } n. [From Scotch loan, E. lawn.] An open space between cultivated fields through which cattle are driven, and where the cows are sometimes milked; also a lane. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Loan´mon•ger , n. A dealer in, or negotiator of, loans. “The millions of the loanmonger.” Beaconsfield.

Loath (loth), a. [OE. looth, loth, AS. lað hostile, odious; akin to OS. lað, G. leid, Icel. leiðr, Sw. led, G. leiden to suffer, OHG. lidan to suffer, go, cf. AS. liðan to go, Goth. leipan, and E. lead to guide.] 1. Hateful; odious; disliked. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Filled with disgust or aversion; averse; unwilling; reluctant; as loath to part. “Full loth were him to curse for his tithes.” Chaucer. “Why, then, though loath, yet must I be content.” Shak.

Loathe (loth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loathed (lothd); p. pr. & vb. n. Loathing.] [AS. laðian to hate. See Loath.] 1. To feel extreme disgust at, or aversion for. “Loathing the honeyed cakes, I Ionged for bread.” Cowley. 2. To dislike greatly; to abhor; to hate. “The secret which I loathe.” Waller. “She loathes the vital sir.” Dryden. Syn. — To hate; abhor; detest; abominate. See Hate.

Loathe, v. i. To feel disgust or nausea. [Obs.]

Loath´er , n. One who loathes.

Loath´ful , a. 1. Full of loathing; hating; abhorring. ´Loathful eyes.´ Spenser. 2. Causing a feeling of loathing; disgusting. “Above the reach of loathful, sinful lust.” Spenser.

Loath´ing, n. Extreme disgust; a feeling of aversion, nausea, abhorrence, or detestation. “The mutual fear and loathing of the hostile races.” Macaulay.

Loath´ing•ly, adv. With loathing.

Loath´li•ness , n. Loathsomeness. [Obs.]

Loath´ly (loth´ly), a. [AS. laðlic.] Loathsome. [Obs.] ´ Loathly mouth.´ Spenser.

Loath´ly (loth´ly), adv. 1. Unwillingly; reluctantly. “This shows that you from nature loathly stray.” Donne. 2. (loth´ly) So as to cause loathing. [Obs.] “With dust and blood his locks were loathly dight.” Fairfax.

Loath´ness , n. Unwillingness; reluctance. “A general silence and loathness to speak.” Bacon.

Loath´some , a. Fitted to cause loathing; exciting disgust; disgusting. “The most loathsome and deadly forms of infection.” Macaulay. — Loath´some•ly. adv. — Loath´some•ness, n.

Loath´y , a. Loathsome. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loaves , n.; pl. of Loaf.

Lob , n. [W. llob an unwieldy lump, a dull fellow, a blockhead. Cf. Looby, Lubber.] 1. A dull, heavy person. ´ Country lobs.´ Gauden. 2. Something thick and heavy.

Lob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Lobbing.] To let fall heavily or lazily. “And their poor jades
Lob down their heads.” Shak. To lob a ball (Lawn Tennis), to strike a ball so as to send it up into the air.

Lob, v. t. (Mining) See Cob, v. t.

Lob, n. [Dan. lubbe.] (Zoöl.) The European pollock.

Lo´bar , a. Of or pertaining to a lobe; characterized by, or like, a lobe or lobes. { Lo´bate , Lo´ba•ted } a. [See Lobe.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of, or having, lobes; lobed; as a lobate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having lobes; — said of the tails of certain fishes having the integument continued to the bases of the fin rays. (b) Furnished with membranous flaps, as the toes of a coot. See Illust. (m) under Aves.

Lo´bate•ly , adv. As a lobe; so as to make a lobe; in a lobate manner.

Lob´bish , a. Like a lob; consisting of lobs. Sir. P. Sidney.

Lob´by , n.; pl. Lobbies (#). [LL. lobium, lobia, laubia, a covered portico fit for walking, fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor. See Lodge.] 1. (Arch.) A passage or hall of communication, especially when large enough to serve also as a waiting room. It differs from an antechamber in that a lobby communicates between several rooms, an antechamber to one only; but this distinction is not carefully preserved. 2. That part of a hall of legislation not appropriated to the official use of the assembly; hence, the persons, collectively, who frequent such a place to transact business with the legislators; any persons, not members of a legislative body, who strive to influence its proceedings by personal agency. [U.S.] 3. (Naut.) An apartment or passageway in the fore part of an old-fashioned cabin under the quarter- deck. 4. (Agric.) A confined place for cattle, formed by hedges. trees, or other fencing, near the farmyard. Lobby member, a lobbyist. [Humorous cant, U. S.]

Lob´by, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lobbied p. pr. & vb. n. Lobbying.] To address or solicit members of a legislative body in the lobby or elsewhere, with the purpose to influence their votes.[U.S.] Bartlett.

Lob´by, v. t. To urge the adoption or passage of by soliciting members of a legislative body; as to lobby a bill. [U.S.]

Lob´by•ist, n. A member of the lobby; a person who solicits members of a legislature for the purpose of influencing legislation. [U.S.]

Lob´cock , n. A dull, sluggish person; a lubber; a lob. [Low]

Lobe (lob), n. [F. lobe, Gr. lobo•s.] Any projection or division, especially one of a somewhat rounded form; as: (a) (Bot.) A rounded projection or division of a leaf. Gray. (b)(Zoöl.) A membranous flap on the sides of the toes of certain birds, as the coot. (c) (Anat.) A round projecting part of an organ, as of the liver, lungs, brain, etc. See Illust. of Brain. (b) (Mach.) The projecting part of a cam wheel or of a non-circular gear wheel. Lobe of the ear, the soft, fleshy prominence in which the human ear terminates below. See. Illust. of Ear.

Lobed , a. Having lobes; lobate.

Lobe´foot , n. (Zoöl.) A bird having lobate toes; esp., a phalarope.

Lobe´-foot•ed, a. (Zoöl.) Lobiped.

Lobe´let , n. (Bot.) A small lobe; a lobule.

Lo•be´li•a ( 106), n. [NL. So called from Lobel, botanist to King James I.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including a great number of species. Lobelia inflata, or Indian tobacco, is an annual plant of North America, whose leaves contain a poisonous white viscid juice, of an acrid taste. It has often been used in medicine as an emetic, expectorant, etc. L. cardinalis is the cardinal flower, remarkable for the deep and vivid red color of its flowers.

Lo•be•li•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants of which the genus Lobelia is the type.

Lo•be´lin , n. (Med.) A yellowish green resin from Lobelia, used as an emetic and diaphoretic.

Lo•be´line , n. (Chem.) A poisonous narcotic alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) as a yellow oil, having a tobaccolike taste and odor.

Lo´bi•ped, a. [Lobe + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Having lobate toes, as a coot.

Lob´lol•ly , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Gruel; porridge; — so called among seamen. Loblolly bay (Bot.), an elegant white-flowered evergreen shrub or small tree, of the genus Gordonia (G. Lasianthus), growing in the maritime parts of the Southern United States. Its bark is sometimes used in tanning. also a similar West Indian tree (Laplacea haematoxylon). — Loblolly boy, a surgeon’s attendant on shipboard. Smollett. — Loblolly pine (Bot.), a kind of pitch pine found from Delaware southward along the coast; old field pine (Pinus Taeda). also P. Bahamensis, of the West Indies. — Loblolly tree (Bot.), a name of several West Indian trees, having more or less leathery foliage, but alike in no other respect; as Pisonia subcordata, Cordia alba, and Cupania glabra.

Lo•bo´sa , n. pl. [NL. See Lobe.] (Zoöl.) An order of Rhizopoda, in which the pseudopodia are thick and irregular in form, as in the Amœba.

Lob´scouse , n. [Written also lobscourse from which lobscouse is corrupted.] [Lob + course.] (Naut.) A combination of meat with vegetables, bread, etc., usually stewed, sometimes baked; an olio.

Lob´sid•ed , a. See Lopsided.

Lobs´pound , n. [Lob + pound a prison.] A prison. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Lob´ster , n. [AS. loppestre, lopystre prob., corrupted fr. L. locusta a marine shellfish, a kind of lobster, a locust. Cf. Locust.] (Zoöl.) Any large macrurous crustacean used as food, esp. those of the genus Homarus; as the American lobster (H. Americanus), and the European lobster (H. vulgaris). The Norwegian lobster (Nephrops Norvegicus) is similar in form. All these have a pair of large unequal claws. The spiny lobsters of more southern waters, belonging to Palinurus, Panulirus, and allied genera, have no large claws. The fresh-water crayfishes are sometimes called lobsters. Lobster caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar of a European bombycid moth (Stauropus fagi); — so called from its form. Lobster louse (Zoöl.), a copepod crustacean (Nicothoë astaci) parasitic on the gills of the European lobster.

Lob´u•lar, a. [Cf. F. lobulaire.] Like a lobule; pertaining to a lobule or lobules. { Lob´u•late , Lob´u•la•ted } a. Made up of, or divided into, lobules; as a lobulated gland.

Lob´ule, n. [Cf. F. lobule, dim. of lobe. See Lobe.] A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe. Lobule of the ear. (Anat.) Same as Lobe of the ear.

Lob•u•lette´ , n. [Dim. of lobule.] (Anat.) A little lobule, or subdivision of a lobule.

Lob´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The lugworm.

Lo´cal , a. [L. localis, fr. locus place: cf. F. local. See Lieu, Locus.] Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as a local custom. “Gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.” Shak. Local actions (Law), actions such as must be brought in a particular county, where the cause arises; — distinguished from transitory actions. — Local affection (Med.), a disease or ailment confined to a particular part or organ, and not directly affecting the system. — Local attraction (Magnetism), an attraction near a compass, causing its needle to deviate from its proper direction, especially on shipboard. — Local battery (Teleg.), the battery which actuates the recording instruments of a telegraphic station, as distinguished from the battery furnishing a current for the line. — Local circuit (Teleg.), the circuit of the local battery. — Local color. (a) (Paint.) The color which belongs to an object, and is not caused by accidental influences, as of reflection, shadow, etc. (b) (Literature) Peculiarities of the place and its inhabitants where the scene of an action or story is laid. — Local option, the right or obligation of determining by popular vote within certain districts, as in each county, city, or town, whether the sale of alcoholic beverages within the district shall be allowed.

Lo´cal, n. 1. (Railroad) A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district. [U.S.] 2. On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published. [U.S.]

Lo•cale´ , n. [F. local.] 1. A place, spot, or location. 2. A principle, practice, form of speech, or other thing of local use, or limited to a locality.

Lo´cal•ism , n. 1. The state or quality of being local; affection for a particular place. 2. A method of speaking or acting peculiar to a certain district; a local idiom or phrase.

Lo•cal´i•ty , n.; pl. Localitiees . [L. localitas: cf. F. localite.] 1. The state, or condition, of belonging to a definite place, or of being contained within definite limits. “It is thought that the soul and angels are devoid of quantity
and dimension, and that they have nothing to do with grosser locality.” Glanvill. 2. Position; situation; a place; a spot; esp., a geographical place or situation, as of a mineral or plant. 3. Limitation to a county, district, or place; as locality of trial. Blackstone. 4. (Phren.) The perceptive faculty concerned with the ability to remember the relative positions of places.

Lo•cal•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. localisation.] Act of localizing, or state of being localized. Cerebral localization (Physiol.), the localization of the control of special functions, as of sight or of the various movements of the body, in special regions of the brain.

Lo´cal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Localized p. pr. & vb. n. Localizing ] [Cf. F. localiser. See Local.] To make local; to fix in, or assign to, a definite place. H. Spencer. Wordsworth.

Lo´cal•ly, adv. With respect to place; in place; as to be locally separated or distant.

Lo´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Located p. pr. & vb. n. Locating.] [L. locatus, p. p. of locare to place, fr. locus place. See Local.] 1. To place; to set in a particular spot or position. “The captives and emigrants whom he brought with him were located in the trans-Tiberine quarter.” B. F. Westcott. 2. To designate the site or place of; to define the limits of; as to locate a public building; to locate a mining claim; to locate (the land granted by) a land warrant. “That part of the body in which the sense of touch is located.” H. Spencer.

Lo´cate, v. i. To place one’s self; to take up one’s residence; to settle. [Colloq.]

Lo•ca´tion , n. [L. locatio, fr. locare.] 1. The act or process of locating. 2. Situation; place; locality. Locke. 3. That which is located; a tract of land designated in place. [U.S.] 4. (Law) (a) (Civil Law) A leasing on rent. (b) (Scots Law) A contract for the use of a thing, or service of a person, for hire. Wharton. (c) (Amer. Law) The marking out of the boundaries, or identifying the place or site of, a piece of land, according to the description given in an entry, plan, map, etc. Burrill. Bouvier.

Loc´a•tive , a. (Gram.) Indicating place, or the place where, or wherein; as a locative adjective; locative case of a noun. — n. The locative case.

Lo´ca•tor , n. One who locates, or is entitled to locate, land or a mining claim. [U.S.]

Lo•cel´late , a. [L. locellus a compartment, dim. of locus a place.] (Bot.) Divided into secondary compartments or cells, as where one cavity is separated into several smaller ones.

Loch (lok), n. [Gael. & Olr. loch. See Lake of water.] A lake; a bay or arm of the sea. [Scot.]

Loch (lok), n. [F. looch, Ar. la’ug, an electuary, or any medicine which may be licked or sucked, fr. la’uq to lick.] (Med.) A kind of medicine to be taken by licking with the tongue; a lambative; a lincture. { Loch•a´ber ax´ , Loch•a´ber axe´ } [So called from Lochaber, in Scotland.] A weapon of war, consisting of a pole armed with an axhead at its end, formerly used by the Scotch Highlanders.

Loch´age , n. [Gr..] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer who commanded a company; a captain. Mitford.

Loch´an , n. [Gael. See 1st Loch.] A small lake; a pond. [Scot.] “A pond or lochan rather than a lake.” H. Miller.

Loche , n. (Zoöl.) See Loach.

Lo•chi´a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , pl., fr. belonging to childbirth, a lying in, childbirth.] (Med.) The discharge from the womb and vagina which follows childbirth.

Lo´chi•al , a. [Cf. F. lochial.] Of or pertaining to the lochia.

Lock , n. [AS. locc; akin to D. lok, G. locke, OHG. loc, Icel. lokkr, and perh. to Gr. to bend, twist.] A tuft of hair; a flock or small quantity of wool, hay, or other like substance; a tress or ringlet of hair. “These gray locks, the pursuivants of death.” Shak.

Lock, n. [AS. loc inclosure, an inclosed place, the fastening of a door, fr. lucan to lock, fasten; akin to OS. lukan (in comp.), D. luiken, OHG. luhhan, Icel. lka, Goth. lukan (in comp.); cf. Skr. ruj to break. Cf. Locket.] 1. Anything that fastens; specifically, a fastening, as for a door, a lid, a trunk, a drawer, and the like, in which a bolt is moved by a key so as to hold or to release the thing fastened. 2. A fastening together or interlacing; a closing of one thing upon another; a state of being fixed or immovable. “Albemarle Street closed by a lock of carriages.” De Quincey. 3. A place from which egress is prevented, as by a lock. Dryden. 4. The barrier or works which confine the water of a stream or canal. 5. An inclosure in a canal with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from one level to another; — called also lift lock. 6. That part or apparatus of a firearm by which the charge is exploded; as a matchlock, flintlock, percussion lock, etc. 7. A device for keeping a wheel from turning. 8. A grapple in wrestling. Milton. Detector lock, a lock containing a contrivance for showing whether it as has been tampered with. — Lock bay (Canals), the body of water in a lock chamber. — Lock chamber, the inclosed space between the gates of a canal lock. — Lock nut. See Check nut, under Check. — Lock plate, a plate to which the mechanism of a gunlock is attached. — Lock rail (Arch.), in ordinary paneled doors, the rail nearest the lock. Lock rand (Masonry), a range of bond stone. Knight. — Mortise lock, a door lock inserted in a mortise. — Rim lock, a lock fastened to the face of a door, thus differing from a mortise lock.

Lock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Locked p. pr. & vb. n. Locking.] 1. To fasten with a lock, or as with a lock; to make fast; to prevent free movement of; as to lock a door, a carriage wheel, a river, etc. 2. To prevent ingress or access to, or exit from, by fastening the lock or locks of; — often with up; as to lock or lock up, a house, jail, room, trunk. etc. 3. To fasten in or out, or to make secure by means of, or as with, locks; to confine, or to shut in or out — often with up; as to lock one’s self in a room; to lock up the prisoners; to lock up one’s silver; to lock intruders out of the house; to lock money into a vault; to lock a child in one’s arms; to lock a secret in one’s breast. 4. To link together; to clasp closely; as to lock arms. ´ Lock hand in hand.´ Shak. 5. (Canals) To furnish with locks; also to raise or lower (a boat) in a lock. 6. (Fencing) To seize, as the sword arm of an antagonist, by turning the left arm around it, to disarm him.

Lock , v. i. To become fast, as by means of a lock or by interlacing; as the door locks close. “When it locked none might through it pass.” Spenser. To lock into, to fit or slide into; as they lock into each other. Boyle.

Lock´age , n. 1. Materials for locks in a canal, or the works forming a lock or locks. 2. Toll paid for passing the locks of a canal. 3. Amount of elevation and descent made by the locks of a canal. “The entire lock will be about fifty feet.” De Witt Clinton.

Lock´-down , n. A contrivance to fasten logs together in rafting; — used by lumbermen. [U.S.]

Locked´-jaw , n. See Lockjaw.

Lock´en , obs. p. p. of Lock. Chaucer.

Lock´en, n. (Bot.) The globeflower (Trollius).

Lock´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, locks. 2. A drawer, cupboard, compartment, or chest, esp. one in a ship, that may be closed with a lock. Chain locker (Naut.), a compartment in the hold of a vessel, for holding the chain cables. — Davy Jones’s locker, or Davy’s locker. See Davy Jones. — Shot locker, a compartment where shot are deposited. Totten.

Lock´et , n. [F. loquet latch, dim. of OF. loc latch, lock; of German origin. See Lock a fastening.] 1. A small lock; a catch or spring to fasten a necklace or other ornament. 2. A little case for holding a miniature or lock of hair, usually suspended from a necklace or watch chain.

Lock´ hos´pi•tal A hospital for the treatment of venereal diseases. [Eng.]

Lock´jaw , n. (Med.) A contraction of the muscles of the jaw by which its motion is suspended; a variety of tetanus.

Lock´less, a. Destitute of a lock.

Lock´man , n. A public executioner. [Scot.]

Lock´out , n. The closing of a factory or workshop by an employer, usually in order to bring the workmen to satisfactory terms by a suspension of wages.

Lock´ram , n. [F. locrenan, locronan; from Locronan, in Brittany, where it is said to have been made.] A kind of linen cloth anciently used in England, originally imported from Brittany. Shak.

Lock´smith , n. An artificer whose occupation is to make or mend locks.

Lock´ step A mode of marching by a body of men going one after another as closely as possible, in which the leg of each moves at the same time with the corresponding leg of the person before him.

Lock´ stitch A peculiar sort of stitch formed by the locking of two threads together, as in the work done by some sewing machines. See Stitch.

Lock´up , n. A place where persons under arrest are temporarily locked up; a watchhouse.

Lock´-weir , n. A waste weir for a canal, discharging into a lock chamber.

Lock´y , a. Having locks or tufts. [R.] Sherwood.

Lo´co , adv. [It.] (Mus.) A direction in written or printed music to return to the proper pitch after having played an octave higher.

Lo´co, n. [Sp. loco insane.] (Bot.) A plant (Astragalus Hornii) growing in the Southwestern United States, which is said to poison horses and cattle, first making them insane. The name is also given vaguely to several other species of the same genus. Called also loco weed.

Lo•co•fo´co , n. [Of uncertain etymol.; perh. for L. loco foci instead of fire; or, according to Bartlett, it was called so from a self-lighting cigar, with a match composition at the end, invented in 1834 by John Marck of New York, and called by him locofoco cigar, in imitation of the word locomotive, which by the uneducated was supposed to mean, self-moving.] 1. A friction match. [U.S.] 2. A nickname formerly given to a member of the Democratic party. [U.S.] The name was first applied, in 1834, to a portion of the Democratic party, because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York, in which there was great diversity of sentiment, the chairman left his seat, and the lights were extinguished, for the purpose of dissolving the meeting; when those who were opposed to an adjournment produced locofoco matches, rekindled the lights, continued the meeting, and accomplished their object.

Lo•co•mo´tion , n. [L. locus place + motio motion: cf. F. locomotion. See Local, and Motion.] 1. The act of moving from place to place. ´ Animal locomotion.´ Milton. 2. The power of moving from place to place, characteristic of the higher animals and some of the lower forms of plant life.

Lo´co•mo•tive , a. [Cf. F. locomotif. See Locomotion.] 1. Moving from place to place; changing place, or able to change place; as a locomotive animal. 2. Used in producing motion; as the locomotive organs of an animal.

Lo´co•mo•tive , n. A locomotive engine; a self-propelling wheel carriage, especially one which bears a steam boiler and one or more steam engines which communicate motion to the wheels and thus propel the carriage, — used to convey goods or passengers, or to draw wagons, railroad cars, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. Consolidation locomotive, a locomotive having four pairs of connected drivers. — Locomotive car, a locomotive and a car combined in one vehicle; a dummy engine. [U.S.] — Locomotive engine. Same as Locomotive, above. — Mogul locomotive. See Mogul. { Lo´co•mo•tive•ness , Lo•co•mo•tiv´i•ty , } n. [Cf. F. locomotivite.] The power of changing place.

Lo•co•mo´tor , a. [See Locomotion.] Of or pertaining to movement or locomotion. Locomotor ataxia, or Progressive locomotor ataxy (Med.), a disease of the spinal cord characterized by peculiar disturbances of gait, and difficulty in coördinating voluntary movements.

Loc´u•la•ment , n. [L. loculamentum case, box, fr. loculus a compartment, dim. of locus place.] (Bot.) The cell of a pericarp in which the seed is lodged.

Loc´u•lar , a. [L. locularis.] (Bot.) Of or relating to the cell or compartment of an ovary, etc.; in composition, having cells; as trilocular. Gray.

Loc´u•late , a. [L. loculatus.] (Bot.) Divided into compartments.

Loc´ule , n. [Cf. F. locule. See Loculus.] (Zoöl.) A little hollow; a loculus.

Loc´u•li•ci•dal , a. [L. loculus cell + caedere to cut: cf. F. loculicide.] (Bot.) Dehiscent through the middle of the back of each cell; — said of capsules. { Loc´u•lose• , Loc´u•lous } a. [L. loculosus. See Loculament.] (Bot.) Divided by internal partitions into cells, as the pith of the pokeweed.

Loc´u•lus , n.; pl. Loculi (#). [L., little place, a compartment.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the spaces between the septa in the Anthozoa. 2. (Bot.) One of the compartments of a several-celled ovary; loculament.

Lo´cum te´nens [L., holding the place; locus place + tenens, p. pr. of tenere to hold. Cf. Lieutenant.] A substitute or deputy; one filling an office for a time.

Lo´cus , n.; pl. Loci (#), & Loca (#). [L., place. Cf. Allow, Couch, Lieu, Local.] 1. A place; a locality. 2. (Math.) The line traced by a point which varies its position according to some determinate law; the surface described by a point or line that moves according to a given law. Plane locus, a locus that is a straight line, or a circle. — Solid locus, a locus that is one of the conic sections.

Lo´cust , n. [L. locusta locust, grasshopper. Cf. Lobster.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged, migratory, orthopterous insects, of the family Acrididae, allied to the grasshoppers; esp., (Edipoda, or Pachytylus, migratoria, and Acridium perigrinum, of Southern Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the United States the related species with similar habits are usually called grasshoppers. See Grasshopper. These insects are at times so numerous in Africa and the south of Asia as to devour every green thing; and when they migrate, they fly in an immense cloud. In the United States the harvest flies are improperly called locusts. See Cicada. Locust beetle (Zoöl.), a longicorn beetle (Cyllene robiniae), which, in the larval state, bores holes in the wood of the locust tree. Its color is brownish black, barred with yellow. Called also locust borer. — Locust bird (Zoöl.) the rose-colored starling or pastor of India. See Pastor. — Locust hunter (Zoöl.), an African bird; the beefeater. 2. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) The locust tree. See Locust Tree (definition, note, and phrases). Locust bean (Bot.), a commercial name for the sweet pod of the carob tree.

Lo•cus´ta , n. [NL.: cf. locuste.] (Bot.) The spikelet or flower cluster of grasses. Gray.

Lo•cus•tel´la , n. [NL., fr. L. locusta a locust.] (Zoöl.) The European cricket warbler.

Lo•cus´tic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the locust; — formerly used to designate a supposed acid.

Lo´cust•ing , p. a. Swarming and devastating like locusts. [R.] Tennyson.

Lo´cust tree [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A large North American tree of the genus Robinia (R. Pseudacacia), producing large slender racemes of white, fragrant, papilionaceous flowers, and often cultivated as an ornamental tree. In England it is called acacia. The name is also applied to other trees of different genera, especially to those of the genus Hymenaea, of which H. Courbaril is a lofty, spreading tree of South America; also to the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), a tree growing in the Mediterranean region. Honey locust tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Gleditschia ) G. triacanthus), having pinnate leaves and strong branching thorns; — so called from a sweet pulp found between the seeds in the pods. Called also simply honey locust. — Water locust tree (Bot.), a small swamp tree (Gleditschia monosperma), of the Southern United States.

Lo•cu´tion (lo•ku´shun), n. [L. locutio, fr. loqui to speak: cf. F. locution. ] Speech or discourse; a phrase; a form or mode of expression. ´ Stumbling locutions.´ G. Eliot. “I hate these figures in locution,
These about phrases forced by ceremony.” Marston.

Loc´u•to•ry (lok´u•to•ry), n. A room for conversation; especially, a room in monasteries, where the monks were allowed to converse.

Lod´de (lod’de), n. (Zoöl.) The capelin.

Lode , n. [AS. lad way, journey, fr. liðan to go. See Lead to guide, and cf. Load a burden.] 1. A water course or way; a reach of water. “Down that long, dark lode … he and his brother skated home in triumph.” C. Kingsley. 2. (Mining) A metallic vein; any regular vein or course, whether metallic or not.

Lode´man•age , n. [OE. lodemenage. Chaucer.] Pilotage. [Obs.]

Lode´-ship , n. An old name for a pilot boat.

Lodes´man , n. Same as Loadsman. [Obs.]

Lode´star , n. Same as Loadstar.

Lode´stone , n. (Min.) Same as Loadstone.

Lodge , n. [OE. loge, logge, F. loge, LL. laubia porch, gallery, fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor, bower, fr. lab foliage. See Leaf, and cf. Lobby, Loggia.] 1. A shelter in which one may rest; as: (a) A shed; a rude cabin; a hut; as an Indian’s lodge. Chaucer. “Their lodges and their tentis up they gan bigge [to build].” Robert of Brunne. “O for a lodge in some vast wilderness!” Cowper. (b) A small dwelling house, as for a gamekeeper or gatekeeper of an estate. Shak. (c) A den or cave. (d) The meeting room of an association; hence, the regularly constituted body of members which meets there; as a masonic lodge. (c) The chamber of an abbot, prior, or head of a college. 2. (Mining) The space at the mouth of a level next the shaft, widened to permit wagons to pass, or ore to be deposited for hoisting; — called also platt. Raymond. 3. A collection of objects lodged together. “The Maldives, a famous lodge of islands.” De Foe. 4. A family of North American Indians, or the persons who usually occupy an Indian lodge, — as a unit of enumeration, reckoned from four to six persons; as the tribe consists of about two hundred lodges, that is, of about a thousand individuals. Lodge gate, a park gate, or entrance gate, near the lodge. See Lodge, n., 1 (b).

Lodge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lodged (lojd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lodging (loj´ing).] 1. To rest or remain a lodge house, or other shelter; to rest; to stay; to abide; esp., to sleep at night; as to lodge in York Street. Chaucer. “Stay and lodge by me this night.” Shak. “Something holy lodges in that breast.” Milton. 2. To fall or lie down, as grass or grain, when overgrown or beaten down by the wind. Mortimer. 3. To come to a rest; to stop and remain; as the bullet lodged in the bark of a tree.

Lodge, v. t. [OE. loggen, OF. logier, F. loger. See Lodge, n. ] 1. To give shelter or rest to; especially, to furnish a sleeping place for; to harbor; to shelter; hence, to receive; to hold. “Every house was proud to lodge a knight.” Dryden. “The memory can lodge a greater store of images than all the senses can present at one time.” Cheyne. 2. To drive to shelter; to track to covert. “The deer is lodged; I have tracked her to her covert.” Addison. 3. To deposit for keeping or preservation; as the men lodged their arms in the arsenal. 4. To cause to stop or rest in; to implant. “He lodged an arrow in a tender breast.” Addison. 5. To lay down; to prostrate. “Though bladed corn be lodged, and trees blown down.” Shak. To lodge an information, to enter a formal complaint.

Lodge´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. logeable.] 1. That may be or can be lodged; as so many persons are not lodgeable in this village. 2. Capable of affording lodging; fit for lodging in. [R.] ´ The lodgeable area of the earth.´ Jeffrey.

Lodged , a. (Her.) Lying down; — used of beasts of the chase, as couchant is of beasts of prey.

Lodge´ment , n. See Lodgment.

Lodg´er , n. One who, or that which, lodges; one who occupies a hired room in another’s house.

Lodg´ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, lodges. 2. A place of rest, or of temporary habitation; esp., a sleeping apartment; — often in the plural with a singular meaning. Gower. “Wits take lodgings in the sound of Bow.” Pope. 3. Abiding place; harbor; cover. “Fair bosom … the lodging of delight.” Spenser. Lodging house, a house where lodgings are provided and let. — Lodging room, a room in which a person lodges, esp. a hired room.

Lodg´ment , n. [Written also lodgement.] [Cf. F. logement. See Lodge, v.] 1. The act of lodging, or the state of being lodged. “Any particle which is of size enough to make a lodgment afterwards in the small arteries.” Paley. 2. A lodging place; a room. [Obs.] 3. An accumulation or collection of something deposited in a place or remaining at rest. 4. (Mil.) The occupation and holding of a position, as by a besieging party; an instrument thrown up in a captured position; as to effect a lodgment.

Lod´i•cule , n. [L. lodicula. dim, of lodix, lodicis, a coverlet: cf. F. lodicule.] (Bot.) One of the two or three delicate membranous scales which are next to the stamens in grasses.

Loel´ling•ite , n. [So called from Lölling, in Austria.] (Min.) A tin-white arsenide of iron, isomorphous with arsenopyrite.

Loess , n. [G. löss.] (Geol.) A quaternary deposit, usually consisting of a fine yellowish earth, on the banks of the Rhine and other large rivers.

Loev´en’s lar´va [Named after the Swedish zoölogist, S. F. Löven, who discovered it.] (Zoöl.) The peculiar larva of Polygordius. See Polygordius.

Loffe , v. i. To laugh. [Obs.] Shak.

Loft , n. [Icel. lopt air, heaven, loft, upper room; akin to AS. lyft air, G. luft, Dan. loft loft, Goth. luftus air. Cf. Lift, v. & n. ] That which is lifted up; an elevation. Hence, especially: (a) The room or space under a roof and above the ceiling of the uppermost story. (b) A gallery or raised apartment in a church, hall, etc.; as an organ loft. (c) A floor or room placed above another; a story. “Eutychus … fell down from the third loft.” Acts xx. 9. On loft, aloft; on high. Cf. Onloft. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Loft, a. Lofty; proud. [R. & Obs.] Surrey.

Loft´i•ly , adv. [From Lofty.] In a lofty manner or position; haughtily.

Loft´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being lofty.

Loft´y , a. [Compar. Loftier superl. Loftiest.] [From Loft.] 1. Lifted high up; having great height; towering; high. “See lofty Lebanon his head advance.” Pope. 2. Fig.: Elevated in character, rank, dignity, spirit, bearing, language, etc.; exalted; noble; stately; characterized by pride; haughty. “The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.” Is. lvii. 15. “Lofty and sour to them that loved him not”. Shak. “Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.” Milton. Syn. — Tall; high; exalted; dignified; stately; majestic; sublime; proud; haughty. See Tall.

Log , n. [Heb. log.] A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing 2.37 gills. W. H. Ward.

Log , n. [Icel. lag a felled tree, log; akin to E. lie. See Lie to lie prostrate.] 1. A bulky piece of wood which has not been shaped by hewing or sawing. 2. [Prob. the same word as in sense 1; cf. LG. log, lock, Dan. log, Sw. logg.] (Naut.) An apparatus for measuring the rate of a ship’s motion through the water. The common log consists of the log-chip, or logship, often exclusively called the log, and the log line, the former being commonly a thin wooden quadrant of five or six inches radius, loaded with lead on the arc to make it float with the point up. It is attached to the log line by cords from each corner. This line is divided into equal spaces, called knots, each bearing the same proportion to a mile that half a minute does to an hour. The line is wound on a reel which is so held as to let it run off freely. When the log is thrown, the log-chip is kept by the water from being drawn forward, and the speed of the ship is shown by the number of knots run out in half a minute. There are improved logs, consisting of a piece of mechanism which, being towed astern, shows the distance actually gone through by the ship, by means of the revolutions of a fly, which are registered on a dial plate. 3. Hence: The record of the rate of ship’s speed or of her daily progress; also the full nautical record of a ship’s cruise or voyage; a log slate; a log book. 4. A record and tabulated statement of the work done by an engine, as of a steamship, of the coal consumed, and of other items relating to the performance of machinery during a given time. 5. (Mining) A weight or block near the free end of a hoisting rope to prevent it from being drawn through the sheave. Log board (Naut.), a board consisting of two parts shutting together like a book, with columns in which are entered the direction of the wind, course of the ship, etc., during each hour of the day and night. These entries are transferred to the log book. A folding slate is now used instead. — Log book, or Logbook (Naut.), a book in which is entered the daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, with notes on the weather and incidents of the voyage; the contents of the log board. Log cabin, Log house, a cabin or house made of logs. — Log canoe, a canoe made by shaping and hollowing out a single log. — Log glass (Naut.), a small sandglass used to time the running out of the log line. — Log line (Naut.), a line or cord about a hundred and fifty fathoms long, fastened to the log-chip. See Note under 2d Log, n., 2. — Log perch (Zoöl.), an ethiostomoid fish, or darter (Percina caprodes); — called also hogfish and rockfish. — Log reel (Naut.), the reel on which the log line is wound. — Log slate. (Naut.) See Log board (above). — Rough log (Naut.), a first draught of a record of the cruise or voyage. — Smooth log (Naut.), a clean copy of the rough log. In the case of naval vessels this copy is forwarded to the proper officer of the government. — To heave the log (Naut.), to cast the log-chip into the water; also the whole process of ascertaining a vessel’s speed by the log.

Log, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Logged p. pr. & vb. n. Logging ] (Naut.), To enter in a ship’s log book; as to log the miles run. J. F. Cooper.

Log, v. i. 1. To engage in the business of cutting or transporting logs for timber; to get out logs. [U.S.] 2. To move to and fro; to rock. [Obs.]

Log´an , n. A rocking or balanced stone. Gwill.

Log•a•œd´ic (log•a•ed´ik), a. [Gr. logaoidiko•s; lo•gos discourse, prose + ’aoidh• song.] (Gr. Pros.) Composed of dactyls and trochees so arranged as to produce a movement like that of ordinary speech.

Log´a•rithm (log´a•rith’m), n. [Gr. lo•gos word, account, proportion + ’ariqmo•s number: cf. F. logarithme.] (Math.) One of a class of auxiliary numbers, devised by John Napier, of Merchiston, Scotland (1550-1617), to abridge arithmetical calculations, by the use of addition and subtraction in place of multiplication and division. The relation of logarithms to common numbers is that of numbers in an arithmetical series to corresponding numbers in a geometrical series, so that sums and differences of the former indicate respectively products and quotients of the latter; thus,
0 1 2 3 4 Indices or logarithms
1 10 100 1000 10,000 Numbers in geometrical progression
Hence, the logarithm of any given number is the exponent of a power to which another given invariable number, called the base, must be raised in order to produce that given number. Thus, let 10 be the base, then 2 is the logarithm of 100, because 10^2 = 100, and 3 is the logarithm of 1,000, because 10^3 = 1,000. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm, the difference between a logarithm and the number ten. — Binary logarithms. See under Binary. — Common logarithms, or Brigg’s logarithms, logarithms of which the base is 10; — so called from Henry Briggs, who invented them. — Gauss’s logarithms, tables of logarithms constructed for facilitating the operation of finding the logarithm of the sum of difference of two quantities from the logarithms of the quantities, one entry of those tables and two additions or subtractions answering the purpose of three entries of the common tables and one addition or subtraction. They were suggested by the celebrated German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (died in 1855), and are of great service in many astronomical computations. — Hyperbolic, or Napierian, logarithms, those logarithms (devised by John Speidell, 1619) of which the base is 2.7182818; — so called from Napier, the inventor of logarithms. — Logistic or Proportionallogarithms., See under Logistic. { Log•a•rith•met´ic , Log´a•rith•met´ic•al } a. See Logarithmic.

Log•a•rith•met´ic•al•ly, adv. Logarithmically. { Log•a•rith´mic , Log•a•rith´mic•al } a. [Cf. F. logarithmique.] Of or pertaining to logarithms; consisting of logarithms. Logarithmic curve (Math.), a curve which, referred to a system of rectangular coördinate axes, is such that the ordinate of any point will be the logarithm of its abscissa. — Logarithmic spiral, a spiral curve such that radii drawn from its pole or eye at equal angles with each other are in continual proportion. See Spiral.

Log•a•rith´mic•al•ly, adv. By the use of logarithms.

Log´-chip , n. (Naut.) A thin, flat piece of board in the form of a quadrant of a circle attached to the log line; — called also log-ship. See 2d Log, n., 2.

Log´cock , n. The pileated woodpecker.

Loge , n. [F. See Lodge.] A lodge; a habitation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Log´gan , n. See Logan.

Log´gat , n. [Also written logget.] 1. A small log or piece of wood. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. pl. An old game in England, played by throwing pieces of wood at a stake set in the ground. [Obs.] Shak.

Logge , n. & v. See Lodge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Logged , a. Made slow and heavy in movement; water-logged. Beaconsfield.

Log´ger , n. One engaged in logging. See Log, v. i. [U.S.] Lowell.

Log´ger•head , n. [Log + head.] 1. A blockhead; a dunce; a numskull. Shak. Milton. 2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, used to heat tar. 3. (Naut.) An upright piece of round timber, in a whaleboat, over which a turn of the line is taken when it is running out too fast. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 4. (Zoöl.) A very large marine turtle (Thalassochelys caretta, or caouana), common in the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean, from Brazil to Cape Cod; — called also logger-headed turtle. 5. (Zoöl.) An American shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus), similar to the butcher bird, but smaller. See Shrike. To be at loggerheads, To fall to loggerheads, or To go to loggerheads, to quarrel; to be at strife. L’ Estrange.

Log´ger•head•ed, a. Dull; stupid. Shak. “A rabble of loggerheaded physicians.” Urquhart.

Log´ger•heads , n. (Bot.) The knapweed.

Log´gia , n. [It. See Lodge.] (Arch.) A roofed open gallery. It differs from a veranda in being more architectural, and in forming more decidedly a part of the main edifice to which it is attached; from a porch, in being intended not for entrance but for an out-of-door sitting-room.

Log´ging , n. The business of felling trees, cutting them into logs, and transporting the logs to sawmills or to market.

Log´ic , n. [OE. logike, F. logique, L. logica, logice, Gr. logikh• (sc. te•chnh), fr. logiko•s belonging to speaking or reason, fr. lo•gos speech, reason, le•gein to say, speak. See Legend.] 1. The science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal thought, or of the laws according to which the processes of pure thinking should be conducted; the science of the formation and application of general notions; the science of generalization, judgment, classification, reasoning, and systematic arrangement; correct reasoning. “Logic is the science of the laws of thought, as thought; that is, of the necessary conditions to which thought, considered in itself, is subject.” Sir W. Hamilton. Logic is distinguished as pure and applied. ´Pure logic is a science of the form, or of the formal laws, of thinking, and not of the matter. Applied logic teaches the application of the forms of thinking to those objects about which men do think.´ Abp. Thomson. 2. A treatise on logic; as Mill’s Logic.

Log´ic•al (loj´i•kal), a. [Cf. F. logique, L. logicus, Gr. logiko•s.] 1. Of or pertaining to logic; used in logic; as logical subtilties. Bacon. 2. According to the rules of logic; as a logical argument or inference; the reasoning is logical. Prior. 3. Skilled in logic; versed in the art of thinking and reasoning; as he is a logical thinker. Addison.

Log•i•cal´i•ty , n. Logicalness.

Log´ic•al•ly , adv. In a logical manner; as to argue logically.

Log´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being logical.

Lo•gi´cian , n. [Cf. F. logicien.] A person skilled in logic. Bacon. “Each fierce logician still expelling Locke.” Pope.

Log´ics , n. See Logic. { Lo•gis´tic , Lo•gis´tic•al } a. [Gr. skilled in calculating, to calculate, fr. lo•gos word, number, reckoning: cf. F. logistique.] 1. Logical. [Obs.] Berkeley. 2. (Math.) Sexagesimal, or made on the scale of 60; as logistic, or sexagesimal, arithmetic. Logistic, or Proportional, logarithms, certain logarithmic numbers used to shorten the calculation of the fourth term of a proportion of which one of the terms is a given constant quantity, commonly one hour, while the other terms are expressed in minutes and seconds; — not now used.

Lo•gis´tics , n. 1. (Mil.) That branch of the military art which embraces the details of moving and supplying armies. The meaning of the word is by some writers extended to include strategy. H. L. Scott. 2. (Math.) A system of arithmetic, in which numbers are expressed in a scale of 60; logistic arithmetic.

Log´man , n.; pl. Logmen . A man who carries logs. Shak.

Log•o•daed´a•ly , n. [Gr. . See Logos, and Daedal.] Verbal legerdemain; a playing with words. [R.] Coleridge.

Log´o•gram , n. [Gr. lo•gos word + -gram.] A word letter; a phonogram, that, for the sake of brevity, represents a word; as |, i. e., t, for it. Cf. Grammalogue.

Lo•gog´ra•pher , n. 1. A chronicler; one who writes history in a condensed manner with short simple sentences. 2. One skilled in logography. { Log•o•graph´ic , Log•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Gr. of writing speeches: cf. F. logographique.] Of or pertaining to logography.

Lo•gog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. a writing of speeches; lo•gos word, speech + to write: cf. F. logographie.] 1. A method of printing in which whole words or syllables, cast as single types, are used. 2. A mode of reporting speeches without using shorthand, — a number of reporters, each in succession, taking down three or four words. Brande & C.

Log´o•griph , n. [Gr. lo•gos word + gri^fos a fishing net, a dark saying, a riddle: F. logogriphe.] A sort of riddle in which it is required to discover a chosen word from various combinations of its letters, or of some of its letters, which form other words; — thus, to discover the chosen word chatter form cat, hat, rat, hate, rate, etc. B. Jonson.

Lo•gom´a•chist , n. [See Logomachy.] One who contends about words.

Lo•gom´a•chy , n. [Gr. ; lo•gos word + fight, battle, contest: cf. F. logomachie.] 1. Contention in words merely, or a contention about words; a war of words. “The discussion concerning the meaning of the word ´ justification´ … has largely been a mere logomachy.” L. Abbott. 2. A game of word making.

Log•o•met´ric , a. [Gr. lo•gos word, ratio + measure.] (Chem.) Serving to measure or ascertain chemical equivalents; stoichiometric. [R.]

Log´os , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the word or form which expresses a thought, also the thought, fr. to speak.] 1. A word; reason; speech. H. Bushell. 2. The divine Word; Christ.

Log´o•thete , [LL. logotheta, fr. Gr. ; lo•gos word, account + to put.] An accountant; under Constantine, an officer of the empire; a receiver of revenue; an administrator of a department.

Log´o•type , n. [Gr. lo•gos word + -type.] (Print.) A single type, containing two or more letters; as ae, AE, &filig;, &fllig;, &ffllig;, etc.; — called also ligature.

Log´roll , v. i. & t. To engage in logrolling; to accomplish by logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.]

Log´roll•er , n. One who engages in logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.] “The jobbers and logrollers will all be against it.” The. Nation.

Log´roll•ing, n. 1. (Logging) The act or process of rolling logs from the place where they were felled to the stream which floats them to the sawmill or to market. In this labor neighboring camps of loggers combine to assist each other in turn. Longfellow. [U.S.] 2. Hence: A combining to assist another in consideration of receiving assistance in return; — sometimes used of a disreputable mode of accomplishing political schemes or ends. [Cant, U.S.]

Log´-ship , n. (Naut.) A part of the log. See Log-chip, and 2d Log, n., 2.

Log´wood n. [So called from being imported in logs.] The heartwood of a tree (Haematoxylon Campechianum), a native of South America, It is a red, heavy wood, containing a crystalline substance called haematoxylin, and is used largely in dyeing. An extract from this wood is used in medicine as an astringent. Also called Campeachy wood, and bloodwood.

-lo•gy [Gr. , fr. lo•gos word, discourse, fr. to speak. See Logic.] A combining form denoting a discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science; as theology, geology, biology, mineralogy.

Lo´gy, a. [From D. log.] Heavy or dull in respect to motion or thought; as a logy horse. [U.S.] “Porcupines are … logy, sluggish creatures.” C. H. Merriam.

Lo´hock , n. (Med.) See Loch, a medicine.

Loi´mic , a. [Gr. , fr. plague.] Of or pertaining to the plague or contagious disorders.

Loin , n. [OE. loine, OF. logne, F. longe, from (assumed) LL. lumbea, L. lumbus join. Cf. Lends, Lumbar, Nombles.] That part of a human being or quadruped, which extends on either side of the spinal column between the hip bone and the false ribs. In human beings the loins are also called the reins. See Illust. of Beef.

Loir , n. [F., fr. L. glis, gliris.] (Zoöl.) A large European dormouse (Myoxus glis).

Loi´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loitered p. pr. & vb. n. Loitering.] [D. leuteren to delay, loiter; cf; Prov. G. lottern to be louse, lotter louse, slack, unsettled, vagrant, OHG. lotar.] 1. To be slow in moving; to delay; to linger; to be dilatory; to spend time idly; to saunter; to lag behind. “Sir John, you loiter here too long.” Shak. “If we have loitered, let us quicken our pace.” Rogers. 2. To wander as an idle vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To linger; delay; lag; saunter; tarry.

Loi´ter•er , n. 1. One who loiters; an idler. 2. An idle vagrant; a tramp. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Loi´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a loitering manner. { Lok (lok), Lo´ki (lo´k), } n. [Icel. Loki, perh. akin to lokka, locka to allure, entice.] (Scandinavian Myth.) The evil deity, the author of all calamities and mischief, answering to the Ahriman of the Persians.

Lo•ka´o , n. A green vegetable dye imported from China.

Loke (lok), n. [See Lock a fastening.] A private path or road; also the wicket or hatch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

Lok´o•rys , n. Liquorice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lo•li´go , n. [L., cuttle fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cephalopods, including numerous species of squids, common on the coasts of America and Europe. They are much used for fish bait.

Loll , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lolled p. pr. & vb. n. Lolling.] [Cf. Icel. lolla to act lazily, loll, lolla, laziness, OD. lollen to sit over the fire, and E. lull. Cf. Lill, Lull.] 1. To act lazily or indolently; to recline; to lean; to throw one’s self down; to lie at ease. “Void of care, he lolls supine in state.” Dryden. 2. To hand extended from the mouth, as the tongue of an ox or a log when heated with labor or exertion. “The triple porter of the Stygian seat,
With lolling tongue, lay fawning at thy feet.” Dryden. 3. To let the tongue hang from the mouth, as an ox, dog, or other animal, when heated by labor; as the ox stood lolling in the furrow.

Loll, v. t. To let hang from the mouth, as the tongue. “Fierce tigers couched around and lolled their fawning tongues.” Dryden.

Lol´lard , n. [LL. Lollardi, Lullardi, from Walter Lolhardus, a German; cf. LG. & D. lollen to mumble, to hum, sing in a murmuring strain; hence, OD. lollaerd a mumbler, i. e., of prayers or psalms, which was prob. the origin of the name. See Loll, Lull.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) One of a sect of early reformers in Germany. (b) One of the followers of Wyclif in England. [Called also Loller.] “By Lollards all know the Wyclifities are meant, so called from Walter Lollardus, one of their teachers in Germany.” Fuller. { Lol´lard•ism , Lol´lard•y } n. The doctrines or principles of the Lollards.

Loll´er , n. [See Loll.] 1. One who lolls. 2. An idle vagabond. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. A Lollard.

Loll´ing•ly, adv. In a lolling manner. Buckle.

Lol´li•pop , n. [Perhaps fr. Prov. E. loll to soothe + pope a mixed liquor.] A kind of sugar confection which dissolves easily in the mouth. Thackeray.

Lol´lop , v. i. [From Loll.] To move heavily; to lounge or idle; to loll. [Low.] Charles Reade.

Lo´ma , n.; pl. Lomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , , a fringe.] (Zoöl.) A lobe; a membranous fringe or flap.

Lo•mat´i•nous , a. [See Loma.] (Zoöl.) Furnished with lobes or flaps.

Lom´bard , a. Of or pertaining to Lombardy, or the inhabitants of Lombardy.

Lom´bard, n. [F. lombard, fr. the Longobardi or Langobardi, i. e., Longbeards, a people of Northern Germany, west of the Elbe, and afterward in Northern Italy. See Long, and Beard, and cf. Lumber.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Lombardy. 2. A money lender or banker; — so called because the business of banking was first carried on in London by Lombards. 3. Same as Lombard-house. “A Lombard unto this day signifying a bank for usury or pawns.” Fuller. 4. (Mil.) A form of cannon formerly in use. Prescott. Lombard Street, the principal street in London for banks and the offices of note brokers; hence, the money market and interest of London.

Lom•bard•eer´ ( 277), n. A pawnbroker. [Obs.] Howell. { Lom´bard-house , Lom´bar-house• } [F. or D. lombard. See Lombard, n.] 1. A bank or a pawnbroker’s shop. 2. A public institution for lending money to the poor at a moderate interest, upon articles deposited and pledged; — called also mont de piete.

Lom•bar´dic , a. Of or pertaining to Lombardy of the Lombards. Lombardic alphabet, the ancient alphabet derived from the Roman, and employed in the manuscript of Italy. — Lombardic architecture, the debased Roman style of architecture as found in parts of Northern Italy. F. G. Lee. Lombardy poplar. (Bot.) See Poplar.

Lo´ment , n. [L. lomentum a mixture of bean meal and rice, used as a cosmetic wash, bean meal, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] (Bot.) An elongated pod, consisting, like the legume, of two valves, but divided transversely into small cells, each containing a single seed.

Lo•men•ta´ceous , a. [From Loment.] (Bot.) Of the nature of a loment; having fruits like loments.

Lom´o•nite , n. Same as Laumontite.

Lomp´ish , a. Lumpish. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lond , n. Land. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lon´don , n. The capital city of England. London paste (Med.), a paste made of caustic soda and unslacked lime; — used as a caustic to destroy tumors and other morbid enlargements. — London pride. (Bot.) (a) A garden name for Saxifraga umbrosa, a hardy perennial herbaceous plant, a native of high lands in Great Britain. (b) A name anciently given to the Sweet William. Dr. Prior. — London rocket (Bot.), a cruciferous plant (Sisymbrium Irio) which sprung up in London abundantly on the ruins of the great fire of 1667.

Lon´don•er (-er), n. A native or inhabitant of London. Shak.

Lon´don•ism , n. A characteristic of Londoners; a mode of speaking peculiar to London.

Lon´don•ize , v. i. To impart to (one) a manner or character like that which distinguishes Londoners.

Lon´don•ize, v. i. To imitate the manner of the people of London.

Lone , n. A lane. See Loanin. [Prov. Eng.]

Lone, a. [Abbrev. fr. alone.] 1. Being without a companion; being by one’s self; also sad from lack of companionship; lonely; as a lone traveler or watcher. “When I have on those pathless wilds a appeared,
And the lone wanderer with my presence cheered.” Shenstone. 2. Single; unmarried, or in widowhood. [Archaic] “Queen Elizabeth being a lone woman.” Collection of Records (1642). “A hundred mark is a long one for a poor lone woman to bear.” Shak. 3. Being apart from other things of the kind; being by itself; also apart from human dwellings and resort; as a lone house. ´ A lone isle.´ Pope. “By a lone well a lonelier column rears.” Byron. 4. Unfrequented by human beings; solitary. “Thus vanish scepters, coronets, and balls,
And leave you on lone woods, or empty walls.” Pope.

Lone´li•ness , n. 1. The condition of being lonely; solitude; seclusion. 2. The state of being unfrequented by human beings; as the loneliness of a road. 3. Love of retirement; disposition to solitude. “I see
The mystery of your loneliness.” Shak. 4. A feeling of depression resulting from being alone. Syn. — Solitude; seclusion. See Solitude.

Lone´ly, a. [Compar. Lonelier superl. Loneliest.] [Shortened fr. alonely.] 1. Sequestered from company or neighbors; solitary; retired; as a lonely situation; a lonely cell. 2. Alone, or in want of company; forsaken. “To the misled and lonely traveler.” Milton. 3. Not frequented by human beings; as a lonely wood. 4. Having a feeling of depression or sadness resulting from the consciousness of being alone; lonesome. “I am very often alone. I don’t mean I am lonely.” H. James. Syn. — Solitary; lone; lonesome; retired; unfrequented; sequestered; secluded.

Lone´ness, n. Solitude; seclusion. [Obs.] Donne.

Lone´some , a. [Compar. Lonesomer superl. Lonesomest.] 1. Secluded from society; not frequented by human beings; solitary. “Like one that on a lonesome road
Doth walk in fear and dread.” Coleridge. 2. Conscious of, and somewhat depressed by, solitude; as to feel lonesome. — Lone´some•ly, adv. — Lone´some•ness, n.

Long , a. [Compar. Longer superl. Longest ] [AS. long, lang; akin to OS, OFries., D., & G. lang, Icel. langr, Sw. lång, Dan. lang, Goth. laggs, L. longus. rad.125. Cf. Length, Ling a fish, Linger, Lunge, Purloin.] 1. Drawn out in a line, or in the direction of length; protracted; extended; as a long line; — opposed to short, and distinguished from broad or wide. 2. Drawn out or extended in time; continued through a considerable tine, or to a great length; as a long series of events; a long debate; a long drama; a long history; a long book. 3. Slow in passing; causing weariness by length or duration; lingering; as long hours of watching. 4. Occurring or coming after an extended interval; distant in time; far away. “The we may us reserve both fresh and strong
Against the tournament, which is not long.” Spenser. 5. Extended to any specified measure; of a specified length; as a span long; a yard long; a mile long, that is, extended to the measure of a mile, etc. 6. Far-reaching; extensive. ´ Long views.´ Burke. 7. (Phonetics) Prolonged, or relatively more prolonged, in utterance; — said of vowels and syllables. See Short, a., 13, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 22, 30. Long is used as a prefix in a large number of compound adjectives which are mostly of obvious meaning; as long- armed, long-beaked, long-haired, long- horned, long-necked, long-sleeved, long- tailed, long- worded, etc. In the long run, in the whole course of things taken together; in the ultimate result; eventually. — Long clam (Zoöl.), the common clam (Mya arenaria) of the Northern United States and Canada; — called also soft-shell clam and long-neck clam. See Mya. — Long cloth, a kind of cotton cloth of superior quality. — Long clothes, clothes worn by a young infant, extending below the feet. — Long division. (Math.) See Division. — Long dozen, one more than a dozen; thirteen. — Long home, the grave. — Long measure, Long meter. See under Measure, Meter. — Long Parliament (Eng. Hist.), the Parliament which assembled Nov. 3, 1640, and was dissolved by Cromwell, April 20, 1653. — Long price, the full retail price. — Long purple (Bot.), a plant with purple flowers, supposed to be the Orchis mascula. Dr. Prior. — Long suit (Whist), a suit of which one holds originally more than three cards. R. A. Proctor. — Long tom. (a) A pivot gun of great length and range, on the dock of a vessel. (b) A long trough for washing auriferous earth. [Western U.S.] (c) (Zoöl.) The long-tailed titmouse. — Long wall (Coal Mining), a working in which the whole seam is removed and the roof allowed to fall in, as the work progresses, except where passages are needed. — Of long, a long time. [Obs.] Fairfax. — To be, or go, long of the market, To be on the long side of the market, etc. (Stock Exchange), to hold stock for a rise in price, or to have a contract under which one can demand stock on or before a certain day at a stipulated price; — opposed to short in such phrases as to be short of stock, to sell short, etc. [Cant] See Short. — To have a long head, to have a farseeing or sagacious mind.

Long , n. 1. (Mus.) A note formerly used in music, one half the length of a large, twice that of a breve. 2. (Phonetics) A long sound, syllable, or vowel. 3. The longest dimension; the greatest extent; — in the phrase, the long and the short of it, that is, the sum and substance of it. Addison.

Long, adv. [AS. lance.] 1. To a great extent in space; as a long drawn out line. 2. To a great extent in time; during a long time. “They that tarry long at the wine.” Prov. xxiii. 30. “When the trumpet soundeth long.” Ex. xix. 13. 3. At a point of duration far distant, either prior or posterior; as not long before; not long after; long before the foundation of Rome; long after the Conquest. 4. Through the whole extent or duration. “The bird of dawning singeth all night long.” Shak. 5. Through an extent of time, more or less; - - only in question; as how long will you be gone?

Long, prep. [Abbreviated fr. along. See 3d Along.] By means of; by the fault of; because of. [Obs.] See Along of, under 3d Along.

Long, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Longed p. pr. & vb. n. Longing.] [AS. langian to increase, to lengthen, to stretch out the mind after, to long, to crave, to belong to, fr. lang long. See Long, a.] 1. To feel a strong or morbid desire or craving; to wish for something with eagerness; — followed by an infinitive, or by after or for. “I long to see you.” Rom. i. 11. “I have longed after thy precepts.” Ps. cxix. 40. “I have longed for thy salvation.” Ps. cxix. 174. “Nicomedes, longing for herrings, was supplied with fresh ones … at a great distance from the sea.” Arbuthnot. 2. To belong; — used with to, unto, or for. [Obs.] “The labor which that longeth unto me.” Chaucer.

Lon´gan , n. (Bot.) A pulpy fruit related to the litchi, and produced by an evergreen East Indian tree (Nephelium Longan).

Lon•ga•nim´i•ty , n. [L. longanimitas; longus long + animus mind: cf. F. longanimite.] Disposition to bear injuries patiently; forbearance; patience. Jer. Taylor.

Long´-armed , a. Having long arms; as the long-armed ape or gibbon.

Long´beak , n. (Zoöl.) The American redbellied snipe (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus); — called also long-billed dowitcher.

Long´boat , n. (Naut.) Formerly, the largest boat carried by a merchant vessel, corresponding to the launch of a naval vessel.

Long´bow , n. The ordinary bow, not mounted on a stock; — so called in distinction from the crossbow when both were used as weapons of war. also sometimes, such a bow of about the height of a man, as distinguished from a much shorter one. To draw the longbow, to tell large stories.

Long´-breathed , a. Having the power of retaining the breath for a long time; long-winded.

Long´-drawn , a. Extended to a great length. “The cicadae hushed their long-drawn, ear- splitting strains.” G. W. Cable.

Longe , n. [Abbrev. fr. allonge. See Lunge.] 1. A thrust. See Lunge. Smollett. 2. The training ground for a horse. Farrow.

Longe, n. (Zoöl.) Same as 4th Lunge.

Long´er , n. One who longs for anything.

Lon•ge´val , a. Long-loved; longevous.[R.] Pope.

Lon•gev´i•ty , n. [L. longaevitas. See Longevous.] Long duration of life; length of life. “The instances of longevity are chiefly amongst the abstemious.” Arbuthnot.

Lon•ge´vous , a. [L. longaevus; longus long + aevum lifetime, age. See Long, and Age.] Living a long time; of great age. Sir T. Browne.

Long´hand , n. The written characters used in the common method of writing; — opposed to shorthand.

Long´head´ed , a. Having unusual foresight or sagacity. — Long´-head•ed•ness, n.

Long´horn , n. (Zoöl.) A long-horned animal, as a cow, goat, or beetle. See Long- horned.

Long´-horned , a. (Zoöl.) [Obs.] Having a long horn or horns; as a long-horned goat, or cow; having long antennae, as certain beetles (Longicornia).

Lon´gi•corn , a. [L. longus long + cornu horn: cf. F. longicorne.] (Zoöl.) Long-horned; pertaining to the Longicornia. — n. One of the Longicornia.

Lon•gi•cor´ni•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. longus long + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of beetles, including a large number of species, in which the antennae are very long. Most of them, while in the larval state, bore into the wood or beneath the bark of trees, and some species are very destructive to fruit and shade trees. See Apple borer, under Apple, and Locust beetle, under Locust.

Lon•gi•lat´er•al , a. [L. longus long + lateralis lateral, fr. latus side.] Having long sides; especially, having the form of a long parallelogram. “Nineveh … was of a longilateral figure, ninety-five furlongs broad, and a hundred and fifty long.” Sir T. Browne.

Lon•gil´o•quence , n. [L. langus long + loquentia a talking.] Long- windedness. “American longiloquence in oratory.” Fitzed. Hall.

Lon•gim´a•nous , a. [L. longus long + manus hand.] Having long hands. Sir T. Browne.

Lon•gim´e•try , n. [L. longus long + -metry: cf. F. longimetrie.] The art or practice of measuring distances or lengths. Cheyne.

Long´ing , n. An eager desire; a craving; a morbid appetite; an earnest wish; an aspiration. “Put on my crown; I have
immortal longings in me.” Shak.

Long´ing•ly, adv. With longing. Dryden.

Lon•gin´qui•ty , n. [L. longinquitas, fr. longinquus extensive, remote, fr. longus long.] Greatness of distance; remoteness. [R.] Barrow.

Lon´gi•palp , n. [F. longipalpe, fr. L. longus long + F. palpe a feeler, a palp.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles, having long maxillary palpi.

Lon´gi•pen´nate , a. [L. longus long + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.) Having long wings, or quills.

Lon•gi•pen´nes , n. pl. [NL., from L. longus long + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of longwinged sea birds, including the gulls, petrels, etc.

Lon•gi•pen´nine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Longipennes; longipennate.

Lon•gi•ros´ter , n.; pl. L. Longirostres (#), E. Longirosters (#). [L. longus long + rostrum beak: cf. F. longirostre.] (Zoöl.) One of the Longirostres.

Lon•gi•ros´tral , a. (Zoöl.) Having a long bill; of or pertaining to the Longirostres.

Lon•gi•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. longus long + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds characterized by having long slender bills, as the sandpipers, curlews, and ibises. It is now regarded as an artificial division.

Long´ish , a. Somewhat long; moderately long.

Lon´gi•tude , n. [F., fr. L. longitudo, fr. longus long.] 1. Length; measure or distance along the longest line; — distinguished from breadth or thickness; as the longitude of a room; rare now, except in a humorous sense. Sir H. Wotton. “The longitude of their cloaks.” Sir. W. Scott. “Mine [shadow] spindling into longitude immense.” Cowper. 2. (Geog.) The arc or portion of the equator intersected between the meridian of a given place and the meridian of some other place from which longitude is reckoned, as from Greenwich, England, or sometimes from the capital of a country, as from Washington or Paris. The longitude of a place is expressed either in degrees or in time; as that of New York is 74° or 4 h. 56 min. west of Greenwich. 3. (Astron.) The distance in degrees, reckoned from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle at right angles to the ecliptic passing through the heavenly body whose longitude is designated; as the longitude of Capella is 79°. Geocentric longitude (Astron.), the longitude of a heavenly body as seen from the earth. — Heliocentric longitude, the longitude of a heavenly body, as seen from the sun’s center. — Longitude stars, certain stars whose position is known, and the data in regard to which are used in observations for finding the longitude, as by lunar distances.

Lon•gi•tu´di•nal , a. [Cf. F. longitudinal.] 1. Of or pertaining to longitude or length; as longitudinal distance. 2. Extending in length; in the direction of the length; running lengthwise, as distinguished from transverse; as the longitudinal diameter of a body. Cheyne.

Lon•gi•tu´di•nal, n. A railway sleeper lying parallel with the rail.

Lon•gi•tu´di•nal•ly, adv. In the direction of length.

Long´legs , n. (Zoöl.) A daddy longlegs.

Long´-lived , a. Having a long life; having constitutional peculiarities which make long life probable; lasting long; as a long-lived tree; they are a longlived family; long-lived prejudices.

Long´ly, adv. 1. With longing desire. [Obs.] Shak. 2. For a long time; hence, wearisomely.

Long´mynd rocks´ (Geol.) The sparingly fossiliferous conglomerates, grits, schists, and slates of Great Britain, which lie at the base of the Cambrian system; — so called, because typically developed in the Longmynd Hills, Shropshire.

Long´ness, n. Length.

Long´nose , n. (Zoöl.) The European garfish.

Long´ prim´er (Print.) A kind of type, in size between small pica and bourgeois. This line is printed in long primer.

Long´shanks , n. (Zoöl.) The stilt.

Long´shore , a. [Abbrev. from alongshore.] Belonging to the seashore or a seaport; along and on the shore. ´Longshore thieves.´ R. Browning.

Long´shore•man , n.; pl. Longshoremen (#). [Abbrev. fr. alongshoreman.] One of a class of laborers employed about the wharves of a seaport, especially in loading and unloading vessels.

Long´-sight , n. Long- sightedness. Good.

Long´-sight•ed , a. 1. Able to see objects at a great distance; hence, having great foresight; sagacious; farseeing. 2. Able to see objects distinctly at a distance, but not close at hand; hypermetropic.

Long´-sight•ed•ness, n. 1. The state or condition of being long-sighted; hence, sagacity; shrewdness. 2. (Med.) See Hypermetropia.

Long´some a. [AS. langsum.] Extended in length; tiresome. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Prior. — Long´some•ness, n. [Obs.] Fuller.

Long´spun , a. Spun out, or extended, to great length; hence, long-winded; tedious. “The longspun allegories fulsome grow,
While the dull moral lies too plain below.” Addison.

Long´spur , n. [So called from the length of the hind claw.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fringilline birds of the genus Calcarius (or Plectrophanes), and allied genera. The Lapland longspur (C. Lapponicus), the chestnut-colored longspur (C. ornatus), and other species, inhabit the United States.

Long´-stop , n. (Cricket) One who is set to stop balls which pass the wicket keeper.

Long´-suf•fer•ance , n. Forbearance to punish or resent.

Long´-suf•fer•ing, n. Bearing injuries or provocation for a long time; patient; not easily provoked. “The Lord God, merciful and gracious, long- suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth.” Ex. xxxiv. 6.

Long´-suf•fer•ing, n. Long patience of offense. “Despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and long-suffering?” Rom. ii. 4.

Long´tail , n. An animal, particularly a log, having an uncut tail. Cf. Curtail. Dog. A longtail was a gentleman’s dog, or the dog of one qualified to bunt, other dogs being required to have their tails cut. Cut and longtail, all, gentlefolks and others, as they might come. Shak.

Long´-tongue , n. (Zoöl.) The wryneck.

Long´-tongued , a. 1. Having a long tongue. 2. Talkative; babbling; loquacious. Shak.

Lon´gu•lite , n. [L. longus long + -lie.] (Min.) A kind of crystallite having a (slender) acicular form.

Long´-waist•ed , a. 1. Having a long waist; long from the armpits to the bottom of the waist; — said of persons. 2. Long from the part about the neck or shoulder, or from the armpits, to the bottom of the weist, or to the skirt; — said of garments; as a long-waisted coat.

Long´ways , adv. Lengthwise. Addison.

Long´-wind´ed , a. Long- breathed; hence, tediously long in speaking; consuming much time; as a long-winded talker. — Long´-wind´ed•ness, n. “A tedious, long-winded harangue.” South.

Long´wise , adv. Lengthwise.

Loo , n. [For older lanterloo, F. lanturelu, lanturlu, name of the game; orig., the refrain of a vaudeville.] (a) An old game played with five, or three, cards dealt to each player from a full pack. When five cards are used the highest card is the knave of clubs or (if so agreed upon) the knave of trumps; — formerly called lanterloo. (b) A modification of the game of ´all fours´ in which the players replenish their hands after each round by drawing each a card from the pack. Loo table, a round table adapted for a circle of persons playing loo.

Loo , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looed p. pr. & vb. n. Looing.] To beat in the game of loo by winning every trick. [Written also lu.] Goldsmith.

Loob , n. [Corn., slime, sludge.] (Mining) The clay or slimes washed from tin ore in dressing.

Loo´bi•ly , a. [From Looby.] Loobylike; awkward. Fuller.

Loo´bi•ly, adv. Awkwardly. L’Estrange.

Loo´by , n.; pl. Loobies (#). [Cf. Lob.] An awkward, clumsy fellow; a lubber. Swift.

Looch , n. See 2d Loch.

Loof , n. (Bot.) The spongelike fibers of the fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant (Luffa AEgyptiaca); called also vegetable sponge.

Loof , n. [See Luff.] [Also written luff.] (Naut.) (a) Formerly, some appurtenance of a vessel which was used in changing her course; — probably a large paddle put over the lee bow to help bring her head nearer to the wind. (b) The part of a ship’s side where the planking begins to curve toward bow and stern.

Loof, v. i. (Naut.) See Luff.

Look , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Looked p. pr. & vb. n. Looking.] [OE. loken, AS. locian; akin to G. lugen, OHG. luogen.] 1. To direct the eyes for the purpose of seeing something; to direct the eyes toward an object; to observe with the eyes while keeping them directed; — with various prepositions, often in a special or figurative sense. See Phrases below. 2. To direct the attention (to something); to consider; to examine; as to look at an action. 3. To seem; to appear; to have a particular appearance; as the patient looks better; the clouds look rainy. “It would look more like vanity than gratitude.” Addison. “Observe how such a practice looks in another person.” I. Watts. 4. To have a particular direction or situation; to face; to front. “The inner gate that looketh to north.” Ezek. viii. 3. “The east gate … which looketh eastward.” Ezek. xi. 1. 5. In the imperative: see; behold; take notice; take care; observe; — used to call attention. “Look, how much we thus expel of sin, so much we expel of virtue.” Milton. Look, in the imperative, may be followed by a dependent sentence, but see is oftener so used. “Look that ye bind them fast.” Shak. “Look if it be my daughter.” Talfourd. 6. To show one’s self in looking, as by leaning out of a window; as look out of the window while I speak to you. Sometimes used figuratively. “My toes look through the overleather.” Shak. 7. To await the appearance of anything; to expect; to anticipate. “Looking each hour into death’s mouth to fall.” Spenser. To look about, to look on all sides, or in different directions. — To look about one, to be on the watch; to be vigilant; to be circumspect or guarded. — To look after. (a) To attend to; to take care of; as to look after children. (b) To expect; to be in a state of expectation. “Men’s hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth.” Luke xxi. 26. (c) To seek; to search. “My subject does not oblige me to look after the water, or point forth the place where to it is now retreated.” Woodward. — To look at, to direct the eyes toward so that one sees, or as if to see; as to look at a star; hence, to observe, examine, consider; as to look at a matter without prejudice. — To look black, to frown; to scowl; to have a threatening appearance. “The bishops thereat repined, and looked black.” Holinshed. — To look down on or upon, to treat with indifference or contempt; to regard as an inferior; to despise. — To look for. (a) To expect; as to look for news by the arrival of a ship. ´Look now for no enchanting voice.´ Milton. (b) To seek for; to search for; as to look for lost money, or lost cattle. — To look forth. (a) To look out of something, as from a window. (b) To threaten to come out. Jer. vi. 1. (Rev. Ver.). — To look into, to inspect closely; to observe narrowly; to examine; as to look into the works of nature; to look into one’s conduct or affairs. — To look on. (a) To regard; to esteem. “Her friends would look on her the worse.” Prior. (b) To consider; to view; to conceive of; to think of. “I looked on Virgil as a succinct, majestic writer.” Dryden. (c) To be a mere spectator. “I’ll be a candleholder, and look on.” Shak. — To look out, to be on the watch; to be careful; as the seaman looks out for breakers. — To look through. (a) To see through. (b) To search; to examine with the eyes. — To look to or unto. (a) To watch; to take care of. ´Look well to thy herds.´ Prov. xxvii. 23. (b) To resort to with expectation of receiving something; to expect to receive from; as the creditor may look to surety for payment. ´Look unto me, and be ye saved.´ Is. xlv. 22. — To look up, to search for or find out by looking; as to look up the items of an account. — To look up to, to respect; to regard with deference.

Look, v. t. 1. To look at; to turn the eyes toward. 2. To seek; to search for. [Obs.] “Looking my love, I go from place to place.” Spenser. 3. To expect. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To influence, overawe, or subdue by looks or presence as to look down opposition. “A spirit fit to start into an empire,
And look the world to law.” Dryden. 5. To express or manifest by a look. “Soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake again.” Byron. To look daggers. See under Dagger. — To look in the face, to face or meet with boldness or confidence; hence, sometimes, to meet for combat. — To look out, to seek for; as prudent persons look out associates of good reputation.

Look , n. 1. The act of looking; a glance; a sight; a view; — often in certain phrases; as to have, get, take, throw, or cast, a look. “Threw many a northward look to see his father
Bring up his powers; but he did long in vain.” Shak. 2. Expression of the eyes and face; manner; as a proud or defiant look. ´Gentle looks.´ Shak. “Up ! up! my friends, and clear your looks.” Wordsworth. 3. Hence; Appearance; aspect; as the house has a gloomy look; the affair has a bad look. “Pain, disgrace, and poverty have frighted looks.” Locke. “There was something that reminded me of Dante’s Hell in the look of this.” Carlyle.

Look´down , n. (Zoöl.) See Moonfish (b).

Look´er , n. One who looks. Looker-on, a spectator; one that looks on, but has no agency or part in an affair. “Did not this fatal war affront thy coast,
Yet sattest thou an idle looker-on ?” Fairfax.

Look´ing, a. Having a certain look or appearance; — often compounded with adjectives; as good- looking, grand-looking, etc.

Look´ing, n. 1. The act of one who looks; a glance. 2. The manner in which one looks; appearance; countenance; face. [Obs.] “All dreary was his cheer and his looking.” Chaucer. Looking for, anticipation; expectation. ´A certain fearful looking for of judgment.´ Heb. x. 27.

Look´ing-glass , n. A mirror made of glass on which has been placed a backing of some reflecting substance, as quicksilver. “There is none so homely but loves a looking- glass.” South.

Look´out , n. 1. A careful looking or watching for any object or event. 2. The place from which such observation is made. 3. A person engaged in watching. 4. Object or duty of forethought and care; responsibility. [Colloq.]

Lool , n. (Metal.) A vessel used to receive the washings of ores of metals.

Loom , n. (Zoöl.) See Loon, the bird.

Loom, n. [OE. lome, AS. geloma utensil, implement.] 1. A frame or machine of wood or other material, in which a weaver forms cloth out of thread; a machine for interweaving yarn or threads into a fabric, as in knitting or lace making. “Hector, when he sees Andromache overwhelmed with terror, sends her for consolation to the loom and the distaff.” Rambler. 2. (Naut.) That part of an oar which is near the grip or handle and inboard from the rowlock. Totten.

Loom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loomed p. pr. & vb. n. Looming.] [OE. lumen to shine, Icel. ljoma; akin to AS. leóma light, and E. light; or cf. OF. lumer to shine, L. luminare to illumine, lumen light; akin to E. light. rad.122. See Light not dark.] 1. To appear above the surface either of sea or land, or to appear enlarged, or distorted and indistinct, as a distant object, a ship at sea, or a mountain, esp. from atmospheric influences; as the ship looms large; the land looms high. “Awful she looms, the terror of the main.” H. J. Pye. 2. To rise and to be eminent; to be elevated or ennobled, in a moral sense. “On no occasion does he [Paul] loom so high, and shine so gloriously, as in the context.” J. M. Mason.

Loom, n. The state of looming; esp., an unnatural and indistinct appearance of elevation or enlargement of anything, as of land or of a ship, seen by one at sea.

Loom´-gale , n. A gentle gale of wind.

Loom´ing, n. The indistinct and magnified appearance of objects seen in particular states of the atmosphere. See Mirage.

Loon , n. [Scot. loun, lown, loon; akin to OD. loen a stupid man; prob. for an older lown, and akin to E. lame.] A sorry fellow; a worthless person; a rogue.

Loon, n. [For older loom, Icel. lmr; akin to Dan. & Sw. lom.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several aquatic, wed-footed, northern birds of the genus Urinator (formerly Colymbus), noted for their expertness in diving and swimming under water. The common loon, or great northern diver (Urinator imber, or Colymbus torquatus), and the red-throated loon or diver (U. septentrionalis), are the best known species. See Diver.

Loon´y , a. See Luny.

Loop (loop), n. [G. luppe an iron lump. Cf. Looping.] (Iron Works) A mass of iron in a pasty condition gathered into a ball for the tilt hammer or rolls. [Written also loup.]

Loop, n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. lub loop, noose, fold, thong, bend, lub to bend, incline.] 1. A fold or doubling of a thread, cord, rope, etc., through which another thread, cord, etc., can be passed, or which a hook can be hooked into; an eye, as of metal; a staple; a noose; a bight. “That the probation bear no hinge, nor loop
To hang a doubt on.” Shak. 2. A small, narrow opening; a loophole. “And stop all sight-holes, every loop from whence
The eye of Reason may pry in upon us.” Shak. 3. A curve of any kind in the form of a loop. 4. (Telegraphy) A wire forming part of a main circuit and returning to the point from which it starts. 5. (Acoustics) The portion of a vibrating string, air column, etc., between two nodes; — called also ventral segment. Loop knot, a single knot tied in a doubled cord, etc. so as to leave a loop beyond the knot. See Illust. of Knot.

Loop (loop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looped (loopt); p. pr. & vb. n. Looping.] To make a loop of or in; to fasten with a loop or loops; — often with up; as to loop a string; to loop up a curtain.

Looped (loopt), a. 1. Bent, folded, or tied, so as to make a loop; as a looped wire or string. 2. Full of holes. [Obs.] Shak.

Loop´er (loop´er), n. 1. An instrument, as a bodkin, for forming a loop in yarn, a cord, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) The larva of any species of geometrid moths. See Geometrid.

Loop´hole , n. 1. (Mil.) A small opening, as in the walls of fortification, or in the bulkhead of a ship, through which small arms or other weapons may be discharged at an enemy. 2. A hole or aperture that gives a passage, or the means of escape or evasion.

Loop´holed , a. Provided with loopholes.

Loop´ie , a. Deceitful; cunning; sly. [Scot.]

Loop´ing, n. [Cf. D. loopen to run. Cf. Loop a mass of iron, Leap.] (Metal.) The running together of the matter of an ore into a mass, when the ore is only heated for calcination.

Loop´ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Loop. Looping snail (Zoöl.), any species of land snail of the genus Truncatella; — so called because it creeps like the measuring worms.

Loop´light , n. A small narrow opening or window in a tower or fortified wall; a loophole.

Loord , n. [F. lourd heavy, dull.] A dull, stupid fellow; a drone. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loos , n. [OE. los, fr. OF. los, laus.] Praise; fame; reputation. [Obs.] Spenser. “Good conscience and good loos.” Chaucer.

Loose (loos), a. [Compar. Looser superl. Loosest.] [OE. loos, lous, laus, Icel. lauss; akin to OD. loos, D. los, AS. leás false, deceitful, G. los, loose, Dan. & Sw. lös, Goth. laus, and E. lose. rad.127. See Lose, and cf. Leasing falsehood.] 1. Unbound; untied; unsewed; not attached, fastened, fixed, or confined; as the loose sheets of a book. “Her hair, nor loose, nor tied in formal plat.” Shak. 2. Free from constraint or obligation; not bound by duty, habit, etc.; — with from or of. “Now I stand
Loose of my vow; but who knows Cato’s thoughts ?” Addison. 3. Not tight or close; as a loose garment. 4. Not dense, close, compact, or crowded; as a cloth of loose texture. “With horse and chariots ranked in loose array.” Milton. 5. Not precise or exact; vague; indeterminate; as a loose style, or way of reasoning. “The comparison employed … must be considered rather as a loose analogy than as an exact scientific explanation.” Whewel. 6. Not strict in matters of morality; not rigid according to some standard of right. “The loose morality which he had learned.” Sir W. Scott. 7. Unconnected; rambling. “Vario spends whole mornings in running over loose and unconnected pages.” I. Watts. 8. Lax; not costive; having lax bowels. Locke. 9. Dissolute; unchaste; as a loose man or woman. “Loose ladies in delight.” Spenser. 10. Containing or consisting of obscene or unchaste language; as a loose epistle. Dryden. At loose ends, not in order; in confusion; carelessly managed. — Fast and loose. See under Fast. — To break loose. See under Break. — Loose pulley. (Mach.) See Fast and loose pulleys, under Fast. — To let loose, to free from restraint or confinement; to set at liberty.

Loose, n. 1. Freedom from restraint. [Obs.] Prior. 2. A letting go; discharge. B. Jonson. To give a loose, to give freedom. “Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow.” Addison.

Loose (loos), v. n. [imp. & p. p. Loosed (loost); p. pr. & vb. n. Loosing.] [From Loose, a.] 1. To untie or unbind; to free from any fastening; to remove the shackles or fastenings of; to set free; to relieve. “Canst thou … loose the bands of Orion ?” Job. xxxviii. 31. “Ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her; loose them, and bring them unto me.” Matt. xxi. 2. 2. To release from anything obligatory or burdensome; to disengage; hence, to absolve; to remit. “Art thou loosed from a wife ? seek not a wife.” 1 Cor. vii. 27. “Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” Matt. xvi. 19. 3. To relax; to loosen; to make less strict. “The joints of his loins were loosed.” Dan. v. 6. 4. To solve; to interpret. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loose, v. i. To set sail. [Obs.] Acts xiii. 13.

Loose´ly, adv. In a loose manner.

Loos´en (loos´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loosened (loos´’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Loosening.] [See Loose, v. t.] 1. To make loose; to free from tightness, tension, firmness, or fixedness; to make less dense or compact; as to loosen a string, or a knot; to loosen a rock in the earth. “After a year’s rooting, then shaking doth the tree good by loosening of the earth.” Bacon. 2. To free from restraint; to set at liberty.. “It loosens his hands, and assists his understanding.” Dryden. 3. To remove costiveness from; to facilitate or increase the alvine discharges of. Bacon.

Loos´en, v. i. To become loose; to become less tight, firm, or compact. S. Sharp.

Loos´en•er , n. One who, or that which, loosens.

Loose´ness, n. The state, condition, or quality, of being loose; as the looseness of a cord; looseness of style; looseness of morals or of principles.

Loose´strife (-strif•), n. (Bot.) (a) The name of several species of plants of the genus Lysimachia, having small star-shaped flowers, usually of a yellow color. (b) Any species of the genus Lythrum, having purple, or, in some species, crimson flowers. Gray. False loosestrife, a plant of the genus Ludwigia, which includes several species, most of which are found in the United States. — Tufted loosestrife, the plant Lysimachia thyrsiflora, found in the northern parts of the United States and in Europe. Gray.

Loos´ish (loos´ish), a. Somewhat loose.
[1913 Webster]

Loot (loot), n. [Hind. lut, Skr. lotra, loptra, booty, lup to break, spoil; prob. akin to E. rob.] 1. The act of plundering. 2. Plunder; booty; especially, the booty taken in a conquered or sacked city.

Loot, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Looted; p. pr. & vb. n. Looting.] To plunder; to carry off as plunder or a prize lawfully obtained by war. “Looting parties … ransacking the houses.” L. Oliphant.

Loot´er (loot´er), n. A plunderer.

Loo´ver (loo´ver), n. See Louver.

Lop , n. [AS. loppe.] A flea.[Obs.] Cleveland.

Lop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lopped p. pr. & vb. n. Lopping ] [Prov. G. luppen, lubben,to cut, geld, or OD. luppen, D. lubben.] 1. To cut off as the top or extreme part of anything; to shoorten by cutting off the extremities; to cut off, or remove, as superfluous parts; as to lop a tree or its branches. ´With branches lopped, in wood or mountain felled.´ Milton. “Expunge the whole, or lop the excrescent parts.” Pope. 2. To cut partly off and bend down; as to lop bushes in a hedge.

Lop, n. That which is lopped from anything, as branches from a tree. Shak. Mortimer.

Lop, v. i. To hang downward; to be pendent; to lean to one side.

Lop, v. t. To let hang down; as to lop the head.

Lop, a. Hanging down; as lop ears; — used also in compound adjectives; as lopeared; lopsided.

Lope , imp. of Leap. [Obs.] “And, laughing, lope into a tree. Spenser.”

Lope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loped p. pr. & vb. n. Loping.] [See Leap.] 1. To leap; to dance. [Prov. Eng.] ´He that lopes on the ropes.´ Middleton. 2. To move with a lope, as a horse. [U.S.]

Lope, n. 1. A leap; a long step. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An easy gait, consisting of long running strides or leaps. [U.S.] “The mustang goes rollicking ahead, with the eternal lope, … a mixture of two or three gaits, as easy as the motions of a cradle.” T. B. Thorpe.

Lop´eared , a. Having ears which lop or hang down.

Lope´man , n. Leaper; ropedancer. [Obs.]

Lop´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, lopes; esp., a horse that lopes. [U.S.] 2. (Rope Making) A swivel at one end of a ropewalk, used in laying the strands.

Loph´ine , n. [Gr. a tuft or crest of feathers.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous organic base obtained by the oxidation of amarine, and regarded as a derivative of benzoic aldehyde. It is obtained in long white crystalline tufts, — whence its name.

Lo•phi´o•mys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. lofia• a mane, bristly ridge + my^s a mouse.] (Zoöl.) A very singular rodent (Lophiomys Imhausi) of Northeastern Africa. It is the only known representative of a special family (Lophiomyidae), remarkable for the structure of the skull. It has handlike feet, and the hair is peculiar in structure and arrangement.

Loph´o•branch , a. [Gr. lofia• crest or tuft + bra•gchion gill.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lophobranchii. — n. One of the Lophobranchii.

Loph•o•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lophobranchii.

Loph•o•bran´chi•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lo•fos a crest or tuft + bra•gchion gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of teleostean fishes, having the gills arranged in tufts on the branchial arches, as the Hippocampus and pipefishes.

Loph´o•phore , n. [Gr. lo•fos a crest or tuft + fe•rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A disk which surrounds the mouth and bears the tentacles of the Bryozoa. See Phylactolemata.

Lo•phop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a crest or tuft + -poda.] (Zoöl.) Same as Phylactolemata.

Lo•phos´te•on , n.; pl. L. Lophostea (#), E. Lophosteons (#). [NL., from Gr. a crest + a bone.] (Anat.) The central keel-bearing part of the sternum in birds.

Lop´pard , n. [Lop + - ard.] A tree, the top of which has been lopped off. [Eng.]

Lop´per , n. One who lops or cuts off.

Lop´per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loppered p. pr. & vb. n. Loppering.] [Cf. Prov. G. lübbern, levern, OHG. gilibern, G. luppe, lab, rennet.] To turn sour and coagulate from too long standing, as milk.

Lop´ping , n. A cutting off, as of branches; that which is cut off; leavings. “The loppings made from that stock whilst it stood.” Burke.

Lop´py , a. Somewhat lop; inclined to lop.

Lop´seed , n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Phryma Leptostachya), having slender seedlike fruits.

Lop´sid•ed , a. [Lop + side. Cf. Lobsided.] 1. Leaning to one side because of some defect of structure; as a lopsided ship. Marryat. 2. Unbalanced; poorly proportioned; full of idiosyncrasies. J. S. Mill.

Lo•qua´cious , a. [L. loquax, -acis, talkative, fr. loqui to speak; cf. Gr. to rattle, shriek, shout.] 1. Given to continual talking; talkative; garrulous. “Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong.” Dryden. 2. Speaking; expressive. [R.] J. Philips. 3. Apt to blab and disclose secrets. Syn. — Garrulous; talkative. See Garrulous.

Lo•qua´cious•ly, adv. In a loquacious manner.

Lo•qua´cious•ness, n. Loquacity.

Lo•quac´i•ty , n. [L. loquacitas: cf. F. loquacite.] The habit or practice of talking continually or excessively; inclination to talk too much; talkativeness; garrulity. “Too great loquacity and too great taciturnity by fits.” Arbuthnot.

Lo´quat , n. [Chinese name.] (Bot.) The fruit of the Japanese medlar (Photinia Japonica). It is as large as a small plum, but grows in clusters, and contains four or five large seeds. also the tree itself.

Lo´ral , n. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lores.

Lo´rate , a. [L. loratus, fr. lorum thong.] (Bot.) Having the form of a thong or strap; ligulate.

Lor´cha , n. [Pg.] (Naut.) A kind of light vessel used on the coast of China, having the hull built on a European model, and the rigging like that of a Chinese junk. Admiral Foote.

Lord , n. [Cf. Gr. bent so as to be convex in front.] A hump-backed person; — so called sportively. [Eng.] Richardson (Dict.).

Lord, n. [OE. lord, laverd, loverd, AS. hlaford, for hlafweard, i. e., bread keeper; hlaf bread, loaf + weardian to look after, to take care of, to ward. See Loaf, and Ward to guard, and cf. Laird, Lady.] 1. One who has power and authority; a master; a ruler; a governor; a prince; a proprietor, as of a manor. “But now I was the lord
Of this fair mansion.” Shak. “Man over men
He made not lord.” Milton. 2. A titled nobleman., whether a peer of the realm or not; a bishop, as a member of the House of Lords; by courtesy; the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest son of an earl; in a restricted sense, a baron, as opposed to noblemen of higher rank. [Eng.] 3. A title bestowed on the persons above named; and also for honor, on certain official persons; as lord advocate, lord chamberlain, lord chancellor, lord chief justice, etc. [Eng.] 4. A husband. ´My lord being old also.´ Gen. xviii. 12. “Thou worthy lord
Of that unworthy wife that greeteth thee.” Shak. 5. (Feudal Law) One of whom a fee or estate is held; the male owner of feudal land; as the lord of the soil; the lord of the manor. 6. The Supreme Being; Jehovah. When Lord, in the Old Testament, is printed in small capitals, it is usually equivalent to Jehovah, and might, with more propriety, be so rendered. 7. The Savior; Jesus Christ. House of Lords, one of the constituent parts of the British Parliament, consisting of the lords spiritual and temporal. — Lord high chancellor, Lord high constable, etc. See Chancellor, Constable, etc. — Lord justice clerk, the second in rank of the two highest judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland. — Lord justice general, or Lord president, the highest in rank of the judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland. — Lord keeper, an ancient officer of the English crown, who had the custody of the king’s great seal, with authority to affix it to public documents. The office is now merged in that of the chancellor. — Lord lieutenant, a representative of British royalty: the lord lieutenant of Ireland being the representative of royalty there, and exercising supreme administrative authority; the lord lieutenant of a county being a deputy to manage its military concerns, and also to nominate to the chancellor the justices of the peace for that county. — Lord of misrule, the master of the revels at Christmas in a nobleman’s or other great house. Eng. Cyc. — Lords spiritual, the archbishops and bishops who have seats in the House of Lords. — Lords temporal, the peers of England; also sixteen representative peers of Scotland, and twenty-eight representatives of the Irish peerage. — Our lord, Jesus Christ; the Savior. — The Lord’s Day, Sunday; the Christian Sabbath, on which the Lord Jesus rose from the dead. — The Lord’s Prayer, the prayer which Jesus taught his disciples. Matt. vi. 9-13. — The Lord’s Supper. (a) The paschal supper partaken of by Jesus the night before his crucifixion. (b) The sacrament of the eucharist; the holy communion. — The Lord’s Table. (a) The altar or table from which the sacrament is dispensed. (b) The sacrament itself.

Lord, v. t. 1. To invest with the dignity, power, and privileges of a lord. [R.] Shak. 2. To rule or preside over as a lord. [R.]

Lord, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Lording.] To play the lord; to domineer; to rule with arbitrary or despotic sway; — sometimes with over; and sometimes with it in the manner of a transitive verb. “The whiles she lordeth in licentious bliss.” Spenser. “I see them lording it in London streets.” Shak. “And lorded over them whom now they serve.” Milton.

Lord´ing, n. [Lord + - ing, 3.] 1. The son of a lord; a person of noble lineage. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A little lord; a lordling; a lord, in contempt or ridicule. [Obs.] Swift. In the plural, a common ancient mode of address equivalent to ´Sirs´ or ´My masters.´ “Therefore, lordings all, I you beseech.” Chaucer.

Lord´kin , n. A little lord. Thackeray.

Lord´like, a. [2d lord + like. Cf. Lordly.] 1. Befitting or like a lord; lordly. 2. Haughty; proud; insolent; arrogant.

Lord´li•ness , n. [From Lordly.] The state or quality of being lordly. Shak.

Lord´ling , n. [Lord + - ling.] A little or insignificant lord. Goldsmith.

Lord´ly, a. [Compar. Lordlier superl. Lordliest.] [Lord + -ly. Cf. Lordlike.] 1. Suitable for a lord; of or pertaining to a lord; resembling a lord; hence, grand; noble; dignified; honorable. “She brought forth butter in a lordly dish.” Judges v. 25. “Lordly sins require lordly estates to support them.” South. “The maidens gathered strength and grace
And presence, lordlier than before.” Tennyson. 2. Proud; haughty; imperious; insolent. “Lords are lordliest in their wine.” Milton. Syn. — Imperious; haughty; overbearing; tyrannical; despotic; domineering; arrogant. See Imperious.

Lord´ly, adv. In a lordly manner.

Lord•ol´a•try , n. [Lord + -olatry, as in idolatry.] Worship of, or reverence for, a lord as such. [Jocose] “But how should it be otherwise in a country where lordolatry is part of our creed ?” Thackeray.

Lor•do´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. bent so as to be convex in front.] (Med.) (a) A curvature of the spine forwards, usually in the lumbar region. (b) Any abnormal curvature of the bones.

Lords´ and La´dies (Bot.) The European wake-robin (Arum maculatum), — those with purplish spadix the lords, and those with pale spadix the ladies. Dr. Prior.

Lord´ship , n. 1. The state or condition of being a lord; hence (with his or your), a title applied to a lord (except an archbishop or duke, who is called Grace) or a judge (in Great Britain), etc. 2. Seigniory; domain; the territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. “What lands and lordships for their owner know
My quondam barber.” Dryden. 3. Dominion; power; authority. “They which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them.” Mark x. 42.

Lore (lor), n. [F. lore, L. lorum thong.] (Zoöl.) (a) The space between the eye and bill, in birds, and the corresponding region in reptiles and fishes. (b) The anterior portion of the cheeks of insects.

Lore, obs. imp. & p. p. of Lose.. [See Lose.] Lost. “Neither of them she found where she them lore.” Spenser.

Lore, n. [OE. lore, lare, AS. lar, fr. laeran to teach; akin to D. leer teaching, doctrine, G. lehre, Dan. laere, Sw. lära. See Learn, and cf. Lere, v. t.] 1. That which is or may be learned or known; the knowledge gained from tradition, books, or experience; often, the whole body of knowledge possessed by a people or class of people, or pertaining to a particular subject; as the lore of the Egyptians; priestly lore; legal lore; folklore. ´The lore of war.´ Fairfax. “His fair offspring, nursed in princely lore.” Milton. 2. That which is taught; hence, instruction; wisdom; advice; counsel. Chaucer. “If please ye, listen to my lore.” Spenser. 3. Workmanship. [Obs.] Spenser. { Lor´e•al , Lor´al } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lore; — said of certain feathers of birds, scales of reptiles, etc.

Lor´el , n. [. Cf. Losel.] A good for nothing fellow; a vagabond. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lor´en , obs. strong p. p. of Lose. Chaucer.

Lores´man , n. [Lore learning + man.] An instructor. [Obs.] Gower.

Lo•rette´ , n. [F.] In France, a name for a woman who is supported by her lovers, and devotes herself to idleness, show, and pleasure; — so called from the church of Notre Dame de Lorette, in Paris, near which many of them resided.

Lo•ret•tine´ , n. (R. C. Ch.) One of a order of nuns founded in 1812 at Loretto, in Kentucky. The members of the order (called also Sisters of Loretto, or Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross) devote themselves to the cause of education and the care of destitute orphans, their labors being chiefly confined to the Western United States.

Lor•gnette´ n. [F.] An opera glass; pl. elaborate double eyeglasses.

Lo´ri , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Lory.

Lo•ri´ca , n.; pl. Loricae (#). [L., lit., a corselet of thongs, fr. lorum thong.] 1. (Anc. Armor) A cuirass, originally of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewed on linen or the like. 2. (Chem.) Lute for protecting vessels from the fire. 3. (Zoöl.) The protective case or shell of an infusorian or rotifer.

Lor•i•ca´ta (lor•i•ka´t&asot;), n. pl. [NL. See Loricate.] (Zoöl.) (a) A suborder of edentates, covered with bony plates, including the armadillos. (b) The crocodilia.

Lor´i•cate (lor´i•kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loricated (lor´i•ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Loricating (lor´i•ka•ting).] [L. loricatus, p. p. of loricare to clothe in mail, to cover with plastering, fr. lorica a leather cuirass, a plastering, fr. lorum thong.] To cover with some protecting substance, as with lute, a crust, coating, or plates.

Lor´i•cate , a. [See Loricate, v.] Covered with a shell or exterior made of plates somewhat like a coat of mail, as in the armadillo.

Lor´i•cate, n. (Zoöl.) An animal covered with bony scales, as crocodiles among reptiles, and the pangolins among mammals.

Lor•i•ca´tion , n. [L. loricatio.] The act of loricating; the protecting substance put on; a covering of scales or plates.

Lor´i•keet , n. (Zoöl.) Any one numerous species of small brush-tongued parrots or lories, found mostly in Australia, New Guinea and the adjacent islands, with some forms in the East Indies. They are arboreal in their habits and feed largely upon the honey of flowers. They belong to Trichoglossus, Loriculus, and several allied genera. { Lor´i•mer , Lor´i•ner } n. [OF. lormier, loremier, fr. LL. loranum bridle, L. lorum thong, the rein of a bridle.] A maker of bits, spurs, and metal mounting for bridles and saddles; hence, a saddler. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Lor´ing , n. [See 3d Lore.] Instructive discourse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lo´ri•ot , n. [F., fr. OF. loriou, for l’oriol, oriol, l’ being the article. The same word as oriole. See Oriole.] (Zoöl.) The golden oriole of Europe. See Oriole.

Lo´ris , n. [Loris, or lori, the indigenous East Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small lemurs of the genus Stenops. They have long, slender limbs and large eyes, and are arboreal in their habits. The slender loris (S. gracilis), of Ceylon, in one of the best known species. [Written also lori.]

Lorn , a. [Strong p. p. of Lose. See Lose, Forlorn.] 1. Lost; undone; ruined. [Archaic] “If thou readest, thou art lorn.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Forsaken; abandoned; solitary; bereft; as a lone, lorn woman. { Lor´rie , Lor´ry } , n.; pl. Lorries (#). [Prob. from lurry to pull or lug.] A small cart or wagon, as those used on the tramways in mines to carry coal or rubbish; also a barrow or truck for shifting baggage, as at railway stations.

Lo´ry , n.; pl. Lories (#). [Hind. & Malay. luri, nuri.] (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of small parrots of the family Trichoglossidae, generally having the tongue papillose at the tip, and the mandibles straighter and less toothed than in common parrots. They are found in the East Indies, Australia, New Guinea, and the adjacent islands. They feed mostly on soft fruits and on the honey of flowers. The lory, or louri, of South Africa is the white-crested plantain eater or turacou. See Turacou.

Los , n. Praise. See Loos. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Los´a•ble , a. Such as can be lost.

Los´ange , n. See Lozenge.

Lose (looz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lost (lost; 115) p. pr. & vb. n. Losing (looz´ing).] [OE. losien to loose, be lost, lose, AS. losian to become loose; akin to OE. leosen to lose, p. p. loren, lorn, AS. leósan, p. p. loren (in comp.), D. verliezen, G. verlieren, Dan. forlise, Sw. förlisa, förlora, Goth. fraliusan, also to E. loose, a & v., L. luere to loose, Gr. ly•ein, Skr. lu to cut. rad.127. Cf. Analysis, Palsy, Solve, Forlorn, Leasing, Loose, Loss.] 1. To part with unintentionally or unwillingly, as by accident, misfortune, negligence, penalty, forfeit, etc.; to be deprived of; as to lose money from one’s purse or pocket, or in business or gaming; to lose an arm or a leg by amputation; to lose men in battle. “Fair Venus wept the sad disaster
Of having lost her favorite dove.” Prior. 2. To cease to have; to possess no longer; to suffer diminution of; as to lose one’s relish for anything; to lose one’s health. “If the salt hath lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted ?” Matt. v. 13. 3. Not to employ; to employ ineffectually; to throw away; to waste; to squander; as to lose a day; to lose the benefits of instruction. “The unhappy have but hours, and these they lose.” Dryden. 4. To wander from; to miss, so as not to be able to and; to go astray from; as to lose one’s way. “He hath lost his fellows.” Shak 5. To ruin; to destroy; as destroy; as the ship was lost on the ledge. “The woman that deliberates is lost.” Addison. 6. To be deprived of the view of; to cease to see or know the whereabouts of; as he lost his companion in the crowd. “Like following life thro’ creatures you dissect,
You lose it in the moment you detect.” Pope. 7. To fail to obtain or enjoy; to fail to gain or win; hence, to fail to catch with the mind or senses; to miss; as I lost a part of what he said. “He shall in no wise lose his reward.” Matt. x. 42. “I fought the battle bravely which I lost,
And lost it but to Macedonians.” Dryden. 8. To cause to part with; to deprive of. [R.] “How should you go about to lose him a wife he loves with so much passion ?” Sir W. Temple. 9. To prevent from gaining or obtaining. “O false heart ! thou hadst almost betrayed me to eternal flames, and lost me this glory.” Baxter. To lose ground, to fall behind; to suffer gradual loss or disadvantage. — To lose heart, to lose courage; to become timid. ´The mutineers lost heart.´ Macaulay. — To lose one’s head, to be thrown off one’s balance; to lose the use of one’s good sense or judgment. “In the excitement of such a discovery, many scholars lost their heads.” Whitney. — To lose one’s self. (a) To forget or mistake the bearing of surrounding objects; as to lose one’s self in a great city. (b) To have the perceptive and rational power temporarily suspended; as we lose ourselves in sleep. — To lose sight of. (a) To cease to see; as to lose sight of the land. (b) To overlook; to forget; to fail to perceive; as he lost sight of the issue.

Lose , v. i. To suffer loss, disadvantage, or defeat; to be worse off, esp. as the result of any kind of contest. “We ’ll … hear poor rogues
Talk of court news; and we’ll talk with them too,
Who loses and who wins; who’s in, who’s out.” Shak.

Los´el , n. [From the root of lose, loss. rad.127. Cf. Lorel.] One who loses by sloth or neglect; a worthless person; a lorel. [Archaic] Spenser. “One sad losel soils a name for aye.” Byron.

Los´el, a. Wasteful; slothful.

Los´en•ger , n. [OF. losengier, losengeor, fr. losengier to deceive, flatter, losenge, flattery, Pr. lauzenga, fr. L. laus praise. Cf. Lozenge.] A flatterer; a deceiver; a cozener. [Obs.] Chaucer. “To a fair pair of gallows, there to end their lives with shame, as a number of such other losengers had done.” Holinshed.

Los´en•ger•ie , n. [OF.] Flattery; deceit; trickery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Los´er , n. One who loses. South.

Lo´sing , a. [See Losenger.] Given to flattery or deceit; flattering; cozening. [Obs.] “Amongst the many simoniacal that swarmed in the land, Herbert, Bishop of Thetford, must not be forgotten; nick-named Losing, that is, the Flatterer.” Fuller.

Los´ing , a. [See Lose, v. t.] Causing or incurring loss; as a losing game or business. “Who strive to sit out losing hands are lost.” Herbert.

Los´ing•ly , adv. In a manner to incur loss.

Loss (los; 115), n. [AS. los loss, losing, fr. leósan to lose. rad.127. See Lose, v. t.] 1. The act of losing; failure; destruction; privation; as the loss of property; loss of money by gaming; loss of health or reputation. “Assured loss before the match be played.” Shak. 2. The state of losing or having lost; the privation, defect, misfortune, harm, etc., which ensues from losing. “Though thou repent, yet I have still the loss.” Shak. 3. That which is lost or from which one has parted; waste; — opposed to gain or increase; as the loss of liquor by leakage was considerable. 4. The state of being lost or destroyed; especially, the wreck or foundering of a ship or other vessel. 5. Failure to gain or win; as loss of a race or battle. 6. Failure to use advantageously; as loss of time. 7. (Mil.) Killed, wounded, and captured persons, or captured property. 8. (Insurance) Destruction or diminution of value, if brought about in a manner provided for in the insurance contract (as destruction by fire or wreck, damage by water or smoke), or the death or injury of an insured person; also the sum paid or payable therefor; as the losses of the company this year amount to a million of dollars. To bear a loss, to make a loss good; also to sustain a loss without sinking under it. — To be at a loss, to be in a state of uncertainty. Syn. — Privation; detriment; injury; damage.

Loss´ful , a. Detrimental. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Loss´less, a. Free from loss. [Obs.] Milton.

Lost , a. [Prop. p. p. of OE. losien. See Lose, v. t.] 1. Parted with unwillingly or unintentionally; not to be found; missing; as a lost book or sheep. 2. Parted with; no longer held or possessed; as a lost limb; lost honor. 3. Not employed or enjoyed; thrown away; employed ineffectually; wasted; squandered; as a lost day; a lost opportunity or benefit. 5. Having wandered from, or unable to find, the way; bewildered; perplexed; as a child lost in the woods; a stranger lost in London. 6. Ruined or destroyed, either physically or morally; past help or hope; as a ship lost at sea; a woman lost to virtue; a lost soul. 7. Hardened beyond sensibility or recovery; alienated; insensible; as lost to shame; lost to all sense of honor. 8. Not perceptible to the senses; no longer visible; as an island lost in a fog; a person lost in a crowd. 9. Occupied with, or under the influence of, something, so as to be insensible of external things; as to be lost in thought. Lost motion (Mach.), the difference between the motion of a driver and that of a follower, due to the yielding of parts or looseness of joints.

Lot (lot), n. [AS. hlot; akin to hleótan to cast lots, OS. hlot lot, D. lot, G. loos, OHG. loz, Icel. hlutr, Sw. lott, Dan. lod, Goth. hlauts. Cf. Allot, Lotto, Lottery.] 1. That which happens without human design or forethought; chance; accident; hazard; fortune; fate. “But save my life, which lot before your foot doth lay.” Spenser. 2. Anything (as a die, pebble, ball, or slip of paper) used in determining a question by chance, or without man’s choice or will; as to cast or draw lots. “The lot is cast into the lap, but the whole disposing thereof is of the Lord.” Prov. xvi. 33. “If we draw lots, he speeds.” Shak. 3. The part, or fate, which falls to one, as it were, by chance, or without his planning. “O visions ill foreseen! Each day’s lot’s
Enough to bear.” Milton. “He was but born to try
The lot of man — to suffer and to die.” Pope. 4. A separate portion; a number of things taken collectively; as a lot of stationery; — colloquially, sometimes of people; as a sorry lot; a bad lot. “I, this winter, met with a very large lot of English heads, chiefly of the reign of James I.” Walpole. 5. A distinct portion or plot of land, usually smaller than a field; as a building lot in a city. “The defendants leased a house and lot in the city of New York.” Kent. 6. A large quantity or number; a great deal; as to spend a lot of money; lots of people think so. [Colloq.] “He wrote to her … he might be detained in London by a lot of business.” W. Black. 7. A prize in a lottery. [Obs.] Evelyn. To cast in one’s lot with, to share the fortunes of. — To cast lots, to use or throw a die, or some other instrument, by the unforeseen turn or position of which, an event is by previous agreement determined. — To draw lots, to determine an event, or make a decision, by drawing one thing from a number whose marks are concealed from the drawer. — To pay scot and lot, to pay taxes according to one’s ability. See Scot.

Lot , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lotted p. pr. & vb. n. Lotting ] To allot; to sort; to portion. [R.] To lot on or upon, to count or reckon upon; to expect with pleasure. [Colloq. U. S.]

Lote , n. [L. lotus, Gr. . Cf. Lotus.] (Bot.) A large tree (Celtis australis), found in the south of Europe. It has a hard wood, and bears a cherrylike fruit. Called also nettle tree. Eng. Cyc.

Lote, n. [F. lotte.] (Zoöl.) The European burbot.

Lote , v. i. [AS. lutian.] To lurk; to lie hid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Loth , a., Loth´ly, a. & adv., Loth´some , a., See Loath, Loathly, etc.

Lo•tha´ri•o , n. [Name of a character in Rowe’s drama, ´The Fair Penitent.´] A gay seducer of women; a libertine.

Lo´tion , n. [L. lotio, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash: cf. F. lotion. See Lave to wash.] 1. A washing, especially of the skin for the purpose of rendering it fair. 2. A liquid preparation for bathing the skin, or an injured or diseased part, either for a medicinal purpose, or for improving its appearance.

Lo´to , n. See Lotto.

Lo•tong´ , n. [Malay lutong.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian monkey (Semnopithecus femoralis).

Lo•toph´a•gi , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. ; the lotus + to eat.] (Class. Myth.) A people visited by Ulysses in his wanderings. They subsisted on the lotus. See Lotus (b), and Lotus- eater.

Lo´tos , n. [NL.] (Bot.) See Lotus.

Lot´ter•y , n.; pl. Lotteries (#). [Lot + -ery, as in brewery, bindery.] 1. A scheme for the distribution of prizes by lot or chance; esp., a gaming scheme in which one or more tickets bearing particular numbers draw prizes, and the rest of the tickets are blanks. Fig.: An affair of chance. The laws of the United States and of most of the States make lotteries illegal. 2. Allotment; thing allotted. [Obs.] Shak.

Lot´to , n. [F. loto or It. lotto, prop., a lot; of German origin. See Lot.] A game of chance, played with cards, on which are inscribed numbers, and any contrivance (as a wheel containing numbered balls) for determining a set of numbers by chance. The player holding a card having on it the set of numbers drawn from the wheel takes the stakes after a certain percentage of them has been deducted for the dealer. A variety of lotto is called keno. [Often written loto.]

Lo´ture , n. [L. lotura. See Lotion.] See Lotion. [Obs.] Holland.

Lo´tus (lo´tus), n. [L. lotus, Gr. lwto•s. Cf. Lote.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A name of several kinds of water lilies; as Nelumbium speciosum, used in religious ceremonies, anciently in Egypt, and to this day in Asia; Nelumbium luteum, the American lotus; and Nymphaea Lotus and N. caerulea, the respectively white- flowered and blue-flowered lotus of modern Egypt, which, with Nelumbium speciosum, are figured on its ancient monuments. (b) The lotus of the lotuseaters, probably a tree found in Northern Africa, Sicily, Portugal, and Spain (Zizyphus Lotus), the fruit of which is mildly sweet. It was fabled by the ancients to make strangers who ate of it forget their native country, or lose all desire to return to it. (c) The lote, or nettle tree. See Lote. (d) A genus (Lotus) of leguminous plants much resembling clover. [Written also lotos.] European lotus, a small tree (Diospyros Lotus) of Southern Europe and Asia; also its rather large bluish black berry, which is called also the date plum. 2. (Arch.) An ornament much used in Egyptian architecture, generally asserted to have been suggested by the Egyptian water lily. { Lo´tus-eat•er (lo´tus-et•er), Lo´tos-eat•er (lo´tos-et•er), } n. (Class. Myth.) One who ate the fruit or leaf of the lotus, and, as a consequence, gave himself up to indolence and daydreams; one of the Lotophagi. “The mild-eyed melancholy Lotos- eaters.” Tennyson.

Lou•chettes´ , n. pl. [F.] Goggles intended to rectify strabismus by permitting vision only directly in front. Knight.

Loud (loud), a. [Compar. Louder (loud´er); superl. Loudest.] [OE. loud, lud, AS. hlud; akin to OS. hlud, D. luid, OHG. lut, G. laut, L. - clutus, in inclutus, inclitus, celebrated, renowned, cluere to be called, Gr. klyto•s heard, loud, famous, kly•ein to hear, Skr. çru. rad.41. Cf. Client, Listen, Slave a serf.] 1. Having, making, or being a strong or great sound; noisy; striking the ear with great force; as a loud cry; loud thunder. “They were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified.” Luke xxiii. 23. 2. Clamorous; boisterous. “She is loud and stubborn.” Prov. vii. 11. 3. Emphatic; impressive; urgent; as a loud call for united effort. [Colloq.] 4. Ostentatious; likely to attract attention; gaudy; as a loud style of dress; loud colors. [Slang] Syn. — Noisy; boisterous; vociferous; clamorous; obstreperous; turbulent; blustering; vehement.

Loud, adv. [AS. hlude.] With loudness; loudly. “To speak loud in public assemblies.” Addison.

Loud´ful , a. Noisy. [Obs.] Marsion.

Loud´ly, adv. In a loud manner. Denham.

Loud´-mouthed , a. Having a loud voice; talking or sounding noisily; noisily impudent.

Loud´ness, n. The quality or state of being loud.

Loud´-voiced , a. Having a loud voice; noisy; clamorous. Byron.

Lough , n. [See 1st Loch.] A loch or lake; — so spelt in Ireland.

Lough , obs. strong imp. of Laugh. Chaucer.

Lou´is d’or [F., gold louis.] Formerly, a gold coin of France nominally worth twenty shillings sterling, but of varying value; — first struck in 1640.

Lou´is qua•torze´ (loo´i ka•tôrz´). [F., Louis fourteenth.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the art or style of the times of Louis XIV. of France; as Louis quatorze architecture.

Louk (louk), n. An accomplice; a ´pal.´ [Obs.] “There is no thief without a louk.” Chaucer.

Lounge (lounj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lounged (lounjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lounging (loun´jing).] [OE. lungis a tall, slow, awkward fellow, OF. longis, longin, said to be fr. Longinus, the name of the centurion who pierced the body of Christ, but with reference also to L. longus long. Cf. Long, a.] To spend time lazily, whether lolling or idly sauntering; to pass time indolently; to stand, sit, or recline, in an indolent manner. “We lounge over the sciences, dawdle through literature, yawn over politics.” J. Hannay.

Lounge, n. 1. An idle gait or stroll; the state of reclining indolently; a place of lounging. “She went with Lady Stock to a bookseller’s whose shop served as a fashionable lounge.” Miss Edgeworth. 2. A piece of furniture resembling a sofa, upon which one may lie or recline.

Loun´ger , n. One who lounges; an idler.

Loup (loop), n. (Iron Works) See 1st Loop.

Loup´-cer•vier´ , n. [F. Cf. Lusern.] (Zoöl.) The Canada lynx. See Lynx.

Loup•-loup´ (loo•loo´), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The Pomeranian or Spitz dog.

Loups , n. pl.; sing. Loup. [F., prop., a wolf.] (Ethnol.) The Pawnees, a tribe of North American Indians whose principal totem was the wolf.

Lour , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An Asiatic sardine (Clupea Neohowii), valued for its oil.

Lou´ri , n. (Zoöl.) See Lory.

Louse (lous), n.; pl. Lice (lis). [OE. lous, AS. lus, pl. lys; akin to D. luis, G. laus, OHG. lus, Icel. lus, Sw. lus, Dan. luus; perh. so named because it is destructive, and akin to E. lose, loose.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of numerous species of small, wingless, suctorial, parasitic insects belonging to a tribe (Pediculina), now usually regarded as degraded Hemiptera. To this group belong of the lice of man and other mammals; as the head louse of man (Pediculus capitis), the body louse (P. vestimenti), and the crab louse (Phthirius pubis), and many others. See Crab louse, Dog louse, Cattle louse, etc., under Crab, Dog, etc. 2. Any one of numerous small mandibulate insects, mostly parasitic on birds, and feeding on the feathers. They are known as Mallophaga, or bird lice, though some occur on the hair of mammals. They are usually regarded as degraded Pseudoneuroptera. See Mallophaga. 3. Any one of the numerous species of aphids, or plant lice. See Aphid. 4. Any small crustacean parasitic on fishes. See Branchiura, and Ichthvophthira. The term is also applied to various other parasites; as the whale louse, beelouse, horse louse. Louse fly (Zoöl.), a parasitic dipterous insect of the group Pupipara. Some of them are wingless, as the bee louse. — Louse mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of mites which infest mammals and birds, clinging to the hair and feathers like lice. They belong to Myobia, Dermaleichus, Mycoptes, and several other genera.

Louse (louz), v. t. To clean from lice. ´You sat and loused him.´ Swift.

Louse´wort , n. (Bot.) Any species of Pedicularis, a genus of perennial herbs. It was said to make sheep that fed on it lousy. Yellow lousewort , a plant of the genus Rhinanthus.

Lous´i•ly , adv. [From Lousy.] In a lousy manner; in a mean, paltry manner; scurvily. [Vulgar]

Lous´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being lousy.

Lous´y , a. 1. Infested with lice. 2. Mean; contemptible; as lousy knave. [Vulgar] “Such lousy learning as this is.” Bale.

Lout (lout), v. i. [OE. louten, luten, AS. lutan; akin to Icel. luta, Dan. lude, OHG. luzen to lie hid.] To bend; to box; to stoop. [Archaic] Chaucer. Longfellow. “He fair the knight saluted, louting low.” Spenser.

Lout, n. [Formerly also written lowt.] A clownish, awkward fellow; a bumpkin. Sir P. Sidney.

Lout, v. t. To treat as a lout or fool; to neglect; to disappoint. [Obs.] Shak.

Lout´ish, a. Clownish; rude; awkward. ´Loutish clown.´ Sir P. Sidney. — Lout´ish•ly, adv. — Lout´ish•ness, n.

Lou•tou´ , n. [Native names.] (Zoöl.) A crested black monkey (Semnopithecus maurus) of Java. { Lou´ver , Lou´vre } , n. [OE. lover, OF. lover, lovier; or l’ouvert the opening, fr. overt, ouvert, p. p. of ovrir, ouvrir, to open, F. ouvrir. Cf. Overt.] (Arch.) A small lantern. See Lantern, 2 (a). [Written also lover, loover, lovery, and luffer.] Louver boards or boarding, the sloping boards set to shed rainwater outward in openings which are to be left otherwise unfilled; as belfry windows, the openings of a louver, etc. — Louver work, slatted work.

Lov´a•ble , a. Having qualities that excite, or are fitted to excite, love; worthy of love. “Elaine the fair, Elaine the lovable,
Elaine, the lily maid of Astolat.” Tennyson.

Lov´age , n. [F. livèche, fr. L. levisticum, ligusticum, a plant indigenous to Liguria, lovage, from Ligusticus Ligustine, Ligurian, Liguria a country of Cisalpine Gaul.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Levisticum officinale), sometimes used in medicine as an aromatic stimulant.

Love , n. [OE. love, luve, AS. lufe, lufu; akin to E. lief, believe, L. lubet, libet,it pleases, Skr. lubh to be lustful. See Lief.] 1. A feeling of strong attachment induced by that which delights or commands admiration; preëminent kindness or devotion to another; affection; tenderness; as the love of brothers and sisters. “Of all the dearest bonds we prove
Thou countest sons’ and mothers’ love
Most sacred, most Thine own.” Keble. 2. Especially, devoted attachment to, or tender or passionate affection for, one of the opposite sex. “He on his side
Leaning half-raised, with looks of cordial love
Hung over her enamored.” Milton. 3. Courtship; — chiefly in the phrase to make love, i. e., to court, to woo, to solicit union in marriage. “Demetrius …
Made love to Nedar’s daughter, Helena,
And won her soul.” Shak. 4. Affection; kind feeling; friendship; strong liking or desire; fondness; good will; — opposed to hate; often with of and an object. “Love, and health to all.” Shak. “Smit with the love of sacred song.” Milton. “The love of science faintly warmed his breast.” Fenton. 5. Due gratitude and reverence to God. “Keep yourselves in the love of God.” Jude 21. 6. The object of affection; — often employed in endearing address. ´Trust me, love.´ Dryden. “Open the temple gates unto my love.” Spenser. 7. Cupid, the god of love; sometimes, Venus. “Such was his form as painters, when they show
Their utmost art, on naked Lores bestow.” Dryden. “Therefore do nimble-pinioned doves draw Love.” Shak. 8. A thin silk stuff. [Obs.] Boyle. 9. (Bot.) A climbing species of Clematis (C. Vitalba). 10. Nothing; no points scored on one side; — used in counting score at tennis, etc. “He won the match by three sets to love.” The Field. Love is often used in the formation of compounds, in most of which the meaning is very obvious; as love-cracked, love-darting, love-killing, love-linked, love-taught, etc. A labor of love, a labor undertaken on account of regard for some person, or through pleasure in the work itself, without expectation of reward. — Free love, the doctrine or practice of consorting with one of the opposite sex, at pleasure, without marriage. See Free love. — Free lover, one who avows or practices free love. — In love, in the act of loving; — said esp. of the love of the sexes; as to be in love; to fall in love. — Love apple (Bot.), the tomato. — Love bird (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small, short-tailed parrots, or parrakeets, of the genus Agapornis, and allied genera. They are mostly from Africa. Some species are often kept as cage birds, and are celebrated for the affection which they show for their mates. — Love broker, a person who for pay acts as agent between lovers, or as a go-between in a sexual intrigue. Shak. — Love charm, a charm for exciting love. Ld. Lytton. — Love child. an illegitimate child. Jane Austen. — Love day, a day formerly appointed for an amicable adjustment of differences. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. — Love drink, a love potion; a philter. Chaucer. — Love favor, something given to be worn in token of love. — Love feast, a religious festival, held quarterly by some religious denominations, as the Moravians and Methodists, in imitation of the agapae of the early Christians. — Love feat, the gallant act of a lover. Shak. — Love game, a game, as in tennis, in which the vanquished person or party does not score a point. — Love grass. [G. liebesgras.] (Bot.) Any grass of the genus Eragrostis. — Love-in-a-mist. (Bot.) (a) An herb of the Buttercup family (Nigella Damascena) having the flowers hidden in a maze of finely cut bracts. (b) The West Indian Passiflora fœtida, which has similar bracts. — Love-in- idleness (Bot.), a kind of violet; the small pansy. “A little western flower,
Before milk-white, now purple with love’s wound;
And maidens call it love-in-idleness.” Shak. — Love juice, juice of a plant supposed to produce love. Shak. — Love knot, a knot or bow, as of ribbon; — so called from being used as a token of love, or as a pledge of mutual affection. Milman. — Love lass, a sweetheart. — Love letter, a letter of courtship. Shak. — Love-lies-bleeding (Bot.), a species of amaranth (Amarantus melancholicus). — Love match, a marriage brought about by love alone. — Love potion, a compounded draught intended to excite love, or venereal desire. — Love rites, sexual intercourse. Pope — Love scene, an exhibition of love, as between lovers on the stage. — Love suit, courtship. Shak. — Of all loves, for the sake of all love; by all means. [Obs.] ´Mrs. Arden desired him of all loves to come back again.´ Holinshed. — The god of love, or Love god, Cupid. — To make love to, to express affection for; to woo. ´If you will marry, make your loves to me.´ Shak. — To play for love, to play a game, as at cards, without stakes. ´A game at piquet for love.´ Lamb. Syn. — Affection; friendship; kindness; tenderness; fondness; delight.

Love (luv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loved (luvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Loving.] [AS. lufian. rad.124. See Love, n.] 1. To have a feeling of love for; to regard with affection or good will; as to love one’s children and friends; to love one’s country; to love one’s God. “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.” Matt. xxii. 37. “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thy self.” Matt. xxii. 39. 2. To regard with passionate and devoted affection, as that of one sex for the other. 3. To take delight or pleasure in; to have a strong liking or desire for, or interest in; to be pleased with; to like; as to love books; to love adventures. “Wit, eloquence, and poetry.
Arts which I loved.” Cowley.

Love, v. i. To have the feeling of love; to be in love.

Love´a•ble , a. See Lovable.

Love´-dru•ry, n. [Love + OF. druerie. Cf. Druery.] Affection. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lov•ee´ , n. One who is loved. [Humorous] ´The lover and lovee.´ Richardson.

Love´ful , a. Full of love. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Love´less, a. 1. Void of love; void of tenderness or kindness. Milton. Shelton. 2. Not attracting love; unattractive. “These are ill-favored to see to; and yet, as loveless as they be, they are not without some medicinable virtues.” Holland.

Love´li•ly , adv. [From Lovely.] In manner to excite love; amiably. [R.] Otway.

Love´li•ness, n. [From Lovely.] The state or quality of being lovely. “If there is such a native loveliness in the sex as to make them victorious when in the wrong, how resistless their power when they are on the side of truth!” Spectator.

Love´lock , n. A long lock of hair hanging prominently by itself; an earlock; — worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Burton. “A long lovelock and long hair he wore.” Sir W. Scott.

Love´lorn , a. Forsaken by one’s love. “The lovelorn nightingale.” Milton.

Love´ly , a. [Compar. Lovelier superl. Loveliest.] [AS. luflic.] 1. Having such an appearance as excites, or is fitted to excite, love; beautiful; charming; very pleasing in form, looks, tone, or manner. ´Lovely to look on.´ Piers Plowman. “Not one so fair of face, of speech so lovely.” Robert of Brunne. “If I had such a tire, this face of mine
Were full as lovely as is this of hers.” Shak. 2. Lovable; amiable; having qualities of any kind which excite, or are fitted to excite, love or friendship. “A most lovely gentlemanlike man.” Shak. 3. Loving; tender. [Obs.] ´A lovely kiss.´ Shak. “Many a lovely look on them he cast.” Chaucer. 4. Very pleasing; — applied loosely to almost anything which is not grand or merely pretty; as a lovely view; a lovely valley; a lovely melody. “Indeed these fields
Are lovely, lovelier not the Elysian lawns.” Tennyson. Syn. — Beautiful; charming; delightful; delectable; enchanting; lovable; amiable.

Love´ly, adv. In a manner to please, or to excite love. [Obs. or R.] Tyndale.

Love´-mak•ing , n. Courtship. Bacon.

Love´mon•ger , n. One who deals in affairs of love.[Obs.] Shak.

Lov´er (luv´er), n. 1. One who loves; one who is in love; — usually limited, in the singular, to a person of the male sex. Gower. “Love is blind, and lovers can not see
The pretty follies that themselves commit.” Shak. 2. A friend; one strongly attached to another; one who greatly desires the welfare of any person or thing; as a lover of his country. “I slew my best lover for the good of Rome.” Shak. 3. One who has a strong liking for anything, as books, science, or music. ´A lover of knowledge.´ T. Burnet. { Lo´ver (loo´ver), Lo´ver•y } n. See Louver. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Lo´ver•wise (luv´er•wiz•), adv. As lovers do. “As they sat down here loverwise.” W. D. Howells.

Love´-sick , a. 1. Languishing with love or amorous desire; as a love-sick maid. “To the dear mistress of my love-sick mind.” Dryden. 2. Originating in, or expressive of, languishing love. “Where nightingales their love-sick ditty sing.” Dryden.

Love´-sick•ness, n. The state of being love-sick.

Love´some , a. [AS. lufsum.] Lovely. [Obs.]

Lov´ing , a. 1. Affectionate. “The fairest and most loving wife in Greece.” Tennyson. 2. Expressing love or kindness; as loving words.

Lov´ing-kind´ness , n. Tender regard; mercy; favor. Ps. lxxxix. 33.

Lov´ing•ly, adv. With love; affectionately.

Lov´ing•ness, n. Affection; kind regard. “The only two bands of good will, loveliness and lovingness.” Sir. P. Sidney.

Lov´yer , n. A lover. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Low , obs. strong imp. of Laugh. Chaucer.

Low , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lowed p. pr. & vb. n. Lowing.] [OE. lowen, AS. hlwan; akin to D. loeijen, OHG. hljan, hluojan.] To make the calling sound of cows and other bovine animals; to moo. “The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea.” Gray.

Low, n. The calling sound ordinarily made by cows and other bovine animals. “Talking voices and the law of herds.” Wordsworth.

Low, n. [AS. hlaw; akin to Goth. hlaiw a grave, hlains a hill, and to E. lean to incline.] A hill; a mound; a grave. [Obs. except in place names.] Skeat.

Low , n. [Icel. log, logi; akin to E. light, n.] Fire; a flame; a light. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Low, v. i. To burn; to blaze. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

Low , a. [Compar. Lower superl. Lowest.] [OE. low, louh, lah, Icel. lagr; akin to Sw. låg, Dan. lav, D. laag, and E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. Occupying an inferior position or place; not high or elevated; depressed in comparison with something else; as low ground; a low flight. 2. Not rising to the usual height; as a man of low stature; a low fence. 3. Near the horizon; as the sun is low at four o’clock in winter, and six in summer. 4. Sunk to the farthest ebb of the tide; as low tide. 5. Beneath the usual or remunerative rate or amount, or the ordinary value; moderate; cheap; as the low price of corn; low wages. 6. Not loud; as a low voice; a low sound. 7. (Mus.) Depressed in the scale of sounds; grave; as a low pitch; a low note. 8. (Phon.) Made, as a vowel, with a low position of part of the tongue in relation to the palate; as a (am), a (all). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 10, 11. 9. Near, or not very distant from, the equator; as in the low northern latitudes. 10. Numerically small; as a low number. 11. Wanting strength or animation; depressed; dejected; as low spirits; low in spirits. 12. Depressed in condition; humble in rank; as men of low condition; the lower classes. “Why but to keep ye low and ignorant ?” Milton. 13. Mean; vulgar; base; dishonorable; as a person of low mind; a low trick or stratagem. 14. Not elevated or sublime; not exalted in thought or diction; as a low comparison. “In comparison of these divine writers, the noblest wits of the heathen world are low and dull.” Felton. 15. Submissive; humble. ´Low reverence.´ Milton. 16. Deficient in vital energy; feeble; weak; as a low pulse; made low by sickness. 17. Moderate; not intense; not inflammatory; as low heat; a low temperature; a low fever. 18. Smaller than is reasonable or probable; as a low estimate. 19. Not rich, high seasoned, or nourishing; plain; simple; as a low diet. Low is often used in the formation of compounds which require no special explanation; as low-arched, low- browed, low-crowned, low-heeled, low-lying, low-priced, low-roofed, low-toned, low- voiced, and the like. Low Church. See High Church, under High. — Low Countries, the Netherlands. — Low German, Low Latin, etc. See under German, Latin, etc. — Low life, humble life. — Low milling, a process of making flour from grain by a single grinding and by siftings. — Low relief. See Bas-relief. — Low side window (Arch.), a peculiar form of window common in mediaeval churches, and of uncertain use. Windows of this sort are narrow, near the ground, and out of the line of the windows, and in many different situations in the building. — Low spirits, despondency. — Low steam, steam having a low pressure. — Low steel, steel which contains only a small proportion of carbon, and can not be hardened greatly by sudden cooling. — Low Sunday, the Sunday next after Easter; — popularly so called. — Low tide, the farthest ebb of the tide; the tide at its lowest point; low water. — Low water. (a) The lowest point of the ebb tide; a low stage of the in a river, lake, etc. (b) (Steam Boiler) The condition of an insufficient quantity of water in the boiler. — Low water alarm or indicator (Steam Boiler), a contrivance of various forms attached to a boiler for giving warning when the water is low. — Low water mark, that part of the shore to which the waters recede when the tide is the lowest. Bouvier. - - Low wine, a liquor containing about 20 percent of alcohol, produced by the first distillation of wash; the first run of the still; — often in the plural.

Low, n. (Card Playing) The lowest trump, usually the deuce; the lowest trump dealt or drawn.

Low, adv. 1. In a low position or manner; not aloft; not on high; near the ground. 2. Under the usual price; at a moderate price; cheaply; as he sold his wheat low. 3. In a low or mean condition; humbly; meanly. 4. In time approaching our own. “In that part of the world which was first inhabited, even as low down as Abraham’s time, they wandered with their flocks and herds.” Locke. 5. With a low voice or sound; not loudly; gently; as to speak low. Addison. “The … odorous wind
Breathes low between the sunset and the moon.” Tennyson. 6. With a low musical pitch or tone. “Can sing both high and low.” Shak. 7. In subjection, poverty, or disgrace; as to be brought low by oppression, by want, or by vice. Spenser. 8. (Astron.) In a path near the equator, so that the declination is small, or near the horizon, so that the altitude is small; — said of the heavenly bodies with reference to the diurnal revolution; as the moon runs low, that is, is comparatively near the horizon when on or near the meridian.

Low , v. t. To depress; to lower. [Obs.] Swift.

Low´bell , n. [Low a flame + bell.] 1. A bell used in fowling at night, to frighten birds, and, with a sudden light, to make them fly into a net. “The fowler’s lowbell robs the lark of sleep.” King. 2. A bell to be hung on the neck of a sheep. “A lowbell hung about a sheep’s … neck.” Howell.

Low´bell, v. t. To frighten, as with a lowbell.

Low´born , a. Born in a low condition or rank; — opposed to highborn.

Low´bred , a. Bred, or like one bred, in a low condition of life; characteristic or indicative of such breeding; rude; impolite; vulgar; as a lowbred fellow; a lowbred remark.

Low´-church , a. Not placing a high estimate on ecclesiastical organizations or forms; — applied especially to Episcopalians, and opposed to high-church. See High Church, under High.

Low´-church•ism , n. The principles of the low-church party.

Low´-church•man , n.; pl. -men. One who holds low-church principles.

Low´-church•man•ship, n. The state of being a low-churchman.

Low´er , a. Compar. of Low, a.

Low´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lowered p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] [From Low, a.] 1. To let descend by its own weight, as something suspended; to let down; as to lower a bucket into a well; to lower a sail or a boat; sometimes, to pull down; as to lower a flag. “Lowered softly with a threefold cord of love
Down to a silent grave.” Tennyson. 2. To reduce the height of; as to lower a fence or wall; to lower a chimney or turret. 3. To depress as to direction; as to lower the aim of a gun; to make less elevated as to object; as to lower one’s ambition, aspirations, or hopes. 4. To reduce the degree, intensity, strength, etc., of; as to lower the temperature of anything; to lower one’s vitality; to lower distilled liquors. 5. To bring down; to humble; as to lower one’s pride. 6. To reduce in value, amount, etc.; as to lower the price of goods, the rate of interest, etc.

Low´er, v. i. To fall; to sink; to grow less; to diminish; to decrease; as the river lowered as rapidly as it rose.

Low´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lowered p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] [OE. lowren, luren; cf. D. loeren, LG. luren. G. lauern to lurk, to be on the watch, and E. leer, lurk.] 1. To be dark, gloomy, and threatening, as clouds; to be covered with dark and threatening clouds, as the sky; to show threatening signs of approach, as a tempest. “All the clouds that lowered upon our house.” Shak. 2. To frown; to look sullen. “But sullen discontent sat lowering on her face.” Dryden.

Low´er, n. [Obs.] 1. Cloudiness; gloominess. 2. A frowning; sullenness.

Low´er-case , a. (Print.) Pertaining to, or kept in, the lower case; — used to denote the small letters, in distinction from capitals and small capitals. See the Note under 1st Case, n., 3.

Low´er•ing , a. Dark and threatening; gloomy; sullen; as lowering clouds or sky.

Low´er•ing•ly, adv. In a lowering manner; with cloudiness or threatening gloom.

Low´er•most , a. [Irreg. superl. of Low. Cf. Uppermost, Foremost, etc.] Lowest.

Low´er•y , a. Cloudy; gloomy; lowering; as a lowery sky; lowery weather. { Lowgh , Lowh }, obs. strong imp. of Laugh. [Cf. 1st Low and 2d Lough.] Chaucer.

Low´ing , n. The calling sound made by cows and other bovine animals.

Low´ish, a. Somewhat low. [Colloq.] Richardson.

Lowk , n. See Louk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Low´land , n. Land which is low with respect to the neighboring country; a low or level country; — opposed to highland. The Lowlands, Belgium and Holland; the Netherlands; also the southern part of Scotland.

Low´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of the Lowlands, especially of the Lowlands of Scotland, as distinguished from Highlander. { Low´li•hood , Low´li•head } n. A lowly state. [R.] Tennyson.

Low´li•ly, adv. In a lowly place or manner; humbly. [Obs. or R.] “Thinking lowlily of himself and highly of those better than himself.” J. C. Shairp.

Low´li•ness, n. [From Lowly.] 1. The state or quality of being lowly; humility; humbleness of mind. “Walk … with all lowliness and meekness.” Eph. iv. 1, 2. 2. Low condition, especially as to manner of life. “The lowliness of my fortune has not brought me to flatter vice.” Dryden.

Low´-lived , a. Characteristic of, or like, one bred in a low and vulgar condition of life; mean; dishonorable; contemptible; as low-lived dishonesty.

Low´ly , a. [Compar. Lowlier superl. Lowliest.] [Low, a. + -ly.] 1. Not high; not elevated in place; low. ´Lowly lands.´ Dryden. 2. Low in rank or social importance. “One common right the great and lowly claims.” Pope. 3. Not lofty or sublime; humble. “These rural poems, and their lowly strain.” Dryden. 4. Having a low esteem of one’s own worth; humble; meek; free from pride. “Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart.” Matt. xi. 29.

Low´ly, adv. 1. In a low manner; humbly; meekly; modestly. ´Be lowly wise.´ Milton. 2. In a low condition; meanly. “I will show myself highly fed, and lowly taught.” Shak.

Low´-mind•ed , a. Inclined in mind to low or unworthy things; showing a base mind. “Low-minded and immoral.” Macaulay. “All old religious jealousies were condemned as low- minded infirmities.” Bancroft.

Low´-mind•ed•ness, n. The quality of being low-minded; meanness; baseness.

Lown , n. [See Loon.] A low fellow. [Obs.]

Low´-necked , a. Cut low in the neck; decollete; — said of a woman’s dress.

Low´ness, n. The state or quality of being low.

Low´-pres•sure , a. Having, employing, or exerting, a low degree of pressure. Low-pressure steam engine, a steam engine in which low steam is used; often applied to a condensing engine even when steam at high pressure is used. See Steam engine.

Low´ry , n. An open box car used on railroads. Compare Lorry.

Low´-spir•it•ed , a. Deficient in animation and courage; dejected; depressed; not sprightly. — Low´-spir•it•ed•ness, n.

Low´-stud•ded , a. Furnished or built with short studs; as a low-studded house or room.

Low´-thought•ed , a. Having one’s thoughts directed toward mean or insignificant subjects.

Lox•o•drom´ic , a. [Gr. slanting, oblique + a running, course; cf. F. loxodromique.] Pertaining to sailing on rhumb lines; as loxodromic tables. Loxodromic curve or line (Geom.), a line on the surface of a sphere, which always makes an equal angle with every meridian; the rhumb line. It is the line on which a ship sails when her course is always in the direction of one and the same point of the compass.

Lox•o•drom´ics , n. The art or method of sailing on the loxodromic or rhumb line.

Lox•od´ro•mism , n. The act or process of tracing a loxodromic curve; the act of moving as if in a loxodromic curve.

Lox•od´ro•my , n. [Cf. F. loxodromic.] The science of loxodromics. [R.]

Loy , n. A long, narrow spade for stony lands.

Loy´al , a. [F. loyal, OF. loial, leial, L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law. See Legal, and cf. Leal.] 1. Faithful to law; upholding the lawful authority; faithful and true to the lawful government; faithful to the prince or sovereign to whom one is subject; unswerving in allegiance. “Welcome, sir John ! But why come you in arms ? -
To help King Edward in his time of storm,
As every loyal subject ought to do.” Shak. 2. True to any person or persons to whom one owes fidelity, especially as a wife to her husband, lovers to each other, and friend to friend; constant; faithful to a cause or a principle. “Your true and loyal wife.” Shak. “Unhappy both, but loyaltheir loves.” Dryden.

Loy´al•ist, n. A person who adheres to his sovereign or to the lawful authority; especially, one who maintains his allegiance to his prince or government, and defends his cause in times of revolt or revolution.

Loy´al•ly, adv. In a loyal manner; faithfully.

Loy´al•ness, n. Loyalty. [R.] Stow.

Loy´al•ty , n. [Cf. F. loyaute. See Loyal, and cf. Legality.] The state or quality of being loyal; fidelity to a superior, or to duty, love, etc. “He had such loyalty to the king as the law required.” Clarendon. “Not withstanding all the subtle bait
With which those Amazons his love still craved,
To his one love his loyalty he saved.” Spenser. ´Loyalty … expresses, properly, that fidelity which one owes according to law, and does not necessarily include that attachment to the royal person, which, happily, we in England have been able further to throw into the word.´ Trench. Syn. — Allegiance; fealty. See Allegiance.

Loz´enge (loz´enj), n. [F. lozange, losange; perh. the same as OF. losengef flattery, praise, the heraldic sense being the oldest (cf. E. hatchment, blazon). Cf. Losenger, Laudable.] 1. (Her.) (a) A diamond-shaped figure usually with the upper and lower angles slightly acute, borne upon a shield or escutcheon. Cf. Fusil. (b) A form of the escutcheon used by women instead of the shield which is used by men. 2. A figure with four equal sides, having two acute and two obtuse angles; a rhomb. 3. Anything in the form of lozenge. 4. A small cake of sugar and starch, flavored, and often medicated. — originally in the form of a lozenge. Lozenge coach, the coach of a dowager, having her coat of arms painted on a lozenge. [Obs.] Walpole. — Lozenge-molding (Arch.), a kind of molding, used in Norman architecture, characterized by lozenge-shaped ornaments. { Loz´enged (loz´enjd), Loz´enge- shaped• (-shapt) }, a. Having the form of a lozenge or rhomb. “The lozenged panes of a very small latticed window.” C. Bronte.

Loz´en•gy (-en•jy), a. [F. losange. See Lozenge.] (Her.) Divided into lozenge-shaped compartments, as the field or a bearing, by lines drawn in the direction of the bend sinister.

Lu (lu), n. & v. t. See Loo.

Lub´bard , n. [See Lubber.] A lubber. [Obs.] Swift.

Lub´bard, a. Lubberly.

Lub´ber , n. [Cf. dial. Sw. lubber. See Looby, Lob.] A heavy, clumsy, or awkward fellow; a sturdy drone; a clown. “Lingering lubbers lose many a penny.” Tusser. Land lubber, a name given in contempt by sailors to a person who lives on land. — Lubber grasshopper (Zoöl.), a large, stout, clumsy grasshopper; esp., Brachystola magna, from the Rocky Mountain plains, and Romalea microptera, which is injurious to orange trees in Florida. — Lubber’s hole (Naut.), a hole in the floor of the ´top,´ next the mast, through which sailors may go aloft without going over the rim by the futtock shrouds. It is considered by seamen as only fit to be used by lubbers. Totten. — Lubber’s line, point, or mark, a line or point in the compass case indicating the head of the ship, and consequently the course which the ship is steering.

Lub´ber•ly, a. Like a lubber; clumsy. “A great lubberly boy.” Shak.

Lub´ber•ly, adv. Clumsily; awkwardly. Dryden. { Lu´bric , Lu´bric•al } a. [L. lubricus: cf. F. lubrique.] 1. Having a smooth surface; slippery. [R.] 2. Lascivious; wanton; lewd. [R.] “This lubric and adulterate age.” Dryden.

Lu´bri•cant , a. [L. lubricans, p. pr. of lubricare, See Lubricate.] Lubricating.

Lu´bri•cant, n. That which lubricates; specifically, a substance, as oil, grease, plumbago, etc., used for reducing the friction of the working parts of machinery.

Lu´bri•cate , v. t. [L. lubricatus, p. p. of lubricare to lubricate. See Lubric.] 1. To make smooth or slippery; as mucilaginous and saponaceous remedies lubricate the parts to which they are applied. S. Sharp. “Supples, lubricates, and keeps in play,
The various movements of this nice machine.” Young. 2. To apply a lubricant to, as oil or tallow.

Lu•bri•ca´tion , n. The act of lubricating; the act of making slippery.

Lu´bri•ca•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, lubricates. ´ Lubricator of the fibers.´ Burke. 2. A contrivance, as an oil cup, for supplying a lubricant to machinery.

Lu•bric´i•tate , v. i. See Lubricate.

Lu•bric´i•ty , n. [L. lubricitas: cf. F. lubricite.] 1. Smoothness; freedom from friction; also property which diminishes friction; as the lubricity of oil. Ray. 2. Slipperiness; instability; as the lubricity of fortune. L’Estrange. 3. Lasciviousness; propensity to lewdness; lewdness; lechery; incontinency. Sir T. Herbert. “As if wantonness and lubricity were essential to that poem.” Dryden.

Lu´bri•cous , a. [L. lubricus.] Lubric. { Lu•bri•fi•ca´tion , Lu•bri•fac´tion } n. [L. lubricus lubric + facere to make.] The act of lubricating, or making smooth. Ray. Bacon.

Lu•carne´ , n. [F., fr. L. lucerna a lamp. See Luthern.] (Arch.) A dormer window.

Luc•chese´ , n. sing. & pl. [It. Lucchese.] A native or inhabitant of Lucca, in Tuscany; in the plural, the people of Lucca.

Luce , n. [OF. lus, L. lucius a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A pike when full grown. Halliwell.

Lu´cen•cy , n. The quality of being lucent.

Lu´cent , a. [L. lucens, p. pr. of lucere to shine, fr. lux, lucis, light.] Shining; bright; resplendent. ´ The sun’s lucent orb.´ Milton.

Lu´cern , n. [Etymology uncertain.] [Obs.] 1. A sort of hunting dog; — perhaps from Lucerne, in Switzerland. “My lucerns, too, or dogs inured to hunt
Beasts of most rapine.” Chapman. 2. An animal whose fur was formerly much in request (by some supposed to be the lynx). [Written also lusern and luzern.] “The polecat, mastern, and the richskinned lucern
I know to chase.” Beau. & Fl.

Lu´cern, n. [F. luzerne.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Medicago sativa), having bluish purple cloverlike flowers, cultivated for fodder; — called also alfalfa. [Written also lucerne.]

Lu´cern, n. [L. lucerna.] A lamp. [Obs.] Lydgate.

Lu•cer´nal , a. [L. lucerna a lamp.] Of or pertaining to a lamp. Lucernal microscope, a form of the microscope in which the object is illuminated by means of a lamp, and its image is thrown upon a plate of ground glass connected with the instrument, or on a screen independent of it.

Lu•cer•na´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. lucerna a lamp.] (Zoöl.) A genus of acalephs, having a bell-shaped body with eight groups of short tentacles around the margin. It attaches itself by a sucker at the base of the pedicel.

Lu•cer•na´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lucernarida. - - n. One of the Lucernarida.

Lu•cer•nar´i•da , n. pl. [NL. See Lucernaria.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of acalephs, including Lucernaria and allied genera; — called also Calycozoa. (b) A more extensive group of acalephs, including both the true Lucernarida and the Discophora.

Lu´cerne , n. (Bot.) See Lucern, the plant.

Lu´cid , a. [L. lucidus, fr. lux, lucis, light. See Light, n.] 1. Shining; bright; resplendent; as the lucid orbs of heaven. “Lucid, like a glowworm.” Sir I. Newton. “A court compact of lucid marbles.” Tennyson. 2. Clear; transparent. ´ Lucid streams.´ Milton. 3. Presenting a clear view; easily understood; clear. “A lucid and interesting abstract of the debate.” Macaulay. 4. Bright with the radiance of intellect; not darkened or confused by delirium or madness; marked by the regular operations of reason; as a lucid interval. Syn. — Luminous; bright; clear; transparent; sane; reasonable. See Luminous.

Lu•cid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. lucidite. See Lucid.] The quality or state of being lucid.

Lu´cid•ly , adv. In a lucid manner.

Lu´cid•ness, n. The quality of being lucid; lucidity.

Lu´ci•fer , n. [L., bringing light, n., the morning star, fr. lux, lucis, light + ferre to bring.] 1. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; — applied in Isaiah by a metaphor to a king of Babylon. “How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning ! how art thou cut down to the ground which didst weaken the nations !” Is. xiv. 12. “Tertullian and Gregory the Great understood this passage of Isaiah in reference to the fall of Satan; in consequence of which the name Lucifer has since been applied to Satan.” Kitto. 2. Hence, Satan. “How wretched
Is that poor man that hangs on princes’ favors! …
When he falls, he falls like Lucifer,
Never to hope again.” Shak. 3. A match made of a sliver of wood tipped with a combustible substance, and ignited by friction; — called also lucifer match, and locofoco. See Locofoco. 4. (Zoöl.) A genus of free- swimming macruran Crustacea, having a slender body and long appendages.

Lu•ci•fe´ri•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Lucifer; having the pride of Lucifer; satanic; devilish. 2. Of or pertaining to the Luciferians or their leader.

Lu•ci•fe´ri•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the followers of Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in the fourth century, who separated from the orthodox churches because they would not go as far as he did in opposing the Arians.

Lu•cif´er•ous , a. [See Lucifer.] Giving light; affording light or means of discovery. Boyle.

Lu•cif´er•ous•ly, adv. In a luciferous manner.

Lu•cif´ic , a. [L. lucificus; lux, lucis, light + facere to make.] Producing light. Grew.

Lu´ci•form , a. [L. lux, lucis, light = -form.] Having, in some respects, the nature of light; resembling light. Berkeley.

Lu•cif´ri•an , a. Luciferian; satanic. [Obs.] Marston.

Lu•cim´e•ter , n. [L. lux, lucis, light + -meter.] an instrument for measuring the intensity of light; a photometer.

Luck , n. [Akin to D. luk, geluk, G. glück, Icel. lukka, Sw. lycka, Dan. lykke, and perh. to G. locken to entice. Cf. 3d Gleck.] That which happens to a person; an event, good or ill, affecting one’s interests or happiness, and which is deemed casual; a course or series of such events regarded as occurring by chance; chance; hap; fate; fortune; often, one’s habitual or characteristic fortune; as good, bad, ill, or hard luck. Luck is often used for good luck; as luck is better than skill. “If thou dost play with him at any game,
Thou art sure to lose; and of that natural luck,
He beats thee ’gainst the odds.” Shak. Luck penny, a small sum given back for luck to one who pays money. [Prov. Eng.] — To be in luck, to receive some good, or to meet with some success, in an unexpected manner, or as the result of circumstances beyond one’s control; to be fortunate.

Luck´i•ly , adv. [From Lucky.] In a lucky manner; by good fortune; fortunately; — used in a good sense; as they luckily escaped injury.

Luck´i•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being lucky; as the luckiness of a man or of an event. 2. Good fortune; favorable issue or event. Locke.

Luck´less, a. Being without luck; unpropitious; unfortunate; unlucky; meeting with ill success or bad fortune; as a luckless gamester; a luckless maid. “Prayers made and granted in a luckless hour.” Dryden. — Luck´less•ly, adv. — Lock´less•ness, n.

Luck´y , a. [Compar. Luckier superl. Luckiest.] 1. Favored by luck; fortunate; meeting with good success or good fortune; — said of persons; as a lucky adventurer. ´ Lucky wight.´ Spenser. 2. Producing, or resulting in, good by chance, or unexpectedly; favorable; auspicious; fortunate; as a lucky mistake; a lucky cast; a lucky hour. “We doubt not of a fair and lucky war.” Shak. Syn. — Successful; fortunate; prosperous; auspicious.

Luck•y proach´ (Zoöl.) See Fatherlasher.

Lu´cra•tive , a. [L. lucrativus, fr. lucrari to gain, fr. lucrum gain: cf. F. lucratif. See Lucre.] 1. Yielding lucre; gainful; profitable; making increase of money or goods; as a lucrative business or office. “The trade of merchandise being the most lucrative, may bear usury at a good rate.” Bacon. 2. Greedy of gain. [Obs.] “Such diligence as the most part of our lucrative lawyers do use, in deferring and prolonging of matters and actions from term to term.” Latimer.

Lu´cra•tive•ly, adv. In a lucrative manner.

Lu´cre , n. [F. lucre, L. lucrum.] Gain in money or goods; profit; riches; — often in an ill sense. “The lust of lucre and the dread of death.” Pope.

Lu•crif´er•ous , a. [L. lucrum gain +-ferous.] Gainful; profitable. [Obs.] Boyle.

Lu•crif´ic , a. [L. lucrificus; lucrum gain + facere to make.] Producing profit; gainful. [Obs.]

Luc•ta´tion , n. [L. luctatio, fr. luctari to wrestle, strive.] Effort to overcome in contest; struggle; endeavor. [R.] Farindon.

Luc´tu•al , a. [L. luctus mourning, sorrow, fr. lugere, fr. luctum, to mourn.] Producing grief; saddening. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

Lu´cu•brate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lucubrated p. pr. & vb. n. Lucubrated ] [L. lucubratus, p. p. of lucubrare to work by lamplight, fr. lux light. See Light, n.] To study by candlelight or a lamp; to study by night.

Lu´cu•brate, v. t. To elaborate, perfect, or compose, by night study or by laborious endeavor.

Lu•cu•bra´tion , n. [l. lucubratio;cf. F. lucubration.] 1. The act of lucubrating, or studying by candlelight; nocturnal study; meditation. “After long lucubration I have hit upon such an expedient.” Goldsmith. 2. That which is composed by night; that which is produced by meditation in retirement; hence (loosely) any literary composition. “Thy lucubrations have been perused by several of our friends.” Tatler.

Lu´cu•bra•tor , n. One who studies by night; also one who produces lucubrations.

Lu´cu•bra•to•ry , a. [L. lucubratorius.] Composed by candlelight, or by night; of or pertaining to night studies; laborious or painstaking. Pope.

Lu´cule , n. [Dim. fr. L. lux, lucis, light.] (Astron.) A spot or fleck on the sun brighter than the surrounding surface.

Lu´cu•lent , a. [L. luculentus, from lux, lucis, light.] 1. Lucid; clear; transparent. Thomson. 2. Clear; evident; luminous. ´ Most luculent testimonies.´ Hooker. 3. Bright; shining in beauty. [Obs.] “Most debonair and luculent lady.” B. Jonson.

Lu´cu•lent•ly, adv. In a luculent manner; clearly.

Lu•cul´lite , n. [From Lucullus, a Roman consul, famous for his great wealth and luxury: cf. F. lucullite.] (Min.) A variety of black limestone, often polished for ornamental purposes.

Lu•cu´ma , n. (Bot.) An American genus of sapotaceous trees bearing sweet and edible fruits. Lucuma mammosum is called natural marmalade in the West Indies; L. Caimito, of Peru, furnishes a delicious fruit called lucuma and caimito.

Lud´dite , n. One of a number of riotous persons in England, who for six years (1811-17) tried to prevent the use of labor-saving machinery by breaking it, burning factories, etc.; — so called from Ned Lud, a half-witted man who some years previously had broken stocking frames. J. & H. Smith. H. Martineau.

Lu•dib´ri•ous , a. [L. ludibrium mockery, derision, from ludere to play, sport.] Sportive; ridiculous; wanton. [Obs.] Tooker.

Lu´di•bund , a. [L. ludibundus.] Sportive. [Obs.] — Lu´di•bund•ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Lu´di•crous , a. [L. ludicrus, or ludicer, from ludus play, sport, fr. ludere to play.] Adapted to excite laughter, without scorn or contempt; sportive. Broome. “A chapter upon German rhetoric would be in the same ludicrous predicament as Van Troil’s chapter on the snakes of Iceland, which delivers its business in one summary sentence, announcing, that snakes in Iceland — there are none.” De Quincey. Syn. — Laughable; sportive; burlesque; comic; droll; ridiculous. — Ludicrous, Laughable, Ridiculous. We speak of a thing as ludicrous when it tends to produce laughter; as laughable when the impression is somewhat stronger; as ridiculous when more or less contempt is mingled with the merriment created. — Lu´di•crous•ly, adv. — Lu´di•crous•ness, n.

Lu•di•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. ludificatio, fr. ludificare to make sport of; ludus sport + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act of deriding.

Lu•dif´i•ca•to•ry , a. [L. ludificatorius.] Making sport; tending to excite derision. [Obs.]

Lud´lam•ite , n. [Named after Mr. Ludlam, of London.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in small, green, transparent, monoclinic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of iron.

Lud´low group (Geol.) A subdivision of the British Upper Silurian lying below the Old Red Sandstone; — so named from the Ludlow, in Western England. See the Chart of Geology.

Lud´wig•ite , n. [Named after the chemist Ludwig.] (Min.) A borate of iron and magnesia, occurring in fibrous masses of a blackish green color.

Lu´es , n. [L.] (Med.) Disease, especially of a contagious kind. Lues venerea, syphilis; — called also simply lues.

Luff , n. [OE. lof, prob. a sort of timber by which the course of a ship was directed, perh. a sort of paddle; cf. D. loef luff, loeven to luff. The word is perh. akin to E. glove. Cf. Aloof.] (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship toward the wind. (b) The act of sailing a ship close to the wind. (c) The roundest part of a ship’s bow. (d) The forward or weather leech of a sail, especially of the jib, spanker, and other fore-and- aft sails. Luff tackle, a purchase composed of a double and single block and fall, used for various purposes. Totten. — Luff upon luff, a luff tackle attached to the fall of another luff tackle. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Luff (luf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luffed p. pr. & vb. n. Luffing.] (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel toward the wind; to sail nearer the wind; to turn the tiller so as to make the vessel sail nearer the wind. To luff round, or To luff alee, to make the extreme of this movement, for the purpose of throwing the ship’s head into the wind.

Luf´fer (luf´fer), n. (Arch.) See Louver.

Lug (lug), n. [Sw. lugg the forelock.] 1. The ear, or its lobe. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. That which projects like an ear, esp. that by which anything is supported, carried, or grasped, or to which a support is fastened; an ear; as the lugs of a kettle; the lugs of a founder’s flask; the lug (handle) of a jug. 3. (Mach.) A projecting piece to which anything, as a rod, is attached, or against which anything, as a wedge or key, bears, or through which a bolt passes, etc. 4. (Harness) The leather loop or ear by which a shaft is held up. 5. (Zoöl.) The lugworm. Lug bolt (Mach.), a bolt terminating in a long, flat extension which takes the place of a head; a strap bolt.

Lug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lugged p. pr. & vb. n. Lugging ] [OE. luggen, Sw. lugga to pull by the hair, fr. lugg the forelock.] To pull with force; to haul; to drag along; to carry with difficulty, as something heavy or cumbersome. Dryden. “They must divide the image among them, and so lug off every one his share.” Collier.

Lug, v. i. To move slowly and heavily.

Lug, n. 1. The act of lugging; as a hard lug; that which is lugged; as the pack is a heavy lug.[Colloq.] 2. Anything which moves slowly. [Obs.] Ascham.

Lug, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A rod or pole. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. A measure of length, being 16½ feet; a rod, pole, or perch. [Obs.] ´ Eight lugs of ground.´ Spenser. Chimney lug, or Lug pole, a pole on which a kettle is hung over the fire, either in a chimney or in the open air. [Local, U.S.] Whittier.

Lug´gage , n. [From 4th Lug.] That which is lugged; anything cumbrous and heavy to be carried; especially, a traveler’s trunks, baggage, etc., or their contents. “I am gathering up my luggage, and preparing for my journey.” Swift. “What do you mean,
To dote thus on such luggage!” Shak. Syn. — Plunder; baggage. Luggage van, a vehicle for carrying luggage; a railway car, or compartment of a car, for carrying luggage. [Eng.]

Lug´ger , n. (Naut.) A small vessel having two or three masts, and a running bowsprit, and carrying lugsails. See Illustration in Appendix. Totten.

Lug´ger, n. (Zoöl.) An Indian falcon (Falco jugger), similar to the European lanner and the American prairie falcon.

Lug´mark , n. [From Lug an ear.] A mark cut into the ear of an animal to identify it; an earmark.

Lug´sail , n. (Naut.) A square sail bent upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast and is raised or lowered with the sail. Totten.

Lu•gu´bri•ous , a. [L. lugubris, fr. lugere to mourn; cf. Gr. lygro•s sad, Skr. ruj to break.] Mournful; indicating sorrow, often ridiculously or feignedly; doleful; woful; pitiable; as a whining tone and a lugubrious look. “Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrious emblems of mortality.” Hawthorne. — Lu•gu´bri•ous•ly, adv. — Lu•gu´bri•ous•ness, n.

Lug´worm , n. [1st lug + worm.] (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid (Arenicola marina) having a row of tufted gills along each side of the back. It is found burrowing in sandy beaches, both in America and Europe, and is used for bait by European fishermen. Called also lobworm, and baitworm.

Luke , a. [Prob. fr. lew, perh. influenced by AS. wlaec warm, lukewarm, remiss. Cf. Lew.] Moderately warm; not hot; tepid. — Luke´ness, n. [Obs.] “Nine penn’orth o’brandy and water luke.” Dickens.

Luke´warm , a. [See Luke.] Moderately warm; neither cold nor hot; tepid; not ardent; not zealous; cool; indifferent. ´ Lukewarm blood.´ Spenser. ´ Lukewarm patriots.´ Addison. “An obedience so lukewarm and languishing that it merits not the name of passion.” Dryden. — Luke´warm•ly, adv. — Luke´warm•ness, n.

Lull (lul), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lulled (luld); p. pr. & vb. n. Lulling.] [Akin to OD. lullen to sing to sleep, G. lullen, Dan. lulle, Sw. lulla; all of imitative origin. Cf. Loll, Lollard.] To cause to rest by soothing influences; to compose; to calm; to soothe; to quiet. ´ To lull him soft asleep.´ Spenser. “Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie,
To lull the daughters of necessity.” Milton.

Lull, v. i. To become gradually calm; to subside; to cease or abate for a time; as the storm lulls.

Lull, n. 1. The power or quality of soothing; that which soothes; a lullaby. [R.] Young. 2. A temporary cessation of storm or confusion.

Lull´a•by , n. [From Lull, v. t. ] 1. A song to quiet babes or lull them to sleep; that which quiets. Shak. 2. Hence: Good night; good-by. [Obs.] Shak.

Lull´er , n. One who, or that which, lulls.

Lull´ing•ly, adv. In a lulling manner; soothingly.

Lum , n. [W. llumon chimney, llum that shoots up or ends in a point.] 1. A chimney. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. 2. A ventilating chimney over the shaft of a mine. 3. A woody valley; also a deep pool. [Prov. Eng.] { Lu´ma•chel , Lu•ma•chel´la } n. [F. lumachelle, It. lumachella, fr. lamachella a little snail, dim. of lumaca a snail, fr. L. limax, -acis.] (Min.) A grayish brown limestone, containing fossil shells, which reflect a beautiful play of colors. It is also called fire marble, from its fiery reflections.

Lum•bag´i•nous , a. Of or pertaining to lumbago.

Lum•ba´go , n. [L., fr. lumbus loin. See Lumbar.] (Med.) A rheumatic pain in the loins and the small of the back. { Lum´bar , Lum´bal } a. [L. lumbus loin. See Loin.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or near, the loins; as the lumbar arteries. Lumbar region (Anat.), the region of the loin; specifically, a region between the hypochondriac and iliac regions, and outside of the umbilical region.

Lum´ber , n. [Prob. fr. Lombard, the Lombards being the money lenders and pawnbrokers of the Middle Ages. A lumber room was according to Trench, originally a Lombard room, or room where the Lombard pawnbroker stored his pledges. See Lombard.] 1. A pawnbroker’s shop, or room for storing articles put in pawn; hence, a pledge, or pawn. [Obs.] “They put all the little plate they had in the lumber, which is pawning it, till the ships came.” Lady Murray. 2. Old or refuse household stuff; things cumbrous, or bulky and useless, or of small value. 3. Timber sawed or split into the form of beams, joists, boards, planks, staves, hoops, etc.; esp., that which is smaller than heavy timber. [U.S.] Lumber kiln, a room in which timber or lumber is dried by artificial heat. [U.S.] — Lumber room, a room in which unused furniture or other lumber is kept. [U.S.] — Lumber wagon, a heavy rough wagon, without springs, used for general farmwork, etc.

Lum´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Lumbering.] 1. To heap together in disorder. ´ Stuff lumbered together.´ Rymer. 2. To fill or encumber with lumber; as to lumber up a room.

Lum´ber, v. i. 1. To move heavily, as if burdened. 2. [Cf. dial. Sw. lomra to resound.] To make a sound as if moving heavily or clumsily; to rumble. Cowper. 3. To cut logs in the forest, or prepare timber for market. [U.S.]

Lum´ber•er , n. One employed in lumbering, cutting, and getting logs from the forest for lumber; a lumberman. [U.S.] “Lumberers have a notion that he (the woodpecker) is harmful to timber.” Lowell.

Lum´ber•ing, n. The business of cutting or getting timber or logs from the forest for lumber. [U.S.]

Lum´ber•man , n.; pl. Lumbermen . One who is engaged in lumbering as a business or employment. [U.S.]

Lum•bo•sa´cral , n. [L. lumbus loin + E. sacral.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the loins and sacrum; as the lumbosacral nerve, a branch of one of the lumber nerves which passes over the sacrum.

Lum´bric , n. [L. lumbricus.] (Zoöl.) An earthworm, or a worm resembling an earthworm.

Lum´bric•al , a. [Cf. F. lombrical. See Lumbric.] (Anat.) Resembling a worm; as the lumbrical muscles of the hands of the hands and feet. — n. A lumbrical muscle.

Lum•bric´i•form , a. [L. lumbricus worm + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an earthworm; vermiform.

Lum´bri•coid , a. [Lumbricus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like an earthworm; belonging to the genus Lumbricus, or family Lumbricidae.

Lum´bri•cus , n. [L. See Lumbric.] (Zoöl.) A genus of annelids, belonging to the Oligochaeta, and including the common earthworms. See Earthworm.

Lu´mi•nant , a. Luminous. [R.]

Lu´mi•na•ry , n.; pl. Luminaries (#), [F. luminaire, L. luminare a light or lamp, which was lighted in the churches, a luminary, fr. lumen, luminis, light, fr. lucere to be light, to shine, lux, lucis, light. See Light.] 1. Any body that gives light, especially one of the heavenly bodies. ´ Radiant luminary.´ Skelton. “Where the great luminary …
Dispenses light from far.” Milton. 2. One who illustrates any subject, or enlightens mankind; as Newton was a distinguished luminary.

Lu´mi•nate , v. t. [L. luminatus, p. p. of luminare to illumine, fr. lumen light. See Limn.] To illuminate. [Obs.]

Lu•mi•na´tion , n. Illumination. [Obs.]

Lu´mine , v. i. To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lu•mi•nif´er•ous , a. [L. lumen light + -ferous.] Producing light; yielding light; transmitting light; as the luminiferous ether.

Lu•mi•nos´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being luminous; luminousness.

Lu´mi•nous , a. [L. luminosus, fr. lumen light: cf. F. lumineux. See Luminary, Illuminate.] 1. Shining; emitting or reflecting light; brilliant; bright; as the is a luminous body; a luminous color. “Fire burneth wood, making it … luminous.” Bacon. “The mountains lift … their lofty and luminous heads.” Longfellow. 2. Illuminated; full of light; bright; as many candles made the room luminous. “Up the staircase moved a luminous space in the darkness.” Longfellow. 3. Enlightened; intelligent; also clear; intelligible; as a luminous mind. ´ Luminous eloquence.´ Macaulay. ´ A luminous statement.´ Brougham. Luminous paint, a paint made up with some phosphorescent substance, as sulphide of calcium, which after exposure to a strong light is luminous in the dark for a time. Syn. — Lucid; clear; shining; perspicuous. — Lu´mi•nous•ly, adv. — Lu´mi•nous•ness, n.

Lum´mox , n. A fat, ungainly, stupid person; an awkward bungler. [Low.]

Lump , n. [Cf. OD. lompe piece, mass. Cf. Lunch.] 1. A small mass of matter of irregular shape; an irregular or shapeless mass; as a lump of coal; a lump of iron ore. ´ A lump of cheese.´ Piers Plowman. ´ This lump of clay.´ Shak. 2. A mass or aggregation of things. 3. (Firearms) A projection beneath the breech end of a gun barrel. In the lump, In a lump, the whole together; in gross. “They may buy them in the lump.” Addison. — Lump coal, coal in large lumps; — the largest size brought from the mine. — Lump sum, a gross sum without a specification of items; as to award a lump sum in satisfaction of all claims and damages.

Lump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lumped p. pr. & vb. n. Lumping.] 1. To throw into a mass; to unite in a body or sum without distinction of particulars. “The expenses ought to be lumped together.” Ayliffe. 2. To take in the gross; to speak of collectively. “Not forgetting all others, … whom for brevity, but out of no resentment to you, I lump all together.” Sterne. 3. To get along with as one can, although displeased; as if he does n’t like it, he can lump it. [Low]

Lump´er , n. [Cf. Lamper eel.] (Zoöl.) The European eelpout; — called also lumpen.

Lump´er, n. 1. One who lumps. 2. A laborer who is employed to load or unload vessels when in harbor.

Lump´fish , n. [From Lump, on account of its bulkiness: cf. G. & D. lump, F. lompe.] (Zoöl.) A large, thick, clumsy, marine fish (Cyclopterus lumpus) of Europe and America. The color is usually translucent sea green, sometimes purplish. It has a dorsal row of spiny tubercles, and three rows on each side, but has no scales. The ventral fins unite and form a ventral sucker for adhesion to stones and seaweeds. Called also lumpsucker, cock-paddle, sea owl.

Lump´ing, a. Bulky; heavy. Arbuthnot.

Lump´ish, a. Like a lump; inert; gross; heavy; dull; spiritless. ´ Lumpish, heavy, melancholy.´ Shak. — Lump´ish•ly, adv. — Lump´ish•ness, n.

Lump´suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) The lumpfish.

Lump´y , a. [Compar. Lumpier superl. Lumpiest.] Full of lumps, or small compact masses.

Lu´na , n. [L.; akin to lucere to shine. See Light, n., and cf. Lune.] 1. The moon. 2. (Alchemy) Silver. Luna cornea (Old Chem.), horn silver, or fused silver chloride, a tough, brown, translucent mass; — so called from its resemblance to horn. — Luna moth (Zoöl.), a very large and beautiful American moth (Actias luna). Its wings are delicate light green, with a stripe of purple along the front edge of the anterior wings, the other margins being edged with pale yellow. Each wing has a lunate spot surrounded by rings of light yellow, blue, and black. The caterpillar commonly feeds on the hickory, sassafras and maple.

Lu´na•cy , n.; pl. Lunacies (#). [See Lunatic.] 1. Insanity or madness; properly, the kind of insanity which is broken by intervals of reason, — formerly supposed to be influenced by the changes of the moon; any form of unsoundness of mind, except idiocy; mental derangement or alienation. Brande. Burrill. “Your kindred shuns your house
As beaten hence by your strange lunacy.” Shak. 2. A morbid suspension of good sense or judgment, as through fanaticism. Dr. H. More. Syn. — Derangement; craziness; mania. See Insanity.

Lu´nar (lu´ner), a. [L. lunaris, fr. luna the moon. See Luna, and cf. Lunary.] 1. Of or pertaining to the moon; as lunar observations. 2. Resembling the moon; orbed. Dryden. 3. Measured by the revolutions of the moon; as a lunar month. 4. Influenced by the moon, as in growth, character, or properties; as lunar herbs. Bacon. Lunar caustic (Med. Chem.), silver nitrate prepared to be used as a cautery; — so named because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists. — Lunar cycle. Same as Metonic cycle. See under Cycle. — Lunar distance, the angular distance of the moon from the sun, a star, or a planet, employed for determining longitude by the lunar method. - - Lunar method, the method of finding a ship’s longitude by comparing the local time of taking (by means of a sextant or circle) a given lunar distance, with the Greenwich time corresponding to the same distance as ascertained from a nautical almanac, the difference of these times being the longitude. — Lunar month. See Month. — Lunar observation, an observation of a lunar distance by means of a sextant or circle, with the altitudes of the bodies, and the time, for the purpose of computing the longitude. — Lunar tables. (a) (Astron.) Tables of the moon’s motions, arranged for computing the moon’s true place at any time past or future. (b) (Navigation) Tables for correcting an observed lunar distance on account of refraction and parallax. — Lunar year, the period of twelve lunar months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34.38 seconds.

Lu´nar, n. 1. (Astron.) A lunar distance. 2. (Anat.) The middle bone of the proximal series of the carpus; — called also semilunar, and intermedium.

Lu•na´ri•an , n. [See Lunar, Luna.] An inhabitant of the moon.

Lu´na•ry , a. [Cf. F. lunaire. See Lunar.] Lunar. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lu´na•ry, n. [Cf. F. lunaire.] (Bot.) (a) The herb moonwort or ´honesty´. (b) A low fleshy fern (Botrychium Lunaria) with lunate segments of the leaf or frond. { Lu´nate , Lu´na•ted } a. [L. lunatus crescent-shaped, p. p. of lunare to bend like a crescent, fr. luna the moon.] Crescent-shaped; as a lunate leaf; a lunate beak; a lunated cross. Gray.

Lu´na•tic , a. [F. lunatique, L. lunaticus, fr. luna the moon. See Lunar.] 1. Affected by lunacy; insane; mad. “Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic.” Wyclif (Matt. xvii. 15). 2. Of or pertaining to, or suitable for, an insane person; evincing lunacy; as lunatic gibberish; a lunatic asylum.

Lu´na•tic, n. A person affected by lunacy; an insane person, esp. one who has lucid intervals; a madman; a person of unsound mind. “The lunatic, the lover, and the poet,
Are of imagination all compact.” Shak.

Lu•na´tion , n. [Cf. Lunated.] The period of a synodic revolution of the moon, or the time from one new moon to the next; varying in length, at different times, from about 29¼ to 29&frac56; days, the average length being 29 d., 12h., 44m., 2.9s.

Lunch , n. [Of uncertain etymol. Cf. Prov. Eng. nunc a lump.] A luncheon; specifically, a light repast between breakfast and dinner.

Lunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunched p. pr. & vb. n. Lunching.] To take luncheon. Smart.

Lunch´eon , n. [Prov. E. luncheon, lunchion, lunshin, a large lump of food, fr. lunch. See Lunch.] 1. A lump of food. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A portion of food taken at any time except at a regular meal; an informal or light repast, as between breakfast and dinner.

Lunch´eon, v. i. To take luncheon. Beaconsfield.

Lune , n. [L. luna moon: cf. F. lune. See Luna.] 1. Anything in the shape of a half moon. [R.] 2. (Geom.) A figure in the form of a crescent, bounded by two intersecting arcs of circles. 3. A fit of lunacy or madness; a period of frenzy; a crazy or unreasonable freak. [Obs.] “These dangerous, unsafe lunes i’ the king.” Shak.

Lu´net , n. [See Lunette.] A little moon or satellite. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Lu•nette´ , n. [F., dim. of lune moon, L. luna. See Lune a crescent.] 1. (Fort.) A fieldwork consisting of two faces, forming a salient angle, and two parallel flanks. See Bastion. 2. (Far.) A half horseshoe, which wants the sponge. 3. A kind of watch crystal which is more than ordinarily flattened in the center; also a species of convexoconcave lens for spectacles. 4. A piece of felt to cover the eye of a vicious horse. 5. (Arch.) Any surface of semicircular or segmental form; especially, the piece of wall between the curves of a vault and its springing line. 6. An iron shoe at the end of the stock of a gun carriage. Lunette window (Arch.), a window which fills or partly fills a lunette.

Lung (lung), n. [OE. lunge, AS. lunge, pl. lungen; akin to D. long, G. lunge, Icel. & Sw. lunga, Dan. lunge, all prob. from the root of E. light. rad.125. See Light not heavy.] (Anat.) An organ for aërial respiration; — commonly in the plural. “My lungs began to crow
like chanticleer.” Shak. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the esophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive saclike character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. See Respiration. Lung fever (Med.), pneumonia. — Lung flower (Bot.), a species of gentian (G. Pneumonanthe). — Lung lichen (Bot.), tree lungwort. See under Lungwort. — Lung sac (Zoöl.), one of the breathing organs of spiders and snails.

Lunge , n. [Also spelt longe, fr. allonge. See Allonge, Long.] A sudden thrust or pass, as with a sword.

Lunge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunged p. pr. & vb. n. Lunging ] To make a lunge.

Lunge, v. t. To cause to go round in a ring, as a horse, while holding his halter. Thackeray.

Lunge, n. (Zoöl.) Same as Namaycush.

Lunged , a. Having lungs, or breathing organs similar to lungs.

Lung´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish belonging to the Dipnoi; — so called because they have both lungs and gills.

Lung´-grown , a. (Med.) Having lungs that adhere to the pleura.

Lun´gie , n. (Zoöl.) A guillemot. [Written also longie.] [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Lun´gis , n. [OF. longis. See Lounge.] A lingerer; a dull, drowsy fellow. [Obs.]

Lung´less , a. Being without lungs.

Lun´goor , n. [Hind. langur.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey (Semnopithecus schislaceus), from the mountainous districts of India.

Lung´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of parasitic nematoid worms which infest the lungs and air passages of cattle, sheep, and other animals, often proving fatal. The lungworm of cattle (Strongylus micrurus) and that of sheep (S. filaria) are the best known.

Lung´wort , n. (Bot.) (a) An herb of the genus Pulmonaria (P. officinalis), of Europe; — so called because the spotted appearance of the leaves resembles that of a diseased lung. (b) Any plant of the genus Mertensia (esp. M. Virginica and M. Sibirica) plants nearly related to Pulmonaria. The American lungwort is Mertensia Virginica, Virginia cowslip. Gray. Cow’s lungwort mullein. — Sea lungwort, Mertensia maritima, found on the seacoast of Northern Europe and America. — Tree lungwort, a lichen (Sticta pulmonacea) growing on trees and rocks. The thallus is lacunose, and in appearance somewhat resembles the lungs, for diseases of which it was once thought a remedy.

Lu´ni•cur´rent , a. [L. luna moon + E. current.] Having relation to changes in currents that depend on the moon’s phases. Bache.

Lu´ni•form , a. [L. luna moon + -form: cf. F. luniforme.] Resembling the moon in shape.

Lu´ni•so´lar , a. [L. luna moon + E. solar: cf. F. lunisolaire.] Resulting from the united action, or pertaining to the mutual relations, of the sun and moon. Lunisolar precession (Astron.), that portion of the annual precession of the equinoxes which depends on the joint action of the sun and moon. — Lunisolar year, a period of time, at the end of which, in the Julian calendar, the new and full moons and the eclipses recur on the same days of the week and month and year as in the previous period. It consists of 532 common years, being the least common multiple of the numbers of years in the cycle of the sun and the cycle of the moon.

Lu´ni•stice , n. [L. luna moon + sistere to cause to stand. Cf. Solstice.] (Astron.) The farthest point of the moon’s northing and southing, in its monthly revolution. [Obs.]

Lu´ni•tid•al , a. Pertaining to tidal movements dependent on the moon. Bache. Lunitidal interval. See Retard, n.

Lunt , n. [D. lont; akin to Dan. & G. lunte, Sw. lunta. Cf. Link a torch.] 1. The match cord formerly used in firing cannon. 2. A puff of smoke. [Scotch.] Burns.

Lu´nu•la , n.; pl. Lunulae (#). [L., prop., a little moon. See Lunule.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Same as Lunule.

Lu´nu•lar , a. [Cf. F. lunulaire. See Lunula.] (Bot.) Having a form like that of the new moon; shaped like a crescent. { Lu´nu•late , Lu´nu•la•ted } a. [See Lunula.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Resembling a small crescent. Gray.

Lu´nule , n. [F., fr. L. lunula, dim. of luna moon.] 1. (Anat.) Anything crescent-shaped; a crescent-shaped part or mark; a lunula; a lune. 2. (Chem.) A lune. See Lune. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A small or narrow crescent. (b) A special area in front of the beak of many bivalve shells. It sometimes has the shape of a double crescent, but is oftener heart-shaped. See Illust. of Bivalve.

Lu´nu•let , n. [Dim. of lunule.] (Zoöl.) A small spot, shaped like a half-moon or crescent; as the lunulet on the wings of many insects.

Lu´nu•lite , n. [Lunule + -life: cf. F. lunulithe. See Lunula.] (Paleon.) Any bryozoan of the genus Lunulites, having a more or less circular form.

Lu´ny , a. [Shortened fr. lunatic.] Crazy; mentally unsound. [Written also loony.] [Low, U.S.]

Lu•per´cal , a. Of or pertaining to the Lupercalia.

Lu•per´cal, n. A grotto on the Palatine Hill sacred to Lupercus, the Lycean Pan.

Lu•per•ca´li•a , n. pl. [L. luperealis, fr. Lupercus the Lycean Pan, so called fr. lupus a wolf, because he kept off the wolves.] (Rom. Antiq.) A feast of the Romans in honor of Lupercus, or Pan.

Lu´pine , n. [L. lupinus, lupinum, apparently fr. lupinus belonging to a wolf, fr. lupus a wolf; perh. so called because it was supposed to exhaust the soil: cf. F. lupin. Cf. Wolf.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Lupinus, especially L. albus, the seeds of which have been used for food from ancient times. The common species of the Eastern United States is L. perennis. There are many species in California.

Lu´pine , a. [See Lupine, n.] Wolfish; ravenous. Gauden.

Lu´pin•in , n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of several species of lupine, and extracted as a yellowish white crystalline substance.

Lu´pin•ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid found in several species of lupine (Lupinus luteus, L. albus, etc.), and extracted as a bitter crystalline substance.

Lu´pu•lin , n. [Cf. F. lupulin. See Lupuline.] 1. (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted from hops. 2. The fine yellow resinous powder found upon the strobiles or fruit of hops, and containing this bitter principle. [Written also lupuline.]

Lu´pu•line , n. [NL. lupulus the hop, fr. L. lupus the hop: cf. F. lupuline.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from hops as a colorless volatile liquid.

Lu•pu•lin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, hops; specifically, designating an acid obtained by the decomposition of lupulin.

Lu´pus , n. [L., a wolf. See Wolf.] 1. (Med.) A cutaneous disease occurring under two distinct forms. Lupus erythematosus is characterized by an eruption of red patches, which become incrusted, leaving superficial scars. L. vulgaris is marked by the development of nodules which often ulcerate deeply and produce great deformity. Formerly the latter was often confounded with cancer, and some varieties of cancer were included under Lupus. 2. (Astron.) The Wolf, a constellation situated south of Scorpio.

Lur•ca´tion , n. [See its Lurch.] Gluttony; gormandizing. [Obs.]

Lurch , v. i. [L. lurcare, lurcari.] To swallow or eat greedily; to devour; hence, to swallow up. [Obs.] “Too far off from great cities, which may hinder business; too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear.” Bacon.

Lurch, n. [OF. lourche name of a game; as adj., deceived, embarrassed.] 1. An old game played with dice and counters; a variety of the game of tables. 2. A double score in cribbage for the winner when his adversary has been left in the lurch. “Lady —- has cried her eyes out on losing a lurch.” Walpole. To leave one in the lurch. (a) In the game of cribbage, to leave one’s adversary so far behind that the game is won before he has scored thirty-one. (b) To leave one behind; hence, to abandon, or fail to stand by, a person in a difficulty. Denham. “But though thou’rt of a different church,
I will not leave thee in the lurch.” Hudibras.

Lurch, v. t. 1. To leave in the lurch; to cheat. [Obs.] “Never deceive or lurch the sincere communicant.” South. 2. To steal; to rob. [Obs.] “And in the brunt of seventeen battles since
He lurched all swords of the garland.” Shak.

Lurch, n. [Cf. W. llerch, llerc, a frisk, a frisking backward or forward, a loitering, a lurking, a lurking, llercian, llerciaw, to be idle, to frisk; or perh. fr. E. lurch to lurk.] A sudden roll of a ship to one side, as in heavy weather; hence, a swaying or staggering movement to one side, as that by a drunken man. Fig.: A sudden and capricious inclination of the mind.

Lurch , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurched p. pr. & vb. n. Lurching.] To roll or sway suddenly to one side, as a ship or a drunken man.

Lurch, v. i. [A variant of lurk.] 1. To withdraw to one side, or to a private place; to lurk. L’Estrange. 2. To dodge; to shift; to play tricks. “I … am fain to shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch.” Shak.

Lurch´er , n. [See Lurch to lurk.] 1. One that lurches or lies in wait; one who watches to pilfer, or to betray or entrap; a poacher. 2. (Zoöl.) One of a mongrel breed of dogs said to have been a cross between the sheep dog, greyhound, and spaniel. It hunts game silently, by scent, and is often used by poachers.

Lurch´er, n. [L. lurco, lurcho, a glutton. See 1st Lurch.] A glutton; a gormandizer. [Obs.]

Lurch´line , n. The line by which a fowling net was pulled over so as to inclose the birds.

Lur´dan , a. Stupid; blockish. [Obs.]

Lur´dan, n. [OF. lourdin, fr. lourd heavy, dull, thick-headed. See Lord.] A blockhead. [Obs.]

Lure , n. [OF. loire, loirre, loerre, F. leurre lure, decoy; of German origin; cf. MHG. luoder, G. luder lure, carrion.] 1. A contrivance somewhat resembling a bird, and often baited with raw meat; — used by falconers in recalling hawks. Shak. 2. Any enticement; that which invites by the prospect of advantage or pleasure; a decoy. Milton. 3. (Hat Making) A velvet smoothing brush. Knight.

Lure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lured p. pr. & vb. n. Luring.] [OF. loirer, loirier, F. leurrer. See Lure, n.] To draw to the lure; hence, to allure or invite by means of anything that promises pleasure or advantage; to entice; to attract. “I am not lured with love.” Piers Plowman. “And various science lures the learned eye.” Gay.

Lure, v. i. To recall a hawk or other animal.

Lurg , n. (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid (Nephthys caeca), inhabiting the sandy shores of Europe and America. It is whitish, with a pearly luster, and grows to the length of eight or ten inches.

Lu´rid , a. [L. luridus.] 1. Pale yellow; ghastly pale; wan; gloomy; dismal. “Fierce o’er their beauty blazed the lurid flame.” Thomson. “Wrapped in drifts of lurid smoke
On the misty river tide.” Tennyson. 2. (Bot.) Having a brown color tinged with red, as of flame seen through smoke. 3. (Zoöl.) Of a color tinged with purple, yellow, and gray.

Lurk (lûrk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurked (lûrkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lurking.] [OE. lurken, lorken, prob. a dim. from the source of E. lower to frown. See Lower, and cf. Lurch, a sudden roll, Lurch to lurk.] 1. To lie hid; to lie in wait. “Like wild beasts, lurking in loathsome den.” Spenser. “Let us … lurk privily for the innocent.” Prov. i. 11. 2. To keep out of sight. “The defendant lurks and wanders about in Berks.” Blackstone.

Lurk´er , n. 1. One who lurks. 2. A small fishing boat. [Prov. Eng.]

Lur´ry , n. [W. llwry precipitant, a provision.] A confused heap; a throng, as of persons; a jumble, as of sounds. [Obs.] “To turn prayer into a kind of lurry.” Milton.

Lus´cious , a. [Prob. for lustious, fr. lusty, or perh. a corruption of luxurious. Cf. Lush, Lusty.] 1. Sweet; delicious; very grateful to the taste; toothsome; excessively sweet or rich. “And raisins keep their luscious, native taste.” Dryden. 2. Cloying; fulsome. “He had a tedious, luscious way of talking.” Jeffrey. 3. Gratifying a depraved sense; obscene. [R.] Steele. — Lus´cious•ly, adv. — Lus´cious•ness, n.

Lu´sern , n. [F. loup- cervier, L. lupus cervarius.] (Zoöl.) A lynx. See 1st Lucern and Loup-cervier.

Lush , a. [Prob. an abbrev. of lushious, fr. luscious.] Full of juice or succulence. Tennyson. “How lush and lusty the grass looks! how green!” Shak.

Lush´burg , n. See Lussheburgh. [Obs.]

Lu•si•ta´ni•an , a. Pertaining to Lusitania, the ancient name of the region almost coinciding with Portugal. — n. One of the people of Lusitania.

Lusk , a. Lazy; slothful. [Obs.]

Lusk, n. A lazy fellow; a lubber. [Obs.] T. Kendall.

Lusk, v. i. To be idle or unemployed. [Obs.]

Lusk´ish, a. Inclined to be lazy. Marston. — Lusk´ish•ly, adv. -Lusk´ish•ness, n. [Obs.] Spenser. { Lu•so´ri•ous , Lu´so•ry } a. [L. lusorius. See Illusory.] Used in play; sportive; playful. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Lus´she•burgh , n. A spurious coin of light weight imported into England from Luxemburg, or Lussheburgh, as it was formerly called. [Obs.] “God wot, no Lussheburghes payen ye.” Chaucer.

Lust , n. [AS. lust, lust, pleasure, longing; akin to OS., D., G., & Sw. lust, Dan. & Icel. lyst, Goth lustus, and perh. tom Skr. lush to desire, or to E. loose. Cf. List to please, Listless.] 1. Pleasure. [Obs.] ´ Lust and jollity.´ Chaucer. 2. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] “For little lust had she to talk of aught.” Spenser. “My lust to devotion is little.” Bp. Hall. 3. Longing desire; eagerness to possess or enjoy; — in a had sense; as the lust of gain. “The lust of reigning.” Milton. 4. Licentious craving; sexual appetite. Milton. 5. Hence: Virility; vigor; active power. [Obs.] Bacon.

Lust , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lusting.] [AS. lystan. See Lust, n., and cf. List to choose.] 1. To list; to like. [Obs.] Chaucer. ´ Do so if thou lust. ´ Latimer. In earlier usage lust was impersonal. “In the water vessel he it cast
When that him luste.” Chaucer. 2. To have an eager, passionate, and especially an inordinate or sinful desire, as for the gratification of the sexual appetite or of covetousness; — often with after. “Whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.” Deut. xii. 15. “Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.” Matt. v. 28. “The spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy.” James iv. 5.

Lust´er , n. One who lusts.

Lus´ter Lus´tre , n. [L. lustrum: cf. F. lustre.] A period of five years; a lustrum. “Both of us have closed the tenth luster.” Bolingbroke. { Lus´ter , Lus´tre } n. [F. lustre; cf. It. lustro; both fr. L. lustrare to purify, go about (like the priests at the lustral sacrifice), traverse, survey, illuminate, fr. lustrum a purificatory sacrifice; perh. akin to E. loose. But lustrare to illuminate is perh. a different word, and akin to L. lucere to be light or clear, to shine. See Lucid, and cf. Illustrious, Lustrum.] 1. Brilliancy; splendor; brightness; glitter. “The right mark and very true luster of the diamond.” Sir T. More. “The scorching sun was mounted high,
In all its luster, to the noonday sky.” Addison. There is a tendency to limit the use of luster, in this sense, to the brightness of things which do not shine with their own light, or at least do not blaze or glow with heat. One speaks of the luster of a diamond, or of silk, or even of the stars, but not often now of the luster of the sun, a coal of fire, or the like. 2. Renown; splendor; distinction; glory. “His ancestors continued about four hundred years, rather without obscurity than with any great luster.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. A candlestick, chandelier, girandole, or the like, generally of an ornamental character. Pope. 4. (Min.) The appearance of the surface of a mineral as affected by, or dependent upon, peculiarities of its reflecting qualities. The principal kinds of luster recognized are: metallic, adamantine, vitreous, resinous, greasy, pearly, and silky. With respect to intensity, luster is characterized as splendent, shining, glistening, glimmering, and dull. 5. A substance which imparts luster to a surface, as plumbago and some of the glazes. 6. A fabric of wool and cotton with a lustrous surface, — used for women’s dresses. Luster ware, earthenware decorated by applying to the glazing metallic oxides, which acquire brilliancy in the process of baking. { Lus´ter , Lus´tre } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lustred p. pr. & vb. n. Lustering, or Lustring.] To make lustrous. [R. & Poetic] “Flooded and lustered with her loosened gold.” Lowell.

Lus´ter•ing, n. 1. The act or process of imparting a luster, as to pottery. 2. The brightening of a metal in the crucible when it becomes pure, as in certain refining processes. { Lus´ter•less , Lus´tre•less } a. Destitute of luster; dim; dull.

Lust´ful , a. 1. Full of lust; excited by lust. Spenser. Tillotson. 2. Exciting lust; characterized by lust or sensuality. ´ Lustful orgies.´ Milton. 3. Strong; lusty. [Obs.] ´ Lustful health.´ Sackville. Syn. — sensual; fleshly; carnal; inordinate; licentious; lewd; unchaste; impure; libidinous; lecherous. — Lust´ful•ly, adv. — Lust´ful•ness, n.

Lus´tic , a. Lusty; vigorous. [Obs.]

Lus´ti•head , n. [Lusty + -head.] See Lustihood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lus´ti•hood , n. [Lusty + -hood.] State of being lusty; vigor of body. ´ Full of lustihood.´ Tennyson.

Lus´ti•ly, adv. In a lusty or vigorous manner.

Lus´ti•ness, n. State of being lusty; vigor; strength.

Lust´less , a. [CF. Listless.] 1. Lacking vigor; weak; spiritless. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Free from sexual lust.

Lus´tral , a. [L. lustralis, fr. lustrum: cf. F. lustral. See Lustrum.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or used for, purification; as lustral days; lustral water. 2. Of or pertaining to a lustrum.

Lus´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lustrated p. pr. & vb. n. Lustrating ] [L. lustratus, p. p. of lustrare to lustrate, fr. lustrum. See Lustrum.] To make clear or pure by means of a propitiatory offering; to purify. “We must purge, and cleanse, and lustrate the whole city.” Hammond.

Lus•tra´tion , n. [L. lustratio: cf. F. lustration.] 1. The act of lustrating or purifying. “And holy water for lustration bring.” Dryden. 2. (Antiq.) A sacrifice, or ceremony, by which cities, fields, armies, or people, defiled by crimes, pestilence, or other cause of uncleanness, were purified.

Lus´tre , n. Same as Luster.

Lus´tri•cal , a. [L. lustricus, fr. lustrum. See Lustrum.] Pertaining to, or used for, purification.

Lus´tring , n. [F. lustrine, It. lustrino, fr. lustrare to polish, L. lustrare. See 3d Luster, and cf. Lutestring.] A kind of glossy silk fabric. See Lutestring.

Lus´trous , a. [Cf. F. lustreux. See 3d Luster.] Bright; shining; luminous. ´ Good sparks and lustrous.´ Shak. — Lus´trous•ly, adv.

Lus´trum , n.; pl. E. Lustrums (#), L. Lustra (#). [L. Cf. 2d & 3d Luster.] A lustration or purification, especially the purification of the whole Roman people, which was made by the censors once in five years. Hence: A period of five years.

Lust´wort n. (Bot.) See Sundew.

Lust´y , a. [Compar. Lustier superl. Lustiest.] [From Lust. See Lust, and cf. Luscious.] 1. Exhibiting lust or vigor; stout; strong; vigorous; robust; healthful; able of body. “Neither would their old men, so many as were yet vigorous and lusty, be left at home.” Milton. 2. Beautiful; handsome; pleasant. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Of large size; big. [Obs.] ´ Three lusty vessels.´ Evelyn. Hence, sometimes, pregnant. [Obs. or Prov.] 4. Lustful; lascivious. [Obs.] Milton.

Lu´sus na•tu´rae [L., fr. lusus sport + naturae, gen. of natura nature.] Sport or freak of nature; a deformed or unnatural production.

Lut´a•nist , n. [LL. lutanista, fr. lutana lute. See Lute the instrument.] A person that plays on the lute. Johnson.

Lu•ta´ri•ous , a. [L. lutarius fr. lutum mud.] Of, pertaining to, or like, mud; living in mud. [Obs.] Grew.

Lu•ta´tion , n. [L. lutare, lutatum, to bedaub with mud, fr. lutum mud: cf. F. lutation.] The act or method of luting vessels.

Lute , n. [L. lutum mud, clay: cf. OF. lut.] 1. (Chem.) A cement of clay or other tenacious infusible substance for sealing joints in apparatus, or the mouths of vessels or tubes, or for coating the bodies of retorts, etc., when exposed to heat; — called also luting. 2. A packing ring, as of rubber, for fruit jars, etc. 3. (Brick Making) A straight-edged piece of wood for striking off superfluous clay from mold.

Lute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luted; p. pr. & vb. n. Luting.] To close or seal with lute; as to lute on the cover of a crucible; to lute a joint.

Lute, n. [OF. leut, F. luth; skin to Pr. laút, It. liúto, leúto, Sp. laúd, Pg. alaude; all fr. Ar. al’d; al the + ’d wood, timber, trunk or branch of a tree, staff, stick, wood of aloes, lute or harp.] (Mus.) A stringed instrument formerly much in use. It consists of four parts, namely, the table or front, the body, having nine or ten ribs or ´sides,´ arranged like the divisions of a melon, the neck, which has nine or ten frets or divisions, and the head, or cross, in which the screws for tuning are inserted. The strings are struck with the right hand, and with the left the stops are pressed.

Lute, v. i. To sound, as a lute. Piers Plowman. Keats.

Lute, v. t. To play on a lute, or as on a lute. “Knaves are men
That lute and flute fantastic tenderness.” Tennyson.

Lute´-backed , a. Having a curved spine.

Lu•te´ic , a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, weld (Reseda luteola). (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid resembling luteolin, but obtained from the flowers of Euphorbia cyparissias.

Lu´te•in , n. [From corpus luteum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance of a strongly marked yellow color, extracted from the yelk of eggs, and from the tissue of the corpus luteum.

Lut´e•nist , n. Same as Lutanist.

Lu´te•o- [L. luteus.] (Chem.) A combining form signifying orange yellow or brownish yellow.

Lu´te•o•co•balt´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain compounds of cobalt having a yellow color. Cf. Cobaltic. Luteocobaltic chloride (Chem.), a brilliant reddish yellow crystalline compound, Co_2Cl_6(NH_3)12, obtained by the action of ammonium chloride on an ammoniacal solution of cobaltic chloride.

Lu´te•o•lin , n. [From NL. Reseda luteola, fr. L. luteolus yellowish, fr. luteus: cf. F. luteoline. See Luteous.] (Chem.) A yellow dyestuff obtained from the foliage of the dyer’s broom (Reseda luteola).

Lu´te•ous , a. [L. luteus, fr. lutum dyer’s broom, weld, which is used as a yellow dye.] Yellowish; more or less like buff.

Lut´er , n. [From 3d Lute.] One who plays on a lute.

Lut´er, n. [From Ist Lute.] One who applies lute.

Lu•tes´cent , a. [L. luteus yellow.] Of a yellowish color.

Lute´string , n. [Corrupted fr. lustring.] A plain, stout, lustrous silk, used for ladies’ dresses and for ribbon. Goldsmith.

Luth , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The leatherback.

Lu´ther•an , a. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining to Luther; adhering to the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church.

Lu´ther•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who accepts or adheres to the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church. { Lu´ther•an•ism , Lu´ther•ism } , n. The doctrines taught by Luther or held by the Lutheran Church.

Lu´thern , n. [F. lucarne a dormer, dormer window, garret window, L. lucerna lamp, fr. lucere to be light or clear, fr. lux light. See Light, n., and cf. Lucarne.] (Arch.) A dormer window. See Dormer.

Lu´ti•dine , n. [From toluidine, by transposition.] (Chem.) Any one of several metameric alkaloids, C_5H_3N.(CH_3)2, of the pyridine series, obtained from bone oil as liquids, and having peculiar pungent odors. These alkaloids are also called respectively dimethyl pyridine, ethyl pyridine, etc.

Lut´ing , n. (Chem.) See Lute, a cement.

Lut´ist, n. One who plays on a lute.

Lu•tose´ , a. [L. lutosus, fr. lutum mud.] Covered with clay; miry.

Lu´tu•lence , n. The state or quality of being lutulent.

Lu´tu•lent , a. [L. lutulentus, fr. lutum mud.] Muddy; turbid; thick. [Obs.]

Lu•wack´ , n. (Zoöl.) See Paradoxure.

Lux , v. t. [Cf. F. luxer. See Luxate.] To put out of joint; to luxate. [Obs.]

Lux´ate , a. [L. luxatus, p. p. of luxare to dislocate.] Luxated. [Obs.]

Lux´ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luxated p. pr. & vb. n. Luxating ] To displace, or remove from its proper place, as a joint; to put out of joint; to dislocate.

Lux•a´tion , n. [L. luxatio: cf. F. luxation.] The act of luxating, or the state of being luxated; a dislocation.

Luxe , n. [L. luxus: cf. F. luxe.] Luxury. [Obs.] Shenstone. edition de luxe . [F.] (Printing) A sumptuous edition as regards paper, illustrations, binding, etc.

Lux´ive , a. Given to luxury; voluptuous. [Obs.]

Lux•ul´li•an•ite , n. [So called from Luxullian, in Cornwall.] (Min.) A kind of granite from Luxullian, Cornwall, characterized by the presence of radiating groups of minute tourmaline crystals.

Lux•u´ri•ance , n. [Cf. F. luxuriance.] The state or quality of being luxuriant; rank, vigorous growth; excessive abundance produced by rank growth. ´Tropical luxuriance.´ B. Taylor.

Lux•u´ri•an•cy , n. The state or quality of being luxuriant; luxuriance. “Flowers grow up in the garden in the greatest luxuriancy and profusion.” Spectator.

Lux•u´ri•ant , a. [L. luxurians, p. pr. of luxuriare: cf. F. luxuriant. See Luxuriate.] Exuberant in growth; rank; excessive; very abundant; as a luxuriant growth of grass; luxuriant foliage. “Prune the luxuriant, the uncouth refine.” Pope. Luxuriant flower (Bot.), one in which the floral envelopes are overdeveloped at the expense of the essential organs.

Lux•u´ri•ant•ly, adv. In a luxuriant manner.

Lux•u´ri•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luxuriated p. pr. & vb. n. Luxuriating.] [L. luxuriatus, p. p. of luxuriari, -are, to luxuriate. See Luxury.] 1. To grow exuberantly; to grow to superfluous abundance. ´ Corn luxuriates in a better mold.´ Burton. 2. To feed or live luxuriously; as the herds luxuriate in the pastures. 3. To indulge with unrestrained delight and freedom; as to luxuriate in description.

Lux•u•ri•a´tion , n. The act or process of luxuriating.

Lux•u•ri´e•ty , n. Luxuriance. [Obs.]

Lux•u´ri•ous , a. [L. luxuriosus: cf. F. luxurieux. See Luxury.] Of or pertaining to luxury; ministering to luxury; supplied with the conditions of luxury; as a luxurious life; a luxurious table; luxurious ease. ´ Luxurious cities. ´ Milton. — Lux•u´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Lux•u´ri•ous•ness, n.

Lux´u•rist , n. One given to luxury. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Lux´u•ry , n.; pl. Luxuries (#). [L. luxuria, fr. luxus: cf. F. luxure.] 1. A free indulgence in costly food, dress, furniture, or anything expensive which gratifies the appetites or tastes. “Riches expose a man to pride and luxury.” Spectator. 2. Anything which pleases the senses, and is also costly, or difficult to obtain; an expensive rarity; as silks, jewels, and rare fruits are luxuries; in some countries ice is a great luxury. “He cut the side of a rock for a garden, and, by laying on it earth, furnished out a kind of luxury for a hermit.” Addison. 3. Lechery; lust. [Obs.] Shak. “Luxury is in wine and drunkenness.” Chaucer. 4. Luxuriance; exuberance. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — Voluptuousness; epicurism; effeminacy; sensuality; lasciviousness; dainty; delicacy; gratification.

Luz , n. A bone of the human body which was supposed by certain Rabbinical writers to be indestructible. Its location was a matter of dispute. Brande & C.

-ly [OE. -lich, AS. -lic, orig. the same word as E. like, a. See Like, a.] A suffix forming adjectives and adverbs, and denoting likeness or resemblance.

Ly´am , n. [See Leam.] A leash. [Obs.]

Ly´can•thrope , n. [Gr. ; a wolf + a man.] 1. A human being fabled to have been changed into a wolf; a werewolf. 2. One affected with lycanthropy.

Ly•can•thro´pi•a , n. [NL.] See Lycanthropy, 2.

Ly•can•throp´ic , a. Pertaining to lycanthropy.

Ly•can´thro•pist , n. One affected by the disease lycanthropy.

Ly•can´thro•pous , a. Lycanthropic.

Ly•can´thro•py , n. [Gr. : cf. F. lycanthropie.] 1. The supposed act of turning one’s self or another person into a wolf. Lowell. 2. (Med.) A kind of erratic melancholy, in which the patient imagines himself a wolf, and imitates the actions of that animal.

Ly•ce´um , n.; pl. E. Lyceums (#), L. Lycea (#). [L. lyceum, Gr. , so named after the neighboring temple of Apollo the wolf slayer, prob. fr. belonging to a wolf, fr wolf. See Wolf.] 1. A place of exercise with covered walks, in the suburbs of Athens, where Aristotle taught philosophy. 2. A house or apartment appropriated to instruction by lectures or disquisitions. 3. A higher school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the university. 4. An association for debate and literary improvement.

Lyche , a. Like. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ly´chee , n. (Bot.) See Litchi.

Lych´ gate See under Lich.

Lych´nis , n. [L., a kind of red flower, Gr. lychni•s; cf. ly•chnos a lamp.] (Bot.) A genus of Old World plants belonging to the Pink family (Caryophyllaceae). Most of the species have brilliantly colored flowers and cottony leaves, which may have anciently answered as wicks for lamps. The botanical name is in common use for the garden species. The corn cockle (Lychnis Githago) is a common weed in wheat fields.

Lych´no•bite , n. [Gr. ly•chnos a lamp + bi•os life.] One who labors at night and sleeps in the day.

Lych´no•scope , n. [Gr. + - scope.] (Arch.) Same as Low side window, under Low, a.

Lyc´ine , n. (Chem.) A weak base identical with betaine; — so called because found in the boxthorn (Lycium barbarum). See Betaine.

Ly•co•per´don , n. [NL., from Gr. wolf + to break wind.] (Bot.) A genus of fungi, remarkable for the great quantity of spores, forming a fine dust, which is thrown out like smoke when the plant is compressed or burst; puffball.

Ly´co•pod , n. [Cf. F. lycopode.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lycopodium.

Ly´co•pode , n. [F.] Same as Lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium.

Ly•co•po•di•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging, or relating, to the Lycopodiaceae, an order of cryptogamous plants (called also club mosses) with branching stems, and small, crowded, one-nerved, and usually pointed leaves.

Ly•cop´o•dite , n. (Paleon.) An old name for a fossil club moss.

Ly•co•po´di•um , n. [NL., from Gr. wolf + , , a foot.] (Bot.) A genus of mosslike plants, the type of the order Lycopodiaceae; club moss. Lycopodium powder, a fine powder or dust composed of the spores of Lycopodium, and other plants of the order Lycopodiaceae. It is highly inflammable, and is sometimes used in the manufacture of fireworks, and the artificial representation of lightning.

Ly•cot´ro•pous , a. [Gr. hook + to turn.] (Bot.) Campylotropous.

Lyd´en , n. See Leden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lyd´i•an , a. [L. Lydius, fr. Lydia, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants; hence, soft; effeminate; — said especially of one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, the music in which was of a soft, pathetic, or voluptuous character. “Softly sweet in Lydian measures,
Soon he soothed his soul to pleasures.” Dryden. Lydian stone, a flint slate used by the ancients to try gold and silver; a touchstone. See Basanite.

Lyd´ine , n. (Dyeing) A violet dye derived from aniline.

Lye , n. [Written also lie and ley.] [AS. leáh; akin to D. loog, OHG. louga, G. lauge; cf. Icel. laug a bath, a hot spring.] A strong caustic alkaline solution of potassium salts, obtained by leaching wood ashes. It is much used in making soap, etc.

Lye, n. (Railroad) A short side line, connected with the main line; a turn-out; a siding. [Eng.]

Lye, n. A falsehood. [Obs.] See Lie.

Ly•en•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to loose + the brain.] (Zoöl.) A group of Mammalia, including the marsupials and monotremes; — so called because the corpus callosum is rudimentary.

Ly•en•ceph´a•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Lyencephala.

Ly´er•man , n. (Zoöl.) The cicada.

Ly•go´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. flexible; a willow twig + form.] (Bot.) A genus of ferns with twining or climbing fronds, bearing stalked and variously-lobed divisions in pairs. Lygodium palmatum, much prized for indoor ornament, inhabits shaded and moist grassy places, from Massachusetts to Virginia and Kentucky, and sparingly southwards.

Ly´ing , p. pr. & vb. n. of Lie, to tell a falsehood.

Ly´ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Lie, to be supported horizontally. Lying panel (Arch.), a panel in which the grain of the wood is horizontal. [R.] — Lying to (Naut.), having the sails so disposed as to counteract each other.

Ly´ing-in´ , n. 1. The state attending, and consequent to, childbirth; confinement. 2. The act of bearing a child.

Ly´ing•ly, adv. In a lying manner; falsely.

Ly´ken , v. t. [See Like, v. t. ] To please; — chiefly used impersonally. [Obs.] ´ Sith it lyketh you.´ Chaucer. { Lym , or Lym´hound• }, n. A dog held in a leam; a bloodhound; a limehound. [Obs.] Shak.

Ly•mail´ , n. See Limaille. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lyme´ grass (Bot.) A coarse perennial grass of several species of Elymus, esp. E. Canadensis, and the European E. arenarius.

Lymph , n. [L. lympha: cf. F. lymphe.] 1. A spring of water; hence, water, or a pure, transparent liquid like water. “A fountain bubbled up, whose lymph serene
Nothing of earthly mixture might distain.” Trench. 2. (Anat.) An alkaline colorless fluid, contained in the lymphatic vessels, coagulable like blood, but free from red blood corpuscles. It is absorbed from the various tissues and organs of the body, and is finally discharged by the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts into the great veins near the heart. 3. (Med.) A fibrinous material exuded from the blood vessels in inflammation. In the process of healing it is either absorbed, or is converted into connective tissue binding the inflamed surfaces together. Lymph corpuscles (Anat.), finely granular nucleated cells, identical with the colorless blood corpuscles, present in the lymph and chyle. — Lymph duct (Anat.), a lymphatic. — Lymph heart. See Note under Heart, n., 1.

Lym•pha•de•ni´tis , n. [NL. See Lymph, and Adenitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lymphatic glands; — called also lymphitis.

Lym•pha•de•no´ma , n. [NL. See Lymph, Aden-, and -oma.] (Med.) See Lymphoma.

Lym•phan•ge•i´tis , n. [NL., from L. lympha lymph + Gr. vessel + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. [Written also lymphangitis.]

Lym•phan´gi•al , a. [See Lymphangeitis.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the lymphatics, or lymphoid tissue; lymphatic. { Lymph´ate , Lymph´a•ted } a. [L. lymphatus, p. p. of lymphare to water, dilute with water, to drive out of one’s senses, to make mad.] Frightened into madness; raving. [Obs.]

Lym•phat´ic , a. [L. lymphaticus distracted, frantic: cf. F. lymphatique] pertaining to, containing, or conveying lymph. 2. Madly enthusiastic; frantic. [Obs.] ´ Lymphatic rapture. ´ Sir T. Herbert. [See Lymphate.] Lymphatic gland (Anat.), one of the solid glandlike bodies connected with the lymphatics or the lacteals; — called also lymphatic ganglion, and conglobate gland. — Lymphatic temperament (Old Physiol.), a temperament in which the lymphatic system seems to predominate, that is, a system in which the complexion lacks color and the tissues seem to be of loose texture; hence, a temperament lacking energy, inactive, indisposed to exertion or excitement. See Temperament.

Lym•phat´ic, n. 1. (Anat.) One of the lymphatic or absorbent vessels, which carry lymph and discharge it into the veins; lymph duct; lymphatic duct. 2. A mad enthusiast; a lunatic. [Obs.]

Lym•phi´tis , n. [NL.] (Med.) See Lymphadenitis.

Lym•pho•gen´ic , a. [Lymph + root of L. gignere to produce.] (Physiol.) Connected with, or formed in, the lymphatic glands.

Lym•phog´ra•phy , n. [Lymph + -graphy.] A description of the lymphatic vessels, their origin and uses.

Lymph´oid , a. [Lymph + - oid.] (Anat.) Resembling lymph; also resembling a lymphatic gland; adenoid; as lymphoid tissue.

Lym•pho´ma , n. [NL. See Lymph, and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor having a structure resembling that of a lymphatic gland; — called also lymphadenoma. Malignant lymphoma, a fatal disease characterized by the formation in various parts of the body of new growths resembling lymphatic glands in structure.

Lymph´y , a. Containing, or like, lymph.

Lyn , n. A waterfall. See Lin. [Scot.]

Lyn•ce´an , a. [See Lynx.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lynx.

Lynch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lynched p. pr. & vb. n. Lynching.] [See Note under Lynch law.] To inflict punishment upon, especially death, without the forms of law, as when a mob captures and hangs a suspected person. See Lynch law.

Lynch´er , n. One who assists in lynching.

Lynch´ law The act or practice by private persons of inflicting punishment for crimes or offenses, without due process of law. The term Lynch law is said to be derived from a Virginian named Lynch, who took the law into his own hands. But the origin of the term is very doubtful. { Lynde , Lyn´den }, n. See Linden.

Lyne , n. Linen. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lynx (links), n. [L. lynx, lyncis, Gr. ly•gx; akin to AS. lox, G. luchs, prob. named from its sharp sight, and akin to E. light. See Light, n., and cf. Ounce an animal.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of feline animals of the genus Felis, and subgenus Lynx. They have a short tail, and usually a pencil of hair on the tip of the ears. Among the well-known species are the European lynx (Felis borealis); the Canada lynx or loup-cervier (F. Canadensis); the bay lynx of America (F. rufa), and its western spotted variety (var. maculata); and the pardine lynx (F. pardina) of Southern Europe. 2. (Astron.) One of the northern constellations.

Lynx´-eyed , a. Having acute sight.

Ly•on•naise´ , a. [F. lyonnaise, fem. of lyonnais of Lyons.] (Cookery) Applied to boiled potatoes cut into small pieces and heated in oil or butter. They are usually flavored with onion and parsley.

Ly•o•po´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to loose + , , a lid.] (Zoöl.) An order of brachiopods, in which the valves of shell are not articulated by a hinge. It includes the Lingula, Discina, and allied forms. [Written also Lyopoma.]

Ly´ra , n. [L. lyra, Gr. . See Lyre.] 1. (Astron.) A northern constellation, the Harp, containing a white star of the first magnitude, called Alpha Lyrae, or Vega. 2. (Anat.) The middle portion of the ventral surface of the fornix of the brain; — so called from the arrangement of the lines with which it is marked in the human brain.

Ly´ra•id , n. (Astron.) Same as Lyrid. { Ly´rate , Ly´ra•ted } a. [NL. lyratus. See Lyre.] 1. (Bot.) Lyre-shaped, or spatulate and oblong, with small lobes toward the base; as a lyrate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Shaped like a lyre, as the tail of the blackcock, or that of the lyre bird.

Lyre , n. [OE. lire, OF. lyre, L. lyra, Gr. . Cf. Lyra.] 1. (Mus.) A stringed instrument of music; a kind of harp much used by the ancients, as an accompaniment to poetry. The lyre was the peculiar instrument of Apollo, the tutelary god of music and poetry. It gave name to the species of verse called lyric, to which it originally furnished an accompaniment. 2. (Astron.) One of the constellations; Lyra. See Lyra. Lyre bat (Zoöl.), a small bat (Megaderma lyra), inhabiting India and Ceylon. It is remarkable for the enormous size and curious shape of the nose membrane and ears. — Lyre turtle (Zoöl.), the leatherback.

Lyre´ bird (Zoöl.) Any one of two or three species of Australian birds of the genus Menura. The male is remarkable for having the sixteen tail feathers very long and, when spread, arranged in the form of a lyre. The common lyre bird (Menura superba), inhabiting New South Wales, is about the size of a grouse. Its general color is brown, with rufous color on the throat, wings, tail coverts and tail. Called also lyre pheasant and lyre-tail. { Lyr´ic , Lyr´ic•al } a. [L. lyricus, Gr. : cf. F. lyrique. See Lyre.] 1. Of or pertaining to a lyre or harp. 2. Fitted to be sung to the lyre; hence, also appropriate for song; — said especially of poetry which expresses the individual emotions of the poet. ´Sweet lyric song.´ Milton.

Lyr´ic, n. 1. A lyric poem; a lyrical composition. 2. A composer of lyric poems. [R.] Addison. 3. A verse of the kind usually employed in lyric poetry; — used chiefly in the plural.

Lyr´ic•al•ly , adv. In a lyrical manner.

Lyr´i•cism , n. A lyric composition. Gray.

Ly´rid (li´rid), n. (Astron.) One of the group of shooting stars which come into the air in certain years on or about the 19th of April; — so called because the apparent path among the stars if produced backwards crosses the constellation Lyra.

Ly´rie (li´ri), n. [Icel. hlyri a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A European fish (Peristethus cataphractum), having the body covered with bony plates, and having three spines projecting in front of the nose; — called also noble, pluck, pogge, sea poacher, and armed bullhead.

Ly•rif´er•ous (li•rif´er•us), a. [Lyre + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having a lyre-shaped shoulder girdle, as certain fishes.

Lyr´ism (lir´iz’m), n. [Cf. Gr. lyrismo•s.] The act of playing on a lyre or harp. G. Eliot.

Lyr´ist, n. [L. lyristes, Gr. lyristh•s: cf. F. lyriste.] A musician who plays on the harp or lyre; a composer of lyrical poetry. Shelley.

Ly•sim´e•ter (li•sim´e•ter), n. [Gr. ly•sis a loosing + - meter.] An instrument for measuring the water that percolates through a certain depth of soil. Knight.

Ly´sis (li´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ly•sis.] (Med.) The resolution or favorable termination of a disease, coming on gradually and not marked by abrupt change. It is usually contrasted with crisis, in which the improvement is sudden and marked; as pneumonia ends by crisis, typhoid fever by lysis.

Lys´sa (lis´sa), n. [NL. See Lytta.] (Med.) Hydrophobia. The plural (Lyssae) has been used to signify the pustules supposed to be developed under the tongue in hydrophobia.

Ly•te´ri•an (li•te´ri•an), a. [Gr. lyth•rios healing, fr. lyth•r a deliverer, fr. ly•ein to loosen.] (Med.) Terminating a disease; indicating the end of a disease.

Lythe (lith), n. (Zoöl.) The European pollack; — called also laith, and leet. [Scot.]

Lythe (lith), a. [See Lithe, a.] Soft; flexible. [Obs.] Spenser. { Lyth•on•thrip´tic (lith•on•thrip´tik), Lyth•on•trip´tic (-trip´tik) }, a. (Med.) See Lithontriptic.

Lyt´ta (lit´ta), n.; pl. Lyttae (-te). [L., a worm said to grow under the tongue of dogs, and to cause canine madness, fr. Gr. ly•tta, ly•ssa, lit., madness.] (Anat.) A fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals, as the dog.

M (em). 1. M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant, and from the manner of its formation, is called the labio-nasal consonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178-180, 242. The letter M came into English from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being further derived from the Phœnician, and ultimately, it is believed, from the Egyptian. Etymologically M is related to n, in lime, linden; emmet, ant; also to b. M is readily followed by b and p. the position of the lips in the formation of both letters being the same. The relation of b and m is the same as that of d and t to n. and that of g and k to ng. 2. As a numeral, M stands for one thousand, both in English and Latin.

M, n. 1. (Print.) A quadrat, the face or top of which is a perfect square; also the size of such a square in any given size of type, used as the unit of measurement for that type: 500 m’s of pica would be a piece of matter whose length and breadth in pica m’s multiplied together produce that number. [Written also em.] 2. (law) A brand or stigma, having the shape of an M, formerly impressed on one convicted of manslaughter and admitted to the benefit of clergy. M roof (Arch.), a kind of roof formed by the junction of two common roofs with a valley between them, so that the section resembles the letter M.

Ma (mä), n. [Cf. Mamma.] 1. A child’s word for mother. 2. [Hind.] In Oriental countries, a respectful form of address given to a woman; mother. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Ma, conj. [It.] (Mus.) But; — used in cautionary phrases; as ´Vivace, ma non troppo presto´ (i. e., lively, but not too quick). Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Maa , n. [See New a gull.] (Zoöl.) The common European gull (Larus canus); — called also mar. See New, a gull.

Maad , obs. p. p. of Make. Made. Chaucer.

Maa´lin , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The sparrow hawk. (b) The kestrel.

Ma’am , n. Madam; my lady; — a colloquial contraction of madam often used in direct address, and sometimes as an appellation.

Ma´a•ra shell (Zoöl.) A large, pearly, spiral, marine shell (Turbo margaritaceus), from the Pacific Islands. It is used as an ornament.

Ma•ash´a , n. An East Indian coin, of about one tenth of the weight of a rupee.

Maat , a. [See Mate, a.] Dejected; sorrowful; downcast. [Obs.] ´So piteous and so maat.´ Chaucer.

Mab (mab), n. [Cf. W. mad a male child, a boy.] 1. A slattern. [Prov. Eng.] 2. The name of a female fairy, esp. the queen of the fairies; and hence, sometimes, any fairy. Shak.

Mab´ble , v. t. To wrap up. [Obs.]

Mab´by , n. A spirituous liquor or drink distilled from potatoes; — used in the Barbadoes.

Ma•bo´lo , n. (Bot.) A kind of persimmon tree (Diospyros discolor) from the Philippine Islands, now introduced into the East and West Indies. It bears an edible fruit as large as a quince.

Mac [Gael., son.] A prefix, in names of Scotch origin, signifying son.

Ma•ca´co , n. [Cf. Pg. macaco.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of lemurs, as the ruffed lemur (Lemur macaco), and the ring- tailed lemur (L. catta).

Ma•ca´cus , n. [NL., a word of African origin. Cf. Macaco, Macaque.] (Zoöl.) A genus of monkeys, found in Asia and the East Indies. They have short tails and prominent eyebrows.

Mac•ad•am•i•za´tion , n. The process or act of macadamizing.

Mac•ad´am•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Macadamized p. pr. & vb. n. Macadamizing.] [From John Loudon McAdam, who introduced the process into Great Britain in 1816.] To cover, as a road, or street, with small, broken stones, so as to form a smooth, hard, convex surface.

Mac•ad´am road [See Macadamize.] A macadamized road.

Ma•ca´o , n. (Zoöl.) A macaw.

Ma•caque´ , n. [F. See Macacus.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of short-tailed monkeys of the genus Macacus; as M. maurus, the moor macaque of the East Indies.

Mac•a•ran´ga gum A gum of a crimson color, obtained from a tree (Macaranga Indica) that grows in the East Indies. It is used in taking impressions of coins, medallions, etc., and sometimes as a medicine. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Mac´a•rize, v. t. [Gr. to bless.] To congratulate. [Oxford Univ. Cant] Whately.

Mac•a•ro´ni , n.; pl. Macaronis (#), or Macaronies. [Prov. It. macaroni, It. maccheroni, fr. Gr. happiness, later, a funeral feast, fr. blessed, happy. Prob. so called because eaten at such feasts in honor of the dead; cf. Gr. blessed, i. e., dead. Cf. Macaroon.] 1. Long slender tubes made of a paste chiefly of wheat flour, and used as an article of food; Italian or Genoese paste. A paste similarly prepared is largely used as food in Persia, India, and China, but is not commonly made tubular like the Italian macaroni. Balfour (Cyc. of India). 2. A medley; something droll or extravagant. 3. A sort of droll or fool. [Obs.] Addison. 4. A finical person; a fop; — applied especially to English fops of about 1775. Goldsmith. 5. pl. (U. S. Hist.) The designation of a body of Maryland soldiers in the Revolutionary War, distinguished by a rich uniform. W. Irving. { Mac•a•ro´ni•an , Mac•a•ron´ic } a. [Cf. It. maccheronico, F. macaronique.] 1. Pertaining to, or like, macaroni (originally a dish of mixed food); hence, mixed; confused; jumbled. 2. Of or pertaining to the burlesque composition called macaronic; as macaronic poetry.

Mac•a•ron´ic , n. 1. A heap of thing confusedly mixed together; a jumble. 2. A kind of burlesque composition, in which the vernacular words of one or more modern languages are intermixed with genuine Latin words, and with hybrid formed by adding Latin terminations to other roots.

Mac•a•roon´ , n. [F. macaron, It. maccherone. See Macaroni.] 1. A small cake, composed chiefly of the white of eggs, almonds, and sugar. 2. A finical fellow, or macaroni. [Obs.]

Ma•cart´ney , n. [From Lord Macartney.] (Zoöl.) A fire-backed pheasant. See Fireback.

Ma•cas•sar oil´ A kind of oil formerly used in dressing the hair; — so called because originally obtained from Macassar, a district of the Island of Celebes. also an imitation of the same, of perfumed castor oil and olive oil.

Ma•cau´co , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small lemurs, as Lemur murinus, which resembles a rat in size.

Ma•ca•va´hu , n. (Zoöl.) A small Brazilian monkey (Callithrix torquatus), — called also collared teetee.

Ma•caw´ , n. [From the native name in the Antilles.] (Zoöl.) Any parrot of the genus Sittace, or Macrocercus. About eighteen species are known, all of them American. They are large and have a very long tail, a strong hooked bill, and a naked space around the eyes. The voice is harsh, and the colors are brilliant and strongly contrasted. Macaw bush (Bot.), a West Indian name for a prickly kind of nightshade (Solanum mammosum). — Macaw palm, Macaw tree (Bot.), a tropical American palm (Acrocomia fusiformis and other species) having a prickly stem and pinnately divided leaves. Its nut yields a yellow butter, with the perfume of violets, which is used in making violet soap. Called also grugru palm.

Mac•ca•be´an , a. Of or pertaining to Judas Maccabeus or to the Maccabees; as the Maccabean princes; Maccabean times.

Mac´ca•bees , n. pl. 1. The name given in later times to the Asmonaeans, a family of Jewish patriots, who headed a religious revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV., 168-161 B. C., which led to a period of freedom for Israel. Schaff-Herzog. 2. The name of two ancient historical books, which give accounts of Jewish affairs in or about the time of the Maccabean princes, and which are received as canonical books in the Roman Catholic Church, but are included in the Apocrypha by Protestants. Also applied to three books, two of which are found in some MSS. of the Septuagint. { Mac´ca•boy , Mac´co•boy } n. [From a district in the Island of Martinique where it is made: cf. F. macouba.] A kind of snuff.

Mac´co , n. A gambling game in vogue in the eighteenth century. Thackeray.

Mace , n. [Jav. & Malay. mas, fr. Skr. masha a bean.] A money of account in China equal to one tenth of a tael; also a weight of 57.98 grains. S. W. Williams.

Mace , n. [F. macis, L. macis, macir, Gr. ; cf. Skr. makaranda the nectar or honey of a flower, a fragrant mango.] (Bot.) A kind of spice; the aril which partly covers nutmegs. See Nutmeg. Red mace is the aril of Myristica tingens, and white mace that of M. Otoba, — East Indian trees of the same genus with the nutmeg tree.

Mace, n. [OF. mace, F. masse, from (assumed) L. matea, of which the dim. mateola a kind of mallet or beetle, is found.] 1. A heavy staff or club of metal; a spiked club; — used as weapon in war before the general use of firearms, especially in the Middle Ages, for breaking metal armor. Chaucer. “Death with his mace petrific … smote.” Milton. 2. Hence: A staff borne by, or carried before, a magistrate as an ensign of his authority. ´Swayed the royal mace.´ Wordsworth. 3. An officer who carries a mace as an emblem of authority. Macaulay. 4. A knobbed mallet used by curriers in dressing leather to make it supple. 5. (Billiards) A rod for playing billiards, having one end suited to resting on the table and pushed with one hand. Mace bearer, an officer who carries a mace before persons in authority.

Mac•e•do´ni•an , a. [L. Macedonius, Gr. .] (Geog.) Belonging, or relating, to Macedonia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Macedonia.

Mac•e•do´ni•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a certain religious sect, followers of Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, in the fourth century, who held that the Holy Ghost was a creature, like the angels, and a servant of the Father and the Son.

Mac•e•do´ni•an•ism , n. The doctrines of Macedonius.

Ma´cer , n. [F. massier. See Mace staff.] A mace bearer; an officer of a court. P. Plowman.

Mac´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Macerated p. pr. & vb. n. Macerating.] [L. maceratus, p. p. of macerare to make soft, weaken, enervate; cf. Gr. to knead.] 1. To make lean; to cause to waste away. [Obs. or R.] Harvey. 2. To subdue the appetites of by poor and scanty diet; to mortify. Baker. 3. To soften by steeping in a liquid, with or without heat; to wear away or separate the parts of by steeping; as to macerate animal or vegetable fiber.

Mac´er•a•ter , n. One who, or that which, macerates; an apparatus for converting paper or fibrous matter into pulp.

Mac•er•a´tion , n. [L. maceratio: cf. F. maceration.] The act or process of macerating. { Ma•chae´ro•dus (ma•ke´ro•dus), Ma•chai´ro•dus (ma•ki´ro•dus), } n. [NL., fr. Gr. ma•chaira dagger + ’odoy•s tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct mammals allied to the cats, and having in the upper jaw canine teeth of remarkable size and strength; — hence called saber-toothed tigers.

Ma•che´te (ma•cha´ta), n. [Sp.] A large heavy knife resembling a broadsword, often two or three feet in length, — used by the inhabitants of Spanish America as a hatchet to cut their way through thickets, and for various other purposes. J. Stevens.

Mach•i•a•vel´ian , a. [From Machiavel, an Italian writer, secretary and historiographer to the republic of Florence.] Of or pertaining to Machiavel, or to his supposed principles; politically cunning; characterized by duplicity or bad faith; crafty.

Mach•i•a•vel´ian, n. One who adopts the principles of Machiavel; a cunning and unprincipled politician. { Mach´i•a•vel•ism , Mach•i•a•vel´ian•ism } n. [Cf. F. machiavelisme; It. machiavellismo.] The supposed principles of Machiavel, or practice in conformity to them; political artifice, intended to favor arbitrary power.

Ma•chic´o•la•ted , a. [LL. machicolatus, p. p. of machicolare, machicollare. See Machicolation.] Having machicolations. ´Machicolated turrets.´ C. Kingsley.

Mach•i•co•la´tion , n. [Cf. LL. machicolamentum, machacolladura, F. mâchicolis, mâchecoulis; perh. fr. F. mèche match, combustible matter + OF. coulis, couleis, flowing, fr. OF. & F. couler to flow. Cf. Match for making fire, and Cullis.] 1. (Mil. Arch.) An opening between the corbels which support a projecting parapet, or in the floor of a gallery or the roof of a portal, for shooting or dropping missiles upon assailants attacking the base of the walls. also the construction of such defenses, in general, when of this character. See Illusts. of Battlement and Castle. 2. The act of discharging missiles or pouring burning or melted substances upon assailants through such apertures.

Ma•chi•cou•lis´ , n. [F. mâchicoulis.] (Mil. Arch.) Same as Machicolation.

Ma•chin´al , a. [L. machinalis: cf. F. machinal.] Of or pertaining to machines.

Mach´i•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Machinated p. pr. & vb. n. Machinating ] [L. machinatus, p. p. of machinari to devise, plot. See Machine.] To plan; to contrive; esp., to form a scheme with the purpose of doing harm; to contrive artfully; to plot. ´How long will you machinate!´ Sandys.

Mach´i•nate , v. t. To contrive, as a plot; to plot; as to machinate evil.

Mach•i•na´tion , n. [L. machinatio: cf. F. machination.] 1. The act of machinating. Shak. 2. That which is devised; a device; a hostile or treacherous scheme; an artful design or plot. “Devilish machinations come to naught.” Milton. “His ingenious machinations had failed.” Macaulay.

Mach´i•na•tor , n. [L.] One who machinates, or forms a scheme with evil designs; a plotter or artful schemer. Glanvill. Sir W. Scott.

Ma•chine´ (ma•shen´), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. , from means, expedient. Cf. Mechanic.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by means of which force and motion may be transmitted and modified, as a screw and its nut, or a lever arranged to turn about a fulcrum or a pulley about its pivot, etc.; especially, a construction, more or less complex, consisting of a combination of moving parts, or simple mechanical elements, as wheels, levers, cams, etc., with their supports and connecting framework, calculated to constitute a prime mover, or to receive force and motion from a prime mover or from another machine, and transmit, modify, and apply them to the production of some desired mechanical effect or work, as weaving by a loom, or the excitation of electricity by an electrical machine. The term machine is most commonly applied to such pieces of mechanism as are used in the industrial arts, for mechanically shaping, dressing, and combining materials for various purposes, as in the manufacture of cloth, etc. Where the effect is chemical, or other than mechanical, the contrivance is usually denominated an apparatus, not a machine; as a bleaching apparatus. Many large, powerful, or specially important pieces of mechanism are called engines; as a steam engine, fire engine, graduating engine, etc. Although there is no well-settled distinction between the terms engine and machine among practical men, there is a tendency to restrict the application of the former to contrivances in which the operating part is not distinct from the motor. 2. Any mechanical contrivance, as the wooden horse with which the Greeks entered Troy; a coach; a bicycle. Dryden. Southey. Thackeray. 3. A person who acts mechanically or at the will of another. 4. A combination of persons acting together for a common purpose, with the agencies which they use; as the social machine. “The whole machine of government ought not to bear upon the people with a weight so heavy and oppressive.” Landor. 5. A political organization arranged and controlled by one or more leaders for selfish, private or partisan ends. [Political Cant] 6. Supernatural agency in a poem, or a superhuman being introduced to perform some exploit. Addison. Elementary machine, a name sometimes given to one of the simple mechanical powers. See under Mechanical. — Infernal machine. See under Infernal. — Machine gun.See under Gun. — Machine screw, a screw or bolt adapted for screwing into metal, in distinction from one which is designed especially to be screwed into wood. — Machine shop, a workshop where machines are made, or where metal is shaped by cutting, filing, turning, etc. — Machine tool, a machine for cutting or shaping wood, metal, etc., by means of a tool; especially, a machine, as a lathe, planer, drilling machine, etc., designed for a more or less general use in a machine shop, in distinction from a machine for producing a special article as in manufacturing. — Machine twist, silken thread especially adapted for use in a sewing machine. — Machine work, work done by a machine, in contradistinction to that done by hand labor.

Ma•chine´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Machined p. pr. & vb. n. Machining.] To subject to the action of machinery; to effect by aid of machinery; to print with a printing machine.

Ma•chin´er , n. One who or operates a machine; a machinist. [R.]

Ma•chin´er•y , n. [From Machine: cf. F. machinerie.] 1. Machines, in general, or collectively. 2. The working parts of a machine, engine, or instrument; as the machinery of a watch. 3. The supernatural means by which the action of a poetic or fictitious work is carried on and brought to a catastrophe; in an extended sense, the contrivances by which the crises and conclusion of a fictitious narrative, in prose or verse, are effected. “The machinery, madam, is a term invented by the critics, to signify that part which the deities, angels, or demons, are made to act in a poem.” Pope. 4. The means and appliances by which anything is kept in action or a desired result is obtained; a complex system of parts adapted to a purpose. “An indispensable part of the machinery of state.” Macaulay. “The delicate inflexional machinery of the Aryan languages.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Ma•chin´ing, a. Of or pertaining to the machinery of a poem; acting or used as a machine. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ma•chin´ist, n. [Cf. F. machiniste.] 1. A constrictor of machines and engines; one versed in the principles of machines. 2. One skilled in the use of machine tools. 3. A person employed to shift scenery in a theater.

Ma´cho , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) The striped mullet of California (Mugil cephalus, or Mexicanus).

Mac´i•len•cy , n. [See Macilent.] Leanness. [Obs.] Sandys.

Mac´i•lent , a. [L. macilentus, fr. macies leanness, macere to be lean.] Lean; thin. [Obs.] Bailey.

Mac´in•tosh , n. Same as Mackintosh.

Mack´er•el , n. [OF. maquerel, F. maquereau, fr. D. makelaar mediator, agent, fr. makelen to act as agent.] A pimp; also a bawd. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Mack•er•el , n. [OF. maquerel, F. maquereau (LL. macarellus), prob. for maclereau, fr. L. macula a spot, in allusion to the markings on the fish. See Mail armor.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Scomber, and of several related genera. They are finely formed and very active oceanic fishes. Most of them are highly prized for food. The common mackerel (Scomber scombrus), which inhabits both sides of the North Atlantic, is one of the most important food fishes. It is mottled with green and blue. The Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus), of the American coast, is covered with bright yellow circular spots. Bull mackerel, Chub mackerel. (Zoöl.) See under Chub. — Frigate mackerel. See under Frigate. — Horse mackerel . See under Horse. — Mackerel bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck; — so called because it arrives in England at the time when mackerel are in season. — Mackerel cock (Zoöl.), the Manx shearwater; — so called because it precedes the appearance of the mackerel on the east coast of Ireland. — Mackerel guide. (Zoöl.) See Garfish (a). — Mackerel gull (Zoöl.) any one of several species of gull which feed upon or follow mackerel, as the kittiwake. — Mackerel midge (Zoöl.), a very small oceanic gadoid fish of the North Atlantic. It is about an inch and a half long and has four barbels on the upper jaw. It is now considered the young of the genus Onos, or Motella. — Mackerel plow, an instrument for creasing the sides of lean mackerel to improve their appearance. Knight. — Mackerel shark (Zoöl.), the porbeagle. — Mackerel sky, or Mackerel-back sky, a sky flecked with small white clouds; a cirro-cumulus. See Cloud. “Mackerel sky and mare’s-tails
Make tall ships carry low sails.” Old Rhyme. { Mack´i•naw blan´ket , Mack´i•naw. }[From Mackinac, the State of Michigan, where blankets and other stores were distributed to the Indians.] A thick blanket formerly in common use in the western part of the United States.

Mack´in•tosh , n. A waterproof outer garment; — so called from the name of the inventor.

Mac´kle , n. [See Macle.] Same as Macule.

Mac´kle, v. t. & i. To blur, or be blurred, in printing, as if there were a double impression.

Ma´cle , n. [L. macula a spot: cf. F. macle. Cf. Mackle, Mascle.] (Min.) (a) Chiastolite; — so called from the tessellated appearance of a cross section. See Chiastolite. (b) A crystal having a similar tessellated appearance. (c) A twin crystal.

Ma´cled , a. 1. (Min.) (a) Marked like macle (chiastolite). (b) Having a twin structure. See Twin, a. 2. See Mascled.

Ma•clu´re•a , n. [NL. Named from William Maclure, the geologist.] (Paleon.) A genus of spiral gastropod shells, often of large size, characteristic of the lower Silurian rocks.

Ma•clu´rin , n. (Chem.) See Morintannic.

Mac´ra•me lace´ A coarse lace made of twine, used especially in decorating furniture. { Mac•ren•ce•phal´ic , Mac•ren•ceph´a•lous } a. [Macro + encephalic, encephalous.] Having a large brain.

Mac´ro- [Gr. makro•s, adj.] A combining form signifying long, large, great; as macrodiagonal, macrospore.

Mac•ro•bi•ot´ic , a. [Gr. long- lived; makro•s long + life: cf. F. macrobiotique.] Long-lived. Dunglison.

Mac•ro•bi•ot´ics , n. (Physiol.) The art of prolonging life.

Mac•ro•ceph´a•lous , a. [Macro + Gr. kefalh• the head.] 1. Having a large head. 2. (Bot.) Having the cotyledons of a dicotyledonous embryo confluent, and forming a large mass compared with the rest of the body. Henslow.

Mac•ro-chem´is•try , n. [Macro- + chemistry.] (Chem.) The science which treats of the chemical properties, actions or relations of substances in quantity; — distinguished from micro-chemistry.

Mac•ro•chi´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. makro•s long + hand.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the swifts and humming birds. So called from the length of the distal part of the wing.

Mac´ro•cosm , n. [Macro- + Gr. the world: cf. F. macrocosme.] The great world; that part of the universe which is exterior to man; — contrasted with microcosm, or man. See Microcosm.

Mac•ro•cos´mic , a. Of or pertaining to the macrocosm. Tylor.

Mac•ro•cys´tis , n. [NL. See Macro-, and Cyst.] (Bot.) An immensely long blackish seaweed of the Pacific (Macrocystis pyrifera), having numerous almond-shaped air vessels.

Mac•ro•dac´tyl (mak•ro•dak´til), n. [Gr. makroda•ktylos long-fingered; makro•s long + da•ktylos finger: cf. F. macrodactyle.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of wading birds (Macrodactyli) having very long toes. [Written also macrodactyle.] { Mac•ro•dac•tyl´ic , Mac•ro•dac´tyl•ous , } a. (Zoöl.) Having long toes.

Mac•ro•di•ag´o•nal , n. [Macro- + diagonal.] (Crystallog.) The longer of two diagonals, as of a rhombic prism. See Crystallization.

Mac´ro•dome , n. [Macro- + dome.] (Crystallog.) A dome parallel to the longer lateral axis of an orthorhombic crystal. See Dome, n., 4.

Mac´ro•dont, a. [Macro- + Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Having large teeth. — n. A macrodont animal.

Mac´ro•far•ad , n. [Macro- + farad.] (Elec.) See Megafarad. [R.]

Mac•ro•glos´si•a , n. [NL. See Macro-, and Glossa.] (Med.) Enlargement or hypertrophy of the tongue.

Mac•rog•nath´ic , a. [Macro- + gnathic.] (Anthropol.) Long-jawed. Huxley.

Ma•crol´o•gy , n. [L. macrologia, Gr. ; long + lo•gos discourse: cf. F. macrologie.] Long and tedious talk without much substance; superfluity of words.

Ma•crom´e•ter , n. [Macro- + -meter.] An instrument for determining the size or distance of inaccessible objects by means of two reflectors on a common sextant.

Ma´cron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. long.] (Pron.) A short, straight, horizontal mark [-], placed over vowels to denote that they are to be pronounced with a long sound; as a, in dame; e, in seam, etc.

Mac•ro•pet´al•ous , a. [Macro- + petal.] (Bot.) Having long or large petals.

Ma•croph´yl•lous , a. [Macro- + Gr. a leaf.] (Bot.) Having long or large leaves.

Mac•ro•pin´a•coid , n. [Macro- + pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) One of the two planes of an orthorhombic crystal which are parallel to the vertical and longer lateral (macrodiagonal) axes.

Mac´ro•pod , n. [Macro- + -pod.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a group of maioid crabs remarkable for the length of their legs; — called also spider crab.

Ma•crop´o•dal , a. Having long or large feet, or a long stem.

Mac•ro•po´di•an , n. A macropod.

Ma•crop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Having long legs or feet.

Mac´ro•prism , n. [Macro- + prism.] (Crystallog.) A prism of an orthorhombic crystal between the macropinacoid and the unit prism; the corresponding pyramids are called macropyramids.

Ma•crop´te•res , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. long + feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds; the Longipennes.

Ma•crop´ter•ous , a. [See Macropteres.] (Zoöl.) Having long wings.

Mac´ro•pus , n. [NL. See Macropod.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marsupials including the common kangaroo.

Mac•ro•pyr´a•mid , n. [Macro- + pyramid.] (Crystallog.) See Macroprism. { Mac•ro•scop´ic , Mac•ro•scop´ic•al } a. [Macro- + Gr. to view.] Visible to the unassisted eye; — as opposed to microscopic. — Mac•ro•scop´ic•al•ly, adv.

Mac•ro•spo•ran´gi•um , n. [NL. See Macro-, and Sporangium.] (Bot.) A sporangium or conceptacle containing only large spores; — opposed to microsporangium. Both are found in the genera Selaginella, Isoctes, and Marsilia, plants remotely allied to ferns.

Mac´ro•spore , n. [Macro- + spore.] (Bot.) One of the specially large spores of certain flowerless plants, as Selaginella, etc.

Mac•ro•spor´ic , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to macrospores.

Mac´ro•tone , n. [Gr. stretched out. See Macro-, and Tone.] (Pron.) Same as Macron.

Ma•cro´tous , a. [Macro- + Gr. o´y^s, gen. ’wto•s, the ear.] (Zoöl.) Large-eared.

Ma•crou´ra , n. pl., Ma•crou´ral , a., etc. (Zoöl.) Same as Macrura, Macrural, etc.

Mac•ro•zo´ö•spore , n. [Macro- + zoöspore.] (Bot.) A large motile spore having four vibratile cilia; — found in certain green algae.

Ma•cru´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. long + tail.] (Zoöl.) A subdivision of decapod Crustacea, having the abdomen largely developed. It includes the lobster, prawn, shrimp, and many similar forms. Cf. Decapoda.

Ma•cru´ral , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Macrurous.

Ma•cru´ran , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Macrura.

Ma•cru´roid , a. [Macrura + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Macrura.

Ma•cru´rous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Macrura; having a long tail.

Mac•ta´tion , n. [L. mactatio, fr. macture to slay, sacrifice.] The act of killing a victim for sacrifice. [Obs.]

Mac´tra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kneading trough, fr. to knead.] (Zoöl.) Any marine bivalve shell of the genus Mactra, and allied genera. Many species are known. Some of them are used as food, as Mactra stultorum, of Europe. See Surf clam, under Surf.

Mac´u•la , n.; pl. Maculae (#). [L., spot, stain, blot. See Mail armor, and cf. Mackle, Macule.] 1. A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun or of some other luminous orb. 2. (Zoöl.) A rather large spot or blotch of color.

Mac´u•late , v. t. [L. maculatus, p. p. of maculare to spot. See Macula, and cf. Macule, v.] To spot; to stain; to blur. “Maculate the honor of their people.” Sir T. Elyot.

Mac´u•late , a. [L. maculatus, p. p.] Marked with spots or maculae; blotched; hence, defiled; impure; as most maculate thoughts. Shak.

Mac´u•la•ted , a. Having spots or blotches; maculate.

Mac´u•la´tion , n. [L. maculatio.] The act of spotting; a spot; a blemish. Shak.

Mac´u•la•to•ry , a. Causing a spot or stain. T. Adams.

Mac´u•la•ture , n. Blotting paper. [Obs.]

Mac´ule , n. [F. macule. See Macula.] 1. A spot. [Obs.] 2. (Print.) A blur, or an appearance of a double impression, as when the paper slips a little; a mackle.

Mac´ule, v. t. [Cf. F. maculer. See Maculate, v.] To blur; especially (Print.), to blur or double an impression from type. See Mackle.

Mac´u•lose , a. [L. maculosus.] Of or pertaining to spots upon a surface; spotted; maculate.

Mad , obs. p. p. of Made. Chaucer.

Mad , a. [Compar. Madder superl. Maddest ] [AS. gemd, gemad, mad; akin to OS. gemd foolish, OHG. gameit, Icel. meia to hurt, Goth. gamáids weak, broken. .] 1. Disordered in intellect; crazy; insane. “I have heard my grandsire say full oft,
Extremity of griefs would make men mad.” Shak. 2. Excited beyond self-control or the restraint of reason; inflamed by violent or uncontrollable desire, passion, or appetite; as to be mad with terror, lust, or hatred; mad against political reform. “It is the land of graven images, and they are mad upon their idols.” Jer. 1. 88. “And being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange cities.” Acts xxvi. 11. 3. Proceeding from, or indicating, madness; expressing distraction; prompted by infatuation, fury, or extreme rashness. ´Mad demeanor.´ Milton. “Mad wars destroy in one year the works of many years of peace.” Franklin. “The mad promise of Cleon was fulfilled.” Jowett (Thucyd.). 4. Extravagant; immoderate. ´Be mad and merry.´ Shak. ´Fetching mad bounds.´ Shak. 5. Furious with rage, terror, or disease; — said of the lower animals; as a mad bull; esp., having hydrophobia; rabid; as a mad dog. 6. Angry; out of patience; vexed; as to get mad at a person. [Colloq.] 7. Having impaired polarity; — applied to a compass needle. [Colloq.] Like mad, like a mad person; in a furious manner; as to run like mad. L’Estrange. — To run mad. (a) To become wild with excitement. (b) To run wildly about under the influence of hydrophobia; to become affected with hydrophobia. — To run mad after, to pursue under the influence of infatuation or immoderate desire. ´The world is running mad after farce.´ Dryden.

Mad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Madded; p. pr. & vb. n. Madding.] To make mad or furious; to madden. “Had I but seen thy picture in this plight,
It would have madded me.” Shak.

Mad, v. i. To be mad; to go mad; to rave. See Madding. [Archaic] Chaucer. “Festus said with great voice, Paul thou maddest.” Wyclif (Acts).

Mad, n. [AS. maa; akin to D. & G. made, Goth. mapa, and prob. to E. moth.] (Zoöl.) An earthworm. [Written also made.]

Mad´am , n.; pl. Madams, or Mesdames (#). [See Madame.] A gentlewoman; — an appellation or courteous form of address given to a lady, especially an elderly or a married lady; — much used in the address, at the beginning of a letter, to a woman. The corresponding word in addressing a man is Sir.

Ma•dame´ , n.; pl. Mesdames (#). [F., fr. ma my (L. mea) + dame dame. See Dame, and cf. Madonna.] My lady; — a French title formerly given to ladies of quality; now, in France, given to all married women. Chaucer.

Mad´-ap•ple , n. (Bot.) See Eggplant.

Mad´brain , a. Hot-headed; rash. Shak. — n. A rash or hot- headed person.

Mad´brained , a. Disordered in mind; hot-headed. Shak.

Mad´cap , a. 1. Inclined to wild sports; delighting in rash, absurd, or dangerous amusements. ´The merry madcap lord.´ Shak. 2. Wild; reckless. ´Madcap follies´ Beau. & Fl.

Mad´cap, n. A person of wild behavior; an excitable, rash, violent person. Shak.

Mad´den , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maddened p. pr. & vb. n. Maddening.] To make mad; to drive to madness; to craze; to excite violently with passion; to make very angry; to enrage.

Mad´den, v. i. To become mad; to act as if mad. “They rave, recite, and madden round the land.” Pope.

Mad´der (mad´der), n. [OE. mader, AS. maedere; akin to Icel. maðra.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Rubia (R. tinctorum). The root is much used in dyeing red, and formerly was used in medicine. It is cultivated in France and Holland. See Rubiaceous. Madder is sometimes used in forming pigments, as lakes, etc., which receive their names from their colors; as. madder yellow. Field madder, an annual European weed (Sherardia arvensis) resembling madder. — Indian madder , the East Indian Rubia cordifolia, used in the East for dyeing; — called also munjeet. — Wild madder, Rubia peregrina of Europe; also the Galium Mollugo, a kind of bedstraw.

Mad´der•wort , n. (Bot.) A name proposed for any plant of the same natural order (Rubiaceae) as the madder.

Mad´ding , a. Affected with madness; raging; furious. — Mad´ding•ly, adv. [Archaic] “Far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife.” Gray. “The madding wheels
Of brazen chariots raged.” Milton.

Mad´dish , a. Somewhat mad. Beau. & Fl.

Made , n. (Zoöl.) See Mad, n.

Made , imp. & p. p. of Make.

Made, a. Artificially produced; pieced together; formed by filling in; as made ground; a made mast, in distinction from one consisting of a single spar. Made up. (a) Complete; perfect. ´A made up villain.´ Shak. (b) Falsely devised; fabricated; as a made up story. (c) Artificial; as a made up figure or complexion. { Mad´e•cass , Mad•e•cas´see } n. A native or inhabitant of Madagascar, or Madecassee; the language of the natives of Madagascar. See Malagasy.

Mad•e•cas´see, a. Of or pertaining to Madagascar or its inhabitants. { Mad•e•fac´tion , Mad•e•fi•ca´tion } n. [L. madefacere to make wet; madere to be wet + facere to make: cf. F. madefaction.] The act of madefying, or making wet; the state of that which is made wet. [R.] Bacon.

Mad´e•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Madefied p. pr. & vb. n. Madefying ] [Cf. F. madefier, L. madefacere. See Madefaction.] To make wet or moist. [R.]

Mad•e•gas´sy , n. & a. See Madecassee.

Ma•dei´ra , n. [Pg., the Island Madeira, properly, wood, fr. L. materia stuff, wood. The island was so called because well wooded. See Matter.] A rich wine made on the Island of Madeira. “A cup of Madeira, and a cold capon’s leg.” Shak. Madeira nut (Bot.), the European walnut; the nut of the Juglans regia.

Ma•de•moi•selle´ , n.; pl. Mesdemoiselles (#). [F., fr. ma my, f. of mon + demoiselle young lady. See Damsel.] 1. A French title of courtesy given to a girl or an unmarried lady, equivalent to the English Miss. Goldsmith. 2. (Zoöl.) A marine food fish (Sciaena chrysura), of the Southern United States; — called also yellowtail, and silver perch.

Madge, n. [Cf. OF. & Prov. F. machette.] (Zoöl.) (a) The barn owl. (b) The magpie.

Mad´-head•ed , a. Wild; crack- brained.

Mad´house , n. A house where insane persons are confined; an insane asylum; a bedlam.

Ma´di•a , n. [NL., fr. Sp. madi, fr. Chilian madi, the native name.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, of which one species (Madia sativa) is cultivated for the oil yielded from its seeds by pressure. This oil is sometimes used instead of olive oil for the table.

Mad´id , a. [L. madidus, fr. madere to be wet.] Wet; moist; as a madid eye. [R.] Beaconsfield.

Mad•is•te´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Surg.) An instrument to extract hairs.

Mad´joun , n. [Hind., fr. Ar. ma’jn.] An intoxicating confection from the hemp plant; — used by the Turks and Hindoos. [Written also majoun.]

Mad´ly , adv. [From Mad, a.] In a mad manner; without reason or understanding; wildly.

Mad´man , n.; pl. Madmen . A man who is mad; lunatic; a crazy person. “When a man mistakes his thoughts for person and things, he is mad. A madman is properly so defined.” Coleridge.

Mad´nep , n. (Bot.) The masterwort (Peucedanum Ostruthium).

Mad´ness, n. [From Mad, a.] 1. The condition of being mad; insanity; lunacy. 2. Frenzy; ungovernable rage; extreme folly. Syn. — Insanity; distraction; derangement; craziness; lunacy; mania; frenzy; franticness; rage; aberration; alienation; monomania. See Insanity.

Ma•don´na , n. [It. madonna my lady. See Dame, Donna, and cf. Madame, Monkey.] 1. My lady; — a term of address in Italian formerly used as the equivalent of Madame, but for which Signora is now substituted. Sometimes introduced into English. Shak. 2. [pl. Madonnas (naz).] A picture of the Virgin Mary (usually with the babe). “The Italian painters are noted for drawing the Madonnas by their own wives or mistresses.” Rymer.

Ma´do•qua , n. (Zoöl.) A small Abyssinian antelope (Neotragus Saltiana), about the size of a hare.

Ma•drague´ , n. [R.] A large fish pound used for the capture of the tunny in the Mediterranean; also applied to the seines used for the same purpose.

Ma´dre•perl , n. [It. madreperla.] Mother-of-pearl.

Mad•re•po´ra (mad•re•po´ra), n. [NL. See Madrepore.] (Zoöl.) A genus of reef corals abundant in tropical seas. It includes than one hundred and fifty species, most of which are elegantly branched. — Mad•re•po´ral (#), a.

Mad•re•po•ra´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Madrepore.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Anthozoa, including most of the species that produce stony corals. See Illust. of Anthozoa. — Mad•re•po•ra´ri•an (#), a. & n.

Mad´re•pore , n. [F. madrepore, perh. fr. madre spotted, fr. OF. madre, mazre, a kind of knotty wood with brown spots, fr. OHG. masar a knot, grain, or vein in wood, a speck, G. maser + pore (see Pore); or perh. F. madrepore is rather from It. madrepora, and this perh. fr. It. madre mother (see Mother) + Gr. a soft stone.] (Zoöl.) Any coral of the genus Madrepora; formerly, often applied to any stony coral. { Mad•re•po´ri•an , Mad•re•po´ric } a. (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the genus Madrepora. Madreporic plate (Zoöl.), a perforated plate in echinoderms, through which water is admitted to the ambulacral tubes; — called also madreporic tubercule.

Mad•re•po´ri•form , a. [Madrepore + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling a madreporian coral in form or structure.

Mad´re•po•rite , n. [Cf. F. madreporite] 1. (Paleon.) A fossil coral. 2. (Zoöl.) The madreporic plate of echinoderms.

Ma•drier´ , n. [F., from Sp. madero, or Pg. madeiro, fr. Sp. madera wood for building, timber, Pg. madeira, L. materia stuff, materials, lumber. See Matter.] A thick plank, used for several mechanical purposes; especially: (a) A plank to receive the mouth of a petard, with which it is applied to anything intended to be broken down. (b) A plank or beam used for supporting the earth in mines or fortifications.

Mad´ri•gal (mad´ri•gal), n. [It. madrigale, OIt. madriale, mandriale (cf. LL. matriale); of uncertain origin, possibly fr. It mandra flock, L. mandra stall, herd of cattle, Gr. ma•ndra fold, stable; hence, madrigal, originally, a pastoral song.] 1. A little amorous poem, sometimes called a pastoral poem, containing some tender and delicate, though simple, thought. “Whose artful strains have oft delayed
The huddling brook to hear his madrigal.” Milton. 2. (Mus.) An unaccompanied polyphonic song, in four, five, or more parts, set to secular words, but full of counterpoint and imitation, and adhering to the old church modes. Unlike the freer glee, it is best sung with several voices on a part. See Glee.

Mad´ri•gal•er , n. A madrigalist.

Mad´ri•gal•ist, n. A composer of madrigals.

Mad•ri•le´ni•an , a. [Sp. Madrileño.] Of or pertaining to Madrid in Spain, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Madrid.

Ma•dri´na , n. [Sp., prop., a godmother.] An animal (usually an old mare), wearing a bell and acting as the leader of a troop of pack mules. [S. America]

Ma•dro´ña , n. [Sp. madroño.] (Bot.) A small evergreen tree or shrub (Arbutus Menziesii), of California, having a smooth bark, thick shining leaves, and edible red berries, which are often called madroña apples. [Written also madroño.]

Mad´wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants (Alyssum) with white or yellow flowers and rounded pods. A. maritimum is the commonly cultivated sweet alyssum, a fragrant white-flowered annual. { Maeg´bote• , Mag´bote• } , n. [AS. maeg kinsman + bot compensation.] (Anglo-Saxon Law) Compensation for the injury done by slaying a kinsman. Spelman.

Mael´strom , n. [Norw., a whirlpool.] 1. A celebrated whirlpool on the coast of Norway. 2. Also Fig. ; as a maelstrom of vice.

Mae´nad , n. [L. Maenas, -adis, Gr. , , fr. to rave.] 1. A Bacchante; a priestess or votary of Bacchus. 2. A frantic or frenzied woman.

Ma•es•to´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Majestic or majestically; — a direction to perform a passage or piece of music in a dignified manner.

Maes´tricht mon´i•tor [So called from Maestricht, a town in Holland.] (Paleon.) The Mosasaurus Hofmanni. See Mosasaurus.

Ma•es´tro , n. [It., fr. L. magister. See Master.] A master in any art, especially in music; a composer.

Maf´fle , v. i. [Akin to OD. maffelen to stammer. Cf. Muffle to mumble.] To stammer. [Obs.]

Maf´fler , n. A stammerer. [Obs.]

Mag•a•zine´ , n. [F. magasin, It. magazzino, or Sp. magacen, almagacen; all fr. Ar. makhzan, almakhzan, a storehouse, granary, or cellar.] 1. A receptacle in which anything is stored, especially military stores, as ammunition, arms, provisions, etc. ´Armories and magazines.´ Milton. 2. The building or room in which the supply of powder is kept in a fortification or a ship. 3. A chamber in a gun for holding a number of cartridges to be fed automatically to the piece. 4. A pamphlet published periodically containing miscellaneous papers or compositions. Magazine dress, clothing made chiefly of woolen, without anything metallic about it, to be worn in a powder magazine. — Magazine gun, a portable firearm, as a rifle, with a chamber carrying cartridges which are brought automatically into position for firing. — Magazine stove, a stove having a chamber for holding fuel which is supplied to the fire by some self-feeding process, as in the common base-burner.

Mag•a•zine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magazined p. pr. & vb. n. Magazining.] To store in, or as in, a magazine; to store up for use.

Mag•a•zin´er , n. One who edits or writes for a magazine. [R.] Goldsmith.

Mag•a•zin´ing, n. The act of editing, or writing for, a magazine. [Colloq.] Byron.

Mag•a•zin´ist, n. One who edits or writes for a magazine. [R.]

Mag´bote , n. See Maegbote.

Mag´da•la , a. Designating an orange-red dyestuff obtained from naphthylamine, and called magdala red, naphthalene red, etc.

Mag´da•len , n. [From Mary Magdalene, traditionally reported to have been the repentant sinner forgiven by Christ. See Luke vii. 36.] A reformed prostitute.

Mag•da´le•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. crumb of bread, fr. to knead.] (Med.) A medicine in the form of a roll, a esp. a roll of plaster.

Mag´de•burg , n. A city of Saxony. Magdeburg centuries, Magdeburg hemispheres. See under Century, and Hemisphere.

Mage , n. [F. mage. See Magi.] A magician. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson.

Mag•el•lan´ic , a. Of or pertaining to, or named from, Magellan, the navigator. Magellenic clouds (Astron.), three conspicuous nebulae near the south pole, resembling thin white clouds.

Ma•gen´ta , n. (Chem.) An aniline dye obtained as an amorphous substance having a green bronze surface color, which dissolves to a shade of red; also the color; — so called from Magenta, in Italy, in allusion to the battle fought there about the time the dye was discovered. Called also fuchsine, roseïne, etc.

Magged , a. (Naut.) Worn; fretted; as a magged brace. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Mag•gio´re , a. [It., from L. major, compar. of magnus great. See Major.] (Mus.) Greater, in respect to scales, intervals, etc., when used in opposition to minor; major. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Mag´got , n. [W. macai, pl. maceiod, magiod, a worn or grub; cf. magu to bread.] 1. (Zoöl.) The footless larva of any fly. See Larval. 2. A whim; an odd fancy. Hudibras. Tennyson.

Mag´got•i•ness , n. State of being maggoty.

Mag´got•ish, a. Full of whims or fancies; maggoty.

Mag´got-pie , n. A magpie. [Obs.] Shak.

Mag´got•y , a. 1. Infested with maggots. 2. Full of whims; capricious. Norris.

Ma´ghet , n. [Cf. Fl. maghet maid.] (Bot.) A name for daisies and camomiles of several kinds.

Ma´gi , n. pl. [L., pl. of Magus, Gr. ; of Per. origin. Cf. Mage, Magic.] A caste of priests, philosophers, and magicians, among the ancient Persians; hence, any holy men or sages of the East. “The inspired Magi from the Orient came.” Sandys.

Ma´gi•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Magi.

Ma´gi•an, n. One of the Magi, or priests of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia; an adherent of the Zoroastrian religion. — Ma´gi•an•ism (#), n.

Mag´ic , n. [OE. magique, L. magice, Gr. (sc. ), fr. . See Magic, a., and Magi.] A comprehensive name for all of the pretended arts which claim to produce effects by the assistance of supernatural beings, or departed spirits, or by a mastery of secret forces in nature attained by a study of occult science, including enchantment, conjuration, witchcraft, sorcery, necromancy, incantation, etc. “An appearance made by some magic.” Chaucer. Celestial magic, a supposed supernatural power which gave to spirits a kind of dominion over the planets, and to the planets an influence over men. — Natural magic, the art of employing the powers of nature to produce effects apparently supernatural. — Superstitious, or Geotic, magic, the invocation of devils or demons, involving the supposition of some tacit or express agreement between them and human beings. Syn. — Sorcery; witchcraft; necromancy; conjuration; enchantment. { Mag´ic , Mag´ic•al } a. [L. magicus, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. magique. See Magi.] 1. Pertaining to the hidden wisdom supposed to be possessed by the Magi; relating to the occult powers of nature, and the producing of effects by their agency. 2. Performed by, or proceeding from, occult and superhuman agencies; done by, or seemingly done by, enchantment or sorcery. Hence: Seemingly requiring more than human power; imposing or startling in performance; producing effects which seem supernatural or very extraordinary; having extraordinary properties; as a magic lantern; a magic square or circle. “The painter’s magic skill.” Cowper. Although with certain words magic is used more than magical, — as magic circle, magic square, magic wand, — we may in general say magic or magical; as a magic or magical effect; a magic or magical influence, etc. But when the adjective is predicative, magical, and not magic, is used; as the effect was magical. Magic circle, a series of concentric circles containing the numbers 12 to 75 in eight radii, and having somewhat similar properties to the magic square. — Magic humming bird (Zoöl.), a Mexican humming bird (Iache magica) , having white downy thing tufts. — Magic lantern. See Lantern. — Magic square, numbers so disposed in parallel and equal rows in the form of a square, that each row, taken vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, shall give the same sum, the same product, or an harmonical series, according as the numbers taken are in arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonical progression. — Magic wand, a wand used by a magician in performing feats of magic.

Mag´ic•al•ly , adv. In a magical manner; by magic, or as if by magic.

Ma•gi´cian , n. [F. magicien. See Magic, n.] One skilled in magic; one who practices the black art; an enchanter; a necromancer; a sorcerer or sorceress; a conjurer. { Ma•gilp´ , Ma•gilph´ } n. (Paint.) See Megilp.

Ma•gis´ter , n. [L. See Master.] Master; sir; — a title of the Middle Ages, given to a person in authority, or to one having a license from a university to teach philosophy and the liberal arts.

Mag•is•te´ri•al , a. [L. magisterius magisterial. See Master.] 1. Of or pertaining to a master or magistrate, or one in authority; having the manner of a magister; official; commanding; authoritative. Hence: Overbearing; dictatorial; dogmatic. “When magisterial duties from his home
Her father called.” Glover. “We are not magisterial in opinions, nor, dictator-like, obtrude our notions on any man.” Sir T. Browne. “Pretenses go a great way with men that take fair words and magisterial looks for current payment.” L’Estrange. 2. (Alchem. & Old Chem.) Pertaining to, produced by, or of the nature of, magistery. See Magistery, 2. Syn. — Authoritative; stately; august; pompous; dignified; lofty; commanding; imperious; lordly; proud; haughty; domineering; despotic; dogmatical; arrogant. — Magisterial, Dogmatical, Arrogant. One who is magisterial assumes the air of a master toward his pupils; one who is dogmatical lays down his positions in a tone of authority or dictation; one who is arrogant in sults others by an undue assumption of superiority. Those who have long been teachers sometimes acquire, unconsciously, a manner which borders too much on the magisterial, and may be unjustly construed as dogmatical, or even arrogant.

Mag•is•te•ri•al´i•ty , n. Magisterialness; authoritativeness. [R.] Fuller.

Mag•is•te´ri•al•ly , adv. In a magisterial manner.

Mag•is•te´ri•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being magisterial.

Mag´is•ter•y , n. [L. magisterium the office of a chief, president, director, tutor. See Magistrate.] 1. Mastery; powerful medical influence; renowned efficacy; a sovereign remedy. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A magisterial injunction. [R.] Brougham. 3. (Chem.) A precipitate; a fine substance deposited by precipitation; — applied in old chemistry to certain white precipitates from metallic solutions; as magistery of bismuth. Ure.

Mag´is•tra•cy , n.; pl. Magistracies (#). [From Magistrate.] 1. The office or dignity of a magistrate. Blackstone. 2. The collective body of magistrates.

Mag´is•tral , a. [L. magistralis: cf. F. magistral. See Magistrate.] 1. Pertaining to a master; magisterial; authoritative; dogmatic. 2. Commanded or prescribed by a magister, esp. by a doctor; hence, effectual; sovereign; as a magistral sirup. ´Some magistral opiate.´ Bacon. 3. (Pharmacy) Formulated extemporaneously, or for a special case; — opposed to officinal, and said of prescriptions and medicines. Dunglison. Magistral line (Fort.), the guiding line, or outline, by which the form of the work is determined. It is usually the crest line of the parapet in fieldworks, or the top line of the escarp in permanent fortifications.

Mag´is•tral, n. 1. (Med.) A sovereign medicine or remedy. [Obs.] Burton. 2. (Fort.) A magistral line. 3. (Metal.) Powdered copper pyrites used in the amalgamation of ores of silver, as at the Spanish mines of Mexico and South America.

Mag•is•tral´i•ty , n.; pl. -ties . Magisterialness; arbitrary dogmatism. Bacon.

Mag´is•tral•ly , adv. In a magistral manner. Abp. Bramhall.

Mag´is•trate , n. [L. magistratus, fr. magister master: cf. F. magistrat. See Master.] A person clothed with power as a public civil officer; a public civil officer invested with the executive government, or some branch of it. ´All Christian rulers and magistrates.´ Book of Com. Prayer. “Of magistrates some also are supreme, in whom the sovereign power of the state resides; others are subordinate.” Blackstone. { Mag•is•trat´ic , Mag•is•trat´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or proceeding from, a magistrate; having the authority of a magistrate. Jer. Taylor.

Mag´is•tra•ture , n. [Cf. F. magistrature.] Magistracy. [Obs.]

Mag´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to squeeze, knead.] 1. Any crude mixture of mineral or organic matters in the state of a thin paste. Ure. 2. (Med.) (a) A thick residuum obtained from certain substances after the fluid parts are expressed from them; the grounds which remain after treating a substance with any menstruum, as water or alcohol. (b) A salve or confection of thick consistency. Dunglison. 3. (Geol.) (a) The molten matter within the earth, the source of the material of lava flows, dikes of eruptive rocks, etc. (b) The glassy base of an eruptive rock. 4. (Chem.) The amorphous or homogenous matrix or ground mass, as distinguished from well-defined crystals; as the magma of porphyry.

Mag´na Char´ta [L., great charter.] 1. The great Charter, so called, obtained by the English barons from King John, A. D. 1215. This name is also given to the charter granted to the people of England in the ninth year of Henry III., and confirmed by Edward I. 2. Hence, a fundamental constitution which guaranties rights and privileges.

Mag•nal´i•ty , n. [L. magnalis mighty, fr. magnus great.] A great act or event; a great attainment. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Mag•na•nim´i•ty , n. [F. magnanimite, L. magnanimitas.] The quality of being magnanimous; greatness of mind; elevation or dignity of soul; that quality or combination of qualities, in character, which enables one to encounter danger and trouble with tranquility and firmness, to disdain injustice, meanness and revenge, and to act and sacrifice for noble objects.

Mag•nan´i•mous , a.[L. magnanimus; magnus great + animus mind. See Magnate, and Animus.] 1. Great of mind; elevated in soul or in sentiment; raised above what is low, mean, or ungenerous; of lofty and courageous spirit; as a magnanimous character; a magnanimous conqueror. “Be magnanimous in the enterprise.” Shak. “To give a kingdom hath been thought
Greater and nobler done, and to lay down
Far more magnanimous than to assume.” Milton. 2. Dictated by or exhibiting nobleness of soul; honorable; noble; not selfish. “Both strived for death; magnanimous debate.” Stirling. “There is an indissoluble union between a magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity.” Washington.

Mag•nan´i•mous•ly, adv. In a magnanimous manner; with greatness of mind.

Mag´nase black (Paint.) A black pigment which dries rapidly when mixed with oil, and is of intense body. Fairholt.

Mag´nate , [F. magnat, L. (pl.) magnates, magnati, fr. magnus great. See Master.] 1. A person of rank; a noble or grandee; a person of influence or distinction in any sphere. Macaulay. 2. One of the nobility, or certain high officers of state belonging to the noble estate in the national representation of Hungary, and formerly of Poland.

Mag´nes , n. [L.] Magnet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mag•ne´si•a ( 277), n. [L. Magnesia, fem. of Magnesius of the country Magnesia, Gr. h• Magnhsi•a li•qos a magnet. Cf. Magnet.] (Chem.) A light earthy white substance, consisting of magnesium oxide, and obtained by heating magnesium hydrate or carbonate, or by burning magnesium. It has a slightly alkaline reaction, and is used in medicine as a mild antacid laxative. See Magnesium. Magnesia alba [L.] (Med. Chem.), a bulky white amorphous substance, consisting of a hydrous basic carbonate of magnesium, and used as a mild cathartic.

Mag•ne´sian , a. Pertaining to, characterized by, or containing, magnesia or magnesium. Magnesian limestone. (Min.) See Dolomite.

Mag•ne´sic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, magnesium; as magnesic oxide.

Mag´ne•site , n. [Cf. F. magnesite.] (Min.) Native magnesium carbonate occurring in white compact or granular masses, and also in rhombohedral crystals.

Mag•ne´si•um , n. [NL. & F. See Magnesia.] (Chem.) A light silver-white metallic element, malleable and ductile, quite permanent in dry air but tarnishing in moist air. It burns, forming (the oxide) magnesia, with the production of a blinding light (the so-called magnesium light) which is used in signaling, in pyrotechny, or in photography where a strong actinic illuminant is required. Its compounds occur abundantly, as in dolomite, talc, meerschaum, etc. Symbol Mg. Atomic weight, 24.4. Specific gravity, 1.75. Magnesium sulphate. (Chem.) Same as Epsom salts.

Mag´net (mag´net), n. [OE. magnete, OF. magnete, L. magnes, - etis, Gr. Magnh^tis li•qos a magnet, metal that looked like silver, prop., Magnesian stone, fr. Gr. Magnhsi•a, a country in Thessaly. Cf. Magnesia, Manganese.] 1. The loadstone; a species of iron ore (the ferrosoferric or magnetic ore, Fe_3O_4) which has the property of attracting iron and some of its ores, and, when freely suspended, of pointing to the poles; — called also natural magnet. “Dinocrates began to make the arched roof of the temple of Arsinoë all of magnet, or this loadstone.” Holland. “Two magnets, heaven and earth, allure to bliss,
The larger loadstone that, the nearer this.” Dryden. 2. (Physics) A bar or mass of steel or iron to which the peculiar properties of the loadstone have been imparted; — called, in distinction from the loadstone, an artificial magnet. An artificial magnet, produced by the action of a voltaic or electrical battery, is called an electro-magnet. Field magnet (Physics & Elec.), a magnet used for producing and maintaining a magnetic field; — used especially of the stationary or exciting magnet of a dynamo or electromotor in distinction from that of the moving portion or armature. { Mag•net´ic , Mag•net´ic•al } a. [L. magneticus: cf. F. magnetique.] 1. Pertaining to the magnet; possessing the properties of the magnet, or corresponding properties; as a magnetic bar of iron; a magnetic needle. 2. Of or pertaining to, or characterized by, the earth’s magnetism; as the magnetic north; the magnetic meridian. 3. Capable of becoming a magnet; susceptible to magnetism; as the magnetic metals. 4. Endowed with extraordinary personal power to excite the feelings and to win the affections; attractive; inducing attachment. “She that had all magnetic force alone.” Donne. 5. Having, susceptible to, or induced by, animal magnetism, so called; as a magnetic sleep. See Magnetism. Magnetic amplitude, attraction, dip, induction, etc. See under Amplitude, Attraction, etc. — Magnetic battery, a combination of bar or horseshoe magnets with the like poles adjacent, so as to act together with great power. — Magnetic compensator, a contrivance connected with a ship’s compass for compensating or neutralizing the effect of the iron of the ship upon the needle. — Magnetic curves, curves indicating lines of magnetic force, as in the arrangement of iron filings between the poles of a powerful magnet. — Magnetic elements. (a) (Chem. Physics) Those elements, as iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, etc., which are capable or becoming magnetic. (b) (Physics) In respect to terrestrial magnetism, the declination, inclination, and intensity. (c) See under Element. — Magnetic equator, the line around the equatorial parts of the earth at which there is no dip, the dipping needle being horizontal. — Magnetic field, or Field of magnetic force, any space through which a magnet exerts its influence. — Magnetic fluid, the hypothetical fluid whose existence was formerly assumed in the explanations of the phenomena of magnetism. — Magnetic iron, or Magnetic iron ore. (Min.) Same as Magnetite. — Magnetic needle, a slender bar of steel, magnetized and suspended at its center on a sharp-pointed pivot, or by a delicate fiber, so that it may take freely the direction of the magnetic meridian. It constitutes the essential part of a compass, such as the mariner’s and the surveyor’s. — Magnetic poles, the two points in the opposite polar regions of the earth at which the direction of the dipping needle is vertical. — Magnetic pyrites. See Pyrrhotite. — Magnetic storm (Terrestrial Physics), a disturbance of the earth’s magnetic force characterized by great and sudden changes. — Magnetic telegraph, a telegraph acting by means of a magnet. See Telegraph.

Mag•net´ic , n. 1. A magnet. [Obs.] “As the magnetic hardest iron draws.” Milton. 2. Any metal, as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc., which may receive, by any means, the properties of the loadstone, and which then, when suspended, fixes itself in the direction of a magnetic meridian.

Mag•net´ic•al•ly, adv. By or as by, magnetism.

Mag•net´ic•al•ness, n. Quality of being magnetic.

Mag•ne•ti´cian , n. One versed in the science of magnetism; a magnetist.

Mag•net´ic•ness, n. Magneticalness. [Obs.]

Mag•net´ics , n. The science of magnetism.

Mag•net•if´er•ous , a. [L. magnes, -etis + -ferous.] Producing or conducting magnetism.

Mag´net•ism , n. [Cf. F. magnetisme.] The property, quality, or state, of being magnetic; the manifestation of the force in nature which is seen in a magnet. 2. The science which treats of magnetic phenomena. 3. Power of attraction; power to excite the feelings and to gain the affections. ´By the magnetism of interest our affections are irresistibly attracted.´ Glanvill. Animal magnetism, a force, more or less analogous to magnetism, which, it has been alleged, is produced in animal tissues, and passes from one body to another with or without actual contact. The existence of such a force, and its potentiality for the cure of disease, were asserted by Mesmer in 1775. His theories and methods were afterwards called mesmerism, a name which has been popularly applied to theories and claims not put forward by Mesmer himself. See Mesmerism, Biology, Od, Hypnotism. — Terrestrial magnetism, the magnetic force exerted by the earth, and recognized by its effect upon magnetized needles and bars.

Mag´net•ist, n. One versed in magnetism.

Mag´net•ite , n. (Min.) An oxide of iron (Fe_3O_4) occurring in isometric crystals, also massive, of a black color and metallic luster. It is readily attracted by a magnet and sometimes possesses polarity, being then called loadstone. It is an important iron ore. Called also magnetic iron.

Mag´net•i•za•ble , a. Capable of being magnetized.

Mag•net•i•za´tion , n. The act of magnetizing, or the state of being magnetized.

Mag´net•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magnetized prep. & adv. Magnetizing ] [Cf. F. magnetiser.] 1. To communicate magnetic properties to; as to magnetize a needle. 2. To attract as a magnet attracts, or like a magnet; to move; to influence. “Fascinated, magnetized, as it were, by his character.” Motley. 3. To bring under the influence of animal magnetism.

Mag•net•i•zee´ , n. A person subjected to the influence of animal magnetism. [R.]

Mag´net•i•zer , n. One who, or that which, imparts magnetism.

Mag´net•o- [See Magnet.] A prefix meaning pertaining to, produced by, or in some way connected with, magnetism. { Mag•net•o-e•lec´tric , Mag•net•o-e•lec´tric•al } a. (Physics) Pertaining to, or characterized by, electricity by the action of magnets; as magneto-electric induction. Magneto-electric machine, a form of dynamo- electric machine in which the field is maintained by permanent steel magnets instead of electro-magnets.

Mag•net•o-e•lec•tric´i•ty , n. 1. Electricity evolved by the action of magnets. 2. (Physics) That branch of science which treats of the development of electricity by the action of magnets; — the counterpart of electro-magnetism.

Mag•net´o•graph , n. [Magneto- + -graph.] (Physics) An automatic instrument for registering, by photography or otherwise, the states and variations of any of the terrestrial magnetic elements.

Mag•net•om´e•ter , n. [Magneto- + -meter: cf. F. magnetomètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the intensity of magnetic forces; also less frequently, an instrument for determining any of the terrestrial magnetic elements, as the dip and declination.

Mag•net•o•met´ric , a. Pertaining to, or employed in, the measurement of magnetic forces; obtained by means of a magnetometer; as magnetometric instruments; magnetometric measurements.

Mag•net•o•mo´tor , n. A voltaic series of two or more large plates, producing a great quantity of electricity of low tension, and hence adapted to the exhibition of electro-magnetic phenomena. [R.]

Mag•net•o•ther´a•py , n. (Med.) The treatment of disease by the application of magnets to the surface of the body.

Mag´ni•fi•a•ble, a. [From Magnify.] Such as can be magnified, or extolled. { Mag•nif´ic , Mag•nif´ic•al } a. [L. magnificus; magnus great + facere to make: cf. F. magnifique. See Magnitude, Fact. and cf. Magnificent.] Grand; splendid; illustrious; magnificent. [Obs.] 1 Chron. xxii. 5. ´Thy magnific deeds.´ Milton. — Mag•nif´ic•al•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Mag•nif´i•cat , n. [L., it magnifies.] The song of the Virgin Mary, Luke i. 46; — so called because it commences with this word in the Vulgate.

Mag•nif´i•cate , v. t. [L. magnificatus, p. p. of magnificare.] To magnify or extol. [Obs.] Marston.

Mag•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. The act of magnifying; enlargement; exaggeration. [R.]

Mag•nif´i•cence , n. [F. magnificence, L. magnificentia. See Magnific.] The act of doing what is magnificent; the state or quality of being magnificent. Acts xix. 27. ´Then cometh magnificence.´ Chaucer. “And, for the heaven’s wide circuit, let it speak
The Maker’s high magnificence, who built
so spacious.” Milton. “The noblest monuments of Roman magnificence.” Eustace.

Mag•nif´i•cent , a. [See Magnificence.] 1. Doing grand things; admirable in action; displaying great power or opulence, especially in building, way of living, and munificence. “A prince is never so magnificent
As when he’s sparing to enrich a few
With the injuries of many.” Massinger. 2. Grand in appearance; exhibiting grandeur or splendor; splendid; pompous. “When Rome’s exalted beauties I descry
Magnificent in piles of ruin lie.” Addison. Syn. — Glorious; majestic; sublime. See Grand.

Mag•nif´i•cent•ly, adv. In a Magnificent manner.

Mag•nif´i•co , n.; pl. Magnificoes (#). [It. See Magnific.] 1. A grandee or nobleman of Venice; — so called in courtesy. Shak. 2. A rector of a German university.

Mag´ni•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, magnifies.

Mag´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magnified p. pr. & vb. n. Magnifying ] [OE. magnifien, F. magnifier, L. magnificare. See Magnific.] 1. To make great, or greater; to increase the dimensions of; to amplify; to enlarge, either in fact or in appearance; as the microscope magnifies the object by a thousand diameters. “The least error in a small quantity … will in a great one … be proportionately magnified.” Grew. 2. To increase the importance of; to augment the esteem or respect in which one is held. “On that day the Lord magnified Joshua in the sight of all Israel.” Joshua iv. 14. 3. To praise highly; to laud; to extol. [Archaic] “O, magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his name together.” Ps. xxxiv. 3. 4. To exaggerate; as to magnify a loss or a difficulty. To magnify one’s self (Script.), to exhibit pride and haughtiness; to boast. — To magnify one’s self against (Script.), to oppose with pride.

Mag´ni•fy, v. i. 1. To have the power of causing objects to appear larger than they really are; to increase the apparent dimensions of objects; as some lenses magnify but little. 2. To have effect; to be of importance or significance. [Cant & Obs.] Spectator. Magnifying glass, a lens which magnifies the apparent dimensions of objects seen through it.

Mag•nil´o•quence , n. [L. magniloquentia.] The quality of being magniloquent; pompous discourse; grandiloquence.

Mag•nil´o•quent , a. [L. magnus great + loquens, -entis, p. pr. of loqui to speak. See Magnitude, Loquacious.] Speaking pompously; using swelling discourse; bombastic; tumid in style; grandiloquent. — Mag•nil´o•quent•ly, adv.

Mag•nil´o•quous , a. [L. magniloquus.] Magniloquent. [Obs.]

Mag´ni•tude , n. [L. magnitudo, from magnus great. See Master, and cf. Maxim.] 1. Extent of dimensions; size; — applied to things that have length, breadth, and thickness. “Conceive those particles of bodies to be so disposed amongst themselves, that the intervals of empty spaces between them may be equal in magnitude to them all.” Sir I. Newton. 2. (Geom.) That which has one or more of the three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness. 3. Anything of which greater or less can be predicated, as time, weight, force, and the like. 4. Greatness; grandeur. ´With plain, heroic magnitude of mind.´ Milton. 5. Greatness, in reference to influence or effect; importance; as an affair of magnitude. “The magnitude of his designs.” Bp. Horsley. Apparent magnitude (Opt.), the angular breadth of an object viewed as measured by the angle which it subtends at the eye of the observer; — called also apparent diameter. — Magnitude of a star (Astron.), the rank of a star with respect to brightness. About twenty very bright stars are said to be of first magnitude, the stars of the sixth magnitude being just visible to the naked eye. Telescopic stars are classified down to the twelfth magnitude or lower. The scale of the magnitudes is quite arbitrary, but by means of photometers, the classification has been made to tenths of a magnitude.

Mag•no´li•a , n. [NL. Named after Pierre Magnol, professor of botany at Montpellier, France, in the 17th century.] (Bot.) A genus of American and Asiatic trees, with aromatic bark and large sweet-scented whitish or reddish flowers. Magnolia grandiflora has coriaceous shining leaves and very fragrant blossoms. It is common from North Carolina to Florida and Texas and is one of the most magnificent trees of the American forest. The sweet bay (M. glauca)is a small tree found sparingly as far north as Cape Ann. Other American species are M. Umbrella, M. macrophylla, M. Fraseri, M. acuminata, and M. cordata. M. conspicua and M. purpurea are cultivated shrubs or trees from Eastern Asia. M. Campbellii, of India, has rose-colored or crimson flowers. Magnolia warbler (Zoöl.), a beautiful North American wood warbler (Dendroica maculosa). The rump and under parts are bright yellow; the breast and belly are spotted with black; the under tail coverts are white; the crown is ash.

Mag•no•li•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a natural order (Magnoliaceae) of trees of which the magnolia, the tulip tree, and the star anise are examples.

Mag´num , n. [Neut. sing. of L. magnus great.] 1. A large wine bottle. “They passed the magnum to one another freely.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Anat.) A bone of the carpus at the base of the third metacarpal bone.

Mag´ot , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The Barbary ape.

Mag´ot-pie , n. A magpie. [Obs.] Shak.

Mag´pie , n. [OE. & Prov. E. magot pie, maggoty pie, fr. Mag, Maggot, equiv. to Margaret, and fr. F. Marquerite, and common name of the magpie. Marguerite is fr. L. margarita pearl, Gr. , prob. of Eastern origin. See Pie magpie, and cf. the analogous names Tomtit, and Jackdaw.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of the genus Pica and related genera, allied to the jays, but having a long graduated tail. The common European magpie (Pica pica, or P. caudata) is a black and white noisy and mischievous bird. It can be taught to speak. The American magpie (P. Hudsonica) is very similar. The yellow-belled magpie (P. Nuttalli) inhabits California. The blue magpie (Cyanopolius Cooki) inhabits Spain. Other allied species are found in Asia. The Tasmanian and Australian magpies are crow shrikes, as the white magpie (Gymnorhina organicum), the black magpie (Strepera fuliginosa), and the Australian magpie (Cracticus picatus). Magpie lark (Zoöl.), a common Australian bird (Grallina picata), conspicuously marked with black and white; — called also little magpie. — Magpie moth (Zoöl.), a black and white European geometrid moth (Abraxas grossulariata); the harlequin moth. Its larva feeds on currant and gooseberry bushes.

Ma•gua•ri´ , n. [From native name: cf. Pg. magoari.] (Zoöl.) A South American stork (Euxenara maguari), having a forked tail.

Mag´uey , n. [Sp. maguey, Mexican maguei and metl.] (Bot.) The century plant, a species of Agave (A. Americana). See Agave.

Mag´yar (mag´yär; Hung. mod´yor), n. [Hung.] 1. (Ethnol.) One of the dominant people of Hungary, allied to the Finns; a Hungarian. 2. The language of the Magyars.

Ma´ha , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of baboon; the wanderoo. { Ma•ha•ba´ra•ta , Ma•ha•bha´ra•tam , } n. [Skr. mahabharata.] A celebrated epic poem of the Hindus. It is of great length, and is chiefly devoted to the history of a civil war between two dynasties of ancient India.

Ma•ha´led , n.[Ar. mahled.] (Bot.) A cherry tree (Prunus Mahaleb) of Southern Europe. The wood is prized by cabinetmakers, the twigs are used for pipe stems, the flowers and leaves yield a perfume, and from the fruit a violet dye and a fermented liquor (like kirschwasser) are prepared.

Ma•ha•ra´jah , n. [Skr. maharaja; mahat great + raja king.] A sovereign prince in India; — a title given also to other persons of high rank.

Ma•ha•rif´ , n. (Zoöl.) An African antelope (Hippotragus Bakeri). Its face is striped with black and white.

Ma•har´mah , n. A muslin wrapper for the head and the lower part of the face, worn by Turkish and Armenian women when they go abroad.

Mah´di , n. [Ar., guide, leader.] Among Mohammedans, the last imam or leader of the faithful. The Sunni, the largest sect of the Mohammedans, believe that he is yet to appear. The title has been taken by several persons in countries where Mohammedanism prevails, — notably by Mohammad Ahmed, who overran the Egyptian Sudan, and in 1885 captured Khartum, his soldiers killing General Gordon, an Englishman, who was then the Egyptian governor of the region.

Mahl´-stick , n. See Maul- stick.

Ma´hoe , n. (Bot.) A name given to several malvaceous trees (species of Hibiscus, Ochroma, etc.), and to their strong fibrous inner bark, which is used for strings and cordage.

Ma•hog´a•ny , n. [From the South American name.] 1. (Bot.) A large tree of the genus Swietenia (S. Mahogoni), found in tropical America. Several other trees, with wood more or less like mahogany, are called by this name; as African mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis), Australian mahogany (Eucalyptus marginatus), Bastard mahogany (Batonia apetala of the West Indies), Indian mahogany (Cedrela Toona of Bengal, and trees of the genera Soymida and Chukrassia), Madeira mahogany (Persea Indica), Mountain mahogany, the black or cherry birch (Betula lenta), also the several species of Cercocarpus of California and the Rocky Mountains. 2. The wood of the Swietenia Mahogoni. It is of a reddish brown color, beautifully veined, very hard, and susceptible of a fine polish. It is used in the manufacture of furniture. 3. A table made of mahogany wood. [Colloq.] To be under the mahogany, to be so drunk as to have fallen under the table. [Eng.] — To put one’s legs under some one’s mahogany, to dine with him. [Slang]

Ma•ho´li , n. (Zoöl.) A South African lemur (Galago maholi), having very large ears. [Written also moholi.] { Ma•hom´ed•an , Ma•hom´et•an } n. See Mohammedan.

Ma•hom´et•an•ism , n. See Mohammedanism.

Ma•hom´et•an•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mahometanized p. pr. & vb. n. Mahometanizing ] To convert to the religion of Mohammed; to Mohammedanize.

Ma•hom´et•ism , n. See Mohammedanism.

Ma•hom´et•ist, n. A Mohammedan. [R.]

Ma•hom´et•ry , n. Mohammedanism. [Obs.]

Ma•hone´ , n. A large Turkish ship. Crabb.

Ma•ho´ni•a , n. [Named after Bernard McMahon.] (Bot.) The Oregon grape, a species of barberry (Berberis Aquifolium), often cultivated for its hollylike foliage.

Ma•hon´ stock (Bot.) An annual cruciferous plant with reddish purple or white flowers (Malcolmia maritima). It is called in England Virginia stock, but the plant comes from the Mediterranean.

Ma•hoo´hoo , n. (Zoöl.) The African white two-horned rhinoceros (Atelodus simus).

Ma´ho•ri , n. [Native name. Cf. Maori.] (Ethnol.) One of the dark race inhabiting principally the islands of Eastern Polynesia. Also used adjectively.

Ma•hound , n. A contemptuous name for Mohammed; hence, an evil spirit; a devil. [Obs.] “Who’s this, my mahound cousin ?” Beau. & Fl.

Ma•hout´ , n. [Hind. mahawat, Skr. mahamatra; mahat great + matra measure.] The keeper and driver of an elephant. [East Indies]

Ma•ho´vo , n. (Mach.) A device for saving power in stopping and starting a railroad car, by means of a heavy fly wheel.

Mah•rat´i , n. The language of the Mahrattas; the language spoken in the Deccan and Concan. [Written also Marathi.]

Mah•rat´ta , n. [Hind. Marhata, Marhatta, the name of a famous Hindoo race, from the old Skr. name Maha- rashtra.] One of a numerous people inhabiting the southwestern part of India. also the language of the Mahrattas; Mahrati. It is closely allied to Sanskrit. — a. Of or pertaining to the Mahrattas. [Written also Maratha.] { Ma•hu´met•an , Ma•hu´met•an•ism , n. } See Mohammedan, Mohammedanism.

Mah´wa tree (Bot.) An East Indian sapotaceous tree (Bassia latifolia, and also B. butyracea), whose timber is used for wagon wheels, and the flowers for food and in preparing an intoxicating drink. It is one of the butter trees. The oil, known as mahwa and yallah, is obtained from the kernels of the fruit.

Ma´i•a , n. [From L. Maia, a goddess.] (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of spider crabs, including the common European species (Maia squinado). (b) A beautiful American bombycid moth (Eucronia maia).

Ma´ian , n. (Zoöl.) Any spider crab of the genus Maia, or family Maiadae.

Maid , n. [Shortened from maiden. . See Maiden.] 1. An unmarried woman; usually, a young unmarried woman; esp., a girl; a virgin; a maiden. “Would I had died a maid,
And never seen thee, never borne thee son.” Shak. “Can a maid forget her ornaments, or a bride her attire? Yet my people have forgotten me.” Jer. ii. 32. 2. A man who has not had sexual intercourse. [Obs.] “Christ was a maid and shapen as a man.” Chaucer. 3. A female servant. “Spinning amongst her maids.” Shak. Maid is used either adjectively or in composition, signifying female, as in maid child, maidservant. 4. (Zoöl.) The female of a ray or skate, esp. of the gray skate (Raia batis), and of the thornback (R. clavata). [Prov. Eng.] Fair maid. (Zoöl.) See under Fair, a. — Maid of honor, a female attendant of a queen or royal princess; — usually of noble family, and having to perform only nominal or honorary duties. — Old maid. See under Old. Maid´en n. [OE. maiden meiden AS. maegden dim. of AS. maeg fr. mago son servant akin to G. magd mädchen maid OHG. magad Icel. mögr son Goth. magus boy child magaps virgin and perh. to Zend. magu youth. Cf. Maid a virgin.] 1. An unmarried woman a girl or woman who has not experienced sexual intercourse a virgin a maid. “ She employed the residue of her life to repairing of highways building of bridges and endowing of maidens.” Carew. “A maiden of our century yet most meek.” Tennyson. 2. A female servant. [Obs.] 3. An instrument resembling the guillotine formerly used in Scotland for beheading criminals. Wharton. 4. A machine for washing linen.

Maid´en, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a maiden, or to maidens; suitable to, or characteristic of, a virgin; as maiden innocence. ´Amid the maiden throng.´ Addison. “Have you no modesty, no maiden shame ?” Shak. 2. Never having been married; not having had sexual intercourse; virgin; — said usually of the woman, but sometimes of the man; as a maiden aunt. ´A surprising old maiden lady.´ Thackeray. 3. Fresh; innocent; unpolluted; pure; hitherto unused. ´Maiden flowers.´ Shak. “Full bravely hast thou fleshed
Thy maiden sword.” Shak. 4. Used of a fortress, signifying that it has never been captured, or violated. T. Warton. Macaulay. Maiden assize (Eng. Law), an assize which there is no criminal prosecution; an assize which is unpolluted with blood. It was usual, at such an assize, for the sheriff to present the judge with a pair of white gloves. Smart. — Maiden name, the surname of a woman before her marriage. — Maiden pink. (Bot.) See under Pink. — Maiden plum (Bot.), a West Indian tree (Comocladia integrifolia) with purplish drupes. The sap of the tree is glutinous, and gives a persistent black stain. — Maiden speech, the first speech made by a person, esp. by a new member in a public body. — Maiden tower, the tower most capable of resisting an enemy.

Maid´en, v. t. To act coyly like a maiden; — with it as an indefinite object. “For had I maiden’d it, as many use.
Loath for to grant, but loather to refuse.” Bp. Hall.

Maid´en•hair , n. (Bot.) A fern of the genus Adiantum (A. pedatum), having very slender graceful stalks. It is common in the United States, and is sometimes used in medicine. The name is also applied to other species of the same genus, as to the Venus-hair. Maiden grass, the smaller quaking grass. — Maiden tree. See Ginkgo.

Maid´en•head , n. [See Maidenhood.] 1. The state of being a maiden; maidenhood; virginity. Shak. 2. The state of being unused or uncontaminated; freshness; purity. [Obs.] “The maidenhead of their credit.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. The hymen, or virginal membrane.

Maid´en•hood , n. [AS. maegdenhad. See Maid, and -hood.] 1. The state of being a maid or a virgin; virginity. Shak. 2. Newness; freshness; uncontaminated state. “The maidenhood
Of thy fight.” Shak.

Maid´en•like , a. Like a maiden; modest; coy.

Maid´en•li•ness , n. The quality of being maidenly; the behavior that becomes a maid; modesty; gentleness.

Maid´en•ly, a. Like a maid; suiting a maid; maiden-like; gentle, modest, reserved. “Must you be blushing ? …
What a maidenly man-at-arms are you become !” Shak.

Maid´en•ly, adv. In a maidenlike manner. ´Maidenly demure.´ Skelton.

Maid´en•ship, n. Maidenhood. [Obs.] Fuller.

Maid´hood , n. [AS. maegðhad. See Maid, and -hood.] Maidenhood. Shak.

Maid•ma´ri•an , n. [Maid + Marian, relating to Mary, or the Virgin Mary.] 1. The lady of the May games; one of the characters in a morris dance; a May queen. Afterward, a grotesque character personated in sports and buffoonery by a man in woman’s clothes. 2. A kind of dance. Sir W. Temple.

Maid´pale , a. Pale, like a sick girl. Shak.

Maid´serv•ant , n. A female servant.

Maid’s´ hair (Bot.) The yellow bedstraw (Galium verum). { Ma•ieu´tic (ma•u´tik), Ma•ieu´tic•al (-ti•kal), } a. [Gr. maieytiko•s, fr. mai^a midwife.] 1. Serving to assist childbirth. Cudworth. 2. Fig. : Aiding, or tending to, the definition and interpretation of thoughts or language. Payne.

Ma•ieu´tics , n. The art of giving birth (i. e., clearness and conviction) to ideas which are conceived as struggling for birth. Payne.

Mai´ger , n. (Zoöl.) The meagre.

Mai´gre , a. [F. See Meager.] Belonging to a fast day or fast; as a maigre day. Walpole. Maigre food (R. C. Ch.), food allowed to be eaten on fast days.

Mai´hem (ma´hem), n. See Maim, and Mayhem.

Mai•kel´ (mäi•kal´), n. (Zoöl.) A South American carnivore of the genus Conepatus, allied to the skunk, but larger, and having a longer snout. The tail is not bushy.

Mai•kong´ , n. (Zoöl.) A South American wild dog (Canis cancrivorus); the crab- eating dog.

Mail (mal), n. A spot. [Obs.]

Mail, n. [F. maille, OF. also maaille, LL. medalia. See Medal.] 1. A small piece of money; especially, an English silver half-penny of the time of Henry V. [Obs.] [Written also maile, and maille.] 2. Rent; tribute. [Obs., except in certain compounds and phrases, as blackmail, mails and duties, etc.] Mail and duties (Scots Law), the rents of an estate, in whatever form paid.

Mail, n. [OE. maile, maille, F. maille a ring of mail, mesh, network, a coat of mail, fr. L. macula spot, a mesh of a net. Cf. Macle, Macula, Mascle.] 1. A flexible fabric made of metal rings interlinked. It was used especially for defensive armor. Chaucer. Chain mail, Coat of mail. See under Chain, and Coat. 2. Hence generally, armor, or any defensive covering. 3. (Naut.) A contrivance of interlinked rings, for rubbing off the loose hemp on lines and white cordage. 4. (Zoöl.) Any hard protective covering of an animal, as the scales and plates of reptiles, shell of a lobster, etc. “We … strip the lobster of his scarlet mail.” Gay.

Mail, v. t. 1. To arm with mail. 2. To pinion. [Obs.]

Mail, n. [OE. male bag, OF. male, F. malle bag, trunk, mail, OHG. malaha, malha, wallet; akin to D. maal, male; cf. Gael. & Ir. mala, Gr. molgo•s hide, skin.] 1. A bag; a wallet. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The bag or bags with the letters, papers, or other matter contained therein, conveyed under public authority from one post office to another; the whole system of appliances used by government in the conveyance and delivery of mail matter. “There is a mail come in to-day, with letters dated Hague.” Tatler. 3. That which comes in the mail; letters, etc., received through the post office. 4. A trunk, box, or bag, in which clothing, etc., may be carried. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. Mail bag, a bag in which mailed matter is conveyed under public authority. — Mail boat, a boat that carries the mail. — Mail catcher, an iron rod, or other contrivance, attached to a railroad car for catching a mail bag while the train is in motion. — Mail guard, an officer whose duty it is to guard the public mails. [Eng.] — Mail train, a railroad train carrying the mail.

Mail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mailed p. pr. & vb. n. Mailing.] To deliver into the custody of the postoffice officials, or place in a government letter box, for transmission by mail; to post; as to mail a letter. [U. S.] In the United States to mail and to post are both in common use; as to mail or post a letter. In England post is the commoner usage.

Mail´a•ble , a. Admissible lawfully into the mail. [U.S.]

Mail´clad , a. Protected by a coat of mail; clad in armor. Sir W. Scott.

Mailed , a. (Zoöl.) Protected by an external coat, or covering, of scales or plates.

Mailed, a. [See 1st Mail.] Spotted; speckled.

Mail´ing , n. [Scot., fr. mail tribute, rent. See 2d Mail.] A farm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Mail´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) A chiton.

Maim (mam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maimed (mamd);p. pr. & vb. n. Maiming.] [OE. maimen, OF. mahaignier, mehaignier, meshaignier, cf. It. magagnare, LL. mahemiare, mahennare; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. mac’haña to mutilate, mac’ha to crowd, press; or cf. OHG. mangon to lack, perh. akin to E. mangle to lacerate. Cf. Mayhem.] 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, so as to render a person in fighting less able either to defend himself or to annoy his adversary. “By the ancient law of England he that maimed any man whereby he lost any part of his body, was sentenced to lose the like part.” Blackstone. 2. To mutilate; to cripple; to injure; to disable; to impair. “My late maimed limbs lack wonted might.” Spenser. “You maimed the jurisdiction of all bishops.” Shak. Syn. — To mutilate; mangle; cripple.

Maim, n. [Written in law language maihem, and mayhem.] [OF. mehaing. See Maim, v.] 1. The privation of the use of a limb or member of the body, by which one is rendered less able to defend himself or to annoy his adversary. 2. The privation of any necessary part; a crippling; mutilation; injury; deprivation of something essential. See Mayhem. “Surely there is more cause to fear lest the want there of be a maim than the use of it a blemish.” Hooker. “A noble author esteems it to be a maim in history that the acts of Parliament should not be recited.” Hayward.

Maim´ed•ly , adv. In a maimed manner.

Maim´ed•ness, n. State of being maimed. Bolton.

Main , n. [F. main hand, L. manus. See Manual.] 1. A hand or match at dice. Prior. Thackeray. 2. A stake played for at dice. [Obs.] Shak. 3. The largest throw in a match at dice; a throw at dice within given limits, as in the game of hazard. 4. A match at cockfighting. ´My lord would ride twenty miles … to see a main fought.´ Thackeray. 5. A main-hamper. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Main, n. [AS. maegen strength, power, force; akin to OHG. magan, Icel. megin, and to E. may, v. . See May, v.] 1. Strength; force; might; violent effort. [Obs., except in certain phrases.] “There were in this battle of most might and main.” R. of Gl. “He ’gan advance,
With huge force, and with importable main.” Spenser. 2. The chief or principal part; the main or most important thing. [Obs., except in special uses.] “Resolved to rest upon the title of Lancaster as the main, and to use the other two … but as supporters.” Bacon. 3. Specifically: (a) The great sea, as distinguished from an arm, bay, etc. ; the high sea; the ocean. ´Struggling in the main.´ Dryden. (b) The continent, as distinguished from an island; the mainland. ´Invaded the main of Spain.´ Bacon. (c) principal duct or pipe, as distinguished from lesser ones; esp. (Engin.), a principal pipe leading to or from a reservoir; as a fire main. Forcing main, the delivery pipe of a pump. — For the main, or In the main, for the most part; in the greatest part. — With might and main, or With all one’s might and main, with all one’s strength; with violent effort. “With might and main they chased the murderous fox.” Dryden.

Main , a. [From Main strength, possibly influenced by OF. maine, magne, great, L. magnus. Cf. Magnate.] 1. Very or extremely strong. [Obs.] “That current with main fury ran.” Daniel. 2. Vast; huge. [Obs.] ´The main abyss.´ Milton. 3. Unqualified; absolute; entire; sheer. [Obs.] ´It’s a man untruth.´ Sir W. Scott. 4. Principal; chief; first in size, rank, importance, etc. “Our main interest is to be happy as we can.” Tillotson. 5. Important; necessary. [Obs.] “That which thou aright
Believest so main to our success, I bring.” Milton. By main force, by mere force or sheer force; by violent effort; as to subdue insurrection by main force. “That Maine which by main force Warwick did win.” Shak. — By main strength, by sheer strength; as to lift a heavy weight by main strength. — Main beam (Steam Engine), working beam. — Main boom (Naut.), the boom which extends the foot of the mainsail in a fore and aft vessel. — Main brace. (a) (Mech.) The brace which resists the chief strain. Cf. Counter brace. (b) (Naut.) The brace attached to the main yard. — Main center (Steam Engine), a shaft upon which a working beam or side lever swings. — Main chance. See under Chance. — Main couple (Arch.), the principal truss in a roof. — Main deck (Naut.), the deck next below the spar deck; the principal deck. — Main keel (Naut.), the principal or true keel of a vessel, as distinguished from the false keel. Syn. — Principal; chief; leading; cardinal; capital.

Main, adv. [See Main, a.] Very; extremely; as main heavy. ´I’m main dry.´ Foote. [Obs. or Low]

Maine , n. One of the New England States. Maine law, any law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages, esp. one resembling that enacted in the State of Maine.

Main•-gauche´ (maN•gosh´), n. [F., the left hand.] (Ancient Armor) The dagger held in the left hand, while the rapier is held in the right; — used to parry thrusts of the adversary’s rapier.

Main´-ham•per , n. [F. main hand (see Main a hand at dice) + E. hamper.] A hamper to be carried in the hand; a hand basket used in carrying grapes to the press.

Main´land , n. The continent; the principal land; — opposed to island, or peninsula. Dryden. “After the two wayfarers had crossed from the peninsula to the mainland.” Hawthorne.

Main´ly , adv. [From main strong. See Main strength.] Very strongly; mightily; to a great degree. [Obs.] Bacon. Shak.

Main´ly, adv. [From main principal, chief.] Principally; chiefly.

Main´mast , n. (Naut.) The principal mast in a ship or other vessel.

Main´or , n. [Anglo-Norm. meinoure, OF. manuevre. See Maneuver.] (O. Eng. Law) A thing stolen found on the person of the thief. A thief was said to be ´taken with the mainor,´ when he was taken with the thing stolen upon him, that is, in his hands. Wharton. Bouvier.

Main´per•na•ble , a. [OF. main hand + pernable, for prenable, that may be taken, pregnable. See Mainpernor.] (Law) Capable of being admitted to give surety by mainpernors; able to be mainprised.

Main´per•nor , n. [OF. main hand + pernor, for preneor, a taker, F. preneur, fr. prendre to take.] (Law) A surety, under the old writ of mainprise, for a prisoner’s appearance in court at a day. Mainpernors differ from bail in that a man’s bail may imprison or surrender him before the stipulated day of appearance; mainpernors can do neither; they are bound to produce him to answer all charges whatsoever. Blackstone.

Main´pin , n. (Vehicles) A kingbolt.

Main´prise , n. [F. main hand + prise a taking, fr. prendre, p. p. pris to take, fr. L. prehendere, prehensum.] (Law) (a) A writ directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take sureties, called mainpernors, for the prisoner’s appearance, and to let him go at large. This writ is now obsolete. Wharton. (b) Deliverance of a prisoner on security for his appearance at a day.

Main´prise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mainprised p. pr. & vb. n. Mainprising.] (Law) To suffer to go at large, on his finding sureties, or mainpernors, for his appearance at a day; — said of a prisoner.

Mains (manz), n. [Scot. See Manse.] The farm attached to a mansion house. [Scot.]

Main´sail (man´sal•), n. (Naut.) The principal sail in a ship or other vessel. “[They] hoised up the mainsail to the wind.” Acts xxvii. 40. The mainsail of a ship is extended upon a yard attached to the mainmast, and that of a sloop or schooner upon the boom.

Main´sheet , n. (Naut.) One of the ropes by which the mainsail is hauled aft and trimmed.

Main´spring , n. The principal or most important spring in a piece of mechanism, especially the moving spring of a watch or clock or the spring in a gunlock which impels the hammer. Hence: The chief or most powerful motive; the efficient cause of action.

Main´stay , n. 1. (Naut.) The stay extending from the foot of the foremast to the maintop. 2. Main support; principal dependence. “The great mainstay of the Church.” Buckle.

Main´swear , v. i. [AS. manswerian to forswear; man sin, crime + swerian to swear.] To swear falsely. [Obs.] Blount.

Main•tain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maintained p. pr. & vb. n. Maintaining.] [OE. maintenen, F. maintenir, properly, to hold by the hand; main hand (L. manus) + F. tenir to hold (L. tenere). See Manual, and Tenable.] 1. To hold or keep in any particular state or condition; to support; to sustain; to uphold; to keep up; not to suffer to fail or decline; as to maintain a certain degree of heat in a furnace; to maintain a fence or a railroad; to maintain the digestive process or powers of the stomach; to maintain the fertility of soil; to maintain present reputation. 2. To keep possession of; to hold and defend; not to surrender or relinquish. “God values … every one as he maintains his post.” Grew. 3. To continue; not to suffer to cease or fail. “Maintain talk with the duke.” Shak. 4. To bear the expense of; to support; to keep up; to supply with what is needed. “Glad, by his labor, to maintain his life.” Stirling. “What maintains one vice would bring up two children.” Franklin. 5. To affirm; to support or defend by argument. “It is hard to maintain the truth, but much harder to be maintained by it.” South. Syn. — To assert; vindicate; allege. See Assert.

Main•tain´a•ble , a. That may be maintained.

Main•tain´er , n. One who maintains.

Main•tain´or , n. [OF. mainteneor, F. mainteneur.] (Crim. Law) One who, not being interested, maintains a cause depending between others, by furnishing money, etc., to either party. Bouvier. Wharton.

Main´te•nance , n. [OF. maintenance. See Maintain.] 1. The act of maintaining; sustenance; support; defense; vindication. “Whatsoever is granted to the church for God’s honor and the maintenance of his service, is granted to God.” South. 2. That which maintains or supports; means of sustenance; supply of necessaries and conveniences. “Those of better fortune not making learning their maintenance.” Swift. 3. (Crim. Law) An officious or unlawful intermeddling in a cause depending between others, by assisting either party with money or means to carry it on. See Champerty. Wharton. Cap of maintenance. See under Cap.

Main´top , n. (Naut.) The platform about the head of the mainmast in square-rigged vessels.

Main´ yard (Naut.) The yard on which the mainsail is extended, supported by the mainmast.

Mai´oid , a. [Maia + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Maia, or family Maiadeae.

Mais´ter , n. Master. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Mais´ter, a. Principal; chief. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Mais´tre , Mais´trie , Mais´try }, n. Mastery; superiority; art. See Mastery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mais´tress , n. Mistress. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mai´thes , n. (Bot.) Same as Maghet.

Maize , n. [Sp. maiz. fr. mahiz or mahis, is the language of the Island of Hayti.] (Bot.) A large species of American grass of the genus Zea (Z. Mays), widely cultivated as a forage and food plant; Indian corn. also its seed, growing on cobs, and used as food for men and animals. Maize eater (Zoöl.), a South American bird of the genus Pseudoleistes, allied to the troupials. — Maize yellow, a delicate pale yellow. { Maj•es•tat´ic , Maj•es•tat´•al } a. Majestic. [Obs.] E. Pocock. Dr. J. Scott.

Ma•jes´tic , a. [From Majesty.] Possessing or exhibiting majesty; of august dignity, stateliness, or imposing grandeur; lofty; noble; grand. ´The majestic world.´ Shak. ´Tethys’ grave majestic pace.´ Milton. “The least portions must be of the epic kind; all must be grave, majestic, and sublime.” Dryden. Syn. — August; splendid; grand; sublime; magnificent; imperial; regal; pompous; stately; lofty; dignified; elevated.

Ma•jes´tic•al , a. Majestic. Cowley. “An older architecture, greater, cunninger, more majestical.” M. Arnold. — Ma•jes´tic•al•ly, adv. — Ma•jes´tic•al•ness, n.

Ma•jes´tic•ness , n. The quality or state of being majestic. Oldenburg.

Maj´es•ty , n.; pl. Majesties (#). [OE. magestee, F. majeste, L. majestas, fr. an old compar. of magnus great. See Major, Master.] The dignity and authority of sovereign power; quality or state which inspires awe or reverence; grandeur; exalted dignity, whether proceeding from rank, character, or bearing; imposing loftiness; stateliness; — usually applied to the rank and dignity of sovereigns. “The Lord reigneth; he is clothed with majesty.” Ps. xciii. 1. “No sovereign has ever represented the majesty of a great state with more dignity and grace.” Macaulay. 2. Hence, used with the possessive pronoun, the title of an emperor, king or queen; — in this sense taking a plural; as their majesties attended the concert. “In all the public writs which he [Emperor Charles V.] now issued as King of Spain, he assumed the title of Majesty, and required it from his subjects as a mark of respect. Before that time all the monarchs of Europe were satisfied with the appellation of Highness or Grace.” Robertson. 3. Dignity; elevation of manner or style. Dryden.

Ma•jol´i•ca , n. [It.] A kind of pottery, with opaque glazing and showy decoration, which reached its greatest perfection in Italy in the 16th century. The term is said to be derived from Majorca, which was an early seat of this manufacture. Heyse.

Ma´jor , [L. major, compar. of magnus great: cf. F. majeur. Cf. Master, Mayor, Magnitude, More, a.] 1. Greater in number, quantity, or extent; as the major part of the assembly; the major part of the revenue; the major part of the territory. 2. Of greater dignity; more important. Shak. 3. Of full legal age. [Obs.] 4. (Mus.) Greater by a semitone, either in interval or in difference of pitch from another tone. Major axis (Geom.), the greater axis. See Focus, n., 2. — Major key (Mus.), a key in which one and two, two and three, four and five, five and six and seven, make major seconds, and three and four, and seven and eight, make minor seconds. — Major offense (Law), an offense of a greater degree which contains a lesser offense, as murder and robbery include assault. — Major premise (Logic), that premise of a syllogism which contains the major term. — Major scale (Mus.), the natural diatonic scale, which has semitones between the third and fourth, and seventh and fourth, and seventh and eighth degrees; the scale of the major mode, of which the third is major. See Scale, and Diatonic. — Major second (Mus.), a second between whose tones is a difference in pitch of a step. — Major sixth (Mus.), a sixth of four steps and a half step. In major keys the third and sixth from the key tone are major. Major keys and intervals, as distinguished from minors, are more cheerful. — Major term (Logic), that term of a syllogism which forms the predicate of the conclusion. — Major third (Mus.), a third of two steps.

Ma´jor, n. [F. major. See Major, a.] 1. (Mil.) An officer next in rank above a captain and next below a lieutenant colonel; the lowest field officer. 2. (Law) A person of full age. 3. (Logic) That premise which contains the major term. It its the first proposition of a regular syllogism; as: No unholy person is qualified for happiness in heaven [the major]. Every man in his natural state is unholy [minor]. Therefore, no man in his natural state is qualified for happiness in heaven [conclusion or inference]. In hypothetical syllogisms, the hypothetical premise is called the major. 4. [LL. See Major.] A mayor. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ma•jo•rat´ , n. [F. majorat, LL. majoratus. See Major, a., and cf. Majorate.] 1. The right of succession to property according to age; — so termed in some of the countries of continental Europe. 2. (French Law) Property, landed or funded, so attached to a title of honor as to descend with it.

Ma´jor•ate , n. The office or rank of a major.

Ma´jor•ate , v. t. [LL. majorare to augment. See Major, a.] To augment; to increase. [Obs.] Howell.

Ma•jor•a´tion , n. Increase; enlargement. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ma•jor´can , a. Of or pertaining to Majorca. — n. A native or inhabitant of Majorca.

Ma•jor-do´mo , n. [Sp. mayordomo, or It. maggiordomo; both fr. LL. majordomus; L. major greater + domus house.] A man who has authority to act, within certain limits, as master of the house; a steward; also a chief minister or officer.

Ma´jor gen´er•al An officer of the army holding a rank next above that of brigadier general and next below that of lieutenant general, and who usually commands a division or a corps.

Ma•jor´i•ty , n.; pl. Majorities (#). [F. majorite. See Major.] 1. The quality or condition of being major or greater; superiority. Specifically: (a) The military rank of a major. (b) The condition of being of full age, or authorized by law to manage one’s own affairs. 2. The greater number; more than half; as a majority of mankind; a majority of the votes cast. 3. [Cf. L. majores.] Ancestors; ancestry. [Obs.] 4. The amount or number by which one aggregate exceeds all other aggregates with which it is contrasted; especially, the number by which the votes for a successful candidate exceed those for all other candidates; as he is elected by a majority of five hundred votes. See Plurality. To go over to, or To join, the majority, to die.

Ma´jor•ship , n. The office of major.

Maj´oun , n. See Madjoun.

Ma•jus´cu•lae , n. pl. [L., fem. pl. fr. majusculus somewhat greater or great, dim. of major, majus. See Major.] (Palaeography) Capital letters, as found in manuscripts of the sixth century and earlier.

Ma•jus´cule , n. [Cf. F. majuscule. See Majusculae.] A capital letter; especially, one used in ancient manuscripts. See Majusculae. Majuscule writing, writing composed wholly of capital letters, especially the style which prevailed in Europe from the third to the sixth century.

Mak´a•ble , a. Capable of being made.

Mak´a•ron , n. See Macaroon, 2. [Obs.]

Make , n. [AS. maca, gemaca. See Match.] A companion; a mate; often, a husband or a wife. [Obs.] “For in this world no woman is
Worthy to be my make.” Chaucer.

Make, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Made p. pr. & vb. n. Making.] [OE. maken, makien, AS. macian; akin to OS. makn, OFries. makia, D. maken, G. machen, OHG. mahhn to join, fit, prepare, make, Dan. mage. Cf. Match an equal.] 1. To cause to exist; to bring into being; to form; to produce; to frame; to fashion; to create. Hence, in various specific uses or applications: (a) To form of materials; to cause to exist in a certain form; to construct; to fabricate. “He … fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf.” Ex. xxxii. 4. (b) To produce, as something artificial, unnatural, or false; — often with up; as to make up a story. “And Art, with her contending, doth aspire
To excel the natural with made delights.” Spenser. (c) To bring about; to bring forward; to be the cause or agent of; to effect, do, perform, or execute; — often used with a noun to form a phrase equivalent to the simple verb that corresponds to such noun; as to make complaint, for to complain; to make record of, for to record; to make abode, for to abide, etc. “Call for Samson, that he may make us sport.” Judg. xvi. 25. “Wealth maketh many friends.” Prov. xix. 4. “I will neither plead my age nor sickness in excuse of the faults which I have made.” Dryden. (d) To execute with the requisite formalities; as to make a bill, note, will, deed, etc. (e) To gain, as the result of one’s efforts; to get, as profit; to make acquisition of; to have accrue or happen to one; as to make a large profit; to make an error; to make a loss; to make money. “He accuseth Neptune unjustly who makes shipwreck a second time.” Bacon. (f) To find, as the result of calculation or computation; to ascertain by enumeration; to find the number or amount of, by reckoning, weighing, measurement, and the like; as he made the distance of; to travel over; as the ship makes ten knots an hour; he made the distance in one day. (h) To put in a desired or desirable condition; to cause to thrive. “Who makes or ruins with a smile or frown.” Dryden. 2. To cause to be or become; to put into a given state verb, or adjective; to constitute; as to make known; to make public; to make fast. “Who made thee a prince and a judge over us?” Ex. ii. 14. “See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh.” Ex. vii. 1. When used reflexively with an adjective, the reflexive pronoun is often omitted; as to make merry; to make bold; to make free, etc. 3. To cause to appear to be; to constitute subjectively; to esteem, suppose, or represent. “He is not that goose and ass that Valla would make him.” Baker. 4. To require; to constrain; to compel; to force; to cause; to occasion; — followed by a noun or pronoun and infinitive. In the active voice the to of the infinitive is usually omitted. “I will make them hear my words.” Deut. iv. 10. “They should be made to rise at their early hour.” Locke. 5. To become; to be, or to be capable of being, changed or fashioned into; to do the part or office of; to furnish the material for; as he will make a good musician; sweet cider makes sour vinegar; wool makes warm clothing. “And old cloak makes a new jerkin.” Shak. 6. To compose, as parts, ingredients, or materials; to constitute; to form; to amount to. “The heaven, the air, the earth, and boundless sea,
Make but one temple for the Deity.” Waller. 7. To be engaged or concerned in. [Obs.] “Gomez, what makest thou here, with a whole brotherhood of city bailiffs?” Dryden. 8. To reach; to attain; to arrive at or in sight of. ´And make the Libyan shores.´ Dryden. “They that sail in the middle can make no land of either side.” Sir T. Browne. To make a bed, to prepare a bed for being slept on, or to put it in order. — To make a card (Card Playing), to take a trick with it. — To make account. See under Account, n. — To make account of, to esteem; to regard. — To make away. (a) To put out of the way; to kill; to destroy. [Obs.] “If a child were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away.” Burton. (b) To alienate; to transfer; to make over. [Obs.] Waller. — To make believe, to pretend; to feign; to simulate. — To make bold, to take the liberty; to venture. — To make the cards (Card Playing), to shuffle the pack. — To make choice of, to take by way of preference; to choose. — To make danger, to make experiment. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. — To make default (Law), to fail to appear or answer. — To make the doors, to shut the door. [Obs.] “Make the doors upon a woman’s wit, and it will out at the casement.” Shak. - To make free with. See under Free, a. — To make good. See under Good. — To make head, to make headway. — To make light of. See under Light, a. — To make little of. (a) To belittle. (b) To accomplish easily. — To make love to. See under Love, n. — To make meat, to cure meat in the open air. [Colloq. Western U. S.] — To make merry, to feast; to be joyful or jovial. — To make much of, to treat with much consideration,, attention, or fondness; to value highly. — To make no bones. See under Bone, n. — To make no difference, to have no weight or influence; to be a matter of indifference. — To make no doubt, to have no doubt. — To make no matter, to have no weight or importance; to make no difference. — To make oath (Law), to swear, as to the truth of something, in a prescribed form of law. — To make of. (a) To understand or think concerning; as not to know what to make of the news. (b) To pay attention to; to cherish; to esteem; to account. ´Makes she no more of me than of a slave.´ Dryden. — To make one’s law (Old Law), to adduce proof to clear one’s self of a charge. — To make out. (a) To find out; to discover; to decipher; as to make out the meaning of a letter. (b) To prove; to establish; as the plaintiff was unable to make out his case. (c) To make complete or exact; as he was not able to make out the money. — To make over, to transfer the title of; to convey; to alienate; as he made over his estate in trust or in fee. — To make sail. (Naut.) (a) To increase the quantity of sail already extended. (b) To set sail. — To make shift, to manage by expedients; as they made shift to do without it. [Colloq.]. — To make sternway, to move with the stern foremost; to go or drift backward. — To make strange, to act in an unfriendly manner or as if surprised; to treat as strange; as to make strange of a request or suggestion. — To make suit to, to endeavor to gain the favor of; to court. — To make sure. See under Sure. — To make up. (a) To collect into a sum or mass; as to make up the amount of rent; to make up a bundle or package. (b) To reconcile; to compose; as to make up a difference or quarrel. (c) To supply what is wanting in; to complete; as a dollar is wanted to make up the stipulated sum. (d) To compose, as from ingredients or parts; to shape, prepare, or fabricate; as to make up a mass into pills; to make up a story. “He was all made up of love and charms!” Addison. (e) To compensate; to make good; as to make up a loss. (f) To adjust, or to arrange for settlement; as to make up accounts. (g) To dress and paint for a part, as an actor; as he was well made up. — To make up a face, to distort the face as an expression of pain or derision. — To make up one’s mind, to reach a mental determination; to resolve. — To make water. (a) (Naut.) To leak. (b) To urinate. — To make way, or To make one’s way. (a) To make progress; to advance. (b) To open a passage; to clear the way. — To make words, to multiply words.

Make , v. i. 1. To act in a certain manner; to have to do; to manage; to interfere; to be active; — often in the phrase to meddle or make. [Obs.] “A scurvy, jack-a-nape priest to meddle or make.” Shak. 2. To proceed; to tend; to move; to go; as he made toward home; the tiger made at the sportsmen. Formerly, authors used to make on, to make forth, to make about; but these phrases are obsolete. We now say, to make at, to make away, to make for, to make off, to make toward, etc. 3. To tend; to contribute; to have effect; — with for or against; as it makes for his advantage. M. Arnold. “Follow after the things which make for peace.” Rom. xiv. 19. “Considerations infinite
Do make against it.” Shak. 4. To increase; to augment; to accrue. 5. To compose verses; to write poetry; to versify. [Archaic] Chaucer. Tennyson. “To solace him some time, as I do when I make.” P. Plowman. To make as if, or To make as though, to pretend that; to make show that; to make believe (see under Make, v. t.). “Joshua and all Israel made as if they were beaten before them, and fled.” Josh. viii. 15. “My lord of London maketh as though he were greatly displeased with me.” Latimer. — To make at, to go toward hastily, or in a hostile manner; to attack. — To make away with. (a) To carry off. (b) To transfer or alienate; hence, to spend; to dissipate. (c) To kill; to destroy. — To make off, to go away suddenly. — To make out, to succeed; to be able at last; to make shift; as he made out to reconcile the contending parties. — To make up, to become reconciled or friendly. — To make up for, to compensate for; to supply an equivalent for. — To make up to. (a) To approach; as a suspicious boat made up to us. (b) To pay addresses to; to make love to. — To make up with, to become reconciled to. [Colloq.] — To make with, to concur or agree with. Hooker.

Make, n. Structure, texture, constitution of parts; construction; shape; form. “It our perfection of so frail a make
As every plot can undermine and shake?” Dryden. On the make,bent upon making great profits; greedy of gain. [Low, U. S.]

Make´bate , n. [Make, v. + bate a quarrel.] One who excites contentions and quarrels. [Obs.]

Make´-be•lief , n. A feigning to believe; make believe. J. H. Newman.

Make´-be•lieve , n. A feigning to believe, as in the play of children; a mere pretense; a fiction; an invention. ´Childlike make-believe.´ Tylor. “To forswear self-delusion and make- believe.” M. Arnold.

Make´-be•lieve, a. Feigned; insincere. ´Make-believe reverence.´ G. Eliot.

Mak´ed , obs. p. p. of Make. Made. Chaucer.

Make´-game , n. An object of ridicule; a butt. Godwin.

Make´less, a. [See 1st Make, and cf. Matchless, Mateless.] 1. Matchless. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Without a mate. Shak.

Make´-peace (-pes•), n. A peacemaker. [R.] Shak.

Mak´er (mak´er), n. 1. One who makes, forms, or molds; a manufacturer; specifically, the Creator. “The universal Maker we may praise.” Milton. 2. (Law) The person who makes a promissory note. 3. One who writes verses; a poet. [Obs.] ´The Greeks named the poet poihth•s, which name, as the most excellent, hath gone through other languages. It cometh of this word poiei^n, make; wherein, I know not whether by luck or wisdom, we Englishmen have met well the Greeks in calling him a maker.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Make´shift (mak´shift•), n. That with which one makes shift; a temporary expedient. James Mill. “I am not a model clergyman, only a decent makeshift.” G. Eliot.

Make´-up , n. The way in which the parts of anything are put together; often, the way in which an actor is dressed, painted, etc., in personating a character. “The unthinking masses are necessarily teleological in their mental make-up.” L. F. Ward.

Make´weight , n. That which is thrown into a scale to make weight; something of little account added to supply a deficiency or fill a gap.

Ma´ki , n. [F., from native name.] (Zoöl.) A lemur. See Lemur.

Mak´ing , n. 1. The act of one who makes; workmanship; fabrication; construction; as this is cloth of your own making; the making of peace or war was in his power. 2. Composition, or structure. 3. a poem. [Obs.] Sir J. Davies. 4. That which establishes or places in a desirable state or condition; the material of which something may be made; as early misfortune was the making of him. 5. External appearance; from. [Obs.] Shak.

Mak´ing-i•ron , n. A tool somewhat like a chisel with a groove in it, used by calkers of ships to finish the seams after the oakum has been driven in.

Mak´ing-up , n. 1. The act of bringing spirits to a certain degree of strength, called proof. 2. The act of becoming reconciled or friendly.

Mal- (mal-). A prefix in composition denoting ill, or evil, F. male, adv., fr. malus, bad, ill. In some words it has the form male-, as in malediction, malevolent. See Malice. The form male- is chiefly used in cases where the e, either alone or with other letters, is pronounced as a separate syllable, as in malediction, malefactor, maleficent, etc. Where this is not the case, as in malfeasance or male-feasance, malformation or male-formation, etc., as also where the word to which it is prefixed commences with a vowel, as in maladministration, etc., the form mal is to be preferred, and is the one commonly employed.

Ma´la , n.; pl. of Malum. [L.] Evils; wrongs; offenses against right and law. Mala in se [L.] (Law), offenses which are such from their own nature, at common law, irrespective of statute. — Mala prohibita [L.] (Law), offenses prohibited by statute, as distinguished from mala in se, which are offenses at common law.

Mal´a•bar , n. A region in the western part of the Peninsula of India, between the mountains and the sea. Malabar nut (Bot.), the seed of an East Indian acanthaceous shrub, the Adhatoda Vasica, sometimes used medicinally.

Mal•a•ca•tune´ , n. See Melocoton.

Ma•lac´ca , n. A town and district upon the seacoast of the Malay Peninsula. Malacca cane (Bot.), a cane obtained from a species of palm of the genus Calamus (C. Scipionum), and of a brown color, often mottled. The plant is a native of Cochin China, Sumatra, and Malays.

Mal´a•chite , n. [Fr. Gr. a mallow, from its resembling the green color of the leaf of mallows: cf. F. malachite. Cf. Mallow.] (Min.) Native hydrous carbonate of copper, usually occurring in green mammillary masses with concentric fibrous structure. Green malachite, or malachite proper, admits of a high polish, and is sometimes used for ornamental work. Blue malachite, or azurite, is a related species of a deep blue color. Malachite green. See Emerald green, under Green, n.

Mal•a•cis´sant , a. [See Malacissation.] Softening; relaxing. [Obs.]

Mal•a•cis•sa´tion , n. [L. malacissare to make soft, Gr. .] The act of making soft or supple. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mal•a•cob•del´la , n. [NL., fr. Gr. soft + a leech.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nemertean worms, parasitic in the gill cavity of clams and other bivalves. They have a large posterior sucker, like that of a leech. See Illust. of Bdellomorpha.

Mal´a•co•derm , n. [Gr. soft + skin.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles (Malacodermata), with a soft and flexible body, as the fireflies.

Mal´a•co•lite , n. [Gr. soft + -lite.] (Min.) A variety of pyroxene.

Mal•a•col´o•gist , n. One versed in the science of malacology.

Mal•a•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. soft + -logy: cf. F. malacologie.] The science which relates to the structure and habits of mollusks.

Mal•a•cop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. soft + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class of air-breathing Arthropoda; — called also Protracheata, and Onychophora. They somewhat resemble myriapods, and have from seventeen to thirty-three pairs of short, imperfectly jointed legs, two pairs of simple jaws, and a pair of antennae. The trancheae are connected with numerous spiracles scattered over the surface of the body. Peripatus is the only known genus. See Peripatus.

Mal•a•cop•ter•yg´i•an , n. [Cf. F. malacopterygien.] (Zoöl.) One of the Malacopterygii.

Mal•a•cop•te•ryg´i•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. soft + wing, fin, fr. feather.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes in which the fin rays, except the anterior ray of the pectoral and dorsal fins, are closely jointed, and not spiny. It includes the carp, pike, salmon, shad, etc. Called also Malacopteri.

Mal•a•cop•ter•yg´i•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Malacopterygii.

Mal•a•cos´te•on , n. [NL., Gr. fr. soft + bone.] (Med.) A peculiar disease of the bones, in consequence of which they become softened and capable of being bent without breaking.

Mal•a•cos´to•mous , a. [Gr. soft + mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having soft jaws without teeth, as certain fishes.

Mal•a•cos´tra•ca , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. soft + shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Crustacea, including Arthrostraca and Thoracostraca, or all those higher than the Entomostraca.

Mal•a•cos´tra•can , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Malacostraca.

Mal•a•cos•tra•col´o•gy , n. [Malacostracan + -logy.] That branch of zoölogical science which relates to the crustaceans; — called also carcinology.

Mal•a•cos´tra•cous , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Malacostraca.

Mal•a•co•toon´ , n. (Bot.) See Melocoton.

Mal•a•co•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. soft + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of Invertebrata, including the Mollusca, Brachiopoda, and Bryozoa. Called also Malacozoaria.

Mal•a•co•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Malacozoa.

Mal•ad•dress´ , n. [Mal- + address.] Bad address; an awkward, tactless, or offensive way of accosting one or talking with one. W. D. Howells.

Mal•ad•just´ment , n. [Mal- + adjustment.] A bad adjustment.

Mal•ad•min•is•tra´tion , n. [Mal- + administration.] Bad administration; bad management of any business, especially of public affairs. [Written also maleadministration.]

Mal•a•droit´ , a. [F. See Malice, and Adroit.] Of a quality opposed to adroitness; clumsy; awkward; unskillful. — Mal´a•droit•ly, adv. — Mal•a•droit´ness, n.

Mal´a•dy , n.; pl. Maladies (#). [F. maladie, fr. malade ill, sick, OF. also malabde, fr. L. male habitus, i. e., ill-kept, not in good condition. See Malice, and Habit.] 1. Any disease of the human body; a distemper, disorder, or indisposition, proceeding from impaired, defective, or morbid organic functions; especially, a lingering or deep-seated disorder. “The maladies of the body may prove medicines to the mind.” Buckminster. 2. A moral or mental defect or disorder. “Love’s a malady without a cure.” Dryden. Syn. — Disorder; distemper; sickness; ailment; disease; illness. See Disease.

Mal´a•ga , n. A city and a province of Spain, on the Mediterranean. Hence, Malaga grapes, Malaga raisins, Malaga wines.

Mal•a•gash´ , n. Same as Malagasy.

Mal•a•gas´y , n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Madagascar; also (sing.), the language.

Ma•laise´ , n. [F., fr. mal ill + aise ease.] (Med.) An indefinite feeling of uneasiness, or of being sick or ill at ease.

Ma•lam´ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of malamic acid.

Ma•lam´bo , n. [Pg.] A yellowish aromatic bark, used in medicine and perfumery, said to be from the South American shrub Croton Malambo.

Mal•am•eth´ane , n. [Malamic + ethane.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance forming the ethyl salt of malamic acid.

Ma•lam´ic , a. [Malic + amic.] (Chem.) Of or designating an acid intermediate between malic acid and malamide, and known only by its salts.

Ma•lam´ide , n. [Malic + amide.] (Chem.) The acid amide derived from malic acid, as a white crystalline substance metameric with asparagine.

Mal´an•ders , n. pl. [F. malandres, fr. L. malandria blisters or pustules on the neck, especially in horses.] (Far.) A scurfy eruption in the bend of the knee of the fore leg of a horse. See Sallenders. [Written also mallenders.]

Mal´a•pert , a. [OF. malapert unskillful, ill-taught, ill-bred; mal ill + apert open, adroit, intelligent, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire to open. See Malice, and Aperient.] Bold; forward; impudent; saucy; pert. Shak. — n. A malapert person. “Are you growing malapert! Will you force me to make use of my authority ?” Dryden. — Mal´a•pert•ly, adv. — Mal´a•pert•ness, n.

Mal´a•prop•ism , n. [From Mrs. Malaprop, a character in Sheridan’s drama, ´ The Rivals,´ who makes amusing blunders in her use of words. See Malapropos.] A grotesque misuse of a word; a word so used.

Mal•ap´ro•pos , a. & adv. [F. mal à propos; mal evil + à propos to the purpose.] Unseasonable or unseasonably; unsuitable or unsuitably.

Mal•ap•te•ru´rus (mal•ap•te•ru´rus), n. [NL., from Gr. malako•s soft + ptero•n wing + o’yra• tail.] (Zoöl.) A genus of African siluroid fishes, including the electric catfishes. See Electric cat, under Electric.

Ma´lar , a. [L. mala the cheek: cf. F. malaire.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the region of the cheek bone, or to the malar bone; jugal.

Ma´lar , n. (Anat.) The cheek bone, which forms a part of the lower edge of the orbit.

Ma•la´ri•a , n. [It., contr. fr. malaaria bad air. See Malice, and Air.] 1. Air infected with some noxious substance capable of engendering disease; esp., an unhealthy exhalation from certain soils, as marshy or wet lands, producing fevers; miasma. The morbific agent in malaria is supposed by some to be a vegetable microbe or its spores, and by others to be a very minute animal blood parasite (an infusorian). 2. (Med.) A morbid condition produced by exhalations from decaying vegetable matter in contact with moisture, giving rise to fever and ague and many other symptoms characterized by their tendency to recur at definite and usually uniform intervals. { Ma•la´ri•al , Ma•la´ri•an , Ma•la´ri•ous }, a. Of or pertaining, to or infected by, malaria. Malarial fever (Med.), a fever produced by malaria, and characterized by the occurrence of chills, fever, and sweating in distinct paroxysms, At intervals of definite and often uniform duration, in which these symptoms are wholly absent (intermittent fever), or only partially so (remittent fever); fever and ague; chills and fever.

Ma•la•sha´ga•nay , n. [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The fresh-water drumfish (Haploidonotus grunniens).

Mal•as•sim•i•la´tion , n. [Mal- + assimilation.] (Physiol.) (a) Imperfect digestion of the several leading constituents of the food. (b) An imperfect elaboration by the tissues of the materials brought to them by the blood.

Ma´late , n. [L. malum apple: cf. F. malate. See Malic.] (Chem.) A salt of malic acid. { Ma´lax , Ma•lax´ate } v. t. [L. malaxare, malaxatum, cf. Gr. , fr. soft: cf. F. malaxer.] To soften by kneading or stirring with some thinner substance. [R.]

Mal•ax•a´tion , n. [L. malaxatio: cf. F. malaxation.] The act of softening by mixing with a thinner substance; the formation of ingredients into a mass for pills or plasters. [R.]

Mal´ax•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, malaxates; esp., a machine for grinding, kneading, or stirring into a pasty or doughy mass. [R.]

Ma•lay´ , n. One of a race of a brown or copper complexion in the Malay Peninsula and the western islands of the Indian Archipelago. { Ma•lay´ , Ma•lay´an } a. Of or pertaining to the Malays or their country. — n. The Malay language. Malay apple (Bot.), a myrtaceous tree (Eugenia Malaccensis) common in India; also its applelike fruit.

Ma´la•ya´lam , n. The name given to one the cultivated Dravidian languages, closely related to the Tamil. Yule.

Mal´brouck , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A West African arboreal monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus).

Mal•con•for•ma´tion , n. [Mal- + conformation.] Imperfect, disproportionate, or abnormal formation; ill form; disproportion of parts.

Mal´con•tent , a. [F., fr. mal ill + content. See Malice, Content.] discontented; uneasy; dissatisfied; especially, dissatisfied with the government. [Written also malecontent.] “The famous malcontent earl of Leicester.” Milner.

Mal´con•tent, n. [F. malcontent.] One who discontented; especially, a discontented subject of a government; one who expresses his discontent by words or overt acts. Spenser. Berkeley.

Mal•con•tent´ed , a. Malcontent. — Mal•con•tent´ed•ly, adv. — Mal•con•tent´ed•ness, n.

Mal•da´ni•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of marine annelids of the genus Maldane, or family Maldanidae. They have a slender, round body, and make tubes in the sand or mud.

Male- (mal- or male-). See Mal-.

Male (mal), a. [L. malus. See Malice.] Evil; wicked; bad. [Obs.] Marston.

Male, n. Same as Mail, a bag. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Male, a. [F. mâle, OF. masle, mascle, fr. L. masculus male, masculine, dim. of mas a male; possibly akin to E. man. Cf. Masculine, Marry, v. t.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sex that begets or procreates young, or (in a wider sense) to the sex that produces spermatozoa, by which the ova are fertilized; not female; as male organs. 2. (Bot.) Capable of producing fertilization, but not of bearing fruit; — said of stamens and antheridia, and of the plants, or parts of plants, which bear them. 3. Suitable to the male sex; characteristic or suggestive of a male; masculine; as male courage. 4. Consisting of males; as a male choir. 5. (Mech.) Adapted for entering another corresponding piece (the female piece) which is hollow and which it fits; as a male gauge, for gauging the size or shape of a hole; a male screw, etc. Male berry (Bot.), a kind of coffee. See Pea berry. — Male fern (Bot.), a fern of the genus Aspidium (A. Filixmas), used in medicine as an anthelmintic, esp. against the tapeworm. Aspidium marginale in America, and A. athamanticum in South Africa, are used as good substitutes for the male fern in medical practice. See Female fern, under Female. — Male rhyme, a rhyme in which only the last syllables agree, as laid, afraid, dismayed. See Female rhyme, under Female. - - Male screw (Mech.), a screw having threads upon its exterior which enter the grooves upon the inside of a corresponding nut or female screw. — Male thread, the thread of a male screw.

Male, n. 1. An animal of the male sex. 2. (Bot.) A plant bearing only staminate flowers.

Male•ad•min•is•tra´tion (mal•ad•min•is•tra´shun), n. Maladministration.

Ma•le´ate , n. A salt of maleic acid.

Male•branch´ism , n. The philosophical system of Malebranche, an eminent French metaphysician. The fundamental doctrine of his system is that the mind can not have knowledge of anything external to itself except in its relation to God.

Male•con•for•ma´tion , n. Malconformation.

Male´con•tent , a. Malcontent.

Mal•e•di´cen•cy , n. [L. maledicentia. See Maledicent.] Evil speaking. [Obs.] Atterbury.

Mal•e•di´cent , a. [L. maledicens, p. pr. of maledicere to speak ill; male ill + dicere to say, speak. See Malice, and Diction.] Speaking reproachfully; slanderous. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Mal´e•dict , a. [L. maledictus, p. p. of maledicere.] Accursed; abominable. [R.]

Mal•e•dic´tion, n. [L. maledictio: cf. F. malediction. See Maledicent.] A proclaiming of evil against some one; a cursing; imprecation; a curse or execration; — opposed to benediction. “No malediction falls from his tongue.” Longfellow. Syn. — Cursing; curse; execration; imprecation; denunciation; anathema. — Malediction, Curse, Imprecation, Execration. Malediction is the most general term, denoting bitter reproach, or wishes and predictions of evil. Curse implies the desire or threat of evil, declared upon oath or in the most solemn manner. Imprecation is literally the praying down of evil upon a person. Execration is literally a putting under the ban of excommunication, a curse which excludes from the kingdom of God. In ordinary usage, the last three words describe profane swearing, execration being the strongest.

Mal•e•fac´tion , n. [See Malefactor.] A crime; an offense; an evil deed. [R.] Shak.

Mal•e•fac´tor , n. [L., fr. malefacere to do evil; male ill, evil + facere to do. See Malice, and Fact.] 1. An evil doer; one who commits a crime; one subject to public prosecution and punishment; a criminal. 2. One who does wrong by injuring another, although not a criminal. [Obs.] H. Brooke. Fuller. Syn. — Evil doer; criminal; culprit; felon; convict.

Mal•e•fac´tress , n. A female malefactor. Hawthorne.

Male•fea´sance , n. See Malfeasance.

Ma•lef´ic , a. [L. maleficus: cf. F. malefique. See Malefaction.] Doing mischief; causing harm or evil; nefarious; hurtful. [R.] Chaucer.

Mal´e•fice , n. [L. maleficium: cf. F. malefice. See Malefactor.] An evil deed; artifice; enchantment. [Obs.]

Ma•lef´i•cence , n. [L. maleficentia. Cf. Malfeasance.] Evil doing, esp. to others.

Ma•lef´i•cent , a. [See Malefic.] Doing evil to others; harmful; mischievous.

Mal•e•fi´cial , a. Injurious. Fuller.

Mal•e•fi´ci•ate , v. t. [LL. maleficiatus, p. p. of maleficiare to bewitch, fr. L. maleficium. See Malefice.] To bewitch; to harm. [Obs.] Burton.

Mal•e•fi•ci•a´tion , n. A bewitching. [Obs.]

Mal•e•fi´cience , n. [See Maleficence.] The doing of evil, harm, or mischief.

Mal•e•fi´cient , a. [See Maleficent.] Doing evil, harm, or mischief.

Male•for•ma´tion , n. See Malformation.

Ma•le´ic , a. [Cf. F. maleique. See Malic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the ethylene series, metameric with fumaric acid and obtained by heating malic acid.

Ma•len´gine , n. [OF. malengin; L. malus bad, evil + ingenium natural capacity. See Engine.] Evil machination; guile; deceit. [Obs.] Gower.

Ma´le•o , n. [From its native name.] (Zoöl.) A bird of Celebes (megacephalon maleo), allied to the brush turkey. It makes mounds in which to lay its eggs.

Male-o´dor , n. See Malodor.

Male•prac´tice , n. See Malpractice.

Male´-spir•it•ed , a. Having the spirit of a male; vigorous; courageous. [R.] B. Jonson.

Mal´et , n. [F. mallette, dim. of malle. See Mail a bag.] A little bag or budget. [Obs.] Shelton.

Male•treat´ , v. t. See Maltreat.

Ma•lev´o•lence , n. [L. malevolentia. See Malevolent.] The quality or state of being malevolent; evil disposition toward another; inclination to injure others; ill will. See Synonym of Malice.

Ma•lev´o•lent , a. [L. malevolens, -entis; male ill + volens, p. pr. of velle to be willing or disposed, to wish. See Malice, and Voluntary.] Wishing evil; disposed to injure others; rejoicing in another’s misfortune. Syn. — Ill-disposed; envious; mischievous; evil-minded; spiteful; malicious; malignant; rancorous.

Ma•lev´o•lent•ly, adv. In a malevolent manner.

Ma•lev´o•lous , a. [L. malevolus; fr. male ill + velle to be disposed.] Malevolent. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

Mal•ex•e•cu´tion , n. [Mal- + execution.] Bad execution. D. Webster.

Ma•le´yl , n. [Maleic + - yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical derived from maleic acid.

Mal•fea´sance , n. [F. malfaisance, fr. malfaisant injurious, doing ill; mal ill, evil + faisant doing, p. pr. of faire to do. See Malice, Feasible, and cf. Maleficence.] (Law) The doing of an act which a person ought not to do; evil conduct; an illegal deed. [Written also malefeasance.]

Mal•for•ma´tion , n. [Mal- + formation.] Ill formation; irregular or anomalous formation; abnormal or wrong conformation or structure.

Mal•gra´cious , a. [F. malgracieux.] Not graceful; displeasing. [Obs.] Gower.

Mal´gre , prep. See Mauger.

Ma´lic , a. [L. malum an apple: cf. F. malique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, apples; as malic acid. Malic acid, a hydroxy acid obtained as a substance which is sirupy or crystallized with difficulty, and has a strong but pleasant sour taste. It occurs in many fruits, as in green apples, currants, etc. It is levorotatory or dextrorotatory according to the temperature and concentration. An artificial variety is a derivative of succinic acid, but has no action on polarized light, and thus malic acid is a remarkable case of physical isomerism.

Mal´ice (mal´is), n. [F. malice, fr. L. malitia, from malus bad, ill, evil, prob. orig., dirty, black; cf. Gr. me•las black, Skr. mala dirt. Cf. Mauger.] 1. Enmity of heart; malevolence; ill will; a spirit delighting in harm or misfortune to another; a disposition to injure another; a malignant design of evil. ´Nor set down aught in malice.´ Shak. “Envy, hatred, and malice are three distinct passions of the mind.” Ld. Holt. 2. (Law) Any wicked or mischievous intention of the mind; a depraved inclination to mischief; an intention to vex, annoy, or injure another person, or to do a wrongful act without just cause or cause or excuse; a wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others; willfulness. Malice aforethought or prepense, malice previously and deliberately entertained. Syn. — Spite; ill will; malevolence; grudge; pique; bitterness; animosity; malignity; maliciousness; rancor; virulence. See Spite. — Malevolence, Malignity, Malignancy. Malice is a stronger word than malevolence, which may imply only a desire that evil may befall another, while malice desires, and perhaps intends, to bring it about. Malignity is intense and deepseated malice. It implies a natural delight in hating and wronging others. One who is malignant must be both malevolent and malicious; but a man may be malicious without being malignant. “Proud tyrants who maliciously destroy
And ride o’er ruins with malignant joy.” Somerville. “in some connections, malignity seems rather more pertinently applied to a radical depravity of nature, and malignancy to indications of this depravity, in temper and conduct in particular instances.” Cogan.

Mal´ice, v. t. To regard with extreme ill will. [Obs.]

Mal´i•cho , n. [Sp. malhecho; mal bad + hecho deed, L. factum. See Fact.] Mischief. [Obs.] Shak.

Ma•li´cious , a. [Of. malicius, F. malicieux, fr. L. malitiosus. See Malice.] 1. Indulging or exercising malice; harboring ill will or enmity. “I grant him bloody, …
Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin
That has a name.” Shak. 2. Proceeding from hatred or ill will; dictated by malice; as a malicious report; malicious mischief. 3. (Law) With wicked or mischievous intentions or motives; wrongful and done intentionally without just cause or excuse; as a malicious act. Malicious abandonment, the desertion of a wife or husband without just cause. Burrill. — Malicious mischief (Law), malicious injury to the property of another; — an offense at common law. Wharton. — Malicious prosecution or arrest (Law), a wanton prosecution or arrest, by regular process in a civil or criminal proceeding, without probable cause. Bouvier. Syn. — Ill-disposed; evil-minded; mischievous; envious; malevolent; invidious; spiteful; bitter; malignant; rancorous; malign. — Ma•li´cious•ly, adv. — Ma•li´cious•ness, n.

Ma•lign´ , a. [L. malignus, for maligenus, i. e., of a bad kind or nature; malus bad + the root of genus birth, race, kind: cf. F. malin, masc., maligne, fem. See Malice, Gender, and cf. Benign, Malignant.] 1. Having an evil disposition toward others; harboring violent enmity; malevolent; malicious; spiteful; — opposed to benign. “Witchcraft may be by operation of malign spirits.” Bacon. 2. Unfavorable; unpropitious; pernicious; tending to injure; as a malign aspect of planets. 3. Malignant; as a malign ulcer. [R.] Bacon.

Ma•lign´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maligned p. pr. & vb. n. Maligning.] [Cf. L. malignare. See Malign, a.] To treat with malice; to show hatred toward; to abuse; to wrong; to injure. [Obs.] “The people practice what mischiefs and villainies they will against private men, whom they malign by stealing their goods, or murdering them.” Spenser. 2. To speak great evil of; to traduce; to defame; to slander; to vilify; to asperse. “To be envied and shot at; to be maligned standing, and to be despised falling.” South.

Ma•lign´, v. i. To entertain malice. [Obs.] { Ma•lig´nance , Ma•lig´nan•cy , } n. [See Malignant.] 1. The state or quality of being malignant; extreme malevolence; bitter enmity; malice; as malignancy of heart. 2. Unfavorableness; evil nature. “The malignancy of my fate might perhaps distemner yours.” Shak. 3. (Med.) Virulence; tendency to a fatal issue; as the malignancy of an ulcer or of a fever. 4. The state of being a malignant. Syn. — Malice; malevolence; malignity. See Malice.

Ma•lig´nant , a. [L. malignans, -antis, p. pr. of malignare, malignari, to do or make maliciously. See Malign, and cf. Benignant.] 1. Disposed to do harm, inflict suffering, or cause distress; actuated by extreme malevolence or enmity; virulently inimical; bent on evil; malicious. “A malignant and a turbaned Turk.” Shak. 2. Characterized or caused by evil intentions; pernicious. ´Malignant care.´ Macaulay. “Some malignant power upon my life.” Shak. “Something deleterious and malignant as his touch.” Hawthorne. 3. (Med.) Tending to produce death; threatening a fatal issue; virulent; as malignant diphtheria. Malignant pustule (Med.), a very contagious disease, transmitted to man from animals, characterized by the formation, at the point of reception of the virus, of a vesicle or pustule which first enlarges and then breaks down into an unhealthy ulcer. It is marked by profound exhaustion and usually fatal. Called also charbon, and sometimes, improperly, anthrax.

Ma•lig´nant , n. 1. A man of extreme enmity or evil intentions. Hooker. 2. (Eng. Hist.) One of the adherents of Charles I. or Charles II.; — so called by the opposite party.

Ma•lig´nant•ly, adv. In a malignant manner.

Ma•lign´er , n. One who maligns.

Ma•lig´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malignified p. pr. & vb. n. Malignifying ] [L. malignus malign + -fy.] To make malign or malignant. [R.] ´A strong faith malignified.´ Southey.

Ma•lig´ni•ty , n. [F. malignite, L. malignitas.] 1. The state or quality of being malignant; disposition to do evil; virulent enmity; malignancy; malice; spite. 2. Virulence; deadly quality. “His physicians discerned an invincible malignity in his disease.” Hayward. 3. Extreme evilness of nature or influence; perniciousness; heinousness; as the malignity of fraud. [R.] Syn. — See Malice.

Ma•lign´ly , adv. In a malign manner; with malignity.

Ma•lin´ger , v. i. [imp. & p. p. MAlingered p. pr. & vb. n. Malingering.] To act the part of a malingerer; to feign illness or inability.

Ma•lin´ger•er , n. [F. malingre sickly, weakly, prob. from mal ill + OF. heingre, haingre, thin, lean, infirm, fr. L. aeger.] In the army, a soldier who feigns himself sick, or who induces or protracts an illness, in order to avoid doing his duty; hence, in general, one who shirks his duty by pretending illness or inability.

Ma•lin´ger•y , n. The spirit or practices of a malingerer; malingering.

Mal´i•son , n. [OF. maleicon, L. maledictio. See Malediction, and cf. Benison.] Malediction; curse; execration. [Poetic] “God’s malison on his head who this gainsays.” Sir W. Scott.

Mal´kin , n. [Dim. of Maud, the proper name. Cf. Grimalkin.] [Written also maukin.] 1. Originally, a kitchenmaid; a slattern. Chaucer. 2. A mop made of clouts, used by the kitchen servant. 3. A scarecrow. [Prov. Eng.] 4. (Mil.) A mop or sponge attached to a jointed staff for swabbing out a cannon.

Mall (mal; 277), n. [Written also maul.] [OE. malle, F. mail, L. malleus. Cf. Malleus.] 1. A large heavy wooden beetle; a mallet for driving anything with force; a maul. Addison. 2. A heavy blow. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. An old game played with malls or mallets and balls. See Pall-mall. Cotton. 4. A place where the game of mall was played. Hence: A public walk; a level shaded walk. “Part of the area was laid out in gravel walks, and planted with elms; and these convenient and frequented walks obtained the name of the City Mall.” Southey.

Mall (mal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malled (mald); p. pr. & vb. n. Malling.] [Cf. OF. mailler. See Mall beetle, and cf. Malleate.] To beat with a mall; to beat with something heavy; to bruise; to maul.

Mall (mal), n. [LL. mallum a public assembly; cf. OHG. mahal assembly, transaction; akin to AS. maeðel, meðel, assembly, maelan to speak, Goth. maþl market place.] Formerly, among Teutonic nations, a meeting of the notables of a state for the transaction of public business, such meeting being a modification of the ancient popular assembly. Hence: (a) A court of justice. (b) A place where justice is administered. (c) A place where public meetings are held. “Councils, which had been as frequent as diets or malls, ceased.” Milman.

Mal´lard , n. [F. malari,fr. mâle male + -art =-ard. See Male, a., and -ard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A drake; the male of Anas boschas. 2. (Zoöl.) A large wild duck (Anas boschas) inhabiting both America and Europe. The domestic duck has descended from this species. Called also greenhead.

Mal´le•a•bil´i•ty , n. [CF. F. malleabilite.] The quality or state of being malleable; — opposed to friability and brittleness. Locke.

Mal´le•a•ble , a. [F. malleable, fr. LL. malleare to hammer. See Malleate.] Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, or by the pressure of rollers; — applied to metals. Malleable iron, iron that is capable of extension or of being shaped under the hammer; decarbonized cast iron. See under Iron. — Malleable iron castings, articles cast from pig iron and made malleable by heating then for several days in the presence of some substance, as hematite, which deprives the cast iron of some of its carbon.

Mal´le•a•ble•ize , v. t. To make malleable.

Mal´le•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being malleable.

Mal´le•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the malleus.

Mal´le•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malleated p. pr. & vb. n. Malleating ] [L. malleatus hammered, fr. malleus a hammer. See Mall, v. t.] To hammer; to beat into a plate or leaf.

Mal•le•a´tion , n. [LL. malleatio: cf. OF. malleation.] The act or process of beating into a plate, sheet, or leaf, as a metal; extension by beating.

Mal´le•cho , n. Same as Malicho.

Mal•lee´ bird (Zoöl.) [From native name.] The leipoa. See Leipoa. { Mal´le•mock , Mal´le•moke } n. (Zoöl.) See Mollemoke.

Mal´len•ders , n. pl. (Far.) Same as Malanders.

Mal•le´o•lar , a. [See Malleolus.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the malleolus; in the region of the malleoli of the ankle joint.

Mal•le´•o•lus , n.; pl. Malleoli (#). [L., dim. of malleus hammer.] 1. (Anat.) A projection at the distal end of each bone of the leg at the ankle joint. The malleolus of the tibia is the internal projection, that of the fibula the external. 2. ´ A layer, ´ a shoot partly buried in the ground, and there cut halfway through.

Mal´let , n. [F. maillet, dim. of mail. See Mall a beetle.] A small maul with a short handle, — used esp. for driving a tool, as a chisel or the like; also a light beetle with a long handle, — used in playing croquet.

Mal´le•us , n.; pl. Mallei (#). [L., hammer. See Mall a beetle.] 1. (Anat.) The outermost of the three small auditory bones, ossicles; the hammer. It is attached to the tympanic membrane by a long process, the handle or manubrium. See Illust. of Far. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the hard lateral pieces of the mastax of Rotifera. See Mastax. 3. (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve shells; the hammer shell.

Mal•loph´a•ga (mal•lof´a•ga), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mallo•s a lock of wool + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of insects which are parasitic on birds and mammals, and feed on the feathers and hair; — called also bird lice. See Bird louse, under Bird.

Mal•lo´tus , n. [NL., fr Gr. fleecy.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small Arctic fishes. One American species, the capelin (Mallotus villosus), is extensively used as bait for cod. { Mal´low , Mal´lows } n. [OE. malwe, AS. mealwe, fr. L. malva, akin to Gr. mala•chh; cf. mala•ssein to soften, malako•s soft. Named either from its softening or relaxing properties, or from its soft downy leaves. Cf. Mauve, Malachite.] (Bot.) A genus of plants (Malva) having mucilaginous qualities. See Malvaceous. The flowers of the common mallow (M. sylvestris) are used in medicine. The dwarf mallow (M. rotundifolia) is a common weed, and its flattened, dick-shaped fruits are called cheeses by children. Tree mallow (M. Mauritiana and Lavatera arborea), musk mallow (M. moschata), rose mallow or hollyhock, and curled mallow (M. crispa), are less commonly seen. Indian mallow. See Abutilon. — Jew’s mallow, a plant (Corchorus olitorius) used as a pot herb by the Jews of Egypt and Syria. — Marsh mallow. See under Marsh.

Mal´low•wort (mal´lo•wûrt), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the order Malvaceae. { Malm , Malm´brick• } n. [Cf. AS. mealm sand.] A kind of brick of a light brown or yellowish color, made of sand, clay, and chalk.

Mal´ma , n. (Zoöl.) A spotted trout (Salvelinus malma), inhabiting Northern America, west of the Rocky Mountains; — called also Dolly Varden trout, bull trout, red-spotted trout, and golet.

Mal´mag , n. [F., from native name in Madagascar.] (Zoöl.) The tarsius, or spectral lemur.

Malm´sey , n. [OE. malvesie, F. malvoisie, It. malvasia, malavagia, fr. Malvasia, or Napoli di Malvasia, in the Morea.] A kind of sweet wine from Crete, the Canary Islands, etc. Shak.

Mal•nu•tri´tion , n. [Mal- + nutrition.] (Physiol.) Faulty or imperfect nutrition.

Mal•ob•ser•va´tion , n. [Mal- + observation.] Erroneous observation. J. S Mill.

Mal•o´dor , n. An offensive odor.
[1913 Webster]

Mal•o´dor•ous , a. Offensive to the sense of smell; ill-smelling. — Mal•o´dor•ous•ness. n. Carlyle.
[1913 Webster]

Mal´o•nate , a. (Chem.) A salt of malonic acid.

Ma•lon´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid produced artifically as a white crystalline substance, CH_2.(CO_2H)2, and so called because obtained by the oxidation of malic acid.

Mal´o•nyl , n. [Malonic + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, CH_2.(CO)2, from malonic acid.

Mal•pi´ghi•a , n. [NL. See Malpighian.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical American shrubs with opposite leaves and small white or reddish flowers. The drupes of Malpighia urens are eaten under the name of Barbadoes cherries.

Mal•pi•ghi•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of tropical trees and shrubs (Malpighiaceae), some of them climbing plants, and their stems forming many of the curious lianes of South American forests.

Mal•pi´ghi•an , a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Marcello Malpighi, an Italian anatomist of the 17th century. Malpighian capsules or corpuscles, the globular dilatations, containing the glomeruli or Malpighian tufts, at the extremities of the urinary tubules of the kidney. — Malpighian corpuscles of the spleen, masses of adenoid tissue connected with branches of the splenic artery.

Mal•po•si´tion , n. [Mal- + position.] A wrong position.

Mal•prac´tice , n. [Mal- + practice.] Evil practice; illegal or immoral conduct; practice contrary to established rules; specifically, the treatment of a case by a surgeon or physician in a manner which is contrary to accepted rules and productive of unfavorable results. [Written also malepractice.]

Malt , n. [AS. mealt; akin to D. mout, G. malz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. malt, and E. melt. rad.108. See Melt.] Barley or other grain, steeped in water and dried in a kiln, thus forcing germination until the saccharine principle has been evolved. It is used in brewing and in the distillation of whisky.

Malt, a. Relating to, containing, or made with, malt. Malt liquor, an alcoholic liquor, as beer, ale, porter, etc., prepared by fermenting an infusion of malt. - - Malt dust, fine particles of malt, or of the grain used in making malt; — used as a fertilizer. ´ Malt dust consists chiefly of the infant radicle separated from the grain.´ Sir H. Davy. — Malt floor, a floor for drying malt. — Malt house, or Malthouse, a house in which malt is made. — Malt kiln, a heated chamber for drying malt.

Malt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malted: p. pr. & vb. n. Malting.] To make into malt; as to malt barley.

Malt, v. i. To become malt; also to make grain into malt. Mortimer.

Mal´ta•lent , n. [F. See Malice, and Talent.] Ill will; malice. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Spenser.

Mal•tese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Malta or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Malta; the people of Malta. Maltese cat (Zoöl.), a mouse- colored variety of the domestic cat. — Maltese cross. See Illust. 5, of Cross. — Maltese dog (Zoöl.), a breed of small terriers, having long silky white hair. The breed originated in Malta.

Mal´tha (mal´tha), n. [L., fr. Gr. ma•lqa.] 1. A variety of bitumen, viscid and tenacious, like pitch, unctuous to the touch, and exhaling a bituminous odor. 2. Mortar. [Obs.] Holland.

Mal•thu´sian , a. Of or pertaining to the political economist, the Rev. T. R. Malthus, or conforming to his views; as Malthusian theories. Malthus held that population tends to increase faster than its means of subsistence can be made to do, and hence that the lower classes must necessarily suffer more or less from lack of food, unless an increase of population be checked by prudential restraint or otherwise.

Mal•thu´sian, n. A follower of Malthus.

Mal•thu´sian•ism , n. The system of Malthusian doctrines relating to population. { Malt´in , Malt´ine } n. (Physiol. Chem.) The fermentative principle of malt; malt diastase; also a name given to various medicinal preparations made from or containing malt.

Malt´ing , n. The process of making, or of becoming malt.

Malt´man , n.; pl. Maltmen . A man whose occupation is to make malt.

Mal•ton´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, maltose; specif., designating an acid called also gluconic or dextronic acid. See Gluconic.

Malt´ose (malt´os•), n. [From Malt.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline sugar formed from starch by the action of diastase of malt, and the amylolytic ferment of saliva and pancreatic juice. It resembles dextrose, but rotates the plane of polarized light further to the right and possesses a lower cupric oxide reducing power.

Mal•treat´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maltreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Maltreating.] [Mal- + treat: cf. F. maltraiter.] To treat ill; to abuse; to treat roughly.

Mal•treat´ment , n.; [Cf. F. maltraitement.] Ill treatment; ill usage; abuse.

Malt´ster , n. A maltman. Swift.

Malt´worm , n. A tippler. [R.] Shak.

Malt´y , a. Containing, or like, malt. Dickens.

Ma´lum , n.; pl. Mala (#). [L.] An evil. See Mala.

Mal•va´ceous , a. [L. malvaceus, from malva mallows. See Mallow.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Malvaceae), of which the mallow is the type. The cotton plant, hollyhock, and abutilon are of this order, and the baobab and the silk-cotton trees are now referred to it.

Mal•ver•sa´tion , n. [F., fr. malverser to be corrupt in office, fr. L. male ill + versari to move about, to occupy one’s self, vertere to turn. See Malice, and Verse.] Evil conduct; fraudulent practices; misbehavior, corruption, or extortion in office.

Mal´ve•sie , n. Malmsey wine. See Malmsey. ´ A jub of malvesye.´ Chaucer.

Mam (mam), n. [Abbrev. fr. mamma.] Mamma.

Ma•ma´ , n. See Mamma.

Mam´a•luke , n. Same as Mameluke.

Mam´e•lon , n. [F.] A rounded hillock; a rounded elevation or protuberance. Westmin. Rev.

Mam•e•lu´co , n. [Pg.] A child born of a white father and Indian mother. [S. Amer.]

Mam´e•luke , n. [F. mamelouk, cf. Sp. mameluco, It. mammalucco; all fr. Ar. mamlk a purchased slave or captive; lit., possessed or in one’s power, p. p. of malaka to possesses.] One of a body of mounted soldiers recruited from slaves converted to Mohammedanism, who, during several centuries, had more or less control of the government of Egypt, until exterminated or dispersed by Mehemet Ali in 1811.

Mam´il•la•ted , a. See Mammillated.

Mam•ma´ , n. [Reduplicated from the infantine word ma, influenced in spelling by L. mamma.] Mother; — word of tenderness and familiarity. [Written also mama.] “Tell tales papa and mamma.” Swift.

Mam´ma , n.; pl. Mammae (#). [L. mamma breast.] (Anat.) A glandular organ for secreting milk, characteristic of all mammals, but usually rudimentary in the male; a mammary gland; a breast; udder; bag.

Mam´mal , n.; pl. Mammals (#). [L. mammalis belonging to the breast, fr. mamma the breast or pap: cf. F. mammal.] (Zoöl.) One of the Mammalia. Age of mammals. See under Age, n., 8.

Mam•ma´li•a , n. pl. [NL., from L. mammalis. See Mammal.] (Zoöl.) The highest class of Vertebrata. The young are nourished for a time by milk, or an analogous fluid, secreted by the mammary glands of the mother. Mammalia are divided into three subclasses; — I. Placentalia. This subclass embraces all the higher orders, including man. In these the fetus is attached to the uterus by a placenta. II. Marsupialia. In these no placenta is formed, and the young, which are born at an early state of development, are carried for a time attached to the teats, and usually protected by a marsupial pouch. The opossum, kangaroo, wombat, and koala are examples. III. Monotremata. In this group, which includes the genera Echidna and Ornithorhynchus, the female lays large eggs resembling those of a bird or lizard, and the young, which are hatched like those of birds, are nourished by a watery secretion from the imperfectly developed mammae.

Mam•ma´li•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Mammalia or mammals.

Mam•ma•lif´er•ous , a. [Mammal + -ferous.] (Geol.) Containing mammalian remains; — said of certain strata.

Mam•ma•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to mammalogy.

Mam•mal´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. mammalogiste.] One versed in mammalogy.

Mam•mal´o•gy , n. [Mamma breast + -logy: cf. f. mammalogie.] The science which relates to mammals or the Mammalia. See Mammalia.

Mam´ma•ry , a. [Cf. F. mammaire.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mammae or breasts; as the mammary arteries and veins.

Mam•mee´ , n. [Haytian mamey.] (Bot.) A fruit tree of tropical America, belonging to the genus Mammea (M. Americana); also its fruit. The latter is large, covered with a thick, tough ring, and contains a bright yellow pulp of a pleasant taste and fragrant scent. It is often called mammee apple.

Mam´mer , v. i. [Cf. G. memme coward, poltroon.] To hesitate; to mutter doubtfully. [Obs.]

Mam´met , n. [See Mawmet.] An idol; a puppet; a doll. [Obs.] Selden. Shak.

Mam´met•ry , n. See Mawmetry. [Obs.]

Mam´mi•fer , n. [NL. See Mammiferous.] (Zoöl.) A mammal. See Mammalia.

Mam•mif´er•ous , a. [Mamma breast + -ferous: cf. F. mammifère.] Having breasts; of, pertaining to, or derived from, the Mammalia.

Mam´mi•form , a. [Mamma breast + -form: cf. F. mammiforme.] Having the form of a mamma (breast) or mammae.

Mam•mil´la , n.; pl. Mammilae (#). [L., dim. of mamma a breast.] (Anat.) The nipple.

Mam´mil•la•ry , a. [Cf. F. mammilaire. See Mammilla.] 1. Of or pertaining to the mammilla, or nipple, or to the breast; resembling a mammilla; mammilloid. 2. (Min.) Composed of convex convex concretions, somewhat resembling the breasts in form; studded with small mammiform protuberances. { Mam´mil•late , Mam´mil•la•ted } a. [See Mammilla.] 1. Having small nipples, or small protuberances like nipples or mammae. 2. (Zoöl.) Bounded like a nipple; — said of the apex of some shells.

Mam•mil´li•form , a. [Mammilla + -form.] Having the form of a mammilla.

Mam´mil•loid , a. [Mammilla + -oid.] Like a mammilla or nipple; mammilliform.

Mam´mock , n. [Ir. & Gael. mam a round hill + -ock.] A shapeless piece; a fragment. [Obs.]

Mam´mock, v. t. To tear to pieces. [Obs.] Milton.

Mam´mo•dis , n. [F. mamoudis, fr. Hind. mahmudi a muslin.] Coarse plain India muslins.

Mam•mol´o•gy , n. [Mamma + -logy.] Mastology. See Mammalogy.

Mam´mon , n. [L. mammona, Gr. riches, Syr. mamna; cf. Heb. matmn a hiding place, subterranean storehouse, treasury, fr. taman to hide.] Riches; wealth; the god of riches; riches, personified. “Ye can not serve God and Mammon.” Matt. vi. 24.

Mam´mon•ish, a. Actuated or prompted by a devotion to money getting or the service of Mammon. Carlyle.

Mam´mon•ism , n. Devotion to the pursuit of wealth; worldliness. Carlyle.

Mam´mon•ist, n. A mammonite.

Mam´mon•ite , n. One devoted to the acquisition of wealth or the service of Mammon. C. Kingsley.

Mam•mon•i•za´tion , n. The process of making mammonish; the state of being under the influence of mammonism.

Mam´mon•ize , v. t. To make mammonish.

Mam•mose´ , a. [L. mammosus having large breasts, mamma breast.] (Bot.) Having the form of the breast; breast-shaped.

Mam´moth , n. [Russ. mâmont, mámant, fr. Tartar mamma the earth. Certain Tartar races, the Tungooses and Yakoots, believed that the mammoth worked its way in the earth like a mole.] (Zoöl.) An extinct, hairy, maned elephant (Elephas primigenius), of enormous size, remains of which are found in the northern parts of both continents. The last of the race, in Europe, were coeval with prehistoric man. Several specimens have been found in Siberia preserved entire, with the flesh and hair remaining. They were imbedded in the ice cliffs at a remote period, and became exposed by the melting of the ice.

Mam´moth , a. Resembling the mammoth in size; very large; gigantic; as a mammoth ox.

Mam´mo•thrept , n. [Gr. ; grandmother + to nourish.] A child brought up by its grandmother; a spoiled child. [R.] “O, you are a more mammothrept in judgment.” B. Jonson.

Mam´my , n.; pl. Mammies . A child’s name for mamma, mother.

Mam´zer , n. [Heb. mámzr.] A person born of relations between whom marriage was forbidden by the Mosaic law; a bastard. Deut. xxiii. 2 (Douay version).

Man (man), n.; pl. Men (men). [AS. mann, man, monn, mon; akin to OS., D., & OHG. man, G. mann, Icel. maðr, for mannr, Dan. Mand, Sw. man, Goth. manna, Skr. manu, manus, and perh. to Skr. man to think, and E. mind. rad.104. Cf. Minx a pert girl.] 1. A human being; — opposed to beast. “These men went about wide, and man found they none,
But fair country, and wild beast many [a] one.” R. of Glouc. “The king is but a man, as I am; the violet smells to him as it doth to me.” Shak. 2. Especially: An adult male person; a grown- up male person, as distinguished from a woman or a child. “When I became a man, I put away childish things.” I Cor. xiii. 11. “Ceneus, a woman once, and once a man.” Dryden. 3. The human race; mankind. “And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness, and let them have dominion.” Gen. i. 26. “The proper study of mankind is man.” Pope. 4. The male portion of the human race. “Woman has in general, much stronger propensity than man to the discharge of parental duties.” Cowper. 5. One possessing in a high degree the distinctive qualities of manhood; one having manly excellence of any kind. Shak. “This was the noblest Roman of them all … the elements
So mixed in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world ´This was a man!´” Shak. 6. An adult male servant; also a vassal; a subject. “Like master, like man.” Old Proverb. “The vassal, or tenant, kneeling, ungirt, uncovered, and holding up his hands between those of his lord, professed that he did become his man from that day forth, of life, limb, and earthly honor.” Blackstone. 7. A term of familiar address often implying on the part of the speaker some degree of authority, impatience, or haste; as Come, man, we ’ve no time to lose! 8. A married man; a husband; — correlative to wife. “I pronounce that they are man and wife.” Book of Com. Prayer. “every wife ought to answer for her man.” Addison. 9. One, or any one, indefinitely; — a modified survival of the Saxon use of man, or mon, as an indefinite pronoun. “A man can not make him laugh.” Shak. “A man would expect to find some antiquities; but all they have to show of this nature is an old rostrum of a Roman ship.” Addison. 10. One of the piece with which certain games, as chess or draughts, are played. Man is often used as a prefix in composition, or as a separate adjective, its sense being usually self-explaining; as man child, man eater or maneater, man- eating, man hater or manhater, man-hating, manhunter, man-hunting, mankiller, man- killing, man midwife, man pleaser, man servant, man-shaped, manslayer, manstealer, man-stealing, manthief, man worship, etc. Man is also used as a suffix to denote a person of the male sex having a business which pertains to the thing spoken of in the qualifying part of the compound; ashman, butterman, laundryman, lumberman, milkman, fireman, showman, waterman, woodman. Where the combination is not familiar, or where some specific meaning of the compound is to be avoided, man is used as a separate substantive in the foregoing sense; as apple man, cloth man, coal man, hardware man, wood man (as distinguished from woodman). Man ape (Zoöl.), a anthropoid ape, as the gorilla. — Man at arms, a designation of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for a soldier fully armed. — Man engine, a mechanical lift for raising or lowering people through considerable distances; specifically (Mining), a contrivance by which miners ascend or descend in a shaft. It consists of a series of landings in the shaft and an equal number of shelves on a vertical rod which has an up and down motion equal to the distance between the successive landings. A man steps from a landing to a shelf and is lifted or lowered to the next landing, upon which he them steps, and so on, traveling by successive stages. — Man Friday, a person wholly subservient to the will of another, like Robinson Crusoe’s servant Friday. — Man of straw, a puppet; one who is controlled by others; also one who is not responsible pecuniarily. — Man-of-the earth (Bot.), a twining plant (Ipomœa pandurata) with leaves and flowers much like those of the morning-glory, but having an immense tuberous farinaceous root. — Man of war. (a) A warrior; a soldier. Shak. (b) (Naut.) See in the Vocabulary. — To be one’s own man, to have command of one’s self; not to be subject to another.

Man , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manned p. pr. & vb. n. Manning.] 1. To supply with men; to furnish with a sufficient force or complement of men, as for management, service, defense, or the like; to guard; as to man a ship, boat, or fort. “See how the surly Warwick mans the wall !” Shak. “They man their boats, and all their young men arm.” Waller. 2. To furnish with strength for action; to prepare for efficiency; to fortify. ´Theodosius having manned his soul with proper reflections.´ Addison. 3. To tame, as a hawk. [R.] Shak. 4. To furnish with a servant or servants. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To wait on as a manservant. [Obs.] Shak. In ´Othello,´ V. ii. 270, the meaning is uncertain, being, perhaps: To point, to aim, or to manage. To man a yard (Naut.), to send men upon a yard, as for furling or reefing a sail. — To man the yards (Naut.), to station men on the yards as a salute or mark of respect.

Man´a•ble , a. Marriageable. [Obs.]

Man´ace , n. & v. Same as Menace. [Obs.]

Man´a•cle , n. [OE. manicle, OF. manicle, F. manicle sort glove, manacle, L. manicula a little hand, dim. of manus hand; cf. L. manica sleeve, manacle, fr. manus. See Manual.] A handcuff; a shackle for the hand or wrist; — usually in the plural. “Doctrine unto fools is as fetters on the feet, and like manacles on the right hand.” Ecclus. xxi. 19.

Man´a•cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manacled p. pr. & vb. n. Manacling ] To put handcuffs or other fastening upon, for confining the hands; to shackle; to confine; to restrain from the use of the limbs or natural powers. “Is it thus you use this monarch, to manacle and shackle him hand and foot ?” Arbuthnot.

Man´age , n. [F. manège, It. maneggio, fr. maneggiare to manage, fr. L. manushand. Perhaps somewhat influenced by F. menage housekeeping, OF. mesnage, akin to E. mansion. See Manual, and cf. Manege.] The handling or government of anything, but esp. of a horse; management; administration. See Manege. [Obs.] “Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than they can hold.” Bacon. “Down, down I come; like glistering Phaëthon
Wanting the manage of unruly jades.” Shak. “The unlucky manage of this fatal brawl.” Shak. This word, in its limited sense of management of a horse, has been displaced by manege; in its more general meaning, by management.

Man´age , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Managed p. pr. & vb. n. Managing ] [From Manage, n.] 1. To have under control and direction; to conduct; to guide; to administer; to treat; to handle. “Long tubes are cumbersome, and scarce to be easily managed.” Sir I. Newton. “What wars Imanage, and what wreaths I gain.” Prior. 2. Hence: Esp., to guide by careful or delicate treatment; to wield with address; to make subservient by artful conduct; to bring around cunningly to one’s plans. “It was so much his interest to manage his Protestant subjects.” Addison. “It was not her humor to manage those over whom she had gained an ascendant.” Bp. Hurd. 3. To train in the manege, as a horse; to exercise in graceful or artful action. 4. To treat with care; to husband. Dryden. 5. To bring about; to contrive. Shak. Syn. — To direct; govern; control; wield; order; contrive; concert; conduct; transact.

Man´age, v. i. To direct affairs; to carry on business or affairs; to administer. “Leave them to manage for thee.” Dryden.

Man•age•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being manageable; manageableness.

Man´age•a•ble , a. Such as can be managed or used; suffering control; governable; tractable; subservient; as a manageable horse. Syn. — Governable; tractable; controllable; docile. — Man´age•a•ble•ness, n. — Man´age•a•bly, adv.

Man´age•less, a. Unmanageable. [R.]

Man´age•ment , n. [From Manage, v.] 1. The act or art of managing; the manner of treating, directing, carrying on, or using, for a purpose; conduct; administration; guidance; control; as the management of a family or of a farm; the management of state affairs. ´The management of the voice.´ E. Porter. 2. Business dealing; negotiation; arrangement. “He had great managements with ecclesiastics.” Addison. 3. Judicious use of means to accomplish an end; conduct directed by art or address; skillful treatment; cunning practice; — often in a bad sense. “Mark with what management their tribes divide
Some stick to you, and some to t’other side.” Dryden. 4. The collective body of those who manage or direct any enterprise or interest; the board of managers. Syn. — Conduct; administration; government; direction; guidance; care; charge; contrivance; intrigue.

Man´a•ger , n. 1. One who manages; a conductor or director; as the manager of a theater. “A skillful manager of the rabble.” South. 2. A person who conducts business or household affairs with economy and frugality; a good economist. “A prince of great aspiring thoughts; in the main, a manager of his treasure.” Sir W. Temple. 3. A contriver; an intriguer. Shak.

Man•a•ge´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to management or a manager; as managerial qualities. ´Managerial responsibility.´ C. Bronte.

Man´a•ger•ship , n. The office or position of a manager.

Man´age•ry , n. [Cf. OF. menagerie, mesnagerie. See Manage, n., and cf. Menagerie.] 1. Management; manner of using; conduct; direction. 2. Husbandry; economy; frugality. Bp. Burnet.

Man´a•kin , n. [Cf. F. & G. manakin; prob. the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous small birds belonging to Pipra, Manacus, and other genera of the family Pipridae. They are mostly natives of Central and South America. Some are bright-colored, and others have the wings and tail curiously ornamented. The name is sometimes applied to related birds of other families.

Man´a•kin, n. A dwarf. See Manikin. Shak.

Man•a•tee´ , n. [Sp. manatí, from the native name in Hayti. Cf. Lamantin.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Trichechus, a genus of sirenians; — called also sea cow. [Written also manaty, manati.] One species (Trichechus Senegalensis) inhabits the west coast of Africa; another (T. Americanus) inhabits the east coast of South America, and the West-Indies. The Florida manatee (T. latirostris) is by some considered a distinct species, by others it is thought to be a variety of T. Americanus. It sometimes becomes fifteen feet or more in length, and lives both in fresh and salt water. It is hunted for its oil and flesh.

Ma•na´tion , n.[L. manatio, fr. manare to flow.] The act of issuing or flowing out. [Obs.]

Man´bote , n. [AS. man man, vassal + bot recompense.] (Anglo-Saxon Law) A sum paid to a lord as a pecuniary compensation for killing his man (that is, his vassal, servant, or tenant). Spelman.

Man´ca , n. [LL.] See Mancus.

Manche , n. [Also maunch.] [F. manche, fr. L. manica. See Manacle.] A sleeve. [Obs.]

Man´chet , n. Fine white bread; a loaf of fine bread. [Archaic] Bacon. Tennyson.

Man•chi•neel´ , n. [Sp. manzanillo, fr. manzana an apple, fr. L. malum Matianum a kind of apple. So called from its apple-like fruit.] (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous tree (Hippomane Mancinella) of tropical America, having a poisonous and blistering milky juice, and poisonous acrid fruit somewhat resembling an apple. Bastard manchineel, a tree (Cameraria latifolia) of the East Indies, having similar poisonous properties. Lindley.

Man•chu´ , a. [Written also Manchoo, Mantchoo, etc.] Of or pertaining to Manchuria or its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Manchuria; also the language spoken by the Manchus.

Man´ci•pate , v. t. [L. mancipatus, p. p. of mancipare to sell. Cf. Emancipate.] To enslave; to bind; to restrict. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Man•ci•pa´tion , n. [L. mancipatio a transfer.] Slavery; involuntary servitude. [Obs.] Johnson.

Man´ci•ple , n. [From OF. mancipe slave, servant (with l inserted, as in participle), fr. L. mancipium. See Mancipate.] A steward; a purveyor, particularly of a college or Inn of Court. Chaucer.

Man•co´na bark See Sassy bark.

Man´cus , n. [AS.] An old Anglo Saxon coin both of gold and silver, and of variously estimated values. The silver mancus was equal to about one shilling of modern English money.

-man•cy [Gr. divination: cf. F. -mancie.] A combining form denoting divination; as aleuromancy, chiromancy, necromancy, etc.

Mand , n. A demand. [Obs.] See Demand.

Man•da´mus , n. [L., we command, fr. mandare to command.] (Law) A writ issued by a superior court and directed to some inferior tribunal, or to some corporation or person exercising authority, commanding the performance of some specified duty.

Man•da•rin´ , n. [Pg. mandarim, from Malay mantri minister of state, prop. a Hind. word, fr. Skr. mantrin a counselor, manira a counsel, man to think.] 1. A Chinese public officer or nobleman; a civil or military official in China and Annam. 2. (Bot.) A small orange, with easily separable rind. It is thought to be of Chinese origin, and is counted a distinct species (Citrus nobilis). Mandarin duck (Zoöl.), a beautiful Asiatic duck (Dendronessa galericulata), often domesticated, and regarded by the Chinese as an emblem of conjugal affection. — Mandarin language, the spoken or colloquial language of educated people in China. — Mandarin yellow (Chem.), an artificial aniline dyestuff used for coloring silk and wool, and regarded as a complex derivative of quinoline.

Man•da•rin´ate , n. The collective body of officials or persons of rank in China. S. W. Williams.

Man•da•rin´ic , a. Appropriate or peculiar to a mandarin.

Man•da•rin´ing, n. (Dyeing) The process of giving an orange color to goods formed of animal tissue, as silk or wool, not by coloring matter, but by producing a certain change in the fiber by the action of dilute nitric acid. Tomlinson.

Man•da•rin´ism , n. A government mandarins; character or spirit of the mandarins. F. Lieder.

Man´da•ta•ry , n. [L. mandatarius, fr. mandatum a charge, commission, order: cf. F. mandataire. See Mandate.] 1. One to whom a command or charge is given; hence, specifically, a person to whom the pope has by his prerogative, given a mandate or order for his benefice. Ayliffe. 2. (Law) One who undertakes to discharge a specific business commission; a mandatory. Wharton.

Man´date , n. [L. mandatum, fr. mandare to commit to one’s charge, order, orig., to put into one’s hand; manus hand + dare to give: cf. F. mandat. See Manual, Date a time, and cf. Commend, Maundy Thursday.] 1. An official or authoritative command; an order or injunction; a commission; a judicial precept. “This dream all-powerful Juno; I bear
Her mighty mandates, and her words you hear.” Dryden. 2. (Canon Law) A rescript of the pope, commanding an ordinary collator to put the person therein named in possession of the first vacant benefice in his collation. 3. (Scots Law) A contract by which one employs another to manage any business for him. By the Roman law, it must have been gratuitous. Erskine.

Man•da´tor , n. [L.] 1. A director; one who gives a mandate or order. Ayliffe. 2. (Rom. Law) The person who employs another to perform a mandate. Bouvier.

Man´da•to•ry , a. [L. mandatorius.] Containing a command; preceptive; directory.

Man´da•to•ry, n. Same as Mandatary.

Man´del•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mandelic acid.

Man•del´ic , a. [G. mandel almond.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid first obtained from benzoic aldehyde (oil of better almonds), as a white crystalline substance; — called also phenyl glycolic acid.

Man´der , v. t. & i. See Maunder.

Man´der•il , n. A mandrel.

Man´di•ble , n. [L. mandibula, mandibulum, fr. mandere to chew. Cf. Manger.] 1. (Anat.) The bone, or principal bone, of the lower jaw; the inferior maxilla; — also applied to either the upper or the lower jaw in the beak of birds. 2. (Zoöl.) The anterior pair of mouth organs of insects, crustaceaus, and related animals, whether adapted for biting or not. See Illust. of Diptera.

Man•dib´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. mandibulaire.] Of or pertaining to a mandible; like a mandible. — n. The principal mandibular bone; the mandible. Mandibular arch (Anat.), the most anterior visceral arch, — that in which the mandible is developed. { Man•dib´u•late , Man•dib´u•la•ted } a. (Zoöl.) Provided with mandibles adapted for biting, as many insects.

Man•dib´u•late , n. (Zoöl.) An insect having mandibles.

Man•di•bu´li•form , a. (Zoöl.) Having the form of a mandible; — said especially of the maxillae of an insect when hard and adapted for biting.

Man•dib•u•lo•hy´oid , a. (Anat.) Pertaining both to the mandibular and the hyoid arch, or situated between them.

Man´dil (man´dil), n. [OF. mandil; cf. Sp. & Pg. mandil a coarse apron, a haircloth; all from Ar. mandil tablecloth, handkerchief, mantle, fr. LGr. mandh•lion, fr. L. mantile, mantele. See Mantle.] A loose outer garment worn the 16th and 17th centuries.

Man•dil´ion , n. See Mandil. Chapman.

Man•din´gos , n. pl. sing. Mandingo. (Ethnol.) An extensive and powerful tribe of West African negroes. { Man´di•oc , Man•di•o´ca } n. (Bot.) See Manioc.

Man´dle•stone , n. [G. mandelstein almond stone.] (Min.) Amygdaloid.

Mand´ment , n. Commandment. [Obs.] { Man´do•lin , Man´do•line } , n. [F. mandoline, It. mandolino, dim. of mandola, fr. L. pandura. See Bandore.] (Mus.) A small and beautifully shaped instrument resembling the lute.

Man´dore , n. [See Mandolin, and Bandore.] (Mus.) A kind of four-stringed lute.

Man•drag´o•ra , n. [L., mandragoras the mandrake.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; the mandrake. See Mandrake, 1.

Man•drag´o•rite , n. One who habitually intoxicates himself with a narcotic obtained from mandrake.

Man´drake (man´drak), n. [AS. mandragora, L. mandragoras, fr. Gr. mandrago•ras: cf. F. mandragore.] 1. (Bot.) A low plant (Mandragora officinarum) of the Nightshade family, having a fleshy root, often forked, and supposed to resemble a man. It was therefore supposed to have animal life, and to cry out when pulled up. All parts of the plant are strongly narcotic. It is found in the Mediterranean region. “And shrieks like mandrakes, torn out of the earth,
That living mortals, hearing them, run mad.” Shak. The mandrake of Scripture was perhaps the same plant, but proof is wanting. 2. (Bot.) The May apple (Podophyllum peltatum). See May apple under May, and Podophyllum. [U.S.]

Man´drel , n. [F. mandrin, prob. through (assumed) LL. mamphurinum, fr. L. mamphur a bow drill.] (Mach.) (a) A bar of metal inserted in the work to shape it, or to hold it, as in a lathe, during the process of manufacture; an arbor. (b) The live spindle of a turning lathe; the revolving arbor of a circular saw. It is usually driven by a pulley. [Written also manderil.] Mandrel lathe, a lathe with a stout spindle, adapted esp. for chucking, as for forming hollow articles by turning or spinning.

Man´drill (-dril), n. [Cf. F. mandrille, Sp. mandril, It. mandrillo; prob. the native name in Africa. Cf. Drill an ape.] (Zoöl.) A large West African baboon (Cynocephalus, or Papio, mormon). The adult male has on the sides of the nose, large, naked, grooved swellings, conspicuously striped with blue and red.

Man´du•ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. manducable. See Manducate.] Such as can be chewed; fit to be eaten. [R.] “Any manducable creature.” Sir T. Herbert.

Man´du•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manducated p. pr. & vb. n. Manducating ] [L. manducatus, p. p. of manducare to chew. See Manger.] To masticate; to chew; to eat. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Man•du•ca´tion , n. [L. manducatio: cf. F. manducation.] The act of chewing. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Man´du•ca•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or employed in, chewing.

Man•du´cus , n. [L., fr. manducare to chew.] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) A grotesque mask, representing a person chewing or grimacing, worn in processions and by comic actors on the stage.

Mane (man), n. [AS. manu; akin to OD. mane, D. maan, G. mähne, OHG. mana, Icel. mön, Dan. & Sw. man, AS. mene necklace, Icel. men, L. monile, Gr. , , Skr. manya neck muscles. rad.275.] 1. The long and heavy hair growing on the upper side of, or about, the neck of some quadrupedal animals, as the horse, the lion, etc. See Illust. of Horse. 2. The hair growing on a person’s head, especially hair that is long and thick; — usually used humorously. [jocose]
[PJC]

Man´-eat•er , n. (Zoöl.) One who, or that which, has an appetite for human flesh; specifically, one of certain large sharks (esp. Carcharodon Rondeleti); also a lion or a tiger which has acquired the habit of feeding upon human flesh.

Maned , a. Having a mane. Maned seal (Zoöl.), the sea lion. — Maned sheep (Zoöl.), the aoudad.

Ma•nege´ ( 277), n. [F. manège. See Manage, n.] 1. Art of horsemanship, or of training horses. 2. A school for teaching horsemanship, and for training horses. Chesterfield.

Ma´neh , n. [Heb. maneh.] A Hebrew weight for gold or silver, being one hundred shekels of gold and sixty shekels of silver. Ezek. xlv. 12.

Mane´less , a. Having no mane. Maneless lion (Zoöl.), a variety of the lion having a short, inconspicuous mane. It inhabits Arabia and adjacent countries.

Man´e•quin , n. [See Manikin.] An artist’s model of wood or other material.

Ma•ne´ri•al , a. See Manorial.

Ma´nes , n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The benevolent spirits of the dead, especially of dead ancestors, regarded as family deities and protectors. “Hail, O ye holy manes!” Dryden.

Mane´sheet , n. A covering placed over the upper part of a horse’s head. { Ma•neu´ver , Ma•nœu´vre } , n. [F. manœuvre, OF. manuevre, LL. manopera, lit., hand work, manual labor; L. manus hand + opera, fr. opus work. See Manual, Operate, and cf. Mainor, Manure.] 1. Management; dexterous movement; specif., a military or naval evolution, movement, or change of position. 2. Management with address or artful design; adroit proceeding; stratagem. { Ma•neu´ver , Ma•nœu´vre } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Maneuvered (#) or Manœuvred; p. pr. & vb. n. Maneuvering , or Manœuvring .] [Cf. F. manœuvrer. See Maneuver, n.] 1. To perform a movement or movements in military or naval tactics; to make changes in position with reference to getting advantage in attack or defense. 2. To manage with address or art; to scheme. { Ma•neu´ver , Ma•nœu´vre } v. t. To change the positions of, as of troops of ships. { Ma•neu´ver•er , Ma•nœu´vrer } n. One who maneuvers. “This charming widow Beaumont is a nanœuvrer. We can’t well make an English word of it.” Miss Edgeworth.

Man´ful , a. Showing manliness, or manly spirit; hence, brave, courageous, resolute, noble. ´ Manful hardiness.´ Chaucer. — Man´ful•ly, adv. — Man´ful•ness, n.

Man´ga•bey , n. [So called by Buffon from Mangaby, in Madagascar, where he erroneously supposed them be native.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several African monkeys of the genus Cercocebus, as the sooty mangabey (C. fuliginosus), which is sooty black. [Also written mangaby.]

Man´gan , n. See Mangonel.

Man´ga•nate , n. [Cf. F. manganate.] (Chem.) A salt of manganic acid. The manganates are usually green, and are well-known compounds, though derived from a hypothetical acid.

Man•ga•ne´sate , n. (Chem.) A manganate. [Obs.]

Man•ga•nese´ , n. [F. manganèse, It. manganese, sasso magnesio; prob. corrupted from L. magnes, because of its resemblance to the magnet. See Magnet, and cf. Magnesia.] (Chem.) An element obtained by reduction of its oxide, as a hard, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. Its ores occur abundantly in nature as the minerals pyrolusite, manganite, etc. Symbol Mn. Atomic weight 54.8. An alloy of manganese with iron (called ferromanganese) is used to increase the density and hardness of steel. Black oxide of manganese, Manganese dioxide or peroxide, or Black manganese (Chem.), a heavy black powder MnO_2, occurring native as the mineral pyrolusite, and valuable as a strong oxidizer; — called also familiarly manganese. It colors glass violet, and is used as a decolorizer to remove the green tint of impure glass. — Manganese bronze, an alloy made by adding from one to two per cent of manganese to the copper and zinc used in brass.

Man•ga•ne´sian , a. [Cf. F. manganesien.] (Chem.) Manganic. [R.]

Man•ga•ne´sic , a. [Cf. F. manganesique.] (Chem.) Manganic. [Obs.]

Man•ga•ne´sious , a. (Chem.) Manganous.

Man•ga•ne´si•um , n. [NL.] Manganese.

Man•ga•ne´sous , a. (Chem.) Manganous.

Man•gan´ic , a. [Cf. F. manganique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to resembling, or containing, manganese; specif., designating compounds in which manganese has a higher valence as contrasted with manganous compounds. Cf. Manganous. Manganic acid, an acid, H_2MnO_4, formed from manganese, analogous to sulphuric acid.

Man•ga•nif´er•ous , a. [Manganese + -ferous.] Containing manganese.

Man´ga•nite , n. 1. (Min.) One of the oxides of manganese; — called also gray manganese ore. It occurs in brilliant steel-gray or iron- black crystals, also massive. 2. (Chem.) A compound of manganese dioxide with a metallic oxide; so called as though derived from the hypothetical manganous acid.

Man•ga´ni•um , n. [NL.] Manganese.

Man´ga•nous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, designating, those compounds of manganese in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with manganic compounds; as manganous oxide. Manganous acid, a hypothetical compound analogous to sulphurous acid, and forming the so-called manganites.

Mang´corn , n. [OE. mengen to mix. See Mingle, and Corn.] A mixture of wheat and rye, or other species of grain. [Prov Eng.]

Mange , n. [See Mangy.] (Vet.) The scab or itch in cattle, dogs, and other beasts. Mange insect (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small parasitic mites, which burrow in the skin of cattle. horses, dogs, and other animals, causing the mange. The mange insect of the horse (Psoroptes, or Dermatodectes, equi), and that of cattle (Symbiotes, or Dermatophagys, bovis) are the most important species. See Acarina.

Man´gel-wur•zel , n. [G., corrupted fr. mangoldwurzel; mangold beet + wurzel root.] (Bot.) A kind of large field beet (B. macrorhiza), used as food for cattle, — by some considered a mere variety of the ordinary beet. See Beet. [Written also mangold- wurzel.]

Man´ger , n. [F. mangeoire, fr. manger to eat, fr. L. manducare, fr. mandere to chew. Cf. Mandible, Manducate.] 1. A trough or open box in which fodder is placed for horses or cattle to eat. 2. (Naut.) The fore part of the deck, having a bulkhead athwart ships high enough to prevent water which enters the hawse holes from running over it.

Man´gi•ly , adv. In a mangy manner; scabbily.

Man´gi•ness, n. [From Mangy.] The condition or quality of being mangy.

Man´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mangled p. pr. & vb. n. Mangling ] [A frequentative fr. OE. manken to main, AS. mancian, in bemancian to mutilate, fr. L. mancus maimed; perh. akin to G. mangeln to be wanting.] 1. To cut or bruise with repeated blows or strokes, making a ragged or torn wound, or covering with wounds; to tear in cutting; to cut in a bungling manner; to lacerate; to mutilate. “Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail.” Milton. 2. To mutilate or injure, in making, doing, or performing; as to mangle a piece of music or a recitation. “To mangle a play or a novel.” Swift.

Man´gle, n. [D. mangel, fr. OE. mangonel a machine for throwing stones, LL. manganum, Gr. a machine for defending fortifications, axis of a pulley. Cf. Mangonel.] A machine for smoothing linen or cotton cloth, as sheets, tablecloths, napkins, and clothing, by roller pressure. Mangle rack (Mach.), a contrivance for converting continuous circular motion into reciprocating rectilinear motion, by means of a rack and pinion, as in the mangle. The pinion is held to the rack by a groove in such a manner that it passes alternately from one side of the rack to the other, and thus gives motion to it in opposite directions, according to the side in which its teeth are engaged. — Mangle wheel, a wheel in which the teeth, or pins, on its face, are interrupted on one side, and the pinion, working in them, passes from inside to outside of the teeth alternately, thus converting the continuous circular motion of the pinion into a reciprocating circular motion of the wheel.

Man´gle , v. t. [Cf. D. mangelen. See Mangle, n.] To smooth with a mangle, as damp linen or cloth.

Man´gler , n. [See 1st Mangle.] One who mangles or tears in cutting; one who mutilates any work in doing it.

Man´gler, n. [See 3d Mangle.] One who smooths with a mangle.

Man´go , n.; pl. Mangoes (#). [Pg. manga, fr. Tamil mankay.] 1. The fruit of the mango tree. It is rather larger than an apple, and of an ovoid shape. Some varieties are fleshy and luscious, and others tough and tasting of turpentine. The green fruit is pickled for market. 2. A green muskmelon stuffed and pickled. Mango bird (Zoöl.), an oriole (Oriolus kundoo), native of India. — Mango fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the Ganges (Polynemus risua), highly esteemed for food. It has several long, slender filaments below the pectoral fins. It appears about the same time with the mango fruit, in April and May, whence the name. — Mango tree (Bot.), an East Indian tree of the genus Mangifera (M. Indica), related to the cashew and the sumac. It grows to a large size, and produces the mango of commerce. It is now cultivated in tropical America.

Man´gold•wur•zel , n. [G.] (Bot.) See Mangel-wurzel.

Man´go•nel , n. [OF. mangonel, LL. manganellus, manganum, fr. Gr. See Mangle, n.] A military engine formerly used for throwing stones and javelins.

Man´go•nism , n. The art of mangonizing, or setting off to advantage. [Obs.]

Man´go•nist , n. 1. One who mangonizes. [Obs.] 2. A slave dealer; also a strumpet. [Obs.]

Man´go•nize , v. t. [L. mangonizare, fr. mango a dealer in slaves or wares, to which he tries to give an appearance of greater value by decking them out or furbishing them up.] To furbish up for sale; to set off to advantage. [Obs. or R.] B. Jonson. { Man´go•steen , Man´go•stan } n. [Malay mangusta, mangis.] (Bot.) A tree of the East Indies of the genus Garcinia (G. Mangostana). The tree grows to the height of eighteen feet, and bears fruit also called mangosteen, of the size of a small apple, the pulp of which is very delicious food.

Man´grove , n. [Malay manggi- manggi.] 1. (Bot.) The name of one or two trees of the genus Rhizophora (R. Mangle, and R. mucronata, the last doubtfully distinct) inhabiting muddy shores of tropical regions, where they spread by emitting aërial roots, which fasten in the saline mire and eventually become new stems. The seeds also send down a strong root while yet attached to the parent plant. The fruit has a ruddy brown shell, and a delicate white pulp which is sweet and eatable. The bark is astringent, and is used for tanning leather. The black and the white mangrove (Avicennia nitida and A. tomentosa) have much the same habit. 2. (Zoöl.) The mango fish.

Mangue , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The kusimanse.

Man´gy , a. [Compar. Mangier superl. Mangiest.] [F. mange, p. p. of manger to eat. See Manger.] Infected with the mange; scabby.

Man•ha´den , n. See Menhaden.

Man´head , n. Manhood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Man´hole , n. A hole through which a man may descend or creep into a drain, sewer, steam boiler, parts of machinery, etc., for cleaning or repairing.

Man´hood, n. [Man- + - hood.] 1. The state of being man as a human being, or man as distinguished from a child or a woman. 2. Manly quality; courage; bravery; resolution. “I am ashamed
That thou hast power to shake my manhood thus.” Shak.

Ma´ni•a , n. [L. mania, Gr. , fr. to rage; cf. OE. manie, F. manie. Cf. Mind, n., Necromancy.] 1. Violent derangement of mind; madness; insanity. Cf. Delirium. 2. Excessive or unreasonable desire; insane passion affecting one or many people; as the tulip mania. Mania a potu [L.], madness from drinking; delirium tremens. Syn. — Insanity; derangement; madness; lunacy; alienation; aberration; delirium; frenzy. See Insanity.

Man´i•a•ble , a. [F., fr. manier to manage, fr. L. manus hand.] Manageable. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ma´ni•ac , a. [F. maniaque. See Mania.] Raving with madness; raging with disordered intellect; affected with mania; mad.

Ma´ni•ac , n. A raving lunatic; a madman.

Ma•ni´a•cal , a. Affected with, or characterized by, madness; maniac. — Ma•ni´a•cal•ly, adv.

Man´i•cate , a. [L. manicatus sleeved, fr. manica a sleeve.] (Bot.) Covered with hairs or pubescence so platted together and interwoven as to form a mass easily removed. { Man•i•chae´an , Man•i•che´an, Man´i•chee }, n. [LL. Manichaeus: cf. F. manicheen.] A believer in the doctrines of Manes, a Persian of the third century A. D., who taught a dualism in which Light is regarded as the source of Good, and Darkness as the source of Evil. “The Manichaeans stand as representatives of dualism pushed to its utmost development.” Tylor. { Man•i•chae´an , Man•i•che´an }, a. Of or pertaining to the Manichaeans. { Man´i•chae•ism , Man´i•che•ism }, n. [Cf. F. manicheisme.] The doctrines taught, or system of principles maintained, by the Manichaeans.

Man´i•che•ist, n. [Cf. F. manicheiste.] Manichaean. { Man´i•chord , Man•i•chor´don } [L. monochordon, Gr. ; — so called because it orig. had only one string. See Monochord.] (Mus.) The clavichord or clarichord; — called also dumb spinet.

Man´i•cure , n. [F., fr. L. manus hand + curare to cure.] A person who makes a business of taking care of people’s hands, especially their nails. “[Men] who had taken good care of their hands by wearing gloves and availing themselves of the services of a manicure.” Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Ma´nid , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Manis, or family Manidae.

Ma•nie´ , n. [F. See Mania.] Mania; insanity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Man´i•fest , a. [F. manifeste, L. manifestus, lit., struck by the hand, hence, palpable; manus hand + fendere (in comp.) to strike. See Manual, and Defend.] 1. Evident to the senses, esp. to the sight; apparent; distinctly perceived; hence, obvious to the understanding; apparent to the mind; easily apprehensible; plain; not obscure or hidden. “Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight.” Heb. iv. 13. “That which may be known of God is manifest in them.” Rom. i. 19. “Thus manifest to sight the god appeared.” Dryden. 2. Detected; convicted; — with of. [R.] “Calistho there stood manifest of shame.” Dryden. Syn. — Open; clear; apparent; evident; visible; conspicuous; plain; obvious. — Manifest, Clear, Plain, Obvious, Evident. What is clear can be seen readily; what is obvious lies directly in our way, and necessarily arrests our attention; what is evident is seen so clearly as to remove doubt; what is manifest is very distinctly evident. “So clear, so shining, and so evident,
That it will glimmer through a blind man’s eye.” Shak. “Entertained with solitude,
Where obvious duty erewhile appeared unsought.” Milton. “I saw, I saw him manifest in view,
His voice, his figure, and his gesture knew.” Dryden.

Man´i•fest, n.; pl. Manifests (#). [Cf. F. manifeste. See Manifest, a., and cf. Manifesto.] 1. A public declaration; an open statement; a manifesto. See Manifesto. [Obs.] 2. A list or invoice of a ship’s cargo, containing a description by marks, numbers, etc., of each package of goods, to be exhibited at the customhouse. Bouvier.

Man´i•fest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manifested p. pr. & vb. n. Manifesting.] 1. To show plainly; to make to appear distinctly, — usually to the mind; to put beyond question or doubt; to display; to exhibit. “There is nothing hid which shall not be manifested.” Mark iv. 22. “Thy life did manifest thou lovedst me not.” Shak. 2. To exhibit the manifests or prepared invoices of; to declare at the customhouse. Syn. — To reveal; declare; evince; make known; disclose; discover; display.

Man´i•fest•a•ble , a. Such as can be manifested.

Man•i•fes•ta´tion , n. [L. manifestatio: cf. F. manifestation.] The act of manifesting or disclosing, or the state of being manifested; discovery to the eye or to the understanding; also that which manifests; exhibition; display; revelation; as the manifestation of God’s power in creation. “The secret manner in which acts of mercy ought to be performed, requires this public manifestation of them at the great day.” Atterbury.

Man´i•fest•i•ble , a. Manifestable.

Man´i•fest•ly , adv. In a manifest manner.

Man´i•fest•ness, n. The quality or state of being manifest; obviousness.

Man•i•fes´to , n.; pl. Manifestoes (#). [It. manifesto. See Manifest, n. & a.] A public declaration, usually of a prince, sovereign, or other person claiming large powers, showing his intentions, or proclaiming his opinions and motives in reference to some act done or contemplated by him; as a manifesto declaring the purpose of a prince to begin war, and explaining his motives. Bouvier. “it was proposed to draw up a manifesto, setting forth the grounds and motives of our taking arms.” Addison. “Frederick, in a public manifesto, appealed to the Empire against the insolent pretensions of the pope.” Milman.

Man´i•fold , a. [AS. manigfeald. See Many, and Fold.] 1. Various in kind or quality; many in number; numerous; multiplied; complicated. “O Lord, how manifold are thy works!” Ps. civ. 24. “I know your manifold transgressions.” Amos v. 12. 2. Exhibited at divers times or in various ways; — used to qualify nouns in the singular number. ´The manifold wisdom of God.´ Eph. iii. 10. ´The manifold grace of God.´ 1 Pet. iv. 10. Manifold writing, a process or method by which several copies, as of a letter, are simultaneously made, sheets of coloring paper being infolded with thin sheets of plain paper upon which the marks made by a stylus or a type-writer are transferred.

Man´i•fold , n. 1. A copy of a writing made by the manifold process. 2. (Mech.) A cylindrical pipe fitting, having a number of lateral outlets, for connecting one pipe with several others. 3. pl. The third stomach of a ruminant animal. [Local, U.S.]

Man´i•fold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manifolded p. pr. & vb. n. Manifolding.] To take copies of by the process of manifold writing; as to manifold a letter.

Man´i•fold•ed, a. Having many folds, layers, or plates; as a manifolded shield. [Obs.]

Man´i•fold•ly, adv. In a manifold manner.

Man´i•fold•ness, n. 1. Multiplicity. Sherwood. 2. (Math.) A generalized concept of magnitude.

Man´i•form , a. [L. manus hand + -form.] Shaped like the hand.

Ma•ni´glion (ma•nil´yun), n. [It. maniglio, maniglia, bracelet, handle. Cf. Manilio.] (Gun.) Either one of two handles on the back of a piece of ordnance. { Man´i•hoc , Man´i•hot } n. See Manioc.

Man´i•kin , n. [OD. manneken, dim. of man man. See Man, and -kin.] 1. A little man; a dwarf; a pygmy; a manakin. 2. A model of the human body, made of papier- mache or other material, commonly in detachable pieces, for exhibiting the different parts and organs, their relative position, etc. { Ma•nil´a , Ma•nil´la }, a. Of or pertaining to Manila or Manilla, the capital of the Philippine Islands; made in, or exported from, that city. Manila cheroot or cigar, a cheroot or cigar made of tobacco grown in the Philippine Islands. — Manila hemp, a fibrous material obtained from the Musa textilis, a plant allied to the banana, growing in the Philippine and other East India islands; - - called also by the native name abaca. From it matting, canvas ropes, and cables are made. — Manila paper, a durable brown or buff paper made of Manila hemp, used as a wrapping paper, and as a cheap printing and writing paper. The name is also given to inferior papers, made of other fiber.

Ma•nil´io , n. See Manilla, 1. Sir T. Herbert.

Ma•nil´la , n. [Sp. manilla; cf. It. maniglio, maniglia; F. manille; Pg. manilha; all fr. L. manus hand, and formed after the analogy of L. monile, pl. monilia, necklace: cf. F. manille.] 1. A ring worn upon the arm or leg as an ornament, especially among the tribes of Africa. 2. A piece of copper of the shape of a horseshoe, used as money by certain tribes of the west coast of Africa. Simmonds.

Ma•nil´la, a. Same as Manila.

Ma•nille´ , n. [F.] See 1st Manilla, 1.

Ma´ni•oc , n. [Pg. mandioca, fr. Braz.] (Bot.) The tropical plants (Manihot utilissima, and M. Aipi), from which cassava and tapioca are prepared; also cassava. [Written also mandioc, manihoc, manihot.]

Man´i•ple , n. [L. manipulus, maniplus, a handful, a certain number of soldiers; manus hand + root of plere to fill, plenus full: cf. F. maniple. See Manual, and Full, a.] 1. A handful. [R.] B. Jonson. 2. A division of the Roman army numbering sixty men exclusive of officers; any small body of soldiers; a company. Milton. 3. Originally, a napkin; later, an ornamental band or scarf worn upon the left arm as a part of the vestments of a priest in the Roman Catholic Church. It is sometimes worn in the English Church service.

Ma•nip´u•lar , a. [L. manipularis: cf. F. manipulaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the maniple, or company. 2. Manipulatory; as manipular operations.

Ma•nip´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manipulated p. pr. & vb. n. Manipulating ] [LL. manipulatus, p. p. of manipulare to lead by the hand, fr. L. manipulus. See Maniple.] 1. To treat, work, or operate with the hands, especially when knowledge and dexterity are required; to manage in hand work; to handle; as to manipulate scientific apparatus. 2. To control the action of, by management; as to manipulate a convention of delegates; to manipulate the stock market; also to manage artfully or fraudulently; as to manipulate accounts, or election returns.

Ma•nip´u•late, v. i. To use the hands in dexterous operations; to do hand work; specifically, to manage the apparatus or instruments used in scientific work, or in artistic or mechanical processes; also specifically, to use the hand in mesmeric operations.

Ma•nip•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. manipulation.] 1. The act or process of manipulating, or the state of being manipulated; the act of handling work by hand; use of the hands, in an artistic or skillful manner, in science or art. “Manipulation is to the chemist like the external senses to the mind.” Whewell. 2. The use of the hands in mesmeric operations. 3. Artful management; as the manipulation of political bodies; sometimes, a management or treatment for purposes of deception or fraud.

Ma•nip´u•la•tive , a. Of or pertaining to manipulation; performed by manipulation.

Ma•nip´u•la•tor , n. One who manipulates.

Ma•nip´u•la•to•ry (ma•nip´u•la•to•ry), a. Of or pertaining to manipulation.

Ma´nis (ma´nis), n. [NL., fr. L. manes the ghosts or shades of the dead. So called from its dismal appearance, and because it seeks for its food by night.] (Zoöl.) A genus of edentates, covered with large, hard, triangular scales, with sharp edges that overlap each other like tiles on a roof. They inhabit the warmest parts of Asia and Africa, and feed on ants. Called also Scaly anteater. See Pangolin. { Man´i•to , Man´i•tou , Man´i•tu }, n. A name given by tribes of American Indians to a great spirit, whether good or evil, or to any object of worship. Tylor. “Gitche Manito the mighty,
The Great Spirit, the creator,
Smiled upon his helpless children!” Longfellow. “Mitche Manito the mighty,
He the dreadful Spirit of Evil,
As a serpent was depicted.” Longfellow.

Man´i•trunk , n. [L. manus hand + E. trunk.] (Zoöl.) The anterior segment of the thorax in insects. See Insect.

Man•kind´ , n. [AS. mancynn. See Kin kindred, Kind, n.] 1. The human race; man, taken collectively. “The proper study of mankind is man.” Pore. 2. Men, as distinguished from women; the male portion of human race. Lev. xviii. 22. 3. Human feelings; humanity. [Obs] B. Jonson.

Man´kind , a. Manlike; not womanly; masculine; bold; cruel. [Obs] “Are women grown so mankind? Must they be wooing?” Beau. & Fl. “Be not too mankind against your wife.” Chapman.

Manks (manks), prop. a. Of or pertaining to the language or people of the Isle of Man. — n. The language spoken in the Isle of Man. See Manx.

Man´less , a. 1. Destitute of men. Bakon. 2. Unmanly; inhuman. [Obs.] Chapman.

Man´less•ly, adv. Inhumanly. [Obs.]

Man´like , a. [Man + like. Cf. Manly.] Like man, or like a man, in form or nature; having the qualities of a man, esp. the nobler qualities; manly. ´ Gentle, manlike speech.´ Testament of Love. ´ A right manlike man.´ Sir P. Sidney. “In glaring Chloe’s manlike taste and mien.” Shenstone.

Man´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being manly.

Man´ling , n. A little man. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Man´ly, a. [Compar. Manlier superl. Manliest.] [Man + -ly. Cf. Manlike.] Having qualities becoming to a man; not childish or womanish; manlike, esp. brave, courageous, resolute, noble. “Let’s briefly put on manly readiness.” Shak. “Serene and manly, hardened to sustain
The load of life.” Dryden. Syn. — Bold; daring; brave; courageous; firm; undaunted; hardy; dignified; stately.

Man´ly, adv. In a manly manner; with the courage and fortitude of a manly man; as to act manly.

Man´na (man´na), n. [L., fr. Gr. ma•nna, Heb. man; cf. Ar. mann, properly, gift (of heaven).] 1. (Script.) The food supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness of Arabia; hence, divinely supplied food. Ex. xvi. 15. 2. (Bot.) A name given to lichens of the genus Lecanora, sometimes blown into heaps in the deserts of Arabia and Africa, and gathered and used as food. 3. (Bot. & Med.) A sweetish exudation in the form of pale yellow friable flakes, coming from several trees and shrubs and used in medicine as a gentle laxative, as the secretion of Fraxinus Ornus, and F. rotundifolia, the manna ashes of Southern Europe. Persian manna is the secretion of the camel’s thorn (see Camel’s thorn, under Camel); Tamarisk manna, that of the Tamarisk mannifera, a shrub of Western Asia; Australian, manna, that of certain species of eucalyptus; Briançon manna, that of the European larch. Manna grass (Bot.), a name of several tall slender grasses of the genus Glyceria. they have long loose panicles, and grow in moist places. Nerved manna grass is Glyceria nervata, and Floating manna grass is G. fluitans. — Manna insect (Zoöl), a scale insect (Gossyparia mannipara), which causes the exudation of manna from the Tamarix tree in Arabia.

Man´na croup (kroop•). [Manna + Russ. & Pol. krupa groats, grits.] 1. The portions of hard wheat kernels not ground into flour by the millstones: a kind of semolina prepared in Russia and used for puddings, soups, etc. — called also manna groats. 2. The husked grains of manna grass.

Man´ner , n. [OE. manere, F. manière, from OF. manier, adj., manual, skillful, handy, fr. (assumed) LL. manarius, for L. manuarius belonging to the hand, fr. manus the hand. See Manual.] 1. Mode of action; way of performing or effecting anything; method; style; form; fashion. “The nations which thou hast removed, and placed in the cities of Samaria, know not the manner of the God of the land.” 2 Kings xvii. 26. “The temptations of prosperity insinuate themselves after a gentle, but very powerful, manner.” Atterbury. 2. Characteristic mode of acting, conducting, carrying one’s self, or the like; bearing; habitual style. Specifically: (a) Customary method of acting; habit. “Paul, as his manner was went in unto them.” Acts xvii. 2. “Air and manner are more expressive than words.” Richardson. (b) pl. Carriage; behavior; deportment; also becoming behavior; well-bred carriage and address. “Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.” Emerson. (c) The style of writing or thought of an author; characteristic peculiarity of an artist. 3. Certain degree or measure; as it is in a manner done already. “The bread is in a manner common.” 1 Sam. xxi.5. 4. Sort; kind; style; — in this application sometimes having the sense of a plural, sorts or kinds. “Ye tithe mint, and rue, and all manner of herbs.” Luke xi. 42. “I bid thee say,
What manner of man art thou?” Coleridge. In old usage, of was often omitted after manner, when employed in this sense. ´A manner Latin corrupt was her speech.´ Chaucer. By any manner of means, in any way possible; by any sort of means. — To be taken in, or with the manner. [A corruption of to be taken in the mainor. See Mainor.] To be taken in the very act. [Obs.] See Mainor. — To make one’s manners, to make a bow or courtesy; to offer salutation. — Manners bit, a portion left in a dish for the sake of good manners. Hallwell. Syn. — Method; mode; custom; habit; fashion; air; look; mien; aspect; appearance. See Method.

Man´nered , a. 1. Having a certain way, esp. a polite way, of carrying and conducting one’s self. “Give her princely training, that she may be
Mannered as she is born.” Shak. 2. Affected with mannerism; marked by excess of some characteristic peculiarity. “His style is in some degree mannered and confined.” Hazlitt.

Man´ner•ism , n. [Cf. F. manierisme.] Adherence to a peculiar style or manner; a characteristic mode of action, bearing, or treatment, carried to excess, especially in literature or art. “Mannerism is pardonable,and is sometimes even agreeable, when the manner, though vicious, is natural … . But a mannerism which does not sit easy on the mannerist, which has been adopted on principle, and which can be sustained only by constant effort, is always offensive.” Macaulay.

Man´ner•ist, n. [Cf. F. manieriste.] One addicted to mannerism; a person who, in action, bearing, or treatment, carries characteristic peculiarities to excess. See citation under Mannerism.

Man´ner•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being mannerly; civility; complaisance. Sir M. Hale.

Man´ner•ly, a. Showing good manners; civil; respectful; complaisant. “What thou thinkest meet, and is most mannerly.” Shak.

Man´ner•ly, adv. With good manners. Shak.

Mann´heim gold´ [From Mannheim in Germany, where much of it was made.] A kind of brass made in imitation of gold. It contains eighty per cent of copper and twenty of zinc. Ure.

Man´nide , n. [Mannite + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white amorphous or crystalline substance, obtained by dehydration of mannite, and distinct from, but convertible into, mannitan.

Man´nish , a. [Man + - ish: cf. AS. mennisc, menisc.] 1. Resembling a human being in form or nature; human. Chaucer. “But yet it was a figure
Most like to mannish creature.” Gower. 2. Resembling, suitable to, or characteristic of, a man, manlike, masculine. Chaucer. “A woman impudent and mannish grown.” Shak. 3. Fond of men; — said of a woman. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Man´nish•ly (#),adv. — Man´nish•ness, n.

Man´ni•tan , n. [Mannite + anhydrite.] (Chem.) A white amorphous or crystalline substance obtained by the partial dehydration of mannite.

Man´ni•tate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mannitic acid.

Man´nite , n. [Cf. F. mannite.] 1. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance of a sweet taste obtained from a so-called manna, the dried sap of the flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus); — called also mannitol, and hydroxy hexane. Cf. Dulcite. 2. (Bot.) A sweet white efflorescence from dried fronds of kelp, especially from those of the Laminaria saccharina, or devil’s apron.

Man•nit´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, resembling, or derived from, mannite. Mannitic acid (Chem.), a white amorphous substance, intermediate between saccharic acid and mannite, and obtained by the partial oxidation of the latter.

Man´ni•tol , n. [Mannite + -ol.] (Chem.) The technical name of mannite. See Mannite.

Man´ni•tose , n. (Chem.) A variety of sugar obtained by the partial oxidation of mannite, and closely resembling levulose.

Ma•nœu´vre , n. & v. See Maneuver.

Man•-of-war´ , n; pl. Men-of-war. A government vessel employed for the purposes of war, esp. one of large size; a ship of war. Man-of-war bird (Zoöl.), The frigate bird; also applied to the skua gulls, and to the wandering albatross. — Man-of-war hawk (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. — Man-of- war’s man, a sailor serving in a ship of war. — Portuguese man-of-war (Zoöl.), any species of the genus Physalia. See Physalia.

Ma•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. thin, rare + -meter: cf. F. manomètre.] An instrument for measuring the tension or elastic force of gases, steam, etc., constructed usually on the principle of allowing the gas to exert its elastic force in raising a column of mercury in an open tube, or in compressing a portion of air or other gas in a closed tube with mercury or other liquid intervening, or in bending a metallic or other spring so as to set in motion an index; a pressure gauge. See Pressure, and Illust. of Air pump. { Man•o•met´ric , Man•o•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. manometrique.] Of or pertaining to the manometer; made by the manometer.

Man´or , n. [OE. maner, OF. maneir habitation, village, F. manoir manor, prop. the OF. inf. maneir to stay, remain, dwell, L. manere, and so called because it was the permanent residence of the lord and of his tenants. See Mansion, and cf. Remain.] 1. (Eng. Law) The land belonging to a lord or nobleman, or so much land as a lord or great personage kept in his own hands, for the use and subsistence of his family. “My manors, rents, revenues, l forego.” Shak. In these days, a manor rather signifies the jurisdiction and royalty incorporeal, than the land or site, for a man may have a manor in gross, as the law terms it, that is, the right and interest of a court-baron, with the perquisites thereto belonging. 2. (American Law) A tract of land occupied by tenants who pay a free-farm rent to the proprietor, sometimes in kind, and sometimes by performing certain stipulated services. Burrill. Manor house, or Manor seat, the house belonging to a manor.

Ma•no´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a manor. ´ Manorial claims.´ Paley.

Man´o•scope , n. [Gr. thin, rare + -scope.] Same as Manometer.

Ma•nos´co•py , n. The science of the determination of the density of vapors and gases.

Ma•no´ver•y , n. [See Maneuver.] (Eng. Law) A contrivance or maneuvering to catch game illegally.

Man´quell•er , n. A killer of men; a manslayer. [Obs.] Carew. { Man´red , Man´rent• } n. Homage or service rendered to a superior, as to a lord; vassalage. [Obs. or Scots Law] Jamieson.

Man´rope , n. (Naut.) One of the side ropes to the gangway of a ship. Totten.

Man´sard roof´ [So called from its inventor, François Mansard, or Mansart, a distinguished French architect, who died in 1666.] (Arch.) A hipped curb roof; that is, a roof having on all sides two slopes, the lower one being steeper than the upper one.

Manse , n. [LL. mansa, mansus, mansum, a farm, fr. L. manere, mansum, to stay, dwell. See Mansion, Manor.] 1. A dwelling house, generally with land attached. 2. The parsonage; a clergyman’s house. [Scot.] Capital manse, the manor house, or lord’s court.

Man´serv•ant , n. A male servant.

Man´sion , n. [OF. mansion, F. maison, fr. L. mansio a staying, remaining, a dwelling, habitation, fr. manere, mansum, to stay, dwell; akin to Gr. . Cf. Manse, Manor, Menagerie, Menial, Permanent.] 1. A dwelling place, — whether a part or whole of a house or other shelter. [Obs.] “In my Father’s house are many mansions.” John xiv. 2. “These poets near our princes sleep,
And in one grave their mansions keep.” Denam. 2. The house of the lord of a manor; a manor house; hence: Any house of considerable size or pretension. 3. (Astrol.) A twelfth part of the heavens; a house. See 1st House, 8. Chaucer. 4. The place in the heavens occupied each day by the moon in its monthly revolution. [Obs.] “The eight and twenty mansions
That longen to the moon.” Chaucer. Mansion house, the house in which one resides; specifically, in London and some other cities, the official residence of the Lord Mayor. Blackstone.

Man´sion, v. i. To dwell; to reside. [Obs.] Mede.

Man´sion•a•ry , a. Resident; residentiary; as mansionary canons.

Man´sion•ry , n. The state of dwelling or residing; occupancy as a dwelling place. [Obs.] Shak.

Man´slaugh•ter , n. 1. The slaying of a human being; destruction of men. Milton. 2. (Law) The unlawful killing of a man, either in negligence or incidentally to the commission of some unlawful act, but without specific malice, or upon a sudden excitement of anger.

Man´slay•er , n. One who kills a human being; one who commits manslaughter.

Man´steal•er , n. A person who steals or kidnaps a human being or beings.

Man´steal•ing, n. The act or business of stealing or kidnaping human beings, especially with a view to eslave them.

Man´suete , a. [L. mansuetus, p. p. of mansuescere to tame; manus hand + suescere to accustom: cf. F. mansuet.] Tame; gentle; kind. [Obs.] Ray.

Man´sue•tude , n. [L. mansuetudo: cf. F. mansuetude.] Tameness; gentleness; mildness. [Archaic]

Man´swear , v. i. To swear falsely. Same as Mainswear.

Man´ta , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) See Cephaloptera and Sea devil.

Mant•choo´ , a. & n. Same as Manchu.

Man•teau´ , n.; pl. F. Manteaux (#), E. Manteaus (#). [F. See Mantle, n.] 1. A woman’s cloak or mantle. 2. A gown worn by women. [Obs.]

Man´tel , n. [The same word as mantle a garment; cf. F. manteau de cheminee. See Mantle.] (Arch.) The finish around a fireplace, covering the chimney-breast in front and sometimes on both sides; especially, a shelf above the fireplace, and its supports. [Written also mantle.]

Man´tel•et , n. [F., dim. of manteau, OF. mantel. See Mantle.] 1. (a) A short cloak formerly worn by knights. (b) A short cloak or mantle worn by women. “A mantelet upon his shoulders hanging.” Chaucer. 2. (Fort.) A musket-proof shield of rope, wood, or metal, which is sometimes used for the protection of sappers or riflemen while attacking a fortress, or of gunners at embrasures; — now commonly written mantlet.

Man´tel•piece , n. Same as Mantel.

Man´tel•shelf , n. The shelf of a mantel.

Man´tel•tree , n. (Arch.) The lintel of a fireplace when of wood, as frequently in early houses.

Man´tic , a. [Gr. prophetic.] Of or pertaining to divination, or to the condition of one inspired, or supposed to be inspired, by a deity; prophetic. [R.] ´Mantic fury.´ Trench.

Man•til´la , n. [Sp. See Mantle.] 1. A lady’s light cloak of cape of silk, velvet, lace, or the like. 2. A kind of veil, covering the head and falling down upon the shoulders; — worn in Spain, Mexico, etc.

Man´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a prophet.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of voracious orthopterous insects of the genus Mantis, and allied genera. They are remarkable for their slender grotesque forms, and for holding their stout anterior legs in a manner suggesting hands folded in prayer. The common American species is M. Carolina. Mantis shrimp. (Zoöl.) See Sguilla.

Man•tis´pid , n. (Zoöl.) Any neuropterous insect of the genus Mantispa, and allied genera. The larvae feed on plant lice. Also used adjectively. See Illust. under Neuroptera.

Man•tis•sa , n. [L., an addition, makeweight; of Tuscan origin.] (Math.) The decimal part of a logarithm, as distinguished from the integral part, or characteristic.

Man´tle , n. [OE. mantel, OF. mantel, F. manteau, fr. L. mantellum, mantelum, a cloth, napkin, cloak, mantle (cf. mantele, mantile, towel, napkin); prob. from manus hand + the root of tela cloth. See Manual, Textile, and cf. Mandil, Mantel, Mantilla.] 1. A loose garment to be worn over other garments; an enveloping robe; a cloak. Hence, figuratively, a covering or concealing envelope. “[The] children are clothed with mantles of satin.” Bacon. “The green mantle of the standing pool.” Shak. “Now Nature hangs her mantle green
On every blooming tree.” Burns. 2. (Her.) Same as Mantling. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The external fold, or folds, of the soft, exterior membrane of the body of a mollusk. It usually forms a cavity inclosing the gills. See Illusts. of Buccinum, and Byssus. (b) Any free, outer membrane. (c) The back of a bird together with the folded wings. 4. (Arch.) A mantel. See Mantel. 5. The outer wall and casing of a blast furnace, above the hearth. Raymond. 6. (Hydraulic Engin.) A penstock for a water wheel.

Man´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mantled p. pr. & vb. n. Mantling ] To cover or envelop, as with a mantle; to cloak; to hide; to disguise. Shak.

Man´tle, v. i. 1. To unfold and spread out the wings, like a mantle; — said of hawks. Also used figuratively. “Ne is there hawk which mantleth on her perch.” Spenser. “Or tend his sparhawk mantling in her mew.” Bp. Hall. “My frail fancy fed with full delight.
Doth bathe in bliss, and mantleth most at ease.” Spenser. 2. To spread out; — said of wings. “The swan, with arched neck
Between her white wings mantling proudly, rows.” Milton. 3. To spread over the surface as a covering; to overspread; as the scum mantled on the pool. “Though mantled in her cheek the blood.” Sir W. Scott. 4. To gather, assume, or take on, a covering, as froth, scum, etc. “There is a sort of men whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pond.” Shak. “Nor bowl of wassail mantle warm.” Tennyson.

Man´tlet , n. See Mantelet.

Man´tling , n. (Her.) The representation of a mantle, or the drapery behind and around a coat of arms: — called also lambrequin.

Man´to , n. [It. or Sp. manto, abbrev., from L. mantelum. See Mantle.] See Manteau. [Obs.] Bailey.

Man•tol´o•gist , n. One who is skilled in mantology; a diviner. [R.]

Man•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. prophet + -logy.] The act or art of divination. [R.]

Man´tra , n. [Skr.] A prayer; an invocation; a religious formula; a charm. [India] Among the Hindoos each caste and tribe has a mantra peculiar to itself; as the mantra of the Brahmans. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Man´trap , n. 1. A trap for catching trespassers. [Eng.] 2. A dangerous place, as an open hatch, into which one may fall.

Man´tu•a , n. 1. A superior kind of rich silk formerly exported from Mantua in Italy. [Obs.] Beck (Draper’s Dict.). 2. A woman’s cloak or mantle; also a woman’s gown. [Obs.]

Man´tu•a•mak•er , n. One who makes dresses, cloaks, etc., for women; a dressmaker.

Man´tu•an , a. Of or pertaining to Mantua. — n. A native or inhabitant of Mantua.

Ma´nu , n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) One of a series of progenitors of human beings, and authors of human wisdom.

Man´u•al (man´u•al), a. [OE. manuel, F. manuel, L. manualis, fr. manus hand; prob. akin to AS. mund hand, protection, OHG. munt, G. mündel a ward, vormund guardian, Icel. mund hand. Cf. Emancipate, Legerdemain, Maintain, Manage, Manner, Manure, Mound a hill.] Of or pertaining to the hand; done or made by the hand; as manual labor; the king’s sign manual. ´Manual and ocular examination.´ Tatham. Manual alphabet. See Dactylology. — Manual exercise (Mil.) the exercise by which soldiers are taught the use of their muskets and other arms. — Seal manual, the impression of a seal worn on the hand as a ring. — Sign manual. See under Sign.

Man´u•al , n. [Cf. F. manuel, LL. manuale. See Manual, a.] 1. A small book, such as may be carried in the hand, or conveniently handled; a handbook; specifically, the service book of the Roman Catholic Church. “This manual of laws, styled the Confessor’s Laws.” Sir M. Hale. 2. (Mus.) A keyboard of an organ or harmonium for the fingers, as distinguished from the pedals; a clavier, or set of keys. Moore (Encyc. of Music). 3. (Mil.) A prescribed exercise in the systematic handing of a weapon; as the manual of arms; the manual of the sword; the manual of the piece (cannon, mortar, etc.).

Man´u•al•ist, n. One who works with the hands; an artificer.

Man´u•al•ly, adv. By hand.

Man´u•a•ry , a. [L. manuarius, fr. manus hand.] Manual. — n. An artificer. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ma•nu´bi•al , a. [L. manubialis, fr. manubiae money obtained from the sale of booty, booty.] Belonging to spoils; taken in war. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ma•nu´bri•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a manubrium; shaped like a manubrium; handlelike.

Ma•nu´bri•um , n.; pl. L. Manubria (#), E. Manubriums (#). [L., handle, fr. manus hand.] 1. (Anat.) A handlelike process or part; esp., the anterior segment of the sternum, or presternum, and the handlelike process of the malleus. 2. (Zoöl.) The proboscis of a jellyfish; — called also hypostoma. See Illust. of Hydromedusa.

Man´u•code , n. [Javanese manukdewata the bird of the gods: cf. F. manucode.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Manucodia, of Australia and New Guinea. They are related to the bird of paradise.

Man•u•du´cent , n. One who leads by the hand; a manuductor. [Obs.]

Man•u•duc´tion , n. [L. manus hand + ductio a leading, ducere to lead: cf. F. manuduction.] Guidance by the hand. [Obs.] Glanvill. South.

Man•u•duc´tor , n. [L. manus the hand + ductor a leader, ducere to lead: cf. F. manuducteur.] (Mus.) A conductor; an officer in the ancient church who gave the signal for the choir to sing, and who beat time with the hand, and regulated the music. Moore (Encyc. of Music.)

Man•u•fac´to•ry , n.; pl. -ries (#). [Cf. L. factorium an oil press, prop., place where something is made. See Manufacture.] 1. Manufacture. [Obs.] 2. A building or place where anything is manufactured; a factory.

Man•u•fac´to•ry, a. Pertaining to manufacturing.

Man•u•fac´tur•al , a. Of or pertaining to manufactures. [R.]

Man•u•fac´ture , n. [L. manus the hand + factura a making, fr. facere to make: cf. F. manufacture. See Manual, and Fact.] 1. The operation of making wares or any products by hand, by machinery, or by other agency. 2. Anything made from raw materials by the hand, by machinery, or by art, as cloths, iron utensils, shoes, machinery, saddlery, etc.

Man•u•fac´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manufactured p. pr. & vb. n. Manufacturing.] [Cf. F. manufacturer.] 1. To make (wares or other products) by hand, by machinery, or by other agency; as to manufacture cloth, nails, glass, etc. 2. To work, as raw or partly wrought materials, into suitable forms for use; as to manufacture wool, cotton, silk, or iron.

Man•u•fac´ture, v. i. To be employed in manufacturing something.

Man•u•fac´tur•er , n. One who manufactures.

Man•u•fac´tur•ing, a. 1. Employed, or chiefly employed, in manufacture; as a manufacturing community; a manufacturing town. 2. Pertaining to manufacture; as manufacturing projects.

Ma´nul , n. (Zoöl.) A wild cat (Felis manul), having long, soft, light- colored fur. It is found in the mountains of Central Asia, and dwells among rocks.

Man´u•mise , v. t. [See Manumit.] To manumit. [Obs.] Dryden.

Man•u•mis´sion , n. [L. manumissio: cf. F. manumission. See Manumit.] The act of manumitting, or of liberating a slave from bondage. ´Given to slaves at their manumission.´ Arbuthnot.

Man•u•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manumitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Manumitting.] [L. manumittere, manumissum; manus the hand + mittere to send, to send off. See Manual, and Missile.] To release from slavery; to liberate from personal bondage or servitude; to free, as a slave. ´Manumitted slaves.´ Hume.

Man´u•mo•tive , a. [L. manus the hand + E. motive.] Movable by hand. [R.]

Man´u•mo•tor , n. [L. manus the hand + E. motor.] A small wheel carriage, so constructed that a person sitting in it may move it.

Ma•nur´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of cultivation. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. Capable of receiving a fertilizing substance.

Ma•nur´age , n. Cultivation. [Obs.] Warner.

Ma•nur´ance , n. Cultivation. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ma•nure´ (ma•nur´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manured p. pr. & vb. n. Manuring.] [Contr, from OF. manuvrer, manovrer, to work with the hand, to cultivate by manual labor, F. manœuvrer. See Manual, Ure, Opera, and cf. Inure.] 1. To cultivate by manual labor; to till; hence, to develop by culture. [Obs.] “To whom we gave the strand for to manure.” Surrey. “Manure thyself then; to thyself be improved;
And with vain, outward things be no more moved.” Donne. 2. To apply manure to; to enrich, as land, by the application of a fertilizing substance. “The blood of English shall manure the ground.” Shak.

Ma•nure´ (ma•nur´), n. Any matter which makes land productive; a fertilizing substance, as the contents of stables and barnyards, dung, decaying animal or vegetable substances, etc. Dryden.

Ma•nure´ment, n. [Cf. OF. manouvrement.] Cultivation. [Obs.] W. Wotton.

Ma•nur´er , n. One who manures land.

Ma•nu´ri•al , a. Relating to manures.

Ma•nur´ing , n. The act of process of applying manure; also the manure applied.

Ma´nus , n.; pl. Manus. [L., the hand.] (Anat.) The distal segment of the fore limb, including the carpus and fore foot or hand.

Man´u•script , a. [L. manu scriptus. See Manual, and Scribe.] Written with or by the hand; not printed; as a manuscript volume.

Man´u•script, n. [LL. manuscriptum, lit., something written with the hand. See Manuscript, a.] 1. A literary or musical composition written with the hand, as distinguished from a printed copy. 2. Writing, as opposed to print; as the book exists only in manuscript. Craik. The word is often abbreviated to MS., plural MSS.

Man´u•script•al , a. Manuscript. [Obs.]

Man•u•ten´en•cy , n. [L. manus hand + tenere to hold.] Maintenance. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft.

Man´way , n. A small passageway, as in a mine, that a man may pass through. Raymond.

Manx , a. Of or pertaining to the Isle of Man, or its inhabitants; as the Manx language. Manx cat (Zoöl.), a breed of domestic cats having a rudimentary tail, containing only about three vertebrae. — Manx shearwater (Zoöl.), an oceanic bird (Puffinus anglorum, or P. puffinus), called also Manx petrel, Manx puffin. It was formerly abundant in the Isle of Man.

Manx, n. The language of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man, a dialect of the Celtic.

Ma´ny , n. [See Meine, Mansion.] A retinue of servants; a household. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma´ny, a. or pron. [It has no variation to express degrees of comparison; more and most, which are used for the comparative and superlative degrees, are from a different root.] [OE. mani, moni, AS. manig, maenig, monig; akin to D. menig, OS. & OHG. manag, G. manch, Dan. mange, Sw. månge, Goth. manags, OSlav. mnog’, Russ. mnogii; cf. Icel. margr, Prov. E. mort. rad.103.] Consisting of a great number; numerous; not few. “Thou shalt be a father of many nations.” Gen. xvii. 4. “Not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called.” 1 Cor. i. 26. Many is freely prefixed to participles, forming compounds which need no special explanation; as many-angled, many-celled, many-eyed, many-footed, many- handed, many-leaved, many-lettered, many- named, many-peopled, many-petaled, many- seeded, many-syllabled (polysyllabic), many- tongued, many-voiced, many-wived, and the like. Comparison is often expressed by many with as or so. ´As many as were willing hearted … brought bracelets.´ Exod. xxxv. 22. ´So many laws argue so many sins.´ Milton. Many stands with a singular substantive with a or an. Many a, a large number taken distributively; each one of many. ´For thy sake have I shed many a tear.´ Shak. ´Full many a gem of purest ray serene.´ Gray. — Many one, many a one; many persons. Bk. of Com. Prayer. — The many, the majority; — opposed to the few. See Many, n. — Too many, too numerous; hence, too powerful; as they are too many for us. L’Estrange. Syn. — Numerous; multiplied; frequent; manifold; various; divers; sundry.

Ma´ny, n. [AS. menigeo, menigo, menio, multitude; akin to G. menge, OHG. managi, menigi, Goth. managei. See Many, a.] 1. The populace; the common people; the majority of people, or of a community. “After him the rascal many ran.” Spenser. 2. A large or considerable number. “A many of our bodies shall no doubt
Find native graves.” Shak. “Seeing a great many in rich gowns.” Addison. “It will be concluded by manythat he lived like an honest man.” Fielding. In this sense, many is connected immediately with another substantive (without of) to show of what the many consists; as a good many [of] people think so. “He is liable to a great many inconveniences.” Tillotson.

Ma´ny-mind•ed , a. Having many faculties; versatile; many-sided.

Ma´ny•plies , n. [Many, adj. + plies, pl. of ply a fold.] (Anat.) The third division, or that between the reticulum, or honeycomb stomach, and the abomasum, or rennet stomach, in the stomach of ruminants; the omasum; the psalterium. So called from the numerous folds in its mucous membrane. See Illust of Ruminant.

Ma´ny-sid•ed , a. 1. Having many sides; — said of figures. Hence, presenting many questions or subjects for consideration; as a many-sided topic. 2. Interested in, and having an aptitude for, many unlike pursuits or objects of attention; versatile. — Ma´ny-sid•ed•ness, n. { Ma´ny•ways• , Ma´ny•wise• } adv. In many different ways; variously.

Man•za•ni´ta , n. [Sp., dim. of munzana an apple.] (Bot.) A name given to several species of Arctostaphylos, but mostly to A. glauca and A. pungens, shrubs of California, Oregon, etc., with reddish smooth bark, ovate or oval coriaceous evergreen leaves, and bearing clusters of red berries, which are said to be a favorite food of the grizzly bear.

Ma´o•ri , n.; pl. Maoris . (Ethnol.) One of the aboriginal inhabitants of New Zealand; also the original language of New Zealand. — a. Of or pertaining to the Maoris or to their language.

Map , n. [From F. mappe, in mappemonde map of the world, fr. L. mappa napkin, signal cloth; — a Punic word. Cf. Apron, Napkin, Nappe.] 1. A representation of the surface of the earth, or of some portion of it, showing the relative position of the parts represented; — usually on a flat surface. also such a representation of the celestial sphere, or of some part of it. There are five principal kinds of projection used in making maps: the orthographic, the stereographic, the globuar, the conical, and the cylindrical, or Mercator’s projection. See Projection. 2. Anything which represents graphically a succession of events, states, or acts; as an historical map. “Thus is his cheek the map of days outworn.” Shak. Map lichen (Bot.), a lichen (Lecidea geographica.) growing on stones in curious maplike figures. Dr. Prior.

Map, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mapped p. pr. & vb. n. Mapping ] To represent by a map; — often with out; as to survey and map, or map out, a county. Hence, figuratively: To represent or indicate systematically and clearly; to sketch; to plan; as to map, or map out, a journey; to map out business. “I am near to the place where they should meet, if Pisanio have mapped it truly.” Shak.

Ma•pach´ , n. [Mexican.] The raccoon.

Ma´ple , n. [AS. mapolder, mapulder, mapol; akin to Icel. möpurr; cf. OHG. mazzaltra, mazzoltra, G. massholder.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Acer, including about fifty species. A. saccharinum is the rock maple, or sugar maple, from the sap of which sugar is made, in the United States, in great quantities, by evaporation; the red or swamp maple is A. rubrum; the silver maple, A. dasycarpum, having fruit wooly when young; the striped maple, A. Pennsylvanium, called also moosewood. The common maple of Europe is A. campestre, the sycamore maple is A. Pseudo-platanus, and the Norway maple is A. platanoides. Maple is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as maple tree, maple leaf, etc. Bird’s-eye maple, Curled maple, varieties of the wood of the rock maple, in which a beautiful lustrous grain is produced by the sinuous course of the fibers. — Maple honey, Maple molasses, or Maple sirup, maple sap boiled to the consistency of molasses. — Maple sugar, sugar obtained from the sap of the sugar maple by evaporation.

Map´like , a. Having or consisting of lines resembling a map; as the maplike figures in which certain lichens grow.

Map´per•y , n. [From Map.] The making, or study, of maps. [Obs.] Shak.

Ma´qui , n. (Bot.) A Chilian shrub (Aristotelia Maqui). Its bark furnishes strings for musical instruments, and a medicinal wine is made from its berries.

Mar , n. A small lake. See Mere. [Prov. Eng.]

Mar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marred (märd); p. pr. & vb. n. Marring.] [OE. marren, merren, AS. merran, myrran (in comp.), to obstruct, impede, dissipate; akin to OS. merrian, OHG. marrjan, merran; cf. D. marren, meeren, to moor a ship, Icel. merja to bruise, crush, and Goth. marzjan to offend. Cf. Moor, v.] 1. To make defective; to do injury to, esp. by cutting off or defacing a part; to impair; to disfigure; to deface. “I pray you mar no more trees with wiring love songs in their barks.” Shak. “But mirth is marred, and the good cheer is lost.” Dryden. “Ire, envy, and despair
Which marred all his borrowed visage.” Milton. 2. To spoil; to ruin. ´It makes us, or it mars us.´ ´Striving to mend, to mar the subject.´ Shak.

Mar, n. A mark or blemish made by bruising, scratching, or the like; a disfigurement.

Ma´ra , n. [Skr. mara.] (Hind. Myth.) The principal or ruling evil spirit. E. Arnold.

Ma´ra, n. [Icel. mara nightmare, an ogress. See Nightmare.] (Norse Myth.) A female demon who torments people in sleep by crouching on their chests or stomachs, or by causing terrifying visions.

Ma´ra, n. (Zoöl.) The Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis Patagonicus).

Mar•a•bou´ , n. [F.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large stork of the genus Leptoptilos (formerly Ciconia), esp. the African species (L. crumenifer), which furnishes plumes worn as ornaments. The Asiatic species (L. dubius, or L. argala) is the adjutant. See Adjutant. [Written also marabu.] 2. One having five eighths negro blood; the offspring of a mulatto and a griffe. [Louisiana] Bartlett.

Marabout´ , n. [F., from Pg. marabuto, Ar. morabit. Cf. Maravedi.] A Mohammedan saint; especially, one who claims to work cures supernaturally.

Mar´a•can , n. [Braz. maracaná.] (Zoöl.) A macaw.

Ma•rai´ , n. A sacred inclosure or temple; — so called by the islanders of the Pacific Ocean.

Mar•a•nath´a , n. [Aramaic maran atha.] ´Our Lord cometh;´ — an expression used by St. Paul at the conclusion of his first Epistle to the Corinthians (xvi. 22). This word has been used in anathematizing persons for great crimes; as much as to say, ´May the Lord come quickly to take vengeance of thy crimes.´ See Anathema maranatha, under Anathema.

Ma•ran´ta , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of endogenous plants found in tropical America, and some species also in India. They have tuberous roots containing a large amount of starch, and from one species (Maranta arundinacea) arrowroot is obtained. Many kinds are cultivated for ornament.

Ma•ra•schi´no , n. [It., fr. marasca, amarasca, a sour cherry, L. amarus bitter.] A liqueur distilled from fermented cherry juice, and flavored with the pit of a variety of cherry which grows in Dalmatia.

Ma•ras´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. , to quench, as fire; pass., to die away.] (Med.) A wasting of flesh without fever or apparent disease; a kind of consumption; atrophy; phthisis. “Pining atrophy,
Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence.” Milton. Marasmus senilis [L.], progressive atrophy of the aged.

Ma•raud´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Marauding.] [F. marauder, fr. maraud vagabond, OF. marault; of uncertain origin, perh. for malault, fr. (assumed) LL. malaldus; fr. L. malus bad, ill + a suffix of German origin (cf. Herald). Cf. Malice.] To rove in quest of plunder; to make an excursion for booty; to plunder. ´Marauding hosts.´ Milman.

Ma•raud´, n. An excursion for plundering.

Ma•raud•er , n. [From Maraud, v.: cf. F. maraudeur.] A rover in quest of booty or plunder; a plunderer; one who pillages. De Quincey.

Mar•a•ve´di , n. [Sp. maravedí; — so called from the Morabitin (lit., the steadfast), an Arabian dynasty which reigned in Africa and Spain. Cf. Marabout.] (Numis.) A small copper coin of Spain, equal to three mils American money, less than a farthing sterling. also an ancient Spanish gold coin.

Mar´ble (mär´b’l), n. [OE. marbel, marbre, F. marbre, L. marmor, fr. Gr. ma•rmaros, fr. marmai•rein to sparkle, flash. Cf. Marmoreal.] 1. A massive, compact limestone; a variety of calcite, capable of being polished and used for architectural and ornamental purposes. The color varies from white to black, being sometimes yellow, red, and green, and frequently beautifully veined or clouded. The name is also given to other rocks of like use and appearance, as serpentine or verd antique marble, and less properly to polished porphyry, granite, etc. Breccia marble consists of limestone fragments cemented together. — Ruin marble, when polished, shows forms resembling ruins, due to disseminated iron oxide. — Shell marble contains fossil shells. — Statuary marble is a pure, white, fine-grained kind, including Parian (from Paros) and Carrara marble. If coarsely granular it is called saccharoidal. 2. A thing made of, or resembling, marble, as a work of art, or record, in marble; or, in the plural, a collection of such works; as the Arundel or Arundelian marbles; the Elgin marbles. 3. A little ball of marble, or of some other hard substance, used as a plaything by children; or, in the plural, a child’s game played with marbles. Marble is also much used in self-explaining compounds; when used figuratively in compounds it commonly means, hard, cold, destitute of compassion or feeling; as marble- breasted, marble-faced, marble-hearted.

Mar´ble, a. 1. Made of, or resembling, marble; as a marble mantel; marble paper. 2. Cold; hard; unfeeling; as a marble breast or heart.

Mar´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marbled p. pr. & vb. n. Marbling ] [Cf. F. marbrer. See Marble, n.] To stain or vein like marble; to variegate in color; as to marble the edges of a book, or the surface of paper.

Mar´bled , a. 1. Made of, or faced with, marble. [Obs.] ´The marbled mansion.´ Shak. 2. Made to resemble marble; veined or spotted like marble. ´Marbled paper.´ Boyle. 3. (zoöl.) Varied with irregular markings, or witch a confused blending of irregular spots and streaks.

Mar´ble-edged , a. Having the edge veined or spotted with different colors like marble, as a book.

Mar´ble•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marbleized p. pr. & vb. n. Marbleizing ] To stain or grain in imitation of marble; to cover with a surface resembling marble; as to marbleize slate, wood, or iron.

Mar´bler , n. 1. One who works upon marble or other stone. [R.] Fuller. 2. One who colors or stains in imitation of marble.

Mar´bling , n. 1. The art or practice of variegating in color, in imitation of marble. 2. An intermixture of fat and lean in meat, giving it a marbled appearance. 3. pl. (Zoöl.) Distinct markings resembling the variegations of marble, as on birds and insects.

Mar´bly, a. Containing, or resembling, marble.

Mar•bri´nus , n. [LL., fr. OF. & F. marble marble. See Marble.] A cloth woven so as to imitate the appearance of marble; — much used in the 15th and 16th centuries. Beck (Draper’s Dict.).

Marc , n. [F.] The refuse matter which remains after the pressure of fruit, particularly of grapes.

Marc, n. [AS. marc; akin to G. mark, Icel. mörk, perh. akin to E. mark a sign. rad.106, 273.] [Written also mark.] 1. A weight of various commodities, esp. of gold and silver, used in different European countries. In France and Holland it was equal to eight ounces. 2. A coin formerly current in England and Scotland, equal to thirteen shillings and four pence. 3. A German coin and money of account. See Mark.

Mar´can•tant , n. [It. mercatante. See Merchant.] A merchant. [Obs.] Shak.

Mar´ca•site , n. [F. marcassite; cf. It. marcassita, Sp. marquesita, Pg. marquezita; all fr. Ar. marqashitha.] (Min.) A sulphide of iron resembling pyrite or common iron pyrites in composition, but differing in form; white iron pyrites. Golden marcasite, tin. [Obs.] { Mar•ca•sit´ic , Mar•ca•sit´ic•al } a. Containing, or having the nature of, marcasite.

Mar•cas´sin , n. [F.] (Her.) A young wild boar.

Mar•ca´to , a. [It.] (Mus.) In a marked emphatic manner; — used adverbially as a direction.

Mar´cel•ine , n. [F., fr. L. marcidus withered, fr. marcere to wither, shrivel.] A thin silk fabric used for linings, etc., in ladies’ dresses.

Mar•ces´cent , a. [L. marcescens, p. pr. of marcescere to wither, decay, fr. marcere to wither, droop: cf. F. marcescent.] (Bot.) Withering without falling off; fading; decaying.

Mar•ces´ci•ble , a. [Cf. F. marcescible.] Liable to wither or decay.

March , n. [L. Martius mensis Mars’month fr. Martius belonging to Mars, the god of war: cf. F. mars. Cf. Martial.] The third month of the year, containing thirty-one days. “The stormy March is come at last,
With wind, and cloud, and changing skies.” Bryant. As mad as a March Hare, an old English Saying derived from the fact that March is the rutting time of hares, when they are excitable and violent. Wright.

March, n. [OE. marche, F. marche; of German origin; cf. OHG. marcha, G. mark, akin to OS. marka, AS. mearc, Goth. marka, L. margo edge, border, margin, and possibly to E. mark a sign. rad.106. Cf. Margin, Margrave, Marque, Marquis.] A territorial border or frontier; a region adjacent to a boundary line; a confine; — used chiefly in the plural, and in English history applied especially to the border land on the frontiers between England and Scotland, and England and Wales. “Geneva is situated in the marches of several dominions — France, Savoy, and Switzerland.” Fuller. “Lords of waste marches, kings of desolate isles.” Tennyson.

March, v. i. [Cf. OF. marchir. See 2d March.] To border; to be contiguous; to lie side by side. [Obs.] “That was in a strange land
Which marcheth upon Chimerie.” Gower. To march with, to have the same boundary for a greater or less distance; — said of an estate.

March, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marched p. pr. & vb. n. Marching.] [F. marcher, in OF. also to tread, prob. fr. L. marcus hammer. Cf. Mortar.] 1. To move with regular steps, as a soldier; to walk in a grave, deliberate, or stately manner; to advance steadily. Shak. 2. To proceed by walking in a body or in military order; as the German army marched into France.

March, v. t. To cause to move with regular steps in the manner of a soldier; to cause to move in military array, or in a body, as troops; to cause to advance in a steady, regular, or stately manner; to cause to go by peremptory command, or by force. “March them again in fair array.” Prior.

March, n. [F. marche.] 1. The act of marching; a movement of soldiers from one stopping place to another; military progress; advance of troops. “These troops came to the army harassed with a long and wearisome march.” Bacon. 2. Hence: Measured and regular advance or movement, like that of soldiers moving in order; stately or deliberate walk; steady onward movement. “With solemn march
Goes slow and stately by them.” Shak. “This happens merely because men will not bide their time, but will insist on precipitating the march of affairs.” Buckle. 3. The distance passed over in marching; as an hour’s march; a march of twenty miles. 4. A piece of music designed or fitted to accompany and guide the movement of troops; a piece of music in the march form. “The drums presently striking up a march.” Knolles. To make a march, (Card Playing), to take all the tricks of a hand, in the game of euchre.

March´er , n. One who marches.

March´er, n. [See 2d March.] The lord or officer who defended the marches or borders of a territory. { Mar´chet , Mer´chet }, n. [LL. marcheta; of uncertain origin.] In old English and in Scots law, a fine paid to the lord of the soil by a tenant upon the marriage of one the tenant’s daughters.

March´ing , a. & n., fr. March, v. Marching money (Mil.), the additional pay of officer or soldier when his regiment is marching. — In marching order (Mil.), equipped for a march. — Marching regiment. (Mil.) (a) A regiment in active service. (b) In England, a regiment liable to be ordered into other quarters, at home or abroad; a regiment of the line.

Mar´chion•ess , n. [LL. marchionissa, fr. marchio a marquis. See Marquis.] The wife or the widow of a marquis; a woman who has the rank and dignity of a marquis. Spelman.

March´-mad , a. Extremely rash; foolhardy. See under March, the month. Sir W. Scott.

March´man , n. A person living in the marches between England and Scotland or Wales.

March´pane , n. [Cf. It. marzapane,Sp. pan,. massepain, prob. fr. L. maza frumenty (Gr. ma^za) + L. panis bread; but perh. the first part of the word is from the name of the inventor.] A kind of sweet bread or biscuit; a cake of pounded almonds and sugar. [Obs.] Shak.

March´-ward , n. A warden of the marches; a marcher.

Mar´cian , a. Under the influence of Mars; courageous; bold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mar´cid , a. [L. marcidus, fr. marcere to wither, pine.] 1. Pining; lean; withered. Dryden. 2. Characterized by emaciation, as a fever. Harvey.

Mar•cid´i•ty , n. [LL. marciditas.] The state or quality of being withered or lean. [R.]

Mar´cion•ite , n. (Eccl. Hist) A follower of Marcion, a Gnostic of the second century, who adopted the Oriental notion of the two conflicting principles, and imagined that between them there existed a third power, neither wholly good nor evil, the Creator of the world and of man, and the God of the Jewish dispensation. Brande & C.

Mar•co•brun´ner , n. [G. Marcobrunner.] A celebrated Rhine wine.

Mar´cor , n. [L., fr. marcere to wither.] A wasting away of flesh; decay. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Mar•co´sian , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a Gnostic sect of the second century, so called from Marcus, an Egyptian, who was reputed to be a margician.

Mar´di• gras´ , n. [F., literally, fat Tuesday.] The last day of Carnival; Shrove Tuesday; — in some cities a great day of carnival and merrymaking.

Mare (mâr), n. [OE. mere, AS. mere, myre, fem of AS. mearh horse, akin to D. merrie mare, G. mähre, OHG. marah horse, meriha mare, Icel. marr horse, OCelt. marka (Pausan. 19, 19,4), Ir. marc, W. march. Cf. Marshal.] The female of the horse and other equine quadrupeds.

Mare, n. [AS. mara incubus; akin to OHG. & Icel. mara; cf. Pol. mora, Bohem. m&uring;ra.] (Med.) Sighing, suffocative panting, intercepted utterance, with a sense of pressure across the chest, occurring during sleep; the incubus; — obsolete, except in the compound nightmare. “I will ride thee o’ nights like the mare.” Shak.

Mare´chal Niel´ [F.] A kind of large yellow rose. [Written also Marshal Niel.]

Mar´eis , n. A Marsh. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma•re´na , n. [NL. Salmo maraena, G. maräne, moräne; — so called from Lake Morin, in the March of Brandenburg, in Prussia.] (Zoöl.) A European whitefish of the genus Coregonus.

Mare´schal , n. [OF. mareschal, F. marechal. See Marshal.] A military officer of high rank; a marshal. [Obs.]

Mare’s´-nest , n. A supposed discovery which turns out to be a hoax; something grossly absurd.

Mare’s´-tail , n. 1. A long streaky cloud, spreading out like a horse’s tail, and believed to indicate rain; a cirrus cloud. See Cloud. “Mackerel sky and mare’s-tails
Make tall ships carry low sails.” Old Rhyme. 2. (Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Hippuris (H. vulgaris), having narrow leaves in whorls.

Mar´ga•rate , n. [Cf. F. margarate.] (Physiol. Chem.) A compound of the so- called margaric acid with a base.

Mar•gar´ic , a. [Cf. F. margarique. See Margarite.] Pertaining to, or resembling, pearl; pearly. Margaric acid. (a) (Physiol. Chem.) A fatty body, crystallizing in pearly scales, and obtained by digesting saponified fats (soaps) with an acid. It was formerly supposed to be an individual fatty acid, but is now known to be simply an intimate mixture of stearic and palmitic acids. (b) (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C_17H_34O_2 of the fatty acid series, intermediate between palmitic and stearic acids, and obtained from the wax of certain lichens, from cetyl cyanide, and other sources.

Mar´ga•rin , n. [Cf. F. margarine. See Margarite.] (Physiol. Chem.) A fatty substance, extracted from animal fats and certain vegetable oils, formerly supposed to be a definite compound of glycerin and margaric acid, but now known to be simply a mixture or combination of tristearin and tripalmitin.

Mar•ga•ri•ta´ceous , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, pearl; pearly.

Mar´ga•rite , n. [L. margarita, Gr. a pearl; cf. F. marguerite.] 1. A pearl. [Obs.] Peacham. 2. (Min.) A mineral related to the micas but low in silica and yielding brittle folia with pearly luster.

Mar•ga•rit´ic , a. [Cf. F. margaritique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Margaric.

Mar•ga•ri•tif´er•ous , a. [L. margaritifer; margarita pearl + ferre to bear: cf. F. margaritifère.] Producing pearls.

Mar•gar´o•dite , n. [Gr. pearl- like.] (Min.) A hidrous potash mica related to muscovite.

Mar´ga•rone , n. [Margaric + -one.] (Chem.) The ketone of margaric acid.

Mar´ga•rous , a. (Chem.) Margaric; — formerly designating a supposed acid. [Obs.]

Mar´gate fish´ (Zoöl.) A sparoid fish (Diabasis aurolineatus) of the Gulf of Mexico, esteemed as a food fish; — called also red-mouth grunt.

Mar´gay , n. (Zoöl.) An American wild cat (Felis tigrina), ranging from Mexico to Brazil. It is spotted with black. Called also long-tailed cat.

Marge , n. [F. marge. See Margin.] Border; margin; edge; verge. [Poetic] Tennyson. “Along the river’s stony marge.” Wordsworth.

Mar´gent , n. [OE. See Margin.] A margin; border; brink; edge. [Obs.] “The beached margent of the sea.” Shak.

Mar´gent, v. t. To enter or note down upon the margin of a page; to margin. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Mar´gin , n. [OE. margine, margent, L. margo, ginis. Cf. March a border, Marge.] 1. A border; edge; brink; verge; as the margin of a river or lake. 2. Specifically: The part of a page at the edge left uncovered in writing or printing. 3. (Com.) The difference between the cost and the selling price of an article. 4. Something allowed, or reserved, for that which can not be foreseen or known with certainty. 5. (Brokerage) Collateral security deposited with a broker to secure him from loss on contracts entered into by him on behalf of his principial, as in the speculative buying and selling of stocks, wheat, etc. N. Biddle. Margin draft (Masonry), a smooth cut margin on the face of hammer-dressed ashlar, adjacent to the joints. — Margin of a course (Arch.), that part of a course, as of slates or shingles, which is not covered by the course immediately above it. See 2d Gauge. Syn. — Border; brink; verge; brim; rim.

Mar´gin , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Margined p. pr. & vb. n. Marginging.] 1. To furnish with a margin. 2. To enter in the margin of a page.

Mar´gin•al , a. [Cf. F. marginal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a margin. 2. Written or printed in the margin; as a marginal note or gloss.

Mar•gi•na´li•a , n. pl. [NL.] Marginal notes.

Mar´gin•al•ly, adv. In the margin of a book.

Mar´gin•ate , a. [L. marginatus, p. p. of marginare to margin. See Margin, n.] Having a margin distinct in appearance or structure.

Mar´gin•ate , v. t. To furnish with a distinct margin; to margin. [R.] Cockeram.

Mar´gin•a•ted , a. Same as Marginate, a.

Mar´gined , a. 1. Having a margin. Hawthorne. 2. (Zoöl.) Bordered with a distinct line of color.

Mar•gi•nel´la , n. [NL., dim. of L. margo, marginis, a margin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, polished, marine univalve shells, native of all warm seas.

Mar´gin•i•ci•dal , a. [L. margo, -ginis, margin + caedere to cut.] (Bot.) Dehiscent by the separation of united carpels; — said of fruits.

Mar•go´sa , n. [Pg. amargoso bitter.] (Bot.) A large tree of the genus Melia (M. Azadirachta) found in India. Its bark is bitter, and used as a tonic. A valuable oil is expressed from its seeds, and a tenacious gum exudes from its trunk. The M. Azedarach is a much more showy tree, and is cultivated in the Southern United States, where it is known as Pride of India, Pride of China, or bead tree. Various parts of the tree are considered anthelmintic. “The margosa oil … is a most valuable balsam for wounds, having a peculiar smell which prevents the attacks of flies.” Sir S. Baker. { Mar´gra•vate , Mar•gra´vi•ate } n. [Cf. F. margraviat.] The territory or jurisdiction of a margrave.

Mar´grave , n. [G. markgraf, prop., lord chief justice of the march; mark bound, border, march + graf earl, count, lord chief justice; cf. Goth. gagrëfts decree: cf. D. markgraaf, F. margrave. See March border, and cf. Landgrave, Graff.] 1. Originally, a lord or keeper of the borders or marches in Germany. 2. The English equivalent of the German title of nobility, markgraf; a marquis.

Mar´gra•vine , n. [G. markgräfin: cf. F. margrafine.] The wife of a margrave.

Mar´gue•rite , n. [F., a pearl, a daisy. See Margarite.] (Bot.) The daisy (Bellis perennis). The name is often applied also to the ox-eye daisy and to the China aster. Longfellow.

Ma´ri•an , a. Pertaining to the Virgin Mary, or sometimes to Mary, Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. “Of all the Marian martyrs, Mr. Philpot was the best-born gentleman.” Fuller. Maid Marian. See Maidmarian in the Vocabulary.

Mar´ie , interj. Marry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mar´i•et , n. [F. mariette, prop. dim. of Marie Mary.] (Bot.) A kind of bellflower, Companula Trachelium, once called Viola Mariana; but it is not a violet.

Ma•rig´e•nous , a. [L. mare the sea + -genous.] Produced in or by the sea.

Mar´i•gold , n. [Mary + gold.] (Bot.) A name for several plants with golden yellow blossoms, especially the Calendula officinalis (see Calendula), and the cultivated species of Tagetes. There are several yellow-flowered plants of different genera bearing this name; as the African or French marigold of the genus Tagetes, of which several species and many varieties are found in gardens. They are mostly strong-smelling herbs from South America and Mexico: bur marigold, of the genus Bidens; corn marigold, of the genus Chrysanthemum (C. segetum, a pest in the cornfields of Italy); fig marigold, of the genus Mesembryanthemum; marsh marigold, of the genus Caltha (C. palustris), commonly known in America as the cowslip. See Marsh Marigold. Marigold window. (Arch.) See Rose window, under Rose.

Mar•i•ki´na , n. [From the native name: cf. Pg. mariquinha.] (Zoöl) A small marmoset (Midas rosalia); the silky tamarin.

Ma•rim´ba , n. [Pg.] A musical istrument of percussion, consisting of bars yielding musical tones when struck. Knight.

Mar•i•mon´da , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Central and South America.

Mar•i•nade´ , n. [F.: cf. It. marinato marinade, F. mariner to preserve food for use at sea. See Marinate.] (Cookery) A brine or pickle containing wine and spices, for enriching the flavor of meat and fish.

Mar´i•nate , v. t. [See Marine, and cf. Marinade.] To salt or pickle, as fish, and then preserve in oil or vinegar; to prepare by the use of marinade.

Ma•rine´ , a. [L. marinus, fr. mare the sea: cf. F. marin. See Mere a pool.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sea; having to do with the ocean, or with navigation or naval affairs; nautical; as marine productions or bodies; marine shells; a marine engine. 2. (Geol.) Formed by the action of the currents or waves of the sea; as marine deposits. Marine acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. [Obs.] — Marine barometer. See under Barometer. — Marine corps, a corps formed of the officers, noncommissioned officers, privates, and musicants of marines. — Marine engine (Mech.), a steam engine for propelling a vessel. — Marine glue. See under Glue. — Marine insurance, insurance against the perils of the sea, including also risks of fire, piracy, and barratry. — Marine interest, interest at any rate agreed on for money lent upon respondentia and bottomry bonds. — Marine law. See under Law. — Marine league, three geographical miles. - - Marine metal, an alloy of lead, antimony, and mercury, made for sheathing ships. Mc Elrath. — Marine soap, cocoanut oil soap; — so called because, being quite soluble in salt water, it is much used on shipboard. — Marine store, a store where old canvas ropes, etc., are bought and sold; a junk shop. [Eng.]

Ma•rine´, n. [F. marin a sea solider, marine naval economy, a marine picture, fr. L. marinus. See Marine, a.] 1. A solider serving on shipboard; a sea soldier; one of a body of troops trained to do duty in the navy. 2. The sum of naval affairs; naval economy; the department of navigation and sea forces; the collective shipping of a country; as the mercantile marine. 3. A picture representing some marine subject. Tell that to the marines, an expression of disbelief, the marines being regarded by sailors as credulous. [Colloq.]

Ma•rined´ , a. [Cf. F. marine.] (Her.) Having the lower part of the body like a fish. Crabb.

Mar´i•ner , n. [F. marinier, LL. marinarius. See Marine.] One whose occupation is to assist in navigating ships; a seaman or sailor. Chaucer. Mariner’s compass. See under Compass.

Mar´i•ner•ship, n. Seamanship. [Obs.] Udalt.

Mar•i•no•ra´ma , n. [NL., from L. marinus marine + Gr. view.] A representation of a sea view.

Ma•ri•ol´a•ter , n. [See Mariolatry.] One who worships the Virgin Mary.

Ma•ri•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. Mary + worship.] The worship of the Virgin Mary.

Mar•i•o•nette´ , n. [F. marionette, prop. a dim. of Marie Mary.] 1. A puppet moved by strings, as in a puppet show. 2. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck.

Ma•ri•otte’s law (Physics.) See Boyle’s law, under Law.

Ma•ri•po´sa lil•y [Sp. mariposa a butterfly + E. lily. So called from the gay appearance of the blossoms.] (Bot.) One of a genus (Calochortus) of tuliplike bulbous herbs with large, and often gaycolored, blossoms. Called also butterfly lily. Most of them are natives of California.

Mar´i•put (mar´i•put), n. (Zoöl.) A species of civet; the zoril.

Mar´ish (mar´ish), n. [Cf. F. marais, LL. marascus. See Marsh.] Low, wet ground; a marsh; a fen; a bog; a moor. [Archaic] Milton. Tennyson.

Mar´ish, a. 1. Moory; fenny; boggy. [Archaic] 2. Growing in marshes. ´Marish flowers.´ Tennyson.

Mar´i•tal (mar´i•tal), a. [F., fr. L. maritalis, fr. maritus belonging to marriage, n., a husband. See Marry, v.] Of or pertaining to a husband; as marital rights, duties, authority. ´Marital affection.´ Ayliffe.

Mar´i•ta•ted (mar´i•ta•ted), a. [L. maritatus married.] Having a husband; married. [Obs.] { Ma•rit´i•mal , Ma•rit´i•male } (ma•rit´i•mal), a. See Maritime. [Obs.]

Mar´i•time (mar´i•tim; 277), a. [L. maritimus, fr. mare the sea: cf. F. maritime. See Mere a pool.] 1. Bordering on, or situated near, the ocean; connected with the sea by site, interest, or power; having shipping and commerce or a navy; as maritime states. ´A maritime town.´ Addison. 2. Of or pertaining to the ocean; marine; pertaining to navigation and naval affairs, or to shipping and commerce by sea. ´Maritime service.´ Sir H. Wotton. Maritime law. See Law. — Maritime loan, a loan secured by bottomry or respodentia bonds. — Martime nations, nations having seaports, and using the sea more or less for war or commerce.

Mar´jo•ram (mär´jo•ram), n. [OE. majoran, F. marjolaine, LL. marjoraca, fr. L. amaracus, amaracum, Gr. ’ama•rakos, ’ama•rakon.] (Bot.) A genus of mintlike plants (Origanum) comprising about twenty- five species. The sweet marjoram (O. Majorana) is pecularly aromatic and fragrant, and much used in cookery. The wild marjoram of Europe and America is O. vulgare, far less fragrant than the other.

Mark (märk), n. A license of reprisals. See Marque.

Mark, n. [See 2d Marc.] 1. An old weight and coin. See Marc. ´Lend me a mark.´ Chaucer. 2. The unit of monetary account of the German Empire, equal to 23.8 cents of United States money; the equivalent of one hundred pfennigs. also a silver coin of this value.

Mark, n. [OE. marke, merke, AS. mearc; akin to D. merk, MHG. marc, G. marke, Icel. mark, Dan. maerke; cf. Lith. margas party-colored. rad.106, 273. Cf. Remark.] 1. A visible sign or impression made or left upon anything; esp., a line, point, stamp, figure, or the like, drawn or impressed, so as to attract the attention and convey some information or intimation; a token; a trace. “The Lord set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him.” Gen. iv. 15. 2. Specifically: (a) A character or device put on an article of merchandise by the maker to show by whom it was made; a trade-mark. (b) A character (usually a cross) made as a substitute for a signature by one who can not write. “The mark of the artisan is found upon the most ancient fabrics that have come to light.” Knight. 3. A fixed object serving for guidance, as of a ship, a traveler, a surveyor, etc.; as a seamark, a landmark. 4. A trace, dot, line, imprint, or discoloration, although not regarded as a token or sign; a scratch, scar, stain, etc.; as this pencil makes a fine mark. “I have some marks of yours upon my pate.” Shak. 5. An evidence of presence, agency, or influence; a significative token; a symptom; a trace; specifically, a permanent impression of one’s activity or character. “The confusion of tongues was a mark of separation.” Bacon. 6. That toward which a missile is directed; a thing aimed at; what one seeks to hit or reach. “France was a fairer mark to shoot at than Ireland.” Davies. “Whate’er the motive, pleasure is the mark.” Young. 7. Attention, regard, or respect. “As much in mock as mark.” Shak. 8. Limit or standard of action or fact; as to be within the mark; to come up to the mark. 9. Badge or sign of honor, rank, or official station. “In the official marks invested, you
Anon do meet the Senate.” Shak. 10. Preëminence; high position; as patricians of mark; a fellow of no mark. 11. (Logic) A characteristic or essential attribute; a differential. 12. A number or other character used in registering; as examination marks; a mark for tardiness. 13. Image; likeness; hence, those formed in one’s image; children; descendants. [Obs.] ´All the mark of Adam.´ Chaucer. 14. (Naut.) One of the bits of leather or colored bunting which are placed upon a sounding line at intervals of from two to five fathoms. The unmarked fathoms are called ´deeps.´ A man of mark, a conspicuous or eminent man. — To make one’s mark. (a) To sign, as a letter or other writing, by making a cross or other mark. (b) To make a distinct or lasting impression on the public mind, or on affairs; to gain distinction. Syn. — Impress; impression; stamp; print; trace; vestige; track; characteristic; evidence; proof; token; badge; indication; symptom.

Mark (märk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marked (märkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Marking.] [OE. marken, merken, AS. mearcian, from mearc. See Mark the sign.] 1. To put a mark upon; to affix a significant mark to; to make recognizable by a mark; as to mark a box or bale of merchandise; to mark clothing. 2. To be a mark upon; to designate; to indicate; — used literally and figuratively; as this monument marks the spot where Wolfe died; his courage and energy marked him for a leader. 3. To leave a trace, scratch, scar, or other mark, upon, or any evidence of action; as a pencil marks paper; his hobnails marked the floor. 4. To keep account of; to enumerate and register; as to mark the points in a game of billiards or cards. 5. To notice or observe; to give attention to; to take note of; to remark; to heed; to regard. ´Mark the perfect man.´ Ps. xxxvii. 37. To mark out. (a) To designate, as by a mark; to select; as the ringleaders were marked out for punishment. (b) To obliterate or cancel with a mark; as to mark out an item in an account. — To mark time (Mil.), to keep the time of a marching step by moving the legs alternately without advancing. Syn. — To note; remark; notice; observe; regard; heed; show; evince; indicate; point out; betoken; denote; characterize; stamp; imprint; impress; brand.

Mark, v. i. To take particular notice; to observe critically; to note; to remark. “Mark, I pray you, and see how this man seeketh mischief.” 1 Kings xx. 7.

Mark´a•ble , a. Remarkable. [Obs.] Sandys.

Marked (märkt), a. Designated or distinguished by, or as by, a mark; hence; noticeable; conspicuous; as a marked card; a marked coin; a marked instance. — Mark´ed•ly (#), adv. J. S. Mill. A marked man, a man who is noted by a community, or by a part of it, as for excellence or depravity; — usually with an unfavorable suggestion.

Mar•kee´ (mär•ke´), n. See Marquee.

Mark´er , n. One who or that which marks. Specifically: (a) One who keeps account of a game played, as of billiards. (b) A counter used in card playing and other games. (c) (Mil.) The soldier who forms the pilot of a wheeling column, or marks the direction of an alignment. (d) An attachment to a sewing machine for marking a line on the fabric by creasing it.

Mar´ket , n. [Akin to D. markt, OHG. markat, merkat, G. markt; all fr.L. mercatus trade, market place, fr. mercari, p. p. mercatus, to trade, traffic, merx, mercis, ware, merchandise, prob. akin to merere to deserve, gain, acquire: cf. F. marche. See Merit, and cf. Merchant, Mart.] 1. A meeting together of people, at a stated time and place, for the purpose of traffic (as in cattle, provisions, wares, etc.) by private purchase and sale, and not by auction; as a market is held in the town every week. “He is wit’s peddler; and retails his wares
At wakes, and wassails, meetings, markets, fairs.” Shak. “Three women and a goose make a market.” Old Saying. 2. A public place (as an open space in a town) or a large building, where a market is held; a market place or market house; esp., a place where provisions are sold. “There is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool.” John v. 2. 3. An opportunity for selling anything; demand, as shown by price offered or obtainable; a town, region, or country, where the demand exists; as to find a market for one’s wares; there is no market for woolen cloths in that region; India is a market for English goods. “There is a third thing to be considered: how a market can be created for produce, or how production can be limited to the capacities of the market.” J. S. Mill. 4. Exchange, or purchase and sale; traffic; as a dull market; a slow market. 5. The price for which a thing is sold in a market; market price. Hence: Value; worth. “What is a man
If his chief good and market of his time
Be but to sleep and feed ?” Shak. 6. (Eng. Law) The privelege granted to a town of having a public market. Market is often used adjectively, or in forming compounds of obvious meaning; as market basket, market day, market folk, market house, marketman, market place, market price, market rate, market wagon, market woman, and the like. Market beater, a swaggering bully; a noisy braggart. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Market bell, a bell rung to give notice that buying and selling in a market may begin. [Eng.] Shak. — Market cross, a cross set up where a market is held. Shak. — Market garden, a garden in which vegetables are raised for market. — Market gardening, the raising of vegetables for market. — Market place, an open square or place in a town where markets or public sales are held. — Market town, a town that has the privilege of a stated public market.

Mar´ket , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Marketing.] To deal in a market; to buy or sell; to make bargains for provisions or goods.

Mar´ket, v. t. To expose for sale in a market; to traffic in; to sell in a market, and in an extended sense, to sell in any manner; as most of the farmes have marketed their crops. “Industrious merchants meet, and market there
The world’s collected wealth.” Southey.

Mar´ket•a•ble , a. 1. Fit to be offered for sale in a market; such as may be justly and lawfully sold; as dacayed provisions are not marketable. 2. Current in market; as marketable value. 3. Wanted by purchasers; salable; as furs are not marketable in that country.

Mar´ket•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being marketable.

Mar´ket•er , n. One who attends a market to buy or sell; one who carries goods to market.

Mar´ket•ing, n. 1. The act of selling or of purchasing in, or as in, a market. 2. Articles in, or from, a market; supplies.

Mar´ket•stead , n. [Market + stead a place.] A market place. [Obs.] Drayton.

Mark´hoor , n. [Per. mar-khr snake eater.] (Zoöl.) A large wild goat (Capra megaceros), having huge flattened spiral horns. It inhabits the mountains of Northern India and Cashmere.

Mark´ing , n. The act of one who, or that which, marks; the mark or marks made; arrangement or disposition of marks or coloring; as the marking of a bird’s plumage. Marking ink, indelible ink, because used in marking linen. — Marking nut (Bot.), the nut of the Semecarpus Anacardium, an East Indian tree. The shell of the nut yields a blackish resinous juice used for marking cotton cloth, and an oil prepared from it is used for rheumatism.

Mar´kis , n. A marquis. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mar´kis•esse , n. A marchioness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mark´man , n. A marksman. [Obs.] Shak.

Marks´man , n.; pl. Marksmen (#). [Earlier markman; mark + man.] 1. One skillful to hit a mark with a missile; one who shoots well. 2. (Law) One who makes his mark, instead of writing his name, in signing documents. Burrill.

Marks´man•ship, n. Skill of a marksman.

Marl , v. t. [See Marline.] (Naut.) To cover, as part of a rope, with marline, marking a pecular hitch at each turn to prevent unwinding. Marling spike. (Naut.) See under Marline.

Marl, n. [OF. marle, F. marne, LL. margila, dim. of L. marga marl. Originally a Celtic word, according to Pliny, xvii. 7: ´Quod genus terrae Galli et Britanni margam vocant.´ rad.274.] A mixed earthy substance, consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and sand, in very variable proportions, and accordingly designated as calcareous, clayey, or sandy. See Greensand.

Marl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marled p. pr. & vb. n. Marling.] [Cf. F. marner. See Marl, n.] To overspread or manure with marl; as to marl a field.

Mar•la´ceous , a. Resembling marl; partaking of the qualities of marl.

Mar´lin , n. (Zoöl.) The American great marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa). Applied also to the red-breasted godwit (Limosa haematica). Hook-billed marlin, a curlew.

Mar´line , n. [LG. marlien, marling, or D. marling, marlijn, fr. D. marren to tie, prob. akin to E. moor, v., and lijn line: cf.F. merlin. See Moor, v., Line.] (Naut.) A small line composed of two strands a little twisted, used for winding around ropes and cables, to prevent their being weakened by fretting. Marline spike, Marling spike (Naut.), an iron tool tapering to a point, used to separate the strands of a rope in splicing and in marling. It has an eye in the thick end to which a lanyard is attached. See Fid. [Written also marlin spike] — Marline-spike bird. [The name alludes to the long middle tail feathers.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tropic bird. (b) A jager, or skua gull.

Mar´line , v. t. [F. merliner.] (Naut.) To wind marline around; as to marline a rope.

Marl´ite , n. [Cf. F. marlite. See Marl, n.] (Min.) A variety of marl.

Mar•lit´ic , a. Partaking of the qualites of marlite.

Marl´pit , n. Apit where marl is dug.

Marl´stone , n. (Geol.) A sandy calcareous straum, containing, or impregnated with, iron, and lying between the upper and lower Lias of England.

Marl´y , a. [Compar. Marlier superl. Marliest.] Consisting or partaking of marl; resembling marl; abounding with marl.

Mar´ma•lade , n. [F. marmelade, Pg. marmelada, fr. marmelo a quince, fr. L. melimelum honey apple, Gr. a sweet apple, an apple grafted on a quince; honey + apple. Cf. Mellifluous, Melon.] A preserve or confection made of the pulp of fruit, as the quince, pear, apple, orange, etc., boiled with sugar, and brought to a jamlike consistence. Marmalade tree (Bot.), a sapotaceous tree (Lucuma mammosa) of the West Indies and Tropical America. It has large obovate leaves and an egg-shaped fruit from three to five inches long, containing a pleasant-flavored pulp and a single large seed. The fruit is called marmalade, or natural marmalade, from its consistency and flavor.

Mar´ma•let , n. See Marmalade. [Obs.]

Mar´ma•tite , n. [Cf. F. marmatite.] (Min.) A ferruginous variety of shalerite or zinc blende, nearly black in color.

Mar´mo•lite (-mo•lit), n. [Gr. maramai•rein to sparkle + -lite.] (Min.) A thin, laminated variety of serpentine, usually of a pale green color.

Mar•mo•ra´ceous , a. [L. marmor marble. See Marble.] Pertaining to, or like, marble. { Mar´mo•rate , Mar´mo•ra•ted } a. [L. marmoratus, p. p. of marmorate to overlay with marble, fr. marmor marble.] Variegated like marble; covered or overlaid with marble. [R.]

Mar•mo•ra´tion , n. [L. marmoratio.] A covering or incrusting with marble; a casing of marble; a variegating so as to resemble marble. [R.]

Mar•mo•ra•tum o´pus [L. See Marmorate, and Opus.] (Arch.) A kind of hard finish for plasterwork, made of plaster of Paris and marble dust, and capable of taking a high polish. { Mar•mo´re•al , Mar•mo´re•an } a. [L. marmoreus, fr. marmor marble: cf. F. marmoreen. See Marble.] Pertaining to, or resembling, marble; made of marble.

Mar•mo•ro´sis , n. [NL.] (Geol.) The metamorphism of limestone, that is, its conversion into marble. Geikie.

Mar´mose , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A species of small opossum (Didelphus murina) ranging from Mexico to Brazil.

Mar´mo•set , n. [F. marmouset a grotesque figure, an ugly little boy, prob. fr. LL. marmoretum, fr. L. marmor marble. Perhaps confused with marmot. See Marble.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small South American monkeys of the genera Hapale and Midas, family Hapalidae. They have long soft fur, and a hairy, nonprehensile tail. They are often kept as pets. Called also squirrel monkey.

Mar´mot , n. [It. marmotta, marmotto, prob. fr. L. mus montanus, or mus montis, lit., mountain mouse or rat. See Mountain, and Mouse.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any rodent of the genus Arctomys. The common European marmot (A. marmotta) is about the size of a rabbit, and inhabits the higher regions of the Alps and Pyrenees. The bobac is another European species. The common American species (A. monax) is the woodchuck. 2. Any one of several species of ground squirrels or gophers of the genus Spermophilus; also the prairie dog. Marmot squirrel (Zoöl.), a ground squirrel or spermophile. — Prairie marmot. See Prairie dog.

Mar´mottes oil A fine oil obtained from the kernel of Prunus brigantiaca. It is used instead of olive or almond oil. De Colange.

Mar´mo•zet , n. See Marmoset.

Ma•rone´ , n. See Maroon, the color.

Mar´o•nite , n.; pl. Maronites . (Eccl. Hist.) One of a body of nominal Christians, who speak the Arabic language, and reside on Mount Lebanon and in different parts of Syria. They take their name from one Maron of the 6th century.

Ma•roon´ , n. [Written also marroon.] [F. marron, abbrev. fr. Sp. cimarron wild, unruly, from cima the summit of a mountain; hence, negro cimarron a runaway negro that lives in the mountains.] In the West Indies and Guiana, a fugitive slave, or a free negro, living in the mountains.

Ma•roon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marooned p. pr. & vb. n. Marooning.] [See Maroon a fugitive slave.] To put (a person) ashore on a desolate island or coast and leave him to his fate. Marooning party, a social excursion party that sojourns several days on the shore or in some retired place; a prolonged picnic. [Southern U. S.] Bartlett.

Ma•roon´ (ma•roon´), a. [F. marron chestnut-colored, fr. marron a large French chestnut, It. marrone; cf. LGr. ma•raon. Cf. Marron.] Having the color called maroon. See 4th Maroon. Maroon lake, lake prepared from madder, and distinguished for its transparency and the depth and durability of its color.

Ma•roon´, n. 1. A brownish or dull red of any description, esp. of a scarlet cast rather than approaching crimson or purple. 2. An explosive shell. See Marron, 3.

Mar´plot , n. One who, by his officious interference, mars or frustrates a design or plot.

Marque , n. [F. marque, in lettre de marque letter of marque, a commission with which the commandant of every armed vessel was obliged to be provided, under penalty of being considered a pirate or corsair; marque here prob. meaning, border, boundary (the letter of marque being a permission to go beyond the border), and of German origin. See March border.] (Law) A license to pass the limits of a jurisdiction, or boundary of a country, for the purpose of making reprisals. Letters of marque, Letters of marque and reprisal, a license or extraordinary commission granted by a government to a private person to fit out a privateer or armed ship to cruise at sea and make prize of the enemy’s ships and merchandise. The ship so commissioned is sometimes called a letter of marque.

Mar•quee´ , n. [F. marquise, misunderstood as a plural; prob. orig., tent of the marchioness. See Marquis.] A large field tent; esp., one adapted to the use of an officer of high rank. [Written also markee.]

Mar´quess , n. [Cf. Sp. marques. See Marquis.] A marquis. Lady marquess, a marchioness. [Obs.] Shak.

Mar´quet•ry , n. [F. marqueterie, from marqueter to checker, inlay, fr. marque mark, sign; of German origin. See Mark a sign.] Inlaid work; work inlaid with pieces of wood, shells, ivory, and the like, of several colors.

Mar´quis , n. [F. marquis, OF. markis, marchis, LL. marchensis; of German origin; cf. G. mark bound, border, march, OHG. marcha. See March border, and cf. Marchioness, Marquee, Marquess.] A nobleman in England, France, and Germany, of a rank next below that of duke. Originally, the marquis was an officer whose duty was to guard the marches or frontiers of the kingdom. The office has ceased, and the name is now a mere title conferred by patent.

Mar´quis•ate , n. [Cf. F. marquisat.] The seigniory, dignity, or lordship of a marquis; the territory governed by a marquis.

Mar´quis•dom , n. A marquisate. [Obs.] ´Nobles of the marquisdom of Saluce.´ Holinshed.

Mar•quise´ , n. [F. See Marquis, and cf. Marquee.] The wife of a marquis; a marchioness.

Mar´quis•ship , n. A marquisate.

Mar´ram , n. (Bot.) A coarse grass found on sandy beaches (Ammophila arundinacea). See Beach grass, under Beach.

Mar´rer , n. One who mars or injures.

Mar´ri•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. mariable.] Marriageable. [R.] Coleridge.

Mar´riage , n. [OE. mariage, F. mariage. See Marry, v. t.] 1. The act of marrying, or the state of being married; legal union of a man and a woman for life, as husband and wife; wedlock; matrimony. “Marriage is honorable in all.” Heb. xiii. 4. 2. The marriage vow or contract. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A feast made on the occasion of a marriage. “The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king which made a marriage for his son.” Matt. xxii. 2. 4. Any intimate or close union. Marriage brokage. (a) The business of bringing about marriages. (b) The payment made or demanded for the procurement of a marriage. — Marriage favors, knots of white ribbons, or bunches of white flowers, worn at weddings. — Marriage settlement (Law), a settlement of property in view, and in consideration, of marriage. Syn. — Matrimony; wedlock; wedding; nuptials. — Marriage, Matrimony, Wedlock. Marriage is properly the act which unites the two parties, and matrimony the state into which they enter. Marriage is, however, often used for the state as well as the act. Wedlock is the old Anglo-Saxon term for matrimony.

Mar•riage•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being marriageable.

Mar´riage•a•ble , a. Fit for, or capable of, marriage; of an age at which marriage is allowable. — Mar´riage•a•ble•ness, n.

Mar´ried , a. 1. Being in the state of matrimony; wedded; as a married man or woman. 2. Of or pertaining to marriage; connubial; as the married state.

Mar´ri•er , n. One who marries.

Mar•ron´ , n. [See Maroon, a.] 1. A large chestnut. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A chestnut color; maroon. 3. (Pyrotechny & Mil.) A paper or pasteboard box or shell, wound about with strong twine, filled with an explosive, and ignited with a fuse, — used to make a noise like a cannon. [Written also maroon.]

Mar•roon´ , n. & a. Same as 1st Maroon.

Mar´rot , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The razor-billed auk. See Auk. (b) The common guillemot. (c) The puffin. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also marrott, and morrot.]

Mar´row , n. [OE. marou, mary, maruh, AS. mearg, mearh; akin to OS. marg, D. merg, G. Mark, OHG. marg, marag, Icel. mergr, Sw. merg, Dan. marv, Skr. majjan; cf. Skr. majj to sink, L. mergere. rad.274 Cf. Merge.] 1. (Anat.) The tissue which fills the cavities of most bones; the medulla. In the larger cavities it is commonly very fatty, but in the smaller cavities it is much less fatty, and red or reddish in color. 2. The essence; the best part. “It takes from our achievements …
The pith and marrow of our attribute.” Shak. 3. [OE. maru, maro; — perh. a different word; cf. Gael. maraon together.] One of a pair; a match; a companion; an intimate associate. [Scot.] “Chopping and changing I can not commend,
With thief or his marrow, for fear of ill end.” Tusser. Marrow squash (Bot.), a name given to several varieties of squash, esp. to the Boston marrow, an ovoid fruit, pointed at both ends, and with reddish yellow flesh, and to the vegetable marrow, a variety of an ovoid form, and having a soft texture and fine grain resembling marrow. — Spinal marrow. (Anat.) See Spinal cord, under Spinal.

Mar´row , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marrowed p. pr. & vb. n. Marrowing.] To fill with, or as with, marrow or fat; to glut.

Mar´row•bone , n. A bone containing marrow; pl. ludicrously, knee bones or knees; as to get down on one’s marrowbones, i. e., to kneel.

Mar´row•fat , n. A rich but late variety of pea.

Mar´row•ish, a. Of the nature of, or like, marrow.

Mar´row•less, a. Destitute of marrow.

Mar´row•y , a. Full of marrow; pithy.

Mar•ru´bi•um , n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of bitter aromatic plants, sometimes used in medicine; hoarhound.

Mar´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Married p. pr. & vb. n. Marrying.] [OE. marien, F. marier, L. maritare, fr. maritus husband, fr. mas, maris, a male. See Male, and cf. Maritral.] 1. To unite in wedlock or matrimony; to perform the ceremony of joining, as a man and a woman, for life; to constitute (a man and a woman) husband and wife according to the laws or customs of the place. “Tell him that he shall marry the couple himself.” Gay. 2. To join according to law, (a man) to a woman as his wife, or (a woman) to a man as her husband. See the Note to def. 4. “A woman who had been married to her twenty- fifth husband, and being now a widow, was prohibited to marry.” Evelyn. 3. To dispose of in wedlock; to give away as wife. “Maecenas took the liberty to tell him [Augustus] that he must either marry his daughter [Julia] to Agrippa, or take away his life.” Bacon. 4. To take for husband or wife. See the Note below. We say, a man is married to or marries a woman; or, a woman is married to or marries a man. Both of these uses are equally well authorized; but given in marriage is said only of the woman. “They got him [the Duke of Monmouth] … to declare in writing, that the last king [Charles II.] told him he was never married to his mother.” Bp. Lloyd. 5. Figuratively, to unite in the closest and most endearing relation. “Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord; for I am married unto you.” Jer. iii. 14. To marry ropes. (Naut.) (a) To place two ropes along side of each other so that they may be grasped and hauled on at the same time. (b) To join two ropes end to end so that both will pass through a block. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Mar´ry, v. i. To enter into the conjugal or connubial state; to take a husband or a wife. “I will, therefore, that the younger women marry.” 1 Tim. v. 14. Marrying man, a man disposed to marry. [Colloq.]

Mar´ry, interj. Indeed ! in truth ! — a term of asseveration said to have been derived from the practice of swearing by the Virgin Mary. [Obs.] Shak.

Mars , n. [L. Mars, gen. Martis, archaic Mavors, gen. Mavortis.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The god of war and husbandry. 2. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, the fourth in order from the sun, or the next beyond the earth, having a diameter of about 4,200 miles, a period of 687 days, and a mean distance of 141,000,000 miles. It is conspicuous for the redness of its light. 3. (Alchemy) The metallic element iron, the symbol of which &male; was the same as that of the planet Mars. [Archaic] Chaucer. Mars brown, a bright, somewhat yellowish, brown.

Mar•sa´la , n. [It., fr. Marsala, in Sicyly.] A kind of wine exported from Marsala in Sicily.

Mars•de´ni•a , n. [NL. From W. Marsden, an English author.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Milkweed family, mostly woody climbers with fragrant flowers, several species of which furnish valuable fiber, and one species (Marsdenia tinctoria) affords indigo. { Mar•sei•llais´ , a. m. Mar•sei•llaise´ , a. f. }[F.] Of or pertaining to Marseilles, in France, or to its inhabitants. Marseillaise hymn, or The Marseillaise, the national anthem of France, popularly so called. It was composed in 1792, by Rouget de l’Isle, an officer then stationed at Strasburg. In Paris it was sung for the first time by the band of men who came from Marseilles to aid in the revolution of August 10, 1792; whence the name. { Mar•sei•llais´, n. m. Mar•sei•llaise´, n. f. }[F.] A native or inhabitant of Marseilles.

Mar•seilles´ , n. A general term for certain kinds of fabrics, which are formed of two series of threads interlacing each other, thus forming double cloth, quilted in the loom; — so named because first made in Marseilles, France.

Marsh , n. [OE. mersch, AS. mersc, fr. mere lake. See Mere pool, and cf. Marish, Morass.] A tract of soft wet land, commonly covered partially or wholly with water; a fen; a swamp; a morass. [Written also marish.] Marsh asphodel (Bot.), a plant (Nartheeium ossifragum) with linear equitant leaves, and a raceme of small white flowers; — called also bog asphodel. — Marsh cinquefoil (Bot.), a plant (Potentilla palustris) having purple flowers, and found growing in marshy places; marsh five- finger. — Marsh elder. (Bot.) (a) The guelder-rose or cranberry tree (Viburnum Opulus). (b) In the United States, a composite shrub growing in salt marshes (Iva frutescens). — Marsh five-finger. (Bot.) See Marsh cinquefoil (above). — Marsh gas. (Chem.) See under Gas. — Marsh grass (Bot.), a genus (Spartina) of coarse grasses growing in marshes; - - called also cord grass. The tall S. cynosuroides is not good for hay unless cut very young. The low S. juncea is a common component of salt hay. — Marsh harrier (Zoöl.), a European hawk or harrier (Circus aeruginosus); — called also marsh hawk, moor hawk, moor buzzard, puttock. — Marsh hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A hawk or harrier (Circus cyaneus), native of both America and Europe. The adults are bluish slate above, with a white rump. Called also hen harrier, and mouse hawk. (b) The marsh harrier. — Marsh hen (Zoöl.), a rail; esp., Rallus elegans of fresh-water marshes, and R. longirostris of salt-water marshes. — Marsh mallow (Bot.), a plant of the genus Althaea ( A. officinalis) common in marshes near the seashore, and whose root is much used in medicine as a demulcent. — Marsh marigold. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. — Marsh pennywort (Bot.), any plant of the umbelliferous genus Hydrocotyle; low herbs with roundish leaves, growing in wet places; — called also water pennywort. — Marsh quail (Zoöl.), the meadow lark. — Marsh rosemary (Bot.), a plant of the genus Statice (S. Limonium), common in salt marshes. Its root is powerfully astringent, and is sometimes used in medicine. Called also sea lavender. — Marsh samphire (Bot.), a plant (Salicornia herbacea) found along seacoasts. See Glasswort. — Marsh St. John’s-wort (Bot.), an American herb (Elodes Virginica) with small opposite leaves and flesh-colored flowers. — Marsh tea. (Bot.). Same as Labrador tea. — Marsh trefoil. (Bot.) Same as Buckbean. — Marsh wren (Zoöl.), any species of small American wrens of the genus Cistothorus, and allied genera. They chiefly inhabit salt marshes.

Mar´shal , n. [OE. mareschal, OF. mareschal, F. marechal, LL. mariscalcus, from OHG. marah-scalc (G. marschall); marah horse + scalc servant (akin to AS. scealc, Goth. skalks). F. marechal signifies, a marshal, and a farrier. See Mare horse, and cf. Seneschal.] 1. Originally, an officer who had the care of horses; a groom. [Obs.] 2. An officer of high rank, charged with the arrangement of ceremonies, the conduct of operations, or the like; as specifically: (a) One who goes before a prince to declare his coming and provide entertainment; a harbinger; a pursuivant. (b) One who regulates rank and order at a feast or any other assembly, directs the order of procession, and the like. (c) The chief officer of arms, whose duty it was in ancient times, to regulate combats in the lists. Johnson. (d) (France) The highest military officer. In other countries of Europe a marshal is a military officer of high rank, and called field marshal. (e) (Am. Law) A ministerial officer, appointed for each judicial district of the United States, to execute the process of the courts of the United States, and perform various duties, similar to those of a sheriff. The name is also sometimes applied to certain police officers of a city. Earl marshal of England, the eighth officer of state; an honorary title, and personal, until made hereditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk. During a vacancy in the office of high constable, the earl marshal has jurisdiction in the court of chivalry. Brande & C. — Earl marshal of Scotland, an officer who had command of the cavalry under the constable. This office was held by the family of Keith, but forfeited by rebellion in 1715. — Knight marshal, or Marshal of the King’s house, formerly, in England, the marshal of the king’s house, who was authorized to hear and determine all pleas of the Crown, to punish faults committed within the verge, etc. His court was called the Court of Marshalsea. — Marshal of the Queen’s Bench, formerly the title of the officer who had the custody of the Queen’s bench prison in Southwark. Mozley & W.

Mar´shal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marshaled or Marshalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Marshaling or Marshalling.] 1. To dispose in order; to arrange in a suitable manner; as to marshal troops or an army. “And marshaling the heroes of his name
as in their order, next to light they came.” Dryden. 2. To direct, guide, or lead. “Thou marshalest me the way that I was going.” Shak. 3. (Her.) To dispose in due order, as the different quarterings on an escutcheon, or the different crests when several belong to an achievement.

Mar´shal•er , n. [Written also marshaller.] One who marshals.

Mar´shal•ing, n. [Written also marshalling.] 1. The act of arranging in due order. 2. (Her.) The arrangement of an escutcheon to exhibit the alliances of the owner. Marshaling of assets (Law), the arranging or ranking of assets in due order of administration.

Mar´shal•sea , n. [Marshal + OE. se a seat. See See a seat.] The court or seat of a marshal; hence, the prison in Southwark, belonging to the marshal of the king’s household. [Eng.] Court of Marshalsea, a court formerly held before the steward and marshal of the king’s house to administer justice between the king’s domestic servants. Blackstone.

Mar´shal•ship, n. The office of a marshal. { Marsh´bank•er , Marse´bank•er } n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden.

Marsh´i•ness (märsh´i•nes), n. The state or condition of being marshy.

Marsh mar´i•gold (mar´i•gold). (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Caltha (C. palustris), growing in wet places and bearing bright yellow flowers. In the United States it is used as a pot herb under the name of cowslip. See Cowslip.

Marsh´y (-y), a. [E. Marsh.] 1. Resembling a marsh; wet; boggy; fenny. 2. Pertaining to, or produced in, marshes; as a marshy weed. Dryden.

Mar´si•po•branch , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Marsipobranchia.

Mar´si•po•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a pouch + a gill.] (Zoöl.) A class of Vertebrata, lower than fishes, characterized by their purselike gill cavities, cartilaginous skeletons, absence of limbs, and a suckerlike mouth destitute of jaws. It includes the lampreys and hagfishes. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey. Called also Marsipobranchiata, and Marsipobranchii.

Mar•su´pi•al (mär•su´pi•al), a. [Cf. F. marsupial.] 1. (Zoöl.) Having a pouch for carrying the immature young; of or pertaining to the Marsupialia. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a marsupium; as the marsupial bones. Marsupial frog. (Zoöl.) See Nototrema.

Mar•su´pi•al, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Marsupialia.

Mar•su•pi•a´li•a (-a´li•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. marsupium a pouch, bag, purse, Gr. marsy•pion, dim. of ma•rsypos, ma•rsipos.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Mammalia, including nearly all the mammals of Australia and the adjacent islands, together with the opossums of America. They differ from ordinary mammals in having the corpus callosum very small, in being implacental, and in having their young born while very immature. The female generally carries the young for some time after birth in an external pouch, or marsupium. Called also Marsupiata. { Mar•su•pi•a´li•an , Mar•su´pi•an } n. (Zoöl.) One of the Marsupialia.

Mar•su´pi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Related to or resembling the marsupials; furnished with a pouch for the young, as the marsupials, and also some fishes and Crustacea.

Mar•su´pi•on , n. [NL.] Same as Marsupium.

Mar´su•pite , n. [See Marsupial.] (Paleon.) A fossil crinoid of the genus Marsupites, resembling a purse in form.

Mar•su´pi•um , n.; pl. Marsupia (#). [L., a pouch], (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) The pouch, formed by a fold of the skin of the abdomen, in which marsupials carry their young; also a pouch for similar use in other animals, as certain Crustacea. (b) The pecten in the eye of birds and reptiles. See Pecten.

Mart (märt), n. [Contr. fr. market.] 1. A market. “Where has commerce such a mart … as London ?” Cowper. 2. A bargain. [Obs.] Shak.

Mart, v. t. To buy or sell in, or as in, a mart. [Obs.] “To sell and mart your officer for gold
To undeservers.” Shak.

Mart, v. t. To traffic. [Obs.] Shak.

Mart, n. [See Mars.] 1. The god Mars. [Obs.] 2. Battle; contest. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Mar´ta•gon , n. [Cf. F. & Sp. martagon, It. martagone.] (Bot.) A lily (Lilium Martagon) with purplish red flowers, found in Europe and Asia.

Mar´tel , v. i. [F. marteler, fr. martel, marteau, hammer, a dim. fr. L. martulus, marculus, dim. of marcus hammer. Cf. March to step.] To make a blow with, or as with, a hammer. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mar•tel• de fer´ [OF., hammer of iron.] A weapon resembling a hammer, often having one side of the head pointed; — used by horsemen in the Middle Ages to break armor. Fairholt.

Mar´te•line , n. [F.] A small hammer used by marble workers and sculptors.

Mar•tel´lo tow•er [It. martello hammer. The name was orig. given to towers erected on the coasts of Sicily and Sardinia for protection against the pirates in the time of Charles the Fifth, which prob. orig. contained an alarm bell to be struck with a hammer. See Martel.] (Fort.) A building of masonry, generally circular, usually erected on the seacoast, with a gun on the summit mounted on a traversing platform, so as to be fired in any direction. The English borrowed the name of the tower from Corsica in 1794.

Mar´ten (mär´ten), n. (Zoöl.) A bird. See Martin.

Mar´ten, n. [From older martern, marter, martre, F. martre, marte, LL. martures (pl.), fr. L. martes; akin to AS. mearð, meard, G. marder, OHG. mardar, Icel. mörðr. Cf. Foumart.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several fur-bearing carnivores of the genus Mustela, closely allied to the sable. Among the more important species are the European beech, or stone, marten (Mustela foina); the pine marten (M. martes); and the American marten, or sable (M. Americana), which some zoölogists consider only a variety of the Russian sable. 2. The fur of the marten, used for hats, muffs, etc.

Mar´tern , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Marten. [Obs.]

Mar´-text , n. A blundering preacher.

Mar´tial , a. [F., fr. L. martialis of or belonging to Mars, the god of war. Cf. March the month.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or suited for, war; military; as martial music; a martial appearance. ´Martial equipage.´ Milton. 2. Practiced in, or inclined to, war; warlike; brave. “But peaceful kings, o’er martial people set,
Each other’s poise and counterbalance are.” Dryden. 3. Belonging to war, or to an army and navy; — opposed to civil; as martial law; a court- martial. 4. Pertaining to, or resembling, the god, or the planet, Mars. Sir T. Browne. 5. (Old Chem. & Old Med.) Pertaining to, or containing, iron; chalybeate; as martial preparations. [Archaic] Martial flowers (Med.), a reddish crystalline salt of iron; the ammonio-chloride of iron. [Obs.] - - Martial law, the law administered by the military power of a government when it has superseded the civil authority in time of war, or when the civil authorities are unable to enforce the laws. It is distinguished from military law, the latter being the code of rules for the regulation of the army and navy alone, either in peace or in war. Syn. — Martial, Warlike. Martial refers more to war in action, its array, its attendants, etc.; as martial music, a martial appearance, a martial array, courts-martial, etc. Warlike describes the feeling or temper which leads to war, and the adjuncts of war; as a warlike nation, warlike indication, etc. The two words are often used without discrimination.

Mar´tial•ism , n. The quality of being warlike; exercises suitable for war. [Obs.]

Mar´tial•ist, n. A warrior. [Obs.] Fuller.

Mar´tial•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Martialized p. pr. & vb. n. Martializing ] To render warlike; as to martialize a people.

Mar´tial•ly, adv. In a martial manner.

Mar´tial•ness, n. The quality of being martial.

Mar´tin , n. (Stone Working) [Etymol. uncertain.] A perforated stone-faced runner for grinding.

Mar´tin, n. [F. martin, from the proper name Martin. Cf. Martlet.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of swallows, usually having the tail less deeply forked than the tail of the common swallows. [Written also marten.] The American purple martin, or bee martin (Progne subis, or purpurea), and the European house, or window, martin (Hirundo, or Chelidon, urbica), are the best known species. Bank martin. (a) The bank swallow. See under Bank. (b) The fairy martin. See under Fairy. — Bee martin. (a) The purple martin. (b) The kingbird. — Sand martin, the bank swallow.

Mar´ti•net , n. [So called from an officer of that name in the French army under Louis XIV. Cf. Martin the bird, Martlet.] In military language, a strict disciplinarian; in general, one who lays stress on a rigid adherence to the details of discipline, or to forms and fixed methods. [Hence, the word is commonly employed in a depreciatory sense.]

Mar´ti•net, n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The martin.

Mar•ti•ne´ta , n. [Cf. Sp. martinete.] (Zoöl.) A species of tinamou (Calopezus elegans), having a long slender crest.

Mar´ti•net•ism , n. The principles or practices of a martinet; rigid adherence to discipline, etc. { Mar´tin•gale , Mar´tin•gal } n. [F. martingale; cf. It. martingala a sort of hose, martingale, Sp. martingala a greave, cuish, martingale, Sp. almártaga a kind of bridle.] 1. A strap fastened to a horse’s girth, passing between his fore legs, and fastened to the bit, or now more commonly ending in two rings, through which the reins pass. It is intended to hold down the head of the horse, and prevent him from rearing. 2. (Naut.) A lower stay of rope or chain for the jib boom or flying jib boom, fastened to, or reeved through, the dolphin striker. also the dolphin striker itself. 3. (Gambling) The act of doubling, at each stake, that which has been lost on the preceding stake; also the sum so risked; — metaphorically derived from the bifurcation of the martingale of a harness. [Cant] Thackeray.

Mar´tin•mas , n. [St. Martin + mass religious service.] (Eccl.) The feast of St. Martin, the eleventh of November; — often called martlemans. Martinmas summer, a period of calm, warm weather often experienced about the time of Martinmas; Indian summer. Percy Smith.

Mar´tite , n. [L. Mars, Martis, the god Mars, the alchemical name of iron.] (Min.) Iron sesquioxide in isometric form, probably a pseudomorph after magnetite.

Mar´tle•mas , n. See Martinmas. [Obs.]

Mart´let , n. [F. martinet. See Martin the bird, and cf. Martinet a disciplinarian.] 1. (Zoöl.) The European house martin. 2. [Cf. F. merlette.] (Her.) A bird without beak or feet; — generally assumed to represent a martin. As a mark of cadency it denotes the fourth son.

Mar´tyr , n. [AS., from L. martyr, Gr. ma•rtyr, ma•rtys, prop., a witness; cf. Skr. smr to remember, E. memory.] 1. One who, by his death, bears witness to the truth of the gospel; one who is put to death for his religion; as Stephen was the first Christian martyr. Chaucer. “To be a martyr, signifies only to witness the truth of Christ; but the witnessing of the truth was then so generally attended with persecution, that martyrdom now signifies not only to witness, but to witness by death.” South. 2. Hence, one who sacrifices his life, his station, or what is of great value to him, for the sake of principle, or to sustain a cause. “Then if thou fall’st, O Cromwell,
Thou fall’st a blessed martyr !” Shak.

Mar´tyr , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Martyred p. pr. & vb. n. Martyring.] 1. To put to death for adhering to some belief, esp. Christianity; to sacrifice on account of faith or profession. Bp. Pearson. 2. To persecute; to torment; to torture. Chaucer. “The lovely Amoret, whose gentle heart
Thou martyrest with sorrow and with smart.” Spenser. “Racked with sciatics, martyred with the stone.” Pope.

Mar´tyr•dom , n. [Martyr + -dom.] 1. The condition of a martyr; the death of a martyr; the suffering of death on account of adherence to the Christian faith, or to any cause. Bacon. “I came from martyrdom unto this peace.” Longfellow. 2. Affliction; torment; torture. Chaucer.

Mar•tyr•i•za´tion , n. Act of martyrizing, or state of being martyrized; torture. B. Jonson.

Mar´tyr•ize , v. t. [Cf. F. martyriser, LL. martyrizare.] To make a martyr of. Spenser.

Mar´tyr•ly, adv. In the manner of a martyr.

Mar´tyr•o•loge , n. [LL. martyrologium: cf. F. martyrologe.] A martyrology. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. { Mar•tyr•o•log´ic , Mar•tyr•o•log´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to martyrology or martyrs; registering, or registered in, a catalogue of martyrs.

Mar•tyr•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. martyrologiste.] A writer of martyrology; an historian of martyrs. T. Warton.

Mar•tyr•ol´o•gy , n.; pl. -gies (#). [Martyr + -logy.] A history or account of martyrs; a register of martyrs. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Mar´tyr•ship, n. Martyrdom. [R.] Fuller.

Mar´vel , n. [OE. mervaile, F. merveille, fr. L. mirabilia wonderful things, pl., fr. mirabilis wonderful, fr. mirari to wonder or marvel at. See Admire, Smile, and cf. Miracle.] 1. That which causes wonder; a prodigy; a miracle. “I will do marvels such as have not been done.” Ex. xxxiv. 10. “Nature’s sweet marvel undefiled.” Emerson. 2. Wonder. [R.] ´Use lessens marvel.´ Sir W. Scott. Marvel of Peru. (Bot.) See Four- o’clock.

Mar´vel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marveled or Marvelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Marveling or Marvelling.] [OE. merveilen, OF. merveillier.] To be struck with surprise, astonishment, or wonder; to wonder. “Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you.” 1 john iii. 13.

Mar´vel, v. t. 1. To marvel at. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To cause to marvel, or be surprised; — used impersonally. [Obs.] “But much now me marveleth.” Rich. the Redeless.

Mar´vel•ous , a. [OE. merveillous, OF. merveillos, F. Merveilleux. See Marvel, n.] [Written also marvellous.] 1. Exciting wonder or surprise; astonishing; wonderful. “This is the Lord’s doing; it is marvelous in our eyes.” Ps. cxiii. 23. 2. Partaking of the character of miracle, or supernatural power; incredible. “The marvelous fable includes whatever is supernatural, and especially the machines of the gods.” Pope. The marvelous, that which exceeds natural power, or is preternatural; that which is wonderful; — opposed to the probable. Syn. — Wonderful; astonishing; surprising; strange; improbable; incredible. — Marvelous, Wonderful. We speak of a thing as wonderful when it awakens our surprise and admiration; as marvelous when it is so much out of the ordinary course of things as to seem nearly or quite incredible.

Mar´vel•ous•ly, adv. In a marvelous manner; wonderfully; strangely.

Mar´vel•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being marvelous; wonderfulness; strangeness.

Mar´ver , n. [Prob. corrupt. fr. OE. or F. marbre marble.] (Glass Marking) A stone, or cast-iron plate, or former, on which hot glass is rolled to give it shape.

Mar´y , n. Marrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma´ry , interj. See Marry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma´ry-bud , n. (Bot.) The marigold; a blossom of the marigold. Shak.

Ma•ry•ol´a•try , n. Mariolatry.

Ma´ry•sole , n. [Mary, the proper name + sole the fish.] (Zoöl.) A large British fluke, or flounder (Rhombus megastoma); — called also carter, and whiff. { Mas•ca´gnin , Mas•ca´gnite } n. [Cf. F. mascagnin.] (Min.) Native sulphate of ammonia, found in volcanic districts; — so named from Mascagni, who discovered it.

Mas´cle (mas´k’l), n. [OF. mascle, F. macle, L. macula spot, mesh of a net, LL. macula, macla, mascla a scale of a coat of mail. See Mail armor.] (Her.) A lozenge voided.

Mas´cled (-k’ld), a. Composed of, or covered with, lozenge-shaped scales; having lozenge-shaped divisions. Mascled armor, armor composed of small lozenge-shaped scales of metal fastened on a foundation of leather or quilted cloth. { Mas´cot , Mas´cotte } , n. [Through French fr. Pr. mascot a little sorcerer or magician, mascotto witchcraft, sorcery.] A person who is supposed to bring good luck to the household to which he or she belongs; anything that brings good luck.

Mas´cu•late , v. t. [L. masculus male, masculine.] To make strong. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Mas´cu•line (mas´ku•lin), a. [L. masculinus, fr. masculus male, manly, dim. of mas a male: cf. F. masculin. See Male masculine.] 1. Of the male sex; not female. “Thy masculine children, that is to say, thy sons.” Chaucer. 2. Having the qualities of a man; suitable to, or characteristic of, a man; virile; not feminine or effeminate; strong; robust. “That lady, after her husband’s death, held the reins with a masculine energy.” Hallam. 3. Belonging to males; appropriated to, or used by, males. [R.] ´A masculine church.´ Fuller. 4. (Gram.) Having the inflections of, or construed with, words pertaining especially to male beings, as distinguished from feminine and neuter. See Gender. — Mas´cu•line•ly, adv. — Mas´cu•line•ness, n.

Mas•cu•lin´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being masculine; masculineness.

Mase , n. & v. See Maze. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mas´e•lyn , n. A drinking cup. See 1st Maslin, 2. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma´ser , n. Same as Mazer.

Mash , n. A mesh. [Obs.]

Mash, n. [Akin to G. meisch, maisch, meische, maische, mash, wash, and prob. to AS. miscian to mix. See Mix.] 1. A mass of mixed ingredients reduced to a soft pulpy state by beating or pressure; a mass of anything in a soft pulpy state. Specifically (Brewing), ground or bruised malt, or meal of rye, wheat, corn, or other grain (or a mixture of malt and meal) steeped and stirred in hot water for making the wort. 2. A mixture of meal or bran and water fed to animals. 3. A mess; trouble. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Mash tun, a large tub used in making mash and wort.

Mash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mashed p. pr. & vb. n. Mashing.] [Akin to G. meischen, maischen, to mash, mix, and prob. to mischen, E. mix. See 2d Mash.] To convert into a mash; to reduce to a soft pulpy state by beating or pressure; to bruise; to crush; as to mash apples in a mill, or potatoes with a pestle. Specifically (Brewing), to convert, as malt, or malt and meal, into the mash which makes wort. Mashing tub, a tub for making the mash in breweries and distilleries; — called also mash tun, and mash vat.

Mash´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, mashes; also (Brewing), a machine for making mash. 2. A charmer of women. [Slang] London Punch.

Mash´lin , n. See Maslin.

Mash´y , a. Produced by crushing or bruising; resembling, or consisting of, a mash.

Mask , n. [F. masque, LL. masca, mascha, mascus; cf. Sp. & Pg. máscara, It. maschera; all fr. Ar. maskharat buffoon, fool, pleasantry, anything ridiculous or mirthful, fr. sakhira to ridicule, to laugh at. Cf. Masque, Masquerade.] 1. A cover, or partial cover, for the face, used for disguise or protection; as a dancer’s mask; a fencer’s mask; a ball player’s mask. 2. That which disguises; a pretext or subterfuge. 3. A festive entertainment of dancing or other diversions, where all wear masks; a masquerade; hence, a revel; a frolic; a delusive show. Bacon. “This thought might lead me through the world’s vain mask.” Milton. 4. A dramatic performance, formerly in vogue, in which the actors wore masks and represented mythical or allegorical characters. 5. (Arch.) A grotesque head or face, used to adorn keystones and other prominent parts, to spout water in fountains, and the like; — called also mascaron. 6. (Fort.) (a) In a permanent fortification, a redoubt which protects the caponiere. (b) A screen for a battery. 7. (Zoöl.) The lower lip of the larva of a dragon fly, modified so as to form a prehensile organ. Mask house, a house for masquerades. [Obs.]

Mask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masked p. pr. & vb. n. Masking.] 1. To cover, as the face, by way of concealment or defense against injury; to conceal with a mask or visor. “They must all be masked and vizarded.” Shak. 2. To disguise; to cover; to hide. “Masking the business from the common eye.” Shak. 3. (Mil.) (a) To conceal; also to intervene in the line of. (b) To cover or keep in check; as to mask a body of troops or a fortress by a superior force, while some hostile evolution is being carried out.

Mask, v. i. 1. To take part as a masker in a masquerade. Cavendish. 2. To wear a mask; to be disguised in any way. Shak.

Masked , a. 1. Wearing a mask or masks; characterized by masks; concealed; hidden. 2. (Bot.) Same as Personate. 3. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior part of the head differing decidedly in color from the rest of the plumage; — said of birds. Masked ball, a ball in which the dancers wear masks. — Masked battery (Mil.), a battery so placed as not to be seen by an enemy until it opens fire. H. L. Scott. — Masked crab (Zoöl.), a European crab (Corystes cassivelaunus) with markings on the carapace somewhat resembling a human face. — Masked pig (Zoöl.), a Japanese domestic hog (Sus pliciceps). Its face is deeply furrowed.

Mask´er , n. One who wears a mask; one who appears in disguise at a masquerade.

Mask´er, v. t. To confuse; to stupefy. [Obs.] Holland.

Mask´er•y , n. The dress or disguise of a masker; masquerade. [Obs.] Marston.

Mas´ki•nonge , n. The muskellunge.

Mask´ shell (Zoöl.) Any spiral marine shell of the genus Persona, having a curiously twisted aperture.

Mas´lach , n. [Ar. maslaq: cf. F. masloc.] (Med.) An excitant containing opium, much used by the Turks. Dunglison.

Mas´lin , n. [OE. missellane, misceline, miscelin, meslin, fr. miscellane. See Miscellane.] 1. A mixture composed of different materials; especially: (a) A mixture of metals resembling brass. (b) A mixture of different sorts of grain, as wheat and rye. [Written also meslin, mislin, maselyn, mastlin.] 2. A vessel made of maslin, 1 (a). [Obs.] “Mead eke in a maselyn.” Chaucer.

Mas´lin, a. Composed of different sorts; as maslin bread, which is made of rye mixed with a little wheat. [Written also meslin, mislin, etc.]

Ma´son , n. [F. maçon, LL. macio, machio, mattio, mactio, marcio, macerio; of uncertain origin.] 1. One whose occupation is to build with stone or brick; also one who prepares stone for building purposes. 2. A member of the fraternity of Freemasons. See Freemason. Mason bee (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of solitary bees of the genus Osmia. They construct curious nests of hardened mud and sand. — Mason moth (Zoöl.), any moth whose larva constructs an earthen cocoon under the soil. — Mason shell (Zoöl.), a marine univalve shell of the genus Phorus; — so called because it cements other shells and pebbles upon its own shell; a carrier shell. — Mason wasp (Zoöl.), any wasp that constructs its nest, or brood cells, of hardened mud. The female fills the cells with insects or spiders, paralyzed by a sting, and thus provides food for its larvae

Ma´son, v. t. To build stonework or brickwork about, under, in, over, etc.; to construct by masons; — with a prepositional suffix; as to mason up a well or terrace; to mason in a kettle or boiler.

Ma•son´ic (ma•son´ik), a. Of or pertaining to Freemasons or to their craft or mysteries.

Ma´son•ry , n. [F. maçonnerie.] 1. The art or occupation of a mason. 2. The work or performance of a mason; as good or bad masonry; skillful masonry. 3. That which is built by a mason; anything constructed of the materials used by masons, such as stone, brick, tiles, or the like. Dry masonry is applied to structures made without mortar. 4. The craft, institution, or mysteries of Freemasons; freemasonry.

Ma•soo´la boat A kind of boat used on the coast of Madras India. The planks are sewed together with strands of coir which cross over a wadding of the same material, so that the shock on taking the beach through surf is much reduced. [Written also masula, masulah, etc.]

Ma•so´ra , n. [NHeb. masorah tradition.] A Jewish critical work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, composed by several learned rabbis of the school of Tiberias in the eighth and ninth centuries. [Written also Masorah, Massora, and Massorah.]

Mas´o•ret , n. A Masorite. [Written also Masorete, and Massorete.] { Mas•o•ret´ic , Mas•o•ret´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. massoretique.] Of or relating to the Masora, or to its authors. Masoretic points and accents, the vowel points and accents of the Hebrew text of the Bible, of which the first mention is in the Masora.

Mas´o•rite , n. One of the writers of the Masora.

Masque , n. A mask; a masquerade.

Mas•quer•ade´ , n. [F. mascarade, fr. Sp. mascarada, or It. mascherata. See Mask.] 1. An assembly of persons wearing masks, and amusing themselves with dancing, conversation, or other diversions. “In courtly balls and midnight masquerades.” Pope. 2. A dramatic performance by actors in masks; a mask. See 1st Mask, 4. [Obs.] 3. Acting or living under false pretenses; concealment of something by a false or unreal show; pretentious show; disguise. “That masquerade of misrepresentation which invariably accompanied the political eloquence of Rome.” De Quincey. 4. A Spanish diversion on horseback.

Mas•quer•ade´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Masqueraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Masquerading.] 1. To assemble in masks; to take part in a masquerade. 2. To frolic or disport in disquise; to make a pretentious show of being what one is not. “A freak took an ass in the head, and he goes into the woods, masquerading up and down in a lion’s skin.” L’Estrange.

Mas•quer•ade´, v. t. To conceal with masks; to disguise. ´To masquerade vice.´ Killingbeck.

Mas•quer•ad´er , n. One who masquerades; a person wearing a mask; one disguised.

Mass , n. [OE. masse, messe, AS. maesse. LL. missa, from L. mittere, missum, to send, dismiss: cf. F. messe. In the ancient churches, the public services at which the catechumens were permitted to be present were called missa catechumenorum, ending with the reading of the Gospel. Then they were dismissed with these words : ´Ite, missa est´ [sc. ecclesia], the congregation is dismissed. After that the sacrifice proper began. At its close the same words were said to those who remained. So the word gave the name of Mass to the sacrifice in the Catholic Church. See Missile, and cf. Christmas, Lammas, Mess a dish, Missal.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The sacrifice in the sacrament of the Eucharist, or the consecration and oblation of the host. 2. (Mus.) The portions of the Mass usually set to music, considered as a musical composition; — namely, the Kyrie, the Gloria, the Credo, the Sanctus, and the Agnus Dei, besides sometimes an Offertory and the Benedictus. Canon of the Mass. See Canon. — High Mass, Mass with incense, music, the assistance of a deacon, subdeacon, etc. — Low Mass, Mass which is said by the priest throughout, without music. — Mass bell, the sanctus bell. See Sanctus. — Mass book, the missal or Roman Catholic service book.

Mass , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Massed p. pr. & vb. n. Massing.] To celebrate Mass. [Obs.] Hooker.

Mass, n. [OE. masse, F. masse, L. massa; akin to Gr. a barley cake, fr. to knead. Cf. Macerate.] 1. A quantity of matter cohering together so as to make one body, or an aggregation of particles or things which collectively make one body or quantity, usually of considerable size; as a mass of ore, metal, sand, or water. “If it were not for these principles, the bodies of the earth, planets, comets, sun, and all things in them, would grow cold and freeze, and become inactive masses.” Sir I. Newton. “A deep mass of continual sea is slower stirred
To rage.” Savile. 2. (Phar.) A medicinal substance made into a cohesive, homogeneous lump, of consistency suitable for making pills; as blue mass. 3. A large quantity; a sum. “All the mass of gold that comes into Spain.” Sir W. Raleigh. “He had spent a huge mass of treasure.” Sir J. Davies. 4. Bulk; magnitude; body; size. “This army of such mass and charge.” Shak. 5. The principal part; the main body. “Night closed upon the pursuit, and aided the mass of the fugitives in their escape.” Jowett (Thucyd.). 6. (Physics) The quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or volume. Mass and weight are often used, in a general way, as interchangeable terms, since the weight of a body is proportional to its mass (under the same or equal gravitative forces), and the mass is usually ascertained from the weight. Yet the two ideas mass and weight, are quite distinct. Mass is the quantity of matter in a body; weight is the comparative force with which it tends towards the center of the earth. A mass of sugar and a mass of lead are assumed to be equal when they show an equal weight by balancing each other in the scales. Blue mass. See under Blue. — Mass center (Geom.), the center of gravity of a triangle. — Mass copper, native copper in a large mass. — Mass meeting, a large or general assembly of people, usually a meeting having some relation to politics. — The masses, the great body of the people, as contrasted with the higher classes; the populace.

Mass, v. t. To form or collect into a mass; to form into a collective body; to bring together into masses; to assemble. “But mass them together and they are terrible indeed.” Coleridge.

Mas´sa•cre , n. [F., fr. LL. mazacrium; cf. Prov. G. metzgern, metzgen, to kill cattle, G. metzger a butcher, and LG. matsken to cut, hew, OHG. meizan to cut, Goth. máitan.] 1. The killing of a considerable number of human beings under circumstances of atrocity or cruelty, or contrary to the usages of civilized people; as the massacre on St. Bartholomew’s Day. 2. Murder. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Massacre, Butchery, Carnage. Massacre denotes the promiscuous slaughter of many who can not make resistance, or much resistance. Butchery refers to cold-blooded cruelty in the killing of men as if they were brute beasts. Carnage points to slaughter as producing the heaped-up bodies of the slain. “I’ll find a day to massacre them all,
And raze their faction and their family.” Shak. “If thou delight to view thy heinous deeds,
Brhold this pattern of thy butcheries.” Shak. “Such a scent I draw
Of carnage, prey innumerable !” Milton.

Mas´sa•cre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Massacred p. pr. & vb. n. Massacring ] [Cf. F. massacrer. See Massacre, n.] To kill in considerable numbers where much resistance can not be made; to kill with indiscriminate violence, without necessity, and contrary to the usages of nations; to butcher; to slaughter; — limited to the killing of human beings. “If James should be pleased to massacre them all, as Maximian had massacred the Theban legion.” Macaulay.

Mas´sa•crer , n. One who massacres. [R.]

Mas´sage , n. [F.] A rubbing or kneading of the body, especially when performed as a hygienic or remedial measure.

Mas•sa•sau´ga , n. (Zoöl.) The black rattlesnake (Crotalus, or Caudisona, tergemina), found in the Mississippi Valley. { Masse, or Masse shot }, n. (Billiards) A stroke made with the cue held vertically.

Mass´er, n. A priest who celebrates Mass. [R.] Bale.

Mas´se•ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a chewer, a muscle of the lower jaw used in chewing, from to chew: cf. F. masseter.] (Anat.) The large muscle which raises the under jaw, and assists in mastication.

Mas•se•ter´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the masseter.

Mas´se•ter•ine , a. (Anat.) Masseteric. { Mas•seur´ , n. m., Mas•seuse´ , n. f.,} [F., or formed in imitation of French. See Massage.] (Med.) One who performs massage.

Mas´si•cot , n. [F. massicot; E. masticot is a corruption.] (Chem.) Lead protoxide, PbO, obtained as a yellow amorphous powder, the fused and crystalline form of which is called litharge; lead ocher. It is used as a pigment. Massicot is sometimes used by painters, and also as a drier in the composition of ointments and plasters.

Mass´i•ness , n. [From Massy.] The state or quality of being massy; ponderousness.

Mass´ive , a. [F. massif.] 1. Forming, or consisting of, a large mass; compacted; weighty; heavy; massy. ´Massive armor.´ Dr. H. More. 2. (Min.) In mass; not necessarily without a crystalline structure, but having no regular form; as a mineral occurs massive. Massive rock (Geol.), a compact crystalline rock not distinctly schistose, as granite; also with some authors, an eruptive rock.

Mass´ive•ly, adv. In a heavy mass.

Mass´ive•ness, n. The state or quality of being massive; massiness.

Mas•soo´la boat. See Masoola boat.

Mas•so´ra , n. Same as Masora.

Mas´so•ret , n. Same as Masorite.

Mass´y , a. [Compar. Massier superl. Massiest.] Compacted into, or consisting of, a mass; having bulk and weight or substance; ponderous; bulky and heavy; weighty; heavy; as a massy shield; a massy rock. “Your swords are now too massy for your strengths,
And will not be uplifted.” Shak. “Yawning rocks in massy fragments fly.” Pope.

Mast (mast), n. [AS. maest, fem.; akin to G. mast, and E. meat. See Meat.] The fruit of the oak and beech, or other forest trees; nuts; acorns. “Oak mast, and beech, … they eat.” Chapman. “Swine under an oak filling themselves with the mast.” South.

Mast, n. [AS. maest, masc.; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. mast, Icel. mastr, and perh. to L. malus.] 1. (Naut.) A pole, or long, strong, round piece of timber, or spar, set upright in a boat or vessel, to sustain the sails, yards, rigging, etc. A mast may also consist of several pieces of timber united by iron bands, or of a hollow pillar of iron or steel. “The tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
Of some great ammiral.” Milton. The most common general names of masts are foremast, mainmast, and mizzenmast, each of which may be made of separate spars. 2. (Mach.) The vertical post of a derrick or crane. Afore the mast, Before the mast. See under Afore, and Before. - - Mast coat. See under Coat. — Mast hoop, one of a number of hoops attached to the fore edge of a boom sail, which slip on the mast as the sail is raised or lowered; also one of the iron hoops used in making a made mast. See Made.

Mast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masted; p. pr. & vb. n. Masting.] To furnish with a mast or masts; to put the masts of in position; as to mast a ship.

Mas´tax , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mouth, jaws.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pharynx of a rotifer. It usually contains four horny pieces. The two central ones form the incus, against which the mallei, or lateral ones, work so as to crush the food. (b) The lore of a bird.

Mast´ed , a. Furnished with a mast or masts; — chiefly in composition; as a three-masted schooner.

Mast´er (-er), n. (Naut.) A vessel having (so many) masts; — used only in compounds; as a two-master.

Mas´ter (mas´ter), n. [OE. maistre, maister, OF. maistre, mestre, F. maître, fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative from the root of magnus great, akin to Gr. me•gas. Cf. Maestro, Magister, Magistrate, Magnitude, Major, Mister, Mistress, Mickle.] 1. A male person having another living being so far subject to his will, that he can, in the main, control his or its actions; — formerly used with much more extensive application than now. (a) The employer of a servant. (b) The owner of a slave. (c) The person to whom an apprentice is articled. (d) A sovereign, prince, or feudal noble; a chief, or one exercising similar authority. (e) The head of a household. (f) The male head of a school or college. (g) A male teacher. (h) The director of a number of persons performing a ceremony or sharing a feast. (i) The owner of a docile brute, — especially a dog or horse. (j) The controller of a familiar spirit or other supernatural being. 2. One who uses, or controls at will, anything inanimate; as to be master of one’s time. Shak. “Master of a hundred thousand drachms.” Addison. “We are masters of the sea.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). 3. One who has attained great skill in the use or application of anything; as a master of oratorical art. “Great masters of ridicule.” Macaulay. “No care is taken to improve young men in their own language, that they may thoroughly understand and be masters of it.” Locke. 4. A title given by courtesy, now commonly pronounced mister, except when given to boys; — sometimes written Mister, but usually abbreviated to Mr. 5. A young gentleman; a lad, or small boy. “Where there are little masters and misses in a house, they are impediments to the diversions of the servants.” Swift. 6. (Naut.) The commander of a merchant vessel; — usually called captain. also a commissioned officer in the navy ranking next above ensign and below lieutenant; formerly, an officer on a man-of-war who had immediate charge, under the commander, of sailing the vessel. 7. A person holding an office of authority among the Freemasons, esp. the presiding officer; also a person holding a similar office in other civic societies. Little masters, certain German engravers of the 16th century, so called from the extreme smallness of their prints. — Master in chancery, an officer of courts of equity, who acts as an assistant to the chancellor or judge, by inquiring into various matters referred to him, and reporting thereon to the court. — Master of arts, one who takes the second degree at a university; also the degree or title itself, indicated by the abbreviation M. A., or A. M. — Master of the horse, the third great officer in the British court, having the management of the royal stables, etc. In ceremonial cavalcades he rides next to the sovereign. — Master of the rolls, in England, an officer who has charge of the rolls and patents that pass the great seal, and of the records of the chancery, and acts as assistant judge of the court. Bouvier. Wharton. — Past master, one who has held the office of master in a lodge of Freemasons or in a society similarly organized. — The old masters, distinguished painters who preceded modern painters; especially, the celebrated painters of the 16th and 17th centuries. — To be master of one’s self, to have entire self-control; not to be governed by passion. — To be one’s own master, to be at liberty to act as one chooses without dictation from anybody. Master, signifying chief, principal, masterly, superior, thoroughly skilled, etc., is often used adjectively or in compounds; as master builder or master-builder, master chord or master-chord, master mason or master-mason, master workman or master-workman, master mechanic, master mind, master spirit, master passion, etc. “Throughout the city by the master gate.” Chaucer. Master joint (Geol.), a quarryman’s term for the more prominent and extended joints traversing a rock mass. — Master key, a key adapted to open several locks differing somewhat from each other; figuratively, a rule or principle of general application in solving difficulties. — Master lode (Mining), the principal vein of ore. — Master mariner, an experienced and skilled seaman who is certified to be competent to command a merchant vessel. — Master sinew (Far.), a large sinew that surrounds the hough of a horse, and divides it from the bone by a hollow place, where the windgalls are usually seated. — Master singer. See Mastersinger. — Master stroke, a capital performance; a masterly achievement; a consummate action; as a master stroke of policy. — Master tap (Mech.), a tap for forming the thread in a screw cutting die. — Master touch. (a) The touch or skill of a master. Pope. (b) Some part of a performance which exhibits very skillful work or treatment. ´Some master touches of this admirable piece.´ Tatler. — Master work, the most important work accomplished by a skilled person, as in architecture, literature, etc.; also a work which shows the skill of a master; a masterpiece. — Master workman, a man specially skilled in any art, handicraft, or trade, or who is an overseer, foreman, or employer.

Mas´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mastered p. pr. vb. n. Mastering.] 1. To become the master of; to subject to one’s will, control, or authority; to conquer; to overpower; to subdue. “Obstinacy and willful neglects must be mastered, even though it cost blows.” Locke. 2. To gain the command of, so as to understand or apply; to become an adept in; as to master a science. 3. To own; to posses. [Obs.] “The wealth
That the world masters.” Shak.

Mas´ter, v. i. To be skillful; to excel. [Obs.]

Mas´ter•dom , n. [Master + -dom.] Dominion; rule; command. [R.] Shak.

Mas´ter•ful , a. 1. Inclined to play the master; domineering; imperious; arbitrary. Dryden. 2. Having the skill or power of a master; indicating or expressing power or mastery. “His masterful, pale face.” Mrs. Browning.

Mas´ter•ful•ly, adv. In a masterful manner; imperiously. “A lawless and rebellious man who held lands masterfully and in high contempt of the royal authority.” Macaulay.

Mas´ter•hood , n. The state of being a master; hence, disposition to command or hector. C. Bronte.

Mas´ter•less, a. Destitute of a master or owner; ungoverned or ungovernable. — Mas´ter•less•ness, n.

Mas´ter•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being masterly; ability to control wisely or skillfully.

Mas´ter•ly, a. 1. Suitable to, or characteristic of, a master; indicating thorough knowledge or superior skill and power; showing a master’s hand; as a masterly design; a masterly performance; a masterly policy. ´A wise and masterly inactivity.´ Sir J. Mackintosh. 2. Imperious; domineering; arbitrary.

Mas´ter•ly, adv. With the skill of a master. “Thou dost speak masterly.” Shak.

Mas´ter•ous , a. Masterly. [Obs.] Milton.

Mas´ter•piece , n. Anything done or made with extraordinary skill; a capital performance; a chef- d’œuvre; a supreme achievement. “The top and masterpiece of art.” South. “Dissimulation was his masterpiece.” Claredon.

Mas´ter•ship, n. 1. The state or office of a master. 2. Mastery; dominion; superior skill; superiority. “Where noble youths for mastership should strive.” Driden. 3. Chief work; masterpiece. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. An ironical title of respect. “How now, seignior Launce ! what news with your mastership ?” Shak.

Mas´ter•sing•er , n. [A translation of G. meistersänger.] One of a class of poets which flourished in Nuremberg and some other cities of Germany in the 15th and 16th centuries. They bound themselves to observe certain arbitrary laws of rhythm.

Mas´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) (a) A tall and coarse European umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum Ostruthium, formerly Imperatoria). (b) The Astrantia major, a European umbelliferous plant with a showy colored involucre. (c) Improperly, the cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum).

Mas´ter•y , n.; pl. Masteries (#). [OF. maistrie.] 1. The position or authority of a master; dominion; command; supremacy; superiority. “If divided by mountains, they will fight for the mastery of the passages of the tops.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Superiority in war or competition; victory; triumph; preëminence. “The voice of them that shout for mastery.” Ex. xxxii. 18. “Every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things.” 1 Cor. ix. 25. “O, but to have gulled him
Had been a mastery.” B. Jonson. 3. Contest for superiority. [Obs.] Holland. 4. A masterly operation; a feat. [Obs.] “I will do a maistrie ere I go.” Chaucer. 5. Specifically, the philosopher’s stone. [Obs.] 6. The act process of mastering; the state of having mastered. “He could attain to a mastery in all languages.” Tillotson. “The learning and mastery of a tongue, being unpleasant in itself, should not be cumbered with other difficulties.” Locke.

Mast´ful , a. [See lst Mast.] Abounding in mast; producing mast in abundance; as the mastful forest; a mastful chestnut. Dryden.

Mast´head , n. (Naut.) The top or head of a mast; the part of a mast above the hounds.

Mast´head´, v. t. (Naut.) To cause to go to the masthead as a punishment. Marryat.

Mast´house , n. A building in which vessels’ masts are shaped, fitted, etc.

Mas´tic , n. [F., fr. L. mastiche, mastichum, Gr. , fr. to chew, because of its being used in the East for chewing.] [Written also mastich.] 1. (Bot.) A low shrubby tree of the genus Pistacia (P. Lentiscus), growing upon the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, and producing a valuable resin; — called also mastic tree. 2. A resin exuding from the mastic tree, and obtained by incision. The best is in yellowish white, semitransparent tears, of a faint smell, and is used as an astringent and an aromatic, also as an ingredient in varnishes. 3. A kind of cement composed of burnt clay, litharge, and linseed oil, used for plastering walls, etc. Barbary mastic (Bot.), the Pistachia Atlantica. — Peruvian mastic tree (Bot.), a small tree (Schinus Molle) with peppery red berries; — called also pepper tree. — West Indian mastic (Bot.), a lofty tree (Bursera gummifera) full of gum resin in every part.

Mas´ti•ca•ble , a. Capable of being masticated.

Mas•ti•ca´dor , n. [Cf. Sp. mastigador. See Masticate.] (Man.) A part of a bridle, the slavering bit. [Written also mastigador.]

Mas´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masticated p. pr. & vb. n. Masticating ] [L. masticatus, p. p. of masticare to chew, prob. fr. mastiche mastic. See Mastic.] To grind or crush with, or as with, the teeth and prepare for swallowing and digestion; to chew; as to masticate food.

Mas´ti•ca•ter , n. One who masticates.

Mas•ti•ca´tion , n. [L. masticatio: cf. F. mastication.] The act or operation of masticating; chewing, as of food. “Mastication is a necessary preparation of solid aliment, without which there can be no good digestion.” Arbuthnot.

Mas´ti•ca•tor , n. 1. One who masticates. 2. A machine for cutting meat into fine pieces for toothless people; also a machine for cutting leather, India rubber, or similar tough substances, into fine pieces, in some processes of manufacture.

Mas´ti•ca•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. masticatoire.] Chewing; adapted to perform the office of chewing food.

Mas´ti•ca•to•ry, n.; pl. -ries . (Med.) A substance to be chewed to increase the saliva. Bacon.

Mas´tich , n. See Mastic.

Mas´ti•cin , n. (Chem.) A white, amorphous, tenacious substance resembling caoutchouc, and obtained as an insoluble residue of mastic.

Mas´ti•cot , n. (Chem.) Massicot. [Obs.]

Mas´tiff , n.; pl. Mastiffs . [Mastives is irregular and unusual.] [Prob. fr. Prov. E. masty, adj., large, n., a great dog, prob. fr. mast fruit, and hence, lit., fattened with mast. There is perh. confusion with OF. mestif mongrel; cf. also F. mâtin mastiff, OF. mastin.] (Zoöl.) A breed of large dogs noted for strength and courage. There are various strains, differing in form and color, and characteristic of different countries. Mastiff bat (Zoöl.) , any bat of the genus Molossus; so called because the face somewhat resembles that of a mastiff.

Mas´ti•go•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Mastigopoda.

Mas•ti•gop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ma•stix, -igos, a whip + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The Infusoria.

Mas´ti•gure , n. [Gr. ma•stix, -igos, a scourge + tail.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several large spiny-tailed lizards of the genus Uromastix. They inhabit Southern Asia and North Africa.

Mast´ing , n. (Naut.) The act or process of putting a mast or masts into a vessel; also the scientific principles which determine the position of masts, and the mechanical methods of placing them. Masting house (Naut.), a large building, with suitable mechanism overhanging the water, used for stepping and unstepping the masts of vessels.

Mas•ti´tis , n. [Gr. masto•s breast + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the breast.

Mast´less , a. [See lst Mast.] Bearing no mast; as a mastless oak or beech. Dryden.

Mast´less, a. [See 2d Mast.] Having no mast; as a mastless vessel.

Mast´lin (mast´lin), n. See Maslin.

Mas´to•don , n. [Gr. masto•s the breast + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth. So called from the conical projections upon its molar teeth.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of mammals closely allied to the elephant, but having less complex molar teeth, and often a pair of lower, as well as upper, tusks, which are incisor teeth. The species were mostly larger than elephants, and their remains occur in nearly all parts of the world in deposits ranging from Miocene to late Quaternary time.

Mas•to•don•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. E. Mastodon + Gr. say^ros a lizard.] (Paleon.) A large extinct genus of labyrinthodonts, found in the European Triassic rocks.

Mas•to•don´tic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a mastodon; as mastodontic dimensions. Everett.

Mas•to•dyn´i•a , Mas•tod´y•ny , n. [NL. mastodynia, fr. Gr. masto•s the breast + pain.] (Med.) Pain occuring in the mamma or female breast, — a form of neuralgia.

Mas´toid , a. [Gr. ; masto•s the breast + form: cf. F. mastoïde.] (Anat.) (a) Resembling the nipple or the breast; — applied specifically to a process of the temporal bone behind the ear. (b) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the mastoid process; mastoidal.

Mas•toid´al , a. Same as Mastoid.

Mas•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. masto•s the breast + -logy: cf. F. mastologie.] The natural history of Mammalia.

Mas´tress , n. Mistress. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mas•tur•ba´tion , n. [L. masturbatus, p. p. of masturbari to practice onanism: cf. F. masturbation.] Onanism; self-pollution.

Mast´y , a. [See lst Mast.] Full of mast; abounding in acorns, etc.

Ma•su´la boat Same as Masoola boat.

Mat , n. [Cf. Matte.] A name given by coppersmiths to an alloy of copper, tin, iron, etc., usually called white metal. [Written also matt.]

Mat, a. [OF. See 4th Mate.] Cast down; dejected; overthrown; slain. [Obs.] “When he saw them so piteous and so maat.” Chaucer.

Mat, n. [AS. matt, meatt, fr. L. matta a mat made of rushes.] 1. A fabric of sedge, rushes, flags, husks, straw, hemp, or similar material, used for wiping and cleaning shoes at the door, for covering the floor of a hall or room, and for other purposes. 2. Any similar fabric for various uses, as for covering plant houses, putting beneath dishes or lamps on a table, securing rigging from friction, and the like. 3. Anything growing thickly, or closely interwoven, so as to resemble a mat in form or texture; as a mat of weeds; a mat of hair. 4. An ornamental border made of paper, pasterboard, metal, etc., put under the glass which covers a framed picture; as the mat of a daguerreotype. Mat grass. (Bot.) (a) A low, tufted, European grass (Nardus stricta). (b) Same as Matweed. — Mat rush (Bot.), a kind of rush (Scirpus lacustris) used in England for making mats.

Mat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matted p. pr. & vb. n. Matting.] 1. To cover or lay with mats. Evelyn. 2. To twist, twine, or felt together; to interweave into, or like, a mat; to entangle. “And o’er his eyebrows hung his matted hair.” Dryden.

Mat, v. i. To grow thick together; to become interwoven or felted together like a mat.

Ma•ta•chin´ , n. [Sp.] An old dance with swords and bucklers; a sword dance.

Mat´a•co , n. (Zoöl.) The three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutis tricinctus). See Illust. under Loricata. { Mat´a•dore , Mat´a•dor} , n. [Sp. matador, prop., a killer, fr. matar to kill, L. mactare to sacrifice, kill.] 1. The killer; the man appointed to kill the bull in bullfights. 2. (Card Playing) In the game of quadrille or omber, the three principal trumps, the ace of spades being the first, the ace of clubs the third, and the second being the deuce of a black trump or the seven of a red one. “When Lady Tricksey played a four,
You took it with a matadore.” Swift.

Mat•a•gasse´ , n. (Zoöl.) A shrike or butcher bird; — called also mattages. [Prov. Eng.]

Ma•ta•ma´ta , n. [Pg.] (Zoöl.) The bearded tortoise (Chelys fimbriata) of South American rivers.

Ma•tan´za , n. [Sp., slaughter, fr. matar to kill.] A place where animals are slaughtered for their hides and tallow. [Western U. S.]

Match (mach), n. [OE. macche, F. mèche, F. mèche, fr. L. myxa a lamp nozzle, Gr. my•xa mucus, nostril, a lamp nozzle. Cf. Mucus.] Anything used for catching and retaining or communicating fire, made of some substance which takes fire readily, or remains burning some time; esp., a small strip or splint of wood dipped at one end in a substance which can be easily ignited by friction, as a preparation of phosphorus or chlorate of potassium. Match box, a box for holding matches. - - Match tub, a tub with a perforated cover for holding slow matches for firing cannon, esp. on board ship. The tub contains a little water in the bottom, for extinguishing sparks from the lighted matches. — Quick match, threads of cotton or cotton wick soaked in a solution of gunpowder mixed with gum arabic and boiling water and afterwards strewed over with mealed powder. It burns at the rate of one yard in thirteen seconds, and is used as priming for heavy mortars, fireworks, etc. — Slow match, slightly twisted hempen rope soaked in a solution of limewater and saltpeter or washed in a lye of water and wood ashes. It burns at the rate of four or five inches an hour, and is used for firing cannon, fireworks, etc.

Match, n. [OE. macche, AS. gemaecca; akin to gemaca, and to OS. gimako, OHG. gimah fitting, suitable, convenient, Icel. mark suitable, maki mate, Sw. make, Dan. mage; all from the root of E. make, v. See Make mate, and Make, v., and cf. Mate an associate.] 1. A person or thing equal or similar to another; one able to mate or cope with another; an equal; a mate. “Government … makes an innocent man, though of the lowest rank, a match for the mightiest of his fellow subjects.” Addison. 2. A bringing together of two parties suited to one another, as for a union, a trial of skill or force, a contest, or the like; as specifically: (a) A contest to try strength or skill, or to determine superiority; an emulous struggle. ´Many a warlike match.´ Drayton. “A solemn match was made; he lost the prize.” Dryden. (b) A matrimonial union; a marriage. 3. An agreement, compact, etc. ´Thy hand upon that match.´ Shak. “Love doth seldom suffer itself to be confined by other matches than those of its own making.” Boyle. 4. A candidate for matrimony; one to be gained in marriage. ´She … was looked upon as the richest match of the West.´ Clarendon. 5. Equality of conditions in contest or competition. “It were no match, your nail against his horn.” Shak. 6. Suitable combination or bringing together; that which corresponds or harmonizes with something else; as the carpet and curtains are a match. 7. (Founding) A perforated board, block of plaster, hardened sand, etc., in which a pattern is partly imbedded when a mold is made, for giving shape to the surfaces of separation between the parts of the mold. Match boarding (Carp.), boards fitted together with tongue and groove, or prepared to be so fitted. — Match game, a game arranged as a test of superiority. — Match plane (Carp.), either of the two planes used to shape the edges of boards which are joined by grooving and tonguing. — Match plate (Founding), a board or plate on the opposite sides of which the halves of a pattern are fastened, to facilitate molding. Knight. — Match wheel (Mach.), a cogwheel of suitable pitch to work with another wheel; specifically, one of a pair of cogwheels of equal size.

Match, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matched p. pr. & vb. n. Matching.] 1. To be a mate or match for; to be able to complete with; to rival successfully; to equal. “No settled senses of the world can match
The pleasure of that madness.” Shak. 2. To furnish with its match; to bring a match, or equal, against; to show an equal competitor to; to set something in competition with, or in opposition to, as equal. “No history or antiquity can matchis policies and his conduct.” South. 3. To oppose as equal; to contend successfully against. “Eternal might
To match with their inventions they presumed
So easy, and of his thunder made a scorn.” Milton. 4. To make or procure the equal of, or that which is exactly similar to, or corresponds with; as to match a vase or a horse; to match cloth. ´Matching of patterns and colors.´ Swift. 5. To make equal, proportionate, or suitable; to adapt, fit, or suit (one thing to another). “Let poets match their subject to their strength.” Roscommon. 6. To marry; to give in marriage. “A senator of Rome survived,
Would not have matched his daughter with a king.” Addison. 7. To fit together, or make suitable for fitting together; specifically, to furnish with a tongue and a groove, at the edges; as to match boards. Matching machine, a planing machine for forming a tongue or a groove on the edge of a board.

Match, v. i. 1. To be united in marriage; to mate. “I hold it a sin to match in my kindred.” Shak. “Let tigers match with hinds, and wolves with sheep.” Dryden. 2. To be of equal, or similar, size, figure, color, or quality; to tally; to suit; to correspond; as these vases match.

Match´a•ble , a. Capable of being matched; comparable on equal conditions; adapted to being joined together; correspondent. — Match´a•ble•ness, n. “Sir Walter Raleigh … is matchable with the best of the ancients.” Hakewill.

Match´-cloth , n. A coarse cloth.

Match´-coat , n. A coat made of match-cloth.

Match´er , n. One who, or that which, matches; a matching machine. See under 3d Match.

Match´less, a. [Cf. Mateless.] 1. Having no equal; unequaled. ´A matchless queen.´ Waller. 2. Unlike each other; unequal; unsuited. [Obs.] ´Matchless ears.´ Spenser. — Match´less•ly, adv. — Match´less•ness, n.

Match´lock , n. An old form of gunlock containing a match for firing the priming; hence, a musket fired by means of a match.

Match´mak•er , n. 1. One who makes matches for burning or kinding. 2. One who tries to bring about marriages.

Match´mak•ing, n. 1. The act or process of making matches for kindling or burning. 2. The act or process of trying to bring about a marriage for others.

Match´mak•ing, a. Busy in making or contriving marriages; as a matchmaking woman.

Ma´te , n. [Sp.] The Paraguay tea, being the dried leaf of the Brazilian holly (Ilex Paraguensis). The infusion has a pleasant odor, with an agreeable bitter taste, and is much used for tea in South America.

Mate , n. [F. mat, abbrev. fr. echec et mat. See Checkmate.] (Chess) Same as Checkmate.

Mate, a. See 2d Mat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mate, v. t. [F. mater to fatigue, enfeeble, humiliate, checkmate. See Mate checkmate.] 1. To confuse; to confound. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To checkmate.

Mate, n. [Perhaps for older make a companion; cf. also OD. maet companion, mate, D. maat. Cf. Make a companion, Match a mate.] 1. One who customarily associates with another; a companion; an associate; any object which is associated or combined with a similar object. 2. Hence, specifically, a husband or wife; and among the lower animals, one of a pair associated for propagation and the care of their young. 3. A suitable companion; a match; an equal. “Ye knew me once no mate
For you; there sitting where you durst not soar.” Milton. 4. (Naut.) An officer in a merchant vessel ranking next below the captain. If there are more than one bearing the title, they are called, respectively, first mate, second mate, third mate, etc. In the navy, a subordinate officer or assistant; as master’s mate; surgeon’s mate.

Mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mated; p. pr. & vb. n. Mating.] 1. To match; to marry. “If she be mated with an equal husband.” Shak. 2. To match one’s self against; to oppose as equal; to compete with. “There is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death.” Bacon. “I, … in the way of loyalty and truth, …
Dare mate a sounder man than Surrey can be.” Shak.

Mate, v. i. To be or become a mate or mates, especially in sexual companionship; as some birds mate for life; this bird will not mate with that one.

Mate´less, a. [Cf. Matchless.] Having no mate.

Mat´e•lote (mat´e•lot), n. [F., fr. matelot a sailor; properly, a dish such as sailors prepare.] A dish of food composed of many kinds of fish.

Ma•te•ol´o•gy (ma•te•ol´o•jy), n. [Gr. mataiologi•a; ma•taios useless, vain + lo•gos discourse: cf. F. mateologie.] A vain, unprofitable discourse or inquiry. [R.]

Ma•te•o•tech´ny (ma•te•o•tek´ny), n. [Gr. mataiotechni•a; ma•taios vain + te•chnh art, science.] Any unprofitable science. [Obs.]

Ma´ter , n. [L., mother. See Mother.] See Alma mater, Dura mater, and Pia mater.

Ma•te´ri•al , a. [L. materialis, fr. materia stuff, matter: cf. F. materiel. See Matter, and cf. Materiel.] 1. Consisting of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; physical; as material substance or bodies. “The material elements of the universe.” Whewell. 2. Hence: Pertaining to, or affecting, the physical nature of man, as distinguished from the mental or moral nature; relating to the bodily wants, interests, and comforts. 3. Of solid or weighty character; not insubstantial; of consequence; not be dispensed with; important. “Discourse, which was always material, never trifling.” Evelyn. “I shall, in the account of simple ideas set down only such as are most material to our present purpose.” Locke. 4. (Logic.) Pertaining to the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thing. See Matter. Material cause. See under Cause. — Material evidence (Law), evidence which conduces to the proof or disproof of a relevant hypothesis. Wharton. Syn. — Corporeal; bodily; important; weighty; momentous; essential.

Ma•te´ri•al, n. The substance or matter of which anything is made or may be made. Raw material, any crude, unfinished, or elementary materials that are adapted to use only by processes of skilled labor. Cotton, wool, ore, logs, etc., are raw material.

Ma•te´ri•al, v. t. To form from matter; to materialize. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ma•te´ri•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. materialisme.] 1. The doctrine of materialists; materialistic views and tenets. “The irregular fears of a future state had been supplanted by the materialism of Epicurus.” Buckminster. 2. The tendency to give undue importance to material interests; devotion to the material nature and its wants. 3. Material substances in the aggregate; matter. [R. & Obs.] A. Chalmers.

Ma•te´ri•al•ist (ma•te´ri•al•ist), n. [Cf. F. materialiste.] 1. One who denies the existence of spiritual substances or agents, and maintains that spiritual phenomena, so called, are the result of some peculiar organization of matter. 2. One who holds to the existence of matter, as distinguished from the idealist, who denies it. Berkeley. { Ma•te•ri•al•is´tic , Ma•te•ri•al•is´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to materialism or materialists; of the nature of materialism. “But to me his very spiritualism seemed more materialistic than his physics.” C. Kingsley.

Ma•te•ri•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. materialite.] 1. The quality or state of being material; material existence; corporeity. 2. Importance; as the materiality of facts.

Ma•te•ri•al•i•za´tion , n. The act of materializing, or the state of being materialized.

Ma•te´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Materialized p. pr. & vb. n. Materializing ] [Cf. F. materialiser.] 1. To invest with material characteristics; to make perceptible to the senses; hence, to present to the mind through the medium of material objects. “Having with wonderful art and beauty materialized, if I may so call it, a scheme of abstracted notions, and clothed the most nice, refined conceptions of philosophy in sensible images.” Tatler. 2. To regard as matter; to consider or explain by the laws or principles which are appropriate to matter. 3. To cause to assume a character appropriate to material things; to occupy with material interests; as to materialize thought. 4. (Spiritualism) To make visable in, or as in, a material form; — said of spirits. “A female spirit form temporarily materialized, and not distinguishable from a human being.” Epes Sargent.

Ma•te´ri•al•ize, v. i. To appear as a material form; to take substantial shape. [Colloq.]

Ma•te´ri•al•ly, adv. 1. In the state of matter. “I do not mean that anything is separable from a body by fire that was not materially preëxistent in it.” Boyle. 2. In its essence; substantially. “An ill intention is certainly sufficient to spoil … an act in itself materially good.” South. 3. In an important manner or degree; essentially; as it materially concerns us to know the real motives of our actions.

Ma•te´ri•al•ness, n. The state of being material.

Ma•te´ri•a med´i•ca [L. See Matter, and Medical.] 1. Material or substance used in the composition of remedies; — a general term for all substances used as curative agents in medicine. 2. That branch of medical science which treats of the nature and properties of all the substances that are employed for the cure of diseases.

Ma•te•ri•a´ri•an , n. [L. materiarius.] See Materialist. [Obs.] { Ma•te´ri•ate , Ma•te´ri•a•ted } a. [L. materiatus, p. p. of materiare to build of wood.] Consisting of matter. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ma•te•ri•a´tion , n. [L. materiatio woodwork.] Act of forming matter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ma•te•ri•el´ , n. [F. See Material.] That in a complex system which constitutes the materials, or instruments employed, in distinction from the personnel, or men; as the baggage, munitions, provisions, etc., of an army; or the buildings, libraries, and apparatus of a college, in distinction from its officers.

Ma•te´ri•ous , a. See Material. [Obs.]

Ma•ter´nal , a. [F. maternel, L. maternus, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] Of or pertaining to a mother; becoming to a mother; motherly; as maternal love; maternal tenderness. Syn. — See Motherly.

Ma•ter´nal•ly, adv. In a motherly manner.

Ma•ter´ni•ty , n. [F. maternite, LL. maternitas.] The state of being a mother; the character or relation of a mother.

Mat´fel•on , n. [W. madfelen.] (Bot.) The knapweed (Centaurea nigra).

Math , n. [AS. maeð; akin to mawan to mow, G. mahd math. See Mow to cut (grass).] A mowing, or that which is gathered by mowing; — chiefly used in composition; as an aftermath. [Obs.] “The first mowing thereof, for the king’s use, is wont to be sooner than the common math.” Bp. Hall.

Math•e•mat´ic , a. [F. mathematique, L. mathematicus, Gr. disposed to learn, belonging to learning or the sciences, especially to mathematics, fr. that which is learned, learning, pl. things learned, learning, science, especially mathematical science, fr. , , to learn; akin to E. mind. See Mind.] See Mathematical.

Math•e•mat´ic•al , a. [See Mathematic.] Of or pertaining to mathematics; according to mathematics; hence, theoretically precise; accurate; as mathematical geography; mathematical instruments; mathematical exactness. — Math•e•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Math•e•ma•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. mathematicien.] One versed in mathematics.

Math•e•mat´ics , n. [F. mathematiques, pl., L. mathematica, sing., Gr. (sc. ) science. See Mathematic, and -ics.] That science, or class of sciences, which treats of the exact relations existing between quantities or magnitudes, and of the methods by which, in accordance with these relations, quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known or supposed; the science of spatial and quantitative relations. Mathematics embraces three departments, namely: 1. Arithmetic. 2. Geometry, including Trigonometry and Conic Sections. 3. Analysis, in which letters are used, including Algebra, Analytical Geometry, and Calculus. Each of these divisions is divided into pure or abstract, which considers magnitude or quantity abstractly, without relation to matter; and mixed or applied, which treats of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and is consequently interwoven with physical considerations.

Math´er , n. See Madder.

Math´es , n. [Perh. corrupted fr. L. anthemis camomile, Gr. .] (Bot.) The mayweed. Cf. Maghet.

Ma•the´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , from , , to learn.] Learning; especially, mathematics. [R.] Pope.

Math´u•rin , n. (R. C. Ch.) See Trinitarian.

Ma•ti´co , n. (Bot.) A Peruvian plant (Piper, or Artanthe, elongatum), allied to the pepper, the leaves of which are used as a styptic and astringent.

Mat´ie , n. (Zoöl.) A fat herring with undeveloped roe. [Written also matty.] [Eng. & Scot.]

Mâ•tin´ , n. [F. mâtin.] (Zoöl.) A French mastiff.

Mat´in , n. [F. fr. L. matutinum the morning, matutinus of the morning, Matuta the goddess of the morning. See Matutinal.] 1. Morning. [Obs.] Shak. 2. pl. [F. matines. See Etymol. above.] Morning worship or service; morning prayers or songs. “The winged choristers began
To chirp their matins.” Cleveland. 3. Time of morning service; the first canonical hour in the Roman Catholic Church.

Mat´in, a. Of or pertaining to the morning, or to matins; used in the morning; matutinal.

Mat´in•al , a. Relating to the morning, or to matins; matutinal.

Mat•i•nee´ , n. [F., from matin. See Matin.] A reception, or a musical or dramatic entertainment, held in the daytime. See Soiree.

Ma•trass´ , n. [F. matras; perh. so called from its long narrow neck; cf. OF. matras large arrow, L. materis, mataris, matara, a Celtic javelin, pike; of Celtic origin.] (Chem.) A round- bottomed glass flask having a long neck; a bolthead.

Mat´ress , n. See Matress.

Ma´tri•arch , n. [L. mater mother + -arch.] The mother and ruler of a family or of her descendants; a ruler by maternal right.

Ma•tri•ar´chal , a. Of or pertaining to a matriarch; governed by a matriarch.

Ma´tri•ar´chate , n. The office or jurisdiction of a matriarch; a matriarchal form of government.

Ma´trice , n. [Cf. F. matrice. See Matrix.] See Matrix.

Mat´ri•ci•dal , a. Of or pertaining to matricide.

Mat´ri•cide , n. [L. matricidium; mater mother + coedere to kill, slay: cf. F. matricide. See Mother, and cf. Homicide.] 1. The murder of a mother by her son or daughter. 2. [L. matricida: cf. F. matricide.] One who murders one’s own mother.

Ma•tric´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matriculated p. pr. & vb. n. Matriculating.] [L. matricula a public roll or register, dim. of matrix a mother, in respect to propagation, also a public register. See Matrix.] To enroll; to enter in a register; specifically, to enter or admit to membership in a body or society, particularly in a college or university, by enrolling the name in a register. “In discovering and matriculating the arms of commissaries from North America.” Sir W. Scott.

Ma•tric´u•late, v. i. To go though the process of admission to membership, as by examination and enrollment, in a society or college.

Ma•tric´u•late , a. Matriculated. Skelton. — n. One who is matriculated. Arbuthnot.

Ma•tric•u•la´tion , n. The act or process of matriculating; the state of being matriculated.

Mat´ri•moine , n. Matrimony. [Obs.]

Mat•ri•mo´ni•al , a. [L. matrimonialis: cf. F. matrimonial. See Matrimony.] Of or pertaining to marriage; derived from marriage; connubial; nuptial; hymeneal; as matrimonial rights or duties. “If he relied upon that title, he could be but a king at courtesy, and have rather a matrimonial than a regal power.” Bacon. Syn. — Connubial; conjugal; sponsal; spousal; nuptial; hymeneal.

Mat•ri•mo´ni•al•ly, adv. In a matrimonial manner.

Mat•ri•mo´ni•ous , a. Matrimonial. [R.] Milton.

Mat´ri•mo•ny , n. [OE. matrimoine, through Old French, fr. L. matrimonium, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] 1. The union of man and woman as husband and wife; the nuptial state; marriage; wedlock. “If either of you know any impediment, why ye may not be lawfully joined together in matrimony, ye do now confess it.” Book of Com. Prayer (Eng. Ed. ) 2. A kind of game at cards played by several persons. Matrimony vine (Bot.), a climbing thorny vine (Lycium barbarum) of the Potato family. Gray. Syn. — Marriage; wedlock. See Marriage.

Ma´trix (ma´triks), n.; pl. Matrices (mat´ri•sez). [L., fr. mater mother. See Mother, and cf. Matrice.] 1. (Anat.) The womb. “All that openeth the matrix is mine.” Ex. xxxiv. 19. 2. Hence, that which gives form or origin to anything; as: (a) (Mech.) The cavity in which anything is formed, and which gives it shape; a die; a mold, as for the face of a type. (b) (Min.) The earthy or stony substance in which metallic ores or crystallized minerals are found; the gangue. (c) pl. (Dyeing) The five simple colors, black, white, blue, red, and yellow, of which all the rest are composed. 3. (Biol.) The lifeless portion of tissue, either animal or vegetable, situated between the cells; the intercellular substance. 4. (Math.) A rectangular arrangement of symbols in rows and columns. The symbols may express quantities or operations.

Ma´tron , n. [F. matrone, L. matrona, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] 1. A wife or a widow, especially, one who has borne children; a woman of staid or motherly manners. “Your wives, your daughters,
Your matrons, and your maids.” Shak. “Grave from her cradle, insomuch that she was a matron before she was a mother.” Fuller. 2. A housekeeper; esp., a woman who manages the domestic economy of a public instution; a head nurse in a hospital; as the matron of a school or hospital. Jury of matrons (Law), a jury of experienced women called to determine the question of pregnancy when set up in bar of execution, and for other cognate purposes.

Mat´ron•age , n. 1. The state of a matron. 2. The collective body of matrons. Burke. “Can a politician slight the feelings and convictions of the whole matronage of his country ?” Hare.

Mat´ron•al , a. [L. matronalis.] Of or pertaining to a matron; suitable to an elderly lady or to a married woman; grave; motherly.

Ma´tron•hood , n. The state of being a matron.

Mat´ron•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matronized p. pr. & vb. n. Matronizing ] 1. To make a matron of; to make matronlike. “Childbed matronizes the giddiest spirits.” Richardson. 2. To act the part of a matron toward; to superintend; to chaperone; as to matronize an assembly.

Ma´tron•like , a. Like a matron; sedate; grave; matronly.

Ma´tron•ly, a. 1. Advanced in years; elderly. 2. Like, or befitting, a matron; grave; sedate.

Mat•ro•nym´ic , n. [L. mater mother + -nymic, as in patronimic.] See Metronymic.

Ma•tross´ , n. [D. matroos, fr. F. matelot.] (Mil.) Formerly, in the British service, a gunner or a gunner’s mate; one of the soldiers in a train of artillery, who assisted the gunners in loading, firing, and sponging the guns. [Obs.]

Matt , n. See Matte. Knight.

Mat•ta•ges´ , n. (Zoöl.) A shrike or butcher bird; — written also matagasse. [Prov. Eng.]

Mat´ta•more , n. [F. matamore, from Ar. matmora.] A subterranean repository for wheat.

Matte (mat), n. [F. matte; cf. F. mat, masc., matte, fem., faint, dull, dim; — said of metals. See Mate checkmate.] 1. (Metallurgy) A partly reduced copper sulphide, obtained by alternately roasting and melting copper ore in separating the metal from associated iron ores, and called coarse metal, fine metal, etc., according to the grade of fineness. On the exterior it is dark brown or black, but on a fresh surface is yellow or bronzy in color. 2. A dead or dull finish, as in gilding where the gold leaf is not burnished, or in painting where the surface is purposely deprived of gloss.

Mat´ted , a. [See Matte.] Having a dull surface; unburnished; as matted gold leaf or gilding. Matted glass, glass ornamented with figures on a dull ground.

Mat´ted, a. [See 3d Mat.] 1. Covered with a mat or mats; as a matted floor. 2. Tangled closely together; having its parts adhering closely together; as matted hair.

Mat´ter , n. [OE. matere, F. matière, fr. L. materia; perh. akin to L. mater mother. Cf. Mother, Madeira, Material.] 1. That of which anything is composed; constituent substance; material; the material or substantial part of anything; the constituent elements of conception; that into which a notion may be analyzed; the essence; the pith; the embodiment. “He is the matter of virtue.” B. Jonson. 2. That of which the sensible universe and all existent bodies are composed; anything which has extension, occupies space, or is perceptible by the senses; body; substance. Matter is usually divided by philosophical writers into three kinds or classes: solid, liquid, and aëriform. Solid substances are those whose parts firmly cohere and resist impression, as wood or stone. Liquids have free motion among their parts, and easily yield to impression, as water and wine. Aëriform substances are elastic fluids, called vapors and gases, as air and oxygen gas. 3. That with regard to, or about which, anything takes place or is done; the thing aimed at, treated of, or treated; subject of action, discussion, consideration, feeling, complaint, legal action, or the like; theme. ´If the matter should be tried by duel.´ Bacon. “Son of God, Savior of men ! Thy name
Shall be the copious matter of my song.” Milton. “Every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge.” Ex. xviii. 22. 4. That which one has to treat, or with which one has to do; concern; affair; business. “To help the matter, the alchemists call in many vanities out of astrology.” Bacon. “Some young female seems to have carried matters so far, that she is ripe for asking advice.” Spectator. 5. Affair worthy of account; thing of consequence; importance; significance; moment; — chiefly in the phrases what matter ? no matter, and the like. “A prophet some, and some a poet, cry;
No matter which, so neither of them lie.” Dryden. 6. Inducing cause or occasion, especially of anything disagreeable or distressing; difficulty; trouble. “And this is the matter why interpreters upon that passage in Hosea will not consent it to be a true story, that the prophet took a harlot to wife.” Milton. 7. Amount; quantity; portion; space; — often indefinite. “Away he goes, … a matter of seven miles.” L’ Estrange. “I have thoughts to tarry a small matter.” Congreve. “No small matter of British forces were commanded over sea the year before.” Milton. 8. Substance excreted from living animal bodies; that which is thrown out or discharged in a tumor, boil, or abscess; pus; purulent substance. 9. (Metaph.) That which is permanent, or is supposed to be given, and in or upon which changes are effected by psychological or physical processes and relations; — opposed to form. Mansel. 10. (Print.) Written manuscript, or anything to be set in type; copy; also type set up and ready to be used, or which has been used, in printing. Dead matter (Print.), type which has been used, or which is not to be used, in printing, and is ready for distribution. — Live matter (Print.), type set up, but not yet printed from. — Matter in bar, Matter of fact. See under Bar, and Fact. — Matter of record, anything recorded. — Upon the matter, or Upon the whole matter, considering the whole; taking all things into view. “Waller, with Sir William Balfour, exceeded in horse, but were, upon the whole matter, equal in foot.” Clarendon.

Mat´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mattered p. pr. & vb. n. Mattering.] 1. To be of importance; to import; to signify. “It matters not how they were called.” Locke. 2. To form pus or matter, as an abscess; to maturate. [R.] ´Each slight sore mattereth.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Mat´ter, v. t. To regard as important; to take account of; to care for. [Obs.] “He did not matter cold nor hunger.” H. Brooke.

Mat´ter•less, a. 1. Not being, or having, matter; as matterless spirits. Davies (Wit’s Pilgr. ). 2. Unimportant; immaterial. [Obs.]

Mat´ter-of-fact´ , a. Adhering to facts; not turning aside from absolute realities; not fanciful or imaginative; commonplace; dry.

Mat´ter•y , a. 1. Generating or containing pus; purulent. 2. Full of substance or matter; important. B. Jonson.

Mat´ting , n. [From Mat, v. t. & i.] 1. The act of interweaving or tangling together so as to make a mat; the process of becoming matted. 2. Mats, in general, or collectively; mat work; a matlike fabric, for use in covering floors, packing articles, and the like; a kind of carpeting made of straw, etc. 3. Materials for mats. 4. An ornamental border. See 3d Mat, 4.

Mat´ting, n. [See Matte.] A dull, lusterless surface in certain of the arts, as gilding, metal work, glassmaking, etc.

Mat´tock , n. [AS. mattuc; cf. W. matog.] An implement for digging and grubbing. The head has two long steel blades, one like an adz and the other like a narrow ax or the point of a pickax. “’T is you must dig with mattock and with spade.” Shak.

Mat•to•wac´ca , n. [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) An American clupeoid fish (Clupea mediocris), similar to the shad in habits and appearance, but smaller and less esteemed for food; — called also hickory shad, tailor shad, fall herring, and shad herring.

Mat´tress , n. [OF. materas, F. matelas, LL. matratium; cf. Sp. & Pg. almadraque, Pr. almatrac; all from Ar. matrah a place where anything is thrown, what is thrown under something, fr. taraha to throw.] 1. A quilted bed; a bed stuffed with hair, moss, or other suitable material, and quilted or otherwise fastened. [Written also matress.] 2. (Hydraulic Engin.) A mass of interwoven brush, poles, etc., to protect a bank from being worn away by currents or waves.

Mat´u•rant , n. [L. maturans, p. pr. See Maturate.] (Med.) A medicine, or application, which promotes suppuration.

Mat´u•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maturated p. pr. & vb. n. Maturating ] [L. maturatus, p. p. of maturare to make ripe, fr. maturus ripe, mature. See Mature, v. & a.] 1. To bring to ripeness or maturity; to ripen. “A tree may be maturated artificially.” Fuller. 2. To promote the perfect suppuration of (an abscess).

Mat´u•rate, v. i. To ripen; to become mature; specifically, to suppurate.

Mat•u•ra´tion , n. [L. maturatio a hastening: cf. F. maturation.] The process of bringing, or of coming, to maturity; hence, specifically, the process of suppurating perfectly; the formation of pus or matter.

Mat´u•ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. maturatif.] Conducing to ripeness or maturity; hence, conducing to suppuration.

Mat´u•ra•tive, n. (Med.) A remedy promoting maturation; a maturant.

Ma•ture´ , a. [Compar. Maturer superl. Maturest.] [L. maturus; prob. akin to E. matin.] 1. Brought by natural process to completeness of growth and development; fitted by growth and development for any function, action, or state, appropriate to its kind; full-grown; ripe. “Now is love mature in ear.” Tennison. “How shall I meet, or how accost, the sage,
Unskilled in speech, nor yet mature of age ?” Pope. 2. Completely worked out; fully digested or prepared; ready for action; made ready for destined application or use; perfected; as a mature plan. “This lies glowing, … and is almost mature for the violent breaking out.” Shak. 3. Of or pertaining to a condition of full development; as a man of mature years. 4. Come to, or in a state of, completed suppuration. Syn. — Ripe; perfect; completed; prepared; digested; ready. — Mature, Ripe. Both words describe fullness of growth. Mature brings to view the progressiveness of the process; ripe indicates the result. We speak of a thing as mature when thinking of the successive stayes through which it has passed; as ripe, when our attention is directed merely to its state. A mature judgment; mature consideration; ripe fruit; a ripe scholar.

Ma•ture´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matured p. pr. & vb. n. Maturing.] [See Maturate, Mature.] To bring or hasten to maturity; to promote ripeness in; to ripen; to complete; as to mature one’s plans. Bacon.

Ma•ture´, v. i. 1. To advance toward maturity; to become ripe; as wine matures by age; the judgment matures by age and experience. 2. Hence, to become due, as a note.

Ma•ture´ly, adv. 1. In a mature manner; with ripeness; completely. 2. With caution; deliberately. Dryden. 3. Early; soon. [A Latinism, little used] Bentley.

Ma•ture´ness, n. The state or quality of being mature; maturity.

Ma•tur´er , n. One who brings to maturity.

Mat•u•res´cent , a. [L. maturescens, p. pr. of maturescere to become ripe, v. incho. from maturus. See Mature, a.] Approaching maturity.

Ma•tur´ing , a. Approaching maturity; as maturing fruits; maturing notes of hand.

Ma•tu´ri•ty , n. [L. maturitas: cf. F. maturite.] 1. The state or quality of being mature; ripeness; full development; as the maturity of corn or of grass; maturity of judgment; the maturity of a plan. 2. Arrival of the time fixed for payment; a becoming due; termination of the period a note, etc., has to run.

Mat•u•ti´nal , a. [L. matutinalis, matutinus: cf. F. matutinal. See Matin.] Of or pertaining to the morning; early.

Ma•tu´ti•na•ry , a. Matutinal. [R.]

Mat´u•tine , a. Matutinal. [R.]

Mat´weed , n. (Bot.) A name of several maritime grasses, as the sea sand-reed (Ammophila arundinacea) which is used in Holland to bind the sand of the seacoast dikes (see Beach grass, under Beach); also the Lygeum Spartum, a Mediterranean grass of similar habit.

Mat´y , n. [Etymology uncertain.] A native house servant in India. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Matz´oth , n. [Heb. matstsoth, pl. of matstsah unleavened.] A cake of unleavened bread eaten by the Jews at the feast of the Passover.

Mau•ca´co , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A lemur; — applied to several species, as the White-fronted, the ruffed, and the ring-tailed lemurs.

Maud , n. A gray plaid; — used by shepherds in Scotland.

Mau´dle , v. t. To throw onto confusion or disorder; to render maudlin. [Obs.]

Maud´lin , a. [From Maudlin, a contr. of Magdalen, OE. Maudeleyne, who is drawn by painters with eyes swelled and red with weeping.] 1. Tearful; easily moved to tears; exciting to tears; excessively sentimental; weak and silly. ´Maudlin eyes.´ Dryden. ´Maudlin eloquence.´ Roscommon. ´A maudlin poetess.´ Pope. ´Maudlin crowd.´ Southey. 2. Drunk, or somewhat drunk; fuddled; given to drunkenness. “Maudlin Clarence in his malmsey butt.” Byron. { Maud´lin , Maude´line } n. (Bot.) An aromatic composite herb, the costmary; also the South European Achillea Ageratum, a kind of yarrow.

Maud´lin•ism , n. A maudlin state. Dickens.

Maud´lin•wort , n. (Bot.) The oxeye daisy. { Mau´ger , Mau´gre } (ma´ger), prep. [OF. maugre, malgre, F. malgre. See Mal-, Malice, and Agree.] In spite of; in opposition to; notwithstanding. “A man must needs love maugre his heed.” Chaucer. “This mauger all the world will I keep safe.” Shak.

Mau´gre, v. t. To defy. [Obs.] J. Webster.

Mau´kin , n. 1. See Malkin. 2. (Zoöl.) A hare. [Scot.]

Maul , n. [See Mall a hammer.] A heavy wooden hammer or beetle. [Written also mall.]

Maul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mauled p. pr. & vb. n. Mauling.] 1. To beat and bruise with a heavy stick or cudgel; to wound in a coarse manner. “Meek modern faith to murder, hack, and maul.” Pope. 2. To injure greatly; to do much harm to. “It mauls not only the person misrepreseted, but him also to whom he is misrepresented.” South.

Maule , n. (Bot.) The common mallow.

Maul´ing , n. A severe beating with a stick, cudgel, or the fist.

Maul´-stick , n. [G. malerstock; maler a painter + stock stick.] A stick used by painters as a rest for the hand while working. [Written also mahl-stick.]

Mau´met , n. See Mawmet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Maunch , v. t. To munch. [Obs.]

Maunch , n. See Manche.

Maund , n. [AS. mand, mond.] A hand basket. [Obs.] Herrick.

Maund, n. [Hind, & Per. man.] An East Indian weight, varying in different localities from 25 to about 82 pounds avoirdupois. { Maund , Maund´er } v. i. [Cf. F. mendier to beg, E. mendicant.] 1. To beg. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Beau. & Fl. 2. To mutter; to mumble; to grumble; to speak indistinctly or disconnectedly; to talk incoherently. “He was ever maundering by the how that he met a party of scarlet devils.” Sir W. Scott.

Maund´er, v. t. To utter in a grumbling manner; to mutter.

Maund´er, n. A beggar. [Obs.]

Maund´er•er , n. One who maunders.

Maun´dril , n. [Cf. Mandrel.] (Coal Mining) A pick with two prongs, to pry with.

Maun´dy Thurs´day [OE. maunde a command, OF. mande, L. mandatum, from mandare to command. See called from the ancient custom of washing the feet of the poor on this day, which was taken to be the fulfillment of the ´new commandment,´ John xiii. 5, 34.] (Eccl.) The Thursday in Passion week, or next before Good Friday.

Maun´gy , a. Mangy. [Obs.] Skelton.

Mau•resque´ , a. & n. See Moresque.

Maur´ist , n. [From Maurus, the favorite disciple of St. Benedict.] A member of the Congregation of Saint Maur, an offshoot of the Benedictines, originating in France in the early part of the seventeenth century. The Maurists have been distinguished for their interest in literature.

Mau•so•le´an , a. [L. Mausoleus. See Mausoleum.] Pertaining to a mausoleum; monumental.

Mau•so•le´um , n.; pl. E. Mausoleums (#), L. -lea (#). [L. mausoleum, Gr. , fr. Mausolus, king of Caria, to whom Artemisia, his widow, erected a stately monument.] A magnificent tomb, or stately sepulchral monument.

Mau´ther , n. [Cf. AS. maegþ a maid.] [Also spelled mawther, mother.] A girl; esp., a great, awkward girl; a wench. [Prov. Eng.]

Mauv•an´i•line , n. (Chem.) See Mauve aniline, under Mauve.

Mauve (mov), n. [F., mallow, L. malva. So named from the similarity of the color to that of the petals of common mallow, Malva sylvestris. See Mallow.] A color of a delicate purple, violet, or lilac. Mauve aniline (Chem.), a dyestuff produced artificially by the oxidation of commercial aniline, and the first discovered of the so-called coal-tar, or aniline, dyes. It consists of the sulphate of mauveïne, and is a dark brown or bronze amorphous powder, which dissolves to a beatiful purple color. Called also aniline purple, violine, etc.

Mauve´ïne , n. (Chem.) An artificial organic base, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, and valuable for the dyestuffs it forms. [Written also mauvine.]

Mauv´ine , a. Mauve- colored.

Mav´er•ick , n. In the southwestern part of the united States, a bullock or heifer that has not been branded, and is unclaimed or wild; — said to be from Maverick, the name of a cattle owner in Texas who neglected to brand his cattle.

Ma´vis (ma´vis), n. [F. mauvis, Arm. milvid, milfid, milc’hhouid, Corn. melhuez.] (Zoöl.) The European throstle or song thrush (Turdus musicus).

Maw (ma), n. [See Mew a gull.] (Zoöl.) A gull.

Maw, n. [OE. mawe, AS. maga stomach; akin to D. maag, OHG. mago, G. magen, Icel. magi, Sw. mage, Dan. mave. rad.103.] 1. A stomach; the receptacle into which food is taken by swallowing; in birds, the craw; — now used only of the lower animals, exept humorously or in contempt. Chaucer. “Bellies and maws of living creatures.” Bacon. 2. Appetite; inclination. [Obs.] “Unless you had more maw to do me good.” Beau. & Fl. Fish maw. (Zoöl.) See under Fish.

Maw, n. An old game at cards. Sir A. Weldon.

Mawk (mak), n. [OE. mauk, maðek, Icel. maðkr; akin to Dan. maddik, and E. mad an earthworm. See Mad, n.] 1. A maggot. [Scot.] 2. A slattern; a mawks. [Prov. Eng.]

Maw´kin , n. See Malkin, and Maukin.

Mawk´ing•ly , adv. Slatternly. [Obs.]

Mawk´ish, a. [Orig., maggoty. See Mawk.] 1. Apt to cause satiety or loathing; nauseous; disgusting. “So sweetly mawkish’, and so smoothly dull.” Pope. 2. Easily disgusted; squeamish; sentimentally fastidious. J. H. Newman.

Mawk´ish•ly, adv. In a mawkish way.

Mawk´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being mawkish. J. H. Newman.

Mawks , n. A slattern; a mawk. [Prov. Eng.]

Mawk´y , a. Maggoty. [Prov. Eng.]

Maw´met , n. [Contr. fr. Mahomet.] A puppet; a doll; originally, an idol, because in the Middle Ages it was generally believed that the Mohammedans worshiped images representing Mohammed. [Obs.] Wyclif. Beau. & Fl.

Maw´met•ry , n. The religion of Mohammed; also idolatry. See Mawmet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Maw´mish , a. [Prov. E. maum soft, mellow, rotten; cf. OD. molm rotten wood, G. mulm.] Nauseous. [Obs.] L’ Estrange.

Maw´seed , n. [Cf. G. magsamen.] (Bot.) The seed of the opium poppy.

Maw´worm , n. [Maw the belly + worm.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any intestinal worm found in the stomach, esp. the common round worm (Ascaris lumbricoides), and allied species. (b) One of the larvae of botflies of horses; a bot.

Max•il´la , n.; pl. Maxillae (#). [L., dim. of mala jaw, jawbone.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The bone of either the upper or the under jaw. (b) The bone, or principal bone, of the upper jaw, the bone of the lower jaw being the mandible. [Now commonly used in this restricted sense.] 2. (Zoöl.) One of the lower or outer jaws of arthropods. There are usually two pairs in Crustacea and one pair in insects. In certain insects they are not used as jaws, but may form suctorial organs. See Illust. under Lepidoptera, and Diptera. { Max´il•lar , Max´il•la•ry } a. [L. maxillaris, fr. maxilla jawbone, jaw: cf. F. maxillaire.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to either the upper or the lower jaw, but now usually applied to the upper jaw only. — n. The principal maxillary bone; the maxilla. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a maxilla.

Max•il´li•form , a. [Maxilla + -form: cf. F. maxilliforme.] Having the form, or structure, of a maxilla.

Max•il´li•ped , n. [Maxilla + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) One of the mouth appendages of Crustacea, situated next behind the maxillae. Crabs have three pairs, but many of the lower Crustacea have but one pair of them. Called also jawfoot, and foot jaw.

Max•il•lo-man•dib´u•lar , a. [Maxilla + mandibular.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the maxilla and mandible; as the maxillo-mandibular nerve.

Max•il•lo-pal´a•tine , a. [Maxilla + palatine.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the maxillary and palatine regions of the skull; as the maxillo- palatine process of the maxilla. Also used as n.

Max•il•lo•tur•bi•nal , a. [Maxilla + turbinal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the maxillary and turbinal regions of the skull. — n. The maxillo-turbinal, or inferior turbinate, bone.

Max´im , n. [F. maxime, L. maxima (sc. sententia), the greatest sentence, proposition, or axiom, i. e., of the greatest weight or authority, fem. fr. maximus greatest, superl. of magnus great. See Magnitude, and cf. Maximum.] 1. An established principle or proposition; a condensed proposition of important practical truth; an axiom of practical wisdom; an adage; a proverb; an aphorism. “’T is their maxim, Love is love’s reward.” Dryden. 2. (Mus.) The longest note formerly used, equal to two longs, or four breves; a large. Syn. — Axiom; aphorism; apothegm; adage; proverb; saying. See Axiom.

Max•i•mil´ian , n. [From the proper name.] A gold coin of Bavaria, of the value of about 13s. 6d. sterling, or about three dollars and a quarter.

Max•i•mi•za´tion , n. The act or process of increasing to the highest degree. Bentham.

Max´i•mize , v. t. [L. maximus greatest.] To increase to the highest degree. Bentham.

Max´i•mum , n.; pl. Maxima (#). [L., neut. from maximus the greatest. See Maxim.] The greatest quantity or value attainable in a given case; or, the greatest value attained by a quantity which first increases and then begins to decrease; the highest point or degree; — opposed to minimum. “Good legislation is the art of conducting a nation to the maximum of happiness, and the minimum of misery.” P. Colquhoun. Maximum thermometer, a thermometer that registers the highest degree of temperature attained in a given time, or since its last adjustment.

Max´i•mum, a. Greatest in quantity or highest in degree attainable or attained; as a maximum consumption of fuel; maximum pressure; maximum heat.

May (ma), v. [imp. Might (mit)] [AS. pres. maeg I am able, pret. meahte, mihte; akin to D. mogen, G. mögen, OHG. mugan, magan, Icel. mega, Goth. magan, Russ. moche. rad.103. Cf. Dismay, Main strength, Might. The old imp. mought is obsolete, except as a provincial word.] An auxiliary verb qualifying the meaning of another verb, by expressing: (a) Ability, competency, or possibility; — now oftener expressed by can. “How may a man, said he, with idle speech,
Be won to spoil the castle of his health !” Spenser. “For what he [the king] may do is of two kinds; what he may do as just, and what he may do as possible.” Bacon. “For of all sad words of tongue or pen
The saddest are these: ´It might have been.´” Whittier. (b) Liberty; permission; allowance. “Thou mayst be no longer steward.” Luke xvi. 2. (c) Contingency or liability; possibility or probability. “Though what he learns he speaks, and may advance
Some general maxims, or be right by chance.” Pope. (d) Modesty, courtesy, or concession, or a desire to soften a question or remark. “How old may Phillis be, you ask.” Prior. (e) Desire or wish, as in prayer, imprecation, benediction, and the like. ´May you live happily.´ Dryden. May be, ∧ It may be, are used as equivalent to possibly, perhaps, by chance, peradventure. See 1st Maybe.

May, n. [Cf. Icel. maer, Goth. mawi; akin to E. maiden. rad.103.] A maiden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

May, n. [F. Mai, L. Maius; so named in honor of the goddess Maia (Gr. ), daughter of Atlas and mother of Mercury by Jupiter.] 1. The fifth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. Chaucer. 2. The early part or springtime of life. “His May of youth, and bloom of lustihood.” Shak. 3. (Bot.) The flowers of the hawthorn; — so called from their time of blossoming; also the hawthorn. “The palm and may make country houses gay.” Nash. “Plumes that mocked the may.” Tennyson. 4. The merrymaking of May Day. Tennyson. Italian may (Bot.), a shrubby species of Spiraea (S. hypericifolia) with many clusters of small white flowers along the slender branches. — May apple (Bot.), the fruit of an American plant (Podophyllum peltatum). also the plant itself (popularly called mandrake), which has two lobed leaves, and bears a single egg-shaped fruit at the forking. The root and leaves, used in medicine, are powerfully drastic. — May beetle, May bug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of large lamellicorn beetles that appear in the winged state in May. They belong to Melolontha, and allied genera. Called also June beetle. — May Day, the first day of May; — celebrated in the rustic parts of England by the crowning of a May queen with a garland, and by dancing about a May pole. — May dew, the morning dew of the first day of May, to which magical properties were attributed. — May flower (Bot.), a plant that flowers in May; also its blossom. See Mayflower, in the vocabulary. — May fly (Zoöl.), any species of Ephemera, and allied genera; — so called because the mature flies of many species appear in May. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral. — May game, any May-day sport. — May lady, the queen or lady of May, in old May games. — May lily (Bot.), the lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). — May pole. See Maypole in the Vocabulary. — May queen, a girl or young woman crowned queen in the sports of May Day. — May thorn, the hawthorn.

Ma´ya (mä´yä), n. (Hindoo Philos.) The name for the doctrine of the unreality of matter, called, in English, idealism; hence, nothingness; vanity; illusion.

May´be , adv. [For it may be.] Perhaps; possibly; peradventure. “Maybe the amorous count solicits her.” Shak. “In a liberal and, maybe, somewhat reckless way.” Tylor.

May´be, a. Possible; probable, but not sure. [R.] “Then add those maybe years thou hast to live.” Driden.

May´be, n. Possibility; uncertainty. [R.] “What they offer is mere maybe and shift.” Creech.

May´bird , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The whimbrel; — called also May fowl, May curlew, and May whaap. (b) The knot. [Southern U. S.] (c) The bobolink.

May´bloom , n. (Bot.) The hawthorn.

May´bush , n. (Bot.) The hawthorn.

May´duke , n. [Corrupt. of Medoc, a province in France, where it is supposed to have originated.] A large dark-red cherry of excellent quality.

May´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A common American minnow (Fundulus majalis). See Minnow.

May´flow•er , n. (Bot.) In England, the hawthorn; in New England, the trailing arbutus (see Arbutus); also the blossom of these plants.

May´hap , adv. Perhaps; peradventure. [Prov. or Dialectic]

May´hem , n. [The same as maim. See Maim.] (Law) The maiming of a person by depriving him of the use of any of his members which are necessary for defense or protection. See Maim.

May´ing , n. The celebrating of May Day. ´He met her once a-Maying.´ Milton.

Ma•yon•naise´ , n. [F.] A sauce compounded of raw yolks of eggs beaten up with olive oil to the consistency of a sirup, and seasoned with vinegar, pepper, salt, etc.; — used in dressing salads, fish, etc. also a dish dressed with this sauce.

May´or , n. [OE. maire, F. maire, fr. L. major greater, higher, nobler, compar. of magnus great; cf. Sp. mayor. See Major, and cf. Merino.] The chief magistrate of a city or borough; the chief officer of a municipal corporation. In some American cities there is a city court of which the major is chief judge.

May´or•al , n. [Sp., fr. mayor greater, L. major.] The conductor of a mule team; also a head shepherd.

May´or•al•ty , n. The office, or the term of office, of a mayor.

May´or•ess , n. The wife of a mayor.

May´or•ship, n. The office of a mayor.

May´pole , n. A tall pole erected in an open place and wreathed with flowers, about which the rustic May-day sports were had.

May´pop , n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. maracock.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of a passion flower, especially that of the North American Passiflora incarnata, an oval yellowish berry as large as a small apple.

May´weed , n. (Bot.) (a) A composite plant (Anthemis Cotula), having a strong odor; dog’s fennel. It is a native of Europe, now common by the roadsides in the United States. (b) The feverfew. { Ma•za´ma , Ma•za´me } n. (Zoöl.) A goatlike antelope (Haplocerus montanus) which inhabits the Rocky Mountains, frequenting the highest parts; — called also mountain goat.

Maz´ard , n. [Cf. F. merise a wild cherry.] (Bot.) A kind of small black cherry.

Maz´ard, n. [Prob. fr. mazer, the head being compared to a large goblet.] The jaw; the head or skull. [Obs.] Shak.

Maz´ard, v. t., To knock on the head. [Obs.]

Maz•a•rine´ , a. Of or pertaining to Cardinal Mazarin, prime minister of France, 1643-1661. Mazarine Bible, the first Bible, and perhaps the first complete book, printed with movable metal types; — printed by Gutenberg at Mentz, 1450-55; — so called because a copy was found in the Mazarine Library, at Paris, about 1760. — Mazarine blue, a deep blue color, named in honor of Cardinal Mazarin.

Maz•a•rine´, n. Mazarine blue.

Maz´de•an , a. Of or pertaining to Ahura-Mazda, or Ormuzd, the beneficent deity in the Zoroastrian dualistic system; hence, Zoroastrian.

Maz´de•ism , n. The Zoroastrian religion.

Maze , n. [OE. mase; cf. OE. masen to confuse, puzzle, Norweg. masast to fall into a slumber, masa to be continually busy, prate, chatter, Icel. masa to chatter, dial. Sw. masa to bask, be slow, work slowly and lazily, mas slow, lazy.] 1. A wild fancy; a confused notion. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Confusion of thought; perplexity; uncertainty; state of bewilderment. 3. A confusing and baffling network, as of paths or passages; an intricacy; a labyrinth. ´Quaint mazes on the wanton green.´ Shak. “Or down the tempting maze of Shawford brook.” Wordaworth. “The ways of Heaven are dark and intricate,
Puzzled with mazes, and perplexed with error.” Addison. Syn. — Labyrinth; intricacy. See Labyrinth.

Maze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mazed p. pr. & vb. n. Mazing.] To perplex greatly; to bewilder; to astonish and confuse; to amaze. South.

Maze, v. i. To be bewildered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Maz´ed•ness , n. The condition of being mazed; confusion; astonishment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Maze´ful , a. Mazy. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Maz´er , n. [OE. maser, akin to OD. maser an excrescence on a maple tree, OHG. masar, G. maser spot, Icel. mösurr maple.] A large drinking bowl; — originally made of maple. [Obs.] “Their brimful mazers to the feasting bring.” Drayton.

Ma´zi•ly , adv. In a mazy manner.

Ma´zi•ness, n. The state or quality of being mazy.

Maz•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to mazology.

Ma•zol´o•gist , n. One versed in mazology or mastology.

Ma•zol´o•gy , n. [Gr. the breast + -logy.] Same as Mastology. { Ma•zour´ka , Ma•zur´ka } n. A Polish dance, or the music which accompanies it, usually in 3-4 or 3-8 measure, with a strong accent on the second beat.

Ma´zy , a. [From Maze.] Perplexed with turns and windings; winding; intricate; confusing; perplexing; embarrassing; as mazy error. Milton. “To range amid the mazy thicket.” Spenser. “To run the ring, and trace the mazy round.” Dryden.

Me , pron. One. See Men, pron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Me (me), pers. pron. [AS. me, dat. & acc., mec, acc. only ; akin to D. mij, G. mich, Icel. & Goth. mik, L. me, Gr. me•, ’eme•, Skr. ma, mam. rad.187. Cf. 2d Mine.] The person speaking, regarded as an object; myself; a pronoun of the first person used as the objective and dative case of the pronoum I; as he struck me; he gave me the money, or he gave the money to me; he got me a hat, or he got a hat for me. In methinks, me is properly in the dative case, and the verb is impersonal, the construction being, it appears to me. In early use me was often placed before forms of the verb to be with an adjective; as me were lief. “Me rather had my heart might frrl your love
Than my unpleased eye see your courtesy.” Shak.

Meach , v. i. To skulk; to cower. See Mich.

Mea´cock , n. [Prob. fr. meek + cock.] An uxorious, effeminate, or spiritless man. [Obs.] Johnson.

Mead (med), n. [OE. mede, AS. meodo; akin to D. mede, G. met, meth, OHG. metu, mitu, Icel. mjöðr, Dan. miöd, Sw. mjöd, Russ. med’, Lith. midus, W. medd, Gr. me•qy wine, Skr. madhu honey, a sweet drink, as adj., sweet. rad.270. Cf. Metheglin.] 1. A fermented drink made of water and honey with malt, yeast, etc.; metheglin; hydromel. Chaucer. 2. A drink composed of sirup of sarsaparilla or other flavoring extract, and water. It is sometimes charged with carbonic acid gas. [U. S.]

Mead, n. [AS. maed. See Meadow.] A meadow. “A mede
All full of freshe flowers, white and reede.” Chaucer. “To fertile vales and dewy meads
My weary, wandering steps he leads.” Addison.

Mead´ow , n. [AS. meady; akin to maed, and to G. matte; prob. also to E. mow. See Mow to cut (grass), and cf. 2d Mead.] 1. A tract of low or level land producing grass which is mown for hay; any field on which grass is grown for hay. 2. Low land covered with coarse grass or rank herbage near rives and in marshy places by the sea; as the salt meadows near Newark Bay.

Mead´ow, a. Of or pertaining to a meadow; of the nature of a meadow; produced, growing, or living in, a meadow. ´Fat meadow ground.´ Milton. For many names of plants compounded with meadow, see the particular word in the Vocabulary. Meadow beauty. (Bot.) Same as Deergrass. — Meadow foxtail (Bot.), a valuable pasture grass (Alopecurus pratensis) resembling timothy, but with softer spikes. — Meadow grass (Bot.), a name given to several grasses of the genus Poa, common in meadows, and of great value for nay and for pasture. See Grass. — Meadow hay, a coarse grass, or true sedge, growing in uncultivated swamp or river meadow; — used as fodder or bedding for cattle, packing for ice, etc. [Local, U. S.] — Meadow hen. (Zoöl.) (a) The American bittern. See Stake-driver. (b) The American coot (Fulica). (c) The clapper rail. — Meadow lark (Zoöl.), any species of Sturnella, a genus of American birds allied to the starlings. The common species (S. magna) has a yellow breast with a black crescent. — Meadow mouse (Zoöl.), any mouse of the genus Arvicola, as the common American species A. riparia; — called also field mouse, and field vole. — Meadow mussel (Zoöl.), an American ribbed mussel (Modiola plicatula), very abundant in salt marshes. — Meadow ore (Min.), bog-iron ore , a kind of limonite. — Meadow parsnip. (Bot.) See under Parsnip. — Meadow pink. (Bot.) See under Pink. — Meadow pipit (Zoöl.), a small singing bird of the genus Anthus, as A. pratensis, of Europe. — Meadow rue (Bot.), a delicate early plant, of the genus Thalictrum, having compound leaves and numerous white flowers. There are many species. — Meadow saffron. (Bot.) See under Saffron. — Meadow sage. (Bot.) See under Sage. — Meadow saxifrage (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant of Europe (Silaus pratensis), somewhat resembling fennel. — Meadow snipe (Zoöl.), the common or jack snipe. { Mead´ow•sweet• , Mead´ow•wort• } n. (Bot.) The name of several plants of the genus Spiraea, especially the white- or pink-flowered S. salicifolia, a low European and American shrub, and the herbaceous S. Ulmaria, which has fragrant white flowers in compound cymes.

Mead´ow•y , a. Of or pertaining to meadows; resembling, or consisting of, meadow. { Mea´ger , Mea´gre } , a. [OE. merge, F. maigre, L. macer; akin to D. & G. mager, Icel. magr, and prob. to Gr. makro•s long. Cf. Emaciate, Maigre.] 1. Destitue of, or having little, flesh; lean. “Meager were his looks;
Sharp misery had worn him to the bones.” Shak. 2. Destitute of richness, fertility, strength, or the like; defective in quantity, or poor in quality; poor; barren; scanty in ideas; wanting strength of diction or affluence of imagery. ´Meager soil.´ Dryden. “Of secular habits and meager religious belief.” I. Taylor. “His education had been but meager.” Motley. 3. (Min.) Dry and harsh to the touch, as chalk. Syn. — Thin; lean; lank; gaunt; starved; hungry; poor; emaciated; scanty; barren. { Mea´ger , Mea´gre }, v. t. To make lean. [Obs.] { Mea´ger•ly , Mea´gre•ly }, adv. Poorly; thinly. { Mea´ger•ness , Mea´gre•ness }, n. The state or quality of being meager; leanness; scantiness; barrenness.

Mea´gre , n. [F. maigre.] (Zoöl.) A large European sciaenoid fish (Sciaena umbra or S. aquila), having white bloodless flesh. It is valued as a food fish. [Written also maigre.]

Meak , n. [Cf. AS. mece sword, OS. maki, Icel. maekir.] A hook with a long handle. [Obs.] Tusser.

Meak´ing, n. [See Meak.] (Naut.) The process of picking out the oakum from the seams of a vessel which is to be recalked. Meaking iron (Naut.), the tool with which old oakum is picked out of a vessel’s seams.

Meal (mel), n. [OE. mele, AS. mael part, portion, portion of time; akin to E. meal a repast. Cf. Piecemeal.] A part; a fragment; a portion. [Obs.]

Meal, n. [OE. mel; akin to E. meal a part, and to D. maal time, meal, G. mal time, mahl meal, Icel. mal measure, time, meal, Goth. mel time, and to E. measure. See Measure.] The portion of food taken at a particular time for the satisfaction of appetite; the quantity usually taken at one time with the purpose of satisfying hunger; a repast; the act or time of eating a meal; as the traveler has not eaten a good meal for a week; there was silence during the meal. “What strange fish
Hath made his meal on thee ?” Shak.

Meal, n. [OE. mele, AS. melu, melo; akin to D. meel, G. mehl, OHG. melo, Icel. mjöl, SW. mjöl, Dan. meel, also to D. malen to grind, G. mahlen, OHG., OS., & Goth. malan, Icel. mala, W. malu, L. molere, Gr. my•lh mill, and E. mill. rad.108. Cf. Mill, Mold soil, Mole an animal, Immolate, Molar.] 1. Grain (esp. maize, rye, or oats) that is coarsely ground and unbolted; also a kind of flour made from beans, pease, etc.; sometimes, any flour, esp. if coarse. 2. Any substance that is coarsely pulverized like meal, but not granulated. Meal beetle (Zoöl.), the adult of the meal worm. See Meal worm, below. — Meal moth (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect (Asopia farinalis), the larvae of which feed upon meal, flour, etc. — Meal worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a beetle (Tenebrio molitor) which infests granaries, bakehouses, etc., and is very injurious to flour and meal.

Meal, v. t. 1. To sprinkle with, or as with, meal. Shak. 2. To pulverize; as mealed powder.

Meal´ies , n. pl. [From Mealy.] (Bot.) Maize or Indian corn; — the common name in South Africa.

Meal´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being mealy.

Meal´-mouthed , a. See Mealy-mouthed.

Meal´time , n. The usual time of eating a meal.

Meal´y , a. [Compar. Mealier superl. Mealiest.] 1. Having the qualities of meal; resembling meal; soft, dry, and friable; easily reduced to a condition resembling meal; as a mealy potato. 2. Overspread with something that resembles meal; as the mealy wings of an insect. Shak. Mealy bug (Zoöl.), a scale insect (Coccus adonidum, and related species), covered with a white powderlike substance. It is a common pest in hothouses.

Meal´y-mouthed , a. Using soft words; plausible; affectedly or timidly delicate of speech; unwilling to tell the truth in plain language. ´Mealy-mouthed philanthropies.´ Tennyson. “She was a fool to be mealy-mouthed where nature speaks so plain.” L’Estrange. — Meal´y-mouth•ness (#), n.

Mean (men), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meant (ment); p. pr. & vb. n. Meaning.] [OE. menen, AS. maenan to recite, tell, intend, wish; akin to OS. menian to have in mind, mean, D. meenen, G. meinen, OHG. meinan, Icel. meina, Sw. mena, Dan. mene, and to E. mind. rad.104. See Mind, and cf. Moan.] 1. To have in the mind, as a purpose, intention, etc.; to intend; to purpose; to design; as what do you mean to do ? “What mean ye by this service ?” Ex. xii. 26. “Ye thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good.” Gen. 1. 20. “I am not a Spaniard
To say that it is yours and not to mean it.” Longfellow. 2. To signify; to indicate; to import; to denote. “What mean these seven ewe lambs ?” Gen. xxi. 29. “Go ye, and learn what that meaneth.” Matt. ix. 13.

Mean, v. i. To have a purpose or intention. [Rare, except in the phrase to mean well, or ill.] Shak.

Mean (men), a. [Compar. Meaner (men´er); superl. Meanest.] [OE. mene, AS. maene wicked; akin to man, a., wicked, n., wickedness, OS. men wickedness, OHG. mein, G. meineid perjury, Icel. mein harm, hurt, and perh. to AS. gemaene common, general, D. gemeen, G. gemein, Goth. gamáins, and L. communis. The AS. gemaene prob. influenced the meaning.] 1. Destitute of distinction or eminence; common; low; vulgar; humble. ´Of mean parentage.´ Sir P. Sidney. “The mean man boweth down, and the great man humbleth himself.” Is. ii. 9. 2. Wanting dignity of mind; low-minded; base; destitute of honor; spiritless; as a mean motive. “Can you imagine I so mean could prove,
To save my life by changing of my love ?” Dryden. 3. Of little value or account; worthy of little or no regard; contemptible; despicable. “The Roman legions and great Caesar found
Our fathers no mean foes.” J. Philips. 4. Of poor quality; as mean fare. 5. Penurious; stingy; close-fisted; illiberal; as mean hospitality. Mean is sometimes used in the formation of compounds, the sense of which is obvious without explanation; as meanborn, mean-looking, etc. Syn. — Base; ignoble; abject; beggarly; wretched; degraded; degenerate; vulgar; vile; servile; menial; spiritless; groveling; slavish; dishonorable; disgraceful; shameful; despicable; contemptible; paltry; sordid. See Base.

Mean, a. [OE. mene, OF. meiien, F. moyen, fr. L. medianus that is in the middle, fr. medius; akin to E. mid. See Mid.] 1. Occupying a middle position; middle; being about midway between extremes. “Being of middle age and a mean stature.” Sir. P. Sidney. 2. Intermediate in excellence of any kind. “According to the fittest style of lofty, mean, or lowly.” Milton. 3. (Math.) Average; having an intermediate value between two extremes, or between the several successive values of a variable quantity during one cycle of variation; as mean distance; mean motion; mean solar day. Mean distance (of a planet from the sun) (Astron.), the average of the distances throughout one revolution of the planet, equivalent to the semi-major axis of the orbit. — Mean error (Math. Phys.), the average error of a number of observations found by taking the mean value of the positive and negative errors without regard to sign. — Mean-square error, or Error of the mean square (Math. Phys.), the error the square of which is the mean of the squares of all the errors; — called also especially by European writers, mean error. — Mean line. (Crystallog.) Same as Bisectrix. — Mean noon, noon as determined by mean time. — Mean proportional (between two numbers) (Math.), the square root of their product. — Mean sun, a fictitious sun supposed to move uniformly in the equator so as to be on the meridian each day at mean noon. — Mean time, time as measured by an equable motion, as of a perfect clock, or as reckoned on the supposition that all the days of the year are of a mean or uniform length, in contradistinction from apparent time, or that actually indicated by the sun, and from sidereal time, or that measured by the stars.

Mean, n. 1. That which is mean, or intermediate, between two extremes of place, time, or number; the middle point or place; middle rate or degree; mediocrity; medium; absence of extremes or excess; moderation; measure. “But to speak in a mean, the virtue of prosperity is temperance; the virtue of adversity is fortitude.” Bacon. “There is a mean in all things.” Dryden. “The extremes we have mentioned, between which the wellinstracted Christian holds the mean, are correlatives.” I. Taylor. 2. (Math.) A quantity having an intermediate value between several others, from which it is derived, and of which it expresses the resultant value; usually, unless otherwise specified, it is the simple average, formed by adding the quantities together and dividing by their number, which is called an arithmetical mean. A geometrical mean is the square root of the product of the quantities. 3. That through which, or by the help of which, an end is attained; something tending to an object desired; intermediate agency or measure; necessary condition or coagent; instrument. “Their virtuous conversation was a mean to work the conversion of the heathen to Christ.” Hooker. “You may be able, by this mean, to review your own scientific acquirements.” Coleridge. “Philosophical doubt is not an end, but a mean.” Sir W. Hamilton. In this sense the word is usually employed in the plural form means, and often with a singular attribute or predicate, as if a singular noun. “By this means he had them more at vantage.” Bacon. “What other means is left unto us.” Shak. 4. pl. Hence: Resources; property, revenue, or the like, considered as the condition of easy livelihood, or an instrumentality at command for effecting any purpose; disposable force or substance. “Your means are very slender, and your waste is great.” Shak. 5. (Mus.) A part, whether alto or tenor, intermediate between the soprano and base; a middle part. [Obs.] “The mean is drowned with your unruly base.” Shak. 6. Meantime; meanwhile. [Obs.] Spenser. 7. A mediator; a go-between. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “He wooeth her by means and by brokage.” Chaucer. By all means, certainly; without fail; as go, by all means. — By any means, in any way; possibly; at all. “If by any means I might attain to the resurrection of the dead.” Phil. iii. ll. — By no means, or By no manner of means, not at all; certainly not; not in any degree. “The wine on this side of the lake is by no means so good as that on the other.” Addison.

Me•an´der , n. [L. Maeander, orig., a river in Phrygia, proverbial for its many windings, Gr. : cf. F. meandre.] 1. A winding, crooked, or involved course; as the meanders of the veins and arteries. Sir M. Hale. “While lingering rivers in meanders glide.” Sir R. Blackmore. 2. A tortuous or intricate movement. 3. (Arch.) Fretwork. See Fret.

Me•an´der, v. t. To wind, turn, or twist; to make flexuous. Dryton.

Me•an´der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meandered p. pr. & vb. n. Meandering.] To wind or turn in a course or passage; to be intricate. “Five miles meandering with a mazy motion
Through wood and dale the sacred river ran.” Coleridge.

Me•an´dri•an , a. [L. Maeandrius: cf. F. meandrien.] Winding; having many turns.

Me•an•dri´na , n. [NL.: cf. F. meandrine.] (Zoöl.) A genus of corals with meandering grooves and ridges, including the brain corals. { Me•an´drous , Me•an´dry } a. Winding; flexuous.

Mean´ing , n. 1. That which is meant or intended; intent; purpose; aim; object; as a mischievous meaning was apparent. “If there be any good meaning towards you.” Shak. 2. That which is signified, whether by act lanquage; signification; sense; import; as the meaning of a hint. 3. Sense; power of thinking. [R.] — Mean´ing•less, a. — Mean´ing•ly, adv.

Mean´ly, adv. [Mean middle.] Moderately. [Obs.] “A man meanly learned himself, but not meanly affectioned to set forward learning in others.” Ascham.

Mean´ly, adv. [From Mean low.] In a mean manner; unworthily; basely; poorly; ungenerously. “While the heaven-born child
All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies.” Milton. “Would you meanly thus rely
On power you know I must obey ?” Prior. “We can not bear to have others think meanly of them [our kindred].” I. Watts.

Mean´ness, n. 1. The condition, or quality, of being mean; want of excellence; poorness; lowness; baseness; sordidness; stinginess. “This figure is of a later date, by the meanness of the workmanship.” Addison. 2. A mean act; as to be guilty of meanness. Goldsmith.

Mean´-spir•it•ed , a. Of a mean spirit; base; groveling. — Mean´-spir•it•ed•ness, n.

Meant , imp. & p. p. of Mean. { Mean´time• , Mean´while• } n. The intervening time; as in the meantime (or mean time). { Mean´time• , Mean´while• } adv. In the intervening time; during the interval.

Mear , n. A boundary. See Mere. [Obs.]

Mease , n. [Cf. G. mass measure.] Five hundred; as a mease of herrings. [Prov. Eng.]

Mea´sel•ry , n. [OE. meselrie, OF. mesellerie. See lst Measle.] Leprosy. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

Mea´sle , n. [OE. mesel, OF. mesel, LL. misellus, L. misellus unfortunate, dim. of miser. See Miser.] A leper. [Obs.] [Written also meazel, and mesel.] Wyclif (Matt. x. 8. ).

Mea´sle, n. (Zoöl.) A tapeworm larva. See 2d Measles, 4.

Mea´sled , a. [See 2d Measles.] Infected or spotted with measles, as pork. — Mea´sled•ness, n.

Mea´sles , n. [From lst Measle.] Leprosy; also a leper. [Obs.]

Mea´sles, n.; pl. in form, but used as singular in senses 1, 2, & 3. [D. mazelen; akin to G. masern, pl., and E. mazer, and orig. meaning, little spots. See Mazer.] 1. (Med.) A contagious febrile disorder commencing with catarrhal symptoms, and marked by the appearance on the third day of an eruption of distinct red circular spots, which coalesce in a crescentic form, are slightly raised above the surface, and after the fourth day of the eruption gradually decline; rubeola. “Measles commences with the ordinary symptoms of fever.” Am. Cyc. 2. (Veter. Med.) A disease of cattle and swine in which the flesh is filled with the embryos of different varieties of the tapeworm. 3. A disease of trees. [Obs.] 4. pl. (Zoöl.) The larvae of any tapeworm (Taenia) in the cysticerus stage, when contained in meat. Called also bladder worms.

Mea´sly , a. 1. Infected with measles. 2. (Zoöl.) Containing larval tapeworms; — said of pork and beef.

Meas´ur•a•ble , a. [F. mesurable, L. mensurabilis. See Measure, and cf. Mensurable.] 1. Capable of being measured; susceptible of mensuration or computation. 2. Moderate; temperate; not excessive. “Of his diet measurable was he.” Chaucer. — Meas´ur•a•ble•ness, n. — Meas´ur•a•bly, adv. “Yet do it measurably, as it becometh Christians.” Latimer.

Meas´ure (mezh´ur; 135), n. [OE. mesure, F. mesure, L. mensura, fr. metiri, mensus, to measure; akin to metrum poetical measure, Gr. me•tron, E. meter. Cf. Immense, Mensuration, Mete to measure.] 1. A standard of dimension; a fixed unit of quantity or extent; an extent or quantity in the fractions or multiples of which anything is estimated and stated; hence, a rule by which anything is adjusted or judged. 2. An instrument by means of which size or quantity is measured, as a graduated line, rod, vessel, or the like. “False ells and measures be brought all clean adown.” R. of Gloucester. 3. The dimensions or capacity of anything, reckoned according to some standard; size or extent, determined and stated; estimated extent; as to take one’s measure for a coat. “The measure thereof is longer than the earth, and broader than the sea.” Job xi. 9. 4. The contents of a vessel by which quantity is measured; a quantity determined by a standard; a stated or limited quantity or amount. “It is like leaven which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal.” Luke xiii. 21. 5. Extent or degree not excessive or beyong bounds; moderation; due restraint; esp. in the phrases, in measure; with measure; without or beyond measure. “Hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure.” Is. v. 14. 6. Determined extent, not to be exceeded; limit; allotted share, as of action, influence, ability, or the like; due proportion. “Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days.” Ps. xxxix. 4. 7. The quantity determined by measuring, especially in buying and selling; as to give good or full measure. 8. Undefined quantity; extent; degree. “There is a great measure of discretion to be used in the performance of confession.” Jer. Taylor. 9. Regulated division of movement: (a) (Dancing) A regulated movement corresponding to the time in which the accompanying music is performed; but, especially, a slow and stately dance, like the minuet. (b) (Mus.) (1) The group or grouping of beats, caused by the regular recurrence of accented beats. (2) The space between two bars. See Beat, Triple, Quadruple, Sextuple, Compound time, under Compound, a., and Figure. (c) (Poetry) The manner of ordering and combining the quantities, or long and short syllables; meter; rhythm; hence, a foot; as a poem in iambic measure. 10. (Arith.) A number which is contained in a given number a number of times without a remainder; as in the phrases, the common measure, the greatest common measure, etc., of two or more numbers. 11. A step or definite part of a progressive course or policy; a means to an end; an act designed for the accomplishment of an object; as political measures; prudent measures; an inefficient measure. “His majesty found what wrong measures he had taken in the conferring that trust, and lamented his error.” Clarendon. 12. The act of measuring; measurement. Shak. 13. pl. (Geol.) Beds or strata; as coal measures; lead measures. Lineal, or Long, measure, measure of length; the measure of lines or distances. — Liquid measure, the measure of liquids. — Square measure, the measure of superficial area of surfaces in square units, as inches, feet, miles, etc. — To have hard measure, to have harsh treatment meted out to one; to be harshly or oppressively dealt with. — To take measures, to make preparations; to provide means. — To take one’s measure, to measure one, as for a garment; hence, to form an opinion of one’s disposition, character, ability, etc. — To tread a measure, to dance in the style so called. See 9 (a). “Say to her, we have measured many miles
To tread a measure with her on this grass.” Shak.

Meas´ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Measured p. pr. & vb. n. Measuring.] [F. mesurer, L. mensurare. See Measure, n.] 1. To ascertain by use of a measuring instrument; to compute or ascertain the extent, quantity, dimensions, or capacity of, by a certain rule or standard; to take the dimensions of; hence, to estimate; to judge of; to value; to appraise. “Great are thy works, Jehovah, infinite
Thy power! what thought can measure thee?” Milton. 2. To serve as the measure of; as the thermometer measures changes of temperature. 3. To pass throught or over in journeying, as if laying off and determining the distance. “A true devoted pilgrim is not weary
To measure kingdoms with his feeble steps.” Shak. 4. To adjust by a rule or standard. “To secure a contented spirit, measure your desires by your fortunes, not your fortunes by your desires.” Jer. Taylor. 5. To allot or distribute by measure; to set off or apart by measure; — often with out or off. “With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.” Matt. vii. 2. “That portion of eternity which is called time, measured out by the sun.” Addison. To measure swords with one, to try another’s skill in the use of the sword; hence, figuratively, to match one’s abilities against an antagonist’s.

Meas´ure , v. i. 1. To make a measurement or measurements. 2. To result, or turn out, on measuring; as the grain measures well; the pieces measure unequally. 3. To be of a certain size or quantity, or to have a certain length, breadth, or thickness, or a certain capacity according to a standard measure; as cloth measures three fourths of a yard; a tree measures three feet in diameter.

Meas´ured , a. Regulated or determined by a standard; hence, equal; uniform; graduated; limited; moderated; as he walked with measured steps; he expressed himself in no measured terms. — Meas´ured•ly, adv.

Meas´ure•less , a. Without measure; unlimited; immeasurable. — Meas´ure•less•ness, n. Syn. — Boundless; limitless; endless; unbounded; unlimited; vast; immense; infinite; immeasurable.

Meas´ure•ment , n. 1. The act or result of measuring; mensuration; as measurement is required. 2. The extent, size, capacity, amount. or quantity ascertained by measuring; as its measurement is five acres.

Meas´ur•er , n. One who measures; one whose occupation or duty is to measure commondities in market.

Meas´ur•ing, a. Used in, or adapted for, ascertaining measurements, or dividing by measure. Measuring faucet, a faucet which permits only a given quantity of liquid to pass each time it is opened, or one by means of which the liquid which passes can be measured. - - Measuring worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any geometrid moth. See Geometrid.

Meat , n. [OE. mete, AS. mete; akin to OS. mat, meti, D. met hashed meat, G. mettwurst sausage, OHG. maz food, Icel. matr, Sw. mat, Dan. mad, Goth. mats. Cf. Mast fruit, Mush.] 1. Food, in general; anything eaten for nourishment, either by man or beast. Hence, the edible part of anything; as the meat of a lobster, a nut, or an egg. Chaucer. “And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, … to you it shall be for meat.” Gen. i. 29. “Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you.” Gen. ix. 3. 2. The flesh of animals used as food; esp., animal muscle; as a breakfast of bread and fruit without meat. 3. Specifically, dinner; the chief meal. [Obs.] Chaucer. Meat biscuit. See under Biscuit. — Meat earth (Mining), vegetable mold. Raymond. — Meat fly. (Zoöl.) See Flesh fly, under Flesh. — Meat offering (Script.), an offering of food, esp. of a cake made of flour with salt and oil. — To go to meat, to go to a meal. [Obs.] — To sit at meat, to sit at the table in taking food.

Meat, v. t. To supply with food. [Obs.] Tusser. “His shield well lined, his horses meated well.” Chapman.

Me•a´tal , a. Of or pertaining to a meatus; resembling a meatus. Owen.

Meat´ed , a. 1. Fed; fattened. [Obs.] Tusser. 2. Having (such) meat; — used chiefly in composition; as thick-meated. { Meath , Meathe }, n. [See Mead.] A sweet liquor; mead. [Obs.] Chaucer. Milton.

Meat´i•ness , n. Quality of being meaty.

Meat´less, a. Having no meat; without food. “´Leave these beggars meatless.´” Sir T. More.

Me•at´o•scope , n. [Meatus + -scope.] (Med.) A speculum for examining a natural passage, as the urethra.

Me•at´o•tome , n. [Meatus + Gr. to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for cutting into the urethra so as to enlarge its orifice.

Me•a´tus , n. sing. & pl.; E. pl. Meatuses . [L., a going, passage, fr. meare to go.] (Anat.) A natural passage or canal; as the external auditory meatus. See Illust. of Ear.

Meat´y , a. Abounding in meat.

Meaw , n. The sea mew. [Obs.] Spenser.

Meaw, v. i. See Mew, to cry as a cat.

Meawl , v. i. See Mewl, and Miaul.

Mea´zel , n. See 1st Measle. [Obs.]

Meaz´ling , a. Falling in small drops; mistling; mizzing. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Me´bles , n. pl. See Moebles. [Obs.]

Me•ca´te , n. [Sp.] A rope of hair or of maguey fiber, for tying horses, etc. [Southwestern U. S.]

Mec•ca•wee´ , a. Of or pertaining to Mecca, in Arabia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Mecca.

Me•chan´ic , n. [F. mecanique mechanics. See Mechanic, a.] 1. The art of the application of the laws of motion or force to construction. [Obs.] 2. A mechanician; an artisan; an artificer; one who practices any mechanic art; one skilled or employed in shaping and uniting materials, as wood, metal, etc., into any kind of structure, machine, or other object, requiring the use of tools, or instruments. “An art quite lost with our mechanics.” Sir T. Browne.

Me•chan´ic (me•kan´ik), a. [F. mecanique, L. mechanicus, Gr. mhchaniko•s, fr. mhchanh• a machine. See Machine.] 1. Having to do with the application of the laws of motion in the art of constructing or making things; of or pertaining to mechanics; mechanical; as the mechanic arts. ´These mechanic philosophers.´ Ray. “Mechanic slaves,
With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers.” Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to a mechanic or artificer, or to the class of artisans; hence, rude; common; vulgar. “To make a god, a hero, or a king
Descend to a mechanic dialect.” Roscommon. “Sometimes he ply’d the strong, mechanic tool.” Thomson. 3. Base. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Me•chan´ic•al , a. [From Mechanic, a.] 1. Pertaining to, governed by, or in accordance with, mechanics, or the laws of motion; pertaining to the quantitative relations of force and matter, as distinguished from mental, vital, chemical, etc.; as mechanical principles; a mechanical theory; mechanical deposits. 2. Of or pertaining to a machine or to machinery or tools; made or formed by a machine or with tools; as mechanical precision; mechanical products. “We have also divers mechanical arts.” Bacon. 3. Done as if by a machine; uninfluenced by will or emotion; proceeding automatically, or by habit, without special intention or reflection; as mechanical singing; mechanical verses; mechanical service. 4. Made and operated by interaction of forces without a directing intelligence; as a mechanical universe. 5. Obtained by trial, by measurements, etc.; approximate; empirical. See the 2d Note under Geometric. Mechanical effect, effective power; useful work exerted, as by a machine, in a definite time. — Mechanical engineering. See the Note under Engineering. — Mechanical maneuvers (Mil.), the application of mechanical appliances to the mounting, dismounting, and moving of artillery. Farrow. - - Mechanical philosophy, the principles of mechanics applied to the investigation of physical phenomena. — Mechanical powers, certain simple instruments, such as the lever and its modifications (the wheel and axle and the pulley), the inclined plane with its modifications (the screw and the wedge), which convert a small force acting through a great space into a great force acting through a small space, or vice versa, and are used separately or in combination. — Mechanical solution (Math.), a solution of a problem by any art or contrivance not strictly geometrical, as by means of the ruler and compasses, or other instruments.

Me•chan´ic•al, n. A mechanic. [Obs.] Shak.

Me•chan´ic•al•ize , v. t. To cause to become mechanical.

Me•chan´ic•al•ly, adv. In a mechanical manner.

Me•chan´ic•al•ness, n. The state or quality of being mechanical.

Mech•a•ni´cian , n. [Cf. F. mecanicien. See Mechanic.] One skilled in the theory or construction of machines; a machinist. Boyle.

Me•chan•i•co-chem´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, connected with, or dependent upon, both mechanics and chemistry; — said especially of those sciences which treat of such phenomena as seem to depend on the laws both of mechanics and chemistry, as electricity and magnetism.

Me•chan´ics , n. [Cf. F. mecanique.] That science, or branch of applied mathematics, which treats of the action of forces on bodies. That part of mechanics which considers the action of forces in producing rest or equilibrium is called statics; that which relates to such action in producing motion is called dynamics. The term mechanics includes the action of forces on all bodies, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous. It is sometimes, however, and formerly was often, used distinctively of solid bodies only: The mechanics of liquid bodies is called also hydrostatics, or hydrodynamics, according as the laws of rest or of motion are considered. The mechanics of gaseous bodies is called also pneumatics. The mechanics of fluids in motion, with special reference to the methods of obtaining from them useful results, constitutes hydraulics. Animal mechanics (Physiol.), that portion of physiology which has for its object the investigation of the laws of equilibrium and motion in the animal body. The most important mechanical principle is that of the lever, the bones forming the arms of the levers, the contractile muscles the power, the joints the fulcra or points of support, while the weight of the body or of the individual limbs constitutes the weight or resistance. — Applied mechanics, the principles of abstract mechanics applied to human art; also the practical application of the laws of matter and motion to the construction of machines and structures of all kinds.

Mech´an•ism , n. [Cf. F. mecanisme, L. mechanisma. See Mechanic.] 1. The arrangement or relation of the parts of a machine; the parts of a machine, taken collectively; the arrangement or relation of the parts of anything as adapted to produce an effect; as the mechanism of a watch; the mechanism of a sewing machine; the mechanism of a seed pod. 2. Mechanical operation or action. “He acknowledges nothing besides matter and motion; so that all must be performed either by mechanism or accident.” Bentley. 3. (Kinematics) An ideal machine; a combination of movable bodies constituting a machine, but considered only with regard to relative movements.

Mech´an•ist, n. 1. A maker of machines; one skilled in mechanics. 2. One who regards the phenomena of nature as the effects of forces merely mechanical.

Mech´an•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mechanized p. pr. & vb. n. Mechanizing ] [Cf. F. mechaniser.] To cause to be mechanical. Shelley.

Mech´an•o•graph , n. [Gr. mhchanh• machine + -graph.] One of a number of copies of anything multiplied mechanically.

Mech•an•o•graph•ic (mek•an•o•graf´ik), a. 1. Treating of mechanics. [R.] 2. Written, copied, or recorded by machinery; produced by mechanography; as a mechanographic record of changes of temperature; mechanographic prints.

Mech•an•og´ra•phist (-og´ra•fist), n. An artist who, by mechanical means, multiplies copies of works of art.

Mech•an•og´ra•phy , n. The art of mechanically multiplying copies of a writing, or any work of art.

Mech´an•ur•gy , n. [Gr. mhchanh• machine + the root of work.] That branch of science which treats of moving machines.

Mech´i•tar•ist , n. [From Mechitar, an Armenian., who founded the congregation in the early part of the eighteenth century.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious congregation of the Roman Catholic Church devoted to the improvement of Armenians.

Mech´lin , n. A kind of lace made at, or originating in, Mechlin, in Belgium.

Me•cho´a•can , n. A species of jalap, of very feeble properties, said to be obtained from the root of a species of Convolvulus (C. Mechoacan); — so called from Michoacan, in Mexico, whence it is obtained.

Meck•e´li•an , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, J. F. Meckel, a German anatomist. Meckelian cartilage, the cartilaginous rod which forms the axis of the mandible; — called also Meckel’s cartilage.

Mec´o•nate , n. [Cf. F. meconate.] (Chem.) A salt of meconic acid.

Me•con´ic , a. [Gr. belonging to the poppy, fr. the poppy: cf. F. meconique.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the poppy or opium; specif. (Chem.), designating an acid related to aconitic acid, found in opium and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Me•con´i•dine , n. (Chem) An alkaloid found in opium, and extracted as a yellow amorphous substance which is easily decomposed.

Mec•o•nid´i•um , n. [NL., dim. of Gr. a poppy. So called in allusion to the shape of the seed capsules of the poppy.] (Zoöl.) A kind of gonophore produced by hydroids of the genus Gonothyraea. It has tentacles, and otherwise resembles a free medusa, but remains attached by a pedicel.

Mec´o•nin , n. [Cf. F. meconine.] (Chem.) A substance regarded as an anhydride of meconinic acid, existing in opium and extracted as a white crystalline substance. Also erroneously called meconina, meconia, etc., as though it were an alkaloid.

Mec•o•nin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which occurs in opium, and which may be obtained by oxidizing narcotine.

Me•co´ni•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. poppy.] (Med.) (a) Opium. [Obs.] (b) The contents of the fetal intestine; hence, first excrement.

Med´al , n. [F. medaille, It. medaglia, fr. L. metallum metal, through (assumed) LL. metalleus made of metal. See Metal, and cf. Mail a piece of money.] A piece of metal in the form of a coin, struck with a device, and intended to preserve the remembrance of a notable event or an illustrious person, or to serve as a reward.

Med´al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Medaled , or Medalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Medaling or Medalling.] To honor or reward with a medal. ´Medaled by the king.´ Thackeray.

Med´al•et , n. A small medal.

Med´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. medailliste, It. medaglista.] [Written also medallist.] 1. A person that is skilled or curious in medals; a collector of medals. Addison. 2. A designer of medals. Macaulay. 3. One who has gained a medal as the reward of merit.

Me•dal´lic , a. Of or pertaining to a medal, or to medals. ´Our medallic history.´ Walpole.

Me•dal´lion , n. [F. medaillion, It. medaglione, augm. of medaglia. See Medal.] 1. A large medal or memorial coin. 2. A circular or oval (or, sometimes, square) tablet bearing a figure or figures represented in relief.

Med´al•ur•gy , n. [Medal + the root of Gr. work.] The art of making and striking medals and coins. [Written also medallurgy.]

Med´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meddled p. pr. & vb. n. Meddling ] [OE. medlen to mix, OF. medler, mesler, F. mêler, LL. misculare, a dim. fr. L. miscere to mix. rad.271. See Mix, and cf. Medley, Mellay.] 1. To mix; to mingle. [Obs.] “More to know
Did never meddle with my thoughts.” Shak. 2. To interest or engage one’s self; to have to do; — in a good sense. [Obs.] Barrow. “Study to be quiet, and to meddle with your own business.” Tyndale. 3. To interest or engage one’s self unnecessarily or impertinently, to interfere or busy one’s self improperly with another’s affairs; specifically, to handle or distrub another’s property without permission; — often followed by with or in. “Why shouldst thou meddle to thy hurt?” 2 Kings xiv. 10. “The civil lawyers … have meddled in a matter that belongs not to them.” Locke. To meddle and make, to intrude one’s self into another person’s concerns. [Archaic] Shak. Syn. — To interpose; interfere; intermeddle.

Med´dle, v. t. To mix; to mingle. [Obs.] Chaucer. “´Wine meddled with gall.´” Wyclif (Matt. xxvii. 34).

Med´dler , n. One who meddles; one who interferes or busies himself with things in which he has no concern; an officious person; a busybody.

Med´dle•some , a. Given to meddling; apt to interpose in the affairs of others; officiously intrusive. — Med´dle•some•ness, n.

Med´dling , a. Meddlesome. Macaulay.

Med´dling•ly, adv. In a meddling manner.

Mede , n. A native or inhabitant of Media in Asia.

Mede, n. See lst & 2d Mead, and Meed. [Obs.]

Me´di•a , n., pl. of Medium.

Me´di•a, n.; pl. Mediae (-e). [NL., fr. L. medius middle.] (Phonetics) One of the sonant mutes β, δ, γ (b, d, g), in Greek, or of their equivalents in other languages, so named as intermediate between the tenues, π, τ, κ (p, t, k), and the aspiratae (aspirates) φ, theta, χ (ph or f, th, ch). Also called middle mute, or medial, and sometimes soft mute.

Me´di•a•cy , n. The state or quality of being mediate. Sir W. Hamilton.

Me•di•ae´val , a. [L. medius middle + aevum age. See Middle, and Age.] Of or relating to the Middle Ages; as mediaeval architecture. [Written also medieval.]

Me•di•ae´val•ism , n. The method or spirit of the Middle Ages; devotion to the institutions and practices of the Middle Ages; a survival from the Middle Ages. [Written also medievalism.]

Me•di•ae´val•ist, n. One who has a taste for, or is versed in, the history of the Middle Ages; one in sympathy with the spirit or forms of the Middle Ages. [Written also medievalist.]

Me•di•ae´val•ly, adv. In the manner of the Middle Ages; in accordance with mediaevalism.

Me•di•ae´vals , n. pl. The people who lived in the Middle Ages. Ruskin.

Me´di•al , a. [L. medialis, fr. medius middle: cf. F. medial. See Middle.] Of or pertaining to a mean or average; mean; as medial alligation.

Me´di•al, n. (Phonetics) See 2d Media.

Me´di•a•lu´na , n. [Sp. media luna half-moon.] (Zoöl.) See Half- moon.

Me´di•an , a. [L. medianus, fr. medius middle. See Medial.] 1. Being in the middle; running through the middle; as a median groove. 2. (Zoöl.) Situated in the middle; lying in a plane dividing a bilateral animal into right and left halves; — said of unpaired organs and parts; as median coverts. Median line. (a) (Anat.) Any line in the mesial plane; specif., either of the lines in which the mesial plane meets the surface of the body. (b) (Geom.) The line drawn from an angle of a triangle to the middle of the opposite side; any line having the nature of a diameter. — Median plane (Anat.), the mesial plane. — Median point (Geom.), the point where the three median lines of a triangle mutually intersect.

Me´di•an, n. (Geom.) A median line or point.

Me´di•ant , n. [L. medians, p. p. of mediare to halve: cf. It. mediante, F. mediante.] (Mus.) The third above the keynote; — so called because it divides the interval between the tonic and dominant into two thirds.

Me•di•as•ti´nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a mediastinum. { Me•di•as´tine , Me•di•as•ti´num } n. [NL. mediastinum, fr. L. medius middle; cf. mediastinus helper, a menial servant, LL. mediastinus equiv. to medius: cf F. mediastin.] (Anat.) A partition; a septum; specifically, the folds of the pleura (and the space included between them) which divide the thorax into a right and left cavity. The space included between these folds of the pleura, called the mediastinal space, contains the heart and gives passage to the esophagus and great blood vessels.

Me´di•ate , a. [L. mediatus, p. p. of mediare, v. t., to halve, v. i., to be in the middle. See Mid, and cf. Moiety.] 1. Being between the two extremes; middle; interposed; intervening; intermediate. Prior. 2. Acting by means, or by an intervening cause or instrument; not direct or immediate; acting or suffering through an intervening agent or condition. 3. Gained or effected by a medium or condition. Bacon. “An act of mediate knowledge is complex.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Me´di•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mediated p. pr. & vb. n. Mediating.] [LL. mediatus, p. p. of mediare to mediate. See Mediate, a.] 1. To be in the middle, or between two; to intervene. [R.] 2. To interpose between parties, as the equal friend of each, esp. for the purpose of effecting a reconciliation or agreement; as to mediate between nations.

Me´di•ate, v. t. 1. To effect by mediation or interposition; to bring about as a mediator, instrument, or means; as to mediate a peace. 2. To divide into two equal parts. [R.] Holder.

Me´di•ate•ly , adv. In a mediate manner; by a secondary cause or agent; not directly or primarily; by means; — opposed to immediately. “God worketh all things amongst us mediately.” Sir W. Raleigh. “The king grants a manor to A, and A grants a portion of it to B. In this case. B holds his lands immediately of A, but mediately of the king.” Blakstone.

Me´di•ate•ness, n. The state of being mediate.

Me•di•a´tion , n. [OE. mediacioun, F. mediation. See Mediate, a.] 1. The act of mediating; action or relation of anything interposed; action as a necessary condition, means, or instrument; interposition; intervention. “The soul [acts] by the mediation of these passions.” South. 2. Hence, specifically, agency between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them; entreaty for another; intercession. Bacon.

Me´di•a•tive , a. Pertaining to mediation; used in mediation; as mediative efforts. Beaconsfield.

Me•di•at•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. mediatisation.] The act of mediatizing.

Me´di•a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mediatized p. pr. & vb. n. Mediatizing.] [Cf. F. mediatiser.] To cause to act through an agent or to hold a subordinate position; to annex; — specifically applied to the annexation during the former German empire of a smaller German state to a larger, while allowing it a nominal sovereignty, and its prince his rank. “The misfortune of being a mediatized prince.” Beaconsfield.

Me´di•a•tor , n. [L. mediator: cf. E. mediateur.] One who mediates; especially, one who interposes between parties at variance for the purpose of reconciling them; hence, an intercessor. “For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus.” 1 Tim. ii. 5.

Me•di•a•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a mediator, or to mediation; mediatory; as a mediatorial office. — Me•di•a•to´ri•al•ly, adv. “My measures were … healing and mediatorial.” Burke.

Me´di•a•tor•ship , n. The office or character of a mediator.

Me´di•a•to•ry , a. Mediatorial. { Me•di•a´tress , Me•di•a•´trix } n. [L. mediatrix, f. of mediator: cf. F. mediatrice.] A female mediator.

Med´ic , n. [L. medica, Gr. (sc. ) a kind of clover introduced from Media, from Median.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Medicago. The black medic is the Medicago lupulina; the purple medic, or lucern, is M. sativa.

Med´ic, a. [L. medicus.] Medical. [R.]

Med´i•ca•ble , a. [L. medicabilis, from medicare, medicari, to heal, fr. medicus physician. See Medical.] Capable of being medicated; admitting of being cured or healed.

Med´ic•al , a. [LL. medicalis, L. medicus belonging to healing, fr. mederi to heal; cf. Zend madha medical science, wisdom, Gr. to learn, E. mind: cf. F. medical.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or having to do with, the art of healing disease, or the science of medicine; as the medical profession; medical services; a medical dictionary; medical jurisprudence. 2. Containing medicine; used in medicine; medicinal; as the medical properties of a plant.

Med´ic•al•ly, adv. In a medical manner; with reference to healing, or to the principles of the healing art.

Med´i•ca•ment , n. [L. medicamentum, fr. medicare, medicari, to heal: cf. F. medicament. See Medicable.] Anything used for healing diseases or wounds; a medicine; a healing application.

Med•ica•men´tal , a. Of or pertaining to medicaments or healing applications; having the qualities of medicaments. — Med•ica•men´tal•ly, adv.

Med´i•cas•ter , n. [Cf. F. medicastre. See Medical.] A quack. [R.] Whitlock.

Med´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Medicated p. pr. & vb. n. Medicating ] [L. medicatus, p. p. of medicare, medicari. See Medicable.] 1. To tincture or impregnate with anything medicinal; to drug. ´Medicated waters.´ Arbuthnot. 2. To treat with medicine.

Med•i•ca´tion , [L. medicatio: cf. F. medication.] The act or process of medicating.

Med´i•ca•tive , a. Medicinal; acting like a medicine.

Med•i•ce´an , a. Of or relating to the Medici, a noted Italian family; as the Medicean Venus. Medicean planets (Astron.), a name given by Galileo to the satellites of Jupiter.

Me•dic´i•na•ble , a. Medicinal; having the power of healing. [Obs.] Shak.

Me•dic´i•nal , a. [L. medicinalis: cf. F. medicinal. See Medicine.] 1. Having curative or palliative properties; used for the cure or alleviation of bodily disorders; as medicinal tinctures, plants, or springs. “Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinal gum.” Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to medicine; medical.

Me•dic´i•nal•ly, adv. In a medicinal manner.

Med´i•cine , n. [L. medicina (sc. ars), fr. medicinus medical, fr. medicus: cf. F. medecine. See Medical.] 1. The science which relates to the prevention, cure, or alleviation of disease. 2. Any substance administered in the treatment of disease; a remedial agent; a remedy; physic. “By medicine, life may be prolonged.” Shak. 3. A philter or love potion. [Obs.] Shak. 4. [F. medecin.] A physician. [Obs.] Shak. Medicine bag, a charm; — so called among the North American Indians, or in works relating to them. — Medicine man (among the North American Indians), a person who professes to cure sickness, drive away evil spirits, and regulate the weather by the arts of magic. — Medicine seal, a small gem or paste engraved with reversed characters, to serve as a seal. Such seals were used by Roman physicians to stamp the names of their medicines.

Med´i•cine, v. t. To give medicine to; to affect as a medicine does; to remedy; to cure. ´Medicine thee to that sweet sleep.´ Shak.

Med•i•co-le´gal , a. Of or pertaining to law as affected by medical facts.

Med•i•com´mis•sure , n. [L. medius middle + E. commissure.] (Anat.) A large transverse commissure in the third ventricle of the brain; the middle or soft commissure. B. G. Wildex.

Med•i•cor´nu , n.; pl. Medicornua (#). [NL., fr. L. medius middle + cornu horn.] (Anat.) The middle or inferior horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder.

Med´ics , n. Science of medicine. [Obs.]

Me•di´e•ty , n. [L. medietas.] The middle part; half; moiety. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. { Me•di•e´val , Me•di•e´val•ism, Me•di•e´val•ist }. Same as Medival, Medivalism, etc.

Me•di´na ep´och [From Medina in New York.] (Geol.) A subdivision of the Niagara period in the American upper Silurian, characterized by the formations known as the Oneida conglomerate, and the Medina sandstone. See the Chart of Geology.

Me•di´no (me•de´no), n. Same as Para.

Me´di•o•cral , a. Mediocre. [R.]

Me´di•o•cre (me´di•o•ker), a. [F. mediocre, L. mediocris, fr. medius middle. See Mid.] Of a middle quality; of but a moderate or low degree of excellence; indifferent; ordinary. ´ A very mediocre poet.´ Pope.

Me´di•o•cre, n. 1. A mediocre person. [R.] 2. A young monk who was excused from performing a portion of a monk’s duties. Shipley.

Me´di•o•crist , n. A mediocre person. [R.]

Me•di•oc´ri•ty , n. [F. mediocrite, L. mediocritas.] 1. The quality of being mediocre; a middle state or degree; a moderate degree or rate. ´A mediocrity of success.´ Bacon. 2. Moderation; temperance. [Obs.] Hooker.

Me•di•o•sta•pe´di•al , a. [L. medius middle + E. stapedial.] (Anat.) Pertaining to that part of the columella of the ear which, in some animals, connects the stapes with the other parts of the columella. — n. The mediostapedial part of the columella.

Me•di•ox´u•mous , a. [L. medioxumus middlemost.] Intermediate. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Med´i•tance , n. Meditation. [Obs.]

Med´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meditated p. pr. & vb. n. Meditating.] [L. meditatus, p. p. of meditari to meditate; cf. Gr. to learn, E. mind.] To keep the mind in a state of contemplation; to dwell on anything in thought; to think seriously; to muse; to cogitate; to reflect. Jer. Taylor. “In his law doth he meditate day and night.” Ps. i. 2.

Med´i•tate, v. t. 1. To contemplate; to keep the mind fixed upon; to study. ´Blessed is the man that doth meditate good things.´ Ecclus. xiv. 20. 2. To purpose; to intend; to design; to plan by revolving in the mind; as to meditate a war. “I meditate to pass the remainder of life in a state of undisturbed repose.” Washington. Syn. — To consider; ponder; weigh; revolve; study. — To Meditate, Contemplate, Intend. We meditate a design when we are looking out or waiting for the means of its accomplishment; we contemplate it when the means are at hand, and our decision is nearly or quite made. To intend is stronger, implying that we have decided to act when an opportunity may offer. A general meditates an attack upon the enemy; he contemplates or intends undertaking it at the earliest convenient season.

Med•i•ta´tion , n. [OE. meditacioun, F. meditation, fr. L. meditatio.] 1. The act of meditating; close or continued thought; the turning or revolving of a subject in the mind; serious contemplation; reflection; musing. “Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in thy sight.” Ps. xix. 14. 2. Thought; — without regard to kind. [Obs.] “With wings as swift
As meditation or the thoughts of love.” Shak.

Med´i•ta•tist, n. One who is given to meditation.

Med´i•ta•tive , a. [L. meditativus: cf. F. meditatif.] Disposed to meditate, or to meditation; as a meditative man; a meditative mood. — Med´i•ta•tive•ly, adv. — Med´i•ta•tive•ness, n.

Med•i•ter•ra´ne•an , a. [L. mediterraneus; medius middle + terra land. See Mid, and Terrace.] 1. Inclosed, or nearly inclosed, with land; as the Mediterranean Sea, between Europe and Africa. 2. Inland; remote from the ocean. [Obs.] “Cities, as well mediterranean as maritime.” Holland. 3. Of or pertaining to the Mediterranean Sea; as Mediterranean trade; a Mediterranean voyage.

Med•i•ter•ra´ne•ous , a. Inland. Sir T. Browne.

Me´di•um , n.; pl. L. Media (#), E. Mediums (#). [L. medium the middle, fr. medius middle. See Mid, and cf. Medius.] 1. That which lies in the middle, or between other things; intervening body or quantity. Hence, specifically: (a) Middle place or degree; mean. “The just medium … lies between pride and abjection.” L’Estrange. (b) (Math.) See Mean. (c) (Logic) The mean or middle term of a syllogism; that by which the extremes are brought into connection. 2. A substance through which an effect is transmitted from one thing to another; as air is the common medium of sound. Hence: The condition upon which any event or action occurs; necessary means of motion or action; that through or by which anything is accomplished, conveyed, or carried on; specifically, in animal magnetism, spiritualism, etc., a person through whom the action of another being is said to be manifested and transmitted. “Whether any other liquors, being made mediums, cause a diversity of sound from water, it may be tried.” Bacon. “I must bring together
All these extremes; and must remove all mediums.” Denham. 3. An average. [R.] “A medium of six years of war, and six years of peace.” Burke. 4. A trade name for printing and writing paper of certain sizes. See Paper. 5. (Paint.) The liquid vehicle with which dry colors are ground and prepared for application. Circulating medium, a current medium of exchange, whether coin, bank notes, or government notes. — Ethereal medium (Physics), the ether. — Medium of exchange, that which is used for effecting an exchange of commodities — money or current representatives of money.

Me´di•um, a. Having a middle position or degree; mean; intermediate; medial; as a horse of medium size; a decoction of medium strength.

Me´di•um-sized , a. Having a medium size; as a medium-sized man.

Me´di•us , n.; pl. Medii (#). [NL., fr. L. medius middle. See Medium.] (Anat.) The third or middle finger; the third digit, or that which corresponds to it.

Med´lar , n. [OE. medler medlar tree, OF. meslier, F. neflier, L. mespilum, mespilus, Gr. , . Cf. Naseberry.] A tree of the genus Mespilus (M. Germanica); also the fruit of the tree. The fruit is something like a small apple, but has a bony endocarp. When first gathered the flesh is hard and austere, and it is not eaten until it has begun to decay. Japan medlar (Bot.), the loquat. See Loquat. — Neapolitan medlar (Bot.), a kind of thorn tree (Crataegus Azarolus); also its fruit.

Med´le , v. t. [See Meddle.] To mix; to mingle; to meddle. [Written also medly.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Med´ley , n.; pl. Medleys (#). [OE. medlee, OF. meslee, medlee, mellee, F. mêlee. See Meddle, and cf. Melee, Mellay.] 1. A mixture; a mingled and confused mass of ingredients, usually inharmonious; a jumble; a hodgepodge; — often used contemptuously. “This medley of philosophy and war.” Addison. “Love is a medley of endearments, jars,
Suspicions, reconcilements, wars.” W. Walsh. 2. The confusion of a hand to hand battle; a brisk, hand to hand engagement; a mêlee. [Obs.] Holland. 3. (Mus.) A composition of passages detached from several different compositions; a potpourri. Medley is usually applied to vocal, potpourri to instrumental, compositions. 4. A cloth of mixed colors. Fuller.

Med´ley, a. 1. Mixed; of mixed material or color. [Obs.] ´A medle coat.´ Chaucer. 2. Mingled; confused. Dryden.

Med´ly , v. t. See Medle. Johnson.

Me•doc´ , n. [Cf. Mayduke.] A class of claret wines, including several varieties, from the district of Medoc in the department of Gironde.

Med´re•gal , n. (Zoöl.) See Bonito, 3.

Med´rick , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A species of gull or tern. [Prov.] Lowell.

Me•dul´la , n. [L.] 1. Marrow; pith; hence, essence. [Obs.] Milton. 2. (Anat.) The marrow of bones; the deep or inner portion of an organ or part; as the medulla, or medullary substance, of the kidney; specifically, the medula oblongata. 3. (Bot.) A soft tissue, occupying the center of the stem or branch of a plant; pith. Medulla oblongata. [L., oblong medulla] (Anat.), the posterior part of the brain connected with the spinal cord. It includes all the hindbrain except the cerebellum and pons, and from it a large part of the cranial nerves arise. It controls very largely respiration, circulation, swallowing, and other functions, and is the most vital part of the brain; — called also bulb of the spinal cord. See Brain.

Me•dul´lar , a. See Medullary.

Med´ul•la•ry , a. [L. medullaris, fr. medulla marrow: cf. F. medullaire.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, marrow or medulla. (b) Pertaining to the medula oblongata. 2. (Bot.) Filled with spongy pith; pithy. Medullary groove (Anat.), a groove, in the epiblast of the vertebrate blastoderm, the edges of which unite, making a tube (the medullary canal) from which the brain and spinal cord are developed. — Medullary rays (Bot.), the rays of cellular tissue seen in a transverse section of exogenous wood, which pass from the pith to the bark. — Medullary sheath (Anat.), the layer of white semifluid substance (myelin), between the primitive sheath and axis cylinder of a medullated nerve fiber.

Me•dul´la•ted , a. (Anat.) Furnished with a medulla or marrow, or with a medullary sheath; as a medullated nerve fiber.

Me•dul´lin , n. [Cf. F. medulline.] (Bot. Chem.) A variety of lignin or cellulose found in the medulla, or pith, of certain plants. Cf. Lignin, and Cellulose.

Me•du´sa , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Gorgon; or one of the Gorgons whose hair was changed into serpents, after which all who looked upon her were turned into stone. 2. [pl. Medusae .] (Zoöl.) Any free swimming acaleph; a jellyfish. The larger medusae belong to the Discophora, and are sometimes called covered-eyed medusae; others, known as naked-eyed medusae, belong to the Hydroidea, and are usually developed by budding from hydroids. See Discophora, Hydroidea, and Hydromedusa. Medusa bud (Zoöl.), one of the buds of a hydroid, destined to develop into a gonophore or medusa. See Athecata, and Gonotheca. — Medusa’s head. (a) (Zoöl.) An astrophyton. (b) (Astron.) A cluster of stars in the constellation Perseus. It contains the bright star Algol.

Me•du´si•an , n. (Zoöl.) A medusa.

Me•du´si•form , a. [Medusa + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling a medusa in shape or structure.

Me•du´soid , a. [Medusa + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like a medusa; having the fundamental structure of a medusa, but without a locomotive disk; — said of the sessile gonophores of hydroids. — n. A sessile gonophore. See Illust. under Gonosome.

Meech (mech), v. i. See Mich. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Meed (med), n. [OE. mede, AS. med, meord; akin to OS. meda, OHG. miata, mieta, G. miethe hire, Goth. mizdo reward, Bohem. & Russ. mzda, Gr. mistho•s, Skr. midha. rad.276.] 1. That which is bestowed or rendered in consideration of merit; reward; recompense. “A rosy garland was the victor’s meed.” Spenser. 2. Merit or desert; worth. “My meed hath got me fame.” Shak. 3. A gift; also a bride. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Meed, v. t. 1. To reward; to repay. [Obs.] Waytt. 2. To deserve; to merit. [Obs.] Heywood.

Meed´ful , a. Worthy of meed, reward, or recompense; meritorious. ´Meedful works.´ Wiclif.

Meed´ful•ly, adv. According to merit; suitably.

Meek (mek), a. [Compar. Meeker (-er); superl. Meekest.] [OE. mek, meoc; akin to Icel. mjkr mild, soft, Sw. mjuk, Dan. myg, D. muik, Goth. mukamodei gentleness.] 1. Mild of temper; not easily provoked or orritated; patient under injuries; not vain, or haughty, or resentful; forbearing; submissive. “Now the man Moses was very meek.” Num. xii. 3. 2. Evincing mildness of temper, or patience; characterized by mildness or patience; as a meek answer; a meek face. ´Her meek prayer.´ Chaucer. Syn. — Gentle; mild; soft; yielding; pacific; unassuming; humble. See Gentle. { Meek , Meek´en (-’n) }, v. t. To make meek; to nurture in gentleness and humility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Meek´ly, adv. In a meek manner. Spenser.

Meek´ness, n. The quality or state of being meek.

Meer (mer), a. Simple; unmixed. See Mere, a. [Obs.]

Meer, n. See Mere, a lake.

Meer, n. A boundary. See Mere.

Meer´kat (mer´kat), n. [D.] (Zoöl.) A South African carnivore (Cynictis penicillata), allied to the ichneumons.

Meer´schaum (mer´sham; 277), n. [G., lit., sea foam; meer sea + schaum foam; but it perh. is a corruption of the Tartaric name myrsen. Cf. Mere a lake, and Scum.] 1. (Min.) A fine white claylike mineral, soft, and light enough when in dry masses to float in water. It is a hydrous silicate of magnesia, and is obtained chiefly in Asia Minor. It is manufacturd into tobacco pipes, cigar holders, etc. Also called sepiolite. 2. A tobacco pipe made of this mineral.

Meet (met), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Met (met); p. pr. & vb. n. Meeting.] [OE. meten, AS. metan, fr. mot, gemot, a meeting; akin to OS. motian to meet, Icel. maeta, Goth. gamotjan. See Moot, v. t.] 1. To join, or come in contact with; esp., to come in contact with by approach from an opposite direction; to come upon or against, front to front, as distinguished from contact by following and overtaking. 2. To come in collision with; to confront in conflict; to encounter hostilely; as they met the enemy and defeated them; the ship met opposing winds and currents. 3. To come into the presence of without contact; to come close to; to intercept; to come within the perception, influence, or recognition of; as to meet a train at a junction; to meet carriages or persons in the street; to meet friends at a party; sweet sounds met the ear. “His daughter came out to meet him.” Judg. xi. 34. 4. To perceive; to come to a knowledge of; to have personal acquaintance with; to experience; to suffer; as the eye met a horrid sight; he met his fate. “Of vice or virtue, whether blest or curst,
Which meets contempt, or which compassion first.” Pope. 5. To come up to; to be even with; to equal; to match; to satisfy; to ansver; as to meet one’s expectations; the supply meets the demand. To meet half way, literally, to go half the distance between in order to meet (one); hence, figuratively, to yield or concede half of the difference in order to effect a compromise or reconciliation with.

Meet, v. t. 1. To come together by mutual approach; esp., to come in contact, or into proximity, by approach from opposite directions; to join; to come face to face; to come in close relationship; as we met in the street; two lines meet so as to form an angle. “O, when meet now
Such pairs in love and mutual honor joined !” Milton. 2. To come together with hostile purpose; to have an encounter or conflict. “Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
May serve to better us and worse our foes.” Milton. 3. To assemble together; to congregate; as Congress meets on the first Monday of December. “They … appointed a day to meet together.” 2. Macc. xiv. 21. 4. To come together by mutual concessions; hence, to agree; to harmonize; to unite. To meet with. (a) To light upon; to find; to come to; — often with the sense of unexpectedness. “We met with many things worthy of observation.” Bacon. (b) To join; to unite in company. Shak. (c) To suffer unexpectedly; as to meet with a fall; to meet with a loss. (d) To encounter; to be subjected to. “Prepare to meet with more than brutal fury
From the fierce prince.” Rowe. (e) To obviate. [Obs.] Bacon.

Meet, n. An assembling together; esp., the assembling of huntsmen for the hunt; also the persons who so assemble, and the place of meeting.

Meet, a. [OE. mete fitting, moderate, scanty, AS. maete moderate; akin to gemet fit, meet, metan to mete, and G. mässig moderate, gemäss fitting. See Mete.] Suitable; fit; proper; appropriate; qualified; convenient. “It was meet that we should make merry.” Luke xv. 32. To be meet with, to be even with; to be equal to. [Obs.]

Meet (met), adv. Meetly. [Obs.] Shak.

Meet´en (met´’n), v. t. To render fit. [R.]

Meet´er (met´er), n. One who meets.

Meeth (meth), n. Mead. See Meathe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Meet´ing, n. 1. A coming together; an assembling; as the meeting of Congress. 2. A junction, crossing, or union; as the meeting of the roads or of two rivers. 3. A congregation; a collection of people; a convention; as a large meeting; an harmonious meeting. 4. An assembly for worship; as to attend meeting on Sunday; — in England, applied distinctively and disparagingly to the worshiping assemblies of Dissenters. Syn. — Conference; assembly; company; convention; congregation; junction; confluence; union.

Meet´ing•house , n. A house used as a place of worship; a church; — in England, applied only to a house so used by Dissenters.

Meet´ly, adv. Fitly; suitably; properly.

Meet´ness, n. Fitness; suitableness; propriety. { Meg- (meg-), Meg´a (meg´a- ), Meg´a•lo- (-lo-) }. [Gr. me•gas, gen. mega•loy, great.] Combining forms signifying: (a) Great, extended, powerful; as megascope, megacosm. (b) (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) A million times, a million of; as megameter, a million meters; megafarad, a million farads; megohm, a million ohms. { Meg•a•ce•phal´ic (meg•a•se•fal´ik), Meg•a•ceph´a•lous (-sef´a•lus) }, a. [Mega- + Gr. kefalh• head.] (Biol.) Large headed; — applied to animals, and to plants when they have large flower heads.

Me•gac´e•ros (me•gas´e•ros), n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•gas great + ke•ras horn.] (Paleon.) The Irish elk.

Meg´a•chile , n. [Mega- + Gr. lip.] (Zoöl.) A leaf-cutting bee of the genus Megachilus. See Leaf cutter, under Leaf.

Meg´a•cosm , n. [Mega- + Gr. world.] See Macrocosm. Croft.

Meg•a•cou•lomb´ , n. [Mega- + coulomb.] (Elec.) A million coulombs.

Meg´a•derm , n. [Mega- + Gr. skin.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Old World blood-sucking bats of the genus Megaderma.

Meg´a•dyne , n. [Mega- + dyne.] (Physics) One of the larger measures of force, amounting to one million dynes.

Meg´a•far•ad , n. [Mega- + farad.] (Elec.) One of the larger measures of electrical capacity, amounting to one million farads; a macrofarad.

Meg´a•lerg , n. [Megalo- + erg.] (Physics) A million ergs; a megerg.

Meg•a•le´sian , a. [L. Megalesius, fr. Gr. Mega•lh the Great, a surname of Cybele, the Magna Mater.] Pertaining to, or in honor of, Cybele; as the Megalesian games at Rome.

Meg•a•leth´o•scope , n. [Mega- + alethoscope.] An optical apparatus in which pictures are viewed through a large lens with stereoptical effects. It is often combined with the stereoscope.

Meg´a•lith , n. [Mega- + - lith; cf. F. megalithe.] A large stone; especially, a large stone used in ancient building. — Meg•a•lith´ic (#), a.

Meg´a•lo- See Meg-.

Meg´a•lo•cyte , n. [Megalo- + Gr. a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) A large, flattened corpuscle, twice the diameter of the ordinary red corpuscle, found in considerable numbers in the blood in profound anaemia.

Meg•a•lo•ma´ni•a , n. [NL., fr. megalo- + mania.] (Pathol.) A form of mental alienation in which the patient has grandiose delusions.

Meg•a•lon´yx , n. [NL., from Gr. me•gas, mega•lh, great + ’o•nyx claw.] (Paleon.) An extinct quaternary mammal, of great size, allied to the sloth.

Meg•a•loph´o•nous (meg•a•lof´o•nus), a. [Megalo- + Gr. fwnh• voice.] Having a loud voice.

Meg•a•lop´o•lis (-lop´o•lis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. megalo•polis; me•gas, mega•lh, great + po•lis city.] A chief city; a metropolis. [R.]

Meg´a•lops (meg´a•lops), n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•gas, - a•loy, large + ’w•ps eye.] (Zoöl.) 1. A larva, in a stage following the zoëa, in the development of most crabs. In this stage the legs and abdominal appendages have appeared, the abdomen is relatively long, and the eyes are large. Also used adjectively. 2. A large fish; the tarpum.

Meg•a•lop´sy•chy , n. [Megalo- + Gr. soul, mind.] Greatness of soul. [Obs. & R.] { Meg´a•lo•saur• , Meg•a•lo•sau´rus } n. [NL. megalosaurus, fr. Gr. me•gas, mega•lh, great + say^ros lizard: cf. F. megalosaure.] (Paleon.) A gigantic carnivorous dinosaur, whose fossil remains have been found in England and elsewhere.

Me•gam´e•ter , n. [Mega- + -meter: cf. F. megamètre.] (Physics) 1. An instrument for determining longitude by observation of the stars. 2. A micrometer. [R.] Knight. { Meg´a•me•ter , Meg´a•me•tre } , n. [Mega- + meter, metre, n., 2.] In the metric system, one million meters, or one thousand kilometers.

Meg•am•père´ , n. [Mega- + ampère.] (Elec.) A million ampères.

Meg´a•phone , n. [Mega- + Gr. fwnh• voice.] A device to magnify sound, or direct it in a given direction in a greater volume, such as a very large funnel used as an ear trumpet or as a speaking trumpet.

Me•gaph´y•ton , n. [NL., from Gr. me•gas great + fyto•n plant.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of tree ferns with large, two-ranked leaves, or fronds.

Meg´a•pode , n. [Mega- + Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large-footed, gallinaceous birds of the genera Megapodius and Leipoa, inhabiting Australia and other Pacific islands. See Jungle fowl (b) under Jungle, and Leipoa.

Me•gap´o•lis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•gas great + po•lis city.] A metropolis. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. { Me•ga´ri•an , Me•gar´ic } a. Belonging, or pertaining, to Megara, a city of ancient Greece. Megarian, or Megaric, school, a school of philosophy established at Megara, after the death of Socrates, by his disciples, and remarkable for its logical subtlety.

Meg´a•scope , n. [Mega- + -scope: cf. F. megascope.] A modification of the magic lantern, used esp. for throwing a magnified image of an opaque object on a screen, solar or artificial light being used. [archaic]

Meg´a•seme , a. [Mega- + Gr. sing, mark: cf. F. megasème.] (Anat.) Having the orbital index relatively large; having the orbits narrow transversely; — opposed to microseme. { Me´gass´ , Me•gasse´ }, n. See Bagasse.

Meg´as•thene , n. [Gr. me•gas great + sthe•nos strength.] (Zoöl.) One of a group which includes the higher orders of mammals, having a large size as a typical characteristic.

Meg•as•then´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having a typically large size; belonging to the megasthenes.

Meg´a•stome , n. [Gr. me•gas great + sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of univalve shells, having a large aperture or mouth. { Meg´a•there , Meg•a•the´ri•um } n. [NL. megatherium, fr. Gr. me•gas great + thyri•on beast.] (Paleon.) An extinct gigantic quaternary mammal, allied to the ant-eaters and sloths. Its remains are found in South America.

Meg•a•the´roid , n. [Megatherium + -oid.] (Paleon.) One of a family of extinct edentates found in America. The family includes the megatherium, the megalonyx, etc.

Meg•a•volt´ , n. [Mega- + volt.] (Elec.) One of the larger measures of electro-motive force, amounting to one million volts.

Meg•a•we´ber , n. [Mega- + weber.] (Elec.) A million webers.

Meg´erg , n. [Mega- + erg.] (Physics) One of the larger measures of work, amounting to one million ergs; — called also megalerg. { Me•gilp´ , Me•gilph´ }, n. (Paint.) A gelatinous compound of linseed oil and mastic varnish, used by artists as a vehicle for colors. [Written also magilp, and magilph.]

Meg´ohm´ , n. [Mega- + ohm.] (Elec.) One of the larger measures of electrical resistance, amounting to one million ohms.

Me´grim , n. [OE. migrim, migrene, F. migraine, LL. hemigrania, L. hemicrania, hemicranium, Gr. ´hmikrani•a; ´hmi- half + krani•on skull. See Hemi- and Cranium, and cf. Hemicrania, Migraine.] 1. A kind of sick or nervous headache, usually periodical and confined to one side of the head. 2. A fancy; a whim; a freak; a humor; esp., in the plural, lowness of spirits. “These are his megrims, firks, and melancholies.” Ford. 3. pl. (Far.) A sudden vertigo in a horse, succeeded sometimes by unconsciousness, produced by an excess of blood in the brain; a mild form of apoplexy. Youatt.

Me´grim, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The British smooth sole, or scaldfish (Psetta arnoglossa).

Mei•bo´mi•an , a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Meibomius. Meibomian glands, the slender sebaceous glands of the eyelids, which discharge, through minute orifices in the edges of the lids, a fatty secretion serving to lubricate the adjacent parts.

Meine , v. t. See Menge. { Mein´e , Mein´y, , } n. [OF. maisniee, maisnie. See Menial.] 1. A family, including servants, etc.; household; retinue; train. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. 2. Company; band; army. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mei´o•cene , a. (Geol.) See Miocene.

Mei´o•nite , n. [Gr. mei•wn smaller. So called in a allusion to the low pyramids of the crystals.] (Min.) A member of the scapolite group, occuring in glassy crystals on Monte Somma, near Naples.

Mei•o´sis (mi•o´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. mei•wsis, fr. meioy^n to make smaller, from mei•wn. See Meionite.] (Rhet.) Diminution; a species of hyperbole, representing a thing as being less than it really is.

Mei•o•stem´o•nous , a. [Gr. mei•wn smaller + warp, thread.] (Bot.) Having fever stamens than the parts of the corolla.

Meis´ter•sing•er , n. [G.] See Mastersinger.

Mekh´i•tar•ist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) See Mechitarist.

Me•lac´o•nite , n. [Gr. me•las black + dust.] (Min.) An earthy black oxide of copper, arising from the decomposition of other ores. { Me•la´da , Me•la´do } n. [Sp., prop. p. p. of melar to sugar, candy, fr. L. mel honey. See Molasses.] A mixture of sugar and molasses; crude sugar as it comes from the pans without being drained.

Me•lae´na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•las, m., me•laina, f., black.] (Med.) A discharge from the bowels of black matter, consisting of altered blood.

Mel´ain , n. [See Melaena.] The dark coloring matter of the liquid of the cuttlefish.

Me•lai´no•type , n. See Melanotype.

Me´lam (me´lam), n. [Cf. F. melam.] (Chem.) A white or buff-colored granular powder, C_6H_9N_11, obtained by heating ammonium sulphocyanate.

Me•lam´ine , n. (Chem.) A strong nitrogenous base, C_3H_6N_6, produced from several cyanogen compounds, and obtained as a white crystalline substance, — formerly supposed to be produced by the decomposition of melam. Called also cyanuramide.

Mel´am•pode , n. [Gr. melampo•dion; of uncertain origin.] The black hellebore. [Obs.] Spenser. { Mel•am•py´rin , Mel•am•py´rite } n. [NL. Melampyrum cowwheat; Gr. me•las black + pyro•s wheat.] (Chem.) The saccharine substance dulcite; — so called because found in the leaves of cowwheat (Melampyrum). See Dulcite.

Mel•a•nae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•las, -anos, black + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the blood contains black pigment either floating freely or imbedded in the white blood corpuscles.

Me•lan´a•gogue , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + leading, driving, to lead.] (Med.) A medicine supposed to expel black bile or choler. [Obs.]

Mel•an•cho´li•a , n. [L. See Melancholy.] (Med.) A kind of mental unsoundness characterized by extreme depression of spirits, ill-grounded fears, delusions, and brooding over one particular subject or train of ideas.

Mel•an•cho´li•an , n. A person affected with melancholy; a melancholic. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.

Mel´an•chol•ic , a. [L. melancholicus, Gr. : cf. F. melancholique.] Given to melancholy; depressed; melancholy; dejected; unhappy. “Just as the melancholic eye
Sees fleets and armies in the sky.” Prior.

Mel´an•chol•ic, n. [Obs.] 1. One affected with a gloomy state of mind. J. Spenser. 2. A gloomy state of mind; melancholy. Clarendon.

Mel´an•chol•i•ly , adv. In a melancholy manner.

Mel´an•chol•i•ness, n. The state or quality of being melancholy. Hallywell.

Mel•an•cho´li•ous , a. [Cf. OF. melancholieux.] Melancholy. [R.] Milton.

Mel´an•chol•ist , n. One affected with melancholy or dejection. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Mel´an•cho•lize , v. i. To become gloomy or dejected in mind. Barrow.

Mel´an•cho•lize, v. t. To make melancholy.

Mel´an•chol•y , n. [OE. melancolie, F. melancolie, L. melancholia, fr. Gr. ; me•las, -anos, black + gall, bile. See Malice, and 1st Gall.] 1. Depression of spirits; a gloomy state continuing a considerable time; deep dejection; gloominess. Shak. 2. Great and continued depression of spirits, amounting to mental unsoundness; melancholia. 3. Pensive maditation; serious thoughtfulness. [Obs.] ´Hail, divinest Melancholy !´ Milton. 4. Ill nature. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mel´an•chol•y, a. 1. Depressed in spirits; dejected; gloomy dismal. Shak. 2. Producing great evil and grief; causing dejection; calamitous; afflictive; as a melancholy event. 3. Somewhat deranged in mind; having the jugment impaired. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds. 4. Favorable to meditation; somber. “A pretty, melancholy seat, well wooded and watered.” Evelin. Syn. — Gloomy; sad; dispirited; low-spirited; downhearted; unhappy; hypochondriac; disconsolate; heavy, doleful; dismal; calamitous; afflictive.

Mel•a•ne´sian , a. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + island. Melanesia was so called from the dark complexion of the natives.] Of or pertaining to Melanesia.

Me•lange´ , n. [F. See Mell, Meddle.] A mixture; a medley.

Me•la´ni•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of a family of fresh-water pectinibranchiate mollusks, having a turret-shaped shell.

Me•lan´ic , a. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black.] 1. Melanotic. 2. (Ethnol.) Of or pertaining to the black-haired races. Prichard.

Me•lan´i•line , n. (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous hydrocarbon obtained artificially (as by the action of cyanogen chloride on aniline) as a white, crystalline substance; — called also diphenyl guanidin.

Mel´a•nin , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black.] (Physiol.) A black pigment found in the pigment-bearing cells of the skin (particularly in the skin of the negro), in the epithelial cells of the external layer of the retina (then called fuscin), in the outer layer of the choroid, and elsewhere. It is supposed to be derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin.

Mel´a•nism (mel´a•niz’m), n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black.] 1. An undue development of dark-colored pigment in the skin or its appendages; — the opposite of albinism. 2. (Med.) A disease; black jaundice. See Melaena.

Mel•a•nis´tic , a. Affected with melanism; of the nature of melanism.

Mel´a•nite , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black: cf. F. melanite.] (Min.) A black variety of garnet.

Mel•a•noch´ro•i , n. pl. [NL. See Melanochroic.] (Ethnol.) A group of the human race, including the dark whites.

Mel•a•no•chro´ic , a. [Gr. melana•chroos; me•las, -anos, black + chroa• color.] Having a dark complexion; of or pertaining to the Melanochroi.

Mel•a•no•chro´ite , n. [See Melanochroic.] (Min.) A mineral of a red, or brownish or yellowish red color. It is a chromate of lead; — called also phœnicocroite.

Mel•a•noc´o•mous , a. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + hair.] Having very dark or black hair; black-haired. Prichard.

Mel•a•nor•rhœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•las, -anos, black + to flow.] (Bot.) An East Indian genus of large trees. Melanorrhœa usitatissima is the lignum-vitae of Pegu, and yields a valuable black varnish.

Me•lan´o•scope , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + -scope.] (Opt.) An instrument containing a combination of colored glasses such that they transmit only red light, so that objects of other colors, as green leaves, appear black when seen through it. It is used for viewing colored flames, to detect the presence of potassium, lithium, etc., by the red light which they emit.

Mel•a•no´sis , [NL., fr. Gr. a growing black, fr. me•las, -anos, black.] (Med.) The morbid deposition of black matter, often of a malignant character, causing pigmented tumors.

Me•lan´o•sperm , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) An alga of any kind that produces blackish spores, or seed dust. The melanosperms include the rockweeds and all kinds of kelp. — Mel•a•no•sper´mous (#), a.

Mel•a•not´ic , a. Melanistic.

Me•lan´o•type , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + -type.] (Photog.) A positive picture produced with sensitized collodion on a smooth surface of black varnish, coating a thin plate of iron; also the process of making such a picture. [Written also melainotype.]

Me•lan´ter•ite , n. (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of iron of a green color and vitreous luster; iron vitriol.

Mel´a•nure , n. [NL. melanurus, fr. Gr. me•las, -anos, black + o’ura• tail.] (Zoöl.) A small fish of the Mediterranean; a gilthead. See Gilthead (a).

Mel•a•nu´ric , a. [Melam + urea.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid obtained by decomposition of melam, or of urea, as a white crystalline powder; — called also melanurenic acid.

Mel´a•phyre , n. [F., fr. Gr. me•las, -anos, black + porphyre porphyry.] (Min.) Any one of several dark-colored augitic, eruptive rocks allied to basalt.

Me•las´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. black spot.] (Med.) A dark discoloration of the skin, usually local; as Addison’s melasma, or Addison’s disease. — Me•las´mic (#), a.

Me•las´ses , n. See Molasses.

Me•las´sic , a. [See Molasses.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from molasses or glucose, and probably identical with saccharic acid. See Saccharic.

Me•las´to•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•las black + sto•ma mouth.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen tropical shrubs; — so called from the black berries of some species, which stain the mouth.

Mel•a•sto•ma´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the order of which Melastoma is the type.

Mel´chite , n. [Heb. melek king.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect, chiefly in Syria and Egypt, which acknowledges the authority of the pope, but adheres to the liturgy and ceremonies of the Eastern Church.

Mel•e•a´grine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Meleagris.

Mel•e•a´gris , n. [L., the Guinea fowl.] (Zoöl.) A genus of American gallinaceous birds, including the common and the wild turkeys.

Mê•lee´ (ma•la´), n. [F., fr. mêler to mix. See Meddle, Mell, and cf. Mellay.] A fight in which the combatants are mingled in one confused mass; a hand to hand conflict; an affray.

Me•le´na , n. (Med.) See Melaena.

Mel´ene , n. [Melissic + ethylene.] (Chem.) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C_30H_60, of the ethylene series, obtained from beeswax as a white, scaly, crystalline wax; — called also melissene, and melissylene.

Mel´e•nite , n. [Gr. me•li honey.] An explosive of great destructive power; — so called from its color, which resembles honey.

Mel´e•tin , n. (Chem.) See Quercitin.

Me•lez´i•tose , n. [F. melèze the larch + melitose.] (Chem.) A variety of sugar, isomeric with sucrose, extracted from the manna of the larch (Larix). [Written also melicitose.]

Me•li•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a natural order (Meliacae) of plants of which the genus Melia is the type. It includes the mahogany and the Spanish cedar. { Mel•i•be´an , Mel•i•b´an }, a. [From L. Meliboeus, one of the interlocutors in Virgil’s first Eclogue.] (Rhet.) Alternately responsive, as verses.

Mel´ic , [Gr. , fr. song.] Of or pertaining to song; lyric; tuneful.

Me•lic´er•ous , a. [L. meliceris a kind of tumor, fr. Gr. ; me•li honey + wax.] (Med.) Consisting of or containing matter like honey; — said of certain encysted tumors.

Mel´ic grass (Bot.) A genus of grasses (Melica) of little agricultural importance.

Mel•i•co•toon´ , n. (Bot.) See Melocoton.

Me•lic´ra•to•ry , n. [Gr. meli•kraton.] A meadlike drink. [Obs.]

Mel´i•lite (mel´i•lit), n. [Gr. me•li honey + -lite; cf. F. melilithe.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in small yellow crystals, found in the lavas (melilite basalt) of Vesuvius, and elsewhere. [Written also mellilite.]

Mel´i•lot (-lot), n. [F. melilot, L. melilotus, fr. Gr. , , a kind of clover containing honey; me•li honey + lotus.] (Bot.) Any species of Melilotus, a genus of leguminous herbs having a vanillalike odor; sweet clover; hart’s clover. The blue melilot (Melilotus caerulea) is used in Switzerland to give color and flavor to sapsago cheese.

Mel•i•lot´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sweet clover or melilot; specifically, designating an acid of the aromatic series, obtained from melilot as a white crystalline substance.

Mel´io•rate (mel´yo•rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meliorated (- ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Meliorating.] [L. melioratus, p. p. of meliorare to meliorate, fr. melior better; akin to Gr. ma^llon rather, ma•la very. Cf. Ameliorate.] To make better; to improve; to ameliorate; to soften; to make more tolerable. “Nature by art we nobly meliorate.” Denham. “The pure and benign light of revelation has had a meliorating influence on mankind.” Washington.

Mel´io•rate, v. i. To grow better.

Mel´io•ra•ter , n. Same as Meliorator.

Mel•io•ra´tion , n. [L. melioratio.] The act or operation of meliorating, or the state of being meliorated; improvement. Bacon.

Mel´io•ra•tor , n. One who meliorates.

Mel´io•rism , n. [From L. melior better.] The doctrine that there is a tendency throughout nature toward improvement. J. Sully.

Mel•ior´i•ty , n. [LL. melioritas, fr. L. melior. See Meliorate.] The state or quality of being better; melioration. [Obs.] Bacon.

Me•liph´a•gan , a. [Gr. me•li honey + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the genus Meliphaga.

Me•liph´a•gan, n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Meliphaga and allied genera; a honey eater; — called also meliphagidan.

Me•liph´a•gous , a. [See Meliphagan.] (Zool.) Eating, or feeding upon, honey.

Me•lis´ma , n.; pl. Melismata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. me•lisma a song.] (Mus.) (a) A piece of melody; a song or tune, — as opposed to recitative or musical declamation. (b) A grace or embellishment.

Me•lis´sa , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•lissa a bee, honey.] (Bot.) A genus of labiate herbs, including the balm, or bee balm (Melissa officinalis).

Me•lis´sic , a. [Gr. me•lissa a bee, honey.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, beeswax; specif., denoting an acid obtained by oxidation of myricin.

Me•lis´syl , n. [Melissic +yl.] (Chem.) See Myricyl.

Me•lis´sy•lene , n. [Melissic + -yl + -ene.] (Chem.) See Melene.

Mel´i•tose , n. [Gr. me•li honey.] (Chem.) A variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, extracted from cotton seeds and from the so- called Australian manna (a secretion of certain species of Eucalyptus).

Mell , v. i. & t. [F. mêler, OF. meller, mester. See Meddle.] To mix; to meddle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mell, n. [See Mellifluous.] Honey. [Obs.] Warner.

Mell, n. A mill. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mel´late , n. [L. mel, mellis, honey. Cf. Mellitate.] (Chem.) A mellitate. [R.]

Mel´lay , n. A mêlee; a conflict. Tennyson.

Mel´lic , a. (Chem.) See Mellitic. [R.]

Mel•lif´er•ous , a. [L. mellifer; mel, mellis, honey + ferre to bear.] Producing honey.

Mel•lif´ic , a. [L. mel, mellis, honey + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] Producing honey.

Mel•li•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. mellificare to make honey: cf. F. mellification. See Mellific.] The making or production of honey.

Mel•lif´lu•ence , n. A flow of sweetness, or a sweet, smooth flow.

Mel•lif´lu•ent , a. [L. mellifluens. See Mellifluous.] Flowing as with honey; smooth; mellifluous.

Mel•lif´lu•ent•ly, adv. In a mellifluent manner.

Mel•lif´lu•ous , a. [L. mellifluus; mel, mellis, honey (akin to Gr. , Goth. milip) + fluere to flow. See Mildew, Fluent, and cf. Marmalade.] Flowing as with honey; smooth; flowing sweetly or smoothly; as a mellifluous voice. — Mel•lif´lu•ous•ly, adv.

Mel•lig´e•nous , a. [L. mel, mellis + -genous.] Having the qualities of honey. [R.]

Mel•li´go , n. [L.] Honeydew.

Mel•lil´o•quent , a. [L. mel, mellis honey + loquens speaking, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Speaking sweetly or harmoniously.

Mel•liph´a•gan , n. See Meliphagan.

Mel•liph´a•gous , a. See Meliphagous.

Mel´li•tate , n. [Cf. F. mellitate. See Mellitic.] (Chem.) A salt of mellitic acid.

Mel´lite , n. [L. mel, mellis, honey: cf. F. mellite.] (Min.) A mineral of a honey color, found in brown coal, and partly the result of vegetable decomposition; honeystone. It is a mellitate of alumina.

Mel•lit´ic , a. [Cf. F. mellitique. See Mellite.] (Chem.) (a) Containing saccharine matter; marked by saccharine secretions; as mellitic diabetes. (b) Pertaining to, or derived from, the mineral mellite. Mellitic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, organic substance, C_6(CO_2H)6, occurring naturally in combination with aluminium in the mineral mellite, and produced artificially by the oxidation of coal, graphite, etc., and hence called also graphitic acid.

Mel´lone , n. (Chem.) A yellow powder, C_6H_3N_9, obtained from certain sulphocyanates. It has acid properties and forms compounds called mellonides.

Mel´lon•ide , n. See Mellone.

Mel´low , a. [Compar. Mellower superl. Mellowest.] [OE. melwe; cf. AS. mearu soft, D. murw, Prov. G. mollig soft, D. malsch, and E. meal flour.] 1. Soft or tender by reason of ripeness; having a tender pulp; as a mellow apple. 2. Hence: (a) Easily worked or penetrated; not hard or rigid; as a mellow soil. ´Mellow glebe.´ Drayton (b) Not coarse, rough, or harsh; subdued; soft; rich; delicate; — said of sound, color, flavor, style, etc. ´The mellow horn.´ Wordsworth. ´The mellow-tasted Burgundy.´ Thomson. “The tender flush whose mellow stain imbues
Heaven with all freaks of light.” Percival. 3. Well matured; softened by years; genial; jovial. “May health return to mellow age.” Wordsworth. “As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a hound.” W. Irving. 4. Warmed by liquor; slightly intoxicated. Addison.

Mel´low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mellowed p. pr. & vb. n. Mellowing.] To make mellow. Shak. “If the Weather prove frosty to mellow it [the ground], they do not plow it again till April.” Mortimer. “The fervor of early feeling is tempered and mellowed by the ripeness of age.” J. C. Shairp.

Mel´low, v. i. To become mellow; as ripe fruit soon mellows. ´Prosperity begins to mellow.´ Shak.

Mel´low•ly, adv. In a mellow manner.

Mel´low•ness, n. Quality or state of being mellow.

Mel´low•y , a. Soft; unctuous. Drayton.

Mel•lu´co , n. (Bot.) A climbing plant (Ullucus officinalis) of the Andes, having tuberous roots which are used as a substitute for potatoes.

Mel´ne , n. A mill. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Mel•o•co•ton´ , Mel•o•co•toon´ } , n. [Sp. melocoton a kind of peach tree and its fruit, L. malum cotonium, or cotonea, or Cydonia, a quince, or quince tree, lit., apple of Cydonia, Gr. . See Quince.] (Bot.) (a) A quince. (b) A kind of peach having one side deep red, and the flesh yellow. [Written also malacatoon, malacotune.]

Me•lo´de•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. musical. See Melody, and cf. Odeon.] 1. (Mus.) A kind of small reed organ; — a portable form of the seraphine. 2. A music hall.

Me•lod´ic , a. [L. melodicus, Gr. : cf. F. melodique.] Of the nature of melody; relating to, containing, or made up of, melody; melodious.

Me•lod´ics , n. The department of musical science which treats of the pitch of tones, and of the laws of melody.

Me•lo´di•o•graph , n. [Melody + -graph.] A contrivance for preserving a record of music, by recording the action of the keys of a musical instrument when played upon.

Me•lo´di•ous , a. [Cf. F. melodieux. See Melody.] Containing, or producing, melody; musical; agreeable to the ear by a sweet succession of sounds; as a melodious voice. ´A melodious voice.´ ´A melodious undertone.´ Longfellow. — Me•lo´di•ous•ly, adv. — Me•lo´di•ous•ness, n.

Mel´o•dist , n. [Cf. F. melodiste.] A composer or singer of melodies.

Mel´o•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Melodized p. pr. & vb. n. Melodizing ] To make melodious; to form into, or set to, melody.

Mel´o•dize, v. i. To make melody; to compose melodies; to harmonize.

Mel•o•dra´ma , n. [F. melodrame, fr. Gr. me•los song + dra^ma drama.] Formerly, a kind of drama having a musical accompaniment to intensify the effect of certain scenes. Now, a drama abounding in romantic sentiment and agonizing situations, with a musical accompaniment only in parts which are especially thrilling or pathetic. In opera, a passage in which the orchestra plays a somewhat descriptive accompaniment, while the actor speaks; as the melodrama in the gravedigging scene of Beethoven’s ´Fidelio´.

Mel•o•dra•mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. melodramatique.] Of or pertaining to melodrama; like or suitable to a melodrama; unnatural in situation or action. — Mel•o•dra•mat´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Mel•o•dram´a•tist , n. One who acts in, or writes, melodramas.

Mel´o•drame , n. [F.] Melodrama.

Mel´o•dy , n.; pl. Melodies (#). [OE. melodie, F. melodie, L. melodia, fr. Gr. a singing, choral song, fr. musical, melodious; me•los song, tune + song. See Ode.] 1. A sweet or agreeable succession of sounds. “Lulled with sound of sweetest melody.” Shak. 2. (Mus.) A rhythmical succession of single tones, ranging for the most part within a given key, and so related together as to form a musical whole, having the unity of what is technically called a musical thought, at once pleasing to the ear and characteristic in expression. Melody consists in a succession of single tones; harmony is a consonance or agreement of tones, also a succession of consonant musical combinations or chords. 3. The air or tune of a musical piece. Syn. — See Harmony.

Mel´o•e , [ NL., fr. Gr. to probe a wound.] (Zoöl.) A genus of beetles without wings, but having short oval elytra; the oil beetles. These beetles are sometimes used instead of cantharides for raising blisters. See Oil beetle, under Oil.

Mel´o•graph (mel´o•graf), n. [Gr. me•los a song + -graph : cf. F. melographe.] Same as Melodiograph.

Mel•o•lon•thid´i•an , n. [Gr. the cockchafer.] (Zoöl.) A beetle of the genus Melolontha, and allied genera. See May beetle, under May.

Mel´on (mel´un), n. [F., fr. L. melo, for melopepo an apple-shaped melon, Gr. ; mh^lon apple + a species of large melon; cf. L. malum apple. Cf. Marmalade.] 1. (Bot.) The juicy fruit of certain cucurbitaceous plants, as the muskmelon, watermelon, and citron melon; also the plant that produces the fruit. 2. (Zoöl.) A large, ornamental, marine, univalve shell of the genus Melo. Melon beetle (Zoöl.), a small leaf beetle (Diabrotiea vittata), which damages the leaves of melon vines. — Melon cactus, Melon thistle. (a) (Bot.) A genus of cactaceous plants (Melocactus) having a fleshy and usually globose stem with the surface divided into spiny longitudinal ridges, and bearing at the top a prickly and woolly crown in which the small pink flowers are half concealed. M. communis, from the West Indies, is often cultivated, and sometimes called Turk’s cap. (b) The related genus Mamillaria, in which the stem is tubercled rather than ribbed, and the flowers sometimes large. See Illust. under Cactus.

Mel•o•pi•a´no , n. [Gr. me•los song + E. piano.] A piano having a mechanical attachment which enables the player to prolong the notes at will.

Mel•o•plas´tic , a. Of or pertaining to meloplasty, or the artificial formation of a new cheek.

Mel´o•plas•ty (mel´o•plas•ty), n. [Gr. mh^lon an apple, a cheek + - plasty: cf. F. meloplastie.] (Surg.) The process of restoring a cheek which has been destroyed wholly or in part.

Mel•o•pœ´ia , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; me•los song + poiei^n to make.] (Mus.) The art of forming melody; melody; — now often used for a melodic passage, rather than a complete melody.

Mel´o•type , n. (Photog.) A picture produced by a process in which development after exposure may be deferred indefinitely, so as to permit transportation of exposed plates; also the process itself.

Mel•pom´e•ne , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., the songstress, fr. , , to sing.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Muse of tragedy. 2. (Astron.) The eighteenth asteroid.

Mel´rose , n. Honey of roses.

Melt (melt), n. (Zoöl.) See 2d Milt.

Melt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Melted (obs.) p. p. Molten p. pr. & vb. n. Melting.] [AS. meltan; akin to Gr. me•ldein, E. malt, and prob. to E. smelt, v. rad.108. Cf. Smelt, v., Malt, Milt the spleen.] 1. To reduce from a solid to a liquid state, as by heat; to liquefy; as to melt wax, tallow, or lead; to melt ice or snow. 2. Hence: To soften, as by a warming or kindly influence; to relax; to render gentle or susceptible to mild influences; sometimes, in a bad sense, to take away the firmness of; to weaken. “Thou would’st have … melted down thy youth.” Shak. “For pity melts the mind to love.” Dryden. Syn. — To liquefy; fuse; thaw; mollify; soften.

Melt, v. i. 1. To be changed from a solid to a liquid state under the influence of heat; as butter and wax melt at moderate temperatures. 2. To dissolve; as sugar melts in the mouth. 3. Hence: To be softened; to become tender, mild, or gentle; also to be weakened or subdued, as by fear. “My soul melteth for heaviness.” Ps. cxix. 28. “Melting with tenderness and kind compassion.” Shak. 4. To lose distinct form or outline; to blend. “The soft, green, rounded hills, with their flowing outlines, overlapping and melting into each other.” J. C. Shairp. 5. To disappear by being dispersed or dissipated; as the fog melts away. Shak.

Melt´a•ble , a. Capable of being melted.

Melt´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, melts.

Melt´ing, n. Liquefaction; the act of causing (something) to melt, or the process of becoming melted. Melting point (Chem.), the degree of temperature at which a solid substance melts or fuses; as the melting point of ice is 0° Centigrade or 32° Fahr., that of urea is 132° Centigrade. — Melting pot, a vessel in which anything is melted; a crucible.

Melt´ing a. Causing to melt; becoming melted; — used literally or figuratively; as a melting heat; a melting appeal; a melting mood. — Melt´ing•ly, adv.

Mel´ton , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of stout woolen cloth with unfinished face and without raised nap. A commoner variety has a cotton warp.

Mem´ber , v. t. [See Remember.] To remember; to cause to remember; to mention. [Obs.]

Mem´ber, n. [OE. membre, F. membre, fr. L. membrum; cf. Goth. mimz flesh, Skr. mamsa.] 1. (Anat.) A part of an animal capable of performing a distinct office; an organ; a limb. “We have many members in one body, and all members have not the same office.” Rom. xii. 4. 2. Hence, a part of a whole; an independent constituent of a body; as: (a) A part of a discourse or of a period or sentence; a clause; a part of a verse. (b) (Math.) Either of the two parts of an algebraic equation, connected by the sign of equality. (c) (Engin.) Any essential part, as a post, tie rod, strut, etc., of a framed structure, as a bridge truss. (d) (Arch.) Any part of a building, whether constructional, as a pier, column, lintel, or the like, or decorative, as a molding, or group of moldings. (e) One of the persons composing a society, community, or the like; an individual forming part of an association; as a member of the society of Friends. Compression member, Tension member (Engin.), a member, as a rod, brace, etc., which is subjected to compression or tension, respectively.

Mem´bered , a. 1. Having limbs; — chiefly used in composition. 2. (Her.) Having legs of a different tincture from that of the body; — said of a bird in heraldic representations.

Mem´ber•ship, n. 1. The state of being a member. 2. The collective body of members, as of a society.

Mem´bral , a. (Anat.) Relating to a member.

Mem•bra•na´ceous , a. [L. membranaceus.] 1. Same as Membranous. Arbuthnot. 2. (Bot.) Thin and rather soft or pliable, as the leaves of the rose, peach tree, and aspen poplar.

Mem´brane , n. [F., fr. L. membrana the skin that covers the separate members of the body, fr. L. membrum. See Member.] (Anat.) A thin layer or fold of tissue, usually supported by a fibrous network, serving to cover or line some part or organ, and often secreting or absorbing certain fluids. The term is also often applied to the thin, expanded parts, of various texture, both in animals and vegetables. Adventitious membrane, a membrane connecting parts not usually connected, or of a different texture from the ordinary connection; as the membrane of a cicatrix. — Jacob’s membrane. See under Retina. — Mucous membranes (Anat.), the membranes lining passages and cavities which communicate with the exterior, as well as ducts and receptacles of secretion, and habitually secreting mucus. — Schneiderian membrane. (Anat.) See Schneiderian. — Serous membranes (Anat.) , the membranes, like the peritoneum and pleura, which line, or lie in, cavities having no obvious outlet, and secrete a serous fluid.

Mem•bra´ne•ous , a. [L. membraneus of parchment.] See Membranous.

Mem•bra•nif´er•ous , a. [Membrane + -ferous.] Having or producing membranes.

Mem•bra´ni•form , a. [Membrane + -form: cf. F. membraniforme.] Having the form of a membrane or of parchment.

Mem•bra•nol´o•gy , n. [Membrane + -logy.] The science which treats of membranes.

Mem´bra•nous , a. [Cf. F. membraneux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, membrane; as a membranous covering or lining. 2. (Bot.) Membranaceous. Membranous croup (Med.), true croup. See Croup.

Me•men´to , n.; pl. Mementos (#). [L., remember, be mindful, imper. of meminisse to remember. See Mention.] A hint, suggestion, token, or memorial, to awaken memory; that which reminds or recalls to memory; a souvenir. “Seasonable mementos may be useful.” Bacon.

Me•min´na , n. (Zoöl.) A small deerlet, or chevrotain, of India.

Mem´non , n. [L., from Gr. , lit., the Steadfast, Resolute, the son of Tithonus and Aurora, and king of the Ethiopians, killed by Achilles.] (Antiq.) A celebrated Egyptian statue near Thebes, said to have the property of emitting a harplike sound at sunrise. { Mem´oir , or pl. Mem´oirs }, n. [F. memoire, m., memorandum, fr. memoire, f., memory, L. memoria. See Memory.] 1. A memorial account; a history composed from personal experience and memory; an account of transactions or events (usually written in familiar style) as they are remembered by the writer. See History, 2. 2. A memorial of any individual; a biography; often, a biography written without special regard to method and completeness. 3. An account of something deemed noteworthy; an essay; a record of investigations of any subject; the journals and proceedings of a society.

Mem´oir•ist, n. A writer of memoirs.

Mem•o•ra•bil´i•a , n. pl. [L., fr. memorabilis memorable. See Memorable.] Things remarkable and worthy of remembrance or record; also the record of them.

Mem•o•ra•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being memorable.

Mem´o•ra•ble , a. [L. memorabilis, fr. memorare to bring to remembrance, fr. memor mindful, remembering. See Memory, and cf. Memorabilia.] Worthy to be remembered; very important or remarkable. — Mem´o•ra•ble•ness, n. — Mem´o•ra•bly, adv. “Surviving fame to gain,
Buy tombs, by books, by memorable deeds.” Sir J. Davies.

Mem•o•ran´dum , n.; pl. E. Memorandums, L. Memoranda (#). [L., something to be remembered, neut. of memorandus, fut. pass. p. of memorare. See Memorable.] 1. A record of something which it is desired to remember; a note to help the memory. “I … entered a memorandum in my pocketbook.” Guardian. “I wish you would, as opportunity offers, make memorandums of the regulations of the academies.” Sir J. Reynolds. 2. (Law) A brief or informal note in writing of some transaction, or an outline of an intended instrument; an instrument drawn up in a brief and compendious form. Memorandum check, a check given as an acknowledgment of indebtedness, but with the understanding that it will not be presented at bank unless the maker fails to take it up on the day the debt becomes due. It usually has Mem. written on its face.

Mem´o•rate , v. t. [L. memoratus, p. p. of memorare. See Memorable.] To commemorate. [Obs.]

Mem´o•ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. memoratif.] Commemorative. [Obs.] Hammond.

Me•mo´ri•a , n. [L.] Memory. Memoria technica, technical memory; a contrivance for aiding the memory.

Me•mo´ri•al , a. [F. memorial, L. memorialis, fr. memoria. See Memory.] 1. Serving to preserve remembrance; commemorative; as a memorial building. “There high in air, memorial of my name,
Fix the smooth oar, and bid me live to fame.” Pope. 2. Contained in memory; as a memorial possession. 3. Mnemonic; assisting the memory. “This succession of Aspirate, Soft, and Hard, may be expressed by the memorial word ASH.” Skeat. Memorial Day. Same as Decoration Day. [U.S.]

Me•mo´ri•al, n. [Cf. F. memorial.] 1. Anything intended to preserve the memory of a person or event; something which serves to keep something else in remembrance; a monument. Macaulay. “Churches have names; some as memorials of peace, some of wisdom, some in memory of the Trinity itself.” Hooker. 2. A memorandum; a record. [Obs. or R.] Hayward. 3. A written representation of facts, addressed to the government, or to some branch of it, or to a society, etc., — often accompanied with a petition. 4. Memory; remembrance. [Obs.] “Precious is the memorial of the just.” Evelyn. 5. (Diplomacy) A species of informal state paper, much used in negotiation.

Me•mo´ri•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. memorialiste.] One who writes or signs a memorial.

Me•mo´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Memorialized p. pr. & vb. n. Memorializing ] To address or petition by a memorial; to present a memorial to; as to memorialize the legislature. T. Hook.

Me•mo´ri•al•i•zer , n. One who petitions by a memorial. T. Hook.

Mem´o•rist , n. [See Memorize.] One who, or that which, causes to be remembered. [Obs.]

Me•mor´i•ter , adv. [L., fr. memor mindful. See Memorable.] By, or from, memory.

Mem´o•rize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Memorized p. pr. & vb. n. Memorizing ] [See Memory.] 1. To cause to be remembered ; hence, to record. [Obs.] “They neglect to memorize their conquest.” Spenser. “They meant to … memorize another Golgotha.” Shak. 2. To commit to memory; to learn by heart.

Mem´o•ry , n.; pl. Memories (#). [OE. memorie, OF. memoire, memorie, F. memoire, L. memoria, fr. memor mindful; cf. mora delay. Cf. Demur, Martyr, Memoir, Remember.] 1. The faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous thoughts, impressions, or events. “Memory is the purveyor of reason.” Rambler. 2. The reach and positiveness with which a person can remember; the strength and trustworthiness of one’s power to reach and represent or to recall the past; as his memory was never wrong. 3. The actual and distinct retention and recognition of past ideas in the mind; remembrance; as in memory of youth; memories of foreign lands. 4. The time within which past events can be or are remembered; as within the memory of man. “And what, before thy memory, was done
From the begining.” Milton. 5. Something, or an aggregate of things, remembered; hence, character, conduct, etc., as preserved in remembrance, history, or tradition; posthumous fame; as the war became only a memory. “The memory of the just is blessed.” Prov. x. 7. “That ever-living man of memory, Henry the Fifth.” Shak. “The Nonconformists … have, as a body, always venerated her [Elizabeth’s] memory.” Macaulay. 6. A memorial. [Obs.] “These weeds are memories of those worser hours.” Shak. Syn. — Memory, Remembrance, Recollection, Reminiscence. Memory is the generic term, denoting the power by which we reproduce past impressions. Remembrance is an exercise of that power when things occur spontaneously to our thoughts. In recollection we make a distinct effort to collect again, or call back, what we know has been formerly in the mind. Reminiscence is intermediate between remembrance and recollection, being a conscious process of recalling past occurrences, but without that full and varied reference to particular things which characterizes recollection. ´When an idea again recurs without the operation of the like object on the external sensory, it is remembrance; if it be sought after by the mind, and with pain and endeavor found, and brought again into view, it is recollection.´ Locke. To draw to memory, to put on record; to record. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gower.

Mem´phi•an , a. Of or pertaining to the ancient city of Memphis in Egypt; hence, Egyptian; as Memphian darkness.

Men , n., pl. of Man.

Men, pron. [OE. me, men. ´Not the plural of man, but a weakened form of the word man itself.´ Skeat.] A man; one; — used with a verb in the singular, and corresponding to the present indefinite one or they. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “Men moot give silver to the poure friars.” Chaucer. “A privy thief, men clepeth death.” Chaucer.

Me•nac´can•ite , n. [From Menaccan, in Cornwall, where it was first found.] (Min.) An iron-black or steel-gray mineral, consisting chiefly of the oxides of iron and titanium. It is commonly massive, but occurs also in rhombohedral crystals. Called also titanic iron ore, and ilmenite.

Men´ace (men´as; 48), n. [F., fr. L. minaciae threats, menaces, fr. minax, - acis, projecting, threatening, minae projecting points or pinnacles, threats. Cf. Amenable, Demean, Imminent, Minatory.] The show of an intention to inflict evil; a threat or threatening; indication of a probable evil or catastrophe to come. “His (the pope’s) commands, his rebukes, his menaces.” Milman. “The dark menace of the distant war.” Dryden.

Men´ace (men´as; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Menaced (ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Menacing ] [OF. menacier, F. menacer. See Menace, n.] 1. To express or show an intention to inflict, or to hold out a prospect of inflicting, evil or injury upon; to threaten; — usually followed by with before the harm threatened; as to menace a country with war. “My master … did menace me with death.” Shak. 2. To threaten, as an evil to be inflicted. “By oath he menaced
Revenge upon the cardinal.” Shak.

Men´ace, v. i. To act in threatening manner; to wear a threatening aspect. “Who ever knew the heavens menace so?” Shak.

Men´a•cer , n. One who menaces.

Men´a•cing•ly, adv. In a threatening manner.

Me•nage´ , n. See Manage.

Me•nage´ , n. [See Menagerie.] A collection of animals; a menagerie. [Obs.] Addison.

Men•ag´er•ie , n. [F. menagerie, fr. menager to keep house, menage household. See Menial, Mansion.] 1. A piace where animals are kept and trained. 2. A collection of wild or exotic animals, kept for exhibition.

Men´a•gogue , n. [F. menagogue, fr. Gr. mh•n month + leading.] (Med.) Emmenagogue.

Me•na´ion , n.; pl. Menaia (-yå). [NL., from Gr. monthly.] (Eccl.) A work of twelve volumes, each containing the offices in the Greek Church for a month; also each volume of the same. Shipley. { Men´ald , Men´ild } a. Covered with spots; speckled; variegated. [Obs.]

Mend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mended; p. pr. & vb. n. Mending.] [Abbrev. fr. amend. See Amend.] 1. To repair, as anything that is torn, broken, defaced, decayed, or the like; to restore from partial decay, injury, or defacement; to patch up; to put in shape or order again; to re-create; as to mend a garment or a machine. 2. To alter for the better; to set right; to reform; hence, to quicken; as to mend one’s manners or pace. “The best service they could do the state was to mend the lives of the persons who composed it.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To help, to advance, to further; to add to. “Though in some lands the grass is but short, yet it mends garden herbs and fruit.” Mortimer. “You mend the jewel by the wearing it.” Shak. Syn. — To improve; help; better; emend; amend; correct; rectify; reform.

Mend, v. i. To grow better; to advance to a better state; to become improved. Shak.

Mend´a•ble , a. Capable of being mended.

Men•da´cious , a. [L. mendax, -acis, lying, cf. mentiri to lie.] 1. Given to deception or falsehood; lying; as a mendacious person. 2. False; counterfeit; containing falsehood; as a mendacious statement. — Men•da´cious•ly, adv. — Men•da´cious•ness, n.

Men•dac´i•ty , n.; pl. Mendacities (#). [L. mendacitas.] 1. The quality or state of being mendacious; a habit of lying. Macaulay. 2. A falsehood; a lie. Sir T. Browne. Syn. — Lying; deceit; untruth; falsehood.

Mend´er , n. One who mends or repairs.

Men´di•ant , n. See Mendinant. [Obs.]

Men´di•can•cy , n. The condition of being mendicant; beggary; begging. Burke.

Men´di•cant , a. [L. mendicans, -antis, p. pr. of mendicare to beg, fr. mendicus beggar, indigent.] Practicing beggary; begging; living on alms; as mendicant friars. Mendicant orders (R. C. Ch.), certain monastic orders which are forbidden to acquire landed property and are required to be supported by alms, esp. the Franciscans, the Dominicans, the Carmelites, and the Augustinians.

Men´di•cant, n. A beggar; esp., one who makes a business of begging; specifically, a begging friar.

Men´di•cate , v. t.& i. [L. mendicatus, p. p. of mendicare to beg.] To beg. [R.] Johnson.

Men•di•ca´tion , n. The act or practice of begging; beggary; mendicancy. Sir T. Browne.

Men•dic´i•ty , n. [L. mendicitas: cf. F. mendicite. See Mendicant.] The practice of begging; the life of a beggar; mendicancy. Rom. of R.

Men´di•nant , n. A mendicant or begging friar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mend´ment , n. Amendment. [Obs.]

Men´dole (men´dol), n. [Cf. F. mendol, mendole.] (Zoöl.) The cackerel.

Men´dre•gal , n. (Zoöl.) Medregal.

Mends (mendz), n. See Amends. [Obs.] Shak.

Menge (menj), v. i. [imp. Mente, Meinte; p. p. Ment, Meint.] [See Mingle.] To mix. [Obs.] Spenser.

Men•ha´den , n. (Zoöl.) An American marine fish of the Herring family (Brevoortia tyrannus), chiefly valuable for its oil and as a component of fertilizers; — called also mossbunker, bony fish, chebog, pogy, hardhead, whitefish, etc.

Men´hir , n. [F. Armor. men stone + hir high.] A large stone set upright in olden times as a memorial or monument. Many, of unknown date, are found in Brittany and throughout Northern Europe.

Men´ial , a. [OE. meneal, fr. meine, maine, household, OF. maisniee, maisnie, LL. mansionaticum. See Mansion, and cf. Meine, n., Meiny.] 1. Belonging to a retinue or train of servants; performing servile office; serving. “Two menial dogs before their master pressed.” Dryden. 2. Pertaining to servants, esp. domestic servants; servile; low; mean. ´ Menial offices.´ Swift.

Men´ial, n. 1. A domestic servant or retainer, esp. one of humble rank; one employed in low or servile offices. 2. A person of a servile character or disposition.

Me•nière’s´ dis•ease´ (Med.) A disease characterized by deafness and vertigo, resulting in incoördination of movement. It is supposed to depend upon a morbid condition of the semicircular canals of the internal ear. Named after Menière, a French physician.

Men´i•lite , n. [F. menilite; — so called because it is found at Menilmontant, near Paris.] (Min.) See Opal.

Me•nin´ge•al (me•nin´je•al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the meninges.

Me•nin´ges (-jez), n. pl.; sing. Meninx . [NL., fr. Gr. mh^nigx, -iggos, a membrane.] (Anat.) The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord; the pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid membrane.

Men•in•gi´tis , n. [NL. See Meninges, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord. Cerebro-spinal meningitis. See under Cerebro-spinal.

Me•nis´cal , a. Pertaining to, or having the form of, a meniscus.

Me•nis´coid , a. [Meniscus + -oid.] Concavo-convex, like a meniscus.

me•nis´cus , n.; pl. L. menisci (-si), E. Meniscuses (#). [NL., from Gr. mhni•skos, dim. of mh•nh the moon.] 1. A crescent. 2. (Opt.) A lens convex on one side and concave on the other. 3. (Anat.) An interarticular synovial cartilage or membrane; esp., one of the intervertebral synovial disks in some parts of the vertebral column of birds. Converging meniscus, Diverging meniscus. See Lens.

Men•i•sper•ma´ceous , a. [Gr. mh•nh the moon + spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) Pertaining to a natural order (Menispermaceae) of climbing plants of which moonseed (Menispermum) is the type.

Men•i•sper´mic , a. Pertaining to, or obtained from, moonseed (Menispermum), or other plants of the same family, as the Anamirta Cocculus.

Men•i•sper´mine , n. [Cf. F. menispermine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid distinct from picrotoxin and obtained from the cocculus indicus (the fruit of Anamirta Cocculus, formerly Menispermum Cocculus) as a white, crystalline, tasteless powder; — called also menispermina.

Men´i•ver , n. [OF. menuver, menuveir, menuvair, a grayish fur; menu small + vair a kind of fur. See Minute, a., and Vair.] Same as Miniver. { Men´non•ist , Men´non•ite } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a small denomination of Christians, so called from Menno Simons of Friesland, their founder. They believe that the New Testament is the only rule of faith, that there is no original sin, that infants should not be baptized, and that Christians ought not to take oath, hold office, or render military service. { Men´o•branch , Men•o•bran´chus } n. [NL. menobranchus, fr. Gr. to remain + a gill.] (Zoöl.) A large aquatic American salamander of the genus Necturus, having permanent external gills. { Men•o•lo´gi•um , Me•nol´o•gy } n.; pl. L. Menologia (#), E. Menologies (#). [NL. menologium, fr. Gr. mh•n month + lo•gos discourse : cf. F. menologe.] 1. A register of months. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. (Gr. Church) A brief calendar of the lives of the saints for each day in the year, or a simple remembrance of those whose lives are not written.

Men´o•pause , n. [Gr. mh•n month + to cause to cease. See Menses.] (Med.) The period of natural cessation of menstruation. See Change of life, under Change. { Men•o•po´ma , Men´o•pome } n. [NL. menopoma, fr. Gr. to remain + lid.] (Zoöl.) The hellbender.

Men•or•rha´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mh•n month + to break.] (Med.) (a) Profuse menstruation. (b) Any profuse bleeding from the uterus; Metrorrhagia.

Me•nos´ta•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mh•n month + ’istan•nai to stop.] (Med.) Stoppage of the menses.

Men•os•ta´tion , n. (Med.) Same as Menostasis.

Men´ow , n. (Zoöl.) A minnow.

Men´-pleas•er , n. One whose motive is to please men or the world, rather than God. Eph. vi. 6.

Men´sal , a. [L. mensalis, fr. mensa table.] Belonging to the table; transacted at table; as mensal conversation.

Men´sal , a. [L. mensis month.] Occurring once in a month; monthly.

Mense , n. [OE. menske, AS. mennisc human, man. See Man.] Manliness; dignity; comeliness; civility. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] — Mense´ful (#), a. — Mense´less, a.

Mense, v. t. To grace. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Men´ses , n. pl. [L. mensis month, pl. menses months, and the monthly courses of women. Cf. Month.] (Med.) The catamenial or menstrual discharge, a periodic flow of blood or bloody fluid from the uterus or female generative organs.

Men´stru•al , a. [L. menstrualis: cf. F. menstruel. See Menstruous.] 1. Recurring once a month; monthly; gone through in a month; as the menstrual revolution of the moon; pertaining to monthly changes; as the menstrual equation of the sun’s place. 2. Of or pertaining to the menses; as menstrual discharges; the menstrual period. 3. Of or pertaining to a menstruum. Bacon.

Men´stru•ant , a. [L. menstruans, p. pr. of menstruare to have a monthly term, fr. menstruus. See Menstruous.] Subject to monthly flowing or menses.

Men´stru•ate , a. Menstruous. [Obs.]

Men´stru•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Menstruated p. pr. & vb. n. Menstruating ] To discharge the menses; to have the catamenial flow.

Men•stru•a´tion , n. The discharge of the menses; also the state or the period of menstruating.

Men´strue , n. [Cf. F. menstrues. See Menstruous.] The menstrual flux; menses. [Obs.]

Men´stru•ous , a. [L. menstruus, fr. mensis month. Cf. Menstruum.] 1. Having the monthly flow or discharge; menstruating. 2. Of or pertaining to the monthly flow; catamenial.

Men´stru•um , n.; pl. E. Menstruums (#), L. Menstrua (#). [L. menstruus. See Menstruous.] Any substance which dissolves a solid body; a solvent. “The proper menstruum to dissolve metal.” Bacon. “All liquors are called menstruums which are used as dissolvents, or to extract the virtues of ingredients by infusion or decoction.” Quincy. The use is supposed to have originated in some notion of the old chemists about the influence of the moon in the preparation of dissolvents. Johnson.

Men•su•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. mensurabilite.] The quality of being mensurable.

Men´su•ra•ble , a. [L. mensurabilis, fr. mensurare to measure, fr. mensura measure: cf. F. mensurable. See Measurable, Measure.] Capable of being measured; measurable.

Men´su•ra•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being mensurable; measurableness.

Men´su•ral , a. [L. mensuralis.] Of or pertaining to measure.

Men´su•rate , v. t. [L. mensuratus, p. p. of mensurare. See Measure, v.] To measure. [Obs.]

Men•su•ra´tion , n. [L. mensuratio : cf. F. mensuration.] 1. The act, process, or art, of measuring. 2. That branch of applied geometry which gives rules for finding the length of lines, the areas of surfaces, or the volumes of solids, from certain simple data of lines and angles.

-ment , [F. -ment, L. -mentum.] A suffix denoting that which does a thing; an act or process; the result of an act or process; state or condition; as aliment, that which nourishes, ornament, increment; fragment, piece broken, segment; abridgment, act of abridging, imprisonment, movement, adjournment; amazement, state of being amazed, astonishment.

Ment , p. p. of Menge.

Men´ta•gra , n. [NL., fr. L. mentum chin + Gr. a catching.] (Med.) Sycosis.

Men´tal , a. [L. mentum the chin.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin; genian; as the mental nerve; the mental region.

Men´tal, n. (Zoöl.) A plate or scale covering the mentum or chin of a fish or reptile.

Men´tal, a. [F., fr. L. mentalis, fr. mens, mentis, the mind; akin to E. mind. See Mind.] Of or pertaining to the mind; intellectual; as mental faculties; mental operations, conditions, or exercise. “What a mental power
This eye shoots forth!” Shak. Mental alienation, insanity. — Mental arithmetic, the art or practice of solving arithmetical problems by mental processes, unassisted by written figures.

Men•tal´i•ty , n. Quality or state of mind. ´The same hard mentality.´ Emerson.

Men´tal•ly , adv. In the mind; in thought or meditation; intellectually; in idea.

Men´tha , n. [L. See Mint the plant.] (Bot.) A widely distributed genus of fragrant herbs, including the peppermint, spearmint, etc. The plants have small flowers, usually arranged in dense axillary clusters.

Men´thene , n. [Menthol + terpene.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid hydrocarbon resembling oil of turpentine, obtained by dehydrating menthol. It has an agreeable odor and a cooling taste.

Men´thol , n. [Mentha + - ol.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, aromatic substance resembling camphor, extracted from oil of peppermint (Mentha); — called also mint camphor or peppermint camphor.

Men´thyl , n. [Mentha + - yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical forming the base of menthol.

Men•ti•cul´tur•al , a. Of or pertaining to mental culture; serving to improve or strengthen the mind. [R.]

Men´tion , n. [OE. mencioun, F. mention, L. mentio, from the root of meminisse to remember. See Mind.] A speaking or notice of anything, — usually in a brief or cursory manner. Used especially in the phrase to make mention of. “I will make mention of thy righteousness.” Ps. lxxi. 16. “And sleep in dull, cold marble, where no mention
Of me more must be heard of.” Shak.

Men´tion (men´shun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mentioned (- shund); p. pr. & vb. n. Mentioning.] [Cf. F. mentionner.] To make mention of; to speak briefly of; to name. “I will mention the loving-kindnesses of the Lord.” Is. lxiii. 7.

Men´tion•a•ble , a. Fit to be mentioned.

Men•to•meck•e´li•an , a. [1st mental + Meckelian.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin and lower jaw. — n. The bone or cartilage forming the anterior extremity of the lower jaw in some adult animals and the young of others.

Men´tor , n. [From Mentor, the counselor of Telemachus, Gr. Me•ntwr, prop., counselor. Cf. Monitor.] A wise and faithful counselor or monitor.

Men•to´ri•al , a. [From Mentor.] Containing advice or admonition.

Men´tum , n. [L., chin.] (Zoöl.) The front median plate of the labium in insects. See Labium.

Me•nu´ , n. [F., slender, thin, minute. See 4th Minute.] The details of a banquet; a bill of fare.

Me´nuse , v. i. See Amenuse. [Obs.]

Me•ow´ , v. i. & n. See 6th and 7th Mew.

Meph•is•to•phe´li•an , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the devil Mephistopheles, ´a crafty, scoffing, relentless fiend;´ devilish; crafty. { Me•phit´ic , Me•phit´ic•al } a. [L. mephiticus, fr. mephitis mephitis: cf. F. mephitique.] 1. Tending to destroy life; poisonous; noxious; as mephitic exhalations; mephitic regions. 2. Offensive to the smell; as mephitic odors. Mephitic air (Chem.), carbon dioxide; — so called because of its deadly suffocating power. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

Me•phi´tis , n. [L. mephitis : cf. F. mephitis.] 1. Noxious, pestilential, or foul exhalations from decomposing substances, filth, or other source. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of mammals, including the skunks.

Meph´i•tism , n. Same as Mephitis, 1.

Me•ra´cious , a. [L. meracus, fr. merus pure, inmixed.] Being without mixture or adulteration; hence, strong; racy. [Obs.]

Mer´ca•ble , a. [L. mercabilis, fr. mercari to trade, traffic, buy. See Merchant.] Capable of being bought or sold. [Obs.]

Mer´can•tile ( 277), a. [F. mercantile, It. mercantile, fr. L. mercans, - antis, p. pr. of mercari to traffic. See Merchant.] Of or pertaining to merchants, or the business of merchants; having to do with trade, or the buying and selling of commodities; commercial. “The expedition of the Argonauts was partly mercantile, partly military.” Arbuthnot. Mercantile agency, an agency for procuring information of the standing and credit of merchants in different parts of the country, for the use of dealers who sell to them. - - Mercantile marine, the persons and vessels employed in commerce, taken collectively. — Mercantile paper, the notes or acceptances given by merchants for goods bought, or received on consignment; drafts on merchants for goods sold or consigned. McElrath. Syn. — Mercantile, Commercial. Commercial is the wider term, being sometimes used to embrace mercantile. In their stricter use, commercial relates to the shipping, freighting, forwarding, and other business connected with the commerce of a country (whether external or internal), that is, the exchange of commodities; while mercantile applies to the sale of merchandise and goods when brought to market. As the two employments are to some extent intermingled, the two words are often interchanged.

Mer•cap´tal , n. [Mercaptan + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of compounds of mercaptans with aldehydes.

Mer•cap´tan , n. [F., fr. NL. mercurius mercury + L. captans, p. pr. of captare to seize, v. intens. fr. capere.] (Chem.) Any one of series of compounds, hydrosulphides of alcohol radicals, in composition resembling the alcohols, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen, and hence called also the sulphur alcohols. In general, they are colorless liquids having a strong, repulsive, garlic odor. The name is specifically applied to ethyl mercaptan, C_2H_5SH. So called from its avidity for mercury, and other metals.

Mer•cap´tide , n. (Chem.) A compound of mercaptan formed by replacing its sulphur hydrogen by a metal; as potassium mercaptide, C_2H_5SK.

Mer´cat , n. [L. mercatus : cf. It. mercato. See Market.] Market; trade. [Obs.] Bp. Sprat.

Mer•ca•tan´te ( It. ?), n. [It. See Merchant.] A foreign trader. [Obs.] Shak.

Mer•ca´tor’s chart´ See under Chart, and see Mercator’s projection, under Projection.

Mer´ca•ture ( 135), n. [L. mercatura commerce.] Commerce; traffic; trade. [Obs.]

Merce , v. t. [See Amerce.] To subject to fine or amercement; to mulct; to amerce. [Obs.]

Mer•ce•na´ri•a , n. [NL. See Mercenary.] (Zoöl.) The quahog.

Mer•ce•na´ri•an (-an), n. A mercenary. [Obs.]

Mer´ce•na•ri•ly , adv. In a mercenary manner.

Mer´ce•na•ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being mercenary; venality. Boyle.

Mer´ce•na•ry , a. [OE. mercenarie, F. mercenaire, fr. L. mercenarius, fr. merces wages, reward. See Mercy.] 1. Acting for reward; serving for pay; paid; hired; hireling; venal; as mercenary soldiers. 2. Hence: Moved by considerations of pay or profit; greedy of gain; sordid; selfish. Shak. “For God forbid I should my papers blot
With mercenary lines, with servile pen.” Daniel. Syn. — See Venal.

Mer´ce•na•ry , n.; pl. Mercenaries . One who is hired; a hireling; especially, a soldier hired into foreign service. Milman.

Mer´cer , n. [F. mercier, fr. L. merx, mercis, wares, merchandise. See Merchant.] Originally, a dealer in any kind of goods or wares; now restricted to a dealer in textile fabrics, as silks or woolens. [Eng.]

Mer´cer•ship, n. The business of a mercer.

Mer´cer•y , n. [F. mercerie.] The trade of mercers; the goods in which a mercer deals.

Mer´chand , v. i. [F. marchander. See Merchant.] To traffic. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mer´chan•di•sa•ble , a. Such as can be used or transferred as merchandise.

Mer´chan•dise , n. [F. marchandise, OF. marcheandise.] 1. The objects of commerce; whatever is usually bought or sold in trade, or market, or by merchants; wares; goods; commodities. Spenser. 2. The act or business of trading; trade; traffic.

Mer´chan•dise, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Merchandised p. pr. & vb. n. Merchandising ] To trade; to carry on commerce. Bacon.

Mer´chan•dise, v. t. To make merchandise of; to buy and sell. ´Love is merchandised.´ Shak.

Mer´chan•di•ser , n. A trader. Bunyan.

Mer´chand•ry , n. [See Merchant.] Trade; commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Mer´chant , n. [OE. marchant, OF. marcheant, F. marchand, fr. LL. mercatans, -antis, p. pr. of mercatare to negotiate, L. mercari to traffic, fr. merx, mercis, wares. See Market, Merit, and cf. Commerce.] 1. One who traffics on a large scale, especially with foreign countries; a trafficker; a trader. “Others, like merchants, venture trade abroad.” Shak. 2. A trading vessel; a merchantman. [Obs.] Shak. 3. One who keeps a store or shop for the sale of goods; a shopkeeper. [U. S. & Scot.]

Mer´chant, a. Of, pertaining to, or employed in, trade or merchandise; as the merchant service. Merchant bar, Merchant iron or steel, certain common sizes of wrought iron and steel bars. — Merchant service, the mercantile marine of a country. Am. Cyc. — Merchant ship, a ship employed in commerce. — Merchant tailor, a tailor who keeps and sells materials for the garments which he makes.

Mer´chant, v. i. To be a merchant; to trade. [Obs.]

Mer´chant•a•ble , a. Fit for market; such as is usually sold in market, or such as will bring the ordinary price; as merchantable wheat; sometimes, a technical designation for a particular kind or class.

Mer´chant•ly, a. Merchantlike; suitable to the character or business of a merchant. [Obs.] Gauden.

Mer´chant•man , n.; pl. Merchantmen . 1. A merchant. [Obs.] Matt. xiii. 45. 2. A trading vessel; a ship employed in the transportation of goods, as distinguished from a man-of- war.

Mer´chant•ry , n. 1. The body of merchants taken collectively; as the merchantry of a country. 2. The business of a merchant; merchandise. Walpole.

Mer´ci•a•ble , a. [OF.] Merciful. [Obs.]

Mer´ci•ful , a. [Mercy + - ful.] 1. Full of mercy; having or exercising mercy; disposed to pity and spare offenders; unwilling to punish. “The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gracious.” Ex. xxxiv. 6. “Be merciful, great duke, to men of mold.” Shak. 2. Unwilling to give pain; compassionate. “A merciful man will be merciful to his beast.” Old Proverb. Syn. — Compassionate; tender; humane; gracious; kind; mild; clement; benignant. — Mer´ci•ful•ly, adv. — Mer´ci•ful•ness, n.

Mer´ci•fy , v. t. To pity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mer´ci•less, a. Destitute of mercy; cruel; unsparing; — said of animate beings, and also figuratively, of things; as a merciless tyrant; merciless waves. “The foe is merciless, and will not pity.” Shak. Syn. — Cruel; unmerciful; remorseless; ruthless; pitiless; barbarous; savage. — Mer´ci•less•ly, adv. — Mer´ci•less•ness, n.

Mer•cur•am•mo´ni•um , n. [Mercuric + ammonium.] (Chem.) A radical regarded as derived from ammonium by the substitution of mercury for a portion of the hydrogen.

Mer•cu´ri•al , a. [L. mercurialis, fr. Mercurius Mercury: cf. F. mercuriel.] 1. Having the qualities fabled to belong to the god Mercury; swift; active; sprightly; fickle; volatile; changeable; as a mercurial youth; a mercurial temperament. “A mercurial man
Who fluttered over all things like a fan.” Byron. 2. Having the form or image of Mercury; — applied to ancient guideposts. [Obs.] Chillingworth. 3. Of or pertaining to Mercury as the god of trade; hence, money-making; crafty. “The mercurial wand of commerce.” J. Q. Adams. 4. Of or pertaining to, or containing, mercury; as mercurial preparations, barometer. See Mercury, 2. 5. (Med.) Caused by the use of mercury; as mercurial sore mouth.

Mer•cu´ri•al, n. 1. A person having mercurial qualities. Bacon. 2. (Med.) A preparation containing mercury.

Mer•cu´ri•al•ist, n. 1. One under the influence of Mercury; one resembling Mercury in character. 2. (Med.) A physician who uses much mercury, in any of its forms, in his practice.

Mer•cu´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mercurialized p. pr. & vb. n. Mercurializing ] 1. (Med.) To affect with mercury. 2. (Photography) To treat with mercury; to expose to the vapor of mercury.

Mer•cu´ri•al•ize, v. i. To be sprightly, fantastic, or capricious. [Obs.]

Mer•cu´ri•al•ly, adv. In a mercurial manner.

Mer•cu´ric , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mercury; containing mercury; — said of those compounds of mercury into which this element enters in its lowest proportion. Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate. See Corrosive.

Mer•cu•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. mercurification. See Mercurify.] 1. (Metal.) The process or operation of obtaining the mercury, in its fluid form, from mercuric minerals. 2. (Chem.) The act or process of compounding, or the state of being compounded, with mercury. [R.]

Mer•cu´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mercurified p. pr. & vb. n. Mercurifying ] [Mercury + -fy.] 1. To obtain mercury from, as mercuric minerals, which may be done by any application of intense heat that expels the mercury in fumes, which are afterward condensed. [R.] 2. To combine or mingle mercury with; to impregnate with mercury; to mercurialize. [R.]

Mer´cu•rism , n. A communication of news; an announcement. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Mer•cu´rous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mercury; containing mercury; — said of those compounds of mercury in which it is present in its highest proportion. Mercurous chloride. (Chem.) See Calomel.

Mer´cu•ry , n. [L. Mercurius; akin to merx wares.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) A Latin god of commerce and gain; — treated by the poets as identical with the Greek Hermes, messenger of the gods, conductor of souls to the lower world, and god of eloquence. 2. (Chem.) A metallic element mostly obtained by reduction from cinnabar, one of its ores. It is a heavy, opaque, glistening liquid (commonly called quicksilver), and is used in barometers, thermometers, etc. Specific gravity 13.6. Symbol Hg (Hydrargyrum). Atomic weight 199.8. Mercury has a molecule which consists of only one atom. It was named by the alchemists after the god Mercury, and designated by his symbol, &mercury;. Mercury forms alloys, called amalgams, with many metals, and is thus used in applying tin foil to the backs of mirrors, and in extracting gold and silver from their ores. It is poisonous, and is used in medicine in the free state as in blue pill, and in its compounds as calomel, corrosive sublimate, etc. It is the only metal which is liquid at ordinary temperatures, and it solidifies at about -39° Centigrade to a soft, malleable, ductile metal. 3. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, being the one nearest the sun, from which its mean distance is about 36,000,000 miles. Its period is 88 days, and its diameter 3,000 miles. 4. A carrier of tidings; a newsboy; a messenger; hence, also a newspaper. Sir J. Stephen. ´The monthly Mercuries.´ Macaulay. 5. Sprightly or mercurial quality; spirit; mutability; fickleness. [Obs.] “He was so full of mercury that he could not fix long in any friendship, or to any design.” Bp. Burnet. 6. (Bot.) A plant (Mercurialis annua), of the Spurge family, the leaves of which are sometimes used for spinach, in Europe. The name is also applied, in the United States, to certain climbing plants, some of which are poisonous to the skin, esp. to the Rhus Toxicodendron, or poison ivy. Dog’s mercury (Bot.), Mercurialis perennis, a perennial plant differing from M. annua by having the leaves sessile. — English mercury (Bot.), a kind of goosefoot formerly used as a pot herb; - - called Good King Henry. — Horn mercury (Min.), a mineral chloride of mercury, having a semitranslucent, hornlike appearance.

Mer´cu•ry, v. t. To wash with a preparation of mercury. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mer´cy , n.; pl. Mercies (#). [OE. merci, F. merci, L. merces, mercedis, hire, pay, reward, LL., equiv. to misericordia pity, mercy. L. merces is prob. akin to merere to deserve, acquire. See Merit, and cf. Amerce.] 1. Forbearance to inflict harm under circumstances of provocation, when one has the power to inflict it; compassionate treatment of an offender or adversary; clemency. “Examples of justice must be made for terror to some; examples of mercy for comfort to others.” Bacon. 2. Compassionate treatment of the unfortunate and helpless; sometimes, favor, beneficence. Luke x. 37. 3. Disposition to exercise compassion or favor; pity; compassion; willingness to spare or to help. “In whom mercy lacketh and is not founden.” Sir T. Elyot. 4. A blessing regarded as a manifestation of compassion or favor. “The Father of mercies and the God of all comfort.” 2 Cor. i. 3. Mercy seat (Bib.), the golden cover or lid of the Ark of the Covenant. See Ark, 2. — Sisters of Mercy (R. C. Ch.),a religious order founded in Dublin in the year 1827. Communities of the same name have since been established in various American cities. The duties of those belonging to the order are, to attend lying-in hospitals, to superintend the education of girls, and protect decent women out of employment, to visit prisoners and the sick, and to attend persons condemned to death. — To be at the mercy of, to be wholly in the power of. Syn. — See Grace.

Merd , n. [F. merde, L. merda.] Ordure; dung. [Obs.] Burton.

-mere [Gr. part.] A combining form meaning part, portion; as blastomere, epimere.

Mere (mer), n. [Written also mar.] [OE. mere, AS. mere mere, sea; akin to D. meer lake, OS. meri sea, OHG. meri, mari, G. meer, Icel. marr, Goth. marei, Russ. more, W. mor, Ir. & Gael. muir, L. mare, and perh. to L. mori to die, and meaning originally, that which is dead, a waste. Cf. Mortal, Marine, Marsh, Mermaid, Moor.] A pool or lake. Drayton. Tennyson.

Mere, n. [Written also meer and mear.] [AS. gemaere. rad.269.] A boundary. Bacon.

Mere , v. t. To divide, limit, or bound. [Obs.] “Which meared her rule with Africa.” Spenser.

Mere, n. A mare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mere , a. [Superl. Merest. The comparative is rarely or never used.] [L. merus.] 1. Unmixed; pure; entire; absolute; unqualified. “Then entered they the mere, main sea.” Chapman. “The sorrows of this world would be mere and unmixed.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Only this, and nothing else; such, and no more; simple; bare; as a mere boy; a mere form. “From mere success nothing can be concluded in favor of any nation.” Atterbury.

Mere´ly, adv. 1. Purely; unmixedly; absolutely. “Ulysses was to force forth his access,
Though merely naked.” Chapman. 2. Not otherwise than; simply; barely; only. “Prize not your life for other ends
Than merely to oblige your friends.” Swift. Syn. — Solely; simply; purely; barely; scarcely.

Me•ren´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a part + -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) Tissue composed of spheroidal cells.

Meres´man , n. An officer who ascertains meres or boundaries. [Eng.]

Mere´stead , n. [Mere boundary + stead place.] The land within the boundaries of a farm; a farmstead or farm. [Archaic.] Longfellow.

Mere´stone , n. A stone designating a limit or boundary; a landmark. Bacon.

Mer•e•tri´cious , a. [L. meretricius, from meretrix, -icis, a prostitute, lit., one who earns money, i. e., by prostitution, fr. merere to earn, gain. See Merit.] 1. Of or pertaining to prostitutes; having to do with harlots; lustful; as meretricious traffic. 2. Resembling the arts of a harlot; alluring by false show; gaudily and deceitfully ornamental; tawdry; as meretricious dress or ornaments. — Mer•e•tri´cious•ly, adv. — Mer•e•tri´cious•ness, n.

Mer•gan´ser , n. [Sp. mergánsar, fr. mergo a diver (L. mergus, fr. mergere to dip, dive) + ánsar goose, L. anser.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Merganser, and allied genera. They are allied to the ducks, but have a sharply serrated bill. The red-breasted merganser (Merganser serrator) inhabits both hemispheres. It is called also sawbill, harle, and sheldrake. The American merganser (M. Americanus.) and the hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) are well-known species. — White merganser, the smew or white nun.

Merge (merj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Merged (merjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Merging (mer´jing).] [L. mergere, mersum. Cf. Emerge, Immerse, Marrow.] To cause to be swallowed up; to immerse; to sink; to absorb. “To merge all natural … sentiment in inordinate vanity.” Burke. “Whig and Tory were merged and swallowed up in the transcendent duties of patriots.” De Quincey.

Merge, v. i. To be sunk, swallowed up, or lost. “Native irresolution had merged in stronger motives.” I. Taylor.

Mer´ger , n. 1. One who, or that which, merges. 2. (Law) An absorption of one estate, or one contract, in another, or of a minor offense in a greater.

Mer´i•carp , n. [Gr. me•ros a part + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) One carpel of an umbelliferous fruit. See Cremocarp.

Mer´ide , n. [Gr. a part.] (Biol.) A permanent colony of cells or plastids which may remain isolated, like Rotifer, or may multiply by gemmation to form higher aggregates, termed zoides. Perrier.

Me•rid´i•an , a. [F. meridien, L. meridianus pertaining to noon, fr. meridies noon, midday, for older medidies; medius mid, middle + dies day. See Mid, and Diurnal.] 1. Being at, or pertaining to, midday; belonging to, or passing through, the highest point attained by the sun in his diurnal course. ´Meridian hour.´ Milton. “Tables … to find the altitude meridian.” Chaucer. 2. Pertaining to the highest point or culmination; as meridian splendor.

Me•rid´i•an, n. [F. meridien. See Meridian, a.] 1. Midday; noon. 2. Hence: The highest point, as of success, prosperity, or the like; culmination. “I have touched the highest point of all my greatness,
And from that full meridian of my glory
I haste now to my setting.” Shak. 3. (Astron.) A great circle of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith of a given place. It is crossed by the sun at midday. 4. (Geog.) A great circle on the surface of the earth, passing through the poles and any given place; also the half of such a circle included between the poles. The planes of the geographical and astronomical meridians coincide. Meridians, on a map or globe, are lines drawn at certain intervals due north and south, or in the direction of the poles. Calculated for, or fitted to, or adapted to, the meridian of, suited to the local circumstances, capabilities, or special requirements of. “All other knowledge merely serves the concerns of this life, and is fitted to the meridian thereof.” Sir M. Hale. — First meridian, the meridian from which longitudes are reckoned. The meridian of Greenwich is the one commonly employed in calculations of longitude by geographers, and in actual practice, although in various countries other and different meridians, chiefly those which pass through the capitals of the countries, are occasionally used; as in France, the meridian of Paris; in the United States, the meridian of Washington, etc. — Guide meridian (Public Land Survey), a line, marked by monuments, running North and South through a section of country between other more carefully established meridians called principal meridians, used for reference in surveying. [U.S.] — Magnetic meridian, a great circle, passing through the zenith and coinciding in direction with the magnetic needle, or a line on the earth’s surface having the same direction. — Meridian circle (Astron.), an instrument consisting of a telescope attached to a large graduated circle and so mounted that the telescope revolves like the transit instrument in a meridian plane. By it the right ascension and the declination of a star may be measured in a single observation. — Meridian instrument (Astron.), any astronomical instrument having a telescope that rotates in a meridian plane. — Meridian of a globe, or Brass meridian, a graduated circular ring of brass, in which the artificial globe is suspended and revolves.

Me•rid´i•o•nal , a. [F. meridional, L. meridionalis, fr. meridies midday. See Meridian.] 1. Of or pertaining to the meridian. 2. Having a southern aspect; southern; southerly. “Offices that require heat … should be meridional.” Sir H. Wotton. Meridional distance, the distance or departure from the meridian; the easting or westing. — Meridional parts, parts of the meridian in Mercator’s projection, corresponding to each minute of latitude from the equator up to 70 or 80 degrees; tabulated numbers representing these parts used in projecting charts, and in solving cases in Mercator’s sailing.

Me•rid•i•o•nal´i•ty , n. 1. The state of being in the meridian. 2. Position in the south; aspect toward the south.

Me•rid´i•o•nal•ly , adv. In the direction of the meridian.

Mer´ils , n. [F. merelle, marelle, marelles, LL. marella, marrella. Cf. Morris the game.] A boy’s play, called also fivepenny morris. See Morris.

Me•ringue´ (F. me•raN´g’; E. me•rang´), n. [F.] A delicate pastry made of powdered sugar and the whites of eggs whipped up, — with jam or cream added.

Me•ri´no , a. [Sp. merino moving from pasture to pasture, fr. merino a royal judge and superintendent or inspector of sheep walks, LL. merinus, fr. majorinus, i. e., major vill, fr. L. major greater. See Major. Merino sheep are driven at certain seasons from one part of Spain to another, in large flocks, for pasturage.] 1. Of or pertaining to a variety of sheep with very fine wool, originally bred in Spain. 2. Made of the wool of the merino sheep.

Me•ri´no, n.; pl. Merinos (#). [Sp.] 1. (Zoöl.) A breed of sheep originally from Spain, noted for the fineness of its wool. 2. A fine fabric of merino wool.

Mer•is•mat´ic , a. [Gr. division, fr. part.] (Biol.) Dividing into cells or segments; characterized by separation into two or more parts or sections by the formation of internal partitions; as merismatic growth, where one cell divides into many.

Mer´i•stem , n. [Gr. divisible.] (Bot.) A tissue of growing cells, or cells capable of further division.

Mer´it , n. [F. merite, L. meritum, fr. merere, mereri, to deserve, merit; prob. originally, to get a share; akin to Gr. part, fate, doom, to receive as one’s portion. Cf. Market, Merchant, Mercer, Mercy.] 1. The quality or state of deserving well or ill; desert. “Here may men see how sin hath his merit.” Chaucer. “Be it known, that we, the greatest, are misthought
For things that others do; and when we fall,
We answer other’s merits in our name.” Shak. 2. Esp. in a good sense: The quality or state of deserving well; worth; excellence. “Reputation is … oft got without merit, and lost without deserving.” Shak. “To him the wit of Greece and Rome was known,
And every author’s merit, but his own.” Pope. 3. Reward deserved; any mark or token of excellence or approbation; as his teacher gave him ten merits. “Those laurel groves, the merits of thy youth.” Prior.

Mer´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Merited; p. pr. & vb. n. Meriting.] [F. meriter, L. meritare, v. intens. fr. merere. See Merit, n.] 1. To earn by service or performance; to have a right to claim as reward; to deserve; sometimes, to deserve in a bad sense; as to merit punishment. ´This kindness merits thanks.´ Shak. 2. To reward. [R. & Obs.] Chapman.

Mer´it, v. i. To acquire desert; to gain value; to receive benefit; to profit. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Mer´it•a•ble , a. Deserving of reward. [R.]

Mer´it•ed•ly, adv. By merit; deservedly. { Mer´i•thal , Mer•i•thal´lus } n. [NL. merithallus, fr. Gr. , or , a part + a young shoot.] (Bot.) Same as Internode.

Mer´it•mon•ger , n. One who depends on merit for salvation. [Obs.] Milner.

Mer•i•to´ri•ous , a. [L. meritorius that brings in money.] Possessing merit; deserving of reward or honor; worthy of recompense; valuable. “And meritorious shall that hand be called,
Canonized, and worshiped as a saint.” Shak. — Mer•i•to´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Mer•i•to´ri•ous•ness, n.

Mer´i•to•ry , a. Meritorious. [Obs.]

Mer´i•tot , n. A play of children, in swinging on ropes, or the like, till they are dizzy.

Merk , n. [See Marc.] An old Scotch silver coin; a mark or marc. [Scot.]

Merk, n. A mark; a sign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Merke , a. Murky. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Mer´kin , n. Originally, a wig; afterwards, a mop for cleaning cannon. { Merl , Merle } n. [F. merle, L. merula, merulus. Cf. Ousel.] (Zoöl.) The European blackbird. See Blackbird. Drayton.

Mer´lin , n. [OE. merlion, F. emerillon ; cf. OHG. smirl, G. schmerl ; prob. fr. L. merula blackbird. Cf. Merle.] (Zoöl.) A small European falcon (Falco lithofalco, or F. aesalon).

Mer´ling , n. (Zoöl.) The European whiting.

Mer´lon , n. [F., perh. fr. L. moerus, for murus a wall, through (assumed) dim. moerulus.] (Fort.) One of the solid parts of a battlemented parapet; a battlement. See Illust. of Battlement.

Mer´luce , n. [F. merluche, merlus.] (Zoöl.) The European hake; — called also herring hake and sea pike.

Mer´maid , n. [AS. mere lake, sea. See Mere lake, and maid.] A fabled marine creature, typically represented as having the upper part like that of a woman, and the lower like a fish; a sea nymph, sea woman, or woman fish. Chaucer uses this word as equivalent to the siren of the ancients. Mermaid fish (Zoöl.) the angel fish (Squatina). — Mermaid’s glove (Zoöl.), a British branched sponge somewhat resembling a glove. — Mermaid’s head (Zoöl.), a European spatangoid sea urchin (Echinocardium cordatum) having some resemblance to a skull. — Mermaid weed (Bot.), an aquatic herb with dentate or pectinate leaves (Proserpinaca palustris and P. pectinacea).

Mer´man , n.; pl. Mermen . The male corresponding to mermaid; a sea man, or man fish.

Mer´o•blast , n. [Gr. part + -blast.] (Biol.) An ovum, as that of a mammal, only partially composed of germinal matter, that is, consisting of both a germinal portion and an albuminous or nutritive one; — opposed to holoblast.

Mer•o•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Consisting only in part of germinal matter; characterized by partial segmentation only; as meroblastic ova, in which a portion of the yolk only undergoes fission; meroblastic segmentation; — opposed to holoblastic.

Me´ro•cele , n. [Gr. thigh + tumor.] (Med.) Hernia in the thigh; femoral hernia .

Mer•o•is´tic , a. [Gr. part + an egg.] (Zoöl.) Applied to the ovaries of insects when they secrete vitelligenous cells, as well as ova.

Me•rop´i•dan , n. [L. merops a bee-eating bird, Gr. me•rops.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of birds (Meropidae), including the bee-eaters.

Me•rop´o•dite , n. [Gr. thigh + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The fourth joint of a typical appendage of Crustacea.

Mer•or•gan•i•za´tion , n. [Gr. part + E. organization.] Organization in part. [R.]

Me´ros , n. [NL., from Gr. part.] (Arch.) The plain surface between the channels of a triglyph. [Written also merus.] Weale.

Me´ros, n. [NL., fr. Gr. the thigh.] (Anat.) The proximal segment of the hind limb; the thigh.

Mer´o•some , n. [Gr. part + - some body.] (Zoöl.) One of the serial segments, or metameres, of which the bodies of vertebrate and articulate animals are composed.

Mer•o•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. thigh + , -, mouth.] (Zoöl.) A class of Arthropoda, allied to the Crustacea. It includes the trilobites, Eurypteroidea, and Limuloidea. All are extinct except the horseshoe crabs of the last group. See Limulus.

Me•rou´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) See Jack, 8 (c).

Mer•o•vin´gi•an , a. [From Merovaeus, the Latin name of a king of the Franks.] Of or pertaining to the first Frankish dynasty in Gaul or France. — n. One of the kings of this dynasty.

Mer´ri•ly , adv. [From Merry.] In a merry manner; with mirth; with gayety and laughter; jovially. See Mirth, and Merry. “Merrily sing, and sport, and play.” Granville.

Mer´ri•make , n. See Merrymake, n.

Mer´ri•make, v. i. See Merrymake, v. Gay.

Mer´ri•ment , n. Gayety, with laughter; mirth; frolic. ´Follies and light merriment.´ Spenser. “Methought it was the sound
Of riot and ill-managed merriment.” Milton.

Mer´ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being merry; merriment; mirth; gayety, with laughter.

Mer´ry , a. [Compar. Merrier superl. Merriest.] [OE. merie, mirie, murie, merry, pleasant, AS. merge, myrige, pleasant; cf. murge, adv.; prob. akin to OHG. murg, short, Goth. gamaúrgjan to shorten; cf. L. murcus a coward, who cuts off his thumb to escape military service; the Anglo-Saxon and English meanings coming from the idea of making the time seem short. Cf. Mirth.] 1. Laughingly gay; overflowing with good humor and good spirits; jovial; inclined to laughter or play ; sportive. “They drank, and were merry with him.” Gen. xliii. 34. “I am never merry when I hear sweet music.” Shak. 2. Cheerful; joyous; not sad; happy. “Is any merry? let him sing psalms.” Jas. v. 13. 3. Causing laughter, mirth, gladness, or delight; as a merry jest. ´Merry wind and weather.´ Spenser. Merry dancers. See under Dancer. — Merry men, followers; retainers. [Obs.] “His merie men commanded he
To make him bothe game and glee.” Chaucer. — To make merry, to be jovial; to indulge in hilarity; to feast with mirth. Judg. ix. 27. Syn. — Cheerful; blithe; lively; sprightly; vivacious; gleeful; joyous; mirthful; jocund; sportive; hilarious.

Mer´ry (mer´ry), n. (Bot.) A kind of wild red cherry.

Mer´ry-an´drew (-an´dru), n. One whose business is to make sport for others; a buffoon; a zany; especially, one who attends a mountebank or quack doctor. This term is said to have originated from one Andrew Borde, an English physician of the 16th century, who gained patients by facetious speeches to the multitude.

Mer´ry-go•-round´ , n. Any revolving contrivance for affording amusement; esp., a ring of flying hobbyhorses.

Mer´ry•make , n. Mirth; frolic; a meeting for mirth; a festival. [Written also merrimake.]

Mer´ry•make, v. i. To make merry; to be jolly; to feast. [Written also merrimake.]

Mer´ry•mak•er , n. One who makes merriment or indulges in conviviality; a jovial comrade.

Mer´ry•mak•ing , a. Making or producing mirth; convivial; jolly.

Mer´ry•mak•ing, n. The act of making merry; conviviality; merriment; jollity. Wordsworth.

Mer´ry•meet•ing , n. A meeting for mirth.

Mer´ry•thought , n. The forked bone of a fowl’s breast; — called also wishbone. See Furculum. It is a sportive custom for two persons to break this bone by pulling the ends apart to see who will get the longer piece, the securing of which is regarded as a lucky omen, signifying that the person holding it will obtain the gratification of some secret wish.

Mer´sion , n. [L. mersio. See Merge.] Immersion. [R.] Barrow.

Me•ru´li•dan , n. [L. merula, merulus, blackbird. See Merle.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Thrush family.

Me´rus , n. [NL.] (Arch.) See Meros.

Mer´vaille , n. Marvel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mes- See Meso-.

Me´sa , . [Sp.] A high tableland; a plateau on a hill. [Southwestern U.S.] Bartlett.

Mes•ac´o•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mesaconic acid.

Mes•a•con´ic , a. [Mes- + -aconic, as in citraconic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, one of several isomeric acids obtained from citric acid.

Mes´ad , adv. Same as Mesiad.

Mes´al , a. Same as Mesial.

Me•sal•li•ance´ , n. [F.] A marriage with a person of inferior social position; a misalliance.

Mes´al•ly (mes´al•ly), adv. Same as Mesially.

Mes•a•mœ´boid (mes•&ador;•me´boid), n. [Mes- + amœboid.] (Biol.) One of a class of independent, isolated cells found in the mesoderm, while the germ layers are undergoing differentiation.

Mes•a•ra´ic , a. [Gr. mesa•raion mesentery; me•sos middle + ’araia• flank.] (Anat.) Mesenteric.

Mes•a•ti•ce•phal´ic , a. [Gr. midmost + E. cephalic.] (Anat.) Having the ratio of the length to the breadth of the cranium a medium one; neither brachycephalic nor dolichocephalic.

Mes•a•ti•ceph´a•lous , a. (Anat.) Mesaticephalic.

Mes•cal´ , n. [Sp.] A distilled liquor prepared in Mexico from a species of agave. See Agave.

Mes•dames´ (F. ?, E. ?), n., pl. of Madame and Madam.

Me•seems´ , v. impers. [imp. Meseemed ] It seems to me. [Poetic]

Me´sel , n. [See Measle.] A leper. [Obs.]

Me´sel•ry , n. Leprosy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Me•sem•bry•an´the•mum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. meshmbri•a midday + ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous or suffruticose plants, chiefly natives of South Africa. The leaves are opposite, thick, and feshy. The flowers usually open about midday, whence the name.

Mes•en•ce•phal´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesencephalon or midbrain.

Mes•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL. See Meso- and Encephalon.] (Anat.) The middle segment of the brain; the midbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to mesen. See Brain.

Mes•en´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + -enchyma, as in E. parenchyma.] (Biol.) The part of the mesoblast which gives rise to the connective tissues and blood.

Mes•en•ter´ic , a. [Cf. F. mesenterique.] (Anat.) Pertaining to a mesentery; mesaraic.

Mes•en´te•ron , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Enteron.] (Anat.) All that part of the alimentary canal which is developed from the primitive enteron and is lined with hypoblast. It is distinguished from the stomodaeum, a part at the anterior end of the canal, including the cavity of the mouth, and the proctodaeum, a part at the posterior end, which are formed by invagination and are lined with epiblast.

Mes´en•ter•y ( 277), n. [Gr. mesente•rion, me•sos + ’e•nteron intestine: cf. F. mesentère.] 1. (Anat.) The membranes, or one of the membranes (consisting of a fold of the peritoneum and inclosed tissues), which connect the intestines and their appendages with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. The mesentery proper is connected with the jejunum and ilium, the other mesenteries being called mesocaecum, mesocolon, mesorectum, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the vertical muscular radiating partitions which divide the body cavity of Anthozoa into chambers.

Mes•e•ra´ic , a. (Anat.) Mesaraic.

Mes•eth´moid , a. [Mes- + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the middle of the ethmoid region or ethmoid bone. — n. (Anat.) The median vertical plate, or median element, of the ethmoid bone.

Mesh (mesh), n. [AS. masc, max, maescre; akin to D. maas, masche, OHG. masca, Icel. möskvi; cf. Lith. mazgas a knot, megsti to weave nets, to knot.] 1. The opening or space inclosed by the threads of a net between knot and knot, or the threads inclosing such a space; network; a net. “A golden mesh to entrap the hearts of men.” Shak. 2. (Gearing) The engagement of the teeth of wheels, or of a wheel and rack. Mesh stick, a stick on which the mesh is formed in netting.

Mesh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meshed p. pr. & vb. n. Meshing.] To catch in a mesh. Surrey.

Mesh, v. i. (Gearing) To engage with each other, as the teeth of wheels.

Meshed , a. Mashed; brewed. [Obs.] Shak.

Mesh´y , a. Formed with meshes; netted.

Mes´i•ad , adv. [Gr. me•sos middle + L. ad to.] (Anat.) Toward, or on the side toward, the mesial plane; mesially; — opposed to laterad.

Me´sial ( 277), a. [Gr. me•sos middle.] (Anat.) Middle; median; in, or in the region of, the mesial plane; internal; — opposed to lateral. Mesial plane. (Anat.) See Meson.

Me´sial•ly, adv. (Anat.) In, near, or toward, the mesial plane; mesiad.

Mes´i•tyl , n. (Chem.) A hypothetical radical formerly supposed to exist in mesityl oxide. Mesityl oxide (Chem.), a volatile liquid having the odor of peppermint, obtained by certain dehydrating agents from acetone; — formerly called also dumasin.

Me•sit´y•le•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mesitylenic acid.

Me•sit´y•lene , n. (Chem.) A colorless, fragrant liquid, C_6H_3(CH_3)3, of the benzene series of hydrocarbons, obtained by distilling acetone with sulphuric acid. — Me•sit•y•len´ic (#), a.

Me•sit´y•lol , n. [Mesitylene + -ol.] (Chem.) A crystalline substance obtained from mesitylene.

Mes´lin , n. See Maslin.

Mes•mer•ee´ , n. A person subjected to mesmeric influence; one who is mesmerized. [R.] { Mes•mer´ic , Mes•mer´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. mesmerique.] Of, pertaining to, or induced by, mesmerism; as mesmeric sleep.

Mes´mer•ism , n. [From Mesmer, who first brought it into notice at Vienna, about 1775: cf. F. mesmerisme.] The art of inducing an extraordinary or abnormal state of the nervous system, in which the actor claims to control the actions, and communicate directly with the mind, of the recipient. See Animal magnetism, under Magnetism.

Mes´mer•ist, n. One who practices, or believes in, mesmerism.

Mes•mer•i•za´tion , n. The act of mesmerizing; the state of being mesmerized.

Mes´mer•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mesmerized p. pr. & vb. n. Mesmerizing ] To bring into a state of mesmeric sleep.

Mes´mer•i•zer , n. One who mesmerizes.

Mesne , a. [Cf. Mean intermediate.] (Law) Middle; intervening; as a mesne lord, that is, a lord who holds land of a superior, but grants a part of it to another person, in which case he is a tenant to the superior, but lord or superior to the second grantee, and hence is called the mesne lord. Mesne process, intermediate process; process intervening between the beginning and end of a suit, sometimes understood to be the whole process preceding the execution. Blackstone. Burrill. — Mesne profits, profits of premises during the time the owner has been wrongfully kept out of the possession of his estate. Burrill. { Mes´o- , Mes- }. [Gr. me•sos in the middle.] A combining form denoting in the middle, intermediate; specif. (Chem.), denoting a type of hydrocarbons which are regarded as methenyl derivatives. Also used adjectively.

Mes•o•a´ri•um , n. [NL., from Gr. me•sos middle + ’w,a•rion, dim. of ’w,o•n an egg.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum which suspends the ovary from the dorsal wall of the body cavity.

Mes´o•blast , n. [Meso- + -blast.] (Biol.) (a) The mesoderm. (b) The cell nucleus; mesoplast.

Mes•o•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Relating to the mesoblast; as the mesoblastic layer.

Mes•o•bran´chi•al , a. [Meso- + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a region of the carapace of a crab covering the middle branchial region.

Mes•o•bron´chi•um , n.; pl. Mesobronchia (#). [NL. See Meso-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) The main bronchus of each lung.

Mes•o•cae´cum , n. (Anat.) [NL. See Meso-, and Caecum.] The fold of peritoneum attached to the caecum. — Mes•o•cae´cal (#), a.

Mes´o•carp , n. [Meso- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) The middle layer of a pericarp which consists of three distinct or dissimilar layers. Gray.

Mes•o•ce•phal´ic , a. [Meso- + cephalic.] (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the middle of the head; as the mesocephalic flexure. (b) Having the cranial cavity of medium capacity; neither megacephalic nor microcephalic. (c) Having the ratio of the length to the breadth of the cranium a medium one; mesaticephalic.

Mes•o•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Cephalon.] (Anat.) The pons Varolii.

Mes•o•ceph´a•lous , a. (Anat.) Mesocephalic. { Mes•o•cœ´le , Mes•o•cœ´li•a } n. [NL. mesocoelia. See Meso-, and Cœlia.] (Anat.) The cavity of the mesencephalon; the iter.

Mes•o•co´lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; me•sos middle + the colon : cf. F. mesocôlon.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum, or mesentery, attached to the colon. — Mes•o•col´ic (#), a.

Mes•o•cor´a•coid , n. [Meso- + coracoid.] (Anat.) A process from the middle of the coracoid in some animals. { Mes•o•cu•ne´i•form , Mes•o•cu´ni•form , } n. [Meso- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) One of the bones of the tarsus. See 2d Cuneiform.

Mes´o•derm , n. [Meso- + Gr. de•rma skin.] (Biol.) (a) The layer of the blastoderm, between the ectoderm and endoderm; mesoblast. See Illust. of Blastoderm and Ectoderm. (b) The middle body layer in some invertebrates. (c) The middle layer of tissue in some vegetable structures.

Mes•o•der´mal , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the mesoderm; as mesodermal tissues.

Mes•o•der´mic , a. Same as Mesodermal.

Mes´o•dont , a. [Meso- + Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Anat.) Having teeth of moderate size.

Mes•o•gas´ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + belly.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity; the mesogastrium.

Mes•o•gas´tric , a. [Meso- + gastric.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the middle region of the abdomen, or of the stomach. (b) Of or pertaining to the mesogaster. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the middle gastric lobe of the carapace of a crab.

Mes•o•gas´tri•um , n. [NL. See Mesogaster.] (Anat.) (a) The umbilical region. (b) The mesogaster.

Mes•o•glœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a glutinous substance.] (Zoöl.) A thin gelatinous tissue separating the ectoderm and endoderm in certain cœlenterates. — Mes•o•glœ´al (#), a.

Me•sog´na•thous , a. [Meso- + Gr. gna•qos jaw.] (Anat.) Having the jaws slightly projecting; between prognathous and orthognathous. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic.

Mes•o•he´par , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Hepar.] (Anat.) A fold of the peritoneum connecting the liver with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity.

Mes•o•hip´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a horse.] (Paleon.) An extinct mammal of the Horse family, but not larger than a sheep, and having three toes on each foot.

Mes´o•labe , n. [L. mesolabium, Gr. ; me•sos middle + to take.] An instrument of the ancients for finding two mean proportionals between two given lines, required in solving the problem of the duplication of the cube. Brande & C.

Mes´ole , n. [Gr. me•sos middle.] (Min.) Same as Thomsonite.

Mes´o•lite ( 277), n. [Meso- + -lite.] (Min.) A zeolitic mineral, grayish white or yellowish, occuring in delicate groups of crystals, also fibrous massive. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina, lime, and soda.

Mes•o•log´a•rithm , n. [Meso- + logarithm : cf. F. mesologarithme.] (Math.) A logarithm of the cosine or cotangent. [Obs.] Kepler. Hutton.

Mes•o•me´tri•um , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Metrium.] (Anat.) The fold of the peritoneum supporting the oviduct.

Mes•o•my•o´di•an , n. (Zoöl.) A bird having a mesomyodous larynx.

Mes•o•my´o•dous , a. [Meso- + Gr. , , a muscle.] (Zoöl.) Having the intrinsic muscles of the larynx attached to the middle of the semirings.

Mes´on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•son middle, neut. of me•sos, a., middle.] (Anat.) The mesial plane dividing the body of an animal into similar right and left halves. The line in which it meets the dorsal surface has been called the dorsimeson, and the corresponding ventral edge the ventrimeson. B. G. Wilder.

Mes•o•na´sal , a. [Meso- + nasal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the middle portion of the nasal region.

Mes•o•neph´ric , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesonephros; as the mesonephric, or Wolffian, duct.

Mes•o•neph´ros , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + nefro•s kidney.] (Anat.) The middle one of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in most vertebrates; the Wolffian body.

Mes•o•no´tum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + nw^ton the back.] (Zoöl.) The dorsal portion of the mesothorax of insects.

Mes•o•phlœ´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + floio•s bark.] (Bot.) The middle bark of a tree; the green layer of bark, usually soon covered by the outer or corky layer, and obliterated.

Me•soph´ry•on , n. [NL., from Gr. meso•fryon.] (Anat.) See Glabella.

Mes•o•phyl´lum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) The parenchyma of a leaf between the skin of the two surfaces. Gray.

Mes´o•plast , n. [Meso- + -plast.] (Biol.) The nucleus of a cell; mesoblast. Agassiz.

Mes•o•po´di•al (mes•o•po´di•al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesopodialia or to the parts of the limbs to which they belong.

Mes•o•po•di•a´le , n.; pl. Mesopodialia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + , dim. of poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Anat.) One of the bones of either the carpus or tarsus.

Mes•o•po´di•um , n. [NL. See Mesopodiale.] (Zoöl.) The middle portion of the foot in the Gastropoda and Pteropoda.

Me•sop•te•ryg´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a fin.] (Anat.) The middle one of the three principal basal cartilages in the fins of fishes. — Me•sop•ter•yg´i•al (#), a.

Me•sor´chi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a testicle.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum which attaches the testis to the dorsal wall of the body cavity or scrotal sac.

Mes•o•rec´tum , n. [Meso- + rectum.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum, or mesentery, attached to the rectum. — Mes•o•rec´tal (#), a.

Mes´o•rhine , a. [Meso- + Gr. , , the nose.] (Anat.) Having the nose of medium width; between leptorhine and platyrhine.

Mes•o•sau´ri•a , n. Same as Mosasauria.

Mes•o•scap´u•la , n. [Meso- + scapula.] (Anat.) A process from the middle of the scapula in some animals; the spine of the scapula.

Mes•o•scap´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesoscapula.

Mes•o•scu´tum , n. [Meso- + scutum.] (Zoöl.) The scutum or dorsal plate of the middle thoracic segment of an insect. See Illust. of Butterfly.

Mes´o•seme , a. [Meso- + Gr. sign, mark; cf. F. mesosème.] (Anat.) Having a medium orbital index; having orbits neither broad nor narrow; between megaseme and microseme.

Mes•o•sid´er•ite , n. [Meso- + siderite.] (Min.) See the Note under Meteorite.

Mes´o•sperm , n. [Meso- + Gr. seed: cf. F. mesosperme.] (Bot.) A membrane of a seed. See Secundine.

Mes´o•state , n. [Meso- + Gr. to make to stand.] (Physiol.) A product of metabolic action. Every mesostate is either an anastate or katastate, according as it is formed by an anabolic or katabolic process. See Metabolism.

Mes•o•ster´nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesosternum.

Mes•o•ster´num , n. [Meso- + sternum.] 1. (Anat.) The middle portion, or body, of the sternum. 2. (Zoöl.) The ventral piece of the middle segment of the thorax in insects.

Mes•o•tar•tar´ic , a. [Meso- + tartaric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid called also inactive tartaric acid.

Mes•o•the´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + box.] (Zoöl.) The middle layer of the gonophore in the Hydrozoa.

Mes•o•the´li•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + E. epithelium.] (Biol.) Epithelial mesoderm; a layer of cuboidal epithelium cells, formed from a portion of the mesoderm during the differetiation of the germ layers. It constitutes the boundary of the cœlum.

Mes•o•tho•rac´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the mesothorax.

Mes•o•tho´rax , n. [Meso- + thorax: cf. F. mesothorax.] (Zoöl.) The middle segment of the thorax in insects. See Illust. of Coleoptera.

Mes´o•tro•chal , a. [Meso- + Gr. anything round, a hoop.] (Zoöl.) Having the middle of the body surrounded by bands of cilia; — said of the larvae of certain marine annelids.

Mes´o•type , n. [Meso- + - type: cf. F. mesotype.] (Min.) An old term covering natrolite or soda mesolite, scolecite or lime mesotype, and mesolite or lime-soda mesotype.

Mes•o•va´ri•um , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Ovary.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum connecting the ovary with the wall of the abdominal cavity.

Mes•ox´a•late , n. (Chem.) A salt of mesoxalic acid.

Mes•ox•al´ic , a. [Mes- + oxalic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, CH_2O_2(CO_2H)2, obtained from amido malonic acid.

Mes•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL. See Mesozoic.] (Zoöl.) A group of very lowly organized, wormlike parasites, including the Dicyemata. They are found in cephalopods. See Dicyemata.

Mes•o•zo´ic , a. [Meso- + Gr. life, fr. to live.] (Geol.) Belonging, or relating, to the secondary or reptilian age, or the era between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic. See Chart of Geology.

Mes•o•zo´ic, n. The Mesozoic age or formation.

Mes•prise´ , n. [OF. mespris, F. mepris. See Misprize.] 1. Contempt; scorn. [Obs.] 2. [Perh. for F. meprise mistake. Cf. Misprision.] Misadventure; ill-success. [Obs.] Spenser. { Mes•qui´te (mes•ke´ta), Mes•quit´ (mes•ket´) }, n. [Sp. mezquite; said to be a Mexican Indian word.] (Bot.) A name for two trees of the southwestern part of North America, the honey mesquite, and screw-pod mesquite. Honey mesquite. See Algaroba (b). — Screw-pod mesquite, a smaller tree (Prosopis pubescens), having spiral pods used as fodder and sometimes as food by the Indians. — Mesquite grass, a rich native grass in Western Texas (Bouteloua oligostachya, and other species); — so called from its growing in company with the mesquite tree; — called also muskit grass, grama grass.

Mess , n. Mass; church service. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mess , n. [OE. mes, OF. mets, LL. missum, p. p. of mittere to put, place (e. g., on the table), L. mittere to send. See Mission, and cf. Mass religious service.] 1. A quantity of food set on a table at one time; provision of food for a person or party for one meal; as a mess of pottage; also the food given to a beast at one time. “At their savory dinner set
Of herbs and other country messes.” Milton. 2. A number of persons who eat together, and for whom food is prepared in common; especially, persons in the military or naval service who eat at the same table; as the wardroom mess. Shak. 3. A set of four; — from the old practice of dividing companies into sets of four at dinner. [Obs.] Latimer. 4. The milk given by a cow at one milking. [U.S.] 5. [Perh. corrupt. fr. OE. mesh for mash: cf. muss.] A disagreeable mixture or confusion of things; hence, a situation resulting from blundering or from misunderstanding; as he made a mess of it. [Colloq.]

Mess , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Messed p. pr. & vb. n. Messing.] To take meals with a mess; to belong to a mess; to eat (with others); as I mess with the wardroom officers. Marryat.

Mess, v. t. To supply with a mess.

Mes´sage ( 48), n. [F., fr. LL. missaticum, fr. L. mittere, missum, to send. See Mission, and cf. Messenger.] 1. Any notice, word, or communication, written or verbal, sent from one person to another. “Ehud said, I have a message from God unto thee.” Judg. iii. 20. 2. Hence, specifically, an official communication, not made in person, but delivered by a messenger; as the President’s message. Message shell. See Shell.

Mes´sage, v. t. To bear as a message. [Obs.]

Mes´sage, n. [OE., fr. OF. message, fr. LL. missaticus. See 1st Message.] A messenger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mes´sa•ger , n. [OE.] A messenger. [Obs.]

Mes´sen•ger , n. [OE. messager, OF. messagier, F. messager. See Message.] 1. One who bears a message; the bearer of a verbal or written communication, notice, or invitation, from one person to another, or to a public body; specifically, an office servant who bears messages. 2. One who, or that which, foreshows, or foretells. “Yon gray lines
That fret the clouds are messengers of day.” Shak. 3. (Naut.) A hawser passed round the capstan, and having its two ends lashed together to form an endless rope or chain; — formerly used for heaving in the cable. 4. (Law) A person appointed to perform certain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolvent laws, such as to take charge of the estate of the bankrupt or insolvent. Bouvier. Tomlins. Syn. — Carrier; intelligencer; courier; harbinger; forerunner; precursor; herald. Messenger bird, the secretary bird, from its swiftness.

Mes´set , n. A dog. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Mes•si´ad , n. A German epic poem on the Messiah, by Klopstock.

Mes•si´ah , n. [Heb. mashiakh anointed, fr. mashakh to anoint. Cf. Messias.] The expected king and deliverer of the Hebrews; the Savior; Christ. “And told them the Messiah now was born.” Milton.

Mes•si´ah•ship, n. The state or office of the Messiah.

Mes•si•an´ic , a. Of or relating to the Messiah; as the Messianic office or character.

Mes•si´as , n. [LL., fr. Gr. . See Messiah.] The Messiah. “I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ.” John iv. 25.

Mes•si•dor´ (F. E. ?), n. [F., fr. L. messis harvest.] The tenth month of the French republican calendar dating from September 22, 1792. It began June 19, and ended July 18. See Vendemiaire.

Mes´sieurs ( F. 277), n. pl. [F.; pl. of monsieur.] Sirs; gentlemen; — abbreviated to Messrs., which is used as the plural of Mr.

Mes•si•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Messina, or its inhabitans.

Mess´mate , n. An associate in a mess.

Mes´suage ( 48), n. [Cf. OF. mesuage, masnage, LL. messuagium, mansionaticum, fr. L. mansio, -onis, a staying, remaining, dwelling, fr. manere, mansum, to stay, remain, E. mansion, manse.] (Law) A dwelling house, with the adjacent buildings and curtilage, and the adjoining lands appropriated to the use of the household. Cowell. Bouvier. “They wedded her to sixty thousand pounds,
To lands in Kent, and messuages in York.” Tennyson.

Mest , a. Most. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mes•tee´ , n. [See Mestizo.] The offspring of a white person and a quadroon; — so called in the West Indies. [Written also mustee.]

Mes´ter , n. [Obs.] See Mister, a trade.

Mes•ti´no , n.; pl. Mestinos . See Mestizo.

Mes•ti´zo , n.; pl. Mestizos (#). [Sp. mestizo; akin to OF. mestis, F. metis; all fr. (assumed) LL. mixtitius, fr. L. mixtus mixed, p. p. of miscere to mix. See Mix, and cf. Mestee, Metif, Metis, Mustee.] The offspring of an Indian or a negro and a European or person of European stock. [Spanish America] Mestizo wool, wool imported from South America, and produced by mixed breeds of sheep.

Mest´ling , n. A kind of brass. See Maslin. [Obs.]

Me•sym´ni•cum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a festive song. See Hymn.] (Anc. Poetry) A repetition at the end of a stanza.

Met , imp. & p. p. of Meet.

Met, obs. imp. & p. p. of Mete, to measure. Chapman.

Met, obs. p. p. of Mete, to dream. Chaucer. { Met´a- , Met- }. [Gr. meta• between, with, after; akin to AS. mid with, G. mit, Goth. miþ, E. mid, in midwife.] 1. A prefix meaning between, with, after, behind, over, about, reversely; as metachronism, the error of placing after the correct time; metaphor, lit., a carrying over; metathesis, a placing reversely. 2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting: (a) Other; duplicate, corresponding to; resembling; hence, metameric; as meta-arabinic, metaldehyde. (b) (Organic Chem.) That two replacing radicals, in the benzene nucleus, occupy the relative positions of 1 and 3, 2 and 4, 3 and 5, 4 and 6, 5 and 1, or 6 and 2; as metacresol, etc. See Ortho-, and Para-. (c) (Inorganic Chem.) Having less than the highest number of hydroxyl groups; - - said of acids; as metaphosphoric acid. Also used adjectively.

Me•tab´a•sis , n.; pl. Metabases (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to pass over; beyond, over + to go.] 1. (Rhet.) A transition from one subject to another. 2. (Med.) Same as Metabola. { Me•tab´o•la , Me•tab´o•le } n. [NL., from Gr. change; beyond + to throw.] (Med.) A change or mutation; a change of disease, symptoms, or treatment. { Me•tab´o•la , Met•a•bo´li•a } n. pl. [NL. See 1st Metabola.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of insects, including those that undegro a metamorphosis.

Met•a•bo´li•an , n. [See Metabola.] (Zoöl.) An insect which undergoes a metamorphosis.

Met•a•bol´ic , a. [Gr. . See Metabola.] 1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to metamorphosis; pertaining to, or involving, change. 2. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to metabolism; as metabolic activity; metabolic force.

Met•a•bol´i•sis , n. [NL.] Metabolism. [R.]

Me•tab´o•lism , n. (Physiol.) The act or process, by which living tissues or cells take up and convert into their own proper substance the nutritive material brought to them by the blood, or by which they transform their cell protoplasm into simpler substances, which are fitted either for excretion or for some special purpose, as in the manufacture of the digestive ferments. Hence, metabolism may be either constructive (anabolism), or destructive (katabolism).

Me•tab´o•lite , n. (Physiol Chem.) A product of metabolism; a substance produced by metabolic action, as urea.

Me•tab´o•lize , v. t. & i. (Physiol.) To change by a metabolic process. See Metabolism.

Met•a•bran´chi•al , a. [Meta- + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lobe of the carapace of crabs covering the posterior branchiae.

Met•a•car´pal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the metacarpus. — n. A metacarpal bone.

Met•a•car´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; beyond, between + the wrist.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton of the hand or forefoot between the carpus and phalanges. In man it consists of five bones. See Illust. of Artiodactyla. { Met•a•cen´ter or -tre }, n. [Pref. meta- + center.] (Hydrostatics) The point of intersection of a vertical line through the center of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating body which is tipped through a small angle from its position of equilibrium, and the inclined line which was vertical through the center of gravity of the body when in equilibrium. When the metacenter is above the center of gravity, the position of the body is stable; when below it, unstable.

Me•tac´e•tone , n. [Pref. met- + acetone.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid of an agreeable odor, C_6H_10O, obtained by distilling a mixture of sugar and lime; — so called because formerly regarded as a polymeric modification of acetone.

Met•a•chlo´ral , n. [Pref. meta- + chloral.] (Chem.) A white, amorphous, insoluble substance regarded as a polymeric variety of chloral.

Me•tach´ro•nism , n. [Gr. , , after the time, happening afterward; beyond + time: cf. F. metachronisme.] An error committed in chronology by placing an event after its real time.

Met•a•chro´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. beyond + a coloring.] (Biol.) The power of changing color at will by the expansion of special pigment cells, under nerve influence, as seen in many reptiles, fishes, etc. Cope.

Met•a•cin´na•bar•ite , n. [Pref. meta- + cinnabar.] (Min.) Sulphide of mercury in isometric form and black in color.

Met´a•cism , n. [L. metacismus, Gr. fondness for the letter .] A defect in pronouncing the letter m, or a too frequent use of it.

Met•a•cro´le•in , n. [Pref. met- + acrolein.] (Chem.) A polymeric modification of acrolein obtained by heating it with caustic potash. It is a crystalline substance having an aromatic odor.

Met•a•cro´mi•on , n. [NL.] (Anat.) A process projecting backward and downward from the acromion of the scapula of some mammals.

Met•a•dis•coid´al , a. [Meta- + discoidal.] (Anat.) Discoidal by derivation; — applied especially to the placenta of man and apes, because it is supposed to have been derived from a diffused placenta.

Met•a•gas´tric , a. [Pref. meta- + gastric.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the two posterior gastric lobes of the carapace of crabs.

Met´age ( 48), n. [From Mete, v.] 1. Measurement, especially of coal. De Foe. 2. Charge for, or price of, measuring. Simmonds.

Met•a•gen´e•sis , n. [Pref. meta- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) The change of form which one animal species undergoes in a series of successively produced individuals, extending from the one developed from the ovum to the final perfected individual. Hence, metagenesis involves the production of sexual individuals by nonsexual means, either directly or through intervening sexless generations. Opposed to monogenesis. See Alternate generation, under Generation. 2. (Biol.) Alternation of sexual and asexual or gemmiparous generations; — in distinction from heterogamy.

Met•a•ge•net´ic (met•a•je•net´ik), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to metagenesis.

Met•a•gen´ic (-jen´ik), a. (Biol.) Metagenetic.

Me•tag´na•thous , a. [Pref. meta- + Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Cross-billed; — said of certain birds, as the crossbill.

Met•a•gram´ma•tism , n. Anagrammatism.

Met•a•graph´ic , a. By or pertaining to metagraphy.

Me•tag´ra•phy , n. [Pref. meta- + -graphy.] The art or act of rendering the letters of the alphabet of one language into the possible equivalents of another; transliteration. Stormonth.

Met´al (? or 277), n. [F. metal, L. metallum metal, mine, Gr. mine; cf. Gr. to search after. Cf. Mettle, Medal.] 1. (Chem.) An elementary substance, as sodium, calcium, or copper, whose oxide or hydroxide has basic rather than acid properties, as contrasted with the nonmetals, or metalloids. No sharp line can be drawn between the metals and nonmetals, and certain elements partake of both acid and basic qualities, as chromium, manganese, bismuth, etc. Popularly, the name is applied to certain hard, fusible metals, as gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, zinc, nickel, etc., and also to the mixed metals, or metallic alloys, as brass, bronze, steel, bell metal, etc. 2. Ore from which a metal is derived; — so called by miners. Raymond. 3. A mine from which ores are taken. [Obs.] “Slaves … and persons condemned to metals.” Jer. Taylor. 4. The substance of which anything is made; material; hence, constitutional disposition; character; temper. “Not till God make men of some other metal than earth.” Shak. 5. Courage; spirit; mettle. See Mettle. Shak. The allusion is to the temper of the metal of a sword blade. Skeat. 6. The broken stone used in macadamizing roads and ballasting railroads. 7. The effective power or caliber of guns carried by a vessel of war. 8. Glass in a state of fusion. Knight. 9. pl. The rails of a railroad. [Eng.] Base metal (Chem.), any one of the metals, as iron, lead, etc., which are readily tarnished or oxidized, in contrast with the noble metals. In general, a metal of small value, as compared with gold or silver. — Fusible metal (Metal.), a very fusible alloy, usually consisting of bismuth with lead, tin, or cadmium. — Heavy metals (Chem.), the metallic elements not included in the groups of the alkalies, alkaline earths, or the earths; specifically, the heavy metals, as gold, mercury, platinum, lead, silver, etc. — Light metals (Chem.), the metallic elements of the alkali and alkaline earth groups, as sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, etc.; also sometimes, the metals of the earths, as aluminium. — Muntz metal, an alloy for sheathing and other purposes, consisting of about sixty per cent of copper, and forty of zinc. Sometimes a little lead is added. It is named from the inventor. — Prince’s metal (Old Chem.), an alloy resembling brass, consisting of three parts of copper to one of zinc; — also called Prince Rupert’s metal.

Met´al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metaled or Metalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Metaling or Metalling.] To cover with metal; as to metal a ship’s bottom; to metal a road.

Met•al•am•mo´ni•um , n. [Metal + ammonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical derived from ammonium by the substitution of metallic atoms in place of hydrogen.

Met•al•bu´min , n. [Pref. met- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A form of albumin found in ascitic and certain serous fluids. It is sometimes regarded as a mixture of albumin and mucin.

Me•tal´de•hyde , n. [Pref. met- + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance isomeric with, and obtained from, acetic aldehyde by polymerization, and reconvertible into the same.

Met•a•lep´sis , n.; pl. Metalepses (#). [L., fr. Gr. participation, alteration, fr. to partake, to take in exchange; beyond + to take.] (Rhet.) The continuation of a trope in one word through a succession of significations, or the union of two or more tropes of a different kind in one word.

Met´a•lep•sy , n. (Chem.) Exchange; replacement; substitution; metathesis. [R.]

Met•a•lep´tic , a. [Gr. ] 1. Of or pertaining to a metalepsis. 2. Transverse; as the metaleptic motion of a muscle. 3. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, concerned in, or occurring by, metalepsy.

Met•a•lep´tic•al , a. Metaleptic. — Met•a•lep´tic•al•ly, adv.

Me•tal´lic , a. [L. metallicus, fr. metallum: cf. F. metallique. See Metal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a metal; of the nature of metal; resembling metal; as a metallic appearance; a metallic alloy. 2. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, the essential and implied properties of a metal, as contrasted with a nonmetal or metalloid; basic; antacid; positive. Metallic iron, iron in the state of the metal, as distinquished from its ores, as magnetic iron. — Metallic paper, paper covered with a thin solution of lime, whiting, and size. When written upon with a pewter or brass pencil, the lines can hardly be effaced. — Metallic tinking (Med.), a sound heard in the chest, when a cavity communicating with the air passages contains both air and liquid.

Me•tal´lic•al , a. See Metallic. [Obs.]

Me•tal´lic•ly , adv. In a metallic manner; by metallic means.

Me•tal•li•fac´ture ( 135), n. [L. metallum metal + facere, factum, to make.] The production and working or manufacture of metals. [R.] R. Park.

Met•al•lif´er•ous , a. [L. metallifer; metallum metal + ferre to bear: cf. F. metallifère.] Producing metals; yielding metals.

Me•tal´li•form , a. [L. metallum metal + -form: cf. F. metalliforme.] Having the form or structure of a metal.

Met´al•line , a. [Cf. F. metallin.] (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or resembling, a metal; metallic; as metalline properties. (b) Impregnated with metallic salts; chalybeate; as metalline water. [R.]

Met´al•line , n. (Chem.) A substance of variable composition, but resembling a soft, dark-colored metal, used in the bearings of machines for obviating friction, and as a substitute for lubricants.

Met´al•list , n. A worker in metals, or one skilled in metals.

Met•al•li•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. metallisation.] The act or process of metallizing. [R.]

Met´al•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metallized p. pr. & vb. n. Metallizing ] [Cf. F. metalliser.] To impart metallic properties to; to impregnate with a metal. [R.]

Me•tal´lo•chrome , n. [See Metallochromy.] A coloring produced by the deposition of some metallic compound; specifically, the prismatic tints produced by depositing a film of peroxide of lead on polished steel by electricity.

Me•tal´lo•chro•my , n. [L. metallum metal + Gr. color.] The art or process of coloring metals.

Me•tal´lo•graph , n. [L. metallum metal + -graph.] A print made by metallography.

Me•tal•lo•graph´ic , a. Pertaining to, or by means of, metallography.

Met•al•log´ra•phist , n. One who writes on the subject of metals.

Met•al•log´ra•phy , n. [L. metallum metal + -graphy: cf. F. metallographie.] 1. The science or art of metals and metal working; also a treatise on metals. 2. A method of transferring impressions of the grain of wood to metallic surfaces by chemical action. Knight. 3. A substitute for lithography, in which metallic plates are used instead of stone. Knight.

Met´al•loid , n. [L. metallum metal + -oid: cf. F. metalloïde.] (a) Formerly, the metallic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline earth; — applied by Sir H. Davy to sodium, potassium, and some other metallic substances whose metallic character was supposed to be not well defined. (b) Now, one of several elementary substances which in the free state are unlike metals, and whose compounds possess or produce acid, rather than basic, properties; a nonmetal; as boron, carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine, etc., are metalloids.

Met´al•loid, a. 1. Having the appearance of a metal. 2. (Chem.) Having the properties of a nonmetal; nonmetallic; acid; negative.

Met•al•loid´al , a. Metalloid.

Met•al•lor•gan´ic , a. Metalorganic.

Me•tal•lo•ther´a•py , n. [L. metallum metal + E. therapy.] (Med.) Treatment of disease by applying metallic plates to the surface of the body. { Met•al•lur´gic , Met•al•lur´gic•al } a. [Cf. F. metallurgique.] Of or pertaining to metallurgy.

Met´al•lur•gist , n. [Cf. F. metallurgiste.] One who works in metals, or prepares them for use; one who is skilled in metallurgy.

Met´al•lur•gy , n. [F. metallurgie, fr. L. metallum metal, Gr. a mine + the root of work. See Metal, and Work.] The art of working metals, comprehending the whole process of separating them from other matters in the ore, smelting, refining, and parting them; sometimes, in a narrower sense, only the process of extracting metals from their ores.

Met´al•man , n.; pl. Metalmen . A worker in metals.

Met•a•log´ic•al , a. Beyond the scope or province of logic.

Met•al•or•gan´ic , a. [Metal, L. metallum + E. organic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, any one of a series of compounds of certain metallic elements with organic radicals; as zinc methyl, sodium ethyl, etc. [Written also metallorganic.]

Met´a•mer , n. [See Metamere.] (Chem.) Any one of several metameric forms of the same substance, or of different substances having the same composition; as xylene has three metamers, viz., orthoxylene, metaxylene, and paraxylene.

Met´a•mere , n. [Pref. meta- + -mere.] (Biol.) One of successive or homodynamous parts in animals and plants; one of a series of similar parts that follow one another in a vertebrate or articulate animal, as in an earthworm; a segment; a somite. See Illust. of Loeven’s larva.

Met•a•mer´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + Gr. part.] 1. (Chem.) Having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, and with the same molecular weight, but possessing a different structure and different properties; as methyl ether and ethyl alcohol are metameric compounds. See Isomeric. The existence of metameric compounds is due to the different arrangement of the same constituents in the molecule. 2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a metamere or its formation; as metameric segmentation.

Met•a•mer´ic•al•ly, adv. In a metameric manner.

Me•tam´er•ism , n. 1. (Biol.) The symmetry of a metameric structure; serial symmetry; the state of being made up of metameres. 2. (Chem.) The state or quality of being metameric; also the relation or condition of metameric compounds.

Met•a•mor´phic , a. [See Metamorphosis.] 1. Subject to change; changeable; variable. 2. Causing a change of structure. 3. (Geol.) Pertaining to, produced by, or exhibiting, certain changes which minerals or rocks may have undergone since their original deposition; — especially applied to the recrystallization which sedimentary rocks have undergone through the influence of heat and pressure, after which they are called metamorphic rocks.

Met•a•mor´phism , n. (Geol.) The state or quality of being metamorphic; the process by which the material of rock masses has been more or less recrystallized by heat, pressure, etc., as in the change of sedimentary limestone to marble. Murchison.

Met•a•mor´phist , n. (Eccl.) One who believes that the body of Christ was merged into the Deity when he ascended.

Met•a•mor´phize , v. t. To metamorphose.

Met•a•mor´phose , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metamorphosed p. pr. & vb. n. Metamorphosing.] [Cf. F. metamorphoser.] To change into a different form; to transform; to transmute. “And earth was metamorphosed into man.” Dryden.

Met•a•mor´phose , n. [Cf. F. metamorphose. See Metamorphosis.] Same as Metamorphosis.

Met•a•mor´pho•ser , n. One who metamorphoses. [R.] Gascoigne.

Met•a•mor´pho•sic , a. Changing the form; transforming. [R.] Pownall.

Met•a•mor´pho•sis , n.; pl. Metamorphoses (#). [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to be transformed; meta• beyond, over + morfh• form.] 1. Change of form, or structure; transformation. 2. (Biol.) A change in the form or function of a living organism, by a natural process of growth or development; as the metamorphosis of the yolk into the embryo, of a tadpole into a frog, or of a bud into a blossom. Especially, that form of sexual reproduction in which an embryo undergoes a series of marked changes of external form, as the chrysalis stage, pupa stage, etc., in insects. In these intermediate stages sexual reproduction is usually impossible, but they ultimately pass into final and sexually developed forms, from the union of which organisms are produced which pass through the same cycle of changes. See Transformation. 3. (Physiol.) The change of material of one kind into another through the agency of the living organism; metabolism. Vegetable metamorphosis (Bot.), the doctrine that flowers are homologous with leaf buds, and that the floral organs are transformed leaves.

Met•a•nau´pli•us , n. [NL. See Meta-, and Nauplius.] (Zoöl.) A larval crustacean in a stage following the nauplius, and having about seven pairs of appendages.

Met•a•ne•phrit´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the metanephros.

Met•a•neph´ros , n. [NL., fr. Gr. behind + kidney.] (Anat.) The most posterior of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in many vertebrates.

Met•a•no´tum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. behind + back.] (Zoöl.) The dorsal portion of the metaphorax of insects.

Met•an•ti•mo´nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of metantimonic acid.

Met•an•ti•mon´ic , a. [Pref. met- + antimonic.] (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (formerly called antimonic acid) analogous to metaphosphoric acid, and obtained as a white amorphous insoluble substance, (HSbO_3). (b) Formerly, designating an acid, which is now properly called pyroantimonic acid, and analogous to pyrophosphoric acid.

Met•a•pec´tic , a. [Pref. meta- + pectic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a supposed acid obtained from pectin.

Met•a•pec´tin , n. (Chem.) A substance obtained from, and resembling, pectin, and occurring in overripe fruits.

Met•a•pep´tone , n. [Pref. meta- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) An intermediate product formed in the gastric digestion of albuminous matter.

Met´a•phor (met´a•fer), n. [F. metaphore, L. metaphora, fr. Gr. metafora•, fr. metafe•rein to carry over, transfer; meta• beyond, over + fe•rein to bring, bear.] (Rhet.) The transference of the relation between one set of objects to another set for the purpose of brief explanation; a compressed simile; e. g., the ship plows the sea. Abbott & Seeley. ´All the world’s a stage.´ Shak. The statement, ´that man is a fox,´ is a metaphor; but ´that man is like a fox,´ is a simile, similitude, or comparison. { Met•a•phor´ic , Met•a•phor´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. metaphorique.] Of or pertaining to metaphor; comprising a metaphor; not literal; figurative; tropical; as a metaphorical expression; a metaphorical sense. — Met•a•phor´ic•al•ly, adv. — Met•a•phor´ic•al•ness, n.

Met´a•phor•ist , n. One who makes metaphors.

Met•a•phos´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of metaphosphoric acid.

Met•a•phos•phor´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a monobasic acid, HPO_3, analogous to nitric acid, and, by heating phosphoric acid, obtained as a crystalline substance, commonly called glacial phosphoric acid.

Met´a•phrase (met´a•fraz), n. [Gr. meta•frasis, from metafra•zein to paraphrase; meta• beyond, over + fra•zein to speak: cf. F. metaphrase.] 1. A verbal translation; a version or translation from one language into another, word for word; — opposed to paraphrase. Dryden. 2. An answering phrase; repartee. Mrs. Browning.

Met´a•phrased (met´a•frazd), a. Translated literally.

Me•taph´ra•sis (me•taf´ra•sis), n. [NL. See Metaphrase.] Metaphrase.

Met´a•phrast , n. [Gr. : cf. F. metaphraste.] A literal translator. { Met•a•phras´tic , Met•a•phras´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Close, or literal.

Met•a•phys´ic , n. [Cf. F. metaphysique.] See Metaphysics.

Met•a•phys´ic, a. Metaphysical.

Met•a•phys´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. metaphysique. See Metaphysics.] 1. Of or pertaining to metaphysics. 2. According to rules or principles of metaphysics; as metaphysical reasoning. 3. Preternatural or supernatural. [Obs.] “The golden round
Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem
To have thee crowned withal.” Shak.

Met•a•phys´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of metaphysical science, or of a metaphysician. South.

Met•a•phy•si´cian , n. [Cf. F. metaphysicien.] One who is versed in metaphysics.

Met•a•phys´ics , n. [Gr. after those things which relate to external nature, after physics, fr. beyond, after + relating to external nature, natural, physical, fr. nature: cf. F. metaphysique. See Physics. The term was first used by the followers of Aristotle as a name for that part of his writings which came after, or followed, the part which treated of physics.] 1. The science of real as distinguished from phenomenal being; ontology; also the science of being, with reference to its abstract and universal conditions, as distinguished from the science of determined or concrete being; the science of the conceptions and relations which are necessarily implied as true of every kind of being; philosophy in general; first principles, or the science of first principles. Metaphysics is distinguished as general and special. General metaphysics is the science of all being as being. Special metaphysics is the science of one kind of being; as the metaphysics of chemistry, of morals, or of politics. According to Kant, a systematic exposition of those notions and truths, the knowledge of which is altogether independent of experience, would constitute the science of metaphysics. “Commonly, in the schools, called metaphysics, as being part of the philosophy of Aristotle, which hath that for title; but it is in another sense: for there it signifieth as much as ´books written or placed after his natural philosophy.´ But the schools take them for ´books of supernatural philosophy;´ for the word metaphysic will bear both these senses.” Hobbes. “Now the science conversant about all such inferences of unknown being from its known manifestations, is called ontology, or metaphysics proper.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Metaphysics are [is] the science which determines what can and what can not be known of being, and the laws of being, a priori.” Coleridge. 2. Hence: The scientific knowledge of mental phenomena; mental philosophy; psychology. “Metaphysics, in whatever latitude the term be taken, is a science or complement of sciences exclusively occupied with mind.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Whether, after all,
A larger metaphysics might not help
Our physics.” Mrs. Browning.

Me•taph´y•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. after + nature.] Change of form; transformation.

Met´a•plasm , n. [L. metaplasmus, Gr. ; beyond, over + to mold: cf. F. metaplasme.] (Gram.) A change in the letters or syllables of a word.

Met´a•plast , n. [See Metaplasm.] (Gram.) A word having more than one form of the root.

Met´a•pode , n. [NL. metapodium, from Gr. behind + , dim. of poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The posterior division of the foot in the Gastropoda and Pteropoda.

Met•a•po´di•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the metapodialia, or to the parts of the limbs to which they belong.

Met•a•po•di•a´le , n.; pl. Metapodialia (#). [NL. See Metapode.] (Anat.) One of the bones of either the metacarpus or metatarsus.

Met•a•po´di•um , n.; pl. Metapodia (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Metapode.

Met•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Metapophyses (#). [NL. See Meta-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A tubercle projecting from the anterior articular processes of some vertebrae; a mammillary process.

Me•tap•te•ryg´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. after + fin.] (Anat.) The posterior of the three principal basal cartilages in the fins of fishes. — Me•tap•ter•yg´i•al (#), a.

Met•a•sil´i•cate , n. (Chem.) A salt of metasilicic acid.

Met•a•si•lic´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + silicic.] (Chem.) Designating an acid derived from silicic acid by the removal of water; of or pertaining to such an acid. The salts of metasilicic acid are often called bisilicates, in mineralogy, as Wollastonite (CaSiO_3). Metasilicic acid (Chem.), a gelatinous substance, or white amorphous powder, analogous to carbonic acid, and forming many stable salts.

Met•a•so´ma•tism , n. [Pref. meta- + Gr. , , body.] (Geol.) An alteration in a mineral or rock mass when involving a chemical change of the substance, as of chrysolite to serpentine; — opposed to ordinary metamorphism, as implying simply a recrystallization. — Met•a•so•mat´ic (#), a.

Met´a•some , n. [Pref. meta- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) One of the component segments of the body of an animal.

Met•a•stan´nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of metastannic acid.

Met•a•stan´nic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a compound of tin (metastannic acid), obtained, as an isomeric modification of stannic acid, in the form of a white amorphous substance.

Me•tas´ta•sis , n.; pl. Metastases (#). [L., transition, fr. Gr. , fr. to place in another way; after + to place.] 1. (Theol.) A spiritual change, as during baptism. 2. (Med.) A change in the location of a disease, as from one part to another. Dunglison. 3. (Physiol.) The act or process by which matter is taken up by cells or tissues and is transformed into other matter; in plants, the act or process by which are produced all of those chemical changes in the constituents of the plant which are not accompanied by a production of organic matter; metabolism.

Met•a•stat´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or caused by, metastasis; as a metastatic abscess; the metastatic processes of growth.

Met•a•ster´nal , a. Of or pertaining to the metasternum.

Met•a•ster´num , n. [Pref. meta- + sternum.] 1. (Anat.) The most posterior element of the sternum; the ensiform process; xiphisternum. 2. (Zoöl.) The ventral plate of the third or last segment of the thorax of insects. { Me•tas´to•ma , Met´a•stome } n. [NL. metastoma, from Gr. meta• behind + sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) A median elevation behind the mouth in the arthropods.

Met•a•tar´sal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the metatarsus. — n. A metatarsal bone.

Met´a•tarse , n. (Anat.) Metatarsus.

Met•a•tar´sus , n.; pl. Metatarsi (#). [NL. See Meta-, and Tarsus.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton of the hind or lower limb between the tarsus and phalanges; metatarse. It consists, in the human foot, of five bones. See Illustration in Appendix.

Me•tath´e•sis , n.; pl. Metatheses . [L., fr. Gr. meta•thesis, fr. metatithe•nai to place differently, to transpose; meta• beyond, over + tithe•nai to place, set. See Thesis.] 1. (Gram.) Transposition, as of the letters or syllables of a word; as pistris for pristis; meagre for meager. 2. (Med.) A mere change in place of a morbid substance, without removal from the body. 3. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of exchange, substitution, or replacement of atoms and radicals; thus, by metathesis an acid gives up all or part of its hydrogen, takes on an equivalent amount of a metal or base, and forms a salt. { Met•a•thet´ic , Met•a•thet´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to metathesis.

Met•a•tho•rac´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the metathorax.

Met•a•tho´rax , n. [NL.: cf. F. metathorax. See Meta-, and Thorax.] (Zoöl.) The last or posterior segment of the thorax in insects. See Illust. of Coleoptera.

Met•a•ti•tan´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + titanic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of titanium analogous to metasilicic acid.

Met•a•tung´state , n. (Chem.) A salt of metatungstic acid.

Met•a•tung´stic , a. [Pref. meta- + tungstic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid known only in its salts (the metatungstates) and properly called polytungstic, or pyrotungstic, acid.

Met•a•van´a•date , n. (Chem.) A salt of metavanadic acid.

Met•a•va•nad´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + vanadic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a vanadic acid analogous to metaphosphoric acid.

Met•a•xy´lene , n. [Pref. meta- + xylene.] (Chem.) That variety of xylene, or dimethyl benzene, in which the two methyl groups occupy the meta position with reference to each other. It is a colorless inflammable liquid.

Me•ta•yage´ , n. [F. See Metayer.] A system of farming on halves. [France & Italy]

Me•ta•yer´ (F. E. ?), n. [F., fr. LL. medietarius, fr. L. medius middle, half. See Mid, a.] One who cultivates land for a share (usually one half) of its yield, receiving stock, tools, and seed from the landlord. [France & Italy] Milman.

Met•a•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. after + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) Those animals in which the protoplasmic mass, constituting the egg, is converted into a multitude of cells, which are metamorphosed into the tissues of the body. A central cavity is commonly developed, and the cells around it are at first arranged in two layers, — the ectoderm and endoderm. The group comprises nearly all animals except the Protozoa.

Met•a•zo´an , n.; pl. Metazoans . (Zoöl.) One of the Metazoa.

Met•a•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Metazoa.

Met•a•zo´ön , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Metazoa.

Mete , n. Meat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mete, v. t. & i. To meet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mete, v. i. & t. [imp. Mette p. p. Met.] [AS. mtan.] To dream; also impersonally; as me mette, I dreamed. [Obs.] ´I mette of him all night.´ Chaucer.

Mete , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meted; p. pr. & vb. n. Meting.] [AS. metan; akin to D. meten, G. messen, OHG. mezzan, Icel. meta, Sw. mäta, Goth. mitan, L. modus measure, moderation, modius a corn measure, Gr. to rule, a corn measure, and ultimately from the same root as E. measure, L. metiri to measure; cf. Skr. ma to measure. rad.99. Cf. Measure, Meet, a., Mode.] To find the quantity, dimensions, or capacity of, by any rule or standard; to measure.

Mete , v. i. To measure. [Obs.] Mark iv. 24.

Mete, n. [AS. met. See Mete to measure.] Measure; limit; boundary; — used chiefly in the plural, and in the phrase metes and bounds.

Mete´corn , n. A quantity of corn formerly given by the lord to his customary tenants, as an encouragement to, or reward for, labor and faithful service.

Mete´ly, a. According to measure or proportion; proportionable; proportionate. [Obs.] { Met•em•pir´ic , Met•em•pir´ic•al } a. [Pref. met- + empiric, - ical.] (Metaph.) Related, or belonging, to the objects of knowledge within the province of metempirics. “If then the empirical designates the province we include within the range of science, the province we exclude may be fitly styled the metempirical.” G. H. Lewes.

Met•em•pir´i•cism , n. The science that is concerned with metempirics.

Met•em•pir´ics , n. The concepts and relations which are conceived as beyond, and yet as related to, the knowledge gained by experience.

Me•temp´sy•chose , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metempsychosed p. pr. & vb. n. Metempsychosing ] [See Metempsychosis.] To translate or transfer, as the soul, from one body to another. [R.] Peacham.

Me•temp•sy•cho´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; beyond, over + to animate; in + soul. See Psychology.] The passage of the soul, as an immortal essence, at the death of the animal body it had inhabited, into another living body, whether of a brute or a human being; transmigration of souls. Sir T. Browne.

Met•emp•to´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. beyond, after + a falling upon, fr. to fall in or upon; in + to fall.] (Chron.) The suppression of a day in the calendar to prevent the date of the new moon being set a day too late, or the suppression of the bissextile day once in 134 years. The opposite to this is the proemptosis, or the addition of a day every 330 years, and another every 2,400 years.

Met•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [Met- + encephalon.] (Anat.) The posterior part of the brain, including the medulla; the afterbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to meten.

Met•en•so•ma•to´sis , n. [L., a change of body (by the soul), fr. Gr. .] (Biol.) The assimilation by one body or organism of the elements of another.

Me´te•or , n. [F. meteore, Gr. , pl. things in the air, fr. high in air, raised off the ground; beyond + , , a suspension or hovering in the air, fr. to lift, raise up.] 1. Any phenomenon or appearance in the atmosphere, as clouds, rain, hail, snow, etc. “Hail, an ordinary meteor.” Bp. Hall. 2. Specif.: A transient luminous body or appearance seen in the atmosphere, or in a more elevated region. “The vaulty top of heaven
Figured quite o’er with burning meteors.” Shak. The term is especially applied to fireballs, and the masses of stone or other substances which sometimes fall to the earth; also to shooting stars and to ignes fatui. Meteors are often classed as: aerial meteors, winds, tornadoes, etc.; aqueous meteors, rain, hail, snow, dew, etc.; luminous meteors, rainbows, halos, etc.; and igneous meteors, lightning, shooting stars, and the like.

Me•te•or´ic , a. [Cf. F. meteorique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a meteor, or to meteors; atmospheric, as meteoric phenomena; meteoric stones. 2. Influenced by the weather; as meteoric conditions. 3. Flashing; brilliant; transient; like a meteor; as meteoric fame. ´Meteoric politician.´ Craik. Meteoric iron, Meteoric stone. (Min.) See Meteorite. — Meteoric paper, a substance of confervoid origin found floating in the air, and resembling bits of coarse paper; — so called because formerly supposed to fall from meteors. — Meteoric showers, periodical exhibitions of shooting stars, occuring about the 9th or 10th of August and 13th of November, more rarely in April and December, and also at some other periods.

Me•te•or´ic•al , a. Meteoric.

Me´te•or•ism , n. (Med.) Flatulent distention of the abdomen; tympanites.

Me´te•or•ite , n. [Cf. F. meteorite.] (Min.) A mass of stone or iron which has fallen to the earth from space; an aërolite. Meteorites usually show a pitted surface with a fused crust, caused by the heat developed in their rapid passage through the earth’s atmosphere. A meteorite may consist: 1. Of metallic iron, alloyed with a small percentage of nickel (meteoric iron, holosiderite). When etched this usually exhibits peculiar crystalline figures, called Widmanstätten figures. 2. Of a cellular mass of iron with imbedded silicates (mesosiderite or siderolite). 3. Of a stony mass of silicates with little iron (meteoric stone, sporadosiderite). 4. Of a mass without iron (asiderite).

Me´te•or•ize , v. i. [Gr. to raise to a height.] To ascend in vapors; to take the form of a meteor. Evelyn.

Me•te•or´o•graph , n. [Meteor + -graph.] An instrument which registers meteorologic phases or conditions.

Me•te•or•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to meteorography.

Me•te•or•og´ra•phy , n. [Meteor + -graphy.] The registration of meteorological phenomena.

Me´te•or•oid (me´te•er•oid), n. [Meteor + -oid.] (Astron.) A small body moving through space, or revolving about the sun, which on entering the earth’s atmosphere would be deflagrated and appear as a meteor. “These bodies [small, solid bodies] before they come into the air, I call meteoroids.” H. A. Newton.

Me•te•or•oid´al , a. Of or pertaining to a meteoroid or to meteoroids.

Me•te•or´o•lite ( 277), n. [Meteor + -lite : cf. F. meteorolithe.] A meteoric stone; an aërolite; a meteorite. { Me•te•or•o•log´ic , Me•te•or•o•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. meteorologique.] Of or pertaining to the atmosphere and its phenomena, or to meteorology. Meteorological table, Meteorological register, a table or register exhibiting the state of the air and its temperature, weight, dryness, moisture, motion, etc.

Me•te•or•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. meteorologiste.] A person skilled in meteorology.

Me•te•or•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; + lo•gos discourse: cf. F. meteorologie. See Meteor.] The science which treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena, particularly of its variations of heat and moisture, of its winds, storms, etc.

Me•te•or´o•man•cy , n. [Meteor + -mancy : cf. F. meteoromancie.] A species of divination by meteors, chiefly by thunder and lightning, which was held in high estimation by the Romans.

Me•te•or•om´e•ter , n. [Meteor + -meter.] An apparatus which transmits automatically to a central station atmospheric changes as marked by the anemometer, barometer, thermometer, etc.

Me•te•or´o•scope ( 277), n. [Gr. , fr. observing the heavenly bodies; + to view: cf. F. meteoroscope. See Meteor.] (Astron.) (a) An astrolabe; a planisphere. [Obs.] (b) An instrument for measuring the position, length, and direction, of the apparent path of a shooting star.

Me•te´o•rous , a. [See Meteor.] Of the nature or appearance of a meteor.

-me´ter [L. metrum measure, or the allied Gr. . See Meter rhythm.] A suffix denoting that by which anything is measured; as barometer, chronometer, dynamometer.

Me´ter , n. [From Mete to measure.] 1. One who, or that which, metes or measures. See Coal-meter. 2. An instrument for measuring, and usually for recording automatically, the quantity measured. Dry meter, a gas meter having measuring chambers, with flexible walls, which expand and contract like bellows and measure the gas by filling and emptying. — Wet meter, a gas meter in which the revolution of a chambered drum in water measures the gas passing through it.

Me´ter, n. A line above or below a hanging net, to which the net is attached in order to strengthen it. { Me´ter , Me´tre } , n. [OE. metre, F. mètre, L. metrum, fr. Gr. ; akin to Skr. ma to measure. See Mete to measure.] 1. Rhythmical arrangement of syllables or words into verses, stanzas strophes, etc.; poetical measure, depending on number, quantity, and accent of syllables; rhythm; measure; verse; also any specific rhythmical arrangements; as the Horatian meters; a dactylic meter. “The only strict antithesis to prose is meter.” Wordsworth. 2. A poem. [Obs.] Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. A measure of length, equal to 39.37 English inches, the standard of linear measure in the metric system of weights and measures. It was intended to be, and is very nearly, the ten millionth part of the distance from the equator to the north pole, as ascertained by actual measurement of an arc of a meridian. See Metric system, under Metric. Common meter (Hymnol.), four iambic verses, or lines, making a stanza, the first and third having each four feet, and the second and fourth each three feet; — usually indicated by the initials C.M. — Long meter (Hymnol.), iambic verses or lines of four feet each, four verses usually making a stanza; — commonly indicated by the initials L. M. — Short meter (Hymnol.), iambic verses or lines, the first, second, and fourth having each three feet, and the third four feet. The stanza usually consists of four lines, but is sometimes doubled. Short meter is indicated by the initials S. M.

Me´ter•age , n. [See 1st Meter.] The act of measuring, or the cost of measuring.

Me´ter•gram , n. (Mech.) A measure of energy or work done; the power exerted in raising one gram through the distance of one meter against gravitation.

Mete´wand , n. [Mete to measure + wand.] A measuring rod. Ascham.

Mete´yard , n. [AS. metgeard. See Mete to measure, and Yard stick.] A yard, staff, or rod, used as a measure. [Obs.] Shak.

Meth , n. See Meathe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Met•haem•o•glo´bin , n. [Pref. met- + haemoglobin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A stable crystalline compound obtained by the decomposition of hemoglobin. It is found in old blood stains.

Meth´al , n. [Myristic + ether + alcohol.] (Chem.) A white waxy substance, found in small quantities in spermaceti as an ethereal salt of several fatty acids, and regarded as an alcohol of the methane series.

Meth´ane , n. [See Methal.] (Chem.) A light, colorless, gaseous, inflammable hydrocarbon, CH_4; marsh gas. See Marsh gas, under Gas. Methane series (Chem.), a series of saturated hydrocarbons, of which methane is the first member and type, and (because of their general chemical inertness and indifference) called also the paraffin (little affinity) series. The lightest members are gases, as methane, ethane; intermediate members are liquids, as hexane, heptane, etc. (found in benzine, kerosene, etc.); while the highest members are white, waxy, or fatty solids, as paraffin proper.

Me•theg´lin , n. [W. meddyglyn; medd mead + llyn liquor, juice. See Mead a drink.] A fermented beverage made of honey and water; mead. Gay.

Meth´ene , n. [Methyl + ethylene.] (Chem.) See Methylene.

Meth´e•nyl , n. [Methene + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical hydrocarbon radical CH, regarded as an essential residue of certain organic compounds.

Meth´ide , n. [See Methyl.] (Chem.) A binary compound of methyl with some element; as aluminium methide, Al_2(CH_3)6.

Me•thinks´ , v. impers. [imp. Methought ] [AS. þyncan to seem, me þynceð, me þuhte, OE. me thinketh, me thoughte; akin to G. dünken to seem, denken to think, and E. think. See Me, and Think.] It seems to me; I think. See Me. [R., except in poetry.] “In all ages poets have been had in special reputation, and, methinks, not without great cause.” Spenser.

Me•thi´on•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of methionic acid.

Meth•i•on´ic , a. [Methyl + thionic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphonic (thionic) acid derivative of methane, obtained as a stable white crystalline substance, CH_2.(SO_3H)2, which forms well defined salts.

Meth´od , n. [F. methode, L. methodus, fr. Gr. meqodos method, investigation following after; meta• after + ´odo•s way.] 1. An orderly procedure or process; regular manner of doing anything; hence, manner; way; mode; as a method of teaching languages; a method of improving the mind. Addison. 2. Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, or classification; clear and lucid exhibition; systematic arrangement peculiar to an individual. “Though this be madness, yet there’s method in it.” Shak. “All method is a rational progress, a progress toward an end.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Classification; a mode or system of classifying natural objects according to certain common characteristics; as the method of Theophrastus; the method of Ray; the Linnaean method. Syn. — Order; system; rule; regularity; way; manner; mode; course; process; means. — Method, Mode, Manner. Method implies arrangement; mode, mere action or existence. Method is a way of reaching a given end by a series of acts which tend to secure it; mode relates to a single action, or to the form which a series of acts, viewed as a whole, exhibits. Manner is literally the handling of a thing, and has a wider sense, embracing both method and mode. An instructor may adopt a good method of teaching to write; the scholar may acquire a bad mode of holding his pen; the manner in which he is corrected will greatly affect his success or failure. { Me•thod´ic , Me•thod´ic•al } a. [L. methodicus, Gr. : cf. F. methodique.] 1. Arranged with regard to method; disposed in a suitable manner, or in a manner to illustrate a subject, or to facilitate practical observation; as the methodical arrangement of arguments; a methodical treatise. ´Methodical regularity.´ Addison. 2. Proceeding with regard to method; systematic. ´Aristotle, strict, methodic, and orderly.´ Harris. 3. Of or pertaining to the ancient school of physicians called methodists. Johnson. — Me•thod´ic•al•ly, adv. — Me•thod´ic•al•ness, n.

Me•thod´ios , n. The art and principles of method.

Meth´o•dism , n. (Eccl.) The system of doctrines, polity, and worship, of the sect called Methodists. Bp. Warburton.

Meth´o•dist , n. [Cf. F. methodiste. See Method.] 1. One who observes method. [Obs.] 2. One of an ancient school of physicians who rejected observation and founded their practice on reasoning and theory. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Theol.) One of a sect of Christians, the outgrowth of a small association called the ´Holy Club,´ formed at Oxford University, A.D. 1729, of which the most conspicuous members were John Wesley and his brother Charles; — originally so called from the methodical strictness of members of the club in all religious duties. 4. A person of strict piety; one who lives in the exact observance of religious duties; — sometimes so called in contempt or ridicule.

Meth´o•dist, a. Of or pertaining to the sect of Methodists; as Methodist hymns; a Methodist elder. { Meth•o•dis´tic , Meth•o•dis´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to methodists, or to the Methodists. — Meth•o•dis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Meth•od•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of methodizing, or the state of being methodized.

Meth´od•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Methodized p. pr. & vb. n. Methodizing ] To reduce to method; to dispose in due order; to arrange in a convenient manner; as to methodize one’s work or thoughts. Spectator.

Meth´od•i•zer , n. One who methodizes.

Meth•od•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to methodology.

Meth•od•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. method + -logy.] The science of method or arrangement; a treatise on method. Coleridge.

Meth´ol , n. [Gr. wine + - ol.] (Chem.) The technical name of methyl alcohol or wood spirit; also by extension, the class name of any of the series of alcohols of the methane series of which methol proper is the type. See Methyl alcohol, under Methyl.

Me•thought´ , imp. of Methinks.

Meth•ox´yl , n. [Methyl + hydroxyl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, CH_3O, analogous to hydroxyl.

Meth´yl , n. [See Methylene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, CH_3, not existing alone but regarded as an essential residue of methane, and appearing as a component part of many derivatives; as methyl alcohol, methyl ether, methyl amine, etc. [Formerly written also methule, methyle, etc.] Methyl alcohol (Chem.), a light, volatile, inflammable liquid, CH_3.OH, obtained by the distillation of wood, and hence called wood spirit; — called also methol, carbinol, etc. — Methyl amine (Chem.), a colorless, inflammable, alkaline gas CH_3.NH_2, having an ammoniacal, fishy odor. It is produced artificially, and also occurs naturally in herring brine and other fishy products. It is regarded as ammonia in which a third of its hydrogen is replaced by methyl, and is a type of the class of substituted ammonias. — Methyl ether (Chem.), a light, volatile ether CH_3.O.CH_3, obtained by the etherification of methyl alcohol; — called also methyl oxide. — Methyl green. (Chem.) See under Green, n. — Methyl orange. (Chem.) See Helianthin. — Methyl violet (Chem.), an artificial dye, consisting of certain methyl halogen derivatives of rosaniline.

Meth´yl•al , n. [Methylene + alcohol.] (Chem.) A light, volatile liquid, H_2C(OCH_3)2, regarded as a complex ether, and having a pleasant ethereal odor. It is obtained by the partial oxidation of methyl alcohol. Called also formal.

Meth•yl•am´ine , n. (Chem.) See Methyl amine, under Methyl.

Meth´yl•ate , n. [Methyl + alcoholate.] (Chem.) An alcoholate of methyl alcohol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a metal, after the analogy of a hydrate; as sodium methylate, CH_3ONa.

Meth´yl•ate , v. t. To impregnate or mix with methyl or methyl alcohol.

Meth´yl•a•ted , a. (Chem.) Impregnated with, or containing, methyl alcohol or wood spirit; as methylated spirits.

Meth´yl•ene , n. [F. methylène, from Gr. wine + wood; — a word coined to correspond to the name wood spirit.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, CH_2, not known in the free state, but regarded as an essential residue and component of certain derivatives of methane; as methylene bromide, CH_2Br_2; — formerly called also methene. Methylene blue (Chem.), an artificial dyestuff consisting of a complex sulphur derivative of diphenyl amine; — called also pure blue.

Me•thyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, methyl; specifically, designating methyl alcohol. See under Methyl.

Me•thys´ti•cin , n. (Chem.) A white, silky, crystalline substance extracted from the thick rootstock of a species of pepper (Piper methysticum) of the South Sea Islands; — called also kanakin.

Met´ic (? or 277), n. [Gr. , prop., changing one’s abode; , indicating change + house, abode: cf. L. metoecus, F. metèque.] (Gr. Antiq.) A sojourner; an immigrant; an alien resident in a Grecian city, but not a citizen. Mitford. “The whole force of Athens, metics as well as citizens, and all the strangers who were then in the city.” Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Me•tic´u•lous , a. [L. meticulosus, fr. metus fear: cf. F. meticuleux.] Timid; fearful. — Me•tic´u•lous•ly, adv. { Me•tif´ , n. m. Me•tive´ , n. f. }[F.] See Metis. { Me•tis´ , n. m. Me•tisse´ , n. f. }[F.; akin to Sp. mestizo. See Mestizo.] 1. The offspring of a white person and an American Indian. 2. The offspring of a white person and a quadroon; an octoroon. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Met´o•che , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a sharing, fr. to share in; with + to have.] (Arch.) (a) The space between two dentils. (b) The space between two triglyphs.

Me•ton´ic , a. [Cf. F. metonique.] Pertaining to, or discovered by, Meton, the Athenian. Metonic cycle or year. (Astron.) See under Cycle. { Met•o•nym´ic , Met•o•nym´ic•al } a. [See Metonymy.] Used by way of metonymy. — Met•o•nym´ic•al•ly, adv.

Me•ton´y•my (me•ton´i•my; 277), n. [L. metonymia, Gr. metwnymi•a; meta•, indicating change + ’o•nyma , for ’o•noma a name: cf. F. metonymie. See Name.] (Rhet.) A trope in which one word is put for another that suggests it; as we say, a man keeps a good table instead of good provisions; we read Virgil, that is, his poems; a man has a warm heart, that is, warm affections.

Met´o•pe , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; meta• with, between + opening, hole, the hole in the frieze between the beam ends.] 1. (Arch.) The space between two triglyphs of the Doric frieze, which, among the ancients, was often adorned with carved work. See Illust. of Entablature. 2. (Zoöl.) The face of a crab. In the Parthenon, groups of centaurs and heroes in high relief occupy the metopes.

Me•top´ic , a. [Gr. the forehead.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the forehead or frontal bones; frontal; as the metopic suture.

Met´o•po•man•cy , n. [Gr. the forehead + -mancy.] Fortune telling by physiognomy. [R.] Urquhart. { Met•o•po•scop´ic , Met•o•po•scop´ic•al , } a. Of or relating to metoposcopy.

Met•o•pos´co•pist , n. One versed in metoposcopy.

Met•o•pos´co•py , n. [Gr. observing the forehead; the forehead + to view: cf. F. metoposcopie.] The study of physiognomy; the art of discovering the character of persons by their features, or the lines of the face.

Me•tos´te•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. after + bone.] (Anat.) The postero-lateral ossification in the sternum of birds; also the part resulting from such ossification.

Me´tre (me´ter), n. See Meter.

Met´ric (met´rik), a. [L. metricus, Gr. : cf. F. metrique. See Meter rhythm.] 1. Relating to measurement; involving, or proceeding by, measurement. 2. Of or pertaining to the meter as a standard of measurement; of or pertaining to the decimal system of measurement of which a meter is the unit; as the metric system; a metric measurement. Metric analysis (Chem.), analysis by volume; volumetric analysis. — Metric system, a system of weights and measures originating in France, the use of which is required by law in many countries, and permitted in many others, including the United States and England. The principal unit is the meter (see Meter). From this are formed the are, the liter, the stere, the gram, etc. These units, and others derived from them, are divided decimally, and larger units are formed from multiples by 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000. The successive multiplies are designated by the prefixes, deca- , hecto-, kilo-, and myria-; successive parts by deci-, centi-, and milli-. The prefixes mega- and micro- are sometimes used to denote a multiple by one million, and the millionth part, respectively. See the words formed with these prefixes in the Vocabulary. For metric tables, see p. 1682.

Met´ric•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the meter; arranged in meter; consisting of verses; as metrical compositions. 2. Of or pertaining to measurement; as the inch, foot, yard, etc., are metrical terms; esp., of or pertaining to the metric system.

Met´ric•al•ly, adv. In a metrical manner.

Me•tri´cian , n. [Cf. F. metricien. See Meter rhythm.] A composer of verses. [Obs.]

Met´ric sys´tem See Metric, a.

Met•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. Composition in metrical form; versification. [R.] Tennyson.

Met´ri•fy , v. i. [L. metrum meter + -fy: cf. F. metrifier.] To make verse. [R.] Skelton.

Me´trist , n. A maker of verses. Bale. “Spenser was no mere metrist, but a great composer.” Lowell.

Me•tri´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. womb + -tis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the womb.

Met´ro•chrome , n. [Gr. + color.] An instrument for measuring colors.

Met´ro•graph , n. [Gr. measure + -graph.] An instrument attached to a locomotive for recording its speed and the number and duration of its stops.

Met•ro•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. metrologique.] Of or pertaining to metrology.

Me•trol´o•gy , n. [Gr. measure + -metrologie.] The science of, or a system of, weights and measures; also a treatise on the subject.

Met•ro•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. measure + E. mania.] A mania for writing verses.

Met•ro•ma´ni•ac , n. One who has metromania.

Me•trom´e•ter , n. [Gr. womb + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument for measuring the size of the womb. Knight.

Met´ro•nome , n. [Gr. measure + distribute, assign: cf. F. metronome, It. metronomo.] An instrument consisting of a short pendulum with a sliding weight. It is set in motion by clockwork, and serves to measure time in music.

Me•tron´o•my , n. [See Metronome.] Measurement of time by an instrument.

Met•ro•nym´ic , a. [Gr. ; mother + , for name.] Derived from the name of one’s mother, or other female ancestor; as a metronymic name or appellation. — n. A metronymic appellation.

Met´ro•pole , n. [Cf. F. metropole. See Metropolis.] A metropolis. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Me•trop´o•lis , n. [L. metropolis, Gr. , prop., the mother city (in relation to colonies); mother + city. See Mother, and Police.] 1. The mother city; the chief city of a kingdom, state, or country. “[Edinburgh] gray metropolis of the North.” Tennyson. 2. (Eccl.) The seat, or see, of the metropolitan, or highest church dignitary. “The great metropolis and see of Rome.” Shak.

Met•ro•pol´i•tan ( 277), a. [L. metropolitanus: cf. F. metropolitain.] 1. Of or pertaining to the capital or principal city of a country; as metropolitan luxury. 2. (Eccl.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a metropolitan or the presiding bishop of a country or province, his office, or his dignity; as metropolitan authority. ´Bishops metropolitan.´ Sir T. More.

Met•ro•pol´i•tan, n. [LL. metropolitanus.] 1. The superior or presiding bishop of a country or province. 2. (Lat. Church.) An archbishop. 3. (Gr. Church) A bishop whose see is a civil metropolis. His rank is intermediate between that of an archbishop and a patriarch. Hook.

Met•ro•pol´i•tan•ate , n. The see of a metropolitan bishop. Milman.

Me•trop´o•lite , n. [L. metropolita, Gr. .] A metropolitan. Barrow.

Met•ro•po•lit´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to a metropolis; being a metropolis; metropolitan; as the metropolitical chair. Bp. Hall.

Met•ror•rha´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. womb + to break.] (Med.) Profuse bleeding from the womb, esp. such as does not occur at the menstrual period.

Met´ro•scope , n. [Gr. womb + -scope.] A modification of the stethoscope, for directly auscultating the uterus from the vagina.

Met•ro•si•de´ros , n. [NL., fr. Gr. heart of a tree + iron.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous genus of trees or shrubs, found in Australia and the South Sea Islands, and having very hard wood. Metrosideros vera is the true ironwood.

Met´ro•tome , n. [See Metrotomy.] (Surg.) An instrument for cutting or scarifying the uterus or the neck of the uterus.

Me•trot´o•my , n. [Gr. womb + to cut: cf. F. metrotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the uterus; hysterotomy; the Caesarean section.

-me•try [See -meter.] A suffix denoting the art, process, or science, of measuring; as acidimetry, chlorometry, chronometry.

Mette , obs. imp. of Mete, to dream. Chaucer.

Met´tle , n. [E. metal, used in a tropical sense in allusion to the temper of the metal of a sword blade. See Metal.] Substance or quality of temperament; spirit, esp. as regards honor, courage, fortitude, ardor, etc.; disposition; — usually in a good sense. “A certain critical hour which shall … try what mettle his heart is made of.” South. “Gentlemen of brave mettle.” Shak. “The winged courser, like a generous horse,
Shows most true mettle when you check his course.” Pope. To put one one’s mettle, to cause or incite one to use one’s best efforts.

Met´tled , a. Having mettle; high-spirited; ardent; full of fire. Addison.

Met´tle•some , a. Full of spirit; possessing constitutional ardor; fiery; as a mettlesome horse. — Met´tle•some•ly, adv. — Met´tle•some•ness, n.

Meute , n. A cage for hawks; a mew. See 4th Mew, 1. Milman.

Meve , v. t. & i. To move. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mew , n. [AS. mw, akin to D. meeuw, G. möwe, OHG. mh, Icel. mar.] (Zoöl.) A gull, esp. the common British species (Larus canus); called also sea mew, maa, mar, mow, and cobb.

Mew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mewing.] [OE. muen, F. muer, fr. L. mutare to change, fr. movere to move. See Move, and cf. Mew a cage, Molt.] To shed or cast; to change; to molt; as the hawk mewed his feathers. “Nine times the moon had mewed her horns.” Dryden.

Mew, v. i. To cast the feathers; to molt; hence, to change; to put on a new appearance. “Now everything doth mew,
And shifts his rustic winter robe.” Turbervile.

Mew, n. [OE. mue, F. mue change of feathers, scales, skin, the time or place when the change occurs, fr. muer to molt, mew, L. mutare to change. See 2d Mew.] 1. A cage for hawks while mewing; a coop for fattening fowls; hence, any inclosure; a place of confinement or shelter; — in the latter sense usually in the plural. “Full many a fat partrich had he in mewe.” Chaucer. “Forthcoming from her darksome mew.” Spenser. “Violets in their secret mews.” Wordsworth. 2. A stable or range of stables for horses; - - compound used in the plural, and so called from the royal stables in London, built on the site of the king’s mews for hawks.

Mew, v. t. [From Mew a cage.] To shut up; to inclose; to confine, as in a cage or other inclosure. “More pity that the eagle should be mewed.” Shak. “Close mewed in their sedans, for fear of air.” Dryden.

Mew, v. i. [Of imitative origin; cf. G. miauen.] To cry as a cat. [Written also meaw, meow.] Shak.

Mew, n. The common cry of a cat. Shak.

Mewl , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mewled p. pr. & vb. n. Mewling.] [Cf. F. miauler to mew, E. mew to cry as a cat. Cf. Miaul.] To cry, as a young child; to squall. [Written also meawl.] Shak.

Mewl´er , n. One that mewls.

Mews , n. sing. & pl. [Prop. pl. of mew. See Mew a cage.] An alley where there are stables; a narrow passage; a confined place. [Eng.] “Mr. Turveydrop’s great room … was built out into a mews at the back.” Dickens.

Mex•al´ , Mex´i•cal (#), n. [Sp. mexcal.] See Mescal.

Mex´i•can , a. Of or pertaining to Mexico or its people. — n. A native or inhabitant of Mexico. Mexican poppy (Bot.), a tropical American herb of the Poppy family (Argemone Mexicana) with much the look of a thistle, but having large yellow or white blossoms. — Mexican tea (Bot.), an aromatic kind of pigweed from tropical America (Chenopodium ambrosioides).

Mex´i•can•ize , v. t. To cause to be like the Mexicans, or their country, esp. in respect of frequent revolutions of government.

Mex´i•can•ize, v. i. To become like the Mexicans, or their country or government.

Meyn´e (men´e), n. [Obs.] Same as Meine.

Mez•cal´ , n. Same as Mescal.

Me•ze´re•on , n. [F. mezereon, Per. mazriyun.] (Bot.) A small European shrub (Daphne Mezereum), whose acrid bark is used in medicine.

Mez•qui´ta , n. [Sp.] A mosque.

Mez´u•zoth , n. [Heb. mezuzoth, pl. of mezuzah doorpost.] A piece of parchment bearing the Decalogue and attached to the doorpost; — in use among orthodox Hebrews.

Mez´za•nine , n. [F. mezzanine, It. mezzanino, fr. mezzano middle, fr. mezzo middle, half. See Mezzo.] (Arch.) (a) Same as Entresol. (b) A partial story which is not on the same level with the story of the main part of the edifice, as of a back building, where the floors are on a level with landings of the staircase of the main house.

Mez´za vo´ce [It., fr. mezzo, fem. mezza middle, half + voce voice, L. vox.] (Mus.) With a medium fullness of sound.

Mez´zo , a. [It., from L. medius middle, half. See Mid, a.] (Mus.) Mean; not extreme.

Mez´zo-re•lie´vo , n. Mezzo- rilievo.

Mez´zo-ri•lie´vo , n. [It.] (a) A middle degree of relief in figures, between high and low relief. (b) Sculpture in this kind of relief. See under Alto-rilievo.

Mez´zo-so•pra´no , a. (Mus.) Having a medium compass between the soprano and contralto; — said of the voice of a female singer. — n. (a) A mezzo-soprano voice. (b) A person having such a voice.

Mez´zo•tint , n. [Cf. F. mezzo- tinto.] A manner of engraving on copper or steel by drawing upon a surface previously roughened, and then removing the roughness in places by scraping, burnishing, etc., so as to produce the requisite light and shade. also an engraving so produced.

Mez´zo•tint, v. t. To engrave in mezzotint.

Mez´zo•tint•er , n. One who engraves in mezzotint.

Mez•zo•tin´to , n. [It. mezzo half + tinto tinted, p. p. of tingere to dye, color, tinge, L. tingere. See Mezzo.] Mezzotint.

Mez•zo•tin´to, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mezzotintoed p. pr. & vb. n. Mezzotintoing ] To engrave in mezzotint; to represent by mezzotint.

Mhorr , n. (Zoöl.) See Mohr.

Mi , n. [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied to the third tone of the scale of C, i. e., to E, in European solmization, but to the third tone of any scale in the American system.

Mi•a´mis , n. pl.; sing. Miami . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians that formerly occupied the country between the Wabash and Maumee rivers.

Mi•ar´gy•rite , n. [Gr. less + silver. So called because it contains less silver than some kindred ore.] (Min.) A mineral of an iron-black color, and very sectile, consisting principally of sulphur, antimony, and silver.

Mi´as , n. [Malayan.] The orang-outang.

Mi•asc´ite , n. [Named from Miask, in the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) A granitoid rock containing feldspar, biotite, elaeolite, and sodalite.

Mi´asm , n. [Cf. F. miasme.] Miasma.

Mi•as´ma , n.; pl. Miasmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. defilement, fr. to pollute.] Infectious particles or germs floating in the air; air made noxious by the presence of such particles or germs; noxious effluvia; malaria.

Mi•as´mal , a. Containing miasma; miasmatic. { Mi•as•mat´ic , Mi•as•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. miasmatique.] Containing, or relating to, miasma; caused by miasma; as miasmatic diseases.

Mi•as´ma•tist , n. One who has made a special study of miasma.

Mi•as•mol´o•gy , n. [Miasma + -logy.] That department of medical science which treats of miasma.

Mi•aul´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Miauled p. pr. & vb. n. Miauling.] [Cf. F. miauler, of imitative origin, and E. mew. Cf. Mewl.] To cry as a cat; to mew; to caterwaul. Sir W. Scott.

Mi•aul´, n. The crying of a cat.

Mi´ca , n. [L. mica crumb, grain, particle; cf. F. mica.] (Min.) The name of a group of minerals characterized by highly perfect cleavage, so that they readily separate into very thin leaves, more or less elastic. They differ widely in composition, and vary in color from pale brown or yellow to green or black. The transparent forms are used in lanterns, the doors of stoves, etc., being popularly called isinglass. Formerly called also cat-silver, and glimmer. The important species of the mica group are: muscovite, common or potash mica, pale brown or green, often silvery, including damourite (also called hydromica); biotite, iron-magnesia mica, dark brown, green, or black; lepidomelane, iron, mica, black; phlogopite, magnesia mica, colorless, yellow, brown; lepidolite, lithia mica, rose- red, lilac. Mica (usually muscovite, also biotite) is an essential constituent of granite, gneiss, and mica slate; biotite is common in many eruptive rocks; phlogopite in crystalline limestone and serpentine. Mica diorite (Min.), an eruptive rock allied to diorite but containing mica (biotite) instead of hornblende. — Mica powder, a kind of dynamite containing fine scales of mica. — Mica schist, Mica slate (Geol.), a schistose rock, consisting of mica and quartz with, usually, some feldspar.

Mi•ca•ce•o-cal•ca´re•ous , a. (Geol.) Partaking of the nature of, or consisting of, mica and lime; — applied to a mica schist containing carbonate of lime.

Mi•ca´ceous , a. [Cf. F. micace.] Pertaining to, or containing, mica; splitting into laminae or leaves like mica.

Mice , n., pl of Mouse.

Mi•cel´la , n.; pl. Micellae (#). [NL., dim. of L. mica a morsel, grain.] (Biol.) A theoretical aggregation of molecules constituting a structural particle of protoplasm, capable of increase or diminution without change in chemical nature. { Mich , Miche } , v. i. [OE. michen; cf. OE. muchier, mucier, to conceal, F. musser, and OHG. muhhen to waylay. Cf. Micher, Curmudgeon, Muset.] To lie hid; to skulk; to act, or carry one’s self, sneakingly. [Obs. or Colloq.] [Written also meach and meech.] Spenser.

Mich´ael•mas , n. [Michael + mass religious service; OE. Mighelmesse.] The feast of the archangel Michael, a church festival, celebrated on the 29th of September. Hence, colloquially, autumn. Michaelmas daisy. (Bot.) See under Daisy.

Mich´er , n. [OE. michare, muchare. See Mich.] One who skulks, or keeps out of sight; hence, a truant; an idler; a thief, etc. [Obs.] Shak.

Mich´er•y , n. Theft; cheating. [Obs.] Gower.

Mich´ing, a. Hiding; skulking; cowardly. [Colloq.] [Written also meaching and meeching.]

Mic´kle (mik´k’l), a. [OE. mikel, muchel, mochel, mukel, AS. micel, mycel; akin to OS. mikil, OHG. mihil, mihhil, Icel. mikill, mykill, Goth. mikils, L. magnus, Gr. me•gas, gen. mega•loy; cf. Skr. mahat. rad.103. Cf. Much, Muckle, Magnitude.] Much; great. [Written also muckle and mockle.] [Old Eng. & Scot.] ´A man of mickle might.´ Spenser.

Mic´macs , n. pl.; sing. Micmac . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians inhabiting Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. [Written also Mikmaks.]

Mi´co , n. [Sp. or Pg. mico.] (Zoöl.) A small South American monkey (Mico melanurus), allied to the marmoset. The name was originally applied to an albino variety.

Mi•cra•cous´tic , a. Same as Microustic.

Mi•cras´ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mikro•s small + star.] (Paleon.) A genus of sea urchins, similar to Spatangus, abounding in the chalk formation; — from the starlike disposal of the ambulacral furrows.

Mi•cren•ceph´a•lous , [Micr- + Gr. brain.] Having a small brain. { Mi´cro- , Mi´cr- }. [Gr. mikro•s small.] A combining form signifying: (a) Small, little, trivial, slight; as microcosm, microscope. (b) (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) A millionth part of; as microfarad, microohm, micrometer.

Mi•cro•am•père´ , n. [Micr- + ampère.] (Elec.) One of the smaller measures of electrical currents; the millionth part of one ampère.

Mi•cro•bac•te´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Micro-, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) In the classification of Cohn, one of the four tribes of Bacteria. In this classification bacteria are divided into four tribes: 1. Spherobacteria, or spherical bacteria, as the genus Micrococcus. 2. Microbacteria, or bacteria in the form of short rods, including the genus Bacterium. 3. Desmobacteria, or bacteria in straight filaments, of which the genus Bacillus is a type. 4. Spirobacteria, or bacteria in spiral filaments, as the genus Vibrio. { Mi´crobe , Mi•cro´bi•on } n. [NL. microbion, fr. Gr. little + life.] (Biol.) A microscopic organism; — particularly applied to bacteria and especially to pathogenic forms; as the microbe of fowl cholera.

Mi•cro´bi•an , a. (Biol.) Of, pertaining to, or caused by, microbes; as the microbian theory; a microbian disease.

Mi•crob´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a microbe.

Mi•crob´i•cide , n. [Microbe + L. caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Any agent detrimental to, or destructive of, the life of microbes or bacterial organisms. { Mi•cro•ce•phal´ic , Mi•cro•ceph´a•lous , } a. [Micro- + cephalic, cephalous.] (Anat.) Having a small head; having the cranial cavity small; — opposed to megacephalic.

Mi•cro-chem´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to micro-chemistry; as a micro-chemical test.

Mi•cro-chem´is•try , n. [Micro- + chemistry.] The application of chemical tests to minute objects or portions of matter, magnified by the use of the microscopy; — distinguished from macro-chemistry.

Mi•cro•chro•nom´e•ter , n. A chronoscope.

Mi´cro•cline , n. [Micro- + Gr. to incline.] (Min.) A mineral of the feldspar group, like orthoclase or common feldspar in composition, but triclinic in form.

Mi•cro•coc´cal , a. Of or pertaining to micrococci; caused by micrococci. Nature.

Mi•cro•coc´cus , n.; pl. Micrococci (#). [NL. See Micro-, and Coccus.] (Biol.) A genus of Spherobacteria, in the form of very small globular or oval cells, forming, by transverse division, filaments, or chains of cells, or in some cases single organisms shaped like dumb-bells (Diplococcus), all without the power of motion. See Illust. of Ascoccus. Physiologically, micrococci are divided into three groups; chromogenic, characterized by their power of forming pigment; zymogenic, including those associated with definite chemical processes; and pathogenic, those connected with disease.

Mi´cro•cosm , n. [F. microcosme, L. microcosmus, fr. Gr. mikro•s small + ko•smos the world.] A little world; a miniature universe. Hence (so called by Paracelsus), a man, as a supposed epitome of the exterior universe or great world. Opposed to macrocosm. Shak. { Mi•cro•cos´mic , Mi•cro•cos´mic•al } a. [Cf. F. microcosmique.] Of or pertaining to the microcosm. Microcosmic salt (Chem.), a white crystalline substance obtained by mixing solutions of sodium phosphate and ammonium phosphate, and also called hydric-sodic- ammonic-phosphate. It is a powerful flux, and is used as a substitute for borax as a blowpipe reagent in testing for the metallic oxides. Originally obtained by the alchemists from human urine, and called sal microcosmicum.

Mi•cro•cos•mog´ra•phy , n. [Microcosm + -graphy.] Description of man as a microcosm.

Mi•cro•cou•lomb´ , n. [Micro- + coulomb.] (Elec.) A measure of electrical quantity; the millionth part of one coulomb.

Mi•cro•cous´tic , a. [Micro- + acoustic: cf. F. microcoustique, micracoustique.] Pertaining, or suited, to the audition of small sounds; fitted to assist hearing.

Mi•cro•cous´tic, n. An instrument for making faint sounds audible, as to a partially deaf person.

Mi•cro•crith´ , n. [Micro- + crith.] (Chem.) The weight of the half hydrogen molecule, or of the hydrogen atom, taken as the standard in comparing the atomic weights of the elements; thus, an atom of oxygen weighs sixteen microcriths. See Crith. J. P. Cooke.

Mi•cro•crys´tal•line , a. [Micro- + crystalline.] (Crystallog.) Crystalline on a fine, or microscopic, scale; consisting of fine crystals; as the ground mass of certain porphyrics is microcrystalline.

Mi´cro•cyte , n. [Micro- + Gr. a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) One of the elementary granules found in blood. They are much smaller than an ordinary corpuscle, and are particularly noticeable in disease, as in anaemia.

Mic´ro•dont , a. [Micr- + Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Anat.) Having small teeth.

Mi•cro•far´ad , n. [Micro- + farad.] (Elec.) The millionth part of a farad.

Mi´cro•form , n. [Micro- + form, n.] (Biol.) A microscopic form of life; an animal or vegetable organism of microscopic size.

Mi•cro-ge•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to micro-geology.

Mi•cro-ge•ol´o•gy , n. [Micro- + geology.] The part of geology relating to structure and organisms which require to be studied with a microscope.

Mi´cro•graph , n. [See Micrography.] An instrument for executing minute writing or engraving.

Mi•cro•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to micrography.

Mi•crog´ra•phy , n. [Micro- + -graphy: cf. F. micrographie.] The description of microscopic objects.

Mi•crohm´ , n. [Micr- + ohm.] (Elec.) The millionth part of an ohm.

Mi•cro•lep•i•dop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Micro-, and Lepidoptera.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of Lepidoptera, including a vast number of minute species, as the plume moth, clothes moth, etc.

Mi•cro•les´tes , n. [NL., from Gr. mikro•s small + a robber.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of small Triassic mammals, the oldest yet found in European strata.

Mi´cro•lite , n. [Micro- + -lite.] (Min.) 1. A rare mineral of resinous luster and high specific gravity. It is a tantalate of calcium, and occurs in octahedral crystals usually very minute. 2. (Min.) A minute inclosed crystal, often observed when minerals or rocks are examined in thin sections under the microscope.

Mi´cro•lith , n. [Micro- + lith.] (Min.) Same as Microlite, 2.

Mi•cro•lith´ic , a. Formed of small stones. { Mi•cro•log´ic , Mi•cro•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to micrology; very minute; as micrologic examination. — Mi•cro•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Mi•crol´o•gy , n. [Micro- + -logy.] 1. That part of science which treats of microscopic objects, or depends on microscopic observation. 2. Attention to petty items or differences. W. Taylor.

Mi´cro•mere , n. [Micro- + -mere.] (Biol.) One of the smaller cells, or blastomeres, resulting from the complete segmentation of a telolecithal ovum.

Mi•crom´e•ter , n. [Micro- + -meter: cf. F. micromètre.] An instrument, used with a telescope or microscope, for measuring minute distances, or the apparent diameters of objects which subtend minute angles. The measurement given directly is that of the image of the object formed at the focus of the object glass. Circular, or Ring, micrometer, a metallic ring fixed in the focus of the object glass of a telescope, and used to determine differences of right ascension and declination between stars by observations of the times at which the stars cross the inner or outer periphery of the ring. — Double image micrometer, a micrometer in which two images of an object are formed in the field, usually by the two halves of a bisected lens which are movable along their line of section by a screw, and distances are determined by the number of screw revolutions necessary to bring the points to be measured into optical coincidence. When the two images are formed by a bisected object glass, it is called a divided-object-glass micrometer, and when the instrument is large and equatorially mounted, it is known as a heliometer. — Double refraction micrometer, a species of double image micrometer, in which the two images are formed by the double refraction of rock crystal. — Filar, or Bifilar, micrometer. See under Bifilar. — Micrometer caliper or gauge (Mech.), a caliper or gauge with a micrometer screw, for measuring dimensions with great accuracy. — Micrometer head, the head of a micrometer screw. — Micrometer microscope, a compound microscope combined with a filar micrometer, used chiefly for reading and subdividing the divisions of large astronomical and geodetical instruments. — Micrometer screw, a screw with a graduated head used in some forms of micrometers. — Position micrometer. See under Position. — Scale, or Linear, micrometer, a minute and very delicately graduated scale of equal parts used in the field of a telescope or microscope, for measuring distances by direct comparison. { Mi•cro•met´ric , Mi•cro•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. micrometrique.] Belonging to micrometry; made by the micrometer. — Mi•cro•met´ric•al•ly, adv.

Mi•crom´e•try , n. The art of measuring with a micrometer.

Mi•cro•mil´li•me•ter , n. [Micro- + millimeter.] The millionth part of a meter.

Mic´ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mikro•s small.] (Physics) A measure of length; the thousandth part of one millimeter; the millionth part of a meter.

Mi´cro•ne´sian , a. [From Micronesia, fr. Gr. mikro•s small + nh^sos an island.] Of or pertaining to Micronesia, a collective designation of the islands in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, embracing the Marshall and Gilbert groups, the Ladrones, the Carolines, etc.

Mi•cro•ne´sians , n. pl.; sing. Micronesian. (Ethnol.) A dark race inhabiting the Micronesian Islands. They are supposed to be a mixed race, derived from Polynesians and Papuans.

Mi•cro•nom´e•ter , n. [Micro- + chronometer.] An instrument for noting minute portions of time.

Mi•cro•ör´gan•ism , n. [Micro- + organism.] (Biol.) Any microscopic form of life; — particularly applied to bacteria and similar organisms, esp. such are supposed to cause infectious diseases.

Mi•cro•pan´to•graph , n. [Micro- + pantograph.] A kind of pantograph which produces copies microscopically minute.

Mi•cro•peg´ma•tite , n. [Micro- + pegmatite.] (Min.) A rock showing under the microscope the structure of a graphic granite (pegmatite). — Mi•cro•peg•ma•tit´ic (#), a.

Mi´cro•phone , n. [Micro- + Gr. sound, voice: cf. F. microphone.] (Physics) An instrument for intensifying and making audible very feeble sounds. It produces its effects by the changes of intensity in an electric current, occasioned by the variations in the contact resistance of conducting bodies, especially of imperfect conductors, under the action of acoustic vibrations.

Mi•cro•phon´ics , n. [See Microphone.] The science which treats of the means of increasing the intensity of low or weak sounds, or of the microphone.

Mi•croph´o•nous , a. Serving to augment the intensity of weak sounds; microcoustic.

Mi•cro•pho´to•graph , n. [Micro- + photograph.] 1. A microscopically small photograph of a picture, writing, printed page, etc. 2. An enlarged representation of a microscopic object, produced by throwing upon a sensitive plate the magnified image of an object formed by a microscope or other suitable combination of lenses. A picture of this kind is preferably called a photomicrograph.

Mi•cro•pho•tog´ra•phy , n. The art of making microphotographs. { Mi•croph•thal´mi•a , Mi•croph•thal´my , } n. [Micro- + Gr. ’ofqalmo•s eye.] An unnatural smallness of the eyes, occurring as the result of disease or of imperfect development.

Mi•croph´yl•lous , a. [Micro- + Gr. fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) Small- leaved.

Mi•croph´y•tal , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, microphytes.

Mi´cro•phyte , n. [Micro- + Gr. a plant: cf. F. microphyte.] (Bot.) A very minute plant, one of certain unicellular algae, such as the germs of various infectious diseases are believed to be.

Mi´cro•pyle , n. [Micro- + Gr. gate, orifice: cf. F. micropyle.] (Biol.) (a) An opening in the membranes surrounding the ovum, by which nutrition is assisted and the entrance of the spermatozoa permitted. (b) An opening in the outer coat of a seed, through which the fecundating pollen enters the ovule. — Mi•crop´y•lar (#), a.

Mi•cros´co•pal , a. Pertaining to microscopy, or to the use of the microscope. Huxley.

Mi´cro•scope , n. [Micro- + -scope.] An optical instrument, consisting of a lens, or combination of lenses, for making an enlarged image of an object which is too minute to be viewed by the naked eye. Compound microscope, an instrument consisting of a combination of lenses such that the image formed by the lens or set of lenses nearest the object (called the objective) is magnified by another lens called the ocular or eyepiece. — Oxyhydrogen microscope, and Solar microscope. See under Oxyhydrogen, and Solar. — Simple, or Single, microscope, a single convex lens used to magnify objects placed in its focus.

Mi•cro•sco´pi•al , a. Microscopic. [R.] Berkeley. { Mi•cro•scop´ic , Mi•cro•scop´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. microscopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the microscope or to microscopy; made with a microscope; as microscopic observation. 2. Able to see extremely minute objects. “Why has not man a microscopic eye?” Pope. 3. Very small; visible only by the aid of a microscope; as a microscopic insect.

Mi•cro•scop´ic•al•ly, adv. By the microscope; with minute inspection; in a microscopic manner.

Mi•cros´co•pist ( 277), n. One skilled in, or given to, microscopy.

Mi•cros´co•py , n. The use of the microscope; investigation with the microscope.

Mi´cro•seme , a. [Micro- + Gr. sign, mark: cf. F. microsème.] (Anat.) Having the orbital index relatively small; having the orbits broad transversely; — opposed to megaseme.

Mi•cro•spec´tro•scope (mi•kro•spek´tro•skop or mi•kro-), n. [Micro- + spectroscope.] (Physics) A spectroscope arranged for attachment to a microscope, for observation of the spectrum of light from minute portions of any substance.

Mi•cro•spo•ran´gi•um , n. [NL. See Micro-, and Sporangium.] (Bot.) A sporangium or conceptacle containing only very minute spores. Cf. Macrosporangium.

Mi´cro•spore , n. [Micro- + spore.] (Bot.) One of the exceedingly minute spores found in certain flowerless plants, as Selaginella and Isoetes, which bear two kinds of spores, one very much smaller than the other. Cf. Macrospore.

Mi•cro•spor´ic , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to microspores.

Mi´cro•sthene , n. [Micro- + Gr. sqe•nos might, strength.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of mammals having a small size as a typical characteristic. It includes the lower orders, as the Insectivora, Cheiroptera, Rodentia, and Edentata.

Mi•cro•sthen´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having a typically small size; of or pertaining to the microsthenes.

Mi•cro•ta•sim´e•ter , n. [Micro- + tasimeter.] (Physics) A tasimeter, especially when arranged for measuring very small extensions. See Tasimeter.

Mi´cro•tome , n. [Micro- + Gr. te•mnein to cut.] An instrument for making very thin sections for microscopical examination.

Mi•crot´o•mist , n. One who is skilled in or practices microtomy.

Mi•crot´o•my , n. The art of using the microtome; investigation carried on with the microtome.

Mi•cro•volt´ , n. [Micro- + volt.] (Elec.) A measure of electro-motive force; the millionth part of one volt.

Mi•cro•we´ber , n. [Micro- + weber.] (Elec.) The millionth part of one weber.

Mi•cro•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mikro•s small + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Infusoria.

Mi•cro•zo´ö•spore , n. [Micro- + zoöspore.] (Bot.) A small motile spore furnished with two vibratile cilia, found in certain green algae.

Mi´cro•zyme , n. [Micro- + Gr. zy•mh leaven.] (Biol.) A microörganism which is supposed to act like a ferment in causing or propagating certain infectious or contagious diseases; a pathogenic bacterial organism.

Mic•tu•ri´tion , n. [L. micturire to desire to make water, v. desid. fr. mingere, mictum, to make water.] The act of voiding urine; also a morbidly frequent passing of the urine, in consequence of disease.

Mid (mid), a. [Compar. wanting; superl. Midmost.] [AS. midd; akin to OS. middi, D. mid (in comp.), OHG. mitti, Icel. miðr, Goth. midjis, L. medius, Gr. me•sos, Skr. madhya. rad.271. Cf. Amid, Middle, Midst, Mean, Mediate, Meridian, Mizzen, Moiety.] 1. Denoting the middle part; as in mid ocean. “No more the mounting larks, while Daphne sings,
Shall list’ning in mid air suspend their wings.” Pope. 2. Occupying a middle position; middle; as the mid finger; the mid hour of night. 3. (Phon.) Made with a somewhat elevated position of some certain part of the tongue, in relation to the palate; midway between the high and the low; — said of certain vowel sounds; as a (ale), e (ell), o (old). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 10, 11. Mid is much used as a prefix, or combining form, denoting the middle or middle part of a thing; as mid-air, mid-channel, mid-age, midday, midland, etc. also specifically, in geometry, to denote a circle inscribed in a triangle (a midcircle), or relation to such a circle; as mid-center, midradius.

Mid, n. Middle. [Obs.] “About the mid of night come to my tent.” Shak.

Mid, prep. See Amid.

Mi´da , n. [Gr. a destructive insect in pulse.] (Zoöl.) The larva of the bean fly.

Mi´das , n. [So called from L. Midas, a man fabled to have had ass’s ears.] (Zoöl.) A genus of longeared South American monkeys, including numerous species of marmosets. See Marmoset.

Mi´das’s ear´ [See Midas.] (Zoöl.) A pulmonate mollusk (Auricula, or Ellobium, aurismidae); — so called from resemblance to a human ear.

Mid´brain , n. [Mid, a. + brain.] (Anat.) The middle segment of the brain; the mesencephalon. See Brain.

Mid´day , n. [AS. middaeg. See Mid, a., and Day.] The middle part of the day; noon.

Mid´day, a. Of or pertaining to noon; meridional; as the midday sun.

Mid´den , n. [Also midding.] [Cf. Dan. mögdynge, E. muck, and dung.] 1. A dunghill. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An accumulation of refuse about a dwelling place; especially, an accumulation of shells or of cinders, bones, and other refuse on the supposed site of the dwelling places of prehistoric tribes, — as on the shores of the Baltic Sea and in many other places. See Kitchen middens.

Mid´den crow´ (Zoöl.) The common European crow. [Prov. Eng.]

Mid´dest , a.; superl. of Mid. [See Midst.] Situated most nearly in the middle; middlemost; midmost. [Obs.] ´ ’Mongst the middest crowd.´ Spenser.

Mid´dest, n. Midst; middle. [Obs.] Fuller.

Mid´ding , n. Same as Midden.

Mid´dle (-d’l), a. [OE. middel, AS. middel; akin to D. middel, OHG. muttil, G. mittel. rad.271. See Mid, a.] 1. Equally distant from the extreme either of a number of things or of one thing; mean; medial; as the middle house in a row; a middle rank or station in life; flowers of middle summer; men of middle age. 2. Intermediate; intervening. “Will, seeking good, finds many middle ends.” Sir J. Davies. Middle is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as middle-sized, middle- witted. Middle Ages, the period of time intervening between the decline of the Roman Empire and the revival of letters. Hallam regards it as beginning with the sixth and ending with the fifteenth century. — Middle class, in England, people who have an intermediate position between the aristocracy and the artisan class. It includes professional men, bankers, merchants, and small landed proprietors “The middle-class electorate of Great Britain.” M. Arnold. — Middle distance. (Paint.) See Middle-ground. — Middle English. See English, n., 2. — Middle Kingdom, China. — Middle oil (Chem.), that part of the distillate obtained from coal tar which passes over between 170° and 230° Centigrade; — distinguished from the light, and the heavy or dead, oil. — Middle passage, in the slave trade, that part of the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and the West Indies. — Middle post. (Arch.) Same as King-post. — Middle States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; which, at the time of the formation of the Union, occupied a middle position between the Eastern States (or New England) and the Southern States. [U.S.] — Middle term (Logic), that term of a syllogism with which the two extremes are separately compared, and by means of which they are brought together in the conclusion. Brande. — Middle tint (Paint.), a subdued or neutral tint. Fairholt. — Middle voice. (Gram.) See under Voice. — Middle watch, the period from midnight to four A. M.; also the men on watch during that time. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Middle weight, a pugilist, boxer, or wrestler classed as of medium weight, i. e., over 140 and not over 160 lbs., in distinction from those classed as light weights, heavy weights, etc.

Mid´dle , n. [AS. middel. See Middle, a.] The point or part equally distant from the extremities or exterior limits, as of a line, a surface, or a solid; an intervening point or part in space, time, or order of series; the midst; central portion; specif., the waist. Chaucer. ´The middle of the land.´ Judg. ix. 37. “In this, as in most questions of state, there is a middle.” Burke. Syn. — See Midst.

Mid´dle-age , [Middle + age. Cf. Mediaeval.] Of or pertaining to the Middle Ages; mediaeval.

Mid´dle-aged , a. Being about the middle of the ordinary age of man; between 30 and 50 years old.

Mid´dle-earth , n. The world, considered as lying between heaven and hell. [Obs.] Shak.

Mid´dle-ground , n. (Paint.) That part of a picture between the foreground and the background.

Mid´dle•man , n.; pl. Middlemen . 1. An agent between two parties; a broker; a go-between; any dealer between the producer and the consumer; in Ireland, one who takes land of the proprietors in large tracts, and then rents it out in small portions to the peasantry. 2. A person of intermediate rank; a commoner. 3. (Mil.) The man who occupies a central position in a file of soldiers.

Mid´dle•most , a. [Cf. Midmost.] Being in the middle, or nearest the middle; midmost.

Mid´dler , n. One of a middle or intermediate class in some schools and seminaries.

Mid´dling , a. Of middle rank, state, size, or quality; about equally distant from the extremes; medium; moderate; mediocre; ordinary. ´A town of but middling size.´ Hallam. “Plainly furnished, as beseemed the middling circumstances of its inhabitants.” Hawthorne. — Mid´dling•ly, adv. — Mid´dling•ness, n.

Mid´dlings , n. pl. 1. A combination of the coarser parts of ground wheat the finest bran, separated from the fine flour and coarse bran in bolting; — formerly regarded as valuable only for feed; but now, after separation of the bran, used for making the best quality of flour. Middlings contain a large proportion of gluten. 2. In the southern and western parts of the United States, the portion of the hog between the ham and the shoulder; bacon; — called also middles. Bartlett.

Mid´dy , n.; pl. Middies . A colloquial abbreviation of midshipman.

Mid´feath•er , n. 1. (Steam Boilers) A vertical water space in a fire box or combustion chamber. 2. (Mining) A support for the center of a tunnel.

Mid´gard , n. [Icel. miðgarðr.] (Scand. Myth.) The middle space or region between heaven and hell; the abode of human beings; the earth.

Midge , n. [OE. migge, AS. mycge; akin to OS. muggia, D. mug, G. mücke, OHG. mucca, Icel. m, Sw. mygga, mygg, Dan. myg; perh. named from its buzzing; cf. Gr. to low, bellow.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of many small, delicate, long- legged flies of the Chironomus, and allied genera, which do not bite. Their larvae are usually aquatic. 2. A very small fly, abundant in many parts of the United States and Canada, noted for the irritating quality of its bite. The name is also applied to various other small flies. See Wheat midge, under Wheat.

Midg´et , n. [Dim. of midge.] 1. (Zoöl.) A minute bloodsucking fly. [Local, U. S.] 2. A very diminutive person.

Mid´gut , n. [Mid, a. + gut.] (Anat.) The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.

Mid´heav•en , n. 1. The midst or middle of heaven or the sky. 2. (Astron.) The meridian, or middle line of the heavens; the point of the ecliptic on the meridian.

Mid´land , a. 1. Being in the interior country; distant from the coast or seashore; as midland towns or inhabitants. Howell. 2. Surrounded by the land; mediterranean. “And on the midland sea the French had awed.” Dryden.

Mid´land , n. The interior or central region of a country; — usually in the plural. Drayton.

Mid´main , n. The middle part of the main or sea. [Poetic] Chapman.

Mid´most , a. [OE. middemiste. Cf. Foremost.] Middle; middlemost. “Ere night’s midmost, stillest hour was past.” Byron.

Mid´night , n. [AS. midniht.] The middle of the night; twelve o’clock at night. “The iron tongue of midnight hath told twelve.” Shak.

Mid´night, a. Being in, or characteristic of, the middle of the night; as midnight studies; midnight gloom. ´Midnight shout and revelry.´ Milton.

Mid•rash´ , n.; pl. Midrashim (#), Midrashoth (#). [Heb., explanation.] A talmudic exposition of the Hebrew law, or of some part of it.

Mid´rib , n. (Bot.) A continuation of the petiole, extending from the base to the apex of the lamina of a leaf.

Mid´riff (mid´rif), n. [AS. midhrif; midd mid, middle + hrif bowels, womb; akin to OFries. midref midriff, rif, ref, belly, OHG. href body, and to L. corpus body. See Corpse.] (Anat.) See Diaphragm, n., 2. “Smote him into the midriff with a stone.” Milton. { Mid´ sea´, or Mid´-sea´ }. The middle part of the sea or ocean. Milton. The Mid-sea, the Mediterranean Sea. [Obs.]

Mid´ship, a. Of or pertaining to, or being in, the middle of a ship. Midship beam (Naut.), the beam or timber upon which the broadest part of a vessel is formed. — Midship bend, the broadest frame in a vessel. Weale.

Mid´ship•man , n.; pl. Midshipmen . 1. (a) Formerly, a kind of naval cadet, in a ship of war, whose business was to carry orders, messages, reports, etc., between the officers of the quarter-deck and those of the forecastle, and render other services as required. (b) In the English naval service, the second rank attained by a combatant officer after a term of service as naval cadet. Having served three and a half years in this rank, and passed an examination, he is eligible to promotion to the rank of lieutenant. (c) In the United States navy, the lowest grade of officers in line of promotion, being graduates of the Naval Academy awaiting promotion to the rank of ensign. 2. (Zoöl.) An American marine fish of the genus Porichthys, allied to the toadfish. Cadet midshipman, formerly a title distinguishing a cadet line officer from a cadet engineer at the U. S. Naval Academy. See under Cadet. — Cadet midshipman, formerly, a naval cadet who had served his time, passed his examinations, and was awaiting promotion; — now called, in the United States, midshipman; in England, sublieutenant.

Mid´ships, adv. [For amidships.] (Naut.) In the middle of a ship; — properly amidships.

Mid´ships, n. pl. (Naut.) The timbers at the broadest part of the vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Midst , n. [From middest, in the middest, for older in middes, where -s is adverbial (orig. forming a genitive), or still older a midde, a midden, on midden. See Mid, and cf. Amidst.] 1. The interior or central part or place; the middle; — used chiefly in the objective case after in; as in the midst of the forest. “And when the devil had thrown him in the midst, he came out of him.” Luke iv. 35. “There is nothing … in the midst [of the play] which might not have been placed in the beginning.” Dryden. 2. Hence, figuratively, the condition of being surrounded or beset; the press; the burden; as in the midst of official duties; in the midst of secular affairs. The expressions in our midst, in their midst, etc., are avoided by some good writers, the forms in the midst of us, in the midst of them, etc., being preferred. Syn. — Midst, Middle. Midst in present usage commonly denotes a part or place surrounded on enveloped by or among other parts or objects (see Amidst); while middle is used of the center of length, or surface, or of a solid, etc. We say in the midst of a thicket; in the middle of a line, or the middle of a room; in the midst of darkness; in the middle of the night.

Midst, prep. In the midst of; amidst. Shak.

Midst, adv. In the middle. [R.] Milton.

Mid´sum•mer , n. [AS. midsumor.] The middle of summer. Shak. Midsummer daisy (Bot.), the oxeye daisy.

Mid´ward , a. Situated in the middle.

Mid´ward, adv. In or toward the midst.

Mid´way , n. The middle of the way or distance; a middle way or course. Shak. “Paths indirect, or in the midway faint.” Milton.

Mid´way, a. Being in the middle of the way or distance; as the midway air. Shak.

Mid´way, adv. In the middle of the way or distance; half way. ´She met his glance midway.´ Dryden.

Mid´week , n. The middle of the week. Also used adjectively.

Mid´wife , n.; pl. Midwives (#). [OE. midwif, fr. AS. mid with (akin to Gr. ) + woman, wife. Properly, the woman or wife who is attendant upon a woman in childbirth. See Meta-, and Wife.] A woman who assists other women in childbirth; a female practitioner of the obstetric art.

Mid´wife, v. t. To assist in childbirth.

Mid´wife, v. i. To perform the office of midwife.

Mid´wife•ry ( 277), n. 1. The art or practice of assisting women in childbirth; obstetrics. 2. Assistance at childbirth; help or coöperation in production.

Mid´win•ter , n. [AS. midwinter.] The middle of winter. Dryden.

Mid´wive (mid´w&ima;cv•), v. t. To midwife. [Obs.]

Mien (men), n. [F. mine; perh. from sane source as mener to lead; cf. E. demean, menace, mine, n.] Aspect; air; manner; demeanor; carriage; bearing. “Vice is a monster of so frightful mien,
as to be hated, needs but to be seen.” Pope.

Miff , n. [Cf. Prov. G. muff sullenness, sulkiness, muffen to be silky, muffïg sullen, pouting.] A petty falling out; a tiff; a quarrel; offense. Fielding.

Miff, v. t. To offend slightly. [Colloq.]

Might (mit), imp. of May. [AS. meahte, mihte.]

Might, n. [AS. meaht, miht, from the root of magan to be able, E. may; akin to D. magt, OS. maht, G. macht, Icel. mattr, Goth. mahts. rad.103. See May, v.] Force or power of any kind, whether of body or mind; energy or intensity of purpose, feeling, or action; means or resources to effect an object; strength; force; power; ability; capacity. “What so strong,
But wanting rest, will also want of might?” Spenser. “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.” Deut. vi. 5. With might and main. See under 2d Main.

Might´ful , a. Mighty. [Obs.] Shak.

Might´i•ly , adv. [From Mighty.] 1. In a mighty manner; with might; with great earnestness; vigorously; powerfully. “Whereunto I also labor, striving according to his working, which worketh in me mightily.” Col. i. 29. 2. To a great degree; very much. “Practical jokes amused us mightily.” Hawthorne.

Might´i•ness, n. 1. The quality of being mighty; possession of might; power; greatness; high dignity. “How soon this mightiness meets misery.” Shak. 2. Highness; excellency; — with a possessive pronoun, a title of dignity; as their high mightinesses.

Might´less, a. Without; weak. [Obs.]

Might´y , a. [Compar. Mightier superl. Mightiest.] [AS. meahtig, mihtig; akin to G. mächtig, Goth. mahteigs. See Might, n.] 1. Possessing might; having great power or authority. “Wise in heart, and mighty in strength.” Job ix. 4. 2. Accomplished by might; hence, extraordinary; wonderful. ´His mighty works.´ Matt. xi. 20. 3. Denoting an extraordinary degree or quality in respect of size, character, importance, consequences, etc. ´A mighty famine.´ Luke xv. 14. ´Giants of mighty bone.´ Milton. “Mighty was their fuss about little matters.” Hawthorne.

Might´y, n.; pl. Mighties (#). A warrior of great force and courage. [R. & Obs.] 1 Chron. xi. 12.

Might´y, adv. In a great degree; very. [Colloq.] ´He was mighty methodical.´ Jeffrey. “We have a mighty pleasant garden.” Doddridge.

Mign´iard , a. [F. mignard, akin to mignon. See Minion.] Soft; dainty. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mign´iard•ise , n. [F. mignardise.] Delicate fondling. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mi´gnon , a. [F.] See 3d Minion.

Mi´gnon, v. t. To flatter. [R. & Obs.] Danie.

Mi•gnon•ette´ , n. [F. mignonnette, dim. of mignon darling. See 2d Minion.] (Bot.) A plant (Reseda odorata) having greenish flowers with orange-colored stamens, and exhaling a delicious fragrance. In Africa it is a low shrub, but further north it is usually an annual herb. Mignonette pepper, coarse pepper.

Mi•graine´ , n. [F.] Same as Megrim. — Mi•grain´ous, a.

Mi´grant , a. [L. migrans, p. pr. of migrare. See Migrate.] Migratory. Sir T. Browne. — n. A migratory bird or other animal.

Mi´grate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Migrated p. pr. & vb. n. Migrating ] [L. migratus, p. p. of migrare to migrate, transfer.] 1. To remove from one country or region to another, with a view to residence; to change one’s place of residence; to remove; as the Moors who migrated from Africa into Spain; to migrate to the West. 2. To pass periodically from one region or climate to another for feeding or breeding; — said of certain birds, fishes, and quadrupeds.

Mi•gra´tion , n. [L. migratio: cf. F. migration.] The act of migrating.

Mi´gra•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. migratoire.] 1. Removing regularly or occasionally from one region or climate to another; as migratory birds. 2. Hence, roving; wandering; nomad; as migratory habits; a migratory life. Migratory locust (Zoöl.) See Locust. — Migratory thrush (Zoöl.), the American robin. See Robin.

Mi•ka´do , n. [Jap.] The popular designation of the hereditary sovereign of Japan.

Mik´maks , n. Same as Micmacs.

Mil´age ( 48), n. Same as Mileage.

Mil•an•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Milan in Italy, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Milan; people of Milan.

Milch , a. [OE. milche; akin to G. melk, Icel. milkr, mjolkr, and to E. milk. See Milk.] 1. Giving milk; — now applied only to beasts. ´Milch camels.´ Gen. xxxii. ´Milch kine.´ Shak. 2. Tender; pitiful; weeping. [Obs.] Shak.

Mild , a. [Compar. Milder superl. Mildest.] [AS. milde; akin to OS. mildi, D. & G. mild, OHG. milti, Icel. mildr, Sw. & Dan. mild, Goth. milds; cf. Lith. melas dear, Gr. gladdening gifts.] Gentle; pleasant; kind; soft; bland; clement; hence, moderate in degree or quality; — the opposite of harsh, severe, irritating, violent, disagreeable, etc.; — applied to persons and things; as a mild disposition; a mild eye; a mild air; a mild medicine; a mild insanity. “The rosy morn resigns her light
And milder glory to the noon.” Waller. “Adore him as a mild and merciful Being.” Rogers. Mild, or Low, steel, steel that has but little carbon in it and is not readily hardened. Syn. — Soft; gentle; bland; calm; tranquil; soothing; pleasant; placid; meek; kind; tender; indulgent; clement; mollifying; lenitive; assuasive. See Gentle.

Mild´en , v. t. To make mild, or milder. Lowell.

Mil´dew , n. [AS. meledeáw; akin to OHG. militou, G. mehlthau, mehltau; prob. orig. meaning, honeydew; cf. Goth. milip honey. See Mellifluous, and Dew.] (Bot.) A growth of minute powdery or webby fungi, whitish or of different colors, found on various diseased or decaying substances.

Mil´dew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mildewed p. pr. & vb. n. Mildewing.] To taint with mildew. “He … mildews the white wheat.” Shak.

Mil´dew, v. i. To become tainted with mildew.

Mild´ly , adv. In a mild manner.

Mild´ness, n. The quality or state of being mild; as mildness of temper; the mildness of the winter.

Mile , n. [AS. mil, fr. L. millia, milia; pl. of mille a thousand, i. e., milia passuum a thousand paces. Cf. Mill the tenth of a cent, Million.] A certain measure of distance, being equivalent in England and the United States to 320 poles or rods, or 5,280 feet. The distance called a mile varies greatly in different countries. Its length in yards is, in Norway, 12,182; in Brunswick, 11,816; in Sweden, 11,660; in Hungary, 9,139; in Switzerland, 8,548; in Austria, 8,297; in Prussia, 8,238; in Poland, 8,100; in Italy, 2,025; in England and the United States, 1,760; in Spain, 1,552; in the Netherlands, 1,094. Geographical, or Nautical mile, one sixtieth of a degree of a great circle of the earth, or 6080.27 feet. — Mile run. Same as Train mile. See under Train. — Roman mile, a thousand paces, equal to 1,614 yards English measure. — Statute mile, a mile conforming to statute, that is, in England and the United States, a mile of 5,280 feet, as distinguished from any other mile.

Mile´age ( 48), n. 1. An allowance for traveling expenses at a certain rate per mile. 2. Aggregate length or distance in miles; esp., the sum of lengths of tracks or wires of a railroad company, telegraph company, etc. [Written also milage.] Constructive mileage, a mileage allowed for journeys supposed to be made, but not actually made. Bartlett.

Mile´post , n. A post, or one of a series of posts, set up to indicate spaces of a mile each or the distance in miles from a given place.

Mi•le´sian , a. [L. Milesius, Gr. .] 1. (Anc. Geog.) Of or pertaining to Miletus, a city of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants. 2. (Irish Legendary Hist.) Descended from King Milesius of Spain, whose two sons are said to have conquered Ireland about 1300 b. c.; or pertaining to the descendants of King Milesius; hence, Irish.

Mi•le´sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Miletus. 2. A native or inhabitant of Ireland.

Mile´stone , n. A stone serving the same purpose as a milepost.

Mil´foil , n. [F. mille- feuille, L. millefolium; mille thousand + folium leaf. See Foil a leaf.] (Bot.) A common composite herb (Achillea Millefolium) with white flowers and finely dissected leaves; yarrow. Water milfoil (Bot.), an aquatic herb with dissected leaves (Myriophyllum).

Mil•i•a´ri•a , n. [NL. See Miliary.] (Med.) A fever accompanied by an eruption of small, isolated, red pimples, resembling a millet seed in form or size; miliary fever.

Mil´ia•ry ( 277), a. [L. miliarius, fr. milium millet: cf. F. miliaire.] 1. Like millet seeds; as a miliary eruption. 2. (Med.) Accompanied with an eruption like millet seeds; as a miliary fever. 3. (Zoöl.) Small and numerous; as the miliary tubercles of Echini.

Mil´ia•ry, n. (Zoöl.) One of the small tubercles of Echini.

Mi•lice´ , n. [F.] Militia. [Obs.]

Mil´i•o•la , n. [NL., dim. of L. milium millet. So named from its resemblance to millet seed.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Foraminifera, having a porcelanous shell with several longitudinal chambers.

Mil´i•o•lite , n. (Paleon.) A fossil shell of, or similar to, the genus Miliola.

Mil´i•o•lite, a. The same Miliolitic. Miliolite limestone (Geol.), a building stone, one of the group of the Paris basin, almost entirely made up of many-chambered microscopic shells.

Mil•i•o•lit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the genus Miliola; containing miliolites.

Mil´i•tan•cy , n. [See Militant.] 1. The state of being militant; warfare. 2. A military spirit or system; militarism. H. Spencer.

Mil´i•tant , a. [L. militans, -antis, p. pr. of militare to be soldier: cf. F. militant. See Militate.] Engaged in warfare; fighting; combating; serving as a soldier. — Mil´i•tant•ly, adv. “At which command the powers militant …
Moved on in silence.” Milton. Church militant, the Christian church on earth, which is supposed to be engaged in a constant warfare against its enemies, and is thus distinguished from the church triumphant, in heaven.

Mil´i•tar , a. Military. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mil´i•ta•ri•ly , adv. In a military manner.

Mil´i•ta•rism , n. [Cf. F. militarisme.] 1. A military state or condition; reliance on military force in administering government; a military system. 2. The spirit and traditions of military life. H. Spencer.

Mil´i•ta•rist , n. A military man. [Obs.] Shak.

Mil´i•ta•ry , a. [L. militaris, militarius, from miles, militis, soldier: cf. F. militaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to soldiers, to arms, or to war; belonging to, engaged in, or appropriate to, the affairs of war; as a military parade; military discipline; military bravery; military conduct; military renown. “Nor do I, as an enemy to peace,
Troop in the throngs of military men.” Shak. 2. Performed or made by soldiers; as a military election; a military expedition. Bacon. Military law. See Martial law, under Martial. — Military order. (a) A command proceeding from a military superior. (b) An association of military persons under a bond of certain peculiar rules; especially, such an association of knights in the Middle Ages, or a body in modern times taking a similar form, membership of which confers some distinction. — Military tenure, tenure of land, on condition of performing military service.

Mil´i•ta•ry, n. [Cf. F. militaire.] The whole body of soldiers; soldiery; militia; troops; the army.

Mil´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Militated p. pr. & vb. n. Militating ] [L. militare, militatum, to be a soldier, fr. miles, militis, soldier.] To make war; to fight; to contend; — usually followed by against and with. “These are great questions, where great names militate against each other.” Burke. “The invisible powers of heaven seemed to militate on the side of the pious emperor.” Gibbon.

Mi•li´tia , n. [L., military service, soldiery, fr. miles, militis, soldier: cf. F. milice.] 1. In the widest sense, the whole military force of a nation, including both those engaged in military service as a business, and those competent and available for such service; specifically, the body of citizens enrolled for military instruction and discipline, but not subject to be called into actual service except in emergencies. “The king’s captains and soldiers fight his battles, and yet … the power of the militia is he.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Military service; warfare. [Obs.] Baxter.

Mi•li´tia•man , n.; pl. Militiamen . One who belongs to the militia.

Mi•li´ti•ate , v. i. To carry on, or prepare for, war. [Obs.] Walpole.

Milk (milk), n. [AS. meoluc, meoloc, meolc, milc; akin to OFries. meloc, D. melk, G. milch, OHG. miluh, Icel. mjolk, Sw. mjölk, Dan. melk, Goth. miluks, G. melken to milk, OHG. melchan, Lith. milszti, L. mulgere, Gr. ’ame•lgein. rad.107. Cf. Milch, Emulsion, Milt soft roe of fishes.] 1. (Physiol.) A white fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young, consisting of minute globules of fat suspended in a solution of casein, albumin, milk sugar, and inorganic salts. ´White as morne milk.´ Chaucer. 2. (Bot.) A kind of juice or sap, usually white in color, found in certain plants; latex. See Latex. 3. An emulsion made by bruising seeds; as the milk of almonds, produced by pounding almonds with sugar and water. 4. (Zoöl.) The ripe, undischarged spat of an oyster. Condensed milk. See under Condense, v. t. — Milk crust (Med.), vesicular eczema occurring on the face and scalp of nursing infants. See Eczema. — Milk fever. (a) (Med.) A fever which accompanies or precedes the first lactation. It is usually transitory. (b) (Vet. Surg.) A form puerperal peritonitis in cattle; also a variety of meningitis occurring in cows after calving. — Milk glass, glass having a milky appearance. — Milk knot (Med.), a hard lump forming in the breast of a nursing woman, due to obstruction to the flow of milk and congestion of the mammary glands. — Milk leg (Med.), a swollen condition of the leg, usually in puerperal women, caused by an inflammation of veins, and characterized by a white appearance occasioned by an accumulation of serum and sometimes of pus in the cellular tissue. — Milk meats, food made from milk, as butter and cheese. [Obs.] Bailey. — Milk mirror. Same as Escutcheon, 2. — Milk molar (Anat.), one of the deciduous molar teeth which are shed and replaced by the premolars. — Milk of lime (Chem.), a watery emulsion of calcium hydrate, produced by macerating quicklime in water. — Milk parsley (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum palustre) of Europe and Asia, having a milky juice. — Milk pea (Bot.), a genus (Galactia) of leguminous and, usually, twining plants. — Milk sickness (Med.), a peculiar malignant disease, occurring in some parts of the Western United States, and affecting certain kinds of farm stock (esp. cows), and persons who make use of the meat or dairy products of infected cattle. Its chief symptoms in man are uncontrollable vomiting, obstinate constipation, pain, and muscular tremors. Its origin in cattle has been variously ascribed to the presence of certain plants in their food, and to polluted drinking water. — Milk snake (Zoöl.), a harmless American snake (Ophibolus triangulus, or O. eximius). It is variously marked with white, gray, and red. Called also milk adder, chicken snake, house snake, etc. — Milk sugar. (Physiol. Chem.) See Lactose, and Sugar of milk (below). — Milk thistle (Bot.), an esculent European thistle (Silybum marianum), having the veins of its leaves of a milky whiteness. — Milk thrush. (Med.) See Thrush. — Milk tooth (Anat.), one of the temporary first set of teeth in young mammals; in man there are twenty. — Milk tree (Bot.), a tree yielding a milky juice, as the cow tree of South America (Brosimum Galactodendron), and the Euphorbia balsamifera of the Canaries, the milk of both of which is wholesome food. — Milk vessel (Bot.), a special cell in the inner bark of a plant, or a series of cells, in which the milky juice is contained. See Latex. — Rock milk. See Agaric mineral, under Agaric. — Sugar of milk. The sugar characteristic of milk; a hard white crystalline slightly sweet substance obtained by evaporation of the whey of milk. It is used in pellets and powder as a vehicle for homeopathic medicines, and as an article of diet. See Lactose.

Milk (milk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Milked (milkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Milking.] 1. To draw or press milk from the breasts or udder of, by the hand or mouth; to withdraw the milk of. ´Milking the kine.´ Gay. “I have given suck, and know
How tender ’t is to love the babe that milks me.” Shak. 2. To draw from the breasts or udder; to extract, as milk; as to milk wholesome milk from healthy cows. 3. To draw anything from, as if by milking; to compel to yield profit or advantage; to plunder. Tyndale. “They [the lawyers] milk an unfortunate estate as regularly as a dairyman does his stock.” London Spectator. To milk the street, to squeeze the smaller operators in stocks and extract a profit from them, by alternately raising and depressing prices within a short range; — said of the large dealers. [Cant] — To milk a telegram, to use for one’s own advantage the contents of a telegram belonging to another person. [Cant]

Milk, v. i. To draw or to yield milk.

Milk´en , a. Consisting of milk. [Obs.]

Milk´er , n. 1. One who milks; also a mechanical apparatus for milking cows. 2. A cow or other animal that gives milk.

Milk´ful , a. Full of milk; abounding with food. [R.] ´Milkful vales.´ Sylvester.

Milk´i•ly , adv. In a milky manner.

Milk´i•ness, n. State or quality of being milky.

Milk´-liv•ered , a. White- livered; cowardly; timorous.

Milk´maid , n. A woman who milks cows or is employed in the dairy.

Milk´man , n.; pl. Milkmen . A man who sells milk or delivers it to customers.

Milk´sop , n. A piece of bread sopped in milk; figuratively, an effeminate or weak-minded person. Shak. “To wed a milksop or a coward ape.” Chaucer.

Milk´ vetch (Bot.) A leguminous herb (Astragalus glycyphyllos) of Europe and Asia, supposed to increase the secretion of milk in goats. The name is sometimes taken for the whole genus Astragalus, of which there are about two hundred species in North America, and even more elsewhere.

Milk´weed , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genera Asclepias and Acerates, abounding in a milky juice, and having its seed attached to a long silky down; silkweed. The name is also applied to several other plants with a milky juice, as to several kinds of spurge.

Milk´wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Polygala) of many species. The common European P. vulgaris was supposed to have the power of producing a flow of milk in nurses. The species of Campanula, or bellflower, are sometimes called milkwort, from their juice.

Milk´y , a. 1. Consisting of, or containing, milk. “Pails high foaming with a milky flood.” Pope. 2. Like, or somewhat like, milk; whitish and turbid; as the water is milky. ´Milky juice.´ Arbuthnot. 3. Yielding milk. ´Milky mothers.´ Roscommon. 4. Mild; tame; spiritless. “Has friendship such a faint and milky heart?” Shak. Milky Way. (Astron.) See Galaxy, 1.

Mill (mil), n. [L. mille a thousand. Cf. Mile.] A money of account of the United States, having the value of the tenth of a cent, or the thousandth of a dollar.

Mill, n. [OE. mille, melle, mulle, milne, AS. myln, mylen; akin to D. molen, G. mühle, OHG. muli, mulin, Icel. mylna; all prob. from L. molina, fr. mola millstone; prop., that which grinds, akin to molere to grind, Goth. malan, G. mahlen, and to E. meal. rad.108. See Meal flour, and cf. Moline.] 1. A machine for grinding or comminuting any substance, as grain, by rubbing and crushing it between two hard, rough, or indented surfaces; as a gristmill, a coffee mill; a bone mill. 2. A machine used for expelling the juice, sap, etc., from vegetable tissues by pressure, or by pressure in combination with a grinding, or cutting process; as a cider mill; a cane mill. 3. A machine for grinding and polishing; as a lapidary mill. 4. A common name for various machines which produce a manufactured product, or change the form of a raw material by the continuous repetition of some simple action; as a sawmill; a stamping mill, etc. 5. A building or collection of buildings with machinery by which the processes of manufacturing are carried on; as a cotton mill; a powder mill; a rolling mill. 6. (Die Sinking) A hardened steel roller having a design in relief, used for imprinting a reversed copy of the design in a softer metal, as copper. 7. (Mining) (a) An excavation in rock, transverse to the workings, from which material for filling is obtained. (b) A passage underground through which ore is shot. 8. A milling cutter. See Illust. under Milling. 9. A pugilistic encounter. [Cant] R. D. Blackmore. Edge mill, Flint mill, etc. See under Edge, Flint, etc. — Mill bar (Iron Works), a rough bar rolled or drawn directly from a bloom or puddle bar for conversion into merchant iron in the mill. — Mill cinder, slag from a puddling furnace. — Mill head, the head of water employed to turn the wheel of a mill. — Mill pick, a pick for dressing millstones. — Mill pond, a pond that supplies the water for a mill. — Mill race, the canal in which water is conveyed to a mill wheel, or the current of water which drives the wheel. — Mill tail, the water which flows from a mill wheel after turning it, or the channel in which the water flows. — Mill tooth, a grinder or molar tooth. - - Mill wheel, the water wheel that drives the machinery of a mill. — Roller mill, a mill in which flour or meal is made by crushing grain between rollers. — Stamp mill (Mining), a mill in which ore is crushed by stamps. — To go through the mill, to experience the suffering or discipline necessary to bring one to a certain degree of knowledge or skill, or to a certain mental state.

Mill (mil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Milled (mild); p. pr. & vb. n. Milling.] [See Mill, n., and cf. Muller.] 1. To reduce to fine particles, or to small pieces, in a mill; to grind; to comminute. 2. To shape, finish, or transform by passing through a machine; specifically, to shape or dress, as metal, by means of a rotary cutter. 3. To make a raised border around the edges of, or to cut fine grooves or indentations across the edges of, as of a coin, or a screw head; also to stamp in a coining press; to coin. 4. To pass through a fulling mill; to full, as cloth. 5. To beat with the fists. [Cant] Thackeray. 6. To roll into bars, as steel. To mill chocolate, to make it frothy, as by churning.

Mill, v. i. (Zoöl.) To swim under water; — said of air-breathing creatures.

Mill´board , n. A kind of stout pasteboard.

Mill´-cake , n. The incorporated materials for gunpowder, in the form of a dense mass or cake, ready to be subjected to the process of granulation.

Mill´dam , n. A dam or mound to obstruct a water course, and raise the water to a height sufficient to turn a mill wheel.

Milled , a. Having been subjected to some process of milling. Milled cloth, cloth that has been beaten in a fulling mill. — Milled lead, lead rolled into sheets.

Mil•le•fi•o´re glass [It. mille thousand + fiore flower.] Slender rods or tubes of colored glass fused together and embedded in clear glass; — used for paperweights and other small articles.

Mil•le•na´ri•an , a. [See Millenary.] Consisting of a thousand years; of or pertaining to the millennium, or to the Millenarians.

Mil•le•na´ri•an, n. One who believes that Christ will personally reign on earth a thousand years; a Chiliast. { Mil•le•na´ri•an•ism , Mil´le•na•rism } n. The doctrine of Millenarians.

Mil´le•na•ry , a. [L. millenarius, fr. milleni a thousand each, fr. mille a thousand: cf. F. millenaire. See Mile.] Consisting of a thousand; millennial.

Mil´le•na•ry, n. The space of a thousand years; a millennium; also a Millenarian.´During that millenary.´ Hare.

Mil•len´ni•al , a. Of or pertaining to the millennium, or to a thousand years; as a millennial period; millennial happiness.

Mil•len´ni•al•ist, n. One who believes that Christ will reign personally on earth a thousand years; a Chiliast; also a believer in the universal prevalence of Christianity for a long period. { Mil•len´ni•an•ism , Mil•len´ni•a•rism , } n. Belief in, or expectation of, the millennium; millenarianism.

Mil´len•nist (mil´len•nist), n. One who believes in the millennium. [Obs.] Johnson.

Mil•len´ni•um (mil•len´ni•um), n. [LL., fr. L. mille a thousand + annus a year. See Mile, and Annual.] A thousand years; especially, the thousand years mentioned in the twentieth chapter of Revelation, during which holiness is to be triumphant throughout the world. Some believe that, during this period, Christ will reign on earth in person with his saints.

Mil´le•ped (mil´le•pedi), n. [L. millepeda; mille a thousand + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. mille-pieds.] (Zoöl.) A myriapod with many legs, esp. a chilognath, as the galleyworm. [Written also millipede and milliped.]

Mil•le•po´ra (mil•le•po´ra), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Hydrocorallia, which includes the millipores.

Mil´le•pore (mil´le•por), n. [L. mille thousand + porus pore: cf. F. millepore.] (Zoöl.) Any coral of the genus Millepora, having the surface nearly smooth, and perforated with very minute unequal pores, or cells. The animals are hydroids, not Anthozoa. See Hydrocorallia.

Mil´le•po•rite , n. (Paleon.) A fossil millepore.

Mill´er (mil´er), n. 1. One who keeps or attends a flour mill or gristmill. 2. A milling machine. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A moth or lepidopterous insect; — so called because the wings appear as if covered with white dust or powder, like a miller’s clothes. Called also moth miller. (b) The eagle ray. (c) The hen harrier. [Prov. Eng.] Miller’s thumb. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fresh-water fish of the genus Uranidea (formerly Cottus), as the European species (U. gobio), and the American (U. gracilis); — called also bullhead. (b) A small bird, as the gold-crest, chiff-chaff, and long-tailed tit. [Prov. Eng.]

Mil´ler•ite , n. A believer in the doctrine of William Miller (d. 1849), who taught that the end of the world and the second coming of Christ were at hand.

Mil´ler•ite, n. [From W. H. Miller, of Cambridge, Eng.] (Min.) A sulphide of nickel, commonly occurring in delicate capillary crystals, also in incrustations of a bronze yellow; — sometimes called hair pyrites.

Mil•les´i•mal , a. [L. millesimus, fr. mille a thousand.] Thousandth; consisting of thousandth parts; as millesimal fractions.

Mil´let , n. [F., dim. of mil, L. milium; akin to Gr. , AS. mil.] (Bot.) The name of several cereal and forage grasses which bear an abundance of small roundish grains. The common millets of Germany and Southern Europe are Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria Italica. Arabian millet is Sorghum Halepense. — Egyptian or East Indian, millet is Penicillaria spicata. — Indian millet is Sorghum vulgare. (See under Indian.) — Italian millet is Setaria Italica, a coarse, rank-growing annual grass, valuable for fodder when cut young, and bearing nutritive seeds; — called also Hungarian grass. — Texas millet is Panicum Texanum. — Wild millet, or Millet grass, is Milium effusum, a tail grass growing in woods.

Mil´li- [From L. mille a thousand.] (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) A prefix denoting a thousandth part of; as millimeter, milligram, milliampère.

Mil•li•am•père´ , n. [Milli- + ampère.] (Elec.) The thousandth part of one ampère.

Mil•liard´ , n. [F., from mille, mil, thousand, L. mille.] A thousand millions; — called also billion. See Billion.

Mil´li•a•ry , a. [L. milliarius containing a thousand, fr. mille thousand: cf. F. milliaire milliary. See Mile.] Of or pertaining to a mile, or to distance by miles; denoting a mile or miles. “A milliary column, from which they used to compute the distance of all the cities and places of note.” Evelyn.

Mil´li•a•ry, n.; pl. Milliaries (#). [L. milliarium. See Milliary, a.] A milestone.

Mil•lier´ , n. [F., fr. mille thousand.] A weight of the metric system, being one million grams; a metric ton.

Mil´li•fold , a. [L. mille thousand + E. fold times.] Thousandfold. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode). { Mil´li•gram , Mil´li•gramme } , n. [F. milligramme; milli- milli- + gramme. See 3d Gram.] A measure of weight, in the metric system, being the thousandth part of a gram, equal to the weight of a cubic millimeter of water, or .01543 of a grain avoirdupois. { Mil´li•li•ter , Mil´li•li•tre } , n. [F. millilitre; milli- milli- + litre. See Liter.] A measure of capacity in the metric system, containing the thousandth part of a liter. It is a cubic centimeter, and is equal to .061 of an English cubic inch, or to .0338 of an American fluid ounce. { Mil´li•me•ter , Mil´li•me•tre } , n. [F. millimètre; milli- milli- + mètre. See 3d Meter.] A lineal measure in the metric system, containing the thousandth part of a meter; equal to .03937 of an inch. See 3d Meter.

Mil´li•ner , n. [From Milaner an inhabitant of Milan, in Italy; hence, a man from Milan who imported women’s finery.] 1. Formerly, a man who imported and dealt in small articles of a miscellaneous kind, especially such as please the fancy of women. [Obs.] “No milliner can so fit his customers with gloves.” Shak. 2. A person, usually a woman, who makes, trims, or deals in hats, bonnets, headdresses, etc., for women. Man milliner, a man who makes or deals in millinery; hence, contemptuously, a man who is busied with trifling occupations or embellishments.

Mil´li•ner•y , n. 1. The articles made or sold by milliners, as headdresses, hats or bonnets, laces, ribbons, and the like. 2. The business of work of a milliner.

Mil•li•net´ , n. A stiff cotton fabric used by milliners for lining bonnets.

Mill´ing , n. The act or employment of grinding or passing through a mill; the process of fulling; the process of making a raised or intented edge upon coin, etc.; the process of dressing surfaces of various shapes with rotary cutters. See Mill. High milling, milling in which grain is reduced to flour by a succession of crackings, or of slight and partial crushings, alternately with sifting and sorting the product. — Low milling, milling in which the reduction is effected in a single crushing or grinding. — Milling cutter, a fluted, sharp-edged rotary cutter for dressing surfaces, as of metal, of various shapes. — Milling machine, a machine tool for dressing surfaces by rotary cutters. — Milling tool, a roller with indented edge or surface, for producing like indentations in metal by rolling pressure, as in turning; a knurling tool; a milling cutter.

Mil´lion (mil´yun), n. [F., from LL. millio, fr. L. mille a thousand. See Mile.] 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, or a thousand thousand, — written 1,000,000. See the Note under Hundred. 2. A very great number; an indefinitely large number. “Millions of truths that a man is not concerned to know.” Locke. 3. The mass of common people; — with the article the. “For the play, I remember, pleased not the million.” Shak.

Mil•lion•aire´ ( 277), n. [F. millionnaire.] One whose wealth is counted by millions of francs, dollars, or pounds; a very rich person; a person worth a million or more. [Written also millionnaire.]

Mil•lion•air´ess, n. A woman who is a millionaire, or the wife of a millionaire. [Humorous] Holmes.

Mil´lion•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to millions; consisting of millions; as the millionary chronology of the pundits. Pinkerton.

Mil´lioned , a. Multiplied by millions; innumerable. [Obs.] Shak.

Mil•lion•naire´ , n. [F.] Millionaire.

Mil´lionth , a. Being the last one of a million of units or objects counted in regular order from the first of a series or succession; being one of a million.

Mil´lionth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by one million; one of a million equal parts.

Mil´li•ped , n. (Zoöl.) The same Milleped.

Mil´li•stere , n. [F. millistère, from milli- milli- + stère.] A liter, or cubic decimeter.

Mil•li•we´ber , n. [Milli- + weber.] (Physics) The thousandth part of one weber. { Mill´rea• (mil´re•), Mill´ree•, Mill´reis• (-res•) }, n. See Milreis. { Mill´rind• (-rind•), Mill´rynd• (- rind•) }, n. [Mill + rynd.] (Her.) A figure supposed to represent the iron which holds a millstone by being set into its center.

Mill´-sixpence , n. A milled sixpence; — the sixpence being one of the first English coins milled (1561).

Mill´stone , n. One of two circular stones used for grinding grain or other substance. “No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge.” Deut. xxiv. 6. The cellular siliceous rock called buhrstone is usually employed for millstones; also some kinds of lava, as that Niedermendig, or other firm rock with rough texture. The surface of a millstone has usually a series of radial grooves in which the powdered material collects. Millstone girt (Geol.), a hard and coarse, gritty sandstone, dividing the Carboniferous from the Subcarboniferous strata. See Farewell rock, under Farewell, a., and Chart of Geology. — To see into, or through, a millstone, to see into or through a difficult matter. (Colloq.)

Mill´work , n. 1. The shafting, gearing, and other driving machinery of mills. 2. The business of setting up or of operating mill machinery.

Mill´wright , n. A mechanic whose occupation is to build mills, or to set up their machinery.

Mil´reis , n. [Pg. mil reis, i. e., one thousand reis; mil a thousand + reis, pl. of real a rei.] A Portuguese money of account rated in the treasury department of the United States at one dollar and eight cents; also a Brazilian money of account rated at fifty-four cents and six mills.

Milt , n. [AS. milte; akin to D. milt, G. milz, OHG. milzi, Icel. milti, Dan. milt, Sw. mjälte, and prob. to E. malt, melt. rad.108. See Malt the grain.] (Anat.) The spleen.

Milt, n. [Akin to Dan. melk, Sw. mjölke, G. milch, and E. milk. See Milk.] (Zoöl.) (a) The spermatic fluid of fishes. (b) The testes, or spermaries, of fishes when filled with spermatozoa.

Milt, v. t. To impregnate (the roe of a fish) with milt.

Milt´er , n. [Cf. D. milter, G. milcher, milchner. See 2d Milt.] (Zoöl.) A male fish.

Mil•to´ni•an , a. Miltonic. Lowell.

Mil•ton´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Milton, or his writings; as Miltonic prose.

Milt´waste , [1st milt + waste.] (Bot.) A small European fern (Asplenium Ceterach) formerly used in medicine.

Mil´vine , a. [L. milvus kite.] (Zoöl.) Of or resembling birds of the kite kind.

Mil´vine, n. (Zoöl.) A bird related to the kite.

Mil´vus , n. [L., a kite.] (Zoöl.) A genus of raptorial birds, including the European kite.

Mime , n. [L. mimus, Gr. , akin to to imitate, to mimic: cf. F. mime. Cf. Mimosa.] 1. A kind of drama in which real persons and events were generally represented in a ridiculous manner. 2. An actor in such representations.

Mime, v. i. To mimic. [Obs.] — Mim´er (#), n.

Mim´e•o•graph , n. [Gr. to imitate + -graph.] An autographic stencil copying device invented by Edison.

Mi•me´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. imitation.] (Rhet. & Biol.) Imitation; mimicry.

Mim´e•tene , n. (Min.) See Mimetite. { Mi•met´ic ( 277), Mi•met´ic•al }[Gr. , fr. to imitate.] 1. Apt to imitate; given to mimicry; imitative. 2. (Biol.) Characterized by mimicry; - - applied to animals and plants; as mimetic species; mimetic organisms. See Mimicry.

Mim´e•tism , n. [From Gr. to mimic.] (Biol.) Same as Mimicry.

Mim´e•tite , n. [Gr. an imitator. So called because it resembles pyromorphite.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in pale yellow or brownish hexagonal crystals. It is an arseniate of lead. { Mim´ic , Mim´ic•al } a. [L. mimicus, Gr. , fr. mime: cf. F. mimique. See Mime.] 1. Imitative; mimetic. “Oft, in her absence, mimic fancy wakes
To imitate her.” Milton. “Man is, of all creatures, the most mimical.” W. Wotton. 2. Consisting of, or formed by, imitation; imitated; as mimic gestures. ´Mimic hootings.´ Wordsworth. 3. (Min.) Imitative; characterized by resemblance to other forms; — applied to crystals which by twinning resemble simple forms of a higher grade of symmetry. Mimic often implies something droll or ludicrous, and is less dignified than imitative. Mimic beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle that feigns death when disturbed, esp. the species of Hister and allied genera.

Mim´ic, n. One who imitates or mimics, especially one who does so for sport; a copyist; a buffoon. Burke.

Mim´ic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mimicked p. pr. & vb. n. Mimicking.] 1. To imitate or ape for sport; to ridicule by imitation. “The walk, the words, the gesture, could supply,
The habit mimic, and the mien belie.” Dryden. 2. (Biol.) To assume a resemblance to (some other organism of a totally different nature, or some surrounding object), as a means of protection or advantage. Syn. — To ape; imitate; counterfeit; mock.

Mim´ic•al•ly , adv. In an imitative manner.

Mim´ick•er , n. 1. One who mimics; a mimic. 2. (Zoöl.) An animal which imitates something else, in form or habits.

Mim´ic•ry , n. 1. The act or practice of one who mimics; ludicrous imitation for sport or ridicule. 2. (Biol.) Protective resemblance; the resemblance which certain animals and plants exhibit to other animals and plants or to the natural objects among which they live, — a characteristic which serves as their chief means of protection against enemies; imitation; mimesis; mimetism.

Mi•mog´ra•pher , n. [L. mimographus, Gr. ; a mime + to write: cf. F. mimographe.] A writer of mimes. Sir T. Herbert.

Mi•mo´sa ( 277), n. [NL., fr. Gr. imitator. Cf. Mime.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, containing many species, and including the sensitive plants (Mimosa sensitiva, and M. pudica). The term mimosa is also applied in commerce to several kinds bark imported from Australia, and used in tanning; — called also wattle bark. Tomlinson.

Mi•mo•tan´nic , a. [Mimosa + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a variety of tannin or tannic acid found in Acacia, Mimosa, etc.

Mi´na , n.; pl. L. Minae (#), E. Minas (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] An ancient weight or denomination of money, of varying value. The Attic mina was valued at a hundred drachmas.

Mi´na , n. (Zoöl.) See Myna.

Min´a•ble , a. Such as can be mined; as minable earth. Sir T. North.

Mi•na´cious , a. [L. minax, -acis. See Menace.] Threatening; menacing. [R.]

Mi•nac´i•ty , n. Disposition to threaten. [R.]

Min´a•ret , n. [Sp. minarete, Ar. manarat lamp, lantern, lighthouse, turret, fr. nar to shine.] (Arch.) A slender, lofty tower attached to a mosque and surrounded by one or more projecting balconies, from which the summon to prayer is cried by the muezzin.

Min•ar´gent , n. [Prob. contr. from aluminium + L. argentum silver.] An alloy consisting of copper, nickel, tungsten, and aluminium; — used by jewelers. { Min•a•to´ri•al•ly , Min´a•to•ri•ly }, adv. In a minatory manner; with threats.

Min´a•to•ry , a. [L. minatorius, fr. minari to threaten. See Menace.] Threatening; menacing. Bacon.

Mi•naul´ , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Manul.

Mince (mins), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minced (minst); p. pr. & vb. n. Minging (min´sing).] [AS. minsian to grow less, dwindle, fr. min small; akin to G. minder less, Goth. minniza less, mins less, adv., L. minor, adj. (cf. Minor); or more likely fr. F. mincer to mince, prob. from (assumed) LL. minutiare. rad.101. See Minish.] 1. To cut into very small pieces; to chop fine; to hash; as to mince meat. Bacon. 2. To suppress or weaken the force of; to extenuate; to palliate; to tell by degrees, instead of directly and frankly; to clip, as words or expressions; to utter half and keep back half of. “I know no ways to mince it in love, but directly to say — ´I love you.´” Shak. “Siren, now mince the sin,
And mollify damnation with a phrase.” Dryden. “If, to mince his meaning, I had either omitted some part of what he said, or taken from the strength of his expression, I certainly had wronged him.” Dryden. 3. To affect; to make a parade of. [R.] Shak.

Mince, v. i. 1. To walk with short steps; to walk in a prim, affected manner. “The daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with stretched forth necks and wanton eyes, … mincing as they go.” Is. iii. 16. “I ’ll … turn two mincing steps
Into a manly stride.” Shak. 2. To act or talk with affected nicety; to affect delicacy in manner.

Mince, n. A short, precise step; an affected manner.

Mince´-meat , n. Minced meat; meat chopped very fine; a mixture of boiled meat, suet, apples, etc., chopped very fine, to which spices and raisins are added; — used in making mince pie.

Mince´ pie A pie made of mince-meat.

Min´cer , n. One who minces.

Min´cing , a. That minces; characterized by primness or affected nicety.

Min´cing•ly, adv. In a mincing manner; not fully; with affected nicety.

Mind (mind), n. [AS. mynd, gemynd; akin to OHG. minna memory, love, G. minne love, Dan. minde mind, memory, remembrance, consent, vote, Sw. minne memory, Icel. minni, Goth. gamunds, L. mens, mentis, mind, Gr. me•nos, Skr. manas mind, man to think. rad.104, 278. Cf. Comment, Man, Mean, v., 3d Mental, Mignonette, Minion, Mnemonic, Money.] 1. The intellectual or rational faculty in man; the understanding; the intellect; the power that conceives, judges, or reasons; also the entire spiritual nature; the soul; — often in distinction from the body. “By the mind of man we understand that in him which thinks, remembers, reasons, wills.” Reid. “What we mean by mind is simply that which perceives, thinks, feels, wills, and desires.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind.” Rom. xiv. 5. “The mind shall banquet, though the body pine.” Shak. 2. The state, at any given time, of the faculties of thinking, willing, choosing, and the like; psychical activity or state; as: (a) Opinion; judgment; belief. “A fool uttereth all his mind.” Prov. xxix. 11. “Being so hard to me that brought your mind, I fear she’ll prove as hard to you in telling her mind.” Shak. (b) Choice; inclination; liking; intent; will. “If it be your minds, then let none go forth.” 2 Kings ix. 15. (c) Courage; spirit. Chapman. 3. Memory; remembrance; recollection; as to have or keep in mind, to call to mind, to put in mind, etc. To have a mind or great mind, to be inclined or strongly inclined in purpose; — used with an infinitive. ´Sir Roger de Coverly … told me that he had a great mind to see the new tragedy with me.´ Addison. — To lose one’s mind, to become insane, or imbecile. — To make up one’s mind, to come to an opinion or decision; to determine. — To put in mind, to remind. ´Regard us simply as putting you in mind of what you already know to be good policy.´ Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Mind , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minded; p. pr. & vb. n. Minding.] [AS. myndian, gemyndian to remember. See Mind, n.] 1. To fix the mind or thoughts on; to regard with attention; to treat as of consequence; to consider; to heed; to mark; to note. ´Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate.´ Rom. xii. 16. “My lord, you nod: you do not mind the play.” Shak. 2. To occupy one’s self with; to employ one’s self about; to attend to; as to mind one’s business. “Bidding him be a good child, and mind his book.” Addison. 3. To obey; as to mind parents; the dog minds his master. 4. To have in mind; to purpose. Beaconsfield. “I mind to tell him plainly what I think.” Shak. 5. To put in mind; to remind. [Archaic] M. Arnold. “He minded them of the mutability of all earthly things.” Fuller. “I do thee wrong to mind thee of it.” Shak. Never mind, do not regard it; it is of no consequence; no matter. Syn. — To notice; mark; regard; obey. See Attend.

Mind, v. i. To give attention or heed; to obey; as the dog minds well.

Mind´ed, a. Disposed; inclined; having a mind. “Joseph … was minded to put her away privily.” Matt. i. 19. “If men were minded to live virtuously.” Tillotson. Minded is much used in composition; as high- minded, feeble-minded, sober-minded, double- minded.

Mind´er , n. 1. One who minds, tends, or watches something, as a child, a machine, or cattle; as a minder of a loom. 2. One to be attended; specif., a pauper child intrusted to the care of a private person. [Eng.] Dickens.

Mind´ful , a. Bearing in mind; regardful; attentive; heedful; observant. “What is man, that thou art mindful of him?” Ps. viii. 4. “I promise you to be mindful of your admonitions.” Hammond. — Mind´ful•ly, adv. — Mind´ful•ness, n.

Mind´ing, n. Regard; mindfulness.

Mind´less, a. 1. Not indued with mind or intellectual powers; stupid; unthinking. 2. Unmindful; inattentive; heedless; careless. “Cursed Athens, mindless of thy worth.” Shak.

Mine (men), n. [F.] See Mien. [Obs.]

Mine (min), pron. & a. [OE. min, fr. AS. min; akin to D. mijn, OS., OFries., & OHG. min, G. mein, Sw. & Dan. min, Icel. minn, Goth. meins my, mine, meina of me, and E. me. rad.187. See Me, and cf. My.] Belonging to me; my. Used as a pronominal to me; my. Used as a pronominal adjective in the predicate; as ´Vengeance is mine; I will repay.´ Rom. xii. 19. also in the old style, used attributively, instead of my, before a noun beginning with a vowel. “I kept myself from mine iniquity.” Ps. xviii. 23. Mine is often used absolutely, the thing possessed being understood; as his son is in the army, mine in the navy. “When a man deceives me once, says the Italian proverb, it is his fault; when twice, it is mine.” Bp. Horne. “This title honors me and mine.” Shak. “She shall have me and mine.” Shak.

Mine, v. i. [F. miner, L. minare to drive animals, in LL. also to lead, conduct, dig a mine (cf. E. lode, and lead to conduct), akin to L. minari to threaten; cf. Sp. mina mine, conduit, subterraneous canal, a spring or source of water, It. mina. See Menace, and cf. Mien.] 1. To dig a mine or pit in the earth; to get ore, metals, coal, or precious stones, out of the earth; to dig in the earth for minerals; to dig a passage or cavity under anything in order to overthrow it by explosives or otherwise. 2. To form subterraneous tunnel or hole; to form a burrow or lodge in the earth; as the mining cony.

Mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mined p. pr. & vb. n. Mining.] 1. To dig away, or otherwise remove, the substratum or foundation of; to lay a mine under; to sap; to undermine; hence, to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret means. “They mined the walls.” Hayward. “Too lazy to cut down these immense trees, the spoilers … had mined them, and placed a quantity of gunpowder in the cavity.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To dig into, for ore or metal. “Lead veins have been traced … but they have not been mined.” Ure. 3. To get, as metals, out of the earth by digging. “The principal ore mined there is the bituminous cinnabar.” Ure.

Mine, n. [F., fr. LL. mina. See Mine, v. i.] 1. A subterranean cavity or passage; especially: (a) A pit or excavation in the earth, from which metallic ores, precious stones, coal, or other mineral substances are taken by digging; — distinguished from the pits from which stones for architectural purposes are taken, and which are called quarries. (b) (Mil.) A cavity or tunnel made under a fortification or other work, for the purpose of blowing up the superstructure with some explosive agent. 2. Any place where ore, metals, or precious stones are got by digging or washing the soil; as a placer mine. 3. Fig.: A rich source of wealth or other good. Shak. Mine dial, a form of magnetic compass used by miners. — Mine pig, pig iron made wholly from ore; in distinction from cinder pig, which is made from ore mixed with forge or mill cinder. Raymond.

Min´er , n. [Cf. F. mineur.] 1. One who mines; a digger for metals, etc.; one engaged in the business of getting ore, coal, or precious stones, out of the earth; one who digs military mines; as armies have sappers and miners. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any of numerous insects which, in the larval state, excavate galleries in the parenchyma of leaves. They are mostly minute moths and dipterous flies. (b) The chattering, or garrulous, honey eater of Australia (Myzantha garrula). Miner’s elbow (Med.), a swelling on the black of the elbow due to inflammation of the bursa over the olecranon; — so called because of frequent occurrence in miners. — Miner’s inch, in hydraulic mining, the amount of water flowing under a given pressure in a given time through a hole one inch in diameter. It is a unit for measuring the quantity of water supplied.

Min´er•al , n. [F. mineral, LL. minerale, fr. minera mine. See Mine, v. i.] 1. An inorganic species or substance occurring in nature, having a definite chemical composition and usually a distinct crystalline form. Rocks, except certain glassy igneous forms, are either simple minerals or aggregates of minerals. 2. A mine. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Anything which is neither animal nor vegetable, as in the most general classification of things into three kingdoms (animal, vegetable, and mineral).

Min´er•al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to minerals; consisting of a mineral or of minerals; as a mineral substance. 2. Impregnated with minerals; as mineral waters. Mineral acids (Chem.), inorganic acids, as sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, acids, etc., as distinguished from the organic acids. — Mineral blue, the name usually given to azurite, when reduced to an impalpable powder for coloring purposes. — Mineral candle, a candle made of paraffine. — Mineral caoutchouc, an elastic mineral pitch, a variety of bitumen, resembling caoutchouc in elasticity and softness. See Caoutchouc, and Elaterite. — Mineral chameleon (Chem.) See Chameleon mineral, under Chameleon. — Mineral charcoal. See under Charcoal. — Mineral cotton. See Mineral wool (below). — Mineral green, a green carbonate of copper; malachite. — Mineral kingdom (Nat. Sci.), that one of the three grand divisions of nature which embraces all inorganic objects, as distinguished from plants or animals. — Mineral oil. See Naphtha, and Petroleum. — Mineral paint, a pigment made chiefly of some natural mineral substance, as red or yellow iron ocher. — Mineral patch. See Bitumen, and Asphalt. — Mineral right, the right of taking minerals from land. — Mineral salt (Chem.), a salt of a mineral acid. — Mineral tallow, a familiar name for hatchettite, from its fatty or spermaceti- like appearance. — Mineral water. See under Water. — Mineral wax. See Ozocerite. — Mineral wool, a fibrous wool-like material, made by blowing a powerful jet of air or steam through melted slag. It is a poor conductor of heat.

Min´er•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. mineraliste.] One versed in minerals; mineralogist. [R.]

Min•er•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. mineralisation.] 1. The process of mineralizing, or forming a mineral by combination of a metal with another element; also the process of converting into a mineral, as a bone or a plant. 2. The act of impregnating with a mineral, as water. 3. (Bot.) The conversion of a cell wall into a material of a stony nature.

Min´er•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mineralized p. pr. & vb. n. Mineralizing ] [Cf. F. mineraliser.] 1. To transform into a mineral. “In these caverns the bones are not mineralized.” Buckland. 2. To impregnate with a mineral; as mineralized water.

Min´er•al•ize, v. i. To go on an excursion for observing and collecting minerals; to mineralogize.

Min´er•al•i•zer , n. An element which is combined with a metal, thus forming an ore. Thus, in galena, or lead ore, sulphur is a mineralizer; in hematite, oxygen is a mineralizer.

Min•er•al•og´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. mineralogique. See Mineralogy.] Of or pertaining to mineralogy; as a mineralogical table.

Min•er•al•og´ic•al•ly, adv. According to the principles of, or with reference to, mineralogy.

Min•er•al´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. mineralogiste.] 1. One versed in mineralogy; one devoted to the study of minerals. 2. (Zoöl.) A carrier shell (Phorus).

Min•er•al´o•gize , v. i. To study mineralogy by collecting and examining minerals. Miss Edgeworth.

Min•er•al´o•gy , n.; pl. Mineralogies (#). [Mineral + -logy: cf. F. mineralogie.] 1. The science which treats of minerals, and teaches how to describe, distinguish, and classify them. 2. A treatise or book on this science.

Mi•ner´va , n. [L.] (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of wisdom, of war, of the arts and sciences, of poetry, and of spinning and weaving; — identified with the Grecian Pallas Athene.

Mi•nette´ , n. The smallest of regular sizes of portrait photographs.

Min´e•ver , n. Same as Miniver.

Minge , v. t. [AS. myngian; akin to E. mind.] To mingle; to mix. [Obs.]

Minge, n. [Prob. corrupt. fr. midge.] (Zoöl.) A small biting fly; a midge. [Local, U. S.]

Min´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mingled p. pr. & vb. n. Mingling ] [From OE. mengen, AS. mengan; akin to D. & G. mengen, Icel. menga, also to E. among, and possibly to mix. Cf. Among, Mongrel.] 1. To mix; intermix; to combine or join, as an individual or part, with other parts, but commonly so as to be distinguishable in the product; to confuse; to confound. “There was … fire mingled with the hail.” Ex. ix. 24. 2. To associate or unite in society or by ties of relationship; to cause or allow to intermarry; to intermarry. “The holy seed have mingled themselves with the people of those lands.” Ezra ix. 2. 3. To deprive of purity by mixture; to contaminate. “A mingled, imperfect virtue.” Rogers. 4. To put together; to join. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To make or prepare by mixing the ingredients of. “[He] proceeded to mingle another draught.” Hawthorne.

Min´gle, v. i. To become mixed or blended.

Min´gle, n. A mixture. [Obs.] Dryden.

Min´gle•a•ble , a. That can be mingled. Boyle.

Min´gled•ly , adv. Confusedly.

Min´gle-man•gle , v. t. [Reduplicated fr. mingle.] To mix in a disorderly way; to make a mess of. [Obs.] Udall.

Min´gle-man•gle, n. A hotchpotch. [Obs.] Latimer.

Min´gle•ment , n. The act of mingling, or the state of being mixed.

Min´gler , n. One who mingles.

Min´gling•ly , adv. In a mingling manner.

Min••a´ceous , a. Of the color of minium or red lead; miniate.

Min´iard , a. Migniard. [Obs.]

Min´iard•ize , v. t. To render delicate or dainty. [Obs.] Howell.

Min´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Miniated p. pr. & vb. n. Miniating ] [L. miniatus, p. p. of miniare. See Minium.] To paint or tinge with red lead or vermilion; also to decorate with letters, or the like, painted red, as the page of a manuscript. T. Wharton.

Min´i•ate , a. Of or pertaining to the color of red lead or vermilion; painted with vermilion.

Min´i•a•ture ( 277), n. [It. miniatura, fr. L. miniare. See Miniate, v.,Minium.] 1. Originally, a painting in colors such as those in mediaeval manuscripts; in modern times, any very small painting, especially a portrait. 2. Greatly diminished size or form; reduced scale. 3. Lettering in red; rubric distinction. [Obs.] 4. A particular feature or trait. [Obs.] Massinger.

Min´i•a•ture, a. Being on a small scale; much reduced from the reality; as a miniature copy.

Min´i•a•ture, v. t. To represent or depict in a small compass, or on a small scale.

Min´i•a•tur•ist , n. A painter of miniatures.

Min´i•bus , n. [L. minor less + -bus, as in omnibus.] A kind of light passenger vehicle, carrying four persons.

Min´ie ball [From the inventor, Captain Minie, of France.] A conical rifle bullet, with a cavity in its base plugged with a piece of iron, which, by the explosion of the charge, is driven farther in, expanding the sides to fit closely the grooves of the barrel.

Min´ie ri´fle A rifle adapted to minie balls.

Min´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minified p. pr. & vb. n. Minifying ] [L. minor less + -fly.] 1. To make small, or smaller; to diminish the apparent dimensions of; to lessen. 2. To degrade by speech or action.

Min´i•kin , n. [OD. minneken a darling, dim. of minne love; akin to G. minne, and to E. mind.] 1. A little darling; a favorite; a minion. [Obs.] Florio. 2. A little pin. [Obs.]

Min´i•kin, a. Small; diminutive. Shak.

Min´im , n. [F. minime, L. minimus the least, smallest, a superl. of minor: cf. It. minima a note in music. See Minor, and cf. Minimum.] 1. Anything very minute; as the minims of existence; — applied to animalcula; and the like. 2. The smallest liquid measure, equal to about one drop; the sixtieth part of a fluid drachm. 3. (Zoöl.) A small fish; a minnow. [Prov. Eng.] 4. A little man or being; a dwarf. [Obs.] Milton. 5. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an austere order of mendicant hermits or friars founded in the 15th century by St. Francis of Paola. 6. (Mus.) A time note, formerly the shortest in use; a half note, equal to half a semibreve, or two quarter notes or crotchets. 7. A short poetical encomium. [Obs.] Spenser.

Min´im, a. Minute. ´Minim forms.´ J. R. Drake.

Min´i•ment , n. [Prob. corrupt. of moniment.] A trifle; a trinket; a token. [Obs.] Spenser.

Min•i•mi•za´tion , n. The act or process of minimizing. Bentham.

Min´i•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minimized p. pr. & vb. n. Minimizing ] To reduce to the smallest part or proportion possible; to reduce to a minimum. Bentham.

Min´i•mum , n.; pl. Minima (#). [L., fr. minimus. See Minim.] The least quantity assignable, admissible, or possible, in a given case; hence, a thing of small consequence; — opposed to maximum. Minimum thermometer, a thermometer for recording the lowest temperature since its last adjustment.

Min´i•mus , n.; pl. Minimi (#). [L. See Minim.] 1. A being of the smallest size. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Anat.) The little finger; the fifth digit, or that corresponding to it, in either the manus or pes.

Min´ing , n. [See Mine, v. i.] The act or business of making mines or of working them.

Min´ing, a. Of or pertaining to mines; as mining engineer; mining machinery; a mining region. Mining engineering. See the Note under Engineering.

Min´ion , n. Minimum. [Obs.] Burton.

Min´ion, n. [F. mignon, fr. OHG. minni love, G. minne; akin to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Mignonette.] 1. A loved one; one highly esteemed and favored; — in a good sense. [Obs.] “God’s disciple and his dearest minion.” Sylvester. “Is this the Athenian minion whom the world
Voiced so regardfully?” Shak. 2. An obsequious or servile dependent or agent of another; a fawning favorite. Sir J. Davies. “Go, rate thy minions, proud, insulting boy!” Shak. 3. (Print.) A small kind of type, in size between brevier and nonpareil. This line is printed in minion type. 4. An ancient form of ordnance, the caliber of which was about three inches. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Min´ion, a. [See 2d Minion.] Fine; trim; dainty. [Obs.] ´Their … minion dancing.´ Fryth.

Min•ion•ette´ , a. Small; delicate. [Obs.] ´His minionette face.´ Walpole.

Min´ion•ette, n. (Print.) A size of type between nonpareil and minion; — used in ornamental borders, etc.

Min´ion•ing , n. Kind treatment. [Obs.]

Min´ion•ize , v. t. To flavor. [Obs.] { Min´ion•like• , Min´ion•ly } a. & adv. Like a minion; daintily. Camden.

Min´ion•ship, n. State of being a minion. [R.]

Min´ious , a. [L. minium red lead.] Of the color of red or vermilion. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Min´ish , v. t. [OE. menusen, F. menuiser to make small, cut small, fr. (assumed) LL. minutiare, for minutare, fr. L. minutus small. See Minute, a., and cf. Diminish, Minge.] To diminish; to lessen. “The living of poor men thereby minished.” Latimer.

Min´ish•ment , n. The act of diminishing, or the state of being diminished; diminution. [Obs.]

Min´is•ter , n. [OE. ministre, F. ministre, fr. L. minister, orig. a double comparative from the root of minor less, and hence meaning, an inferior, a servant. See 1st Minor, and cf. Master, Minstrel.] 1. A servant; a subordinate; an officer or assistant of inferior rank; hence, an agent, an instrument. “Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua.” Ex. xxiv. 13. “I chose
Camillo for the minister, to poison
My friend Polixenes.” Shak. 2. An officer of justice. [Obs.] “I cry out the on the ministres, quod he,
That shoulde keep and rule this cite.” Chaucer. 3. One to whom the sovereign or executive head of a government intrusts the management of affairs of state, or some department of such affairs. “Ministers to kings, whose eyes, ears, and hands they are, must be answerable to God and man.” Bacon. 4. A representative of a government, sent to the court, or seat of government, of a foreign nation to transact diplomatic business. Ambassadors are classed (in the diplomatic sense) in the first rank of public ministers, ministers plenipotentiary in the second. ´The United States diplomatic service employs two classes of ministers, — ministers plenipotentiary and ministers resident.´ Abbott. 5. One who serves at the altar; one who performs sacerdotal duties; the pastor of a church duly authorized or licensed to preach the gospel and administer the sacraments. Addison. Syn. — Delegate; official; ambassador; clergyman; parson; priest.

Min´is•ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ministered p. pr. & vb. n. Ministering.] [OE. ministren, OF. ministrer, fr. L. ministrare. See Minister, n.] To furnish or apply; to afford; to supply; to administer. “He that ministereth seed to the sower.” 2 Cor. ix. 10. “We minister to God reason to suspect us.” Jer. Taylor.

Min´is•ter, v. i. 1. To act as a servant, attendant, or agent; to attend and serve; to perform service in any office, sacred or secular. “The Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister.” Matt. xx. 28. 2. To supply or to things needful; esp., to supply consolation or remedies. Matt. xxv. 44. “Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased?” Shak.

Min•is•te´ri•al , a. [L. ministerialis: cf. F. ministeriel. See Minister, and cf. Minstrel.] 1. Of or pertaining to ministry or service; serving; attendant. “Enlightening spirits and ministerial flames.” Prior. 2. Of or pertaining to the office of a minister or to the ministry as a body, whether civil or sacerdotal. ´Ministerial offices.´ Bacon. ´A ministerial measure.´ Junius. ´Ministerial garments.´ Hooker. 3. Tending to advance or promote; contributive. ´Ministerial to intellectual culture.´ De Quincey. The ministerial benches, the benches in the House of Commons occupied by members of the cabinet and their supporters; — also the persons occupying them. ´Very solid and very brilliant talents distinguish the ministerial benches.´ Burke. Syn. — Official; priestly; sacerdotal; ecclesiastical.

Min•is•te´ri•al•ist, n. A supporter of the ministers, or the party in power.

Min•is•te´ri•al•ly, adv. In a ministerial manner; in the character or capacity of a minister.

Min´is•ter•y , n. See Ministry. Milton.

Min´is•tra•cy , n. Ministration. [Obs.]

Min´is•tral , a. Ministerial. [Obs.] Johnson.

Min´is•trant (min´is•trant), a. [L. ministrans, -antis, of ministrare to minister.] Performing service as a minister; attendant on service; acting under command; subordinate. ´Princedoms and dominations ministrant.´ Milton. — n. One who ministers.

Min•is•tra´tion , n. [L. ministratio, fr. ministrare.] The act of ministering; service; ministry. ´The days of his ministration.´ Luke i. 23.

Min´is•tra•tive , a. Serving to aid; ministering.

Min´is•tress , n. [Cf. L. ministrix.] A woman who ministers. Akenside.

Min´is•try , n.; pl. Ministries (#). [L. ministerium. See Minister, n., and cf. Mystery a trade.] 1. The act of ministering; ministration; service. ´With tender ministry.´ Thomson. 2. Hence: Agency; instrumentality. “The ordinary ministry of second causes.” Atterbury. “The wicked ministry of arms.” Dryden. 3. The office, duties, or functions of a minister, servant, or agent; ecclesiastical, executive, or ambassadorial function or profession. 4. The body of ministers of state; also the clergy, as a body. 5. Administration; rule; term in power; as the ministry of Pitt.

Min´is•try•ship, n. The office of a minister. Swift.

Min´i•um ( 277), n. [L. minium, an Iberian word, the Romans getting all their cinnabar from Spain; cf. Basque armineá.] (Chem.) A heavy, brilliant red pigment, consisting of an oxide of lead, Pb_3O_4, obtained by exposing lead or massicot to a gentle and continued heat in the air. It is used as a cement, as a paint, and in the manufacture of flint glass. Called also red lead.

Min´i•ver , n. [See Meniver.] A fur esteemed in the Middle Ages as a part of costume. It is uncertain whether it was the fur of one animal only or of different animals.

Min´i•vet , n. (Zoöl.) A singing bird of India of the family Campephagidae.

Mink , n. [Cf. 2d Minx.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous mammal of the genus Putorius, allied to the weasel. The European mink is Putorius lutreola. The common American mink (P. vison) varies from yellowish brown to black. Its fur is highly valued. Called also minx, nurik, and vison.

Min´ne•sing•er , n. [G., fr. minne love + singen to sing.] A love-singer; specifically, one of a class of German poets and musicians who flourished from about the middle of the twelfth to the middle of the fourteenth century. They were chiefly of noble birth, and made love and beauty the subjects of their verses.

Min´now, n. [OE. menow, cf. AS. myne; also OE. menuse, OF. menuise small fish; akin to E. minish, minute.] [Written also minow.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small European fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Phoxinus laevis, formerly Leuciscus phoxinus); sometimes applied also to the young of larger kinds; — called also minim and minny. The name is also applied to several allied American species, of the genera Phoxinus, Notropis, or Minnilus, and Rhinichthys. 2. (Zoöl.) Any of numerous small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus, and related genera. They live both in fresh and in salt water. Called also killifish, minny, and mummichog.

Min´ny , n. (Zoöl.) A minnow.

Mi´no bird´ (mi´no berd). [Hind. maina.] (Zoöl.) An Asiatic bird (Gracula musica), allied to the starlings. It is black, with a white spot on the wings, and a pair of flat yellow wattles on the head. It is often tamed and taught to pronounce words.

Mi´nor (mi´ner), a. [L., a comparative with no positive; akin to AS. min small, G. minder less, OHG. minniro, a., min, adv., Icel. minni, a., minnr, adv., Goth. minniza, a., mins, adv., Ir. & Gael. min small, tender, L. minuere to lessen, Gr. miny•qein, Skr. mi to damage. Cf. Minish, Minister, Minus, Minute.] 1. Inferior in bulk, degree, importance, etc.; less; smaller; of little account; as minor divisions of a body. 2. (Mus.) Less by a semitone in interval or difference of pitch; as a minor third. Asia Minor (Geog.), the Lesser Asia; that part of Asia which lies between the Euxine, or Black Sea, on the north, and the Mediterranean on the south. — Minor mode (Mus.), that mode, or scale, in which the third and sixth are minor, — much used for mournful and solemn subjects. — Minor orders (Eccl.), the rank of persons employed in ecclesiastical offices who are not in holy orders, as doorkeepers, acolytes, etc. — Minor scale (Mus.) The form of the minor scale is various. The strictly correct form has the third and sixth minor, with a semitone between the seventh and eighth, which involves an augmented second interval, or three semitones, between the sixth and seventh, as 6/F, 7/G&sharp;, 8/A. But, for melodic purposes, both the sixth and the seventh are sometimes made major in the ascending, and minor in the descending, scale, thus: — See Major. — Minor term of a syllogism (Logic), the subject of the conclusion.

Mi´nor , n. 1. A person of either sex who has not attained the age at which full civil rights are accorded; an infant; in England and the United States, one under twenty-one years of age. In hereditary monarchies, the minority of a sovereign ends at an earlier age than of a subject. The minority of a sovereign of Great Britain ends upon the completion of the eighteenth year of his age. 2. (Logic) The minor term, that is, the subject of the conclusion; also the minor premise, that is, that premise which contains the minor term; in hypothetical syllogisms, the categorical premise. It is the second proposition of a regular syllogism, as in the following: Every act of injustice partakes of meanness; to take money from another by gaming is an act of injustice; therefore, the taking of money from another by gaming partakes of meanness. 3. A Minorite; a Franciscan friar.

Mi´nor•ate , v. t. [L. minoratus; p. p. of minorare to diminish, fr. minor, a. See 1st Minor.] To diminish. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Mi•nor•a´tion , n. [L. minoratio: cf. F. minoration.] A diminution. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Mi´nor•ess , n. See Franciscan Nuns, under Franciscan, a.

Mi´nor•ite , n. [L. minor less. Cf. 2d Minor, 3.] A Franciscan friar.

Mi•nor´i•ty , n.; pl. Minorities (#). [Cf. F. minorite. See Minor, a. & n.] 1. The state of being a minor, or under age. 2. State of being less or small. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. The smaller number; — opposed to majority; as the minority must be ruled by the majority.

Mi´nos , n. [Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) A king and lawgiver of Crete, fabled to be the son of Jupiter and Europa. After death he was made a judge in the Lower Regions.

Min´o•taur (min´&ocl;•tar), n. [L. Minotaurus, Gr. Minw•tayros; Mi•nos, the husband of Pasiphaë + tay^ros a bull, the Minotaur being the offspring of Pasiphaë and a bull: cf. F. minotaure.] (Class. Myth.) A fabled monster, half man and half bull, confined in the labyrinth constructed by Daedalus in Crete.

Min´ow , n. See Minnow.

Min´ster , n. [AS. mynster, fr. L. monasterium. See Monastery.] (Arch.) A church of a monastery. The name is often retained and applied to the church after the monastery has ceased to exist (as Beverly Minster, Southwell Minster, etc.), and is also improperly used for any large church. Minster house, the official house in which the canons of a cathedral live in common or in rotation. Shipley.

Min´strel , n. [OE. minstrel, menestral, OF. menestrel, fr. LL. ministerialis servant, workman (cf. ministrellus harpist), fr. L. ministerium service. See Ministry, and cf. Ministerial.] In the Middle Ages, one of an order of men who subsisted by the arts of poetry and music, and sang verses to the accompaniment of a harp or other instrument; in modern times, a poet; a bard; a singer and harper; a musician. Chaucer.

Min´strel•sy , n. 1. The arts and occupation of minstrels; the singing and playing of a minstrel. 2. Musical instruments. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A collective body of minstrels, or musicians; also a collective body of minstrels’ songs. Chaucer. ´The minstrelsy of heaven.´ Milton.

Mint (mint), n. [AS. minte, fr. L. mentha, Gr. mi•nqa, mi•nqh.] (Bot.) The name of several aromatic labiate plants, mostly of the genus Mentha, yielding odoriferous essential oils by distillation. See Mentha. Corn mint is Mentha arvensis. — Horsemint is M. sylvestris, and in the United States Monarda punctata, which differs from the true mints in several respects. — Mountain mint is any species of the related genus Pycnanthemum, common in North America. — Peppermint is M. piperita. — Spearmint is M. viridis. — Water mint is M. aquatica. Mint camphor. (Chem.) See Menthol. — Mint julep. See Julep. — Mint sauce, a sauce flavored with spearmint, for meats.

Mint, n. [AS. mynet money, coin, fr. L. moneta the mint, coined money, fr. Moneta, a surname of Juno, in whose at Rome money was coined; akin to monere to warn, admonish, AS. manian, and to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Money, Monition.] 1. A place where money is coined by public authority. 2. Hence: Any place regarded as a source of unlimited supply; the supply itself. “A mint of phrases in his brain.” Shak.

Mint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minted; p. pr. & vb. n. Minting.] [AS. mynetian.] 1. To make by stamping, as money; to coin; to make and stamp into money. 2. To invent; to forge; to fabricate; to fashion. “Titles … of such natures as may be easily minted.” Bacon. Minting mill, a coining press.

Mint´age , n. 1. The coin, or other production, made in a mint. “Stamped in clay, a heavenly mintage.” Sterling. 2. The duty paid to the mint for coining.

Mint´er , n. One who mints.

Mint´man , n.; pl. Mintmen . One skilled in coining, or in coins; a coiner.

Mint´-mas•ter , n. The master or superintendent of a mint. Also used figuratively.

Min´u•end , n. [L. minuendus to be diminished, fr. minuere to lessen, diminish. See Minish.] (Arith.) The number from which another number is to be subtracted.

Min´u•et , n. [F., fr. menu small, L. minutus small. So called on account of the short steps of the dance. See 4th Minute.] 1. A slow graceful dance consisting of a coupee, a high step, and a balance. 2. (Mus.) A tune or air to regulate the movements of the dance so called; a movement in suites, sonatas symphonies, etc., having the dance form, and commonly in 3-4, sometimes 3-8, measure.

Min´um , n. [See 2d Minion, Minum, 6.] [Obs.] 1. A small kind of printing type; minion. 2. (Mus.) A minim.

Mi´nus (mi´nus), a. [L. See Minor, and cf. Mis- pref. from the French.] (Math.) Less; requiring to be subtracted; negative; as a minus quantity. Minus sign (Math.), the sign [-] denoting minus, or less, prefixed to negative quantities, or quantities to be subtracted. See Negative sign, under Negative.

Mi•nus´cule , n. [L. minusculus rather small, fr. minus less: cf. F. minuscule.] 1. Any very small, minute object. 2. A small Roman letter which is neither capital nor uncial; a manuscript written in such letters. — a. Of the size and style of minuscules; written in minuscules. “These minuscule letters are cursive forms of the earlier uncials.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Min´u•ta•ry , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, minutes. [Obs.] Fuller.

Min´ute ( 277), n. [LL. minuta a small portion, small coin, fr. L. minutus small: cf. F. minute. See 4th Minute.] 1. The sixtieth part of an hour; sixty seconds. (Abbrev. m.; as 4 h. 30 m.) “Four minutes, that is to say, minutes of an hour.” Chaucer. 2. The sixtieth part of a degree; sixty seconds (Marked thus (′); as 10° 20′). 3. A nautical or a geographic mile. 4. A coin; a half farthing. [Obs.] Wyclif (Mark xii. 42) 5. A very small part of anything, or anything very small; a jot; a tittle. [Obs.] “Minutes and circumstances of his passion.” Jer. Taylor. 6. A point of time; a moment. “I go this minute to attend the king.” Dryden. 7. The memorandum; a record; a note to preserve the memory of anything; as to take minutes of a contract; to take minutes of a conversation or debate. 8. (Arch.) A fixed part of a module. See Module. Different writers take as the minute one twelfth, one eighteenth, one thirtieth, or one sixtieth part of the module.

Min´ute, a. Of or pertaining to a minute or minutes; occurring at or marking successive minutes. Minute bell, a bell tolled at intervals of a minute, as to give notice of a death or a funeral. — Minute book, a book in which written minutes are entered. — Minute glass, a glass measuring a minute or minutes by the running of sand. — Minute gun, a discharge of a cannon repeated every minute as a sign of distress or mourning. — Minute hand, the long hand of a watch or clock, which makes the circuit of the dial in an hour, and marks the minutes.

Min´ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Minuting.] To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of. “The Empress of Russia, with her own hand, minuted an edict for universal tolerance.” Bancroft.

Mi•nute´ , a. [L. minutus, p. p. of minuere to lessen. See Minish, Minor, and cf. Menu, Minuet.] 1. Very small; little; tiny; fine; slight; slender; inconsiderable. ´Minute drops.´ Milton. 2. Attentive to small things; paying attention to details; critical; particular; precise; as a minute observer; minute observation. Syn. — Little; diminutive; fine; critical; exact; circumstantial; particular; detailed. — Minute, Circumstantial, Particular. A circumstantial account embraces all the leading events; a particular account includes each event and movement, though of but little importance; a minute account goes further still, and omits nothing as to person, time, place, adjuncts, etc.

Mi•nute´-jack , n. 1. A figure which strikes the hour on the bell of some fanciful clocks; — called also jack of the clock house. 2. A timeserver; an inconstant person. Shak.

Mi•nute´ly , adv. [From 4th Minute.] In a minute manner; with minuteness; exactly; nicely.

Min´ute•ly , a. [From 1st Minute.] Happening every minute; continuing; unceasing. [Obs.] “Throwing themselves absolutely upon God’s minutely providence.” Hammond.

Min´ute•ly, adv. At intervals of a minute; very often and regularly. J. Philips. “Minutely proclaimed in thunder from heaven.” Hammond.

Min´ute•man , n.; pl. Minutemen . A militiaman who was to be ready to march at a moment’s notice; — a term used in the American Revolution.

Mi•nute´ness , n. The quality of being minute.

Mi•nu´ti•a, n.; pl. Minutiae (-e). [L., fr. minutus small, minute. See 4th Minute.] A minute particular; a small or minor detail; — used chiefly in the plural.

Minx , n. [Prob. of Low German origin; cf. LG. minsk wench, jade, hussy, D. mensch; prop. the same word as D. & G. mensch man, human being, OHG. mennisco, AS. mennisc, fr. man. See Man.] 1. A pert or a wanton girl. Shak. 2. A she puppy; a pet dog. [Obs.] Udall.

Minx, n. [See Mink.] (Zoöl.) The mink; — called also minx otter. [Obs.]

Min´y (min´y), a. Abounding with mines; like a mine. ´Miny caverns.´ Thomson.

Mi´o•cene (mi´o•sen), a. [Gr. mei•wn less + kaino•s new, fresh, recent.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the middle division of the Tertiary. — n. The Miocene period. See Chart of Geology.

Mi•o•hip´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mei•wn less + ´ippo•s horse.] (Paleon.) An extinct Miocene mammal of the Horse family, closely related to the genus Anhithecrium, and having three usable hoofs on each foot.

Miq´ue•let , n. [Sp. miquelete.] (Mil.) An irregular or partisan soldier; a bandit.

Mir , n. A Russian village community. D. M. Wallace.

Mir, n. [Per. mir.] Same as Emir.

Mi´ra , n. [NL., from L. mirus wonderful.] (Astron.) A remarkable variable star in the constellation Cetus (ο Ceti).

Mi•rab´i•la•ry , n.; pl. Mirabilaries . One who, or a work which, narrates wonderful things; one who writes of wonders. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mi•rab´i•lis , n. [L., wonderful.] (Bot.) A genus of plants. See Four- o’clock.

Mi•rab´i•lite , n. (Min.) Native sodium sulphate; Glauber’s salt.

Mi´ra•ble , a. [L. mirabilis, fr. mirari to wonder: cf. OF. mirable. See Marvel.] Wonderful; admirable. [Obs.] Shak.

Mir´a•cle , n. [F., fr. L. miraculum, fr. mirari to wonder. See Marvel, and cf. Mirror.] 1. A wonder or wonderful thing. “That miracle and queen of genus.” Shak. 2. Specifically: An event or effect contrary to the established constitution and course of things, or a deviation from the known laws of nature; a supernatural event, or one transcending the ordinary laws by which the universe is governed. “They considered not the miracle of the loaves.” Mark vi. 52. 3. A miracle play. 4. A story or legend abounding in miracles. [Obs.] “When said was all this miracle.” Chaucer. Miracle monger, an impostor who pretends to work miracles. — Miracle play, one of the old dramatic entertainments founded on legends of saints and martyrs or (see 2d Mystery, 2) on events related in the Bible.

Mir´a•cle, v. t. To make wonderful. [Obs.] Shak.

Mi•rac´u•lize , v. t. To cause to seem to be a miracle. [R.] Shaftesbury.

Mi•rac´u•lous , a. [F. miraculeux. See Miracle.] 1. Of the nature of a miracle; performed by supernatural power; effected by the direct agency of almighty power, and not by natural causes. 2. Supernatural; wonderful. 3. Wonder-working. ´The miraculous harp.´ Shak. — Mi•rac´u•lous•ly, adv. — Mi•rac´u•lous•ness, n.

Mir•a•dor´ , n. [Sp., fr. mirar to behold, view. See Mirror.] (Arch.) Same as Belvedere.

Mi•rage´ , n. [F., fr. mirer to look at carefully, to aim, se mirer to look at one’s self in a glass, to reflect, to be reflected, LL. mirare to look at. See Mirror.] An optical effect, sometimes seen on the ocean, but more frequently in deserts, due to total reflection of light at the surface common to two strata of air differently heated. The reflected image is seen, commonly in an inverted position, while the real object may or may not be in sight. When the surface is horizontal, and below the eye, the appearance is that of a sheet of water in which the object is seen reflected; when the reflecting surface is above the eye, the image is seen projected against the sky. The fata Morgana and looming are species of mirage. “By the mirage uplifted the land floats vague in the ether,
Ships and the shadows of ships hang in the motionless air.” Longfellow.

Mir´bane , n. See Nitrobenzene.

Mire (mir), n. [AS. mire, myre; akin to D. mier, Icel. maurr, Dan. myre, Sw. myra; cf. also Ir. moirbh, Gr. my•rmhx.] An ant. [Obs.] See Pismire.

Mire, n. [OE. mire, myre; akin to Icel. myrr swamp, Sw. myra marshy ground, and perh. to E. moss.] Deep mud; wet, spongy earth. Chaucer. “He his rider from the lofty steed
Would have cast down and trod in dirty mire.” Spenser. Mire crow (Zoöl.), the pewit, or laughing gull. [Prov. Eng.] — Mire drum, the European bittern. [Prov. Eng.]

Mire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mired p. pr. & vb. n. Miring.] 1. To cause or permit to stick fast in mire; to plunge or fix in mud; as to mire a horse or wagon. 2. To soil with mud or foul matter. “Smirched thus and mired with infamy.” Shak.

Mire, v. i. To stick in mire. Shak. { Mi•rif´ic , Mi•rif´ic•al } a. [L. mirificus; mirus wonderful + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Working wonders; wonderful.

Mi•rif´i•cent , a. Wonderful. [Obs.]

Mir´i•ness , n. The quality of being miry.

Mirk , a. [See Murky.] Dark; gloomy; murky. Spenser. Mrs. Browning.

Mirk, n. Darkness; gloom; murk. ´In mirk and mire.´ Longfellow.

Mirk´some , a. Dark; gloomy; murky. [Archaic] Spenser. — Mirk´some•ness, n. [Archaic]

Mirk´y , a. Dark; gloomy. See Murky.

Mir´ror , n. [OE. mirour, F. miroir, OF. also mireor, fr. (assumed) LL. miratorium, fr. mirare to look at, L. mirari to wonder. See Marvel, and cf. Miracle, Mirador.] 1. A looking-glass or a speculum; any glass or polished substance that forms images by the reflection of rays of light. “And in her hand she held a mirror bright,
Wherein her face she often viewèd fair.” Spenser. 2. That which gives a true representation, or in which a true image may be seen; hence, a pattern; an exemplar. “She is mirour of all courtesy.” Chaucer. “O goddess, heavenly bright,
Mirror of grace and majesty divine.” Spenser. 3. (Zoöl.) See Speculum. Mirror carp (Zoöl.), a domesticated variety of the carp, having only three or fur rows of very large scales side. — Mirror plate. (a) A flat glass mirror without a frame. (b) Flat glass used for making mirrors. — Mirror writing, a manner or form of backward writing, making manuscript resembling in slant and order of letters the reflection of ordinary writing in a mirror. The substitution of this manner of writing for the common manner is a symptom of some kinds of nervous disease.

Mir´ror , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mirrored p. pr. & vb. n. Mirroring.] To reflect, as in a mirror.

Mirth , n. [OE. mirthe, murthe, merthe, AS. myrð, myrgð, merhð, mirhð. See Merry.] 1. Merriment; gayety accompanied with laughter; jollity. “Then will I cause to cease … from the streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth.” Jer. vii. 34. 2. That which causes merriment. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Merriment; joyousness; gladness; fun; frolic; glee; hilarity; festivity; jollity. See Gladness.

Mirth´ful , a. 1. Full of mirth or merriment; merry; as mirthful children. 2. Indicating or inspiring mirth; as a mirthful face. “Mirthful, comic shows.” Shak. — Mirth´ful•ly, adv. — Mirth´ful•ness, n.

Mirth´less, a. Without mirth. — Mirth´less•ness, n.

Mir´y , a. [From 2d Mire.] Abounding with deep mud; full of mire; muddy; as a miry road.

Mir´za , n. [Per. mirza, abbrev. fr. mirzadeh son of the prince; mir prince (Ar. amir, emir) + zadeh son.] The common title of honor in Persia, prefixed to the surname of an individual. When appended to the surname, it signifies Prince.

Mis- (mis-). [In words of Teutonic origin, fr. AS. mis-; akin to D. mis-, G. miss-, OHG. missa- , missi-, Icel. & Dan. mis-, Sw. miss-, Goth. missa-; orig., a p. p. from the root of G. meiden to shun, OHG. midan, AS. miðan (rad.100. Cf. Miss to fail of). In words from the French, fr. OF. mes-, F. me-, mes-, fr. L. minus less (see Minus). In present usage these two prefixes are commonly confounded.] A prefix used adjectively and adverbially in the sense of amiss, wrong, ill, wrongly, unsuitably; as misdeed, mislead, mischief, miscreant.

Mis (mis), a. & adv. [See Amiss.] Wrong; amiss. [Obs.] ´To correcten that [which] is mis.´ Chaucer.

Mis•ac•cep•ta´tion , n. Wrong acceptation; understanding in a wrong sense.

Mis•ac•compt´ , v. t. To account or reckon wrongly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•ad•just´ , v. t. To adjust wrongly of unsuitably; to throw of adjustment. I. Taylor.

Mis•ad•just´ment , n. Wrong adjustment; unsuitable arrangement.

Mis•ad•ven´ture ( 135), n. [OE. mesaventure, F. mesaventure.] Mischance; misfortune; ill luck; unlucky accident; ill adventure. Chaucer. Homicide by misadventure (Law), homicide which occurs when a man, doing a lawful act, without any intention of injury, unfortunately kills another; — called also excusable homicide. See Homicide. Blackstone. Syn. — Mischance; mishap; misfortune; disaster; calamity.

Mis•ad•ven´tured , a. Unfortunate. [Obs.]

Mis•ad•ven´tur•ous , a. Unfortunate.

Mis•ad•vert´ence , n. Inadvertence.

Mis•ad•vice´ , n. Bad advice.

Mis•ad•vise´ , v. t. To give bad counsel to.

Mis•ad•vised´ , a. Ill advised. — Mis•ad•vis´ed•ly (#), adv.

Mis•af•fect´ , v. t. To dislike. [Obs.]

Mis•af•fect´ed, a. Ill disposed. [Obs.]

Mis•af•fec´tion , n. An evil or wrong affection; the state of being ill affected. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•af•firm´ , v. t. To affirm incorrectly.

Mis•aimed´ , a. Not rightly aimed. Spenser.

Mis•al•le•ga´tion , n. A erroneous statement or allegation. Bp. Hall.

Mis•al•lege´ , v. t. To state erroneously.

Mis•al•li´ance , n. [F. mesalliance.] A marriage with a person of inferior rank or social station; an improper alliance; a mesalliance. “A Leigh had made a misalliance, and blushed
A Howard should know it.” Mrs. Browning.

Mis•al•lied´ , a. Wrongly allied or associated.

Mis•al•lot´ment , n. A wrong allotment.

Mis•al´ter , v. t. To alter wrongly; esp., to alter for the worse. Bp. Hall.

Mis´an•thrope (mis´an•throp), n. [Gr. misa•nqrwpos; misei^n to hate + ’a•nqrwpos a man; cf. F. misanthrope. Cf. Miser.] A hater of mankind; a misanthropist. { Mis•an•throp´ic , Mis•an•throp´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. misanthropique.] Hating or disliking mankind.

Mis•an´thro•pist , n. A misanthrope.

Mis•an´thro•pos , n. [NL. See Misanthrope.] A misanthrope. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•an´thro•py , n. [Gr. : cf. F. misanthropie.] Hatred of, or dislike to, mankind; — opposed to philanthropy. Orrery.

Mis•ap•pli•ca´tion , n. A wrong application. Sir T. Browne.

Mis•ap•ply´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misapplied p. pr. & vb. n. Misapplying.] To apply wrongly; to use for a wrong purpose; as to misapply a name or title; to misapply public money.

Mis•ap•pre´ci•a•ted , a. Improperly appreciated.

Mis•ap•pre•hend´ , v. t. To take in a wrong sense; to misunderstand. Locke.

Mis•ap•pre•hen´sion , n. A mistaking or mistake; wrong apprehension of one’s meaning of a fact; misconception; misunderstanding.

Mis•ap•pre•hen´sive•ly , adv. By, or with, misapprehension.

Mis•ap•pro´pri•ate , v. t. To appropriate wrongly; to use for a wrong purpose.

Mis•ap•pro•pri•a´tion , n. Wrong appropriation; wrongful use.

Mis•ar•range´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misarranged p. pr. & vb. n. Misarranging ] To place in a wrong order, or improper manner.

Mis•ar•range´ment , n. Wrong arrangement.

Mis•ar•cribe´ , v. t. To ascribe wrongly.

Mis•as•say´ , v. t. To assay, or attempt, improperly or unsuccessfully. [Obs.] W. Browne.

Mis•as•sign´ , v. t. To assign wrongly.

Mis•at•tend´ , v. t. To misunderstand; to disregard. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis•a•ven´ture , n. Misadventure. [Obs.]

Mis•a•vize´ , v. t. To misadvise. [Obs.]

Mis•bear´ , v. t. To carry improperly; to carry (one’s self) wrongly; to misbehave. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•be•come´ , v. t. Not to become; to suit ill; not to befit or be adapted to. Macaulay. “Thy father will not act what misbecomes him.” Addison.

Mis•be•com´ing, a. Unbecoming. Milton. — Mis•be•com´ing•ly, adv. — Mis•be•com´ing•ness, n. Boyle.

Mis•bede´ , v. t. [imp. Misbode p. p. Misboden ] [AS. mis-beôdan.] To wrong; to do injury to. [Obs.] “Who hath you misboden or offended?” Chaucer.

Mis•be•fit´ting , a. Not befitting. { Mis•be•got´ , Mis•be•got´ten } p. a. Unlawfully or irregularly begotten; of bad origin; pernicious. ´Valor misbegot.´ Shak.

Mis•be•have´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misbehaved p. pr. & vb. n. Misbehaving.] To behave ill; to conduct one’s self improperly; — often used with a reciprocal pronoun.

Mis•be•haved´ , a. Guilty of ill behavior; illbred; rude. ´A misbehaved and sullen wench.´ Shak.

Mis•be•hav´ior , n. Improper, rude, or uncivil behavior; ill conduct. Addison.

Mis•be•lief´ , n. Erroneous or false belief.

Mis•be•lieve´ , v. i. To believe erroneously, or in a false religion. ´That misbelieving Moor.´ Shak.

Mis•be•liev´er , n. One who believes wrongly; one who holds a false religion. Shak.

Mis•be•seem´ , v. t. To suit ill.

Mis•be•stow´ , v. t. To bestow improperly.

Mis•be•stow´al , n. The act of misbestowing.

Mis•bi•leve´ , n. Misbelief; unbelief; suspicion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•bode´ , imp. of Misbede.

Mis•bo´den , p. p. of Misbede.

Mis´born , a. Born to misfortune. Spenser.

Mis•cal´cu•late , v. t. & i. To calculate erroneously; to judge wrongly. — Mis•cal•cu•la´tion (#), n.

Mis•call´ , v. t. 1. To call by a wrong name; to name improperly. 2. To call by a bad name; to abuse. [Obs.] Fuller.

Mis•car´riage , n. 1. Unfortunate event or issue of an undertaking; failure to attain a desired result or reach a destination. “When a counselor, to save himself,
Would lay miscarriages upon his prince.” Dryden. 2. Ill conduct; evil or improper behavior; as the failings and miscarriages of the righteous. Rogers. 3. The act of bringing forth before the time; premature birth.

Mis•car´riage•a•ble , a. Capable of miscarrying; liable to fail. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•car´ry , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Miscarried p. pr. & vb. n. Miscarrying.] 1. To carry, or go, wrong; to fail of reaching a destination, or fail of the intended effect; to be unsuccessful; to suffer defeat. “My ships have all miscarried.” Shak. “The cardinal’s letters to the pope miscarried.” Shak. 2. To bring forth young before the proper time.

Mis•cast´ , v. t. To cast or reckon wrongly.

Mis•cast´, n. An erroneous cast or reckoning.

Mis•ce•ge•na´tion , n. [L. miscere to mix + the root of genus race.] A mixing of races; amalgamation, as by intermarriage of black and white.

Mis•cel•la•na´ri•an , a. [See Miscellany.] Of or pertaining to miscellanies. Shaftesbury. — n. A writer of miscellanies.

Mis´cel•lane , n. [See Miscellaneous, and cf. Maslin.] A mixture of two or more sorts of grain; — now called maslin and meslin. Bacon.

Mis´cel•la´ne•a , n. pl. [L. See Miscellany.] A collection of miscellaneous matters; matters of various kinds.

Mis•cel•la´ne•ous , a. [L. miscellaneus mixed, miscellaneous, fr. miscellus mixed, fr. miscere to mix. See Mix, and cf. Miscellany.] Mixed; mingled; consisting of several things; of diverse sorts; promiscuous; heterogeneous; as a miscellaneous collection. ´A miscellaneous rabble.´ Milton. — Mis•cel•la´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Mis•cel•la´ne•ous•ness, n.

Mis´cel•la•nist , n. A writer of miscellanies; miscellanarian.

Mis´cel•la•ny , n.; pl. Miscellanies (#). [L. miscellanea, neut. pl. of. miscellaneus: cf. F. miscellanee, pl. miscellanees. See Miscellaneous.] A mass or mixture of various things; a medley; esp., a collection of compositions on various subjects. “’T is but a bundle or miscellany of sin; sins original, and sins actual.” Hewyt. Miscellany madam, a woman who dealt in various fineries; a milliner. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mis´cel•la•ny (mis´sel•la•ny), a. Miscellaneous; heterogeneous. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mis•cen´sure , v. t. To misjudge. [Obs.] Daniel. — n. Erroneous judgment. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Mis•chance´ , n. [OE. meschance, OF. mescheance.] Ill luck; ill fortune; mishap. Chaucer. “Never come mischance between us twain.” Shak. Syn. — Calamity; misfortune; misadventure; mishap; infelicity; disaster. See Calamity.

Mis•chance´, v. i. To happen by mischance. Spenser.

Mis•chance´ful , a. Unlucky. R. Browning.

Mis•char´ac•ter•ize , v. t. To characterize falsely or erroneously; to give a wrong character to. “They totally mischaracterize the action.” Eton.

Mis•charge´ , v. t. To charge erroneously, as in an account. — n. A mistake in charging.

Mis´chief (mis´chif), n. [OE. meschef bad result, OF. meschief; pref. mes- (L. minus less) + chief end, head, F. chef chief. See Minus, and Chief.] 1. Harm; damage; esp., disarrangement of order; trouble or vexation caused by human agency or by some living being, intentionally or not; often, calamity, mishap; trivial evil caused by thoughtlessness, or in sport. Chaucer. “Thy tongue deviseth mischiefs.” Ps. lii. 2. “The practice whereof shall, I hope, secure me from many mischiefs.” Fuller. 2. Cause of trouble or vexation; trouble. Milton. “The mischief was these allies would never allow that the common enemy was subdued.” Swift. To be in mischief, to be doing harm or causing annoyance. — To make mischief, to do mischief, especially by exciting quarrels. — To play the mischief, to cause great harm; to throw into confusion. [Colloq.] Syn. — Damage; harm; hurt; injury; detriment; evil; ill. — Mischief, Damage, Harm. Damage is an injury which diminishes the value of a thing; harm is an injury which causes trouble or inconvenience; mischief is an injury which disturbs the order and consistency of things. We often suffer damage or harm from accident, but mischief always springs from perversity or folly.

Mis´chief, v. t. To do harm to. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis´chief•a•ble , a. Mischievous. [R.] Lydgate.

Mis´chief•ful , a. Mischievous. [Obs.] Foote.

Mis´chief-mak•er , n. One who makes mischief; one who excites or instigates quarrels or enmity.

Mis´chief-mak•ing, a. Causing harm; exciting enmity or quarrels. Rowe. — n. The act or practice of making mischief, inciting quarrels, etc.

Mis´chie•vous (mis´che•vus), a. Causing mischief; harmful; hurtful; — now often applied where the evil is done carelessly or in sport; as a mischievous child. ´Most mischievous foul sin.´ Shak. “This false, wily, doubling disposition is intolerably mischievous to society.” South. Syn. — Harmful; hurtful; detrimental; noxious; pernicious; destructive. — Mis´chie•vous•ly, adv. — Mis´chie•vous•ness, n.

Misch´na , n. See Mishna.

Misch´nic , a. See Mishnic.

Mis•choose´ , v. t. [imp. Mischose p. p. Mischosen p. pr. & vb. n. Mischoosing.] To choose wrongly. Milton.

Mis•choose´, v. i. To make a wrong choice.

Mis•chris´ten , v. t. To christen wrongly.

Mis•ci•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. miscibilite.] Capability of being mixed.

Mis´ci•ble , a. [Cf. F. miscible, fr. L. miscere to mix.] Capable of being mixed; mixable; as water and alcohol are miscible in all proportions. Burke.

Mis•ci•ta´tion , n. Erroneous citation.

Mis•cite´, v. t. To cite erroneously.

Mis•claim´ , n. A mistaken claim.

Mis•cog´ni•zant , a. (Law) Not cognizant; ignorant; not knowing.

Mis•cog´nize , v. t. To fail to apprehend; to misunderstand. [Obs.] Holland.

Mis•col•lo•ca´tion , n. Wrong collocation. De Quincey.

Mis•col´or , v. t. To give a wrong color to; figuratively, to set forth erroneously or unfairly; as to miscolor facts. C. Kingsley.

Mis•com´fort , n. Discomfort. [Obs.]

Mis•com•pre•hend´ , v. t. To get a wrong idea of or about; to misunderstand.

Mis•com•pu•ta´tion , n. Erroneous computation; false reckoning.

Mis•com•pute´ , v. t. [Cf. Miscount.] To compute erroneously. Sir T. Browne.

Mis•con•ceit´ , n. Misconception. [Obs.]

Mis•con•ceive´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misconceived p. pr. & vb. n. Misconceiving.] To conceive wrongly; to interpret incorrectly; to receive a false notion of; to misjudge; to misapprehend. “Those things which, for want of due consideration heretofore, they have misconceived.” Hooker. Syn. — To misapprehend; misunderstand; mistake.

Mis•con•ceiv´er , n. One who misconceives.

Mis•con•cep´tion , n. Erroneous conception; false opinion; wrong understanding. Harvey.

Mis•con•clu´sion , n. An erroneous inference or conclusion. Bp. Hall.

Mis•con´duct , n. Wrong conduct; bad behavior; mismanagement. Addison. Syn. — Misbehavior; misdemeanor; mismanagement; misdeed; delinquency; offense.

Mis•con•duct´ , v. t. To conduct amiss; to mismanage. Johnson. To misconduct one’s self, to behave improperly.

Mis•con•duct´, v. i. To behave amiss.

Mis•con´fi•dent , a. Having a mistaken confidence; wrongly trusting. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•con•jec´ture ( 135), n. A wrong conjecture or guess. Sir T. Browne.

Mis•con•jec´ture , v. t. & i. To conjecture wrongly.

Mis•con´se•crate , v. t. To consecrate amiss. ´Misconsecrated flags.´ Bp. Hall.

Mis•con•se•cra´tion, n. Wrong consecration.

Mis•con´se•quence , n. A wrong consequence; a false deduction.

Mis•con´stru•a•ble , a. Such as can be misconstrued, as language or conduct. R. North.

Mis•con•struct´ , v. t. To construct wrongly; to construe or interpret erroneously.

Mis•con•struc´tion , n. Erroneous construction; wrong interpretation. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Mis•con´strue , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misconstrued p. pr. & vb. n. Misconstruing.] To construe wrongly; to interpret erroneously. “Do not, great sir, misconstrue his intent.” Dryden. “Much afflicted to find his actions misconstrued.” Addison.

Mis•con´stru•er , n. One who misconstrues.

Mis•con•tent´ , a. Discontent. [Obs.]

Mis•con•tin´u•ance , n. (Law) Discontinuance; also continuance by undue process.

Mis•copy´ , v. t. To copy amiss.

Mis•copy´, n. A mistake in copying. North Am. Rev.

Mis•cor•rect´ , v. t. To fail or err in attempting to correct. ´Scaliger miscorrects his author.´ Dryden.

Mis•coun´sel , v. t. To counsel or advise wrongly.

Mis•count´ , v. t. & i. [Cf. OF. mesconter, F. mecompter. Cf. Miscompute.] To count erroneously.

Mis•count´, n. [Cf. F. mecompte error, OF. mesconte.] An erroneous counting.

Mis•cov´et , v. t. To covet wrongfully. [Obs.] { Mis´cre•ance , Mis´cre•an•cy } n. [OF. mescreance, F. mecreance incredulity.] The quality of being miscreant; adherence to a false religion; false faith. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Mis´cre•ant , n. [OF. mescreant, F. mecreant; pref. mes- (L. minus less) + p. pr. fr. L. credere to believe. See Creed.] 1. One who holds a false religious faith; a misbeliever. [Obs.] Spenser. De Quincey. “Thou oughtest not to be slothful to the destruction of the miscreants, but to constrain them to obey our Lord God.” Rivers. 2. One not restrained by Christian principles; an unscrupulous villain; a vile wretch. Addison.
[1913 Webster]

Mis´cre•ant, a. 1. Holding a false religious faith. 2. Destitute of conscience; unscrupulous. Pope.

Mis•cre•ate´ , a. Miscreated; illegitimate; forged; as miscreate titles. [Obs. or Poet.] Shak.

Mis•cre•ate´ , v. t. To create badly or amiss.

Mis•cre•at´ed , a. Formed unnaturally or illegitimately; deformed. Spenser. Milton.

Mis•cre•a´tive, a. Creating amiss. [R.]

Mis•cre´dent , n. [Pref. mis- + credent. Cf. Miscreant.] A miscreant, or believer in a false religious doctrine. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Mis•cre•du´li•ty , n. Wrong credulity or belief; misbelief. Bp. Hall.

Mis•cue´ , n. (Billiards) A false stroke with a billiard cue, the cue slipping from the ball struck without impelling it as desired.

Mis•date´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misdated; p. pr. & vb. n. Misdating.] To date erroneously. Young.

Mis•deal´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misdealt p. pr. & vb. n. Misdealing.] To deal or distribute wrongly, as cards; to make a wrong distribution.

Mis•deal´, n. The act of misdealing; a wrong distribution of cards to the players.

Mis•deed´ , n. [AS. misdaed. See Deed, n.] An evil deed; a wicked action. “Evils which our own misdeeds have wrought.” Milton. Syn. — Misconduct; misdemeanor; fault; offense; trespass; transgression; crime.

Mis•deem´ , v. t. To misjudge. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis•de•mean´ , v. t. To behave ill; — with a reflexive pronoun; as to misdemean one’s self.

Mis•de•mean´ant , n. One guilty of a misdemeanor. Sydney Smith.

Mis•de•mean´or , n. 1. Ill behavior; evil conduct; fault. Shak. 2. (Law) A crime less than a felony. Wharton. As a rule, in the old English law, offenses capitally punishable were felonies; all other indictable offenses were misdemeanors. In common usage, the word crime is employed to denote the offenses of a deeper and more atrocious dye, while small faults and omissions of less consequence are comprised under the gentler name of misdemeanors. Blackstone.

The distinction, however, between felonies and misdemeanors is purely arbitrary, and is in most jurisdictions either abrogated or so far reduced as to be without practical value. Cf. Felony. Wharton. Syn. — Misdeed; misconduct; misbehavior; fault; trespass; transgression.

Mis•dempt´ , obs. p. p. of Misdeem. Spenser.

Mis•de•part´ , v. t. To distribute wrongly. [Obs.] “He misdeparteth riches temporal.” Chaucer.

Mis•de•rive´ , v. t. 1. To turn or divert improperly; to misdirect. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. To derive erroneously.

Mis•de•scribe´ , v. t. To describe wrongly.

Mis•de•sert´, n. Ill desert. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•de•vo´tion , n. Mistaken devotion.

Mis•di´et , n. Improper diet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•di´et, v. t. To diet improperly.

Mis•dight´ , a. Arrayed, prepared, or furnished, unsuitably. [Archaic] Bp. Hall.

Mis•di•rect´ , v. t. To give a wrong direction to; as to misdirect a passenger, or a letter; to misdirect one’s energies. Shenstone.

Mis•di•rec´tion , n. 1. The act of directing wrongly, or the state of being so directed. 2. (Law) An error of a judge in charging the jury on a matter of law. Mozley & W.

Mis•dis•po•si´tion , n. Erroneous disposal or application. Bp. Hall.

Mis•dis•tin´guish , v. t. To make wrong distinctions in or concerning. Hooker.

Mis•di•vide´ , v. t. To divide wrongly.

Mis•di•vi´sion , n. Wrong division.

Mis•do´ (mis•doo´), v. t. [imp. Misdid p. p. Misdone p. pr. & vb. n. Misdoing.] [AS. misdon. See Do, v.] 1. To do wrongly. “Afford me place to show what recompense
Towards thee I intend for what I have misdone.” Milton. 2. To do wrong to; to illtreat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•do´, v. i. To do wrong; to commit a fault. “I have misdone, and I endure the smart.” Dryden.

Mis•do´er, n. A wrongdoer. Spenser.

Mis•do´ing, n. A wrong done; a fault or crime; an offense; as it was my misdoing.

Mis•doubt´ , v. t. & i. To be suspicious of; to have suspicion. [Obs.] “I do not misdoubt my wife.” Shak.

Mis•doubt´, n. 1. Suspicion. [Obs.] 2. Irresolution; hesitation. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•doubt´ful , a Misgiving; hesitating. [Obs.] ´Her misdoubtful mind.´ Spenser.

Mis•dread´ , n. Dread of evil. [Obs.]

Mise , n. [F. mise a putting, setting, expense, fr. mis, mise, p. p. of mettre to put, lay, fr. LL. mittere to send.] 1. (Law) The issue in a writ of right. 2. Expense; cost; disbursement. [Obs.] 3. A tax or tallage; in Wales, an honorary gift of the people to a new king or prince of Wales; also a tribute paid, in the country palatine of Chester, England, at the change of the owner of the earldom. [Obs.]

Mis•ease´ , n. [OE. mesaise, OF. mesaise.] Want of ease; discomfort; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•eased´ , a. Having discomfort or misery; troubled. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•eas´y , a. Not easy; painful. [Obs.]

Mis•e•di´tion , n. An incorrect or spurious edition. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•ed´u•cate ( 135), v. t. To educate in a wrong manner.

Mis•em•ploy´ , v. t. To employ amiss; as to misemploy time, advantages, talents, etc. “Their frugal father’s gains they misemploy.” Dryden.

Mis•em•ploy´ment , n. Wrong or mistaken employment. Johnson.

Mis•en´ter , v. t. To enter or insert wrongly, as a charge in an account.

Mis•en•treat´ , v. t. To treat wrongfully. [Obs.] Grafton.

Mis•en´try , n. An erroneous entry or charge, as of an account.

Mi´ser (mi´zer), n. [L. miser wretched, miserable; cf. Gr. mi^sos hate, misei^n to hate: cf. It. & Sp. misero wretched, avaricious.] 1. A wretched person; a person afflicted by any great misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser. “The woeful words of a miser now despairing.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. A despicable person; a wretch. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A covetous, grasping, mean person; esp., one having wealth, who lives miserably for the sake of saving and increasing his hoard. “As some lone miser, visiting his store,
Bends at his treasure, counts, recounts it o’er.” Goldsmith. 4. A kind of large earth auger. Knight.

Mis´er•a•ble , a. [F. miserable, L. miserabilis, fr. miserari to lament, pity, fr. miser wretched. See Miser.] 1. Very unhappy; wretched. “What hopes delude thee, miserable man?” Dryden. 2. Causing unhappiness or misery. “What ’s more miserable than discontent?” Shak. 3. Worthless; mean; despicable; as a miserable fellow; a miserable dinner. “Miserable comforters are ye all.” Job xvi. 2. 4. Avaricious; niggardly; miserly. [Obs.] Hooker. Syn. — Abject; forlorn; pitiable; wretched.

Mis´er•a•ble, n. A miserable person. [Obs.] Sterne.

Mis´er•a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being miserable.

Mis´er•a•bly, adv. In a miserable; unhappily; calamitously; wretchedly; meanly. “They were miserably entertained.” Sir P. Sidney. “The fifth was miserably stabbed to death.” South.

Mis•er•a´tion , n. Commiseration. [Obs.]

Mis•e•re´re , n. [L., have mercy, fr. misereri to have mercy, fr. miser. See Miser.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The psalm usually appointed for penitential acts, being the 50th psalm in the Latin version. It commences with the word miserere. 2. A musical composition adapted to the 50th psalm. “Where only the wind signs miserere.” Lowell. 3. (Arch.) A small projecting boss or bracket, on the under side of the hinged seat of a church stall (see Stall). It was intended, the seat being turned up, to give some support to a worshiper when standing. Called also misericordia. 4. (Med.) Same as Ileus.

Mis´er•i•corde´ , n. [F. misericorde. See Misericordia.] 1. Compassion; pity; mercy. [Obs.] 2. (Anc. Armor.) Same as Misericordia, 2.

Mis•e•ri•cor´di•a , n. [L., mercy, compassion; miser wretched + cor, cordis, heart.] 1. (O. Law) An amercement. Burrill. 2. (Anc. Armor.) A thin-bladed dagger; so called, in the Middle Ages, because used to give the death wound or ´mercy´ stroke to a fallen adversary. 3. (Eccl.) An indulgence as to food or dress granted to a member of a religious order. Shipley.

Mi´ser•ly (mi´zer•ly), a. [From Miser.] Like a miser; very covetous; sordid; niggardly. Syn. — Avaricious; niggardly; sordid; parsimonious; penurious; covetous; stingy; mean. See Avaricious.

Mi´ser•y , n.; pl. Miseries (#). [OE. miserie, L. miseria, fr. miser wretched: cf. F. misère, OF. also miserie.] 1. Great unhappiness; extreme pain of body or mind; wretchedness; distress; woe. Chaucer. “Destruction and misery are in their ways.” Rom. iii. 16. 2. Cause of misery; calamity; misfortune. “When we our betters see bearing our woes,
We scarcely think our miseries our foes.” Shak. 3. Covetousness; niggardliness; avarice. [Obs.] Syn. — Wretchedness; torture; agony; torment; anguish; distress; calamity; misfortune.

Mis•es•teem´ , n. [Cf. F. mesestime.] Want of esteem; disrespect. Johnson.

Mis•es´ti•mate , v. t. To estimate erroneously. J. S. Mill.

Mis•ex•pla•na´tion , n. An erroneous explanation.

Mis•ex•pli•ca´tion , n. Wrong explication.

Mis•ex•po•si´tion , n. Wrong exposition.

Mis•ex•pound´ , v. t. To expound erroneously.

Mis•ex•pres´sion , n. Wrong expression.

Mis•faith´ , n. Want of faith; distrust. ´[Anger] born of your misfaith.´ Tennyson.

Mis•fall´ , v. t. [imp. Misfell; p. p. Misfallen ; p. pr. & vb. n. Misfalling.] To befall, as ill luck; to happen to unluckily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•fare´ , v. i. [AS. misfaran.] To fare ill. [Obs.] — n. Misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•fash´ion , v. t. To form wrongly.

Mis•fea´sance , n. [OF. pref. mes- wrong (L. minus less) + faisance doing, fr. faire to do, L. facere. Cf. Malfeasance.] (Law) A trespass; a wrong done; the improper doing of an act which a person might lawfully do. Bouvier. Wharton.

Mis•fea´ture , n. Ill feature. [R.] Keats.

Mis•feel´ing , a. Insensate. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Mis•feign´ , v. i. To feign with an evil design. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•fit´ , n. 1. The act or the state of fitting badly; as a misfit in making a coat; a ludicrous misfit. 2. Something that fits badly, as a garment. “I saw an uneasy change in Mr. Micawber, which sat tightly on him, as if his new duties were a misfit.” Dickens.

Mis•form´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misformed p. pr. & vb. n. Misforming.] To make in an ill form. Spenser.

Mis•for•ma´tion , n. Malformation.

Mis•for´tu•nate ( 135), a. Producing misfortune. [Obs.]

Mis•for´tune , n. Bad fortune or luck; calamity; an evil accident; disaster; mishap; mischance. “Consider why the change was wrought,
You ’ll find his misfortune, not his fault.” Addison. Syn. — Calamity; mishap; mischance; misadventure; ill; harm; disaster. See Calamity.

Mis•for´tune, v. i. To happen unluckily or unfortunately; to miscarry; to fail. [Obs.] Stow.

Mis•for´tuned , a. Unfortunate. [Obs.]

Mis•frame´ , v. t. To frame wrongly.

Mis•get´ , v. t. To get wrongfully. [Obs.]

Mis•gie´ , v. t. See Misgye. [Obs.]

Mis•give´ , v. t. [imp. Misgave p. p. Misgiven p. pr. & vb. n. Misgiving.] 1. To give or grant amiss. [Obs.] Laud. 2. Specifically: To give doubt and apprehension to, instead of confidence and courage; to impart fear to; to make irresolute; — usually said of the mind or heart, and followed by the objective personal pronoun. “So doth my heart misgive me in these conflicts
What may befall him, to his harm and ours.” Shak. “Such whose consciences misgave them, how ill they had deserved.” Milton. 3. To suspect; to dread. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•give´, v. i. To give out doubt and apprehension; to be fearful or irresolute. ´My mind misgives.´ Shak.

Mis•giv´ing, n. Evil premonition; doubt; distrust. ´Suspicious and misgivings.´ South.

Mis•go´ (-go´), v. i. To go astray. Spenser.

Mis•got´ten (-got´t’n), a. Unjustly gotten. Spenser.

Mis•gov´ern , v. t. To govern ill; as to misgovern a country. Knolles.

Mis•gov´ern•ance , n. Misgovernment; misconduct; misbehavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Mis•gov´erned , a. Ill governed, as a people; ill directed. ´Rude, misgoverned hands.´ Shak.

Mis•gov´ern•ment , n. Bad government; want of government. Shak.

Mis•gra´cious , a. Not gracious. [Obs.]

Mis•graff´ , v. t. To misgraft. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•graft´ , v. t. To graft wrongly.

Mis•ground´ , v. t. To found erroneously. ´Misgrounded conceit.´ Bp. Hall.

Mis•growth´ , n. Bad growth; an unnatural or abnormal growth.

Mis•guess´ , v. t. & i. To guess wrongly.

Mis•guid´ance , n. Wrong guidance.

Mis•guide´ , v. t. To guide wrongly; to lead astray; as to misguide the understanding.

Mis•guide´, n. Misguidance; error. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•guid´ing, a. Misleading. — Mis•guid´ing•ly, adv.

Mis•gye´ , v. t. To misguide. [Obs.]

Mis•han´dle , v. t. To handle ill or wrongly; to maltreat.

Mis•hap´ , n. Evil accident; ill luck; misfortune; mischance. Chaucer. “Secure from worldly chances and mishaps.” Shak.

Mis•hap´ , v. i. To happen unluckily; — used impersonally. [Obs.] ´If that me mishap.´ Chaucer.

Mis•hap´pen , v. i. To happen ill or unluckily. Spenser.

Mis•hap´py , a. Unhappy. [Obs.]

Mish•cup´ , n. [See Scup.] (Zoöl.) The scup. [Local, U. S.]

Mis•hear´ , v. t. & i. To hear incorrectly.

Mish´mash , n. [Cf. G. mish- mash, fr. mischen to mix.] A hotchpotch. Sir T. Herbert.

Mish´na , n. [NHeb. mishnah, i. e., repetition, doubling, explanation (of the divine law), fr. Heb. shanah to change, to repeat.] A collection or digest of Jewish traditions and explanations of Scripture, forming the text of the Talmud. [Written also Mischna.]

Mish´nic , a. Of or pertaining to the Mishna.

Mis•im•ag•i•na´tion , n. Wrong imagination; delusion. Bp. Hall.

Mis•im•prove´ , v. t. To use for a bad purpose; to abuse; to misuse; as to misimprove time, talents, advantages, etc. South. Mis•im•prove´ment , n. Ill use or employment; use for a bad purpose.

Mis´in•cline´ , v. t. To cause to have a wrong inclination or tendency; to affect wrongly.

Mis•in•fer´ , v. t. To infer incorrectly.

Mis•in•form´ , v. t. To give untrue information to; to inform wrongly.

Mis•in•form´, v. i. To give untrue information; (with against) to calumniate. [R.] Bp. Montagu.

Mis•in•form´ant , n. A misinformer.

Mis•in•for•ma´tion , n. Untrue or incorrect information. Bacon.

Mis•in•form´er , n. One who gives untrue or incorrect information.

Mis•in•struct´ , v. t. To instruct amiss.

Mis•in•struc´tion , n. Wrong or improper instruction.

Mis•in•tel´li•gence , n. 1. Wrong information; misinformation. 2. Disagreement; misunderstanding. [Obs.]

Mis•in•tend´ , v. t. To aim amiss. [Obs.]

Mis•in•ter´pret , v. t. To interpret erroneously; to understand or to explain in a wrong sense.

Mis•in•ter´pret•a•ble , a. Capable of being misinterpreted; liable to be misunderstood.

Mis•in•ter´pre•ta´tion , n. The act of interpreting erroneously; a mistaken interpretation.

Mis•in•ter´pret•er , n. One who interprets erroneously.

Mis•join´ , v. t. To join unfitly or improperly.

Mis•join´der , n. (Law) An incorrect union of parties or of causes of action in a procedure, criminal or civil. Wharton.

Mis•judge´ , v. t. & i. To judge erroneously or unjustly; to err in judgment; to misconstrue.

Mis•judg´ment , n. [Written also misjudgement.] A wrong or unjust judgment.

Mis•keep´ , v. t. To keep wrongly. Chaucer.

Mis•ken´ , v. t. Not to know. [Obs.]

Mis´kin , n. [Prob. for music + - kin.] (Mus.) A little bagpipe. [Obs.] Drayton.

Mis•kin´dle , v. t. To kindle amiss; to inflame to a bad purpose; to excite wrongly.

Mis•know´ , v. t. To have a mistaken notion of or about. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•lac•ta´tion , n. (Med.) Defective flow or vitiated condition of the milk.

Mis•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mislaid p. pr. & vb. n. Mislaying.] 1. To lay in a wrong place; to ascribe to a wrong source. “The fault is generally mislaid upon nature.” Locke. 2. To lay in a place not recollected; to lose. “The … charter, indeed, was unfortunately mislaid: and the prayer of their petition was to obtain one of like import in its stead.” Hallam.

Mis•lay´er , n. One who mislays.

Mi´sle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Misled p. pr. & vb. n. Misling ] [Prop. mistle, fr. mist. Cf. Mistle, Mizzle.] To rain in very fine drops, like a thick mist; to mizzle.

Mi´sle, n. A fine rain; a thick mist; mizzle.

Mis•lead´ (mis•led´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misled (- led´); p. pr. & vb. n. Misleading.] [AS. mislaedan. See Mis-, and Lead to conduct.] To lead into a wrong way or path; to lead astray; to guide into error; to cause to mistake; to deceive. “Trust not servants who mislead or misinform you.” Bacon. “To give due light
To the mislead and lonely traveler.” Milton. Syn. — To delude; deceive. See Deceive.

Mis•lead´er , n. One who leads into error.

Mis•lead´ing, a. Leading astray; delusive.

Mis•learn´ , v. t. To learn wrongly.

Mis•led´ , imp. & p. p. of Mislead.

Mis´len , n. See Maslin.

Mis´le•toe , n. See Mistletoe.

Mis•light´ , v. t. To deceive or lead astray with a false light. Herrick.

Mis•like´ (-lik´), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misliked (likt´); p. pr. & vb. n. Misliking.] [AS. mislician to displease. See Like, v.] To dislike; to disapprove of; to have aversion to; as to mislike a man. “Who may like or mislike what he says.” I. Taylor.

Mis•like´, n. Dislike; disapprobation; aversion.

Mis•lik´er , n. One who dislikes.

Mis•lik´ing, n. Dislike; aversion.

Mis´lin , n. & a. See Maslin.

Mis•live´ , v. i. To live amiss.

Mis•lodge´ , v. t. To lodge amiss. [Obs.]

Mis•luck´ , n. Ill luck; misfortune.

Mis´ly , a. Raining in very small drops.

Mis•make´ (mis•mak´), v. t. To make or form amiss; to spoil in making. ´Limping possibilities of mismade human nature.´ Mrs. Browning.

Mis•man´age , v. t. & i. To manage ill or improperly; as to mismanage public affairs.

Mis•man´age•ment , n. Wrong or bad management; as he failed through mismagement.

Mis•man´a•ger , n. One who manages ill.

Mis•mark´ , v. t. To mark wrongly.

Mis•match´ , v. t. To match unsuitably.

Mis•mate´ , v. t. To mate wrongly or unsuitably; as to mismate gloves or shoes; a mismated couple.

Mis•meas´ure ( 135), v. t. To measure or estimate incorrectly.

Mis•meas´ure•ment, n. Wrong measurement.

Mis•me´ter , v. t. To give the wrong meter to, as to a line of verse. [R.] Chaucer.

Mis•name´ , v. t. To call by the wrong name; to give a wrong or inappropriate name to.

Mis•no´mer , n. [OF. pref. mes- amiss, wrong (L. minus less) + F. nommer to name, L. nominare, fr. nomen name. See Name.] The misnaming of a person in a legal instrument, as in a complaint or indictment; any misnaming of a person or thing; a wrong or inapplicable name or title. “Many of the changes, by a great misnomer, called parliamentary ´reforms´.” Burke. “The word ´synonym´ is fact a misnomer.” Whatel.

Mis•no´mer, v. t. To misname. [R.]

Mis•num´ber , v. t. To number wrongly.

Mis•nur´ture ( 135), v. t. To nurture or train wrongly; as to misnurture children. Bp. Hall.

Mis•o•be´di•ence , n. Mistaken obedience; disobedience. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis•ob•serve´ , v. t. To observe inaccurately; to mistake in observing. Locke.

Mis•ob•serv´er , n. One who misobserves; one who fails to observe properly.

Mi•sog´a•mist , n. [Gr. misei^n to hate + marriage.] A hater of marriage.

Mi•sog´a•my , n. [Cf. F. misogamie.] Hatre of marriage.

Mi•sog´y•nist (mi•soj´i•nist), n. [Gr. misogy•nhs, misogy•naios; misei^n to hate + gynh•: cf. F. misogyne.] A woman hater. Fuller.

Mi•sog´y•nous , a. Hating women.

Mi•sog´y•ny ( 277), n. [Gr. misogyni•a: cf. F. misogynie.] Hatred of women. Johnson.

Mi•sol´o•gy (mi•sol´o•jy), n. [Gr. misologi•a; misei^n to hate + lo•gos discourse.] Hatred of argument or discussion; hatred of enlightenment. G. H. Lewes.

Mis•o•pin´ion, n. Wrong opinion. [Obs.]

Mis•or´der , v. t. To order ill; to manage erroneously; to conduct badly. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•or´der, n. Irregularity; disorder. [Obs.] Camden.

Mis•or´der•ly, a. Irregular; disorderly. [Obs.]

Mis•or•di•na´tion , n. Wrong ordination.

Mis´o•the•ism , n. [Gr. misei^n to hate + qeo•s god.] Hatred of God. De Quincey.

Mis•paint´ , v. t. To paint ill, or wrongly.

Mis•pas´sion , n. Wrong passion or feeling. [Obs.]

Mis•pay´ , v. t. [Cf. Appay.] To dissatisfy. [Obs.]

Mis•pell´ , v. t., Mis•pend´ , v. t., etc. See Misspell, Misspend, etc.

Mis•pense´ , n. See Misspense. Bp. Hall.

Mis•per•cep´tion , n. Erroneous perception.

Mis•per•suade´ , v. t. To persuade amiss.

Mis•per•sua´sion , n. A false persuasion; wrong notion or opinion. Dr. H. More.

Mis•pick´el , n. [G.] (Min.) Arsenical iron pyrites; arsenopyrite.

Mis•place´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misplaced p. pr. & vb. n. Misplacing ] To put in a wrong place; to set or place on an improper or unworthy object; as he misplaced his confidence.

Mis•place´ment , n. The act of misplacing, or the state of being misplaced.

Mis•plead´ , v. i. To err in pleading.

Mis•plead´ing, n. (Law) An error in pleading.

Mis•point´ , v. t. To point improperly; to punctuate wrongly.

Mis•pol´i•cy , n. Wrong policy; impolicy.

Mis•prac´tice , n. Wrong practice.

Mis•praise´ , v. t. To praise amiss.

Mis•print´ , v. t. To print wrong.

Mis•print´, n. A mistake in printing; a deviation from the copy; as a book full of misprints.

Mis•prise´ , v. t. See Misprize. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•prise´, v. t. [OF. mesprise mistake, F. meprise, fr. mespris, masc., mesprise, fem., p. p. of mesprendre to mistake; F. meprendre; pref. mes- amiss + prendre to take, L. prehendere.] To mistake. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•pri´sion , n. [LL. misprisio, or OF. mesprison, prop., a mistaking, but confused with OF. mespris contempt, F. mepris. See 2d Misprise, Misprize, Prison.] 1. The act of misprising; misapprehension; misconception; mistake. [Archaic] Fuller. “The misprision of this passage has aided in fostering the delusive notion.” Hare. 2. Neglect; undervaluing; contempt. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Law) A neglect, negligence, or contempt. In its larger and older sense it was used to signify ´every considerable misdemeanor which has not a certain name given to it in the law.´ Russell.

In a more modern sense it is applied exclusively to two offenses: - -
1. Misprision of treason, which is omission to notify the authorities of an act of treason by a person cognizant thereof. Stephen. 2. Misprision of felony, which is a concealment of a felony by a person cognizant thereof. Stephen.

Mis•prize´ (mis•priz´), v. t. [OF. mesprisier to deprise, F. mepriser; pref. amiss, wrong (L. minus less + LL. pretium price. See price, Prize, v.] To slight or undervalue. “O, for those vanished hours, so much misprized!” Hillhouse. “I do not blame them, madam, nor misprize.” Mrs. Browning.

Mis•pro•ceed´ing , n. Wrong or irregular proceding.

Mis•pro•fess´ , v. i. To make a false profession; to make pretensions to skill which is not possessed.

Mis•pro•fess´, v. t. To make a false profession of.

Mis•pro•nounce´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Mispronounced p. pr. & vb. n. Mispronouncing ] To pronounce incorrectly.

Mis•pro•nun•ci•a´tion , n. Wrong or improper pronunciation.

Mis•pro•por´tion , v. t. To give wrong proportions to; to join without due proportion.

Mis•proud´, a. Viciously proud. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•punc´tu•ate ( 135), v. t. To punctuate wrongly or incorrectly.

Mis•quo•ta´tion , n. Erroneous or inaccurate quotation.

Mis•quote´ , v. t. & i. To quote erroneously or incorrectly. Shak.

Mis•raise´ , v. t. To raise or excite unreasonable. ´Misraised fury.´ Bp. Hall.

Mis•rate´ , v. t. To rate erroneously.

Mis•read´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misread p. pr. & vb. n. Misreading ] To read amiss; to misunderstand in reading.

Mis•re•ceive´ , v. t. To receive wrongly.

Mis•re•cit´al , n. An inaccurate recital.

Mis•re•cite´ , v. t. & i. To recite erroneously.

Mis•reck´on , v. t. & i. To reckon wrongly; to miscalculate. Swift.

Mis•reck´on•ing, n. An erroneous computation.

Mis•rec•ol•lect´ , v. t. & i. To have an erroneous remembrance of; to suppose erroneously that one recollects. Hitchcock.

Mis•rec•ol•lec´tion , n. Erroneous or inaccurate recollection.

Mis•re•form´ , v. t. To reform wrongly or imperfectly.

Mis•re•gard´ , n. Wrong understanding; misconstruction. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•reg´u•late , v. t. To regulate wrongly or imperfectly; to fail to regulate.

Mis•re•hearse´ , v. t. To rehearse or quote incorrectly. Sir T. More.

Mis•re•late´ , v. t. To relate inaccurately.

Mis•re•la´tion , n. Erroneous relation or narration. Abp. Bramhall.

Mis•re•li´gion , n. False religion. [R.]

Mis•re•mem´ber , v. t. & i. To mistake in remembering; not to remember correctly. Sir T. More.

Mis•ren´der , v. t. To render wrongly; to translate or recite wrongly. Boyle.

Mis•re•peat´ , v. t. To repeat wrongly; to give a wrong version of. Gov. Winthrop.

Mis•re•port´ , v. t. & i. To report erroneously; to give an incorrect account of. Locke.

Mis•re•port´, n. An erroneous report; a false or incorrect account given. Denham. South.

Mis•rep•re•sent´ , v. t. To represent incorrectly (almost always, unfavorably); to give a false or erroneous representation of, either maliciously, ignorantly, or carelessly. Swift.

Mis•rep•re•sent´, v. i. To make an incorrect or untrue representation. Milton.

Mis•rep•re•sen•ta´tion , n. Untrue representation; false or incorrect statement or account; — usually unfavorable to the thing represented; as a misrepresentation of a person’s motives. Sydney Smith. In popular use, this word often conveys the idea of intentional untruth.

Mis•rep•re•sent´a•tive , a. Tending to convey a wrong impression; misrepresenting.

Mis•rep•re•sent´er , n. One who misrepresents.

Mis•re•pute´ , v. t. To have in wrong estimation; to repute or estimate erroneously.

Mis•rule´ , v. t. & i. To rule badly; to misgovern.

Mis•rule´, n. 1. The act, or the result, of misruling. 2. Disorder; confusion; tumult from insubordination. “Enormous riot and misrule surveyed.” Pope. Abbot of Misrule, or Lord of Misrule. See under Abbot, and Lord.

Mis•rul´y , a. Unruly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Miss (mis), n.; pl. Misses (-sez). [Contr. fr. mistress.] 1. A title of courtesy prefixed to the name of a girl or a woman who has not been married. See Mistress, 5. There is diversity of usage in the application of this title to two or more persons of the same name. We may write either the Miss Browns or the Misses Brown. 2. A young unmarried woman or a girl; as she is a miss of sixteen. “Gay vanity, with smiles and kisses,
Was busy ’mongst the maids and misses.” Cawthorn. 3. A kept mistress. See Mistress, 4. [Obs.] Evelyn. 4. (Card Playing) In the game of three-card loo, an extra hand, dealt on the table, which may be substituted for the hand dealt to a player.

Miss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Missed (mist); p. pr. & vb. n. Missing.] [AS. missan; akin to D. & G. missen, OHG. missan, Icel. missa, Sw. mista, Dan. miste. rad.100. See Mis-, pref.] 1. To fail of hitting, reaching, getting, finding, seeing, hearing, etc.; as to miss the mark one shoots at; to miss the train by being late; to miss opportunites of getting knowledge; to miss the point or meaning of something said. “When a man misses his great end, happiness, he will acknowledge he judged not right.” Locke. 2. To omit; to fail to have or to do; to get without; to dispense with; — now seldom applied to persons. “She would never miss, one day,
A walk so fine, a sight so gay.” Prior. “We cannot miss him; he does make our fire,
Fetch in our wood.” Shak. 3. To discover the absence or omission of; to feel the want of; to mourn the loss of; to want. Shak. “Neither missed we anything … Nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him.” 1 Sam. xxv. 15, 21. “What by me thou hast lost, thou least shalt miss.” Milton. To miss stays. (Naut.) See under Stay.

Miss , v. i. 1. To fail to hit; to fly wide; to deviate from the true direction. “Men observe when things hit, and not when they miss.” Bacon. “Flying bullets now,
To execute his rage, appear too slow;
They miss, or sweep but common souls away.” Waller. 2. To fail to obtain, learn, or find; — with of. “Upon the least reflection, we can not miss of them.” Atterbury. 3. To go wrong; to err. [Obs.] “Amongst the angels, a whole legion
Of wicked sprites did fall from happy bliss;
What wonder then if one, of women all, did miss?” Spenser. 4. To be absent, deficient, or wanting. [Obs.] See Missing, a. “What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.” Shak.

Miss, n. 1. The act of missing; failure to hit, reach, find, obtain, etc. 2. Loss; want; felt absence. [Obs.] “There will be no great miss of those which are lost.” Locke. 3. Mistake; error; fault. Shak. “He did without any great miss in the hardest points of grammar.” Ascham. 4. Harm from mistake. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis´sa , n.; pl. Missae (#). [LL. See 1st Mass.] (R.C.Ch.) The service or sacrifice of the Mass.

Mis´sal , n. [LL. missale, liber missalis, from missa mass: cf. F. missel. See 1st Mass.] The book containing the service of the Mass for the entire year; a Mass book.

Mis´sal, a. Of or pertaining to the Mass, or to a missal or Mass book. Bp. Hall.

Mis•say´ , v. t. 1. To say wrongly. 2. To speak evil of; to slander. [Obs.]

Mis•say´, v. i. To speak ill. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•seek´ , v. t. To seek for wrongly. [Obs.]

Mis•seem´ , v. i. 1. To make a false appearance. [Obs.] 2. To misbecome; to be misbecoming. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis´sel , n. Mistletoe. [Obs.] Missel bird, Missel thrush (Zoöl.), a large European thrush (Turdus viscivorus) which feeds on the berries of the mistletoe; — called also mistletoe thrush and missel.

Mis´sel•dine , n. [See Mistletoe.] [Written also misselden.] The mistletoe. [Obs.] Baret.

Mis´sel•toe , n. See Mistletoe.

Mis•sem´blance , n. False resemblance or semblance. [Obs.]

Mis•send´ , v. t. To send amiss or incorrectly.

Mis•serve´ , v. t. & i. To serve unfaithfully.

Mis•set´ (mis•set´), v. t. To set or place wrongly.

Mis•shape´ , v. t. To shape ill; to give an ill or unnatural from to; to deform. ´Figures monstrous and misshaped.´ Pope.

Mis•shap´en , a. Having a bad or ugly form. ´The mountains are misshapen.´ Bentley. — Mis•shap´en•ly, adv. — Mis•shap´en•ness, n.

Mis•sheathed´ , a. Sheathed by mistake; wrongly sheathed; sheathed in a wrong place. Shak.

Mis•sif´i•cate , v. i. [LL. missa Mass + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy- .] To perform Mass. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis´sile , a. [L. missils, fr. mittere, missum, to cause to go, to send, to throw; cf. Lith. mesti to throw: cf. F. missile. Cf. Admit, Dismiss, Mass the religious service, Message, Mission.] Capable of being thrown; adapted for hurling or to be projected from the hand, or from any instrument or engine, so as to strike an object at a distance. “We bend the bow, or wing the missile dart.” Pope.

Mis´sile, n. [L. missile.] A weapon thrown or projected or intended to be projected, as a lance, an arrow, or a bullet.

Miss´ing , a. [From Miss, v. i.] Absent from the place where it was expected to be found; lost; wanting; not present when called or looked for. “Neither was there aught missing unto them.” 1 Sam. xxv. 7. “For a time caught up to God, as once
Moses was in the mount, and missing long.” Milton.

Miss´ing•ly, adv. With a sense of loss. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis´sion , n. [L. missio, fr. mittere, missum, to send: cf. F. mission. See Missile.] 1. The act of sending, or the state of being sent; a being sent or delegated by authority, with certain powers for transacting business; comission. “Whose glorious deeds, but in these fields of late,
Made emulous missions ’mongst the gods themselves.” Shak. 2. That with which a messenger or agent is charged; an errand; business or duty on which one is sent; a commission. “How to begin, how to accomplish best
His end of being on earth, and mission high.” Milton. 3. Persons sent; any number of persons appointed to perform any service; a delegation; an embassy. “In these ships there should be a mission of three of the fellows or brethren of Solomon’s house.” Bacon. 4. An assotiation or organization of missionaries; a station or residence of missionaries. 5. An organization for worship and work, dependent on one or more churches. 6. A course of extraordinary sermons and services at a particular place and time for the special purpose of quickening the faith and zeal participants, and of converting unbelievers. Addis & Arnold. 7. Dismission; discharge from service. [Obs.] Mission school. (a) A school connected with a mission and conducted by missionaries. (b) A school for the religious instruction of children not having regular church privileges. Syn. — Message; errand; commission; deputation.

Mis´sion , v. t. To send on a mission. [Mostly used in the form of the past participle.] Keats.

Mis´sion•ary , n.; pl. Missionaries (#). [Cf. F. missionnaire. See Mission, n.] One who is sent on a mission; especially, one sent to propagate religion. Swift. Missionary apostolic, a Roman Catholic missionary sent by commission from the pope.

Mis´sion•a•ry, a. Of or pertaining to missions; as a missionary meeting; a missionary fund.

Mis´sion•er , n. A missionary; an envoy; one who conducts a mission. See Mission, n., 6. ´Like mighty missioner you come.´ Dryden.

Mis´sis , n. A mistress; a wife; — so used by the illiterate. G. Eliot.

Miss´ish, a. Like a miss; prim; affected; sentimental. — Miss´ish•ness, n.

Mis•sit´ , v. t. To sit badly or imperfectly upon; to misbecome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis´sive , a. [See Missive, n.] 1. Specially sent; intended or prepared to be sent; as a letter missive. Ayliffe. 2. Missile. ´The missive weapons fly.´ Dryden. Letters missive, letters conveying the permission, comand, or advice of a superior authority, as a sovereign. They are addressed and sent to some certain person or persons, and are distinguished from letters patent, which are addressed to the public.

Mis´sive, n. [F. lettre missive. See Mission, n.] 1. That which is sent; a writing containing a message. 2. One who is sent; a messenger. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•sound´ , v. t. To sound wrongly; to utter or pronounce incorrectly. E,Hall.

Mis•speak´ , v. i. To err in speaking.

Mis•speak´, v. t. To utter wrongly.

Mis•speech´ , n. Wrong speech. [Obs.]

Mis•spell´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misspelled , or Misspelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Misspelling.] To spell incorrectly.

Mis•spell´ing, n. A wrong spelling.

Mis•spend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misspent p. pr. & vb. n. Misspending.] To spend amiss or for wrong purposes; to squander; to waste; as to misspend time or money. J. Philips.

Mis•spend´er , n. One who misspends.

Mis•spense´ , n. A spending improperly; a wasting. [Obs.] Barrow.

Mis•spent´ , imp. & p. p. of Misspend.

Mis•state´ , v. t. To state wrongly; as to misstate a question in debate. Bp. Sanderson.

Mis•state´ment , n. An incorrect statement.

Mis•stayed´ , a. (Naut.) Having missed stays; — said of a ship.

Mis•step´, n. A wrong step; an error of conduct.

Mis•step´, v. i. To take a wrong step; to go astray.

Mis•suc•cess´ , n. Failure. [Obs.]

Mis•sug•ges´tion , n. Wrong or evil suggestion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•sum•ma´tion, n. Wrong summation.

Mis•swear´ , v. i. To swear falsely.

Mis´sy , n. (Min.) See Misy.

Mis´sy, n. An affectionate, or contemptuous, form of miss; a young girl; a miss. — a. Like a miss, or girl.

Mist (mist), n. [AS. mist; akin to D. & Sw. mist, Icel. mistr, G. mist dung, Goth. maíhstus, AS. migan to make water, Icel. miga, Lith. migla mist, Russ. mgla, L. mingere, meiere, to make water, Gr. to make water, mist, Skr. mih to make water, n., a mist mgha cloud. rad.102. Cf. Misle, Mizzle, Mixen.] 1. Visible watery vapor suspended in the atmosphere, at or near the surface of the earth; fog. 2. Coarse, watery vapor, floating or falling in visible particles, approaching the form of rain; as Scotch mist. 3. Hence, anything which dims or darkens, and obscures or intercepts vision. “His passion cast a mist before his sense.” Dryden. Mist flower (Bot.), a composite plant (Eupatorium cœlestinum), having heart-shaped leaves, and corymbs of lavender-blue flowers. It is found in the Western and Southern United States.

Mist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misted; p. pr. & vb. n. Misting.] To cloud; to cover with mist; to dim. Shak.

Mist, v. i. To rain in very fine drops; as it mists.

Mis•tak´a•ble , a. Liable to be mistaken; capable of being misconceived. Sir T. Browne.

Mis•take´ (mis•tak´), v. t. [imp. & obs. p. p. Mistook (- took´); p. p. Mistaken (-tak´’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Mistaking.] [Pref. mis- + take: cf. Icel. mistaka.] 1. To take or choose wrongly. [Obs. or R.] Shak. 2. To take in a wrong sense; to misunderstand misapprehend, or misconceive; as to mistake a remark; to mistake one’s meaning. Locke. “My father’s purposes have been mistook.” Shak. 3. To substitute in thought or perception; as to mistake one person for another. “A man may mistake the love of virtue for the practice of it.” Johnson. 4. To have a wrong idea of in respect of character, qualities, etc.; to misjudge. “Mistake me not so much,
To think my poverty is treacherous.” Shak.

Mis•take´, v. i. To err in knowledge, perception, opinion, or judgment; to commit an unintentional error. “Servants mistake, and sometimes occasion misunderstanding among friends.” Swift.

Mis•take´ (mis•tak´), n. 1. An apprehending wrongly; a misconception; a misunderstanding; a fault in opinion or judgment; an unintentional error of conduct. “Infallibility is an absolute security of the understanding from all possibility of mistake.” Tillotson. 2. (Law) Misconception, error, which when non-negligent may be ground for rescinding a contract, or for refusing to perform it. No mistake, surely; without fail; as it will happen at the appointed time, and no mistake. [Low] Syn. — Blunder; error; bull. See Blunder.

Mis•tak´en , p. a. 1. Being in error; judging wrongly; having a wrong opinion or a misconception; as a mistaken man; he is mistaken. 2. Erroneous; wrong; as a mistaken notion.

Mis•tak´en•ly, adv. By mistake. Goldsmith.

Mis•tak´en•ness, n. Erroneousness.

Mis•tak´er , n. One who mistakes. “Well meaning ignorance of some mistakers.” Bp. Hall.

Mis•tak´ing, n. An error; a mistake. Shak.

Mis•tak´ing•ly, adv. Erroneously.

Mis•taught´ (mis•tat´), a. [See Misteach.] Wrongly taught; as a mistaught youth. L’Estrange.

Mis•teach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mistaught p. pr. & vb. n. Misteaching.] [AS. mistaecan.] To teach wrongly; to instruct erroneously.

Mis•tell´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mistold p. pr. & vb. n. Mistelling.] To tell erroneously.

Mis•tem´per , v. t. To temper ill; to disorder; as to mistemper one’s head. Warner. “This inundation of mistempered humor.” Shak.

Mis´ter , n. [See Master, and cf. Mistress.] A title of courtesy prefixed to the name of a man or youth. It is usually written in the abbreviated form Mr. “To call your name, inquire your where,
Or what you think of Mister Some-one’s book,
Or Mister Other’s marriage or decease.” Mrs. Browning.

Mis´ter, v. t. To address or mention by the title Mr.; as he mistered me in a formal way. [Colloq.]

Mis´ter, n. [OF. mistier trade, office, ministry, need, F. metier trade, fr. L. ministerium service, office, ministry. See Ministry, Mystery trade.] [Written also mester.] 1. A trade, art, or occupation. [Obs.] “In youth he learned had a good mester.” Chaucer. 2. Manner; kind; sort. [Obs.] Spenser. “But telleth me what mester men ye be.” Chaucer. 3. Need; necessity. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Mis´ter, v. i. To be needful or of use. [Obs.] “As for my name, it mistereth not to tell.” Spenser.

Mis•term´ , v. t. To call by a wrong name; to miscall.

Mis´ter•y , n. See Mystery, a trade.

Mist´ful , a. Clouded with, or as with, mist.

Mis•think´ , v. i. [See Think.] To think wrongly. [Obs.] ´Adam misthought of her.´ Milton.

Mis•think´, v. t. To have erroneous thoughts or judgment of; to think ill of. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•thought´ , n. Erroneous thought; mistaken opinion; error. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•thrive´ , v. i. To thrive poorly; to be not thrifty or prosperous. [Obs.]

Mis•throw´ , v. t. To throw wrongly. { Mis´tic , Mis´ti•co } n. [Sp. místico.] A kind of small sailing vessel used in the Mediterranean. It is rigged partly like a xebec, and partly like a felucca.

Mis•tide´ , v. i. [AS. mistidan. See Tide.] To happen or come to pass unfortunately; also to suffer evil fortune. [Obs.] { Mis•ti•gris´ , Mis•ti•gri´ }, n. [F. mistigri.] A variety of the game of poker in which the joker is used, and called mistigris or mistigri.

Mist´i•head , n. Mistiness. [Obs.]

Mist´i•ly, adv. With mist; darkly; obscurely.

Mis•time´ , v. t. [AS. mistimain to turn out ill.] To time wrongly; not to adapt to the time.

Mist´i•ness , n. State of being misty.

Mis´tion , n. [L. mistio, mixtio. See Mix, and cf. Mixtion.] Mixture. [Obs.]

Mis•ti´tle , v. t. To call by a wrong title.

Mis´tle , v. i. [Eng. mist. See Misle, and Mizzle.] To fall in very fine drops, as rain.

Mis´tle•toe , n. [AS. misteltan; mistel mistletoe + tan twig. AS. mistel is akin of D., G., Dan. & Sw. mistel, OHG. mistil, Icel. mistilteinn; and AS. tan to D. teen, OHG. zein, Icel. teinn, Goth. tains. Cf. Missel.] (Bot.) A parasitic evergreen plant of Europe (Viscum album), bearing a glutinous fruit. When found upon the oak, where it is rare, it was an object of superstitious regard among the Druids. A bird lime is prepared from its fruit. [Written also misletoe, misseltoe, and mistleto.] Lindley. Loudon. The mistletoe of the United States is Phoradendron flavescens, having broader leaves than the European kind. In different regions various similar plants are called by this name.

Mis´to•nusk , n. [From the Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The American badger.

Mis•took´ , imp. & obs. p. p. of Mistake.

Mis•tra•di´tion , n. A wrong tradition. ´Monsters of mistradition.´ Tennyson.

Mis•train´ , v. t. To train amiss.

Mis´tral , n. [F., fr. Provençal.] A violent and cold northwest wind experienced in the Mediterranean provinces of France, etc.

Mis•trans•late´ , v. t. To translate erroneously.

Mis•trans•la´tion , n. Wrong translation.

Mis•trans•port´ , v. t. To carry away or mislead wrongfully, as by passion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•tread´ing , n. Misstep; misbehavior. ´To punish my mistreadings.´ Shak.

Mis•treat´ , v. t. To treat amiss; to abuse.

Mis•treat´ment , n. Wrong treatment.

Mis´tress , n. [OE. maistress, OF. maistresse, F. maîtresse, LL. magistrissa, for L. magistra, fem. of magister. See Master, Mister, and cf. Miss a young woman.] 1. A woman having power, authority, or ownership; a woman who exercises authority, is chief, etc.; the female head of a family, a school, etc. “The late queen’s gentlewoman! a knight’s daughter!
To be her mistress’ mistress!” Shak. 2. A woman well skilled in anything, or having the mastery over it. “A letter desires all young wives to make themselves mistresses of Wingate’s Arithmetic.” Addison. 3. A woman regarded with love and devotion; she who has command over one’s heart; a beloved object; a sweetheart. [Poetic] Clarendon. 4. A woman filling the place, but without the rights, of a wife; a concubine; a loose woman with whom one consorts habitually. Spectator. 5. A title of courtesy formerly prefixed to the name of a woman, married or unmarried, but now superseded by the contracted forms, Mrs., for a married, and Miss, for an unmarried, woman. “Now Mistress Gilpin (careful soul).” Cowper. 6. A married woman; a wife. [Scot.] “Several of the neighboring mistresses had assembled to witness the event of this memorable evening.” Sir W. Scott. 7. The old name of the jack at bowls. Beau. & Fl. To be one’s own mistress, to be exempt from control by another person.

Mis´tress, v. i. To wait upon a mistress; to be courting. [Obs.] Donne.

Mis´tress•ship, n. 1. Female rule or dominion. 2. Ladyship, a style of address; — with the personal pronoun. [Obs.] Massinger.

Mis•tri´al , n. (Law) A false or erroneous trial; a trial which has no result.

Mis•trist´ , v. t. To mistrust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•trow´ , v. i. To think wrongly. [Obs.]

Mis•trust´ , n. Want of confidence or trust; suspicion; distrust. Milton.

Mis•trust´, v. t. 1. To regard with jealousy or suspicion; to suspect; to doubt the integrity of; to distrust. “I will never mistrust my wife again.” Shak. 2. To forebode as near, or likely to occur; to surmise. “By a divine instinct, men’s minds mistrust
Ensuing dangers.” Shak.

Mis•trust´er , n. One who mistrusts.

Mis•trust´ful , a. Having or causing mistrust, suspicions, or forebodings. “Their light blown out in some mistrustful wood.” Shak. — Mis•trust´ful•ly, adv. — Mis•trust´ful•ness, n.

Mis•trust´ing•ly, adv. With distrust or suspicion.

Mis•trust´less, a. Having no mistrust or suspicion. “The swain mistrustless of his smutted face.” Goldsmith.

Mis•tune´ , v. t. To tune wrongly.

Mis•tu´ra , n. [L. See Mixture.] (Med.) (a) A mingled compound in which different ingredients are contained in a liquid state; a mixture. See Mixture, n., 4. (b) Sometimes, a liquid medicine containing very active substances, and which can only be administered by drops. Dunglison.

Mis•turn´ , v. t. To turn amiss; to pervert.

Mis•tu´tor , v. t. To instruct amiss.

Mist´y (mist´y), a. [Compar. Mistier (-i•er); superl. Mistiest.] [AS. mistig. See Mist. In some senses misty has been confused with mystic.] 1. Accompanied with mist; characterized by the presence of mist; obscured by, or overspread with, mist; as misty weather; misty mountains; a misty atmosphere. 2. Obscured as if by mist; dim; obscure; clouded; as misty sight. “The more I muse therein [theology],
The mistier it seemeth.” Piers Plowman.

Mis•un•der•stand´ (mis•un•der•stand´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misunderstood (- stood´); p. pr. & vb. n. Misunderstanding.] To misconceive; to mistake; to miscomprehend; to take in a wrong sense.

Mis•un•der•stand´er (-er), n. One who misunderstands. Sir T. More.

Mis•un•der•stand´ing, n. 1. Mistake of the meaning; error; misconception. Bacon. 2. Disagreement; difference of opinion; dissension; quarrel. ´Misunderstandings among friends.´ Swift.

Mi•su•ra´to (me•soo•rä´to), a. [It.] (Mus.) Measured; — a direction to perform a passage in strict or measured time.

Mis•us´age (mis•uz´aj), n. [Cf. F. mesusage.] Bad treatment; abuse. Spenser.

Mis•use´ (-uz´), v. t. [F. mesuser. See Mis-, prefix from French, and Use.] 1. To treat or use improperly; to use to a bad purpose; to misapply; as to misuse one’s talents. South. “The sweet poison of misused wine.” Milton. 2. To abuse; to treat ill. “O, she misused me past the endurance of a block.” Shak. Syn. — To maltreat; abuse; misemploy; misapply.

Mis•use´ (mis•us´), n. 1. Wrong use; misapplication; erroneous or improper use. “Words little suspected for any such misuse.” Locke. 2. Violence, or its effects. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•use´ment , n. Misuse. [Obs.]

Mis•us´er , n. 1. One who misuses. ´Wretched misusers of language.´ Coleridge. 2. (Law) Unlawful use of a right; use in excess of, or varying from, one’s right. Bouvier.

Mis•val´ue , v. t. To value wrongly or too little; to undervalue. “But for I am so young, I dread my work
Wot be misvalued both of old and young.” W. Browne.

Mis•vouch´ , v. t. To vouch falsely.

Mis•wan´der , v. i. To wander in a wrong path; to stray; to go astray. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•way´ , n. A wrong way. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•wear´ , v. t. To wear ill. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mis•wed´ , v. t. To wed improperly.

Mis•ween´ , v. i. To ween amiss; to misjudge; to distrust; to be mistaken. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•wend´ , v. i. To go wrong; to go astray. [Obs.] ´The world is miswent.´ Gower.

Mis•word´ , v. t. To word wrongly; as to misword a message, or a sentence.

Mis•word´, n. A word wrongly spoken; a cross word. [Obs.] Sylvester. Breton.

Mis•wor´ship , n. Wrong or false worship; mistaken practices in religion. Bp. Hall. “Such hideous jungle of misworships.” Carlyle.

Mis•wor´ship, v. t. To worship wrongly. Bp. Hall.

Mis•wor´ship•er , n. One who worships wrongly.

Mis•write´ , v. t. To write incorrectly.

Mis•wrought´ , a. Badly wrought. Bacon.

Mi´sy , n. [Cf. L. misy a mineral, perh. copperas Gr. .] (Min.) An impure yellow sulphate of iron; yellow copperas or copiapite.

Mis•yoke´ , v. t. To yoke improperly.

Mis•zeal´ous , a. Mistakenly zealous. [Obs.]

Mite (mit), n. [AS. mite mite (in sense 1); akin to LG. mite, D. mijt, G. miete, OHG. miza; cf. Goth. maitan to cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) A minute arachnid, of the order Acarina, of which there are many species; as the cheese mite, sugar mite, harvest mite, etc. See Acarina. 2. [D. mijt; prob. the same word.] A small coin formerly circulated in England, rated at about a third of a farthing. The name is also applied to a small coin used in Palestine in the time of Christ. “Two mites, which make a farthing.” Mark xii. 49. 3. A small weight; one twentieth of a grain. 4. Anything very small; a minute object; a very little quantity or particle. “For in effect they be not worth a myte.” Chaucer. { Mi´ter , Mi´tre } , n. [F. mitre, fr. L. mitra headband, turban, Gr. .] 1. A covering for the head, worn on solemn occasions by church dignitaries. It has been made in many forms, the present form being a lofty cap with two points or peaks. Fairholt. 2. The surface forming the beveled end or edge of a piece where a miter joint is made; also a joint formed or a junction effected by two beveled ends or edges; a miter joint. 3. (Numis.) A sort of base money or coin. Miter box (Carp. & Print.), an apparatus for guiding a handsaw at the proper angle in making a miter joint; esp., a wooden or metal trough with vertical kerfs in its upright sides, for guides. — Miter dovetail (Carp.), a kind of dovetail for a miter joint in which there is only one joint line visible, and that at the angle. — Miter gauge (Carp.), a gauge for determining the angle of a miter. — Miter joint, a joint formed by pieces matched and united upon a line bisecting the angle of junction, as by the beveled ends of two pieces of molding or brass rule, etc. The term is used especially when the pieces form a right angle. See Miter, 2. — Miter shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine univalve shells of the genus Mitra. — Miter square (Carp.), a bevel with an immovable arm at an angle of 45°, for striking lines on stuff to be mitered; also a square with an arm adjustable to any angle. — Miter wheels, a pair of bevel gears, of equal diameter, adapted for working together, usually with their axes at right angles. { Mi´ter , Mi´tre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mitered or Mitred; p. pr. & vb. n. Mitering or Mitring.] 1. To place a miter upon; to adorn with a miter. ´Mitered locks.´ Milton. 2. To match together, as two pieces of molding or brass rule on a line bisecting the angle of junction; to bevel the ends or edges of, for the purpose of matching together at an angle. { Mi´ter , Mi´tre }, v. i. To meet and match together, as two pieces of molding, on a line bisecting the angle of junction.

Mi´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Mitella, — slender, perennial herbs with a pod slightly resembling a bishop’s miter; bishop’s cap. False miterwort, a white-flowered perennial herb of the United States (Tiarella cardifolia).

Mith´ic , a. See Mythic.

Mi´thras , n. [L., from Gr. .] The sun god of the Persians.

Mith´ri•date , n. (Med.) An antidote against poison, or a composition in form of an electuary, supposed to serve either as a remedy or a preservative against poison; an alexipharmic; — so called from King Mithridates, its reputed inventor. “[Love is] a drop of the true elixir; no mithridate so effectual against the infection of vice.” Southey.

Mith•ri•dat´ic (mith•ri•dat´ik), a. Of or pertaining to King Mithridates, or to a mithridate.

Mit´i•ga•ble , a. Admitting of mitigation; that may be mitigated.

Mit´i•gant , a. [L. mitigans, p. pr. of mitigare. See Mitigate.] Tending to mitigate; mitigating; lenitive. Johnson.

Mit´i•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mitigated p. pr. & vb. n. Mitigating.] [L. mitigatus, p. p. of mitigare to soften, mitigate; mitis mild, soft + the root of agere to do, drive.] 1. To make less severe, intense, harsh, rigorous, painful, etc.; to soften; to meliorate; to alleviate; to diminish; to lessen; as to mitigate heat or cold; to mitigate grief. 2. To make mild and accessible; to mollify; - - applied to persons. [Obs.] “This opinion … mitigated kings into companions.” Burke. Syn. — To alleviate; assuage; allay. See Alleviate.

Mit•i•ga´tion , n. [OE. mitigacioun, F. mitigation, fr. L. mitigatio.] The act of mitigating, or the state of being mitigated; abatement or diminution of anything painful, harsh, severe, afflictive, or calamitous; as the mitigation of pain, grief, rigor, severity, punishment, or penalty. Syn. — Alleviation; abatement; relief.

Mit´i•ga•tive , a. [L. mitigativus: cf. F. mitigatif.] Tending to mitigate; alleviating.

Mit´i•ga•tor , n. One who, or that which, mitigates.

Mit´i•ga•to•ry , a. Tending to mitigate or alleviate; mitigative.

Mit´ing , n. [From Mite.] A little one; — used as a term of endearment. [Obs.] Skelton.

Mi´tome , n. [Gr. a thread.] (Biol.) The denser part of the protoplasm of a cell.

Mi•to´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a thread.] (Biol.) See Karyokinesis.

Mi•traille´ , n. [F. See Mitrailleur.] Shot or bits of iron used sometimes in loading cannon.

Mi•tra•illeur´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) One who serves a mitrailleuse.

Mi•tra•illeuse´ , n. [F., fr. mitrailler to fire grapeshot, fr. mitraille old iron, grapeshot, dim. of OF. mite a mite.] (Mil.) A breech-loading machine gun consisting of a number of barrels fitted together, so arranged that the barrels can be fired simultaneously, or successively, and rapidly.

Mi´tral , a. [Cf. F. mitral. See Miter.] Pertaining to a miter; resembling a miter; as the mitral valve between the left auricle and left ventricle of the heart.

Mi´tre , n. & v. See Miter.

Mit´ri•form , a. [Miter + -form: cf. F. mitriforme.] Having the form of a miter, or a peaked cap; as a mitriform calyptra. Gray.

Mitt , n. [Abbrev. fr. mitten.] A mitten; also a covering for the wrist and hand and not for the fingers.

Mit´ten , n. [OE. mitaine, meteyn, F. mitaine, perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. miotog, Gael. miotag, Ir. & Gael. mutan a muff, a thick glove. Cf. Mitt.] 1. A covering for the hand, worn to defend it from cold or injury. It differs from a glove in not having a separate sheath for each finger. Chaucer. 2. A cover for the wrist and forearm. To give the mitten to, to dismiss as a lover; to reject the suit of. [Colloq.] — To handle without mittens, to treat roughly; to handle without gloves. [Colloq.]

Mit´tened , a. Covered with a mitten or mittens. ´Mittened hands.´ Whittier.

Mit´tent , a. [L. mittens, p. pr. of mittere to send.] Sending forth; emitting. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Mit´ti•mus , n. [L., we send, fr. mittere to send.] (Law) (a) A precept or warrant granted by a justice for committing to prison a party charged with crime; a warrant of commitment to prison. Burrill. (b) A writ for removing records from one court to another. Brande & C.

Mit´tler’s green (Chem.) A pigment of a green color, the chief constituent of which is oxide of chromium.

Mit´ty , n. The stormy petrel. [Prov. Eng.]

Mi´tu (mi´tu), n. [Braz. mitu poranga.] (Zoöl.) A South American curassow of the genus Mitua.

Mit´y , a. [From Mite.] Having, or abounding with, mites.

Mix (miks), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mixed (mikst) (less properly Mixt); p. pr. & vb. n. Mixing.] [AS. miscan; akin to OHG. misken, G. mischen, Russ. mieshate, W. mysgu, Gael. measg, L. miscere, mixtum, Gr. mi•sgein, migny•nai, Skr. miçra mixed. The English word has been influenced by L. miscere, mixtum (cf. Mixture), and even the AS. miscan may have been borrowed fr. L. miscere. Cf. Admix, Mash to bruise, Meddle.] 1. To cause a promiscuous interpenetration of the parts of, as of two or more substances with each other, or of one substance with others; to unite or blend into one mass or compound, as by stirring together; to mingle; to blend; as to mix flour and salt; to mix wines. “Fair persuasions mixed with sugared words.” Shak. 2. To unite with in company; to join; to associate. “Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people.” Hos. vii. 8. 3. To form by mingling; to produce by the stirring together of ingredients; to compound of different parts. “Hast thou no poison mixed?” Shak. “I have chosen an argument mixed of religious and civil considerations.” Bacon.

Mix , v. i. 1. To become united into a compound; to be blended promiscuously together. 2. To associate; to mingle. “He had mixed
Again in fancied safety with his kind.” Byron.

Mix´a•ble , a. Capable of being mixed.

Mixed , a. Formed by mixing; united; mingled; blended. See Mix, v. t. & i. Mixed action (Law), a suit combining the properties of a real and a personal action. — Mixed angle, a mixtilineal angle. — Mixed fabric, a textile fabric composed of two or more kinds of fiber, as a poplin. — Mixed marriage, a marriage between persons of different races or religions; specifically, one between a Roman Catholic and a Protestant. — Mixed number, a whole number and a fraction taken together. — Mixed train, a railway train containing both passenger and freight cars. — Mixed voices (Mus.), voices of both males and females united in the same performance.

Mix´ed•ly , adv. In a mixed or mingled manner.

Mix´en , n. [AS. mixen, myxen, fr. meohx, meox, dung, filth; akin to E. mist. See Mist.] A compost heap; a dunghill. Chaucer. Tennyson.

Mix´er , n. One who, or that which, mixes.

Mix•og´a•mous , a. [Gr. a mixing + marriage.] (Zoöl.) Pairing with several males; — said of certain fishes of which several males accompany each female during spawning.

Mix•o•lyd´i•an mode [Gr. a mixing + E. Lydian.] (Mus.) The seventh ecclesiastical mode, whose scale commences on G. { Mix•ti•lin´e•al , Mix•ti•lin´e•ar } a. [L. mixtus mixed (p. p. of miscere to mix) + E. lineal, linear.] Containing, or consisting of, lines of different kinds, as straight, curved, and the like; as a mixtilinear angle, that is, an angle contained by a straight line and a curve. [R.]

Mix´tion , n. [L. mixtio, mistio: cf. F. mixtion. See Mistion, Mix.] 1. Mixture. [Obs.] 2. A kind of cement made of mastic, amber, etc., used as a mordant for gold leaf.

Mixt´ly , adv. With mixture; in a mixed manner; mixedly. Bacon.

Mix´ture , n. [L. mixtura, fr. miscere, mixtum, to mix: cf. F. mixture. See Mix.] 1. The act of mixing, or the state of being mixed; as made by a mixture of ingredients. Hooker. 2. That which results from mixing different ingredients together; a compound; as to drink a mixture of molasses and water; — also a medley. “There is also a mixture of good and evil wisely distributed by God, to serve the ends of his providence.” Atterbury. 3. An ingredient entering into a mixed mass; an additional ingredient. “Cicero doubts whether it were possible for a community to exist that had not a prevailing mixture of piety in its constitution.” Addison. 4. (Med.) A kind of liquid medicine made up of many ingredients; esp., as opposed to solution, a liquid preparation in which the solid ingredients are not completely dissolved. 5. (Physics & Chem.) A mass of two or more ingredients, the particles of which are separable, independent, and uncompounded with each other, no matter how thoroughly and finely commingled; — contrasted with a compound; thus, gunpowder is a mechanical mixture of carbon, sulphur, and niter. 6. (Mus.) An organ stop, comprising from two to five ranges of pipes, used only in combination with the foundation and compound stops; — called also furniture stop. It consists of high harmonics, or overtones, of the ground tone. Syn. — Union; admixture; intermixture; medley.

Miz´maze , n. A maze or labyrinth. [Obs.]

Miz´zen , a. [It. mezzana, fr. mezzano middle, fr. mezzo middle, half: cf. F. misaine foresail. See Mezzo.] (Naut.) Hindmost; nearest the stern; as the mizzen shrouds, sails, etc.

Miz´zen, n. (Naut.) The hindmost of the fore and aft sails of a three-masted vessel; also the spanker.

Miz´zen•mast , n. (Naut.) The hindmost mast of a three-masted vessel, or of a yawl-rigged vessel.

Miz´zle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mizzled p. pr. & vb. n. Mizzling ] [See Misle, and cf. Mistle.] 1. To rain in very fine drops. Spenser. 2. To take one’s self off; to go. [Slang] “As long as George the Fourth could reign, he reigned,
And then he mizzled.” Epigram, quoted by Wright.

Miz´zle, n. Mist; fine rain.

Miz´zy , n. [Cf. F. moisi moldy, musty, p. p. of moisir to mold, fr. L. mucere to be moldy.] A bog or quagmire. [Obs.] Ainsworth. { Mne•mon´ic (ne•mon´ik), Mne•mon´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Gr. mnhmoniko•s, fr. mnh•mwn mindful, remembering, mnh•mh memory, mna^sqai to think on, remember; akin to E. mind.] Assisting in memory.

Mne•mo•ni´cian , n. One who instructs in the art of improving or using the memory.

Mne•mon´ics , n. [Gr. ta~ mnhmonika•: cf. F. mnemonique.] The art of memory; a system of precepts and rules intended to assist the memory; artificial memory.

Mne•mos´y•ne , n. [L., fr. Gr. mnhmosy•nh remembrance, memory, and the goddess of memory. See Mnemonic.] (Class Myth.) The goddess of memory and the mother of the Muses.

Mne´mo•tech•ny , n. [Gr. memory + art: cf. F. mnemotechnie.] Mnemonics.

Mo , a., adv., & n. [Written also moe.] [AS. ma. See More.] More; — usually, more in number. [Obs.] “An hundred thousand mo.” Chaucer. “Likely to find mo to commend than to imitate it.” Fuller.

-mo A suffix added to the names of certain numerals or to the numerals themselves, to indicate the number of leaves made by folding a sheet of paper; as sixteenmo or 16mo; eighteenmo or 18mo. It is taken from the Latin forms similarly used; as duodecimo, sextodecimo, etc. A small circle, placed after the number and near its top, is often used for -mo; as 16°, 18°, etc.

Mo´a (mo´a), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several very large extinct species of wingless birds belonging to Dinornis, and other related genera, of the suborder Dinornithes, found in New Zealand. They are allied to the apteryx and the ostrich. They were probably exterminated by the natives before New Zealand was discovered by Europeans. Some species were much larger than the ostrich.

Mo´ab•ite , n. One of the posterity of Moab, the son of Lot. (Gen. xix. 37.) Also used adjectively.

Mo´ab•i•tess , n. A female Moabite. Ruth i. 22.

Mo´ab•i•tish , a. Moabite. Ruth ii. 6.

Moan (mon), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moaned (mond); p. pr. & vb. n. Moaning.] [AS. maenan to moan, also to mean; but in the latter sense perh. a different word. Cf. Mean to intend.] 1. To make a low prolonged sound of grief or pain, whether articulate or not; to groan softly and continuously. “Unpitied and unheard, where misery moans.” Thomson. “Let there bechance him pitiful mischances,
To make him moan.” Shak. 2. To emit a sound like moan; — said of things inanimate; as the wind moans.

Moan, v. t. 1. To bewail audibly; to lament. “Ye floods, ye woods, ye echoes, moan
My dear Columbo, dead and gone.” Prior. 2. To afflict; to distress. [Obs.] “Which infinitely moans me.” Beau. & Fl.

Moan, n. [OE. mone. See Moan, v. i.] 1. A low prolonged sound, articulate or not, indicative of pain or of grief; a low groan. “Sullen moans, hollow groans.” Pope. 2. A low mournful or murmuring sound; — of things. “Rippling waters made a pleasant moan.” Byron.

Moan´ful , a. Full of moaning; expressing sorrow. — Moan´ful•ly, adv.

Moat , n. [OF. mote hill, dike, bank, F. motte clod, turf: cf. Sp. & Pg. mota bank or mound of earth, It. motta clod, LL. mota, motta, a hill on which a fort is built, an eminence, a dike, Prov. G. mott bog earth heaped up; or perh. F. motte, and OF. mote, are from a LL. p. p. of L. movere to move (see Move). The name of moat, properly meaning, bank or mound, was transferred to the ditch adjoining: cf. F. dike and ditch.] (Fort.) A deep trench around the rampart of a castle or other fortified place, sometimes filled with water; a ditch.

Moat, v. t. To surround with a moat. Dryden.

Moate , v. i. [See Mute to molt.] To void the excrement, as a bird; to mute. [Obs.]

Mob , n. [See Mobcap.] A mobcap. Goldsmith.

Mob, v. t. To wrap up in, or cover with, a cowl. [R.]

Mob, n. [L. mobile vulgus, the movable common people. See Mobile, n.] 1. The lower classes of a community; the populace, or the lowest part of it. “A cluster of mob were making themselves merry with their betters.” Addison. 2. Hence: A throng; a rabble; esp., an unlawful or riotous assembly; a disorderly crowd. “The mob of gentlemen who wrote with ease.” Pope. “Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob.” Madison. “Confused by brainless mobs.” Tennyson. Mob law, law administered by the mob; lynch law. — Swell mob, well dressed thieves and swindlers, regarded collectively. [Slang] Dickens.

Mob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Mobbing.] To crowd about, as a mob, and attack or annoy; as to mob a house or a person.

Mob´bish , a. Like a mob; tumultuous; lawless; as a mobbish act. Bp. Kent.

Mob´cap , n. [D. mop-muts; OD. mop a woman’s coif + D. muts cap.] A plain cap or headdress for women or girls; especially, one tying under the chin by a very broad band, generally of the same material as the cap itself. Thackeray.

Mo´bile , a. [L. mobilis, for movibilis, fr. movere to move: cf. F. mobile. See Move.] 1. Capable of being moved; not fixed in place or condition; movable. ´Fixed or else mobile.´ Skelton. 2. Characterized by an extreme degree of fluidity; moving or flowing with great freedom; as benzine and mercury are mobile liquids; — opposed to viscous, viscoidal, or oily. 3. Easily moved in feeling, purpose, or direction; excitable; changeable; fickle. Testament of Love. “The quick and mobile curiosity of her disposition.” Hawthorne. 4. Changing in appearance and expression under the influence of the mind; as mobile features. 5. (Physiol.) Capable of being moved, aroused, or excited; capable of spontaneous movement.

Mo´bile (mo´bil; L. mob´i•le), n. [L. mobile vulgus. See Mobile, a., and cf. 3d Mob.] The mob; the populace. [Obs.] ´The unthinking mobile.´ South.

Mo•bil´i•ty (mo•bil´i•ty), n. [L. mobilitas: cf. F. mobilite.] 1. The quality or state of being mobile; as the mobility of a liquid, of an army, of the populace, of features, of a muscle. Sir T. Browne. 2. The mob; the lower classes. [Humorous] Dryden.

Mob•i•li•za´tion , n. [F. mobilization.] The act of mobilizing.

Mob´i•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mobilized p. pr. & vb. n. Mobilizing ] [F. mobiliser.] To put in a state of readiness for active service in war, as an army corps.

Mo´ble , v. t. [From Mob to wrap up.] To wrap the head of in a hood. [Obs.] Shak.

Mo´bles , n. pl. See Moebles. [Obs.]

Mob•oc´ra•cy , n. [Mob rabble + -cracy, as in democracy.] A condition in which the lower classes of a nation control public affairs without respect to law, precedents, or vested rights. “It is good name that Dr. Stevens has given to our present situation (for one can not call it a government), a mobocracy.” Walpole.

Mob´o•crat , n. One who favors a form of government in which the unintelligent populace rules without restraint. Bayne.

Mob•o•crat´ic , a. Of, or relating to, a mobocracy.

Moc´ca•sin , n. [An Indian word. Algonquin makisin.] [Sometimes written moccason.] 1. A shoe made of deerskin, or other soft leather, the sole and upper part being one piece. It is the customary shoe worn by the American Indians. 2. (Zoöl.) A poisonous snake of the Southern United States. The water moccasin (Ancistrodon piscivorus) is usually found in or near water. Above, it is olive brown, barred with black; beneath, it is brownish yellow, mottled with darker. The upland moccasin is Ancistrodon atrofuscus. They resemble rattlesnakes, but are without rattles. Moccasin flower (Bot.), a species of lady’s slipper (Cypripedium acaule) found in North America. The lower petal is two inches long, and forms a rose-colored moccasin-shaped pouch. It grows in rich woods under coniferous trees.

Moc´ca•sined , a. Covered with, or wearing, a moccasin or moccasins. ´Moccasined feet.´ Harper’s Mag.

Mo´cha , n. 1. A seaport town of Arabia, on the Red Sea. 2. A variety of coffee brought from Mocha. 3. An Abyssinian weight, equivalent to a Troy grain. Mocha stone (Min.), moss agate.

Moche , n. [F.] A bale of raw silk.

Moche , a. Much. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Moch´el , a. & adv. Much. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mo•chi´la , n. [Sp.] A large leather flap which covers the saddletree. [Western U.S.]

Mock , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mocked p. pr. & vb. n. Mocking.] [F. moquer, of uncertain origin; cf. OD. mocken to mumble, G. mucken, OSw. mucka.] 1. To imitate; to mimic; esp., to mimic in sport, contempt, or derision; to deride by mimicry. “To see the life as lively mocked as ever
Still sleep mocked death.” Shak. “Mocking marriage with a dame of France.” Shak. 2. To treat with scorn or contempt; to deride. “Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud.” 1 Kings xviii. 27. “Let not ambition mock their useful toil.” Gray. 3. To disappoint the hopes of; to deceive; to tantalize; as to mock expectation. “Thou hast mocked me, and told me lies.” Judg. xvi. 13. “He will not …
Mock us with his blest sight, then snatch him hence.” Milton. Syn. — To deride; ridicule; taunt; jeer; tantalize; disappoint. See Deride.

Mock, v. i. To make sport in contempt or in jest; to speak in a scornful or jeering manner. “When thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed?” Job xi. 3. “She had mocked at his proposal.” Froude.

Mock, n. 1. An act of ridicule or derision; a scornful or contemptuous act or speech; a sneer; a jibe; a jeer. “Fools make a mock at sin.” Prov. xiv. 9. 2. Imitation; mimicry. [R.] Crashaw.

Mock, a. Imitating reality, but not real; false; counterfeit; assumed; sham. “That superior greatness and mock majesty.” Spectator. Mock bishop’s weed (Bot.), a genus of slender umbelliferous herbs (Discopleura) growing in wet places. — Mock heroic, burlesquing the heroic; as a mock heroic poem. — Mock lead. See Blende (a). — Mock nightingale (Zoöl.), the European blackcap. — Mock orange (Bot.), a genus of American and Asiatic shrubs (Philadelphus), with showy white flowers in panicled cymes. P. coronarius, from Asia, has fragrant flowers; the American kinds are nearly scentless. — Mock sun. See Parhelion. — Mock turtle soup, a soup made of calf’s head, veal, or other meat, and condiments, in imitation of green turtle soup. — Mock velvet, a fabric made in imitation of velvet. See Mockado.

Mock´a•ble , a. Such as can be mocked. Shak.

Mock´a•do , n. A stuff made in imitation of velvet; — probably the same as mock velvet. [Obs.] “Our rich mockado doublet.” Ford.

Mock´a•dour , n. See Mokadour. [Obs.]

Mock´age , n. Mockery. [Obs.] Fuller.

Mock´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The European sedge warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis).

Mock´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, mocks; a scorner; a scoffer; a derider. 2. A deceiver; an impostor. 3. (Zoöl.) A mocking bird. Mocker nut (Bot.), a kind of hickory (Carya tomentosa) and its fruit, which is far inferior to the true shagbark hickory nut.

Mock´er•y , n.; pl. Mockeries (#). [F. moquerie.] 1. The act of mocking, deriding, and exposing to contempt, by mimicry, by insincere imitation, or by a false show of earnestness; a counterfeit appearance. “It is, as the air, invulnerable,
And our vain blows malicious mockery.” Shak. “Grace at meals is now generally so performed as to look more like a mockery upon devotion than any solemn application of the mind to God.” Law. “And bear about the mockery of woe.” Pope. 2. Insulting or contemptuous action or speech; contemptuous merriment; derision; ridicule. “The laughingstock of fortune’s mockeries.” Spenser. 3. Subject of laughter, derision, or sport. “The cruel handling of the city whereof they made a mockery.” 2 Macc. viii. 17.

Mock´ing, a. Imitating, esp. in derision, or so as to cause derision; mimicking; derisive. Mocking bird (Zoöl.), a North American singing bird (Mimus polyglottos), remarkable for its exact imitations of the notes of other birds. Its back is gray; the tail and wings are blackish, with a white patch on each wing; the outer tail feathers are partly white. The name is also applied to other species of the same genus, found in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. — Mocking thrush (Zoöl.), any species of the genus Harporhynchus, as the brown thrush (H. rufus). — Mocking wren (Zoöl.), any American wren of the genus Thryothorus, esp. T. Ludovicianus.

Mock´ing•ly, adv. By way of derision; in a contemptuous or mocking manner.

Mock´ing•stock , n. A butt of sport; an object of derision. [R.]

Mock´ish, a. Mock; counterfeit; sham. [Obs.]

Moc´kle , a. See Mickle.

Mo´co , n. (Zoöl.) A South American rodent (Cavia rupestris), allied to the Guinea pig, but larger; — called also rock cavy.

Mo´dal , a. [Cf. F. modal. See Mode.] 1. Of or pertaining to a mode or mood; consisting in mode or form only; relating to form; having the form without the essence or reality. Glanvill. 2. (Logic & Metaph.) Indicating, or pertaining to, some mode of conceiving existence, or of expressing thought.

Mo´dal•ist, n. (Theol.) One who regards Father, Son, and Spirit as modes of being, and not as persons, thus denying personal distinction in the Trinity. Eadie.

Mo•dal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. modalite.] 1. The quality or state of being modal. 2. (Logic & Metaph.) A modal relation or quality; a mode or point of view under which an object presents itself to the mind. According to Kant, the quality of propositions, as assertory, problematical, or apodeictic.

Mo´dal•ly , adv. In a modal manner. “A compound proposition, the parts of which are united modally … by the particles ´as´ and ´so.´” Gibbs.

Mode , n. [L. modus a measure, due or proper measure, bound, manner, form; akin to E. mete: cf. F. mode. See Mete, and cf. Commodious, Mood in grammar, Modus.] 1. Manner of doing or being; method; form; fashion; custom; way; style; as the mode of speaking; the mode of dressing. “The duty of itself being resolved on, the mode of doing it may easily be found.” Jer. Taylor. “A table richly spread in regal mode.” Milton. 2. Prevailing popular custom; fashion, especially in the phrase the mode. “The easy, apathetic graces of a man of the mode.” Macaulay. 3. Variety; gradation; degree. Pope. 4. (Metaph.) Any combination of qualities or relations, considered apart from the substance to which they belong, and treated as entities; more generally, condition, or state of being; manner or form of arrangement or manifestation; form, as opposed to matter. “Modes I call such complex ideas which, however compounded, contain not in them the supposition of subsisting by themselves, but are considered as dependencies on, or affections of, substances.” Locke. 5. (Logic) The form in which the proposition connects the predicate and subject, whether by simple, contingent, or necessary assertion; the form of the syllogism, as determined by the quantity and quality of the constituent proposition; mood. 6. (Gram.) Same as Mood. 7. (Mus.) The scale as affected by the various positions in it of the minor intervals; as the Dorian mode, the Ionic mode, etc., of ancient Greek music. In modern music, only the major and the minor mode, of whatever key, are recognized. 8. A kind of silk. See Alamode, n. Syn. — Method; manner. See Method.

Mod´el , n. [F. modèle, It. modello, fr. (assumed) L. modellus, fr. modulus a small measure, dim. of modus. See Mode, and cf. Module.] 1. A miniature representation of a thing, with the several parts in due proportion; sometimes, a facsimile of the same size. “In charts, in maps, and eke in models made.” Gascoigne. “I had my father’s signet in my purse,
Which was the model of that Danish seal.” Shak. “You have the models of several ancient temples, though the temples and the gods are perished.” Addison. 2. Something intended to serve, or that may serve, as a pattern of something to be made; a material representation or embodiment of an ideal; sometimes, a drawing; a plan; as the clay model of a sculpture; the inventor’s model of a machine. “[The application for a patent] must be accompanied by a full description of the invention, with drawings and a model where the case admits of it.” Am. Cyc. “When we mean to build
We first survey the plot, then draw the model.” Shak. 3. Anything which serves, or may serve, as an example for imitation; as a government formed on the model of the American constitution; a model of eloquence, virtue, or behavior. 4. That by which a thing is to be measured; standard. “He that despairs measures Providence by his own little, contracted model.” South. 5. Any copy, or resemblance, more or less exact. “Thou seest thy wretched brother die,
Who was the model of thy father’s life.” Shak. 6. A person who poses as a pattern to an artist. “A professional model.” H. James. Working model, a model of a machine which can do on a small scale the work which the machine itself does, or is expected to do.

Mod´el , a. Suitable to be taken as a model or pattern; as a model house; a model husband.

Mod´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modeled or Modelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Modeling or Modelling.] [Cf. F. modeler, It. modellare.] To plan or form after a pattern; to form in model; to form a model or pattern for; to shape; to mold; to fashion; as to model a house or a government; to model an edifice according to the plan delineated.

Mod´el, v. i. (Fine Arts) To make a copy or a pattern; to design or imitate forms; as to model in wax.

Mod´el•er , n. One who models; hence, a worker in plastic art. [Written also modeller.]

Mod´el•ing, n. (Fine Arts) The act or art of making a model from which a work of art is to be executed; the formation of a work of art from some plastic material. also in painting, drawing, etc., the expression or indication of solid form. [Written also modelling.] Modeling plane, a small plane for planing rounded objects. — Modeling wax, beeswax melted with a little Venice turpentine, or other resinous material, and tinted with coloring matter, usually red, — used in modeling.

Mod´el•ize , v. t. To model. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mod´e•na , n. [From Modena, in Italy.] A certain crimsonlike color. Good.

Mod•e•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Modena or its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Modena; the people of Modena.

Mo´der , n. [OE. See Mother female parent.] 1. A mother. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The principal piece of an astrolabe, into which the others are fixed. [Obs.]

Mod´er , v. t. To moderate. [Obs.]

Mod´er•a•ble , a. [L. moderabilis.] Moderate; temperate. [Obs.]

Mod´er•ance , n. Moderation. [Obs.] Caxton.

Mod´er•ate , a. [L. moderatus, p. p. of moderate, moderati, to moderate, regulate, control, fr. modus measure. See Mode.] Kept within due bounds; observing reasonable limits; not excessive, extreme, violent, or rigorous; limited; restrained; as: (a) Limited in quantity; sparing; temperate; frugal; as moderate in eating or drinking; a moderate table. (b) Limited in degree of activity, energy, or excitement; reasonable; calm; slow; as moderate language; moderate endeavors. (c) Not extreme in opinion, in partisanship, and the like; as a moderate Calvinist. “A number of moderate members managed … to obtain a majority in a thin house.” Swift. (d) Not violent or rigorous; temperate; mild; gentle; as a moderate winter. ´Moderate showers.´ Walter. (e) Limited as to degree of progress; as to travel at moderate speed. (f) Limited as to the degree in which a quality, principle, or faculty appears; as an infusion of moderate strength; a man of moderate abilities. (g) Limited in scope or effects; as a reformation of a moderate kind. Hooker.

Mod´er•ate, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a party in the Church of Scotland in the 18th century, and part of the 19th, professing moderation in matters of church government, in discipline, and in doctrine.

Mod´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moderated p. pr. & vb. n. Moderating.] 1. To restrain from excess of any kind; to reduce from a state of violence, intensity, or excess; to keep within bounds; to make temperate; to lessen; to allay; to repress; to temper; to qualify; as to moderate rage, action, desires, etc.; to moderate heat or wind. “By its astringent quality, it moderates the relaxing quality of warm water.” Arbuthnot. “To moderate stiff minds disposed to strive.” Spenser. 2. To preside over, direct, or regulate, as a public meeting; as to moderate a synod.

Mod´er•ate, v. i. 1. To become less violent, severe, rigorous, or intense; as the wind has moderated. 2. To preside as a moderator. “Dr. Barlow [was] engaged … to moderate for him in the divinity disputation.” Bp. Barlow’s Remains (1693).

Mod´er•ate•ly , adv. In a moderate manner or degree; to a moderate extent. “Each nymph but moderately fair.” Waller.

Mod´er•ate•ness, n. The quality or state of being moderate; temperateness; moderation.

Mod•er•a´tion , n. [L. moderatio: cf. F. moderation.] 1. The act of moderating, or of imposing due restraint. 2. The state or quality of being mmoderate. “In moderation placing all my glory,
While Tories call me Whig, and Whigs a Tory.” Pope. 3. Calmness of mind; equanimity; as to bear adversity with moderation. “The calm and judicious moderation of Orange.” Motley. 4. pl. The first public examinations for degrees at the University of Oxford; — usually contracted to mods.

Mod´er•a•tism (mod´er•a•tiz’m), n. Moderation in doctrines or opinion, especially in politics or religion.

Mod•e•ra´to , a. & adv. [It. See Moderate.] (Mus.) With a moderate degree of quickness; moderately. Allegro moderato, a little slower than allegro. — Andante moderato, a little faster than andante.

Mod´er•a•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. moderateur.] 1. One who, or that which, moderates, restrains, or pacifies. Sir W. Raleigh. “Angling was … a moderator of passions.” Walton. 2. The officer who presides over an assembly to preserve order, propose questions, regulate the proceedings, and declare the votes. 3. In the University of Oxford, an examiner for moderations; at Cambridge, the superintendant of examinations for degrees; at Dublin, either the first (senior) or second (junior) in rank in an examination for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 4. A mechanical arrangement for regulating motion in a machine, or producing equality of effect.

Mod´er•a•tor•ship, n. The office of a moderator.

Mod´er•a•tress , n. A female moderator. Fuller.

Mod´er•a•trix , n. [L.] A female moderator.

Mod´ern , a. [F. moderne, L. modernus; akin to modo just now, orig. abl. of modus measure; hence, by measure, just now. See Mode.] 1. Of or pertaining to the present time, or time not long past; late; not ancient or remote in past time; of recent period; as modern days, ages, or time; modern authors; modern fashions; modern taste; modern practice. Bacon. 2. New and common; trite; commonplace. [Obs.] “We have our philosophical persons, to make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless.” Shak. Modern English. See the Note under English.

Mod´ern, n. A person of modern times; — opposed to ancient. Pope.

Mod´ern•ism , n. Modern practice; a thing of recent date; esp., a modern usage or mode of expression.

Mod´ern•ist, n. [Cf. F. moderniste.] One who admires the moderns, or their ways and fashions.

Mo•der´ni•ty , n. Modernness; something modern. Walpole.

Mod•ern•i•za´tion , n. The act of rendering modern in style; the act or process of causing to conform to modern of thinking or acting.

Mod´ern•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modernized p. pr. & vb. n. Modernizing ] [Cf. F. moderniser.] To render modern; to adapt to modern person or things; to cause to conform to recent or present usage or taste. Percy.

Mod´ern•i•zer , n. One who modernizes.

Mod´ern•ly, adv. In modern times. Milton.

Mod´ern•ness, n. The quality or state of being modern; recentness; novelty. M. Arnold.

Mod´est , a. [F. modeste, L. modestus, fr. modus measure. See Mode.] 1. Restraining within due limits of propriety; not forward, bold, boastful, or presumptious; rather retiring than pushing one’s self forward; not obstructive; as a modest youth; a modest man. 2. Observing the proprieties of the sex; not unwomanly in act or bearing; free from undue familiarity, indecency, or lewdness; decent in speech and demeanor; — said of a woman. “Mrs. Ford, the honest woman, the modest wife.” Shak. “The blushing beauties of a modest maid.” Dryden. 3. Evincing modestly in the actor, author, or speaker; not showing presumption; not excessive or extreme; moderate; as a modest request; modest joy. Syn. — Reserved; unobtrusive; diffident; bashful; coy; shy; decent; becoming; chaste; virtuous.

Mod´est•ly, adv. In a modest manner.

Mod´es•ty , n. [L. modestia: cf. F. modestie. See Modest.] 1. The quality or state of being modest; that lowly temper which accompanies a moderate estimate of one’s own worth and importance; absence of self-assertion, arrogance, and presumption; humility respecting one’s own merit. 2. Natural delicacy or shame regarding personal charms and the sexual relation; purity of thought and manners; due regard for propriety in speech or action. “Her blush is guiltiness, not modesty.” Shak. Modesty piece, a narrow piece of lace worn by women over the bosom. [Obs.] Addison. Syn. — Bashfulness; humility; diffidence; shyness. See Bashfulness, and Humility.

Mo•dic´i•ty , n. [LL. modicitas; cf. F. modicite.] Moderateness; smallness; meanness. [Obs.]

Mod´i•cum , n. [L., fr. modicus moderate, fr. modus. See Mode.] A little; a small quantity; a measured supply. ´Modicums of wit.´ Shak. “Her usual modicum of beer and punch.” Thackeray.

Mod•i•fi•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being modified; state or quality of being modifiable.

Mod´i•fi•a•ble , a. [From Modify.] Capable of being modified; liable to modification.

Mo•dif´i•ca•ble , a. Modifiable. [Obs.]

Mod´i•fi•cate , v. t. [See Modify.] To qualify. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Mod•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. modificatio a measuring: cf. F. modification. See Modify.] The act of modifying, or the state of being modified; a modified form or condition; state as modified; a change; as the modification of an opinion, or of a machine; the various modifications of light. Bentley.

Mod´i•fi•ca•tive , n. That which modifies or qualifies, as a word or clause.

Mod´i•fi•ca•to•ry , a. Tending or serving to modify; modifying. Max Müller.

Mod´i•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, modifies. Hume.

Mod´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modified p. pr. & vb. n. Modifying ] [F. modifier, L. modificare, modificari; modus limit + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Mode, and -fy.] 1. To change somewhat the form or qualities of; to alter somewhat; as to modify a contrivance adapted to some mechanical purpose; to modify the terms of a contract. 2. To limit or reduce in extent or degree; to moderate; to qualify; to lower. “Of his grace
He modifies his first severe decree.” Dryden.

Mo•dil´lion , n. [F. modillon, It. modiglione. Cf. Module, n.] (Arch.) The enriched block or horizontal bracket generally found under the cornice of the Corinthian and Composite entablature, and sometimes, less ornamented, in the Ionic and other orders; — so called because of its arrangement at regulated distances.

Mo•di´o•lar , a. [L. modiolus, dim. of modius the Roman corn measure.] Shaped like a bushel measure.

Mo•di´o•lus , n.; pl. Modioli (#). [L., a small measure.] (Anat.) The central column in the osseous cochlea of the ear.

Mod´ish , a. According to the mode, or customary manner; conformed to the fashion; fashionable; hence, conventional; as a modish dress; a modish feast. Dryden. ´Modish forms of address.´ Barrow. — Mod´ish•ly, adv. — Mod´ish•ness, n.

Mod´ist , n. One who follows the fashion.

Mo•diste´ , n. [F. See Mode, and cf. Modist.] A female maker of, or dealer in, articles of fashion, especially of the fashionable dress of ladies; a woman who gives direction to the style or mode of dress.

Mo´di•us , n.; pl. Modii (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A dry measure, containing about a peck.

Mo´docs , n. pl.; sing. Modoc . (Ethnol.) A tribe of warlike Indians formerly inhabiting Northern California. They are nearly extinct.

Mod´u•lar , a. Of or pertaining to mode, modulation, module, or modius; as modular arrangement; modular accent; modular measure.

Mod´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modulated p. pr. & vb. n. Modulating ] [L. modulatus, p. p. of modulari to measure, to modulate, fr. modulus a small measure, meter, melody, dim. of modus. See Mode.] 1. To form, as sound, to a certain key, or to a certain portion. 2. To vary or inflect in a natural, customary, or musical manner; as the organs of speech modulate the voice in reading or speaking. “Could any person so modulate her voice as to deceive so many?” Broome.

Mod´u•late, v. i. (Mus.) To pass from one key into another.

Mod•u•la´tion , n. [L. modulatio: cf. F. modulation.] 1. The act of modulating, or the state of being modulated; as the modulation of the voice. 2. Sound modulated; melody. [R.] Thomson. 3. (Mus.) A change of key, whether transient, or until the music becomes established in the new key; a shifting of the tonality of a piece, so that the harmonies all center upon a new keynote or tonic; the art of transition out of the original key into one nearly related, and so on, it may be, by successive changes, into a key quite remote. There are also sudden and unprepared modulations.

Mod´u•la•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, modulates. Denham.

Mod´ule , n. [F., fr. L. modulus a small measure, dim. of modus. See Mode, and cf. Model, Modulus, Mold a matrix.] 1. A model or measure. 2. (Arch.) The size of some one part, as the diameter of semi-diameter of the base of a shaft, taken as a unit of measure by which the proportions of the other parts of the composition are regulated. Generally, for columns, the semi-diameter is taken, and divided into a certain number of parts, called minutes (see Minute), though often the diameter is taken, and any dimension is said to be so many modules and minutes in height, breadth, or projection.

Mod´ule, v. t. [See module, n., Modulate.] To model; also to modulate. [Obs.] Sandys. Drayton.

Mod´u•lus , n.; pl. Moduli (#). [L., a small measure. See Module, n.] (Math., Mech., & Physics) A quantity or coefficient, or constant, which expresses the measure of some specified force, property, or quality, as of elasticity, strength, efficiency, etc.; a parameter. Modulus of a machine, a formula expressing the work which a given machine can perform under the conditions involved in its construction; the relation between the work done upon a machine by the moving power, and that yielded at the working points, either constantly, if its motion be uniform, or in the interval of time which it occupies in passing from any given velocity to the same velocity again, if its motion be variable; — called also the efficiency of the machine. Mosley. Rankine. — Modulus of a system of logarithms (Math.), a number by which all the Napierian logarithms must be multiplied to obtain the logarithms in another system. — Modulus of elasticity. (a) The measure of the elastic force of any substance, expressed by the ratio of a stress on a given unit of the substance to the accompanying distortion, or strain. (b) An expression of the force (usually in terms of the height in feet or weight in pounds of a column of the same body) which would be necessary to elongate a prismatic body of a transverse section equal to a given unit, as a square inch or foot, to double, or to compress it to half, its original length, were that degree of elongation or compression possible, or within the limits of elasticity; — called also Young’s modulus. — Modulus of rupture, the measure of the force necessary to break a given substance across, as a beam, expressed by eighteen times the load which is required to break a bar of one inch square, supported flatwise at two points one foot apart, and loaded in the middle between the points of support. Rankine.

Mo´dus , n.; pl. Modi (#). [L. See Mode.] (Old Law) 1. The arrangement of, or mode of expressing, the terms of a contract or conveyance. 2. (Law) A qualification involving the idea of variation or departure from some general rule or form, in the way of either restriction or enlargement, according to the circumstances of the case, as in the will of a donor, an agreement between parties, and the like. Bracton. 3. (Law) A fixed compensation or equivalent given instead of payment of tithes in kind, expressed in full by the phrase modus decimandi. Blackstone. “They, from time immemorial, had paid a modus, or composition.” Landor. Modus operandi [L.], manner of operating.

Mod´y , a. [From Mode.] Fashionable. [R.]

Moe , n. A wry face or mouth; a mow. [Obs.]

Moe, v. i. To make faces; to mow. [Obs.]

Moe, a., adv., & n. [AS. ma See More.] More. See Mo. [Obs.] ´Sing no more ditties, sing no moe.´ Shak.

Moe´bles , n. pl. [OE., fr. OF. moeble, mueble, movable, from L. mobilis.] Movables; furniture; — also used in the singular (moeble). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mo´el•line , n. [F. moelle, fr. L. medulla marrow.] An unguent for the hair.

Mo´el•lon , n. [F.] Rubble masonry.

Mœ•so•goth´ic , a. Belonging to the Mœsogoths, a branch of the Goths who settled in Mœsia.

Mœ•so•goth´ic, n. The language of the Mœsogoths; — also called Gothic.

Moeve , v. t. & i. To move. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Moff , n. A thin silk stuff made in Caucasia.

Mog´gan , n. A closely fitting knit sleeve; also a legging of knitted material. [Scot.]

Mo•gul´ , n. [From the Mongolian.] 1. A person of the Mongolian race. 2. (Railroad) A heavy locomotive for freight traffic, having three pairs of connected driving wheels and a two-wheeled truck. Great, or Grand, Mogul, the sovereign of the empire founded in Hindostan by the Mongols under Baber in the sixteenth century. Hence, a very important personage; a lord; — sometimes only mogul. Dryden.

Mo´ha , n. (Bot.) A kind of millet (Setaria Italica); German millet.

Mo´hair , n. [F. moire, perh. from Ar. mukhayyar a kind of coarse camelot or haircloth; but prob. fr. L. marmoreus of marble, resembling marble. Cf. Moire, Marble.] The long silky hair or wool of the Angora goat of Asia Minor; also a fabric made from this material, or an imitation of such fabric.

Mo•ham´med•an , a. [From Mohammed, fr. Ar. muhámmad praiseworthy, highly praised.] Of or pertaining to Mohammed, or the religion and institutions founded by Mohammed. [Written also Mahometan, Mahomedan, Muhammadan, etc.]

Mo•ham´med•an, n. A follower of Mohammed, the founder of Islamism; one who professes Mohammedanism or Islamism. { Mo•ham´med•an•ism , Mo•ham´med•ism } , n. The religion, or doctrines and precepts, of Mohammed, contained in the Koran; Islamism. { Mo•ham´med•an•ize , Mo•ham´med•ize } , v. t. To make conformable to the principles, or customs and rites, of Mohammedanism. [Written also Mahometanize.]

Mo´hawk , n. 1. (Ethnol.) One of a tribe of Indians who formed part of the Five Nations. They formerly inhabited the valley of the Mohawk River. 2. One of certain ruffians who infested the streets of London in the time of Addison, and took the name from the Mohawk Indians. [Slang] Spectator. Macaulay.

Mo•hi´cans , n. pl.; sing. Mohican . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Lenni-Lenape Indians who formerly inhabited Western Connecticut and Eastern New York. [Written also Mohegans.]

Mo´ho , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A gallinule (Notornis Mantelli) formerly inhabiting New Zealand, but now supposed to be extinct. It was incapable of flight. See Notornis.

Mo´hock , n. See Mohawk.

Mo•ho´li , n. (Zoöl.) See Maholi.

Mohr , n. (Zoöl.) A West African gazelle (Gazella mohr), having horns on which are eleven or twelve very prominent rings. It is one of the species which produce bezoar. [Written also mhorr.]

Mo´hur , n. [Hind., fr. Per. muhur, muhr, a gold coin, a seal, seal ring.] A British Indian gold coin, of the value of fifteen silver rupees, or $7.21. Malcom. { Mo•hur´rum , Mu•har´ram }, n. [Ar. muharram, prop., sacred, forbidden, n., the first month of the Mohammedan lunar year.] 1. The first month of the Mohammedan year. Whitworth. 2. A festival of the Shiah sect of the Mohammedans held during the first ten days of the month Mohurrum.

Moi´der , v. i. To toil. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Moi´dore , n. [Pg. moeda d’ouro, lit., coin of gold. Cf. Money, and Aureate.] A gold coin of Portugal, valued at about 27s. sterling.

Moi´e•ty (moi´e•ty), n.; pl. Moieties (-tiz). [F. moitie, L. medietas, fr. medius middle, half. See Mid, a., and cf. Mediate, Mediety.] 1. One of two equal parts; a half; as a moiety of an estate, of goods, or of profits; the moiety of a jury, or of a nation. Shak. “The more beautiful moiety of his majesty’s subject.” Addison. 2. An indefinite part; a small part. Shak.

Moil , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moiled p. pr. & vb. n. Moiling.] [OE. moillen to wet, OF. moillier, muillier, F. mouller, fr. (assumed) LL. molliare, fr. L. mollis soft. See Mollify.] To daub; to make dirty; to soil; to defile. “Thou … doest thy mind in dirty pleasures moil.” Spenser.

Moil, v. i. [From Moil to daub; prob. from the idea of struggling through the wet.] To soil one’s self with severe labor; to work with painful effort; to labor; to toil; to drudge. “Moil not too much under ground.” Bacon. “Now he must moil and drudge for one he loathes.” Dryden.

Moil, n. A spot; a defilement. “The moil of death upon them.” Mrs. Browning.

Moile , n. [F. mule a slipper.] A kind of high shoe anciently worn. [Written also moyle.]

Moi´neau , n. [F.] (Fort.) A small flat bastion, raised in the middle of an overlong curtain.

Moi´ra (moi´ra), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Moi^ra.] (Greek Myth.) The deity who assigns to every man his lot.

Moire , n. [F. Cf. Mohair.] 1. Originally, a fine textile fabric made of the hair of an Asiatic goat; afterwards, any textile fabric to which a watered appearance is given in the process of calendering. 2. A watered, clouded, or frosted appearance produced upon either textile fabrics or metallic surfaces. Moire antique, a superior kind of thick moire.

Moi•re´ me•tal•lique´ [F.] A crystalline or frosted appearance produced by some acids on tin plate; also the tin plate thus treated.

Moist , a. [OE. moiste, OF. moiste, F. moite, fr. L. muccidus, for mucidus, moldy, musty. Cf. Mucus, Mucid.] 1. Moderately wet; damp; humid; not dry; as a moist atmosphere or air. ´Moist eyes.´ Shak. 2. Fresh, or new. [Obs.] ´Shoes full moist and new.´ ´A draught of moist and corny ale.´ Chaucer.

Moist, v. t. To moisten. [Obs.] Shak.

Mois´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moistened p. pr. & vb. n. Moistening.] 1. To make damp; to wet in a small degree. “A pipe a little moistened on the inside.” Bacon. 2. To soften by making moist; to make tender. “It moistened not his executioner’s heart with any pity.” Fuller.

Mois´ten•er , n. One who, or that which, moistens. Johnson.

Moist´ful , a. Full of moisture. [R.]

Moist´less, a. Without moisture; dry. [R.]

Moist´ness, n. The quality or state of being moist.

Mois´ture , n. [Cf. OF. moistour, F. moiteur.] 1. A moderate degree of wetness. Bacon. 2. That which moistens or makes damp or wet; exuding fluid; liquid in small quantity. “All my body’s moisture
Scarce serves to quench my furnace-burning heat.” Shak.

Mois´ture•less, a. Without moisture.

Moist´y , a. Moist. [Obs.]

Moi´ther , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To perplex; to confuse. [Prov. Eng.] Lamb.

Moi´ther, v. i. To toil; to labor. [Prov. Eng.]

Mok´a•dour , n. [Sp. mocador handkerchief.] A handkerchief. [Obs.]

Moke , n. A donkey. [Cant] Thackeray.

Moke , n. A mesh of a net, or of anything resembling a net. Halliwell.

Mo´ky , a. [Cf. Icel. mökkvi cloud, mist, mökkr a dense cloud, W. mwg smoke, and E. muggy, muck.] Misty; dark; murky; muggy. [Obs.]

Mo´la , n. (Zoöl.) See Sunfish, 1.

Mo´lar , a. [L. moles mass.] (Mech.) Of or pertaining to a mass of matter; — said of the properties or motions of masses, as distinguished from those of molecules or atoms. Carpenter.

Mo´lar, a. [L. molaris, fr. mola mill, fr. molere to grind in a mill. See Mill the machine.] Having power to grind; grinding; as the molar teeth; also of or pertaining to the molar teeth. Bacon.

Mo´lar, n. (Anat.) Any one of the teeth back of the incisors and canines. The molars which replace the deciduous or milk teeth are designated as premolars, and those which are not preceded by deciduous teeth are sometimes called true molars. See Tooth.

Mo´la•ry , a. Same as 2d Molar.

Mo•lasse´ , n. [F. molasse, prob. fr. mollasse flabby, flimsy, fr. L. mollis soft.] (Geol.) A soft Tertiary sandstone; — applied to a rock occurring in Switzerland. See Chart of Geology.

Mo•las´ses , n. [F. melasse, cf. Sp. melaza, Pg. melaço, fr. L. mellaceus honeylike, honey-sweet, mel, mellis, honey. See Mellifluous, and cf. Melasses.] The thick, brown or dark colored, viscid, uncrystallizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the process of manufacture; any thick, viscid, sweet sirup made from vegetable juice or sap, as of the sorghum or maple. See Treacle.

Mold , n. [See Mole a spot.] A spot; a blemish; a mole. [Obs.] Spenser. { Mold , Mould } , n. [OE. molde, AS. molde; akin to D. mul, G. mull, mulm, OHG. molt, molta, Icel. mold, Dan. muld, Sw. mull, Goth. mulda, and E. meal flour. See Meal, and cf. Mole an animal, Mull, v.] [The prevalent spelling is, perhaps, mould; but as the u has not been inserted in the other words of this class, as bold, gold, old, cold, etc., it seems desirable to complete the analogy by dropping it from this word, thus spelling it as Spenser, South, and many others did. The omission of the u is now very common in America.] 1. Crumbling, soft, friable earth; esp., earth containing the remains or constituents of organic matter, and suited to the growth of plants; soil. 2. Earthy material; the matter of which anything is formed; composing substance; material. “The etherial mold,
Incapable of stain.” Milton. “Nature formed me of her softest mold.” Addison. { Mold , Mould } , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Molded or Moulded; p. pr. & vb. n. Molding or Moulding.] To cover with mold or soil. [R.] { Mold , Mould } n. [From the p. p. of OE. moulen to become moldy, to rot, prob. fr. Icel. mygla to grow musty, mugga mugginess; cf. Sw. mögla to grow moldy. See Muggy, and cf. Moldy.] (Bot.) A growth of minute fungi of various kinds, esp. those of the great groups Hyphomycetes, and Physomycetes, forming on damp or decaying organic matter. The common blue mold of cheese, the brick-red cheese mold, and the scarlet or orange strata which grow on tubers or roots stored up for use, when commencing to decay, are familiar examples. M. J. Berkley. { Mold , Mould } v. t. To cause to become moldy; to cause mold to grow upon. { Mold , Mould } v. i. To become moldy; to be covered or filled, in whole or in part, with a mold. { Mold , Mould } n. [OE. molde, OF. mole, F. moule, fr. L. modulus. See Model.] [For spelling, see 2d Mold, above.] 1. The matrix, or cavity, in which anything is shaped, and from which it takes its form; also the body or mass containing the cavity; as a sand mold; a jelly mold. Milton. 2. That on which, or in accordance with which, anything is modeled or formed; anything which serves to regulate the size, form, etc., as the pattern or templet used by a shipbuilder, carpenter, or mason. “The glass of fashion and the mold of form.” Shak. 3. Cast; form; shape; character. “Crowned with an architrave of antique mold.” Pope. 4. (Arch.) A group of moldings; as the arch mold of a porch or doorway; the pier mold of a Gothic pier, meaning the whole profile, section, or combination of parts. 5. (Anat.) A fontanel. 6. (Paper Making) A frame with a wire cloth bottom, on which the pump is drained to form a sheet, in making paper by hand. { Mold , Mould } v. t. [Cf. F. mouler, OF. moler, moller. See Mold the matrix.] 1. To form into a particular shape; to shape; to model; to fashion. “He forgeth and moldeth metals.” Sir M. Hale. “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay
To mold me man?” Milton. 2. To ornament by molding or carving the material of; as a molded window jamb. 3. To knead; as to mold dough or bread. 4. (Founding) To form a mold of, as in sand, in which a casting may be made. { Mold´a•ble , Mould´a•ble } , a. Capable of being molded or formed. { Mold´board• , Mould´board• } , n. 1. A curved plate of iron (originally of wood) back of the share of a plow, which turns over the earth in plowing. 2. (Founding) A follow board. { Mold´er , Mould´er } , n. One who, or that which, molds or forms into shape; specifically (Founding), one skilled in the art of making molds for castings. { Mold´er , Mould´er } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moldered or Mouldered; p. pr. & vb. n. Moldering or Mouldering.] [From Mold fine soft earth: cf. Prov. G. multern.] To crumble into small particles; to turn to dust by natural decay; to lose form, or waste away, by a gradual separation of the component particles, without the presence of water; to crumble away. “The moldering of earth in frosts and sun.” Bacon. “When statues molder, and when arches fall.” Prior. “If he had sat still, the enemy’s army would have moldered to nothing.” Clarendon. { Mold´er , Mould´er } v. t. To turn to dust; to cause to crumble; to cause to waste away. “[Time’s] gradual touch
Has moldered into beauty many a tower.” Mason. { Mold´er•y , Mould´er•y } , a. Covered or filled with mold; consisting of, or resembling, mold. { Mold´i•ness , Mould´i•ness } , n. [From Moldy.] The state of being moldy. { Mold´ing , Mould´ing } n. 1. The act or process of shaping in or on a mold, or of making molds; the art or occupation of a molder. 2. Anything cast in a mold, or which appears to be so, as grooved or ornamental bars of wood or metal. 3. (Arch.) A plane, or curved, narrow surface, either sunk or projecting, used for decoration by means of the lights and shades upon its surface. Moldings vary greatly in pattern, and are generally used in groups, the different members of each group projecting or retreating, one beyond another. See Cable, n., 3, and Crenelated molding, under Crenelate, v. t. { Mold´ing , Mould´ing } p. a. Used in making a mold or moldings; used in shaping anything according to a pattern. Molding, or Moulding, board. (a) See Follow board, under Follow, v. t. (b) A board on which bread or pastry is kneaded and shaped. — Molding, or Moulding, machine. (a) (Woodworking) A planing machine for making moldings. (b) (Founding) A machine to assist in making molds for castings. — Molding, or Moulding, mill, a mill for shaping timber. — Molding, or Moulding, sand (Founding), a kind of sand containing clay, used in making molds. { Mold´warp , Mould´warp } , n. [OE. moldwerp: AS. molde soil + weorpan to throw up; cf. OD. molworp, G. maulwurf, Icel. moldvarpa, Dan. muldvarp. See Mold soil, Warp, and cf. Mole the animal.] (Zoöl.) See Mole the animal. Spenser. { Mold´y , Mould´y } , a. [Compar. Moldier or Mouldier; superl. Moldiest or Mouldiest.] [From Mold the growth of fungi.] Overgrown with, or containing, mold; as moldy cheese or bread.

Mole , n. [AS. mal; akin to OHG. meil, Goth. mail Cf. Mail a spot.] 1. A spot; a stain; a mark which discolors or disfigures. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. A spot, mark, or small permanent protuberance on the human body; esp., a spot which is dark-colored, from which commonly issue one or more hairs.

Mole, n. [L. mola.] A mass of fleshy or other more or less solid matter generated in the uterus.

Mole, n. [F. môle, L. moles. Cf. Demolish, Emolument, Molest.] A mound or massive work formed of masonry or large stones, etc., laid in the sea, often extended either in a right line or an arc of a circle before a port which it serves to defend from the violence of the waves, thus protecting ships in a harbor; also sometimes, the harbor itself. Brande & C.

Mole, n. [OE. molle, either shortened fr. moldwerp, or from the root of E. mold soil: cf. D. mol, OD. molworp. See Moldwarp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any insectivore of the family Talpidae. They have minute eyes and ears, soft fur, and very large and strong fore feet. The common European mole, or moldwarp (Talpa Europaea), is noted for its extensive burrows. The common American mole, or shrew mole (Scalops aquaticus), and star- nosed mole (Condylura cristata) have similar habits. In the Scriptures, the name is applied to two unindentified animals, perhaps the chameleon and mole rat. 2. A plow of peculiar construction, for forming underground drains. [U.S.] Duck mole. See under Duck. — Golden mole. See Chrysochlore. — Mole cricket (Zoöl.), an orthopterous insect of the genus Gryllotalpa, which excavates subterranean galleries, and throws up mounds of earth resembling those of the mole. It is said to do damage by injuring the roots of plants. The common European species (Gryllotalpa vulgaris), and the American (G. borealis), are the best known. — Mole rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World rodents of the genera Spalax, Georychus, and several allied genera. They are molelike in appearance and habits, and their eyes are small or rudimentary. — Mole shrew (Zoöl.), any one of several species of short-tailed American shrews of the genus Blarina, esp. B. brevicauda. — Water mole, the duck mole.

Mole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moled p. pr. & vb. n. Moling.] 1. To form holes in, as a mole; to burrow; to excavate; as to mole the earth. 2. To clear of molehills. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Mole´but , n. (Zoöl.) The sunfish (Orthagoriscus, or Mola). [Written also molebat.]

Mole´cast , n. A little elevation of earth made by a mole; a molehill. Mortimer.

Mo´lech , n. [Heb. molek king.] (Script.) The fire god of the Ammonites, to whom human sacrifices were offered; Moloch. Lev. xviii. 21.

Mo•lec´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. moleculare. See Molecule.] (Phys. & Chem.) Pertaining to, connected with, produced by, or consisting of, molecules; as molecular forces; molecular groups of atoms, etc. Molecular attraction (Phys.), attraction acting between the molecules of bodies, and at insensible distances. — Molecular weight (Chem.), the weight of a molecule of any gas or vapor as compared with the hydrogen atom as a standard; the sum of the atomic weights of the constituents of a molecule; thus, the molecular weight of water (H_2O) is 18.

Mo•lec•u•lar´i•ty , n. (Phys. & Chem.) The state of consisting of molecules; the state or quality of being molecular.

Mo•lec´u•lar•ly , adv. (Phys. & Chem.) With molecules; in the manner of molecules. W. R. Grove.

Mol´e•cule , n. [Dim. fr. L. moles a mass: cf. F. molecule. See 3d Mole.] 1. One of the very small invisible particles of which all matter is supposed to consist. 2. (Physics) The smallest part of any substance which possesses the characteristic properties and qualities of that substance, and which can exist alone in a free state. 3. (Chem.) A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state; as a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Cf. Atom.

Mole´-eyed , a. Having eyes like those of the mole; having imperfect sight.

Mole´hill , n. A little hillock of earth thrown up by moles working under ground; hence, a very small hill, or an insignificant obstacle or difficulty. “Having leapt over such mountains, lie down before a molehill.” South. { Mo•len•di•na´ceous (mo•len•di•na´shus), Mo•len•di•na´ri•ous (mo•len•di•na´ri•us), } a. [L. molendinarius, fr. molendinum a mill, fr. molere to grind.] (Bot.) Resembling the sails of a windmill.

Mole´skin (mol´skin), n. Any fabric having a thick soft shag, like the fur of a mole; esp., a kind of strong twilled fustian.

Mo•lest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Molested; p. pr. & vb. n. Molesting.] [F. molester, L. molestare, fr. molestus troublesome, fr. moles a heavy mass, load, burden. See 3d Mole.] To trouble; to disturb; to render uneasy; to interfere with; to vex. “They have molested the church with needless opposition.” Hooker. Syn. — To trouble; disturb; incommode; inconvenience; annoy; vex; tease.

Mo•lest´, n. Molestation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mol•es•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. molestation.] The act of molesting, or the state of being molested; disturbance; annoyance.

Mo•lest´er , n. One who molests.

Mo•lest´ful , a. Troublesome; vexatious. [R.] { Mo•les´tie , Mo•les´ty }, n. [L. molestia.] Molestation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mole´warp , n. (Zoöl.) See Moldwarp.

Mo•lim´i•nous , a. [L. molimen a great exertion; moles a heavy mass.] Of great bulk or consequence; very important. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Mo´line , n. [L. molina mill, fr. molere to grind. See Mill.] The crossed iron that supports the upper millstone by resting on the spindle; a millrind. Cross moline (Her.), a cross each arm of which is divided at the end into two rounded branches or divisions.

Mo´lin•ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrines of the Molinists, somewhat resembling the tenets of the Arminians.

Mo´lin•ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of the opinions of Molina, a Spanish Jesuit (in respect to grace); an opposer of the Jansenists.

Moll , a. [G., fr. L. mollis soft, tender, elegiac. Cf. Molle.] (Mus.) Minor; in the minor mode; as A moll, that is, A minor.

Mol´lah , n. [Ar. maula, commonly mollain Turkey.] One of the higher order of Turkish judges; also a Turkish title of respect for a religious and learned man. [Written also moolah.]

Mol´le , a. [See Moll.] (Mus.) Lower by a semitone; flat; as E molle, that is, E flat.

Mol´le•bart , n. An agricultural implement used in Flanders, consisting of a kind of large shovel drawn by a horse and guided by a man. [Written also mollebaert and mouldebaert.] Simmonds.

Mol´le•moke , n. [Sw. mallemucke the stormy petrel.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large pelagic petrels and fulmars, as Fulmarus glacialis, of the North Atlantic, and several species of AEstrelata, of the Southern Ocean. See Fulmar. [Written also mollymawk, malmock, mollemock, mallemocke, etc.]

Mol´lient , a. [L. molliens, p. p. of mollire to soften, fr. mollis soft.] Serving to soften; assuaging; emollient.

Mol´lient•ly, adv. Assuagingly.

Mol´li•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being mollified.

Mol•li•fi•ca´tion , n. [LL. mollificatio; cf. F. mollification.] The act of mollifying, or the state of being mollified; a softening. Chaucer.

Mol´li•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, mollifies. Bacon.

Mol´li•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mollified p. pr. & vb. n. Mollifying ] [F. mollifier, L. mollificare; mollis soft + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Enmollient, Moil, v. t., and - fy.] 1. To soften; to make tender; to reduce the hardness, harshness, or asperity of; to qualify; as to mollify the ground. “With sweet science mollified their stubborn hearts.” Spenser. 2. To assuage, as pain or irritation, to appease, as excited feeling or passion; to pacify; to calm.

Mol´li•net , n. [Cf. Moline.] A little mill.

Mol•li•pi•lose´ , a. [L. mollis soft + pilosus hairy.] (Zoöl.) Having soft hairs; downy.

Mol•li´ti•es , n. [L., softness.] (Med.) Unnatural softness of any organ or part. Dunglison.

Mol´li•tude , n. [L. mollitudo, fr. mollis soft.] Softness; effeminacy; weakness. [R.]

Mol´lusc , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Mollusk.

Mol•lus´ca , n. pl. [NL. See Mollusk.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, including the classes Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda, and Lamellibranchiata, or Conchifera. These animals have an unsegmented bilateral body, with most of the organs and parts paired, but not repeated longitudinally. Most of them develop a mantle, which incloses either a branchial or a pulmonary cavity. They are generally more or less covered and protected by a calcareous shell, which may be univalve, bivalve, or multivalve. Formerly the Brachiopoda, Bryzoa, and Tunicata were united with the Lamellibranchiata in an artificial group called Acephala, which was also included under Mollusca. See Molluscoidea.

Mol•lus´can , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to mollusks. — n. A mollusk; one of the Mollusca.

Mol•lus´coid , a. [Mollusca + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the true mollusks; belonging to the Molluscoidea. — n. One of the Molluscoidea.

Mol•lus•coid´al , a. (Zoöl.) Molluscoid.

Mol•lus•coi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Mollusk, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of Invertebrata which includes the classes Brachiopoda and Bryozoa; - - called also Anthoid Mollusca. Originally the Tunicata were included under Molluscoidea, from which they are known to differ widely in structure and embryology. Molluscoidea were formerly considered a subdivision of Mollusca, but they are now known to have more relationship with Annelida than with Mollusca.

Mol•lus´cous , a. (Zoöl.) Molluscan.

Mol•lus´cum , n. [NL. See Mollusk.] (Med.) A cutaneous disease characterized by numerous tumors, of various forms, filled with a thick matter; — so called from the resemblance of the tumors to some molluscous animals. Dunglison.

Mol´lusk , n. [F. mollusque, L. mollusca a kind of soft nut with a thin shell, fr. molluscus soft, mollis soft. See Mollify.] (Zoöl.) One of the Mollusca. [Written also mollusc.]

Mol´ly , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Mollemoke.

Mol´ly, n. A pet or colloquial name for Mary. Molly cottontail. (Zoöl.) See Cottontail. — Molly Maguire (ma•gwir´); pl. Molly Maguires (- gwirz). (a) A member of a secret association formed among the tenantry in Ireland about 1843, principally for the purpose of intimidating law officers and preventing the service of legal writs. Its members disguised themselves in the dress of women. (b) A member of a similar association of Irishmen organized in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania, about 1854, for the purpose of intimidating employers and officers of the law, and for avenging themselves by murder on persons obnoxious to them. The society was broken up by criminal prosecutions in 1876.

Mol´ly-mawk , n. (Zoöl.) See Mollemoke.

Mo´loch , n. [Heb. molek king.] 1. (Script.) The fire god of the Ammonites in Canaan, to whom human sacrifices were offered; Molech. Also applied figuratively. 2. (Zoöl.) A spiny Australian lizard (Moloch horridus). The horns on the head and numerous spines on the body give it a most formidable appearance.

Mo•losse´ , n. See Molossus.

Mo•los´ses , n. Molasses. [Obs.]

Mo•los´sine , n. (Zoöl.) A bat of the genus Molossus, as the monk bat.

Mo•los´sus , n. [L., fr. Gr. , prop., Molossian, belonging to the Molossians, a people in the eastern part of Epirus.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A foot of three long syllables. [Written also molosse.]

Molt , obs. imp. of Melt. Chaucer. Spenser. { Molt , Moult } , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Molted or Moulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Molting or Moulting.] [OE. mouten, L. mutare. See Mew to molt, and cf. Mute, v. t.] [The prevalent spelling is, perhaps, moult; but as the u has not been inserted in the otherwords of this class, as bolt, colt, dolt, etc., it is desirable to complete the analogy by the spelling molt.] To shed or cast the hair, feathers, skin, horns, or the like, as an animal or a bird. Bacon. { Molt , Moult } v. t. To cast, as the hair, skin, feathers, or the like; to shed. { Molt , Moult } n. The act or process of changing the feathers, hair, skin, etc.; molting.

Molt´a•ble , a. Capable of assuming a molten state; meltable; fusible. [Obs.]

Mol´ten , a. [See Melt.] 1. Melted; being in a state of fusion, esp. when the liquid state is produced by a high degree of heat; as molten iron. 2. Made by melting and casting the substance or metal of which the thing is formed; as a molten image.

Mol´to , adv. [It.] (Mus.) Much; very; as molto adagio, very slow.

Mo´ly , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. A fabulous herb of occult power, having a black root and white blossoms, said by Homer to have been given by Hermes to Ulysses to counteract the spells of Circe. Milton. 2. (Bot.) A kind of garlic (Allium Moly) with large yellow flowers; — called also golden garlic.

Mo•lyb´date , n. (Chem.) A salt of molybdic acid.

Mol•yb•de´na , n. [L. molybdaena galena, Gr. , fr. lead.] (Min.) See Molybdenite.

Mo•lyb´de•nite , n. [Cf. F. molybdenite. See Molybdena.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in soft, lead-gray, foliated masses or scales, resembling graphite; sulphide of molybdenum.

Mo•lyb´de•nous , a. (Chem.) See Molybdous.

Mol•yb•de´num , n. [NL.: cf. F. molybdène. See Molybdena.] (Chem.) A rare element of the chromium group, occurring in nature in the minerals molybdenite and wulfenite, and when reduced obtained as a hard, silver-white, difficulty fusible metal. Symbol Mo. Atomic weight 95.9.

Mo•lyb´dic , a. [Cf. F. molybdique. See molybdena.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, molybdenum; specif., designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence, as contrasted with molybdous compounds; as molybdic oxide.

Mo•lyb´dite , n. (Min.) Molybdic ocher.

Mo•lyb´dous , a. [See Molybdena.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, molybdenum; specif., designating those compounds in which molybdenum has a lower valence as contrasted with molybdic compounds.

Mome , n. [Cf. Mumm, Momus.] A dull, silent person; a blockhead. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mo´ment , n. [F. moment, L. momentum, for movimentum movement, motion, moment, fr. movere to move. See Move, and cf. Momentum, Movement.] 1. A minute portion of time; a point of time; an instant; as at that very moment. “In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye.” 1 Cor. xv. 52. 2. Impulsive power; force; momentum. “The moments or quantities of motion in bodies.” Berkley. “Touch, with lightest moment of impulse,
His free will.” Milton. 3. Importance, as in influence or effect; consequence; weight or value; consideration. “Matters of great moment.” Shak. “It is an abstruse speculation, but also of far less moment and consequence of us than the others.” Bentley. 4. An essential element; a deciding point, fact, or consideration; an essential or influential circumstance. 5. (Math.) An infinitesimal change in a varying quantity; an increment or decrement. [Obs.] 6. (Mech.) Tendency, or measure of tendency, to produce motion, esp. motion about a fixed point or axis. Moment of a couple (Mech.), the product of either of its forces into the perpendicular distance between them. — Moment of a force. (Mech.) (a) With respect to a point, the product of the intensity of the force into the perpendicular distance from the point to the line of direction of the force. (b) With respect to a line, the product of that component of the force which is perpendicular to the plane passing through the line and the point of application of the force, into the shortest distance between the line and this point. (c) With respect to a plane that is parallel to the force, the product of the force into the perpendicular distance of its point of application from the plane. — Moment of inertia, of a rotating body, the sum of the mass of each particle of matter of the body into the square of its distance from the axis of rotation; — called also moment of rotation and moment of the mass. — Statical moment, the product of a force into its leverage; the same as moment of a force with respect to a point, line, etc. — Virtual moment. See under Virtual. Syn. — Instant; twinkling; consequence; weight; force; value; consideration; signification; avail.

Mo•men´tal , a. [Cf. OF. momental.] [Obs.] 1. Lasting but a moment; brief. “Not one momental minute doth she swerve.” Breton. 2. Important; momentous. 3. (Mech.) Of or pertaining to moment or momentum.

Mo•men´tal•ly, adv. For a moment. [Obs.] { Mo•men•ta´ne•ous , Mo´men•ta•ny } a. [L. momentaneus: cf. F. momentane.] Momentary. [Obs.] Hooker. ´Momentany as a sound.´ Shak.

Mo´men•ta•ri•ly , adv. Every moment; from moment to moment. Shenstone.

Mo´men•ta•ri•ness, n. The state or quality of being momentary; shortness of duration.

Mo´men•ta•ry , a. [L. momentarius. See Moment.] Done in a moment; continuing only a moment; lasting a very short time; as a momentary pang. “This momentary joy breeds months of pain.” Shak.

Mo´ment•ly , adv. 1. For a moment. 2. In a moment; every moment; momentarily.

Mo•men´tous , a. [Cf. L. momentosus rapid, momentary.] Of moment or consequence; very important; weighty; as a momentous decision; momentous affairs. — Mo•men´tous•ly, adv. — Mo•men´tous•ness, n.

Mo•men´tum , n.; pl. L. Momenta (#), F. Momentums (#). [L. See Moment.] 1. (Mech.) The quantity of motion in a moving body, being always proportioned to the quantity of matter multiplied into the velocity; impetus. 2. Essential element, or constituent element. “I shall state the several momenta of the distinction in separate propositions.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Mom´i•er , n. [F. mômier, fr. OF. momer, mommer, to mumm, to mask one’s self.] A name given in contempt to strict Calvinists in Switzerland, France, and some parts of Germany, in the early part of the 19th century.

Mom´mer•y , n. See Mummery. Rowe.

Mo´mot , n. [Momot and motmot, the native American name.] (Zoöl.) See Motmot.

Mo´mus , n. [Gr. blame, ridicule, Momus.] (Gr. Myth.) The god of mockery and censure.

Mon- Same as Mono-.

Mo´na , n. [CF. Sp. & Pg. mona, fem. of mono a monkey, ape.] (Zoöl.) A small, handsome, long-tailed West American monkey (Cercopithecus mona). The body is dark olive, with a spot of white on the haunches.

Mon´a•chal , a. [L. monachus a monk: cf. F. monacal. See Monk.] Of or pertaining to monks or a monastic life; monastic.

Mon´a•chism , n. [Cf. F. monachisme.] The system and influences of a monastic life; monasticism.

Mon•ac´id , a. [Mon- + acid.] (Chem.) Having one hydrogen atom replaceable by a negative or acid atom or radical; capable of neutralizing a monobasic acid; — said of bases, and of certain metals.

Mon´ad , n. [L. monas, - adis, a unit, Gr. , , fr. mo•nos alone.] 1. An ultimate atom, or simple, unextended point; something ultimate and indivisible. 2. (Philos. of Leibnitz) The elementary and indestructible units which were conceived of as endowed with the power to produce all the changes they undergo, and thus determine all physical and spiritual phenomena. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the smallest flagellate Infusoria; esp., the species of the genus Monas and allied genera. 4. (Biol.) A simple, minute organism; a primary cell, germ, or plastid. 5. (Chem.) An atom or radical whose valence is one, or which can combine with, be replaced by, or exchanged for, one atom of hydrogen. Monad deme (Biol.), in tectology, a unit of the first order of individuality.

Mon•a•da´ri•a (mon•a•da´ri•a), n. pl. [NL. See Monad.] (Zoöl.) The Infusoria.

Mon•a•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. mo•nos alone + ’adelfo•s brother.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having the stamens united into a tube, or ring, by the filaments, as in the Mallow family. { Mon•a•del´phi•an , Mon•a•del´phous } a. [Cf. F. monadelphie.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Monadelphia; having the stamens united in one body by the filaments. { Mo•nad´ic , Mo•nad´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a monad, in any of its senses. See Monad, n. Dr. H. More.

Mo•nad´i•form , a. [Monad + -form.] (Biol.) Having the form of a monad; resembling a monad in having one or more filaments of vibratile protoplasm; as monadiform young.

Mon•ad•ol´o•gy , n. [Monad + -logy.] (Philos.) The doctrine or theory of monads.

Mo•nal´ , n. (Zoöl.) Any Asiatic pheasant of the genus Lophophorus, as the Impeyan pheasant.

Mon•am´ide , n. [Mon- + amide.] (Chem.) An amido compound with only one amido group.

Mon•am´ine , n. [Mon- + amine.] (Chem.) A basic compound containing one amido group; as methyl amine is a monamine.

Mo•nan´der , n. (Bot.) One of the Monandria.

Mo•nan´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. mo•nos alone + ’anh•r, ’andro•s, a man.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants embracing those having but a single stamen.

Mo•nan´dri•an , a.; (Bot.) Same as Monandrous.

Mo•nan´dric , a. Of or pertaining to monandry; practicing monandry as a system of marriage.

Mo•nan´drous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the monandria; having but one stamen.

Mo•nan´dry , n. [See Monandria.] The possession by a woman of only one husband at the same time; — contrasted with polyandry.

Mo•nan´thous , a. [Mon- + Gr. ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) Having but one flower; one-flowered. Gray.

Mon´arch , n. [F. monarque, L. monarcha, fr. Gr. , ; mo•nos alone + to be first, rule, govern. See Archi-.] 1. A sole or supreme ruler; a sovereign; the highest ruler; an emperor, king, queen, prince, or chief. “He who reigns
Monarch in heaven, … upheld by old repute.” Milton. 2. One superior to all others of the same kind; as an oak is called the monarch of the forest. 3. A patron deity or presiding genius. “Come, thou, monarch of the vine,
Plumpy Bacchus.” Shak. 4. (Zoöl.) A very large red and black butterfly (Danais Plexippus); — called also milkweed butterfly.

Mon´arch, a. Superior to others; preëminent; supreme; ruling. ´Monarch savage.´ Pope.

Mo•nar´chal , a. Pertaining to a monarch; suiting a monarch; sovereign; regal; imperial. “Satan, whom now transcendent glory raised
Above his fellows, with monarchal pride.” Milton.

Mon´arch•ess, n. A female monarch. [Obs.]

Mo•nar´chi•al , a. Monarchic. Burke.

Mo•nar´chi•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the early Christian church which rejected the doctrine of the Trinity; — called also patripassian. { Mo•nar´chic , Mo•nar´chic•al } a. [F. monarchique, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to a monarch, or to monarchy. Burke. — Mo•nar´chic•al•ly, adv.

Mon´arch•ism , n. The principles of, or preference for, monarchy.

Mon´arch•ist, n. [Cf. F. monarchiste.] An advocate of, or believer in, monarchy.

Mon´arch•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Monarchized p. pr. & vb. n. Monarchizing ] To play the sovereign; to act the monarch. [R.] Shak.

Mon´arch•ize, v. t. To rule; to govern. [R.]

Mon´arch•i•zer , n. One who monarchizes; also a monarchist.

Mo•nar´cho , n. The nickname of a crackbrained Italian who fancied himself an emperor. [Obs.] Shak.

Mon´arch•y , n.; pl. Monarchies (#). [F. monarchie, L. monarchia, Gr. . See Monarch.] 1. A state or government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch. 2. A system of government in which the chief ruler is a monarch. “In those days he had affected zeal for monarchy.” Macaulay. 3. The territory ruled over by a monarch; a kingdom. “What scourage for perjury
Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence.” Shak. Fifth monarchy, a universal monarchy, supposed to be the subject of prophecy in Daniel ii.; the four preceding monarchies being Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman. See Fifth Monarchy men, under Fifth.

Mo´nas , n. [NL. See Monad.] (Zoöl.) A genus of minute flagellate Infusoria of which there are many species, both free and attached. See Illust. under Monad.

Mon•as•te´ri•al , a. [L. monasterials, fr. monasterium.] Of or pertaining to monastery, or to monastic life. — Mon•as•te´ri•al•ly, adv.

Mon´as•te•ry , n.; pl. Monasteries (#). [L. monasterium, Gr. , fr. a solitary, a monk, fr. to be alone, live in solitude, fr. mo•nos alone. Cf. Minister.] A house of religious retirement, or of secusion from ordinary temporal concerns, especially for monks; — more rarely applied to such a house for females. Syn. — Convent; abbey; priory. See Cloister.

Mo•nas´tic , n. A monk. { Mo•nas´tic , Mo•nas´tic•al } a. [Gr. monk: cf. F. monastique. See Monastery.] 1. Of or pertaining to monasteries, or to their occupants, rules, etc., as monastic institutions or rules. 2. Secluded from temporal concerns and devoted to religion; recluse. ´A life monastic.´ Denham.

Mo•nas´tic•al•ly, adv. In a monastic manner.

Mo•nas´ti•cism , n. The monastic life, system, or condition. Milman.

Mo•nas´ti•con , n. [NL. See Monastic.] A book giving an account of monasteries.

Mon•a•tom´ic , adv. [Mon- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Consisting of, or containing, one atom; as the molecule of mercury is monatomic. (b) Having the equivalence or replacing power of an atom of hydrogen; univalent; as the methyl radical is monatomic.

Mo•nax´i•al , a. [Mon- + axial.] (Biol.) Having only one axis; developing along a single line or plane; as monaxial development.

Mon´a•zite (mon´a•zit), n. [From Gr. mona•zein to be solitary, in allusion to its isolated crystals.] (Min.) A mineral occurring usually in small isolated crystals, — a phosphate of the cerium metals.

Mon´day (mun´da; 48), n. [OE. moneday, monenday, AS. monandaeg, i.e., day of the moon, day sacred to the moon; akin to D. maandag, G. montag, OHG. manatag, Icel. manadagr, Dan. mandag, Sw. måndag. See Moon, and Day.] The second day of the week; the day following Sunday.

Monde (môNd), n. [F. See Mundane.] The world; a globe as an ensign of royalty. [R.] A. Drummond. Le beau monde [F.], fashionable society. See Beau monde. — Demi monde. See Demimonde.

Mone , n. The moon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mone, n. A moan. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Mo•ne´cian , Mo•ne´cious } a. (Bot.) See Monœcian, and Monœcious.

Mon•em´bry•o•ny , n. [See Mono- , and Embryo.] (Bot.) The condition of an ovule having but a single embryo. — Mon•em•bry•on´ic (#), a.

Mo´ner , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Monera.

Mo•ne´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single.] (Zoöl.) The lowest division of rhizopods, including those which resemble the amœbas but are destitute of a nucleus.

Mo•ne´ral , a. Of or pertaining to the Monera.

Mo•ne´ran , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Monera. — n. One of the Monera.

Mo•ne´ron , n.; pl. L. Monera (#); E. Monerons (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Monera.

Mo•ner´u•la , n. [NL., dim. of moner. See Monera.] (Biol.) A germ in that stage of development in which its form is simply that of a non- nucleated mass of protoplasm. It precedes the one-celled germ. So called from its likeness to a moner. Haeckel.

Mo•ne´sia , n. (Pharm.) The bark, or a vegetable extract brought in solid cakes from South America and believed to be derived from the bark, of the tree Chrysophyllum glycyphlœum. It is used as an alterative and astringent.

Mo•ne´sin , n. The acrid principle of Monesia, sometimes used as a medicine.

Mo•nest´ , v. t. [See Admonish.] To warn; to admonish; to advise. [Obs.] Wyclif (2 Cor. v. 20).

Mon´e•ta•ry , a. [L. monetarius belonging to a mint. See Money.] Of or pertaining to money, or consisting of money; pecuniary. ´The monetary relations of Europe.´ E. Everett. Monetary unit, the standard of a national currency, as the dollar in the United States, the pound in England, the franc in France, the mark in Germany.

Mon´eth , n. A month. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mon•e•ti•za´tion , n. The act or process of converting into money, or of adopting as money; as the monetization of silver.

Mon´e•tize , v. t. To convert into money; to adopt as current money; as to monetize silver.

Mon´ey , n.; pl. Moneys (#). [OE. moneie, OF. moneie, F. monnaie, fr. L. moneta. See Mint place where coin is made, Mind, and cf. Moidore, Monetary.] 1. A piece of metal, as gold, silver, copper, etc., coined, or stamped, and issued by the sovereign authority as a medium of exchange in financial transactions between citizens and with government; also any number of such pieces; coin. “To prevent such abuses, … it has been found necessary … to affix a public stamp upon certain quantities of such particular metals, as were in those countries commonly made use of to purchase goods. Hence the origin of coined money, and of those public offices called mints.” A. Smith. 2. Any written or stamped promise, certificate, or order, as a government note, a bank note, a certificate of deposit, etc., which is payable in standard coined money and is lawfully current in lieu of it; in a comprehensive sense, any currency usually and lawfully employed in buying and selling. Whatever, among barbarous nations, is used as a medium of effecting exchanges of property, and in the terms of which values are reckoned, as sheep, wampum, copper rings, quills of salt or of gold dust, shovel blades, etc., is, in common language, called their money. 3. In general, wealth; property; as he has much money in land, or in stocks; to make, or lose, money. “The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil.” 1 Tim vi. 10 (Rev. Ver. ). Money bill (Legislation), a bill for raising revenue. — Money broker, a broker who deals in different kinds of money; one who buys and sells bills of exchange; — called also money changer. — Money cowrie (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Cypraea (esp. C. moneta) formerly much used as money by savage tribes. See Cowrie. — Money of account, a denomination of value used in keeping accounts, for which there may, or may not, be an equivalent coin; e. g., the mill is a money of account in the United States, but not a coin. — Money order, an order for the payment of money; specifically, a government order for the payment of money, issued at one post office as payable at another; — called also postal money order. — Money scrivener, a person who procures the loan of money to others. [Eng.] — Money spider, Money spinner (Zoöl.), a small spider; — so called as being popularly supposed to indicate that the person upon whom it crawls will be fortunate in money matters. — Money’s worth, a fair or full equivalent for the money which is paid. — A piece of money, a single coin. — Ready money, money held ready for payment, or actually paid, at the time of a transaction; cash. - - To make money, to gain or acquire money or property; to make a profit in dealings.

Mon´ey , v. t. To supply with money. [Obs.]

Mon´ey•age , n. [Cf. F. monnayage coinage.] 1. A tax paid to the first two Norman kings of England to prevent them from debashing the coin. Hume. 2. Mintage; coinage. [Obs.]

Mon´eyed , adv. 1. Supplied with money; having money; wealthy; as moneyed men. Bacon. 2. Converted into money; coined. “If exportation will not balance importation, away must your silver go again, whether moneyed or not moneyed.” Locke. 3. Consisting in, or composed of, money. A. Hamilton.

Mon´ey•er , n. [From Money; cf. OF. monoier, F. monnoayeur, L. monetarius a master of the mint. Cf. Monetary.] 1. A person who deals in money; banker or broker. [Obs. or R.] 2. An authorized coiner of money. Sir M. Hale. The Company of Moneyers, the officials who formerly coined the money of Great Britain, and who claimed certain prescriptive rights and privileges.

Mon´ey•less, a. Destitute of money; penniless; impecunious. Swift.

Mon´ey-mak•er , n. 1. One who coins or prints money; also a counterfeiter of money. [R.] 2. One who accumulates money or wealth; specifically, one who makes money-getting his governing motive.

Mon´ey-mak•ing, n. The act or process of making money; the acquisition and accumulation of wealth. “Obstinacy in money-making.” Milman.

Mon´ey-mak•ing, a. 1. Affording profitable returns; lucrative; as a money- making business. 2. Successful in gaining money, and devoted to that aim; as a money-making man.

Mon´ey•wort , n. (Bot.) A trailing plant (Lysimachia Nummularia), with rounded opposite leaves and solitary yellow flowers in their axils.

Mong´corn , n. See Mangcorn.

Mon´ger , n. [AS. mangere, fr. mangian to trade; akin to Icel. manga to trade, mangari a trader, OHG. mangari, mengari; cf. L. mango a dealer in slaves.] 1. A trader; a dealer; — now used chiefly in composition; as fishmonger, ironmonger, newsmonger. 2. A small merchant vessel. [Obs.] Blount.

Mon´ger, v. t. To deal in; to make merchandise of; to traffic in; — used chiefly of discreditable traffic.

Mon´gol , n. One of the Mongols. — a. Of or pertaining to Mongolia or the Mongols.

Mon•go´li•an , a. Of or pertaining to Mongolia or the Mongols. — n. One of the Mongols.

Mon•gol´ic , a. See Mongolian.

Mon´go•loid , a. [Mongol + -oid.] Resembling a Mongol or the Mongols; having race characteristics, such as color, hair, and features, like those of the Mongols. Huxley. { Mon´gols , Mon•go´li•ans }, n. pl. (Ethnol.) One of the great races of man, including the greater part of the inhabitants of China, Japan, and the interior of Asia, with branches in Northern Europe and other parts of the world. By some American Indians are considered a branch of the Mongols. In a more restricted sense, the inhabitants of Mongolia and adjacent countries, including the Burats and the Kalmuks. { Mon´goose , Mon´goos } , n. (Zoöl.) A species of ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), native of India. Applied also to other allied species, as the African banded mongoose (Crossarchus fasciatus). [Written also mungoose, mungoos, mungous.]

Mon´grel , n. [Prob. shortened fr. mongrel, and akin to AS. mengan to mix, and E. mingle. See Mingle.] The progeny resulting from a cross between two breeds, as of domestic animals; anything of mixed breed. Drayton.

Mon´grel, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Not of a pure breed. 2. Of mixed kinds; as mongrel language.

Mon´grel•ize , v. t. & i. To cause to be mongrel; to cross breeds, so as to produce mongrels.

’Mongst , prep. See Amongst.

Mon´ied , a. See Moneyed.

Mo•nif´i•er , n. [NL., fr. L. monile necklace + ferre to bear.] (Paleon.) A fossil fish.

Mo•nil´i•form , a. [L. monile necklace + -form: cf. F. moniliforme.] (Biol.) Joined or constricted, at regular intervals, so as to resemble a string of beads; as a moniliform root; a moniliform antenna. See Illust. of Antenna.

Mon´i•ment , n. [L. monimentum, monumentum. See Monument.] Something to preserve memory; a reminder; a monument; hence, a mark; an image; a superscription; a record. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mon´ish , v. t. [OE. monesten. See Admonish, Monition.] To admonish; to warn. See Admonish. [Archaic] Ascham.

Mon´ish•er , n. One who monishes; an admonisher. [Archaic]

Mon´ish•ment , n. Admonition. [Archaic]

Mon´ism (mon´iz’m or mo´niz’m), n. [From Gr. mo•nos single.] 1. (Metaph.) That doctrine which refers all phenomena to a single ultimate constituent or agent; — the opposite of dualism. The doctrine has been held in three generic forms: matter and its phenomena have been explained as a modification of mind, involving an idealistic monism; or mind has been explained by and resolved into matter, giving a materialistic monism; or, thirdly, matter, mind, and their phenomena have been held to be manifestations or modifications of some one substance, like the substance of Spinoza, or a supposed unknown something of some evolutionists, which is capable of an objective and subjective aspect. 2. (Biol.) See Monogenesis, 1.

Mon´ist, n. A believer in monism.

Mo•nis´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or involving, monism.

Mo•ni´tion , n. [F., fr. L. monitio, from monere to warn, bring to mind; akin to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Admonish, Money, Monster.] 1. Instruction or advice given by way of caution; an admonition; a warning; a caution. “Sage monitions from his friends.” Swift. 2. Information; indication; notice; advice. “We have no visible monition of … other periods, such as we have of the day by successive light and darkness.” Holder. 3. (Admiralty Practice) A process in the nature of a summons to appear and answer. 4. (Eccl. Law) An order monishing a party complained against to obey under pain of the law. Shipley.

Mon´i•tive , a. Conveying admonition; admonitory. Barrow.

Mon´i•tor , n. [L., fr. monere. See Monition, and cf. Mentor.] 1. One who admonishes; one who warns of faults, informs of duty, or gives advice and instruction by way of reproof or caution. “You need not be a monitor to the king.” Bacon. 2. Hence, specifically, a pupil selected to look to the school in the absence of the instructor, to notice the absence or faults of the scholars, or to instruct a division or class. 3. (Zoöl.) Any large Old World lizard of the genus Varanus; esp., the Egyptian species (V. Niloticus), which is useful because it devours the eggs and young of the crocodile. It is sometimes five or six feet long. 4. [So called from the name given by Captain Ericson, its designer, to the first ship of the kind.] An ironclad war vessel, very low in the water, and having one or more heavily-armored revolving turrets, carrying heavy guns. 5. (Mach.) A tool holder, as for a lathe, shaped like a low turret, and capable of being revolved on a vertical pivot so as to bring successively the several tools in holds into proper position for cutting. Monitor top, the raised central portion, or clearstory, of a car roof, having low windows along its sides.

Mon•i•to´ri•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a monitor or monitors. 2. Done or performed by a monitor; as monitorial work; conducted or taught by monitors; as a monitorial school; monitorial instruction.

Mon•i•to´ri•al•ly, adv. In a monitorial manner.

Mon´i•tor•ship , n. The post or office of a monitor.

Mon´i•to•ry , a. [L. monitorius.] Giving admonition; instructing by way of caution; warning. “Losses, miscarriages, and disappointments, are monitory and instructive.” L’Estrange.

Mon´i•to•ry, n. Admonition; warning; especially, a monition proceeding from an ecclesiastical court, but not addressed to any one person. { Mon´i•tress , Mon´i•trix } n. A female monitor.

Monk , n. [AS. munuc, munec, munc, L. monachus, Gr. , fr. mo•nos alone. Cf. Monachism.] 1. A man who retires from the ordinary temporal concerns of the world, and devotes himself to religion; one of a religious community of men inhabiting a monastery, and bound by vows to a life of chastity, obedience, and poverty. ´A monk out of his cloister.´ Chaucer. “Monks in some respects agree with regulars, as in the substantial vows of religion; but in other respects monks and regulars differ; for that regulars, vows excepted, are not tied up to so strict a rule of life as monks are.” Ayliffe. 2. (Print.) A blotch or spot of ink on a printed page, caused by the ink not being properly distributed. It is distinguished from a friar, or white spot caused by a deficiency of ink. 3. A piece of tinder made of agaric, used in firing the powder hose or train of a mine. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A South American monkey (Pithecia monachus); also applied to other species, as Cebus xanthocephalus. (b) The European bullfinch. Monk bat (Zoöl.), a South American and West Indian bat (Molossus nasutus); — so called because the males live in communities by themselves. — Monk bird(Zoöl.), the friar bird. — Monk seal (Zoöl.), a species of seal (Monachus albiventer) inhabiting the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic. — Monk’s rhubarb (Bot.), a kind of dock; — also called patience (Rumex Patientia).

Monk´er•y , n.; pl. Monkeries . 1. The life of monks; monastic life; monastic usage or customs; — now usually applied by way of reproach. “Miters, and wretched dead mediaeval monkeries.” Carlyle. 2. A collective body of monks. [Obs.] “Though he have a whole monkery to sing for him.” Latimer.

Mon´key , n.; pl. Monkeys (#). [Cf. OIt. monicchio, It. monnino, dim. of monna an ape, also dame, mistress, contr. fr. madonna. See Madonna.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) In the most general sense, any one of the Quadrumana, including apes, baboons, and lemurs. (b) Any species of Quadrumana, except the lemurs. (c) Any one of numerous species of Quadrumana (esp. such as have a long tail and prehensile feet) exclusive of apes and baboons. The monkeys are often divided into three groups: (a) Catarrhines, or Simidae. These have an oblong head, with the oblique flat nostrils near together. Some have no tail, as the apes. All these are natives of the Old World. (b) Platyrhines, or Cebidae. These have a round head, with a broad nasal septum, so that the nostrils are wide apart and directed downward. The tail is often prehensile, and the thumb is short and not opposable. These are natives of the New World. (c) Strepsorhines, or Lemuroidea. These have a pointed head with curved nostrils. They are natives of Southern Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. 2. A term of disapproval, ridicule, or contempt, as for a mischievous child. “This is the monkey’s own giving out; she is persuaded I will marry her.” Shak. 3. The weight or hammer of a pile driver, that is, a very heavy mass of iron, which, being raised on high, falls on the head of the pile, and drives it into the earth; the falling weight of a drop hammer used in forging. 4. A small trading vessel of the sixteenth century. Monkey boat. (Naut.) (a) A small boat used in docks. (b) A half- decked boat used on the River Thames. — Monkey block (Naut.), a small single block strapped with a swivel. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Monkey flower (Bot.), a plant of the genus Mimulus; — so called from the appearance of its gaping corolla. Gray. — Monkey gaff (Naut.), a light gaff attached to the topmast for the better display of signals at sea. — Monkey jacket, a short closely fitting jacket, worn by sailors. — Monkey rail (Naut.), a second and lighter rail raised about six inches above the quarter rail of a ship. — Monkey shine, monkey trick. [Slang, U.S.] — Monkey trick, a mischievous prank. Saintsbury. — Monkey wheel. See Gin block, under 5th Gin. — Monkey wrench, a wrench or spanner having a movable jaw.

Mon´key, v. t. & i. To act or treat as a monkey does; to ape; to act in a grotesque or meddlesome manner. To monkey with, to handle in a meddlesome manner. [Colloq.]

Mon´key-bread , n. (Bot.) The fruit of the Adansonia digitata; also the tree. See Adansonia.

Mon´key-cup , n. (Bot.) See Nepenthes.

Mon´key-pot , n. (Zoöl.) The fruit of two South American trees (Lecythis Ollaria, and L. Zabucajo), which have for their fruit large, pot-shaped, woody capsules containing delicious nuts, and opening almost explosively by a circular lid at the top. Vases and pots are made of this capsule.

Mon´key’s puz´zle (Bot.) A lofty coniferous Chilian tree (Araucaria imbricata), the branches of which are so crowded and intertwisted ´as to puzzle a monkey to climb.´ The edible nuts are over an inch long, and are called piñon by the Chilians.

Mon´key•tail , n. (Naut.) A short, round iron bar or lever used in naval gunnery. Totten.

Monk´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The angel fish (Squatina). (b) The angler (Lophius).

Monk´flow•er , n. (Bot.) A name of certain curious orchids which bear three kinds of flowers formerly referred to three genera, but now ascertained to be sexually different forms of the same genus (Catasetum tridentatum, etc.).

Monk´hood , n. [Monk + - hood.] 1. The character or condition of a monk. Atterbury. 2. Monks, regarded collectively. Longfellow.

Monk´ing, a. Monkish. [R.] Coleridge.

Monk´ish, a. Like a monk, or pertaining to monks; monastic; as monkish manners; monkish dress; monkish solitude. — Monk´ish•ness, n.

Monk´ly, a. Like, or suitable to, a monk. [R.]

Monks´hood , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Aconitum; aconite. See Aconite.

Monk’s´ seam (Naut.) An extra middle seam made at the junction of two breadths of canvas ordinarily joined by only two rows of stitches. { Mon´o- , Mon- }. [Gr. .] A prefix signifying one, single, alone; as monocarp, monopoly; (Chem.) indicating that a compound contains one atom, radical, or group of that to the name of which it is united; as monoxide, monosulphide, monatomic, etc.

Mo´no , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) The black howler of Central America (Mycetes villosus).

Mon•o•ba´sic , a. [Mono- + basic.] (Chem.) Capable of being neutralized by a univalent base or basic radical; having but one acid hydrogen atom to be replaced; — said of acids; as acetic, nitric, and hydrochloric acids are monobasic.

Mon•o•car•bon´ic , a. [Mono- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Containing one carboxyl group; as acetic acid is a monocarbonic acid.

Mon•o•car´di•an , a. [Mono- + Gr. heart.] (Zoöl.) Having a single heart, as fishes and amphibians. — n. An animal having a single heart.

Mon´o•carp , n. (Bot.) A monocarpic plant.

Mon•o•car´pel•la•ry , a. [Mono- + carpellary.] (Bot.) Consisting of a single carpel, as the fruit of the pea, cherry, and almond. { Mon•o•car´pic , Mon•o•car´pous } a. [Mono- + Gr. fruit: cf. F. monocarpe.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit but once, and dying after fructification, as beans, maize, mustard, etc. Annual and biennual herbs are monocarpic, so also some plants of longer duration, as the century plant.

Mon•o•ceph´a•lous , a. [Mono- + Gr. kefalh• head.] (Bot.) Having a solitary head; — said of unbranched composite plants.

Mo•noc´e•ros , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; mo•nos alone, single + ke•ras horn.] 1. A one-horned creature; a unicorn; a sea monster with one horn. “Mighty monoceroses with immeasured tails.” Spenser. 2. (Astron.) The Unicorn, a constellation situated to the east Orion.

Mon•o•chla•myd´e•ous , a. [Mono- + Gr. , , cloak: cf. F. monochlamyde.] (Bot.) Having a single floral envelope, that is, a calyx without a corolla, or, possibly, in rare cases, a corolla without a calyx.

Mon´o•chord , n. [L. monochordon, Gr. , fr. with but one string; only, single + string: cf. F. monocorde. See Chord, and cf. Mainchord.] (Mus.) An instrument for experimenting upon the mathematical relations of musical sounds. It consists of a single string stretched between two bridges, one or both of which are movable, and which stand upon a graduated rule for the purpose of readily changing and measuring the length of the part of the string between them.

Mon•o•chro•mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. monochromatique. See Monochrome.] Consisting of one color, or presenting rays of light of one color only. Monochromatic lamp (Opt.),a lamp whose flame yields rays of some one homogenous light. It is of great importance in optical experiments.

Mon´o•chrome , n. [Gr. of one color; mo•nos single + color: cf. F. monochrome.] A painting or drawing in a single color; a picture made with a single color.

Mon•o•chro´mic , a. Made, or done, with a single color; as a monochromic picture.

Mon´o•chro•my , n. The art of painting or drawing in monochrome.

Mon•o•chron´ic , a. [Mono- + Gr. time.] Existing at the same time; contemporaneous.

Mon•o•cil´i•a•ted , a. [Mono- + ciliated.] (Biol.) Having but one cilium.

Mon´o•cle , n. [F. See Monocular.] An eyeglass for one eye. Simmonds.

Mon•o•cli´nal , a. [See Monoclinic.] (Geol.) Having one oblique inclination; — applied to strata that dip in only one direction from the axis of elevation.

Mon´o•cline , n. (Geol.) A monoclinal fold.

Mon•o•clin´ic , a. [Mono- + Gr. to incline.] (Crystallog.) Having one oblique intersection; — said of that system of crystallization in which the vertical axis is inclined to one, but at right angles to the other, lateral axis. See Crystallization.

Mo•noc´li•nous , a. [Mono- + Gr. couch, fr. to lie down: cf. F. monocline.] (Bot.) Hermaphrodite, or having both stamens and pistils in every flower.

Mon•o•con´dy•la , n. pl. [NL. See Mono-, and Condyle.] (Zoöl.) A group of vertebrates, including the birds and reptiles, or those that have only one occipital condyle; the Sauropsida.

Mon´o•co•tyl , n. (Bot.) Any monocotyledonous plant.

Mon´o•co•tyle , a. [Cf. F. monocotyle.] (Bot.) Monocotyledonous.

Mon•o•cot•y•le´don , n. [Mono- + cotyledon: cf. F. monocotyledone.] (Bot.) A plant with only one cotyledon, or seed lobe. The plural, monocotyledons, is used as the name of a large class of plants, and is generally understood to be equivalent to the term endogens.

Mon•o•cot•y•le´don•ous , a. [Cf. F. monocotyledone.] (Bot.) Having only one cotyledon, seed lobe, or seminal leaf. Lindley.

Mo•noc´ra•cy , n. [Mono- + -cracy, as in democracy.] Government by a single person; undivided rule. Sydney Smith.

Mon´o•crat , n. [Cf. Gr. ruling alone.] One who governs alone.

Mon•o•crot´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of, pertaining to, or showing, monocrotism; as a monocrotic pulse; a pulse of the monocrotic type.

Mo•noc´ro•tism , n. [Gr. mo•nos alone + a beating.] (Physiol.) That condition of the pulse in which the pulse curve or sphygmogram shows but a single crest, the dicrotic elevation entirely disappearing.

Mo•noc´u•lar , a. [L. monoculus; Gr. mo•nos single + L. oculus eye: cf. F. monoculaire.] 1. Having only one eye; with one eye only; as monocular vision. 2. Adapted to be used with only one eye at a time; as a monocular microscope.

Mon´o•cule (mon´o•kul), n. [See Monocular.] (Zoöl.) A small crustacean with one median eye.

Mo•noc´u•lous , a. Monocular. Glanvill.

Mon•o•cys´tic , a. [See Mono- , and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a division (Monocystidea) of Gregarinida, in which the body consists of one sac.

Mon•o•dac´tyl•ous , a. [Gr. monoda•ktylos; mo•nos single + da•ktylos finger: cf. F. monodactyle.] (Zoöl.) Having but one finger or claw. { Mon´o•delph , Mon•o•del´phi•an } n. (Zoöl.) One of the Monodelphia.

Mon•o•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + delfy•s the womb.] (Zoöl.) The group that includes all ordinary or placental mammals; the Placentalia. See Mammalia. { Mon•o•del´phic , Mon•o•del´phous } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Monodelphia. { Mo•nod´ic , Mo•nod´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] 1. Belonging to a monody. 2. (Mus.) (a) For one voice; monophonic. (b) Homophonic; — applied to music in which the melody is confined to one part, instead of being shared by all the parts as in the style called polyphonic.

Mon•o•di•met´ric , a. [Mono- + dimetric.] (Crystallog.) Dimetric.

Mon´o•dist , n. A writer of a monody. { Mon´o•dra•ma , Mon´o•drame } n. [Mono- + Gr. drama.] A drama acted, or intended to be acted, by a single person.

Mon•o•dra•mat´ic , a. Pertaining to a monodrama.

Mon´o•dy , n.; pl. Monodies (#). [L. monodia, Gr. , fr. singing alone; mo•nos single + song: cf. F. monodie. See Ode.] A species of poem of a mournful character, in which a single mourner expresses lamentation; a song for one voice.

Mon•o•dy•nam´ic , a. [Mono- + dynamic.] Possessing but one capacity or power. ´Monodynamic men.´ De Quincey.

Mon•o•dy´na•mism , n. The theory that the various forms of activity in nature are manifestations of the same force. G. H. Lewes.

Mo•nœ´ci•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + house.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants, whose stamens and pistils are in distinct flowers in the same plant.

Mo•nœ´cian , a. 1. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Monœcia; monœcious. — n. One of the Monœcia. 2. (Zoöl.) A monœcious animal, as certain mollusks.

Mo•nœ´cious , a. (Biol.) Having the sexes united in one individual, as when male and female flowers grow upon the same individual plant; hermaphrodite; — opposed to diœcious.

Mo•nœ´cism , n. (Biol.) The state or condition of being monœcious.

Mon´o•gam , n. (Bot.) One of the Monogamia.

Mon•o•ga´mi•a , n. pl. [NL. See Monogamous.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants, having solitary flowers with united anthers, as in the genus Lobelia. { Mon•o•ga´mi•an , Mon•o•gam´ic } a. [See Monogamous.] 1. Pertaining to, or involving, monogamy. 2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Monogamia; having a simple flower with united anthers.

Mo•nog´a•mist , n. One who practices or upholds monogamy. Goldsmith.

Mo•nog´a•mous , a. [L. monogamus having but one wife, Gr. ; mo•nos single + marriage.] 1. Upholding, or practicing, monogamy. 2. (Bot.) Same as Monogamian. 3. (Zoöl.) Mating with but one of the opposite sex; — said of birds and mammals.

Mo•nog´a•my , n. [L. monogamia, Gr. : cf. F. monogamie.] 1. Single marriage; marriage with but one person, husband or wife, at the same time; — opposed to polygamy. also one marriage only during life; — opposed to deuterogamy. 2. (Zoöl.) State of being paired with a single mate.

Mon•o•gas´tric , a. [Mono- + Gr. belly.] Having but a single stomach.

Mon•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Mono- + genesis.] 1. Oneness of origin; esp. (Biol.), development of all beings in the universe from a single cell; — opposed to polygenesis. Called also monism. Dana. Haeckel. 2. (Biol.) That form of reproduction which requires but one parent, as in reproduction by fission or in the formation of buds, etc., which drop off and form new individuals; asexual reproduction. Haeckel. 3. (Biol.) The direct development of an embryo, without metamorphosis, into an organism similar to the parent organism; — opposed to metagenesis. E. van Beneden.

Mon•o•ge•net´ic , a. [See Monogenesis.] 1. (Geol.) One in genesis; resulting from one process of formation; — used of a mountain range. Dana. 2. (Biol.) Relating to, or involving, monogenesis; as the monogenetic school of physiologists, who admit but one cell as the source of all beings.

Mon•o•gen´ic , a. 1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to monogenesis. 2. (Zoöl.) Producing only one kind of germs, or young; developing only in one way.

Mo•nog´e•nism , n. (Anthropol.) The theory or doctrine that the human races have a common origin, or constitute a single species.

Mo•nog´e•nist , n. (Anthropol.) One who maintains that the human races are all of one species; — opposed to polygenist.

Mon•o•ge•nis´tic , a. Monogenic.

Mo•nog´e•nous , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to monogenesis; as monogenous, or asexual, reproduction.

Mo•nog´e•ny , n. 1. Monogenesis. 2. (Anthropol.) The doctrine that the members of the human race have all a common origin.

Mon•o•go•neu´tic , a. [Mono- + Gr. offspring.] (Zoöl.) Having but one brood in a season.

Mon´o•gram , n. [L. monogramma; Gr. mo•nos single + gra•mma letter, fr. gra•fein to write: cf. F. monogramme. See Graphic.] 1. A character or cipher composed of two or more letters interwoven or combined so as to represent a name, or a part of it (usually the initials). Monograms are often used on seals, ornamental pins, rings, buttons, and by painters, engravers, etc., to distinguish their works. Monogram. The monogram above, combining the letters of the name Karolvs, was used by Charlemagne. 2. A picture in lines; a sketch. [R.] 3. An arbitrary sign for a word. [R.]

Mon´o•gram•mal , a. See Monogrammic.

Mon•o•gram•mat´ic , a. Monogrammic.

Mon•o•gram´mic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a monogram.

Mon´o•gram•mous , a. Monogrammic.

Mon´o•graph , n. [Mono- + -graph.] A written account or description of a single thing, or class of things; a special treatise on a particular subject of limited range.

Mo•nog´ra•pher , n. A writer of a monograph. { Mon•o•graph´ic , Mon•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. monographique.] Of or pertaining to a monograph, or to a monography; as a monographic writing; a monographic picture. — Mon•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Mo•nog´ra•phist , n. One who writes a monograph.

Mo•nog´ra•phous , a. Monographic. [Obs.]

Mo•nog´ra•phy , n. [Mono- + -graphy: cf. F. monographie.] 1. Representation by lines without color; an outline drawing. 2. A monograph. [Obs.]

Mon´o•gyn , n. (Bot.) One of the Monogynia.

Mon•o•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + woman, female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants, including those which have only one style or stigma.

Mon•o•gyn´i•an , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to the Monogynia; monogynous. — n. One of the Monogynia.

Mo•nog´y•nous , a. [Cf. F. monogyne.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to Monogynia; having only one style or stigma.

Mo•nog´y•ny , n. [See Monogynia.] 1. Marriage with the one woman only. 2. (Bot.) The state or condition of being monogynous.

Mon•o•hem´er•ous , a. [Mono- + Gr. day.] (Med.) Lasting but one day.

Mo•noi´cous , a. (Bot.) Monœcious.

Mo•nol´a•try , n. [Mono- + Gr. worship.] Worship of a single deity.

Mon´o•lith , n. [F. monolithe, L. monolithus consisting of a single stone, Gr. ; mo•nos single + li•qos stone.] A single stone, especially one of large size, shaped into a pillar, statue, or monument.

Mon´o•lith•al , a. Monolithic.

Mon•o•lith´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a monolith; consisting of a single stone.

Mo•nol´o•gist , n. [See Monologue.] One who soliloquizes; esp., one who monopolizes conversation in company. De Quincey.

Mon´o•logue , n. [F. monologue, Gr. speaking alone; mo•nos alone, single, sole + lo•gos speech, discourse, le•gein to speak. See Legend.] 1. A speech uttered by a person alone; soliloquy; also talk or discourse in company, in the strain of a soliloquy; as an account in monologue. Dryden. 2. A dramatic composition for a single performer.

Mo•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. .] The habit of soliloquizing, or of monopolizing conversation. “It was not by an insolent usurpation that Coleridge persisted in monology through his whole life.” De Quincey. { Mon•o•ma´chi•a , Mo•nom´a•chy } n. [L. monomachia, Gr. , fr. fighting in single combat; mo•nos single, alone + to fight.] A duel; single combat. ´The duello or monomachia.´ Sir W. Scott.

Mo•nom´a•chist , n. One who fights in single combat; a duelist.

Mon´o•mane , n. A monomaniac. [R.]

Mon•o•ma´ni•a , n. [Mono- + mania.] Derangement of the mind in regard of a single subject only; also such a concentration of interest upon one particular subject or train of ideas to show mental derangement. Syn. — Insanity; madness; alienation; aberration; derangement; mania. See Insanity.

Mon•oma´ni•ac , n. A person affected by monomania. { Mon•oma´ni•ac , Mon•oma´ni•a•cal } a. [Cf. F. monomaniaque.] Affected with monomania, or partial derangement of intellect; caused by, or resulting from, monomania; as a monomaniacal delusion.

Mon´ome , n. [F., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + -nome as in binome. See Binomial.] (Math.) A monomial.

Mo•nom´er•ous , a. [Gr. mo•nos single; mo•nos alone + part.] 1. (Bot.) Composed of solitary parts, as a flower with one sepal, one petal, one stamen, and one pistil. 2. (Zoöl.) Having but one joint; — said of the foot of certain insects.

Mon•o•me•tal´lic , a. Consisting of one metal; of or pertaining to monometallism.

Mon•o•met´al•lism , n. [Mono- + metal.] The legalized use of one metal only, as gold, or silver, in the standard currency of a country, or as a standard of money values. See Bimetallism.

Mon•o•met´al•list , n. One who believes in monometallism as opposed to bimetallism, etc.

Mo•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. of one meter; mo•nos single + measure.] A rhythmic series, consisting of a single meter.

Mon•o•met´ric , a. [Cf. F. monometrique.] (Crystallog.) Same as Isometric.

Mo•no´mi•al , n. [See Monome, Binomial.] (Alg.) A single algebraic expression; that is, an expression unconnected with any other by the sign of addition, substraction, equality, or inequality.

Mo•no´mi•al, a. (Alg.) Consisting of but a single term or expression. { Mon•o•mor´phic , Mon•o•mor´phous } a. [Mono- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) Having but a single form; retaining the same form throughout the various stages of development; of the same or of an essentially similar type of structure; — opposed to dimorphic, trimorphic, and polymorphic.

Mo•nom´pha•lus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos alone + the navel.] A form of double monster, in which two individuals are united by a common umbilicus. { Mo•no´my•a , Mon•o•my•a´ri•a } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + , , muscle.] (Zoöl.) An order of lamellibranchs having but one muscle for closing the shell, as the oyster. { Mon•o•my´a•ri•an , Mon•o•my´a•ry } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Monomya. — n. One of the Monomya.

Mon•o•no´mi•al , n. & a. Monomyal. { Mon•o•ou´si•an , Mon•o•ou´si•ous } a. [Mono- + Gr. being, substance, essence.] (Theil.) Having but one and the same nature or essence.

Mo•nop´a•thy , n. [Gr. ; mo•nos alone + , , to suffer.] Suffering or sensibility in a single organ or function. — Mon•o•path´ic, a.

Mon•o•per´son•al , a. [Mono- + personal.] Having but one person, or form of existence.

Mon•o•pet´al•ous , a. [Mono- + petal: cf. F. monopetale.] (Bot.) Having only one petal, or the corolla in one piece, or composed of petals cohering so as to form a tube or bowl; gamopetalous. The most recent authors restrict this form to flowers having a solitary petal, as in species of Amorpha, and use gamopetalous for a corolla of several petals combined into one piece. See Illust. of Gamopetalous.

Mo•noph´a•nous , a. [Mono- + Gr. to show.] Having one and the same appearance; having a mutual resemblance.

Mon•o•phon´ic , a. [Mono- + Gr. a voice.] (Mus.) Single-voiced; having but one part; as a monophonic composition; — opposed to polyphonic.

Mon´oph•thong , n. [Gr. with one sound; mo•nos alone + sound, voice.] 1. A single uncompounded vowel sound. 2. A combination of two written vowels pronounced as one; a digraph.

Mon•oph•thon´gal , a. Consisting of, or pertaining to, a monophthong.

Mon•o•phy•let´ic , a. [Gr. of one tribe, fr. mo•nos single + clan.] (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a single family or stock, or to development from a single common parent form; — opposed to polyphyletic; as monophyletic origin.

Mo•noph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. mono•fyllos; mo•nos alone + fy•llon leaf: cf. F. monophylle.] (Bot.) One-leaved; composed of a single leaf; as a monophyllous involucre or calyx.

Mon•o•phy´o•dont , a. [Gr. mo•nos single (mo•nos alone + to produce) + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Anat.) Having but one set of teeth; — opposed to diphyodont.

Mo•noph´y•site , n. [Gr. ; mo•nos single + nature: cf. F. monophysite.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect, in the ancient church, who maintained that the human and divine in Jesus Christ constituted but one composite nature. Also used adjectively.

Mon•o•phy•sit´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to Monophysites, or their doctrines.

Mon´o•plast , n. [Mono- + -plast.] (Biol.) A monoplastic element.

Mon•o•plas´tic , a. [Mono- + -plastic.] (Biol.) That has one form, or retains its primary form, as a monoplastic element.

Mon•ople´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + a stroke.] (Med.) Paralysis affecting a single limb.

Mon•op•neu´mo•na , n. pl. [NL. See Mono-, and Pneumonia.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Dipnoi, including the Ceratodus. [Written also monopneumonia.]

Mon´o•pode , n. 1. One of a fabulous tribe or race of Ethiopians having but one leg and foot. Sir J. Mandeville. Lowell. 2. (Bot.) A monopodium.

Mon•o•po´di•al , a. (Bot.) Having a monopodium or a single and continuous axis, as a birchen twig or a cornstalk.

Mon•o•po´di•um , n.; pl. L. Monopodia (#), E. -ums (#). [L. See Monopody.] (Bot.) A single and continuous vegetable axis; — opposed to sympodium.

Mo•nop´o•dy , n. [Mono- + Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot: cf. , , one-footed.] (Pros.) A measure of but a single foot.

Mo•nop´o•ler , n. A monopolist. [Obs.]

Mo•nop´o•list (mo•nop´o•list), n. One who monopolizes; one who has a monopoly; one who favors monopoly.

Mo•nop•o•lis´tic (-lis´tik), a. Of or pertaining to a monopolist. North Am. Rev.

Mo•nop´o•lite , n. A monopolist. Sylvester.

Mo•nop´o•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Monopolized p. pr. & vb. n. Monopolizing ] [From Monopoly.] To acquire a monopoly of; to have or get the exclusive privilege or means of dealing in, or the exclusive possession of; to engross the whole of; as to monopolize the coffee trade; to monopolize land.

Mo•nop´o•li•zer , n. One who monopolizes.

Mo•nop´o•ly , n.; pl. Monopolies (#). [L. monopolium, Gr. , ; mo•nos alone + to sell.] 1. The exclusive power, or privilege of selling a commodity; the exclusive power, right, or privilege of dealing in some article, or of trading in some market; sole command of the traffic in anything, however obtained; as the proprietor of a patented article is given a monopoly of its sale for a limited time; chartered trading companies have sometimes had a monopoly of trade with remote regions; a combination of traders may get a monopoly of a particular product. “Raleigh held a monopoly of cards, Essex a monopoly of sweet wines.” Macaulay. 2. Exclusive possession; as a monopoly of land. “If I had a monopoly out, they would have part on ’t.” Shak. 3. The commodity or other material thing to which the monopoly relates; as tobacco is a monopoly in France. [Colloq.]

Mon•o•pol´y•logue , n. [Mono- + Gr. poly•s many + lo•gos speech.] An exhibition in which an actor sustains many characters.

Mon•o•psy´chism , n. [Mono- + Gr. soul.] The doctrine that there is but one immortal soul or intellect with which all men are endowed.

Mo•nop´ter•al , a. [Gr. with a row of pillars only; mo•nos alone, only + feather, wing, also a row of pillars: cf. F. monoptère.] (Arch.) Round and without a cella; consisting of a single ring of columns supporting a roof; — said esp. of a temple.

Mo•nop´ter•on , n.; pl. Monoptera (#). [NL. See Monopteral.] (Arch.) A circular temple consisting of a roof supported on columns, without a cella.

Mon´op•tote , n. [L. monoptotum, Gr. ; mo•nos single + apt to fall, fallen, fr. to fall; cf. case.] (Gram.) 1. A noun having only one case. Andrews. 2. A noun having only one ending for the oblique cases.

Mon•o•py•re´nous , a. [Mono- + pyrene.] (Bot.) Having but a single stone or kernel.

Mon•or•gan´ic , a. [Mon- + organic.] (Biol. & Med.) Belonging to, or affecting, a single organ, or set of organs.

Mon•o•rhi´na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + , , nose.] (Zoöl.) The Marsipobranchiata.

Mon´o•rhyme , n. [Mono- + rhyme: cf. F. monorime.] A composition in verse, in which all the lines end with the same rhyme.

Mon•o•sep´al•ous , a. [Mono- + sepal: cf. F. monosepale.] (Bot.) Having only one sepal, or the calyx in one piece or composed of the sepals united into one piece; gamosepalous. The most recent writers restrict this term to flowers having a solarity sepal, and use gamosepalous for a calyx formed by several sepals combined into one piece. Cf. Monopetalous.

Mon´o•sperm , n. (Bot.) A monospermous plant. { Mon•o•sper´mal , Mon•o•sper´mous } a. [Mono- + Gr. spe•rma seed: cf. F. monosperme.] (Bot.) Having only one seed.

Mon•o•spher´ic•al , a. [Mono- + spherical.] Consisting of one sphere only.

Mon´o•stich , n. [Gr. , from consisting of one verse; mo•nos single + sti•chos line, verse.] A composition consisting of one verse only.

Mo•nos´ti•chous (mo•nos´ti•kus), a. [See Monostich.] (Bot.) Arranged in a single row on one side of an axis, as the flowers in grasses of the tribe Chloridae.

Mo•nos´tro•phe (mo•nos´tro•fe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. mono•strofos monostrophic.] A metrical composition consisting of a single strophe.

Mon•o•stroph´ic (mon•o•strof´ik), a. [Gr. monostrofiko•s; mo•nos single + strofh• strophe.] (Pros.) Having one strophe only; not varied in measure; written in unvaried measure. Milton.

Mon•o•sul´phide , n. [Mono- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide containing one atom of sulphur, and analogous to a monoxide; — contrasted with a polysulphide; as galena is a monosulphide.

Mon•o•sul´phu•ret , n. [Mono- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) See Monosulphide.

Mon•o•syl•lab´ic , a. [Cf. F. monosyllabique.] Being a monosyllable, or composed of monosyllables; as a monosyllabic word; a monosyllabic language. — Mon•o•syl•lab´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Mon•o•syl´la•bism , n. The state of consisting of monosyllables, or having a monosyllabic form; frequent occurrence of monosyllables.

Mon´o•syl•la•ble , n. [L. monosyllabus of one syllable, Gr. : cf. F. monosyllabe. See Mono-, Syllable.] A word of one syllable.

Mon´o•syl•la•bled , a. Formed into, or consisting of, monosyllables. Cleveland. { Mon•o•sym•met´ric , Mon•o•sym•met´ric•al } a. [Mono- + symmetric, - ical.] (Crystallog.) Same as Monoclinic.

Mon•o•tes´sa•ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + four.] A single narrative framed from the statements of the four evangelists; a gospel harmony. [R.]

Mon•o•thal´a•ma , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + qa•lamos a chamber.] (Zoöl.) A division of Foraminifera including those that have only one chamber.

Mon•o•thal´a•man , n. [See Monothalamous.] (Zoöl.) A foraminifer having but one chamber.

Mon•o•thal´a•mous , a. [Mono- + Gr. qa•lamos chamber: cf. F. monothalame.] (Zoöl.) One-chambered.

Mon•o•thal´mic , a. [See Monothalamous.] (Bot.) Formed from one pistil; — said of fruits. R. Brown.

Mon•o•the´cal , a. [Mono- + Br. box.] (Bot.) Having a single loculament.

Mon´o•the•ism , n. [Mono- + Gr. god: cf. F. monotheisme.] The doctrine or belief that there is but one God.

Mon´o•the•ist, n. [Cf. F. monotheiste.] One who believes that there is but one God.

Mon•o•the•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to monotheism. { Mo•noth´e•lism , Mo•noth´e•li•tism } n. [Cf. F. monothelisme, monothelitisme.] The doctrine of the Monothelites.

Mo•noth´e•lite , n. [Gr. ; mo•nos alone, only + , , to will, be willing: cf. F. monothelite.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient sect who held that Christ had but one will as he had but one nature. Cf. Monophysite. Gibbon.

Mon•o•the•lit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Monothelites, or their doctrine.

Mo•not´o•cous , a. [Mono- + Gr. birth, offspring.] 1. (Bot.) Bearing fruit but once; monocarpic. 2. (Zoöl.) Uniparous; laying a single egg.

Mo•not´o•mous , a. [Mono- + Gr. cutting, fr. to cut.] (Min.) Having a distinct cleavage in a single direction only.

Mon´o•tone , n. [See Monotonous, Monotony.] 1. (Mus.) A single unvaried tone or sound. 2. (Rhet.) The utterance of successive syllables, words, or sentences, on one unvaried key or line of pitch. { Mon•o•ton´ic , Mon•o•ton´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or uttered in, a monotone; monotonous. ´Monotonical declamation.´ Chesterfield.

Mo•not´o•nist , n. One who talks in the same strain or on the same subject until weariness is produced. Richardson.

Mo•not´o•nous , a. [Gr. ; mo•nos alone, single + tone. See Tone.] Uttered in one unvarying tone; continued with dull uniformity; characterized by monotony; without change or variety; wearisome. — Mo•not´o•nous•ly, adv. — Mo•not´o•nous•ness, n.

Mo•not´o•ny , n. [Gr. : cf. F. monotonie. See Monotonius.] 1. A frequent recurrence of the same tone or sound, producing a dull uniformity; absence of variety, as in speaking or singing. 2. Any irksome sameness, or want of variety. “At sea, everything that breaks the monotony of the surrounding expanse attracts attention.” W. Irving.

Mon•o•trem´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + hole.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Mammalia, having a cloaca in which the ducts of the urinary, genital, and alimentary systems terminate, as in birds. The female lays eggs like a bird. See Duck mole, under Duck, and Echidna.

Mon•o•trem´a•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Monotremata.

Mon´o•treme , n. [Cf. F. monotrème.] (Zoöl.) One of the Monotremata.

Mon•o•tri´glyph , n. [Mono- + triglyph: cf. F. monotriglyphe.] (Arch.) A kind of intercolumniation in an entablature, in which only one triglyph and two metopes are introduced.

Mo•not´ro•pa , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + turn, from to turn.] (Bot.) A genus of parasitic or saprophytic plants including the Indian pipe and pine sap. The name alludes to the dropping end of the stem. { Mon´o•type , Mon•o•typ´ic } a. [Mono- + -type: cf. F. monotype.] (Biol.) Having but one type; containing but one representative; as a monotypic genus, which contains but one species.

Mo•nov´a•lent , a. [Mono- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of one; univalent. See Univalent.

Mo•nox´ide , n. [Mon- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing one atom of oxygen in each molecule; as barium monoxide.

Mo•nox´y•lon , n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. made from one piece of wood; mo•nos alone + wood.] A canoe or boat made from one piece of timber.

Mo•nox´y•lous , a. [See Monoxylon.] Made of one piece of wood.

Mon•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. mo•nos single + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) A division of Radiolaria; — called also Monocyttaria. — Mon•o•zo´ic (#), a.

Mon•roe´ doc´trine. See under Doctrine.

Mon•sei•gneur´ , n.; pl. Messeigneurs (#). [F., fr. mon my + seigneur lord, L. senior older. See Senior, and cf. Monsieur.] My lord; — a title in France of a person of high birth or rank; as Monseigneur the Prince, or Monseigneur the Archibishop. It was given, specifically, to the dauphin, before the Revolution of 1789. (Abbrev. Mgr.)

Mon´sel’s salt (Med.) A basic sulphate of iron; — so named from Monsel, a Frenchman.

Mon´sel’s so•lu´tion [See Monsel’s salt.] (Med.) An aqueous solution of Monsel’s salt, having valuable styptic properties.

Mon•sieur´ , n.; pl. Messieurs (#). [F., fr. mon my + Sieur, abbrev. of seigneur lord. See Monseigneur.] 1. The common title of civility in France in speaking to, or of, a man; Mr. or Sir. [Represented by the abbreviation M. or Mons. in the singular, and by MM. or Messrs. in the plural.] 2. The oldest brother of the king of France. 3. A Frenchman. [Contemptuous] Shak.

Mon•si•gno´re , n.; pl. Monsignors (#). [It., my lord. Cf. Monseigneur.] My lord; — an ecclesiastical dignity bestowed by the pope, entitling the bearer to social and domestic rank at the papal court. (Abbrev. Mgr.)

Mon•soon´ , n. [Malay musim, fr. Ar. mausim a time, season: cf. F. monson, mousson, Sr. monzon, Pg. monção, It. monsone.] A wind blowing part of the year from one direction, alternating with a wind from the opposite direction; — a term applied particularly to periodical winds of the Indian Ocean, which blow from the southwest from the latter part of May to the middle of September, and from the northeast from about the middle of October to the middle of December.

Mon´ster , n. [OE. monstre, F. monstre, fr. L. monstrum, orig., a divine omen, indicating misfortune; akin of monstrare to show, point out, indicate, and monere to warn. See Monition, and cf. Demonstrate, Muster.] 1. Something of unnatural size, shape, or quality; a prodigy; an enormity; a marvel. “A monster or marvel.” Chaucer. 2. Specifically , an animal or plant departing greatly from the usual type, as by having too many limbs. 3. Any thing or person of unnatural or excessive ugliness, deformity, wickedness, or cruelty.

Mon´ster, a. Monstrous in size. Pope.

Mon´ster, v. t. To make monstrous. [Obs.] Shak.

Mon´strance , n. [LL. monstrantia, fr. L. monstrare to show: cf. OF. monstrance. See Monster.] (R. C. Ch.) A transparent pyx, in which the consecrated host is exposed to view.

Mon•stra´tion , n. [L. monstratio.] The act of demonstrating; proof. [Obs.] “A certain monstration.” Grafton.

Mon•stros´i•ty , n.; pl. Monstrosities (#). [Cf. F. monstruosite. See Monstrous.] The state of being monstrous, or out of the common order of nature; that which is monstrous; a monster. South. “A monstrosity never changes the name or affects the immutability of a species.” Adanson (Trans. ).

Mon´strous , a. [OE. monstruous, F. monstrueux, fr. L. monstruosus, fr. monstrum. See Monster.] 1. Marvelous; strange. [Obs.] 2. Having the qualities of a monster; deviating greatly from the natural form or character; abnormal; as a monstrous birth. Locke. “He, therefore, that refuses to do good to them whom he is bound to love … is unnatural and monstrous in his affections.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Extraordinary in a way to excite wonder, dislike, apprehension, etc.; — said of size, appearance, color, sound, etc.; as a monstrous height; a monstrous ox; a monstrous story. 4. Extraordinary on account of ugliness, viciousness, or wickedness; hateful; horrible; dreadful. “So bad a death argues a monstrous life.” Shak. 5. Abounding in monsters. [R.] “Where thou, perhaps, under the whelming tide
Visitest the bottom of the monstrous world.” Milton.

Mon´strous, adv. Exceedingly; very; very much. ´A monstrous thick oil on the top.´ Bacon. “And will be monstrous witty on the poor.” Dryden.

Mon´strous•ly, adv. In a monstrous manner; unnaturally; extraordinarily; as monstrously wicked. ´Who with his wife is monstrously in love.´ Dryden.

Mon´strous•ness, n. The state or quality of being monstrous, unusual, extraordinary. Shak.

Mon•stru•os´i•ty , n. Monstrosity. [Obs.] Shak.

Mon´stru•ous , a. Monstrous. [Obs.]

Mont , n. [F. See Mount, n.] Mountain.

Mon´taigne , n. A mountain. [Obs.]

Mon•tan´ic , a. [L. montanus, fr. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount, n.] Of or pertaining to mountains; consisting of mountains.

Mon´ta•nist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Mintanus, a Phrygian enthusiast of the second century, who claimed that the Holy Spirit, the Paraclete, dwelt in him, and employed him as an instrument for purifying and guiding men in the Christian life. — Mon•ta•nis´tic (#), Mon•ta•nis´tic•al (#), a.

Mon´tant , n. [F.,prop., mounting, fr. monter to mount, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount.] 1. (Fencing) An upward thrust or blow. Shak. 2. (Arch.) An upright piece in any framework; a mullion or muntin; a stile. [R.] See Stile.

Mont´ de pi•e•te´ [F., fr. It. monte di pietà mount of piety.] One of certain public pawnbroking establishments which originated in Italy in the 15th century, the object of which was to lend money at a low rate of interest to poor people in need; — called also mount of piety. The institution has been adopted in other countries, as in Spain and France. See Lombard-house.

Mon´te (mon´ta), n. [Sp., lit., mountain, hence, the stock of cards remaining after laying out a certain number, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain.] A favorite gambling game among Spaniards, played with dice or cards.

Monte•-ac´id , n. [F. monter to raise + acide acid.] (Chem.) An acid elevator, as a tube through which acid is forced to some height in a sulphuric acid manufactory.

Mon•teith´ , n. See Monteth.

Mon´tem , n. [L. ad montem to the hillock. See Mount, n.] A custom, formerly practiced by the scholars at Eton school, England, of going every third year, on Whittuesday, to a hillock near the Bath road, and exacting money from all passers-by, to support at the university the senior scholar of the school.

Mon•te´ro , n. [Sp. montera a hunting cap, fr. montero a huntsman, monte a mountain, forest, L. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount, n.] An ancient kind of cap worn by horsemen or huntsmen. Bacon. { Mon•teth´ , Mon•teith´ }, n. A vessel in which glasses are washed; — so called from the name of the inventor. “New things produce new words, and thus Monteth
Has by one vessel saved his name from death.” King.

Mont•gol´fier , n. A balloon which ascends by the buoyancy of air heated by a fire; a fire balloon; — so called from two brothers, Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, of France, who first constructed and sent up a fire balloon.

Month (munth), n. [OE. month, moneth, AS. monð, monað; akin to mona moon, and to D. maand month, G. monat, OHG. manod, Icel. manuðr, manaðr, Goth. menoþs. rad.272. See Moon.] One of the twelve portions into which the year is divided; the twelfth part of a year, corresponding nearly to the length of a synodic revolution of the moon, — whence the name. In popular use, a period of four weeks is often called a month. In the common law, a month is a lunar month, or twenty-eight days, unless otherwise expressed. Blackstone. In the United States the rule of the common law is generally changed, and a month is declared to mean a calendar month. Cooley’s Blackstone. A month mind. (a) A strong or abnormal desire. [Obs.] Shak. (b) A celebration made in remembrance of a deceased person a month after death. Strype. — Calendar months, the months as adjusted in the common or Gregorian calendar; April, June, September, and November, containing 30 days, and the rest 31, except February, which, in common years, has 28, and in leap years 29. — Lunar month, the period of one revolution of the moon, particularly a synodical revolution; but several kinds are distinguished, as the synodical month, or period from one new moon to the next, in mean length 29 d. 12 h. 44 m. 2.87 s.; the nodical month, or time of revolution from one node to the same again, in length 27 d. 5 h. 5 m. 36 s.; the sidereal, or time of revolution from a star to the same again, equal to 27 d. 7 h. 43 m. 11.5 s.; the anomalistic, or time of revolution from perigee to perigee again, in length 27 d. 13 h. 18 m. 37.4 s.; and the tropical, or time of passing from any point of the ecliptic to the same again, equal to 27 d. 7 h. 43 m. 4.7 s. — Solar month, the time in which the sun passes through one sign of the zodiac, in mean length 30 d. 10 h. 29 m. 4.1 s.

Month´ling , n. That which is a month old, or which lives for a month. [R.] Wordsworth.

Month´ly, a. 1. Continued a month, or a performed in a month; as the monthly revolution of the moon. 2. Done, happening, payable, published, etc., once a month, or every month; as a monthly visit; monthly charges; a monthly installment; a monthly magazine. Monthly nurse, a nurse who serves for a month or some short time, esp. one which attends women after childbirth.

Month´ly, n.; pl. Monthlies . A publication which appears regularly once a month.

Month´ly, adv. 1. Once a month; in every month; as the moon changes monthly. Shak. 2. As if under the influence of the moon; in the manner of a lunatic. [Obs.] Middleton.

Mon´ti•cle , n. [L. monticulus, dim. of mons, montis, mountain: cf. F. monticule. See Mount, n.] A little mount; a hillock; a small elevation or prominence. [Written also monticule.]

Mon•tic´u•late , a. Furnished with monticles or little elevations.

Mon´ti•cule , n. See Monticle.

Mon•tic´u•lous , a. Monticulate.

Mon´ti•form , a. [L. mons, montis, mountain + -form.] Resembling a mountain in form.

Mon•tig´e•nous , a. [L. montigena; mons, montis, mountain + the root of gignere to beget.] Produced on a mountain.

Mon•toir´ , n. [F., fr. monter to mount. See Montant.] A stone used in mounting a horse; a horse block.

Mon´ton , n. [Sp.] (Mining) A heap of ore; a mass undergoing the process of amalgamation.

Mon•tross´ , n. See Matross. [Obs.]

Mon´true , n. [F., fr. monter to mount. See Montoir.] That on which anything is mounted; a setting; hence, a saddle horse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mon´u•ment , n. [F., fr. L. monumentum, fr. monere to remind, admonish. See Monition, and cf. Moniment.] 1. Something which stands, or remains, to keep in remembrance what is past; a memorial. “Of ancient British art
A pleasing monument.” Philips. “Our bruised arms hung up for monuments.” Shak. 2. A building, pillar, stone, or the like, erected to preserve the remembrance of a person, event, action, etc.; as the Washington monument; the Bunker Hill monument. also a tomb, with memorial inscriptions. “On your family’s old monument
Hang mournful epitaphs, and do all rites
That appertain unto a burial.” Shak. 3. A stone or other permanent object, serving to indicate a limit or to mark a boundary. 4. A saying, deed, or example, worthy of record. “Acts and Monuments of these latter and perilous days.” Foxe. Syn. — Memorial; remembrance; tomb; cenotaph.

Mon•u•men´tal , a. [L. monumentalis: cf. F. monumental.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or suitable for, a monument; as a monumental inscription. 2. Serving as a monument; memorial; preserving memory. ´Of pine, or monumental oak.´ Milton. “A work outlasting monumental brass.” Pope.

Mon•u•men´tal•ly, adv. 1. By way of memorial. 2. By means of monuments.

Mon•u´re•id , n. [Mon- + ureid.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of complex nitrogenous substances regarded as derived from one molecule of urea; as alloxan is a monureid. [Written also monureide.]

Moo (mo), a., adv., & n. See Mo. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Moo (moo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mooed p. pr. & vb. n. Mooing.] [Of imitative origin.] To make the noise of a cow; to low; — a child’s word.

Moo, n. The lowing of a cow.

Mood (mood), n. [The same word as mode, perh. influenced by mood temper. See Mode.] 1. Manner; style; mode; logical form; musical style; manner of action or being. See Mode which is the preferable form). 2. (Gram.) Manner of conceiving and expressing action or being, as positive, possible, hypothetical, etc., without regard to other accidents, such as time, person, number, etc.; as the indicative mood; the infinitive mood; the subjunctive mood. Same as Mode.

Mood, n. [OE. mood, mod, AS. modmind, feeling, heart, courage; akin to OS. & OFries. mod, D. moed, OHG. muot, G. muth, mut, courage, Dan. & Sw. mod, Icel. moðr wrath, Goth. mods.] Temper of mind; temporary state of the mind in regard to passion or feeling; humor; as a melancholy mood; a suppliant mood. “Till at the last aslaked was his mood.” Chaucer. “Fortune is merry,
And in this mood will give us anything.” Shak. “The desperate recklessness of her mood.” Hawthorne.

Moo´der , n. Mother. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mood´i•ly (mood´i•ly), adv. In a moody manner.

Mood´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being moody; specifically, liability to strange or violent moods.

Moo´dir , n. [Ar. mudir.] The governor of a province in Egypt, etc. [Written also mudir.]

Mood´ish , a. Moody. [Obs.]

Mood´ish•ly, adv. Moodily. [Obs.]

Mood´y (-y), a. [Compar. Moodier superl. Moodiest.] [AS. modig courageous.] 1. Subject to varying moods, especially to states of mind which are unamiable or depressed. 2. Hence: Out of humor; peevish; angry; fretful; also abstracted and pensive; sad; gloomy; melancholy. ´Every peevish, moody malcontent.´ Rowe. “Arouse thee from thy moody dream!” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Gloomy; pensive; sad; fretful; capricious. { Moo´lah , Mool´lah }, n. See Mollah.

Mool´ley , n. Same as Mulley.

Moon (moon), n. [OE. mone, AS. mona; akin to D. maan, OS. & OHG. mano, G. mond, Icel. mani, Dan. maane, Sw. måne, Goth. mena, Lith. men&uring;, L. mensis month, Gr. mh•nh moon, mh•n month, Skr. mas moon, month; prob. from a root meaning to measure (cf. Skr. ma to measure), from its serving to measure the time. rad.271. Cf. Mete to measure, Menses, Monday, Month.] 1. The celestial orb which revolves round the earth; the satellite of the earth; a secondary planet, whose light, borrowed from the sun, is reflected to the earth, and serves to dispel the darkness of night. The diameter of the moon is 2,160 miles, its mean distance from the earth is 240,000 miles, and its mass is one eightieth that of the earth. See Lunar month, under Month. “The crescent moon, the diadem of night.” Cowper. 2. A secondary planet, or satellite, revolving about any member of the solar system; as the moons of Jupiter or Saturn. 3. The time occupied by the moon in making one revolution in her orbit; a month. Shak. 4. (Fort.) A crescentlike outwork. See Half-moon. Moon blindness. (a) (Far.) A kind of ophthalmia liable to recur at intervals of three or four weeks. (b) (Med.) Hemeralopia. — Moon dial, a dial used to indicate time by moonlight. — Moon face, a round face like a full moon. — Moon madness, lunacy. [Poetic] — Moon month, a lunar month. — Moon trefoil (Bot.), a shrubby species of medic (Medicago arborea). See Medic. — Moon year, a lunar year, consisting of lunar months, being sometimes twelve and sometimes thirteen.

Moon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mooned p. pr. & vb. n. Mooning.] To expose to the rays of the moon. “If they have it to be exceeding white indeed, they seethe it yet once more, after it hath been thus sunned and mooned.” Holland.

Moon, v. i. To act if moonstruck; to wander or gaze about in an abstracted manner. “Elsley was mooning down the river by himself.” C. Kingsley.

Moon´beam , n. A ray of light from the moon.

Moon´blind , a. Dim-sighted; purblind.

Moon´blink , n. A temporary blindness, or impairment of sight, said to be caused by sleeping in the moonlight; — sometimes called nyctalopia.

Moon´calf , n. 1. A monster; a false conception; a mass of fleshy matter, generated in the uterus. 2. A dolt; a stupid fellow. Dryden.

Moon´-cul´mi•na•ting , a. Culminating, or coming to the meredian, at or about the same time with the moon; — said of a star or stars, esp. of certain stars selected beforehand, and named in an ephemeris (as the Nautical Almanac), as suitable to be observed in connection with the moon at culmination, for determining terrestrial longitude.

Mooned , a. Of or resembling the moon; symbolized by the moon. ´Sharpening in mooned horns.´ ´Mooned Ashtaroth.´ Milton.

Moon´er , n. One who abstractedly wanders or gazes about, as if moonstruck. [R.] Dickens.

Moon´er•y , n. Conduct of one who moons. [R.]

Moon´et , n. A little moon. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Moon´-eye , n. 1. A eye affected by the moon; also a disease in the eye of a horse. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of American fresh-water fishes of the genus Hyodon, esp. H. tergisus of the Great Lakes and adjacent waters. (b) The cisco.

Moon´-eyed , a. Having eyes affected by the moon; moonblind; dim-eyed; purblind.

Moon´-faced , a. Having a round, full face.

Moon´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) An American marine fish (Vomer setipennis); — called also bluntnosed shiner, horsefish, and sunfish. (b) A broad, thin, silvery marine fish (Selene vomer); — called also lookdown, and silver moonfish. (c) The mola. See Sunfish, 1.

Moon´flow•er , n. (Bot.) (a) The oxeye daisy; — called also moon daisy. (b) A kind of morning glory (Ipomœa Bona-nox) with large white flowers opening at night.

Moong , n. (Bot.) Same as Mung.

Moon´glade , n. The bright reflection of the moon’s light on an expanse of water. [Poetic]

Moo´nie (moo´ni), n. (Zoöl.) The European goldcrest.

Moon´ish (moon´ish), a. Like the moon; variable. “Being but a moonish youth.” Shak.

Moon´less, a. Being without a moon or moonlight.

Moon•light , n. The light of the moon. — a. Occurring during or by moonlight; characterized by moonlight.

Moon´ling , n. A simpleton; a lunatic. [Obs.]

Moon´lit , a. Illumined by the moon. ´The moonlit sea.´ Moore. ´Moonlit dells.´ Lowell.

Moon´rak•er , n. (Naut.) Same as Moonsail.

Moon´rise , n. The rising of the moon above the horizon; also the time of its rising.

Moon´sail , n. (Naut.) A sail sometimes carried in light winds, above a skysail. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Moon´seed , n. (Bot.) A climbing plant of the genus Menispermum; — so called from the crescentlike form of the seeds.

Moon´set , n. The descent of the moon below the horizon; also the time when the moon sets.

Moon´shee , n. [Hind. munishi, fr. Ar. munishi a writer, author, secretary, tutor.] A Mohammedan professor or teacher of language. [India]

Moon´shine , n. 1. The light of the moon. 2. Hence, show without substance or reality. 3. A month. [R.] Shak. 4. A preparation of eggs for food. [Obs.]

Moon´shine, a. Moonlight. [R.] Clarendon.

Moon´shin•er , n. A person engaged in illicit distilling; — so called because the work is largely done at night. [Cant, U.S.]

Moon´shin•y , a. Moonlight. [Colloq.] “I went to see them in a moonshiny night.” Addison.

Moon´stone (-ston•), n. (Min.) A nearly pellucid variety of feldspar, showing pearly or opaline reflections from within. It is used as a gem. The best specimens come from Ceylon.

Moon´strick•en , a. See Moonstruck.

Moon´struck , a. 1. Mentally affected or deranged by the supposed influence of the moon; lunatic. 2. Produced by the supposed influence of the moon. ´Moonstruck madness.´ Milton. 3. Made sick by the supposed influence of the moon, as a human being; made unsuitable for food, as fishes, by such supposed influence.

Moon´wort , n. (Bot.) (a) The herb lunary or honesty. See Honesty. (b) Any fern of the genus Botrychium, esp. B. Lunaria; — so named from the crescent-shaped segments of its frond.

Moon´y , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the moon. “Soft and pale as the moony beam.” J. R. Drake. 2. Furnished with a moon; bearing a crescent. “But soon the miscreant moony host
Before the victor cross shall fly.” Fenton. 3. Silly; weakly sentimental. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Moor (moor), n. [F. More, Maure, L. Maurus a Moor, a Mauritanian, an inhabitant of Mauritania, Gr. May^ros; cf. may^ros black, dark. Cf. Morris a dance, Morocco.] 1. One of a mixed race inhabiting Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, chiefly along the coast and in towns. 2. (Hist.) Any individual of the swarthy races of Africa or Asia which have adopted the Mohammedan religion. ´In Spanish history the terms Moors, Saracens, and Arabs are synonymous.´ Internat. Cyc.

Moor, n. [OE. mor, AS. mor moor, morass; akin to D. moer moor, G. moor, and prob. to Goth. marei sea, E. mere. See Mere a lake.] 1. An extensive waste covered with patches of heath, and having a poor, light soil, but sometimes marshy, and abounding in peat; a heath. “In her girlish age she kept sheep on the moor.” Carew. 2. A game preserve consisting of moorland. Moor buzzard (Zoöl.), the marsh harrier. [Prov. Eng.] — Moor coal (Geol.), a friable variety of lignite. — Moor cock (Zoöl.), the male of the moor fowl or red grouse of Europe. — Moor coot. (Zoöl.) See Gallinule. — Moor fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) The European ptarmigan, or red grouse (Lagopus Scoticus). (b) The European heath grouse. See under Heath. — Moor game. (Zoöl.) Same as Moor fowl (above). — Moor grass (Bot.), a tufted perennial grass (Sesleria caerulea), found in mountain pastures of Europe. — Moor hawk (Zoöl.), the marsh harrier. — Moor hen. (Zoöl.) (a) The female of the moor fowl. (b) A gallinule, esp. the European species. See Gallinule. (c) An Australian rail (Tribonyx ventralis). — Moor monkey (Zoöl.), the black macaque of Borneo (Macacus maurus). — Moor titling (Zoöl.), the European stonechat (Pratinocola rubicola).

Moor (moor), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moored (moord); p. pr. & vb. n. Mooring.] [Prob. fr. D. marren to tie, fasten, or moor a ship. See Mar.] 1. (Naut.) To fix or secure, as a vessel, in a particular place by casting anchor, or by fastening with cables or chains; as the vessel was moored in the stream; they moored the boat to the wharf. 2. Fig.: To secure, or fix firmly. Brougham.

Moor, v. i. To cast anchor; to become fast. “On oozy ground his galleys moor.” Dryden.

Moor´age , n. A place for mooring.

Moor´ball , n. (Bot.) A fresh-water alga (Cladophora AEgagropila) which forms a globular mass.

Moor´band , n. See Moorpan.

Moor´ess , n. A female Moor; a Moorish woman.

Moor´ing, n. 1. The act of confining a ship to a particular place, by means of anchors or fastenings. 2. That which serves to confine a ship to a place, as anchors, cables, bridles, etc. 3. pl. The place or condition of a ship thus confined. “And the tossed bark in moorings swings.” Moore. Mooring block (Naut.), a heavy block of cast iron sometimes used as an anchor for mooring vessels.

Moor´ish, a. [From 2d Moor.] Having the characteristics of a moor or heath. ´Moorish fens.´ Thomson.

Moor´ish, a. [See 1st Moor, and cf. Morris, Moresque.] Of or pertaining to Morocco or the Moors; in the style of the Moors. Moorish architecture, the style developed by the Moors in the later Middle Ages, esp. in Spain, in which the arch had the form of a horseshoe, and the ornamentation admitted no representation of animal life. It has many points of resemblance to the Arabian and Persian styles, but should be distinguished from them. See Illust. under Moresque.

Moor´land , n. [AS. morland.] Land consisting of a moor or moors.

Moor´pan , n. [Cf. Hard pan, under Hard.] A clayey layer or pan underlying some moors, etc.

Moor´stone , n. A species of English granite, used as a building stone.

Moo´ruk , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A species of cassowary (Casuarius Bennetti) found in New Britain, and noted for its agility in running and leaping. It is smaller and has stouter legs than the common cassowary. Its crest is bilobed; the neck and breast are black; the back, rufous mixed with black; and the naked skin of the neck, blue.

Moor´y , a. Of or pertaining to moors; marshy; fenny; boggy; moorish. Mortimer. “As when thick mists arise from moory vales.” Fairfax.

Moor´y, n. A kind of blue cloth made in India. Balfour (Cyc of India).

Moose (moos), n. [A native name; Knisteneaux mouswah; Algonquin monse. Mackenzie.] (Zoöl.) A large cervine mammal (Alces machlis, or A. Americanus), native of the Northern United States and Canada. The adult male is about as large as a horse, and has very large, palmate antlers. It closely resembles the European elk, and by many zoölogists is considered the same species. See Elk. Moose bird (Zoöl.), the Canada jayor whisky jack. See Whisky jack. — Moose deer. Same as Moose. — Moose yard (Zoöl.), a locality where moose, in winter, herd together in a forest to feed and for mutual protection.

Moose´wood , n. (Bot.) (a) The striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum). (b) Leatherwood.

Moot (mot), v. See 1st Mot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Moot (moot), n. (Shipbuilding) A ring for gauging wooden pins.

Moot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mooted p. pr. & vb. n. Mooting.] [OE. moten, motien, AS. motan to meet or assemble for conversation, to discuss, dispute, fr. mot, gemot, a meeting, an assembly; akin to Icel. mot, MHG. muoz. Cf. Meet to come together.] 1. To argue for and against; to debate; to discuss; to propose for discussion. “A problem which hardly has been mentioned, much less mooted, in this country.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Specifically: To discuss by way of exercise; to argue for practice; to propound and discuss in a mock court. “First a case is appointed to be mooted by certain young men, containing some doubtful controversy.” Sir T. Elyot.

Moot , v. i. To argue or plead in a supposed case. “There is a difference between mooting and pleading; between fencing and fighting.” B. Jonson.

Moot, n. [AS. mot, gemot, a meeting; — usually in comp.] [Written also mote.] 1. A meeting for discussion and deliberation; esp., a meeting of the people of a village or district, in Anglo-Saxon times, for the discussion and settlement of matters of common interest; — usually in composition; as folk- moot. J. R. Green. 2. [From Moot, v.] A discussion or debate; especially, a discussion of fictitious causes by way of practice. “The pleading used in courts and chancery called moots.” Sir T. Elyot. Moot case, a case or question to be mooted; a disputable case; an unsettled question. Dryden. — Moot court, a mock court, such as is held by students of law for practicing the conduct of law cases. — Moot point, a point or question to be debated; a doubtful question.

Moot, a. Subject, or open, to argument or discussion; undecided; debatable; mooted.

Moot´a•ble , a. Capable of being mooted.

Moot´er , n. A disputer of a mooted case. { Moot´-hall• , Moot´-house• } n. [AS. moths.] A hall for public meetings; a hall of judgment. [Obs.] ´The moot- hall of Herod.´ Wyclif.

Moot´-hill , n. (O. Eng. Law) A hill of meeting or council; an elevated place in the open air where public assemblies or courts were held by the Saxons; - - called, in Scotland, mute-hill. J. R. Green.

Moot´man , n.; pl. Mootmen . (O. Eng. Law) One who argued moot cases in the inns of court.

Mop , n. [See Mope.] A made-up face; a grimace. ´What mops and mowes it makes!´ Beau. & Fl.

Mop, v. i. To make a wry mouth. [Obs.] Shak.

Mop, n. [CF. W. mop, mopa, Ir. moipal, Gael. moibeal, moibean; or OF. mappe a napkin (see Map, Napkin).] 1. An implement for washing floors, or the like, made of a piece of cloth, or a collection of thrums, or coarse yarn, fastened to a handle. 2. A fair where servants are hired. [Prov. Eng.] 3. The young of any animal; also a young girl; a moppet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Mop head. (a) The end of a mop, to which the thrums or rags are fastened. (b) A clamp for holding the thrums or rags of a mop. [U.S.]

Mop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mopped p. pr. & vb. n. Mopping.] To rub or wipe with a mop, or as with a mop; as to mop a floor; to mop one’s face with a handkerchief.

Mop´board , n. (Carp.) A narrow board nailed against the wall of a room next to the floor; skirting board; baseboard. See Baseboard.

Mope , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moped p. pr. & vb. n. Moping.] [Cf. D. moppen to pout, Prov. G. muffen to sulk.] To be dull and spiritless. ´Moping melancholy.´ Milton. “A sickly part of one true sense
Could not so mope.” Shak.

Mope, v. t. To make spiritless and stupid. [Obs.]

Mope, n. A dull, spiritless person. Burton.

Mope´-eyed , a. Shortsighted; purblind.

Mope´ful , a. Mopish. [R.]

Mop´ish , a. Dull; spiritless; dejected. — Mop´ish•ly, adv. — Mop´ish•ness, n.

Mop´lah , n. [Malayalam mapplia.] One of a class of Mohammedans in Malabar.

Mop´pet , n. [From 3d Mop.] 1. A rag baby; a puppet made of cloth; hence, also in fondness, a little girl, or a woman. 2. (Zoöl.) A long-haired pet dog. { Mop´sey , Mop´sy } , n. 1. A moppet. 2. A slatternly, untidy woman. Halliwell.

Mop´si•cal , a. Shortsighted; mope-eyed.

Mop´stick , n. The long handle of a mop.

Mo´pus (mo´pus), n. A mope; a drone. [Obs.] Swift.

Mo•quette´ , n. [F.] A kind of carpet having a short velvety pile.

Mor´a , n. [It.] A game of guessing the number of fingers extended in a quick movement of the hand, — much played by Italians of the lower classes.

Mo´ra , n. (Bot.) A leguminous tree of Guiana and Trinidad (Dimorphandra excelsa); also its timber, used in shipbuilding and making furniture.

Mo´ra, n. [L.] (Rom. & Civil Law) Delay; esp., culpable delay; postponement.

Mo•raine´ , n. [F. Cf. Prov. G. mur stones broken off, It. mora a heap of stones, hillock, G. mürbe soft, broken up, OHG. muruwi, AS. mearu tender, Gr. to cause to wither, Skr. mla to relax.] (Geol.) An accumulation of earth and stones carried forward and deposited by a glacier. Lyell. If the moraine is at the extremity of the glacier it is a terminal moraine; if at the side, a lateral moraine; if parallel to the side on the central portion of the glacier, a medial moraine. See Illust. of Glacier. In the last case it is formed by the union of the lateral moraines of the branches of the glacier. A ground moraine is one beneath the mass of ice.

Mo•rain´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a moranie.

Mor´al , a. [F., fr. It. moralis, fr. mos, moris, manner, custom, habit, way of life, conduct.] 1. Relating to duty or obligation; pertaining to those intentions and actions of which right and wrong, virtue and vice, are predicated, or to the rules by which such intentions and actions ought to be directed; relating to the practice, manners, or conduct of men as social beings in relation to each other, as respects right and wrong, so far as they are properly subject to rules. “Keep at the least within the compass of moral actions, which have in them vice or virtue.” Hooker. “Mankind is broken loose from moral bands.” Dryden. “She had wandered without rule or guidance in a moral wilderness.” Hawthorne. 2. Conformed to accepted rules of right; acting in conformity with such rules; virtuous; just; as a moral man. Used sometimes in distinction from religious; as a moral rather than a religious life. “The wiser and more moral part of mankind.” Sir M. Hale. 3. Capable of right and wrong action or of being governed by a sense of right; subject to the law of duty. “A moral agent is a being capable of those actions that have a moral quality, and which can properly be denominated good or evil in a moral sense.” J. Edwards. 4. Acting upon or through one’s moral nature or sense of right, or suited to act in such a manner; as a moral arguments; moral considerations. Sometimes opposed to material and physical; as moral pressure or support. 5. Supported by reason or probability; practically sufficient; — opposed to legal or demonstrable; as a moral evidence; a moral certainty. 6. Serving to teach or convey a moral; as a moral lesson; moral tales. Moral agent, a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong. — Moral certainty, a very high degree or probability, although not demonstrable as a certainty; a probability of so high a degree that it can be confidently acted upon in the affairs of life; as there is a moral certainty of his guilt. — Moral insanity, insanity, so called, of the moral system; badness alleged to be irresponsible. — Moral philosophy, the science of duty; the science which treats of the nature and condition of man as a moral being, of the duties which result from his moral relations, and the reasons on which they are founded. — Moral play, an allegorical play; a morality. [Obs.] — Moral sense, the power of moral judgment and feeling; the capacity to perceive what is right or wrong in moral conduct, and to approve or disapprove, independently of education or the knowledge of any positive rule or law. — Moral theology, theology applied to morals; practical theology; casuistry.

Mor´al , n. 1. The doctrine or practice of the duties of life; manner of living as regards right and wrong; conduct; behavior; — usually in the plural. “Corrupt in their morals as vice could make them.” South. 2. The inner meaning or significance of a fable, a narrative, an occurrence, an experience, etc.; the practical lesson which anything is designed or fitted to teach; the doctrine meant to be inculcated by a fiction; a maxim. “Thus may we gather honey from the weed,
And make a moral of the devil himself.” Shak. “To point a moral, or adorn a tale.” Johnson. “We protest against the principle that the world of pure comedy is one into which no moral enters.” Macaulay. 3. A morality play. See Morality, 5.

Mor´al, v. i. To moralize. [Obs.] Shak.

Mo•rale´ , n. [F. See Moral, a.] The moral condition, or the condition in other respects, so far as it is affected by, or dependent upon, moral considerations, such as zeal, spirit, hope, and confidence; mental state, as of a body of men, an army, and the like.

Mor´al•er , n. A moralizer. [Obs.] Shak.

Mor´al•ism , n. A maxim or saying embodying a moral truth. Farrar.

Mor´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. moraliste.] 1. One who moralizes; one who teaches or animadverts upon the duties of life; a writer of essays intended to correct vice and inculcate moral duties. Addison. 2. One who practices moral duties; a person who lives in conformity with moral rules; one of correct deportment and dealings with his fellow-creatures; — sometimes used in contradistinction to one whose life is controlled by religious motives. “The love (in the moralist of virtue, but in the Christian) of God himself.” Hammond.

Mo•ral´i•ty , n.; pl. Moralities (#). [L. moralitas: cf. F. moralite.] 1. The relation of conformity or nonconformity to the moral standard or rule; quality of an intention, a character, an action, a principle, or a sentiment, when tried by the standard of right. “The morality of an action is founded in the freedom of that principle, by virtue of which it is in the agent’s power, having all things ready and requisite to the performance of an action, either to perform or not perform it.” South. 2. The quality of an action which renders it good; the conformity of an act to the accepted standard of right. “Of moralitee he was the flower.” Chaucer. “I am bold to think that morality is capable of demonstration.” Locke. 3. The doctrines or rules of moral duties, or the duties of men in their social character; ethics. “The end of morality is to procure the affections to obey reason, and not to invade it.” Bacon. “The system of morality to be gathered out of … ancient sages falls very short of that delivered in the gospel.” Swift. 4. The practice of the moral duties; rectitude of life; conformity to the standard of right; virtue; as we often admire the politeness of men whose morality we question. 5. A kind of allegorical play, so termed because it consisted of discourses in praise of morality between actors representing such characters as Charity, Faith, Death, Vice, etc. Such plays were occasionally exhibited as late as the reign of Henry VIII. Strutt. 6. Intent; meaning; moral. [Obs.] “Taketh the morality thereof, good men.” Chaucer.